cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parahost behavior of adult Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in Delaware

Parahost behavior of adult Gasterophilus intestinalis (DeGeer) was observed during the summers of 1978 and 1979 near pastured horses on two farms near Newark, Del. Adult fly occurrence, although sparse in early summer, indicated a gradual increase, with three surges in emergence. In the laboratory, males lived 1-3 d and females 1-2 d. In the field, marked flies were not seen on days following their release. Adult behavior indicated an urgency in mating and oviposition dictated by a short life span. Male flight patterns were characterized by in-flight searches for females and intraspecific conflicts with other males. This behavior appeared to be density dependent. Horses grazing singly or in groups were aggressively defended by hovering males. Following midair coupling, mating took place near horses. Female horse bot flies oviposited in a variety of environmental and parahost conditions. The rate of oviposition varied, but a female could deposit her total complement of 900 eggs in less than 1 h. Egg counts on hosts indicated that horses can ingest greater than 90% of the infective stage larvae through self and mutual grooming. The hanging ovipositor profile identified an ovipositionally spent female. The effective life span of an ovipositing female was 1 d.
The impact of acoustical environmental design on children with autism

I is estimated by the Centres for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) that approximately 1 in every 88 children are diagnosed with some level of autism, (one in 54 boys) a sharp jump from the previous numbers released in late 2009, and frighteningly distant rate from one in 10,000 cases seen in the 1980s. In the case of facilities for children with autism, the line between healthcare environment and educational environment becomes blurred. A learning facility for children with autism is the equivalent of a behavioral health facility. In recent years, research has shown that the educational environments have a profound effect on learning and performance among students, especially those with autism (Mostafa, 2008). Many design solutions that target autistic populations have been introduced for implementation in both mainstream and special education classrooms, however, few of these design approaches have been tested via research. If classrooms and learning environments are not designed to accommodate students with developmental disabilities, it can be assumed that they will not learn essential skills and may struggle to live in our society (Khare & Mullick, 2009). Acoustics has been identified as one of the most important issues in the interior design requirements of these children (Caldwell, 2006). This study aims to develop an innovative tool and technique for the acoustical environments of children with autism by developing four main phases. After gathering, analyzing and synthesizing the data into a narrative format, the research created tool and techniques to incorporate the evidence into renovating and building diagnostic, treatment, and educational facilities for persons with autism. The results of these phases allowed the researcher to create a tool and technique of design guidelines. If acoustics-based healthcare and educational design can improve the conditions in which treatments and education are delivered, results may include improved success rates for healthcare and educational professionals and improved outcomes for individuals with autism. Shireen M. Kanakri, J Alzheimers Dis Parkinsonism 2013, 3:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-0460.S1.003
The land surface water and energy budgets over the Tibetan Plateau

Tibetan Plateau plays an important role in the Asian Monsoon and global general circulation system. Due to the lack of quantitative observations and complicated cold season processes in high elevation terrain, however, the land surface water and energy budgets are still unexplored over this special region. In this study, the water and energy balances are analyzed in detail based on recently released land surface “reanalysis” data produced by NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System by three different land models, which first ingest all available ground and satellite data into the data assimilation system over the Tibetan Plateau. The major land surface energy and water components in the annual variability are compared. The model and data assimilation skills and deficiencies are also discussed. The total heat fluxes in the transition from heat source to heat sink is observed at the west edge of the TP during winter. But, the area and intensity is far less than the previous hypothesized. The Budyko curve for hydrology indicates that the TP is a typical dry and arid climate where evaporation is mainly controlled by precipitation.
Wettability alteration of sandstones by silica nanoparticle dispersions in light and heavy crude oil

Unlike conventional oil production methods, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes can recover most oil products from the reservoir. One method, known as wettability alteration, changes the hydrophilicity of the reservoir rock via decreased surface interactions with crude oils. The mitigation of these attractive forces enhances petroleum extraction and increases the accessibility of previously inaccessible rock deposits. In this work, silica nanoparticles (NPs) have been used to alter the wettability of two sandstone surfaces, Berea and Boise. Changes in wettability were assessed by measuring the contact angle and interfacial tension of different systems. The silica NPs were suspended in brine and a combined solution of brine and the Tween®20 nonionic surfactant at concentrations of 0, 0.001, and 0.01 wt% NP with both light and heavy crude oil. The stability of the different nanofluids was characterized by the size, zeta potential, and sedimentation of the particles in suspension. Unlike the NPs, the surfactant had a greater effect on the interfacial tension by influencing the liquid-liquid interactions. The introduction of the surfactant decreased the interfacial tension by 57 and 43% for light and heavy crude oil samples, respectively. Imaging and measurements of the contact angle were used to assess the surface-liquid interactions and to characterize the wettability of the different systems. The images reflect that the contact angle increased with the addition of NPs for both sandstone and oil types. The contact angle in the light crude oil sample was most affected by the addition of 0.001 wt% NP, which altered both sandstones’ wettability. Increases in contact angle approached 101.6% between 0 and 0.001 wt% NPs with light oil on the Berea sandstone. The contact angle however remained relatively unaffected by addition of higher NP concentrations, thus indicating that low NP concentrations can effectively be used for enhancing crude oil recovery. While the contact angle of the light crude oil plateaued, the heavy crude oil continued to increase with an increase in NP concentration; therefore indicating that a maximum contact angle in heavy crude oil was not yet achieved. The introduction of NPs in light and heavy crude oil samples altered both the Berea and Boise sandstone systems’ wettability, which in turn indicated the efficacy of the silica NPs and surfactants in generating a more water-wet reservoir. Consequently, silica NPs and surfactants are most promising for EOR across the range of oil types.
Extensive Lymph Node Dissection Improves Survival among American Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma Treated Surgically: Analysis of the National Cancer Database

Introduction The extent of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer is a topic of controversy among surgeons. This study was conducted to analyze the American National Cancer Database (NCDB) and conclude the optimal extent of lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods The NCDB for gastric cancer was utilized. Patients who received at least a partial gastrectomy were included. Patients with metastatic disease, unknown TNM stages, R1/R2 resection, or treated with a palliative intent were excluded. Joinpoint regression was used to identify the extent of lymphadenectomy that reflects the optimal survival. Cox regression analysis and Bayesian information criterion were used to identify significant survival predictors. Kaplan-Meier was applied to study overall survival and stage migration. Results 40,281 patients of 168,377 met the inclusion criteria. Joinpoint analysis showed that dissection of 29 nodes provides the optimal median survival for the overall population. Regression analysis reported the cutoff ≥29 to have a better fit in the prognostic model than that of ≥15. Dissection of ≥29 nodes in the higher stages provides a comparable overall survival to the immediately lower stage. Nonetheless, the retrieval of ≥15 nodes proved to be adequate for staging without a significant stage migration compared to ≥29 nodes. Conclusion The extent of lymphadenectomy in gastric adenocarcinoma is a marker of improved resection which reflects in a longer overall survival. Our analysis concludes that the dissection of ≥15 nodes is adequate for staging. However, the dissection of 29 nodes might be needed to provide a significantly improved survival.
BMAT -- A Binary Matching Tool for Stale Profile Propagation

A major challenge of applying profile-based optimization on large real-world applications is how to capture adequate profile information. A large program, especially a GUI-based application, may be used in a large variety of ways by different users on different machines. Extensive collection of profile data is necessary to fully characterize this type of program behavior. Unfortunately, in a realistic software production environment, many developers and testers need fast access to the latest build, leaving little time for collecting profiles. To address this dilemma, we would like to re-use stale profile information from a prior program build. In this paper we present BMAT, a fast and effective tool that matches two versions of a binary program without knowledge of source code changes. BMAT enables the propagation of profile information from an older, extensively profiled build to a newer build, thus greatly reducing or even eliminating the need for re-profiling. We use two metrics to evaluate the quality of the results using propagated profile information: static branch prediction and the accuracy of code coverage. These metrics measure how well the matching algorithm works for the frequently executed core code and across the whole program, respectively. Experiments on a set of large DLLs from Microsoft Windows 2000 and Internet Explorer show that compared to freshly collected profiles, propagated information using BMAT is typically over 99% as effective in branch prediction and over 98% as accurate in code coverage information.
Thermally stable alumina–gallia aerogel as a catalyst for NO reduction with C3H6 in the presence of excess oxygen

In order to improve thermal stability, an alumina–gallia aerogel was prepared and the catalyst performance for NO reduction with C3H6 was compared with that of an alumina–gallia xerogel. Basically, both were prepared by a sol–gel method with supercritical drying for the former, while with oven drying for the latter. Upon heating at 800, 900, and 1000 °C, the aerogel exhibited higher NO conversion than the xerogel at reaction temperature 500 °C. At 450 °C, NO conversion was almost the same for these two catalysts. A marked difference was observed upon heating them at 1100 °C: the aerogel still maintained quite a high activity, while the xerogel greatly lost it. After heating the aerogel at 1100 °C, γ-phase alumina remained untransformed with its surface area of 80 m2/g, while the xerogel was completely transformed to α-alumina with its surface area of 6 m2/g. The high activity remaining on the aerogel heated at 1100 °C was ascribed to its large surface area.
The Symbiosis Between Free Banking and Individual Liberty

In its simplest form, Hayek’s 1937 criticism of national central banking contends that there are two practicable banking system arrangements: free or internationally centralized. At the time, Hayek preferred an international centralized arrangement because he thought a free-banking arrangement would be unable to guarantee liquidity. Forty years later, Hayek realized liquidity constraints were purely institutional constructs, and abandoned a centralized model in favor of a market-place of competing currencies. Yet, Hayek’s ideological evolution intensified his condemnation of national central banking, as it had become clear to him that monetary nationalism was the major source of global economic instability. Based on the philosophical principles underlying individualism, Hayek had rejected an international centralized arrangement as well, and decisively favored of free banking.
The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Studies of the Structural Proteins of Togaviruses and Flaviviruses

Since the initial reports of the isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAb’s) specific for alphaviruses (Roehrig et al., 1980) and flaviviruses (Dittmar et al., 1980), the arbovirus community has experienced a virtual explosion in the research applications of MAb’s to the antigenic analysis of these important human and veterinary pathogens. This research, reviewed in the following pages, has revolutionized our understanding of both the molecular and the clinical immunology of togaviruses and flaviviruses.
Peeking behind the curtains of serverless platforms

Serverless computing is an emerging paradigm in which an application's resource provisioning and scaling are managed by third-party services. Examples include AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, and Google Cloud Functions. Behind these services' easy-to-use APIs are opaque, complex infrastructure and management ecosystems. Taking on the viewpoint of a serverless customer, we conduct the largest measurement study to date, launching more than 50,000 function instances across these three services, in order to characterize their architectures, performance, and resource management efficiency. We explain how the platforms isolate the functions of different accounts, using either virtual machines or containers, which has important security implications. We characterize performance in terms of scalability, coldstart latency, and resource efficiency, with highlights including that AWS Lambda adopts a bin-packing-like strategy to maximize VM memory utilization, that severe contention between functions can arise in AWS and Azure, and that Google had bugs that allow customers to use resources for free.
A Fast and Simple Approach to Merge and Merge Sort Using Wide Vector Instructions

Merging and sorting algorithms are the backbone of many modern computer applications. As such, efficient implementations are desired. Recent architectural advancements in CPUs (Central Processing Units), such as wider and more powerful vector instructions, allow for algorithmic improvements. This paper presents a new approach to merge sort using vector instructions. Traditional approaches to vectorized sorting typically utilize a bitonic sorting network (Batcher's Algorithm) which adds significant overhead. Our approach eliminates the overhead from this approach. We start with a branch-avoiding merge algorithm and then use the Merge Path algorithm to split up merging between the different SIMD lanes. Testing demonstrates that the algorithm not only surpasses the SIMD based bitonic counterpart, but that it is over 2.94X faster than a traditional merge, merging over 300M keys per second in one thread and over 16B keys per second in parallel. Our new sort reaches is over 5X faster than quicksort and 2X faster than Intel's IPP library sort, sorting over 5.3M keys per second for a single processor and in parallel over 500M keys per second and a speedup of over 2x from a traditional merge sort.
A Low-Jitter Injection-Locked Multi-Frequency Generator Using Digitally Controlled Oscillators and Time-Interleaved Calibration

This paper presents a low-jitter, injection-locked frequency generator that can provide multiple output frequencies concurrently. The injection-locked digitally controlled oscillators (DCOs) can be controlled separately so that their output frequencies can be changed independently between 0.9 and 1.2 GHz in 15-MHz steps. Due to the proposed time-interleaved frequency calibrator that operates continuously in the background, all injection-locked DCOs are ensured to maintain excellent jitter performance against process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. As a prototype, the proposed injection-locked, multi-frequency generator (ILMFG) was designed to generate two independently controlled output signals, and it was fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The 1-MHz phase noise and the rms jitter integrated from 1 kHz to 40 MHz of the 960-MHz output signal were −133.5 dBc/Hz and 375 fs, respectively. The degradation of rms jitter was restricted to less than 10%. The silicon area was 0.05 mm2, and the total power consumption was 7.7 mW when generating two different output frequencies.
A Seat at the Table

Organized medicine and psychiatry have a long tradition of governmental advocacy and public engagement. The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL), since its founding 50 years ago, has made some forays into these fields. However, its involvement has been less substantial than other similarly situated professional organizations. With its increasing membership and expertise, AAPL now possesses the capacity to dedicate some of its organizational attention, energy, and resources to educating policymakers and the public on current and future topics related to forensic mental health. In addition, an increasing number and type of professional activities related to this discipline are affected by governmental regulation and public opinion. Therefore, the need to become involved in shaping policy is more urgent, particularly in light of the fact that other forensic mental health organizations have been actively involved in governmental advocacy for decades. Finally, as a field and in the near future, we likely will deal with life-changing technological innovations related to the practice of forensic psychiatry. AAPL and its members are perhaps uniquely qualified and have a responsibility to help ensure that these innovations are developed, implemented, and utilized appropriately. This can only be accomplished by having a proverbial seat at the table in the process.
Immunologic profile of melanoma brain metastases (MBM) in patients (pts) with prolonged survival.

9070 Background: Median survival of MBM pts is significantly shorter than pts with extra-cranial metastases. However, a subset of MBM pts exhibit extended survival. Radiation therapy (RT - radiosur...
Dimensions of Scientific Innovation

Abstract: Research in the history of scientific innovations reveals that apart from the usual textbook presentations of how science advances, there are—especially in the early, private stages of individual scientists’ work—a great number of different procedures in actual use of which the final published papers rarely give even a hint. Examples of these often essential but largely hidden mechanisms of scientific innovation are given from the study of works by Johannes Kepler, Henri Poincare, Enrico Fermi, and the discoverers of high-temperature superconductivity.
Clindamycin-induced rhabdomyolysis in the setting of mitochondrial myopathy

We present a patient with mitochondrial myopathy who developed rhabdomyolysis following treatment with clindamycin. While clindamycin is not yet linked to drug-induced rhabdomyolysis in the literature, other drugs with mechanisms of action similar to clindamycin have been shown to damage human host mitochondria. Given this, we contend that clindamycin may also be capable of causing mitochondrial injury, and that while in otherwise healthy patients it may not produce any negative clinical outcome, it can precipitate rhabdomyolysis in certain patients whose mitochondria are already vulnerable.
Proof of the Broué–Malle–Rouquier Conjecture in Characteristic Zero (After I. Losev and I. Marin—G. Pfeiffer)

We explain a proof of the Broue–Malle–Rouquier conjecture on Hecke algebras of complex reflection groups, stating that the Hecke algebra of a finite complex reflection group W is free of rank |W| over the algebra of parameters, over a field of characteristic zero. This is based on previous work of Losev, Marin– Pfeiffer, and Rains and the author.
Rethinking Key-Value Store for Parallel I/O Optimization

Key–value stores are being widely used as the storage system for large-scale internet services and cloud storage systems. However, they are rarely used in HPC systems, where parallel file systems are the dominant storage solution. In this study, we examine the architecture differences and performance characteristics of parallel file systems and key–value stores. We propose using key–value stores to optimize overall Input/Output (I/O) performance, especially for workloads that parallel file systems cannot handle well, such as the cases with intense data synchronization or heavy metadata operations. We conducted experiments with several synthetic benchmarks, an I/O benchmark, and a real application. We modeled the performance of these two systems using collected data from our experiments, and we provide a predictive method to identify which system offers better I/O performance given a specific workload. The results show that we can optimize the I/O performance in HPC systems by utilizing key–value stores.
Book Review of 'Antitrust in a World of Interrelated Economies: The Interplay between Antitrust and Trade Policies in the US and the EEC,' by Mario Marques Mendes

Does the protection and enhancement of national economic interests in international trade conflict with antitrust goals of promoting competition? This question may seem peculiar since presumably both trade and antitrust policies seek to serve national interests. But, as Mr. Mendes, the author of Antitrust in a World of Interrelated Economies, points out, the ends sought by a nation's international economic policies can be and often are at cross-purposes with those of its antitrust laws. In fact the protection of a nation's industries from certain practices of foreign competitors frequently results in the reduction of competition. This raises the question of whether the benefits of certain trade policies outweigh their costs when measured by antitrust concerns.What follows is an overview of what I consider are the most important issues and critical themes underlying Mr. Mendes' book. Though Mr. Mendes does not offer much in the way of solutions through his comparison of the United States and the European Economic Community, he highlights many of the problems. However, the reader is often left with a wish for a richer theoretical framework with which to contemplate the issues Mr. Mendes raises. Furthermore, familiarity with the different areas discussed helps considerably in following the details of Mr. Mendes' descriptions of the phenomena he addresses. Nevertheless the book can serve as a useful resource for those individuals who are examining these issues for the first time. Mr. Mendes' book covers considerable ground and though more analysis along with the reporting of events, laws and judicial opinions would have been desirable, there is a considerable compendium of important quotes and cites to significant literature on every topic he addresses.
The Morrison County School District: Issues Involving Employee Misconduct:

A school principal has been placed on administrative leave for allegedly having sexual relations on school property after hours with a member of the county sheriff’s department. The principal denie...
A DIGITAL HEALTH PLATFORM FOR METABOLIC SYNDROME: A 6 MONTH PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN CHINA

Metabolic Syndrome represents a constellation of findings known to increase cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality and is becoming more frequent in China. Smartphone applications may provide a cost-effective method to engage in weight loss and improve metabolic syndrome components. A
Closing the gap: Contribution of surgical best practices to outcome differences between high- and low-volume centers for lung cancer resection

Background Clinical outcomes for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are superior at high-volume facilities, but reasons for these differences remain unclear. Understanding these differences and optimizing outcomes across institutions are critical to the management of the increasing incidence of these cases. We evaluated the extent to which surgical best practices account for resected early-stage NSCLC outcome differences between facilities according to case volume. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study for clinical stage 1 or 2 NSCLC undergoing surgical resection from 2004 to 2013 using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Surgical best practices (negative surgical margins, lobar or greater resection, lymph node (LN) dissection, and examination of > 10 LNs) were compared between the highest and lowest quartile volumes. Results A total of 150,179 patients were included in the cohort (89% white, 53% female, median age 68 years). In a multivariate model, superior overall survival (OS) was observed at highest volume centers compared to lowest volume centers (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82-0.96; P = .002). After matching for surgical best practices, there was no significant OS difference (HR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.87-1.05; P = .32). Propensity score-adjusted HR estimates indicated that surgical best practices accounted for 54% of the numerical OS difference between low-volume and high-volume centers. Each surgical best practice was independently associated with improved OS (all P ≤ .001). Conclusion Quantifiable and potentially modifiable surgical best practices largely account for resected early-stage NSCLC outcome differences observed between low- and high-volume centers. Adherence to these guidelines may reduce and potentially eliminate these differences.
Bayesian calibration of hysteretic reduced order structural models for earthquake engineering applications

Abstract Seismic risk assessment entails frequently a large number of nonlinear time-history analyses. The use of high-fidelity Finite Element Models (FEMs) in this context, though supports high accuracy predictions, involves a substantial computational burden. This has incentivized researchers to explore the use of calibrated Reduced Order Models (ROMs) to replace the computational expensive FEMs, with the calibration process established so that the ROM can match the desired FEM characteristics. Recent studies have explicitly examined this calibration for hysteretic, multi-degree-of-freedom ROMs utilizing FEM time-history response data. This calibration has been posed as a least-squares optimization problem for the configurable ROM parameters, considering the discrepancy between the ROM and FEM responses for a selected number of excitations, for different output quantities of interest (QoIs). This work extends these efforts to examine a Bayesian calibration framework of ROMs for earthquake engineering applications. The entire posterior distribution of the ROM parameters is identified, instead of solely the point estimate that the current least-squares optimization provides. This facilitates a quantification of the uncertainty in the calibrated ROM parameters. For formulating the likelihood function different assumptions are discussed, impacting, ultimately, how the different earthquake excitations and QoIs are effectively combined. Comparisons to the objective function utilized in the established least-squares approach are drawn. Furthermore, a model class selection is advocated to compare different candidate ROMs in order to choose the most appropriate one given the available data. Finally, a hierarchical Bayesian inference approach is examined, treating independently the ROM calibration for each earthquake excitation, but unifying the ROM parameters under a common prior, updated using data from all excitations. Different challenges are discussed for implementing such a multilevel Bayesian framework for the current application. The illustrative implementation considers two different structures, corresponding to different materials and heights, with the FEMs developed in OpenSees. The different calibration approaches are evaluated by utilizing the calibrated ROMs for seismic risk assessment for different seismicity scenarios.
Predicting shockwaves in radiograph images using different deep learning models

We demonstrate and analyze a new methodology for detecting and characterizing shocks in high energy density physics (HEDP) experiments using simulated radiographs. Our method consists of simulating many variations of an HEDP experiment using a multi-physics modeling code developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. These simulations are then used to produce synthetic radiographs that emulate the actual experimental data collection setup. Shock contours are defined by the peaks of the density derivative values obtained at each radial coordinate of an x-rayed cylindrical object, giving us a ground truth of shock position that would not be available directly from the observed radiograph. Convolutional neural networks are then trained on our simulations, mapping radiograph to shock structure. We investigate four different state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks, Xception, ResNet152, VGG19, and U-Net, for use in regressing the HEDP radiograph to the shock position. It is demonstrated that our neural network approach offers a highly accurate shock locator. We find that the different network architectures are better tuned for locating distinct shock characteristics, equivalent to detecting shockwaves at multiple scales. Differences are quantified by ranking the four architectures by their overall performance accuracy. The regression model based on the Xception architecture is found to yield the highest accuracy. In order to understand limitations of these techniques to external perturbations in the experimental setup we also apply our trained networks to shock location in the presence of Gaussian and Flatfield noise. We find that the network shock-locations are surprisingly robust to noise giving confidence that they will perform well on experimental data.
Spin wave wavevector up-conversion in Y-shaped Permalloy structures

Spin waves in micrometer-sized, patterned Y-shaped Permalloy structures were studied using micro-focus Brillouin light scattering (BLS) with a magnetic field applied in-plane. For in-plane magnetized thin films and microstrips, the dispersion relations depend on the angle of the magnetization with respect to the microstrip axis. BLS measurements show that spin waves generated in the two arms that form the top of the Y structure can be channeled into a longer magnetic microstrip that forms the base when the applied field is oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the base. In this configuration, the base supports surface spin waves. A comparison of the BLS data with micromagnetic simulations reveals that low- k spin waves generated by a microstrip antenna in the arms are converted to higher- k spin waves in the base, which may be useful for nanomagnonic applications.
Flight directors for STOL aircraft

Flight director logic for flight path and airspeed control of a powered-lift STOL aircraft in the approach, transition, and landing configurations are developed. The methods for flight director design are investigated. The first method is based on the Optimal Control Model (OCM) of the pilot. The second method, proposed here, uses a fixed dynamic model of the pilot in a state space formulation similar to that of the OCM, and includes a pilot work-load metric. Several design examples are presented with various aircraft, sensor, and control configurations. These examples show the strong impact of throttle effectiveness on the performance and pilot work-load associated with manual control of powered-lift aircraft during approach. Improved performed and reduced pilot work-load can be achieved by using direct-lift-control to increase throttle effectiveness.
Chromatic sensitivity of illumination change compensation techniques

Illumination changes and their effects on scene appearance pose serious problems to many computer vision algorithms. In this paper, we present the benefits that a chromaticity-based approach can provide to illumination compensation. We consider three computationally inexpensive illumination models, and demonstrate that customizing these models for chromatically dissimilar regions reduces mean absolute difference (MAD) error by 70% to 80% over computing the models globally for the entire image. We demonstrate that models computed for a given color are somewhat effective for different colors with similar hues (increasing MAD error by a factor of 6), but are ineffective for colors with dissimilar hues (increasing MAD error by a factor of 15). Finally, we find that model choice is less important if the model is customized for chromatically dissimilar regions. Effects of webcamera drivers are considered.
GENE REGULATION DURING BACTERIOPHAGE T4 DEVLOPMENT. I. PHENOTYPIC REVERSION OF T4 AMBER MUTANTS BY 5-FLUOROURACIL.

The phenotypic reversion of T4 amber mutants by 5-fluorouracil was studied. Early and late mutants differ in their time-dependent response in agreement with the appearance of early and late proteins. Using temperature mutations which affect phage DNA synthesis, it is concluded that late genes can be transcribed from the injected DNA without replication. Late genes can also be transcribed in the presence of chloramphenicol, suggesting that the bacterial BNA-polymerase can transcribe all bacteriophage genes from the infecting DNA. A model to explain the time-dependent synthesis of phage proteins is proposed, based on a difference in messenger BNA stabilities and ribosomal affinity.
Endocrine Disorders: Hereditary

Many genes that comprise endocrine pathways have been discovered. A variety of endocrine disorders caused by variations in these genes are now well understood in terms of their molecular basis and mode of inheritance. Keywords: endocrine disorders; genetics; endocrinopathies; dwarfism; pituitary; adrenal; diabetes insipidus; thyroid
Martian stable isotopes: volatile evolution, climate change and exobiological implications

Measurements of the ratios of stable isotopes in the martian atmosphere and crust provide fundamental information about the evolution of the martian volatile and climate system. Current best estimates of the isotope ratios indicate that there has been substantial loss of gases to space and exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the crust throughout geologic time; exchange may have occurred through circulation of water in hydrothermal systems. Processes of volatile evolution and exchange will fractionate the isotopes in a manner that complicates the possible interpretation of isotopic data in terms of any fractionation that may have been caused by martian biota, and must be understood first. Key measurements are suggested that will enhance our understanding of the non-biological fractionation of the isotopes and of the evolution of the martian volatile system.
Quantifying the Effect of Statin Use in Pre-Diabetic Phenotypes Discovered Through Association Rule Mining

Prediabetes is the most important risk factor for developing type-2 diabetes mellitus, an important and growing epidemic. Prediabetes is often associated with comorbidities including hypercholesterolemia. While statin drugs are indicated to treat hypercholesterolemia, recent reports suggest a possible increased risk of developing overt diabetes associated with the use of statins. Association rule mining is a data mining technique capable of identifying interesting relationships between risks and treatments. However, it is limited in its ability to accurately calculate the effect of a treatment, as it does not appropriately account for bias and confounding. We propose a novel combination of propensity score matching and association rule mining to account for this bias, and find meaningful associations between a treatment and outcome for various subpopulations. We demonstrate this technique on a real diabetes data set examining the relationship between statin use and diabetes, and identify risk and protective factors previously not clearly defined.
2‐Oxa‐7,7‐dichloronorcarane

2-Oxa-7,7-dichloronorcarane solvent: 100-ml. portions of petroleum ether product: 2-oxa-7,7-dichloronorcarane Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[3]; cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; dihydropyran; pentane
Models for Predicting the Performance of a Linear Screen

Most empirical models developed in the past to predict the performance of industrial screens are suitable specifically for vibratory screens. Understandably, these models are deficient in predicting the performance of linear screens due to the difference in their operating principles. The optimization of a Pansep linear screen has been successfully completed recently at the Southern Illinois University. Based on a significant amount of test data, empirical models have been developed to suitably predict the size separation performance from linear screens. The inadequacy of a vibratory screen model to predict the performance of a linear screen has been proved and a suitable model-fit has been suggested to predict the oversize partition coefficient as a function of the normalized mean particle size (d i /d 50c ) for a linear screen. In addition, an aperture-based model equation has been developed for linear screens to predict partition coefficient for a given size fraction as a function of only the screen ap...
Investigation of tomosynthetic perfusion measurements using the scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) system

The feasibility of making regional perfusion measurements using a tomosynthetic digital subtraction angiography (TDSA) acquisition has been demonstrated. The study of tomosynthetic perfusion measurements was motivated by the clinical desire for perfusion measurements in an interventional angiography suite. These pilot studies were performed using the scanning-beam digital x-ray (SBDX) system which is an inverse-geometry imaging device which utilizes an electromagnetically-scanned x-ray source, and a small CdTe direct conversion photon counting detector. The scanning electron source was used to acquire planar-tomographic images of a 12.5 x 12.5 cm field of view at a frame rate of 15 frames/sec during dynamic contrast injection. A beagle animal model was used to evaluate the tomosynthetic perfusion measurements. A manual bolus injection of iodinated contrast solution was used in order to resolve the parameters of the contrast pass curve. The acquired planar tomosynthetic dataset was reconstructed with a simple back-projection algorithm. Digital subtraction techniques were used to visualize the change in contrast agent intensity in each reconstructed plane. Given the TDSA images, region of interest based analysis was used in the selection of the image pixels corresponding to the artery and tissue bed. The mean transit time (MTT), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were extracted from the tomosynthetic data for selected regions in each of the desired reconstructed planes. For the purpose of this study, the arterial contrast enhancement curve was fit with a combination of gamma variate terms, and the MTT was calculated using a deconvolution based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The results of the contrast pass curves derived with TDSA were consistent with the results from perfusion measurements as implemented with CT acquisition.
Structure-function relationships in high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases by Raman spectroscopy. 3. Effects of self-associating solvents

Raman spectroscopy is used to examine the subtle effects of polar, hydrogen-bonding solvents; temperature; and the surface grafting method (surface- or solution-polymerized) on alkyl chain rotational and conformational order in a series of high-density octadecylsilane stationary phases ranging in surface coverage from 3.09 to 6.45 μmol/m2. Rotational and conformational order is assessed using the intensity ratio of the antisymmetric to symmetric ν(CH2) modes as well as the frequencies at which these Raman bands are observed. Alkyl rotational and conformational order decreases with decreasing surface coverage in these polar solvents, consistent with the behavior of these materials in air. For homogeneously distributed, high surface coverage materials, these polar solvents induce rotational ordering that is proposed to be due to the self-association of these solvents through hydrogen bonding or other dipole interactions at the alkylsilane−solvent interface. From these observations, molecular pictures of the...
Time, bounded utility, and the St. Petersburg paradox

The assumption of bounded utility function resolves the St. Petersburg paradox. The justification for such a bound is provided by Brito, who argues that limited time will bound the utility function. However, a reformulated St. Petersburg game, which is played for both money and time, effectively circumvents Brito's justification for a bound. Hence, no convincing justification for bounding the utility function yet exists.
A functional basis for classification of alpha-adrenergic receptors.

Abstract The division of adrenergic receptors into alpha and beta types led to the development of selective and highly useful agents such as phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, and propranolol. More recently, subdivision of beta receptors into β1 and β2 has resulted in the development of agents more selective for bronchodilation which are relatively free of cardiac stimulating properties. Response characteristics of alpha-adrenergic agonists are reviewed here which suggest the existence of at least two types of alpha-adrenergic receptors. Ag Agonists such as methoxamine and phenylephrine are relatively selective for postsynaptic alpha receptors mediating vasoconstriction. Agonists such as methylnorepinephrine, clonidine, and tramazoline are relatively selective for alpha-receptors mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release from sympathetic neuron terminals. Members of this latter group are also relatively selective for alpha-receptors inhibitory to renin release from the kidney, alpha-receptors in the brain which lower blood pressure, alpha-receptors inhibitory to melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)-induced dispersion of melanocyte granules, and alpha-receptors in other systems. We propose a classification in which receptors of the vascular smooth muscle type are called α1 and those receptors of the type found on the sympathetic neuron terminal inhibitory to norepinephrine release, in the central nervous system inhibitory to the sympathetic nervous system, and on melanocytes inhibitory to dispersion of granules are called α2. Such a subclassification has been very useful in experimental design in our laboratories and in teaching. Also, this division could conceivably lead to the development of powerful agents even more selective for inhibition of renin release, control of blood pressure by a central site of action, reduction of fever, and possible other scientific or therapeutic applications.
Lenalidomide therapy in treatment-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus: Histologic and circulating leukocyte profile and potential risk of a systemic lupus flare

Background Lenalidomide is a thalidomide analogue that may serve as an adjunctive therapy for treatment-refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Objectives We evaluate the use of lenalidomide in CLE and describe the skin and circulating leukocyte profile of treatment-refractory patients before and after treatment. Methods Five subjects were treated with lenalidomide in an unblinded open-label study. Immunohistochemistry of skin was performed for T-cell markers, glycosaminoglycans, and CXCL10, an interferon-inducible chemokine, before and after treatment. Immunophenotyping and measurement of interferon-inducible genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also performed before and after treatment. Results Four subjects demonstrated clinical improvement of their skin, however one of these responders subsequently developed symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. Small changes in rare circulating leukocyte subsets, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells were observed with treatment and may correlate with clinical response. Treatment was associated with increased circulating HLA-DR expression and decreased markers of interferon-mediated pathways, regardless of clinical response. Limitations Our results are limited by small sample size and the measurement of rare populations of circulating cell subsets. Conclusions Lenalidomide may have usefulness as therapy for severe, treatment-refractory CLE. However, our preliminary data suggest that lenalidomide may activate T cells and trigger systemic disease in some patients with CLE. We also saw a different histologic and circulating leukocyte phenotype in the nonresponding subject. Further characterization of the skin and circulating leukocyte profile of treatment-refractory patients will improve our understanding of CLE.
STATE-SELECTIVE RABI AND RAMSEY MAGNETIC RESONANCE LINE SHAPES

We carry out state-selective Rabi and Ramsey magnetic-resonance experiments on ground-state ${}^{133}\mathrm{Cs}(\mathrm{F}=4)$ atoms. Novel line shapes are obtained, which exhibit very sharp features with a width much smaller than the inverse duration of the magnetic-resonance pulse. The sensitivity of ordinary magnetic-resonance experiments with total spin $\mathrm{F}\mathrm{}g1/2$ is significantly less than the Heisenberg limit, which can be exactly realized only with maximally correlated spin states. We show that the state-selective resonances yield sensitivity very close to the Heisenberg limit, without any state preparation beyond ordinary optical pumping.
Alternative pathways of osteoclastogenesis in inflammatory arthritis

Osteoclasts are cells of haematopoietic origin that are uniquely specialized to degrade bone. Under physiological conditions, the osteoclastogenesis pathway depends on macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1, also known as M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). However, an emerging hypothesis is that alternative pathways of osteoclast generation might be active during inflammatory arthritis. In this Perspectives article, we summarize the physiological pathway of osteoclastogenesis and then focus on experimental findings that support the hypothesis that infiltrating inflammatory cells and the cytokine milieu provide multiple routes to bone destruction. The precise identity of osteoclast precursor(s) is not yet known. We propose that myeloid cell differentiation during inflammation could be an important contributor to the differentiation of osteoclast populations and their associated pathologies. Understanding the dynamics of osteoclast differentiation in inflammatory arthritis is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory joint disease in children and adults.