cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid Structure and Composition Control Consequences of Interleaflet Coupling in Asymmetric Vesicles.

Abstract Using Forster resonance energy transfer, raft/liquid-ordered-domain formation was assessed in asymmetric vesicles containing outer leaflets composed of high-Tm (melting temperature) saturated phosphatidylcholines (diC18:0PC, diC16:0PC, diC15:0PC, or diC14:0PC), low-Tm unsaturated dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and cholesterol, and inner leaflets composed of lipids that by themselves would not form ordered domains (DOPC and cholesterol). Ordered-domain formation in the outer leaflet was compared to that in symmetric vesicles with the same lipid composition as the asymmetric vesicle outer leaflets. The difference between ordered-domain thermal stability in asymmetric and symmetric vesicles was highly dependent on high-Tm PC acyl-chain length. At one extreme, in diC14:0PC-containing asymmetric vesicles, the outer leaflet did not segregate to form ordered domains over the entire experimental temperature range even though ordered domains formed in the symmetric vesicles, indicating the inner leaflet dominated outer-leaflet physical behavior in the asymmetric vesicles. At the other extreme, in diC18:0PC-containing asymmetric vesicles, ordered domains formed over the entire temperature range at which they were present in symmetric vesicles, indicating the inner leaflet did not dominate outer-leaflet physical behavior. DiC15:0PC- and diC16:0PC-containing vesicles exhibited intermediate behaviors. A different set of vesicles was prepared with high-Tm lipid sphingomyelin (SM) in place of saturated phosphatidylcholine, and the % SM was varied. The thermal stability of outer-leaflet ordered domains in asymmetric vesicles was found to decrease more than in symmetric vesicles as SM levels decreased, indicating that the inner leaflet increasingly dominated outer leaflet physical state as SM levels decreased. Overall, inhibition of outer-leaflet ordered-domain formation in asymmetric vesicles by inner-leaflet lipids decreased as the ability of outer-leaflet lipids to form an ordered state by themselves increased, i.e., when outer-leaflet high-Tm lipid content or acyl-chain length increased. This has implications for how ordered-domain formation may be controlled in vivo.
Environmental toxicant induced epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of ovarian pathology and granulosa cell epigenome and transcriptome alterations: ancestral origins of polycystic ovarian syndrome and primary ovarian insufiency.

Two of the most prevalent ovarian diseases affecting women’s fertility and health are Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Previous studies have shown that ex...
Comparative Metagenomics Reveals Enhanced Nutrient Cycling Potential after 2 Years of Biochar Amendment in a Tropical Oxisol.

ABSTRACT The complex structural and functional responses of agricultural soil microbial communities to the addition of carbonaceous compounds such as biochar remain poorly understood. This severely limits the predictive ability for both the potential enhancement of soil fertility and greenhouse gas mitigation. In this study, we utilized shotgun metagenomics in order to decipher changes in the microbial community in soil microcosms after 14 days of incubation at 23°C, which contained soils from biochar-amended and control plots cultivated with Napier grass. Our analyses revealed that biochar-amended soil microbiomes exhibited significant shifts in both community composition and predicted metabolism. Key metabolic pathways related to carbon turnover, such as the utilization of plant-derived carbohydrates as well as denitrification, were enriched under biochar amendment. These community shifts were in part associated with increased soil carbon, such as labile and aromatic carbon compounds, which was likely stimulated by the increased available nutrients associated with biochar amendment. These findings indicate that the soil microbiome response to the combination of biochar addition and to incubation conditions confers enhanced nutrient cycling and a small decrease in CO2 emissions and potentially mitigates nitrous oxide emissions. IMPORTANCE The incorporation of biochar into soil is a promising management strategy for sustainable agriculture owing to its potential to sequester carbon and improve soil fertility. Expanding the addition of biochar to large-scale agriculture hinges on its lasting beneficial effects on the microbial community. However, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding the specific role that biochar plays in altering the key biological soil processes that influence plant growth and carbon storage in soil. Previous studies that examined the soil microbiome under biochar amendment principally characterized only how the composition alters in response to biochar amendment. In the present study, we shed light on the functional alterations of the microbial community response 2 years after biochar amendment. Our results show that biochar increased the abundance of genes involved in denitrification and carbon turnover and that biochar-amended soil microcosms had a reduction in cumulative CO2 production.
You Are Not Who You Say You Are: Discriminations Inherent in Biometric Design

This chapter takes a step back to reflect on how the biometric failures provide an avenue to discuss social justice issues. This chapter argues that although the biometric technology is touted to be value-neutral, objective, and accurate, and it is inherently discriminatory. As author indicated in previous chapters, reports show that the biometric rejected those individuals who are engaged in “slash-and-burn agriculture.” Therefore, the mass subjection of elections to the logic of the biometric technology in resource mismanaged contexts is welcoming, but its use raises social justice and localization concerns. This chapter emphasizes the relevance of social justice to decolonial and localization projects.
Socioeconomic Status and Sleep among Couples

Objective/Background: Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is generally associated with poor sleep but little is known about how different SES indices are associated with sleep duration and quality, or...
A no-phone/no-app contact tracing hardware token.

We report the development of an open-source, hardware-based contact tracer, made from readily available parts, costing less than $20USD. This work was motivated by the need for a technology-assisted contact tracer that avoids privacy issues found with those involving a mobile phone. Contact tracing is done here without the use of a mobile phone or an app at all. Instead, contact tracing is implemented using Bluetooth Low Energy on an ESP32 micro-controller. The ESP32 is used to both advertise and receive health information to others in close proximity, forming a strictly peer-to-peer contact tracer. The contact tracer can be assembled by an individual and configured use within minutes.
General approaches for achieving high speed computations

The basic organizational approach to achieve high speed computations has been to execute several instructions concurrently. Various algorithmic structures and related computer organizations have been identified and used for this purpose. Each of them is better suited for some classes of applications, provides a potential speed-up with respect to the sequential computer, and suffers from degradation factors that reduce the effective speed-up obtained. The basic algorithmic structures are presented, the corresponding computer organizations described and the potential degradation factors identified. Also included are considerations related to the cost of the system and to the corresponding programming methodology.
Risk Model for Decline in Activities of Daily Living Among Older Adults Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The SILVER‐AMI Study

Background Functional decline (ie, a decrement in ability to perform everyday activities necessary to live independently) is common after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and associated with poor ...
Confirming mortality in a longitudinal exposure cohort: optimizing National Death Index search result processing.

Abstract Purpose The National Death Index (NDI) is an important resource for mortality ascertainment. Methods selected to process NDI search results are rarely described in studies using linked data and can have an impact on resources and mortality ascertainment. We evaluate methods to process NDI search results among a 9/11-exposed cohort—the World Trade Center Health Registry (Registry). Methods We describe three approaches to process search results (NDI-recommended cutoff points [NDIc]; National Program of Cancer Registries [NPCR] algorithm, and modified National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health algorithm [mNIOSH]). We calculate percent agreement, positive predictive value, sensitivity, specificity, and quantify the burden of manual review to compare the approaches. Results Of 51,158 Registry enrollees submitted for linkage, 9449 enrollee-level and 17,909 record-level matches were identified. NPCR and mNIOSH were highly concordant (97.1%); more record pairs required manual review for mNIOSH (mNIOSH: 2.7% and NPCR: 1.8%). NDIc sensitivity was 82.9%, with differences observed by race and ethnicity (Asian: 74.4% and White: 86.1%). Conclusions NPCR algorithm minimized false matches and reduced the manual review burden. NDIc had nonrandom distribution of missed matches and low sensitivity. NDI search processing methods have important implications for resulting linked data; measures of linkage quality should be available to data users.
The petrologic and degassing behavior of sulfur and other magmatic volatiles from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi: melt concentrations, magma storage depths, and magma recycling

Kīlauea Volcano’s 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption produced exceptionally high lava effusion rates and record-setting SO2 emissions. The eruption involved a diverse range of magmas, including primitive basalts sourced from Kīlauea’s summit reservoirs. We analyzed LERZ matrix glasses, melt inclusions, and host minerals to identify melt volatile contents and magma storage depths. The LERZ glasses and melt inclusions span nearly the entire compositional range previously recognized at Kīlauea. Melt inclusions in Fo86-89 olivine from the main eruptive vent (fissure 8) underwent 70–170 °C cooling during transport in LERZ carrier melts, causing extensive post-entrapment crystallization and sulfide precipitation. Many of these melt inclusions have low sulfur (400–900 ppm) even after correction for sulfide formation. CO2 and H2O vapor saturation pressures indicate shallow melt inclusion trapping depths (1–5 km), consistent with formation within Kīlauea’s Halemaʻumaʻu and South Caldera reservoirs. Many of these inclusions also have degassed δ34S values (− 1.5 to − 0.5‰). Collectively, these results indicate that some primitive melts experienced near-surface degassing before being trapped into melt inclusions. We propose that decades-to-centuries of repeated lava lake activity and lava drain-back during eruptions (e.g., 1959 Kīlauea Iki) recycled substantial volumes of degassed magma into Kīlauea’s shallow reservoir system. Degassing and magma recycling from the 2008–2018 Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake likely reduced the volatile contents of LERZ fissure 8 magmas, resulting in lower fountain heights compared to many prior Kīlauea eruptions. The eruption’s extreme SO2 emissions were due to high lava effusion rates rather than particularly volatile-rich melts.
uvbyCaHbeta CCD Photometry of Clusters. III. The Most Metal-Rich Open Cluster, NGC 6253

CCD photometry on the intermediate-band uvbyCaH-beta system is presented for the old open cluster, NGC 6253. Despite a high level of field star contamination due to its location toward the galactic center, combination of the data from the multiple color indices with the core cluster sample derived from radial star counts leads to the identification of a set of highly probable, single cluster members. Photometric analysis of a select sample of 71 turnoff stars produces a reddening value of E(b-y) = 0.190 +/-0.002 (s.e.m.) or E(B-V) = 0.260 +/- 0.003 (s.e.m.) from 71 stars. The metallicity indices, delta-m1 and delta-hk, both identify this cluster as the most metal-rich object studied on either system to date. Simple extrapolation of the available metallicity calibrations leads to [Fe/H] ranging from +0.7 to +0.9. Metal-rich isochrones with overshoot imply an age between 2.5 and 3.5 Gyr, with an apparent distance modulus between (m-M)= 11.6 and 12.2, depending upon the isochrones used. The improvement in the fit using alpha-enhanced isochrones may indicate that the cluster [Fe/H] is closer to +0.4, but the photometric indices are distorted by an elemental distribution other than a scaled solar. The galacto- centric position of the cluster, in conjunction with data for other clusters and Cepheids, is consistent with the inner disk reaching and maintaining a metallicity well above solar since the early history of the disk, unlike the solar neighborhood.
Contemporary Management and Outcomes of Injuries to the Inferior Vena Cava: A Prospective Multicenter Trial From PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment.

IntroductionInjuries to the inferior vena cava (IVC), while uncommon, have a high mortality despite modern advances. The goal of this study is to describe the diagnosis and management in the larges...
Automated Detection of Insects in Lidar Data

Lidar instruments have recently been developed for detecting insects during flight. However, insect detection algorithms are needed for automating the tedious, manual detection process. We report the use of a Subspace Discriminant classifier to detect insects in lidar data collected in the field.
Supporting Students With Disabilities And Addressing Challenging Behaviors (And Navigating ALC's)

Location: JC Room A Disability Services is actively serving over 5% of the Mason student population at any given time. The number of students that we serve continues to grow relative to overall enrollment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently released a report estimating that 26% of the US adult population currently lives with a disability. As Mason targets total student enrollment to exceed 40,000+ students within the next 5 yearsâcoupled with a greater focus to increase access for all students through initiatives like ADVANCE and other initiatives targeting non-traditional college-age populations (e.g., early- and mid-career adults who left college before completing their degree)âit will become increasingly important for all members of the Mason community to deliver educational opportunities, programs, and support services while addressing disability-related needs and behavioral challenges appropriately. The number of students with disabilities who request accommodations at Mason continues to rise and there will always be a need to appropriately evaluate these requests while adhering to relevant federal laws (e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973). When we work with faculty and staff through unique situations and accommodations for specific students, it does provide us with an opportunity to speak more broadly about the Disability Services Mission and to share general strategies about addressing potentially challenging behaviors in the academic environment. We view this session as an opportunity to be proactive in that approach and to spark dialogue about how instructors have managed these interactions in the past and ways to improve the support for students with disabilities. Our goal is to provide a Disability Services snapshot and to describe disability-related trends at Mason and across the nation more broadlyâthis information will be used to set the foundation for the remainder of the session. A majority of the session will be spent encouraging dialogue around ways that instructors have addressed challenging behaviors in the past, current questions they may have about disabilities more broadly, and to share tips and strategies around disability etiquette.
Deprescribing Inappropriate Proton Pump Inhibitors in a Family Medicine Residency Practice Office.

Introduction Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed beyond their medically-approved duration of use. Long-term PPI use has been linked with numerous adverse effects and contributes to polypharmacy. This study sought to understand the effect of evidence-based education to resident and faculty physicians on deprescribing inappropriate PPIs. We hypothesized that this educational intervention would result in fewer inappropriate PPI prescriptions. Methods We performed a chart review on all adult patients in a family medicine residency program practice, identifying those inappropriately taking PPIs. All physicians in the practice participated in an educational intervention regarding deprescribing inappropriate PPIs and were given frequent reminders to continue their deprescribing efforts. We reviewed charts at the end of the study to identify patients with successful deprescribing attempts. Results Of the 187 patients prescribed inappropriate PPIs in the study, 100 remained on PPIs at the end of the study (46.6% success rate). There was a significant decrease in the number of patients inappropriately prescribed PPIs by each physician over the course of the study, from a mean of 17.0 (beginning) to 9.1 (end). Conclusion Physician education with reminders is an effective means of reducing the number of inappropriate PPIs prescribed in a family medicine residency practice. Future studies could investigate the effectiveness of educational interventions with other medication classes that are often prescribed inappropriately.
Academic librarians: Their understanding and use of emotional intelligence and happiness

Abstract The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to understand the interrelations between emotional intelligence and happiness through an exploration of academic librarians. The researchers' premise was that academic librarians who rated themselves as more competent in the emotional intelligence dimension would also rate themselves highly in satisfaction with life. Results from the study show that academic librarians self-reported levels of happiness and competence with emotional intelligence that are within average range, however, they struggled to apply emotional intelligence and happiness skills when asked to demonstrate with examples. Limitations are discussed with reference to the survey data, timing, respondents' understanding and concerns around bias. Implications for practice and future research are also presented.
Self and relationships : connecting intrapersonal and interpersonal processes

E.J. Finkel, K.D. Vohs, Introduction: Self and Relationships. Part 1. Self - Relationships. Section IA: Self-Regulation. C.D. Rawn, K.D. Vohs, The Importance of Self-regulation for Interpersonal Functioning. G. Fitzsimons, Pursuing Goals and Perceiving Others: A Self-regulatory Perspective on Interpersonal Relationships. Section IB: Self-concept. Campbell, Brunell, Finkel, Narcissism, Interpersonal Self-regulation, and Romantic Relationships: An Agency Model Approach. L.E. Park, J. Crocker, K.D. Vohs, Contingencies of Self-worth and Self-validation Goals: Implications for Close Relationships. Van Orden, Joiner, Jr., The Inner and Outer Turmoil of Excessive Reassurance Seeking: From Self-doubts to Social Rejection. Section IC: Interpersonal Schemas and Orientations. Feeney, An Attachment Theory Perspective on the Interplay between Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Processes. Knee, Canevello, Implicit Theories of Relationships and Coping in Romantic Relationships. Showers, Limke, Organization of Partner Knowledge: Implications for Liking and Loving, Longevity, and Change. Van Lange, From Altruism to Aggression: Understanding Social Interaction. Part 2. Relationships - Self. Section IIA: Interdependence: Overarching Perspectives. Leary, A Functional, Evolutionary Analysis of the Impact of Interpersonal Events on Intrapersonal Self-processes. Blackhart, Baumeister, Twenge, Rejection's Impact on Self-defeating, Prosocial, Antisocial, and Self-regulatory Behaviors. Lucas, Dyrenforth, Does the Existence of Social Relationships Matter for Subjective Well-Being? Agnew, Etcheverry, Cognitive Interdependence: Considering Self-in-Relationship. Section IIB: Specific Social Interaction Processes. Finkel, Campbell, Brunell, High-maintenance Interaction and Self-regulation. Kumashiro, Rusbult, Wolf, Estrada, The Michelangelo Phenomenon: Partner Affirmation and Self Movement toward One's Ideal. Strong, Aron, The Effect of Shared Participation in Novel and Challenging Activities on Experienced Relationship Quality: Is it Mediated by High Positive Affect? Koole, Kuhl, Jostmann, Finkenauer, Self-regulation in Interpersonal Relationships: The Case of Action versus State Orientation. Section IIC: Interpersonal Cognitive Processes. Shah, When Your Wish is My Desire: A Triangular Model of Self-regulatory Relationships. Seeley, Gardner, Succeeding at Self-control through a Focus on Others: The Roles of Social Practice and Accountability in Self-Regulation.
The Evolution of the Human Brain

Any of us would be hard pressed to fully realize just how long a time span of six million years actually is. That is the approximate length of time it took for the Homo sapiens brain to develop once our ancestral line diverged from the line which developed into modern chimpanzees and other apes.
Activation by Ca2+/calmodulin of an exogenous myosin light chain kinase in mouse arteries

Activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and other kinases was studied in the arteries of transgenic mice that express an optical fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) MLCK activity biosensor. Binding of Ca2+/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) induces an increase in MLCK activity and a change in FRET. After exposure to high external [K+], intracellular [Ca2+] (fura-2 ratio or fluo-4 fluorescence) and MLCK activity both increased rapidly to an initial peak and then declined, rapidly at first and then very slowly. After an initial peak (‘phasic’) force was constant or increased slowly (termed ‘tonic’ force). Inhibition of rho-kinase (Y-27632) decreased tonic force more than phasic, but had little effect on [Ca2+] and MLCK activation. Inhibition of PKCα and PKCβ with Go6976 had no effect. KN-93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, markedly reduced force, MLCK FRET and [Ca2+]. Applied during tonic force, forskolin caused a rapid decrease in MLCK FRET ratio and force, but no change in Ca2+, suggesting a cAMP mediated decrease in affinity of MLCK for Ca2+/CaM. However, receptor (β-adrenergic) activated increases in cAMP during KCl were ineffective in causing relaxation, changes in [Ca2+], or MLCK FRET. At the same tonic force, MLCK FRET ratio activated by α1-adrenoceptors was ∼60% of that activated by KCl. In conclusion, MLCK activity of arterial smooth muscle during KCl-induced contraction is determined primarily by Ca2+/CaM. Rho-kinase is activated, by unknown mechanisms, and increases ‘Ca2+ sensitivity’ significantly. Forskolin mediated increases in cAMP, but not receptor mediated increases in cAMP cause a rapid decrease in the affinity of MLCK for Ca2+/CaM.
Metal Surface Treatments, Case Hardening

The performance of many metallic components can be markedly improved by developing a surface region, the case, which is harder than that of the underlying region, the core. Case hardening processes, in which the original surface is an integral part of the case, may involve a physical or a chemical change at the surface. Processing may be accomplished through the use of heat or other methods such as plastic deformation or ion implantation. Small atoms, ie, first row elements, deposited in interstitial positions harden metallic components. The various case hardening processes used for steels are discussed. Carburizing and nitriding, the most common methods employed, and the resultant case-hardened steels are compared. Keywords: Steel; Hardening; Austenite; Tempering; Heat treatment; Decomposition; Chemical change; Ion implantation; Surface deformation; Carburizing; Nitriding; Boriding
In vitro antimicrobial activity of sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) compared with numerous other quinolone compounds

Abstract Sparfloxacin (AT-4140, CI-978, PD 131501) was tested against over 800 recent bacteremic strains and compared with ciprofloxacin and six other fluoroquinolones. The 90% minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 90 ) ranges for the Enterobacteriaceae species were (a) sparfloxacin, 0.03–1 μg/ml and (b) ciprofloxacin, 0.015–0.25 μg/ml. Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae , and Neisseria gonorrhoeae were very susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC 90 s, 0.004–⩽0.03 μ g/ml) and the other comparison drugs. Staphylococcus aureas and other staphylococci were generally susceptible to the tested fluoroquinolones but very susceptible to sparfloxacin and WIN 57273. All β-hemolytic streptococci, enterococci, and pneumococci had sparfloxacin MICs of ⩽1 μ g/ml. Sparfloxacin was quite active against anaerobic bacteria including Bacteroides fragilis gr. and Gram-positive strains (MIC 90 s, ⩽2 μ g/ml). The most resistant enteric bacilli were among Serratia marcescens and the Proteae , especially the Providencia spp. (two- to eightfold higher MICs). Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were also susceptible to sparfloxacin (MIC 90 , 2 μg/ml). Magnesium ions, CO 2 incubation, and low pH had some adverse effect on sparfloxacin MICs, and resistance development was documented among current clinical isolates of staphylococci, pseudomonas, and some enteric species.
Pro: All patients should receive pharmacologic prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery☆

Abstract In addition to the physiologic manifestations of atrial fibrillation (stroke, ventricular arrhythmia), 2 patients with postoperative arrhythmias have subjective concerns because of symptoms (palpitations), and prolonged length of stay and hospital cost are significant sources of visceral morbidity to both patients and their physicians. Efforts to terminate this arrhythmia after its initiation are fraught with problems ranging from ineffectiveness to toxicity. Fortunately, a variety of pharmacologic strategies are now available to prevent atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. At a minimum, low-dose postoperative β -adrenergic blockade is valuable for patients who receive these medications preoperatively and may be beneficial in all patients. Moreover, emerging data suggest that prophylaxis with antiarrhythmic compounds can significantly decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation, length of hospital stay, and cost. Future trials will be focused on evaluating the risks and benefits of the newer prophylactic therapies and defining which subpopulations benefit most from such therapy.
Shimming with permanent magnets for the x-ray detector in a hybrid x-ray∕MR system

In this x-ray∕MR hybrid system an x-ray flat panel detector is placed under the patient cradle, close to the MR volume of interest (VOI), where the magnetic field strength is ∼0.5 T. Immersed in this strong field, several electronic components inside the detector become magnetized and create an additional magnetic field that is superimposed on the original field of the MR scanner. Even after linear shimming, the field homogeneity of the MR scanner remains disrupted by the detector. The authors characterize the field due to the detector with the field of two magnetic dipoles and further show that two sets of permanent magnets (NdFeB) can withstand the main magnetic field and compensate for the nonlinear components of the additional field. The ideal number of magnets and their locations are calculated based on a field map measured with the detector in place. Experimental results demonstrate great promise for this technique, which may be useful in many settings where devices with magnetic components need to be placed inside or close to an MR scanner.
Social selection and mental health service utilization among mentally ill parolees: A research agenda

The purpose of this article is to describe a conceptual and methodological approach to research on mental health service utilization by parolees with mental illness. This approach can be used by researchers and policy makers to understand and improve the interface between criminal justice and mental health organizations. We justify the need for research on this population; discuss the conceptual framework which draws on social selection and organizational theory; describe methodological problems; and discuss implications of the research.
Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880-1940

Reimagining Indians investigates a group of Anglo-American writers whose books about Native Americans helped reshape Americans' understanding of Indian peoples at the turn of the twentieth century. Hailing from the Eastern United States, these men and women traveled to the American West and discovered "exotics" in their midst. Drawn to Indian cultures as alternatives to what they found distasteful about modern American culture, these writers produced a body of work that celebrates Indian cultures, religions, artistry, and simple humanity. Although these writers were not academically trained ethnographers, their books represent popular versions of ethnography. In revealing their own doubts about the superiority of European-American culture, they sought to provide a favorable climate for Indian cultural survival in a world indisputably dominated by non-Indians. They also encouraged notions of cultural relativism, pluralism, and tolerance in American thought. For the historian and general reader alike, this volume speaks to broad themes of American cultural history, Native American history, and the history of the American West.
Electronic conduction across a black lipid membrane.

BLACK lipid membranes (BLM) have been found to be useful and realistic models for biological membranes1, showing selective ionic2,3 and proton4,5 permeabilities, differential negative conductance6,7, the photovoltaic effect8, excitability9, ability to support active transport10 and the capacity to interact with leucocytic granules11. Biological membranes may also function in the transport of electrons between redox carriers on opposite sides of the membrane: Mitchell12 has advocated the coupling of such electron transfer with transmembrane proton translocation as an essential aspect of energy conservation in the redox process of the respiratory chain in mitochondrial and photosynthetic systems. We describe here a partial model for this process in which electronic charge transfer occurs across a BLM.
Feedback‐Controlled X‐Ray diffraction topography

A feedback-controlled scanning X-ray diffraction topography system is described. The system is based on automated Bragg angle control (ABAC). ABAC maintains the operation of the topographic system at all times at the maximum X-ray intensity for exposing the photographic plate. The automatic control is accomplished by a continuous measurement of the angular derivative of the X-ray rocking curve. The measurement signal is applied to an automatic control system which orients the crystal for operation at the peak of the rocking curve at all times while scanning. A significant reduction in exposure time and background scattering is thus obtained. Picture sharpness is improved and the recording of entire topographs of warped crystal wafers is accomplished. Es wird ein Ruckkopplungs-gesteuertes Rontgenstrahlen-Beugungstopographie-Abtastsystem beschrieben. Das System beruht auf der Grundlage der automatischen Braggwinkelsteuerung (ABAC). ABAC halt den Arbeitsbereich des Topographiesystems fur die Belichtung der photographischen Platte zu jeder Zeit im Maximum der Rontgenstrahlenintensitat. Die automatische Steuerung wird erreicht durch eine kontinuierliche Messung der Winkelableitung der Rontgenstrahlreflexionskurve. Das Messignal wird an ein automatisches Steuerungssystem angelegt, das den Kristall fur die Untersuchung auf das Maximum der Reflexionskurve zu allen Zeiten wahrend des Abtastens orientiert. So wird eine bedeutende Herabsetzung der Belichtungszeit und der Untergrundstreuung erreicht. Die Bildscharfe wird gesteigert und die Aufnahme der gesamten Topographie von gewolbten Kristallplattchen erreicht.
Why Shouldn't the Sophists Charge Fees?

Why is it that discussion of the sophists and sophistic activity routinely mentions the fees they charged, but never explores why the sophists might have charged fees and why this rather mundane detail would warrant such regular reiteration? I argue that the sophists charged fees to demystify the ways in which gift-exchange made it possible to naturalize culturally established values and misrecognize power relations as relations of generosity and friendship. By charging fees, the sophists showed that trade in skillful political discourse was always tied to the pursuit of advantage and power. This critical practice was rejected by Socrates, so that when his students needed a way to highlight the distinctions between their master and other teachers and schools (since in the popular mind all alike were sophists), they fixated upon the fees the sophists charged as a distinguishing trait. As a result, it took on the form of a stigma, and has been remained a defining charge against the sophists ever since.
2-C-Hydroxymethyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene- D-mannono-1,5-lactam

The title compound, C10H17NO6, is an inter­mediate, with all the stereocentres in place, for a synthesis of a new class of glycosidase inhibitors with a branched carbon chain. Its relative configuration was determined by X-ray crystallography and the absolute configuration by the use of l-sorbose as the starting material.
Functional Test for the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity normative database

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a normative database of results of the Functional Test for the Hemiparetic Upper Extremity (FTHUE) from able-bodied participants. Method Ninety healthy adults, aged 20-80, were assessed on the timed tasks of the FTHUE with their nondominant upper extremity serving as the weaker side. Results A normative table with means and standard deviations for the timed tasks of the FTHUE was created to provide reference values for upper-extremity performance. Significant differences were found among participants by gender and age. Conclusion The FTHUE is an easy-to-administer, inexpensive, quick evaluation. It yields standardized data that allow clinicians to observe their clients performing functional tasks. The table of normative data will further assist clinicians in their assessment of clients with hemiparesis.
A formal method for determining if a grammar is connected and grounded

This paper introduces a formal method for determining if the production rules in a regular or context free grammar are "connected" (can appear in a sentential form) and "grounded" (can be driven to a string of terminal symbols). I have used it on several occasions in courses on programming language design or language translator implementation to verify that proposed student grammars were reduced (connected and grounded). The technique is also useful for reviewing matrix algebra and the theory of relations with students. The student must know or be introduced to Warshall's algorithm for generating the transitive closure of a relation [1--4].
Apoptotic cells are generated at every division of in vitro cultured T cell lines.

Abstract Long- and short-term T cell lines form the backbone of many assays for T cell function and also represent important tools for use in human immunotherapy. Despite much study concerning the requirements for T cell activation and growth in culture there is relatively little information about the kinetics of proliferation and cell death in such cultures. Here we studied these parameters in a long-term CD8 + T cell line using a tetrameric MHC reagent and the fluorescent dye CFSE. We observed proliferation of the T cells within 24 h of restimulation with antigen and IL-2 and the cells continued to divide once every 12 h on average. Interestingly, a proportion of cells entered apoptosis with each cell division, showing that a degree of programmed cell death occurred constantly in vitro, not merely at the end of the culture period when antigen or the necessary growth factors became limiting. This information should assist in the design of more efficient protocols for generating large numbers of specific T cells for clinical use.
Initiating respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette stations throughout a multihospital university medical center

ISSUE: In September 2003, the state health department, along with our facility, mandated that we develop a response plan for the possible re-emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). We convened a multidisciplinary SARS task force, and five team members were given responsibility for writing the plan. During that time, we learned that respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette guidelines were being developed by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). There was also a threat of a heavy early flu season, and we needed to provide easy access to hygiene supplies in all hospital and clinic waiting areas and lobbies. PROJECT: The SARS planning group came up with an idea for a “sneeze station” since our policy required that facial tissues, hand sanitizers, waste receptacles, masks, and instructional signage be readily available in all hospital and clinic lobbies and waiting rooms. We took our idea to the director of plant operations and the sneeze station concept was approved. A carpenter was assigned to develop a prototype, and after a few minor revisions by the SARS task force the sneeze station was born. Wall-mounted and rolling floor models were designed to accommodate the various space needs in our facility. It was decided that masks would not be placed on the sneeze stations, but would be available at all reception desks due to concerns of inappropriate use. Our faculty and staff were educated on the respiratory hygiene policy and sneeze stations during the February 2004 mandatory safety fair. RESULTS: As of January 2005, we have placed 180 sneeze stations in our hospitals and clinics as well as in other institutions. When new areas open, one of the first concerns is to make sure they get their sneeze stations. The sneeze stations are continuously being used based on audits of supply usage and through monitoring by the environment of care (EOC) tours. LESSONS LEARNED: The sneeze stations are accepted in the medical center as a valuable part of infection control. There are times when supply cannot keep up with demand because we only have one carpenter assigned to manufacture the sneeze stations. Another lesson learned is that placing the station in a cafeteria may result in it being used as a food disposal instead of for its intended purpose. Overall, the sneeze station has met with great success, and this proves that creative ideas can bring about change.
The Plecoptera community of a small stream in Oregon, U.S.A. *

Summary The Plecoptera community of a small woodland stream in Oregon was studied by examining density and species composition. Four sites were studied using benthos sampling for larvae and emergence trap collections for adults. Sixteen genera and forty-three species were identified with most species occurring in relatively low numbers. A comparison with the species list from an earlier study suggested that the species composition has not changed markedly in 40 years but there were several changes in relative abundance. Species diversity of stoneflies decreased with distance from the headwaters. These changes were correlated with decrease in habitat complexity, decrease in stability of the substrate, and increase in water depth. Examples of longitudinal succession are given as a method enabling the large number of species to partition the habitat. Concurrent benthos and emergence sampling demonstrated differences in emergence success that were correlated with habitat suitability.
Industrial engineering support network for small manufacturers

Abstract This study develops a networked data collection system specially tailored for small manufacturing businesses. The data collection system consists of an IBM PC host and data collection stations designed by the authors. The system uses the IEEE R5-485 standard serial communications to implement a communications protocol designed in the course of this study. The system is called the Industrial Engineering NETwork (IENET). The feasibility of the IENET is demonstrated at the Industrial Research Laboratory at the University of Florida.
Formal DNA hydrolysis by mono- and dinuclear iron complexes.

The complexes CpFe(CO)2Ph and [CpFe(CO)2]2 cleave DNA in the presence of H2O2 or organic peroxides to give products resulting from the formal hydrolysis of the phosphodiester groups.
An alanine-zipper structure determined by long range intermolecular interactions.

A major challenge in protein folding is to identify and quantify specific structural determinants that allow native proteins to acquire their unique folded structures. Here we report the engineering of a 52-residue protein (Ala-14) that contains exclusively alanine residues at the hydrophobic a andd positions of a natural heptad-repeat sequence. Ala-14 is unfolded under normal solution conditions yet forms a parallel three-stranded α-helical coiled coil in crystals. Ala-14 trimers in the solid state associate with each other through the pairing of polar side chains and formation of an extended network of water-mediated hydrogen bonds. In contrast to the classical view that local intramolecular tertiary interactions dictate the three-dimensional structure of small single-domain proteins, Ala-14 shows that long range intermolecular interactions can be essential in determining the metastable alanine-zipper structure. A similar interplay between short range local and longer range global forces may underlie the conformational properties of the growing class of natively unstructured proteins in biological processes.
Direct Mail Sales Letters: Form and Substance.

Practitioners and consultants, who have developed much of the theory on the direct mail sales letter, emphasize one point: The reader must be enticed to read the letter. One way to entice the reader is to use an indirect arrangement of support: Invitation, Benefits and Proof, Acceptance, and Teaser. Other reader-directed principles are 1) create the look of a personalized letter and 2) employ strategies to promote readability.
Dissociation of retinal ganglion cells without enzymes

We describe here methods for dissociating retinal ganglion cells from adult goldfish and rat without proteolytic enzymes, and show responses of ganglion cells isolated this way to step-wise voltage changes and fluctuating current injections. Taking advantage of the laminar organization of vertebrate retinas, photoreceptors and other cells were lifted away from the distal side of freshly isolated goldfish retinas, after contact with pieces of membrane filter. Likewise, cells were sliced away from the distal side of freshly isolated rat retinas, after these adhered to a membrane filter. The remaining portions of retina were incubated in an enzyme-free, low Ca2+ solution, and triturated. After aliquots of the resulting cell suspension were plated, ganglion cells could be identified by dye retrogradely transported via the optic nerve. These cells showed no obvious morphological degeneration for several days of culture. Perforated-patch whole-cell recordings showed that the goldfish ganglion cells spike tonically in response to depolarizing constant current injections, that these spikes are temporally precise in response to fluctuating current injections, and that the largest voltage-gated Na+ currents of these cells were larger than those of ganglion cells isolated with a neutral protease.
Metabolite distribution and rate of residue clearance in turkeys fed a diet containing aflatoxin B1.

Abstract The retention of aflatoxin residues in tissues of turkey poults fed a diet containing aflatoxin B 1 (500 ppb) for 18 days was determined. Free and conjugated aflatoxin metabolites were quantified using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Aflatoxin residue levels were greater in liver than muscle tissues, although all levels were low (range 0.01–1.19 ng/g tissue). Free and conjugated aflatoxins B 1 and M 1 , a metabolite of B 1 , were the principal tissue residues. Other metabolites investigated included aflatoxicol, which was detected in certain samples, and aflatoxin Q 1 which was not detected. Conjugated aflatoxins, hydrolysed and extracted from the aqueous tissue fractions, comprised 55–91% of the total detected aflatoxin residues. All aflatoxin residues were rapidly cleared following discontinuation of the dietary aflatoxin B 1 (half-life 1.4 days for total aflatoxin clearance from liver). These results provide further evidence that tissues from animals maintained on diets containing aflatoxins do not provide a major source of aflatoxins when consumed by man.
The synthesis and structure of sterically encumbered terphenyl tin(II) halide derivatives: simultaneous existence of monomers and dimers in the crystalline phase

Abstract The reaction of Et2O·LiC6H3-2,6–Trip2 (Trip=C6H2–2,4,6-i-Pr3) with SnCl2 afforded the two coordinate monomer Sn(Cl)C6H3-2,6–Trip2 (1), and its dimer {Sn(μ-Cl)C6H3–2,6-Trip2}2 (2), as orange and yellow crystals, respectively. Solution 119Sn NMR spectroscopy of 2 in C6D6 solution showed that it dissociated readily to give 1. The addition of pyridine (py) to a solution of 1 yielded the adduct py·Sn(Cl)C6H3–2,6-Trip2 (3) which featured tin in a three coordinate pyramidal environment. The reaction of the closely related bulky terphenyl lithium reagent LiC6H3–2,6-Dipp2 (Dipp=C6H3–2,6-i-Pr2) with SnCl2 afforded the mixed halide species {Sn(μ-Cl)0.35(μ-I)0.65C6H3–2,6-Dipp2}2 (4). This arose from the preparation of the lithium aryl precursor in situ from IC6H3–2,6-Dipp2 and n-BuLi. The monomeric nature of 1, and the weak association of 2 and 4, were attributed to the large size of the terphenyl ligands. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy, and IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Neuropeptide processing by single-step cleavage: conversion of leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) to dynorphin B.

Abstract Dynorphin B (rimorphin) is formed from dynorphin B-29 (leumorphin) by the action of a thiol protease from rat brain membranes. This represents a “single-arginine cleavage” between threonine-13 and arginine-14 of the substrate. In isotope dilution experiments we find that the radioactivity from radiolabelled dynorphin B-29, which appears in dynorphin B during incubation with the enzyme preparation, is not diminished by addition of a high concentration of dynorphin B-Arg14. Moreover, in pulse-chase experiments, radioactivity that appeared in dynorphin B-Arg14 did not decrease, nor did the radioactivity in dynorphin B increase, after chasing with a high concentration of non-radioactive dynorphin B-29. These results indicate that although some dynorphin B-Arg14 is formed by the impure enzyme preparation, it is not an intermediate in the conversion of dynorphin B-29 to dynorphin B. Thus the formation of dynorphin B does not involve the action of a trypsin-like enzyme followed by removal of arginine-14 by a carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme. It appears that a single enzyme converts dynorphin B-29 to dynorphin B in a single step.
Effect of Verbal Routine Contexts and Expansions on Gains in the Mean Length of Utterance in Children With Developmental Delays

This study tests the hypothesis that verbal routines and expansions increase generalized child mean length of utterance (MLU). Verbal routines were built through repeated interaction with the same ...