cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observation of Nonlinear Effects in Compton Scattering

Nonlinear Compton scattering has been observed in the collision of a low-emittance 46.6-GeV electron beam with terawatt pulses from a Nd:glass laser at 1054 and 527 nm wavelengths in an experiment at the Final Focus Test Beam at SLAC. Peak laser intensities of ${10}^{18}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ have been achieved, corresponding to a value of 0.6 for the parameter $\ensuremath{\eta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}e{E}_{\mathrm{rms}}/m{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}c$. Results are presented for multiphoton Compton scattering in which up to four laser photons interact with an electron, in agreement with theoretical calculations.
Potentiation by Bradykinin and Substance P of Purinergic Neurotransmission in Urinary Bladder

AbstractPurpose: The higher than normal levels of substance P (SP) and the kinins in patients suffering from interstitial cystitis suggest that they may contribute to the complex symptoms of the condition. The purpose of our experiments was to determine whether SP and bradykinin (BK) influence the excitatory motor innervation of the urinary bladder.Materials and Methods: Strips of guinea pig urinary bladder were placed in isolated tissue baths, and the influence of SP and BK on contractions induced by transmural electrical stimulation and cholinergic and purinergic agonists was evaluated.Results: Substance P and BK potentiated responses to the purinergic component of the neurogenic stimulation (that part of the contractile response that remains after treatment with atropine) and potentiated responses to exogenously applied adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The peptides did not potentiate the response to the cholinergic component of the nerve-induced contraction (that part of the neurogenic response that remai...
Five Classroom Exercises for Sensitizing Students to Aspects of Japanese Culture and Business Practice

Many graduating business students will enter employment situations in which it will be extremely helpful to have an awareness of Japanese culture. This article describes five experiential exercises that can be used to build students' understanding of key dimensions of Japanese culture that are particularly important to people who may find themselves working for or doing business with a Japanese firm.
Gender, Violence, and International Crisis

Women work for peace, and men wage war—cooperative women, conflictual men. These images pervade conventional wisdom about the efficacy of women in leadership roles and decision-making environments, but imagery is not always grounded in reality. Feminist international relations literature is examined to understand how domestic gender equality may help predict a state's international crisis behavior. The authors use the record of female leaders as primary decision makers during international crises and then test the relationship between domestic gender equality and a state's use of violence internationally. The International Crisis Behavior (ICB) data set and multinomial logistic regression are used to test the level of violence exhibited during international crises by states with varying levels of domestic gender equality. Results show that the severity of violence in crisis decreases as domestic gender equality increases.
THE VLASOV–POISSON EQUATIONS AS THE SEMICLASSICAL LIMIT OF THE SCHRÖDINGER–POISSON EQUATIONS: A NUMERICAL STUDY

In this paper, we numerically study the semiclassical limit of the Schrodinger–Poisson equations as a selection principle for the weak solution of the Vlasov–Poisson in one space dimension. Our numerical results show that this limit gives the weak solution that agrees with the zero diffusion limit of the Fokker–Planck equation. We also numerically justify the multivalued solution given by a moment system of the Vlasov–Poisson equations as the semiclassical limit of the Schrodinger–Poisson equations.
Creating Space for Marginalized Voices: Re-focusing Service Learning on Community Change and Social Justice

Although service learning was established as a method for combining relevant student learning opportunities with community engagement, recent critiques highlight the shift from achieving community-defined goals towards a predominate focus on assessing student learning. Focusing on a community's decision-making process regarding a homeless shelter, this article describes a cross-curricular project that combines critical service learning with participatory action research. Using community and participant defined goals and interactions to steer the research process enabled achievement of both student learning and attempts at community transformation.
Can care management enhance integration of primary and specialty care

Dietrich et al report a randomised controlled trial in which community practices implemented enhanced care for depressive illness.1 The programme was a quality improvement initiative of the participating healthcare organisations, not a stand alone intervention provided by the researchers. Key elements included telephone follow up of patients by a care manager, support of the care manager and the primary care clinician by a psychiatrist, and increased attention to patient education and goal setting by the primary care clinician. The magnitude of benefits was comparable to those of some previous effectiveness trials in which interventions were delivered by researchers.2 On completion, the organisational changes …
Temporally coordinated assembly and disassembly of replication factories in the absence of DNA synthesis

Here we show that exposure of aphidicolin-arrested Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to the protein-kinase inhibitors 2-aminopurine or caffeine results in initiation of replication at successively later-replicating chromosomal domains, loss of the capacity to synthesize DNA at earlier-replicating sites, release of Mcm2 proteins from chromatin, and redistribution of PCNA and RPA from early- to late-replicating domains in the absence of detectable elongation of replication forks. These results provide evidence that, under conditions of replicational stress, checkpoint controls not only prevent further initiation but may also be required to actively maintain the integrity of stalled replication complexes.
Meiosis in hybrids betweenLycopersicon esculentum andSolanum pennellii

Meiotic chromosome cytology was compared betweenSolanum pennellii, Lycopersicon esculentum, and the F1 hybrid. Pachytene chromosomes are very similar in gross morphology, but several of theS. pennellii chromosomes were found to have somewhat longer chromatic regions with discrete chromomeres, and darkly staining chromomeres in the achromatic regions.
Tierless Programming for the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is about Internet-addressability and connectivity for everyday devices. The goal of this project was to create a framework to allow developers to more easily control IoT devices and turn their interactions into meaningful applications. We leveraged a tierless approach for Software Defined Networking (SDN) to build this framework. We expanded Flowlog, a tierless programming language for SDN controllers, to support IoT devices developed by Spark IO to build this framework.
Palliative Radiation Therapy for the Hospice Patient: Nuances of Care and Reimbursement

The author applauds the creation of a palliative radiation program for hospice patients in their community, and says physicians can do a better job of guiding patients to hospice earlier.
A Flexible Multiple-Cage Ventilation System for Use with Sleeved Isolation Cages

During studies of genetic behavioral plasticity of 2 aphid parasites, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), it was necessary to maintain cultures for extended periods in sleeved isolation cages. Therefore, a ventilation system was essential to insure the health of the cultures.
Free plasma estrogens in the deer.

SummaryIsolation of free plasma estrogens in the white-tailed Texas deer, Odocoilius virginianus texanus led to identification of estradiol-17α, estradiol-17β, estrone, estriol, epiestriol and 16-ketoestradiol-17β. Because of extremely low quantities and poor recovery no measurements were made for estradiol-17α and estradiol-17β. However, in order of decreasing concentration during pregnancy, from 6 to 23 weeks, the 4 remaining estrogens were: 16-ketoestradiol-17β, estriol, estrone and 16-epiestriol. In general, there was a significant (p<.001) rise in total free plasma estrogens during pregnancy when compared to estrus. No significant variation was observed in total free estrogens during pregnancy from 6 to 23 weeks.
The utility of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging during robotic adrenalectomy

Background and Objectives Indocyanine green (ICG) has been used for medical imaging since 1950s, but has more recently become available for use in minimally invasive surgery owing to improvements in technology. This study investigates the use of ICG florescence to guide an accurate dissection by delineating the borders of adrenal tumors during robotic adrenalectomy (RA). Methods This prospective study compared conventional robotic view with ICG fluorescence imaging in 40 consecutive patients undergoing RA. Independent, non-blinded observers assessed how accurately ICG fluorescence delineated the borders of adrenal tumors compared to conventional robotic view. Results A total of 40 patients underwent 43 adrenalectomies. ICG imaging was superior, equivalent, or inferior to conventional robotic view in 46.5% (n = 20), 25.6% (n = 11), and 27.9% (n = 12) of the procedures. On univariate analysis, the only parameter that predicted the superiority of ICG imaging over conventional robotic view was the tumor type, with adrenocortical tumors being delineated more accurately on ICG imaging compared to conventional robotic view. Conclusions This study demonstrates the utility of ICG to guide the dissection and removal of adrenal tumors during RA. A simple reproducible method is reported, with a detailed description of the utility based on tumor type, approach and side. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sometimes Unguided (or Maybe Misguided) Economic Substance Guidance

This article discusses guidance issued in 2014 about key issues in Section 7701(o), the codification (or “clarification”) of the economic substance doctrine, and the associated penalty provision in Section 6662(b). In particular, Notice 2014-58 considered the meaning of the statutory terms “transaction” and “similar rule of law.” Although guidance about the meaning of key terms and concepts is always welcome, the notice, which amplified Notice 2010-62 (also discussed and criticized in the article), was not as helpful as it might have been.
Central-Place Theory and Endogamy in China

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the central-place theory and endogamy in China. There is a redundancy of social communication that fosters multiplex relationships among people, and there is also a redundancy of background that furthers understanding. Endogamy as a topic is ambiguous for many reasons, not least because it operates to reduce the strangeness and discontinuities produced by exogamy. Skinner's original hypothesis of the identity of marketing and marriage communities is reasonable in the light of our findings on endogamous groups. Skinner has pointed out that in China, at least, and probably in other places as well, the degree of openness of communities was cyclical, reaching a peak during periods of economic prosperity. Central-place theory is useful not because it allows us to predict the sizes and interrelationships of marriage communities solely from data on marketing. It provides one with a set of possibilities, almost a language, with which one can conceptualize the organization of any kind of social system in which distance is important.
Addressing the Demand for Engineers by Teaching Engineering to Counselors and Teachers

The future of America's global competitiveness depends upon a well-educated, technologically literate workforce. However, if proactive measures are not taken in the near future, the United States will face a serious shortage of scientists, engineers, technologists, and mathematicians because high school students, especially those from underrepresented groups, are increasingly losing interest in these subjects. The key in reversing this trend lies in our ability to promote science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) subjects and professions in a more socially relevant, real-world context and to recognize the differences in learning styles and self-efficacy between males, females and minorities. As STEM teachers and school guidance counselors will be the catalysts for introducing students to engineering and technology subjects and careers, the Teaching Engineering to Counselors and Teachers (TECT) professional development workshop is being developed by the University of North Carolina at Charlotte to strengthen the way in which high school teachers and counselors approach the integration of engineering based materials into their courses and counseling. The TECT workshop, a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded proof-of-concept project, incorporates the well-established STEM model that hands-on activities improve student learning and comprehension and builds upon another successful NSF sponsored project that funds high school clubs and summer camps focused on students who are underrepresented in engineering related majors. The TECT workshop makes use of the summer camps as a time to conduct concurrent teacher and counselor in-service education and promote best practices that reach across the diversity of student learning styles and interests. The first TECT workshop was held on July 23-27, 2007 and included 18 high school teachers and guidance counselors from nine local area high schools. This paper presents some of the results and findings derived from the first workshop.
Optimizing a class of in-network processing applications in networked sensor systems

A key application of networked sensor systems is to detect and classify events of interest in an environment. Such applications require processing of raw data and the fusion of individual decisions. In-network processing of the sensed data has been shown to be more energy efficient than the centralized scheme that gathers all the raw data to a (powerful) base station for further processing. We formulate the problem as a special class of flow optimization problem. We propose a decentralized adaptive algorithm to maximize the throughput of a class of in-network processing applications. This algorithm is further implemented as a decentralized in-network processing protocol that adapts to any changes in link bandwidths and node processing capabilities. Simulations show that the proposed in-network processing protocol achieves up to 95% of the optimal system throughput. We also show that path based greedy heuristics have very poor performance in the worst case.
Resilience in the Context of Informal Caregiving: A Scoping Study

To examine the state of the science surrounding the concept of resilience as used in the context of informal caregiving. This study was designed as a scoping study consisting of a five stage process to investigate the extent, range and nature of research activity related to resilience and informal caregiving. Data consisted of peer-reviewed articles in the scientific literature. One database (PubMed) was determined to be most relevant to this study. Search terms included “family caregiver and resilience” or “informal caregiver and resilience.” The date of publication was restricted from January 2003 to May 2014. Forty articles were included in the analysis. The analytic technique included developing a codebook, coding all articles using 13 categories of interest, and compiling descriptive characteristics attributed to the concept of resilience. Content and thematic analytic techniques were used. The initial search yielded 178 citations, of which 137 were read by multiple team members. The final data set included 40 articles that reported 41 studies. Twenty-two studies applied quantitative approaches, 5 were purely qualitative work, 7 used a mixed methods approach and 7 were reviews. Resilience was found to be a concept relevant to multiple disciplinary perspectives and interdisciplinary co-authorship was prevalent in the literature. Typically, the context of caregiving was framed by health conditions that impact the care recipient’s capability to perform the activities associated with daily living. Spousal caregivers were the most dominant relationship studied, followed by parental relationship. Age of caregivers care recipients varied widely. Studies conceptualized resilience in various ways, with 19 using theoretical or conceptual framework to various degrees; only 12 reported the measures of resilience. Across studies, resilience emerged as a protective factor for the burdens of caregiving. This scoping study revealed that the concept of resilience may have important implications in understanding the complex trajectories of end-of-life caregiving.
Reduction in data throughput requirements in digital phased array radar

By pulling some of the signal detection processing that occurs at the final processor in a pulse-detecting system into each node for pre-processing, the amount of digital sample data that must be sent to the final processor can be greatly reduced. This capability would expand the amount of achievable beam-bandwidth for a fixed amount of digital I/O available between hierarchical beamforming nodes or would reduce the needed digital I/O capacity of a digital phased array. This work shows the potential for implementing signal predetection in digital phased arrays with distributed signal processing, and by using a hybrid detection methodology that combines binary integration and standard coherent processing at final beamforming nodes, digital I/O capacity needs are reduced while maintaining detection sensitivity of a standard coherent phased array architecture.
CHAPTER 26 – Difference Image vs Ratio Image Error Function Forms in PET—PET Realignment

This chapter presents a mathematical analysis of common modality image registration. Two alternative formulas are compared for computing registration error, the basis of these being the computation of image differences versus ratios. The theory suggests that the difference image method should be numerically more stable as well as more immune to noise. To test the theory, a Hoffman brain phantom is repeatedly scanned in one position, and images of variable statistical quality and spatial frequency content are prepared. These data are then submitted for realignment according to either the difference or the ratio image method. The difference image error function yielded consistently better precision in all but the most blurred data, in which case the two methods performed comparably. The precision advantage of the difference image method was attributable mainly to better determination of angular registration error as a consequence of reduced sensitivity to noise, and therefore greater tolerance of increased spatial frequency bandwidth. These results indicate that a modest improvement in realignment precision can be achieved by the use of error functions based on image differences as opposed to ratios.
Predictors of differential PTSD treatment outcomes between veteran and civilian women after cognitive processing therapy.

OBJECTIVE This study used data from a recent randomized clinical trial (RCT) that found differences between women veterans and civilians in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment response, with civilians demonstrating greater improvement than did veterans. Despite having similar PTSD severity scores at baseline, veterans scored roughly 18 points higher than civilians did on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) at posttreatment (p < .01). This study sought to identify the clinical and treatment variables that were associated with the differential response to treatment demonstrated by the women in the RCT. METHOD Veteran (n = 21) and civilian (n = 105) women with PTSD received cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for PTSD. These secondary data analyses used structural equation modeling to investigate the role of 7 clinical and treatment variables to explain the reduced treatment response to CPT in veterans compared to civilians. RESULTS Using structural equation modeling, we found that differences in CAPS scores at posttreatment were largely mediated by negative posttraumatic cognitions, as measured by the Posttraumatic Cognition Inventory (PTCI). Although veterans and civilians had similar PTCI scores at baseline, civilians had significantly lower PTCI scores at posttreatment, which predicted lower CAPS scores at posttreatment. This mediation appeared to be at least in part explained by lower treatment expectancies by veterans compared to civilians. CONCLUSIONS Future research should be focused on further understanding and addressing these 2 treatment outcome predictors in an effort to reduce the gap in PTSD treatment outcomes between veterans and civilians. (PsycINFO Database Record
Spin waves in superlattice nanowires formed by two different ferromagnetic materials

Abstract A Green function analysis is used to study spin-wave excitations in a nanowire ferromagnetic superlattice. The dispersion equation for spin waves propagating along the nanowires, which are modeled as having a hexagonal cross section, is derived. The results are illustrated numerically for a particular choice of parameters.
CHINA SINCE TIANANMEN: THE POLITICS OF TRANSITION

China Since Tiananmen is the first book to look comprehensively at the intellectual and political trends in the decade since the Tiananmen Incident (1989) to assess the ways in which China has changed. Fewsmith looks on the one hand at the intellectual critique of the enlightenment tradition, which had previously held a sacrosanct position in the thinking of liberal intellectuals since the May Fourth Movement of 1919, to explain the rise of neo-conservatism and nationalism over the past decade. On the other hand, he examines the maneuverings of elite political actors to understand the constraints they operate under and how the conduct of elite politics has changed since Tiananmen. Together, these two approaches give a more comprehensive and realistic assessment of the forces that drive China today. These trends are of great importance for anyone trying to understand Sino-US relations.
Pathways between paternal and maternal education, caregivers’ support for learning, and early child development in 44 low- and middle-income countries

Abstract While the importance of mothers’ education for children’s development has been well-established, little is known regarding the relative importance of maternal versus paternal education for supporting children’s early developmental outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using data from 98,464 three- and four-year-old children in 44 LMICs, this study found robust associations between both parents’ education levels and children’s development scores. Parents’ provision of support for learning (i.e., books, stimulating interactions) was a key mechanism through which parental education relates to children’s development – with each parent’s education predicting both his or her own and his or her partner’s efforts to support children’s early learning. Support for learning served as a relatively stronger mechanism in middle-income countries than low-income countries.
Conceptual Models of Legged Locomotion

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of simple conceptual models of locomotion at the scale of whole body movements. First, conceptual models of locomotion are introduced along with a few key empirical observations that support the construction of simple conceptual models. Next, a theoretical perspective is offered based on “templates and anchors” theory, where templates are related to simple conceptual models. Commonly used models of legged locomotion are then presented: The Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model of running and the Inverted Pendulum (IP) model of walking. Legged locomotion is next presented in terms of oscillatory behavior and oscillatory-based analysis. Finally, readers are taken on a tour of a “model zoo” featuring many extensions of the SLIP and IP models to more complex and realistic models.
Convolutions for Dependent Random Variables

A two-parameter family σC,L of binary operations arises naturally as the distributional counterpart of operations on random variables. Here L is an arbitrary measurable function of two r.v.’s and C is their copula, or dependence function. Ordinary convolution is the particular member σProd,sum, i.e., when L is addition and C is the independence copula. In this paper, we investigate the algebraic and analytic structure of the σC,L, extending earlier results obtained for subfamilies.
Operations on Lists, and Linear Algebra

This chapter on lists is the last chapter on the structure of Mathematica expressions and programming in Mathematica. We start presenting somewhat larger programs, especially in Sections 6.3.4, 6.4.4, 6.5.2, and 6.6. These programs deal mostly with mathematical, physical, and scientific/engineering applications of Mathematica, although some of them serve primarily to illustrate Mathematica as a programming language. At the outset, we do not place too much value on elegance, and we intentionally present classical procedural program segments. As we get deeper into the material, we will also make use of more elegant functional programming techniques. However, functional programming should not be overdone. From the standpoint of readability (for an example, see Subsection 2.3.10 of the Graphics volume [254] of the GuideBooks), it is sometimes better to introduce auxiliary variables, even when they make the program longer and are not needed. In addition, functional programs are often relatively complicated for the newcomer, although they can be much faster than a corresponding using procedural routine.
Neural reward response to substance-free activity images in opiate use disorder patients with depressive symptoms.

Abstract Background Deficits in the ability to experience reward from natural, substance-free activities and stimuli is a common mechanism contributing to both opiate use disorder and depressive symptoms, and is a target of behavioral-focused treatments for substance use and depression. Although the neural response to monetary, positive affect-eliciting and social images has been investigated, the neural response to images representing substance-free activity engagement remains untested. The current study tested the neural response to anticipation and receipt of substance-free activity engagement images and monetary reward in opiate use disorder patients with elevated depressive symptoms compared to healthy controls. Methods Sixteen male opiate use disorder detoxification patients with elevated depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) ≥ 14) (OUDD Mage = 32.19 years, SD = 8.17 years) and seventeen male healthy controls (BDI-II Results OUDD demonstrated significantly lower activation in reward regions during anticipation and significantly greater activation during receipt of substance-free activity image reward compared to HC. OUDD demonstrated significantly lower activation during anticipation of substance-free activity reward relative to monetary reward, compared to HC. Conclusions The observed reduction in frontostriatal response to reward anticipation of substance-free activity engagement images in OUDD, yet increased neural response to reward receipt, supports theory linking reductions in reward processing with deficits in motivation for substance-free activity engagement.
The genetics of the fowl

1. An investigation has been conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of frizzling in the domestic fowl and to substantiate or disprove the current theory that homozygosity for frizzling is lethal. 2. Two types of frizzling, ordinary and extreme, are differentiated. 3. Incubation records failed to show any evidence of a zygotic lethal factor being operative during embryonic development. It was found that no gametic lethal factors are involved. 4. Mating of ordinary Frizzles to normally feathered fowls produced the 1:1 ratio of parent phaenotypes expected in a back cross to a recessive. Offspring from matingsinter se of normally feathered fowls extracted from matings of Frizzle x Frizzle were all normal. 5. The progeny from matingsinter se of ordinary Frizzles gave a 3:1 ratio of Frizzles to Normals and in a random sample of this population the ratio of extreme to ordinary Frizzles was as 1:2. 6. Five extreme Frizzles were tested and proved to be homozygous for the character, producing, when mated with a normally feathered male, only chicks showing the ordinary type of frizzling. 7. Eighteen ordinary Frizzles were tested and found to be heterozygous. 8. Reciprocal crosses showed that the character is not sex-linked.
Pericytes in Glioblastomas: Multifaceted Role Within Tumor Microenvironments and Potential for Therapeutic Interventions.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and lethal disease that often results in a poor prognosis. Unlike most solid tumors, GBM is characterized by diffuse infiltrating margins, extensive angiogenesis, hypoxia, necrosis, and clonal heterogeneity. Recurrent disease is an unavoidable consequence for many patients as standard treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have proven to be insufficient in causing long-term survival benefits. Systemic delivery of promising drugs is hindered due to the blood–brain barrier and non-uniform perfusion within GBM tissue. In recent years, many investigations have highlighted the role of GBM stem cells (GSCs) and their microenvironment in the initiation and maintenance of tumor tissue. Preclinical and early clinical studies to target GSCs and microenvironmental components are currently underway. Of these strategies, immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors and redirected cytotoxic T cells have shown promising results in early investigations. But, GBM microenvironment is heterogenous and recent investigations have shown cell populations within this microenvironment to be plastic. These studies underline the importance of identifying the role of and targeting multiple cell populations within the GBM microenvironment which could have a synergistic effect when combined with novel therapies. Pericytes are multipotent perivascular cells that play a vital role within the GBM microenvironment by assisting in tumor initiation, survival, and progression. Due to their role in regulating the blood–brain barrier permeability, promoting angiogenesis, tumor growth, clearing extracellular matrix for infiltrating GBM cells and in helping GBM cells evade immune surveillance, pericytes could be ideal therapeutic targets for stymieing or exploiting their role within the GBM microenvironment. This chapter will introduce hallmarks of GBM and elaborate on the contributions of pericytes to these hallmarks by examining recent findings. In addition, the chapter also highlights the therapeutic value of targeting pericytes, while discussing conventional and novel GBM therapies and obstacles to their efficacy.
Structural and dynamic properties of the polyanionic hydrides SrAlGeH and BaAlGeH

The quaternary aluminium hydrides SrAlGeH and BaAlGeH were synthesized from either hydrogenating the intermetallic AlB2-type precursors SrAlGe and BaAlGe or reacting SrH2 with a mixture of Al and G ...
Mechanisms of Non-segmented Negative Sense RNA Viral Antagonism of Host RIG-I-Like Receptors

The pattern recognition receptors RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are critical molecules for cytosolic viral recognition and for subsequent activation of type I interferon production. The interferon signaling pathway plays a key role in viral detection and generating antiviral responses. Among the many pathogens, the non-segmented negative sense RNA viruses target the RLR pathway using a variety of mechanisms. Here, I review the current state of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that allow non-segmented negative sense RNA virus recognition and antagonism of RLRs.
Lexical Matching: Text Reuse as Intertextuality

Words are the basic unit for intertextual search in digital humanities. While published studies employ a variety of features depending on the textual practices with which they are concerned, the vast majority are combinations and transformations of word tokens. In this chapter, we introduce the idea of intertextual discovery through text-reuse detection, and present the core process common to most contemporary analyses.
Hypothalamic Responses to Cocaine and Food Cues in Individuals with Cocaine Dependence.

BACKGROUND Individuals with cocaine addiction are characterized by under-responsiveness to natural reinforcers. As part of the dopaminergic pathways, the hypothalamus supports motivated behaviors. Rodent studies suggested inter-related roles of the hypothalamus in regulating drug and food intake. However, few studies have investigated hypothalamic responses to drugs and food or related cues in humans. METHODS We examined regional responses in 20 cocaine-dependent and 24 healthy control participants exposed to cocaine/food (cocaine dependent) and food (healthy control) vs neutral cues during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We examined the relationship between imaging findings and clinical variables and performed mediation analyses to examine the inter-relationships between cue-related activations, tonic cocaine craving, and recent cocaine use. RESULTS At a corrected threshold, cocaine-dependent participants demonstrated higher activation to cocaine than to food cues in the hypothalamus, inferior parietal cortex, and visual cortex. Cocaine-dependent participants as compared with healthy control participants also demonstrated higher hypothalamic activation to food cues. Further, the extent of these cue-induced hypothalamic activations was correlated with tonic craving, as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire, and days of cocaine use in the prior month. In mediation analyses, hypothalamic activation to cocaine and food cues both completely mediated the relationship between the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire score and days of cocaine use in the past month. CONCLUSIONS The results were consistent with the proposition that the mechanisms of feeding and drug addiction are inter-linked in the hypothalamus and altered in cocaine addiction. The findings provide new evidence in support of hypothalamic dysfunction in cocaine addiction.
Commensuration of the globalised higher education sector: how university rankings act as a credential for world-class status in China

The concept of the world-class university has proliferated throughout the world, yet there is no universal consensus on how to define these elite institutions. Without a unified definition, ranking...
The Serially-Operated Essex-Lopresti Injury: Long-Term Outcomes in a Retrospective Cohort.

Objective The main aim of this article is to report 10-year outcomes after Essex-Lopresti injury (ELI). Study Design Retrospective case series. Two level I trauma centers and one associated community hospital from 2003 to 2016. Patients Sixteen patients who sustained an ELI and were treated at one of our three regional hospitals. Intervention Initially, 4 patients (25%) were treated nonoperatively by immobilization and 12 patients (75%) were treated operatively. Proximal surgery included radial head open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), radial head arthroplasty, radial head excision and forearm ORIF, and wound debridement. Ten patients (63%) were acutely identified with longitudinal forearm instability. Of these, four patients had the distal radioulnar joint pinned. In the other six patients, the forearm was immobilized. Overall, 16 patients underwent a total of 32 revision surgeries. Main Outcome Measure Performance of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Upper Extremity (PROMIS UE) Physical score, Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) score for pain-severity, and NRS score for satisfaction of overall outcome. Results Follow-up for outcome evaluation was available for 10 patients, at a median of 10 (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.0–12) years after date of injury. The median PROMIS UE Physical score was 36 (IQR: 33–38). Median NRS score for pain-severity on average was 5 (IQR: 0–6). The median NRS score for satisfaction of overall outcome was 7 (IQR: 5–8). Conclusion Patients who sustain an ELI generally have substantial deficits of upper extremity function as measured by PROMIS UE. Early radial head arthroplasty may be beneficial, but further study in a larger cohort is needed. Outcomes of nonoperative treatment and operative treatment were similar and suggest that current surgical treatments are incomplete.
Topography of cortical thinning in the Lewy body diseases.

Abstract Objective Regional cortical thinning in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) may underlie some aspect of their clinical impairments; cortical atrophy likely reflects extensive Lewy body pathology with alpha-synuclein deposits, as well as associated Alzheimer's disease co-pathologies, when present. Here we investigated the topographic distribution of cortical thinning in these Lewy body diseases compared to cognitively normal PD and healthy non-PD control subjects, explored the association of regional thinning with clinical features and evaluated the impact of amyloid deposition. Methods Twenty-one participants with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 16 with Parkinson disease (PD) - associated cognitive impairment (PD-MCI and PDD), and 24 cognitively normal participants with PD underwent MRI, PiB PET, and clinical evaluation. Cortical thickness across the brain and in regions of interest (ROIs) was compared across diagnostic groups and across subgroups stratified by amyloid status, and was related to clinical and cognitive measures. Results DLB and PD-impaired groups shared a similar distribution of cortical thinning that included regions characteristic of AD, as well as the fusiform, precentral, and paracentral gyri. Elevated PiB retention in DLB and PD-impaired but not in PD-normal participants was associated with more extensive and severe cortical thinning, in an overlapping topography that selectively affected the medial temporal lobe in DLB participants. In DLB, greater thinning in AD signature and fusiform regions was associated with greater cognitive impairment. Conclusions The pattern of cortical thinning is similar in DLB and PD-associated cognitive impairment, overlapping with and extending beyond AD signature regions to involve fusiform, precentral, and paracentral regions. Cortical thinning in AD signature and fusiform regions in these diseases reflects cognitive impairment and is markedly accentuated by amyloid co-pathology. Further work will be required to determine whether the distinct topography of cortical thinning in DLB and PD-associated cognitive impairment might have value as a diagnostic and/ or outcome biomarker in clinical trials.
Alpha-satellite RNA transcripts are repressed by centromere-nucleolus associations

Abstract Centromeres play a fundamental role in chromosome segregation. Although originally thought to be silent chromosomal regions, centromeres are actively transcribed. However, the behavior and contributions of centromere-derived RNAs have remained unclear. Here, we used single-molecule fluorescence in-situ hybridization (smFISH) to detect alpha-satellite RNA transcripts in intact human cells. We find that alpha-satellite RNA smFISH foci fluctuate in their levels over the cell cycle and do not remain associated with centromeres, displaying localization consistent with other long non-coding RNAs. Our results demonstrate that alpha-satellite expression occurs through RNA Polymerase II-dependent transcription, but does not require centromere proteins and other cell division components. Instead, our work implicates centromere-nucleolar associations as the major factor regulating alpha-satellite expression. The fraction of nucleolar-localized centromeres inversely correlates with alpha-satellite transcripts levels, explaining variations in alpha-satellite RNA between cell lines. In addition, alpha-satellite transcript levels increase substantially when the nucleolus is disrupted. Together, our results are inconsistent with a direct, physical role for alpha-satellite transcripts in cell division processes, and instead support a role for ongoing transcription in promoting centromere chromatin dynamics. The control of alpha-satellite transcription by centromere-nucleolar contacts provides a mechanism to modulate centromere transcription and chromatin dynamics across diverse cell states and conditions.
Advance care planning among stroke survivors in the United States

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality. Over 30% of older adult patients with stroke die within a year of their stroke, of which over half of the deaths are after the hospitalization.1 Posthospitalization mortality is due to various etiologies (e.g., recurrent stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer).2 As a consequence, most stroke survivors have both a good reason and sufficient time to engage in advance care planning (ACP).
Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis

The overall mortality in acute pancreatitis is approximately 13% to 15%.1,2The mortality of hemorrhagic pancreatitis is far greater than edematous pancreatitis, at least 20%3 and in some series greater than 50%.4 Fatalities do occur on the basis of edematous pancreatitis,4–6 usually from hypovolemia leading to shock and renal shutdown.2
JA:2021-15. Respiratory Exposures and Diseases among Agricultural Workers in the Central States Region of the United States

Purpose: The Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH) conducts surveillance to characterize occupational injury and illness frequencies, exposures, and preventive practice...
Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study

The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) has demonstrated racial/ethnic differences in smoking-associated lung cancer risk. As part of the ongoing effort to characterize exposure to cigarette smoke constituents and better understand risk differences, we evaluated Cd exposure as it is a known lung carcinogen. We quantified urinary cadmium (Cd) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a subset of 1956 current smokers from MEC. Ethnic-specific geometric means (GM) were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, creatinine (natural log), education, and smoking (urinary total nicotine equivalents [TNE] and smoking duration). Self-reported questionnaire data, including occupation, were also considered. Latinos and Native Hawaiians had the highest GM urinary Cd (0.871 and 0.836 ng/mL, respectively) followed by Japanese Americans and African Americans (0.811 ng/mL and 0.807, respectively) and Whites (0.736 ng/mL). Patterns in race/ethnicity were consistent by sex such that females had the highest GM urinary Cd. When further adjusting for categorical occupational Cd exposure, racial/ethnic differences of Cd remained (p = 0.009). Findings suggest differences in urinary Cd among smokers across different racial/ethnic groups exist and highlight the importance in considering environmental sources of Cd exposure beyond smoking. These finding lay ground for future studies of individual characteristics that are associated with lower risk for cancer despite higher carcinogenic exposures.
Seven Entries on Twenty-First Century Working

This precis records seven short takes on personal leadership development; social identity theory; authentic leadership; relationships with careers; leader development; social barriers; and integrating adult, leader, and leadership development.
Combined Use of EV Batteries and PV Systems for Improving Building Resilience to Blackouts

Californian residencies face increased risk of blackout. The state depends more on imported electricity that may not always be available to fill the gap between renewable generation and demand. For buildings with PV panels, storing the surplus solar power to support the load during a blackout can be achieved with a large energy storage system (ESS). The electric vehicle (EV) provides potential solutions as it can expand the energy capacity of the residential ESS with its battery. In this paper, a reference house in California was modeled in EnergyPlus. The building resilience for a house with different load percentages were studied, for both with, and without EV scenarios.
Utilization of a National Registry to influence opioid prescribing behavior after hernia repair.

Despite progress toward curtailing opioid prescribing, physicians are often slow to adopt new prescribing practices. Using the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative (ACHQC), we aimed to demonstrate the ability of a national, disease-specific, personalized registry to impact opioid prescribing. Using a collaborative and iterative process, a module was developed to capture surgeon opioid prescribing, patient-reported consumption, and risk factors for opioid use. Study reported according to the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence (SQUIRE) 2.0 guidelines. Six months after implementation of the ACHQC opioid module, we assessed participation, prescribing and patient consumption patterns. For ventral hernia repair (VHR; n = 398), 23 surgeons reported prescribing > 20 pills (43%), 11–20 (40%), and 15. For inguinal hernia repair (IHR; n = 443) 37 surgeons reported prescribing > 20 tablets (22%), 11–20 (32%), and 15. We identified barriers to practice change and developed a strategy for education, provision of individualized data, and encouraging participation. Surgeon participation has since increased significantly (n = 65 for VHR; n = 53 for IHR), and analysis of the impact of this process is ongoing. Quality improvement requires physician engagement, which can be facilitated by meaningful and actionable data. The specificity of the ACHQC and the ability to provide surgeons with individualized data is a model method to incite change in physician behavior and improve patient outcomes.
The limits of control in the face of accelerating growth: a complexity economist’s view

The promise of effective and beneficial control inspires social scientists far more than a sober discussion of its limits. Effective control is often conflated with humanity’s progress and a loss of control, its downfall. In this paper I introduce concepts from the theory of open-ended evolution and demonstrate that effective control of the growth trajectory of a system becomes peculiarly unwieldy when supposing an open-ended combinatorial growth process with an accelerating relative rate of change. Effective control in this case can be modeled as an attempt to keep the system arbitrarily close to a repellor state, instead of a more-manageable but less-plausible attractor state in the standard theory of optimal control. Furthermore, the theory implies that the prediction horizon of feasible control is shortening, rendering effective control increasingly implausible. I then discuss the implications of these results for degrowth and the stability of command-and-control states with market characteristics.