cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Storm Drainage Design Inputs for a Small Urban Watershed

Storm-drainage design inputs such as lag times, times of concentration and rational runoff coefficients should be calibrated with local gaging data wherever possible. This paper documents the calibration of these inputs for the 170-acre Wilshire Woods watershed in the Kansas City metro area. The watershed is 33% impervious with curb-and-gutter streets, storm sewers, and a short segment of open channel. We determined the basin lag time by calibrating a simple watershed model with detailed rainfall and water-level data for 28 significant runoff events from the 13-year record. These calibrations yielded a lag time of 6 minutes and a corresponding time of concentration of 10 minutes. We performed a discharge-frequency analysis on the series of annual peak flows, and computed rational C values from the discharges and 10-minute rainfall intensities. We obtained rational C values of 0.42, 0.50, 0.52 and 0.54 for return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years.
Effects of testosterone and estradiol in vivo on hepatic cortisol metabolism in vitro.

SummaryEstradiol inhibited the ability of the liver parenchymal cell to transform Cortisol to reduced metabolites whereas testosterone increased both reductive and oxidative metabolism of cortisol. The stimulatory effect on β–hydroxylation was not due to an increase in cytochrome P–450 content.
ID: 15: ELIGIBILITY FOR PCSK9 THERAPY IN CHOLESTEROL CENTER PATIENTS WITH INITIAL LDL CHOLESTEROL ≥130 BUT <160 MG/DL

Background By lowering LDL cholesterol (LDLC) ∼60% beyond statins, PCSK9s have the potential to profoundly improve primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic coronary artery (CAD), peripheral (PAD), and carotid artery disease. Purpose In 189 patients referred to a regional Cholesterol Center for diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia, who had initial LDL cholesterol (LDLC) ≥130 but Methods Current preferred commercial insurance criterion for PCSK9 therapy consisted of ≥1 of the following 3 conditions: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (previous LDLC >190 mg/dl and Tendon Xanthomas), Atherosclerotic cerebral-cardio-peripheral vascular disease. Failure to tolerate 2 or more statins. Results At entry, in the 189 patients, mean±SD and median LDLC were 144±9 mg/dl and 143 mg/dl respectively. Of the 189 patients (96 female and 93 male with median age 53) 16 (8%) were diagnosed as having heterozygous FH, with median LDLC of 139 mg/dl, and 32 (17%) had sustained a cerebral-cardio- peripheral vascular event with median LDLC on treatment of 146 mg/dl. Of the 189 patients, in 44 (23%) the maximum tolerated statin dose was zero (complete statin intolerant), with median LDLC of 145 mg/dl. Of the 44 statin intolerant patients, 18 (41%) had either HeFH or an atherosclerotic event, and 26 (59%) had neither positive. Altogether 73 of 189 (39% of patients with entry LDLC ≥130 but Conclusion Of 189 patients referred to a regional Cholesterol diagnosis and treatment center with initial LDLC ≥130 but
Myocardial injury and bypass grafting. Value of serum enzymes in diagnosis.

To clarify the value of serum enzymes in the detection of intraoperative and postoperative myocardial injury associated with coronary artery bypass grafting, we evaluated 70 consecutive patients (151 grafts). We used electrocardiograms and serial determinations of serum levels: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and LDH isoenzymes on Days zero, 1,3,5, 7, and 10. Patency of all grafts 1 week postoperatively was 92 per cent. Fourteen patients (20 per cent) had ECG evidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or ischemia lasting longer than 48 hours. This incidence of AMI was attendant with no deaths or discernible changes in postoperative ventriculography. LDH-1 (cardiac fraction) was elevated in all patients with myocardial injury. Late elevation of LDH-1 occurred in 2 patients at the time of postoperative catheterization, 1 of whom had negative findings on ECG. Diagnostic correlation was not observed with total LDH, CPK, or SGOT. Predisposing factors to AMI included preinfarction angina (4 of 14 patients), occluded grafts (4 of 14), and a bypass time greater than 120 minutes.
An assessment of radiative heating as a thermal treatment for invasive snakes in cargo

The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is invasive in Guam and presents a continuous threat of accidental export to new islands in outbound cargo. Current attempts to avoid that scenario rely pri...
Conditions of Oppression in Mississippi Adult and Higher Education: The Legacy of White Supremacy and Injustice

We begin this chapter by tracing the legacy of White supremacy in primary and secondary education. We demonstrate the segregated nature of education in the state and the consequences of segregated education for students’ preparedness for higher education. We then document the oppressive nature of higher education in Mississippi for both primarily White-serving institutions (PWIs) and historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). We begin by highlighting the segregated nature of higher education in Mississippi, in which Black Mississippians heavily attend HBCUs, as well as disparities in funding levels of HBCUs and PWIs, among other factors. Then, we describe the ways in which experiences with PWIs can be oppressive. This includes a discussion of racialized advising, housing, and instructional practices as well as how low-income students, queer students, and others are marginalized within Mississippi’s PWIs. We also document the ways in which community informal learning and adult educational efforts are stratified by race and income in the state.
SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATIONIN GRASSLAND BIOMASS AND FORAGE QUALITY ACROSS THE UPPER YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the abundance of high quality forage is known to play an important role in migratory ungulate ecology. While many studies have documented how variations in the timing of start of growth and land use affect the availability of high quality forage across temperate landscapes, few studies have quantified how the abundance of high quality forage varies across these gradients. In this study we quantified how aboveground biomass, crude protein, and digestibility varied throughout the growing season in (1) grasslands that start growth early, mid, and late in the season and (2) in irrigated agriculture, private grasslands, and public grasslands and then used these estimates to (3)assess how the seasonal abundance of high quality forage differed in these start of season and land use classes in the Upper Yellowstone River Basin. We found that grasslands that start growth late in the season had up to 150% greater aboveground biomass, 20% greater crude protein, and 15% greater digestibility at its seasonal peak than grasslands that start growth mid and early in the season. Irrigated agriculture had up to 500% greater aboveground biomass, 90% greater crude protein, and 10% greater digestibility at its seasonal peak than private and public grasslands. Overall, the abundance of high quality forage was greater in the late start of season and irrigated agriculture grasslands. Understanding these landscape-scale variations in the abundance of high quality forage may provide important information for migratory ungulate research and management.
Multi-stimuli responsive luminescent azepane-substituted β-diketones and difluoroboron complexes

Difluoroboron β-diketonate (BF2bdk) compounds show environment-sensitive optical properties in solution, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and multi-stimuli responsive fluorescence switching in the solid state. Here, a series of 4-azepane-substituted β-diketone (bdk) ligands (L-H, L-OMe, L-Br) and their corresponding difluoroboron dyes (D-H, D-OMe, D-Br) were synthesized, and various responsive fluorescence properties of the compounds were studied, including solvatochromism, viscochromism, AIE, mechanochromic luminescence (ML) and halochromism. Compared to the β-diketones, the boron complexes exhibited higher extinction coefficients but lower quantum yields, and red-shifted absorption and emission in CH2Cl2. Computational studies showed that intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) dominated rather than π–π* transitions in all the compounds regardless of boron coordination. In solution, all the bdk ligands and boron dyes showed red-shifted emission in more polar solvents and increased fluorescence intensity in more viscous media. Upon aggregation, the emission of the β-diketones was quenched, however, the boronated dyes showed increased emission, indicative of AIE. Solid-state emission properties, ML and halochromism, were investigated on spin cast films. For ML, smearing caused a bathochromic emission shift for L-Br, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the “as spun” and thermally annealed states were more crystalline and the smeared state was amorphous. No obvious ML emission shift was observed for L-H or L-OMe, and the boronated dyes were not mechano-active. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and triethylamine (TEA) vapors were used to study halochromism. Large hypsochromic emission shifts were observed for all the compounds after exposure to TFA vapor, and reversible fluorescence switching was achieved using the acid/base pair.
Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the science of managing, mining, and interpreting information from biological entities. Genome sequencing projects have contributed to an exponential growth in complete and partial sequence databases. The structural genomics initiative aims to catalog the structure-function information for proteins. Advances in technology such as microarrays have launched the subfield of genomics and proteomics to study the genes, proteins, and the regulatory gene expression circuitry inside the cell. What characterizes the state of the field is the flood of data that exists today or that is anticipated in the future; data that needs to be mined to help unlock the secrets of the cell. Knowledge extracted from such analysis can be used effectively to better design new drugs, offer better medical care via diagnostic tests that combine information from multiple sources, and improve scientific and clinical practice.While tremendous progress has been made over the years, many of the fundamental problems in bioinformatics, such as protein structure prediction or gene finding, are still open. Data mining will play a fundamental role in understanding gene expression, drug design and other emerging problems in genomics and proteomics. Furthermore, text mining will be fundamental in extracting knowledge from the growing literature in bioinformatics.The goal of this workshop was to encourage KDD researchers to take on the numerous challenges that Bioinformatics offers. The workshop features an invited talk from a noted expert in the field, and the latest data mining research in bioinformatics from world class researchers. We encouraged papers that propose novel data mining techniques for tasks such as: Gene expression analysis; Protein/RNA structure prediction; Phylogenetics; Sequence and structural motifs; Genomics and Proteomics; Gene finding; Drug design; RNAi and microRNA Analysis; Text mining in bioinformatics; Modeling of biochemical pathways; and Biomedical and clinical informatics.These proceedings contain 10 papers (5 long and 5 short), out of 20 submissions that were accepted for presentation at the workshop. Each paper was reviewed by at least three members of the program committee. In some cases where there was a wide variance in reviews a fourth was sought. Each long paper selected had at least two strong supporters and no strong detractor. Each short paper selected had at least one strong supporter and typically no strong detractor. As a result along with a distinguished invited talk, we were able to assemble a very exciting program.This workshop follows the previous four highly successful workshops: BIOKDD04, held in Seattle, BIOKDD03, held in Washington, DC; BIOKDD02, held in Edmonton, Canada; and BIOKDD01 held in San Francisco, CA. We expect BIOKDD05 to be equally successful.
ERG and Behavioral Analysis of Spectral Sensitivity in Normal and Blue-Blind Rhesus Monkeys

Electroretinograms (ERGs) have been measured at the corneas of rhesus monkeys to flashing spectral lights against intense backgrounds. Action spectra have been derived for both a- and b-waves. The b-wave-based spectral sensitivity, involving inner-plexiform level retinal activity, shows opponent activity of the + R — G and + G — R types. The a-wave-based spectral sensitivity can largely be accounted for as the sum of three photoreceptor absorption spectra, R and G cones and a rod mechanism. This is true both of a-waves recorded under normal conditions and in the presence of the drug, 2-amino, 4-phosphono-butyric acid (APB), which isolates the a-wave response and thus reflects only outer-plexiform layer activity. Behavioral curves have also been obtained. Comparison of the three levels of processing gives some insight into the development of color opponency in the visual system. Also, departures from simple summation of photoreceptor response that are sometimes seen in the a-wave curves are modeled and discussed.
Stealing Thunder Through Social Media: The Framing of Maria Sharapova’s Drug Suspension

In March 2016 the highest-paid women’s athlete, Maria Sharapova, called a press conference to announce a failed drug test. Sharapova relied on the crisis communication strategy of stealing thunder ...
Integrated Care Case Study: Marshfield Clinic Health System.

Founded in 1916, Marshfield Clinic has expanded to become one of the largest private multispecialty group practices in the United States. This integrated and comprehensive care system comprises of Marshfield Clinic, Marshfield Clinic Hospital, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield Clinic Education Foundation, Security Health Plan, its health maintenance organization and Family Health Center of Marshfield, its partnering federally qualified health center. Through a network of 50 electronically integrated satellite medical and dental clinics, Marshfield Clinic Health System (MCHS) serves a largely rural-dwelling population with a median low to mid-level income range in an expansive service area that encompasses Central, Western, and Northern Wisconsin. The current infrastructure represents century-long cumulative efforts whose stated mission from inception of Marshfield Clinic was stated as: serving patients through accessible, high quality healthcare, research and education. MCHS has been active in crafting effectiveness in integrating medical and dental care. This chapter provides an overview of how integrated health care delivery was achieved and supported through multifaceted approaches including development and training of integrated medical-dental healthcare delivery teams, inter-professional training and practice implementation. Achievement of improvement in clinical outcome through integrated healthcare delivery efforts is reviewed.
VINE: Visualizing Statistical Interactions in Black Box Models

As machine learning becomes more pervasive, there is an urgent need for interpretable explanations of predictive models. Prior work has developed effective methods for visualizing global model behavior, as well as generating local (instance-specific) explanations. However, relatively little work has addressed regional explanations - how groups of similar instances behave in a complex model, and the related issue of visualizing statistical feature interactions. The lack of utilities available for these analytical needs hinders the development of models that are mission-critical, transparent, and align with social goals. We present VINE (Visual INteraction Effects), a novel algorithm to extract and visualize statistical interaction effects in black box models. We also present a novel evaluation metric for visualizations in the interpretable ML space.
Factors influencing implementation of a computerized, individualized, culturally tailored lupus decision aid in lupus clinics: a qualitative semi-structured interview study.

To identify factors that might facilitate or impede the implementation of a shared decision-making in lupus electronic tool (SMILE) in clinics by assessing perspectives of clinicians, clinic champions, and patient advocacy organization leaders. We conducted a series of semi-structured telephone interviews (25–45 minutes) about facilitators and barriers of implementing the SMILE decision-aid tool with 23 lupus care providers (18 physicians, 5 champions), and leaders of two patient advocacy organizations. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Physicians and clinic champions were from 18 geographically diverse US clinics. The patient advocacy leaders were from the Lupus Foundation of America and the Arthritis Foundation. Most of the clinics were rheumatology specialty (94%), at university-based academic centers (72%), located in urban areas (72%), had a specialized lupus clinic (72%), were very interested (72%) in the SMILE tool and were ready to implement it (89%). Several specific factors, composed as four themes, were identified that could either facilitate or impede the implementation of the SMILE tool: (1) patient-related theme: patient recruitment and education, and the clinic visit time; (2) clinic-related theme: staff work-load and time, and physical space to view and use the SMILE tool; (3) technology-related theme: Wi-Fi connection and iPad navigation; and (4) management-related theme: influence on the clinics’ daily workflow, the need of a study champion and coordination, and leadership support. Physicians, staff, and patient advocacy leaders perceived the SMILE as a promising tool to facilitate patient-provider communication and quality improvement in lupus. Identification of the patient-, clinic-, technology-, and management-related barriers to the SMILE implementation will allow its integration into busy clinical practice workflow.
Enhanced ability of information gathering may intensify disagreement among groups

Today's society faces widening disagreement and conflicts among constituents with incompatible views. Escalated views and opinions are seen not only in radical ideology or extremism but also in many other scenes of our everyday life. Here we show that widening disagreement among groups may be linked to the advancement of information communication technology by analyzing a mathematical model of population dynamics in a continuous opinion space. We adopted the interaction kernel approach to model enhancement of people's information-gathering ability and introduced a generalized nonlocal gradient as individuals' perception kernel. We found that the characteristic distance between population peaks becomes greater as the wider range of opinions becomes available to individuals or the more attention is attracted to opinions distant from theirs. These findings may provide a possible explanation for why disagreement is growing in today's increasingly interconnected society, without attributing its cause only to specific individuals or events.
Genome Sequence of a Weissella confusa Strain Isolated from the First Reported Case of Neonatal Sepsis in an Equid.

ABSTRACT The genome of a Weissella confusa strain isolated from a foal with sepsis is reported. Weissella confusa inhabits feces and causes disease in immunocompromised humans and animals. It is important for veterinarians to be aware of the pathogenic ability of these bacteria due to the unknown potential for zoonotic transmission.
Lipid−protein interactions for ECA1 an N-ANTH domain protein involved in stress signaling in plants

Epsin-like Clathrin Adaptor 1 (ECA1/ PICALM1A) is an A/ENTH domain protein that acts as an adaptor protein in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. ECA1 is recruited to the membrane during salt stress signaling in plants in a phosphatidic acid (PA)-dependent manner. PA is a lipid second messenger that rapidly and transiently increases in concentration under stress stimuli. Upon an increase in PA concentration another lipid, diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP), starts to accumulate. The accumulation of DGPP is suggested to be a cue for attenuating PA signaling during stress in plants. We showed in vitro that ECA1-PA binding is modulated as a function of membrane curvature stress and charge. In this work, we investigate ECA1 binding to DGPP in comparison with PA. We show that ECA1 has more affinity for the less charged PA, and this binding is pH dependent. Additionally, plant PA binding proteins SnRK2.10, TGD2C, and PDK1-PH2 were investigated for their interaction with DGPP, since no known DGPP binding proteins are available in the literature to date. Our results shed further light on DGPP and its interactions with membrane proteins which brings us closer toward understanding the complexity of protein interactions with anionic lipids, especially the enigmatic anionic lipid DGPP.
Use of simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of barrier precautions to prevent patient-to-patient transfer of healthcare-associated pathogens.

Background: There is controversy regarding whether the addition of cover gowns offers a substantial benefit over gloves alone in reducing personnel contamination and preventing pathogen transmission. Design: Simulated patient care interactions. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of different types of barrier precautions and to identify routes of transmission. Methods: In randomly ordered sequence, 30 personnel each performed 3 standardized examinations of mannequins contaminated with pathogen surrogate markers (cauliflower mosaic virus DNA, bacteriophage MS2, nontoxigenic Clostridioides difficile spores, and fluorescent tracer) while wearing no barriers, gloves, or gloves plus gowns followed by examination of a noncontaminated mannequin. We compared the frequency and routes of transfer of the surrogate markers to the second mannequin or the environment. Results: For a composite of all surrogate markers, transfer by hands occurred at significantly lower rates in the gloves-alone group (OR, 0.02; P < .001) and the gloves-plus-gown group (OR, 0.06; P = .002). Transfer by stethoscope diaphragms was common in all groups and was reduced by wiping the stethoscope between simulations (OR, 0.06; P < .001). Compared to the no-barriers group, wearing a cover gown and gloves resulted in reduced contamination of clothing (OR, 0.15; P < .001), but wearing gloves alone did not. Conclusions: Wearing gloves alone or gloves plus gowns reduces hand transfer of pathogens but may not address transfer by devices such as stethoscopes. Cover gowns reduce the risk of contaminating the clothing of personnel.
Investigation of polyurethane-based pressure-sensitive adhesives with castor oil as a polyol

Abstract Renewable castor oil (CO) was investigated as a polyol for preparation of polyurethane-based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). PSAs from the one-pot reaction of CO, poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and DBTDL have all desirable properties for applications as surface protective films. NCO-terminated PPG-TDI adducts were prepared from reactions of PPG and TDI at room temperature (as designated as PPG-TDIR) and 100 °C (as designated as PPG-TDI100), respectively. The PSAs from reactions of CO and PPG-TDIR or PPG-TDI100 had higher peel strengths than those from reactions of CO and the mixture of PPG and TDI. PPG-TDIR resulted in a higher peel strength of the resulting PSAs than PPG-TDI100. A two-stage curing process of the partial curing of the mixture of CO and PPG-TDIR at 125 °C and the final curing in an ambient environment was better than one-stage complete curing at 125 °C in terms of enhancing the peel strength of the resulting PSAs. The NCO/OH molar ratio of 0.85 in the mixture of CO and PPG-TDIR resulted in the highest peel strength for the PSAs from CO and PPG-TDIR. The PSAs from CO and PPG-TDIR had good aging resistance and can be tailored for various applications such as labels and tapes. PPG was superior to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in terms of enhancing the peel strength of the resulting PSAs. The curing mechanisms are discussed in detail.
Abstract IA17: CAR T cells for T-cell lymphoma

Development of CAR T-cell therapies for T-cell lymphoma has been hampered by a limited range of targetable antigens. Shared expression of most T-lineage antigens between malignant and normal T cells promotes fratricide of CAR T cells and increases the risk of T-cell aplasia. We developed a CAR targeting CD5, a pan-T cell antigen commonly expressed in T-cell lymphoma. CD5 CAR T cells evade fratricide by rapidly downregulating CD5 protein expression and retain high cytotoxicity against T-cell lymphoma. An ongoing phase I clinical trial demonstrates curative potential of autologous CD5 CAR T cells in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. CD5 CAR T-cell infusions were well tolerated and did not produce prolonged ablation of endogenous T cells. Other CAR T cell-based approaches for T-cell lymphoma will also be discussed. Citation Format: Maksim Mamonkin. CAR T cells for T-cell lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr IA17.
Decolonizing Race and Gender Intersectionality in Education: A Collaborative Critical Autoethnography of Hope, Healing and Justice

This article provides a collaborative critical autoethnography of the educational experiences of two women of African descent, from the perspectives of an undergraduate student and university professor. Using decolonial intersectionality as the theoretical framework, the authors interpret their schooling experiences through a decolonial epistemological lens and identify ways in which education serves as both a divider and equalizer for students. Whereas existing research suggests that transformative education is made possible through expanded and engaged pedagogy, our autoethnographic narratives submit that curricula are central to this discussion as well. Results of this study posit that critical education can provide opportunities for gleaning into diverse perspectives and oppositional histories. Additionally, when implemented with a critical lens, educational disciplines such as history and social science can provide hope, healing, and justice.
The Literary Qurʾan: Narrative Ethics in the Maghreb: by Hoda El Shakry, New York, Fordham University Press, 2020

Hoda El Shakry’s The Literary Qurʾan: Narrative Ethics in the Maghreb represents an incisive intervention in the fields of Arabic and francophone studies. El Shakry opens by lambasting ‘the geopoli...
How Electoral Rules and Electoral Prospects Aﬀect the Formation of Preferential Trade Agreements

This paper proposes a novel explanation for why states form preferential trade agreements (PTAs). I argue that current governments, anticipating them losing power in the future, use PTAs to constrain future governments. This mechanism can generate two unique observable implications that are not compatible with existing theories. Because the demand for constraining opponents varies with electoral institutions and electoral prospects, I expect governments are more likely to ratify PTAs under the under majoritarian electoral rules and before losing elections. Empirical results from a dataset of all PTAs from 1945 to 2006 strongly support these hypotheses.
Identification of prostate cancer using multiparametric MR imaging characteristics of prostate tissues referenced to whole mount histopathology.

In this study, the objective was to characterize the MR signatures of the various benign prostate tissues and to differentiate them from cancer. Data was from seventy prostate cancer patients who underwent multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and subsequent prostatectomy. The scans included T2-weighted imaging (T2W), diffusion weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE MRI), and MR spectroscopic imaging. Histopathology tissue information was translated to MRI images. The mpMRI parameters were characterized separately per zone and by tissue type. The tissues were ordered according to trends in tissue parameter means. The peripheral zone tissue order was cystic atrophy, high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), normal, atrophy, inflammation, and cancer. Decreasing values for tissue order were exhibited by ADC (1.8 10-3 mm2/s to 1.2 10-3 mm2/s) and T2W intensity (3447 to 2576). Increasing values occurred for DCE MRI peak (143% to 157%), DCE MRI slope (101%/min to 169%/min), fractional anisotropy (FA) (0.16 to 0.19), choline (7.2 to 12.2), and choline / (creatine + citrate) (0.3 to 0.9). The transition zone tissue order was cystic atrophy, mixed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), normal, atrophy, inflammation, stroma, anterior fibromuscular stroma, and cancer. Decreasing values occurred for ADC (1.6 10-3 mm2/s to 1.1 10-3 mm2/s) and T2W intensity (2863 to 2001). Increasing values occurred for DCE MRI peak (143% to 150%), DCE MRI slope (101%/min to 137%/min), FA (0.18 to 0.25), choline (7.9 to 11.7), and choline / (creatine + citrate) (0.2 to 0.6). Logistic regression was used to create parameter model fits to differentiate cancer from benign prostate tissues. The fits achieved AUCs ≥0.91. This study quantified the mpMRI characteristics of benign prostate tissues and demonstrated the capability of mpMRI to discriminate among benign as well as cancer tissues, potentially aiding future discrimination of cancer from benign confounders.
Development of centrifuges and their use in the study of living cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of centrifuges and their use in the study of living cells. The microscope centrifuge for use in the study of living cells was first described by Harvey and Loomis. It was developed to observe under relatively high magnification the changes occurring in living cells while in a centrifugal field of several thousand times gravity and to compare these observations to those seen in the same cells after removal from the centrifuge. The optical system of the microscope centrifuge consists of a motor driving a rotating disc that is fitted with a specially arranged lens system of a compound microscope. The image of cells while being centrifuged at 10,000 rpm is comparable to that observed through a microscope with a similar lens system. Harvey also adapted the air-turbine ultracentrifuge rotor to perform as a centrifuge microscope. One of the important problems in the centrifugation of many types of living cells and tissues is to prevent them from being crushed by the action of the high centrifugal force. In the case of isolated cells, this condition may be largely eliminated by supporting them in an isotonic medium of similar density, such as isotonic sucrose, neutralized gum Arabic, soluble starch, or Ficoll.
The endogenous components of the event-related potential--a diagnostic tool?

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces the conceptual foundations of a theory-based approach to the use of event-related brain potential (ERPs), in contrast to a nosological approach. The chapter provides description of a series of the studies of P300 in aged subjects conducted in laboratory that serves to illustrate an approach to the use of ERPs in cognitive psychophysiology. The degree to which the increase in P300 latency is indeed a specific indicator of senile dementia has proven somewhat controversial. Increases in P300 latency do tend to occur in association with other pathologies. The starting point for a nosological study is the availability of groups of clinically diagnosed patients, as well as an adequate control group of non-patients. The strategy is empirical. Given that the studied groups are known to be proper representatives of the diagnostic classes of interest, then any measure that discriminates among the groups is potentially useful. This approach has, for example, been of great benefit in developing a diagnostic measure for multiple sclerosis based on the latency of brain responses elicited by moving checkerboards. However, the success of the nosological approach is contingent on the specificity of the deficit and the certainty with which patients can be diagnosed clinically.
Parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical neutral networks with continuous inputs and outputs

Parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical neural networks (PSHNNs) are multistage networks in which stages operate in parallel rather than in series during testing. Previous PSHNNs assume quantized, say, binary outputs. A new type of PSHNN is discussed such that the outputs are allowed to be continuous-valued. The performance of the resulting network is tested in the problem of predicting speech signal samples from past samples. Both delta rule and sequential least squares learning are used. In all cases studied, the new network achieves better performance than linear prediction. >
The Digital Divide (DD): A Reconceptualization for Educators.

The author attempts to elaborate upon the popularized notion of the digital divide (DD). Previously, the DD has been defined as a lack of access to information technology for specific groups. This “access DD,” in the opinion of the author, is an incorrect conceptualization for educators. The author then explains why educators must redirect their attention and resources to solve the more nebulous “social DD.”
How Partisan Frames Affect Public Consideration of Policy Problems

In the paper, we use an experimental design to assess the effect that partisan framing of a policy problem has on individuals’ preferences for a policy solution. We combine key elements from work on prospect theory, framing effects, and attitude formation to develop a theory of policy evaluation by citizens faced with alternatives involving risk. We test the predictions derived from our theory using a hypothetical, but timely, health care reform proposal. As a first cut at this question, the results of this preliminary test of our theory support two of our three hypotheses, suggesting additional implications for the application of prospect theory to the study of opinion formation surrounding domestic policy issues.
Visual Perception of Objects

Visual perception of objects is discussed in terms of two major topics: the perceptual organization of images into hierarchical structures of scenes (containing groups, objects, and parts) and the identification of individual objects as instances of known meaningful categories (such as chairs, houses, and dogs). The major phenomena of perceptual organization are demonstrated and discussed, including grouping, region segmentation, figure-ground perception, parsing, completion, part-whole structure, and reference frames. Several important phenomena of object identification are also demonstrated and discussed, including categorical prototypes, basic level categories, perspective effects, orientational effects, and contextual effects. Two major types of theories of object identification are outlined—part-based and view-specific theories—both of which are examined for their effectiveness in understanding how visual categorization of objects might occur. Keywords: object identification; perceptual grouping; perceptual organization; visual categorization; visual perception
Single Tube Support Post Thermal Analysis and Test Results

Cold mass structural supports used in prototype Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) 50 mm dipole magnets built at Fermilab and Brookhaven are adaptations of the design developed during the 40 mm design program at Fermilab.1,2 The design essentially consists of two composite tubes nested within each other as a means of maximizing the thermal path length. In addition it provides an ideal way to utilize materials best suited for the temperature range over which they must operate. Filament wound S-glass is used between 300K and 80K. Filament wound graphite fiber is used between 80K and 20K and between 20K and 4.5K. An alternate design for supports which uses a single composite tube has been developed at Fermilab and continues to be refined by the industrial contractors.3 The advantage of the new design is cost reduction due to a significantly simpler assembly and incorporation of many common parts. This report describes the thermal analysis and testing of a single composite tube support post whose function is identical to that of the current reentrant design.
An alternative splice variant of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor regulates Src and promotes tumor growth in vivo

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5245 INTRODUCTION: Alternative splicing is a mechanism whereby multiple protein isoforms can result from a single gene. Splicing aberrations leading to inappropriate expression of individual variants may contribute to human disease, including cancers. Recently, we have discovered that colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas, but not adjacent nonmalignant tissue, express a splice variant of the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), known as CCK2i4svR, which contains an additional 69 amino acids in its 3rd intracellular loop domain due to intron 4 retention. We have shown that this structural alteration is associated with agonist-independent activation of various intracellular signaling molecules including the proto-oncogene Src in the human embryonal kidney cell line, HEK293. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CCK2i4svR expression on HEK293 cell growth in vivo . METHODS: HEK293 cells were stably transfected with CCK2i4svR, CCK2R or control vector. Src kinase activity was inhibited by transducing the HEK293 clones with a retroviral vector containing dominant-negative (dn) Src (A430V mutant). Six nu/nu BalbC female mice were injected with 4x106 cells (s.c.) per cell line in the left dorsum. Tumor diameters were measured every other day for 3 weeks. Tumor volume was calculated using the formula: volume=4/3πr3(mm). On day 22, the tumors were harvested and weighed. Two independent clonal lines were analyzed for each receptor construct. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Expression of the CCK2i4svR significantly increased the rate of HEK293 tumor growth in vivo ; tumor volume increased ∼25 times faster than that of CCK2R-expressing tumors. At harvest, the average mass of CCK2i4svR-expressing tumors was 10 times greater than that of CCK2R-expressing tumor (920±180mg vs. 90±23mg, p<0.001). The increased tumor growth rate and mass were significantly attenuated when the CCK2i4svR-expressing cells were transduced with dnSrc; the rate of increase in tumor volume decreased ∼10-fold and the tumor mass decreased ∼30-fold (920±180 to 30±6mg, p<0.001). In contrast to noninfected controls, infection with dnSrc did not significantly affect either the growth rate or mass of nontransfected (38±15mg vs. 83±54mg), vector-transfected (30±16mg vs. 13±6mg), or CCK2R-transfected HEK293 cells (90±23mg vs. 70±15mg). CONCLUSIONS: Expression of CCK2i4svR is sufficient to promote tumor growth in HEK293 cells in vivo . Furthermore, the mechanism of receptor-mediated tumor growth involves Src kinase. Coupled with the observations that CCK2i4svR is the predominant CCK2R variant expressed in human colorectal and pancreatic cancers and that Src kinase is frequently elevated, these data support the hypothesis that CCK2i4svR plays an important role in the growth and progression of these malignancies.
Identity for Sale: The Limits of Racial Reform in Urban Schools.

When multicultural education emerges in urban schools, it usually addresses educational inequality by focusing on cultural histories, principles, and pedagogies. The fundamental argument is that students who perform poorly in school do so in part because the curriculum they encounter has little relevance to their lives and culture. If culturally based education is most commonly practiced in low-income, poor urban schools, what limits does poverty place on this type of educational reform? I provide a case study of a reform effort at urban high school in Oakland, California, which used an Afrocentric curriculum as a means to improve academic performance. I argue that the effort was ineffective because the project failed to consider the ways in which poverty influenced the identities of the students within the school.
Intermediates in the interconversion of acid and alkaline ferrihemoglobin. Structural and kinetic aspects.

The acid-alkaline pH jump in suspension of crystalline sheep hemoglobin has been studied in the range 5.95 to 8.94. Crystals suspended in 3.8 M Cs2SO4 show a rapid optical transition of half-time equal to or less than 2 ms. As the ammonia concentration is increased in the Cs2SO4-suspended crystals, a second optical transition is observed as a pseudo-first-order reaction, with a rate constant of between 10 and 15 s−1. The alkaline-acid pH jump proceeds through a very rapid shift of the alkaline-acid equilibrium and is followed by a first-order dissociation constant between 9 and 12 s−1. The dissociation of the ammonia is biphasic, and the ratio between the fast and slow phases is 9.
Scalable Optimization of Randomized Operational Decisions in Adversarial Classification Settings

When learning, such as classification, is used in adversarial settings, such as intrusion detection, intelligent adversaries will attempt to evade the resulting policies. The literature on adversarial machine learning aims to develop learning algorithms which are robust to such adversarial evasion, but exhibits two significant limitations: a) failure to account for operational constraints and b) a restriction that decisions are deterministic. To overcome these limitations, we introduce a conceptual separation between learning, used to infer attacker preferences, and operational decisions, which account for adversarial evasion, enforce operational constraints, and naturally admit randomization. Our approach gives rise to an intractably large linear program. To overcome scalability limitations, we introduce a novel method for estimating a compact parity basis representation for the operational decision function. Additionally, we develop an iterative constraint generation approach which embeds adversary’s best response calculation, to arrive at a scalable algorithm for computing near-optimal randomized operational decisions. Extensive experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
Candidate survivable transmission systems

A report is presented of a panel investigation into the operational survivability issues which confront military agencies concerned with air and space missions. Topics covered included: the survivability and reliability of critical communications systems with an assessment of whether these systems could support the ITWA (Integrated Threat Warning and Assessment) architecture through all phases of conflict and the survivability of bit-oriented cyclic redundancy-checked standard message sets. It is concluded that without a concerted effort towards developing survivable communications networks and a well-thought-out and -executed plan for attaining each support, the problem of error-filled, low-data-rate traffic overwhelming a stressed, piecemeal transmission architecture which enjoys questionable survivability and connectivity cannot be solved. It is argued that these weaknesses can be minimized by aggressively pursuing the alternatives presented. >
The Role of the Tracheobronchial Circulation in Aerosol Clearance

In summary, the airway is provided with a dense vascular network on either side of the airway smooth muscle throughout the bronchial tree. It is likely that this circulation can provide an important clearance function for the removal of smooth muscle agonists. However its supportive role for other airway structures such as ciliated cells and mucus glands has not been studied. For this reason it is unclear whether this circulation plays a significant part in maintaining mucociliary clearance. Consequently the capacity of the airway circulation to influence the clearance of soluble and insoluble particles remains ill-defined and requires investigation at a fundamental level.
The New Men's History and the Peculiar Absence of Gendered Power: Some Remedies from Early American Gender History

Historians with feminist commitments have expressed reservations about men's history and men's studies. This unease has existed more or less from the first appearance of men's history as a specialised area of inquiry, and shows no signs of abating. The first part of this article explores the sources of this unease. It discusses several guiding premises of men's history and shows that they tend to lead to the occlusion of men's gendered power over women. Nonetheless, the scrutiny of the gender of men is the logical outgrowth of several decades of theoretical and empirical work on gender–witness the many historians of women and gender who have recently turned their attention to the systematic study of manliness and masculinity. With the help of examples drawn from the scholarship on the history of the British colonies in America and the early United States, the second part of this article enumerates several strategies for successfully highlighting men's gendered power in histories of manliness and masculinity.
A hung jury and a Scottish verdict: “Not proven”

This symposium embodies a profound argument about the nature of behavior; however, in my opinion, it also embodies a number of distractors that do not approximate profundity. I propose to first set aside some of these distractors in order to clear the ground for an examination of the most important level of argument that I can discern here. It is a distractor to argue that the Wyatt case and others have created a problem of teaching every retarded and handicapped child in our society to live, be taught, and work in the community rather than in an institution. The essence of these cases is that such children cannot constitutionally be kept in institutions if those institutions are not offering the child some form of habilitation. In my opinion, the courts ' definition of habilitation is essentially behavior change in the direction of those skills that cumulatively allow community living. "In the direction of" is not the same as "arrival" there, as best I understand Judge Johnson and others; it only means progress toward that goal. If the issue were whether or not it is possible now to move every institutionalized child into effective community placement, there would be no i ssue-tha t is not possible now. But the issue is "progressing in the direction of," not "arrival ," and so, if institutions can move children "in the direction of" that goal, then actual community placement is a distractor (Clupea rubra). It is a distractor to argue that the persistent application of unsuccessful training programs to a retarded child is demeaning and aversive to the child. The aversiveness of a teaching program for its student is independent of its success, in my experience. If a teaching program is well designed, it usually finds some
Stress Resistance in Thymectomized Rats

A method for determining stress resistance is employed for the investigation of a possible difference between thymectomized and normal animals with respect to their abilities to withstand the stressing effects of various nonspecific stressor agents. Rats are used as the test animals, and the experimental data evaluated by the Litch-field-Wilcoxon method. Evidence is provided to indicate that there is no significant difference in the ability of normal and thymectomized groups to withstand the stressing effects of dry heat, reserpine, and histamine. The restoration of normal stress resistance in thymectomized, adrenalectomized animals receiving adrenal cortical extracts is not dependent upon the process of thymus involution.
Efficient synthesis of 5′-O(N)-carbamyl and -polycarbamyl nucleosides

Abstract A simple and efficient method for the preparation of 5′-O(N)-carbamyl and 5′-O(N)-polycarbamyl nucleoside derivatives is reported. The method consisted of treatment of 2′,3′-O-protected purine (Ado, Ino) or pyrimidine nucleosides (Thd, Urd) with trichloroacetylisocyanate, followed by cleavage of the trichloroacetyl moiety by silica-gel promoted methanolysis during column chromatography. Iterative application of this method gave mono, di, and tricarbamyl derivatives in good to excellent yields (ave = 80%).