cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Without Public Peer: The Potential Regulatory and Universal Service Consequences of Internet Balkanization

Since its inception the Internet has generated positive networking externalities, widespread access and seamless connectivity through a combination of TCP/IP routing technologies and widespread network interoperability. During this promotional period, Internet Service Providers ("ISPs") appeared to have a keen interest in collaboration seemingly without concern for profit maximization and without regard for operator size, traffic volume and flow of traffic. ISPs coordinated traffic primarily at quasi-public network access points and exchanges, in much the same was as two local exchange carriers receive and hand off traffic at "Meet Points" to secure wide area call access. Growing service demand, congestion at quasi-public interconnection sites and commercialization of the industry have motivated major ISPs and large volume users to pursue more reliable, quasi-private network interconnection. Private peering arrangements promote security, reliability and higher service quality. They add robustness and new, faster and higher capacity routing options. But on the other hand private peering arrangements help create a hierarchy of networks and users while previously generated positive networking externalities arose from a flat, democratic, 'sender keep all "network of networks."' This paper will examine the evolution of ISP interconnection arrangements with an eye toward determining the consequences resulting from the migration from sender-keep-all, zero cost interconnection arrangements to commercially driven ones modeled closely after conventional telecommunication carrier-to-carrier interconnection agreements. While private peering will enhance quality of service and network reliability, it may trigger the same sort of parity and cost of access concerns raised by competitive local exchange carriers and other market entrants. The paper concludes that Internet interconnection and cost of access have begun to raise the same sort of questions raised by local and interexchange carrier interconnection.
Computer Programs can be Proved Correct

There has been much recent interest in proving the semantic correctness of computer programs, that is, in showing that computer programs meet their specifications or have certain desirable properties. The work of Burstall (1969), Cooper (1967), Floyd (1967), McCarthy (1963), McCarthy and Painter (1967) and Naur (1966) can be cited to demonstrate this interest. Moreover, it is now recognized that a program or algorithm ought to be accompanied by a proof of correctness. Even though this proof is seldom given, at least the need for such proof is recognized.
Independent control of sexual and scent marking behaviors of male gerbils by cells in or near the medial preoptic area.

This research studied the role of the medial preoptic area and adjacent cell populations in androgen control of scent marking and sexual behavior in male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Experiment 1 replicated previous research showing that implants of testosterone propionate in or near the medial preoptic area reinstate marking behavior in castrates. Implant sites near the diagonal band of Broca or in the posterior part of the medial preoptic area, near the anterior hypothalamus, are more effective than other sites. Experiment 2 showed that medial preoptic area lesions permanently impair sexual behavior despite testosterone stimulation. Experiments 2–4 showed that lesions in or near the medial preoptic area can also disrupt scent marking; however, this behavior gradually recovered in many lesioned males, especially if they received testosterone. The data suggest that both scent marking and sexual behavior are controlled by androgens acting on cells in or near the medial preoptic area, but the cell populations involved in these two behaviors are probably not the same.
Extending chipman's marl estimator to cases of ignorance in one or more parameter dimensions

In this note we examine the sense in which Chipman's (1964) minimum average risk linear (MARL) estimator can be extended to cases where a prior probability distribution on B in the linear model Y = XB + E is proper only on a set of linear combinations of having a smaller dimension than the dimension of the B parameter space. We define the estimator that can be considered MARL in the class of estimators for which the average risk matrix is defined. The MARL-type estimator then becomes operational in cases where there is ignorance about one or more dimensions of the parameter space.
Galois module structure of elementary abelian extensions

Abstract Let K be an algebraic number field, ο= O K its ring of integers, and G an elementary abelian group of order l k . In this article, we determine which classes in the locally free class group Cl(οG) of the group ring οG are realizable as Galois module classes of rings of integers O L in tame Galois extensions L K with Gal ( L K ) ≅ G . The set R(οG) of such realizable classes is described in terms of the action on Cl(οG) of a Stickelberger ideal J in the integral group ring Z C, where C (≅ F x lk ) is a (Cartan) subgroup of the automorphism group Aut G (≅GL k ( F l )).
Leopard frogs move their heads, but not their eyes: Implications for perception of stationary objects

Movement of an image on the retina is necessary for the persistence of vision in vertebrates. Leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) do not show any obvious independent eye movements that could sustain perception of stationary objects when the animal itself is stationary. However, video recordings of normal, awake leopard frogs made through a dissecting microscope reveal that the animal's whole head oscillates with an amplitude of 10-100 μm in step with the breathing cycle. The retinal image shifts produced by these breathing movements could ensure continuous perception of the frog's stationary environment.
Determination of the effects of estivation and starvation on neutral lipids and phospholipids in Biomphalaria glabrata (NMRI strain) and Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado Strain) snails by quantitative high performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry

Abstract High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to determine neutral lipids and phospholipids in Biomphalaria glabrata (NMRI strain) and Helisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) snails during estivation and starvation. Control snails were maintained on a diet of Romaine lettuce leaves. HPTLC analyses showed a significant (ANOVA, P<0.05) decrease in triacylglycerols in estivated and starved snails compared to the controls and a significant increase in steryl esters in estivated and starved snails compared to the controls.
Thermal stability of Al-Fe epidote as a function of \(f_{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}} } \) and Fe content

Laboratory experiments have been conducted with natural minerals to determine the relation of \(f_{{\text{o}}_{\text{2}} } \) to epidote stability, and to determine stability curves for clinozoisite and epidote. Under oxidizing conditions Fe-epidote decomposes to grandite, anorthite, hematite, and quartz. Under more reducing conditions corundum becomes a stable product instead of quartz, and magnetite, and finally hercynite replace hematite. As conditions change from oxidizing to reducing the temperature of epidote breakdown decreases, epidote becomes more aluminous and the grandite produced increases in grossularite component and, to a lesser extent, in almandine.
Validity of a fully coherent field model for in-line x-ray phase imaging

Accurate models that describe the propagation of partially coherent wave fields and their interaction with refractive index inhomogeneities within a sample are required to optimally design X-ray phase-contrast imaging systems. Several methods have been proposed for the direct propagation of the second-order statistical properties of a wave field. One method, which has been demonstrated for x-ray microscopy, employs a single eikonal for propagation, approximating the phase by an average over the temporal Fourier components of the field. We have revisited this method by use of a coherent mode model from classic coherence theory. Our analysis produces a variant of the transport of intensity equation for partially coherent wave fields.
Real-time split-delivery pickup and delivery time window problems with transfers

In this research we present the design and implementation of heuristics for solving split-delivery pickup and delivery time window problems with transfer (SDPDTWP) of shipments between vehicles for both static and real-time data sets. In the SDPDTWP each shipment is constrained with the earliest possible pickup time from the origin and the latest acceptable delivery time to a destination. Split-deliveries occur when two or more vehicles service the same origin or destination. The proposed heuristics were applied to both static and real-time data sets. The heuristics computed a solution, in a few seconds, for a static problem from the literature, achieving an improvement of 60% in distance in comparison to the published solution. In the real-time SDPDTWP problems, requests for pickup and delivery of a package, breakdown of a truck or insertion of a truck can occur after the vehicle has left the origin and is enroute to service the customers. Thirty data sets, each consisting of one to seven real-time customer or truck events, were used to test the efficiency of the heuristics. The heuristics obtained solutions to real-time data sets in under five seconds of CPU time.
The compressibility of seawater from 0 to 95 °C at 1 atm

Abstract Measurements on the speed of sound (U) in seawater as a function of salinity at 1 atm (P = 0 bar applied pressure) have been measured from 25 to 95 °C. The new measurements have been combined with the earlier studies to determine the adiabatic compressibility (βS = −(1/ρ)(∂ρ/∂P)S) of seawater from 0 to 95 °C β S = 1 / ρU 2 where ρ is the density and S is the entropy of seawater. The isothermal compressibility of seawater were determined from β T = β S α 2 T / ρCp where the thermal expansively, α = −(1/ρ)(∂ρ/∂T)P and heat capacity (Cp) were determine from earlier measurements. The values of the isothermal compressibility at 1 atm (βT0) have been used to estimate the effect of pressure on the secant bulk modulus of seawater (KP at applied pressure P) K P = v 0 P / v 0 – v P = K 0 + A P + B P 2 where the specific volume v = 1/ρ and K0 = 1/(βT0). The values of A and B at high pressures have been determined from literature high pressure measurements. This allows one to make reasonable estimates of the density of seawater as a function of pressure to 100 °C when seawater is used as a cooling agent and for desalination (Feistel, 2010).
Committed to us: Predicting relationship closeness following nonmarital romantic relationship breakup

There is little research on the nature of relationships between individuals following the termination of a nonmarital romantic relationship. It is largely unknown to what extent former romantic partners remain close following breakup. The present research used the Investment Model of Commitment Processes, assessed prior to romantic breakup, to examine the closeness of post-breakup relationships. Results obtained from two waves of data collected from 143 young adults involved in romantic relationships at Time 1 and experiencing a romantic breakup by Time 2 indicated that pre-breakup romantic commitment mediated the effects of pre-breakup romantic satisfaction, investments, and alternatives on post-breakup closeness, with higher pre-breakup commitment predicting greater post-breakup closeness. Implications of these findings for understanding the underlying dynamics of ongoing interpersonal relationships and directions for future research are discussed.
Clarifying core characteristics of attachment disorders: a review of current research and theory

Reactive attachment disorder is a relatively new diagnosis that is not well studied. Conflicting ideas about its etiology and presentation pervade the theoretical, research, clinical, and popular literature. Clarifying core characteristics of this disorder and distinguishing them from comorbid conditions are critical for improved diagnosis and treatment of children with attachment problems.
Gunshot wounds of the brain and skull, part 1: A neurosurgical perspective

Penetrating trauma to the brain and skull is commonly caused by gunshot wounds (GSWs), self-inflicted or otherwise, and carries a grave prognosis. After epidemic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, GSWs are currently endemic in our society. It is likely that many healthcare personnel will be confronted with victims of GSWs. Neuroscience nurses will be asked to care for patients with craniocerebral trauma caused by GSWs. To provide optimal care to these patients, neuroscience nurses will need a basic knowledge of GSW injuries. In this two-part review, the authors will focus on gunshot-related trauma to the brain and the calvarium. This first article will introduce the reader to the epidemiology, ballistics, pathophysiology and pathology of craniocerebral GSWs, as well as to the initial management and relevant diagnostics. The second article will discuss management, complications and outcomes of craniocerebral GSWs.
Novel heme: O2 bonding of possible relevance to oxygen utilizing heme and other proteins.

Solid dipyridine hemes which are unreactive toward oxygen lose both pyridine ligands upon heating under vacuum to give a solid which takes up O2, reversibly, one O2 per heme. Replacement of 16O2 by 18O2 reduces only infrared bands near 1660 and 1590 cm−1, frequencies near the vibrational band for gaseous O2. No FeO bands are detected. EPR spectra reveal a free radical and ferric iron; Mossbauer, NMR and infrared spectra support an iron(III) oxidation state. Limited molecular weight data indicate a dimer. Possibly two dioxygen molecules are held sandwich fashion between two porphyrins via donor-acceptor interactions, which are facilitated by electron transfer from iron(II) into the porphyrin forming a π-anion. Such O2 bonding is not found in oxy Hb and Mb or in oxyhemerythrin but may occur with cytochrome c oxidase and other oxygen utilizing (or producing) heme and other proteins.
Impacts of Sonochemical Process Variables on Number Average Molecular Weight Reduction of Asphaltene

Athabasca asphaltene was ultrasonically processed under a variety of conditions. Five discrete ultrasonic frequencies and four saturating gases were explored. The kinetics of the reduction in the number average molecular weight (NAMW) were determined by vapor pressure osmometry measurements and UV/visible spectrophotometric measurements. The NAMWs decreased significantly after short treatment times (from ∼1200 to ∼470 g/mol in 15 min). The observed reduction in the NAMWs of asphaltene was greatest at 358 kHz. At a frequency of 205 kHz, the observed reduction in NAMW was fastest with a mixture of Ar/H2 (50%/50% v/v), whereas saturating with hydrogen, air, and oxygen gases exhibited minimal effect on the kinetics. Visible light absorption spectra of asphaltene samples demonstrate that heptane soluble fractions increase by >50% after sonochemical treatment as an upgrading process.
The development of pancreatic function in premature infants after milk-based and soy-based formulas.

Summary: Thirty-one premature infants who required nasojejunal feeding were evaluated for pancreatic exocrine function before and after feeding of milk-based or soy-based formulas for 30 days. The two groups were well matched for age and birth weight (about 1.5 kg). At birth, all infants had high basal secretion of trypsin and chymotrypsin, but low lipase and no amylase activity. Additionally, there was no response to pancreozymin (CCK). After 30 days of feeding with either soy or milk-based formulas, both groups showed a similar increase in body weight (to 1.8 kg) and basal secretion of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase and failure to secrete amylase. The group that was fed milk-based formula failed to respond to CCK and secretin administration. Thus, soy- and milk-based formulas result in similar weight gain and similar basal pancreatic enzyme secretion while feeding with soy-based formula selectively increases the trypsin and lipase response to CCK. Speculation: Adaptation of pancreatic exocrine function to dietary modifications has been shown in adults. Such adaptation may also exist in neonates. Feeding of two contrasting formulas, soy and milk based, may affect the development and maturation of the exocrine pancreatic function differently.
Photopolarimetric observations of satellites

Photopolarimetric observations are reported for three types of satellites with simple structures. The variation of the measured percentage of linear polarization as a function of the observed phase angle for each of the three types is shown and compared with model predictions. The models are based on specular reflections off surfaces represented by randomly oriented macroscopic facets. In the examples considered, the polarization verus phase angle curves imply a unique value for the effective complex index of refraction of the surface.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Isolation of a factor, from the capsule of a granulosis virus, synergistic for a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of the armyworm.

Abstract When the capsules of a granulosis virus are fed together with the polyhedra of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus to larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta , the former enhances the infectivity of the latter virus, a synergistic interaction. The enhancement of infectivity depends upon the concentration of the polyhedra and the capsules. The factor responsible for the synergistic activity in the capsule can be dissolved in alkaline solution, separated from the virus particles by centrifugation, and further purified by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration with 4 m urea. The fraction obtained from Sephadex filtration and containing the synergistic factor can be separated into two components by disc-electrophoresis with 8 m urea. Both components possess synergistic activity. The ID 50 of the synergistic factor corresponds to 0.0015 OD 280 . Its optimum p H is 8.5. Synergism is most evident when the factor is fed to larvae together with the polyhedra or is fed 24 hr prior to the ingestion of the polyhedra. The factor appears to be a simple or a conjugated protein of the capsule.
Identification of Transcriptional Networks during Liver Regeneration

The molecular analysis of mammalian cellular proliferation in vivo is limited in most organ systems by the low turnover and/or the asynchronous nature of cell cycle progression. A notable exception is the partial hepatectomy model, in which quiescent hepatocytes reenter the cell cycle and progress in a synchronous fashion. Here we have exploited this model to identify regulatory networks operative in the mammalian cell cycle. We performed microarray-based expression profiling on livers 0-40 h post-hepatectomy corresponding to G0, G1, and S phases. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the statistical analysis program PaGE (Patterns from Gene Expression), which was highly accurate as confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of randomly selected targets. A shift in the transcriptional program from genes involved in lipid and hormone biosynthesis in the quiescent liver to those contributing to cytoskeleton assembly and DNA synthesis in the proliferating liver was demonstrated by biological theme analysis. In a novel approach, we employed computational pathway analysis tools to identify specific regulatory networks operative at various stages of the cell cycle. This allowed us to identify a large cluster of genes controlling mitotic spindle assembly and checkpoint control at the 40-h time point as regulated at the mRNA level in vivo.
Effects of crosslinking agent on lithographic performance of negative-tone resists based on poly(p-hydroxystyrene)

The effects of crosslinking agent on the lithographic performance of negative-tome resists based on poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (PHOST) have been investigated. Two crosslinking agents were used in the model resist systems: tetramethoxymethyl glycouril and 2,6-bis(acetoxymethyl) p-cresol. The resist containing tetramethoxymethyl glycouril shows better lithographic performance than the one with 2,6-bis(acetoxymethyl) p-cresol including better resolution, higher sensitivity, larger dissolution contrast, and less resist loss in the exposed regions during development. To reveal the origin of the difference in the lithographic performance, 13 C NMR, FT-IR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to elucidate the crosslinking mechanisms, thermally induced crosslinking, the resulting network structure, and the crosslinking kinetics of the PHOST reaction with the two crosslinking agents. 13 C NMR studies of model compound reactions suggest that the crosslinking of PHOST by tetramethoxymethyl glycouril proceeds via O-alkylation of the phenolic ring in the polymer, whereas the crosslinking of PHOST by 2,6-bis(acetoxymethyl) p-cresol proceeds via C-alkylation at the ortho carbon position of the phenolic ring. FT-IR studies indicate that there exists significant thermally induced crosslinking in the resist using 2,6-bis(acetoxymethyl) p-cresol as the crosslinking agent, while there is no detectable thermal crosslinking in the resist with tetramethoxymethyl glycouril as the crosslinking agent. The FT-IR results also show that the extent of crosslinking depends heavily on the crosslinking agent loading and the processing conditions. The effects of crosslinking chemistry on the crosslinked network structure and the lithographic performance of the two resists are discussed.
Use of Methionine Intake Restriction to Improve Egg Shell Quality by Control of Egg Weight

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to determine if the increase in egg weight that occurs with increasing age of hens could be reduced by the control of methionine intake to improve egg shell quality. Four methionine intakes were compared with diets in which all other nutrient intakes remained constant. Daily methionine intakes were 300, 285, 270, and 255 mg per bird. Each treatment was fed to 15 replicates of three birds each. The three-bird replicates received 300 g feed per three-hen cage per day. During Experiment 1, the diets were fed to smaller size pullets of a commercial egg strain from 38 to 62 weeks of age. In the second study, the birds were selected from the larger body size population and fed the diets from 38 to 70 weeks. This was followed by an 8-week force-molt and then continued from 78 to 102 weeks. The reduced methionine intake (255 mg in Experiment 1 and 270 and 255 mg in Experiment 2) significantly reduced the egg weight increase when compared to the 300 mg intake. The same results were obtained during the postmolt period. Egg shell quality, as measured by specific gravity, was improved in both trials when methionine intake was restricted. Shell quality of eggs produced by hens fed 255 mg daily was significantly superior to eggs produced by birds fed 300 mg. Improvement in shell quality when hens reached 50 weeks of age occurred with all treatments as compared to 300 mg. Hen-day egg production was not adversely affected.
The androgen receptor represses transforming growth factor-β signaling through interaction with Smad3

In the prostate, androgens negatively regulate the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligands and receptors and Smad activation through unknown mechanisms. We show that androgens (dihydrotestosterone and R1881) down-regulate TGF-β1-induced expression of TGF-β1, c-Fos, and Egr-1 in the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line, LNCaP. Moreover, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits TGF-β1 activation of three TGF-β1-responsive promoter constructs, 3TP-luciferase, AP-1-luciferase, and SBE4BV-luciferase, in LNCaP cells either with or without enforced expression of TGF-β receptors (TβRI and TβRII). Similarly, DHT inhibits the activation of Smad-binding element (SBE)4BV-luciferase by either constitutively activated TβRI (T204D) or constitutively activated Smad3 (S3*). Activation of SBE4BV-luciferase by S3* in the NRP-154 prostatic cell line, which is androgen receptor (AR)-negative but highly responsive to TGF-β1, is blocked by co-transfection with either full-length AR or AR missing the DNA binding domain. Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays show that AR directly associates with Smad3 but not Smad2 or Smad4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that the AR ligand binding domain directly inhibits the association of Smad3 to the Smad-binding element. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that ligand-bound AR inhibits TGF-β transcriptional responses through selectively repressing the binding of Smad3 to SBE.
A sensor-actuator network for damage detection in civil structures

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a well-established multi-disciplinary research field. The goal of SHM is to develop technologies and techniques to automatically detect, localize, and classify damages in large structures (ships, bridges, aircraft and buildings). The state of the art in SHM relies on collecting response of these structures to ambient phenomena such as wind, passing vehicles or earthquakes at various points in the structure (either via manual inspections or expensive wired data acquisition systems) to be analyzed centrally. In our demonstration we will show a proof of concept working model of an automated distributed damage detection system using a sensor-actuator network.
Topologically evolved phononic material: Breaking the world record in band gap size

ABSTRACT Using topology optimization, a photonic crystal (PtC) unit cell can be designed to exhibit favorable electromag-netic wave propagation properties. Among these is the opening of a band gap (BG) with the largest possibleratio of width to midgap frequency. In this paper the aim is to maximize the relative size of the rst and fourthrelative BGs of two-dimensional (2D) PtCs with a square lattice conguration. In addition, we examine theeects of the degree of unit cell symmetry on the relati ve BG size and on the geometric traits of the optimizedtopologies. We use a specialized genetic algorithm (GA) for our search. The results show that the type ofsymmetry constraint imposed has a signicant, and rather subtle, eect on the unit cell topology and BG sizeof the emerging optimal designs. In pursuit of record values of BG size, we report two low-symmetry unit cellsas an outcome of our search eorts to date: one with a relative BG size of 46% for TE waves and the other witha relative BG size of 47% for TM waves.Keywords: photonic crystals, topology optimization, genetic algorithm, band gap
Gluon final states in Higgs-boson decay

We examine the decays of H ..-->.. 2 gluons, H ..-->.. qq-barg, and H ..-->.. ff-bar ( f=some fermion) over an extended range of Higgs-boson and t-quark masses. In particular, we show that the branching ratio for H ..-->.. 2 gluons may be sizable ( approx. 10%) without requiring the existence of superheavy quarks. We calculate the differential spherocity and thrust distributions as well as the values of and for the H ..-->.. qq-barg decay.
Trends in nuclear reaction cross sections (II) the effect of pairing energy δ values

Abstract The three different sets of nuclear pairing energies given by Cameron, Dostrovsky and Gardner are used to predict the (n, p) cross sections at 14.5 MeV of the isotopes of iron, copper and zinc. It is shown that the two values δ Z = 1.7 and δ N = 2.5 MeV of Gardner yield better predicted values than the other two sets wherein δ Z and δ N are assigned a different value for each Z and N . The isotopes of cadmium illustrate that the inclusion of Q values and δ values improves the systematics of (n, p) reactions given in the firts paper of this series 1 ).
Face Detection Algorithm and Feature Performance on FRGC 2.0 Imagery

The performance of three well known face detection algorithms and four alternative types of features are characterized using face data from the Face Recognition Grand Challenge. The three algorithms are a semi-naive Bayesian classifier, a neural network called a SNoW, and a cascade classifier using Haar wavelets. For the first two algorithms, ROC analysis is used to assess the relative value of wavelet features compared to simpler pixel features. No universally best feature is observed, and for imagery acquired under uncontrolled lighting, pixels perform slightly better than wavelets. The cascade classifier is found to be impossible to train in the same fashion as the other algorithms, but it is also found to perform very well using a training configuration supplied along with the algorithm as part of the OpenCV library.
Hsu Tsung-han (c. 1877-1944): Tradition and Revolution

Hsu Tsung-han was a celebrated woman in Republican China, mainly because of her romance and life with Huang Hsing (1874-1916). Historians in mainland China and Taiwan have long regarded her as a revolutionary heroine. It has not been pointed out, however, that traditional influences worked in her throughout her life, even in her revolutionary activities. This article attempts to use available sources to show the interplay of tradition and change in her life and career.
Aerodynamic Loading for an Airfoil with an Oscillating Gurney Flap

A study of aerodynamic loadings on a NACA 0012 airfoil with a static and an oscillating trailing-edge Gurney flap was made. The focus is on the experimental measurement of the static and dynamic-pressure distributions on the airfoil surface. The experimental results are also correlated with theoretical results obtained using the Navier-Stokes code INS2D, developed by NASA. A Reynolds number of 348,000, a flow velocity of 20 m/s (65.6 ft/s), and a reduced frequency from 0 to 0.4 based upon half-chord b and freestream velocity U are used. The experimental results show that the effect of the static and oscillating strips located near the trailing edge of the airfoil is to enhance the maximum lift and pitching-moment coefficients for both unstalled and stalled angles of attack. An increase of the oscillating frequency also enhances the aerodynamic loading. Reasonably good agreement between the experiment and theory is obtained. The experimental results confirm the idea that an oscillating small strip located near the trailing edge can be a useful tool for active aerodynamic flow control for a wing.
Evolution of surgical treatment of coronary artery occlusive disease.

A 42-year-old man had extensive occlusive disease of the coronary artery and angina pectoris. An autogenous saphenous vein bypass from the ascending aorta to the anterior descending coronary artery was performed on Nov 23, 1964. The patient suffered an asymptomatic anterior myocardial infarction during operation but made an uncomplicated recovery. Seven years after the operation, the graft functions with normal left ventricular hemodynamics, while the occlusive process has produced obstruction of the left main coronary artery and almost complete occlusion of the right coronary artery. To our knowledge, this is the first successful case of a saphenous vein-coronary artery bypass with the longest follow-up of a functioning coronary vein bypass graft. See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article .
The pef mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana define lesions early in the phytochrome signaling pathway

In a screen for early-flowering mutants, a number of mutants that were early flowering under both short and long days were isolated. One such mutant, pef1, was selectively insensitive to both red and far-red light in the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation response; a classic phytochrome phenotype mediated by both PHYA and PHYB. The pef1 mutant seedlings could not be phenotypically rescued by biliverdin, a precursor of the phytochrome chromophore, nor did they fail to complement any previously identified elongated hypocotyl (hy) mutants. Difference spectra and Western blot analysis showed normal concentrations of PHYA photoreceptor apoprotein, which appeared photochemically active. It was concluded that the pef1 mutant is defective in both PHYA- and PHYB-mediated signaling pathways, and may represent a lesion in an early step of the phytochrome signal transduction pathway. Additional pef mutants deficient specifically in PHYB-mediated responses were also identified by this screen.
Unaided EVA intercept and rendezvous charts

In order to provide a margin of safety for astronauts working untethered in the vicinity of the space shuttle, it is necessary to provide for them a means to determine conditions which would return them to the shuttle via an intercept and rendezvous maneuver. An intercept chart is developed for use in an unaided EVA environment. Given the in-plane azimuth angle, distance away, and time to intercept, the chart provides the direction and magnitude of A V required for rendezvous. The chart is valid for nominally circular orbits of all altitudes. Additional charts are presented which provide closing velocity information as well as total AK requirements necessary for planning rendezvous maneuvers. Finally, a brief error analysis is presented along with a series of charts which provide a simple method of estimating the effects of errors in initial conditions on terminal position and velocity.
Visuo-proprioceptive interactions during adaptation of the human reach

We examined whether visual and proprioceptive estimates of transient (midreach) target capture errors contribute to motor adaptation according to the probabilistic rules of information integration ...
Benthic algal response to hyporheic-surface water exchange in an alluvial river

We studied the response of benthic algae to points of hyporheic-surface water exchange in the main channel of the Middle Fork Flathead River within the Nyack Flood Plain, Montana. We examined hyporheic exchange at 120 sites using piezometers and measuring vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG), hydraulic conductivity, and vertical discharge. We removed benthic algae from a single cobble at each site, and we used VHG to group sampling sites for statistical analysis. Algal cell density and chlorophyll a concentration were significantly higher at sites with hyporheic discharge (+VHG, upwelling) compared to both sites with hyporheic recharge (−VHG, downwelling) and sites with no hyporheic-surface water exchange (=VHG, neutral) (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The assemblages of algae at upwelling sites were also significantly different from downwelling and neutral exchange sites (ANOSIM, P < 0.05). Filamentous green algae Stigeoclonium sp. and Zygnema sp. and a chrysophyte, Hydrurus foetidus (Villars) Trevisan were abundant at upwelling sites, whereas an assemblage of diatoms Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kutzing) Czarnecki, Cymbella excisa Kutzing, Diatoma moniliformis Kutzing, and Gomphonema olivaceoides Hustedt, were the most abundant taxa at downwelling and neutral exchange sites, occurring attached to, or in close association with the stalks of Didymosphenia geminata (Lyngbye) Schmidt. These data show that benthic algal communities are structured differently depending on the direction of hyporheic flux in the main channel of a large alluvial river, suggesting that hyporheic-surface exchange may influence the spatial distribution of main-channel benthic algae in rivers with hyporheic-surface water connectivity.
Predictors of Enrollment and Retention in a Preventive Parenting Intervention for Divorced Families

Participation rates in parenting programs are typically low, severely limiting the public health significance of these interventions. We examined predictors of parenting program enrollment and retention in a sample of 325 divorced mothers. Predictors included intervention timing and maternal reports of child, parent, family, and sociocultural risk factors. In multivariate analyses, child maladjustment and family income-to-needs positively predicted enrollment, and higher maternal education and recruitment near the time of the divorce predicted retention. Findings have implications for the optimal timing of preventive parenting programs for divorcing families and point to the importance of examining predictors of enrollment and retention simultaneously. Editors’ Strategic Implications: Parent education researchers and practitioners may find the authors’ application of the Health Belief Model to be a useful organizing framework for improving engagement and retention.
Variational calculation of SU(2) quantum gauge fields

Abstract The SU(2) Yang-Mills quantum field is studied by Coulomb-gauge continuum-hamiltonian methods using a variational approximation. The field amplitudes are represented by a truncated momentum expansion in the spatial domain S 3 . The calculations support Gribov's scenario for the generation of a mass gap in the spectrum of physical states and the confinement of color.
Spin reorientations in RTiFe11 systems (R = Tb, Dy and Ho)

Abstract The compound SmTiFe 11 has been reported to posses high unixial magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This high anisotropy is a result of the fact that both the rare earth and transition metal sublattices favor an axial orientation. Since, in this structure, Sm prefers the magnetization to lie along the c -axis those rare earths with negative second order Steven's factors, such as Tb, Dy and Ho, are likely candidates to exhibit Type 2 spin reorientations, due to competing anisotropies of the rare earth and transition metal sublattices. In the present work we report experimental observation of these transitions and show that the nature of the spin reorientation (axis-to-plane in the case of Tb, and axis-to-cone in the case of Dy and Ho) correlates with the sign of the fourth order Steven's factor. It is further shown that, with the exception of the cone-to-plane transition of the Dy system, these spin reorientations can be explained in terms of the thermal evolution of the first and second anisotropy constants, K 1 and K 2 .
Protective Value of Gamma Globulin Preparations against Group B Streptococcal Infections in Chick Embryos and Mice

Summary: The protective value of pooled human gamma globulin (GG) and a group B streptococcal immune globulin (GBSIG) was studied in a chick embryo and a murine model of group B streptococcal (GBS) infection. Chick embryos were protected by the IV administration of 0.4 to 0.8 mg of GG from three manufacturers against IV challenge with type Ia GBS. Two of three GG preparations at doses of 0.4 to 1.65 mg protected chick embryos against type III, but 1.65 mg of all three preparations failed to protect against GBS types Ib and II. Mice were protected from lethal IP challenges with types Ia and Ib by the prior IM inoculation of three and two of the three GG preparations at doses of 0.5 to 1.0 mg, respectively. Administration IM of 1 mg of GG failed to protect mice against types II and III. The IV administration of 0.2 mg of GBSIG protected chick embryos against IV inoculation with GBS types Ia, Ib, II, and III. Administration IM of 0.5 mg of GBSIG protected mice against IP challenges with types Ia, Ib, and II, but not with type III. The IP administration of 0.25 mg of GBSIG simultaneously with type III GBS protected mice, whereas GG was not protective. GBSIG should undergo clinical trials for the prevention of GBS infections and their recurrences and as a possible adjunct to antibiotic and supportive therapy of severe GBS infections. Speculation: Some human sera contain antibody which protects animals against infection with group B streptococcus. If passive immunization with human gamma globulin or group B streptococcal immune globulin is effective in animal models, it may be potentially useful in preventing neonatal group B streptococcal infections, and clinical trials would be indicated.
Calcium inhibition of parathyroid adenylate cyclase.

Parathyroid adenylate cyclase activity has previously been reported to be inhibited by calcium. However, the concentrations of calcium required to inhibit this enzyme were, in most instances, several orders of magnitude higher than cytoplasmic calcium concentrations. We undertook this study to determine the effects of calcium at submicromolar, as well as higher concentrations on parathyroid adenylate cyclase activity. A partially purified membrane fraction was obtained from normal porcine parathyroid glands using buffers free of divalent cation chelators. Relatively high concentrations of EGTA were then used in the incubation mixture to achieve the desired low ionic calcium concentrations. Addition of 0.5 mM EGTA to the reaction mixture resulted in an approximate 30% increase in basal adenylate cyclase activity and a similar percentage increase in the activity measured in the presence of guanosine triphosphate or NaF, known activators of parathyroid adenylate cyclase. EGTA also stimulated the activity mea...
Framatome et la maintenance des centrales nucléaires. Une démarche de réactivité dans la fiabilité des interventions

Framatome est, depuis plus de 15 ans, un acteur mondial majeur dans le domaine des services nucleaires. Son activite couvre pratiquement tous les domaines de prestations auxquels fait appel un exploitant pour la partie nucleaire de son installation ; maintenance et reparation, remise a niveau, amelioration de surete, pieces de rechange, inspections, controles, diagnostics et amelioration des performances. Ce texte commente les dispositions prises par la Societe pour accompagner les exploitants face aux nouveaux enjeux auxquels ils sont confrontes dans leurs operations de maintenance et, en particulier, la reduction des couts et de la dosimetrie d'intervention.
Variable behaviour of blood group H on HeLa cell populations synchronized with thymidine.

EVALUATION of blood group activity on cultured cells is complicated by naturally occurring metabolic events during the cell cycle. The following experimental findings are consistent with this idea.
Cross-border production sharing and exchange-rate sensitivity of Mexico's trade balance

Increasing patterns of international trade occur in the form of cross-border production sharing – the dispersion of separate blocks of an integrated production process across different nations. In ...
High risk clinic for hereditary colorectal neoplasia: a focus for patient care and an opportunity for clinical research

Background Patients with hereditary colorectal neoplasia and their families need specialized care to plan for appropriate surveillance and to ensure that they receive the most favorable treatment. This involves coordinating multidisciplinary appointments on the same day to minimize inconvenience to patients. We have established a special high risk clinic for these patients and their families. In this study we are reporting our activity for the last 5 years. Methods Initially the clinic ran one morning a month but has grown in the last 2 years adding another half day session. Requests for appointments were triaged by registry coordinators. Patients with syndromes of hereditary colorectal neoplasia were eligible for this clinic if the necessary appointments included multiple physicians. The clinic is staffed by one of three colorectal surgeons, one gastroenterologist, one genetic counselor, one hepatobiliary/upper GI surgeon and often by a clinical geneticist.
Cross strip microchannel plate imaging photon counters with high time resolution

We have implemented cross strip readout microchannel plate detectors in 18 mm active area format including open face (UV/particle) and sealed tube (optical) configurations. These have been tested with a field programmable gate array based parallel channel electronics for event encoding which can process high input event rates (> 5 MHz) with high spatial resolution. Using small pore MCPs (6 μm) operated in a pair, we achieve gains of >5 x 10 5 which is sufficient to provide spatial resolution of <35 μm FHWM, with self triggered event timing accuracy of ~2 ns for sealed tube optical sensors. A peak quantum efficiency of ~19% at 500 nm has been achieved with SuperGenII photocathodes that have response over the 400 nm to 900 nm range. Local area counting rates of up to >200 events/mcp pore sec -1 have been attained, along with image linearity and stability to better than 50 μm.
Probabilistic Modeling of Erroneous Human Response to In-Vehicle Route Guidance Systems: A First Look

An integral component of (in-vehicle) navigation systems is the determination of optimal routes to the desired destination. An implicit assumption in the underlying algorithms is that people do not make mistakes when following the prescribed routes. This is, however, not always consistent with reality, especially when driving in unfamiliar environments. This article presents a first look at the possibility of mistakes when driving. This possibility is formalized in a Markov decision process. It is demonstrated that quite paradoxical situations can occur when accounting for mistakes. As the most interesting—but perhaps extreme—example, we have shown that under certain conditions, it is no longer optimal to recommend drivers to take the shortest route. Instead, a longer route (in certain cases even the longest!) becomes optimal. Numerical results are provided throughout the article to reveal the fundamental properties of this problem.
Dibaryon production in electron-deuteron scattering

Estimates are presented for the cross sections for production of dibaryon resonances in electron-deuteron scattering. Two different models, with these resonances as two-body and three-body excited states, are analyzed.
A conductivity-dependent phase transition from closed-loop to open-loop dendritic networks

Motivated by a principle of minimum dissipation per channel length, we introduce a model for branching, hierarchical networks in an open, dissipative system. Global properties of the resulting structures are observed to scale with the ratio of conductivity in the dendrite material to conductivity in the lattice material. Beyond a critical conductivity ratio, the resulting structures are naturally self-avoiding and possess scale-independent branching ratios. Our findings suggest that the conductivity ratio determines the geometric properties of naturally arising dendritic structures. We discuss empirical verification in the context of a system of self-organizing agglomerates of metal particles in castor oil.
EUS findings in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis

Background Autoimmune pancreatitis is an increasingly recognized benign condition with a presentation similar to pancreatic neoplasia but responds to corticosteroid therapy. Clinical features, ERCP, and CT findings have been described. This study assessed the EUS and EUS-guided FNA features of proven autoimmune pancreatitis. Methods The diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis was based on examination of surgical resection specimens or typical clinical findings (elevated immunoglobulin G level, no evidence of malignancy, characteristic non-EUS imaging studies, and clinical improvement, especially in response to treatment with a corticosteroid). Results Presenting manifestations in 14 patients included obstructive jaundice, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Ten patients underwent surgery (including exploratory surgery). Six were successfully treated with corticosteroid. EUS revealed diffuse hypoechoic pancreatic enlargement (8/14) or a focal irregular hypoechoic mass (6/14). Features of chronic pancreatitis were not noted. EUS-guided FNA of the pancreas was suggestive of chronic inflammatory pancreatitis in 9 of 12 patients. Celiac and peripancreatic lymphadenopathy (up to 3 cm in diameter) was present in 6 patients. EUS-guided FNA of lymph nodes (3/4) did not reveal evidence of malignancy. Vascular involvement was noted in 3 patients. Conclusions The EUS features of autoimmune pancreatitis are easily mistaken for malignancy. However, a diffusely hypoechoic, enlarged pancreas, together with chronic inflammatory cells in aspirated cytologic specimens, is supportive of the diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis. When combined with clinical data, EUS and EUS-guided FNA may support a diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis, may warrant a trial of corticosteroid, and thereby may prevent unnecessary surgery.