cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and disposition of 14C-labelled gentian violet in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice

The synthesis of [phenyl-U-14C]gentian violet from [U-14C]benzene is described. The 14C-labelled dye was administered by gavage to groups of male and female F344 rats which were killed at 2, 4, 14, 24 or 36 hr after the single dose. Radioactivity was measured in urine, and determined in faeces, liver, kidney, fatty tissue, gonads and muscle by combustion analysis. Residues were maximal at 4 hr in liver, kidney, muscle and gonads, and in fat they reached a plateau after 24 hr. Depletion half-lives for male and female livers were 14.5 and 17.0 hr, respectively. The 14C-labelled dye was also administered in multiple doses by gavage to both sexes of F344 rats and B6C3F1 hybrid mice for 7 days. The highest residue level was found in fatty tissue of females of both species, with a highly significant sex difference (P < 0.01). Significant sex differences were also noted for residue levels in kidney and muscle tissue from both species and in mouse liver. Bile collected from cannulated rats contained 5.7–6.4% of a single oral dose of the dye. The results suggest that gentian violet is absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract to a greater extent than has been reported for other triphenylmethane dyes.
Criteria for C-Disfocality of a Self-Adjoint Vector Difference Equation

Abstract We are concerned with the vector difference equation Δ [ P ( t − 1) Δ y ( t − 1)] + Q ( t ) y ( t ) = 0, t ∈ [ a + 1, h + 1], where the n × n matrices P ( t ), Q ( t ) are Hermitian and P ( t ) > 0 on [ a , b + 1]. This difference equation is said to be C-disfocal on [ a , b + 2] provided that if y is a nontrivial solution with Δy ( b + 1) = 0, then y has no generalized zeros in [ a , b + 2]. One case of the main result is that the above difference equation is C-disfocal if and only if a certain quadratic functional is positive definite. Our results will imply several comparison theorems. Further, a necessary and sufficient condition in terms of the coefficients of the difference equation for C -disfocality will be given.
A frameshift in the coding region of a novel tomato class I basic chitinase gene makes it a pseudogene with a functional wound-responsive promoter.

Abstract A putative class I basic chitinase gene, assigned as ψBCH, was cloned from a tomato breeding line NC 24E. The gene contains a coding region with two introns. The predicted ψBCH open reading frame (ORF) is 971 bp and exhibits 81–88% identity at the nucleotide level with known class I basic chitinase genes from the Solanaceae family. However, the presence of a stop codon caused by a frameshift in the ORF of ψBCH makes it unusual among the other class I plant basic chitinases. This stop codon might be involved in the lower accumulation of fully spliced ψBCH RNA caused by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), which is an RNA surveillance system universally found in eukaryotes. Sequence analysis of the 1883-bp 5′-flanking region of the ψBCH gene revealed the presence of potential wound-response promoter elements. To study the transcriptional regulation of the ψBCH gene, its 5′-flanking region containing the putative promoter was fused to the gus reporter gene and introduced into the tobacco genome via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were functionally assayed for β-glucuronidase activity. The ψBCH promoter drives the reporter gene expression in response to wounding stimuli. ψBCH promoter-GUS analysis indicates that wound-response of the tobacco transgene was rapid and localized in the wounded area following mechanical wounding. Therefore, our results suggest that the ψBCH promoter can provide targeted expression of genes, such as protease inhibitors in response to pest attack.
Effects of growth hormone treatment in adults with Prader-Willi syndrome.

Abstract Objective Since limited data exist on adults with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and growth hormone (GH) treatment, we report our experience on the effects of treatment for one year on body composition, physical activity, strength and energy expenditure, diet, general chemistry and endocrine data with quality of life measures. Design We studied 11 adults with PWS (6F:5M; average age = 32 yrs) over a 2 year period with GH treatment during the first year only. Electrolytes, IGF-I, glucose, thyroid, insulin, lipids, body composition, physical activity and strength, diet, energy expenditure and quality of life data were collected and analyzed statistically using linear modeling at baseline, at 12 months following GH therapy and at 24 months after treatment cessation for 12 months. Results Total lean muscle mass was significantly increased (p Conclusions Previously reported beneficial effects of GH treatment in children with PWS were found in our adults regarding body composition, physical activity and plasma HDL and IGF-I levels. Several beneficial effects diminished to near baseline after cessation of GH treatment for 12 months supporting the continuation of treatment in PWS into adulthood and possibly adults not previously treated during childhood.
SU‐GG‐T‐233: An Integration Calculation Method for Dose Verification of Arc‐Based Radiotherapy

Purpose: Arc techniques can improve dose delivery efficiency and isodose distributions but can also introduce uncertainties in dose calculation particularly for tissue heterogeneity and irregular external contours within an arc. Available QA programs have failed to produce accurate MU calculation. Thus, we introduce a new QA algorithm for arc radiotherapy.Method and Materials: Modified power law (MPL) and equivalent path‐length (EPL) with/without modified Clarkson integration (MCI) were used for MU verification in arc therapy for 21 patients with small lungtumors or brain lesions. Instead of treating each arc as multiple beams with 5‐degree gantry angle interval, we averaged the CT density over the arc with a given radius and then integrated over the radii to determine the effective density and the true heterogeneity‐corrected path‐length (TPL). Planned CT and arc data in DICOMRT format were parsed into a custom program and geometry between the dose point and a moving ray with fixed angle relative to the dose point in the beam‐eye‐view (BEV) were converted to a fixed beamlet relative to the point having its own effective density distribution along the path‐length. Then, concepts of MCI were used. Results: In cases with arc MU deviation of 5 to 18% using existing algorithms, application of the proposed algorithm of the true arc integration had significantly reduced the dose deviation to < 6% because the TPL corrected the EPL by up to 17 mm. The equivalent square of the field improved correction by another 2 to 5%. Conclusion: A novel arc integration algorithm has been tested successfully for quantification of effects of tissue heterogeneity, irregular surface, and position devices in arcs. The arc‐integration and the concepts for converting arcs to fix beams provide a new dose calculation and QA tool for emerging arc techniques.
Impacts of four communication programs on HIV testing behavior in South Africa

This paper aims to evaluate the impacts of four communication programs on promoting HIV testing behavior among sexually active individuals in South Africa. The four programs, implemented by Johns Hopkins Health and Education in South Africa, are aimed to promote HIV prevention behaviors, as well as gender-based violence prevention, tuberculosis screening and treatment, and reduction of alcohol consumption. Launched between 2009 and 2010, they all promoted HIV testing. Data came from the population-based Third National AIDS Communication Survey 2012; 6004 men and women who had sex within the last 12 months were included in the analysis. Multiple causal attribution analysis is used to justify causal reference and estimate the impact of communication programs. Findings indicate significant direct and indirect effects of the programs on HIV testing behavior. Indirect effects worked through increasing one's likelihood of perceiving that their friends were tested and the probability of talking about HIV testing...
Characterization of organic extracts from standard reference materials 1649, 'urban dust/organics,' and 1650, 'diesel particulate matter', using a microsuspension assay. A WHO/IPCS/CSCM study

Abstract Mutagenicity associated with replicate organic extracts from standard reference materials 1649 ‘urban dust/organics’ (air particles), and 1650, ‘diesel particulate matter’ (diesel particles), was determined using a Salmonella microsuspension assay. The results indicate that the mutagenicity of samples such as these can readily be determined using the microsuspension assay with only 5% of the mass required for the standard plate incorporation asssay. In general, 80% of the variation in mutagenic activity was due to the bioassay procedure and 20% to the extraction process. Extracts from both samples had primarily direct-acting mutagenicity as there were no significant differences in responses with and without metabolic activation (S9). The TA98 - S9 mean air particles mutagenic activities (C.V., %) based on mass of extractable organics or particles were 4.4 (4.7%) and 0.29 (3.6%) revertants/μg, respectively, and for the diesel particles were 66 (44%) and 12 (29%) revertants/μg, respectively. More of the observed direct-acting mutagenicity in the diesel particles extracts was due to nitro-substituted compounds because there were significant reductions in activity with TA98NR (45% of TA98 -S9) and TA98-1,8-DNP6 (21% of TA98 -S9). In the air particles extracts, the TA98NR activities were not significantly different from TA98 - S9 but the TA98-1,8-DNP6 levels were.
Morphology, microstructure, and residual stress in EBPVD erbia coatings

The electron-beam physical vapor deposition of erbium-oxide coatings onto sapphire wafers is investigated to evaluate processing effects on the residual stress state and microstructure. The erbium-oxide coatings are found to be in a compressive stress state. The crystallographic texture of the erbium-oxide coating is evaluated using X-ray diffraction along with an assessment of forming the cubic erbia phase as a function of substrate temperature. In addition to the cubic erbia phase, an orthorhombic phase is found at the lower deposition temperatures. A transition is found from a two-phase erbium-oxide coating to a single phase at deposition temperatures above 948 K. The variation in morphology with deposition temperature observed in fracture cross-sections is consistent with features of the classic zone growth models for vapor-deposited oxide coatings. For high-temperature applications, a deposition process temperature above 948 K is seen to produce a stoichiometric, fully dense, and equiaxed-polycrystalline coating of cubic erbia.
Evaluation of the electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy with use of three-dimensional echocardiography.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common condition that carries an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Use of ECG in detection of LVH is limited because of the reported low sensitivity. Conventional echocardiographic techniques used as the standard for estimating left ventricular (LV) mass have limitations related to the position of the image plane and shape of the ventricle. Three-dimensional echocardiography is free of these limitations and therefore is more accurate. We hypothesized that accuracy of ECG criteria for LVH would improve when LV mass was assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. Results: For most of the criteria, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy improved when LV mass was assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. Two-dimensional echocardiography significantly overestimated LV mass as compared with the three-dimensional method. Conclusions. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the ECG criteria improved when LV mass was estimated by three-dimensional echocardiography. This improvement may be attributed at least in part to superior accuracy of three-dimensional measurements.
Contemporary Issues in Student Housing Finance

This chapter presents contemporary financial issues in student housing programs framed through the topical areas of occupancy management, facilities, new construction, residential life programs, technology, and residential dining.
The sorites fallacy: What difference does a peanut make?

Mother told me that I must not touch the peanuts. But there are so many she will never notice if I eat just one_That was good and see, there are still many peanuts left. Perhaps I can eat another. There will still be many left_Yes, that one was good also, and there are still many left. But wait! It will always be true that if I remove a single peanut from a bowl with many peanuts in it, there will still be many left. So I can eat all the peanuts I want as long as I eat them one at a time. There will always be many left. Mother will never know_
Early weight development of goats experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

Johne’s disease is an infectious chronic inflammatory bowel disease in ruminants. The key factor for the management of this disease is an early positive diagnosis. Unfortunately, most diagnostics detect animals with Johne’s disease in the clinical stage with positive serology and/or positive fecal cultures. However, for effective management of the disease within herds, it is important to detect infected animals as early as possible. This might only be possible with the help of parameters not specific for Johne’s disease but that give an early indication for chronic infections such as weight development. Here we report our findings on the development of total body weight and weight gain during the first six months of goats experimentally infected to induce Johne’s disease. Twenty dairy goat kids age 2 to 5 days were included in this study. Goats were divided into two groups: a negative control group and a positive infected group. The weight was obtained weekly throughout the study. Goats of the positive group were infected at the age of seven weeks. We detected significant changes in weight gain and total body weight as early as one week after infection. Differences are significant throughout the six month time period. Weight as a non-specific parameter should be used to monitor infection especially in studies on Johne’s disease using the goat model. Our study suggests that goats with Johne’s disease have a reduced weight gain and reduced weight when compared with healthy goats of the same age.
Image Quality and Performance Based on Henry Classification and Finger Location

This paper presents an analysis of the quality of the image, minutiae count, and overall performance of fingerprint images based on the Henry system of fingerprint classification and the finger's relative location on the presenting hand. To do this, 50 users submitted 3 images from four fingers (index, middle, ring, and little). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Fingerprint Image Software, release 2 (NFIS2) was used to analyze image quality and minutiae count. Neurotechnologija Ltd.'s VeriFinger was used to produce receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in order to analyze performance. Our results show differences not only in image quality and minutiae count, but also matching performance based on Henry system classification and finger location.
Fabrication of optomechanical structures suitable for microwave phase conjugation

The fabrication and testing of optomechanical structure which can be used for microwave phase conjugation is described. It consists of the metal-coated dielectric elongated beams 1 mm X 100 micrometers X 10 micrometers suspended by nonconductive torsional springs attached to a microwave transparent frame. Standard photolithography techniques combined with dry XeF2 etching yield hundred of rotating elements on a single 4' silicon wafer. Rotation of single elements, in a polarized electromagnetic field at 15 GHz, was measured and found to be in a good agreement with theory. This first experimental implementation of combining the concept of nonlinear microwave devices and microelectromechanical systems demonstrates the potential of an entirely new class of devices.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In vitro evolution of high-titer, virus-like vesicles containing a single structural protein

Self-propagating, infectious, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) are generated when an alphavirus RNA replicon expresses the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV G) as the only structural protein. The mechanism that generates these VLVs lacking a capsid protein has remained a mystery for over 20 years. We present evidence that VLVs arise from membrane-enveloped RNA replication factories (spherules) containing VSV G protein that are largely trapped on the cell surface. After extensive passaging, VLVs evolve to grow to high titers through acquisition of multiple point mutations in their nonstructural replicase proteins. We reconstituted these mutations into a plasmid-based system from which high-titer VLVs can be recovered. One of these mutations generates a late domain motif (PTAP) that is critical for high-titer VLV production. We propose a model in which the VLVs have evolved in vitro to exploit a cellular budding pathway that is hijacked by many enveloped viruses, allowing them to bud efficiently from the cell surface. Our results suggest a basic mechanism of propagation that may have been used by primitive RNA viruses lacking capsid proteins. Capsids may have evolved later to allow more efficient packaging of RNA, greater virus stability, and evasion of innate immunity.
Effect of adaptation to handling on the circulating corticosterone concentration of laying hens.

Abstract 1. Single Comb White Leghorn hens were used to determine the effects of adaptation to handling on circulating corticosterone concentrations. 2. Blood samples were collected either by brachial venipuncture (BVP) or by brachial vein cannula (BVC). Half of the birds in each group were first adapted for 1 week to the handling procedure. 3. Adaptation to handling resulted in reduced plasma corticosterone concentrations.
Review of Empirical Mode Decomposition

The newly developed Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert Spectral Analysis method will be reviewed. The EMD is an adaptive decomposition with which any complicated data set can be decomposed into a finite and often small number of Intrinsic Mode Functions. Example of application on the chirp signal form the bat is given to illustrate the potential of the new method.
Modeling and Diagnosing Problem-Solving System Behavior

A new component of a problem-solving system, called the diagnosis module (DM), that enables the system to reason about its own behavior is described. The aim of the diagnosis is to identify inappropriate control parameter settings or faulty hardware components as the causes of observed misbehavior. The problem-solving system being diagnosed is a distributed interpretation system, the distributed vehicle monitoring testbed (DVMT), which is based on a blackboard problem-solving architecture. The diagnosis module uses a causal model of the expected behavior of the DVMT to guide the diagnosis. Causal-model-based diagnosis is not new in AI. What is different is the application of this technique to the diagnosis of problem-solving system behavior. Problem-solving systems are characterized by the availability of the intermediate problem-solving state, the large amounts of data to process, and in some cases, the lack of absolute standards for behavior. New diagnostic techniques that exploit the availability of the intermediate problem-solving state and address the combinatorial problem arising from the large amount of data to analyze are described. A technique has also been developed, called comparative reasoning, for dealing with cases where no absolute standard for correct behavior is available. In such cases the diagnosis system selects its own "correct behavior criteria" from objects within the problem-solving system which did achieve some desired situation. The diagnosis module for the DVMT has been implemented and successfully identifies faults.
It all unraveled from there: case report of a central venous catheter guidewire unraveling.

Abstract Background Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters can present challenges to emergency physicians in the process of central venous catheter (CVC) placement. Case Report A 68-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with severe shortness of breath and was intubated. A central line was placed after the intubation to facilitate peripheral access. A CVC guidewire unraveled during placement after getting caught on an IVC filter. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Emergency physicians should be aware of the complications that IVC filters can cause in the placement of CVCs. Imaging and identification of IVC filters beforehand will allow for proper planning of how to manage the case in which a filter catches on the guidewire. Simple anecdotal techniques, such as advancing the guidewire and spinning the guidewire between the fingers, can facilitate the removal of the guide wire from the IVC filter.
Development of peptide inhibitors to block type I and type III collagen-platelet interaction

Platelet-collagen interaction plays an important role in hemostasis and pathological thrombosis. Upon an injury to the subendothelium of a blood vessel wall, platelets attach to the denuded substrate, aggregate, and release biological substances. Many investigators are trying to explore blocking agents to interrupt the adhesion of platelets to the damaged walls. To this date, extensive studies on developing inhibitors for platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have been conducted. There are many trial reports showing that the efficacy of these antagonists has not completely blocked the adhesion of platelets to the distal site(s) of the injury. Type I and type III collagen are present in abundant amounts in blood vessel walls and other laboratories have obtained various active peptides from collagen molecules to block type I and type III collagen-platelet interaction. We have tried to develop active peptides from platelet receptors for types I and III collagen to aberrant both type I and type III collagen-induced platelet aggregation. We have defined effective and specific peptide inhibitors for each type of collagen to block binding to washed platelets, platelet aggregation. and adhesion of washed platelets to rabbit aortic segments.
Fractures of the bones of the face

F ACTORS of importance in extensive facial injuries may be listed as follows: (1) When a patient is examined, following a severe blow about the face, it is best to suspect a fracture and work from that point. If it is assumed that the possibility of fracture can be considered when the swelling has gone down, or, if soft tissue repairs are carried out with disregard for displaced bone fragments, the best chance for correct bone replacement has been missed. (2) Possibilities of good repair are present in almost all instances but must be met promptly and adequately. (3) Simple procedures of accurate replacement and holding of bone and soft parts, drainage and bandaging, should suffice; and, with relatively simple equipment, sound care usually can be afforded these patients. (4) The reverse is true if the full picture is not clear to those in charge and restorative measures are lax. (5) Although the lesions may be multiple, complicated splints and traction are seldom required and may actually be detrimental in some instances. It is important, however, to have available someone cognizant of the dental requirements and means of fixation, because one of the most important functions to be preserved is that of mastication, and this requires that the teeth come together in normal occlusion. (6) The problems presented by fractures about the upper part of the face require careful evaluation, and diagnosis ; if tissue has been completely lost, this point is of extreme importance in the final outcome, and the extent of loss should be recorded either in the original examination or at the time of operation. (7) Skull fracture and brain injury are so frequent that neurologic examination, including x-ray films, often must be made, and local repair delayed if there is any lesion that requires treatment or complete rest. Patients who receive (‘snap ” blows about the head may have damage to the cervical spine and, on the slightest indication, this region also should be checked with the x-ray. (8) Ocular damage is very frequent and is often the main indication for treatment. (9) Although good position and function may be obtained, final bony union may never occur in many instances. This may be due to the very thin edges of bone, that simply do not unite, and also to prolonged infection. In the lower jaw there may be solid union but with persistence of the fracture line on x-ray.
Efficient Computation of the Jacobian for Robot Manipulators

This paper discucsses and compares six different methods for calculating the Jacobian for a general N-degree-of freedom manipulator. We enumerate the computational efficiency of each in terms of the total number of multiplications, addi tions/subtractions, and trigonometric functions required as well as in terms of the number of matrix-vector operations needed. We also give the execution times on a PDP-11/70 minicomputer for determining the Jacobian for an example seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator. This paper formulates one of the best new methods for determining the Jacobian.
Hematologic studies on children of Rh-negative women compared to those of Rh-positive women

Summary Hemoglobin estimations, erythrocyte, leucocyte, and differential counts were made on the first and eighth days of life on the blood of 244 infants. When the results were classified according to the compatibility of the A-B and Rh factors of the mother and child, no hematologic differences were demonstrable between those in which the infant's blood was compatible with that of the mother and those in which it was incompatible. Both groups were combined to give normal mean values for the first and eighth days of life.
EFFECTS OF INCREASING UV‐B RADIATION DUE TO OZONE DEPLETION ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF ANTARCTIC CYANOBACTERIA

Ground level ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 290–320 nm) fluxes in Antarctica have been increasing due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Although mat-forming cyanobacteria are major component of freshwater algal biomass in Antarctica, little is known about their response to increasing ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The present study evaluated the sensitivity to UVR of two strains of mat-forming cyanobacteria with different cell size, Phormidium murrayi (6.0 x 3.2 μm) and Schizothrix calcicola (2.2 x 2.3 μm). Cyanobacterial photosynthesis was measured under different UV spectral quality and quantity achieved by polychromatic filters with different cutoff wavelengths and neutral density screens. The productivity and irradiance data were used to generate biological weighting functions (BWF) for the assessment of UV inhibition on photosynthesis. The kinetics of UV inhibition, as determined by PAM fluorometry, differed between the two species so that inhibition of P. murrayi and S. calcicola were modeled based on UV-irradiance and cumulative exposure, respectively. After a one hour exposure, BWF's did not differ between the two isolates of cyanobacteria despite their differences in cell size. To evaluate the negative impact of increased UV-B exposure due to ozone depletion on cyanobacteria, the BWF's were applied to two solar spectra obtained from McMurdo Station, one on a day when the ozone hole was prominent (O3 = 170 Dobson units; DU = 10-3 cm O3), and the other on a day with high ozone concentration (O3 = 328 DU). The decrease in ozone level would reduce productivity by 3–8%. Seasonal variation of UVR has a bigger impact on cyanobacterial productivity than ozone depletion.
Sustained Induction of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase-2 by Seizures in Hippocampus INHIBITION BY A PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ANTAGONIST

Prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 and zif-268 mRNA expression is transiently induced in rat brain by kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures and by a single electroconvulsive shock. Induction of both genes by KA shows neuroanatomical specificity in the order hippocampus > cerebral cortex > striatum > brain stem > cerebellum. Nuclear run-on and Western blotting shows that both genes are transcriptionally activated, and that kainic acid up-regulation of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 mRNA expression in hippocampus matches increased protein levels. Whereas the magnitude of hippocampal zif-268 mRNA induction is similar in both seizure models, peak induction of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 mRNA is 7-fold greater in the kainic acid model than in the electroconvulsive shock model and is much more prolonged. Pretreatment of animals by intracerebroventricular injection with the intracellular platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BN 50730 strongly attenuates kainic acid and electroconvulsive shock induction of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 expression. The drug partially inhibits electroconvulsive shock induction of zif-268, but is relatively ineffective against kainic acid-induced zif-268 expression. Seizure-induced expression of both genes involves platelet-activating factor, but the mechanisms of induction must be otherwise distinct. The selectively elevated induction of hippocampal prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 by kainic acid correlates with a neuroanatomical region in which the agonist induces neuronal damage.
Language Support for Loosely Coupled Distributed Programs

A distributed operating system encourages a style of programming in which independently developed processes interact in a nontrivial fashion at run time. Server processes, for example, must deal with clients that they do not understand, and certainly cannot trust. Interprocess communications can be written in a traditional, sequential language with direct calls to kernel primitives, but the result is both cumbersome and error-prone. Convenience and safety are offered by the many distributed languages proposed to date, but in a form too inflexible for anything other than the pieces of a single distributed program. A new language known as LYNX overcomes the disadvantages of both these previous approaches. Novel features of LYNX address problems encountered in the course of practical experience, writing distributed programs without high-level language support. Chief among these features are a virtual circuit abstraction called the link, and an unconventional coroutine mechanism that allows a server to maintain nested contexts for interleaved conversations with an arbitrary number of clients.
An information-motivation-behavioral skills assessment of curbside recycling behavior

Abstract Despite annual increases in the amount of material solid waste (MSW) that is recycled in the United States, the overall amount of MSW generated continues to increase. In an effort to identify and test specific predictors of curbside recycling behavior, the current study adapted the empirically validated Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills model (IMB), traditionally used to predict personal health behavior, to explain curbside recycling behavior. Using structured computer assisted telephone surveys with two random community samples; structural equation models indicated that the IMB model significantly predicted curbside recycling. Data from the current study provides specific information about critical psychosocial determinants of curbside recycling behavior and public policy implications.
Survey on the management of orbital and intraocular tumors among oculofacial surgeons in the Asia-Pacific region

A web-based anonymous survey was performed to assess the common practices of oculofacial surgeons in the management of orbital and intraocular tumors in the Asia-Pacific region. The questionnaire comprised a series of questions covering controversial topics sent via email to 131 oculofacial surgeons across 14 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. A total response rate of 61.7 % was achieved from May to December 2012. The most common benign orbital tumor was cavernous hemangioma (39.6 %) and the most common malignant orbital tumor was lymphoma (85.7 %). 40 % of surgeons recommended orbital radiation, for which the most common indications were thyroid eye disease (70.0 %) and malignancy (30.0 %). The most common orbitotomy approach was lateral (79.2 %). Most surgeons (87.1 %) offered enucleation for retinoblastoma, but there was also a significant proportion that offered chemoreduction with transpupillary thermotherapy or cryotherapy (58.1 %). Fewer surgeons offered brachytherapy (16.1 %) and intra-arterial chemotherapy (6.5 %). When performing enucleation for retinoblastoma, 81.8 % of surgeons performed a primary orbital implant placement. The most preferred type of implant was silicone/acrylic (90.2, 90.2 and 87.8 % for elderly, adults and children, respectively). The majority of surgeons used donor sclera (57.5 %) or no wrapping material at all (32.5 %). Almost all surgeons (95.1 %) did not drill and peg the implant for motility. We report the results of the first survey of oculofacial surgeons in the Asia-Pacific region on the management of intraocular and orbital tumors. In comparison with previous surveys performed in the USA and the UK, we found the practice patterns of the Asia-Pacific surgeons to be comparable.
Attributions and Conformity in Illicit Consumption: The Mediating Role of Group Attractiveness

Abstract Although research has demonstrated an association between certain types of explanations for peer-group illicit consumption and self-reported intentions to consume drugs and alcohol in response to peer influence, the mechanisms underlying these relationships have not been well studied. The results of two studies support predictions that group attractiveness mediates the effects of attributions regarding peer-group illicit consumption on intentions to conform. Normative attributions for group substance abuse were associated with reduced group attractiveness. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for further research and for the design and implementation of effective intervention programs.
Quantum theory of particles with spin zero and one half in external fields

The unitary (pseudo unitary) time-evolution operator for a particle with spin half (zero) in an external time-dependent electromagnetic (scalar) field is used to generate a Bogoliubov automorphism on the algebra of the free in field. For the case of an electric external field (scalar field) a finite expression for Ωout is given and theS-matrix constructed. The latter is unitary and implements the Bogoliubov automorphism. Theorems by Shale and Stinespring are rederived.
A New Mirror-Cannula for Laryngo-Tracheo-Bronchial Anesthesia, Medication, or Instillation of Opaque Oils

1)A simple indirect vision mirror-cannula is described which simplifies laryngo-tracheo-bronchial anesthesia, and instillation of medication or opaque oils. 2)The mirror-cannula is simply constructed of standard parts and can be easily and expeditiously assembled. 3)Use of the mirror-cannula obviates the use of the patient or an assistant to make traction on the tongue. 4)The optimum specifications for such a mirror-cannula are described.
Hierarchical bioactive materials for tissue reconstruction: Integrated design and manufacturing challenges

Although the paradigm shift from synthetic implants and tissue grafts to regenerative-medicine-based tissue reconstruction has been promised for well over a decade, the reality has yet to emerge. A significant reason for this delay is that regenerative medicine reconstruction solutions involve complex systems in which bioresorbable materials are integrated with surface modifications delivering cells and growth factors. These systems must not only fill complex shapes and provide temporary mechanical function; they must deliver biologic factors that stimulate tissue growth in a controlled, safe, yet rapid manner. Finally, the materials should degrade on a timeline matched to the time it takes to grow tissues. As such, these material device systems are multifunctional and require design techniques that can address multifunctionality, coupled with multiple material manufacturing processes that can be integrated to achieve the design. In this paper, we review these design and manufacturing processes as well as the challenges to integrate these multiple design and manufacturing processes to engineer bioactive material devices.
Gaussian orthogonal relay channels: optimal resource allocation and capacity

A Gaussian orthogonal relay model is investigated, where the source transmits to the relay and destination in channel 1, and the relay transmits to the destination in channel 2, with channels 1 and 2 being orthogonalized in the time-frequency plane in order to satisfy practical constraints. The total available channel resource (time and bandwidth) is split into the two orthogonal channels, and the resource allocation to the two channels is considered to be a design parameter that needs to be optimized. The main focus of the analysis is on the case where the source-to-relay link is better than the source-to-destination link, which is the usual scenario encountered in practice. A lower bound on the capacity (achievable rate) is derived, and optimized over the parameter /spl theta/, which represents the fraction of the resource assigned to channel 1. It is shown that the lower bound achieves the max-flow min-cut upper bound at the optimizing /spl theta/, the common value thus being the capacity of the channel at the optimizing /spl theta/. Furthermore, it is shown that when the relay-to-destination signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is less than a certain threshold, the capacity at the optimizing /spl theta/ is also the maximum capacity of the channel over all possible resource allocation parameters /spl theta/. Finally, the achievable rates for optimal and equal resource allocations are compared, and it is shown that optimizing the resource allocation yields significant performance gains.
MicroRNA 34a Inhibits Beige and Brown Fat Formation in Obesity in Part by Suppressing Adipocyte Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Signaling and SIRT1 Function

Brown fat generates heat through uncoupled respiration, protecting against hypothermia and obesity. Adult humans have brown fat, but the amounts and activities are substantially decreased in obesity, by unknown mechanisms. Here we show that elevated microRNA 34a (miR-34a) in obesity inhibits fat browning in part by suppressing the browning activators fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and SIRT1. Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of miR-34a in mice with diet-induced obesity reduced adiposity, improved serum profiles, increased the mitochondrial DNA copy number, and increased oxidative function in adipose tissue in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Remarkably, downregulation of miR-34a increased coexpression of the beige fat-specific marker CD137 and the browning marker UCP1 in all types of white fat, including visceral fat, and promoted additional browning in brown fat. Mechanistically, downregulation of miR-34a increased expression of the FGF21 receptor components, FGFR1 and βKL, and also that of SIRT1, resulting in FGF21/SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of PGC-1α and induction of the browning genes Ucp1, Pgc-1α, and Prdm16. Importantly, anti-miR-34a-mediated beneficial effects, including decreased adiposity, are likely from multiple tissues, since downregulation of miR-34a also improves hepatic FGF21 signaling and lipid oxidation. This study identifies miR-34a as an inhibitor of beige and brown fat formation, providing a potential target for treating obesity-related diseases.
Preservation of Low-Volume Flexible Pavement Structural Capacity by Use of Seal Treatments

The primary objective of this paper is to provide data comparing chip and scrub seal treatments with those for control sections of a low-volume flexible pavement in Mississippi, where a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) was used to evaluate the change in the effective structural number over approximately 1 year. The analysis combined portions of approaches from Arkansas, North Carolina, and Texas and resulted in a technique well suited for the test section. The approach used in the 1993 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures is included for comparison. A secondary objective is to compare the results computed from the two analysis techniques. The analysis included in this paper appears to be more conceptualized than past analyses of the use of the FWD for evaluation of seal treatments. Results of testing and analysis showed that both the chip and scrub seal treatments preserved the structural number of the pavement better than the structural number on the control sections was preserved, but no app...
An ab initio study of vibrational corrections to the electrical properties of the second-row hydrides

Accurate ab initio calculations of the dipole and quadrupole moments, polarizabilities and polarizability anisotropies are reported for the second-row hydrides, silane (SiH4), phosphine (PH3), hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and hydrogen chloride (HCl). The Brueckner orbital variant of coupled cluster theory, namely Brueckner doubles (BD) with perturbatively linked triples (BD(T)) has been combined with large augmented triple-zeta basis sets to provide high-quality estimates that include vibrational averaging effects. Fourth-order energy and property derivatives have been calculated via a numerical least-squares procedure and used to calculate property zero-point vibrational corrections and pure vibrational polarizabilities from perturbation theory expressions. The effects of deuterium substitution on the properties is investigated and the frequency dependence of the polarizability and the polarizability anisotropy also studied. For those properties for which experimental data are available, a detailed comparison...
A low emittance Lattice for the advanced ligght source

The possibility exists of achieving significantly lower emittances in an electron storage ring by increasing the horizontal betatron tune. However, existing magnet locations and strengths in a given ring may be inadequate to implement such an operational mode. For example, the ALS storage ring[1] could lower its emittance to one third of the current value by increasing the horizontal tune from 14.25 to 16.25. Nevertheless, this would come with the cost of large chromaticities that could not be corrected with our existing sextupole magnets. We discuss such operational issues and possible solutions in this paper.
Lipid Metabolism in Chick Embryos

Abstract Lipid metabolism is an important aspect of chick embryonic development because avian embryos derive over 90% of their caloric requirement from fatty acid oxidation (Boell, 1955). In addition, the embryo requires fatty acids for synthesis of phospholipids for membrane formation and for synthesis of triglycerides for energy storage. Several years ago we examined the fatty acid composition of embryonic lipids and were intrigued by the fact that although the differences were small, the fatty acid composition of embryonic lipids was consistently more saturated than the composition of the lipids of yolk from which the embryos developed (Table 1). There are three possible explanations for this: first, the embryo may selectively absorb saturated fatty acids from yolk for tissue deposition; second, the embryo may selectively oxidize unsaturated fatty acids; third, the relative synthesis of saturated fatty acids may be greater than that of unsaturated fatty acids. If one compares the fatty . . .
Languages. Ives Goddard, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, 17.

Languages. Ives Goddard. ed. Handbook of North American Indians, 17. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996. 957 pp.
L2 norm regularized feature kernel regression for graph data

Features in many real world applications such as Cheminformatics, Bioinformatics and Information Retrieval have complex internal structure. For example, frequent patterns mined from graph data are graphs. Such graph features have different number of nodes and edges and usually overlap with each other. In conventional data mining and machine learning applications, the internal structure of features are usually ignored. In this paper we consider a supervised learning problem where the features of the data set have intrinsic complexity, and we further assume that the feature intrinsic complexity may be measured by a kernel function. We hypothesize that by regularizing model parameters using the information of feature complexity, we can construct simple yet high quality model that captures the intrinsic structure of the data. Towards the end of testing this hypothesis, we focus on a regression task and have designed an algorithm that incorporate the feature complexity in the learning process, using a kernel matrix weighted L2 norm for regularization, to obtain improved regression performance over conventional learning methods that does not consider the additional information of the feature. We have tested our algorithm using 5 different real-world data sets and have demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Lactococcus lactis LM0230 contains a single aminotransferase involved in aspartate biosynthesis, which is essential for growth in milk.

Amino acid aminotransferases (ATases), which catalyse the last biosynthetic step of many amino acids, may have important physiological functions in Lactococcus lactis during growth in milk. In this study, the aspartate ATase gene (aspC) from L. lactis LM0230 was cloned by complementation into Escherichia coli DL39. One chromosomal fragment putatively encoding aspC was partially sequenced. A 1179 bp ORF was identified which could encode for a 393 aa, 43·2 kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence had high identity to other AspC sequences in GenBank and is a member of the Iγ family of ATases. Substrate-specificity studies suggested that the lactococcal AspC has ATase activity only with aspartic acid (Asp). An internal deletion was introduced into the L. lactis chromosomal copy of aspC by homologous recombination. The wild-type and mutant strain grew similarly in defined media containing all 20 amino acids and did not grow in minimal media unless supplemented with asparagine (Asn). The mutant strain was also unable to grow in or significantly acidify milk unless supplemented with Asp or Asn. These results suggest that only one lactococcal ATase is involved in the conversion of oxaloacetate to Asp, and Asp biosynthesis is required for the growth of L. lactis LM0230 in milk.
Idiom as the intersection of conceptual and syntactic schemas

Two key issues in the study of idiom are the metaphorical status of idioms (whether or not underlying metaphors are active in the on-line processing of figurative idiomatic expressions) and the compositional status of idioms (whether or not the overall meaning of such expressions is analyzable from internal elements). This study addresses these questions from the perspective of emergent metaphor theory (Sanford, 2012, 2013), arguing that key properties of such expressions − idiosyncrasy of both form and meaning, the potential for idiom to be manipulated in discourse, and diachronic patterns in changes of idiomatic meaning − follow from the status of metaphorical idioms as highly entrenched instances of both conceptual and syntactic mappings. In the case of both types of schema, the interaction of type and token frequency effects predict the metaphoricity and analyzability of idioms.
CLINICAL, METABOLIC, AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC INDICES OF THYROID FUNCTION

Presently there are a sufficient number of sensitive and specific tests of thyroid function to establish a diagnosis of thyroid disease with a high degree of precision. A variety of clinical situations, however, including but not limited to thyroid hormone resistance states, alterations in thyroid-binding proteins and nonthyroidal illness, challenge the clinician to evaluate the thyroid status of the patient beyond that which can be done with routine laboratory tests. This article reviews several clinical, cardiac, skeletal muscle, and other laboratory studies that have been suggested to complement the overall assessment of thyroid status.