cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical analysis of streamlined tubes with non-uniform wall thickness for heat exchangers

An approach to select the tube wall thickness distribution of streamlined tubes intended for use in heat exchangers is developed. The goal is to retain a streamlined outer profile (resist deformation) and to prevent strain failure due to the applied internal pressure. The effect of the tube wall thickness distribution on heat transfer is also considered. The strain is calculated as a function of several dimensionless geometric ratios and the ratio of the internal pressure to material modulus. Using the finite element method, a set of dimensionless design curves is created for elliptical tube geometries. From these curves, a range of possible materials and tube geometries can be selected that meet a specific strain limit. To illustrate the approach, structure-satisfied elliptical designs are selected and their thermal performance is evaluated for an automotive radiator and an automotive charge air cooler made of polymeric materials. The same method can be extended to tubes of other shapes and materials.
Risk/benefit ratio of long-term treatment withβ 2-adrenoceptor agonists

Optimal control of chronic obstructive airway disorders is usually achieved with therapy based onβ 2-adrenoceptor agonist administration. Aerosols are highly effective, have few side effects, allow for fine adjustment of dosage to titrate symptoms, and result in reduction in hyperreactivity. Equivalent bronchodilating doses of oral agents cause side effects that limit acceptability. With oral agents, cardiohemodynamic disturbances are usually minor, while tremor and restlessness diminish with continued drug use. In chronic regimens, an aerosolβ 2-adrenergic agent should be chosen whose overall incidence of side effects is less than 5%, and an oral agent that produces no more than a 10% incidence of tremor. Suboptimal oral dosages in combination with maximal dosages ofβ 2-agonist aerosol, with or without other bronchodilator drugs, are advisable for chronic therapy. An optimal risk/benefit ratio with broxaterol therapy will probably be achieved by using an aerosol-oral combination. Thus, broxaterol, a newβ 2-agent, should be studied further to determine its value in chronic bronchospastic disorders.
New Components of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Alamandine and the Mas-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor D

The renin-angiotensin system is an important component of the central and humoral mechanisms of blood pressure and hydro-electrolytic balance control. Angiotensin II is a key player of this system. Twenty-five years ago the first manuscripts describing the formation and actions of another peptide of the RAS, angiotensin-(1-7), were published. Since then several publications have shown that angiotensin-(1-7) is as pleiotropic as angiotensin II, influencing the functions of many organs and systems. The identification of the ACE homologue ACE2 and, a few years later, Mas, as a receptor for angiotensin-(1-7) contributed a great deal to establish this peptide as a key player of the RAS. Most of the actions of angiotensin-(1-7) are opposite to those described for angiotensin II. This has led to the concept of two arms of the RAS: one comprising ACE/AngII/AT1R and the other ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas. More recently, we have described the identification of a novel component of the RAS, alamandine, which binds to the Mas-related G protein coupled receptor D. This peptide is formed by decarboxylation of the Asp residue of angiotensin-(1-7), leading to the formation of Ala as the N-terminal amino acid. Alternatively, it can be formed by hydrolysis of Ang A, by ACE2. Its effects include vasorelaxation, central effects similar to those produced by angiotensin-(1-7), blunting of isoproterenol-induced heart fibrosis, and anti-hypertensive action in SHR. The putative enzyme responsible for alamandine formation from angiotensin-(1-7) is under investigation. The identification of this novel component of the RAS opens new venues for understanding its physiological role and opens new putative therapeutic possibilities for treating cardiovascular diseases.
A psychological approach to decision support systems

Rapid advances in information technology have brought decision makers the mixed blessing of an increasingly vast amount of easily available data. Designers of decision support systems DSS have focused on incorporating the latest technology with little attention to whether these new systems are compatible with the psychology of decision makers. Our premise is that DSS should be designed to take advantage of the distinctive competencies of decision makers while using technology to compensate for their inherent weaknesses. In this study we apply this approach to a forecasting task. We find that to arrive at a forecast decision makers often search their experience for a situation similar to the one at hand and then make small adjustments to this previous situation. Our theoretical model of the performance of this intuitively appealing strategy shows that it performs reasonably well in highly predictable environments, but performs quite poorly in less predictable environments. Results from an experiment confirm these predictions and show that providing decision makers with a simple linear model in combination with a computerized database of historical cases improves performance significantly. We conclude by discussing how these results can be used to help improve forecasting in applied contexts, such as promotion forecasting in the retail grocery industry.
The comparison between thermal-optical transmittance elemental carbon and Aethalometer black carbon measured at multiple monitoring sites

Continuous andsemi-continuous measurements of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) andPM 2:5 were performed during the summer of 2002 in Rochester, NY and Philadelphia, PA. During the study period in Philadelphia, high concentrations of woodsmoke from a Canad ian forest fire were transportedto the monitoring site. Two-hour integratedthermal EC (EC)/optical EC ðBCSÞ using a Sunset Lab OC/EC analyzer andcontinuous Aethalometer optical EC ðBCAÞ using a two-wavelength Aethalometer were compared in various environments. The weekdays diurnal average for EC peaked during the morning rush-hour and was much higher than the value during weekends, whereas the OC results showed no diurnal variation of OC during either weekdays or weekends at both sites. The diurnal variations of BCA were also strongly correlatedwith the rush-hour traffic. The correlation coefficient between EC and BCA in Rochester ðr 2 ¼ 0:84Þ was higher than in Philadelphia ðr 2 ¼ 0:60Þ while the BCA/EC slopes were 3.3 and2.7 in Rochester and Philadelphia, respectively. The difference in the slopes indicates that the specific attenuation crosssection used for the optical carbon analysis depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of elemental carbon. During the Canadian forest fire, the BCA/EC slope dramatically dropped to 0.4 with a correlation coefficient of 0.60. The decrease of the proportionality between EC and BCA demonstrates the variability of the absorption coefficient. The level of UV absorbing organic compounds significantly increased during the fire aerosol episode suggesting the presence of abundant organic compounds in the forest fire smoke particles. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Thyroid Hormone and Dietary Carbohydrate Induce Different Hepatic Zonation of Both "Spot 14" and Acetyl-Coenzyme-A Carboxylase: A Novel Mechanism of Coregulation

The S14 gene encodes a protein found in the nuclei of lipogenic tissues that is induced synergistically by thyroid hormone (T3) and dietary carbohydrate, as are several lipogenic enzymes. In hyperthyroid rats, hepatic expression of S14 protein is zonated. The established association of S14 gene expression with lipogenesis, therefore, prompted a comparison of the zonal distribution of induction of S14 and acetyl-coenzyme-A-carboxylase (ACC), a rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid synthesis, by T3, dietary carbohydrate, and both stimuli together. As determined by immunohistochemistry, liver from chow-fed hypothyroid or euthyroid fasted rats showed essentially no reactivity for either S14 or ACC. Sections from hyperthyroid rats exhibited nuclear staining with anti-S14 antibodies and cytoplasmic reactivity for ACC that was primarily perivenous in both cases. In contrast, sections from euthyroid-fasted animals refed a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet for 3 days exhibited panlobular expression of both antigens. Animals receiving both T3 and high carbohydrate diet refeeding showed increased intensity of staining, compared to the refed group, for both S14 and ACC across the entire lobule. Therefore, in rats consuming normal chow, T3 induced S14 and ACC only in the perivenous zone of the acinus, whereas it further induced these proteins across the entire lobule in the presence of increased carbohydrate intake. Modulation, by the carbohydrate content of the diet, of the fraction of the liver that may express S14 and ACC in response to T3 provides a mechanism for coregulation of the genes involved in hepatic lipid formation. Moreover, the observed cozonation of S14 and ACC as well as the quantitatively similar effects of T3 and dietary carbohydrate on S14, ACC, fatty acid synthetase, and ATP-citrate lyase protein abundance prompt the speculation that S14 acts in the nucleus to promote expression of the genes involved in the lipogenic pathway.
From a comb to a tree: phylogenetic relationships of the comb-footed spiders (Araneae, Theridiidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes

The family Theridiidae is one of the most diverse assemblages of spiders, from both a morphological and ecological point of view. The family includes some of the very few cases of sociality reported in spiders, in addition to bizarre foraging behaviors such as kleptoparasitism and araneophagy, and highly diverse web architecture. Theridiids are one of the seven largest families in the Araneae, with about 2200 species described. However, this species diversity is currently grouped in half the number of genera described for other spider families of similar species richness. Recent cladistic analyses of morphological data have provided an undeniable advance in identifying the closest relatives of the theridiids as well as establishing the family's monophyly. Nevertheless, the comb-footed spiders remain an assemblage of poorly defined genera, among which hypothesized relationships have yet to be examined thoroughly. Providing a robust cladistic structure for the Theridiidae is an essential step towards the clarification of the taxonomy of the group and the interpretation of the evolution of the diverse traits found in the family. Here we present results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis of a broad taxonomic sample of the family (40 taxa in 33 of the 79 currently recognized genera) and representatives of nine additional araneoid families, using approximately 2.5kb corresponding to fragments of three nuclear genes (Histone 3, 18SrDNA, and 28SrDNA) and two mitochondrial genes (16SrDNA and CoI). Several methods for incorporating indel information into the phylogenetic analysis are explored, and partition support for the different clades and sensitivity of the results to different assumptions of the analysis are examined as well. Our results marginally support theridiid monophyly, although the phylogenetic structure of the outgroup is unstable and largely contradicts current phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological data. Several groups of theridiids receive strong support in most of the analyses: latrodectines, argyrodines, hadrotarsines, a revised version of spintharines and two clades including all theridiids without trace of a colulus and those without colular setae. However, the interrelationships of these clades are sensitive to data perturbations and changes in the analysis assumptions.
Reliability issues for flip-chip packages

Abstract In this article, we review the reliability issues for plastic flip-chip packages, which have become an enabling technology for future packaging development. The evolution of area-array interconnects with high I/O counts and power dissipation has made thermal deformation an important reliability concern for flip-chip packages. Significant advances have been made in understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of flip-chip packages based on recent studies using moire interferometry. Results from moire studies are reviewed by focusing on the role of the underfill to show how it reduces the shear strains of the solder balls but shifts the reliability concern to delamination of the underfill interfaces. The development of the high-resolution moire interferometry based on the phase-shift technique provided a powerful method for quantitative analysis of thermal deformation and strain distribution for high-density flip-chip packages. This method has been applied to study plastic flip-chip packages and the results and impacts on delamination at the die/underfill interface and in the underfill region above the plated through-hole via are discussed. Here a related reliability problem of die cracking during packaging assembly and test is also discussed. Finally, we discuss briefly two emerging reliability issues for advanced flip-chip packages, one on the packaging effect on Cu/low k interconnect reliability and the other on electromigration of solder balls in flip-chip packages.
Biases in medication prescribing: the case of second-generation antipsychotics.

The shift from first-generation antipsychotic medications to second-generation antipsychotic medications initially caused a wave of excitement about the potential for improved and broader efficacy of these medications concurrent with an improved side-effect profile. Recent data from high-quality res
Automatic cognitions and the symptoms of depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: an examination of the content-specificity hypothesis

Beck and his collegues have hypothesized that the symptoms of anxiety and depression have distinct cognitive correlates. They hypothesized that depression is associated with cognitions concerning loss and deprivation, whereas anxiety is associated with cognitions concerning threat and danger. In the present work, we suggest a modification of this hypothesis. We hypothesize that the impact of threat and loss congitions varies as a function of severity: specificially, that very high levels of threat influence symptomatology as loss cognitions typically do and that low levels of loss have effects similar to those of threat cognitions. Threat and loss cognitions and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed in a nonclinical sample of young persons and analyzed through regression techniques. The results of these analyses provide support for the hypotheses.
FORMATION OF DES-ASP-ANGIOTENSIN II IS NOT AN OBLIGATORY STEP IN THE STEROIDOGENIC ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN THE CANINE ADRENAL

A comparison of the receptor binding properties and jLn vitro metabolism of angiotensin II and [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II was performed in collagenase-dispersed glomerulosa cells from dog adrenal glands. Each peptide was bound rapidly and reversibly to isolated glomerulosa cells, with similar equilibrium and kinetic constants of association and dissociation. The labeled peptide that was bound to glomerulosa cells after incubation with 125I- and 3H-angiotensin II at 37C for 30-60 minutes was predominantly angiotensin II, with about 15% [des-Asp1]-angiotensin II. These findings demonstrate that local formation of the heptapeptide is not an obligatory step in the action of angiotensin II on aldosterone production in the canine adrenals.
Atomic physics: A new spin on magnetometry.

The capability to measure small, localized magnetic fields is valuable in biology as well as physics. A new device, based on spin-polarized alkali atoms, achieves better sensitivity and resolution than before.
High-speed document sensing and misprint detection in digital presses

We design and analyze a high-speed document sensing and misprint detection system for real-time monitoring of printed pages. We implemented and characterized a prototype system, comprising a solid-state line sensor and a high-quality imaging lens, that measures in real time the light reflected from a printed page. We use sensor simulation software and signal processing methods to create an expected sensor response given the page that is being printed. The measured response is compared with the predicted response based on a system simulation. A computational misprint detection system measures differences between the expected and measured responses, continuously evaluating the likelihood of a misprint. We describe several algorithms to identify rapidly any significant deviations between the expected and actual sensor response. The parameters of the system are determined by a cost-benefit analysis.
Winter Ecology of Piping Plovers at Oregon Inlet, North Carolina

Abstract Humans may modify winter habitat of the imperiled Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus), yet published accounts of the species’ winter ecology are rare. We studied Piping Plovers at Oregon Inlet, North Carolina from December 2005 to March 2006. Plovers used a 20.1 km2 area (100% minimum convex polygon home range) containing narrow barrier islands with ocean and sound-side beaches, and small shoals, dredged-material islands, and marsh islands in shallow-water sounds. Plover activity was concentrated in twelve areas totaling 2.2 km2 (95% fixed kernel home range). When plovers were on ocean beaches, they spent less time foraging (18%) than when on Sound Island beaches (88%) and islands (83%, P = 0.003). Sound island use increased and beach use decreased as the tide dropped (Logistic regression, P < 0.001). Plover use of dredged-material islands implied that habitat managers can create or restore attractive foraging sites where habitat may be declining or limiting. Wintering habitat management should ai...
Two new structural types for d3-d3 dimers of molybdenum and tungsten: [K(18-crown-6)]+[Mo2(OCH2But)7]− and [W2{P(c-hexyl)2}3(OCH2But)3{HP(c-hexyl)2}]

Abstract The syntheses and structures (determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques) are reported for [K(18-crown-6)]+[Mo2(OCH2But)7]− and [W2{P(c-hexyl)3}3(OCH2But3{HP(c-hexyl)2}]. The former contains a single bridging (μ-OCH2But) ligand, six terminal alkoxide ligands and an MM triple bond. The latter contains three bridging (μ-PR2) ligands and an MM bond distance that is most consistent with the presence of a single bond. These two compounds are the first examples of M2L7 complexes with bridging ligands. They highlight the delicate balance of metal-metal vs metal-ligand bonding in the coordination chemistry of d3-d3 dimers of molybdenum and tungsten.
Eocene potassic magmatism at Two Buttes, Colorado, with implications for Cenozoic tectonics and magma generation in the western United States

Potassic mafic intrusions at Two Buttes, Colorado, enable examination of melt generation and mantle evolution at the eastern extent of Oligocene–Eocene magmatism in the western United States, and comparison of these processes to those in similar tectonic settings but within mantle lithosphere of contrasting age. Average K-Ar age determinations from four intrusions yield a 36.8 ± 0.4 Ma (1-σ) age for the Two Buttes complex. This late Eocene age precludes a genetic connection with inception of the Rio Grande rift, documented to have begun ca. 26 Ma, as advocated by others. The magmatism may have been related to Eocene subduction, although no isotopic component from Cenozoic subduction was recognized. Initial 87 Sr/ 86 Sr of whole-rock samples and clinopyroxene separates ranges from 0.7061 to 0.7073 and ϵNd (37 Ma) from −3.5 to −5.1. 207 Pb/ 204 Pb ranges from 15.56 to 15.60, 206 Pb/ 204 Pb ranges from 18.69 to 19.00, and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb ranges from 38.13 to 38.73. These isotopic ratios primarily reflect processes within heterogeneous, enriched mantle sources. The Two Buttes minettes have depletions in high field strength elements similar to those characteristic of subduction-related magmas, but the subduction event giving rise to these compositions cannot be Cenozoic because Nd depleted-mantle model ages are near 1.0 Ga. The Two Buttes magmas appear to have been produced from mantle enriched by Proterozoic subduction-related processes, as were some of the similar Cenozoic alkalic rocks intrusive into Proterozoic and younger crust in the Rocky Mountains region. The regional pattern of model Nd ages for similar alkalic rocks near the Rocky Mountain front may document successive periods of Precambrian crust formation from north to south. Two Buttes magmatism may have resulted from slab collision with the western edge of a keel of thick continental lithosphere beneath the Great Plains. A similar slab-lithosphere interaction may have immediately preceded small-volume alkalic magmatism along the Rocky Mountain front in Montana and Wyoming ca. 48–54 Ma and in Colorado and New Mexico ca. 37 Ma. These small-volume alkalic igneous rocks may mark the locations of the western edge of the keel in mid-Cenozoic time, the times of slab-keel collision, and the times of regional uplift consequent to the thermal event responsible for mantle melting.
Hammerheads Derived from sTRSV Show Enhanced Cleavage and Ligation Rate Constants

The catalytic properties of the hammerhead ribozyme embedded in the (+) strand of the satellite tobacco ringspot viral genome are analyzed with the goal of obtaining the elemental rate constants of the cleavage (k2) and ligation (k-2) steps. Two different chimeras combining the sTRSV (+) hammerhead and the well-characterized hammerhead 16 were used to measure the cleavage rate constant (k2), the rate of approach to equilibrium (kobs ) k2 + k-2), and the fraction of full-length hammerhead at equilibrium (k-2/k2 + k-2). When compared to minimal hammerheads that lack the recently discovered loop I-loop II interaction, an extended format hammerhead derived from sTRSV studied here shows at least a 20-fold faster k2 and a 1300-fold faster k-2 at 10 mM MgCl2. However, the magnesium dependence of the cleavage rate is not significantly changed. Thus, the enhanced cleavage of this hammerhead observed in vivo is due to its higher intrinsic rate and not due to its tighter binding of magnesium ions. The faster k-2 of this hammerhead suggests that ligation may be used to form circular RNA genomes. This in vitro system will be valuable for experiments directed at understanding the hammerhead mechanism and the role of the loop I-loop II interaction.
The significance of distance and orientation of restriction endonuclease recognition sites in viral DNA genomes

Studies on phage T3 and T7 have shown that these viruses avoid restriction not only by the phage-coded Ocr (and S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase) protein functions or by the complete loss of specific recognition sites for certain restriction endonucleases from their genomes, but also that there are two additional modes: resistance towards EcoP15 (which recognizes a non-symmetrical sequence) is achieved by an identical orientation of all the recognition sites in the virus genome (strand bias) and in the case of EcoRII by the extreme reduction in number and thereby greater distance between recognition sites in the genome. These observations led to the discovery that certain restriction endonucleases require the simultaneous cooperation with two DNA sites for their function, as well as to the ongoing elucidation of the molecular modes of action of these enzymes. Type II and type III enzymes display fundamentally different mechanisms of protein-DNA interaction. For EcoRII we favor a model of simultaneous binding of two DNA sites to a dimeric enzyme molecule (neighbouring sites of the same, looping, DNA molecule or sites located on different DNA molecules), while the action of EcoP15 seems to conform with a tracking-collision model of two enzyme molecules bound to inversely oriented recognition sites. In addition to podoviruses T3 and T7, strand bias of recognition sequences for different type III DNA modification-restriction enzymes is also observed in the inoviruses M13, IKE and PF3.
Delay therapy: Two case reports

Delay therapy is a behavioral management technique particularly appropriate for breaking the obsession-impulse crystallization-compulsion sequence. Continued implementation of delay strategies, as noted in the two case histories, results in dissipation of the obsession. The particular subset of delay strategies is indicated by the individual case and may include spaced phone calls, isolated use of medication, as well as behavioral contracts and tasks.
Current jets, disorder, and linear magnetoresistance in the silver chalcogenides

The inhomogeneous distribution of excess or deficient silver atoms lies behind the large and linear transverse magnetoresistance displayed by Ag_(2±δ)Se and Ag_(2±δ)Te, introducing spatial conductivity fluctuations with length scales independent of the cyclotron radius. We report a negative, nonsaturating longitudinal magnetoresistance up to at least 60 T, which becomes most negative where the bands cross and the effect of conductivity fluctuations is most acute. Thinning samples down to 10 μm suppresses the negative response, revealing the essential length scale in the problem and paving the way for designer magnetoresistive devices.
Guest editorial: Special issue on hedge funds

Hedge funds have gained significant importance in capital markets across the world and are a subject of constant media attention. However, due to the limited regulatory and disclosure requirements for hedge funds, there is a need for better understanding of these investment vehicles that have become a significant part of the financial services industry. The five articles in this special issue are aimed towards achieving this objective. These articles cover important topical areas related to hedge funds including response of hedge funds to recent financial crisis, modeling the risk-adjusted performance of hedge funds, role of hedge funds in corporate governance, design of optimal compensation contract for hedge fund managers, and examination of hedge funds’ activities in the primary lending market. I am now going to briefly describe each of the articles included in this issue. In the first paper titled “The Financial Crisis and Hedge Fund Returns”, author Nicolas P.B. Bollen asks an important question: Can we learn something about the onset of financial crisis from the changes in strategies and cross-sectional return distribution of hedge funds? Bollen finds intriguing answers to this question. There is a substantial increase in the explanatory power from linear factor models during the crisis period for two reasons. First, hedge funds move away from idiosyncratic strategies to investing in more liquid assets using traditional investment strategies. Second, there is an increase in the correlation across different asset markets in the wake of the financial crisis. Moreover, Bollen shows discontinuity in hedge fund returns, suggesting that funds avoid reporting losses during the financial crisis to prevent large-scale withdrawal by investors. The findings in this paper should be important in understanding the systemic risk and operational risk associated with hedge fund activities.
Temperature transients in flowing boreholes

Abstract We consider the problem of temperature transients in a borehole which has been drilled into an isothermal homogeneous solid and which is flowing at a constant rate. At a fixed time, the temperature of the fluid entering the borehole at the bottom is raised by a given amount. We derive the theoretical expression for the temperature response of the borehole and give a few numerical data of practical value.
On the dispersal of artificially-injected gases in the night-time atmosphere

Abstract We have studied the extent to which various transport processes affect the dispersal of a gas artificially injected into the night-time atmosphere at F -region altitudes. In addition to diffusion, we have found that nonlinear acceleration, viscous stress, and thermospheric winds affect the dispersal of the injected gas. The magnitude of the effect depends on the atmospheric density, which is a function of solar activity. For an injected H 2 gas, non-linear acceleration and viscous stress rapidly become more important than diffusion above about 300 km for low solar activity ( T ∞ = 750K), 340 km for moderate solar activity ( T ∞ = 1000K), and 400 km for high solar activity ( T ∞ = 1500K). For an injected H 2 O gas, the corresponding altitudes are 350, 400, and 470 km for low, moderate and high solar activity, respectively. The effect of nonlinear acceleration and viscous stress is to retard the expansion of the injected gas. Thermospheric winds of 150–400 m s −1 are important at altitudes near and below the F -region peak electron density. These winds act to transport the injected gas in the wind direction and this affects the shape and temporal development of the subsequent ionospheric hole. Because the H 2 O diffusion coefficient is smaller than the H 2 diffusion coefficient, winds are more important for H 2 O than for H 2 .
Staining of fungi with saccharated iron oxide.

A 0.2% aqueous solution of saccharated iron oxide with a pH of 10.8 is shown to be suitable for supravital staining of fungi. Colonies or fresh tissue materials presumed to contain fungi are immersed in the solution for 1-24 hr, fixed in a 10% neutral solution of buffered formalin about 1 hr, washed, and treated with 10% potassium ferrocyanide in 0.5 N, HC1. Cell membranes of hyphae, perithekia, and walls of sporangia appear dark blue; cytoplasm of the hyphae, sporangiospores and spores stain greenish blue or yellowish green.
A case study of teacher leaders as group leaders: Implications for research and teacher education

Abstract This article presents the findings from a case study of teacher leadership in an elementary school as a form of group leadership. Using the functional theory of work groups, this study describes the functional roles that teacher leaders assume in meeting the task achievement and social‐emotional needs of work groups, as well as the school‐related and group‐related factors that influence their performances as group leaders. The findings raise important issues concerning the teacher leader's role in the performance and development of a work group and the role of the physical, social, and normative contexts of groups in mediating group leadership performances. Implications of study findings for further research and teacher education programs are discussed.
Kinetics of Oxytetracycline Reaction with a Hydrous Manganese Oxide

Tetracycline antibiotics comprise a class of broad spectrum antimicrobial agents finding application in human therapy, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and fruit crop production. To better understand the processes affecting these antibiotics in soils and sediments, the kinetics of oxytetracycline transformation by a hydrous manganese oxide (MnO2) were investigated as a function of reactant concentration, pH, and temperature. Oxytetracycline was rapidly degraded by MnO2. Initial reaction rates exhibited pronounced pH-dependence, increasing as pH decreased. Reaction of oxytetracycline with MnO2 was accompanied by generation of MnII ions, suggesting oxidative transformation of the antibiotic. At pH 5.6, apparent reaction orders for oxytetracycline and MnO2 were 0.7 and 0.8. Reaction order with respect to H+ was 0.6 between pH 4 and 9. Initial reaction rates increased by a factor of ∼2.4 for 10 °C temperature increases; the apparent activation energy (60 kJ·mol-1) was consistent with a surface-controlled reacti...
Steatorrhea and weight loss in a 72-year-old man: Primary biliary cirrhosis? celiac disease? bacterial overgrowth? what else?

Unintentional weight loss is an ominous sign, particularly when it occurs in the elderly; concern for malignancy is especially worrisome. In this report, we describe a 72-yr-old man who presented with weight loss and was found to have massive steatorrhea. An extensive evaluation revealed evidence of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), celiac disease, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. No malignancy was identified. The weight loss was attributed to severe steatorrhea due, in part, to intraluminal bile salt deficiency, small bowel mucosal disease, and bacterial overgrowth. Several points are discussed regarding gastrointestinal function in elderly patients with chronic liver disease secondary to PBC. The rare association between PBC and celiac disease in adults is also discussed. Finally, we suggest that bacterial overgrowth plays a significant role in the development of steatorrhea in some persons with PBC and that an assessment for bacterial overgrowth should be performed on persons with steatorrhea and PBC.
Submarine debris flow impact on suspended (free-span) pipelines: Normal and longitudinal drag forces

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was employed to numerically simulate impact of clay-rich submarine debris flows on a suspended (free-span) pipeline at various angles of attack. The resultant horizontal drag force can be decomposed into two components: normal and parallel to the pipe axis. A method is presented for estimating the normal and longitudinal drag forces on a suspended pipeline and is applicable to a wide of impact situations. The work presented here complements the results of an earlier investigation into the drag forces on suspended and laid-on-seafloor pipelines. The previous investigation consisted of both physical laboratory experiments and CFD numerical analyses, for an impact situation normal to the pipe axis. The impact Reynolds numbers presented in this paper range between about 2 and 320. This range is considered appropriate for practical design purposes.
Saga of the fourth heart sound

Abstract In reviewing knowledge of the fourth heart sound, our intention has not been to describe new discoveries. Instead, we have been fascinated by the continuity of work which was begun with Bouillard in 1848 and perpetuated by Clark and Potain until the early 1900's. Since then, investigators such as Duchosal, Barlow, Kincaid-Smith, Evans, Dock, Weitzman, Mounsey, Skinner, Muller, Dimond, Benchimol, Banks, Tafur, Braunwald and others have verified the characteristics of the fourth heart sound and its physiologic implication and have put forward an interpretation that has practical clinical value. The pieces of the puzzle have been fitted by many, and no one can claim the locking piece. The saga of the fourth heart sound is, of course, incomplete, yet the already identified clinical significance makes it a story worth knowing … and satisfying to tell.
Genetic mapping of Eutr1, a locus controlling E2-induced pyometritis in the Brown Norway rat, to RNO5

In certain rat strains, chronic estrogen administration can lead to pyometritis, an inflammation of the uterus accompanied by infection and the accumulation of intraluminal pus. In this article, we report that the Brown Norway (BN) rat is highly susceptible to pyometritis induced by 17beta-estradiol (E2). The susceptibility of the BN rat to E2-induced pyometritis appears to segregate as a recessive trait in crosses to the resistant August x Copenhagen Irish (ACI) strain. In a (BN x ACI)F(2) population, we find strong evidence for a major genetic determinant of susceptibility to E2-induced pyometritis on rat chromosome 5 (RNO5). Our data are most consistent with a model in which the BN allele of this locus, designated Eutr1 (Estrogen-induced uterine response 1), acts in an incompletely dominant manner to control E2-induced pyometritis. Furthermore, we have confirmed the contribution of Eutr1 to E2-induced uterine pyometritis using an RNO5 congenic rat strain. In addition to Eutr1, we obtained evidence suggestive of linkage for five additional loci on RNO2, 4, 11, 17, and X that control susceptibility to E2-induced pyometritis in the (BN x ACI)F(2) population.
Bystander effect and adaptive response in C3H 10T(1/2) cells.

Purpose: To address the relationship between the bystander effect and the adaptive response that can compete to impact on the dose–response curve at low doses.Materials and methods: A novel radiation apparatus, where targeted and non‐targeted cells were grown in close proximity, was used to investigate these phenomena in C3H 10T½ cells. It was further examined whether a bystander effect or an adaptive response could be induced by a factor(s) present in the supernatants of cells exposed to a high or low dose of X‐rays, respectively.Results: When non‐hit cells were co‐cultured for 24 h with cells irradiated with 5 Gy α‐particles, a significant increase in both cell killing and oncogenic transformation frequency was observed. If these cells were treated with 2 cGy X‐rays 5 h before co‐culture with irradiated cells, approximately 95% of the bystander effect was cancelled out. A 2.5‐fold decrease in the oncogenic transformation frequency was also observed. When cells were cultured in medium donated from cells ...
Life cycle optimization of building energy systems

A life cycle optimization model intended to potentially reduce the environmental impacts of energy use in commercial buildings is presented. A combination of energy simulation, life cycle assessment, and operations research techniques are used to develop the model. In addition to conventional energy systems, such as the electric grid and a gas boiler, cogeneration systems which concurrently generate power and heat are investigated as an alternative source of energy. Cogeneration systems appeared to be an attractive alternative to conventional systems when considering life cycle environmental criteria. Internal combustion engine and microturbine (MT) cogeneration systems resulted in a reduction of up to 38% in global warming potential compared with conventional systems, while solid oxide fuel cell and MT cogeneration systems resulted in a reduction of up to 94% in tropospheric ozone precursor potential (TOPP). Results include a Pareto-optimal frontier between reducing costs and reducing the selected enviro...
The low field electron mobility of tetramethylsilane

Abstract The room temperature low field electron mobility of tetramethylsilane was measured to be 111±4 cm2 s−1 V−1.
A rare but radiographically recognizable cause of an irreducible hip fracture-dislocation

Hip dislocations are emergently reduced to decrease the chance of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. However, in some situations, the dislocation may be irreducible by a closed technique. Rarely, the fractured femoral head may become perched on an intact acetabulum, leading to an irreducible fracture-dislocation. This rare type of irreducible fracture-dislocation demonstrates unique physical and associated radiographic findings. These fractures are important to recognize early, as attempts at closed reduction can lead to femoral neck fractures.
Effects of urease inhibitors on nitrification in soils

Abstract The effects of 10 urease inhibitors on nitrification in soils were studied by determining the effects of 10 and 50 parts/10 6 (soil basis) of each inhibitor on the amounts of nitrate and nitrite produced when soils treated with ammonium sulfate (200 μg of ammonium N/g of soil) were incubated (30°C) under aerobic conditions for 14 days. The urease inhibitors used (catechol. hydroquinone, p -benzoquinone, 2,3-dimethyl- p -benzoquinone, 2,5-dimethyl- p -benzoquinone. 2,6-dimethyl- p -benzoquinone. 2,5-dichloro- p -benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro- p -benzoquinone. sodium p -chloromercuribenzoate, and phenylmercuric acetate) were those found most effective in previous work to evaluate more than 130 compounds as soil urease inhibitors. Their effects on nitrification were compared with those of three compounds patented as soil nitrification inhibitors (N-Serve. AM. and ST). Most of the urease inhibitors studied had little effect on nitrification when applied at the rate of 10 μg/g of soil. but had marked inhibitory effects when applied at the rate of 50 μg/g of soil. None inhibited nitrification as effectively as N-Serve. but phenylmercuric acetate inhibited nitrification more effectively than did AM or ST when applied at the rate of 10 μg/g of soil. Phenylmercuric acetate, 2,5-dimethyl- p -benzoquinone, and 2,6-dimethyl- p -benzoquinone had very marked effects on nitrification when applied at the rate of 50 μg/g of soil.
Microvascular instability in tetraplegic patients: preliminary observations

Study design: Case control. Objectives: To describe the effect of spinal cord injury on microvascular stability. Setting: Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Roxbury, MA, USA. Methods: A total of 19 tetraplegic patients, aged 63±12 years, were surveyed for microvascular instability. Photoelectric pulse sensors were applied to the skin surface of the neck on both sides and to the distal pads of the left and right fourth fingers of subjects in the sitting position. All pulses during the survey periods were recorded by a polygraph system. The unstable fraction of pulsatile cutaneous blood flow (UFCF) was calculated by the sum of the periods during which pulses at any site were either half or twice the baseline amplitude divided by the survey time. Simultaneous UFCF, which was pulsatile flow change in the same direction at the same time in two leads, was also measured. Flow changes in patients with motor and sensory complete lesions were compared with incomplete lesions. Results: Survey times were 7017±670 s. Tetraplegic complete UFCF and simultaneous UFCF were 0.25±0.12 and 0.07±0.07, respectively. Tetraplegic incomplete UFCF and simultaneous UFCF were 0.0.13±0.9 and 0.02±0.04, respectively. The differences between the groups were significant for UFCF (P=0.04), but not for simultaneous UFCF (P=0.14). Conclusions: Tetraplegic subjects demonstrate an instability of cutaneous microvascular blood flow that is related to the severity of paralysis.
Magnetization of cobalt nanodiscs

Abstract We have studied the magnetization and AC susceptibility of a dilute colloidal dispersion of e -Co nanodiscs. The temperature dependence of the magnetization implies that the nanodisc moments become largely static below a blocking temperature which exceeds room temperature. The related anisotropy energy is significantly larger than the magnetocrystalline anisotropy for bulk e -Co, which may result either from surface modifications to the crystalline anisotropy, or perhaps from shape anisotropy. The saturation moment is found to be temperature independent, over a wide range of temperatures and also close to the blocking temperature, although the field at which saturation occurs varies considerably with temperature. A coercive field of 1700 Oe is found at low temperature, indicating that magnetization reversal involves the coordinated rotation of the moments in individual nanodiscs. Aging effects are observed in the AC susceptibility, implying that the spatial coherence of the room temperature dispersions increases over time, leading to static short-range order.
Enhanced protease inhibitor expression in plant residues slows nitrogen mineralization

Organic N mineralization by extracellular proteases affects inorganicNavailabilityandloss.SoilNmineralizationisslowedbyaddition of purified protease inhibitors. We hypothesized that elevated concentrations of protease inhibitors in plant residues would reduce soil and plant residue N mineralization. Isogenic controls and transgenic plants of Brassica (Brassica napus L.), Japonicum rice (Oryza sativa L.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) showing enhanced wound-inducible protease inhibitor production were grown in a greenhouse, and leaves were mechanically wounded 3 d before shoot removal. Transgenic plants and their isogenic controls did not differ in N concentration, C/N ratio, or lignin concentration in shoot residues, but protease inhibitor concentration was 1.5 to 2.3 times greater in the transgenic lines. In laboratory incubations in a loamy sand soil, inorganic N in leachate fromtransgenicplantswassignificantly lowerthanisogeniccontrolsfor the first 30 d when the residues remained on the soil surface and were higher at one or more dates thereafter. When residues weremixed with soil, differences were observed only for Brassica. Cumulative N mineralization instaticincubations ofresidues mixedwithsoilfollowed the order Brassica . tobacco . rice residues. In general, transgenic residues mineralized between 22 and 27% less N than control plant residues in the first 30 d, but no differences in soil N mineralization were detected. Thus, protease inhibitor concentration of plant residues should be included with measures of total N concentration, C/N ratio, and lignin concentration to improve prediction and potentially management of short-term N mineralization from plant residues.
Species and growth phase study of oral streptococci by Raman spectroscopy

We investigated near-infrared Raman spectra of two kinds of oral streptococci, S. mutans and S. sanguis, at different growth stages by using principal component analysis and logistic regression Our results indicate species information and growth phase information can be extracted separately from different spectral regions.
Whey protein emulsion film performance as affected by lipid type and amount

Beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and a high-melting fraction of anhydrous milkfat were homogenized with whey protein to produce edible emulsion films. Lipid type and amount were important in controlling the emulsion film water vapor permeability (WVP). The WVPs of the beeswax and milkfat emulsion films were significantly lower than that of films from lower moisture transmitters, carnauba and candelilla wax. Lipid WVP and degree of viscoelasticity determined the barrier properties of the films. A significant reduction in WVP of whey protein films could be achieved using large volume fractions of lipid depending on lipid type.
Revision of the Neotropical Genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini)

The genus Hemibidessus Zimmermann, 1921 is revised. Six species are recognized in the genus. Two new species are described, H. spirodiscus sp. n. from Bolivia and H. spangleri sp. n. from Argentina. A key for identifying the species is presented. The female genitalia are thoroughly illustrated and described for the first time for any species of Bidessini. Other important diagnostic structures are also illustrated including the male genitalia. A cladistic analysis is presented for 8 species (6 ingroup and 2 outgroup species) and 13 characters. A single most parsimonious cladogram was found.
Acetylation and methylation of flavins and the effects on isoalloxazinc ring protonation

The acetylation of N10-(poly)hydroxy side chains of 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazines has been accomplished in conventional ways using perchloric acid as catalyst with excess acetic anhydride in acetic acid for flavins or in pyridine for the coenzyme, D-riboflavin-5′-phosphate (FMN). Although complete acetylation of the primary and secondary alcoholic functions of flavins with various hydroxyalkyl chains occurs, the primary product purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatotraphy of the reaction with FMN, followed by neutralization, is the 2′,3′-diacetyl derivative. Diacetyl FMN and other acetylated flavins exhibit the usual absorption spectra of prolonated isoalloxazinium compounds, with λ max values of 390, 264, and 222 nm, only upon greater acidification than necessary for their hydroxy or especially deoxy counterparts. A similar though less marked effect is found with flavins methylated by treatment with methyl iodide and silver oxide in dimethylformamide. Protonation of the isoalloxazine ring, which occurs on the most basic nitrogen 1, is most effectively impaired by acetylation or methylation of the proximal 2′-hydroxyl group.