cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound transmission through a high-temperature acoustic probe tube

An investigation was conducted of acoustic transmission through a tube subjected to an intense thermal gradient along its axis. The results are of interest in the interpretation of acoustic data from probe tube configurations designed to measure fluctuating pressures in high temperature environments. The measured transfer function across a localized heated region in the tube was compared to a computed transfer function based on a theoretical analysis of propagation through strong temperature gradients. Over the frequency range 0.4 kHz to 6.0 kHz, generally good agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated attenuation across the heated region with some discrepancy occurring at the attenuation minima. Agreement between measured and calculated phase difference was excellent to within the measurement resolution.
Computational Simulation of the Creep-Rupture Process in Filamentary Composite Materials

A computational simulation of the internal damage accumulation which causes the creep-rupture phenomenon in filamentary composite materials is developed. The creep-rupture process involves complex interactions between several damage mechanisms. A statistically-based computational simulation using a time-differencing approach is employed to model these progressive interactions. The finite element method is used to calculate the internal stresses. The fibers are modeled as a series of bar elements which are connected transversely by matrix elements. Flaws are distributed randomly throughout the elements in the model. Load is applied, and the properties of the individual elements are updated at the end of each time step as a function of the stress history. The simulation is continued until failure occurs. Several cases, with different initial flaw dispersions, are run to establish a statistical distribution of the time-to-failure. The calculations are performed on a supercomputer. The simulation results compare favorably with the results of creep-rupture experiments conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Spatial patterns of geomorphic surface features and fault morphology based on diffusion equation modeling of the Kumroch Fault Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia

Abstract Remote sensing data sets are widely used for evaluation of surface manifestations in active tectonic areas. This study utilizes ASTER GDEM and Landsat ETM + data sets with Google Earth images draped over terrain models. This study evaluates the surrounding surface geomorphology of the study area with these data sets and the morphology of the Kumroch Fault using diffusion modeling to estimate diffusion constants (κ), as well as to estimate slip-rates by means of real ground data measured across fault scarps by Kozhurin et al. (2006) . The study area is located southeast of the Bezymianny Volcano within the Central Kamchatka Depression. It is part of the Kumroch Fault Zone. The area contains numerous geomorphic features indicative of active deformation, such as fault scarps, ponds, offset streams, and glacier moraines. The ASTER GDEM and Landsat ETM + data together with Google Earth imagery were used to create accurate geomorphic maps of specific sites within the study area along the western flank of the East Kamchatka Range. Previous studies have estimated the time elapsed since slip initiation of the faulted surface on the Kumroch Fault and the slip-rate by dividing the offset of moraines by the age of the ruptured surface. Slip-rates along the Kumroch Fault vary from 2.0 mm/yr–2.5 mm/yr, determined from previous 14 C studies with time frames of 11.5 ka to 14 ka. Other slip-rates for the Kumroch Fault were determined from previous studies through tephra and stratigraphic chronology. These produced rates of 0.6 mm/yr, with time frames of 3.2 ka–10.5 ka. Models of the evolution of fault scarp morphology provide the amount of time elapsed since slip initiated on a faults surface. They may therefore provide more accurate estimates of slip-rate than those calculated by dividing scarp offset by the age of the ruptured surface. Profile modeling of scarps collected by Kozhurin et al. (2006) show that the scarps were formed by several events distributed over time. They were evaluated using a constant slip-rate (CSR) solution which yields a value A/κ (1/2 slip rate/diffusivity). Time elapsed since slip initiated on the fault is determined by establishing a value for κ and measuring total scarp offset. For this study, CSR nonlinear modeling assisted in estimates of κ which along the Kumroch Fault range from 8 m 2 /ka to 14 m 2 /ka. Slip-rates have been estimated to range from 0.6 mm/yr to 1.0 mm/yr since 3.4 ka–3.7 ka. This method provides a quick and inexpensive way to gather data for a regional tectonic study and establish estimated rates of tectonic activity.
Edge, cavity and aperture tones at very low Mach numbers

This paper discusses self-sustaining oscillations of high-Reynolds-number shear layers and jets incident on edges and corners at infinitesimal Mach number. These oscillations are frequently sources of narrow-band sound, and are usually attributed to the formation of discrete vortices whose interactions with the edge or corner produce impulsive pressures that lead to the formation of new vorticity and complete a feedback cycle of operation. Linearized analyses of these interactions are presented in which free shear layers are modelled by vortex sheets. Detailed results are given for shear flows over rectangular wall apertures and shallow cavities, and for the classical jet-edge interaction. The operating stages of self-sustained oscillations are identified with poles in the upper half of the complex frequency plane of a certain impulse response function. It is argued that the real parts of these poles determine the Strouhal numbers of the operating stages observed experimentally for the real, nonlinear system. The response function coincides with the Rayleigh conductivity of the 'window' spanned by the shear flow for wall apertures and jet-edge interactions, and to a frequency dependent drag coefficient for shallow wall cavities. When the interaction occurs in the neighbourhood of an acoustic resonator, exemplified by the flue organ pipe, the poles are augmented by a sequence of poles whose real parts are close to the resonance frequencies of the resonator, and the resonator can 'speak' at one of these frequencies (by extracting energy from the mean flow) provided the corresponding pole has positive imaginary part. The Strouhal numbers predicted by this theory for a shallow wall cavity agree well with data extrapolated to zero Mach number from measurements in air, and predictions for the jet-edge interaction are in excellent accord with data from various sources in the literature. In the latter case, the linear theory also agrees for all operating stages with an empirical, nonlinear model that takes account of the formation of discrete vortices in the jet.
Image compression with a dynamic autoassociative neural network

Image compression using neural networks has been attempted with some promise. Among the architectures, feedforward backpropagation networks (FFBPN) have been used in several attempts. Although it is demonstrated that using the mean quadratic error function is equivalent to applying the Karhunen-Loeve transformation method, promise still arises from directed learning possibilities, generalization abilities and performance of the network once trained. In this paper we propose an architecture and an improved training method to attempt to solve some of the shortcomings of traditional data compression systems based on feedforward neural networks trained with backpropagation-the dynamic autoassociation neural network (DANN). The successful application of neural networks to any task requires proper training of the network. In this research, this issue is taken as the main consideration in the design of DANN. We emphasize the convergence of the learning process proposed by DANN. This process provides an escape mechanism, by adding neurons in a random state, to avoid the local minima trapping seen in traditional PFBPN. Also, DANN's training algorithm constrains the error for every pattern to an allowed interval to balance the training for every pattern, thus improving the performance rates in recognition and generalization. The addition of these two mechanisms to DANN's training algorithm has the result of improving the final quality of the images processed by DANN. The results of several tasks presented to DANN-based compression are compared and contrasted with the performance of an FFBPN-based system applied to the same task. These results indicate that DANN is superior to FFBPN when applied to image compression.
Growth, characterization, and properties of metastable and modulated semiconductor structures: Prospects for future studies

The general field of preparation and study of metastable and modulated semiconductor structures has progressed rapidly in recent years. This short overview offers an assessment of the progress and current understanding in the areas of fabrication, characterization, and utilization of these new material system. The discussion includes the more prominent growth techniques, theoretical and experimental analysis of growth kinetics, and an overview of structural, chemical, electronic, and optical characterization. The probable application of these structures for the technological development of new device structures and concepts is considered. The discussion particularly emphasizes the prospects for future studies in view of the specific current understanding.
Hydrogen Transfer Reduction of Aldehydes with Alkali-Metal Carbonates and Iridium NHC Complexes

Some neopentyl-substituted NHC iridium complexes catalyze the reduction of a variety of aldehydes and even enolizable aldehydes by hydrogen transfer from refluxing 2-propanol with alkali-metal carbonate bases. Imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole complexes had comparable activities. The aldehydes could also be reduced more slowly using a mild carbonate base and no iridium complex.
ON SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENTS OF GASES AND GAS MIXTURES

La polarisation et la refraction molaires sont utilisees comme nouveaux troisiemes parametres pour correler le 2eme coefficient viriel de gaz polaires et non polaires et leurs melanges
A new synthesis of primary amines from diarylidenesulfamides

Abstract Addition of organometallic reagents to diarylidenesulfamides affords, after hydrolysis, primary amines illustrating the application of sulfamides as amino protecting groups.
Generalized Feedback Decoding of Convolutional Codes

The use of convolutional codes with feedback decoding is a common error-correction technique in simple communication systems. A drawback of conventional feedback decoding is the limitation to a class of self-orthogonal codes which, in general, are nonoptimum. Based on distance properties of the utilized code and test-error pattern analysis, we propose generalized feedback decoding which does not have the abovementioned limitation. This is minimum distance decoding and can be applied to any convolutional code while still maintaining its simplicity. Therefore, it has the advantage of being easily adopted in existing systems. We can use the relatively complicated Viterbi or sequential decoders in larger terminals and, with the same code, use the proposed decoders in smaller terminals; otherwise, both large and small terminals must utilize the same type of decoder. The proposed decoding scheme could also be used to simplify and speed up sequential decoding. In addition, comparisons of the proposed decoder with other feedback decoders are presented.
SUBSTITUTED DIETHER DIOLS BY RING-OPENING OF CARBOCYCLIC AND STANNYLENE ACETALS

Abstract Reduction of malonaldehyde bis(ethylene and propylene acetals) with borane or monochloroborane produces diether diols 1 and 2 in high yield. Similar reduction of glyoxal bis(ethylene acetals) has only limited utility for the preparation of tetrasubstituted triethylene glycols 3. Organotin chemistry is complementary: stannylene acetals prepared from disubstituted vicinal diols can be alkylated with half an equivalent of 1,2-dibromoethane to produce tetrasubstituted triethylene glycols 3, or with two equivalents of 2-chloroethanol to produce disubstituted triethylene glycols 4.
Appropriate Use of CT in the Diagnosis of Bladder Rupture

42-year-old man sustained a pelvic crush injury t work. On physical examination, he had an untable pelvis, normal digital rectal examination, and o blood at the urethral meatus. Placement of a rethral catheter returned gross blood. Multiple elvic fractures were seen on CT. Injury to the uriary bladder was not seen on cystographic phase T images with the urethral catheter clamped (A). formal CT cystogram revealed an extraperitoneal ladder rupture (B, arrow). The CT cuts are idenical, demonstrating the importance of the formal ystogram. The bladder injury was managed with rethral catheter decompression. Two weeks after is injury, repeat cystography found no extravasaion and the catheter was removed. Bladder injury occurs in approximately 10% of atients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma. ross hematuria in the presence of pelvic fractures s an absolute indication for cystography. Alhough the cystographic phase of a CT scan may emonstrate bladder injury, this is not a sufficient iagnostic test. Because CT scanning has become outine in the evaluation of the hemodynamically table patient with an unstable pelvis, a retrograde T cystogram should be performed if the integrity f the bladder is in question. This is done by filling he bladder with 350 mL of 4% contrast through he urethral catheter (which is subsequently lamped). When used properly, this technique has ensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, espectively.
Sickle cell disease and the kidney

The renal features of sickle cell disease include some of the most common reasons for referral to nephrologists. This author, from the University of Kansas Medical Center, comprehensively reviews the renal effects of sickle cell disease, including hematuria, papillary necrosis, tubular disturbances and chronic glomerulopathy. All aspects of these complications are covered, including their presentation, pathogenesis, pathology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. The renal features of sickle cell disease (SCD) include some of the most common reasons for referral to nephrologists, such as hematuria, proteinuria, tubular disturbances and chronic kidney disease. Therapy of these conditions requires specialized knowledge of their distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Painless hematuria is usually benign—unless massive—and can be treated with hydration alone if renal medullary carcinoma has been ruled out. Tubular functional defects, which tend to reduce urinary concentrating capacity, generally require no specific treatment. Proteinuria might indicate the development of chronic sickle cell nephropathy, which can be treated effectively. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate in SCD is problematic, which makes identification and monitoring of chronic kidney disease difficult in patients with SCD. Although managing and predicting the outcomes of chronic kidney disease in the SCD setting is challenging, affected individuals do benefit from transplantation. This Review summarizes the presentation, processes, pathology, modifiers, diagnosis and treatment of the renal effects of SCD.
Evaluating Igusa functions

The moduli space of principally polarized abelian surfaces is parametrized by three Igusa functions. In this article we investigate a new way to evaluate these functions by using Siegel Eisenstein series. We explain how to compute the Fourier coefficients of certain Siegel modular forms using classical modular forms of half-integral weight. One of the results in this paper is an explicit algorithm to evaluate the Igusa functions to a prescribed precision.
Are People Bayesian? Uncovering Behavioral Strategies

Abstract Economists and psychologists have recently been developing new theories of decision making under uncertainty that can accommodate the observed violations of standard statistical decision theoretic axioms by experimental subjects. We propose a procedure that finds a collection of decision rules that best explain the behavior of experimental subjects. The procedure is a combination of maximum likelihood estimation of the rules together with an implicit classification of subjects to the various rules and a penalty for having too many rules. We apply our procedure to data on probabilistic updating by subjects in four different universities. We get remarkably robust results showing that the most important rules used by the subjects (in order of importance) are Bayes's rule, a representativeness rule (ignoring the prior), and, to a lesser extent, conservatism (overweighting the prior).
Closed Superstring Emission from Rolling Tachyon Backgrounds

We compute the lowest components of the type-II Ramond-Ramond boundary state for the tachyon profile T(X) = ?eX0/(2)1/2 by direct path integral evaluation. The calculation is made possible by noting that the integrals involved in the requisite disk one-point functions reduce to integrals over the product group manifold U(n) ? U(m). We further note that one-point functions of more general closed string operators in this background can also be related to U(n) ? U(m) group integrals. Using this boundary state, we compute the closed string emission from a decaying unstable Dp-brane of type-II string theory. We also discuss closed string emission from the tachyon profile T(X) = ?cosh (X0/(2)1/2). We find in both cases that the total number of particles produced diverges for p = 0, while the energy radiated into closed string modes diverges for p ? 2, in precise analogy to the bosonic case.
Conditional performance, portfolio rebalancing, and momentum of small-cap mutual funds

Abstract To assess the performance of small-cap stocks net of transaction costs, we analyze 165 actively managed small-cap oriented portfolios. Our analysis addresses three areas of interest: (i) performance net of transaction costs, (ii) the magnitude of trading costs incurred when rebalancing an actively managed portfolio, and (iii) the potential for momentum strategy profits when investing in small-cap stocks. Using conditional estimation, we find that small-cap funds have earned a significantly positive abnormal return of about 2% per year in the period January 1986 to December 2000. We also estimate the cost of January rebalancing to be 0.4% of portfolio value, a value that is significant for over 20% of the portfolios under study. Finally, after trading frictions are taken into account, we find evidence that small-cap portfolios exhibit significant return patterns, similar in nature to momentum patterns initially documented in a frictionless setting by [J. Finance 48 (1993) 65; J. Finance 56 (2001) 699]. Our findings support recent behavioral models, which attempt to explain these patterns. Consistent with the findings of Jegadeesh and Titman, we find that past “winners” continue to outperform in the next 12 months, followed by a performance reversal.
Delivering Skills: Apprenticeship Program Sponsorship and Transition from Training

Many open-shop contractors in the U.S. construction sector sponsor training cooperatively in unilateral multi-employer apprenticeship programs. Their proponents view these coordinated efforts as an alternative to the training organized jointly by a union and signatory contactors. This paper uses a new data set to compare the performance of these program types in terms of the transition probabilities and durations of apprentices. It shows that in open- shop multiple-employer programs: (1) the completion rate is higher but still lags behind that of the union-management programs; (2) quitters leave training before substantial build-up of skills; (3) graduates complete requirements at a faster pace. While these results are disconcerting in view of the skilled labor shortage in construction, they are consistent with the open-shop sector's preference to rely extensively on semi-skilled workers.
Forty years of progress in community mental health: the role of evidence-based practices.

The community mental health movement in the US peaked in 1963 with the passage of the Community Mental Health Centers (CMHC) Act. The movement had its origins in the two decades before 1963 beginni...
Bethe ansatz and classical Hirota equation

We discuss an interrelation between quantum integrable models and classical soliton equations with discretized time. It appeared that spectral characteristics of quantum integrable systems may be obtained from entirely classical set up. namely, the eigenvalues of the quantum transfer matrix and the scattering S-matrix itself are identified with a certain τ-functions of the discrete Liouville equation. The Bethe ansatz equations are obtained as dynamics of zeros. For comparison we also present the Bethe ansatz equations for elliptic solutions of the classical discrete Sine-Gordon equation. The paper is based on the recent study of classical integrable structures in quantum integrable systems.1
Spectral Energy Distribution of the International Commission on Illumination Light Sources A, B, and C*

Standard light sources A, B, and C were adopted by the International Commission on Illumination (C.I.E.) in 1931 for the colorimetry of materials. Source A is an incandescent lamp operated at 2854°K. Sources B and C, representative of average noon sunlight and average daylight, respectively, are produced by passing radiant flux from source A through specified Davis-Gibson filters described in Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication M114 (1931).The C.I.E. published relative energy data only from 370 to 720 mµ. The present paper gives data for these sources in the ultraviolet and extends the data in the red to 780 mµ. The new data were reported through the U. S. Secretariat Committee to the C.I.E. at its 1951 meeting. The values in the ultraviolet were reported to the Optical Society of America at its March, 1952, meeting.
Tensor sparsification via a bound on the spectral norm of random tensors

Given an order-d tensor A ∈ Rn×n×...×n, we present a simple, element-wise sparsification algorithm that zeroes out all sufficiently small elements of A, keeps all sufficiently large elements of A, and retains some of the remaining elements with probabilities proportional to the square of their magnitudes. We analyze the approximation accuracy of the proposed algorithm using a powerful inequality that we derive. This inequality bounds the spectral norm of a random tensor and is of independent interest. As a result, we obtain novel bounds for the tensor sparsification problem. As an added bonus, we obtain improved bounds for the matrix (d = 2) sparsification problem.
Irreversible phenomena in ignitions, combustion and detonation waves

According to the second law of thermodynamics an irreversible process must pass a minimum entropy state at least once, where a heterogeneous and nonequilibrium state appears and causes some fluctuating phenomena governed by a probability. Observing the temperatures of ions and free electrons in combustion waves and fluctuating phenomena accompanying the ignitions and propagation of detonation waves, the appearance of such heterogeneous and nonequilibrium states is experimentally confirmed. According to the stochastic ignition theory, developed based on the concept of the irreversible process, the empirically observed explosion limits in a hydrogen-oxygen mixture, the so-called explosion peninsula, as well as the cellular structure in detonation waves is explained.
Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging : A meta-analytic study

Background Although many quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies have found significant volume reductions in the hippocampi of patients with schizophrenia compared with those of normal control subjects, others have not. Therefore, the issue of hippocampal volume differences associated with schizophrenia remains in question. Methods Two meta-analyses were conducted to reduce the potential effects of sampling error and methodological differences in data acquisition and analysis. Eighteen studies with a total patient number of 522 and a total control number of 426 met the initial selection criteria. Results Meta-analysis 1 yielded mean effect sizes of 0.37 (P Conclusions Schizophrenia is associated with a bilateral volumetric reduction of the hippocampus and probably of the amygdala as well. These findings reinforce the importance of the medial temporal region in schizophrenia and are consistent with frequently reported memory deficits in these patients. Future quantitative magnetic resonance imaging studies evaluating the hippocampal volume should measure the hippocampus and amygdala separately and compare the volumetric reduction in these structures to that observed in other gray matter areas.
Unexpected arylation of tertiary propargylic alcohols during attempted palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reaction☆

Abstract Pd(0)Cu(I) catalyzed reactions with certain terminal tertiary propargylic alcohols lead to new arylated products. This abnormal cross-coupling pathway represents another example of aryl migration in transition metal catalyzed reactions. The process is catalytic in palladium if excess triarylphosphine is employed.
Intrametropolitan Decentralization: Is Government Structure Capitalized in Residential Property Values?

This paper examines the influence that the intrametropolitan growth in special districts has on residential property values. Our empirical approach tests whether the benefits of decentralizing local public good providers increases, decreases or leaves residential property appreciation rates unchanged. Past research in this area has been limited by the lack of variation in government structure within a region and by the self-selection of areas that decentralize governments. This research overcomes these limitations by 1) comparing appreciation rates for single-family homes that were located in areas that added local governments to appreciation rates for properties that were not; and 2) employing an estimation technique that border matches repeat sales to control for the self-selection of government structure. Overall, empirical results indicate that institutional decentralization has no influence on single-family property appreciation rates. It makes no difference whether the new government is the 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th new jurisdiction–the new government does not influence appreciation rates. Residential property values for homes located in jurisdictions that added security special districts experienced rates of appreciation that were lower than otherwise comparable properties. Recreation, fire, water, sewer and other special districts had no measurable influence on appreciation rates. Empirical results also indicate that more overlap among local governments reduces appreciation rates. New governments created in areas whose residents have greater income heterogeneity increase appreciation rates. The distance separating the new government from existing governments, the land area of the new government and the creation of multiple new governments have no influence on appreciation rates. Finally, these results depend on the border matching repeat sales estimation technique employed here.
Reconfigurable mesh algorithms for the Hough transform

Abstract We develop parallel algorithms to compute the Hough transform on a reconfigurable mesh with buses (RMESH) multiprocessor. The p angle Hough transform of an N × N image can be computed in O(p log(N/p)) time by an N × N RMESH, in O((p/N) log N) time by an N × N2 RMESH with N copies of the image pretiled, in O((p/[formula]) log N) time by an N1.5 × N1.5 RMESH, and in O((p/N) log N) time by an N2 × N2 RMESH.
Near-surface flow of volcanic gases on Io

Significant near-surface flow of gas several hundred kilometers from Pele (Plume 1) on Io is indicated by a series of bright, elongate albedo markings. Particles produced at small, local vents are apparently carried as much as 70 km farther 'downwind' from Pele. The gas densities and velocities necessary to suspend 0.1 to 10 micron particles at such a distance imply mass flow rates of 10 to the 7th - 10 to the 9th g/sec. Such flow rates are consistent with other estimates of mass transport by the plume. The large flow rates so far from the source allow an estimate of the rate of resurfacing of Io by lava flows and pyroclastics that is independent of estimates based on meteorite flux or on the amount of solids carried within the plumes themselves.
AltiVec performance increases for autonomous robotics for the MARSSCAPE architecture program

One of the main tall poles that must be overcome to develop a fully autonomous vehicle is the inability of the computer to understand its surrounding environment to a level that is required for the intended task. The military mission scenario requires a robot to interact in a complex, unstructured, dynamic environment. Reference A High Fidelity Multi-Sensor Scene Understanding System for Autonomous Navigation The Mobile Autonomous Robot Software Self Composing Adaptive Programming Environment (MarsScape) perception research addresses three aspects of the problem; sensor system design, processing architectures, and algorithm enhancements. A prototype perception system has been demonstrated on robotic High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle and All Terrain Vehicle testbeds. This paper addresses the tall pole of processing requirements and the performance improvements based on the selected MarsScape Processing Architecture. The processor chosen is the Motorola Altivec-G4 Power PC(PPC) (1998 Motorola, Inc.), a highly parallized commercial Single Instruction Multiple Data processor. Both derived perception benchmarks and actual perception subsystems code will be benchmarked and compared against previous Demo II-Semi-autonomous Surrogate Vehicle processing architectures along with desktop Personal Computers(PC). Performance gains are highlighted with progress to date, and lessons learned and future directions are described.
On an inclusion of the essential spectrum of Laplacians under non-compact change of metric

It is shown the stability of the essential self-adjointness, and an inclusion of the essential spectra of Laplacians under the change of Riemannian metric on a subset K of M . The set K may have infinite volume measured with the new metric and its completion may contain a singular set such as fractal, to which the metric is not extendable.
Stochastic delineation of well capture zones

In this work, we describe a stochastic method for delineating well capture zones in randomly heterogeneous porous media. We use a moment equation (ME) approach to derive the time-dependent mean capture zones and their associated uncertainties. The mean capture zones are determined by reversely tracking the non-reactive particles released at a small circle around each pumping well. The uncertainty associated with the mean capture zones is calculated based on the particle displacement covariances for nonstationary flow fields. The flow statistics are obtained either by directly solving the flow moment equations derived with a first-order ME approach or from Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) of flow. The former constitutes a full ME approach, and the latter is a hybrid ME-MCS approach. This hybrid approach is invoked to examine the validity of the transport component of the stochastic method by ensuring that the ME and MC transport approaches have the same underlying flow statistics. We compared both the full ME and the hybrid ME-MCS results with those obtained with a full MCS approach. It has been found that the three approaches are in excellent agreement when the variability of hydrologic conductivity is small (σ Y 2=0.16). At a moderate variability (σ Y 2=0.5), the hybrid ME-MCS and the full MCS results are in excellent agreement whereas the results from the full ME approach deviate slightly from the full MCS results. This indicates that the (first-order) ME transport approach renders a good approximation at this level of variability and that the first-order ME flow approximation may not be sufficiently accurate at this variability in the case of divergent/convergent flow. The first-order ME flow approach may need to be corrected with higher-order terms even for moderate σ Y 2 although the literature results reveal that the first-order ME flow approach is robust for uniform mean flow (i.e., giving accurate results even with σ Y 2 as large as four).
Sensitivity limits for extrinsic and intrinsic infrared detectors

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to compare the ultimate limits of performance (as measured by peak spectral detectivity, D λ p ∗) for extrinsic and intrinsic infrared photoconductors. The analysis indicates the following : (i) For moderate backgrounds (φ B > ∼ 10 13 photons/ cm 2 sec), the intrinsic detector requires significantly less cooling than does the extrinsic detector to achieve a given D λ p ∗, (ii) at reduced backgrounds, maximum sensitivity is achieved by cooling and superior performance is obtained by the extrinsic detector, and (iii) generation-recombination noise, not Johnson-Nyquist noise, determines the attainable sensitivity limits. The conclusion of items (ii) and (iii) are at variance with the analyses of other authors.
Adaptive Control Systems for Machining

In CNC systems of metal-cutting processes the machining variables (e.g., the cutting speed and feedrate) are prescribed by the part programmer. The determination of these variables depends on experience and knowledge regarding the workpiece and tool materials, coolant conditions, and other factors. The main idea in adaptive control is the improvement in production rate and of part quality by calculation and setting of the optimal variables during the machining itself. This calculation is based upon measurements of process variables in real time and is followed by a subsequent on-line adjustment of the machining variables subject to constraints with the objective to optimize the performance of the overall system.
What’s in a Brand Name? Assessing the Impact of Rebranding in the Hospitality Industry

AbstractIn the context of the U.S. lodging industry (1994–2012), the authors empirically quantify the effects of the two main factors driving the rebranding effects identified by the theoretical branding literature—(1) the brand effect and (2) the interaction effect between the product (the hotel property) and the brands involved—on occupancy rate and other hotel performance indicators. They find that, on average, rebranding results in approximately a 6.31% increase in occupancy rates; 60% of this effect can be attributed to the brand identities (e.g., Holiday Inn) before and after rebranding while the remaining 40% is attributable to the interaction effect. The authors also find heterogeneity in the property–brand interaction effect of rebranding along various observable characteristics of the hotels. They assess the robustness of the results to various model assumptions and alternative instruments; in addition, they use matching estimators for analysis and exploit rebranding as a consequence of hotel me...
Endogenous mortality, human capital and economic growth

We consider growth and welfare effects of lifetime-uncertainty in an economy with human capital-led endogenous growth. We argue that lifetime uncertainty reduces private incentives to invest in both physical and human capital. Using an overlapping generations framework with finite-lived households we analyze the relevance of government expenditure on health and education to counter such growth-reducing forces. We focus on three different models that differ with respect to the mode of financing of education: (i) both private and public spending, (ii) only public spending, and (iii) only private spending. Results show that models (i) and (iii) outperform model (ii) with respect to long-term growth rates of per capita income, welfare levels and other important macroeconomic indicators. Theoretical predictions of model rankings for these macroeconomic indicators are also supported by observed stylized facts.
General shape control of colloidal CdS, CdSe, CdTe quantum rods and quantum rod heterostructures.

We report a general synthetic method for the formation of shape-controlled CdS, CdSe and CdTe nanocrystals and mixed-semiconductor heterostructures. The crystal growth kinetics can be manipulated by changing the injection rate of the chalcogen precursor, allowing the particle shapespherical or rodliketo be tuned without changing the underlying chemistry. A single injection of precursor leads to isotropic spherical growth, whereas multiple injections promote epitaxial growth along the length of the c-axis. This method was extended to produce linear type I and type II semiconductor nanocrystal heterostructures.
Compute-and-Forward: Harnessing Interference Through Structured Codes

Interference is usually viewed as an obstacle to communication in wireless networks. This paper proposes a new strategy, compute-and-forward, that exploits interference to obtain significantly higher rates between users in a network. The key idea is that relays should decode linear functions of transmitted messages according to their observed channel coefficients rather than ignoring the interference as noise. After decoding these linear equations, the relays simply send them towards the destinations, which given enough equations, can recover their desired messages. The underlying codes are based on nested lattices whose algebraic structure ensures that integer combinations of codewords can be decoded reliably. Encoders map messages from a finite field to a lattice and decoders recover equations of lattice points which are then mapped back to equations over the finite field. This scheme is applicable even if the transmitters lack channel state information.
Procedure development of laser welding of V–4Cr–4Ti alloy

Abstract V–4Cr–4Ti alloy is selected as the structure material for the first wall/blanket in a fusion power reactor. A systematic study was conducted to develop a laser welding procedure for fabrication of vanadium alloy for the first wall/blanket systems. A 1.6 kW pulsed Nd:YAG laser with fiber optic beam delivery was used to carry out the bead-on-plate welding on 4 mm thick V–4Cr–4Ti plates. The process parameters, such as laser schedule power settings, beam travel speed, and welding atmosphere control, and their effects on weld quality, such as weld depth, porosity, and oxygen uptake were studied. Results from metallurgical characterization of the welds are presented. An innovative laser welding procedure has been developed to obtain deep penetration, defect-free, and oxygen contamination-free welds.
On the Capacity of the Discrete Memoryless Broadcast Channel With Feedback

A coding scheme for the discrete memoryless broadcast channel with {noiseless, noisy, generalized} feedback is proposed, and the associated achievable region derived. The scheme is based on a block-Markov strategy combining the Marton scheme and a lossy version of the Gray-Wyner scheme with side information. In each block, the transmitter sends fresh data and update information that allows the receivers to improve the channel outputs observed in the previous block. For a generalization of Dueck's broadcast channel, our scheme achieves the noiseless-feedback capacity, which is strictly larger than the no-feedback capacity. For a generalization of Blackwell's channel and when the feedback is noiseless, our new scheme achieves rate points that are outside the no-feedback capacity region. It follows by a simple continuity argument that for both these channels and when the feedback noise is sufficiently low, our scheme improves on the no-feedback capacity even when the feedback is noisy.
Aristocrats and nationalism in Bohemia 1861–1899

(1992). Aristocrats and nationalism in Bohemia 1861–1899. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 4-6, pp. 589-596.
The Pełczyński Property for Tight Subspaces

Abstract We show that ifXis a tight subspace ofC(K) thenXhas the Pelczynski property andX* is weakly sequentially complete. We apply this result to the spaceUof uniformly convergent Taylor series on the unit circle and using a minimal amount of Fourier theory prove thatUhas the Pelczynski property andU* is weakly sequentially complete. Using separate methods, we proveUandU* have the Dunford–Pettis property. Some results concerning pointwise bounded approximation are proved for tight uniform algebras. We use tightness and the Pelczynski property to make a remark about inner functions on strictly pseudoconvex domains in C n.
Finite-volume matrix elements in multiboson states

We derive the relations necessary for the extraction of matrix elements of multihadron systems from finite-volume lattice QCD calculations. We focus on systems of $n\ensuremath{\ge}2$ weakly interacting identical particles without spin. These results will be useful in extracting physical quantities from lattice QCD measurements of such matrix elements in many-pion and many-kaon systems.
Development of a Short Version of the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale

Lung cancer stigma is an important phenomenon experienced by many lung cancer patients that can be a barrier to medical help-seeking behavior. The purpose of this study was to shorten the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale (CLCSS). The original 31-item scale had excellent internal consistency reliability but item redundancy. The majority of lung cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, and patient burden with survey completion may be higher in this population. To reduce patient burden with participation in lung cancer stigma-related research, a psychometrically sound short measure of lung cancer stigma is valuable. Factor analysis was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the CLCSS. Results were used to shorten the measure to 21 items. The shortened scale showed strong evidence of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha =.93). Results also indicate the scale is three dimensional with reliable subscales: stigma and blame, social isolation, and discrimination.
Soft function for exclusive N -jet production at hadron colliders

The $N$-jettiness event shape divides phase space into $N+2$ regions, each containing one jet or beam. Using a geometric measure, these regions correspond to jets with circular boundaries. We give a factorization theorem for the cross section fully differential in the mass of each jet, and compute the corresponding soft function at next-to-leading order (NLO). The ultraviolet divergences are analytically extracted by exploiting hemispheres for interactions between each pair of hard partons, leaving only convergent integrals that are sensitive to the precise boundaries. This hemisphere decomposition can also be applied to other $N$-jet soft functions, including other observables. For $N$-jettiness, the final result for the soft function involves stable one-dimensional numerical integrals, and all ingredients are now available to extend NLO cross sections to resummed predictions at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic order.
Substituted o-[(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]benzyl p-tolyl sulfones: Practical reagents for preparing cycloadducts of o-quinodimethanes

Abstract Effective methods for synthesis and 1,4-elimination of silyl sulfones to o-quinodimethanes have been developed.
Neurotrophic Natural Products: Chemistry and Biology

Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
Black Phosphorus Radio-Frequency Transistors

Few-layer and thin film forms of layered black phosphorus (BP) have recently emerged as a promising material for applications in high performance nanoelectronics and infrared optoelectronics. Layered BP thin films offer a moderate bandgap of around 0.3 eV and high carrier mobility, which lead to transistors with decent on–off ratios and high on-state current densities. Here, we demonstrate the gigahertz frequency operation of BP field-effect transistors for the first time. The BP transistors demonstrated here show respectable current saturation with an on–off ratio that exceeds 2 × 103. We achieved a current density in excess of 270 mA/mm and DC transconductance above 180 mS/mm for hole conduction. Using standard high frequency characterization techniques, we measured a short-circuit current-gain cutoff frequency fT of 12 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency fmax of 20 GHz in 300 nm channel length devices. BP devices may offer advantages over graphene transistors for high frequency electronics in terms...