cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal Briefs: Head Compression, Ischemic Encephalopathy, and Adverse Outcome

EDITOR’S NOTE The Legal Briefs feature is based on actual malpractice cases with opinions of the plaintiff and defense physician experts interspersed throughout the case. The format of this feature does not provide evidence that supports or refutes each of these opinions. A 2,722-g male infant is born at 37 6/7 weeks’ gestation via cesarean delivery to a 26-year-old gravida 4, para 3 woman who is group B Streptococcus negative and had an unremarkable prenatal course. She presented to the labor and delivery department when she developed spontaneous contractions. Hospital policy required that all potential deliveries before 39 weeks’ gestation be evaluated by a perinatologist. As part of the evaluation, the perinatologist performed fetal ultrasonography and found that the biophysical profile score was 8/8 with 2 points each for breathing, movement, tone, and amniotic fluid index. The fetal tracing was interpreted as nonreassuring and category II. At that time, the cervix was minimally effaced and only dilated to 2 cm. The perinatologist approved of the plan to allow labor to continue because the gestation was at term. Contractions continued over the next 24 hours without cervical change. Because of this failure to make progress, the obstetrician started oxytocin; however, within 1 hour of administration, the fetal tracing worsened. Plaintiff experts said that these findings suggested excessive uterine activity, including increased uterine tone and coupled contractions. They stated that these effects of oxytocin did not allow the fetus to have an adequate rest period for recovery. The obstetrician retained by the defense acknowledged that the fetal monitor strips had these findings, but said that because tachysytole was not occurring by the strict definition ( >5 c ontractions in a 10-minute period averaged over 30 minutes), the fetus was not in danger. The plaintiff obstetric expert pointed out that the guidelines accompanying the …
Re-evaluating Atlantic cod mortality including lobster bycatch: where could we be today?

Full accounting of fisheries mortality is one of the most tractable ways to improve stock assessments. However, it can be challenging to obtain in cases when missing catch comes from small-scale no...
Multi-energy inter-pixel coincidence counters for charge sharing correction and compensation for photon counting detectors: assessment at a normalized spatial resolution

Recently, multi-energy inter-pixel coincidence counter (MEICC) has been proposed for charge sharing correction and compensation for photon counting detectors (PCDs), which uses energy-dependent coincidence counters between a pixel-of-interest (POI) and its neighboring pixels and keeps the book of charge sharing events. A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation study was performed to assess the performance of MEICC; however, the performance might have been overestimated in a previous study. The charge sharing increases the number of photons recorded at a PCD pixel at the expense of the spatial resolution and the effect on the spatial resolution was not taken into account. The aims of this study were, first, to outline a spatially-resolved irradiation scheme for a normalized spatial resolution, and second, to assess the performance of MEICC. The MC program was modified to set the x-ray spectrum and intensity for the POI and those for the neighboring pixels separately. Data were then generated by varying two basis materials, water and bone, by a small amount only for the POI, while those for neighboring pixels remained unchanged. Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of water and bone estimation was computed from the changes in the mean and covariance matrix estimated. This setting allowed for assessing the CRLB at the same spatial resolution regardless of with or without charge sharing. The CRLBs at the normalized spatial resolution were worse than those at not-normalized spatial resolutions. With eight energy windows, MEICC provided the CRLB comparable to the ideal PCD with no charge sharing. The proposed MEICC has a potential to address charge sharing in PCDs.
The growth of methylammonium lead iodide perovskites by close space vapor transport

Vapor deposition processes have shown promise for high-quality perovskite solar cells with potential pathways for scale-up to large area manufacturing. Here, we present a sequential close space vapor transport process to deposit CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) perovskite thin films by depositing a layer of PbI2 then reacting it with CH3NH3I (MAI) vapor. We find that, at T = 100 °C and pressure = 9 torr, a ∼225 nm-thick PbI2 film requires ≥125 minutes in MAI vapor to form a fully-reacted MAPI film. Raising the temperature to 160 °C increases the rate of reaction, such that MAPI forms within 15 minutes, but with reduced surface coverage. The reaction kinetics can be approximated as roughly first-order with respect to PbI2, though there is evidence for a more complicated functional relation. Perovskite films reacted at 100 °C for 150 minutes were fabricated into solar cells with an SLG/ITO/CdS/MAPI/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au structure, and a device efficiency of 12.1% was achieved. These results validate the close space vapor transport process and serve as an advance toward scaled-up, vapor-phase perovskite manufacturing through continuous vapor transport deposition.
Neurobiological Markers of Resilience to Early-Life Adversity During Adolescence.

Early-life adversity (ELA) exposure (e.g., trauma, abuse, neglect, or institutional care) is a precursor to poor physical and mental health outcomes and is implicated in 30% of adult mental illness. In recent decades, ELA research has increasingly focused on characterizing factors that confer resilience to ELA and on identifying opportunities for intervention. In this review, we describe recent behavioral and neurobiological resilience work that suggests that adolescence (a period marked by heightened plasticity, development of key neurobiological circuitry, and sensitivity to the social environment) may be a particularly opportune moment for ELA intervention. We review intrapersonal factors associated with resilience that become increasingly important during adolescence (specifically, reward processing, affective learning, and self-regulation) and describe the contextual factors (family, peers, and broader social environment) that modulate them. In addition, we describe how the onset of puberty interacts with each of these factors, and we explore recent findings that point to possible "pubertal recalibration" of ELA exposure as an opportunity for intervention. We conclude by describing considerations and future directions for resilience research in adolescents, with a focus on understanding developmental trajectories using dimensional and holistic models of resilience.
Exploiting Dual-Rail Register Invariants for Equivalence Verification of NCL Circuits

Equivalence checking is one of the most scalable and useful verification techniques in industry. NULL Convention Logic (NCL) circuits utilize dual-rail signals (i.e., two wires to represent one bit of DATA), where the wires are inverses of each other during a DATA wavefront. In this paper, a technique that exploits this invariant at NCL register boundaries is proposed to improve the efficiency of equivalence verification of NCL circuits.
Loop representation for 2-D Wilson lattice fermions in a scalar background field

We show that the fermion determinant for 2-D Wilson lattice fermions coupled to an external scalar field is equivalent to self avoiding loops interacting with the external field. In an application of the resulting formula we integrate the scalar field with a Gaussian action to generate the N-component Gross-Neveu model. The loop representation for this model is discussed.
MyDigitalFootprint: An extensive context dataset for pervasive computing applications at the edge

Abstract The widespread diffusion of connected smart devices has greatly contributed to the rapid expansion and evolution of the Internet at its edge, where personal mobile devices follow the behavior of their human users and interact with other smart objects located in the surroundings. In such a scenario, the user context is represented by a large variety of information that can rapidly change, and the ability of personal mobile devices to locally process this data is fundamental to make the system able to quickly adapt its behavior to the current situation. This ability, in practice, can be represented by a single elaboration process integrated in the final user application, or by a middleware platform aimed at implementing different context processing and reasoning to support third-party applications. However, the lack of public datasets that take into account the complexity of the user context in the mobile environment strongly limits the advance of the research in this field. In this paper, we present MyDigitalFootprint, a novel large-scale dataset composed of smartphone embedded sensors data, physical proximity information, and Online Social Networks interactions aimed at supporting multimodal context-recognition and social relationships modeling. The dataset includes two months of measurements and information collected from the personal mobile devices of 31 volunteer users, in their natural environment, without limiting their usual behavior. Existing public datasets generally consist of a limited set of context data, aimed at optimizing specific application domains (human activity recognition is the most common example). On the contrary, our dataset contains a comprehensive set of information describing the user context in the mobile environment. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed dataset, we present three context-aware applications based on different machine learning tasks: (i) a social link prediction algorithm based on physical proximity data, (ii) the recognition of daily-life activities based on smartphone-embedded sensors data, and (iii) a pervasive context-aware recommender system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale dataset containing such heterogeneity of information, representing an invaluable source of data to validate new research in mobile and edge computing.
An agent-based model of repeated decision making under risk: modeling the role of alternate reference points and risk behavior on long-run outcomes

Prospect theory suggests that decision makers facing uncertain outcomes tend to be risk-seeking when choosing between losses but risk-averse when choosing between gains. Whether an outcome is framed as a gain or a loss depends on the reference point considered. While multiple reference points could be relevant to decision makers in a particular situation, prospect theory does not specify which reference point will be salient other than the status-quo. Social comparison theory proposes that individuals often compare their performance with relevant others, and hence this could become a reference point. An agent-based model (ABM) was developed drawing upon these two theories. In each time step of the simulation, agents invested a proportion of their current wealth in one of three investment options with varied risks, resulting in increase or decrease of their wealth. Agents then compared the outcome of their investment, i.e., their new wealth, with a reference point to determine whether the outcome was a gain or a loss. The ABM investigated the consequences of adopting five alternate reference points for evaluating an outcome as a gain or a loss (comparison rules), seven alternate strategies for selecting an investment option (investment rules), and three levels of proportion of wealth (low, medium, high) that was reinvested on the prevalence of investment options (riskiest, safest, or medium risk) chosen by agents, the mean wealth acquired, and the median-to-mean ratio of wealth. Results revealed conditions under which the riskiest or the safest investment option emerged as the most prevalent.
An American Crisis: Proprietary School and National Student Debt

Proprietary schools encounter increased scrutiny as they become more influential within the United States. Many students claim that these forprofit businesses fraudulently request student loans from the government. These allegations have created a debate over review standards in the circuit courts. A recent Supreme Court decision has further complicated this issue by allowing mandatory arbitration clauses in enrollment agreements. This comment argues that the Ninth Circuit's review standard should be adopted by all courts. This would best allow students to raise claims while still protecting courts from frivolous lawsuits. In addition, if proprietary schools choose to include an arbitration clause in their enrollment agreements, they should explicitly share this information with all prospective students. These proposals are important to ensure that all students understand the consequences of enrolling in a proprietary school and to prevent an even greater American debt crisis.
Caching Support for Range Query Processing on Bitmap Indices

Bitmaps are commonly used for indexing read-mostly data sets. The range of an attribute is split into bins, where its values are placed: bij = 1 denotes the value of the ith tuple is in the jth bin, and bij = 0 otherwise. A number of query types can be decomposed into the systematic application of boolean operators over sets of bins. However, when bitmaps are high-dimensional, the overall query-processing performance can deteriorate due to the increased number of bins that participate per query. We propose a caching framework that organizes, manages, and integrates cached partial results to accelerate query processing on high-dimensional bitmaps. We begin by showing that, to resolve general complex disjunctive and conjunctive queries, the selection of an optimal set of partial bitmap results is NP-complete. A restriction on this problem to only consider consecutive bin sequences (characteristic of common range and point queries) allows us to solve it efficiently. The evaluation our caching system over several workloads carried out on the TPC-H benchmark and a real network-intrusion data set is presented.
The Need for Increased Transparency and Public Scrutiny in the World of Congressional Campaign Voter Data Collection

While increasing public attention is being directed toward the use of data in the 2012 presidential campaign, particularly by Obama for America, congressional candidates’ use of data has largely avoided any type of public scrutiny. This lack of scrutiny is perhaps a symptom of both a media environment predominantly focused on presidential politics and a widely held belief that congressional campaigns lack the technology-savvy found at the presidential level. Whatever the cause, the research underpinning this thesis demonstrates that, while it would still likely be misguided to compare congressional campaigns’ data practices to those of Obama for America, the vast majority of congressional candidates opaquely used their official campaign websites to collect information about voters. This thesis argues for improved disclosure of political campaigns’ data practices with the intention of increasing public scrutiny. The analysis in this thesis focuses on the essential first step of the data-driven campaigning process: data collection. While the growing trove of literature on data-informed targeting processes, both from academia and the popular press, largely focuses on data’s role in providing campaigns with the ability to “microtarget” optimized messages to a small portion of the electorate, this thesis seeks to provide more clarity on the near-constant collection of voters’ personal data and explore the numerous implications of that essential first step in the process.
Erratum to: Clostridium Difficile Infection from a Surgical Perspective.

Disclosure Information: Authors: Andreas M. Kaiser, M.D. receives speaker fees from GI Health Foundation, and royalties from Uptodate and McGraw Hill Publisher. Rachel Hogen, M.D. has nothing to disclose. Liliana Bordeianou, M.D. has nothing to disclose. Karim Alavi, M.D., MPH has nothing to disclose. Paul Wise, M.D. has nothing to disclose. Ranjan Sudan, M.D. has nothing to disclose. Editors-in-Chief: Jeffrey B. Matthews, M.D., has nothing to disclose; Charles Yeo, M.D., has nothing to disclose. CME Overseers: Arbiter: Jeffrey B. Matthews, M.D., has nothing to disclose; Vice-Arbiter: Guilherme M. Campos, M.D., Ph.D., has nothing to disclose; Question Reviewers: Michael Leitman, M.D. has reported no financial relationships with commercial interests; Matthias G. Stelzner, M.D., has reported no financial relationships with commercial interests.
Tools for Expert Designers: Supporting Conceptual Design

This paper reviews a few examples of information available from psychology that are pertinent to CAD tools used by expert, creative designers. Well-documented evidence on expertise is used to formulate a set of recommendations that will promote conceptual design when used in a CAD system. The advantages of borrowing information from established disciplines such as psychology to facilitate theory in new domains such as design are discussed.
Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels: How to Make a Graft

The development of a microvascular network and its subsequent perfusion after implantation is critical for the long-term survival of a tissue engineered construct. As such, understanding how a microvascular network is formed and then subsequently remodeled is important for the design of virtually any type of tissue. In this chapter, we explore the biology of neovascularization by reviewing both angiogenic growth factors and the interactions that occur between vascular cells and their surrounding environment. Subsequently, we examine techniques that may be employed to directly position or indirectly recruit microvascular cellular components to a tissue engineered construct.
Post-photoreceptoral activity dominates primate photopic 32-Hz ERG for sine-, square-, and pulsed stimuli.

Purpose To evaluate the relative contributions of photoreceptors and postphotoreceptoral activity to the primate 32-Hz flicker electroretinogram (ERG) elicited by sine-wave, square-wave, and pulse stimuli. Methods Flicker 32-Hz ERGs were evoked from four adult rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys using sine-wave, square-wave, and 4-ms pulse trains and xenon photostrobe flicker stimuli. All stimuli had time-averaged luminance of 2.11 log cd/m(2) and were presented on a 1.63-log cd/m(2) white background. Intravitreal injections of DL-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB) and cis-2,3-piperidinedicarboxylic acid (PDA) were given to block activity of ON- and OFF-bipolar cells, respectively. Results Flicker harmonic analysis showed that the fundamental frequency component provided nearly 75% of the sine-wave and square-wave ERGs versus 63% for 4-ms pulse stimuli and only 49% for strobe flicker. Strobe-flicker responses contained the greatest contribution from higher harmonic components. Removing the ON component with APB increased the fundamental component's amplitudes by more than 30% with sine-wave and square-wave ERGs but had a lesser effect on responses to 4-ms pulses and strobe flicker. When cone responses were isolated by synaptic blockade with APB+PDA, the fundamental component's amplitude was reduced to less than 20% of control for all four stimuli. Postsynaptic ON and OFF components were characterized by amplitude and phase vectors, and sine-wave and square-wave stimuli gave a large phase difference (138 degrees ) between ON and OFF components, which resulted in greater response self-cancellation than with the 4-ms pulse train (121 degrees phase difference) or for strobe flicker (118 degrees ). Conclusions The major decrease in flicker responses after photoreceptor synaptic blockade implicates a major contribution from postphotoreceptoral activity to the fundamental flicker component, regardless of the stimulus type. Sine-wave and square-wave stimuli produced larger phase differences between ON- and OFF-pathway components, thereby causing more complete self-cancellation of postphotoreceptoral contributions and revealing slightly greater relative contribution directly from cone photoreceptors with these stimuli than with pulsed stimuli. The direct cone contribution was always small, however, and the clinical point is that 32-Hz flicker ERG amplitudes do not provide an unambiguous assessment of direct cone photoreceptor contribution with any of these stimuli.
Intelligent use of prior information in adaptive control design

In this paper, we develop simple adaptive controllers which make intelligent usage of prior information. These controllers are low-order, have few adjustable parameters, and hence are easy to implement. By utilizing the structure of the plant to be controlled, there are several instances where the adaptation can occur in a simplified form. We discuss the conditions under which such simple controllers can be realized and establish their stability. Their robustness properties in the presence of measurement disturbances, time-varying parameters, and unmodeled dynamics is discussed. The behavior of the resulting controllers is evaluated both experimentally and through simulation studies of complex dynamic models of different applications.
Steric exclusion of cells: A mechanism of glycosaminoglycan-induced cell aggregation

Abstract The mechanism by which chondroitin sulfate enhances both the self-aggregation and the concanavalin A (ConA)-induced agglutination of trypsin-dissociated embryonic chick retina cells was investigated. Studies with fluorescently labeled ConA showed no influence of chondroitin sulfate on patching or capping. When 3H- or 35SO4-labeled glycosaminoglycans or proteoglycans from retinas were added to freshly dissociated cells, an average of less than 2% of the label became associated with the unwashed cell pellet, and most of this was removed from the cells by a single wash. The presence of ConA did not alter the amount of binding by this criterion. Rapid cell aggregation in the absence of ConA was promoted by a number of natural and synthetic polymers. Aggregation rate bore a direct relationship to polymer viscosity at low viscosities and was inhibited at high viscosities, apparently due to reduced cell collision frequency. For any given polymer, aggregation was directly related to its molecular weight and concentration. Linear polymers were more effective than branched ones. Neutral polymers were as effective as those which were strongly polyanionic. Stable aggregates of formalin-fixed cells were not promoted by polymers. All of these observations are consistent with the hypothesis that enhancement of retina cell aggregation by physiological concentrations of glycosaminoglycans is due largely to steric exclusion of the cells by the polymer mesh. Although others have shown that glycosaminoglycans probably interact specifically with some cells, the evidence presented here suggests that these macromolecules by virtue of their excluded volumes could also have important non-specific influences on cell migration and cell reorganization during morphogenesis.
The Rotational Constants of Hydrogen Chloride

The fundamental absorption band of hydrogen chloride has been measured on a high resolution spectrometer. Twenty-nine lines of HCl36 and twenty-eight lines of HCl37 have been measured to a high precision by the use of the fringe system of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The average deviation of the observed from the calculated values is ± 0.003 cm−1. The rotational constants for each isotopic species have been calculated. The rotational constants have been used to predict the position of the pure rotational spectra of HCl35 and HCl37. The equilibrium separation of the atoms has been calculated to be 1.2746 A.
Mixing Processes in Polymer Processing

Pure polymers and copolymers are made processable and useful by compounding and mixing them with a broad variety of solid, liquid and gaseous additives. Moreover, as the number of chemically new, and commercially viable polymers diminish, increasing efforts are being made to meet new demands with existing polymers, by their mixing compounding and alloying with new additives in novel ways. In this paper, following a brief review of mixing technology and machinery, recent views on mixing mechanisms are discussed and a theoretical formulation of mixing processes is presented.
Nitric Oxide Inhibition Simulates the Enhancement of α1Agonist-Induced Vasoconstriction in Diabetes

Abstract We have previously reported that endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasorelaxation is impaired in diabetic mesenteric arteries. We hypothesized that vasoconstrictor responses should therefore be enhanced. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diabetic mesenteric arteries exhibit increased vasoconstrictor responses, and to investigate if these changes are receptor and/or NO mediated. Thirty age-matched male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control (C) and diabetic (D, streptozotocin: 60 mg/kg) groups and studied after 4 weeks. Terminal branches of ileal mesenteric arteries (300 ± 9 μm) were isolated, pressurized, and superfused with modified Krebs solution. Changes in vessel internal diameter were measured and dose–response curves (DRC) for each vasoactive agent were determined. Each vessel was initially constricted with 40 m M of KCl to determine maximal vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine (Phe, 10 −8 –10 −4 M ) and UK14304 (10 −9 –10 −5 M ) were used to determine α 1 - and α 2 -receptor responses, respectively. Similar studies were performed in the presence of N ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME, 10 −4 M ), a competitive inhibitor of NO synthase. Maximal response (Max), area under the curve (AUC), and vessel sensitivity (ED 50 ) for each DRC were calculated. Comparisons among groups were made using analysis of variance and Student's t test with Bonferroni correction. There were no differences in vasoconstrictor responses induced by KCl (C: 82 ± 2% vs D: 80 ± 1%). α 1 -vasoconstrictor responses to Phe were enhanced in diabetes with significantly higher Max (96 ± 2% vs 83 ± 3%), and AUC (1.92 ± 0.09 vs 1.56 ± 0.08), but no difference in ED 50 . The addition of l -NAME enhanced only Phe-induced vasoconstrictor response significantly in control rats. Thus, differences in Phe-induced vasoconstrictor responses between C and D were abolished in the presence of l -NAME. α 2 -vasodilator responses induced by UK14304 were similar between C and D and unaffected by l -NAME. α 1 -, but not α 2 -, vasoconstrictor responses are enhanced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These enhanced responses can be duplicated by treatment of control vessels with l -NAME.
Peptides that mimic the pseudosubstrate region of protein kinase C bind to acidic lipids in membranes.

The cytoplasmic form of protein kinase C (PKC) is inactive, probably because the pseudosubstrate region in its regulatory domain blocks the substrate-binding site in its kinase domain. Calcium ions cause a translocation to the membrane: maximum activation requires a negative lipid such as phosphatidylserine (PS) and the neutral lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) but the mechanism by which PS and DAG activate PKC is unknown. Pseudosubstrate region 19–36 of PKC-beta has six basic and one acidic amino acids and region 19–29 has five basic and no acidic amino acids. Since any binding of basic residues in the pseudosubstrate region to acidic lipids in the membrane should stabilize the active form of PKC, we studied how peptides with amino acids equivalent to residues 19–36 and 19–29 of PKC-beta bound to phospholipid vesicles. We made equilibrium dialysis, filtration, and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The fraction of bound peptide is a steep sigmoidal function of the mol fraction of negative lipid in the membrane, as predicted from a simple theoretical model that assumes the basic residues provide identical independent binding sites. The proportionality constant between the number of bound peptides/area and the concentration of peptide in the bulk aqueous phase is 1 micron for a membrane with 25% negative lipid formed in 0.1 M KCl. Equivalently, the association constant of the peptide with the membrane is 10(4) M-1, or the net binding energy is 6 kcal/mol. Thus the interaction of basic residues in the pseudosubstrate region with acidic lipids in the membrane could provide 6 kcal/mol free energy towards stabilizing the active form of PKC.
A probabilistic model to evaluate computer software piracy

Abstract The growing occurrence of computer software piracy has led to a new area of research, i.e., the development of methods to be used to supply evidence that software was copied. One method to argue that computer source code was copied is to examine the occurence of strings of binary code (ones and zeroes) between the alleged parent and pirate codes. Given the occurence of a lengthy identical string between codes, and that string represents a development of executable code (versus data blocks that can be argued to exist in only one fashion), a model of the probability of repetition of such a string of code occurring between so-called independently derived source codes can be formulated. The developed probabilistic results can also be approximately by a simpler formula derived herein. A computer program and example computations are presented.
Beyond Formal Democracy: The Discourse on Democracy and Governance in the Anglophone Caribbean

Abstract This paper examines the discourse on democracy and governance in the Anglophone Caribbean against the backdrop of the region's post-colonial experience. In particular it looks at the critique of formal democracy and the arguments for a modification of the Westminster model advanced by scholars and leading politicians. The paper aims to establish three interrelated claims. First, although formal democracy has been critical to the region's political stability, it has not led to broader participation in national decision making within formal institutions and in the wider society. Second, the critique of formal democracy has been due largely to the formal and informal marginalisation of opposition parties from meaningful participation in national decision making, ensuing non-cooperation by opposition parties and heightened ethnic conflicts in Guyana and to a lesser extent in Trinidad. Third, there is a growing consensus among scholars and politicians that a modification of the Westminster winner-take...
CONSERVATIVE PROTESTANTISM AND THE PERCEIVED WRONGFULNESS OF CRIMES: A RESEARCH NOTE*

This research addresses the relationship between conservative Protestantism and the perceived wrongfulness of crimes. In a recent study, Warr (1989) identified “nondiscriminators”—people who perceived a wide range of crimes to be equally morally wrong. Although lacking measures of religion, Warr hypothesized, based on their written comments, that the respondents used religious beliefs to assess wrongfulness. Since Protestant theology tends to view morality categorically, with no gradations between the extremes, those individuals who most strongly adhere to this doctrine may be the nondiscriminators. This study tests and finds strong support for this hypothesis, which has important implications for the recent shift toward increased punitiveness in sentencing, research concerning public perceptions of crime, and studies of religion.
Eddy currents and spin excitations in conducting ferromagnetic films.

We explore the influence of the finite conductivity on spin waves in metallic ferromagnetic films. We consider propagation perpendicular to the magnetization, which is parallel to the surface, and wavelengths sufficiently long that the influence of exchange may be ignored. Precession of the magnetization induces eddy currents which damp the spin waves, and also renormalize the dispersion relation of the Damon-Eshbach mode encountered in this geometry. We provide analytic formulas which describe these effects, in various limits. Studies through use of a Green's-function method explore the influence of the conductivity on the spectrum of spin fluctuations, in various wavelength regimes. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A chronological survey of the Iranian revolution

(1980). A chronological survey of the Iranian revolution. Iranian Studies: Vol. 13, No. 1-4, pp. 327-368.
Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb): effect of hemodilution during focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

The efficacy of hemodilution therapy, to ameliorate cerebral ischemia, is limited by an accompanying decrease in oxygen content. We assessed the effect of hemodilution, with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and infarct after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo).Rats (n = 36) were alloted to a control group in which hematocrit (Hct) was not manipulated, or reduced with DCLHb to 30% (30/DCLHb), 16% (16/DCLHb), or 9% (9/DCLHb). After MCAo, the brain area with a CBF of 0–10 ml· 100g−1· min−1 was determined. This area was decreased in the 30/DCLHb and 16/DCLHb groups vs the Control group; and was less in the 9/DCLHb group vs the other groups.Different rats (n = 49) were hemodiluted with DCLHb or Albumin (Alb): Control, 30/Alb, 30/DCLHb, 16/DCLHb, or 9/DCLHb. After 3-hr of MCAo and 2-hr of reperfusion, infarct area was determined. Brain infarct was less in the 30/DCLHb and 16/DCLHb groups vs the Control and 30/Alb groups; and was less in the 9/DCLHb group vs the other g...
Long-term outcomes for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication: part II--communicative interaction.

This study evaluated the communicative interaction skills of seven young men (ages 19 – 23 years) who had used AAC systems for at least 15 years. Turn-taking patterns, use of communicative functions, and linguistic complexity were analyzed. Current performance was compared to the participants' skills when they were preschoolers and participated in another study of interaction skills (Light, ; Light, Collier, & Parnes, ). Results indicated that the turn distribution between partners was more equitable than it had been when the participants were preschoolers; five of the participants approached reciprocity in turn taking during at least two of the interactions observed. During interactions with their caregivers, the participants fulfilled most of their obligatory turns and more than half of their non-obligatory turns. The communicative functions used most frequently by the participants were confirmations/denials and provisions of information. Three of the participants demonstrated the ability to use complet...
Luminescence from the carbon monoxide derivative of Agaricus bispora tyrosinase.

Abstract The luminescence of the CO adduct of two isozymic tyrosinases isolated from Agaricus bispora, an edible white mushroom, has been studied. At room temperature the emission appears as a single smooth peak centered at 530 nm with FWHM of 2700 cm−1 and a lifetime of 36 μs. The lifetime and wavelength of the emission are virtually unchanged on lowering the temperature from 298 to 77 °K. Solvent composition affects the wavelength of emission minimally. The emission is quenched by oxygen but not by a series of substrate analogs, inhibitors, or Lewis bases. The emission further appeared independent of aggregation state of the enzyme or isozyme type. A comparison of these data is made with those obtained by other researchers for the tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa and for several hemocyanins. The comparison supports the hypothesis that regulation of enzymatic activity does not take place within the coordination sphere of the copper atom observed. In addition, it suggests that the 550- to 560-nm emissions previously observed may not be considered characteristic of all CO derivatives of coupled binuclear copper proteins.
Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sedentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study.

AbstractLockwood, CM, Moon, JR, Smith, AE, Tobkin, SE, Kendall, KL, Graef, JL, Cramer, JT, and Stout, JR. Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sendentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. J Strength Cond Res 24(8): 2227-2238, 2010-Ener
Molecular and Functional Differences Induced in Thrombospondin-1 by the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Associated with the Risk of Premature, Familial Myocardial Infarction

A serine (Ser-700) amino acid rather than an asparagine (Asn-700) at residue 700 of thrombospondin-1 has been linked to an increased risk for development of premature, familial heart attacks. We now have identified both functional and structural differences between the Ser-700 and Asn-700 thrombospondin-1 variants. The Ser-700 variant increased the rate and extent of platelet aggregation and showed increased surface expression on platelets compared with the Asn-700 variant. These differences could be ascribed to an enhanced interaction of the Ser-700 variant with fibrinogen on the platelet surface and are consistent with a prothrombotic phenotype in Ser-700 individuals. The Ser-700 variant thrombospondin-1 was conformationally more labile than the Asn-700 variant as demonstrated by increased susceptibility to proteolytic digestion and enhanced susceptibility to unfolding by denaturants. These data suggest a potential molecular and cellular basis for a genetic risk factor associated with early onset myocardial infarction.
Some extensions of the asymptotics of a kernel estimator of a distribution function

Abstract The asymptotic results for a kernel estimator of a distribution function F [Azzalini (1981)] are extended. Under certain smoothness conditions on the quantile function, it is established that, a class of kernel estimators of F can achieve a smaller mean squared error than the empirical distribution function, even at points where the density is unbounded or has zero derivative. Asymptotic optimal bandwidths are obtained.
Solubilization of boron nitride nanotubes

A successful attempt in the functionalization and solubilization of boron nitride nanotubes is reported, and a functionalization mechanism based on interactions of amino functional groups with nanotube surface borons is proposed.
The Effect of Hydrogen on the Thermionic Emission from Potassium

Effect of surface conditions on the current value at a given temperature.---Observing the current at a given temperature after successive cleansings of a potassium surface by distillation followed by contaminations of the surface by hydrogen it was concluded that the large (gg${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ amperes\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) thermionic currents frequently observed from potassium are due to hydrogen contamination, confirming the results of Fredenhagen.Saturation of currents.---With a uniform field in the present apparatus it was shown that it is possible to saturate the thermionic currents observed from potassium at 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 185\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; failure to saturate in the case of previous observers being probably due to non-uniform field conditions. Furthermore, even at temperatures below 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C no evidence was found for a more important factor in the prevention of saturation than the non-uniform field.The thermionic work function.---The larger currents were found to obey an equation of the Richardson type over a limited temperature range (150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C-210\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C). A value of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ of about 1.3 volts was characteristic of the potassium surface after hydrogen contamination of a certain type. This value is similar to that found by Richardson and Young in the same temperature range. It was concluded that this value of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ was due to a layer of KH on the surface of the potassium, and that the emission was probably chemical rather than thermionic in origin, being due to the decomposition of the KH. Values of $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ of 0.26 volts were found at temperatures from 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 110\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C which are of the order of Richardson's and Young's values at those temperatures.Effect of hydrogen on conductivity of thin potassium layer.---The conductivity of a thin layer of potassium on a Pyrex insulating tube was greatly decreased by exposure to hydrogen.
Bulk viscosity, particle spectra and flow in heavy-ion collisions

We study the effects of bulk viscosity on ${p}_{T}$ spectra and elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions. For this purpose, we compute the dissipative correction $\ensuremath{\delta}f$ to the single-particle distribution functions in leading-log QCD, and in several simplified models. We consider, in particular, the relaxation time approximation and a kinetic model for the hadron resonance gas. We implement these distribution functions in a hydrodynamic simulation of Au + Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We find significant corrections due to bulk viscosity in hadron ${p}_{T}$ spectra and the differential elliptic flow parameter ${v}_{2}({p}_{T})$. We observe that bulk viscosity scales as the second power of conformality breaking $\ensuremath{\zeta}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\eta}{({c}_{s}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1/3)}^{2}$, whereas $\ensuremath{\delta}f$ scales as the first power. Corrections to the spectra are therefore dominated by viscous corrections to the distribution function, and reliable bounds on the bulk viscosity require accurate calculations of $\ensuremath{\delta}f$ in the hadronic resonance phase. Based on viscous hydrodynamic simulations and a simple kinetic model of the resonance phase, which correctly extrapolates to the kinetic description of a dilute pion gas, we conclude that it is difficult to describe the ${v}_{2}$ spectra at RHIC unless $\ensuremath{\zeta}/s\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.05$ near freeze-out. We also find that effects of the bulk viscosity on the ${p}_{T}$ integrated ${v}_{2}$ are small.
The measles virus matrix gene and gene product defined by in vitro and in vivo expression

Sequence analysis of full-length cDNA clones of the measles virus matrix gene revealed three possible open reading frames: M, X1, and X2. The M reading frame differed from the reported sequence by a single nucleotide corresponding to a conservative lysine to arginine amino acid substitution near the carboxy-terminus conserved among the M proteins of paramyxoviruses. The putative X reading frames contained no translational termination codon due to a frame-shift mutation. The protein-coding potential of these reading frames was examined by in vitro translation and DNA-mediated gene transfer into primate cells. The M reading frame produced a 38,000 Mr protein indistinguishable from the M protein in measles virus-infected cells. This protein was not phosphorylated nor processed post-translationally in vivo. The putative X1 and X2 reading frames could be translated into proteins when placed near the 5' terminus of the RNA. The resulting proteins were heterogeneous due to the lack of a termination codon. Translation from the putative X reading frames was adversely affected by an upstream AUG codon and these reading frames were unable to synthesize proteins in their normal 3' locations. At least 146 nucleotides of these 3'-untranslated sequences could be deleted without affecting the expression of M protein in vitro or in vivo. Thus despite the multiple open reading frames, the measles virus M gene is functionally monocistronic.
The flow structure in the near field of jets and its effect on cavitation inception

Cavitation experiments performed in the near field of a 50 mm diameter (D) jet at ReD = 5 × 105, showed inception in the form of inclined ‘cylindrical’ bubbles at axial distances (x/D) less than 0.55, with indices of 2.5. On tripping the boundary layer, cavitation inception occurred at x/D ≈ 2, as distorted ‘spherical’ bubbles with inception indices of 1.7. To investigate these substantial differences, the near field of the jet was measured using PIV. Data on the primary flow, the strength distribution of the ‘streamwise’ vortices and the velocity profiles within the initial boundary layers were obtained. The untripped case showed a direct transition to three-dimensional flow in the near field (x/D < 0.7) even before rolling up to distinct vortex rings. Strong ‘streamwise’ vortices with strengths up to 25% of the jet velocity times the characteristic wavelength were seen. Cavitation inception occurred in the core of these vortices. In contrast, in the tripped jet the vortex sheet rolled up to the familiar Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex rings with weak secondary vortices. Using the measured nuclei distribution, strengths and straining of the ‘streamwise’ structures, the rates of cavitation events were estimated. The estimated results match very well the measured cavitation rates. Also, the Reynolds stresses in the near field of the jet show similar trends and magnitudes to those of Browand & Latigo (1979) and Bell & Mehta (1990) for a plane shear layer.
Why fishers want a closed area in their fishing grounds: Exploring perceptions and attitudes to sustainable fisheries and conservation 10 years post closure in Labrador, Canada

Abstract The Hawke Box on the Labrador continental shelf has been closed to trawling and gillnetting but open for snow crab (Chionocetes opilio) pot fishing for three months of the year for the past decade. The closure was instigated by fishers and long-standing adjacent communities. To explore why, 19 local fishers were interviewed in March 2012, the majority of whom fished both snow crab (in the Box) and trawled for shrimp, (Pandalus spp.), now prohibited. All respondents indicated that the closure was beneficial to them, their community, and marine life. Respondents believed that protecting the area from trawling was the primary reason they still have a viable fishery, despite little improvement in Snow crab since the closure and their own partial exclusion. Fishers understood that reducing their own (not someone else's) fishing effort would likely enhance long-term sustainability of livelihoods. A full 94.7% believed that fisheries and conservation are compatible goals. Closures with fishers support based on local knowledge are more likely to meet fishery and conservation goals than those that do not. Closures can become building blocks of an ecosystem based management approach that includes fishers as part of the system, meeting both international marine protection targets and fisheries production goals.
MEASUREMENT OF IONOSPHERIC ELECTRON CONTENT REGARDLESS OF APPROXIMATIONS

A method is described for obtaining new data on the integrated electron density along paths in the ionosphere. Approximation assumptions are used for the isotropic and static medium, validity of reciprocity theorem, and equal propagation paths for the various frequencies used simultaneously but the method is free of additional assumptions about path length, path curvature, altitude, ionospheric stratification, and geomagnetic field. Representative equations are prssented. (C.H.)
5-methyltetrahydrofolate: synthesis and utilization in normal and SV40-transformed BHK-21 cells.

Abstract BHK-21 cells and SV40-transformed BHK-21 cells (A-8) grew rapidly in a medium containing methionine (I). BHK-21 cells also proliferated in a methionine-deficient medium (II) supplemented with homocysteine and vitamin B 12 ; however, the A-8 cells did not proliferate and ultimately died in this medium. The 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase activity in transformed cells was only 10% of that found in BHK-21 cells. While A-8 cells in medium II could not be maintained on folate or 5-formyltetrahydrofolate, they survived and even proliferated slowly when provided 5-methyltetrahdyrofolate. The low level of the reductase in A-8 cells and the inability of these cells to utilize folate or 5-formyltetrahydrofolate suggests that A-8 cells are unable to synthesize 5-methyltetrahydrofolate at a rate that will satisfy the cellular demands for methionine.