cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Wanderer in a Distant Place: Tibetan Exile Youth, Literacy, and Emotion

Among Tibetans living in exile in India, expressions of longing and sadness for family, friends and places in Tibet are not uniformly shared across members of the community. Time and distance have faded and idealized their homeland in the memories of long-term exiles. Yet, for a segment of this community called New Arrivals, who have only relatively recently left Tibet, people and places “back home” are real and immediate. The immediacy of these ties to Chinese Tibet, however, often engenders perceptions of New Arrivals as Sinicised, backward and uneducated. This paper focuses on these New Arrivals in the enclave of McLeod Ganj, India, home to the Tibetan exile government and approximately 7,000 Tibetan exiles. In this predominately Tibetan area, the division between long-term exiles and New Arrivals constitutes the dominant social boundary among McLeod Ganj Tibetans, a division that is most prominent among McLeod Ganj’s Tibetan youth. Drawing from community discourses, social networks and practices, and educational institutions, I analyse everyday written forms (e.g., poetry, letters, diary entries) to suggest that through these writings, New Arrival youth are constituting and reconstructing their marginalized position within the community. In an exile community where resources are limited, improving the position of New Arrivals can be challenging. Here, I suggest two approaches to the difficulties these youth face. First, re-educating the larger Tibetan community in order to breakdown the prejudices that exist toward these new exiles. Second, refashioning the existing educational institutions for New Arrivals to better prepare them for employment in the Tibetan communities or elsewhere in India.
Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia

Hypnotics are commonly use in the treatment of insomnia, and hypnotic use among older adults is more prevalent than with younger adults. Unfortunately, the use of hypnotics is not well studied in the ever-growing geriatric population and the magnitude of the medication benefit is usually not impressive. Insomnia in older adults is usually treated with benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, and other agents, such as trazodone, valerian, and melatonin. Using appropriately selected agents and therapy initiated with a low dose and careful monitoring of the patient could minimize common unwanted side effects.
Mechanism of the mitogenic and carcinogenic action of fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin.

Fumonisins, mycotoxins found on corn and other grains, can act as carcinogens. Recent studies have shown that fumonisin B1, stimulates cell proliferation due to inhibition of sphinganine N-acyltransferase, an important rate limiting enzymatic step in sphingolipid biosynthesis. Subsequent accumulation of free sphingoid bases in the cell can act as tumor promoters.
Methodological agreement between two-compartment body-composition methods in children.

Increases in childhood obesity have emphasized the importance of accurate and accessible body composition assessment, especially in monitoring prevention and treatment efforts. Previous pediatric studies, comparing measures from air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometry (ANTH, skinfold measures), were performed in small numbers of children or in children across large age and body-size ranges. The objectives of this study were: 1) to compare body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) from ADP with DXA and ANTH, to determine the agreement between techniques; 2) to identify factors that influence agreement or lack of agreement; and 3) to determine if the agreement is constant over a range of body fatness. Healthy children (n = 125), 7–10 years old, participating in a longitudinal pediatric bone health study, were evaluated. Body composition was assessed by ADP, DXA, and ANTH to determine %BF, FM, and FFM. ADP underestimated %BF compared to DXA and ANTH by 5.0% and 1.4%, respectively. Agreement between techniques was influenced by body fatness, height, age, and gender (all P < 0.05). Relatively good agreement was observed between ADP and both DXA and ANTH for FM and FFM. In conclusion, the underestimation of %BF by ADP compared to DXA may be of a magnitude that is clinically significant, especially when using %BF in children to confirm a diagnosis of obesity. Further development of body-composition techniques for young children need to account for variability in age, gender, and level of fatness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:470–480, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

The enhanced capability of making a reasonably certain diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism, which has resulted from the availability of pulmonary perfusion scans and pulmonary angiography, has been accompanied by an evolution of numerous prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Additionally, noninvasive diagnostic tests, including the physical examination, have been reevaluated and refined. The purpose of this article is to outline some of the diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic techniques that have evolved in recent years for the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. DEEP-VENOUS THROMBOSIS In assessing the cause of acute pulmonary embolism, it is useful to remember that 80% to 100% of the patients with pulmonary embolism at autopsy have thrombi that originate in the veins of the lower extremities.1The preponderance of thrombi in the veins of the calves is more than twice that which occurs in the thighs; but the latter remains an important source of thromboemboli.2
Greening western China: A critical view

The dominant narrative in a growing literature about China’s environment conceptualizes a series of recent large-scale ecological construction projects, particularly in western China, as evidence of a teleological graduation into eco-rational modernity, in which environmental improvement and economic growth are intertwined in a virtuous, mutually reinforcing circle. Such ecological modernization narratives take for granted both a crisis of ecological degradation, and the premise that the ‘‘greening” of the state will have environmental improvement as its primary outcome. The article reviews recent research on ecological construction projects to protect forests and grasslands in China’s west, which have been identified as major components of China’s ecological modernization goals. It demonstrates the limitations of an ecological modernization framework for analyzing these projects, and argues instead for a critical political ecology analysis, which examines the distributive effects of these projects and employs an analytic of governmentality. Ecological construction is more productively understood as a set of discursive practices that authorize differential interventions through processes of internal territorialization, rework the relationship between different categories of citizens and the state, and produce subjects, whose desires may or may not align with those desired by state institutions.
Constraints on the evolution of a doublesex target gene arising from doublesex’s pleiotropic deployment

“Regulatory evolution,” that is, changes in a gene’s expression pattern through changes at its regulatory sequence, rather than changes at the coding sequence of the gene or changes of the upstream transcription factors, has been increasingly recognized as a pervasive evolution mechanism. Many somatic sexually dimorphic features of Drosophila melanogaster are the results of gene expression regulated by the doublesex (dsx) gene, which encodes sex-specific transcription factors (DSXF in females and DSXM in males). Rapid changes in such sexually dimorphic features are likely a result of changes at the regulatory sequence of the target genes. We focused on the Flavin-containing monooxygenase-2 (Fmo-2) gene, a likely direct dsx target, to elucidate how sexually dimorphic expression and its evolution are brought about. We found that dsx is deployed to regulate the Fmo-2 transcription both in the midgut and in fat body cells of the spermatheca (a female-specific tissue), through a canonical DSX-binding site in the Fmo-2 regulatory sequence. In the melanogaster group, Fmo-2 transcription in the midgut has evolved rapidly, in contrast to the conserved spermathecal transcription. We identified two cis-regulatory modules (CRM-p and CRM-d) that direct sexually monomorphic or dimorphic Fmo-2 transcription, respectively, in the midguts of these species. Changes of Fmo-2 transcription in the midgut from sexually dimorphic to sexually monomorphic in some species are caused by the loss of CRM-d function, but not the loss of the canonical DSX-binding site. Thus, conferring transcriptional regulation on a CRM level allows the regulation to evolve rapidly in one tissue while evading evolutionary constraints posed by other tissues.
A circularly polarized 2×2 rectifying antenna array with improved output voltage and efficiency for C-band wireless power transmission

The paper presented a circularly polarized 2times2 rectifying antenna array for C- band wireless power transmission. A new wideband antenna is designed as the receiving element with the second order harmonic-rejection. The C-band antenna has a bandwidth of 11% (5.75-6.4 GHz). The 2times2 rectifying antenna array, built by using the wideband antennas, has a conversion efficiency of 77% while its output voltage is 4.6 V, which are better than the previous work. Due to the simple array structures, the rectenna array can be easily used to assemble a large array for higher output power.
Quantitative Evaluation of Urinary Porphyrins as a Measure of Kidney Mercury Content and Mercury Body Burden during Prolonged Methylmercury Exposure in Rats

21 on renal porphyrin metabolism. In the present study, we evaluated the quantitative relationship of urinary porphyrin concentrations to mobilizable renal mercury content, using the metal chelator 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) to modulate kidney mercury levels. Rats exposed to methylmercury hydroxide (MMH) at 10 ppm in drinking water for 6 weeks were treated with up to 3 consecutive doses of DMPS (100mg/kg, ip) at 72-h intervals. Consistent with previous findings, the concentrations of pentacarboxyl- (5-) and copro- (4-) porphyrins and of an atypical porphyrin specific to mercury exposure, precoproporphyrin, were significantly elevated in urine of MMH-exposed rats, compared with that of rats exposed to distilled water (dH2O) for the same period. Consecutive DMPS treatments of MMH-exposed rats significantly decreased kidney concentrations of total, as well as Hg 21 and CH3Hg 1 species, and promoted increased urinary mercury excretion. Concomitantly, DMPS treatment decreased both kidney and urinary porphyrin concentrations, consistent with depletion of renal mercury levels. Regression analyses demonstrated a high correlation (r ; 0.9) between prechelation urinary porphyrins and postchelation urinary mercury levels and also between prechelation urinary porphyrins and prechelation kidney mercury concentrations. These findings demonstrate that urinary porphyrin concentrations relate quantitatively to DMPS-mobilizable mercury in the kidney and, therefore, serve as a biochemical measure of renal mercury content.
Uplink Power Control, Interference Coordination and Resource Allocation for 3GPP E-UTRA

Evolved UTRA and UTRAN is being standardized in 3GPP standard group as a long term evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology. The goal is to achieve 2-4 times the spectral efficiency and user throughput and much smaller latency compared to HSDPA/HSUPA. Single carrier FDMA (e.g. DFT-SOFDM) is the multiple access technique of choice for uplink transmission. Interference control is one of the key elements to achieve the target spectral efficiency and user cell- edge performance requirement, especially for uplink. In this paper, interference mitigation is implemented through slow fractional power control and interference coordination through UE alignment and FDM resource allocation. Simulation results show that these techniques significantly improve uplink sector and cell edge user throughput performance.
Unpacking science for all through the lens of identities-in-practice: the stories of Amelia and Ginny

This manuscript reports on an ethnographic study of two Latina students who attended an urban middle school in a low-income community, and how they exhibit agency by purposefully authoring identities-in-practice that value nontraditional ways of knowing and resources. Drawing from both global feminism and sociocultural theory, we argue that by paying careful attention to how and why urban girls author identities-in-practice we can gain deep insight into the noncommodified forms of knowledge, relationships and activities that make up their engagement in science and that girls often employ to participate in science related communities in ways that are culturally and socially just and sustainable.
Pollination in Arabidopsis thaliana: Cell-Cell Interaction During Pollen Tube Growth

Pollination and the guidance of the pollen tube through the transmitting tract of the gynoecium to the ovule involve a series of complex cell communication events. In this study, we demonstrate that while within the central transmitting tract of the gynoecium, these pollen tubes are tightly adherent to the transmitting tract cells. Once these tubes leave the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the central septum, they adhere to and travel along the ECM of the septum epidermis. The epidermal ECM, which surrounds the pollen tubes, is secreted through breaks in the cuticle of the septum surface. The transmitting tract ECM stains strongly for acidic polysaccharides and stains lightly with the (β-D-Glc)3 Yariv reagent. Monoclonal antibodies to esterified and low-esterified homogalacturonans do not bind to this ECM. Monoclonal antibodies to arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) provide evidence that AGPs may be a component of the septum epidermal ECM (Lennon et al 1998). Preliminary data indicate that in vitro pollen tube growth is inhibited by the addition of the (β-D-Glc)3 Yariv reagent to the germination medium, though little binding is seen between monoclonal antibodies to AGPs and pollen tubes.
Neural Network Modeling for Advanced Process Control Using Production Data

The fabrication of integrated circuits involves many unit processes, some linear and some non-linear, and each with multiple inputs and outputs. These complexities suggest that benefits could be derived from the development and implementation of advanced process control tools and strategies. Empirical process models are one of these tools. In this research, sequential neural network models are developed to characterize critical steps in a fabrication process. The data used was collected from an industrial process. The data comes from experiments related to the processes under investigation, but not systematically designed to generate data for modeling. The models performed well, with an average prediction error of 3.3%, demonstrating the flexibility of the sequential neural network modeling process. Additionally, the models are used in a sensitivity analysis to study the output response to the various inputs. The methodologies presented are currently being ported to a similar manufacturing process with a larger database. Future work includes using the models for process optimization and as part of a model-based supervisory control system.
Slavery and Supervision in Comparative Perspective: A Model

The familiar transaction-costs model is extended to allow for the varying costs and benefits of supervision and pain incentives on the one hand, and ordinary rewards on the other, in differentially effort- and care-intensive activities. Applied to unfree labor, this model accounts for the observed patterns of slave governance and manumission in extractive, industrial, agricultural, and service activities in antiquity and in the New World. Applied to free labor, it accounts for wage work on large estates in labor-surplus medieval England or modern Italy, the choice between bonuses and penalties in industrial contracts, and the growing paternalism of our own time.
Barriers to Evaluation and Wait Listing for Kidney Transplantation

Summary Background and objectives Many factors have been shown to be associated with ESRD patient placement on the waiting list and receipt of kidney transplantation. Our study aim was to evaluate factors and assess the interplay of patient characteristics associated with progression to transplantation in a large cohort of referred patients from a single institution. Design, setting, participants, & measurements We examined 3029 consecutive adult patients referred for transplantation from 2003 to 2008. Uni- and multivariable logistic models were used to assess factors associated with progress to transplantation including receipt of evaluations, waiting list placement, and receipt of a transplant. Results A total of 56%, 27%, and 17% of referred patients were evaluated, were placed on the waiting list, and received a transplant over the study period, respectively. Older age, lower median income, and noncommercial insurance were associated with decreased likelihood to ascend steps to receive a transplant. There was no difference in the proportion of evaluations between African Americans (57%) and Caucasians (56%). Age-adjusted differences in waiting list placement by race were attenuated with further adjustment for income and insurance. There was no difference in the likelihood of waiting list placement between African Americans and Caucasians with commercial insurance. Conclusions Race/ethnicity, age, insurance status, and income are predominant factors associated with patient progress to transplantation. Disparities by race/ethnicity may be largely explained by insurance status and income, potentially suggesting that variable insurance coverage exacerbates disparities in access to transplantation in the ESRD population, despite Medicare entitlement. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6: 1760–1767, 2011. doi: 10.2215/CJN.08620910
Comparison of women seeking early and late abortion.

Abstract The differential characteristics of 697 women desiring induced abortion were studied according to when in pregnancy they presented. Age, marriage, and level of formal education were inversely related, those with greatest delay tending to be young, unmarried, and minimally educated. Religion was relevant, but race generally was not. Nulliparity was only a weak correlate of delay. Contributory factors of denial, ambivalence, fear, and preceding menstrual irregularity accounted for two thirds of cases; they were uniformly distributed over the range of gestational age, but constituted the greatest proportion of reasons among those delaying decision longest. Physician delay and laboratory error accounted for all but one tenth of the remainder; they were concentrated particularly among gravidas presenting for care in the early part of the midtrimester. Fear characterized the young, poorly informed noncontraceptors, and had the greatest relative impact in protracted delays; denial was more likely to be found among older and ostensibly better informed women.
God May Save Your Life, but You Have to Find Your Own Keys: Religious Attributions, Secular Attributions, and Religious Priming

Previous research has found that people make religious attributions under certain conditions. In this study, we used causally ambiguous vignettes to confirm some previous findings regarding religious attributions and extend these findings by testing: (a) whether implicit priming increased the odds of making causal attributions, and (b) whether atheists also exhibit an attribution bias. Like previous studies, we found that people who were less religious (i.e., atheists in our study) were substantially less likely to make religious causal attributions. Unlike previous studies, we found that atheists were more likely to attribute events to probability and/or luck. We also found, like previous studies, that religious people were more likely to make causal attributions when presented with vignettes involving health-related or life-and-death situations but not with quotidian events, like losing one’s keys. Finally, we found no effect for implicit religious priming.
THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF FUTURE EXPECTATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT AND ADOLESCENT BULLYING PERPETRATION

Bullying is an important public health issue among adolescents. Few studies have examined how neighborhood context affects adolescent bullying. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neighborhood collective efficacy and bullying perpetration and sought to determine whether future expectations mediated this relationship. A sample of 196 7th-grade students (60% female; 27% White) from a Midwestern school completed measures assessing past 30-day bullying perpetration, neighborhood collective efficacy, and future expectations. The effect of neighborhood collective efficacy on bullying was fully mediated by future expectations. Our findings suggest that neighborhood collective efficacy is associated with lower bullying perpetration by increasing adolescents’ expectations for the future. Strong social relationships increase adolescents’ perceptions of a positive future. Youth with more positive expectations of the future may be less likely to participate in bullying if they perceive the possible outcomes of bullying to be negative and an impediment to goals.
I'm a Believer! Converted by Three-Way Mid-Term Conferences

This short essay explores the benefits of conducting externship conferences with students and field supervisors together. (Appeared in the Fall 2013 Newsletter of the Clinical Legal Education Association, Volume 21, Issue 2.)
Lipid granulomas of the bone marrow.

Lipid granulomas were found in histologic sections in 35 (9%) of 400 consecutive aspirated specimens of bone marrow. The granulomas consisted of fat vacuoles of various sizes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and occasional giant cells. Some of the lipid granulomas had an epithelioid, sarcoid-like appearance. The etiology and pathogenesis of lipid granulomas of the bone marrow are not resolved. The appearance of the granulomas is consistent with a reaction to mineral oil. The clinical significance of lipid granulomas lies in their proper recognition so that the differential diagnosis of a more serious granulomatous disease can be avoided.
Evaluation of an insect collecting system and an ultra-low-volume spray system on a remotely piloted vehicle

Systems on a remotely piloted vehicle for collecting insects flying above peach and pecan trees and for applying ultra-low-volume (ULV) sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner for control of walnut caterpiller, Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, and fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), on pecan trees were evaluated. The insect collecting system was composed of two nets (19 cm diam) that were remotely opened and closed during collecting operations. Insect collections were made at average elevations of 8 and 21 m above peach and 28 and 54 m above pecan trees. On three dates during May, a total of 234 and 119 specimens from six insect orders was collected above peach and pecan trees, respectively. The most numerous families were from the orders Diptera and Hymenoptera. The ULV spray system was composed of four spray nozzles (Micron) mounted on the lower wing. Two ULV applications of B. thuringiensis sprays applied by the RPV against walnut caterpillar and fall webworm colonies on pecans provided 93% control of walnut caterpillars at 17 days and 80% control of fall webworms at 23 days. The first spray was applied at the rate of 4.8 liters/ha and the second at 9.5 liters/ha.
Glycine-Sodium Hydroxide Solution as an Attractant for Walnut Husk Fly

A solution of 2.25% glycine-3% sodium hydroxide, aged in the absence of walnut husk flies ( Rhagoletis completa Cresson), rapidly increases in attractive power to this species during the first 2 weeks. From 2 to at least 7 weeks, and probably longer, this solution maintains a steady level of high attractant value. The optimum use of this bait solution in obtaining an index of fly populations in experiments involving area control of adults, and its current use in timing of the first spray for walnut husk fly control, are discussed.
The Moral Foundations of Minority Rights: A Reply to Attas, Bardon, and Gans

I’m delighted to have this opportunity to discuss my book with colleagues and to reply to their questions and challenges. My interlocutors raise many critical points, and it would strain the reader’s patience if I were to try to engage with every one of them. The criticisms range over some big issues in the book but mostly focus on the book’s core normative argument. I’ve tried to organize the criticisms thematically and to focus attention on questions that are likely to have some broader interest beyond the defense of particular claims in the book. Equal Recognition sets out to reconsider the moral foundations of minority rights. The minority rights that I am mainly interested in are those that are contested in debates about multiculturalism and nationalism. Majorities and minorities often make competing claims on the resources and attention of the state. While majorities want their own values, traditions, norms, and identity to be expressed in meaningful ways in public institutions and policies, minorities often call for greater recognition and accommodation by the state of their distinct cultures and identities. Decisions about language policy are one arena in which these competing claims are voiced, as are decisions about the design and boundaries of democratic institutions. Majorities often want their own language to serve as the state’s main public language, and they are comfortable with state-wide democratic institutions serving as the principal locus of collective decision-making. Cultural minorities, by contrast, want their own languages to be used by public institutions, and they want institutional and/or territorial spaces to be carved out in which they can enjoy a measure of autonomy and democratic self-government. Liberal political theory does not speak with one voice about the competing claims of majority nationalism and minority rights. Multicultural liberals insist that, as a matter of justice, the state ought to recognize and accommodate the cultures of minorities by establishing institutional and territorial spaces in
Feature: Managing network security: Security education in the information age

Abstract Computing operates in an almost universally networked environment, but the technical aspects of information protection have not kept up. As a result, the success of information security programs has increasingly become a function of our ability to make prudent management decisions about organizational activities. Managing Network Security takes a management view of protection and seeks to reconcile the need for security with the limitations of technology.
A Brief Review of West Nile Virus Biology.

West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus with increased global incidence in the last decade. It is also a major cause of human encephalitis in the USA. WNV is an arthropod-transmitted virus that mainly affects birds but humans become infected as incidental dead-end hosts which can cause outbreaks in naive populations. The main vectors of WNV are mosquitoes of the genus Culex, which preferentially feed on birds. As in many other arboviruses, the characteristics that allow Flaviviruses like WNV to replicate and transmit to different hosts are encrypted in their genome, which also contains information for the production of structural and nonstructural proteins needed for host cell infection. WNV and other Flaviviruses have developed different strategies to establish infection, replication, and successful transmission. Most of these strategies include the diversion of the host's immune responses away from the virus. In this review, we describe the molecular structure and protein function of WNV with emphasis on protein involvement in the modulation of antiviral immune responses.
Assessment of Melanocyte Density in Anorectal Mucosa for the Evaluation of Surgical Margins in Primary Anorectal Melanoma.

Objectives: Accurate histopathologic evaluation of surgical resection margins for anorectal melanoma (AM) is diagnostically challenging but essential to clinical management. We studied intraepithelial melanocyte density and growth pattern in anorectal mucosa and BRAF V600E mutation status in AM compared to controls. Methods: Histomorphology and melanocytic immunostains, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), were evaluated. Utility of VE1 immunostaining for determination of BRAF V600E mutation status was studied. Results: Immunostains aid in the distinction between “trailing” melanoma in situ (MIS) and benign melanocyte hyperplasia (BMH), by facilitating assessment of melanocyte density, and evaluation of nuclear atypia and growth pattern. While respective melanocyte densities overlapped, “trailing” MIS could be distinguished by melanocyte nuclear atypia and near confluent growth, compared to the banal cytology and scattered growth of BMH. Conclusions: In the histopathologic assessment of AM resections, MITF and HMB45 immunostains aid in distinguishing between “trailing” MIS and BMH, by highlighting melanocyte density, nuclear atypia, and growth pattern, with the latter two being reliable features. VE1 showed nonspecific immunopositivity in anorectal glandular epithelium, a potential diagnostic pitfall when assessing BRAF mutation status.
A New Approach for Solving Fourth-Order Equations by the Differential Quadrature Method

A generalized and complete approach for applying boundary conditions in the differential quadrature method (DQM) is presented in the following study. This improved scheme eliminates the deficiencies of the previously used 8-type grid arrangement, which is only approximate. Now, boundary conditions can be applied exactly. Two kinds of basis functions, Chebyshev and Lagrange, are used here. It is found that the new approach cures most deficiencies of the current DQM.
Arithmetic of Quadratic Maps

Let f: R n→R m be a quadratic map. By definition there exist m quadratic forms f,... ,f m on R n such that $$f(x) = ({f_1}(x),...,{f_m}(x)),x \in {R^n}$$ .
The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism

In both historiographies of the Vietnam War and the Cold War, the topic of South Vietnamese anticommunism has been typically assumed than studied, labeled than examined and elaborated. That is, if it is labeled at all. In the first two and a half decades after the war, English- language scholarship either set aside the subject of anticommunism altogether or referred to anticommunism to mean the American variety rather than that in the former Republic of Vietnam (RVN).1 Recent histories are more sensitive to the subject, if still largely lacking in information. The first book-length study of the South Vietnamese army (ARVN), for instance, makes the supportable claim that many “ARVN soldiers enlisted ... because of their commitment to anticommunism and the rhetoric contained in [nationalistic] documents and speeches.”2 But it does not elaborate on what anticommunism might have meant to those soldiers, or how they came to commit themselves to the anticommunist cause. Another example, a synthesis-minded general history of the war, recognizes that “no amount of American money and military support could have sustained a struggle until 1975 had there not existed ... a huge opposition to communist rule,” adding that the “opposition was united only by its hatred of the communists.” It further acknowledges the commitment of the Vietnamese anticommunists that enabled them to survive as long as they did even as the Saigon governments were weak while facing an aggressive regime in Hanoi, the latter being the “most strongly armed communist client state in the history of the Cold War.”
‘His Courage Produced More Fear in His Enemies than Shame in His Soldiers’: Siege Combat and Emotional Display in the French Wars of Religion

French military officers engaged in extensive siege warfare during the French Wars of Religion (1562–1629), writing about their combat experiences and emotional responses. Hundreds of cities and towns were blockaded or besieged during the prolonged civil wars between Catholics and Calvinists in France, forcing military officers to confront siege conditions frequently. This chapter presents the ways in which sieges served as sites for emotional display and examines Catholic officers’ siege narratives as sources for the history of emotions. The chapter examines three case studies of officers’ personal narratives, demonstrating the range of feelings that officers experienced and the diverse rhetorical uses of their emotional experiences in their writings. I argue that these three texts present divergent models of Catholic loyalism, virtuous command and religious testimony.
Two-Tier Screening Platform for Directed Evolution of Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases with Enhanced Stop Codon Suppression Efficiency

Genetic code expansion through amber stop codon suppression provides a powerful tool for introducing non-proteinogenic functionalities into proteins for a broad range of applications. However, ribosomal incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) by means of engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) often proceeds with significantly reduced efficiency compared to sense codon translation. Here, we report the implementation of a versatile platform for the development of engineered aaRSs with enhanced efficiency in mediating ncAA incorporation by amber stop codon suppression. This system integrates a white/blue colony screen with a plate-based colorimetric assay, thereby combining high-throughput capabilities with reliable and quantitative measurement of aaRS-dependent ncAA incorporation efficiency. This two-tier functional screening system was successfully applied to obtain a pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) variant (CrtK-RS(4.1)) with significantly improved efficiency (+250-370 %) for mediating the incorporation of Nϵ -crotonyl-lysine and other lysine analogues of relevance for the study of protein post-translational modifications into a target protein. Interestingly, the beneficial mutations accumulated by CrtK-RS(4.1) were found to localize within the noncatalytic N-terminal domain of the enzyme and could be transferred to another PylRS variant, improving the ability of the variant to incorporate its corresponding ncAA substrate. This work introduces an efficient platform for the improvement of aaRSs that could be readily extended to other members of this enzyme family and/or other target ncAAs.
Attraction of cerambycid beetles to their aggregation-sex pheromones is influenced by volatiles from host plants of their larvae

Here, we describe a field experiment that tested for attraction of cerambycid beetles to odors from angiosperm hosts, and whether plant volatiles also serve to enhance attraction of beetles to their aggregation-sex pheromones. Traps were baited with a blend of synthesized chemicals that are common pheromone components of species in the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Lamiinae. The source of plant volatiles was chipped wood from trees of three angiosperm species, as well as from one nonhost, gymnosperm species. Bioassays were conducted in wooded areas of east-central Illinois. Traps were baited with the pheromone blend alone, the blend + wood chips from one tree species, wood chips alone, or a solvent control lure. Seven species of cerambycids were significantly attracted to the pheromone blend, with or without wood chips. In two cases, wood chips from angiosperms appeared to enhance attraction to pheromones, whereas they inhibited attraction in another three cases. Pine chips did not strongly influence attraction of any species. Overall, our results suggest that host plant volatiles from wood chips may improve trap catch with synthesized pheromones for some cerambycid species, but the effect is not general, necessitating case-by-case testing to determine how individual target species are affected.
Multiple modes of periodic breathing during sleep.

Periodic breathing (PB) during sleep is commonly observed and may be accompanied by frequent arousals. The full extent of the associated public health issues and the roles of medical and surgical treatment have yet to be fully elucidated. An appreciation of the underlying mechanism(s) would aid the discussion by focusing on specific physiological differences which could predict and discriminate clinically significant PB. One means of clarifying the mechanism(s) of PB is through the formulation of quantitative models of respiratory control during wakefulness and sleep which also consider the transitions between these states. We recently demonstrated that a model with otherwise normal parameters which also incorporated a wakefulness drive and the capacity to arouse from sleep could produce PB if the wakefulness drive is of sufficient magnitude and is withdrawn sufficiently rapidly with sleep onset (5). We now examine such a model in greater detail to reveal the multiple modes by which PB can emerge during sleep.
Mechatronics pedagogy in mechanical engineering capstone design

This paper presents the pedagogy of mechatronics in the mechanical engineering senior capstone design classes at the University of California Los Angeles during 2011–2016. Students entering the class with little hands-on experience in mechatronics are given lectures and hands-on laboratory tutorials and practice to conceptualize, design, and realize mechatronic systems. Students are then provided with mechatronics kits to design and realize their projects that culminate in final competitions. The pedagogy attempts to provide fine balances between scalable top-down systems approach and practical bottom-up hands-on skills. As such, real-time system topics and software tools, including State Charts, data and signal flow block diagrams, prioritized real-time loops and event triggers, and CPU timing diagrams, are introduced to mechanical engineering students.
Rewriting Logic Semantics: From Language Specifications to Formal Analysis Tools

Formal semantic definitions of concurrent languages, when specified in a well-suited semantic framework and supported by generic and efficient formal tools, can be the basis of powerful software analysis tools. Such tools can be obtained for free from the semantic definitions; in our experience in just the few weeks required to define a language’s semantics even for large languages like Java. By combining, yet distinguishing, both equations and rules, rewriting logic semantic definitions unify both the semantic equations of equational semantics (in their higher-order denotational version or their first-order algebraic counterpart) and the semantic rules of SOS. Several limitations of both SOS and equational semantics are thus overcome within this unified framework. By using a high-performance implementation of rewriting logic such as Maude, a language’s formal specification can be automatically transformed into an efficient interpreter. Furthermore, by using Maude’s breadth first search command, we also obtain for free a semi-decision procedure for finding failures of safety properties; and by using Maude’s LTL model checker, we obtain, also for free, a decision procedure for LTL properties of finite-state programs. These possibilities, and the competitive performance of the analysis tools thus obtained, are illustrated by means of a concurrent Caml-like language; similar experience with Java (source and JVM) programs is also summarized.
The Cartilage Warp Prevention Suture

Costal cartilage graft warping can challenge rhinoplasty surgeons and compromise outcomes. We propose a technique, the “warp control suture,” for eliminating cartilage warp and examine outcomes in a pilot group. The warp control suture is performed in the following manner: Harvested cartilage is cut to the desired shape and immersed in saline to induce warping. A 4-0 or 5-0 PDS suture, depending the thickness of the cartilage, is passed from convex to concave then concave to convex side several times about 5–6 mm apart, finally tying the suture on the convex side with sufficient tension to straighten the cartilage. First an ex vivo experiment was performed in 10 specimens from 10 different patients. Excess cartilage was sutured and returned to saline for a minimum of 15 min and then assessed for warping compared to cartilage cut in the identical shape also soaked in saline. Then, charts of nine subsequent patients who received the warp control suture on 16 cartilage grafts by the senior author (BG) were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion of study subjects required at least 6 months of follow-up with standard rhinoplasty photographs. Postoperative complications and evidence of warping were recorded. In the ex vivo experiment, none of the 10 segments demonstrated warping after replacement in saline, whereas all the matching segments demonstrated significant additional warping. Clinically, no postoperative warping was observed in any of the nine patients at least 6 months postoperatively. One case of minor infection was observed in an area away from the graft and treated with antibiotics. No warping or other complications were noted. The warp control suture technique presented here effectively straightens warped cartilage graft and prevents additional warping. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Mango: Distributed Visualization for Genomic Analysis

The decreasing cost of DNA sequencing over the past decade has led to an explosion of available sequencing datasets, leaving us with terabytes to petabytes of data to explore and analyze. It is critical for analysts in research and clinical settings to be able to develop new data-driven hypotheses from these datasets through bias identification, analysis of data quality, and testing different algorithms and parameter settings. However, current interactive tools for sequence analysis are designed to run on single machines that do not scale to the size of modern genomic datasets, and rely on precomputed static views, rather than allowing direct interaction with the primary dataset. Mango is a genomic sequence visualization and analysis platform that removes these constraints regarding scalability and staticity by leveraging the power of multi-node compute clusters in the cloud to allow interactive analysis over terabytes of sequencing data. Mango provides both a genome browser graphical user interface and programmable notebook form factor to allow users of varying analytical experience to explore large sequencing datasets on both private clusters and in the cloud. These tools provide a flexible environment for interactive exploration of genomic datasets, while surpassing the computational limits of single-node genomic visualization tools.
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM FRAMEWORK

This paper develops a model of foreign direct investment (FDI) in a computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework by distinguishing between the activities of domestic and foreign-owned firms in both production and demand. Using a variant of the Armington assumption, the model is implemented by merging conventional production, demand and trade data with information on FDI. In a preliminary application, the model is used to analyze the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation goal of “free trade and investment in the region” by 2020. The model demonstrates that FDI matters; even in scenarios that do not liberalize FDI flows directly, FDI reinforces liberalization by making production more flexible. Trade and investment liberalization are generally complementary, in the sense that each strengthens the other linkage. Because FDI offers access to foreign technology and variety even in non-traded sectors, its economic effects are particularly pronounced in services.
Role for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 in the Metabolic Effects of Leptin

The rising incidence in obesity has become a worldwide health epidemic. Obesity contributes to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and a host of other metabolic abnormalities. The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is the central signal in a negative feedback loop regulating appetite and energy homeostasis. Because most obese humans are leptin resistant, developing effective therapies for obesity will require a fuller understanding of the mechanism by which leptin regulates appetite and metabolism. Using a large screen we identified stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) as a prototypical leptin-regulated gene in the liver. Deletion of SCD-1 can partially correct the obesity, hypometabolic state, and hepatic steatosis associated with leptin deficiency. SCD-1 appears to be an important metabolic control point in the liver. When SCD-1 is repressed, fatty acid oxidation is promoted with accompanying metabolic benefits.
The Control of Protein Turnover in the Isolated Perfused Rat Heart

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the control of protein turnover in the isolated perfused rat heart. Protein turnover and its hormonal and nonhormonal control was studied in an isolated preparation of perfused rat heart muscle. This preparation permits the control of protein turnover to be examined under well-defined conditions as the level of ventricular pressure development, heart rate, left atrial filling pressure, and coronary flow can be controlled. Levels of protein within cardiac muscle may vary either as a result of changes in the rates of protein synthesis or degradation. In a study described in the chapter, the rates of degradation were estimated by measuring release of phenylalanine from the heart. Net release of phenylalanine would not occur if rates of synthesis and degradation were equal. An approximation of the rate of degradation could be made by measuring the rate of dilution of the specific activity of the free phenylalanine pool. This method underestimated the rate of degradation by the extent to which exchange of phenylalanine across the cell membrane prevented equilibration of the specific activities of the intracellular and extracellular pools of the amino acids.
A bifunctional catalyst for efficient dehydrogenation and electro-oxidation of hydrazine

The chemical energy stored in energetic materials may often be utilized in various ways, which motivates the development of multifunctional catalysts for flexible and efficient utilization of the chemical energy. Hydrazine is a promising energy carrier due to its high energy density and high hydrogen content, which can be utilized as a chemical hydrogen storage medium or a fuel for direct fuel cells. Herein, we propose a bifunctional catalyst for efficient dehydrogenation and electro-oxidation of hydrazine. As a proof-of-concept study, a carbon-black-supported Pt0.2Ni0.8 nanoparticle catalyst has been developed with high activity and durability for both complete dehydrogenation (with a turnover frequency of 673 h−1 and a H2 generation rate of 188 L h−1 gmetal−1) and electro-oxidation (with a mass activity of 132 mA mgmetal−1) of hydrazine under mild conditions, outperforming other catalysts including Pt, Ni, Pd0.2Ni0.8, and Au0.2Ni0.8 nanoparticles. Such a bifunctional catalyst can enable the utilization of hydrazine as a promising energy carrier for both on-demand hydrogen generation and electricity generation via direct hydrazine fuel cells, enhancing its flexibility for future onboard applications.