cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Varenicline, a partial agonist at neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, reduces nicotine-induced increases in 20% ethanol operant self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.

Alcohol and nicotine use disorders are often treated as separate diseases, despite evidence that approximately 80–90% of alcohol dependent individuals are also heavy smokers. Both nicotine and ethanol have been shown to interact with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), suggesting these receptors are a common biological target for the effects of nicotine and ethanol in the brain. There are few studies that have examined the effects of co-administered nicotine and ethanol on the activity of nAChRs in rodents. In the present study, we show that Sprague-Dawley rats, a strain often used for nicotine studies but not as often for voluntary ethanol intake studies, will consume 20% ethanol using both the intermittent-access two-bottle-choice and operant self-administration models without the need for sucrose fading. We show that nicotine (0.2mg/kg and 0.8mg/kg, s.c.) significantly increases operant 20% ethanol self-administration and varenicline (2mg/kg, s.c), a partial agonist at nAChRs, significantly decreases operant ethanol self-administration and nicotine-induced increases in ethanol self-administration. This suggests that nAChRs play an important role in increasing ethanol self-administration and that varenicline may be an efficacious treatment for alcohol and nicotine co-dependencies.
Unpacking the Dynamics of IS User Improvisation: A Research Framework

Although past studies have identified improvisation as an important element in the design and use of information systems (IS) [1-3], few have conducted in-depth investigation into the factors that influence it. In this paper, we seek to fill this research gap by formulating a framework, which identifies and organizes these factors into a dynamic model. The model provides an integrated framing of antecedents that affect the improvisation process and drive improvisations into punctuated organizational changes. Our Improvisation Dynamics Model defines the frequency, type and evolution of improvisations during the design and use of IS. We offer this framework as a means of clarifying the connections between user improvisation, IT system design and organizational change. This research represents an initial step towards formulating a theory of improvisation dynamics and it serves as a starting point for the study of the evolution of IS use and software. Our goal in the ongoing theory-building process will be to create a deeper theoretical model, which will help explain the connections between user improvisation and information systems evolution.
A structured multiarmed bandit problem and the greedy policy

We consider a multiarmed bandit problem where the expected reward of each arm is a linear function of an unknown scalar with a prior distribution. The objective is to choose a sequence of arms that maximizes the expected total (or discounted total) reward. We demonstrate the effectiveness of a greedy policy that takes advantage of the known statistical correlation structure among the arms. In the infinite horizon discounted reward setting, we show that the greedy and optimal policies eventually coincide, and both settle on the best arm. This is in contrast with the Incomplete Learning Theorem for the case of independent arms. In the total reward setting, we show that the cumulative Bayes risk after T periods under the greedy policy is at most O(logT), which is smaller than the lower bound of ?(log2 T) established by Lai for a general, but different, class of bandit problems. We also establish the tightness of our bounds. Theoretical and numerical results show that the performance of our policy scales independently of the number of arms.
Density-optimized radial exponents for X-ray charge-density refinement from ab initio crystal calculations

Structure factors based on periodic density-functional (DFT) calculations on 25 molecular crystals have been used to evaluate trends in refined values of the κ and κ′ expansion–contraction parameters of the Hansen–Coppens multipole formalism. As found previously and expected physically, the spherical-valence-shell κ parameters are closely related to the net atomic charges, negative atoms being expanded and vice versa. κ′ parameters, which scale the radial dependence of the non-spherical deformation functions, are remarkably consistent for particular bonding environments. Systematic trends are observed for both carbon and oxygen, but the values obtained for nitrogen show a larger variation. Average values for oxygen and carbon in different bonding environments are tabulated and can be used whenever refinement of experimental data is affected by lack of uniqueness of the charge-density parameter set. Values for nitrogen must be more finely tuned to the specific bonding environment. The relation between atomic charge and κ offers the possibility of introducing a constraint in the charge-density refinement of very large molecules, for which reduction of the size of the parameter set may be essential.
Intestinal Microbiota Composition Modulates Choline Bioavailability from Diet and Accumulation of the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide

Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life. Gut microbial metabolism of choline results in the pro- duction of trimethylamine (TMA), which upon absorption by the host is converted in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Recent studies revealed that TMAO exacerbates atherosclerosis in mice and positively correlates with the severity of this disease in humans. However, which microbes contribute to TMA production in the human gut, the extent to which host fac- tors (e.g., genotype) and diet affect TMA production and colonization of these microbes, and the effects TMA-producing mi- crobes have on the bioavailability of dietary choline remain largely unknown. We screened a collection of 79 sequenced human intestinal isolates encompassing the major phyla found in the human gut and identified nine strains capable of producing TMA from choline in vitro. Gnotobiotic mouse studies showed that TMAO accumulates in the serum of animals colonized with TMA- producing species, but not in the serum of animals colonized with intestinal isolates that do not generate TMA from choline in vitro. Remarkably, low levels of colonization by TMA-producing bacteria significantly reduced choline levels available to the host. This effect was more pronounced as the abundance of TMA-producing bacteria increased. Ourfindings provide a frame- work for designing strategies aimed at changing the representation or activity of TMA-producing bacteria in the human gut and suggest that the TMA-producing status of the gut microbiota should be considered when making recommendations about cho- line intake requirements for humans. IMPORTANCE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and increased trimethyl- amineN-oxide (TMAO) levels have been causally linked with CVD development. This work identifies members of the human gut microbiota responsible for both the accumulation of trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of the proatherogenic compound TMAO, and subsequent decreased choline bioavailability to the host. Understanding how to manipulate the representation and function of choline-consuming, TMA-producing species in the intestinal microbiota could potentially lead to novel means for preventing or treating atherosclerosis and choline deficiency-associated diseases.
A new system model for radar polarimeters

The validity of the 2*2 receive R and transmit T model for radar polarimeter systems, first proposed by H. Zebker et al. (1987), is questioned. The model is found to be invalid for many practical realizations of radar polarimeters, which can lead to significant errors in the calibration of polarimetric radar images. A more general model is put forward, which addresses the system defects which cause the 2*2 model to break down. By measuring one simple parameter from a polarimetric active radar calibration (PARC), it is possible to transform the scattering matrix measurements made by a radar polarimeter to a format compatible with a 2*2 R and T matrix model. Alternatively, the PARC can be used to verify the validity of the 2*2 model for any polarimetric radar system. Recommendations for the use of PARCs in polarimetric calibration and to measure the orientation angle of the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) coordinate system are also presented. >
Chinese Receptions of Western Philosophy

This paper provides an overview of some of the most significant engagements and appropriations of Western philosophy by Chinese intellectuals. Both the process of translation of Western philosophical texts and the importance of historical and cultural upheavals in China are contextualized into a schematic periodization which sheds light on the divergent ways in which Chinese philosophers have engaged Western philosophy since the 16th century.
Heat-Initiated Oxidation of an Aluminum Nanoparticle

Multimillion-atom reactive molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the mechanisms which control heat-initiated oxidation in aluminum nanoparticles. The simulation results reveal three stages: (1) confined burning, (2) onset of deformation, and (3) onset of small cluster ejections. The first stage of the reaction is localized primarily at the core-shell boundary, where oxidation reactions result in strong local heating and the increased migration of oxygen from the shell into the core. When the local temperature rises above the melting point of alumina (T=2330K), the melting of the shell allows deformation of the overall particle and an increase in heat production. Finally, once the particle temperature exceeds 2800-3000 K, small aluminum-rich clusters are ejected from the outside of the shell. The underlying mechanisms were explored using global and radial statistical analysis, as well as developed visualization techniques and localized fragment analysis. The three-stage reaction mechanism found here provides insight into the controlling factors of aluminum nanoparticle oxidation, a topic of considerable importance in the energetic materials community.
Niacin requirement for sporulation of Physarum polycephalum.

Daniel, John W. (University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.) and Harold P. Rusch. Niacin requirement for sporulation of Physarum polycephalum. J. Bacteriol. 83:1244–1250. 1962.—The myxomycete Physarum polycephalum undergoes sexual sporulation if exposed to light after 4 days of incubation in the dark on a salts medium containing niacin, niacinamide, or tryptophan. None of these compounds is required for growth. Quinic acid, shikimic acid, intermediates of the kynurenine pathway, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), and triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) replace niacin but a number of other tryptophan metabolites do not. Analogues of niacin inhibit sporulation when added at the beginning but not at the end of dark incubation with niacin. Folic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, and p-aminobenzenesulfonamide inhibit sporulation if added at any time during the incubation or illumination periods. Reduced di- or triphosphopyridine nucleotide, but not DPN or TPN, reverse the p-aminobenzoic acid inhibition but do not replace the light requirement or shorten the dark incubation period. Gluconate and 2-ketogluconate also replace niacin. Glucose, pyruvate, malate, and oxalacetate inhibit the niacin-induced sporulation. Iodoacetate and fluoride do not counteract the glucose effect or inhibit sporulation.
Stimulated Raman scattering and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy in high-pressure oxygen

A high-pressure oxygen cell has been used to generate vibrational stimulated Raman scattering, using a Q-switched laser. Peak first-Stokes conversion efficiencies of 6% are reported, and direct use of the cell output for stimulated Raman pumping of oxygen in room air to the first vibrationally excited level is demonstrated. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy is used to study the density dependence of the 298-K Q-branch line shape in the 5–31-amagat range, with the results compared with spectral models that incorporate the effects of intermolecular rotational energy transfer.
Can PBL Group Assignment Affect Examination Performance

Medical student examination performance in an integrated problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum related to group and faculty facilitator (tutor) assignment has not been well studied. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the PBL group and tutor to which a student is assigned affect examination performance. We found that only 3.6% of all groups had non-Gaussian student examination score distributions. Tutorial group average scores varied by less than 10% from the examination mean. Faculty tutor experience in PBL or expertise by either clinical or basic science background did not appear to have a significant effect upon student knowledge based examination performance, as measured within an integrated basic science PBL curriculum.
CHILD MALTREATMENT AND THE SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGIST

Child maltreatment remains a relevant issue for school psychologists. This special issue was designed to provide school psychology practitioners, researchers, and other school personnel with current, empirically sound information about child maltreatment. This introduction provides context for the articles in this volume, including definitions of maltreatment and a discussion about the roles school psychologists can play in prevention and intervention strategies. A brief overview of each article is presented; topics selected for this special issue include maltreatment of individuals with disabilities, the educational outcomes for students who have been maltreated, school-based prevention programs, the reporting behavior of school psychologists, the neuropsychology of child maltreatment, and the cognitive abilities of maltreated children.
VI. On Wilhelm Meister’s Years of Travel

[886] The Years of Travel relates to the Apprenticeship as the second part of Faust relates to the first. While in the Apprenticeship, the development of problems follows on the concrete reality, in Years of Travel the ground of reality is, if not abandoned, at least stripped of its own sense. Everything that happens in the actual world becomes only signs, only ciphers with a secret significance. Reference is continually made in such a way that “for a little book like ours restraint and mystery may be fitting” and that everything real remains intimation and fragment.
Utilization of the series resonant DC link converter as a conditioning system for SMES

A novel superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) system utilizing a high-efficiency series resonant DC link power converter as the conditioning converter is presented. This system generates a high-frequency (20 kHz or more) resonant current in a series link, and switching is done at zero current instants, reducing switching losses to a minimal value. Through the utilization of an adequate control strategy, input power factor can be fully adjusted during the charging, storing, and discharging modes of the SMES, improving the overall system efficiency. Different semiconductor devices are employed as the switching elements of the resonant converter, and switching losses are established for each case. Experimental results from a monophase and three-phase system verified the results obtained from digital simulation. >
Evidence of Depressive Symptoms in Children of Substance Abusers

The authors investigate the affective and academic functioning of children of substance abusers as possible precursors to later substance-abusing behavior. Thirty-five children of substance abusers and 37 children of non-substance abusers were compared on measures of depression, state and trait anxiety, and three standardized measures of academic ability (reading, spelling, and arithmetic). Children of substance abusers scored significantly lower on depression, trait anxiety, and arithmetic. While there are many implications for these results, the authors discuss their findings with regard to implications for preventive interventions and outline two areas of research necessary for understanding the potential meanings of these results. [Translations are provided in the International Abstracts section of this issue.]
Role of type 1 versus type 2 immune responses in liver during the onset of chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus infection

Immune response messenger RNAs (mRNA) were compared in liver during self-limited (resolved) and chronic neonatal woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. At week 14 postinfection (mid-acute phase), mRNAs for leukocyte markers (CD3, CD4, CD8), type 1 cytokines and related transcription factors (IFN-γ, TNF-α, STAT4, T-bet), and IL-10 were increased in livers from resolving infections, but mRNAs of other type 1 (IL-2) and type 2 (IL-4, STAT6, and GATA3 markers remained at baseline levels. Increased coexpression of IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNAs correlated in most cases with lower levels of intrahepatic WHV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). At the same time point postinfection, livers from woodchucks that eventually progressed to chronic infection had baseline or slightly elevated levels of CD and type 1 mRNAs, which were significantly lower (or elevated less frequently) compared with resolving woodchucks. Earlier, at week 8, there were no differences between the two outcome settings. During these early time points and at a later stage in chronic infection (15 months), type 2 mRNAs in carrier liver remained at baseline levels or, when elevated, were never in excess of those in resolving woodchucks. In conclusion, the onset and maintenance of neonatal chronic WHV infection are not associated with antagonistic type 2 immunoregulation of type 1 responses in liver. Accordingly, chronicity develops in association with a primary deficiency in the intrahepatic CD responses, especially involving CD8+ T lymphocytes, and in both extracellular (cytokine) and intracellular (transcriptional) type 1 response mediators. This has relevant implications for future treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans. (Hepatology 2003;37:771-780.)
The New Conquest History

Our understanding and perceptions of the conquest period in Latin American history have been profoundly altered by the scholarship of the past twenty years. The traditional triumphalist narrative of the Spanish Conquest focused heavily on the conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, and emphasized the inevitability and rapidity of military victory, religious conversion (the Spiritual Conquest), and colonization. The revisionist New Conquest History – which emerged in part from a renewed emphasis on archival and paleographic work and in part from the New Philology, a school of scholarship based on the analysis of colonial-period primary sources in Mesoamerican languages – complicates that narrative by emphasizing multiple protagonists and accounts, new source materials, the roles and interpretations of indigenous and black men and women, and the examination of understudied regions of the Americas.
Photoacoustic Tomography Detects Early Vessel Regression and Normalization During Ovarian Tumor Response to the Antiangiogenic Therapy Trebananib

The primary aim of this study was to assess the potential of in vivo photoacoustic tomography for direct functional measurement of ovarian tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy. Methods: In vivo studies were performed with institutional animal care and use committee approval. We used an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer treated with trebananib (n = 9) or vehicle (n = 9). Tumor-bearing mice were randomized into trebananib or vehicle groups at day 10 and dosed on days 12, 15, and 18 after implantation. Photoacoustic tomography and blood draws were performed at day 10 and then 24 h after each drug dose. Tumors were excised for histopathology after the final studies on day 19. Data analysis to test for statistical significance was performed blinded. Results: Blockade of angiopoietin signaling using trebananib resulted in reduced total hemoglobin–weighted photoacoustic signal (n = 9, P = 0.01) and increased oxyhemoglobin-weighted photoacoustic signal (n = 9, P
The Meadow Bank: A Nontectonic Linear Feature in the Wabash Valley Seismic Zone

The Meadow Bank (MB) is a 10-km-long and 5- to 7-m-high linear scarp in glacial sediments, trending north-northeast along the west edge of the Wabash River Valley in southeast Illinois. The MB is within the Wabash Valley seismic zone and closely parallels the trace of the Herald–Phillipstown fault zone, which lies 1 km west of the MB. Previous geophysical studies found no underlying faulting but did not provide a conclusive explanation for how such a long straight feature could have been formed. Recently available mine maps in the area demonstrate that there has been no post-Pennsylvanian faulting below the MB. We used closely spaced boreholes to develop evidence that the MB is the result of erosion, not tectonics. Most likely, the MB is an erosional scarp formed by a late-glacial outburst flood.
CO2 Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Flow Pattern at Low Temperatures in Horizontal Smooth Tubes

In this study, flow boiling heat transfer coefficients and flow patterns CO2 are examined in horizontal smooth tubes with inner diameter 6.1 and 3.5 mm at low temperatures. In order to measure the heat transfer coefficients, the test tube was heated by two brass pieces maintained a higher temperature than CO2 by a secondary fluid. Flow visualization was carried out at adiabatic conditions. This research was performed at evaporation temperatures of -15 and -30 °C, mass flux from 100 to 400 kg/m2 s, and heat flux from 5 to 15 kW/m2 for vapor qualities ranging from 0.1 to 0.8. The CO2 heat transfer coefficients for the 6.1 and 3.5 mm tubes had nucleate boiling dominant heat transfer characteristics such as the strong dependence on heat fluxes. However, enhanced convective boiling contribution was presented for the 3.5 mm tube at 400 kg/m2 s. The presented heat transfer coefficients indicated the reduction of heat transfer coefficient as mass flux increased at low quality regions and also showed that dryout did not occur until the high quality region of 0.8, for mass fluxes of 200 and 400 kg/m2 s. The measured heat transfer coefficients were compared with predicted values with some general correlations to predict flow boiling heat transfer coefficients. The pictures of visualized flow patterns were presented and the flow patterns were compared with a flow pattern map. They were used to explain the relation between the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and vapor quality at the mass flux of 100 kg/m2 s.© 2006 ASME
Rapid Adaptation by Paired Queens of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera

Queens of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) adapted to each other rapidly when their antennal receptors were masked with relatively volatile fluids which contained strong odorants such as citral, vanilla extract, or Airwick.® Other methods of adapting paired queens, such as antennectomy and sting excision, were compared to the olfactory masking technique. The possible pheromonal basis for the hostility which queen bees exhibit toward each other is discussed in terms of the absence of fighting behavior of paired queens whose antennal receptors have been saturated with strong odorants.
Akute normovolämische Hämodilution bei elektiven chirurgischen Eingriffen

Trotz vielfaltiger Bemuhungen (Spenderauswahl, Australia AntigenTest) ist die Hepatitisrate bei homologen Bluttransfusionen noch immer unverandert hoch. Nachstehende tierexperimentelle Befunde bei akuter normovolamischer Hamodilution (HD) konnten erstmals im klinischen Versuch bestatigt werden: 1. Trotz dilutionsbedingter Anamie bleibt die 02-Versorgung des Organismus gewahrleistet. 2. Arterieller Blutdruck, Saure-Basen-Haushalt und Blutgerinnung werden nicht pathologisch verandert. 3. Die Gewebsperfusion wird verbessert, Mikrozirkulationsstorungen wahrend der Operation sowie postoperative thrombembolische Komplikationen sind weniger zu befurchten (1, 2, 3) . Mittels akuter HD kann beim selektiven chirurgischen Patienten unmittelbar praoperativ durch Austauschtransfusionen mit einer kolloidalen Losung autologes Frischblut zur spateren (intra- und postoperativen) Reinfusion gewonnen werden. Dabei ergab sich, das homologe Bluttransfusionen erst erforderlich werden, wenn der intraoperative Blutverlust mehr als 2 1 betragt.
Possible Role of Calcium in Parathyroid Hormone Action on Phosphate Transport in Rabbit Renal Proximal Tubules

In the renal proximal tubule, parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates gluconeogenesis (GNG) and suppresses fluid and phosphate reabsorption. Since PTH stimulates cAMP formation in this nephron segment, and the administration of cAMP reproduces hormonal actions, it is generally accepted that PTH exerts its biological effects through cAMP as the intracellular messenger.
Comorbid obstructive sleep apnea and increased risk for sickle cell disease morbidity

Sickle cell disease (SCD) imparts an increased risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in childhood. Studies of pediatric SCD have identified an increased risk for pain and neurologic complications with comorbid OSA. We determined the rate of a broad range of SCD-related medical complications to better characterize the spectrum of SCD complications related to OSA. Retrospective chart review at a single hematology clinic identified 641 youth with SCD who received consistent screenings for OSA as part of routine hematological health maintenance visits over an 11-year period. Medical complication rates in the 136 children with OSA determined by polysomnography exams were compared to 136 matched controls at lower risk for OSA due to negative OSA screenings or exams. Children with SCD and OSA had higher overall rates of SCD complications than low OSA-risk controls; lung morbidity showed the largest effect size. Infection, cardiovascular, and neurologic complications occurred at higher rates in children with OSA. Children with comorbid OSA had higher rates of SCD complications both before and after OSA diagnosis. OSA in children with SCD is associated with higher rates of a broad range of SCD complications, including pneumonia and acute chest syndrome. Routine screenings, diagnosis, and increased therapeutic intervention for children with comorbid OSA could decrease SCD morbidity.
Mechanical properties of the in vivo adolescent human brain.

Abstract Viscoelastic mechanical properties of the in vivo human brain, measured noninvasively with magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), have recently been shown to be affected by aging and neurological disease, as well as relate to performance on cognitive tasks in adults. The demonstrated sensitivity of brain mechanical properties to neural tissue integrity make them an attractive target for examining the developing brain; however, to date, MRE studies on children are lacking. In this work, we characterized global and regional brain stiffness and damping ratio in a sample of 40 adolescents aged 12–14 years, including the lobes of the cerebrum and subcortical gray matter structures. We also compared the properties of the adolescent brain to the healthy adult brain. Temporal and parietal cerebral lobes were softer in adolescents compared to adults. We found that of subcortical gray matter structures, the caudate and the putamen were significantly stiffer in adolescents, and that the hippocampus and amygdala were significantly less stiff than all other subcortical structures. This study provides the first detailed characterization of adolescent brain viscoelasticity and provides baseline data to be used in studying development and pathophysiology.
Direct interaction mechanism in (d, α) reactions

Abstract The reactions Y89(d, α)Sr87, Zr90(d, α)Y88, Zr92(d, α)Y90, Pb208(d, α)Tl206 and Bi209 (d, α)Pb207 were studied with 15 MeV deuterons. Alpha particle angular distributions were obtained for four energy levels in Sr87. The alpha particle spectra are compared with a qualitative model based on a double pickup mechanism. Angular distributions are analysed using the two-nucleon stripping theory of N.K. Glendenning.
Opening Re-Marks: Critical Antecedents of Visual Culture in Art Education

This article examines positions in favor of the inclusion of popular culture in art education curricula by Vincent Lanier, June King McFee, Laura Chapman, and Brent and Marjory Wilson. It is argued that their work, both individually and collectively, focused on the realm of the everyday and helped posit popular cultural images as legitimate objects of study in art education. Mindful of the differences between popular culture and visual culture, it is argued that their positions help form some of the antecedents of visual culture today. These antecedents are investigated through the trope of the palimpsest, where previous writing is written over again, with new re-marks and re-visions.
Specification of dependence structures and simulation-based estimation for conditionally specified statistical models

Conditionally specified statistical models are frequently constructed from conditional one-parameter exponential family distributions. One way to formulate such a model is to specify the dependence structure among random variables through the use of a Markov random field. When this is done, a common assumption is that dependence is expressed only through pairs of random variables, the 'pairwise-only dependence' assumption. Using a Markov random field structure and the pairwise-only dependence assumption, Besag (1974) formulated exponential family 'auto-models', and showed the form that conditional one-parameter exponential family densities must have in such models. We extend those results under relaxation of the pairwise-only dependence assumption, and give a necessary form for conditional one-parameter exponential family densities under more general conditions of multiway dependence.
Applications of computer algebra to distributed parameter systems

In the analysis of vibrations of continuous elastic systems, one often encounters complicated transcendental equations with roots directly related to the system's natural frequencies. Typically, these equations contain system parameters whose values must be specified before a numerical solution can be obtained. The present paper presents a method whereby the fundamental frequency can be obtained in analytical form to any desired degree of accuracy. The method is based upon truncation of rapidly converging series involving inverse powers of the system natural frequencies. A straightforward method to developing these series and summing them in closed form is presented. It is demonstrated how Computer Algebra can be exploited to perform the intricate analytical procedures which otherwise would render the technique difficult to apply in practice. We illustrate the method by developing two analytical approximations to the fundamental frequency of a vibrating cantilever carrying a rigid tip body. The results are compared to the numerical solution of the exact (transcendental) frequency equation over a range of system parameters.
Comparison of IHC testing for HER-2 in breast cancer specimens before and after adoption of new 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines in a single institution: Impact on outcome and cost.

e18294Background: Revised guidelines for HER-2 testing in Breast Cancer Specimens occurred in 2007 and again in 2013 with an intention to capture more patients who could benefit from HER-2 directed...
Strategic Communication Research to Illuminate and Promote Public Engagement with Climate Change

The Center for Climate Change Communication at George Mason University was established to develop and apply social science insights to help society make informed decisions that will stabilize the earth’s life-sustaining climate, and prevent further harm from climate change. In this chapter, we describe our program of research and outreach efforts, focusing on the cognitive and affective drivers of climate change issue engagement, the roles of mediated and interpersonal communication in shaping climate change beliefs, attitudes, and actions, and the applications of audience segmentation in developing outreach programs. We also describe the theoretical foundations of our work, and our three major outreach programs: Climate Matters, an innovative collaboration of climate scientists, meteorologists, and social scientists to foster climate change communication among television weathercasters; the Medical Society Consortium on Climate & Health, an outgrowth of our research that identified a widespread lack of understanding that climate change affects human health; and RepublicEn, an initiative led by conservatives to catalyze a new narrative on climate change among conservatives, based in free-market thinking.
“What Kind of Soviet Citizen Will You Grow into?”: Ukrainian Adventure for Adolescents in the Stalinist Epoch

This article analyzes a number of Soviet Ukrainian adventure narratives written during the 1930-40s, including the novels “Lakhtak” (“Lakhtak,” 1934) and Shkhuna “Kolumb” (Schooner “Columbus,” 1940) by Mykola Trublaini, Shkola nad morem (A School by the Sea, 1937) by Oles' Donchenko, Hospodari Okhots'kykh hir (The Owners of the Okhotsk Mountains, 1949) by Ivan Bahmut, and several short stories. This entertaining genre was used to educate its young readers about their place and aims in the world, as well as about the boundaries of the newly-forged Soviet identity and its meaning. This period witnessed a radical change in the criteria for defining group identity, as proposed to young readers: ethno-national markers were substituted by belonging to an ideological community and by class affiliation. As a result, although anyone originating from outside the Soviet borders was perceived as a menace, some foreigners of a “correct political orientation” could be recognized as potentially belonging to “our” community. At the same time, this change implied that there were hidden “enemies” among alleged “in-group” members, which justified the mobilized state of the group identity. The adventure stories analyzed here also shed light on the fostering of a sense of Union-wide unity through the parallels they drew between the experiences of young Ukrainian readers and those of their counterparts in faraway regions of the USSR.
Basic residues within the cardiac troponin T C terminus are required for full inhibition of muscle contraction and limit activation by calcium.

Striated muscle is activated by myosin- and actin-linked processes, with the latter being regulated through changes in the position of tropomyosin relative to the actin surface. The C-terminal region of cardiac troponin T (TnT), a tropomyosin-associated protein, is required for full TnT inactivation at low Ca2+ and for limiting its activation at saturating Ca2+. Here, we investigated whether basic residues in this TnT region are involved in these activities, whether the TnT C terminus undergoes Ca2+-dependent conformational changes, and whether these residues affect cardiac muscle contraction. We generated a human cardiac TnT variant in which we replaced seven C-terminal Lys and Arg residues with Ala and added a Cys residue at either position 289 or 275 to affix a fluorescent probe. At pCa 3.7, actin filaments containing high-alanine TnT had an elevated ATPase rate like that obtained when the last TnT 14 residues were deleted. Acrylodan-tropomyosin fluorescence changes and S1-actin binding kinetics revealed that at pCa 8, the high-alanine TnT-containing filaments did not enter the first inactive state. FRET analyses indicated that the C-terminal TnT region approached Cys-190 of tropomyosin as actin filaments transitioned to the inactive B state; that transition was abolished with high-alanine TnT. High-alanine TnT-containing cardiac muscle preparations had increased Ca2+ sensitivity of both steady-state isometric force and sinusoidal stiffness as well as increased maximum steady-state isometric force and sinusoidal stiffness. We conclude that C-terminal basic residues in cardiac TnT are critical for the regulation of cardiac muscle contraction.
Using spatial tracking with magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound-guided biopsy to identify unilateral prostate cancer

Objectives To create reliable predictive metrics of unilateral disease using spatial tracking from a fusion device, thereby improving patient selection for hemi-gland ablation of prostate cancer. Patients and methods We identified patients who received magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/ultrasound-guided biopsy and radical prostatectomy at a single institution between 2011 and 2018. In addition to standard clinical features, we extracted quantitative features related to biopsy core and MRI target locations predictive of tumour unilaterality. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis was used to create a decision tree (DT) for identifying cancer laterality. We evaluated concordance of model-determined laterality with final surgical pathology. Results A total of 173 patients were identified with biopsy coordinates and surgical pathology available. Based on CART analysis, in addition to biopsy- and MRI-confirmed disease unilaterality, patients should be further screened for cancer detected within 7 mm of midline in a 40 mL prostate, which equates to the central third of any-sized prostate by radius. The area under the curve for this DT was 0.82. Standard diagnostics and the DT correctly identified disease laterality in 73% and 80% of patients, respectively (P = 0.13). Of the patients identified as unilateral by standard diagnostics, 47% had undetected contralateral disease or were otherwise incorrectly identified. This error rate was reduced to 17% (P = 0.01) with the DT. Conclusion Using spatial tracking from fusion devices, a DT was more reliable for identifying laterality of prostate cancer compared to standard diagnostics. Patients with cancer detected within the central third of the prostate by radius are poor hemi-gland ablation candidates due to the risk of midline extension of tumour.
A History of Thermodynamics: The Missing Manual

We present a history of thermodynamics. Part 1 discusses definitions, a pre-history of heat and temperature, and steam engine efficiency, which motivated thermodynamics. Part 2 considers in detail three heat conservation-based foundational papers by Carnot, Clapeyron, and Thomson. For a reversible Carnot cycle operating between thermal reservoirs with Celsius temperatures t and t + d t , heat Q from the hot reservoir, and net work W, Clapeyron derived W / Q = d t / C ( t ) , with C ( t ) material-independent. Thomson used μ = 1 / C ( t ) to define an absolute temperature but, unaware that an additional criterion was needed, he first proposed a logarithmic function of the ideal gas temperature T g . Part 3, following a discussion of conservation of energy, considers in detail a number of energy conservation-based papers by Clausius and Thomson. As noted by Gibbs, in 1850, Clausius established the first modern form of thermodynamics, followed by Thomson's 1851 rephrasing of what he called the Second Law. In 1854, Clausius theoretically established for a simple Carnot cycle the condition Q 1 / T 1 + Q 2 / T 2 = 0 . He generalized it to ∑ i Q i / T g , i = 0 , and then ∮ d Q / T g = 0 . This both implied a new thermodynamic state function and, with appropriate integration factor 1 / T , the thermodynamic temperature. In 1865, Clausius named this new state function the entropy S.
FDSOI Industry Perspective and Analog/Radio-Frequency Circuit Design

Abstract Real manufacturing processes for advanced nodes always create devices with nonideal behaviors and variations both random and systematic. We describe how the model can be used to capture systematic variation that caused differences in the layout of the device and its surroundings. We next discuss representing random variation. We consider transistor figures of merit commenting on what each does and does not capture about how an fully depleted silicon on insulator (FDSOI) transistor compares to a bulk field effect transistor (FET). We present examples of how the unique characteristics of FDSOI can be used in novel approaches to circuit design.
THE EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE MODALITIES OF COGNITIVE LOADING ON DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY

Abstract Background Evidence of neuroplasticity after joint injury has suggested that individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) may have degraded movement when facing cognitive demand. To date, research into these effects have been limited to static balance models, and typically only incorporate a single type of cognitive demands. Research question We aimed to determine the effects of multiple modalities of cognitive load (quantitative, verbal-memory, visuospatial) on dynamic postural control strategies in a sample of patients with CAI compared to uninjured controls. Methods Thirty-two participants (16 CAI, 16 healthy) performed a series of 20 hops-to-stabilization while either under no cognitive load (CON), or while performing Benton’s judgment of line orientation (JLO), the symbol digit modalities test (SDM), or a serial seven task (SVN). Dynamic postural stability indices and mean muscle activation from the lower leg muscles were extracted and assessed via analysis of variance. Results Healthy subjects demonstrated better vertical and dynamic postural stability indices under JLO (P ≤ 0.017) and SVN (P ≤ 0.010) conditions compared to CON. Postural stability was unaffected in CAI (P > 0.050). Peroneus longus and lateral gastrocnemius activation was lowest in SVN across all subjects (P ≤ 0.033). Lateral gastrocnemius activation was greatest in SDM (P ≤ 0.033). Significance These results suggest improvements in postural stability under cognitive demand in healthy individuals that did not occur in CAI, suggesting less movement optimization. Quantitative tasks appear to impede stabilizing muscle activation in the leg, while verbal-memory tasks result in a more protective landing strategy.
Standards zur Anfallsbegleitung von epileptischen und psychogenen nichtepileptischen Anfällen

Haufig fragen Angehorige von Menschen mit Epilepsie, wie sie bei einem Anfall reagieren sollen. Bei psychogenen nichtepileptischen Anfallen wird diese Frage auch oft von Angehorigen der medizinischen Berufe gestellt. Es gibt auch schon Vorschlage dazu. Im Folgenden wird ein interner Text aus dem Epilepsiezentrum Bethel vorgestellt. Er grundet in langjahriger Erfahrung und einer in dieser Zeit etablierten klinischen Praxis. Einerseits kann er eine Orientierung fur andere darstellen, aber naturlich auch die Grundlage fur eine Diskussion uber Anfallsbegleitung.
Evaluation of Orthogonal Testing Algorithm for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies.

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody testing is an important tool in assessment of pandemic progress, contact tracing, and identification of recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We evaluated an orthogonal testing algorithm (OTA) to improve test specificity in these use cases. Methods A two-step OTA was applied where individuals who initially tested positive were tested with a second test. The first-line test, detecting IgG antibodies to the viral nucleocapsid protein, was validated in 130 samples and the second-line test, detecting IgG antibodies to the viral spike protein in 148 samples. The OTA was evaluated in 4333 clinical patient specimens. The seropositivity rates relative to the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rates were evaluated from our entire patient population data (n = 5102). Results The first-line test resulted in a clinical sensitivity of 96.4% (95% CI; 82.3% to 99.4%), and specificity of 99.0% (95% CI; 94.7% to 99.8%), whereas the second-line test had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI; 87.1% to 100%) and specificity of 98.4% (95% CI; 94.2% to 99.5%). Using the OTA, 78/98 (80%) of initially positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG results were confirmed with a second-line test, while 11/42 (26%) of previously diagnosed COVID-19 patients had no detectable antibodies as long as 94 days post PCR diagnosis. Conclusion Our results show that an OTA can be used to identify patients who require further follow-up due to potential SARS CoV-2 IgG false positive results. In addition, serological testing may not be sufficiently sensitive to reliably detect prior COVID-19 infection.
Characteristics of home-based child care providers who offer non-standard hour care

Abstract The past decade has seen a dramatic growth of non-standard work schedules in the workforce, leading to increasing demand for non-standard hour child care during evenings, nights, and weekends. Low-income families, less-educated parents, and single parents with young children report greater demand for non-standard hour care. Given the prevalence of non-standard hour care and the importance of quality child care, a better understanding of who provides non-standard hour care and how to support this sector is necessary. Home-based child care (HBCC) providers are the largest caregiving group serving children under age 6 during non-standard hours. Through secondary data analysis of the 2012 National Survey of Early Care and Education on listed home-based child care providers (n = 3476), decision tree analysis was used to predict whether listed HBCC providers offer non-standard hour care. Results indicated those providers who offered non-standard hour care are more likely to receive government subsidies, have lower educational levels, and serve fewer children. The overall accuracy of the decision tree model was 63%. The present study also examined the relationship between providers’ professional engagement and the total number of non-standard working hours (n = 880). The entire model presented a medium effect size. Providers who received home visitors and/or coaching tend to provide more hours of non-standard hour care. To better support HBCC providers in offering non-standard hour care, policy recommendations are presented.
Risks and Complications After Arthroplasty for Pathological or Impending Pathological Fracture of the Hip

Abstract Background Treatment options for metastatic osseous lesions of the proximal femur include hemiarthroplasty (HA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) depending on lesion characteristics and patient demographics. Studies assessing short-term outcomes after HA/THA in this patient population are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this present study was to identify short-term rates of morbidity and mortality after HA/THA for pathological proximal femur fractures, as well as readmission and reoperation rates and reasons. Methods This study utilized a large, prospectively collected registry to identify patients who underwent HA/THA between 2011 and 2018. Patients were stratified by indication for surgery, including pathological fracture, nonpathological fracture, and osteoarthritis. Baseline patient characteristics and postoperative complications were compared using bivariate and/or multivariate analysis. Results In total, 883 patients undergoing HA/THA for a pathological fracture were identified. Relative to an osteoarthritis cohort, these patients tended to be older, had a lower body mass index, and had significantly more preoperative comorbidities. These patients had high rates of total complications (13.93%), including thirty-day mortality (3.29%), unplanned return to the operating room (4.98%), and pulmonary complications (3.85%). Patients with pathological fracture had a longer operative duration relative to osteoarthritis and nonpathological cohorts (+27 and +25 minutes, respectively), despite having high rates of HAs performed. Conclusion Patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for pathologic proximal femur fracture have increased morbidity and mortality relative to an osteoarthritis cohort. However, patients with a pathological fracture have similar rates of morbidity and mortality when compared with a nonpathological fracture cohort, but did experience higher rates of perioperative blood transfusion and unplanned readmissions. Level of Evidence III.