cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observing the State of a Linear System

In much of modern control theory designs are based on the assumption that the state vector of the system to be controlled is available for measurement. In many practical situations only a few output quantities are available. Application of theories which assume that the state vector is known is severely limited in these cases. In this paper it is shown that the state vector of a linear system can be reconstructed from observations of the system inputs and outputs. It is shown that the observer, which reconstructs the state vector, is itself a linear system whose complexity decreases as the number of output quantities available increases. The observer may be incorporated in the control of a system which does not have its state vector available for measurement. The observer supplies the state vector, but at the expense of adding poles to the over-all system.
Dynamic Changes in Spontaneous Intracellular Free Calcium Oscillations and Their Relationship to Prolactin Gene Expression in Single, Primary Mammotropes

Cytosolic calcium plays a critical role in the control of a number of genes, including that of the pituitary hormone PRL. Cells that secrete this hormone, termed mammotropes, display spontaneous oscillations of intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) that are positively correlated to PRL release. However, the precise contribution of calcium signaling to the expression of any gene including PRL has remained obscure owing to the requirement for and lack of a strategy for monitoring both of these dynamic variables (gene expression and[ Ca2+]i oscillations) in the same living cell. In the present study, we overcame this technical limitation by making real-time measurements of PRL gene expression in transfected, primary rat mammotropes previously subjected to [Ca2+]i determinations by digital imaging fluorescence microscopy of fura-2. Our results showed that the majority of mammotropes (75%) exhibited distinct oscillatory behaviors that could be subgrouped on the basis of frequency/amplitude of[ Ca2+]i changes, w...
About the Production of the Continuous X-Ray Spectrum

I propose, therefore, to generalize my previous assumption so as to admit secondary beams to emerge from the scattering atom in all directions. This amounts to an averaging of the matrix elements defined in my former note over all possible directions. According to this new assumption, only beams emerging with zero velocity should give rise to completely polarized radiation, i.e., only radiation corresponding to the short wave-length limit will be completely polarized. This is in agreement with experiments of P. A. Ross. Furthermore, only radiation near this limit would give zero intensity in the direction of the incident beam; other parts of the continuous spectrum will, of course, furnish intensity in this direction because of the emergent beams forming an angle with the incident wave. This difference in the radiation from the limit and from other parts of the spectrum was already mentioned by Kulenkampff.
Computer Access and Internet Use by Urban and Suburban Emergency Department Customers

Abstract Background Patients are increasingly using the Internet (43% in 2000 vs. 70% in 2006) to obtain health information, but is there a difference in the ability of urban and suburban emergency department (ED) customers to access the Internet? Study Objective To assess computer and Internet resources available to and used by people waiting to be seen in an urban ED and a suburban ED. Methods Individuals waiting in the ED were asked survey questions covering demographics, type of insurance, access to a primary care provider, reason for their ED visit, computer access, and ability to access the Internet for health-related matters. Results There were 304 individuals who participated, 185 in the urban ED and 119 in the suburban ED. Urban subjects were more likely than suburban to be women, black, have low household income, and were less likely to have insurance. The groups were similar in regard to average age, education, and having a primary care physician. Suburban respondents were more likely to own a computer, but the majority in both groups had access to computers and the Internet. Their frequency of accessing the Internet was similar, as were their reasons for using it. Individuals from the urban ED were less willing to schedule appointments via the Internet but more willing to contact their health care provider via e-mail. The groups were equally willing to use the Internet to fill prescriptions and view laboratory results. Conclusion Urban and suburban ED customers had similar access to the Internet. Both groups were willing to use the Internet to access personal health information.
Exploring the Effects of Microscale Structural Heterogeneity of Forest Canopies Using Large-Eddy Simulations

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)-based Forest Large-Eddy Simulation (RAFLES), developed and evaluated here, is used to explore the effects of three-dimensional canopy heterogeneity, at the individual tree scale, on the statis- tical properties of turbulence most pertinent to mass and momentum transfer. In RAFLES, the canopy interacts with air by exerting a drag force, by restricting the open volume and apertures available for flow (i.e. finite porosity), and by acting as a heterogeneous source of heat and moisture. The first and second statistical moments of the velocity and flux profiles computed by RAFLES are compared with turbulent velocity and scalar flux measurements collected during spring and winter days. The observations were made at a meteorological tower situated within a southern hardwood canopy at the Duke Forest site, near Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A. Each of the days analyzed is characterized by distinct regimes of atmospheric stability and canopy foliage distribution conditions. RAFLES results agreed with the 30-min averaged flow statistics profiles measured at this single tower. Following this intercomparison, two case studies are numerically considered representing end-mem- bers of foliage and midday atmospheric stability conditions: one representing the winter season with strong winds above a sparse canopy and a slightly unstable boundary layer; the otherrepresentingthespringseasonwithadensecanopy,calmconditions,andastronglycon- vectiveboundarylayer.Ineachcase,resultsfromthecontrolcanopy,simulatingtheobserved heterogeneous canopy structure at the Duke Forest hardwood stand, are compared with a test case that also includes heterogeneity commensurate in scale to tree-fall gaps. The effects of such tree-scale canopy heterogeneity on the flow are explored at three levels pertinent to
Cysts of the semilunar cartilage of the knee. A light and electron microscopic study.

The semilunar cartilages of the knee of six cases showing various degrees of mucoid degeneration with cyst formation were studied with the light microscope. Three cases were selected for electron microscopic observation which revealed that some of the cystic spaces filled with mucoid material were lined by synovial cells. Masses of mucinous, alcian blue positive material (acid mucopolysaccharides) were observed also among degenerated and intact bundles of collagen. It is concluded that the accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in meniscial cysts is at least in part a product of secretion of synovial cells. This observation explains the high incidence of recurrence of meniscial cysts after incomplete surgical excision and supports the concept that it is an active rather than a degenerative process.
Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of cardiac glycosides.

any physiological actions of digitalis glvcosides have been elucidated only recently although their effects in reversing congestive heart failure and slowing the heart rate have long been known.1-3 These drugs increase myocardial contractility and produce generalized vasoconstriction with consequent increase in systemic resistance. In some species, they also evoke constriction of the hepatic veins, with resultant splanchnic pooling. These actions are similar in normal subjects and those with congestive cardiac failure, but cardiac output varies with the way in which venous return is altered. In contrast to the extensive information on cardiac and systemic actions, little is known of the way in which digitalis glycosides affect the lung circulation.4-6 Because of the potential importance of digitalis-induced vasoconstriction on the pulmonary vasculature, this report concerns the effects of acetyl strophanthidin, strophanthidin (ouabain), and digoxin on the pulmonary as well as systemic circulation of the intact unanesthetized dog. In additional experiments, to eliminate the possible role of altered right or left heart dynamics, a preparation was devised in which a mechanical pump replaced the right heart and maintained pulmonary blood flow constant. Concurrently, left atria1 pressure was maintained at con-trol level after glycoside injection.
The development of Moyamoya syndrome after proton beam therapy

The development of Moyamoya syndrome (MMS) after cranial irradiation for pediatric tumors has been well established. However, information on the development of MMS after proton beam radiotherapy is sparse. We present the case of a 2-year-old child who developed radiation-induced MMS after treatment with proton beam therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1490–1492. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progress and Promise in using Arabidopsis to Study Adaptation, Divergence, and Speciation

Fundamental questions remain to be answered on how lineages split and new species form. The Arabidopsis genus, with several increasingly well characterized species closely related to the model system A. thaliana, provides a rare opportunity to address key questions in speciation research. Arabidopsis species, and in some cases populations within a species, vary considerably in their habitat preferences, adaptations to local environments, mating system, life history strategy, genome structure and chromosome number. These differences provide numerous open doors for understanding the role these factors play in population divergence and how they may cause barriers to arise among nascent species. Molecular tools available in A. thaliana are widely applicable to its relatives, and together with modern comparative genomic approaches they will provide new and increasingly mechanistic insights into the processes underpinning lineage divergence and speciation. We will discuss recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of local adaptation, reproductive isolation and genetic incompatibility, focusing on work utilizing the Arabidopsis genus, and will highlight several areas in which additional research will provide meaningful insights into adaptation and speciation processes in this genus.
Atrial Pressure Gradients in Isolated Secundum Atrial Septal Defect and Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

The left and right atrial pressures were studied with highly amplified withdrawal pressure tracings in 57 patients: 44 with isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), eight with partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAVR) and five with isolated patent foramen ovale (PFO) in normal hearts. Patients with isolated PFO had higher right atrial “v” waves and left to right atrial mean pressure gradients as compared to patients with PAVR or isolated ASD. When compared to patients with isolated ASD, patients with PAVR had higher right atrial “a” and “v” waves as well as higher right and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was normal in patients with ASD, but was elevated in patients with PAVR as compared to patients with PFO. Patients with PAVR associated with PFO had higher left atrial to right atrial “v” wave gradient and higher left ventricular to right ventricular end-diastolic pressure difference than patients having PAVR associated with ASD. A small or absent left-to-right atrial mean pressure gradient was not essential for diagnosis of ASD. There were patients with ASD and patients with PAVR who had large pulmonary blood flow and a significant mean left-to-right atrial gradient On the other hand, there were persons with PFO who had very small mean left-to-right atrial gradients. The variables which appeared to influence the left-to-right atrial mean pressure gradient were the volume of the left-to-right shunt, the relative compliance of the two ventricles and the relative compliance of the two atria.
Wheel of Trust: A Secure Framework for Overlay-Based Services

The recent advances of distributed hash tables (DHTs) facilitate the development of highly scalable and robust network applications and services. However, with applications and services each employing their own DHTs that perform essentially the same tasks, an open infrastructure providing the core DHT functionalities for these applications and services would represent a cost-effective solution. In this paper we present a generic secure framework for deploying secure overlay-based applications/services. We combine DHTs and identity-based encryption (IBE) to develop a novel architecture that is scalable and robust against man-in-the-middle attacks. We also develop an innovative mechanism called "Wheel of Trust" that secures our framework against insider attacks. Based on the proposed architecture, we present some preliminary evaluation results from a prototype implementation.
Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy of nanoscale Si/SiO2superlattices

An atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to optimize the radio frequency (rf)/ radio frequency magnetron sputtering deposition conditions for obtaining atomically smooth, hydrogen free amorphous silicon (a-Si) and silicon dioxide (a-SiO2) thin films. Superlattices composed of periodically repeating units of nanoscale (a-Si/a-SiO2) units were fabricated at these optimized conditions and subsequently crystallized. The amorphous and crystallized superlattices were characterized by AFM and Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy of the superlattices was performed by enhancing the weak scattered signal and eliminating the silicon substrate signal by using either waveguiding, cross polarization or interferometric enhancement techniques. The enhanced Raman spectrum clearly indicates formation of nanocrystals after crystallization.
GPR-4 Is a Predicted G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Required for Carbon Source-Dependent Asexual Growth and Development in Neurospora crassa

The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is able to utilize a wide variety of carbon sources. Here, we examine the involvement of a predicted G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR-4, during growth and development in the presence of different carbon sources in N. crassa. Δgpr-4 mutants have reduced mass accumulation compared to the wild type when cultured on high levels of glycerol, mannitol, or arabinose. The defect is most severe on glycerol and is cell density dependent. The genetic and physical relationship between GPR-4 and the three N. crassa Gα subunits (GNA-1, GNA-2, and GNA-3) was explored. All three Gα mutants are defective in mass accumulation when cultured on glycerol. However, the phenotypes of Δgna-1 and Δgpr-4 Δgna-1 mutants are identical, introduction of a constitutively activated gna-1 allele suppresses the defects of the Δgpr-4 mutation, and the carboxy terminus of GPR-4 interacts most strongly with GNA-1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Although steady-state cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels are normal in Δgpr-4 strains, exogenous cAMP partially remediates the dry mass defects of Δgpr-4 mutants on glycerol medium and Δgpr-4 strains lack the transient increase in cAMP levels observed in the wild type after addition of glucose to glycerol-grown liquid cultures. Our results support the hypothesis that GPR-4 is coupled to GNA-1 in a cAMP signaling pathway that regulates the response to carbon source in N. crassa. GPR-4-related GPCRs are present in the genomes of several filamentous ascomycete fungal pathogens, raising the possibility that a similar pathway regulates carbon sensing in these organisms.
No accident: genetic codes freeze in error-correcting patterns of the standard genetic code

The standard genetic code poses a challenge in understanding the evolution of information processing at a fundamental level of biological organization. Genetic codes are generally coadapted with, or ‘frozen‘ by, the protein–coding genes that they translate, and so cannot easily change by natural selection. Yet the standard code has a significantly non–random pattern that corrects common errors in the transmission of information in protein–coding genes. Because of the freezing effect and for other reasons, this pattern has been proposed not to be due to selection but rather to be incidental to other evolutionary forces or even entirely accidental. We present results from a deterministic population genetic model of code–message coevolution. We explicitly represent the freezing effect of genes on genetic codes and the perturbative effect of changes in genetic codes on genes. We incorporate characteristic patterns of mutation and translational error, namely, transition bias and positional asymmetry, respectively. Repeated selection over small successive changes produces genetic codes that are substantially, but not optimally, error correcting. In particular, our model reproduces the error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code. Aspects of our model and results may be applicable to the general problem of adaptation to error in other natural information–processing systems.
Do voters affect or elect policies? A new perspective, with evidence from the U.S. Senate

Using quasi-experimental evidence from close elections, Lee et al. (2004) – henceforth LMB – argue competition for voters in U.S. House elections does not affect policy positions, as incumbent Senate candidates do not vote more extremely if elected than non-incumbents. Despite stronger electoral competition and greater legislative independence, similar results, shown here, hold for the Senate. Yet, the hypothesis that voters do not affect policies conflicts with how Senators moderate their positions prior to their next election. LMB-style estimates appear to be biased downwards as junior members of Congress prefer to vote more extremely than senior members, independently of their electoral strength. Corrected estimates are more favorable to the hypothesis that candidates moderate their policy choices in response to electoral competition.
Moving beyond g: linking theory, assessment and interpretation in the measurement of intelligence

Results from high‐stakes tests of intelligence are used everyday to make decisions that impact the lives of individuals and families. Although many clinicians know how to calculate test scores, few have a firm understanding of the construct intelligence, how tests measure intelligence, and more importantly, how results from intelligence tests may be used to develop client specific recommendations and interventions.
Community Analysis of Plant Biomass-Degrading Microorganisms from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels can potentially be improved by employing robust microorganisms and enzymes that efficiently deconstruct plant polysaccharides at elevated temperatures. Many of the geothermal features of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) are surrounded by vegetation providing a source of allochthonic material to support heterotrophic microbial communities adapted to utilize plant biomass as a primary carbon and energy source. In this study, a well-known hot spring environment, Obsidian Pool (OBP), was examined for potential biomass-active microorganisms using cultivation-independent and enrichment techniques. Analysis of 33,684 archaeal and 43,784 bacterial quality-filtered 16S rRNA gene pyrosequences revealed that archaeal diversity in the main pool was higher than bacterial; however, in the vegetated area, overall bacterial diversity was significantly higher. Of notable interest was a flooded depression adjacent to OBP supporting a stand of Juncus tweedyi, a heat-tolerant rush commonly found growing near geothermal features in YNP. The microbial community from heated sediments surrounding the plants was enriched in members of the Firmicutes including potentially (hemi)cellulolytic bacteria from the genera Clostridium, Anaerobacter, Caloramator, Caldicellulosiruptor, and Thermoanaerobacter. Enrichment cultures containing model and real biomass substrates were established at a wide range of temperatures (55–85 °C). Microbial activity was observed up to 80 °C on all substrates including Avicel, xylan, switchgrass, and Populus sp. Independent of substrate, Caloramator was enriched at lower ( 65 °C) temperatures.
Studies on Selective Growth and In Situ Etching of 4H-SiC Using a TaC Mask

We have previously reported on the selective growth of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers on a 4HSiC substrates in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor using TaC mask. It was shown that pn junctions fabricated using selectively grown n-layers on trench etched p-substrates have properties similar to the mesa etched pn junction diodes, indicating good interface properties. In this paper, we present more systematic studies on the selective growth and in-situ selective etching of 4H-SiC using a TaC mask. The morphological evolution during selective epitaxy as a function of crystallographic orientation was analyzed. Anisotropy in surface morphology along and has been observed. Cross sectional SEM viewgraphs show lateral overgrowth on the TaC mask, and the extent of lateral overgrowth varied with the stripe orientation. It was found that the “growth window” for selective growth was a function of the surface area covered by the TaC mask as well as the window opening to mask width ratios. Experiments with various window widths to mask width ratios have been carried out to investigate the selective growth process using this mask.
Dissociation of Persistent Estrus and a Free-Running Activity Cycle in Different Light Cycles

Persistent estrus and free-running activity cycles of female albino rats have been shown in previous studies to develop in long photoperiods and non-24 h light cycles. In the present study, estrous cyclicity and running activity were monitored simultaneously in varying photoperiods (LD 12:12, 20:4, 22:2 and 23:1) and cycle lengths (22, 23, 24, 25 and 26.5 h). Contrary to expectations, there was no correlation between the induction of persistent estrus and a freerunning activity cycle. The data support the notion that although estrous cyclicity and running activity are related, the controlling elements for these rhythms are separable.
SAR evaluation of a multi-antenna system

This paper describes the effect of the field distribution stemming from multiple transmit antennas on a single handset. The purpose of the experiment is to analyze the SAR effect from multiple transmit antennas on one single board and this could be the case in a multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) antenna design. The question to be answered is how two transmit antennas transmitting at the same frequency but with variable phase will impact the field distribution and max levels on a handset and in a head phantom.
Abdominal menstrual fistula. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Abstract A case is presented of uteroabdominal menstrual fistula following a classical cesarean section and due to a foreign body. Thirty-three cases of menstrual fistula reported since 1928 are reviewed.
The rise of cloud computing systems

In this talk I will describe the development of systems that underlie modern cloud computing systems. This development shares much of its motivation with the related fields of transaction processing systems and high performance computing, but because of scale, these systems tend to have more emphasis on fault tolerance using software techniques. Important developments in the development of modern cloud systems include very high performance distributed file system, such as the Google File System (Ghemawat et al., SOSP 2003), reliable computational frameworks such as MapReduce (Dean & Ghemawat, OSDI 2004) and Dryad (Isard et al., 2007), and large scale structured storage systems such as BigTable (Chang et al. 2006), Dynamo (DeCandia et al., 2007), and Spanner (Corbett et al., 2012). Scheduling computations can either be done using virtual machines (exemplified by VMWare's products), or as individual processes or containers. The development of public cloud platforms such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform, allow external developers to utilize these large-scale services to build new and interesting services and products, benefiting from the economies of scale of large datacenters and the ability to grow and shrink computing resources on demand across millions of customers.
A Reply to Professor Chung

The article presents a response to a comment from Professor Kae H. Chung on his article titled “In Defense of Subjective Executive Appraisal” in the September 1969 issue of this publication. The au...
Association of mouse pathogenic strain of Echo virus type 9 with aseptic meningitis.

SummaryFrom an outbreak of 11 cases of aseptic meningitis near Cambridge, England, during the autumn of 1955, echo-9 virus was isolated from 4 patients. In addition, 7 cases and two family contacts showed rising titres of neutralizing antibody to this virus. From 2 subsequent outbreaks of febrile headache in this region during the summer and autumn of 1956, echo-9 virus was isolated from 6 patients and rising titres of neutralizing antibody were detected in sera from 8 patients. These data, plus the recent echo-9 isolations from spinal fluids as well as from the alimentary tract of aseptic meningitis cases in other outbreaks, strongly suggest that echo-9 virus has caused severe and mild cases of this syndrome. English strains isolated in 1955 and 1956 were found to produce myositis and paralysis in infant mice indistinguishable from that produced by group A Coxsackie viruses.
Fine structure of annellophores

This report of electron microscopy of conidiogenesis forms part of a continuing series attempting to refine conidium ontogeny concepts. In Doratomyces nanus (Ehrenb. ex Link) Morton & Smith verrucosities appeared early in proliferation and expansion of the conidium initial. When conidia seceded, the lower septal layer became a part of the wall of the subsequent conidium. This total involvement of the conidium-delimiting septa is characteristic of typical annellophores. Conidium-delimiting septa developed an electron-dense layer and, upon secession, conidia were surrounded on all sides with wall layers exhibiting differential electron transmission properties.
Survey of Entomology Courses Currently Being Taught in the United States

The results of various surveys dealing with the subject of entomological training in the United States have been reported by Freeborn et al. (1960), Ashdown (1971) and Huddleston (1978). These surveys were designed to ascertain the number of students enrolled and the institutions offering entomological training. As an expansion of these studies the Special Committee on Education of the Entomological Society of America submitted another questionnaire to the department heads of the 58 institutions listed by Huddleston (1978). This questionnaire was designed to obtain information concerning the titles of the courses offered, the average enrollment in these courses, the academic level of these courses, e.g., undergraduate or graduate level. whether these courses were required for entomology majors and if the courses had laboratories associated with them. An additional goal of the survey was to determine if syllabi had been prepared for the courses offered.
Extending human proprioception to cyber-physical systems

Despite advances in computational cognition, there are many cyber-physical systems where human supervision and control is desirable. One pertinent example is the control of a robot arm, which can be found in both humanoid and commercial ground robots. Current control mechanisms require the user to look at several screens of varying perspective on the robot, then give commands through a joystick-like mechanism. This control paradigm fails to provide the human operator with an intuitive state feedback, resulting in awkward and slow behavior and underutilization of the robot's physical capabilities. To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce a new human-machine interface that extends the operator's proprioception by exploiting sensory substitution. Humans have a proprioceptive sense that provides us information on how our bodies are configured in space without having to directly observe our appendages. We constructed a wearable device with vibrating actuators on the forearm, where frequency of vibration corresponds to the spatial configuration of a robotic arm. The goal of this interface is to provide a means to communicate proprioceptive information to the teleoperator. Ultimately we will measure the change in performance (time taken to complete the task) achieved by the use of this interface.
Blues and the Pedagogical Subject

Let’s begin with a story. This particular anecdote has circulated among musicians of my acquaintance for so long that its specifics have been worn away through retelling, to the point that it is probably better to consider it apocryphal rather than historical. But since something like it has happened to most of us in that circle — thus giving the story its interest and its life — it seems to me that there are some powerful suggestions, even truths, in its outline.
Structural Alterations to the Endothelial Tight Junction Complex During Stroke

Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke cause marked blood–brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit dysfunction in humans and in animal models. The tight junctions (TJs) that link the cerebral endothelial cells are critical for BBB function and they undergo marked modifications after stroke. Those changes contribute to increased BBB permeability, brain edema, and leukocyte infiltration, all hallmarks of stroke. This review describes the types of TJ modifications that occur after stroke (e.g., protein phosphorylation, altered protein/protein interactions, protein relocation, and degradation), the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions. While the effects of stroke on the BBB have long been considered as secondary to neuronal injury, increasing evidence stresses the importance of neurovascular injury in stroke and that BBB damage may be a cause rather than a result of stroke-induced parenchymal damage.
Health Literacy Assessment in an Otolaryngology Clinic Population.

ObjectiveTo assess health literacy in an adult tertiary care otolaryngology clinic population and to explore potential determinants of inadequate health literacy.Study DesignCross-sectional study.S...
Hematuria: Gross and Microscopic

The etiology of hematuria in the pediatric population is varied and ranges from infections, trauma, medical renal diseases, and urolithiasis, to congenital urologic conditions and, rarely, malignancies of the urinary tract. More often than not, hematuria in children is caused by medical rather than surgical processes. Hematuria may be characterized as microscopic or macroscopic (gross) and may be present with or without proteinuria. Although microscopic hematuria is much more common than macroscopic hematuria, the yield of an extensive work-up for isolated microscopic hematuria is low. Children with persistent isolated microhematuria should be evaluated with a urine Ca/Cr ratio, parental urinalysis, and annual renal function tests and blood pressure measurements to ensure that they do not develop hypertension or significant proteinuria. Children with gross hematuria should undergo a complete evaluation with CBC, serum C3 and C4, BUN, creatinine, potassium, ASO titers, coagulation parameters, and autoantibody titers such ANA, pANCA, cANCA, dsDNA, and anti-GBM in the setting of a relevant family history. Renal-bladder ultrasound is also recommended, along with renal biopsy for glomerulonephropathy. Invasive tests such as cystoscopy should be reserved for cases where the preceding work-up is inconclusive. Urologic referral is indicated when the work-up is suggestive of an anatomic abnormality, tumor, calculus, trauma, or recurrent macroscopic hematuria of undetermined origin. In contrast, the presence of hematuria in association with hypertension, proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, systemic disease, or a family history of renal disease almost always warrants referral to a nephrologist.
Possibilities for Total Student Participation in Discussion: My Testing Queue.

Technology continues to evolve, and it is time to try out some new technology in my classroom to help ensure student participation.
Hope Across Achievement: Examining Psychometric Properties of the Children’s Hope Scale Across the Range of Achievement:

In this study, the psychometric properties of Children’s Hope Scale (CHS) scores were examined in three different adolescent samples: an academically gifted sample (n = 321), a general education sa...
Conservation planning for freshwater–marine carryover effects on Chinook salmon survival

Experiences of migratory species in one habitat may affect their survival in the next habitat, in what is known as carryover effects. These effects are especially relevant for understanding how freshwater experience affects survival in anadromous fishes. Here, we study the carryover effects of juvenile salmon passage through a hydropower system (Snake and Columbia rivers, northwestern United States). To reduce the direct effect of hydrosystem passage on juveniles, some fishes are transported through the hydrosystem in barges, while the others are allowed to migrate in-river. Although hydrosystem survival of transported fishes is greater than that of their run-of-river counterparts, their relative juvenile-to-adult survival (hereafter survival) can be less. We tested for carryover effects using generalized linear mixed effects models of survival with over 1 million tagged Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (Salmonidae), migrating in 1999-2013. Carryover effects were identified with rear-type (wild vs. hatchery), passage-type (run-of-river vs. transported), and freshwater and marine covariates. Importantly, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index characterizing cool/warm (i.e., productive/nonproductive) ocean phases had a strong influence on the relative survival of rear- and passage-types. Specifically, transportation benefited wild Chinook salmon more in cool PDO years, while hatchery counterparts benefited more in warm PDO years. Transportation was detrimental for wild Chinook salmon migrating early in the season, but beneficial for later season migrants. Hatchery counterparts benefited from transportation throughout the season. Altogether, wild fish could benefit from transportation approximately 2 weeks earlier during cool PDO years, with still a benefit to hatchery counterparts. Furthermore, we found some support for hypotheses related to higher survival with increased river flow, high predation in the estuary and plume areas, and faster migration and development-related increased survival with temperature. Thus, pre- and within-season information on local- and broad-scale conditions across habitats can be useful for planning and implementing real-time conservation programs.
Generating Mobile Application Onboarding Insights Through Minimalist Instruction

Mobile application designers use onboarding task flows to help first time users learn and engage with key application functionality. Although some guidelines for designing onboarding flows have been offered by practitioners, a systematic, research-informed approach is needed. In this paper, we present the creation of a method for designing mobile application onboarding experiences. We used the minimalist instruction framework to engage twelve university students in an iterative set of design and evaluation activities. Participants interacted with a physical prototype of an educational badging mobile application through a semi-structured exploration and reflection activity, bookended by structured mini-interviews. We found that this method facilitated engagement with participants' meaning-making processes, resulting in useful design insights and the creation of an onboarding task flow. Research opportunities for integrating instructional design and learning approaches in HCI in the context of onboarding are considered.
A blocks-based language for program correctness proofs

While formal mathematical reasoning is the cornerstone of computer science, undergraduates often fail to appreciate the value of mathematical proof in their studies. To alleviate this problem, we propose a novel pedagogy uniting logical reasoning with proofs of program correctness along with a proof assistant, ORC2A, that helps students author proofs in this domain. One of the defining features of ORC2A is that it has a blocks-based surface language of proof to reduce friction when adopting the tool in the classroom. We report on the current progress on ORC2A, in particular, its blocks-based interface, current design consideration, and our plans for evaluating the system.
Metabolic imaging for breast cancer detection and treatment: a role for mitochondrial Complex I function

Cancer cells are known to display a variety of metabolic reprogramming strategies to fulfill their own growth and proliferative agenda. With the advent of high resolution imaging strategies, metabolomics techniques etc., there is an increasing appreciation of critical role that tumor cell metabolism plays in the overall breast cancer (BC) growth. A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated that the development of invasive cancers could be causally connected to deficits in mitochondrial function. Using this study as a rationale, we hypothesize that the widely accepted multistep tumor growth model might have a strong metabolic component as well. In this study, we explore the possibility of targeting mitochondrial Complex I enzyme system for not only metabolic detection of cancer-associated redox changes but also for modulating breast cancer cell growth characteristics. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate two approaches (pharmacological and genetic) for modulating mitochondrial Complex I function so as to achieve breast cancer control.
Figure/Ground: Segmentation and Aggregation

Previously, we presented inference rules for interpreting images as surfaces [BINFORD 81; LOWE and BINFORD 81]. We extend that analysis to the figure/ ground problem, which we formulate as the discovery of non-random structure in images, whether interpreted as surfaces in three spaces, or as patterns and texture in the plane. We consider the organization of images as images, i.e. the formation of canonical groupings which do not have direct interpretations as surfaces in three space. This analysis is based on the same perceptual principles as the previous work. A uniform mechanism based on lateral inhibition unifies segmentation and aggregation.
Topological Transitions in Hele-Shaw Flow

The processes which lead to topological reconfiguration of fluid interfaces are studied in Hele-Shaw flow. This is motivated by recent experiments of droplet forma tion through the osculation of two interfaces separating immiscible fluids. In the Hele-Shaw approximation, such a configuration reduces to interface dynamics through their representation as vortex sheets. To begin, we focus on thin fluid layers and develop an asymptotic theory which yields simplified, nonlinear equations for the local thickness. As particular examples, we consider the dynamics of gravity driven fluid jets, as well as the motion of unstably stratified fluid layers. In both cases, the bounding interfaces collide at a finite time, with an associated singularity in the fluid velocity. Some comparison is made with simulations of the full Hele-Shaw equations, and connections with experiments are discussed.
An investigation of opportunistic constraint satisfaction in space planning

We are investigating constraint directed heuristic search as a means for performing design in the field of space planning. Space planning is selecting, dimensioning, locating and shaping design units to create two dimensional layouts based on functional, topological and geometrical considerations. Search is carried out using operators at different abstraction levels and design objects at different levels of detail. Constraints are used to represent domain knowledge, to define the search space by specifying operators in means ends analysis manner, and to rate the partial candidate solutions using importances associated with each constraint. Search is carried out opportunistically. The philosophy behind opportunism is that understanding the approximate topology of the search space will lead to efficient search. Uncertainty associated with constraints is derived and used to identify islands of certainty in the search space, which are used as starting points and anchors for search. The knowledge that enables us to identify opportunistic decisions are interactions between constraints and the usefulness of a constraint in different situations. The resulting uncertainty measure will be tested by observing the problem solving behavior it causes in different search spaces.
Treatment Refusal in Arizona's Jail-Based Competency to Stand Trial Restoration Programs

In 2003, Arizona began a jail-based restoration to competency program for detainees in its largest jail system in Phoenix. Today, jail-based competency programs have become the rule statewide to the degree that very few incompetent detainees are now referred to the Arizona State Hospital for restoration services. This article focuses on the topic of treatment refusal and the use of forced medications for detainees who are in these jail-based restoration programs. We describe Arizona's novel statewide jail-based programs, Arizona's statutory and case law approach to treatment refusal, and the restoration to competency programs in one large county jail that has no legal mechanism outside of civil commitment for the determination of whether forced treatment will be permitted. We conclude with a discussion of specific override procedures that might apply directly to incompetent detainees in a jail-based competency restoration program and whether the use of these procedures is prudent in a jail environment.
A Three-Stage Solution Algorithm for Chemical Production Scheduling

Abstract A novel algorithm that exploits the strengths of discrete- and continuous-time scheduling mathematical programming formulations is proposed. It consists of three stages, in which (i) an approximate solution is obtained using a discrete-time mixed-integer programming scheduling model, (ii) the solution is mapped onto continuous-time grids via a mapping algorithm, and (iii) the accuracy of the solution is improved by solving a continuous-time linear programming model. Two types of continuous-time grids are introduced, namely unit- and material-specific grids, to ensure feasible unit utilization and material balance in the model. An extensive computational study is performed, showing that the algorithm is capable of finding high quality solutions orders of magnitudes faster than traditional methods.
The Value of Flexibility From Opaque Selling

An opaque product is a product where some secondary attribute is not revealed to the customer until after purchase. Selling opaque products has become popular on e-commerce platforms where the hidden attribute is often color or style, thanks to its obvious advantage in risk pooling the demand. The objective of this study is to quantify the value of consumer flexibility that underlies opaque selling. We consider a setting in which an online retailer sells N products that only differ in a certain secondary attribute, and in addition offers a k-opaque option where customers select k products from which the seller allocates one to the customer. We assume that the prices are exogenously set such that q fraction of the customers select the k-opaque option. We refer to the tuple (q,k) as the degree of opacity, where the flexibility of the system is increasing in both q and k. When q=0 or k=1, our setting reduces to traditional non-opaque selling with no flexibility, and when the degree of opacity is (1,N), this corresponds to a fully flexible scenario where every customer is willing to receive any product. We find that even with a minimal degree of opacity where q is very small and k=2, the seller can achieve significant cost savings which we quantify precisely. Remarkably, we find that the cost savings from this minimal degree of opacity is on the same order as the fully flexible case corresponding to (1,N). This finding has practical managerial implications, as achieving (1,N) is practically infeasible since it would require substantial incentives by the seller to materialize. Our proofs rely on analyzing a simple balancing policy to allocate products to opaque customers, and explores a novel connection to the balls-into-bins framework. As a byproduct of our analysis, we show that the simple balancing policy is asymptotically optimal. Finally, we provide numerical experiments that suggest our main insight, namely that a small degree of opacity provides advantages akin to a fully flexible system, holds under various extensions of our core setting.
Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology for Hematopathology

Molecular genetic tests provide objective evidence for a final diagnosis and refined classification in hematopathology. In this chapter, the principles of genetic and molecular tests, including chromosome analysis (conventional karyotyping), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microarray, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based tests, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based clonality tests and cancer mutation profiling, are outlined to help understand their application in clinical practice. The test methods frequently used to assess bone marrow and lymph node samples are compared in detail for their advantages and disadvantages, to help pathologists make better decision in choosing the most appropriate test to facilitate pathologic diagnosis. The concept of a clonal process is introduced, followed by discussions on the relationship between a clonal process and a neoplasm and the tests used in detecting clonality, clonal diversity, and clonal evolution. The approaches to identify clonal B-cell or T-cell population based on the immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene rearrangement are described with focus on their indications, value in facilitating lymphoma diagnosis, and the pitfalls in result interpretation. Detection of chromosome rearrangements and fusion genes is frequently used to confirm a diagnosis and monitor treatment response. Different methods are explained for their utility in identifying commonly seen translocations including BCR-ABL1, PML-RARA, IGH/BCL2, CCND1/IGH, and other less well-defined, not disease-specific chromosome rearrangements. The application of PCR-based methods, Sanger sequencing, and pyrosequencing in identifying mutations is elaborated with a special focus on how to choose these methods for different diagnostic indications in a cost-effective way. Questions about the benefit of performing clonality test by NGS and the indications of NGS-based mutation profiling for hematopoietic and lymphoid disorders are answered. In the second part of the chapter, five cases are presented to illustrate how an appropriate molecular genetic test is used to facilitate the final diagnosis of each case. The tests used in these five cases include the conventional karyotyping to detect complicated translocations, a FISH test needed for the final diagnosis of a B-cell lymphoma, the clonality tests to facilitate a diagnosis of a T-cell lymphoma, and the NGS-based mutation profiling to identify a germline mutation that would likely be missed without the novel technology.