cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A process model of volunteer motivation

Abstract Traditional HR functions of recruitment, selection, training/development, and retention must be adapted when managing a volunteer workforce. While much research has focused on what motivates people to volunteer, very little has focused on the process of volunteer motivation. In this paper, we move beyond the traditional content-based approaches to explain how people decide whether to volunteer, how much effort to expend, and then whether to continue volunteering over time. Our model, based on image theory, provides new insights into volunteer decision making and behavior.
Going Beyond Numbers Reframing Substantive Representation of Women Parliamentarians in Post-War Sierra Leone

This paper critically examines the concept of women’s substantive representation through an assessment of the accomplishments of Sierra Leone female parliamentarians serving from 2007-2012. The paper argues that much of the current research about the impact of elected women on advancing a gendered agenda rests on criteria that are borrowed uncritically from western political systems and thus misses out on some of the accomplishments of female parliamentarians that fall outside of this narrow frame. The paper posits that adopting an African feminist framework can make visible the invisible, broaden our understanding of what elected women can accomplish, and suggest ways in which actors engaged in promoting women’s empowerment can be more effective and supportive in their aims to increase women’s political representation.
Methylation and inactivation of cell-adhesion genes in lung cancers.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 45, 2004 3421 We investigated the loss of expression of 16 genes involved in cell adhesion in lung cancer cell lines and studied the mechanism of inactivation by Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) assay in lung cancer cell lines (n = 40) and tumors (n = 86). An important fundamental question is what causes in situ cancers to become invasive even though cancer cells at the pre-invasive and invasive stages are morphologically similar? The first step in invasion involves loss of attachment to neighboring cells and the basement membrane (BM), and transport through the extracellular matrix (ECM). Epithelial cells attach to adjacent epithelial cells through several cell-cell contacts and to basal membrane through hemidesmosomes. The different junctions and candidate genes (shown in parenthesis) whose products are involved in the integrity of those junctions are tight junctions (CLDN1, CLDN7, Betaig-h3 and TJP2a), adheren junctions (CDH1, CDH13 and CDH3), desmosomes, gap junctions (Cx26, Cx43 and Cx32) and hemidesmosomes (LAMA3, LAMB3, LAMC2, ITGA6, ITGB4 and ITGA3). Desmosomes are crucial cell-to-cell junctions that connect to the cytoskeleton. While desomsomal breakdown would appear to be a prerequisite for invasion, the genes involved have not been investigated. Down regulation of several genes involved in the formation of different junctions in various human cancers including lung cancers have been documented or reported by others and us. Here, we investigated the loss of expression of different junction genes in lung cancer cell lines and also their restoration of expression after 5-aza deoxy cytidine treatments. We compared our data with LN5 encoding genes that have been inactivated by promoter methylation and associated with lung cancer pathogenesis. The percentages of loss of expression for 16 genes in NSCLC (n = 20) and SCLC cell lines (n = 20) were 20-60% and 17-86% respectively. The restoration of expression after 5-aza deoxycytidne for all the genes was 80-100%. We further designed gene specific and methylation specific primers by bisulfite genomic sequencing and validated the MSP assay. We found that there was over 85% concordance between loss of expression and methylation in lung cancer cell lines. The methylation data in lung tumors were similar to cell lines for all the genes. While we have not as yet investigated desmosomal proteins, our results show that important structural proteins at all of the crucial cell-to-cell and cell-to-basement membrane junctions have to be inactivated in invasive cancers.
Traditional and proposed tests of slope homogeneity for non-normal and heteroscedastic data

The purpose of this study was to develop and compare tests of independent groups' slopes for non-normal distributions and heteroscedastic variances, including slope tests based on least squares, Theil-Sen, and trimmed estimation approaches. A slope test based on jackknife standard error estimates is proposed that can utilize each of the traditional estimation methods while also addressing problematic aspects of methods' standard error estimates. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed jackknife-based slope tests can improve standard error estimation, Type I error, and power relative to the traditional slope tests.
No evidence for learned mating discrimination in male Drosophila pseudoobscura.

Background Since females often pay a higher cost for heterospecific matings, mate discrimination and species recognition are driven primarily by female choice. In contrast, frequent indiscriminate matings are hypothesized to maximize male fitness. However, recent studies show that previously indiscriminate males (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster and Poecilia reticulata) can learn to avoid heterospecific courtship. This ability of males to discriminate against heterospecific courtship may be advantageous in populations where two species co-occur if courtship or mating is costly.
Twisted Tales: Causal Complexity and Cognitive Scientific Explanation

Recent work in biology and cognitive science depicts a variety of target phenomena as the products of a tangled web of causal influences. Such influences may include both internal and external factors as well as complex patterns of reciprocal causal interaction. Such twisted tales are sometimes seen as a threat to explanatory strategies that invoke notions such as ’inner programs‘, ’genes for‘ and sometimes even ’internal representations‘. But the threat, I shall argue, is more apparent than real. Complex causal influence, in and of itself, provides no good reason to reject these familiar explanatory notions. To believe otherwise, I suggest, is generally to commit (at least) one of two seductive errors. The first error is to think that the general notion of a state x coding for an outcome y involves the state‘s constituting a full description of y. This is what I call the ’myth of the self-contained code‘. The second error is to think that the practice of treating certain factors as special (e.g., seeing genes as coding for outcomes in a way environmental factors do not) depends on the (often mistaken) belief that the singled out factor is somehow doing the most real work. Where the amounts of causal influence are evenly spread, it is assumed there can be no reason to treat one factor in a special way. This is what I term the ’Myth of Explanatory Equality‘. Avoiding these errors involves reminding ourselves of (1) the rich context-dependence of even standard, unproblematic uses of the notions of code, program and information content (all three make sense only relative to an assumed ecological backdrop) and (2) the difference between explaining why an event occurred and displaying the full workings of a complex causal system.
Detection of Apoptosis in Cartilage In Situ and in Isolated Chondrocytes

Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death conceptually opposed to necrosis. In view of the inherent difficulty in accurately detecting apoptosis in chondrocytes, this chapter describes complementary techniques that may be used in combination. During apoptotic death, protein and DNA breakdown is accomplished by caspases (cysteine proteases) in a highly regulated manner. Activation of caspases occurs in the initiation and/or the execution phase of certain apoptotic programs and represents an early physiologic marker of apoptosis. Here we present an immunoblotting technique that allows the detection of caspase-3 processing in cultured human chondrocytes. Apoptosis leads to plasma membrane asymmetry and to externalization of phosphatidylserine residues, which are bound with high affinity by annexin V. In the early stages of apoptosis, cells typically have an intact cell membrane. Apoptotic cells will not stain positive with propidium iodide, whereas externalization of phosphatidylserine will be detected by annexin V. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated nick-end labeling (TUNEL) works on the principle that DNA strand breaks (single or double) that occur during apoptosis can be identified by labeling free 3'-hydroxyl termini. Labeled nucleotides are polymerized to these termini in a reaction catalyzed by TdT. The tissue can then be examined histologically for identification of TUNEL-positive cells in situ.
Avian Metallothioneins: Structure, Regulation and Evolution

This article reviews studies of the molecular biology of the avian metallothionein (MT) genes. Analysis of cloned genes and/or cDNAs from chicken, turkey, pheasant and quail suggests that each of these species possesses a very simple MT gene family. The MT from these birds is a cysteine-rich protein of 63 amino acids that shares extensive structural homology with the mammalian MTs, and, remarkably, the deduced amino acid sequence of the major metallothionein is identical in each of these birds. The chicken MT gene is inducible by dietary or injected metal ions [i.e., zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu)], bacterial lipopolysaccharide and oxidative stress. Furthermore, it is expressed during liver development. The turkey and chicken MT genes are identical in gross structure to other functional MT genes. They consist of three exons separated by two intervening sequences. Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of the turkey and chicken MT genes revealed regions of exceptionally high sequence conservation, suggesting important functions such as splicing, polyadenylation and transcriptional activation. Structure-function studies of the chicken MT promoter using transient transfection assays and transgenic mice have revealed cis-acting promoter sequences involved in the induction of chicken MT gene expression by metals ions. A metal-responsive enhancer was located in the proximal 107-bp of the chicken MT promoter in a region highly conserved in both the turkey and chicken MT genes. Function of this enhancer element apparently requires cooperation of transcription factors interacting with an Sp 1 binding site and a single palindromic metal-responsive element. In this regard, the structure of the proximal region of the chicken and turkey MT promoters is unique. Our current studies suggest that this enhancer regulates gene expression in a position-independent manner in transgenic mice.
The Coal‐Corn Divide: Colliding Treadmills in Rural Community Energy Development

The emergence of concerns about “peak oil,” the fallout from the Iraq War in terms of renewed calls for “energy security,” and the development of new technology to gain access to fossil fuels and gas long off-limits because of economic and environmental concerns has led to a boom of multiple kinds of energy development in and around rural communities in the United States. This article uses the lens of treadmill-of-production and growth-machine literature to understand these developments in south central Illinois, an area with rich farmland and a history of underground coal extraction. While this analysis finds the expected support from community elites for renewed coal extraction, despite health and environmental risks, we find that the farm community, concerned about damage to land critical for producing corn and beans, profitable at historical levels in part because of the biofuel boom, formed a strong opposition movement. In short, we find evidence of colliding treadmills of energy production. The findings have implications for the analysis of rural energy production in the United States and beyond.
Weak perturbations of the massless Gaussian measure

This is a summary of some ideas and estimates that simplify the analysis of scaling limits of infinite volume limits of measures of the form $$\frac{1}{Z}d\mu (\phi )e^{\int {dxf(\phi ,\partial \phi ,\partial \partial \phi ,...)} } ,$$ , where dμ(φ) is a Gaussian measure with long range correlations.
Climate- and soil-based models of site productivity in eastern US tree species

As concerns rise over potential effects of greenhouse gas related climate change on terrestrial ecosystems, forest managers require growth and yield modeling capabilities responsive to changing climate conditions. Our goal was to develop prediction models of site index for eastern US forest tree species with climate and soil properties as predictors for use in predicting potential responses of forest productivity to climate change. Species-specific site index data from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program were linked to contemporary climate data and soil properties mapped in the USDA Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. Random forest regression tree based ensemble prediction models of site index were constructed based on 37 climate-related and 15 soil attributes. In addition to a species-specific site index, aggregate models were developed for species grouped into two broad categories: conifer (softwood) and hardwood (broadleaved) species groups. Species-specific models...
The effect of helicopter transport on adult patients' body temperature

Reprint no. 74/I/208 Introduction The adverse and potentially fatal effects of hypothermia have been known for a long time.‘” Hypothermia usually is defined as a core body temperature below 35” C (95” F). Hypothermia further is divided into mild core temperatures ranging fi-om 33” to 35” C (91.4” to 95” F), moderate core temperatures from 27” to 32” C (80.6” to 89.6” F), and severe core temperatures below 27” C (80.6” E).’ These numbers can vary slightly depending on the researcher. Varon et al.’ said, “Hypothermia occurs when the thermoregulatory response is impaired, overwhelmed, or both.” Although secondary hypothermia usually results from an underlying disease that interferes with normal heat conservation mechanisms, primary (accidental) hypothermia results when normal heat conservation mechanisms cannot overcome exposure to a low environmental temperature.‘~z The purpose of this study was to de termine whether or not an adult patient’s core body temperature is compromised when transported in a helicopter environment from an emergency scene or between facilities. Some studies have been conducted on neonatz@ and pediatrS hypothermia during interfacility transport, but few studies have been published on the effect of helicopter transport on adult hypothermia. No two people become hypothermic at the same rate.’ The body loses heat through conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation.“” Age, drug intoxication, and preexisting illness are three
Comparing functional and morphologic characteristics of lamellar macular holes with and without lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation.

Purpose:To compare the functional and morphologic characteristics and evolution of lamellar macular holes (LMHs) with and without lamellar hole-associated epiretinal proliferation (LHEP).Methods:This was a retrospective observational case review of 145 eyes of 136 patients with LMH seen in a vitreor
Haloperidol treatment increases D2 dopamine receptor protein independently of RNA levels in mice

Haloperidol, administered to mice in their drinking water, produced a 21% increase in striatal D2 dopamine receptor density after seven days of continuous exposure. The steady-state D2 receptor RNA prevalence was unaffected by this treatment, yet the RNA coding for preproenkephalin was elevated, as expected. These data indicate that the homologous up-regulation of dopamine receptor density by antipsychotic drugs proceeds by mechanisms other than changes in RNA abundance.
A new sperm-specific Na^+/H^+ Exchanger required for sperm motility and fertility

It has long been speculated that intracellular pH is a critical regulator of both invertebrate and vertebrate sperm motility1,2,3, and sodium–hydrogen exchange has been suggested as a mediator of such pHi regulation in various instances4,5. Two sodium–hydrogen exchangers (NHE1 and NHE5) are expressed in spermatozoa6. However, elimination of the NHE1 gene fails to cause infertility7, suggesting that normal sperm function is maintained in NHE1-null animals. Here, we used a functionally unbiased signal peptide trap screen to identify a novel sperm-specific NHE. The NHE contains 14 predicted transmembrane segments, including a potential voltage sensor and a consensus cyclic nucleotide-binding motif. Testis histology, sperm numbers and morphology were normal, but NHE-null males were completely infertile with severely diminished sperm motility. The addition of ammonium chloride, which elevates intracellular pH, partially rescued the motility and fertility defects. Surprisingly, cyclic AMP analogues almost completely rescued the motility and infertility phenotypes. The existence of this new sperm NHE provides an attractive contraceptive target, given its cell-specific expression and absolute requirement for fertility.
Deeply-Scaled E/D-Mode GaN-HEMTs for Sub-mm-Wave Amplifiers and Mixed-Signal Applications

In this paper, we report state-of-the-art high-frequency performance of GaN-based HEMTs achieved through innovative device scaling technologies such as vertically-scaled AlN/GaN/AlGaN double-heterojunction (DH) HEMT epitaxial structure, low-resistance n+-GaN ohmic contacts regrown by MBE, and manufacturable 20-nm self-aligned sidewall gate process. Engineering top barrier layer structure enabled both enhancement- and depletion-mode (E/D) device operations with record cutoff frequencies while maintaining Johnson figure of merit (JFoM) breakdown performance. Furthermore, E/D-mode devices were monolithically integrated using a full epitaxial regrowth technique with a successful demonstration of DCFL ring oscillator circuits. Deeply-scaled E/D-mode GaN-HEMTs with an unprecedented combination of high-frequency and high-breakdown characteristics offer practical advantages in circuit applications such as sub-millimeter-wave power amplifiers, ultra-linear mixers, and increased output power digital-to-analog converters.
Suspension-Aware Analysis for Hard Real-Time Multiprocessor Scheduling

In many real-time systems, tasks may experience suspension delays when accessing external devices. The problem of analyzing task systems with such suspensions on multiprocessors has been relatively unexplored. The commonly used suspension-oblivious approach of treating all suspensions as computation can be quite pessimistic. As an alternative, this paper presents the first suspension-aware hard real-time multiprocessor schedulability analysis for task systems with suspensions, under both global fixed-priority and global EDF scheduling. In experiments presented herein, the proposed schedulability tests proved to be superior to suspension-oblivious tests. Moreover, when applied to ordinary arbitrary-deadline sporadic task systems with no suspensions, the proposed analysis for fixed-priority scheduling improves upon prior analysis.
On violation of the superselection rules

Abstract If Q = Σn=1nQi, and Qi = 11 ⊗ … ⊗ 1i−1 ⊗ qi ⊗ 1i+1 ⊗ … ⊗ 1n (Q, Qi form an additive system of quantities), if [Q, P] = 0 (superselection rule), and if the reduced density matrix pi is obtained from the density matrix P by tracing out over the j-spaces, j ≠ i, then [qi, ϱi] = 0. This shows that a superselection rule for an additive quantity propagates to subsystems. It is argued that superselection rules are therefore universal for additive quantities, unless a process of relativization with respect to a Q-reservoir is employed. Since such relativization is required to produce the coherent superpositions of momentum eigenstates needed for the notion of localization in position, it is argued that analogous processes of relativization can be used to break other superselection rules.
Isolated Recurrence of Secondary CNS Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review

Isolated secondary central nervous system lymphoma (SCNSL) relapse is a rare disease. Consequently, standardized treatment regimens have yet to be developed. We present an interesting case of isolated SCNSL presenting with altered mental status and panhypopituitarism in a patient at low risk of developing the disease. We also review the related literature and discuss newer, more aggressive treatments for primary CNS lymphoma and SCNSL.
Role of DNA regions flanking the tryptophan promoter of Escherichia coli. I. Insertion of synthetic oligonucleotides.

Abstract To examine the effect of altering the nucleotide sequence near the promoter on its activity, pKO-1 vector derivatives have been constructed which allow insertion of DNA fragments at specified sites upstream or downstream from the trp promoter. Oligonucleotides that might be expected to alter the melting properties, or have a tendency to form a distinctive nonstandard structure were introduced. These oligonucleotides had the repeating dinucleotide sequences GC, AT or AG. Sequence analysis of the inserts and studies of the relative galactokinase expression from the altered plasmids indicated that changes upstream from the trp promoter at -39 or beyond had little effect on trp promoter activity, whereas changes at + 2 or farther downstream produced up to two-fold increases in gene expression, as compared to the control plasmid.
WHAT'S NEW IN PATENT INFORMATION

Major advances have occured over the past 20 years in the nature of patent documents and in the tools available for utilizing patent information, both for current awareness and for retrospective searching. The nature of these changes is outlined, the current state of the art is surveyed, and some prospects for the future are discussed.
Connectivity editing for quadrilateral meshes

We propose new connectivity editing operations for quadrilateral meshes with the unique ability to explicitly control the location, orientation, type, and number of the irregular vertices (valence not equal to four) in the mesh while preserving sharp edges. We provide theoretical analysis on what editing operations are possible and impossible and introduce three fundamental operations to move and re-orient a pair of irregular vertices. We argue that our editing operations are fundamental, because they only change the quad mesh in the smallest possible region and involve the fewest irregular vertices (i.e., two). The irregular vertex movement operations are supplemented by operations for the splitting, merging, canceling, and aligning of irregular vertices. We explain how the proposed high-level operations are realized through graph-level editing operations such as quad collapses, edge flips, and edge splits. The utility of these mesh editing operations are demonstrated by improving the connectivity of quad meshes generated from state-of-art quadrangulation techniques.
The Impact of Standards in Web Services Security

The Internet has provided an avenue for businesses to adopt web services. Web services promises scalability, agility, cost reduction, profitability and availability thereby meeting instant gratification needs of web users'. It refers to modular Internet-based business functions that perform specific business tasks to facilitate business interactions within and beyond the organization. While addressing web services benefits there have been discussions on the importance of its security. The security of web services has deeply influenced its development and is also one of the main reasons why web services have not been adopted widely. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of web services standards and how it facilitates web services security. We analyze security models in web based technologies from previous studies such as; in cloud computing and security as a service technologies to develop a framework of web services standards and its impact on web services security. We then discuss the theoretical and practical implications of web services security and directions for future research.
Denoising during optical coherence tomography of the prostate nerves via bivariate shrinkage using dual-tree complex wavelet transform

The performance of wavelet shrinkage algorithms for image-denoising can be improved significantly by considering the statistical dependencies among wavelet coefficients as demonstrated by several algorithms presented in the literature. In this paper, a locally adaptive denoising algorithm using a bivariate shrinkage function is applied to reduce speckle noise in time-domain (TD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the prostate. The algorithm is illustrated using the dual-tree complex wavelet transform. The cavernous nerve and prostate gland can be separated from discontinuities due to noise, and image quality metrics improvements with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) increase of 14 dB are attained with a sharpness reduction of only 3%.
Synthesis of spacer-containing analogs of serogroup 6 pneumococcal oligosaccharides

An efficient convergent strategy for the synthesis of a range of spacer-containing pneumococcal oligosaccharides of serogroup 6 and derivatives thereof has been developed. The spacer-containing oligosaccharides were deprotected and are available for subsequent conjugation and immunological studies, which are underway in our laboratory.
Testing of the «reduction of compound alternatives» principle

Abstract This paper reports an empirical investigation of the effects of three pictorial forms of problem representation on conformance with the Reduction of Compound Alternatives Principle of expected utility theory. The most common form of representation, written problem statements, was compared with three pictorial representations: tubes containing one hundred labeled balls, decision matrices with each column proportional in size to the probability of the corresponding event, and bar graphs. The tubes representation led to fewer violations of the Principle. In addition, when subjects were trained to construct proportional matrices from written problem statements, they exhibited fewer violations than those who received the same problems already formatted in proportional matrices. The results reported here should contribute to the development of a theory of the way people frame decision problems.
Striated Muscle Preferentially Expressed Genes α and β Are Two Serine/Threonine Protein Kinases Derived from the Same Gene as the Aortic Preferentially Expressed Gene-1

Aortic preferentially expressed gene (APEG)-1 is a 1.4-kilobase pair (kb) mRNA expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells and is down-regulated by vascular injury. An APEG-1 5′-end cDNA probe identified three additional isoforms. The 9-kb striated preferentially expressed gene (SPEG)α and the 11-kb SPEGβ were found in skeletal muscle and heart. The 4-kb brain preferentially expressed gene was detected in the brain and aorta. We report here cloning of the 11-kb SPEGβ cDNA. SPEGβ encodes a 355-kDa protein that contains two serine/threonine kinase domains and is homologous to proteins of the myosin light chain kinase family. At least one kinase domain is active and capable of autophosphorylation. In the genome, all four isoforms share the middle three of the five exons of APEG-1, and they differ from each other by using different 5′- and 3′-ends and alternative splicing. We show that the expression of SPEGα and SPEGβ is developmentally regulated in the striated muscle during C2C12 myoblast to myotube differentiationin vitro and cardiomyocyte maturation in vivo. This developmental regulation suggests that both SPEGα and SPEGβ can serve as sensitive markers for striated muscle differentiation and that they may be important for adult striated muscle function.
The effect of molecular weight on slow crack growth in linear polyethylene homopolymers

The rate of initiation and growth of cracks in linear high-density polyethylene with different molecular weights was observed in single-edge-notched tensile specimens under plane strain condition as a function of applied stress, notch depth and temperature. The initial rates of crack initiation all have the form of Cσm a0nexp (−Q/RT) or AKpexp (−Q/RT) where σ = stress, a0 = notch depth and K= stress intensity factor. For the different molecular weights, m, n, P and Q are almost the same where m=5, n=2, P=4.7 and Q=115 kJ mol−1, but the constants C and A varied as (¯Mw−¯Mc)−1 where ¯Mc is a limiting molecular weight for sudden fracture. A molecular model based on tie-molecules has been used to explain the dependence on ¯Mw. The effect of ¯Mw on the fast-fracture strength at low temperature and the relationship to tie-molecules have also been investigated. Quantitative relationships between the concentration of tie-molecules and the fracture behaviour have been obtained.
Trust and the Rationality of Toleration

Soulevant le probleme de la tolerance comme reponse rationnelle aux guerres de religion du XVII e siecle et aux conflits contemporains tels que Beyrouth, la Bosnie ou Belfast, l'A. montre que la rationalite de la tolerance ne peut s'imposer qu'au prix d'une conversion morale des participants a ces conflits. Examinant le lien entre rationalite et mefiance au sein du gouvernement catholique de Charles IX et de Catherine de Medicis, l'A. denonce les modeles de rationalite qui sous-tendent la rationalite de la mefiance, d'une part, et montre que la nature meme de la rationalite requiert une confiance qui ne repose pas sur le calcul
Discrete-time opinion dynamics

We discuss the Hegselmann-Krause model for opinion dynamics in discrete-time for a symmetric confidence bound. We construct an adjoint dynamics and use it to define a Lyapunov comparison function that decreases along the trajectory of the opinion dynamics. Using the Lyapunov comparison function, we develop a novel upper bound on the convergence time of the dynamics.
Sensitivity of Proton-Proton Scattering to Potentials at Different Distances

Estimates are made of sensitivity of proton-proton scattering to assumed changes $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ in theoretical potential energy. The energy range 0.15-9 Mev is considered for the incident protons. The changes in potential energy are taken to be small additions in small intervals at distance $R$. First-order perturbation theory is used. Combining the effect of $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ at $R=3 or 5$ in units $\frac{{e}^{2}}{m{c}^{2}}$ with a change $\ensuremath{\delta}D$ in the depth of a square potential well (width $\frac{{e}^{2}}{m{c}^{2}}$) the effects are made to neutralize at a preassigned energy ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$ and the sensitivity of scattering to $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ is estimated at a second energy $E$. Combination of these effects with a simultaneous change $\ensuremath{\delta}{r}_{0}$ in range of square well enables neutralization of effects at energies ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${E}_{\mathrm{II}}$ and adjustment to arbitrary small change in scattering at a third energy $E$. The sensitivity of observed scattering to $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ for a few choices of pairs ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${E}_{\mathrm{II}}$ is worked out as a function of $E$. It is found that the region 200 kev-600 kev should be valuable in determining values of $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ for preassigned $R$. The relative importance of the smaller energies increases with $R$ on account of shielding of the smaller $R$ by the Coulomb barrier. Neutralization of effects at two energies ${E}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${E}_{\mathrm{II}}$, with simultaneous adjustment to changes in scattering at energies ${E}_{1}$, ${E}_{2}$, is also considered in terms of simultaneous potential energy changes at two values of $R$ combined with $\ensuremath{\delta}{r}_{0}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}D$. An experimental accuracy of 1 percent in scattering is found to correspond to the possibility of detecting as little as 1 kev for $\ensuremath{\delta}V$ through a distance $\frac{{e}^{2}}{m{c}^{2}}$ at $R=\frac{5{e}^{2}}{m{c}^{2}}$ and 10 kev at $R=\frac{3{e}^{2}}{m{c}^{2}}$.
Significance of Langmuir circulation in upper ocean mixing: Comparison of observations and simulations

Received 4 February 2009; revised 27 March 2009; accepted 20 April 2009; published 28 May 2009. [1] Representing upper ocean turbulence accurately in models remains a great challenge for improving weather and climate projections. Langmuir circulation (LC) is a turbulent process driven by wind and surface waves that plays a key role in transferring momentum, heat, and mass in the oceanic surface layer. We present a direct comparison between observations and large eddy simulations, based on the wave-averaged Navier-Stokes equation, of an LC growth event. The evolution of cross-wind velocity variance and spatial scales, as well as mixed layer deepening are only consistent with simulations if LC effects are included in the model. Our results offer a validation of the large eddy simulation approach to understanding LC dynamics, and demonstrate the importance of LC in ocean surface layer mixing. Citation: Kukulka, T., A. J. Plueddemann, J. H. Trowbridge, and P. P. Sullivan (2009), Significance of Langmuir circulation in upper ocean mixing: Comparison of observations and simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L10603, doi:10.1029/ 2009GL037620.
Adaptive control of base-isolated buildings using piezoelectric friction dampers against near-field earthquakes

This paper investigates the effectiveness of two adaptive control strategies for modulating control force of piezoelectric friction dampers (PFDs) that are employed as semi-active devices in combination with laminated rubber bearings for seismic protection of buildings. The first controller developed in this study is a direct adaptive fuzzy logic controller. It consists of an upper-level and a sub-level direct fuzzy controller. In the hierarchical control scheme, higher-level controller modifies universe of discourse of both premise and consequent variables of the sub-level controller using scaling factors in order to determine command voltage of the damper according to current level of ground motion. The sub-level fuzzy controller employs isolation displacement and velocity as its premise variables and command voltage as its consequent variable. The second controller is based on the simple adaptive control (SAC) method, which is a type of direct adaptive control approach. The objective of the SAC method is to make the plant, the controlled system, track the behavior of the structure with the optimum performance. By using SAC strategy, any change in the characteristics of the structure or uncertainties in the modeling of the structure and in the external excitation would be considered because it continuously monitors its own performance to modify its parameters. Here, SAC methodology is employed to obtain the required force which results in the optimum performance of the structure. Then, the command voltage of the PFD is determined to generate the desired force. For comparison purposes, an optimal controller is also developed and considered in the simulations together with maximum passive operation of the friction damper. Time-history analyses of a base-isolated five-story building are performed to evaluate the performance of the controllers. Results reveal that developed adaptive controllers can successfully improve seismic response of the base-isolated buildings against various types of earthquakes.
MARKETING THE PERCEPTIONS OF A COMMUNITY COLLEGE'S POSTSECONDARY ENROLLMENT OPTIONS PROGRAM

A vast majority of colleges and universities have provisions for admitting high school students to special college programs (Robinson & Noble, 1992). These postsecondary enrollment options programs are vital because they link local higher education to the community by actively involving high school personnel, students, and parents in planning for college. Establishing and maintaining this link presents unique challenges to educators because it must meet the needs of a diverse population. The purpose of this study was to assess how students and parents perceived a suburban community colleges’ postsecondary enrollment options program. Basing marketing strategies on these perceptions provides colleges and universities an effective means to maintain the established community link.
Multipulse laser damage of GaAs surfaces

An in‐depth study of the single and multiple‐pulse laser (10 ns, 10 Hz, and 1064 nm) damage of (100) single‐crystal gallium arsenide surfaces is presented. The surface morphologies resulting from both chemical etching and laser‐induced damage are discussed. The damage behavior is determined from the damage probability and accumulation curves. The dependence of damage on accumulated incident energy in multipulse experiments is determined and compared with the behavior of other semiconductor and metal surfaces. Finally, Auger electron spectroscopy is employed to measure the elemental depth composition of GaAs wafers using Ar+ ion sputter etching. This technique is used to study the changes in elemental depth profiles caused by the laser‐induced damage.
Altered methylation of versican proteoglycan gene in human colon carcinoma

We show for the first time that DNA isolated from human colon carcinoma tissue exhibits a selective hypomethylation of versican gene, which encodes a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. The degree of methylation of CpG sequences of versican gene locus, as determined by isoschizomeric endonucleases and Southern hybridization, is about three times lower than that found in either normal colon or ulcerative colitis tissues. Hypomethylation can be observed in both benign and malignant colonic neoplasms; however, there is no correlation with increased expression since versican mRNA levels do not significantly vary between normal and neoplastic tissues. We further show that versican gene locus from malignant tissue, but not from normal or ulcerative colitis tissues, contains Hind III hypersensitive sites which also comprise hypomethylated CpG sequences. Analysis of versican methylation status in colon carcinoma cells and benign mesenchymal cells derived from human colon suggests that the changes observed in vivo derive from demethylating events involving host stromal cells rather than tumor cells themselves. These findings demonstrate that changes in versican gene methylation are specific for colonic neoplasms, that these changes may precede malignant transformation, and that inflammation and tissue remodelling alone are not enough to generate these changes in proteoglycan gene methylation and nuclease hypersensitivity.
Lung Transplantation: Better Survival Results after Graft Pretreatment with Concanavalin A or Chondroitin Sulfate

Abstract Pretreatment of the lung graft with concanavalin A (Con A) or chondroitin sulfate (CIS) was used to modify the lung allograft response after transplantation into moderately immunosuppressed (low doses of azathioprine and prednisone) recipients. Significant ( p
Photoionization of atomic beryllium from the ground state

Photoionization of the ground ${1s}^{2}{2s}^{2}{}^{1}S$ state of atomic beryllium is studied in the energy region between the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}(2s)$ and ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}(3d)$ thresholds using a noniterative variational R-matrix method combined with multichannel quantum-defect theory at the R-matrix surface. The autoionizing Rydberg series of resonances converging to the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ $(2p,$ $3s,$ $3p,$ and $3d)$ thresholds are identified and effective quantum numbers assigned. Also calculated are the photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameters \ensuremath{\beta} for the processes leaving the ion in the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{+}$ ${(1s}^{2}np,$ $n=2,3)$ states. The present photoionization cross sections extend earlier work and are in good agreement with previous calculations and experiments. There is excellent agreement between length and velocity gauges in our calculation.
Dependence of T cell activation on area of contact and density of a ligand-coated surface

An apparatus which allows precise control of the time of initiation and the area of contact of cells with immobilized ligands has been developed. Cells are trapped in an asymmetric film that can be quantitatively thinned, forcing the cells into close contact with ligands adsorbed on the base of the apparatus. Using microbeads to indicate the film height, the amount of thinning can be controlled to within 1 μm, producing known contact areas between cells and the ligand-coated surface. This system was used with anti-CD3-coated surfaces of different densities to examine the effect of ligand density on T cell activation, while keeping the number of ligands presented to the cells constant. T cell activation was observed individually in each cell as intracellular calcium mobilization. In these experiments both the percent of T cell activation and the rate of calcium rise were found to depend only on the number of anti-CD3 molecules presented and not on their density. This implies that the spacing between molecules is not important in the range studied, and suggests that receptor clustering to levels higher than dimers may not be necessary for induction of calcium mobilization by anti-CD3.
Design goal-oriented level design

Design Goal-Oriented Level Design is our new process for linking mechanics, narrative and environment design into one streamlined document for use by level designers. The most significant innovation of this research is the creation of a formal grammar of level design terms. This work is influenced by the previous work [Bjork et al. 2003] on a formal grammar for all aspects of game design. It was also influenced by [Vick etal. 2010], from which we adopted the process of abstracting any gameplay mechanic and categorizing it as a subset of a larger categorization of mechanics.
Effects of Board Composition and Stock Ownership on the Adoption of “Poison Pills”

This research examined the relationships between board composition and stock ownership and the passage of “poison pill” takeover defense provisions by U.S. industrial manufacturing firms. Results i...
Expression of Oct4 in human embryonic stem cells is dependent on nanotopographical configuration.

Abstract The fate of adult stem cells can be influenced by physical cues, including nanotopography. However, the response of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to dimensionally well-defined nanotopography is unknown. Using imprint lithography, we prepared well-defined nanotopography of hexagonal (HEX) and honeycomb (HNY) configurations with various spacings between the nanostructures. In serum-free hESC culture medium, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is required to maintain expression of Oct4, a pluripotent gene. Unexpectedly, hESCs cultured on nanotopography could maintain Oct4 expression without bFGF supplementation. With bFGF supplementation, the HEX nanotopography maintained Oct4 expression whereas the HNY configuration caused down-regulation of Oct4 expression. Thus, we observed that the lattice configurations of the nanotopography cause hESCs to respond to bFGF in different ways. This differential response to a biochemical cue by nanotopography was unforeseen, but its discovery could lead to novel differentiation pathways. Consistent with studies of other cells, we observed that nanotopography affects focal adhesion formation in hESCs. We posit that this can in turn affect cell–matrix tension, focal adhesion kinase signaling and integrin–growth factor receptor crosstalk, which eventually modulates Oct4 expression in hESCs.
Analysis of Young's fringes in speckle photography: Generalized square imaging aperture

Processing speckle photography data using Young's fringes method is described when a square imaging aperture is used. The direction of the lateral motion and hence the fringe orientation is assumed to be general. The cases considered are step motion (doubleexposure) and sinusoidal vibration in time-average manner.
ELECTROPHORESIS IN SYNTHETIC GELS. II. EFFECT OF GEL CONCENTRATION.

Abstract Increasing the concentration of acrylamide gel decreases the absolute electrophoretic mobility of hemoglobins, egg albumins, and serum albumin polymers. In a series of hemoglobins, the relative mobility of any two is unaffected by changes in gel concentration; the same is true of the principal components of egg albumin. However, the mobilities of albumin polymers (relative to the monomer) decreases linearly with increasing gel concentration.
A common machine language for grid-based architectures

A common machine language is an essential abstraction that allows programmers to express an algorithm in a way that can be efficiently executed on a variety of architectures. The key properties of a common machine language (CML) are: 1) it abstracts away the idiosyncratic differences between one architecture and another so that a programmer doesn’t have to worry about them, and 2) it encapsulates the common properties of the architectures such that a compiler for any given target can still produce an efficient executable.
Chemical and mechanical degradation of UHMWPE: Report of the development of an in vitro test

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), used in total joint replacement implants, undergoes oxidative degradation due to gamma radiation sterilization and to exposure to oxidizing agents in the body environment. UHMWPE components also experience large stresses both on and near the articulating surface. It is hypothesized that there is a causal relationship between chemical degradation and mechanical loading of UHMWPE joint components. This report describes the development of an in vitro test to examine the combined effects of chemical environment and cyclic loading history on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of UHMWPE. The test apparatus consists of modular load trains, in which strings of UHMWPE test specimens can be subjected to cyclic tensile and compression load ranges, while being exposed to either control or degrading environments. Following cyclic loading for specified time intervals, the specimens can be statically loaded to determine the effect of cyclic loading and environment on the monotonic tensile and compressive stress–strain behavior of UHMWPE. To determine the appropriate control and degrading environments, gamma radiation sterilized UHMWPE specimens were maintained (unloaded) for up to 6 months in aqueous environments of distilled water and three concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0%) in distilled water at 37°C. Specimens were evaluated with depth from the surface for changes in density. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis was conducted on selected surface sections. No significant changes in density or surface IR spectra occurred for specimens in distilled water as compared with the UHMWPE in the initial radiation sterilized condition. Specimens exposed to hydrogen peroxide solutions demonstrated changes in density and IR spectra consistent with oxidative degradation and comparable to the changes previously observed on retrieved UHMWPE components. Based on these results, distilled water was selected for the control environment. A 0.5% hydrogen peroxide solution was selected for the test environment, to produce moderate changes at a rate compatible with the maximum 12-month time period of the experiment. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adrenoreceptor development in rat cerebrum and the effects of ionizing radiation.

Abstract Previous studies in the rat have shown that neonatal radiation alters certain aspects of CNS monoaminergic systems including altering cerebral norepinephrine levels [17]. To determine if cerebral adrenoreceptor development is also altered by neonatal ionizing radiation, a single dose of whole body γ-radiation was administered to rats on postnatal day two. This treatment did not alter (3H)-dihydroalprenolol (β adrenoreceptor) or (3H)-WB4101 ( α 1 adrenoreceptor) binding when cerebra from irradiated animals were compared to age-matched sham-irradiated controls on postnatal days 9, 15 and 35. In contrast, (3H)-yohimbine ( α 2 -adrenoreceptor) binding was altered in γ-irradiation, a change manifested on postnatal days 9, 15 and 35 by lower than normal receptor densities (pmoles/g wet weight of tissue) although no radiation-induced changes in K d were apparent.