cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sentence processing in an artificial language: Learning and using combinatorial constraints

A study combining artificial grammar and sentence comprehension methods investigated the learning and online use of probabilistic, nonadjacent combinatorial constraints. Participants learned a small artificial language describing cartoon monsters acting on objects. Self-paced reading of sentences in the artificial language revealed comprehenders’ sensitivity to nonadjacent combinatorial constraints, without explicit awareness of the probabilities embedded in the language. These results show that even newly-learned constraints have an identifiable effect on online sentence processing. The rapidity of learning in this paradigm relative to others has implications for theories of implicit learning and its role in language acquisition.
Studies on recombination within the mouse H-2 complex. II. Serological analyses of four recombinants, H-2al,H-2,ol,H-2tl, and H-2th.

Detailed serological analyses of four intra-H—2 recombinants for 20 H—2 alloantigenic specificities were conducted. The H—2 alloantigenic profiles of these recombinants and resulting assignments to the H—2 genetic fine structure map are presented.
Clinal variation in body and cell size in a widely distributed vertebrate ectotherm.

Bergmann’s rule states that, among conspecific populations, individuals are larger in cooler than in warmer environments as a consequence of selection related to heat conservation. Many of the most comprehensive assessments of Bergmann’s rule to date have examined clinal patterns in body size among species assemblages. Our study is a more direct test of Bergmann’s rule because we examine the pattern within a single, widely distributed species. We examined geographic variation in body and cell size in the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata). Our analysis of 818 turtles collected from the entire range (45–28°N), indicated that body size increased with latitude; however, the relationship was driven by a population of large turtles at the northern extreme of the species’ range. When the northern population was removed from the analyses, Bergmann’s rule was not supported, and the smallest turtles occurred near the central part of the species’ distribution. Recent literature has suggested that latitudinal clines in body size may simply be a physiological byproduct of the effects of temperature on cell division, resulting in larger cells, and hence larger organisms, from cooler temperatures. Measurements of the diameter of skin cells did not support the hypothesis that cell size increases with latitude and decreases with temperature in the spotted turtle, nor was there a significant relationship between body size and cell size. Our study suggests that neither Bergmann’s rule nor cell size variation sufficiently explain the body size cline observed in the spotted turtle. We hypothesize that patterns in body size are related to variation in female size at maturity and reproductive cycles.
Centralizing Decentralized Governance in Brazil

Contrary to the once-popular notion of the central bureaucracy withering away as an outcome of decentralization, scholars have shown that in cases of local policy success, national bureaucrats have instead redefined their roles, strengthening their focus on monitoring and accountability. Yet building national capacity for effective oversight presents a challenge within a context of strong subnational autonomy such as Brazil. Comparing the dynamics of decentralization across two areas of health policy, AIDS and tuberculosis, this article presents one strategy utilized by federal bureaucrats to increase their regulatory capacity: seeking resources located outside the formal political arena. Specifically, national bureaucrats utilize international resources to mobilize local civic groups as policy watchdogs, thus increasing the accountability of subnational politicians both to the center and to the public.
Fast implementation of a linearity test approach for high-resolution ADCs using non-linear ramp signals

The bottleneck of linearity test for high-resolution ADCs lies in the design and manufacturing of fast and stationary signal generators with performance much better than the specification of ADCs under test. Recently a cost-effective approach was proposed for precision ADC linearity test using low-linearity but easy-to-generate ramp signals. This approach relaxed the linearity requirements on the signal generator and maintained high test accuracy by employing a stimulus error identification and removal algorithm. In this paper, a reduced-density interleaved sampling scheme is proposed for the new approach to cut down the data collection time and guarantee the new approach's robustness to the environmental non-stationary. Theoretical analyses and simulation results show that with the discussed sampling scheme, the test time of the original approach can be reduced by nearly a factor of two and 16-bit test accuracy can be achieved by using 7-bit linear ramp signals, which is comparable to the performance of the original ADC test approach.
Microphone array speech enhancement in overdetermined signal scenarios

The problem of enhancing noisy speech by using a microphone array is considered. An algorithm called the graphic equalizer (GEQ) array is presented which trades off signal degradation for additional interference suppression. The algorithm is based on the concept of directly modifying the short-time spectral magnitude of the sum of the received signals. Simulation results are given that illustrate the advantages of using the GEQ array for diffuse-noise scenarios and for scenarios involving more interference signals than array degrees of freedom. The GEQ array was shown to outperform the Frost array for diffuse-noise and overdetermined signal scenarios, in which the Frost array was not capable of attenuating all of the interference with one broad null. While the GEQ array did not always yield a better SNR than the Frost array for these scenarios, it often outperformed the Frost array in terms of the power function spectral distance measure, a measure that is more highly correlated with human auditory perception than is the SNR. >
Patient Factors That Influence Warfarin Dose Response

Warfarin has long been the mainstay of oral anticoagulation therapy for the treatment and prevention of venous and arterial thrombosis. The narrow therapeutic index of warfarin, and the complex number of factors that influence international normalized ratio (INR) response, makes optimization of warfarin therapy challenging. Determination of the appropriate warfarin dose during initiation and maintenance therapy requires an understanding of patient factors that influence dose response: age, body weight, nutritional status, acute and chronic disease states, and changes in concomitant drug therapy and diet. This review will examine specific clinical factors that can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, as well as the role of pharmacogenetics in optimizing warfarin therapy.
An Epistemological Perspective on Intelligence Assessment among African American Children

Intelligence assessment procedures fail to tap additional capabilities of African American children. One cause of this problem is the failure of conventional IQ tests to tap attributes of the Afric...
Tick-borne ehrlichioses

Summary Tick-transmitted ehrlichiae are small obligately intracellular bacteria that are maintained in zoonotic cycles involving persistently ehrlichaemic rodents, ruminants, or canids. Ehrlichiae grow as clusters within a cytoplastic vacuole in monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, and in animal ehrlichioses also in platelets, erythrocytes, and endothelial cells. Ongoing reclassification of ehrlichiae will place the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), Ehrlichia phagocytophila , in the genus Anaplasma , whereas E chaffeensis , the agent of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (HME), and E ewingii , which also grows in neutrophils, remain in the genus Ehrlichia . HGE is transmitted by Ixodes species ticks in the upper midwestern and northeastern USA, northern California, and northwestern and eastern Europe. Ranging in severity from mild or symptomless to fatal (0·7%), HGE presents nonspecifically except for frequent thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and elevated hepatic transaminases. HME presents similarly in the southwestern and south-central USA, but more often manifests as meningoencephalitis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute renal failure, rash, and death (2·7%). Diagnosis of human ehrlichioses is usually achieved by a four-fold rise in antibody immunofluorescence titre or by species-specific PCR. Detection of ehrlichiae in leucocytes in peripheral blood smears is achieved more often in HGE than HME. Doxycycline is the drug of choice for human ehrlichioses in most clinical situations. Higher recognised incidences, additional clinical manifestations, wider worldwide geographic distribution, and further discoveries of new human ehrlichioses are likely.
Analyzing ''Inconsistencies'' in Practice: Teachers' Continued Use of Round Robin Reading

This study analyzed in-service teachers' and literacy coaches' perceptions of Round Robin Reading to begin developing an understanding of the persistence of this practice in public schools in the United States. Surveying 80 teachers and 27 literacy coaches using an open-ended instrument, we found that many teachers continued to use Round Robin Reading for a variety of reasons. Teacher-given reasons for using Round Robin Reading included covering content, managing classroom behavior, improving fluency, and assessing students' literacy development. Distinct differences in knowledge of fluency research were identified in teachers who used and did not use Round Robin Reading in their teaching. Based on this research, we consider that professional development aimed at supplanting Round Robin Reading in instruction and focused on meeting teachers' instructional goals is essential; it appears that simply reviewing research that indicates Round Robin Reading is an ineffective practice is insufficient, in and of i...
A parametric method for solving certain nonconcave maximization problems

A maximization problem with linear inequality constraints and different kinds of nonconcave objective functions is considered. By means of parametric quadratic programming, the solution of the original problem is reduced to the determination of the absolute maximum of a continuous function of one variable on a bounded interval.
Knee Kinematics Are Related to Patient-Reported Outcomes 6 Months After Anatomic ACL Reconstruction

Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is among the most common procedures performed in orthopaedics. Patient reported outcomes (PRO) are widely utilized to evaluate symptoms, activity, and participation in sport after ACL reconstruction. Although altered in vivo knee kinematics after ACL reconstruction have been reported, the association with PRO has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PRO and dynamic knee kinematics as tracked by a Dynamic Stereo X-ray system (DSX system).
The Deutsches Ausland-Institut and the Third Reich

This is a study of the relationship between a nation and a small portion of its people and their descendants who choose to emigrate to the United States, but did not want to yield their national and racial identity. It is the story of the attempts of a German institute — the “Deutsches Ausland-Institut” — to further the aims of National Socialism among these people.
Famous Persons as Patients

Famous persons develop illnesses, just like the rest of us, and when they do, what happens may affect the lives of many. This chapter looks at some persons with familiar names who had diseases such as gout, agoraphobia, depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, and more—and the effect these illnesses had on others. Of course, historical records and legend are sometimes on shaky ground, and Chap. 9 tells some instances of retrospective diagnosis, including medical reconsideration of the cause of death of Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, the health status of Joan of Arc, and the reason for the yellow hues in Vincent van Gogh’s later paintings.
The Cauchy problem for a 4-parameter family of equations with peakon traveling waves

Abstract The initial value problem for a novel 4-parameter family of evolution equations, which are nonlinear and nonlocal and possess peakon traveling wave solutions, is studied on both the line and the circle. It is proved that this family of equations is well-posed in the sense of Hadamard when the initial data belong to the Sobolev spaces H s with s > 5 / 2 . Also, it is shown that the data-to-solution map is not uniformly continuous. However, if H s , s > 5 / 2 , is equipped with a weaker H r norm, 0 ⩽ r s , then the solution map becomes Holder continuous.
Changes in the fatty acid composition of Drosophila melanogaster during development and ageing

In Drosophila melanogaster the saturated fatty acids increase in amount early in pupal development relative to the concentrations in late third instar larvae, then decline to the levels characteristic of one-day-old adults. Conversely, the monounsaturated fatty acids decline in content early in pupal development, then increase late in the pupal period. Lauric acid (12:0), myristic acid (14:0) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) become more prominent and oleic acid (18:1) and palmitic acid (16:0) less prominent as the adult ages. At about 40 days of adult age myristic acid (14:0) begins to decrease and oleic acid (18:1) to increase. Within 20 days of eclosion males and females contain different amounts of myristic acid (14:0), palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (18:1).
Ethical and Medicolegal Considerations

Ethical and medicolegal dilemmas frequently arise in the perioperative care of term and preterm neonates. This requires that pediatric anesthesiologists have a working knowledge of these ethical concerns in order to provide comprehensive care. Here we provide a concise review of common ethical challenges in the perioperative care of term and preterm neonates utilizing a widely accepted decision-making framework and then examine fundamental medicolegal concerns in neonatal care.
Grain boundary dominated ion migration in polycrystalline organic–inorganic halide perovskite films

The efficiency of perovskite solar cells is approaching that of single-crystalline silicon solar cells despite the presence of a large grain boundary (GB) area in the polycrystalline thin films. Here, by using a combination of nanoscopic and macroscopic level measurements, we show that ion migration in polycrystalline perovskites dominates through GBs. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal much stronger hysteresis both for photocurrent and dark-current at the GBs than on the grain interiors, which can be explained by faster ion migration at the GBs. The dramatically enhanced ion migration results in the redistribution of ions along the GBs after electric poling, in contrast to the intact grain area. The perovskite single-crystal devices without GBs show negligible current hysteresis and no ion-migration signal. The discovery of dominating ion migration through GBs in perovskites can lead to broad applications in many types of devices including photovoltaics, memristors, and ion batteries.
The Primacy of Party Reasserted

Two years ago Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin disputed the idea that Americans between 1840 and 1860 were preoccupied by or actively engaged in partisan political activity.' Now, in separate essays, Ronald P. Formisano and Mark VossHubbard question the continued validity and utility of the related notion, most closely associated with Richard L. McCormick and Joel H. Silbey, that from approximately 1835 to 1900, the so-called party period of American political history, political parties, especially major parties, dominated political life by inculcating voters and officeholders with partisan values, expectations, and habits.2 McCormick and Silbey characterized this period in similar ways because both sought less to account for political changes within that period than to contrast it as a whole with earlier and, especially, later political eras. Nonetheless, there were important distinctions in their accounts. The most relevant to the present critiques concerns policy making or governance. Echoing his important study of roll-call voting in Congress between 1841 and 1852, The Shrine of Party, Silbey insisted that "policy making within legislative chambers . . . was essentially and always partisan," and by this, clearly, Silbey encompassed more than economic policy.3 In contrast, McCormick, since his days as a graduate student at Yale University, had been interested in the connection between popular voting and policy making. Thus in the 1979 essay in which he coined the phrase "the party period," McCormick also alleged that distributive policy making was the dominant form of governance during that era. He credited it with allowing, indeed strengthening, the hold that political parties exercised over the public life of the era. In the twentieth century, in contrast, the shift from
Studies of Bitumen−Silica and Oil−Silica Interactions in Ionic Liquids

Previous work in this laboratory has shown that bitumen and oil can be readily separated from sand, using ionic liquids at ambient temperatures. To probe the mechanism underlying the relative ease of separation, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to study interaction forces and adhesion between bitumen surfaces and a silica probe in the presence of liquid media. The energy of adhesion between bitumen samples obtained from both Canadian and U.S. oil sands are approximately an order of magnitude smaller in an ionic liquid medium than in aqueous solution. This behavior was traced to the ability of ionic liquids to form layered charge structures on surfaces. Although interactions between the silica probe and an aged crude oil sample could not be determined, because the probe adhesion to the oil film exceeded the force capacity of the AFM, thermodynamic considerations indicate that the energy of separation of silica from aged oil is also significantly smaller in an ionic liquid medium than in aqueous ...
Research Progress on Detection Methods for Air Ammonia

[Objective]The irritative ammonia in air might damage the human health.Therefore,to establish method for detecting ammonia with high sensitivity,specificity and environment-friendly was very necessary.This article introduced the research progress on detection methods for ammonia in the air,including indigo powder blue,leonard's reagent chromometry and acetyl acetone formaldehyde spectrophotometry,salicylate spectrophotometry,ninhydrin spectrophotometry and ion chromatography.The uncertainty generated in the determination of ammonia was analyzed.The article also introduced a solid phase adsorption gas sampler,which was newly developed and suitable for collection and analysis of ammonia in indoor air.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF STABLE CARBON IOSTOPES IN NATURAL GAS AND OIL GEOCHEMISTRY

With the development in modern testing and analyzing techniques, carbon isotopes have been used widely in oil and gas geochemistry. Recent advances in carbon isotope studies are summarized in this paper, which include identification of source rock type and forming-environment, the genetic type of natural gas, maturity of natural gas, the correlation of oil-gas-source, the alteration of oil and gas, the retracing of second migration of oil and/or gases, the mixing of different natural gases, the application in reservoir geochemistry. Some questions in application of carbon isotope in oil and gas geochemistry are also discussed.
A survey of damping low frequency oscillations in an electric power system

This paper starts from the cause of low frequency oscillation(LFO) and than points out that there are several ways to study the LFO including its rejection measures.In view of the fact that the conventional power system stabilizer is considered as the best way to damp the LFO,the paper show that different effects of various power system stabilizers(PSS) on the LFO along with the description of the strong points of each individual through an analysis and comparison.The paper also points out that the present electric power system find its operational mode very complex.Its future development is also discussed in the paper.
Social Context of Family Caregiving

The historical and current contexts of caregiving in later life in the United States are briefly discussed. A short description of the types of health problems typical in the elderly and affecting their need for care is included. This section also describes the occurrence of needing or giving care currently and future predictions of its prevalence. The factors that affect provision of care and the consequences of furnishing that assistance are also briefly reviewed.
Redox-Based Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Skin Cancers

Skin cancer is the most common form of human cancers; epithelial cells are the fastest dividing cells and thus have the highest risk of becoming malignant. Despite the improvement in therapeutic strategies, skin cancer is still one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. In the United States, skin cancer accounts for nearly half of all the cancers. Various factors including chronic ultraviolet irradiation, chemicals, DNA damage, and several viruses can contribute to the initiation, promotion, or proliferation of human skin cancer. This chapter starts with an overview of skin cancer and standard therapy, followed by a detailed discussion of both clinical and preclinical studies of redox-based therapeutic strategies for skin cancer, of which, the largest group involves the use of phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. Phytochemicals that occur naturally in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and grains are promoted for their benefits in preventing and treating various diseases including cancer. They are known to have antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic capabilities and hence are considered a good therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. We identify certain phytochemicals that are currently in use and are being studied as potential anticarcinogens. Antioxidant enzymes are also discussed because of their high potency. New emerging agents such as antimalarial drugs, antidepressants, and cancer stem cell therapy are discussed as future directions for skin cancer therapy.
Comparison of Point-of-Care Activated Clotting Time Methods in Different Clinical Settings in a Large Academic Medical Center

Objectives: This study is a comparative analysis of measured activated clotting time (ACT) values by use of 5 different point-of-care (POC) ACT methods spanning the range detected during different clinical procedures at our institution. Methods: We determined the correlation, imprecision, and differences in measured ACT values with use of 4 POC ACT methods compared with a reference ACT method in 41 venous whole blood samples collected from 25 adult patients undergoing interventional procedures. The POC ACT methods evaluated included the i-STAT with kaolin activator in prewarm mode, i-STAT with Celite activator in prewarm and nonprewarm modes, ACTPlus, and HMSPlus, which was designated the reference method. Each venous whole blood patient sample was tested in duplicate on each POC ACT test system (total n = 410 ACT measurements). Analyses of imprecision and differences in measured ACT values were stratified by moderate (100–299 s) and high (≥300 s) ACT ranges. Results: In this study population, measured ACT values ranged from 100–835 s with use of the HMSPlus. All methods demonstrated good correlation (r ≥ 0.95) in ACT values compared to the reference method. Imprecision varied by method with ranges of 1.7%–2.7% CV in the moderate ACT range and 2.5%–4.8% CV in the high ACT range. ACTPlus and i-STAT-Celite-prewarm methods exhibited proportional differences in measured ACT values whereas the i-STAT-Celite-nonprewarm and i-STAT-kaolin-prewarm demonstrated constant differences in measured ACT values compared to HMSPlus. Conclusions: ACT values correlate well between POC methods. Imprecision and difference profiles vary by method; notably, imprecision exceeds systematic differences in the high ACT range and contributes to intermethod differences that are limitations worthy of consideration when contemplating a change in ACT methods.
Spatial disparities of Uber accessibility: An exploratory analysis in Atlanta, USA

Abstract Inequality of accessibility in transportation systems is a constant concern, which is intensified by the transportation economization process and the digital divide. How should the accessibility of crowdsourced transportation is measured and understood? Without any prior assumption, this paper openly explores spatial disparities of accessibility in the city of Atlanta, USA using both the UberX (the most popular Uber product) and the UberBLACK (the premium Uber product) data. Accessibility is measured by both the expectation and variability of Uber wait time. With spatial autoregressive models, we find that after controlling for other socioeconomic factors, wealth and race do not have significant associations with Uber accessibility. Additionally, higher road network density, population density, and less commuting time to work correlate with greater Uber accessibility. More public transport stops are related to better accessibility of UberX but worse accessibility of UberBLACK. Finally, implications for policy-makers are provided.
Adaptive Performance Sensitivity Model to Support GPU Power Management

Integrated graphics units consume a large portion of power in client and mobile systems. Pro-active power management algorithms have been devised to meet expected user experience while reducing energy consumption. These techniques often rely on power and performance sensitivity models that are constructed at design phase using a number of workloads. Despite this, the lack of representative workloads and model identification overhead adversely impact accuracy and development time, respectively. Conversely, two main challenges limit runtime post-design identification: the absence of sensitivity feedback from the system and the limited computational resources. We propose a two-stage methodology that first identifies the features of the sensitivity model offline by leveraging a reduced amount of training data and then uses recursive least square algorithm to fit and adapt the coefficients of the model to workload changes at runtime. The proposed adaptive approach can reduce offline training data by 50% with respect to full offline model identification while maintaining accuracy as much as 95% on average.
TOOL USAGE AND EFFECTIVENESS AMONG L2 SPANISH COMPUTER WRITERS

espanolEste estudio describe las herramientas empleadas por aprendices intermedios de espanol (N = 12) mientras escribian breves composiciones informales en ordenador. El programa de captura de pantalla Echo360 se uso para crear videograbaciones de cinco composiciones por participante a lo largo de un periodo de tres meses, asi como para registrar un protocolo de pensar en voz alta durante la ultima tarea. Los resultados revelan que los aprendices de sexto semestre hacen uso frecuente de los diccionarios bilingues y traductores en linea, a menudo recurren a los correctores ortograficos y gramaticales del procesador de textos, y emplean una variedad de tecnicas para producir signos diacriticos y caracteres especiales en su escritura. A pesar de altos niveles de exito generales con estos recursos de internet y del procesador de textos, habia gran cantidad de errores en los textos generados, con mas errores gramaticales que errores lexicos y ortograficos juntos, a una frecuencia de mas de 6 por cada 100 palabras. Estos hallazgos, apoyados en investigaciones previas, presentan un panorama mas completo de la escritura en espanol L2 por ordenador como una tarea exigente que requiere intervencion pedagogica para maximizar la efectividad de los recursos disponibles, incluso para los universitarios especializados en materias linguisticas. EnglishThis study describes the tools employed by intermediate learners of Spanish (N = 12) writing short, low-stakes compositions via computer. Echo360 screencasting software was used to create video recordings of five compositions per participant over a three-month period, as well as to capture a think-aloud protocol on the final task. Results reveal that sixth-semester learners make frequent use of online bilingual dictionaries and translators, regularly depend on the word processor’s spelling and grammar checkers, and use a variety of techniques to make diacritics and special characters in their writing. Despite high levels of overall success with both internet and word processing resources, errors were common in the texts generated, with grammatical errors occurring more than vocabulary and spelling mistakes combined, at a rate of just over 6 per 100 words. Taken together with previous research, these findings paint a more complete picture of L2 computer writing in Spanish as a demanding task requiring pedagogical intervention to maximize the effectiveness of available resources, even for college majors and minors.
Visualizing Continued Fractions

Continued fractions have been a topic of mathematical study for quite some time. For example, Euler devotes a full chapter of his Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum [1] to continued fractions. We give a method of representing the usual construction of finite continued fractions in terms of a grid. This provides a more visual way of viewing continued fractions than one gets with the standard treatments. We hope that this alternative way of representing continued fractions gives new insight into them; in fact, we describe an unsolved problem involving continued fractions in terms of our grid representation. Although the usual treatment of continued fractions is not geometric there are some exceptions. One appears as part of Hancock’s Development of the Minkowski Geometry of Numbers [2] (see Chapters VII and X); however, our representation is different from anything in this work. Another is Klein’s geometric interpretation of the convergents of an infinite continued fraction (see Olds [3, pp. 77–79]); this is also different from what we are trying to do, as we are working only with finite continued fractions.
Discovery of tear biomarkers in children with chronic non-infectious anterior uveitis: a pilot study

Biomarkers in easily obtained specimens that accurately predict uveitis in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are needed. Aqueous humor has been studied for biomarkers, but is not routinely available. We evaluated tears from children with chronic anterior uveitis (CAU) for biomarkers reported in aqueous humor. In this pilot study, we used Schirmer strips to collect tears from seven children (nine eyes); three children had JIA- associated uveitis (JIA-U) and four had idiopathic disease (I-CAU). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify tear proteins. The Mann-Whitney U test identified differential tear protein expression between children with JIA-U and those with I-CAU. S100A9, LAP3, TTR, MIF, sCD14, S100A8, and SAA1 were detected in tears of all children; the same cytokines have been reported in aqueous humor of children with JIA-U. Tears from children with JIA-U had higher expression of proteins associated with inflammatory arthritis (SEMA3G, TIMP1, HEXB, ERN1, and SAA1) than tears from those with I-CAU. In addition, we found higher expression of sCD14, S100A8, and SAA1, but lower expression of S100A9, LAP3, TTR, and MIF, in tears from children with JIA-U compared to tears from those with I-CAU. Tears contain similar cytokine profiles to aqueous humor in children with CAU and may be a clinically useful source of disease biomarkers. Tears from children with JIA-U also contain cytokines associated with inflammatory arthritis; furthermore, differential expression of other tear proteins as well may provide clues to intrinsic differences between JIA-U and I-CAU, despite their similar clinical phenotypes.
Abstract 460: Diabetes Impairs Reparative Property of Bone Marrow-derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Role of Mir-499-mediated Hydrogen Sulfide Deficiency

Background: miR-499 has been considered as a potential biomarker for myocardial infarction. Overexpression of miR-499 impaired heart function and induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Recent studies...
63 Inhibition of CXCR4 at the fetal-maternal interface during placentation results in altered production of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in the placenta on Day 90 of pregnancy

Placental development is characterised by extensive angiogenesis and vascularization; if these processes are compromised, placental dysfunction occurs, which is the underlying cause of complications such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. The signalling axis initiated by chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXCR4 stimulate angiogenesis critical to placental vascularization. Our laboratory and others demonstrated stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis by CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling, and recently, we reported less production of the VEGF receptor, FLT-1, on Day 20 in pregnant sheep following interference of intrauterine CXCL12-dependent signalling. While no animal model fully recapitulates human placentation, the sheep is arguably the most applicable animal model to study fetal-maternal interactions and placentation. Based on our studies, we hypothesised that inhibiting CXCR4 at the fetal-maternal interface during initial placentation alters placental production of VEGF receptors, FLT-1 and KDR, at mid-gestation. To test this hypothesis, AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, was used to elucidate the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling at the ovine fetal-maternal interface. On Day 12 post-breeding, osmotic pumps were surgically installed and delivered either AMD3100 or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) into the uterine lumen ipsilateral to the corpus luteum for either 7 days (n = 7 PBS and n = 8 AMD3100) or 14 days (n = 7 PBS and n = 8 AMD3100). The objectives were to determine whether disruption of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis during placentation affects fetal survival and alters VEGF receptor synthesis and whether duration of CXCR4 inhibition affects placental vascular remodelling. On Day 90 of pregnancy, ewes were anaesthetised; reproductive tracts were removed; and maternal caruncle (CAR) and fetal cotyledon (COT) components were separated, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until protein isolation. Pregnancy success was not affected by treatment or duration of treatment (71% PBS vs. 62% AMD3100 for 7 days; 85% PBS vs. 62% AMD3100 for 14 days). In addition, fetal weight on Day 90 (530.8 ± 28.2 g PBS vs. 540.5 ± 20.3 g AMD3100 for 7 days; 494.3 ± 23.9 g PBS vs. 532.7 ± 11.8 g AMD3100 for 14 days) was not affected by treatment. Immunoblotting was used to detect protein abundance, and an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test was used to determine significant changes. Greater FLT-1 (P 0.05). Interestingly, elevated FLT-1, but not KDR, is a marker of preeclampsia in women, and because of its role as a VEGF scavenger, overexpression of FLT-1 often leads to an anti-angiogenic state. We suggest that CXCL12/CXCR4 signalling during initial placental development serves as an upstream regulator of placental vascularization, thereby ensuring appropriate placental development.
Photocontrolled nanosystems for antitumor drug delivery

Abstract Use of light stimulus in controlled delivery systems has the potential to provide superb benefits in spatial and temporal control of payload release. The development of such photocontrolled systems often faces formidable challenges in design because of the complexity involved in integrating various design components into a single nanoscale entity. These involve considerations related to the selection of light sources, identification of appropriate linkers that enable effective payload release at a desired wavelength, and synthetic methods for payload conjugation to a nanoparticle This chapter aims to consider these aspects with a focus on a folate receptor (folate receptor)-targeted dendrimer nanosystem designed for drug delivery in tumors. Drugs of primary interest are anticancer molecules including methotrexate and doxorubicin, each linked to the dendrimer through a photocleavable linker. Effectiveness of light control for drug release is evident from two aspects that relate to rapid-release kinetics established in solutions and the high extent of cellular toxicity induced by light in FAR-overexpressing KB tumor cells in vitro. In summary, this chapter describes design principles for photoreleasable drug–dendrimer conjugates applied to anticancer therapeutic agents and presents evidence supportive of their effectiveness in the temporal control of drug release by light.
Negotiating Multiple Identities While Gifted: Reflections from Black Queer Gifted Men.

In the last decade, there has been increasing research on the identity formation and experiences of Black queer men on college campuses (Mitchell & Means, 2014; Harris, 2003; Patton, 2011; Strayhor...
Unfair advantage and exploitation: comments on Folbre

One of Erik Olin Wright’s important contributions was to characterize exploitation in a particular way, as consisting of three interlocking features: STRUCTURAL: a situation where the positive welf...
' No Virus Is Stronger than Our Unity': Shifting Forms of Governmental Intimacies during COVID-19

This article analyses how governments have sustained their relationship with their citizens amidst pandemic restrictions brought about by coronavirus through a focus on the acts of the Turkish government Specifically, by looking at presidential le ers addressed to the nation as well as the government's fundraising campaign, I demonstrate how the Turkish state tried to manage a public health crisis and govern the collective body at once In doing so, I argue that le ers, by serving as both tokens of gratitude to the people and reminders of their patriotic duties, were a powerful political tool used both to re-establish the governmental intimacy between the state and its citizens that was disrupted as a result of pandemic restrictions and to assuage the repercussions of a possible political crisis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Anthropology in Action is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
The Fellowship Effect: Does Surgical Subspecialty Training Affect Pediatric Surgery Case Volume?

Purpose The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) monitors fellow case numbers. Previous literature has shown new fellowships detrimentally affecting general surgery residency case numbers. We hypothesize that an increase in pediatric otolaryngology and pediatric urology fellowships would decrease overlapping case numbers in pediatric surgery fellowships. Materials and Methods A review of each specialties’ fellowship match results was performed. Publicly available pediatric surgery cases logs were reviewed for overlapping cases including thyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy, branchial cleft cyst excision, thyroglossal duct cyst excision, major neck tumor excision, nephrectomy, orchidopexy, inguinal hernia, and testicular torsion. Analyzed data included average case numbers and number of fellows each year. Linear regression analysis was performed. Results We identified a significant increase in fellowship graduates from 2003 to 2018 (p Conclusions Despite the increase in number of fellowships, there has been a minimal overall effect on pediatric surgery case volume. Continuing to monitor these trends will help ensure adequate training for all pediatric surgical subspecialties.
Sonic and ultrasonic communication in bats: Acoustics, perception, and production

Abstract Bats, like whales and dolphins, are vocally supreme in that they exploit vocalizations for echolocation and for social communication. Most echolocation vocalizations are relatively stereotypic, ultrasonic pulses, whereas those for social communication extend from the sonic to the ultrasonic range and vary widely in bandwidth, duration, and spectrographic patterns. Here, I focus on the perception and production of social vocalizations or “calls” and explore the possible loci for their neuroendocrine regulation. Whereas neural mechanisms and circuitry for the perception of complex sounds and their vocal control are well studied in bats, their endocrine regulation is not. Auditory processing of vocalizations is postulated to occur along multiple processing streams that converge at both cortical and subcortical levels to extract relevant acoustic features within sounds. Vocal production is summarized as being regulated through a modular, multilayered neural network that consists of parallel hierarchies of motor loops. These include cortical-striatal-thalamic and cortical-striatal-nigral loops and cingulate or amygdala-brainstem pathways, terminating onto vocal motor pattern generators. In bats, as shown for nonbat species, vocalizations must produce short- and long-term hormonal changes in the receiver, and hormones likely regulate vocal production from birth to maturation, particularly through sex and stress hormones. Many cellular receptors for hormones and neuromodulators are present within vocal motor circuits in birds and mammals, especially in the amygdala and hypothalamus and should be studied in bats whose audiovocal system is among the best studied in mammals.
The Performance of Institutional Investor Trades Across the Supply Chain

In this study, we investigate the significance of supply-chain relationships for institutional investors. We find that supply-chain relationships are an important determinant of institutional ownership – an institution that owns a customer firm is five times more likely than other institutions to also have an ownership stake in the firm’s supplier. Further, institutions experience abnormal trading profits in supplier firms. Trading profits are concentrated in small suppliers with negative future abnormal performance, consistent with institutional investors trading on negative information shocks across the supply chain. Robustness tests help to support a conclusion that supply-chain relationships provide a rich source of information through which institutions realize abnormal trading profits.
Overview of Each Nations Economic State Dynamics and Control: Equations of GDP, Interest Rate, Employment, Value of Capital Stock, Prices, Cumulative Balance of Payment

The economic state is x = [y, R, L, k, p, E). We now recall our earlier equations for interest rate [2, p. 29] – Stability and Time Optimal Control of Hereditary Systems with Applications to Economic Dynamics of the USA. Let M denote money supply (e.g., M1) $$\overline{L} = {\rm money\,demand} \approx {\rm Md}$$
Pleading Reform or Unconstitutional Encroachment? An Analysis of the Seventh Amendment Implications of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PSLRA) is a hurdle for securities fraud litigation intended to weed out at the motion to dismiss phase cases that lack merit. But the PSLRA’s protections are not without cost, which is borne by defrauded investors with meritorious claims who nevertheless cannot meet this increased obstacle to pursuing a claim. This Article addresses whether some courts are applying the PSLRA in a way that violates the Seventh Amendment by impeding a plaintiff’s ability to present his case to a jury. The PSLRA’s language is problematically vague, which has led to circuit splits on several important points, most significantly the extent to which the PSLRA requires securities fraud plaintiffs to aver detailed facts supporting the rule 10b-5 cause of action element of scienter. The more stringent of these varying interpretations, reflected in decisions in the Ninth and Tenth Circuits, raises Seventh Amendment concerns. The Sixth and Seventh Circuits have acknowledged these concerns without passing on the constitutionality of the dubiously stringent interpretation. This Article endeavors to answer the question posed by these courts, analyzing the intersection of the PSLRA with Seventh Amendment jurisprudence. This Article concludes that the more stringent interpretations of the heightened pleading requirement for scienter violate the Seventh Amendment by usurping the jury’s prerogative to resolve disputed questions of material fact and, in particular, the inferences to be drawn from those facts.
Simultaneous measurement of tissue oxygen level-dependent (TOLD) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effects in abdominal tissue oxygenation level studies

Purpose To assess oxygenation in abdominal organs with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a novel approach is presented to simultaneously measure both T1- and -maps serially during a single dynamic MRI scan in response to an oxygen challenge. Materials and Methods The proposed acquisition scheme consists of a multishot multiecho gradient echo planar imaging sequence (ms-GEPI) interleaved with a multishot inversion recovery echo planar imaging (ms-IR-EPI) sequence. Respiratory motion compensation was accomplished with standard belt triggering and by acquiring all image data at the same phase of expiration. This respiratory-triggered, free-breathing, interleaved tissue oxygenation level-dependent (TOLD) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) acquisition technique was validated on phantoms and seven healthy volunteers in response to an oxygen challenge. Results Measurements of relaxation times both in vitro and in vivo were in good agreement with those obtained using conventional pulse sequences and reported in the literature. The interleaved sequence was able to measure oxygen-induced relaxation time changes in human abdominal organs. Conclusion The free-breathing respiratory-triggered interleaved T1 and sequence successfully provided relaxation time maps of abdominal organs in a dynamic scan without the need for image registration. The simultaneous monitoring of tissue and blood oxygenation improves time efficiency and should enhance studies comparing dynamic T1 and data within the abdomen. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1230–1236. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Working for Half Pay? Maybe, But Not at 20

Throughout a military career, service members often hear a phrase about how someone who is serving past 20 years is “working for half pay.” Presumably, the thought behind this old saw is that since they are eligible to retire, they could simply stop working and collect their pension worth half of their wages. In reality, those retiring at 20 years actually receive about one-third of their total pre-retirement compensation package; the "half pay" isn't actually attained, by by both enlisted service members and officers, until approximately 30 years of service. This is demonstrated with some illustrative examples. Potential military retirees should be aware of these facts, as they make crucially important personal and professional decisions with long-term implications.