cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of Multidrug Resistance in Human Cells by Transient Exposure to Different Chemotherapeutic Drugs

BACKGROUND The MDR1 (multidrug resistance) gene (also known as PGY1), which encodes the transmembrane efflux pump P-glycoprotein (Pgp), confers resistance to Pgp-transported cytotoxic drugs in tissue culture. The increase in MDR1 expression in tumors after chemotherapy is usually attributed to selection of pre-existing multidrug-resistant cells by Pgp-transported drugs. MDR1 expression in tissue culture can be increased by several types of stress-inducing treatment, including agents that activate protein kinase C (PKC). Previous studies, however, failed to demonstrate that short-term exposure to any chemotherapeutic drug can induce the expression of the resident MDR1 gene in drug-sensitive human cells. PURPOSE This study was designed to utilize highly sensitive assays to determine if transient exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs would have an effect on MDR1 expression in human cells and to assess if PKC inhibitors would influence such an effect. METHODS We analyzed the MDR1 gene expression in several human cell lines derived from leukemias or solid tumors, after treatment with different cytotoxic drugs, in the presence or absence of PKC inhibitors. Pgp function and expression were studied by flow cytometric assays, and MDR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was assayed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Transient exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs, including agents that are not transported by Pgp, induced Pgp and MDR1 mRNA expression in subpopulations of treated cells in most of the tested cell lines. This induction was observed along with microscopically detectable cell damage. The drug-induced MDR1 expression and the associated twofold to threefold increase in resistance to vinblastine were sustained in K562 leukemia cells for at least several weeks after the removal of the drug. Drug-mediated MDR1 induction was blocked by nonspecific protein kinase inhibitors that are active against PKC, but not by a protein kinase inhibitor ineffective against PKC. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the human MDR1 mRNA and Pgp can be induced in response to cellular damage by cytotoxic drugs regardless of whether the drugs are transported by Pgp. This induction can be prevented by protein kinase inhibitors. IMPLICATIONS Induction of MDR1 expression in response to cellular damage may account for increased MDR1 expression in treated human tumors. Protein kinase inhibitors may be useful in preventing the emergence of multidrug resistance during cancer chemotherapy.
Role of Hydraulic Sorting in the Origin of Fluvial Placers

A necessary condition for placer development is selective sorting at the grain scale by size and density. The effects of differential entrainment, suspension, and transport on an initial distribution composed of medium-size quartz and 10% fine-size magnetite were modeled by solving the Einstein bedload function for specific grain friction velocities (U (super *) ') in the range 3-63 cm.sec (super -1) and bed roughnesses of 0.55, 2, 5, and 10 mm. For any value of U (super *) ' and for both mineral densities, the transport rate for all sizes in the initial distribution decreases with increasing roughness, the decrease being greatest in the finer sizes. The concentration of magnetite transported in the flow increases with increasing U (super *) ' for each roughness and decreases with increasing roughness for each U (super *) '. The settling velocity ratio of magnetite to quartz in transport decreases with increasing U (super *) ' for any value of roughness. For any value of U (super *) ', the ratio first decreases then increases with increasing roughness, ranging from 1.36 at low U (super *) ' and roughness to 0.76 at high U (super *) ' and intermediate roughness. These results are due to variations in the reactive angles of grains and the extent to which grains hide in the lower, inner zone of the boundary layer. Concentrations of heavy minerals at the bed, bar, and system scales are explained using these results.
Citizen, Soldier, or Citizen-Soldier? Negotiating Identity in the US National Guard

This study examines the construction of US Army National Guard members' dual identities as soldiers and civilians and posits processes, including behavioral practice, spatial displacement, and narrativity, which soldiers use to reconcile these potentially contradictory identities to develop an understanding of themselves as "citizen-soldiers." Ethnographic evidence gathered from in-depth interviews suggests that for National Guard members who have never experienced deployment, the two identities of civilian and soldier are mostly separated. However, after experiencing deployment and reintegration, soldier and civilian identities become more intertwined and individuals must reorganize their identity according to different conceptions; integrating on a more permanent basis two different cultural modes of being. In light of the National Guard's increased participation in deployments post-9/11, this reorganization of identity is contributing to a shift in the meaning of "citizen-soldiery" in the current US context. Language: en
When do diagrams enhance learning? A framework for designing relevant representations

Although many studies demonstrate large learning gains when instruction includes diagrams, diagrams do not always lead to improved outcomes. How can instructional designers know whether a given diagram will enhance learning? We have developed a framework of three factors that influence the effectiveness of a diagram in a particular learning situation: the learning objective, the design of the visual representation and the cognitive processing of the learner. In a randomized-design study conducted in a college chemistry class, we found that instruction that included diagrams created with this framework led to enhanced performance on open-ended transfer items compared to traditional instruction, particularly for low-performing students. We propose that a concept-based cognitive theory of multimedia learning that includes a conceptual working memory component may explain why the efficacy of diagrams depends heavily on the prior knowledge of the learner as well as the conceptual information available in the representation.
Resiliency and Density of Some Upholstery Plant Fibres: Investigations on

There is a scarcity printed information in reference to the degree of difference in the resiliency and density of various plant fibres used as filling materials by upholsterers. The filling capacity of such materials is important because if two fibres are equally resilient and have similar characteristics in many other respects an upholsterer would be more interested in the one with a greater filling capacity if the price were the same per pound. In the present study major differences in the resiliency and filling capacity, as studied in a small experimental press, between different fibres were determined. Differences due to grades or in the method used in preparing an individual fibre to loosen it up or the method of shredding leaf fibres were not determined.
Noise characteristics and prior expectations in human visual speed perception

Human visual speed perception is qualitatively consistent with a Bayesian observer that optimally combines noisy measurements with a prior preference for lower speeds. Quantitative validation of this model, however, is difficult because the precise noise characteristics and prior expectations are unknown. Here, we present an augmented observer model that accounts for the variability of subjective responses in a speed discrimination task. This allowed us to infer the shape of the prior probability as well as the internal noise characteristics directly from psychophysical data. For all subjects, we found that the fitted model provides an accurate description of the data across a wide range of stimulus parameters. The inferred prior distribution shows significantly heavier tails than a Gaussian, and the amplitude of the internal noise is approximately proportional to stimulus speed and depends inversely on stimulus contrast. The framework is general and should prove applicable to other experiments and perceptual modalities.
Utility of Quantitative MRI Metrics for Assessment of Stage and Grade of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Preliminary Results

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess associations between quantitative MRI metrics and pathologic indicators of aggressiveness of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective biinstitutional study, 37 patients (28 men and nine women; mean age, 73 ± 12 years) who underwent pelvic MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (b values 0, 400, and 800 s/mm2) and T2-weighted imaging before transurethral resection or cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were identified. Tumor diameter (measured on T2-weighted imaging), normalized T2 signal intensity (to muscle; hereafter labeled normalized T2) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured for all tumors. Mann-Whitney test and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to identify associations between these metrics and histopathologic tumor stage and grade. RESULTS. Thirty-seven tumors were assessed (mean size, 35 ± 23 mm; range 8–88 mm). At histopathologic analysis, 16 of 37 (43%) ...
Rainfall variation, snowline depression and vegetational shifts in Chile during the Pleistocene

Palynological, geomorphological, and relict vegetation evidence point to the existence of cooler and more humid conditions along semiarid and temperate Chile during the Pleistocene. Departing from an actualistic model, and utilizing a regression technique that includes significant independent variables on the basis of R 2 and F statistics, the best fit multivariable model was produced for annual rainfall and snowline elevation. Predicted values for rainfall are obtained by controlling sea surface temperatures and air temperatures (the most significant variables in the model) at different latitudes. A variation of only 1 °C of the winter sea and air temperatures induces more than a doubling of the annual precipitation in north-central Chile, and increases by nearly fifty percent in southern Chile. Entering the predicted values of precipitation and lowering the winter temperatures by 1 or 2 °C produces a slight depression of the snowline in semiarid north-central Chile and a significant descent in southern Chile. The predicted depression of the snowline coincided well with geomorphological evidence of glacial advances and fossil periglacial phenomena in the Andes. Cooling and increased precipitation during the Pleistocene pluvial elicited northward shifts of the temperate rainforest of southern Chile in the order of 7 deg latitude.
Partial scan by use of empirical testability

The objective of the partial scan method proposed is to obtain maximum fault coverage for the number of scan elements selected. Empirical testability difference (ETD), a measure of the potential improvement in the overall testability of the circuit, is used to successively select storage elements for scan. ETD is calculated by using testability measures based on empirical evaluation of the circuit with the actual test sequence generator. In addition, ETD focuses on the hard-to-detect faults rather than all faults once such faults are known. The method has been extensively tested with ten of the sequential circuits given by F. Brglez et al. (1989) using the FASTEST provided by T. Kelsey and K. Saluja (1989). The results of these tests indicate that ETD yields on average either 27% of the number of uncovered faults for the same number of scan elements or 21% fewer scan elements for the same fault coverage compared to the other methods studied. >
Collecting duct-specific knockout of adenylyl cyclase type VI causes a urinary concentration defect in mice.

Collecting duct (CD) adenylyl cyclase VI (AC6) has been implicated in arginine vasopressin (AVP)-stimulated renal water reabsorption. To evaluate the role of CD-derived AC6 in regulating water homeostasis, mice were generated with CD-specific knockout (KO) of AC6 using the Cre/loxP system. CD AC6 KO and controls were studied under normal water intake, chronically water loaded, or water deprived; all of these conditions were repeated in the presence of continuous administration of 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). During normal water intake or after water deprivation, urine osmolality (Uosm) was reduced in CD AC6 KO animals vs. controls. Similarly, Uosm was decreased in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls after water deprivation+DDAVP administration. Pair-fed (with controls) CD AC6 KO mice also had lower urine osmolality vs. controls. There were no detectable differences between KO and control animals in fluid intake or urine volume under any conditions. CD AC6 KO mice did not have altered plasma AVP levels vs. controls. AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation was reduced in acutely isolated inner medullary CD (IMCD) from CD A6 KO vs. controls. Medullary aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein expression was lower in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls. There were no differences in urinary urea excretion or IMCD UT-A1 expression; however, IMCD UT-A3 expression was reduced in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls. In summary, AC6 in the CD regulates renal water excretion, most likely through control of AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation and AQP2.
Americanist Stratigraphic Excavation and the Measurement of Culture Change

Many versions of the history of Americanist archaeology suggest there was a “stratigraphic revolution” during the second decade of the twentieth century—the implication being that prior to about 1915 most archaeologists did not excavate stratigraphically. However, articles and reports published during the late nineteenth century and first decade of the twentieth century indicate clearly that many Americanists in fact did excavate stratigraphically. What they did not do was attempt to measure the passage of time and hence culture change. The real revolution in Americanist archaeology comprised an analytical shift from studying synchronic variation to tracking changes in frequencies of artifact types or styles—a shift pioneered by A. V. Kidder, A. L. Kroeber, Nels C. Nelson, and Leslie Spier. The temporal implications of the analytical techniques they developed—frequency seriation and percentage stratigraphy—were initially confirmed by stratigraphic excavation. Within a few decades, however, most archaeologists had begun using stratigraphic excavation as a creational strategy—that is, as a strategy aimed at recovering superposed sets of artifacts that were viewed as representing occupations and distinct cultures. The myth that there was a “stratigraphic revolution” was initiated in the writings of the innovators of frequency seriation and percentage stratigraphy.
Accurate prediction of docked protein structure similarity using neural networks and restricted Boltzmann machines

One of the major challenges for protein-protein docking is to accurately discriminate native-like structures from false-positives. While there is an agreement on the existence of a relationship between various favorable intermolecular interactions (e.g., Van der Waals, electrostatic, desolvation forces, etc.) and the similarity of a conformation to its native structure, the exact nature of this relationship is not clear. Different docking algorithms often formulate this relationship as a weighted sum of selected terms and calibrate their weights against a training set to evaluate and rank candidate complexes. Despite improvement in the predictive abilities of recent docking methods, even state-of-the-art methods often fail to predict the binding of many complexes and still output a large number of false positive complexes. We propose a novel machine learning approach that not only ranks candidate structures relative to each other, but also predicts how similar each candidate is to the native conformation. We trained a two-layer neural network, a deep neural network and a network of Restricted Boltzmann Machines against extensive datasets of unbound complexes. We tested these methods with a set of candidate structures. Our method is able to predict the RMSDs of unbound docked complexes with a very small, often < 1.5A error margin.
Parvovirus-mediated aplastic crisis and the virus-specific immune response in patients with sickle cell disease (VAC6P.948)

Parvovirus infection, which is typically subclinical in healthy individuals, can have catastrophic effects in patients suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD). Infection disrupts erythropoiesis, often resulting in aplastic crisis and other life-threatening complications in patients with SCD. Attempts to develop a safe and effective parvovirus vaccine have yet to be successful and may be improved by a better understanding of natural immune responses to parvovirus infections. St. Jude Children9s Research Hospital houses one of the largest centers for pediatric SCD in the United States and is therefore uniquely positioned to monitor immune functions in patients with SCD. Here, we describe a retrospective analysis of patient records, examining parvovirus-specific antibody results from a semi-quantitative, commercially-available ELISA as a function of time relative to aplastic crisis. Results showed: (i) frequencies of seropositive immune responses in patients with SCD of various age groups were comparable to those of healthy controls, (ii) parvovirus-specific immune responses were rapidly induced in patients following aplastic crisis, and (iii) responses were generally sustained for years after the aplastic crisis event. Ongoing studies include further dissection of adaptive and innate immune responses toward parvovirus infections in this patient population to help define correlates of protection against parvovirus disease.
Electronic angular momentum effects in the photophysical behavior of fullerenes

The intensity of the electronic origin in the emission spectrum of C 70 exhibits a strong solvent sensitivity. The intensity of this peak increases relative to the vibronic features as the dielectric constant of the solvent increases. This solvent dependence is explained by an extension of Platt's Perimeter Free Electron Orbital model. The fullerenes, in particular C 60 and C 70 , possess a nearly spherical symmetry that gives rise to the presence of significant electronic orbital angular momentum. The unexpected spectral sensitivity is shown to arise from quenching of the electronic angular momentum by the solvent environment.
Youth Perspectives About the Factors that Contribute to Psychological Well-Being in Negombo, Sri Lanka

This chapter explores youth phenomenology about the variables important to the psychological well-being of Sri Lankan preadolescents and adolescents. Using focus group interviews and ecomap drawings and narratives, the authors identified culturally and developmentally relevant competencies, sociocultural stressors and supports, and culturally relevant reactions to stressors and supports. Implications and suggestions for intervention and future research are provided.
The Prismatic Character in Gravity's Rainbow

In order to begin a meaningful discussion of characterization in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, it is first necessary for the critical reader to confront the major changes in the novel form which have emerged during the last two decades. Since the early sixties, traditional expectations about what Gerald Graff calls "the narrative method of the realistic novel" have been challenged by a new type of fiction, commonly called the anti-novel or the postmodern novel, which represents, in part, a protest against the established conventions of the novelist's art, as well as a departure from the nineteenth-century emphasis upon the depiction of a recognizable external reality. Consequently, if the reader persists in using the conventions of the nineteenth-century realistic novel (which Linda Hutcheon rightly suggests have threatened to become a genre definition rather than a period description) to judge, structure, systematize, and otnerwise pigeonhole Gravity's Rainbow, then the critic will, as many have done, simply toss the book into the heap of unreadable experiments.
Mother–Child Conversation and Children's Social Understanding During Middle Childhood

The authors investigated the relationship between mother-child conversation and children's social understanding during middle childhood. Thirty-eight mother-child pairs participated, including a younger group (5-7 years old) and an older group (8-10 years old). Children completed 2 measures of social understanding and mothers and children discussed 4 stories involving social dilemmas. Results indicated that compared to the younger group, the older group (a) performed better on both measures of social understanding and (b) produced more basic mental talk (i.e., talk about beliefs, emotions, personality traits, and desires), and more advanced mental talk (i.e., talk about contrasting perspectives, recursion and relationship between mental states, and advanced emotions). Mothers of older children also produced more basic and advanced mental talk. Mothers' advanced mental talk predicted both children's social understanding and children's advanced mental talk.
Analysis Of 4-D Cardiac Mr Data With Nurbs Deformable Models: Temporal Fitting Strategy And Nonrigid Registration

We present research in which both leftand right-ventricular deformation is estimated from tagged cardiac mgnetic resonance imaging using volumetric deformable models constructed from nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS). The four model types considered and compared for the left ventricle include two Cartesian NURBS models — one with a cylindrical parameter assignment and one with a prolate spheroidal parameter assignment. The remaining two are non-Cartesian, i.e., prolate spheroidal and cylindrical, each with their respective prolate spheroidal and cylindrical parameter assignment regime. These choices were made based on the typical shape of the left ventricle. For each frame subsequent to end-diastole, an NURBS model is constructed by fitting two surfaces with the same parameterization to the corresponding set of epicardial and endocardial contours from which a volumetric model is created. Using normal displacements of the three sets of orthogonal tag planes as well as displacements of contour/tag line intersection points and tag plane intersection points, one can solve for the optimal homogeneous coordinates, in a weighted least-squares sense, of the control points of the deformed NURBS model at enddiastole using quadratic programming. This allows for subsequent nonrigid registration of the biventricular model at end-diastole to all later time frames. After registration of the model to all later time points, the registered NURBS models are temporally lofted in order to create a comprehensive four-dimensional NURBS model. From the lofted model, we can extract 3D myocardial deformation fields and corresponding Lagrangian and Eulerian
Variation in nestling body condition and wing development predict cause-specific mortality in fledgling dickcissels

Phenotypic traits developed in one life-history stage can carryover and affect survival in subsequent stages. For songbirds, carryover effects from the pre- to post-fledging period may be crucial for survival but are poorly understood. We assessed whether juvenile body condition and wing development at fledging influenced survival during the post-fledging period in the Dickcissel (Spiza americana). We found pre- to post-fledging carryover effects on fledgling survival for both traits during the “early part”—first four days—of the post-fledging period. Survival benefits of each trait depended on cause-specific sources of mortality; individuals in better body condition were less likely to die from exposure to adverse environmental conditions, whereas those with more advanced wing development were less likely to be preyed upon. Fledglings with more advanced wing development were comparatively more active and mobile earlier in the post-fledging period, suggesting they were better able to avoid predators. Our results provide some of the first evidence linking development of juvenile phenotypic traits to survival against specific sources of post-fledging mortality in songbirds. Further investigation into pre- to post-fledging carryover effects may yield important insights into avian life-history evolution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Residential Mobility and Adolescent Achievement and Behavior: Understanding Timing and Extent of Mobility.

Residential mobility is generally viewed as an adverse event for adolescents' development. Less is known about whether moving during adolescence, childhood, or both periods explains this connection and whether the extent of mobility matters. Analytic shortcomings with much of the research call into question extant findings. We examined associations between childhood, adolescent, and child–adolescent mobility and adolescents' achievement (math and reading) and behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing). With a multisite, longitudinal sample (N = 1,056), we employed propensity score methods, which mitigate concerns about selection bias on observed variables, to investigate relationships. Results suggest that multiple, child–adolescent movers had more internalizing problems in adolescence than their stable peers, but did not differ on externalizing problems or achievement.
ROAMing terrain: real-time optimally adapting meshes

Terrain visualization is a difficult problem for applications requiring accurate images of large datasets at high frame rates, such as flight simulation and ground-based aircraft testing using synthetic sensor simulation. On current graphics hardware, the problem is to maintain dynamic, view-dependent triangle meshes and texture maps that produce good images at the required frame rate. We present an algorithm for constructing triangle meshes that optimizes flexible view-dependent error metrics, produces guaranteed error bounds, achieves specified triangle counts directly and uses frame-to-frame coherence to operate at high frame rates for thousands of triangles per frame. Our method, dubbed Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes (ROAM), uses two priority queues to drive split and merge operations that maintain continuous triangulations built from pre-processed bintree triangles. We introduce two additional performance optimizations: incremental triangle stripping and priority-computation deferral lists. ROAM's execution time is proportional to the number of triangle changes per frame, which is typically a few percent of the output mesh size; hence ROAM's performance is insensitive to the resolution and extent of the input terrain. Dynamic terrain and simple vertex morphing are supported.
A compact scintillator-based coded aperture imager for localizing illicit nuclear materials

Efficient detection, localization, and identification of illicit nuclear materials is a critical need for national security. Gamma-ray signatures can be exploited for these purposes, but very high detection efficiency is needed in addition to a practical design that can be effective in the field. Modern, dense scintillators with low intrinsic background provide the highest detection efficiency (albeit at somewhat lower energy resolution than semiconductor detectors), and solid-state photodetector readout of the scintillation light can enable a compact and robust design compared to conventional photomultiplier tubes. We explore the feasibility of a coded aperture gamma-ray imager which combines gadolinium oxyorthosilicate scintillator (GSO) and avalanche photodiode (APD) readout. Each GSO crystal is 5 times 5 mm in cross-section and 25 mm long, and is coupled to a Hamamatsu S8664-55 APD with matching active area. 225 detectors are arrayed in a 15 times 15 matrix within a tungsten shield box. Readout is effected with a custom PC board which includes multiple 32-channel ASICs to handle preamplification, shaping, and energy and time discrimination. The output is fed to a compact data acquisition system originally designed for medical imaging with the RatCAP PET system. Various coded aperture designs are being evaluated for optimal imaging performance. Detector design and performance are presented.
Biological techniques: Stomach growth in a dish

A protocol has been developed to grow structures that resemble the main part of the stomach in vitro from human embryonic stem cells — an advance that provides insights into stomach development. See Article p.182 Using a mouse model for stomach development, James Wells and colleagues have delineated the requirement of Wnt signalling for specification of the fundus region of the stomach in mammals—the upper part of the stomach close to the cardial notch and oesophagus. On the basis of this finding, the authors develop human gastric organoids derived from fundic pluripotent stem cells, which should provide a powerful model for the study of gastric physiology and pathophysiology, as well as for drug discovery.
Post-irradiation lumbosacral radiculopathy associated with multiple cavernous malformations of the cauda equina: Case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Multiple radiation-induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina are extremely rare. A review of the literature suggested that the post-irradiation lumbosacral radiculopathy in our patient was most likely associated with a diagnosis of multiple radiation-induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina. CASE DESCRIPTION A 76-year-old man with a remote history of abdominal radiation therapy presented with a 6-month history of progressively worsening right foot drop and balance impairment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple enhancing areas of the cauda equina concerning for carcinomatous meningitis, however, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was unrevealing. Intraoperative findings were consistent with multiple radiation-induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina. CONCLUSIONS Multiple radiation-induced cavernous malformations of the cauda equina may mimic carcinomatous or infectious meningitis. Clinicians should be suspicious of this diagnosis when CSF and MRI findings are inconsistent with metastatic disease or infectious meningitis in patients who present with radiculopathy and a history of radiation therapy.
Dog rivalry impacts following behavior in a decision-making task involving food.

Dogs learn a great deal from humans and other dogs. Previous studies of socially influenced learning between dogs have typically used a highly trained demonstrator dog who is unfamiliar to the observer. Because of this, it is unknown how dynamics between familiar dogs may influence their likelihood of learning from each other. In this study, we tested dogs living together in two-dog households on whether individual dogs’ rivalry scores were associated with performance on a local enhancement task. Specifically, we wanted to know whether dog rivalry impacted whether an observer dog would approach a plate from which a demonstrator dog had eaten all available food, or whether the observer dog would approach the adjacent plate that still contained food. Dog rivalry scores were calculated using the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire and indicated each dog’s tendency to engage aggressively with the other household dog. Low-rivalry dogs were more likely to approach the empty plate than high-rivalry dogs when the observer dog was allowed to approach the plates immediately after the demonstrator had moved out of sight. This difference between low- and high-rivalry dogs disappeared, however, when observer dogs had to wait 5 s before approaching the plates. The same pattern was observed during a control condition when a human removed the food from a plate. Compared to low-rivalry dogs, high-rivalry dogs may pay less attention to other dogs due to a low tolerance for having other dogs in close proximity.
Dose-Rate Effects on the Total-Ionizing-Dose Response of Piezoresistive Micromachined Cantilevers

Total-ionizing-dose-induced resonance frequency shifts in piezoresistive micromachined cantilevers are experimentally shown to be dose-rate dependent. Devices were irradiated to 1 Mrad(SiO2) at rates from 5.4 to 30.3 krad(SiO2)/min, with lower rate exposures producing up to four-times more negative frequency shifts than higher rate exposures. Devices that were hydrogenated in a steam bath for 1 h showed shifts similar to those of control (not hydrogenated) devices at higher dose rates, and larger shifts than control devices at lower rates. All devices recovered to levels close to preirradiation after several hours of post-irradiation annealing. The dose-rate dependence is attributed to differences in carrier concentration caused by varying efficiencies of the depassivation of boron by hydrogen at higher and lower dose rates and/or surface charging effects, and the subsequent differences in Young’s modulus that occur as a result. Many of these processes are similar to effects that lead to ELDRS in linear bipolar transistors, emphasizing the need to include low-dose-rate testing of microelectromechanical systems devices when considering them for use in space systems.
The mechanics of energy dissipation in a three-dimensional graphene foam with macroporous architecture

Abstract The three-dimensional porous architecture of graphene foam combines extraordinary mechanical properties of graphene with a unique structural organization to produce a strong, lightweight material. In this study, mechanisms for energy dissipation in graphene foam are investigated by localized nano-scale dynamic mechanical testing. Mechanical response of the material subjected to cyclic loading-unloading is captured as loss tangent (tan δ), characterizing the energy dissipation. Indentation tips with different geometries and dimensions (from 100 nm to 100 μm) are employed, which translate into variable stress-states with mechanical stresses ranging from a few kilo-Pascals to a few giga-Pascals. Formation of dynamic ripples, flattening of intrinsic corrugations, kink band formation, inter-layer van der Waals spring-like action, and membrane vibration are proposed as the key energy dissipation mechanisms in graphene foam. The relative contribution of these mechanisms towards energy dissipation is compared and quantified, with tan δ values varying from about 0.1 to 0.45. The energy dissipation behavior of the material is found to be highly stable, as the loss tangent values are retained for as high as 50,000 cycles. The fundamental understanding of intrinsic mechanics will enable engineering of impact-tolerable foam structure with desirable and predictable mechanical performance.
Family-Based Interventions for Crime and Delinquency

Historically, the family has been the target for early detection, treatment, and prevention of delinquency and crime. Values, standards for behavior, and skills of social influence and achievement are learned in the family, and evidence is now mounting that criminal/delinquent behavior has partial roots there (Coull, Geismar, & Waff, 1982; Druckman, 1979; Emshoff & Blakely, 1983; Fischer, 1983; Parsons & Alexander, 1973; Rutter & Giller, 1984; Stuart, 1971).
A Summary and Commentary on D. and S. Premack’s Original Intelligence

Some evolutionary cognitive and developmental psychologists propose that the human mind consists of domain-specific modules. These are characterized as self-contained “mini-computers” that process information of a certain kind. Although, according to my reading, much of the extant human brain research does not necessarily support the module view (Greenwald, 1997), still module theories continue to occupy center stage in cognitive developmental and comparative psychology. One would think that neuroscience, as a study of the behavior beneath the skin, would simply replace cognitive psychology. But, perhaps I missed the value of the psychological construct. In their book, the Premacks set out to provide a synthesis of evidence from various fields in order to identify what they characterize as “original intelligence.” Their synthesis is derived from their reading of findings in comparative psychology, developmental psychology, neuroscience, anthropology and other “life sciences.” All of the evidence and theory from psychology from which they draw their evidence comes from the cognitive perspective including their own contributions to that research. For them, original intelligence includes certain phylogenetic and ontogenetic contributions that they identify as expectancies, capabilities that are present or not present in certain species including humans. These capabilities include inherited expectancies, derived from natural selection; and expectancies derived from experience and its interaction with inherited expectancies. Infants have inherited expectancies not only about how physical bodies “act,” but also about psychological and biological objects, about language, number, spatial navigation, and music. Indeed, infants have inherited expectancies in all the domains into which human problem solving can be divided. These expectancies are an integral part of the infant's modules. (p. 17)
Understanding sales manager effectiveness

Abstract Although sales managers influence a variety of sales force outcomes critically important in the dynamic business environment of the 21st Century, research examining sales manager effectiveness is limited. As such, an investigation of the attributes of effective sales managers, as well as the impact of these attributes on the sales force, is warranted. To explore these issues, the authors employed value laddering, an in-depth interview technique that facilitates the identification of key attributes and the subsequent linkages of those attributes to consequences and underlying values or goals held by respondents. Data collected from sales professionals resulted in 308 ladders that were subsequently aggregated across subjects and used to generate a hierarchical value map (HVM) reflecting the associations among constructs. The HVM highlights the attributes of effective sales managers, as identified by respondents, and reflects three major sales management roles: communicator, motivator and coach. Each of these roles is explored and managerial and research implications are discussed.
Creating Emotional False Recollections: Perceptual Recombination and Conceptual Fluency Mechanisms

We investigated the impact of 2 hypothetical mechanisms of episodic memory reconstruction-perceptual recombination and conceptual fluency-on objectively measured recollection accuracy and false recollections of neutral and emotional stimuli. Participants encoded negative, neutral, and positive pictures depicting objects and scenes (i.e., target pictures), each accompanied with a descriptive verbal label (e.g., "boy crying at funeral," "wooden basket on floor," "four chimpanzees laughing together"). Next, they encoded fragmented pictures of some of the scenes they did and did not earlier see (perceptual misinformation), or they received multiple presentations of the corresponding verbal labels (conceptual misinformation). Recollection of target pictures was then tested, using labels as retrieval cues. We had three key findings in each of two experiments. First, as in our prior work, both perceptual and conceptual misinformation significantly increased false recollection judgments of nonstudied pictures, including high-confidence errors. These effects implicate perceptual recombination and conceptual fluency mechanisms. Second, these misinformation effects generalized across all emotional categories, implicating separable roles of these two mechanisms on emotional recollections. Finally, conceptual misinformation was less likely to influence negative than neutral recollection errors, providing new evidence that emotion can improve retrieval monitoring accuracy and reduce false memories based on conceptual fluency (i.e., an emotional distinctiveness heuristic). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
3D-TEE for Measurement of the Aortic Annulus: a Review of the Literature and Step-By-Step Approach to an Essential Skill

The purpose of this paper is to review the measurement of the virtual aortic annulus using 3-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). New software developments have allowed increased utility of 3D-TEE for aortic annulus analysis. 3D-TEE remains an alternative to multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) for measurement of the aortic annulus prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), but has been hampered by lack of semi-automated or automated technology. Automated software programs for 3D-TEE analysis of the aortic annulus are increasingly being developed to increase the ability for a wide array of users to perform pre-TAVR annulus analysis.
The unfolded protein response signaling and retinal Müller cell metabolism

The retina is one of the most energy demanding tissues in the body. Like most neurons in the central nervous system, retinal neurons consume high amounts of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) to generate visual signal and transmit the information to the brain. Disruptions in retinal metabolism can cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration resulting in severe visual impairment and even blindness. The homeostasis of retinal metabolism is tightly controlled by multiple signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), and the close interactions between retinal neurons and other retinal cell types including vascular cells and Muller glia. The UPR is a highly conserved adaptive cellular response and can be triggered by many physiological stressors and pathophysiological conditions. Activation of the UPR leads to changes in glycolytic rate, ATP production, de novo serine synthesis, and the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which are considered critical components of Muller glia metabolism and provide metabolic support to surrounding neurons. When these pathways are disrupted, neurodegeneration occurs rapidly. In this review, we summarize recent advance in studies of the UPR in Muller glia and highlight the potential role of the UPR in retinal degeneration through regulation of Muller glia metabolism.
The rhetorical emergency kit: Engaging ethically with end the silence and protest rhetoric on a campus in crisis

This article offers a theoretically based solution to faculty hesitation to engage in difficult dialogs on a campus in crisis. Using the constructs of Ratcliffe’s language of rhetorical listening t...
Intermolecular Radical Mediated Anti-Markovnikov Alkene Hydroamination Using N-Hydroxyphthalimide

An intermolecular anti-Markovnikov hydroamination of alkenes has been developed using triethyl phosphite and N-hydroxyphthalimide. The process tolerates a wide range of alkenes, including vinyl ethers, silanes, and sulfides as well as electronically unbiased terminal and internal alkenes. The resultant N-alkylphthalimides can readily be transformed to the corresponding primary amines. Mechanistic probes indicate that the process is mediated via a phosphite promoted radical deoxygenation of N-hydroxyphthalimide to access phthalimidyl radicals.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: Monitoring and patient education--2009

Purpose Results of the 2009 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings that pertain to monitoring and patient education are presented. Methods A stratified random sample of pharmacy directors at 1364 general and children’s medical–surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed by mail. SDI Health supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from SDI’s hospital database. Results The response rate was 40.5%. Virtually all hospitals (97.3%) had pharmacists regularly monitor medication therapy in some capacity; nearly half monitored 75% or more of their patients. Over 92% had pharmacists routinely monitor serum medication concentrations or their surrogate markers, and most hospitals allowed pharmacists to order initial serum concentrations (80.1%) and adjust dosages (79.2%). Interdisciplinary committees reviewed adverse drug events in 89.3% of hospitals. Prospective analysis was conducted by 66.2% of hospitals, and retrospective analysis was performed by 73.6%. An assessment of safety culture had been conducted by 62.8% of hospitals. Most hospitals assigned oversight for patient medication education to nursing (89.0%), but many hospitals (68.9%) reported that pharmacists provided medication education to 1–25% of patients. Computerized prescriber-order-entry systems with clinical decision support were in place in 15.4%, bar-code-assisted medication administration systems were used by 27.9%, smart infusion pumps were used in 56.2%, and complete electronic medical record systems were in place in 8.8% of hospitals. The majority of hospitals (64.7%) used an integrated pharmacy practice model using clinical generalists. Conclusion Pharmacists were significantly involved in monitoring medication therapy. Pharmacists were less involved in medication education activities. Technologies to improve the use of medications were used in an increasing percentage of hospitals. Hospital pharmacy practice was increasingly integrated, with pharmacists having both distribution and clinical roles.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Bombella apis Strain Isolated from Honey Bees.

ABSTRACT Bombella apis occupies a variety of distinct niches within a honey bee hive, including queen guts, royal jelly, and larval food. In an effort to better understand its evolution and identify signatures of honey bee association, we sequenced a strain isolated from hive honey stores. This genome is 2,086,308 bp long and contains 1,975 protein-coding genes.
Development and functional characterization of a lncRNA‐HIT conditional loss of function allele

Analysis of the human and murine transcriptomes has identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as major functional components in both species. Transcriptional profiling of the murine limb led to our discovery of lncRNA-HIT, which our previous in vitro analyses suggested a potential role for this lncRNA in the development of limb, craniofacial, and genitourinary tissues (Carlson et al., 2015). To test this hypothesis, we developed a conditional lncRNA-HIT loss of function allele which uses Cre recombinase to activate an shRNA specific for lncRNA-HIT. Activation of the lncRNA-HIT shRNA allele resulted in a robust knock-down of lncRNA-HIT as well as co-activation of a mCherry reporter, confirming the efficacy of the shRNA allele to reduce endogenous lncRNA levels in a tissue- and cell-type specific manner. Developmental analyses of embryos expressing the activated shRNA and mCherry co-reporter revealed multiple malformations corresponding to the sites of shRNA activation, affecting craniofacial, limb, and genitourinary tissue development. These results confirm the efficacy of lncRNA-HIT shRNA allele to knock-down endogenous transcripts in tissue- and cell type specific manner and indicate a requirement for lncRNA-HIT in the development of these tissues.