cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-resolution study of hippocampal and medial temporal lobe correlates of spatial context and prospective overlapping route memory.

When navigating our world we often first plan or retrieve an ideal route to our goal, avoiding alternative paths that lead to other destinations. The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been implicated in processing contextual information, sequence memory, and uniquely retrieving routes that overlap or “cross paths.” However, the identity of subregions of the hippocampus and neighboring cortex that support these functions in humans remains unclear. The present study used high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (hr-fMRI) in humans to test whether the CA3/DG hippocampal subfield and para-hippocampal cortex are important for processing spatial context and route retrieval, and whether the CA1 subfield facilitates prospective planning of mazes that must be distinguished from alternative overlapping routes. During hr-fMRI scanning, participants navigated virtual mazes that were well-learned from prior training while also learning new mazes. Some routes learned during scanning shared hallways with those learned during pre-scan training, requiring participants to select between alternative paths. Critically, each maze began with a distinct spatial contextual Cue period. Our analysis targeted activity from the Cue period, during which participants identified the current navigational episode, facilitating retrieval of upcoming route components and distinguishing mazes that overlap. Results demonstrated that multiple MTL regions were predominantly active for the contextual Cue period of the task, with specific regions of CA3/DG, parahippocampal cortex, and perirhinal cortex being consistently recruited across trials for Cue periods of both novel and familiar mazes. During early trials of the task, both CA3/DG and CA1 were more active for overlapping than non-overlapping Cue periods. Trial-by-trial Cue period responses in CA1 tracked subsequent overlapping maze performance across runs. Together, our findings provide novel insight into the contributions of MTL subfields to processing spatial context and route retrieval, and support a prominent role for CA1 in distinguishing overlapping episodes during navigational “look-ahead” periods.
Biochemical and cytological alterations in gastric mucosa of guinea pigs under restraint stress.

Summary Immobilization of guinea pigs has been found to be a reliable and useful experimental method for the production of gastric and duodenal erosions. The number of animals developing stress erosions increased progressively in time and reached 90% in 40 hr. During the development of the erosions, some animals were likely to develop many lesions, while others developed none. Immobilization caused rapid degranulation of the mast cells of the gastric mucosa. However, there was no correlation between the reduction in mast cells and the occurrence of erosions in individual animals. Acid concentration and volume of gastric juice in the stomach at the time of sacrifice were not significantly different among restrained animals with and without lesions or in fasted controls. Decrease in periodic acid-Schiff positive mucosubstances in surface cells of the gastric mucosa appeared to be present after 18 hr of stress. This occurred together with a progressive decrease in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis during stress and a loss of ribonucleic acid from the gastric tissue.
Toward a comprehensive global electric circuit model: Atmospheric conductivity and its variability in CESM1(WACCM) model simulations

[1] As an important step in further modeling and understanding the global electric circuit, the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) has been extended to provide a calculation of conductivity in the troposphere and stratosphere. Conductivity depends on ion mobility and ion concentration, the latter being controlled by a number of ion production and loss processes. This leads to a complex dependency of conductivity on most importantly galactic cosmic ray flux, radon emissions from the Earth's surface, aerosol number concentrations, clouds, and temperature. To cover this variety in parameters for calculating and evaluating conductivity, an Earth system model is extremely useful. Here the extension of CESM1 to calculate conductivity is described, and the results are discussed with a focus on their spatial and temporal variabilities. The results are also compared to balloon and aircraft measurements, and good agreement is found for undisturbed conditions and during a solar proton event. The conductivity model implementation is a significant improvement to previous studies because of the high-quality, high-resolution model data input. Notably, the aerosol representation provided by off-line calculations of tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol using the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres as part of CESM1(WACCM) (Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model) provides a realistic computation of the impact of the background aerosol distribution for the first time. In addition to the novel high-resolution information on conductivity, it is found that an intra-annual cycle exists in the total global resistance, varying between 220 and 245 Ω. The model shows that this cycle is driven equally by seasonal aerosol and cloud variations.
Not as Different as We Want to Be: Attitudinally Consistent Trait Desirability Leads to Exaggerated Associations Between Personality and Sociopolitical Attitudes

Research connecting sociopolitical attitudes to personality typically relies exclusively on self-report measures of personality. A recently discovered mechanism of bias in self-reports highlights a particular challenge for this approach. Specifically, individuals tend to report exaggerated levels of a trait to the extent that they view that trait as desirable. In a community sample of 443 participants, differences in sociopolitical attitudes were associated with differences in the extent to which individuals provided biased self-reports for a given trait (relative to trait levels indicated by peer-report or an objective measure) as well as differences in views of the desirability of that trait. Further, the tendency to misrepresent traits in a manner consistent with one's sociopolitical attitudes was mediated by differences in views of trait desirability. Thus, although meaningful personality differences exist among those with differing sociopolitical attitudes, those differences may not be as large as people with opposing sociopolitical attitudes might like them to be.
Interaction of stress and morphine in the rat using a classical conditioning design

Previous studies have suggested that aversive and stressful stimulation may affect endogenous opioid systems and produce physiological changes (e.g., analgesia, Straub tail response) typically associated with opiate stimulation. The present experiment addressed the effect of stressful but not immediately painful stimulation upon an opiate-mediated syndrome using a novel procedure. Noise stress and morphine administration were factorially varied in the classical conditioning of environmental preference in a two-choice apparatus. In comparison with control subjects which showed no change, morphine produced a preference shift toward the conditioned environment which was further potentiated by a noise stimulation. Thus, stress may potentiate the reinforcing effects of opiate alkaloids.
Spatial organization within a niche as a determinant of stem-cell fate

Stem-cell niches in mammalian tissues are often heterogeneous and compartmentalized; however, whether distinct niche locations determine different stem-cell fates remains unclear. To test this hypothesis, here we use the mouse hair follicle niche and combine intravital microscopy with genetic lineage tracing to re-visit the same stem-cell lineages, from their exact place of origin, throughout regeneration in live mice. Using this method, we show directly that the position of a stem cell within the hair follicle niche can predict whether it is likely to remain uncommitted, generate precursors or commit to a differentiated fate. Furthermore, using laser ablation we demonstrate that hair follicle stem cells are dispensable for regeneration, and that epithelial cells, which do not normally participate in hair growth, re-populate the lost stem-cell compartment and sustain hair regeneration. This study provides a general model for niche-induced fate determination in adult tissues.
Incremental oxidation of the surface of monolayer and bilayer graphene: A computational study

Abstract We report the binding energies for a monolayer and bilayer graphene sheet coated with up to 24 oxygen atoms added sequentially to one surface of a monolayer and bilayer. Our graphene/graphite system consists of an arrangement of 3×5 phenyl rings or 48 carbon atoms in the monolayer and 96 carbon atoms in the bilayer. Geometries were energy optimized using the RM1 semiempirical method employing Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBC) followed by single point PBE and HSE06, all with the 6-31g ⁎ basis and PBC. Results indicate that the first O atom bound to pure graphene has a binding energy 2.16 eV on the monolayer and 2.14 eV on the bilayer. As O atoms are added the binding energy increases to 2.61 eV when the surface coverage on the monolayer reaches 45.8% or 11 O atoms on the unit cell, and for the bilayer this maximum occurs with 45.8% coverage or 11 O atoms on the top of the bilayer. The binding energy then gradually declines to 2.41 eV for the monolayer and to 1.93 eV for the bilayer with 100% coverage or 24 O atoms covering the top of the surface. Oxygen atoms added in close proximity to one another have a greater binding energy than O atoms added with larger separations relative to the unit cell. The difference in O binding energy between the monolayer system and the bilayer system is on average 0.02 eV less for the bilayer, the second, and as the number of O atoms are increased, the binding energy between the graphene layers falls to zero after 45.8% coverage or with 11 O atoms.
Effect of an oral Shiga toxin-binding agent on diarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome in children: a randomized controlled trial.

ContextDiarrhea-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children. Most cases are caused by an intestinal infection with Shiga toxin–producing strains of Escherichia coli.ObjectiveTo determine if administration of an oral agent that binds Shiga toxin could diminish the severity of diarrhea-associated HUS in pediatric patients.Design, Setting, and PatientsMulticenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 145 children (96 experimental and 49 placebo) aged 6 months to 18 years with diarrhea-associated HUS conducted between July 27, 1997, and April 14, 2001, at 26 tertiary care pediatric nephrology centers in the United States and Canada. Trial included 2 phases, the hospital course for treatment of the acute illness and a 60-day outpatient follow-up period after discharge from the hospital.InterventionPatients were assigned to receive the binding agent, 500 mg/kg daily, or cornmeal placebo orally for 7 days in a 2:1 randomization scheme.Main Outcome MeasuresCombined frequency of death or serious extrarenal events and need for dialysis in the experimental vs placebo group.ResultsA total of 62 patients (43%) were male and 123 (85%) were white. The median age of the patients was 4.2 years. Most patients (59%) were transferred from other hospitals to participating sites. The severity of disease at the time of randomization was comparable in the 2 groups. The prevalence of death or serious extrarenal events was 18% and 20% in the experimental and placebo groups, respectively (P = .82). Dialysis was required in 42% of experimental and 39% of placebo groups (P = .86).ConclusionsOral therapy with a Shiga toxin–binding agent failed to diminish the severity of disease in pediatric patients with diarrhea-associated HUS.
New Insights into the Interdependence between Amino Acid Stereochemistry and Protein Structure

To successfully design new proteins and understand the effects of mutations in natural proteins, we must understand the geometric and physicochemical principles underlying protein structure. The side chains of amino acids in peptides and proteins adopt specific dihedral angle combinations; however, we still do not have a fundamental quantitative understanding of why some side-chain dihedral angle combinations are highly populated and others are not. Here we employ a hard-sphere plus stereochemical constraint model of dipeptide mimetics to enumerate the side-chain dihedral angles of leucine (Leu) and isoleucine (Ile), and identify those conformations that are sterically allowed versus those that are not as a function of the backbone dihedral angles ϕ and ψ. We compare our results with the observed distributions of side-chain dihedral angles in proteins of known structure. With the hard-sphere plus stereochemical constraint model, we obtain agreement between the model predictions and the observed side-chain dihedral angle distributions for Leu and Ile. These results quantify the extent to which local, geometrical constraints determine protein side-chain conformations.
A Study of Variations in Secretion of Ca45 by the Mammary Glands of Dairy Cows

Summary Experiments have been discussed in which the specific activities of milk calcium and blood calcium have been compared after intravenous and oral doses of radioactive calcium administered to lactating dairy cows, along with investigations to determine the cause of the differences observed. After intravenous doses the specific activity curve of blood calcium as it declined passed through the peak of the milk calcium curve corrected to average time of secretion. After the peak, the milk specific activity usually remained higher than the blood but continued to decline at the same rate as blood. After oral doses wide variations in response have been observed. In some animals the specific activity of milk calcium has exceeded the highest observed specific activity of blood, but in others they were nearly equal at their maximum. After the peak the decline curves have been very similar to those after an intravenous dose. Cows that had previously developed milk fever were found to exhibit greater differences in specific activities of blood and milk calcium in early lactation than other cows; yet these differences were observed also in cows that were not highly susceptible to milk fever. No satisfactory explanation for the excessive proportion of radioactive calcium in milk has been discovered. Paper electrophoresis, arterial-venous differences, and experiments involving the constant injection of stable calcium failed to support the hypothesis that a high specific activity fraction of blood calcium existed which might be used preferentially for milk formation. Mass spectrographic analysis of blood and milk calcium of one cow showed no differences in proportions of six calcium isotopes, which indicated that the udder was not concentrating Ca 45 per se. The existence in the udder of a variable calcium reservoir from which the calcium is not readily exchanged with blood calcium, and which is used for milk formation, has been postulated to explain the differences in time between equal specific activity values of blood and milk calcium.
Mechanism of Actin Network Attachment to Moving Membranes: Barbed End Capture by N-WASP WH2 Domains

Actin filament networks exert protrusive and attachment forces on membranes and thereby drive membrane deformation and movement. Here, we show that N-WASP WH2 domains play a previously unanticipated role in vesicle movement by transiently attaching actin filament barbed ends to the membrane. To dissect the attachment mechanism, we reconstituted the propulsive motility of lipid-coated glass beads, using purified soluble proteins. N-WASP WH2 mutants assembled actin comet tails and initiated movement, but the comet tails catastrophically detached from the membrane. When presented on the surface of a lipid-coated bead, WH2 domains were sufficient to maintain comet tail attachment. In v-Src-transformed fibroblasts, N-WASP WH2 mutants were severely defective in the formation of circular podosome arrays. In addition to creating an attachment force, interactions between WH2 domains and barbed ends may locally amplify signals for dendritic actin nucleation.
Converting the chemical shift artifact to a spectral image

The chemical shift artifact in magnetic resonance imaging is an undesirable misregistration of components of an image due to their chemical shift differences. The artifact is most prevalent at high magnetic fields with small field gradients and low sampling rates. Exploiting this relationship allows the acquisition of spectral information for each and every voxel of a magnetic resonance image, which in turn provides the opportunity for multispectral diagnosis and analysis approaches. A method of transforming a set of images with different amounts of the chemical shift artifact into a spatial–spatial-spectral image is presented. The transformation is demonstrated on tomographic magnetic resonance images of a chemical shift phantom and the human leg. As with all spectral imaging techniques, this one is also sensitive to magnetic susceptibility variations across the field of view. The technique can readily separate water and lipid and has a spectral resolution approaching 0.4 ppm. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 38A: 107–116, 2011.
Enumeration of four-connected three-dimensional nets. III. Conversion of edges of three-connected two-dimensional nets into saw chains

A three-repeat saw (s) chain has each vertical edge separated by a tooth composed of two tilted edges zig and zag. Some horizontal (h) edges from a parallel stack of three-connected two-dimensional (2D) nets can be converted into an s chain. Each resulting four-connected vertex in the three-dimensional (3D) net may be part of either one, two or three s chains. The first type of (h,s)* 3D net is related by a sigma-type mirror plane to a (h,z)* net listed in paper II [Han & Smith (1998). Acta Cryst. A55, 342–359]. The second type does not have an (h,z)* relative. Using the same three-connected 2D nets as in paper II, 174 four-connected 3D nets were selected from the first two types, including six in known structures: `nepheline hydrate' (International Zeolite Association Structure Commission code JBW), AlPO4-12-TAMU (ATT), offretite (OFF), Linde Type L (LTL), SUZ-4 (SZF) and ZSM-10 (ZST). The third type with three back-to-back s chains is represented by edingtonite (EDI), and systematic enumeration is in progress. The geometrical and topological properties of the 3D nets are given. Idealized unit-cell data and atomic coordinates for tetrahedral bonding were obtained for 40 selected 3D nets by distance-least-squares (DLS) refinement.
Erratum to: Model change and methodological virtues in scientific inference

Let X represent a sequence of data, and let XB represent an i.i.d. subsequence of length t of data generated from distribution B.1 Let F be a framework (in this case, a set of probability distributions or densities).2 Let MF be a method that takes a data sequence X as input and outputs a distribution B ∈ F; wewill typically drop the subscriptF from M as we will be dealing with a single framework at a time. Concretely, M[XB] = O means that M outputs O after observing the sequence XB . Let D be a distance metric over distributions (e.g., the Anderson-Darling test). Let Dδ(A, B) be shorthand for the following inequality: D(A, B) < δ. Finally, let [X,Y ] denote the concatenation of sequence X with sequence Y .
Aberrant TCRδ rearrangement underlies the T-cell lymphocytopenia and t(12;14) translocation associated with ATM deficiency.

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a protein kinase and a master regulator of DNA-damage responses. Germline ATM inactivation causes ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome with severe lymphocytopenia and greatly increased risk for T-cell lymphomas/leukemia. Both A-T and T-cell prolymphoblastic leukemia patients with somatic mutations of ATM frequently carry inv(14;14) between the T-cell receptor α/δ (TCRα/δ) and immunoglobulin H loci, but the molecular origin of this translocation remains elusive. ATM−/− mice recapitulate lymphocytopenia of A-T patients and routinely succumb to thymic lymphomas with t(12;14) translocation, syntenic to inv(14;14) in humans. Here we report that deletion of the TCRδ enhancer (Eδ), which initiates TCRδ rearrangement, significantly improves αβ T cell output and effectively prevents t(12;14) translocations in ATM−/− mice. These findings identify the genomic instability associated with V(D)J recombination at the TCRδ locus as the molecular origin of both lymphocytopenia and the signature t(12;14) translocations associated with ATM deficiency.
Reconstruction of mandibular discontinuity defects using autogenous grafting and a mandibular reconstruction plate: A prospective evaluation of nine consecutive cases

This article presents the clinical results of a prospective evaluation of nine cases of mandibular discontinuity that were reconstructed using autogenous grafting and a reconstruction plate. All patients were allowed to function immediately postsurgery. Acceptable esthetic and functional results were obtained with minimal donor and recipient site complications. All cases showed complete graft incorporation and restoration of osseous continuity.
Environmental factors determining the trace-level sorption of silver and thallium to soils.

Silver (Ag) and thallium (Tl) are nonessential elements that can be highly toxic to a number of biota even when present in the environment at trace levels. In spite of that, the literature on the chemistry and fate of Ag and Tl in soils is extremely scanty. In that context, the key objective of this research was to compare the sorption characteristics of trace amounts of Ag and Tl on a range of soils and minerals. A second objective was to determine the extent to which the composition and surface chemistry of the sorbents, as well as other environmental factors (simulated acid rain application and the presence of competing ions like K+ and NH4+) influence the sorption and lability of Ag and Tl. To this end, short-term and long-term sorption isotherms were generated under batch conditions for trace levels of Ag and Tl onto three illite-rich mineral soils from central New York (silt loam and fine sandy loam), a peaty-muck soil drained for agricultural use, and soil minerals (ferrihydrite and birnessite). Silver sorbed more strongly than thallium to all the soils. The peaty-muck soil sorbed Ag more strongly than the mineral soils, confirming that silver sorption to soils is dominated by soil organic matter either through exchange or complexation. The organic matter-rich soil's retention of Tl, however, was similar to that of the sandy soil. Amounts of Ag and Tl sorbed to the mineral soils increased after a 1-year incubation period. Whereas Ag sorption to the peaty-muck soil also increased with time, Tl sorption was unaffected. Short batch studies indicated that high amounts of Tl sorb to birnessite (30% by mass). However, subsequent X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the solid did not detect the presence of any Tl3+ as Tl2O3 on the MnO4. In contrast, Tl(I) was relatively poorly sorbed on noncrystalline ferrihydrite at pH 5.1 (1.5% by mass). Thus, Mn oxides may play a role in Tl retention by soils; whereas, contrary to previous reports, iron oxides do not effectively sorb Tl. Acid rain and addition of potassium (K+) and ammonium (NH4+) as competing ions had no long-term effect on Ag or Tl sorption. Thallium remaining in the all the batch sorption solutions, as determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltametry (DPASV), was completely labile, which may have important environmental consequences.
Financial Risk Management in Offshore Oil Infrastructure Planning and Scheduling

This paper discusses the financial risk management in the planning and scheduling of offshore oil infrastructure. The problem consists of determining the sequence of platforms to build and the wells to drill as well as how to produce these wells over a period of time. The problem has shown numerical difficulties, and several decomposition methods have been attempted to alleviate these difficulties. We added budgeting constraints to this model, following thus the cash flow of the project, taking care of the distribution of proceeds, and even considering the possibility of taking loans against some built equity. The model was made stochastic, the financial risk, an important aspect of these ventures, is analyzed, and the ability to manage it is discussed. The numerical difficulties resulting from the addition of uncertainty are overcome by using the sampling average algorithm (SAA; Verweij, B.; Ahmed, S.; Kleywegt, A. J.; Nemhauser, G.; Shapiro, A. Comput. Appl. Optim. 2001, 24, 289−333). We show that the S...
Artifactual Uncertainty in Risk Analysis

The field of comparative risk analysis of electrical energy alternatives has traditionally been plagued by highly uncertain estimates of risk rates, and consequently by conflicting judgements of relative risk. To the extent that this uncertainty arises from traditional sources–imperfect observations or actual variance in the data–it can be brought within a Bayesian statistical framework which allows policy conclusions to be formulted and tested at different levels of confidence. It is shown that there are important methodological or “artifactual” sources of uncertainty, however, that cannot be treated by statistical means; these require conceptual advances for their resolution. By identifying these sources of uncertainty in simple thought experiments and examples, it is shown in what ways the concept of attributable risk, which is the policy-maker's chief concern, must be sharpened and refined to have unambiguous meaning. The conventional “multilinear” formula for calculating risk indices is challenged as a measure of attributable risk, and directions for further research to improve the methodological foundations of comparative risk analysis are identified.
Protein Fraction Producing Off-Flavor Headspace Volatiles in Peanut Seed

The free amino acids involved in the sugar−amine nonenzymatic reaction are believed to originate following thermal breakdown of unknown protein(s) during roasting. This study was conducted to identify the seed protein(s) involved in the production of off-flavor volatiles, especially the n-methylpyrrole, in roasted peanuts. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Florunner) seed proteins were separated into 10 fractions by gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-300 column. These fractions were heated, and the resulting headspace gasses were tested for flavor volatiles. The data showed that of the 10 protein fractions evaluated, only the peak I fraction produced the headspace volatiles. The volatile compounds included the ones responsible for off-flavors, as well as some unknown compounds. Peak I was found to be protein in nature and to contain sulfur. Further fractionation of peak I showed that the cryoprecipitate and dialysis-precipitate produced mainly hexanal, while the cryosupernatant and dialysis-supernatant produce...
Previous-beat contraction history is not influenced by mechanosensitive ion channel blockade

Objectives: Prior studies have shown that the performance of the left ventricle on any one beat is influenced by the mechanical events of the previous beat, a phenomenon called “previous-beat contraction history”. This previous-beat contraction history, which appears to be an interplay between the mechanical events of one contraction and the activation state of the next contraction, could depend, at least in part, on mechanosensitive ion channels. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to test the hypothesis that mechanosensitive ion channels contribute to previous-beat contraction history: If previous-beat contraction history depends on mechanosensitive ion channels, the magnitude of its effect should be decreased by blocking mechanosensitive ion channels. Methods: We performed experiments in buffer-perfused isolated rabbit hearts in which left ventricular pressure and volume were controlled with a servo-motor system. We evaluated the pulse interval-dependent expression of previous-beat contraction history under control conditions (no drug) and in the presence of 100 and 500 μM streptomycin, a blocker of mechanosensitive ion channels. Results: Under control conditions, previous-beat contraction history depended on the interval between beats, as we have previously observed. Neither the magnitude of previous-beat contraction history nor its dependence on pulse interval was influenced significantly by either concentration of streptomycin. Conclusion: Mechanosensitive ion channels do not play a role in the expression of previous-beat contraction history in the left ventricle of the isolated rabbit heart.
Flow and heat-transfer measurements in subsonic air flow through a contraction section.

Flow and heat transfer measurements for heated air in subsonic flow through contraction section connecting tube to conical section
Charcot and Les névroses traumatiques: scientific and historical reflections.

Abstract Between 1878 and 1893, Jean‐Martin Charcot published over twenty detailed case histories dealing with what he termed ‘traumatic hysteria’ and what today would be labelled the psychoneurology of trauma. Charcot's cases record a highly diverse clinique tableau of symptoms. Etiologically, Charcot posited a dual model of a hereditary diathese, or constitutional predilection to nervous degeneration, and an environmental agent provocateur. Increasingly during the 1880s, he emphasized the role of ‘psychical shock’. These writings of Charcot also exhibit many of the same, superb clinical qualities that distinguish his work on other medical topics. Charcot isolated several hystero‐traumatic formations and provided outstanding clinical depictions of subgenres of the disorder, most notably brachial monoplegias. His clinical demonstrations of the differential diagnosis of organic and functional post‐traumatic pathologies represent Charcot the virtuoso neurologist at his finest. Taken together, these writings...
Process design decision support system for developing process chemistry

We present a methodology and computer-based process design decision support system (PDDSS) that critiques laboratory-scale process chemistry based on an engineering analysis of a process topology developed from what is currently known about the process chemistry. The process topology is a functionally generated “flow sheet” for a feasible process comprised of a generic equipment configuration. Equipment in the topology consists of models and knowledge that allow for early analysis of cost, environmental, regulatory, and safety issues that may become important as the project moves from experimental process research to engineering design. By coupling experimental chemistry development with interactive, engineering-based evaluation, PDDSS can accelerate the overall development process and enables the underlying chemistry to better meet financial and processing goals. PDDSS is unique in its approach by integrating downstream engineering considerations with laboratory-scale chemical synthesis. This paper discu...
The Effect of Excitons on Raman Excitation Profiles in One-Dimensional Systems

We use the Kramers-Heisenberg approach to derive a general expression for the resonant Raman scattering cross section from a one-dimensional system explicitly accounting for excitonic effects.
The preparation and ionic conductivity of sol-gels in the Li2O-P2O5-SiO2 system

Glasses in the Li2O-P2O5-SiO2 system were prepared by the sol-gel technique. Ionic conductivity, thermal analysis, FTIR data and a phase diagram are reported. Monolithic xerogel specimens form only with high-silica content. X-ray powder diffraction results show the formation of crystalline lithium phosphate polymers in some samples which further polymerize and become part of the amorphous network. This is supported by IR data. The gels are shown to be phase-separated into silica-rich and phosphate-rich regions with the lithium located predominantly in the phosphate-rich regions. Ionic conductivity was found to increase strongly with increasing concentrations of both lithium and phosphate. The best conductivities observed are 8×10−5 (Ω-cm)−1 for 0.20Li2O-0.20P2O5-0.60SiO2 at 573 K and 2×10−3 (Ω-cm)−1 for 0.10Li2O-0.25P2O5-0.65SiO2 at 298 K. The high ionic conductivity at room temperature is associated with the motion of protons.
Treadmill scores in elderly men

Abstract Objectives This study seeks to further characterize the role of exercise testing in the elderly for prognosis and diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Background Recent exercise testing guidelines have recognized that statements regarding the elderly do not have an adequate evidence-based quality because the studies they are based on have limitations in sample size and design. The Duke Treadmill Score has been recommended for risk stratification, but recent evidence has suggested that it does not function in the elderly. Methods The study population consisted of male veterans (1,872 patients ≥65 years; 3,798 patients Results In survival analysis, exercise-induced ST depression was prognostic in both age groups only when cardiovascular death was considered as the end point. Peak metabolic equivalents were the most significant predictor for both age groups only when all-cause death was considered as the end point. New age-specific prognostic scores were developed and found to be predictive for cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Moreover, in the angiographic subset of the elderly, a specific diagnostic score provided significantly better discrimination than exercise ST measurements alone. For any new score, there is a need for validation in another elderly population. Conclusions The mortality end point affected the choice of prognostic variables. This study demonstrates that exercise test scores can be helpful for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary disease in the elderly.
2014 CHESS Users' Meeting and Workshop

The international user base of the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) gathered in Ithaca, NY, from June 10–11, 2014, for the annual CHESS Users' Meeting and affiliated workshops. This year drew a record crowd of 174 participants from diverse disciplines in academia and industry to celebrate the outstanding achievements of CHESS users over the past year and to discuss the ongoing upgrades of the facility and the new science that they will enable. As per tradition, the first day of the meeting was a plenary session, which began with a morning briefing from the CHESS directors on the state of the laboratory. This was followed by a series of invited talks in user science, with subject matter spanning the multidisciplinary spectrum of CHESS research, from virology to superconductivity to art conservation. These plenary sessions preceded a well-attended poster session and wine-and-cheese reception, where more than 50 user posters were up for discussion. The evening was capped off with a banquet dinn...
GEORGE MURPHY'S CHIASMIC COSMOLOGY: AS IF GOD WERE NOT GIVEN

. In his work The Cosmos in Light of the Cross physicist and Lutheran pastor George L. Murphy extends the religious rationales of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Eberhard Jungel to argue specifically for a nonreligious, scientific study of and appreciation for the world. In doing so, Murphy offers a clear and coherent theology of the cosmos within the bounds of piety alone. Like Calvin and Schleiermacher before him who strove to stay within these bounds, Murphy shares their endpoint of a practical theology—that is, faithful reflections that will encourage wise and faithful existence. In doing so, Murphy has written a brilliant and extraordinarily readable account of a chiasmic cosmos. He also quite practically and indeed pastorally offers suggestions for how the God of that cosmos may be not only understood but also worshiped and adored.
Simulation of Wave Propagation in 2D sparse random media at millimeterwave frequencies

Wave Propagation in very long, 2D sparse random media composed of electrically large scatterers with high permittivity fluctuations is considered. A novel and efficient numerical coherent model is presented that can accurately track both the magnitude and phase of the scattered wave in both the forward and backward directions. The model is referred to as Statistical S-matrix for Wave Propagation in Spectral Domain (SSWaP-SD). For transnationally invariant random media, a recursive analytical expression for estimation path-loss that includes multiple scattering effects is developed. This work can be used to study propagation path-loss for millimeter wave (MMW) communication systems as well as performance assessment of a MMW SAR system (240GHz) operating under different precipitation conditions.
Herpes simplex genes: the blueprint of a succesful human pathogen

The Herpes simplex virus genome encodes 75 proteins. Of these, only 37 are required for growth of the virus in culture. These essential genes encode functions related to entry of virus into cells, regulation of gene expression and replication and packaging of viral DNA into virions. The genes that are not essential for replication in culture play a key role in multiplication of the virus and its transfer from cell to cell, in complementing cellular functions lost as a consequence of viral replication, in fine-tuning viral gene expression and in overcoming the host's response to infection. No virally encoded functions are required for establishment of the latent state, but a full complement of viral genes is essential for efficient reactivation of the virus from the latent state.
FACTORS IN ELONGATION AND EXPANSION UNDER REDUCED LIGHT INTENSITY

In seeking to determine the role of factor and function in adaptation in nature, the first step has been to deal under control with one factor, and the function directly concerned, by equalizing the others. As an outcome of the results thus secured, it has been possible to modify the method to take into account two variables, such as light and water, in the hope of evaluating their respective roles. This is particularly desirable in the case of adaptation to shade, in which reduced light intensity has generally been regarded as the controlling agent, with little or no consideration of water relations. Since water serves both as a raw material and as a mechanical
Rubeosis Iridis and Glaucoma Associated with Sickle Cell Retinopathy: A Light and Electron Microscopic Study

The ultrastructure of rubeosis iridis in sickle cell-hemoglobin C disease is described for the first time. Findings included open interendothelial cell junctions, intraendothelial cytoplasmic attenuations (fenestrations), and pericyte formation. The ultrastructural appearance of rubeosis iridis gives no clue to the underlying etiology and is similar to that reported in rubeosis associated with diabetes mellitus, central retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The electron microscopic findings explain the functional incompetence of rubeotic vessels that are manifested by transmural leakage of fluorescein.
Vorticity Budget of the Easterly Wave in Relation to Cumulus Transport

Abstract The vorticity budget of a numerically simulated easterly wave is studied, with special emphasis on examining the effects of cumulus convective transport. A quasi-geostrophic model is used. The easterly wave is generated by specifying a diabatic heating wave which represents the effects of deep cumulus convection. The dynamical and thermodynamical properties of the simulated wave resemble those of the classical easterly wave. The study shows that the effect of the cumulus transport of vorticity is to decrease the wave amplitude in the horizontal velocity field. This effect may explain the fact that strong weather activity is sometimes associated with very little perturbation in the prevailing easterlies.
Micronuclei frequency and character coherence in Avena sativa L./A. fatua L. crosses

The use of micronuclei frequency per microspore quartet (MF) has been proposed to indicate the relative reduction in chromosome homology among interspecific oat (Avena L.) hybrids. Hybrids with lower MF would presumably undergo greater genetic recombination, providing greater opportunity for breaking linkages that contribute to association, or coherence, of desirable and undesirable characters in progenies. Microspore quartets from 63A. sativa/A. fatua hybrids were observed. Character coherence was examined in progenies of the four hybrids with the highest MF (2.22 to 2.82 micronuclei/quartet) and four hybrids with the lowest MF (0.23 to 0.31 micronuclei/quartet) to determine whether a relationship existed between MF and character coherence. Coherence of seed disarticulation with quantitative characters that differentiate the parental species was more frequent in high MF crosses as was expected if high MF is indicative of reduced recombination. However, incidence of coherence between seed color and the quantitative characters was not related to MF differences among the crosses. Likewise, the degree of coherence among the quantitative characters, as measured by coefficients of concordance, was not associated with differences in MF among the crosses. Thus, coherence of the characters studied was not associated consistently with differences in MF.
Probabilistic backscatter coefficient generating function

A probabilistic backscatter coefficient generating function (CGF) is introduced which produces realistic backscatter coefficient values for various terrain types over all incidence angles. The CGF was developed in direct support of a multi-layer 3-D clutter modeling effort which successfully incorporated probabilistic clutter reflectivity characteristics and measured terrain elevation data to enhance clutter suppression and improve Signal-to-Clutter Ratio performance in radar applications. This probabilistic clutter modeling approach is in sharp contrast to traditional 2-D modeling techniques which typically include deterministic backscatter characteristics and assume constant terrain features within regions of interest. The functional form and parametric representation of the CGF were empirically determined by comparison with published backscatter data for nine different terrain 'types,' including, soil and rock, shrubs, trees, short vegetation, grasses, dry snow, wet snow, road surfaces, and urban areas. The statistical properties of the output, i.e., the mean and standard deviation, match published measured values to the number of significant figures reported. Likewise, the CGF output frequency of occurrence closely matches measured terrain data frequency of occurrence; a Chi-Square test fails to reject the method at a 0.05 level of significance, indicating a high level of confidence in the results. As developed, the CGF provides a computationally efficient means for incorporating probabilistic clutter characteristics into both simple and complex radar models by accurately reflecting the probabilistic scattering behavior associated with real terrain.
Beyond 2D images: effective 3D imaging for library materials

Significant efforts are being made to digitize rare and valuable library materials, with the goal of providing patrons and historians digital facsimiles that capture the "look and feel" of the original materials. This is often done by digitally photographing the materials and making high resolution 2D images available. The underlying assumption is that the objects are flat. However, older materials may not be flat in practice, being warped and crinkled due to decay, neglect, accident and the passing of time. In such cases, 2D imaging is insufficient to capture the "look and feel" of the original. For these materials, 3D acquisition is necessary to create a realistic facsimile. This paper outlines a technique for capturing an accurate 3D representation of library materials which can be integrated directly into current digitization setups. This will allow digitization efforts to provide patrons with more realistic digital facsimile of library materials.
Butyltins in estuarine sediments two years after tributyltin use was restricted

Abstract The highly toxic compound tributyltin (TBT) is the active agent in many effective antifouling paints. In 1988 the U.S. regulated its use in such paints. Sediments taken from four sites in Boston Harbor, MA., USA in the summer of 1990 were assayed for organotins. There was significantly less TBT at all sites in 1990 than there was in 1988. Dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were also detected, confirming that TBT degradation occurs in the estuary. It is suggested that the decreases are due to biological and/or chemical mechanisms rather than to photochemical reactions or transport away from the sites on resuspended particulate matter.
Psychosis as a manifestation of frontal lobe epilepsy

A 7-year-old girl presented with a cluster of seizures occurring in one day and followed by the development of paranoid delusions. Her electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed a psychomotor variant. Cranial MRI was normal, but the 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed hypometabolism in the left inferior frontal cortex. Her psychotic symptoms occurred episodically. Three years later, she developed hypermotor seizures associated with a fearful look. Video/EEG monitoring captured seizures of left frontotemporal onset. Her seizures became drug resistant and she underwent epilepsy surgery. Intracranial electrocorticography captured spontaneous and electrically induced seizures with onset in the left inferior frontal region, which was resected. She became seizure-free and her psychosis resolved. This case illustrates that frontal lobe epilepsy can present solely with psychotic symptoms, which may delay the diagnosis of epilepsy. We suggest that these cases may be underdiagnosed. When epilepsy is suspected and if MRI fails to demonstrate an abnormality, FDG PET scanning and video/EEG monitoring should be considered.
Near infrared fluorescence quenching properties of copper (II) ions for potential applications in biological imaging

Fluorescence quenching properties of copper(II) ions have been used for designing Cu(II) sensitive fluorescent molecular probes. In this paper, we demonstrate that static quenching plays a key role in free Cu(II)-mediated fluorescence quenching of a near infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye cypate. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant was calculated to be K SV = 970,000 M -1 in 25 mM MES buffer, pH 6.5 at room temperature. We synthesized LS835, a compound containing cypate attached covalently to chelated Cu(II) to study fluorescence quenching by chelated Cu(II). The fluorescence quenching mechanism of chelated Cu(II) is predominantly dynamic or collisional quenching. The quenching efficiency of chelated Cu(II) was calculated to be 58% ± 6% in dimethylsulfoxide at room temperature. Future work will involve further characterization of the mechanism of NIR fluorescence quenching by Cu(II) and testing its reversibility for potential applications in designing fluorophore-quencher based molecular probes for biological imaging.
Research advances in the study of Pistacia chinensis Bunge, a superior tree species for biomass energy.

As a renewable energy, biomass energy has aroused wide attention and studies of this issue have become a hot topic throughout the world. Pistacia chinensis Bunge (Anacardiaceae) is a superior species for biomass energy with high oil content in seeds and wide geographic distribution. It is a dioeciously, deciduous arbor, flowering from March to April and bearing fruits from September to November. The classification, regional distribution and biological characteristics of P. chinensis are stated in this paper, then, research advances in the growth, breeding and physiology of this species are summarized. The problems in present studies are broached. Finally, a future direction for research is proposed.