cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of tongue telangiectasia in a patient with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia

A 61-year-old Caucasian woman presented to an outpatient otolaryngology clinic with increased bleeding from a dorsal tongue telangiectasia for 3 weeks. Her history was significant for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), a rare condition that causes vascular dysplasia, and recent symptomatic anaemia requiring blood transfusions. After failing medical management with topical haemostatic agents, she was offered and underwent surgical intervention to remove the tongue telangiectasia with duel therapy potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser coblation and bevacizumab injections. A team of otolaryngologists removed the lesion without complications, and the patient denied bleeding, had minimal pain, and endorsed increased quality of life postoperatively. Tongue telangiectasias can cause life-threatening bleeding in some patients with HHT, and no surgical management guidelines exist to treat them. This case demonstrates the efficacy of KTP laser followed by bevacizumab injections in treating tongue telangiectasias in a patient with HHT.
Practical Rubrics for Informal Science Education Studies: (1) a STEM Research Design Rubric for Assessing Study Design and a (2) STEM Impact Rubric for Measuring Evidence of Impact

Informal learning institutions, such as museums, science centers, and community-based organizations, play a critical role in providing opportunities for students to engage in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) activities during out-of-school time hours. In recent years, thousands of studies, evaluations, and conference proceedings have been published measuring the impact that these programs have had on their participants. However, because studies of informal science education (ISE) programs vary considerably in how they are designed and in the quality of their designs, it is often quite difficult to assess their impact on participants. Knowing whether the outcomes reported by these studies are supported with sufficient evidence is important not only for maximizing participant impact, but also because there are considerable economic and human resources invested to support informal learning initiatives. To address this problem, I used the theories of impact analysis and triangulation as a framework for developing user-friendly rubrics for assessing quality of research designs and evidence of impact. I used two main sources, research-based recommendations from STEM governing bodies and feedback from a focus group, to identify criteria indicative of high-quality STEM research and study design. Accordingly, I developed three STEM Research Design Rubrics, one for quantitative studies, one for qualitative studies, and another for mixed methods studies, that can be used by ISE researchers, practitioners, and evaluators to assess research design quality. Likewise, I developed three STEM Impact Rubrics, one for quantitative studies, one for qualitative studies, and another for mixed methods studies, that can be used by ISE researchers, practitioners, and evaluators to assess evidence of outcomes. The rubrics developed in this study are practical tools that can be used by ISE researchers, practitioners, and evaluators to improve the field of informal science learning by increasing the quality of study design and for discerning whether studies or program evaluations are providing sufficient evidence of impact.
The Prospects of Investing in Morocco and Tanzania

This paper identifies and compares the two most viable African states with the least political risk for Replais - as a theoretical investor - to produce and export compostable plastic resin. It adopts a structural approach through which relevant quantitative data is gathered and analyzed to select the best investment candidate among the two countries. The paper reviews two key questions being the investment hospitability and political risk to make final recommendations on the prospective candidate.
"Like Pieces in a Puzzle": Online Sacred Harp Singing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Sacred Harp singers the world over gather weekly to sing out of The Sacred Harp, a collection of shape-note songs first published in 1844. Their tradition is highly ritualized, and it plays an important role in the lives of many participants. Following the implementation of lockdown protocols to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, groups of Sacred Harp singers quickly and independently devised a variety of means by which to sing together online using Zoom ("zinging"), Jamulus ("jamzinging"), and Facebook Live ("stringing"). The rapidity and creativity with which Sacred Harp singers developed ways to sustain their activities attests to the strength and significance of this community of practice, and in this article I describe each modality and provide an account of how it came to be developed and widely used. As a participant-observer, I completed extensive fieldwork across these digital sites and conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 other singers. I found that online singing practices have reshaped the Sacred Harp community. Many singers who did not previously have the opportunity to participate now have access, while others have lost access due to technological barriers or lack of interest in online activities. At the same time, geographical barriers have disintegrated, and singing organizers must make an effort to maintain local identity. A stable community of singers has emerged in the digital realm, but it is by no means identical to the community that predated the pandemic. I also identify the ways in which online singing has proven meaningful to participants by providing continuity in their personal and communal practice. Specifically, online singing allows participants to access and celebrate their collective memories of the Sacred Harp community, carry out significant rituals, and continue to grow as singers. While no single modality replicates the complete Sacred Harp singing experience, together they function "like pieces in a puzzle" (as one singer put it), allowing individual participants to access many of the elements of Sacred Harp singing that are most meaningful to them.
Keynotes [2 abstracts]

Provides an abstract for each of the two keynote presentations and may include a brief professional biography of each presenter. The complete presentations were not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
A Case of Myxedema Coma Crisis Induced by Inhalation Injury.

Myxedema coma is a life-threatening, critical condition in which many organ systems can be severely affected. It is considered the most severe presentation of hypothyroidism and should be treated immediately. Here, we discuss the case of a 58-year-old patient who presented with altered mental status, bradycardia, and hypothermia, the critical characteristics considered in this disorder after inhalation injury. In order to avoid a fatal outcome, aggressive therapy should be initiated upon presentation. This case will depict the typical presentation, the specific cause pertinent to this patient's condition, and the management of the acute condition of myxedema coma.
Sunset Legislation in the States: Balancing the Legislature and the Executive

Sunset provisions are clauses embedded in legislation that allow a piece of legislation or a regulatory board to expire on a certain date unless the legislature takes affirmative action to renew the legislation or board. The time between enactment or renewal and the next sunset date varies from state to state but typically runs from four to twelve years. The sunset provision typically requires that the legislation or board undergo a review, usually conducted by legislative staff or by state auditors. The reviewers will recommend allowing the law or board to sunset, allowing it to continue but with changes, or leaving it unchanged. Sunset provisions also frequently allow or even require a preliminary review before the final review. Sunset laws are a key tool the legislature uses in asserting itself against an executive branch that often dominates state government.
Introduction to Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet programs allow for organization and analysis of data. Most spreadsheet programs have powerful numerical functions allowing for analysis of data. The first spreadsheet programs were developed in the 1980s. VisiCalc for the Apple II and Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC were the first spreadsheet programs. Microsoft Excel became prevalent in the 1990s. Online spreadsheet applications such as Google Sheets allow similar functionality using only a web browser.
The catalase requirement in the reversal of mitochondrial swelling caused by reduced glutathione and by trace metals.

Abstract The requirement of a contraction factor such as catalase in adenosine triphosphate-dependent reversal of glutathione-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria has been re-examined in view of the tiding of Cash and Gardy (11) that commercial samples of reduced glutathione contain sufficient iron, copper, and calcium to account for their swelling activity. Fe++, Cu++, and Ca++, tested in the absence of GSH, were found to cause swelling of rat liver mitochondria in concentrations in which they may be present as contaminants in commercial GSH preparations. However, ATP + Mg++ + bovine serum albumin readily reversed mitochondrial swelling caused by these metals; additions of crystalline catalase were not required, nor did they influence the rate or extent of the reversal significantly. On the other hand, swelling caused by commercial GSH preparations, or by mixtures of GSH and metal ions, was not reversed by ATP, Mg++, and bovine serum albumin unless crystalline catalase was added. Contaminating Fe++, Cu++, or Ca++ ions may therefore be the actual causative agents for mitochondrial swelling produced by commercial GSH preparations. However, if this is the case, the findings show that the presence of GSH so modifies the course of the swelling that it cannot be reversed by ATP + Mg++ + bovine serum albumin unless catalase (contraction factor II) is also present.
A Christian view on ethics and communication

This article attempts an elucidation of the meaning of ethics and its relation to a Christian perspective, particularly in communication. The starting point of the discussion is: creation. The author argues that for any study of human beings that starting point must always be the image of God. In that sense, it is impossible to seperate Christian ethics from a Christian perspective for communication. It examines the nature of ethical study, and describes the inherent relation of ethics and communication. It also shows how a Christian perspective is integrally related to a particular normative standard of ethics in communication.
Differential response of striatal dopamine and muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes to the loss of dopamine. II. Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine or colchicine microinjections into the VTA or reserpine treatment.

Abstract In the previous paper it was demonstrated that striatal dopamine (DA) D1 and D2 receptor subtypes and muscarinic M1 and M2 receptor subtypes show differing responses to lesions of the mesostriatal DA system. To examine this differential regulation further rats were given unilateral injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or cholchicine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), or treated chronically with reserpine or saline. Two weeks later the animals were tested for their behavioral response to a subthreshold dose of apomorphine and 24 h later their brains were removed and processed for quantitative autoradiography or for analysis of DA levels by high-performance liquid chromatography. The 6-OHDA-lesioned animals showed a supersensitive rotational response to apomorphine. The loss of DA, loss of DA uptake sites, regulation of DA D1 and D2 receptors and regulation of the muscarinic cholinergic system was similar to the previous paper. Injection of colchicine in the VTA resulted in incomplete loss of striatal DA (50%), [ 3 H]mazindol binding (50%), and no behavioral supersensitivity to apomorphine. There was a small loss of presynaptically located D2 receptors (13%). Similar to the 6-OHDA lesions there was a loss of D1 (12%) and M1 receptors. Reserpine treatment produced an 86% decrease in DA levels, an enhanced stereotyped responsiveness to apomorphine, and an increase of both D2 (28%) and D1 receptors (26%). There was a loss of muscarinic M1 but not M2 receptors. Thus removal of DA terminals or blockade of transport of proteins in the mesostriatal axons can lead to a reduction in D1 receptor density in the striatum. In contrast, loss of DA without removal of DA terminals leads to a significant up-regulation of the D1 receptor. D2 receptors show increases following removal of DA or of DA terminals. Alteration in the muscarinic cholinergic system following damage to the mesostriatal DA system is a complex response not mimicked by either reserpine or colchicine treatment.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Duplex Block Polymer d(C15A15)·d(T15G15)

Abstract The synthesis of the duplex block polymer d(C15A15)· d(T15G15) is described. The synthesis was achieved by a series of enzymatic steps utilizing pancreatic DNase, calf thymus terminal transferase and T4 DNA polymerase. Analytical and preparative gel electrophoresis techniques, which resolved individual oligonucleotides according to chain length up to the 50 mer, were indispensable for the synthesis. The molecule was synthesized with [14C]dAMP in the d(C15A15) strand and [3H]dGMP in the d(T15G15) strand. In conjunction with gel electrophoresis, this permitted evaluation of product size and homogeneity. The ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroism of the block polymer were in agreement with the averaged and additive spectra of d(A)n·d(T)n and d(G)n·d(C)n. The block polymer also was characterized by sedimentation in analytical and preparative centrifugation studies.
Quadratic Variation of Deformations

Hitherto no constitutive formalism of deformations provides a parameterization for the visually obvious features of their transformation grids. This paper notes a property of the thin-plate spline that one may exploit to this end. The bending energy that is minimized by the spline, usually expressed in matrix form, is also the double integral of the output of a nonlinear differential operator, the quadratic variation (sum of squared second partial derivatives of displacement), over the whole picture plane. Displaying this integrand as a scalar field over the medical image or template may prove a helpful guide to the interesting regions of a deformation, and the peaks of this field localize and orient a promising set of features for simplistically parameterized deformations that approximate the original.
PM2.5 characterization for time series studies : Organic molecular marker speciation methods and observations from daily measurements in Denver

Abstract Particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been shown to have a wide range of adverse health effects and consequently is regulated in accordance with the US-EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards. PM 2.5 originates from multiple primary sources and is also formed through secondary processes in the atmosphere. It is plausible that some sources form PM 2.5 that is more toxic than PM 2.5 from other sources. Identifying the responsible sources could provide insight into the biological mechanisms causing the observed health effects and provide a more efficient approach to regulation. This is the goal of the Denver Aerosol Sources and Health (DASH) study, a multi-year PM 2.5 source apportionment and health study. The first step in apportioning the PM 2.5 to different sources is to determine the chemical make-up of the PM 2.5 . This paper presents the methodology used during the DASH study for organic speciation of PM 2.5 . Specifically, methods are covered for solvent extraction of non-polar and semi-polar organic molecular markers using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Vast reductions in detection limits were obtained through the use of a programmable temperature vaporization (PTV) inlet along with other method improvements. Results are presented for the first 1.5 years of the DASH study revealing seasonal and source-related patterns in the molecular markers and their long-term correlation structure. Preliminary analysis suggests that point sources are not a significant contributor to the organic molecular markers measured at our receptor site. Several motor vehicle emission markers help identify a gasoline/diesel split in the ambient data. Findings show both similarities and differences when compared with other cities where similar measurements and assessments have been made.
Exposure to Violence, Parental Monitoring, and Television Viewing as Contributors to Children's Psychological Trauma.

This study examined the relative contributions of exposure to violence, parental monitoring, and television viewing habits to children's self-reported symptoms of psychological trauma. Children in grades 3-8 in 11 public schools completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire administered during usual school hours. The final sample was comprised of 2245 children who represented 80% of the students in attendance at the participating schools. Students ranged in age from 7 to 15 years; 49% were female, 57% were white, 33% black, and 5% were Hispanic. A model using hierarchical multiple regression explained approximately 39% of the variance in students' overall trauma symptom scores. A combination of demographic variables, daily hours of television viewing, and recent and past exposure to violence were significant contributors to this explained variance. Bivariate analyses of high violence-exposed students (top quartile) revealed approximately 39% of both girls and boys with clinically elevated scores in at least one trauma symptom category. The findings support the need to identify and to provide services for children exposed to violence. Language: en
Optimal quantity of a controversial good or service

The problem of the CGS requires no new tools of analysis. The precedent for including quantities of specific goods consumed by one person in the utility function of another person was established by Duesenberry (1949). Daly and Giertz (1972: 2) formalized the case in which simple awareness of what others are consuming can foster disutility as well as utility. This is a departure from the earlier view of Mill (1859: 78), who denied economic significance to the disutility of persons ‘... who consider as an injury to themselves any conduct which they have a distaste for, and resent ... as an outrage to their feelings.’ In these studies and that of Danielson (1975), the disutility associated with the consumption of a particular good is reduced by redistributing that good. The prospect of reducing disutility, not by redistributing the offending good but by reducing its total consumption is posed by Mishan (1969: 339), but there the problem is some physical by-product of consumption rather than pure awareness that the good is being consumed. In the present paper, it is the awareness that a particular good or service is being consumed that causes disutility to people who do not wish to consume that good themselves. The basic model here is that of the Samuelson public good, except that it is a ‘bad’, and the quantity of that bad is the total quantity consumed. There is thus a double summation: a vertical summation of marginal rates of substitution by nonconsumers and a horizontal summation of quantities consumed. The latter summation has no precedent as an argument in utility functions, and its significance may be questionable. Giertz and Sullivan (1977) develop a model in which consumption of a particular good by multiple recipients gives utility to multiple donors. But they are careful to assume that each of the n recipients consumes the same quantity. In the case of a CGS such an assumption would be unrealistic. However, it appears that horizontal summation may be crucial to the derivation of an efficient sumptuary tax for the CGS.
De Novo Purine Synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (II. The PUR7 Gene Encoding 5[prime]-Phosphoribosyl-4-(N-Succinocarboxamide)-5-Aminoimidazole Synthetase Is Expressed in Rapidly Dividing Tissues)

The small genome size and excellent genetics of Arabidopsis, as well as the ease with which it is transformed, make it a superb candidate for molecular genetic studies of the purine biosynthetic pathway. Herein we report the isolation, physical characterization, and dissection of the expression patterns of the single gene encoding 5[prime]-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole synthetase. This enzyme, encoded by the PUR7 gene, catalyzes aspartate addition at the [alpha]-amino group to the growing purine backbone. The expression of the PUR7 as directed by the 5[prime] region, containing the promoter, mRNA leader, and leader intron, was examined in Arabidopsis using a transgenic reporter system. Our analysis demonstrates that the highest level of purine biosynthesis occurs in mitotically active tissues of the plant. Furthermore, purine biosynthesis appears to be under developmental and hormonal regulation. Inhibition of purine biosynthesis using substrate analogs results in arrested plant development and induction of purine gene expression. Purine nucleotides and their derivatives provide multiple cofactors for a variety of metabolic processes. Our findings begin to identify some of the regulatory mechanisms that affect the production of purine nucleotides in Arabidopsis and may give important insights into nitrogen metabolism in general.
Comparison of extended Hückel and CNDO/2 TCNQ and TTF bandwidths in TTF—TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalinium—tetracyanoquinodimethane)

Abstract CNDO/2 TCNQ and TTF bandwidths obtained from dimer splittings have been previously calculated and found to be significantly larger than the values obtained from other methods. A comparison of CNDO/2 and extended Huckel results indicates that this primarily arises from the neglect of the off-diagonal overlap integrals.
Research In Multicultural Education: From The Margins To The Mainstream

Part 1 The marginalization of multicultural discourse: research and multicultural education - barriers, needs and boundaries, Carl A.Grant and Susan Millar the marginalized discourse of minority intellectual thought in traditional writings on teaching, Beverly M.Gordon multicultural education - from a compensatory to a scholarly foundation, Ellen Swartz. Part 2 Conducting multicultural education research: reflections on the researcher in a multicultural environment, Lois Weis using quantitative methods to explore multicultural education, Gary Glen Price using multicultural strategies to explore multicultural education in a school district, Kathryn Borman et al manifestations of inequality - overcoming resistance in multicultural foundation courses, Roberta Ahlquist culturally relevant teaching - the key to making multicultural education work, Gloria Ladson-Billings the language minority student and multicultural education, Hilda Hernandez success stories, Lourdes Diaz Soto relationships between home, community and school - multicultural considerations and research issues in early childhood, Marianne Bloch and Beth Swadener. Part 3 The social impacts of multiculturalism in education: schools and opportunities for multicultural contact, Cora Bagley Marratt et al multicultural education - policies and practices in teacher education, Donna M.Gollnick policy analysis of state multicultural education programs, Robert Crumpton.
Endocrine Disruptors and the Breast: Early Life Effects and Later Life Disease

Breast cancer risk has both heritable and environment/lifestyle components. The heritable component is a small contribution (5–27 %), leaving the majority of risk to environment (e.g., applied chemicals, food residues, occupational hazards, pharmaceuticals, stress) and lifestyle (e.g., physical activity, cosmetics, water source, alcohol, smoking). However, these factors are not well-defined, primarily due to the enormous number of factors to be considered. In both humans and rodent models, environmental factors that act as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have been shown to disrupt normal mammary development and lead to adverse lifelong consequences, especially when exposures occur during early life. EDCs can act directly or indirectly on mammary tissue to increase sensitivity to chemical carcinogens or enhance development of hyperplasia, beaded ducts, or tumors. Protective effects have also been reported. The mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. Environmental agents may also act as carcinogens in adult rodent models, directly causing or promoting tumor development, typically in more than one organ. Many of the environmental agents that act as EDCs and are known to affect the breast are discussed. Understanding the mechanism(s) of action for these compounds will be critical to prevent their effects on the breast in the future.
Neuroimaging studies of postobliteration nidus changes in cerebral arteriovenous malformations treated by gamma knife radiosurgery

BACKGROUND Following radiosurgical treatment, the majority of patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are periodically examined by means of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the attainment of nidus obliteration, as well as adverse radiation effects in the surrounding brain. However, few neuroimaging studies of the long-term results following complete obliteration, confirmed by angiography, have been published to date. METHODS CT, MRI, magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic and angiographic images, obtained after angiographic confirmation of complete nidus obliteration, were reviewed in 11 AVM patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. The period between angiographic confirmation of nidus obliteration and these most recent examinations was 12–84 months (mean, 29 months). RESULTS In ten patients who were assessed by CT, the obliterated nidus was shown to be isodense (eight cases) or a mixture of isodense and hypodense areas (two cases). A significant time-related decrease in contrast enhancement was observed within 1 to 2 postobliteration years (five/seven cases). Eight patients were evaluated by MRI. On T1-weighted imaging, the nidus was shown to be hypointense (six cases) or a mixture of hypointense and isointense areas (two cases). On T2-weighted imaging, nidus intensity varied more than that observed on T1-weighted imaging, and time-related intensity increases were observed (two/seven cases). No flow-signal void was demonstrated in any of these cases. In four of the seven cases, in which serial postobliteration follow-up MRI studies were conducted, significant gadolinium enhancement persisted 3 years or more after obliteration (maximum of 7 years). No vascular abnormalities were demonstrated in seven patients who were assessed by conventional angiography and/or MR angiography. CONCLUSIONS Radiosurgery-induced changes in a nidus may continue for several years after angiography has shown complete AVM obliteration.
Spectral stress strain analysis and partial least squares regression to predict sensory texture of yogurt using a compression/penetration instrumental method.

The sensory texture characteristics of 2 yogurt types (light, blended, N = 69) were evaluated using a trained descriptive panel and an instrumental compression/penetration test in combination with a novel data analysis method (that is Spectral Stress Strain Analysis). Partial Least Squares Regression was used to study the relationship between each of the 7 sensory texture attributes and spectral force deformation data measured during instrumental testing. The best predictive models were computed for spoon impression (Validation Correlation (R val ) = 0.93, Root Mean Square Error of Prediction (RMSEP) = 1.33, Discrimination Index (DI) = 2.80), visual thickness (R val ) = 0.89, RMSEP = 0.83, DI = 2.40), and slipperiness (R val = 0.81, RMSEP = 0.60, DI = 1.76). Oral Thickness (R val = 0.78), cohesiveness (R val = 0.73), covering (R val = 0.81) and stickiness (R val = 0.57) were less accurately pre-dicted. Les caracteristiques sensorielles de texture sont evaluees sur des yaourts par un panel descriptif entraine et un test instrumental de compression/penetration en combinaison avec une nouvelle methode d'analyse des donnees, l'analyse spectrale de la contrainte de deformation. La regression de moindre carre est utilisee pour etudier la relation entre les 7 attributs sensoriels et les donnees de deformation instrumentales.
Spacebased Observations of Oceanic Influence on the Annual Variation of South American Water Balance

The mass change of South America (SA) continent measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) imposes a constraint on the uncertainties in estimating the annual variation of rainfall measured by Tropical Rain Measuring Mission (TRMM) and ocean moisture influx derived from QuikSCAT data. The approximate balance of the mass change rate with the moisture influx less climatological river discharge, in agreement with the conservation principle, bolsters not only the credibility of the spacebased measurements, but supports the characterization of ocean's influence on the annual variation of continental water balance. The annual variation of rainfall is found to be in phase with the mass change rate in the Amazon and the La Plata basins, and the moisture advection across relevant segments of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts agrees with the annual cycle of rainfall in the two basins and the Andes mountains.
Robust regression metamodel for a maintenance float policy

Develops a robust maintenance float policy, that considers system design parameter settings that not only satisfy the system performance criteria but are also insensitive to various noise conditions. The experimental design strategy employed in the study involves the use of discrete event simulation. In the study, the strategy proposed involves solving a maintenance float policy using both the inner and outer arrays as advocated by Genichi Taguchi. Initial system variables and their parameter settings were chosen based on a prior study. These system variables were then classified into design factors and noise factors. An experimental design was developed using Taguchi’s orthogonal array, after which a simulation experiment was performed and additional data collected. Based on the results, regression was performed with the significant factors and interactions. From the regression analysis, a robust metamodel was developed. A cost model was also proposed.
Container neophobia and the rat's preference for earned food.

Three experiments investigated the effect of container familiarity on the rat's preference for earned food. Subjects were trained to earn food by pressing a lever. Earned food was delivered into one of two containers. During test sessions one of the containers contained free food, the other was connected to a lever-operated pellet dispenser that enabled subjects to earn identical food. In Expt 1, those subjects with the most recent exposure to the free food source preferred the free food. In Expt 2, equal amounts of exposure were given to both food sources; all subjects preferred the free food. In Expt 3, container novelty was manipulated directly. Food preference followed container familiarity; subjects earned their food when it came from the most familiar container but ate free food when the earned food was dispensed into the more novel container. The results are consistent with the view that laboratory rats are neophobic. It is suggested that failure to control for container neophobia is the primary reason that others have found that laboratory rats will earn food in the presence of identical free food.
Molecular and isotopic compositions of lipids in bivalve shells: A new prospect for molecular paleontology

Abstract Recent and fossil bivalve shells contain suites of lipids that include fatty acids, cholesterol, phytadienes, ketones, and in some cases, n-alkanes. Compound-specific carbon isotopic analyses of fatty acids in shells of chemosymbiotic and heterotrophic bivalves suggest that some of the fatty acids are derived from the animal during biomineralization, although it appears that several independent biosynthetic pathways are used by the clams for the production of these fatty acids. In addition, several compounds, including cholesterol, detected in the shells have similar carbon isotopic values, regardless of the trophic strategy of the bivalve, suggesting that both bivalves derive these compounds from an external, heterotrophic source. Fossil shells contain similar suites of lipids, although in lower relative concentrations. The discovery of diverse lipids in shells opens new avenues for studies of molecular paleontology by taking advantage of the structural diversity and long-term stability of these compounds.
Relationship between Absorption Spectrum and Molecular Conformations of 11-cis-Retinal

THE absorption spectrum of 11-cis-retinal is strongly influenced by the presence of a cis bond between carbon atoms 11 and 12. The cis bond in this position results in two important spatial properties of the molecule: first, steric hindrance between the C13-methyl group and the C10-hydrogen atom; second, a bend in the system of conjugated double bonds. Both the steric hindrance and the bend in the molecule give rise to particular absorption bands. We now report the results of experiments which allow the identification of these absorption bands in the 11-cis-retinal spectrum.
Ejection of atoms upon self-trapping of an atomic exciton in solid argon.

Molecular-dynamics calculations are perforemd to describe the sputtering (desorption) of solid argon induced by the formation and trapping of atomic excitons. Upon self-trapping, a cavity is found to form around the atomic exciton in the bulk and the excited atom is desorbed if it traps on the surface. The calculated shift in the atomic lines of the photoabsorption spectrum of the self-trapped species and cavity radius are sensitive to the choice of the potential describing the interaction between the excited atom and the ground-state atom. It is found that ground-state atoms are not ejected by atomic exciton trapping and the calculated kinetic energies of the excited atoms ejected, which are sensitive to both the potential and the crystal configuration, are of the order of or less than 0.1 eV.
The diagnosis of azoospermia depends on the force of centrifugation

Objective To determine the centrifugal force required to pellet sperm. Design Prospective, in vitro study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patient(s) Men undergoing semen processing or postvasectomy semen analyses. Intervention(s) In Phase I, postvasectomy semen samples were centrifuged at 600 × g , and the pellets were examined. Supernatants from samples with no visible sperm underwent repeat centrifugation at 1,000 × g ; the supernatants were removed and centrifuged at 3,000 × g . Pellets from both centrifugations were examined. Phase II examined nonazoospermic semen that was divided into 3 aliquots and centrifuged at 500, 1,000, and 3,000 × g . The supernatants were examined for the presence of sperm. Main outcome measure(s) Sperm presence in centrifuged pellets or seminal supernatant. Result(s) Phase I: After centrifugation at 1,000 × g and 3,000 × g , sperm were noted in 12% and 0% of samples, respectively. Phase II: Sperm were noted in the supernatant in 100% of samples subjected to 500 × g and 1,000 × g , and in 92% of samples subjected to 3,000 × g centrifugation. Conclusion(s) If sperm are in the seminal plasma, they will also be present in the pellet following centrifugation at a force of 1,000 × g or greater. Semen samples that appear azoospermic upon initial wet mount microscopy should be centrifuged at a minimum of 1,000 × g for 15 minutes.
An automated interrupted suturing device for coronary artery bypass grafting: automated coronary anastomosis.

Abstract Background . The purpose of this study was to have a preliminary assessment of the safety and efficacy of an automated vascular suturing device. Methods . The device (Heartflo, Perclose/Abbott Labs, Redwood City, CA), which delivers 10 interrupted 7-0 polypropylene sutures between side-to-side arteriotomies, was evaluated in animals (8 Yorkshire pigs). Results . Tissue edge capture and quality of anastomosis were highly rated. Time of anastomoses averaged 22 minutes. This time was prolonged primarily due to suture management, tying of interrupted sutures, and learning curve effects. Six of the anastomoses were hemostatic and two required an additional stitch each. Angiography and histology of the anastomosis confirmed patency and quality of the anastomosis. Conclusions . Our preliminary results indicate that the Heartflo automated anastomotic device is safe and effective. Preclinical and clinical studies to validate its acute and long-term effectiveness will commence shortly.
The biochemical genetics of rabbit erythrocyte esterases: two new esterase loci.

Starch gel electrophoresis of sonicated rabbit red cells using a modified system of buffers gave a maximum of 24 zones of esterase activity with α-naphthyl acetate as substrate, 23 with α-naphthyl propionate, and 20 with α-naphthyl butyrate. Seventeen of the zones common to gels developed with any of these substrates were divided into three systems of isozymes, one of which, genetic system 1, has been previously described by Grunder et al. (1965). The zones of system 2 migrated between those of system 1 and those of system 3, the most anodal system. Each of these new systems, like system 1, consisted of three phenotypes controlled, respectively, by a pair of codominant autosomal alleles. In 10 test-cross matings involving systems 1 and 2, not more than two of four possible phenotypes were observed in the offspring of each family, thereby indicating close linkage of the two loci. Based on those matings, the probability that the two loci are independent was less than 0.0001.
Use of dummy variables in water resources studies

Abstract Dummy variables 1 and 0 used as an alternative to analyze the variance and covariance to compare the relationship among groups of observations were introduced. Seven-year data of organic soil subsidence in Everglades Agricultural Area related to water table depth and crop were used to demonstrate the techniques of application. Comparisons of the performance of this dummy variable technique with the standard technique were made. The results showed that the dummy variable regression not only can perform a good result as performed by the standard technique, but also can simultaneously test the difference between two regression lines whether due to slope coefficients or intercept terms.
4- and 5-nitroindane

Mononitration of indane produces a mixture of 4- and 5- nitroindanes. Crystallization from mixtures occurs after distillation improves composition of a major component to above 80%. 4-Nitroindane: triclinic, space group\(P\bar 1\) (#2),a=7.332(4) A,b=8.304(4) A,c=8.358(4) A, α=61.43(4)°, β=67.60(4)°, γ=70.15(4)°,V=405.4(4) A3,Z=2. Non-H-atoms are nearly planar, aliphatic H's are eclipsed. 5-Nitroindane: monoclinic, space groupP21/c (#14),a=10.946(8) A,b=15.643(10) A,c=9.415(6) A, β=92.34(5)°,V=1611(2) A3,Z=8. Non-H-atoms in the two molecules differ in torsion of the nitro group with respect to indane and fold of the nonbenzylic methylene group. Semiempirical calculations (PM3) suggest that distorsion from planarity may be associated with the two lowest energy vibrational modes. Uv, ir, ms, proton, and13C-nmr spectra are correlated with the solid state structures.
Relationship between Organizational Support and Performance of College Coaches: A Mediational Model

Abstract Two hundred and sixty-seven NCAA Division I coaches participated in the investigation of the mediator effects of affective commitment (AC) on the relationship between college coaches’ perceived organizational support (POS) and athletic performance. Social exchange theory predicts that the relationship between POS and performance should be mediated by AC. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fit measures. Both scales presented good internal consistency and construct validity. Using structural equation modeling, three models were compared. A fully mediated model was chosen to explain the indirect effects of POS on athletic performance through AC. The path coefficients from POS to AC and from AC to athletic performance were both significant. The indirect effect was also significant. Implications of these results for theory and practice are discussed.
High-Frequency Properties of Permalloy Nanowire Arrays for RF Devices

We present our simulation and experimental results on high-frequency properties of permalloy (Py) nanowire arrays. The planar Py nanowires are 10 mum long, 100 nm thick with widths of ~ 240 nm, and ~ 500 nm (layout dimension). The distance between adjacent Py nanowires is ~ 100 nm. OOMMF simulations indicate that single domain structures exist in these nanowires with ferromagnetic resonance frequencies (FMR) around 10 GHz. Coupling effects are negligible. The Oersted field of an external DC current reduces the FMR frequencies. The obtained Py properties can be used to simulate RF inductors to evaluate the application potentials of Py nanowire arrays in RF devices.
Reasons for loss to follow-up in antiretroviral treatment programs in South Africa

Evaluation of: Maskew M, MacPhail P, Menezes C, Rubel D: Lost to follow-up: contributing factors and challenges in South African patients on antiretroviral therapy. S. Afr. Med. J. 97(9), 853–857 (2007); and Dalal RP, MacPhail C, Mqhayi M et al.: Characteristics and outcomes of adult patients lost to follow-up at an antiretroviral treatment clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 47(1), 101–107 (2008). For evaluation and management of antiretroviral treatment programs it is important to understand the reasons for loss to follow-up. The authors of two studies conducted in two large antiretroviral treatment programs in public hospitals in the city of Johannesburg, South Africa, identified patients who were lost to follow-up through chart reviews (154 of 5821 patients in the first study and 267 of 1631 patients in the second study) and then attempted to trace patients in order to ascertain the reasons for loss to follow-up. In both studies, large proportions of patients (55 and ...
Fuzzy-trace theory and framing effects in choice: Gist extraction, truncation, and conversion

In the first section of this paper, we analyze classic framing effects according to principles of fuzzy-trace theory. The key principle of the theory is that reasoning prefers to operate on simple gist, as opposed to exact details. Then, we introduce new data in three experiments designed to test this fuzzy-processing assumption. In the first experiment, framing effects were conserved when numerical information was omitted from standard problems, arguing against a critical role for numerical processing. In the second experiment, evidence is presented that some subjects simplified framing problems by mentally truncating linguistically redundant complements in gambles. Experimentally deleting parts of gambles mimiced such effects, and choices varied depending on the information that remained explicit. In the third experiment, truncation effects were also demonstrated for mixed-frame problems, in which one option is positive and the other is negative. The data disconfirmed a ‘halo’ hypothesis that subjects merely selected the positive option over the negative one. Instead, choices were accounted for by conversion, that is, transforming problems into uniformly positive representations to avoid the complexity of negation. In all three experiments, choices could be explained as a consequence of radically simplifying decision information.
Equivalent Curriculum Construction as Situated Discourse: A Case in the Context of Adult Education in Namibia

Globalization, an all-encompassing phenomenon of our times, is economic, political, social, cultural, and technological all at the same time. In education, globalization has compelled a two-tier ed...
MLJ Editorial Policy: Reflections on the Profession, Definition of Its Disciplines

The MLJ, with its origin in 1916, was the first foreign language (FL) pedagogical journal in the United States to serve a variety of languages and teachers on both the secondary and postsecondary levels. This article traces the development of its editorial policy through examination of each editor’s policy statements and personal reflections and the contents of the Journal including articles, "News & Notes," and other columns, readers’ comments, and announcements used as page filler. The examination reveals the MLJ’s proactive role in helping to shape a unified, national FL teaching profession and in developing FL education and second language acquisiton (SLA) as scholarly disciplines anchored in empirical research, which has, especially in the past 2 decades, filled many MLJ pages. The history of reflections of the profession provided here offers insights into the development of the disciplines we know today and suggests possibilities for future editorial policy of the MLJ.
An Examination of Methods Used to Assay Potato Tuber Invertase and Its Naturally Occurring Inhibitor

Confirming an earlier report, it was shown that the endogenous inhibitor of potato tuber invertase forms an essentially undissociable complex with the enzyme. Consequently, several previous analyses of potato tuber invertase which were based on equations derived for highly dissociable enzyme-inhibitor complexes are presumed to be in serious error. The complex formation proceeded slowly, requiring approximately 1 day to reach completion at 2 C, and 1 hr at 37 C. Allowing complex formation to reach completion before assaying enzyme activity did not affect the noncompetitive nature of the inhibition.Contrary to previous reports that inhibitor could be selectively inactivated through foaming in a blender, both enzyme and inhibitor appeared to be denatured by such treatment. Foaming accomplished by passing nitrogen gas bubbles through extracts gave more favorable results.
Long-term impact of development on a watershed: early indicators of future problems

Development in the floodplain increases damage from flooding. Development in a watershed also augments the potential for flooding. This study of sustainable development examines the development of a watershed in the greater metropolitan area of Houston, TX, where flooding has become a major issue and intervention by planners has been minimal. This article examines the impact of land development in a closed watershed over a 50-year period. Daily flow data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) are combined with daily precipitation data from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to estimate the precipitation-adjusted annual streamflow. Annual development data from the Harris County Appraisal District (HCAD) are combined at the parcel level and used to analyze the relationship between land development and outflow. The results lead to an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms that result in increased flooding and an ability to use planning tools and policies to control development more effectively to avoid watershed problems years before these problems become apparent. While impervious cover is important in determining the impact of development on watershed function, impervious cover alone is not sufficiently sensitive to guide development decisions that impact the long-term future of the watershed.
RECOVERING THE ROTATIONAL LIGHT CURVE OF PHOEBE

We present rotational light-curve data for Saturn's satellite Phoebe taken over the observing period prior to the Cassini mission's encounter with that moon.