cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organization Design and Effectiveness over the Innovation Life Cycle

Differing bases of competition in early and later stages of an innovations life cycle call for differing organization designs. Designs that fit early strategic contingencies tend to misfit later ones. Over time, innovating units must either minimize the negative effects of misfit, or make difficult changes in design. Using four paired case studies, we examine how firms address conflicts in strategic contingencies, how managers adjust to misfits, and how organizations adapt their designs. We find that firms use one of three adaptation modes, none of which is fully autonomous nor fully integrated, and all of which change over time. Each mode optimizes for one contingency while suboptimally attempting to address the other. The study suggests practical insights for researchers and managers.
Collective Regulation of Adolescent Misbehavior: Validation Results from Eighty Chicago Neighborhoods

This study tested a neighborhood-level approach to what often is treated as a purely familial or within-household phenomenon-the infonmal social control of children. The data analyzed were drawn from a new, multilevel assessment of 80 neighborhoods in Chicago. The results showed that, first, informal social control can be measured reliably at the neighborhood level. Second, three dimensions of neighborhood structure-concentrated poverty, ethnicity/immigration, and residential stability-were found to explain significant amounts of variation in child social control. Third, informal social control mediated 50% of the effect of residential stability on rates of adolescent delinquency. Even afteradjustingforprior levels of crime in the neighborhood, informal social control emerged as a significant inhibitor of adolescent delinquency. The collective social control of children is an important construct that should be added to theoretical accounts and research projects that stress social regulation in families.
Diastereoselective synthesis of (2S,5S)- and (2S,5R)-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-hydroxypipecolic acids from trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline

Abstract An efficient diastereoselective synthesis of cis - and trans -5-hydroxy-(2 S )- N -benzyloxycarbonyl pipecolic acids, starting from trans -4-hydroxy- l -proline is described. The key synthetic strategies involve the regioisomeric ring expansion of keto ester 8 and diastereoselective reduction of ketone 11 in high selectivity and yield.
A Problem of Hardy and Ramanujan

Some sixty years ago Hardy and Ramanujan [1] introduced the notion of normal order of an arithmetic function.
Lanthanide-based emitting materials in light-emitting diodes

Since the description of efficient electroluminescence from aluminium tris(hydroxyquinoline) in the mid 1980s, interest in new complexes and polymers with luminescence properties as emitting layers in light-emitting diodes has steadily increased. Recently, Ln(III) ion complexes have gained in importance for this type of application. Here we review some of the seminal work in the area, along with new developments in the field. The photophysical characterization of complexes of lanthanide ions both in solution and in the solid state allows the determination of which of the complexes might be successfully utilized as emitting layers in light-emitting diodes for display applications. However, the architecture of the device is also of major importance, to allow for good charge transport and recombination and thus obtain pure colors and high emission quantum efficiency.
Sleep in Congestive Heart Failure

Breathing disorders during sleep are common in congestive heart failure (CHF). Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in CHF can be broadly classified as 2 types: central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing, and obstructive sleep apnea. Prevalence of SDB ranges from 47% to 76% in systolic CHF. Treatment of SDB in CHF may include optimization of CHF treatment, positive airway pressure therapy, and other measures such as theophylline, acetazolamide, and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Periodic limb movements are also common in CHF.
The role of animacy in spatial transformations.

We present evidence that different mental spatial transformations are used to reason about three different types of items representing a spectrum of animacy: human bodies, nonhuman animals, and inanimate objects. Participants made two different judgments about rotated figures: handedness judgments (“Is this the left or right side?”) and matching judgments (“Are these figures the same?”). Perspective-taking strategies were most prevalent when participants made handedness judgments about human bodies and animals. In contrast, participants generally did not imagine changes in perspective to perform matching judgments. Such results suggest that high-level information about semantic categories, including information about a thing’s animacy, can influence how spatial representations are transformed when performing online problem solving. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
Islamic Revival and Modernity: the Contemporary Movements and the Historical Paradigms

The contemporary Islamic movements are both a response to the conditions of modernity — to the centralization of state power and the development of capitalist economies — and a cultural expression of modernity. The emphasis upon Islamic values is not intended as a return to some past era but represents an effort to cope with contemporary problems by renewed commitment to the basic principles, though not the historical details, of Islam. Contemporary movements have predecessors in a similar wave of 18th and 19th century Islamic revival responding to the breakdown of Muslim empires and the economic and colonial intrusions of Europe. Behind these movements lie earlier reformist teachings and the example of the Prophet Muhammad himself, a lasting paradigm for how Muslims cope with changing worldly realities.
Infection of oral mucosal cells by HIV-1

HIV-1 transmission through saliva represents minimal risk, if any at all. However, recent studies using the in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have shown that desquamated oral epithelial cells in saliva have integrated HIV-1 provirus DNA in their nuclei. Additionally, a high prevalence of HIV-1 RNA (13/27, 48%) is detected in saliva, correlated with lowered CD4 counts (64% with CD4 200 per mm3). Results of in situ PCR and transmission electron microscopy on mucosal epithelial cells, obtained clinically by scraping, indicate that these cells contain HIV-1 provirus DNA and epithelial cell-associated viral particles consistent with HIV-1, raising the possibility of productive infection. Buccal oral biopsies on HIV-1 seropositive subjects were obtained and, using in situ PCR, HIV-1 provirus DNA was detected; the signal was present in discrete foci in the epithelial layer ranging from the basal border to more superficial cells. Also, HIV-1 was localized in cells of lymphocytic and Langerhans lineage. The mechanism of infection and production of HIV-1 by oral mucosal cells needs to be studied further.
Ambulatory monitoring of physical activity and symptoms in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Objective Fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) are associated with substantial physical disability. Determinants of self-reported physical disability are poorly understood. This investigation uses objective ambulatory activity monitoring to compare patients with FM and/or CFS with controls, and examines associations of ambulatory activity levels with both physical function and symptoms during activities of daily life. Methods Patients with FM and/or CFS (n = 38, mean ± SD age 41.5 ± 8.2 years, 74% women) completed a 5-day program of ambulatory monitoring of physical activity and symptoms (pain, fatigue, and distress) and results were compared with those in age-matched controls (n = 27, mean ± SD age 38.0 ± 8.6 years, 44% women). Activity levels were assessed continuously, ambulatory symptoms were determined using electronically time-stamped recordings at 5 time points during each day, and physical function was measured with the 36-item Short Form health survey at the end of the 5-day monitoring period. Results Patients had significantly lower peak activity levels than controls (mean ± SEM 8,654 ± 527 versus 12,913 ± 1,462 units; P = 0.003) and spent less time in high-level activities when compared with controls (P = 0.001). In contrast, patients had similar average activity levels as those of controls (mean ± SEM 1,525 ± 63 versus 1,602 ± 89; P = 0.47). Among patients, low activity levels were associated with worse self-reported physical function over the preceding month. Activity levels were inversely related to concurrent ambulatory pain (P = 0.031) and fatigue (P < 0.001). Pain and fatigue were associated with reduced subsequent ambulatory activity levels, whereas activity levels were not predictive of subsequent symptoms. Conclusion Patients with FM and/or CFS engaged in less high-intensity physical activities than that recorded for sedentary control subjects. This reduced peak activity was correlated with measures of poor physical function. The observed associations may be relevant to the design of behavioral activation programs, because activity levels appear to be contingent on, rather than predictive of, symptoms.
Which distributions of matter diffract? An initial investigation

Etude preliminaire des connections entre tuilages quasiperiodiques, theorie des nombres algebriques et ensembles de decoupages et projections
Identification of Lower Extremity Dynamics During Snow Skiing

Severity of the skiing environment can be interpreted only through the response of the lower extremity to the excitation of the environment. Identification of a linear, four degree of freedom, lower extremity ski torsion model was undertaken. A new procedure is introduced for filtering the deterministic trends from the random torsion data measured between the boot and ski during skiing. Trend removal is necessary for identification. The objective function for the identification was the square of the difference between the spectrum of the trend-removed torsion data and the spectrum of the model torsion. Following identification, the model responses predicted during two authentic skiing falls were computed, thus permitting a comparison of their relative severity.
Theoretical study of bubble dynamics in purely viscous fluids

This paper analyzes the growth or collapse of a spherical bubble in an incompressible, viscous fluid. Theoretical results include the timewise variations in the bubble size and its growth or collapse rate, the fluid pressure, and the rate of energy dissipation. The analysis is general and may be applied to both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. A comparison is given for the collapse of the bubble in several viscous fluids.
The black-drop effect explained

The black-drop effect bedeviled attempts to determine the Astronomical Unit from the time of the transit of Venus of 1761, until dynamical determinations of the AU obviated the need for transit measurements. By studying the 1999 transit of Mercury, using observations taken from space with NASA's Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE), we have fully explained Mercury's black-drop effect, with contributions from not only the telescope's point-spread function but also the solar limb darkening. Since Mercury has no atmosphere, we have thus verified the previous understanding, often overlooked, that the black-drop effect does not necessarily correspond to the detection of an atmosphere. We continued our studies with observations of the 2004 transit of Venus with the TRACE spacecraft in orbit and with ground-based imagery from Thessaloniki, Greece. We report on preliminary reduction of those data; see http://www.transitofvenus.info for updated results. Such studies are expected to contribute to the understanding of transits of exoplanets. Though the determination of the Astronomical Unit from studies of transit of Venus has been undertaken only rarely, it was for centuries expected to be the best method. The recent 8 June 2004 transit of Venus provided an exceptionally rare opportunity to study such a transit and to determine how modern studies can explain the limitations of the historical observations.To search for other articles by the author(s) go to: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html
A low-viscosity ionic liquid demonstrating superior lubricating performance from mixed to boundary lubrication

abstract This study reports on an ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(triﬂuoromethylsulfonyl)i-mide as a promising engine lubricant candidate . This IL has a relatively low viscosity of 4.7 cSt (similarto 0W-10 racing engine oil), a low viscosity–pressure (V–P) coefﬁcient of 6.5 GPa 1 at 100 1C, a highviscosity index of 159, and a high onset decomposition temperature of 472 1C. The ionic liquid deliverssubstantially lower friction in mixed lubrication (ML) and provides better scufﬁng protection inboundary lubrication (BL) than those of hydrocarbon lubricants with similar viscosities. The low MLfriction is possibly attributed to its low V–P coefﬁcient and a hypothetical multi-layer boundary ﬁlm atthe interface. In BL, the tribochemical reactions between the IL and the contact surfaces to form aprotective tribo-ﬁlm are believed to be responsible for the IL’s superior anti-scufﬁng behavior.Microstructural examination and chemical composition analysis were conducted on the wear scarsfrom both the top surface and the cross section to study the wear mode and characterize the tribo-ﬁlmand near-surface structure.& 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Transverse electro-magnetic modes in apertures filled with an extreme anisotropic meta-material

We demonstrate that in simply connected apertures containing a meta-material with extreme anisotropy all modes become purely transverse electro-magnetic modes, are dispersion-free, and have zero cutoff frequency. We show a meta-material design using existing materials.
Optimization of a Novel Anthropomorphic Three-Jointed Underactuated Finger Mechanism

A novel underactuated finger mechanism based on linkage and spring elements is proposed. The kinematic characteristic of the mechanism is analyzed to obtain the fingertip displacement and relationships between three joints. Considering the motion feature of human finger and actuation efficiency of the driving motor, the dimensional design of the finger mechanism is formulated as an optimization problem. The numerical simulation result shows that the finger mechanism can not only realize the anthropomorphic coupling motion, but also envelope objects with various shapes and sizes self-adaptively.
A comparative state-level analysis of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) discourse among U.S. energy stakeholders and the public

Perceptions of the potential of emerging technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) are constructed not just through technical and economic processes but also through discourse, i.e. through compelling narratives about what a technology is, what a technology might become and why it is needed and preferable to competing technologies. The influence of discourse is particularly important in the innovation phases prior to commercialization when innovation activities are focused on research, development and demonstration, and when feasibility and costs of alternatives systems cannot yet be tested by market dynamics. This paper provides a state-level comparative analysis of CCS discourse in the U.S. to provide insights about the socio-political context in which CCS technology is advancing and being considered in four different states: Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, and Texas. This research combines analysis of interviews of state-level energy stakeholders and media analysis of state-level newspapers. In semi-structured interviews, state-level energy policy stakeholders were asked to explain their perceptions of the potential opportunities and risks of CCS technology within their unique state context. Interview texts were coded to assess the frequency and extent of various different frames of CCS opportunities and risks including technical, political, economic, environmental, aesthetic, and health/safety. A similar coding scheme was applied to analysis of state-level newspaper coverage of CCS technology. Here, the frequency of these different framings of CCS opportunities and risks in state-level print media was assessed. This analysis demonstrates wide variation in state-level CCS discourse and perceptions of the potential opportunities and risks associated with CCS technology. This mixed-methods approach to characterizing the socio-political context for CCS advancement in these four states contributes to improved understanding of state-level variation in energy technology innovation, provides valuable information about energy technology development in these specific states, and also offers insight into the very different sub-national discourses associated with emerging low-carbon energy technologies in the U.S.
Diversity and Phenology of Predatory Arthropods Overwintering in Cardboard Bands Placed in Pear and Apple Orchards of Central Washington State

Abstract Overwintering shelters composed of cardboard bands were placed on pear and apple trees located in central Washington state to monitor overwintering by predatory arthropods and by two pest taxa. A subset of bands was sampled at regular intervals between late summer and mid-December to determine when taxa began to enter bands. The remaining bands were left undisturbed until collection in mid-December to determine the numbers and types of arthropods overwintering on tree trunks in these orchards. More than 8,000 predatory arthropods were collected from bands left undisturbed until mid-December, dominated numerically by Acari (Phytoseiidae) [Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt), Typhlodromus spp.], Araneae, and Neuroptera (Hemerobiidae, Chrysopidae). Predatory mite numbers were higher in bands placed in apple orchards than bands placed in pear orchards. The Araneae were particularly diverse, including >3,000 spiders representing nine families. Less abundant were Heteroptera, including a mirid [Deraeoco...
Is a robust phylogeny of the enterobacterial plant pathogens attainable

Sequences from gapA, gyrA and ompA were used to evaluate the relationships of the enterobacterial plant pathogens, and assess whether a robust phylogeny can be ascertained using this group of housekeeping genes. Up to 48 taxa were included in a combined phylogenetic analysis to explore the evolutionary distribution of plant pathogenic species across the family Enterobacteriaceae. Phylogenies were reconstructed from gapA, gyrA and ompA gene sequences using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood algorithms, and phylogenetic congruence was evaluated by the incongruence length difference test and the partition addition bootstrap alteration approach. The resulting gene trees were found to be incongruent, with gapA supporting a monophyletic origin for the plant pathogenic species. In contrast, gyrA and ompA supported multiple polyphyletic origins of Erwinia, Brenneria, Pectobacterium and Pantoea in conjunction with a previously published 16S rDNA phylogeny. However, none of the trees (not even the published 16S rDNA gene tree) supports the current taxonomic classification of these genera into four clades, with Pantoea forming the only monophyletic group in the gapA, gyrA and 16S rDNA trees. Finally, the gapA, gyrA and previously published 16S rDNA phylogenies differ in the taxonomic placement of several bacterial strains which are separated in the three trees. The observed incongruence among the four gene histories is likely to be the result of horizontal transfer events, confounding the search for a robust set of housekeeping genes with a shared evolutionary history that could be used to confidently characterize the relationships of the plant pathogenic enterobacteria. © The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
Hooked Up and Linked In: How the Integration of Rehabilitation Research and Patient Care Will Affect PM&R Practice in the Future

I enthusiastically embrace the opportunity to ponder out loud and initiate a dialogue about the future of the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR it is through the actions of thinking and forecasting about the future and developing strategies to address these expectations that we derive the most benefits. Dwight Eisenhower once said, “Plans are nothing. Planning is everything.” In considering the future of PM&R, we have the opportunity to think about our current state of clinical care and how we arrived at this point, broaden our understanding of the scientific basis for our clinical decisions, expand the boundaries of physician practice, enrich our professional experiences, increase our capacity to provide excellent care for our patients, and ultimately enhance the outcomes achieved by our patients through the integration of clinical care and research. In this Invited Perspective, I will discuss how the successful integration of patient care and research activities will favorably influence the practice of PM&R in the future. In order to provide a meaningful perspective of this vision, its challenges, and its implications, I also will review the status of clinical and research interactions in the past and present.
Helicobacter pylori, Inflammation, Mucosal Damage, and Apoptosis: Pathogenesis and Definition of Gastric Atrophy

Much of what is currently accepted on the natural history of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis and its relationship with gastric adenocarcinoma rests on the assumption that atrophic gastritis can be correctly identified and reproducibly recognized. Recently, several studies have indicated that pathologists have a low level of agreement on this topic, and the terms "gastric atrophy" and "atrophic gastritis" remain imprecisely defined and, therefore, poorly understood. Furthermore, the genesis and progression of the atrophic changes taking place in the gastric mucosa of some, but not all, subjects infected with H. pylori are incompletely characterized. This review has three aims: (1) to briefly reexamine our current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the injury and repair of gastric glands; (2) to present a hypothesis on the development of gastric atrophy; and (3) to propose a new, stringent definition of gastric atrophy that may be usefully applied in the clinical research arena.
Lung morphology of cursorial and non-cursorial mammals: lagomorphs as a case study for a pneumatic stabilization hypothesis.

Gross lung morphology is examined in representative species from four genera within the order Lagomorpha (Lepus californicus, Sylvilagus nuttalli, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Ochotona princeps), and compared with a representative rodent out-group (Spermophilus richardonsii ). Examination of pulmonary morphology reveals several correlations between the thoracic mor- phology and locomotor behavior. Lepus, the most cursorial species, exhibits a distinct suite of characteristics: 1) tissue of the right cranial lobe interposed between the heart and sternum; 2) well-defined grooves in the lung tissue for both the aorta and ribs; 3) a fibrous pericardial attachment to the sternum; 4) relatively large heart and lung mass. Sylvilagus, a sprinter, exhibits these features to a lesser degree, whereas Oryctolagus and Ochotona, non-cursorial species, lack most of these features. This same suite of pulmonary features is also observed in a wide range of unrelated cursorial taxa (including selected Artiodactlya, Perissodactyla, Carnivora). Corrosion casts of the internal air- ways demonstrate that the cursorial and non-cursorial taxa examined here have similar branching patterns despite their variable external morphologies. The juxtaposition of pulmonary lobes, heart, and ribs leads to the hypothesis that the lungs themselves provide mechanical support of the heart and visceral mass during locomotion. Analyses of cineradiographic and pneumotacho- graphic data obtained from Oryctolagus tend to support a pneumatic stabiliza- tion hypothesis: the lungs themselves, intimately associated with the chest walls and positively pressurized during landing, may provide some mechanical support to the viscera. This mechanism may be important in stabilizing the relatively large hearts of the most o 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Variation in gross lung structure among mammals remains largely unexplored. Al- though a few studies document anatomical differences among lungs of mammalian spe- cies (Speransky, '62; Adrian, '64), no studies consider the functional implications of these differences. Moreover, the relationship be- tween the gross pulmonary morphology and locomotor behavior remains unexamined. This paucity is in contrast to the many stud- ies in which micromorphological features of the mammalian lung such as alveolar wall thickness and diffusing area have been corre- lated with the physiological function of gas exchange (Weibel and Taylor, '81; West and Costello, '92), as well as several studies that correlate locomotor performance (speed and endurance) with indices of pulmonary func-
Somatosensory processing is impaired in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary: Purpose: Growing evidence suggests that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a network disease. In this view, the seizure focus may produce measurable deficits in specific cortical functions. Methods: A tactile grating orientation (GrOr) discrimination task associated with parietal lobe function was administered at the index fingertip to 15 subjects with medically intractable TLE and to 19 neurologically normal controls. TLE subjects were tested bilaterally at baseline while taking their usual antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and off AEDs during inpatient video-EEG monitoring (n = 9). Three subjects also were tested after temporal lobectomy. t Tests were used to compare baseline performance between TLE subjects and controls, and between hands ipsilateral and contralateral to side of seizure onset, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. TLE subjects' baseline thresholds were compared with those obtained off AEDs by using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: TLE subjects were severely impaired bilaterally on the GrOr task, with mean discrimination thresholds nearly twice those of controls (p ≤ 0.001 for each hand). No significant difference was found in baseline performance between hands (p = 0.37), or between baseline and off-AED testing (p = 0.42). The three subjects tested after temporal lobectomy demonstrated improved performance compared with baseline, but statistics were not performed because of the small subject number. Conclusions: Patients with medically intractable TLE have impaired tactile GrOr discrimination bilaterally that is not due to nonspecific effects of AEDs. This impaired perceptual ability may be reversible with surgical removal of the seizure focus.
How significant is the 'significant other'? Associations between significant others' health behaviors and attitudes and young adults' health outcomes

Having a significant other has been shown to be protective against physical and psychological health conditions for adults. Less is known about the period of emerging young adulthood and associations between significant others’ weight and weight-related health behaviors (e.g. healthy dietary intake, the frequency of physical activity, weight status). This study examined the association between significant others’ health attitudes and behaviors regarding eating and physical activity and young adults’ weight status, dietary intake, and physical activity. This study uses data from Project EAT-III, a population-based cohort study with emerging young adults from diverse ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds (n = 1212). Logistic regression models examining cross-sectional associations, adjusted for sociodemographics and health behaviors five years earlier, were used to estimate predicted probabilities and calculate prevalence differences. Young adult women whose significant others had health promoting attitudes/behaviors were significantly less likely to be overweight/obese and were more likely to eat ≥ 5 fruits/vegetables per day and engage in ≥ 3.5 hours/week of physical activity, compared to women whose significant others did not have health promoting behaviors/attitudes. Young adult men whose significant other had health promoting behaviors/attitudes were more likely to engage in ≥ 3.5 hours/week of physical activity compared to men whose significant others did not have health promoting behaviors/attitudes. Findings suggest the protective nature of the significant other with regard to weight-related health behaviors of young adults, particularly for young adult women. Obesity prevention efforts should consider the importance of including the significant other in intervention efforts with young adult women and potentially men.
Word‐art for people: Toward a future of user‐friendly poetry and interactive fiction

Throughout history, word‐art has been valued as a source of magic, wisdom, and delight. The author argues that genre fiction, advertising, popular song lyrics, and greeting card verse all fulfill these traditional social roles, and that current definitions of “serious literature”; are far too narrow. The true importance of word‐art in daily life cannot be assessed without including such “genre”; work along with “speculative”; writing. The future significance of literature for society, though dependent to some degree on developments in computers and telecommunications, would be enhanced if critics, publishers, and writers adopted a more “user‐friendly”; attitude—helping genre readers to find satisfying material more easily, and respecting speculative readers for the additional time and effort they expend in seeking out the unpredictable and unfamiliar in word‐art.
TMEM110 regulates the maintenance and remodeling of mammalian ER-plasma membrane junctions competent for STIM-ORAI signaling

The stromal interaction molecule (STIM)–ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) pathway controls store-dependent calcium entry, a major mechanism of physiological calcium signaling in mammalian cells. The core elements of the pathway are the regulatory protein STIM1, located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, the calcium channel ORAI1 in the plasma membrane, and sites of close contact between the ER and the plasma membrane that permit the two proteins to interact. Research on calcium signaling has centered on STIM1, ORAI1, and a few proteins that directly modulate STIM–ORAI function. However, little is known about proteins that organize ER–plasma membrane junctions for STIM–ORAI-dependent calcium signaling. Here, we report that an ER-resident membrane protein identified in a previous genome-wide RNAi screen, transmembrane protein 110 (TMEM110), regulates the long-term maintenance of ER–plasma membrane junctions and the short-term physiological remodeling of the junctions during store-dependent calcium signaling.
CEO Educational Background and Firm Financial Performance

This paper represents the first attempt to empirically examine the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) educational background and firm financial performance. Using a relatively broad sample of 390 US firms, we find no significant evidence that the type or selectivity of the education of the CEO is related to firm financial performance.
Decision Making at the State and Local Level: Does Science Matter?

Science is believed to be an important part of public policy decision making because of its inherent characteristics of measurability, rigor, objectivity, replication, and peer review. The purpose of this research was to explore the linkage of science to public policy decision making. The research explores what state and local public officials know about science and how much they actually use science in their decision making. Interview results with public officials in the State of Idaho demonstrate that policy makers ultimately see science as only one element in the mix. Findings suggest that equal attention and debate should be given to how science interacts with all of the other factors that affect the public policy making process.
Entropies for Continua: Fluids and Magnetofluids

The greatest single use of maximum entropy methods at present seems to be in situations related to data analysis. However, for over twenty years, it has also appeared that considerations of maximum entropy might have dynamical implications for dissipative continuum mechanics that go beyond the class of statements that can be made from the traditional statistical mechanics of discrete particles. Inquiry into the extent to which a meaningfully increasing entropy can be defined for an evolving dissipative continuum has been to a considerable degree an “experimental” investigation, with numerical solution of the relevant dynamical equations (e.g., Navier-Stokes, magnetohydrodynamic, geostrophic, or plasma “drift” equations) as the relevant experimental tool. Here, we review various suggested formulations and the accumulated numerical evidence. We also suggest theoretical and computational problems currently thought to be potentially illuminating and ripe for solution.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children: a safe and effective diagnostic and screening tool for the diagnosis of hypertension in children.

ABPM is an important tool in evaluating pediatric hypertension. The information obtained during an ABPM study offers a more detailed and nuanced profile of an individual’s blood pressure than can be gathered from a series of clinic measurements. It allows for assessment of White Coat Hypertension. It measures the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure during both wakefulness and sleep. It measures the proportion of time that the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is abnormally high. The proportion of time above normal is referred to as the blood pressure load. Each of these components of blood pressure contributes to understanding the particular cardiovascular and renal risk of an individual patient. Among children and adults, abnormalities of ambulatory blood pressure predict the development of hypertensive end-organ damage, specifically left ventricular hypertrophy. 2 Among adults, ambulatory blood pressure predicts cardiovascular events better than clinic blood pressures. 3
Hematocrit Changes in Endotoxin Shock.

SummaryIntravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (3 mg/kg) caused marked rises of arterial cell percentage in dogs with spleen bin. not in splenectomized clogs. The increase in arterial cell percentage can be divided into 2 phases. The initial phase (0 to 10 minutes after endotoxin) was seen in all dogs with spleen and is attributable to the contraction of the spleen, since the cell percentage in the portal venous blood was markedly elevated, in this initial phase, the extravasation of protein-rich fluid from the splanchnic circulation was accompanied by an influx of protein-poor fluid from the kidneys and possibly other areas, hence the circulating plasma protein concentration decreased. The second phase of increase of arterial cell percentage (20 to 60 minutes after endotoxin) was associated with a rise in arterial plasma, protein concentration and is ascribed to an extravasation of protein-poor fluid. This second phase was more marked in dogs which died within 200 minutes after endotoxin. The...
War of the machines.

The article reports on an increase which has been seen in the number of unmanned robotic ground and air systems that are being used by the U.S. military in military conflicts cross the globe including the Middle East in 2010. The effectiveness of the systems in urban streets and remote villages is examined. A discussion of ethical and legal issues which have been raised by the increased use of unmanned robotic systems is presented. Opposition which the U.S. military showed in previous years towards the use of the systems is discussed. INSETS: ANATOMY OF A NEXT-GENERATION ROBOT;A MENAGERIE OF ROBOTS;AMERICA'S REMOTE-CONTROLLED AIR WAR.
Plasma membrane organization promotes virulence of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans

Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen capable of causing lethal systemic infections. The plasma membrane plays key roles in virulence because it not only functions as a protective barrier, it also mediates dynamic functions including secretion of virulence factors, cell wall synthesis, invasive hyphal morphogenesis, endocytosis, and nutrient uptake. Consistent with this functional complexity, the plasma membrane is composed of a wide array of lipids and proteins. These components are organized into distinct domains that will be the topic of this review. Some of the plasma membrane domains that will be described are known to act as scaffolds or barriers to diffusion, such as MCC/eisosomes, septins, and sites of contact with the endoplasmic reticulum. Other zones mediate dynamic processes, including secretion, endocytosis, and a special region at hyphal tips that facilitates rapid growth. The highly organized architecture of the plasma membrane facilitates the coordination of diverse functions and promotes the pathogenesis of C. albicans.
Chips That Do Things

One of the first things the author thought of when looking through the papers on microfluidic biochips in this issue of IEEE Design & Test is that Moore's Law did not apply to them. They may get bigger, but physical constraints on the size of fluid drops going through the grids in them means that the chips are not going to get much denser. But did this have to be true? It is concluded that we will always make chips with which to simulate or model the world, through analysis or games. But we are starting to make chips which can do actual work, do chemistry, and perhaps do nanolevel 3-D printing. MEMS accelerometers already tell us if the car we are driving in is in a crash, and deploys an air bag to try to save us. The designers of today understand virtual worlds; the designers of tomorrow are going to have to get real.
Corrosion and other electrochemical aspects of biomaterials.

Metallic materials are used extensively as orthopedic implants, dental materials, sensing elements of bioelectrodes, and other applications. The electrochemical behavior of these biomaterials is of interest for a variety of reasons. The corrosion resistance of an implant material influences its functional performance and durability and is a primary factor governing biocompatibility. Among the aspects affecting biocompatibility are the amounts and forms of released corrosion products and their disposition in the body after release. Electrochemical principles are very useful for understanding the factors affecting corrosion resistance and also form the foundation for many biosensors that measure the concentration of various chemical entities (including released corrosion products and naturally occurring substances). Many electrochemical measurement techniques have been used to study biomaterials for years (e.g., polarization curve measurement), while others (such as polarography and AC impedance methods) have been applied more recently. This work focuses on four main topics. The first is the nature of the body's environment as it affects in vivo electrochemical phenomena, that is, the chemical, mechanical, biological, and bioelectrical phenomena that affect the behavior and performance of biomaterials. The second deals with methodology--the techniques used for corrosion measurement and concentration determination, the appropriate environment (laboratory, cell culture, in vivo, etc.), and experimental problems encountered. The third topic treated is the knowledge accumulated regarding the performance of implant alloys in various applications, for example, the forms of corrosion to which they are susceptible, etc. Finally, improvements that may come about in the future regarding both materials and testing methodology are considered.
Phylogenetic Comparative Method

Species are not independent data points, and so any method looking at correlations must take this into account. The comparative method by Felsenstein in 1985, also known as independent contrasts, is a robust approach to dealing with this nonindependence to allow investigation of correlated changes in continuous traits. This article describes this method and its utility.
Optimal multi-dimensional fusion model for sensor allocation and accuracy assessment

I We describe a multi-dimensional model for fusion of activity based intelligence (ABI) hypothesis-driven evidence through optimal sensor management. We determine decision-making strategies based upon ability to perform data mining and pattern discovery utilizing open source, actionable information to prepare for specific events or situations from multiple information sources. Our solution is based on an analytical framework using game theory to support ingestion of data sources (evidence); integration of analytical algorithms for feature extraction, crowd source analysis, open source data mining, trends, and pattern analysis and linear game theory optimization to support multiple hypothesis analysis. This solution may also save money by offering a Pareto efficient, repeatable process for resource management. We combine operations research methods and remote sensing for decision-making with several possible actions, state of world, and a mixed pro bability metric. Our tool allows for calculating optimal strategies, provides greater knowledge about remote sensing access times and increases likelihood of a decision-maker making best decision. We fuse evidence using Dempster's Rule and Nash Equilibrium (NE) for allocation of demands by sensor modality. We discuss a method for calculating optimal detector to determine accuracy of resource allocation. By calculating all NE possibilities per period, optimization of sensor allocation is achieved for overall higher system efficiency. We model impact of decision-making on accuracy by adding more dimensions to decision-making process as sensitivity analysis. Future work is to implement the design on a distributed processing platform to support real-world-sized scenarios and simulations.
Current status of coronary prevention: Lessons from the Framingham study

Abstract In the past decade dramatic innovations have been made in the management of the acute coronary attack culminating in organized coronary care units and cardiac surgery. Epidemiologic studies have identified major host and environmental contributors to coronary incidence allowing both assessment of risk and identification of vulnerable persons for prophylaxis. Notwithstanding these advances there is no evidence that coronary mortality in the community has been significantly reduced. The authors believe that the only hope for a major impact on coronary mortality lies in primary prevention. Two approaches to the prevention and control of the atherosclerotic diseases are possible. First, by the development of public health measures which will favorably change environmental and host factors. Such measures would include improved regimens of both diet and exercise, elimination of cigarette smoking, and reduction of weight and blood pressure. This will entail a comprehensive and forceful program of education for the American public. It is unlikely that the public will accept the necessary controls of the entire population unless the beneficial effects thereof have been clearly demonstrated on an individual basis. Secondly, by the detection of persons at high risk of developing disease combined with an attempt on an individual basis to change the major adverse host and environmental characteristics. This will require a great deal of effort and motivation by both patient and physician. The degree of change needed and the age at which such change is undertaken are important considerations. The earlier in life positive changes in life habits are instituted, the greater will be the probability of increased longevity and a healthy active life.
Intermittent hypoxia promotes recovery of respiratory motor function in spinal cord-injured mice depleted of serotonin in the central nervous system

In the present investigation we showed that exposure to intermittent hypoxia promotes the recovery of respiratory motor function in a spinal cord-injured mouse model. Moreover, we demonstrated that...
Radiation with Hormonal Therapy

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is an effective primary treatment for patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, and is often used together with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with aggressive (intermediate- or high-risk) disease. A large number of randomized trials have been conducted over the past 40 years, which guide clinical practice today. This chapter summarizes results of these trials and other key literature related to the use of EBRT and ADT, as well as potential side effects of treatment and their management.
LSC Abstract – Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) currents and superoxide and hydroxyl formation in influenza H1N1 infected rat primary alveolar type II cells

Rationale: Alveolar type II (ATII) cells actively transport sodium from the alveolar to the interstitial side primarily through the amiloride sensitive sodium channel (ENaC). This property is crucial in acute lung injury by limiting the built up of edematous fluid. Binding of Influenza virus to ATII cells reduces ENaC activity in vitro and alveolar fluid clearance in vivo. Aim: To investigate the effects of Influenza H1N1 virus infection of rat primary ATII cells with respect to ENaC function and ROS formation. Methods: Rat ATII cells were isolated and grown in air-liquid interface. They were then exposed to influenza for 15 min. At 1, 3 and 6 h post-infection, the ENaC current was measured in Ussing chambers. In a different set, cells were treated with a superoxide and hydroxyl radicals spin trap. Supernatant measurements were done by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) to assess extracellular oxidative stress. UV-inactivated virus served as control in all cases. RT-PCR verified that it was not replicating and flow cytometry verified that it did not increase apoptosis compared to wild type virus. Results: Infection of rat ATII cells with H1N1 virus resulted in a significant decrease in the ENaC current at 3 and 6 hours post-infection. Interestingly, infection of cells with the UV inactivated virus also resulted in a significant reduction at 6 hours post-infection. EPR measurements showed significantly increased extracellular reactive species at 1,3 and 6 h post-infection. Conclusion: Infection of ATII cells with H1N1 leads to prolonged decline of ENaC function that is accompanied by a sustained extracellular oxidative stress.