cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Massive Macroglossia Secondary to Angioedema: A Review and Presentation of a Case

Macroglossia is a rare condition, but can severely affect the oral and maxillofacial region. Angioedema is a condition resulting from multiple mechanisms, all of which can result in macroglossia. This report describes an unusual case of acquired macroglossia in an adult resulting from chronic edema secondary to angioedema in the setting of stroke. The patient had a morbidly enlarged tongue and presented with clinical signs and symptoms consistent with massive macroglossia. She required surgical intervention for acute management of her symptoms and definitive treatment of her macroglossia.
The Impact of Behaviorism on Educational Psychology

Contemporary behavior modification in educational psychology can be traced to a philosophy of science called behaviorism that holds that psychology is the study of individual behavior in interaction with the environment. Behavior involves the total functioning of an individual as he or she interacts with the environment. The environment consists of the conditions, functionally and reciprocally defined, under which the species evolves (philogeny) and in which the individual develops (ontogeny) and functions.
Enhancement of spectrum utilization in non-contiguous DSA with online defragmentation

Rampant dynamic spectrum allocation over time leads to creation of narrow spectrum holes which can be aggregated to fulfill the bandwidth requirements of users. Even though this approach increases the throughput, it comes at the cost of degraded spectrum utilization due to a rise in the number of required guard bands. This paper proposes a framework for online defragmentation of non-contiguous channels as a way to mitigate the wastage of spectrum in channel aggregating DSA networks. The efficiency of this framework is studied through a testbed implementation and simulations.
Inferring pairwise influence from encrypted communication

Inferring influence in networks from observed communication activity is an important task in contexts such as surveillance, marketing, and cybersecurity. Most existing approaches rely on content or meta-data indicating related activity, rendering those approaches ineffective when such information is unavailable, for example due to encrypted communication. In contrast, we present an efficient algorithm to infer influence between entities that relies only on the times of their individual activity, paying particular attention to the computational challenges posed by large, high-volume networks. We provide theoretical bounds on the recall and runtime of our algorithm relative to characteristics of network structure and dynamics, along with experiments to support our theoretical analysis and validate the effectiveness of our approach.
A Load Scheduling Algorithm for the Smart Home Using Customer Preferences and Real Time Residential Prices

Abstract A load scheduling method in the Smart Home using a combination of customer preferences and the price of electricity is presented. To translate the customer preference of loads into a time-varying priority curve, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial (PCHIP) methods are used. The resulting curves of customer priority are combined with the available time-varying pricing information for determining the schedule for each load. An example with four loads is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Determining the Cellular Targets of Reactive Oxygen Species in Borrelia burgdorferi

The response of Borrelia burgdorferi to the challenge of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a direct result of its limited biosynthetic capabilities and lack of biologically significant levels of intracellular Fe. In other bacteria, the major target for oxidative damage is DNA as a consequence of the reaction of "free" intracellular with ROS through the Fenton reaction. Therefore, cellular defenses in these bacteria are focused on protecting this essential cellular component. This does not seem to be the case for B. burgdorferi. In this chapter, we describe methods that were used to analyze the potential targets for ROS in B. burgdorferi. Surprisingly, membrane lipids (e.g., linoleic and linolenic acids) derived from host are the major target of ROS in the Lyme disease spirochete.
Making Space for Red Tide: Discolored Water and the Early Twentieth Century Bayscape of Japanese Pearl Cultivation.

“Red tide” has become a familiar shorthand for unusual changes in the color of ocean waters. It is intimately related both to blooms of creatures like dinoflagellates and to the devastating effects they pose to coastal fisheries. This essay tracks the early twentieth century emergence of discolored water as an aquacultural problem, known in Japan as akashio, and its trans-oceanic transformation into the terms and practices of “red tide” in the post-World War II United States. For Japan’s “Pearl King” Mikimoto Kōkichi and his contacts in diverse marine scientific communities, the years-long cycle of guarding and cultivating a pearl oyster went together with the ascription of moral qualities to tiny creatures that posed a threat to farmed bayscapes of pearl monoculture. As akashio, discolored water went from curiosity to marine livestock pest, one that at times left dead pearl oysters in its wake. Red tide arose from the sustained study of the mechanisms by which changes in the biological and chemical composition of seawater might become deadly to exclusively-claimed shellfish along Japanese coastlines, but came to be seen as a way to understand aquatic manifestations of harm in other parts of the littoral world.
Improving International Education in Elementary and Secondary Schools: A Study of Research and Development Needs

Among the changes in American life spawned by the continuing revolution in world affairs is a growing interest in the international education of American citizens. The curriculum in our schools and universities is gradually acquiring a more global and comparative focus. The mass media's coverage of international affairs is increasing in volume and generally in quality. A growing number of private organizations are conducting programs in adult education aimed at enhancing the public's understanding of world affairs. Recently, the President proposed that the federal government substantially expand its subsidy to international education, particularly at the university level. A point has been reached in the process of expanding international education where we can profitably pause to take stock of what has been done and to look ahead to some of the tasks that should be tackled in the course of the next several years. The Foreign Policy Association, with the support of the United States Office of Education, is engaged in one such effort. This paper is both a brief description of our aims and an invitation to international studies specialists for help in achieving these objectives. The international education of American children and adoles
In Situ Fhir Spectroscopic Detection of Adsorbed Species on Sapphire Substrates in a Diamond ECR-Pacvd System

In situ Fourier Transform Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIRRAS) has been used to study the adsorbed plasma species on sapphire substrate throughout the nucleation and deposition stages under diamond deposition conditions. The focus of this work has been on one of the most fundamental questions in the area of diamond film synthesis that concerns the gas species (precursors) responsible for diamond nucleation and growth especially on foreign substrates. It is experimentally shown here that the most probable precursor for diamond nucleation in methane-hydrogen plasma are methyl radicals. Diamond deposition on randomly oriented sapphire substrates has been successfully achieved under low pressure- low temperature deposition conditions using an electron cyclotron resonance microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (ECR-PACVD) system. The deposited thin films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
Dynamics of Plug Formation in a Circular Cylinder Under Low Bond Number Conditions: Experiment and Simulation

The goal of the current study is to investigate the dynamics of two phase interface under a low Bond number condition. Silicone oil is injected into a cylinder under a Bond number of about 0.47 via a side tube forming a T-junction with the former. The time evolution of the interface of silicon oil in a cylinder is captured using a high speed camera. The volume at which the plug is formed is then determined using an image processing tool to analyze the captured images. A numerical simulation is carried out where fluid is injected into a cylinder, under a less than unity Bond number condition, via a side tube. Numerical and experimental results are then compared.
Pain sensitivity profiles in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis

The development of patient profiles to subgroup individuals on a variety of variables has gained attention as a potential means to better inform clinical decision making. Patterns of pain sensitivity response specific to quantitative sensory testing (QST) modality have been demonstrated in healthy subjects. It has not been determined whether these patterns persist in a knee osteoarthritis population. In a sample of 218 participants, 19 QST measures along with pain, psychological factors, self-reported function, and quality of life were assessed before total knee arthroplasty. Component analysis was used to identify commonalities across the 19 QST assessments to produce standardized pain sensitivity factors. Cluster analysis then grouped individuals who exhibited similar patterns of standardized pain sensitivity component scores. The QST resulted in 4 pain sensitivity components: heat, punctate, temporal summation, and pressure. Cluster analysis resulted in 5 pain sensitivity profiles: a "low pressure pain" group, an "average pain" group, and 3 "high pain" sensitivity groups who were sensitive to different modalities (punctate, heat, and temporal summation). Pain and function differed between pain sensitivity profiles, along with sex distribution; however, no differences in osteoarthritis grade, medication use, or psychological traits were found. Residualizing QST data by age and sex resulted in similar components and pain sensitivity profiles. Furthermore, these profiles are surprisingly similar to those reported in healthy populations, which suggests that individual differences in pain sensitivity are a robust finding even in an older population with significant disease.
Analysis on influencing factors of underweight in childhood and adolescent in Fuzhou suburbs by MDR model

Objective To analyze the interaction of influencing factors of underweight in childhood and adolescent.Methods The height and weight were measured and nutritional knowledge-behavior and dietetic habits were investigated by questionnaire among 3 297students.The interactions were analyzed by using MDR model.Based on the result of MDR model,the OR-values of interaction factors and other risk factors were estimated by logistic regression model.Results The interaction between meat,vegetable and fruit was discovered by MDR model with significant difference statistically.The model's testing balance accuracy was 62.5%,and crossing validation consistency was 10/10.After adjusting 10factors, father's,mother's education level,BMI of father and mother and so on,the interaction of meat,vegetable and fruit were significantly different statistically.Conclusion The meat was the major protection factor of underweight in childhood and adolescent,fruit was cofactor,and vegetable was antagonism factor.
The Modern Tourhead: Conflicted Kindness in the Mobile Community of Grateful Dead, USA

This paper examines the contemporary subculture which has developed out of and emerged from the nomadic fans of the 1960s psychedelic rock band the Grateful Dead (the deadheads) following the death of the band’s frontman and the subculture’s unofficial emissary Jerry Garcia in 1995. The community of modern tourheads – people that repeatedly attend performances of, and “tour” along with improvisational jazz-rock “jam bands” – and the ethos and values which unite them, aided by the Internet’s ability to broaden and mainstreamize disparate subcultures, has fragmented and expanded in the several decades since Garcia’s passing. For several months during 2006, the author conducted ethnographic research with a devoted group of tourheads, traveling with and immersing himself in their daily rituals and customs. Tourheads are united by a shared sense of alternative spirituality, political beliefs and emotional sincerity. The author observes and analyzes the tourhead lifestyle, from its penchant for illicit drug experimentation and other self-proclaimed prolongers of youth to its seemingly omnipresent contradictory dialectic. Finally, the paper contains an anthropological and ethnomusicological assessment of the commonalities and differences between the “scene” and “vibe” of the respective deadhead and tourhead subcultures.
Experience sampling of positive affect in adolescents with autism: Feasibility and preliminary findings

Abstract Background Experience sampling is a powerful method for obtaining ecologically valid data from research participants in real-world contexts. Given the urgent need for innovative and sensitive outcome measures in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research, the present study sought to examine the feasibility of using experience sampling of positive affect and behavior in adolescents with ASD. Method Nineteen high functioning adolescents with ASD and 20 sex and age matched controls completed smartphone- and Qualtrics ® −based experience sampling of positive affect and behavior six times over four days. Results Adherence was excellent: adolescents with ASD completed 85% of the assessments, compared to 93% in controls, and response rates were not impacted by age or IQ. Groups did not differ in positive affect overall or as a function of activities, nor did groups differ in the proportion of assessments completed during social or nonsocial activities. However, groups did differ in the proportion of assessments completed during preferred activities. Conclusions Results suggest that smartphone- and Qualtrics ® −based experience sampling with high functioning adolescents with ASD is feasible and captures real-world behaviors that would not be possible using laboratory-based measures.
Mass Killings in the Autumn of 1941

Once vast areas of the Soviet Union had been occupied, by the autumn of 1941, intensified efforts were made to shoot large numbers of Jews. The detailed reports of the iitEinsatzgruppen and post-war investigations reveal a definite shift from ‘intelligentsia’ killings to large-scale actions, including women and children amongst the victims, from the end of July.1 In September and October 1941 this pattern was extended as iitEinsatzgruppen units in certain regions began the destruction of entire Jewish communities.2
Neuroimaging findings in acute pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a state of severe insulin deficiency and a serious complication in children with diabetes mellitus type 1. In a small number of children, DKA is complicated by injury of the central nervous system. These children have a significant mortality and high long-term neurological morbidity. Cerebral edema is the most common neuroimaging finding in children with DKA and may cause brain herniation. Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke during the acute DKA episode is less common and accounts for approximately 10% of intracerebral complications of DKA. Here we present the neuroimaging findings of two children with DKA and brain injury. Familiarity with the spectrum of neuroimaging findings seen in pediatric DKA is important to allow early detection as well as initiation of therapy and, hence, prevent complications of the central nervous system.
Incentive Load Scheduling Schemes for PHEV Battery Exchange Stations in Smart Grid

In this paper, we study load scheduling schemes for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery exchange stations (BESs) in smart grid. Since each BES stores a relatively large amount of batteries, it can significantly contribute to the demand-side management (DSM) system in smart grid by selling back the electricity to the grid during peak hours. By doing so, the peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of the grid can be further reduced on top of existing DSMs for other applications. In order to achieve that, we propose several load scheduling schemes for BESs. One is to minimize the PAR, followed by an incentive scheme so that the BESs will be motivated to participate. We also propose a game-theoretical scheme so that the load scheduling for each BES can be done locally with limited information exchange. In the simulations, we show that BESs contribute to DSM and further smooth the load of the power grid, although the total load is increased due to large amount of PHEVs. We also analyze the impact of total amount of battery storage at BESs on PAR. Moreover, we analyze the impact of charging ports number in each BESs on the total amount of battery storage and PAR. We also demonstrate that the proposed game-theoretical scheme can reduce PAR in practice.
Oxidative Stress and Hypertensive Diseases

It has become clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of hypertension via myriad effects. ROS are essential for normal cell function; however, they mediate pathologic changes in the brain, the kidney, and blood vessels that contribute to the genesis of chronic hypertension. There is also emerging evidence that ROS contribute to immune activation in hypertension. This article discusses these events and how they coordinate to contribute to hypertension and its consequent end-organ damage.
Strategic Pricing and Competitive Procurement in the Physician Services Market

We propose and test a model of the strategic interaction between public (e.g., Medicare) and private insurers in the physician services market. Our model nests two alternatives: 1) cost shifting, which predicts negative correlations between public and private prices and physician supply that is inelastic with respect to relative public and private prices; and 2) competitive procurement in which public and private prices are positively correlated and physician supply skews towards the more generous payer. These alternatives have contradictory implications for both public policy and structural estimation. Using a data set of private and public sector prices and public sector quantities, we find clear evidence favoring the competitive procurement model. Private sector insurers strongly mimic public sector price changes, consistent with recent findings. Moreover, providers supply Medicare beneficiaries 1%-14% fewer services for every 10% increase in private prices, ceteris paribus.
Blocking fibrotic signaling in fibroblasts from patients with carpal tunnel syndrome

Fibrosis of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of CTS pathophysiology. In this study, we evaluated the effect of blocking profibrotic pathways in fibroblasts from the SSCT in CTS patients. Fibroblasts were stimulated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and then treated either with a specific fibrosis pathway inhibitor targeting TGF-β receptor type 1 (TβRI), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR). Fibrosis array and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of fibrotic genes were evaluated. Array gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of multiple fibrotic genes after treatment with TβRI, PDGFR, and VEGFR inhibitors. No array fibrotic genes were significantly down-regulated with EGFR inhibition. Further gene expression analysis of known CTS fibrosis markers collagen type I A2 (Col1), collagen type III A1 (Col3), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and SERPINE1 showed significantly down-regulation after TβRI inhibition. In contrast, VEGFR inhibition significantly down-regulated CTGF and SERPINE1, whereas, PDGFR and EGFR inhibition significantly down-regulated Col3. Taken together the inhibition of TβRI appears to be the primary mediator of fibrotic gene expression in fibroblasts from CTS patients. TGF-β/Smad activity was further evaluated, and as expected inhibition of Smad activity was significantly down-regulated after inhibition of TβRI, but not with PDGFR, VEGFR, or EGFR inhibition. These results indicate that local therapies specifically targeting TGF-β signaling alone or in combination offer the potential of a novel local antifibrosis therapy for patients with CTS.
When and where do dogs improve hunting productivity? The empirical record and some implications for early Upper Paleolithic prey acquisition

Abstract Recent archeological finds of protodogs dating to 35,000 years ago have ignited controversy over the function of canids in early Upper Paleolithic societies. Reconstructions nominate the use of proto and early dogs in hunting and hauling as underwriting changes in subsistence technology, catalyzing human population growth and supporting the spread of modern humans at the expense of Neanderthals. These reconstructions assume that the use of canids in hunting will always have profound impacts on human subsistence. In this paper, I summarize existing quantitative data derived from the ethnographic record to evaluate productivity gains derived from the use of dogs in hunting. To augment this sparse information, I present some of the only data on the deployment of unspecialized Central African dogs (basenji’s) by hunter-gatherers. These data show that while dogs can enhance hunting returns in certain circumstance, their overall impact on hunting productivity is highly variable and often restricted to specific prey types. Furthermore, the complex circumstances surrounding the emergence and spread of dogs globally precludes simple applications of these data to the archaeological record. These data invite a reexamination of when and how we expect dogs to have a significant impact on human subsistence and the circumstances that supported the emergence and spread of canids as effective hunting aids.
Electron Tunneling Experiments on Amorphous Ge 1-x Au x

Tunneling measurements of the electronic density of states of amorphous ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Au}}_{x}$ near the metal-insulator transition at $x=0.12$ are reported. In the metallic phase there is a giant zero-bias anomaly with a minimum in the density of states at the Fermi energy. In the insulating phase a pseudogap opens, centered about the Fermi energy, with zero density of states at the Fermi energy.
Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of high entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy powder laden composites

Abstract The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of epoxy based composite samples, containing two different sizes of high entropy AlCoCrFeNi alloy powders, was examined under Kα band [26–40 GHz] in this paper. High-energy ball milling processes were used to fabricate AlCoCrFeNi alloy powders of two different sizes, HEAL for larger sizes and HEAS for finer powders, respectively. Comparing with the 8.44 dB value of the HEAL containing sample, the HEAS sample has a maximum total shielding effectiveness ( S E T ) of 20 dB due to the smaller powder sizes and flake-like morphology. Shielding mechanism was studied by resolving the total EMI S E T into absorption and reflection portions. Absorption was found to be the major shielding mechanism and reflection had a secondary shielding effect for both HEAL and HEAS cases.
A Model for Increasing Gender Diversity in Technology

At our university, women are a minority in all computing and engineering majors. This situation is mirrored at other universities nationwide, as well as in technical industries. Stereotype threat, the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group, can result in women not performing as well as their male counterparts in computing, mathematics, and engineering courses. The aftermath of these experiences cause women to fear they do not belong or are not "smart enough", resulting in women switching to a different major. Even high-performing women can be subject to these pressures. We present a Scholar model for increasing gender diversity in technology fields and an evaluation of its impact on the retention and success of women in computing and engineering majors. We compare the performance of Scholars to that of non-Scholars with similar demographic and academic backgrounds who entered into the College of Engineering and Information Technology at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.
Mechanistic Analysis of the C–H Amination Reaction of Menthol by CuBr2 and Selectfluor

The mechanism of the Ritter-type C-H amination reaction of menthol with acetonitrile using CuBr2, Selectfluor, and Zn(OTf)2, first disclosed by Baran and coworkers in 2012, was studied using a combination of online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, continuous UV/vis spectrometric monitoring, and density functional theory calculations. In addition to corroborating Baran's original mechanistic proposal, these studies uncovered a second pathway to product formation, which likely only occurs in microdroplets. DFT calculations show that neither pathway has a barrier that is greater than 6.8 kcal/mol, suggesting that both mechanisms are potentially operative under ambient conditions.
Path Analysis of Quantitative Inheritance

Path analysis was developed by Sewall Wright (1921, 1968, 1978) to explain correlations between variables under a linear model. This powerful method remained untapped in human genetics for a few decades despite its invention by a pioneer population geneticist; an exception to this is Wright’s own application to human IQ (1931). The human geneticists of the twenties and thirties were almost entirely confined to various aspects of biometrical genetics dependent on traditional methods of analysis of variance. As interests grew beyond biometrical methods, path analysis was introduced into human genetics during this decade (Jencks, 1972; Morton, 1974; Rao, Morton, and Yee, 1974), a few years after its rediscovery in social sciences (Duncan, 1966). Jencks in 1972 studied the consequences of phenotypic assortative mating on human IQ. It was in 1974 that a distribution theory was introduced giving tests of hypotheses in path analysis; emphasis on environmental indices greatly improved the power of resolution between biological and cultural causes of family resemblance (Morton, 1974; Rao, Morton, and Yee, 1974). Assortative mating was elaborated in two directions depending on whether the phenotypic marital correlation is considered secondary (called social homogamy: Rao and Morton, 1978; Morton and Rao, 1978) or primary (called phenotypic homogamy:Wright, 1978; Cloninger, Rice, and Reich, 1979). These two types have recently been combined into a general form called mixed homogamy (Morton and Rao, 1979; Rao, Morton, and Cloninger, 1979). In this chapter we shall present the underlying linear model, discuss the mechanics of assortative mating, present methods of analysis of quantitative data in nuclear families, and conclude with a few applications.
Proteasome Inhibitors as Therapy in Multiple Myeloma

Normal cellular homeostasis requires balanced regulation of protein synthesis and degradation. Intracellular protein degradation occurs majorly via a multisubunit complex called the proteasome. 1 – 4 Initial studies by Ciechanover, Hershko, and Rose demonstrated that ATP-dependent conjugation of proteins with polypeptide (ubiquitin) mediates protein degradation. 5 – 11 The role of ubiquitin in cellular protein turnover was further established in later studies. 6 , 11
Occupational Therapy Service: Individual and Collective Understandings of the Founders, Part 1

This inquiry aims to explore the understandings of patient, therapist, and occupation held by the founders of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy. Influenced by contemporary historical events, the founders shared a common belief that the right occupation could help persons in need. Personal narratives found within the early occupational therapy literature illustrate each founder's unique understanding of how occupation might address contemporary problems. Each view contributed to the development of a multifaceted therapy. Exploration of the multiple interpretations that shaped a common idea may help current therapists to better understand their heritage of caring and to compare it with current practices. The first part of this inquiry considers the personal narratives of George Edward Barton, Susan Elizabeth Tracy, and William Rush Dunton, Jr. The second part, which will appear in a later issue, will further discuss Dunton's views, along with those of Eleanor Clarke Slagle, Herbert Hall, Susan Cox Johnson, and Thomas Bessell Kidner.
Variations of Tendon Tap Force Threshold needed to Evoke Surface Electromyogram Responses after Botulinum Toxin Injection in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Botulinum toxin (BT) is a safe and effective neuromuscular blocking agent that is clinically utilized to reduce spasticity after stroke. It is often injected repeatedly at a minimum of 12-week intervals. BT targets the neuromuscular junction and chemically denervates muscle fibers from their corresponding spinal motoneurons (MN). We explored the effect of BT on the amplitude of the smallest tendon tap force (i.e. force threshold) required to elicit a detectable biceps brachii surface electromyogram (sEMG) reflex response. We hypothesized that after BT injection, the force threshold would increase due to a decrease in available efferent activation. Two chronic stroke survivors were recruited. Data were collected before and up to 18 weeks after BT injection. For each subject, sEMG responses were analyzed using high-density sEMG (HDsEMG) recordings, and the threshold tapping forces were identified and mapped for all channels. Unexpectedly, median threshold forces (MTF) decreased post-BT (B01: 30%, B02: 50%). However, after the initial decrease, MTF then increased progressively compared to pre-BT and peaked around 12 weeks (B01: ~4 folds, B02: 50%). This is likely because post-BT, fewer available muscle fibers would require larger tapping forces to evoke detectable sEMG responses. In the last recording session (> 12 weeks), MTF did not return to pre-BT levels, indicating that successive botulinum toxin injections may still be effective if spaced much further apart in time.
School Leadership in the New Jim Crow: Reclaiming Justice, Resisting Reform

ABSTRACTAs legacies of injustice and multi-generational histories of trauma endured by communities of color continue to manifest themselves materially in K-12 schools, this special issue explores w...
Selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose in the presence of an acid-functionalized SBA-15 catalyst modified with a sulfoxide polymer

Biomass is a renewable carbon feedstock that can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a useful platform chemical that can be modified to produce valuable chemicals and fuels. Previous research has shown that high HMF selectivity can be achieved in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) because of its capability to stabilize HMF in solution, but DMSO is an undesirable solvent to use industrially as product separation from the reaction solution is difficult. Surface functionalization of porous catalysts has been shown as a method to introduce solvent-effects at the surface of heterogeneous catalysts, thus avoiding the need for high boiling solvents like DMSO. Poly(ethylene sulfoxide) (PESO) is added to the surface of sulfonic acid (SA) functionalized SBA-15 silica to obtain the bifunctional catalyst SA-PESO-SBA-15. Co-localization of the sulfoxide polymer with sulfonic acid groups inside the catalyst pores (SA-PESO-SBA-15) increased HMF selectivity to 51% from 26% obtained by monofunctional SA-SBA-15 at 27% fructose conversion in water. Additionally, this bifunctional catalyst performs best in 4 : 1 (w/w) THF : water cosolvent, a more industrially preferred cosolvent system, obtaining 79% HMF selectivity at 87% fructose conversion. Overall, these materials are promising for the selective conversion of fructose to HMF.
Regulating organizational ambiguity: unsettled screening categories and the making of US asylum policy

This article examines the development and application of the inherently ambiguous screening category – membership in a particular social group - in US asylum law after the Cold War. I draw on inter...
Using Person-Specific Muscle Fatigue Characteristics to Optimally Allocate Control in a Hybrid Exoskeleton—Preliminary Results

Currently controllers that dynamically modulate functional electrical stimulation (FES) and a powered exoskeleton at the same time during standing-up movements are largely unavailable. In this paper, an optimal shared control of FES and a powered exoskeleton is designed to perform sitting to standing (STS) movements with a hybrid exoskeleton. A hierarchical control design is proposed to overcome the difficulties associated with developing an optimal real-time solution for the highly nonlinear and uncertain STS control model with multiple degrees of freedom. A higher-level robust nonlinear control design is derived to exponentially track a time-invariant desired STS movement profile. Then, a lower-level optimal control allocator is designed to distribute control between FES and the knee electric motors. The allocator uses a person’s muscle fatigue and recovery dynamics to determine an optimal ratio between the FES-elicited knee torque and the exoskeleton assist. Experiments were performed on human participants, two persons without disability and one person with spinal cord injury (SCI), to validate the feedback controller and the optimal torque allocator. The muscles of the participant with SCI did not actively contract to FES, so he was only tested with the powered exoskeleton controller. The experimental results show that the proposed hierarchical control design is a promising method to effect shared control in a hybrid exoskeleton.
Spatial Knowledge Acquisition for Cognitive Maps in Autonomous Vehicles

Known as maplike representations of the environment, which humans build and store in mind overtime, cognitive maps are an essential element of spatial knowledge that benefit individuals from travel planning to wayfinding. Considering, on one hand, that active interaction with the environment leads to better spatial knowledge acquisition than passive exposure and, on the other, that fully autonomous vehicles will eliminate the need to driving cars, i.e., being only passengers and not drivers, it is of great importance to understand the impact of autonomous vehicles on human cognitive maps. In this paper, we conducted an online survey and analyzed responses from 204 participants to understand this impact. We found a significant interaction effect of the frequencies of driving and riding as passengers on the reported spatial knowledge. Further analysis indicated main effects of riding frequency for frequent drivers and driving frequency among non-frequent passengers. Variations in specific aspects of cognitive maps were also identified, all of which provided preliminary insights into the possible effect of autonomous vehicles on human spatial knowledge.
4D-Printed Transformable Tube Array for High-Throughput 3D Cell Culture and Histology

3D cell cultures are rapidly emerging as a promising tool to model various human physiologies and pathologies by closely recapitulating key characteristics and functions of in vivo microenvironment. While high-throughput 3D culture is readily available using multi-well plates, assessing the internal microstructure of 3D cell cultures still remains extremely slow because of the manual, laborious, and time-consuming histological procedures. Here, a 4D-printed transformable tube array (TTA) using a shape-memory polymer that enables massively parallel histological analysis of 3D cultures is presented. The interconnected TTA can be programmed to be expanded by 3.6 times of its printed dimension to match the size of a multi-well plate, with the ability to restore its original dimension for transferring all cultures to a histology cassette in order. Being compatible with microtome sectioning, the TTA allows for parallel histology processing for the entire samples cultured in a multi-well plate. The test result with human neural progenitor cell spheroids suggests a remarkable reduction in histology processing time by an order of magnitude. High-throughput analysis of 3D cultures enabled by this TTA has great potential to further accelerate innovations in various 3D culture applications such as high-throughput/content screening, drug discovery, disease modeling, and personalized medicine.
End of life clothes and their management

Abstract Textile and apparel industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world. The huge amount of textile and apparel production and consumption generates a large quantity of textiles and apparel waste after consumers’ using. This chapter discusses the end of life clothes management strategies, including reuse of secondhand clothing, redesign and remanufacturing, recycling (mechanical, thermal, and chemical), energy recovery, and landfilling, of textile materials at the end of product life. The methods to collect used clothing are also discussed in this chapter. Both of academic researches and industrial practices on the end of life textile and apparel product management are included in this chapter.
The Design of a Bootstrapped Sampling Circuit [The Analog Mind]

Bootstrapped samplers serve as an integral component of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The bootstrapping action reduces the distortion and improves the speed with a minimal power penalty. In this article, we present the step-by-step design of this circuit to see how the analog mind goes about such a task. The reader is encouraged to review the sampler's detailed operation [1]-[4] before continuing with this article.
Socially-and-Environmentally-Aware Power Management in a Residential Neighborhood under Heat Wave Events

Extreme ambient temperatures can place significant stress on various power grid components by pushing them towards their operational limits. From an electric utility perspective, it is desired to reduce the power consumption and alleviate the stress on assets. This can be achieved by implementing demand response targeting air conditioning units, which typically account for the largest portion of residential demand during a heat wave. However, this is a delicate matter since excess indoor temperatures can affect the health of the residents, especially children and the elderly. This places a limitation on how frequently and to what extent A/C demand response should be used. In addition to reducing demand, efficient asset utilization necessitates that impacts of temperature on capacity and lifetime of assets be considered in order to avoid overloading them. Hence, the energy dispatch problem poses multiple objectives that need to be optimized simultaneously. To make matters more complicated, the problem is subject to uncertainties associated with parameters and input data, e.g. building occupancy levels, electric demand, and temperature-related correction factors for capacity of generation resources, to name a few. To address these uncertainties, the energy dispatch model needs to be able to guarantee feasibility even under worst-case conditions. In this paper, a robust optimization solution is introduced that tries to solve the above multi-objective optimization problem subject to uncertainties in model parameters and input data. It is shown through a case study that considering the uncertainties makes the dispatch more conservative. However, this is necessary since failing to include them can lead to mismatches between demand and generation, which could jeopardize the security of the grid.
Alteration in micro-mechanical characteristics of wellbore cement fracture surfaces due to fluid exposure

Abstract The stiffness of wellbore cement fracture surfaces was measured after exposing to the advective flow of nitrogen, silicone oil, and medium sweet dead crude oil for different exposure periods. The test specimens were extracted from fractured cement cylinders, where the cement fracture surfaces were exposed to the different fluids up to 15 weeks. A nanoindenter with a Berkovich indenter tip was used to measure load-indentation depth data, which was used to extract the elastic modulus (E) and nano-hardness (H) of the cement fracture surfaces. A reduction in the elastic modulus compared with an unexposed specimen were observed in all the specimens. Both elastic modulus and nano-hardness for the specimens exposed to silicone oil were lower than specimens exposed to nitrogen gas and varied with the period of exposure. The elastic modulus and nano-hardness of the specimens exposed to crude oil were the lowest with a significant decrement with the exposure period. The frequency distribution of the nanoindentation measurements shows that the volume-fraction ratio of the two types of cement hydrated nanocomposites for both the unexposed and test specimens is about 70:30%. Phase transformation beneath the indenter is observed for all of the specimens, with more obvious plastic deformation in specimens exposed to crude oil. Analytical measurements (SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and XRD) on exposed cement fracture surfaces reveal different levels of physical and chemical alteration that are consistent with the reduction in stiffness measured by nanoindentation. The study suggests that cement stiffness will decrease due to crude oil exposure, and the fracture will be sensitive to stress and pore pressure with time.
Oncologic Monitoring After Radical Nephroureterectomy

Tumor recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UTUCC) can occur in the bladder, the contralateral upper urinary tract, or systemically. Therefore, oncologic monitoring after RNU requires a multimodal approach that accounts for the various sites and patterns of recurrence. In this chapter, we describe the different rates of recurrence, associated factors, and recommendations for oncologic monitoring for post-RNU recurrence by site of tumor relapse (intravesical, contralateral upper urinary tract, and systemic) and by risk category as defined by NCCN stages (low-risk: stage 0 or 1; high-risk: stage ≥2 or positive lymph nodes) (Fig. 38.1).
Gender, union formation, and assortative mating among older women

Abstract This paper presents a search-theoretic model of union formation among women, aged 55 and older. Specifically, it provides new estimates of gender differentials in cohabitation and marriage at older ages, and documents recent patterns of assortative mating using data from the 2008–2017 American Community Survey. Our analyses reveal that cohabitation represents a much smaller share of all older unmarried women, all partnered women, and all women in comparison to patterns observed among their male counterparts. The results also reveal highly uneven patterns of union formation by age, race and marital history, which reflect demographically uneven constraints and preferences. Our analyses also document, for the first time, patterns of assortative mating at older ages. Shortages of similarly-aged men, especially among older African American women, seemingly heighten the likelihood of demographically mismatched unions. Older women are less likely to form unions with same-race or economically attractive partners, defined as men having a college-degree. This study shows that older single women, in general, are at a comparative disadvantage in the marriage market, both in forming co-residential unions and in finding partners who match their own social, demographic, and economic profiles. This paper highlights considerable heterogeneity in the experiences of America's older women. It calls for new theoretical approaches that acknowledge the unequal resources and bargaining power among older women in the marriage market.
SU-E-T-268: Differences in Treatment Plan Quality and Delivery Between Two Commercial Treatment Planning Systems for Volumetric Arc-Based Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To clinically evaluate the differences in volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plan and delivery between two commercial treatment planning systems. Methods: Two commercial VMAT treatment planning systems with different VMAT optimization algorithms and delivery approaches were evaluated. This study included 16 clinical VMAT plans performed with the first system: 2 spine, 4 head and neck (HN), 2 brain, 4 pancreas, and 4 pelvis plans. These 16 plans were then re-optimized with the same number of arcs using the second treatment planning system. Planning goals were invariant between the two systems. Gantry speed, dose rate modulation, MLC modulation, plan quality, number of monitor units (MUs), VMAT quality assurance (QA) results, and treatment delivery time were compared between the 2 systems. VMAT QA results were performed using Mapcheck2 and analyzed with gamma analysis (3mm/3% and 2mm/2%). Results: Similar plan quality was achieved with each VMAT optimization algorithm, and the difference in delivery time was minimal. Algorithm 1 achieved planning goals by highly modulating the MLC (total distance traveled by leaves (TL) = 193 cm average over control points per plan), while maintaining a relatively constant dose rate (dose-rate change <100 MU/min). Algorithm 2 involved less MLC modulation (TL = 143 cm per plan), but greater dose-rate modulation (range = 0-600 MU/min). The average number of MUs was 20% less for algorithm 2 (ratio of MUs for algorithms 2 and 1 ranged from 0.5-1). VMAT QA results were similar for all disease sites except HN plans. For HN plans, the average gamma passing rates were 88.5% (2mm/2%) and 96.9% (3mm/3%) for algorithm 1 and 97.9% (2mm/2%) and 99.6% (3mm/3%) for algorithm 2. Conclusion: Both VMAT optimization algorithms achieved comparable plan quality; however, fewer MUs were needed and QA results were more robust for Algorithm 2, which more highly modulated dose rate.
Reduced Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide Oxidase-catalyzed Alterations of Membrane Phospholipids II. ENZYMIC PROPERTIES AND STOICHIOMETRY

Abstract A study of the TPNH-dependent utilization of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of the microsomal membranes has shown that the process is enzymic in nature. TPNH is oxidized during the reaction and O2 is consumed. When all of the nucleotide is oxidized, both the lipid changes and the oxygen consumption stop. Addition of more TPNH (or a TPNH-regenerating system) reinitiates these activities. Parameters affecting the course of the reaction have been investigated, including studies with a number of inhibitors. The stoichiometry of the system has been determined with regard to TPNH, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and oxygen. Malondialdehyde is produced during this reaction, but it has been shown to be insignificant in terms of accounting for the polyunsaturated fatty acids which are utilized. The system bears some resemblance to that which synthesizes prostaglandins.