cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n., Eimeria gallatii sp. n., Eimeria pileata sp. n. and Eimeria marconii sp. n. from the Red‐Backed Vole Clethrionomys gapperi Vigors, from Pennsylvania§

SYNOPSIS Four new eimerian species are described from red-backed voles. Clethrionomys gapperi in Pennsylvania. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria clethrionomyis sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 18.8 (16.5–21.5) × 14.9 (14.0–16.5) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 10.6 (9.5–12.0) × 6.1 (5.5–7.0). The oocyst wall is smooth, with 2 layers, and thins, with terminal cap at one or both ends. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The occyst residuum is absent. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria gallatii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 27.7 (21–32) × 19.3 (17–24) with ovoid sporocysts, 13.5 (12–15) × 8.8 (8–10). The oocyst wall is smooth, 2-layered, with a micropyle and thin wall at the end opposite the micropyle. Polar granules. Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. The oocyst residuum is atypical, of cobwebby material. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria pileata sp. n. are subspherical to spherical, 25.2 (20.5–29.5) × 22.5(19.5–25.5) with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 13.4(10.5–15.0) × 8.4 (7.5–9.5). The oocyst wall is rough, pitted, striated, 2-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, oocyst and sporocyst residuum. Stieda body and stiedal cap are present. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria marconii sp. n. are ellipsoidal, 13.0 (10.5–15.0) × 10.6 (9.5–12.0) with elongate, ovoid sporocysts, 7.7 (7.0–8.5) × 4.2 (3.0–4.5). The oocyst wall is smooth, single-layered, with no micropyle. Polar granules, dark Stieda body and sporocyst residuum are present. There is no oocyst residuum.
Relationships between behavior, brainstem and cortical encoding of seen and heard speech in musicians and non-musicians

Musicians have a variety of perceptual and cortical specializations compared to non-musicians. Recent studies have shown that potentials evoked from primarily brainstem structures are enhanced in musicians, compared to non-musicians. Specifically, musicians have more robust representations of pitch periodicity and faster neural timing to sound onset when listening to sounds or both listening to and viewing a speaker. However, it is not known whether musician-related enhancements at the subcortical level are correlated with specializations in the cortex. Does musical training shape the auditory system in a coordinated manner or in disparate ways at cortical and subcortical levels? To answer this question, we recorded simultaneous brainstem and cortical evoked responses in musician and non-musician subjects. Brainstem response periodicity was related to early cortical response timing across all subjects, and this relationship was stronger in musicians. Peaks of the brainstem response evoked by sound onset and timbre cues were also related to cortical timing. Neurophysiological measures at both levels correlated with musical skill scores across all subjects. In addition, brainstem and cortical measures correlated with the age musicians began their training and the years of musical practice. Taken together, these data imply that neural representations of pitch, timing and timbre cues and cortical response timing are shaped in a coordinated manner, and indicate corticofugal modulation of subcortical afferent circuitry.
What do people think causes stage fright?: Naïve attributions about the reasons for public speaking anxiety

This article reports on a two‐phase study of the “naive”; explanations people have for stage fright. People without any formal background in communication or in research on stage fright were asked to offer explanations for why people may experience stage fright. A questionnaire based on their responses was administered to a second sample. Nine factors emerged: Mistakes, Unfamiliar Role, Humiliation, Negative Results, Rigid Rules, Personality Traits, Preparation, Audience Interest, and Physical Appearance. Respondents’ own previous public speaking experience impacted their ratings of these factors, but their personal level of public speaking anxiety was unrelated. The implications for stage fright treatment and future research endeavors are discussed.
Generation of chemical potentials by analysis of phase diagrams Part II: Isomorphous systems

Abstract A method that has previously been presented for the determination of the thermodynamic properties of alloys from phase equilibria data 1 is improved and applied to three binary isomorphous systems: AgAu, BiSb and GeSi. Excellent agreement with experimental data (when available) is shown in all cases.
The pharmacist's role in teaching methotrexate injection for patients with Crohn's disease.

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract. It commonly involves the small bowel, though it may involve other areas. Crohn’s disease along with ulcerative colitis is collectively termed inflammatory bowel disease, which is estimated to affect 1.4 million
Effect of chronic vitamin E deficiency on the synapses of cerebellar glomeruli in young rats

Abstract A morphometric investigation has been carried out on the synaptic junctions in the cerebellar glomeruli of young-adult rats chronically deprived of vitamin E for 10 months and control animals of the same age. The following parameters were evaluated: the average length of the synapses ( L ), the numerical ( N V ) as well as the surface ( S V ) density of the synaptic contact zones. The results from these experimental groups were compared with data from young, adult and old rats. The results obtained show a significant decrease of the surface density of the synaptic contact zones in old and α-tocopherol deprived young-adult (11-month-old) rats as compared to younger and normally fed animals. This reduction of the synaptic contact area seems to be due to the marked decline in the number of synapses found in both cases. The average size ( L ) of the synaptic junctions, on the other hand, was increased in α-tocopherol deficient rats as compared to normally fed littermates. The significant reduction of the synaptic contract area in old and vitamin E deprived young rats supports the hypothesis that a common denominator may be responsible to explain this alteration. Because of the recognized protective role of α-tocopherol against free radical attacks on plasma membranes, the present findings support an involvement of membrane structural alterations in aging as well as in vitamin E deficiency.
THE FINANCIAL EXPERIENCE OF BENEFICIARIES OF PERSONAL LIVING TRUSTS IN PHILADELPHIA, 1920–54†

THE PURPOSES of this study were to describe the financial experience of beneficiaries of living trusts over the period 1920-54 and to compare this financial experience by type of trustee management and by type of investment powers. One hundred and one court adjudications of living trusts were the sources of original data. The study was oriented to the viewpoint of the trust beneficiary either as a life-tenant or as a remainderman. The financial aspects examined were the amount of dollars received by beneficiaries either as distribution of trust income or as distribution of trust principal, in relation to a given input of dollars by the creator of the inter vivos trust. The facts presented were (1) over-all analysis of 101 living trusts, principal and income accounts; (2) analysis by type of investment authorization, principal and income accounts-81 discretionary and 20 legal; (3) analysis by type of trustee management1 individual, 71 corporate, and 19 combination corporate and individual cotrustees; and (4) analysis by duration of trusts, principal and income accounts. There were four principal findings of the study: (1) Of all the trusts studied, the average return of principal input to trust beneficiaries was 96.7 per cent. The average rate of income to beneficiaries was 4.23 per cent per year. (2) Trusts restricted to legal investments returned 88.3 per cent of principal input and had an annual rate of income to trust beneficiaries of 4.01 per cent. Trusts with discretionary investment powers returned 97.1 per cent of principal input to trust beneficiaries and had an annual rate of income to beneficiaries of 4.30 per cent. (3) Trusts managed by individual trustees returned 93.5 per cent of principal input to beneficiaries and had an annual rate of income to beneficiaries of 3.98 per cent. Trusts managed by
Interview with Cloe Madanes: Reflections on Family Therapy:

Cloe Madanes is a leading force in Strategic Family Therapy. This interview focused on her introduction to marriage and family therapy, her perspective on the impact of social policy on the family, as well as her thoughts on clinical practice and training clinicians.
Differential Dichrome Staining of Tissue Culture Monolayers: Alternate Dyes and Possible Mechanism

A polyacid-dependent dichrome has been devised which will differentiate epithelial from mesenchymal cells in young dividing primary cultures. Epithelial cells and colonies and nuclei are stained with metanil yellow, the stain is fixed and differentiated with phosphotungstic acid, and the mesenchymal elements are stained with toluidine blue. Several other dyes are tested for substitution in this method. Biebrich scarlet and aniline blue could be substituted for the metanil yellow; Bismarck brown T, Janus green B, crystal violet, and neutral red could be substituted for the basic dye.
Does the degree of preoperative mitral regurgitation predict survival or the need for mitral valve repair or replacement in patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery

Background Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery causes severe myocardial ischemia, global left ventricular dysfunction, and annular dilatation producing varying degrees of mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation secondary to the left ventricular or papillary muscle dysfunction in infants will usually improve in the absence of ongoing ischemia. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the degree of preoperative mitral regurgitation on the early and late outcomes of patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery who underwent coronary reimplantation. Methods Twenty-five patients underwent coronary reimplantation and 1 early patient had ligation during a 30-year period (median age, 4 months; range, 1 month to 16 years), with a median follow-up of 7 years (range, 4 months to 25 years). Before repair, 7 infants (27%) presented in extremis requiring ventilatory and inotropic support, and 17 patients (65%) presented with heart failure. Mitral regurgitation was present in all patients: trivial in 6 patients, mild in 12 patients, moderate in 5 patients, and severe in 3 patients. No patient underwent mitral valve repair or replacement at the time of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery repair. Results Hospital survival was 92%. Three patients underwent mitral valve repair or replacement at the mean time of 3.5 years (all with severe preoperative mitral regurgitation). The degree of mitral regurgitation gradually improved in all remaining patients with preoperative mild and moderate mitral regurgitation. Echocardiographic studies demonstrated improvement in left ventricular function in all children. None of the patients showed any evidence of supravalvar pulmonary stenosis as a result of their pulmonary artery reconstruction. Conclusion Long-term clinical outcome and left ventricular function are good despite severe left ventricular dysfunction at presentation. Mitral valve repair or replacement is generally not necessary at the time of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery repair. Significant residual mitral regurgitation is present in some patients and can usually be managed surgically at a later date depending on its degree of severity.
Effects of expectancies on children's social interactions

Abstract The present study addresses the questions of whether expectancy effects exist among children, and if so, how they are mediated. Subjects were 40 gradematched dyads of 8- to 11-year-old boys. For half of the dyads, one boy (the “expecter”) was told only the name and grade of his partner. For the other dyads, the expecter was told that his partner was in a special class for his behavior problem (e.g., hyperactivity). The boys were then videotaped while playing together, and following the interactions were asked a variety of questions about their impressions of the interaction and their partner. Analyses revealed evidence for both the effects of expectancy on the boys' interactions and the means by which these expectancies were communicated. In addition, the results suggested that the effects may have been stronger in the younger dyads; in fact, there was evidence that the older expecters were actually compensating and behaving more positively toward their behavior problem-labeled partners. Last, correlations of the partners' behavior toward each other revealed greater reciprocity in the normal condition, with correlations being smaller or even negative in the behavior problem condition, suggesting that the negative expectancy creates a disruption of normal interactional processes.
Using masculine generics: does generic he increase male bias in the user's imagery?

Previous research has shown that experimenter-presented masculine generics can create male bias in the gender content of subjects' imagery. The present study tests experimentally whether subjects' own use of masculine generics has a similar effect on their imagery. College student subjects were induced to complete sentence fragments using masculine or unbiased generics, then asked to describe their imagery for each sentence and to give a first name to fit the person they visualized for each sentence. These dependent measures were coded for gender, and as predicted, analysis of variance showed that male bias was higher in the masculine generic condition than in the unbiased condition. Also as predicted, male subjects were more male-biased overall than were female subjects. The findings are discussed in terms of linguistic relativity (the proposition that language can shape thought), prototypicality (the most typical he is probably a man), and activation of multiple meanings (he has male-specific and gender-neutral denotations, and both may be activated even when the gender-neutral meaning is intended).
Mortality factors caused by pathogenic bacteria and fungi of the southern pine beetle in North Carolina

Abstract Phytologic agents were isolated from 22.3% of the broods of southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis , collected in 1966–1968 from five geographic blocks in North Carolina. Bacteria isolated from dead beetles included Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis, Flavobacterium spp., and several other pathogenic species. Fungi isolated included Fusarium solani, Beauveria bassiana, Aspergillus flavus , and four other pathogenic species. The associated fungal organisms were isolated from both the exterior and interior of the beetles.
Crystalloids in prostatic hyperplasia

Prostatic crystalloids previously reported only in association with carcinoma were identified in 3.6% of a series of 456 cases of prostatic hyperplasia. Seventy percent of cases with crystalloids contained multiple areas of atypical hyperplasia. The incidence of crystalloids in cases of atypical hyperplasia was 9.6%. One patient subsequently developed adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The follow-up period of the majority of these patients is too short to allow evaluation of the prognostic significance of prostatic crystalloids with regard to the development of prostate carcinoma.
The evolutionary spiral of a specialized center for women's health research.

This paper describes the trajectory of the launch of a Center for Women's Health Research, including evaluating the impetus for a center, defining the center, implementing the center as proposed and facing the challenges associated with creating and sustaining such a center.
Elapidα-toxins have no effect on the cholinergic responses of bivalve myocardia

Elapidα-toxins (α-bungarotoxin,α-cobratoxin and crudeBungarus caeruleus venom) do not affect the myocardial nicotinic ACh receptors of the following bivalve molluscs:Mercenaria mercenaria, Chione cancellata, Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Rangia cuneata andCrassostrea virginica.
Model-Based Vision By Cooperative Processing Of Evidence And Hypotheses Using Configuration Spaces

This paper presents a model-based object recognition method which combines a bottom-up evidence accumulation process and a top-down hypothesis verification process. The hypothesize-and-test paradigm is fundamental in model-based vision. However, research issues remain on how the bottom-up process gathers pieces of evidence and when the top-down process should take the lead. To accumulate pieces of evidence, we use a configuration space whose points represent a configuration of an object (ie. position and orientation of an object in an image). If a feature is found which matches a part of an object model, the configuration space is updated to reflect the possible configurations of the object. A region in the configuration space where multiple pieces of evidence from such feature-part matches overlap suggests a high probability that the object exists in an image with a configuration in that region. The cost of the bottom-up process to further accumulate evidence for localization, and that of the top-down process to recognize the object by verification, are compared by considering the size of the search region and the probability of success of verification. If the cost of the top-down process becomes lower, hypotheses are generated and their verification processes are started. The first version of the recognition program has been written and applied to the recognition of a jet airplane in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. In creating a model of an object, we have used a SAR simulator as a sensor model, so that we can predict those object features which are reliably detectable by the sensors. The program is being tested with simulated SAR images, and shows promising performance.
Computing smooth molecular surfaces

We consider how we set out to formulate a parallel analytical molecular surface algorithm that has expected linear complexity with respect to the total number of atoms in a molecule. To achieve this goal, we avoided computing the complete 3D regular triangulation over the entire set of atoms, a process that takes time O(n log n), where n is the number of atoms in the molecule. We aim to compute and display these surfaces at interactive rates, by taking advantage of advances in computational geometry, making further algorithmic improvements and parallelizing the computations. >
Family Partnerships and International Trade in Early Modern Europe: Merchants from Burgos in England and France, 1470–1570

In fifteenth– and sixteenth–century Europe, international trade was often conducted by family partnerships. Commonly, one partner remained in the family's native land, while one or more family members established themselves temporarily or permanently abroad. In this article, Professor Mathers describes the mercantile activity of three families from the Spanish city of Burgos who profited from family partnerships that linked trade from northern Spain to England and France. She also examines the ways in which family inheritance practices and alternative family investments and expenditures affected the capital and continuity of the partnerships.
Brucella immunization in patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.

SummaryEight patients with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, 12 patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and 25 control individuals were immunized with brucella vaccine. There were no significant differences in ability to produce anti-brucella antibody in the 3 groups. Immunization did not influence the titer of rheumatoid factor in the seropositive patients, nor did it elicit antibody in the seronegative patients or the controls.
CLONING MARINE ALGAE FOR MARICULTURE

Traditional marine algal mariculture relies on spores or gametes for inoculation of artificial substrates on which the algae are grown to harvest size in open waters. In the case of Porphyra and Laminaria mariculture, this process has reached a high level of sophistication. Newly established seaweed mariculture industries growing Eucheuma and Gracilaria have employed vegetative propagation techniques successfully in artificial substrate or pond culture of these algae. Successful manipulation of the regenerative potential of small, mass-produced vegetative fragments of certain marine algae, notably Gigartina and Porphyra, has recently been used to inoculate artificial substrates with clones of these algae in experimental mariculture studies. Methods of fragment production and their inoculation on artificial substrates are described. Early development, transplantation to the field, survival in the field and subsequent growth and longevity are also described. Strain selection and maintenance of genetic stocks of cultivars can be greatly facilitated if spore or gamete reproduction can be bypassed by cloning methods. A relatively small amount of material may be used to inoculate large amounts of substrate using such cloning methods. Uniformity of response to environmental factors and uniformity of the resulting crop are advantages of the use of cloning techniques in algal mariculture.
Upper washita river experimental watersheds: physiography data.

Physiographic data such as digital elevation models (DEMs), soils, geology, stream channel network characteristics, channel stability, and land use data are essential for understanding the complex hydrologic cycle and chemical transport processes of any given study area. We describe the physiographic data available in the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) and Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental Watershed (FCREW) in Oklahoma. ecifically, we describe (i) available raw and post-processed DEM products (ftp://164.58.150.21/DEM/), (ii) available soils data (ftp://164.58.150.21/FT_Cobb_Reservoir_ Watershed_2005-2012/GIS- ataSets/Physiography/Soils/ and ftp://164.58.150.21/Little_Washita_River_Research_Watershed_ Other/GIS_Datasets/Physiography/Soils) and associated error analysis based on limited measured data, (iii) geologic formations in the LWREW and FCREW (ftp://164.58.150.21/FT_Cobb_ Reservoir_Watershed_2005-2012/GIS-DataSets/Physiography/ Geology/FCREW_Geology/ and ftp://164.58.150.21/Little_Washita_River_Research_Watershed_Other/GIS_Datasets/ Physiography/Geology/), and (iv) available rapid geomorphic assessment measurements ftp://164.58.150.21/FT_Cobb_ Reservoir_Watershed_2005-2012/GIS-DataSets/Physiography/ RGA/) and their uses. Data collection is a collaborative effort among USGS, NRCS, and ARS. These data sets have been used for several research applications by USDA–ARS scientists and researchers from other institutions and agencies. Plans for detailed geomorphic assessment of stream channel networks in the FCREW are underway in collaboration with Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. The collected data will enable updating of the channel stability stage condition since there have been several major rainfall events in the watershed since the last geomorphic assessment.
Selection of surrogate bacteria in place of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium for pulsed electric field treatment of orange juice

Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology has been used for the inactivation of microorganisms and to prevent flavor loss in liquid foods and beverages in place of thermal pasteurization. When used to pasteurize orange juice, PEF may prevent loss of volatile sensory attributes. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 (EHEC), two strains of Salmonella Typhimurium, and twenty strains of non-pathogenic bacteria were screened for inactivation in orange juice by PEF at 22 and 20kV/cm at 45 and 55 degrees C, respectively. Higher populations of both salmonellae were inactivated (2.81 and 3.54 log CFU/ml) at 55 degrees C, in comparison with the reduction of EHEC (2.22 log). When tested under the same conditions, inactivation of EHEC was slightly greater than that of a non-pathogenic E. coli (NPEC) ATCC 35218 (2.02 log). NPEC was further tested as a surrogate for EHEC by comparing inactivation kinetics at 45, 50 and 55 degrees C at field strengths of between 7.86 and 32.55kV/cm. Statistical comparison of revealed that EHEC and NPEC inactivation curves were homogeneous at outlet temperatures of 45 and 50 degrees C; however, EHEC was slightly more sensitive to PEF than the surrogate NPEC at 55 degrees C. The higher PEF resistance of non-pathogenic E. coli 35218 at 55 degrees C may provide a desirable margin of safety when used in pilot plant challenge studies in place of E. coli O157:H7.
Effect of optical beat interference on channel spacing in DWDM optical systems

The information capacity of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical systems is reviewed. The effect of optical beat interference of closely spaced optical carriers sets the limit on the allowed channel spacing even in the absence of nonlinear effects. Present DWDM networks operating at 10.7 Gb/s in the C and L bands region have channel spacing no less than 25 GHz. We show that this limit is a constraint and smaller spacing may not be allowed without further optical and electrical pulse shaping.
Inequality and growth: What does the transition economy data say?

Abstract Despite an extensive literature on inequality and growth, there remains considerable disagreement on the effect of inequality on subsequent growth. This paper attempts to empirically evaluate that relationship with data from the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. One attractive feature of this group of countries is that their starting points were remarkably similar. Yet, they subsequently have experienced substantial divergence in growth rates and income inequality. Hence, this data set offers considerable advantages for investigating the inequality and growth relationship. Since the existing literature has virtually ignored transition economies, the paper fills an important gap on the theme. Our estimations indicate that the effect of inequality on growth is negative, strong, and rather robust. Journal of Comparative Economics 35 (1) (2007) 35–56.
Bayes estimation of intraclass correlation coefficient

Bayes estimation of the intraciass correlation coefficient, ρ, based on improper prior distribution of the eigen values of the covariance matrix is studied. Asymptotic expansion of the Bayes estimator of in relation to the maximum likelihood estimator of is given. Exact expression of and asymptotic distribution of are also dervied. Bayesian percentile estimator form the poterior density of ρ and Bayesian interval estimator of ρ are also provided.
A model of microbial survival curves in water treated with a volatile disinfectant

M.G. CORRADINI AND M. PELEG. 2003. Aim: To develop a method to calculate microbial survival parameters in water treated with a dissipating disinfectant and predict the inactivation patterns under different agent concentrations and decay rate regimes. Methods and Results: It has been assumed that the survival curves of the organism, under (hypothetical) constant agent concentration conditions, follow the power law model log [N(t)/N 0 ] = -bt with a concentration independent exponent, n. The concentration dependence of the 'rate parameter', b, has been assumed to obey a log logistic relationship. Under changing disinfectant concentration, the survival curve is constructed so that its local slope, i.e. momentary logarithmic inactivation rate of the organism, is the slope of the momentary 'constant concentration' curve at the momentary agent concentration, at the time which corresponds to the momentary survival ratio. The resulting differential equation was used to retrieve the survival parameters by numerical minimization procedures. Once these are calculated, the equation is solved numerically to produce the survival curve for almost any conceivable agent concentration history. The predictive ability of the method is demonstrated by using the survival parameters, calculated from published data obtained under one concentration profile, to predict survival curves under very different decay patterns. Conclusions: It is possible to calculate microbial survival parameters from data obtained in treatments where the unstable or volatile disinfectant progressively dissipates and use them to predict the outcome of different treatments. Significance and Impact of the Study: The proposed mathematical method will enable the prediction of microbial inactivation patterns in water treated with unstable and/or volatile chemical agents.
Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent and seasonal influenza vaccination among adults 25 to 64 years of age with high-risk conditions--United States, 2010.

Background Seasonal influenza vaccination has been routinely recommended for adults with high-risk conditions. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended that persons 25 to 64 years of age with high-risk conditions be one of the initial target groups to receive H1N1 vaccination during the 2009-2010 season. Methods We used data from the 2009-2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. Vaccination levels of H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination among respondents 25 to 64 years with high-risk conditions were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify factors independently associated with vaccination. Results Overall, 24.8% of adults 25 to 64 years of age were identified to have high-risk conditions. Among adults 25 to 64 years of age with high-risk conditions, H1N1 and seasonal vaccination coverage were 26.3% and 47.6%, respectively. Characteristics independently associated with an increased likelihood of H1N1 vaccination were as follows: higher age; Hispanic race/ethnicity; medical insurance; ability to see a doctor if needed; having a primary doctor; a routine checkup in the previous year; not being a current smoker; and having high-risk conditions other than asthma, diabetes, and heart disease. Characteristics independently associated with seasonal influenza vaccination were similar compared with factors associated with H1N1 vaccination. Conclusion Immunization programs should work with provider organizations to review efforts made to reach adults with high-risk conditions during the recent pandemic and assess how and where they can increase vaccination coverage during future pandemics.
Fracture characterization using Earth tide analysis.

Summary Wells tapping confined aquifer systems are known to commonly produce water-level fluctuations caused by strain-induced Earth tides. In this investigation, a straightforward methodology is presented for quantifying the specific storage and secondary porosity of a fractured fault-zone aquifer system using Earth tides. Water-level and barometric pressure head data are smoothed and then filtered to remove low frequency responses. The resulting tidal signals are used in the program BAYTAP-G to yield amplitude and phase shifts of all the major tidal groups. The resulting tidal parameters can be used to compute the time-dependent volumetric strain caused by the M 2 and O 1 tides. Stress–strain hysteresis loops are produced when the reduced water levels are compared to the volumetric strain induced by these tides. For amplification factors near unity (representing the ratio of pressure response to tidal loading in the fracture to water-level response in the well) the slopes of the loops represent the specific storage of the fracture. The barometric efficiency and specific storage can then be used to estimate a secondary porosity and other parameters of the aquifer system. This analysis was carried out at the Fractured Rock research Site (FRS) in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province in Floyd County, Virginia.
Quasi-steady-state voltammetry of rapid electron transfer reactions at the macroscopic substrate of the scanning electrochemical microscope.

We report on a novel theory and experiment for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to enable quasi-steady-state voltammetry of rapid electron transfer (ET) reactions at macroscopic substrates. With this powerful approach, the substrate potential is cycled widely across the formal potential of a redox couple while the reactant or product of a substrate reaction is amperometrically detected at the tip in the feedback or substrate generation/tip collection mode, respectively. The plot of tip current versus substrate potential features the retraceable sigmoidal shape of a quasi-steady-state voltammogram although a transient voltammogram is obtained at the macroscopic substrate. Finite element simulations reveal that a short tip−substrate distance and a reversible substrate reaction (except under the tip) are required for quasi-steady-state voltammetry. Advantageously, a pair of quasi-steady-state voltammograms is obtained by employing both operation modes to reliably determine all transport, thermodyna...
Predictors of injury among younger and older adults in fatal motor vehicle crashes

With 2003 Fatality Analysis Reporting System data, we examined relationships among predictors of motor vehicle injury/fatality outcomes for younger (35-54 years) and older (65 years and older) drivers. Using the Precede-Proceed Model of Health Promotion as an organizing framework, we classified variables into person, vehicle and environment domains and conducted a multinomial logistic regression. Significant risk factors for older driver injuries were impact crashes at 1-3 o'clock (OR=1.65; CI: 1.05-2.59), 7-9 o'clock angles (OR=2.59; CI=1.45-4.63), and driving with one passenger (OR=2.25; CI: 1.58-3.20). Previous other motor vehicle convictions were significantly associated with reduced risk of injury (OR=0.55; CI=0.34-0.90). The 7-9 o'clock angle (OR=3.06; CI: 1.83-5.12), and driving in daylight hours were risk factors for fatality among older drivers. Many risk factors (e.g., female gender, non-seatbelt use, rollover crashes, and vehicle body type), and protective factors (e.g., number of lanes and non-airbag deployment) were relevant for younger and older drivers. Findings showed relevant factors for drivers from both age groups, with some pointing to older adults, and set the stage for further research to develop injury and fatality prevention programs. Language: en
Molecular Motors: Strategies to Get Along

The majority of active transport in the cell is driven by three classes of molecular motors: the kinesin and dynein families that move toward the plus-end and minus-end of microtubules, respectively, and the unconventional myosin motors that move along actin filaments. Each class of motor has different properties, but in the cell they often function together. In this review we summarize what is known about their single-molecule properties and the possibilities for regulation of such properties. In view of new results on cytoplasmic dynein, we attempt to rationalize how these different classes of motors might work together as part of the intracellular transport machinery. We propose that kinesin and myosin are robust and highly efficient transporters, but with somewhat limited room for regulation of function. Because cytoplasmic dynein is less efficient and robust, to achieve function comparable to the other motors it requires a number of accessory proteins as well as multiple dyneins functioning together. This necessity for additional factors, as well as dynein's inherent complexity, in principle allows for greatly increased control of function by taking the factors away either singly or in combination. Thus, dynein's contribution relative to the other motors can be dynamically tuned, allowing the motors to function together differently in a variety of situations.
Pruitt-Igoe, Now

What is Pruitt-Igoe, now? Forty years after the cinematic blast of tower C-15, the site of the housing complex still lays fallow, labeled dystopian by postmodern architectural discourse and ignored by contemporary St. Louis politics. In June 2011, a non-profit agency launched an international ideas competition soliciting proposals for this site: Pruitt-Igoe Now. The submissions received and juried suggest what Pruitt-Igoe is, now, to a global community of designers—both literally, as they imagine the future of this allegedly failed utopian site and, unavoidably, metaphorically, as nearly every proposal advances a utopian framework of systems in which architecture takes a secondary or even tertiary role.
Pink discoloration in cooked white meat

Abstract Through the years various factors have been implicated in the pinking of cooked poultry and pork. The problem usually appears randomly and mysteriously disappears. Two of the most prominent precursors for the defect appear to be the presence of extraneous residual nitrates/nitrites and high cytochrome c levels.
Money, play, and instincts

The metaphor drug model of money slights the possibility that money may literally tap into and exploit brain systems underlying motivational systems, and it also ignores growing evidence on the common neural substrates of behavioral and “physiological” addictions. Additionally, many objects other than money can gain such drug-like properties. The treatment of play in the evolutionary explanation for the unique role of money in people ignores key conceptual and empirical issues.
Adaptive image coding with robust channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization

We present an error-robust channel-optimized image coder for the transmission of imagery over noisy channels. The proposed coder uses a robust channel-optimized trellis-coded quantization (COTCQ) stage that is designed to optimized the image coding based on the channel characteristics. The resilience to channel errors is obtained only at the level of the source encoder, with no explicit use of channel coding. The robust nature of the coder increases the security level of the encoded bit stream, and eliminates impulsive artifacts induced by channel errors. A novel adaptive classification scheme is employed to increase coding efficiency by exploiting image nonstationarities. Consequently, the proposed channel-optimized image coder is especially suitable for wireless transmission due to its reduced complexity, its robustness to nonstationary signals and channels, and its increased security level. Simulation results show that our coder provides outstanding quantitative and subjective coding performance for a wide variety of channel conditions.
Culture wires the Brain: A cognitive neuroscience perspective

There is clear evidence that sustained experiences may affect both brain structure and function. Thus, it is quite reasonable to posit that sustained exposure to a set of cultural experiences and behavioral practices will affect neural structure and function. The burgeoning field of cultural psychology has often demonstrated the subtle differences in the way individuals process information—differences that appear to be a product of cultural experiences. We review evidence that the collectivistic and individualistic biases of East Asian and Western cultures, respectively, affect neural structure and function. We conclude that there is limited evidence that cultural experiences affect brain structure and considerably more evidence that neural function is affected by culture, particularly activations in ventral visual cortex—areas associated with perceptual processing.
Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images

The receptive fields of simple cells in mammalian primary visual cortex can be characterized as being spatially localized, oriented and bandpass (selective to structure at different spatial scales), comparable to the basis functions of wavelet transforms. One approach to understanding such response properties of visual neurons has been to consider their relationship to the statistical structure of natural images in terms of efficient coding. Along these lines, a number of studies have attempted to train unsupervised learning algorithms on natural images in the hope of developing receptive fields with similar properties, but none has succeeded in producing a full set that spans the image space and contains all three of the above properties. Here we investigate the proposal that a coding strategy that maximizes sparseness is sufficient to account for these properties. We show that a learning algorithm that attempts to find sparse linear codes for natural scenes will develop a complete family of localized, oriented, bandpass receptive fields, similar to those found in the primary visual cortex. The resulting sparse image code provides a more efficient representation for later stages of processing because it possesses a higher degree of statistical independence among its outputs.
Is autism a 'public health crisis?': looking at the California Blue Ribbon Commission's report on autism.

The California Blue Ribbon Commission on Autism’s September, 2007 report identified Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a ‘public health crisis’ and ‘epidemic’ recommending an “Office of ASD” under Public Health. The Commission also said that health plans should provide “full…” services for ASD. With this, the Commission set the groundwork for a potential misdirection of public health funding, increased litigation, and unnecessary competition between families and providers of children with special needs. Though the report acknowledges that honest differences exist, it then incorrectly asserts that each has equal relevance. Rather than a ‘public health crisis,’ autism should be viewed as a crisis of instruction requiring better coordination of available services and existing knowledge with targeted support for schools, families and community providers.
Activity of the Bcr-Abl Kinase Inhibitor PD180970 against Clinically Relevant Bcr-Abl Isoforms That Cause Resistance to Imatinib Mesylate (Gleevec, STI571)

Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase, is effective as a single-agent therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, resistance has been reported, particularly in patients with advanced-stage disease. Mutations within the Abl kinase domain are a major cause of resistance, demonstrating that Bcr-Abl remains a critical drug target. Recently, a novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivative, PD180970, has been shown to potently inhibit Bcr-Abl and induce apoptosis in Bcr-Abl-expressing leukemic cells. We analyzed the inhibitory activity of PD180970 against Abl kinase domain mutations and cells expressing clinically relevant mutations. Our data indicate that PD180970 is active against several Bcr-Abl mutations that are resistant to imatinib and support the notion that developing additional Abl kinase inhibitors would be useful as a treatment strategy for chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Transfusion-transmitted infections: testing strategies and residual risk

Testing blood donations for markers of infectious disease is critical to the maintenance of blood safety. The minimal expectation from WHO is that all donations should be tested for HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis and that, in certain parts of the world, it may be appropriate to test for locally prevalent transfusion-transmissible infectious (TTI) agents. This article will review the rationale for selection of appropriate test methods and properties and will explain why there continues to be residual risk of transmission and how to estimate such risk.
Forced oscillations in quadratically damped systems

Bayliss (1975) has studied the question whether in the case of linear differential equations the relationship between the stability of the homogeneous equations and the existence of almost periodic solutions to the inhomogeneous equation is preserved by finite difference approximations. In the current investigation analogous properties are considered for the case in which the damping is quadratic rather than linear. The properties of the considered equation for arbitrary forcing terms are examined and the validity is proved of a theorem concerning the characteristics of the unique solution. By using the Lipschitz continuity of the mapping and the contracting mapping principle, almost periodic solutions can be found for perturbations of the considered equation. Attention is also given to the Lipschitz continuity of the solution operator and the results of numerical tests which have been conducted to test the discussed theory.
Case and word order in Lithuanian

This paper examines the unusual case and word order behavior of objects of infinitives in Lithuanian. In addition to lexically determined case idiosyncrasy, Lithuanian exhibits syntactically determined case idiosyncrasy: with infinitives in three distinct constructions, case possibilities other than accusative obtain. These cases (dative, genitive, and nominative) depend on the general clause structure rather than on the particular infinitive. Moreover, unlike ordinary direct objects, these objects appear in a position preceding rather than following the verb. It is argued that they move to this position in order potentially to be accessible for Case assignment by some higher Case-assigning head. In this way we unify the two superficially unrelated properties of non-canonical word order and Case. This movement, however, is not feature-driven in the sense of standard minimalist Case-licensing mechanisms. We characterize it as ‘agnostic’ in that it applies to an object with unvalued Case features, if that object reaches a point in the derivation where it has no recourse but to move because failure to do so would be fatal.
The Arrogance of Ignorance—Ignoring the Ubiquitous

Anti-evolution, the rise of pseudo sciences, and the renewed interest in the occult, all masquerading as science, are symptomatic of the poor job that is done explicating science as a process and a way of knowing. Disciplinary teaching emphasizes fact over concept. Every science discipline should be taught witha process base pervasive from the first to the last day of the course. Science teaching needs be revamped to provide an integrated, nonredundant exposition of the discipline focussed on principles of which the theory of evolution is only one. Science must to be related both to technology and society. Teaching has to be directed to elicit the desired ends of education and not be regarded simply as a system to deliver fragments of knowledge. The participation of zoologists in delineating the discipline of science and countering pseudo science is essential. Scientists must become involved in science education and participate in updating teachers and insisting on their subject matter competence. University scientists must be concerned beyond the training of majors to provide meaningful education for nonscience majors as well. To ensure quality science education zoologists must become active in resisting incursions of scientific nonsense in science classrooms.