cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First ultra-short-acting beta-adrenergic blocking agent: its effect on size and segmental wall dynamics of reperfused myocardial infarcts in dogs.

Abstract Beta-adrenergic blocking agents have an established role in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, but precipitation of cardiac failure or bronchospasm may restrict their use in some patients with acute myocardial infarction or in those undergoing coronary bypass surgery. ASL-8052 is a new cardioselective ultra-short-acting beta blocker which allows abolition of beta blockade within 16 minutes on termination of an intravenous infusion. An investigation was made of the effect of ASL-8052 on myocardial infarct size, regional myocardial wall function, and hemodynamic features during a 3-hour experimental occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 3 hours of reperfusion in dogs. Twenty-two dogs (10 control, 12 treated) were instrumented for the measurement of left ventricular (LV) pressure, the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt), systolic and diastolic aortic pressure, and heart rate. Two pairs of ultrasonic crystals were inserted into a nonischemic segment and an ischemic marginal zone segment to obtain percent segment shortening. The area of necrosis was determined by tetrazolium staining and expressed as a percentage of the in vivo area at risk obtained by autoradiography. Dogs in the control group received saline solution; in treated dogs, a continuous infusion of ASL-8052 was begun 15 minutes after occlusion with a dose “titrated” to reduce the heart rate by approximately 20% (100 to 150 μg/kg/min). After 3 hours of reperfusion, the amount of myocardial tissue necrosis, as a function of the in vivo area at risk, was significantly lower in ASL-8052-treated (48 ± 7%) than in control (73 ± 6%) dogs (p
Minerals in Whey and Whey Fractions

Liquid and dried acid and sweet wheys and the concentrates and permeates obtained from ultrafiltration of whey were analyzed for major and trace minerals. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were determined by atomic absorption and phosphorus by a colorimetric method. Zinc, iron, copper, and manganese were determined by flameless atomic absorption. The composition of all wheys and their fractions differed in nutritionally important minerals. Calcium was three times as great and zinc twenty times as great in acid whey as in sweet whey.
Diurnal Fluctuations of Nitrate Uptake and In Vivo Nitrate Reductase Activity in Pima and Acala Cotton

This study was conducted to determine whether diurnal fluctuations of nitrate reduetase activity in two cotton species, Pima (Gossyp-ium barbadense L.) and Acala (Gossypium hirsutum L.), are regulated by NO uptake or leaf NO) concentration. The two species differ greatly in their N use efficiency. The seedlings were grown for 25 d in nutrient solutions containing 0.05. 0.10 or 1.0 mM NO 3 under a 14-h light/10-h dark cycle at 30°C/20°C. Uptake rates were measured by following NO 3 depletion from the uptake solutions at 20°C or 30°C. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in fully expanded first true leaves was determined by an anaerobic method in vivo. Upon illumina tion uptake rates for hoth species, measured at 30°C. increased until they plateaued in about 5 b and were maintained at that level for the remainder of the light period and the following dark cycle. When measured at 20°C in the dark, bowever. the uptake rates decreased 25 to 30% for the first 3 h and then remained constant. Leaf NRA increased rapidly during the first hour of illumination, reached a plateau and then decreased after 4 to 6 h of illumination. The decline was more rapid when NRA was assayed in the absence of NO 3 . In darkness. NRA levels were low and did not fluctuate. Upon Illumination, leaf NO 3 concentration also increased for about 7 h and then decreased gradually. The results indicate that (i) the diurnal rhythm of NO 3 - uptake is modulated by temperature rather than by light/ dark transitions, and (ii) while the increase in NRA upon illumination may be regulated by NO 3 - flux from roots to shoots, the decrease in NRA under prolonged illumination is independent of that flux.
A chronological study of mitotic activity in satellite cell hyperplasia associated with chromatolytic neurons.

After axotomy, spinal ganglia show an increase in the ratio of satellite cells to neurons. The objective of this study is to clarify the temporal aspects of the satellite cell hyperplasia and the role of mitotic activity in this proliferative response.
Consequences of teachers' attributions for student failure☆

Abstract This study compared mean scores on expectancy, affective, and behavioral variables of teachers assigned to read protocols of students requesting help because they “didn't understand the material presented in class.” Protocols were arranged along the controllability dimensions so that the reasons for requesting help ranged from an uncontrollable factor (low ability) through a short-term uncontrollable factor (illness) to a controllable factor (low effort). Each protocol began: “A student asks for additional help and explanation of the material that you presented in class explaining that he/she did not understand the material.” The protocol then gave a reason for the student's need for additional explanation of the material. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in teachers' responses to the three protocols. Discriminant analysis produced two significant discriminant functions. Behavioral variables (willingness to praise the student and willingness to help the student) defined the functions.
Fully gravure and ink-jet printed high speed pBTTT organic thin film transistors

Organic thin film transistors with channel lengths below 20 μm have been fabricated on plastic substrates using a combination of rotogravure and ink-jet printing exclusively. Gravure is utilized to deposit thin, smooth, and narrow metal lines ideal for gate electrodes; a poly(4-vinylphenol) dielectric; and a poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) (pBTTT) semiconductor using a heated roll. A novel fluid guiding technique is used to maintain closely spaced ink-jet printed source and drain (S/D) contacts. Together these printing processes yield aggressively scaled yet easily manufacturable TFTs with operating frequencies of 18 kHz.
Influence of composition on microstructural parameters of single crystal nickel-base superalloys

Abstract Fourteen nickel-base superalloy single crystals containing a range of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), molybdenum (Mo), and rhenium (Re) levels, and fixed amounts of aluminum (Al) and tantalum (Ta), were examined to determine the effect of bulk composition on basic microstructural parameters, including γ′ solvus, γ′ volume fraction, topologically close-packed (TCP) phases, γ and γ′ phase chemistries, and γ–γ′ lattice mismatch. Regression models describing the influence of bulk alloy composition on each of the microstructural parameters were developed and compared to predictions by a commercially-available software tool that used computational thermodynamics. Co produced the largest change in γ′ solvus over the wide compositional range explored and Mo produced the biggest effect on the γ lattice parameter over its range, although Re had a very potent influence on all microstructural parameters investigated. Changing the Cr, Co, Mo, and Re contents in the bulk alloy had an impact on their concentrations in the γ matrix and to a smaller extent in the γ′ phase. The software tool under-predicted γ′ solvus temperatures and γ′ volume fractions, and over-predicted TCP phase volume fractions at 982 °C. However, the statistical regression models provided excellent estimations of the microstructural parameters and demonstrated the usefulness of such formulas.
Cross‐linking in the polymerization of vinyl benzoate and related compounds

Branching and cross-linking are noted in emulsion and mass polymerizations involving vinyl benzoate and nuclearly substituted vinyl benzoates. A theory is proposed to account for this phenomenon based on free radical addition to the benzoate nucleus. Six new vinyl esters of substituted benzoic acids are described.
A challenge to the computer fraternity: computerized counting in veterinary parasitology

Parasitologists in animal health research at the Auburn University School of Veterinary Medicine are often awarded grants to study the effectiveness of new anthelmintic drugs. The procedure followed in these studies begins with the infection of young calves with various species of nematode larvae. These larvae are allowed to mature -approximately six weeks -and the drug being tested is administered. (Calves used as controls are given placebos.) One week after treatment the calves are killed, and their gastrointestinal tracts removed. From these, four 1:60 dilution samples of the contents and wash of the abomasum and small intestine are taken. The contents of the large intestine are also kept. Each sample is then examined under stereoscope, and the nematodes found are counted and removed. These nematodes will later be speciated, and all pertinent data statistically analyzed.
Expect the unexpected

Research is largely a process. For those of us who enjoy research, what we go through in that process to create new knowledge can be rewarding and stimulating, often more so than the ultimate outcome. Frequently, the path toward that outcome is frustrating. Some points will be touched upon here that form a significant part of the research challenge. All of us make significant mistakes in our research careers, and hopefully we learn from them. The trials described herein were originally presented at a forum entitled “Expect the Unexpected” at the 2003 Radiology Alliance for Health Services Research meeting, which is held as part of the annual meeting of the Association of University Radiologists. This is not a formal scientific paper, but rather an informal discussion of the authors’ individual experiences, which are presented here to form a helpful information source to those who find themselves about to enter the research life. We hope our experiences will save readers some steps along the way. The article is divided into three sections: (A) clinical non-funded research; (B) experience with randomized clinical trials; and (C) further observations for radiology researchers. Subjects in this third section include: dealing with your institutional review board (IRB) and people that sup-
A thermodynamic model of the effects of composition on the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels to intergranular stress corrosion cracking

Abstract Expected effects of alloy composition variables on the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels to intergranular stress corrosion have been evaluated by analyzing the thermodynamics of a semi-equilibrium relationship between austenite and M 23 C 6 carbides. Chromium equivalency parameters are derived, expressing the relative changes in the concentration of chromium and other elements, for equivalent expected stress corrosion susceptibility. The calculated parameters for nickel and carbon agree fairly well with empirical parameters determined by Cihal. The model suggests that a logarithmic, rather than linear, parameter would better describe the effects of carbon over a broad range of concentrations. The calculated parameter for molybdenum agrees with the range of empirical values if the model is altered to account roughly for molybdenum's role in passivation. Additional parameters have been deduced to describe the expected effects of Al, Co, Cu, Mn, Si. Ti, V, and W. No empirical parameters have been suggested for these elements, but the calculated values are consonant with available qualitative information.
Introduction to the Special Section: Medical Advances in Child Sexual Abuse, Part 2

This volume is the second of a two-part special issue detailing state of the art practice in medical issues around child sexual abuse. The four articles in this special section discuss topics such as estimating the sexual maturity of a child from computer or photographic images; how several cases of supposed Neisseria gonorrhoeae meningitis actually were a different, but related, organism, thereby removing sexual abuse as a consideration as to etiology; what current laboratory methods are available today to detect specific sexually transmitted infections and what should be used; and how all the evidence in child sexual abuse cases is organized to make clear and accurate statements.
Characterization of Essential Oil of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.)

ABSTRACT The genetic variability of the major essential oil constituents in a germplasm collection of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) from the National Plant Germplasm System was characterized. The oil content in the dill herb ranged from 0.10% to 0.30% (v/fresh weight), and in the dill seed from 1.75% to 4.0% (v/dry weight). The three major constituents in the dill herb oil were α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, and 3,9-oxy-p-menth-1-ene (dill ether) comprising 90% to 97% of the total oil constituents. Of these three constituents, α-phellandrene comprised 51.1% to 64.7% of the total oil. The major constituents in dill seed oil were carvone and dihydrocarvone comprising 68% to 83% of the total oil constituents. The other major constituent was limonene, which ranged from 14.18% to 21.43%. Carvone was not detected in the herb oil; and dill ether could not be detected in the seed oil.
Total joint arthroplasty and the immune response

Abstract Total joint replacement arthroplasty has proved highly successful in themanagement of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The cause of aseptic loosening of prosthetic joint replacement components is unclear. Early experience with total joint arthroplasty was plagued by a number of problems that no longer exist as major impediments to long-term success. Improvements in the operating room environment and the use of prophylactic antibiotics have substantially reduced the high incidence of infection to less than 1%. Implant materials have long been considered biologically inert, but recent studies indicate that inflammatory reactions directed against the implanted materials may contribute to aseptic loosening. Currently, particulate debris from cement or polyethylene causing loosening of the prosthesis is the major problem in total joint arthroplasty. Significant data suggest a progression from a simple inflammatory reaction to complex immune responses against the biomaterials. The cellular responses to particles of polymethyl methacrylate, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, and alloys of cobalt-chromium and titanium have been assayed in vitro in patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and avascular necrosis who had total joint replacement. Elevated immunologic cell proliferation responses to both acrylic and cobalt chromium were observed in patients with aseptically loosened prostheses. These findings suggest that the development of a cellular response to particulate debris may be significant in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening.
Assessing Effects of Food Stamp Program Participation on Food Security in Female-Headed Households: Do Informal Supports Matter?

The food stamp program is one of the largest federal welfare initiatives undertaken to address the problem of hunger and nutrient intake among households in poverty. We build on previous research by examining effects of participating in the program on the food security of vulnerable households (N = 23,360), using data from the Food Security Supplement to the Current Population Survey for 2003. We also explore the moderating effects of informal food assistance on this relationship. Our results suggest that food stamp-takeup and informal food assistance are important in understanding food security in vulnerable households. Also, a number of individual characteristics are associated with household food sufficiency. Implications for practice and scholarship are presented.
Effect of magnesium ions on removal of radiostrontium from rats.

Magnesium is effective in increasing the elimination of Sr/sup 89/ by rats which had been given the isotope either one or 30 days before treatment. It is effective when given orally or parenterally. Oral administration of magnesium decreases fecal Sr/sup 89/; however, the sum of urinary and fecal Sr/sup 89/ is significantly greater than those of control animals. Supplementation of magnesium with citrate ions or Pred nisolone was no more effective than magnesium alone. (auth)
Virtual Hallyu: Korean Cinema of the Global Era

Kyung Hyun Kim is probably the most important scholar of contemporary Korean cinema. His previous book, The Remasculinization of Korean Cinema (2004), was a ground-breaking work that dealt with the...
Synthesis of a series of polar, orthogonally protected, α,α-disubstituted amino acids

Abstract The synthesis of four novel, “cationic”, α,α-disubstituted amino acids is described. The new amino acids use an orthogonal protection scheme making them suitable for incorporation via solid-phase peptide synthesis.
Tomato Production and Soil Salt Distribution under Line-Source Trickle Irrigation

Yield of red cherry tomatoes and soil salt distribution as affected by different amounts and salinities of irrigation water was studied in a field plot experiment during the summer of 1988 at Utah State University. Four different amounts of fresh water and two amounts of saline water were imposed with line source trickle irrigation on a sandy loam soil in lysimeters. Tomato yield and seasonal evapotranspiration increased in a linear fashion with increasing irrigation water. Tomato yields with fresh water (EC = 0.33 dS/m) were significantly higher than with saline (EC = 4.0 dS/m) water. There were no significant differences in seasonal evapotranspiration between the two salinity levels with two levels of deficit irrigation. Soil water depletion and availability decreased as the soil water salinity increased. Soil water salinities increased with both vertical and horizontal distance from trickle lines and reached a maximum at the bottom of the wetted area and between trickle lines.
Molecular and genetic basis of pathogenesis in Francisella tularensis

The genetic means of pathogenesis of Francisella tularensis are poorly understood. F. tularensis is able to survive and replicate within macrophages, and a virulence factor, MglA, has been identified that is essential for this ability. MglA regulates the transcription of genes necessary for intracellular growth, including those located within the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI). The FPI genes are required for intramacrophage growth and virulence, and appear to encode a protein secretion system, but the exact function of individual FPI proteins remains to be determined. Additional regulatory factors required for virulence have recently been discovered, as well a number of virulence genes identified through transposon mutant screens. The role of surface components, including LPS, pili, and capsule, in F. tularensis virulence is also beginning to be illuminated. The identification of virulence genes has enabled the study of defined attenuated mutants as live vaccine strains against tularemia. As new components of the F. tularensis virulence gene repertoire are discovered, we will achieve a better understanding of how this bacterium interacts with the host and evades immune function, which will facilitate the development of therapeutic and preventive measures against tularemia.
Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis by Nitric Oxide in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Multiple effects of nitric oxide (NO) were revealed on the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by a macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7 cells, treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). NO-generating reagent, N-ethyl-2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazino)ethanamine (NOC 12), inhibited the release of PG from cells with LPS treatment at higher concentrations although it stimulated the release at 50 microM. PGH synthase (PGHS) activity in the microsome fraction of the LPS-treated cells was inhibited by (+/-)-(E)-methyl-2-[(E)-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-6-methoxy-3-hexeneamine (NOR 1), another NO-generating reagent, dose dependently. NOC 12 also dose dependently inhibited PG synthesis from exogenous arachidonic acid in those cells. On the other hand, NOC 12 increased PGHS-2 mRNA, while it increased the PGHS-2 protein at concentrations lower than 200 microM or decreased it at higher concentrations. These results suggest that the effect of NO on PGs synthesis in LPS-treated macrophage cells is mainly due to the balance of its stimulations of the transcriptional and/or translational expression of PGHS-2 and the inhibition of the induced PGHS-2 activity.
Paper-Based Ultra-Low-Cost Integrated RFID Tags for Sensing and Tracking Applications

In this paper, a novel radio frequency identification (RFID) prototype is proposed with an embedded power source and other energy harvesting mechanisms on low-cost paper based substrate. Integration of RFID electronics, such as antenna, integrated circuit (IC) and sensors are also discussed for a variety of applications in transportation, logistics, and security. In addition, RFID antenna designs for high "global" bandwidth operation and rugged environments are discussed. A brief description of the protocol used in RFID ISO18000-6C was conclude the paper.
Randomized trial on the physiologic impact of NOTES

Background Our previous work revealed significantly less acidosis in swine undergoing natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) using endoscopic air insufflation than swine undergoing standard laparoscopy. We wanted to evaluate the differential effects of CO2 versus intra-abdominal pressure as source for this finding. In addition, we investigated the endocrine stress response between swine undergoing NOTES peritoneoscopy with CO2 insufflation and animals undergoing standard diagnostic laparoscopy with CO2.
Contained left ventricular free wall rupture after myocardial infarction.

![Figure][1] ![Figure][1] [Video 1][2] Left ventriculography was interpreted as a large apical aneurysm. ![Figure][1] [Video 2][3] Transthoracic echocardiogram (apical three-chamber view) shows an apical pseudoaneurysm with flow between the two cavities. ![Figure][1]</
Single-stage-to-orbit — A step closer☆

Abstract Over the past several years there has been a significant effort within the United States to assess options to replace the Space Shuttle some time after the turn of the century. In order to provide a range of technology options, a wide variety of vehicle types and propulsion systems have been examined. These vehicle concepts which are representative of the classes of concepts mat could be proposed for any future vehicle development is being used in the initial phase of the access to space activity to identify requirements for the technology maturation effort and to assess approaches to achieve the required low operations cost. This paper provides the results of recent systems analyses and describes the ongoing technology maturation and demonstration program supporting the Reusable Launch Vehicle Program.
Fast reaction studies of carbocations in solution

The pulse radiolysis method has been used to generate and study a series of five carbocations, consisting of phenylcarbeniurn ions and cyclopropylphenylcarbenium ions, in chlorocarbon solvents. Rate constants for the reactions of these substituted carbenium ions with various nucleophiles such as halide ions, alkyl amines, ammonia and water, have been determined. The observed reactivity trends (or, in some cases, lack thereof) with successive substitution are discussed in relation to steric and electronic effects. Comparison of these reactivities with observations from solvolysis experiments is discussed. Solvent effects are observed.
Pressure-dependent oxygen ordering in strongly underdoped YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-y

Previous studies on the high-${T}_{c}$ superconductor ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{6+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ have given evidence for distinct low- and high-temperature oxygen ordering processes activated for temperatures above 13 and 200 K, respectively. In contrast, the present experiments on strongly underdoped ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6.41}$ with ${T}_{c}(0)\ensuremath{\simeq}13\mathrm{K}$ reveal only high-temperature relaxation processes with a relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau} at 298 K which increases under pressure from approximately 10 h at 1 bar to 50 h at 0.79 GPa to 550 h at 2.3 GPa. From these results the activation volume is estimated to be $4.2{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l},$ a value equal to three-quarters of the molar volume of the ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion.
Spiral Rainbands in a Numerical Simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). Part I: Structures and Comparisons to Observations

AbstractThis study examines spiral rainbands in a numerical simulation of Hurricane Bill (2009). This paper, the first part of the study, evaluates the structures of spiral rainbands and compares them to previous observations. Four types of spiral rainbands are identified: principal, secondary, distant, and inner rainbands. Principal rainbands tend to be stationary relative to the storm center, while secondary rainbands are more transient and move around the storm center. Both principal and secondary rainbands are tilted radially outward with height and have many of the commonly observed kinematic features, such as overturning secondary circulation and enhanced tangential velocity on their radially outward sides. Principal rainbands are bounded by very dry air on their radially outward sides. Distant rainbands are radially inward-tilting convective features that have dense cold pools near the surface. Inner rainbands are made of shallow convection that appears to have originated from near the eyewall. Dif...
Successful Medical Therapy of Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia in a Patient with HIV Infection

A 34-year-old HIV-infected man was successfully treated with antimicrobial therapy alone for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia and has survived longer than six months. In the current literature, only two of seven HIV-infected patients so treated have survived as long as six months. Based on our experience and the available literature, it seems reasonable to treat HIV-infected patients with R equi pneumonia who do not require surgical intervention with prolonged intravenous therapy followed by long-term oral therapy with at least two effective antibiotics. The optimal choice and duration of antibiotic therapy need to be determined.
Electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry of transition metal complexes in well-ordered surface layers

Abstract Two methods for preparing organized, multicomponent assemblies of electroactive complexes are described. Using a cationic silane reagent, a thin layer of zeolite or pillared clay particles can be tethered to an electrode surface. The silane provides a binding site for anionic complexes such as Fe(CN) 6 4− and Mo(CN) 8 4− , while the zeolite or clay component binds electroactive cations such as Os(bpy) 3 2+ , Ru(bpy) 3 2+ , and metallocenes. These assemblies act as rectifiers electrochemically because of spatial ordering of their electroactive anionic and cationic components. Clay-modified electrodes containing Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and Mo(CN) 8 4− or Fe(CN) 6 4− can also act as photodiodes, because of efficient electron transfer quenching of photoexcited Ru(bpy) 3 2+ by the film-bound anions. Another strategy for preparing organized electroactive films on surfaces involves the sequential adsorption of the components of the zirconium phosphonate structure from aqueous solution. Films produced in this way are morphologically similar to Langmiur-Blodgett multilayers. By incorporating both organic phosphonate and inorganic phosphate groups into the film, pillared materials with molecular sieving properties can be synthesized. These films bind electroactive cations smaller than the pillar height (ca 10 A) and exclude larger cations. Spatially organized cation/anion electrode assemblies can thus be prepared which also act as current rectifiers.
A physician's personal experience as a cancer of the neck patient

The author presents his personal experiences as a physician who had several surgical procedures to remove pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma, which included laryngectomy. He recently published a book that captures the three years of his life that followed his throat cancer diagnosis and tells his story of facing and dealing with medical and surgical treatments and adjusting to life afterwards. The editorial highlights some of the book's features that relate to the important role of head and neck surgeons in the care of patients with cancer.
Increased prevalence of abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiograms in older patients who have hypertension with low diastolic blood pressure

Greater mortality in hypertensive patients with the lowest diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values has been reported and may be partially explained by more fatal arrhythmias. The records of 135 patients were reviewed to determine whether the prevalence of an abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG+), a risk marker for ventricular arrhythmias, was greater in patients who have hypertension with DBP 95 mm Hg (group 3, p < 0.05 vs group 1, p = 0.08 vs group 2). There were no significant differences between the three groups of hypertensive patients for coronary artery disease, LVH, systolic dysfunction, or left-sided cardiac chamber enlargement. Multivariate analysis in hypertensive patients indicated that age and DBP were each independently predictive of SAECG+, whereas the indexes of heart disease were not. Within group 1, those with SAECG+ were significantly older (68 +/- 1 vs 59 +/- 1 years, p < 0.01) and more likely to have LVH (p < 0.03).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ESTIMATES OF LIFE TABLE FUNCTIONS

Expected values and variances of several life table functions have been obtained by converting the sample estimates of age-specific mortality rates to probabilities of dying by Reed-Merrell’s approximation. The expressions also permit the development of a procedure that will enable the researcher, constrained usually by his limited resources, to maximize the efficiency of his sampling technique. Needless to say, these results will be particularly useful for countries where national vital statistics are not adequate for construction of life tables, and also for countries where such tables are usually obtained by comparing age distributions of successive censuses.
An Examination of the Costs and Benefits of State Highway Turnback Programs

During the past 15 years, Pennsylvania's highway transfer (turnback) program has transferred slightly more than 4,200 miles of state highways to local governments. A pooled time-series analysis of the period 1984 to 1994 indicates that (a) turnback rates in a majority of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) maintenance districts were not affected by a county's representation on the state legislature's transportation or appropriations committees, (b) PennDOT exhibited a preference for maximizing turnback miles via the selection of roadways that required the least costly repairs, (c) the preference's impact was modulated by formulas that allocated funds on the basis of average road conditions, and (d) local participation was affected by the provision of adequate incentives, which was dependent on the establishment of an earmarked source of funding.
Explosive speciation at the base of the adaptive radiation of Miocene grazing horses

Adaptive radiations are generally considered to be periods of rapid evolutionary change1. Simpson2 viewed rates of evolution as either taxonomic or morphological and various methods for their quan-tification are widely used1,3–5. In contrast to classic studies of extant organisms6–7, adaptive radiations of fossil groups are usually analysed on the superspecific (for example, generic or familial) level. But relatively few studies have dealt with the patterns and processes of adaptive radiations for fossil species. The principal adaptive radiation of grazing horses occurred in North America 15 to 18 million years ago (Myr BP), when at least 19 species originated by cladogenesis. We report here that the pattern of horse taxonomic evolution is logistic, with very high origination rates observed early during the radiation. By 15 Myr BP diversity reached a plateau of about 16 contemporaneous grazing species, and this taxonomic carrying capacity continued until about 6 Myr BP. In contrast, rates of morphological (dental) evolution during the period were 'normal' (or holotelic) relative to other known fossil groups. Thus, adaptive radiations are times of rapid cladogenesis, but not necessarily rapid morphological change.
African English Expressions in The Gambia.

: Localized varieties of English have been in Africa since the 16th century. The first English to be used on that continent was a contact variety, streamlined for trading with local populations. British government and religious representatives arrived with their metropolitan versions of the language, and the continent was exposed to a second variety. British colonial educational policies in the area attempted to produce a metropolitan English spoken by Africans: however, after independence, most British teachers left the continent, leaving the ex-colonies without native-speaker models. English developed less to European standards, and more closely to modified African perceptions. This third type of English, the localized variety, has flourished to the present. This paper focuses on the localized African English spoken in The Gambia. A brief history of the area is included, along with a sample of the vocabulary and expressions found in Gambian English.
On the oxidation of long-chain polyunsaturated alcohols by myelinating rat brain.

[1-14C]Octadecenol, [1-14C]octadecadienol, and [1-14C]octadecatrienol were administered intracerebrally to 18-day-old rats. After 6 hrs, the incorporation of radioactivity into the total fatty acids and into individual constituent fatty acids of the brain lipids was determined. The data presented allow the conclusion that myelinating rat brain is capable of oxidizing long-chain mono-, di- and triunsaturated alcohols to the corresponding fatty acids and that the rates of oxidation are not significantly different, regardless of whether the long-chain alcohols are natural constituents of the tissue or not.
Building experimental use-wear analogues for Clovis biface functions

This paper reports an experimental program designed to record microscopic use-wear traces obtained on replica Clovis points and bifaces used in impact, butchering, chopping, and scraping tasks. These experiments established the use-wear type, frequency, and distribution of use-wear traces acquired in bifacial tool tasks. Replica points and bifaces were photo-documented prior to use to monitor the use-wear accrued through multiple episodes and consider if a single tool used in multiple tasks could produce distinct wear patterns that were microscopically distinguishable. Ultimately, the experimental analogues served as the foundation to interpret use-wear traces detected on Clovis bifaces from the Gault site, Texas.
Incinerability index: A measure of incinerator performance

Abstract A series of 10 incineration tests were performed on a synthetic hazardous waste containing tetrachloroethylene, toluene, chlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene as principal organic hazardous components (POHCs). Sulfur hexafluoride was also injected into the mixture just prior to incineration and the resulting destruction removal efficiencies (DRE) were measured. Primary combustion chamber temperature was varied from 871°C to 1249°C and the oxygen concentration from 1.3 to 9.2%. The test data indicated poor correlations between the variables of temperature and oxygen with POHC DRE. A temperature/SF 6 DRE linear relationship was observed. The research also indicated that SF 6 was more difficult to incinerate than any of the other POHCs, and might represent a lower boundary for evaluating incinerator performance.
The location of fluorescence probes with charged groups in model membranes

Abstract The location of commonly used charged fluorescent membrane probes in membranes was determined in order to: (1) investigate the relationship between the structure of hydrophobic molecules and their depth within membranes; and (2) aid interpretation of experiments in which these fluorescent probes are used to examine membrane structure. Membrane depth was calculated using parallax analysis, a method in which the quenching induced by lipids carrying a nitroxide group at different locations in the membrane is compared. Shallow locations were found for xanthene dyes (fluorescein, eosin, Texas Red and rhodamine) both in free form and when attached either to the headgroup of phospholipids or long hydrocarbon chains. The exact structure of the xanthene and the nature of its linkage to lipid had only a modest effect on membrane location, which ranged between 19 and 24 A from the center of the bilayer in a charged state. Thus, the location of these fluorophores largely reflects their intrinsic properties rather than the nature of the groups to which they are attached. Furthermore, cationic and anionic xanthene derivatives had similar depths, indicating the type of charge does not have a large effect on depth. Consistent with this conclusion, shallow locations were also found for other hydrocarbon chain-linked cationic (acridine orange and styrylpyridinium) and anionic (coumarin, anilinonaphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS), and toluidinylnaphthalenesulfonic acid (TNS)) charged probes. These all located at 16–18 A from the bilayer center. We conclude that both anionic and cationic molecules that are otherwise hydrophobic predominantly occupy shallow locations within the polar headgroup region of the bilayer no matter how hydrophobic the molecule to which they are linked. This depth is significantly shallower than that occupied by most previously studied uncharged polar molecules that locate near the membrane surface. Consistent with this conclusion, a 2–4 A deeper location was found for xanthene probes with no net charge. In other experiments, methods to avoid chemical reactions that can distort the measurement of depth by fluorescence quenching were developed.
Counter-Ion Activity in a Cationic Polyelectrolyte Solution

The counterion transport properties, represented by the chloride ion activity coefficient in cationic polyelectrolyte solutions were studied. The effect of polymer concentration and ionic strength of the media in non-dilute regime were examined. The relative counterion activity coefficient (γ/γ0) decreased with a decrease in ionic strength, but remained unchanged with polymer concentrations. Chloride ions bound per monomer of polymer (n) were estimated from the activity coefficient. The bound ion (n) decreased with decreases in ionic strength and increases in polymer concentration. This phenomenon demonstrates the effect of intermolecular interactions in polyelectrolytes on the charge shielding process of polyions.
Relationship between cytochrome P450 2E1 and acetone catabolism in rats as studied with diallyl sulfide as an inhibitor.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that cytochrome P450 2E1 (P450 2E1) catalyzes the oxidation of acetone in vitro . The present study was designed to determine the importance of P450 2E1 in the catabolism of aceton in rats using diallyl sulfide (DAS) as an inhibitor of this enzyme. After a single intragastric dose of DAS, blood samples were collected from rats at different time points, and blood acetone concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. In a low DAS dose (50 mg/kg body weight) group, the maximum acetone level of 6-fold higher than the normal level was reached at 6 hr; the acetone level returned to normal at 48 hr. In a high dose (200 mg/kg) group, the maximum acetone level of 9-fold higher than the normal level was reached at 12 hr; the acetone level returned to normal at 60 hr. The turnover time and fractional turnover rate of elevated acetone were 15.8 ± 0.5 hr and 0.054 ± 0.001 hr −1 , respectively, for the low dose, and 19.2 ± 0.6 hr and 0.046 ±0.005 hr −1 , respectively, for the high dose. In a chronic experiment, DAS (50 and 200 mg/kg, i.g.) was given to rats daily for 29 days, and elevated blood acetone levels were observed during the entire experimental period: 2.0 to 2.8 μg/mL for the low dose and 3.4 to 3.9 μg/mL for the high dose at 24 hr after the 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th doses versus 0.8 to 0.9 μg/mL for the control. The increase of blood acetone level was closely related to the decreases of N -nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) demethylase activity and P450 2E1 content in liver microsomes. Consistent with the lack of cumulative effect from the multiple doses of DAS on acetone level, rather stable levels of the DAS metabolites, diallyl sulfoxide (45.0 μg/mL, range: 33.8 to 58.6 μg/mL) and diallyl sulfone (11.7 μg/mL, range: 6.9 to 15.6 μg/mL), were observed at 24 hr after the 1st, 7th, 21st and 28th doses with DAS (200 mg/kg) in the chronic experiment. It is likely that the inactivation and inhibition of P450 2E1 by DAS and its metabolites block the oxidation of acetone and cause its elevation in blood. The results strongly suggest an important role of P450 2E1 in acetone catabolism under physiological conditions.
Actions and therapeutic pathways of ghrelin for gastrointestinal disorders

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone that possesses unique orexigenic properties. By acting on the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, ghrelin induces a short-term increase in food consumption, which ultimately induces a positive energy balance and increases fat deposition. Reduced ghrelin levels have been observed in obese patients and after bariatric surgery. In particular, bariatric procedures that involve gastric resection or bypass lead to reduced ghrelin levels. Administration of physiological doses of exogenous ghrelin to humans does not significantly alter gastric motility; however, administration of high doses stimulates gastric motility, with increased gastric tone and emptying, and increased activity of migrating motor complexes in the small bowel. The potential of ghrelin agonists to be used as prokinetics is being tested in patients with gastroparesis and postoperative ileus. Ghrelin acts directly on pancreatic islet cells to reduce insulin production. Findings from studies in animals have revealed that small-molecule ghrelin antagonists favorably influence glucose tolerance, appetite suppression and weight loss. Other studies have demonstrated that ghrelin antagonists retard gastric emptying only at very high doses, which suggests that these agents will probably not induce upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The potential of this new class of therapeutic agents to influence appetite and glycemic control strongly indicates that they should be tested in clinical trials.
Proteins Are Unfolded on the Surface of the ATPase Ring before Transport into the Proteasome

The 19S component of the 26S proteasome contains six ATPase subunits. To clarify how they unfold and translocate proteins into the 20S proteasome for degradation, we studied the homologous archaebacterial proteasome-regulatory ATPase complex PAN and the globular substrate GFP-SsrA. When we attached a small (Biotin) or large (Biotin-Avidin) moiety near its N terminus or a Biotin near its C terminus, GFP-SsrA was unfolded and degraded. However, attaching Avidin near its C terminus blocked passage through PAN and prevented GFP-SsrA degradation. Though not translocated, GFP-Avidin still underwent ATP-dependent unfolding. Moreover, it remained bound to PAN and inhibited further proteolysis. Therefore, (1) translocation and degradation of this substrate require threading through the ATPase in a C to N direction and (2) translocation does not cause but follows ATP-dependent unfolding, which occurs on the surface of the ATPase ring.
Richard J. Reed and Atmospheric Tides

In many respects, atmospheric tides are one of Dick’s more minor interests. I think I am correct that Dick became interested in this problem as a result of consulting activities at the White Sands Missile Range during the early 1960s. However, with his usual combination of insight and originality of viewpoint, Dick’s contribution to this area was major. Luck was also hardly irrelevant to his work here, but Dick, as usual, was astute in both recognizing and exploiting luck. His contributions were characteristically useful to theoreticians — a hallmark of Dick’s work. Dick’s efforts in this area consist of five relatively brief papers from the period 1965–69 (Beyers et al. 1966; Reed et al. 1966a,b; Reed 1967; Reed et al. 1969). There is no indication of prior or subsequent interest. Within these papers, Dick and coworkers simply Fourier analyzed (in time) meteorological rocketsonde data for horizontal wind and temperature as a function of altitude over the range covered by the rockets (approximately 40–60 km). Data binned according to hour as well as data from campaigns of relatively frequent soundings over periods of about 2 days in length were used. Although today the needed mathematical apparatus to conduct such analyses is literally built into word processors, there was no particular novelty or challenge in the analyses 35 years ago either. What proved important were the care exercised in the analyses as well as the specific findings and the fact that we were given vertical profiles of amplitude and phase, both of which sometimes varied significantly in ways that systematically depended on location and period (diurnal or semidiurnal). Before turning to the details, it will be useful to describe the state of atmospheric tidal studies at the time of Dick’s contributions. However, before doing even this, I fuel it personally necessary to point out the important impact of Dick’s work on my own efforts.
Scan Quality and Entrance Skin Dose in Thoracic CT: A Comparison between Bismuth Breast Shield and Posteriorly Centered Partial CT Scans

Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of the bismuth breast shield and partial CT scan in reducing entrance skin dose and to evaluate the effect of the breast shield on image quality (IQ). Methods. Nanodots were placed on an adult anthropomorphic phantom. Standard chest CT, CT with shield, and partial CT were performed. Nanodot readings and effective doses were recorded. 50 patients with chest CTs obtained both with and without breast shields were reviewed. IQ was evaluated by two radiologists and by measuring Hounsfield units (HUs) and standard deviation (SD) of HU in anterior subcutaneous region. Results. Breast shield and the partial CT scans reduced radiation to the anterior chest by 38% and 16%, respectively. Partial CT increased dose to the posterior chest by 37% and effective dose by 8%. Change in IQ in shield CT was observed in the anterior chest wall. Significant change in IQ was observed in 5/50 cases. The shield caused an increase of 20 HU () and a 1.86 reduction in SD of HU () in the anterior compared to posterior subcutaneous regions. Summary. Bismuth breast shield is more effective than the partial CT in reducing entrance skin dose while maintaining image quality.
State controllability (and identifiability) of discrete stationary linear systems with arbitrary lag

Abstract We introduce an alternative notion of controllability of a discrete stationary system with a single lag and show its equivalence to that of the standard notion of controllability. We then extend our notion of controllability to systems with arbitrary lag and derive necessary and sufficient conditions for controllability in the general context. Necessary and sufficient conditions for structural controllability of the general system are also derived. We also compare the notion of controllability to that of identifiability of a complete system of stochastic equations with lagged dependent variables in which the errors are correlated but with no definite pattern of autocorrelation.