cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rab13 regulates membrane trafficking between TGN and recycling endosomes in polarized epithelial cells

To maintain polarity, epithelial cells continuously sort transmembrane proteins to the apical or basolateral membrane domains during biosynthetic delivery or after internalization. During biosynthetic delivery, some cargo proteins move from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) into recycling endosomes (RE) before being delivered to the plasma membrane. However, proteins that regulate this transport step remained elusive. In this study, we show that Rab13 partially colocalizes with TGN38 at the TGN and transferrin receptors in RE. Knockdown of Rab13 with short hairpin RNA in human bronchial epithelial cells or overexpression of dominant-active or dominant-negative alleles of Rab13 in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells disrupts TGN38/46 localization at the TGN. Moreover, overexpression of Rab13 mutant alleles inhibits surface arrival of proteins that move through RE during biosynthetic delivery (vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein [VSVG], A-VSVG, and LDLR-CT27). Importantly, proteins using a direct route from the TGN to the plasma membrane are not affected. Thus, Rab13 appears to regulate membrane trafficking between TGN and RE.
Stabilizing Petri nets

A fundamental criterion of a robust distributed system is its ability to recover from perturbations that can possibly corrupt the state of the system. In a Petri net model, system perturbations may affect the marking of the net in an unpredictable manner. The paper shows that for certain classes of nets, it is possible to devise a self-stabilizing extension, so that regardless of the initial marking, the system automatically restores its liveness and safety properties. >
Overcoming time-varying co-channel interference using type-2 fuzzy adaptive filters

This paper presents a method for overcoming time-varying co-channel interference (CCI) using type-2 fuzzy adaptive filters (FAF). The type-2 FAF is realized using an unnormalized type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy logic system. A clustering method is used to adaptively design the parameters of the FAF. We use transversal equalizer and decision feedback equalizer structures to eliminate the CCI. Simulation results show that the equalizers based on type-2 FAFs perform better than the nearest neighbor classifiers or the equalizers based on type-1 FAFs when the number of co-channels is much large than 1.
Ultrasound interest group: a novel method of expanding ultrasound education in medical school

Ultrasound technology and clinical applications are advancing across many medical specialties and there exists an increasing need for ultrasound education in medical school. Few institutions, however, have incorporated this into the 4-year curriculum and barriers to curricular change remain. The Ultrasound Interest Group (USIG) is an alternative, extracurricular way for future operators to gain ultrasound exposure throughout all four years of medical school and develop the skill sets necessary to emerge as leaders in sonography. The USIG was designed using a student organization infrastructure. The mission is to promote ultrasound education and student leadership across the medical school, outside the required curriculum. Participation is voluntary and open to all medical students. Leadership consists of defined positions held by junior and senior medical students. The USIG holds four meetings per year, organizes clinical and scanning opportunities for students, sponsors ultrasound events, and distributes a newsletter. The USIG has been an active student interest group for three academic years and had three sets of student leaders. Participants in USIG activities included first through fourth-year medical students each year. To date, the USIG had 12 meetings including 2 national and 4 local guest speakers. The USIG has organized scanning opportunities for students, sponsored events, and established a vertical model of structured mentorship. The USIG is a feasible method of promoting ultrasound education and student leadership among medical students. This model may be implemented at other medical schools as a centralized, organizing body for extracurricular ultrasound education.
Cellular proliferation potential during aging and caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Caloric restriction (CR) is the most successful method of extending both median and maximal lifespans in rodents and other short-lived species. It is not yet clear whether this method of life extension will be successful in longer-lived species, possibly including humans; however, trials in rhesus monkeys are underway. We have examined the cellular proliferative potential of cells from CR and AL (ad libitum fed) monkey skin cells using two different bioassays: colony size analysis (CSA) of dermal fibroblasts isolated and cloned directly from the skin and beta-galactosidase staining at pH 6.0 (BG-6.0) of epidermal cells in frozen sections of skin. Decreases in both proliferative markers occurred with age, but no differences were observed between CR and AL animals. Skin biopsies were obtained from AL and CR rhesus monkeys from two different aging colonies, one at the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and one at the University of Maryland-Baltimore (UMB). These biopsies were used as a source of tissue sections and cells for two biomarkers of aging assays. The CR monkeys had been maintained for 9–12 years on approximately 70% of the caloric intake of control AL animals. In the CSA studies, the fraction of small clones increased significantly and the fraction of large clones decreased significantly with increasing age in AL monkeys. The frequency of epidermal BG-6.0 staining cells increased with age in older (>22 years) AL monkeys, but most predominately in those of the UMB colony, which were somewhat heavier than the NIH AL controls. Old monkeys on CR tended to have fewer BG-6.0-positive cells relative to old AL-derived epidermis, but this effect was not significant. These results indicate that cellular proliferative potential declined with age in Macaca mulatta, but was not significantly altered by CR under these conditions. Although these experiments are consistent with an absence of effect of CR on monkey skin cell proliferative potential, we have found in previous experiments with mice that a longer duration of CR (as a fraction of total lifespan) was needed to demonstrate CR-related improvement in clone size in mice. Further studies on the now mid-aged monkeys will be needed as their age exceeds 20 years to conclusively rule out an effect of CR on proliferative potential of skin cells from these primates. J. Cell. Physiol. 180:123–130, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Models of ionic transport in biological membranes. Raman spectroscopy as a probe of valinomycin, gramicidin A', and rhodopsin conformations

There is evidence that membrane proteins can serve as the functional units of ionic transport in biological membranes. Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used to probe specific molecular interactions inside two models of transport membrane proteins, valinomycin and gramicidin A. Conformational changes of these molecules, as well as specific interactions with ions, can be detected and may help elucidate how membrane transport proteins such as Na+ minus K+ ATPase and rhodopsin function. Resonance Raman spectroscopy has also been used to study conformational changes and protein-chromophore interactions in rhodopsin, the membrane protein that acts as the primary unit of visual excitation in the eye.
Enhanced Rate of SIO2 Growth in Ge-Implanted SI

The implantation of Ge in Si has been found to considerably increase the steam oxidation rate of Si under certain conditions. This effect has been studied for a range of implanted ion energies and doses. During steam oxidation, implanted Ge is rejected from the growing oxide and forms a thin layer between SiO2 and Si. Segregated Ge is epitaxial with the underlying Si, and leads to enhanced oxidation of the underlying Si. Evidence suggests that the Ge alters the interfacial kinetics associated with oxide formation.
Umgang mit lebensverlängernden Maßnahmen – einschließlich Patientenverfügung ndash; Ein Appell der DGVP für Gesundheit e. V.

Die Faktoren der Okonomie und Kommerzialisierung fuhren zu einem standig steigenden Leistungsdruck innerhalb der Institutionen und zulasten aller Berufsgruppen sowie deren Patienten. Somit wird die notwendige personliche Zuwendung der Mitarbeiter auf den Menschen reduziert, was wiederum die Qualitat minimiert. Von dieser Entwicklung sind auch die Bedurfnisse Schwerstkranker und Sterbender betroffen. Ethikkommissionen, die sich mit einem ganzheitlichen Ansatz um die bestmogliche Entscheidung fur den jeweiligen Menschen kummern, konnen diesen Druck auf ein Minimum reduzieren. Um die Verantwortung fur die eigene Gesundheit zu ubernehmen, ist eine Patientenverfugung unabdingbar. Sie kann mithilfe von Textbausteinen der Justizministerien verfasst werden und sollte durch Aspekte wie individuelle Wertvorstellungen, exemplarische Situationen und klar formulierte Festlegungen erganzt werden.
Spectroscopic and quantitative analysis of the oxygenated and peroxy states of the purified cytochrome d complex of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Oxygenated and peroxy states of the cytochrome d complex of Escherichia coli have been proposed as intermediates in the reaction mechanism of this ubiquinol oxidase. In this report, several stable states of the purified enzyme were examined spectroscopically at room temperature. As purified, the cytochrome d complex exists in an oxygenated state characterized by an absorbance band at 650 nm. Removal of oxygen results in loss of absorbance at this wavelength, which is restored upon the return of oxygen. The presence of one oxygen molecule in the oxygenated state was quantified by measuring oxygen released when excess hydrogen peroxide was added to the oxygenated state by passage of argon generates a "partially reduced" state with an absorbance peak at 628 nm, apparently due to reduced cytochrome d. Addition of equimolar hydrogen peroxide to the fully oxidized state produces the peroxy state. This peroxy state is also formed upon addition of excess hydrogen peroxide to the oxygenated state via a stable intermediate termed "peroxy intermediate." It is likely that 1) the oxygenated state consists of one molecule of oxygen bound to reduced heme d, and 2) there are at least two stable states that have bound peroxide at room temperature, the peroxy state and a newly discovered peroxy intermediate.
Adult rat ventricular myocytes cultured in defined medium: phenotype and electromechanical function

We studied primary short-term cultures of adult rat ventricular myocytes in defined medium to determine whether phenotype and electromechanical function are maintained in rod-shaped, quiescent cell...
Dimensions of similarity in the mental lexicon

During language production planning, multiple candidate representations are implicitly activated prior to articulation. Lexical representations that are phonologically related to the target (phonological neighbors) are known to influence phonetic properties of the target word. However, the question of which dimensions of phonological similarity contribute to such lexical-phonetic effects remains unanswered. In the present study, we reanalyze phonetic data from a previous study, examining the contrasting predictions of different definitions of phonological similarity. Our results suggest that similarity at the level of position-specific phonological segments best predicts the influence of neighbor activation on phonetic properties of initial consonants.
High tibial osteotomy. A five-year evaluation.

Fifty-one osteoarthritic knees treated by high tibial osteotomy were followed for at least five years. Deterioration after an initial good result was uncommon (five cases). Most of the good results were in knees (thirty of forty-five) with mild varus deformity and good ligament stability. It is, therefore, possible to select the knee suitable for osteotomy from measurement of the preoperative standing roentgenogram. We recommend that tibial osteotomy be done only when there is less than 10 degrees of varus deformity. In a knee with more than 15 degrees of varus deformity there will be subluxation on weight-bearing and tibial osteotomy is contraindicated.
One‐Pot Polymerization Syntheses: Incorporating Bioactives into Poly(anhydride‐esters)

To reduce raw material consumption and increase synthetic efficiency, bioactive-based poly(anhydride-esters) containing aliphatic dicarboxylic acid-linkages and bioactives, salicylic and p-hydroxybenzyl acid, are synthesized via one-pot melt-condensation polymerizations. One-pot poly(anhydride-esters) physicochemical characteristics, molecular weight, and thermal properties are analyzed and compared. One-pot salicylic acid-based poly(anhydride-esters) are further evaluated against analogous polymers synthesized via established methods, possessing statistically similar polymer and thermal properties while drastically reducing reaction time and solvent usage. Interestingly, p-hydroxybenzyl acid-based poly(anhydride-ester) synthesis is temperature-dependent, as higher reaction temperatures facilitate polyester formation. Compared to their poly(anhydride-ester) analogs, these are found to possess improved thermal properties and higher molecular weight while. Accelerated hydrolytic degradation studies confirm complete bioactive release and polymer degradation. Furthermore, polymer cytotoxicity studies using 3T3 mouse fibroblasts show all polymers to be cytocompatible above therapeutically relevant concentrations. This method demonstrates that the synthesis of high-yielding monomers can be followed by melt-condensation polymerization in situ for the synthesis of polyanhydrides and their derivatives.
Can aspartame meet our expectations

Numerous studies have shown no potential toxicity of amounts of aspartame likely to be ingested, or even of abuse doses.
Nanowire reinforcement of woven composites for enhancing interlaminar fracture toughness

A novel technique to improve the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon-fiber polymer matrix composite face sheets using zinc oxide nanowires is proposed. Zinc oxide nanowires are directionally synthesized on dry carbon fabrics that are used to manufacture the laminate. The influence of zinc oxide nanowires on interlaminar fracture toughness is compared against regular interfaces using double cantilever beam and end-notched flexure tests to provide fracture toughness values. A significant improvement in the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness values is observed with zinc oxide nanowires. Therefore, zinc oxide nanowire interlaminar reinforcement has been proven to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness of textile composites.
Consumption of Food Particles: Mechanics of Grazing and Predation

Most consumers in the classic food webs obtain most of their nutrition by eating particulate foods, which are obtained in various ways. Food particles may be consumed by engulfing the prey with pseudopods, as in, for example, amoebas, radiolarians, and foraminiferans. Suspension feeders collect food particles via different ways: ciliates, sponges, bivalves, many annelids, and brachiopods create feeding currents by the beating of cilia or appendages to bring food to the animal; tunicates and some gastropods produce mucus sheets that are used as sieves or sticky surfaces to capture food; copepods and barnacles use setae- and setule-bearing appendages to capture particles much smaller than the consumer; and some fish strain particles by passing water through gill rakers, and whales use baleen for the same purpose. Deposit feeders, such as many sea cucumbers, bivalves, polychaetes, and shipworms, collect and ingest sediments that contain food particles. Raptorial feeders (gastropods, cephalopods, crustaceans, cnidarians, turbellarians, polychaetes, fish, birds, turtles, snakes, and some mammals) capture and consume food particles that are relatively large compared to the size of the consumers.
Management problems of mentally retarded children and their families.

While earlier pediatric involvement with the mentally retarded focused primarily on developmental assessment, recent attention seems to be more directed toward parent counseling. Several problems involved in dealing with the mentally retarded and their families are examined in detail.
ACCOUNTING FOR INFLATION: HENRY SWEENEY AND THE GERMAN GOLD-MARK MODEL

In his book Stabilized Accounting of 1936, Henry Sweeney differentiated his indexation model for accounting for inflation from the French and German inflation-accounting models of the 1920s by describing the European methods as “usually quite content to stabilize the paper-money book figures on the basis of merely some gold money.” Sweeney's composite characterization of the European thought, however, generalizes broadly and proves technically inexact when applied to the Germans. This study offers an account of the German gold-mark model of accounting for inflation as contained in the works of Walter Mahlberg and Eugen Schmalenbach.
Recent progress in the development of a propagator method for electromagnetic fields

We present recent progress in the development of a time domain propagator numerical method for electromagnetic fields in the context of a lossless transmission line with more than one substrate material. The issues discussed here include a method for maintaining consistent spatial and computation time increments, an equation for the voltage and current at the intersection of two dielectrics and between a dielectric and a perfect conductor, and an absorbing boundary condition.
Migraine Headache and Long Term Cardiovascular Outcomes: An extended follow-up of the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation.

Abstract Background The association between migraine headache and cardiovascular events has been inconsistent. This study determines the long-term risk of cardiovascular events among women with and without a history of migraine headache who were under evaluation for suspected myocardial ischemia in the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Methods The WISE is a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored prospective, multicenter study that aims to improve myocardial ischemia evaluation in women. A total of 936 women presenting with symptoms of myocardial ischemia underwent structured data collection and coronary angiography. Information pertaining to migraine headache was available in 917 women. All-cause mortality data were available on all women for a median of 9.5 years, and nonfatal cardiovascular event data were available on 888 women for a median of 6.5 years. Results A total of 224 (24.4%) women reported a history of migraine headache. Compared with women who did not report a history of migraine headache, women with a history of migraine headache had an increased adjusted risk of cardiovascular event (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, or stroke) (hazard ratio 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-2.75) at a median follow-up of 6.5 years. This result was driven mainly by a twofold increase in the risk of stroke (hazard ratio 2.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-4.68). Conclusion Among women being evaluated for ischemic heart disease, those reporting a history of migraine headache had increased risk of future cardiovascular events on long-term follow-up. This risk was primarily driven by a more-than twofold increase in the risk of stroke.
Abstract 41: Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Determinants of Cardiovascular Events Among Individuals with or at Risk for Chronic Kidney Disease: The Jackson Heart Study

Introduction: African Americans (AA) suffer disproportionately from chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its sequelae. Persons with prevalent CKD or those at risk (i.e., those with diabetes and/or hype...
A clinician's guide to the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in women

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its analogues have been extensively used in clinical medicine since they were identified and synthesized in 1971. Native GnRH stimulates gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary and has been used for induction of ovulation. The GnRH agonists, which have greater potency and a longer half-life than native GnRH, produce an initial stimulation of pituitary gonadotrophs that results in secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and the expected gonadal response. This response is followed by downregulation and inhibition of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The GnRH antagonists promptly suppress pituitary gonadotropin by GnRH-receptor competition, thereby avoiding the initial stimulatory phase of the agonists. Discontinuation of GnRH antagonist treatment leads to a rapid and predictable recovery of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The GnRH analogues are potent therapeutic agents that are considerably useful in a variety of clinical indications. These indications include management of endometriosis, uterine leiomyomas, hirsutism, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, premenstrual syndrome, assisted reproduction, and some hormone-dependent tumors.
Abstract 045: Highly-reactive Lipid Aldehydes Are Downstream Mediators Of Oxidant-induced Spontaneous Ca Waves

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca release channel and generate arrhythmogenic Ca waves (SCWs) in myocytes. ROS also cause lipid peroxidation in cell membranes that produce highly-reactive g-ketoaldehydes (IsoK), which can react immediately with proteins (RyR2) and accumulate in ischemic human heart. We previously found that specific IsoK scavengers reduce infarct size and prevent ventricular arrhythmia in an MI mouse model, suggesting a biological role of IsoK in oxidant heart injury. We hypothesize that IsoK mediate in part the ROS-induced SCW in myocytes. Methods: We compared the effect of H 2 O 2 , synthetic IsoK, the specific IsoK scavenger (SA, salicylamine), its inactive homolog (4-SA, 4-OH-salicylamine), and the ROS scavenger (MPG, 2-mercaptopropionyl glycine) in field-stimulated mouse ventricular myocytes loaded with Fura-2AM. Results: Thirty min exposure to H 2 O 2 (10μM) or IsoK (1μM) both generated SCWs (H 2 O 2 37%, IsoK 37%, p 2 O 2 -induced SCWs, but had no effect on IsoK-induced SCWs ( Fig.A ). Pre-treatment with SA (8 μM, 60 min) significantly reduced H 2 O 2 -induced SCWs, whereas 4-SA had no effect on H 2 O 2 -induced SCWs (%SCWs, H 2 O 2 ; 53%, SA+H 2 O 2 ; 27%*, 4-SA+H 2 O 2 ; 56%. *p Fig. B ). In the absence of H 2 O 2 , MPG, SA, or 4-SA had no significant effect on Ca handling in myocytes. Conclusion: IsoK directly activate SCWs independent of ROS production in myocytes. Specific IsoK scavengers inhibit 50% of ROS-induced SCWs. Hence, our data suggested that IsoK are biologically-relevant downstream mediators of oxidant-induced RyR2 dysfunction.
Fertilizer legacies meet saltwater incursion: challenges and constraints for coastal plain wetland restoration

Coastal wetland restoration is an important tool for climate change adaptation and excess nutrient runoff mitigation. However, the capacity of restored coastal wetlands to provide multiple ecosystem services is limited by stressors, such as excess nutrients from upstream agricultural fields, high nutrient legacies on-site, and rising salinities downstream. The effects of these stressors are exacerbated by an accelerating hydrologic cycle, expected to cause longer droughts punctuated by more severe storms. We used seven years of surface water and six years of soil solution water chemistry from a large (440 ha) restored wetland to examine how fertilizer legacy, changes in hydrology, and drought-induced salinization affect dissolved nutrient and carbon concentrations. To better understand the recovery trajectory of the restored wetland, we also sampled an active agricultural field and two mature forested wetlands. Our results show that nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in soil solution were 2–10 times higher in the restored wetland compared to two mature forested wetlands, presumably due to legacy fertilizer mobilized by reflooding. Despite elevated nutrient concentrations relative to reference wetlands, the restored wetland consistently attenuated N and P pulses delivered from an upstream farm. Even with continued loading, N and P concentrations in surface water throughout the restored wetland have decreased since the initial flooding. Our results suggest that high nutrient concentrations and export from wetlands restored on agricultural lands may be a severe but temporary problem. If field to wetland conversion is to become a more widespread method for ameliorating nutrient runoff and adapting coastal plain ecosystems to climate change, we should adopt new methods for minimizing the initial export phase of wetland restoration efforts.
Establishing a Bayesian approach to determining cosmogenic nuclide reference production rates using He-3

Abstract Production rates are a cornerstone of in situ cosmogenic nuclide applications, including surface exposure dating, erosion rate/denudation rate estimates, and burial dating. The most common approach for estimating production rates is to measure cosmogenic nuclide samples from sites with independently well-constrained exposure histories. In addition, while researchers attempt to minimize the effects of erosion through careful site and sample selection, it can be present at some unknown level in certain sites. We present a general Bayesian methodology for combining information from the nuclide concentrations, the exposure history, and the possibility of erosion, to determine the production rate at a given site. Then, we use another Bayesian approach to combine the results from the various sites. Cosmogenic 3 He is an ideal test-bed for our Bayesian approach. It has the most calibration sites of the commonly measured cosmogenic nuclides, and there is evidence for the effect of erosion on some of the sites. Our approach largely reconciles previous discrepancies between sites of widely varying age, even at latitudes where geomagnetic effects are significant. With the canonical Lal/Stone scaling scheme, we derive a global sea level high latitude 3 He production rate of 118 ± 2 atoms g −1 yr −1 when considering olivine and pyroxene together. Using the Lifton–Sato–Dunai scaling scheme yields a similar rate of 121 ± 2 atoms g −1 yr −1 . Uncertainties associated with these values are improved over previous studies, due to both reduced scatter among the sites and an approach to combining sites which deemphasizes outliers.
Effect of Shear Modes Interference in Anisotropic Materials

Ultrasonic signals transmitted through a plate by shear waves in weakly anisotropic materials are usually not separable in the time domain and thus interfere at the receiver. The interference signal bears information on material anisotropy due to texture or residual stresses. This dependence of the interference signals on material properties can be utilized practically. Blinka and Sachse [1] used interference of two shear waves to measure stress applied normally to the direction of wave propagation in an aluminum specimen. The phenomenon is also described in [2]. The change of acoustic microscopy contrast is attributed by Dreschler-Krasicka to stress induced interference [3]. Various interference phenomena in crystalline solids are described by Wolfe in [4].
DYNAMICAL METEOROLOGY | Baroclinic Instability

Baroclinic instability refers to a process by which perturbations draw energy from the mean flow potential energy. Conditions in the middle latitude atmosphere are conducive for zonally varying structures (eddies) to grow by this process. The baroclinic energy conversions are proportional to eddy heat fluxes; these eddies also accomplish some of the necessary poleward transport of heat, especially in middle latitudes. Baroclinically unstable solutions arising in simple linear quasigeostrophic formulations have properties similar to observed frontal cyclones. Improving those simplifying assumptions (such as allowing nonlinearity) improve the similarity between simulated and observed properties.
Intellectual Property’s Need for a Disability Perspective

This Article approaches intellectual property law from a critical-disability theory perspective. It argues that, in specific instances, courts have gotten the law wrong because of a failure to take into account the perspective of persons with disabilities. In the context of law, and intellectual property law in particular, confronting those differences means taking into account a disability perspective even where all the parties in a given case are not disabled and where the dispute does not directly implicate issues of disability. This sua sponte accounting is necessary because intellectual property cases have the effect of defining rights that extend far beyond the lives of the parties to the dispute.Part I of this Article sketches out the disability context, including the significance of disability in our society and the law’s attempts to confront it. Part II considers the role of the fictional person in legal analysis and the importance this holds in the context of disability and intellectual property law. Part III examines a particular application for disability perspective in intellectual property law – non-word trademarks and the perspective of developmentally disabled persons. Part IV examines another application – three-dimensional works and the perspective of persons with visual impairments, the consideration of which carries implications for copyright, trademark, and the right of publicity. In its final analysis, this Article argues that the courts, in shaping the law and defining the bounds of intellectual property entitlements, should conscientiously use a disability perspective where appropriate, even when not called for by the parties. Doing so will effect a broader and more perfect realization of justice.
Plasma metabolomic profiling of a ketamine and placebo crossover trial of major depressive disorder and healthy control subjects

(R,S)-Ketamine produces rapid, robust, and sustained antidepressant effects in major depressive disorder. Specifically, its pharmacological efficacy in treatment refractory depression is considered a major breakthrough in the field. However, the mechanism of action of ketamine’s rapid effect remains to be determined. In order to identify pathways that are responsible for ketamine’s effect, a targeted metabolomic approach was carried out using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design, with infusion order randomized with medication-free patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (29 subjects) and healthy controls (25 subjects). The metabolomic profile of these subjects was characterized at multiple time points, and a comprehensive analysis was investigated between the following: MDD and healthy controls, treatment and placebo in both groups and the corresponding response to ketamine treatment. Ketamine treatment resulted in a general increase in circulating sphingomyelins, levels which were not correlated with response. Ketamine response resulted in more pronounced effects in the kynurenine pathway and the arginine pathway at 4 h post-infusion, where a larger decrease in circulating kynurenine levels and a larger increase in the bioavailability of arginine were observed in responders to ketamine treatment, suggesting possible mechanisms for response to ketamine treatment.
A Role for Tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in CD8 T-cell Suppression and Evidence of Tryptophan Catabolism in Breast Cancer Patient Plasma

Tryptophan catabolism is an attractive target for reducing tumor progression and improving antitumor immunity in multiple cancers. Tumor infiltration by CD8 T cells correlates with improved prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and a significant effort is underway to improve CD8 T-cell antitumor activity. In this study, primary human immune cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of patients and used to demonstrate that the tryptophan catabolite kynurenine induces CD8 T-cell death. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that anchorage-independent TNBC utilizes the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) to inhibit CD8 T-cell viability. Publicly available data revealed that high TDO2, the gene encoding TDO, correlates with poor breast cancer clinical outcomes, including overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival, while expression of the gene encoding the more commonly studied tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, IDO1 did not. Metabolomic analysis, using quantitative mass spectrometry, of tryptophan and its catabolites, including kynurenine, in the plasma from presurgical breast cancer patients (n = 77) and 40 cancer-free donors (n = 40) indicated a strong correlation between substrate and catabolite in both groups. Interestingly, both tryptophan and kynurenine were lower in the plasma from patients with breast cancer compared with controls, particularly in women with estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and stage III and IV breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study underscores the importance of tryptophan catabolism, particularly in aggressive disease, and suggests that future pharmacologic efforts should focus on developing drugs that target both TDO and IDO1.
Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

Nonmelanoma skin cancers are a group of heterogeneous cutaneous tumors that range from some of the most common human malignancies to extremely rare variants. Surgery remains the primary modality for treating these skin cancers, and the initial evaluation and diagnostic biopsy dictate subsequent treatment. Nonsurgical treatments are evolving and have been applied with mixed success. The identification of specific genetic mutations and critical cellular signaling pathways has generated excitement for novel targeting agents that have shown clinical efficacy.
Women's Experiences of Sexual Violence in Intimate Relationships: Applying a New Taxonomy

How do women describe their experiences of sexual violence in their intimate relationships? In answering this question, the present article builds upon a newly developed taxonomy of intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV). Women with past or present intimate partner violence experience (N = 28) were recruited from a domestic violence program and the community at large. Data were collected with semistructured, in-person interviews, audio recorded, and transcribed. As defined by the taxonomy, 27 women (96%) experienced intimate partner sexual abuse; 19 (68%) experienced intimate partner sexual coercion; 14 (50%) experienced intimate partner sexual assault; and two (7%) experienced intimate partner-forced sexual activity. Intimate partner sexual abuse was central to women's experiences of IPSV. Common categories of sexual abuse were having sex outside of the relationship, controlling reproductive decisions, degrading with sexual criticism and insults, refusing communication, denying pleasure, and withholding sex. The types of IPSV did not typically occur in isolation; the taxonomy revealed a grouping pattern, with intimate partner sexual assault and intimate partner sexual coercion co-occurring with sexual abuse. Understanding the different types of IPSV as a comprehensive mechanism of sexual control is a meaningful way to conceptualize sexual violence in intimate relationships. The expanded taxonomy provides a useful therapeutic tool in helping women share and heal from these experiences.
Gender inequality in salaries among reproductive endocrinology and infertility subspecialists in the United States.

Objective To determine whether and by how much pay among board-certified or -eligible reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) subspecialists in the United States differs by gender. Design Cross-sectional Web-based survey. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome measure was continuous income, which was calculated using the mid-point of salary and bonuses as reported in the survey. Secondary outcomes included income based on type of practice, years in practice, region of the country in practice, and race/ethnicity of survey respondent. Result(s) Among 215 responses, 49% were female and 95% were full Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility members. Fewer women reported being in private practice than men (45% vs. 64%). Female gender was associated with an income gap of 27% in unadjusted comparisons. When adjusted for years in practice and type of practice (private vs. other), the gap diminished to 21% but remained significant, with men reporting higher incomes than women. Conclusion(s) The gender pay gap present among physicians and obstetricians and gynecologists more widely persists among REI subspecialists even when accounting for characteristics related to differences in pay. Acknowledging the pay gap among REI subspecialists is the first step in working toward gender-neutral compensation for equivalent work.
Berechnung der Wasserdampf-Kältemaschine mit Dampfstrahlejektor

Die Energieumsetzung in der Wasserdampf-Kaltemaschine last sich wie die ubrigen Kompressionsverfahren an Hand des Entropiediagrammes erkennen, besonders da dieses Hilfsmittel fur die Darstellung der Stromungsvorgange des Dampfes allgemein Eingang gefunden hat. Fur die hier vorliegenden Verhaltnisse benutzt man eine Tafel, in der die Entropiewerte als Abszissen und die absoluten Temperaturen als Ordinaten aufgetragen sind. Hierfur sind genugend grose Masstabe zu wahlen und das Gebiet hat sich unter 0° C zu erstrecken. Auf dem Versuchsstand werden die kleinen Drucke in Millimeter Quecksilbersaule (QS) gemessen. Statt der Umrechnung kann man die Zahlentafel XV benutzen, die zugleich die (spezifischen) Volumen von 1 kg Wasserdampf enthalt1).
Introducing Cornerstone Courses into Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum

Almost all engineering programs have some form of final, culminating design experience, which is typically taught as a senior year capstone design course. Due to ABET requirements these are team and project based. Many programs will also have projects interspersed among required and elective courses, but these tend to be overrepresented in freshman year. We have recently introduced a set of courses during sophomore year that mimic our approach to capstone courses and provide authentic engineering design experience. These so-called cornerstone courses provide scaffolding by introducing all of the components of teamwork and design process but in a less formal and formative way. We will provide details of our goals, student learning outcomes, tools used, logistics and initial experiences.
Exploring the boundaries of societally acceptable bias expression toward Muslim and atheist defendants in four mock-juror experiments

Abstract Religious minorities have experienced bias in many domains including the criminal justice system. The Normative Window of prejudice model posits that some bias expression is societally acceptable, while other bias expression is unacceptable and thus suppressed. Four mock-juror studies test the boundaries of normative expression of bias toward religious minorities. Participants expressed bias against (i.e., prejudice) Muslim defendants who commit violence motivated by religion (Study 1), yet also expressed bias toward (i.e., favoritism) Muslim defendants who commit violence in response to being attacked because of their religion (Study 2). Motive thus might determine whether bias expression is acceptable. Alternative explanations (religious activism; intentionality) are eliminated (Studies 3, 4). Results did not generalize to atheist defendants, who experienced little bias. Generally, Christian participants were more punitive than non-Christians, but there was little evidence of ingroup bias. These studies contribute to theory and literature by defining the circumstances that justify the expression of anti-Muslim bias. We conclude by suggesting that there are indeed societal norms regarding prejudice against religious minorities in the criminal justice system.
Bilateral Open Ureteroceles with Concomitant Bladder Calculi in an Adult Male.

Background: Bilateral ureteroceles in adult males are a rare occurrence, made even more so with simultaneous presence of bladder calculi. Management strategies for such patients are not well docume...
A New Flow Diagramming Scheme For Mapping And Analysis Of Multi-Product Flows In A Facility

The design of layouts for facilities that process a high variety of products requires the analysis of a large number of different product routings and their spatial representation on a planar layout of the facility. Traditionally, the representations of multiple product routings have been segregated into two categories: The From-To Chart, Flow Diagram and Multi-Product Process Chart are used for facility layout; whereas, the Machine-Part Matrix and Cluster Analysis Dendrogram are used for cell formation. This concept paper proposes a new charting tool - Modified Multi-Product Process Chart (MM-PPC) - that combines the capabilities of these traditional tools. The theoretical development of this new tool is explained and its utility illustrated using real-world layout problems.
Those Yellow-Flowered Mammillaria

In 1923, Britton & Rose, in their epic Cactaceae, created the genus Dolichothele, with the type of the genus being D. longimamma, described almost a hundred years prior as a Mammillaria. They also included M. sphaerica. and M. uberiformis. The generic name alluded to the long (greek Δόλιχος, Dolichos) tubercles (greek, θηλή, Thili). Other authors subsequently added M. melaleuca, M. surclosa, M. baumii and M. carretii amongst others. At the time they were segregated on the basis of their flowers, but today we know they also share sweetly scented flowers and thickened roots, compared to many other species of Mammillaria.
Evaluation of economic forecasts for Austria

In this paper, we evaluate macroeconomic forecasts for Austria and analyze the effects of external assumptions on forecast errors. We consider the growth rates of real GDP and the demand components as well as the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The analyses are based on univariate measures like RMSE and Theil’s inequality coefficient and also on the Mahalanobis distance, a multivariate measure that takes the variances of and the correlations between the variables into account. We compare forecasts generated by the two leading Austrian economic research institutes, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS) and the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), and additionally consider the forecasts produced by the European Commission. The results indicate that there are no systematic differences between the forecasts of the two Austrian institutes, neither for the traditional measures nor for the Mahalanobis distance. Generally, forecasts become more accurate with a decreasing forecast horizon, as expected; they are unbiased for forecast horizons of less than a year considering traditional measures and for the shortest forecast horizon considering the Mahalanobis distance. Finally, we find that mistakes in external assumptions, in particular regarding EU GDP and the oil price, translate into forecast errors for GDP and inflation.
Preservation of Valley and Ridge topography via delivery of resistant, ridge-sourced boulders to hillslopes and channels, Southern Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A.

Abstract Discrete bands of resistant strata found along ridgelines in lithologically controlled, geologically heterogeneous landscapes are generally credited with maintaining high topography in these settings. However, the mechanisms by which these “ridge-formers” prevent erosion and preserve topography are not well described. Here we propose a new way to conceptualize the landscape-scale geomorphic function of ridge-forming lithologies, not only as units whose intermittent resistant outcrops slow erosion of ridgelines themselves, but as producers of large, durable boulders that litter adjacent hillslopes and channels, extending the caprock's resistant qualities to weaker underlying units and inhibiting channel incision over laterally extensive portions of the landscape. This conceptual model is based on observations of boulder distributions in the slowly-eroding Valley and Ridge province of the south-central Appalachian Mountains, and is in agreement with recent numerical models exploring the role of large boulders in channel and hillslope evolution. Though boulders are widely observed in the Valley and Ridge, boulder distributions have not generally been mapped, nor has their presence been linked to topographic persistence. To examine the potential link between resistant, ridge-derived boulders and relief preservation in the Valley and Ridge, we use UAV imagery and field observations to create detailed maps of boulder distributions along representative hillslopes and channels in SW Virginia, and document boulder appearance, size, and strength to make inferences about longevity and geomorphic function. We find that boulders cover significant portions of hillslopes (up to 9%) and are concentrated in channels (up to 90%). Boulders are very large (average size >1 m and up to 6 m diameter), indicating fluvial immobility and channel armoring, and often trap sediment upslope, indicating hillslope shielding. Boulders are entirely sourced from durable ridgeline lithologies, and exhibit features indicating longevity (e.g., fracturing, extensive lichen coverage, rounding). We interpret boulders to be relict from Pleistocene periglacial conditions, when intense freeze-thaw cycles likely enhanced boulder production. Our results are consistent with processes described in numerical models of boulder function and suggest that ridge-sourced boulders in this region play an important role in topographic preservation by stabilizing hillslopes and channels, challenging the idea that ridge-forming units primarily maintain relief by stabilizing the ridgelines themselves. In addition, the linkage of boulder production to a colder Pleistocene climate highlights a mechanism by which past climatic conditions may continue to impact landscape evolution after the transition to a new climatic regime.
Comparative Study on the Effect of Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition of Locally made Tapioca Grits

Cassava root is endowed with many food potentials such as garri, lafu, bobozi, abacha, tapioca, starch, and other high-quality cassava flour all of which are characterized with different processing methods. In orderto curtail post-harvest deterioration after two days of harvest, the need to process into different product becomes important. Possibilities of drying cassava tapioca by firewood and gas flaring as practiced by theindigenes of Agbahar-Otor, have the potential of causing contamination. Results from these findings reveal that there is no significant difference in the proximate content, but the core heavy metals that could be toxic to health were not detected with the exception of Pb and Cd which recorded values of 0.02 mg/10g and 0.01 mg/100g with the use of firewood for drying, which is still within the WHO permissible limit. Thus the process involved in the drying of cassava tapioca as practiced by the indigenes of Agbaha-Otor is safe with caution placed on the use of firewood drying technique as a possible route to heavy metal contamination which could accumulate over time resulting to a serious health concern. How to cite this article: Otache MA, Odibo EO, Ocheje II et al. Comparative Study on the Effect of Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition of locally Made Tapioca Grits. J Adv Res Food Sci Nutr 2019; 2(1&2): 20-27.