cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified Equations for Sire Models with Groups

Abstract Sire evaluation by best linear unbiased prediction for models including groups is considered in an alternative formulation of mixed model equations. Sires' evaluations are solutions to this modified system of equations in contrast to regular mixed model equations where evaluations are linear functions of group and sire solutions. The major advantage of modified equations is theoretical. To illustrate this advantage, the modified equations are used to show a relationship between group models and selection models.
Multidimensional spectrometry and mapping

One observes that the early developments in chemistry depended upon the improvement of the balance. Major milestones in chemistry can be related directly to improvements in balance design, precision, and accuracy. In a similar manner, the past three decades have seen dramatic improvements in spectrometers. The development of these instruments has greatly improved our understanding of polymer structure and properties. We discuss our current research in multidimensional spectrometry, imaging, and mapping. How does one determine the structure of molecules? One approach is the infrared and Raman study of the polymer vibrations to understand the structure and interactions so successfully applied by our awardee, Professor Jack Koenig. Historically, in the 1950s, the Perkin-Elmer Corp. introduced an infrared microscope for a limited number of applications. This development stimulated the thought of seeking more information about the microstructure. Today, we have a number of two-dimensional detectors for infrared and Raman studies. However, the expense of this instrumentation tends to limit its utilization. In this article, a new inexpensive approach for mapping molecular structure in polymeric materials is discussed. This new approach includes the combination of interferometers and Hadamard transform techniques to perform multidimensional spectrometry and mapping.
A detector of bunch time structure for cw heavy-ion beams

Abstract The manuscript describes the design, commissioning and performance of a new device for the measurement of bunch time structure of heavy-ion beams. The Bunch Length Detector (BLD) has been developed, constructed and installed at the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerating System, a superconducting linac. The BLD is a wire scanning detector based on the analysis of secondary electrons produced by the primary beam hitting a target wire. The device provides measuring of bunch phase spectrum for ion beams in a wide range of energies, intensities and species in cw mode with up to 20 ps resolution.
Methodology, ontology, and interventionism

This paper defends an interventionist account of causation by construing this account as a contribution to methodology, rather than as a set of theses about the ontology or metaphysics of causation. It also uses the topic of causation to raise some more general issues about the relation between, on the one hand, methodology, and, on the other hand, ontology and metaphysics, as these are understood in contemporary philosophical discussion, particularly among so-called analytic metaphysicians. It concludes with the suggestion that issues about the ontology of causation often can be fruitfully reconstrued as methodological proposals.
Vascular events in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial: incidence, patient characteristics, and effect of raloxifene.

Objective: To determine the incidence of arterial and venous thromboembolic (VTE) events, to determine the effect of raloxifene on the incidence of combined vascular (arterial and VTE) events, and to identify patient characteristics associated with these vascular events, in women participating in the MORE trial. Design: In a post hoc analysis using MORE data, arterial, VTE, and combined vascular event rates were compared between participants receiving placebo (n = 2,576) and those receiving 60 mg/d of raloxifene (n = 2,557). Baseline characteristics were compared between those who did and did not experience an arterial event. The same analysis was performed for VTE events. Results: Overall, during a mean follow-up time of 41 months, 178 women experienced an arterial event and 40 experienced a VTE event. In the placebo group, the incidence of arterial events exceeded VTE events by at least sevenfold. Raloxifene had no significant effect on the incidence of combined vascular events in the overall cohort (hazard ratio 0.95, 95% CI, 0.73-1.24). In a subset of women retrospectively determined to be at increased cardiovascular risk, raloxifene was associated with a lower incidence of combined vascular events (hazard ratio 0.63, 95% CI, 0.40-0.97). Baseline characteristics differed between those who did and those who did not experience an arterial event, but this was generally not the case for VTE events. Conclusions: Arterial events were more common than VTE events. The characteristics of women experiencing an arterial event differed from those experiencing a VTE event. Raloxifene had a neutral effect on the risk of combined vascular events in the overall population, and was associated with a reduced combined vascular event rate in women at increased cardiovascular risk. Additional studies are needed to confirm the effect of raloxifene on overall vascular outcomes.
Reflections on the evolution of internet threats: the growing imperative for a cyber secure society

Critical infrastructure, including the Internet, plays a vital role in the economic, political, and social fabric of society. This interdependency leaves society vulnerable to a wide range of threats that impact the security, reliability, availability, and overall trustworthiness of information technology resources. Assuring these properties in the face of adversarial behavior and an Internet that has changed dramatically in size, complexity, and diversity over the last decade has proven to be a critical challenge. In this talk, I will reflect on the evolution of Internet threats - from early threats, such as viruses and worms, to modern botnets. I will explore how changing attacker's technological means (e.g., resilient infrastructure, covert communication) have intertwined with attacker's changing social, behavioral, and economic motives (e.g., vandalism, crime, activism) to create today's large, complex, and diverse ecosystem of threats. I will also touch on how future innovation in the threat landscape will likely be driven by Internet adoption patterns such as the explosive growth of on-line data, the proliferation of mobile devices, and the emergence of the "cloud" computing paradigm.In response to these challenges, I will discuss the need for sustained, long-term research investments in a spectrum of scientific and technical areas with particular emphasis on calls to develop the scientific foundations of cyber-security and to accelerate the transition of knowledge into practice. I will articulate a vision in which a cyber secure society is necessary if we are to achieve the promise of computing to address a wide range of national priorities including health, energy, transportation, education and life-long learning, and public safety/emergency preparedness.
Race, occupational status, and pro-active police arrest for drinking and driving

Abstract The issue of pro-active police arrest bias by race, occupational status, and police patrol intensity is examined using the offense of DUI (Driving Under the Influence of alcohol). Intoxicated drivers from a 10-weekend roadside survey of vehicles randomly selected from the streets of a medium-sized southeastern metropolitan area are compared to officially arrested drivers apprehended during a corresponding time period. Upon examination, no statistically significant arrest bias was detected by the driver's race. However, compared to the roadside survey population, lower occupational status drivers (i.e., blue collar) were significantly more likely to appear in the arrested population than an upper status (i.e., white collar) driver—especially in the lightly patrolled middle and upper class residential sections of town. The significance of occupational status, when combined with the finding that race was not a significant indicator of difference between the arrested and roadside survey populations, suggests that pro-active police arrest bias is more a function of institutionally determined police patrol practices rather than overt racial prejudice on the part of individual officers.
Prospective Evaluation of Vacuum-Assisted Fascial Closure After Open Abdomen: Planned Ventral Hernia Rate Is Substantially Reduced

Twenty years ago, the idea of electively leaving the abdomen of a surgical patient open after laparotomy was an abhorrent one to most surgeons. In the intervening years, the development of the concept of the damage control laparotomy and the understanding of the abdominal compartment syndrome has markedly changed this idea. It is now recognized that the combination of acidosis, coagulopathy, and hypothermia represent a potentially lethal combination in the injured patient, and prolonged operation in such a case will only worsen the problem. In this situation, abbreviated laparotomy aimed at stopping surgical bleeding and limiting contamination is usually preformed. This frequently leaves the abdomen in such a state that the patient requires at least one if not several reoperations to restore intestinal and/or vascular continuity. We also now know that visceral or retroperitoneal edema due to shock and reperfusion may increase intraabdominal pressure to dangerous levels, leading to organ dysfunction. Patients with this constellation of symptoms must have their abdomens left open temporarily to allow for visceral and renal perfusion as well as adequate pulmonary function. With recognition of optimal management of these 2 patient populations, the care of the injured patient has been greatly improved. With the solution to one problem, however, another has been created. A method for temporary coverage of the open abdomen is now required. Surgeons have responded with several alternatives, many of which are effective in protecting the viscera and allowing serial access to the peritoneum.1–5 The reported eventual fascial closure rate varies from 50% to 70%, depending on the technique. All of these methods have in common the problem of the inability to obtain primary fascial closure beyond 7 to 10 days. After this, the viscera have adhered to the anterior abdominal wall and the fascia has retracted. This situation requires the creation of a planned ventral hernia and eventual abdominal wall reconstruction in the ensuing months.5 A recent report from our institution outlined the development of a technique of vacuum-assisted fascial closure (VAFC) in which a primary fascial closure rate of 69% was reported with the technique.6 More importantly, VAFC allowed for the fascial closure of 22 of these patients at large intervals after the original laparotomy (mean, 21 days; range, 9 to 49 days). The ability to close the abdomen at such an interval was felt to be a significant improvement over earlier techniques, and a protocol for management of the open abdomen incorporating this technique was implemented. The authors speculated on the basis of these results that more aggressive employment of VAFC under such a protocol would lead to higher rates of abdominal closure overall and further decrease need for future abdominal wall reconstruction. The aim of this study is to examine the use of VAFC under this protocol and its effect on abdominal outcome.
Transcription factors required for lymphoid lineage commitment

Intimate interactions between multipotential hemopoietic stem cells and their microenvironment work towards redefining the identity and the differentiative fate of these primitive cells. Molecular cues delivered by the microenvironment frequently act in an instructive fashion by initiating intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately target a select group of transcription factors. These transcriptional regulators in turn trigger a cascade of genetic changes that ultimately determine the course of the cells during differentiation. Gene inactivation studies on the PU.1, Ikaros and GATA-3 genes have revealed that their encoded factors are essential for the earliest commitment step into the B and T lymphoid lineages.
Left ventricular function after formation of myocardial tunnels used for internal mammary artery implantation.

Left ventricular function curves and maximum dp/dt were determined at constant heart rate and aortic pressure in 20 dogs before and after the formation of myocardial tunnels used for internal mammary artery implantation. In five dogs, the internal mammary arteries were implanted in anterior and posterior myocardial tunnels developed by blunt dissection midway between endocardium and epicardium and extending one-half the ventricular length. In five dogs, tunnels of similar length and location were made with a scalpel. In ten additional dogs, myocardial infarction was produced by left anterior descending artery ligation six weeks prior to the time of study. Tunnels were created in these animals by blunt dissection and, after the inscription of function curves, the tunnels were enlarged with a scalpel. A repeat function curve was then inscribed. In 19 of the 20 animals, neither the creation of long myocardial tunnels nor the implantation of freely bleeding internal mammary arteries produced significant immediate alteration in the function of the normal or the functionally impaired myocardium.
The estimation of diagnostic sensitivity using stability data: An application to major depressive disorder

Abstract A difficulty in the interpretation of the reliability/stability of a lifetime diagnosis of mental disorders is the lack of a theoretical perspective. A model expressed in terms of the three unknowns—sensitivity, specificity and true base rate—is problematic due to the lack of a “gold standard”, so that only two of these unknowns can be estimated. We extend this model to allow for clinical covariates that increase the likelihood that a positive case at time 1 will be positive at time 2. Under the assumption that all observed cases are true cases at the highest covariate values, we obtain a direct estimate of the sensitivity, so that all unknowns can be estimated. Moreover, we then calculate the likelihood that an observed case with given covariate levels is in fact a true case. The implications of diagnostic error for the estimation of incidence and population rates and the fitting of genetic models are given. These methods are applied to stability data collected as part of the NIMH Psychobiology of Depression Program. A total of 982 relatives have been assessed with interviews separated by a 6 year interval. A logistic function was used to model the stability in 264 relatives with an initial lifetime diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. The significant covariate predictors in a step-wise analysis were the number of depressive symptoms in the worst episode, the number of episodes and receiving medication for the worst episode. The sensitivity was estimated to be 0.918 and the specificity was estimated to be 0.940. However, even with these high values, less than half of the reported first episode cases with 3 symptoms who did not receive medication are true cases. These data illustrate that the modelling of diagnostic error, as well as including clinical covariates, will be useful in analyzing epidemiologic or family data for psychiatric illnesses.
Are Research Results in Inspection Task Specific

Evidence of generalizability of research findings across inspection tasks is reviewed. It is concluded that while performance models allow generalization across task factors, there is less strong evidence for individual difference factors. Analysis of an experiment using twelve subjects in four different inspection tasks confirmed that individual differences in inspection tend to be task-specific, at least for the search subtask of inspection. The decision sub-task showed more evidence of generalizability, both in this experiment and in the earlier literature.
The arduous road to achieving an immunosuppression-free state in kidney transplant recipients.

Since the first successful transplantations were performed around 50 years ago, the lack of improvement in long-term graft survival and the risks associated with immunosuppressive therapy have made the ability to induce tolerance a burning desire among transplantation immunobiologists. These authors outline the considerable challenges that stand in the way of this goal, and proffer their opinion on which strategies are most likely to succeed.
Iterative Learning Control With Sensor Fusion for Robots With Mismatched Dynamics and Mismatched Sensing

The appropriate choice of sensing and how to obtain the desired state information from available sensing for feedback or learning process are essential for most control schemes, including iterative learning control (ILC), to achieve their performance objective. In the multi-joint robots with joint elasticity, the load side joint space measurements are usually not available, even though the load side (end-effector) performance is of ultimate interest. This is termed as mismatched sensing problem. Furthermore, the mismatched uncertainty and mismatched real-time feedback signals in the robots with joint elasticity set further difficulty in achieving high performance. In this paper, a hybrid two-stage model based iterative learning control (ILC) scheme is proposed to deal with the mismatched dynamics. Also, to tackle the mismatched sensing issue, a sensor fusion scheme is developed. An optimization based inverse differential kinematics algorithm and decoupled adaptive kinematic Kalman filter (KKF) are integrated to obtain load side joint space information from the insufficient end-effector measurements. The proposed ILC scheme together with the load side state estimation algorithm is validated through the experimental study on a 6-DOF industrial robot.© 2012 ASME
Morphological conservation of limb natural pendular period in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris): implications for locomotor energetics.

For better understanding of the links between limb morphology and the metabolic cost of locomotion, we have characterized the relationships between limb length and shape and other functionally important variables in the straightened forelimbs and hindlimbs of a sample of 12 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Intra-animal comparisons show that forelimbs and hind- limbs are very similar (not significantly different) in natural pendular period (NPP), center-of-mass, and radius of gyration, even though they differ dis- tinctly in mass, length, moment-of-inertia, and other limb proportions. The conservation of limb NPP, despite pronounced dissimilarity in other limb characteristics, appears to be the result of systematic differences in shape, forelimbs tending to be cylindrical and hindlimbs conical. Estimating limb NPP for other species from data in the literature on segment inertia and total limb length, we present evidence that the similarity between forelimbs and hindlimbs in NPP is generally true for mammals across a large size range. Limbs swinging with or near their natural pendular periods will maximize within-limb pendular exchange of potential and kinetic energy. As all four limbs of moderate- and large-size animals swing with the same period during walking, maximal advantage can be derived from the pendular exchange of energy only if forelimbs and hindlimbs are very similar in NPP. We hypoth- esize that an important constraint in the evolution of limb length and shape is the locomotor economy derived from forelimbs and hindlimbs of similar natural pendular period. J. Morphol. 234:183-196, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Limbs and their movements are central elements of terrestrial locomotion in mam- mals. Aspects of limb morphology that have been studied and discussed include: scaling of limb parameters (e.g., Alexander, '77; Alex- ander et al., '79; Biewener, '83; Steudel and Beattie, '93), effect of distribution of limb mass on the cost of locomotion (artificial loads: Myers and Steudel, '85; Martin, '85; Steudel, '90a; Myers et al., '93; natural varia- tion in shape: Howell, '44; Taylor et al., '74, Hildebrand and Hurley, '85), limb and limb segment lengths as predictors of maximal running speed (Garland and Janis, '93) or locomotor efficiency (e.g., Klein et al., '87; Kram and Taylor, '90; Janis and Wilhelm, '93; Steudel and Beattie, '95), and limb iner- tia or length as determinants of stride times or lengths (Alexander and Jayes, '83; Turvey et al., '88; Witte et al., '91).
The birth and death of human single-nucleotide polymorphisms: new experimental evidence and implications for human history and medicine

Extensive, new databases of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provide a powerful resource for disease gene discovery, and they will be even more useful as more frequency data become available. Interesting observed genomic patterns include SNP deserts (regions of low SNP incidence) and lengthy regions of linkage disequilibrium containing only a few haplotypes. A variety of genetic studies will benefit from SNP resources.
Characterization of multicomponent polymer trilayers with resonant soft X-ray reflectivity

Resonant soft X-ray reflectivity (RSoXR) has been used to quantify the layer thicknesses and the interfacial widths of a single, complex thin film with three polymeric layers supported on an inorganic substrate. By adjusting the photon energy, the sensitivity to particular interfaces within the trilayer can be selectively enhanced. The results significantly improve and broaden the capabilities of RSoXR, which has previously only been demonstrated and used for bilayers on silicon sub- strates. The capability of RSoXR to characterize polymer trilayers was not readily predictable from prior bilayer results, as the RSoXR characterization of bilayers ben- efits from a strong X-ray reflection from the substrate that serves as a reference beam with which the reflections from the other interfaces interfere with. The impact of having the capability to investigate trilayers is exemplified by discussing the util- ity of RSoXR to characterize organic electronic light emitting multilayers. V C 2009
School Participation Among Immigrant Youths: The Case of Segmented Assimilation in the Early 20th Century

Research on the educational enrollment of immigrants has typically asserted that today's immigrant children are educationally disadvantaged and that earlier waves of immigrants were more readily absorbed into the American educational system. This article addresses these assumptions, drawing on traditional assimilationist and status competition approaches to racial and ethnic stratification. Data from the 1920 IPUMS census database are used to analyze the school participation of 15 to 18 year olds who were living in their parents' homes. The findings demonstrate that the process of assimilation was not uniform for all groups. Some groups achieved parity with the native stock by the third generation, and others took at least an additional generation or experienced declines in the proportions who were enrolled in school. In general, the results suggest strong parallels between the educational experiences of white ethnic youths in 1920 and those o today's immigran youths.
Mechanics of vertical moving fluidized systems: II. Application to countercurrent operation

Experimental data are presented for two different methods of operating vertical moving fluidized systems of glass spheres and water: free countercurrent fluidization and bottom-restrained nonfed, or batch, fluidization. Data for a lead-shot-and-water system are also reported. A comparison is made of these data with a generalized theoretical analysis of ideal fluidized systems. The validity of a single characteristic holdup vs. slip-velocity relationship is illustrated, and consideration is also given to the prediction of flooding in the free countercurrent systems.
Simulation of an automatic banking system with the Ada programming language (abstract)

In a class of applications, a model exists in which calculations depend upon a fixed set of independent real model parameters, say V1, V2, …, Vn. Each of the V's is a function of auxiliary data. The model often has a large number of discrete states, characterized by a set of discrete state parameters S1, S2, …, Sm. To calculate any particular V, a different function (algorithm and auxiliary data) may be needed for each state; typically, however, a function is shared among some group of states. It is desirable that only one copy of each function exist. The state may change frequently. Moreover, the state parameters are usually not independent; for example, choosing a particular value for one S may restrict permitted values for other S's. In an interactive application, inconsistent choices must be detected.An application oriented framework is presented for supplying the application with the V's while efficiently reconfiguring the model as the S's are changed. The role of the S's and the details of calculating each V are hidden from the application. The framework is maintainable and, moreover, allows the system to be enhanced by the addition of new states. Finally, inconsistent choices among the state parameters can be easily detected.
Appraisal Support Predicts Age-Related Differences in Cardiovascular Function in Women

The influence of appraisal support on age-related differences in cardiovascular function was examined. Resting assessments of heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and preejection period were obtained from 45 young and 20 elderly women. Consistent with prior research, results revealed that the elderly women had higher blood pressure and lower RSA than the young women. More important, appraisal support predicted age-related differences in SBP and DBP: Age predicted elevated blood pressure for women low in appraisal support, whereas age was unrelated to blood pressure for women high in appraisal support. These preliminary data suggest that appraisal support may be an important predictor of long-term physiological function and health.
Segmentation of rat spinal cord in PET using spatiotemporal information

Segmentation in PET images is fraught with difficulty stemming from variable activity values and low SNR. Standard practice utilizes co-registered images from other modalities to provide anatomical information. Sometimes, this information may be missing or of limited usefulness. We present a method of extracting centerlines of rat spinal cords solely from dynamic PET images. The method relies on the unique temporal information in the voxel time activity curves (TAC) to improve segmentation results. Using techniques previously developed for carotid arteries, centerlines were modeled by B-splines to ensure smooth realistic curves. This method is highly automated, only requiring user definition of a small number of seed points. The method was applied to [11C]AFM studies which measure serotonin transporters in the cord. Initial analysis showed that the method yielded comparable results in standard uptake values (SUV) compared to manual delineation of regions of interest (ROI). It also demonstrated an improved outcome over segmentation based on intensity alone.
Excitation of Gases Using Wavelength-Tunable Lasers

Recent developments in liquid dye lasers, semiconductor lasers, and nonlinear optical techniques have made possible the production of high-intensity monochromatic radiation at wavelengths ranging from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared. Wavelength tuning opens an entirely new dimension in the spectroscopy and resonant excitation of gases.
Silicon-on-insulator grating coupler with low back-reflection

We design and fabricate an efficient broadband grating coupler (GC) on a 400nm-thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The measured coupling loss is 2.7dB when coupling to a single-mode fiber (SMF) at 1310nm wavelength with TE polarization. 1dB-full-width and back-reflection are determined to be 30nm and −30dB, respectively.
Mechanism of internal anal sphincter relaxation by CORM-1, authentic CO, and NANC nerve stimulation

The present studies compared the effects of CO-releasing molecule (CORM-1), authentic CO, and nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) nerve stimulation in the internal anal sphincter (IAS). Functional ...
Cleavage at a V(D)J recombination signal requires only RAG1 and RAG2 proteins and occurs in two steps

Abstract Formation of double-strand breaks at recombination signal sequences is an early step in V(D)J recombination. Here we show that purified RAG1 and RAG2 proteins are sufficient to carry out this reaction. The cleavage reaction can be divided into two distinct steps. First, a nick is introduced at the 5′ end of the signal sequence. The other strand is then broken, resulting in a hairpin structure at the coding end and a blunt, 5′-phosphorylated signal end. The hairpin is made as a direct consequence of the cleavage mechanism. Nicking and hairpin formation each require the presence of a signal sequence and both RAG proteins.
The role of factive predicates in the indexicalization of stance: A discourse perspective☆

Abstract Based on a corpus of 112,000 words of spoken discourse, this paper examines the use in natural conversation of ‘factive’ predicates (Kiparsky and Kiparsky, 1968). It is suggested that factive predicates operate as indexical symbols (Jakobson, 1971) to encode both a semantic, referential meaning or proposition, as well as to index pragmatically an epistemic stance on the part of the speaker. The role of factive predicates in the constitution of the indexical ground of discourse (Bauman and Briggs, 1990) is also considered. Following Chafe (1994) another, more dynamic model of speaker is presented here, which takes into consideration the multiple footings (Goffman, 1981), or perspectives, which speakers adopt in discourse, regardless of speaker's logical knowledge state. This model not only offers an explanation for the use of factive constructions in irrealis discourse contexts (where previous discussions suggested that factive predicates ‘lose their factivity’), but also explains why factive constructions index an inherent duality of stance.
Cell proliferation, apoptosis, NF-κB expression, enzyme, protein, and weight changes in livers of burned rats

Thermal injury has been shown to alter gut epithelium and heart myocyte homeostasis by inducing programmed cell death. The effect of thermal injury on hepatocyte apoptosis and proliferation, however, has not been established. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a large thermal injury increases liver cell apoptosis and proliferation and whether these changes were associated with alterations in hepatic nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression and changes in liver enzymes and amount of protein. Sprague-Dawley rats received a 40% total body surface area scald burn or sham burn. Rats were killed and livers were harvested at 1, 2, 5, and 7 days after burn. Liver cell apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxyuridine nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and cell proliferation by immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Hepatic NF-κB expression was determined by Western blot, and total hepatic protein content was determined by protein assay. Protein concentration decreased after burn com...
Omega-3 fatty acids moderate effects of physical activity on cognitive function

Greater amounts of physical activity (PA) and omega-3 fatty acids have both been independently associated with better cognitive performance. Because of the overlapping biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids and PA, fatty acid intake may modify the effects of PA on neurocognitive function. The present study tested this hypothesis by examining whether the ratio of serum omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid levels would moderate the association between PA and executive and memory functions in 344 participants (Mean age¼44.42 years, SD¼6.72). The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), serum fatty acid levels, and performance on a standard neuropsychological battery were acquired on all subjects. A principal component analysis reduced the number of cognitive outcomes to three factors: n-back working memory, Trail Making test, and Logical Memory. We found a significant interaction between PA and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid serum levels on Trail Making performance and n-back performance, such that higher amounts of omega-3 levels offset the deleterious effects of lower amounts of PA. These effects remained significant in a subsample (n¼299) controlling for overall dietary fat consumption. There were no significant additive or multiplicative benefits of higher amounts of both omega-3 and PA on cognitive performance. Our results demonstrate that a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids might mitigate the effect of lower levels of PA on cognitive performance. This study illuminates the importance of understanding dietary and PA factors in tandem when exploring their effects on neurocognitive health.
Synthesis, structure, and thermophysical and mechanical properties of new polymers prepared by the cationic copolymerization of corn oil, styrene, and divinylbenzene

New thermosetting polymeric materials were prepared by the cationic copolymerization of corn oil or conjugated corn oil with styrene and divinylbenzene initiated by boron trifluoride diethyl etherate or related modified initiators. The gel times ranged from a few minutes to hours or even days depending on the stoichiometry and curing temperatures. These polymeric materials possessed crosslink densities of 50 to 1.5 × 104 mol/m3 and glass-transition temperatures of 30-99°C. The materials range from soft rubbers to tough and rigid plastics. The Young's moduli of these materials varied from 0.6 to 474 MPa, the ultimate tensile strengths varied from 0.5 to 17.6 MPa, the elongation at break percentages varied from 2 to 198%, the flexural strengths varied from 0.2 to 36 MPa, and the compressive strengths varied from 4.8 to 63.8 MPa. In addition to having commercially viable thermophysical and mechanical properties, these new materials also possessed good damping and shape-memory properties, suggesting numerous, promising applications for these novel corn oil-based polymeric materials. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limits of quasi-static analysis with small antennas

It has been shown that QS analysis may be used quite accurately to analyze electrically small antennas over a larger range of electrical size than was previously thought. This improvement results from the use of a frequency dependent radiation resistance obtained from the QS current distribution.
VEGF Receptor Inhibitors Block the Ability of Metronomically Dosed Cyclophosphamide to Activate Innate Immunity–Induced Tumor Regression

In metronomic chemotherapy, frequent drug administration at lower than maximally tolerated doses can improve activity while reducing the dose-limiting toxicity of conventional dosing schedules. Although the anti-tumor activity produced by metronomic chemotherapy is attributed widely to anti-angiogenesis, the significance of this mechanism remains somewhat unclear. In this study, we show that a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule of cyclophosphamide administration activates a potent antitumor immune response associated with brain tumor recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that leads to tumor regression. Tumor regression was blocked in NOD-scid-gamma mice, which are deficient or dysfunctional in all these immune cell types. Furthermore, regression was blunted by NK cell depletion in immune competent syngeneic mice or in perforin deficient mice, which are compromised for NK, NKT, and T cell cytolytic functions. Unexpectedly, we found that VEGF receptor inhibitors blocked both innate immune cell recruitment and the associated tumor regression response. Cyclophosphamide administered at a maximum-tolerated dose activated a transient, weak innate immune response, arguing that persistent drug-induced cytotoxic damage or associated cytokine and chemokine responses are required for effective innate immune-based tumor regression. Together, our results reveal an innate immune-based mechanism of tumor regression that can be activated by a traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy administered on a metronomic schedule. These findings suggest the need to carefully evaluate the clinical effects of combination chemotherapies that incorporate anti-angiogenesis drugs targeting VEGF receptor.
The Cyanobacterial Circadian System: From Biophysics to Bioevolution

Recent studies have unveiled the molecular machinery responsible for the biological clock in cyanobacteria and found that it exerts pervasive control over cellular processes including global gene expression. Indeed, the entire chromosome undergoes daily cycles of topology/compaction! The circadian system comprises both a posttranslational oscillator (PTO) and a transcriptional/translational feedback loop (TTFL). The PTO can be reconstituted in vitro with three purified proteins (KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC) and ATP. These are the only circadian proteins for which high-resolution structures are available. Phase in this nanoclockwork has been associated with key phosphorylations of KaiC. Structural considerations illuminate the mechanism by which the KaiABC oscillator ratchets unidirectionally. Models of the complete in vivo system have important implications for our understanding of circadian clocks in higher organisms, including mammals. The conjunction of structural, biophysical, and biochemical approaches to this system has brought our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of biological timekeeping to an unprecedented level.
Switching multi-buffer delay lines for contention resolution in all-optical deflection networks

This paper introduces a novel contention resolution architecture applicable to designing all-optical deflection networks. The approach is based on the use of fiber delay lines interconnected sequentially through 2/spl times/2 photonic space switches, an approach also known as Quadro or switched delay lines (SDL). This work presents and discusses the use of "multibuffer" fiber delay lines, so termed since their length allows multiple packets to be concurrently stored (propagated) on each line. This approach allows for increasing the total storage capacity over past SDL solutions, thus leading to significantly reduced packet deflection without an increase in the number of switches, and consequently in the nodal cost.
Heregulin promotes expression and subcellular redistribution of ADP-ribosylation factor 3.

To identify genes whose expression is modulated by heregulin-β1 (HRG), a regulatory polypeptide for mammary epithelial cells, we performed differential display screening of MCF-7 cell mRNA. One cDNA clone upregulated by HRG was identical to human ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3), a guanine nucleotide-binding protein functioning in vesicular trafficking, phospholipase D activation and intracellular transport. HRG treatment increased expression of ARF3 mRNA and protein. Also, HRG triggered a rapid redistribution of ARF3, first to cell membranes and then to the nuclear compartment, where ARF3 colocalized with acetylated histone H3 in discrete regions. In addition, the ARF3 protein was developmentally regulated in the mammary gland with the highest levels in virgin and post-weaning glands. Together, these findings suggest for the first time that stimulation of ARF3 expression, subcellular redistribution and interaction with acetylated histone H3 may play a role in the action of HRG in mammary epithelial cells.
Comparison of Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Identical Sequences in Primary Human Fibroblast and Immortal Hamster–Human Hybrid Cells Harboring a Single Copy of Human Chromosome 11

We have optimized a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis assay that measures induction and repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in specific regions of the genome (Lobrich et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 12050-12054, 1995). The increased sensitivity resulting from these improvements makes it possible to analyze the size distribution of broken DNA molecules immediately after the introduction of DSBs and after repair incubation. This analysis shows that the distribution of broken DNA pieces after exposure to sparsely ionizing radiation is consistent with the distribution expected from randomly induced DSBs. It is apparent from the distribution of rejoined DNA pieces after repair incubation that DNA ends continue to rejoin between 3 and 24 h postirradiation and that some of these rejoining events are in fact misrejoining events, since novel restriction fragments both larger and smaller than the original fragment are generated after repair. This improved assay was also used to study the kinetics of DSB rejoining and the extent of misrejoining in identical DNA sequences in human GM38 cells and human-hamster hybrid A(L) cells containing a single human chromosome 11. Despite the numerous differences between these cells, which include species and tissue of origin, levels of TP53, expression of telomerase, and the presence or absence of a homologous chromosome for the restriction fragments examined, the kinetics of rejoining of radiation-induced DSBs and the extent of misrejoining were similar in the two cell lines when studied in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, DSBs were removed from the single-copy human chromosome in the hamster A(L) cells with similar kinetics and misrejoining frequency as at a locus on this hybrid's CHO chromosomes.
A Brief History of the Lecture: A Multi-Media Analysis

The lecture has been much maligned as a pedagogical form. It has been denigrated as a «hot ‎medium» that has long been «superseded» by the cooler dialogical and televisual forms. Yet the lecture ‎persists and even flourishes today in the form of the podcast, the TED Talk, Kahn Academy and the «smart» ‎lecture hall (outfitted with audio, video and student feedback technologies). This persistence ‎should lead us to re-evaluate both the lecture and the role of the media that have been related to it over time. This paper examines the lecture as a site of intersecting media, as «a site where differences between media are negotiated» as these media ‎evolve (Franzel 2010). This study shows the lecture as bridging oral ‎communication with writing and newer media technologies, rather than as being superseded ‎by newer electronic and digital forms. The result is a remarkably adaptable and robust form ‎that combines textual record and ephemeral event. It is that is capable of addressing a range of ‎different demands and circumstances, both in terms of classroom pragmatics and more abstractly, of the circulation of knowledge itself. The Web, which ‎brings multiple media together with new and established forms and genres, presents fertile ‎grounds for the continuation and revitalization of the lecture as a dominant pedagogical form.
NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF MARGINAL DISTRIBUTIONS UNDER BIVARIATE TRUNCATION WITH APPLICATION TO TESTING FOR AGE-OF-ONSET ANTICIPATION

Bivariate truncated data arise from the study of age-of-onset anticipa- tion for diseases with variable age of onset in which children tend to develop clin- ical disease at younger ages than their affected parents. To test for age-of-onset anticipation using affected parent-child pair data, it is of interest to estimate the marginal distributions of the age-of-onset for both parents and children. However, the observed ages of onset in both parents and children are right-truncated by their current ages. In this report, we proposed a nonparametric estimator of the marginal distributions of a bivariate distribution based on right-truncated data. This estimator is shown to be consistent under appropriate conditions. A nonitera- tive algorithm is given to compute the proposed estimator. Finite sample behavior of the estimator is investigated via simulation. An example is given to illustrate the use of the proposed estimator in testing of age-of-onset anticipation in bipolar affective disorder.
Scattering by a Single Particle

The interactions of light with particles are of critical importance to the coatings industry. Understanding these interactions provides the paint formulator with the information needed to develop a cost- and performance-optimized coatings system.
The Response of Non-Traumatized Bone to Direct Current

A direct constant-current cathode caused bone to form at a site remote from any bone trauma in the medullary cavity of a rabbit tibia. The osteogenic response was current-dependent and the greatest bone respoose developed around cathodes delivering twenty microamperes of current. Excessive current (thirty microamperes or more) caused osteonecrosis. EIevation of voltage also caused bone destruction.
The standard transported entropy of chloride ion in H2O and D2O

Transported entropies of the chloride ion, $$\bar \bar S_{Cl^ - } $$ , in H2O and in D2O at 25°C and at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.04m have been determined from the measurements of the steady-state (final) thermoelectric powers of the silver-silver chloride thermocell. Experimental data was extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the standard transported entropy $$\bar \bar S_{Cl^ - }^ \circ $$ . The concentration dependence of $$\bar \bar S_{Cl^ - } $$ is examined and the solvent-isotope effect on the transported entropy is investigated. Thermodynamic data on the entropy of transfer of chloride ion from H2O to D2O is used to estimate the difference of the standard ionic entropy of transport in H2O and D2O for chloride ion.
Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence in Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy: RPE Lipofuscin is not Increased in Non-Lesion Areas of Retina

Since the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, we quantified fundus autofluorescence (quantitative fundus autofluorescence, qAF) as an indirect measure of RPE lipofuscin levels. Mean non-lesion qAF was found to be within normal limits for age. By spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) vitelliform lesions presented as fluid-filled subretinal detachments containing reflective material. We discuss photoreceptor outer segment debris as the source of the intense fluorescence of these lesions and loss of anion channel functioning as an explanation for the bullous photoreceptor-RPE detachment. Unexplained is the propensity of the disease for central retina.
A Model for Fan Broadband Interaction Noise in Nonuniform Flow

A three-dimensional model is presented for fan broadband interaction noise based on the spectral representation of the impinging upstream turbulence and a multiple scale analysis for the evolution of turbulence in a nonuniform swirling ∞ow. The analysis is based on the fact that, for typical fans, the turbulence integral scale ⁄ is much smaller than the vane chord c or the duct radius rt. The fan is modelled as a three-dimensional annular cascade in a nonuniform swirling ∞ow and its aerodynamic{acoustic response to every upstream Fourier disturbance is calculated using the linearized Euler equations. The broadband noise power radiated is then calculated by summing the spectral density weighted contributions of all Fourier components. Since most of the turbulence spectrum is in the high frequency range, an asymptotic analysis shows that the acoustic response of the cascade will be dominated by the local blade geometry. This suggests that a simplifled two-dimensional cascade model may be adequate for calculating the fan acoustic response at high frequency. This conclusion is conflrmed for unloaded blades by a comparison of the numerical results of the radiated noise spectra of a 3D annular cascade and a 2D linear cascade. Finally, turbulence distortion by swirl over a distance of O(rt), evaluated by calculating the velocity covariance, shows a rise in turbulence intensity, thus modifying the blade upwash and suggesting an increase of the radiated noise power.
Diana and Beyond: White Femininity, National Identity, and Contemporary Media Culture

Rhetoric is fixated on a bounded nation-state, and what often reads as an addiction with the West. There: I've said it. Awareness of these obsessions is not new.1 What does seem to be unloosening t...