cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption bands of multiple b and c cytochromes in bacteria detected by numerical analysis of absorption spectra.

Low-temperature cytochrome spectra of 18 different species of bacteria were examined using fourth-order finite difference analysis. In all of the organisms studied, new cytochrome alpha absorption bands were resolved. On the basis of wavelengths, these bands may be tentatively assigned to two possible c-type cytochromes and two or more b-type cytochromes. Multiple or split bands associated with a single cytochrome species could, however, account for certain sets of the bands detected.
Social network attack simulation with honeytokens

In the social media era, the ever-increasing utility of Online Social Networks (OSN) services provide a variety of benefits to users, organizations, and service providers. However, OSN services also introduce new threats and privacy issues regarding the data they are dealing with. For instance, in a reliable OSN service, a user should be able to set up his desired level of information sharing and securely manage sensitive data. Currently, few approaches exist that can model OSNs for the purpose, let alone a model the effects that attackers can have on these networks. In this work a novel OSN modeling approach is presented to fill the gap. This model is based on an innovative game-theoretic approach and it is analyzed both from a theoretical and simulation-oriented view. The game-theoretic model is implemented to analyze several attack scenarios. Honeytokens, which are an information security tool based upon deception, are defined and identified as a security tool that could help in OSN security. As the results show, there are several scenarios where OSN services are very vulnerable and hence more protection mechanisms should be provided to secure the data contained across these networks, including the use of honeytokens. In this work we introduce a novel OSN modeling approach for optimal data sharing based on innovative game theories, considering the states/optimal policies of data sharing on OSNs and possible confrontations between the attacker and the user. After we develop the theoretical framework, we conduct experiments, integrating our ideas with honeytokens in several attack scenarios. Finally, we analyze our experimental results and discuss recommendations based on the results.
Performance Analysis of Random Access Packet-Switched Code Division Multiple Access Systems

Analytical techniques for performance evaluation of synchronous random access packet switching in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems are presented. Steady-state throughput characteristics using several packet generation models are obtained. A number of example random access CDMA systems are compared in terms of their throughput versus offered traffic and utilization-delay characteristics. Numerical results indicate that appropriate use of multiaccess coding can provide utilization-delay characteristics superior to that of ALOHA. System stability is evaluated using a general finite user model, and the dynamic behavior of some example random access CDMA schemes is investigated.
Temperature Regulation of the Sphinx Moth, Manduca Sexta : II. Regulation of Heat Loss by Control of Blood Circulation

1. The circulatory anatomy of Manduca sexta is such that heat loss from the thorax is minimized when the flow of blood is reduced, and maximized when it is increased. 2. Abdominal temperatures immediately after flight suggested that blood flow was substantially increased during flight at high T A , and greatly reduced during flight at low T A . 3. When the thorax was artificially heated, the pulsation rates of the abdominal blood vessel increased, the amplitudes of the pulsations became large, and the pulsations were always in the posterior-anterior direction. 4. Heating of the abdomen often resulted in the constriction of the abdominal vessel and a reduction in the amplitude of the pulsations. 5. Transection of the ventral nerve cord reduced the frequency of the high-amplitude pulsations and abolished the ability of the abdominal heart to respond to thoracic heating. 6. When the heat was applied to the thorax, but not to the abdomen: ( a ) T Th increased while T Ab remained near T A ; ( b ) T Ab then increased while T Th stabilized near 40-42 °C; ( c ) finally, if the heat input was not excessive, T Ab also stabilized at a temperature above T A . 7. Neither stabilization of T Th nor increase of T Ab were observed during thoracic heating of dead moths or those with transected nerve chords. 8. The distribution of temperature observed in the abdomen during thoracic heating is not explicable in terms of heating by conduction from the thorax. 9. During modest thoracic heating, decreases of T Th were correlated with intervals during which there were full-length pulsations of the dorsal vessel. During periods where movement of the vessel was observed only at the anterior end of the abdomen, the temperature of the thorax increased. 10. Calculations of blood flow and heat flux indicate that the regulation of T Th in the observed range is physically reasonable by blood circulation alone.
Nitrogen Dioxide Release in the 302 nm Band Photolysis of Spray-Frozen Aqueous Nitrate Solutions. Atmospheric Implications

We quantify the NO2 fluxes released into the gas phase during the continuous I 300 nm photolysis of NO3 - in submillimeter ice layers produced by freezing aqueous KNO3 sprays on cold surfaces. Fluxes, FNO2, increase weakly with [NO3 - ] between 5 e [NO3 - ]/mM e 50 and increase markedly with temperature in the range of 268 g T/K g 248. We found that FNO2, the photostationary concentration of NO2 - (another primary photoproduct), and the quantum yieldof 2-nitrobenzaldehyde in situ photoisomerization are nearly independent of ice layer thickness d within 80 e d/Im e 400. We infer that radiation is uniformly absorbed over the depth of the ice layers, where NO3 - is photodecomposed into NO2 (+ OH) and NO2 - (+ O), but that only the NO2 produced on the uppermost region is able to escape into the gas phase. The remainder is trapped and further photolyzed into NO. We obtain NO2 - 4.8 10 -3 at 263 K, i.e., about the quantum yield of nitrite
Nurses' Typifications of Nursing Home Patients

Previous studies of the attitudes of nursing staff towards patients in hospitals have suggested that those who were mentally alert, young, acutely ill and in need of medical (not custodial) care, middle class, appreciative and co-operative were labelled ‘good’. Conversely the old, the poor, the chronically ill and the mentally disturbed were labelled ‘bad’. In the study reported here, of a single nursing home situated in the American midwest, these stereotypes are shown not to operate. A subset of these attitudes is none the less to be found which rewards cheerfulness, wittiness and appreciativeness. Favouritism amongst patients is examined as a significant influence on the care of residents who are all elderly and long-term sick.
Understanding the Organizational Nature of Student Persistence: Empirically-Based Recommendations for Practice

This article builds on the assumption that colleges and universities are organizations and subsequently that the organizational perspective provides important insights for improving retention on college and university campuses. A review of existing organizational studies of undergraduate persistence serves as the basis for ten empirically-based recommendations for practice that are designed to help campus leaders improve the effectiveness of retention efforts on campus.
Agents of the Regime? Traditional Leaders and Electoral Behavior in South Africa

Traditional leaders are often given sub-national territorial authority in developing democracies. Though ubiquitous, the political consequences of their power has received little rigorous attention. We argue that such traditional leaders, whose power depends on the state, may be incentivized to strategically support political parties who can guarantee their survival and provide them with rents. We study this quid pro quo in the Apartheid-era Bantustans of South Africa. We show that an alignment between the state party and the chiefs maps to increased political support for the party. Further, we provide quantitative evidence consistent with chiefs acting as clientelistic brokers. Our results suggest that chiefs boost African National Congress (ANC) vote-share by 8.2 percentage points in the Bantustans. This translates into roughly 4.5% of the ANC's total vote-share, and a distortion in the national vote of 2.5 percentage points. This distortion is pivotal in determining whether the ANC is able to alter South Africa's constitution.
Biologically active proteins from natural product extracts.

The term “biologically active proteins” is almost redundant. All proteins produced by living creatures are, by their very nature, biologically active to some extent in their homologous species. In this review, a subset of these proteins will be discussed that are biologically active in heterologous systems. The isolation and characterization of novel proteins from natural product extracts including those derived from microorganisms, plants, insects, terrestrial vertebrates, and marine organisms will be reviewed and grouped into several distinct classes based on their biological activity and their structure.
Retroactive answering of search queries

Major search engines currently use the history of a user's actions (e.g., queries, clicks) to personalize search results. In this paper, we present a new personalized service, query-specific web recommendations (QSRs), that retroactively answers queries from a user's history as new results arise. The QSR system addresses two important subproblems with applications beyond the system itself: (1) Automatic identification of queries in a user's history that represent standing interests and unfulfilled needs. (2) Effective detection of interesting new results to these queries. We develop a variety of heuristics and algorithms to address these problems, and evaluate them through a study of Google history users. Our results strongly motivate the need for automatic detection of standing interests from a user's history, and identifies the algorithms that are most useful in doing so. Our results also identify the algorithms, some which are counter-intuitive, that are most useful in identifying interesting new results for past queries, allowing us to achieve very high precision over our data set.
Problem-Solving Approach to Clinical Education

A problem-solving method to provide appropriate clinical learning experiences was developed for physical therapy students enrolled in their first year of professional course work. Clinicians from selected facilities were asked to participate in a clinical rotation over a two-quarter period. Using a problem-solving format, each clinician was responsible for a two-hour presentation relating to a disease or disability. Each rotation was repeated weekly for seven different groups of 10 students. During the rotation, the clinician presented a patient with a particular disability or disease and worked with the students to identify patient problems, establish treatment goals, and discuss methods used to achieve the goals. The difficulties encountered with the clinical experiences and the positive aspects of the experiences are discussed.
The application of formal logic to programs and programming

The use of first-order predicate calculus in proving correctness and other properties of programs is shown to be possible in practical situations. The necessary concepts and theory are explained, and some practical examples worked through.
Detection of radar targets using HOS

The application of higher-order statistics (HOS) to the detection of radar targets takes advantage of the HOS characteristic that allows the test statistics to be unbiased by Gaussian noise. To make use of this characteristic using data from a coherent radar, the samples from the radar's synchronous detector are coherently averaged in a formulation of the triple correlation. The HOS method is compared to the classical pulse Doppler method and the quadratic detector. For the examples given, the HOS method shows a one to two dB improvement over classical methods. >
Comparison of bicubic and Bezier polynomials for surface parameterization in volumetric images

Curvature-based surface features are well suited for use in multimodal medical image registration. The accuracy of such feature-based registration techniques is dependent upon the reliability of the feature computation. The computation of curvature features requires second derivative information that is best obtained from a parametric surface representation. We present a method of explicitly parameterizing surfaces from volumetric data. Surfaces are extracted, without a global thresholding, using active contour models. A Mong basis for each surface patch is estimated and used to transform the patch into local, or parametric, coordinates. Surface patches are fit to first a bicubic polynomial and second to a Bezier polynomial. The bicubic polynomial is fit in local coordinates using least squares solved by singular value decomposition. Bezier polynomial is fit using de Casteljau algorithm. We tested our method by reconstructing surfaces from the surface model and analytically computing Gaussian and mean curvatures. The model was tested on analytical and medical data and the results of both methods are compared.
Leveraging coherent space-time codes for noncoherent communication via training

Training codes are introduced for the multiple-antenna, noncoherent, multiple block-Rayleigh-fading channel in which the fading coefficients, which are constant over a fixed number of dimensions (coherence interval) for each block and then change independently to a new realization, are known neither at the transmitter nor at the receiver. Each codeword of a training code consists of a part known to the receiver-used to form a minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) estimate of the channel-and a part that contains codeword(s) of a space-time block or trellis code designed for the coherent channel (in which the receiver has perfect knowledge of the channel). The channel estimate is used as if it were error-free for decoding the information-bearing part of the training codeword. Training codes are hence easily designed to have high rate and low decoding complexity by choosing the underlying coherent code to have high rate and to be efficiently decodable. Conditions for which the estimator-detector (E-D) receiver is equivalent to the optimal noncoherent receiver are established. A key performance analysis result of this paper is that the training codes when decoded with the E-D receiver achieve a diversity order of the error probability that is equal to the diversity order of the underlying coherent code. In some cases, the performance of training codes can be measured relative to coherent reception via "training efficiency," which is then optimized over the energy allocation between the training and data phases. In the limit of increasing block lengths, training codes always achieve the performance of coherent reception. The examples of training codes provided in this work have polynomial complexity in rate but an error rate comparable to the best performing unitary designs available, even though the latter require exponential decoding complexity.
Method for decryptification of α-glucosidase in yeast with dimethyl sulfoxide

Abstract A method has been presented for the decryptification of α-glucosidase in whole cells of yeast. This method has been shown to yield decryptified cells which allow the determination of rapidly changing enzyme levels in yeast suspensions of less than 1.5 mg wet weight/ml of cells. The technique involves the incubation of cells in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide followed by washing and resuspension in a suitable assay medium.
Nonlinear observer designs for diesel engine selective catalytic reduction (SCR) ammonia coverage ratio estimation

This paper presents several nonlinear observer designs to estimate diesel engine selective catalytic reduction (SCR) ammonia coverage ratio, which significantly affects the SCR NO x conversion and NH 3 slip, but is not directly measurable by onboard sensors. Sliding mode observer (SMO) technique was employed for the designs of different ammonia coverage ratio observers based on different selections of sensor measurements. The robustness of the observers with respect to sensor measurement uncertainties were theoretical analyzed. A full-vehicle model FTP75 test cycle simulation results show the robustness and estimation accuracies of the different observers in the presence of sensor measurement errors/uncertainties.
Cardiac complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease: consensus definitions from the Multi-Societal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease

A complication is an event or occurrence that is associated with a disease or a healthcare intervention, is a departure from the desired course of events, and may cause, or be associated with, suboptimal outcome. A complication does not necessarily represent a breech in the standard of care that constitutes medical negligence or medical malpractice. An operative or procedural complication is any complication, regardless of cause, occurring (1) within 30 days after surgery or intervention in or out of the hospital, or (2) after 30 days during the same hospitalization subsequent to the operation or intervention. Operative and procedural complications include both intraoperative/intraprocedural complications and postoperative/postprocedural complications in this time interval.The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has set forth a comprehensive list of complications associated with the treatment of patients with congenital cardiac disease, related to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, haematological, infectious, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrinal systems, as well as those related to the management of anaesthesia and perfusion, and the transplantation of thoracic organs. The objective of this manuscript is to examine the definitions of operative morbidity as they relate specifically to the haematological system and to infectious complications. These specific definitions and terms will be used to track morbidity associated with surgical and transcatheter interventions and other forms of therapy in a common language across many separate databases.The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease has prepared and defined a near-exhaustive list of haematological and infectious complications. Within each subgroup, complications are presented in alphabetical order. Clinicians caring for patients with congenital cardiac disease will be able to use this list for databases, quality improvement initiatives, reporting of complications, and comparing strategies for treatment.
Time-resolved contrast-enhanced 3D MR angiography

An MR angiographic technique, referred to as 3D TRICKS (3D time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics) has been developed. This technique combines and extends to 3D imaging several previously published elements. These elements include an increased sampling rate for lower spatial frequencies, temporal interpolation of k-space views, and zero-filling in the slice-encoding dimension. When appropriately combined, these elements permit reconstruction of a series of 3D image sets having an effective temporal frame rate of one volume every 2-6 s. Acquiring a temporal series of images offers advantages over the current contrast-enhanced 3D MRA techniques in that it I) increases the likelihood that an arterial-only 3D image set will be obtained. II) permits the passage of the contrast agent to be observed, and III) allows temporal-processing techniques to be applied to yield additional information, or improve image quality.
Triadic Stakeholder Theory Revisited

Donaldson and Preston (1995) assert the existence of an omnibus stakeholder theory, consisting of mutually supporting normative, instrumental, and descriptive theses, with the first as the theory’s core. I argue that: (i) Donaldson and Preston’s three theses, though perhaps mutually supporting, are not distinctly and genuinely normative, instrumental, and descriptive; (ii) their normative thesis is neither morally substantial nor their omnibus theory’s center; (iii) although one can construct distinctly and genuinely normative, instrumental, and descriptive theses, these reconstructed theses are neither mutually supportive of nor grounded in the normative; and (iv) Donaldson’s (1999) attempt to establish relations of mutual support between the normative and instrumental theses fails. Therefore, there is no omnibus theory and each kind of stakeholder thinking must stand or fall on its own merits. I draw the implications of this outcome for a meaningful normative corporate governance debate in business ethics.
Organ-specific endothelial cell uptake of cationic liposome-DNA complexes in mice

This study identified the organ and cellular distribution of cationic liposome-DNA complexes injected intravenously into CD-1 mice for gene delivery. DOTIM-cholesterol liposomes were labeled with the fluorescent dye CM-Dil and complexed with plasmid DNA encoding the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. The distribution of the complexes was examined in 29 organs and tissues by fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy from 5 min to 24 h after injection. The complexes formed clusters in blood, which were cleared within 20 min. Complexes visible by fluorescence microscopy were taken up by endothelial cells, leukocytes, and macrophages and did not leave the vasculature except in the spleen. At 5 min, the complexes formed a patchy coating on the endothelial surface, but by 4 h, they were internalized into endosomes and lysosomes in organ- and vessel-specific patterns. Uptake by capillary endothelial cells was greatest in the lung, ovary, and anterior pituitary, less in muscle and the heart, and nearly absent in the brain and pancreatic islets. In lymph nodes and intestinal Peyer's patches, the uptake was sparse in capillaries but abundant in high endothelial venules. In the liver and spleen, most of the uptake was in Kupffer cells and macrophages. Measurements of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene expression were generally consistent with the pattern of uptake by endothelial cells. The uptake and gene expression were accompanied by a decrease in circulating leukocytes and platelets. Overall, our results showed that the complexes were internalized by endothelial cells in organ- and vessel-specific patterns that did not match any previously identified properties of the microvasculature. The unusual distribution of endothelial cell uptake may be explained by a heterogeneously distributed membrane receptor for which the complexes are ligands.
Your gut microbiome, deconstructed

Use of sophisticated reductionist and whole-system approaches are providing much-needed technologies to unravel the complex melange of microbiome functions.
Fission-neutrons source with fast neutron-emission timing

Abstract A neutron source with fast timing has been built to help with detector-response measurements. The source is based on the neutron emission from the spontaneous fission of 252 Cf. The time is provided by registering the fission fragments in a layer of a thin scintillation film with a signal rise time of 1 ns. The scintillation light output is measured by two silicon photomultipliers with rise time of 0.5 ns. Overall time resolution of the source is 0.3 ns. Design of the source and test measurements using it are described. An example application of the source for determining the neutron/gamma pulse-shape discrimination by a stilbene crystal is given.
Antipsychotic use in hospitalized adults: Rates, indications, and predictors

Objectives To investigate patterns and predictors of use of antipsychotics in hospitalized adults. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Individuals aged 18 and older hospitalized from August 2012 to August 2013, excluding those admitted to obstetrics and gynecology or psychiatry or with a psychotic disorder. Measurements Use was ascertained from pharmacy charges. Potentially excessive dosing was defined using guidelines for long-term care facilities. A review of 100 records was performed to determine reasons for use. Results The cohort included 17,775 admissions with a median age 64; individuals could have been admitted more than once during the study period. Antipsychotics were used in 9%, 55% of which were initiations. The most common reasons for initiation were delirium (53%) and probable delirium (12%). Potentially excessive dosing occurred in 16% of admissions exposed to an antipsychotic. Of admissions with antipsychotic initiation, 26% were discharged on these medications. Characteristics associated with initiation included age 75 and older (relative risk (RR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–1.7), male sex (RR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.4), black race (RR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.6–0.96), delirium (RR = 4.8, 95% CI = 4.2–5.7), dementia (RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.7–2.6), admission to a medical service (RR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.4), intensive care unit stay (RR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.8–2.4), and mechanical ventilation (RR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.7–2.4). In individuals who were initiated on an antipsychotic, characteristics associated with discharge on antipsychotics were age 75 and older (RR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.7), discharge to any location other than home (RR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.8–3.3), and class of in-hospital antipsychotic exposure (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.3 for atypical vs typical; RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.9–3.8 for both vs typical). Conclusion Antipsychotic initiation and use were common during hospitalization, most often for delirium, and individuals were frequently discharged on these medications. Several predictors of use on discharge were identified, suggesting potential targets for decision support tools that would be used to prompt consideration of ongoing necessity.
The Tiebout Hypothesis: Implications for Municipal Financial Reporting

The current measurement focus in municipal financial report­ing is "revenue minus expenditure" or the inflow and outflow of liquid financial resources on a modified accrual basis. One of the issues raised, in the FASB Discussion Memorandum on a concep­tual framework for reporting by nonbusiness organizations, is whether users need an "operating statement." An "operating statement" implies a shift in measurement focus to "revenue minus expense" on a full accrual basis complete with a "bottom line." This article utilizes economic theory (the Tiebout hypoth­esis) to build a case as to how and why an operating statement could provide potentially useful information to one user group. local taxpayer-voters (constituents).
A multi-source feedback tool for measuring a subset of Pediatrics Milestones.

AbstractBackground: The Pediatrics Milestones Assessment Pilot employed a new multisource feedback (MSF) instrument to assess nine Pediatrics Milestones among interns and subinterns in the inpatient context.Objective: To report validity evidence for the MSF tool for informing milestone classification decisions.Methods: We obtained MSF instruments by different raters per learner per rotation. We present evidence for validity based on the unified validity framework.Results: One hundred and ninety two interns and 41 subinterns at 18 Pediatrics residency programs received a total of 1084 MSF forms from faculty (40%), senior residents (34%), nurses (22%), and other staff (4%). Variance in ratings was associated primarily with rater (32%) and learner (22%). The milestone factor structure fit data better than simpler structures. In domains except professionalism, ratings by nurses were significantly lower than those by faculty and ratings by other staff were significantly higher. Ratings were higher when the rat...
Intraoperative Frozen Section May Reduce the Need for Reoperative Thyroid Surgery in Patients with Follicular Neoplasm

Background: Follicular neoplasm (Bethesda IV cytology) requires thyroid lobectomy for diagnosis. Approximately 15-30% of cases are ultimately malignant, requiring reoperative completion thyroidectomy. We sought to reassess whether intraoperative frozen section (FS) reduces the need for reoperative thyroidectomy in these cases. Methods: A retrospective chart review of fine needle aspiration (FNA) results showing follicular neoplasm from 2003 to 2012 was performed. Our practice is to offer thyroid lobectomy with FS for these patients; with suspicious FS, surgery proceeded to total thyroidectomy. FS suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) was based on nuclear features (nuclear grooves/atypia, pseudo-nuclear inclusions) and for follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) was based on capsular/vascular invasion. Results: A total of 148 patients with follicular neoplasm on FNA were identified, of which 79 underwent FS. Fifteen had suspicious FS with 12 having malignancy on final pathology, for a positive predictive value of 80%. Nine showed features suspicious for PTC, of which eight had PTC. Six showed features suspicious for FTC, of which four had malignancy on final pathology. Of the 64 patients with unremarkable FS, 49 had benign final pathology, for a negative predictive value of 77%. Twelve (19%) patients required reoperation. Seven of 19 patients (37%) with malignancy avoided reoperation due to FS. Risk of malignancy with follicular neoplasm diagnosis was 34% (51/148), while risk of malignancy with follicular neoplasm and suspicious FS was 80%. Conclusions: Risk of malignancy with follicular neoplasm and suspicious FS is 80%. FS may avoid reoperative completion thyroidectomy in up to a third of patients. J Curr Surg. 2016;6(1):1-5 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jcs286w
Formulation of a Nonanalytic Equation of State for Parahydrogen.

A method is described for building an equation of state which gives an infinite specific heat Cv at the critical point approached from the one-phase domain. Interpolated PVT data are used on isochores up to 100 K at densities to the liquid triple point. In addition to an accurate representation of these data, the equation gives specific heats which agree well with experimental data along near-critical isochores.
The International Dimension of Quantitative History: Some Introductory Reflections

In contrast to their interest in interdisciplinary cooperation, quantitative historians have neglected the international dimension of their work. Many of the pioneers of quantitative methods in the United States (like L. Stone, C. Tilly, or W. O. Aydelotte) specialize in European history, but the bulk of quantitative work deals with American topics; or, if it ventures abroad, investigates other countries in their own national terms (Kousser, 1980). Where there is a broader awareness, scholars tend to draw upon British and, due to the acclaim of the Annales school, also on French examples; while Germany, and even more so Russia, Latin America, or the Far East, remain in the outer darkness of quantitative consciousness (Rowney and Graham, 1969, as can be contrasted with Aydelotte, 1972). Some fields like economic history (due to its strong international organization) are internationalized; but others like the “new political history” are somewhat provincial, considering that few countries developed comparable democratic institutions in the nineteenth century, thereby providing material for similar research (Temin, 1981; Bogue, 1980). In less cosmopolitan scholarly communities than the American, the situation is worse, if anything. French quantitative historians seem to have shown some interest in their British or Hispanic neighbors, but have done little international or comparative work (Bourdelais, this issue; for an exception see Graham, 1982). Similarly, German historical social scientists appear to borrow methods freely, but do not occupy themselves much with transnational concerns (Jarausch, 1978).
Analysis on epidemic of AIDS in Beitang District of Wuxi from 2003 to 2012

Objective To analyze the morbidity of HIV/AIDS infected persons.Methods The epidemic data of HIV/AIDS in Beitang District of Wuxi during 2003-2012 were analyzed according to National Disease Monitoring Information Reporting System.Results There were 79 cases of HIV/AIDS infection reported from 2003 to 2012 in Beitang District,mean yearly morbidity was 2.20/100 000;the ratio of male to female was 5.08:1.Among cases,adults aged 20-49 occupied 54 cases(68.35%).The top three professional distributions were housekeeping worker and the unemployed(15/18.99%),workers(13/16.46%) and retiree(11/13.92%),which amounted to 49.37% of the reported cases.The major transmission ways were by sex,which accounted for 94.94%,of which the same sexual transmission occupied 43.04%.The finding ways were mainly done by medical institutions through clinical detection(17/21.52%),VCT(18/22.78%) and examinations prior to operation(16/20.25%);46 cases of HIV/AIDS were treated with HARRT,and the treatment rate was 100%.From 2003 to 2012,143 130 voluntary HIV-antibody tests were conducted in Beitang District,in which 51 HIV positive cases were detected.The ratio of HIV positive was 35.63/100 000.Conclusion Beitang district is a low HIV prevalence area,but the epidemic shows ascendant trend.The sexual contact is the major transmission way of HIV/AIDS in Bertang District;HIV/AIDS test in high risk group is still insufficient.
Nongenital human papillomavirus infections.

Over the past decade, a large amount of attention has been directed toward the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract, whereas nongenital infections have been overlooked. These infections are clinically manifested as common warts. In essence, there is a broad spectrum of disease produced at nongenital sites by HPV. Different populations have different susceptibilities and consequences of HPV infection. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical manifestations of nongenital HPV infection in the immunocompetent and the immunocompromised and those patients with epidermal dysplasia verruciformis. Consideration is given to the differential diagnosis and treatment.
Role delineation for dietetic practitioners: Empirical results

In order to meet its need for a current, integrated picture of the dynamic profession of dietetics, The American Dietetic Association, with assistance from American College Testing, undertook a study focusing on the roles of entry-level dietetic technicians and registered dietitians and beyond-entry-level registered dietitians. A nationwide mail survey was conducted on random samples of 3,559 dietitians who had been registered for up to 3 years, 6,647 dietitians who had been registered for more than 3 years, and all 1,226 graduates (in the previous 3 years) from the 70 ADA-approved programs preparing dietetic technicians that agreed to participate (out of the 77 ADA-approved programs). Response rates of 77.5%, 78.7%, and 68.5% were achieved for the two samples of registered dietitians and the sample of dietetic technicians, respectively. The results show that the most commonly chosen work setting for the three respondent groups was "inpatient-care, acute-care facility." There were substantial differences among the three groups in the types of activities performed and in the level of responsibility for various kinds of activities. The beyond-entry-level registered dietitians were involved in the broadest range of activities and had the most responsibility for policy setting and other administrative activities, such as preparing budgets. The results of the study provide a detailed description of dietetic practice over a broad range of practitioner-experience levels, practice settings, and client groups.
Current Practice for Cryptorchidism: Survey of Pediatric Urologists

Abstract Introduction We evaluated current practice patterns in the management and screening of cryptorchidism among pediatric urologists and compared them to the 2014 AUA (American Urological Association) guidelines on cryptorchidism. Methods A 14-question survey was disseminated to members of the SPU (Society for Pediatric Urology) to assess their current practice patterns. Results There were 187 responses (38.4% response rate) with a notable bimodal distribution in respondent practice years, with 39.3% in practice for 10 years or less and 41.4% in practice for more than 20 years. Despite guideline recommendations against the use of ultrasound, the majority of respondents will use it in cases of obesity or bilateral nonpalpable testes (greater than 50%). In the evaluation for bilateral nonpalpable testes most respondents (greater than 80%) perform an endocrine workup. Nevertheless, 55.1% will proceed with surgical exploration even if the workup indicates absence of testicular tissue. Subgroup analysis revealed those in practice for 10 years or less vs greater than 20 years were more likely to perform 2-stage Fowler-Stephens in cases of short vessels (80.8% vs 58.1%) and to perform transscrotal orchiopexy in cases amenable to that approach (79.5% vs 52%). If examination under anesthesia reveals the testicle in the scrotum, 46.5% still perform orchiopexy, citing concerns the testicle will ascend or parental concerns about the diagnosis. Conclusions Based on the responses some discordance exists between practice patterns and guideline recommendations. Although surgery may be avoided with endocrine evaluation for suspected anorchia, many respondents will still perform exploration. The evaluation, management and surgical approach in cryptorchidism may be influenced by years in practice.
Effect of application of naphthaleneacetic acid on berry thinning of Carignane grapes

Application of NAA on Carignane grapes at 70 % calyptra fall reduced berryset and weight per cluster. Crop yield per vine was decreased both by application of NAA at bloom at 10 and 25 ppm and at 2 weeks after bloom at 25 ppm. °Brix was usually increased by NAA applied at bloom or 2 weeks after bloom. However, total titratable acidity did not change as a result of NAA in any of the treatments. The looseness of clusters treated at the bloom stage tended to increase with higher levels of NAA. NAA has not been cleared for use on grapes as a thinning agent in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency. Einflus der Naphthylessigsaure-Behandlung auf das Ausdunnen der Trauben bei der Rebsorte Carignane Wurden die Infloreszenzen der Sorte Carignane mit NES behandelt, wenn 70 % der Calyptren abgefallen waren, so waren sowohl der Beerenansatz als auch das Gewicht je Traube herabgesetzt. Der Traubenertrag je Rebe war bei Anwendung von 10 und 25 ppm NES zur Blutezeit und ebenso bei Behandlung mit 25 ppm NES 2 Wochen nach der Blute verringert. Die gesamte titrierbare Saure war jedoch bei keiner Variante verandert. Die durch NES-Anwendung in der Bluhphase erzielte Lockerbeerigkeit der Trauben verstarkte sich durch hohere Konzentrationen. Das Umweltschutzamt der USA hat uber die Zulassung von NES als Ausdunnungsmittel noch nicht entschieden.
1948 Information Theory

Information can be measured and the accuracy of its transmission can be assessed. The efficiency of the passage of information through a network can also be measured.
Against Stanley Fish on Ben Jonson and the Community of the Same

In his classic essay “Authors-Readers: Ben Jonson and the Community of the Same,” Stanley Fish argues, primarily on the basis of a series of close readings, that (1) Jonson's poetry of praise hints at a community in which everyone is the same; (2) Jonson's poetry of praise is nonrepresentational, while his poetry of blame is representational; (3) Jonson's poems of praise and the members of the community mentioned in them are largely interchangeable; and (4) Jonson writes nonrepresentational poetry of praise in which everyone is the same in order to maintain his independence in a patronage society. I argue that these four theses are false. Part I argues that Fish's equivocation on the crucial word identity and his misreading of “In Authorem” undermine his claim that there is a Jonson community in which everyone is the same. Part II argues that Fish's reading of Epigrams 63, “To Robert, Earl of Salisbury,” on which reading rests his claim that Jonson's poetry of praise is nonrepresentational, introduces sev...
Importance of turbulence-chemistry interactions at low temperature engine conditions

The role of turbulence-chemistry interaction in autoignition and flame stabilization is investigated for spray flames at low temperature combustion (LTC) conditions by performing high-fidelity three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. A recently developed Tabulated Flamelet Model (TFM) is coupled with a large eddy simulation (LES) framework and validated across a range of Engine Combustion Network (ECN) ambient temperature conditions for n-dodecane fuel. High resolution grids with 0.0625 mm minimum cell size and 25 million total cell count are implemented using adaptive mesh refinement over the spray and combustion regions. Simulations with these grids and multiple LES realizations, with a 103 species n-dodecane mechanism show good agreement with experimental data for all the ambient conditions investigated. This modeling approach with the computational cost advantage of tabulated chemistry is then extended towards understanding the auto-ignition and flame stabilization at an ambient temperature of 750 K. These low temperature conditions lead to substantially higher ignition delays and flame liftoff lengths, and significantly leaner combustion compared to conventional high temperature diesel combustion. These conditions also require the simulations to span significantly larger temporal and spatial dimensions thereby increasing the computational cost. The TFM approach is able to capture autoignition and flame liftoff length at the low temperature conditions. Significant differences with respect to mixing, species formation and flame stabilization are observed under low temperature compared to conventional diesel combustion. At higher ambient temperatures, formation of formaldehyde is observed in the rich region (phi > 1) followed by the formation of OH in the stoichiometric regions. Under low temperature conditions, formaldehyde is observed to form at leaner regions followed by the onset of OH formation in significantly lean regions of the flame. Qualitative differences between species formation and transient flame development for the high and low temperature conditions are presented. The two stage ignition process is further investigated by studying the species formation in mixture fraction space by solving 1D flamelet equations for different scalar dissipation rates and homogeneous reactor assumption. Results show that scalar dissipation causes these radicals to diffuse within the mixture fraction space. This significantly enhances ignition and plays a dominant role at such low temperature conditions which cannot be captured by the homogeneous reaction assumption based model.
An unprecedented case report of primary cardiac lymphoma exclusive to left ventricle: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Introduction Primary cardiac lymphoma accounts for <2% of all primary cardiac tumours. It is uncommon in immunocompetent patients, often fatal and diagnosed at autopsy. Tumour usually involves the right heart chambers and pericardium. With advances in imaging, early diagnosis is possible and treatment including chemotherapy and surgery affords good prognosis. Case presentation We present a 50-year-old woman with abdominal pain and fevers for 5 days. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed splenic and renal infarcts but no mass or vegetation was noted on echocardiography. Thoracic computed tomography divulged a large left ventricular filling defect. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging delineated a 3.5 × 4.5 cm anterobasal mass with frond-like projections and endocardial invasion without extracardiac involvement suggestive of a low-vascularity tumour. Echo-guided endomyocardial biopsy and minithoracotomy with needle biopsy were inconclusive. A sarcoid-protocol cardiac positron emission tomography-fluorodeoxyglucose scan showed focally elevated uptake in the basal anteroseptum without extracardiac uptake, supporting a malignant entity. This prompted open heart mass resection. Pathology revealed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Discussion Our case is a unique report of cardiac lymphoma isolated to the left ventricle. Location of the tumour and lack of specific imaging characteristics made it a diagnostic challenge. It underscores the importance of including lymphoma in the differential for intracardiac masses as it is responsive to chemotherapy. Additionally, it emphasizes the complementary role of imaging modalities and multidisciplinary team approach in diagnosis. Early diagnosis and therapy is the key to establishing successful outcomes.
Studying social change, culture, and human development: A theoretical framework and methodological guidelines

Abstract In a time of massive social change around the world, a major goal of the present article is to provide interdisciplinary methods for studying social change, culture, and human development and an interdisciplinary theory that can serve as a framework for this research (Greenfield, 2009, 2016). The purpose is to provide developmental researchers with useful theoretical and methodological guidelines to study human development in changing sociodemographic and cultural contexts. Examples of two types of research design for studying social change are presented: Diachronic, in which data are gathered at different points in time; and synchronic, in which all data are gathered at the same point in time. While research designs and techniques vary, the findings that are summarized provide strong support for Greenfield's interdisciplinary theory of social change and human development. One take-away is that researchers should avoid methodocentrism: a strong theoretical framework can be tested, supported, and enhanced using a variety of methods and methodologies. In addition to research designs, the article describes and analyzes data gathering techniques that can be used with participants across the whole sociodemographic spectrum of educational levels, technology experience, agricultural or commercial economy, and rural or urban residence. These techniques are equally useful for both cross-cultural comparison and the study of social change. The article concludes by comparing the WEIRD conceptualization (Henrich, Heine, & Norazayan, 2010) with the theory of social change and human development.
The Variation of Harmonic Differentials and their Periods

The purpose of the present paper is to construct harmonic and holomorphic differentials with suitably prescribed periods on a compact Riemann surface of genus g. We use these constructions to investigate the variation of the period matrices along a curve W tµ in Teichmuller space given by a linear family tµ of Beltrami differentials. In the case of a Teichmuller geodesic, i.e., when tµ is a Teichmuller differential \(t\bar{Q}/|Q|\), we obtain some convexity properties for the real period matrix. The formulae we derive for the variation of the harmonic differential with given periods and for the period matrix are exact. We thus have the variations of all orders, and it is by looking at the second variation that we obtain our convexity result.
Approximating Optimal Dudo Play with Fixed-Strategy Iteration Counterfactual Regret Minimization

Using the bluffing dice game Dudo as a challenge domain, we abstract information sets by an imperfect recall of actions. Even with such abstraction, the standard Counterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) algorithm proves impractical for Dudo, since the number of recursive visits to the same abstracted information sets increase exponentially with the depth of the game graph. By holding strategies fixed across each training iteration, we show how CFR training iterations may be transformed from an exponential-time recursive algorithm into a polynomial-time dynamic-programming algorithm, making computation of an approximate Nash equilibrium for the full 2-player game of Dudo possible for the first time.