cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preference for and suitability of elms for adult elm leaf beetle (Xanthogaleruca luteola) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Adult Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller) preference for four elm species was examined in laboratory experiments. The elm species examined were: Ulmus pumila L.; U. parvifolia Jacq. U. wilsoniana Schneid. 3–14; and ‘Urban’ elm, a hybrid of U. pumila × ( U. hollandica ‘Vegita’ × U. carpinifolia Gleditsch.). X. luteola preferred U. pumila and ‘Urban’ elm and these species were the most suitable hosts. U. parvifolia and U. wilsoniana were found to be nonpreferred and less suitable hosts. No differences in preference were found within species of elms. Significance of these findings for X. luteola population dynamics is discussed.
Weighted Voting in the United Nations Security Council: A Simulation

Various observers have proposed weighted voting as part of an overhaul of the UN Security Council. This article employs game-theoretic methods to simulate the effects of weighting votes in the UN Security Council according to the ability of individual states, as well as on the ability of the Council to act. The authors first briefly review reform proposals. Drawing on recent proposals, they then calculate voting weights based on population, contributions to the UN, and a measure of sovereign equality. These component measures are assigned different weights in order to formulate three sets of weighted votes. After this, they define several measures of voting power that can be used to assess voting power in weighted voting systems. The measures used in this article assess the relative voting power of individual members as well as the probability the Council will engage in collective action to pass a resolution. Results of voting power simulations are then presented under both simple and qualified majority r...
A bilinear form of dilogarithm and motivic regulator map

Abstract The Bloch–Wigner function D 2 is a single-valued version of a dilogarithm function and is used by Bloch to describe the Borel regulator map from K 3 ( C ) into R explicitly (c.f. [Bloch, Higher Regulators, Algebraic K -Theory, and Zeta Functions of Elliptic Curves, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2000]). We introduce a new way to formulate a single-valued dilogarithm function and use it to explicitly define a motivic regulator map for H M 1 Spec C , Z ( 2 ) , defined in terms of the motivic complex of Goodwillie and Lichtenbaum. We also detect certain explicit nonzero elements in the motivic cohomology group. Throughout this paper, a path will be a C 1 -function from the unit interval [ 0 , 1 ] into C - { 0 } .
Social-Contextual Influences on Adolescent Romantic Involvement: The Constraints of Being a Numerical Minority

This research explores white–black differences in adolescent heterosexual romantic involvement and how these differences are shaped by social context. We find that, parallel to patterns of marriage in adulthood, non-Hispanic white girls are more likely to be in a romantic relationship than African American girls. This is particularly true when we focus on heterosexual romantic relationships formed with schoolmates. Among boys, African Americans are more likely to be romantically involved than non-Hispanic whites. We investigate the contribution of two broad types of social-demographic factors to these race-ethnic differences, population composition and normative climate. We develop theory about why being a numerical minority should lead to lower levels of relationship formation, especially when interracial relationships are rare. Results support the population composition hypotheses, but not the idea that race-ethnic differences arise because of differences in normative climate.
Risk factors for third molar occlusal caries: a longitudinal clinical investigation.

Purpose To study the third molar occlusal caries incidence and identify related patient-level sociodemographic, dental behavior, and clinical risk factors. Patients and Methods A prospective cohort study was used to study caries risk (crude increment and incidence rate) on retained and erupted to the occlusal plane third molars among a moderate-size (n = 215) group of healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and II) young adults (median age, 26 years) followed up for a mean of 4.6 years. Clinical data were gathered by calibrated examiners using visual-tactile and radiographic diagnostic methods on all molar teeth. The covariates included age at enrollment, gender, race, income, education, frequency of dental visits, oral hygiene behaviors, and smoking. Summary statistics and visual methods were used for data description. The analyses relied on bivariate and multivariate methods using generalized estimating equations, extensions of Poisson modeling. Results Of the 215 patients, 33% developed occlusal caries on 1 or more retained third molars. The incidence rate was 0.11 (95% confidence interval 0.09 to 0.13) third molar “increments”/person-year. Those with any molar caries at baseline were 80% more likely to have a new third molar caries lesion at the end of follow-up compared with those with caries-free molars (prevalence ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.00). The third molar caries rate was halved for every approximately 9 years of the subjects' baseline age. Favorable oral hygiene behaviors and better socioeconomic status were associated with decreased caries risk. However, independent of other covariates, smoking increased the third molar caries risk twofold. Conclusions Younger patients from lower socioeconomic strata, smokers, and those with poor oral hygiene behavior are at an increased risk of occlusal caries development on their retained third molars.
Design, synthesis, and characterization of new iron-complexed azo dyes

Abstract As part of a continuing study pertaining to the use of Fe as a substitute for metals such as Cr and Co in the design and synthesis of metal-complexed azo and formazan dyes, the synthesis of dye ligands containing ortho -trifluoroacetamido or mesylamido groups in the diazo components was undertaken. It was anticipated that these groups would mimic the acidity and metallizing properties of an ortho -OH group, thus producing new Fe-complexed dyes. The target ligands were synthesized in 4–5 steps and 80–91% yields from commercially available intermediates. 1 H NMR was used to confirm the structures of the target dye ligands. The resultant azo and formazan systems readily formed 1:2 Fe-complexes when an ortho -NHSO 2 Me group was employed, while preparation of Fe-complexes from dye ligands having an ortho -NHCOCF 3 group proved difficult, with mixtures of unmetallized dye, Fe-complex, and Fe hydroxide obtained despite variations in reaction conditions. Results of DFT calculations suggest that electron density at the N-22 atom was significantly diminished by the electron-withdrawing power of the CF 3 moiety, inhibiting complex formation.
Some anatomical aspects of plant virus disease problems. II

The value of anatomic studies in increasing the understanding of the nature of virus activity in the plant has been well illustrated by the literature of the past decade. The recognition of the distinction between the phloem-limited viruses of the yellows group and of the mosaic viruses that occur in both the phloem and the parenchyma, though obtained largely through a physiologic approach to the problem, has been materially aided by the consideration of the anatomic aspects. The studies on the phloem alterations in virus diseased plants have shown that the effects of viruses on the same tissue may differ strikingly: some viruses induce growth anomalies which seem to be more directly associated with the presence of virus than the necrosis of the sieve tubes induced by some other viruses. Anatomic studies on woody species have assisted in the recognition of some diseases as virus diseases. The knowledge of the effects of viruses on plant cells has been enhanced by the observations that not only do viruses inhibit tissue differentiation but also cause a destruction of fully formed cell constituents. Finally, the recent anatomic studies have brought abundant proof that the type of alterations induced in plants by viruses depends upon the reactions of the host as well as upon the activity of the virus, and that these reactions are usually fundamentally similar to those released by various agencies other than viruses.
Spiral and oblique fractures of the tibia

Abstract 1. 1. A method of treating spiral and certain oblique fractures of the tibia is presented. 2. 2. A summary of seventy-four cases in which the patients were treated by this method is presented, together with sixty-eight cases in which other methods of treatment were used. 3. 3. A comparison of the end results of treatment has been made.
Fine structure of the corpuscles of Stannius of Atlantic salmon during the freshwater spawning journey

Abstract Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) from Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) in various stages of their freshwater spawning journey were examined by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural features of the typical columnar parenchymal cell were characteristic of a cell engaged in protein secretion, namely, a large vescular nucleus with dispersed chromatin, numerous secretory franules, a well-developed Golgi complex and an extensive rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Regressive changes, typified by the presence of clusters of degenerative parenchymal cells, were observed in the CS of all fish examined. There was a direct relation between the extent of glandular regression and the length of time the fish had been in fresh water. These observations support the presently held view that the CS are involved in the production of a proteinaceous hormone active in mineral exeretion, particularly in hypersaline environments.
NADPH oxidases and cancer

The mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by tumour cells remained incompletely understood until the discovery over the last 15 years of the family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs 1-5 and dual oxidases DUOX1/2) which are structural homologues of gp91phox, the major membrane-bound component of the respiratory burst oxidase of leucocytes. Knowledge of the roles of the NOX isoforms in cancer is rapidly expanding. Recent evidence suggests that both NOX1 and DUOX2 species produce ROS in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of chronic inflammatory stress; cytokine induction (by interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor α, and interleukins IL-4 and IL-13) of NOX1 and DUOX2 may contribute to the development of colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and chronic pancreatitis, respectively. NOX4 expression is increased in pre-malignant fibrotic states which may lead to carcinomas of the lung and liver. NOX5 is highly expressed in malignant melanomas, prostate cancer and Barrett's oesophagus-associated adenocarcinomas, and in the last it is related to chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux and inflammation. Over-expression of functional NOX proteins in many tissues helps to explain tissue injury and DNA damage from ROS that accompany pre-malignant conditions, as well as elucidating the potential mechanisms of NOX-related damage that contribute to both the initiation and the progression of a wide range of solid and haematopoietic malignancies.
Single-Molecule Visualization of MCM2-7 DNA Loading: Seeing Is Believing

The first event in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication is the recruitment of the MCM2-7 ATPase, the core of the replicative DNA helicase, to origins. Ticau et al. use single-molecule imaging to reveal how ORC, Cdc6, and Cdt1 cooperate to load MCM2-7 onto DNA, enabling bidirectional replication.
Vancomycin trough concentrations in overweight or obese pediatric patients.

Study Objectives To compare vancomycin trough concentrations in overweight or obese pediatric patients to those with normal body habitus, after initial dosing based on total body weight (TBW). Design Retrospective observational case-control study. Setting Free-standing academic pediatric hospital. Patients Forty-two overweight or obese pediatric patients were matched to 84 children of normal body habitus (NBH). Measurements and Main Results Empiric vancomycin dosing was based on TBW and guided by an age-stratified dosing algorithm previously developed at our center. Initial steady-state vancomycin trough concentrations were retrieved from the electronic medical record. Overweight and obese children had significantly higher initial vancomycin trough concentrations compared with children who had an NBH (median 14.4 μg/ml vs 10.5 μg/ml, p<0.001). Initial vancomycin trough concentrations above 20 μg/ml occurred more often in overweight and obese children (p=0.016). Our dosing algorithm suggested that initial vancomycin trough concentrations below 10 μg/ml occurred significantly more often in children with NBH (p<0.001). Conclusions Overweight and obese pediatric patients may have elevated initial vancomycin trough concentrations when empiric dosing is based on TBW. Special attention to therapeutic drug monitoring is warranted in all children.
Multiple sugar binding sites in α-glucosidase

Abstract Twenty-five analogs of d -glucose were examined as reversible inhibitors of yeast α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). The Ki values range from 0.38 mM for 6-deoxy- d -glucose (quinovose) to 1.0 M for d -lyxose at pH=6.3 (0.1 M NaCl, 25°). All the monosaccharides and the three disaccharides (maltose, isomaltose and α,α-trehalose) were found to be linear competitive inhibitors with respect to α-p-nitrophenyl glucoside (pNPG) hydrolysis. Multiple inhibition analysis reveals that there are at least three monosaccharide binding sites on the enzyme. One of these can be occupied by glucose [Ki=1.8(±0.1) mM], one by d -galactose [Ki=164(±11) mM] and one by d -mannose [Ki=120(±9) mM]. The pH dependence for glucose binding closely follows that of V/K [pKa1=5.55(±0.15), pKa2=6.79(±0.15)], but the binding of mannose does not. Although the glucose subsite can be occupied simultaneously with the mannose or galactose subsites in the enzyme–product complex, no transglucosylation can be detected between pNPG and either mannose or galactose. This suggests that neither of these nonglucose subsites can be occupied in a productive manner in the covalent glucosyl-enzyme intermediate.
A constant-amplitude random function generator

The constant-amplitude random function generator described in this report resulted from the need for an electronic generator which would combine some of the properties of random noise waveshapes with the known characteristics of periodic, constant-amplitude waves. In this instance, a wave shape was desired which had as a main feature a constant peak-to-peak amplitude, but whose path between peaks was in some way randomly chosen.
AIDS Knowledge, Self‐Esteem, Perceived AIDS Risk, and Condom Use Among Female Commercial Sex Workers1

This paper reports on research to identify previously unidentified psychosocial factors associated with condom use among female prostitutes plying their trade on the streets of a large midwestern city in the US. The report opens with a review of the literature on condom use among such a population on the risk of HIV/AIDS to heterosexual women and on psychological barriers to condom use. Next the report 1) describes the "enabling resources" model applied to the study as focusing on HIV/AIDS knowledge level of self-esteem and perception of personal risk and 2) reviews the literature on these topics. The research method is presented as involving 60-minute interviews with 141 female "streetwalkers" that gathered information on the enabling resources condom use sociodemographic factors reproductive health history history of injecting drug use and sex behavior. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that these high-risk women rarely use condoms but are more likely to use them during commercial sex than during relational sex. Individuals with more knowledge about safer sex are more likely to practice it as are those with higher self-esteem and a personal awareness of risk. These findings point to the necessity of strengthening programs that urge use of condoms during relational sex and about the importance of programs that seek to improve population-specific AIDS education as well as those that seek to improve self-esteem and coping skills.
Dielectric Strength of Sub-Millimeter Water Gaps Subjected to Microsecond and Sub-Microsecond Voltage Pulses

To move high energy pulsed power systems from the laboratory to practice requires the development of compact lightweight drivers. To reduce the size and weight of high voltage components, an increase in the energy density in dielectrics at high electric stress is required. Water, which has a dielectric constant of epsiv = 80 and high dielectric strength, can be used for both energy storage and for switching. To date, most of the studies of breakdown in water have been conducted for relatively wide gaps. Empirical equations for the breakdown strength under these conditions were developed by J. C. Martin [1]. In this paper, sub-millimeter water gaps were studied for applied pulses of microsecond duration and compared to gaps subjected to sub-microsecond pulses. A pin-plane electrode configuration was used. The pin electrode exhibits a hemispherical geometry with a diameter of 1.7 mm. The gap distance between the electrodes is variable but was set to 200 mum in the experiments reported in this paper. In the case of short pulses (20 ns, 50 ns, 100 ns and 200 ns) a Blumlein type pulse-forming line was used. For the longer pulses of 1 mus, 3 mus and 4.8mus, a Blumlein type pulse forming network (PFN) was employed. It was found that for sub-millimeter gaps with the pin-electrode as anode, and when the pulse width is within the microsecond range, the dielectric strength of water remained almost independent of the pulse width. However, when the pulse width was decreased to the sub- microsecond range, the dielectric strength increased as the pulse width decreased. This trend is consistent with Martin's empirical formulas except that the breakdown voltage values were about two times higher than predicted. In contrast, when the pin-electrode was used as cathode, the experimental results were in better agreement with those calculated using the empirical formulas.
Reliability of motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in four muscle representations

Abstract Objective Motor cortex plasticity may underlie motor recovery after stroke. Numerous studies have used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate motor system plasticity. However, research on the reliability of TMS measures of motor cortex organization and excitability is limited. We sought to test the reliability of these TMS measurements. Methods Twenty healthy volunteers were tested twice over a two-week period using TMS to determine motor threshold, map topography, and stimulus–response curves for first dorsal interosseous (FDI), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), extensor digitorum communis (EDC), and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles. Results We found moderate to good test–retest reliability TMS measurements of motor threshold (ICC=0.90–0.97), map area (ICC=0.63–0.86) and location (ICC=0.69–0.86), and stimulus–response curves (ICC=0.60–0.83). Conclusions TMS assessments of motor representation size, location, and excitability are generally reliable measures, although their reliability may vary according to the muscle under investigation. Significance These results suggest that TMS measurements of motor cortex function are reliable enough to be potentially useful in investigation of motor system plasticity.
A Reinvestigation of the Relationship of Teacher Nonverbal Immediacy and Student Compliance-Resistance with Learning

This study examined (1) whether or not college students in actual classrooms used resistance strategies similar to those found in earlier hypothetical-anchored research; (2) the influence of teacher immediacy on student's differential use of those resistance strategies; and (3) the relationship among students’ willingness to comply, teachers’ nonverbal immediacy, and students’ compliance resistance behaviors with perceived cognitive and affective learning. Based on both qualitative and quantitative data, college students (N=564) reported limited resistance attempts and strategies. They also reported greater willingness to comply with immediate as opposed to nonimmediate teachers, and their willingness to comply was related to cognitive and affective learning. Findings in this study suggest that teachers’ nonverbal immediacy is fundamental to classroom management and learning.
Least-cost complete rations for dairy cows.

Abstract Two least-cost linear programmed computer formulated rations were compared to a conventionally formulated ration in a 20-week continuous trial. Forty-eight cows averaging 57 days post-partum were randomly assigned to three treatments. Ration treatments were: 1) least-cost constant (LCC), formulated using the past year's prices; 2) least-cost variable (LCV), reformulated biweekly with price changes; and 3) a conventionally formulated control (no urea). Corn silage, the sole forage, and grain were thoroughly mixed and bunk fed ad libitum. Rations were designed to be nutritionally comparable. LCC and LCV rations were programmed for a maximum of 1% urea (air-dry basis). LCV ration ingredients were changed abruptly at biweekly reformulations. Dry matter consumption per 100kg body weight, actual milk, fat-corrected milk (FCM) production, milk fat and solids-not-fat (SNF) percentages, and body weight gains were not significantly affected by ration treatment. Abrupt ration changes did not under conditions of this research significantly (P
Intergranular and transgranular stress corrosion cracking of Cu30Au

Abstract The mechanism of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Cu-30Au in 0.6 M NaCl was investigated by a series of experiments in which samples were de-alloyed by potentiostatic anodic polarization at 475 mV (Ag/AgCl) and at zero applied stress (i) for varying lengths of time (10 to 30 min) and then impact bent, and (ii) for 30 min followed by a period of time (5–30 s) at the open circuit potential and then impact bent, and (iii) for 30 min followed by anodic polarization at +150 mV (Ag/AgCl) for a period of time (5–30) and then impact bent. The results indicate that de-alloying at zero applied stress produces a surface layer that is capable for a brief period of time of inducing intergranular cleavage failure of the normally ductile substrate. In addition, samples were de-alloyed and simultaneously stressed at various nominal values (0.5–1.7 σ y ). At low values of stress, failure occurred by brittle intergranular cracking, and at high values of stress, failure occurred by brittle transgranular cracking. The results indicate that the electrochemical contribution to the SCC of Cu-30Au in 0.6 M NaCl is the same for both intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) and transgranular stress corrosion cracking (TGSCC) and that the mode of fracture is dictated by the magnitude of the applied stress.
Exploring the relationship between SDNR and detectability in dual-energy breast x-ray imaging

Contrast-enhanced (CE) digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) provides a technique to increase the contrast of radiographic imaging agents by suppressing soft-tissue signal variation. By reducing the effect of the soft-tissue anatomical noise, it is then possible to quantify the signal from an iodinated contrast agent. The combination of dual-energy and tomographic acquisitions allows for both the accurate quantification and localization of an iodinated lesion. Here, we present our findings demonstrating the relationship that exists between the signal difference to noise ratio (SDNR) and reader detectability of iodinated lesions in a physical anthropomorphic phantom. The observer study was conducted using the ViewDEX software platform with a total of nine readers. The readers were asked to score each of the iodinated lesions on a scale from 1 (entire boundary and area are visible) to 5 (not visible). Both SDNR and lesion detectability were found to improve as the concentration of the iodine increases, and the thickness of the phantom decreases. Lesion detectability was better in the tomographic slice that best matches the focal plane of the imaged object. However, SDNR does not significantly change with focal plane. Our results demonstrated that observer lesion detectability correlated well with SDNR. Lesions whose SDNR fell below 1 were difficult to distinguish from the background and were in general not visible. Lesions that were rated entirely visible corresponded to those with SDNR values above 3. Lesions with intermediate SDNR values were visualized but not confidently from the surrounding background. These threshold SDNR values can be used to optimize the imaging parameters in CE-DBT.
In search of a missing link

A variety of indicators suggest that knowledge management (KM), as a field of study and practice, is here to stay. Although still in a formative stage, it has developed substantial gravitas. It is no mere sideshow, intellectual curiosity, or marketing ploy. On the contrary, KM is an expansive (and expanding) field that has the potential to offer a unifying foundation for many other disciplines, from information systems to accounting, from operations management to strategic management, from marketing to human resources and organization design. Nevertheless, there is a major missing link. Specifically, is there a link between superior KM performance and a firm's bottom line? If so, what is the nature of this link? In this paper, we argue that it is both important and possible to explore this missing link. If such a link can be established, then the gravitas of KM is reinforced, the practical significance of KM is amplified, and a host of related research questions are unleashed.
Effects of forest structure on the distribution of southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) in urban parks

Although southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) are present in many urban parks, squirrel-habitat relationships in such areas are poorly understood, limiting conservation efforts. Our objective was to quantify the effects of forest structure at multiple scales on flying squirrel distribution in New York City (NYC) parks. From 18 June–24 August 2001, we captured flying squirrels in 5 New York City parks and measured forest structure at the ground, shrub, understory, and overstory levels at trap sites. To examine the importance of forest structure to squirrels, we compared (1) habitat variables between trap stations where squirrels were captured and not captured and (2) habitat variables between parks with and without documented squirrel populations. Our data suggest that areas with forests containing smaller trees at higher densities, dense woody ground cover, and little herbaceous ground vegetation may not provide the food, cavities, ease of movement, or allow predator detection necessary to be used by or support flying squirrel populations. Other factors, such as the size and density of stumps and snags may be important to non-urban squirrel populations, but not populations in NYC parks. Because NYC parks contain almost all of the remaining woodlands within the City, forests within these areas should be a conservation priority.
Time Estimation and Hyperactivity, Replication.

Three groups of boys included 135 of normal IQ, showing normal activity; 6 were hyperactive and of normal IQ, and 6 showed normal activity but low IQ. Their ability to estimate a 30-sec. interval showed only the 6 normally active boys of low IQ had significantly different elapsed and estimated times. Time estimation is not clinically useful for identifying hyperactive boys.
The role of effector molecules in regulating ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activity

Abstract Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase can exist in two forms having different kinetic properties. The fraction of enzyme present in each of the two forms is determined by both the absolute and the relative amounts of substrates and other effector molecules in solution with the enzyme. High CO 2 levels induce formation of an active CO 2 form of the enzyme while high ribulosebisphosphate (RuBP) levels cause formation of a much less active form. The CO 2 form is characterized by a high K m (RuBP) , low K m (CO 2 ) , and relatively high V . The ribulosebisphosphate form has comparatively lower K m (RuBP) and V and higher K m (CO 2 ) . CO 2 appears to bind before RuBP in the reaction sequence catalyzed by the CO 2 form; this catalytic binding order is apparently reversed in the RuBP form. Steady state rates of enzyme reaction reflect the contributions of both these forms. A brief model, based on the cooperative effects of binding at a small number of catalytic or activator sites in the multimeric enzyme, is presented to account for the changes in enzyme activity with varying substrate and effector molecule concentrations.
Mentors in medicine.

You can get everything in life you want, if you will just help enough other people get what they want.I am fearful that mentoring is becoming a lost art in medicine and plastic surgery. Mentors in medicine are generally experienced physicians who go out of their way to help medical students, residen
The Ferromagnetism of Nickel

By using metallic energy levels extrapolated from copper to nickel, the energy difference between a nonmagnetic and a ferromagnetic state with permanent magnetic moment is calculated for nickel, and it is shown that the ferromagnetic state is the stable one. Both saturation magnetic moment and Curie point are calculated, in agreement with experiment within the limits of error of the calculation. Extrapolation further into the iron group, though less justified than to nickel, indicates that ferromagnetism should persist in that group down approximately to iron. The criterion for ferromagnetism previously suggested by the author, the existence of inner unfilled electron shells (the $3d$), small in proportion to their distance apart, is justified. The calculation is not made according to Heisenberg's method, which is considered to be unsuitable for application to ferromagnetism, except in its general principle of explaining the energy of orientation of elementary magnets in terms of exchange energy.
Surface roughness and light‐scattering properties of ice crystals

Many studies have focused on how the size and shape of ice crystals in clouds affect the clouds' light-scattering properties, which are important in understanding the effects of clouds on weather and climate; these effects are one of the major sources of uncertainty in climate models. Also important, but less well studied, is how the roughness of ice crystals affects light scattering.
Approximate solutions to explosion kinetics

Stiffness in combustion models is quite different from that in more conventional kinetic descriptions. The steady-state approximation, so useful in other contexts, cannot be applied in the usual ad hoc manner but can be applied with attention to its origins in singular perturbation analysis. The magnitude and time scaling on the equations representing the isothermal kinetics of hydrogen combustion reveal distinct regions of the transient to which this approximation may naturally and successfully be made to reduce computation time. The steady-state approximation is found to apply to some free radicals, but not all, and these can change between regions. An analytical solution to an important section of the transient is found and illustrates dramatically the power of the approach. The analysis may be applied a priori and leads to a stagewise efficient numerical solution.
A story-centered, learn-by-doing approach to software engineering education

Carnegie Mellon's West Coast Campus offers an MS in Software Engineering, with technical and development management tracks, targeted at working software professionals in Silicon Valley. We believe the program to be unique in that it is entirely team-based and project-centered. Students learn by doing as they are coached just in time by faculty in the context of authentic projects, and they are evaluated based on what they produce. Student satisfaction is high: 92% believe that the program has given them a competitive advantage with respect to their professional peers, and their promotion and salary histories bear out this belief.
Evidence for cooperativity of protein dissolution in Brij 58 permeabilized L929 cells

Mouse L929 cells were exposed to the nonionic detergent Brij 58. As has been shown in some other cell types, protein leaked from Brij 58 exposed cells only after a lag phase. In the current study we have extended the observations of the kinetics of protein efflux using cultured L cells subjected to treatment with buffers containing Brij 58. The results show that while the cells become permeable essentially at first exposure to the detergent, proteins do not escape immediately. This lag in efflux is at least partly dependent on the concentration of detergent such that a greater lag is seen in cells exposed to the lowest concentrations of Brij. Data are presented that are most readily interpreted as protein leakage having occurred fairly rapidly from individual cells and that show that the time course of protein efflux results, to a large extent, from different sensitivities of individual cells to the detergent. The permeabilized suspension cells consist of only two types, whereas the conversion of cells from one type to the other occurs through the loss of protein to the permeabilization medium. Only two bands are seen in continuous density gradients and there is a conversion of the more dense type to the less dense with longer exposure to detergent. Moreover, the less dense cells contained about half of the protein per cell as the bottom banding cells, and the proteins of the more dense cells appear to be the sum of those released into the permeabilization medium plus those found in the less dense cells.
PREDICTION OF THE BOND LENGTHS, VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES, AND BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGY OF OCTAHEDRAL SEABORGIUM HEXACARBONYL, SG(CO)6

The recent syntheses of several new elements (including the recent reports of elements 116 and 118), coupled with the controversy surrounding the naming of elements 104--109, have stimulated a great interest in the chemistry of the transactinide elements. This contribution addresses hypothetical hexacarbonyl complex of seaborgium (Sg, element 106), which is predicted to be a 6d-block transition element with six valence electrons, analogous to Cr, Mo, and W. The authors have previously predicted that, if it were to exist, Sg(CO){sub 6} would exhibit metal-carbonyl bonding that is very similar to that in Cr(CO){sub 6}, Mo(CO){sub 6}, and W(CO){sub 6}, and quite unlike that of the unknown valence isoelectronic actinide complex U(CO){sub 6}. This finding is in accord with the scant experimental data available for Sg. The relativistic DV-X{alpha} method used in the earlier paper facilitated the analysis of the molecular orbitals of Sg(CO){sub 6}, but did not allow for the calculation of total-energy properties, such as bond lengths and vibrational frequencies. Here the authors will use the superior methodology they have applied to other transactinide molecules to compare the bond lengths, vibrational frequencies, and CO dissociation energy of hypothetical Sg(CO){sub 6} to those of Mo(CO){sub 6} and W(CO){sub 6}.
Phantom evaluation of simultaneous thallium-201/technetium-99m aquisition in single-photon emission tomography.

This study investigated downscatter effects in cardiac single-photon emission tomographic studies with simultaneous thallium-201/technetium-99m acquisition, and evaluated a previously proposed subtraction technique for downscatter compensation. Ten studies were carried out with different defect sizes and locations and varying activity distributions using four energy windows: 70±10% keV, 140±10% keV, 100±10% KeV, and 103±16% keV. The subtraction technique used the 100 or 103-keV data to remove scattered99mTc counts from the 70-keV data. The size and contrast of infarcts in the dual-isotope 70-keV image were artificially decreased compared to those in the 140-keV image, caused by scattered99mTc counts that were comparable to the primary201T1 counts in the 70-keV window. The subtraction technique produced larger defects and more heterogeneous activity in the myocardial wall in dual-isotope 70-keV images compared to the corresponding201T1on-ly images. These artifacts were caused by the markedly different spatial distributions of scattered99mTc counts in the 100-keV (or 103-keV) window as compared with the 70-keV window. It is concluded that scattered99mTc photons may cause overestimation of ischemia and myocardial viability in simultaneous dual-isotope patient studies. The proposed subtraction technique was inaccurate and produced image artifacts. Adequate downscatter compensation methods must be developed before applying simultaneous201Tl/99mTc acquisition in clinical practice.
Reaction pathways for ethanol on model Co/ZnO(0001) catalysts

The pathways for the reaction of ethanol on model catalysts consisting of Co and CoO films and particles supported on single crystal ZnO(0001) surfaces were studied using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). On supported metallic Co films and particles ethanol was found to primarily undergo decarbonylation forming CO, H2, and adsorbed methyl groups. In contrast, supported CoO particles were found to be largely unreactive toward ethanol. High selectivity to the dehydrogenation product, acetaldehyde, was only observed when the supported Co was partially oxidized and contained both Co0 and Co2+. Since acetaldehyde is thought to be a critical intermediate during steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) to produce H2 and CO2, the results of this study suggest that partially oxidized Co species provide the active sites for this reaction. This result is consistent with studies of high surface area Co/ZnO catalysts which also suggest that both Co0 and Co2+ species are present under typical SRE reaction conditions.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: What is the Appropriate Patient-Reported Outcome for Clinical Trial Design?

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is increasingly utilized as primary treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. Consensus regarding the appropriate patient-reported outcome (PRO) endpoints for clinical trials for early stage prostate cancer RT is lacking. To aid in trial design, this study presents PROs over 36 months following SBRT for clinically localized prostate cancer. Methods: 174 hormone-naive patients were treated with 35-36.25 Gy SBRT in 5 fractions. Patients completed the EPIC-26 questionnaire at baseline and all follow-ups; the proportion of patients developing a clinically significant decline in each EPIC domain was determined. The minimally important difference (MID) was defined as a change of one-half SD from the baseline. Per RTOG 0938, we examined the percentage of patients who reported decline in EPIC urinary summary score of >2 points and EPIC bowel summary score of >5 points from baseline to one year. Results: 174 patients received SBRT with minimum follow-up of 36 months. The proportion of patients reporting a clinically significant decline in EPIC urinary/bowel scores was 34%/30%, 40%/32.2%, and 32.8%/21.5% at 6, 12, and 36 months. The percentage of patients reporting decline in the EPIC urinary summary score of >2 points was 43.2%, 51.6% and 41.8% at 6, 12, and 36 months. The percentage of patients reporting decline in EPIC bowel domain summary score of >5 points was 29.6% 29% and 22.4% at 6, 12, and 36 months. Conclusion: Our treatment protocol meets the RTOG 0938 criteria for advancing to a Phase III trial compared to conventionally fractionated RT. Between 12-36 months, the proportion of patients reporting decrease in both EPIC urinary and bowel scores declined, suggesting late improvement in these domains. Further investigation is needed to elucidate 1) which domains bear the greatest influence on post-treatment QOL, and 2) at what time point PRO endpoint(s) should be assessed.
Monte Carlo source model for photon beam radiotherapy: photon source characteristics

A major barrier to widespread clinical implementation of Monte Carlo dose calculation is the difficulty in characterizing the radiation source within a generalized source model. This work aims to develop a generalized three-component source model (target, primary collimator, flattening filter) for 6- and 18-MV photon beams that match full phase-space data (PSD). Subsource by subsource comparison of dose distributions, using either source PSD or the source model as input, allows accurate source characterization and has the potential to ease the commissioning procedure, since it is possible to obtain information about which subsource needs to be tuned. This source model is unique in that, compared to previous source models, it retains additional correlations among PS variables, which improves accuracy at nonstandard source-to-surface distances (SSDs). In our study, three-dimensional (3D) dose calculations were performed for SSDs ranging from 50 to 200 cm and for field sizes from 1 x 1 to 30 x 30 cm2 as well as a 10 x 10 cm2 field 5 cm off axis in each direction. The 3D dose distributions, using either full PSD or the source model as input, were compared in terms of dose-difference and distance-to-agreement. With this model, over 99% of the voxels agreed within +/-1% or 1 mm for the target, within 2% or 2 mm for the primary collimator, and within +/-2.5% or 2 mm for the flattening filter in all cases studied. For the dose distributions, 99% of the dose voxels agreed within 1% or 1 mm when the combined source model-including a charged particle source and the full PSD as input-was used. The accurate and general characterization of each photon source and knowledge of the subsource dose distributions should facilitate source model commissioning procedures by allowing scaling the histogram distributions representing the subsources to be tuned.
Reactions of halomethyl ions with carbonyl-containing compounds

Abstract The mechanisms of the reactions of CF 3 + , CF 2 Cl + , CCl 2 F + , and CCl 3 + with aldehydes, ketones, esters, acids, and acetic anhydride have been examined, and rate constant determinations have been made. Both four-center reactions and displacement reactions are observed. For aldehyde and ketone reactants, a four-center reaction resulting in the formation of a monohalogenated carbonium ion predominates: the importance of this reaction vis-a-vis more exothermic displacement proceses is explained in terms of a preference for attack by the ion at the carbonyl oxygen atom. In the case of reactions of CX 3 + (X = F, Cl) ions with esters or acids, the most commonly observed reactions are displacements and four-center reactions resulting from attack by the ion at the acyl oxygen. The displacements result in the formation of acylium ions, and the four-center reactions, in the formation of CX 2 OR + ions (R = alkyl group). The competition between these two reactions is examined in terms of the relative exothermicities of the two channels and the time required for reaction to occur in the ion—molecule complex. The results indicate that, for ion—molecule reactant pairs which react through only one channel, the probability that an ion—molecule collision will lead to reaction is influenced by the exothermicity of reaction.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-{4-[5-(2,4-diamino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)pentyl]benzoyl}-l-glutamic acid as a potential inhibitor of GAR Tfase and the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway

Abstract The synthesis and evaluation of N -{4-[5-(2,4-diamino-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)-2-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)pentyl]benzoyl}- l -glutamic acid ( 2 ) as an inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase (GAR Tfase) and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase (AICAR Tfase) are reported. The inhibitor 2 was prepared in a convergent synthesis involving C-alkylation of methyl 4-(4,4,4-trifluoro-3-dimethylhydrazonobutyl)benzoate with 1-chloro-3-iodopropane followed by construction of the pyrimidinone ring. Compound 2 was found to be an effective inhibitor of recombinant human GAR Tfase ( K i = 0.50 μM), whereas it was inactive ( K i > 100 μM) against E . coli GAR Tfase as well as recombinant human AICAR Tfase. Compound 2 exhibited modest, purine-sensitive growth inhibitory activity against the CCRF-CEM cell line (IC 50 = 6.0 μM).
First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus Infecting Tomato in Georgia.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) are prevalent in field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production in Georgia. Typical TYLCV symptoms were observed during varietal trials in fall 2009 and 2010 to screen genotypes against TYLCV at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. However, foliar symptoms atypical of TYLCV including interveinal chlorosis, purpling, brittleness, and mottling on upper and middle leaves and bronzing and intense interveinal chlorosis on lower leaves were also observed. Heavy whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B biotype) infestation was also observed on all tomato genotypes. Preliminary tests (PCR and nucleic acid hybridization) in fall 2009 indicated the presence of TYLCV, TSWV, Cucumber mosaic virus, and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV); all with the exception of ToCV have been reported in Georgia. Sixteen additional symptomatic leaf samples were randomly collected in fall 2010 and the preliminary results from 2009 were used to gui...
Increased densities of AMPA GluR1 subunit proteins and presynaptic mossy fiber sprouting in the fascia dentata of human hippocampal epilepsy.

In human hippocampal epilepsy, there is a consistent pathology of cell loss and reactive synaptic reorganization of 'excitatory' mossy fibers (MF) into the inner molecular layer (IML) of the fascia dentata (FD). In this study, neo-Timm's histochemistry of MFs and immunocytochemistry of GluR1 were used to determine, in patients with or without hippocampal sclerosis (HS), if there was a correlation between aberrant supragranular (IML) mossy fiber sprouting and increased densities of AMPA GluR1 subunit proteins in the IML of the FD. Computerized quantified densitometric grey values of Timm and GluR1 densities were corrected for the densities of granule cell losses using cell counts. In the IML of the HS group, despite the losses of granule cells, mossy fiber sprouting was significantly greater (P<0.000001) and GluR1 protein densities were significantly higher (P<0.0005) than those of the non-HS group. Unlike supragranular mossy fiber sprouting, which was limited to the IML, the increased GluR1 stainings were distributed throughout the whole molecular layer. For all cases, MF synaptic reorganization in the supragranular ML was correlated with GluR1 subunit protein densities in the IML (R=0.784, P<0.0093). These data demonstrate that in the human epileptic fascia dentata, there are significantly increased AMPA GluR1 subunit proteins associated with aberrant MF synaptic reorganizations. This suggests that the hyperexcitability of sclerotic hippocampus occurs, at least in part, from the associated changes of both presynaptic mossy fiber glutamatergic neoinnervation and increased GluR1 subunit proteins in the dendritic domains of the FD.