cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gut length and mass in herbivorous and carnivorous prickleback fishes (Teleostei: Stichaeidae): ontogenetic, dietary, and phylogenetic effects

Relative gut length, Zihler’s index, and relative gut mass were measured in four species of prickleback fishes and the effects of ontogeny, diet, and phylogeny on these gut dimensions were determined. Of the four species, Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus shift to herbivory with growth (>45 mm SL), whereas X. atropurpureus and Anoplarchus purpurescens remain carnivores. A. purpurescens belongs to a carnivorous clade, and the three other species belong to an adjacent, herbivorous clade. Gut dimensions were compared in three feeding categories of the four species: (1) small, wild-caught juveniles representing the carnivorous condition before two species shift to herbivory; (2) larger, wild-caught juveniles representing the natural diet condition of the two carnivores and the two species that have shifted to herbivory; and (3) larger, laboratory-raised juveniles produced by feeding a high-protein artificial diet to small juveniles until they have reached the size of the larger, wild-caught juveniles. Comparisons of gut dimensions in categories (1) versus (2) tested for an ontogenetic effect, in (2) versus (3) for a dietary effect, and within each category for a phylogenetic effect. C. violaceus and X. mucosus increased gut dimensions with increase in body size and did not change ontogenetic trajectory in gut dimensions on the high-protein artificial diet, suggesting that they are genetically programmed to develop relatively large guts associated with herbivory. X. atropurpureus increased its gut dimensions with increase in size similar to its sister taxon, X. mucosus, suggesting a phylogenetic influence, but decreased gut dimensions on the high-protein artificial diet, suggesting phenotypic plasticity. Nevertheless, X. atropurpureus displayed a larger gut than A. purpurescens, further evidence that it evolved in an herbivorous clade. A. purpurescens possessed a relatively small gut that was little affected by ontogeny or diet. Ontogeny and phylogeny more than diet appear to influence gut dimensions in the four species, thus favoring genetic adaptation over phenotypic plasticity as the major force acting on digestive system features in the two prickleback clades.
An Autoethnography in Four Acts or A Bright Humiliation

In this autoethnography, the authors try to reconcile knowledge of theory, prose, and poetry with the understandings of Kelly’s role as a domestic worker. While focusing on four events in Kelly’s tenure as a maid, the authors present literature that mirrors, predicts, and provides an analysis of her experiences and her reactions to/thoughts about them. If all the world truly is a stage, this autoethnography aims to trouble the entire production—from the actors to the audience, from the script to the setting. Above all else, of course, the narrator is to be questioned. Never objective, never omniscient, literature and theory insist on an interrogation of the narrator, who always has a motive for revealing some parts of the story and not others.
Magnesium: A Quick Reference

This article serves as a quick reference for the distribution, handling, and supplementation of magnesium. It also lists the manifestations and causes of magnesium deficit and provides criteria for the diagnosis of a magnesium deficit.
New Directions in the Assessment of Students with Special Needs: The Shift Toward a Constructivist Perspective

This article examines the influence of constructivism on models of assessment that are relevant for special education as well as general education. Discussion focuses on the diversity of assessment approaches that have been influenced by constructivist epistemology and the varying degrees to which different assessment systems incorporate constructivist principles. Selected assessment procedures are discussed, ranging from standardized systems to structured, informal assessment systems and unstructured assessment procedures that are reminiscent of Piaget's clinical method. Discussion focuses on new assessment procedures that incorporate selected features of a constructivist philosophy (1) They are holistic, dynamic, and multidimensional in scope. (2) They account for the complex interactions among development and the curriculum. (3) They address metacognitive processes and strategic learning. (4) They are continuous with instruction. Assessment approaches that incorporate some or all of these characteristi...
Proximal coiling of the profundus tendon after laceration of the finger

Abstract Three patients who had delayed primary repair of a severed flexor digitorum profundus in the finger were found to have proximal coiling of the tendon in the palm. These patients' hands had been inadequately immobilised during the interval between injury and surgery. The most likely pathomechanics of this unusual finding is secondary retraction and coiling of the severed tendon from unrestrained muscle contraction after division of the tendon. Precautions should be taken when retrieving the tendon stump for tenorrhaphy.
Selective activation of pre-replication complexes in vitro at specific sites in mammalian nuclei.

As the first step in determining whether or not pre-replication complexes are assembled at specific sites along mammalian chromosomes, nuclei from G(1)-phase hamster cells were incubated briefly in Xenopus egg extract in order to initiate DNA replication. Most of the nascent DNA consisted of RNA-primed DNA chains 0.5 to 2 kb in length, and its origins in the DHFR gene region were mapped using both the early labeled fragment assay and the nascent strand abundance assay. The results revealed three important features of mammalian replication origins. First, Xenopus egg extract can selectively activate the same origins of bi-directional replication (e.g. ori-beta) and (beta') that are used by hamster cells in vivo. Previous reports of a broad peak of nascent DNA centered at ori-(beta/(beta)' appeared to result from the use of aphidicolin to synchronize nuclei and from prolonged exposure of nuclei to egg extracts. Second, these sites were not present until late G(1)-phase of the cell division cycle, and their appearance did not depend on the presence of Xenopus Orc proteins. Therefore, hamster pre-replication complexes appear to be assembled at specific chromosomal sites during G(1)-phase. Third, selective activation of ori-(beta) in late G(1)-nuclei depended on the ratio of Xenopus egg extract to nuclei, revealing that epigenetic parameters such as the ratio of initiation factors to DNA substrate could determine the number of origins activated.
Otitis Media Concepts, Facts, and Fallacies

Otitis media (OM) is the most common diagnosis for medical visits in preschool-age children and the most frequent indication for outpatient antibiotic use in the USA and the world, with estimated annual public health cost totaling US$ 2.8 billion annually. Even though the disease is characterized by a tremendously widespread prevalence, deep-rooted and significant controversies still exist regarding its diagnosis, pathophysiology, and medical and surgical management. Medical literature on the subject is strewn across multiple medical disciplines; as such it is difficult to stay up-to-date on a majority of the reported advances. This introductory chapter will discuss definitions of the OM continuum, briefly discuss basic concepts regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of the condition, and lay the groundwork for the rest of the book.
Effect of Carbon Black Dispersion on the Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates

Abstract A study has been made of the mechanics of mixing of carbon black in rubber by determining the influence of agglomerates in the mix on the final properties of the vulcanizate. It is suggest...
Call it Worm Sleep

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans stops feeding and moving during a larval transition stage called lethargus and following exposure to cellular stressors. These behaviors have been termed 'sleep-like states'. We argue that these behaviors should instead be called sleep. Sleep during lethargus is similar to sleep regulated by circadian timers in insects and mammals, and sleep in response to cellular stress is similar to sleep induced by sickness in other animals. Sleep in mammals and Drosophila shows molecular and functional conservation with C. elegans sleep. The simple neuroanatomy and powerful genetic tools of C. elegans have yielded insights into sleep regulation and hold great promise for future research into sleep regulation and function.
Intermolecular Forces in Polymers and Liquids

A variety of physical properties of several liquids and polymers can be quantitatively described by considering a crystalline arrangement of molecules or other volume elements bound by non-directional forces. In some cases we propose that the intermolecular forces in the liquid or solid under question are simply due to van der Waals interactions. In those cases we demonstrate that physical properties such as surface energy, cohesive strength, compressibility, thermal expansion, and work of vaporization can be calculated from atomic constants and related to one another by the proposed model. In the case of other liquids and polymers, intermolecular forces cannot be described in terms of van der Waals binding alone and other (directional) forces such as dipole-dipole binding must be included. It will be shown that a variety of the calculated properties favorably compare with experimental results.
Concatenated Codes for Combating Effects of Intertrack Interference in Shingled Magnetic Recording

We introduce a novel concatenated code that targets errors generated by intertrack interference in shingled magnetic recording. The code has fewer overhead than the conventional product codes. We give a detailed presentation in the code construction and encoding method. We also present a novel decoding scheme for the concatenated code that has very low memory requirements.
Differential Effects of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Blockade on Eticlopride-Induced Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Medial and Lateral Striatum

The function of striatopallidal neurons is regulated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and dopamine D2 receptors. Previous studies show that immediate early gene induction by D2 receptor blockade is suppressed by NMDA receptor antagonists. Because the pharmacology of NMDA receptors depends on the incorporation of different NR2 subunits and NR2 subunits show regional and cellular differences in their expression in striatum, our study examined whether different NMDA receptor antagonists would have differential effects on eticlopride-induced immediate early gene expression in striatum. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with vehicle, CGS 19755, MK-801 or ifenprodil. Rats then received injections of eticlopride and were killed 40 min later. In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to determine the expression of c-fos and zif268 in the striatum. Eticlopride increased immediate early gene expression in striatum, with the increase generally being greater in lateral than in medial striatum. Pretreatment with each of the NMDA receptor antagonists dose-dependently decreased the expression of the immediate early genes. This suppression of eticlopride-induced gene expression was significant only in the medial-central aspect of striatum. Although there was a trend toward suppression of the gene induction in lateral striatum, it did not reach statistical significance and was not typically dose dependent. The data suggest that different types of NMDA receptor antagonists do not exert differential effects on D2 dopamine receptor-mediated function in the striatum. In addition, the data indicate that eticlopride-induced gene expression in the striatum is not uniformly dependent on NMDA receptor activation.
Combating Coups d’état in Africa, 1950–2014

Recent years have seen African militaries attempt coups in virtually every geographic region, from Egypt to Lesotho and Guinea to Madagascar. They have targeted established democracies, infantile democratic experiments, increasingly authoritarian executives, power vacuums brought on by leader death, and—most recently in Burundi—leaders attempting to circumvent constitutional limitations on their tenure. These continuing acts perpetrated against regimes with such varied backdrops suggests that coups still afflict a wide range of states and remain a continuing threat to leader tenure. This is in contrast to the African Union’s emphasis on curbing the practice. This paper explores the African Union’s effectiveness to combat military coups, primarily focusing on the potential for sanctions to act as a deterrent to would-be coup plotters. The paper also considers potential limitations on the African Union’s (AU’s) ability to project power against certain states. Analyses for the years 1950–2014 indicate Africa has in fact witnessed a meaningful decline in coup activity, an impact even more pronounced than the end of the Cold War. Results also indicate that the AU’s effectiveness in deterring coups is not constrained in cases where they are expected to lack leverage.
Evolution of localization in pseudoelastic NiTi tubes under biaxial stress states

Abstract Nearly equiatomic NiTi can be strained in tension to several percent and fully recover upon unloading ( pseudoelastic behavior). This property is derived from solid-state transformations between the austenitic (A) and martensitic (M) phases, which can be induced by either changes in temperature or stress. It is well established that stress-induced phase transformation leads to localized deformation associated with the nucleation and propagation of the M-phase during loading and the A-phase during unloading. It has been demonstrated that this partially unstable material behavior strongly influences the stability of NiTi structures, motivating the need for the development of constitutive models that can capture this instability. To support the calibration of such constitutive models, the behavior of 6.35 mm diameter pseudoelastic NiTi tubes loaded under combined axial load and internal pressure has been examined. Tubes were loaded under radial stress paths in the axial-hoop stress space using stereo digital image correlation for full-field monitoring of the evolution of transformation-induced deformation. Results from 26 experiments spanning axial-to-hoop stress ratios from −1.0 to uniaxial tension revealed that, but for a narrow region near equibiaxial tension, transformation leads to localized helical deformation bands with inclinations dependent on the stress ratio. In the process, the stresses remain nearly constant until transformation is completed. In the vicinity of equibiaxial tension, the material exhibits hardening and homogeneous deformation. Loci of the transformation stresses, while exhibiting very modest anisotropy, traced an elongated trajectory in the axial-hoop stress space not captured by a von Mises representation. By contrast, the transformation strains exhibited significant anisotropy between axial and hoop dominant stress paths. Moreover, strains around the equibiaxial stress state, where material hardening and homogeneous deformation was observed, were significantly smaller than in the rest of the stress space. The strain anisotropy had a corresponding reflection on the energy dissipated during transformation with axial dominant stress paths dissipating significantly more energy than hoop dominant ones, with less dissipation observed in the neighborhood of equibiaxial stress.
Factors associated with patient activation in an older adult population with functional difficulties

Abstract Objective Patient activation, the patient’s knowledge, skill, and confidence to manage his or her health, is an important indicator of future health and use of health care resources. Understanding factors associated with patient activation in an older population with functional difficulties may inform care in this population. This study aimed to determine whether patient activation is associated with depression, chronic conditions, family support, difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), hospitalizations, education, and financial strain. Methods (N = 277), We administered surveys measuring patient activation, financial strain, depressive symptoms, family support, and chronic conditions to an older adult population. We tested association through multivariate linear regressions controlling for race, sex, and age. Results Patient activation is significantly (p Conclusions Older age, depressive symptoms, and difficulties with ADLs and IADLs were associated with decreased patient activation. Practice implications Developing interventions tailored to older adults’ level of patient activation has the potential to improve outcomes for this population.
Effect of Regional Variation of Center Density on Heart Transplant Risk Stratification

Variation in mortality risk between transplant listing centers should ideally be minimal. However, lack of standardized physiologic metrics for status designations may lead to significant inter-center variation within a given designation. Local competition for donor hearts may be an additional
Comprehensive evaluation for decoupling electromagnetic loop networks based on priority weights method

Improving the judgment matrix analytical method by multi-object weight combination value assignment,a priority weights method which can quantitatively estimate the priority degree of multi-objects was obtained and applied to the comprehensive evaluation for decoupling electromagnetic loop networks.The necessary factors of security and stability operation can be regardedas the attributes of the power grid.Priority weights of each schemes can be obtained by comparison with each other.According to the numerical results of calculation to avoid the subjectivity from manmade decision.Applied in the comprehensive evaluation for decoupling electromagnetic loop networks,this algorithm accomplished rank the priority for decoupling scheme and obtained comparatively effective and reasonable final decoupling scheme.
Analysis on Quality of Tapwater,Purified Water and Well Water and Their Hygienical Significance

[Objective] To analyze and compare quality of the 3 kinds of drinking water,and provide reference evidence for Healthy drinking. [Methods] A number of indicators of water quality,including sense character,general chemistry,toxicology,microelements of the water samples from tap water,purified water and well water were analyzed by national health standard(GB/T 5750-2006),and compared by national health standard(GB 5749-2006).[Results] Indicators of tap water and purified water met the related national health standards,while that ofwell water,except for the level of chroma,pH,copper,mercury,zinc,did not meet the healthy standards of drinking water.[Conclusion] Microelements levels of purified water are significantly lower than that of tap water and well water,the long-term health effects after drinking are worthy of indepth study.
The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Morbidity in the United States

Abstract We provide the first evaluation of the effect of the U.S. minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) on nonfatal injuries. Using administrative records from several states and a regression discontinuity approach, we document that inpatient hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits increase by 8.4 and 71.3 per 10,000 person-years, respectively, at age 21. These effects are due mainly to an increase in the rate at which young men experience accidental injuries, alcohol overdoses, and injuries inflicted by others. Our results suggest that the literature’s disproportionate focus on mortality leads to a significant underestimation of the benefits of tighter alcohol control.
Predicting American Movie Genre Categories from Linguistic Characteristics

The goal of the current study is to explore the possibility of correctly classifying movie transcripts into movie genres by means of a Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) based on a previous comprehensive multidimensional (MD) analysis of American cinema. MD analysis is a framework for describing the salient characteristics of text varieties by means of multivariate statistical techniques, notably factor analysis. Traditionally, MD analysis has been restricted to the study of register variation, being largely ignored in text classification research. In the MD analysis reported, a large genre-diversified movie corpus was tagged for lexico-grammatical features with the Biber tagger and the resulting factor scores were used as input for the DFA. The results showed that particular movie genres could be successfully predicted from the MD analysis, thereby lending credence to movie genre distinctions, while at the same time stressing the robustness of MD factor scores as reliable predictors of genre distinctions.
Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: Addressing the Public Outreach Responsibilities of the National Historic Preservation Act: Argonne National Laboratory's Box Digital Display Platform

Federal agencies are made responsible for managing the historic properties under their jurisdiction by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. A component of this responsibility is to mitigate the effect of a federal undertaking on historic properties through mitigation often through documentation. Providing public access to this documentation has always been a challenge. To address the issue of public access to mitigation information, personnel from Argonne National Laboratory created the Box Digital Display Platform, a system for communicating information about historic properties to the public. The platform, developed for the US Army Dugway Proving Ground, uses short introductory videos to present a topic but can also incorporate photos, drawings, GIS information, and documents. The system operates from a small, self-contained computer that can be attached to any digital monitor via an HDMI cable. The system relies on web-based software that allows the information to be republished ...
Neurological Complications of H1N1 Influenza

Incidence, characteristics, and outcomes for children hospitalized between April 1, 2009 and November 30, 2009 for neurological complications of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza infection were compared to those hospitalized with seasonal influenza, in a study at University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
Who Bleeds When the Wolves Bite? A Flesh-and-Blood Perspective on Hedge Fund Activism and Our Strange Corporate Governance System

This paper examines the effects of hedge fund activism and so-called wolf pack activity on the ordinary human beings — the human investors — who fund our capital markets but who, as indirect of owners of corporate equity, have only limited direct power to ensure that the capital they contribute is deployed to serve their welfare and in turn the broader social good. Most human investors in fact depend much more on their labor than on their equity for their wealth and therefore care deeply about whether our corporate governance system creates incentives for corporations to create and sustain jobs for them. And because human investors are, for the most part, saving for college and retirement, they do not gain from stock price bubbles or unsustainable risk taking. They only gain if the companies in which their capital is invested create durable value through the sale of useful products and services. But these human investors do not typically control the capital that is deployed on their behalf through investments in public companies. Instead, intermediaries such as actively traded mutual funds with much shorter-term perspectives and holding periods control the voting and buy and sell decisions. These are the intermediaries who referee the interplay between activist hedge funds and corporate managers, an interplay that involves a clash of various agents, each class of which has a shorter-term perspective than the human investors whose interests are ultimately in the balance. Because of this, ordinary Americans are exposed to a corporate republic increasingly built on the law of unintended consequences, where they depend on a debate among short-term interests to provide the optimal long-term growth they need. This paper humanizes our corporate governance lens and emphasizes the living, breathing investors who ultimately fuel our capital markets, the ways in which they are allowed to participate in the system, and the effect these realities have on what corporate governance system would be best for them. After describing human investors’ attributes in detail — their dependence on wages and locked-in, long-term investment needs — this paper examines what people mean when they refer to “activist hedge funds” or “wolfpacks” and considers what risks these phenomena may pose to human investors. Finally, this paper proposes a series of reforms aimed not at clipping the wings of activist hedge funds, but at reorienting our corporate governance republic to truly serve the needs of those whose money it puts to work — human investors.
Institutional Design of Biofuel Development Across World

The notion of global standards for developing normative policy was evolved and advocated by the international organizations with globalization. This approach has been in question in last few decades, with emphasis on localization and increasing importance to the study of institutions to solve global problems. The emphasis on biofuel as a commodity for global trade to overcome oil pool deficit, environmental crisis, agricultural profitability and rural development has gained momentum in last three decades. However, the scanning of biofuel policies across world shows that primary motive for the biofuel development was not same. The biofuel programme implementation shows varied level of control by state, private players and community organizations across world, to address the social, economic and environmental challenges. In this background, the paper attempts to explored the institutional design of biofuel development across world.
Wind Tunnel Results for a Distributed Flush Airdata System

AbstractThe multihole probe (MHP) is an effective instrument for relative wind measurements from small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS). Two common drawbacks for the integration of commercial MHP systems into low-cost sUAS are that 1) the MHP airdata system cost can be several times that of the sUAS airframe; and 2) when extended from the airframe, the pressure-measuring probe is often exposed to damage during normal operations. A flush airdata system (FADS) with static pressure sensing ports mounted flush with the airframe skin provides an alternative to the MHP system. This project implements a FADS with multiple static pressure sensors located at selected locations on the airframe. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to determine the airframe locations with the highest pressure change sensitivity to changes in the airframe angle of attack and sideslip angle. Wind tunnel test results are reported with nonlinear least squares and neural networks regression methods applied to the pressure me...
A Catholic Future for Catholic Higher Education? The State of the Question

Catholic higher education is prospering, but most colleges and universities exhibit uncertainty about their specifically Catholic mission and identity. For 30 years, these schools have lived with the consequences of separate incorporation, as religious orders passed control to mixed boards of trustees and the institutions sought to improve the quality of their programs. Now their faculty and staffs are lay, highly professional, and religiously very diverse. If the institutions are to be meaningfully Catholic, trustees, faculty, and professional staff must develop programs which foster Catholic intellectual life and influence the work of teaching, research, and service. In doing so, they have reason for confidence, because the tradition is rich and the contemporary Church is filled with resources, but also for modesty, for there are no blueprints for Catholic scholarship and teaching. The keys are commitment, the decision to be constructively Catholic, conversation, willingness to engage the entire community in a dialogue about the religious dimensions of academic life, and competence.
Age Effects on the Neural Basis of Self-Generation Verbal Learning (P07.130)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of age on self-generation verbal learning. BACKGROUND: Studies have documented increased cortical involvement for generate>read condition in the bilateral inferior/middle frontal gyri, anterior cingulate, caudate and bilateral temporo-parietal junction with better subsequent memory performance positively correlated with activation in the left superior temporal gyrus. The goal of the present study was to determine the age effects on the process of active learning in healthy adults spanning in age over 6 decades. DESIGN/METHODS: 110 right-handed subjects (age 18-76; 47F) were scanned at 3T using a paired associates event-related fMRI task (Vannest et al., 2012). In this task, related word pairs were presented in “read” condition (subjects viewed both words and read the second word aloud), or “generate” condition (the second word was presented with only the first letter and the subject was required to generate the word). Thirty word-pairs were presented in each condition. After the fMRI scan, words that were read or generated were presented, each with two foils, in a forced-choice recognition task. FMRI data were processed using GLM implemented in CCHIPS. RESULTS: During fMRI more words were correctly read (98.8%) than correctly generated (79.9%; t(109)=20.19, p CONCLUSIONS: Widespread negative effects of aging on cortical correlates of verbal learning were observed with left insula playing a greater role in successful encoding in younger subjects. Supported by: R01NS048281. Disclosure: Dr. Szaflarski has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma. Dr. Szaflarski has received research support from NIH, AAN, Shor Foundation, Neuren, and Eisai. Dr. Vannest has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maloney has nothing to disclose. Dr. Allendorfer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Siegel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Banks has nothing to disclose.
Nature of continuous phase transitions in interacting topological insulators

We revisit the effects of the Hubbard repulsion on quantum spin Hall effects (QSHE) in two-dimensional quantum lattice models. We present both unbiased exact diagonalization and density-matrix renormalization group simulations with numerical evidence for a continuous quantum phase transition (CQPT) separating QSHE from the topologically trivial antiferromagnetic phase. Our numerical results suggest that the nature of CQPT exhibits distinct finite-size scaling behaviors, which may be consistent with either Ising or $XY$ universality classes for different time-reversal symmetric QSHE systems.
Nonproper Morse Functions

It is often necessary to consider a “Morse function” f: X → ℝ which is not proper, but which can be extended to a proper function $$ \bar{f}:Z \to \mathbb{R} $$ where Z contains X as a dense open subset. For example, Z may be a compactification of some noncompact algebraic variety X ⊂ ℂℙ n , and f may be a smooth function defined on the ambient ℂℙ n . We shall assume that it is possible to find a stratification of Z so that X ⊂ Z is a union of strata. Thus, X is obtained from Z by removing certain strata. The main theorems (Sects. 3.7, 3.10, 3.11) continue to apply to X, because we simply remove the same strata from both sides of the homeomorphisms. Since these homeomorphisms were originally proven to be decomposition preserving, it is a triviality that they induce homeomorphisms on unions of pieces in the decomposition. However, Proposition 3.2 is no longer strictly true in this context unless we also consider the effect on X ≤v of critical values v which correspond to critical points p∈Z which do not lie in X. Our main theorems also apply to these “critical points at infinity”. For all the applications which we consider, X will be an open dense subset of Z. However, the results of this chapter apply to any union of strata X ⊂ Z, and so we will not even assume that X is locally closed in Z.
Non-permanent graded-index waveguide-inscription in bulk chalcogenides

Conventional waveguide-writing techniques in bulk chalcogenides rely on permanent photo-structural changes, which lead to ridge-like guiding channels. Here, we demonstrate non-permanent opto-thermally induced graded-index waveguides in As2Se3 glass.
Gate driver design for a high power density EV/HEV traction drive using silicon carbide MOSFET six-pack power modules

Targeting the development of a silicon carbide (SiC) inverter for electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV) applications, the design considerations of the gate driver for the adopted SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-transistor (MOSFET) power modules are presented. Given the system power density requirement, the gate driver design challenges for the commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) SiC modules are identified, analyzed, and tackled with proposed solutions. To accomplish such design with the constraint of limited layout space, a single chip MAX 13256 (3 mm×3 mm) enabled high frequency link based isolated bias supply structure is proposed for each six-pack module. Moreover, the gate driver design guidelines for module phase-leg parallel operation are introduced with a comparison study confirming the printed circuit board (PCB) layout effectiveness for electromagnetic interference (EMI) mitigation. Experimental validation is conducted on the traction inverter prototype.
International Law in the Ancient World

This briefly assesses the historiographic literature about the idea that ancient state systems predicated their relations on the rule of law. It examines ancient practices in relation to diplomatic privileges and immunities, treaty conclusion and observance, and the initiation and limitation of armed conflict. There was a coherent sense among ancient peoples from Near East and Mediterranean traditions that state relations should be conducted in accordance with established norms and values.
The Effects of Soft Segment Structure on the Fatigue Crack Propagation of Model Polyurethanes

The present work is a study of the effects of soft segment molecular weight and chemical structure on the fatigue crack propagation of model copoly (ether-urethane-urea)s (PEUU). The PEUU were synthesized using polypropylene glycol (PPG), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the soft segment component. The number average molecular weights of the polyethers were within the range of 1000-2000. Methylene bis (4-phenylisocyanate) (MDI) and ethylene diamine were used as the diisocyanate and the chain extender, respectively. The cyclic loading experiments were carried out using a computerized film stretcher that can conduct sinusoidal operation at a constant strain amplitude, strain rate, and frequency. The Rivlin-Thomas tearing energy, T, and the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate were selected to characterize the fatigue behavior of the model polyurethanes. An empirical equation was applied to define the fatigue properties of model polyurethanes and to evaluate the fatigue resistance. To investigate the effect of molecular variables on the FCP, the morphological changes caused by structural differences and cyclic stress were determined using dynamic viscoelastometer (Rheovibron), Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Mooney-Rivlin plot was used to determine the crosslink density variation. In addition the orientation behavior at the crack tip was characterized by IR dichroism technique using a polarized FT-IR microscope. The results indicated a reasonable relationship between the FCP rates and the hard segment content, crosslink density, and deformation property at the crack tip. However, the initial stage of phase separation and domain disruption behavior did not show a good correlation with the FCP properties of model polyurethanes. Among the model polyurethanes tested, the PEUU with PTMG (Mn = 1000) exhibited the best fatigue resistance at given test condition.
73 - Stress Triggers, Stress Shadows, and Seismic Hazard

This chapter focuses on stress trigger, stress shadows, and seismic hazard. In addition to static stress changes, dynamic or transient stress changes may be capable of triggering earthquakes. There is evidence from a few large and great earthquakes that distant triggering has occurred. Many models of static or dynamic stress changes influencing subsequent earthquake occurrence apply to a particular tectonic setting and for one earthquake cycle or less. Some research has been conducted to evaluate longer-term effects, including multiple earthquake cycles. Using synthetic seismicity models, and running for hundreds or hundreds of thousands of earthquake cycles, fault interaction has been shown to have a large impact on the timing and location of simulated earthquakes. There are also hypotheses that present ideas about earthquake patterns vastly different from simple elastic or viscoelastic fault interaction models. If one studies great earthquakes, one can use simple models such as Coulomb failure to explain where and when no (or few) large aftershocks occurred. After a great or large earthquake, one can also study the large aftershocks that did occur, and use simple models, such as Coulomb failure, or complex models, such as rate-and-state friction, to explain their occurrence.
Are Educational Preschool Apps Designed to Teach? An Analysis of the App Market.

Over half of educational apps on mobile-app markets are for preschoolers, but little research has examined whether the designs of preschool apps are truly educational. Preschoolers process informat...
Selfish and Cooperative Voting: Can the Majority Restrain Themselves?

At every scale from small committees to national elections, voters face tradeoffs between self-interest and the common good. We report three experiments in which participants vote for policies with real payoffs at stake. We manipulate self-interest by randomly assigning participants to two groups in society with different policy payoffs. Participants in the majority group are confronted by a simple choice between a policy that is better for themselves or a policy that is best for society. Overall, we find a clear effect of self-interest: Participants are more likely to choose the policy that earns them more money, compared to participants in the other group, even when the policy is detrimental to the common good. Simultaneously, we observe considerable levels of cooperative voting among participants in the majority, ranging from 47% to 79% across different payoff regimes. Finally, participants were not more cooperative when voting compared to when they chose between the same policies with a lottery or leader institution, departing from the hypothesis that voting institutions promote cooperative motives. We discuss implications for multiple literatures about voting behavior.
Neurotrophic Effects of in Vitro Innervation of Cultured Muscle Cells. Modulation of Ca2+-Activated K+ Conductances

The trophic influence of nerve on muscle is expressed as several complex changes of the muscle plasma membrane (McArdle, 1983). Muscle denervation studies (Luco and Eyzaguirre, 1955; Thesleff, 1974) showed that cutting of the nerve decreased the membrane resting potential, increased the specific membrane resistance, and induced the appearance of hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Denervation also decreases the sensitivity to blockage by tetrodotoxin of the action potential mechanism (Thesleff, 1974) and promotes the insertion of acetylcholine receptors into extra-junctional regions (Berg and Hall, 1975).
11 Action Selection

The choices people make in selecting which action to perform in response to various stimulus events have been studied since the earliest days of the field of psychology. Many investigations have used choice-reaction tasks, although other behavioral methods have also been employed. As with other areas of experimental psychology, methods of neuroscience have come to be used increasingly more often in addition to behavioral methods. Phenomena attributed to action-selection processes include the trade-off between reaction time and response accuracy, the influence of stimulus-response uncertainty on performance, stimulus-response compatibility effects, alertness and general preparation effects, preparation for particular subsets of stimuli and responses, correspondence effects for irrelevant stimulus location and other irrelevant dimensions with responses, and costs associated with performing multiple tasks. In this chapter, we review classic and contemporary studies and theories on these and related phenomena. Keywords: perception and action; response selection; stimulus-response compatibility
The genus allium—Part 3

Allium is a genus of some 500 species belonging to the family Liliaceae. However, only a few of these are important as food plants, notably onion, garlic, chive, leek, and rakkyo. Such plants have been used for many centuries for their pungency and flavoring value, for their medicinal properties, and in some parts of the world, their use also has religious connotations. The flavors of members of alliums, in addition to being characteristic, are also complex, being derived enzymically from a number of involatile precursors. As well as there being variation of flavor between different alliums there are also considerable changes that occur as a result of cooking and processing. These are, of course, of importance to the consumer and food technologist/processor. The review will introduce the subject by an historical perspective and will set against this data on the present cultivation and usage of commercially cultivated alliums. The chemical composition of these plants will be discussed, emphasis being given to nonvolatile constituents which are, perhaps, less often considered. Discussion of the volatile constituents, which will include mention of the methods currently used for their analysis and for the determination of "flavor strength," will be mainly concerned with literature taken from the last 5 years. In considering the extent and nature of allium cultivation and processing, factors affecting the nutritional value and quality will be highlighted. The medicinal properties of garlic and onion oils have been extensively studied over the last decade and the review will include critical assessment of this area; it will also touch on the more general properties (antimicrobial, antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal) of these oils. Finally, mention will be made of the antinutritional, toxic, or otherwise undesirable effects of alliums, for example, as inadvertant components of animal diets, tainting of milk, and other food products. It is our intention to review the literature up to mid-1984.
Microstructural degradation of UN and UN-UO2 composites in hydrothermal oxidation conditions

Abstract The degradation behavior in high pressure water of UN and UN + (5–10 w%) UO2 monolithic pellets fabricated from UN synthesized via a hydride-dehydride-nitride thermal process was investigated. Sintered pellets (>90% theoretical density) were subjected to hydrothermal oxidation in a water-filled static autoclave at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350 °C and pressures to 16.5 MPa. Phase characterization and microstructural and chemical analysis was performed on the resulting corrosion products using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results of this screening study show that grain boundary attack and spallation is the primary degradation mechanism in hydrothermal oxidation conditions. The results also suggest the corrosion rate is higher in UN and UN-UO2 with higher starting oxygen content.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Holocaust Trauma: A Psychoanalytic Theory Revisited

In this paper, I revisit the theory of an intergenerational transmission of Holocaust trauma. The theory argues that psychological symptoms and ego impairments observed in Holocaust survivors’ chil...
Remarks On -Stable Projectionless C*-Algebras

It is shown that ${\mathcal{Z}}$ -stable projectionless C*-algebras have the property that every element is a limit of products of two nilpotents. This is then used to classify the approximate unitary equivalence classes of positive elements in such C*-algebras using traces.
Differential effect of erlotinib on survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer in terms of EGFR status: A meta-analysis.

e18024 Background: Erlotinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits the protein kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The primary objective of this meta-a...
The role of mentors in addressing issues of work-life integration in an academic research environment.

Introduction There is growing evidence for both the need to manage work-life conflict and the opportunity for mentors to advise their mentees on how to do this in an academic research environment. Methods A multiphase approach was used to develop and implement an evidence-informed training module to help mentors guide their mentees in issues of work-life conflict. Analysis of existing data from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a mentor training curriculum (n = 283 mentor/mentee dyads) informed the development of a work-life mentoring module which was incorporated into an established research mentor training curriculum and evaluated by faculty at a single academic medical center. Results Only 39% of mentors and 36% of mentees in the RCT indicated high satisfaction with the balance between their personal and professional lives. The majority (75%) of mentors and mentees were sharing personal information as part of the mentoring relationship which was significantly associated with mentees' ratings of the balance between their personal and professional lives. The effectiveness of the work-life module was assessed by 60 faculty mentors participating in a mentor training program at an academic medical center from 2013 to 2017. Among the respondents to the post-training survey, 82.5% indicated they were very/somewhat comfortable addressing work-life issues with their mentees as a result of the training, with significant improvements (p = 0.001) in self-assessments of mentoring skill in this domain. Conclusions Our findings indicate that a structured training approach can significantly improve mentors' self-reported skills in addressing work-life issues with their mentees.
A phenomenological inquiry to understand Ugandan farmers’ perceived barriers to fertilizer use

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries hold the promise of becoming the second breadbasket of the world if they adopt modern farming practices, including the use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs. Increasing food production is imminent for all nations, especially in SSA due to the growing global population. Agricultural input adoption, such as fertilizers, leads to an increase in productivity; however, adoption rates among SSA nations remain chronically low. Using a phenomenological lens and qualitative research methods to gather interview data from 30 Ugandan subsistence farmers in situ, we described what and how farmers experienced in regard making decisions to adopt or reject fertilizers. Findings indicated that farmers experienced two poverty traps, resource and cultural beliefs. Recommended interventions include increasing participation in farmer groups and increasing participation in Extension training on the use of agricultural inputs, especially fertilizers.