cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of surface composition on the adsorption of photosystem I onto alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on gold.

We have used self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared from ω-terminated alkanethiols on gold to generate model surfaces and examine the effect of surface composition on the adsorption of Photosyst...
The objective versus the perceived environment: what matters for bicycling?

This paper examines the relationship between the objectively measured and perceived built environment, and the relative strength of their association with bicycling behavior. By drawing on socio-cognitive theory, a conceptual model was proposed to explain the relationships between the objective environment, perceived environment, and bicycling behavior. Objective and perceived bike environments were measured using two latent constructs and structural equation modeling was employed to estimate the models based on data from three neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon. Results of this study showed that the perception of the environment had a direct and significant effect on bicycling behavior, while the direct effect of the objective environment on bicycling behavior became insignificant when controlling for perception. We therefore concluded that the objective environment may only indirectly affect bicycling behavior by influencing perceptions. An objectively good environment for bicycling was necessary but not sufficient for bicycling. Intervention programs to improve people’s perceptions of the environment may be necessary to reap the full potential of planning and design policies.
Eclipsing binary light curve analysis

Language of the Stars: A Discourse on the Theory of the Light Changes of Eclipsing Variables. By Zdeněk Kopal. Pp. 280. (Reidel: 1979.) Hardback Dfl. 120, $63; paperback Dfl. 55, $28.95.
Variations in the optical properties of a particle suspension associated with viral infection of marine bacteria

A laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the temporal dynamics of the particle size distribution (PSD) and associated optical variability caused by viral infection of marine heterotrophic bacteria. The PSD covering a broad range of particle size from < 50 nm to 200 mm was measured in parallel with the spectral particulate absorption and beam attenuation coefficients, from which the particulate scattering coefficient, bp(l), was determined. Within 12 h following infection, the host bacterial population collapsed, viral abundance increased, and submicron particles were produced as bacteria were disrupted and cell debris released, resulting in a large decrease in bp(l) seen as an almost complete clearing of the particle suspension. Throughout the remainder of the experiment, significant changes in the PSD occurred primarily within the size range of relatively large particles (. 4 mm), likely as a result of the aggregation of smaller-sized particles originating from the host lysis. The PSD data were used as input for Mie scattering calculations to evaluate the effects of these particle dynamics in terms of relative contributions of different particle size classes to the scattering and backscattering coefficients. This analysis showed a significant increase in the effect of particle aggregation on light scattering during the second and third days after infection. Viral lysis of bacteria and subsequent particle dynamics produce large variations in the PSD over a broad size range on timescales from hours to a few days, and such processes lead to correspondingly large changes in the suspension optical properties.
Design considerations for a case-based reasoning engine for scenario-based cyber incident notification

Virtually all modern organizations have embedded information systems into their core business processes as a means to increase operational efficiency, improve decision making quality, and minimize costs. Unfortunately, this dependence can place an organization's mission at risk if the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of a critical information resource has been lost or degraded. Within the military, this type of incident could ultimately result in serious consequences including physical destruction and loss of life. To reduce the likelihood of this outcome, personnel must be informed about cyber incidents, and their potential consequences, in a timely and relevant manner so that appropriate contingency actions can be taken. In this paper, we identify criteria for improving the relevance of incident notification, propose the use of case-based reasoning (CBR) for contingency decision support, and identify key design considerations for implementing a CBR system used to deliver relevant notification following a cyber incident.
Regulation of MAPK/ERK phosphorylation via ionotropic glutamate receptors in cultured rat striatal neurons

Extracellular signals may regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades through a receptor-mediated mechanism. As a signaling superhighway to the nucleus, active Ras-MAPK cascades phosphorylate transcription factors and facilitate gene expression. In cultured rat striatal neurons, the present work systemically examined the linkage between glutamate receptors and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) subclass of MAPK. We found that glutamate induced a rapid and transient phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Similar responses of ERK1/2 phosphorylation were also induced by the ligands selective for each of three subtypes of ionotropic receptors (NMDA, AMPA and kainate), although not by the subgroup-selective agonists for three subgroups of metabotropic glutamate receptors after 8-9 days in culture. The ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by all ionotropic receptor agents was dose-, time- and Ca(2+) influx-dependent and occurred in neurons, but not glia. The NMDA-, AMPA- and kainate-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation was blocked only by the antagonists selective for respective subtypes. The ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by these agents was also sensitive to the MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor PD98059 and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. In a further attempt to evaluate the role of active ERK1/2 in activating a downstream transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), NMDA, AMPA, and kainate were found to increase CREB phosphorylation. The NMDA- and AMPA/kainate-induced CREB phosphorylation was completely and partially blocked by U0126, respectively. These results revealed a positive linkage between ionotropic glutamate receptors and MEK-sensitive ERK1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. The active ERK1/2 cascade activates the downstream transcription factor CREB to participate in the regulation of gene expression.
The structure and vibrational spectrum of allene oxide

An ab initio study of the structure and vibrational spectrum of allene oxide and three of its isotopomers has been carried out (MP2/6-31G∗). A comparison of the computed spectra with the experimental spectra reported previously (K.A. Singmaster and G.C. Pimentel, J. Mol. Struct., 194 (1989) 215) confirms the assignment of four bands attributed to allene oxide.
Weber Revisited: A Cross-National Analysis of Religiosity, Religious Culture, and Economic Attitudes

Weber’s Protestant Ethic hypothesis holds that elements of theology gave Protestants a cultural affinity with the economic demands of early market capitalism, particularly compared with their Catholic neighbors, which led to more rapid economic development in nations where Protestant culture was dominant. Previous research has found inconsistent support for a Protestant inclination toward pro-market attitudes, depending on whether the level of analysis was at the individual or national level. The present study uses cross-national panel data to combine these approaches with multilevel modeling. Results showed effects at the national level; people living in nations with dominantly Protestant cultural histories had more pro-market economic attitudes. At the individual level, there were differences in the impact of religiosity by religious group affiliation; Protestants had relatively pro-market attitudes regardless of religiosity, while members of other groups tended to increase in market orientation as a fu...
Doubly adaptive DPCM

An adaptive differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) algorithm is presented that determines, for each window, the best causal nonsymmetric half-plane region of support (ROS) in addition to the best prediction coefficients. First, a recursive algorithm is developed that determines the best (in the sense of minimizing the mean-square error) first-, second-, and third-order ROS from the covariance measurements. A procedure for determining the order of the ROS that maximizes the compression ratio, which is based on the window size as well as the covariance measurement, is then developed. >
Response of Arnica dealbata to climate change, nitrogen deposition, and fire

Predicted changes in climate and increasing nitrogen deposition are likely to have significant impacts on species that have limited distributions or are already experiencing diminished population size. Arnica dealbata (A. Gray, Asteraceae), a listed sensitive species in Yosemite National Park, is endemic to California and has limited distribution within the park boundaries. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of altered precipitation resulting from climate change, increasing nitrogen deposition resulting from pollution, and prescribed fire on A. dealbata. A. dealbata cover significantly increased with increasing snowpack and prescribed fire. Increasing nitrogen deposition negatively affected cover. Our results suggest Yosemite’s A. dealbata populations can thrive even under a changing climate if prescribed fire is frequently applied coupled with increased moisture availability.
Early changes in the synthesis of acidic nuclear proteins in human diploid fibroblasts stimulated to synthesize DNA by changing the medium.

When resting WI-38 cells in a confluent monolayer were stimulated to proliferate by changing the medium, the incorporation of leucine-3H into nuclear acidic proteins was promptly stimulated, although its incorporation into total cellular proteins was unchanged or even decreased. Three fractions, all acidic by aminoacid analysis, were extracted from the nuclei: (1) ribonucleoproteins (RNP); (2) a fraction extractable with 0.15 M NaC1; and (3) a fraction tenaciously bound to the insoluble residue (residual fraction). A first increase occurred between one and three hours after stimulation in all three fractions. The synthesis of NaCl-soluble proteins then returned to control levels, while the synthesis of residual and RNP proteins remained high between 6 and 12 hours and increased even further at 18 hours, the peak of DNA synthesis. Pulse chase experiments indicated that the proteins synthesized in the first hour after stimulation have a turnover time of less than four hours, while the same fractions in non-proliferating cells were stable for at least 12 hours. 2-mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl) benzimidazole, when added at the same time as the fresh medium, produced an inhibition of the increase in nuclear protein synthesis at one hour, but, if added at five hours after stimulation, it did not inhibit the increase in nuclear protein synthesis occurring at six hours. Actinomycin D (0.01 μg/ml) inhibited both the stimulation of DNA synthesis and the increases in nuclear acidic protein synthesis occurring at one and six hours after stimulation. These results seem to indicate that the serum factors responsible for the stimulation of WI-38 cells, after binding to cells, induce an early synthesis of acidic nuclear proteins which is sensitive to very low doses of actinomycin D. In turn, the newly synthesized proteins could in some way activate in the nuclei the genes that control DNA synthesis and cell division.
Neurological injury after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: are the trees falling silently or is our hearing impaired?

Subcortical ischemic damage occurs in 62% to 82% of patients who undergo transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), leaving clinicians and researchers with the difficult task of understanding the functional consequences of these often silent strokes.1 Furthermore, the patients for whom TAVI is the best option typically have additional age-associated systemic health complications, making it more difficult to determine the impact of such an injury on short- and long-term recovery. Repeat neurological examination, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), and neuropsychological assessment, as performed by Ghanem et al,2 in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions are certainly helpful. In 111 patients with TAVI, they report cerebral embolization in 64% of the imaged subjects but early cognitive decline was diagnosed in only 5.4%, and late cognitive decline occurred at an even lower rate. However, in considering these silent infarcts, we start by asking whether it is appropriate to prioritize overall cognition (the forest) over individual cognitive domains (the trees) when assessing the effects of DW-MRI–detected embolization, a phenomenon that is usually random throughout the subcortex, neurologically subclinical, and often complicated by many perisurgical and postsurgical factors. Article see p 615 In most studies on the perioperative neurological impact of TAVI, the strokes are small, randomly scattered, and generally supratentorial, lesion characteristics that are less likely to produce observable change on standard neurological examination.1 Neuropsychological assessment improves detection of subtle postoperative cognitive decline (POCD) but is constrained by the relative sensitivity of available behavioral and self-report measures to capture clinically meaningful pos tinterventional differences associated with TAVI embolization. Nevertheless, this intersection between measurement selection and sensitivity and the relatively random neuroanatomical pattern of TAVI embolization may help to clarify whether we should target the forest or the trees of post-TAVI cognitive and functional outcomes. Ghanem et al2 treated cognition as …
Methods to electrophoretically stretch DNA: microcontractions, gels, and hybrid gel-microcontraction devices.

The ability to controllably and continuously stretch large DNA molecules in a microfluidic format is important for gene mapping technologies such as Direct Linear Analysis (DLA). We have recently shown that electric field gradients can be readily generated in a microfluidic device and the resulting field is purely elongational. We present a single molecule fluorescence microscopy analysis of T4 DNA (169 kbp) stretching in the electric field gradients in a hyperbolic contraction microchannel. In addition, we are able to selectively pattern a crosslinked gel anywhere inside the microchannel. With an applied electric field, DNA molecules are forced to reptate through the gel and they moderately stretch as they exit the gel. By placing a gel immediately in front of the hyperbolic contraction, we bypass “molecular individualism” and achieve highly uniform and complete stretching of T4 DNA.
A new implementation of simple adaptive control for non-ASPR plants

The command generator tracker (CGT) approach to model reference adaptive control of linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output plants is considered. A new algorithm is proposed for controllable and observable plants which involves inserting supplementary dynamics in a feedback path inside the adaptive mechanism. These additional dynamics process the output error to form a signal which is multiplied by a new adaptive gain. This algorithm differs from other CGT adaptive control algorithm which require supplementary dynamics to be inserted in parallel with the plant. A generalized metastate representation of the closed-loop adaptive system is proposed. This representation is utilized together with Lyapunov's second method to prove the boundedness of the true error between the plant and model outputs in the presence of bounded plant input and output disturbances. >
BAYESIAN PROPENSITY SCORE ESTIMATORS: INCORPORATING UNCERTAINTIES IN PROPENSITY SCORES INTO CAUSAL INFERENCE

Despite their popularity, conventional propensity score estimators (PSEs) do not take into account uncertainties in propensity scores. This paper develops Bayesian propensity score estimators (BPSE...
A novel stimulation pattern improves performance during repetitive dynamic contractions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of three different stimulation patterns on repetitive knee movements. Each subject's quadriceps femoris was stimulated with: (1) a constant-frequency train (CFT) with an interpulse interval (IPI) of 50 ms; (2) a variable-frequency train (VFT)-similar to the CFT, except with an initial doublet with an IPI of 5 ms; and (3) a doublet-frequency train (DFT) with multiple doublets (doublet IPI 5 ms) separated by 50 ms, while the muscle was resisted by a load equal to 10% of the muscle's maximum voluntary isometric contraction. The muscle was stimulated while the knee moved through a 50 degrees arc of motion (90 degrees to 40 degrees of flexion). Testing was stopped when the subject failed to reach the target three consecutive times. Results showed that DFTs reached the target (mean +/- SD) 36.4 +/- 14.4 times, followed by VFTs (25.4 +/- 17.9) and CFTs (17.4 +/- 11.9). The DFT was the best pattern for producing shortening contractions. The results suggest that DFTs may have significant benefits during clinical functional electrical stimulation.
A possible role of D-valine and related D-amino acids in repression of enzyme and actinomycin synthesis

The addition of d-valine and related d-amino acids to the production medium blocks kynurenine formamidase II and actinomycin D synthesis by Streptomyces parvulus. This effect may be due to a direct inhibition of the actinomycin synthetase-catalyzed racemization of l-valine to its peptide bound d-form during antibiotic formation. In addition, the d-amino acid(s) may influence enzyme and actinomycin synthesis through carbon and/or nitrogen catabolite regulation. The relatively slow uptake and metabolism of the d-amino acid would provide a continuous supply of catabolite(s) that repress transcription of actinomycin biosynthetic genes over a long period of time.
Relational Model Based Annotation of the Web Data

In this paper, we present a fast and scalable Bayesian model for improving weakly annotated data – which is typically generated by a (semi) automated information extraction (IE) system from Web documents. Weakly annotated data suffers from incorrect ontological role assignments. Our experimental evaluations with the TAP and a collection of 20,000 home pages from university, shopping and sports Web sites, indicate that the model described here can improve the accuracy of role assignments from 40% to 85% for template driven sites, from 68% to 87% for non-template driven sites.
Structural investigations into the deactivation pathway of the CO2 reduction electrocatalyst Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl.

We report a series of complexes synthesized from the chemical reduction of the fac-tricarbonyl complex Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl. Synthesis and characterization of [Re(bpy)(CO)3]2, [Re(bpy)(CO)3]2−, and Re(bpy)(CO)3− are presented. The Re(bpy)(CO)3− anion has long been postulated as the active species that reacts with carbon dioxide in the electrochemical reduction of CO2.
Chaperonin-Mediated Folding in the Eukaryotic Cytosol Proceeds through Rounds of Release of Native and Nonnative Forms

The eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin, CCT, plays an essential role in mediating ATP-dependent folding of actin and tubulin. There is debate about whether it mediates folding through a single round of association followed by release of native forms, or through cycles of binding and full release in which only a fraction of released molecules reaches native form in any cycle. We examine the fate of newly synthesized substrate proteins bound to CCT in reticulocyte lysate or intact Xenopus oocytes. When a chaperonin "trap," able to bind but not release substrate protein, is introduced, production of the native state is strongly inhibited, associated with transfer to trap. While predominantly nonnative forms of actin, tubulin, and a newly identified substrate, G(alpha)-transducin, are released from CCT, a small fraction reaches native form with each round of release, inaccessible to trap. This overall mechanism resembles that of the bacterial chaperonin, GroEL.
Down-regulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by dexamethasone in an amphibian kidney cell line (A6)

The A6 cell line, derived from Xenopus kidney, is an in vitro model of cortico-steroid mediated transepitheial Na+ transport stimulation. We report the apparent down-regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor levels in A6 cells, in response to the presence of the synthetic glucorticoid dexamethasone in the culture medium. Mineralocorticoid receptor binding was suppressed to approximately 25% of control following 24-hour exposure to 10nM dexamethasone. Scatchard analysis of concentration-binding experiments show down-regulation of maximum binding capacity by Dex exposure with no alteration of MR affinity, i.e., alteration of MR number only. The effect is dose-responsive with half-maximal down regulation at 1nM. Maximal inhibition of binding occurred after 24-hours exposure to dexamethasone. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on MR binding was unique for the glucocorticoid, with no effect exhibited following similar treatment with an androgen, an estrogen, or a mineralocorticoid.
Combined Rietveld and stereochemical restraint refinement of a protein crystal structure

By combining high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data and stereochemical restraints, Rietveld refinement of protein crystal structures has been shown to be feasible. A refinement of the 1261-atom protein metmyoglobin was achieved by combining 5338 stereochemical restraints with a 4648-step (dmin = 3.3 A) powder diffraction pattern to give the residuals Rwp = 2.32%, Rp = 1.66%, R(F2) = 3.10%. The resulting tertiary structure of the protein is essentially identical to that obtained from previous single-crystal studies.
Molecular and macromolecular alterations of recombinant adenoviral vectors do not resolve changes in hepatic drug metabolism during infection

In this report we test the hypothesis that long-term virus-induced alterations in CYP occur from changes initiated by the virus that may not be related to the immune response. Enzyme activity, protein expression and mRNA of CYP3A2, a correlate of human CYP3A4, and CYP2C11, responsive to inflammatory mediators, were assessed 0.25, 1, 4, and 14 days after administration of several different recombinant adenoviruses at a dose of 5.7 × 1012 virus particles (vp)/kg to male Sprague Dawley rats. Wild type adenovirus, containing all viral genes, suppressed CYP3A2 and 2C11 activity by 37% and 39%, respectively within six hours. Levels fell to 67% (CYP3A2) and 79% (CYP2C11) of control by 14 days (p ≤ 0.01). Helper-dependent adenovirus, with all viral genes removed, suppressed CYP3A2 (43%) and CYP2C11 (55%) within six hours. CYP3A2 remained significantly suppressed (47%, 14 days, p ≤ 0.01) while CYP2C11 returned to baseline at this time. CYP3A2 and 2C11 were reduced by 45 and 42% respectively 6 hours after treatment with PEGylated adenovirus, which has a low immunological profile (p ≤ 0.05). CYP3A2 remained suppressed (34%, p ≤ 0.05) for 14 days while CYP2C11 recovered. Inactivated virus suppressed CYP3A2 activity by 25–50% for 14 days (p ≤ 0.05). CYP2C11 was affected similar manner but recovered by day 14. Microarray and in vitro studies suggest that changes in cellular signaling pathways initiated early in virus infection contribute to changes in CYP.
Life history characteristics and rarity of woody plants in tropical dry forest fragments of Central America

Breeding systems and dispersal mechanisms of plants (M 2.5 cm dbh) were examined in fragments of tropical dry forest in Central America to identify life-history characteristics associated with rarity. In particular, the rich- ness and abundance of dioecious and mammal-dispersed trees and shrubs were examined to identify potential associations with precipitation, anthropogenic dis- turbance, and area. Plots totalling 1000 m 2 per site were established in seven nature reserves in Costa Rica (two sites) and Nicaragua (five sites). Overall, trop- ical dry forests of Central America have a similar proportion of dioecious species to other lowland neotropical forests and a similar proportion of wind-dispersed plants to other tropical dry forests around the world. However, the number of dioecious and mammal-dispersed species declined with decreasing forest cover within each reserve. Although dioecious species were rare in smaller forest frag- ments, some of these species will not be threatened with regional extinction because they are early successional plants, they have large geographic ranges, and they are not restricted to the tropical dry forest life zone. Mammal-dispersed plants were rare in small fragments, but it is not clear whether this was due to the loss of dispersal vectors or other life-history characteristics.
Computational Studies of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions: Where Are We in Predicting Mechanisms and in Understanding the Nature of Enzyme Catalysis?

We review the state of the art of combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations on enzyme systems and carry out a further analysis of the role of preorganization effects on enzyme catalysis. On the basis of our calculations, the free energy cost of aligning the functional groups for catalysis (the preorganization free energy) is responsible for a substantial fraction of the 1011−1013 faster rates of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions for trypsin and catechol O-methyltransferase compared to analogous reference reactions in aqueous solution. Although the preorganization free energy contains a large entropic contribution, entropy effects on going from the enzyme−substrate noncovalent complex to the transition state for the reaction are expected to be generally small and not very different in enzyme and in solution. We attempt to give a critical analysis of both our approach and that of Warshel to elucidating the reason for large enzymatic rate enhancements.
Multi-Core Model Checking with SPIN

We present the first experimental results on the implementation of a multi-core model checking algorithm for the SPIN model checker. These algorithms specifically target shared-memory systems, and are initially restricted to dual-core systems. The extensions we have made require only small changes in the SPIN source code, and preserve virtually all existing verification modes and optimization techniques supported by SPIN, including the verification of both safety and liveness properties and the verification of SPIN models with embedded C code fragments.
Package Performance Testing of Dangerous Goods in High-altitude Shipments

This paper discusses the impact of high-altitude shipments on package integrity. High-altitude shipments are encountered when trucks travel over high mountain passes or when cargo and feeder aircraft transport packages in non-pressurized or partially-pressurized cargo holds. Both these types of transport methods will result in severe changes in pressure as compared to packages being transported close to sea level. The testing of packages under these conditions is critical since package integrity may be compromised. The current shipping tests performed in test laboratories do not account for pressure changes and vibration together. This study showed that combination packages for dangerous goods and hazardous materials that are tested to existing UN, ICAO and US DOT requirements are limited, and can result in significant number of leaks. Testing under combined vibration and pressure changes is necessary. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Working memory for sign language: a window into the architecture of the working memory system.

Traditionally, working memory has been divided into two major domains: verbal and visuo-spatial. The verbal domain of working memory can be characterized either by its relationship to language or by its grounding in auditory processing. Because of this ambiguity, languages that are not auditory and vocal (i.e., signed languages) pose a challenge to this conception of working memory. We describe several experiments with deaf users of American Sign Language (ASL) that explore the extent to which the architecture of working memory is determined by the constraints of auditory and visual processing and the extent to which it is determined by the characteristics of language. Various working memory effects were investigated: phonological similarity, word length, and articulatory suppression. The pattern of evidence strongly supports the existence of a sign-based "rehearsal loop" mechanism parallel to the speech-based rehearsal loop. However, we also discuss evidence pointing to differences between the speech loop and the sign loop from forward and backward digit span tasks with deaf and hearing subjects. Despite their similarities based on linguistic properties, the speech loop and the sign loop appear to diverge due to the differing processing demands of audition and vision. Overall, the results suggest that the architecture of working memory is shaped both by the properties of language structure and by the constraints imposed by sensorimotor modality.
Efficacy of tosedostat, a novel, oral agent for elderly patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: a review of the Phase II OPAL trial

Acute myeloid leukemia is most often diagnosed in patients older than 60 years of age. Overall, these patients have a poor prognosis, partly because they are typically unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy regimens traditionally offered to younger individuals. Furthermore, responses attained in these older patients are not durable, with most experiencing relapse within 1–2 years. Therefore, new strategies are needed to improve the outcome of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Tosedostat is an orally available aminopeptidase inhibitor shown to have activity in leukemia. This commentary discusses the background and results of an ongoing Phase II evaluation of tosedostat in elderly patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. The data available to date is analyzed and future perspectives regarding the development of this agent is discussed.
Cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital effects on responding maintained by food or cocaine in rhesus monkeys.

The effects of IM injections of cocaine, d-amphetamine, and pentobarbital were studied in rhesus monkeys whose lever-press responding was maintained under a second-order fixed-interval, fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. Within each session, fixed-interval components, ending with the IV injection of 30 μg/kg cocaine (one group of monkeys) or the delivery of a 300 mg food pellet (second group of monkeys), alternated with fixed-interval components ending without an injection of cocaine or the delivery of food (extinction). Drug pretreatments generally caused comparable dose-related decreases in the overall rates of responding reinforced either by cocaine or by food. Response rates during extinction usually increased and then decreased as the dose of each drug increased. An analysis of the drug effects on response rates in different temporal segments of the fixed intervals showed that in both the reinforcement and extinction components, the normally low control rates of responding which occurred earlier in the intervals were usually increased, while higher control rates which occurred later in the intervals were increased less or decreased. Thus, the effects of these drugs were relatively independent of the reinforcing event (food or cocaine) and tended to depend more on the ongoing rate of responding under these conditions.
A Critical Period in Postnatal Neuroplasticity of Olfaction: A Pediatric Tracheostomy Model

Importance There is controversy over whether a critical period in the development of olfaction exists, as there is in hearing and vision, whereby early stimulation of the olfactory nerve is necessary for normal olfactory performance later in life. Children who undergo tracheotomy early in life are deprived of airflow through the nasal cavity during a critical period of development. Persistent olfactory dysfunction in this patient group after decannulation would provide evidence that postnatal stimulation of the olfactory nerve is critical to normal development. Objective To determine whether children who undergo early tracheotomy have persistent olfactory dysfunction following decannulation and to validate a prior study showing olfactory deficits in cannulated patients. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a cross-sectional study of smell function in pediatric patients with either long-term tracheostomy (cannulated), decannulated patients after long-term tracheostomy, and healthy age- and sex-matched controls, conducted in a tertiary care academic referral center, using data that were collected between 2013 and 2015. All patients were without coexisting nasal abnormalities or developmental delay that would prevent completion of testing. Interventions Administration of a validated pediatric smell test to all 3 patient groups. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean percentage correct on a validated pediatric smell test. Results In 18 patients ages 6 to 18 years, there was a statistically significant difference ( P = .007) in mean percentage of correct responses on the smell test between cannulated (67%; 95% CI, 54%-79%, N = 6), decannulated (61%; 95% CI, 42%-80%, N = 6), and age-matched controls (94%; 95% CI, 90%-99%, N = 6). Analysis between groups showed statistically significant differences between both control and cannulated patients ( P = .002) and between control and decannulated patients ( P = .006). There was no significant difference between scores in the cannulated and decannulated groups ( P = .64). Conclusions and Relevance This pilot study suggests that olfactory deficits from early chronic tracheostomy persist following decannulation and provides early data suggestive of a critical period in the postnatal development and neuroplasticity of olfaction.
Vacuoles in Filamentous Fungi

Using the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, four zones of vacuolar morphology from the growing hyphal tip were observed: (i) the apical zone, which has few or no vacuoles; (ii) the subapical zone with small ovoid-spherical vacuoles; (iii) the nuclear zone, where tubular vacuoles predominate; and (iv) the basal zone, where large spherical vacuoles are most common. This vacuolar structure is the product of live-cell imaging in microscopes utilizing fluorescent dyes that accumulate in vacuoles and green fluorescent protein (GFP)or red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged proteins targeted to vacuoles or vacuolar membranes. For biochemical studies in vitro, vacuoles can be isolated from filamentous fungi as a pure organellar fraction of round vesicles, approximately 0. 2 to 2 μ in diameter. For filamentous fungi, the study of formation and biogenesis of the vacuole is a nascent research area. Fungal vacuoles serve as storage reservoirs for high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the form of basic amino acids and polyphosphate (polyPi), respectively. The vacuolar system is highly variable in appearance at different locations within the mycelium and in response to different growth conditions. Several labs are introducing new approaches to study the dynamic behavior of the vacuolar system of filamentous fungi. Homologs of S. cerevisiae genes with known functions in vacuolar biogenesis, autophagy, and ion transport are excellent candidates for identifying the genes involved in these processes in filamentous fungi. Investigations performed in recent years demonstrate that the vacuole is a dynamic organelle with many important roles in metabolism, growth, and development.
Physiological genomics--what is in a name?

physiology, the scientific discipline of enquiry into how molecules, cells, and organs interact to function as a whole being, has been in existence since the times of the ancient Greeks. However, it was in the 18th and 19th centuries that physiology collided with advances in chemistry, physics, and
Illuminating the Story of China's Anti-Monopoly Law

On a warm summer night in Beijing, government officials, lawyers, and scholars from China and around the world recently gathered to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Chinese Anti-monopoly Law (AML). While enjoying a rooftop view of the Forbidden City, the celebrants were treated to a puppet show featuring colorful paper cutouts illuminated from behind as they danced and fought behind an opaque screen. The puppets acted out famous Chinese legends adapted to depict recent cases by the Chinese anti-monopoly authorities, such as the Moutai white liquor resale price maintenance cases.2 As charming as this puppet show was to witness, it also served as a metaphor for the proceedings at the forum that preceded the celebration. Some commentators have complained that too often the Chinese anti-monopoly authorities themselves operate behind a screen, providing parties and other observers little insight into their thinking or deliberations. At the conference marking the fifth anniversary of the AML, however, the leaders of the Chinese antitrust authorities and several prominent Chinese scholars provided greater illumination of their thinking than we have previously witnessed.
Oil and Antitrust: The Oil Cartel Case and the Cold War *

C Nowhere was the postwar growth of multinational corporations more dramatic than in the petroleum industry. The major oil companies of the western nations were soon banded together in a complex of joint exploration, producing, refining, and marketing organizations. But efforts to advance criminal prosecution of the American companies under the antitrust laws soon ran head-on into overriding considerations of national security. The hardening of the Cold War, complicated by internal political weaknesses in Iran, persuaded both President Truman and President Eisenhower to soft-pedal litigation. In the end, criminal prosecution of joint production enterprises became civil suits against marketing and pricing agreements, which were settled by consent decree. This, according to Professor Kaufman, amounted to attacking "the tail but not the head or body of the energy tiger." In 1918 Congress passed the Webb-Pomerene Act exempting certain business combinations engaged in foreign commerce from the provisions of the antitrust laws. The purpose of this legislation was to encourage small businessmen to enter the field of foreign commerce by allowing them to form joint selling agencies in competition against foreign buying cartels. Although never very successful, the measure was the government's first meaningful effort - aside from the Sherman, Clayton, and Federal Trade Commission Acts to legislate on foreign antitrust questions.'
An Automated Technique for Patient Health Analysis

Abstract This study consists of developing a computerized technique for assisting the physician in analyzing a patient's health. Using the patient's physical examination as the principle data input source, this technique provides assistance to the physician by summarizing the patient's prior medical data, determining if the patient is normal or abnormal, identifying those clinical variables which are significantly affecting the patient's health, and observing any longitudinal drift in the patient's health.
Progress in methods for preliminary screening of genotoxicity

Genotoxicity research plays an important role in new drug preclinical safety evaluation.The standard battery of genotoxicity tests which ICH recommended generally meets the regulatory registration requirements of new chemical entities.However,with the development of the whole-course toxicology research model,pharmaceutical companies pay more attention to early screening for genotoxicity in order to detect the potential genotoxic candidate compounds earlier and reduce the risk of new drug development.In the early research phase,sensitive,rapid and cost-effective genotoxicity assays are a prerequisite.Moreover,they must be able to minimize the amount of compounds,and gradually achieve high-throughput and automatic requirements.Here,we reviewed the principles,test endpoints and current application of widely studied genotoxicity screening tests in vitro in the early research phase of drug development.These may provide some key clues for the development of genotoxicity screening methods.
Complications of head injuries in childhood.

This report is directed primarily to nonsurgeons and emphasizes recognition rather than management of complications of head injuries. Most head-injured children treated in general hospitals are under the care of general physicians and pediatricians. The degree of recovery or even survival may depend on how quickly surgery is undertaken, and the nonsurgeon must recognize surgical complications as soon as possible.
Increasing Datasets Discoverability in an Engineering Data Platform using Keyword Extraction

In this paper we describe the use of keyword extraction in a data management platform for the storage, publication, and sharing of scientific and engineering datasets primarily related to the stress of concrete structures under earthquake conditions. To improve discoverability of datasets and assist scientists who upload data, we designed an automated keyword extraction system that will propose keywords for uploaded datasets.
The Organic-Functional Controversy

The view that mind and body coexist separately was as old as written history and had gone through many shifts before the dichotomy was codified by Rene Descartes in the seventeenth century. Dualism, or the view that there is mind and there is body, has been called untenable by many philosophers of science.1,2,3,4,5 They argue for a holistic or monistic perspective, maintaining that all phenomena described as either mind or body are one in the same. Despite the lack of strict scientific authenticity, the postion held by most of us is that mind and body exit as separate entites and that these two forces act “on” us and interact within us analogy might lead to more clarity: When seeing a painting, the perspective of the art lover is different from that of a pigment chemist. They both view the same phenomenon evolving out of the materials that give color to the canvas, but the picture, as painted, is to be understood by its own values and rules. For the chemist (who may have little aesthetic concern), the value of the painting resides in the composition of the paint in terms of amounts of cobalt, zinc, lead, titanium, cadmium, etc. The art lover (probably unaware of chemistry) sees the totality of the painting as residing only within the viewer’s experience. Neither of these extremes alone encompasses all of reality.
Metastable Tantalum Oxide Formation During the Devitrification of Amorphous Tantalum Thin Films

Microstructural evolution during the devitrification of amorphous tantalum thin films synthesized via pulsed laser deposition was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with ex situ isothermal annealing, bright-field imaging, and electron-diffraction analysis. The phases formed during crystallization and their stability were characterized as a function of the chamber pressure during deposition, devitrification temperature, and annealing time. A range of metastable nanocrystalline tantalum oxides were identified following devitrification including multiple orthorhombic oxide phases, which often were present with, or evolved to, the tetragonal TaO2 phase. While the appearance of these phases indicated the films were evolving to the stable form of tantalum oxide—monoclinic tantalum pentoxide—it was likely not achieved for the conditions considered due to an insufficient amount of oxygen present in the films following deposition. Nevertheless, the collective in situ and ex situ TEM analysis applied to thin film samples enabled the isolation of a number of metastable tantalum oxides. New insights were gained into the transformation sequence and stability of these nanocrystalline phases, which presents opportunities for the development of advanced tantalum oxide-based dielectric materials for novel memristor designs.
Changes in the size partitioning of metals in storm runoff following wildfires: Implications for the transport of bioactive trace metals

Abstract Mountainous areas affected by natural wildfires and highly urbanized settings both have been identified as sources of pollutants to receiving waters. In this study, the partitioning of metals between the colloidal (0.02–0.2 μm) and soluble (
A compact dual-band bandstop filter having one spurline and two embedded open stubs

Abstract A compact dual-band microstrip bandstop filter (BSF) is presented. It combines a conventional open-stub BSF, a spurline, and two embedded open stubs. This BSF is simulated and fabricated. It generates two stopbands around 2.0 GHz and 3.0 GHz without increasing circuit size, compared with the conventional BSF.
Bidirectional Associations Between Newlyweds' Marital Satisfaction and Marital Problems over Time.

Prevailing views of marital functioning generally adopt the view that marital problems predict decreases in marital satisfaction, but alternative theoretical perspectives raise the possibility that lowered satisfaction can also predict increases in problems. The current study sought to integrate and compare these perspectives by examining the bidirectional cross-lagged associations between newlyweds' reports of their marital satisfaction and marital problems over the first 4 years of marriage. Using annual assessments from 483 heterosexual newlywed couples, we find evidence for problem-to-satisfaction linkages as well as satisfaction-to-problem linkages. Satisfaction was a stronger predictor of marital problems early in marriage but not as time passed; by Year 4 only problem-to-satisfaction linkages remained significant. These findings are consistent with the idea that couples with more problems go on to report lower levels of satisfaction and couples with lower levels of satisfaction go on to report more marital problems. This dynamic interplay between global judgments about relationship satisfaction and ongoing specific relationship difficulties highlights the value of examining bidirectional effects to better understand marital functioning over time.