cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An incremental local algorithm for better voltage control in distribution networks

Motivated by the inability of the existing local voltage control schemes to stabilize the voltages to within the acceptable ranges, we propose a new local voltage control algorithm where each bus adjusts incrementally its reactive power in response to its voltage deviation from the nominal value. We show that the dynamical system with the proposed incremental control can be seen as a distributed algorithm for solving a well-defined optimization problem that minimizes the cost of voltage deviation, and give a sufficient condition under which the dynamical system converges. This optimization-based characterization of equilibrium and dynamical properties of the incremental local voltage control suggests a straightforward way to stabilize the distribution system to within the desired acceptable voltage ranges by simply specifying the control function's deadband as the acceptable voltage range. Numerical examples with a real world distribution circuit are provided to complement the theoretical analysis.
The Idea of Order: Transforming Research Collections for 21st Century Scholarship

The Idea of Order explores the transition from an analog to a digital environment for knowledge access, preservation, and reconstitution, and the implications of this transition for managing resear...
Returns to scale in electricity generation: Replicated and revisited

Abstract We replicate the findings of two influential studies on returns to scale in the United States electricity generation market. The main results are contrasted using both local-linear nonparametric regression, a technique robust to parametric functional form assumptions, as well as an updated data set. While the quantitative findings across all of the estimators deployed differ somewhat regarding the magnitude of returns to scale, we document a decrease in returns to scale within the electricity generation market from 1955 to 1996.
Identification of release sources in advection–diffusion system by machine learning combined with Green’s function inverse method

Abstract The identification of sources of advection–diffusion transport is based usually on solving complex ill-posed inverse models against the available state-variable data records. However, if there are several sources with different locations and strengths, the data records represent mixtures rather than the separate influences of the original sources. Importantly, the number of these original release sources is typically unknown, which hinders reliability of the classical inverse-model analyses. To address this challenge, we present here a novel hybrid method for identification of the unknown number of release sources. Our hybrid method, called HNMF, couples unsupervised learning based on Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and inverse-analysis Green’s functions method. HNMF synergistically performs decomposition of the recorded mixtures, finds the number of the unknown sources and uses the Green’s function of advection–diffusion equation to identify their characteristics. In the paper, we introduce the method and demonstrate that it is capable of identifying the advection velocity and dispersivity of the medium as well as the unknown number, locations, and properties of various sets of synthetic release sources with different space and time dependencies, based only on the recorded data. HNMF can be applied directly to any problem controlled by a partial-differential parabolic equation where mixtures of an unknown number of sources are measured at multiple locations.
Developing Emotional Intelligence in Learners with Behavioral Problems: Refocusing Special Education:

To a large measure, students are not identified with behavior problems when they achieve high test scores and when they come from supposedly good homes and attend good schools that are located in g...
The Exploitation of Genetic Resources

Modern agriculture depends on a flow of improved forms of crop plants. These are fashioned by breeders from germplasm which provides the genetic information needed to increase yield and quality and add resistance to pests, diseases and adverse environmental factors such as drought, temperature extremes and toxic soils. In the industrialized countries genetic resources are maintained and evaluated in collections supported by public funds. The Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) supports international, regional and some national collections for the benefit of industrialized and developing countries. Among these are the collections of the International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCS) one of which, the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, plays a central coordinating role. While agriculture has always been concerned with maximizing production at the lowest possible monetary cost, other factors, such as the environment and consumer health, have begun to play a part in determining agricultural strategies in recent years. In the developing world agricultural production is geared first to satisfying the demands of human hunger, and then to exports that generate foreign exchange to improve the standard of living of the population. However, here also pressure to maintain environmental quality is growing. There are two views of the exploitation of genetic resources. One is that it represents the utilization of a natural resource.
Braucht die Psychoanalyse noch Feinde, wenn sie einen Freund wie Professor Grünbaum hat?

Nur wenige Disziplinen in der Biomedizin oder den Naturwissenschaften musten derartige Schmahungen und Bewunderung uber sich ergehen lassen wie die Psychoanalyse. Mit dieser Art Theorie (oder Theorien) und Theoretikern, wie sie deren Befurworter darstellen, setzen sich Wissenschaftsphilosophen nur zu gern auseinander. Die Befurworter und Kritiker der Psychoanalyse stimmen noch nicht einmal darin uberein, was die Psychoanalyse eigentlich ist — eine klinische Therapie, eine Theorie der seelischen Funktionen oder beides. Tatsachlich sind sich die getreuesten Verfechter der Psychoanalyse so unsicher uber die theoretische Fundiertheit und die wissenschaftliche Stellung der Disziplin, das sie bezuglich der Soliditat des gesamten Unternehmens ganz genau auf die Kommentare der Wissenschaftsphilosophen achten. Die Bereitschaft, der Philosophie Beachtung zu schenken, last die Psychoanalyse fast einzigartig dastehen unter allen Disziplinen, die fur sich den Mantel der Wissenschaft beanspruchen wollen, wobei Zyniker reklamieren konnten, das eine Disziplin, die den Wissenschaftsphilosophen so starke Beachtung schenkt, sowieso in den letzten Zugen liegt.
[Prophylaxis and management of catheter-associated infections in peritoneal dialysis patients: recent studies and guidelines].

Die Prophylaxe und die Behandlung von Katheter-assoziierten Infektionen an der Peritonealdialyse (PD) sind ein Schlussel zum Erfolg dieser Art der Nierenersatztherapie. Die prophylaktische systemische Antibiotikagabe bei Katheterimplantation reduziert signifikant das Risiko fur eine Peritonitis im ersten Monat nach Operation, nicht aber fur eine Katheteraustrittsstellen-(KAST-) oder Tunnelinfektion. Obwohl randomisierte Studien, die einen Benefit durch die Verwendung von Povidon-Jod oder Natriumhypochlorid bei chronischen PD-Patienten beweisen, fehlen, wird dennoch die Desinfektion der Katheteraustrittstelle mit lokalen Antiseptika in den meisten Guidelines empfohlen. Ein weiterer prophylaktischer Therapieansatz ist die Verwendung von lokalen Antibiotika intranasal oder um den Katheter. Die Verwendung von Mupirocin fuhrt zu einer Senkung der Rate von Tunnel- und Exit-site-Infektionen sowie der Zahl der Staphylococcus-aureus-Carrier. Ebenso effektiv ist Gentamycin, das zusatzlich auch gegen Pseudomonaden wirksam ist. Bei der lokalen Anwendung beider Antibiotika ist aber die Gefahr der Resistenzentwicklung zu beachten. Eine orale Antibiotika-Prophylaxe bei chronischen PD-Patienten kann nach der derzeitigen Datenlage nicht empfohlen werden, zusatzlich sind systemische Nebenwirkungen mehrfach beschrieben. Quelle fur S.-aureus-Besiedelungen konnen auch Familienmitglieder und medizinisches Personal sein. Es gibt jedoch keine allgemein anerkannten internationalen Protokolle, die den Sinn eines Screenings oder einer prophylaktischen Therapie dieser Personen beweisen. Welche Verbandstechnik derzeit zu bevorzugen ist (beziehungsweise ob uberhaupt ein Verband notwendig ist), oder auch die Frage nach der Bedeutung von Mundmasken bei Verband- oder Beutelwechsel kann aufgrund der derzeit vorhandenen Literatur nicht beantwortet werden. Es fehlen auch randomisierte, kontrollierte Studien, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob PD-Patienten ohne Gefahr schwimmen oder in die Sauna gehen durfen. Die Diagnostik und Klassifikation von Katheter-assoziierten Infektionen sind international nicht standardisiert und bislang Thema von nur wenigen Arbeiten. Zur Erfassung des Ausmases einer Infektion mit oder ohne Tunnelbeteiligung und der Verlaufkontrolle unter Therapie im Falle einer Tunnelinfektion ist die Sonographie ein bisher zu wenig genutztes, aber wertvolles Instrument. Katheter-assoziierte Infektionen sollten mindestens 2 Wochen antibiotisch behandelt werden, wobei, mit Ausnahme des Methicillin-resistenten S. aureus, die orale der intraperitonealen Gabe gleichwertig ist. Ein eindeutiger Zeitpunkt, zu dem ein CAPD-Katheter nach Nierentransplantation entfernt werden sollte, kann nach der derzeit vorliegenden Literatur nicht festgelegt werden.
Cross-modal phonetic encoding facilitates the McGurk illusion and phonemic restoration.

Using a variant of the McGurk illusion experimental design (using the syllables /ba/ and /wa/), we demonstrate that lipreading influences phonetic encoding at the auditory cortex. We show that the ...
Revisiting Creating a New Medina: Reflections on Fault-lines of Partition Historiography

This essay responds to various questions and criticisms that have been articulated regarding my book, Creating a New Medina, over the last nearly four years since its publication. It locates the book in the field of Partition studies and clarifies its arguments and contributions to the debates on Partition and Pakistan. It then addresses the most prominent criticisms—be they methodological, historiographic or political—by choosing four reviews by scholars in the field. These reviews have appeared in a variety of venues- an online news portal, a long form narrative journalism magazine, and a literary journal devoted to reviews of books in India, besides a professional scholarly journal in the U.S. In the process of replying to critiques, the essay also indexes a range of extensive and thoughtful comments by scholars in various fields thus pointing to the nature of conversations that have happened in the aftermath of the book. It concludes that arguments on the Partition are by no means over and bound to continue. It consequently calls for a civil debate based on careful historical research that is communicated in clear writing, to keep up the robust conversation on what remains a compelling subject in which not just scholars but the general public at large in the subcontinent along with its far-flung diaspora remain passionately interested and invested.
A new multilabeling technique for simultaneous demonstration of different islet cells in permanent slides

We describe a simple immunohistochemical method for simultaneous demonstration of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide cells of the Langerhans islet in routinely fixed paraffin-embedded human and Syrian hamster pancreases. With the use of alcohol insoluble chromogens, the slides can be mounted in Permount and be kept permanently without losing the color quality and intensity. With this technique, the spatial topographical distribution and morphology of the individual pancreatic endocrine cells can be investigated in the healthy and diseased pancreas.
VETA: a Matlab toolbox for the collection and analysis of electromyography combined with transcranial magnetic stimulation

Abstract The combination of electromyography (EMG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers a powerful non-invasive approach for investigating corticospinal excitability in both humans and animals. Acquiring and analyzing the data produced with this combination of tools requires overcoming multiple technical hurdles. Due in part to these technical hurdles, the field lacks standard routines for EMG data collection and analysis. This poses a problem for study replication and direct comparisons. Although software toolboxes already exist that perform either online EMG data visualization or offline analysis, there currently are no openly available toolboxes that flexibly perform both and also interface directly with peripheral EMG and TMS equipment. Here, we introduce Visualize EMG TMS Analyze (VETA), a MATLAB-based toolbox that supports simultaneous EMG data collection and visualization as well as automated offline processing and is specially tailored for use with motor TMS. The VETA toolbox enables the simultaneous recording of EMG, timed administration of TMS, and presentation of behavioral stimuli from a single computer. These tools also provide a streamlined analysis pipeline with interactive data visualization. Finally, VETA offers a standard EMG data format to facilitate data sharing and open science.
Build It Better: Tinkering in Feminist Maker Pedagogy

“Taking responsibility for the social relations of science and technology means refusing an anti-science metaphysics.” —Donna Haraway, The Cyborg ManifestoIt is the first day of a new semester. I a...
Optimal Configuration of an Underdrain Delivery System for a Stormwater Infiltration Trench

AbstractPerformance of a green infrastructure (GI) tree trench comprising planters, an underground rock infiltration bed, inlet structures collecting runoff, and a perforated underdrain pipe delive...
Patient Capital: The Role of Family Firms in Sustainable Business

Sustainable businesses create economic and social value while simultaneously protecting the natural environment for future generations. This examination of environmental sustainability through the lens of the family business identifies factors that help family and non-family organizations address the dilemma of balancing short-term productivity, efficiency and profitability objectives, with innovating for long-term sustainable value creation. Exploring the case of the wine industry - an industry characterized by a variety of governance systems - Sanjay and Pramodita Sharma develop fresh insights into influences and drivers for proactive environmental strategies to address major global sustainability challenges. By doing so, the authors are able to demonstrate that family firms with a focus on trans-generational continuity of business, long temporal orientation, shared vision, faster decision-making processes, and the goal of preserving socio-emotional wealth are more likely to make patient long-term investments for innovations in products, services, processes and business models to address environmental sustainability challenges.
Highly sensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensors based on photoresist derived carbon for cancer biomarker detection

Abstract -Label-free electrochemical aptasensors for cancer biomarker detection can be a promising means for early detection of cancer due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, and low cost. In this study, a highly sensitive and selective label-free electrochemical aptasensor based on carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) was developed for the detection of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). The active electrodes of the aptasensors were synthesized via carbonization of SU-8 derived electrodes at high temperatures in an oxygen-free furnace. An oxygen-plasma oxidation treatment was used to functionalize the C-MEMS electrodes, which provided efficient covalent immobilization of amino terminated affinity aptamers. The turn-off and turn-on detection strategies–based on capacitance and resistance measurement, respectively—were employed. The capacitance detection strategies exhibited a wide linear response range of 0.01–50 nM, with a high sensitivity of 3.33 mF cm-2 Logc-1 (unit of c, nM) and a low limit of detection of 7 pM (S/N = 3). The resistance detection strategies exhibited an even wider linear response range of 0.005–50 nM, and a lower limit of detection of 1.9 pM (S/N = 3), with a high sensitivity of 1.65 × 103 Ω Logc-1 (unit of c, nM). Both detection strategies provided high selectivity for PDGF-BB and high stability of 90.34% after 10 days. This research demonstrates that the developed label-free electrochemical C-MEMS based PDGF-BB aptasensor is highly sensitive, selective, and robust. This aptasensor is a promising prospect for the highly demanding task of early detection of cancer biomarkers.
Why the men's UEFA Champions League reduces competitive balance in domestic football leagues: an empirical study of the French league

This paper provides some empirical foundation in support of the observation that the men's UEFA Champions League (CL) reduces competitive balance in domestic football leagues. It relies on the assumption that clubs' optimal budgets result from win-maximising strategies, accounting for similarly driven budget decisions from competitors in the domestic league and are thus ultimately determined through a Nash equilibrium process. Using a panel of 23 professional French clubs over nine consecutive seasons (2004/2005-2012/2013), we estimate such optimal budgets, and measure the extent to which access to the Champions League amplifies budget inequalities between clubs. Our results suggest that the CL amplifies inequalities by a magnitude significantly larger than the direct income received from UEFA for participating in the CL.
Does the ACS NSQIP Surgical Risk Calculator Accurately Predict Complications Rates After Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion Procedures

STUDY DESIGN Clinical case series. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) surgical risk calculator in the prediction of complications after anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Identifying at-risk patients may aid in the prevention of complications after spine procedures. The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator was developed to predict 30-day postoperative complications for a variety of operative procedures. METHODS Medical records of patients undergoing ALIF at our institution from 2009 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and comorbidity variables were entered into the ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator to generate percentage predictions for complication incidence within 30 days postoperatively. The observed incidences of these complications were also abstracted from the medical record. The predictive ability of the ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator was assessed in comparison to the observed incidence of complications using area under the curve (AUC) analyses. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-three (253) patients were analyzed. The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator was a fair predictor of discharge to non-home facility (AUC 0.71) and surgical site infection (AUC 0.70). The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator was a good predictor of acute kidney injury/progressive renal insufficiency (AUC 0.81). The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator was not an adequate predictive tool for any other category, including: pneumonia, urinary tract infections, venous thromboembolism, readmission, reoperations, and aggregate complications (AUC < 0.70). CONCLUSION The ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator is an adequate predictive tool for a subset of complications after ALIF including acute kidney injury/progressive renal insufficiency, surgical site infections, and discharge to non-home facilities. However, it is a poor predictor for all other complication groups. The reliability of the ACS NSQIP surgical risk calculator is limited, and further identification of models for risk stratification is necessary for patients undergoing ALIF.Level of Evidence: 3.
Validation of eyelids as acoustic receiver locations for photoacoustic-guided neurosurgery

Accidental injury to underlying blood vessels and nerves during minimally invasive neurosurgery can have severe surgical complications (e.g., blindness, paralysis, and death). Transcranial photoacoustic imaging is a promising technique for real-time visualization of these structures, but it is challenged by acoustic-bone interactions which degrade image quality. We are developing patient-specific simulation methods that identify viable transcranial acoustic windows for intraoperative photoacoustic visualization of these underlying structures. Photoacoustic k-Wave simulations were performed based on a CT volume of an intact human cadaver head, which was later used to create experimental images of the internal carotid arteries. Acoustic receivers distributed across the eyelids measured pressure from intracranial photoacoustic sources. Differences in photoacoustic signal quality between the left and right eyelid receiver locations were investigated. Simulated sensors placed on the right eyelid received a 6.4 dB greater median acoustic energy than simulated sensors placed on the left eyelid, which was confirmed experimentally with a 14.5 dB greater DAS photoacoustic image amplitude with the ultrasound probe placed on the right eyelid rather than the left eyelid. Therefore, the ocular cavity is a viable acoustic window for photoacoustic-guided neurosurgeries with the potential to identify intrapatient, left-right asymmetries, supporting a new paradigm for performing patient-specific simulations prior to surgical guidance.
Fully Implantable Plantar Cutaneous Augmentation System for Rats Using Closed-loop Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Plantar cutaneous feedback plays an important role in stable and efficient gait, by modulating the activity of ankle dorsi- and plantar-flexor muscles. However, central and peripheral nervous system trauma often decrease plantar cutaneous feedback and/or interneuronal excitability in processing the plantar cutaneous feedback. In this study, we tested a fully implantable neural recording and stimulation system augmenting plantar cutaneous feedback. Electromyograms were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius muscle for stance phase detection, while biphasic stimulation pulses were applied to the distal-tibial nerve during the stance phase to augment plantar cutaneous feedback. A Bluetooth low energy and a Qi-standard inductive link were adopted for wireless communication and wireless charging, respectively. To test the operation of the system, one intact rat walked on a treadmill with the electrical system implanted into its back. Leg kinematics were recorded to identify the stance phase. Stimulation was applied, with a 250-ms onset delay from stance onset and 200-ms duration, resulting in the onset at 47.58 ± 2.82% of stance phase and the offset at 83.49 ± 4.26% of stance phase (Mean ± SEM). The conduction velocity of the compound action potential (31.2 m/s and 41.6 m/s at 1·T and 2·T, respectively) suggests that the evoked action potential was characteristic of an afferent volley for cutaneous feedback. We also demonstrated successful wireless charging and system reset functions. The experimental results suggest that the presented implantable system can be a valuable neural interface tool to investigate the effect of plantar cutaneous augmentation on gait in a rat model.
How Advocacy History Matters in Discerning Supreme Court Intent and the Emerging Risk It Poses to Stare Decisis

Legal scholarship has not previously considered the role of advocacy history in Supreme Court advocacy and decision making in any of its iterations. Though well know to expert Supreme Court advocates, hiding in the shadows has been how both Supreme Court advocates and the Justices themselves rely on the advocacy underlying the Court's precedent — both the written briefs and oral argument — in discerning both the meaning of the Court's prior rulings and its precedential weight. The most recently completed Supreme Court Term is emblematic of the relevance to both Supreme Court advocates and the Justices themselves of the advocacy underlying the Court’s prior rulings. It also highlights the role that advocacy history is increasingly playing in the Court's controversial debates concerning whether a prior case should be overruled. This Article seeks to fill that void in existing legal scholarship by bringing out of the shadows the role advocacy history plays at the Court.
Effects of Silicon Content in Silicon-Graphite Composite Anode on Capacity Degradation

Silicon, with its theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh g-1,[1] has been exploited as a capacity-booster for mature graphite anodes. However, silicon is prone to fast degradation due to significant volume expansion, which may undermine the intrinsic stability of the graphite, resulting in shorter cycle life. The trade-off between higher capacity and shorter cycle life is therefore worth optimizing. This study investigates the effects of silicon content on the cycling performance of silicon-graphite composite anodes. The composite electrodes were synthesized by mixing both materials at various weight ratios, along with carbon black and polyacrylic acid solution, and coated on a copper foil. A mixture of 1 M of LiPF6 in EC: DMC, 1:1, v/v, and Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) was used as the electrolyte. The samples consist of electrodes with silicon content from 8% to 40%. Galvanostatic test was done at various C-rates to determine the specific capacity at each cycle, and the correlation between the voltage and the capacity during the test was used to create differential capacitance curves. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to study morphology and to detect agglomeration of silicon particles. The results show that the initial capacity and the capacity retention of each sample indeed depend on the silicon content. As expected, higher silicon contents yield higher initial specific capacities but cause faster degradation. However, the trends do not continue beyond 32% of Si content. This suggests that there is a limit for silicon to enhance the initial specific capacity at a fixed C-rate. Differential capacitance curves show the gradual disappearance of silicon peaks, e.g., a peak at 0.45 V, which indicates that the primary cause of the capacity loss is the degradation of silicon material. Elemental analysis shows the high content of silicon content can promote particle agglomeration. Future tasks will include establishing the relationship between the silicon content and quantifying the amount of silicon agglomeration using X-ray spectroscopy. The results from this study can be used to assess an appropriate amount of silicon in anode material.References[1] Gu, M., He, Y., Zheng, J., & Wang, C. (2015). Nano Energy, 17, 366-383.Figure 1
The Public Affairs Faculty Manual: A Guide to the Effective Management of Public Affairs Programs Edited by Bruce McDonald III and William Hatcher

In The Public Affairs Faculty Manual: A Guide to the Effective Management of Public Affairs Programs, editors Bruce McDonald III and William Hatcher, provide a broad overview on designing, leading, and managing a public affairs (PA) program. The edited volume is explicitly written for PA faculty in new leadership roles in higher education, though it is a useful reference for administrators of all levels and even useful for regular faculty. Despite excellent journals focused on PA education, such as Journal of Public Affairs Education, and Teaching Public Administration, there is a clear need for a focused cultivation of fundamental knowledge, research, and experience-informed advice for academic administrators in PA programs.
Activation of Nitrosamines to Mutagens by Postmitochondrial Fraction of Hamster Pancreas

The nitrosamines 2,6-dimethylnitrosomorpholine (DMNM) and N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (NBOP) are carcinogens which induce adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic ducts in the Syrian golden hamster. Since both compounds are indirect carcinogens and must be metabolically activated to their carcinogenic form(s) by the enzyme system(s) of the host, the capacity of the mixed-function oxidases in hamster pancreas 9000 × g (S-9) fraction to activate these compounds to mutagens was studied. The postmitochondrial fraction (S-9) prepared from pancreas was capable of converting both compounds to forms mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA-1535. The mutagenic activity of DMNM with hamster pancreas S-9 was dose dependent, with 22 ± 7 (S.E.) revertants formed per mg protein of S-9 with 1 mg DMNM and 109 ± 9 revertants formed per mg with 10 mg DMNM. Although NBOP is the more potent carcinogen, it was consistently less mutagenic, with 12 ± 4 revertants being formed per mg of S-9 protein with 1 mg of NBOP and 39 ± 8 revertants formed when 10 mg of carcinogen were used. The capacity of the hamster pancreatic S-9 to convert both carcinogens to mutagens was increased significantly following pretreatment of the hamster with a single dose of β-naphthoflavone (140 ± 12/10 mg DMNM), or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (182 ± 11/10 mg DMNM). A concomitant increase in the aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of pancreas S-9 isolated from hamsters treated with β-naphthoflavone (4 times control) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (15 times control) was observed, suggesting a relationship between the levels of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and the metabolic activation of DMNM and NBOP in the pancreas. In contrast to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin and β-naphthoflavone, 3-methyl-cholanthrene induction did not result in an increased capacity of the S-9 to activate either DMNM or NBOP to mutagenic metabolites. This suggests that a different form of the enzyme may be induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and that it metabolizes DMNM and NBOP along predominantly detoxification pathways leading largely to noncarcinogenic metabolites. The absolute requirement by these pancreatic enzymes for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and their inhibition by α-naphthoflavone and 2,5-diphenyloxazole are strong points of evidence that they are mixed-function oxidases.
Precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates. 3. The effect of magnesium and fluoride ions on the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates.

Abstract The effect of magnesium and fluoride ions on the precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates was studied under conditions favouring a slow spontaneous precipitation. Magnesium ions stabilized the amorphous precipitates of calcium carbonate phosphate and disturbed the crystallization of the apatite. Apatitic precipitates were more poorly-crystallized when formed in the presence of magnesium ions than when formed in their absence. At very low phosphate concentrations magnesium ions enabled the precipitation of large amounts of aragonite beside the calcite. Fluoride ions slightly improved the crystallinity of the precipitated calcium phosphates and decreased their solubility.
A four-terminal JFET compact model for high-voltage power applications

This paper presents a physics-based compact model for four-terminal (4T) JFETs. It is capable of modeling device characteristics when the top and bottom gates are biased independently. The model is formulated using symmetric linearization technique from the CMC (compact model council) standard MOSFET model PSP, which gives simpler model equations than other reported 4T JFET models. It also includes carrier velocity saturation effect which is important for short channel and/or high voltage devices. The model has been verified on several JFETs (including device with blocking voltage rated > 700V). Good agreement has been achieved between silicon data and simulation. The complete model has been implemented into process design kits (PDKs) for high-voltage power management switcher design.
Bilateral Brenner tumors of the ovaries

Abstract A total of fourteen cases of bilateral Brenner tumor of the ovary have been reported. An additional case has been presented.
Stratification and the Welfare State

The welfare state is one of the most important predictors of inequality cross-nationally, and research in this area is profuse. An expanding line of welfare state and stratification research focuses on the role of welfare states in addressing the needs created by increasing inequality, which has been generated by changing economic structures in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This essay discusses the welfare state in light of changing economic structures and politics to explain why some countries have attenuated the rise in inequality, while others (notably the United States) have not. It concludes with suggestions for further research. Keywords: welfare state; stratification; inequality; social policy; globalization; structure
The Goursat-Riemann Problem for Plane Waves in Isotropic Elastic Solids with Velocity Boundary Conditions

The differential equations for plane waves in isotropic elastic solids are a 6 × 6 system of hyperbolic conservation laws. For the Goursat-Riemann problem in which the initial conditions are constant and the constant boundary conditions are prescribed in terms of stress, the wave curves in the stress space are uncoupled from the wave curves in the velocity space and the equations are equivalent to a 3 × 3 system. This is not possible when the boundary conditions are prescribed in terms of velocity. An additional complication is that, even though the system is linearly degenerate with respect to the c 2 wave speed, the c 2 wave curves cannot be decoupled from the c 1 and c 3 wave curves. Nevertheless, we show that many features and methodology of obtaining the solution remain essentially the same for the velocity boundary conditions. The c and c 3 wave curves are again plane polarized in the velocity space although the plane may not contain a coordinate axis of the velocity space. Likewise, the c 2 wave curves are circularly polarized but the center of the circle may not lie on a coordinate axis of the welocity space. Finally, we show that the c 2 wave curves can be treated separately of the c 1 and c 3 wave curves in constructing the solution to the Goursat-Riemann problem when the boundary conditions are prescribed in terms of velocity.
Dynamics in perpendicular recording using 3D micromagnetic simulation

Summary form only given A 3D micromagnetic perpendicular recording model has been developed to study the dynamics of perpendicular recording. A single pole with tapered neck (K. Gao and H.N. Bertram, GBO8 MMM 2001), the shield pole, the medium and the soft underlayer (SUL) are included in the model. The basic geometry corresponding to 200 Gbit/in/sup 2/ is used. A linear ramp input flux is applied uniformly along the pole surface opposite to the ABS. The initial magnetization in the medium is in the perpendicular direction. Recording data rates of 1 GHz and 2 GHz are used with flux rise times of 0.2 ns and 0.1 ns, respectively. The write field at a magnetic spacing of 20 nm, corresponding to the center of the medium, is evaluated to study the field rise time, shape and magnitude. Various damping constant values of 0.02, 0.2 and 1 have been used in the simulation to investigate field rise time and magnetization reversal speed. At recording speed of 1 GHz, our simulation shows that after 1 ns, the dynamic write field shape and magnitude are about the same as compared with the static write field. The magnetostatic field of the medium causes a maximum of 10% write field magnitude decrease in a hard transition. After removing the applied flux, the remnant field from the write pole is on average 10% of the saturation field. The perpendicular component of the remnant magnetization in the ABS surface is also about 10%, depending on the medium magnetization state. For a flux rise time of 0.2 ns, the head fields follow the reversal flux closely. However, for a small damping constant /spl alpha/=0.02, the perpendicular component of magnetization in the ABS requires about 0.5 ns to reach saturation. For a flux rise time of 0.1 ns, both the head field rise time and average magnetization from the ABS increase with decreasing damping constant. Results show that for a flux rise time of 0.1 ns, the head fields follow the applied flux reversal until they pass /spl sim/50% of saturation value. After that, the head field cannot follow the external flux and a relatively long approach saturation is observed.
Analyzing protein kinase C activation.

Protein kinase C isozymes play a central role in mediating signals from lipid second messengers. They are activated not only by the canonical diacyglycerol (DG) pathway, but also through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) signaling pathway. Specifically, protein kinase C family members are activated by two sequential mechanisms: phosphorylation, which is required for catalytic competence, followed by allosteric regulation by membrane-bound cofactors. For conventional (α, β, γ) and novel (δ, ɛ, η, θ) isozymes, phosphorylation appears to be part of the maturation of the enzyme, but for atypical protein kinase, phosphorylation is the direct on/off switch for the enzyme. This chapter discusses how to measure the cofactor-stimulated activity of protein kinase C in vitro and how to assess its activation state in cells.
DENTAL AMALGAM: THE MATERIALS

The goal of this presentation is to describe the material as it is used clinically, explain why small quantities of Hg can be released, and suggest ideas for amalgams that do not release mercury. A set amalgam is a dynamic material that undergoes many microstructural changes during clinical use, related to both the elevated temperature and corrosion-prone environment in the mouth and mechanical forces applied to the restoration. Amalgams can be divided roughly into two groups by their copper content: low Cu (traditional) and high Cu. High-Cu amalgams generally perform better clinically, but all amalgams corrode to some extent in the mouth. Some corrosion is deemed to be a positive factor, because corrosion product deposition reduces leakage at the margins of restorations; that is, the restorations are partly self-sealing. One of the reasons cited for the improved clinical performance of high-Cu amalgams over low-Cu amalgams is that the corrosion-prone phase, gamma 2, is nearly eliminated in high-Cu amalgams. Future research should involve improvements in the clinical performance of dental amalgams, studies of the mercury release from various types of amalgams and the toxic potential of this exposure, and the development of new amalgam systems that reduce the mercury exposure. Although the longevity of modern amalgams is impressive, it is important for their stability to be increased both clinically and microstructurally. An amalgam should be developed with a stable microstructure that, once set, would not change during clinical use. Microstructural changes lead to clinical deterioration. A stable system would not corrode, and the matrix transformation gamma 1 to beta 1 would be prohibited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Micro-Air-Vehicles: Can They be Controlled Better?

Micro-air-vehicles (MAV) are small, autonomous, aerial vehicles designed for reconnaissance and difficult to reach missions. Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are extremely small machines in which electronic and mechanical components are combined on a single silicon chip using photolithographic micromachining techniques. The question of whether MEMS can help improve the performance of futuristic MAV is pondered. The treatment focuses on the lifting and control surfaces of MAV, particularly the fixed-wing type. Two additional ideas are advanced to improve the performance of the lifting surfaces of MAV: effecting chaotic mixing to energize the laminar boundary layer and thus delay separation; and using genetic algorithms to optimize the shape of the airfoil section
Superconductivity and microstructural characterization of epitaxial (Tl,Bi)Sr1.6Ba0.4Ca2Cu3O9 − δ films

Abstract An important correlation of 1223 phase development to film thickness has been found on the films made by laser ablation and post-annealing on (100) LaAlO3 single crystal substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the 1223 phase development, epitaxy, and microstructure. When the film was thinner than 0.7 μm 1212 was the dominating phase, whereas when the film was thicker than 0.9 μm 1223 was the dominating phase without any change of the mean composition measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Resistance versus temperature and critical current density (Jc) were measured by the standard four probe method. The zero-resistance transition temperature (Tc) was 72.4 K for the as-made pure 1212 film, whereas it was typically 105–111 K for the almost pure 1223 films depending on the 1223 phase purity. The typical Jc value at 77 K and zero field was 2 × 106A/cm2 for the 1223 films.
CAN WE ACCURATELY ASSESS CHANGES IN MINORITY PERFORMANCE ON THE SAT

The performance of minority examinees on the SAT is carefully monitored by the national educational media. Changes of 10 or 15 points over a five year period are interpreted as having a significant and important relationship to the educational process. A crucial assumption underlying the validity of this inference is that the performance of an examinee is unrelated to that examinee choosing to identify his or her ethnicity. In this paper we show that this assumption is false and that the potential errors introduced by it dwarf the changes being interpreted as real.
A partial test of a social learning theory of children's conformity

Abstract Subjects from grades 2, 5, and 8 were required to judge which of six squares in a projected figure contained the most dots. On Day 1, a base measure of conformity was derived on dot discrimination problems which produced 1, 45, or 83% errors. Approximately 3 weeks later, on Day 2, the S s were given the same conformity sequence used on Day 1; however, before they made their judgments, one of three different treatments was presented. One of these treatments, a reward treatment, was designed to increase the reinforcing properties of correctness by exposing S s to models who were rewarded for correct answers. Analyses of the conformity measure on Day 1 revealed that across all levels of difficulty, conformity was a significant negative function of grade, and all S s conformed significantly more on the 45 and 83% error tasks than on the 1% error item. Analyses of changes in conformity from Day 1 to Day 2 indicated that S s in the rewarded modeling treatment displayed a greater decrease in conformity on Day 2 for the 1% error item than S s in the two nonrewarded control treatments, and the treatments did not differentially affect conformity on either the 45 or 83% error items.
Selection demands versus association strength in the verb generation task

Neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from Thompson-Schill and colleagues (Thompson-Schill, D’Esposito, Aguirre, & Farah, 1997; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998) showed that in the verb generation task, the left inferior frontal gyrus (left IFG) was more involved in a high-selection condition, in which the noun had two verb responses of equal association strength, than in a low-selection condition, in which the noun had only one strongly associated verb. They proposed that the left IFG was involved in selecting semantic information from competing alternatives. The present study compared verb generation in two high-selection conditions that varied in the association strength of the most frequently produced verbs. The results from neurally intact participants and a patient with a lesion that included the left IFG indicated that association strength between nouns and the most frequently produced verb, rather than competition during verb selection, affected verb generation. The degree of involvement of the left IFG may depend on the difficulty of verb retrieval as reflected in association strength.
Abstract 4041: Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) prevents cellular senescence at physiological oxygen levels by regulating DNA damage signaling during DNA replication.

Wip1 (PPM1D) is a nuclear serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is induced by p53 following the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. Upon repair of damage, Wip1 phosphatase activity dampens stress signaling and facilitates the return to homeostasis, thus, regulating recovery from DDR activation. Wip1 is amplified in several types of human primary cancer and has been shown to promote tumorigenesis by inhibiting several tumor suppressors, including p53, therefore its oncogenic potential is now recognized. Interestingly, while Wip1 knockout (Ppm1d–/–) mice are resistant to tumorigenesis, they exhibit reproductive and immune system defects, increased stress sensitivity and a moderately reduced lifespan. Furthermore, Ppm1d–/– Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit premature senescence under conventional culture conditions. Little is known, however, about the mechanism by which the deletion of Ppm1d induces premature senescence. Therefore, we have investigated the role of Wip1 in the regulation of cellular senescence in MEFs. We found that at physiological oxygen tension (3% oxygen), early passage Ppm1d–/– MEFs underwent increased cellular senescence as compared with wild–type (Wt) MEFs, as shown by reduced proliferation rate, increased number of flattened enlarged cells, increased SA–β–Gal positive cells, and reduced BrdU incorporation. Moreover, under 3% oxygen, early passage Ppm1d–/– MEFs exhibited more γ–H2AX positive foci, increased activation of p53 and increased levels of p21 than Wt MEFs. Interestingly, we found that the increased levels of γ–H2AX in Ppm1d–/– MEFs were primarily associated with S–phase cells. Given that S–phase cells are more susceptible to oxidative damage, the increased levels of γ–H2AX may result from increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Ppm1d–/– MEFs. However, primary passage Wt and Ppm1d–/– MEFs cultured under 3% oxygen exhibited no significant difference in intracellular–ROS levels. Ppm1d–/– MEFs did show sustained activation of DDR signaling (γ–H2AX, p–p53Ser15, p21) after H2O2 treatment compared with Wt MEFs. Furthermore, Ppm1d–/– MEFs exhibited increased activation of Chk1, indicating that there is increased replicative stress signaling. These findings suggest that Wip1 prevents the induction of cellular senescence by regulating both oxidative stress– and replicative stress–induced DNA damage signaling during DNA replication. Citation Format: Hiroyasu Sakai, Christophe E. Redon, William M. Bonner, Ettore Appella, Sharlyn Mazur. Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) prevents cellular senescence at physiological oxygen levels by regulating DNA damage signaling during DNA replication. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4041. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4041
Nylon 6 as a modifier for maleated ethylene–propylene elastomers

Abstract Blends of nylon 6 and ethylene–propylene rubber, grafted with maleic anhydride, (EPR-g-MA) were prepared using a melt blending process. For certain compositions, nylon 6 forms finely dispersed particles due to the reaction of the polyamide amine end groups with the grafted maleic anhydride, that have the potential to reinforce the elastomer matrix. This study focuses on the effects of the content of nylon 6 on the rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of such blends where nylon 6 is the dispersed phase. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine blend morphology. Mechanical properties were examined by stress–strain measurements and dynamic mechanical thermal measurements; the modulus is compared to values calculated from theory. The addition of magnesium oxide causes significant improvement in tensile properties of these blends.