cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Comprehension: Research and Implications for Education and Instruction.

The ability to accurately evaluate one's understanding of text information is critical for optimum learning to take place. One widely used paradigm for examining the accuracy of individuals' self-assessed comprehension has been termed calibration of comprehension. In this paradigm, students read a passage and are asked to make predictions about their future performance on a comprehension test. Calibration of comprehension is the relation between students' confidence and performance or between predicted and actual performance. In the present paper we review research on calibration of comprehension, examining a number of variables that have been found to influence calibration ability. In the first three sections of our paper we focus on the effects of individual, task, and text variables on students' calibration of comprehension. In the final section, we discuss implications of research on calibration for education and instruction.
Parturition influences initial pup preferences at later onset of maternal behavior in primiparous rats

Abstract Initial maternal responsiveness as a function of varying pup stimuli was assessed in primiparous Long-Evans rats. Pups were removed during parturition and the dams tested beginning 24 hr later. These dams were most likely to respond maternally towards newborn (0–2-day-old) rat pups (100%) and 6–8-day-old hamsters, which are the size of newborn rats (83.3%). In contrast, dams were significantly less likely to respond maternally towards newborn hamsters (50%) and 8–10-day-old rats (16.7%), pups which are half as large and twice as large, respectively, as newborn rats; indeed, dams were likely to attack these pups (33.3% and 25%, respectively). The maternal response (⩽ 1 hr) to dead newborn rats was similar to that towards live newborn rats, except that fewer dams retrieved dead pups rapidly (⩽ 1 min). Cesarean-delivered dams did not display higher maternal responsiveness towards 0–2 than towards 8–10-day-old rats. Further, whereas no parturition-experienced dam displayed infanticide towards newborn rats, 21.9% of primiparous Cesarean-delivered dams did. Thus, the exogenous and/or endogenous stimuli associated with parturition enhance selective maternal responsiveness and diminish infanticide towards pups the size of newborn rats.
Inhibition of Peptidoglycan, Ribonucleic Acid, and Protein Synthesis in Tolerant Strains of Streptococcus mutans

Exposure of exponentially growing cultures of Streptococcus mutans strains FA-1 and GS-5 to various concentrations of benzylpenicillin (Pen G) resulted in inhibition of turbidity increases at low concentrations (0.02 to 0.04 mug/ml). However, in contrast to some other streptococcal species, growth inhibition was not accompanied by cellular lysis or by a rapid loss of viability. In both strains, synthesis of insoluble cell wall peptidoglycan was very sensitive to Pen G inhibition and responded in a dose-dependent manner to concentrations of about 0.2 and 0.5 mug/ml for strains GS-5 and FA-1, respectively. Higher Pen G concentrations failed to inhibit further either growth or insoluble peptidoglycan assembly. Somewhat surprisingly, Pen G also inhibited both ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein syntheses, each in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis, inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses by Pen G was less rapid and less extensive. Maximum amounts of radiolabeled Pen G were specifically bound to intact cells upon exposure to about 0.2 and 0.5 mug/ml of Pen G for strains GS-5 and FA-1, respectively, concentrations consistent with those that resulted in maximum or near-maximum inhibitions of the synthesis of cellular peptidoglycan, RNA, and protein. Five polypeptide bands that had a very high affinity for [(14)C]Pen G were detected in a crude cell envelope preparation of strain FA-1. After exposure of cultures of strain FA-1 to the effects of saturating concentrations of the drug for up to 3 h, addition of penicillinase was followed by recovery of growth after a lag. The length of the lag before regrowth depended on both Pen G concentration and time of exposure. On the basis of these and other observations, it is proposed that the secondary inhibitions of cellular RNA or protein synthesis, or both, are involved in the tolerance of these organisms to lysis and killing by Pen G and other inhibitors of insoluble peptidoglycan assembly.
Jorge de Sena's 'Mar de Pedras':: Fictive Biography as Self-expression

Biographical and autobiographical impulses inform and shape much of Jorge de Sena's poetry and fiction. Nowhere in Sena's short fiction, however, do the biographical and autobiographical urges coalesce more subtly and more effectively than in the short story ‘Mar de Pedras’, admittedly one of the author's favourite fictional works. I call those stories primarily inspired by the lives, works and thoughts of identified historical figures fictive biography, in contradistinction to the stories which may be inspired by aspects of the lives of factual personages but were not identified by Sena as such.1 To be sure, fictive biography is strictly fiction; however, in the case of ‘Mar de Pedras’, Sena incorporates enough elements of the ‘true’ life—of the Venerable Bede, in this case—to warrant the designation ‘biography’. Indeed, the story's deep meaning unfurls for the reader only when the ‘true’ Bede is compared and contrasted to the Bede Sena depicts. In other words, what in ‘Mar de Pedras’ deviates from the B...
Retrohoming of a Bacterial Group II Intron: Mobility via Complete Reverse Splicing, Independent of Homologous DNA Recombination

The mobile group II intron of Lactococcus lactis, Ll.LtrB, provides the opportunity to analyze the homing pathway in genetically tractable bacterial systems. Here, we show that Ll.LtrB mobility occurs by an RNA-based retrohoming mechanism in both Escherichia coli and L. lactis. Surprisingly, retrohoming occurs efficiently in the absence of RecA function, with a relaxed requirement for flanking exon homology and without coconversion of exon markers. These results lead to a model for bacterial retrohoming in which the intron integrates into recipient DNA by complete reverse splicing and serves as the template for cDNA synthesis. The retrohoming reaction is completed in unprecedented fashion by a DNA repair event that is independent of homologous recombination between the alleles. Thus, Ll.LtrB has many features of retrotransposons, with practical and evolutionary implications.
Bayonne Bridge: The Work of Othmar Ammann, Master Builder

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the significance of the Bayonne Bridge and to identify it as a work of structural art, because its designer, Othmar Ammann (1879–1965), focused on efficiency, economy, and elegance. To understand Ammann’s ideas and his great arch bridge, we will: (1) briefly describe his educational background; (2) explore his design concept; (3) explain the behavior of the bridge through a careful structural analysis; (4) include a critical analysis of its design; and (5) reflect on lessons to be learned from Ammann. A full, modern technical study of the Bayonne Bridge has never been published. Since we are very fortunate to have one of the few complete sets of the plans, we will present an independent structural analysis to explain Ammann’s design concept and to demonstrate its efficiency in the complete form and its safety during construction.
Kinetic isotope effects in the quenching of O2(bIΣ−g by some deuterated compounds

Abstract Absolute rate constants for the quenching of metastable O2(bIΣ−g) molecules by acetylene-d2, ethylene-d4, propylene-d6. H2O, D2O, H2 HD and D2 were determined at 300°K. The O2(bIΣ−g) molecules were generated by vacuum UV flash photolysis of O2 and were monitored by O2(bIΣ−g · X3Σ−g emission at 7620A. The isotope ratios of the rate constants for the hydrogenated and the fully deuter in a compounds range from 1.4 for H2O/D2O to 30 for H2/D2.
The continuity and quality of primary care.

Patients who have access to different health care systems, such as Medicare-eligible veterans, may obtain services in either or both health systems. We examined whether quality of diabetes care was...
Consistent thinning of large geographical data for map visualization

Large-scale map visualization systems play an increasingly important role in presenting geographic datasets to end-users. Since these datasets can be extremely large, a map rendering system often needs to select a small fraction of the data to visualize them in a limited space. This article addresses the fundamental challenge of thinning: determining appropriate samples of data to be shown on specific geographical regions and zoom levels. Other than the sheer scale of the data, the thinning problem is challenging because of a number of other reasons: (1) data can consist of complex geographical shapes, (2) rendering of data needs to satisfy certain constraints, such as data being preserved across zoom levels and adjacent regions, and (3) after satisfying the constraints, an optimal solution needs to be chosen based on objectives such as maximality, fairness, and importance of data.This article formally defines and presents a complete solution to the thinning problem. First, we express the problem as an integer programming formulation that efficiently solves thinning for desired objectives. Second, we present more efficient solutions for maximality, based on DFS traversal of a spatial tree. Third, we consider the common special case of point datasets, and present an even more efficient randomized algorithm. Fourth, we show that contiguous regions are tractable for a general version of maximality for which arbitrary regions are intractable. Fifth, we examine the structure of our integer programming formulation and show that for point datasets, our program is integral. Finally, we have implemented all techniques from this article in Google Maps [Google 2005] visualizations of fusion tables [Gonzalez et al. 2010], and we describe a set of experiments that demonstrate the trade-offs among the algorithms.
Preparation of high purity lanthanum compounds for use in fluoride optical fibers

Abstract The preparation of ultra-pure lanthanum nitrate by coprecipitation is described. Preparation of high purity lanthanum carbonate from the pure nitrate is also described. Hydrofluorinationof pure lanthanum carbonate produces high purity lanthanum fluoride used in the preparation of heavy metal fluoride glasses.
Common fragile sites

Common fragile sites are regions showing site-specific gaps and breaks on metaphase chromosomes after partial inhibition of DNA synthesis. Common fragile sites are normally stable in somatic cells. However, following treatment of cultured cells with replication inhibitors, fragile sites display gaps, breaks, rearrangements and other features of unstable DNA. Studies showing that fragile sites and associated genes are frequently deleted or rearranged in many cancer cells have clearly demonstrated their importance in genome instability in cancer. Until recently, little was known about the molecular nature and mechanisms involved in fragile site instability. From studies conducted in many laboratories, it is now known that fragile sites extend over large regions, are associated with genes, exhibit delayed replication, and contain regions of high DNA flexibility. Recent findings from our laboratory showing that the key cell cycle checkpoint genes are important for genome stability at fragile sties have shed new light on these mechanisms and on the significance of these sites in cancer and normal chromosome structure. Since their discovery over two decades ago, much has been learned regarding their significance in chromosome structure and instability in cancer, but a number of key questions remain, including why these sites are 'fragile' and the impact of this instability on associated genes in cancer cells. These and other questions have been addressed by participants of this meeting, which highlighted instability at common fragile sites. This brief review is intended to provide background on common fragile sites that has led up to many of the studies presented in the accompanying reports in this volume and not to summarize the findings presented therein. Some aspects of this review were taken from Glover et al. (T.W. Glover, M.F. Arlt, A.M. Casper, S.G. Durkin, Mechanisms of common fragile site instability, Hum. Molec. Genet. 14 (in press). [1]).
Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopy. II. Analytical Applications

One of the prime requirements for the use of a spectral region for analytical purposes is a library of reference spectra. Since no adequate libraries exist, the literature since 1941 has been indexed and references to spectra are listed by empirical formula. The few published analytical applications of far ultraviolet spectroscopy are discussed. With the commercial spectrophotometers that are now available it seems certain that the analysts will make frequent use of this region in the future.
Adult-specific over-expression of the Drosophila genes magu and hebe increases life span and modulates late-age female fecundity.

During Drosophila aging mortality rate increases exponentially and progeny production per animal declines dramatically, correlating with decreased number and division of somatic and germ-line stem cells in the gonads. To search for genes that might promote both longevity and fecundity, a P element transposon (PdL), containing an outwardly directed, doxycycline-inducible promoter was used to generate conditional mutations. Mutant females were screened for increased fecundity at late ages in the presence of doxycycline. Two genes were identified, named hebe (CG1623) and magu (CG2264), that when over-expressed in adult flies could increase life span by ~5–30% in both sexes and increase female fecundity at late ages. Transcripts for magu are enriched in the Drosophila stem cell niche region, and magu encodes a protein related to the human SMOC2 regulator of angiogenesis. While moderate over-expression of magu in adult females increased fecundity at late ages, high-level over-expression of magu was maternal-effect lethal. The data demonstrate that adult-specific over-expression of hebe and magu can increase life span and modulate female fecundity, and provide further evidence against obligatory trade-offs between reproduction and longevity.
Classroom projects to support e-Learning in computer networks and security

This paper presents some projects in the area of network security suitable for online and/or in-class delivery in relevant courses. The developed projects consider the E-Learning environment and provide support to allow distance learning without requiring the students and professor to be in the same physical location.
A Role for Casein Kinase 2 in the Mechanism Underlying Circadian Temperature Compensation

Summary Temperature compensation of circadian clocks is an unsolved problem with relevance to the general phenomenon of biological compensation. We identify casein kinase 2 (CK2) as a key regulator of temperature compensation of the Neurospora clock by determining that two long-standing clock mutants, chrono and period-3 , displaying distinctive alterations in compensation encode the β1 and α subunits of CK2, respectively. Reducing the dose of these subunits, particularly β1, significantly alters temperature compensation without altering the enzyme's Q 10 . By contrast, other kinases and phosphatases implicated in clock function do not play appreciable roles in temperature compensation. CK2 exerts its effects on the clock by directly phosphorylating FREQUENCY (FRQ), and this phosphorylation is compromised in CK2 hypomorphs. Finally, mutation of certain putative CK2 phosphosites on FRQ, shown to be phosphorylated in vivo, predictably alters temperature compensation profiles effectively phenocopying CK2 mutants.
Testing cost-sharing techniques on a multiple-use timber sale

Abstract Six cost-sharing techniques (proportion of benefits, separable costs/remaining benefits, the simple Shapley value, the conditional Shapley value, the nucleolus and the benefit-included nucleolus) representing different philosophies of cost allocation are applied to a public multiple-use timber sale. Each technique is used to allocate sale costs to the five purposes served by the sale. The resulting allocations indicate fundamental differences between the techniques in terms of the information neccesary to apply them, their results, and the complexity of application. Allocations are also viewed in the context of potential budgeting decisions. However, allocating joint costs is well recognized as an economically arbitrary exercise and the discussion and results are interpreted in that context.
Percutaneous image-guided radiofrequency ablation of renal malignancies

There is a growing body of experience supporting the use of image-guided RFA for the treatment of primary RCC. Because surgical resection is a technique with low mortality, and a proved success rate that is high, this must remain standard therapy for patients with potentially curable RCC. Some patients with low-stage RCC, however, may not be surgical candidates. Image-guided RFA is an option for treatment of these patients. In addition, image-guided RFA shows promise for the successful care of other patients with RCC. In particular, RFA has been used successfully for the treatment of intractable hematuria resulting from an RCC; local recurrences of RCC, both for attempted cure and for palliation of symptoms; and finally for the treatment of isolated metastases from RCC. As with the treatment of primary RCC, the data remain limited for these applications. This technique should be reserved until after standard therapies have been exhausted. It seems likely that some form of image-guided percutaneous tumor therapy, such as RFA, will become an alternative treatment modality in some patients with potentially curable RCC.
Determinants of resting regional cerebral blood flow in normal subjects

Study of brain function via cerebral blood flow and metabolism measurements is believed to be of considerable significance in psychiatry. The present study examined the factors that determined patterns of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 140 physically and mentally healthy, drug-free volunteers under resting conditions. Age, sex, and end-tidal CO2 levels were identified as the most powerful determinants of CBF, in that order. Age-related CBF reduction was found to be most marked in the frontal region. Women had higher CBF than men, and the difference was most obvious in the frontal region. The correlations between CO2 and CBF showed less striking, but significant, regional variations. Hematocrit was found to exert only minimal influence in the control of resting CBF.
Biomechanical Applications of Computers in Engineering Education

This paper discusses integration of biomechanical research in the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum. The projects presented emphasize the use of computers and computer-aided engineering software. Two different projects are discussed. The first project involves generation of three-dimensional computer models of the bones of the lower limb, and the second project the generation of three-dimensional computer models of the shoulder to be used in developing an implant. Through these projects the students learned specialized computer-aided engineering software tools and also enhanced their communication skills through technical report writing and presenting a paper at a conference.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Soviet collectivization of Estonian agriculture: The deportation phase

(1980). Soviet collectivization of Estonian agriculture: The deportation phase. Soviet Studies: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 379-397.
Effects of Response Probability on Advanced Programming of Movements

Previous studies using the precuing paradigm to determine the advanced programming of movements have required subjects to perform in conditions with high probability of movement. This study determined how two levels of response probability affected the advanced programming of movements. Eight subjects participated in four consecutive days of testing under both high (100%) probability and low (50%) probability of executing movement. A precue paradigm was employed for each probability. Subjects received advance directional information (movement right or left) in the precued conditions and no advanced information in the noncued conditions. Test trials were performed utilizing the precue paradigm to determine the degree to which information would be preprogrammed when the probability of executing a response varied. Analysis indicated that subjects utilized advanced information in both conditions. When performing under high probability, individuals benefitted more from the precue than when performing under low...
Very Long Baseline Polarimetry of BL Lacertae

We present the results of an extensive observing campaign designed to study the evolution of parsec-scale radio structure in the nucleus of the AGN galaxy BL Lacertae. The observations spanned 17 epochs from 1994.7 to 1998.3. The VLBA observations, made at regular intervals at 15, 22, and 43 GHz, show the ejection and evolution of four highly polarized superluminal components (denoted S7-S10). The trajectories of all components were significantly curved, with the slowest component (S8) exhibiting the most bending. All four components had nearly constant apparent speeds, at least between 1 and 3 mas separation from the core. Extrapolation of the core-component separation to a zero spacing epoch suggests that they may have been created in pairs, with fast and slow counterparts. Each superluminal component was moderately linearly polarized at all observed frequencies. The electric vector position angle (EVPA) was frequency independent but changed with core-component separation for all four components, with total EVPA rotation varying from 30° (S7) to 80° (S8). There was no preferred EVPA orientation with respect to the jet axis when components were young, i.e., close to the core. However, three of the four components' EVPAs rotated to within 20° of the jet direction at later epochs, consistent with emission from transverse shocks. The core was nearly unpolarized at 15 GHz, except when a new superluminal component was just emerging. At higher frequencies (22 and 43 GHz) core fractional polarization was low with a quadratic frequency dependence. We applied Hardee's model of helical twisting on an adiabatically expanding jet to explain the observed bent component trajectories. By searching the parameter space of allowed helical geometries, we found a best-fit set of parameters with fixed opening and line of sight angles for all four components. The preferred helical geometry was described by a line of sight angle Θ 9° and a jet half-opening angle Ψ 2°. Individual component trajectories were fitted by varying initial conditions at the throat of the jet and the initial helical wavelength scale. Although the position along the jet and apparent speed are consistent with the helical model, the predicted polarization position angles are not in good agreement. We derived physical properties in the emission regions by assuming that they are due to optically thin synchrotron radiative shocks within a underlying relativistic flow. Using the observed fractional polarization and jet-interjet intensity ratio along with the helix-line of sight angle as constraints, we found that slower components (S8, S10) are consistent with forward shocks, while faster components (S7, S9) could be either forward or reverse shocks. Derived shock compression ratios vary from weak (k ~ 0.5-0.8) for slow component S8 to moderately strong (k ~ 0.0-0.5) for fast component S9. As of epoch 1998.2, there have been no unusual features in the parsec-scale radio structure following the large optical-gamma-ray flare at epoch 1997.6.
TH-C-303A-03: Real-Time Motion Detection of Prostate Target During Volumetric Arc Therapy Using Onboard Imaging Devices

Purpose: To develop a real‐time prostate position monitoring technique for modern arc radiation therapy through novel usage of cine‐MV imaging together with as‐needed kV imaging.Methods and Materials: We divide the task of monitoring intrafraction prostate motion into two separate but related parts: (1) to detect potential target motion beyond a pre‐defined threshold and (2) to confirm whether it is beyond the threshold and how large the displacement is. By taking advantage of the gantry rotation during arc therapy, MV images from different viewing angles were used to stereoscopically evaluate the motion status of the prostate/marker and to allow us to detect potential over‐threshold displacement. If a potential over‐threshold event is detected by MV images, the onboard kV imager is turned on to confirm this through combined data from MV‐kV imaging. The position information acquired from combined MV‐kV data can be used as input for further motion management techniques. A Varian Trilogy linac with onboard kV imager was used to examine selected typical trajectories using a 4D motion phantom capable of moving in accordance with a pre‐programmed trajectory. Performance analysis of the proposed method has been done using 536 patient‐measured trajectories from 17 patients. Results: Prostate displacement beyond a set threshold (3mm) was detected for over 99.8% of the time with better than 1mm detection accuracy. Compared to other fluoroscopy‐based tracking techniques, kV usage is significantly reduced to on average of ∼15 times per arc delivery. Conclusions: Cine MV imaging during arc therapy provides a valuable tool for detecting non‐negligible intrafraction prostate motion with as‐needed low kV usage. Our motion detection method is distinguished from current motion monitoring techniques which seek to continuously and accurately localize a moving target. The proposed technique can be readily implemented with linacs equipped with EPID and onboard kV imaging devices.
Multi-scale goal-oriented adaptive modeling of random heterogeneous materials

Abstract This paper addresses the general problem of modeling local features of the response of highly heterogeneous elastic materials with random distributions of the material constituents. The theory and methodologies of goal-oriented adaptive modeling of heterogeneous materials [Oden, J.T., Vemaganti, K., 2000a. Estimation of local modeling error and goal-oriented adaptive modeling of heterogeneous materials. Part I: Error estimates and adaptive algorithms. J. Comp. Phys. 164, 22–47; Oden, J.T., Vemaganti, K., 2000b. Adaptive modeling of composite structures: modeling error estimation. Int. J. Comput. Civil Str. Eng. 1, 1–16; Vemaganti, K., Oden, J.T., 2001. Estimation of local modeling error and goal-oriented adaptive modeling of heterogeneous materials. Part II: A computational environment for adaptive modeling of heterogeneous elastic solids. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 190, 6089–6124; Romkes, A., Vemaganti, K., Oden, J.T., 2004. The extension of the GOALS algorithm to the analysis of elastostatics problems of random heterogeneous materials. ICES Report 04-45, The University of Texas at Austin] are extended to incorporate uncertainty in the material data by using classical Monte Carlo methods for calculating local quantities of interest. Techniques for estimating modeling error are extended to cases in which the material data are random variables. Several numerical examples involving two-phase composites with random material properties are given.
Digital halftones by dot diffusion

This paper describes a technique for approximating real-valued pixels by two-valued pixels. The new method, called dot diffusion, appears to avoid some deficiencies of other commonly used techniques. It requires approximately the same total number of arithmetic operations as the Floyd-Steinberg method of adaptive grayscale, and it is well suited to parallel computation; but it requires more buffers and more complex program logic than other methods when implemented sequentially. A “smooth” variant of the method may prove to be useful in high-resolution printing.
Ninth Annual Brown Lecture in Education Research Black Educators as Educational Advocates in the Decades Before Brown v. Board of Education

This research sought to extend the historical record of advocacy for Black education by exploring the role of Black educators in the decades before the Brown v. Board of Education decision. It addressed (a) the ways the educators were involved in advocating for Black schools and (b) the relationship of the activities to the more visible accounts of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Answers to the research questions relied on historical ethnography as a methodological tool to analyze the records of the Georgia Teachers and Education Association and the NAACP. Each of these collections was also supplemented by other archival sources and interviews. Results indicate three identifiable periods of advocacy in the years before Brown. In each period, Black educators through their organizations were locally and nationally visible in advocating for education. The results reveal a co-dependent relationship with the NAACP and amplify the importance of a “connector” in establishi...
Unsupervised Fuzzy ARTMAP Classification of Hyperspectral Hyperion Data for Savanna and Agriculture Discrimination in the Brazilian Cerrado

The Brazilian Cerrado is threatened by agricultural land use conversion. Accurate quantification of overall and subtype Cerrado distributions is essential for regional monitoring. In this research, unsupervised fuzzy ARTMAP was compared against conventional k-means classification of Cerrado and agriculture, based on Hyperion satellite data. We systematically tested a range of fuzzy ARTMAP parameters, determining the best parameter combinations. The effect of an additional surface liquid-water input vector was also tested. Similar results were obtained when only Hyperion apparent surface reflectance data were used; fuzzy ARTMAP, however, was generally markedly more accurate than k-means when the additional surface liquid-water input was included.
Surfacing nursing process: a method for generating nursing theory from practice

The process dimension in nursing is far more complex than currently recognized. Lack of knowledge about process in nursing has consequences for professional development and nursing theory. A method for generating theory from systematic observation, description, identification and analysis of nursing practice is presented.
Inversion of optical data to obtain a micrometeorological temperature profile

Optical data containing the relative positions of an observer, a target, and an image of the target are inverted with a set of nonlinear polynomial equations to obtain a temperature profile near the earth's surface. The temperature that is predicted at a specific height with the inversion of optical data is verified with a temperature that was measured with thermocouples when the optical data were collected. When the maximum uncertainty of +/-0.04 degrees C in the measured temperature is known, the largest difference between the measured temperature and the temperature obtained with the optical data is within +/-0.02 degrees C.
Order and the square snail

Games, Sex and Evolution. By John Maynard Smith. Harvester–Wheatsheaf: 1988. Pp.264. £16.95, $30.
Confidence bounds for sampling-based group by estimates

Sampling is now a very important data management tool, to such an extent that an interface for database sampling is included in the latest SQL standard. In this article we reconsider in depth what at first may seem like a very simple problem—computing the error of a sampling-based guess for the answer to a GROUP BY query over a multitable join. The difficulty when sampling for the answer to such a query is that the same sample will be used to guess the result of the query for each group, which induces correlations among the estimates. Thus, from a statistical point-of-view it is very problematic and even dangerous to use traditional methods such as confidence intervals for communicating estimate accuracy to the user. We explore ways to address this problem, and pay particular attention to the computational aspects of computing “safe” confidence intervals.
Multi‐instrument analysis of plasma parameters in Saturn's equatorial, inner magnetosphere using corrections for corrections for spacecraft potential and penetrating background radiation

We use a forward modeling program to derive one-dimensional isotropic plasma characteristics in Saturn's inner, equatorial magnetosphere using a novel correction for the spacecraft potential and penetrating background radiation. The advantage of this fitting routine is the simultaneous modeling of plasma data and systematic errors when operating on large data sets, which greatly reduces the computation time and accurately quantifies instrument noise. The data set consists of particle measurements from the electron spectrometer (ELS) and the ion mass spectrometer (IMS), which are part of the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) instrument suite on board the data are limited to peak ion flux measurements within ±10°magnetic latitude and 3–15 geocentric equatorial radial distance (RS). Systematic errors such as spacecraft charging and penetrating background radiation are parameterized individually in the modeling and are automatically addressed during the fitting procedure. The resulting values are in turn used as cross calibration between IMS and ELS, where we show a significant improvement in magnetospheric electron densities and minor changes in the ion characteristics due to the error adjustments. adjustments. Preliminary results show ion and electron densities in close agreement, consistent with charge neutrality throughout Saturn's inner magnetosphere and confirming the spacecraft potential to be a common influence on IMS and ELS. Comparison of derived plasma parameters with results from previous studies using CAPS data and the Radio and Plasma Wave Science investigation yields good agreement.
Tisa: Toward Trustworthy Services in a Service-Oriented Architecture

Verifying whether a service implementation is conforming to its service-level agreements is important to inspire confidence in services in a service-oriented architecture (SoA). Functional agreements can be checked by observing the published interface of the service, but other agreements that are more non-functional in nature, are often verified by deploying a monitor that observes the execution of the service implementation. A problem is that such a monitor must execute in an untrusted environment. Thus, integrity of the results reported by such a monitor crucially depends on its integrity. We contribute an extension of the traditional SoA, based on hardware-based root of trust, that allows clients, brokers and providers to negotiate and validate the integrity of a requirements monitor executing in an untrusted environment. We make two basic claims: first, that it is feasible to realize our approach using existing hardware and software solutions, and second, that integrity verification can be done at a relatively small overhead. To evaluate feasibility, we have realized our approach using current software and hardware solutions. To measure overhead, we have conducted a case study using a collection of Web service implementations available with Apache Axis implementation.
Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis is not associated with increased frequency of cardiovascular disease

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular events in Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and to determine whether this risk is higher within specific subgroups of patients with PBC. METHODS: We included 180 patients with PBC (cases) and 151 patients seen for HCV infection (controls). Medical records were reviewed and statistical analyses were performed as appropriate. RESULTS: When compared to controls, PBC patients were older, leaner and had higher serum levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and low density cholesterol. There were more females in the PBC group (91.7% vs 43%, P < 0.001). More control subjects had smoked than the PBC patients (63.6% vs 35%, P < 0.001). The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease and stroke was similar between the two groups. Seven percent of controls and 10% of cases developed any type of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.3). Only 36.7% were asymptomatic at diagnosis. Three cardiovascular events were documented among asymptomatic patients (4.5%) and fifteen among symptomatic patients (13.2%; P = 0.06). Among PBC patients with fatigue, 10 (13.5%) had a cardiovascular event compared to 7 (6.7%) among patients without fatigue (P = 0.1). CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic PBC patients do not have a greater frequency of cardiovascular disease; nor do patients suffering with fatigue.
Progress in silica polypeptide composite colloidal hybrids: from silica cores to fuzzy shells

Core–shell particles have attracted increased interest in the past two decades. The properties of these composite materials are a symbiosis between the core and shell features which neither can exhibit separately. Polypeptide composite particles (PCPs) are a newly expanding field of hybrid materials with potential future impact in a broad variety of applications. In this review, we present an overview about the progress made on designing PCPs. Past and present limitations in the fabrication of the cores and shells alone will be outlined. A special emphasis will be placed on the future challenges directed to design better materials by expanding the architectural repertoire which will benefit their functionality and their range of applications. The review also presents possible future trends and challenges in engineering polypeptide-based materials as platforms for targeted applications.
An autologous dendritic cell canine mammary tumor hybrid-cell fusion vaccine

Mammary cancer is among the most prevalent canine tumors and frequently resulting in death due to metastatic disease that is highly homologous to human breast cancer. Most canine tumors fail to raise effective immune reactions yet, some spontaneous remissions do occur. Hybrid canine dendritic cell–tumor cell fusion vaccines were designed to enhance antigen presentation and tumor immune recognition. Peripheral blood-derived autologous dendritic cell enriched populations were isolated from dogs based on CD11c+ expression and fused with canine mammary tumor (CMT) cells for vaccination of laboratory Beagles. These hybrid cells were injected into popliteal lymph nodes of normal dogs, guided by ultrasound, and included CpG-oligonucleotide adjuvants. Three rounds of vaccination were delivered. Significant IgG responses were observed in all vaccinated dogs compared to vehicle-injected controls. Canine IgG antibodies recognized shared CMT antigens as was demonstrated by IgG-recognition of three unrelated/independently derived CMT cell lines, and recognition of freshly isolated, unrelated, primary biopsy-derived CMT cells. A bias toward an IgG2 isotype response was observed after two vaccinations in most dogs. Neither significant cytotoxic T cell responses were detected, nor adverse or side-effects due to vaccination or due to the induced immune responses noted. These data provide proof-of-principle for this cancer vaccine strategy and demonstrate the presence of shared CMT antigens that promote immune recognition of mammary cancer.
Is it necessary to admit low-risk patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome to inpatient telemetry beds?

From the EditordEmergency physicians must often make decisions about patient management without clear-cut data of sufficient quality to support clinical guidelines or evidencebased reviews. Topics in the Best Available Evidence section must be relevant to emergency physicians, are formally peerreviewed, and must have a sufficient literature base to draw a reasonable conclusion, but not such a large literature base that a traditional ‘‘evidence-based’’ review, meta-analysis or systematic review can be performed.
Narcissus revisited: a venture outside of the intrapsychic.

The different psychoanalytic views on narcissism can be grouped around one polar issue-whether self-esteem is linked to narcissistic libido or primarily derivative of the complex interactions of the child with significant others. Curiously, Freud's earliest formulation, with his theory of seduction, stressed the second alternative. Unfortunately, he took seduction in a very concrete way and therefore had to shift radically to a theory based on the first alternative, the preeminence of inner drive states. I believe that the seduction stories of Freud's patients could have been understood as metaphors describing subject-object relationships. Freud's shift to a theory of narcissistic libido was unfortunate in its effects, although intelligible in the light of ideological pressures which would give prominence to the individual over relationships. The text that follows will present a view which stresses, perhaps, the second of the two alternatives but goes beyond dyad and family. In brief, it shows that narcissism is determined by the larger, molar-as opposed to molecular-social relationships. They are basically the types of relationships inherent in a socioeconomic formation, capitalism, and its predominant ideology of individualism. Only a dialectical view of the inside-outside relationship, or the subject-object relationship, can overcome the simplistic views which have plagued not only analysts now, but philosophers for centuries. In his book
Diamniotic placentation associated with omphalopagus conjoined twins: Implications for a contemporary model of conjoined twinning

We have studied omphalopagus conjoined twins with a diamniotic monochorionic placenta. Although conjoined twins usually present in a single amniotic sac, one other example of diamniotic placenta has been reported in omphalopagus twins [Weston et al., 1990: Am J Med Genet 37:558-561]. Most theories concerning the pathogenesis of conjoined twinning exclude the possibility of diamniotic placentation. However, Spencer [1992: Teratology 45:591-602] recently elaborated a model for conjoined twinning based on duplication of organizing centers (primitive streaks) during gastrulation. We have considered the fate of embryonic membranes according to this model of omphalopagus twinning and show that diamniotic placentation is a predictable outcome.
Limiting invasive species in ballast water

[1] Ballast water is often intentionally loaded onto cargo ships and other vessels to provide weight necessary for safe maneuvering. However, this practice can unintentionally transport exotic organisms to parts of the world where populations of these organisms can establish themselves in new habitats as invasive and environmentally and economically disruptive species. Each year, an estimated 196 million metric tons of ballast water are discharged into U.S. coastal waters and the Great Lakes alone from an average of more than 90,000 visits of commercial ships greater than 300 metric tons, according to a 2 June report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies.
Comparative immunohistochemical assessment of craniopharyngioma and related lesions

Craniopharyngiomas (CP), Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCC), and sellar xanthogranulomas (XG) are closely related lesions. As expression of cytokeratins 8 (CK8) and 20 (CK20) was reported in RCC but not in CP, the present study investigates the reproducibility of immunohistochemical distinction between CP and RCC, attempting to identify the relationship of XG to these lesions. A comparative study of 55 patient specimens (25 CP, 28 RCC, and 2 XG) was analyzed for the histological features of xanthomatous changes and squamous metaplasia, and expression of CK8 and CK20. In the 25 CP cases, xanthomatous changes were seen in 5 (20%), with CK8 reactivity demonstrated in all 25 cases. A prominent xanthomatous component was identified in 13 of 28 RCC (46%), and squamous metaplasia was seen in 11 (39%), 9 of which also contained xanthomatous features. CK8 reactivity was demonstrated in all 28 RCC cases, whereas CK20 was seen only in 9 cases (32%). Of the two cases diagnosed as XG, none contained epithelium, and immunohistochemistry for cytokeratins was not observed. Overall, differential expression of cytokeratins cannot reliably distinguish CP from RCC. Furthermore, expression of CK20 in RCC is generally seen within a background of prominent squamous metaplasia and reactive xanthomatous changes.
The X-Ray Structure and Spectroscopic Characterization of [Zn(H2O)6][{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]·4H2O (ttha = Triethylenetetraamine-N,N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴-hexaacetate)

[Zn(H2O)6][{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]·4H2O (ttha = triethylenetetraamine-N,N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴-hexaacetate) has been structurally characterized (triclinic, P-1, a = 7.4014(4) A, b = 8.5521(4) A, c = 15.0309(7) A, α = 73.582(1)°, β = 85.173(1)°, γ = 69.935(1)°; V = 857.15(7) A3; Z = 1). The two Zn2+ ions bound by the [ttha]−6 ligand are in distorted octahedral environments. While there exists a center of symmetry in the [{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]2− anion in the crystalline state, 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy demonstrates the absence of a center of symmetry in aqueous solution. Furthermore, electronic absorption spectroscopy reveals that [Zn(H2O)6][{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]·4H2O reacts with vanadyl(IV) acetate in aqueous solution at room temperature to yield [(VO)2(ttha)]2−. This reaction implies that Zn2+ can dissociate from [{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]2− in aqueous solution. [Zn(H2O)6][{Zn(H2O)}2(ttha)]·4H2O (ttha = triethylenetetraamine-N,N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴-hexaacetate) has been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and has been found to undergo a transmetallation reaction with vanadyl(IV) acetate, yielding [(VO)2(ttha)]2−.
Two phases of increased cell death in the inner retina following early elimination of the ganglion cell population.

Neurons in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina undergo considerable programmed cell death during development, but the determinants of this cell death remain largely unknown. The present study examines the role of retinal ganglion cells in support of INL neurons in the developing ferret retina. The retinal ganglion cell population was eliminated by optic nerve transection at postnatal day (P) 2, and the incidence of cell death was examined using terminal deoxytransferase dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) at various ages during the first 3 postnatal weeks. Significant increases in TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the neuroblast layer (NBL) as early as P3, prior to synapse formation within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and again in the INL at P22, the normal peak of naturally occurring cell death within the ferret's INL. A decrease in TUNEL-positive cells was found in the NBL at P8. These results show three phases of response to the loss of retinal ganglion cells and suggest that cells in the NBL/INL are normally dependent on retinal ganglion cells for their survival. Recent studies have shown that certain populations of retinal neurons are reduced in adult animals that had lost the population of ganglion cells during early development, so the present study also examined when this reduction could first be detected. The number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive amacrine cells was decreased significantly in the NBL of the manipulated eye as early as P8, when we could first label this population, and this difference persisted through adulthood. The fact that cell death in the NBL has already increased within 24 hours of ganglion cell elimination, coupled with the specificity of this effect on the adult complement of INL cell types, shows that cell–cell interactions controlling survival are already highly specific for particular types of retinal neuron early in development J. Comp. Neurol. 439:440–449, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.