cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DOING THE WORK OF RESEARCH: WOLFGANG'S FOUNDATION AND BEYOND

ABSTRACT Marvin Wolfgang's Patterns in Criminal Homicide stands as a model of social science research. The question-driven foundation of the work, the range of data and depth of analysis involved, and the comprehensive organization of the book make it a benchmark for future studies. Wolfgang conceptualized homicide as a complex whole, and began to disentangle the components of the phenomenon in order to understand the nature and evolution of homicide. Continuation of this tradition suggests further in-depth studies of city homicide patterns and comparative analyses of these studies. A worthwhile expansion of this work would search for a paradigm or model to tie our various theories together, would deal with the various levels of scale in homicide, and would attempt to use the thoroughness found in Patterns in Criminal Homicide in other areas of homicide study.
Two-dimensional vortex lattice melting.

We report on a Monte Carlo study of two-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau superconductors in a magnetic field. We find evidence suggestive of a first-order phase transition between a low-temperature state characterized by power-law positional correlations in the superfluid density and a high-temperature vortex-fluid state. A key aspect of our study is the introduction of a quantity proportional to the Fourier transform of the superfluid density which can be sampled efficiently in Landau gauge Monte Carlo simulations and which satisfies a useful sum rule.
Why some feedforward networks cannot learn some polynomials

It seems natural to test feedforward networks on deterministic functions. Yet, some simple functions, notably polynomials, present some difficult problems for approximation by feedforward networks. The estimated parameters become unbounded and fail to follow any unique pattern. Furthermore, as the fit to the specified functions becomes closer, numerical problems may develop in the algorithm. This paper explains why these problems occur for polynomials of order less than or equal to the number of hidden units of a feedforward network. We show that other examples occur for functions mathematically related to the network's squashing function. These difficulties do not indicate problems with the training algorithm, but occur as an inherent consequence of the role of the connection weights in feedforward networks.
Sex and Deviance: an Assessment of Major Sociological Variables*

This paper empirically examines the claim that many theories of deviance only have utility for explaining deviance committed by males because their conceptual development was tainted with inattention to females. Five variables representing the essence of major theories of deviant behavior are measured for a self-report sample of 1993 cases. Each variable is tested to determine how well it can account for deviance among females compared to males. In volume of deviance more males than females were classified as deviant but the underlying processes which the five theoretical variables address operated equally for members of both sexes. These findings support the position that the processes by which females come to commit deviance is similar to the processes for males. The findings suggest that exclusive focus on females is unlikely to yield more adequate explanations of female deviance.
Pharmacologic management of drug-resistant genitourinary tumors

The purpose of this article is to examine potentially useful treatment strategies for drug-resistant genitourinary (GU) tumors. To achieve the desired pharmacologic effect, adequate concentration vs time (C×T) drug kinetic profiles must be achieved at the target tissues. Inadequate C×T drug profiles can result from low vascular tissues, rapid drug metabolism, and insufficient dosing schedules. These factors may also contribute to the development of acquired drug resistance by enabling tumor cells to repair sublethal damage caused by cytotoxic drugs. Although the development of acquired drug resistance may represent a normal response to foreign agents and hence be inevitable in many tumors, dose-intensive regimens as first-line treatment may delay the clinical onset of resistance. Once acquired drug resistance does develop, several investigational treatment strategies aimed at biochemical mechanisms of resistance may further circumvent treatment failures. Finally, intrinsic drug resistance represents an additional problem in certain GU tumors, particularly renal cell carcinoma. In this case, dose-intensive treatment regimens that incorporate a chemosensitizing agent may prove to the useful as firstline therapy. Tumor-specific treatment regimens need to be developed based on many factors, including degree of intrinsic resistance, past chemotherapy, stage and site of disease, and patient tolerance to aggressive treatment regimens.
Intrinsic motivation in competition: The intervening role of four individual differences following objective competence information☆

Abstract The individual differences of need for achievement, anxiety (plus resultant achievement motivation), locus of control, and gender were explored to determine their intervening role in intrinsic motivational processes following objective competence information. In two experiments, participants were either allowed to win or were made to lose a puzzle-solving contest against a same-gender confederate with the success/failure experience via the competitive outcome serving as the objective source of competence information. In Experiment 1, outcome, locus of control, and the resultant achievement motivation × outcome interaction predicted level of intrinsic motivation, thereby substantiating the claim that individual differences are important in the prediction of intrinsic motivation. Experiment 2 tested the impact of each individual difference on intrinsic motivation-relevant moderating processes (performance expectancy, actual and perceived performance, and affect) to highlight the processes by which individual differences function to impact level of intrinsic motivation. It was shown that need for achievement affected level of intrinsic motivation through the high achievers' favorably biased performance expectancy and heightened positive affect, and, after losing, through both a favorable actual and perceived performance relative to low achievers, High anxiety impacted level of intrinsic motivation by depreciating performance expectancy and actual performance relative to low levels of anxiety. For locus of control, internals showed a higher level of intrinsic motivation than externals via a more favorable performance expectancy and, after winning, via greater positive affect and a more successful perceived performance appraisal.
Strength characterization of yttria-doped sintered silicon nitride

The flexural strength of yttria-doped sintered silicon nitride was evaluated as a function of temperature (20 to 1300 ‡C in air environment), applied stress and time. Two mechanistic regimes were manifest in the temperature dependence of the fracture stress. A temperature-independent region of fast fracture (catastrophic crack extension) existed up to 900 ‡ C, in which the mode of crack propagation was primarily transgranular. Above 1000 ‡ C, the strength (fracture stress) decreased considerably due to the presence of subcritical or slow crack growth which occurred intergranularly. This material did not show a static oxidation problem in short-term (≤100 h) tests in the low-temperature regime (600 to 1000 ‡ C) as has been observed in other yttria-doped silicon nitrides. Flexural-stress rupture testing in the temperature range 800 to 1200 ‡ C in air indicated the material's susceptibility to time-dependent failure, and outlines safe applied stress levels for a given temperature.
Analysis of local helix bending in crystal structures of DNA oligonucleotides and DNA-protein complexes

Sequence-dependent bending of the helical axes in 112 oligonucleotide duplex crystal structures resident in the Nucleic Acid Database have been analyzed and compared with the use of bending dials, a computer graphics tool. Our analysis includes structures of both A and B forms of DNA and considers both uncomplexed forms of the double helix as well as those bound to drugs and proteins. The patterns in bending preferences in the crystal structures are analyzed by base pair steps, and emerging trends are noted. Analysis of the 66 B-form structures in the Nucleic Acid Database indicates that uniform trends within all pyrimidine-purine and purine-pyrimidine steps are not necessarily observed but are found particularly at CG and GC steps of dodecamers. The results support the idea that AA steps are relatively straight and that larger roll bends occur at or near the junctions of these A-tracts with their flanking sequences. The data on 16 available crystal structures of protein-DNA complexes indicate that the majority of the DNA bends induced via protein binding are sharp localized kinks. The analysis of the 30 available A-form DNA structures indicates that these structures are also bent and show a definitive preference for bending into the deep major groove over the shallow minor groove.
Metribuzin Degradation by Membrane Anodic Fenton Treatment and Its Interaction with Ferric Ion

Metribuzin, a widely used herbicide and a frequently detected pollutant in the environment, was studied as a target compound for membrane anodic Fenton treatment (AFT), a Fenton technology with application potential for on-site treatment of pesticide wastewater. It was found that the degradation kinetics of metribuzin do not obey the AFT model, a previously developed model that fit AFT degradation kinetics of all previously investigated pesticides. The lack of fit for metribuzin data was determined to result from a weak interaction between metribuzin and the ferric ion, resulting in a significant reduction in availability of metribuzin for reaction with hydroxyl radicals during AFT, thus slowing degradation. A revised kinetic model was developed based on the original AFT model with the addition of this interaction. Results demonstrate that the new kinetic model fits metribuzin degradation data quite well at different delivery rates of Fenton reagent and at different temperatures. This weak interaction is also found to exist between ferric ion and several other triazinone/triazine herbicides during membrane AFT. The interaction intensity correlates with the electron-withdrawing/-donating property of substituents on the triazine/triazinone ring. The stronger the electron-donating ability of substituents, the stronger the interaction.
The impact of a brief coping skills intervention on adherence to breast self-examination among first-degree relatives of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients.

The present investigation sought to determine (1) the impact of a single session stress management/coping intervention (problem-solving training; PST) versus a general health counseling (GHC) control condition on breast self-examination (BSE) adherence among relatives of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients, and (2) whether women with heightened perceived risk of breast cancer and/or cancer specific distress at baseline were more likely to improve their BSE adherence following PST. The participants were 510 women age 20–75 who had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer. All of the participants completed a baseline telephone interview, an intervention (PST versus GHC), and a 3-month follow-up telephone interview. The results revealed a 36% overall improvement in BSE adherence, with no significant between-group difference in improvement (χ2=0.03, p=0.87). The logistic regression analysis of improvement in BSE adherence revealed a statistically significant cancer-specific distress by treatment interaction (p=0.04). Among women who received PST, those with high levels of cancer-specific distress were two times more likely to improve in BSE adherence than women low in cancer-specific distress. There was no effect of cancer-specific distress in the control condition. These results suggest that women with a family history of breast cancer who have high levels of distress may be most likely to benefit from behavioral coping skills intervention to promote adherence to breast cancer screening. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a sustainable estuary in north carolina's albemarle and pamlico sounds: Some implications for the Baltic Sea

Abstract A major task in developing a management strategy for the Baltic Sea will be the establishment of a program that adheres to the philosophy of sustainable use and is capable of implementation. For many nations this has proven to be a very difficult task marked with successes and failures. This paper discusses North Carolina's attempts to move toward sustainability in its Albemarle and Pamlico estuaries. The paper concludes with some lessons learned that could be helpful to the Baltic region as it strives for sustainability.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy as a Bridge to Transplantation and for Recurrent Disease in the Transplanted Liver of a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), recurrent HCC is a major cause of morbidity. In this case report, we evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as a bridge to OLT and for recurrence in the transplanted liver of a patient with HCC. A 52-year-old male with a history of chronic hepatitis C presented with a 1.7-cm liver lesion radiographically consistent with HCC, which was subsequently treated with a course of SBRT to 50 Gy in 5 fractions followed by OLT in 2009. The patient had a 2.2-cm recurrence in the transplanted liver in 2012, which was treated with SBRT to 62.5 Gy in 5 fractions. He tolerated the course of radiotherapy well with no significant radiation-related toxicity and remains in complete remission approximately 1 year after SBRT. SBRT is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of recurrent HCC in the transplanted liver of the same patient initially treated with SBRT as a bridge to OLT.
Non-Orthogonal Designs of Even Resolution*

Designs of even resolution have the property that a set of parameters, although themselves not estimable, do not appear as aliases of those which are estimable. The most important are designs of resolution 4, which are such that the main effects are estimable with no two-factor interactions as aliases. In this paper it is shown that the smallest resolution 4 designs for n factors at two levels must contain at least 2n runs, and that “foldover” designs are available with 2n runs. It is conjectured that the only minimal resolution 4 designs are foldover designs. The case of resolution 6 designs is also discussed.
The role of human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in promoting 1,2-dibromoethane-induced genotoxicity in Escherichia coli

Abstract The expression of the DNA repair protein human O 6 -alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) in Escherichia coli strains GWR109 or TRG8 that lack endogenous AGT greatly increased the toxicity and mutagenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). Pretreatment of strain TRG8 expressing human AGT, which is permeable to exogenous drugs, with the AGT inhibitor O 6 -benzylguanine (BG) abolished the lethal and mutagenic effects of DBE, indicating that an active AGT is required for promoting DBE genotoxicity. This was confirmed by the observation that E. coli expressing either the C145A AGT mutant, which is inactive due to loss of the alkyl acceptor site, or mutants Y114E and R128A, which are inactive due to alteration of the DNA binding domain, did not enhance the action of DBE. However, the AGT mutant protein P138M/V139L/P140K, which is active in repairing methylated DNA but is totally resistant to inactivation by BG due to alterations in the active site pocket, was unable to enhance the genotoxicity of DBE. Similarly, other mutants, G156P, Y158H and K165R that are strongly resistant to BG, were much less effective than wild type AGT in mediating the genotoxicity of DBE. Mutant P140A, which is moderately resistant to BG, did increase mutations in response to DBE but was less active than wild type. These results suggest that human AGT is able to interact with a DNA lesion produced by DBE but, instead of repairing it, converts it to a more genotoxic adduct. This interaction is prevented by mutations that modify the active site of AGT to exclude BG.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Cerium Oxide Films from a Cerium Alkoxide Precursor

The cerium(IV) alkoxide complex Ce(OCMe2-i-Pr)4, a volatile, nonfluorinated source of cerium, was used as a chemical vapor deposition precursor to cerium oxide films. A conventional thermal chemical vapor deposition process deposited cerium(IV) oxide films from Ce(OCMe2-i-Pr)4 on silicon, glass, quartz, lanthanum aluminum oxide (001), and roll-textured nickel (001) substrates at low substrate temperatures (<550 °C). The films were highly oriented when the depositions were carried out on lanthanum aluminum oxide and textured nickel substrates. An X-ray crystallographic study of Ce(OCMe2-i-Pr)4, which melts at just below room temperature, shows that it is a loosely bound dimer in the solid state with five-coordinate cerium centers and two bridging alkoxide ligands. The synthesis and X-ray crystal structures of Ce(OCMe2-i-Pr)4(DMAP)2 (DMAP = 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine) and Ce2(OCMe2-i-Pr)5(acac)3 are also reported. The cerium atoms in Ce(OCMe2-i-Pr)4(DMAP)2 and Ce2(OCMe2-i-Pr)5(acac)3 have, respectively, dist...
Intradermal isotope injection: a highly accurate method of lymphatic mapping in breast carcinoma.

Background: The combined approach of radioactive tracer and blue-dye mapping of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) has evolved into a safe and effective alternative to routine axillary node dissection in specific patient populations with breast carcinoma. The optimal route of injection for the isotope has not been clearly defined. To assess the intradermal route of isotope injection, we prospectively evaluated 100 patients with biopsy-proven invasive breast carcinoma with SLN biopsy followed by planned axillary node dissection. Methods:All patients were given an intradermal injection of Tc-99m sulfur colloid and an intraparenchymal injection of blue dye. All patients underwent a complete axillary node dissection. Each sentinel node was serially sectioned and examined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Sentinel nodes were successfully identified in 99% of cases. Forty-six patients had axillary metastases; of these, four had falsely negative sentinel nodes (false-negative rate, 9%). The false-negative rate was 0 of 24 (0%) for T1 tumors, 2 of 18 (11%) for T2 tumors, and 2 of 4 (50%) for T3 tumors. Three of four patients with false negatives had palpable, clinically suspicious axillary nodes found intraoperatively. If these cases are excluded, the accuracy of the procedure was 100% for T1 and T2 tumors. Of the 42 positive axillae identified by SLNB (true positives), 40 were localized using the intradermal injection of radioisotope; in 13 of these cases, this was the only method that identified the true-positive node. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that intradermal injection of radioactive tracer is an effective method of localizing the SLN in cases involving small breast cancers. Further investigation is warranted before this technique is adopted for use in larger breast cancers. Intraoperative examination and biopsy of any suspicious nonsentinel nodes are critical.
Scattering of polarized photons by protons.

We derive the differential cross section for the scattering of plane polarized photons by protons below pion threshold. The contributions from the charge, spin, and anomalous magnetic moment is calculated with no approximation in the photon energy, ..omega... The contribution from the proton structure is included only to lowest order (viz., O((..omega../M)/sup 2/) ), and comes from the electric and magnetic dipole polarizabilities.
Hilbert transforms in Yukawan potential theory

Abstract If H denotes the classical Hilbert transform and Hu(x) = v(x), then the functions u(x) and v(x) are the values on the real axis of a pair of conjugate functions, harmonic in the upper half-plane. This note gives a generalization of the above concepts in which the Laplace equation Δu = 0 is replaced by the Yukawa equation Δu = μ2u and in which the Cauchy-Riemann equations have a corresponding generalization. This leads to a generalized Hilbert transform Hμ. The kernel function of this new transform is expressable in terms of the Bessel function K0. The transform is of convolution type.
Cytoskeletal-associated proteins in the migration of cortical neurons.

Neuronal migration is a hallmark of cerebral cortical development as neurons born deep within the brain migrate to the surface in a highly choreographed process. The cytoskeleton extends throughout the cell, mediating the dramatic morphological changes that accompany migration. On a cellular level, proper migration is accompanied by polarization of the cytoskeleton and cellular contents and by dynamic reorganization that generates the force for cell locomotion. Genetic analyses of human brain malformations, as well as genetically engineered mouse mutants, have highlighted a number of cytoskeletal-associated proteins underlying these functions, which are necessary for proper cortical development. While these proteins are involved in diverse molecular mechanisms, disruption during development results in the ectopic placement of neurons in the cortex. We review key cytoskeletal events and the critical cytoskeletal-associated proteins involved in cortical neuronal migration. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 58: 149–159, 2004
The effect of adaptation on the differential sensitivity of the S-cone color system.

Abstract This paper presents a psychophysical dissection of the S-cone color system. Experiments were guided by a skeletal model that assumed a first stage consisting of S-, M- and L-cones, and a second stage of the opponent combination of the 5 and L + M signals. The response of the S-cone system was isolated by measuring difference thresholds between lights that were equiluminant tritanopic confusion pairs and thus differed only in S-cone excitation. Two types of mechanisms that control sensitivity in the S-cone system were identified: (i) static mechanisms that have a restricted range and thus limit discrimination to a small range of inputs; and (ii) adaptive mechanisms that change the state of the system in response to changes in steady illumination, so that the system is sensitive to small changes from the adapting light. These mechanisms were localized by lights that stimulated the S-cone system while keeping the signal constant at either the S, the L + M, or the post-opponent stage. The response function of the static mechanism was estimated by measuring difference thresholds at judgment points other than the steady adapting light. This procedure was repeated at a number of adaptation lights to examine the properties of adaptive mechanisms. The data were consistent with an elaborated model that included identical multiplicative gain control mechanisms in the S and L + M pre-opponent branches, and a post-opponent static sigmoidal nonlinearity with different amounts of compression for positive and negative opponent inputs.
High Efficiency Photon Counting Detectors for the FAUST Spacelab Far Ultraviolet Astronomy Payload

We compare the performance of sealed tube microchannel-plate position sensitive detectors having transmission CsI photocathodes or opaque CsI photocathodes. These devices were developed for the FAUST Spacelab payload to accomplish imaging surveys in the band between 1300A and 1800A. We demonstrate that photocathode quantum efficiencies in excess of 40% at 1216A have been achieved with the transmission and the opaque CsI photocathodes. The effect of the photoelectron trajectory on the spatial resolution is assessed. Spatial resolution of <70?m FWHM has been obtained and is maintained up to event rates of 5×104 sec-1. Background rates of 0.55 events cm-2 sec-1 have been achieved and low distortion (<1%) imaging has been demonstrated.
Mediated intimacies: Raw sex, Truvada, and the biopolitics of chemoprophylaxis

This article offers a retrospective view on Unlimited Intimacy by evaluating the status of pharmaceutical mediation in the emergence and development of bareback as a sexual practice. It examines the US public health recommendation of 2014 that HIV-negative people should begin taking Truvada, an AIDS drug, for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Situating the pragmatics of PrEP in a discussion of the medicalization of gay sexuality, it argues that Truvada has biopolitical side effects that warrant critical attention. Drawing on queer theorist Beatriz Preciado, the article elaborates a concept of ‘pharmacopower’ to contextualize the development of chemoprophylaxis in the history of sexuality.
Mixed-Mode Fracture in Soda-Lime Glass Using Indentation Flaws

Mixed-mode failure of soda-lime glass under inert and fatigue test conditions was studied using Knoop indentation flaws. For annealed cracks (residual stress-free) crack extension (catastrophic or subcritical) is by an abrupt transition from the initial crack plane to a noncoplanar crack plane followed by a reorientation of the crack normal to the applied stress. Although fatigue strength of these inclined flaws increased linearly with respect to orientation of the flaws to the applied stress up to an angle of 60°, this increase was considerably less than what was predicted by existing theories. It is believed that subcritical crack growth causes the crack to be realigned perpendicular to the applied stress before failure for all orientations; hence, fatigue strength does not show the dramatic increase at orientation angles as predicted by theory. For as-indented cracks the contact residual stress causes the crack extension to be less inclined to the initial crack plane than for annealed cracks, but in this case also, the crack realigns itself perpendicular to the applied stress. Again, fatigue strength is relatively insensitive to the orientation angle as predicted by theory and subcritical crack growth is believed to play a primary role in determining this strength dependency.
A time-mode approach to nonlinear vibrations of orthotropic thin shallow spherical shells

Abstract A new analytical time-mode-assumption-based approach to nonlinear (large amplitude) axisymmetrical free vibrations of orthotropic thin shallow spherical shells is presented in this paper. The concept of the drift in theory of nonlinear dynamics is first adapted to modelling the asymmetry of vibration amplitudes of the shells. The nonlinearly-coupled algebraic-differential eigenvalue equations determining vibration frequencies and the drift are formulated with the variational method. Asymptotic solutions are obtained with a successive iteration method suggested by the author. The evolution of nonlinearities within a wider range of vibration amplitudes of the shell vibration with various parameters and boundary conditions is extensively investigated. It is generally concluded that very shallow spherical shells behave like flat circular plates when subject to free vibrations, while the vibration response for the moderately shallow spherical shells is complicated by the occurrence of both softening and hardening nonlinearities in different ranges of vibration amplitudes, and shallow spherical shells always tend to behave more like flat circular plates when subject to much larger amplitudes.
Reliability of cytologic diagnosis of early lung cancer.

BACKGROUND. Baseline screening for lung cancer of 2968 high-risk men and women utilizing HRCT enrolled in ELCAP (Early Lung Cancer Action Project) was performed between 1993-2002. Among them, 65 people had surgical resection of their screen-diagnosed lung cancer, 53 of them on the basis of a diagnosis of malignancy or atypical bronchioloalveolar proliferation (ABP) on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy at Weill Medical College of Cornell University (WMC) prior to surgery. The authors compared the diagnosis obtained from the FNA with the subsequent diagnosis from the surgical specimen to assess the reliability of a cytologic diagnosis of lung cancer on FNA of these screen-diagnosed lung cancers. METHODS. The FNA biopsies were performed with a 22-gauge Wescott needle by 1 radiologist (D.Y.), with preliminary on-site as well as final diagnosis rendered by a cytologist (M.V., J.K.). These results were correlated with histologic diagnoses obtained as a result of consensus diagnosis by a panel of 5 expert pulmonary pathologists. RESULTS. Of the 53 cases of lung cancer resected following FNA, 4 were diagnosed as atypical bronchioloalveolar proliferation (ABP), 14 as adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features (ADC-BAC), 28 as adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (ADC-NOS), 1 as squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC), 4 as nonsmall-cell carcinoma (NSCC), and 2 as typical carcinoid. In the 49 cases with a malignant cytology and 4 cases of ABP, lung cancer was confirmed histologically. The tumor sizes ranged from 4 mm to 40 mm, mean size 13mm. The final expert panel histologic diagnosis was adenocarcinoma in 47 cases; of these, 42 were invasive (mixed subtype or acinar subtype), and 5 were a noninvasive (bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, BAC). Three of the 42 invasive adenocarcinoma that had a predominant BAC component and 1 case of BAC were diagnosed as ABP on FNA; all were sampled at the periphery of the tumor. Three of 4 cases of invasive adenocarcinoma of high nuclear grade were diagnosed as NSCC, and 1 was inaccurately classified as SQCC on FNA. One case of high-grade noninvasive BAC associated with a scar was diagnosed as NSCC on FNA. Two cases classified as nonkeratinizing SQCC and 2 cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma on histology were misclassified as ADC-NOS by FNA. Two cases of typical carcinoid on histology were also diagnosed as typical carcinoid on FNA. CONCLUSIONS. Preoperative diagnosis of lung cancer detected by screening with HRCT could be reliably made by FNA. Difficulty in classification occurs in carcinomas of high nuclear grade with prominent nucleoli, including poorly differentiated SQCC and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. These are best diagnosed as NSCC on cytomorphology with further subclassification based on immunohistochemistry, which these authors generally perform on cell-block material. A diagnosis of ABP on FNA may be indicative of noninvasive BAC or an invasive adenocarcinoma with prominent BAC features, usually sampled at its periphery. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Reliability of 50% egg infectivity titrations with suspensions of influenza viruses prepared from mouse lungs.

Summary1. The use of 2 different methods for analyzing the reliability of 50% end point determination has been illustrated. The data were available because duplicate titrations of a number of virus suspensions were required for the purposes of other experiments. Data of comparable significance could have been obtained by a similar number of replicate titrations of the same virus suspension. The latter type of procedure is tedious, expensive, and is seldom carried out. It would seem likely that the records of other investigators would contain data suitable for analysis by the methods used in this report. 2. In the present study the reliability of 50% egg infectivity titrations was determined with crude suspensions of lungs infected with recently isolated strains of Type A-prime and Type B influenza viruses. The reliability of these determinations was similar to that previously described for titrations of infectivity for mice or for eggs with purified suspensions of the PR8 strain of influenza virus.
Explaining the freemartin: Tandler and Keller vs. Lillie and the question of priority.

The correct explanation for the freemartin phenotype in the female twin of a female-male pair in cattle was first reported by Tandler and Keller (1911. Deutsche Tierarzt Wochenschr 19:148-149). This same explanation for the freemartin was independently discovered by Lillie (1916. Science 43:611-613). Today both set of scientists are given credit for this discovery; it is the basis for much of the subsequent work on the developmental basis for sex differentiation in vertebrates. Even though Lillie published after Keller and Tandler, he gets credit for this discovery because: (1) Keller and Tandler published in a veterinary journal and as a consequence their work was not disseminated as broadly throughout the larger scientific community; this problem was compounded by the fact that their definitive 1916 paper was published under wartime conditions during World War I, and (2) Lillie was an influential scientist with a group of graduate students who could elaborate on and extend his work; they published a number of papers on the freemartin. At some point while Lillie was doing his initial work on the freemartin he may have become aware that Keller and Tandler were also working on the freemartin problem; this information may have shaped his decision on when to publish.
A Simplified Procedure for Global Hull Strength Analysis of Classic Spars

Primary structural components of a spar hull are designed to resist lateral hydrodynamic and hydrostatic pressure and global loads. The scantlings of each primary component are usually determined based on the largest pressure it may encounter in various phases such as wet-tow, upending, and in-place operational conditions. The effect of global bending moment and shear force on the spar hull is often evaluated much later via laborious finite element analysis. This paper proposes a simple analytical tool for quickly assessing global hull strength of classic spars in the in-place condition. A spar platform undergoes steady, low-frequency, and wave-frequency motion of comparable magnitude at the same time in a storm event. The present approach separates the wave-frequency component from the steady and low-frequency response. A closed-form solution is developed for wave-induced motion and loads by taking advantage of the simple cylindrical shape of classic spar hulls. The theoretical solution is verified by comparing to numerical WAMIT results. The low-frequency response is approximated as one part of the steady response, since its dynamic effect is weak. The steady structural response is mainly a function of the heel angle. It is demonstrated that local effect of wind pressure and current load is not significant. The total response, as a summation of the wave-induced loads and the steady solution, is represented by global bending moment and shear force envelopes along the spar hull for a given sea state. Global bending and shear stresses of primary structural components can be further calculated and checked against code requirements. This procedure has been implemented through Matlab scripts. A comparison with global finite element analysis for a classic spar is made showing very good agreement. The present simple procedure allows us to evaluate primary structural components of a spar hull without resorting to expensive finite element modeling. It can help the scantling design by providing the global load. The approach can also be used to identify critical environmental conditions and structural components for detailed finite element analysis.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Phosphorylated osteopontin peptides suppress crystallization by inhibiting the growth of calcium oxalate crystals.

Phosphorylated osteopontin peptides suppress crystallization by inhibiting the growth of calcium oxalate crystals. Background Osteopontin isolated from human urine [uropontin (uOPN)] is a potent inhibitor of calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate (COM) crystallization. However, specific structural features responsible for its effects on CaOx crystallization were not previously known. The present studies were designed to define molecular features responsible for interactions of uOPN with COM crystals and the inhibition of crystallization. Methods Peptides and phosphopeptides with sequences corresponding to potential crystal binding domains within the protein sequence of osteopontin were synthesized. Then the effects of these peptides on COM crystal growth and crystal aggregation were investigated and their secondary structures analyzed. Results Growth of COM crystals was inhibited by ∼50% at 1000 nmol/L concentrations by the two unmodified peptides with the closest clustering of aspartic acid residues. Growth was not inhibited by the other two unmodified peptides, with aspartic residues more evenly distributed within their sequences. Phosphorylation markedly increased inhibition of COM crystal growth, so that each of the four phosphorylated peptides inhibited growth by at least 50% at concentrations of ≤200 nmol/L. Phosphorylation of these peptides did not cause changes in secondary structure that would favor interaction with COM crystal surfaces. Conclusions These studies of synthetic peptides identify molecular features within the osteopontin molecule that contribute to the inhibition of one aspect of COM crystallization. The inhibition of crystal growth induced by phosphorylation appears to result from altered local patterns of charge density, since conformational changes favoring interaction with crystals were not caused by phosphorylation.
Interface Science of Thermal Barrier Coatings

The drive for greater efficiency in propulsion and industrial/power production machinery has pushed metallurgy to develop ever better alloys and taken existing metallic components to their reliability threshold. Nowhere is that better illustrated than in turbine engine materials. The nickel-based superalloys currently in use for the most demanding areas of the engines melt at 1230-1315 aC and yet see combustion environments >1600 aC. The result is that these components require thermal protection to avoid failure from phenomena such as melting, creep, oxidation, thermal fatigue, and so on [1]. The stakes are high as the equipment must remain reliable for thousands of take-offs and landings for aircraft turbine engines, and up to 40,000 hours of operation in power generating land-based gas turbines [2, 3]. One of the most critical items that see both the greatest temperatures and experience the highest stresses is the hot-section turbine blades. Two strategies have been adopted to help the superalloy turbine blades survive the demanding environment: Active air cooling and ceramic thermal protection coatings, which together can reduce metal surface temperatures by >300 aC.[2]. The combination of turbine blade external film cooling and internal air cooling requires an exceptionally complex structure with flow passages and setsmore » of small holes in the blades where air bled from a matching stage of the compressor is directed over the surface. Stecura [4] was among the first to describe a successful coating system, and today s the ceramic insulating layer alone is credited with reducing metal temperatures as much as 165 aC [1, 5].« less
Taming Tidal Waves: A Dance/Movement Therapy Approach to Supporting Emotion Regulation in Maltreated Children

This theoretical work examines the question of how dance/movement therapy (DMT) might be applied to support the development of emotion regulation in maltreated children, specifically in the context of residential treatment centers. As foundation for this discussion, literature pertaining to the ontogenesis of adaptive emotion regulation and the consequences of early maltreatment on its development is reviewed. Also included is a summary of therapeutic approaches and residential treatment models that address emotion regulation in children. A theoretical framework for promoting emotion regulation in maltreated children based on DMT principles and an accompanying residential treatment application is proposed.
Die cytologische Differenzierung verschiedener Ausbreitungsgrade des Collumcarcinoms

Es ist der Zweck des vorliegenden Berichtes, die Frage zu erortern, ob es mit Hilfe der Zelluntersuchung moglich ist, verschiedene Ausbreitungsgrade des Collumcarcinoms zu erkennen oder erkennen zu helfen.
1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene treatment of seed potatoes affects tuber size distribution

1,4-DMN is a relatively new sprout inhibitor for use on maincrop and seed potatoes. Despite its registration as a “dormancy enhancer” for seed, relatively little is known about its effects on plant establishment and productivity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 1,4-DMN on the productivity of seed potatoes. ‘Umatilla Russet’ (UR), ‘Ranger Russet’ (RR), and ‘Russet Burbank’ (RB) seed tubers were stored at 4, 7, and 9 C over three seasons to create 80-, 554- and 642-degree-day seed, and 1,4-DMN was applied to maintain dormancy several times during each season. 1,4-DMN residue levels at the end of storage were lower in seed aged at higher temperatures. Multiple applications of 1,4-DMN at higher-than-label rates were necessary to effectively inhibit sprouting of seed of all cultivars stored above 4 C. In field trials, depending on cultivar and year, 1,4-DMN either delayed plant emergence slightly or had no effect. 1,4-DMN increased stem numbers from RB and UR seed, but not from RR seed. 1,4-DMN reduced total tuber yields by 3.2 to 5.6 t ha−1 (5% to 9%), and U.S. No. 1 tuber yields by 4.8 to 7.8 t ha−1 (8% to 15%) in all cultivars, regardless of seed tuber age. 1,4-DMN also reduced the average tuber weight for all three cultivars and shifted the size distribution from larger (> 284 g) to smaller tubers. 1,4-DMN reduced the respective yields of > 397-g, 340-to 397-g, and 284-to 340-g tubers by 43%, 19%, and 18% for RR seed, 31%, 14%, and 11% for RB seed, and 40%, 47%, and 27% for UR seed. Conversely, depending on cultivar, yields of smaller tubers (≤170 g) were 11% to 38% higher from 1,4-DMN-treated seed. The shift in tuber size distribution for RR was accompanied by a 1,4-DMN-induced increase in tuber number per plant and per hectare. However, no such effects on tuber set occurred in RB and UR. Moreover, in most cases, the 1,4-DMN effects on yield and tuber size distribution were independent of seed age. Since the 1,4-DMN-induced shifts in tuber size distribution were greater than the reductions in total and U.S. No. 1 yields, 1,4-DMN may be a suitable treatment to reduce average tuber size and increase yield and uniformity of specific size classes of tubers to more closely match market requirements.
Survey of brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum L. parasitoids in southern California citrus.

The parasitoid complex of brown soft scale, Coccus hesperidum L., a multivoltine soft scale, was determined in southern California citrus over the period February 2004–March 2006. The survey was conducted by placing brown soft scale-infested yucca leaves in the canopy of citrus trees and subsequently rearing individually isolated parasitized scales in the laboratory. A total of 14 species parasitized brown soft scale in the field, the most abundant ones belonging to the genus Metaphycus Mercet (75%). The most abundant parasitoid species was Metaphycus angustifrons Compere (38% parasitism), and this is a new record of establishment for this species in California. Coccophagus species accounted for only 11% parasitism. There were important spatio-temporal differences across the parasitoid complex survey locations. We also found that the five most abundant encyrtid parasitoid species showed preferences for scales of different sizes. Our results have implications for biological control of citricola scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana), an important pest of citrus in the San Joaquin Valley of central California. Notably, this species is nearly absent in southern California. Brown soft scale is considered to be an alternate host for parasitoids of citricola scale, a univoltine soft scale, at times when the latter species is unavailable for parasitism.
Increased serotonin2 (5-HT2) receptor binding as measured by 3H-lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) in the blood platelets of depressed patients

3H-Lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) binding, a putative measure of 5-HT2 receptor binding, was studied in the blood platelets of 29 depressed patients and 24 normal controls. The Bmax (maximum number of 3H-LSD binding sites) in the blood platelets of depressed patients was significantly greater than that of normal volunteers. This increase in Bmax was due to an increase in female depressed patients only. Bmax was significantly lower in female compared to male normal controls but there was no difference between male and female depressed patients. There was also no difference in Kd (an inverse measure of affinity of 3H-LSD binding to its sites) between normal controls and depressed patients. The correlations between Bmax of 3H-LSD binding and the Bmax of the 3H-imipramine binding site or the Vmax of 5-HT uptake sites were not significant. The role of serotonergic processes in the psychobiology of depression is discussed.
Articulating Theories of States and State Formation

Some historical sociologists have, with some justification, described the development of the sub-discipline in the language of three successive “waves.” This framing implies that each wave supercedes the other across time. Given that second and third waves map onto generational distinctions, the whole idea of waves has been met with consternation from second wavers who are not ready to be superseded. In addition, there is some debate, if not confusion, over the criteria that define the waves. In this paper I suggest that the language of successive waves frustrates the potential to articulate different approaches with the aim of a more comprehensive understanding of historical societies. This is particularly the case with our understanding of states and state formation, which is the focus here. Instead of the waves framing, I suggest a strategy for articulating research agendas on state formation by conceiving of such in terms of their “centers of gravity” (or COGs)1 rather than their boundaries. I pay particular attention to the body of work that can be said to have a concern with culture as its center of gravity, a body of work that while overlapping considerably is not co-extensive with that identified as third wave. In this context I elaborate a broad conceptual architecture of culture, at the foundation of which is the distinction between meaning, practice, and materiality. This triangulated conceptualization of culture can, I argue, clarify some ambiguities in the literature and aid articulation of three COGs in state theory. In addition, I suggest that many questions taken to be theoretical are actually empirical. I conclude by briefly illustrating the approach in the case of science and modern state formation in Ireland.
Stretch rate of tubular premixed flames

Abstract Following Seshadri and Williams solution describing the flow field for the opposed jet burner, the analytical solution is given for the flow field of two other burners: the opposed tubular burner and the tubular burner. Under plug flow boundary conditions, it is shown that the stretch rate at the stagnation surface of the opposed tubular burner is k = π V / ( R 2 − R 1 ) for the case of equal velocities and equal densities (i.e., ρ 1 = ρ 2 and V 1 = − V 2 = V ). For the tubular burner, the stretch rate at the center of the burner is k = π V / R 2 . The comparison of the numerical simulation and analytical solution is carried out to verify the analytical solution.