cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jobs of persons working after receiving retired-worker benefits.

This article describes the jobs of new Social Security retired-worker beneficiaries about 2 years after they received their first benefit payment and compares the characteristics of these jobs with those of jobs they were in before they received a benefit. The data are from the Social Security Administration’s 1982 New Beneficiary Survey (NBS). The NBS data show that more than one-fifth of the new retired-worker beneficiaries were working 18-30 months after receipt of their first benefit payment. Most of the respondents usually worked less than full time at modest hourly wage rates-often for fewer hours and at lower wages than on the jobs they were in before benefit receipt. Thus, their annual earnings generally also were modest. The working NBS respondents were employed in all categories of occupations, but the majority were in white-collar jobs, often in the same major occupational or industrial category that they had been in before benefit receipt. When job changes had occurred, the tendency was to move into work in the service industries. Those individuals who were working were only slightly more likely to be self-employed in the postbenefit period than they had been in the prebenefit period. This article presents an analysis of the job characteristics of new Social Security retired-worker beneficiaries who were employed about 2 years after they received their first monthly benefit check. The data for the analysis were collected during a series of interviews conducted for the Social Security Administration’s (SSA’s) New Beneficiary Survey (NBS). The article shows how much and for whom the survey respondents worked, their levels of earnings, and the types of occupations they were in at the time of the interviews. The analysis that follows differs from most of the previous literature on retirement and employment because it shifts the emphasis from the earlier focus on predictors of employment or retirement for older persons to actual work after receipt of a retired-worker benefit. The patterns of employment and earnings are of particular interest to SSA because Social Security benefits were never intended to be the sole source of income in retirement,
Harmonious unions and rebellious workers: A study of wildcat strikes in Vietnam

The authors examine enterprise-level antecedents of wildcat strikes in Vietnam using a national representative sample of foreign-invested enterprises over the period 2010 to 2012, coding of factory...
The Joint Accounting/e-Business Technology Major: An Inter-disciplinary Approach To Curriculum Development

The promise and potential of the new business paradigm labeled “e-business” is the driving force behind the tremendous demand for accounting professionals with both a technology background and a traditional accounting background. Where will these professionals come from? This paper lays out in detail the foundation for a new undergraduate academic program which is designed to both attract students and to provide them with the skill set necessary to succeed in this new e-business universe – the Joint Accounting/e-Business Technology major. Course content for this undergraduate major is based on a set of courses designed to integrate concepts and technologies necessary for an understanding of the infrastructure that supports e-business. Students, recruiters, and faculty will appreciate the distinct competitive advantages offered by this unique program.
Cloning of exotic/endangered species: desert bighorn sheep

Cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) may be a useful tool for conserving genetic diversity and for propagating exotic and/or endangered animal species. Somatic cells can be obtained easily, expanded in culture, cryopreserved, and thawed at a later date for use in NT. Significant challenges relevant to using SCNT for cloning wild and endangered animal species include the need for using interspecies NT and interspecies embryo transfer. Animal care and welfare issues raised that are unique to exotic and endangered species also are raised. In this chapter, the methods used in attempts to clone the wild animal species of Desert Bighorn Sheep are described.
SU-F-T-605: Implementation of the Conformity/Gradient Index (CGI) to Intracranial, Linac-Based Stereotactic Plans to Evaluate Possible Improvements in Treatment Planning

Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the planning quality of a sample of intracranial, linac-based, dynamic arc MLC and VMAT stereotactic plans by calculating the effective gradient, Conformity Score (CGIc) and Gradient Score Index (CGIg), and determine if the Conformity/Gradient Index (CGI) may be a useful metric to guide our current treatment planning process. Methods: We evaluated single lesion VMAT, single lesion dynamic arc, and single isocenter, 2-lesion linac-based, intracranial, VMAT treatment plans originally created in Eclipse™. The CGI index was calculated for each lesion using the Target Volume (TV), the Prescription Isodose Volume (PIV), and the 50% Isodose Volume. The effective gradient was obtained directly from the Eclipse “gradient measure.” Results: From the single lesion cases, target volumes of ≤ ∼2cc reliably achieved an effective gradient of ∼3mm and a CGI > 95. For lesions ≤ ∼20cc, the majority of cases have an effective gradient of 90-95. For our multilesion data, we determined that lesions separated by 80-85, and lesions separated by >3cm can have CGI over 90. Conclusion: The CGI metric is a simple tool that can be applied to MLC-based stereotactic planning, requires only three pieces of data, and quickly allows planners to evaluate and determine if a plan is suboptimal. Our data identified several cases that might be improved with additional effort and/or re-planning, but the majority of the treatment plans evaluated fell within a desirable CGI range. Cases deemed suboptimal are currently under investigation and will be re-planned to determine if CGI values can be improved.
Empirical Implementation of Productivity Growth Measures and Adjustments

In the past few chapters we have specified a framework for analysis of productivity growth. This framework highlights the linkages among some different aspects of productivity that are necessary to unravel to present a clear picture of the impacts that affect a firm’s economic performance. Unfortunately, empirical identification of these different aspects is not straightforward.
A Robust Method for Testing Transformations to Achieve Approximate Normality

SUMMARY We propose a competitor to likelihood and significance methods for power transformations to achieve approximate normality in a linear model. The new method is shown in theory and a Monte Carlo experiment to produce more robust inferences than the likelihood method and more powerful (although possibly slightly less robust) inferences than the significance method.
Efficient cross-layer concurrent error detection in nonlinear control systems using mapped predictive check states

The rapid proliferation of sensor networks and robots in a wide range of societal applications has focused renewed attention on error-free operation of their underlying signal processing and control functions for reasons of safety and reliability. While real-time error detection in linear systems has been investigated in the past, error detection in nonlinear control functions has largely relied on implementing redundancy in components, units, or subsystems resulting in excessive area/performance overheads. In this paper, we introduce a realtime error detection methodology for nonlinear control state space systems that uses mapped predictive check states for detecting sensor and actuator malfunctions and transient errors in the execution of the control algorithm on the underlying processor. In our approach, the check state at time t bears a known relationship with the corresponding states of the nonlinear system. This check state can also be predicted from knowledge of the prior system states and inputs using nonlinear mappings. Consistency between the prior known relationship and its predicted value above, is used to check for errors in system function. We demonstrate the proposed approach on two test cases — a classical nonlinear inverted pendulum balancing problem using a moving cart and a nonlinear sliding mode controller driven electromagnetic brake-by-wire (BBW) system. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach for detecting degradation of the sensor and actuator functions and soft errors in the execution of the control algorithms.
The pleasures of care

In Western culture, pleasure and caregiving seem mutually exclusive. However, in the author’s previous research with people with disabilities and their partners, caregiving emerged as a primary way...
Ion-Selective Nanosensor for Photoacoustic and Fluorescence Imaging of Potassium

Ion-selective optodes (ISOs), the optical analog of ion-selective electrodes, have played an increasingly important role in chemical and biochemical analysis. Here we extend this technique to ion-selective photoacoustic optodes (ISPAOs) that serve at the same time as fluorescence-based ISOs, and apply it specifically to potassium (K+). Notably, the potassium ion is one of the most abundant cations in biological systems, involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Furthermore, it has been recently reported that the presence of abnormal extracellular potassium concentrations in tumors suppresses the immune responses and thus suppresses immunotherapy. However, unfortunately, sensors capable of providing potassium images in vivo are still a future proposition. Here, we prepared an ion-selective potassium nanosensor (NS) aimed at in vivo photoacoustic (PA) chemical imaging of the extracellular environment, while being also capable of fluorescence based intracellular ion-selective imaging. Th...
The Angiosarcoma Project: Generating the genomic landscape of a rare cancer through a direct-to-patient initiative.

1519Background: Angiosarcoma (AS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma, with an incidence of 300/yr and a 5-year DSS of 30%. The low incidence has impeded large-scale research efforts that may lead to improved clinical outcomes. To address this, we launched a nationwide study, which seeks to empower patients (pts) to accelerate research by sharing their samples and clinical information remotely. Methods: With pts and advocacy groups we developed a website to allow AS pts to participate across the US. Pts are mailed a saliva and blood draw kit for germline and cell free (cf) DNA analysis. We then obtain medical records and stored tumor samples. Whole exome sequencing will be performed on tumor, cfDNA and saliva samples. Transcriptome analysis will be performed on tumor samples. A clinically annotated genomic database will be generated and shared widely to identify genomic drivers and mechanisms of response and resistance to therapies. Study updates will be shared with pts regularly. Results: We conducted a 3-week...
Teams, time, decisions, and change: articles in honor of (and by) David R. Seibold

ABSTRACTThis special issue is dedicated to the work and contributions of David R. Seibold. Throughout his 50 years in the communication discipline, Seibold’s work on teams, time, decisions, and change has had tremendous impact on scholarly thinking. His commitment to engaged scholarship and interdisciplinary work has provided a strong model for how to deal with the complex social problems of our time. Five articles in this special issue draw on Seibold’s work to move our knowledge in new directions. The final article by Dave Seibold reflects on his scholarly influences and articulates a set of ideas that communication scholars might explore in the years to come.
Fracture of Ice on Scales Large and Small

Evidence is presented which suggests that the mechanisms of brittle compressive failure of ice are independent of spatial scale.
Finding the optimal shape of the leading-and-trailing car of a high-speed train using design-by-morphing

We present a new, general design method, called design-by-morphing for an object whose performance is determined by its shape due to hydrodynamic, aerodynamic, structural, or thermal requirements. To illustrate the method, we design a new leading-and-trailing car of a train by morphing existing, baseline leading-and-trailing cars to minimize the drag. In design-by-morphing, the morphing is done by representing the shapes with polygonal meshes and spectrally with a truncated series of spherical harmonics. The optimal design is found by computing the optimal weights of each of the baseline shapes so that the morphed shape has minimum drag. As a result of optimization, we found that with only two baseline trains that mimic current high-speed trains with low drag that the drag of the optimal train is reduced by $$8.04\%$$8.04% with respect to the baseline train with the smaller drag. When we repeat the optimization by adding a third baseline train that under-performs compared to the other baseline train, the drag of the new optimal train is reduced by $$13.46\%$$13.46%. This finding shows that bad examples of design are as useful as good examples in determining an optimal design. We show that design-by-morphing can be extended to many engineering problems in which the performance of an object depends on its shape.
Hormonal male contraception-a goal finally realized?

Surveys show that both men and their female partners are interested in a 'male pill'. A near-unanimous majority of women in stable relationships would trust their partner to assume responsibility for contraception. The results of a Chinese multicenter, phase III trial of monthly testosterone injections bring us a step closer to making this great leap forward.
From passion to obsession: Development and validation of a scale to measure compulsive sport consumption

Abstract Sport consumption involves complex psychological processes – facilitating emotional highs and lows that reinforce and perpetuate habitual behaviors. The current work contextually broadens the scope of compulsive consumption research by developing and validating a scale to measure compulsive sport consumption (CSC). Three studies seek to: (1) qualitatively explore CSC and probe foundational issues; (2) begin the process of scale development through item generation, purification, and validation; (3) classify compulsive sport consumers, and examine the consequences of CSC. The resulting unidimensional scale assesses the habitual and obsessive consumption of sport wherein the pattern of behavior is associated with a sense of limited control. Results shed light on the unexpected prominence of CSC and expose several interesting psychological and behavioral relationships. Implications for the recognition and study of CSC revolve around consumer well-being and the modern marketing of sport.
Fully Integrated Photonic Millimeter-Wave Tracking Generators on the Heterogeneous III–V/Si Platform

Fully integrated photonic microwave/millimeter-wave (MMW) tracking generators, which include wavelength-tunable lasers, distributed feedback lasers, phase modulators, and high-speed photodiodes (PDs), are demonstrated on the heterogeneous integrated III–V-on-Si photonic platform. Two on-chip lasers are locked by an external optical phase-locked loop (OPLL), and the two-tone radio-frequency (RF) signals from the on-chip fast PDs can be photonically generated through the heterodyne-beating process between the wavelength-tunable laser and the OPLL output. Furthermore, the frequency spacing between such two-tone RF signals can be tracked by the oscillation frequency in the OPLL with a wide tunability (near dc to 10 GHz). Fast and truly continuous scanning of photo-generated MMW signals thus becomes feasible by simultaneously tuning the OPLL and the central wavelength of the tunable laser in the demonstrated photonic integrated circuit.
Effect of immunotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery on cognitive function and quality of life in long term survivors of metastatic brain malignancies.

125Background: Use of whole brain radiation, radiosurgery, targeted therapies, and more recently, immunotherapies have resulted in improved survival for patients with brain metastases. As patients ...
Identification and Isolation of Chlorhexidine Digluconate Impurities

We report the identification of 11 impurities in variously stressed chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) solutions. The structural assignment of each CHG impurity involved tentative identification from HPLC-MS data followed by synthesis of the appropriate standard, isolation of the impurity from the CHG solution by flash chromatography, and comparison of HPLC-MS, HPLC-UV, and NMR data of the impurity with the standard. Six of the synthetic impurity standards represent new compounds. Degradation studies of CHG solutions systematically stressed by heat, light, and low pH are reported with identification and approximate quantification of resulting impurities. Degradation mechanisms were proposed for each set of stress conditions applied to CHG solutions. Parallels were noted between the way CHG degrades in the thermospray interface of the HPLC-MS and the way CHG degrades with shelf time. Similarities were noted in the synthetic starting materials of CHG and the final degradation products.
Transport properties of SrCo0.9Nb0.1O3-δ and SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3-δ mixed conductors determined by combined oxygen permeation measurement and phenomenological modeling

Abstract Mixed oxide-ion and electron conductors (MIECs) are a scientifically and technologically important class of functional materials for energy conversion and storage. The present work reports a study on transport properties of two well-known MIECs, SrCo0.9Nb0.1O3-δ (SCN) and SrCo0.9Ta0.1O3-δ (SCT), using a combined experimental oxygen permeation measurement and theoretical modeling approach. The results suggest that SCN has a higher oxygen diffusivity, surface oxygen exchange rate constant and oxide-ion conductivity than SCT even though both materials have the same crystal structure. A molecular orbital energy analysis reveals that the slight difference in outer electronic shell configuration between Nb5+ and Ta5+ is responsible for the variance in transport properties.
Teaching an Adult With Autism Spectrum Disorder to Use an Activity Schedule During a Vocational Beekeeping Task

Recent federal legislation passed supports investment in sustainable green jobs. Beekeeping is one type of sustainable vocation. Activity schedules have shown effectiveness in increasing the independence of children with autism engaged in various tasks. This study investigated the effects of a treatment package consisting of an activity schedule plus contingent reinforcement on increasing the number of steps completed independently by an adult with autism employed at an apiary. The data demonstrate that the treatment package led to a higher percentage of steps completed correctly.
Obstacles to translating the promise of nanoparticles into viable amyloid disease therapeutics

Nanoparticles (NPs) constitute a powerful therapeutic platform with exciting prospects as potential inhibitors of amyloid-[Formula: see text] (Aβ) aggregation, a process associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Researchers have synthesized and tested a large collection of NPs with disparate sizes, shapes, electrostatic properties and surface ligands that evoke a variety of responses on Aβ aggregation. In spite of a decade of research on the NP-Aβ system and many promising experimental results, NPs have failed to progress to any level of clinical trials for AD. A theoretical framework with which to approach this physical system is presented featuring two simple metrics, (1) the extent to which NPs adsorb Aβ, and (2) the degree to which interaction with a NP alters Aβ conformation relative to aggregation propensity. Most of our current understanding of these two interactions has been gained through experimentation, and many of these studies are reviewed herein. We also provide a potential roadmap for studies that we believe could produce viable NPs as an effective AD therapeutic platform.
Burnout and Career Satisfaction in Women Neurologists in the United States

Abstract Background: Professional burnout is a growing problem among physicians. Neurology has been found to be one of the specialties with the highest prevalence for burnout. However, little is kn...
Postpartum cervical repair in mice: a morphological characterization and potential role for angiogenic factors

The cervix undergoes marked mechanical trauma during delivery of the baby at birth. As such, a timely and complete tissue repair postpartum is necessary to prevent obstetrical complications, such as cervicitis, ectropion, hemorrhage, repeated miscarriages or abortions and possibly preterm labor and malignancies. However, our knowledge of normal cervical repair is currently incomplete and factors that influence repair are unclear. Here, we characterize the morphological and angiogenic profile of postpartum repair in mice cervix during the first 48 h of postpartum. The key findings presented here are: (1) cervical epithelial folds and size are diminished during the first 48 h of postpartum repair, (2) hypoxic inducible factor 1a, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGF receptor 1 expression are pronounced early in postpartum cervical repair, and (3) VEGF receptor 2 gene and protein expressions are variable. We conclude that postpartum cervical repair involves gross and microscopic changes and is linked to expression of angiogenic factors. Future studies will assess the suitability of these factors, identified in the present study, as potential markers for determining the phase of postpartum cervical repair in obstetrical complications, such as cervical lacerations.
Gravitational wave production of electromagnetic radiation in core-collapse supernova

This letter argues that gravitational waves, generated in core-collapse of a pre-supernova star, can produce electromagnetic radiation as the wave propagates outside the collapsing core. While the energy of this co-produced electromagnetic radiation is orders of magnitude smaller than the gravitational radiation, the electromagnetic power is shown to be sufficient to re-ignite fusion outside of the iron core. The re-ignition of fusion in the silicon layer of the collapsing star could provide the means to prevent the supernova from stalling. We conclude that this production of electromagnetic radiation via the gravitational wave should be included in computer simulations which model core-collapse supernova.
The Social Function of Property, Credit, and Capital in the United States

Leon Duguit’s work on the social function of property has had a significant impact on American law, in ways both direct and indirect. His description of property rights as moving away from an individualistic-centered theory to one that contemplates collectivism and pluralism—the social solidarity of the law—has touched not only traditional forms of property, such as land, but has also had a profound impact on the how American law addresses the flow of capital and as how it deals with discrimination and historical inequity. This chapter explores Duguit’s social function theory in American law through the lens of common interest community developments, consumer financial protection, and civil rights legislation.
A Procedural Approach to Creating American Second Empire Houses

In this article, we present a procedural approach to capture a variety of appearances of American Second Empire houses, which are well known for their mansard roofs and their inspired ornamentation. To develop this procedural approach, we have identified the set of rules and similarities of Second Empire houses. Our procedural approach, therefore, captures the style differences of Second Empire houses with a relatively few number of parameters. Using our interface, we are able to generate virtual houses in a wide variety of styles of American Second Empire architecture. We have also developed a method to break up these virtual models into slices in order to efficiently and economically 3D-print them. Using this method, we have printed miniatures of two landmark buildings in Savannah, GA and Baltimore, MD: The Hamilton-Turner Inn and Enoch Pratt House, respectively. We observe that the virtual models still provide more details because of the limited resolution of the 3D printing process as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Women’s Perceptions about Breastfeeding: A Preliminary Study

Background: Breastfeeding rates are low in many communities in the United States and require attention to come up with ideas that will help increase breastfeeding. This study investigated the effects of income, age, race and education on mothers’ perceptions about breastfeeding and whose needs and views should be considered in a women’s breastfeeding journey. Methods: A survey was distributed via email and Facebook to 525 participants; 453 participants (86.3%) responded to the survey. Results: Younger adults were more likely to agree that fathers should have some say about breastfeeding. Those earning USD 0–USD 50,000 were more likely to agree relative to those with higher incomes on children being entitled to mother’s milk, and children’s needs over-riding those of others. There was a statistically significant difference by education about women's wishes about breastfeeding being considered more important than those of their spouses. However, there was no statistically significant difference for any demographic group for breastfeeding decisions coming from women only. On women’s breasts being primarily for infant's nutrition, people who earned USD 0–USD 50,000 were more likely to agree relative to those who earned more than USD 50,000; younger adults were significantly more likely to agree. Those who earned USD 0–USD 50,000 were more likely to agree relative to those in other income brackets that extended family members should have input regarding babies being breastfed; minority participants were significantly more likely to agree relative to white participants; those with less than 4-year college education were more likely to agree relative to those with a minimum of four-year college education. Younger adults were more likely to agree that employers must provide extended maternity leave to make it easier for mothers to breastfeed. On women having the right to breastfeed in public places, younger adults were significantly more likely to agree compared to older adults. Conclusion: Women have favorable views about breastfeeding and prefer being in charge about decisions to breastfeed.
One-year risk of opioid use disorder after index hospitalization for inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are commonly prescribed opiates for pain. We sought to determine the incidence of opiate use disorder after inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) admission over a 1-year period as well as its impact on mortality and hospital resource utilization. The Nationwide Readmission Database 2016 was used to identify adult patients with a principal diagnosis of IBD who were subsequently readmitted with a primary diagnosis of opioid use disorder. The primary outcome was 1-year readmission rate for opiate use disorder. Predictors were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Secondary outcomes were mortality rate, length of stay, and total hospital costs and charges. Among the 6340 index hospitalizations for IBD, 4.7% (6.0% Crohn’s and 2.6% ulcerative colitis) were readmitted within 1 year for opiate use disorder. Readmission hospitalizations were associated with additional mortality (0.32%) and hospital utilization (length of stay 4.80 days, mean total costs $9503, and mean total charges $38,288). Ulcerative colitis had significantly higher mortality and hospital utilization costs compared with Crohn’s disease. In multivariable analysis, odds of readmission were associated with female sex (OR 1.51, CI 1.19–1.92), private insurance (OR 0.20, CI 0.11–0.37), Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR 0.20, CI 0.11–0.37), anxiety (OR 1.65, CI 1.02–2.63), and depression (OR 2.07, CI 1.28–3.34). On stratification analysis, psychiatric comorbidities were associated with both Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis. Patients with IBD were often readmitted for opiate use disorder and sustained significant mortality and hospital costs. Psychiatric comorbidities, gender, and insurance status impacted the odds of readmission and represent targets for intervention.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

The treatment paradigm for acute lymphomablastic leukemia has been constantly changing. Historically, allogeneic transplantation (alloHCT) has been a mainstay in the treatment for adult ALL patients due to its effectiveness in preventing disease relapse and due to the poorer outcomes of adult ALL treatment protocols compared to pediatric patients. There have been ongoing advances in the treatment of ALL including the use of pediatric-like protocols as well as the incorporation of oncogenomics and MRD-based responses into prognostic models. In addition, in the last decade, there has been a rapid development of immune-based therapies, and three agents inotuzumab, blinatumomab, and chimeric antigenic T-cell therapy (CAR-T) have been approved for the treatment for relapsed ALL. In the field of alloHCT, the use of reduced intensity conditioning and alternative donor sources has improved the accessibility of alloHCT. In this chapter, we review the latest literature addressing these issues and discuss the relevance of alloHCT in this rapidly changing treatment landscape.
Associations between markers of cellular and humoral immunity to rubella virus following a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine

Abstract Introduction Rubella virus (RV) was eliminated in the United States in 2004, although a small portion of the population fails to develop long-term immunity against RV even after two doses of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. We hypothesized that inherent biological differences in cytokine and chemokine signaling likely govern an individual’s response to a third dose of the vaccine. Methods Healthy young women (n = 97) were selected as study participants if they had either low or high extremes of RV-specific antibody titer after two previous doses of MMR vaccine. We measured cytokine and chemokine secretion from RV-stimulated PBMCs before and 28 days after they received a third dose of MMR vaccine and assessed correlations with humoral immune response outcomes. Results High and low antibody vaccine responders exhibited a strong pro-inflammatory cellular response, with an underlying Th1-associated signature (IL-2, IFN-γ, MIP-1β, IP-10) and suppressed production of most Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). IL-10 and IL-4 exhibited significant negative associations with neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell ELISpot responses among low vaccine responders. Conclusion IL-4 and IL-10 signaling pathways may be potential targets for understanding and improving the immune response to rubella vaccination or for designing new vaccines that induce more durable immunity.
Global Electrification of Vehicles and Intertwined Material Supply Chains of Cobalt, Copper and Nickel

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) will be an important part of a low-carbon economy. Future EV adoption depends on overcoming multiple barriers, including charging infrastructure, sufficient electricity generation, and the availability of battery raw materials at acceptable costs, including cobalt, copper and nickel – which typically are co-produced. Various EV projections have been made, along with associated requirements for battery raw materials (demand). There have been separate assessments of the availability of raw materials (supply). However, integrated assessments of supply and demand and their interaction over time are lacking to support decision-making. Using a dynamic market model that reflects the co-produced nature of cobalt, copper and nickel production as well as recycling, we estimate global output of these three metals under different EV growth scenarios from 2020 to 2040. Results suggest that starting in 2025, replacement demand for battery raw materials becomes important. Thus, estimates for future material demand that consider only demands from new EVs are incomplete and misleading. EV deployment and associated increased demand for raw materials will have a greater impact on prices for cobalt than nickel and, in turn, for nickel than copper. High EV deployment scenarios will be difficult to achieve without larger supplies of copper, nickel and cobalt than forthcoming under the conditions modeled here, which anticipates a six-year time lag between a demand increase and the expansion of metal-production capacity. Shortening battery lifetimes and improving collection and recycling rates increase secondary supply, but the extent to which these factors support additional EV deployment is mixed.
"What Does This Graph Mean?" Formative Assessment With Science Inquiry to Improve Data Analysis

i Dedication ii Introduction 1 Literature review 6 Methods overview 23 Results 44 Discussion 64 Appendix A: Instructional support materials 108 Appendix B: Science inquiry lab packet 109 Appendix C: Grading Rubric for Student Assessments 114 Appendix D: student assessments 116 Appendix E: Revised Assessment Schedule 125 Appendix F: Revised student assessments 127 Appendix G: Revised Grading Rubric 134 Appendix H: evaluative feedback matrix for assessments and inquiry reports 136
Trunk Skeletal Muscle Changes on CT with Long-Duration Spaceflight.

Astronauts exposed to microgravity for extended time are susceptible to trunk muscle atrophy, which may compromise strength and function on mission and after return. This study investigates changes in trunk skeletal muscle size and composition using computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) among 16 crewmembers (1 female, 15 male) on 4-6 month missions. Muscle cross-sectional area and muscle attenuation were measured using abdominal CT scans at pre-flight, post-flight return, 1 year post-flight, and 2–4 years post-flight. Longitudinal muscle changes were analyzed using mixed models. In six crewmembers, CT and DXA data were used to calculate subject height-normalized skeletal muscle indices. Changes in these indices were analyzed using paired t-tests and compared by imaging modality using Pearson correlations. Trunk muscle area decreased at post-flight return (− 4.7 ± 1.1%, p < 0.001) and recovered to pre-flight values at 1–4 years post-flight. Muscle attenuation changes were not significant. Skeletal muscle index from CT decreased (− 5.2 ± 1.0%, p = 0.004) while appendicular skeletal muscle index from DXA did not change significantly. In summary, trunk muscle atrophies with long-duration microgravity exposure but recovers to pre-flight values within 1–4 years. The CT measures highlight size decreases not detected with DXA, emphasizing the importance of advanced imaging modalities in assessing muscle health with spaceflight.
Spatial parallel image processing with metasurfaces

Augmented reality devices, as smart glasses, enable users to see both the real world and virtual images simultaneously. Recently, waveguides incorporating holographic optical elements have been utilized in various grating structures to reduce the size and weight of the smart glasses, instead of bulky free-space headsets. However, these devices typically still possess physical and performance limitations, which lead to limited display quality and high cost. Here we report metasurface optical elements as a platform solution to these shortcomings. Through careful control of dispersion in the excited propagation and diffraction modes, we design a high-resolution waveguide display to the human eye box, with large field-of-view and in a full-color implementation. Supported by our combination of analytical and numerical simulations, we examine a metasurface optical waveguide with high input-output efficiency and high-resolution, implemented in a single metasurface layer.
Inertial focusing in planar pulsatile flows

Oscillatory flows have the potential to overcome long-standing limitations encountered when using steady flows for inertial focusing due to low particle Reynolds numbers. The periodic displacement generated by oscillatory flow increases the total path length travelled by a suspended particle with no net displacement within a channel or the need for increased channel length. The effects of unsteady inertial forces on inertial focusing, however, have not been thoroughly examined. Here, we present a combined theoretical and experimental study on the effect of Womersley number on inertial focusing in planar pulsatile flows. The migration velocity for a small and weakly inertial particle was evaluated for different oscillation frequencies using the method of matched asymptotics. Using experiments in a custom-built microchannel, we show that oscillatory flows are remarkably efficient for inertial focusing, even at low particle Reynolds numbers. For appropriately selected oscillation amplitude and frequency, inertial focusing is achieved in only a fraction of the channel length (1 % to 10 %) compared to what would be required in a steady flow. We show that the Womersley number influences the equilibrium focusing position and the overall focusing efficiency. In fact, above a critical Womersley number, inertial focusing does not occur despite increasing particle Reynolds number. Lastly, the application of oscillatory inertial focusing for the direct measurement of particle migration velocity is demonstrated.
“Authenticity” as a Moral Virtue: A Conceptual Framework for Perceived Leader Authenticity

As a reflection of the on-going controversies related to whether an internalized moral perspective should be included in theories of authentic leadership, this paper introduces virtue ethics to the...
Food and Feeding

Most vertebrates feed almost daily, and some small insectivores seem unable to survive for more than a few hours without food. There are, however, some exceptions to this generality: the great whales abstain from eating for months, most hibernators eat little or nothing during dormancy, and eels (Anguilla spp.) and salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) do not feed on their breeding migrations. For most vertebrates, however, foraging and feeding constitute much of their daily activity.
Voting Rights at 50

The fiftieth anniversary of the Voting Rights Act comes at a difficult juncture. The Supreme Court’s decision in Shelby County dismantled the core preclearance provisions of what had been the most successful civil rights law in American history. At the same time, the right to cast a ballot free of unnecessary legal encumbrances is more contested than it has been in generations. Yet, the story is more complex. The landscape of voter discrimination today bears little resemblance to the formalized Jim Crow barriers to the black franchise. Even before Shelby County, the Voting Rights Act struggled to keep up with the new voting challenges, which have evolved from exclusively Southern obstacles defined by race to nationwide electoral modifications with at best limited evidence of direct racial motivation. The narrow geographic confines of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act were largely supplanted by other legal protections of the right to vote, well before Shelby County. This Article turns to other legal tools that have been invoked since 1965 to address voting claims outside the purview of Section 5. The claim is that more generalized protection of the franchise can better respond to the more fact-laden challenges presented by more contemporary voting rights claims. The Article draws on personal experiences with four voting cases that rely on tools ranging from Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act to the Constitution to the common law to address claims that fall outside the domain of Section 5. These cases illustrate the way in which a more general framework for voting rights protection can be used to tackle electoral schemes that were neither subject to Section 5’s technical scrutiny, nor were Southern, racially specific, or even institutional in nature.
Efficient generation of volatile cadmium species using Ti(III) and Ti(IV) and application to determination of cadmium by cold vapor generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CVG-ICP-MS)

In this study, a highly efficient chemical vapor generation (CVG) approach is reported for determination of cadmium (Cd). Titanium (III) and titanium (IV) were investigated for the first time as catalytic additives along with thiourea, L-cysteine and potassium cyanide (KCN) for generation of volatile Cd species. Both Ti(III) and Ti(IV) provided the highest enhancement with KCN. The improvement with thiourea was marginal (ca. 2-fold), while L-cysteine enhanced signal slightly only with Ti(III) in H2SO4. Optimum CVG conditions were 4% (v/v) HCl + 0.03 M Ti(III) + 0.16 M KCN and 2% (v/v) HNO3 + 0.03 M Ti(IV) + 0.16 M KCN with a 3% (m/v) NaBH4 solution. The sensitivity was improved about 40-fold with Ti(III) and 35-fold with Ti(IV). A limit of detection (LOD) of 3.2 ng L-1 was achieved with Ti(III) by CVG-ICP-MS. The LOD with Ti(IV) was 6.4 ng L-1 which was limited by the blank signals in Ti(IV) solution. Experimental evidence indicated that Ti(III) and Ti(IV) enhanced Cd vapor generation catalytically; for best efficiency mixing prior to reaction with NaBH4 was critical. The method was highly robust against the effects of transition metal ions. No significant suppression was observed in the presence of Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) up to 1.0 μg mL-1. Among the hydride forming elements, no interference was observed from As(III) and Se(IV) at 0.5 μg mL-1 level. The depressive effects from Pb(II) and Sb(III) were not significant at 0.1 μg mL-1 while those from Bi(III) and Sn(II) were marginal. The procedures were validated with determination of Cd by CVG-ICP-MS in a number certified reference materials, including Nearshore seawater (CASS-4), Bone ash (SRM 1400), Dogfish liver (DOLT-4), Mussel tissue (SRM 2976) and Domestic Sludge (SRM 2781).
Educational Implications of University–Industry Technology Transfer

A considerable amount has been written concerning the effect technology transfer has on openness in science, as well as whether technology transfer encourages a shift from basic to applied research. By contrast, little has been written concerning the impact technology transfer has on education. This essay addresses this gap by examining the potential that technology transfer has for affecting the curriculum as well as for impacting students directly. The essay concludes with two policy recommendations that have the potential for enhancing educational outcomes and a recommendation for a specific issue for further research. First, universities should consider investing some of the revenues from technology transfer in enhanced and expanded undergraduate education in science and engineering. Second, universities should collect data on job placements in industry. The research issue that is ripe for consideration is the role that peer effects play in graduate education and whether technology transfer alters these effects.
Sensorimotor development in neonatal progesterone receptor knockout mice.

Early exposure to steroid hormones can permanently and dramatically alter neural development. This is best understood in the organizational effects of hormones during development of brain regions involved in reproductive behaviors or neuroendocrine function. However, recent evidence strongly suggests that steroid hormones play a vital role in shaping brain regions involved in cognitive behavior such as the cerebral cortex. The most abundantly expressed steroid hormone receptor in the developing rodent cortex is the progesterone receptor (PR). In the rat, PR is initially expressed in the developmentally-critical subplate at E18, and subsequently in laminas V and II/III through the first three postnatal weeks (Quadros et al. [2007] J Comp Neurol 504:42–56; Lopez & Wagner [2009]: J Comp Neurol 512:124–139), coinciding with significant periods of dendritic maturation, the arrival of afferents and synaptogenesis. In the present study, we investigated PR expression in the neonatal mouse somatosensory cortex. Additionally, to investigate the potential role of PR in developing cortex, we examined sensorimotor function in the first two postnatal weeks in PR knockout mice and their wildtype (WT) and heterozygous (HZ) counterparts. While the three genotypes were similar in most regards, PRKO and HZ mice lost the rooting reflex 2–3 days earlier than WT mice. These studies represent the first developmental behavioral assessment of PRKO mice and suggest PR expression may play an important role in the maturation of cortical connectivity and sensorimotor integration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 16–24, 2014
Transport systems for galactose and galactosides in Escherichia coli. II. Substrate and inducer specificities.

Abstract Genetic and biochemical studies have shown Escherichia coli K12 to have four transport systems for galactose and galaetosides: galactose permease, methylgalactoside permease, TMG I and TMG II permeases. Biochemical evidence suggested that they have some substrates and inducers in common. In order to define more clearly the specificities of the individual transport systems, particularly those of the galactose and methylgalaetoside permeases, we examined and compared mutants of E. coli K12, which, by their patterns of accumulation of various sugars, appear to lack one or more of the permeases. From these studies we concluded that the four permeases do show some similarities in the sugars which they transport, and which act as inducers. However, the galactose and methylgalactoside permeases can be distinguished from each other and from the TMG I and TMG II permeases by their substrate and inducer preferences. The only compound found to be transported by the galactose permease was d -galactose. d -Galactose is also the most effective inducer of this transport system. The methylgalactoside permease transported methyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, d -fucose and ethyl-β- d -galactopyranoside, as well as d -galactose. The most effective inducer of this system is d -fucose
Prospects for In Vitro Myofilament Maturation in Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Myocytes

Cardiomyocytes derived from human stem cells are quickly becoming mainstays of cardiac regenerative medicine, in vitro disease modeling, and drug screening. Their suitability for such roles may seem obvious, but assessments of their contractile behavior suggest that they have not achieved a completely mature cardiac muscle phenotype. This could be explained in part by an incomplete transition from fetal to adult myofilament protein isoform expression. In this commentary, we review evidence that supports this hypothesis and discuss prospects for ultimately generating engineered heart tissue specimens that behave similarly to adult human myocardium. We suggest approaches to better characterize myofilament maturation level in these in vitro systems, and illustrate how new computational models could be used to better understand complex relationships between muscle contraction, myofilament protein isoform expression, and maturation.