cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The design and evaluation of a measurement system for photosynthetically active quantum scalar irradiance1

An instrument system has been developed to measure photosynthetically active quantum scalar irradiance, the number of photosynthetically active photons arriving at a point from all directions. One instrument in the system is designed to measure vertical profiles in the ocean, one to monitor solar radiation for reference purposes, and one to measure quantum scalar irradiance in laboratory incubators. A method of evaluating the performance of light measuring instruments and estimating the errors in actual field use is described and applied to these instruments and also to instruments in common use.
The eta invariant and the Gromov-Lawson conjecture for elementary Abelian groups of odd order

Abstract Let M be a compact connected spin manifold of dimension m ⩾ 5. Assume the fundamental group of M is an elementary Abelian p group of rank k where p is an odd prime. If k = 2 and m is arbitrary or if k = 3 and m is odd, we use the eta invariant to show that M admits a metric of positive scalar curvature if and only if the A - roof genus of M vanishes. This establishes the Gromov-Lawson conjecture for these cases.
FACULTY WOMEN IN THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY: UP THE DOWN STAIRCASE

This paper compares the status of academic women in the United States, particularly at the most prestigious institutions of higher education, to that of faculty men. Inequalities in rank, prestige, rewards, work environment, and social expectations are discovered. The paper next traces the organization of women within academia professional organizations in the late sixties and ties these developments to the larger women's movement nationally. Finally, the impact of these organizations on government policy and on university personnel practices is assessed. The future status of academic women in a country with a declining birthrate, a sluggish economy, and diminishing financial support for higher education is considered.
Debt-Poor Kids

Child poverty in the United States has averaged around 20% since the late 1970s. During this time period, it has been consistently and considerably higher than poverty rates for other age groups. The case is often made that poverty in the United States is greatly underestimated. The many problems involved in measuring aggregate poverty rate also plague measures of child poverty. This article focuses on how interest payments on prior consumer debt affect government calculations of child poverty. After summarizing the negative consequences of child poverty, we use the Federal Reserve's Survey of Consumer Finances to estimate child poverty rates by subtracting interest payments on consumer debt from household income. The article concludes with some policy proposals for reducing child poverty and the number of households (especially those with children) who are “debt poor.”
Platelet transfusions in the neonatal intensive care unit:factors predicting which patients will require multiple transfusions.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that recombinant thrombopoietin (rTPO) will increase platelet production in thrombocytopenic neonates. However, the target populations of neonates most likely to benefit should be defined. Studies suggest that rTPO will not elevate the platelet count until 5 days after the start of treatment. Therefore, the neonates who might benefit from rTPO are those who will require multiple platelet transfusions for more than 5 days. This study was designed to find means of prospectively identifying these patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A historic cohort study of all patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the University of Florida who received platelet transfusions from January 1, 1997, through December 31, 1998, was conducted. RESULTS: Of the 1389 patients admitted to the NICU during the study period, 131 (9.4%) received platelet transfusions. Seventeen were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 114 patients, 55 (48%) received one transfusion and 59 (52%) received more than one transfusion (21 had >4). None of the demographic factors examined predicted multiple platelet transfusions. However, two clinical conditions did; liver disease and renal insufficiency. Neonates who received one platelet transfusion had a relative risk of death 10.4 times that in neonates who received none (p = 0.0001). Neonates who received >4 platelet transfusions had a risk of death 29.9 times that in those who received no transfusions (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: NICU patients with liver disease or renal insufficiency who receive one platelet transfusion are likely to receive additional transfusions. Therefore, these patients constitute a possible study population for a Phase I/II rTPO trial.
Future Lithography Challenges

For the past 25 years, the resolution and productivity of lithography exposure tools have continuously improved. The latest exposure tools have adopted immersion technology with ArF excimer lasers for the production of half pitch (HP) 55 nm to 45 nm patterns and beyond. For HP 32 nm, EUVL is the main candidate. The author reports the status of development of EUV tools and future lithography challenges.
The prediction of scenic beauty from landscape content and composition

Abstract Two studies were conducted to examine distance classes of vegetation (foreground, middleground and background) and scene composition (presence of vegetation in left, center or right section of the image) as predictors of perceived scenic beauty. In study one, 41 students rated 63 landscape scenes with regard to scenic beauty. The Scenic Beauty Estimation Method was used to derive interval scale beauty values (SBEs). For each landscape image, areal measures of vegetation in each distance class and for each vertical section were taken and used as predictors. Presence of haze, clouds and human impacts were also recorded. Among the most important contributors to scenic beauty were amount of center middleground vegetation, and center background vegetation. Left foreground vegetation and right foreground vegetation were found to have significant and opposing regression weight signs—negative for the left and positive for the right. Study two was conducted to determine whether these opposing regression weight signs for foreground vegetation were due to a perceptual right-left bias or to some specific content in the image itself. In the second study, the photographic slides used to present landscape scenes to subjects were reversed so that the content which was previously on the right was now left, and vice versa. Thirty-nine students rated the reversed slides with regard to their scenic beauty. The signs of the regression weights in study two shifted such that left foreground was now positively valued and right foreground was negatively valued. This finding suggests that viewers are sensitive to foreground content and its placement in the image, and not simply to one side of the field of vision.
Blood Pressure Effects of the Oral Contraceptive and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapies

Oral contraceptives and postmenopausal hormone therapy may induce hypertension through multiple mechanisms, including sodium and volume retention. Numerous studies have shown significant increases in blood pressure (BP) with the chronic administration of oral contraceptives as well as reversibility with discontinuation. The effects of different classes of oral contraceptive agents and hormonal replacement therapy on BP and associated effects on other cardiovascular risk factors are covered in this article. Novel hormonal replacement therapy that lowers BP is also discussed.
Rotator cuff tears: the effect of the reconstruction method on three-dimensional repair site area.

Abstract Purpose: To quantitatively determine the 3-dimensional (3-D) area of the original supraspinatus insertion and compare it with the repair-site area after 4 reconstructions of a simulated supraspinatus tear. Type of Study: Ex vivo biomechanical study. Methods: The outline of the original supraspinatus insertion was obtained in 10 human cadaveric shoulders using a 3-D digitizer. A supraspinatus tear was created and 4 repair techniques were evaluated: transosseous simple suture (TOS), transosseous mattress suture (TOM), suture-anchor simple suture (SAS), suture-anchor mattress suture (SAM). The 3-D outlines of the reconstructed supraspinatus insertion were digitized after each repair. The outlines of the original supraspinatus insertion and repair areas were superimposed onto humeral geometry obtained from a laser scanner, and surface areas were calculated. Results: The original supraspinatus insertion area was larger than any of the repair-site areas ( P P P >.05) and covered 67% of the original supraspinatus insertion. Conclusions: None of the tested repairs restored the area of the original supraspinatus insertion. The larger repair-site area of the TOS repair suggests that this technique provides better potential for healing and, ultimately, greater strength of repair. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 5 (May-June), 2002: pp 519–526
Examination of the intrasyllable phonemic discrimination deficit in children with reading disabilities

Abstract A previous study ( Hurford & Sanders, 1990 ) found that children with reading disabilities were deficient in their performance on a phonemic discrimination task. It was hypothesized that the deficit was related to the inability of disabled readers to process the phonemic information within syllables. The present study further investigated this discrimination deficit by examining the ability of 78 second, third, and fourth grade disabled and nondisabled readers to discriminate between syllables that were vowels and CV syllables that began with liquid and plosive consonants. As hypothesized, the disabled readers performed significantly worse than nondisabled readers. The disabled readers also performed significantly worse on the syllables that contained formant transitions. Unexpectedly, the younger disabled readers were as deficient processing the syllables that began with liquid consonants as they were processing the syllables with plosive consonants.
Fluxes of dissolved organic carbon from Chesapeake Bay sediments

Benthic fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured over an annual cycle at two contrasting sites in Chesapeake Bay. At an organic-rich, sulfidic site in the mesohaline portion of the Bay (site M) DOC fluxes from the sediments ranged from 1.4 to 2.9 mmol/m2/d. Measured benthic DOC fluxes at site M corresponded to ~3–13% of the depth-integrated benthic C remineralization rates (ΣOCR), and agreed well with calculated diffusive DOC fluxes based on porewater DOC profiles. This agreement suggests that DOC fluxes from site M sediments were likely controlled by molecular diffusion. The second site that was studied is a heavily bioturbated site in the southern Bay (site S). The activity of macrobenthos did not appear to enhance DOC fluxes from these sediments, since measured benthic DOC fluxes (< 0.5 mmol/m2/d) were lower than those at site M. The ratios of benthic DOC fluxes to ΣOCR values at site S were also slightly smaller than those observed at site M. Benthic DOC fluxes from Chesapeake Bay sediments do not appear to significantly affect the transport of DOC through this estuary, although uncertainties in the reactivity of DOC in estuaries makes this conclusion somewhat tentative at this time. However, when these results are used to make a lower limit estimate of the globally integrated benthic DOC flux from marine sediments, a value similar to that previously calculated by Burdige et al. (1992) is obtained. This observation further supports suggestions in this paper about the importance of benthic DOC fluxes in the oceanic C cycle.
Follicular Dendritic Cell Makes Environmental Sense

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are key organizers of B cell follicles and germinal centers. In this issue of Immunity, Suzuki et al. (2010) and Garin et al. (2010) identify the roles of Toll-like receptors in the responses of FDCs, providing a unique link between innate and adaptive immunity.
Comparing means from nonnormal distributions: The bisquare-weighted analysis of variance

A new procedure analogous to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), called the bisquare-weighted ANOVA (bANOVA), is described. When a traditional ANOVA is calculated, using samples from a distribution with heavy tails, the Type I error rates remain in check, but the Type II error rates increase, relative to those across samples from a normal distribution. The bANOVA is robust with respect to deviations from a normal distribution, maintaining high power with normal and heavy-tailed distributions alike. The more popular rank ANOVA (rANOVA) is also described briefly. However, the rANOVA is not as robust to large deviations from normality as is the bANOVA, and it generates high Type I error rates when applied to three-way designs.
Ultrasound sensing using a fiber coupled silica microtoroid resonator encapsulated in a polymer

We have demonstrated the detection of a 12MHz ultrasound wave using a microtoroidal whispering gallery mode optical resonator, encapsulated in a low-refractive-index polymer with its coupling tapered-fiber. The sensitivity of our device is 35 mV/KPa.
The pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in healthy American men

Plasma diltiazem concentration was determined for 24 hours after oral administration of 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg (sustained release tablets) in healthy adult white men. The plasma concentration was too low after the 30 mg dose to calculate pharmacokinetic variables. After administration of 60 mg (n = 12), 90 mg (n = 10), and 120 mg (n = 4), peak plasma concentrations were 72, 117, and 152 ng/cm 3 and time to peak concentrations were 3.9, 3.3, and 4.0 hours, respectively. Half-lives for clearance from the plasma were 4.1, 5.1, and 5.6 hours and areas under the concentration-time curve were 514, 984, and 1258 ng/hour per cc, respectively. There was wide variability among patients after the administration of a single dose. The area under the curve also tended to increase more than the multiple of the dose administered. If the plasma diltiazem concentration is quantitatively related to efficacy and toxicity, then these data suggest that dosage requirements may vary considerably from patient to patient. Therefore, if a patient fails to respond sufficiently, the plasma drug concentration should be determined to see if adequate concentration has been attained. Alternatively, if the drug should prove to have a high therapeutic index, one might simply administer more than the usually required dose of diltiazem.
Detection of very weak transmissions from deep space

Abstract Designers of future planetary missions often reduce spacecraft transmitter power and oscillator stability requirements to decrease mission cost. Unfortunately, these reductions can make it impossible to detect weak signals from deep space using conventional demodulation techniques. The new Block V receiver being installed in the Deep Space Network (DSN) can recover suppressed carrier signals and can utilize very narrow loop bandwidths — as narrow as 0.1 Hz. However, operations at very narrow tracking loop bandwidths are quite sensitive to spacecraft oscillator stability. Low-cost oscillators planned for future missions can force the use of wide tracking loop bandwidths, leading to reduced carrier tracking performance. This reduced carrier tracking performance can, in turn, lead to a significant increase in required spacecraft transmitter power. This paper presents the theory behind coherent detection of very weak telemetry from deep space. It then briefly recounts tests characterizing Block V performance for the NEAR spacecraft in two-way coherent operations and presents recommendations for mission designers.
Damage-inducibility of primary and secondary metabolites in the wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)

Induction of secondary metabolites to herbivore damage is a widespread phenomenon among plants and serves to enhance resistance by reducing suitability or increasing toxicity of foliage. Post-damage responses of primary metabolites are less well known; reductions in primary metabolites may increase resistance by decreasing palatability or nutritional suitability for herbivores or by potentiating toxicity of secondary metabolites. In this study, we examined response to simulated herbivory in Pastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip, in both primary and secondary metabolites. We found that induction of secondary metabolites in response to damage is largely restricted to a single class of compounds, the furanocoumarins. These prooxidant compounds are known to be toxic to a wide variety of insect herbivores. The only primary metabolite that responded to damage was total soluble protein, which increased significantly 24 h after damage. After 24 h, the correlation between total furanocoumarins and total sugars was significant and negative (r = − 0.697). This correlation likely reflects an independent response of sugar to damage, rather than a diversion of resources into furanocoumarin production, inasmuch as this correlation at 3 h, after furanocoumarin induction had taken place, was not significant. In other secondary metabolite pathways, damage produced a significant decline in farnesene and a C-16 unsaturated fatty acid, 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid, each of which may potentiate the furanocoumarin defense response. Farnesene may enhance photooxidative activation of the furanocoumarins and 7,10,13-hexadecatrienoic acid may serve as a precursor to jasmonic acid, a key hormone in regulating induction responses. With few key exceptions, quantities of both primary and secondary metabolites in wild parsnip foliage are unaffected by damage. Those that are affected may well play a role in resistance of parsnips to herbivores.
Similar effects of antidepressant and non-antidepressant drugs on behavior under an interresponse-time >72-s schedule

Antidepressant drugs were reported to decrease responses and increase reinforcements in water-deprived male albino rats pressing a lever for water on a schedule requiring a pause of at least 72 s between responses (IRT >72). Subsequently other investigators, using food-deprived ovariectomized hooded rats pressing a lever for food, showed that antipsychotic drugs produced the same effect as antidepressants. Because methodologies differed somewhat, the present study was designed to replicate closely the experimental conditions of the original studies, e.g., same strain and sex, same reinforcer, similar baseline behavior. In this study the antidepressant imipramine, the antipsychotics chlorpromazine and haloperidol, and to some extent the anxiolytic buspirone produced qualitatively similar effects — decreased responses and increased reinforcements — although there were some quantitative differences. This result, and other results showing that some antidepressants increase responses and decrease reinforcements, suggest that the IRT >72-s task lacks specificity as a screening method for antidepressants.
Field enhanced photoemission: A new technique for the direct determination of the quasi-free electron energy in dense fluids

Previous experimental studies of the quasi-free electron energy V0(ρ) in dense fluids either directly measured V0(ρ), using photoemission from an electrode immersed in the fluid, or extracted V0(ρ) from field ionization of a dopant dissolved in the fluid. In this letter, we present a new method to determine directly V0(ρ), namely field enhanced photoemission. We show that this new method yields data comparable to those obtained from dopant field ionization, thereby making this method superior to direct photoemission studies. Moreover, unlike dopant field ionization, field enhanced photoemission is not limited by the solubility of a dopant in the fluid of interest.
Developmental Changes in Word Attribute Utilization for Organization and Retrieval in Free Recall.

Abstract The development of two distinct but related activities in free recall: organization and retrieval, was examined in relation to the development of memory attributes. Twenty-five words printed on cards were chosen to be cross-classified according to conceptual category and according to acoustic similarity. Second-graders (8 year olds), sixth-graders (12 year olds), and college students (20 year olds) either sorted the stimulus words as they wished, were yoked to another subject's sort, or were instructed to sort the words in a blocked fashion according to one attribute or the other. Age differences in attribute preference for sorting were found, as well as significant interactions between age level and attribute basis for mean recall-within-categories, for cued recall, and for clustering in free recall. The results lend strong support to the theory that attribute dominance does in fact change as a function of age, in terms of both organizational schemes and the role of these schemes for recall, and suggest that psychologists reexamine the present notions of children's organizational skills in recall tasks.
Receptors for vitamin B12 related to ileal surface area and absorptive capacity

Abstract Isolated microvillous membranes from hamster ileum bind in vitro 1.4·10 −12 moles of intrinsic factor-vitamin B 12 complex while the maximum absorption from a single dose of vitamin B 12 in vivo is about 3 times as great (4·10 −12 moles). The limited number of intrinsic factor-vitamin B 12 receptor sites (8.5·10 11 per hamster ileum) are distributed over approximately 7000 cm 2 of ileal surface area, corresponding to less than one receptor per microvillus. The restricted capacity for vitamin B 12 absorption in the intact hamster may be explained by the small number of receptor sites and the slow rate of release of vitamin B 12 from the receptor.
The synthesis of pyridazino[4,5-d] pyridazines, pyrazino [2,3-d] pyridazines and a pyrimido [4,5-d] pyridazine

The synthetic chemistry of the relatively unknown pyridazino [4,5-d]pyridazine ring system has been extended. 1,4-Diaminopyridazino [4,5-d]pyridazine (VIII) has been prepared by two routes, the most interesting of these being the one-step conversion of 4,5-dicyanopyridazine into VIII with hydrazine. Upon nitration VIII gave only the mononitramine (X). Attempts to prepare 1,4-dichloropyridazino [4,5-d]pyridazine gave only 4-chloro-2H-pyridazino [4,5-d]pyridazin-1-one (XII). Pyrimido [4,5-d]pyridazine-1,3-dione (XIV) was prepared from pyridazine-4,5-dicarboxamide (IV). The hydrolysis of 5,8-dichloropyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazine (XV) gave 5-chloropyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazin-8-one (XVII) and likewise the ammonolysis of XV gave 5-amino-8-chloropyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazine (XX). As expected the hydrolysis of 5,8-dibromo-pyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazine (XXI) gave 5-bromopyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazin-8-one (XXII). Attempted catalytic dechlorination of 5-chloropyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazin-8-one (XVII) gave 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrazino [2,3-d]pyridazin-5-one (XIX).
Design methodology of high performance on-chip global interconnect using terminated transmission-line

We explore two schemes using transmission-line (T-line) to achieve high-performance global interconnects on VLSI chips. For both schemes, we select wire dimensions to ensure T-line effects present and employ inverter chains as drivers and receivers. In order to achieve high throughput and alleviate Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), high termination resistance is used in the second scheme. For the two schemes, we discuss how to optimize the wire dimensions and the effects of driver impedance and termination resistance on the wire bandwidth. Secondly, design methodology is proposed to determine the optimal design variables for three objectives. We adopt the proposed methodology and compare the performance metrics with repeated RC wires. Simulation results show that, the proposed T-line schemes reduce the delay and improve the throughput as much as 82% and 63%, for min-ddp (delay2-power product) objective.
Characterization of the host cell entry of filamentous influenza virus.

Most laboratory-adapted strains of influenza virus exist as spheres of approximately 100 nm in diameter, which are well established to enter cells by endocytosis in a pH-dependent manner. However, influenza virus isolated from the lungs of infected individuals is believed to exist as predominantly filamentous particles, up to several micrometers in length. Here, we have attempted an initial characterization of the entry of purified influenza virus filaments into host cells – in comparison to more commonly studied spherical forms of the virus. We demonstrate that the internalization of filamentous influenza virus particles is delayed, relative to spherical particles, and that this delay is a result of morphological rather than strain differences. The filamentous influenza particles appear to retain their dependence on low-pH for entry, as demonstrated by a vacuolar-ATPase inhibitor, and viral trafficking to late endosomes, as demonstrated by the requirement for protein kinase C function. However, our data suggest that the endocytic uptake of the filamentous virus particles may be dynamin-independent, unlike spherical virions. Overall, these data provide a view of the entry of influenza virus in its filamentous morphology, demonstrating potential differences between the endocytosis of spherical virions in vitro and filamentous virions in vivo.
40Ar-39Ar ages and cosmic ray exposure ages of Apollo 14 samples†

We have used the Ar-40/Ar-39 dating technique on eight samples of Apollo 14 rocks (14053, 14310), breccia fragments (14321), and soil fragments (14001, 14167). The large basalt fragments give reasonable Ar-40/Ar-39 release patterns and yield well defined crystallization ages of 3.89-3.95 aeons. Correlation of the Ar-40/Ar-39 release patterns with Ar-39/Ar-37 patterns showed that the low temperature fractions with high radiogenic argon loss came from K-rich phases. A highly shocked sample and fragments included in the breccia yield complex release patterns with a low temperature peak. The total argon age of these fragments is 3.95 aeons. Cosmic ray exposure ages on these samples are obtained from the ratio of spallogenic Ar-38 to reactor induced Ar-37 and show a distinct grouping of low exposure ages of 26 m.y. correlated with Cone crater. Other samples have exposure ages of more than 260 m.y. and identify material with a more complex integrated cosmic age exposure history.
Preparation of a severely obese adolescent for significant and long-term weight loss: an illustrative case

For severely obese patients planning bariatric surgery, many surgeons advise pre-operative weight loss which can be difficult for some to achieve. We report a 16-year-old male who was referred for weight loss surgery in a very late stage of severe obesity with a weight and BMI of 310 kg and 93 kg/m2, respectively. He also suffered from obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. To prepare him for laparoscopic gastric bypass, a strict pre-operative nutritional intervention with inpatient and outpatient phases was designed. He lost 22 kg pre-operatively and an additional 86 kg by 67 months post-operatively, representing a 35 % total reduction in BMI. This case illustrates the feasibility and value of a defined pre-operative dietary intervention to effectively manage the weight of an adolescent referred late in the progression of severe obesity.
Near-infrared photoluminescence bands in diamond.

The photoluminescence of several natural and synthetic diamonds of type I and type II has been examined in the spectral range 1.35--1.85 eV (920--670 nm) at 300 and 79 K at ambient pressure. Two emission bands with zero-phonon lines at 1.575 and 1.770 eV are observed in all yellow type-Ia natural diamonds. These bands are attributed to aggregate nitrogen defects and coexist with other known defect emission bands N2 and N3. The implications for high-pressure research using diamond anvils are discussed.
Multi-sensor terrain classification for safe spacecraft landing

A novel multi-sensor information fusion methodology for intelligent terrain classification is presented. The focus of this research is to analyze safety characteristics of the terrain using imagery data obtained by on-board sensors during spacecraft descent. This information can be used to enable the spacecraft to land safely on a planetary surface. The focus of our approach is on robust terrain analysis and information fusion in which the terrain is analyzed using multiple sensors and the extracted terrain characteristics are combined to select safe landing sites for touchdown. The novelty of this method is the incorporation of the T-Hazard Map, a multi-valued map representing the risk associated with landing on a planetary surface. The fusion method is explained in detail in this paper and computer simulation results are presented to validate the approach.
The Power of Violence in War and Peace Post-Cold War Lessons from El Salvador

The Cold War sanitized the author's analysis of political violence among revolutionary peasants in El Salvador during the 1980s. A 20-year retrospective analysis of his fieldnote(s) documents the ways political terror and repression become embedded in daily interactions that normalize interpersonal brutality in a dynamic of everyday violence. Furthermore, the structural, symbolic and interpersonal violence that accompanies both revolutionary mobilization and also labor migration to the US inner city follows gendered fault lines. The snares of symbolic violence in counter-insurgency war spawn mutual recrimination and shame, obfuscating the role of an oppressive power structure. Similarly, everyday violence in a neo-liberal version of peacetime facilitates the administration of the subordination of the poor who blame themselves for character failings. Ethnography's challenge is to elucidate the causal chains and gendered linkages in the continuum of violence that buttresses inequality in the post-Cold War era.
The Relation between Text Type, Tone, and Written Response.

Researchers generally study expository and narrative text separately, even though some theorists maintain that a text's discourse type has little to do with a reader's processing of that text and that other variables may account for more differences in the way texts are read. The research described here investigates the relation between text type, tone, and readers' responses. Fifty-eight students described their expectations about text type. Three weeks later, they wrote free written responses to informational text that was expository, narrative, and descriptive and had either a personal or an impersonal tone. The texts were similar in content, and familiarity with the content was statistically controlled. The results indicated that narrative and expository text were not responded to differently. However, although subjects made significantly more text-based than reader-based statements regardless of text type, they made fewer text-based and more reader-based statements when reading descriptive text than when reading expository or narrative text. Further, subjects who read text with an impersonal tone made significantly more improvement from pre- to posttest on knowledge measures than subjects who read text with a personal tone.
Arboreal bipedalism in wild chimpanzees: Implications for the evolution of hominid posture and locomotion

Field observations of bipedal posture and locomotion in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can serve as key evidence for reconstructing the likely origins of bipedalism in the last prehominid human ancestor. This paper reports on a sample of bipedal bouts, recorded ad libitum, in wild chimpanzees in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in southwestern Uganda. The Ruhija community of chimpanzees in Bwindi displays a high rate of bipedal posture. In 246.7 hr of observation from 2001-2003, 179 instances of bipedal posture lasting 5 sec or longer were recorded, for a rate of 0.73 bouts per observation hour. Bipedalism was observed only on arboreal substrates, and was almost all postural, and not locomotor. Bipedalism was part of a complex series of positional behaviors related to feeding, which included two-legged standing, one-legged standing with arm support, and other intermediate postures. Ninety-six percent of bipedal bouts occurred in a foraging context, always as a chimpanzee reached to pluck fruit from tree limbs. Bipedalism was seen in both male and female adults, less frequently among juveniles, and rarely in infants. Both the frequency and duration of bipedal bouts showed a significant positive correlation with estimated substrate diameter. Neither fruit size nor nearest-neighbor association patterns were significantly correlated with the occurrence of bipedalism. Bipedalism is seen frequently in the Bwindi chimpanzee community, in part because of the unusual observer conditions at Bwindi. Most observations of bipedalism were made when the animals were in treetops and the observer at eye-level across narrow ravines. This suggests that wild chimpanzees may engage in bipedal behavior more often than is generally appreciated. Models of the likely evolutionary origins of bipedalism are considered in the light of Bwindi bipedalism data. Bipedalism among Bwindi chimpanzees suggests the origin of bipedal posture in hominids to be related to foraging advantages in fruit trees. It suggests important arboreal advantages in upright posture. The origin of postural bipedalism may have preceded and been causally disconnected from locomotor bipedalism.
La violencia y El otro lado del sueño de Pedro Luis Prados

Es un analisis formal de los cuentos de El otro lado del sueno , de Pedro Luis Prados. El tema gira alrededor de la invasion de Panama, por parte del ejercito estadounidense, con la intencion de deponer a Manuel Noriega en 1989. El estudio se centra en el tema de la violencia y en la forma como se incorpora en la ficcion dandole un caracter peculiar, por el tratamiento historico del tema que logra alejarse de la narracion historicista. Aunque lo narrado tiene un caracter verosimil, la narrativa es una obra de ficcion esteticamente lograda que descu bre una nueva dimension existencial y onirica del evento historico. This is a formal analysis of short stories in El otro lado del sueno , by Pedro Luis Prados. The main theme is the invasion of Panama by the U.S. army, with the intention of deposing Manuel Noriega in 1989. The study focuses on the theme of violence and on how it is incorporated into the work of fiction, giving these short stories unique character, due to their treatment of history which distinguishes them from historic fiction. Although the narrations have a verisimilar essence, the stories become an esthetic work of fiction that ex hibits a new oneiric and existential dimension of the historical events.
Impact of an Outpatient Pharmacist Intervention on Medication Discrepancies and Health Care Resource Utilization in Posthospitalization Care Transitions

Purpose: Medication errors related to hospital discharge result in rehospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits, yet no systematic approach has been implemented nationally to decrease the...
A self-organizing learning array system for power quality classification based on wavelet transform

This paper proposed a novel approach for the Power Quality (PQ) disturbances classification based on the wavelet transform and self organizing learning array (SOLAR) system. Wavelet transform is utilized to extract feature vectors for various PQ disturbances based on the multiresolution analysis (MRA). These feature vectors then are applied to a SOLAR system for training and testing. SOLAR has three advantageous over a typical neural network: data driven learning, local interconnections and entropy based self-organization. Several typical PQ disturbances are taken into consideration in this paper. Comparison research between the proposed method, the support vector machine (SVM) method and existing literature reports show that the proposed method can provide accurate classification results. By the hypothesis test of the averages, it is shown that there is no statistically significant difference in performance of the proposed method for PQ classification when different wavelets are chosen. This means one can choose the wavelet with short wavelet filter length to achieve good classification results as well as small computational cost. Gaussian white noise is considered and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the performance of the proposed method in different noise conditions.
A Visibility Improvement System for Low Vision Drivers by Nonlinear Enhancement of Fused Visible and Infrared Video

Development of a visibility improvement system for helping drivers with poor vision during night and bad weather conditions is proposed in this paper. Video streams captured by a CCD camera and an infrared camera are registered and fused to obtain image details in extremely low lighting conditions. A novel image enhancement technique employing a nonlinear expansion function is developed for enhancing the fused images. The slope characteristics of the expansion function at an individual pixel location is based on the statistical properties of its neighborhood pixels. The expansion function is also capable of reducing the intensity of the overly bright image regions due to the presence of head lights from vehicles in opposite direction. The enhanced video stream is then subjected to a color restoration process to introduce natural color using the color information gathered from the CCD camera image. The entire image processing and analysis system is being installed in an FPGA environment for performing the processing in real-time. The processed video stream is displayed on a Head-Up Display located directly in front of the driver to assist him/her to drive safely in poor visibility environments. Preliminary results obtained in various experiments conducted with the proposed system are encouraging.
Hierarchical test generation using precomputed testsd for modules

A novel test-generation technique for large circuits with high fault-coverage requirements is described. Circuit modules and signals are represented at a high descriptive level. Test data for modules are represented by predefined stimulus/response packages which are processed symbolically using techniques derived from artificial intelligence. Since many test vectors are processed simultaneously, a substantial increase in test generation speed can be achieved. Preliminary results from a programmed implementation of the proposed test-generation technique are presented. >
Lumpers and Splitters The Public Opinion Information that Politicians Collect and Use

Are the decisions of American policymakers informed by general trends in the public's ideology or by the public's policy-specific preferences? In this article we discuss two explanations for the types of public opinion information that politicians collect and use. Using a unique data set of private polls from the White House of Richard Nixon, we find that when opinion data on specific policies were available, the president relied on them and not on general ideology data. On less important issues, however, we find that the president often chose not to collect policy-specific data and instead relied on general ideology data. The differential collection and use of information by policymakers reflect varying strategic calculations. They also have profound implica- tions for representative democracy and the demands placed on citizens and governors.
Health Education: Theoretical Concepts, Effective Strategies and Core Competencies

Health Education: Theoretical Concepts, Effective Strategies and Core Competencies is a document published by the World Health Organization. This document provides overviews of core health educatio...
MR Imaging of Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury in Term Neonates: Pearls and Pitfalls

Hypoxic-ischemic injury (HII) continues to be an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. In recent years, the role of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has increased by providing early detection to initiate preventive measures and assess the severity of tissue injury, and it often serves as a prognostic indicator. However, because of the subtle findings and temporal variability of signal abnormalities, the imaging diagnosis often remains troublesome, particularly for trainees and general radiologists who do not often encounter these findings. The imaging manifestations between term and preterm infants differ significantly; the imaging findings in term neonates are discussed. Two main patterns of HII have been described in term neonates: peripheral and basal ganglia-thalamus, with the predominant pattern in an affected infant dependent on the duration and severity of the insult. The peripheral pattern occurs in the setting of mild hypoxia or ischemia of prolonged duration, with predominant findings in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter along the intervascular boundary zones. The basal ganglia-thalamus pattern is most often secondary to a more severe hypoxic or ischemic event of short duration and manifests with abnormal hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and hypointensity on T2-weighted images in the posterolateral putamen and ventrolateral thalamus. Associated loss of normal hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and hypointensity on T2-weighted images in the posterior limb of the internal capsule may be present. Restricted diffusion and evolution of imaging findings may be seen in each of these regions, depending on when images are obtained. Advanced imaging techniques, including MR spectroscopy, may add valuable information and specificity, with an abnormal lactate peak often serving as an indicator of HII in term neonates.
Biotechnology in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss: foundations and future of hair cell regeneration.

Purpose To provide an overview of the methodologies involved in the field of hair cell regeneration. First, the author provides a tutorial on the biotechnological foundations of this field to assist the reader in the comprehension and interpretation of the research involved in hair cell regeneration. Next, the author presents a review of stem cell and gene therapy and provides a critical appraisal of their application to hair cell regeneration. The methodologies used in these approaches are highlighted. Method The author conducted a narrative review of the fields of cellular, molecular, and developmental biology, tissue engineering, and stem cell and gene therapy using the PubMed database. Results The use of biotechnological approaches to the treatment of hearing loss—approaches such as stem cell and gene therapy—has led to new methods of regenerating cochlear hair cells in mammals. Conclusions Incredible strides have been made in assembling important pieces of the puzzle that comprise hair cell regenerat...
A vision of ultra-high density memory

Skeptics have been questioning the extensibility of conventional magnetic storage technologies for many years, and have been proved wrong when they predict the end of the line for a particular storage scheme (flexible disks and tapes come to mind). Disk drives will certainly continue to improve and overcome the difficult barriers being faced in the march to 10 Gbit/in2 and beyond. However, it is worthwhile to ask if there might be an alternative technology which could jump ahead of the disk drive areal density growth line. In order to challenge the well-established disk industry, the new technology must have a significant density advantage, as well as maintaining cost and performance parity. The author shows the rigid disk areal density growth, along with a fanciful growth curve positioned roughly two orders of magnitude above the disk curve. The ultra-high density of this storage vision leads us to label the concept Atomic Resolution Storage. The system could use arrays of magnetic columns.
Alcohol-Adapted Anger Management Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial of an Innovative Therapy for Alcohol Dependence

A randomized controlled trial for an innovative alcohol-adapted anger management treatment (AM) for outpatient alcohol dependent individuals scoring moderate or above on anger is described. AM treatment outcomes were compared to those of an empirically-supported intervention, Alcoholics Anonymous Facilitation treatment (AAF). Clients in AM, relative to clients in AAF, were hypothesized to have greater improvement in anger and anger-related cognitions and lesser AA involvement during the 6-month follow-up. Anger-related variables were hypothesized to be stronger predictors of improved alcohol outcomes in the AM treatment condition and AA involvement was hypothesized to be a stronger predictor of alcohol outcomes in the AAF treatment group. Seventy-six alcohol dependent men and women were randomly assigned to treatment condition and followed for 6 months after treatment end. Both AM and AAF treatments were followed by significant reductions in heavy drinking days, alcohol consequences, anger, and maladaptive anger-related thoughts and increases in abstinence and self-confidence regarding not drinking to anger-related triggers. Treatment with AAF was associated with greater AA involvement relative to treatment with AM. Changes in anger and AA involvement were predictive of posttreatment alcohol outcomes for both treatments. Change in trait anger was a stronger predictor of posttreatment alcohol consequences for AM than for AAF clients; during-treatment AA meeting attendance was a stronger predictor of posttreatment heavy drinking and alcohol consequences for AAF than for AM clients. Anger-related constructs and drinking triggers should be foci in treatment of alcohol dependence for anger-involved clients.
Managing environmental uncertainty with legitimate authority: A comparative analysis of the Mann gulch and storm king mountain fires

Abstract This paper uses the Mann Gulch and Storm King Mountain fire disasters as a beginning point to analyze organizational crises. Several of the human factors that contributed to both disasters are identified, and the point is made that similar factors most likely contribute to other organizational crises. It is argued that the lack of legitimate authority impaired the crews’ ability to overcome disaster. Underlying this is a lack of common experience, communication, and interaction. Based on this analysis of the Mann Gulch and Storm King Mountain fires, practical recommendations for enhancing organizations’ ability to effectively cope with crisis and environmental uncertainty are offered.
In the Nick of Time: Conflict Management, Mediation Timing, and the Duration of Interstate Disputes

This paper develops a theoretical argument linking time and the timing of conflict management efforts to dispute duration. We test competing hypotheses on conflict data drawn from disputes in the post-1945 period. Our analysis demonstrates that the effects of mediation vary substantially over the course of a dispute. Specifically, we note that mediation has a curvilinear relationship with time and the ending of disputes. Mediation efforts that occur soon after disputes begin have the best chance of reducing expected future dispute duration. Following this initial period, subsequent mediation efforts lead to longer rather than shorter disputes. After a long period, mediation again leads to shorter rather than longer disputes. We also find that there should be consistency in the mediators used to manage a conflict rather than shifting personnel to interject new ideas.
PyTrilinos: Recent advances in the Python interface to Trilinos

PyTrilinos is a set of Python interfaces to compiled Trilinos packages. This collection supports serial and parallel dense linear algebra, serial and parallel sparse linear algebra, direct and iterative linear solution techniques, algebraic and multilevel preconditioners, nonlinear solvers and continuation algorithms, eigensolvers and partitioning algorithms. Also included are a variety of related utility functions and classes, including distributed I/O, coloring algorithms and matrix generation. PyTrilinos vector objects are compatible with the popular NumPy Python package. As a Python front end to compiled libraries, PyTrilinos takes advantage of the flexibility and ease of use of Python, and the efficiency of the underlying C++, C and Fortran numerical kernels. This paper covers recent, previously unpublished advances in the PyTrilinos package.