cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The heuristic of George Polya and its relation to artificial intelligence

Abstract : Polya's fundamental work in heuristic is well known and well regarded in artificial intelligence. However, no one has built seriously on his work, e. g., by constructing programs that make use of his heuristic. This paper attempts to understand why this might be the case. First, an attempt is made to characterize the nature of Polya's heuristic. Then six theses are put forward that might account for the failure of his work to have a major impact. Three are easily discarded, but three are serious candidates: that the essential heuristic knowledge is not captured in Polya's work; that the emphasis on learning in Polya's heuristic is beyond the current art in artificial intelligence; and that the use of auxiliary problems is beyond the current art. This last thesis is explored in detail in the remainder of the paper. Some interesting concepts emerge, particularly the notion of object-centered problem space and the contrast between tame and wild subproblems.
Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and risk of selected birth defects: evidence of a dose-response relationship.

Background This study investigates the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and 26 birth defects identified through the Florida Birth Defects Registry. Methods Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) was categorised into underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), and obese (≥30.0) among Florida resident mothers without pre-gestational diabetes who gave birth to singleton infants from March 2004 through December 2009. Obesity was classified as obese I (30.0–34.9), obese II (35.0–39.9), and obese III (≥40.0). Logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval, representing the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and each of the 26 specific birth defects (and an ‘any birth defect’ composite). Models were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, marital status, and nativity. Results The livebirth prevalence of any birth defect increased with increasing BMI, from 3.9% among underweight women to 5.3% among obese III women (P < 0.001). Results show a direct dose–response relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and 10 defects under study (cleft palate without cleft lip, diaphragmatic hernia, hydrocephalus without spina bifida, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis, pyloric stenosis, rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis, transposition of great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, and ventricular septal defects) and the ‘any birth defect’ category. Conversely, gastroschisis exhibited a statistically significant inverse relationship with pre-pregnancy BMI. Conclusions This study provides evidence of the increasing risk of birth defect-affected pregnancy with increasing pre-pregnancy obesity. Reducing pre-pregnancy obesity, even among obese women, may reduce the occurrence of birth defects.
Using Spiritual Self-Disclosure in Psychotherapy

The purpose of this article is to outline a series of recommendations to aid therapists in developing and integrating spiritual self-disclosure into the therapeutic process. The authors introduce s...
Local Regulation of Microvascular Perfusion

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the local control of microvascular perfusion, which has been described as “the maintenance of appropriate tissue blood flow despite changes in arterial pressure, changes in local rate of metabolism, changes in nutrient concentrations in the blood, or changes in any other [local] factor that might affect the tissue demand for nutrients”. The discussion includes the phenomena of flow/pressure regulation, reactive hyperemia, functional hyperemia, and the underlying mechanisms of each. The chapter focuses on recent insights into metabolic and myogenic control mechanisms. Substantial progress has been made on two additional mechanisms that contribute to local control of microvascular perfusion: flow-induced responses and conducted responses. The chapter also addresses some of the interactions between flow-induced dilation and myogenic/metabolic responses focusing on selected aspects of conducted vasodilation as they relate to functional hyperemia and to the coordination of segmental control mechanisms.
Variation in Calcite Dissolution Rates: A Fundamental Problem?

A comparison of published calcite dissolution rates measured far from equilibrium at a pH of ∼ 6 and above shows well over an order of magnitude in variation. Recently published AFM step velocities extend this range further still. In an effort to understand the source of this variation, and to provide additional constraint from a new analytical approach, we have measured dissolution rates by vertical scanning interferometry. In areas of the calcite cleavage surface dominated by etch pits, our measured dissolution rate is 10−10.95 mol/cm2/s (PCO2 10−3.41 atm, pH 8.82), 5 to ∼100 times slower than published rates derived from bulk powder experiments, although similar to rates derived from AFM step velocities. On cleavage surfaces free of local etch pit development, dissolution is limited by a slow, “global” rate (10−11.68 mol/cm2/s). Although these differences confirm the importance of etch pit (defect) distribution as a controlling mechanism in calcite dissolution, they also suggest that “bulk” calcite dissolution rates observed in powder experiments may derive substantial enhancement from grain boundaries having high step and kink density. We also observed significant rate inhibition by introduction of dissolved manganese. At 2.0 μM Mn, the rate diminished to 10−12.4 mol/cm2/s, and the well formed rhombic etch pits that characterized dissolution in pure solution were absent. These results are in good agreement with the pattern of manganese inhibition in published AFM step velocities, assuming a step density on smooth terraces of ∼9 μm−1.
Kr86(d,n)RbA87 threshold cusp and the systematic appearance of charge-exchange cusps

The $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}(d,p)^{87}\mathrm{Kr}$ reaction leading to three strong low-lying states in $^{87}\mathrm{Kr}({d}_{\frac{5}{2}}\mathrm{g}.\mathrm{s}., 0.53 \mathrm{MeV}{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}, \mathrm{and} 1.47 \mathrm{MeV}{d}_{\frac{3}{2}})$ has been studied as a function of energy from 5.0 to 10.5 MeV at 100, 120, 140, and 160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} laboratory angles. The strong, unusually shaped threshold cusp observed in the $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}(d,p)^{87}\mathrm{Kr}$(${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ g.s.) excitation curve near 7.56 MeV, threshold of the $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}(d,n)^{87}\mathrm{Rb}^{A}$ (${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ isobaric analog resonance) reaction, is discussed in terms of its position in a systematic study and classification of such threshold effects, using simple quantitative physical considerations. The $^{86}\mathrm{Kr}$ data are fit with coupled-channel Born-approximation calculations.
Judicial Disqualification When a Solicitor General Moves to the Bench

It has been over forty years since a Solicitor General has moved to the High Court. Now that Elena Kagan has followed in Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall’s footsteps, she has to navigate a strict judicial disqualification statute that did not exist in 1967, when he became Supreme Court Justice. Although Kagan initially said that she would only disqualify herself in if she was on the brief, she responded differently when confronted with a specific statute that requires Kagan to disqualify herself in every case where, as a government employee, she participated as a lawyer or as an adviser or expressed an opinion, whether written or oral, concerning the particular case in controversy. Thus far, she has disqualified herself in about 50% of the cases her first term of court. That percentage may not drop substantially for the next year or so. For example, she may have to disqualify herself in cases testing the constitutionality of the new medical care overhaul, popularly called Obamacare, if she earlier expressed an opinion about cases now in litigation. As a consequence, Senator Leahy has proposed legislation that would authorize retired Supreme Court justices to return to the Court to decide cases when one or more of the Court's members are recused. This bill, however, raises significant constitutional problems. In 1937, Chief Justice Hughes, in response to FDR’s Court-Packing proposal, advised that it would not only be unwise for the Court to sit in panels, but it would appear to violate the Constitutional requirement that there shall be “one” Supreme Court.
Data curation practices in institutional repositories: An exploratory study

This poster reports on the preliminary findings of a study that examines data curation work in institutional repositories (IR). The study identified three perceived roles played by IR staff (i.e., data curator, IR manager, and metadata specialist) and role-specific sets of activities and skills. The findings of this study can inform the development of best practices and effective infrastructure support for data curation in the context of IRs, as well as teaching data curation in LIS schools.
The Association of Daily Physical Symptoms with Future Health

Background: Daily physical symptoms play a critical role in health and illness experiences. Despite their daily prevalence, the ability of these symptoms to predict future health status is debated. Purpose: The current study examined whether physical symptom reports predict future health outcomes independent of trait measures of emotion. Method: Participants (N=1189) who completed both Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Surveys I and II as well as the National Study of Daily Experiences (NSDE) reported their daily physical symptoms at baseline and number of reported chronic conditions and functional disability nearly 10 years later. Results: Physical symptoms at baseline significantly predicted the occurrence of chronic conditions and functional impairment at long-term follow-up, even after adjusting for potential confounders such as self-reported affect, self-reported health, and previous health status. Conclusions: Findings suggest that daily physical symptoms are important indicators of future health status
Selective effects of serum on bacterial LPS-induced IL-6 and nitric oxide production in murine peritoneal macrophages:

In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-dependent activation of human monocytes, the primary function of serum has been thought to provide a source of LPS-binding protein (LBP) for complex formation with LPS preparatory to CD14 binding and initiation of signal transduction. In this report we have investigated the contribution of serum factors in the mouse macrophage response to LPS. Our results show that the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by in vitro LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages is suppressed in the presence of serum. In contrast, optimal production of nitric oxide (NO) by LPS-stimulated macrophages requires the presence of serum. Detailed kinetic studies indicate that these observations are not exclusively the result of differences in the time course of NO secretion. These findings contrast with equivalent studies carried out using human PBMC, where, under identical conditions of in vitro culture, the presence of serum markedly potentiates LPS-dependent IL-6 production. We have confirmed by RT-PCR...
Modern Lagoonal Ostracodes and Species Diversity Gradients, Gulf of Mexico

ABSTRACT Observed species diversity trends have been explained by the time-stability model of Slobodkin and Sanders (1969) which predicts low rates of specification from equable into hostile environments. Species radiation from tropical, unstressed (equable) environments into higher latitude stressed (unequable) zones should be relatively slow. Speciation from hostile (stressed) to equable (unstressed) biotopes should occur faster. These differences in rate will theoretically result in lower species diversity in hostile regions. This model is tested with ostracode population data collected from two modern lagoons in the Gulf of Mexico -- Laguna Madinga, Veracruz, Mexico, and Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Both water bodies have been quantitatively sampled for benthic ostracodes (Krutak, 1971, 1978). Total (live + dead) populations from 35 sample stations in Laguna Mandinga and 23 stations in Bay St. Louis (, = 58) furnish data which provide an estimate of latitudinal diversity gradients between these two depositional environments. Diversity measures calculated for each water body include S (number of species), H(S) (Shannon function), and E (Equitability). Calculations show that average S values in Mandinga (5.171) are higher than those in Bay St. Louis (2.870). Average H(S) values in Mandinga are also higher than in the Bay (0.633), and average E values in Mandinga (0.673) are lower than those in the Bay (0.842). These diversity values indicate ostracode species are more prolific in Gulf of Mexico tropical lagoons; they demonstrate lesser species dominance in tropical Mexican lagoons; and they show less species equitability in the tropical environments. Temperate bays in the northern Gulf apparently support fewer ostracode species, show stronger species dominance, and are more equable in species distribution. These data support the time-stability hypothesis and suggest the tropical Mexican ostracode fauna is slightly older, hence more diverse than the temperate northern Gulf fauna.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review.

Objective: There is considerable practice variation and clinical uncertainty about the choice of prophylaxis for preventing venous thromboembolism in patients with traumatic brain injury. We performed a systematic review to assess both the effectiveness and safety of pharmacologic and mechanical prophylaxis, and the optimal time to initiate pharmacologic prophylaxis in hospitalized patients with traumatic brain injury. Data sources and study selection: MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, SCOPUS, CINAHL, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, clinicaltrial.gov, and the Cochrane Library were searched in July 2012 to identify randomized controlled trials and observational studies reporting on the effectiveness or safety of venous thromboembolism prevention in traumatic brain injury patients. Data extraction: Paired reviewers extracted detailed information from included articles on standardized forms and assessed the risk of bias in each article. Data synthesis: Twelve studies (2 randomized controlled trials and 10 cohort studies) evaluated the effectiveness and safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients with traumatic brain injury. Five of the included studies assessed the optimal timing of initiation of pharmacological prophylaxis. Low grade evidence supports the effectiveness of enoxaparin over control in reducing deep vein thrombosis. Low grade evidence also supports the safety of unfractionated heparin over control in reducing mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury. Evidence was insufficient for remaining comparisons and outcomes including the optimal timing of initiation of pharmacoprophylaxis. Conclusion: There is some evidence that pharmacoprophylaxis improves deep vein thromboses and mortality outcomes in patients hospitalized with traumatic brain injury. Additional studies are required to strengthen this evidence base.
3-D Image-Guided NIR Absorption and Scatter Tomography using Boundary Element Method

A boundary element method (BEM) was developed for image-guided NIR tomography, using only surface discretization. Fluence was calculated on a patient specific mesh, and reconstruction recovered optical properties (mean error = 6%) in multi-layered media.
Molecular characterization of bacterial communities associated with sediments in the Laurentian Great Lakes

The Laurentian Great Lakes freshwater ecosystem comprises a series of interconnected lakes exhibiting wide spatial differences in hydrogeochemistry, productivity, and allochthonous inputs of nutrients and xenobiotics. Bacterial communities associated with offshore sediments in this ecosystem have been rarely studied. We evaluated bacterial communities associated with sediments from 10 locations in four of the five Great Lakes (Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Ontario) by generating16S rRNA pyrosequence libraries. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed the presence of 26 bacterial phyla and proteobacterial classes among Great Lakes sediment samples. Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were the most abundant groups of bacteria. Redundancy analysis was used to examine the role of sediment properties, including depth and chemical composition, in shaping bacterial community structure. One sample from Lake Huron was distinctly different from all other samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sample contained greater abundances of groups of bacteria associated with polluted environments. This study constitutes the most extensive examination of bacteria associated with Laurentian Great Lakes sediments and sheds useful insight into the microbial ecology of the Great Lakes.
The loops and ultrastructure of the nucleolus of Ipheion uniflorum.

1. The nucleolus of Ipheion uniflorum was studied in root tips and endosperm in respect of structure of internal loops made visible with phase-contrast by means of the detergent “Tween 80”, and with the electron microscope in ultrathin sections of root tips, in respect of ultrastructure. 2. Two loops were observed in each large fused nucleolus in the diploid root tissue and three in those of the triploid endosperm. 3. The loops in this species, which are confined for the most part toward the centre of the nucleolus, attain a length of about 20 μ in nucleoli 15 μ in diameter, and irrespective of nucleolar size a thickness of about 1.4 μ during interphase. 4. Strands, containing DNA as shown by application of DNase to ultrathin sections, and whose staining behaviour with “electron stains” was similar to chromatin, were observed with the electron microscope in a channel of irregular width which evidently runs throughout each loop axis. 5. These strands, which were sometimes seen in large clusters up to 0.13 μ across, appeared to have a common diameter of about 200 A, derived from coiling of a fibre slightly less than 25 A. 6. The strands were flanked by two other loop elements: a unit 20 A-wide coiled singly in strands 100 A in diameter and another of duplex character 50 A-wide consisting of loosely coiled 20 A subunits; the duplex units were often seen running in closely parallel groups. 7. Nucleolar vacuoles, common to all species, appeared spasmodically in the loop mass, seemingly caught between the loops. 8. Particles, averaging 250 A in diameter and containing a tightly coiled fibril slightly thicker than 20 A, were seen outside the channel and vacuoles in the loop mass, in all or most of the nucleoli of sections of root tips from two fixations. 9. In sections of most fixations, particles (nucleolar ribosomes) averaging 150 A in diameter were seen in association with 100 A-wide threads which merged with the loop elements at the periphery of the nucleolus; both the particles and threads contained fibres 15–20 A in diameter, coiled to give their respective structures. No clear evidence was found in support of the premise that these nucleolar particles represent segments of the threads with which they are associated. 10. In sections of root tips which had been RNased between fixation and dehydration, the 150 A peripheral particles and 50 A duplex loop elements were not seen. It was not certain whether some other major elements were affected.
Demo: Browsing the Web of Things with Summon

We are becoming increasingly surrounded by smart and connected devices, popularly known as the Internet of Things. The emerging user interface paradigm for many such things eschews physical buttons, knobs, and displays in favor of virtual interfaces that are downloaded from the web and rendered on remote platforms---like smartphones. However, such smartphone app-based interfaces often require tedious discovery and installation, as well as device discovery, pairing, and configuration before a user can interact with a nearby device. Requiring an explicit app install for each new device type scales poorly with device growth, and particularly hinders casual interactions with ambient devices. Instead of the high-friction, walled-garden approach now taking root, we propose name, a physical web browser that provides a seamless, scalable approach to browsing and interacting with nearby things. name leverages multiple network patterns and modern web technologies to provide users with rich device interfaces, even for devices under network or power constraints. We argue that this approach scales better and that it provides more intuitive and natural functionality for both users and developers. This demo presents the basic concept, allows others to experience our preliminary implementation, and raises several open research questions.
A Social-Cognitive Analysis of How Young Men Become Involved in Male Escorting

This study employed a social-cognitive theoretical perspective to assess the interactions of behavioral, cognitive, and situational factors to understand better how young male sex workers (MSWs) entered the sex trade industry. As part of a larger project examining male escorts working for a single agency, MSWs (n = 38) were interviewed about their work and personal lives. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. As predicted by a social-cognitive perspective, results supported reciprocal influences of behavior and environment, environment and cognition, and behavior and cognition. MSWs developed more self-efficacy around sex work behaviors and more positive outcome expectations with experience; moral conflict and lack of attraction to clients limited MSWs’ self-efficacy. Key variables for sex work appeared to be cognitive in nature—mostly represented by a decreased commitment to normative social/sexual values, the specific nature of which may have varied by sexual orientation. Findings suppo...
The Rules of Zoological Nomenclature

As one of the British members on the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature, I have frequently been asked where copies of the rules as revised and adopted at the Monaco Congress are to be obtained in separate form. May I therefore use your widely-read columns to inform zoologists (including palaeontologists) that a translation into French, the official language, has been made by Prof. R. Blanchard, in agreement with the secretary to the Commission, and has been published in the Revue critique de Palezoologie, edited by Mr. Maurice Cossmann, 110 Faubourg Poissonniere, Paris X? Reprints may be purchased, at a price of 4s., from Messrs. Dulau and Co., Ltd., 37 Soho Square, London, W. Mr. Cossmann has added some useful notes, especially from the point of view of the palaeontologist, but these, it should be remembered, have no authority from the Congress or the Commission.
Al/Si contact resistance for submicrometer design rules

The resistance of contacts between aluminum/1.5-percent silicon and doped silicon is experimentally determined as a function of contact sizes from 0.6 to 4 µm square. Silicon contacted was doped to varied concentrations with either boron or phosphorus. The magnitudes of resistances observed for submicrometer geometry contacts underscore the need for a lower resistance-contact process for high-performance VLSI.
Arsenic-terminated Ge(111): An ideal 1 x 1 surface.

Arsenic interaction with the Ge(111) surface results in the replacement of the outer Ge layer with an As layer. This system has a 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 symmetry and the calculated positions of the As atoms are very close to the positions expected from bulk bond lengths. Ge(111):As is thus a model ideal surface and a comparison is made of an experimental and a theoretical determination of its fully occupied surface band.
Localization and replication of the systemic lupus erythematosus linkage signal at 4p16: interaction with 2p11, 12q24 and 19q13 in European Americans

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by both population and phenotypic heterogeneity. Our group previously identified linkage to SLE at 4p16 in European Americans (EA). In the present study we replicate this linkage effect in a new cohort of 76 EA families multiplex for SLE by model-free linkage analysis. Using densely spaced microsatellite markers in the linkage region, we have localized the potential SLE susceptibility gene(s) to be telomeric to the marker D4S2928 by haplotype construction. In addition, marker D4S394 showed marginal evidence of linkage disequilibrium with the putative disease locus by the transmission disequilibrium test and significant evidence of association using a family-based association approach as implemented in the program ASSOC. We also performed both two-point and multipoint model-based analyses to characterize the genetic model of the potential SLE susceptibility gene(s), and the lod scores both maximized under a recessive model with penetrances of 0.8. Finally, we performed a genome-wide scan of the total 153 EA pedigrees and evaluated the possibility of interaction between linkage signals at 4p16 and other regions in the genome. Fourteen regions on 11 chromosomes (1q24, 1q42, 2p11, 2q32, 3p14.2, 4p16, 5p15, 7p21, 8p22, 10q22, 12p11, 12q24, 14q12, 19q13) showed evidence of linkage, among which, signals at 2p11, 12q24 and 19q13 also showed evidence of interaction with that at 4p16. These results provide important additional information about the SLE linkage effect at 4p16 and offer a unique approach to uncovering susceptibility loci involved in complex human diseases.
“Are You a LeBron Today?” Playfully Expanding Scaling Questions

This paper guides the reader through the development and implementation of original, playful solution-focused scaling questions when working with adolescents. A case example, building on an adolescent’s interest in the Miami Heat basketball team, is used to demonstrate the use of solution-focused brief therapy scaling questions. The creative use of the scaling question allows for emotional expression, concrete understanding, and development of a cooperative therapeutic alliance between client and therapist.
Persistence Pays Off in Defining History of Diffusion

Statistical MechanicsIn a series of recent papers, two separate groups of researchers, one French and the other a U.S.-Anglo-French collaboration, have shown that there is more than meets the eye in the decades-old mathematical description of diffusion. The diffusion equation, they contend, can do more than simply provide concentrations at specific points and times: With a newly identified exponent, it also produces information about how the process progressed.
Chronic BRL 43694, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, fails to alter the number of spontaneously active midbrain dopamine neurons

In this study, we examined the effect of chronic administration of the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist BRL 43694 on the number of spontaneously active A9 (substantia nigra pars compacta) and A10 (ventral tegmental area) dopamine (DA) cells using the technique of extracellular single unit recording. Overall, chronic BRL 43694 (21 days, 5 mg/kg per day or 2.5 mg/kg q.i.d) failed to alter the number of spontaneously active DA cells in either area compared to saline-injected controls. Furthermore, the acute i.v. administration of BRL 43694 did not change A10 DA cell baseline firing rate. These data suggest that if BRL 43694 possesses antipsychotic activity, it is not the result of its action on midbrain DA neurons.
Contribution of late fetal deaths to US perinatal mortality rates, 1995-1998.

We analyzed US fetal death and linked infant birth-death certificate data for 1995–1998 to evaluate perinatal deaths (late fetal deaths [≥28 weeks' gestation] and early neonatal deaths [≤7 days of life]) by race, Hispanic ethnicity, state of residence, and selected demographic characteristics. We also compared components of perinatal mortality, late fetal deaths, and early neonatal deaths, by birthweight, gestational age, and selected maternal medical conditions during pregnancy. From 1995 through 1998, there were 221,767 fetal deaths at ≥20 weeks' gestation and infant deaths at less than 1 year. Of these, 113,421 (51%) were perinatal deaths; late fetal deaths accounted for 47% of perinatal deaths. The total perinatal mortality rate declined 5.3%, from 7.5 to 7.1 per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. Blacks experienced higher perinatal mortality rates than whites (rate ratio=2.1). Among perinatal deaths ≥28 weeks' gestation, the ratio of fetal to neonatal deaths was 3.4 among blacks and 2.4 among whites. State-specific rates ranged from 5.2 to 13.1 per 1,000 live births plus late fetal deaths. Although late fetal deaths are not included in routine statistics of pregnancy outcomes, these deaths represent a large proportion of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Surveillance of perinatal mortality provides a more complete picture of the health of women, fetuses, and newborns. Improving the quality of surveillance data regarding fetal deaths is essential for more effective use of these data. This information can be used to prevent excess perinatal deaths and reduce disparities in pregnancy outcomes among high-risk subgroups identified by individual and population characteristics.
The Implementation of an Electronic Document Management System at a Drug Information Center

Objective: To describe a method for creating an electronic document management (EDM) system at a drug information (DI) center based at an academic medical center to improve efficiency and provide increased availability through remote access. Summary: At DI centers, written materials not available electronically are often stored in file cabinets and retrieved by an individual when required. This process can be time-consuming and inefficient. Various EDM programs were evaluated and compared based on capabilities, cost of implementation and maintenance, and efficiency. Following program selection, documents were scanned onto a dedicated personal computer (PC) and organized according to a predetermined hierarchy of folders. Specialists then performed optical character recognition (OCR) and entered authors, titles, and assigned key words for each new electronic file. Results: It was determined that Adobe Acrobat software fulfilled all requirements at minimal expense. A specialist is able to scan and electronically file 72 documents (496 pages) per hour, perform OCR on 40 documents per hour, and attach titles, authors, and key words to newly scanned documents at a rate of 10 articles per hour. This EDM system is capable of storing in excess of 70,000 documents on a PC with 250 GB of hard disk space and 4 GB of random access memory, which can be accessed remotely from any computer through a secure virtual private network connection. Conclusions: Adobe Acrobat software, when combined with a high-resolution scanner, provides an inexpensive method for EDM that allows for immediate document retrieval, expansion of operations, and remote access.
Does the Elimination of Prerequisites Affect Enrollment and Success

The impact of an experimental, one-semester suspension of mathematics and English prerequisites from 12 courses is investigated. Data on enrollment, student performance, and instructor opinions are analyzed for the total group, and results concerning English versus mathematics prerequisites are compared. Implications for further research on the impact of prerequisites are discussed.
NEURODEGENERATIVE MECHANISMS IN ALZHEIMER DISEASE : A ROLE FOR OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN PRECURSOR-MEDIATED CELL DEATH

We have established a stably transformed human neuroblastoma cell line (MC65) that conditionally expresses a C-terminal derivative of the amyloid beta protein precursor (beta PP) termed S beta C (a fusion protein composed of the amino-17 and carboxyl-99 residues of beta PP). Conditional expression of S beta C (mediated by the withdrawal of tetracycline from the culture medium) induces pronounced nuclear DNA fragmentation and cytotoxicity in this cell line. These effects are enhanced by hyperoxygen and suppressed by hypooxygen and antioxidants. This cell line is relatively insensitive to the extracellular application of amyloid beta 25-35, and coculture experiments suggest that this cytotoxicity is mediated by an intracellular process. These findings suggest that the overexpression of the C-terminal domain of beta PP can disrupt normal cellular processes in these cells in such a way as to induce a directed (deoxyribonuclease-mediated) mechanism of cell death. This process appears to be modulated and/or mediated by a reactive oxygen specie(s) (ROS). Consistent with a role for ROS in the process of S beta C-mediated toxicity, we have found that the MC65 cell line is hypersensitive to oxidative stress and that it is this sensitivity that appears (at least in part) to underlie its susceptibility to S beta C.
Solution conformation of human big endothelin-1.

The solution conformation of human big endothelin-1, a 38-residue peptide which serves as the putative precursor to the potent vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 has been examined by1H NMR. NOEs were utilized as distance restraints in the distance geometry program DSPACE to generate initial structures. Further refinement of these structures was accomplished through molecular mechanics/molecular dynamics in an iterative process involving the incorporation of stereospecific assignments of prochiral centers and the use of back-calculation of NOESY spectra. A family of structures consisting of a type 11 β-turn for residues 5–8 and an α-helix extending from residues 9–16 constitute a well-defined region, as reflected by the atomic root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 1.56 A about the mean coordinate positions of the backbone atoms (N, C, Ca and O). This core region (residues 1-15) is very similar to the core residues of endothelin-1 (Donlan, M. et al. (1991)J. Cell. Biochemistry, S15G, 85). While the evidence from NOESY and coupling constant data suggests that the C-terminal region, residues 17–34, is not a mixture of randomly distributed chain conformations, it is also not consistent with a single chain conformation. Under the conditions studied, residues 17–38 in human big endothelin-1 in water at pH 3.0 between 20–30°C appear to be represented by a series of conformers in dynamic equilibrium.
Designing A Connected Sustainable Living Environment

This paper presents the design and development of a prototype, connected to a sustainable home project, which is at its final stage of implementation in Trento, N. Italy. The paper specifically focuses on the design ends and the technological means deployed in the process of implementing the prototype. Design ends outline the technical premises underpinning the development of the house systems. Technological means refer to the methods and technologies that had been deployed to satisfy the premises. Emphasis is given to the properties of the reconfigurable facade and the autonomous control system of the house, where variable transmittance materials, AI methods for building control and digital simulation are used in combination.
The doctors of time.

Throughout human history, we have sought to understand the changes we observe in ourselves and in others with the passage of time. Does this so-called aging process have some purpose, and to what extent can we control what are otherwise inexorable consequences? Although various philosophical traditions have offered different interpretations of the relation between age and time, a more unified concept of human aging may be developing. Ancient philosophical concepts are converging with insights from developmental genetics, molecular biology, and clinical research. This new approach suggests that aging is a continuum of human growth and development, full of potential and highly modifiable by a combination of personal responsibility and appropriate medical care. In providing this care to older adults, skillful physicians use time as a key diagnostic and therapeutic tool to interpret symptoms properly and to place treatment choices in the context of human values that may change with age. We who care for older adults are the doctors of time. Sadly, in our contemporary system of medical care, time is one of the least understood and most poorly used tools. A medical care system that is increasingly oriented toward minimizing the time spent caring for older adults cannot possibly increase the quality of life for the rapidly growing elderly population. With the potential for substantial life extension within our grasp, we must develop attitudes and skills that are more compatible with the value systems of our older patients.
Voting in Ignorance: The Politics of Smooth-Sounding Names

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether the attractiveness of political candidates' names would influence voter preferences, both when only the names were known and when politically relevant information was provided. The names and platforms of candidates in an actual election in which victory was attributed to a name effect were used in a straw poll of undergraduate subjects. Results showed a clear name effect when only names were presented. However, abstention was also quite common in this condition. When candidates' issue positions were also described, the name effect faded to nonsignificance. The results highlight the efficacy of relevant information in overcoming spurious influences on decisions.
Isolation of two contigs of overlapping cosmids derived from human chromosomal band 3p21.1 and identification of 5 new 3p21.1 genes.

Consistent loss of DNA sequences from several regions on the short arm of human chromosome 3 has suggested that multiple tumor suppressor genes reside on chromosome 3p in various types of cancer cells. We have focused our efforts on an analysis of chromosomal band 3p21.1 since aminoacylase-1 (ACY1), which is localized to this band, has been shown to have lower levels of expression in several small cell and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Starting with two cosmids within 3p21.1,D3S92 andD3S93, we have isolated two separate contigs of overlapping cosmids within 3p21.1, by screening a library of 5700 chromosome 3-specific cosmid clones. Detailed restriction maps for these two contigs show that they contain multiple clusters of rare cutting restriction endonuclease sites. One contig extends for 100 kb and encompassed bothACY1 andD3S92, and the other extends about 80 kb around theD3S93 locus. Many different restriction fragments derived from these two contigs were found to be evolutionarily conserved and hybridized to distinct message transcripts. These fragments were used to identify homologous cDNAs from an adenogastric cDNA library, and several of these cDNAs were partially sequenced. We have identified five new genes from these two contigs and there is evidence to suggest that several additional genes reside within these cosmid contigs. The genes identified from 3p21.1 were then hybridized to DNA, isolated from a series of lung cancer cell lines and matched normal and tumor DNA from lung cancer patients. No alterations were detected with any of these probes, both at the DNA or RNA levels. A similar analysis with DNA fragments derived from these two genomic regions also failed to detect any alterations.
The Effect of Reward Interdependence of Strategies in Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems

This paper explores the effect of reward interdependence of strategies in a cooperative evolving team on the performance of the team. Experiments extending the Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems (EMAS) framework to three dimensional layout are designed which examine the effect of rewarding helpful, in addition to effective strategies on the convergence of the system. Analysis of communication within the system suggests that some agents (strategies) are more effective at creating helpful solutions than creating good solutions. Despite their potential impact as enablers for other strategies, when their efforts were not rewarded, these assistant agent types were quickly removed from the population. When reward was interdependent, however, this secondary group of helpful agents remained in the population longer. As a result, effective communication channels remained open and the system converged more quickly. The results support conclusions of organizational behavior experimentation and computational modeling. The implications of this study are twofold. First, computational design teams may be made more effective by recognizing and rewarding indirect contributions of some strategies to the success of others. Secondly, EMAS may provide a platform for predicting the effectiveness of different reward structures given a set of strategies in both human and computational teams.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Applications of the squarate ester cascade to the expeditious synthesis of hypnophilin, coriolin, and ceratopicanol.

The first applications of the squarate ester cascade to natural products synthesis have been realized. Only 10 laboratory steps mediate the conversion of diisopropyl squarate to (±)-hypnophilin (8). Key reactions include a combination of chlorination, reduction, dehydration, and oxidation maneuvers in the proper sequence. A penultimate precursor to 8 has previously been converted into coriolin (9), thereby allowing a formal synthesis of racemic 9 also to be claimed. A rather different strategy was employed to arrive at (±)-ceratopicanol (10). Of the seven steps involved, three consisted of the use of lithium in liquid ammonia. The three divergent synthetic objectives realized in these experiments involved (a) generation of an extended enolate anion and its regioselective C-methylation at the γ-carbon; (b) unprecedented reductive cleavage of a β-isopropoxy group in a 2,3-diisopropoxy-2-cyclopentenone setting; and (c) conventional conversion of an α-alkoxy ketone to the parent carbonyl system. Thus, the app...
Defining the adenoma burden in lynch syndrome.

BACKGROUND:Patients with 10 or more lifetime adenomas are candidates for genetic counseling and testing for polyposis syndromes. Lynch syndrome falls under the umbrella of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, and it is assumed that patients with Lynch syndrome do not develop multiple adenomas.
Development of high-temperature ferromagnetism in Sn O 2 and paramagnetism in SnO by Fe doping

We report the development of room-temperature ferromagnetism in chemically synthesized powder samples of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ $(0.005\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.05)$ and paramagnetic behavior in an identically synthesized set of ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$. The ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.99}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.01}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ showed a Curie temperature ${T}_{C}=850\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, which is among the highest reported for transition-metal-doped semiconductor oxides. With increasing Fe doping, the lattice parameters of $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ decreased and the saturation magnetization increased, suggesting a strong structure-magnetic property relationship. When the ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.05}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ was prepared at different temperatures between 200 and $900\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, systematic changes in the magnetic properties were observed. Combined M\"ossbauer spectroscopy and magnetometry measurements showed a ferromagnetic behavior in ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.05}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ samples prepared at and above $350\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$, but the ferromagnetic component decreased gradually as preparation temperature approached $600\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. All ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.05}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ samples prepared above $600\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ were paramagnetic. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetometry, and particle induced x-ray emission studies showed that the Fe dopants diffuse towards the surface of the particles in samples prepared at higher temperatures, gradually destroying the ferromagnetism. M\"ossbauer studies showed that the magnetically ordered ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ spins observed in the ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{0.95}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.05}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ sample prepared at $350\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ is only $\ensuremath{\sim}24%$ of the uniformly incorporated ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$. No evidence of any iron oxide impurity phases were detected in ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{Sn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}\mathrm{O}$, suggesting that the emerging magnetic interactions in these systems are most likely related to the properties of the host systems $\mathrm{Sn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and SnO, and their oxygen stoichiometry.
A history of food without history: food, trade, and environment in west-central Ghana in the second millennium AD

A history of food without history: food, trade, and environment in west-central Ghana in the second millennium AD. University of Michigan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2012.728341 Afric...
The Costs of Mutualism1

Abstract Mutualisms are of central importance in biological systems. Despite growing attention in recent years, however, few conceptual themes have yet to be identified that span mutualisms differing in natural history. Here I examine the idea that the ecology and evolution of mutualisms are shaped by diverse costs, not only by the benefits they confer. This concept helps link mutualism to antagonisms such as herbivory, predation, and parasitism, interactions defined largely by the existence of costs. I first briefly review the range of costs associated with mutualisms, then describe how one cost, the consumption of seeds by pollinator offspring, was quantified for one fig/pollinator mutualism. I compare this cost to published values for other fig/pollinator mutualisms and for other kinds of pollinating seed parasite mutualisms, notably the yucca/yucca moth interaction. I then discuss four issues that fundamentally complicate comparative studies of the cost of mutualism: problems of knowing how to measure...
Introduction: Perspectives on Cognition and Language

One of the strengths of Language Learning and Development and the society that sponsors it––the Society for Language Development (SLD)––is the two welcome diverse approaches to the study of languag...
Carbenes in sulfur and nitrogen heterocycles: A π‐electron‐scf‐mo study

The properties of a lone pair carbon orbital have been assessed in the context of self consistent field molecular orbital theory. An improved parameter for sulfur is presented as well as a derivation of “carbene” type parameters. The relative effects of adjacent nitrogen and/or sulfur on a carbene have been predicted and compared to experiment. Special reference has been made to the biological systems of thiamine and anhydroleucovorin.