cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal patterns of circulating LH and steroid hormones in a brood parasite, the Brown‐headed cowbird, Molothrus ater.

The breeding behaviour of female Brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater, is remarkably distinct from that of females of most other passerine species. Cowbirds are brood parasites that do not build nests, incubate eggs or feed young. Instead, they have an extended egg-laying stage, and deposit eggs in the nests of hosts within large breeding territories that are defended from other female cowbirds. In this communication, we report the changes in plasma levels of circulating hormones and in morphological characteristics that occur in free-living female Brown-headed cowbirds over a breeding season. Plasma LH in female cowbirds increases at the onset of breeding and remains elevated for approximately eight weeks, at which time levels decline to basal values. This pattern is similar to that of follicle development, and is consistent with the prolific reproductive output by individuals of this species. Circulating E, levels are quite variable and do not demonstrate any discernible pattern, while plasma B is elevated during the egg-laying period and declines subsequently. Testosterone titre (T) is highest early in the breeding season, when territorial interactions are generally most frequent. T levels decline slowly thereafter, reaching their lowest values at the season's end. Plasma DHT levels are slightly higher than those for T; DHT exhibits little change until late in the breeding season, when it declines. Fat scores are highest prior to egg laying, and fat reserves diminish as the breeding season progresses. In contrast, body weight increases during the reproductive season, probably as a result of developing eggs in the ovary. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that temporal patterns of hormone secretion are correlated with the expression of social systems.
Self-Limiting Robust Surface-Grafted Organic Nanofilms

Robust surface-bound insulating polymer films with controlled thickness in <5 nm range are important for technological advances in diverse disciplines such as electrochemical sensors, molecular electronics, separations, and anticorrosive coatings. Creating these films by simple methods from readily available materials has been a significant challenge. Here we report a newly synthesized molecule combining styrene and thiol moieties, joined via a short linker, that binds to the gold surface, polymerizes, and cross-links polymer chains to form robust films with uniform and controlled thickness and complete surface coverage. Additional layers can be deposited. These films that bridge two- and three-dimensional materials show excellent stability and insulating properties.
Fusion of digital mammography with breast ultrasound: a phantom study

The objective of this work was to acquire co-registered digital tomosynthesis mammograms and 3-D breast ultrasound images of breast phantoms. A prototype mammography compression paddle was built for this application and installed on an x-ray tomosynthesis prototype system (GE). Following x-ray exposure, an automated two-dimensional ultrasound probe mover assembly is precisely positioned above the compression plate, and an attached high-frequency ultrasound transducer is scanned over the acoustically coupled phantom or localized region of interest within the phantom through computerized control. The co-ordinate system of one of the two data sets is then transformed into that of the other, and matching regions of interest on either image set can be simultaneously viewed on the x-ray and ultrasound images thus enhancing qualitative visualization, localization and characterization of regions of interest. The potentials of structured noise reduction, cyst versus solid mass differentiation and full 3-D visualization of multi-modality registered data sets in a single automated combined examination are realized for the first time. Elements of system design and required image correction algorithms will be described and phantom studies with this prototype, automated system on an anthropomorphic breast phantom will be presented.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular bonding profiles

We present a refinement of recently proposed characterization of molecules based on a sequence of powers of interatomic separations referred to as molecular profiles. The molecular profiles and closely related shape profiles were based on the averaging contributions arising from different powers of interatomic distances for atoms in a molecule or atoms at the molecular periphery, respectively. Consequently, molecular models in which atoms have the same set of coordinates but different bonding patterns will result in identical molecular profiles. In this article we outline a refinement of molecular profiles in which the bonding pattern in a molecule is fully acknowledged. This is accomplished by adding “ghost” sites along chemical bonds. The distance-based invariants of the augmented matrix reflect the bonding pattern of a structure giving different molecular profiles for molecules having the same atomic coordinates but different bondings. The procedure is general and applies to two-dimensional and three-dimensional molecular skeletons. Equally, the approach can be applied to van der Waals-type molecular surfaces and molecular contours of equal electron densities in order to obtain characterization of more realistic molecular models.
Corkscrew distal ureter: sign of extrinsic ureteral obstruction.

Abstract An unusual radiographic lesion, corkscrew-shaped distal ureter, is described. Three cases demonstrating this finding are presented. All of these were due to extrinsic ureteral compression.
A Covariance Analysis Tool for Assessing Fundamental Limits of SIM Pointing Performance

This paper presents a performance analysis of the instrument pointing control system for NASA's Space Interferometer Mission (SIM). SIM has a complex pointing system that uses a fast steering mirror in combination with a multirate control architecture to blend feed forward information with feedback information. A pointing covariance analysis tool (PCAT) is developed specifically to analyze systems with such complexity. The development of PCAT as a mathematical tool for covariance analysis is outlined in the paper. PCAT is then applied to studying performance of SIM's science pointing system. The analysis reveals and clearly delineates a fundamental limit that exists for SIM pointing performance. The limit is especially stringent for dim star targets. Discussion of the nature of the performance limit is provided, and methods are suggested to potentially improve pointing performance.
Prevention of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction utilizing a CDK inhibitor in a mouse model.

Background Treatment of head and neck cancer with radiation often results in damage to surrounding normal tissues such as salivary glands. Permanent loss of function in the salivary glands often leads patients to discontinue treatment due to incapacitating side effects. It has previously been shown that IGF-1 suppresses radiation-induced apoptosis and enhances G2/M arrest leading to preservation of salivary gland function. In an effort to recapitulate the effects of IGF-1, as well as increase the likelihood of translating these findings to the clinic, the small molecule therapeutic Roscovitine, is being tested. Roscovitine is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that acts to transiently inhibit cell cycle progression and allow for DNA repair in damaged tissues.
Effects of platinum and oxygenation on microstructure in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−σ /Y 2 BaCuO 5 bulk materials

Transmission electron microscopy examinations have been conducted on undoped and PtO2 doped YBa2Cu3O7−δ, with excess Y2BaCuO5 (211) in the molar ratio of 5∶1 (123/211), processing using the solid liquid melt growth technique. Magnetization hysteresis suggests that addition of Pt strongly influences the pinning behavior. Considerable differences in dislocation and stacking fault densities were observed. Dislocation nets and tangles were commonly observed in the Pt doped samples. In both samples, stacking faults were observed near 211 precipitates, interplatelet boundaries, and dislocations. Dislocations appear to be formed during high temperature processing, while stacking faults appear to be generated during the final oxygenation step. The density and distribution of fine precipitates (∼25–100 nm) were comparable in both specimens suggesting that Pt additon affects the size and acicular morphology of only the coarser 211 (∼1–10 μm). It is proposed that the observed increase in Jc due to Pt addtion may be attributed to the increase in defect density rather than fine precipitates.
A NEW VIEW OF LESBIAN SUBTYPES: STABLE VERSUS FLUID IDENTITY TRAJECTORIES OVER AN 8‐YEAR PERIOD

Research has increasingly documented that the distinction between lesbian and bisexual women is one of degree rather than kind, and some researchers have therefore argued for an end to sexual categorization altogether. To the contrary, I maintain that researchers should explore alternative criteria for sexual categorization that might allow us to discern novel and meaningful subtypes of same-sex sexuality Toward this end, I explore the usefulness of a typology that focuses on change in lesbian identification over time, using a sample of young sexual-minority women that has been observed longitudinally for a period of 8 years. Specifically, I contrast women who have maintained consistent lesbian identifications over this time period (stable lesbians) to women who have alternated between lesbian and nonlesbian labels (fluid lesbians) and women who never adopted lesbian labels (stable nonlesbians). The pattern of similarities and differences among the groups changes as a function of the specific phenomenon b...
Integration of Pig-a, micronucleus, chromosome aberration, and Comet assay endpoints in a 28-day rodent toxicity study with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide.

As part of the Stage III Pig-a multilaboratory validation trial, we examined the induction of CD59-negative reticulocytes and total red blood cells (RETCD59− and RBCCD59−, respectively) in male Sprague Dawley® rats treated with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), for 28 consecutive days by oral gavage, at doses of 1.25, 2.50, 3.75, 5.00, and 7.50 mg kg−1 day−1 (the high dose group was sacrificed on Day 15 due to excessive morbidity/mortality). Animals also were evaluated for: micronucleated reticulocytes (mnRET) by flow cytometry; DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver, and stomach using the Comet assay; and chromosome aberrations (CAb) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). All endpoints were analyzed at two or more timepoints where possible. Mortality, body and organ weights, food consumption, and clinical pathology also were evaluated, and demonstrated that the maximum tolerated dose was achieved at 5.00 mg kg−1 day−1. The largest increases observed for the genetic toxicology endpoints (fold-increase compared to control, where significant; all at 5.00 mg kg−1 day−1 on Day 29) were: RETCD59− (21X), RBCCD59− (9.0X), and mnRET (2.0X). In contrast, no significant increases were observed for the CAb or Comet response, in any tissue analyzed, at any timepoint. Because 4NQO is a well known mutagen, clastogen, and carcinogen, the lack of response for these latter endpoints was unexpected. These results emphasize the extreme care that must betaken in dose and endpoint selection when incorporating genotoxicity endpoints into routine toxicity studies as has been recommended or is under consideration by various regulatory and industrial bodies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Extinction Coefficient of Canine Fibrin in Alkaline Urea at 282 mμ

SummaryHighly purified (95% coagulable) canine fibrinogen was converted to fibrin by thrombin (8–10 NIH units) and the fibrin, collected on a siliconized glass rod, was subsequently dialyzed free of salts (distilled water), dehydrated (ethanol-ether 3v/2v) and dried to constant weight. Following solution of the dried fibrin in freshly prepared alkaline urea (40% urea in 0.2 N NaOH) the optical density of samples containing different amounts of fibrin was determined at 282 mμ in 1-cm quartz cuvettes. Least square analysis of the data reveals that the equation y = 1.743x + 0.015 best fits the data points with a correlation coefficient between optical density and fibrin concentration of 1.0 (0.9998). The extinction coefficient for a 0.1% solution of canine fibrin in alkaline urea is 1.743. This result is discussed with regard to extinction coefficients obtained from the study of other species.
Effect of dehydroxylation of hydrothermal barium titanate on dielectric properties in polystyrene composite

In today's world, technology for capacitors has grown significantly with its requirements in the direction of better dielectric properties. Developing an ideal composite material (polymer and ceramic) for satisfying the processing parameters is of great interest for capacitor industry. In this study, chemically treated barium titanate (BT) nanocrystals were prepared and used to make ceramic–polystyrene (PS) composites. A unique methodology was used in processing these materials. Effects of the chemically treated BT, filler loading, and frequency on the dielectric properties of these composites were examined, and compared with untreated BT–PS composites. Composite dielectric constant was proportional to the volume ratio of the BT filler and remained stable at different frequencies. The experimental data show that the dielectric constant of composites made with treated BT powders can attain values 2.5 times higher than that of untreated BT–PS composites. In addition, the composite shows consistency in dielectric constant values measured at different frequencies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Multivariate correlation analysis of suspended-sediment characteristics

Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to investigate interrelationships among various characteristics of seawater and suspended sediments obtained from surface waters of two Asian marginal seas. On the basis of multivariate correlation analysis for the two marginal seas combined, three important factors were extracted and interpreted: (1) current-energy conditions, (2) the influence of rivers, and (3) biochemical conditions of seawater. A relationship between anisotropic mineral grains and combustible organic matter is suggested by the fact that suspended sediment, containing coarser anisotropic mineral grains, also contains larger amounts of combustible organic matter.
Effect of handle height on lower-back loading in cart pushing and pulling

This paper presents results of a study conducted to estimate lower back loadings in cart pushing and pulling. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using a cart. Six subjects with different weights (ranging from 50 to 80 kg) were tested for three different pushing and pulling forces (98, 196 and 294 newtons), three different heights of exertion (660, 1090 and 1520 mm high) and two different moving speeds (1.8 and 3.6 km/h). It was found that, in general, pushing a cart results in lesser lower-back loading than pulling. Subject body weight affected the lower-back loadings more significantly in pulling (50% increase as body weight increased from 50 kg to 80 kg) than in pushing (25% increase). Handle height of 1090 mm was found to be better than other handle heights in pushing while 1520 mm handle height was better for pulling in reducing lower-back loadings.
Stakeholders’ Opinions on the Implementation of Pediatric Whole Exome Sequencing: Implications for Informed Consent

Advances in whole genome and whole exome sequencing (WGS/WES) technologies have led to increased availability in clinical settings. Currently, there are few guidelines relating to the process and content of informed consent for WGS/WES, nor to which results should be returned to families. To address this gap, we conducted focus groups to assess the views of professionals, parents, and adolescents for the future implementation of WES. The discussions assessed understanding of the risks and benefits of WES, preferences for the informed consent discussion, process for return of results, and the decision-making role of the pediatric patient. Professional focus group participants included bioethicists, physicians, laboratory directors, and genetic counselors. Parent focus groups included individuals with children who could be offered sequencing due to a potential genetic cause of the child’s condition. On-line discussion groups were conducted with adolescents aged 13–17 who had a possible genetic disorder. We identified discrepancies between professionals and patient groups regarding the process and content of informed consent, preference for return of results, and the role of the child in decision-making. Professional groups were concerned with the uncertainty regarding professional obligations, changing interpretation in genomic medicine, and practical concerns of returning results over time. Parent and adolescent groups focused on patient choice and personal utility of sequencing results. Each group expressed different views on the role of the child in decision-making and return of results. These discrepancies represent potential barriers to informed consent and a challenge for genetic counselors regarding the involvement of pediatric patients in decision-making and return of results discussions.
Seasonal relationships of ovary weight, liver weight and fat stores with body weight in the goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.)

The relationships of ovary weight, liver weight and visceral lipid stores to body weight in the goldfish were examined at different times of the year. Both arithmetic and logarithmic relationships were examined. Ovary weight significantly increased relative to increasing body weight in goldfish and the exact nature of this relationship changed from month to month. However, larger fish were found to have proportionately larger ovaries than small fish at specific times of the year. Regression lines for liver weight versus body weight were also determined. Monthly differences were found in the liver weight-body weight relationship. Visceral lipid stores expressed per gram of protein were found to be independent of body weight. Lipid stores expressed in this manner peaked in February while ovary weight peaked in April. The consequences of compensating for body size when expressing organ (liver, ovary) sizes, such as hepatosomatic index and gonosomatic index, are discussed.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate and Activation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF Akt AND MAP KINASE PATHWAYS BY EDG AND BRADYKININ RECEPTORS IN VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a platelet-derived sphingolipid that elicits numerous biological responses in endothelial cells mediated by a family of G protein-coupled EDG receptors. Stimulation of EDG receptors by S1P has been shown to activate the endothelial isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) in heterologous expression systems (Igarashi, J., and Michel, T. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 32363-32370). However, the signaling pathways that modulate eNOS regulation by S1P/EDG in vascular endothelial cells remain less well understood. We now report that S1P treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) acutely increases eNOS enzyme activity; the EC(50) for S1P activation of eNOS is approximately 10 nm. The magnitude of eNOS activation by S1P in BAEC is equivalent to that elicited by the agonist bradykinin. S1P treatment activates Akt, a protein kinase implicated in phosphorylation of eNOS. S1P treatment of BAEC leads to eNOS phosphorylation at Ser(1179), a residue phosphorylated by Akt; an eNOS mutant in which this Akt phosphorylation site is inactivated shows attenuated S1P-induced eNOS activation. S1P-induced activation both of Akt and of eNOS is inhibited by pertussis toxin, by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, and by the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA (1,2-bis(aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid). By contrast to S1P, activation of G protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptors neither activates kinase Akt nor promotes Ser(1179) eNOS phosphorylation despite robustly activating eNOS enzyme activity. Understanding the differential regulation of protein kinase pathways by S1P and bradykinin may lead to the identification of new points for eNOS regulation in vascular endothelial cells.
Detecting score drift in a high-stakes performance-based assessment

Although studies have been conducted to examine the effects of a variety of factors on the comparability of scores obtained from standardized patient examinations (SPE), little research has been conducted to specifically investigate the challenge of detecting drift in case difficulty estimates over time, particularly for large-scale, performance-based, assessments. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the use of a procedure to detect drift in the difficulty estimates for a large-scale, high stakes SPE. The results of this investigation suggest that, for particular performance tasks, there was some variation in mean scores over time. These findings indicate that, although it is feasible to create a bank of case-SP means and link scores back to these fixed estimates, special attention must be paid to the standardization of exam materials over time. This is essential to ensure comparability of scores and pass-fail decisions for candidates who are assessed on multiple test forms throughout the year.
Differential interaction of fatty acids and fatty acyl CoA esters with the purified/reconstituted brown adipose tissue mitochondrial uncoupling protein

Proteoliposomes containing highly purified uncoupling protein generated by a modified purification/reconstitution procedure carried out active GDP dependent proton conductance. It was further established that long chain acyl CoA esters as well as fatty acids stimulated proton influx by the uncoupling protein, and, moreover, that the acyl CoA esters were partially effective in overcoming the inhibition by GDP. GDP binding to the purified uncoupling protein was inhibited by acyl CoA esters but not fatty acids. Phenylglyoxal which prevents GDP binding to the uncoupling protein eliminated the acyl CoA but not the fatty acid effect on proton conductance. These results substantiate the fact that nucleotides and acyl CoA esters act at the same regulatory site on the uncoupling protein, whereas, fatty acids act at a separate site. The properties of the purified/reconstituted uncoupling protein confirm they are identical to those inherent in brown adipose tissue mitochondria.
Broadband piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on dual resonance modes

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) have the potential for broad bandwidth, thus enabling high resolution imaging. However, previous PMUTs had fractional bandwidths of only ∼50% or smaller because of the thick multilayer PMUT structure. Here, we demonstrate broadband PZT PMUTs that achieve a 97% fractional bandwidth by utilizing a thinner structure excited at two adjacent mechanical vibration modes. PMUTs were fabricated and characterized in the mechanical, electrical and acoustic domains, and a 30 µm × 200 µm ribbon PMUT demonstrates a large displacement sensitivity of 500 nm/V in air and pressure response of 0.3 kPa/V in fluid, equivalent to 13.6 kPa/V average pressure on the PMUT surface, measured 1.4 mm away from the PMUT.
Scaling Theory of Fragmentation

We develop a scaling theory for linear fragmentation processes, for general breakup kernels characterized by a homogeneity index $\ensuremath{\lambda}g0$. We discuss the existence of scaling, and show that the scaled cluster-size distribution $\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)$ generally decays with the scaled mass $x$ as ${x}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}a{x}^{\ensuremath{\lambda}})$ as $x\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. For small $x$, $\ensuremath{\varphi}(x)$ approaches the log-normal form, $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}a{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}x)$, if the kernel has a small-size cutoff, and a power-law form in the absence of a cutoff. We also show that $\ensuremath{\lambda}l0$ leads to a shattering transition. Finally, we outline the essential features of a nonlinear fragmentation process.
Histone H1.3 Suppresses H19 Noncoding RNA Expression and Cell Growth of Ovarian Cancer Cells

Ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecological malignancy for which novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are imperative for improving survival. Previous studies have suggested the expression pattern of linker histone variants as potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer. To investigate the role of histone H1 in ovarian cancer cells, we characterize individual H1 variants and overexpress one of the major somatic H1 variants, H1.3, in OVCAR-3 epithelial ovarian cancer cell line. We find that overexpression of H1.3 decreases the growth rate and colony formation of OVCAR-3 cells. We identify histone H1.3 as a specific repressor for the non-coding oncogene H19. Overexpression of H1.3 suppresses H19 expression and knockdown of H1.3 increases its expression in multiple ovarian epithelial cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that histone H1.3 overexpression leads to increased occupancy of H1.3 at the H19 regulator region encompassing the imprinting control region (ICR), concomitant with increased DNA methylation and reduced occupancy of the insulator protein CTCF at the ICR. Finally, we demonstrate that H1.3 overexpression and H19 knockdown synergistically decreases the growth rate of ovarian cancer cells. Our findings suggest that H1.3 dramatically inhibits H19 expression which contributes to the suppression of epithelial ovarian carcinogenesis.
Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites

The mechanical properties of polymer are studied as a function of the duration of nanosecond electromagnetic pulses and electromagnetic mixing in the binder. It is found that such treatment improves polymer composites; the optimal treatment time is 30 min.
Alterations in the rat adrenal cortex induced by sodium deficiency: steroid hormone secretion.

RECENT investigation has shown that restriction of sodium intake results in altered hormone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Luetscher and Axelrad. (1) demonstrated in normal men that following sodium deprivation the urinary excretion of aldosterone was increased but that there were no significant changes in the excretion of other adrenal hormones. These experiments were of short duration and studies of the effects of prolonged sodium restriction on adrenocortical hormone secretion have not been reported. The purpose of the investigation described herein was to evaluate the effect of severe, chronic sodium deficiency on the secretion of steroid hormones by the rat adrenal cortex. It has been demonstrated that prolonged sodium depletion results in increased production of aldosterone but that the secretion of other adrenocortical hormones is greatly diminished. Histologic studies were also conducted and are presented in the accompanying publication (2).
Proceedings of the fourteenth annual ACM symposium on Parallel algorithms and architectures

The papers in this volume were presented at the 14th Annual ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures, held August 11-13, 2002 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The Symposium was sponsored by the Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) and the Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture (SIGARCH) of the ACM, in cooperation with European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS).The thirty technical presentations were selected by the Program Committee based on their perceived quality and originality, and their appropriateness to the theme of the Symposium. The mix of selected papers reflects the unique nature of the Symposium in bringing together the theory and practice of parallel computing, and in defining "parallel" very broadly to encompass any computational "device" that can perform multiple operations or tasks simultaneously. The technical papers in this volume are to be considered preliminary versions, and authors are generally expected to publish polished and complete versions in archival scientific journals.In addition to the technical presentations, this volume includes six brief communications presented at the SPAA Revue. These communications were selected either from abstracts directly submitted to the Revue or from extended abstracts submitted for technical presentations at the conference. The Committee's decisions were based on the perceived interest of these contributions which may serve as bases for further significant advances in parallel computing. Extended versions of the SPAA Revue papers may be published later in other conferences or journals.
Statins and dementia.

The incidence and prevalence of dementia are increasing. Dementia is a major cause of disability. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. There are no good prevention or treatment options. Experimental animal and laboratory studies have suggested that cholesterol metabolism in the brain is important in the causal pathway for dementia, possibly by modifying amyloid metabolism. A few studies have showed a possible relationship between mid-life blood cholesterol levels and risk of dementia, including AD. Case-control studies report that patients with AD were less likely to use lipid-lowering drugs, especially statins. Longitudinal epidemiology studies have not demonstrated a decreased risk of AD among statin users versus nonusers. Two clinical trials of statin therapy to reduce cardiovascular disease have not shown any reduction in risk of cognitive decline or dementia. The results of two secondary prevention trials will be reported shortly. In spite of negative studies, the possibility remains that statin therapy may reduce risk of dementia and AD. Primary prevention trials are difficult and expensive and will likely not be done in the United States.
Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of Merino Walk virus, a novel arenavirus isolated in South Africa.

Merino Walk virus (MWV), a proposed novel tentative species of the family Arenaviridae, was isolated from a rodent, Myotomys unisulcatus, collected at Merino Walk, Eastern Cape, South Africa, in 1985. Full-length genomic sequence confirmed MWV as an arenavirus related distantly to Mobala, Mopeia and Ippy viruses, all members of the Old World arenavirus complex. We propose MWV as a tentative novel species in the Lassa–lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus complex, based on its isolation from a novel rodent species and its genetic and serological characteristics.
Analytics and Transactive Control Design for the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project

We have embarked on a comprehensive smart grid demonstration project in the Pacific Northwest involving 60,000 customers from 12 utilities across 5 states, covering the end-to-end electrical system from generation to consumption, built around a substantial infrastructure of deployed smart meters. The goal of this project is to demonstrate among other things how transactive control can be used to manage distributed generation and demand response. The current plan is to test a hierarchical but decentralized control system where each node of the power grid uses local signals of demand and price to match supply with demand at varying frequencies of up to every 5 minutes or less. In this paper we discuss different theoretical and practical aspects of transactive control, and identify the analytic methods that would need to be explored to operationalize such a design.
The importance of delivered dose in estimating low-dose cancer risk from inhalation exposure to formaldehyde

Data have recently been obtained on the concentration of formaldehyde covalently bound to the respiratory mucosal DNA of Fischer-344 rats following two 6-hr inhalation exposures to gaseous formaldehyde. These data provide a direct short-term measure of the delivered formaldehyde dose in target tissue as a function of the formaldehyde concentration in ambient air. They also demonstrate that the delivered dose/administered dose relationship is significantly nonlinear. Since chronic inhalation exposure of Fischer-344 rats to high concentrations of gaseous formaldehyde induces squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal cavity, and sine widespread concern exists that formaldehyde exposure may also pose a cancer risk for humans, the implications of this nonlinearity for low-dose risk extrapolation were investigated. The incidence of nasal squamous cell carcinomas in a chronic formaldehyde inhalation bioassay was reanalyzed with several low-dose extrapolation models, using the estimated concentration of formaldehyde covalently bound to respiratory mucosal DNA as the measure of exposure. For this purpose, it was assumed that the short-term observations of covalent binding were representative of steady-state conditions during the course of the chronic study and further, that the covalent binding of formaldehyde to target tissue DNA is an important factor in nasal tumor induction. Resulting maximum likelihood risk estimates and upper 95% confidence bounds were unilaterally lower than the corresponding risk measures based on administered dose, irrespective of the dose-response model employed. Reductions in estimated risk ranged from a factor of 2.5, for the multistage model upper 95% confidence bound, to over 10 orders of magnitude, for the probit model upper 95% confidence bound. These results indicate that the concept of delivered dose can have a significant impact on estimates of low-dose risk and should therefore at least be considered as an alternative dose measure in assessments of human cancer risk from formaldehyde exposure.
Scientific word, Version 1.0

Scientific Word is the first fully integrated mathematical word processor in the Windows 3.1 environment, which uses the TEX typesetting language for output. It runs as a Microsoft Windows application program and has two-way interface to TEX. The Scientific Word is an object-oriented WYSIWYG word processor for virtually all users who need typesetting scientific books, manuals and papers. It includes automatic equation numbering, spell checking, and LATEX and DVI previewer.
Flow cytometry in human leukocyte antigen testing.

Stem cell transplantation is a recognized treatment for many hematologic malignancies. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) testing is a key assessment in the evaluation of potential recipients and selection of the appropriate stem cell donor. Over the past several years, technological advances have moved HLA testing from a serologic art form to a sophisticated and high-resolution molecular-based procedure. HLA typing is now performed by DNA-based methods, while flow cytometry has significantly improved our ability to detect HLA antibodies. Although DNA-based typing methods have advanced our understanding of HLA polymorphisms, HLA antibodies still play a role in both stem cell and solid organ transplantation and can lead to failed engraftment or allograft graft rejection, respectively. Flow cytometric crossmatching and HLA antigen-specific microparticle assays represent the new HLA serology. Together, these new technologies are impacting patient outcomes and are expanding our understanding of the immune response to HLA alloantigens. Semin Hematol 38:194-200.
Laboratory and Field Testing of Commercial Rotational Seismometers

Abstract There are a small number of commercially available sensors to measure rotational motion in the frequency and amplitude ranges appropriate for earthquake motions on the ground and in structures. However, the performance of these rotational seismometers has not been rigorously and independently tested and characterized for earthquake monitoring purposes as is done for translational strong- and weak-motion seismometers. Quantities such as sensitivity, frequency response, resolution, and linearity are needed for the understanding of recorded rotational data. To address this need, we, with assistance from colleagues in the United States and Taiwan, have been developing performance test methodologies and equipment for rotational seismometers. In this article the performance testing methodologies are applied to samples of a commonly used commercial rotational seismometer, the eentec model R-1. Several examples were obtained for various test sequences in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Performance testing of these sensors consisted of measuring: (1) sensitivity and frequency response; (2) clip level; (3) self noise and resolution; and (4) cross-axis sensitivity, both rotational and translational. These sensor-specific results will assist in understanding the performance envelope of the R-1 rotational seismometer, and the test methodologies can be applied to other rotational seismometers.
Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physician.

At one time, the diagnosis of a deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate was considered to be relatively straightforward. As knowledge has accumulated, the limitations of such tests as serum vitamin level measurements and the Schilling test have become apparent. With the development of newer tests, atypical and subclinical deficiency states have been recognized. In this review, available tests used in the diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are discussed, and a rational approach to the diagnosis of these deficiency states is presented. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1289-1298 VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) Strictly speaking, vitamin B12 refers to only cyanocobalamin, but several other Cobalamins have identical nutritional properties, and in the hematology literature, the terms cobalamin (Cbl) and vitamin B12 are used interchangeably. Cobalamin is synthesized by bacteria and is found in soil and in contaminated water. Foods of animal origin (meat, eggs, and milk) are the primary dietary sources. The amount of Cbl in the average Western diet (5-15 µg/d) is more than sufficient to meet the recommended dietary allowance of 2 µg/d. Therefore, except in strict vegetarians, the presence of Cbl deficiency implies the presence of an absorptive problem. The body stores a large amount of Cbl (2-5 mg) relative to daily requirements. Therefore, it takes 2 to 5 years to develop Cbl deficiency even in the presence of severe malabsorption. Table 1 summarizes the steps in Cbl absorption and transport. FOLIC ACID (FOLATE) The term folic acid can designate a specific compound, pteroylglutamic acid, but more commonly it is used as a general term for a class of related compounds (also called folates) with similar nutritional activity. Folates are synthesized by microorganisms and by plants and are widely distributed in the diet. Vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and cereals are the most important sources. Americans ingest an average of 200 to 300 µg/d, which is close to the recommended dietary allowance. Unlike Cbl, the body stores of folate (5-10 mg) are small relative to daily requirements. Table 2 summarizes the steps in folate absorption and distribution.
Work in progress - podcasts for recruiting and retaining female computer science majors

The minority status of women in computer science programs is well known, but some regional institutions suffer statistics that are even worse than the national averages. At Shippensburg University, only 7% of computer science undergraduate majors are female. Recently, they have banded together to form a Women in Computer Science (WiCS) organization with a unique mission. They started by researching why they are such a small minority. Our students feel a strong need to change the misperceptions that deter girls and are addressing them with a new video podcast that is targeted at girls in secondary school and designed to connect computer science topics to current issues. We are building a website around these podcasts in the hopes of creating an on-line community connecting our students to girls in secondary schools. This project has done an excellent job of creating a community for our female students clearly helping retain the few women we have. We are hoping that it will improve our recruitment of women and encourage girls to pursue computer science even if they enroll elsewhere.
Comparison of intervertebral disc displacements measured under applied loading with MRI at 3.0 T and 9.4 T

The purpose of this study was to compare displacement behavior of cyclically loaded cadaveric human intervertebral discs as measured noninvasively on a clinical 3.0 T and a research 9.4 T MRI system. Intervertebral discs were cyclically compressed at physiologically relevant levels with the same MRI-compatible loading device in the clinical and research systems. Displacement-encoded imaging was synchronized to cyclic loading to measure displacements under applied loading with MRI (dual MRI). Displacements from the two systems were compared individually using linear regression and, across all specimens, using Bland-Altman analysis. In-plane displacement patterns measured at 3.0 T and 9.4 T were qualitatively comparable and well correlated. Bland-Altman analyses showed that over 90% of displacement values within the intervertebral disc regions of interest lay within the limits of agreement. Measurement of displacement using dual MRI using a 3.0 T clinical system is comparable to that of a 9.4 T research system. Additional refinements of software, technique implementation, and image processing have potential to improve agreement between different MRI systems. Despite differences in MRI systems in this initial implementation, this work demonstrates that dual MRI can be reliably implemented at multiple magnetic field strengths, permitting translation of dual MRI for a variety of applications in the study of tissue and biomaterial biomechanics.
Decomposition and causality in partial-order planning

We describe DPOCL, a partial-order causal link planner that includes action decomposition. DPOCL builds directly on the SNLP algorithm (McAllester & Rosenblitt 1991), and hence is clear and simple, and can readily be integrated with other SNLP extensions. In addition, DPOCL is specifically designed to handle partially specified action decompositions. Plan generation in DPOCL exploits the planner's ability to fill in the missing pieces of a partially specified subplan in a way that uses the existing context of the larger plan being constructed.
An arrestin-dependent multi-kinase signaling complex mediates MIP-1β/CCL4 signaling and chemotaxis of primary human macrophages

MIP-1β/CCL4 is a principal regulator of macrophage migration and signals through CCR5. Several protein kinases are linked to CCR5 in macrophages including the src kinase Lyn, PI3K, focal adhesion related kinase Pyk2, and members of the MAPK family, but whether and how these kinases regulate macrophage chemotaxis are not known. To define the role of these signaling molecules, we examined the functions and interactions of endogenous proteins in primary human macrophages. Using siRNA gene silencing and pharmacologic inhibition, we show that chemotaxis in response to CCR5 stimulation by MIP-1β requires activation of Pyk2, PI3K p85, and Lyn, as well as MAPK ERK. MIP-1β activation of CCR5 triggered translocation of Pyk2 and PI3K p85 from the cytoplasm to colocalize with Lyn at the plasma membrane with formation of a multimolecular complex. We show further that arrestins were recruited into the complex, and arrestin down-regulation impaired complex formation and macrophage chemotaxis toward MIP-1β. Together, these results identify a novel mechanism of chemokine receptor regulation of chemotaxis and suggest that arrestins may serve as scaffolding proteins linking CCR5 to multiple downstream signaling molecules in a biologically important primary human cell type.
Field Response of Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybean to Herbicides and Sudden Death Syndrome.

Sanogo, S., Yang, X. B., and Lundeen, P. 2001. Field response of glyphosate-tolerant soybean to herbicides and sudden death syndrome. Plant Dis. 85:773-779. Three-year field experiments were conducted to assess the development of sudden death syndrome (caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines) in three soybean cultivars, tolerant (P9344 and A3071) and nontolerant (BSR101), to glyphosate following foliar application of four herbicides (acifluorfen, glyphosate, imazethapyr, and lactofen) commonly applied to soybeans in the north-central region of the United States. Cultivar A3071 is resistant to sudden death syndrome, whereas cultivars P9344 and BSR101 are susceptible to this disease. There was no statistically significant cultivar–herbicide interaction with respect to the severity of foliar symptoms of the disease and the frequency of isolation of F. sol ani f. sp. glycines from roots of soybean plants. Across all herbicide treatments, the level of sudden death syndrome was lower in the diseaseresistant cultivar than in the susceptible ones. There was an increase in the disease levels under application of acifluorfen, glyphosate, and imazethapyr compared with nontreated or lactofentreated plants. The results obtained indicate that the response of glyphosate-tolerant soybeans to sudden death syndrome is not different from the response of conventional soybeans to this disease following application of the selected herbicides, and the resistance of soybean to sudden death syndrome was not changed with application of glyphosate.
A search for benzene automerization. Interconversion of ortho-, meta-, and para-C6H4F2 at high temperatures.☆

Abstract At 1096°C in a base-washed, quartz flow system (contact time •]- 5 sec), pure ortho-, meta- and para-C 6 H 4 F 2 each give rise to a mixture containing all three isomers (see Table); possible mechanistic pathways are discussed (eqs 1 and 2 inter alia).
Some Techniques for Solving Recurrences

Some techmques for solving recurrences are presented, along with examples of how these recurrences arise in the analysis of algorithms. In addition, probability generating functions are discussed and used to analyze problems in computer science.
Eliminating disparities: empowering health promotion within preventive medicine.

The estimated 800,000 U.S. deaths in 1990 related to behavioral decisions challenge physicians to better assist behavioral change through expanded health promotion activities. Based on the format guidelines of this special issue, this brief paper first examines the current and optimal roles of health promotion within Preventive Medicine, including five physician roles for improving modifiable public health-risk behavior burdens: (1) preventive services clinician, (2) health promotion researcher, (3) educator-communicator, (4) systems manager, and (5) health promotion advocate. After presenting a new vision statement, this paper proceeds to discuss the opportunities and barriers, including system, clinician-office, and patient factors, to attaining this new vision of empowering health promotion within Preventive Medicine. Finally, all physicians are invited to engage in a threefold strategic plan for change through at least one of five action items: (1) health promotion advocacy, (2) health promotion research, (3) public communication, (4) protocol dissemination and implementation, and (5) Preventive Medicine training.