cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOTOMODIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES WITH EMPHASIS ON SINGLET OXYGEN MECHANISMS

This review discusses photomodification of biological membranes and model membrane systems. Current concepts of membrane structure are first reviewed briefly. The role of preillumination association of sensitizer with membranes as it relates to photomodification rate is discussed, as well as the role of singlet oxygen in membrane photomodification. Finally the characteristics of singlet oxygen generation in membranes are considered. The evidence clearly indicates that membrane photomodification cannot be understood based only on the properties of sensitizers and singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. Rather the properties of sensitizers in association with membranes are the determinants of membrane photomodifcation. These properties differ significantly in aqueous solution and in membranes.
TAKING PRAGMATISM SERIOUSLY: A REVIEW OF WILLIAM BAUM'S UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIORISM: BEHAVIOR, CULTURE, AND EVOLUTION (SECOND EDITION)

This important book has two main purposes. The first is to present, in a non-technical way, accessible to intelligent laypeople, a scientific, behavioral approach to all aspects of human activity including choice, rule-governed behavior, self control, religious belief, linguistic interaction, ethics, and culture. Its scope equals that of Skinner's nontechnical writings, but Baum's approach is more molar and more pragmatic than Skinner's. The book's second purpose is to embed behavioral science firmly in the context of Darwinian evolution. Baum is generally successful, we believe, in both of these ambitious purposes.
Neuroticism may be associated with history of depression in the elderly

The relationships between geriatric depression and various personality traits have never been fully clarified, and their clinical significance is uncertain. Depression in geriatric patients may differ from the disorder found in younger individuals, and may also have distinctive personality antecedents or consequences. In this study 16 elderly subjects who had recovered from depression and 14 elderly control completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the Personality Disorder Examination (PDE). On the EPI, neuroticism subscale scores were significantly higher for patients than controls, while mean extraversion scores were not significantly different. On the PDE, recovered depressives had higher dimensional scores than controls in each DSM-III-R personality disorder except antisocial. Neuroticism scores correlated significantly with PDE dimensional scores for all but two of the DSM-III-R personality disorders, while extraversion scores correlated significantly with only two PDE categories. Together, these findings suggest that neuroticism and criteria for most DSM-III-R personality disorders may be associated with history of depression in a geriatric population.
Widespread expression of functional D1-dopamine receptors in fetal rat brain

Maternal treatment with cocaine or the D1-dopamine receptor agonist, SKF 38393, induces expression of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, in fetal rodent brain. Our previous studies have focused on the suprachiasmatic nucleus late in gestation. In the present report, we examined the anatomical distribution of functional D1-dopamine receptors throughout fetal rat brain. Functional D1 receptors were defined using three complementary methods: in situ hybridization to detect D1 receptor mRNA, autoradiographic detection of 125I-SCH 23982 binding, and in situ hybridization to detect c-fos gene expression induced by maternal treatment with SKF 38393. D1-dopamine receptor binding, receptor mRNA, and SKF 38393-induced c-fos gene expression are widespread in fetal brain by late gestation. These data indicate that the fetal brain is sensitive to dopamine receptor activation, and suggest that gestational exposure to drugs of abuse acting via dopaminergic mechanisms may influence fetal brain function.
Depression and marital adjustment during pregnancy and after delivery

Abstract Depressive symptomatology and marital satisfaction during pregnancy and after delivery were studied in 51 couples. Measures of these constructs were obtained during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum for all couples. In addition, women also reported on their depressive symptomatology and marital satisfaction at 3 and 9 weeks postpartum and participated in an interview assessment of their depressive symptomatology during the second trimester of pregnancy and 9 weeks postpartum. Depression symptom severity decreased over pregnancy and the postpartum period for both men and women. Significant correlations were obtained between husbands' and wives' depressive symptomatology and between husbands' and wives marital satisfaction at each of the three common assessment points. It was also found that husbands' marital satisfaction at 6 weeks postpartum was significantly correlated with their wives' satisfaction with the social support provided by them. The implications of t...
Hellish Females: The Strange Woman of Septuagint Proverbs and 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184)

The Strange Woman of Proverbs can be understood as signifying a type of "real" woman who is immoral that the intended male addressees are taught to avoid. This is also the case in Septuagint Proverbs, but the LXX expands her ability to function as a metaphor for abstract ideas. 4Q184 creatively reworks the Strange Woman to describe a female who functions as a general symbol for wickedness. She is associated with Sheol to a greater extent than any figure from Proverbs. In their reception of the Strange Woman, the Septuagint and 4Q184 have interpretative traditions in common, or at least understand her in similar ways.
Stability of the hydrogen-storage compound Li 6 Mg(NH) 4 from first principles

It has been demonstrated that replacing Li${}_{2}$NH with the mixed imide ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{2}$ improves the reaction conditions for the hydrogen-storage system ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{NH}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\mathrm{LiNH}}_{2}+\mathrm{LiH}$, at the expense of reducing the gravitational hydrogen capacity from 6.5% to 5.6%. In this article, we report from first-principles calculations a possible mixed imide ${\mathrm{Li}}_{6}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{4}$ that has less Mg concentration and higher gravimetric capacity for hydrogen storage than ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{2}$. We find that ${\mathrm{Li}}_{6}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{4}$ is thermodynamically more stable than the phase-separated mixture of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{2}$ and Li${}_{2}$NH over a large temperature range. The reaction $\mathrm{LiH}+1/4\mathrm{Mg}({\mathrm{NH}}_{2}){}_{2}+1/2{\mathrm{LiNH}}_{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}1/4{\mathrm{Li}}_{6}\mathrm{Mg}(\mathrm{NH}){}_{4}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ can be completed via two steps and releases 6.0 wt % hydrogen in total, at a temperature about 40 ${}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$C lower than that for the cycling between LiNH${}_{2}$ and Li${}_{2}$NH.
Heat treatment, microstructure and corrosion of a low-gold casting alloy.

Summary The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between heat treatment, microstructure and corrosion of a low-gold casting alloy. Potentiostatic and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used to evaluate the chloride corrosion resistance of the alloy in the following conditions: (A) as cast, (B) bench cooled, (C) homogenized, (D) homogenized and aged for 2 h, and (E) homogenized and aged for 4 h. The microstructure of each sample, before and after corrosion, was examined by optical and/or scanning electron microscopy. In general, heterogeneous structures containing dendritic segregations and precipitates were found to be more prone to corrosion than the single phase solid solution structure produced by homogenization. On the basis of the potentiodynamic polarization data, the samples were ranked as follows: C>D>B>A>E, C being the most corrosion resistant structure.
Introduction: Background on new Spanish cinema

(1983). Introduction: Background on new Spanish cinema. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 8, The New Spanish Cinema, pp. 1-6.
Family Structure and Social Mobility

Different types of family structures experienced during childhood have varying effects on mens socioeconomic attainment and social mobility. Holding origin occupational characteristics constant men (both white and African American) from a mother-headed family structure do as well as men from two-biological-parent families. In contrast there is a negative effect of other types of family structures (father-headed stepfamily) on socioeconomic attainment. Also intergenerational occupational inheritance--from male family head to son or from female family head to son--is strongest when the mother is present weakest when the mother is absent. The farther alternative family structures take sons away from their mothers the more the intergenerational transmission process breaks down. (EXCERPT)
Report On ‘The MATCH Program: Integrating Student Learning in Science and Math’

The inability to integrate mathematics and chemistry continues to plague science and math undergraduates. General chemistry students often lack the ability to apply the mathematics they already know to problems given in their chemistry classes, and mathematics students often stumble through word problems. In response to this prevalent compartmentalization, Dr. Donald Wink created a program at the University of Illinois at Chicago to break down illusory mental borders between mathematics and chemistry. Strategically, he accomplished this by creating a single course where students work in teams to answer word problems; by stressing the effective use of graphing calculators in this course; and by giving significant, physical meaning to the symbols used in equations. During Dr. Wink’s ‘Integrating Student Learning in Math and Science’ workshop, attendees experienced these three techniques first-hand when they worked through mathematics-based chemistry problems (and vice versa) together.
Informal communication, sustainability, and the public writing work of organizations

Distributed work via social software increasingly functions as regularized discourse within organizations. Social software supports a kind of interstitial organizational writing practice, where knowledge workers publicly enact both personal and organizational discourses that foster and help sustain both personal and professional relationships. This paper details findings from two qualitative studies of social software as organizational, public writing work, exploring the role of microblogging in seeding knowledge assets and extending organizational relationships. I argue based on findings from these studies that informal communication via public, interstitial writing practices plays an important role in fostering the distribution and sustainability of organizational knowledge work.
A network model for the rotating workforce scheduling problem

The rotating workforce scheduling problem involves the construction of an efficient sequence of work and rest periods spanning over a number of weeks. This schedule must satisfy the workforce requirements during the different shifts of each day and conform to all the other conditions imposed on the work/rest periods and their sequence. We consider the modeling of the rotating workforce scheduling problem as a network flow problem. All the constraints on the problem are incorporated in the network itself, except for the staff-covering constraints that are treated as side constraints. The optimal solution to the problem corresponds to a path in the network and is identified using a dual-based approach. The model deals with the issues of rest-period identification, work/rest period sequencing, and shift scheduling simultaneously and is designed to handle multiple shift cases with time-varying demands. The procedure, which is capable of solving large-scale problems, is applied to three well-known problems in rotating workforce scheduling. The computational results presented indicate that this procedure provides a useful method for solving large-scale complex problems in workforce scheduling.
Decade-long trends in atrial fibrillation incidence and survival: a community study.

Abstract Background Contemporary data on temporal trends in incidence and survival after atrial fibrillation are scarce. Methods Residents of Olmsted County, Minn., with a first-ever atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter event between 2000 and 2010 were identified. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates were standardized to the 2010 US population, and the relative risk of atrial fibrillation in 2010 versus 2000 was calculated using Poisson regression. Standardized mortality ratios of observed versus expected survival were calculated, and time trends in survival were examined using Cox regression. Results We identified 3344 patients with incident atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter events (52% were male, mean age 72.6 years, 95.7% were white). Incidence did not change over time (age- and sex-adjusted rate ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-1.13 for 2010 vs 2000). Within the first 90 days, the risk of all-cause mortality was greatly elevated compared with individuals of a similar age and sex distribution in the general population (standardized mortality ratios 19.4 [95% CI, 17.3-21.7] and 4.2 [95% CI, 3.5-5.0] for the first 30 days and 31 to 90 days after diagnosis, respectively). Survival within the first 90 days did not improve over the study period (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.71-1.32 for 2010 vs 2000); likewise, no difference in mortality between 2010 and 2000 was observed among 90-day survivors (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.85-1.31). Conclusions In the community, atrial fibrillation incidence and survival have remained constant over the last decade. A dramatic and persistent excess risk of death was observed in the 90 days after atrial fibrillation diagnosis, underscoring the importance of early risk stratification.
Effectively complete equilibria—A note

Abstract It is well known that incomplete markets equilibrium allocations are generically inefficient. When the equilibrium allocation happens to be Pareto optimal, however—in which case markets are termed effectively complete —we show that when there is at least one agent who is consuming in the interior of his consumption set, this equilibrium can be extended to one for the complete markets economy. We also provide an example, however, in which every agent is on the boundary of his consumption set and there is a Pareto optimal incomplete markets equilibrium allocation which is not part of an equilibrium when markets are complete. This example is driven by the interaction between the incompleteness of markets and the nonnegativity constraints on consumption.
Self-Folding Cavitands of Nanoscale Dimensions

New types of resorcinarene-based nanoscale container molecules 2 and 3 are described. They feature reversibly folding unimolecular cavities of nanoscale dimensions and ∼800 A3 internal volume; they are among the largest synthetic unimolecular hosts prepared to date. Two seams of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, provided by 12 secondary amides, control the guest uptake and release. The hydrogen bonds resist the unfolding of the host and increase the energetic barrier to guest exchange. Exchange is slow on the NMR time scale (room temperature), and kinetically stable complexes result. The direct observation of bound species and the stoichiometry of the complexes are reported. A series of adamantyl and cyclohexyl guests 11−19 of various shapes and lengths were prepared and used to estimate the hosts' capacities. Compound 2 exists in an S-shaped conformation and its two cavities act independently; each half of host 2 formed kinetically stable complexes with either two identical or different guest molecules. The...
The Isotope Displacement in Hyperfine Structure

With Goudsmit's extension of Land\'e's formula for ($\stackrel{-}{\frac{1}{{r}^{3}}}$) it is possible to explain the order of magnitude of the isotope displacements in Hg, Tl, Pb arc and spark spectra on the hypothesis of small changes in nuclear radii. The nuclear radius is supposed to be proportional to the $\frac{1}{3}$ power of the atomic weight. The effective nuclear charge is supposed to be distributed with a roughly uniform density through the interior of the nucleus. The spectra Hg I, Hg II, Tl I, Tl II, Pb II, are in agreement with the above theory. The larger displacements are due to the addition or removal of a $6s$ or $7s$ electron to the electron configuration. The direction of the shift is in agreement with the supposition that the nuclear radius increases with atomic weight, the heavier isotope having the looser binding for the $s$ and ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ electrons. In order to explain the shifts of the $6{p}^{2}$, $6p7s$, $6p8s$, $d6p$, $6p8p$ configurations of PbI it is supposed that in this case the displacements are due principally to changes in the penetration to the nucleus of the $6{s}^{2}$ subgroup. These changes are presumably caused by differences in screening of the two $6s$ electrons from the nucleus as the valence electron is excited from the $6p$ state to the ionization limit.
The novel recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a potent psychomotor stimulant: self-administration and locomotor activity in rats

Recreational use of the cathinone derivative 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; "bath salts") has increased worldwide in past years, accompanied by accounts of health and legal problems in the popular media and efforts to criminalize possession in numerous jurisdictions. Minimal information exists on the effects of MDPV in laboratory models. This study determined the effects of MDPV, alongside those of the better studied stimulant d-methamphetamine (METH), using rodent models of intravenous self-administration (IVSA), thermoregulation and locomotor activity. Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer MDPV or METH (0.05 mg/kg/infusion, i.v.) or were prepared with radiotelemetry implants for the assessment of body temperature and activity responses to MDPV or METH (0-5.6 mg/kg s.c.). METH and MDPV were consistently self-administered within 10 training sessions (mg/kg/h; METH Mean = 0.4 and Max = 1.15; MDPV Mean = 0.9 and Max = 5.8). Dose-substitution studies demonstrated that behavior was sensitive to dose for both drugs, but MDPV (0.01-0.50 mg/kg/inf) showed greater potency and efficacy than METH (0.1-0.25 mg/kg/inf). In addition, both MDPV and METH increased locomotor activity at lower doses (0.5-1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) and transiently decreased activity at the highest dose (5.6 mg/kg, s.c.). Body temperature increased monotonically with increasing doses of METH but MDPV had a negligible effect on temperature. Stereotypy was associated with relatively high self-administered cumulative doses of MDPV (∼1.5 mg/kg/h) as well as with non-contingent MDPV administration wherein the intensity and duration of stereotypy increased as MDPV dose increased. Thus, MDPV poses a substantial threat for compulsive use that is potentially greater than that for METH.
Incorporation of nitrification inhibitors with urea and urea-ammonium nitrate for irrigated corn

Nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine] has been shown to delay nitrification and may increase nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency of crops under N loss conditions. Current application recommendations suggest immediate incorporation. With fertilizer N sources such as urea and urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution, immediate incorporation may not be practical. Experiments were conducted with irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) over 3 years to determine if nitrification inhibitor (NI) incorporation and contact with the fertilizer source was essential with urea and UAN to maintain efficacy of nitrapyrin and etridiazol [5-ethoxy-3-(trichloromethyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazole]. Nitrogen at a rate of 134 kg ha−1 was broadcast on a Hubbard loamy coarse sand (sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploboroll) before planting. Nitrification inhibitors were applied at 0.56 kg ha−1 either as coating on urea, mixed with UAN, or applied in a broadcast application separate from the application of the N fertilizer. Incorporation was conducted immediately after NI application. Leaching losses, reduced N availability each year of experimentation. Nitrogen uptake from urea with no NI applied was 26% higher than uptake from UAN and resulted in 11% higher grain yields. Volatilization of urea from either N source was not apparent. Nitrapyrin and etridiazol produced similar increases in N utilization and yield. Incorporation of nitrapyrin and etridiazol was essential to obtain efficacy with both fertilizer sources. Incorporation of both NIs (averaged over NI) increased grain yields 28% with urea and 16% with UAN. Separate applications of NI provided comparable results to application with the fertilizer material if the NI was incorporated immediately.
Focal Brain Ischemia in the Rat: Methods for Reproducible Neocortical Infarction Using Tandem Occlusion of the Distal Middle Cerebral and Ipsilateral Common Carotid Arteries

This article describes a 3-year experience with focal neocortical ischemia in three rat strains. Multiple groups of adult Wistar (n = 50), Fisher 344 (n = 31), and spontaneously hypertensive (n = 7...
Impact of different reperfusion modalities on ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction.

Single-plane contrast ventriculography was performed on admission and before hospital discharge in more than 200 patients with acute myocardial infarction participating in a series of prospective clinical trials including intracoronary streptokinase, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and thrombolysis (intravenous rt-PA or streptokinase) followed by PTCA. Both global ejection fraction (EF) and regional wall motion of the infarct zone were measured to assess serial changes. Patients treated with intracoronary streptokinase 3.6 ± 1.8 hours after symptom onset had no increase in EF (mean change 1 ± 6%, difference not significant [NS]), but patients treated with primary PTCA at 3.0 ± 1.2 hours did (mean improvement 8 ± 7%, p
Assessment of Cardiac and Pulmonary Function in Adult Patients with Hodgkin's Disease Treated with ABVD or MOPP/ABVD Plus Adjuvant Low-Dose Mediastinal Irradiation

We evaluated the long-term effects of combined modality therapy (CMT) with adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine (ABVD) or mechlorethamine, vincristine, prednisone, procarbazine (MOPP)/ABVD plus adjuvant low-dose (< 30 Gy) involved-field radiation therapy (LDRT) on cardiac and pulmonary functions in adult patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). Adjuvant LDRT (mean dose, 2340 cGy) to the mediastinum was administered to 24 patients after chemotherapy with MOPP/ABVD (n = 10) and ABVD (n = 14). The mean doses of doxorubicin and bleomycin were 233 mg/m2 and 92 IU/m2, respectively. Cardiac and pulmonary function tests were performed in all patients and, when available, were compared with pretreatment studies. After a median follow-up of 6.3 years, none of the patients had cardiac or pulmonary symptoms. A 4.7% overall decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was observed (p = 0.03), but only one patient had a mildly decreased LVEF (47%). Diastolic function, LVEF, and left ventricular volume remained within the normal range in the other 23 patients. Mild pulmonary function study abnormalities occurred in 8 of 24 patients, 6 of whom were cigarette smokers. There were no significant changes in total lung capacity and forced vital capacity (FVC) values, but there was a 3% overall decrease in FEV1/FVC ratio (p = 0.05). In adult patients with HD, adjuvant LDRT after chemotherapy with ABVD or MOPP/ABVD did not result in a significant incidence of permanent pulmonary or cardiac toxicity after more than 6.3 years of median follow-up. Further studies are warranted to fully evaluate the impact of such therapy on cardiopulmonary function.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Melting in an Alloy Irradiated With a High Energy Laser Beam

Lasers are being widely used in the material processing industry lately. In this work, study is performed on the resluting temperature and stress distribution, the width and depth of the melt pool in the heat-affected zone during material processing with a high energy Gussian laser beam. A three-dimensional enthalphy-based mathematical model is developed to study the effect of high energy laser beam on the formation of molten pool. The mathematical model is based on a three-dimensional transient heat equation taking into consideration the power intensity of the Gussian laser beam and phase diagram of the material. A computational algorithm is implemented to evaluate the temperature distributions as well as shape and size of molten pool. The numerical solution with the applied heat flux and convective boundary conditions is obtained usign a 3-D finite element code.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
English (Zero-)Relatives and the Competence-Performance Distinction

This article considers English zero-relatives ((this is) a book ∅ you should read). Zero-relatives are unacceptable, and arguably “ungrammatical”, when what is initial in the zero-relative is something other than a subject noun phrase. An analysis of the evidence suggests that the unacceptable cases do not reflect the grammar or grammatical principles, but processing complexity. This observation leads in turn to the proposal that what is considered to fall under linguistic competence (grammar) is much more restricted than is typically assumed, and that many supposedly grammatical phenomena are to be explained in other terms.
Want of Speech in RICHARD II

One need hardly be reminded of the symbolic ties between stage and scaffold during the English renaissance, though affirmation of those bonds varies by period and by dramatist. Guilty of sensationa...
Coating Life Prediction for Combustion Turbine Blades

A life prediction method for combustion turbine blade coatings has been developed by modeling coating degradation mechanisms including oxidation, spallation, and aluminum loss due to inward diffusion. Using this model, the influence of cycle time on coating life is predicted for GTD-11 1 coated with an MCrAlY, PtAl, or aluminide coating. The results are used to construct a coating life diagram that depicts failure and safe regions for the coating in a log-log plot of number of startup cycles versus cycle time. The regime where failure by oxidation, spallation, and inward diffusion dominates is identified and delineated from that dominated by oxidation and inward diffusion only. A procedure for predicting the remaining life of a coating is developed. The utility of the coating life diagram for predicting the failure and useful life of MCrAlY, aluminide, or PtAl coatings on the GTD-11 substrate is illustrated and compared against experimental data.
Diode laser based resonance ionization mass spectrometric measurement of strontium-90

Abstract A diode laser based scheme for the isotopically selective excitation and ionization of strontium is presented. The double-resonance excitation 5s2 1S0→5s5p 3P1→5s6s 3S1 is followed by photoionization at 488 nm. The isotope shifts and hyperfine structure in the resonance transitions have been accurately measured for the stable isotopes and 90Sr, with the measurement of the 90Sr shifts using sub-pg samples. Analytical tests, using graphite crucible atomization, demonstrated 90Sr detection limits of 0.8 fg and overall (optical+mass spectrometer) isotopic selectivity of >1010 against stable strontium.
Economic and political influences on international trade of tropical logs

Abstract A gravity model was used (1) to synthesise the system of economic—and, to some extent, political—influences which determined the multilateral flow of tropical logs during the period 1967 to 1973 and (2) to evaluate the changes in the relative importance of these factors over time. Shipping distance was found to be the most important determinant of trade intensity, with lesser but significant roles being played by size of the importing country, relative price in the importing and exporting country, level of development and wood availability of the exporter and total volume of trade between countries. Trade preferences corresponding to old colonial ties played a minor, although statistically significant, role in determining the volume of log trade. The influence of most variables influencing trade was found to be stable over the period of observation, except for a systematic shift in the role of per capita income, reflecting a rapid movement of exporting countries towards domestic processing of logs.
Logic Gate Failure Characterization for Nanoelectronic EDA Tools

As semiconductor process geometries shrink to nanometer regime, the transistors and interconnects become exceedingly susceptible to failure due to their physical limitations. Implementing a resilient circuit using imperfect nanoelectronic devices, such as Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNFETs), requires a detailed failure-based design optimization and cell characterization integrated into the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools. The focus of this paper is to provide a basic method of cell failure characterization for failure-based design optimization in nanoelectronic EDA tools. In a typical CNFET process, it is shown that the failure probability of a 1× NAND and 1× NOR gates are about twice and three times the failure probability of a 1× Inverter, respectively. EDA tools have to perform detailed "failure analysis" to identify "failure-prone critical paths" for further optimization, similar to critical path optimization during timing analysis.
Fault interaction at the junction of the Transverse Ranges and Eastern California shear zone: a case study of intersecting faults

Abstract A case study from southern California illustrates the value of detailed geologic data for understanding the kinematics of complex fault systems. The neotectonic behavior of faults at the junction of the Eastern California shear zone (ECSZ) and Transverse Ranges has implications for the interaction of intersecting, segmented fault systems and regional plate boundary evolution. Paleoseismic observations indicate that the North Frontal thrust system (NFTS) has ruptured once in the Holocene with 1.7-m displacement, despite previous speculations of inactivity based on its dissection by younger strike-slip faults. Simple polyphase deformation, in which dextral shear has replaced and overprinted thrusting, is thus not a valid explanation for this system of intersecting faults. This illustrates the limitations of inferring rupture behavior from mapped fault patterns alone. Neotectonic and geomorphic observations along the thrust system also suggest that the thrust segment west of the intersection with the dextral Helendale fault is significantly more active than the segment to the east. This is consistent with a simple block velocity model, in which dextral slip on the Helendale fault is balanced by convergence on the western thrust segment, dextral motion on the poorly studied Pipes Creek fault to the southeast, and inactivity on the eastern thrust segment. This divides the San Bernardino Mountains into domains dominated by thrusting (west) and strike-slip (east), the union of which is a quasi-stable triple junction. We speculate that this union has migrated to the west as the Mojave Desert has been translated southwards along the San Andreas fault.
The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes

Abstract Evidence from four studies demonstrates that social observers tend to perceive a “false consensus” with respect to the relative commonness of their own responses. A related bias was shown to exist in the observers' social inferences. Thus, raters estimated particular responses to be relatively common and relatively unrevealing concerning the actors' distinguishing personal dispositions when the responses in question were similar to the raters' own responses; responses differing from those of the rater, by contrast, were perceived to be relatively uncommon and revealing of the actor. These results were obtained both in questionnaire studies presenting subjects with hypothetical situations and choices and in authentic conflict situations. The implications of these findings for our understanding of social perception phenomena and for our analysis of the divergent perceptions of actors and observers are discussed. Finally, cognitive and perceptual mechanisms are proposed which might account for distortions in perceived consensus and for corresponding biases in social inference and attributional processes.
Characterization of polymeric thin films by low-damage secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract Static or low-damage secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to characterize thin films of a series of poly(alkyl)-methacrylates consisting of the methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, n-butyl and lauryl substituents. Relative ion intensities at four m/z values are used to distinguish between the various homologs. Ion intensities at m/z values characteristic of the substituent group appear to be significant relative to the backbone (hydrocarbon type) ion intensities. Low-damage SIMS offers a means of direct and “apparent” nondestructive analysis of polymeric thin films.
The madding crowd goes to school: Myths about crowds in introductory sociology textbooks

The authors examined the crowd sections of 20 introduction to sociology textbooks, coding them for the presence of seven crowds myths-claims about crowds that have no empirical support and have been rejected by scholars in the field. The number of myths per book ranges from five to one. The authors conclude by making suggestions for rewriting these chapters and for improving the book reviewing process.
Randomized Trial of Pre-Emptive or Prophylactic Valganciclovir Therapy for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Renal Transplantation

In this issue of JASN , Reischig et al. [1][1] report important information on a randomized trial of pre-emptive or prophylactic valganciclovir therapy in renal transplant recipients. It is the follow-up of a prospective trial of 70 initial patients transplanted between October 2003 and August 2006
Social and Individual Predictors of Substance Use for Native American Youth

ABSTRACT Substance abuse is a primary concern for youth worldwide and increasingly so for Native American youth. Guided by theoretical models of the socialization of substance use in children and adolescents, we conducted a preliminary examination of socialization factors specific to Native American youth. Strong, pro-social bonds with three primary socialization sources (family, school, and peer networks) were hypothesized to facilitate child self-efficacy and refusal skills and predict drug use. Participants were 84 Native American children between the ages of 9 and 11, living on or near a northern reservation. Structural path analysis results indicated that self-efficacy was predicted from school bonding and peer social skills, while refusal skills were predicted from parent support/involvement and school bonding. Both self-efficacy and refusal skills predicted child drug use/experimentation. This preliminary study expands the limited research available for substance abuse prevention projects specific ...
Exploring the Enigmatic Link between Religion and Anti‐Black Attitudes

This review explores social psychological perspectives on the complex relationship between religion and anti-Black prejudice in the United States. We examine the different ways in which religiosity has been conceptualized by behavioral scientists. We consider the methodological limitations of previous research, as well as how the advent of priming research introduces new empirical questions regarding religiosity and anti-Black prejudice, such as whether activation of different religious conceptions (e.g., God versus religion) or priming via different types of stimuli (e.g., words versus images) produces different outcomes. Finally, we discuss the lack of diverse samples in the present literature and highlight the need for additional research with Black American respondents. Conclusions consider the real world implications of links between religion and anti-Blackness for both White individuals (e.g., intergroup relations) and Black individuals (e.g., psychological functioning).
Hurricane Heat Potential of the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract It has been demonstrated that a large input of energy from the ocean is necessary to establish and maintain hurricane force winds over the sea. However, there has been no suitable data which could serve as a basis for calculating this input. Now, observations are available to show that, early in the hurricane season, there are varying initial conditions in the Gulf of Mexico which could lead to significantly different total heat exchanges. The sea can provide some seven days of energy flow into a hurricane at some times and at some locations, but less than one day in others depending upon the amount of heat initially available in the Gulf waters. In the four summers represented by the data, a quantity defined as hurricane heat potential was found to vary from a low of 700 cal cm−2 column north of Yucatan to a high of 31,600 in the central east Gulf. Synoptic data on hurricane heat potential, if made regularly available to forecasters, might serve as a basis for improved forecasts of changes in In...
An analytical model for performance yield of nanoscale SRAM accounting for the sense amplifier strobe signal

This paper presents a model for the exact distribution of performance yield in an SRAM using order statistics for strobed and non-strobed sense amplifier (SA) implementations. Monte-Carlo simulation results validate the model, which offers a speedup in runtime of 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. Using the model, we quantify the potential benefits of using a non-strobed SA in different types of system architectures.
Straits used for international navigation

(1987). Straits used for international navigation. Ocean Development & International Law: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 391-409.
Effect of calfhood vaccination on transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus under typical drylot dairy conditions.

Objective—To estimate transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and crude morbidity and mortality ratios in BVDV-vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy heifer calves managed under typical dairy drylot conditions. Design—Randomized clinical trial. Animals—106 female Holstein calves. Procedure—Seroconversion rates for BVDV types I and II and proportional morbidity and mortality ratios were compared between calves given a killed BVDV type-I vaccine at 15 days of age and a modified-live BVDV type-I vaccine at 40 to 45 days of age (n = 53) and calves given no BVDV vaccines (53). Sera were collected at 45-day intervals as calves moved from individual hutches to corrals holding increasingly larger numbers of calves. Seroconversion was used as evidence of exposure to BVDV. Results—Crude proportional morbidity (0.16) and mortality (0.17) ratios for control calves did not differ significantly from those of vaccinated calves (0.28 and 0.12, respectively). The proportion of control calves that seroconverted to BV...
The impact of dissociation on PTSD treatment with cognitive processing therapy

Background: This secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) and its constituent components investigated whether dissociation decreased over the course of treatment primarily targeting symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and explored whether levels of dissociation predicted treatment outcome differentially by treatment condition. Methods: An intention to treat sample of 150 women were randomized to CPT, cognitive therapy only (CPT-C) or written trauma accounts only (WA). Dissociation was measured by the dissociation subscale of the Traumatic Stress Inventory and the Multiscale Dissociation Inventory. Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed significant decreases in dissociation that did not vary as a function of treatment condition. Growth curve modeling revealed significant treatment condition by dissociation interactions such that the impact of pretreatment levels of dissociation impacted the treatment conditions differently. Conclusions: Women who endorsed low pretreatment levels of dissociation responded most efficiently to CPT-C, whereas women with the highest levels of dissociation, in particular high levels of depersonalization, responded better to CPT. Depression and Anxiety 29:718–730, 2012. C � 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aspirin Dose for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetics

OBJECTIVETo determine whether a specific dose of aspirin can be recommended for prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.DATA SOURCEBiomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1990–February 2002). Key terms included diabetes, cardiovascular protection, and aspirin.DATA SYNTHESISPharmacologic and clinical studies focusing on the dose–response relationship of aspirin therapy were reviewed. Evidence supports the benefit of low-dose aspirin therapy in reducing vascular events in secondary and primary prevention trials in various patient populations; however, some studies suggest larger doses of aspirin may be needed in certain patients.CONCLUSIONSReview of the evidence does not support a particular dose of aspirin for cardiovascular protection in diabetic patients. Clinical guidelines recommend aspirin therapy in the range of 81–325 mg/d. However, due to an increased prevalence of cardiovascular morbidity and disturbances in coagulation in diabetic patients, the dose of aspirin f...
Does Heavy Turnout Help Democrats in Presidential Elections

There is conventional political wisdom that high voter turnout in a U.S. presidential election advantages the majority party. Because the Democratic party has been the dominant party in recent decades, this turnout advantage is often believed to accrue to Democratic presidential candidates. In an article in the June 1980 issue of the Review, James DeNardo challenged this conventional view. Indeed, he claimed that the majority party was likely to suffer with increased turnout when the behavior of core and peripheral voters is taken into account. Harvey J. Tucker and Arnold Vedlitz take issue with DeNardo's reasoning and evidence, and DeNardo embellishes and underscores his original case.
Acute respiratory distress following ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block.

Background Brachial plexus blocks have become very common for patients undergoing upper extremity surgery. We report a case in which the patient developed ipsilateral phrenic nerve paralysis and acute respiratory failure following supraclavicular nerve block. Case Report A 61-year-old female diabetic, morbidly obese patient presented for a repeat debridement of necrotizing fasciitis on her left arm. She received a left-sided supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Within a few minutes, the patient began to experience acute dyspnea, anxiety, and oxygen saturation of 90%. Breath sounds were diminished in the left hemithorax. Arterial blood gases revealed evidence of acute respiratory acidosis. The chest x-ray was normal. After induction, we intubated the patient. Subsequent arterial blood gases showed marked improvement in respiratory acidosis. We believed left phrenic nerve paralysis to be the cause of the distress. The patient was extubated in the surgical intensive care unit the following day, and infusion of ropivacaine 0.2% was started. The catheter was removed afterward secondary to its occlusion. Conclusion Phrenic nerve injury leading to respiratory distress is a rare complication of supraclavicular brachial plexus block. Anesthesiologists should be ready for emergency intubation when performing this kind of block.
Palmitoylation of oncogenic NRAS is essential for leukemogenesis

Activating mutations of NRAS are common in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Like all RAS proteins, NRAS must undergo a series of post-translational modifications for differential targeting to distinct membrane subdomains. Although farnesylation is the obligatory first step in post-translational modifications of RAS, to date, successes of therapies targeting farnesyl protein transferase are modest. Other RAS modifications, such as palmitoylation, are required for optimal plasma membrane association of RAS proteins. However, the relative importance of these latter modifications of RAS in leukemogenesis is not clear. We have previously shown that expression of oncogenic NRAS using a bone marrow transduction and transplantation model efficiently induces a chronic myelomonocytic leukemia- or acute myeloid leukemia-like disease in mice. Here we examined the role of palmitoylation in NRAS leukemogenesis using this model. We found that palmitoylation is essential for leukemogenesis by oncogenic NRAS. We also found that farnesylation is essential for NRAS leukemogenesis, yet through a different mechanism from that of palmitoylation deficiency. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that palmitoylation is an essential process for NRAS leukemogenesis and suggests that the development of therapies targeting RAS palmitoylation may be effective in treating oncogenic NRAS-associated malignancies.
Hierarchical optical ring interconnection (HORN): scalable interconnection network for multiprocessors and multicomputers.

A new interconnection network for massively parallel computing is introduced. This network is called a hierarchal optical ring interconnection (HORN). The HORN consists of a single-hop, scalable, constant-degree, strictly nonblocking, fault-tolerant interconnection topology that uses wavelength-division multiple access to provide better utilization of the terahertz bandwidth offered by optics. The proposed optical network integrates the attractive features of hierarchical ring interconnections, e.g., a simple node interface, a constant node degree, better support for the locality of reference, and fault tolerance, with the advantages of optics. The HORN topology is presented, its architectural properties are analyzed, and an optical design methodology for it is described. Furthermore, a brief feasibility study of the HORN is conducted. The study shows that the topology is highly amenable to optical implementation with commercially available optical elements.
In vivo processes in cognitive therapy for depression: Frequency and benefits

Several recent variants of cognitive therapy (CT) for depression attempt to improve treatment with an increased focus on the occurrence of problems in the context of the therapy setting, the therapeutic process, and the therapeutic relationship. These processes are referred to as in vivo work. However, it is possible that cognitive therapists already incorporate in vivo work. One study compared standard CT to a version that emphasized in vivo work according to the guidelines outlined in functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP). The resulting treatment was called FAP-enhanced cognitive therapy (FECT). Using a turn-by-turn process-coding method, the authors examined therapist behavior in every session of this study to determine the frequency of in vivo work. Results indicated that cognitive therapists only occasionally engaged in such work, but rates increased in FECT and related to several weekly client-reported variables, including progress in treatment but not depressive symptoms.