cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annotating Question Decomposition on Complex Medical Questions

This paper presents a method for annotating question decomposition on complex medical questions. The annotations cover multiple syntactic ways that questions can be decomposed, including separating independent clauses as well as recognizing coordinations and exemplifications. We annotate a corpus of 1,467 multi-sentence consumer health questions about genetic and rare diseases. Furthermore, we label two additional medical-specific annotations: (1) background sentences are annotated with a number of medical categories such as symptoms, treatments, and family history, and (2) the central focus of the complex question (a disease) is marked. We present simple baseline results for automatic classification of these annotations, demonstrating the challenging but important nature of this task.
Non-operating Room Anesthesia: The Principles of Patient Assessment and Preparation

A significant number of anesthetics are performed outside of the operating room (OR). Despite the increased requirement for anesthesia services, the framework to perform the necessary preprocedural anesthesia assessments to optimize patients has not been uniformly developed. Performing anesthesia in non-OR locations poses significant and distinct challenges compared with the procedures in the OR. Anesthesiologists are faced with patients with increasingly complicated comorbidities undergoing novel, complex interventional procedures. With unique training in preoperative triaging, and an expertise in intraoperative and postoperative management of complex patients, anesthesiologists can contribute to greater efficiency and patient safety in the non-OR setting.
Growing Trend of Alternative Tobacco Use Among the Nation's Youth: A New Generation of Addicts.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has published significant data and trends related to the rising epidemic of usage of alternate forms of tobacco among the nation’s youth. For the first time ever, the use of the electronic cigarette (e-cigarrette) has surpassed traditional cigarette usage in adolescents. E-cigarettes are battery-operated products designed to deliver aerosolized nicotine and other flavors to the consumer. Most look like conventional cigarettes but some resemble everyday items such as pens, USB drives, and memory sticks.1 In the following article, we present findings from the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report with commentary on the state of this growing epidemic and barriers to effective screening methods.
Rejoinder: results are still strange and explanations fall short

ABSTRACTIn this rejoinder, I argue that explanations made in Croucher (2015) [Further development of integrated threat theory and intergroup contact: A reply to Aberson (2015). Communication Monographs] for odd results are not theoretically relevant, represent highly unlikely outcomes inconsistent with the reporting in Croucher (2013) [Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80, 46–62], and are likely not the result of a unique sample or target. First, I demonstrate that arguments regarding negative contact are not applicable to the present work as Croucher (2013) [Integrated threat theory and acceptance of immigrant assimilation: An analysis of Muslim immigration in Western Europe. Communication Monographs, 80, 46–62] measured positive contact. Next, I note that arguments regarding use of pairwise deletion are theoretically possible, but practically would represent extreme situations that suggest sub...
Classical Simulations with the POLIR Potential Describe the Vibrational Spectroscopy and Energetics of Hydration: Divalent Cations, from Solvation to Coordination Complex

POLIR, a polarizable water potential optimized for vibrational and intermolecular spectroscopy in pure water but not optimized for solvation, is used to describe solutions of the divalent metal cations Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+. The spectral shifts in the O−H stretch region obtained from classical simulations are in agreement with experiment. The water−ion binding energies are dominated by classical electrostatics, even though the Cu2+case might be considered to involve an intermediate-strength chemical bond. Three-body energies of the ion with the first solvation shell are in agreement with ab initio calculations. Our results indicate the importance of polarization in the development of accurate, transferable, force fields and the power of classical methods when it is carefully included.
Cyanide Dust Fumigation

In recent years new forms of cyanide have been developed which are known as cyanides of calcium. Such compounds are more or less unstable and ad vantage is taken of this property by simply exposing them, in a finely divided form, to the atmosphere in order to have hydrocyanic acid gas liberated. This method of fumigation particularly as applied to citrus was developed by the writer in California in 1922 and in the following year he introduced it into Australia where it has now largely replaced the older methods of fumigation, It is also used as an effective method of controlling the rabbit which is the leading pest of that country. During the past year a practically pure calcium cyanide has appeared which overcomes the chief objection to the first material in that the dust residue is not so injurious to the tree in sections having a moist atmosphere. Hydrocyanic acid in dust form escapes through canvas covers less readily than does the same gas from liquid hydrocyanic acid. The method of application is simply to blow the cyanide dust under the tented tree or space and the moisture of the air in contact with the dust particles generates the gas.
The impact of caregiver treatment satisfaction upon child and parent outcomes

Background Parental perceptions about treatment influence their child's engagement in and ongoing utilization of mental health services, but less is known about the association between caregiver expectancies and family outcomes. The literature is particularly lacking with families of color, who are at high risk for the onset and perpetuation of disruptive behaviors. Methods The purpose of this study was to examine caregiver treatment satisfaction among 320 youth of color aged 7–11 and their families who were assigned to either a Multiple Family Group intervention or services-as-usual condition. Caregiver stress was measured by the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form full scale and child oppositional defiant behaviors were measured using the Iowa Connors Rating Scale–Oppositional/Defiant subscale both at baseline and post-test. Satisfaction with treatment was measured using the Metropolitan Area Child Study process measures program satisfaction subscale at post-test. Results The two main effects models that focused on satisfaction with treatment were predictive of parental stress and child oppositional defiant behaviors independently. Satisfaction with treatment accounted for 31% of the variance in child oppositional behavior and 24% of parental stress improvements across time, holding all covariates constant. Conclusions Our findings support previous research that shows parental expectancies, including treatment satisfaction, are powerful mechanisms of treatment outcomes for children with disruptive behavior disorders as well as parental emotional health. Furthermore, parental expectancies may be enhanced by the involvement of families in the development of treatment approaches for children and a greater focus on caregiver emotional health for the benefit of the family as a whole.
Alleviating food disparities with mobile retailers

Demonstrated the advantages of alleviating food deserts with mobile retailers.Developed operational tools for optimizing decisions.Conducted a preliminary study of tools for Phoenix retailer.Created multiple inventory plans addressing health and customer cost.Found efficient vehicle routes which outperform current plans. Within the past 20years, disparities in access to healthy and affordable foods have been observed within urban communities leading to significant negative health and diet related repercussions. One recent technique to alleviate such conditions is to introduce a mobile food retailer within the community but preliminary evidence raises concerns regarding this retail format. While extensive literature exists regarding other alleviation strategies, research on mobile food retailers has been sparse. To facilitate new research into the efficacy and deployment of mobile food retailers, operations research tools are outlined and discussed. These tools specifically address the product mix and the routing plan of the retailer as these decisions represent the greatest barriers to success for current retailers. A set of potential tools is developed and employed within a preliminary case study in a Phoenix, Arizona community and the results demonstrate the utility of the methodology by identifying changes to both the product mix and routing plan which could result in greater earnings potential.
Medicine and the Internet. What can I learn from the Internet

What is the Internet? The Internet is the biggest network of information resources the world has ever seen and is growing rapidly each day. The Internet and the World Wide Web (The Web) represent the first technology to fully integrate the communications found on bookshelves, magazine racks, catalog files, fax machines, symposiums, in television/radio studios and the common mail system into a global infrastructure with extraordinary capabilities to deliver timely health care information. Unlike conventional media like newspapers or television, the Internet provides rapid one-to-one communication between millions of individuals. Television and newspapers communicate from "a few" (the writers and advertisers) to "many" (the readership). On the Internet, everyone is a "peer," being both an information provider and consumer on a 24-hour, 7-day a week basis. This article will discuss ways you can use the Internet's information resources in your own personal and professional life.
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria, Diminished Activity of Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase and Dyserythropoiesis

A 51-yr-old white male with congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Giinther's Disease) is described. The disease was first manifested in infancy and mutilating cutaneous photosensitivity eventually developed. The source of excess porphyrin production was a markedly dyserythropoietic bone marrow. The dyserythropoietic changes were most marked in the orthochromic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, and these cells demonstrated a red-orange nuclear fluorescence. The morphological features of the dyserythropoietic cells, studied with light and electron microscopy, were identical to those found in congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I and are similar to those described in other patients with congenital erythropoietic porphyria. The red-orange nuclear fluorescence was the only feature not usually associated with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I. Massive porphyrinuria was present, but the pattern of porphyrin excretion was atypical for congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Hepta carboxyl (7-COOH) porphyrin was the major urine porphyrin, and there was also a large amount of uroporphyrin present. Both were predominantly of the isomer III type. Erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase activity was not subnormal, but uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity was 50% of control values. A family study revealed other relatives with the same degree of subnormal erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase activity, but none with congenital erythropoietic porphyria or anemia. This is the first reported case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria associated with deficient activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, and it suggests that congenital erythropoietic porphyria may be a syndrome rather than a disease due to a specific enzymic defect. The family study in this case suggested that two defects may be required for clinical expression of the porphyria. One is an enzymic defect in the heme biosynthetic pathway and the other is dyserythropoietic anemia, indistinguishable on morphological grounds from congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type I. The morphological changes do not appear to be a consequence of the heme biosynthetic defect.
ENAMEL PRISM MORPHOLOGY IN MOLAR TEETH OF SMALL EUTHERIAN MAMMALS

Data summarizing enamel prism shape, size and spacing are reported for the molar enamel of 55 species of small eutherian mammals including primates, bats, tree shrews, flying lemurs, insectivorans and representatives of a variety of fossil families. Confocal photomicrographs reveal that the subsurface enamel of most species is characterized by arc-shaped prisms. The lack of a clear distinction between pattern 2 and pattern 3 prism configurations within single specimens suggests that the broad category "arc-shaped prisms" is the most appropriate descriptive grouping for these species. Of the total sample, three species exhibit only circular prisms while no evidence of prismatic enamel was found in two bats. Prism shape is not an informative phylogenetic character at the ordinal level for these morphologically primitive and relatively thin-enameled taxa. Significant differences between species in several prism size and spacing variables (central distance between prisms, prism diameter, prism area and the ratio of prism area to estimated ameloblast area) suggest the potential for further analyses of quantitative variation to document evolutionary relationships within or among family-level groups.
Socio-Cultural Context of Substance Use/Abuse (Alcohol/Drugs/Tobacco)

The use of alcohol and drugs is an ancient and widespread custom around the world. Specific patterns of associated beliefs and behaviors vary not only from place to place but also over time. They are not always aberrant and isolated but are frequently highly valued and integrated with other aspects of culture. Only about 10% of habitual users appear to have problems associated with drugs or alcohol; the vast majority do no harm to themselves or others. Reduction of harm is proposed as a more realistic goal than abstinence.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Genomic Sequencing.

Importance Although poorly understood, there is heterogeneity in the molecular biology of cancer across race and ethnicities. The representation of racial minorities in large genomic sequencing efforts is unclear, and could have an impact on health care disparities. Objective To determine the racial distribution among samples sequenced within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the deficit of samples needed to detect moderately common mutational frequencies in racial minorities. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective review of individual patient data from TCGA data portal accessed in July 2015. TCGA comprises samples from a wide array of institutions primarily across the United States. Samples from 10 of the 31 currently available tumor types were analyzed, comprising 5729 samples from the approximately 11 000 available. Main Outcomes and Measures Using the estimated median somatic mutational frequency, the samples needed beyond TCGA to detect a 10% and 5% mutational frequency over the background somatic mutation frequency were calculated for each tumor type by racial ethnicity. Results Of the 5729 samples, 77% (n = 4389) were white, 12% (n = 660) were black, 3% (n = 173) were Asian, 3% (n = 149) were Hispanic, and less than 0.5% combined were from patients of Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, Alaskan Native, or American Indian decent. This overrepresents white patients compared with the US population and underrepresents primarily Asian and Hispanic patients. With a somatic mutational frequency of 0.7 (prostate cancer) to 9.9 (lung squamous cell cancer), all tumor types from white patients contained enough samples to detect a 10% mutational frequency. This is in contrast to all other racial ethnicities, for which group-specific mutations with 10% frequency would be detectable only for black patients with breast cancer. Group-specific mutations with 5% frequency would be undetectable in any racial minority, but detectable in white patients for all cancer types except lung (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and colon cancer. Conclusions and Relevance It is probable, but poorly understood, that ethnic diversity is related to the pathogenesis of cancer, and may have an impact on the generalizability of findings from TCGA to racial minorities. Despite the important benefits that continue to be gained from genomic sequencing, dedicated efforts are needed to avoid widening the already pervasive gap in health care disparities.
Extractability of Pb in urban gardens and orchards linked to soil properties

Summary The hypothesis that lability and bioavailability of lead (Pb) in strongly contaminated soil is limited by interaction with phosphate and organic matter was tested on soil from urban gardens and orchards by extracting available Pb and P with the modified Morgan's extractant (ammonium acetate, pH 4.8) and measuring organic matter by loss-on-ignition. The extractable fraction of total Pb was larger in general in the urban garden than orchard soil, which indicates greater lability in urban garden soil than was expected if insoluble Pb phosphates such as pyromorphite were limiting Pb extractability. The extractable Pb fraction was generally larger in soil with greater total Pb, an indication that soil with large Pb concentrations contained Pb in more labile forms than soil with small concentrations. Larger organic matter contents in garden soil reduced the extractable fraction of Pb, but large available phosphate concentrations did not have this effect. The results indicate that soil organic matter has an important role in limiting Pb extractability in strongly contaminated soil, whereas a large soil phosphate concentration does not, despite the expectation that formation of insoluble Pb phosphates would reduce Pb lability. Nevertheless, a spatial association of P with Pb in Pb-rich particles identified in urban garden soil with the electron microprobe suggests that Pb phosphates have formed in such soil from more reactive forms of Pb. The hypothesis is that a small fraction only of the total Pb in the urban soil occurs in a phosphate phase, and more acid-labile forms of Pb co-exist with insoluble phosphates for long time periods. Highlights Lead bioavailability in soil can potentially be reduced with phosphate. Hypothesis is that soil Pb availability is limited by available phosphate or total organic matter. Large soil organic matter content correlated with reduced Pb extractability, but not large available phosphorus content. Lead-phosphate phases did not appear to limit soil Pb extractability.
Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid

About 1895 Benjamin Moore, then an assistant professor of physiological chemistry at University College London, began to assemble data for his chapter on “Chemistry of the Digestive Processes,” to be published in 1898 in the first volume of E. A. Schafer’s Text-book of Physiology.1 To establish the composition of gastric juice, Moore quoted the data that Carl Schmidt had collected in Dorpat and had published in Bidder and Schmidt’s Die Verdauungssaefie and der Stoffwechsel in 1852 (Table 1-1).2
An ANMS-NASPGHAN consensus document on anorectal and colonic manometry in children.

Background Over the last few years, the study of the colon and anorectal function has experienced great technical advances that have facilitated the performance of the tests and have allowed a more detailed characterization of reflexes and motor patterns. As a result, we have achieved a much better understanding of the pathophysiology of children with defecation problems. Anorectal and colonic manometry are now commonly used in all major pediatric referral centers as diagnostic tools and to guide the management of children with intractable constipation and fecal incontinence, particularly when a surgical intervention is being considered. Purpose This review highlights some of the recent advances in pediatric colon and anorectal motility testing including indications and preparation for the studies, and how to perform and interpret the tests. This update has been endorsed by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN).
A Robust Adaptive Controller for a Seed Refilling System on a Moving Platform

Abstract: This paper considers an opportunity for robotic automation in the seeding of field crops. It reports on progress in designing a partially automated seed refilling system that transfers seeds to a centralized tank on a tractor-pulled planter during travel, while the tractor continues to follow a trajectory determined by a desired seeding strategy The paper describes challenges associated with accommodating variability among commercial planters, as well as with formulating a control strategy for a robotic manipulator that compensates for time-dependent uncertainty and unknown disturbance loads due to travel of a mounting platform across uneven terrain. To address such challenges, the paper reviews theoretical predictions for a recently proposed adaptive control framework regarding the existence of transient performance bounds in the presence of fast uncertainty, as well as robustness to unmodeled dynamics in the form of time delays in the control signals. In particular, the theoretical treatment guarantees the existence of a positive time-delay margin, below which stable operation can be expected. Several experimental designs involving one or multiple robotic manipulators are considered in order to validate the theoretical results and to explore possible seed transfer strategies.
Substance Abuse in Psychopathic States and Sociopathic Individuals

In the minds of most people, and even of some professionals, substance abusers are automatically “sociopaths,” and therefore unable to profit from therapy. However, some members of this population are capable of much personal change when the process of therapy operates within certain principles. This chapter will describe some characteristics of sociopathic individuals that might guide attempts to help them change. It is also important to differentiate individuals with long-term antisocial problems that antedate drug abuse (sociopaths) from individuals who experience mood and behavior disorders after introduction to chronic psychoactive drug use. This chapter will differentiate each syndrome, and its relationship to substance abuse.
Cartilage as a Biomarker

Traditionally biomarkers have been defined as biochemical substances that in addition to disease diagnosis allow classification of disease severity, risk of onset and progression, as well as assessment of the efficacy of a treatment [1]. The meaning of the generic term biomarkers, however, has been greatly expanded and applied to all detection methods used in the life sciences and may be defined as any detectable biologic parameter, whether biochemical, genetic, histologic, anatomic, physical, functional, or metabolic [2]. Development of biomarkers has been a major focus of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), in particular during the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and biomarkers were defined as measurements that define early biochemical and structural changes of a disease process such as osteoarthritis that may be applied as markers during longitudinal studies and provide information on disease progression. Eventually, these could be used for both preventive intervention and as preliminary indications for pathways of disease pathogenesis to guide therapeutic development (J. McGowan in http://orwh.od.nih.gov/recovery/). According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biomarkers ideally would serve as surrogate markers synonymous with primary outcome measures in definitive effectiveness trials of new therapeutic agents [3].
Contestation in the Non-intervention Norm

As declared by the International Court of Justice, the non-intervention norm is one of the most foundational norms in international relations today (International Court of Justice 1969). The non-intervention norm governs a variety of inter-state behavior, from official public statements to the use of force, which can intrude on a state’s domestic affairs. It is widely accepted among the global community of states. This chapter focuses specifically on how the norm regulates the use of inter-state force and its exceptions. One exception in particular permits states to use force against another state for humanitarian purposes. This exception has yet to be codified in international law, yet, historically and currently, state practice suggests a general acceptance that the parameters of the non-intervention norm allow for these humanitarian exceptions. However, much as is the case with the civilian immunity norm, ambiguity has plagued the non-intervention norm, impeding intersubjective agreement and generating contestation. This chapter illustrates these dynamics by first providing a historical overview of the norm and its humanitarian exceptions as well as the ambiguity contained within them. It then discusses dominant explanations for non-compliance with the norm, highlighting their assumption of intersubjective agreement among normative actors. The chapter continues with a discussion of how the logics of appropriateness, practicality, and contestedness within the norm contestation framework utilized here apply to the non-intervention norm and humanitarian intervention. This discussion is then followed by an exploration of how the norm contestation framework contributes to our understanding of the global discussion on Russia’s actions in Crimea as captured by the global media and official statements. It does so by illustrating how despite its long-held embrace of the norm and the idea of humanitarian intervention, Russia’s attempts to justify the Crimean intervention revealed an understanding of the norm which greatly differed from those held by the norm enforcer. The chapter continues by arguing that Russia’s willingness to maintain a commitment to this particular normative understanding was more indicative of the logic of appropriateness informed by the logic of contestedness and the logic of practicality than the logic of consequences.
The Effects of Schema-Based Instruction on the Mathematical Problem Solving of Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders:

The current study examines the effects of schema instruction on the problem-solving performance of four second-grade students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The existence of a functional ...
Beyond Translation: Design and Evaluation of an Emotional and Contextual Knowledge Interface for Foreign Language Social Media Posts

Although many social media sites now provide machine translation (MT) for foreign language posts, translation of a post may not suffice to support understanding of, and engagement with, that post. We present SenseTrans, a tool that provides emotional and contextual annotations generated by natural language analysis in addition to machine translation. We evaluated SenseTrans in a laboratory experiment in which native English speakers browsed five Facebook profiles in foreign languages. One group used the SenseTrans interface while the other group used MT alone. Participants using SenseTrans reported significantly greater understanding of the posts, and greater willingness to engage with the posts. However, no additional cognitive load was associated with using an interface that provided more information. These results provide promising support for the idea of using computational tools to annotate communication to support multilingual sense making and interaction on social media.
Makgeolli: Rapid Production of an Alcoholic Beverage from the Fermentation of Rice †

Undergraduate microbiology courses offer a perfect opportunity to introduce students to historical food preservation processes that are still in use today. Specifically, food fermentation exercises encourage students to consider other cultures and their food and beverage traditions, in addition to teaching students techniques that can be performed in their own kitchens. In previous semesters of an undergraduate microbiology course we have taught a variety of fermentations through the production of yogurt, sauerkraut, kimchi, and cheese. Student enthusiasm for these food labs led us to explore new fermentations, especially those from other cultures. To this end, a laboratory procedure and worksheets for producing the Korean rice wine makgeolli from fermented rice in the presence of amylase enzyme was developed. Students ferment the rice, bottle the ferment, and those of legal drinking age test the product while completing exercises that challenge them to explore the microbiological concepts of fermentation. Underlying themes of this laboratory activity also include basic concepts of food safety and kitchen cleanliness. The laboratory experiment can be completed in less than two weeks and can be modified easily for students of varying scientific backgrounds. Overall, the intersection of metabolism, food science, cultural diversity, and history excited students and enhanced their understanding of the microbial processes at work in fermentation.
Treatment of boundary conditions in corrective smoothed particle method heat conduction problems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the treatment of specified surface temperature and specified surface flux for heat conduction problems using a Corrective Smoothed Particle Method (CSPM). A Corrective Smoothed Particle Method for boundary value problems in heat conduction is significant in addressing material response to thermal effects. The mesh free approach lends itself to the treatment of initiation and growth of cracks and voids and the treatment discrete mass flow. In the treatment, the body of a structure is defined by material particles and the surface of a structure is defined by ghost particles. The ghost particles are in one-to-one correspondence with the surface particles and positioned such that the vector between the ghost and surface particles is normal to the surface. The position of ghost particles can change to represent a receding surface. The only other property of the ghost particles is temperature, which is determined by the boundary conditions.
Integrated Analysis of Computer and Physical Experimental Lifetime Data

Recent advances in computational capabilities often make engineering simula-tions of lifetime tractable. We consider the case in which there exist lifetime data from a computational model as well as data from a physical reliability ex-periment. In addition, there may also exist one or more expert opinions about the expected lifetime for selected factor settings. We simultaneously analyze the combined data using a hierarchical Bayes model. In this integrated approach we recognize important differences, such as possible biases, in these experimental data and expert opinions.
The languages of arms control

Progress at the Geneva negotiations depends on resolving two ambiguities in the 1972 ABM Treaty: a matter of Russian-English translation and the distinction between a component and a subcomponent.
A novel radiographic projection for the detection of sagittal plane slab fracture of the equine third carpal bone

Background Some sagittal plane fractures of the equine third carpal bone are difficult to detect with conventional radiographic projections. Objectives To describe a novel radiographic projection for the detection of sagittal plane slab fractures of the equine third carpal bone. Study design Retrospective study of radiological records. Methods From a first opinion Thoroughbred racehorse caseload, cases were included for analysis if sagittal fracture of the third carpal bone was evident on a dorsoproximal lateral-palmarodistal medial oblique (DPrL-PDiMO) projection of the distal row of carpal bones and not visible on the standard dorsoproximal-dorsodistal oblique (DPr-DDiO) projection. Results Eight cases in which radiological identification of fracture was dependent on the DPrL-PDiMO projection were identified from August 2013 to August 2017. Main limitations Unblinded study. Conclusions Conventional radiographic projections can fail to detect some serious fractures of the equine third carpal bone. The DPrL-PDiMO projection has a role in the investigation of suspected carpal injury in racehorses.
Critical aortic stenosis.

A case of a 52-year-old male with ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation associated with aortic stenosis is outlined. Focused cardiac ultrasound images obtained in the emergency department are presented. A discussion of aortic stenosis and emergency ultrasound in the above clinical context is included. Republished with permission from: Cooper RD, Macedo J, Bahner DP. Bedside sonography primer: Critical aortic stenosis. OPUS 12 Scientist 2011;5:11-2.
The effect of flow on blood oxygen level dependent (R*2) MRI of orthotopic lung tumors

Purpose Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) MRI based on R 2 * measurements can provide insights into tumor vascular oxygenation. However, measurements are susceptible to blood flow, which may vary accompanying a hyperoxic gas challenge. We investigated flow sensitivity by comparing R 2 * measurements with and without flow suppression (fs) in 2 orthotopic lung xenograft tumor models. Methods H460 (n = 20) and A549 (n = 20) human lung tumor xenografts were induced by surgical implantation of cancer cells in the right lung of nude rats. MRI was performed at 4.7T after tumors reached 5 to 8 mm in diameter. A multiecho gradient echo MRI sequence was acquired with and without spatial saturation bands on each side of the imaging plane to evaluate the effect of flow on R 2 * . fs and non-fs R 2 * MRI measurements were interleaved during an oxygen breathing challenge (from air to 100% O2 ). T 2 * -weighted signal intensity changes (ΔSI(%)) and R 2 * measurements were obtained for regions of interest and on a voxel-by-voxel basis and discrepancies quantified with Bland-Altman analysis. Results Flow suppression affected ΔSI(%) and R 2 * measurements in each tumor model. Average discrepancy and limits of agreement from Bland-Altman analyses revealed greater flow-related bias in A549 than H460. Conclusion The effect of flow on R 2 * , and hence BOLD, was tumor model dependent with measurements being more sensitive in well-perfused A549 tumors.
Basics Of Ecotoxicology

Introduction To Ecotoxicology. What is Ecotoxicology? Basic Chemistry for Ecotoxicologists. What Are Some Ways That Contaminants Affect Animals and Plants. Major Groups of Contaminants - Where They Come From, What They Can Do. Metals and Metalloids. Currently Used Pesticides. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Compounds, Dioxins and Furans. Mostly Phased Out but Persistent Chlorinated Pesticides. Other Contaminants. Higher Level Effects, Analysis of Risk, And Regulation of Chemicals. Studying the Effects of Contaminants Above the Organism Level. Human Populations and Contaminants. Risk Analysis and Assessment. Domestic and Global Regulation of Environmentally Important Chemicals. Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks. Index.
The Corporate Capture of Academic Science and Its Social Costs

Commercial applications of molecular genetics and cell biology have resulted in a flurry of entrepreneurial activities among academic biologists and universities eager to cash in on the financial side of this technological revolution. The situation is not unique to biology. It is following the path of other disciplines that have formed close partnerships with industry, including nuclear and petroleum engineering, computer sciences, nutrition, electronics, and chemistry. Nevertheless, the current debate that has centered on the commercial ties of academic biologists has been more widely publicized than at any time in the past. Several hypotheses may be offered to explain this phenomenon.
SELECTED TOPICS IN LASER SPECTROSCOPY.

The optical Bloch equations which incorporate the phenomenological population (T1) and dipole dephasing (T2) times have been tested recently by optical free induction decay (FID) measurements on an impurity-ion crystal Pr3+:LaF3 at 1.6°K. At low optical fields, the observed Pr3+ optical linewidth is dominated by magnetic fluctuations arising from pairs of fluorine nuclear flip-flops where the condition T1>>T2 prevails. At elevated fields, this nuclear broadening mechanism is quenched and the Bloch equations are violated with T2→T1. A microscopic theory appropriate for a low temperature impurity solid is developed which reveals the above features both for optical and radio frequencies, and a simple physical interpretation of this line narrowing phenomenon is given. Modified Bloch equations of a novel form are derived to second order and yield analytic FID solutions over the entire range of optical field strength. A discussion of the earlier NMR theories will be given pointing out similarities and differences.
Radical Institutional Change: Foreign Firms Strategic Responses to Regulatory Punctuations in Emerging Markets

This paper offers theoretical and empirical insights about the strategies and characteristics of foreign banks operating in an emerging market, which suffered radical transformations in its business landscape during the 1990’s and the early 2000s. The results demonstrate foreign banks from countries with stronger commercial ties to the focal emerging market, a higher degree of internalization, and more aggressive lending practices (in the focal market) outperformed and or outlasted foreign banks with weaker commercial ties, lower degrees of internalization, and less aggressive lending practices.
Comparative analysis of steroids in cyclic and pregnant killer whales, beluga whales and bottlenose dolphins by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Abstract There exists a surprising diversity in the physiology and endocrinology of pregnancy among mammals in both the source (luteal/placental) and metabolism of progesterone. To evaluate the possible diversity of steroid metabolism within toothed cetaceans, we investigated 5α-reduced progesterone metabolites and androgens in cyclic (luteal phase) and pregnant captive killer whales, belugas and bottlenose dolphins (n = 5/species) bled longitudinally in early, mid- and late pregnancy (0.16, 0.50 and 0.85 fractions of 535, 464 and 380 gestation days, respectively). Mid-luteal samples were also collected. Serum was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry as previously validated for (among others) progesterone, 20αOH-progesterone (20αOHP), 5α-dihydroprogesterone (DHP), several additional 5α-reduced metabolites and androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone). The predominant mid-luteal pregnanes were: progesterone, belugas; progesterone and 20αOHP, dolphins; allopregnanolone (3α-DHP) and progesterone, killer whales. Progesterone was 2-4-fold higher in early pregnancy than mid-luteal samples but decreased thereafter. The predominant metabolite, 3β,20α-dihydroprogesterone (3β,20α-DHP; 40–80 ng/ml) was higher in mid- and late-than early gestation in all 3 species. Concentrations of 20αOHP and 3β,20α-DHP were similar at mid-gestation but 20αOHP declined in late-gestation in killer whales, and 20αOHP was lower than 3β,20α-DHP in belugas and dolphins throughout gestation. Other 5α-reduced metabolites, DHP, 3α-DHP and 20α-DHP, were far lower throughout pregnancy (
Characterizing communication patterns among members of the clinical care team to deliver breast cancer treatment.

Objective Research to date focused on quantifying team collaboration has relied on identifying shared patients but does not incorporate the major role of communication patterns. The goal of this study was to describe the patterns and volume of communication among care team members involved in treating breast cancer patients. Materials and methods We analyzed 4 years of communications data from the electronic health record between care team members at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC). Our cohort of patients diagnosed with breast cancer was identified using the VUMC tumor registry. We classified each care team member participating in electronic messaging by their institutional role and classified physicians by specialty. To identify collaborative patterns, we modeled the data as a social network. Results Our cohort of 1181 patients was the subject of 322 424 messages sent in 104 210 unique communication threads by 5620 employees. On average, each patient was the subject of 88.2 message threads involving 106.4 employees. Each employee, on average, sent 72.9 messages and was connected to 24.6 collaborators. Nurses and physicians were involved in 98% and 44% of all message threads, respectively. Discussion and conclusion Our results suggest that many providers in our study may experience a high volume of messaging work. By using data routinely generated through interaction with the electronic health record, we can begin to evaluate how to iteratively implement and assess initiatives to improve the efficiency of care coordination and reduce unnecessary messaging work across all care team roles.
Brain activation and affective judgements in response to personal dietary images: An fMRI preliminary study.

Abstract Emerging evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain activation studies associated with dietary behavior reveals significant interaction of biological and behavioral mechanisms in response to visualized food stimuli. Because food intake is influenced by neurosensory stimulation and memory cues, personalized food images may be useful in prompting appropriate affective responses to food intake, which may subsequently lead to healthier eating behaviors. The current study used a cross-sectional mixed methods approach to explore neural responses and self-perceptions of eating behavior during review of personalized food images. A sample of college students (N = 16; 9 females; M age = 21.44) used cell-phone cameras and an online dietary tracking website to collect and report three days of diet. Within 2–3 weeks of completing dietary tracking activity, participants underwent an fMRI scan while reviewing recorded personal images and text descriptions of their diet. They also responded to three questions related to memory for the food items and future eating intentions. Post-scan interviews explored how participants felt after reviewing personal food images and the possible impact that such review might have on future food choices. Whole brain analyses suggested, compared to a written dietary record, that the visualization of personal images of diet evoked greater brain activation in memory regions (e.g., superior frontal gyrus) along with mediating emotion (e.g., thalamus, putamen, anterior cingulate cortex), imagery and executive functions (e.g., inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, fusiform, and parietal lobe). This study offers preliminary support for the use of personal food images to strengthen dietary monitoring.
Effects of chloridazon on early life stages of marbled crayfish.

Abstract The effects of chloridazon exposure at concentrations of 2.7 μg/L (maximal real environmental concentration in the Czech Republic), 27 μg/L, 135 μg/L and 270 μg/L on early life stages of marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) were evaluated. Significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity and reduced glutathione level was observed at all tested concentrations of chloridazon compared with the control. Chloridazon in concentrations 27, 135 and 270 μg/L caused delay ontogenetic development and slower growth. Histopathological changes in hepathopancreas were found in two highest tested concentrations (135 μg/L and 270 μg/L). Crayfish behaviour was not altered in control vs. exposed animals, while the activity parameters tend to decline with increasing chloridazon concentrations.
Panel-based methodology for assessing the impact of public policies on cancer patients and survivors.

12059Background: Cancer interventions are subject to a range of regulations, but data from large, nationally representative surveys are not always available in time to inform the policy process and...
Novel APOD-GLI1 rearrangement in a sarcoma of unknown lineage.

In 2004, ACTB-GLI1 fusions were identified in the so-called "pericytoma with t(7:12) translocation", a distinct discrete subgroup of tumors of soft tissue with a benign clinical course, considered to fall within the myopericytic category due to its SMA positive/ S100 negative immunoprofile and ultrastructural characteristics (1, 2). More recently, GLI1 alterations, including fusions involving ACTB, MALAT1, and PTCH1 gene partners or high-level amplifications of the GLI1 gene locus, often accompanied by co-amplifications of other genes mapped at the 12q13-q15 region, including MDM2, CDK4, and STAT6, have been reported in a subset of malignant soft tissue tumors with shared morphologic features.
SARS-CoV-2 ORF9c Is a Membrane-Associated Protein that Suppresses Antiviral Responses in Cells

Abstract Disrupted antiviral immune responses are associated with severe COVID-19, the disease caused by SAR-CoV-2. Here, we show that the 73-amino-acid protein encoded by ORF9c of the viral genome contains a putative transmembrane domain, interacts with membrane proteins in multiple cellular compartments, and impairs antiviral processes in a lung epithelial cell line. Proteomic, interactome, and transcriptomic analyses, combined with bioinformatic analysis, revealed that expression of only this highly unstable small viral protein impaired interferon signaling, antigen presentation, and complement signaling, while inducing IL-6 signaling. Furthermore, we showed that interfering with ORF9c degradation by either proteasome inhibition or inhibition of the ATPase VCP blunted the effects of ORF9c. Our study indicated that ORF9c enables immune evasion and coordinates cellular changes essential for the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. One-sentence summary SARS-CoV-2 ORF9c is the first human coronavirus protein localized to membrane, suppressing antiviral response, resembling full viral infection.
Preablation Diagnostic Whole-Body Scan vs Empiric Radioactive Iodine Ablation in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Cost-effectiveness Analysis.

ObjectiveTo perform a comparative analysis of postthyroidectomy radioactive iodine ablation dosing with or without the implementation of a diagnostic whole-body scan in patients with well-different...
Clinical Prediction of Coronavirus Disease-2019: How Accurate Can One Be?

Background Some models based on clinical information have been reported to predict which patients have Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia but have failed so far to yield reliable results. We aimed to determine if physicians were able to accurately predict which patients, as described in clinical vignettes, had, or did not have this infection using their clinical acumen and epidemiological data. Methods Of 1177 patients under investigation for COVID-19 admitted, we selected 20 and presented them in a vignette form. We surveyed physicians from different levels of training (<5, and five or more years after graduation from medical school) and included non-medical participants as a control group. We asked all participants to predict the result of the PCR test for COVID-19. We measured the accuracy of responses as a whole, and at three stages of the pandemic associated with a growing incidence of COVID-19 in the community. We calculated the inter-rater reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the clinical prediction as a whole and by pandemic stage. Results Between June 8 and August 28, 2020, 82 doctors and 20 non-medical participants completed the survey. The accuracy was 58% (59% for doctors and 52% for non-medical, p=0.002). The lowest accuracy was noted for cases in the pandemic middle stage; years of post-graduate training represented no difference. Of the 2040 total answers, 1176 were accurate and 864 inaccurate (349 false positives and 515 false negatives). Conclusion The influence of symptomatic positivity, confirmation bias, and rapid expertise acquisition on accuracy is discussed, as the disease is new, time after graduation made no difference in the response accuracy. The limited clinical diagnostic capacity emphasizes the need for a reliable diagnostic test.