cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a correlation between levator ani and urethral sphincter complex status on 3D ultrasonography

To determine the correlation between levator ani deficiency (LAD) and urethral sphincter complex measurements as visualized on 3D endovaginal ultrasonography, and to compare the LAD score with continence status. This was a retrospective analysis of patients seen at our institution between January 2011 and August 2013. Patients were dichotomized into those with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and those with no SUI. Levator ani status was evaluated using a validated scoring system yielding scores of 0 – 6 (normal levator ani/mild LAD), 7 – 12 (moderate LAD), and 13 – 18 (severe LAD). The length, horizontal diameter, and cross-sectional area of the urethra, and the length, width, and the area of the rhabdomyosphincter and smooth muscle sphincter were likewise measured using 3D ultrasound volumes. Of the 80 patients included, 54 (67.5 %) had SUI and 26 (32.5 %) were continent. 18 (22.5 %) had evidence of mild LAD, 54 (67.5 %) had moderate LAD, and 8 (10.0 %) had severe LAD. Among patients with SUI, those with normal levator ani muscles or mild LAD had greater urethral smooth muscle width than those with moderate and severe LAD (p = 0.0238). A greater proportion of patients with SUI also had moderate to severe LAD than continent patients (p = 0.0177, OR 3.59, 95 % CI 1.21 – 10.65). There was no difference in LAD distribution by type of stress incontinence (presence or absence of intrinsic sphincter deficiency; p = 0.2377). LAD and urethral sphincter complex status, as visualized on 3D ultrasonography, are independent factors. Moderate to severe LAD is more prevalent in patients with SUI.
Radical Polymerization Rate of Methyl Methacrylate above 10% Conversion under the Condition of Predominant Transfer

In the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate at 20°C where transfer predominates, termination rates were estimated over a wide range of conversion and discussed on the basis of the entanglement and reptation theories. The critical chain length can be expressed by nc∝c−2 (c, volume fraction of polymer), where the rate of termination between radicals with chain length shorter than nc is independent of chain length. This equation was confirmed using data already reported. The final conversion is discussed experimentally and theoretically.
Life History and Anatomy of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae),a Parasite of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Larvae of the boll worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), were parasitized by the braconid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson),and the eggs and larvae of the parasite were dissected from the host for description and illustration. Behavior of the parasite during mating and oviposition was observed.
The laine controversy and the study of hinduism

In 2003 Oxford University Press released a book by James W. Laine, Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, just as the monsoon's storms were arriving in the subcontinent.1 The book offered a fascinating inquiry into the historiography surrounding the Mar?th? monarch ?ivaj? (1627-80), who is best known throughout India, and in the Western academy, as a Hindu king who heroically challenged the archetypically villainous Indian Muslim ruler, Awrangzib (1658-1707). In Shivaji Laine brilliantly detailed how Marathi historians, biographers, and hagiographers have spun SivSji's legacy into a Hindu one and set it against a constructed Muslim enemy. Furthermore, Laine showed that in ?iv?jfs own time, and largely under his control, Sivaj? himself nurtured the persona of a kingly Hindu Ksatriya (warrior) through his coronation ceremony in 1674 at Raigad, in Maharashtra2 and through the creation of a regal genealogy by the Maharashtrian Br?hma?, resident in Benares, G?g? Bhatt. A study of narratives and stories, Laine's book was not intended to intercede in the history of Sivaji but rather comment on the rich parade of pronouncements and political uses that have circulated around the great Mar?th? king's legacy for three centuries. Indeed, the author makes plain in the text that his audience is made up of "those who study religion and religious identity" and who seek a "thicker description of South Asian Islam" and a "richer portrait of medieval Hinduism" (Laine 2003a: 15). In addition, Laine hoped to "rescue" ?ivaj?'s biography "from the grasp of those who see India as a Hindu nation at war with its Muslim neighbors" (2003a: 6). This rescue was to be accomplished by providing a nuanced account of how Siv?ji became a representative of "Hinduism" in multiple ways, thus providing a counterpoint to a homogenized Hindu Right historiography that takes Sivaj? as an exemplar of militant Hinduism. In this way, Laine's work joined a chorus of scholarly voices arguing multiple perspec
The universe as a general system. Fourth annual ludwig von bertalanffy memorial lecture

This is the fourth Ludwig von Bertalanffy Memorial Lecture, delivered at the 1977 Annual Meeting of the Society for General Systems Research at Denver, Colorado.
Identification of the protein disulfide isomerase family member PDIp in experimental Parkinson's disease and Lewy body pathology

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder with no clear etiology. Pathological hallmarks of the disease include the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra (SN) and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) (alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin-positive, eosinophilic, cytoplasmic inclusions) in many of the surviving neurons. Experimental modeling of PD neurodegeneration using the neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+)) has identified changes in gene expression of different endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins associated with MPTP- and PD-related neurodegeneration. We show that the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family member pancreatic protein disulfide isomerase (PDIp), previously considered exclusively expressed in pancreatic tissue, is uniquely upregulated among PDI family members within 24 h following exposure of retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to either 1 mM MPP(+) or 10 microM of the highly specific proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. RT-PCR confirms PDIp expression in brain of post-mortem human PD subjects and immunohistochemical studies demonstrate PDIp immunoreactivity in LBs. Collectively, these findings suggest that increased PDIp expression in dopaminergic (DA) neurons might contribute to LB formation and neurodegeneration, and that this increased PDIp expression may be the result of proteasome impairment.
External carbonic anhydrase in three Caribbean corals: quantification of activity and role in CO 2 uptake

Scleractinian corals have complicated inorganic carbon (C i) transport pathways to support both photosynthesis, by their symbiotic dinoflagellates, and calcification. The first step in C i acquisition, uptake into the coral, is critical as the diffusive boundary layer limits the supply of CO2 to the surface and HCO3 − uptake is energy intensive. An external carbonic anhydrase (eCA) on the oral surface of corals is thought to facilitate CO2 uptake by converting HCO3 − into CO2, helping to overcome the limitation imposed by the boundary layer. However, this enzyme has not yet been identified or detected in corals, nor has its activity been quantified. We have developed a method to quantify eCA activity using a reaction–diffusion model to analyze data on 18O removal from labeled C i. Applying this technique to three species of Caribbean corals (Orbicella faveolata, Porites astreoides, and Siderastrea radians) showed that all species have eCA and that the potential rates of CO2 generation by eCA greatly exceed photosynthetic rates. This demonstrates that eCA activity is sufficient to support its hypothesized role in CO2 supply. Inhibition of eCA severely reduces net photosynthesis in all species (on average by 46 ± 27 %), implying that CO2 generated by eCA is a major carbon source for photosynthesis. Because of the high permeability of membranes to CO2, CO2 uptake is likely driven by a concentration gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. The ubiquity of eCA in corals from diverse genera and environments suggests that it is fundamental for photosynthetic CO2 supply.
Sealing, whaling and caribou revisited: additional insights from the skeletal isotope chemistry of eastern Arctic foragers

Abstract Research reported here is the second phase of a bone collagen stable isotope and radiocarbon study of eastern Arctic diets. Seventy-five directly dated burials from the Native Point Sadlermiut mortuary collection and two Thule sites, Kamarvik and Silumiut in northwest Hudson Bay, were added to an existing data set of 81 individuals. Thule foragers dated to a 2σ range of AD 1047–1700 and subsisted on diets comprised of ca. 80% marine taxa, primarily ringed seal and bowhead whale. The Native Point Sadlermiut dated later in time, AD 1289–1896, and relied more heavily on high tropic level marine taxa, ringed seal and seabirds. Three dietary trends are apparent coincident with Neo-Boreal cooling (AD 1400). In addition, both Thule sites were abandoned at commencement of the Little Ice Age (AD 1600), which coincides with European contact, raising intriguing questions about the effects of climate change on high latitude foraging strategies and the possibility that epidemic disease was introduced in the Hudson Bay region as early as 1613.
Selective detection of transition metal ions by an array of functionalized fluorescent conjugated polymer chemosensors

We have designed a series of luminescent polymeric chemosensors consisting of an emissive conjugated polymeric backbone functionalized with receptor moieties. These polymers are based on the highly luminescent polyphenylene ethynylene thienyl ethynylene polymer backbone (PPETE) to which Lewis base receptor moieties such as tolylterpyridine and bipyridine have been added as pendant functional groups at the thienyl units. Emission quenching studies on these polymers in the presence of transition metal ions led to the observation of positive deviations from Stern-Volmer behavior. Each pendant polymer deviates from linear Stern-Volmer quenching differently depending on which transition metal ion is present in solution. Further, the relative loading of transition metal ions onto these polymers determines the onset of positive deviation from linear quenching. These two factors can be utilized to generate an array of polymers differentiated in concentration on one axis and pendant- functionality on the other to determine the identity and relative concentration of transition metal analytes in solution. We have demonstrated this approach through UV-Vis absorption, emission spectroscopy, and Stern-Volmer quenching analyses.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Airway Smooth Muscle as a Regulator of Immune Responses and Bronchomotor Tone

The traditional view of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma, as a purely contractile tissue, seems to be inadequate. Compelling evidence now suggests that ASM plays an important role in regulating bronchomotor tone, in perpetuating airway inflammation, and in remodeling of the airways. This article reviews three distinct functions of ASM cells: the process of excitation-contraction coupling, with a particular focus on the role of cytokines in modulating calcium responses; the processes of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration; and the synthetic and immunomodulatory function of ASM cells. This article also discusses how altered synthetic function contributes to airway remodeling.
SV40 LARGE TUMOR ANTIGEN ASSOCIATED SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES DEFINE NATIVE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS AND INDUCE PROTECTIVE TUMOR IMMUNITY IN MICE

Synthetic peptides were utilized to define antigenic determinants on simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (T-ag). Six synthetic peptides representing predicted B-cell epitopes on SV40 T-ag were used to immunize mice to compare the humoral immune responses and ascertain the ability of the peptide preparations to induce protective tumor immunity in vivo. Anti-peptide antibodies from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were examined for reactivity with SV40 T-ag by various immunologic assays. Antibodies from both strains to four of the peptides recognized recombinant SV40 T-ag by ELISA. However, T-ag recognition by anti-peptide antibodies differed when assessed by Western blot. Antibodies induced by the same four peptides in BALB/c mice recognized T-ag, whereas only three of the sex peptides induced antibodies in C57BL/6 mice capable of recognizing SV40 T-ag by Western blot. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that antibodies to peptides corresponding to T-ag amino acid residues 632-652 and 690-708 from BALB/c mice were able to recognize the surface of SV40 transformed cells, whereas five of the six peptides induced surface reactive antibodies in C57BL/6 mice. More important, peptides 632-652 and 690-708 elicited a protective immune response in BALB/c mice subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of syngeneic SV40 transformed cells. However, this tumor immunity was incomplete as only 50% of the mice survived the tumor challenge. These data indicate that antibodies induced by synthetic peptides corresponding to predicted B-cell epitopes on SV40 T-ag are capable of recognizing native and denatured determinants on T-ag. Furthermore, immune responses elicited by selected peptides partially protected BALB/c mice from a lethal tumor challenge.
Living in the moment: effects of time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking on delay discounting.

Excessive delay discounting (DD) has been related to various maladaptive behaviors, and may stem from a myopic focus on immediate gratification. Neuroimaging studies have shown that episodic future thinking (EFT) – vivid mental simulation of future experiences – may reduce DD by promoting consideration of delayed outcomes. However, the EFT manipulations in these experiments may have induced positive affect, which could independently enhance executive functions that facilitate self-regulation. To clarify the mechanism of this effect, 87 participants were randomized to visualize neutral- or positive-valenced events expected to occur in the present or in the future while completing a standardized DD questionnaire. Working memory capacity, inhibitory control, the genotypes of 3 functional dopaminergic polymorphisms (DRD1 rs686, DRD2 rs1800497 and COMT rs4680), as well as an additive dopamine genetic risk score were assessed as potential moderators. The results indicate that EFT reduces DD primarily by shifting the time perspective of intertemporal decision-making, and that this effect is moderated by working memory capacity. In addition, positive episodic thinking may independently attenuate the protective effects of high working memory capacity, high inhibitory control, and lower dopamine genetic risk scores on DD. The current findings dovetail with previous research to suggest that the time perspective and emotional valence of episodic thinking may dynamically shape intertemporal choice, perhaps in part by transiently modulating executive function and dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Effects of SR141716A, a central cannabinoid receptor antagonist, on food-maintained responding.

Abstract Previous reports have indicated that administration of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB 1 ) antagonist SR141716A decreases intake of highly palatable food and drink. Disruption of normal food intake has been reported only at high doses known to disrupt spontaneous behaviors. The present study was designed to determine if rates of responding for normal food were sensitive to the effects of cannabinoid receptor blockade. Adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained to lever press for normal food pellets under a fixed-ratio 15 (FR 15) schedule of reinforcement. SR141716A (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent reductions in response rate. WIN 55,212-2 (0.3 mg/kg), a high efficacy cannabinoid agonist, given as a pre-treatment to SR141716A, significantly attenuated the rate-suppressing effects of SR141716A, suggesting a principal role of CB 1 receptors in mediating these behavioral effects. These data indicate that high palatability is not necessary to observe an anorectic effect of SR141716A.
Effect of delta tabs on mixing and axis switching in jets from asymmetric nozzles

The effect of delta tabs on mixing and the phenomenon of axis switching in free air jets from various asymmetric nozzles was studied experimentally. Flow visualization and Pitot probe surveys were carried out with a set of small nozzles (D = 1.47 cm) at a jet Mach number, Mj = 1.63. Hot wire measurements for streamwise vorticity were carried out with larger nozzles (D = 6.35 cm) at Mj = 0.31. Jet mixing with the asymmetric nozzles, as indicated by the mass fluxes downstream, was found to be higher than that produced by a circular nozzle. The circular nozzle with four delta tabs, however, produced fluxes much higher than that produced by a asymmetric nozzles themselves or by most of the tab configurations tried with them. Even higher fluxes could be obtained with only a few cases, e.g., with 3:1 rectangular nozzle with two large delta tabs placed on the narrow edges. In this case, the jet 'fanned out' at a large angle after going through one axis switch. The axis switching could be either stopped or augmented with suitable choice of the tab configurations. Two mechanisms are identified governing the phenomenon. One, as described in Ref. 12 and referred to here as the omega(sub Theta)-induced dynamics, is due to differential induced velocities of different segments of a rolled up azimuthal vortical structure. The other is the omega(sub x)-induced dynamics due to the induced velocities of streamwise vortex pairs in the flow. While the former dynamics are responsible for rapid axis switching in periodically forced jets, the effect of the tabs is governed mainly by the latter. It is inferred that both dynamics are active in a natural asymmetric jet issuing from a nozzle having an upstream contraction. The tendency for axis switching caused by the omega(sub Theta)-induced dynamics is resisted by the omega(sub x)-induced dynamics, leading to a delayed or no switch over in that case. In jets from orifices and in screeching jets, the omega(sub Theta)-induced dynamics dominate causing a faster switch over.
Improving protocol capacity with model-based frame scheduling in IEEE 802.11-operated WLANs

In this paper, we develop a model-based frame scheduling scheme, called MFS, to enhance the capacity of IEEE 802.11-operated wireless LANs (WLANs). In MFS each node estimates the current network status by keeping track of the number of collisions it encounters between its two consecutive successful frame transmissions, and, based on the the estimated information, computes the current network utilization. The result is then used to determine a scheduling delay that is introduced (with the objective of avoiding collision) before a node attempts for transmission of its pending frame. In order to accurately calculate the current utilization in WLANs, we develop an analytical model that characterizes data transmission activities in IEEE 802.11-operated WLANs with/without the RTS/CTS mechanism, and validate the model with ns-2 simulation. All the control overhead incurred in the physical and MAC layers, as well as system parameters specified in IEEE 802.11 are figured in.We have conducted a comprehensive simulation study to evaluate MFS in perspective of number of collisions, achievable throughput, and inter-transmission delay. The simulation results indicate that the performance improvement with respect to protocol capacity can be as high as 20% with RTS/CTS and 150% without RTS/CTS, in a WLAN of up to 300 nodes. In addition, the inter-transmission delay in MFS is smaller and exhibits less variation than that in IEEE 802.11.
Mapping Neuronal Diversity One Cell at a Time

How many types of nerve cells are there in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS)? We still do not have a satisfactory answer to this deceptively simple question, and yet the precise assignment of nerve cells to well-defined subtype categories is critical both for elucidating the function of neural circuits and for the success of neural regenerative medicine. Amid the anatomical, electrophysiological, and biochemical diversity of nerve cells, the field is struggling to devise simple and clear criteria for neuronal classification. A universally applicable classification system should be based on traits that are objectively quantifiable, sufficiently diverse, and reproducible in independent laboratories. Such a classification method would provide new insights into CNS organization, development, and function, and might reveal unexpected relationships between neuronal subtypes.
Effects of intravenous amiodarone on electrical dispersion in normal and ischaemic tissues and on arrhythmia inducibility: monophasic action potential studies.

Objective: The aim was to study the effects of intravenous amiodarone on: (1) repolarisation and other monophasic action potential characteristics of normal and ischaemic tissues, and (2) vulnerability to pacing induced repetitive ventricular firing following acute left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. Methods: Epicardial monophasic action potentials were continuously and simultaneously recorded from ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions of the hearts of 24 pentobarbitone anaesthetised dogs. Monophasic action potential duration, rise time, and amplitude, as well as the degree of dispersion of repolarisation between normal and ischaemic areas and vulnerability to electrical induction of repetitive ventricular firing, were determined using hand held silver-silver chloride "contact pressure" electrodes, before and 15 min after coronary ligation; and 15 min after exposure to low (10 mg·kg−1) doses of amiodarone. Similar determinations were made in drug free controls. Results: Under control conditions, monophasic action potentials from both the (potentially) ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions were comparable, dispersion of repolarisation was minimal, and repetitive ventricular firing could not be induced. Coronary ligation significantly decreased monophasic action potential duration and increased rise time in the ischaemic, but not in the non-ischaemic, regions. Dispersion of repolarisation increased markedly. Repetitive ventricular firing could be induced in all dogs. "Low dose" amiodarone caused a much greater prolongation of repolarisation duration at ischaemic than at non-ischaemic sites. Dispersion of repolarisation decreased virtually to control levels and repetitive firing could no longer be induced in six of seven dogs. "High dose" amiodarone increased ischaemic region repolarisation duration and rise time relative to the non-ischaemic region to an even greater extent than the "low" dose, with the result that dispersion of repolarisation increased rather than decreased and repetitive ventricular firing again became inducible. Conclusions: The data indicate that: (1) intravenous amiodarone prolongs repolarisation of ischaemic tissues to a greater extent than that of normal tissues; (2) "low" dose amiodarone resulted in an overall decrease in dispersion of repolarisation, with little or no change in dispersion of rise time; (3) the "high" dose increased dispersion of both repolarisation and rise time. These changes were paralleled by changes in vulnerability to induction of repetitive ventricular firing by programmed ventricular pacing, the "low" dose being associated with decreases, and the "high" dose with further increases, in vulnerability, respectively.
A scalable systems analysis approach for regulated metabolic networks

High-throughput data such as genome sequencing and genome expression profiling have enabled the reconstruction of cellular networks. These networks have been represented in computational frameworks that can be used to make testable predictions concerning phenotypes under a variety of experimental conditions and multiple molecular perturbations. This presentation will detail several recent advances in the analysis of these networks as well as provide an outlook of remaining challenges.
Ten Anchor Points for Teaching Principles of Marketing

Effective marketing instructors commonly share a love for their students, an affinity for the subject matter, and a devotion to continuous quality improvement. The purpose of this article is to highlight 10 anchor points for teaching Principles of Marketing, which are designed to better engage students in the learning process. These anchor points—caring, realism, preparation, classroom comfort, humor, high standards, passion/compassion, humility, time management, and honesty—are vital aids in crafting meaningful student engagement and learning. In the article, each of these anchors is linked to current research findings on high-quality marketing instruction. Additionally, suggestions for each anchor point are presented.
Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Condensate Reduces Calcium Activated Chloride Channel Transport in Primary Sinonasal Epithelial Cultures

Objectives/Hypothesis: The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) serves as a predominant Cl− transport conduit in airway epithelium and is inhibited by cigarette smoke in vitro and in vivo. Activation of secondary Cl− transport pathways through calcium-activated Cl− channels (CaCC) has been postulated as a mechanism to bypass defects in CFTR-mediated transport. Because it is not known whether CaCCs are also inhibited by tobacco exposure, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on CaCC transport. Study Design: In vitro study. Methods: Well-characterized primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures were exposed to CSC in Ussing chambers. We monitored CaCC short-circuit current through stimulation of P2Y purinergic receptors with uridine triphosphate or adenosine triphosphate and selective inhibition of the CFTR-dependent secretory pathway. Characterization of CaCC current was also accomplished in primary airway cells derived from transgenic CFTR−/− (knockout) murine models. Results: Change in CaCC-mediated current (ΔISC representing transepithelial Ca-mediated Cl− secretion in μA/cm2) was significantly decreased in CSC-exposed wild type MNSE when compared to controls (32.8 ± 4.6 vs. 47.5 ± 2.3; respectively; P . HSNE cultures also had a significant reduction in ISC (16.1 ± 0.6 vs. 22.7 ± 0; P = .008). Conclusions: CSC affects multiple pathways fundamental to airway ion transport, including both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium activated Cl− transport. Inhibition of Cl− transport may contribute to common diseases of the airways, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Laryngoscope, 2010
Immunologic Aspects of Lyme Borreliosis

Immune responses to Borrelia burgdorferi infection are now well characterized. Following infection there is an early T cell response and a more slowly evolving B cell response. IgM antibodies appear first and are followed by IgG and IgA. Early antibodies are primarily against a 41-kilodalton flagellum-associated antigen; responses to other spirochetal antigens develop later. Serologic assays that use whole B. burgdorferi preparations are not always able to detect an early rise in antibodies above a background of crossreactive antibodies present in most uninfected individuals. Moreover, some individuals with neurologic involvement who lack diagnostic levels of serum antibody to B. burgdorferi have high levels of the antibody in their cerebrospinal fluid. Specific T cell blastogenesis to B. burgdorferi can further document infection. Analysis of T cell subsets in Lyme arthritis demonstrates a marked decrease in the CD4+2H4+ subpopulation in the synovial fluid, although normal numbers of these cells are present in peripheral blood. Immunologic measurements are useful in evaluating and treating a wide array of patients who may be infected with B. burgdorferi.
Manipulating Cell Migration and Proliferation with a Light-Activated Polypeptide

Remote control of cells: A polypeptide has been made that stimulates proliferation and migration of cells upon photochemical activation. This light-activated polypeptide enables spatially defined control of cell populations at the scale of tissue organization; this is accomplished without physically contacting the cells or modifying their substrate. Polypeptide growth and differentiation factors modulate a wide variety of cell behaviors and can be used to manipulate cells in vitro for tissue engineering and basic studies of cell biology. To emulate in vitro the spatial aspect of growth factor function, new methods are needed to generate defined spatial gradients of activity. Polypeptide factors that are engineered to be activated with light provide a method for creating concentration gradients with the fine precision in space and time with which light can be directed. As a first test of this approach, we have chemically synthesized a polypeptide with the sequence of epidermal growth factor in which a critical glutamate is "caged" with a photoremovable group. Photolysis of this polypeptide afforded maximal mitogenic and chemokinetic activity at concentrations at which the caged factor was inactive. Spatially resolved photolysis of the factor resulted in spatial patterning of fibroblasts. This system will be useful for ex vivo tissue engineering and for investigating the interactions of cells with their matrix and the role of chemical gradients in biological pattern formation.
Large N limit of two parameter model with arbitrary representation

Abstract We investigate the N = ∞ two parameter model, which consists of a fundamental representation action term and one other irreducible representation action term. This model can be reduced to a pure Wilson action with an effective inverse coupling. Two types of phase diagram are obtained.
Laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.

The jejunoileal bypass was the first malabsorptive procedure performed and the only available bariatric procedure in earlier times. First performed in 1953 by Varco and Kremen, it dominated the bariatric field over 20 years (1). The procedure consisted of an end-to-end jejunoileostomy with a separate ileocecostomy for drainage of the bypassed segment. Excellent weight loss was seen, but major complications such as gas-bloat syndrome, diarrhea, changes in electrolytes, impaired mental status, nephrolithiasis, eruptive integument lesions, and hepatic fibrosis and failure occurred. Because of these serious complications, this procedure was not used routinely (1).
Auxin Transport, Gibberellin, and Apical Dominance

Substitution of indoleacetic acid plus gibberellic acid for Pisum shoot apices restored apical dominance more effectively than indoleacetic acid alone. Studies of translocation, in which carbon-14-labeled indoleacetic acid was used (as determined by paper chromatography and scintillation counting) revealed that gibberellic acid caused more indoleacetic acid to be present and effective far from the site of application.
A Patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 and Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1B

We describe a patient with both Neurofibromatosis type 1 and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1B. While one might expect an overwhelming tumor burden due to the combination of these two disorders, the two mutations did not appear to interact.
Role of the carbon source in the activation of ribonucleic acid synthesis during the germination of Neurospora crassa conidia

Neurospora crassa wild-type conidia incubated in minimal media synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and polyadenylate-containing RNA [poly(A) + -RNA] during the first hour of germination. Likewise, spores incubated in media containing only the carbon source (sucrose-only medium) synthesize a qualitatively similar spectrum of RNA molecules. However, at this stage, a quantitative difference (decrease) in the amount of poly(A) + RNA is detected in spores incubated in sucrose-only medium. At 3 h into germination, spores incubated in a minimal medium continue to synthesize the same spectrum of RNA molecules as at 1 h. Spores incubated for 3 h in a sucrose-only medium exhibit an alteration of the polysome profile and RNA synthesis. In addition, approximately 75% of these spores do not form germ tubes. In those which do form a germ tube the germ tube never elongates beyond one cell diameter.
REVELATION AS TEACHING‐LEARNING

Abstract Revelation is a central category in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions for relating the divine and the human. Each of these religions tends to speak of revelation as something given to them in the past. This essay describes revelation as a present relation of teaching‐learning, one that is universal in scope and finds particular expressions in bodily and communal life. To teach is to show someone how to do something. Teaching is a fundamental act of all human and some nonhuman beings. Some Christian writers, including Clement of Alexandria and Thomas Aquinas, are cited in support of this thesis.
Reflections on the International Medical Society of Paraplegia and management of paraplegia.

Reflections on the International Medical Society of Paraplegia and management of paraplegia
Relationships between Recent Middle East and African Earthquakes

THE almost random occurrence of earthquakes seems to rule out any useful method of forecasting, at least until we understand and can closely monitor earth mantle processes. The probable influence of known natural factors like earth and ocean tides in triggering earthquakes is not sufficiently determining to be a forecasting aid. More hopeful are the results of ground deformation monitoring in the vicinity of such fault zones as the San Andreas, where patterns are emerging between ground deformation and ensuing local earthquakes1.
On the distribution of integer points on curves of genus zero

Abstract Let C⊂ A n be a geometrically irreducible affine curve of (geometric) genus 0 defined over Z such that C( Z ) is an infinite set. We use elementary methods to describe the distribution of C( Z ) in C( R ) relative to the real topology.
What is measured when you measure a resistance?—The Landauer formula revisited

We re-examine the question of what constitutes the physically relevant quantum-mechanical expression for the resistance of a disordered conductor in light of recent experimental and theoretical advances in our understanding of the conducting properties of mesoscopic systems. It is shown that in the absence of a magnetic field, the formula proposed by Buttiker, which expresses the current response of a multi-port conductor in terms of transmission matrices, is derivable straightforwardly from linear response theory. We also present a general formalism for solving these equations for the resistance given the scattering matrix. This Landauer-type formula reduces to g=(e 2 /h)Tr(tt † ), where g is the conductance and t is the transmission matrix, for the two-probe case. It is suggested that this formula provides the best description of the present class of experiments performed in two-probe or multi-probe measuring configurations, and that the subtleties leading to various different Landauer formulae are not relevant to these experiments. This is not because of the large number of channels in real conductors, but is due to the fact that apparently no present experiment probes a “local chemical potential” in the conductor. Certain standard objections to deriving a Landauer-type formula from linear response theory are answered. Applications of this formula to fluctuations in disordered multi-probe conductors are discussed.
Origin and evolution of the alkalic ultramafic rocks in the Coyote Peak diatreme, Humboldt County, California

Abstract Instrumental-neutron-activation analyses are reported for two uncontaminated rocks, a phlogopite-rich clot, and two contaminated rocks from the Coyote Peak diatreme, northwestern California. These data, combined with Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence, have been modeled to a multi-stage evolution for the uncontaminated rocks. Fertile mantle material (refractory elements 2.5× chondritic abundances; Rb/Sr = 0.029 by weight) was depleted about 900 m.y. ago by congruent melting and removal of ~4% basaltic liquid; this depleted residue provided the source rock from which the Coyote Peak magma was ultimately derived. About 66 m.y. ago, the depleted mantle residue was incongruently melted in the presence of H2O and CO2 at a total pressure > 26 kb to yield ~0.5% of a Si-poor, Ca-rich melt. This melt then metasomatized depleted garnet-free harzburgite in the upper mantle at about 26 kb to produce a rock similar to phlogopite-bearing wehrlite. About 29 m.y. ago, this rock was subjected to an increase in pressure to >26 kb and incongruently melted to give ~0.5% of a second-stage melt resembling olivine melilitite in composition. Enroute to the surface, about 28% olivine and 2% titanomagnetite were lost from the highly fluid melt. Coarse-grained phlogopite-rich clots in the uncontaminated rocks apparently crystallized from a latestage liquid derived from the uncontaminated melt. Contaminated rocks appear to be the result of partial assimilation of, and dilution by, ~14% Franciscan graywacke country rock. The diatreme was emplaced near a converging plate margin where young hot oceanic mantle and crust of the Juan de Fuca plate was probably subducting obliquely beneath a thin lip of the North American plate. The unusual chemistry of the rocks may be the result of this complex tectonic setting which could also have included local strike-slip and extensional environments within the two plates pierced by the diatreme.
The origins of American humanistic scholars

(1965). The Origins of American Humanistic Scholars. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 232-233.
Diurnal blood pressure and blood pressure variability in diabetic normotensive and hypertensive subjects.

PurposeAmbulatory blood pressure monitoring has helped to identify different patterns of diurnal blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients. This review examines the available data, with special reference to diabetic hypertensives.Data identificationThe diurnal rhythm is absent or abnormal
Module on Observation Methods: A Perspective on the Teaching of Inquiry

An observation methods teaching module that serves to explicate the differences between detached and participant modes of inquiry is presented. The experience of applying this module to teaching 140 graduate students in a competency-based Counseling program is described. The rationale, teaching goals, learning content, and mechanisms of teaching and evaluation are detailed. The effects of the module and areas in need of development are discussed. The present approach, with its particular philosophical framework and its emphasis on the implications of different method choices in the field, is recommended for the teaching of psychological inquiry.
Placement of PEG tubes through previously placed self-expanding esophageal metal stents

Background: Self-expanding metal stents are frequently used to palliate patients with malignant dysphagia and close tracheoesophageal fistulae. Despite proper stent positioning and deployment, in a subset of patients there is no improvement in dysphagia, closure of tracheoesophageal fistulae, or resolution of anorexia. Such patients may require a PEG tube. It has been suggested that PEG placement through a preexisting esophageal stent is problematic because of the risks of gastrostomy tube impaction within the stent and resultant stent migration. Methods: Case records were retrospectively reviewed of 9 consecutive patients with indwelling esophageal self-expanding metal stents undergoing attempted PEG. Observations: PEG tube placement was successful in all patients. In 1 patient, the stent migrated distally into the stomach during PEG placement. This was managed endoscopically without further complication. Conclusions: PEG placement in patients with previously placed esophageal self-expanding metal stents is a relatively safe and feasible procedure, although stent migration may occur.
Prevalence and outcomes of cystic lesion of the pancreas in immunosuppressed patients with solid organ transplantation.

Abstract Background Solid organ transplant recipients have an increased risk of cancer due to immunosuppressive therapy. Pancreatic cystic lesions are increasingly being detected, some with malignant potential. We aimed to determine the prevalence of these lesions and describe their clinical course in these patients. Methods We identified the presence of pancreatic cystic lesions in a retrospective cohort of 3188 consecutive solid organ transplant recipients from 2000 to 2013 and compared lesion characteristics at initial and follow-up imaging, when available. Results Lesion prevalence was 11.4% (365/3188), and increased with age. Median diameter of the largest lesions was 7 mm (range: 1–31 mm). We noted worrisome features in two patients (0.54%) at the time of cyst diagnosis. Of 155 patients who underwent follow-up imaging, the cysts size remained stable in 80%, increased in 16%, and decreased in 4%. Two patients (1.3%) developed features concerning for cancer. One underwent pancreatic surgery, and pathology confirmed the presence of high-grade dysplasia. The other continued with conservative management due to multiple comorbidities. Conclusions Pancreatic cystic lesions are common in solid organ transplant recipients. In lesions without high-risk features, the development of features worrisome for cancer is rare. These lesions can be managed conservatively, and their presence should not affect transplant eligibility.
Experimentation in the computer programming lab

Applying active learning exercises to supplement passive learning activities such as lecture achieves positive educational results. The use of laboratory experiments as employed in the natural sciences transfers well to the computer science laboratory. Application of laboratory experiments that promote experimentation, provide for drill and practice, and reinforce inter- and extra-classroom efforts results in positive educational outcomes, student attitudes, and teacher attitudes. Exercises targeted to all six levels of learning abstraction in Bloom's taxonomy can be incorporated into the laboratory experiment model.
A Comparison of the PIAT, CAT, and WRAT Scores and Teacher Ratings for Learning Disabled Children

The concurrent validity of the PIAT with learning disabled children was investigated using the CAT, WRAT, and Teacher Ratings of academic performance as criterion measures. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were moderate to high, indicating substantial concurrent validity in favor of the PIAT. Mean grade placement scores on subtests with similar content for all four measures were found to be generally equivalent, with the exception of PIAT Reading Recognition and WRAT Reading which produced lower scores.
A model for adiabatic supersonic turbulent boundary layers

An asymptotic analysis of the equations describing supersonic turbulent flow over an adiabatic wall is carried out for high Reynolds numbers, Re, and mainstream Mach numbers, Me=O(1). A general expression for the adiabatic-wall temperature is derived. The asymptotic theory constrains the types of turbulence models that are suitable to represent the effects of viscous dissipation. A simple algebraic turbulence model is proposed and comparisons with measured total enthalpy profile data show good agreement, capturing the overshoot observed in total enthalpy near the boundarylayer edge.
Fos expression in the sleep-active cell group of the ventrolateral preoptic area in the diurnal murid rodent, Arvicanthis niloticus

The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the nocturnal laboratory rat receives direct input from the retina and is active during sleep; however, nothing is known about VLPO function in day-active (diurnal) species. In the first study, we used 24-h videotaping of Arvicanthis niloticus, a diurnal murid rodent, to estimate the distribution of sleep and wakefulness across a 12:12 light-dark cycle. Based on behavioral data, A. niloticus were perfused at a time when the animals are inactive (zeitgeber time (ZT) 20) or at a time when they are awake and active (ZT 23). The brains were processed for immunocytochemistry for Fos, an immediate early gene product used as an index of neural activity. Animals had more Fos-immunoreactive (Fos+) cells in the VLPO at ZT 20 than at ZT 23. The pattern of change in Fos expression seen in this area suggest that the VLPO serves the same function in A. niloticus as in rats. Eye injections of cholera toxin (beta subunit) were used to identify the retinal inputs to the VLPO of A. niloticus. In these animals, the VLPO had only very sparse retinal inputs compared to the rat. Together, these results raise the possibility that inputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or the retina affect neuronal activity in the VLPO differently in rats and A. niloticus, thereby, contributing to differences in their sleep/wake patterns.
Self-dual Chern-Simons solitons and two-dimensional nonlinear equations.

The nonlinear planar Schroedinger equation with additional coupling to non-Abelian Chern-Simons gauge fields possesses static, zero-energy solutions that satisfy self-dual equations. When the Schroedinger field is in the adjoint representation, the static equations comprise a two-dimensional reduction of the four-dimensional self-dual Yang-Mills system and can be given various zero-curvature formulations. Well-known nonlinear equations of two-dimensional physics arise for the Schroedinger field, both in the adjoint and defining representations. Thus nonrelativistic matter interacting with Chern-Simons fields provides a unified dynamical framework for these equations.
Formal Uncertainty Analysis of a Lagrangian Photochemical Air Pollution Model

This study applied Monte Carlo analysis with Latin hypercube sampling to evaluate the effects of uncertainty in air parcel trajectory paths, emissions, rate constants, deposition affinities, mixing heights, and atmospheric stability on predictions from a vertically resolved photochemical trajectory model. Uncertainties in concentrations of ozone and other secondary compounds and in predicted changes due to 25% reductions in motor vehicle non-methane organic compound (NMOC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were examined. Surface wind measurements were interpolated over the modeling domain, and uncertainties were quantified using data withholding. The resulting wind fields and uncertainties were used to generate ensembles of trajectories ending at four Southern California air quality monitoring sites. A motor vehicle emissions inventory and associated uncertainties were derived from remote sensing and fuel sales data. Uncertainties in chemical rate parameters were obtained from expert reviews. Estimated u...