cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene on chromosome 1q: Early role in differentiation linked replication; gene on human chromosome 13q: Marker of carcinogenesis

We have focused in part on utilizing molecular aspects of the PADPRP gene sequences located on chromosome lq as well as on 13 to help clarify the biological role of these genes. With respect to chromosome lq, stably transfected cell lines have been established in-both HeLa as well as 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells, which express a reverse complementary transcription product in vivo to the exons coded for on the chromosome 1 locus. Also, in the case of the PADPRP-like gene on chromosome 13q, we have fine mapped this sequence and have observed in a linkage of deletion of this region with predisposition to various forms of cancer, especially in the African-American population. (Mol Cell Biochem 138: 77–84, 1994).
Specific binding of the oestradiol-receptor complex to DNA.

STUDIES on the interactions of steroid hormones with their target tissues have led to the generally accepted idea that hormone-receptor complexes are in some way involved in altering the pattern of DNA transcription1–12. The mechanism by which steroid-receptor complexes might regulate the transcription of the genome is, however, yet to be determined. It has been suggested that in the class of nuclear acidic proteins there are acceptor molecules which can bind specifically to the hormone-receptor complex and to DNA13. Other studies have indicated that the integrity of DNA is important for the binding of the hormone-receptor complex in nuclei14,15. The result of the binding of steroid-receptor complexes to DNA could presumably be the activation of a specific set of genes.
Hydrostatic and Biaxial Strain in Ba x Sr 1-x TiO 3 Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We grew Ba x Sr 1−x TiO 3 (BST) films on MgO single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). We report the in-plane ( a ) and out-of-plane ( c ) lattice parameters of BST films deposited in a range of O 2 deposition pressures [P(0 2 )], as measured by asymmetric rocking curve diffraction. As P(O 2 ) increases, the films' biaxial strain changes from compression ( a c ), to cubic ( a = c ), and then to tension ( a > c ). Furthermore, both a and c are larger than the lattice constant for bulk BST of the same composition. This indicates the presence of a hydrostatic strain component in addition to the biaxial component. From the measured lattice parameters, we calculate the total residual strain in terms of biaxial and hydrostatic components. We also examine the effects of a post-deposition anneal. Characterizing residual strain and understanding its origin(s) are important since strain affects the dielectric properties of BST films and thereby the properties of devices which incorporate them.
Authoritarianism and Mental Rigidity: The Einstellung Problem Revisited

As with many issues in psychology, after decades of research no consensus was reached regarding the relationship between authoritarianism and mental rigidity. In particular, the literature describing experiments on authoritarianism and Einstellung rigidity left the basic question unresolved. The present study, based on Christie's review of this literature, used his recommendations for improvements in experimental methodology. An experiment with 101 college undergraduates found greater rigidity among high authoritarians only under conditions designed to produce ego involvement. These results were bolstered by the finding that low humanism, as measured by Tomkins's Polarity Scale, also predicted rigidity. The second dimension of polarity theory (normativism) did not predict rigidity. The present findings suggest that the rigidity of authoritarians may result from arousal produced by ego involvement.
Biomimetic mineralization of acid polysaccharide-based hydrogels: towards porous 3-dimensional bone-like biocomposites

Biomimetic synthesis of bone-like composite materials is a promising strategy for the development of novel biomaterials for bone engineering applications. Most research efforts have focused on collagen or peptide-based scaffolds for bone biomineralization. Inspired by recent findings about the important role of polysaccharides in bone biomineralization, we report the use of an acid polysaccharide-based hydrogel (maleic chitosan/PEGDA hybrid hydrogel) for in vitro growth of carbonated apatite in a modified simulated body fluid (SBF) mineralization environment. The resulting mineralized porous hydrogel composites had reduced pore sizes due to direct deposition of minerals onto the wall of pores. The level of mineralization in the hydrogel composites could be controlled by mineralization time, with mineral amounts equal to 21.4 ± 0.3%, 32.5 ± 0.4% and 44.9 ± 0.6% (weight percentages) for the 3, 7 and 17-day mineralized samples, respectively. At 3 days, the mineral phase comprises spherical amorphous nanoparticles embedded within organic layers, and transformed into plate-like calcium-deficient, carbonated-substituted crystalline hydroxyapatite after 7 days. In contrast, a very small amount of mineral phase was found randomly deposited inside a pure PEGDA hydrogel even after 17-day mineralization. We suggest that acid polysaccharide-based hydrogel could not only provide reactive sites for the binding of the mineral phase (due to the functionalized carboxyl moieties in maleic chitosan), but also play an important role in stabilizing the amorphous inorganic phase at the early stage of crystallization. The porous mineralized polysaccharide-based hydrogel composites can serve as viable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water

Abstract We have studied the photochemical reactions of eight polycyclic aromatics and heteroatom analogs (PAHs). Quantum yields and rate constants in sunlight and at single wavelengths were measured and half-lives of the PAHs as a function of the time of year were calculated. Product studies and the effect of humic acid and oxygen on rates are reported.
Caudal movement of tissues ventral to the cervical somites and the development of the shoulder in the chick embryo

It has been suggested that formation of the shoulder in the embryonic chick is caused by caudal movement of the pleural coelom (Yander and Searls, '80a,b; Searls, '83). The cells of the somatopleure over the pleural coelom move into the base of the wing causing a thickening at the cranial base of the wing (the shoulder). In the previous work cited what caused the pleural coelom to move in a caudal direction could not be determined. It has now been observed that part of this movement is due to increase in the cranial-caudal width of the hyoid arch. The mandibular arch does not move relative to the base of the wing or the somites. The caudal margin of the hyoid arch on the surface of the neck moves caudally at a rate of four to six somites per day, overgrowing the cervical sinus in the process. The aortic arches move in the same direction at a rate of 2 to 3 somites per day. It is suggested that the more medial elements of the hyoid arch are increasing in size, displacing the cervical sinus in a caudal direction. Part of the caudal movement of the cranial margin of the pleural coelom is also due to increase in length of the trachea. The trachea branches from the larynx ventral to about the eighth somite from 4 to 7 days of development. The distance from the cranial end of the trachea to the bifurcation that produces the left and right bronchi increases so that the bronchi become medial to the shoulder at 5.5 days, and the distance from the cranial end of the trachea to the pleural coelom increases so that the pleural coelom becomes medial to the shoulder at 4.5 days.
Anatomy of the hyoid apparatus in odontoceli (toothed whales): Specializations of their skeleton and musculature compared with those of terrestrial mammals

Background: The hyoid apparatus of odontocetes (toothed whales) serves as a major attachment point for many of the muscles and ligaments subserving breathing, swallowing, and sound production. Methods: This study examines the hyoid apparatus in 48 specimens of ten odontocete genera (Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus, Stenella, Delphinus, Tursiops, Grampus, Globicephala, Mesoplodon, Physeter, and Kogia) collected post mortem from beach strandings. Results: The odontocete hyoid apparatus, as that of their closest terrestrial relatives, the artiodactyls, is divisible into a basal portion (bashyal, paired thyrohyals) and a suspensory portion (paired ceratohyals, epihyals, stylohyals, and tympanohyals) connecting the basal portion to the skull base. Unlike other terrestrial mammals, the basal portion lies inferior to the laryngeal aditus, is flattened dorso-ventrally, and is relatively large, thus providing a broad surface area for muscle attachments. The suspensory elements are not as flattened and are joined by synovial joints (except for epihyal-stylohyal fusion). Muscular specializations include enlargement of those which retract the hyoid apparatus (e.g., sternohyoid) or control the tongue (e.g., styloglossus, hyoglossus). These muscles may be particularly important in a specialized prey capture behavior called suction feeding. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a tilted placement, which allows asymmetrical enlargement of the piriform sinuses. Asymmetry is also seen in the muscular attachment between the larynx and the hyoid apparatus. The most pronounced differences from the basic pattern are observed in two families: Physeteridae and Ziphiidae. Conclusions: The derived position and shape of the odontocete hyoid apparatus may have evolved to subserve several specialized upper respiratory/digestive tract functions, such as simultaneous feeding (suction and swallowing) and sound production. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serotonergic properties of cocaine: effects on a 5-HT2 receptor-mediated behavior and on extracellular concentrations of serotonin and dopamine.

Abstract The present study examined the ability of cocaine to produce behavioral and neuropharmacological effects through serotonin (5-HT) systems. Pretreatment with fluoxetine or cocaine potentiated the head-shake response to the 5-HT precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; 75 mg/kg), a behavior mediated by the activation of 5-HT2 receptors. This effect was antagonized by the selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin (1 mg/kg). In contrast, pretreatment with the selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitor desipramine (10 mg/kg) or the selective dopamine (DA) uptake inhibitor GBR 12909 (32 mg/ kg) failed to potentiate the head-shake response. The effects of cocaine on extracellular concentrations of DA and 5-HT in the nucleus accumbens were examined using in vivo microdialysis in a separate group of anesthetized rats. Cocaine (10 mg/ kg) increased the extracellular concentrations of DA and 5-HT by 300–350% over baseline levels. Cocaine's ability to increase the head-shake response and to increase extracellular concentrations of 5-HT may be due to its ability to block 5-HT uptake.
Construals of preillness relationship quality predict cardiovascular response in family caregivers of Alzheimer's disease victims.

The authors examined the relationships between family caregivers' construal of their preillness affection for and cohesiveness with an Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient and subsequent cardiovascular functioning. Scale validation demonstrated the psychometric properties. In a study conducted 2 years later, 31 family caregivers of AD victims performed stress-inducing tasks while cardiovascular activity was monitored. Path analyses revealed that caregivers relatively high in preillness affection for the AD patient were characterized by lower heart rate reactivity and resting diastolic blood pressure. In contrast, caregivers relatively high in preillness cohesion were characterized by higher resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results suggest that caregivers' social relationships may play an important, although not always beneficial, role in cardiovascular regulation and health. The chronic stress of caregiving for a family member with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with negative changes in psychological (Schulz & Williamson, 1991) and immunological function (Kiecolt-Glaser, Dura, Speicher, Trask, & Glaser, 1991). Not all caregivers are equally affected, however. We have previously found that caregivers' perceptions of social support moderate the negative impact of caregiving, as indexed by immune function (Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 1991) and cardiovascular reactivity (Uchino, Kiecolt-Glaser, & Cacioppo, 1992). The present research focused on the prediction of cardiovascular functioning by the caregiver's construals of the nature of the caregiver-patient relationship before the onset of AD.
Vagal Adrenergic Degranulation of Enterochromaffin Cell System in Guinea Pig Duodenum

Working under the hypothesis that sympathetic nerve stimulation is involved in the degranulation of enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum of the guinea pig, a series of experiments utilizing both chemical and immunological sympathectomy was performed. Once sympathectomy was established, histological examination of the duodenum revealed enterochromaffin cell granulation was unaffected by peripheral vagal stimulation. This would tend to suggest adrenergic, and not cholinergic, fibers are implicated in the degranulation process in the guinea pig. This does not conflict with previous reports that vagal stimulation induces degranulation, because it has been shown that sympathetic fibers run in the vagal trunk of the guinea pig.
An evaluation of the bond strengths of four organosilane materials in response to thermal stress

Abstract This study investigated the effect of thermal stress on the shear bond strength of four commercially available porcelain repair materials. Porcelain cylinders were made and embedded in acrylic resin. Composite resins were bonded to the porcelain samples by using the four organosilane systems. The specimens were aged in 37 °C distilled water for 24 hours. Ten specimens per system were then thermocycled for 48 hours. Ten specimens per system remained in 37 °C distilled water for 48 hours. All samples were loaded at the composite resin/porcelain interface by using an Instron machine. Results demonstrated cohesive porcelain failures for most of the nonthermocycled specimens. Thermocycling caused a significant decrease in the bond strengths of the Command Ultrafine, Enamelite 500, and Fusion materials. Only the Scotchprime system maintained consistently high shear strength values under the conditions tested.
Dynamics of shallow towing cables

Abstract The dynamic response of shallow, nearly horizontal, towing cables to periodic horizontal end displacements is examined theoretically using the assumption that the shape of the dynamic deflections is of the same general form as the equilibrium shape. Virtual-work methods are used to determine the governing equation for the time dependence of the assumed deflections and an approximate analytic solution is obtained. Results from a typical example show that the analytic solution gives results that are generally within 10% of those found by direct numerical integration of the governing equation. When sufficiently large end displacements are considered, the analytic solution is found to yield an unstable description requiring net compressive loadings in the cable during part of its motion. In these circumstances, an approximate solution is indicated based on the assumption that any small increment of compressive loading is quickly relieved by small cable motions which do not appreciably affect the shape of the dynamic deflections. Numerical results indicate that the maximum as well as the minimum value of the cable force is affected by the instability even though it occurs only during part of the cable motion.
Inkjet-printed paper-based RFID and nanotechnology-based ultrasensitive sensors: The “Green” ultimate solution for an ever improving life quality and safety?

This article demonstrates how inkjet-printing of antennas/matching networks on low-cost paper-based materials can tackle all four challenges enabling the easy implementation of ubiquitous RFID and WSN networks by reviewing major milestones achieved in this area by this research group. It starts by discussing why paper should be used as a substrate for UHF/wireless inlays, followed by the dielectric characterization of paper using a microstrip ring resonator method. This paper then shows show how we can use conductive inkjet-printing technology for the fast fabrication of RF/wireless circuits, provides a design guideline for an inkjet-printed broadband antenna for UHF RFID tags which can be used globally, and eventually shows the capability of integrating sensors with RFID tags stressing how this functionality could revolutionize data fusion and real-time environmental cognition.
Modeling mobility for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Without realistic modeling of node mobility, simulation evaluation of performance of mobile ad hoc networks may not correlate well with performance in a real deployment. In this work, we present a new, realistic model of node motion based on the movement of vehicles on real street maps. Our model can be used with the ns-2 network simulator. We compare our model with the Random Waypoint mobility model, the most widely used mobility model. Results show that, in many ways, the Random Waypoint mobility model is a good approximation for simulating the motion of vehicles on a road, but there are situations in which our new model is better suited.
Raman spectroscopic investigation of the structure of silicate glasses (II). Soda-alkaline earth-alumina ternary and quaternary glasses

Raman spectra of some ternary and quaternary glasses in the system Na2OCaOMgOAl2O3SiO2 are presented. The spectra are interpreted in terms of the structural alteration of the glass as the composition is altered from the binary end members to more complicated glasses. Addition of CaO and MgO to soda-silica glasses act only to increase the disorder of the network slightly. Addition of Al2O3 greatly modifies the network. In some soda-lime-aluminosiliscate compositions an estimate can be made of the amount of aluminum in four- and six-fold coordination. It is shown that the amounts of four- and sixfold coordinated aluminum depend on the glass composition.
Methyl Salicylate, a Soybean Aphid-Induced Plant Volatile Attractive to the Predator Coccinella septempunctata

Induced volatiles provide a signal to foraging predatory insects about the location of their prey. In Iowa, early in the growing season of soybean, Glycine max, many predacious seven-spotted lady beetles, Coccinella septempunctata, were observed on plants with heavy infestations of soybean aphid, Aphis glycines. We studied whether the attraction of this beetle is caused by the release of specific volatile compounds of soybean plants infested by aphids. Volatile compounds emitted by soybean plants infested by aphids were compared with those of undamaged, uninfested, and artificially damaged plants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed consistent differences in the profiles of volatile compounds between aphid-infested soybean plants and undamaged ones. Significantly more methyl salicylate was released from infested plants at both the V1 and V2 plant growth stages. However, release patterns of two other induced plant volatiles, (D)-limonene and (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, differed between the two plant growth stages. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection of volatile extracts from infested soybean plants showed that methyl salicylate elicited significant electrophysiological responses in C. septempunctata. In field tests, traps baited with methyl salicylate were highly attractive to adult C. septempunctata, whereas 2-phenylethanol was most attractive to the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea and syrphid flies. Another common lady beetle, the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, showed no preference for the compounds. These results indicate that C. septempunctata may use methyl salicylate as the olfactory cue for prey location. We also tested the attractiveness of some selected soybean volatiles to alate soybean aphids in the field, and results showed that traps baited with benzaldehyde caught significantly higher numbers of aphids.
Uptake, transport, and release of hydrogen from Pd(100)

Abstract Understanding the interactions of hydrogen atoms with the surface and the subsurface regions of Pd is critical to the development of advanced energy technologies for hydrogen storage, hydrogen separations, and catalytic conversion processes. While many of the physical and chemical characteristics of the H 2 –Pd system are known, the kinetics and thermodynamics of H atom absorption into the bulk, transport from the bulk back to the surface, and desorption from the surface remain unclear. In this work, the kinetics of D 2 release from Pd following exposure to D 2 over a range of pressures and temperatures were measured using temperature programmed desorption. To accurately simulate the kinetics of D 2 release, the continuum-based model of Mavrikakis, et al. (J. Chem. Phys 105, 8398, 1996) was extended to include activation barriers for desorption and transport that depend on D atom concentration in the surface, subsurface and bulk regions of the Pd. The use of concentration dependent barriers improves the ability of the model to predict the hydrogen uptake and release kinetics observed across temperatures ranging from 100 to 600 K.
Deterministic model for matrix solidification in liquid-liquid thermally induced phase separation

Abstract A deterministic approach was taken to predict membrane morphologies resulting from the matrix solidification step that occurs in the formation of microporous membranes via liquid–liquid thermally induced phase separation (L–L TIPS). Many studies have examined the growth rate of droplets in the isothermal coarsening stage of membrane formation, but few have attempted to extend this information into the subsequent processing steps of matrix solidification, diluent extraction/exchange, and drying. This research is the first to take into account the compositional change of the matrix phase during non-isothermal quenching of an L–L TIPS system that has gone through droplet coarsening. In the research presented here on matrix solidification, the approach taken utilized Monte-Carlo routines to provide quantitative information on cell size and cell size distribution for a representative L–L TIPS system, isotactic poly(propylene)–diphenyl ether. The model accounts for diluent expulsion from the polymer-rich phase, continued droplet growth during the solidification process, and shrinkage due to crystallization of the polymer-rich phase. The predicted structures were compared to experimentally formed membranes.
He Says, She Says: Subjectivity and the Discourse of the Other in the Prioress's Portrait and Tale

The Prioress's Portrait, Prologue, and Tale present a series of displacements in which Chaucer describes and ventriloquizes a sexual other, the Prioress, who, in her Tale, demonizes a "racialized" other, the Jews. Except that the incriminations against the Prioress are much more subtly suggested, she is not so unlike the Jews she depicts. Both are characterized, though in greatly differing degrees, by their sensuality, greed, bodiliness, proximity to filth, and their resistance to the Law. The categories Woman and Jew, both, are created out of a disavowal of lack, an attempt to fix or know difference; and yet, when they appear, they carry the charge of the unresolvable problem of difference, not so much between groups (men and women or Christians and Jews) but within them, raising for the authorized Christian subject, the burning question of his diflerence within. When the woman aspires to the position of the authorized Christian subject, she must also disavow her lack in language. A close look at the serial generation of others in the Prioress's Portrait, Prologue, and Tale will reveal the perpetual process of turning out what must be rejected (what is deemed impure, anti-social, sinful, bodily or "feminine") onto an other outside the category of Christianitas.
Diagnosis and Management of Arterial Compression at the Thoracic Outlet

Neurovascular compression syndromes at the thoracic outlet generally present with predominantly arterial, venous, or neurogenic symptoms. The arterial abnormalities produce unique problems in diagnosis and management, and usually affect young, otherwise healthy, active individuals. Between 1984 and 1995 23 patients presented to our facility, with acute symptoms of arterial occlusion or embolization, found to be originating from the axillosubclavian arterial segment. The group comprised 14 females and nine males, ranging from 15 to 74 years, with an average age of 37 years. There were seven competitive athletes, three industrial workers, and 13 home, office, or service workers. The most severe presenting symptoms, occurring alone or in combination, and ranked in order of frequency observed, were: arm ‘claudication’ (74%), hand ischemia (48%), and digital gangrene (44%). Transaxillary thoracic outlet decompression was undertaken in 22 cases. This was combined with arterial reconstruction in 11 cases and sympathectomy for ischemic causalgia in seven cases. Transaxillary resection of a cervical rib was accomplished in 8 cases. There was one postoperative graft occlusion (PTFE), corrected by thrombectomy, with cumulative secondary patency (to 64 months), and one secondary embolic occlusion. Excepting the two secondary procedures, no patient had recurrent symptoms at a mean follow-up of 61 months. Effective and durable correction of the axillosubclavian arterial compressive abnormalities requires adequate thoracic outlet decompression, and anatomic vascular reconstruction when necessary. Failed prior procedures were a consequence of inaccurate diagnosis, failure to identify and correct the proximal embolizing arterial lesion, or inadequate decompression. Unilateral Raynaud's symptoms require meticulous investigation for arterial compression at the thoracic outlet with careful interpretation of subtle angiographic findings.
Activity of entomophthoran fungal isolates (Zygomycetes) against Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatodes orizicola (Homoptera: Delphacidae).

Abstract A total of 48 isolates of three species of entomophthoran fungi ( Erynia delphacis, Erynia (Zoophthora) radicans , and an undescribed species of Entomophaga ) were tested against adult Sogatodes orizicola and Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae). Only E. delphacis was infective to both insects, though S. orizicola was infected to some extent by all three pathogens. N. lugens was consistently less susceptible to these fungi, which exhibited longer incubation times in this insect. With one exception, fungi from non- N. lugens and, especially non-delphacid hosts, were not infective or only weakly infective to N. lugens ; some of these isolates were moderately or strongly infective to S. orizicola , and one was the most infective to this insect, killing 91% of the sample. No consistent differences were found among planthopper morphs with regard to susceptibility to the fungi. However, macropterous males died significantly earlier than macropterous females which, in turn, died significantly earlier than brachypterous females.
Role of International Trade in Chinese Economic Development

This study examines the interdependency between Chinese agricultural and industrial sectors. A dual economic model was developed to investigate the relationship between the two sectors and factors affecting Chinese economic development. The study reveals that inputs, such as labor, are important to Chinese economic development. Capital investment contributed to the growth of the Chinese industrial sector. The results also suggest that foreign trade has made a significant contribution to economic development. Growth of the Chinese agricultural sector seems to depend on industrial growth, but growth of the industrial sector does not rely on agricultural growth.
Hemispheric differences for enhancement and suppression mechanisms during story comprehension.

Although readers are able to follow the goals of a character in a story, little is currently known about the underlying enhancement and suppression mechanisms that occur in each cerebral hemisphere. In this study, participants read texts that mentioned a goal of a character, which was later followed by information related to the original goal, a new goal, or unrelated information. Participants then performed a lexical decision task to original-goal-related targets, which were presented to either the left visual field–right hemisphere or the right visual field–left hemisphere. When the original goal was repeated, facilitation was greater in the right hemisphere than the left hemisphere. When a new goal was introduced, the left hemisphere exhibited decreased facilitation for the original goal information. The current findings suggest that two separable mechanisms (i.e., enhancement and suppression), located in different hemispheres, may be involved when readers process goals during narrative text comprehension.
Limb regeneration in juveniles of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii following removal of developing limb buds

Regeneration of autotomized limbs by third crab stage Rhithropanoepus harrisii followed the all-or-none rule and was completed without significant alteration of the normal molt cycle. Loss of three to six primary limb buds during late intermolt or early premolt (D0, day 3) resulted in a delay of ecdysis while secondary limb buds were formed. The number of animals delaying ecdysis and producing secondary buds was stimulus dependent. While the number of animals initiating secondary regeneration increased with the number of primary buds lost, fewer animals in these groups were capable of regenerating all of the missing primary buds. Animals not initiating secondary regeneration or regenerating only some of the primary limb buds completed regeneration during the following molt cycle. The duration of the subsequent molt cycle was significantly shorter for all regenerating animals, including the regeneration control group. Partial regeneration and acceleration of subsequent molts appears to be the best allocation of available energy reserves.
Readability measurement for foreign-language materials

Abstract The methodology used for English texts is not applicable to foreign-language materials: “Cloze” procedure and word lists have no sense outside a given linguistic community. The readability formula will be expected to include linguistic criteria absent from (and perhaps irrelevant to) English-based formulas. Linguistic variables for syntax and lexicon are proposed.
TagDock: an efficient rigid body docking algorithm for oligomeric protein complex model construction and experiment planning.

We report here new computational tools and strategies to efficiently generate three-dimensional models for oligomeric biomolecular complexes in cases where there is limited experimental restraint data to guide the docking calculations. Our computational tools are designed to rapidly and exhaustively enumerate all geometrically possible docking poses for an oligomeric complex, rather than generate detailed, atomic-resolution models. Experimental data, such as interatomic distance measurements, are then used to select and refine docking poses that are consistent with the experimental restraints. Our computational toolkit is designed for use with sparse data sets to generate intermediate-resolution docking models, and utilizes distance difference matrix analysis to identify further restraint measurements that will provide maximum additional structural refinement. Thus, these tools can be used to help plan optimal residue positions for probe incorporation in labor-intensive biophysical experiments such as chemical cross-linking, electron paramagnetic resonance, or Forster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy studies. We present benchmark results for docking the collection of all 176 heterodimer protein complexes from the ZDOCK database, as well as a protein homodimer with recently collected experimental distance restraints, to illustrate the toolkit's capabilities and performance, and to demonstrate how distance difference matrix analysis can automatically identify and prioritize additional restraint measurements that allow us to rapidly optimize docking poses.
Implementation of dense matrix multiplication on 2D mesh

A large number of algorithms have been developed for solving large dimension matrix multiplication through parallel computation. Lots of algorithms have been developed keeping performance matrices such as speed up, efficiency, isoefficiency etc. in linear order. We have compared the performance of simple block checkerboard partitioning algorithm with cannon's algorithm over 2D mesh topology in HPC Maverick (Rocks 5.4) by taking the mathematical problem matrix multiplication. Till the date not any of the algorithms clearly claimed to be superior then the others. It seems to be advantageous to partition matrix into blocks for multiplying on the 2D Mesh.
Interaction between stock indices via changepoint analysis

Stock market indices from several countries are modelled as discretely sampled diffusions whose parameters change at certain times. To estimate these times of parameter changes we employ both a sequential likelihood-ratio test and a non-parametric, spectral algorithm designed specifically for time series with multiple changepoints. Finally, we use point-process techniques to model relationships between changepoints of different financial time series. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sternocleidomastoid muscle flap

The sternocleidomastoid muscle has significant application in the head and neck following radical ablative surgery about the mandible, face, and oral cavity. It can be used in the following ways to rehabilitate the paralyzed face, to correct a soft-tissue defect about the upper neck and oral cavity, and to protect the major arteries in the head and neck. (a) It may be transposed with a segment of the clavicle and/or sternum as a composite pedicle flap for reconstruction of the mandible. (b) It may be transposed into the lower cheek and jaw to reconstruct a mandibular defect. (c) It may be transposed into the anterior floor of the mouth as a myocutaneous flap following major ablative surgery to assist in correcting the defect and rehabilitating the oral cavity. (d) It may assist in facial paralysis to reanimate the lower third of the face. (e) It may be used to reinforce a suture line and protect the carotid and innominate arteries. (f) It may assist in shoulder elevation following poliomyelitis when transposed to the acromial process of the clavicle.
Dental considerations for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Background Dentists play a major role as part of an allied health team in providing oral care to patients with diabetes. As such, they may detect undiagnosed cases of diabetes and refer patients to physicians for further evaluation. Methods The author describes new concepts in metabolic control for diabetes and the relationship of oral complications to diabetes mellitus. The treatment of acute oral infections and the dentist's role in supporting patients in smoking-cessation programs are approaches that may reduce morbidity from diabetes mellitus. In consultation with the patient's physician, the dentist may need to modify the treatment plan where systemic complications are present. Results Working with the physician, nutritionist and dental hygienist, the dentist can maintain the patient's oral health and possibly improve the patient's metabolic control of diabetes. In consultation with the patient's physician, the dentist can discuss the indications and contraindications of medications for the treatment of oral complications in patients with systemic complications resulting from diabetes. Using a glucometer may avert emergencies related to diabetes. Conclusions The dental team can improve the metabolic control of a patient's diabetes by maintaining optimal oral health. The dentist also can reduce comorbidity factors by supporting patients in tobacco-use cessation programs. Clinical Implications Dentists can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes by maintaining their patients' oral health and by referring patients with signs and symptoms of oral complications suggestive of diabetes to physicians for further evaluation.
Culture and history in psychiatric diagnosis and practice.

Cultural psychiatry is the perspective that seeks to understand the science, practice, and disorders of psychiatry from the standpoint of systems of meanings and values prevalent in a society. Although psychiatry now operates under an international banner, it nonetheless must apply its concepts and practices in distinctive cultural settings rendering the domain of meanings highly revelant. Because psychiatry as a medical discipline arose in Anglo European societies, the history and culture of these societies has to be taken into account in making sense of its initial mandate, functions, and goals. The goal of this article is to provide an analysis of cultural psychiatry in an international context. This is accomplished by first discussing cultural and historical factors that shaped the evolution of modern psychiatry during the eighteenth and especially nineteenth centuries. Second, the article discusses developments during the last third of the twentieth century that shaped the epistemological themes of contemporary cultural psychiatry. Thirdly, the article reviews and places in historical context some of the cultural quandaries associated with the goals of international psychiatry.
Optical Purity Determination and 1H NMR Spectral Simplification with Lanthanide Shift Reagents. II. Thiamylal, 5-Allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric Acid

A racemic sample of thiamylal, 5-allyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, 1, has been shown to exhibit significant enantiomeric shift differences, ΔΔδ, for the CH3-CH proton absorptions when treated with the chiral lanthanide shift reagent, tris[3-(trifluoromethylhydroxy-methylene)-d-camphorato] europium (III), 2, in CDCl3 at 28°. For example, at the relatively low molar ratio of 2:1 of 0.181, a value of ΔΔδ of 22 Hz (0.36δ) was observed, which increased to 26 Hz (0.43δ) at a molar ratio of 0.226. These large values, with relatively little lanthanide-induced line-broadening, should make possible the facile determination of optical purity of 1 even with a 60 MHz nmr spectrometer. Parallel studies were run using the achiral shift reagent, tris-(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium (III), 3, to confirm peak assignments. The considerable values of ΔΔδ may reflect the "soft base" character of the sulfur atom in 1. Less effective binding by sulfur to the lanthanide atom could lead to coordination by europium on the carbonyl oxygen, relatively close to the chiral center, providing enhanced ΔΔδ values compared to some related compounds. While several other proton absorptions of 1 appear to show some observable ΔΔδ, they are less valuable for optical purity evaluation because of lower intensity, greater multiplicity, or small ΔΔδ value. The relative slopes of the plots of chemical shift, δ, for runs with 2 or 3, are consistent with the full assignment of the proton absorptions of 1 based on expected proximity of the protons to the complexed europium atom. The observed coupling constants of the vinyl hydrogens of 1 further support the assignments.
The Difficulty in Measuring Suitable Targets When Modeling Victimization

Target suitability is a critical theoretical concept for opportunity theory. Previous research has primarily measured this concept using demographic characteristics of the study participant, which is problematic. This study corrects the measurement problem by employing bullying variables as alternative measures of target suitability because they are arguably better at capturing the social and psychological vulnerability of the individual that is attracting motivated offenders. Using three waves (1999, 2001, & 2003) of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) School Crime Supplement (SCS), this research explores the impact of the bullying measures along with demographic characteristics and lifestyle measures on the likelihood that a student will experience victimization in school. The findings suggest that the bullying measures are better predictors of victimization over the demographic characteristics and lifestyle measures for all three waves. The findings highlight the need for better measures of target suitability, which capture the social and psychological vulnerability of victims to explain victimization. Language: en
A forgotten strand of reception history: understanding pure semantics

I explore a strand of reception history that follows Rudolf Carnap’s shift from a purely syntactical analysis of constructed languages to his conception of pure semantics. My exploration focuses on Gustav Bergmann’s and Everett Hall’s interpretation of pure semantics (as centered around Carnap’s notion of ’rules of designation’), their understanding of what constitutes a ’formal’ investigation of language, and their arguments concerning the relationship between expressions and their extra-linguistic referents. I argue that Bergmann and Hall strongly misread Carnap’s semantic project and, subsequently, their misunderstanding is passed down through colleagues and students (found most notably in Wilfrid Sellars’ early philosophy).
Acetylcholine epilepsy: Relationship of surface concentration, chronicity of denervation, and focus size

Abstract Experiments were performed on intact and chronically undercut cat suprasylvian gyrus attempting to determine a critical minimum size of cortical aggregate for acetylcholine (Ach) induced epileptiform activity. Cortical seizure foci of different sizes, 4 × 4 mm, 2 × 2 mm, and 1 × 1 mm were made with filter papers wetted to contain equal fluid volumes with equimolar amounts of Ach per unit area for each experiment. Concentrations of Ach varied from 0.5% (3.4 nmoles/mm 2 ) to 4% (28 nmoles/mm 2 ). The following results were obtained: The probability of seizure increased with increasing focus size and with increasing amount of Ach per mm 2 of filter paper. Seizure occurred reliably with small (1 × 1 mm) foci in intact animals with 28 nmoles of Ach, whereas only 6.8 nmoles was required in chronically undercut preparations of 31 days or more. Average time to seizure onset was 8.75 min and was not statistically different for different size foci. No minimum cortical aggregate size necessary for Ach induced seizure could be established with this method. The size may vary under differing stimulus conditions but the results suggest that a volume with linear dimensions of 1 mm or less would be large enough.
Redefinition of the Urostylidae (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida) on the Basis of Morphogenetic Characters*

SYNOPSIS Examination of stained specimens (protargol and nigrosinbutanol) of hypotrich ciliates during division allows understanding of morphogenesis of buccal structures and cirri. Midventral, frontal, and transverse cirri in both proter and opisthe of Urostyla marina differentiate from a longitudinal series of numerous oblique ciliary streaks in a manner similar to that of Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsii. Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. This pattern differs markedly from that in Amphisiella, Kahliella, Paraholosticha, and Paraurostyla, in which the fronto-ventral and transverse cirri arise from a series of fewer (2–5) ciliary streaks in a longitudinal or fan-like array. Rows of marginal cirri in U. marina arise independently, as in Urostyla grandis. On the basis of comparisons of both structural and morphogenetic features of this and other hypotrichs, the family Urostylidae is redefined to contain Urostyla (type), Bakuella, Holosticha, Keronopsis, Pseudourostyla, and Uroleptus. Other genera formerly contained in the families Holostichidae and Urostylidae are placed in synonymy, assigned to other families, or held in uncertain familial relationship pending their rediscovery and further investigation.
Human genetics offers an emerging picture of common pathways and mechanisms in autoimmunity

In genetic studies of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, one clear finding that has emerged from genome-wide association studies is that a substantial fraction of variation modifying risk in one disease also contributes mediate risk to multiple, additional autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. The unexpected magnitude of this overlap presents the unique opportunity to dissect the pathogenic mechanisms underlying multiple disease states in the expectation that this may lead to both more sensitive diagnostics and novel therapies. Here, we review the current evidence for this shared genetic architecture and, based on these data, outline models for shared pathways, the underlying hypotheses for them, how these models can be tested and validated.
Priority effects determine the outcome of ectomycorrhizal competition between two Rhizopogon species colonizing Pinus muricata seedlings

Summary • Competition is often considered a fundamental process influencing assemblage structure, yet little is known about competition among ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. Here, we examine competitive interactions between Rhizopogon occidentalis and Rhizopogon salebrosus in a 6-month microcosm study. • Pinus muricata seedlings were grown in three EM treatments: R. occidentalis, R. salebrosus, and R. occidentalis and R. salebrosus. At 2, 4, and 6 months, five seedlings per treatment were harvested and the EM root tip biomass of each species was determined. Root tips in the two-species treatment were identified using molecular techniques. • R. occidentalis had similar EM root tip biomass when grown alone or in the presence of R. salebrosus. By contrast, R. salebrosus had significantly lower EM root tip biomass when grown with R. occidentalis than when grown alone, indicating it was a competitive inferior under the conditions tested. Competition was driven by differences in timing of colonization resulting in a strong priority effect for R. occidentalis. • Our results, together with two earlier studies, indicate competition may play a more important role in EM interactions than previously recognized.
The Impact of Alternative Government Policies Under Varying Exchange Systems

I. A model to contrast alternative policies, 196. — II. Fixed exchange rates, 200. — III. Flexible exchange rates, 204. — IV. Conclusions, 207.
Passive Eye Monitoring in Information Security

In the post-September 11 era, security is becoming more and more critical. An important component of information security is user authentication, the ability of an information system to certify that a user is who she claims she is. Authentication can involve one of two processes: identification or verification. For identification, information about an unknown user must be compared against similar information for all possible users. The best match is returned within a confidence level. For verification, a user identity (entered as a user name for example) must be compared only against an existing signature (usually a password) stored for that user. While identification is important for database searches, for example to locate a person based on fingerprints left at a crime scene, most information systems implement authentication as verification. A user types in his or her user name or scans an identification card, then enters a password to verify the identity. Authentication as verification is used for both physical access (for example to secure areas) and for online access (for example to log in to a computer terminal). Secure user authentication requires that users be endowed with credentials which are i) unique for each user, ii) not easily stolen or lost and iii) reasonably affordable and iv) convenient to use. The order above is not an indication of importance of the various requirements.