cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypophyseal Control of Genetic Expression during Chick Feather and Skin Differentiation

The normal sequence of molecular events which occurs during feather and skin differentiation in the chick embryo is interrupted by pituitary gland ablation. The characteristic pattern of development is reestablished in hypophysectomized embryos treated with pituitary extract and in hypophysectomized embryos in parabiotic union with their twins within a double-yolked egg. These results suggest that genetic expression in differentiating chick feather and skin after day 12 of incubation is regulated by hormones.
Use of thromboelastography in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 39 cases (2000–2008)

Objective – To analyze thromboelastograms (TEGs) of naturally occurring cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in order to identify whether a hypercoagulable state was present and whether its presence was associated with differences in survival. Design – Retrospective study spanning January 2000 to June 2008. Medical records of dogs were evaluated. Endpoints were considered death or discharge from the hospital. Setting – Academic teaching hospital. Animals – Thirty-nine dogs with a diagnosis of IMHA and at least one TEG performed during hospitalization were included. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Four values were evaluated from the TEG: the R time (R), K time (K), alpha angle (α), and maximum amplitude. From these values, a coagulation index (CI) was calculated to classify patients as normocoagulable, hypercoagulable, or hypocoagulable. Thirty-three of 39 patients were hypercoagulable based on the CI. The 6 remaining dogs were normocoagulable. The patients with a normocoagulable CI had an increased mortality rate (100%) when compared with the hypercoagulable patients using Fisher's exact test (P=0.02). Additionally, prolongation of partial thromboplastin time did not preclude hypercoagulable TEG values. Conclusions – The majority of dogs with IMHA were hypercoagulable as measured by TEG. A normal CI was associated with a worse outcome in this patient population. TEG may provide additional and complementary information to prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time relating to coagulation status in dogs with IMHA and may help predict prognosis and potentially guide clinical decisions to utilize anticoagulant drugs.
Homogeneous models for hydrodenitrogenation catalysis

Abstract Hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) catalysis is the process of removing nitrogen from petroleum feed-stocks in the form of NH3 to provide more processable and environmentally compatible liquid fuels. In practice, HDN is carried out simultaneously with other catalytic hydrotreating reactions such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), yet HDN is significantly less well-studied than HDS. This contribution provides an overview of the heterogeneous HDN process, then outlines various homogeneous models for hydrodenitrogenation catalysis including binding modes of HDN substrates, catalytic hydrogenation processes and recent CN bond cleavage reactions of nitrogen heterocycles. Emphasis is placed on aryloxide and alkoxide complexes of the early metals that afford some of the best homogeneous models for hydrodenitrogenation catalysis to date.
Control of an Oblique Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction with Aeroelastic Mesoflaps

Aeroelastic mesoe aps for recirculating transpiration have been investigated in an effort to control shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs) through passive cavity recirculation. The mesoe ap concept utilizes a matrix of small e apscovering an enclosed cavity that aredesigned to undergo local aeroelasticdee ection to achieve proper mass bleed or injection when subjected to gasdynamic pressure loading. Experiments were performed to investigate the applicability of the mesoe ap concept for oblique shock interaction by employing shadowgraph e ow visualizations, surface pressure measurements, and mean and e uctuating velocity measurements, along the spanwise midplane of the shock intersection. The experiments were conducted in a Mach 2.41 supersonic wind tunnel operating at a unit Reynolds number of 57 £106 mi1. With the thickest mesoe ap arrays in place, the leading shock formed at the location of the e rst e ap and the boundary-layer thickness at shock impingement was greaterduetoe owinjectionthroughtheupstreame aps.However,thethinnestmesoe aparraysyielded asomewhat reduced boundary-layer thickness downstream of the interaction as a result of the tangential bleeding by the last e aps. Stagnation pressure proe les for the thinnest arrays also showed improved recovery downstream of the SBLI as compared to thesolid-wall case. However, furtherstudy isneeded to investigate three-dimensional effectsand to determine whether this control strategy provides signie cant performance improvements for e ow conditions more consistent with actual inlets.
On the Non-Optionality of Certain Modifiers

Middles, habituals and kind generics, many passives, and some adjectival passives seem to require either an overt adverbial or some other kind of verbal modifier. Although in many cases the "modification" may be contextually provided rather than overtly expressed, some kind of restriction on the class of eventualities designated by the main verb seems necessary (for well-formedness or felicity). Focusing on the so-called middle in English, this paper sketches the phenomenon and lays out some of the issues raised, suggesting lines for further inquiry. The major questions it raises are these:
Gender, power, and the performance of justice: Muslim women's responses to domestic violence in Kazakhstan

The grassroots assistance that Muslim women activists provide to victims of domestic abuse in Kazakhstan differs significantly from approaches commonly used by service providers in the United States. Yet the activists' informal remedies, which are shaped by discourses of religion and ethnicity and which have attracted women who seek something other than safety or formal justice, are implicitly regulated by cultural politics. By examining particular cases, I show how activists prescribe gender ideologies that guide victims' choices while supporting their own group's broader political goals. These findings may help in understanding the dynamics of women's political agency outside the state.
A weight‐of‐evidence approach for Northern river risk assessment: Integrating the effects of multiple stressors

Northern river ecosystems are subject to a variety of stressors having multifaceted (and sometimes opposing) effects, making interpretation at a regional scale difficult. We have addressed this problem by using a weight-of-evidence approach that combines analysis of field data (to determine patterns) with experimental hypothesis testing (to determine mechanisms). Two of the more important sources of aquatic impacts in western Canada are pulp mill and municipal effluents. Their regional impacts on benthic biota were evaluated for two major river systems, the Thompson and Athabasca rivers, using an integrative approach. In the more southerly Thompson River, several lines of evidence (including field and laboratory experiments, field sampling over a 20-year period, and isotopic analysis) led to the conclusion that, although some toxic effects were apparent, these effects were usually masked by the (sometimes excessive) nutrient enhancement effects of these effluents, sometimes via novel pathways. Furthermore, analysis of the data revealed a fairly delicate balance in effluent treatment involving trade-offs between the negative effects of toxic contaminant loading versus a switch to a more eutrophic community. In the more northerly Athabasca River, effluent effects can be modified by the added impact of another stressor: widespread winter freeze-up, which prevents reaeration of oxygen-depleted waters, coupled with low dissolved oxygen levels in the substratum where benthic invertebrates are found, resulting in a net shift in effluent effect from one of nutrient enhancement to a more inhibitory effect. Advantages to applying formalized causal criteria, as outlined in this weight-of-evidence approach, include helping to tie together diverse assemblages of data on the effects of multiple stressors and identifying important informational gaps, thus making ecological risk assessments more rigorous and robust.
Visualization of high-dimensional model characteristics

Using inductive learning techniques to construct explanatory models for large, high-dimensional data sets is a useful way to discover useful information. However, these models can be difficult for users to understand. We have developed a set of visualization methods that enable a user to evaluate the quality of learned models, to compare alternative models, and identify ways in which a model might be improved We describe the visualization techniques we have explored, including methods for high-dimensional data space projection, variable/class correlation, instance mapping, and model sampling We show the results of applying these techniques to several models built from a benchmark data set of census data.
Design of Low-Rate Codes through Concatenation of LDGM and Repeat-Hadamard Codes

We propose a very simple and flexible system, based on the concatenation of LDGM, repetition, and Hadamard codes, for the design of very low-rate codes. For rates around .01, the resulting performance lies within 1.5 dB of the theoretical limits in AWGN channels.
Respiratory gas-exchange ratios during graded exercise in fed and fasted trained and untrained men.

We evaluated the hypotheses that endurance training increases relative lipid oxidation over a wide range of relative exercise intensities in fed and fasted states and that carbohydrate nutrition ca...
beta-arrestins regulate mitogenic signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor.

beta-Arrestins mediate agonist-dependent desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and target the receptors to clathrin-coated pits for internalization. Here we report an expanded role of beta-arrestins in promoting clathrin-mediated endocytosis of a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor, i.e. the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) receptor. beta-Arrestins bind to the ligand-occupied IGF-1 receptors, promote their endocytosis, and enhance IGF-1-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and DNA synthesis. Our results suggest a role for beta-arrestins in regulating mitogenic signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of receptors not classically coupled to G proteins.
Articles published in four school psychology journals from 2000 to 2005: An analysis of experimental/intervention research

Using an experimenter-developed system, articles from four school psychology journals for the years 2000–2005 (n = 929) were classified. Results showed that 40% of the articles were narrative, 29% correlational, 16% descriptive, 8% causal-experimental, 4% causal-comparative, and 2% were meta-analytic. Further analysis of the causal-experimental studies suggested that both single-subject and group designs were used to evaluate the effects of interventions delivered in schools (setting data) that improved students' (participant data) academic and/or social behaviors (target behavior data). Although results show that these journals are publishing few experimental studies, the experiments that are published appear to be derived from field-based research evaluating interventions that readers may find useful for remedying problems in school settings. Discussion focuses on factors that may limit experimental studies and recent trends in education and school psychology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TermMerg: An Efficient Terminal-Reduction Method for Interconnect Circuits

In this paper, a novel method to efficiently reduce the terminal number of general linear-interconnect circuits with a large number of input or output terminals considering delay uncertainty is proposed. Our new algorithm is motivated by the fact that terminal reduction can lead to a more compact order-reduced model and the observation that very large-scale integration interconnect circuits have many similar terminals in terms of their timing and delay metrics due to their closeness in structure or due to the mathematical discretization using meshing in finite-difference or finite-element scheme during the extraction process. The new method, called TermMerg ( Proc. ICCAD, p. 821, 2005), is based on the moments of the circuits as the metrics for the timing or delay. It then employs a singular-value-decomposition (SVD) method to determine the best number of clusters based on the low-rank approximation. After this, the -means clustering algorithm is used to cluster the moments of the terminals into the different clusters. The proposed method can work with any passive-model order reduction and ensure the passive models. In contrast, we show that singular value decomposition model order reduction (SVDMOR) does not generate passive models in general. Passivity enforcement in SVDMOR will significantly hamper the terminal-reduction effectiveness. Experimental results on a number of real industry interconnect circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show also that the proposed method is more accurate than SVDMOR when the used moment matrix does not give good terminal correlations.
Inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in muscle during exercise

Malonyl-CoA, an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle mitochondria, decreases in rat skeletal muscle during exercise or in response to electrical stimulation. Regulation of rat skeletal muscle acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the enzyme that synthesizes malonyl-CoA, was studied in vitro and in vivo. Avidin-Sepharose affinity-purified ACC from hindlimb skeletal muscle was phosphorylated by purified liver AMP-activated protein kinase with a concurrent decrease in ACC activity. AMP-activated protein kinase was quantitated in resuspended ammonium sulfate precipitates of the fast-twitch red (type IIa fibers) region of the quadriceps muscle. Rats running on a treadmill at 21 m/min up a 15% grade show a 2.4-fold activation of AMP-activated protein kinase concurrently with a marked decrease in ACC activity in the resuspended ammonium sulfate precipitates at all citrate concentrations ranging from 0 to 20 mM. Malonyl-CoA decreased from a resting value of 1.85 +/- 0.29 to 0.50 +/- 0.09 nmol/g in red quadriceps muscle after 30 min of treadmill running. The activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase with consequent phosphorylation and inactivation of ACC may be one of the primary events in the control of malonyl-CoA and hence fatty acid oxidation during exercise.
Steady-State Water Quality Modeling in Streams

A general mathematical model for simulation of conservative and nonconservative constituents in streams and rivers is developed. Mass transport of constituents is accomplished by advection and biochemical reactions. The models simulate the interaction of the dissolved-oxygen resources of the water system with the nitrogen cycle, chlorophyll a, and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand. Also, conservative substances and phosphorous uptake by algae and coliforms are simulated by the model. The results of applying the model to the Truckee River system in northern California and Nevada are presented. The model has demonstrated the ability to simulate historical water quality conditions and to be a flexible easily adaptable planning tool.
Bis[1-meth­oxy-2,2,2-tris­(pyrazol-1-yl-κN2)ethane]­nickel(II) bis­(tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate) methanol disolvate

In the title salt, [Ni(C12H14N6O)2](CF3SO3)2·2CH3OH, the NiII ion is coordinated by six N atoms from two tridentate 1-meth­oxy-2,2,2-tris­(pyrazol-1-yl)ethane ligands in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The NiII ion is situated on an inversion centre. The Ni—N distances range from 2.0589 (19) to 2.0757 (19) A, intra-ligand N—Ni—N angles range from 84.50 (8) to 85.15 (8)°, and adjacent inter-ligand N—Ni—N angles range between 94.85 (8) and 95.50 (8)°. In the crystal, O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between methanol solvent mol­ecules and tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate anions are observed.
High-dose carmustine, etoposide, and cisplatin and autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed and refractory lymphoma.

PURPOSEWe determined the toxicity and efficacy of a new preparative autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) regimen in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease.PATIENTS AND METHODSForty-four non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 35 Hodgkin's disease patients 16 to 63 years of age were given intravenous carmustine (BCNU) 600 to 1,050 mg/m2, etoposide 2,400 to 3,000 mg/m2, and cisplatin 200 mg/m2 (BEP) and ABMT. Fifty-nine patients also received 15 to 20 Gy local radiation (involved-field radiotherapy [RI]) to active or previously bulky (> 5 cm) disease sites.RESULTSNonhematologic toxicities included nausea, vomiting, high-tone hearing loss, stomatitis, esophagitis, diarrhea, and hepatic and pulmonary toxicity. Two patients died within 40 days of marrow infusion as a result of sepsis and one patient died 7 months after transplant as a result of pulmonary fibrosis. Complete remissions (CRs) were noted in 72% (n = 57) of patients (n = 33 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; n = 24 Hodgki...
Using Models in Writing Instruction

Models are commonly employed in both first (L1) and second language (L2) writing classrooms; however, questions remain concerning the role of this inductive technique in students’ genre learning. The study reported here examines the effect of two instructional techniques (models and models combined with explicit instruction) on the ability of three groups of writers (native speakers of English, higher proficiency nonnative speakers, and lower proficiency nonnative speakers) to produce a specially constructed essay type. Using a controlled/posttest design with stimulated recall data, the study found that those students receiving models were outperformed on Essay 1, Essay 2 (1 week later), and a Quiz (1 month later) by those students who received models in combination with explicit instruction. Implications for L2 writing instruction are discussed.
Dimensions of the cervical neural foramen in conditions of spinal deformity: an ex vivo biomechanical investigation using specimen-specific CT imaging

Patients with cervical spondylosis commonly present with neck pain, radiculopathy or myelopathy. As degenerative changes progress, multiple factors including disc height loss, thoracic kyphosis, and facetogenic changes can increase the risk of neural structure compression. This study investigated the impact of cervical deformity including forward head posture (FHP) and upper thoracic kyphosis, on the anatomy of the cervical neural foramen. Postural changes of 13 human cervical spine specimens (Occiput-T1, age 50.6 years; range 21–67) were assessed in response to prescribed cervical sagittal malalignments using a previously reported experimental model. Two characteristics of cervical sagittal deformities, C2–C7 sagittal vertical alignment (SVA) and sagittal angle of the T1 vertebra (T1 tilt), were varied to create various cervical malalignments. The postural changes were documented by measuring vertebral positions and orientations. The vertebral motion data were combined with specimen-specific CT-based anatomical models, which allowed assessments of foraminal areas of subaxial cervical segments as a function of increasing C2–C7 SVA and changing T1 tilt. Increasing C2–C7 SVA from neutral posture resulted in increased neural foraminal area in the lower cervical spine (largest increase at C4–C5: 13.8 ± 15.7 %, P < 0.01). Increasing SVA from a hyperkyphotic posture (greater T1 tilt) also increased the neural foraminal area in the lower cervical segments (C5–C6 demonstrated the largest increase: 13.4 ± 9.6 %, P < 0.01). The area of the cervical neural foramen decreased with increasing T1 tilt, with greater reduction occurring in the lower cervical spine, specifically at C5–C6 (−8.6 ± 7.0 %, P < 0.01) and C6–C7 (−9.6 ± 5.6 %, P < 0.01). An increase in thoracic kyphosis (T1 tilt) decreased cervical neural foraminal areas. In contrast, an increase in cervical SVA increased the lower cervical neural foraminal areas. Patients with increased upper thoracic kyphosis may respond with increased cervical SVA as a compensatory mechanism to increase their lower cervical neural foraminal area.
Pro-Proliferative Function of Mitochondrial Sirtuin Deacetylase SIRT3 in Human Melanoma

Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is often fatal if not treated early. Therefore, novel target-based strategies are required to combat this neoplasm. The objective of this study was to determine the role and functional significance of the mitochondrial sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in melanoma. We found that compared with normal primary and immortalized human melanocytes, SIRT3 is significantly overexpressed in multiple human melanoma cells at mRNA and protein levels. Further, employing human tissue microarray, we found that SIRT3 is significantly upregulated in clinical melanoma tissues, compared with melanocytic nevi tissues. Furthermore, a short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SIRT3 in human melanoma cells resulted in (i) a decrease in cellular proliferation, colony formation, and cellular migration; (ii) induction of senescence as shown by an increase in senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci as well as an increase in mRNA and protein levels of p16 INK4a and p21 Waf1 ; (iii) G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle; and (iv) decreases in mRNA and protein levels of cyclins (D1, E1) and cyclin-dependent kinases (2, 4, and 6). Conversely, forced exogenous overexpression of SIRT3 promoted an increase in proliferative potential of Hs294T melanoma cells and normal immortalized Mel-ST melanocytes. Finally, we found that SIRT3 knockdown significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in a xenograft model in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study supporting the pro-proliferative function of SIRT3 in melanoma.
Effect of guanethidine therapy on total blood volume in patients with essential hypertension.

SummaryTotal blood volume was determined in 5 female patients with essential arterial hypertension during and after treatment with guanethidine. Administration of the drug resulted in a decrease of arterial blood pressure and an increase in total blood volume. The increase in total blood volume was mainly due to an increase in plasma volume.
Adaptations of Membrane Feeding Techniques for Feeding the Squirrel Flea, Orchopeas Howardi, and the Squirrel Louse, Neohaematopinus Sciuropteri, with Notes on the Feeding of the Human Body Louse, Pediculus Humanus Var. Corporis

Techniqurs for feeding hematophagous arthropods through membranes offer greater advantages in studies of vector potential than traditional methods involving feeding of the parasites on live hosts. An especially important advantage of membrane techniques is the ability to expose the arthropod to defined doses of pathogens, a virtual impossibility when live-host techniques are used. Secondly, loss of test arthropods through host self-grooming is eliminated with membrane techniques. Additional advantages of membrane feeding are the ability to control physical and chemical parameters that affect feeding (e.g., temperature, light, chemical stimulants, etc.) and the elimination of interference from other ectoparasites that might be present on a live host.
Roadmaps versus Roadsigns: Which is the Better Metalanguage?:

Metalanguages are often used in programming reference manuals to describe the syntactic features of programming languages. This experiment tested two metalanguages, the IBM conventional syntax notation which uses brackets and braces, and syntax diagrams that are similar to that used in Pascal language manuals which are sometimes referred to as railroad tracks. A two-day experimental design was used in which the subjects were trained and tested on one language the first day, and then trained and tested on the second language the next day in a counterbalanced design. Four phases of this experiment were conducted, with 12 subjects in each phase. The experimental procedure remained the same in each phase, but the subject population (programmers or nonprogrammers) or training material (full manual or one-page instruction) was changed from one phase to the next. No performance differences were found between the two metalanguages when the subjects were given extensive training. However, when training was restric...
Living by the Sword and Dying by the Sword? Leadership Transitions in and out of Dictatorships

What makes certain dictatorships more likely than others to democratize? I argue that military dictators , as specialists in violence, often remain threats to their successors. However, when democratic systems replace military dictatorships, that expertise presents less danger to new incumbents. Because democracies select leaders through elections, they reduce the importance of military expertise—and the role of associated violence—in contests for office. Thus, military dictatorships should prove more likely to transition quickly to democracy; military dictators will expect a lower likelihood of punishment—including death—at the hands of their successors than if they are replaced by other dictators. Therefore, incumbent military dictators see democratic systems as less dangerous to them; they face specific incentives to ensure a quick and effective transition to democracy. I provide support for my theory with evidence from the post-World War II period.
Hemodynamic response to vasopressin in dehydrated human subjects

Background Despite the known potent vasoconstrictor effects of vasopressin, the role of this hormone in the maintenance of blood pressure is incompletely understood. In studies performed in animals with increased plasma vasopressin concentrations, several complex cardiovascular effects have been noted, including decreases in heart rate and cardiac output, which may account for a lack of effect on arterial pressure despite the vasopressin-induced increase in total peripheral resistance. Only a few studies have been done to assess the cardiovascular effects of vasopressin in human subjects, and most of these have been limited to measurement of heart rate and arterial pressure only. The present study was designed to identify more fully the cardiovascular effects of vasopressin when plasma vasopressin concentrations are increased by osmotic stimulation without the superimposition of major nonosmotic stimuli associated with severe volume depletion. Method Studies were performed on 11 normal human subjects in supine and erect posture before and after 24 hours of fluid deprivation, and following administration of a selective V1 receptor antagonist, [d(CH2)5Tyr(ME)]AVP, after dehydration. Cardiovascular parameters were measured noninvasively by thoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiography and blood samples for measurements of plasma concentrations of vasopressin and other hormones affected by dehydration and differences in posture were collected for subsequent analysis. Results After 24 hours of fluid restriction, plasma osmolality was increased from 287 +/- 0.9 to 294 +/- 0.7 mosm/kg H20 and plasma vasopressin concentrations (Pavp) were increased in both supine and erect posture. Mean arterial (MAP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were reduced by fluid restriction but were higher in erect than in supine posture both before and after fluid restriction. Heart rate (HR), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systemic vascular resistance (SVRI) were also higher in erect than in supine posture, while cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), end-diastolic index (EDI), and an index of total thoracic fluid content (TFC) were all reduced in erect posture, both before and after dehydration. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma norepinephrine concentrations (Pne) were increased in erect posture, both before and after dehydration, but there was no effect of erect posture on plasma vasopressin concentrations (Pavp), either before or after dehydration. Administration of the V1 receptor antagonist after dehydration had no effect on hemodynamic parameters other than small reductions in DBP and cardiac preload. Conclusion It is concluded from these studies that small increases in Pavp associated with moderate dehydration do not play a role in the maintenance of arterial pressure in normal human subjects in either supine or erect posture.
Are Management Responses to Negative Online Consumer Reviews Beneficial

In today’s “connected” social media environment, marketers recognized more than ever the power of online consumers’ reviews. It is a valuable resource for continual product improvement and for managing the reputation of a firm. While positive reviews may contribute to brand equity and a company’s reputation, the key question is whether organizations should respond to negative reviews. This research begins to answer this question and addresses the conditions when a response is warranted.
Creating a Taxonomy of Local Boards of Health Based on Local Health Departments’ Perspectives

Objectives. To develop a local board of health (LBoH) classification scheme and empirical definitions to provide a coherent framework for describing variation in the LBoHs.Methods. This study is based on data from the 2015 Local Board of Health Survey, conducted among a nationally representative sample of local health department administrators, with 394 responses. The classification development consisted of the following steps: (1) theoretically guided initial domain development, (2) mapping of the survey variables to the proposed domains, (3) data reduction using principal component analysis and group consensus, and (4) scale development and testing for internal consistency.Results. The final classification scheme included 60 items across 6 governance function domains and an additional domain—LBoH characteristics and strengths, such as meeting frequency, composition, and diversity of information sources. Application of this classification strongly supports the premise that LBoHs differ in their performan...
The Replication of Veronese’s Wedding at Cana and of Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel: Two Iconic Works as Their Surrogates

The paper discusses in detail the cases of two different sorts of reproductions: the first, that of the Wedding at Cana, by Veronese. The original work is displayed in the Louvre, while a high-qual...
Key updates in the clinical application of electroconvulsive therapy

ECT is the oldest and most effective therapy available for the treatment of severe major depression. It is highly effective in individuals with treatment resistance and when a rapid response is required. However, ECT is associated with memory impairment that is the most concerning side-effect of the treatment, substantially contributing to the controversy and stigmatization surrounding this highly effective treatment. There is overwhelming evidence for the efficacy and safety of an acute course of ECT for the treatment of a severe major depressive episode, as reflected by the recent FDA advisory panel recommendation to reclassify ECT devices from Class III to the lower risk category Class II. However, its application for other indications remains controversial, despite strong evidence to the contrary. This article reviews the indication of ECT for major depression, as well as for other conditions, including catatonia, mania, and acute episodes of schizophrenia. This study also reviews the growing evidence supporting the use of maintenance ECT to prevent relapse after an acute successful course of treatment. Although ECT is administered uncommonly to patients under the age of 18, the evidence supporting its use is also reviewed in this patient population. Finally, memory loss associated with ECT and efforts at more effectively monitoring and reducing it are reviewed.
A hierarchical random additive model for passive scalars in wall-bounded flows at high Reynolds numbers.

The kinematics of a fully developed passive scalar is modelled using the hierarchical random additive process (HRAP) formalism. Here, ‘a fully developed passive scalar’ refers to a scalar field whose instantaneous fluctuations are statistically stationary, and the ‘HRAP formalism’ is a recently proposed interpretation of the Townsend attached eddy hypothesis. The HRAP model was previously used to model the kinematics of velocity fluctuations in wall turbulence: , where the instantaneous streamwise velocity fluctuation at a generic wall-normal location is modelled as a sum of additive contributions from wall-attached eddies ( ) and the number of addends is . The HRAP model admits generalized logarithmic scalings including , , , where is the streamwise velocity fluctuation, is an outer length scale, is the two-point displacement in the streamwise direction and denotes ensemble averaging. If the statistical behaviours of the streamwise velocity fluctuation and the fluctuation of a passive scalar are similar, we can expect first that the above mentioned scalings also exist for passive scalars (i.e. for being fluctuations of scalar concentration) and second that the instantaneous fluctuations of a passive scalar can be modelled using the HRAP model as well. Such expectations are confirmed using large-eddy simulations. Hence the work here presents a framework for modelling scalar turbulence in high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows.
Chapter 12 C4 Gene Expression in Mesophyll and Bundle Sheath Cells

A distinguishing characteristic of C4 plants that possess Kranz-type leaf anatomy is the presence of two photosynthetic cell types, bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (MP) cells, which occur in leaves and other photosynthetic organs. In mature C4 leaves, these two cell types differentially express many genes that are required for the function of this pathway. Well-known examples include the BS cell-specific genes encoding Rubisco (plastid rbcL and nuclear RbcS) and decarboxylating malic enzymes (Me genes), and MP cell-specific genes encoding PEPC and PPdK (nuclear Ppc and Pdk genes). Recent studies have identified several other genes that show specificity to MP and BS cells. Many of the C4 genes originated from non-photosynthetic ancestors, acquiring several new regulatory properties during their evolution to C4 function. Within each cell type, the C4 genes are regulated by many factors, including development, light, and photosynthetic metabolism. Genes encoding the various C4 proteins often show changes in their patterns of expression during the development of leaves and other organs, and these patterns can vary between different genes and between different species. Such observations indicate a lack of correlation in the expression of different MP and BS-cell specific genes, supporting the conclusion that for the most part these are independently regulated. The complexity of C4 gene expression has led investigators to incorporate a wide variety of methods in their efforts to understand this regulation at the whole plant level; these include in situ hybridization, immunolocalization, transient expression and transgenic plants, and analysis of expression at the levels of transcription, translation, and RNA stability. These investigations have provided evidence that for some C4 genes, multiple regulatory mechanisms have become incorporated and function together in order to achieve full BS and MP cell-specificity required for the function of this highly efficient CO2 assimilation pathway.
What are the pros and cons of requiring postgraduate residency training as an entry level practice requirement

The technological and knowledge explosion that has occurred in this century has created a curriculum crunch within all health professional schools. The various optometric institutions are dealing with this crunch and important decisions need to be made in order to provide the best entry-level practitioners possible. This paper provides some of the pros and cons of requiring a year of postgraduate training as a requirement for entry level optometry practice.
Cloud Point Extraction for Electroanalysis: Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Cadmium

Cloud point extraction (CPE) is a well-established technique for the preconcentration of hydrophobic species from water without the use of organic solvents. Subsequent analysis is then typically performed via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), UV–vis spectroscopy, or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, the suitability of CPE for electroanalytical methods such as stripping voltammetry has not been reported. We demonstrate the use of CPE for electroanalysis using the determination of cadmium (Cd2+) by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). Rather than using the chelating agents which are commonly used in CPE to form a hydrophobic, extractable metal complex, we used iodide and sulfuric acid to neutralize the charge on Cd2+ to form an extractable ion pair. This offers good selectivity for Cd2+ as no interferences were observed from other heavy metal ions. Triton X-114 was chosen as the surfactant for the extraction because its cloud point temperature is near room temperature (22–25 °C). Ba...
NTOS for the Primary Care Team: When to Consider the Diagnosis?

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a real but uncommon syndrome, and, as a result diagnosis is often delayed and referral to a specialist frequently comes later than the patient and physician would like. It is actually a spectrum of diseases, potentially involving the arteries, veins, or nerves (and these usually occur separately). By far the most common is neurogenic TOS (NTOS). This can be thought of as a chronic compressive brachial plexus problem – essentially a chronic compartment syndrome of the brachial plexus.
Technical Analysis of Father Responses to the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Version (DBRS-P).

Reliability and construct and criterion-related validity of father responses to the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale—Parent Version was studied.
Social Rejection and Suicidal Ideation and Attempts among Adolescents Following Hospitalization: a Prospective Study

Despite research indicating that stressful life events are associated with subsequent suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior, there is a lack of clarity regarding whether specific types of life events are differentially related to SI and attempts. The current prospective study examines whether social rejection related life events are proximally related to SI and suicide attempts in a clinically acute sample of adolescents. Adolescents aged 12 to 18 (n = 219) were followed for 6 months after discharge from inpatient hospitalization. A contextual threat interview of stressful life events between index admission and 6-month follow-up was administered. Participants were also assessed for current SI and suicide attempts at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results from a multiple linear regression model indicated a significant prospective association between number of social rejection stressors and SI, even after controlling for baseline depressive symptoms, SI at study entry, gender, age, and number of non-social rejections stressors. An Anderson-Gill recurrent events model was conducted to examine the relationship between SR stressors and suicide attempts. Results demonstrated that the 31 days following a major social rejection stressor were associated with heightened risk for prospective suicide attempts. However, social rejection stressors were not more strongly related to risk for suicide attempt than non-social rejection stressors. These findings help clarify the role of social rejection as a precipitant of suicidal crises and have potential to inform more accurate, targeted risk assessment.
Network fault diagnosis and rectification Suggestions for 300MW unit under I/A Series system

With the progress of science and technology, DCS has been widely used in the field of power plant automation. It integrates modern computer technology, modern control technology, modern communication technology and CRT technology to realize the monitoring and control of power production process. DCS network adopts 10Mbps Ethernet, which is the data transmission channel of DCS system. Its stability is related to the safe operation of the whole power plant. Therefore, more and more power generation enterprises begin to attach importance to network security management of DCS. In this paper, the author puts forward his own views on the network failure phenomenon of Foxboro I/A Series system, and gives the solution, hoping to have some reference significance for the safety management work of other similar DCS network of the unit.
Novel Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm Using Solitaire Stent Retriever-Assisted Angioplasty: Case Series.

Background Endovascular procedures such as intraarterial (IA) vasodilator injection and balloon angioplasty are used to treat medically refractory cerebral vasospasm. The effects of IA therapy may be short lived and thus require multiple treatments. Balloon angioplasty also has limitations including transient occlusion of the spastic blood vessel, possible endothelial injury, and limited access to proximal vessels. We aim to demonstrate a novel technique using a stent retriever for the management of medically refractory vasospasm, especially in distal vessels. Compared with balloon angioplasty, stent retrievers provide a passive, self-limiting expansion of blood vessels. Other benefits over balloon angioplasty include 1) ability to simultaneously inject IA vasodilators, 2) limited contact and damage to vessel wall, 3) nonocclusive expansion, and 4) technical ease. Methods Fourteen blood vessels from 6 patients with symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage were identified. We injected 5 mg of IA vasodilator medication into the vasospastic segments without radiographic improvement in vessel diameter and blood flow. The stent retriever was deployed for 2–5 minutes in each vasospastic segment. Results Distal anterior and posterior circulation segments were easily accessible with the stent retriever system. It resulted in improved vessel diameter and blood flow with subsequent improvement in neurologic examination. All patients demonstrated radiographic resolution of vasospasm. No procedural-related complications were noted. Conclusions We demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a novel technique for the treatment of medically refractory cerebral vasospasm using stent retriever angioplasty in distal vessels. Stent angioplasty can be used as an additional tool in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage−induced cerebral vasospasm.
Direct Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Detection of Cortisol at Physiological Concentrations.

Cortisol is an important steroid hormone in human physiology. Variations or abnormalities in the physiological cortisol levels control acute and chronic stress response, as well as contribute to di...
Cardiac sympathetic activation circumvents high-dose beta blocker therapy in part through release of neuropeptide Y

The sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the occurrence of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Many patients, however, experience VT despite maximal doses of beta blocker therapy, possibly due to the effects of sympathetic cotransmitters such as neuropeptide Y (NPY). The purpose of this study was to determine, in a porcine model, whether propranolol at doses higher than clinically recommended could block ventricular electrophysiological effects of sympathoexcitation via stellate ganglia stimulation, and if any residual effects are mediated by NPY. Greater release of cardiac NPY was observed at higher sympathetic stimulation frequencies (10 and 20 vs. 4 Hz). Despite treatment with even higher doses of propranolol (1.0 mg/kg), electrophysiological effects of sympathetic stimulation remained, with residual shortening of activation recovery interval (ARI), a surrogate of action potential duration (APD). Adjuvant treatment with the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304, however, reduced these electrophysiological effects while augmenting inotropy. These data demonstrate that high-dose beta blocker therapy is insufficient to block electrophysiological effects of sympathoexcitation, and a portion of these electrical effects in vivo are mediated by NPY. Y1 receptor blockade may represent a promising adjuvant therapy to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade.
Maize Biochemical Defences against a Rootworm Were Mediated by Domestication, Spread, and Breeding

ABSTRACT Plant physiological processes generally are regulated by phytohormones, including plant biochemical responses to herbivory. Here, we addressed whether a suite of maize (Zea mays mays) phytohormones, including some precursor and derivative metabolites, relevant to herbivory defence were mediated by the crop’s domestication, northward spread, and modern breeding. For this, we compared phytohormone and metabolite levels among four plant types representing the evolutionary and agronomic transitions from maize’s wild ancestor, Balsas teosinte (Zea mays parviglumis), to Mexican and US maize landraces, and to highly-bred US maize cultivars, as affected by root herbivory by Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). Following ecological-evolutionary hypotheses, we expected to find changes in: (i) maize defence strategy, from reliance on induced to constitutive defences; (ii) levels of phytohormones relevant to herbivore resistance consistent with gradual weakening of defences, and; (iii) levels of a phytohormone relevant to herbivory tolerance because it positively affects plant growth. We found that with its domestication, maize seemed to have transitioned from reliance on induced defences in Balsas teosinte to reliance on constitutive defences in maize. Also, we found that while one subset of phytohormones relevant to herbivory was suppressed (13-oxylipins), another was enhanced (9-oxylipins) with domestication, and both subsets were variably affected by spread and breeding. Finally, an auxin phytohormone directly linked to growth (indole-3-acetic acid), increased significantly with domestication, and seemingly with spread and breeding. We concluded that rootworm defences in maize were mediated by domestication and ensuing processes, such as spread and breeding, and argued that agricultural intensification mediated maize defence evolution in parallel with modern breeding.
Designing Resilient Cities that Work for Women, Too

Urban landscapes can—and do—influence multiple aspects of our lives, including our overall quality of life and disaster resilience. Research has confirmed that some populations experience negative outcomes in disasters at least partially attributed to poorly designed urban environments; and women's and girls’ resilience in particular can be impacted by their experience of the urban landscape. In response, urban designers have an opportunity and an obligation to incorporate gender-sensitive design approaches in all of their projects to ensure the whole community has access to the benefits of urban landscapes. This chapter examines current evidence and strategies for successful urban design that supports resilience in women and the cities they occupy.