cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual Design Reuse Through Style Recognition and Transfer

This work aims to transfer design attributes and styles within and across visual documents such as slides, graphic designs, and non-photorealistic renderings. Consistent style across elements is a hallmark of good graphic design. Many visual stylistic design patterns exist throughout visualizations, presentations, and interactive media experiences (games, visual novels). These patterns often exist in visual style guides, brand guides, and concept art. However, except for structured document layouts (e.g., HTML/CSS), design tools often do not enforce consistent style decisions or must be manually maintained. Synchronizing style guides and designs require significant effort, discouraging exploration and the mixing of new ideas. This work introduces algorithms that recognize implicit patterns and structures in visual documents along with interfaces that let designers operate on these patterns, specifically, to view and apply design changes across pattern instances flexibly. The key benefits of visual redesign through implicit patterns are: (1) removing any dependence on upfront formal style declarations, (2) enabling extraction and distribution of implicit visual patterns, and (3) facilitating the exploration of novel visual design concepts through the mixing of styles.
Sex differences in political leadership in an egalitarian society

We test the contribution of sex differences in physical formidability, education, and cooperation to the acquisition of political leadership in a small-scale society. Among forager-farmers from the Bolivian Amazon, we find that men are more likely to exercise different forms of political leadership, including verbal influence during community meetings, coordination of community projects, and dispute resolution. We show that these differences in leadership are not due to gender per se but are associated with men's greater number of cooperation partners, greater access to schooling, and greater body size and physical strength. Men's advantage in cooperation partner number is tied to their participation in larger groups and to the opportunity costs of women's intrahousehold labor. We argue these results highlight the mutual influence of sexual selection and the sexual division of labor in shaping how women and men acquire leadership.
Piñon pine ( Pinus edulis Engelm.) growth responses to climate and substrate in southern Utah, U.S.A.

Pinon pines (Pinus edulis Engelm.) are a widely distributed species across the western United States (U.S.) providing habitat for wildlife species in addition to forest products for humans. Thus, understanding factors that promote the productivity of this species is important to predict future responses to environmental change. We examined pinon pine growth from tree-ring records and evaluated whether growth responses to climate may be explained by local site characteristics such as geologic substrate from the late 1900s through the early 2000s. Cluster analysis revealed two distinct clusters that differed in their growth response (i.e., tree-ring width) to July temperature of the current growing season (cluster 1, r = −0.45; cluster 2, r = −0.31). Clusters 1 and 2 displayed synchronous growth throughout the early to mid-twentieth century but growth patterns diverged in the 1970s. Ring widths in cluster 1, which were most sensitive to average July temperature, showed a downward trend in the 1970s through the 2000s. By contrast, cluster 2 growth showed positive growth responses during the 1980s followed by growth declines during the multi-year drought of the 1990s. There was evidence that these growth patterns may be partially explained by geologic substrate (i.e., shale, sandstone, alluvial fan). Pearson’s r values of tree growth over time were strongly negative on shales and sandstones (r = −0.30, P = 0.009; r = −0.34, P = 0.003), whereas those on alluvial fans were not significant (r = 0.13, P = 0.23). Reported values of soil available water capacity on the shale and sandstone substrates are low relative to the alluvial fans, which may partially explain the differential growth responses. Our findings suggest that consideration of increasing summer temperatures on low availability water capacity geologic substrates may be important in predicting future pinon pine growth declines.
A Domain Decomposition Technique Applied to a Free Surface Seepage Problem

A domain decomposition technique for a free boundary seepage problem of flow through a porous dam with a toe drain is considered. An iterative procedure is proposed that reduces the problem to a sequence of problems on each subdomain, one which includes the free boundary and is described by a variational inequality and the other which includes the remainder of the problem and is described by a second-order elliptic equation. A relaxation is performed at the subdomain interfaces at each iteration. Numerical results are presented.
FOR THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN

THIS is the Preface to a newly published volume containing the annual addresses (1921-1955) of the first 25 presidents of the American Academy of Pediatrics. These addresses, unlike those of other medical societies, are not scientific in content. Nor were they composed to make history. They were essentially personal observations on current problems considered important by each president as he concluded his span of office. Moreover, they reflect many impressions and aspirations. So when these addresses are assembled in one volume, they become, in a sense, both a history of the Academy and of our specialty during these 25 years. These presidential addresses have an underlying theme: the dedication of the pediatrician to child welfare. They underscore the important fact that the Academy was not formed for the benefit of its members. Rather, it was dedicated to a program which would give children a better future, not only in physical but also in mental and social health. This altruism is evident in almost every essay. We should never forget this aim, for therein lies the reason for our being. Naturally, nearly all of the presidents are but names to most of our members. Reprinting their addresses can remind all of us of the initial and enduring purpose of the American Academy of Pediatrics. What we read in these addresses, as would obviously be the case, differs with each author. There are long addresses and there are short ones. Some of them are pessimistic and some are optimistic. A few are mainly factual, while others are truly literary. In order to introduce each of the presidents, their photographs are reproduced. A short appreciation of each president follows, written by one or more contemporary personalities. Remarks on each essay follow, giving in some instances the background of its composition and delivery. The address is then reprinted. Each address shows in its own way how the Academy has succeeded or failed to achieve its original aims:
Fredholm Integral Equations of the Second Kind (Separable Kernel)

In Chap. 1, we conducted a thorough examination of the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind for an arbitrary complex parameter λ, assuming that the free term f(x) is complex-valued and continuous on the interval [a, b] and that the kernel K(x, t) is complex-valued, continuous, and separable on the square Q(a, b) = { (x, t): [a, b] ×[a, b]}. We stated the four Fredholm theorems and the Fredholm Alternative Theorem which provide for the construction of all possible solutions to the equation under these assumptions.
Death and Desire: Psychoanalytic Theory in Lacan's Return to Freud

Bibliographic abbreviations. Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 The Enigma of the 'Death Drive' 2 Lacanian Reflections on Narcissism 3 The Energetics of the Imaginary 4 Rereading Beyond the Pleasure Principle 5 The Unconscious Structured Like a Language 6 The Formations of the Unconscious 7 Metapsychology in the Perspective of Metaphysics 8 Conclusion. Notes. Bibliography. Index.
Similarities in effluent organic matter characteristics from Connecticut wastewater treatment plants.

Abstract Effluent organic matter (EfOM) from five Connecticut (USA) municipal wastewater treatment plants was isolated with DAX8 (hydrophobic fraction) and XAD4 (transphilic fraction) resins. Isolate recoveries ranged from 18 to 42% of the total organic carbon for DAX8 resin and from 6 to 12% for XAD4 resin. Isolated EfOM was characterized by traditional organic geochemistry techniques. Weight-averaged molecular weights of extracted EfOM by size exclusion chromatography were 450–670 Da with higher weights observed for the hydrophobic fractions than the transphilic fractions. Fluorescence characterization showed both humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence, as well as tryptophan- and tyrosine-like fluorescence, the latter not commonly observed for terrestrial organic matter. Fluorescence indices were between 1.5 and 1.9 with lower values observed for hydrophobic EfOM fractions than for transphilic fractions. Specific ultraviolet absorbance was measured between 0.8 and 3.0 L mg −1 m −1 with higher values for the hydrophobic EfOM fractions. Together these results indicated that isolated EfOM is similar in characteristics to microbially derived organic matter from natural aquatic systems. Little variation in EfOM characteristics was observed between the five wastewater treatment plants, suggesting that the characteristics of EfOM are similar, regardless of treatment plant design.
The Standard of Living Debate in Development Policy

The aim of this paper is to expose the ideological manipulation of the concept of poverty in the associated standard of living measurement tools in the development literature. The World Bank and its partners in the war on poverty fail to locate and analyze the critical contextual factors at issue in the prevalence and persistence of poverty. This is a problem that we trace back to a fundamental concern with advancing economic interests tied to global capital, interests that are in direct conflict with the stated concern of the World Bank and its partners in the project of cooperation for international development for world poverty — to reduce the incidence of absolute poverty an alleviate its worst effects. The implication of our findings is the need to construct methodologies and measurement techniques that are closer to the poor and their real living conditions. This, we conclude, is a matter of methodology and policy.
A Benchmarking Framework for Public Transportation Projects Delivery

Benchmarking is a systematic process of measuring an organization's performance against recognized leaders for the purpose of determining best practices that lead to superior performance. Benchmarking has been widely used by the private sector of the U.S. construction industry to improve their delivery of capital projects. While some studies have investigated the benchmarking of public transportation projects (e.g., highways and bridges), most of these focused solely on operations. This paper examines benchmarking efforts for public transportation projects delivery. Subsequently, this analysis is used to provide a framework of the opportunities and potential challenges inherent to benchmarking transportation projects delivery. This paper contributes to the foundational development of benchmarking standards for public transportation projects.
Food for Thought: Reflections on Food Aid and the Idea of Another Lost Chance in Sino-American Relations

Jean Kang and Victor Kaufman shed light on one of the more intrigu ing questions of Sino-American-Soviet relations during the Cold War: Why in the early 1960s, after achieving the rupture in the Sino-Soviet alliance sought by U.S. policy since 1950, did the United States tilt toward the Soviet Union rather than toward the People's Republic of China (PRC)? The U.S. tilt toward alignment with the USSR against the PRC in the early 1960s is paradoxical because, as U.S. leaders rec ognized in 1950, the USSR represented a far greater threat to the United States than did the PRC. The USSR constituted one of only several global centers of industrial and technological power. It had achieved a fairly high level of industrialization and technological prowess by the 1950s and had proved its ability to translate those economic capa bilities into effective military power, both conventional and nuclear. The USSR controlled the eastern half of Europe and deployed power ful military forces on the frontiers of Western Europe—itself an indus trial and technological center second only to North America. The Soviet state had spawned and for several decades directed a global Commu nist movement founded on inveterate hostility to the "bourgeois" val ues and institutions of the West. The USSR had already for a generation used the resources mobilized by its powerful state to wage protracted political war against the capitalist world. The PRC by contrast was preindustrial and technologically primi tive. Its armies abutted areas whose resources might weigh signifi cantly in the global balance, but they were nonindustrialized areas. In Asia, only Japan ranked in the same league with Europe as a center of industrial-technological wealth and power, and there was no pros pect that Chinese armies or political agents might bring about Japan's defection from the U.S.-led alliance system. Moreover, the PRC was successor to previous Chinese states that had several times cooper ated with the United States in important ways while sometimes view ing Russia with deep suspicion. These geopolitical factors were recognized by leaders of the Truman administration in late 1948 and early 1949 when they decided to "let
Modeling wireless channels under spherical invariance assumptions

We look for the probability distribution of the fading envelope yielding the worst and the best performance of digital transmission in a wireless channel. We assume that the underlying fading process is spherically invariant. Using a general representation theorem for such a process in conjunction with semidefinite programming techniques, we derive the envelope densities yielding the maximum and minimum error probability P(e) of uncoded binary modulation, as well as the maximum and minimum outage probability Pout. In particular, for P(e) we show that the worst fading yields P(e) = 0.5, while if the fading process has zero mean the most benign fading has a Rayleigh density, while if its mean is nonzero it has a Rice density with the appropriate Rice coefficient K. The situation for Pout is more complicated: the worst fading yields Pout = 1, while the best fading has a Rayleigh or Rice density only for high SNR values.
The Isabelle Half-Cell Control System

The primary function of the ISABELLE half-cell control system is to monitor and control the magnet power supplies of the half-cell. In addition, the control system must be flexible enough that it can be expanded to become involved in additional areas such as vacuum and magnetic measurements. A control system based upon AGS control standards, but modified into a development tool for research and electrical engineering support has been constructed. Special attention was given to the inherent differences between controlling an ISABELLE and a conventional fast cycling accelerator. The use of FORTRAN and BASIC networks, and microprocessors is reviewed insofar as they pertain to this system. Some general opinions on model control systems, based upon our experience, will be presented. The half-cell is a full-scale model of an actual half-cell of the machine lattice of ISABELLE. A half-cell is composed of two dipole magnets and a quadrupole magnet. There are also multipole correction windings in the magnets for working line control. The primary function of the half-cell control system is to monitor and control the power supplies for these magnets.1 However, there are other services which the control system provides in addition. This article will review the development of the half-cell control system, emphasizing why certain decisions were reached. These were the managerial and technical criteria that most influenced the design. In October of 1975, a target date of January 1977 was set for the completion of a computer control system capable of controlling the power supplies of the half-cell.
Environmental impact of mosquito pesticides: toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of chlorpyrifos to fish in a salt marsh habitat.

Chlorpyrifos was tested for its influence on thein vitro andin vivo brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity ofFundulus heteroclitus under laboratory as well as field conditions. The concentration required for a 50% reduction in the mvitro enzyme activity (I50) was 7.2 × 10−2 mM for the parent compound and 4.1 × 10−6 mM for its oxygen analog. A 96-hr exposure of live fish to 1.0Μg/L chlorpyrifos resulted in a maximum AChE inhibition of 24%. At a concentration of 2.1Μg/L or higher, a 100% enzyme inhibition was observed after a 24-hr exposure period, followed by varying degrees of recovery during the next 24 hr. A second peak of AChE inhibition, proportional to the concentration of the insecticide, was observed 72 hr after the initial exposure and this was followed by a second phase of recovery during the next 24 hr. In spite of an initial 100% AChE inhibition at test concentrations of 2.1Μg/L and above, the fish mortality was less at lower concentration of the insecticide than at the higher levels. The 96-hr TL50 and TL5 (tolerance limit for 50% and 5% fish survival) of chlorpyrifos forF. heteroclitus were 4.7Μg/L and 12.2Μg/L, respectively. The LT50 (lethal time in which 50% of the fish died) at a concentration of 5.6Μg/L was 49.5 hr.
The state of the arts in healthcare in the United States

The arts in healthcare in the United States is a field emerged from grassroots beginnings in the mid-twentieth century. Through an overview of the field's development as well as consideration of practice, research, and educational structures, this paper summarizes the current state of the field in the United States. Practice is explored in the context of types of programs, recent field assessments, geographic prevalence of programs, funding mechanisms, and organization of the field. Research is considered in the context of evaluation, traditional research, economic studies, theoretical frameworks, and academic centers, as well as non-academic centers that support field research. The final section explores education and training standards and programs conducted by universities and non-academic organizations, and the roles of the arts and humanities in the education of health professionals.
Mobile phase effects on the separations of substituted anilines with a β-cyclodextrin-bonded column

Abstract The capacity factors of several substituted anilines were measured on a β-cyclodextrin (β-Cd)-bonded column with mobile phases varying from the classical, normal-phase condition, e.g. . n —heptane-2-propanol, to the classical, reversed-phase condition, e.g. . water—2-propanol. Different modifiers, such as acetonitrile, methanol, and tetrahydrofuran and a Partisil PXS-ODS column were also used for comparison. In general, it was found that the β-CD column, having the ability to form inclusion complexes with certain substrates is better and more selective in the reversed-phase separation of many aromatic compounds than the Partisil PXS-ODS column. The normal-phase separation on β-CD was even more efficient, owing to the presence of larger number of hydroxy groups on the surface of β-CD molecules and the more rapid mass transfer in the column. In the present case, alcohols were found to be better modifiers than aprotic solvents. The effects of organic solvents on both normal-and reversed-phase separations are also discussed. The minima observed for the log k ′ vs. percent organic solvent plots for a number of substituted anilines are reasoned to originate from solute—solvent competition, which interacts with the stationary phase, as well as from the “relative solubility” of solutes in the stationary and mobile phases.
An investigation of the feasibility of the use of stabilizers in a nuclear waste canister with specific emphasis on evaluation of radiative properties

Abstract This paper investigates the feasibility and the effectiveness of using stabilizers i.e., internal metal structural components, in augmenting the heat transfer characteristics of a nuclear waste canister. The present work complements and enhances the results of a prior investigation by the authors in this area. The problem is modeled as a transient two dimensional heat transfer in two physical domains — the stabilizer and the heat producing spent-fuel rods. The results show that, for typical conditions in a waste package design, the stabilizers are quite effective in reducing the overall temperature in a nuclear waste canister. The results also show that increasing the stabilizer thickness from the present design conditions has a negligible effect on the temperature distribution in the canister. Furthermore, the results show that the presence of the stabilizers shifts the location of the peak temperature in the nuclear waste canister.
Incidence of Supraventricular Arrhythmias during Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation

Arrhythmias, especially supraventricular arrhythmias, often complicate the clinical course during autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). We wanted to determine the incidence and risk factors for cardiac arrhythmias during AHCT. The study included 983 patients (median age, 58 years [range, 19 to 77]; 61% male) who underwent AHCT between August 2006 and December 2010 at a single institution and for whom all relevant medical records were available for review. AHCT was done for plasma cell disorders in 58% patients and for lymphoma or leukemia in the remaining. Overall, 92 patients (9.4%) developed a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia at a median of 9 days posttransplantation (range, 0 to 18) and with a median duration of less than 1 day (range, <1 to 17 days). Atrial fibrillation was the most common and seen in 71 patients (7%), followed by atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia in 12 (1%) and 8 (1%) patients, respectively. In multivariate analysis, age older than 63 years, presence of premature supraventricular complexes or atrioventricular conduction delay on pretransplantation electrocardiogram, and history of any prior arrhythmia increased the risk of arrhythmia. Development of arrhythmia resulted in longer outpatient follow-up after AHCT, with the median follow-up for those developing an arrhythmia of 22 days compared with 19 days for the rest; P < .001. In conclusion, 9% of patients undergoing ASCT developed supraventricular arrhythmias posttransplantation, and this risk was elevated among older patients, those with a prior history of arrhythmias, and those with pretransplantation electrocardiographic abnormalities.
Epistemological reflections on the art of medicine and narrative medicine.

This article challenges the widespread view that there is both a science and an art of medicine. Through examination of recent work in medical humanities —Jodi Halpern’s From Detached Concern to Empathy (2001), Kathryn Montgomery’s How Doctors Think (2006), and Rita Charon’s Narrative Medicine (2006)—I argue that while a variety of epistemic techniques are important in medicine, it is not helpful to dichotomize them as “science” versus “art.” I assess the epistemic strengths and weaknesses of narrative medicine, a recent exemplar of humanistic medicine.
Depth-profiling study of a thermal barrier coated superalloy using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Depth-profiling of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) system was carried out using femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS). The TBC system consisted of an outer 7% yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) ceramic coating and an inner Pt-modified bond coat on a Ni-based superalloy single crystal substrate. In the absence of the ceramic layer, it was possible to qualitatively differentiate between the bond coat and the substrate, and also between the two layers of the bond coat. The spatial location of the interface between the two bond coat layers could also be obtained accurately from the spectral profile of W. In presence of the ceramic coating, it was also possible to easily and accurately determine the ceramic/bond coat interface from the spectral profile of Al. Potential use of fs-LIBS in combination with fs laser machining to produce superior quality cooling holes on thermal barrier coated superalloy components is discussed.
High-Precision Pointing Interferometer

By adjusting a Kosters prism interferometer so that the zero-order fringe is parallel to the beam splitter and to the apex, and is as far from the apex as possible, a parallel-beam Michelson-type interferometer was produced which is capable of pointing with a precision of 0.02 sec of arc. The sensitivity is proportional directly to the beam spacing and inversely to the wavelength. With beam separation of approximately 56 mm and green Hg light, each fringe passage represents 1 sec of arc mirror rotation. Angles of over 2000 sec can easily be measured. Described are schemes for using the instrument for measurement of film thickness, plane mirror rotation, divided circle accuracy by use of a stepping mirror, refractive index and difference, ball-bearing sphericity, absolute pressure, tilt, etc. Observation of fringes, which are located at the mirror surface, is conveniently accomplished by means of a standard alignment telescope, which may be attached to the interferometer or separated many meters from it. Use of mixed monochromatic and white light permits identification of the zero-order fringe in the presence of higher order fringes.
Tenecteplase to treat pulmonary embolism in the emergency department

Tenecteplase, a mutant form of alteplase, possesses pharmacological properties that might favor its use for emergent fibrinolysis of acute pulmonary embolism. Contemporaneous search of the World's literature reveals 14 humans with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase. Here, we summarize those cases and report the presentation features, dosing details and outcomes of eight additional patients with acute pulmonary embolism treated with tenecteplase in an academic emergency department. None of our eight patients had a significant hemorrhagic event after tenecteplase, and the outcomes of all eight appear to be acceptable. Taken together, we submit that the present case report and prior case reports are sufficient to comprise a phase I study of the safety and efficacy of tenecteplase to treat acute pulmonary embolism.
Smoking as a risk factor for injury death: a meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Background.Injury and tobacco effects represent one-quarter of the global burden of disease. Understanding the causes of injury and the effects of smoking may help reduce those burdens. Some smokers have high risks of injury. We provide an initial meta-analysis of cohort associations between smoking and fatal injury. Methods.Three authors independently searched MEDLINE, and bibliographies of the pertinent studies found, for cigarette smoker-specific injury death data which allowed estimation of an appropriate relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Relative risks and dose response were summarized by fixed effects and Poisson modeling, respectively. Results.Six studies covering 10 pertinent cohorts were located. Associations between smoking and injury death have been significant after adjustment or, in effect, stratification for age, race, sex, country, and, respectively, alcohol, marriage, education, and body mass; job and time period; job, alcohol, and exercise; etc. Summary-dose response trends were significantly positive (P< 0.00005). Cigarette smoking predicted summary injury death crude RRs of 1.61 (CI 1.44–1.81) vs never smokers and 1.39 (CI 1.25–1.55) vs ex-smokers. Conclusions.Smoking has significant, consistent, dose-response, often strong and independent, prospective associations with injury death, internationally.
Behavior of iron‐inefficient plants when grown in combinations of calcareous and noncalcareous soils

Abstract When Fe‐inefficient plants were grown in mixtures of calcareous Hacienda loam soil and noncalcareous Yolo loam soil compared with plants grown in unmixed soils, characteristics and composition of the plants including Fe deficiency were generally intermediate to those with either soil alone. Noncalcareous soil adjacent to calcareous soil allowed PI 54619–5–1 soybeans (Glycine max L.) to obtain sufficient Fe.
Stability of the magnetic phase transformation in shocked Fe-Ni alloys

Abstract Hugoniot-equation-of-state data recently published by Christou indicated that the addition of nickel to iron increased the pressure required to bring about the shock-induced martensitic phase transformation. The data were said to agree with previous experimental measurements. It was also implied that the increase in transition pressure was in agreement with theory. The purpose of this communication is to point out that Christou's measurements are in disagreement with all previous experimental measurements and theoretical predictions which show that the transition pressure decreases with increasing nickel content.
Non-vesicular sterol transport in cells

Sterols such as cholesterol are important components of cellular membranes. They are not uniformly distributed among organelles and maintaining the proper distribution of sterols is critical for many cellular functions. Both vesicular and non-vesicular pathways move sterols between membranes and into and out of cells. There is growing evidence that a number of non-vesicular transport pathways operate in cells and, in the past few years, a number of proteins have been proposed to facilitate this transfer. Some are soluble sterol transfer proteins that may move sterol between membranes. Others are integral membranes proteins that mediate sterol efflux, uptake from cells, and perhaps intracellular sterol transfer as well. In most cases, the mechanisms and regulation of these proteins remains poorly understood. This review summarizes our current knowledge of these proteins and how they could contribute to intracellular sterol trafficking and distribution.
Strand-specific DNA degradation in a mutant of Escherichia coli.

A dna B mutant of Escherichia coli which is thermosensitive for DNA synthesis at 42° C degrades DNA at the restrictive temperature. The degradation specifically affects newly synthesized DNA, begins at the replication forks and proceeds toward the replication origin, and is limited to 10–15% of one chromosome. The parameters of DNA degradation, as well as DNA-DNA annealing experiments on newly synthesized DNA which is resistant to degradation, indicate a specific strand of newly synthesized DNA is degraded.
Ion permeation across the bilayer of annealed phosphatidylcholine vesicles at elevated temperatures. Concentration dependence and the micelle-bilayer dynamic equilibrium.

Abstract The relative stability of the lipid bilayer toward ions above the crystalline to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature has been studied under isotonic conditions for small annealed vesicles of dilauroyl (DLPC), dimyristoyl (DMPC), diplamitoyl (DPPC), and distearoyl (DSPC) phosphatidylcholine by using lanthanide ions as a probe. The bilayer stability increased as the chain length of the lipid fatty acid increased, and a rapid translocation of ions across the bilayer started at about 60, 70, and 80° C for DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC vesicles, respectively. The bilayer of DLPC vesicles is apparently permeable for the tested ions even at room temperature. Two other important phenomena concomitant with the observed translocation of ions were found. Firstly, the ion leakage occurred in an “an-or-none” fashion, i.e. as soon as the vesicles start to become permeable toward ions, the concentration of ions in the intra-and extravesicular media are equalized within a short time. Secondly, the rate of the relative number of inward facing lipid molecules which become exposed to extravesicularly added paramagnetic lanthanide is a function of the inverse phosphatidylcholine concentration. This feature explicitly excludes the possibilities that the observed ion leakage occurs through a diffusion, pore formation, or through the rupture of vesicle walls induced by vesicle-vesicle collisions. We instead propose as the most probable mechanism that a dynamic equilibrium between the various states of the phosphatidylcholine molecules in water, such as monomers, micelles, vesicles, and multilamellar liposomes, is in fact responsible for the observed phenomena.
Architecture based prototypes for mobile collaborative learning (MCL) to improve pedagogical activities

Deployment of new emerging technologies have attracted and motivated a great deal of attention from researchers and scientist in various disciplines to develop and design the learning management systems, virtual learning environments and conference systems with support of MCL for education and other organizations. This technological revolution of connecting large numbers of potential learners through mobile telephony creates new challenges for developing the new architectures for education and business. Some of the MCL paradigms are proposed and implemented in various fields such as university, corporate, health and military but they lack completeness. This paper introduces new server and client side architectural based prototypes with support of various working components, which help the users in obtaining the contents from server to meet the pedagogical requirements. This paper has also proposed and integrated the features of content-server with cache-server to provide the faster delivery of contents for MCL. Finally, The paper proposes and implements some features of a novel “group application” to support asynchronous and synchronous and multimodal features to facilitate the students for MCL. This contribution will encourage and motivate the students to pursue their education again because the students will be able to get the course contents at anytime and anywhere.
Batch culture of bacteria under controlled gaseous conditions

A flask, designed for direct gassing of batch cultures of bacteria, was evaluated for its use in studying oxygen absorption rates (OAR) and suitability for physiological studies under various controlled atmospheres. Such flasks, aerated directly without shaking, yielded an OAR (up to 1.2 mmol O2/l/min) that was comparable to or higher than those obtained in conventional flasks aerated by shaking. Direct aeration in combination with shaking resulted in OAR values that were elevated and most favorable for growth of oxygen demanding bacteria (≈5 mmol O2/l/min). In comparison with controls, the direct method of aeration in combination with shaking proved most efficient and least dependent on the surface to volume ratio of the aerated solution. In experiments with the facultative anaerobe Streptococcus faecalis 10Cl, grown in controlled aerobic, anaerobic, and mixed gas (CO2-free air, air-plus-CO2, N2-plus-CO2) environments, a specific anaerobic requirement for CO2 could be established. The wide range of gaseous environments possible renders the newly tested flask useful for comparative biochemical studies, especially when the gaseous condition of culture is a factor of critical importance.
Alemtuzumab as treatment for residual disease after chemotherapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of alemtuzumab, the humanized anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody, in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and residual disease after chemotherapy. METHODS Forty-one patients received alemtuzumab 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. The first 24 patients received 10 mg per dose, and the next 17 patients received 30 mg. All patients received infection prophylaxis during therapy and for 2 months after treatment. RESULTS The overall response rate was 46%, including 39% of patients who received the 10 mg dose and responded versus 56% of the patients who received the 30 mg dose. The major reason for failure to respond was the presence of adenopathy. Residual bone marrow disease cleared in most patients, and 11 of 29 patients (38%) achieved a molecular disease remission. The median time to disease progression had not been reached in responders with a median follow-up of 18 months. Six patients remained in disease remission between 24–38 months after therapy. Infusion-related events were common with the initial doses, but all such events were NCI Common Toxicity Criteria Grade 1–2. Infections were reported to occur in 15 patients (37%), and 9 of these infections were reactivation of cytomegalovirus. Three patients developed Epstein–Barr virus positive, large cell lymphoma. Two patients had spontaneous resolution of the lymphoma and, in one patient, the lymphoma resolved after treatment with cidofovir and immunoglobulin. CONCLUSIONS Alemtuzumab produced significant responses in patients with residual disease after chemotherapy. Bone marrow disease was eradicated more frequently than lymph node disease, and molecular disease remissions were achieved. A randomized trial comparing alemtuzumab with observation after chemotherapy is indicated. Cancer 2003;98:2657–63. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Validation of a Technique of Computer-Aided Tumor Volume Determination

Tumor volume at diagnosis is an important prognostic factor and volume change may predict therapeutic response. However, the accuracy of in vivo tumor volume measurement has not been established. The purpose of this study was validation of a personal computer-based technique of in vivo volume determination. CT scans of 8 radiological phantoms and 25 neuroblastoma patients were digitized using three-dimensional reconstruction and volume determination software. Phantom volumes were calculated from known dimensions or direct measurement while tumor volumes were determined by water displacement at the time of complete gross resection. Comparison to tumor volume determination was performed using an ellipsoid geometric model. The standard deviation for computer-generated triplicate volume determinations varied from 0.1 to 5.6 cc (median = 0.6 cc). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a close correlation between computer-derived volumes and the volume measured at surgery (r = 0.99) with small variability. In contrast, the correlation coefficient between ellipsoid formula-derived and water displacement volumes was 0.93. Computer-generated tumor volume determination is reproducible, accurate, and easily obtained from hard copy scans. This technique provides a quantitative in vivo measurement for use as a prognostic or therapeutic response variable.
Natural convection in a vertical porous enclosure with internal heat generation

Abstract A theoretical study is performed on steady natural convection inside a rectangular porous enclosure with uniform internal heat generation and cooling from the side walls. For low Rayleigh numbers, the problem is tackled by regular expansion in the Rayleigh number and the resulting Poisson equations are sequentially solved by the modified Galerkin method. For large Rayleigh numbers, the boundary layer equations valid near the vertical walls along with the core region equations are examined using the Gill linearization method. The analytical predictions agree well with the numerical solutions based on the power-law difference representation of the full governing equations.
Modified Yield Line Theory for Full-Depth Precast Concrete Bridge Deck Overhang Panels

Full-depth precast deck slab cantilevers also referred to as full-depth precast concrete bridge deck overhang panels are becoming increasingly popular in concrete bridge deck construction. To date, no simple theory is able to estimate the overhang capacity of full-depth concrete bridge deck slabs accurately. Observations suggest that interaction between flexure and shear is likely to occur as neither alone provides an accurate estimate of the load-carrying capacity. Therefore, modified yield line theory is presented in this paper, which accounts for the development length of the mild steel reinforcing to reach yield strength. Failure of the full-depth panels is influenced by the presence of the partial-depth transverse panel-to-panel seam. When applying a load on the edge of the seam, the loaded panel fails under flexure while the seam fails in shear. Through the use of the modified yield line theory coupled with a panel-to-panel shear interaction, analytical predictions are accurate within 1–6% of experimental results for critical cases.
Aromaticity in heterocyclic systems. II. the application of N.M.R. in a study of the synthesis and structure of certain lmidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidines and related pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra have been utilized in several instances to distinguish between ring closure to a derivative of imidazo[1, 2-c]pyrimidine or pyrrolo[2, 3-d]pyrimidine. N.m.r. studies have also been employed to select Vc as the most probable structure for 5-methylthio-2, 7-imidazo[1, 2-c]pyrimidinedione. Ultraviolet absorption spectra and n.m.r. studies in deuterium oxide support the conclusion that there is more aromaticity in the anion V g than in the neutral molecule. The present work describes several new synthetic routes to derivatives of imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine.
Centrality in social networks: ii. experimental results☆

Abstract Three competing hypotheses about structural centrality are explored by means of a replication of the early MIT experiments on communication structure and group problem-solving. It is shown that although two of the three kinds of measures of centrality have a demonstrable effect on individual responses and group processes, the classic measure of centrality based on distance is unrelated to any experimental variable. A suggestion is made that the positive results provided by distance-based centrality in earlier experiments is an artifact of the particular structures chosen for experimentation.
Symptoms of Canalicular Obstruction

The need for surgical repair of monocanalicular lacerations is controversial. The authors used temporary punctal plugs of hydroxypropyl cellulose to assess the symptoms associated with upper and lower monocanalicular obstruction in 18 normal eyes. Fifty percent of those experimental obstructions resulted in mild intermittent symptoms of epiphora, increased tear film, discomfort, or blurred vision. Constant epiphora was not reported. The results suggest that a single upper or lower canaliculus is sufficient for drainage of minimally stimulated tear secretion but may not completely drain reflex tear secretion. This information may help patients and ophthalmologists reach an informed decision as to the need for surgical repair of a severed canaliculus.
Enhancing trainee satisfaction with cross-cultural training programs via prior warning

Abstract A review of the cross-cultural training literature indicates that trainees frequently enter training programs with mental sets which are incongruent with the goals of the programs. This condition (termed in the literature the “Einstellung Effect”) sometimes results in substantial dissatisfaction with the training program experience on the part of the trainee. Prior warning has been used successfully in some areas of psychological research to counteract Einstellung effects, but it has yet to be utilized in an attempt to reduce the effect of negative mental set on a training program. This study examined the effect of prior warning in cross-cultural training programs on trainee satisfaction. Students enrolled in four “Missionary Preparation” courses at a large, church-related university served as subjects. Two of the groups (each receiving one of two training methods) had the prior warning treatment, while the other two groups (one receiving each method) received no prior warning and served as control groups. Consistent with the hypothesis that trainee Einstellung effects can be reduced via prior warning, it was found that the subjects' satisfaction scores in the prior warning conditions were significantly higher than those in the no warning conditions.
Changing Social Context of Education in the United States: social justice and the superintendency

Abstract Macro-level demographic forces are changing the social context of schools and shaping the national debate on school reform in the United States. Critics, however, note the lack of correspo...
Brazilian variant of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gd minas gerais).

THERE are about fifty known variants of sex-linked human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) distinguishable by electrophoretic mobility or enzymatic characteristics1,2. Among them, nine alleles occur in high frequencies giving rise to a polymorphism in certain populations1,3. We report here another G6PD variant, designated as Gd Minas Gerais (MG), found in a sample of 1,068 families originating from north-eastern Brazil.
Dopaminergic inhibition of vasopressin-stimulated water flow in the toad bladder: evidence for local formation of dopamine.

Dopamine administration increases renal excretion of water and Na. It remains uncertain whether these effects of dopamine are the result of a hemodynamic effect or the consequence of a direct cellular action. We investigated the effect of dopamine on water transport by the isolated toad bladderin vitro. Dopamine failed to alter baseline water flow but caused a significant inhibition of arginine vasopressin (AVP) or cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) stimulated water flow. The effect of dopamine on stimulated water flow was not due to activation of α adrenergic, β adrenergic, or cholinergic receptors. The selective antagonists of dopamine, metoclopramide and apomorphine, prevented the effect of dopamine on AVP-stimulated water flow. These observations suggest the existence of a dopaminergic receptor in the toad bladder.l-Dopa also inhibited AVP-stimulated water flow. The effect ofl-Dopa could be prevented by metoclopramide, thus suggesting thatl-Dopa is converted to dopamine by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase present in the toad bladder. To investigate this possibility we measured the effect of the decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, on the14CO2 production generated by decarboxylation of14Cl-Dopa in isolated toad bladder epithelial cells. Isolated toad bladder epithelial cells generated significant amounts of14CO2 from14Cl-Dopa. This effect could be blocked by carbidopa, thus suggesting the existence of an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase system in the toad bladder. Carbidopa also prevented the inhibitory effect ofl-Dopa on AVP-stimulated water flow, suggesting thatl-Dopa needs to be converted to dopamine to inhibit water flow. These data suggest the existence of a dopaminergic receptor in the toad bladder. These data also suggest that dopamine can be formed locally in the toad bladder and can thus serve as a local modulator of water transport.
Organogenesis: Prolonged differentiation and growth of tooth primordia on the chick chorio-allantoic membrane

Es wird gezeigt, dass die Molarenanlagen von einem Nager auf dem Allantochorion des Huhnchens sich herkunftsgemass weiterentwickeln und echte Zahne ausbilden.
Do Women Represent Women in France? The Case of Brittany's Regional Council

In this paper, I examine the policies of the regional council of Brittany, France to determine whether the recent dramatic increase in the number of female officeholders resulted in an increase in women's substantive representation. I question whether the number of women-friendly policies rose after the number of female officeholders increased and if so, whether this increase is attributable to the sheer number of female councilors or to something else. I find that the number of women-friendly policies in Brittany increased when women held a majority of regional council seats, but that these policies were primarily due to the critical acts of certain male and female officeholders operating within a specific regional, national, and international political context.