cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Market Transition and Gender Segregation in Urban China

Objectives. This article analyzes the impact of the new form of economic segmentation, which emerged in urban China during the market transition, on gender segregation and earnings differentials. Methods. I compare both over-time and across-city change in gender segregation, and use a series of multi-level crossclassified models based on data at three levels: a 1995 national sample of individual workers, industry-sector data for 1990 and 1995, and city-level data for 1995. Results. Gender segregation by ownership sector has declined over time now that the state sector has become differentiated and its relative economic advantages wanes. Both earnings differentiation and gender segregation among industries have increased with marketization. In the most marketized cities, the earnings of workers of both sexes in jobs with high rates of female entry are penalized, indicating that marketization exacerbated the negative effect of job feminization on earnings. Conclusions. These findings lend support for the ‘‘queuing’’ perspective that a decline in jobs’ relative wages leads to feminization. The making of the Chinese market economy has created a new set of institutional arrangements, which includes that between job feminization and wages. Research on the impacts of market transition in China is largely motivated by the ‘‘market transition’’ debate centering on the question of whether the market is an equalizing force. This perspective argues that because a market economy honors efficiency and productivity, those who participate in the actual production and distribution of products and those with human capital are expected to gain from this transformation (Nee and Matthews, 1996). However, empirical research informs us that Communist Party members still enjoy economic returns, and that income disparity resulting from educational attainment has increased (see Bian (2002) for a review), and that the amount of overall income inequality has increased (Griffin and Zhao, 1993; Khan and Riskin, 1998). Studies on the influences of market transition on gender inequalities also relate to this debate on market transition. These studies analyze the market
Mechanism of platelet dense granule biogenesis: study of cargo transport and function of Rab32 and Rab38 in a model system

Dense granules are important in platelet aggregation to form a hemostatic plug as evidenced by the increased bleeding time in mice and humans with dense granule deficiency. Dense granules also are targeted by antiplatelet agents because of their role in thrombus formation. Therefore, the molecular understanding of the dense granule and its biogenesis is of vital importance. In this work, we establish a human megakaryocytic cell line (MEG-01) as a model system for the study of dense granule biogenesis using a variety of cell biology and biochemical approaches. Using this model system, we determine the late endocytic origin of these organelles by colocalization of the internalized fluid phase marker dextran with both mepacrine and transmembrane dense granule proteins. By mistargeting of mutant dense granule proteins, we demonstrate that sorting signals recognized by adaptor protein-3 are necessary for normal transport to dense granules. Furthermore, we show that tissue-specific Rab32 and Rab38 are crucial for the fusion of vesicles containing dense granule cargo with the maturing organelle. This work sheds light on the biogenesis of dense granules at the molecular level and opens the possibility of using this powerful model system for the investigation of new components of the biogenesis machinery.
Analytical prediction of the incompressible turbulent boundary layer with arbitrary pressure distribution (Incompressible two dimensional turbulent boundary layer equations with arbitrary pressure distribution solved by weighted residual method)

The boundary-layer equations for incompressible two-dimensional turbulent flows with arbitrary pressure distributions are solved by the method of weighted residuals. The method is capable of predicting skin friction, boundary-layer integral parameters, and velocity profiles. The analytical technique contains a theoretical convergence criterion and enables computations to be made to any desired accuracy subject to the accuracy of the selected turbulence model. To obtain solutions a mixing length model for the turbulent shear description is used in conjunction with initial profile data modified by orthogonal functions. Analytical results are compared with three experimental cases: the Schubauer and Klebanoff flow over an airfoil-like body which includes favorable and adverse pressure gradients and leads to separation, the equilibrium flow with an adverse pressure gradient of Bradshaw, and the favorable pressure gradient equilibrium flow of Herring and Norbury. In all three cases agreement is satisfactory. The method is sufficiently rapid to permit its use as a subprogram in analyses of broader extent.
Infrared and Raman spectra, conformational analysis, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of 2-chloroethylsilyl chloride

Abstract The infrared (3100–40 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid and Raman (3200–20 cm −1 ) spectra of liquid 2-chloroethylsilyl chloride, ClCH 2 CH 2 SiH 2 Cl, have been recorded. There are five possible stable conformers, Gg, Tg, Gt, Tt and Gg′ for this molecule where the capital letter G ( gauche ) or T ( trans ) refer to rotation around the C–C bond and the lower case letters to rotation around the Si–C bond. Most ab initio calculations at the MP2(full) level predicted the order of the stability as Tg>Gg>Gt>Tt>Gg′ whereas all density function theory calculations with the B3LYP method predicted the stability as Tg>Tt>Gg>Gt>Gg′. The four more stable conformers have been identified in the fluid phases with the Tg rotamer the only form remaining in the solid. Variable temperature (−105 to −150 °C) studies of the infrared spectra of the samples dissolved in liquid krypton have been recorded and the enthalpy differences determined to be: 50±20 (0.59±0.24 kJ/mol), 172±17 (2.06±0.20 kJ/mol) and 290±40 cm −1 (3.45±0.48 kJ/mol) for the Tg/Gg, Tg/Gt and Tg/Tt conformer pairs with the Tg conformer the most stable form. It is estimated that there is 42±2% of the Tg form, 33±1% of the Gg form, 20±2% of the Gt form, and 5±1% of the Tt form present at ambient temperature. A relatively complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the Tg conformer and many of the fundamentals have been identified for the other three (Gg, Gt and Tt) conformers based on the ab initio MP2(full)/6-31G(d) predicted frequencies, the relative infrared and Raman spectral intensities, and infrared band contours which are supported by normal coordinate calculations. Since the predicted energies between Tg and Gg′ conformers from all calculations are very large, it is not surprising that no evidence in either the infrared or Raman spectra could be found for the Gg′ conformer. The geometrical parameters, harmonic force constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and energies have been obtained for all five conformers from ab initio MP2/6-31G(d) calculations. Structural parameters and energies have also been obtained utilizing several larger basis sets up to 6-311+G(3df,2pd). The results from these vibrational and theoretical studies are discussed and compared to those obtained for some similar molecules.
The Reporter's Dilemma: News Gathering as Negotiation

This article presents a framework for understanding the process of news gathering as a negotiation between reporters and the people and institutions they cover. News gathering is shaped by constant tension between the “deal” - getting the story - and the relationship among those concerned. Competing actors and multiple levels exacerbate the reporter's dilemma, a variant of the classic negotiator's dilemma. Using case material from published accounts of news gathering, this article points to practical implications for all involved parties in negotiating with the media.
Immunosuppressive effects of silicon phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy.

— The purpose of this study was to determine if silicon phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4), a second-generation photosensitizer being evaluated for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of solid tumors, was immunosuppressive. Mice treated with Pc 4 PDT 3 days before dinitrofluorobenzene sensitization showed significant suppression of their cell-mediated immune response when compared to mice that were not exposed to PDT. The response was dose dependent, required both Pc 4 and light and occurred at a skin site remote from that exposed to the laser. The immunosuppression could not be reversed by in vivo pre-treatment of mice with antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-10. These results provide evidence that induction of cell-mediated immunity is suppressed after Pc 4 PDT. Strategies that prevent PDT-mediated immunosuppression may therefore enhance the efficacy of this therapeutic modality.
What remains on your mind after you are done?: Flexible regulation of knowledge accessibility

The accessibility of stored knowledge has been found to decline over time after activation without further stimulation. A special case is goal pursuit; goal-related knowledge remains accessible until goal completion, and then its accessibility declines rapidly. We hypothesized that after goal completion the decline in accessibility of goal-related knowledge would be especially rapid for strong promotion-focused individuals because their motivation to eagerly advance beyond the status quo would make accessibility of this knowledge an irrelevant detriment. We hypothesized an opposite effect for strongly prevention-predominant individuals because their motivation to vigilantly maintain a satisfactory state would make accessibility of this knowledge continually relevant. The results of two studies supported both these predicted moderators of accessibility change. Indeed, we found that for strongly prevention-predominant participants, knowledge accessibility actually increased over time after goal completion. We discuss how even basic cognitive mechanisms, like changes in accessibility, can be affected by general motivational concerns.
22q11.2DS deletion syndrome: developmental milestones in infants and toddlers.

ABSTRACT:Background:The majority of children with 22q11.2DS deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have learning disabilities, and a substantial number have mental retardation. Although cognitive data have been reported on several samples of children with 22q11.2DS, data on their early developmental mileston
Conformationally asymmetric block copolymers

The standard parameters controlling AB diblock copolymer phase behavior are xN and fA, where x is an A-B segment interaction parameter, N is the overall degree of polymerization, and fA is the volume fraction of the A block. Recently, it has been recognized that the ratio of the A and B statistical segment lengths aA/aB also represents another important parameter. Here, we theoretically examine the effects of this latter parameter on the phase behavior using the standard Gaussian chain model. Calculations are performed using both self-consistent field theory (SCFT) and strong segregation theory (SST). The ratio aA/aB is shown to have strong effects on order- order phase boundaries. Furthermore, it significantly affects the relative stability of the complex phases. In particular, it enhances the metastability of the perforated lamel- lar phase and may actually cause it to become an equilibrium structure. We also illustrate that varying aA/aB produces large changes in the relative domain spacings at order-order phase boundaries, which could strongly affect the kinetics of these transitions. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 945-952, 1997
A research-based undergraduate organic laboratory project: investigation of a one-pot, multicomponent, environmentally friendly prins-friedel-crafts-type reaction

Students in the undergraduate organic laboratory synthesize tetrahydro-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-phenyl-2H-pyran via the Montmorillonite K10 clay-catalyzed reaction of p-nitrobenzaldehye with methanol, 3-buten-1-ol, and benzene. The synthesis comprises an environmentally friendly tandem Prins-Friedel-Crafts-type multicomponent reaction (MCR) and sets the stage for investigation of reaction scope through student research projects with other carbonyl substrates.
Surface energy of experimental and commercial nanofiltration membranes: effects of wetting and natural organic matter fouling

Abstract Contact angle measurements (captive bubble technique) were used to determine the surface energy of three experimental thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes and a commercial nanofiltration membrane (Hydranautics NTR 7450). The two experimental membranes of practical interest were thin film composites (diblock copolymer on a polysulfone support layer). The two blocks were poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl methacrylate) (PFOMA). The concept was to devise a membrane material that takes advantage of the low adhesion of PFOMA to prevent fouling and the hydrophilic nature of PDMAEMA to produce high water permeation rates. Hydranautics NTR 7450 is a sulfonated polysulfone membrane that purportedly lessens fouling because the surface is more hydrophilic. The change in surface energy upon wetting, permeation of water containing natural organic matter (NOM) and chemical cleaning was of interest. Wetting caused reorganization of the experimental block copolymer surface to move more of PDMAEMA block to the membrane–water interface. After permeation of ultrapure water, however, the surface became more hydrophilic. After permeation of NOM containing water, the surface of both experimental and commercial membranes reached about the same surface energy, indicative of adsorption of NOM. The contact angle measurements were used to calculate a negative change in surface free energy for all but the PFOMA membrane; hence, with this exception, the deposition of NOM into a layer adjacent to the membrane surface was spontaneous. Scanning electron micrographs and atomic force micrographs showed that rigorous chemical cleaning failed to remove the NOM. Although the new polymeric materials were not more resistant to NOM fouling than commercial membranes, the surface energy calculations may help in the search for more successful polymers. Systematic study of charge, molecular size and specific functional groups of NOM on membrane fouling warrants further research to understand why similar fouling occurred on very different polymeric materials.
The Effect of Annealing and Gas Content on the Superconducting Properties of Tantalum

The superconducting transition temperatures and critical fields of three wires of 99.9+percent pure tantalum, taken from the same spool, have been investigated to find the effect of annealing and gas content. Annealing the metal at very high temperatures raised the transition temperature from 4.156 to 4.32\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and lowered the initial slope of the critical magnetic field from 1360 to 600 gausses per degree. Much sharper transitions were observed for the annealed specimens. The effect of absorbed gas was slight. Spontaneous fluctuations of resistance on the transition into superconductivity were observed. The effect of the specimen current on the critical field was studied in one of the annealed specimens.
Brønsted and Lewis Acid Sites in Dealuminated ZSM-12 and β Zeolites Characterized by NH3-STPD, FT-IR, and MAS NMR Spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and NH3-stepwise temperature-programmed desorption (STPD) were used to study the acidity characteristics of dealuminated ZSM-12 and β zeolites in a wide range of Si/Al ratios. For all samples, the STPD experiments revealed the presence of five distinct peaks. A 1:1 relation between the Al atoms of each sample and ammonia determined from the STPD experiments was derived, thus indicating that this technique can probe accurately all acid sites for zeolites with Si/Al ≥ about 20. A careful deconvolution of the FT-IR peaks indicated that only the as-synthesized ZSM-12 sample possessed a small number of Lewis acid sites. We found that ammonia desorbs completely from those Lewis sites upon an increase of temperature above 150 °C. It is remarkable to note that all the dealuminated ZSM-12 samples do not possess any Lewis acid sites. This is in contrast to what is commonly known since during dealumination framework aluminun atoms move to extraframework locations. I...
Membrane assembly in photoreceptor outer segments: Progressive increase in 'open' basal discs with increased temperature

Abstract Rod outer segment renewal rates of 0·8, 2·1 and 2·5 μm/day were calculated from 3 H-band displacement in autoradiographs following 3 H-leucine injection into Xenopus laevis tadpoles maintained in cyclic lighting (12 hr light: 12 hr darkness) at 16°C, 21°C and 26°C, respectively. Based on disc packing density in rod outer segments, these displacement rates reflect the addition of 29, 76 and 91 discs/day at these temperatures. The accumulation of newly forming ‘open’ membrane discs at the outer segment base was also established for animals maintained at each of the above temperatures under the same lighting schedule. Open discs, though absent at the time of light onset, increase in number following light stimulation to reach a maximum after 6 hr light exposure. The numbers of open discs present at this time were 3·3 ± 0·2; 6·2 ± 0·1; and 9·8 ± 0·7 per rod (mean ± s.d. ) at 16°C, 21°C and 26°C, respectively. Open discs decrease in number thereafter and are rarely observed 10 hr into the light cycle or during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle. Although the maximum number of open discs accumulating at 6 hr after light exposure at each temperature represents only 10% of the total number of new discs added each day, the similarity in the proportional increase in open discs to the increase in renewal rate over the temperature range utilized indicates that the number of open discs provides a useful morphological index for the relative rates of membrane assembly occurring in rod photoreceptors.
Antarctic ice-sheet balance velocities from merged point and vector data

We estimate Antarctic ice-flow balance velocities, which are the average speeds that ice must flow downslope through a volume assuming that there are equal amounts of ice entering and leaving the ice volume. We use the OSU (Ohio State University) digital elevation model of Antarctica, recent ice accumulation rate data and the BEDMAP ice-thickness data compilations for Antarctica to characterize the physical properties of the ice sheet that are included in the balance-velocity calculation. We adapt a flux algorithm from the hydrology literature that enables us to calculate the flux distribution from any cell in any order. Flux from one cell to its neighbors is partitioned as a simple function of surface slope direction. Digitized flow-stripe directions from satellite images minimize errors in flow direction where surface slopes are low or complex. We estimate errors in balance velocity arising from errors in the data and show semi-quantitatively how properties of the algorithm bias the balance-velocity result. We find a favorable comparison between our model and observed velocity data as well as the balance-velocity patterns reported by other researchers.
Specialized lipid profiles.

Individuals with abnormal blood lipids and lipoproteins are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. With the development of effective dietary, behavioral, and pharmaceutical treatments to optimize blood lipoproteins, accurate clinical assessment of blood lipids and lipoproteins are essential for patient management and research. This article discusses the use of a variety of lipid analyses currently available. The use of traditional lipoprotein measurements, including Friedewald calculation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and ultracentrifugation methods to measure blood lipoproteins, are discussed. Newer analytic techniques, including the vertical analytic profile, nuclear magnetic resonance, direct LDL measurement, LDL size determination, and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants, are also described. Despite the development of a number of lipid and lipoprotein assays, lipoprotein analysis with a Friedewald-calculated LDL measurement remains the lipoprotein analysis performed in approximately 93% of clinical laboratories. It remains to be determined if the alternative lipid and lipoprotein assays currently available will become more widely utilized in the future.
Deconcentration by Demolition: Public Housing, Poverty, and Urban Policy:

During the 1990s, local and federal urban policymakers, neoliberal politicians, and advocates for the poor came to a broad consensus: the geographic concentration of low-income, minority residents ...
Function of ruminant γδ T cells is defined by WC1.1 or WC1.2 isoform expression

WC1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein and member of the scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) family that is uniquely expressed on gammadelta T cells. The WC1 isoforms referred to as WC1.1, WC1.2, and WC1.3 are expressed on discrete subpopulations of gammadelta T cells with WC1.1 and WC1.2 expressed on mostly nonoverlapping gammadelta T cell populations. Studies have demonstrated a potential role for WC1 in modulating the response of gammadelta T cells but have not converged into a single accepted paradigm. Recent investigations that examined changing representation among mononuclear cells with age and patterns of proliferation and cytokine production by subsets bearing one or more of the previously identified variants of the WC1 molecule are summarized here. While the decrease in percentages within blood in the first year of life was found to be precipitous for WC1.1+ gammadelta T cells it was not for WC1.2+ cells. While both populations proliferated to mitogen stimulation there was a bias towards responses by WC1.2+ cells. In leptospira antigen-stimulated cultures and autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) cultures WC1.1+ cells proliferated and produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) while WC1.2+ cells did to a much lower extent. This suggested functional differences related to the isoform of WC1 expressed. Under Th1-polarizing conditions, the WC1.1+ cells also made IFN-gamma whereas the vast majority of cells expressing WC1.2 did not. Despite the difference in IFN-gamma production, cells bearing either WC1 isoform had similar transcription levels of the high affinity IL-12 receptor subunit (IL-12Rbeta2) as well as of the transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3 when cultured with IL-12. Both populations transcribed low levels of IL-10 mRNA under Th1-polarizing conditions and TGF-beta transcripts were ubiquitously expressed by each of these cell types. Cloning and sequencing of the cytoplasmic tails of the WC1 isoforms revealed a consensus ITAM in all three isoforms but a DENY sequence adjacent to one of the SH-2 binding sites of WC1.1 only. The results suggest that WC1+ gammadelta T cells differentiated on the basis of WC1 isoform expression play distinct roles in immune responses that may be dictated by WC1 intracellular signaling.
Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor

The purpose of this paper is to explore a more precise form for theoretical propositions in certain types of cross-cultural problems and to develop and explicate an accompanying statistical method. An inductive application of the method of entailment analysis has led us to formulate a new and power ful theory of the sexual division of labor.
Electronic-structure investigations of siloxenic clusters and films

Calculations on two forms of siloxenic clusters and periodic films have been performed to address the unusual luminescence in porous silicon and to further investigate how the optical gap varies as a function of hydroxyl- or hydrogen-passivator concentration. Within conventional approximations to the density functional theory, our optimized cluster calculations confirm that low-dimensional siloxenic complexes, of stoichiometry [Si]:[O]:[H] = 2:1:2, are most stable when the oxygen atoms form bridging bonds with pairs of silicon atoms. To aid in experimental characterization of siloxenic films, we present equilibrium geometries, electronic structures, chemically induced core-level shifts, and joint densities of states for two forms of siloxenic clusters.
Friendships with whites and status as predictors of black students' satisfaction with an integrated university

Abstract To explore the determinants of Black students' satisfaction with their experience in an integrated university, questionnaires assessing expectancy, performance, attitudinal, and satisfaction variables were administered to 54 Black undergraduates. Multiple regression analysis of the results revealed that number and importance of White friends, specificity of academic plans, and desired academic status were significant predictors of satisfaction. The findings suggest the important influence of relatively intimate intercultural relationships (friendships) on satisfaction with more general intercultural experiences (integrated education).
Contemplative Practices in Human Services Education.

This chapter describes ways in which contemplative practices are used in a human services education program to help students integrate self-care into their lives.
Rotation of scissors while fixed in the microsurgical field: a technique for increasing the surgeon's efficiency

The use of mechanical support for scissors during microsurgery reduces tremor and improves the surgeon's efficiency. Rotation of such a pair of mechanically supported scissors presents further improvements as it permits the surgeon to cut in all directions while reducing the need for time-consuming instrument transfers. Thus, one pair of scissors can be kept within the field and rotated to the required orientation for cutting.
Force Field Dependence of Near-Equiilibrium Properties in a Beta Hairpin Peptide

All-atom implicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of the tryptophan zipper trpzip2 were carried out with a fast multiple time stepping integrator and a replica exchange method to improve sampling. Two modifications of the backbone dihedral angle potential energies in the AMBER ff99 parameter set were compared. Individual trajectories were run for over 375 ns, and aggregate simulation times were over 7.5 microseconds. Several measures of folding behavior in simulations begun from both folded and unfolded ensembles showed convergence to near-equilibrium values, allowing thermal phase behavior to be inferred and compared with experiment.
Reliability and fault-tolerant issues of multiprocessor and multicomputer systems

This paper deals with the reliability and fault-tolerance evaluation of multiprocessor and multicomputer architectures considering the degradation of both computation and communication capabilities. Reliability and performance availability (pa) are used to characterize and evaluate the dependability of these architectures. Bandwidth availability (ba) and computation-communication availability (cca) are used to quantify thepa of multiprocessors and multicomputers, respectively. These measures are based on the system requirements for the parallel execution of a task (job) that consists of a few subtasks. We present two different dependability models for multiprocessors, namely: a bus-oriented model (bom) and a switch-oriented model (som). Thebom is an analytical model and is used to evaluate multiprocessors with crossbar and multiple-bus interconnections. Thesom uses simulation to analyze all types of multiprocessors. A simulation technique is also presented to compute the reliability andcca of various types of multicomputer networks suggested in the literature.
Hands-on Performance Tuning of 3D Finite Difference Earthquake Simulation on GPU Fermi Chipset

Abstract 3D simulation of earthquake ground motion is one of the most challenging computational problems in science. The emergence of graphic processing units (GPU) as an effective alternative to traditional general purpose processors has become increasingly capable in terms of accelerating scientific computing research. In this paper, we describe our experiences in porting AWP-ODC, a 3D finite difference seismic wave propagation code, to the latest GPU Fermi chipset. We completely rewrote this Fortran-based 13-point asymmetric stencil computation code in C and MPI-CUDA in order to take advantage of the powerful GPU computing capabilities. Our new CUDA code implemented the asymmetric 3D stencil on Fermi to make the best use of GPU on-chip memory for an aggressive parallel efficiency. Benchmark on NVIDIA Tesla M2090 demonstrated 10x speedup versus the original fully optimized AWP-ODC FORTRAN MPI code running on a single Intel Nehalem 2.4 GHz CPU socket (4 cores/CPU), and 15x speedup versus the same MPI code running on a single AMD Istanbul 2.6 GHz CPU socket (6 cores/CPU). Sustained single-GPU performance of 143.8 GFLOPS in single precision is benchmarked for the testing case of 128x128x960 mesh size.
A discount on cannabinoids.

Signs posted in coffee shops throughout California warn their readers that “chemicals known to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity are present in coffee, baked goods and other foods or beverages sold here.” Undeterred by the admonition, every day millions of Californians eat their morning muffin accompanied by a hefty coffee drink. Why does the warning go unheeded? Because, like all humans, the health-minded citizens of the Golden State tend to discount the value of delayed risks by a factor that increases with the length of the delay. The danger posed by carcinogens is not an immediate one and can be dismissed because it lies somewhere in an undefined future. Something similar happens, as it turns out, with rewards. When people are asked whether they would prefer a small reward today or a larger reward tomorrow, a sizable fraction of responders pick the lesser and quicker option; but if the choice is between a small reward in 1 year and a larger reward in 1 year plus 1 day, almost no one takes the first alternative. Somehow, after a long wait, holding back for 1 extra day stops being a problem. This time inconsistency is due to an effect economists call hyperbolic discounting, an unconscious bias in favor of the present that pushes humans (and other animals) to choose smaller sooner rewards over larger later ones. This makes good adaptive sense— after all, saving a treat for tomorrow is not always a smart strategy if you live in a world full of danger. Nevertheless, when brought to excess, hyperbolic discounting can lead people astray. This can happen, for example, when normal individuals make hasty decisions or take risky actions without thinking about their future consequences. But it also happens with particularly high frequency in substance abuse and other disorders in which impulsivity plays a considerable role (1). Recent studies in animal models, including an article published in the current issue of Biological Psychiatry (2), suggest that endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmission is an important regulator of the neural mechanisms that discount future gains in favor of immediate ones. The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived neurotransmitters that activate cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 receptors—the same G protein-coupled receptors targeted by Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol in marijuana [for review, see (3)]. As one of the most recent entries in pharmacology textbooks, these substances are still only partially understood. Most researchers agree, however, that they operate in a radically different way from traditional neurotransmitters, in that they are generated on demand through enzymatic cleavage of membrane-bound phospholipid precursors rather than being released by calcium-driven vesicle secretion. Two endocannabinoids have been identified with reasonable certainty: anandamide
Peace education: an International Baccalaureate perspective

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma programme, an internationally recognised pre‐university curriculum, is currently offered by approximately 1500 schools in 120 countries. This article will analyse various dimensions of peace education in the IB Diploma programme, with particular reference to its peace and conflict studies course. This course has been a success in qualitative terms but has not managed to draw in large numbers of students. Ian Harris’ typology of peace education will be used to demonstrate how elements of peace education have found their way into the Diploma programme in other ways as well. It is argued that the IB Diploma programme’s commitment to peace education is mostly achieved through international education, but that the four other types of peace education (human rights education, development education, environmental education and conflict resolution education) are also available. By way of conclusion this article suggests how the peace education embedded in the Diploma pr...
Immunomodulatory Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case Report and Literature Review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system frequently complicated by devastating neurologic symptoms and progressive disability. Much progress has been made in the development of immunomodulating drugs to help fight the progression of MS. These drugs are believed to work by interacting with various immune system components to reduce the amount of autoimmune destruction to the nervous system. We report 2 cases of women with MS on immunomodulatory therapy who presented with locally advanced breast cancer with aggressive biologic phenotypes and exceptionally poor outcomes. We consider the potential for an increased risk of developing a poorer-prognosis breast cancer as a result of concomitant immunomodulatory effects of the previous MS treatment, particularly the effects the drugs are reported to have on regulatory T cells, and therefore present these cases and a review of the current literature. Current data in the literature reflect the need for further study in ascertaining the risk of biologically poor-prognosis breast cancer development in patients with MS treated with immunomodulatory therapy.
Topological and Mutational Analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fks1

Fks1, with orthologs in nearly all fungi as well as plants and many protists, plays a central role in fungal cell wall formation as the putative catalytic component of β-1,3-glucan synthase. It is also the target for an important new antifungal group, the echinocandins, as evidenced by the localization of resistance-conferring mutations to Fks1 hot spots 1, 2, and 3 (residues 635 to 649, 1354 to 1361, and 690 to 700, respectively). Since Fks1 is an integral membrane protein and echinocandins are cyclic peptides with lipid tails, Fks1 topology is key to understanding its function and interaction with echinocandins. We used hemagglutinin (HA)-Suc2-His4C fusions to C-terminally truncated Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fks1 to experimentally define its topology and site-directed mutagenesis to test function of selected residues. Of the 15 to 18 transmembrane helices predicted in silico for Fks1 from evolutionarily diverse fungi, 13 were experimentally confirmed. The N terminus (residues 1 to 445) is cytosolic and the C terminus (residues 1823 to 1876) external; both are essential to Fks1 function. The cytosolic central domain (residues 715 to 1294) includes newly recognized homology to glycosyltransferases, and residues potentially involved in substrate UDP-glucose binding and catalysis are essential. All three hot spots are external, with hot spot 1 adjacent to and hot spot 3 largely embedded within the outer leaflet of the membrane. This topology suggests a model in which echinocandins interact through their lipid tails with hot spot 3 and through their cyclic peptides with hot spots 1 and 2.
F-meson production rate in bottom-meson decays.

The inclusive production rate of the F meson in bottom-meson decays is estimated as accurately as possible in the standard theory. In branching ratio, B(${B}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${F}^{+}$+X)+B(${B}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${F}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$+X) =0.09\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and B(${B}_{s}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}F -+X${)=0.86}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.13}^{+0.08}$. Semileptonic ${B}_{s}$ decays always produce F mesons either directly or through radiative cascading.
A modular fibrinogen model that captures the stress-strain behavior of fibrin fibers.

We tested what to our knowledge is a new computational model for fibrin fiber mechanical behavior. The model is composed of three distinct elements: the folded fibrinogen core as seen in the crystal structure, the unstructured α-C connector, and the partially folded α-C domain. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of all three regions and how they may contribute to fibrin fiber stress-strain behavior. Yet no molecular model has been computationally tested that takes into account the individual contributions of all these regions. Constant velocity, steered molecular dynamics studies at 0.025 A/ps were conducted on the folded fibrinogen core and the α-C domain to determine their force-displacement behavior. A wormlike chain model with a persistence length of 0.8 nm (Kuhn length = 1.6 nm) was used to model the mechanical behavior of the unfolded α-C connector. The three components were combined to calculate the total stress-strain response, which was then compared to experimental data. The results show that the three-component model successfully captures the experimentally determined stress-strain behavior of fibrin fibers. The model evinces the key contribution of the α-C domains to fibrin fiber stress-strain behavior. However, conversion of the α-helical coiled coils to β-strands, and partial unfolding of the protein, may also contribute.
Crohn's disease-associated genetic marker is seen in medically unresponsive ulcerative colitis patients and may be associated with pouch-specific complications.

PURPOSE: Genetic markers have been used to define subgroups of patients within the broad categories of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis that may differ in clinical course and response to medical therapy. The tumor necrosis factor microsatellite haplotype a2b1c2d4e1 has been found previously to be present in 24 percent of patients with Crohn's disease and only 5 percent of patients with ulcerative colitis. This study examined associations between this microsatellite haplotype and the postoperative clinical course of patients with ulcerative colitis undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. METHODS: As part of a large, controlled, prospective study to correlate genetic markers with clinical phenotypes, tumor necrosis factor microsatellite alleles at five loci (a, b, c, d, and e) were determined from genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction in 32 patients with a clinical and histopathologic diagnosis of ulcerative colitis who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for medically unresponsive disease. All patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were also studied prospectively for pouch-specific complications. RESULTS: The tumor necrosis factor haplotype a2b1c2d4e1 was present in 11 patients. Median follow-up was 19 months. Thirteen patients had a pouch-specific complication (12 pouchitis and 1 pouch-perineal fistula). Six of 11 patients (55 percent) with the haplotype had a pouch-specific complication compared with 7 of the 21 patients (33 percent) who did not possess this haplotype (P=0.22). Median time from surgery to pouch-specific complication was eight months. Patients with the haplotype had a median time to pouch-specific complication of three months, whereas patients without the haplotype had a median time of 11 months (P=0.04). In addition, 36 percent of patients with the haplotype had chronic pouch complicationsvs. only 10 percent of patients without the haplotype (P=0.05). CONCLUSION: The Crohn's disease-associated tumor necrosis factor haplotype a2b1c2d4e1 may define a subgroup of medically unresponsive patients with ulcerative colitis who are predisposed to a higher incidence of pouch-specific complications after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.
Kinetics of active uptake of boron, zinc, copper and manganese in barley and sugarcane

Active uptake of boron (B), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Cu2+) and manganese (Mn2+) in excised barley roots and sugarcane leaf tissue is characterized by multiphasic kinetics in every case. Two concentration‐dependent phases were observed in the Cu2+ ‐Zn2+ system and also in the Mn2+ system of each tissue. The transitions for each cation occurred at 9.6 × 10‐5M in barley roots and 7.5 × 10‐5M in sugarcane leaf tissue. The boron uptake isotherm was multiphasic and quite complex in both barley roots and sugarcane leaves but it was strictly monophasic in sugarcane parenchyma cells. The fit of these seemingly multiphasic data was compared statistically to three other models; i.e., the dual model, the model incorporating a single Michaelis‐Menten term and a diffusion term, and the negative cooperativity model. The data were best represented by the multiphasic model in every case except that of B uptake in the sugarcane cells. Thus, although multiphasic kinetics are common in plant tissues and cells, such is not univer...
Food habits of yellowtail flounder, Limandaferruginea (Storer)

Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferrugunea, were collected from the waters north of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, from April 1971 to January 1972. Cumaceans were the most important food item in the spring. Amphipods and polychaetes, as well as cumaceans, were the main foods consumed in other seasons. Large volumes of plant detritus, sand, and pebbles were present in the stomachs throughout the year. The highest percentage of empty stomachs coincided temporally with the spawning season, although the frequency of occurrence was low at all times. There were no differential food habits by sex or age.
The emittance of yttrium-beryllium oxide thermocouple coating

Abstract The emittance of a yttrium-beryllium oxide thermocouple coating was determined by an electrical heating method and by sodium line reversal measurements in the overall temperature range 1465–1830K. The emittance determined by both methods was 0.60. Comparison of emittances measured with different sized thermocouples in one-dimensional flames implied that the appropriate thermocouple heat transfer model was a cylinder in cross flow. Good agreement was obtained between radiation-corrected temperatures measured with silica coated (emittance of 0.22) and yttrium-beryllium oxide coated thermocouples.
Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in Leishmania donovani amastigotes

A method for the isolation of Leishmania donovani amastigotes from infected hamster spleen and liver tissues is described. Over 85% of the isolated amastigotes were viable as judged by acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining and in vitro transformation to the promastigote form. A comprehensive survey of the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in L. donovani amastigotes and promastigotes was conducted. Amastigotes and promastigotes possess all of the enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexose monophosphate shunt, and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Cell-free extracts of both forms demonstrate an active glutamate dehydrogenase, thus linking activity which permits entry of pyruvate into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Both forms demonstrate an active glutamate dehydrogenase, thus linking amino acid metabolism with carbohydrate metabolism. Pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme responsible for replenishment of C4 acids by heterotrophic CO2 fixation into pyruvate, was also demonstrable in the tissue and insect forms. In general, activities of promastigote enzymes are higher than the amastigote enzymes. Differences between the vertebrate (amastigote) and invertebrate (promastigote) forms in their potential to utilize carbohydrates as substrates would appear to be quantitative rather than qualitative.
Cytoplasmic inclusions specific to the sea urchin germ line.

Abstract We have studied primordial germ cells and gamete-producing cells of both sexes of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus using electron microscopy. Two fibrogranular inclusions are present in most of the stages examined and are specific to the germ-line cells. One of the inclusions consists of amorphous material of undefined shape and size while the other type consists of spherical bodies 0.1 μm in diameter. The latter are named goniosomes and are scattered individually in the cytoplasm or in ordered arrays of up to 50 units. Both goniosomes and amorphous material are often associated with mitochondria. A third type of inclusion, the bipartite body, is found only in oocytes and may be a specific product of oogenesis.
Chromosomal aberrations induced by hydrogen peroxide in cultured mammalian cells

Chromosomal aberrations were observed in cultured mammalian cells (CHO-K1 Chinese hamster cells, V79 Chinese hamster cells, Syrian hamster cells, and BALB/c mouse cells) after treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 0.1-0.5mM or 0.01-0.1mM) for 3h. The cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of H2O2 were clearly reduced by the addition of catalase. In contrast to the clastogenic potential, H2O2 did not enhance the frequency of mutation in V79 cells, whether the marker for mutation was 8-azaguanine resistance or ouabain resistance.
The Miguel Romero Sanchez Mexican Collection: University of Arizona Mineral Museum

(1999). The Miguel Romero Sanchez Mexican Collection: University of Arizona Mineral Museum. Rocks & Minerals: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 16-19.
Subterminal Polygalacturonase, a Nonmacerating Enzyme, Attacks Pectate from the Reducing End

Subterminal polygalacturonase from Aspergillus, which fails to macerate soft plant tissue in spite of a rapid action on pectate in vitro, was examined for its action at pH 3.5 on substrate (degree of polymerization 9-50) altered by the reduction of the reducing end to (3)H labeled l-galactonic acid, and the introduction of unsaturation in a portion of the nonreducing end groups. Endo-polygalacturonase from Saccharomyces fragilis was used as a control. The hydrolysis products were separated by gel filtration chromatography and the sugar residues, the tritium label, and the ultraviolet absorption (of the unsaturated groups) were measured. Endo-polygalacturonase gave equal production of the two end-labeled oligomers. Subterminal polygalacturonase rapidly produced a mixture of tritiated oligomers (mainly trimer, dimer, and tetramer), 2.5 times faster than it liberated unsaturated oligomers, and 3 times faster than it liberated unlabeled oligomers, showing that its action begins at the reducing end. The unsaturated pentamer and hexamer, which accumulated during the rapid phase of enzyme action, were subsequently hydrolyzed to the unsaturated tetramer, in accord with action from the reducing end.
The effects of nitrite on the short-term growth and survival of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Abstract The effect of nitrite on the growth and survival of juvenile channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) was evaluated in a 31 day growth trial. The growth of the juvenile fish was reduced at NO 2 − N levels of 1.60 mg/l and above. Mortality was increased significantly at 3.71 mg/l NO 2 − N and above. The reduction in growth at the highest nitrite concentration without mortality was only 20%. The growth response of the fish at nitrite concentration levels with significant mortality was extremely variable.
Yield strength and strain hardening of MgO up to 8 GPa measured in the deformation-DIA with monochromatic X-ray diffraction

Abstract Cylindrical polycrystalline MgO samples have been deformed with total axial strains up to 35% at pressures up to 8 GPa. Hysteresis loops between elastic lattice strain and total axial strain were established by repeatedly shortening and lengthening the samples at selected strain rates. The yield point was identified as the first deviation from linearity in the lattice strain versus total strain curves. MgO samples yielded at low total strains (