cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of impedance data for single crystal na β-alumina at low temperatures

Abstract A detailed re-analysis of the 83–151 K impedance-frequency data of Bruce et al. on Na β-alumina has been carried out using complex least-squares fitting of the data to a circuit which includes two constant phase elements. Threedimensional plotting of the complex modulus function, MM' + iM'', vs the logarithm of the frequency v is found to show glitches and anomalies in the data not obvious in ordinary spectrographic plots of M' or M'' vs log(v) or in M' and M'' complex-plane plots. In spite of some such anomalies in the data, excellent fits to the circuit model are obtained, especially at the lower temperatures. Surprisingly, all circuit elements seem to be thermally activated, with the activation lines split into two very clearly defined, offset sections for the separate ranges 83 to 102 K and 110 to 151 K. These results suggest, even more strongly than an earlier more approximate analysis of the same data by Ngai and Strom, the presence of a glass-like transition, with Vogel temperature T∞ falling between 102 and 110 K. This possibility, and the additional possibility of a direct connection between the low-frequency limiting conductivity and the Na-ion hopping rate, are investigated and discussed in detail: some measure of agreement is found between various parameters derived from the present fitting results and those obtained from other types of measurements.
DNA PROBES FOR THE Y-CHROMOSOME OF SILENE-LATIFOLIA, A DIOECIOUS ANGIOSPERM

In order to obtain markers for the Y chromosome ofSilene latifolia, we pooled equal weights of leaf tissue from 18 female siblings into one sample and repeated the process with 18 male siblings. Pooling was intended to provide a common genetic background for each sample, leaving the absence or presence of the Y chromosome as the primary difference between the two samples. DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with arbitrary 10 bp primers. Four of 60 primers used gave an amplification with the male DNA not found among those from the female DNA. Each of these was subsequently shown to provide a reliable marker for the Y chromosome.
Elastic properties of grain boundaries in copper and their relationship to bulk elastic constants.

The pressure derivatives and uniaxial strain derivatives of the elastic constants of copper are calculated using the embedded-atom method, and the results are in good agreement with experiment. Also, the elastic constants of a \ensuremath{\Sigma}5 twist grain boundary [with (100) boundary planes] are calculated on a layer-by-layer basis, and the elastic behavior is shown to differ by up to an order of magnitude from bulklike behavior. This unusual elastic behavior is found to be similar to that of uniaxially strained crystals, since the grain boundaries themselves are regions that are strained (expanded) in one direction.
Adhesion molecules of the nervous system

The structural and functional characterization of neural cell-cell adhesion molecules continues to progress at a rapid rate, exposing the complex nature of these large multidomain receptors and their intricate relationship with the cell. Over the past year, significant progress has been made in the description of multiple binding activities, signaling potentials, and cytoplasmic associations of cell-cell adhesion molecules. In addition, new modes for developmental regulation of adhesion molecule function have been identified.
Effect of one- and two-pin reference anchoring systems on marker stability during total knee arthroplasty computer navigation.

Objective: This study investigated different infrared marker reference base attachments in cadaveric bone and their effects on alignment outcome when different loads were applied.Material and Methods: Five cadaveric specimens were used to test four reference base attachments: a locking one-pin (4.0 mm and 5.0 mm pins) and a two-pin clamp (Hoffman fixator, 3.0 mm and 5.0 mm pins, Stryker Inc., NJ). Each was tested with metaphyseal and diaphyseal attachments. A navigation system (Stryker Navigation, MI) was used for testing with applied incremental loads and torques (65 N and 1.0 Nm) to the different reference base configurations.Results: With 65 N the maximum change in distance to a verification point was 4.3 + 1.6 mm with the 4.0 mm locking pin in metaphyseal bone. No difference in verification point distances was found with any two-pin configuration. Alignment changes greater than 4° resulted with the 65 N loads and a 4.0 mm pin.Conclusion: The results may prove beneficial in comparing the resulting erro...
Resurrection of Dryotomicus Wood and description of two new species from the Amazon River Basin (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae, Phloeotribini)

A cladistic analysis based on 20 morphological characters was conducted for 11 species representing two valid and two synonymized Phloeotribini genera. One hundred-eighty most-parsimonious trees were recovered and the Dryotomicus Wood species were monophyletic in a mostly unresolved strict-consensus tree. The unusual antennal morphology, with the length of the first two funicular segments equal to the last three segments and a scape which is twice the length of the funicle, distinguish Dryotomicus from the other Phloeotribini genera. Hence this genus is resurrected because of monophyly and diagnostic characters. Dryotomicus oenophilis sp. n. and Dryotomicus woodrex sp. n. are described from Guyana and Peru, respectively. In the male specimen of Dryotomicus oenophilis, the frons has one median and two large lateral carinae and in the male specimen of Dryotomicus woodrex, the frons has three smaller median tubercles arranged transversely. Phloeotribus puberulus Chapuis and Phloeotribus tuberculatus (Eggers) were monophyletic with the new Dryotomicus species and thus are transferred to this genus. Keys to the Phloeotribini genera and Dryotomicus species are given.
Emergency Judgment: Carl Schmitt, John Locke, and the Paradox of Prerogative

Faced with an unsettling expansion of executive emergency power in the United States, scholars have turned to the thought of Carl Schmitt to shed light on constitutional liberalism. Yet the resources for responding to Schmitt can be found in the very tradition that he urges his readers to overcome. Locke recognized what many liberal thinkers since have been hesitant to admit. Fixed laws can help restrain prerogative to a certain extent but cannot transform the irrational and unpredictable nature of political life nor eliminate the discretionary power necessary to respond to it. Consequently, the most important and most effective restraint on executive discretionary power is not legal but political. Both the judgment of the executive and the judgment of the people are essential extralegal elements of the constitutional order.
First-order error propagation formulae for the Gassmann relations

The Gassmann relations of poroelasticity provide a connection between the dry and the saturated elastic moduli of porous rock and are useful in a variety of petroleum geoscience applications. Because some uncertainty is usually associated with the input parameters, the propagation of error in the inputs into the final moduli estimates is immediately of interest. Two common approaches to error propagation include: a first-order Taylor series expansion and Monte-Carlo methods. The Taylor series approach requires derivatives, which are obtained either analytically or numerically and is usually limited to a first-order analysis. The formulae for analytical derivatives were often prohibitively complicated before modern symbolic computation packages became prevalent but they are now more accessible. We apply this method and present formulae for uncertainty in the predicted bulk and shear moduli for two forms of the Gassmann relations. Numerical results obtained with these uncertainty formulae are compared with Monte-Carlo calculations as a form of validation and to illustrate the relative characteristics of the two approaches. Particular emphasis is given to the problem of correlated variables, which are often ignored in naive approaches to error analysis. Going out to the error level that the two methods were compared, the means agree and the variance of the Monte Carlo method for bulk modulus grows with input error.
Primordial Black Hole Evaporation and Spontaneous Dimensional Reduction

Abstract Several different approaches to quantum gravity suggest the effective dimension of spacetime reduces from four to two near the Planck scale. In light of such evidence, this Letter re-examines the thermodynamics of primordial black holes (PBHs) in specific lower-dimensional gravitational models. Unlike in four dimensions, ( 1 + 1 ) -D black holes radiate with power P ∼ M BH 2 , while it is known no ( 2 + 1 ) -D (BTZ) black holes can exist in a non-anti-de Sitter universe. This has important relevance to the PBH population size and distribution, and consequently on cosmological evolution scenarios. The number of PBHs that have evaporated to present day is estimated, assuming they account for all dark matter. Entropy conservation during dimensional transition imposes additional constraints. If the cosmological constant is non-negative, no black holes can exist in the ( 2 + 1 ) -dimensional epoch, and consequently a ( 1 + 1 ) -dimensional black hole will evolve to become a new type of remnant. Although these results are conjectural and likely model-dependent, they open new questions about the viability of PBHs as dark matter candidates.
Second-order coherent Raman scattering

Detailed dispersion curves of second-order coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{4}=3{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$) are reported for benzene with the laser frequency difference ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$ near the 992-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Raman line. The results are compared with the first-order CARS (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{3}=2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{2}$) dispersion curves. Several experimental parameters were manipulated in order to distinguish between a direct six-wave mixing process, which depends on the fifth-order nonlinear susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(5)}$ and a cascaded four-wave mixing process involving ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ twice. The observed characteristic interference line shape, the dependence on laser power, and the concentration dependence of the effect indicate that the cascaded process dominates. Additional evidence for the cascaded mechanism is derived from second-order CARS experiments using three incident laser frequencies. It is shown theoretically that if simultaneous phase matching occurs for both first- and second-order CARS, then the electric-field amplitude of the cascaded four-wave mixing should dominate the direct six-wave mixing by a factor of the order of $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$, where $l$ is the interaction length and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is the second-order anti-Stokes wavelength. The second-order CARS reported here is to be distinguished from a possible "overtone" coherent Raman process which would require the frequency separation of the two lasers to be twice the Raman fundamental.
Infrared laser desorption/ionization on silicon.

Laser desorption/ionization from a single-crystal silicon surface was performed using a laser operating in the 3-μm region of the mid-infrared. Analyte molecules up to 6 kDa were ionized with no added matrix. As with ultraviolet desorption/ionization from porous silicon (DIOS), IR laser desorption from silicon does not produce matrix ions that can interfere with analysis of low-mass analytes. However, in contrast to UV DIOS, silicon porosity or roughness is not required for ionization using an IR laser. Mass spectra were obtained in the wavelength range between 2.8 and 3.5 μm, which is consistent with energy absorption by a hydrogen-bonded OH group. A mechanism based on desorption of adsorbed solvent molecules is postulated.
JUSTIPEN—The Japan U.S. Theory Institute for Physics with Exotic Nuclei

International collaborations fill today's research landscape, facilitate scientific progress, and lead to a stronger scientific community through tackling mutually beneficial research problems. Furthermore, international research collaborations result in a cultural understanding among the community of scientists. For these general reasons, the Japan U.S. Theory Institute for Physics with Exotic Nuclei (JUSTIPEN) was established two years ago. JUSTIPEN enables travel of U.S. scientists to Japan to collaborate with their Japanese counterparts as the community pursues a basic understanding of exotic nuclei and their role in astrophysics and other areas. In this brief report, I will describe the activities of JUSTIPEN during the last two years.
Functional surface modifications on nanostructured LiCoO 2 with lithium vanadates

Novel surface modifications with lithium vanadate (Li3VO4) were performed on LiCoO2 nanoparticles that were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Facile wet coatings followed by high-temperature treatments were utilized to create the lithium vanadate layers. Reaction mechanisms between the surface modifier and LiCoO2 nanoparticles were also systematically investigated. Upon thermal annealing, lithium vanadates often captured Li from LiCoO2. It was found that it is crucial to add extra LiOH not to deteriorate LiCoO2 during the high-temperature treatments. For small weight percentage coatings (5.5 wt%), thin layers of Li3VO4 were found on the surface of LiCoO2; while for high weight percentage coatings (53.1 wt%), thick Li3VO4 shells as well as separate nanostructures were observed.
Higher education and police use of deadly force

The evidence on the impact of higher education on police use of force is mixed, perhaps because of the characteristics of different indicators or samples. This study compares the educational levels of officers who did and did not shoot their weapons, who shot following different types of citizen behavior, and who shot with and without justification over a seven-year period in the Kansas City, Missouri police department. Virtually no significant differences emerge, but the absence of differences even when controlling for assignment, age, and length of service may be due to the lack of older college graduates in the sample. Until more and older college graduates are available for study it is probably not possible to conclude what impact college, and different kinds of college education, have upon police use of deadly force.
On the control of a novel spherical robotic actuator

A novel spherical induction motor is introduced capable of three degrees of motion in one joint for robotic wrist actuation applications. A control strategy for the motor is considered optimizing thermal losses and assuring robust performance. Simulation results indicate the feasibility of the control approach.
Segmental differential approximation and the “black box” problem

Abstract : In previous work on differential approximation, it has been assumed that a black box under consideration may be described by a differential equation of a given type with unknown parameters, which are then determined by various optimization methods. In the present memorandum, this approach was extended to the case in which the black box comprises subsystems, each subject to its own differential equation, and in which switching occurs. Methods are explored of determining the nature of the subsystems, estimating the times at which switching occurs, and which subsystems are involved. (Author)
Two lysine residues in the bacterial luciferase mobile loop stabilize reaction intermediates.

Bacterial luciferase catalyzes the reaction of FMNH2, O2, and a long chain aliphatic aldehyde, yielding FMN, carboxylic acid, and blue-green light. The most conserved contiguous region of the primary sequence corresponds to a crystallographically disordered loop adjacent to the active center (Fisher, A. J., Raushel, F. M., Baldwin, T. O., and Rayment, I. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 6581–6586; Fisher, A. J., Thompson, T. B., Thoden, J. B., Baldwin, T. O., and Rayment, I. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 21956–21968). Deletion of the mobile loop does not alter the chemistry of the reaction but decreases the total quantum yield of bioluminescence by 2 orders of magnitude (Sparks, J. M., and Baldwin, T. O. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 15436–15443). In this study, we attempt to localize the loss of activity observed in the loop deletion mutant to individual residues in the mobile loop. Using alanine mutagenesis, the effects of substitution at 15 of the 29 mobile loop residues were examined. Nine of the point mutants had reduced activity in vivo. Two mutations, K283A and K286A, resulted in a loss in quantum yield comparable with that of the loop deletion mutant. The bioluminescence emission spectrum of both mutants was normal, and both yielded the carboxylic acid chemical product at the same efficiency as the wild-type enzyme. Substitution of Lys283 with alanine resulted in destabilization of intermediate II, whereas mutation of Lys286 had an increase in exposure of reaction intermediates to a dynamic quencher. Based on a model of the enzyme-reduced flavin complex, the two critical lysine residues are adjacent to the quininoidal edge of the isoalloxazine.
LSH vs Randomized Partition Trees: Which One to Use for Nearest Neighbor Search?

Recently, randomized partition trees have been theoretically shown to be very effective in performing high dimensional nearest neighbor search. In this paper, we introduce a variant of randomized partition trees for high dimensional nearest neighbor search problem and provide theoretical justification for its choice. Experiments on various real-life datasets show that performance of this new variant is superior to the previous variant as well as to the locality sensitive hashing (LSH) method for nearest neighbor search. In addition, we establish the connection between various notions of difficulty in nearest neighbor search problem, that have recently been introduced, namely, potential function and relative contrast.
Free split bands

We solve the word problem for the free objects in the variety consisting of bands with a semilattice transversal. It follows that every free band can be embedded into a band with a semilattice transversal.
A New Constitutive Modeling and Control Paradigm for Piezoelectrically-Actuated Nanostagers

Over the decades, ultra-fine positioning through piezoelectric actuators has demonstrated limited performance due to the existence of complex, multi-path hysteresis nonlinearity in response to an applied input voltage. However, the complete underlying memory-dominant nature of hysteresis in piezoelectric materials has been recently disclosed. In this paper, the memory-based hysteresis properties are introduced and described in detail as a set of constitutive rules. Utilizing a mathematical mapping technique, a modeling and control framework is then developed for the precise representation and compensation of hysteresis nonlinearity. The model is experimentally validated for a piezoelectrically-driven nanostager equipped with sub-nanometer resolution capacitive position sensor. To investigate the performance of the model in the event of memory saturation, two strategies namely; "open" and "closed" memory-allocation structures are introduced. It is shown that the closed memory-allocation structure demonstrates an improved performance over the open structure. Using the inverse of the hysteresis model, a feedforward inverse model-based controller is then developed and successfully implemented on a 3-dimensional nanostager for surface topography tracking, typically encountered in scanning probe microscopy applications.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Chemically heterogeneous populations of copolymer latex particles. Preparation, fractionation, and characterization

The chemical homogeneity of copolymer latex particle populations was studied as a function of polymerization conditions. The comonomer system chosen was styrene–butadiene, and the polymerization variables included the comonomer addition rate and the amount of emulsifier introduced during the reaction. It was found that under conditions of variable comonomer addition rate and with introduction of excess emulsifier during the reaction, a bidisperse latex is produced which contains two chemically distinct particle populations. These populations were separated from one another using a centrifugation technique reported recently and were characterized by electron microscopy and chemical analysis. Each particle population was relatively monodisperse with respect to particle size and differed from its counterpart with respect to average particle size and comonomer ratio. Other combinations of the polymerization variables mentioned above yielded latices with chemically homogeneous particle populations.
Antigenic Regions on the β Chain of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Development of Hormone Specific Antibodies

Five peptides corresponding to four regions of the β chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), were synthesized, purified and characterized. The four regions studied were selected on the basis of sequence differences between the β chain of hCG (βhCG) and the β chains of related hormones. The peptides were found to bind rabbit and mouse anti-hCG antibodies as well as rabbit anti-β chain antibodies, but did not bind antibodies against the α chain or against other hormones. All the peptides, even in their free form, were able to elicit high titer antisera in both rabbits and mice. In all cases, anti-peptide antisera bound to the immunizing peptide as well as to the native hCG and the isolated β chain. These anti-peptide antisera did not bind to unrelated peptides, the α chain of hCG or to other hormones with very similar β chains such as human luteotropic hormone (hLH), ovine luteotropic hormone (oLH) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). Since the areas represented by these peptides elicit antibodies ...
Stability of coextrusion through converging dies

Abstract A linear stability analysis of multilayer flow of viscoelastic liquids through long, converging dies is performed by a rigorous two-dimensional analysis (2-D), as well as by a simplified one-dimensional analysis (1-D) on selected cross-sections along the die. The rheological behavior of liquids is represented by a modified Oldroyd-B model with a shear-rate dependent viscosity, described by the Carreau viscosity function. In the 2-D analysis, a streamlined Galerkin/finite-element method is used to discretize the domain. The resulting asymmetric generalized eigenvalue problem is large (of the order of 3000–8000), sparse, and banded, with a singular mass matrix. The leading eigenvalues of this complex problem are computed by using an iterative Arnoldi's algorithm, modified by Schur-Weilandt deflation, complex shift, and exponential preconditioning. With these series of modifications, the algorithm is now sufficiently flexible to solve any application that belongs to a generic class of large hydrodynamic stability problems. The effect of the die geometry on the neutral stability curves is investigated for various operating conditions and rheological parameters. In all the investigated cases, the critical flow-rate ratios in long converging channels are found to be independent of the shapes, and of the ratios of the thicknesses at the inlet to the outlet of the die. These results agree well with the approximate, simplified 1-D analysis, indicating that the most dangerous instability is at the inlet of the die. Thus, the analysis of the entire two-dimensional flow domain is unnecessary, at least for long channels, except for validating the 1-D analysis. The results also indicate that mesh-in-dependent eigensolutions cannot be obtained using the 2-D analysis when leading eigensolutions exist at large wavenumbers.
Emergency Management of Difficult Wounds: Part I

Emergency physicians treat millions of wounds annually in the United States. In 2004 approximately 6.4 million open wounds were seen in United States emergency departments, representing approximately 5.8% of all visits. This article discusses difficult traumatic wounds that emergency physicians encounter on a daily basis, including mammalian bites, puncture and high-pressure wounds, and crush injuries, with special emphasis given to individuals at high risk for infectious complications. Information is provided on epidemiology, pathophysiology, management, and treatment of various complicated wounds. The authors highlight available guidelines, provide the best evidence available, and provide recommendations when data are limited.
Infective endocarditis--a 25 year overview of diagnosis and therapy.

AbstractDiagnosis and management of infective endocarditis have significantly changed in the past 25 years. Improved bacteriologie techniques have allowed detection of cases of infective endocardit...
Structure and Function of Rat Testis Through Pubescence

The histology, histochemistry, testosterone content and secretion of the rat testis were studied from 20 to 90 days of age. Histologic maturation of Leydig cells preceded the phase of rapidly increasing testosterone secretion. The disappearance of Leydig cell perinuclear basophilia was correlated with increasing Leydig cell function. The testosterone content per Leydig cell increased linearly from 20 to 90 days although total testis content of testosterone decreased due to decreasing Leydig cell number. (Endocrinology 86: 1298, 1970)
Biotechnology in practice: Call for incorporation of biosimilars into pharmacy education

The rapid development of biotechnology as a means of drug development has drastically changed the landscape of medicine and pharmacy in recent years. Through new biologic agents, some conditions that were previously untreatable or debilitating, such as rheumatoid arthritis or some types of cancer, have now become more manageable, and patients are living longer and are leading higher quality lives as a result. For pharmacists, however, the development and marketing of more complex medications has necessitated an even closer understanding of the science behind these medications. With the passage of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BCPIA) in 2010, this landscape has become more complex through the potential entrance of “biosimilar” agents into the American marketplace. While not exactly identical in structure, biosimilar agents are designed to have highly similar therapeutic function in the body as compared with a reference product. Due to the nature of these agents, however, potential adverse effects and allergenicity can vary among subjects. Pharmacovigilance efforts by pharmacists will serve as a very important part of the process. Given the potential therapeutic benefits (and cost savings) of these agents, pharmacists can serve a key role in improving patient care and maintaining patient safety. Pharmacy educators should lead the way in helping students understand the intricacies and complexities of these agents through incorporation into the pharmaceutical sciences curriculum alongside instruction about small-molecule entities.
Inhibition of spontaneous and photo-enhanced lipid peroxidation in mouse epidermal microsomes by epicatechin derivatives from green tea

In recent years green tea has been shown to afford protection against chemical- and photo-carcinogenesis in several animal tumor bioassay systems. It has been suggested that the wide range of anticarcinogenic properties of green tea may be due to the antioxidant effect of epicatechins present therein. In this study, we assessed whether these epicatechin derivatives (ECDs) — namely (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (−)-epicatechin (EC) inhibit spontaneous and photo-enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in mouse epidermal microsomes. Our data indicate that significant inhibition (significance levels for P, < 0.05 to < 0.0001) was evident by EGCG, EGC and ECG in Fe3+ADP supported LPO. Interestingly each of these epicatechin derivatives was also effective in inhibiting photo-enhanced LPO generated by incubating epidermal microsomes in the presence of silicon phthalocyanine and 650 nm irradiation. However, at equimolar basis, EGCG, which is also the major constituent in GTP, showed maximum inhibitory effects compared to other ECDs. Taken together, our results provide the direct evidence for the antioxidant property of ECDs, and suggest that such an effect may contribute towards anticarcinogenic (specifically anti-skin tumor) promoting effects of green tea.
INSIGHTS INTO ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING

This research project suggests that the decision‐making process in organizational buying may not be as much of a group process as is presently suggested by the literature. The job of organizational buyers is profiled and the decisions that are important to a seller — the buyer's choice of vendors to request bids from and the subsequent purchase choice of the buyer — is investigated. This research suggests that the decision rules used to select buyers for consideration are independent of the decision rules used to make the final purchase choice.
Finite algebras with large free spectra

Let A = (A, F ) be a finite algebra with [A[ = k > 0 and F = (f~:i e I) . FA(n) denotes the free algebra on n free generators in the variety generated by A. The free spectrum of A is the function SA(n)= ]FA(n)[, n --C2 n or 6A(n)= d for d an integer - 3; the 2-element algebras with large free spectra are considered in section 3. Here Post's classification of the 2-element algebras is used. A natural bijection between maximal intersecting families of subsets of {0, 1 , . . . , n 1} (in the sense of Erd6s, Ko and Rado [1961]) and Fa2(n) with D2 the two element median algebra leads to the following gap theorem: If 6(n) is the deficit function for a 2-element algebra, then either 6(n) is
Constructing Efficient Experimental Designs for Generalized Linear Models

Exchange algorithms are popular for finding optimal or efficient designs for linear models, but there are few discussions of this type of algorithm for generalized linear models (GLMs) in literature. A new algorithm, generalized Coordinate Exchange Algorithm (gCEA), is developed in this article to construct efficient designs for GLMs. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with other optimization algorithms, including point exchange algorithm, columnwise-pairwise algorithm, simulated annealing and generic algorithm, and demonstrate the superior performance of this new algorithm.
Binge status as a predictor of weight loss treatment outcome.

OBJECTIVE: A widely held clinical belief is that individuals with binge eating problems fare poorly in weight loss programs. The empirical evidence regarding the prognostic significance of binge eating, however, is mixed. The goals of this study were to examine psychological and behavioral characteristics associated with binge eating and the prognostic significance of binge eating for short- and long-term weight loss in a large sample of women treated for obesity. DESIGN: The dataset used in the current study was a combined sample of women (n=444) who participated in one of three behavioral weight loss research studies. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Measures of dieting and weight history were obtained at baseline. Body weight, the Binge Eating Scale (BES), a measure of perceived barriers to weight loss, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire, and the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire were assessed at baseline, 6 months and 18 months. Regression analyses examined cross-sectional associations between the BES and the other variables at baseline, prospective associations between baseline BES and changes in weight and the psychological and behavioral variables over time, and temporal covariations between BES and the other variables over time. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses showed baseline binge eating status to be strongly associated with dieting history, weight cycling, depressive symptomatology and perceived barriers to weight loss. Women with binge eating problems were also more likely to drop out of treatment. Baseline binge status was not associated with 6-month weight loss, but was weakly predictive of less weight loss success at 18 months. Binge status at baseline did not predict changes in dietary intake, physical activity, perceived barriers to weight loss or depressive symptomatology at either 6 months or 18 months. In time-dependent covariance analyses, changes in BES scores were significantly associated with changes in body weight, independent of changes in dietary intake and physical activity. However, when depression scores are included in the analysis, the association between binge score and body weight was no longer statistically significant. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that baseline binge status was a weak prognostic indicator of success in women who are moderately obese and are seeking treatment for weight loss. Although assessments of binge status covary with weight loss and regain, the relationship appears to be mediated by psychological dysphoria.
A model for normothermic preservation of the rat liver

Current techniques for the preservation of donor livers typically rely on cold temperatures (approximately 0-4 degrees C) to slow down metabolic processes. Recently, normothermic extracorporeal liver perfusion (NELP) has regained interest as a potentially promising approach for long-term liver preservation. Unlike cold-storage techniques, NELP attempts to maintain the liver in a near physiological environment, thus enabling normal metabolic and tissue repair processes to take place, which may help in the recovery of ischemically damaged and fatty donor livers, both of which represent significant untapped sources of donor livers. However, NELP is technically more complex than cold-storage techniques, and the lack of standardized small animal models limits its development. Here we describe a rat NELP system that is simple and cost-effective to run. We show that rat livers that underwent NELP for 6 h could be routinely transplanted into syngeneic recipient rats with excellent 1-month survival. During perfusion, the release of cytosolic enzymes, bile and urea production, and oxygen uptake rate could be readily monitored, thus providing a comprehensive picture of hepatic function before transplantation. This system will help in the optimization of NELP in several ways, such as for the improvement of perfusion conditions and the development of quantitative metabolic criteria for hepatic viability.
Self-diffusion in silicon carbide.

In available crystals, the self-diffusivity of carbon has been found to be extrinsic (experimental range 1853 to 2088\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), the carbon self-diffusivity being higher in $p$-type than in $n$-type material. The self-diffusion coefficient for Si is approximately ten times higher than that for carbon between 1927 and 2017\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Tortuosity of arterioles and venules in quantifying plus disease.

Background Plus disease is the major criterion for laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity. ROPtool is a computer program that traces retinal blood vessels and measures their tortuosity. Our objectives were to determine (1) whether examiners could accurately discriminate between arterioles and venules and (2) whether tortuosity sufficient for plus disease and pre-plus disease was assessed most accurately by considering arterioles, venules, or both. Methods One hundred retinal vessels were identified in 25 images randomly selected from 184 total images. Three pediatric ophthalmologists independently designated vessels as arteriole or venule. Seventy-seven images that had at least 1 traceable arteriole and venule in each quadrant were analyzed by ROPtool, and the results were compared with the consensus of 3 expert examiners. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated and areas under the curves calculated to quantify the diagnostic utility of ROPtool's assessment of tortuosity of arterioles, venules, and both. Results Three pediatric ophthalmologists agreed on the designation of arteriole or venule for 83 of 100 blood vessels. With the use of expert consensus as the reference standard, areas under the ROC curves for identification of tortuosity sufficient for plus disease were 0.91, 0.70, and 0.93 for arterioles, venules, and both, respectively. Areas under the ROC curves for identification of tortuosity sufficient for pre-plus disease were 0.91, 0.63, and 0.90 for arterioles, venules, and both, respectively. Conclusions When considering whether tortuosity is sufficient for plus or pre-plus disease, the assessment of either arterioles alone or of arterioles and venules together resulted in high diagnostic accuracy.
Clathrates Are Not the Culprit

A. F. Koster van Groos and S. Guggenheim suggest in their letter that clathrates might have played a role in the loss of the Mars Polar Lander mission ( Science 's Compass, 11 Feb., p. [973][1]). However, no significant amount of clathrates could exist near the surface of Mars. The average annual
‘Double‐Hit’ cytogenetic status may not be predicted by baseline clinicopathological characteristics and is highly associated with overall survival in B cell lymphoma patients

'Double-Hit' (DH) B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas are characterized by the presence of a MYC rearrangement and additional rearrangement(s) most commonly involving BCL2 and/or BCL6. Patients with DH lymphomas are unlikely to achieve long-term survival when treated with standard immunochemotherapy alone. DH gene rearrangements can be identified through metaphase karyotyping or more sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), although the latter is not routinely performed. We report 53 cases of B cell lymphoma that underwent diagnostic metaphase karyotying or FISH for MYC rearrangements. DH lymphoma was detected in 17 cases. No baseline factor, including age, serum lactate dehydrogenase, stage, International Prognostic Index or histology predicted for DH status. The median overall survival was significantly shorter for DH compared to non-DH lymphoma patients (8·2 vs. 56·8 months, P < 0·001). DH status retained the most statistically significant association with overall survival on multivariate Cox regression analysis. DH status could not be inferred by baseline disease- or patient-related characteristics and was most predictive of overall survival in this cohort of B cell lymphoma patients. These findings support the practice of routine performance of FISH for DH gene rearrangements on B cell lymphoma specimens in order to effectively identify DH patients who may benefit from risk-adapted therapy.
Survey of relativistic Cooper minima.

A systematic search for relativistic Cooper minima (CM) has been carried out for all allowed bound-free transition channels, from all occupied subshells of all ground-state atoms with Z between 1 and 105, within the independent-particle approximation (Dirac-Slater-type calculation). The generality and systematics of relativistic effects on CM, including their splitting and continued occurrence high above threshold for high Z, is surveyed. It is also found, as a general feature, the photon energy CM trajectories (photon energy of occurrence as a function of Z) are smooth curves, while the corresponding electron energy CM trajectories are not. This can be understood in terms of the role of outer screening and the variation of binding energy with the ``irregular'' subshell filling order.
Parametrized post-Newtonian approximation and Rastall's gravitational field equations

The parametrized post-Newtonian (PPN) approximation is generalized to accommodate Rastall's modification of Einstein's theory of gravity, which allows nonzero divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. Rastall's theory is then shown to have consistent field equations, gauge conditions, and the correct Newtonian limit of the equations of motion. The PPN parameters are obtained and shown to agree experimentally with those for the Einstein theory. In light of the nonzero divergence condition, integral conservation laws are investigated and shown to yield conserved energy-momentum and angularmomentum. We conclude that the above generalization of metric theories, within the PPN framework, is a natural extension of the concept of metric theories.
Accurate in-resolution level overlay metrology for multipatterning lithography techniques

ABSTRACT Multi patterning lithography (MPL) breaks the k1=0.25 barrier to become the main candidate for 32nm device fabrication before 2010. When using MPL, overlay (OVL) becomes an essential part of the overall critical dimension (CD) budget and therefore can no longer be treated as a separate process control measure. Furthermore, the CD measured at each of the two consecutive lithography steps must be co mbined into one single 32nm process control measure and will require further improvements of CD-S EM precision, resolution and accuracy. The metrology challenges involved in measuring double patterning CD and OVL arise from the fact that across chip pitch variations (ACPV) are determined by the two separate lithographic processes [1]. This aspect makes the control of the process significantly more complex a nd requires careful measurement of the pr ocesses, both individually as well as combined. Meeting the ITRS specifications for CD and localized OVL measurements beyond 32nm half pitch is challenging and will require innovative CDSEM algorithmic solutions. This paper is a follow-up from last years paper that intr oduced SEM metrology for MPL technology. In this paper, we report on the actual implementation of combined CD and OVL metrology solutions for the latest immersion scanner generation. We will describe the latest OVL measurements performed at ASML and demonstrate the robustness of the novel algorithm for accurate separation and recombination of two individual CD populations related to the consecutive MPL steps. Key words: Multi, patterning, Double, Exposure, lithography, ove rlay, Measurement, identification, pitch, Contact, Hole
Knowledge Translation Consensus Conference: Research Methods

The authors facilitated a workshop session during the 2007 Academic Emergency Medicine Consensus Conference to address the specific research methodologies most suitable for studies investigating the effectiveness of knowledge translation interventions. Breakout session discussions, recommendations, and examples in emergency medicine findings are presented.
Studies on the biochemical basis of distal axonopathies--I. Inhibition of glycolysis by neurotoxic hexacarbon compounds.

— Neurotoxic hexacarbon compounds 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and methyl n-butyl ketone (MnBK) inhibit crystalline and endogenous CNS and PNS glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Preincubation of the enzyme with the toxin was necessary for inhibition. The enzyme activity of GAPDH was preserved by the addition of dithiothreitol in the presence of either neurotoxin. By contrast, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not inhibited by these neurotoxic chemicals. Neurologically inactive compounds 1,6-hexanediol and acetone failed to inhibit GAPDH. The present data indicate that 2,5-HD and M “BK block energy metabolism by inhibiting glycolysis at the site of GAPDH. These observations may account for the known failure of GAPDH-dependent axonal transport and the axonal degeneration which occurs in hexacarbon neuropathy.
Techniques in processing multi-frequency multi-polarization spaceborne SAR data

This paper presents the algorithm design of the SIR-C ground data processor, with emphasis on the unique elements involved in the production of registered multifrequency polarimetric data products. A quick-look processing algorithm used for generation of low-resolution browse image products and estimation of echo signal parameters is also presented. Specifically the discussion covers: (1) azimuth reference function generation to produce registered polarimetric imagery; (2) geometric rectification to accommondate cross-track and along-track Doppler drifts; (3) multilook filtering designed to generate output imagery with a uniform resolution; and (4) efficient coding to compress the polarimetric image data for distribution.
The effect of ventilation system design on hydrogen dispersion in a sedan

The dispersion of hydrogen leaking from a fuel tank of a hydrogen-powered sedan into its interior is simulated in this paper. The effects of two different ventilation systems on the evacuation of the hydrogen are compared. Results are presented as illustrations of the steady state hydrogen concentration distribution in the sedan. The study demonstrates that a modified ventilation system can greatly reduce the risk of hydrogen combustion or explosion in the sedan interior.
ETB receptor agonist, IRL 1620, does not affect paclitaxel plasma pharmacokinetics in breast tumour bearing rats

Endothelins are potent endogenous vasoactive substances. We have found that intravenous administration of endothelin (ET) B receptor agonist, IRL 1620 (N-suc-[Glu 9 , Ala 1 1 , 1 5 ]ET-1 (8-21)) to tumour bearing rats increases blood perfusion and enhances delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumour tissue. This study was conducted to determine whether IRL 1620, an ET B receptor selective agonist, alters pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in breast tumour bearing rats. Breast tumours were induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats by N-methyl-n-nitrosourea (50 mg kg - 1 , i.p). Saline (0.3 mL kg - 1 , i.v.) or IRL 1620 (3 nmol kg - 1 , i.v.), was administered to the tumour bearing rats via the tail vein. Paclitaxel (3 mg kg - 1 , i.v.) was administered 15min after saline or IRL 1620 injection. Serial plasma samples were collected up to 10 h after paclitaxel administration and analysed using an HPLC-UV assay. In a similar study [ 3 H]-paclitaxel (40 μCi, i.v.) was administered after saline or IRL 1620 injection as described above and serial plasma samples were collected until 24 h. Data was fitted to a three-compartment model and pharmacokinetic parameters were generated using WinNonlin software. The AUC 0 - ∞ (9.42′3.18 μg h mL - 1 ), clearance (0.69′0.17 L h - 1 kg - 1 ), volume of distribution (10.31 ′ 4.54 L kg - 1 ) and half life (1.00 ′ 0.32 h) of [ 3 H]-paclitaxel in tumour rats were similar in rats treated with IRL 1620 or vehicle. Tumour concentration of [ 3 H]-paclitaxel was determined in rats treated with IRL 1620 or vehicle and there was a significant increase in tumour paclitaxel concentration (308.59′24.42%) in rats treated with IRL 1620 compared with vehicle. It is concluded that IRL 1620, an ET B receptor agonist, does not alter paclitaxel pharmacokinetics and can selectively augment the delivery of paclitaxel to the tumour tissue.
Biosynthesis of Sulfated Asparagine-Linked Complex Carbohydrate Units of Calf Thyroglobulin

Thyroglobulin from colloid as well as from membrane fractions became radiolabeled upon incubation of calf thyroid slices with [35S]sulfate. The identity of the sulfatelabeled molecule was established by immunoprecipitation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Bio-Gel A-5m filtration, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Size analysis by gel filtration of [35S]glycopeptides and hydrazine-released oligosaccharides indicated that the sulfate was primarily located in the complex (unit B) carbohydrate units of thyroglobulin. Moreover, although [35S]sulfate-labeled oligosaccharides were cleaved by Nglycanase to the same extent as those labeled with [3H]mannose, they were not released by endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase under conditions that led to the complete removal of polymannose carbohydrate (unit A). The failure of 35S-labeled glycopeptides and oligosaccharides to bind to immobilized Concanavalin-A indicated that the sulfate residues in calf thyroglobulin are located in carbohydrate units with three or more br...