cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for Ultrafast Nonradiative Relaxation in Electronically Excited Eumelanin Constituents

We investigate the relaxation dynamics of melanin model constituents including monomers, dimers, and tetramers, upon excitation, using state-of-the-art, time-dependent, density functional theory calculations. The results explain the ability of these molecules to transform photon energy into thermal energy in a remarkably short timescale of ∼100 fs. We find that after electronic excitation by light absorption, ultrafast energy conversion takes place through two novel mechanisms: proton transfer on a timescale of 110 fs and state mixing upon oligomerization on a timescale of <50 fs. These results are in good agreement with available experiments and help elucidate melanin's role in photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation.
The robot is the tether: active, adaptive power routing modular robots with unary inter-robot connectors

This paper describes a novel approach to powering a radical type of microrobot. Our long-term aim is to enable the construction of ensembles of millions of coordinated near-spherical, submillimeter microrobots. Both the large number of potential simultaneous neighbors of each robot (12) and the difficulty of fine actuation at such small scales preclude the use of complex connectors previously developed in many modular robotics efforts. Instead, we propose to leverage multirobot cooperation to simplify the mechanics of modular robot docking. In our approach, the robots actively cooperate to route virtual power busses (both supply and ground) to all the robots in the ensemble using only unary (single conductor) electrical connectors between robots. A unary connector allows for larger tolerances in engagement angle, simplifies robot manufacture, speeds reconfiguration, and maximizes the proportion of the connector surface area useful for carrying current. The algorithms we present permit a robot ensemble to efficiently harvest and distribute power from sources discovered in the environment and/or carried by the ensemble. We evaluate these algorithms in a variety of simulated deployment conditions and report on the impact of hardware defects, limited on-board power storage, and the ensemble-environment interface.
Bmp2 is essential for cardiac cushion epithelial-mesenchymal transition and myocardial patterning.

Cardiac cushion development provides a valuable system to investigate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a fundamental process in development and tumor progression. In the atrioventricular (AV) canal, endocardial cells lining the heart respond to a myocardial-derived signal, undergo EMT, and contribute to cushion mesenchyme. Here, we inactivated bone morphogenetic protein 2 ( Bmp2 ) in the AV myocardium of mice. We show that Bmp2 has three functions in the AV canal: to enhance formation of the cardiac jelly, to induce endocardial EMT and to pattern the AV myocardium. Bmp2 is required for myocardial expression of Has2 , a crucial component of the cardiac jelly matrix. During EMT, Bmp2 promotes expression of the basic helix-loop-helix factor Twist1 , previously implicated in EMT in cancer metastases, and the homeobox genes Msx1 and Msx2 . Deletion of the Bmp type 1A receptor, Bmpr1a , in endocardium also resulted in failed cushion formation, indicating that Bmp2 signals directly to cushion-forming endocardium to induce EMT. Lastly, we show that Bmp2 mutants failed to specify the AV myocardium with loss of Tbx2 expression uncovering a myocardial, planar signaling function for Bmp2 . Our data indicate that Bmp2 has a crucial role in coordinating multiple aspects of AV canal morphogenesis.
Technology and Labor Relations: Railroads and Ports

Conclusion Railroad and port unions have dealt in various ways with technological change — from anticipating its possibility through restrictive work rules to mitigating its effects through employment — and income-protection agreements to attempting to participate in its benefits in the form of supplementary compensation. Collectively these policies imposed great costs on railroads and ports.
Deficits in social schemata in schizophrenia

Several recent studies have examined the manner in which social information is processed in an attempt to better understand the interpersonal functioning deficits of schizophrenia. In this study, the manner in which schizophrenic subjects represent social information, and the relationships between these social representations and measures of information processing, are examined. Specifically, 30 DSM-IIIR patients with schizophrenia and 15 normal controls were assessed on measures of social schema processing, information processing, and symptomatology. Results showed that schizophrenic patients earned significantly lower schema processing scores than the normal comparison group. Schema deficits of the schizophrenic group were significantly associated with recall memory and vigilance. These findings suggest that deficits in the representation of social information provides a unique perspective for understanding the interpersonal dysfunctions of schizophrenia.
Noise tolerance in human frequency-following responses to voice pitch

Speech communication usually occurs in the presence of background noise. This study examined noise tolerance in the brainstem’s processing of voice pitch, as reflected by the scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR) from 12 normal-hearing adults. By systematically manipulating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) across three different stimulus intensities, the results indicated that Frequency Error, Slope Error, and Tracking Accuracy remained relatively stable until SNR was degraded to 0 dB or lower (i.e., a turning point). This turning point not only provided physiological evidence supporting pitch tolerance of noise but also allowed recommendation of a minimal SNR when evaluating pitch processing in difficult-to-test patients.
Effects of Environmental Color on Two Psychomotor Tasks

A popular viewpoint holds that various hues will have differential effects on activation level and psychomotor performance. To test the performance hypothesis 125 Ss performed two psychomotor tasks...
Children of genocide: a legacy of lost dreams.

Dr Janusz Korczak was a European pediatrician, educator, and children's author from the first half of the 20th century. First as a pediatrician and then as a teacher he dedicated his life to impoverished and vulnerable children. He formed a progressive orphanage and school in Warsaw, Poland, during the 1930s to care for orphaned children of both Jewish and Catholic descent. In 1940, after the German invasion of Poland by the Nazis, Dr Korczak was ordered to close the orphanage. Instead, he moved the 200 to 300 Jewish children for whom he cared into the Warsaw ghetto and attempted to establish a safe haven within the turmoil, uncertainty, and fear of the new location. Eventually, the children were ordered to be relocated to the death camp of Treblinka. Despite being a Jew, because of his fame as Poland's “old doctor” he was encouraged on several occasions to abandon the children and return to the Aryan side of Warsaw. He refused, and on August 6, 1942, he quietly marched with his children to the trains for relocation and eventually to death at the hands of the Nazis.1 His story and the fate of these children are but an example of the many silent others who attempted to protect men, women, and especially children from the ravages of the Holocaust. This commentary has three overall goals. The first is to encourage us to not think of genocide solely as a historical event such as the Holocaust but, rather, a persistent reality that requires constant vigilance and action as it transitions from our past into the current affairs of the 21st century. Second, to realize that as part of genocidal denial, we frequently forget that the burden of these atrocities is disproportionally placed on children. Finally, as pediatricians, to advocate by being … Address correspondence to Charles Oberg, MD, FAAP, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 S Second St, West Bank Office Building, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454. E-mail: oberg001{at}umn.edu
Anterior chamber width measurement by high-speed optical coherence tomography

Objective To measure anterior chamber (AC) width and other dimensions relevant to the sizing of phakic intraocular lenses (IOLs) with a high-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Participants Both eyes of 20 normal volunteers. Methods A novel high-speed (4000 axial scans/second) OCT prototype was developed for anterior segment scanning. The system uses long wavelength (1310 nm) for deeper angle penetration, rectangular scanning for undistorted imaging, and short image acquisition time (0.125 seconds) to reduce motion error. Three horizontal cross-sectional OCT images (15.5 mm wide and 6 mm deep) of the anterior segment were obtained from each eye with real-time image display to guide centration on the corneal apex. Image processing software was developed to correct for image warping resulting from index transitions. Anterior chamber dimensions were measured using computer calipers by 3 expert raters (ophthalmologists). Analysis of variance was used to determine interrater, interimage, right versus left eye, and intersubject standard deviation (SD) of OCT measurements. Main outcome measures Anterior chamber width (recess to recess), AC depth, and crystalline lens vault as measured by OCT; external white-to-white (WTW) corneal diameter (CD) as measured by Holladay-Godwin gauge. Results The mean AC width was 12.53±0.47 mm (intereye SD), and the mean corneal diameter was 11.78±0.57 mm. Optical coherence tomography measurement of AC width has good repeatability from image to image (SD, 0.134 mm), but there was significant difference between raters (SD, 0.215 mm). Estimation of AC width from WTW CD by linear regression was relatively inaccurate (residual SD, 0.41 mm). The mean AC depth was 2.99±0.323 mm (intereye SD), with repeatability of less than 0.001 mm (interimage SD), and the mean crystalline lens vault was 0.39±0.27 mm with 0.023 mm repeatability. Conclusions Reproducible OCT AC biometry was demonstrated using a high-speed OCT prototype. Further improvement in reproducibility may be achieved by automating the measurements with a computer. Direct OCT AC width measurement may improve sizing of angle-supported AC IOLs over conventional estimation by WTW CD. The measurement of AC depth and lens vault also may be useful for other types of phakic AC IOLs.
Rule flow logic verification: A simulation based approach

In complex rule flow logic verification, simulation based testing approach is one feasible way which tries to go through all the feasible paths. As the baseline, the total number of feasible paths is usually desired to know although it is usually a huge number. The calculation algorithm of feasible paths in a rule flow is proposed in this paper. Using air cargo loading planning rule as an example, we also show how the coverage rate of stochastic algorithm drops sharply as the simulation going on. From rule topologic structure, we propose branch risk measure to denote the impact of the logic error in the branch. This paper also explores to locate the source of logic error through branch tagging and failure test case clustering. The technologies are illustrated in the load planning rule scenario.
The Pre-History of Fair Use.

This article reconsiders the history of copyright’s pivotal fair use doctrine. The history of fair use does not in fact begin with early American cases such as Folsom v. Marsh in 1841, as most accounts assume - the complete history of the fair use doctrine begins with over a century of copyright litigation in the English courts. Reviewing this ‘pre-history’ of the American fair use doctrine leads to three significant conclusions. The first is that copyright and fair use evolved together. Virtually from its inception, statutory copyright went well beyond merely mechanical acts of reproduction and was defined by the concept of fair abridgment. The second insight gained by extending our historical view is that there is in fact substantial continuity between fair abridgment in the pre-modern era and fair use in the United States today. These findings have substantial implications for copyright law today, the principal one being that fair use is central to the formulation of copyright, and not a mere exception. The third conclusion relates to the contribution of Folsom v. Marsh itself. The pre-modern cases illustrate a half-formed notion of the derivative right: unauthorized derivatives could be enjoined to defend the market of the original work, but they did not constitute a separate market unto themselves. Folsom departs from the earlier English cases in that it recognizes derivatives as inherently valuable, not just a thing to be enjoined to defend the original work against substitution. This subtle shift is important because while the boundaries of a defensive derivative right can be ascertained with respect to the effect of the defendant’s work on the plaintiff’s original market, the boundaries of an offensive derivative right can only be determined with reference to some other limiting principle. This extension of the derivative right may well have been inevitable. It seems likely that as more and more derivatives were enjoined defensively, courts and copyright owners began to see these derivatives as part of the author’s inherent rights in relation to his creation. In other words, once copyright owners were allowed to preclude derivatives to prevent competition with their original works, they quickly grew bold enough to assert an exclusive right in derivative works for their own sake. A development which, for good or ill, bridges the gap between pre-modern and modern copyright.
The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation. A report of 19 cases.

The surgical technique for hindquarter amputation is described in a step-by-step manner. Since 1955 we have performed 19 such operations for eradication of malignant bone and soft tissue tumors in ...
A method for exponential propagation of large systems of stiff nonlinear differential equations

A new time integrator for large, stiff systems of linear and nonlinear coupled differential equations is described. For linear systems, the method consists of forming a small (5-15-term) Krylov space using the Jacobian of the system and carrying out exact exponential propagation within this space. Nonlinear corrections are incorporated via a convolution integral formalism; the integral is evaluated via approximate Krylov methods as well. Gains in efficiency ranging from factors of 2 to 30 are demonstrated for several test problems as compared to a forward Euler scheme and to the integration package LSODE.
Modeling, analysis, and visualization of nonrigid object motion

A research project initiated to study the modeling, analysis, and visualization of nonrigid motion in terms of three important types of objects-heart, human face/head, and fluid-is discussed. Attention is given to modeling and analysis of heart wall motion, human face/head motion analysis and synthesis in model-based image compression, and the evolution of coherent structures in fluid motion. It is believed that techniques from computer vision, can be useful for solving these problems. In particular, the following computer vision techniques appear relevant: 3-D solid modeling, motion estimation, curvature analysis, shape from shading, relational structures, model-based systems, aspect graphs, and silhouette-slide theorems. The goal of the research is to develop concepts, methodologies, and techniques that will be widely applicable to many types of nonrigid motion. >
Effects of Cytosine Arabinoside, Adenine Arabinoside, and 6-Azauridine on Rabies Virus in Vitro and in Vivo

The antiviral agents cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 6-azauridine were shown to inhibit the replication of rabies virus in vitro but not the replication of Sindbis virus. These same drugs were not effective in reducing the mortality rate in mice challenged with street rabies virus.
A Cultural Analysis of Adolescent Psychopathology

Behavior problems of adolescents have increasingly come to be examined as psychopathology. A medical/psychological view conflicts with a cultural interpretive approach. Material in the literature that bears on this topic is reviewed and analyzed critically. The goal is to illustrate how the concept of culture has been used to enhance understanding of adolescent psychopathology. Pertinent studies rely on differing methods, procedures, and conceptualizations of culture and psychopathology itself Epidemiologists handle culture abstractly and in a static way as a type of independent variable, and psychopathology is operationalized in terms of discreet disorders. Other researchers handle culture more broadly as systems of meaning and tend to examine descriptive aspects of behavior that reflect problems of adjustment. Advantages and disadvantages of the differing approaches are discussed. The needforstudies that balance methodologic rigor with interpretive sensitivity is emphasized. Suggestionsfor enhancing cul...
Rapid inhibition of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by leptin

The peptide leptin conveys the availability of adipose energy stores to the brain. Increasing evidence implicates a significant role for extrahypothalamic sites of leptin action, including the dorsal vagal complex, a region critical for regulating visceral parasympathetic function. The hypothesis that leptin suppresses cellular activity in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) was tested using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brainstem slices. Leptin caused a rapid membrane hyperpolarization in 50% of rat DMV neurons. Leptin also hyperpolarized a subset of gastric-related neurons (62%), identified after gastric inoculation with a transneuronal retrograde viral tracer. The hyperpolarization was associated with a decrease in input resistance and cellular responsiveness and displayed characteristics consistent with an increased K+ conductance. Perfusion of tolbutamide (200 microM) reversed the leptin-induced hyperpolarization, and tolbutamide or wortmannin (10-100 nM) prevented the hyperpolarization, indicating that leptin activated an ATP-sensitive K+ channel via a phosphoinositide-3-kinase-dependent mechanism. Leptin reduced the frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), whereas inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) were largely unaffected. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) resulted in constant-latency EPSCs, which were decreased in amplitude by leptin. The paired-pulse ratio was increased, suggesting leptin effects involved activation of receptors presynaptic to the recorded neuron. A leptin-induced suppression of EPSCs, but not IPSCs, evoked by focal photolytic uncaging of glutamate within the NTS was also observed, supportive of leptin effects on the glutamatergic NTS projection to the DMV. Therefore, leptin directly hyperpolarized and indirectly suppressed excitatory synaptic activity to DMV neurons involved in visceral regulation, including gastric-related neurons.
Mutational Analysis of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Demonstrates that p53 Degradation Is Necessary for Immortalization of Mammary Epithelial Cells

We have previously demonstrated that normal human mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are efficiently immortalized by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6. HPV16 E6 binds to and induces p53 degradation in vitro and induces a marked reduction of p53 protein in MECs. Low-risk HPV6 E6 is defective for p53 binding and degradation in vitro but immortalized MECs at low efficiency. The HPV6 E6-immortalized MECs had markedly reduced levels of p53. To directly investigate whether the ability of HPV16 E6 to stimulate p53 degradation is required for E6-induced immortalization, a series of HPV16 E6 mutants were analyzed for the ability to bind and degrade p53 in vitro, induce a reduction in p53 levels in vivo, and immortalize MECs. We observed that one set of mutants efficiently immortalized MECs, caused a reduction in p53 levels in vivo, and degraded p53 in vitro. Other mutants immortalized MECs with low efficiency and either induced p53 degradation at low levels or were unable to induce p53 degradation in vitro; however, all of the immortal clones displayed low levels of p53. A third class of mutants did not immortalize MECs and failed to induce a reduction in p53 levels in vivo or degrade p53 in vitro. These results demonstrate that a reduction in p53 protein levels due to enhanced degradation is essential for MEC immortalization by HPV16 E6.
Neural networks and dynamic complex systems

We describe the use of neural networks for optimization and inference associated with a variety of complex systems. We show how a string formalism can be used for parallel computer decomposition, message routing and sequential optimizing compilers. We extend these ideas to a general treatment of spatial assessment and distributed artificial intelligence.
The application of commitment utilization factor (CUF) to thermal unit commitment

A new approach is presented for determining the priority order for thermal unit commitment. In this approach, a new index CUF (commitment utilization factor) is used in conjunction with the classical economic index AFLC (average full-load cost) to determine the priority commitment order. The proposed approach has been found to be very effective because the resulting priority commitment orders are consistently better, whenever possible, than those determined by the AFLC index alone. This approach can be easily implemented as an add-on module to an existing priority-order-based unit commitment model. The addition can significantly improve the performance of this priority-order-based model without noticeable penalty in the computational requirements. A midwestern utility system is used to illustrate the proposed approach. >
Surface Aggregation of Urinary Proteins and Aspartic Acid-Rich Peptides on the Faces of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Investigated by In Situ Force Microscopy

The growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the presence of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), osteopontin, and the 27-residue synthetic peptides (DDDS)6DDD and (DDDG)6DDD (D = aspartic acid, S = serine, and G = glycine) was investigated via in situ atomic force microscopy. The results show that these four growth modulators create extensive deposits on the crystal faces. Depending on the modulator and crystal face, these deposits can occur as discrete aggregates, filamentary structures, or uniform coatings. These proteinaceous films can lead to either the inhibition of or an increase in the step speeds (with respect to the impurity-free system), depending on a range of factors that include peptide or protein concentration, supersaturation, and ionic strength. While THP and the linear peptides act, respectively, to exclusively increase and inhibit growth on the $$ \left( {\bar{1}01} \right) $$ face, both exhibit dual functionality on the (010) face, inhibiting growth at low supersaturation or high modulator concentration and accelerating growth at high supersaturation or low modulator concentration. Based on analyses of growth morphologies and dependencies of step speeds on supersaturation and protein or peptide concentration, we propose a picture of growth modulation that accounts for the observations in terms of the strength of binding to the surfaces and steps and the interplay of electrostatic and solvent-induced forces at the crystal surface.
Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability

The construct of self-efficacy has received increasing empirical attention in the organizational behavior literature. People who think they can perform well on a task do better than those who think they will fail. Differences in self-efficacy are associated with bona fide differences in skill level; however, efficacy perceptions also may be influenced by differences in personality, motivation, and the task itself. This article reviews theoretically the antecedent processes and information cues involved in the formation of self-efficacy. A model of the determinants of self-efficacy is proposed that enhances understanding of both the complexity and malleability of the construct. Determinants that facilitate the most immediate change in self-efficacy are identified, and appropriate change strategies are highlighted. Implications and propositions pertaining to future research are discussed at the end of the article.
P03.08. The case for a well-being program for residents in training: preliminary findings

Methods This randomized controlled trial was undertaken with 60 anesthesiology residents at a large teaching hospital in an urban area. The study had three groups: 1) wellness intervention group, 2) no-treatment control group with release time (NTC-RT), and 3) no-treatment control group with routine duties (NTC-RD). Residents in the wellness group were given release time in order to participate in a wellness intervention, Coping with Work and Family Stress, which consisted of 16, 1.5-hour weekly sessions. Residents in the NTC-RT group were given the same amount of release time each week and chose activities such as reading and studying. Residents in the NTCRD group continued their regular schedule of clinical assignments (or routine duties) in the operating rooms. Coping strategies, stressors, social support, anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, and the frequency of alcohol and tobacco use were measured prior to and after the completion of the study.
A monoclonal antibody that distinguishes between temporal and nasal retinal axons

A monoclonal antibody was developed that recognizes an antigen with an asymmetric distribution in the chick retina. Immunohistochemistry showed that this antigen, temporal retinal axon protein (TRAP), was present on most if not all axons that arose from the temporal side of the retina. Very few of the axons from the nasal side of the retina were positive for TRAP. The nasal-temporal difference appeared to be in the number of axons that stained with this antibody rather than in the intensity of staining. The transition between nasal and temporal retina based on TRAP distribution appeared to be a vertical line centered on the optic fissure. A competition-based ELISA was developed to quantify the average amount of TRAP on axons in different regions of the retina. This assay also suggested that the pattern of TRAP distribution across the retina was a step function, though the results did not completely rule out the possibility of a continuous concentration gradient oriented circumferentially around the retina. Explants of embryonic nasal and temporal retina had a similar dichotomy in TRAP expression during the first 1 or 2 d in culture. The antibody to TRAP bound to retinal neurites in culture without the cell membrane being made permeable, which suggests that TRAP is a cell-surface molecule. In culture, TRAP was also expressed on the growth cones. Immunoblots showed that TRAP is trypsin sensitive and has an approximate molecular mass of 135 kDa. This is the first molecule identified with an asymmetric distribution in the nasal-temporal axis of the retina.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hyperventilation in Postural Hypotension

In normal subjects hyperventilation causes a drop in arterial blood pressure, apparently because of the direct effect of hypocapnia on the peripheral vessels. In persons with disease of the autonomic nervous system, the drop in blood pressure is much greater because it is not effectively opposed by reflex vasoconstriction. Consequently, hyperventilation caused by anxiety may greatly intensify postural hypotension in such patients and contribute significantly to their disability. A pertinent case is reported.
Comparison of Different Preclinical Models of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating type of stroke. It is characterized by spontaneous bleeding in brain parenchyma and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Presently, there is neither an effective therapy to increase survival after intracerebral hemorrhage nor a treatment to improve the quality of life for survivors. A reproducible animal model of spontaneous ICH mimicking the development of acute and delayed brain injury after ICH is an invaluable tool for improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ICH-induced brain injury and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. A number of models have been developed. While different species have been studied, rodents have become the most popular and widely utilized animals used in ICH research. The most often used methods for experimental induction of ICH are injection of bacterial collagenase and direct injection of blood into the brain parenchyma. The “balloon” method has also been used to mimic ICH for study. In this summary, we intend to provide a comparative overview of the technical methods, aspects, and pathologic findings of these types of ICH models. We will also focus on the similarities and differences among these rodent models, achievements in technical aspects of the ICH model, and discuss important aspects in selecting relevant models for study.
Water from Urban Streams Slows Growth and Speeds Metamorphosis in Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri) Larvae

We evaluated the effect of a potentially stressful urban aquatic environment on growth and development of Fowler's Toad (Bufo fowleri) larvae. We reared larvae to metamorphosis in water from urban and forested streams in a laboratory setting. We found no evidence of oral disc anomalies associated with urban environments, but we did find that tadpoles in these environments were smaller at 26 days of age (but not at metamorphosis) and metamorphosed faster than tadpoles reared in water from forested streams. The observed results were partially consistent with the predictions of H. M. Wilbur and J. P. Collins, who suggested in 1973 that stressful aquatic environments should result in an earlier date of metamorphosis for larvae attempting to escape that environment. We suggest further work to pinpoint factor(s) responsible for the results we observed, and we relate our findings to previous findings of declines in amphibian species richness in the study area.
DD30: Du Ziegelstein (Januar 2007)

Wenn Menschen neben mir zusammengeschlagen werden, muss ich unter dem Risiko eigener Gefahrdung helfend beispringen. Das weis ich. Deshalb versuche ich, nie dort zu sein, wo so etwas geschieht. Wenn aber Menschen neben mir erzogen werden? Muss ich dann wegschauen? Neulich war ich schrecklich feige, aber eine Heldentat hatte auch nichts genutzt.
Unbiased Quantification of the Electrochemical Stability Limits of Electrolytes and Ionic Liquids

The electrochemical window is the potential range in which an electrolyte/solvent system does not get reduced or oxidized. Usually, voltammograms are measured, and the potentials at which specific current densities are reached are identified as the electrochemical limits. We measured electrochemical limits of several electrolytes–including ionic liquids–and show that this approach has disadvantages that can be overcome by an alternate approach of defining electrochemical limits. The choice of the cutoff current density, Jcut-off, is arbitrary and strongly affects the determined electrochemical windows, which are strongly influenced by electrolyte mass transport. Moreover, the Jcut-off method does not provide an accurate estimate of the electrochemical window at electrodes with high surface areas, where the capacitive currents are large. We propose a method that requires no definition of Jcut-off. This method minimizes electrolyte mass transport effects, gives realistic electrochemical stability limits at high surface area electrodes, and is less affected by experimental parameters such as the scan rate. The method is based on linear fits of the current–voltage curve at potentials below and above the onset of electrolyte decomposition. The potential at which the two linear fits intersect is defined as the electrolyte electrochemical limit. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0271512jes] All rights reserved.
The crystal structure of 1-(2-hydroxy-5-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethanone 4,4-di-methyl-thio-semicarbazone.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H17N3O2S, contains two independent mol­ecules, A and B. Both mol­ecules are nearly planar with the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the thio­amide group and benzene ring being 7.5 (1)° in A and 4.3 (2)° in B. In each mol­ecule, the hy­droxy group participates in intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding, while the amino H atom is not involved in hydrogen bonding because of the steric hinderence caused by two neighboring methyl groups. In the crystal, the individual molecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming A–A and B–B inversion dimers. The dimers are linked via C—H⋯π inter­actions which help stabilize the packing.
Parameter Estimation for Lumped Capacitance Modeling of CRAH Units During Chilled Water Interruption

Lumped capacitance models have been introduced to study transient thermal response of data centers. Chilled water interruption of a Computer Room Air Handling (CRAH) unit is one of several failure scenarios of data center cooling infrastructures. In such a scenario, predicting the transient thermal response of the CRAH unit depends requires the determination of the CRAH lumped capacitance model parameters: the thermal capacitance (thermal mass) and the time constant. In this paper, we propose an experimental methodology to extract sufficient information for the lumped capacitance modeling of CRAH units. The method requires measurements of inlet and exit air temperature, air flow rate and CRAH fan power. If the chilled water supply to a CRAH unit is intentionally interrupted in a data center with multiple redundant CRAH units, sufficient information to estimate the CRAH lumped capacitance parameters can be obtained without disturbing the data center operation.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A sticky (synergistic) situation

Bad luck aside, environmental factors largely contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer, the third most common cancer worldwide. Complementing the list of usual suspects (e.g., diet, smoking, physical inactivity), investigators from Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions have identified bacterial biofilms within the colon as a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Biofilms are dense aggregates of microorganisms embedded within a sticky, self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, producing an environment that allows bacterial communities to thrive (think dental plaque). In a previous study, the investigators found that colonic biofilms correlate with enhanced host epithelial cell inflammation and proliferation. Here, in collaboration with The Scripps Research Institute, the investigators used a series of targeted and untargeted metabolomics experiments in paired colon cancer and histologically normal tissues from patients with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery to examine the influence of bacterial biofilms on the host colon tissue metabolome. Acetylated polyamines, particularly N1, N12 -diacetylspermine , were identified as being among the top up-regulated metabolites in colon cancer tissues. Polyamines are already known to boost cell growth and cancer formation. In this study, the authors found that biofilms—associated with both cancer tissues and paired normal tissues—enhanced up-regulation of acetylated polyamine metabolites compared with biofilm-negative tissues. Nanostructure imaging mass spectroscopy validated the localization of polyamine metabolites at the mucosal edge of cancer tissues in the vicinity of the biofilms. Furthermore, tissues of patients given antibiotics prior to surgery revealed no biofilms and much lower concentrations of N1, N12 -diacetylspermine compared with biofilm-positive tissues. Taken together, this study suggests that colonic bacterial biofilms promote carcinogenesis through the up-regulation of acetylated polyamines. The investigators propose a model in which both host-derived and bacterial-derived polyamines synergistically promote biofilm formation and enhance conditions for cancer development, thus providing an avenue for future interventions that target both polyamine and biofilm production. C. H. Johnson et al ., Metabolism links bacterial biofilms and colon carcinogenesis. Cell Metab . 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.04.011 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131(15)00166-7
Ten Strategies to Build Partnerships with Patients

Partnerships take many forms. In business, partners share profits as well as losses. In productive therapeutic relationships,counselors exhibit empathy, insight,and acceptance without judgment,and clients are open to constructive feedback. In successful marriages,partners consider each other’s needs,working together to sustain and deepen trust. What makes a successful doctor-patient partnership?
Electrical and tensile properties of Cu-ThO2, Au-ThO2, Pt-ThO2 and Au-Al2O3, Pt-Al2O3 alloys

Dispersion-strengthened alloys of Pt, Au and Cu containing ThO2 and Al2O3 were prepared by precipitating the elements from a solution containing a suspension of the oxide phase. The precipitate deposited on the oxide particles of 0.05μm average diameter and produced dispersions of good homogeneity on compaction. Alloys containing less than 2 vol% oxide phase had sufficient ductility to permit fabrication of wire. Tensile strength and elongation, hardness, and electrical resistivity were measured as a function of temperature up to 1000°C. The dispersion-strengthening caused a relatively small increase in the resistivity of the alloys compared to the resistivity of the metals. The alloys are useful where high electrical or thermal conductivity combined with superior tensile strength, hardness and oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures, are desirable.
Research on a New Inverter Device Meeting the Requirements for the Smart Grid

An inverter is an important way of energy conversion.However,the inverter can have severe impacts on the power quality of the power grid during the energy conversion.Given that the smart grid raises more severe requirements for the power quality,in view of various shortcomings of the traditional inverter technology,this paper proposes a new type of inverting device which meets the requirements for the smart grid.The device is a new three-phase low-frequency inverting device with low harmonics,and its switching device operates at the 50 Hz power frequency.This device is characteristic of small loss in the switch,less harmonic content,high reliability,high DC voltage utilization rate,simple control and reduced cost.The experimental results show that the device has very high practical application value and is easy to popularize.
Development of Spreader under the Micro-car Body

As an auxiliary tool body welding line, Spreader has its usual structure. With the combination of mechanical and design innovation in techniques commonly used on the existing structure we gave a explanation to the methods of development.
Renal Changes in Primary Aldosteronism

AbstractThe clinical presentations and renal biopsy specimens of 18 patients with primary aldostewnism were reviewed to determine the characteristic pathologic features of the kidney in this syndrome. All patients were hypertensive with a mean blood pressure of 192mm. Hg systolic and 122mm. Hg diastolic. The average duration of hypertension was 6.88 years. The mean serum potassium was 2.88mEq. per 1. and the mean plasma carbon dioxide was 31.4mEq. per 1. A significant history of urinary tract disease was noted in 8 patients. Laboratory and diagnostic studies evaluating renal structure and function were abnormal in 11 patients.Renal biopsies from all 18 individuals showed evidence of parenchymal damage. Hypertensive and hypokalemic changes were the most significant abnormalities and were considered moderate to severe in 78 and 89 per cent of the patients, respectively. Histologic evidence of pyelonephritis was noted in 2 patients only and no renal specimens contained characteristic changes of metabolic alk...
Final Report for USGS NEHRP Project 08HQGR0022

This is the final report for United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) Project 08HQGR0022, entitled “Quantifying Uncertainties in Ground Motion Simulations for Scenario Earthquakes on the HaywardRodgers Creek Fault System Using the USGS 3D Seismic Velocity Model and Realistic Pseudodynamics Ruptures”. Work for this project involved three-dimensional (3D) simulations of ground motions for Hayward Fault (HF) earthquakes. We modeled moderate events on the HF and used them to evaluate the USGS 3D model of the San Francisco Bay Area. We also contributed to ground motions modeling effort for a large suite of scenario earthquakes on the HF. Results were presented at conferences (see appendix) and in one peer-reviewed publication (Aagaard et al., 2010).
Exchange bias and spin glass behavior in biphasic NiFe2O4/NiO thin films

Abstract Magnetic exchange bias and coercivity of nanogranular NiFe 2 O 4 /NiO thin films, prepared using flow-stabilized microplasmas and post-deposition annealing, have been investigated as a function of ferrimagnet/antiferromagnet phase fraction, grain size, and temperature. Exchange bias (EB) and vertical shifts in hysteresis loops observed in the as-deposited and low-T annealed (≤600 °C) films were attributed to exchange coupling between nanocrystalline NiFe 2 O 4 (~8–10 nm) and a structurally-disordered spin glass (SG)-like phase. At higher annealing temperature (850 °C), the observed EB was found to arise from exchange coupling between NiFe 2 O 4 and NiO, rather than a SG phase, most likely due to reduction of structurally-disordered interfaces and a substantial increase in NiFe 2 O 4 grain size (~26 nm).
Policy Profiles for Ethics and Equity in Educational Computing: Contrasting Middle School Policy Initiatives for Strategic Planning

AbstractMiddle school administrators responsible for policy development in the area of educational computing can expect to face several important tasks relative to component identification and priority resolution. While middle school perceptions of policy priorities were seldom distinct from those of elementary and secondary colleagues, the linearity of difference between elementary and high school needs suggests a strong relationship between level of graded instruction and the differential value of certain policy initiatives. When global contrasts are effectuated comparing educators with only middle school teaching experience to those educators with no middle school experience, a “middle grades profile” can be statistically constructed in terms of perceived priorities for educational computing policy development. As the range of policy options is restricted through the imposition of artificial constraints, respondents sustained continuing priority for select policy components while new significance for o...
Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: Results from the nurses' health study and health professionals follow‐up study

The relationship between calcium intake and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk remains inconclusive. We conducted this study to evaluate whether the association between calcium intake and CRC risk differs by anatomic subsite and determine the dose-response relationship for this association, as well as assess when in carcinogenesis calcium may play a role. We assessed calcium intake every 4 years and followed 88,509 women (1980-2012) in the Nurses' Health Study and 47,740 men (1986-2012) in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. We documented 3,078 incident CRC cases. Total calcium intake (≥1,400 vs. <600 mg/d) was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of colon cancer (multivariable relative risk: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.65-0.95). Similar results were observed by different sources of calcium (from all foods or dairy products only). The inverse association was linear and suggestively stronger for distal colon cancer (0.65, 0.43-0.99) than for proximal colon cancer (0.94, 0.72-1.22, p-common effects = 0.14). Additionally, when comparing different latencies, the overall pattern suggested that the inverse association appeared to be stronger with increasing latency and was strongest for intakes 12-16 years before diagnosis. Comparing total calcium intakes of ≥1,400 vs. <600 mg/d for intake 12-16 y before diagnosis, the pooled RR (95% CIs) of CRC was 0.76 (0.64-0.91). Higher calcium intake was associated with a lower risk of developing colon cancer, especially for distal colon cancer. Overall inverse association was linear and did not differ by intake source. Additionally, calcium intake approximately 10 years before diagnosis appeared to be associated with a lower risk of CRC.
A New Species of Montane Rain Frog, Genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylus), from Guerrero, Mexico

Eleutherodactylus uno n. sp . is described from the oak-pine zone of the Sierra Madre del Sur, in the Mexican state of Guerrero . The new species cannot be associated with any currently recognized supraspecific division within the genus and demonstrates the unsatisfactory nature of attempts to cluster the approximately 400 known species into groups.
C(sp2)–H Borylation of Fluorinated Arenes Using an Air-Stable Cobalt Precatalyst: Electronically Enhanced Site Selectivity Enables Synthetic Opportunities

Cobalt catalysts with electronically enhanced site selectivity have been developed, as evidenced by the high ortho-to-fluorine selectivity observed in the C(sp2)–H borylation of fluorinated arenes. Both the air-sensitive cobalt(III) dihydride boryl 4-Me-(iPrPNP)Co(H)2BPin (1) and the air-stable cobalt(II) bis(pivalate) 4-Me-(iPrPNP)Co(O2CtBu)2 (2) compounds were effective and exhibited broad functional group tolerance across a wide range of fluoroarenes containing electronically diverse functional groups, regardless of the substitution pattern on the arene. The electronically enhanced ortho-to-fluorine selectivity observed with the cobalt catalysts was maintained in the presence of a benzylic dimethylamine and hydrosilanes, overriding the established directing-group effects observed with precious-metal catalysts. The synthetically useful selectivity observed with cobalt was applied to an efficient synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen.
Ascertaining first-degree relatives in adult-onset cancer research: The genetic epidemiology of lung cancer study, 1999-2003

B60 Successful recruitment of family members related to an affected individual is essential for many family-based study designs. In family-based case-control studies designed to assess correlations between genetic variants in candidate genes, use of unaffected family controls may increase control response rates and reduce the effect of population stratification. Feasibility of recruiting parents and siblings of probands with adult-onset disease has not been documented, particularly among African Americans. We contacted via telephone 379 individuals with early-onset (age