cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure field-flow fractionation or polarization chromatography

Abstract When a pressurized fluid mixture flows past a reverse osmosis or ultra-filtration membrane the components of the mixture diffuse to, and permeate the membrane, at different rates and the extent to which a component is polarized at the membrane surface depends on its wall Peclet number, Pwi. Pressure field flow chromatography utilizes this phenomenon, and the resulting differential retardation (or increase in residence time) of the polarized solute particles in the slower moving concentrated fluid layers immediately adjacent to the membrane creates a chromatographic separation of the components of the mixture. The results of the present analysis of separation by pressure field flow fractionation (PFFF) between flat, narrowly spaced membranes are compared with those in a tube and with those obtained when a cross-flow in one membrane and out the other (flow field flow fraction) exists. The results suggest that all three approaches appear to have reasonably good potential for practical applications. Perturbation results for the large time values of Ki in the generalized dispersion equation, valid for large and small values of the parameter Pew are given in convenient algebraic forms for PFFF. For large values of Pew, solute retardation is very pronounced and axial dispersion is reduced very substantially, both of which suggest potentially favorable separations. A significant difference between PFFF and FFFF system is the exponential increase in Cm caused by the loss of carrier fluid along the conduit in the case of PFFF. The effect is reflected in the value of Ko.
Cerebral vasospasm and free radicals

The literature implicating free radical reactions in the genesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is reviewed. While this condition has features of a prototypical free radical-mediated disease and a plausible theory can be outlined, data to support the theory are limited. An association of lipid peroxidation with vasospasm has been observed, but more sophisticated techniques for detection of free radicals and for detection of free radical damage to arterial wall proteins and nucleic acids have not been used. There are conflicting reports about efficacy of various antioxidant treatments for vasospasm. In these studies, concomitant experiments have usually not confirmed that the treatments have decreased free radicals or lipid peroxides in cerebrospinal fluid. Because smooth muscle contraction is involved in vasospasm, it would be interesting to investigate the actions of free radicals on smooth muscle cells using, for example, isometric tension recordings and patch clamp techniques. Studies of cardiac myocytes indicate that free radicals alter conductances through potassium and calcium channels and through the sodium-calcium exchanger and may result in elevations in intracellular calcium. Few studies have been performed on cerebral smooth muscle cells. In one study, exposure of cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells to free radicals resulted in increased outward currents, decreased membrane resistance, cell contraction, appearance of membrane blebs, and cell death. In summary, more investigations using better experimental techniques are required before free radicals and reactions induced by them can be said with certainty to be the primary cause of vasospasm.
P6B-8 Utility of Template-based Filtering Methods to Improve Accuracy of Echo PIV for Multi-Component Blood Velocity Measurements

In Echo PIV technique, the microbubbles are seeded in flows and traced by ultrasound B-mode imaging technique, from which the successive microbubble images are then cross- correlated to generate two-dimensional (2D) velocity map showing the flow pattern. The initial in vitro studies showed the utility of this technique in accurately measuring 2D velocity vectors in a variety of opaque flows. Although the method appears promising, improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of backscatter data continues to be an important area of further study. By applying the current available filters, such as band pass filter, matched filter, or deconvolution technique, we found neither of them improves the accuracy of velocity measurement very well, although the particle images could be enhanced. In this paper, we introduce here a new RF filtering technique: Cross-correlation based Template Matching Filter (CTMF). This method involves cross-correlation between a template signal (Gaussian weighted pulse) and the target signal (ultrasound RF signal). The resulting correlation index is then thresholded to increase precision in obtaining bubble position information. The position information is incorporated into the bubble detection procedure to produce the improved pulse signal. Both the threshold and the template signals would have effects on particle image quality. Therefore, both factors are studied to optimize those values. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method on improving the measurement accuracy of Echo PIV, a rotating flow experiment was carried out and a series of RF data were acquired for post-processing We compared the particle images by applying different filters, including CTMF, convolution and wiener filter, respectively; also the vector maps based on different filter induced particle images were compared. The results show the best performance from the proposed filter, both on particle image and vector map accuracy, with vector outliers reduced from 15-18% for the conventional filters to less than 5% for CTMF.
Nimble micromanagement of macromolecules.

Intracellular protein homeostasis is managed by a complex series of enzymatic reactions, the terminal steps of which are catalyzed by dynamic protein aggregates called proteasomes, and more recently, immunoproteasomes.
The metabolic rate constants and specific activity of human and rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 2E1 toward toluene and chloroform.

Chloroform (CHCl3) is a near-ubiquitous environmental contaminant, a by-product of the disinfection of drinking water sources and a commercially important compound. Standards for safe exposure have been established based on information defining its toxicity, which is mediated by metabolites. The metabolism of CHCl3 is via cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-mediated oxidation to phosgene, which is known to obey a saturable mechanism. CYP2E1 is a highly conserved form, expressed in all mammalian systems studied, and is responsible for the metabolism of a great many low-molecular-weight (halogenated) compounds. However, the Michaelis–Menten rate constants for CHCl3 oxidation have not been derived in vitro, and the specific activity of CYP2E1 toward CHCl3 has not been reported. In this investigation with microsomal protein (MSP), apparent Vmax values of 27.6 and 28.3 nmol/h/mg MSP and apparent Km values of 1 and 0.15 μM in rats and human organ donors, respectively, were demonstrated. The specific activity of CYP2E...
Stratospheric albedo modification

The possibility of offsetting greenhouse gas warming by introducing artificial aerosols into the stratosphere to increase the Earth's albedo has been widely discussed, but little attention has been given to the details of its implementation. It is usually assumed that the aerosols would be sulfuric acid droplets (hydrated sulfur trioxide), like natural volcanic aerosols. Other materials may be more advantageous, but sophisticated “engineered” particles probably cannot be produced in sufficient quantity. I consider a variety of possible injection vehicles. Aircraft are unlikely to have sufficient lift capability to the necessary altitudes, guns are inefficient, and exotic methods like balloons and chimneys face daunting difficulties. Simple rockets are proven and economical, and can deliver material to any desired altitude. Artificial injection begins at a much higher aerosol (or precursor) density than a volcanic plume, raising novel issues of chemical kinetics and particle agglomeration. Detailed experimental and theoretical investigation are required to establish the feasibility of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering. An appendix argues that natural, as well as anthropogenic, climate change may pose challenges that could be met by these methods.
Design and synthesis of direct connected network devices controller

In this paper we present the design and synthesis of a direct connected network devices controller (DCNDC) to provide substantial speed-up for networking applications that eliminate the need for a computer to connect digital devices to a local area network (LAN). Specifically, the first goal is to design DCNDC. The main function of DCNDC is to eliminate the operating system processing of the network protocol stack in order to simplify the connection and improve network performance. It utilizes the concept of network channels in Ethernet. Upon completion of the DCNDC and validating its simulation outputs, we synthesize the design in an FPGA chip. Performance measures like power consumption are computed using synthesis tools. If DCNDC reduces the power consumption, network devices can be powered through a category-5 network cable and eliminate the process of regular electrical power outlet installations and maintenance. So, DCNDC will also reduce the connection complexity in terms of device installation.
A Bipartite Autoinhibitory Region within the B-domain Suppresses Function in Factor V

Activation of blood coagulation factor V (FV) is a key reaction of hemostasis. FV circulates in plasma as an inactive procofactor, and proteolytic removal of a large central B-domain converts it to an active cofactor (FVa) for factor Xa (FXa). Here we show that two short evolutionary conserved segments of the B-domain, together termed the procofactor regulatory region, serve an essential autoinhibitory function. This newly identified motif consists of a basic (963–1008) and an acidic (1493–1537) region and defines the minimal sequence requirements to maintain FV as a procofactor. Our data suggest that dismantling this autoinhibitory region via deletion or proteolysis is the driving force to unveil a high affinity binding site(s) for FXa. These findings document an unexpected sequence-specific role for the B-domain by negatively regulating FV function and preventing activity of the procofactor. These new mechanistic insights point to new ways in which the FV procofactor to cofactor transition could be modulated to alter hemostasis.
Selves, Lives, and Videotape: Leveraging Self-Revelation through Narrative Pedagogy.

This chapter describes the process and outcomes that follow from inviting students to explore deeper aspects of themselves through digital storytelling.
Design, simulation, and experimental demonstration of self-assembled DNA nanostructures and motors

Self-assembly is the spontaneous self-ordering of substructures into superstructures, driven by the selective affinity of the substructures. Complementarity of DNA bases renders DNA an ideal material for programmable self-assembly of nanostructures. DNA self-assembly is the most advanced and versatile system that has been experimentally demonstrated for programmable construction of patterned systems on the molecular scale. The methodology of DNA self-assembly begins with the synthesis of single strand DNA molecules that self-assemble into macromolecular building blocks called DNA tiles. These tiles have single strand “sticky ends” that complement the sticky ends of other DNA tiles, facilitating further assembly into larger structures known as DNA tiling lattices. In principle, DNA tiling assemblies can form any computable two or three-dimensional pattern, however complex, with the appropriate choice of the tiles' component DNA. Two-dimensional DNA tiling lattices composed of hundreds of thousands of tiles have been demonstrated experimentally. These assemblies can be used as programmable scaffolding to position molecular electronics and robotics components with precision and specificity, facilitating fabrication of complex nanoscale devices. We overview the evolution of DNA self-assembly techniques from pure theory, through simulation and design, and then to experimental practice. In particular, we begin with an overview of theoretical models and algorithms for DNA lattice self-assembly. Then we describe our software for the simulation and design of DNA tiling assemblies and DNA nano-mechanical devices. As an example, we discuss models, algorithms, and computer simulations for the key problem of error control in DNA lattice self-assembly. We then briefly discuss our laboratory demonstrations of DNA lattices and motors, including those using the designs aided by our software. These experimental demonstrations of DNA self-assemblies include the assembly of patterned objects at the molecular scale, the execution of molecular computations, and the autonomous DNA walking and computing devices.
Archaeal Origin of Tubulin

Tubulins are a family of GTPases that are key components of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotes and are distantly related to the FtsZ GTPase that is involved in cell division in most bacteria and many archaea. Among prokaryotes, bona fide tubulins have been identified only in bacteria of the genus Prosthecobacter. These bacterial tubulin genes appear to have been horizontally transferred from eukaryotes. Here we describe tubulins encoded in the genomes of thaumarchaeota of the genus Nitrosoarchaeum that we denote artubulins Phylogenetic analysis results are compatible with the origin of eukaryotic tubulins from artubulins. These findings expand the emerging picture of the origin of key components of eukaryotic functional systems from ancestral forms that are scattered among the extant archaea.
Absorption and photoluminescence studies of lightly alloyed CdTe(S) and CdS(Te)

CdTe-rich and CdS-rich alloy films were deposited at temperatures less than 300C using an rf sputtering technique. Transmission-reflection and photoluminescence measurements were conducted to study the near-band edge properties of this ternary system for films of different compositions at room temperature and at 10K. Results were compared to data on defect states introduced in CdTe single crystal by annealing at several different overpressure conditions, including CdS and CdCl2 overpressures. A below-band-gap photoluminescence excitation technique was used to study systematically the effect of different steps in the production of the complete solar cell on band gap states of CdSxTe1−x alloys as well as pure binary constituents.
Addressing Value‐Based Conflicts Within the Counseling Relationship: A Decision‐Making Model

A growing number of legal and ethical cases have involved value conflicts between counselors, or counselors-in-training, and their clients. The authors examine considerations that professional counselors are encouraged to take into account when value conflicts arise within the therapeutic relationship. The authors present a strategy known as ethical bracketing and the Counselor Values-Based Conflict Model as tools to use when facing conflicts that arise between personal and professional values.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Test Perceptions Women in Kuwait and the United States

This study examines differential levels of test anxiety, perceived test threat, and performance for females in Kuwait and the United States. The results demonstrated that Kuwaiti females reported higher levels of affective test anxiety, whereas females from the United States characterized tests as more threatening. These differences arose in conjunction with self-reported deficiencies in study skills. The interpretation of results points to cultural variations in views of education as competitive and attributional orientations for test performance.
Contextual supports and barriers to academic choices: A policy-capturing analysis

In this study, we use an experimental methodology called policy capturing to examine the effects of contextual barriers and supports on students' decisions to change academic majors. Consistent with Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), we found that information about family supportiveness, peer supportiveness, financial status, and job market outlook all had unique effects on participants' decisions, as did choice self-efficacy. Further, we found that trait negative affectivity moderated the relationship between choice self-efficacy and choice decisions. Exploratory analyses also indicated that the relations of family and peer supportiveness to choice decisions were weaker for non-European-American participants than European-American participants. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A heterogeneous multiprocessor architecture for workstations

A heterogeneous multiprocessor architecture is presented which combines loosely and tightly coupled configurations (multicomputer and multiprocessor). This architecture provides for incremental growth of the system by static or by dynamic reconfiguration. An object-oriented approach allows encapsulation and information hiding to assist in managing the diverse processor architectures. In the model adopted, the process is the basic unit of executable work and concurrency, and is thought to be encapsulated by an object. Cooperating concurrent processors are supported. A set of system primitives supports the requirements of a heterogeneous multiprocessing environment. The system requirements for a secure and reliable operating environment are incorporated into the design. Hardware porting provides a means to overcome the lag of software support for hardware advances. >
Measurment of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) apolipoprotein B in serum by radioimmunoassay: comparison of immunoreactivities of rhesus and human low density lipoproteins.

A sensitive and specific double antibody radio- immunoassay for the major apolipoprotein (apoB) of rhesus (Macaca muIatta) serum very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) is described. The anti- serum was raised to LDL (d 1.030-1.040 g/ml) and the LDL, (d 1.020-1.050 g/ml) was labeled with '=I by the chloramine-T or iodine monochloride method. The assay, which was sensitive to 0.02-0.5 pg of LDL2, had an inter- assay coefficient of variation of 4.5%. This assay was suc- cessfully used to measure apoB in the whole serum and low density lipoproteins of control monkeys maintained on a standard Purina monkey chow (PMC) diet and of three groups of monkeys fed atherogenic diets: an "average American diet," a 25% peanut oil and 2% cholesterol-sup- plemented PMC diet, and a 25% coconut oil and 2% choles- terol-supplemented PMC diet. The control monkeys (n = 13) had a serum cholesterol of 146 f 28 mg/dl and an apoB of 50 f 18 mg/dl. In the monkeys maintained on the atherogenic diets the serum apoB was elevated: 103 +- 28 mg/dl (American), 102 f 35 mg/dl (peanut oil), and 312 f 88 mg/dl (coconut oil). The values for serum total choles- terol were 333 f 65 mg/dl (American), 606 f 212 mg/dl (peanut oil), and 864 f 233 mg/dl (coconut oil) and were elevated relative to controls (P < 0.001). For each of the diets, total serum cholesterol correlated with serum apoB (E' < 0.001). The slopes of the regression lines of serum apoB vs. cholesterol for the monkeys on the PMC, Ameri- can, and coconut oil diets were similar (m = 0.531, 0.401, and 0.359, respectively), but differed from that of monkeys on the peanut oil diet (m = 0.12 1). The immunoreactivities of rhesus and human LDL were compared using specific antisera raised against these antigens. In homologous assay systems, monkey and human LDL exhibited unique im- munological determinants. The same results were obtained with the delipidated preparations of the two LDLs using antisera raised against either monkey or human apoB. Crossover studies using a heterologous tracer with each anti- serum resulted in the selection of a specific population of antibodies directed against antigenic sites shared by these two LDL species.
Optimal communication scheduling based on collision graph model

While research on the static scheduling of computational tasks for parallel systems has been ongoing for years, most work does not consider the communication costs nor does it consider the network congestion. A new static scheduling technique is presented which focuses on the communication overhead inherent in parallel processing systems. This paper builds a framework based on a newly developed graph model called a collision graph to study this problem. Using this model, algorithms are developed which can be embedded into existing static scheduling methods to improve their performance. The scheduling of cyclic data flow graphs was shown to be improved significantly as this technique was applied to the cyclo-compaction scheduling algorithm.
Situational Power and Interpersonal Dominance Facilitate Bias and Inequality

A model is proposed that describes interpersonal phenomena that maintain inter-group hierarchies and conflict. Situational control and interpersonal dominance are identified as conditions that promote motives to stereotype, leading to cognitive and judgment biases that cumulatively reinforce the status quo. Three general hypotheses are derived from the model. First, powerholders are predicted to use attention strategies that favor stereotype maintenance, stereotyping subordinates by default (ignoring counterstereotypic information) and by design (increasing attention to stereotypic information). Second, high-dominance perceivers are predicted to respond with the same cognitive biases as people with situational power. Finally, power and dominance are predicted independently to facilitate bias in explicit judgments. Results from our research program support the hypotheses. Implications for future change are discussed.
Moving one DNA double helix through another by a type II DNA topoisomerase: the story of a simple molecular machine

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA led immediately to questions on the mechanics of unravelling its intertwined strands during replication. If a parental DNA is to be duplicated into two progeny molecules by separating its two strands and copying each, then the strands must untwine rapidly during replication (Watson & Crick, 1953).That DNA indeed replicates in such a semiconservative fashion was soon demonstrated by the Meselson–Stahl experiment (1958). At first, it appeared that the unravelling of the intertwined strands should not pose an insurmountable mechanical problem. The two strands at one end of a linear DNA, for example, can be pulled apart with concomitant rotation of the double-stranded portion of the molecule around its helical axis. If the strands of a DNA double helix are to separate at an estimated replication rate of 100000 base pairs (bp) per minute, then the speed of this rotation would be 10000 revolutions per minute from the 10 bp per turn helical geometry of the double helix. This speed, though impressive, seemed reasonable: owing to the slender rod-like shape of the double helix, the estimated viscous drag for this rotational motion is actually rather modest (Meselson, 1972).
Update on Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders

Current data demonstrate a high rate of comorbidity between sleep disorders and various psychiatric illnesses, especially mood and anxiety disorders. The disturbance of sleep quality and continuity that is associated with many sleep disorders predisposes to the development or exacerbation of psychological distress and mental illness. Likewise, the presence of psychiatric illness may complicate the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. This focused review examines the literature concerning the interaction between major International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition, diagnoses and psychiatric conditions with respect to sleep findings in various psychiatric conditions, psychiatric comorbidity in sleep disorders, and reciprocal interactions, including treatment effects. The data not only underscore the high frequency of psychopathology and psychological distress in sleep disorders, and vice versa, but also suggest that combined treatment of both the mental disorder and the sleep disorder should become the standard for effective therapy for all patients.
Enabling a Common and Consistent Enterprise-Wide Terminology: An Initial Assessment of Available Tools

A growing number of organizational enterprises (e.g. government, industry and academia) are adopting and utilizing the enterprise architecture (EA) model within their respective domains. The multi-tiered federal enterprise architecture framework (FEAF) is an example of the expanding role of interoperable Web services that span organizational domains (e.g. Navy, DoD, Federal and others). To enable such EA services, lexicon management and associated semantic alignment capabilities are an emerging requirement. The purpose of this paper is to report an initial assessment of currently available tools that in principle facilitate the implementation of a much needed semantic alignment process that helps address this emerging requirement for enterprise-wide lexicon services.
THE DELAYED IMPACTS OF PLANT CLOSURES IN A REFORMULATED LEONTIEF MODEL

The paper uses a reformulated input-output approach to calculate the medium-run regional economic impact of plant closures or similar changes taking nun account expenditure lags. The approach lends to a straightforward modification of the generalized Lecontief inverse method. An example is used show that the inclusion of expenditure lags m impact analysis ran he quite substantial and that the usual approach of partitioning the accounts into infinitely last and infinitely slow activities, and the Consequent assumption that equilibrium is reached, is an especially weak approximation. Revising the contribution of all activities to account for expenditure lags changes both short- and medium-term predictions by up to a factor of two. The approach has a variety of applications, but may be especially useful for calculating the distributed impact over time on household income, local taxes, employment, and other businesses.
Calibration and performance validation of optical elements in a photoelastic modulator-based polarimetric camera

As part of NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), we have been developing enabling technologies for the Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (MSPI), a candidate instrument for the Aerosol-Cloud-Ecosytem (ACE) mission. ACE is one of several satellite concepts identified in the 2007 National Research Council Earth Sciences Decadal Survey. MSPI is a multiangle, multispectral, high-accuracy polarization imager, and is envisioned to contain multiple cameras pointed at different viewing angles, with intensity imaging in several spectral bands between the ultraviolet and shortwave infrared, and accurate polarimetric imaging in a subset of the bands. To achieve a degree of linear polarization (DOLP) uncertainty of 1%, we temporally modulate the linear-polarization component of the incoming light at a rapid rate, enabling each detector within a focal-plane array-combined with polarization analyzers-to measure the relative proportions of the linear Stokes components Q or U to the total intensity I. Our system uses tandem photoelastic modulators (PEMs) within a reflective camera design. We report on the status of our prototype camera development, with particular emphasis on theoretical and experimental work on the required and measured performance of optical elements within the system including: the spectropolarimetric filters, quarter wave plates, and tandem PEMs. We also report on the end-to-end measurement and calibration of camera polarization aberrations using a custom polarization state generator (PSG). Careful design and control of scattered light enables the PSG to generate polarization states between DOLP of 0.07% and 40% with an uncertainty of 0.05%, making it a precision tool for polarimetric calibration and validation of MSPI.
Framework for Examining the Interface of Genetics and the Environment

Exposure to toxic environmental and occupational agents can have different effects in different persons of differing age, socio-economic status (SES), ethnic background, gender, and genetic composition. Technologies that are currently available allow for the identification of susceptibility haplotypes that predispose individuals and/or subpopulations to certain environmentally related pathologies. The ability to analyze gene-environment interactions in response to social and physical environments and identify susceptibility haplotypes may provide opportunities to develop a new paradigm for risk assessment. However, these genomic technologies must be incorporated into a long-term strategy for preventing disease at a population level. Several existing and emerging research programs are highlighted to make the case for developing novel, multidisciplinary, integrative research programs to improve the public health of the nation, especially children and other vulnerable populations.
Ethical Issues in Radioisotope Shortages: Rationing and Priority Setting

In recent years, shortages of radioisotopes that cannot be stockpiled have created a scenario in which they may be considered, periodically, a scarce medical resource. This discussion focuses on the just allocation of medical radioisotopes and presents the dominant ethical frameworks for rationing and priority setting in the patient populations most affected. Priority setting is necessary when demand for a scarce resource exceeds supply. On completion of this article, the reader will be able to describe the origins of rationing and priority setting in medicine, as well as ethically sound frameworks for rationing. Finally, the process for priority setting and the need for transparency of this process in the nuclear medicine setting are outlined.
Atom interferometry using beam splitters based on multi-photon Bragg diffraction: A tool for precision measurements

We apply multi-photon beam splitters based on Bragg diffraction in atom interferometers transferring up to 24 photon momenta in a single process. Ultimately, this may lead to atom interferometric measurements of increased precision.
Characterization and evolution of fractures in low-volume pahoehoe lava flows, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho

We characterize fracture evolution in pahoehoe lava flows of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho, and highlight significant differences to flood-basalt sheet flows and implications for hydrologic models. There are four distinct fracture types in east ern Snake River Plain flows: (1) column- bounding; (2) column-normal; (3) entablature; and (4) inflation fractures. Types 1–3 are driven by thermal stress, whereas type 4 is induced by lava pressure from within the flow. Thermal stress distribution in a flow is dictated by its aspect ratio (width/ height), which controls the shape of isotherms. Isotherms control column-bounding fracture orientations, resulting in increasingly radial fracture patterns as the aspect ratio approaches unity. Column-normal fractures form in response to thermal stress and fracture-induced stress within basalt columns. Overlap in the timing of column-bounding and column-normal fracture growth has resulted in complex fracture relationships. Column-normal fracture growth is strongly influenced by vesicular layers, which act as mechanical heterogeneities, creating preferential pathways for fracture growth as well as causing jogs or terminations along column-bounding fractures. Eastern Snake River Plain entablatures, which preserve the shape of the central lava core during the final stages of cooling, have distinctly different origins and fracture styles compared to sheet flows. Entablatures formed by penetration of the edges of pressurized lava cores by inflation fractures, causing rapid convective cooling. In addition, inflation fractures significantly perturb isotherm shapes in lava flows, affecting flow-scale fracture patterns and densities. The overall effect of all these processes is a complex pattern of fracturing that attests to a strong impact by each fracture type on the growth behavior of all other fracture types.
“Experiform” instruction of intercultural communication

(1981). “Experiform” instruction of intercultural communication. Communication Education: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 57-64.
Epidermal growth factor and ionizing radiation up-regulate the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC1 in DU145 and LNCaP prostate carcinoma through MAPK signaling

Abstract Yacoub, A., McKinstry, R., Hinman, D., Chung, T., Dent, P. and Hagan, M. P. Epidermal Growth Factor and Ionizing Radiation Up-regulate the DNA Repair Genes XRCC1 and ERCC1 in DU145 and LNCaP Prostate Carcinoma through MAPK Signaling. Radiat. Res. 159, 439–452 (2003). This work examined the importance of radiation-induced and ligand-induced EGFR-ERK signaling for the regulation of DNA repair proteins XRCC1 and ERCC1 in prostate carcinoma cells, DU145 (TP53mut), displaying EGFR-TGFA-dependent autocrine growth and high MAPK (ERK1/2) activity, and LNCaP (TP53wt) cells expressing low constitutive levels of ERK1/2 activity. Using quantitative RT-PCR and Western analyses, we determined that ionizing radiation activated the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC1 in an ERK1/2-dependent fashion for each cell line. After irradiation, a rapid increase followed by a decrease in ERK1/2 activity preceded the increase in XRCC1/ERCC1 expression in DU145 cells, while only the rapid decrease in ERK1/2 preceded the increa...
Contusions, Abrasions, and Lacerations of the Head and Neck in Young Athletes

Contusions, abrasions, and lacerations to the head and neck are very common in youth sports, with most of these wounds being benign in nature and healing with no significant long-term adverse effects. Many are treated on the field or in training rooms, by coaches, athletic trainers, or parents. However, the head and neck regions of the body harbor many vital structures that can result in severe life-threatening injury, and concern regarding poor aesthetic outcome is warranted in many cases. Diligent evaluation by a skilled and experienced provider is often needed to ensure that there are no injuries to deeper structures and to monitor the young athlete over time for any worsening of the clinical status. This chapter reviews the standard assessment of these injuries, as well as the indications for specific management and subspecialty referral. Although life-threatening contusions or lacerations are rare, it is important that all of these injuries are approached in a systematic fashion and that the appropriate levels of care are called into play when necessary.
Novel Process for Comprehensive Utilization of High-Iron Bauxite

The bauxite was characterized by X-ray diffraction( XRD) and scanning electron microscopy( SEM),and the main phase and morphology of the raw material were determined.Aluminum,iron and silicon can be effectively separated by low temperature sulfuric acid roasting process. The effects of process parameters on the extraction rates of aluminum and iron were investigated experimentally. When the amount of sulfuric acid is 1. 2 times as the amount of theory,the extraction rates of aluminum and iron are above 92% at 350 ℃ for 60 min. Most of the iron in the filtrate was deposited by natrojarosite method,and the iron precipitation rate could reach more than 90%,with the aluminum deposition rate controlled within 5%.
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism in primary health care settings

Alcohol problems are common in primary care patients, yet they are often not detected and treated. Methods for improving the detection and diagnosis of alcohol problems in the primary care setting are reviewed in terms of pertinent history, physical examination, and laboratory findings. Screening instruments such as the CAGE questionnaire and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test are recommended for routine use by primary care physicians. Such instruments have been shown to have higher sensitivity than laboratory tests alone. Although less is known about intervention and management, earlier intervention with innovative (less costly) management techniques may be both efficacious and acceptable to the patient.
Earthquake Time Bombs

Part I. Earthquakes, Deep Time and the Population Explosion: 1. Plate tectonics and why we have earthquakes 2. An earthquake primer 3. Deep time 4. When's the next big one? 5. Population explosion and increased earthquake risk to megacities Part II. Earthquake Time Bombs: 6. San Francisco Bay Area 7. Los Angeles metro area 8. Seattle, Portland and Vancouver 9. Wellington, New Zealand 10. Santiago, Chile 11. Prologue in Central China 12. Age of Enlightenment and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake 13. Jerusalem 14. Istanbul 15. Tehran 16. Kabul 17. Earthquakes in the Himalaya 18. Myanmar and the Sagaing Fault 19. Metro Manila, the Philippines 20. Lima, Peru 21. Andean earthquakes in Quito and Guayaquil, Ecuador 22. Caracas 23. Haiti (which lost its gamble), and Jamaica and Cuba (not yet) 24. Mexico City 25. Central America and the earthquake that brought down a dictator 26. East African Rift Valley Part III. Summary and Recommendations: 27. Where do we go from here? References Index.
Decision Making for Environmental Sustainability

The essence of environmental sustainability lies with a population’s accessibility to several basic biological, chemical and physical needs. These needs are clean air, clean water, sufficient nutrition, contained and isolated waste disposal, natural resources including wood and fiber for shelter and clothing, metals and non-metals for manufactured goods, sources of energy, and safe living and working space. In some global areas these needs are met but at the expense of creating unsustainable conditions (e.g., from deforestation, from over fishing, from over cropping without addition of nutrients to soil, and from mining without care to acid and metal-bearing drainage). In other areas, with forethought, planning and execution of directives, a sustainable ecosystem (e.g., with respect to forestry and fisheries) can be established. If attained, sustainability can meet the needs of the present population. Ideally this can be achieved without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations with larger populations.
Searching the Soul of the City in Rafael Chirbes’s Crematorio

Garcia-Donoso argues that Rafael Chirbes’s Crematorio (2007) offers a unique opportunity to approach the proliferation of discourses on the sacred, religion, and non-rational dynamics in a critique of the relationship between modernity, urbanization, and capitalization. The author explores how the emergence of a new ontology of hybrid spaces, located at the intersection of agriculture-based rural areas and contemporary capitals of transient entertainment, defies traditional understandings of national, urban, and local communities. The history of transnational capitalism, political maneuverings, and human corruption in these new urban configurations informs a pervasive profanation of the city as a repository of transcendence for the social fabric. Crematorio invites readers to delve into urban memory and exhume a secret architecture built upon an unresolved tension between sacred and profane elements.
Findings from Five Out-of-School Time Focus Groups: Professional Development Preferences, Experiences and Recommendations for Future Planning

Evaluating professional development can assist with designing better programs in the future, yet survey instruments may not always capture the nuances of participant’s experiences. Therefore, in order to develop better survey instruments, the Out-of-School Time Resource Center conducted a series of five focus groups. Questions pertained to participants’ job-related needs, preferred types of professional development, characteristics of both “good” and “bad” workshops, reasons why new information is not utilized, and recommendations for policymakers/funders. Findings from the focus groups have been used to revise OSTRC pilot surveys, which will be standardized and published as an Evaluation Toolkit that can be used to design and evaluate OST conferences.
Internal curing of high performance concrete using cenospheres

Abstract This study explores a novel internal curing agent, perforated cenospheres. Cenospheres are hollow fly ash particles produced from coal burning power plants. The shell of the cenospheres is inherently porous that is sealed by a thin layer of glass-crystalline film. By removing this film through chemical etching, the pores on the shell can be exposed, perforating the cenospheres and providing paths for water propagating into the internal volume of cenospheres. The perforated cenosphere were found to have water absorption as high as 180 wt%. The loaded water can be readily released from the cenospheres under high relative humidity (95%). When incorporating saturated cenospheres into cement mortar for internal curing, the autogenous shrinkage of the mortar was almost eliminated. The internal curing also improved the compressive strength of the cement mortar. All these results suggest that perforated cenospheres can be used as an efficient internal curing agent for HPC.
Predictors and Delays Associated with the Need for Advanced Techniques for Intravenous Access.

Abstract Background The need for advanced techniques for intravenous access (ATIVA) can lead to delays in care and contribute to emergency department (ED) crowding. Objective In this article, we estimate the delay and predictors associated with the need for ATIVA. Methods In this case-control study, we collected data from ED cases requiring ATIVA and control patients in whom i.v. access was gained by traditional inspection and palpation. We included two control groups—a random retrospective sample and a prospective limited convenience sample. We collected time and acuity data from all groups and data on predictor variables from cases and prospective controls. We analyzed time data using quartile regression and predictor variable data using contingency table analysis and logistic regression. Results We collected data from 116 cases (91 of which had time interval data), 98 retrospective controls, and 144 prospective controls. The median time from triage to i.v. line establishment was 199 min for cases vs. 64 min for prospective controls and 81 min for retrospective controls. The need for ATIVA was associated with a 1.1-greater quartile time interval (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8–1.3). Two variables—i.v. drug use (IVDU; odds ratio 3.7; 95% CI 1.8–7.3) and prior need for ATIVA (odds ratio 5.2; 95% CI 2.7–9.8)—were associated with a need for ATIVA; obesity, renal failure, and diabetes were not. Conclusions The need for ATIVA increases median time to i.v. line placement by 118 to 135 min compared with traditional inspection and palpation. IVDU and prior need for an advanced technique are associated with a need for ATIVA.
Cyclic nucleotide metabolism during amphibian forelimb regeneration : I. The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases

Concentrations of the cyclic nucleotides in regenerating limb tissues change in a manner which suggests that they might mediate neural or endocrine influences upon specific developmental events. Since modulation of the role of cAMP within this process can be achieved through cAMP phosphodiesterase, enzymatic activity, relative intracellular distribution, and the kinetic parameters of this enzyme were examined at several stages of limb regeneration in adultNotophthalmus viridescens. Both forms of the phosphodiesterase displayed decreased activity about the time of bud formation. Total phosphodiesterase activity was reduced between 66% and 85% (as compared to intact limbs) between wound healing and palette stages. Relative intracellular distribution (soluble vs. particulate), however, remained essentially constant, 93%-98% soluble for the highK m form and 61%-71% soluble for the lowK m form of the enzyme, throughout this process. The apparentK m of the highK m form increased more than 2-fold during wound healing then fell to approximately 10% (0.7-1.1 μM) of the value of intact limbs (8.3 μM) during dedifferentiation and bud formation. A return to pre-amputational levels was subsequently achieved. In contrast, the apparentK m of the lowK m form increased (from 0.064 to 0.86 μM) during dedifferentiation and began decreasing thereafter. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that one or more mechanisms are operating to modify either the quantity, activity, or physical characteristics of the cAMP phosphodiesterases and that such changes are instrumental in regulating endogenous concentrations of cAMP in limb tissues during regeneration.
Socioeconomic Status and Child/Youth Outcomes in Asian American Families

Decades of research has established the important role of socioeconomic status (SES) in children’s education and psychosocial outcomes. Nevertheless, systematic research on the role of SES in families from immigrant backgrounds remains limited. In this chapter, we review research on the intriguing and complex role of SES in Asian American families. We aim to address: How has family SES been conceived in Asian societies and how may this notion of SES have influenced Asian American families and child/youth educational and psychosocial outcomes? Our review shows that family SES powerfully shapes immigrant family experiences before and after migration. It structures family resources and investment in Asian American families, which has important implications for children’s educational and psychosocial outcomes. Our review also suggests that a number of protective factors including maintaining the traditional Asian perception of the fluid nature of family SES, support from family, and co-ethnic community can buffer the negative effect of low SES on Asian American children’s educational outcomes. We conclude with implications and recommendations for future research.
Intrauterine Infection and Cerebral Palsy

Intrauterine infection is an underappreciated but vital cause of cerebral palsy (CP). While the origin of cerebral palsy is multifactorial, we explore the evidence linking infection in pregnancy and development of cerebral palsy. In this chapter, we begin with a review of embryologic brain development in humans to understand the etiology of cerebral palsy on a structural level. We will then describe the role of cytokines in inflammation and their effect on brain development in a broad sense before introducing the fetal inflammatory response syndrome to describe intrauterine inflammation. We conclude the chapter by discussing the quintessential link between intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy, both in humans and animal models.
Glycosyl Cross-Coupling with Diaryliodonium Salts: Access to Aryl C-Glycosides of Biomedical Relevance

A stereospecific cross-coupling reaction of anomeric nucleophiles with diaryliodonium triflates resulting in the synthesis of aryl C-glycosides is reported. This process capitalizes on a stereoretentive reaction of configurationally stable C1 stannanes and is promoted by a palladium catalyst in the presence of a bulky phosphine ligand that suppresses the undesired β-elimination. The utility of this reaction has been demonstrated in the preparation of a series of C-glycosides derived from common saccharides resulting in exclusive transfer of anomeric configuration from the anomeric nucleophile to the product, and in the synthesis of empagliflozin, a commercial antidiabetic drug.