cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection or suspected infection after hip replacement surgery with autologous or homologous blood transfusions.

Homologous blood transfusions have been associated in both animals and humans with an increased risk of acute postoperative infectious complications. Eighty-four patients who underwent hip replacement surgery and were transfused with 2 or 3 units of blood were analyzed to determine whether those receiving homologous transfusions had different outcomes than those receiving autologous blood only. Only patients free of other risks for postoperative infection were studied. Those receiving homologous blood had a 32 percent (16/50) rate of proven or suspected infections, which was significantly higher than the 3 percent (1/34) rate in patients receiving autologous blood (p = 0.0029). Wound infections accounted for only a minority (6/17) of the proven or suspected infections, which suggests that nonsurgical factors contributed to these complications. The patients identified as being infected required significantly more antibiotic therapy (mean, 7.6 days) and lengthier hospital stays (mean, 15.5 days) than the patients who remained free of evidence of infection (means: 2.3 days of antibiotics and 12.3 days in the hospital) (p = 0.0001 for each variable). Other potential risk factors for infection, such as duration of surgical procedure, advanced patient age, amount of blood loss, type of anesthesia, surgeon performing the operation, use of a cemented versus porous-coat prosthesis, leukocytopenia, anemia, and underlying medical diagnosis, did not account for the differences in infection rates seen in those receiving homologous and autologous transfusions. These results confirm previous reports of an increased risk of postoperative infection in patients receiving homologous transfusions. Homologous transfusion may contribute to an increased risk of infection by immunologic modulation of the recipient. If confirmed by other studies, these results provide another powerful argument in favor of autologous blood transfusion.
Degree correlations in a dynamically generated model food web

Abstract We explore aspects of the community structures generated by a simple predator-prey model of biological coevolution, using large-scale kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The model accounts for interspecies and intraspecies competition for resources, as well as adaptive foraging behavior. It produces a metastable low-diversity phase and a stable high-diversity phase. The structures and joint indegree-outdegree distributions of the food webs generated in the latter phase are discussed.
Examining Keyboard Shape and Arrangement Effects for Younger and Older Adults

This research investigated the effects of keyboard shapes and letter arrangements for text entry with a rotary input device. In Study 1, we examined movement of a cursor across four different keyboard shapes. Shape and age had significant effects, and the interaction of the two variables was also significant. Compatibility and movement simplicity were key features of the better shapes. In Study 2, we examined visual search across three different letter arrangements on the same four shapes among the same participants. Age and arrangement were significant, but shape was not. Only the shape by arrangement interaction was significant, so the benefit of arrangement familiarity may be limited to specific virtual keyboard shapes.
Interaction of pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole with hepatic microsomes: effect on cytochrome P-450 content, microsomal oxidation of alcohols, and binding spectra

Microsomes isolated from rats treated with either pyrazole or 4 methylpyrazoie, potent inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase, cata lyzed the oxidation of ethanol and 2-butanoJ at rates 2–3-fold highe than saline controls. Time course experiments and dose-response experiments indicated that an increase in the microsomal oxidatioi of alcohols could be observed 24 hr after a single treatment with 200 mg/kg body weight of either pyrazole or 4-methylpyrazole, and after 2 or 3 days of treatment with 50 mg/kg of either of these compounds. The pyrazole treatment did not change the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, the content of cytochrome P-450, or the oxidation of aminopyrine. Hence, microsomal oxidatior of alcohols was increased by the pyrazole treatment whether results were expressed “per mg of protein” or “per nmol of P-450.” Microsomes from the pyrazole-treated rats displayed an increase in binding spectrum with ethanol as the substrate as compared to controls as well as type 2 binding spectrum with dimethyl sulfoxide and 2-butanol. These results suggest the possibility that pyrazole ma) induce an alcohol-preferring P-450 isozyme. By contrast, the 4-methylpyrazoie treatment, besides increasing the oxidation of alcohols, also increased the oxidation of aminopyrine and the content of cytochrome P-450. The increase in the oxidation of alcohols arte aminopyrine was primarily due to the increase in content of P-45C produced by the 4-methylpyrazole treatment Binding spectra wrtti dimethyl sulfoxide and 2-butanol were also observed after 4-methylpyrazole treatment; however, the 2-butanol-binding spectrum was a modified type I spectrum, not type 2. Taken as a whole, these results indicate that pyrazole and 4-methylpyrazole treatment can affect the microsomal mixed function oxidase system and the oxidation of alcohols by microsomes, and that there are differences in the interaction of these compounds with microsomes.
Evaluation of antithrombotic properties of suloctidil in comparison with aspirin and dipyridamole

Abstract The antithrombotic effect of suloctidil, a new antispasmotic with platelet anti-aggregating properties was evaluated in two rabbit models. In the first, thrombi were formed in polyethylene catheters placed in the lumens of the carotid arteries. Quantitation of the thrombi was achieved with radio-labelled fibrinogen. The antithrombotic effect of suloctidil was significantly greater than placebo or aspirin and insignificantly greater than intravenously administered dipyridamole. In the second model, two appropriately spaced doses of endotoxin were given. Suloctidil did not inhibit the initial endotoxin induced consumption of platelets or WBC, but did inhibit the second fall in platelets believed related to thrombin elaboration. An accompanying slight inhibition of fibrin deposition and fibrinogen consumption was found.
Effects of the Ratio of Calcium to Potassium in the Nutrient Medium on the Growth and Alkaloid Production of Atropa belladonna

The increase of calcium/potassium ratios in nutrient solutions reduces growth of belladonna plants. This is evident in the reduced elongation of all stems, particularly the sympodial flowering branches, and in the fresh and dry weights of all plant parts. There appears to be a concurrent increase in the proportion of leaf to total plant at the expense of stem and root. The increase in calcium/potassium ratio results in higher yields of total nitrogen and alkaloids.
Nurses' Job Satisfaction and Patient Falls

Purpose The growing concern about the low job satisfaction among nurses and the achievement of positive patient outcomes are critical healthcare issues. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to determine the relationship between nurses' job satisfaction and patient fall rate on adult medical and surgical units. Methods Secondary data from a nurses' job satisfaction survey at a large not-for-profit acute care hospital on the East coast was used. The National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators–Adapted Index of Work Satisfaction (NDNQI–AIWS) was used to measure nurses' job satisfaction. The sample included 161 nurses from 12 adult acute medical and surgical units. The study used retrospective data collected by the Department of Nursing on patient fall rate. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between nurse job satisfaction and patient fall rate. In addition, exploratory descriptive analysis was conducted by type of unit (i.e., medical or surgical). Results and Conclusion No significant relationship was found between overall nurses' job satisfaction and patient fall rate. MD–RN interactions ( r = .65) and decision-making ( r = .57) were the job satisfaction subscales that showed a significant positive correlation with patient fall rate ( p
Effects of Varying Wavelengths, Intensities and Polarized Light On Population Dynamics and Ephippial Production of Daphnia Pulex Leydig, 1860, Emend. Richard, 1896 (Cladocera)

[Des populations de D. pulex ont ete elevees sous une lumiere dont la longueur d'onde, l'intensite, et la polarisation etaient connues. Il y a une correlation positive entre le taux de survivance et la longueur d'onde pour les animaux adaptes a la lumiere normale. Les differences entre les populations elevees sous des longueurs d'onde differentes disparaissent apres une semaine. L'effet de la longueur d'onde ne semble pas etre un effet d'intensite. Il y a un correlation negative entre l'intensite de la lumiere, a l'exception des tenebres completes, et la grandeur de la population. L'effet de la lumiere polarisee sur la grandeur de la population n'est pas separable de l'effet d'intensite; cependant, la polarisation de la lumiere reduit de facon significative la population des adultes. La production des ephippia a ete augmentee par les longueurs d'onde bleues. Tandis que de la lumiere etait necessaire pour la production des ephippia, son intensite et sa polarisation n'avaient pas d'effet significatif., Des populations de D. pulex ont ete elevees sous une lumiere dont la longueur d'onde, l'intensite, et la polarisation etaient connues. Il y a une correlation positive entre le taux de survivance et la longueur d'onde pour les animaux adaptes a la lumiere normale. Les differences entre les populations elevees sous des longueurs d'onde differentes disparaissent apres une semaine. L'effet de la longueur d'onde ne semble pas etre un effet d'intensite. Il y a un correlation negative entre l'intensite de la lumiere, a l'exception des tenebres completes, et la grandeur de la population. L'effet de la lumiere polarisee sur la grandeur de la population n'est pas separable de l'effet d'intensite; cependant, la polarisation de la lumiere reduit de facon significative la population des adultes. La production des ephippia a ete augmentee par les longueurs d'onde bleues. Tandis que de la lumiere etait necessaire pour la production des ephippia, son intensite et sa polarisation n'avaient pas d'effet significatif.]
An evaluation of the seminal work of Patricia Benner: Theory or philosophy?

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to review the seminal work of Patricia Benner, From Novice to Expert, in order to assert it as a philosophy and not a theory. In the literature there is no clear consensus on where this model stands – theory or philosophy. There is no intent to devalue Patricia Benner’s work as it is valuable and has become widely used in nursing practice, research, education and administration. However, as a philosophy, Benner’s interpretive work is more constructive.Appropriate use of this model requires an understanding of whether it is a theory or a philosophy, its underpinnings and an assessment of its development and testing. This can be accomplished by knowing the differences between a theory and a philosophy and by reviewing the ways of knowing and processes of reasoning which are necessary for skill acquisition. Much of the critique of Benner’s work falls into two categories: it is not quantitative research and there are issues with the use of narratives. These will be revie...
Light autoradiographic localisation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by specific binding of a potent antagonist

THE presence of cholinergic muscarinic receptors on neurones in many regions of the mammalian brain is known from classical electrophysiological studies, which showed that neuronal firing rates are altered by the microiontophoretic application of cholinergic muscarinic agonists and antagonists1. It is now possible to measure these receptors directly by biochemical procedures, some of which involve studying the responses of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in neuronal tissue to agonists and antagonists2–5. Other procedures utilised radiolabelled muscarinic agonists and antagonists that bind specifically and directly to presumed receptor sites6–12. One of these agonists13,14, 3-quinuclidinyl-benzilate (QNB) binds in a radiolabelled form to apparent muscarinic receptors in vitro6,7. Recent experiments indicate that it is also possible to demonstrate specific 3H-QNB binding to cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain in vivo soon after intravenous administration15. Because of this latter factor, we have been able to examine the in vivo localisation of 3H-QNB in regions of rat brains by light microscopic autoradiography. We have found receptor sites associated with various groups of cells, some of which are known to be cholinoceptive. In general, the greatest densities of 3H-QNB sites were in telencephalic regions.
Patients Perception of Care Under Primary and Team Nursing

The relationship between the structure of nursing care and patient satisfaction is examined after equalizing the quantity and quality of nursing staff. An all-registerednurse model of primary nursing is compared to team nursing. The nursing competency scores of registered nurses (as measured by the Slater scale) on two patient care units were equalized through 6 months of continuing education and staff development programs. A patient checklist was used to determine satisfaction with care and perceived omissions in care. No significant differences in satisfaction with care were found between the two units. The unit with primary nursing was perceived as having significantly higher omissions in care in three categories: dietary needs, reaction to therapy, and contact with nurses. The results suggest that the effect of nursing care structures on patient perception of care may be contingent upon the efficiency of the support systems and the competency of the nursing staff.
Leveraging sociological models for prediction I: Inferring adversarial relationships

There is considerable interest in developing techniques for predicting human behavior, for instance to enable emerging contentious situations to be anticipated or permit the nature of ongoing but “hidden” activities to be inferred. A promising approach to this problem is to collect appropriate empirical data and then apply machine learning methods to the data to generate the predictions. This two-part paper shows that the performance of such learning algorithms often can be improved substantially by leveraging sociological models in their development and implementation. In particular, we demonstrate that sociologically-grounded learning algorithms outperform gold-standard methods in two important and challenging tasks: 1.) inferring the (unobserved) nature of relationships in adversarial social networks, and 2.) predicting whether nascent social diffusion events will “go viral”. Significantly, the new algorithms perform well even when there is limited data available for their training and execution.
English as she is mis-spoke, misread, and miswrote—or, why you should read before you sign

Suresh Ramnath shares some of his favorite transcription errors Over the years, I have been amused by how my neurosurgical notes were transcribed. “Losing conciseness” occurs when you descend into a “sinkable episode,” sometimes with loss of “conscientiousness.” It can be accompanied by disorders of “morality of sensation,” such as loss of “radiation.” Some patients describe a “puritan” sensation. Many are “neurotically” intact but have pain in the “psychiatric nerve.” Examination is confounded by ulnar “innovated” muscles “immutable” to surgical “enervation.” These changes can be “post-dramatic” in patients …
Detection of Super Regenerative Receiver Using Amplitude Modulated Stimulation

Super regenerative receivers (SRRs) are utilized in a number of electronic devices and detecting their presence from extended distances is critical for many applications. This paper describes a new technique to detect such devices from extended distances by utilizing the fact that the frequency of the SRR quench oscillator is dependent on the power of the stimulating signal. This technique is a coherent active detection technique, based on modulated stimulation. The SRR is stimulated with an amplitude modulated signal which causes the emissions to become frequency modulated. The recorded emissions are then frequency demodulated and match-filtered with the modulating signal for robust detection. This detection technique is a coherent technique that is not affected by other noncoherent signals in the spectrum, and as such outperforms amplitude detection techniques in terms of success of detection and range.
Cholinergic receptor subtypes in the olfactory bulbectomy model of depression.

Abstract The connection between smoking and depression, the antidepressant actions of nicotine and the targeting of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by monoamine re-uptake inhibitors all point to a potential role of nAChRs in the etiology and/or symptomatology of depression. In the current study, we evaluated nAChR subtypes in brain regions of rats subjected to olfactory bulbectomy (OBX), a standard animal model that recapitulates many of the behavioral and neurochemical alterations thought to underlie human depression. Comparisons were made both to sham-operated controls and unoperated animals. OBX led to upregulation of cerebrocortical α4β2 nAChRs and downregulation of striatal α7 nAChRs as compared to either the sham-operated or unoperated groups. Striatal α4β2 nAChRs were also downregulated but the sham surgery by itself produced a partial effect, masking the contribution of the OBX lesion. In agreement with earlier studies, we also found downregulation of muscarinic AChRs (both m 1 and m 2 subtypes) in the striatum when comparing the OBX group to sham-operated controls, but because sham surgery evoked mAChR upregulation, the effect was not apparent when the OBX animals were contrasted to the unoperated group. Accordingly, caution needs to be exercised in interpreting studies of cholinergic function in the OBX model that do not include unoperated animals as an additional comparison group. Our results reinforce a relationship between depression and nAChR expression and point to the need for parallel studies in human depression that might lead to the design of novel therapies targeting specific nAChR subtypes.
Lack of the T cell-specific alternative p38 activation pathway reduces autoimmunity and inflammation.

Stimulation via the T-cell receptor (TCR) activates p38α and p38β by phosphorylation of p38 Tyr-323 (p38Y323). Here we characterize knockin mice in which p38α and/or β Tyr-323 has been replaced with Phe. We find that p38α accounts for two-thirds and p38β the remainder of TCR-induced p38 activation. T cells from double knockin mice (p38αβY323F) had defects in TCR-mediated proliferation and Th1 and Th17 skewing, the former corresponding with an inability to sustain T-bet expression. Introduction of p38αY323F into Gadd45α-deficient mice, in which the alternative p38 pathway is constitutively active, reversed T-cell hyperproliferation and autoimmunity. Furthermore, p38αβY323F mice had delayed onset and reduced severity of the inflammatory autoimmune diseases collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Thus, T cell-specific alternative activation of p38 is an important pathway in T-cell proliferation, Th skewing, and inflammatory autoimmunity, and may be an attractive tissue-specific target for intervention in these processes.
Deeper groundwater chemistry and geochemical modeling of the arsenic affected western Bengal basin, West Bengal, India

Abstract A regional scale hydrogeochemical study of a ∼21,000-km2 area in the western Bengal basin shows the presence of hydrochemically distinct water bodies in the main semiconfined aquifer and deeper isolated aquifers. Spatial trends of solutes and geochemical modeling indicate that carbonate dissolution, silicate weathering, and cation exchange control the major-ion chemistry of groundwater and river water. The main aquifer water has also evolved by mixing with seawater from the Bay of Bengal and connate water. The isolated aquifers contain diagenetically altered water of probable marine origin. The postoxic main aquifer water exhibits overlapping redox zones (metal-reducing, sulfidic and methanogenic), indicative of partial redox equilibrium, with the possibility of oxidation in micro-scale environments. The redox processes are depth-dependent and hydrostratigraphically variable. Elevated dissolved As in the groundwater is possibly related to Fe(III) reduction, but is strongly influenced by coupled Fe–S–C redox cycles. Arsenic does not show good correlations with most solutes, suggesting involvement of multiple processes in As mobilization. The main river in the area, the Bhagirathi–Hoogly, is chemically distinctive from other streams in the vicinity and probably has little or no influence on deep groundwater chemistry. Arsenic in water of smaller streams (Jalangi and Ichamati) is probably introduced by groundwater discharge during the dry season.
Localized globalism: Compliance with and resistance to immigrant marginalization by Latino community-based organizations in a gateway city

Utilizing semi-structured field interview data, this article analyzes and compares two leading Latino community-based organizations (CBOs) in a small, old, civically active immigrant-based city in the Boston metropolitan area. Within contemporary global and national devolutionary contexts, the CBOs under study, one a service dispensing organization and the other a social action organization, are analyzed. Utilizing a Gramscian theoretical perspective, the dilemmas arising from their “nested” dialectical resistance to, and compliance with, “glocal” hegemonic forces marginalizing Latino immigrants are traced with respect to their organizational–structural features and functioning in the urban context. Thus, the service organization, in a largely successful effort to achieve financial and social autonomy, has developed bureaucratic structural features producing communication gaps and strains among its employees, as well as a work ethic threatening to “other” its clients. The more “horizontal” activist organization, while largely resistant to and combative with Latino immigrant marginalization, faces the dilemmas of its members’ multiple roles as activists, political figures and office holders, as well as those stemming from its embrace of the social capital idea. It is concluded that the current economic-financial crisis threatening the very existence of these CBOs offers them paradoxical advantages of critical awareness.
Role of ultrasonic tissue characterization to distinguish reversible from irreversible myocardial injury.

Tissue characterization reflects structural and fimctional integrity of tissues. Inasmuch as reversible ischemia causes no structural damage and irreversible ischemia results in persistent structural myocardial damage, we postulated that ultrasonic tissue characterization can distinguish the two types of injuries. Anesthetized open chest dogs underwent 15 minutes (group 1, n = 5) and 90 minutes (group 2, n = 8) of acute total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by 3 hours of reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia-infarction was confirmed with segment shortening, electronmicroscopic examination, and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Integrated backscatter Rayleigh 5 (IBR5), a measure of ultrasonic backscatter, and Fourier coefficient of amplitude modulation (FAM), an index of cardiac cycle dependent variation in backscatter, were measured at baseline, during ischemia, and after reperfusion. Group 1 (reversible ischemia) showed an increase in IBR5 from -48 ± 1.2 dB at control to -45 ± 1.0 dB ( p p p p p
Wound Fluid from Chronic Leg Ulcers Contains Elevated Levels of Metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9

The purpose of the present research was to determine if metalloproteinase levels were elevated in human chronic wound fluid. Samples of blood and wound fluid from acute (mastectomy) and chronic (leg ulcer) wounds were collected, and metalloproteinase profiles of the samples were determined by gelatin zymography. Compared to serum, acute wound fluid (mastectomy fluid) contained markedly increased levels (five- to tenfold) of several metalloproteinases including 72- kDa and 94-kDa gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). In chronic wound fluid, not only were these enzyme levels increased another five- to tenfold over mastectomy fluid, but also both activated enzyme and proenzyme species appeared to be present. Our results suggest that non-healing ulcers develop an environment containing high levels of activated metalloproteinases, which may result in chronic tissue turnover and failed wound closure.
Quantitative aspects of lipoprotein lipase release by heparin in mice.

Although heparin has been known to release lipoprotein lipase (diacylglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.34) since 1943 (1), the quantitative aspects related to dosage have never been fully determined. Furthermore, only the data of Robinson et al. (2) are available concerning the half-life of enzyme action, once released into the blood. Olsson et al. (3) and Estes et al. (4) published data on the volume of distribution of heparin and kinetic data on heparin's anticoagulant action in man. More recently, McAvoy (5) determined the biologic half-life of heparin. In this paper, we present quantitative dose-response data on the release of lipoprotein lipase by heparin in mice, as well as information on time-duration action of released lipoprotein lipase in serum.Materials and Methods. Seventy male Swiss-Webster mice (weighing 20–30 g) were used in this investigation. Heparin sodium was injected intravenously in the tail vein in a volume of 0.1 ml. Axillary blood was obtained from etherized mice, allowed to clot, a...
The effects of thyroxine on hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in dairy cows.

Four daily injections of l-thyroxine were given to healthy cows in early lactation. Blood and liver samples were taken during the course of the experiment and assayed for the following metabolites and enzymes: glucose, glycogen, free fatty acids, lactate, pyruvate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, phosphoenolpyruvate, 2-phosphoglycerate, 3-phosphoglycerate, malate, NAD+, NADH, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate kinase, phosphopyruvate carboxylase and α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase. The changes in the liver enzyme activities and metabolite levels following the thyroxine injections indicate an increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Out of a group of 12 cows only 2 animals showed the early clinical signs of ketosis, otherwise no other unusual clinical signs were observed. Thyroxine elevated the milk yields of the cows, although this increase was not maintained in the animal showing the more severe signs of ketosis.
Formation of a powerful capping motif corresponding to start of “helix 12” in agonist-bound estrogen receptor-α contributes to increased constitutive activity of the protein

The human estrogen receptor α (hERα), a ligand-activated transcription factor, provides an excellent system for study of the conversion of a protein from inactive to active states. It binds to many different ligands which leads which to the expression or the suppression of genes in a cell-specific and promoter-specific manner, and a multitude of mutations have been identified that modify the activity of the receptor. Helix 12 is a key α-helix in the hormone-binding domain of the hERα that is directly involved in transcription activation. In this report, tyrosine 537 has been identified as the Ncap residue of helix 12 in the structures of the agonist-bound hERα ligand-binding domain. A capping motif has been identified in the sequence of the hERα that corresponds to the start of helix 12 in the fully active, agonist-bound conformation of the receptor. Analysis of the literature indicates that, with one exception, substitution of amino acids at position 537, which occur more frequently at the Ncap than tyrosine, is correlated with increased constitutive activity of the hERα. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that formation of a powerful capping motif that corresponds to the start of helix 12 in the agonist-bound receptor contributes to activation of the hERα. This is the first proposed example in which mutations that alter helix capping would lead to the constitutive activation of a protein. This hypothesis could therefore provide a novel mechanism through which mutations play a role in pathological processes.
Combat-Related Invasive Fungal Wound Infections

Combat-related invasive fungal (mold) wound infections (IFIs) have emerged as an important and morbid complication following explosive blast injuries among military personnel. Similar to trauma-associated IFI cases among civilian populations, as in agricultural accidents and natural disasters, these infections occur in the setting of penetrating wounds contaminated by environmental debris. Specific risk factors for combat-related IFI include dismounted (patrolling on foot) blast injuries occurring mostly in southern Afghanistan, resulting in above knee amputations requiring resuscitation with large-volume blood transfusions. Diagnosis of IFI is based upon early identification of a recurrently necrotic wound following serial debridement and tissue-based histopathology examination with special stains to detect invasive disease. Fungal culture of affected tissue also provides supportive information. Aggressive surgical debridement of affected tissue is the primary therapy. Empiric antifungal therapy should be considered when there is a strong suspicion for IFI. Both liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole should be considered initially for treatment since many of the cases involve not only Mucorales species but also Aspergillus or Fusarium spp., with narrowing of regimen based upon clinical mycology findings.
λattB-attP, a λ derivative containing both sites involved in integrative recombination

Abstract A phage genome has been isolated which contains both att B and att P, the bacterial and phage sites which are recombined in the process of formation of stable lysogens. The derivative was created by an illegitimate recombination during mixed vegetative growth of two phage strains which contained att B and att P separately. The attachment sites on the double site derivative can undergo site-specific recombination to to yield a recombinant deleted for about 15% of the parental DNA. This recombination is dependent on the product of the int gene and demonstrates a great preference for recombination between two sites located on the same molecule. The int gene product used for recombination of λatt B- att P may be provided either from the int gene residing either on λatt B- att P or on another phage genome. In both cases, ochre suppression of amber mutations of the int gene results in extremely depressed levels of integrative recombination.
Phosphorylation of yeast transcription factors correlates with the evolution of novel sequence and function.

Gene duplication is a significant source of novel genes and the dynamics of gene duplicate retention vs loss are poorly understood, particularly in terms of the functional and regulatory specialization of their gene products. We compiled a comprehensive data set of S. cerevisiae phosphosites to study the role of phosphorylation in yeast paralog divergence. We found that proteins coded by duplicated genes created in the Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) event and in a period prior to the WGD are significantly more phosphorylated than other duplicates or singletons. Though the amino acid sequence of each paralog of a given pair tends to diverge fairly similarly from their common ortholog in a related species, the phosphorylated amino acids tend to diverge in sequence from the ortholog at different rates. We observed that transcription factors (TFs) are disproportionately present among the set of duplicate genes and among the set of proteins that are phosphorylated. Interestingly, TFs that occur on higher level...
Temperature Distribution and Its Kinetics in a Semiconducting Sandwich

The temperature distribution and its change in time is calculated for a semiconducting sandwich between two metal electrodes by solving the thermal balance equation including Joule's heating for one spatial coordinate and neglecting space-charge effects. As boundary conditions, three cases are analysed: perfect cooling and Newton's cooling of the metal electrodes, however neglecting a temperature drop in the metal layers, or including a finite heat conductivity of the electrodes. Die zeitliche Entwicklung der Temperaturverteilung in einem Plattenkondensator mit halbleitendem Dielektrikum wird durch Losung der thermischen Bilanzgleichung, die die Joulesche Erwarmung enthalt, angegeben, und zwar fur eine raumliche Koordinate und unter Vernachlassigung von Raumladungseffekten. Als Randbedingungen werden drei Falle diskutiert: vollkommene Kuhlung und Kuhlung nach dem Newtonschen Gesetz, wobei jedoch ein Temperaturabfall in den Metallschichten vernachlassigt wird, oder Berucksichtigung einer endlichen Warmeleitung in den Elektroden.
Picosecond Time Resolved Excited State Studies of C60 and C70 Thin Films

Abstract We have studied photoexcitations in C60 and C70 thin films by transient photomodulation (PM) and transient photoluminesciense (PL). For 2.17 eV excitation we find photogenerated singlet excitons in C60 and photogenerated singlet excitons and charged carriers in C70. Our results differ significantly from C60 and C70 molecules in solution.
The Fate of the 0.5s: Predictors of 2-Year Outcome in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Impairments in executive cognition (EC) may be predictive of incident dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The present study examined whether specific EC tests could predict which MCI individuals progress from a Dementia Rating Scale (CDR) score of 0.5 to a score ≥1 over a 2-year period. Eighteen clinical and experimental EC measures were administered at baseline to 104 MCI patients (amnestic and non-amnestic, single- and multiple-domain) recruited from clinical and research settings. Demographic characteristics, screening cognitive measures and measures of everyday functioning at baseline were also considered as potential predictors. Over the two-year period, 18% of the MCI individuals progressed to CDR≥1, 73.1% remained stable (CDR=0.5), and 4.5% reverted to normal (CDR=0). Multiple-domain MCI participants had higher rates of progression to dementia than single-domain, but amnestic and non-amnestic MCIs had similar rates of conversion. Only three EC measures were predictive of subsequent cognitive and functional decline at the univariate level, but they failed to independently predict progression to dementia after adjusting for demographic, other cognitive characteristics, and measures of everyday functioning. Decline over 2 years was best predicted by informant ratings of subtle functional impairments and lower baseline scores on memory, category fluency and constructional praxis.
On the mechanism of action of methyl chymotrypsin

Abstract The properties of a -chymotrypsin methylated at histidine-57 were examined to explain the mechanism of this enzyme which is about 10 5 times less active than chymotrypsin. Studies on the protein showed (i) an alteration in the acyl and leaving group specificity, (ii) decreased binding of some protein protease inhibitors by methyl chymotrypsin, (iii) lack of dimerization of methyl chymotrypsin at low pH, (iv) decreased stability of methyl chymotrypsin in urea, (v) a larger solvent deuterium isotope effect with methyl chymotrypsin, and (vi) decreased binding of a tetrahedral intermediate analog to methyl chymotrypsin. These properties suggest that while only subtle alterations occur in the active site upon methylation of His-57, the transition state and the tetrahedral intermediate are destabilized but not to the same extent. General base catalysis remains an integral feature of the hydrolytic mechanism of the modified chymotrypsin, and the base appears to be the methylated nitrogen of the imidazole moiety of His-57.
Unproven clinical evidence in mechanical ventilation.

Purpose of reviewTo describe the management principles that have not been verified or tested but nonetheless successfully guide the logic of everyday practice at the bedside.Recent findingsThe importance of physiologic data integration, timing, and careful patient selection has been emphasized by re
The LAD, NOS and split NOS methods for the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract Three iterative methods for numerically solving the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations are presented. These are the Laplacian Driver ( LAD ) method, the Numerical Oseen ( NOS ) method, and the Split NOS method. Unlike most methods, these are not time-dependent, nor even time-like in their iterations. Convergence requires under-relaxation of boundary vorticity. The convergence rate of the methods is problem-dependent, but comparisons with a time-dependent method for representative problems indicate faster convergence for the new methods, especially for flow-through problems. A stability analysis accurately predicts the optimum under-relaxation parameter for the problem of developing channel flow.
Variability in the role of the gasbladder in fish audition.

The teleost gasbladder is believed to aid in fish audition by transferring pressure components of incoming sound to the inner ears. This idea is primarily based on both anatomical observations of the mechanical connection between the gasbladder and the ear, followed by physiological experiments by various researchers. The gasbladder movement has been modeled mathematically as a pulsating bubble. This study is extending the previous work on fish with a physical coupling of the gasbladder and ear by investigating hearing in two species (the blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus, and the oyster toadfish Opsanus tau) without a mechanical linkage. An otophysan specialist (the goldfish Carassius auratus) with mechanical coupling, is used as the control. Audiograms were obtained with acoustically evoked potentials (e.g., auditory brainstem response) from intact fish and from the same individuals with their gasbladders deflated. In blue gourami and oyster toadfish, removal of gas did not significantly change thresholds, and evoked potentials had similar waveforms. In goldfish thresholds increased by 33–55 dB (frequency dependent) after deflation, and major changes in evoked potentials were observed. These results suggest that the gasbladder may not serve an auditory enhancement function in teleost fishes that lack mechanical coupling between the gasbladder and the inner ear.
Complexes of mercury(II) with palladium(II) chloride and with isobutylene

Abstract The principal insoluble solid product of the reaction between isobutylene and mercury(II) sulphate in 10 per cent sulphuric acid is mercury(I) sulphate; a yellow mercury-olefin complex that could not be isolated is also formed. The interaction of Hg 2+ and Pd 2+ in the presence of chloride ion results in a 1:1 complex which is interpreted as a bridged species involving chloride ion and water ligands.
Celiac artery stenosis: an underappreciated and unpleasant surprise in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

V M p eliac artery stenosis (CAS) is a relatively common inding. In the presence of CAS, arterial blood supply to he pancreas, stomach, spleen, and liver is usually sustained hrough a well-developed system of pancreaticoduodenal ollateral pathways. Blood supply to these organs has its rigin mainly in the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). uring pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), many or most of hese collateral vessels are ligated and divided, thereby genrating an ischemic threat to the liver, biliary tree, and even he stomach. Ischemia of these organs can complicate early nd late results of PD reconstruction and hepatic function. resence of CAS is an important finding during PD, which an require preoperative endovascular stenting or intraoprative revascularization. This work summarizes currently available data about the ascular anatomy of the upper abdominal organs. Both ormal and common variations of anatomy of the celiac rtery and SMA are presented, specifically about the potenial collateral pathways that can develop in the presence of AS. This information is presented from the perspective of he surgeon who performs or is planning to perform PD in patient with CAS. Awareness of the possibility of this ot-so-uncommon vascular disorder, a high index of suspiion and readiness to perform vascular reconstruction is equired to avoid potentially catastrophic ischemic compliations after PD.
Making the Case to Study the Volume-Outcome Relationship in Hematologic Cancers

The positive relationship between the volume of health services (hospital and physician) and health-related outcomes is established in the complex surgical treatment of cancers and certain nononcologic medical conditions. However, this topic has not been systematically explored in the medical management of cancers. We summarize the limited current state of knowledge about the volume-outcome relationship in the management of hematologic cancers and provide reasons why further research on this subject is necessary. We highlight the relatively low annual volume of hematologic cancers in the United States, the increasing complexity of making a diagnosis due to constant change in classification and prognostication, the rapid availability of novel agents with unique mechanisms of action and toxicities, and the proliferation of treatment guidelines distinct to each disease subtype. We also discuss the potential implications pertaining to medical practice and trainee education, including effects on quality of care, access and referral patterns, and subspecialty training.
A nonlinear predictive control of processes with multiscale objectives using a fuzzy-system identification approach

In this paper the problem of model based control of a microscopic process is investigated. The unavailability of closed-form models as well as the ill-definition of variables to describe the process evolution makes the controller design task challenging. We address this problem via a fuzzy system identification of the dominant process dynamics. The data required for the system identification of such processes is produced employing atomistic simulations. A methodology is developed in which fuzzy logic for nonlinear system identification is coupled with nonlinear model predictive Control for control of microscopic processes. We illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology on a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) realization of a simplified surface reaction scheme that describes the dynamics of CO oxidation by O 2 on a Pt catalytic surface. The nonlinear fuzzy model gives a good approximation to the system even without using filter for the system and the proposed controller successfully forces the process from one stationary state to another state.
Halos of intense proton beams

Beam halo is an important issue for accelerator driven transmutation technologies and other applications of CW proton accelerators. These projects include, for example, the accelerator transmutation of waste, accelerator-based conversion of plutonium, accelerator production of tritium, and the development of a next-generation spallation neutron source. To keep radioactivation within acceptable limits these accelerators must operate with a very low beam loss (less than a nanoampere per meter). Beam loss is associated with the presence of a low density halo far from the beam core. Understanding the physics of halo production and determining methods to control beam halo are important to these projects. In recent years significant advances have been made, both analytically and computationally. In the following we describe recent developments in beam halo theory and simulation, including results from multi-million particle simulations.
CONVICTED RAPISTS' PERCEPTIONS OF SELF AND VICTIM:: Role Taking and Emotions

This article is an attempt to bridge the gap between feminist structural explanations for rape and the social psychological mechanisms that make it possible for some men in patriarchal societies to feel neutral about sexual violence toward women. The concept of role taking is used to analyze the perceptions of self and victim held by 79 convicted rapists. Men who defined their behavior during sexual encounters as rape saw themselves from the perspective of their victim through reflexive role taking, had inferred their victims' experience through synesic role taking, and used this awareness to further their plan of action. Men who did not define their behavior as rape did neither reflexive nor synesic role taking and appeared incapable of understanding the meaning of sexual violence to women. The majority of both groups did not experience role-taking emotions, that is, guilt, shame, or empathy, which symbolic interactionists posit are the mediators of self-control. I argue that the gender imbalance of powe...
Evaluation of IEEE 802.11g and 802.16e for Lunar Surface Exploration Missions Using MACHETE Simulations

In this paper, we investigated the suitability of terrestrial wireless networking technologies for lunar surface exploration missions. Specifically, the scenario we considered consisted of two teams of collaborating astronauts, one base station and one rover, where the base station and the rover have the capability of acting as relays. We focused on the evaluation of IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.16 protocols, simulating homogeneous 802.11g network, homogeneous 802.16 network, and heterogeneous network using both 802.11g and 802.16. A mix of traffic flows were simulated, including telemetry, caution and warning, voice, command and file transfer. Each traffic type had its own distribution profile, data volume, and priority. We analyzed the loss and delay trade-offs of these wireless protocols with various link-layer options. We observed that 802.16 network managed the channel better than an 802.11g network due to controlled infrastructure and centralized scheduling. However, due to the centralized scheduling, 802.16 also had a longer delay. The heterogeneous (hybrid) of 802.11/802.16 achieved a better balance of performance in terms of data loss and delay compared to using 802.11 or 802.16 alone.
Use of Case Manager Ratings and Weekly Urine Toxicology Tests Among Outpatients With Dual Diagnoses

Use of drugs and alcohol by 43 predominantly male outpatients who had severe mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder were assessed weekly through the ratings of experienced dual disorder case managers and through blinded research urine toxicology tests. The percentage of weeks in which drugs or alcohol were used was calculated on the basis of one or both assessments. The case managers often missed drug use over the weekends, which was detected by the urine toxicology tests. Agreement between the two methods varied widely, even when the ratings were made by highly experienced case managers. These findings have implications for monitoring patients with dual diagnoses and provide insight into the accuracy of case manager ratings.