cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Charge Storage in Hydrated Layered Solids MOPO4 (M = V, Nb) with Tunable Interlayer Chemistry

Hydrated layered solids are interesting charge storage hosts with potentially high electrochemical activity and interlayer tunability. Although it is often possible to tune their interlayer distanc...
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Forgotten Geum, Geum geniculatum Michx.

Geum geniculatum (Rosaceae), bent avens, is a perennial herb restricted to the high elevations of three mountaintops near the North Carolina/Tennessee border (USA). Although geographically restricted, occurrences on these mountaintops can have up to hundreds and occasionally thousands of individuals. While Geum geniculatum has been censused thoroughly, some sites have not been visited in over a decade, and formal biological studies are lacking. To understand genetic variation within the species and connectivity among populations, individuals were sampled from each of three extant mountain locations and were genotyped using 14 microsatellite markers previously developed for other congeners. Results show that G. geniculatum displays high genetic diversity, and that each mountain acts as a highly structured metapopulation with moderate interpopulation differentiation. Based on the high numbers of private alleles and results of an M-ratio test, genetic drift is likely driving structure and differentiation among metapopulations. Results will inform management of the species, and suggest that transfer of seeds or genetic material among sites should be minimized.
Towards Context-aware Distributed Learning for CNN in Mobile Applications

Intelligent mobile applications have been ubiquitous on mobile devices. These applications keep collecting new and sensitive data from different users while being expected to have the ability to continually adapt the embedded machine learning model to these newly collected data. To improve the quality of service while protecting users’ privacy, distributed mobile learning (e.g., Federated Learning (FedAvg) [1]) has been proposed to offload model training from the cloud to the mobile devices, which enables multiple devices collaboratively train a shared model without leaking the data to the cloud. However, this design becomes impracticable when training the machine learning model (e.g., Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)) on mobile devices with diverse application context. For example, in conventional distributed training schemes, different devices are assumed to have integrated training datasets and train identical CNN model structures. Distributed collaboration between devices is implemented by a straightforward weight average of each identical local models. While, in mobile image classification tasks, different mobile applications have dedicated classification targets depending on individual users’ preference and application specificity. Therefore, directly averaging the model weight of each local model will result in a significant reduction of the test accuracy. To solve this problem, we proposed CAD: a context-aware distributed learning framework for mobile applications, where each mobile device is deployed with a context-adaptive submodel structure instead of the entire global model structure.
Factors associated with willingness to wear a mask to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in a Midwestern Community.

Objective: To identify motivators and barriers to wearing a mask to prevent COVID-19. Participants and methods: An anonymous, online survey of adults from Southeastern Minnesota conducted August 2020. We assessed willingness to wear a mask and its associations with socio-demographics, COVID-19-related factors and prevention behaviors using multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Results: Of 7,786 respondents (78% women, 51% rural), 9% reported 'not at all willing', 27% 'willing', and 64% 'very willing' to wear a mask. Factors independently associated with willingness to wear a mask were: urban residence (OR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.05-1.44, p = 0.009); college degree or greater (OR 1.42, CI 1.05-1.93, p = 0.025); age (18-29 years OR 1.29, CI 01.02-1.64, p = 0.038; 30-39 OR = 1.37, CI 1.12-1.69, p = 0.003; 60-69 OR = 1.44, CI 1.09-1.91, p = 0.011; 70-89 OR 2.09, CI 1.32-3.37, p = 0.002; 40-49 reference group); and (all p < 0.001) democratic party affiliation (OR 1.79, CI 1.40-2.29), correct COVID-19 knowledge (OR 1.50, CI 1.28-1.75), 5 + COVID-19 prevention behaviors (OR 2.74, CI 1.98-3.81), positive perceived impacts for wearing a mask (OR 1.55, 1.52-1.59), perceived COVID-19 severity (OR 2.1, CI 1.44-3.1), and greater stress (OR 1.03, CI 1.02-1.04), and trust in the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (OR 1.78, CI 1.45 -2.19). Conclusion: Results from this sample of SEMN residents suggest interventions to enhance COVID-19 knowledge, positive expectations for mask wearing, and trust in the CDC are warranted. Research is needed to understand cultural and other barriers and facilitators among sub-populations, e.g., rural residents less willing to wear a mask.
Salmonellosis in Mice Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG I. Role of Endotoxin in Infection

In agreement with previous observations, mice dying of salmonellosis were found to have a relatively constant number of Salmonella cells in their carcasses (ca. 5 × 109). This number was not the result of bacterial overgrowth in moribund animals and therefore appears to be related to lethality. Similar numbers of salmonellae were recovered from the carcasses of infected mice which had previously been rendered hyperreactive to endotoxin either by infection with M. tuberculosis BCG or by adrenalectomy. In BCG mice, desensitization to endotoxin did not occur during the infection and, therefore, at death these mice contained a number of bacteria which would be equivalent to 1,000 ld50 of endotoxin. Although the number of bacteria recovered from normal mice is roughly equivalent to a lethal quantity of endotoxin, this is obviously not the case in hyperreactive mice. Therefore, the relationship between lethality and 5 × 109 salmonellae cannot be explained by their endotoxin content. Nevertheless, when hyperreactive BCG mice are challenged parenterally with Salmonella, the endotoxin content of the inoculum may markedly influence the course of the infection.
RECONCILING BAYESIAN AND NON-BAYESIAN ANALYSIS

This paper is an attempt to reconcile Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches to statistical inference, by casting both in terms of a broader formalism. In particular, this paper is an attempt to show that when one extends conventional Bayesian analysis to distinguish the truth from one’s guess for the truth, one gains a broader perspective which allows the inclusion of non-Bayesian formalisms. This perspective shows how it is possible for non-Bayesian techniques to perform well, despite their handicaps. It also highlights some difficulties with the “degree of belief” interpretation of probability.
Design and analysis of a new structured adaptive SAW filter

An electrostrictive SAW device developed at Stanford University can be electrically biased to vary induced field on the substrate. This device can thus do convolution of input signals with variable weights. The authors introduce the design of an adaptive filter based on the SAW device, derive the convergence property and misadjustment of the algorithm, and model the coupling problem. >
Acetylglucosaminidase, an Early Enzyme in the Development of Dictyostelium discoideum

The specific activity of acetylglucosaminidase has been found to increase more than 10-fold during the first 10 hr of development in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The specific activity then remained essentially constant until after germination. The activity was purified 36-fold and found to behave as a single protein species. The increase in specific activity required concomitant protein synthesis. If ribonucleic acid synthesis was preferentially inhibited during the period of synthesis of acetylglucosaminidase, further increase in enzymatic activity stopped after 2 hr. The increase in activity did not occur in a mutant strain which did not undergo the first step in morphogenesis. Mutant strains, blocked slightly later in morphogenesis, synthesized the enzyme at the normal rate but for an extended period. It was concluded that the initiation and termination of synthesis of acetylglucosaminidase are controlled by the developmental program.
The effect of video games on family communication and interaction

This study examined the effect of video games on communication and interaction between participants and their family members. These variables were measured using an online survey derived from the Family Communication Scale, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, and the Anderson Video Game Questionnaire. A total of 480 18-year-old college students were recruited via email to complete the survey. Correlational and regression analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between the total amount of time an individual spent playing video games and the amount of parent communication and sibling communication. However, the relationship between video game usage and interaction with parents or siblings was not significant. A Chi-Square analysis revealed a significant difference in the type of games preferred by males and females, and indicated that males play more frequently than females.
The MOS-gated floating base thyristor: a new dual gate thyristor with improved forward biased safe operating area

The Floating Base Thyristor (FBT) is a new thyristor structure proposed for obtaining a low on-state voltage drop during conduction and a good Forward Biased Safe Operating Area (FBSOA). This structure has highly doped P/sup +/ region in the floating P-base region to improve FBSOA. The FBT has two MOS gates-that will be hereafter referred to as the ON-gate and the OFF-gate. When both gates are biased positively, the device conducts with low forward voltage drop. When the OFF-gate is negatively biased the device operates in the IGBT mode and is able to saturate currents to high voltages. The effect of design parameters and temperature on latching current density and forward voltage drop of the FBT and the dependence of turnoff time with electron radiation dose are examined in this paper.
Classification of Natural and Semi‐natural Vegetation

Vegetation classifi cation has been an active fi eld of scientifi c research since well before the origin of the word ecology and has remained so through to the present day. As with any fi eld active for such a long period, the conceptual underpinnings as well as the methods employed, the products generated and the applications expected have evolved considerably. Our goal in this chapter is to provide an introductory guide to participation in the modern vegetation classifi cation enterprise, as well as suggestions on how to use and interpret modern vegetation classifi cations. Some notes on the historical development of classifi cation and the associated evolution of community concepts are provided by van der Maarel & Franklin in Chapter 1 , and Austin describes numerical methods for community analysis in Chapter 3 . While we present some historical and conceptual context, our goal in this chapter is to help the reader learn how to create, interpret and use modern vegetation classifi cations, particularly those based on large scale surveys.
Examining the FCC's Complaint-Driven Broadcast Indecency Enforcement Process

The FCC in recent years has increased its fines for broadcast indecency and has cited rising complaints as a reason. However, upwards of 99% of the broadcast indecency complaints received by the FCC have come from campaigns generated by a single advocacy group. Moreover these totals have been inflated by two recent changes in methodology by the agency, changes not made to other complaints received on topics as disparate as cable rates and spectrum interference. In so doing, it permits a process whereby indecency complaints appear to be artificially inflated relative to other types of complaints. Journalists, policy makers, social scientists, and others should weigh this disparate treatment when considering the significance of the reported figures.
Brides Who Challenge Death: A Jewish Folktale Motif Retold in Different Cultural Contexts

Normal 0 0 1 97 557 4 1 684 11.1539 0 0 0 This paper discusses two stories in which a bride saves her bridegroom, the first by appeal to God, and the second by offering her own life. While previous folklorists have understood the stories as exemplars of the motif of the bridegroom doomed to die, focusing on the role of the bride helps one analyze stories better, revealing that they appear to have originated in different genres. The first closely resembles oral folktales of Jewish women, and therefore modern women’s folklore can shed light on its hero. The second tale, in contrast, has connections to medieval European romance, and a literary reading in light of this genre best explains the bride’s sacrifice.
Cytochalasin B-binding proteins in rabbit erythrocyte membranes and their post-natal change in relation to the glucose carrier activity.

Abstract Two distinct, carrier-mediated glucose uptake processes, a fast, cytochalasin B-sensitive and a slow, cytochalasin B-insensitive flux are identified in parallel in newborn rabbit erythrocytes. The fast, cytochalasin B-sensitive carrier function disappears as rabbits age, and only the slow cytochalasin B-insensitive carrier function is observed with adult rabbit erythrocytes. Three different cytochalasin B binding sites are distinguished in newborn rabbit erythrocytes; a glucose-sensitive site (site I), a cytochalasin E-sensitive site (site II), and a site insensitive to both glucose and cytochalasin E. With adult rabbit erythrocytes, only a cytochalasin E-sensitive site is detected. The glucose-sensitive site disappears as rabbits age, with a time course which is comparable to that of the disappearance of the cytochalasin B-sensitive glucose carrier function. The cytochalasin E-sensitive cytochalasin B binding site does not increase during this change, thus the disappearance of the glucose-sensitive site is not due to its conversion to a cytochalasin E-sensitive site. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rabbit erythrocyte ghosts revealed a partial decrease in each of the membrane polypeptides of approximate molecular weights of 240 000, 160 000 and 50 000 as rabbits aged. It is concluded that the cytochalasin B-sensitive glucose carrier of fetal rabbit erythrocytes, like that of the human erythrocyte, is tightly associated with the site I cytochalasin B-binding protein, while the cytochalasin B-insensitive glucose carrier, operative in adult rabbit erythrocytes, is not.
Genetic analysis without replications: model evaluation and application in spring wheat

Genetic data collected from various plant breeding and genetic studies may not be replicated in field designs although field variation is always present. In this study, we addressed this problem using spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) trial data collected from two locations. There were no intralocation replications and an extended additive-dominance (AD) model was used to account for field variation. We numerically evaluated the data from simulations and estimated the variance components. For demonstration purposes we also analyzed three agronomic traits from the actual spring wheat data set. Results showed that these data could be effectively analyzed using an extended AD model, which was more comparable to a conventional AD model. Actual data analysis revealed that grain yield was significantly influenced by systematic field variation. Additive effects were significant for all traits and dominance effects were significant for plant height and time-to-flowering. Genetic effects were predicted and used to demonstrate that most spring wheat lines developed by the South Dakota State University breeding program (SD lines) exhibited good general combining ability effects for yield improvement. Thus, this study provides a general framework to appropriately analyze data in situations where field crop data are collected from non-replicated designs.
Reexamining the empirical relation between plant growth and leaf photosynthesis

Technological advances during the past several decades have greatly enhanced our ability to measure leaf photosynthesis virtually anywhere and under any condition. Associated with the resulting proliferation of gas-exchange data is a lingering uncertainty regarding the importance of such measurements when it comes to explaining intrinsic causes of plant growth variation. Accordingly, in this paper we rely on a compilation of data to address the following questions: from both statistical and mechanistic standpoints, how closely does plant growth correlate with measures of leaf photosynthesis? Moreover, in this context, does the importance of leaf photosynthesis as an explanatory variable differ among growth light environments? Across a wide array of species and environments, relative growth rate (RGR) was positively correlated with daily integrals of photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf area (Aarea), leaf mass (Amass), and plant mass (Aplant). The amount of RGR variation explained by these relationships increased from 36% for the former to 93% for the latter. Notably, there was close agreement between observed RGR and that estimated from Aplant after adjustment for theoretical costs of tissue construction. Overall, based on an analysis of growth response coefficients (GRCs), gross assimilation rate (GAR), a photosynthesis-based estimate of biomass gain per unit leaf area, explained about as much growth variation as did leaf mass ratio (LMR) and specific leaf area (SLA). Further analysis of GRCs indicated that the importance of GAR in explaining growth variation increased with increasing light intensity. Clearly, when considered in combination with other key determinants, appropriate measures of leaf gas exchange effectively capture the fundamental role of leaf photosynthesis in plant growth variation.
Nucleon-nucleon inelasticities below 1000 MeV

NN inelasticities are determined from a helicity partial-wave decomposition of a peripheral model for NN..-->..NN..pi... The helicity partial-wave formalism is presented for the reaction NN..-->..NN..pi.. and the relation between partial-wave helicity amplitudes and NN partial-wave reaction cross sections is derived. Partial-wave cross sections are projected out of the pion- and rho-exchange diagrams with NN and N..delta.. intermediate states. Below 1000 MeV one obtains significant contributions to the total cross section from many isospin one partial waves while isospin zero inelasticities are non-negligible only for J = 1. Large /sup 1/D/sub 2/ and /sup 3/F/sub 3/ inelasticities originate in these first-order Born-approximation terms for NN..-->..NN..pi.. which have no resonance behavior in the NN system. The effects of omitting rho exchange and form factors from the model are studied and determined to be small for L> or approx. =3. Comparisons are made with other calculations of NN inelasticities and show qualitative agreement.
Errors in perception of intentions in a mixed-motive game

Subjects were instructed in playing a version of the Prisoner's Dilemma Game. Then, faced with the prospect of interaction with an unspecified partner, each subject expressed her intention about how the PDG relationship should develop. An experimental design was formed by placing together pairs of subjects having similar or different intentions. Unaware of each other's expressed intentions, the subjects were asked to judge them at several points during their interaction. Their behavior in the game and parallel judgments made by observers of the game provided the context for interpreting errors in their judgments. The results indicate that the degree of cooperativeness of intention of noncooperative players is usually judged more accurately than that of cooperative ones. Judgments of the latter vary as a function of the cooperativeness of the person with whom they are playing, and the errors tend to be assimilative, i.e., the cooperative person is judged to have the same intention as his opponent. Of two possible interpretations of these errors, projection versus influence, the evidence favors the latter. Cooperators are found to exhibit behavior similar to that of the persons with whom they are interacting. Consistent with these judgmental and behavioral data are reports from the cooperative members of mixed pairs (Coop-Non-coop) indicating that they have greater difficulty maintaining their intentions than do their partners and that they are aware of the lesser responsibility they have for the course of the relationship. Results are also reported for trends over blocks of trials.
Mass spectral analysis of Schiff bases derived from 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,4-pentanedione and Bis(3,3′-aminopropyl)amine and bis(3,3′-aminopropyl)methylamine and their copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes

Mass spectra have been obtained for bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)amine, bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)methylamine, bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)aminocopper(II), bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)aminonickel(II), bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)methylaminocopper(II) and bis(5,5,5-trifluoro-4-oxopentan-2-N-propylene)methylaminonickel(II) using a Varian-MAT CH5 mass spectrometer. The first two compounds are seen to fragment primarily in the trimethylene chain γ to the middle nitrogen although fragmentation is seen at a variety of other sites as well. Lower molecular weight ions form a significantly larger fraction of the total ion intensity for the methylated middle nitrogen compound than for its non-methylated analog. In the metal complexes of these Schiff bases, the metal exerts its influence in two ways. The primary cleavage site inthe trimethylene bridge is β, rather than γ, to the middle nitrogen, and other fragments are produced which are ascribable to ligand to metal electron transfer.
4-Nitrosoquinoline 1-oxide

The title compound has been synthesized by the oxidation of 4-hydroxylaminoquinoline 1-oxide with silver carbonate on celite. Some of its chemical properties have been studied and compared with those of 4-nitrosopyridine 1-oxide. Its mass spectrum and those of related compounds are discussed.
A case study of a national science curriculum and teacher conflict

The issues described in this paper are part of a larger interpretive study which analysed the context of secondary science teaching in Costa Rica. The focus was on 18 secondary science teachers and Costa Rica's highly centralized system of education which mandates and enforces a science programme that is oriented towards the needs of university‐bound students. The study indicates that science teachers' beliefs about science teaching and learning do not always fit the mandates of the educational system, thereby creating a conflict between beliefs and practices. The idea of conflict between teachers’ beliefs and their practices is not unique to Costa Rica. Many secondary science teachers face similar conflicts between society's expectations and the resources available to meet them. The issue of conflict is a significant problem to which science educators and educational policy makers in many nations need to give greater attention.
Assessment of painful episode frequency in sickle-cell disease

Frequency of painful episodes in sickle-cell disease is considered to be related to clinical severity and possibly to other aspects of the disease. Measurements of frequency often include only hospital-related or more severe, longer-lasting episodes. Since painful episodes, however, may regularly occur in nonhospital settings or be shorter-lasting with possible different pathologic effects, we measured all painful episodes in 10 adults with sickle-cell disease for 1.0-3.8 years, using a daily questionnaire. The results were related to other indices of disease severity and to possible precipitating factors, such as cold weather and menses. Sixty-one percent (on average) of the total number of episodes (243) were nonhospital-related, and 33% (on average) were shorter-lasting. Episode frequencies, whether determined as total, hospital-related, nonhospital-related, or shorter-lasting, were not related to each other or to other indicators of disease severity. The highest incidence of episode frequency occurred in the winter. The association of episodes with menses was moderately close in individual patients. The findings suggest that nonhospital-related painful episodes and shorter-lasting episodes may contribute significantly to episode frequency. Measurement of frequency of all painful episodes would require consideration when evaluating episode frequency and its relationship to disease severity, to possible precipitating factors of episodes, and to treatment of the disease, and for study of the natural course of the disease.
Effects of retinoic acid on the in vivo growth of human neuroblastoma cells

We have investigated the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the development and growth in nude mice of tumors derived from the human neuroblastoma cell line LA-N-5. When cells were treated with 4 x 10(-6) M RA in vitro there was a marked reduction in the number of mice developing tumors when compared to solvent-treated controls. In vivo treatment with RA reduced tumor formation when the retinoid was given for 5 days before tumor injection and continued for 14 days thereafter. In established tumors, RA inhibited progressive tumor growth. There was no demonstrable effect of RA in vivo on the morphologic phenotype of the tumor cells when these regimens were used. We conclude that oral retinoid administration may prove useful in inhibiting or arresting the growth of neuroblastoma, particularly when there is a small initial tumor burden.
Effect of p 1/2 corrections in the electronic structure of Bi 2 Te 3 compounds

Unlike other relativistic corrections to the Schr\"odinger equation, such as the Darwin, mass-velocity, and spin-orbit interactions (SOI), the ${p}_{1/2}$ corrections do not arise from expansion of the relativistic Dirac equation. Rather, these corrections relate to the way in which the p-orbital wave functions are expanded in density functional calculations with SOI. A test of this correction is necessary in a strongly bonded system which has significant SOI effects, such as ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}.$ Previous electronic structure calculations of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ have disagreed about the position of the conduction band minimum (CBM). While de Haas--van Alphen experiments find the CBM to have sixfold degeneracy, most previous calculations have found this minimum to lie at a twofold degenerate point. A recent paper found the correct degeneracy, but was unable to explain the difference in their and previous results. We find the correct degeneracy by taking into account the ${p}_{1/2}$ corrections, which shifts the minimum from a twofold degenerate point to a sixfold degenerate point and is necessary for the correct degeneracy of the valence band as well. The ${p}_{1/2}$ corrections for the Sb $5p$ states are much weaker, explaining the electronic structure results in the related compounds ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{BiSbTe}}_{3}.$
The evolution of ciliary signaling mechanisms

Cilia, evolutionarily ancient structures that project from the cell surface into the extracellular environment, are critical sensors of external cues. In animals, they detect light, odors, soluble chemicals and mechanical forces, and defects in cilia cause a range of diseases. Vertebrate cilia respond to intercellular signaling molecules such as Hedgehog, a regulator of embryonic development. Despite its important roles in embryogenesis and disease, little is known about the evolutionary origins of ciliary signaling. Understanding how cilia evolved mechanisms to receive and transduce signals will help identify core ciliary functions fundamental to animal biology. To shed light on the evolution of ciliary signaling, I will characterize the signaling function of cilia in a close relative of animals, choanoflagellates. Choanoflagellates provide a simple biological system in which to elucidate mechanisms of ciliary signaling and identify signaling molecules that may be conserved in mammals. I will address two questions: (1) What signaling proteins are present in choanoflagellate cilia? And (2) what are the functions of choanoflagellate homologs of Hedgehog pathway components? I will isolate cilia from choanoflagellates to identify putative ciliary signaling proteins using mass spectrometry and carry out follow-up studies on candidate proteins prioritized based upon their homology to animal proteins. To understand the ancestry of a known ciliary signaling pathway, I will characterize choanoflagellate homologs of the Hedgehog pathway members Patched (receptor) and Hedgehog (ligand) using a heterologous expression system. This research will provide novel insights into the evolution of ciliary signaling and mechanisms of disease-associated signal transduction.
Elemental Analyses of Devonian Shales in Southern West Virginia: ABSTRACT

Elemental compositions were determined on 690 samples of well cuttings from 19 wells in the Devonian shales of southern West Virginia; each well was sampled at roughly 50-ft (15 m) intervals. Sampling included all major stratigraphic intervals with special emphasis on five stratigraphic units: Chagrin Shale, Huron Member of the Ohio Shale, White Slate (correlates with Java Formation and Angola Shale Member of the West Falls Formation), Rhinestreet Shale Member of the West Falls Formation, and the Marcellus Shale. After calculating mean percentages within each unit, hand contouring maps, making trend-surface analyses, and diagramming vertical variations, individual elements showed regional and stratigraphic trends. Silica increases upsection, whereas potassium and MgO decr ase. The Marcellus Shale exhibits very high values for calcium and phosphate. Sulfur, strontium, and zinc appear to reflect the quantities of organic matter, which are higher in the black shale of the Huron Member and the Rhinestreet Member relative to the gray shales of the White Slate and the Chagrin Shale. The amounts of titanium, iron, and phosphate are low in black shales. Regionally, sulfur is higher in the westernmost parts of the study area and appears to be related to the presence of a platform where conditions were conducive to its concentration. Silica is low in the central part of the area. Manganese is highest in the gray shales and areas of black shales interpreted to have been deposited in deeper water; manganese correlates inversely with sulfur, suggesting the influence of redox conditions on manganese deposition. The results confirm the recent work on stratigraphic correlation of the Devonian shales in West Virginia. They also conform to the picture of the Devonian sea in this area as a platform with a deeper area and sediment source in the east, and possibly a second source in the west. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1580------------
Attenuation map estimation with SPECT emission data only

Quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography can be well achieved if photon attenuation is taken into account in the reconstruction process. Using a transmission scan is a common approach. A dramatic simplification could be made if the attenuation map could be obtained from the emission data. In this article, we propose a new method to estimate the attenuation map using the data consistency conditions of the attenuated Radon transform. It is based on deriving boundaries of the constant regions of the true attenuation map using an iterative algorithm. This new method is tested by Monte Carlo simulations with the attenuation and scattering effects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 271–276, 2009
Using Specimen Geometry to Isolate Flexural and Torsional Vibration Modes During Sonic Resonance

The ASTM E1875 method of sonic resonance is a convenient means of obtaining the elastic material properties of materials, particularly at high temperatures. The technique is performed by exciting a rectangular bar specimen to vibrate over a range of frequencies while measuring the amplitude of the bar’s vibrations. At specific frequencies, a local maximum in the displacement amplitude denotes either flexural or torsional resonance. The elastic and shear moduli are then computed from the first flexural and torsional resonant frequencies, respectively, as well as from the mass and dimensions of the bar. However, for certain bar geometries, the sequence in which the different resonant frequencies occur depends on the Poisson’s ratio of the material. Because the amplitudes measured during the tests do not distinguish between flexure and torsion, and because Poisson’s ratio is generally not known a priori, it is desirable to select specimen geometries for which only one sequence of frequencies is possible. This paper presents an analytical approach to determine what Poisson’s ratio would need to be in order for the first torsional frequency to always be higher than the second flexural frequency. This critical value for Poisson’s ratio is shown to be a function solely of geometry and can therefore be selected at will through the choice of length, width, and height of the bar. When the critical Poisson’s ratio is chosen to be greater than 0.5 and therefore non-physical, the first torsional frequency of the bar will always be higher than the second flexural frequency, regardless of the material composing the bar. A comparable approach is used to identify geometries that ensure that the first torsional frequency is always less than the third flexural frequency. When one selects geometries for which the sequence of the different resonant modes is known, the actual Poisson’s ratio of the material is no longer needed to compute the elastic constants.
Identification of Arachidonate P-450 Metabolites in Human Platelet Phospholipids

Abstract Phospholipase A2 ( Naja mocambique ) catalyzed release of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) from phospholipids of isolated human platelets. The amount of EETs released by phospholipase A2 measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was 4.3±0.9 pmol/106 platelets. No EETs were detected when phospholipase A2 was omitted from the incubations. The relative abundance of EET isomers (14,15-EET, 11,12-EET, 8,9-EET, and 5,6-EET) from human platelets was 5.4:4.5:3.7:1, respectively, as established by a new method based on particle-beam liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Fractionation of platelet phospholipids by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by hydrolysis and GC/MS analyses indicated that the amount of EETs was highest in fractions containing phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine (142 and 61 pmol/nmol of phosphorus, respectively) while low in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine (19 and 11 pmol/nmol of phosphorus, respectively). The majority of EETs associated with phosphatidylcholine was found in fractions containing 1- O -alkyl-phosphatidylcholine. Human platelet phospholipids also released 20-HETE on phospholipase treatment (9.7±1.6 fmol/106 cells) and at least three other HETEs, one of which was tentatively identified as 16-HETE. Activation of human platelets by thrombin or platelet-activating factor released 5 to 7 fmol EET/106 cells. Receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phospholipids containing EETs and 20-HETE may play a role in stimulus-response coupling in platelets.
Comparative safety and efficacy of urokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for peripheral arterial occlusion: a meta-analysis.

Study objective To evaluate differences in the efficacy and safety of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and urokinase in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusion. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective comparative trials. Data source PubMed/MEDLINE database from 1966-October 2004. Measurements and main results The literature was systematically searched to identify prospective comparative trials of urokinase and rt-PA for the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusion. The primary outcome measure was successful complete lysis of the occlusion. Other outcome measures were hemorrhage (major, minor, or combined), intracranial hemorrhage, limb loss, and mortality. Six trials were identified, five of which were randomized. On meta-analysis, the rate of clot lysis was higher with rt-PA than with urokinase (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.10, p=0.007). However, urokinase was associated with lower rates of minor (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.97, p=0.04) and total (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.29-0.91, p=0.02) bleeding. Rates of major hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, limb loss, and mortality were similar between agents. Conclusion Urokinase was less effective than rt-PA in successfully lysing acute peripheral arterial occlusion, but it was associated with lower rates of total and minor bleeding. Overall, rt-PA was a reasonable substitute for urokinase, now that urokinase has been removed from the market in the United States. However, judicious monitoring for minor bleeding is necessary.
Relaxation of the optical Kerr effect of anisotropic molecules in mixed liquids

Abstract The relaxation time of the Kerr effect of nitrobenzene and m-nitrotoluene in various mixtures with carbon tetrachloride and various alcohols was determined by measuring the kinetics of the Kerr effect using picosecond laser techniques. These measurements yield information on the rotational motion of molecules in liquids. The relaxation time data are interpreted in terms of an effective local viscosity effect, pair correlation, and coupling of rotational motion with shear modes.
Internal versus external control as related to performance in two-choice probability learning☆

Abstract The experiment examined the relationship between belief in internal versus external control of reinforcement, as assessed by Rotter's Internal-External (I-E) Scale, and performance in a two-choice probability learning task. On the basis of their I-E scores, 138 female undergraduates were equally divided into High (external), Middle, and Low (internal) Groups. These three groups were found not to differ with respect to gross learning or recency effects. However, a more detailed analysis of the Markov characteristics of asymptotic responding indicated that significantly more Externals than Internals had made their choices in a “random” manner as defined by either (a) independence of successive responses or (b) goodness-of-fit of response sequences to the sequence of events. This latter result was compatible with the idea that Externals are “chance-oriented” and Internals are “skill-oriented.”
Multiple outer-shell ionization effect in inner-shell x-ray production by light ions

L-shell x-ray production cross sections by 0.25\char21{}2.5-MeV $_{2}^{4}\mathrm{He}^{+}$ ions in $_{28}\mathrm{Ni}$, $_{29}\mathrm{Cu}$, $_{32}\mathrm{Ge}$, $_{33}\mathrm{As}$, $_{37}\mathrm{Rb}$, $_{38}\mathrm{Sr}$, $_{39}\mathrm{Y}$, $_{40}\mathrm{Zr}$, and $_{46}\mathrm{Pd}$ are reported. The data are compared to the first Born approximation and the ECPSSR theory that accounts for the projectile energy loss (E) and Coulomb deflection (C) as well as the perturbed-stationary-state (PSS) and relativistic (R) effects in the treatment of the target L-shell electron. Surprisingly, the first Born approximation appears to converge to the data while the ECPSSR predictions underestimate them in the low-velocity limit. This is explained as the result of improper use of single-hole fluorescence yields. A heuristic formula is proposed to account for multiple ionizations in terms of a classical probability for these phenomena and, after it is applied, the ECPSSR theory of L-shell ionization is found to be in good agreement with the data.
Differences in the dissipation of the effect of adaptation to two kinds of field displacement during head movements

When Ss were simultaneously adapted to horizontal and to vertical target displacements of equal rate during head turning about a vertical axis, the adaptation effects measured by one-trial tests immediately after the adaptation period were about equal. But retests after a time lapse of 10 and 20 min, during which S sat immobile and with eyes closed, showed a greatly different rate of dissipation of the two adaptation effects. After a lapse of 20 min, the effect of adaptation to horizontal target displacements had been reduced to 37%, whereas the effect of adaptation to vertical displacements at this final test still stood at 80% of the initial measurement. The decline over 20 min in the latter case was so smail that it could readily be ascribed to an effect of the two tests that preceded the final test. These two tests represented an effective exposure to natural viewing conditions and hence caused an unlearning of the adaptation, an effect whose existence we had demonstrated in previous work with the one-trial test.
The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age-specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics.

Background The 1918 influenza pandemic caused disproportionately high mortality among certain age groups. The mechanisms underlying these differences are not fully understood. Objectives To explore the dynamics of the 1918 pandemic and to identify potential age-specific transmission patterns. Methods We examined 1915–1923 daily mortality data in New York City (NYC) and estimated the outbreak duration and initial effective reproductive number (Re) for each 1-year age cohort. Results Four pandemic waves occurred from February 1918 to April 1920. The fractional mortality increase (i.e. ratio of excess mortality to baseline mortality) was highest among teenagers during the first wave. This peak shifted to 25- to 29-year-olds in subsequent waves. The distribution of age-specific mortality during the last three waves was strongly correlated (r = 0·94 and 0·86). With each wave, the pandemic appeared to spread with a comparable early growth rate but then attenuate with varying rates. For the entire population, Re estimates made assuming 2-day serial interval were 1·74 (1·27), 1·74 (1·43), 1·66 (1·25), and 1·86 (1·37), respectively, during the first week (first 3 weeks) of each wave. Using age-specific mortality, the average Re estimates over the first week of each wave were 1·62 (95% CI: 1·55–1·68), 1·68 (1·65–1·72), 1·67 (1·61–1·73), and 1·69 (1·63–1·74), respectively; Re was not significantly different either among age cohorts or between waves. Conclusions The pandemic generally caused higher mortality among young adults and might have spread mainly among school-aged children during the first wave. We propose mechanisms to explain the timing and transmission dynamics of the four NYC pandemic waves.
Skull of Grippia Longirostris: no contradiction with a diapsid affinity for the Ichthyopterygia

The skull of Grippia longirostris, one of the basal ichthyopterygians, is redescribed, based on a newly prepared referred specimen and the examination of others. Grippia had been considered to be the most basal ichthyopterygian until recently, and it has been suggested that the quadratojugal enters the upper temporal fenestra in this species. This and other unique features, which were considered plesiomorphic for ichthyopterygians, obscured the relationship of the group to other amniotes. It is shown here that the quadratojugal is much smaller than previously described, and does not enter the upper temporal fenestra. The skull configuration of the species is very similar to the condition in the recently-described skull of Utatsusaurus hataii, another ichthyopterygian belonging to the basal grade of the group. The close similarity between the two help clarify ichthyopterygian plesiomorphies. There is no feature in the skull of Grippia that particularly contradicts the emerging consensus that ichthyopterygians are diapsids.
Comparative study of symmetric and asymmetric deformation of Al single crystal under microscale laser shock peening

Laser shock peening by a micron sized laser beam is a process in which compressive residual stresses are induced in order to improve material fatigue life of micro scale components. The size of the laser target interaction zone is of the same order of magnitude as the target material grains and thus the effects of anisotropic material response must be taken into account. Single crystals are therefore chosen to study such anisotropy. It is also of interest to investigate the response of symmetric and asymmetric slip systems with respect to the yield surface. In presented work, analytic, numerical and experimental investigations of two different orientations, (110) and (1 1 4) of aluminum single crystals are studied. Anisotropic slip line theory is employed for the construction of slip line fields for both orientations and compared with numerical results. Theory is further used to explain the difference in plastic deformation for two different orientations. Lattice rotations on the top surface and cross section are also measured using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), while residual stress is measured using X-ray microdiffraction. Both the analytical and numerical models are then validated via experimental results.
Testing the assumptions of exponential, additive reaction time models

Two assumptions commonly made by choice reaction time (RT) models are (1) that certain experimental tasks can be found that cause an extra processing stage to be inserted into the cognitive process and (2) that the duration of one or more processing stages is random with an exponential distribution. Few rigorous tests of either assumption exist. This paper reviews existing tests and presents several new results that can be used to test these assumptions. First, in the case in which the duration of an inserted stage is exponentially distributed, it is shown that the observable RT density functions must always intersect at the mode of the density requiring the extra processing stage. Second, when only the first assumption (Assumption 1) is made, it is shown that the cumulative RT distribution functions and, in many cases, the hazard functions must be ordered. Finally, when only Assumption 2 is assumed, it is shown that, under fairly weak conditions, the taft of the RT density function must be exponential. The first two results are applied to data from a memory scanning experiment, and the two assumptions are found to receive tentative support
Amplifying and Suppressive Effect of Thymus Cells

THE humoral immune response against a variety of antigens in mice requires the interaction of an antibody forming precursor cell derived from bone marrow (AFPC) and a thymus-derived helper cell1–3. In the chicken, plasma cell formation and immunoglobulin synthesis are ontogenetically controlled by the bursa of Fabricius4, suggesting that in this species the bursa provides the AFPC, but it is not clear what role the thymus plays in the humoral antibody production. Neonatal thymectomy of chickens does affect antibody formation, at least towards some antigens5,6; and by analogy with mice7,8 thymus dependency varies strongly with the antigen dose and also with respect to the class of antibody affected (W. D., and Malchow, D., unpublished work). Attempts to demonstrate a synergistic effect between thymus and bursa cells in the chicken, however, have not been successful7,10. I wish to describe experiments indicating that thymus cells can cooperate with a bursa-dependent component in the production of agglutinating antibodies and also that in a different experimental situation thymus cells show a suppressive effect on antibody formation.