cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confronting Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA

Confronting Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA. By George Michael. New York: Routledge, 2003. 256p. $104.95.“Right-wing extremist” is a label that covers a lot of territory (radical Second Amendmentists, antitax and antigovernment extremists, radical Christians, in addition to a variety of white supremacist groups: Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazi, skinhead), but it is a term that perhaps became unavoidable, at least as a practical matter, after Timothy McVeigh bombed a federal government building in Oklahoma City in 1995, killing 168. This is a book written in the post–Oklahoma City period and is not primarily informed by post-9/11 concerns. It is largely descriptive and historical. Although it does make use of interest-group theory at points, this work is not organized around any specific social scientific theory-building agenda. George Michael provides a detailed survey of right-wing extremist groups and their activities (to include terrorism), as well as an account of the efforts of both the government and a wide array of private interest groups to resist and undermine their efforts. Perhaps most notable and interesting are 20 interviews Michael conducted with actors on all sides of this struggle (including William Pierce, chairman of the neo-Nazi National Alliance, and author of the novel The Turner Diaries, which served as a blueprint for McVeigh).
The multi-ethnic pediatric eye disease study: design and methods.

Purpose: To summarize the study design of the Multi-Ethnic Pediatric Eye Disease Study (MEPEDS). Methods: The objectives of the MEPEDS are to: (1) estimate age- and ethnicity-specific prevalence of...
Running and drinking by rats outside the schedule session

Two experiments measured the effects of a contingency schedule relating running and eating on the behavior of rats during an "experimental hour" and during two hours before and afterwards. The behaviors recorded during the surrounding hours were drinking and perching (Experiment 1) and running, drinking and perching (Experiment 2). The temporal pattern of drinking in both experiments was unaffected by changes in conditions during the experimental hour. However, drinking prior to the experimental hour in Experiment 2 was less than in Experiment 1 probably due to competition from wheel running. Rats showed unreliable patterns of perching in both experiments. Finally, running increased both within and outside the experimental hour during the schedule conditions. The increase in wheel running surrounding the schedule hour may represent a combination of species-typical foraging responses and the failure of stimulus control of instrumental behavior. These data suggest that behavior regulation and optimality theories may need to consider the species-typical mechanisms and stimulus control necessary for animals to integrate behavior over time.
A Four-Step Process to Assess the Fiscal Performance and Sufficiency of State Road Funds

Aging transportation infrastructure and diminishing financial resources are challenging the management of state transportation systems. Policy makers and administrators are seeking fiscal performance measurement tools to better monitor and manage infrastructure. This article discusses and applies a four-step process to examine past revenue and expenditure trends to determine transportation expenditure sufficiency for state road funds, using the Kentucky Road Fund as a template. A comprehensive approach to this issue is utilized by demonstrating several possible measures of sufficiency and then presenting some future scenarios. Expenditures across various facets of the transportation system are then analyzed with a number of performance metrics as well as construction cost measures to estimate sufficiency. Finally, short-term forecasts of several revenue scenarios are presented to provide context for possible future funding levels under the current revenue regime. The Kentucky case study provides a templat...
n-dimensional k-order systems: computing the transfer function

A new n-dimensional (multi-dimensional) k-order (multi-order) system-model is introduced as an extension of the corresponding Fornasini-Marchesini model. In addition, using this model the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is used to determine the coefficients of the transfer function. The DFT-based algorithm is straight forward and can easily be implemented. A step-by-step example illustrating the structure of a low order and dimension system and the application of the algorithm is presented.
Cognitive catalysts for distrust in financial services markets: An integrative review

The growing recognition for the role of trust in financial services transactions has become more evident since the global financial crisis. A dominant perspective arising from this recognition has been regarding the responsibility of financial services providers for the depletion of consumer trust in the financial services sector. However, the loss of trust that may result in many financial transactions can also be attributed to consumers’ own lack of discipline and poor knowledge of financial matters. In this article four cognitive phenomena that inhibit consumers’ information processing abilities and contribute to the depletion of trust in financial services transactions will be discussed. The responsibilities of marketers, regulators and educators in equipping consumers with the means to overcome these cognitive limitations in order to improve their financial decision quality are discussed.
Bayesian Space-Time Patterns and Climatic Determinants of Bovine Anaplasmosis.

The space-time pattern and environmental drivers (land cover, climate) of bovine anaplasmosis in the Midwestern state of Kansas was retrospectively evaluated using Bayesian hierarchical spatio-temporal models and publicly available, remotely-sensed environmental covariate information. Cases of bovine anaplasmosis positively diagnosed at Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (n = 478) between years 2005–2013 were used to construct the models, which included random effects for space, time and space-time interaction effects with defined priors, and fixed-effect covariates selected a priori using an univariate screening procedure. The Bayesian posterior median and 95% credible intervals for the space-time interaction term in the best-fitting covariate model indicated a steady progression of bovine anaplasmosis over time and geographic area in the state. Posterior median estimates and 95% credible intervals derived for covariates in the final covariate model indicated land surface temperature (minimum), relative humidity and diurnal temperature range to be important risk factors for bovine anaplasmosis in the study. The model performance measured using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value indicated a good performance for the covariate model (> 0.7). The relevance of climatological factors for bovine anaplasmosis is discussed.
Efficient Carrier Multiplication in Colloidal CuInSe2 Nanocrystals

Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) was used to study carrier multiplication (CM) (also called multiexciton generation (MEG)) in solvent-dispersed colloidal CuInSe2 nanocrystals with diameters as small as 4.5 nm. Size-dependent carrier cooling rates, absorption cross sections, and Auger lifetimes were also determined. The energy threshold for CM in the CuInSe2 nanocrystals was found to be 2.4 ± 0.2 times the nanocrystal energy gap (Eg) and the CM efficiency was 36 ± 6% per unit Eg. This is similar to other types of nanocrystal quantum dot materials.
Large Fraction of Scrapie Virus Resistant to Lipid Solvents

SummaryAn association of lipid with the virus of scrapie was examined by quantitating the effects of ether, chloroform and fluorocarbon on infectivity. Treatment of infected brain suspensions with ether reduced infectivity up to 2.2 log10 mouse LD50. Chloroform had less effect than ether on the virus, and only a slight loss resulted from partial purification with fluorocarbon. In addition, substantial infectivity resisted sequential treatments with fluorocarbon and chloroform. The results suggest that scrapie virus was present in both solvent-sensitive and solvent-resistant forms, and that the latter probably did not contain lipid as an essential component. The infectivity of ether- and chloroform-treated preparations was not restored by addition of, or sedimentation with, normal, homologous brain suspensions suggesting that ether-sensitive helper substances were not present in normal mouse brain homogenates.The author thanks Drs. William Hadlow and Lawrence Sturman for helpful discussion, Mr. Richard Ken...
Deconstructing The End of Leadership

The current article deconstructs Kellerman’s The End of Leadership via postmodernity, epistemology, and worldviews. Despite perceptively synthesizing and diagnosing a host of issues and assumptions that plague the leadership industry, Kellerman’s argument is flawed in two substantial, overlapping ways. First, the argument is decidedly grounded in modernity, despite the obvious evidences of a postmodern critique. Second, although the impact of technology and culture are likely correctly identified as significant, analysis explicating why these altered views about leaders facilitated a redistribution of power is unattended to. Therefore, the current work argues that The End of Leadership compellingly diagnoses the condition of the leadership industry via an incomplete lens. Therefore, three counterthemes are offered to compliment and nuance Kellerman’s argument: first, an understanding that technologies alter epistemologies; second, an analysis of the assumptions tethered to the epistemologies of modernity;...
Designing Disruptions for Productive Hybridity: The Case of Walking Scale Geometry

This article explores an alternative strategy for designing hybrid instructional environments. Rather than bridging home or community funds of knowledge with school learning, I propose designing disruptions to typical school practices to invite students to recruit out-of-school resources meaningful and sensible to them in order to grapple with school-valued concepts. I examine this design strategy first conceptually, then through a case called walking scale geometry, designed to disrupt the scale of typical classroom geometry. This major disruption has 4 interrelated consequences in that students must invent new tools and strategies for constructing geometry figures, spaces of activity and learning shift, students are positioned with new visual perspectives, and the division of labor is redistributed. I analyze how these 4 consequences played out in an episode of walking scale geometry, in relation to the deployment of student-recruited resources and conceptual agency, then comment on some implications fo...
Introduction: Seismogenesis In The Eastern United States

This special volume of Seismological Research Letters is a collection of papers and abstracts presented at the National Workshop on Seismogenesis in the Eastern United States on April 12–13, 1988 on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Since plate tectonics does not provide a useful framework for studying deformation in plate interiors, intracratonic tectonism presents a major challenge to basic geoscience. The occurrence of large intracontinental earthquakes also poses complex problems for applied sciences in determining seismic risk and mitigating earthquake hazard. The main purpose of the workshop was to critically assess our current knowledge on intracontinental seismogenesis by comparing results and ideas from diverse disciplines related to this field of renewed interest in geoscience. The conference was also intended as a forum to make available the latest results and issues arising in this rapidly evolving research area to groups that interact within the field, such as earthquake engineers, policy makers, and funding agencies. The conference emphasized discussion on fundamental aspects regarding the tectonic origin of intracontinental earthquakes, and on planning and coordination of future research on intracontinental seismicity. A total of forty invited participants were present at the two-day conference. They represented a range of diverse interests that pertain to the study of seismicity in the eastern U. S., including earthquake seismology, solid-earth geophysics, tectonics, and structural geology. Throughout the workshop, there are two important themes that are reflected in the contents of this volume. First, given that some widely accepted views seem inconsistent with recent . . .
Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Chongqing from 2010 to 2012

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hand- foot- and- mouth disease( HFMD) in Chongqing from 2010 to 2012,and provide scientific basis for its prevention and control. Methods Surveillance on HFMD was conducted in all districts and counties of Chongqing. The pathogen spectrum analysis was performed by time,area and population,and its trends was discussed or forecasted. Results In Chongqing,the HFMD dominant pathogens of 2010,2011 and 2012 were coxsackievirus A16(Cox A16),human enterovirus 71(EV71) and other human enterovirus,respectively(χ2=383.75,P0. 01); significant difference was found in the pathogen spectrum among different month( χ2=260. 14,P0. 01),the prevalence of EV71 was peaked between April and July; there was no significant difference in the HFMD pathogen spectrum in 2010 and 2012,however,there was in 2011(χ2=59.64,P0.01). EV71 had significantly greater frequency in urban cases than in rural cases. The infection of EV71 among mild,severe and dead cases were 32.3%,77.0%and 97.3%,respectively. Conclusion The HFMD dominant pathogen in Chongqing changed every year from 2010 to 2012;significant difference was found in the pathogen spectrum among different month. Pathogen spectrum in urban and rural areas may be significant different; and the infection of EV71 among severe and dead cases had higher frequency.
CURRENTS IN THE SURF ZONE

Surface and bottom currents in the surf zone were measured at 15 equally spaced points along two straight beaches with approximately parallel bottom contours. The measurements showed that offshore currents predominate over onshore currents at the bottom, while at the surface there is a slight predominance in the onshore direction. With regard to the longshore component, it was found that surface and bottom currents have a similar velocity distribution. The variability of the longshore component as measured by its standard deviation is equal to or larger than the mean longshore velocity. This wide variation in longshore currents indicates the impracticability of estimating the mean velocity from a single observation of longshore current. It was found that the momentum approach to the prediction of longshore currents by Putnam, Munk and Traylor (1949) leads to useful forecasts provided the beach friction coefficient k is permitted to vary with the longshore velocity, V. The indicated relation is k~v^(-3/2).
Invited - Who is the major threat to tomorrow's security?: you, the hardware designer

More and more security attacks today are perpetrated by exploiting the hardware: memory errors can be exploited to take over systems, side-channel attacks leak secrets to the outside worlds, weak random number generators render cryptography ineffective, etc. At the same time, many of the tenets of efficient design are in tension with guaranteeing security. For instance, classic secure hardware does not allow to optimize common execution patterns, share resources, or provide deep introspection. We provide brief descriptions of three recently-exposed hardware vulnerabilities along with extensive references for background and to learn more about these areas. Specifically, we first discuss the Rowhammer problem in modern DRAM chips, which enables attackers to circumvent memory isolation, and other potential vulnerabilities due to aggressive memory technology scaling. We next describe hardware Trojans implemented below the gate level, which can resist most detection techniques, and other manufacturing vulnerabilities in security primitives. Finally, we explain side channels that can achieve very large information leakage capacities, and various potential defenses against them. We conclude by noting that the intersection of hardware design and security attacks and countermeasures will continue to present a rich area for research and development for many years to come.
From restrained golden age to creeping platinum age: A periodization of Latin American development in the Robinsonian tradition

This paper analyzes Joan Robinson's growth model, and then adapted in order to provide an exploratory taxonomy of Growth Eras. The Growth Eras or Ages were for Robinson a way to provide logical connections among output growth, capital accumulation, the degree of thriftiness, the real wage and illustrate a catalogue of growth possibilities. This modified taxonomy follows the spirit of Robinson's work, but it takes different theoretical approaches, which imply that some of her classifications do not fit perfectly the ones here suggested. Latin America has moved from a Golden Age in the 1950s and 1960s, to a Leaden Age in the 1980s, having two traverse periods, one in which the process of growth and industrialization accelerated in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which is here referred to as a Galloping Platinum Age, and one in which a process of deindustrialization, and reprimarization and maquilization of the productive structure took place, starting in the 1990s, which could be referred to as a Creeping Platinum Age.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes after antenatal corticosteroid administration for PPROM at 32 to 33 6/7 weeks gestational age.

AbstractBackground: Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) precedes many deliveries and experts agree with expectant management until 34 weeks gestation. However, there is controversy regarding the gestational age (GA) for administration of corticosteroids.Study design: We performed a retrospective cohort study in the University of California Fetal Consortium (UCfC). We searched available charts of singleton pregnancies with PPROM between 32 and 33 6/7 weeks GA. Outcomes from the groups were analyzed.Results: Of 191 women with PPROM at 32 to 33 6/7 weeks, 150 received corticosteroids. The median GA at admission was earlier for the exposed versus unexposed group (32 4/7 versus 33 0/7 weeks, respectively, p = 0.001). The mean GA at delivery in the exposed was 33 2/7 (32 0/7 to 35 0/7) weeks versus 33 5/7 (32 0/7 to 36 1/7) weeks in the unexposed (p = 0.001). There was no difference in chorioamnionitis or RDS.Conclusion: In women with PPROM at 32 to 33 6/7 weeks, our data suggests that corticosteroid...
Challenges to Developing Interoperable Data Architecture to Support Sustainable Consumption and Sustainable Supply Chains

This chapter focuses on the identification of key challenges to building a data architecture to improve sustainability in supply chains as well as providing consumers with better information for decision support. The chapter builds on the trends of sustainable consumption and sustainable supply chain management and incorporates the views of key stakeholders in the coffee supply chain that we interviewed. Key challenges relate to accuracy and credibility of data in the system, to the availability of technical expertise and infrastructure across the supply chain, as well as with legal aspects related to data ownership, privacy, and confidentiality. Finally, finding appropriate ways of funding the architecture constitutes another important challenge.
Next generation sequencing and its applications in HPV-associated cancers

// Musaffe Tuna 1 and Christopher I. Amos 1 1 Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA Correspondence to: Musaffe Tuna, email: // Keywords : next-generation sequencing, genomics, omics, mutations, HPV-driven cancers Received : May 30, 2016 Accepted : October 14, 2016 Published : October 23, 2016 Abstract Approximately 18% of all human cancers have a viral etiology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as one of the most prevalent viruses that plays causative role in nearly all cervical cancers and, in addition, in subset of head and neck, anal, penile and vulvar cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) and other ‘omics’ approaches have resulted in comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of HPV-driven tumors. Specifically, these approaches have provided detailed information on genomic HPV integration sites, disrupted genes and pathways, and common and distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations in different human HPV-associated cancers. This review focuses on HPV integration sites, its concomitantly disrupted genes and pathways and its functional consequences in both cervical and head and neck cancers. Integration of NGS data with other ‘omics’ and clinical data is crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of each individual malignancy and, based on this, to select targets and to design effective personalized treatment options.
Cardiovascular and Perceived Exertion Responses to Leisure Trail Hiking

The majority of U.S. adults participate in outdoor recreation, and hiking is a top activity. However, little literature exists in which the physiological responses to trail hiking are detailed. The purposes of this study were to compare cardiovascular and perceived exertion measurements during hiking on an easy rated versus a strenuous trail and to determine the reliability on the easy trail. Volunteers completed two easy hikes in 1 day and 1 strenuously rated trail the next day. Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Significant test-retest reliability was observed for HR, SBP, and RPE. The strenuous uphill trail elicited increased HR and RPE compared with the easy trail and the downhill portion. This shows that select cardiovascular and perceived exertion variables have moderate to high test-retest reliability. These results provide evidence that leisure trail hiking likely provides sufficient cardiovascular stimulation to induce beneficial physiological adaptations.
Closing the Brief Case: Bacteremia Caused by Helicobacter cinaedi.

1. Which of the following are considered enterohepatic Helicobacter species? Answer: D. Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter canis are both enterohepatic Helicobacter species, but Helicobacter pylori is not. 1. Which of the following is considered unreliable for identification of H. cinaedi
Obstructive apnea due to laryngospasm links ictal to postictal events in SUDEP cases and offers practical biomarkers for review of past cases and prevention of new ones

Seizure spread into autonomic and respiratory brainstem regions is thought to play an important role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). As the clinical dataset of cases of definite SUDEP available for study grows, evidence points to a sequence of events that includes postictal apnea, bradycardia, and asystole as critical events that can lead to death. One possible link between the precipitating seizure and the critical postictal sequence is seizure-driven laryngospasm sufficient to completely obstruct the airway for an extended period, but ictal laryngospasm is difficult to fully assess. Herein, we demonstrate in a rat model how the electrical artifacts of attempts to inspire during airway obstruction and features of the cardiac rhythm establish this link between ictal and postictal activity and can be used as practical biomarkers of obstructive apnea due to laryngospasm or other causes of airway obstruction.
Toxoplasma Gondii Moderates the Association between Multiple Folate-Cycle Factors and Cognitive Function in U.S. Adults

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a microscopic, apicomplexan parasite that can infect muscle or neural tissue, including the brain, in humans. While T. gondii infection has been associated with changes in mood, behavior, and cognition, the mechanism remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that T. gondii may harvest folate from host neural cells. Reduced folate availability is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cognitive decline. We hypothesized that impairment in cognitive functioning in subjects seropositive for T. gondii might be associated with a reduction of folate availability in neural cells. We analyzed data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to determine the associations between T. gondii infection, multiple folate-cycle factors, and three tests of cognitive functioning in U.S. adults aged 20 to 59 years. In these analyses, T. gondii moderated the associations of folate, vitamin B-12, and homocysteine with performance on the Serial Digit Learning task, a measure of learning and memory, as well as the association of folate with reaction time. The results of this study suggest that T. gondii might affect brain levels of folate and/or vitamin B-12 enough to affect cognitive functioning.
Youth's motivations for using homophobic and misogynistic language

ABSTRACTA diverse group of adolescents (N = 41) from a large city in the Midwestern United States participated in focus groups about misogynistic and homophobic language. Our qualitative analysis yielded two major themes. First, participants discussed this language as a way to regulate peers' conformity to norms related to gender and sexuality. Second, participants spoke about the importance of the relationship between individuals using this language in determining different intentions. Understanding young people's perceptions of these types of interactions and the intentions behind them will allow us to more effectively reduce young peoples' use of misogynistic and homophobic language in schools.
Abstract 16273: Dynamic Starling Mechanism is Impaired in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Compared With Age-Matched Seniors, Even at Similar Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure

Introduction: The beat-to-beat dynamic Starling mechanism (DSM), the dynamic modulation of stroke volume (SV) due to breath-to-breath changes in LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), reflects ventricu...
CeO2 nanoparticles attenuate airway mucus secretion induced by TiO2 nanoparticles.

Abstract Nanotoxicity studies associated with various nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted intense research interest due to the broader applications of nanoparticles in our daily lives. The exposure of nanoparticles can lead to hypersecretion and accumulation of airway mucus which are closely associated with many respiratory diseases. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), one of the PM10 components, is a major NP that is widely utilized in many commercial products. Our previous study established the connection between induced airway mucus secretion and TiO 2 NPs. However, the countermeasure to reduce the harmful effects of TiO 2 NPs, especially airway mucus secretion, remains unexplored. One of the potential candidates to reduce airway mucus secretion is cerium oxide (CeO 2 ) NPs. It has been reported that CeO 2 NPs can protect cells by diminishing ROS and inflammatory responses. Herein, our study shows that CeO 2 NPs are able to reduce cytosolic Ca 2+ changes and mitochondrial damage caused by TiO 2 NPs. Our results provide the evidence that hypersecretion of mucus and apoptosis progression induced by TiO 2 NPs can be attenuated by CeO 2 NPs. This study highlights the potential capacity of CeO 2 NPs as a supplementary material for TiO 2 NPs applications in the future.
Full Drug-Eluting Stent Jacket: Two-Year Results of a Single-Center Experience With Zilver PTX Stenting for Long Lesions in the Femoropopliteal Arteries.

Purpose: To evaluate the 1- and 2-year patency and reintervention rates with the Zilver PTX drug-eluting stent (DES) in long complex femoropopliteal disease. Methods: A retrospective review was con...
Impact and Feasibility of Implementing a Systematic Approach for Medication Therapy Management in the Community Pharmacy Setting: A Pilot Study.

Objective:To determine how implementing a systematic medication therapy management (MTM) process impacted MTM completion rates.Methods:This process improvement pilot included 4 grocery store-based ...
Beyond the Prototype: Maintenance, Collective Responsibility, and Public IoT

This paper describes the reparative Internet of Things (Riot), a project investigating the role of IoT devices in maintaining public resource accessibility. Drawing on a mix of interviews, technology development, and ethnographic engagements, we explore the distribution and stratification of menstrual hygiene resources in Seattle, WA. We redesigned menstrual product dispensers placed in public settings by outfitting them with networked sensor inserts to make them easier to stock by custodial staff and easier to access by members of the public. We use this case to show how such newly connected devices structure experiences of hygiene access and help expose important consequences of integrating those devices into the socioeconomic logics and infrastructure of public life. Our interventions further examine the role of public IoT devices once they pass the proof-of-concept stage, revealing their capacity to cultivate and maintain collective responsibility.
Progress in Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer.

Since 2010, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved five new drugs for the treatment of metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer on the basis of a primary end point of overall s...
Legal Coordination of NGOs in Times of Crisis: The Role of NGOs During and After the Rwandan Genocide

The presence of NGOs in response to emergency situations is oftentimes vital in the survival of victims facing such conflicts. It is evident that although NGOs have responded in a time of need after various conflicts around the world, there is still a need for earlier response and greater coordination of the voluntary agencies, both horizontally and vertically, in order to be efficient and successful in their efforts. Not only is there a need to use NGOs more efficiently in the early warning stages of such conflicts, but there is also a need in post-conflict situations where NGO regulation poses an enormous problem in the realm of humanitarian intervention. Problems with coordination and regulation of NGOs were seen in the years leading up to the genocide in Rwanda, during the genocide, and in the aftermath of what has been called the “Holocaust of Africa.” There were many early-warning signs seen on the ground by the few NGOs in the country at the time; yet it was only after close to a million people were systematically killed in the course of one hundred days that the international community responded with humanitarian assistance in the country. This information was eventually communicated to the international community once the killings began; however, much could have been done to mitigate the amount of damage that was done in this country in 1994 before actual, physical conflict occurred. This paper will first discuss the early warning signs leading up to the genocide and how NGOS on the ground could have influenced the international community if given the chance to be heard. Next, the involvement of NGOs during and immediately after the genocide will be discussed, with a focus on the issue of coordination among the NGOs vis-a-vis one another and NGO coordination with the United Nations. Finally, suggestions for the future of NGO involvement in conflicts will be addressed so that such atrocities can be mitigated in other possible conflicts that may occur around the world.
Secondary Instability of Plane Shear Flows — Theory and Application

Secondary instability in plane shear flows originates from parametric instability of the (almost) periodic flow in presence of finite-amplitude traveling waves. The instability is governed by a Floquet system of linear disturbance equations that allows for various classes of normal modes associated with different types of resonance. The analysis of the secondary instability appears as a new level consistently grafted on the classical stability analysis. Results for subharmonic and fundamental (peak-valley splitting) modes in plane Poiseuille flow and in the Blasius boundary layer are consistent with experimental data and prove the theory’s scope for understanding, classification, and prediction of the observed secondary phenomena.
Piezoresistivity in Semiconducting Ferroelectrics

The piezoresistive effect in semiconducting polycrystalline barium titanate and its solid solutions with lead and strontium titanate under different elastic and thermal boundary conditions will be reviewed. An account of this phenomenon based upon recent models of ferroelectricity and grain boundary potential is given. A comparison to silicon and germanium is attempted.
Cues of Violent Intergroup Conflict Diminish Perceptions of Robotic Personhood

Convergent lines of evidence indicate that anthropomorphic robots are represented using neurocognitive mechanisms typically employed in social reasoning about other people. Relatedly, a growing literature documents that contexts of threat can exacerbate coalitional biases in social perceptions. Integrating these research programs, the present studies test whether cues of violent intergroup conflict modulate perceptions of the intelligence, emotional experience, or overall personhood of robots. In Studies 1 and 2, participants evaluated a large, bipedal all-terrain robot; in Study 3, participants evaluated a small, social robot with humanlike facial and vocal characteristics. Across all studies, cues of violent conflict caused significant decreases in perceived robotic personhood, and these shifts were mediated by parallel reductions in emotional connection with the robot (with no significant effects of threat on attributions of intelligence/skill). In addition, in Study 2, participants in the conflict condition estimated the large bipedal robot to be less effective in military combat, and this difference was mediated by the reduction in perceived robotic personhood. These results are discussed as they motivate future investigation into the links among threat, coalitional bias and human–robot interaction.
Tunable Metasurfaces: A Polarization Rotator Design

An electronically tunable metasurface can rotate the polarization angle of an incident polarized electromagnetic wave, showing promise for a new paradigm of real-time wave manipulation.
The Threat from Within: Recognizing Al Qaeda-Inspired Radicalization and Terrorism in the West

Phil Gurski examines Al Qaeda-inspired extremism in the West by focusing mostly on cases involving Canada. Exploring extremists involved in Canadian attacks, he is concerned with providing a “reali...
Profiles of Normal Cognition in Essential Tremor.

Objectives:Patients with essential tremor exhibit heterogeneous cognitive functioning. Although the majority of patients fall under the broad classification of cognitively “normal,” essential tremor is associated with increased risk for mild cognitive impairment and dementia. It is possible that patterns of cognitive performance within the wide range of normal functioning have predictive utility for mild cognitive impairment or dementia. These cross-sectional analyses sought to determine whether cognitive patterns, or “clusters,” could be identified among individuals with essential tremor diagnosed as cognitively normal. We also determined whether such clusters, if identified, were associated with demographic or clinical characteristics of patients.Methods:Elderly subjects with essential tremor (age >55 years) underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing. Domain means (memory, executive function, attention, visuospatial abilities, and language) from 148 individuals diagnosed as cognitively normal were partitioned using k-means cluster analysis. Individuals in each cluster were compared according to cognitive functioning (domain means and test scores), demographic factors, and clinical variables.Results:There were three clusters. Cluster 1 (n = 64) was characterized by comparatively low memory scores (p < .001), Cluster 2 (n = 39) had relatively low attention and visuospatial scores (p < .001), and Cluster 3 (n = 45) exhibited consistently high performance across all domains. Cluster 1 had lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores and reported more prescription medication use and lower balance confidence.Conclusions:Three patterns of cognitive functioning within the normal range were evident and tracked with certain clinical features. Future work will examine the extent to which such patterns predict conversion to mild cognitive impairment and/or dementia.
Intervertebral Displacement of the Thoracic Spine with and without Loading: Radiographic and in Vitro Measurements.

Background We are developing an intradural approach to spinal cord stimulation, where the thin electrode array is affixed stably to the underside of the thoracic spinal dura mater without leakage of cerebrospinal fluid. As part of the design and testing process, we sought to evaluate the potential risk of inadvertent contact of the array with the pial surface of the spinal cord during variations in spinal loading. Methods As part of the risk assessment process, a 2-part study was undertaken. First, a retrospective review of the imaging studies of 25 patients was done in the supine, 45- and 90-degree positions to measure the positional shift between the T9 and T10 vertebral bodies as a function of spinal angulation. Second, similar measurements were made on a cadaveric model, with and without a prototype intradural stimulator implanted at the T9–T10 position and with and without 13.8 kg (30 lb) of axial spinal loading at the 90-degree orientation. Results In all cases, the measured relative displacement of the dura mater towards the spinal cord in both the imaging and the cadaveric arms of the study was less than 1 mm. Conclusions The implantation method for the thin intradural array of the prototype device will ensure that the anatomic separation between it and the pial surface of the spinal cord will be the same as that of the dura mater. Therefore the risk of inadvertent contact will be no greater than that due to the mass effects of standard epidural stimulator implants.
HIV-related stigma and non-adherence to antiretroviral medications among people living with HIV in a rural setting.

•People with HIV experience cumulative stigma with effects contributing to stress.•Family distancing and discrimination impact the health of people with HIV.•Effects of alcohol use on medication adherence are independent of HIV-stigma.•Cumulative HIV stigma impacts HIV treatment adherence through HIV-related stress.
Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms.

Background Wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs) present unique challenges for endovascular treatment. The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is an intrasaccular braided device, recently approved by the FDA for treatment of WNBAs. While treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the WEB device has been shown to yield an adequate occlusion rate of 85% at 1 year, few data have been published for patients with ruptured aneurysms. Objective To present a multi-institutional series depicting the safety and efficacy of using the WEB device as the primary treatment modality in ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective analysis was conducted, assessing patients presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage treated with the WEB between January 2014 and April 2020. Baseline demographics, aneurysm characteristics, adverse events, and long-term outcomes (occlusion, re-treatment, functional status) were collected. A descriptive analysis was performed, and variables potentially associated with aneurysm recurrence or re-treatment were assessed. Results Forty-eight patients were included. Anterior communicating artery aneurysms were the most common (35.4%) location for treatment, followed by middle cerebral artery (20.8%) and basilar apex (16.7%). Procedural success was noted in 95.8% of patients, and clinically significant periprocedural adverse events occurred in 12.5%. After a median follow-up of 5.5 months, 54.2% of patients had follow-up angiographic imaging. Complete occlusion was seen in 61.5% of cases with adequate occlusion in 92.3%. Re-treatment was required in only 4.2% of patients during the study period. Tobacco use was significantly higher in patients with aneurysm recurrence (88.9% vs 35.7%; p=0.012). No other characteristics were associated with recurrence/re-treatment. At 30 days, 81.1% were functionally independent (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2). Conclusion Treatment of acutely ruptured aneurysms with the WEB device demonstrates both safety and efficacy on par with rates of conventional treatment strategies.
Comparison of 8-frame and 16-frame Gated PET Cardiac imaging for Quantitation of Left Ventricular Function

1613 Introduction: Positron emission tomography (PET) allows improved functional assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular (LV) function. Currently, no scientific data exists about the differences between 8- and 16-frame PET left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction (EF); In addition, the influence of framing on detection of stress-induced functional changes is not known. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of 8-frame and 16-frame gated PET on measurements of LV volumes and EF and also to evaluate the influence of framing on detection of stress-induced functional changes. Methods: In this institutional IRB approved retrospective study, 100 patients each undergoing rest and stress studies using 82Rb Rubidium Chloride (82RbCl2) PET were analyzed. 21.3± 5 mCi of 82RbCl2 was infused using the RubyfillTM rubidium generator in constant activity or constant flow mode. All data was acquired using Biograph Horizon (Siemens) PET/CT in list-mode couples with ECG gating and binned into 8-frame and 16- frame per cardiac cycle. Images were reconstructed using iterative algorithm with time-of-flight, non-time-of-flight, and resolution recovery. The data was corrected for attenuation and scatter using low-dose CT. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), EF, cardiac output (CO), stress summed score, wall motion and thickening scores were calculated using 4DM (Invia) software. Stress-induced ischemia was identified on summed perfusion images. Results: For both 8-frame and 16- frame, there is no significant difference in stress EDV (136±71 ml vs 135±70 ml, p-value=0.47), ESV (62±48 ml vs 62±52 ml, p-value=0.48), LVEF (56±14 ml vs 57±15 ml, p-value=0.41), CO (6.3±2.8 ml vs 6.27±2.5 ml, p-value=0.46) and in rest EDV (130±69 ml vs 129±68 ml, p-value=0.47), ESV (65±50 ml vs 64±50 ml, p-value=0.49), LVEF (52±13 ml vs 52±13 ml, p-value=0.48), CO (4.8±2.1 ml vs 4.75±2.1 ml, p-value=0.47). Both using 8 and 16 frames, there was no significant differences in SSS, wall motion and thickness scores for both stress and rest. There is no significant change in LV function in either ischemic or non-ischemic patients when using either 8-frames or 16- frames. Use of time-of-flight and resolution recovery produced reproducible functional parameters. Conclusions: Clinical use of 16- or 8-frames has no significant influence on 82Rb PET cardiac left ventricular quantified functional parameters or on the detection of stress-induced functional changes.
A Rights-Based Approach to the Rescission of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals

This study conducted a rights-based policy analysis to assess the rescission of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which provides a reprieve from deportation to young people who came to...
An SDE Framework for Adversarial Training, with Convergence and Robustness Analysis.

Adversarial training has gained great popularity as one of the most effective defenses for deep neural networks against adversarial perturbations on data points. Consequently, research interests have grown in understanding the convergence and robustness of adversarial training. This paper considers the min-max game of adversarial training by alternating stochastic gradient descent. It approximates the training process with a continuous-time stochastic-differential-equation (SDE). In particular, the error bound and convergence analysis is established. This SDE framework allows direct comparison between adversarial training and stochastic gradient descent; and confirms analytically the robustness of adversarial training from a (new) gradient-flow viewpoint. This analysis is then corroborated via numerical studies. To demonstrate the versatility of this SDE framework for algorithm design and parameter tuning, a stochastic control problem is formulated for learning rate adjustment, where the advantage of adaptive learning rate over fixed learning rate in terms of training loss is demonstrated through numerical experiments.
It Isn’t All About the Facial Features

Dysmorphology refers to the study of the differences in body structure resulting from abnormal development of the embryo and the fetus. The characterization of major and minor congenital anomalies has facilitated the recognition of multiple genetic and non-genetic “multiple malformation syndromes.” In the absence of a specific laboratory “biomarker” of exposure, still unidentified in spite of continuous efforts by many researchers, the physical features or stigmata of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are the most specific indication of the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on growth, abnormal development of the head and face, and other external structures. However, most patients affected by PAE with a diagnostic category within the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) do not have the growth deficits, small head circumference (HC) and the three key facial features of FAS. Even though the diagnostic criteria in most used diagnostic systems include two or three of the three classic facial features, microcephaly and growth deficits, clinical epidemiologic research has confirmed that many other facial and non-facial features are specifically associated with FAS as well, and can often be present in other patients with FASD who do not fulfil the formal criteria for FAS. In this chapter, we will review the structural defects associated with PAE that will allow recognition of FAS, including dysmorphic features and growth deficits. We will describe the full spectrum of physical anomalies associated with PAE, and not only those included in the different diagnostic schemes. We will provide a definition of the most relevant features, discuss their embryologic origin, their importance for the diagnosis of FAS and their consideration within the currently used diagnostic schemes.
Predictors of fall-related injuries due to common consumer products among elderly adult emergency department visits in the United States during 2007-2017.

Falls are the leading cause of injuries and death among the elderly in the United States (U.S.). This study examined unintentional fall related-injuries and potential associations between various consumer products. Data was analyzed from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of hospital emergency department (ED) visits for unintentional injuries among the elderly between 2007 and 2017. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between consumer products and fall-related injury ED visits. A total of 537,703 injury-related ED visits were analyzed. Two-thirds of visits were fall-related. Of those, 33% were among those 85 years and older, 62.5% occurred at home, 37.6% had head trauma, and 28.7% resulted in hospitalization. Flooring materials accounted for 29.1% of injuries. Ladders were significantly associated with fall-related injuries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.72-6.36), followed by flooring materials (AOR 3.09, 95% CI 2.60-3.67), and porches and balconies (AOR 2.61, 95% CI 2.30-2.96). Several common consumer products are associated with fall-related injuries among the elderly. Increased awareness and education are critical.