cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High resolution manometry sub-classification of Achalasia: does it really matter?

Three variants of Achalasia have been described using high-resolution esophageal manometry (HRM). While manometrically distinct, their clinical significance has yet to be established. Our objective was to compare the outcome after myotomy in patients with these Achalasia subtypes. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients with Achalasia who had HRM and who underwent Heller myotomy or Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Symptoms and esophageal clearance by timed barium study were compared before and after treatment. We identified 49 patients, 21 males and 28 females, with a median age of 52 years. The primary symptom in all patients was dysphagia, with a median duration of 4 years (range 4 months–50 years). By HRM, ten patients (20 %) were classified as Type I, 30 (61 %) as Type II, and 9 (18 %) as Type III. At a median follow-up of 16 months after myotomy (range 1–63 months), the median Eckardt score was zero and was similar across subtypes. Relief of dysphagia was also similar across subtypes (80 % of Type I, 93 % of Type II and 89 % of Type III). On pre-treatment timed barium study, no patient had complete emptying at 1 or 5 min. After myotomy, complete emptying occurred within 1 min in 50 % (20/40) and within 5 min in 60 % (24/40) and was similar across groups. Myotomy for Achalasia results in excellent symptomatic outcome and improvement in esophageal clearance. There was no difference among the described HRM Achalasia variants. This calls into question the clinical utility of Achalasia sub-classification and affirms the benefit of myotomy for this disease.
The Role of Corporate Law in the Adaptation of French Enterprises

The paper studies how French corporate law helps large French corporations adapt to current economic circumstances. The paper first describes how France responded to the economic challenges in the post-war years by State ownership and control of large enterprises. At the same time, French corporate law developed a Statist character, which furthered the State's influence in businesses but which discouraged capital market financing. The paper next describes how State ownership and control, with its characteristic hierarchies, rigidities and freedom from market pressures do not produce businesses flexible enough to compete in global product and capital markets and to accomplish necessary restructuring. The French State responded to these circumstances by privatizing enterprises and by encouraging capital market financing, but it continues to favor ownership structures that undermine this financing. The paper argues that, for at least the past two decades, French corporate law has been modified to create a legal environment less Statist and more favorable to capital raising from dispersed investors. In making these changes, legal policy makers have often borrowed legal technology from the Anglo-American context. The paper reviews some of these changes, which primarily involve securities law. Finally, the paper critically examines how well a recent proposal to reform French corporate law, the Marini Report, advances capital market financing. The paper focuses on several recommendations of the Report, particularly those designed to improve the board of directors and to enhance direct shareholder monitoring of management.
Commercial Bank Performance and Loan Delinquency

This study examines the reaction of commercial bank sector to loan (written by all commercial banks) delinquency rate shock. Using quarterly data from 1985Q1 to 2012Q4, the results show that returns on the commercial bank sector significantly drop immediately following the spike in loan delinquency rate. Loan delinquency rate Granger-causes the negative reaction of returns on the commercial bank sector. Loan delinquency rate contributes about 3.46%, 6.42%, 8.10% and 9.00% of the return forecast error at the two-, four-, six- and eight-quarter horizons, respectively.
Stability of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the airborne state

The aerosol stability of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus was studied over a 6-hr period at a temperature of 21 C and relative humidity values of 23, 46, 60, and 80%. Aerosols were generated from and collected in 0.75% bovine albumin-buffered saline, and spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger were used as the tracer to determine the physical decay of the aerosols. Aerosol samples were titrated in BHK-21 cell monolayers for surviving SLE virus. The results of this study indicated that, under the test conditions employed, relative humidity had no influence on the stability of SLE virus in the airborne state.
Comparative Biochemical and Immunological Studies of Bacterial Glutamine Synthetases

Antisera prepared against adenylylated and unadenylylated Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase cross-reacted with the glutamine synthetases from a number of gram-negative bacteria and one gram-variable species as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and inhibition of enzyme activity. In contrast, the antisera did not cross-react with the glutamine synthetases from gram-positive bacteria (with one exception) nor with the synthetases of higher organisms. Modification of the various glutamine synthetases by covalent attachment of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (or other nucleotides) was tested for by determining whether or not snake venom phosphodiesterase altered catalytic activity in a manner similar to its effect on adenylylated E. coli glutamine synthetase. Only the activity of the glutamine synthetases from gram-negative bacteria grown with specific levels of nitrogen sources could be altered by snake venom phosphodiesterase. In addition, a relative order of antigenic homology between cross-reacting enzymes was suggested based on the patterns of spur formation in the immunodiffusion assay.
Inclusion of Flagellin during Vaccination against Influenza Enhances Recall Responses in Nonhuman Primate Neonates

ABSTRACT Influenza virus can cause life-threatening infections in neonates and young infants. Although vaccination is a major countermeasure against influenza, current vaccines are not approved for use in infants less than 6 months of age, in part due to the weak immune response following vaccination. Thus, there is a strong need to develop new vaccines with improved efficacy for this vulnerable population. To address this issue, we established a neonatal African green monkey (AGM) nonhuman primate model that could be used to identify effective influenza vaccine approaches for use in young infants. We assessed the ability of flagellin, a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) agonist, to serve as an effective adjuvant in this at-risk population. Four- to 6-day-old AGMs were primed and boosted with inactivated PR8 influenza virus (IPR8) adjuvanted with either wild-type flagellin or inactive flagellin with a mutation at position 229 (m229), the latter of which is incapable of signaling through TLR5. Increased IgG responses were observed following a boost, as well as at early times after challenge, in infants vaccinated with flagellin-adjuvanted IPR8. Inclusion of flagellin during vaccination also resulted in a significantly increased number of influenza virus-specific T cells following challenge compared to the number in infants vaccinated with the m229 adjuvant. Finally, following challenge infants vaccinated with IPR8 plus flagellin exhibited a reduced pathology in the lungs compared to that in infants that received IPR8 plus m229. This study provides the first evidence of flagellin-mediated enhancement of vaccine responses in nonhuman primate neonates. IMPORTANCE Young infants are particularly susceptible to severe disease as a result of influenza virus infection. Compounding this is the lack of effective vaccines for use in this vulnerable population. Here we describe a vaccine approach that results in improved immune responses and protection in young infants. Incorporation of flagellin during vaccination resulted in increased antibody and T cell responses together with reduced disease following virus infection. These results suggest that flagellin may serve as an effective adjuvant for vaccines targeted to this vulnerable population.
Spanning Trees and Spanners

We survey results in geometric network design theory, including algorithms for constructing minimum spanning trees and low-dilation graphs.
Hospital information systems and DRG reimbursement: the adaptation of large transactions processing systems to radical rule changes

Abstract Large transactions processing systems are often rigid, closed, and mechanistic. When faced with sudden and severe change, organizations may have difficulty adapting quickly and effectively. This paper investigates how three major New York hospitals adjusted to the imposition on their patient account systems of DRG based reimbursement. The field study identifies common strategies and problems, along with the need for further research into how to efficiently adapt such critical systems to drastic change.
Science and Litigation: Products Liability in Theory and Practice

PART I: SCIENCE AND LEGAL THEORY Science in American Litigation: India Rubber to Bioinformatics Science and the Legal Process Science, Products Liability, and Commerce Historical Notes on Science and Technology 19th Century Science and Patent Litigation Science, Products Liability, and the Courts Science and Products Liability Science and the Civil Law Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Law Science and the United States Supreme Court Kumho Tire and Beyond Science and Peer Review Introduction Peer Review of Peer Review Peer Review and the Supreme Court Appendix: The Peer Reviewers Review Peer Review Science and Legal Causation Introduction: A Primer on Proximate Cause The Varieties of Cause: The Case of Dennis D. The Language of Cause Working Theories of Cause Differential Diagnosis Bellwether Cases and Inferential Statistics Extrapolation Theory The Parlodel Controversy Part II: SCIENCE AND LITIGATION PRACTICE Science and Pre-Trial Research Introduction Research Focal Points Research Topical Checklist Research In Depth Research Points of Reference Introduction to Detailed Research Focal Points for State-of-the-Art Research Information Sources Science and Expert Witnesses Introduction Determining Expert Witness Needs Prioritizing Expert Witness Needs Choosing the Expert: General Considerations Choosing the Expert: Organizational Factors Choosing the Expert: Individual Factors Categories of Experts Initial Utilization of the Expert Science and Business Documentation Introduction The Generation of Corporate Documents Design Documentation Testing Documentation Production Documentation Marketing Documentation Regulatory Documentation Organizational Documentation Operational Documentation Science and Pre-Trial Discovery Introduction Discovery Planning Interrogatories Requests for the Production of Documents Depositions Focal Points for Organization and Analysis Specialized Indexing and Cross-Referencing Defense Objections to Discovery The Motion to Compel Discovery Appendix: Researching the Science Case Index
Clinical, histologic, cytologic, and ultrastructural characteristics of the oral lesions from hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia. A disease of gap junction and desmosome formation.

Abstract Hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia is an autosomal, dominantly inherited disorder affecting all of the orificial mucosa with cataracts, follicular keratosis of skin, nonscarring alopecia, bouts of pneumonia, spontaneous pneumothorax, and terminal cor pulmonale.1 The oral lesion is a fiery red, flat or micropapillary-appearing mucosa most frequently involving the gingiva and hard palate. All oral and pharyngeal mucosa may be involved, however. Red scrotal mucosa of the tongue is common. Histologically, the oral mucosa shows a lack of cornified and keratinized cells, a decrease in the thickness of the epithelial cell layer, dyshesion, and dyskeratosis. Papanicolaou smears show lack of epithelial cell maturation, poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, large paranuclear cytoplasmic vacuoles, and cytoplasmic strand-shaped inclusions. Ultrastructural features include a paucity of desmosomes, intercellular accumulations of amorphous material, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and paranuclear lesions with strands of material resembling gap junctions and desmosomes. The condition most likely represents a basic defect in gap junction and desmosome formation.
Usp18 Promotes Conventional CD11b+ Dendritic Cell Development

Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the key cells linking innate and adaptive immune responses. It is critical to understand the molecular factors regulating DC differentiation. Usp18 is an IFN-inducible member of the ubiquitin-specific protease family, which deconjugates ubiquitin-like modifier ISG15 from target proteins and competitively inhibits IFN-α/β–induced JAK/STAT activation. This study demonstrates that the frequency of conventional CD11b + DCs in the spleen of Usp18 −/− mice was significantly reduced, whereas the frequencies of conventional CD8 + DCs and plasmacytoid DCs remained normal. In addition, Usp18 −/− bone marrow (BM) cells generate DCs less efficiently in GM-CSF–supplemented culture, demonstrating a fundamental defect throughout the DC differentiation pathway. Usp18 −/− BM cells were rescued by exogenous expression of either wild-type or deconjugation-inactive Usp18, and superimposition of an IFN-α/β receptor knockout returned in vivo DC populations to normal, clearly showing that the defect seen is due solely to Usp18’s effect on IFN signaling. Finally, Usp18 −/− BM-derived DCs expressed high levels of SOCS1/SOCS3, known inhibitors of GM-CSF signaling, providing a mechanistic explanation for the phenotype. In conclusion, we have identified a novel role of Usp18 in modulating conventional CD11b + DC development via its inhibitory effect on type I IFN signaling.
Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is related to deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalance.

Abstract The relationship between bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) mutagenesis in mammalian cells and the effects of BrdUrd on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools was analyzed. It was found that the exposure of Syrian hamster melanoma cells to mutagenic concentrations of BrdUrd resulted in the formation of a large bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate (BrdUTP) pool, which remained at a high level for several days. In contrast, the size of the deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) pool dropped rapidly after the addition of BrdUrd, reached a minimum at about 6 h, and then expanded gradually to nearly its original level over the next 3 days. The addition of lower concentrations of BrdUrd, which had less of a mutagenic effect, resulted in the formation of a smaller BrdUTP pool and a slightly smaller drop in the dCTP pool. When a high concentration of deoxycytidine was added at the same time as a normally mutagenic concentration of BrdUrd, the drop in the dCTP pool was prevented, as was BrdUrd mutagenesis. In all of these experiments, mutagenesis was related to the ratio of BrdUTP to dCTP in the cells. In addition, it was shown that mutagenesis occurred primarily during the first 24 h of BrdUrd exposure, when the BrdUTP/dCTP ratio was at its highest level. It appears that there is a critical ratio of BrdUTP to dCTP that must be attained for high levels of mutagenesis to occur and that the extent of mutagenesis is related to the ratio of the BrdUrd and dCTP pools.
Spatial averaging errors in creating hemispherical reflectance (Albedo) maps from directional reflectance data

Spatial averaging errors which may occur when creating hemispherical reflectance maps for different cover types from direct nadir technique to estimate the hemispherical reflectance are assessed by comparing the results with those obtained with a knowledge-based system called VEG (Kimes et al., 1991, 1992). It was found that hemispherical reflectance errors provided by using VEG are much less than those using the direct nadir techniques, depending on conditions. Suggestions are made concerning sampling and averaging strategies for creating hemispherical reflectance maps for photosynthetic, carbon cycle, and climate change studies.
765-4 Adhesiveness of Mononuclear Cells is Increased in Hypercholesterolemic Humans, and Reduced by the NO Precursor

Enhanced interaction of mononuclear cells with the endothelium is the first observable event in the development of atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemia reduces vascular nitric oxide activity. This dysfunction may promote endothelial monocyte interaction, as NO is a potent inhibitor of adhesion. We have previously shown that dietary L-arginine (Arg) supplementation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits restores NO activity and inhibits monocyte-endothelial cell interaction, in association with a reduction in atherogenesis. Accordingly we developed a functional binding assay to assess the adhesiveness of human mononuclear cells, so as to determine the effects of hypercholesterolemia and L-arginine therapy. We found a 50% increase in adhesion of mononuclear cells (MNC) from hypercholesterolemic (HC) subjects to cultured endothelial cells ex vivo compared to a normocholesterolemic control population (p l 0.0001, n = 20). Increased MNC adhesion was reversed to normal levels by preincubation of the MNC suspension with 10-5 M sodium nitroprusside (164.4 ± 8.7% vs 97.5 ± 6.9%, P l 0.0005, n = 7), while L-nitroarginine and Arg did not have an effect in vitro. In a double-blinded placebo-controlled study, oral Arg (8.4 g/day) was administered to 7 HC subjects. Over a course of two weeks, this treatment abolished the increased adhesion (158.5 ± 10.9% vs 103.5 ± 4.9% vs 100 ± 5.2%, HCvs Arg vs Control. p l 0.005), while MNC adhesion remained significantly elevated in placebo-treated subjects. Conclusion The adhesiveness of human mononuclear cells is increased by hypercholesterolemia. The increase in adhesiveness is reversed in vitro by NO donors, and reversed in vivo by treatment with the NO precursor L-arginine.
Localization and the Schwinger model

Abstract It is found that two-dimensional lattice electrodynamics seems not to exhibit localization in Monte Carlo computer simulation. Very long localization lengths cannot be ruled out. Using the same methods for comparison, the Anderson model is studied and found to localize in a range of couplings. Implications of these results for computer simulation of lattice gauge theories and for condensed-matter physics are discussed.
High-Sensitivity Quantitative Phase Microscopy Using Spectral Encoding

A quantitative phase microscope is demonstrated using spectrally-encoded interferometric phase modulation. The technique offers speckle-free, high sensitivity (~0.14nm) optical pathlength measurement at high acquisition speed. It is well suited for precise quantification of dynamic processes.
Small Molecular, Macromolecular, and Cellular Chloramines React with Thiocyanate To Give the Human Defense Factor Hypothiocyanite

Thiocyanate reacts noncatalytically with myeloperoxidase-derived HOCl to produce hypothiocyanite (OSCN−), thereby potentially limiting the propensity of HOCl to inflict host tissue damage that can ...
Does Civil Service Reform Affect Behavior? Linking Alternative Personnel Systems, Perceptions of Procedural Justice, and Complaints

Current literature on civil service reform lacks any studies that examine how these reforms impact employee behavior. The research presented here links the presence of alternative personnel systems and perceptions of procedural justice in 2005 to the rates at which complaints were filed in 2006 in the federal government, after controlling for the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Among the findings, agencies with alternative personnel systems exhibit lower complaint rates as compared to those with traditional personnel systems. Additionally, indicators of perceptions of procedural justice exhibit a curvilinear relationship with complaint rates; as perceptions of procedural fairness increase, the rate of complaints initially increases and then decreases. Finally, ADR does not appear to influence complaint rates.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Twenty diabetic foot ulcers were cultured using optimal microbiologic techniques. Anaerobic bacteria coexisted with the more commonly recognized aerobic bacteria in 18 specimens. There were a total of 116 isolates with an average of 5.8 species per specimen (3.2 aerobes and 2.6 anaerobes). The principal isolates were Bacteroides species (sp.) (17 strains), peptococci (16), Proteus sp. (11), enterococci (9), Staphylococcus aureus (7), clostridia (7), and Escherichia coli (6). When antimicrobial therapy is indicated the selection of agents should consider the likelihood of a complex aerobic-anaerobic flora.
The current state of faculty development in two‐year colleges

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of faculty development efforts at community colleges and a summary of the research. The chapter also discusses how community colleges can implement a successful faculty development program.
Neutron Diffraction NDE for Advanced Composites

Strain measurements have been acquired nondestructively for alumina/silicon carbide and titanium/silicon carbide composites by means of neutron diffraction techniques. The accumulated strain data could be used to calculate residual stresses in the fibers and the matrix (including stresses at the interface) simultaneously, or to determine stresses resulting from external loading
Estradiol-15α-hydroxylation: A new avenue of estrogen metabolism in peri-implantation pig blastocysts

Abstract Pig blastocysts have the capacity to convert estradiol into catechol estrogens. Our present study shows that they also have the capacity to hydroxylate estradiol in cycloaliphatic C-atom 15, and this aliphatic hydroxylation reaction is more predominate than the aromatic hydroxylations. The conversion of [4-14C]estradiol to [4-14C]15α-hydroxyestradiol by mitochondrial-rich/microsomal fractions was examined by isolation of this product using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) attached to a radiometric flow detector, and its identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The enzyme kinetics for estrogen 15α-hydroxylase were performed in the pig blastocyst obtained on Day 13 of pregnancy (Day 0 = first acceptance of the male). The enzyme follows classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Kms for estradiol were 2.47 and 1.85μM, and the apparent Vmaxs were 0.25 and 0.197 nmol/mg/min in the mitochondrial-rich and microsomal fractions, respectively. The enzyme activity was inhibited by different steroidal compounds and non-steroidal estrogens, as well as by CO, SKF-525A, piperonyl butoxide and antibody to cytochrome P450 reductase. Ontogenesis of the blastocyst's estrogen 15α-hydroxylase follows a similar pattern to that of estrogen - 2 4 - hydroxylase . Thus, highest activity was observed on Days 12 and 13 and lowest was on Day 15 of pregnancy. Furthermore, the enzyme is abundant primarily in the extraembryonic tissues rather than in the embryo proper. The abundance of the enzyme in the extraembryonic tissues, and its surge at a critical time of pregnancy recognition and just prior to implantation suggest that 15α -hydroxylated estradiol could be involved in these processes.
Photolysis of γ-(α-Carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)-l-glutamic Acid Investigated in the Microsecond Time Scale by Time-Resolved FTIR

The photolytic release of substrates from caged substrates has proven to be an excellent method to generate concentration jumps for kinetic measurements in the microsecond time scale. In this report we use time-resolved FTIR in the step-scan mode to probe the photolysis mechanism of one such caged compound, namely γ-(α-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)glutamate, and to obtain a direct measure of the rate of photorelease of the substrate glutamate. The time-resolved difference FTIR spectra exhibit specific signals that can be assigned to the reactant caged glutamate, photolytically released product glutamate, as well as to the aci-nitro intermediate, the key intermediate of the photolysis reaction. Therefore these signals allow the characterization of the kinetics of formation and decay of the intermediate and products. This is the first such report that provides a direct determination of the rate of formation of the photolysis product from a caged compound in the microsecond time scale. Furthermore, the results pres...
Poultry Courses Offered by Poultry Departments of Land Grant Colleges in the United States

Abstract THIS paper reports the courses offered by Departments of Poultry Husbandry in the Land Grant Colleges of the United States during the year 1952–1953. The information was assembled from catalogs listing courses and from correspondence with heads of poultry departments. Not all of these courses are taught during any one year. Some institutions very likely changed some courses during the year or by the time this article is published. An effort was made to classify the courses into major subject matter divisions. Some leeway was exercised in classifying courses of similar subject matter. In the table the number of institions offering the courses listed are given. Most institutions offer, besides a general course, courses in anatomy or physiology or closely related subjects, breeding or genetics, feeding or nutrition, incubation and brooding, judging or selection, management, marketing, problems, research, seminar, and turkey production or closely related meat production. Though there …
An inexpensive method for the determination of serum ionized calcium

Abstract The method described here may be used for the determination of serum ionized calcium. The physical conditions of the measurement, including sample volume (0.6 ml) and temperature (25 or 37 °C), are fixed. Stasis of the sample may contribute to a prolonged but not prohibitive response time. Other than the prolonged response time, the performance characteristics of the electrodes were not altered by incorporating them into the electrode chamber. Exemplifying the utility of this method were the results of protein-binding studies, in vitro and ex vivo CaCl 2 and EDTA administration and a comparison with the Orion SS-20. In consideration of the data presented, the cost and simplicity of construction, and method described should serve to make the determination of serum ionized calcium accessible to a greater number of investigators and encourage research in pharmacological and physiological processes thought to be mediated by serum ionized calcium.
On the secular variation of storms in the tropical North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific

Variations in the annual frequency of tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic and of tropical cyclones and temporales in the Eastern North pacific are studied in relation to sea surface temperature (SST), sea level pressure (SLP), and vertical wind shear, the observation period common to most parameters being 1911–72. Both oceans exhibit a secular SST increase until the 1950's. Tropical cyclone frequency has a strong negative correlation with SLP in the realm of the subtropical highs, but only a weak negative one with SST in the areas of common storm occurrence. Temporales are positively correlated with SLP but negatively with SST and tropical storms in the Pacific. A minimum threshold of area-averaged SST and a maximum threshold of vertical wind shear can be specified for one or more tropical cyclones to occur. Principal component analysis was performed on indicative time series from both oceans. As prominent constituents of the first principal component, Pacific SLP, temporales, and Atlantic tropical cyclones have factor loadings of one sign, while Pacific tropical cyclones have the opposite sign. The second principal component is made up primarily of parallel SST variations in both oceans. Spectral analysis reveals a coupling of SLP variations over the two oceans around 33–34 and 5.5 years. In the Atlantic, SLP minimum precedes the SST maximum at about 12.5 years. Maxima of Pacific SLP and temporales and minima of Ecuador/Peru SST and Atlantic tropical cyclone occurrence broadly coincide at a common frequency of about 8 years. At the 13.6–14.8 year time scale in the Pacific, minima of Ecuador/Peru SST, and minima of tropical cyclone frequency and maxima of SLP in the North Pacific are approximately synchronous. Spectral analysis details the time scale of spatial linkages borne out by linear correlation and principal component analysis. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1979.tb00879.x
Creep in periclase and magnesia-spinel refractories

We determined the creep at high temperatures and under compressive loads of fused periclase, periclase, and magnesia-spinel articles based on fused and sintered materials. For specimens of fused periclase with a dense, coarsely crystalline structure and low concentrations of silicate phases, there is typical a low level of creep; the decisive mechanism of deformation in such materials is, apparently, diffusion-viscous flow and slippage across the grain boundaries. In granular periclase and magnesia-spinel refractories with a porous structure and a comparatively high content of silicates, the deformation rate is significant, and the decisive mechanism of deformation for these materials is probably viscous flow of intercrystallite substance.
The Role of Intimacy in the Production and Perception of Relationship Talk Within Courtship

The authors define relationship talk as content messages that reference the nature of the relationship between people. They seek to contribute to the literature by (a) conceptualizing relationship talk in ways that attend to its nuances, and (b) evaluating how intimacy predicts the production and perception of relationship talk. They conducted an observational study of conversations between 120 dating couples. Length of romantic interest, compared to intimacy, was the more proximal predictor of the prominence, explicitness, depth, and negative valence of relationship talk. In general, relationship talk was positively associated with people's perceptions of the relational impact of conversation, but intimacy was unrelated to relational impact. The prominence of relationship talk noted by third-party judges was positively associated with relational impact when intimacy was low but not high. The authors discuss how their findings illuminate content messages about relationships.
Tribological and microstructural studies of oxygen-implanted ferrite and austenite

Abstract Ferrite (pure α-Fe) and austenite (AISI 304 stainless steel) discs were implanted to doses ranging from 1 × 10 17 to 1 × 10 18 O 2 cm -2 at temperatures ranging from 90 to 500 °C and tested using an oscillating pin-on-disc wear tester. Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy were used to characterize the microstructures and compositions of the implanted layers. Although oxygen implantation reduces the wear rates of both steel constituents at all implantation doses and temperatures, the lowest wear rates are observed in the α-Fe implanted at the lower doses and temperatures and in the stainless steel implanted at elevated temperatures. Ranked from most to least wear resistant, the oxides observed in ferrite are FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 . When discs of austenite are implanted, hematite-like oxide is formed at all temperatures and a magnetite-like oxide begins to appear in addition at elevated temperatures (500 °C at 4 × 10 17 O 2 cm -2 and 430 °C at 1 × 10 18 O 2 cm -2 ). The hematite-like oxide formed when 4 × 10 17 O 2 cm -2 is implanted at 400 °C induces the greatest load for the transition from mild to severe adhesive wear (approximately 300 times the load for unimplanted discs).
Adipose Differentiation Related Protein (ADRP) Expressed in Transfected COS-7 Cells Selectively Stimulates Long Chain Fatty Acid Uptake

Adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) is a 50-kDa novel protein cloned from a mouse 1246 adipocyte cDNA library, rapidly induced during adipocyte differentiation. We have examined ADRP function, and we show here that ADRP facilitates fatty acid uptake in COS cells transfected with ADRP cDNA. We demonstrate that uptake of long chain fatty acids was significantly stimulated in a time-dependent fashion in ADRP-expressing COS-7 cells compared with empty vector-transfected control cells. Oleic acid uptake velocity increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in ADRP-expressing COS-7 cells compared with control cells. The transport Km was 0.051 microM, and Vmax was 57.97 pmol/10(5) cells/min in ADRP-expressing cells, and Km was 0.093 microM and Vmax was 20.13 pmol/10(5) cells/min in control cells. The oleate uptake measured at 4 degrees C was only 10% that at 37 degrees C. ADRP also stimulated uptake of palmitate and arachidonate but had no effect on uptake of medium chain fatty acid such as octanoic acid and glucose. These data suggest that ADRP specifically enhances uptake of long chain fatty acids by increasing the initial rate of uptake and provide novel information about ADRP function as a saturable transport component for long chain fatty acids.
On computer generation of balanced arrays

Abstract This paper provides an algebraic (and hence computing) procedure for generation of balanced arrays having two symbols, m rows, specified minimum and maximum column weights, arbitrary strength t ≦ m , and index set parameters μ t 1 , μ t 2 ,…, μ t t . μ t 0 is unspecified, and calculated as part of the algorithm, although the procedure for specifying it is straightforward and can be used if desired. Array generation is herein reduced to finding integral solutions to a linear programming problem. It is shown that the integral solutions of the system of equations comprise all balanced arrays with the given set of parameters. A computing algorithm is provided which constructs the system of equations to be solved; it has been interfaced with a standard linear programming package to provide some preliminary results. Additional algorithms whose development should result in substantial decreases in computing costs are discussed.
Profile of Pregnancy in Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The uterine contents and ovaries of pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were compared to those of control Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Although there were no strain differences in the number of released oocytes as indicated by corpora lutea, there were fewer viable fetuses in the SHR litters compared to WKY. Since there was no difference in post-implantation intrauterine loss, the lower SHR fetal number was most likely due to fewer successful implantations in the SHR. Maternal blood pressures declined significantly in both strains on day 18 of gestation.
Contextual bias in ethical judgment of marketing practices

Human judgment is susceptible to contextual biases, yet most ethical models in marketing do not indicate how context influences decision making. The authors illustrate how ethical judgments of marketing practices can be influenced by contextually induced frames of reference. Scenarios describing ethical or unethical marketing practices are used in two experiments to prime subjects who subsequently rated the ethics of a target scenario. The target tends to be rated as more ethical by subjects primed with descriptions of unethical practices, and less ethical by subjects primed with descriptions of ethical practices. Moreover, this contrast effect is contingent upon the interplay of innate and induced moderating factors. Subjects with high needs for cognition that are unaware of the potential bias induced by contextual priming are prone to the contrast effect. Awareness of the priming-induced bias mitigates contrast effects among high need for cognition subjects. Implications for ethical decision making and further psychological research in marketing are discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atypical langmuir adsorption of inhalation anesthetics on phospholipid monolayer at various compressional states: difference between alkane-type and ether-type anesthetics

Adsorption of chloroform, halothane, enflurane and diethyl ether on the air/water interface was compared with adsorption on the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayer, spread on the air/water interface, at four compressional states; 88.5, 77.0, 66.5 and 50.5 A2 surface area per phosphatidylcholine molecule. Anesthetics were administered from the gas phase. The affinities of these agents to the phosphatidylcholine monolayer varied according to the state of the monolayer. Chloroform and halothane showed a stronger affinity to the highly compressed phosphatidylcholine monolayer (50.5 A2) than to the expanded monolayer (88.5 A2) or to the air/water interface without the monolayer. Diethyl ether behaved in reverse; a stronger affinity to the expanded monolayer was exhibited than to the compressed monolayer. Enflurane showed the highest affinity to the intermediately compressed monolayer (77.0 A2). The adsorption isotherm of anesthetics to the monolayer was characterized by atypical Langmuir-type, in which available number of binding sites changed when anesthetics were adsorbed. The mode of adsorption onto the monolayer was dissimilar to adsorption onto air/water interface, where adsorption followed the Gibbs surface excess. A theory is presented to explain the above differences. The adsorbed anesthetic molecules do not stick to phosphatidylcholine molecules but penetrate into the monolayer lattice and occupy the phosphatidylcholine sites at the interface. Quantitative agreement between the theory and the experimental data was excellent. For the monolayer at 50.5 A2 compression, the changes in the transfer free energy accompanying the anesthetic adsorption from the gas phase to the monolayer were in the order of chloroform greater than halothane greater than enflurane greater than diethyl ether, in agreement with the clinical potencies.
A lattice theory of light scattering from disordered spherulites

A lattice theory of orientational disorder in two-dimensional spherulites is developed in which the orientation direction of the optic axis in lattice cells is allowed statistically to deviate from its mean value in a manner correlated with the orientation in neighboring cells. The Hv light scattering patterns arising from such disordered spherulites deviate from the patterns for perfect spherulites in that there is excess intensity at both small and large scattering angles and the intensity at the maximum is lower. A comparison of the calculated scattering angular dependence with that which is experimentally measured permits assignment of values of correlation parameters. A consequence of this disorder is that the spherulite birefringence is reduced below that calculated on the basis of perfect crystalline orientation in agreement with experiment.
Erkundung von Venus und Merkur durch Mariner 10

Die Raumsonde Mariner 10 setzte nach den Flugen von Mariner 9 zum Mars und Pionier 10 zum Jupiter das Programm der NASA zur Erkundung der Planeten unseres Sonnensystems fort. Der Aufsatz stellt die Ergebnisse der ersten Auswertungen der zahl reichen Messungen wahrend der Vorbeifluge an Venus und Merkur zusammen, wobei die Gestaltung der bisher noch weitgehend unbekannten Merkuroberflache besonderes Interesse verdient.
A new structure for news editing

Ideally a computational approach could assist in the human-intensive tasks associated with selecting and presenting timely, relevant information, i.e., news editing. At present this goal is difficult to achieve because of the paucity of effective machine-understanding systems for news. A structure for news that affords a fluid interchange between human and machinederived expertise is a step toward improving both the efficiency and utility of on-line news. This paper examines a system that employs richer representations of texts within a corpus of news. These representations are composed by a collection of experts who examine news articles in the database, looking at both the text itself and the annotations placed by other experts. These experts employ a variety of methods ranging from statistical examination to natural-language parsing to query expansion through specific-purpose knowledge bases. The system provides a structure for the sharing of knowledge with human editors and the development of a class of applications that make use of article augmentation.
What Authority? Why Control?

This paper compares the difference between approaches to defining database quality in cataloging and in online databases. Authority control is a solution created by catalogers to ensure that access points are both collocated and differentiated in a library catalog. This time consuming and costly method of quality control is used by catalogers based on the principle that the quality of individual cataloging records determines the success rate for user searching the library catalog. The principle is not shared by creators of online databases, who universally prefer speed to uniformity and standardization of access points.
Transient analysis of thermoelastic contact problem of disk brakes

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the thermomechanical behavior of the dry contact between the brake disk and pads during the braking phase. The simulation strategy is based on computer code ANSYS11. The modeling of transient temperature in the disk is actually used to identify the factor of geometric design of the disk to install the ventilation system in vehicles. The thermal-structural analysis is then used with coupling to determine the deformation established and the Von Mises stresses in the disk, the contact pressure distribution in pads. The results are satisfactory compared to those found in the literature.
Adolescent Mothers Self-perceived Health Education Needs

Sixty-six primiparous adolescent mothers, aged 14 to 18 years, were asked to identify what they felt they needed to know about caring for themselves and their infant during the first six weeks postpartum. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Responses were classified according to four categories: 1) infant medical needs, 2) mother-infant psychosocial needs, 3) maternal physical needs, and 4) daily physical infant care. Analysis of overall questionnaire responses shows that care of infant is of primary concern to young mothers in the postpartum period.
Ultrastructural examination of dentine formation in rat incisors following multiple fluoride injections.

Abstract Rats were divided into two experimental and one control groups. In the first experimental group, two doses were injected each day at 6 hr intervals. The high dosages of sodium fluoride were administered daily for 5 days. These fluorotic animals were killed as the fluoride was exerting an effect on mineralization. In the other experimental group, the rats were allowed a recovery period by killing the rats 3 days after the last fluoride injections. Control animals received equivalent dosages of sodium chloride and were killed on the 5th day. Each day's injections induced a consistent paired response in the dentine in both experimental groups—a zone of hypermineralization followed by a zone of hypomineralization. The hypermineralized component was consistently visible only on microradiographs as bands of increased density, while the hypomineralized component was evident only on electron micrographs. The fine structure of the hypomineralized zone consisted of patchy areas with the appearance of predentine devoid of crystals and interspersed with calcospherites of mineralized dentine. These globules acquired more mineral with time to fill most areas, leaving unmineralized patches adjacent to odontoblast processes. In the recovery animals, a few small regions of unmineralization persisted and a layer of normal dentine formed over the fluoride response zones. Neither fluorotic nor recovery odontoblasts manifested visible ultrastructural alterations.
Regional Differences in the Carbon Source-Sink Potential of Natural Vegetation in the U.S.A.

We simulated the variability in natural ecosystem carbon storage under historical conditions (1895–1994) in six regions of the conterminous USA as delineated for the USGCRP National Assessment (2001). The largest simulated variations in carbon fluxes occurred in the Midwest, where large fire events (1937, 1988) decreased vegetation biomass and soil carbon pools. The Southeast showed decadal-type trends and alternated between a carbon source (1920s, 1940s, 1970s) and a sink (1910s, 1930s, 1950s) in response to climate variations. The drought of the 1930s was most obvious in the creation of a large carbon source in the Midwest and the Great Plains, depleting soil carbon reserves. The Northeast shows the smallest amplitudes in the variation of its carbon stocks. Western regions release large annual carbon fluxes from their naturally fire-prone grassland- and shrubland-dominated areas, which respond quickly to chronic fire disturbance, thus reducing temporal variations in carbon stocks. However, their carbon dynamics reflect the impacts of prolonged drought periods as well as regional increases in rainfall from ocean-atmosphere climate regime shifts, most evident in the 1970s. Projections into the future by using the warm CGCM1 climate scenario show the Northeast becoming mostly a carbon source, the Southeast becoming the largest carbon source in the 21st century, and the two western-most regions becoming carbon sinks in the second half of the 21st century. Similar if more moderate trends are observed by using the more moderately warm HADCM2SUL scenario.
Issues in research on short-term dynamic psychotherapy.

Abstract In this article, we review the development of short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) and introduce some of the important questions to be addressed in studying STDP. We begin by surveying some of the areas not covered in this special edition (e.g., the efficacy of STDP, recent developments in dynamic formulation) because they were recently reviewed elsewhere. We then introduce the four articles included in this special miniseries. We conclude by looking at which questions could benefit from further study and recommend that more data be gathered regarding (a) the differences between the many different forms of STDP; (b) the efficacy of these forms of therapies for specific disorders, including personality disorders; (c) the essential theoretically relevant processes occurring in those treatments; (d) matching patients to different therapies; (e) the interrelations between different therapeutic processes; and (f) the different strategies for teaching STDP.
The Development and Delivery of Expert Systems for Special Environments

The overall effectiveness of any expert system for maintenance and troubleshooting is a function of the knowledge applied to its problem-solving task and the delivery of that knowledge to the user (i.e., the interface between user and system). There is a direct relationship between how functional the user/system interface is and the degree to which users of the expert system can apply its capabilities to solve problems. In gas turbine troubleshooting and maintenance applications, it is often necessary to have access to documents such as schematics, electrical wiring diagrams, and equipment block diagrams, and to pictures of actual components themselves. Because these can be essential sources of information for a diagnostician, they should be included in any implementation of a system specifically designed to assist the user. In addition, the intended user’s mode of interaction with the system can vary within maintenance applications: Can the user interact with the system via a keyboard, or is voice input necessary? Can the user read a display, or is voice output necessary?Copyright © 1989 by ASME