cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Paragenetic Phenomena of Paramyxoviruses

This is the companion chapter to Chapter 10, “Genetics of Orthomyxoviruses.” These two groups of viruses, paramyxoviruses and orthomyxoviruses, known since the turn of the century, possess many similarities of structure and biological properties but molecular biologies which differ greatly (see Choppin and Compans, 1975; Compans and Choppin, 1975). The orthomyxoviruses undergo extensive recombination or chromosomal reassortment, and numerous reviews of their genetics have been written. For paramyxoviruses, there is no evidence for recombination, and their genetic properties have never been reviewed. Finally, although we have worked on paramyxoviruses for 15 years, we have never worked on any aspect of orthomyxoviruses.
Effects of Heat Treatment on Photocatalytic Property of Sol-Gel Derived Polycrystalline TiO2

Polycrystalline TiO2 in the bulk form was prepared by hydrothermal treatment of amorphous TiO2 gel, and its photocatalytic activity for degradation of ethanol and physical properties were investigated after drying and calcination (300–650°C). The maximum photocatalytic activity reached when the polycrystalline TiO2 was calcinated at temperatures from 300 to 500°C, which was almost the same as for a commercial TiO2 powder. It was markedly reduced above 600°C. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was affected by crystal growth of anatase, progress of sintering, anatase-rutile transformation and morphology of the polycrystalline TiO2. It was a characteristic of the polycrystalline TiO2 prepared in this study that the photocatalytic activity did not vary so much with the calcination temperature in the range of 300–500°C.
Determination of the retinal/protein molar ratios for the purple membranes of Halobacterium halobium and Halobacterium cutirubrum.

Previously reported values of the retinal/protein molar ratios for the purple membranes from halobacteria are confusing. For H. halobium values of approximately 1.00 and 0.45 and for H. cutirubrum values of 0.45 and 0.43 have been published. A redetermination of these ratios in our hands has yielded identical values of 0.99 ± 0.01 for the membranes of both species. This is in agreement with expectations that the ratio be the same for the two species since the similarity of their membrane structure has been established and that every apoprotein molecule be complexed with a retinal since the uniqueness and equivalence of the membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin, has been demonstrated.
Experimental Evaluation of a Heat Pump Air Conditioner Using R13B1/R152a Refrigerant Mixture

Based on the thermodynamic properties, nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures were investigated for heat pump air conditioners. R13B1/R152a pair has 8–10°C temperature gradient between saturated vapor and liquid, which is capable of realizing Lorenz cycle. The nonazeotropic refrigerant mixture R13B1/R152a was evaluated in a water-to-water heat pump apparatus at the temperature typical of air conditioning. The mixture R13B1/R152a resulted in a coefficient of performance 20 % higher than R22. Then the heat pump air conditioner using R13B1/R152a refrigerant mixture was evaluated. As a heat exchanger capable of realizing Lorenz cycle by using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixture, the influence of the row number of the cross fin tube heat exchanger on counterflow was calculated, and this calculation shows that a three or more row heat exchanger is effective on counterflow. The performance of air conditioner using R13B1/R152a refrigerant mixture was tested in an air-to-air heat pump apparatus. Although the same restrictions as conventional air conditioners were put on this apparatus, the coefficient of performance was improved and the superiority of R13B1/R152a was realized.
Application of ultrasound to selectively localize nanodroplets for targeted imaging and therapy.

Lipid-coated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets are submicrometer-diameter liquid-filled droplets with proposed applications in molecularly targeted therapeutics and ultrasound (US) imaging. Ultrasonic molecular imaging is unique in that the optimal application of these agents depends not only on the surface chemistry, but also on the applied US field, which can increase receptor–ligand binding and membrane fusion. Theory and experiments are combined to demonstrate the displacement of perfluorocarbon nanoparticles in the direction of US propagation, where a traveling US wave with a peak pressure on the order of megapascals and frequency in the megahertz range produces a particle translational velocity that is proportional to acoustic intensity and increases with increasing center frequency. Within a vessel with a diameter on the order of hundreds of micrometers or larger, particle velocity on the order of hundreds of micrometers per second is produced and the dominant mechanism for droplet displacement is shown to be bulk fluid streaming. A model for radiation force displacement of particles is developed and demonstrates that effective particle displacement should be feasible in the microvasculature. In a flowing system, acoustic manipulation of targeted droplets increases droplet retention. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility of US-enhanced particle internalization and therapeutic delivery.
Parent and Teacher Reports of Comorbid Anxiety and ADHD Symptoms in Children with ASD

This study examined the prevalence of ADHD symptoms and anxiety as reported by parents and teachers for 180 preschool children (ages 4-5) and school-aged children (ages 6-7) with ASD using the Child Behavior Checklist-Parent and Teacher Report Forms (Achenbach and Rescorla, Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 2001). Parents reported elevated anxiety symptoms in 31% of preschool children and 50% of school-aged children, while teachers reported lower rates of 5 and 30%, respectively. Parents reported elevated ADHD symptoms in 22% of preschool children and 45% of school-aged children, while teachers reported elevations in 20 and 24%, respectively. There was low concordance between parents and teachers, with teachers reporting fewer problems overall. Specific behaviors endorsed by parents and teachers are also discussed.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Montana and Wyoming

Montana is the second leading state in agricultural production in the United States behind Texas and crops provide one third of the estimated agricultural income in Montana. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the major field crop in Montana followed by barley (Hordeum vulgare), dry edible peas (Pisum sativum), canola (Brassica napus), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). In the recent years, area under pulse crops has increased in Montana. In Wyoming alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a leading hay crop followed by wheat (T. aestivum), corn (Zea mays) (for grain), sugarbeet (B. vulgaris), dry edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and oats (Avena sativa). Root lesion, Pratylenchus sp., sugarbeet cyst, Heterodera schachtii and, stem and bulb nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci, are the plant parasitic nematode (PPNs) species that are currently causing economic damage to wheat, sugarbeet and alfalfa production, respectively, in Montana and Wyoming combined. Recently, Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) has been recently reported in Montana. Continuous spread of CCN may pose serious threat to both Montana and Wyoming cereal production in the near future. Due to lack of availability and environmental concerns of applying nematicides for PPNs management, more applied research efforts are needed on the cultural management methods such as rotation with non-host crops. Long term research goals should aim at exploiting biological control methods for nematode management and integrating them with other cultural management practices for sustainable soil health. Statewide survey in both Montana and Wyoming should be conducted to assess the current status and geographical distribution of PPNs in both the states.
Single cell expression variability in highly homogeneous populations of human cells is widespread, heritable, and implies cell function

Abstract Recent technological development has made single cell assays, e.g., single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), reach unprecedented scale and resolution in revealing cellular heterogeneity. There is an increasing appreciation of the extent of intrinsic cell-to-cell variability in gene expression or single cell expression variability (scEV). However, whether this variability per se is functionally important and its implications to multi-cellular organisms remain unclear. Here, we analyzed multiple scRNA-seq data sets generated from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), lung airway epithelial cells (LAECs), and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). For each of the three cell types, we estimated scEV in homogeneous populations of cells and identified 465, 466, and 291 highly variable genes (HVGs), respectively. These HVGs are enriched with specific functions precisely relevant to the cell types, from which the scRNA-seq data used to identify HVGs are generated— e.g., HVGs identified with lymphoblastoid cells are enriched with those involved in the cytokine signaling pathways, LAECs collagen formation, and DFs keratinization. A number of HVGs are co-regulated by common transcription factors, and, thus, co-expressed, showing coordinated transcriptional outbursts across cells. We also found that scEV is a heritable trait, partially determined by genetic makeups of the donors of the cells. Furthermore, across genes, especially immune genes, the level of scEV is positively correlated with that of between-individual variability in gene expression, suggesting a potential link between the two variabilities measured at different organizational levels. Taken together, our results support the “variation is function” hypothesis, emphasizing the idea that scEV is required for higher-level system function. Assessing and characterizing scEV in relevant cell types may deepen our understating of pathological cell processes.
Endogenous Expectations for Sequence Continuation after Auditory Beat Accelerations and Decelerations Revealed by P3a and Induced Beta-Band Responses

Abstract People commonly synchronize taps to rhythmic sounds and can continue tapping after the sounds stop, indicating that time intervals between sounds can be internalized. Here, we investigate what happens in the brain after simply listening to auditory beats in order to understand more about the automatic internalization of temporal intervals without tapping. Electroencephalograms were recorded while musicians attended to accelerating, decelerating, or steady click sequences. Evoked responses and induced beta power modulations (13–30 Hz) were examined for one beat following the last physical beat of each sequence (termed the silent beat) and compared to responses obtained during physical beats near the sequence endings. In response to the silent beat, P3a was observed with the largest amplitude occurring after accelerations and the smallest after decelerations. Late beta power modulations were also found after the silent beat, and the magnitude of the beta-power suppressions was significantly correlated with the concurrent P3a amplitudes. In contrast, physical beats elicited P2 responses and early beta suppressions, likely reflecting a combination of stimulus-related processing and temporal prediction. These results suggest that the activities observed after the silent beat were not produced via sustained entrainment after the physical beats, but via automatically-formed expectation for an additional beat. Therefore, beta modulations may be generated endogenously by expectation violation, while P3a amplitudes may relate to strength of expectation, with acceleration endings causing the strongest expectations for sequence continuation.
Collaboration and new data in ACTION: a learning health care system to improve pediatric heart failure and ventricular assist device outcomes

Outcomes in pediatric heart failure and ventricular assist devices (VADs) remain suboptimal. Given the complexity and limited numbers, centers cannot be expected to acquire mastery and generalizable knowledge independently. Recognizing this problem, the community has formed Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION), a collaborative learning health care system committed to unrelenting collaboration and continuous learning to improve critical outcomes in pediatric heart failure. ACTION is inclusive of all interested parties and believes the fastest and most effective way to make progress is through working together. ACTION’s approaches to collaboration and data sharing will be highlighted.
Efficiency With(out) Intermediation in Repeated Bilateral Trade

This paper analyzes repeated version of the bilateral trade model where the independent payoff relevant private information of the buyer and the seller is correlated across time. Using this setup it makes the following five contributions. First, it derives necessary and sufficient conditions on the primitives of the model as to when efficiency can be attained under ex post budget balance and participation constraints. Second, in doing so, it introduces an intermediate notion of budget balance called interim budget balance that allows for the extension of liquidity but with participation constraints for the issuing authority, interpreted here as an intermediary). Third, it pins down the class of all possible mechanisms that can implement the efficient allocation with and without an intermediary. Fourth, it provides a foundation for the role of an intermediary in a dynamic mechanism design model under informational constraints. And, fifth, it argues for a careful interpretation of the "folk proposition" that less information is better for efficiency in dynamic mechanisms under ex post budget balance and observability of transfers.
A critical review of the analysis of dried blood spots for characterizing human exposure to inorganic targets using methods based on analytical atomic spectrometry

Dried blood spots (DBS) are well established in clinical laboratory medicine and are used to screen newborn babies for a large number of metabolomic disorders. More than 50 years ago, early attempts to analyze DBS for Pb content identified several major limitations, which continued to be reported on for decades, including the unknown volume of blood deposited, the tendency of red blood cells to accumulate at the periphery of the spot and contamination errors. The historical literature on DBS blood Pb measurement is replete with competing claims for success as well as reports on the limitations for screening and diagnostic purposes. The range of spectroscopic techniques used to measure Pb in DBS includes atomic absorption spectrometry and inorganic mass spectrometry. There is a broad consensus that the analysis of archived DBS samples from newborn screening programs suffers from sporadic background contamination for many elements, the magnitude of which makes such samples unreliable for biomonitoring studies. Yet, the introduction of inorganic mass spectrometry into clinical laboratories provides the potential for multielement analysis of DBS. For some elements that are present at relatively high concentrations, such as Ca, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Rb, S and Zn, reasonable data may be feasible on archived DBS that are stored appropriately. However, for biomonitoring studies, analysis of DBS for many trace elements is fraught with contamination errors, inadequate limits of detection and a lack of well validated field-based studies. This is particularly true for Pb, Cd and Hg, for which only crude screening for acutely elevated levels can be useful. But for other elements such as Cu, Zn, Se, there may well be some value in using prospectively collected DBS to obtain population-based data. More recent developments with volumetric absorptive devices and microfluidic devices address some of the limitations inherent in DBS analysis and hold more promise for achieving reliable measurements of elemental content, but more work is needed to characterize background contamination, especially under real-world field conditions. In conjunction with well established capillary blood collection devices, these new technologies may provide better approaches to obtaining reliable environmental exposure information in the future for prospectively collected samples in population-based studies.
Gender and precarious work in agriculture

Women farmworkers are vulnerable to severe forms of reproductive injustice that serve to control and discipline their labor—and to keep food cheap. This chapter uses the Reproductive Justice framework developed by SisterSong to analyze gendered forms of labor control experienced by migrant and immigrant workers in US agriculture. Our review of the literature covers farmworkers’ experiences of sexual violence, constraints on their expression of sexuality, the inadequacy of wages for raising families, pesticide exposure (particularly among pregnant women and children), unsafe and indecent housing conditions, and the extended family separations that intrinsic to guestworker visa programs. We find that an intersectional analysis is necessary to understand these forms of reproductive injustice, which are exacerbated by inequities of gender, race, ethnicity, class, immigration status, and age. However, women farmworkers should not be construed as passive victims. Rather, we conclude by demonstrating their efforts to transform the structures that oppress them through resistances at the level of the farm, community, and the nation.
Toward an Interspecies Critical Food Systems Education: Exploring an Intersectional Cultural Humility Approach

I open this article with a vignette from my childhood experiences of raising sheep with my family to foreground the cracks and ruptures of, on the one hand, theorizing eating animals as a sociocultural practice imbued with history, tradition, and identity and, on the other hand, theorizing eating animals as an exercise of cruelty and power. I show how this dialogue opens up critical questions about the convergences of theory and pedagogical practice in critical food systems education and animal-focused education. Farmed animal experiences are notably absent in much critical food studies and critical food systems education research, which tends to focus explicitly on cultural as well as social axes of difference. In contrast, some work from an animal advocacy or liberationist perspective does not significantly engage with questions about the cultural significance of eating animals or the social justice dimensions of animal agriculture. The rest of this chapter is thus guided by the following question: How do we, as critical food systems and critical animal-focused educators, navigate the tensions between conceptualizing eating animals as a cultural practice and eating animals as an act of power and violence? Although there are diverse theoretical approaches that might inform this pedagogical project, I develop an intersectional cultural humility approach, which embraces self-awareness, openness, and transcendence, as well as includes critical animal studies, ecofeminist, humane education, and race-conscious vegan perspectives. This approach explicitly resists prescriptivism, and instead seeks to explore possibilities for pedagogies that recognize the cultural significance of meat eating for diverse groups of people, acknowledge that racialized and low-income people are marginalized in food systems and do not necessarily have access to vegan/vegetarian diets, and yet also challenge the status quo of carnism to think about the possibilities of a more liberated human-animal politic. I work to not only bring a multi-optic vision to my own practice and pedagogy, but also to foster multi-optic visions within my students that embrace self-awareness, openness, and transcendence. To conclude, I draw out the implications of this research for the field of EE, particularly for scholars working in critical food systems education and/or animal-focused education.
Factoring in ANGPTL3 When LDL Is Refractory.

Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, who have a severely increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level from birth and are at high risk for premature cardiovascular disease, have...
3Ms of 3G: Testing three mechanisms of three-generational educational mobility in the U. S

Abstract Following Mare’s (2011) presidential address to the Population Association of America, much research has examined the dynamics of intergenerational mobility and socioeconomic inequality. However, this research is starkly divided on the existence of multigenerational effects and pathways. In this article, we examine educational attainment across three generations using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We test three key hypothesized mechanisms of grandparent educational advantage transmission that have been documented in international samples: compensation and augmentation, grandparent lifespan, and genetic transmission. To further interrogate how these mechanisms function across social contexts, we also race-stratify all analyses. As a more stringent test, we also test all hypotheses using cousin fixed effects models. We find no evidence in favor of the compensation hypothesis, but do find descriptive support for the augmentation hypothesis, as well as some limited support among whites for college graduation outcomes in cousin fixed effects models. Findings on the lifespan overlap and genetic transmission hypotheses are highly race-stratified. Overall, our findings support the importance of investigating the mechanisms of three-generation processes of educational attainment across contexts and sub-groups.
The association of childhood trauma with sleep disturbances and risk of suicide in US veterans.

Abstract Background Sleep dysregulation is prevalent among veterans and is associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviors. A confluence of risk factors have been identified to date that contribute to increase risk for suicidal behavior. How these risk factors including childhood trauma, comorbid psychopathology, impulsivity, and hostility together with sleep disturbance contribute to suicide risk remains an open question. These factors have never been examined simultaneously in a unified mediation model, as investigated in the present study, to determine their relative contribution to suicide risk. Methods Veterans (N = 105) were recruited across 3-groups, including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with/without a history of a suicide attempt (n = 35 and n = 37, respectively), and non-psychiatric controls, who had no history of mental illness or suicidal behavior (n = 33). The participants were assessed using validated self-report assessments with in-depth phenotyping for relevant risk factors associated with suicidal behavior including childhood adversity, depression severity, impulsivity, hostility, and sleep quality. These factors were included in mediation models using path analysis. Results Across all subjects including those with MDD and non-psychiatric controls, mediation analysis showed that higher levels of childhood trauma had an indirect effect on poor sleep quality (p = 0.001). This effect was orthogonal, being independently mediated by both MDD psychopathology (p = 0.003), and higher traits of impulsivity (p = 0.001) and hostility (p = 0.015). Amongst MDD veterans, childhood trauma was directly associated with increased suicide risk (p = 0.034), irrespective of their severity of depression, or their degree of hostility and impulsivity. Limitations include use of self-report data, and the inability to establish causal inferences with cross-sectional design. Conclusion Childhood adversity as a significant pre-deployment risk factor for disturbed sleep and elevated suicide risk, potentially important for incorporation in clinical practice for suicide.
Philippines v. China Aftermath

PHILIPPINES v. CHINA AFTERMATH seeks to address a paucity of scholarly literature in the aftermath of the arbitral decision. The response of parties to the decision poses a direct challenge to the rule of law and the notion — long held since the end of the Second World War — that international peace can best be preserved through adherence to international law and adjudicatory processes. South China Sea developments have attracted significant U.S. interest and involvement, as well as those of other major powers, including Russia. Philippines v. China presents a good opportunity to review certain provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). To these ends, this Article argues that one of the ways to end the impasse in the South China Sea is to salvage respect for the international law of the sea by amending UNCLOS, particularly its provisions on composition of the arbitral tribunal, non-participation of one of the parties, exclusive economic zone, islands and rocks. The Article first presents a critique of Philippines v. China, and then analyzes relevant provisions of UNCLOS in Part II. It analyzes the implications of China’s response for international rule of law in Part III. In Part IV, the Article discusses the response of the United States. Part V follows with a discussion of the complementary duo-approach of negotiated settlement and adjudication. Finally, the Article concludes with recommendations for improvements to UNCLOS and the adjudicatory process that should deal with the flaws exposed by Philippines v. China.
Expression of ACE2 in the Intact and Acutely Injured Kidney

Background. The actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) oppose those of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Evidence supports ACE2 as a cytoprotectant in some tissues. This study examined ACE2 expression in models of acute kidney injury (AKI). Methods. ACE2 mRNA and protein expression, ACE2 activity, and ACE2 expression by immunofluorescence were assessed following ischemic AKI in mice. Renal ACE2 mRNA expression was evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-induced AKI in wildtype (C57BL/6J) mice, in heme oxygenase-1+/+ and heme oxygenase-1-/- mice, and following unilateral urinary tract obstruction (UUO) in wildtype mice. The effect of sex and age on renal ACE2 protein expression was also assessed. Results. In ischemic AKI, ACE2 mRNA and protein expression and ACE2 activity were reduced as compared with such indices in the intact kidney. In ischemic AKI, ACE2, which, in health, is prominently expressed in the renal tubular epithelium, especially in proximal tubules, exhibited decreased expression in these segments. Decreased ACE2 expression in AKI did not reflect reduced GFR per se as ACE2 mRNA expression was unaltered after UUO. Lipopolysaccharide induced renal ACE2 mRNA expression in wildtype mice, but this effect of lipopolysaccharide did not occur in heme oxygenase-1 deficient mice. In the intact kidney, renal ACE2 protein expression decreased in female mice as compared with male mice, but was unaltered with age. Conclusion. We conclude that renal ACE2 expression is decreased in ischemic AKI, one characterized by markedly reduced GFR and abundant cell death, but is upregulated in lipopolysaccharide-induced AKI; this latter effect requires heme oxygenase-1. Determining the significance of ACE2 expression in models of AKI merits further study. We also suggest that understanding the mechanism underlying ACE2 downregulation in AKI may offer insights relevant to COVID-19: ACE2 is downregulated after ACE2 mediates SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry; such downregulation promotes inflammation in COVID-19; and AKI commonly occurs and determines outcomes in COVID-19.
Chaotropic Perturbation of Noncovalent Interactions of the Hemagglutinin Tag Monoclonal Antibody Fragment Enables Superresolution Molecular Census.

Antibody–antigen interactions represent one of the most exploited biomolecular interactions in experimental biology. While numerous techniques harnessed immobilized antibodies for nanoscale fluores...
TANs, PANs and STANs

During the last four decades, extracellular single unit recordings have been performed within the neostriatum to investigate the firing properties and response characteristics of the neurons contained therein. Although there are numerous morphologically distinct classes of neostriatal cells, typically only two types of neurons are reported in unit recording studies. These two classes are discriminated on the basis of firing rate, firing pattern, extracellular action potential waveform and response to different aspects of movement tasks. One class, the so-called phasically active neurons (PANS), are believed to be the spiny projection cells and exhibit increases in firing in relation to movement. The other class which spike in a tonic, irregular fashion (TANs) are thought to be cholinergic interneurons and display changes in firing in relation to sensory stimuli which trigger a rewarded movement. Data from intracellular in vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that the intrinsic membrane properties of spiny cells and cholinergic interneurons are very different and provide a cellular basis for understanding the contrasting mechanisms underlying spike generation and patterning in these two populations of cells.
The functions of ''just kidding'' in American English

Abstract This study is a corpus-assisted investigation concerning the functions of the formulaic sequence just kidding and its variants (e.g., only kidding, just joking, JK) in spoken and written American English. We identified 1200 instances of this phrase from multiple corpora representing a range of modalities (Contemporary Corpus of American English, Global Web-Based English corpus, The Santa Barbara Corpus, CallFriend, and MICASE) and utilized a recursive qualitative coding process that identified four different functions of the phrase (inoculation, repair of failed humor, return to serious, and set-up-new-joke). After the initial identification, we analyzed the four functions of just kidding through the lens of rapport management ( Spencer-Oatey, 2005 ), which assumes the ongoing maintenance of relationships between interlocutors, arguing that just kidding and its variants can serve as an important element of rapport management amongst interlocutors. Our results suggest that just kidding is pragmatically dynamic and not solely a marker of failed humor, as initially expected.
Influences of glacier melt and permafrost thaw on the age of dissolved organic carbon in the Yukon River basin

Responses of near-surface permafrost and glacial ice to climate change are of particular significance for understanding long-term effects on global carbon cycling and carbon export by high-latitude northern rivers. Here we report Δ14C-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values and dissolved organic matter optical data for the Yukon River, 15 tributaries of the Yukon River, glacial meltwater, and groundwater and soil water end-member sources draining to the Yukon River, with the goal of assessing mobilization of aged DOC within the watershed. Ancient DOC was associated with glacial meltwater and groundwater sources. In contrast, DOC from watersheds dominated by peat soils and underlain by permafrost was typically enriched in Δ14C indicating that degradation of ancient carbon stores is currently not occurring at large enough scales to quantitatively influence bulk DOC exports from those landscapes. On an annual basis, DOC exported was predominantly modern during the spring period throughout the Yukon River basin and became older through summer-fall and winter periods, suggesting that contributions of older DOC from soils, glacial meltwaters, and groundwater are significant during these months. Our data indicate that rapidly receding glaciers and increasing groundwater inputs will likely result in greater contributions of older DOC in the Yukon River and its tributaries in coming decades.
Workshop on flame radiation and soot

The Ad Hoc Mathematical Fire Modeling Working Group was organized about eight years ago to facilitate voluntary cooperation and coordination in developing mathematical fire modeling capability. The group has a steering committee of representatives of agencies that support fire modeling and related research. These include the National Bureau of Standards' Center for Fire Research, Factory Mutual Research Corp., the Naval Research Laboratory, NASA, and the Federal Aviation Agency.
Radiotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma

BACKGROUND Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a relatively uncommon disease, but the incidence is increasing and is expected to peak in many developed countries in the next two decades. The management of patients with malignant mesothelioma is controversial. Very few patients are suitable for any potentially curative treatment and the effectiveness of radical therapy with surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in curing patients or prolonging survival is uncertain. The role of radiotherapy is controversial although it has been used as part of multimodal therapy. The present review will try to clarify these uncertainties. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of radiotherapy on patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma in any stage of the disease. SEARCH STRATEGY Both electronic and handsearches were conducted. All randomised controlled clinical trials were searched in electronic databases such as: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Handsearching was aimed at the identification of evidence by reviewing journals not indexed in databases, proceedings of conferences and/or scientific meetings. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled clinical trials using radiotherapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma in any stage, alone or combined with other therapies in patients of either sex and any age, were included. Studies without a control group were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS There were no studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. MAIN RESULTS To date we have not found any reports of randomised comparisons of radiotherapy alone or combined for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS As radiotherapy has never been compared to chemotherapy or surgery or to best supportive care (as part of combination therapy) in a prospective, randomised trial, no data exist supporting one or the other treatment as a better option for patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. There is a need for multicentre controlled randomised trials assessing the role of radiotherapy in the radical treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. The studies should be limited to patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma, classified by stage, cytology and type of radiotherapy. The type of radiotherapy should be defined in advance and variables of radiotherapy dose definition and delivery should be carefully controlled.
Evolutionary Approaches to Understanding Children's Academic Achievement

There are evolved cognitive biases that influence what people pay attention to (e.g., faces, not rocks) and how they interpret this information (e.g., underlying intentions). These cognitive biases are organized to help us understand ourselves and other people (folk psychology), other species (folk biology), and the physical world (folk physics). Human cultural advances have resulted in the development of evolutionarily novel concepts (e.g., natural selection) and skills (e.g., reading) that are built from this evolved core. The basic architecture of folk cognitive biases is universal and adapted to nuances in local conditions as children play, interact with other people, and explore the environment. The learning of evolutionarily novel competencies is necessary for success in today's economy but children do not learn these as easily as they adapt folk knowledge nor are they as motivated to engage in the associated activities. This is because learning academic competencies requires adapting folk systems for tasks for which they did not evolve. The associated activities (e.g., direct instruction) are very different from the activities (e.g., play) that foster the adaptation of folk abilities to local conditions. Schooling thus involves the society-wide organization of children's activities so they learn competencies that would not otherwise emerge. This perspective allows us to better understand the importance of working memory, a motivational focus on effort, and the need for explicit, organized instruction for children's learning in school. Keywords: evolution; development; cognitive development; academic learning; achievement; folk abilities
Acylation of Glycerol 3-Phosphate in Bacterial Extracts STIMULATION BY ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN

Abstract The conversion of 14C-glycerol 3-phosphate to lysophosphatidic acid in the presence of palmityl coenzyme A is catalyzed by particles plus a soluble protein fraction from sonic extracts of Clostridium butyricum. This conversion is markedly stimulated by the addition of 10-5 M acyl carrier protein isolated from Escherichia coli.
Fast Jacobi-type algorithm for computing distances between linear dynamical systems

The alignment distance is a novel metric between linear dynamical systems that has been shown to be very useful in many applications in computer vision. However, since the computation of the alignment distance requires solving a minimization problem on the orthogonal group, it is important to develop computationally efficient algorithms for solving this problem. In this paper, we present a fast and accurate Jacobi-type algorithm that solves this problem. Each step of the algorithm is equivalent to finding the roots of a quartic polynomial. We show that this rooting may be done efficiently and accurately using a careful implementation of Ferrari's classical closed-form solution for quartic polynomials. For linear systems with orders that commonly arise in computer vision scenarios, our algorithm is roughly twenty times faster than a fast Riemannian gradient descent algorithm implementation and has comparable accuracy.
Corn Planting Date

Producers continue to plant corn earlier each year. In 2006, 50% of the statewide crop was planted by approximately April 25. Earlier planting dates are attributed to several factors: larger acreage per producer, less spring tillage, advancements in hybrids, and seed treatments. Planting the crop during the optimum window is important to achieving high yields.
Physical activity counseling intervention to promote weight loss in overweight rural women.

Purpose To identify key behavioral factors that contribute to physical activity and weight management in overweight, rural women and determine the degree to which social support, stage of behavior change, and self-efficacy for physical activity and depressive symptoms are linked to physical activity, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). Data sources Twenty-five overweight or obese rural women completed self-report scales and height and weight measurements; BMI was calculated. Self-report scales included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (physical activity level), Social Support for Exercise and Social Support Questionnaire (social support), Stage of Exercise Adoption (stage of behavior change), Self-efficacy for Exercise (self-efficacy), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (depressive symptoms). Conclusions Higher levels of physical activity were associated with greater self-efficacy and the self-esteem domain of social support. Rural women reported more depressive symptoms over the year. Women did not significantly increase physical activity and gained weight during the 1-year study. Implications for practice Rural women have limited resources available to increase physical activity to facilitate weight loss. Routine screening and treatment for depression in rural women may need to be initiated concurrently with interventions to promote health behavior changes.
Ultra-Low Power Wake-Up Radios

There is a growing class of event-driven devices that require instant-on wireless connectivity, but only use the radio to communicate intermittently throughout their lifetime. Home automation devices and most wellness monitors fall into this class, only using or needing their radios when prompted by an event. In these applications, the radios dominate the amount of energy consumed from the batteries. More specifically, the energy spent synchronizing the radios, or maintaining a connected state, dominates, as opposed to the energy spent communicating data.
Imaging-based enrichment criteria using deep learning algorithms for efficient clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment

Abstract The mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be optimal for clinical trials to test potential treatments for preventing or delaying decline to dementia. However, MCI is heterogeneous in that not all cases progress to dementia within the time frame of a trial and some may not have underlying AD pathology. Identifying those MCIs who are most likely to decline during a trial and thus most likely to benefit from treatment will improve trial efficiency and power to detect treatment effects. To this end, using multimodal, imaging-derived, inclusion criteria may be especially beneficial. Here, we present a novel multimodal imaging marker that predicts future cognitive and neural decline from [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET), amyloid florbetapir PET, and structural magnetic resonance imaging, based on a new deep learning algorithm (randomized denoising autoencoder marker, rDAm). Using ADNI2 MCI data, we show that using rDAm as a trial enrichment criterion reduces the required sample estimates by at least five times compared with the no-enrichment regime and leads to smaller trials with high statistical power, compared with existing methods.
Photon Motion in a Random Laser Medium with Gain: Is It Diffusion?

We demonstrate that photon motion in a random laser medium with spatially nonuniform gain is, strictly speaking, not diffusion. In this regime, the effective photon residence time in a scattering medium decreases with the increase of gain, which causes a number of interesting features in the random laser behavior.
Inositol Hexakisphosphate Is Bound in the ADAR2 Core and Required for RNA Editing

We report the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human ADAR2, an RNA editing enzyme, at 1.7 angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a zinc ion in the active site and suggests how the substrate adenosine is recognized. Unexpectedly, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) is buried within the enzyme core, contributing to the protein fold. Although there are no reports that adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs) require a cofactor, we show that IP6 is required for activity. Amino acids that coordinate IP6 in the crystal structure are conserved in some adenosine deaminases that act on transfer RNA (tRNA) (ADATs), related enzymes that edit tRNA. Indeed, IP6 is also essential for in vivo and in vitro deamination of adenosine 37 of tRNAala by ADAT1.
Biological activity of (3 R,5 S,6 R)- and (3 S,5 R,6 S)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one, a pheromone of Macrocentrus grandii (Goidanich) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

In a previous study we reported identification of (3R*,5S*,6R*)-3,5-dimethyl-6-(methylethyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyran-2-one as a component of the pheromone ofMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich. The lactone was present in male and female wasps, and laboratory and field bioassays demonstrated that both sources of the lactone elicit flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting in male wasps. In the present study, the synthetic (3R,5S,6R)- and (3S,5R,6S)-lactone enantiomers (RSR andSRS, respectively) were bioassayed for biological activity. In wind tunnel studies theSRS enantiomer elicited flight initiation, upwind anemotaxis, and casting by male wasps comparable to lactone derived from male and female wasps. Flight response to theRSR enantiomer averaged 14 percent of theSRS enantiomer. No specific ratio of the stereoisomers was found more attractive than theSRS enantiomer alone. Field studies demonstrated theSRS enantiomer was active alone in attracting male wasps. When paired with (Z)-4-tridecenal (a previously identified female-derived sex pheromone), theSRS enantiomer yielded a synergistic response comparable to (Z)-4-tridecenal plus female-derived lactone.
The Orthogonal Super Greedy Algorithm and Applications in Compressed Sensing

The general theory of greedy approximation is well developed. Much less is known about how specific features of a dictionary can be used to our advantage. In this paper, we discuss incoherent dictionaries. We build a new greedy algorithm which is called the orthogonal super greedy algorithm (OSGA). We show that the rates of convergence of OSGA and the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) with respect to incoherent dictionaries are the same. Based on the analysis of the number of orthogonal projections and the number of iterations, we observed that OSGA is times simpler (more efficient) than OMP. Greedy approximation is also a fundamental tool for sparse signal recovery. The performance of orthogonal multimatching pursuit, a counterpart of OSGA in the compressed sensing setting, is also analyzed under restricted isometry property conditions.
Re-engineering software: a case study

In 1986, the Federal Aviation Administration formed a contract with three companies to re-engineer a major portion of the New York terminal approach control (TRACON) application software—the software that supports air traffic control in the New York City and Newark, New Jersey, area. This paper discusses the techniques used to successfully re-engineer the software to run on an IBM System/370™, illustrating that real-time software can be logically converted from one computer to another, reliably and cost-effectively.
Bacterial plasmids: autonomous replication and vehicles for gene cloning.

(1979). Bacterial Plasmids: Autonomous Replication and Vehicles for Gene Clonin. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 83-101.
Psoralen-DNA Cross-linking Photoadducts in Dyskeratosis Congenita: Delay in Excision and Promotion of Sister Chromatid Exchange

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare X-linked recessive disease, characterized by mucosal leukokeratosis, nail dystrophy, telangiectasia, reticulated hyperpigmentation, pancytopenia, and a heightened susceptibility to infection and malignancy. We exposed cultured fibroblasts and peripheral leukocytes from normal persons and from 2 unrelated young adult men with dyskeratosis congenita to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and ultraviolet light. We then compared certain of their responses. Labeled DNA from fibroblasts exposed to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and ultraviolet light showed fast-sedimenting DNA, a pattern we interpreted as evidence that cross-linking, psoralen-DNA photoadducts had been formed by the treatment. Fast-sedimenting DNA persisted for 24 hr in dyskeratosis congenita cells but disappeared from normal cells during a 24-hr repair period. Cultured peripheral blood leukocytes from persons with this syndrome similarly exposed to 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen and ultraviolet light developed more sister chromatid exchanges than did cells from normal persons. These data suggest that a heightened susceptibility to DNA cross-links may be of fundamental importance in the etiology of dyskeratosis congenita.