cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of Linguistic Procedures for Printed Words: Neuropsychological Implications for Learning

A microcomputerized experiment, administered to 45 children in the 2nd, 5th, and 8th month of first grade, manipulated three variables: (a) stimulus unit (whole word or letter-by-letter presentation), (b) nature of stimulus information (phonically regular words, phonically irregular words, nonsense words, and letter strings, which differ in whether phonemic, orthographic, semantic, and/or name codes are available), and (c) linguistic task (lexical decision, naming, and written reproduction). Letter-by-letter presentation resulted in more accurate lexical decision and naming but not more accurate written reproduction. Interactions between nature of stimulus information and linguistic task occurred. Throughout the year, accuracy was greater for lexical decision than for naming or written reproduction. The superiority of lexical decision cannot be attributed to the higher probability of correct responses on a binary choice task because only consistently correct responses on repeated trials were analyzed. The...
Convergence: Finding Collective Voice in Global Civil Society

This study investigated the question of how civil society groups cross political, cultural, social, economic, and language boundaries to find common ground and to act collectively in coalitions to effect international change. A set of constituents emerged in answer to the research question; Complementarity, Speed and Democracy, Rules of Engagement, Contingent Alliance, and Convergence. Convergence emerged as a central and unifying construct. Convergence is the uniting of people who are different, or even opposed, around a common cause. It is based on the presumption that diversity is critical to coalition success and that it needs be employed to leverage its many potential benefits. The analyses led to the conceptualization of the Convergence System, a model that employs global civil society (GCS) diversity to discern complementarity within GCS coalitions, to discover Points of Convergence, and to facilitate collective action toward shared objectives, thus enabling efficacious action by GCS within the international polity.
Determinants of increased drug self-administration due to food deprivation.

Changes in oral etonitazene self-administration were compared in four groups of rats that were maintained at 100, 95, 85, or 75% of their pre-experimental free-feeding body weights. Etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water was available for 16 h according to a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 schedule. Each liquid delivery (0.1 ml) was contingent upon a lever-press response. During food deprivation etonitazene intake gradually increased to over two-fold as body weights decreased over 25 sessions; etonitazene intake was inversely proportional to body weight. The 75% weight group showed stereotypy, self-mutilation and large variability in daily etonitazene intake. In another experiment a range of deprivation conditions was studied in a group of six rats with etonitazene (5 μg/ml) or water available on an FR 8 schedule during 1-h sessions. When the rats were gradually food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior declined but remained higher than water-maintained behavior; however, when they were abruptly food satiated, etonitazene-maintained behavior decreased to low levels.
Station at onset of active labor in nulliparous patients and risk of cesarean delivery.

Objective: To determine whether term nulliparas with an unengaged vertex presentation at onset of active labor have a higher risk for cesarean delivery. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1250 randomly chosen nulliparous patients at 37–42 weeks’ gestation who delivered between 1988 and 1989 were selected. Four hundred forty-seven patients were excluded because of nonvertex presentation, cesarean delivery before active phase of labor, multiple gestation, delivery at less than 37 weeks’ or greater than 42 weeks’ gestation, induction of labor, or missing charts. For the purpose of this study, active labor was defined as regular contractions with cervical dilatation of at least 3 cm. The station at onset of active labor was recorded. Engagement was considered to be at station 0 or below. Results: Of the 803 patients in the study group, 567 presented unengaged and 236 patients presented engaged. The cesarean rates differed significantly between the two groups: 14% of those unengaged compared with 5% of those engaged (χ2 = 11.9, P < .001). After adjusting for confounding variables, engagement at the time of onset of active labor was associated with lower risk of cesarean delivery (odds ratio .512, 95% confidence interval .285, .922). Conclusion: Eighty-six percent of nulliparas with an unengaged vertex at onset of active labor delivered vaginally. Engaged vertex at the onset of active labor was associated with a lower risk of cesarean delivery.
Abstract IA15: HIFs, hypoxia, and tumor progression

Intratumoral hypoxia and expression of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) correlate with metastasis and poor survival in sarcoma patients. We demonstrate here that hypoxia controls sarcoma cell metastasis through a novel mechanism in which HIF1α induces the expression of the intracellular enzyme procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (PLOD2). PLOD2 hydroxylates procollagen, consequently altering the structure of extracellular collagen fibers along which transformed cells migrate in primary tumors. We show that loss of HIF1α or PLOD2 expression disrupts collagen deposition, cell migration and pulmonary metastasis (but not primary tumor growth) in allograft and autochthonous LSL-KrasG12D/+; Trp53fl/fl murine sarcoma models. Furthermore, ectopic PLOD2 expression restores migration and metastatic potential in HIF1α-deficient cells and tumors, and microarray analyses of human sarcomas reveal elevated HIF1α and PLOD2 expression in metastatic primary lesions. Collectively, these data indicate that whereas HIF1α activity modifies pre-metastatic niches in carcinomas, it controls sarcoma metastasis through PLOD2-dependent collagen deposition in primary tumors. Therefore, we conclude that PLOD2 is a novel therapeutic target in sarcomas and successful inhibition of this enzyme may reduce tumor cell dissemination. Citation Format: M. Celeste Simon. HIFs, hypoxia, and tumor progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA15.
Hemangiopericytoma of the palate: case report.

Summary A case of hemangiopericytoma of the palate is presented. This is a locally aggressive tumor with a high propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Proper management is by wide local excision. Long-term follow-up is mandatory because this neoplasm can recur after several years.
Identification of a Tripeptidyl Aminopeptidase in the Anterior Pituitary Gland: Effect on the Chemical and Biological Properties of Rat and Bovine Growth Hormones

The NH2-terminal heterogeneity which is generated in bovine GH during its extraction from mildly acidified pituitary homogenates is attributable to a newly identified peptidase. The β-naphthylamide of Phe-Pro-Ala, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine growth hormone, was cleaved by the peptidase into the tripeptide and /8-naphthylamine and served as a substrate for assay of the enzyme. However, the β-naphthylamide of Ala-Phe-Pro, modeled after the NH2-terminal tripeptide sequence of the alanyl monomer, was not cleaved. In harmony with this specificity, the peptidase cleaved 11 tripeptides sequentially from the NH2-terminus of the phenylalanyl monomer of bovine GH but none from the alanyl monomer. Six of the tripeptides nearest the NH2- terminus were unequivocally identified and their sequences were consistent with the NH2-terminal octadecapeptide sequence of the phenylalanyl monomerf bovine GH. Five additional peptides were by composition consistent with ...
Association between neprilysin polymorphisms and sporadic Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract The deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) in the form of plaques in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neprilysin is the major Aβ-degradating enzyme and reduction in neprilysin activity could contribute to Alzheimer's by increasing the steady-state level of Aβ. To provide further evidence for the role of neprilysin in AD we genotyped 22 polymorphisms, 21 SNPs and the GT repeat in the promoter region, across the neprilysin gene in 298 Caucasian sporadic Alzheimer's patients and 298 age-matched controls. Several SNPs showed genotypic and allelic association to AD. SNP rs1836915, in linkage disequilibrium block 2, showed the greatest extent of genotypic association with AD (p = 0.0076). We were unable to replicate any of the SNPs that were previously reported as putatively associated with AD. However, these novel findings add to the weight of evidence supporting the involvement of neprilysin in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease.
Rapid diagnosis of whole prostate core-needle biopsies with video-rate structured illumination microscopy

We report video-rate structured illumination microscopy (VR-SIM) as a practical method for high-resolution imaging of whole core-needle biopsies in seconds. Prostate cancer is rapidly and reliably identified in VR-SIM images, suggesting a use for in-procedure biopsy screening.
Liquid-liquid extraction with long-chain quaternary Ammonium Halides

Abstract The extraction of anionic chloro-complexes of certain metal ions using various long-chain quaternary ammonium halides in toluene and chloroform is described. The investigation has concerned itself mainly with coualt(II) and iron(III); a few extractions have also been carried out with indium(III) and gallium(in). The ion association of chloro-anionic complexes of iron, cobalt, indium and gallium in aqueous chloride media (hydrochloric acid or lithium chloride) with the quaternary ammonium ion in the organic phase is responsible for the extraction of the metal ion into the organic phase. Tlic extraction efficiency varies with the nature of the metal ion system involved as well as with the distribution of the quaternary compound and the size, shape and nature of the organic groups substituted in the quaternary compound.
Analysis of polymer turbulent drag reduction in flow past a flat plate

Abstract According to the well-established phenomenology for flow in a tube (reviewed by Virk [AIChE J. 21 (1975) 625]), polymer turbulent drag reduction begins once a critical shear stress τ w ∗ is exceeded, and then is manifested as an increased slope on a Prandtl–Karman (PK) plot. The critical shear stress depends on polymer molecular weight, and the increase in slope Δ of the Prandtl–Karman (PK) plot is controlled by polymer concentration and molecular weight. Combining this phenomenology for flow in a tube with a PK-type boundary layer analysis for flow along a flat plate with zero pressure gradient, we find the thicknesses of the laminar, buffer, and turbulent boundary layers as functions of dimensionless position Rex along the plate, as well as the drag on the plate for drag-reducing polymer as functions of τ w ∗ and Δ. At high Reynolds number (Rex), around 109, a factor of six reduction in drag is the maximum reduction possible, corresponding to the maximum drag reduction (mdr) asymptote for pipe flow. In the case in which the polymer enters the solvent through injection from the flat plate, we estimate the mass flux of polymer required to sustain the polymer concentration in the buffer layer at a level necessary to maintain drag reduction.
Role of oxidative stress in the promoting activities of pcbs

PCBs are organic pollutants that persist and bioaccumulate in the environment. These chemicals induce and promote liver tumors in rodents. Previous studies have shown that they increase oxidative stress in the liver, including lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and NF-κB activation. The objective of these studies was to determine if the promoting activities of PCBs could be inhibited by dietary antioxidants (vitamin E, selenium, or phytochemicals) or by knocking out the p50 subunit of NF-κB. In the antioxidant studies, female rats were first injected with DEN (150 mg/kg) and then administered 4 biweekly i.p. injections (300 μmol/kg/injection) of PCB-77, PCB-153, or vehicle; the number and volume of placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST)-positive foci were then quantified. Vitamin E did not influence the promoting activities of PCBs. Increasing dietary selenium above the recommended intake increased the number of foci induced but decreased their volume. Most of the phytochemicals examined (N-acetyl cysteine, β-carotene, resveratrol, EGCG) had no significant effect on the promoting activity of PCB-77. Ellagic acid increased and lycopene decreased the number of foci; ellagic acid, CoQ10, and curcumin decreased the volume of foci. In the NF-κB knockout study, male mice were first injected with DEN (90 mg/kg); controls not receiving DEN were also studied. Both p50 −/− and wild-type mice were then injected biweekly 20 times with PCB-153 (300 (μmol/kg). In DEN-treated and DEN + PCB-treated mice, the incidence of tumors was lower in the p50 −/− mice than in wild-type mice. In mice receiving PCB-153, the tumor incidence and tumor volume were higher. The volume of tumors that were positive for glutamine synthetase was increased in mice administered PCB-153. This study shows that the promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis by PCBs is largely unaffected by dietary antioxidants but is diminished when NF-κB activation is impaired by the absence of the p50 subunit.
Protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways mediate cAMP induction of α-epithelial Na + channels (α-ENaC)

A major mechanism for Na+ transport across epithelia occurs through epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). ENaC is a multimeric channel consisting of three subunits (α, β, and γ). The α-subunit is critical for ENaC function. In specific culture conditions, the rat submandibular gland epithelial cell line (SMG-C6) demonstrates minimal Na+ transport properties and exposure to dibutyryl cAMP (DbcAMP) for up to 48 h caused an elevation of α-ENaC mRNA and protein expression and amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (ISC). Here we examined the early signaling pathways evoked by DbcAMP which contribute to the eventual increase in Na+ transport is present. Treatment with either of the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors KT5720 or H-89 followed by exposure to 1 mM DbcAMP for 24 h markedly attenuated DbcAMP-induced α-ENaC protein formation and ISC. Exposure of SMG-C6 cells to 1 mM DbcAMP induced a rapid, transient phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). This response was attenuated in the presence of either KT5720 or H-89. Dominant-negative CREB decreased DbcAMP-induced α-ENaC expression. Suppression of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK 1,2) with PD98059 or the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway with SB203580 reduced DbcAMP-induced α-ENaC protein levels in SMG-C6 cells. DbcAMP-induced phosphorylation of CREB was markedly attenuated by PD98059 or SB203580. DbcAMP-induced activation of the either the p38 or the ERK 1,2 MAPK pathways was abolished by either of the PKA inhibitors, H-89 or KT5720. Cross talk between these signaling pathways induced by DbcAMP via the activation of CREB appears to contribute to increased levels of α-ENaC observed after 24 h of treatment in SMG-C6 epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 101–110, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloning and characterization of the human thyroid hormone receptor β1 gene promoter

Summary The promoter region of the human (h) thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β1 gene was isolated from a human placenta genomic library. Primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping confirmed a single transcriptional start site. DNA sequence analysis of the 5′ upstream region revealed the existence of a putative thyroid response element (TRE) which is highly homologous to TREs found in several thyroid hormone responsive genes. Binding of hTR protein to the promoter region of the hTRβ1 gene was confirmed by gel mobility shift assay. A transient transfection study demonstrated that hTR activated the expression of a reporter gene containing the promoter sequence of the hTRβ1 gene in a hormone dependent manner. The TRE in the hTRβ1 gene promoter may be involved in the autoregulation of hTRβ1 gene expression.
The scintillating optical fiber isotope experiment: Bevalac calibrations of test models

Abstract The Scintillating Optical Fiber Isotope Experiment (SOFIE) is a Cherenkov d E /d x -range experiment being developed to study the isotopic composition of cosmic rays in the iron region with sufficient resolution to resolve isotopes separated by one mass unit at iron. This instrument images stopping particles with a block of scintillating optical fibers coupled to an image intensified video camera. From the digitized video data the trajectory and range of particles stopping in the fiber bundle can be determined; this information, together with a Cherenkov measurement, is used to determine mass. To facilitate this determination, a new Cherenkov response equation was derived for heavy ions at energies near threshold in thick Cherenkov radiators. Test models of SOFIE were calibrated at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's Bevalac heavy ion accelerator in 1985 and 1986 using beams of iron nuclei with energies of 465 to 515 MeV/ nucleon. This paper presents the results of these calibrations and discusses the design of the SOFIE Bevalac test models in the context of the scientific objectives of the eventual balloon experiment. The test models show a mass resolution of σ A ≈ 0.30 amua nd a range resolution of σ R ≈ 250 μ m. These results are sufficient for a successful for a successful cosmic ray isotope experiment, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the detector system. The SOFIE test models represent the first successful application in the field of cosmic ray astrophysics of the emerging technology of scintillating optical fibers.
Pharmacokinetic analysis of drug concentration data obtained during repetitive drug administration.

A digital computer method that uses all drug concentration-time data collected during repetitive dosing studies was developed to simultaneously estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and fit the data. The method utilizes the nonlinear least-squares regression program NONLIN. It can accommodate changes in dose and dosing interval during the regimen and it permits curve fitting on the basis of one of a number of linear pharmacokinetic models. Theoretical data containing 10% uniformly distributed pseudorandom error and experimental data from three clinical studies were used to validate the method. Reasonably precise and accurate parameter estimates and good curve fits were obtained.
Life Cycle Impacts and External Costs for Various Hydrogen Pathways

Hydrogen is an energy vector of considerable recent interest because of its perceived environmental benignity. Aspects of the hydrogen economy are addressed in this article by quantifying associated impacts and costs. For the first time, important questions are addressed in a comprehensive way. Impact assessments and external cost analyses investigate whether hydrogen should replace standard fuels and which production technologies are preferred. Finally, the life cycle stages of that contribute the largest impacts are identified. If external costs are to be minimized in the operation of a U.S. hydrogen economy, it is recommended that hydrogen (H2 ) be produced from solar thermochemical (STC) cycles and wind electrolysis, with the possible use of steam methane reforming (SMR). The external costs associated with biomass gasification are shown to be comparable with those for wind electrolysis. Thus, biomass-produced hydrogen could also be a viable alternative, especially in areas ideally suited to the growth of energy crops. Finally, the most influential life cycle stages are the Construction of the Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) and Hydrogen Production (except for the environmentally benign wind electrolysis). For the wind/electrolysis case, the majority of impacts come from plant construction.© 2006 ASME
Tracking of goal seeking vehicles

In many competitive situations it is necessary to track an enemy vehicle on the basis of noisy measurements received at a tracking station. In such situations it is often not appropriate to model the enemy vehicle as a dynamic system subject to white noise inputs since the enemy may be moving toward some specific objective which is unknown or partially unknown to the tracker. The tracker should be able to incorporate this fact in computing his optimal estimate of the vehicle's position. A simple model of these competitive situations is proposed in which the enemy is assumed to be governed by a system of linear differential equations controlled so as to move optimally toward a goal unknown to the tracker. The optimal estimation equations for the tracker are derived, and it is shown that the tracker can use a linear dynamic system to form the best estimate of the enemy position and his goal.
High-Throughput Protein Structural Mapping using Transition Metal FRET

The structures of macromolecules drive their function. Understanding these structures is key to understanding the regulation and activity of biological systems. While X-ray crystallography and NMR are able to provide atomic resolution of many proteins, their usefulness in tracking structures is limited. An alternative method to map dynamic structures is Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) - a steep distance-dependent process of energy transfer between a donor fluorophore and an acceptor molecule. Classical FRET, however, has been constrained by fluorophore pairs with large R0 values (30 to 60 A) and long chemical linkers. These limitations can be overcome by using small dyes (Fluorescein-5-malemide [F5M] and monobromobimane [mBBr]) as donors and transition metal ions (Ni2+ and Cu2+) as acceptors. Here, we use a high-throughput fluorescent method to rapidly and accurately map short-range distances (5 to 20 A) between residue pairs in the model ligand-binding protein Maltose Binding Protein (MBP). Multiple donor sites were individually labeled with organic dyes while di-histidine metal binding acceptor sites were engineered into α-helices. Distances were measured between donor/acceptor pairs to build a matrix of distances that covers the protein. Combined, these measurements map the three dimensional topology of MBP. By comparing the measured distances from FRET to X-ray crystal structures, we confirm that this method provides accurate backbone distance measurements to within a few angstroms in two independent states of MBP. We conclude that transition metal ion FRET provides rapid angstrom-scale mapping of dynamic protein structures.
Managing collaborative activities in project management

People working with current ad-hoc collaboration tools suffer from information overload and information scattered. Our five-month study of project managers found their work was comprised of fragmented activities implicitly organized by activity threads. Most of these activities were communicative to track and report project status, which introduced frequent interruptions and low efficiency. Accordingly, we explored an activity centered approach to help them manage work information. In our Activity Centric Project Management prototype, solutions like integrating activity with project task, providing timely activity awareness based on RSS, utilizing activity data to generate status report, and allowing third-party easily to update task status were introduced.
CoMETC: Coordinated management of energy/thermal/cooling in servers

We introduce a Coordinated Management of Energy, Thermal, and Cooling (CoMETC) technique to minimize cooling and memory energy of server machines. State-of-the-art solutions decouple the optimization of cooling energy costs and energy consumption of CPU and memory subsystems. This results in suboptimal solutions due to thermal dependencies between CPU and memory and the nonlinearity in energy costs of cooling. In contrast, we develop a unified solution that integrates energy, thermal, and cooling management for CPU and memory subsystems to maximize energy savings. CoMETC reduces the operational energy of the memory by clustering active memory pages to a subset of memory modules while accounting for thermal and cooling aspects. At the same time, CoMETC removes hotspots between and within the CPU sockets and reduces the effects of thermal coupling with memory in order to minimize cooling energy costs. We design CoMETC using a control-theoretic approach to guarantee meeting these objectives. We introduce a formal thermal and cooling model to be used for online decisions inside CoMETC. Our experimental results show that CoMETC achieves average cooling and memory energy savings of 58p compared to state-of-the-art techniques at a performance overhead of less than 0.3p.
Closed-loop eyelid reanimation system with real-time blink detection and electrochemical stimulation for facial nerve paralysis

Electrical stimulation in eyelid reanimation has been verified in previous studies as a potential treatment for facial nerve paralysis. Design challenges, including physical pain during stimulation, reducing the latency between the natural blink and the artificial blink, and patient-to-patient differences, make it difficult to build this system. In this paper, the design challenges are analyzed in detail, based on which a closed-loop electrochemical stimulation system is proposed. Using our system, real-time blink detection and electrical stimulation have been verified with FPGA and ASICs. Area of the proposed fully integrated chip, including electromyography (EMG) amplifier, blink detection processor, reduced instruction set computer (RISC), and current stimulator, is estimated to be 11.46mm2 in 0.35um CMOS process.
Developmental decisions: Balancing genetics and the environment by C. elegans

The small nematode C. elegans is characterized by developing through a highly coordinated, reproducible cell lineage that serves as the basis of many studies focusing on the development of multi-lineage organisms. Indeed, the reproducible cell lineage enables discovery of developmental defects that occur in even a single cell. Only recently has attention been focused on how these animals modify their genetically programmed cell lineages to adapt to altered environments. Here, we summarize the current understanding of how C. elegans responds to food deprivation by adapting their developmental program in order to conserve energy. In particular, we highlight the AMPK-mediated and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways that are the principal regulators of induced cell cycle quiescence.
The Spatial Hearing Questionnaire: Data From Individuals With Normal Hearing

Purpose Although a number of questionnaires are available to assess hearing aid benefit and general hearing disability, relatively few investigate spatial hearing ability in more complex listening ...
Discretization schemes on triangular grids

Abstract Physical applications posed on irregular domains have caused difficulties in the use of many, otherwise effective, discretization schemes. In two-dimensional examples, we consider discretization schemes on triangles to approximate irregular domains. Although finite element, mixed finite element, and finite volume schemes for triangles are well understood, efficient solvers are essential for their effective use. In this paper, we consider certain cell-centered finite difference schemes on triangles, both for their theoretical properties on regular grids, and as effective preconditioners for other discretization schemes for more general triangulations. Two cell-centered finite difference schemes (four-point star stencils) are derived from the simplification of the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element discretization on certain triangular grids. Optimal and superconvergence error estimates for both the solution and the gradient of the solution are established. The accuracy of these schemes is also discussed in the case of discontinuous coefficients. Computational experiments verify the error estimates. Finally, the use of these methods as preconditioners is also discussed.
Immunocytochemical localization of smooth muscle actin-containing cells in the trabecular meshwork of glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous dogs.

Purpose It has been recently demonstrated that trabecular meshwork (TM) cells within the canine iridocorneal angle (ICA) contain smooth muscle actin (smA) and possess contractile abilities that probably alter aqueous outflow. As the number of trabecular meshwork cells in glaucomatous canine eyes have been found to be less than those in age-matched nonglaucomatous eyes, we hypothesize that the sub-population of TM cells that contain smooth muscle actin will also decline with age. We also hypothesize that a greater loss of these cells will be observed in glaucomatous eyes than in nonglaucomatous eyes of the same age. In the present study the ICA of 17 glaucomatous and eight nonglaucomatous eyes were examined for the presence of smA-containing TM cells. Material and methods Five-micron sagittal sections of each whole globe were immunolocalized for smooth muscle actin. Positive and negative controls were performed concomitantly. Results Labeling was observed in the meshwork of 10 out of the 17 glaucomatous eyes, distributed across all of the age groups represented, including eyes with primary and secondary glaucoma. Smooth muscle actin labeling was observed in the TM of 7 out of 14 eyes with closed-angle glaucoma. Positive immunoreaction was observed in 3/3 eyes with open ICAs. Labeling of smooth muscle actin was observed in the anterior part of the meshwork in only 4 of the 17 glaucomatous eyes, each having had secondary glaucoma. There were no eyes in which label was observed exclusively in the anterior portion of the meshwork. Labeling was most consistently observed in the outer, posterior uveal TM and the inner, posterior corneoscleral TM. All of the eight nonglaucomatous eyes showed greater labeling in both area and intensity than the glaucomatous eyes of the same age. Conclusion It was concluded that smooth muscle actin-cell loss is associated with age in canine eyes and that this loss is more severe in glaucomatous eyes.
Crystal Structure of 12-Lipoxygenase Catalytic-Domain-Inhibitor Complex Identifies a Substrate-Binding Channel for Catalysis

Lipoxygenases are critical enzymes in the biosynthesis of families of bioactive lipids including compounds with important roles in the initiation and resolution of inflammation and in associated diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Crystals diffracting to high resolution (1.9 A) were obtained for a complex between the catalytic domain of leukocyte 12-lipoxygenase and the isoform-specific inhibitor, 4-(2-oxapentadeca-4-yne)phenylpropanoic acid (OPP). In the three-dimensional structure of the complex, the inhibitor occupied a new U-shaped channel open at one end to the surface of the protein and extending past the redox-active iron site that is essential for catalysis. In models, the channel accommodated arachidonic acid, defining the binding site for the substrate of the catalyzed reaction. There was a void adjacent to the OPP binding site connecting to the surface of the enzyme and providing a plausible access channel for the other substrate, oxygen.
Down regulation of human monocyte differentiation antigens by interferon γ

The role of IFN-gamma in the activation and differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes was investigated. Recombinant IFN-gamma induced a decrease in the expression of monocyte differentiation antigens (Mo2 and 63D3) and, to a lesser extent, the C3bi receptor. Conversely, class II histocompatibility antigen expression increased on monocytes exposed to IFN-gamma. The antigen modulating effect of IFN-gamma was maximal on freshly isolated monocytes, with diminished potency if added to monocytes that had been cultivated in vitro for 1 to 3 days. Experiments to determine the fate of the down-regulated antigens on interferon-treated cells failed to demonstrate intracellular antigen due to internalization. We suggest that Mo2 and 63D3 may be considered "inverse" activation antigens; i.e., their expression is decreased in monocytes activated by interferon.
Neocortical and hippocampal EEG in normal and lateral hypothalamic-damaged rats.

Abstract Cortical and hippocampal EEG were correlated with behavior in rats before and after bilateral hypothalamic (LH) damage. In Stage 1 of recovery (aphagia and adipsia), the neocortex showed continuous large amplitude slow activity. It did not desynchronize during spontaneous acts such as grooming as well as during tail pinch-induced struggling or orienting, even though a slow form of hippocampal theta accompanied these acts. However, during Stage 2 (anorexia), the neocortical EEG did desynchronize when such theta appeared. Therefore, as behavioral recovery progresses after LH damage, there appears to be a concomitant recovery of cortical participation in such behavior. Early in recovery, LH rats, unlike normals, showed slow (3–4.5 Hz) atropine-sensitive hippocampal theta during automatisms such as grooming as well as during immobility. Thus, LH damage, while temporarily abolishing fast. noncholinergic theta, appears to release slow cholinergic theta. Later in recovery, faster atropine-resistant (noncholinergic) theta becomes functional again.
Hemodynamic Alterations in Alcohol-Related Transitory Hypertension

Alcoholic patients are often transiently hypertensive (tHT) during days 1-3 of withdrawal but become normotensive thereafter. However, at 3-4 weeks postwithdrawal these tHT patients may still show exaggerated blood pressure rises to isometric handgrip exercise. We examined the hemodynamic mechanisms associated with persistent altered pressure response. Forty-two alcoholic inpatients were equally divided into three subgroups based on admission BPs: transitory hypertensive (tHT;BP > or = 160/95 mmHg), transitory borderline hypertensive (tBH; 140/ 90 < or = BP < 160/95), and normotensive (NT; BP < 140/90). After 3-4 weeks of sobriety, the alcoholics and a normotensive nonalcoholic group (CONTs; n = 14) were tested during rest and an isometric handgrip task. Impedance cardiographic evaluation at both times showed elevated peripheral resistance, elevated heart rate, and reduced stroke volume in tHTs. Liquor consumption was found to be highly predictive of the altered hemodynamic and BP activity. Alcoholic patients with acute withdrawal hypertension (1-3 days) may show a persistent alteration of BP regulation even when resting pressures are normal.
Organizational change and marine environmental protection: The dredge spoil siting record

Dredge spoil siting activities are reviewed over a decade to determine whether organizational changes within the Corps of Engineers produced changes in the environmental performance of the agency. Over the period neither the total amount of marine and estuarine dredging nor the incidence of siting spoil inside the baseline declined. Therefore, internal organizational changes do not appear to have affected the above measures of agency performance concerning protection of the marine environment. Furthermore, at least 3% of the spoil is estimated to be highly contaminated. In recent years this magnitude of contaminated spoils has been equivalent to ocean-dumped sewage sludge.
The meshless hypersingular boundary node method for three-dimensional potential theory and linear elasticity problems

Abstract The Boundary Node Method (BNM) represents a coupling between Boundary Integral Equations (BIEs) and Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximants. The main idea here is to retain the dimensionality advantage of the former and the meshless attribute of the latter. The result is a ‘meshfree’ method that decouples the mesh and the interpolation procedures. The BNM has been applied to solve 2-D and 3-D problems in potential theory and linear elasticity. The Hypersingular Boundary Element Method (HBEM) has diverse important applications in areas such as fracture mechanics, wave scattering, error analysis and adaptivity, and to obtain a symmetric Galerkin boundary element formulation. The present work presents a coupling of Hypersingular Boundary Integral Equations (HBIEs) with MLS approximants, to produce a new meshfree method — the Hypersingular Boundary Node Method (HBNM). Numerical results from this new method, for selected 3-D problems in potential theory and in linear elasticity, are presented and discussed in this paper.
Broadband Noise Generation by a Vortex Model of Cavity Flow

This paper presents a potential flow model of two-dimensional cavity flow in which the shear layer is represented by discrete rectilinear vortices. The model compares favorably with physical features of real cavity flows. A theory is developed through which the noise generation by the cavity may be evaluated. Calculations of the spectra and directivity of the quadrupole noise source determined by this theory explain frequency and directivity phenomena observed in airframe noise testing of real aircraft.
Emissivity Measurements on Metallic Surfaces with Various Degrees of Roughness: A Comparison of Laser Polarimetry and Integrating Sphere Reflectometry

Both integrating sphere reflectometry (ISR) as well as laser polarimetry have their advantages and limitations in their ability to determine the normal spectral emissivity of metallic samples. Laser polarimetry has been used for years to obtain normal spectral emissivity measurements on pulse-heated materials. The method is based on the Fresnel equations, which describe reflection and refraction at an ideally smooth interface between two isotropic media. However, polarimetry is frequently used with surfaces that clearly deviate from this ideal condition. Questions arise with respect to the applicability of the simple Fresnel equations to non-specular surfaces. On the other hand, reflectometry utilizing integrating spheres provides a measurement of the hemispherical spectral reflectance, from which the normal spectral emissivity can be derived. ISR provides data on spectral-normal-hemispherical reflectance and, hence, normal spectral emissivity for a variety of surfaces. However, the resulting errors are minimal when both the sample and the reference have a similar bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). In an effort to explore the limits of polarimetry in terms of surface roughness, room temperature measurements on the same samples with various degrees of roughness were performed using both ISR and a laser polarimeter. In this paper the two methods are briefly described and the results of the comparison are discussed.
Paper: Error analysis and optimal estimation procedures in identification of nonlinear volterra systems

In the problem of nonlinear system identification, the white-noise (crosscorrelation) method has become increasingly popular during the last five years. Since the ideal white noise is physically unrealizable, the method employs quasi-white test signals which approximate its statistical properties to a satisfactory and determinable degree. A family of such signals (CSRS) which has been recently introduced appears to be most advantageous in nonlinear system identification. Its principal advantage is that it allows the thorough and effective error analysis and, consequently, the optimization of the identification procedure. This paper presents that error analysis and outlines the optimal procedures which ought to be followed for the optimal application of the method to nonlinear Volterra systems identification.
Polycythemia vera: studies of hemopoiesis in continuous long-term culture of human marrow.

Long-term cultures of marrow cells from ten normal subjects and three patients with polycythemia vera were established to compare normal and neoplastic hemopoiesis in vitro. Suspended cells were removed periodically from the cultures and assayed for their content of various colony-forming cells, including erythroid colony- and burst-forming cells (CFU-E and BFU-E), granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-C), and “mixed cell” colony progenitors (CFU-CEMM). To determine if mixed cell colonies arise from a single progenitor, we used the cellular mosaicism conferred by X-chromosome inactivation. The isoenzymes of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) were used as markers of the mosaicism. Preliminary results suggest that these colonies are clonal only at low plating densities. The G-6-PD system was also used to determine whether selection or “drift” occurs in continuous long-term cultures. The ratios of G-6-PD isoenzyme types in pooled colonies from cultures of two normal heterozygotes remained similar, indicating stable cultures. Long-term cultures of normal marrow and marrow from the patients with polycythemia vera maintained BFU-E for a mean of 8.7 (± 0.6) and 12.5 (± 0.5) weeks (P = 0.03), respectively. The fractions of total BFU-E detected as endogenous erythroid colonies remained similar over the culture period. These results demonstrate that (1) hemopoiesis in polycythemia vera can be analyzed in long-term culture; (2) polycythemia vera marrow grows as well or better than normal in long-term culture; and (3) the proportion of the neoplastic clone in polycythemia vera represented by endogenous erythroid colony growth is unchanged over time, suggesting no reemergence of normal stem cell progeny in this system.
The Hospital Foundation Strategy and Performance Relationship

Attracting philanthropic donations is a strategic imperative for many hospitals. A hospital can manage the giving process most effectively by developing a well-managed hospital foundation. This study examines the hospital foundation strategy and performance relationship. Using a sample of 258 hospital foundations we identified different strategies and significant performance differences among them.
Intraoperative radiation therapy following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the morbidity and mortality of pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by electron-beam intraoperative radiation therapy (EB-IORT). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Local recurrence following pancreaticoduodenectomy occurs in 50% to 90% of patients who undergo a potentially curative surgical resection for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head. To improve local disease control, a more aggressive retroperitoneal dissection has been combined with adjuvant EB-IORT. METHODS: Forty-one patients with malignant neoplasms of the periampullary region underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy followed by EB-IORT between January 1989 and May 1992. EB-IORT was delivered in a dedicated operative suite, eliminating the need for patient relocation. Electron-beam energies of 6 to 12 MeV were used to deliver 10 to 20 Gy to the treatment field following resection but before pancreatic, biliary, and gastrointestinal reconstruction. RESULTS: Median operative time was 9 hours, blood loss was 1 L, perioperative transfusion requirement was 2 units, and hospital stay was 20 days. One patient died of a postoperative myocardial infarction, and four patients required reoperation, one for an anastomotic leak. No patient failed to receive EB-IORT because of operative complications during the time period of this study. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant EB-IORT after pancreaticoduodenectomy can be delivered safely, with low mortality and acceptable morbidity.
High-resolution X-ray structure of an acyl-enzyme species for the class D OXA-10, β-lactamase

β-Lactamases are resistance enzymes for β-lactam antibiotics. These enzymes hydrolyze the β-lactam moieties of these antibiotics, rendering them inactive. Of the four classes of known β-lactamases,...
Grain boundary effects on transport in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition-grown, Ca-doped lanthanum manganites

The transport properties of metalorganic chemical vapor deposited films of lanthanum manganite grown on various substrates are investigated. The more disordered films show a magnetoresistance that is both large and relatively temperature independent over a wide temperature range. At low magnetic fields, a linear field dependence is observed and is attributed to spin-polarized intergrain tunneling. In addition, at low fields a hysteretic dependence of resistivity on the magnetic field has been observed. This effect has been attributed to the scattering of spin-polarized carriers at the grain boundary.
Multidimensional B-trees for associative searching in database systems

Abstract A new method for multiple attribute indexing, the Multidimensional B -Tree (MBDT), is developed. This method is well suited for dynamic databases, since it handles several types of associative queries efficiently and requires low-cost maintenance. Algorithms and search strategies for exact match, partial match, and range queries are presented and statistical procedures are given to estimate the average and worst case retrieval times. The applicability of our organization to practical databases is discussed and analytical tradeoffs with regard to index organizations based on k-d trees are established.
Relationships among education, dentate status, and diet in adults

The Nutrition and Oral Health Study (NOHS) was established to study the interrelationship of oral health status, dietary intake, and education, and to define their relative impact on the middle aged and elderly. Two hundred forty-seven partially or fully dentate (at least 6 teeth) subjects returned two food diaries over a 16-month period. Despite the investigators' efforts to enroll from a socio-economically diverse Boston population, the volunteers were health-conscious, with 85% having been to the dentist within the last year; 95% brushed, and 60% flossed daily. More than half the volunteers had attended college. With the exception of cholesterol intake, which was high in both the higher- and lower-educated males, most individuals, despite their dentate status, sought good nutrition. People who wore dentures consumed more refined carbohydrates and sucrose. As the number of teeth declined, Vitamin A, crude fiber, and calcium declined, while cholesterol rose. These factors may have a significant implication for general health.
Importance of interdisciplinary perspective in recognizing and treating depression

Depression in older people is an important clinical and public health problem that is commonly overlooked by health care providers. As people age, social support systems may be lost due to the death of significant others, retirement, cognitive and physical health problems, and residence relocation. With these changing circumstanc-es, health care professionals expect older clients to show changing activity levels and reduced resilience and may miss the symptoms of depression. As a result, many older people find themselves having to manage a set of problems that could otherwise be easily treated.