cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technique to measure 3D work-of-fracture of concrete in compression

A high-resolution 3D scanning technique called X-ray microtomography was applied to measure internal damage and crack growth in small mortar cylinders loaded in compression. Synchrotron-based microtomography allows us to resolve internal features that are only a few microns in size. Multiple tomographic scans were made of the same specimen at different levels of deformation using a custom-built loading frame. 3D image analysis was used to measure internal crack growth during each deformation increment. Measured load-deformation curves were used to calculate the nonrecoverable work of the external load on the specimen. Nonrecoverable work of load was related to measured incremental change in crack surface area to estimate work-of-fracture in three dimensions. Initial results indicate a nearly constant work-of-fracture for the early stages of crack growth. These results show that basic fracture mechanics principles may be applied to concrete in compression; however, we must think in terms of 3D multiple crack systems rather than traditional 2D single crack systems.
Putative role for EPC-1/PEDF in the G0 growth arrest of human diploid fibroblasts.

EPC-1/PEDF expression is closely associated with reversible growth arrest in normal human diploid fibroblast-like (HDF) cells and is diminished with proliferative senescence in vitro. EPC-1 expression in HDF cells is induced under conditions of density-dependent contact inhibition and growth factor deprivation. Antiserum generated against EPC-1 recognizes a secreted protein of approximately 50 kDa from medium conditioned by early passage HDF cells, but not from senescent cells. The addition of EPC-1 antiserum to early population doubling level (PDL) cultures near the plateau phase of growth significantly increases the number of cells entering DNA synthesis. Affinity purified EPC-1 antibodies alone enhance the ability of near plateau-phase early PDL WI-38 cells to synthesize DNA by as much as threefold. Further, the addition of recombinant EPC-1 (rEPC-1) to logarithmically growing cells resulted in a marked decrease in the ability of these cells to enter DNA synthesis. We also demonstrate the loss of EPC-1 expression in WI-38 and IMR-90 HDF cell lines with both senescence and simian virus 40 (SV40) transformation. The loss of EPC-1 expression with SV40 transformation occurs at the level of steady-state mRNA and protein accumulation with genomic EPC-1 sequences grossly intact. Taken together, these results suggest that EPC-1 may play a role in the entry of early passage fibroblasts into a G0 state or the maintenance of such a state once reached. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Probing the binding of Tb(III) and Eu(III) to the hammerhead ribozyme using luminescence spectroscopy

Abstract Background: Divalent metal ions serve as structural as well as catalytic cofactors in the hammerhead ribozyme reaction. The natural cofactor in these reactions is Mg(II), but its spectroscopic silence makes it difficult to study. We previously showed that a single Tb(III) ion inhibits the hammerhead ribozyme by site-specific competition for a Mg(II) ion and therefore can be used as a spectroscopic probe for the Mg(II) it replaces. Results: Lanthanide luminescence spectroscopy was used to study the coordination environment around Tb(III) and Eu(III) ions bound to the structurally well-characterized site on the hammerhead ribozyme. Sensitized emission and direct excitation experiments show that a single lanthanide ion binds to the ribozyme under these conditions and that three waters of hydration are displaced from the Tb(III) upon binding the RNA. Furthermore, we show that these techniques allow the comparison of binding affinities for a series of ions to this site. The binding affinities for ions at the G5 site correlates linearly with the function Z 2 /r of the aqua ion (where Z is the charge and r is the radius of the ion). Conclusions: This study compares the crystallographic nature of the G5 metal-binding site with solution measurements and gives a clearer picture of the coordination environment of this ion. These results provide one of the best characterized metal-binding sites from a ribozyme, so we use this information to compare the RNA site with that of typical metalloproteins.
The initial steps of ovarian cancer cell metastasis are mediated by MMP-2 cleavage of vitronectin and fibronectin

Most patients (80%) with ovarian cancer (OvCa) present with metastatic disease. Attachment of OvCa cells to peritoneum and omentum represents the first rate-limiting step for metastatic spread. Therefore, identifying factors regulating cell attachment in the abdominal cavity is critical to the development of therapeutic agents. We show here that MMP-2 expression was upregulated in OvCa cells upon attachment to their microenvironment. Downregulation of MMP-2 mRNA or pharmacological inhibition of MMP-2 proteolytic function, in both human OvCa primary cells and cell lines, reduced attachment of OvCa cells to a 3D organotypic model of metastatic OvCa, full human omentum or peritoneum, and in vivo to mouse peritoneum and omentum. Absence of MMP-2 in the host did not alter OvCa adhesion, as determined utilizing mice harboring homozygous null mutations in either the Mmp2 or Mmp9 genes. Conversely, adhesion induced upregulation of MMP-2 mRNA in OvCa cells. MMP-2 inhibition in OvCa cells through pharmacological or antibody treatment prior to i.p. dissemination in nude mice significantly decreased tumor growth and metastasis and extended survival. MMP-2 enhanced peritoneal adhesion of OvCa cells through cleavage of ECM proteins fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (Vn) into small fragments and increased binding of OvCa cells to these FN and Vn fragments and their receptors, alpha5beta1 and alphaVbeta3 integrin. These findings indicate that MMP-2 expressed by metastatic OvCa cells functionally regulates their attachment to peritoneal surfaces.
P3-07-41: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Is a Reliable Method for Lymph Node Evaluation in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Treated Breast Cancer Patients.

Background: Successful sentinel lymph node mapping in breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been debated by practicing surgeons due to the potential compromise of the lymphatic drainage system after treatment. Furthermore, whether clinicopathologic variables associated with sentinel lymph node positivity in breast cancer patients differ from similar patients who have been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been well-studied. Materials and Methods: Breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were identified in our files. A similar number of breast cancer patients who did not receive such therapy was also selected as a comparison group. Clinicopathologic parameters such as age, type of surgical procedure, number of sentinel lymph nodes removed and/or positive, number of non-sentinel lymph nodes removed and/or positive, tumor size, histologic type/grade, presence of lymphovascular invasion, biomarker expression (ER,PR, HER-2/neu) and multifocality were recorded for each patient in both cohorts. Statistical analysis was performed for each cohort to identify variable(s) that correlated with sentinel lymph node positivity. Additional analysis was performed by computing the odds ratio of sentinel lymph node positivity after adjusting for selected variables. Results: Ninety-seven and ninety-three patients who were and were not treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, respectively, were identified. In all patients, successful sentinel lymph node mapping was achieved. When these cohorts were separately analyzed, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, and non-sentinel lymph node positivity were associated with sentinel lymph node positivity in the cohort that did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In the cohort that received therapy, lymphovascular invasion and non-sentinel lymph node positivity were associated with sentinel lymph node positivity. In addition, after adjusting for tumor size, lymphovascular invasion and histologic grade, patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were more likely to have sentinel lymph node positivity than those who did not have this treatment (odds ratio: 5.4, 95% CI 2.4, 12.1). Conclusions: Successful sentinel lymph node mapping was achieved in all ninety-seven breast cancer patients studied. Regardless of whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered, the presence of lymphovascular invasion and non-sentinel lymph node positivity were found to predict sentinel lymph node positivity. By comparing two cohorts of breast cancer patients differing only in the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and adjusting for select variables, those in the treated cohort still remained more likely to have a positive sentinel lymph node. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-07-41.
The Use of Spontaneous Language Measures as Criteria for Identifying Children With Specific Language Impairment: An Attempt to Reconcile Clinical and Research Incongruence

Criteria for identification of children as specifically language impaired (SLI) vary greatly among clinicians and researchers. Standardized psychometric discrepancy criteria are more restrictive and perhaps less sensitive to language impairment than is clinical judgment based on a child's language performance in naturalistic contexts. This paper examines (a) differences in groups of preschool children clinically diagnosed as SLI who were and were not identified as SLI through standard psychometric discrepancy criteria, and (b) the validity of quantitative measures of mean length of utterance (MLU), syntax, and pragmatics derived from a spontaneous language sample as criteria for discriminating clinically diagnosed preschoolers from normally developing preschoolers. Spontaneous language data indicated that children clinically identified as SLI produced a significantly higher percentage of errors in spontaneous speech than normal children whether they met psychometric discrepancy criteria or not. Logistic regression analysis indicated that a combination of MLU, percent structural errors, and chronological age was the optimal subset of variables useful for predicting a clinical diagnosis of SLI. This combined criterion captured a larger proportion of the clinically identified SLI children than even the best psychometric discrepancy criteria.
Videotaping as a method of dialogue: A new teaching and research method in criminal justice

The criminal justice system contains numerous barriers to personal communication between various persons involved, e.g., police and court officials, judges and prison officials, victims and offenders, students and agency personnel, etc. A recent effort by the Department of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, to overcome one such barrier deserves note. From January to March, 1972, Professors Sanford Sherizen and Bernard Dolnick (in cooperation with Gerald Tammaner, head of the Film Production Center) led an unusual proseminar in criminal justice. The course, “Issues and Corrections,” was distinctive in that it consisted of videotaped encounters between twenty-seven students and seven inmates of an Illinois penitentiary. The students, mainly seniors and graduate students in criminal justice, sociology and social work, had learned theories of corrections and other related topics as part of their previous studies. They were selected for participation in the seminar for their level of knowledge and their willingness to test theories with some practical applications. The inmates became participants in the seminar as a result of a discussion held between the professors and the warden. Once the warden’s permission was obtained for establishing the seminar, the chief administrative assistant in charge of rehabilitation was directed to investigate inmate participation. He asked a group of inmates who had been members of a voluntary inmate counseling group if they wished to participate. They quickly agreed. Since the inmates belonged to a group which had met once a week for over a year, they were able to participate immediately in the seminar as an established group. Students and inmates were made aware that prison officials would not be present during any taping sessions. The officials-agreed with the professors that the tapes would not be viewed by anyone other than the immediate seminar participants and that the officials would not be made aware of the contents of the seminar discussions except in the most general of terms. The only prison staff member present during the taping was the group counselor who had worked with the counseling group for a long period of time. He was not viewed as a major threat by the inmates and they accepted him as a cameraman.
Achieving Competitive Advantage Through the Application of Open Systems Theory and the Development of Strategic Alliances: A Guide for Managers of Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT To effectively compete in today's competitive business environment, nonprofit organizations need to operate as open systems developing strategic alliances with key actors. To help managers of nonprofit organizations develop such relationships, open systems theory is explained, the phrase “strategic alliances” is defined, and a system of alliances is presented as a tool for identifying and analyzing potential relationships.
Flexible imaging payload for real-time fluorescent biological imaging in parabolic, suborbital and space analog environments

Abstract Fluorescent imaging offers the ability to monitor biological functions, in this case biological responses to space-related environments. For plants, fluorescent imaging can include general health indicators such as chlorophyll fluorescence as well as specific metabolic indicators such as engineered fluorescent reporters. This paper describes the Flex Imager a fluorescent imaging payload designed for Middeck Locker deployment and now tested on multiple flight and flight-related platforms. The Flex Imager and associated payload elements have been developed with a focus on ‘flexibility’ allowing for multiple imaging modalities and change-out of individual imaging or control components in the field. The imaging platform is contained within the standard Middeck Locker spaceflight form factor, with components affixed to a baseplate that permits easy rearrangement and fine adjustment of components. The Flex Imager utilizes standard software packages to simplify operation, operator training, and evaluation by flight provider flight test engineers, or by researchers processing the raw data. Images are obtained using a commercial cooled CCD image sensor, with light-emitting diodes for excitation and a suite of filters that allow biological samples to be imaged over wavelength bands of interest. Although baselined for the monitoring of green fluorescent protein and chlorophyll fluorescence from Arabidopsis samples, the Flex Imager payload permits imaging of any biological sample contained within a standard 10 cm by 10 cm square Petri plate. A sample holder was developed to secure sample plates under different flight profiles while permitting sample change-out should crewed operations be possible. In addition to crew-directed imaging, autonomous or telemetric operation of the payload is also a viable operational mode. An infrared camera has also been integrated into the Flex Imager payload to allow concurrent fluorescent and thermal imaging of samples. The Flex Imager has been utilized to assess, in real-time, the response of plants to novel environments including various spaceflight analogs, including several parabolic flight environments as well as hypobaric plant growth chambers. Basic performance results obtained under these operational environments, as well as laboratory-based tests are described. The Flex Imager has also been designed to be compatible with emerging suborbital platforms.
Molecular dynamics study of the M412 intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out to study the M412 intermediate of bacteriorhodopsin's (bR) photocycle. The simulations start from two simulated structures for the L550 intermediate of the photocycle, one involving a 13-cis retinal with strong torsions, the other a 13,14-dicis retinal, from which the M412 intermediate is initiated through proton transfer to Asp-85. The simulations are based on a refined structure of bR568 obtained through all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and placement of 16 waters inside the protein. The structures of the L550 intermediates were obtained through simulated photoisomerization and subsequent molecular dynamics, and simulated annealing. Our simulations reveal that the M412 intermediate actually comprises a series of conformations involving 1) a motion of retinal; 2) protein conformational changes; and 3) diffusion and reconfiguration of water in the space between the retinal Schiff base nitrogen and the Asp-96 side group. (1) turns the retinal Schiff base nitrogen from an early orientation toward Asp-85 to a late orientation toward Asp-96; (2) disconnects the hydrogen bond network between retinal and Asp-85 and tilts the helix F of bR, enlarging bR's cytoplasmic channel; (3) adds two water molecules to the three water molecules existing in the cytoplasmic channel at the bR568 stage and forms a proton conduction pathway. The conformational change (2) of the protein involves a 60 degrees bent of the cytoplasmic side of helix F and is induced through a break of a hydrogen bond between Tyr-185 and a water-side group complex in the counterion region.
An all digital frequency-locked loop immune to hysteresis effects for power management of multicore processors

Low power design has always been critical to high performance. With the latest technologies, being able to significantly reduce any portion of the overall system power becomes an absolute requirement for extending the lifetime of the system. Clock generation and clock tree distribution are always identified as a significant portion of the power dissipated in a chip. We describe here a servocontrol circuit method that will provide both a lower power clock generation scheme as well as automated power management using the clock elements. The self correcting nature of the circuits proposed also offer good immunity against hysteresis effects.
The influence of calculated phase shifts on the precision and accuracy of ARPEFS-derived structural parameters

Abstract The influence of theoretical atomic scattering phase shifts calculated by different methods in the analysis in the analysis of angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure (ARPEFS) data for structural determination of the c(2×2)S/Ni(001) surface was examined, with the goal of assessing both the precision and accuracy of derived structural parameters. It was found that the values of the SNi bond length obtained from the ARPEFS data analysis with different calculated atomic scattering phase shifts all fall within a total range of 0.02 A (± 0.01 A). This result is also in excellent agreement with the currently accepted values obtained from low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS), i.e. 2.19–2.20 rA. We conclude that this ARPEFS-derived structural parameter is relatively insensitive to the choice of theoretical atomic scattering phase shifts, and is both precise and accurate.
Prosimian sensory capacities

This paper reviews laboratory research on sensory capacities of prosimians. Most investigations to date have concentrated on visual and auditory sensitivity with relatively little attention directed toward olfactory and gustatory sensitivity. Diurnal prosimians have at least rudimentary color vision and appear deficient to anthropoids in other visual measures such as acuity. The most striking difference between prosimian and anthropoid auditory sensitivity is the increased sensitivity of the former group to high frequencies. No psychophysical data have been published on olfactory sensitivity of prosimians, but the relatively large olfactory areas in their brains and their propensity for scent marking strongly suggest that they have acute olfactory sensitivity. Most data on gustatory thresholds in prosimians does not permit sensitivity estimation since the data are joint functions of sensitivity as well as preferences.
Metabolic rates and thermal conductance in four species of neotropical bats roosting in hot caves

Abstract Data are presented on metabolic rates and thermal conductance for four species of neotropical bats, Pteronotus quadridens, Mormoops blainvillii (Mormoopidae), Monophyllus redmani and Erophylla bombifrons (Phyllostomidae). Each of these bats predominantly or exclusively roosts in hot caves (28–40°C) in Puerto Rico. Basal metabolic rates (BMR) for these four species were 55%, 48%, 66%, and 66% of values expected from the Kleiber curve, respectively. Thermal conductance was 93%, 55%, 175%, and 158% of values expected from the Aschoff curve, respectively. These data indicate that, in addition to food habits, variation in BMR is highly correlated to roost microclimate. Pteronotus and Mormoops, like other insectivorous species, have low BMRs. The low BMR of the nectar/fruit eating Monophyllus and Erophylla, as well as the low termal conductance in Mormoops, is consistent with their habit of roosting in hot caves, suggesting that roost microclimate is an important selective force in the physiological adaptation of these bats.
Proteolytic activity of chorioamniotic membranes.

Abstract The various forms of proteinases in the chorioamniotic membranes (CAM) have been investigated utilizing specific and nonspecific substrates and group-specific inhibitors. We have demonstrated the presence of acid, serine, thiol, and metalloproteinases in CAM. It is indicated in fractionation studies that, in the CAM, most of the thiol and alkaline-proteolytic activity is of lysosomal origin, while the acid proteinases are of lysosomal and cytosolic origin. The alkaline-proteolytic activity appears to be associated with the fibroblasts. By the activity patterns and inhibition studies demonstrated by us, the presence in the CAM of almost all classes of proteinases is indicated; among these classes, thiol and metalloproteinases seem to be the major ones. We evaluated the possible involvement of these proteinases in the process leading to the rupture of CAM.
Depression and organicity

The present paper attempts to explore the problems involved in the frequently-posed differential diagnostic question: “Is this patient depressed, or is he organic?” A number of theoretical and conceptual difficulties underlie the problem of isolating these two factors which often make such a question a less than reasonable one.
Group 4 Transition Metal CH2MF2, CHFMF2, and HC÷MF3 Complexes Formed by C−F Activation and α-Fluorine Transfer

Group 4 transition metal methylidene difluoride complexes (CH2MF2) are formed by the reaction of methylene fluoride with laser-ablated metal atoms and are isolated in an argon matrix. Isotopic substitution of the CH2F2 precursor and theoretical computations (B3LYP and CCSD) confirm product identifications and assignments. Our calculations indicate that the CH2MF2 complexes have near C2v symmetry and are considerably more stable than other possible products (CH2(μ-F)MF and CHFMHF). The primary reaction exothermicity provides more than enough energy to activate the initial bridge-bonded CH2(μ-F)MF products on the triplet potential energy surface to complete an α-F transfer to form the very stable CH2MF2 products. Analogous experiments with CHF3 produce CHFTiF2, which is not distorted at the C−H bond, whereas the heavier group 4 metals form lower-energy triplet HC÷MF3 complexes, which contain weak degenerate C(p)−M(d) π-bonding interactions. Comparisons are made with the CH2MHF methylidene species, which sho...
Coagulation abnormalities associated with the use of anabolic steroids

According to a number of recent reports, persons using anabolic steroids may be subject to an increased risk of thromboembolism. We evaluated the effect of anabolic steroid use on the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems of 16 male bodybuilders to determine whether alterations occurred that would predispose them to a hypercoagulable state. No attempt was made to regulate or guide steroid use. Paired blood samples, both with and without steroid use, were obtained from six individuals, and the remaining subjects provided single samples obtained either during steroid use or nonuse. No differences were noted in most parameters, but we did find a significant increase in protein C antigen (p = 0.008) and free protein S antigen (p = 0.015), with a decreased euglobulin lysis time (p = 0.021) during steroid use. We also found a reduction in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.035) during steroid use. At least some of these findings suggest an activated fibrinolytic state, a known effect of anabolic steroids. The results do not support the presence of a hypercoagulable state. If anabolic steroids do produce a thrombotic tendency, they may do so through alterations in other hemostatic mechanisms or changes in lipid fractions, or more sensitive coagulation assays may be required for detection.
The role of growth conditions on the p-doping of GaN by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Mg-doped GaN layers were grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy under a range of conditions. The growth temperatures and III/V ratio were altered and the resultant films were analyzed using atomic force microscopy, Hall effect measurements, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The growth temperatures ranged from 600°C to 700°C. The III/V ratios were varied from N-rich (less than unity) to Ga-rich conditions (greater than unity). AFM showed that N-rich (III/V ratio 1) yielded smoother morphologies and exhibited p-type conductivity. The trend in morphology with changing III/V ratio is consistent with previous studies of the MBE growth of unintentionally doped GaN. SIMS measurements show that Mg incorporation was negligibly affected by the III/V ratio but exponentially decreased with increasing growth temperature.
Characterization of chicken syndecan-3 as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and its expression during embryogenesis.

Abstract Syndecan-3 is one of four identified members of a family of transmembrane in vproteoglycans (the syndecans) that possess highly similar cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains and may function as extracellular matrix receptors and/or low affinity receptors for signaling molecules such as FGF. We previously reported the cloning of a partial cDNA for chicken syndecan-3. Here we report the isolation of a syndecan-3 cDNA containing additional 5′ sequence which includes a potential methionine start codon and putative signal sequence. In vitro translation of syndecan-3 cDNA in the presence and absence of microsomes suggests that the putative signal sequence is functional, suggesting that the cDNA may encompass the full coding sequence. We also identify syndecan-3 as a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and report its expression pattern during chicken embryogenesis using polyclonal antibodies raised against a recombinant fusion protein. We detect abundant syndecan-3 expression in the developing brain and neural tube, including a striking expression in the floor plate of the neural tube. During limb development, syndecan-3 is expressed in the distal mesenchymal cells of the limb bud which are undergoing outgrowth in response to the apical ectodermal ridge. Syndecan-3 is also transiently expressed during the formation of the precartilage condensations of the skeletal elements of the limb and subsequently in association with the differentiating osteoblasts of the periosteum. Expression is also observed in several areas of tissue interactions including the developing lens, otic vesicle, genital ridge, sclerotome, and feather buds.
Response persistence under variable-time schedules following immediate and unsignalled delayed reinforcement.

Key pecking of three pigeons was maintained in separate components of a multiple schedule by either immediate reinforcement (i.e., tandem variable-time fixed-interval schedule) or unsignalled delayed reinforcement (i.e., tandem variable-interval fixed-time schedule). The relative rate of food delivery was equal across components, and this absolute rate differed across conditions. Immediate reinforcement always generated higher response rates than did unsignalled delayed reinforcement. Then, variable-time schedules of food delivery replaced the contingencies just described such that food was delivered at the same rate but independently of responding. In most cases, response rates decreased to near-zero levels. In addition, response persistence was not systematically different between multiple-schedule components across pigeons. The implications of the results for the concepts of response strength and the response-reinforcer relation are noted.
The treatment of acute staphylococcic infections with sulfamethylthiazol

Summary Five cases of acute infective laryngotracheobronchitis in infants and two cases of staphylococcus bacteriemia in children, which were treated with a new sulfonamide drug (sulfamethylthiazol), are briefly described. With dosages varying from 1 1/2 grains (0.09 Gm.) to 3 grains (0.19 Gm.) per pound of body weight per twenty-four hours, a satisfactory and effective concentration of the drug in the blood was obtained. The clinical response to the medication in these severe staphylococcus infections was striking. An improvement in the method of determining blood drug values is mentioned. Experiments on absorption and excretion are now in progress. The possibility of the occurrence of peripheral neuritis, which to date, has been observed only in adults, and its bearing upon the use of sulfamethylthiazol are discussed.
Comparison of two intravenous infusion schedules for inducing physical dependence upon ethanol in rats

Male hooded rats were implanted with intravenous (IV) cannulas and housed in operant chambers. The effectiveness of two infusion schedules for producing physical dependence upon ethanol was assessed. Twenty-three rats (12 ethanol, 11 control) were tested under a 4 hr interinfusion schedule (one infusion every 4 hr, around the clock), and 29 rats (15 ethanol, 14 control) were tested under a 2 hr interinfusion schedule. During the dependence induction phase, which lasted for 6 days, the experimental rats received ethanol (30% v/v) at an average daily dose which ranged from 8.4-11.8 g/kg, and the dose administered per infusion was adjusted according to the degree of intoxication of each animal. The pair-fed control subjects received infusions of isocaloric control solutions (either 29% v/v propylene glycol or 31% v/v glycerol). Following the dependence induction phase, ethanol was withdrawn, and withdrawal symptoms were assessed. Blood ethanol levels (BEL) and signs of intoxication were determined through all phases of the experiment. During the dependence induction phase, mortality was close to zero, and weight loss was held to about 10%. Tolerance to ethanol developed in all experimental rats. During the withdrawal period, all ethanol rats developed clear withdrawal symptoms, while control subjects did not. Ethanol elimination rates ranged between 45-50 mg/dl/hr and withdrawal symptoms began when BEL fell below 200 mg/dl, and were severe when BEL approached zero. The 2 hr schedule proved superior to the 4 hr schedule in that it led to greater stability of BEL during dependence induction, and a tendency for the withdrawal reaction to be more severe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
40Ar/39Ar age spectrum analysis of detrital microclines from the southern San Joaquin Basin, California: an approach to determining the thermal evolution of sedimentary basins

Abstract Detrital microcline grains from sedimentary strata preserve a record of thermal evolution in the temperature range ∼ 100° to 200°C which can be revealed by40Ar/39Ar age spectrum analysis. Microcline separates from deep drill hole intersections with Eocene to Miocene sediments in the Basin and Tejon Blocks of the southern San Joaquin Valley, California, analysed by the age spectrum approach show radiogenic40Ar (40Ar*) gradients that record both the slow cooling of the uplifting sediment source ∼ 65 Ma ago, and a recent thermal event. This information, in conjunction with the observation of fission track annealing in the coexisting apatites, allows estimation of the temperature-time conditions of this thermal event at about 140°C for ∼ 200 ka. Present and paleotemperature data is in accord with heating related to several kilometers of Pleistocene sediment deposition. Heat flow calculations suggest that this recent subsidence has depressed the thermal gradient from about 30°C km−1 to the present apparent gradient of 24°C km−1. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of detrital microcline crystals yields thermochronological information in the temperature-time range of petroleum maturation and provides this technique with potential as both a useful exploration tool and as a means of probing the fundamental geodynamic processes of basin evolution.
Effects of age and adrenocorticotropin on microsomal enzymes in guinea pig adrenal inner and outer cortices.

Guinea pig adrenals possess a distinctive zona reticularis which increases in volume as the animal matures, coming to occupy over 50% of the gland in mature 800-g animals. The adrenocortical cells of this zone possess abundant smoothsurfaced endoplasmic reticulum. In this paper we demonstrate that microsomes obtained from guinea pig inner cortices of both young and mature animals, consisting predominantly of zona reticularis tissue, possess higher activities of 21-hydroxylase, an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids, and ethylmorphine demethylase, a drug-metabolizyng enzyme, as well as higher contents of cytochromes b5 and P450, than microsomes derived from outer cortices, which contain predominantly zona fasciculatatissue. In addition, we show that while the inner cortex contains 90% of the total adrenal activity for ethylmorphine demethylase, ACTH suppresses this activity by 55% and decreases activity in the outer cortex to negligible levels. ACTH does not affect 21-hydroxylase activity or cytochrome b5 or...
Ammonia toxicity in rats: Protection by α-methylglutamic acid

Abstract The administration of α-methylglutamic acid (MGA) in doses of 6 mmoles/kg 1 hour prior to the administration of 11 mmoles/kg of ammonium chloride (LD90) protected almost all animals from the toxic effects of ammonia. Studies performed show that MGA did not significantly increase urea synthesis nor the excretion of ammonia in the urine. It was shown that although MGA can serve as a substrate for glutamine synthetase activity the detoxification was apparently not mediated through the formation of methylglutamine. The possible usefulness of this agent in treating hyperammonia syndromes is discussed.
Lymphoproliferative disorders in cardiac transplant recipients are multiclonal lymphomas

Tissue specimens from 5 immunosuppressed cardiac transplant recipients with lymphoproliferative disorders were examined for rearrangements in immunoglobulin DNA. In each case DNA analysis of tissues obtained from several sites or at various times showed different clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements for each of the three immunoglobulin gene loci. These findings indicate that lymphoproliferative disorders in immunosuppressed cardiac transplant recipients represent multiclonal or oligoclonal B cell lymphomas.
The effect of inner-shell polarization on diagonal stretching force constants. Some large-basis SCF and CI results

Abstract Hartree-Fock force constant calculations employing the 6–311G** basis augmented with (optimized) inner-shell (short-range) polarization functions are presented for OH−, HF, and HCN. A significant lowering of the quadratic stretching force constant is observed at the SCF level. Also presented are determinations of the quadratic stretching force constant of HF and the CN stretching force constant in HCN at the TZ+2P CI level of theory in which one of the sets of polarization functions has been “optimized” to account for inner-shell or short-range polarization. The hydrogen fluoride CI quadratic stretching force constant agrees with the experimentally determined value to within one third of one percent. The CI hydrogen cyanide CN stretching force constant is much improved over the TZ+P CI value, but the improvement over the TZ+2P CI SD value of Pulay et al. is only modest.
Etiology and Management of Elder Self‐Neglect

This article addresses the challenges of defining and accurately identifying elder self-neglect and explores an interdisciplinary team model, including counselors and mental health professionals, designed to implement prevention and intervention strategies. The challenge of striking a balance between the need to respect the individual elders' autonomy and the need to attend to their health care needs is underscored.
Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads, edited by Sohail Hashmi, Oxford University Press: New York, 2012, xvi + 434 pp. ISBN 978 019 975503 5, US$35.00 (paperback)

Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads, edited by Sohail Hashmi, Oxford University Press: New York, 2012, xvi + 434 pp. ISBN 978 019 975503 5, US$35.00 (paperback) This ambitious collection, featuring ne...
The search for correlation between electrokinetic phenomena and blood thrombus formation on implant materials.

Bioelectric charge transfer at the blood–wall interface may be a crucial factor affecting thrombosis on implant materials. A program of studies was conducted to determine the electrokinetic and other physical properties of a wide spectrum of materials including organic polymers, metals, inorganics, heterogeneous compounds, and animal tissue. From these tests, materials were selected for in-vivo cannulation experiments. In this manner, a search was made to find a correlation between surface charge characteristics and thrombosis on cardiovascular implant materials. It was found that materials exhibiting a substantial positive charge were prone to rapid thrombosis. No clear correlation can be stated, as yet, regarding the thrombogenecity of highly charged negative surfaces or slightly charged surfaces. However, many heterogeneous materials have exhibited prolonged in-vivo patency. It appears necessary to isolate surface effects from volumetric effects to seek the role of bioelectric charge transfer in blood thrombus formation.
Outline of details for official microbiological assays of antibiotics.

Tables are presented listing pertinent data required for 57 different microbiological assays, including those for all antibiotics approved for human use in the United States.
Statistical difficulties in the analysis of predator functional response data.

The utility of the ‘random predator equation’ of Royama (1971) and Rogers (1972) as a summary of the functional response relationship between predatory feeding behavior and prey density is questioned on the grounds that statistical assumptions in the regression analysis are not met by the linearized form of the equation. The absence of an alternative linearization that does not violate these assumptions necessitates the use of Holling's (1959) disc equation for the description of experimentally derived functional response relationships, when the comparison of parameters of different populations of predator or prey is a more important objective than a precise estimation.The statistical validity of the traditional linearization of the disc equation is questioned. An alternative transformation is proposed, which removes the statistical problems associated with the former transformation, and which permits a higher degree of explanation of variance in the independent variable by the regression.
Metamemory: Monitoring future recallability in free and cued recall

Data are reviewed from three studies in which individuals rated, at time of study, the likelihood that they would later recall each to-be-remembered item. In all conditions, individuals show a very substantial ability to predict those items that they later succeed in recalling. Although performance on this variety of metamemory task was similar in several respects for free-recall and cued-recall tasks, one consistent difference emerged. In the cued, or paired-associate, task, individual differences in recall performance were related to individual differences in the use of the predictive rating scale; those who recalled more items used higher values on the rating scale. For free recall, no such relationship was observed.
Scalings for fragments produced from drop breakup in shear flow with inertia

When a drop is sheared in a matrix liquid, the largest daughter drops are produced by elongative end pinching. The daughter drop size is found to scale with the critical drop size that would occur under the same flow conditions and fluid properties. Daughter drop volumes saturate to just below 60% of the critical volume as the mother drop size increases. For large Reynolds number, the daughter drop radius scales with the −13 case power of the capillary number when the Reynolds number is fixed.
Artificial intelligence as a discursive practice: the case of embodied software agent systems

In this paper, I explore some of the ways in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) is mediated discursively. I assume that AI is informed by an “ancestral dream” to reproduce nature by artificial means. This dream drives the production of “cyborg discourse”, which hinges on the belief that human nature (especially intelligence) can be reduced to symbol manipulation and hence replicated in a machine. Cyborg discourse, I suggest, produces AI systems by rhetorical means; it does not merely describe AI systems or reflect a set of prevailing attitudes about technology. To support this argument, I analyse a set of research articles about an “embodied conversational agent” called the Real Estate Agent (REA). The articles about REA mobilise a set of rhetorical strategies that systematically downplay the system’s artificiality and bolster its humanlike qualities. Within the context of the dream of AI to produce humanlike machines, and given our strong bias for human-human interaction, the designers’ claim to REA’s humanness in their research articles, as I argue in the final section of this paper, needs little justification.
Thermite reactions: their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials

A class of exothermic reactions between, typically, a metal and an oxide, commonly referred to as thermite reactions, is reviewed with emphasis on their utilization in the synthesis and processing of materials. Theoretical and experimental results relating to ignition and combustion (self-propagation) characteristics of these reactions are presented.
New dendrimer molecules with a record high intrinsic two-photon absorption cross-section

Summary form only given. Two-photon absorption (TPA) is a third-order nonlinear optical process, in which two photons are absorbed simultaneously such that the energy of the photons adds up to the energy of the molecule's excited state. TPA has important applications in three-dimensional optical data storage, photolithography, scanning fluorescence microscopy, optical power limiting, etc. These applications exploit the fact that the rate of TPA has a quadratic dependence on the illuminating laser intensity. In particular, TPA allows confining absorption to a small diffraction-limited volume. This effect has been used recently for micro-fabrication of photonic band gap materials, tapered optical wave-guides and micro-electromechanical devices. A majority of known organic molecules have a very small nonlinear absorption cross-section, typically /spl sigma//sub 2//spl sim/1 GM (1 GM=10/sup -50/ cm/sup 4/s photon/sup -1/ molecule/sup -1/), which is insufficient for most proposed applications. An increase in /spl sigma//sub 2/ value has been achieved by using molecular design elements such as extension of /spl pi/-conjugation length of the molecule and by introduction of electron-donating (D) and electron-accepting (A) groups at the opposite ends of a linear molecule. In this paper we present results on measurement of two-photon absorption properties of a new class of macro-molecules with even higher intrinsic /spl sigma//sub 2/. These molecules are synthesized by using a strong D-A-D type two-photon absorbing chromophore 4,4'-bis(diphenylamino)stilbene as a building block for a much larger nanometer-size dendrimer structure.
Cell-type specific processing of neuroendocrine precursor proteins using vaccinia recombinants.

Abstract The cell-type specific processing of human pro-enkephalin was determined using a vaccinia recombinant (VV:hPE). The results show that all cell types infected with VV:hPE efficiently synthesize pro-enkephalin following cleavage of the signal peptide after Ala 24 . In addition, pro-enkephalin is shown to undergo N -linked glycosylation as well as other post-translational modifications. However, only one cell line. AtT-20, was able to efficiently cleave pro-enkephalin to smaller peptides including Met-enkephalin. Some results have been previously reported ( Science 232, 1641–1643).
Towards Quantifying a Wider Reality: Shannon Exonerata

In 1872 Ludwig von Boltzmann derived a statistical formula to represent the entropy (an apophasis) of a highly simplistic system. In 1948 Claude Shannon independently formulated the same expression to capture the positivist essence of information. Such contradictory thrusts engendered decades of ambiguity concerning exactly what is conveyed by the expression. Resolution of widespread confusion is possible by invoking the third law of thermodynamics, which requires that entropy be treated in a relativistic fashion. Doing so parses the Boltzmann expression into separate terms that segregate apophatic entropy from positivist information. Possibly more importantly, the decomposition itself portrays a dialectic-like agonism between constraint and disorder that may provide a more appropriate description of the behavior of living systems than is possible using conventional dynamics. By quantifying the apophatic side of evolution, the Shannon approach to information achieves what no other treatment of the subject affords: It opens the window on a more encompassing perception of reality.
Technical updates from the TNA operations program

Abstract The operation of the Thermal Neutron Analysis (TNA) Explosive Detection Systems in a number of airports throughout the world has yielded a wealth of information. These devices have been deployed to detect explosives in checked luggage before they reach the aircraft. Data from over 1 million bags have been collected, and the TNA operation has resulted in one arrest and the apprehension of illicit materials. Distributions of unusual elements, elemental and physical densities of suitcases for various sites are given. These data are critical to the estimation of the performance of new systems based on advanced X-ray or neutron techniques. Several cases of particular importance to TNA were studied. A sample application of this distribution data to the evaluation of proposed changes to the TNA is described. Optimization of the cavity structure and the neutron moderator design to reduce hydrogen backgrounds was performed via computer modeling.