cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vanadium Metabolism in Sheep. III. Influence of Dietary Vanadium on Kinetics of 48V Administered Orally or Intravenously and Comparison of Compartmental and Graphical Models

Radiotracer techniques were used to investigate the influence of dietary stable V on the excretion, distribution and blood clearance kinetics of 48V in 14 rams averaging 58 kg body weight. Rams were fed a basal diet with added levels of 0, 50 or 200 mg/kg V as NH4 VO3 for 25 wk before either oral or iv administration of the isotope. A three-compartment model was determined by graphical logarithmic analysis of blood disappearance data from iv-dosed rams and compared with a simultaneous multicompartment model, which made it possible to ascribe physiological processes to the components of the graphical model. The principal route of excretion of 48V administered iv was via urine, whereas the isotope given orally was excreted almost entirely by way of feces, resulting in low tissue and urinary 48V levels. Increasing dietary V increased (P less than .05) the percentage of dose excreted in urine regardless of dosing route, but dietary V had no effect on 48V excreted in feces. Stable dietary V had no effect on blood clearance rates of orally or iv-dosed rams. Dietary V addition decreased 48V concentration in kidney (P less than .01), liver, spleen, testes and muscle (P less than .05) of iv-dosed rams, but had no effect in rams dosed orally. Kidney, bone, liver and spleen retained the highest levels of 48V activity 144 h after dosing. Dietary V appeared to have a minimal effect on V kinetics in rams.
Chapter III.5 – Biodegradable Polymer Matrices in Dental Tissue Engineering

Publisher Summary The existence of a large number of patients suffering from oral diseases and the limitations of current therapies provide a large driving force for the development of tissue engineering approaches to replace lost tissue structure and function. Biodegradable polymer matrices are under development for applications such as guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes, drug delivery devices, and cell transplantation vehicles. It is likely that these different applications will not be used in isolation of each other but instead in combination. For example, controlled drug delivery will likely be combined clinically with both GTR membranes to enhance tissue regeneration and cell transplantation to regulate the engraftment and function of transplanted cells. The limited clinical trials performed to date with biodegradable matrices support the potential for these matrices, and suggest that tissue engineering may become an important tool in clinical dentistry.
Simultaneous Use of Multiple Human Senses to Actively Interpret NDE Signals for Improving the Precision of Process Control and Inspection

Southwest Research Institute has developed technology for converting electronic signals generated by conventional nondestructive evaluation (NDE) equipment (i.e., ultrasonic, eddy current, and acoustic emission) into audible information so that the inspector can make use of both the conventional NDE signals (which are often confusing) and the audible information to make a flaw/nonflaw decision. The objectives of the program were to: (1) identify useful sound properties and to determine how they could be applied to NDE signal representation; (2) identify and evaluate aural data presentation methods which could be applied to typical NDE electronic signal information; (3) initially develop aural techniques for specific inspection scenarios for ultrasonic, eddy current, and acoustic emission methods; and (4) present the technical results of the research to the NDE community to encourage further development and use of aural capabilities of signal interpretation. The aural technology has been applied to composite impact damage, composite delamination detection, and corrosion detection. In addition, the aural technology was used to detect and discriminate intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Examples of application of aural NDE technology are described. An audio-visual presentation also was made during the paper presentation to demonstrate the technology to the audience.
Transtentorial Brain Herniation in the Monkey: Predictive Value of Brain-Stem Auditory and Somatosensory Evoked Responses

The monitoring of short-latency auditory (BAER) and somatosensory (SSER) evoked responses were studied extensively in head injury and states of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) (Stone et al. 1988). However, this study is a monkey model of transtentorial brain herniation (TBH) over a four hour period which was developed from our experience with traumatic intracranial hematomas.
Information Systems Security and the Need for Policy

As the pervasiveness of networks create a more open set of information systems for the mobile and diverse needs of the organization, increased attention must be paid to the corresponding increase in exposure of those systems to attacks from internal and external sources. The first step to preparing the organization against these threats is the development of a systems security policy which provides instruction for the development and implementation of a security posture, as well as provides guidelines for the acceptable and expected uses of the systems. This chapter provides background support for the need for information security policy, and outlines a sample structure that may be used to develop such a policy.
Basic Science of Wound Healing

Normally the process of wound healing is a highly complex but well-orchestrated sequence of cellular and biochemical events that results in the reestablishment of tissue integrity and function. As the metabolic activity at the site of tissue injury intensifies, there is a high demand for nutrients and oxygen to support the repair processes. Oxygen is required for the proper synthesis and assembly of collagen and other extracellular matrix elements. In contrast, in pathologic states such as diabetic, pressure, and venous stasis ulcers, there is a significant reduction in the availability of oxygen that results in chronic, non-healing wounds. The adverse ischemic microenvironment in these chronic ulcers drives an intense and prolonged inflammatory process resulting in extensive matrix destruction, infection, and a continuous non-healing state. Once the inflammation and infection are controlled, the oxygen supply can be restored to the ulcer site and tissue repair can proceed.
Disclosure Recipients’ Social Reactions to Victims’ Disclosures of Intimate Partner Violence:

Prior research indicates that victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) are most likely to disclose their victimization experiences to an informal support (e.g., friend, family), and that IPV disclosures are often met with both positive (e.g., empathic support) and negative (e.g., victim blame) reactions. However, research on social reactions to disclosure largely has neglected the perspectives of disclosure recipients. Guided by the attribution framework, the current study extends prior research by assessing factors (i.e., situation-specific, individual, relational, attributional, and emotional response) related to positive and negative reactions from the perspective of disclosure recipients (N = 743 college students). Linear regression analyses indicated that positive social reactions were related to the victim being a woman, greater frequency of IPV victimization by the victim, greater frequency of IPV victimization by the disclosure recipient, less accepting attitudes toward IPV, a closer relationship with the victim, a less close relationship with the perpetrator, lower perceptions of victim responsibility, more empathy for the victim, and more emotional distress experienced by the disclosure recipient during the disclosure. Negative social reactions were associated with more accepting attitudes toward IPV, greater frequency of IPV victimization by the disclosure recipient, a less close relationship with the victim, higher perceptions of victim responsibility, and more emotional distress experienced by the disclosure recipient. Results suggest that programs to improve responses to victim disclosure should focus on decreasing IPV-supportive attitudes, increasing empathy, and assisting disclosure recipients in managing difficult emotional responses effectively.
Base stock list price policy in continuous time

We study the problem of inventory control, with simultaneous pricing optimization in continuous time. For the classical inventory control problem in continuous time, see [ 5 ], as a recent reference. We incorporate pricing decisions together with inventory decisions. We consider the situation without fixed cost for an infinite horizon. Without pricing, under very natural assumptions, the optimal ordering policy is given by a Base stock, which we review briefly. With pricing, the natural generalization is the so called "Base Stock list price" (BSLP) term coined by E. Porteus, see [ 36 ], and was shown in discrete time by A. Federgruen and A. Herching to be the optimal strategy, see [ 14 ]. We extend the concept to continuous time which not only complicates the dynamics of the problem, which has never been considered before.
When are solar refrigerators less costly than on-grid refrigerators: A simulation modeling study.

Abstract Background Gavi recommends solar refrigerators for vaccine storage in areas with less than eight hours of electricity per day, and WHO guidelines are more conservative. The question remains: Can solar refrigerators provide value where electrical outages are less frequent? Methods Using a HERMES-generated computational model of the Mozambique routine immunization supply chain, we simulated the use of solar versus electric mains-powered refrigerators (hereafter referred to as “electric refrigerators”) at different locations in the supply chain under various circumstances. Results At their current price premium, the annual cost of each solar refrigerator is 132% more than each electric refrigerator at the district level and 241% more at health facilities. Solar refrigerators provided savings over electric refrigerators when one-day electrical outages occurred more than five times per year at either the district level or the health facilities, even when the electric refrigerator holdover time exceeded the duration of the outage. Two-day outages occurring more than three times per year at the district level or more than twice per year at the health facilities also caused solar refrigerators to be cost saving. Lowering the annual cost of a solar refrigerator to 75% more than an electric refrigerator allowed solar refrigerators to be cost saving at either level when one-day outages occurred more than once per year, or when two-day outages occurred more than once per year at the district level or even once per year at the health facilities. Conclusion Our study supports WHO and Gavi guidelines. In fact, solar refrigerators may provide savings in total cost per dose administered over electrical refrigerators when electrical outages are less frequent. Our study identified the frequency and duration at which electrical outages need to occur for solar refrigerators to provide savings in total cost per dose administered over electric refrigerators at different solar refrigerator prices.
Genetic and environmental factors influence Listeria monocytogenes nisin resistance.

Aims Listeria monocytogenes nisin resistance increases when first exposed to NaCl and other stresses, such as low pH. In addition to environmental stressors, specific genomic elements can confer nisin resistance, such as the stress survival islet (SSI-1). As SSI-1 is variably present among L. monocytogenes strains, we wanted to determine if SSI-1 was associated with salt-induced nisin resistance. Methods and Results The presence of SSI-1 was determined using PCR for 48 strains of L. monocytogenes. When combined with multi-locus sequence typing data, we found that the distribution of SSI-1 is clonal, where strains from clonal complexes (CC) 2, 6 and 11 do not have SSI-1, while strains from CCs 3, 5, 7 and 9 contain SSI-1. The impact of SSI-1 on salt-induced nisin resistance was dependent on CC. The average log decrease after 24 h exposure to nisin at 7°C under salt-inducing conditions was 2.6 ± 1.1 for CC 9 strains and 2.3 ± 0.7 for CC 11 strains, which was significantly lower survival compared to the other CCs, such as 1.3 ± 0.3 for CC 6. Deletion of SSI-1 from a CC 7 strain demonstrated the role SSI-1 plays in salt-induced nisin resistance, as the deletion mutant had lower resistance compared to the parent strain. Conclusions These data suggest that inducible nisin resistance in L. monocytogenes can be influenced by environmental conditions as well as the genetic composition of the strain, which should be considered when selecting control measures for ready-to-eat foods. Significance and impact of the study The foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes can grow in suboptimal conditions, including low temperature and high osmolarity, which makes it a safety concern for ready-to-eat foods. When using antimicrobial peptide inhibitors such as nisin, it is important to understand how food components can impact antimicrobial resistance across the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Control Issues in Artificial Organs

Abstract A panel discussion to explore how control criteria for artificial organs can be formulated.
Limits on Superconductivity in Nanoparticles and Nanowires

Recent experimental results are consistent with the prediction that superconductivity is suppressed in aluminum nanoparticles which are so small (∼10 nm diameter) that the electronic energy level spacing exceeds the superconducting energy gap in bulk material. Very recent experiments on nanowires (diameter ∼5–10 nm, length ∼150 nm) of MoGe indicate that a dissipative phase transition between superconducting and normal behavior occurs when the normal resistance of the wire equals the superconducting quantum resistance h/4e2 ≈ 6.5 kΩ.
Effect of laser surface remelting on the microstructure and properties of Al-Al 2 Cu-Si ternary eutectic alloy.

Bimodal ultrafine eutectic composites (BUECs) exhibit a good combination of strength and plasticity owing to a dual-hierarchy in eutectic length-scales in the microstructure. The present study investigates the variation of phase, morphology, feature length-scales and modality of microstructures obtained in a Al81Cu13Si6 (at. %) ternary alloy after laser surface remelting. A novel approach of varying component bimodal eutectic volume fractions by controlling the cooling rate of the laser solidification process has been presented. The volume fraction of the fine eutectic matrix has a profound effect on the flow strength. Laser remelted microstructures with volume fractions of the fine eutectic varying from 25 to 40% exhibiting compressive flow strengths ranging from 500 to 900 MPa have been obtained. The volume fraction of the fine eutectic decreased with cooling rate and completely ceased to exist at cooling rates greater than $$4\times {10}^{4}\,^\circ {\rm{C}}/{\rm{s}}$$ .
The Legacy of Irma Highbaugh

Irma Highbaugh (1891–1973), an American Methodist missionary, used her thirty years of experience in China’s Christian home movement to help Christians throughout Asia develop Christian home literature and train leaders in marriage and family counseling. Her publications and presence at international missionary conferences stoked interest in Christian home missiology, and she put her stamp on that missiology. She was notable for believing that both men and women should be involved with Christian home work and for insisting that significant funds and professionally trained personnel should be dedicated to this ministry.
Effects of high-potassium-induced depolarization on amino acid chemistry of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rat brain slices.

High K+ was used to depolarize glia and neurons in order to study the effects on amino acid release from and concentrations within the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of brain slices. The release of glutamate, γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and glycine increased significantly during exposure to 50 mM K+, while glutamine and serine release decreased significantly during and/or after exposure, respectively. After 10 min of exposure to 50 mM K+, glutamine concentrations increased in all three layers of DCN slices, to more than 5 times the values in unexposed slices. In the presence of a glutamate uptake blocker, L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), glutamine concentrations in all layers did not increase as much during 50 mM K+. Similar but smaller changes occurred for serine. Mean ATP concentrations were lower in 50 mM K+-exposed slices compared to control. The results suggest that depolarization, such as during increased neural activity, can greatly affect amino acid metabolism in the cochlear nucleus.
A Simple and Provably Good Code for SHA Message Expansion.

We develop a new computer assisted technique for lower bounding the minimum distance of linear codes similar to those used in SHA-1 message expansion. Using this technique, we prove that a modified SHA-1 like code has minimum distance at least 82, and that too in just the last 64 of the 80 expanded words. Further the minimum weight in the last 60 words (last 48 words) is at least 75 (52 respectively). We propose a new compression function which is identical to SHA-1 except for the modified message expansion code. We argue that the high minimum weight of the message expansion code makes the new compression function resistant to recent differential attacks.
Some Recent Advances with Power Series Distributions

Some recent results in power series distributions (psd’s on the following topics are discussed: (i) minimum variance unbiased estimation, (ii) elementary integral expressions for the distribution function, and (iii) sum-symmetric powers series distributions which is a multivariate extension of univariate psd’s.
Integrated Control of Melt Pool Geometry and Microstructure in Laser Powder Bed Fusion of AlSi10Mg

Solidification microstructure control via melt pool geometry control is investigated in detail for the AlSi10Mg alloy in a laser melting process. Relationships between cell spacing and melting process parameters—beam power and velocity, are investigated. Single beads and multi-layer pad experiments are performed and analyzed for melt pool geometry and microstructure. Information from these experiments is used to achieve location-specific control of cell spacing in a single part using an EOS laser powder bed fusion machine. Along with experiments, thermal modeling is used to map the effect of melting parameters on solidification conditions. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are used to determine the melt pool dimensions and cell spacing, respectively. Results from the model and experiments show that cell spacing can be varied by controlling the cooling rate of the melt pool via beam power and travel speed for both single bead and multi-layer pad experiments. In addition, the relationship between melt pool area and cooling rate is used to demonstrate integrated melt pool geometry and microstructure control. This is also critical for process qualification using simple observable metrics such as melt pool size. This relationship is then used to demonstrate location-specific control of cell spacing in a single component.
The reliability of motor evoked potentials to predict dorsiflexion injuries during lumbosacral deformity surgery: importance of multiple myotomal monitoring

Abstract STUDY DESIGN Case-control analysis of transcranial motor evoked potential (MEP) responses and clinical outcome. OBJECTIVE To determine the sensitivity and specificity of MEPs to predict isolated nerve root injury causing dorsiflexion weakness in selected patients having complex lumbar spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The surgical correction of distal lumbar spine deformity involves significant risk for damage to neural structures that control muscles of ankle and toe dorsiflexion. Procedures often include vertebral translation, interbody fusion, and posterior-based osteotomies. The benefit of using MEP monitoring to predict dorsiflexion weakness has not been well-established. The purpose of this paper is to describe the relationship between neural complications from lumbar surgery and intraoperative MEP changes. METHODS Included were 542 neurologically intact patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion for the correction of distal lumbar deformity. Two myotomes, including tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor hallucis longus (EHL), were monitored. MEP and free-running electromyography data were assessed in each patient. Cases of new dorsiflexion weakness noted postoperatively were identified. Data in case and control patients were compared. There was no direct funding for this work. The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care provides salary support for authors one and six. Authors two and three report employment in the field of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring as a study-specific conflict of interest. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (cases) developed dorsiflexion weakness. MEP amplitude decreased in the injured myotomes by an average of 65 ± 21% (TA) and 60±26% (EHL), which was significantly greater than the contralateral uninjured side or for control subjects. (p CONCLUSIONS The use of MEP amplitude change is highly sensitive and specific to predict a new postoperative dorsiflexion injury. Monitoring two myotomes (both TA and EHL) is superior to relying on MEP changes from a single myotome. Electromyography activity was less accurate but compliments MEP use. Additional studies are needed to define optimal intraoperative MEP warning thresholds.
Limited Second-Order Functionality in a First-Order Setting

We describe how we have defined in ACL2 a weak version of the Common Lisp functional apply, which takes a function and list of actuals and applies the function to the actuals. Our version, called apply$, does not operate on functions but on ordinary objects—symbols and lists representing lambda expressions—some of which are interpreted as functions. We define a syntactic notion of “tameness” to identify the interpretable objects. This makes our apply$ weaker than a true second-order functional but we believe apply$ is powerful enough for many uses in ACL2. To maintain soundness and the conservativity of our Definitional Principle we require that certain hypotheses, called “warrants”, be present in any theorem relying on the behavior of apply$ on non-primitives. Within these constraints we can define “functionals” such as sum and foldr which map tame “functions” over lists and accumulate the results. This allows the ACL2 user to avoid defining specialized recursive functions for each such application. We can prove and use general-purpose lemmas about these “functionals.” We describe the formalization, explain how we keep the Definitional Principle conservative, show examples of useful functions using apply$ and theorems about them, sketch the proof that there is a model of any extension of the system using the new primitives, discuss issues arising in making these functions executable, and show some preliminary performance results.
Probing the Dynamics and Structural Topology of the Reconstituted Human KCNQ1 Voltage Sensor Domain (Q1-VSD) in Lipid Bilayers Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

KCNQ1 (Kv7.1 or KvLQT1) is a potassium ion channel protein found in the heart, ear, and other tissues. In complex with the KCNE1 accessory protein, it plays a role during the repolarization phase of the cardiac action potential. Mutations in the channel have been associated with several diseases, including congenital deafness and long QT syndrome. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structural studies in detergent micelles and a cryo-electron microscopy structure of KCNQ1 from Xenopus laevis have shown that the voltage sensor domain (Q1-VSD) of the channel has four transmembrane helices, S1–S4, being overall structurally similar with other VSDs. In this study, we describe a reliable method for the reconstitution of Q1-VSD into (POPC/POPG) lipid bilayer vesicles. Site-directed spin labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to probe the structural dynamics and topology of several residues of Q1-VSD in POPC/POPG lipid bilayer vesicles. Several mutants were probed to determine their location...
Gaṅgā Devī between Worlds: Her Annual Pilgrimage between Mukhba and Gangotri

Gaṅgā Devī, the goddess and personification of the Ganges river, travels every spring from her winter home in Mukhba to her summer home in Gangotri, then back to Mukhba in the fall. This journey or...
Regulation of cardiac transcription by thyroid hormone and Med13.

Abstract Thyroid hormone (TH) is a key regulator of transcriptional homeostasis in the heart. While hypothyroidism is known to result in adverse cardiac effects, the molecular mechanisms that modulate TH signaling are not completely understood. Mediator is a multiprotein complex that coordinates signal-dependent transcription factors with the basal transcriptional machinery to regulate gene expression. Mediator complex protein, Med13, represses numerous thyroid receptor (TR) response genes in the heart. Further, cardiac-specific overexpression of Med13 in mice that were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU), an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of the active TH, triiodothyronine (T3), resulted in resistance to PTU-dependent decreases in cardiac contractility. Therefore, these studies aimed to determine if Med13 is necessary for the cardiac response to hypothyroidism. Here we demonstrate that Med13 expression is induced in the hearts of mice with hypothyroidism. To elucidate the role of Med13 in regulating gene transcription in response to TH signaling in cardiac tissue, we utilized an unbiased RNA sequencing approach to define the TH-dependent alterations in gene expression in wild-type mice or those with a cardiac-specific deletion in Med13 (Med13cKO). Mice were fed a diet of PTU to induce a hypothyroid state or normal chow for either 4 or 16 weeks, and an additional group of mice on a PTU diet were treated acutely with T3 to re-establish a euthyroid state. Echocardiography revealed that wild-type mice had a decreased heart rate in response to PTU with a trend toward a reduced cardiac ejection fraction. Notably, cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Med13 exacerbated cardiac dysfunction. Collectively, these studies reveal cardiac transcriptional pathways regulated in response to hypothyroidism and re-establishment of a euthyroid state and define molecular pathways that are regulated by Med13 in response to TH signaling.
Abstract IA18: The application of integrative sequencing for precision oncology

Studies of the genomic landscape of human cancers have demonstrated that most solid cancers have a multitude of mutations, a subset of which may be actionable with current drugs. Thus, the personalization of therapy for cancer will require molecular characterization of unique and shared genetic aberrations. Patients who have advanced/refractory cancer and are candidates for clinical trials could potentially benefit by identifying eligibility for targeted drugs based on the actionable genes in their specific tumor. Growing technological advances in genomic sequencing has now made it possible to consider the use of sequence data in a clinical setting. MI-ONCOSEQ initiative brings together expertise at the University of Michigan including clinical oncology, cancer genetics, bioinformatics, clinical pathology, social and behavioral sciences, and bioethics in order to implement clinical cancer sequencing. Our study identifies patients with advanced or refractory cancers that are eligible for clinical trials, consent them to the study, obtain biospecimens (tumor tissue, germline tissue) and store clinical data. The clinical sequencing team processes biospecimens, performs comprehensive sequencing and analysis of tumors to identify point mutations, copy number changes, rearrangements/gene fusions, and aberrant gene expression. Finally, a multi-disciplinary Sequencing Tumor Board deliberates on return of actionable or incidental genomic results. Citation Format: Arul Chinnaiyan. The application of integrative sequencing for precision oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translation of the Cancer Genome; Feb 7-9, 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 1):Abstract nr IA18.
Jump balls, rating falls, and elite status: A sensitivity analysis of three quarterback rating statistics

Quarterback performance can be difficult to rank, and much effort has been spent in creating new rating systems. However, the input statistics for such ratings are subject to randomness and factors outside the quarterback's control. To investigate this variance, we perform a sensitivity analysis of three quarterback rating statistics: the Traditional 1971 rating by Smith, the Burke, and the Wages of Wins ratings. The comparisons are made at the team level for the 32 NFL teams from 2002-2015, thus giving each case an even 16 games. We compute quarterback ratings for each offense with 1-5 additional touchdowns, 1-5 fewer interceptions, 1-5 additional sacks, and a 1-5 percent increase in the passing completion rate. Our sensitivity analysis provides insight into whether an elite passing team could seem mediocre or vice versa based on random outcomes. The results indicate that the Traditional rating is the most sensitive statistic with respect to touchdowns, interceptions, and completions, whereas the Burke rating is most sensitive to sacks. The analysis suggests that team passing offense rankings are highly sensitive to aspects of football that are out of the quarterback's hands (e.g., deflected passes that lead to interceptions). Thus, on the margins, we show arguments about whether a specific quarterback has entered the elite or remains mediocre are irrelevant.
Influences of preceding speech rate and prosodic position on listeners’ perception of durational cues

Research suggests that listeners incorporate expectations about the temporal organization of prosodic structure in their perception of durational cues. Steffman (2019, JASA) tested sensitivity to phrase-final lengthening: listeners categorized a “coat”∼“code” vowel duration continuum (increased duration cues voicing) in a carrier phrase. The target was either phrase-medial or phrase-final. Listeners required longer vowel durations for a “code” response when the target was phrase-final, suggesting an expectation of lengthening in final position influenced perception of duration. The present study tests how listeners are sensitive to preceding speech rate changes in tandem with prosodic/positional effects. Using the same stimuli as Steffman (2019), preceding speech rate was manipulated orthogonally to position (2 × 2): a target was phrase-final or medial, preceded by either slow or fast precursor speech. Results show independent influences of rate and position on categorization, which are differently localized. Positional effects are concentrated at longer vowel durations which align with typical durations for phrase-final vowels. Rate effects localize in the middle region of the continuum. These results offer some support for the idea the prosodic effects in perception depend on durational patterns in the language, and extend Steffman (2019) to show that listeners integrate both speech rate and prosodic information in perception.
Correlated Structure and Optical Property Studies of Plasmonic Nanoparticles

This article provides a review of our recent studies of single metal nanoparticles and single nanoparticle clusters aimed at correlating the structural and plasmonic properties of the same entity. The correlation between the structure and the optical properties arising from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) on single nanoparticles from various samples is described. Nanoparticles of different materials (Ag and Au) and shapes (spheres, cubes, triangles) are considered. Experiments were carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dark-field spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Results of those measurements were compared with electrodynamics calculations to provide insight into the interpretation and physical meaning of the experimental results. We examine correlated studies of triangular nanoparticle arrays to highlight the significance of single entity measurements over ensemble-averaged measurements. Furthermore, we show how an examination of statistics on large data sets helps draw quantitative structure―LSPR relationships. We also show that implementing SERS in correlated measurements improves the understanding of factors important in determining SERS enhancements. Finally, we extend the scope of correlated measurements to the tracking and controlled manipulation of single nanoparticles, thus paving the way for in vivo diagnostics using nanomaterials.
The history of the term pudendum: Opening the discussion on anatomical sex inequality.

The anatomical terminology for the female external genitalia, "pudendum," was removed from the second edition of the Terminologia Anatomica (2019) in response to opposition of the Latin root of the word (pudēre meaning "to be ashamed"). This recent revision provides an opportunity to discuss sex inequality within the history of anatomy. This viewpoint article compares the evolution of modern anatomical terminology toward clarity and precision to the stagnant non-descriptive naming of the "pudendum" to illuminate a long timeline of the societal misperception of women. Claudius Galen (129-216 BC) used the Greek αιδοίον/aidoion (from αἰδώς/aidos meaning shame, respect, or modesty) to describe both the male and female external genitalia, as he believed that men and women were isomorphic, the difference lying only in the positioning of the reproductive organs. Galen, however, was not always impartial in his comparisons, repeatedly describing the female as inferior to the male. Andreas Vesalius (1543), whose illustrations greatly influenced the study of anatomy, later drew the female genitalia as Galen described them, as internal equivalents of male genitalia, codifying female shame within anatomical terminology. While renaming "pudendum" is a noble step in support of women, changing one word will not undo generations of implicit bias and institutional oppression. We can, however, work to create culturally and psychosocially competent future physicians through the integrative study of sex and gender issues and anatomy. Through an understanding of historical context, physicians can refocus their actions on providing care in a way that leaves the patient feeling proud, not ashamed.
A Unit of Homemaking: The Prefabricated Panel and Domestic Architecture in the Late Soviet Union

This article investigates the role of an iconic Soviet material — the concrete prefabricated panel — in the making of late-Soviet urban residential architecture. The dominance of the prefabricated panel became possible due to the economic system that sustained its production and use, yet the same economic context also drove the architectural profession and the construction industry into stagnation in the 1970s and 1980s. With the help of archival and legal materials, interviews collected in Kyiv and Lviv, Ukraine, professional magazines, and through the object-based history of this basic material unit, this paper reconsiders the traditional notion of professional designers’ dominant role in architectural decision-making, and highlights economic and institutional inertia in the creation of late-Soviet residential architecture. The prefabricated panel was first introduced to the USSR at the beginning of Khrushchev’s ambitious and far-reaching housing campaign of the late 1950s to solve a severe housing crisis with cheap and fast experimental construction. In the 1950s and ’60s, the prefabricated panel propelled innovation in the production of ordinary architecture, as well as changes in the architectural profession. However, over the next couple of decades it became the main building block in the system, one that both hampered and heavily limited residential design practices and the resulting built environment. After the dissolution of the USSR, prefabricated panels ceased to be the primary determinant in apartment building, yet panel buildings remained, once again indicating the persistence of a material building block over the political or economic system that enabled its creation. Publisher's Note: A correction article relating to this publication has been published and can be found at http://doi.org/10.5334/ah.575
A High Frequency Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicle Charging Using Multi-layer Nonuniform Self-resonant Coil at MHz

A high power, high frequency wireless power transfer system for EV applications is proposed in this paper with lightweight and compact coil design. Leveraging a multi-layer non-uniform self-resonant coil, no external capacitor is needed for compensation and the high frequency conduction loss is mitigated by sharing current between multiple copper layers. Prototype coils with 200 mm radius are fabricated and tested, achieving quality factor over 450 at 3 MHz. The optimized design for both coils and a GaN-based power stage are detailed and validated experimentally. Experimental tests show 93.2% dc-dc efficiency with 2.4kW transferred across a 100 mm air gap.
Wind and the City: Utilizing UAV-Based In-Situ Measurements for Estimating Urban Wind Fields

A high-quality estimate of wind fields can potentially improve the safety and performance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) operating in dense urban areas. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations can help provide a wind field estimate, but their accuracy depends on the knowledge of the distribution of the inlet boundary conditions. This paper provides a real-time methodology using a Particle Filter (PF) that utilizes wind measurements from a UAV to solve the inverse problem of predicting the inlet conditions as the UAV traverses the flow field. A Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) approach is used as a surrogate function to maintain the real-time nature of the proposed methodology. Real-world experiments with a UAV at an urban test-site prove the efficacy of the proposed method. The flight test shows that the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the mean estimated inlet conditions and mean ground truth measurements closely bound zero, with the difference in mean angles being between –3.7° and 1.3° and the difference in mean magnitudes being between –0.2 m/s and 0.0 m/s.Video : https://youtu.be/U4XdYgSJRZM
Tips and Traps for Trainees Traversing Social Media

The spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection across the world accelerated the adoption of social media as the platform of choice for real-time dissemination of medical information. Though this allowed useful clinical anecdotes and links to the latest articles related to COVID-19 to quickly circulate, the broad use of social media also highlighted the power of platforms such as Twitter to spread misinformation. Trainees in medicine have important perspectives to share on social media but may be reluctant to do so for a variety of reasons. There is a need to provide guidance on how to safely engage with social media as well as move the conversation forward in a meaningful way. In this manuscript, we suggest a stepwise approach for trainee social media engagement that integrates the modified Bloom's Taxonomy for social media with Aristotle's principles of rhetoric. This provides trainees with guidance on making ethical, logical, and persuasive cases on social media when creating, consuming, promoting, and discussing content produced by themselves or others.
Predicting species distributions and community composition using satellite remote sensing predictors

Biodiversity is rapidly changing due to changes in the climate and human related activities; thus, the accurate predictions of species composition and diversity are critical to developing conservation actions and management strategies. In this paper, using satellite remote sensing products as covariates, we constructed stacked species distribution models (S-SDMs) under a Bayesian framework to build next-generation biodiversity models. Model performance of these models was assessed using oak assemblages distributed across the continental United States obtained from the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). This study represents an attempt to evaluate the integrated predictions of biodiversity models-including assemblage diversity and composition-obtained by stacking next-generation SDMs. We found that applying constraints to assemblage predictions, such as using the probability ranking rule, does not improve biodiversity prediction models. Furthermore, we found that independent of the stacking procedure (bS-SDM versus pS-SDM versus cS-SDM), these kinds of next-generation biodiversity models do not accurately recover the observed species composition at the plot level or ecological-community scales (NEON plots are 400 m2). However, these models do return reasonable predictions at macroecological scales, i.e., moderately to highly correct assignments of species identities at the scale of NEON sites (mean area ~ 27 km2). Our results provide insights for advancing the accuracy of prediction of assemblage diversity and composition at different spatial scales globally. An important task for future studies is to evaluate the reliability of combining S-SDMs with direct detection of species using image spectroscopy to build a new generation of biodiversity models that accurately predict and monitor ecological assemblages through time and space.
The role of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ in the hyperglycemia-induced ubiquitination and loss of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in rat retinal endothelial cells.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the role of the hyperglycemia-induced increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the ubiquitination and degradation of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in the diabetic retina. Methods Type I diabetes was induced in rats by the injection of streptozotocin, with age-matched non-diabetic rats as controls. Primary rat retinal microvascular endothelial cells were grown in normal or high glucose media for 6 days or in normal glucose media for 24 h with addition of TNF-α and/or IFN-γ. PECAM-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and ubiquitin levels were assessed using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, proteasome activity was assessed both in vivo and in vitro. Results Under hyperglycemic conditions, total ubiquitination levels in the retina and RRMECs, and PECAM-1 ubiquitination levels in RRMECs, were significantly increased. Additionally, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were significantly increased under hyperglycemic conditions. PECAM-1 levels in RRMECs treated with TNF-α and/or IFN-γ were significantly decreased. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in proteasome activity in the diabetic retina, hyperglycemic RRMECs, and RRMECs treated with TNF-α or IFN-γ. Conclusion Tumor necrosis factor-α and IFN-γ may contribute to the hyperglycemia-induced loss of PECAM-1 in retinal endothelial cells, possibly by upregulating PECAM-1 ubiquitination.
Rarity of acquired mutations (MTs) after first-line therapy with anti-EGFR therapy (EGFRi).

3514Background: Colorectal cancers (CRC) lacking RAS MTs treated with EGFRi are thought to evolve by a repetitive process of genetic diversification and clonal evolution. Acquired MTs in KRAS, NRAS...
Acid leaching recovery and occurrence modes of rare earth elements (REEs) from natural kaolinites

Abstract Leaching recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) from two natural kaolinite samples were investigated in this study. Using standard leach conditions without pretreatment, only 10% and 56% of the total REEs were leached from the raw samples, respectively. However, pretreatment by calcination at temperatures between 500 °C and 900 °C increased the leaching recovery of total REEs to values as high as 93% for both samples. Mineralogical characterization and acid leaching results suggested that the decomposition of the kaolinite structure occurs as a function of calcination temperature. Comparisons between the REEs and the major constituent elements of kaolinite showed that their leaching characteristics contrasted. Moreover, sequential chemical extraction results suggested that the fractions of REEs occurring in an ion-adsorption form were negligible. Therefore, the REEs were primarily associated with REE-bearing minerals of which, a portion was encapsulated in kaolinite aggregates while the remaining existed as liberated particles. These association characteristics were proven through SEM-EDX analysis. Based on the mineralogy characterization, acid leaching, and sequential chemical extraction results, it was concluded that the REEs have complicated modes of occurrence and association characteristics with kaolinite. The positive impacts of calcination on the leaching recovery of REEs are likely due to two mechanisms, i.e., (1) liberation of the encapsulated REE-bearing minerals through expansion of the kaolinite aggregates, and (2) conversion of the REE-bearing minerals into more soluble forms.
Iowa’s Mandatory Continuing Education Law

Since July 12, 1977 Iowa has had a law requiring continuing education as a condition of license renewal for professional engineers and land surveyors. The requirements and the results of the first year's experience are described. The impacts include a 15% decrease in the number of active registrants and a 93% increase in total attendance in continuation programs.
Rheological study of automotive adhesives: Influence of storage time, temperature and shear rate on viscosity at dispensing

Abstract This study addresses the adhesive dispensing characteristics of three one-part epoxy-based adhesives by investigating the experimental viscosity data as measured by a parallel plate rheometer. The viscosity data was evaluated as a function of storage time, storage temperature, test (adhesive line) temperature and shear rate, which are related to the adhesive flow rate and pumping pressure. A power law equation was found to best fit the viscosity data for the shear rates considered. The Cox–Merz rule was found to fit the viscosity data reasonably well. This paper also shows the application of time–temperature superposition to predict viscosity at dispensing.
Winstar, Bureaucracy and Public Choice

United States v Winstar ameliorates the non-simultaneity of performance problem that impedes contracting between Congress and special interest groups. In this case, a legislative bargain enabled the thrift industry to capture its regulators, and later led to private agreements in which government regulators allowed thrift operators to violate generally accepted accounting principles. After this resulted in so many undercapitalized thrift institutions that the industry collapsed, Congress abrogated these special-interest group bargains. Winstar held that the government thereby incurred massive civil liability. That outcome supports the Landes-Posner hypothesis that the independent judiciary facilitates contracting between Congress and interest groups. Winstar raises the value of the deals that interest groups make with Congress by providing them with durability, a result that is inconsistent with the interests of disaggregated citizens (taxpayers) because it will increase the frequency of wealth transfers ...