cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for engineering design optimization

In this paper a new concept for development of algorithms for optimal design of engineering systems is presented. The basic idea is to use upper and lower bounds on optimum cost to develop iterative search strategies. The main feature of the concept is that it does not rely on one-dimensional search to compute a step size at any design iteration. Implication of the feature is that the algorithms based on this concept require evaluation of constraint functions only once at any design iteration. This is highly desirable for optimal design of engineering systems because evaluation of functions for such systems is very expensive due to their implicit dependence on design variables. An algorithm based on the new concept is derived in the paper. Several new step sizes are introduced and their relation to proper reduced optimal design problems are presented. A new step size based on the constant cost requirement at some design iterations is introduced. Numerical aspects for the algorithm are also presented. Based on the new algorithm, a general-purpose computer code GRP2 is developed. The code is used to solve several problems to gain experience and insight for the algorithm. Numerical experience with examples is discussed. It is concluded that algorithms based on bounding optimum cost have substantial potential for applications in optimal design of engineering systems.
The Principles of Care

Abstract In the context of the care vs. justice debate sparked by Carol Gilligan's work, theconcept of universal principles is firmly associated with justice orientation. One central goal of this paper is to break this association. I argue that universal principlesand rights can be incorporated into a care ethic without thereby creating a hybrid theory that introduces justice considerations. Toward this end, I present a multifaceted theoretical model that describes the two orientations in detail. Bolstered by the revelations of this model, I provide an analysis that establishes the legitimacy of the principles of care. The other central goal of this paper is to demonstrate how principles operate within an ethic of care to fortify it against a common objection: namely, that by embracing care as a comprehensive moral framework, feminists are hurting their own cause by promoting stereotypical feminine ways of acting that have long played into the patriarchal status quo.
XQuery: a query language for XML

XQuery is the XML query language currently under development in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). XQuery specifications have been published in a series of W3C working drafts, and several reference implementations of the language are already available on the Web. If successful, XQuery has the potential to be one of the most important new computer languages to be introduced in several years. This tutorial will provide an overview of the syntax and semantics of XQuery, as well as insight into the principles that guided the design of the language.
Can breath isoprene be measured by ozone chemiluminescence

Isoprene, involved in the biosynthetic pathway to cholesterol, is the prevalent hydrocarbon in breath. Breath isoprene measurement is of great interest as a measure of basal cholesterol production ...
Alternative Mating Tactics and the Law of Diminishing Returns: The Satellite Threshold Model

The mating systems of many species comprise at least 2 alternative male mating tactics — broadly termed “Dominant” and “Satellite” tactics here. But, there exists no satisfactory conceptual framework in which to explain their co-occurrence and persistence.
GENDER BIASES IN TEXTBOOKS FOR INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Because of spreading concerns about gender stereotypes in textbooks, in 1975 an American Psychological Association Task Force recommended changes in the type of language that should be used to report research findings and in the type of information that should be included in reports of psychological research. These recommendations also applied to the presentation of psychological information in textbooks. Studies in the subsequent 7 years indicated some decrease in the use of sex-stereotyped language and some decrease in gender-biased content. Researchers typically concluded, however, that although some improvements had occurred, gender biases and stereotypes still occurred in texts. The present study reports an extensive content analysis of current textbooks for introductory psychology and human development courses. Representation of the work, theory, and behavior of males continues to significantly exceed the representation of the work, theory, and behavior of females, and females continue to be portray...
Cytochemical localization of carbohydrates in zoospores of Saprolegnia ferax

The subcellular location of carbohydrates in secondary zoospores of Saprolegniaferax was determined from an electron cytochemical study. Specificity of reactions was verified with the sulfhydryl blocker iodoacetate, and the dialdehyde blocker dimedone. Although no cell coat was visible on the zoospore surface, the plasma membrane and the flagellar sheath contained an abundance of carbohydrate and sulfhydryl compounds. Deposition of reaction product and results of controls demonstrated that similar compounds were also on membranes of the water expulsion vacuole system. Peripheral vesicles contained reaction product over their fibrous contents, demonstrating the presence of carbohydrates, and controls indicated that sulfhydryl groups were most likely also present. Sulfhydryl-containing carbohydrates and other carbohydrates were compartmentalized in the tubule-filled cavity of kinetosomeassociated organelles (K2 bodies), while their granular matrix was unreactive. Vital roles of carbohydrates in oomycetous zoospores are incompletely understood, but this study suggests mechanisms through which they may function in the stability and recognition of membranes. This is the first report of carbohydrates in K2 bodies and provides a basis to explore the function of this novel organelle.
Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of verapamil and nifedipine in patients on propranolol

Abstract Because the combined use of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent and a calcium antagonist may be beneficial in patients with severe angina, we assessed the hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of verapamil or nifedipine in patients receiving oral propranolol. In 26 patients with stable angina receiving oral propranolol (234 ± 230 mg/day, mean ± standard deviation), cardiac catheterization was performed, and variables were measured at baseline and 5 to 10 minutes after (1) intravenous saline solution, 10 ml (n = 6); (2) intravenous verapamil, 0.15 mg/kg body weight to a maximal dose of 10 mg (n = 10); and (3) sublingual nifedipine, 10 mg (n = 10). Cardiac output (by thermodilution) was unchanged after saline solution and verapamil but increased with nifedipine (4.3 ± 1.1 to 5.0 ± 1.4 liters/min, p
Microelectronics and computers in medicine

Microelectronics and computers are in use in virtually every aspect of modern medicine. Computers are used widely in medical research, where an important need is for better microelectronic sensors for data acquisition. In medical practice, data collection from patients as well as subsequent storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data are enhanced by the computer. In medical decision-making computers improve accuracy, increase cost-efficiency, and advance understanding of the structure of medical knowledge and of the decision-making process itself. Powerful new noninvasive diagnostic instruments including x-ray tomographic scanners and ultrasonic imaging systems are based on computers. The efficiency and scope of clinical laboratory procedures and advanced analytical instruments are greatly increased by computerization, and careful application of computers has improved the interpretation of diagnostic tests, such as the electrocardiogram, and monitoring of critically ill patients. The powerful sensory, computational, memory, and display capabilities of microcomputer systems and their compact size offer new opportunities to relieve functional deficiencies associated with loss of limbs, paralysis, speech impediments, deafness, and blindness.
Group activity and population dynamics of the howler monkey on Barro Colorado Island

The mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata) of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, was studied in the late rainy season of 1970. Group ranges, group activity patterns and population size and structure were recorded for six groups in a 204 hectare “study area.” A new “trail survey method” was introduced to determine the population size of the entire island. Using this method, a population of 923±125 animals is estimated. Factors affecting group stability and group density are discussed. Rainfall appears to be a major determinant of howler activity and group movement in the late rainy season.
32P-adduct assay: comparative recoveries of structurally diverse DNA adducts in the various enhancement procedures.

A 32P-adduct assay for the measurement of low levels (1 adduct per 10(7) nucleotides) of binding of carcinogens to DNA has been reported previously. In this procedure, DNA is enzymatically hydrolyzed to 3'-monophosphates of normal nucleosides and adducts, which are 5'-32P-labeled by T4 polynucleotide kinase and [gamma-32P]ATP. Labeled adducts are resolved by TLC. Enrichment of adducts by extraction in 1-butanol [Gupta, R.C. (1985) Cancer Res., 45, 5656] or digestion with nuclease P1 [Reddy, M.V. and Randerath, K. (1986) Carcinogenesis, 7, 1543] prior to 32P-labeling, however, increased the sensitivity of detection for many adducts to a level of 1 per 10(9-10) nucleotides, although adduct recovery particularly in the latter assay depended on the chemical nature of adducts. We have now compared recoveries for greater than 70, different carcinogen-DNA adducts of known and unknown chemical nature in the two enrichment procedures as well as in a new procedure in which polynucleotide kinase is substituted for nuclease P1. When compared with the butanol extraction procedure, arylamines (such as 2-aminofluorene, 2-aminophenanthrene, 2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-azoaminobenzene and N'-acetylbenzidine) bound to the C8 position of guanine were lost almost completely (0.2-4% recovery) in the nuclease P1-mediated assay, but the presence of a polar group in the aromatic amine moiety (such as 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylamino-phenanthrene and methyl-4-azoaminophenyl) rendered similar recovery. In contrast, aromatic amines (2-amino-phenanthrene, 2-acetylaminophenanthrene, 2-acetylaminofluorene and methyl-4-azoaminobenzene) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzo[a]pyrene, bromomethylbenzanthracene and benzanthracene) bound to the exocyclic positions of guanine or adenine showed extensive or as complete recovery in the nuclease P1 procedure as in the extraction procedure. Some of the unknown presumably polar adducts showed a lower recovery (30-70%) in the butanol procedure as compared to the nuclease P1 enrichment. The recovery pattern of most adducts examined in the polynucleotide kinase-enrichment assay was essentially the same as found in nuclease P1-mediated assay, except that overall lower values were obtained. Our data suggest that a given DNA sample should be analyzed by different versions of the 32P-adduct assay, particularly, DNA of specimens of humans exposed to low levels of unknown carcinogens. The observation that chemical structure of an adduct may be detrimental in its recovery in the enzyme- and extraction-mediated enrichment procedures may serve as a probe in the structural characterization of adducts of unknown carcinogens.
Mesoscale analysis of segmental dynamics in microphase-segregated polyurea

Polyurea is an elastic co-polymer which possesses a very complex nanometer-scale microstructure consisting of (high glass-transition temperature, T g) hydrogen-bonded discrete hard domains dispersed within a (low T g) contiguous soft matrix. A number of experimental investigations reported in the open literature clearly established that (a) polyurea has an unusually high capacity for shock mitigation and (b) this ability of polyurea is related to its segmental dynamics (the same process which is responsible for the rubbery-to-glassy transition). Due to the fact that the segmental dynamics in question involves a large number of atoms with coordinated motion and, hence, is associated with nanosecond to microsecond characteristic times, it cannot be generally analyzed using all-atom molecular dynamics techniques. To overcome this problem, mesoscale coarse-grain simulation methods are employed in this study. Within the all-atomic simulation methods, the material is modeled as a collection of constituent atom-size particles. Within the mesoscale methods, on the other hand, this atomistic description of the material is replaced with a collection of coarser particles/beads which account for the collective degrees of freedom of the constituent atoms. Consequently, before the mesoscale methods could be employed to polyurea, all-atom molecular analyses had to be used to determine the basic properties (i.e., mass and radius) of the beads and to parameterize the mesoscale bonding and non-bonding forcefield functions. The mesoscale analyses were then used to (a) obtain critical information regarding the material microstructure and its evolution (from an initially fully blended homogeneous state) and (b) the segmental dynamics in the microsegregated state of the material.
Solubility of molecular hydrogen in silicate melts and consequences for volatile evolution of terrestrial planets

Abstract We present experiments from 0.7 to 3 GPa that quantify solubility of H 2 in silicate melts under controlled hydrogen fugacities ( f H2 ). Two experimental series, one on synthetic basalt+COH and other with a synthetic andesite+OH, were conducted using a double capsule technique to impose a range of f H2 , on the samples. Quenched glasses were analyzed by FTIR and SIMS. Both series follow simple solubility laws in which molecular H 2 concentrations are proportional to f H2 and with a partial molar volume of molecular H 2 of 11 cm 3 /mole. Solubilities in andesitic melt are systematically greater than in basaltic liquid in a relationship consistent with control by the ionic porosity (IP) of the melts. Extrapolation based on IP allows estimation of the solubility of H 2 in peridotitic melts applicable to magma oceans. The H 2 /(H 2 +H 2 O) ratio in silicate melts (where H 2 O includes molecular H 2 O and OH − ) increases as conditions become more reduced, with increasing pressure, and with increasing total H. Under some conditions prevailing in the early Earth and terrestrial planets as well as in the deep Earth today, H 2 can be a significant fraction of the dissolved H and at high pressure it may exceed “water” (H 2 O and OH − ). Therefore, magmatic H 2 may influence the initial distribution of volatiles and the redox evolution of terrestrial planets, as well as the ongoing formation and fate of hydrous melts in the deep Earth today. Hydrous species in melts in equilibrium with Fe-rich alloy at high pressure, for example during core formation from a magma ocean, could be chiefly H 2 , rather than H 2 O. Hence, delivery of H 2 to the core by removal of Fe hydride need not be coupled to oxidation of the residual mantle. Although lunar basalts are much reduced, the fraction of H dissolved as molecular H 2 is small owing to low total H concentrations. Extrapolation to conditions of potential hydrous partial melting in the deep Earth suggests that the chief magmatic volatile may be H 2 rather than H 2 O. The very small partial specific density of magmatic H 2 (0.18 g/cm 3 at low pressure) may provide significant positive buoyancy to deep partial melts.
Understanding function and other outcomes in cerebral palsy.

Care and research in childhood cerebral palsy (CP) is evolving. The process of change requires careful attention to understanding the status of children with CP – how and what they are doing, the things that are challenging, and the ways in which they adapt to their challenges. Outcome measurement is the way we describe the status of patients and research subjects. Outcomes are any of the things that can be measured and encompass all parameters of human existence from blood tests to walking speed to quality of life. The tools we use to measure outcomes may be laboratory tests, physical examinations, questionnaires, interviews, or any other evaluations. These tools may be called outcome measures, instruments, or assessments. In CP, outcome measurement is a prominent and important topic, especially because having robust means of measuring outcomes is vital to understanding the utility of treatments. If research cannot accurately measure the things that matter for children with CP, then it cannot establish if interventions are having useful effects. This chapter will address the challenges of outcome measurement in CP, the current status of outcome measurement in CP, and the issues of understanding change in childhood CP.
CIITA is not associated with risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator gene (CIITA) encodes an important transcription factor regulating genes required for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II MHC-restricted antigen presentation. MHC genes, particularly HLA class II, are strongly associated with risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the strong biological relationship between CIITA and HLA class II genes, a comprehensive investigation of CIITA variation in RA was conducted. This study tested 31 CIITA single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 2542 RA cases and 3690 controls (N=6232). All individuals were of European ancestry, as determined by ancestry informative genetic markers. No evidence for association between CIITA variation and RA was observed after a correction for multiple testing was applied. This is the largest study to fully characterize common genetic variation in CIITA, including an assessment of haplotypes. Results exclude even a modest role for common CIITA polymorphisms in susceptibility to RA.
Reducing tobacco use among youth

Tobacco use among youth remains an epidemic problem in the United States. Despite advances over the last two decades in the areas of prevention and cessation, the onset of use remains a pediatric disease. New research has provided new strategies to prevent young people from taking up the habit, and studies suggest that cessation therapy can be as effective for youth as it is for adults. The approach to decreasing tobacco use must be comprehensive, beginning at the broadest levels and extending into the community, the school and the pediatrician's office.
Interactions Between the E. Coli Sos Response Protein Umud and DNA Polymerase III Alpha Subunit Have Implications for Regulating Replication in Response to DNA Damage

Faithful and efficient DNA replication is critical for the survival of all organisms; however, DNA is constantly subject to damage from endogenous and exogenous sources. Attempts to replicate damaged DNA can result in harmful mutations. The bacterial SOS response system regulates DNA repair and other pathways responsible for the cellular response to DNA damage. Among genes upregulated during the SOS response is the umuD gene, encoding the manager protein UmuD that subsequently undergoes self-cleavage to remove its N-terminal 24 amino acids to form UmuD'. The umuD gene products are involved in managing the cellular response to DNA damage through their interactions with damage-bypass DNA polymerases DNA pol IV and pol V. UmuD and UmuD' also interact with the alpha DNA polymerase and beta processivity clamp subunits of the replicative DNA polymerase III. We probed the interactions between UmuD or UmuD' and the alpha polymerase subunit and determined that the umuD gene products interact with alpha at two sites: the N-terminal PHP domain, which is responsible for interactions with the epsilon proofreading subunit, and the C-terminal domain, which harbors interaction sites for the beta clamp, the tau subunit of the clamp loader, and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). The C-terminal domain of alpha preferentially binds to full-length UmuD. With FRET experiments, we subsequently showed that UmuD but not UmuD' inhibits the interaction between alpha and beta, suggesting that early in the SOS response to DNA damage, UmuD could displace alpha from the beta processivity clamp. Furthermore, optical tweezers experiments revealed that UmuD specifically inhibits the interaction between alpha and ssDNA. Together, these observations suggest that UmuD plays a key role in regulating the replication fork after DNA damage.
Single-molecule Measurements Of Myo1c-PIP2 Detachment Forces Using Optical Tweezers

Optical tweezers has become one of the most efficient techniques to accurately measure small forces (pN) and displacements (nm) upon interactions of individual biological molecules, particularly molecular motors. In the current study we extend the application of optical tweezers to measure protein-lipid detachment forces at the single-molecule level. Myo1c is a single headed, force-generating motor that links cell membranes to the underlying actin cytoskeleton. Actin binding occurs via the motor domain, while the tail domain interacts with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). To determine the forces required to detach the myo1c tail domain from PIP2, we used spherical supported bilayers composed of 1 μm diameter silica beads coated with 2% PIP2 and 98% dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PC). The efficiency of coating was verified by examining the distribution of fluorescently labeled lipids, and the specificity of binding was confirmed by sedimentation assays. The myo1c tail domain binds to the spherical supported bilayers containing a PC/PIP2 mixture, but not PC alone. Additionally, myo1c dissociates from the PC/PIP2 beads in the presence of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which effectively competes with PIP2 for binding. For the laser trap measurements, 2 μm diameter silica pedestals were immobilized under a layer of nitrocellulose on a coverslip and were coated with either anti-his-antibody or neutravidin to anchor tetra-His-tagged or biotinylated constructs of myosin-I in a specifically oriented manner. The bilayer coated beads trapped by a laser beam were brought into contact with spherical pedestals decorated with the myo1c tail domain. Upon repeated contact and retraction cycles, binding events and subsequent disruption forces were measured. The most probable rupture force of the PIP2/myosin-I tail interactions are ∼ 7.1 pN at a loading rate of 360 pN/s.
The Role of Proline-Rich Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 in Differentiation-Dependent Signaling in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase proline-rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) functions as an integrator of multiple signaling pathways involved in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes. Pyk2 expression, regulation, and functions in skin have not been examined. Here we investigated the expression and subcellular localization of Pyk2 in human epidermis and in primary human keratinocytes, and studied the mechanisms of Pyk2 activation by differentiation-inducing stimuli, and the role of Pyk2 as a regulator of keratinocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that Pyk2 is abundantly expressed in skin keratinocytes. Notably, the endogenous Pyk2 protein is predominantly localized in keratinocyte nuclei throughout all layers of healthy human epidermis, and in cultured human keratinocytes. Pyk2 is activated by treatment with keratinocyte-differentiating agents, 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and calcium via a mechanism that requires intracellular calcium release and functional protein kinase C (PKC) and Src activities. Particularly, differentiation-promoting PKC δ and PKC η elicit Pyk2 activation. Our data show that Pyk2 increases promoter activity and endogenous protein levels of involucrin, a marker of keratinocyte terminal differentiation. This regulation is associated with increased expression of Fra-1 and JunD, activator protein-1 transcription factors known to be required for involucrin expression. Altogether, these results provide insights into Pyk2 signaling in epidermis and reveal a novel role for Pyk2 in regulation of keratinocyte differentiation.
DDT contamination at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge

Disposal of industrial waste resulted in massive DDT contamination at Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge, Alabama. Nearly a decade after the cessation of DDT manufacturing at the facility responsible, concentrations of DDT residues in the local fauna are still high enough to suggest avian reproductive impairment and mortality. Populations of fish-eating birds are low, endangered species are being exposed, and muscle lipids of game birds contain up to 6900 parts of DDT (isomers and metabolites) per million.
Brachymesophalangia-5 without cone-epiphysis mid-5 in Down's syndrome

Brachymesophalangia-5 proved to be far more frequent in 212 cases of Down's syndrome karyotype (i.e., 21%) than in 14,197 survey volunteers of European ancestry (1.4%). However, none of 28 juvenile Down's syndrome patients with brachymesophalangia-5 exhibited a cone-epiphysis on mid-5, as against the 47% that would be expected. Apparently the manifestation of brachymesophalangia-5 in the 47,G + karyotype is not simply a dosage effect associated with trisomy of chromosome 21.
Abstract 2827: A platform to study metastatic cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Metastasis is responsible for over 90% of cancer related deaths. While significant advances in visualizing metastasis have been made in vivo, the details of the biological and physical processes that govern invasion and intravasation remain poorly understood. The difficulty in studying metastasis stems from the complexity of the interface where invasion and intravasation take place, between the tumor's local tissue microenvironment and the vascular system. To elucidate the mechanistic events taking place during invasion and intravasation, we have developed a platform that positions tumor cells adjacent to an artificial vessel embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM). Using live-cell, fluorescence microscopy, we study the complex interplay between highly metastatic cancer cells and a functional artificial microvessel lined with endothelial cells during tumor migration and intravasation. We hypothesize that an engineered platform that recapitulates the interactions between a tumor and a physiologically relevant artificial vessel within an extracellular matrix will allow the systematic study of the physical and biological properties that regulate invasion and intravasastion. Since there remain many gaps in our understanding of the biology and physics of invasion and intravasation, further insight into these poorly understood processes may provide new strategies to prevent the spread of cancer and reduce the high mortality rates associated with metastasis. Citation Format: Andrew D. Wong, Peter C. Searson. A platform to study metastatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2827. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2827
Elevated expression of β1 and β2 integrins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis of recent onset

OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible role of integrins and cell adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of the mononuclear cell infiltration and fibrosis of skin that occurs in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS The presence and topographic distribution of beta 1, beta 2, and beta 4 integrins, as well as of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), was examined immunohistochemically in affected skin from 8 patients with rapidly progressive SSc of recent onset. The expression of the beta 1 integrin gene was also investigated by in situ hybridization with a human sequence-specific complementary DNA. RESULTS The presence of beta 1 integrin epitopes and the corresponding messenger RNA within inflammatory cells surrounding small vessels was demonstrated in SSc skin but not in normal skin. Lymphocytes positive for beta 2 integrin were also found only in SSc skin, and they appeared in close proximity to small blood vessels and collagen bundles. Immunostaining for beta 4 integrin epitopes revealed no differences between normal and SSc skin. ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies, which identify epitopes indicative of endothelial cell activation, stained endothelial cells in SSc skin but not normal skin. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the complex interactions of beta 1 and beta 2 integrins, as well as ELAM-1 and ICAM-1, may be intimately involved in the pathogenesis of SSc, perhaps by mediating the homing and targeting of pathogenetic lymphocytes to the affected tissues.
Interrupting transmission from patients with unsuspected tuberculosis: A unique role for upper-room ultraviolet air disinfection

When Willy Sutton was asked why he robbed banks, he is said to have answered, "Because that's where the money is." If we were to ask my copanelists, Drs. Dooley and Jarvis, why the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has placed such emphasis on tuberculosis isolation rooms and on respirators to be worn in them, they might likewise reply, "Because that's where the risk is." Although both answers appear equally logical at first, in my view further analysis shows that Mr. Sutton's rationale has the better foundation. The much debated draft of the "Guidelines for Preventing Transmission of Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, Second Edition,"* published in the Federal Register of October 12, 1993, acknowledged the hazard of persons with unsuspected tuberculosis in its introduction: "Transmission is most likely to occur from patients with unrecognized pulmonary or laryngeal TB who are not on effective antituberculous therapy."1 Much of the lengthy document that followed this introduction, however, and nearly all of the ensuing controversy surrounding its recommendations, has focused largely on patient isolation and on the role of personal respirators in protecting those who must enter isolation rooms and other designated high-risk environments. An essential c o m -
[8,8-η2-{η2-(BH3)Ph2PCH2PPh2}-nido-8,7-RhSB9H10]: ein Rhodathiaboran mit dem zweizähnigen Chelatliganden Ph2PCH2PPh2BH3

Ein einzigartiger, zweizahniger P/B-Ligand liegt in 2 vor, das durch Umsetzung des Rhodathiaborans 1 mit BH3⋅THF entsteht [Gl. (1)]; 1 wurde aus dem ungesattigten Cluster [8,8-(PPh3)2-nido-8,7-RhSB9H10] und Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methan (dppm) erhalten. Der dppm-BH3-Ligand in 2 koordiniert an das Rhodiumzentrum sowohl mit einem P-Atom als auch mit der BH3-Einheit (uber zwei B-H-Rh-Bindungen).
Robert Patterson: American ‘revolutionary’ mathematician

You will not see Robert Patterson’s name mentioned in many mathematics books. While his mathematical works survive, his name is more likely to appear in American history books dealing with the Colonial period, given his associations with the most influential men of that time. In this article, we will examine his mathematical work, as well as his contributions to a newly-formed nation. Most of what we know about Robert Patterson’s ancestors and life is due to his grandson, William Ewing DuBois, who wrote a family history in 1847. For other information, I have drawn upon diaries and a great many letters. All spelling and syntax are copied exactly as they appear.
Foresight for commanders : a methodology to assist planning for effects-based operations

Looking at the battlespace as a system of systems is a cornerstone of Effects-Based Operations and a key element in the planning of such operations, and in developing the Commander's Predictive Environment. Instead of a physical battleground to be approached with weapons of force, the battlespace is an interrelated super-system of political, military, economic, social, information and infrastructure systems to be approached with diplomatic, informational, military and economic actions. A concept that has proved useful in policy arenas other than defense, such as research and development for information technology, addressing cybercrime, and providing appropriate and cost-effective health care, is foresight. In this paper, we provide an overview of how the foresight approach addresses the inherent uncertainties in planning courses of action, present a set of steps in the conduct of foresight, and then illustrate the application of foresight to a commander's decision problem. We conclude that foresight approach that we describe is consistent with current doctrinal intelligence preparation of the battlespace and operational planning, but represents an advance in that it explicitly addresses the uncertainties in the environment and planning in a way that identifies strategies that are robust over different possible ground truths. It should supplement other planning methods.
Using a variable-word-length computer for scientific calculation

In discussing the use of a variable-word-length computer, this paper will be restricted entirely to past history; that is, ideas and practices that are actually in operation. This implies, of course, that only the 702 will be talked about and the implied comparison to fixed-word-length machines is to a machine like the 701.
Analysis of a Linear–Linear Finite Element for the Reissner–Mindlin Plate Model

An analysis is presented for a recently proposed finite element method for the Reissner–Mindlin plate problem. The method is based on the standard variational principle, uses nonconforming linear elements to approximate the rotations and conforming linear elements to approximate the transverse displacements, and avoids the usual "locking problem" by interpolating the shear stress into a rotated space of lowest order Raviart-Thomas elements. When the plate thickness t = O(h), it is proved that the method gives optimal order error estimates uniform in t. However, the analysis suggests and numerical calculations confirm that the method can produce poor approximations for moderate sized values of the plate thickness. Indeed, for t fixed, the method does not converge as the mesh size h tends to zero.
Sales revenues: Time‐series properties and predictions

This paper compares the predictive ability of ARIMA models in forecasting sales revenue. Comparisons were made at both industry and firm levels. With respect to the form of the ARIMA model, a parsimonious model of the form (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1) was identified most frequently for firms and industries. This model was identified previously by Griffin and Watts for the earnings series, and by Moriarty and Adams for the sales series. As a parsimonious model, its predictive accuracy was quite good. However, predictive accuracy was also found to be a function of the industry. Out of the eleven industry classifications, ‘metals’ had the lowest predictive accuracy using both firmspecific and industry-specific ARIMA models.
Finite-amplitude salt fingers in a vertically bounded layer

We compute numerically the amplitude of long thin fingers that form in a liquid stratified with sugar S * and salt T' (measured in buoyancy units), for which τ = k S /k T = 1/3 is the ratio of the two diffusivities and the Prandtl number is Pr = v/k T ∼ 10 3 , where V is the viscosity. The finger layer in our model is bounded by rigid and slippery horizontal surfaces with constant T, S * (the setup is similar to the classical Rayleigh convection problem). The numerically computed steady fluxes compare well with laboratory experiments in which the fingers are sandwiched between two deep (convectively mixed) reservoirs with given concentration differences ΔT * , ΔS * . The model results, discussed in terms of a combination of asymptotic analysis and numerical simulations over a range of density ratio R = ΔT * /ΔS * , are consistent with the (ΔS * ) 4/3 similarity law for the fluxes. The dimensional interfacial height (H * ) in the reservoir experiments (unlike that in our rigid lid model) is not an independent parameter, but it adjusts to a statistically steady value proportional to (ΔS * ) -1/3 . This similarity law is also explained by our model when it is supplemented by a consideration of the stability of the very thin horizontal boundary layers with large gradients (∂S * /∂z) which form near the rigid surfaces. The preference for three-dimensional salt fingers is also explained by a combination of analytical and numerical considerations.
Prognosis for Central Vision and Anatomic Reattachment in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with Macula Detached

We analyzed a total of 473 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and macular involvement for significant factors relating to anatomic success and a favorable visual outcome of 6/15 (20/50) or better. The overall success rate was 90% (427 of 473 eyes). Visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or better postoperatively were present in 37% (174 of 470 eyes). Important factors related to both anatomic success and favorable functional results were preoperative visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or better, retinal detachments that were less than total, detachments with tears located at or anterior to the equator, absence of giant retinal tears, absence of either preoperative ocular hypotony (tension 20 mm Hg), detachments managed by nondrainage techniques, a single operation with less than 50 cryoapplications, and noncircumferential buckling. Among the other factors related to favorable visual results were detachments lasting less than one month, a shallowly rather than highly detached macula, the absence of fixed retinal folds, a patient age of less than 60 years, and the absence of postoperative choroidal detachments sufficient to cause glaucoma. We found no statistical relationship between either anatomic success or functional result and the presence of aphakia, demarcation lines, vitreous hemorrhage, detachments of the pars plana epithelium, or predetachment glaucoma being treated.
Automated Symmetry Exploitation in Engineering Analysis

It is well known that one can exploit symmetry to speed-up engineering analysis and improve accuracy, at the same time. Not surprisingly, most CAE systems have standard ‘provisions’ for exploiting symmetry. However, these provisions are inadequate in that they needlessly burden the design engineer with time consuming and error-prone tasks of symmetry detection, symmetry cell construction and reformulation. In this paper, we propose and discuss an automated methodology for symmetry exploitation. First, we briefly review the theory of point symmetry groups that symmetry exploitation rests on. We then address symmetry detection and ‘symmetry cell’ construction. We then address an important concept of boundary mapping of symmetry cells, and relate it to the irreducible representations of point symmetry groups. By formalizing these concepts, we show how automated symmetry exploitation can be achieved, and discuss an implementation of the proposed work within the FEMLAB CAE environment.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A photoelectrochemical conversion and storage cell

Abstract It is demonstrated that the integration of a solid-state electrode comprising a proton-conducting solid electrolyte and a hydride-forming metal makes solar energy conversion and simultaneous storage of hydrogen feasible.
Receptor-mediated release of inositol phosphates in the cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia of the rat

Abstract Various neurotransmitters, hormones and other modulators involved in intercellular communication exert their biological action at receptors coupled to phospholipase C (PLC). This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdInsP2) to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) which act as second messengers. In the organ of Corti of the guinea pig, the InsP3 second messenger system is linked to muscarinic cholinergic and P2y purinergic receptors. However, nothing is known about the the InsP3 second messenger system in the vestibule. In this study, the receptor-mediated release of inositol phosphates (InsPs) in the vestibular sensory epithelia was compared to that in the cochlear sensory epithelia of Fischer-344 rats. After preincubation of the isolated intact tissues with myo-[3H] in-ositol, stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbamylcholine or the P2 purinergic agonist ATP-γ-S resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the formation of [3H]InsPs in both epithelia. Similarly, the muscarinic cholinergic agonist muscarine enhanced InsPs release in both organs, while the nicotinic cholinergic agonist dimethylphenylpiperadinium (DMPP) was ineffective. The muscarinic cholinergic antagonist atropine completely suppressed the InsPs release induced by carbamylcholine, while the nicotinic cholinergic antagonist mecamylamine was ineffective. Potassium depolarization did not alter unstimulated or carbamylcholine-stimulated release of InsPs in either organ. In both tissues, the P2 purinergic agonist α,β-methylene ATP also increased InsPs release, but the P1 purinergic agonist adenosine did not. These results extend our previous observations in the organ of Corti of the guinea pig to the rat and suggest a similar control of the InsP3 second messenger system in the vestibular sensory epithelia. In contrast to the cochlear sensory epithelia, atropine also significantly suppressed unstimulated InsPs release in the vestibular sensory epithelia. This suggests that the physiological mechanisms of the efferent nervous systems involving InsP3 second messenger system might be different in vestibular versus cochlear sensory epithelia.
Searchers' selection of search keys: II. Controlled vocabulary or free‐text searching

Searching with descriptors from controlled vocabularies complements free-text searching with textwords. The case study method provided data about the manner in which the two types of search keys interact through: (1) observation of 47 professional searchers performing their job-related searches; and (2) analysis of verbal and search protocols, denoting reasons for the selection of each search key and for each search modification. Results show that searchers used thesauri and indexing when it was of satisfactory quality and available to them, and that these and other database-related reasons were the most influential in search-key selection. Further, having to perform a multidatabase search induced the use of textwords without consulting a thesaurus. There is a need for high quality thesauri which are easily available and for mechanisms, such as switching languages, to aid in multidatabase searches.
Drug screen technique determines prevalence of cocaine use among pregnant women

We hypothesized that 1) using the traditional screening methods of history and enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) urine assay, the incidence of prenatal cocaine use in obstetric patients enrolled at the first prenatal visit would be lower than published reports, and 2) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as a more sensitive detection technique would increase identification of cocaine users. Two hundred women were consecutively enrolled at their first prenatal visit. A drug history questionnaire and urine sample were obtained and tested by both EMIT and GC/MS for cocaine metabolites. By standard methods of maternal history and urine EMIT, four of 200 women (2.0%) used cocaine during pregnancy. By maternal history and GC/MS of urine, 11 of 200 women (5.5%) had evidence of cocaine use, a 175% increase in detection. By the McNemar's test with correction for continuity, GC/MS was more likely to detect cocaine exposure than EMIT (P = 0.014). Two women were detected by history alone wi...
Upwind-biased, point-implicit relaxation strategies for viscous, hypersonic flows

An upwind-biased point-implicit relaxation algorithm for obtaining the numerical solution to the governing equations for three-dimensional viscous hypersonic flows in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium is described. Details of the algorithm development, in the context of an 11-species two-temperature reacting gas model, are emphasized. Because of the point-implicit relaxation strategy, the algorithm remains stable at large Courant numbers without the necessity of solving large block-tridiagonal systems. Predictions for the hypersonic flow of air in chemical and thermal nonequilibrium (velocity = 8917 m/s, altitude = 78 km) over the Aeroassist Flight Experiment configuration, obtained on a multidomain grid, are discussed.
Adaptive out-of-step protection schemes based on synchrophasors

Adaptive out-of-step protection for multi-machine system using wide area measurements was studied in this paper. Two schemes were developed to detect the out-of-step condition. One is based on the real time swing curves directly, and the other on real-time extended equal area criteria. Both of them require identifying the groups of coherent generators, so a fast online coherency identification technique suitable for online applications was also developed. These two schemes are intended to be applied in the system control centers since they require wide area measurement. The developed schemes were tested on a 127-bus system. Compared with those methods based on assumed system conditions and indirect information, the proposed schemes in this paper are more reliable since they adapt to the prevailing system conditions.
Training and Innovation in an Imperfect Labour Market

This paper shows that in a frictional labour market part of the productivity gains from general training will be captured by future employers. As a result, investments in general skills will be suboptimally low, and contrary to the standard theory, part of the costs may be borne by the employers. The paper also demonstrates that the interaction between innovation and training leads to an amplification of this inefficiency and to a multiplicity of equilibria. Workers are more willing to invest in their skills by accepting lower wages today if they expect more firms to innovate and pay them higher wages in the future. Similarly, firms are more willing to innovate when they expect the quality of the future workforce to be higher, thus when workers invest more in their skills. In modern economies, a large portion of human capital investments takes place within firms in the form of training. Most economic analyses of training are based on the paradigm introduced by Becker (1964) which suggests that a worker should pay for any general training which allows him/her to use the new skills when employed by other firms. Inefficiency occurs mainly because workers may be unable to pay for their training, and also unable to commit to not quitting their firm after employer sponsored training. Yet this source of inefficiency does not seem particularly relevant for many instances of training
Science and Literary Style in Robert Burton's "Cento Out of Divers Writers"

Goldstein seeks to discover in the writings of Robert Burton (1577â€“1640), the origins of his style.Â He concludes his style "is a product neither solely of an emerging Weltbild nor solely of emerging individuality.Â It is a product of an emerging modern society."