cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nonparametric Training Algorithm for Decentralized Binary Hypothesis Testing Networks

We present a distributed nonparametric minimum-error training algorithm for networks of linear threshold classifiers performing decentralised binary hypothesis testing (detection). The training algorithm consists of communicating stochastic approximation algorithms. Knowledge of the network topology is required by the algorithm. We suggest that models of the variety in this study provide a paradigm for the study of adaptation in human decision making organizations.
Observations on accreditation of computer science programs-the experience of a small liberal arts college

The nature of computer science education in a small liberal-arts college environment and the applicability of accreditation and the Computer Science Accreditation Board (CSAB) criteria to computer science programs in such institutions are considered. The experience of one small liberal-arts college evaluated by CSAB, including the rationale for applying, the accreditation process, and the consequences of accreditation, is described. >
Making Theory Relevant: The Gender Attitude and Belief Inventory

This article describes and evaluates the Gender Attitude and Belief Inventory (GABI), a teaching tool designed to aid students in (a) realizing how sociological theory links to their personal beliefs and (b) exploring any combination of 11 frequently used theoretical perspectives on gender, including both conservative theories (physiological, sociobiological, and structural functionalist) and feminist ones (liberal, socialist, Marxist, radical, separatist, cultural, multicultural/black, and postmodern feminism). In this article, I discuss the inventory, how I use it in my sociology of gender class, and how it could be adapted for use in other classes. I also analyze qualitative and quantitative evaluations of its effectiveness based on responses from students at two universities (N = 603) and pretest and posttest results of its impact on student learning immediately following the activity (N = 161) and at the end of the semester (N = 33). These data suggest that the Inventory increases students’ understanding of theoretical perspectives on gender, encourages them to reflect on their own views and (mis)perceptions of theories, and is an engaging exercise for students. Most importantly, this is a valuable exercise to aid students in realizing how sociological theory links to their everyday lives.
Antarctic grounding line mapping from differential satellite radar interferometry

[1] The delineation of an ice sheet grounding line, i.e., the transition boundary where ice detaches from the bed and becomes afloat in the ocean, is critical to ice sheet mass budget calculations, numerical modeling of ice sheet dynamics, ice-ocean interactions, oceanic tides, and subglacial environments. Here, we present 15 years of comprehensive, high-resolution mapping of grounding lines in Antarctica using differential satellite synthetic-aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) data from the Earth Remote Sensing Satellites 1–2 (ERS-1/2), RADARSAT-1 and 2, and the Advanced Land Observing System (ALOS) PALSAR for years 1994 to 2009. DInSAR directly measures the vertical motion of floating ice shelves in response to tidal oceanic forcing with millimeter precision, at a sample spacing better than 50 m, simultaneously over areas several 100 km wide; in contrast with earlier methods that detect abrupt changes in surface slope in satellite visible imagery or altimetry data. On stagnant and slow-moving areas, we find that breaks in surface slope are reliable indicators of grounding lines; but on most fast-moving glaciers and ice streams, our DInSAR results reveal that prior mappings have positioning errors ranging from a few km to over 100 km. A better agreement is found with ICESat's data, also based on measurements of vertical motion, but with a detection noise one order of magnitude larger than with DInSAR. Overall, the DInSAR mapping of Antarctic grounding lines completely redefines the coastline of Antarctica.
Innovative Efforts to Address Homelessness Among Veterans

Ending homelessness among veterans has been a goal of the Department of Veterans Affairs for some time, and it is now becoming a reality in many communities. Unprecedented strides have been made through the rapid implementation of evidence-based innovations, capacity building, and a comprehensive strategic focus on 4 goals: prevention, moving veterans into permanent housing, providing the population-tailored care and services needed to keep them housed, and providing the supports necessary to allow them to recover and be productive members of their communities.
Too Human? Personal Relationships and Appellate Review

In "If You Can’t Beat ’Em, Join ’Em? How Sitting by Designation Affects Judicial Behavior," 94 Tex. L. Rev. 451 (2016), Mark Lemley and Shawn Miller marshal evidence for a post-designation deference effect — a phenomenon whereby the stringency of appellate review is substantially affected by personal relationships between judges that form when trial judges sit by designation on the appellate court. The appellate court studied by Lemley and Miller is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The category of legal question that they study is patent claim construction, the judicial process of determining a patent’s literal scope that lies at the center of much patent litigation. Lemley and Miller provide intriguing support for the proposition that sitting with the Federal Circuit by designation has enabled district court judges to enjoy strikingly lower reversal rates after their Federal Circuit service. Although the case for a post-designation deference effect is not watertight, Lemley and Miller’s study raises intriguing questions about the possible generality of any such effect and about the potential desirability of closer scrutiny of appellate courts’ use of visiting trial judges. At the very least, Lemley and Miller’s evidence for appellate decision making’s responsiveness to personal contacts reminds us that judges are human. Whether judges are "too human" in relevant respects and how to respond to their humanity are questions with which society will continue to grapple.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Potassium Organoborates with 6‐Sulfonate Benzimidazoles Using Microwave Irradiation

This article focuses on the utility of organotrifluoroborate salts as coupling partners for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling with 4-nitro-6-triflyl benzimidazoles using microwave irradiation. The C–C bond formation at the 6-position of the electron-rich 1-,4-,6-trisubstituted benzimidazole core is challenging and was not achievable via Kumada, Negishi, Stille, or Heck coupling strategies. Yields of 37–70% could be obtained via palladium coupling strategies utilizing potassium benzyl trifluoroborates as the organometallic coupling partner.
Fear-Driven Donations: Campaign Contributions as Mechanisms for Entrenching White Supremacy†

Objective This article seeks to test group threat theory by interacting it with two other literatures: the campaign contribution literature and the racial order literature. Method It tests this interaction by measuring the effect of neighborhood racial composition on campaign contributions, controlling for mean adjusted gross income. Results It finds that white population is negatively correlated with campaign contributions, drowning out any income effect, and using a measure of “diversity” that includes black population reverses the direction of the relationship. Thus, increasing white homogeneity appears to increase majority complacence, while increasing racial diversity leads to campaign contributions as a threat response. Contributions. (1) This study offers indirect support to group threat theory and (2) it demonstrates that campaign contributions can be a threat response.
Structured Programming Using Think Pascal on the MacIntosh

Using the Macintosh version of TURBO PASCAL, this practical guide discusses abstract data types at four levels - abstract, representation, implementation and packaging - in order to reinforce the concept of "information hiding".
Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling in Tumor Progression and Cancer Therapy

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are hallmarks of solid tumors, promoting genomic instability as well as uncontrolled proliferation. In inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cancer, loss of nitric oxide (NO) production is a common feature. Recent experiments demonstrated that under these conditions the relative levels of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), are relatively low resulting in an “uncoupled NOS” and reduced NO bioavailability and increased ROS/RNS. Similar evidence suggest that NOS uncoupling is also a critical “switching mechanism” essential for tumor progression. Furthermore, uncoupling can be exploited therapeutically as both in vitro and in vivo treatment with the BH4 precursor, Sepiapterin (SP), restores NOS coupling and shifts the balance of signaling from ROS/RNS and pro-proliferative to NO dependent and anti-proliferative pathways.
Evaluation of the Appropriate Use of Characterization Methods for Differentiation between Cocrystals and Physical Mixtures in the Context of Energetic Materials

Cocrystallization is an attractive method by which to tune the physical properties of energetic materials. However, in the absence of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), rigorously characterizing the results of cocrystallization attempts can be difficult. Specifically, differentiating between physical mixtures and true cocrystalline materials is challenging due to the propensity for energetic molecules to form solvates and/or polymorphs. The suitability and limitations of morphological analysis, vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopy, and powder XRD are discussed within the context of six previously published materials claimed to be cocrystals but lacking SC-XRD structures. It was found that in all six cases the data originally published are consistent with crystallization of physical mixtures of the two starting components; in three of these cases the crystallization procedures were reproduced and the characterization data support the presence of physical mixtures. Data interpretation is co...
Wreath product cognitive architecture (WPCA)

A Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) framework closely resembles human practical reasoning approach in day-to-day life, and is a well-studied architecture. The wreath product cognitive model, first described by Leyton is an abstract, although powerful, model which closely couples perception and actuation for representing shape. However, no implementation of the wreath product model exists. Our work is an attempt to combine the wreath product knowledge representation mechanism with a BDI architecture that works in a real-world setting. A prototype implementation of this combination is demonstrated on an iRobot Create differential-drive robot, with a Kinect One structural sensor, in an indoor environment. The effectiveness of our framework is demonstrated by its accuracy for mapping the environment and localization of the robot for navigation purposes.
Stress-Triggered Phase Separation Is an Adaptive, Evolutionarily Tuned Response.

In eukaryotic cells, diverse stresses trigger coalescence of RNA-binding proteins into stress granules. In vitro, stress-granule-associated proteins can demix to form liquids, hydrogels, and other assemblies lacking fixed stoichiometry. Observing these phenomena has generally required conditions far removed from physiological stresses. We show that poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1 in yeast), a defining marker of stress granules, phase separates and forms hydrogels in vitro upon exposure to physiological stress conditions. Other RNA-binding proteins depend upon low-complexity regions (LCRs) or RNA for phase separation, whereas Pab1's LCR is not required for demixing, and RNA inhibits it. Based on unique evolutionary patterns, we create LCR mutations, which systematically tune its biophysical properties and Pab1 phase separation in vitro and in vivo. Mutations that impede phase separation reduce organism fitness during prolonged stress. Poly(A)-binding protein thus acts as a physiological stress sensor, exploiting phase separation to precisely mark stress onset, a broadly generalizable mechanism.
Confirmation of cisco spawning in Chaumont Bay, Lake Ontario using an egg pumping device

Abstract Cisco Coregonus artedi , a historically abundant and commercially important fish in the Great Lakes, have declined drastically in the last century due to the impacts of invasive species, overfishing, and habitat degradation. Chaumont Bay, New York is believed to contain one of the last remaining spawning populations of cisco in Lake Ontario although direct evidence of spawning has remained elusive. We document cisco spawning in Chaumont Bay for the first time in decades through the use of an egg pumping device specifically developed to sample through lake ice. Forty-one eggs were identified as cisco using genetic barcoding of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. Cisco eggs were associated with shallow, rocky shoals. Contemporary knowledge of spawning behavior is an important step toward the successful restoration of cisco in Lake Ontario and across the Great Lakes.
Set-Up for Robotic Sacrocolpopexy

Patient selection and positioning, precise operative entry, operating room and equipment considerations, and a cohesive surgical team are pivotal to successful robotic sacrocolpopexy. Patients must provide informed consent and be medically able to tolerate pneumoperitoneum and steep Trendelenburg. Because steep Trendelenburg is critical to procedure completion, a variety of positioning mechanisms exist to secure the patient appropriately on the operating table. Abdominal port placement and docking is an essential component of performing a robotic sacrocolpopexy and varies depending on which robotic platform is used. Additionally, prior to commencing the surgical procedure, a survey should be performed to ensure that all necessary equipment and operating room staff are present and available.
Atmospheric Flow Patterns Around the Southern Alps of New Zealand and Implications for Paleoaltimetry

The development of relief may generate leeside rain shadows where precipitation δ18O values are lower due to rainout on the windward side. The magnitude of lowering in paleo-δ18O sampled from the leeside of a mountain range should, at least in principle, be related to the elevation of the mountain range. In order for leeside proxies to record the highest elevations, the majority of air masses need to travel up and over the ridge crest before raining out on the leeside. If atmospheric flow patterns around the mountain range are dominated by flow deflection, air masses that reach the leeside are less likely to record the highest elevations. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model and Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, we demonstrate that modern atmospheric flow patterns in the Southern Alps of New Zealand are not dominated by flow deflection. The lack of flow deflection around the Southern Alps and the relatively low relief throughout the uplift history supports the use of leeside isotope records to constrain the timing of uplift, and that uplift likely occurred ~5 Ma based on leeside isotope records. In contrast, orogens that are characterized by high elevations and strong flow deflection, like the Sierra Nevada of California, may not be good candidates for leeside isotope-based paleoaltimetry studies. Ideal candidates for such studies should be characterized by relatively low elevations, low atmospheric flow deflection, and relatively low relief throughout the period of uplift.
Understanding Subset Diversity in T Cell Memory

Considerable advances have been made in recent years in understanding the generation and function of memory T cells. Memory T cells are typically parsed into discreet subsets based on phenotypic definitions that connote distinct roles in immunity. Here we consider new developments in the field and focus on how emerging differences between memory cells with respect to their trafficking, metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and longevity may fail to fit into small groups of "memory subsets." Rather, the properties of individual memory T cells fall on a continuum within each of these and other parameters. We discuss how this continuum influences the way that the efficacy of vaccination is assessed, as well as the suitability of a memory population for protective immunity.
Clinical and prognostic associations of liver volume determined by computed tomography in acute liver failure.

BACKGROUND Liver volume (LV) can be non-invasively determined from the analysis of computed tomography (CT) images, and in patients with acute liver injury (ALI) or failure (ALF), it can reflect the balance of structural collapse with hepatic regeneration. We examined its relation to cause of liver injury, measures of liver function and histopathological findings, and utility in prediction of complications and mortality. METHODS Two hundred and seventy-three patients with ALF/ALI admitted to a specialist intensive care unit were studied. One hundred and ninety-nine patients (73%) had non-acetaminophen (NA) aetiologies and 74 (27%) had acetaminophen-induced disease. LV and proportion of predicted LV (PLV%) were determined from admission CT imaging. RESULTS LV and PLV% showed marked variation when aetiologic groups were compared (P < .0001), including loss in cases with indeterminate cause (LV 939 cm3 [IQR 680-1259], PLV% 56% [42-84]) and increase in Budd-Chiari syndrome (1891 cm3 [1601-2094], 121% [111-131]). Progression to high-grade encephalopathy was more common with smaller LV and PLV. A < 1000 cm3 threshold identified NA patients who later developed it with 93% (95%CI 83-98) specificity and odds ratio 10.6 (3.3-34.5) at median 5 days prior to onset, and risk of death in those with NA-drug-induced (DILI) or indeterminate disease with 91% (71-99) specificity and 63% (50-75) sensitivity. CONCLUSION In patients with ALF/ALI, LV shows marked variation by the cause of disease, and in prognostic importance. In indeterminate and DILI cases, loss of volume to <1000 cm3 may indicate irreversible liver injury and regenerative failure and serve as an early clinical predictor for the development of high-grade encephalopathy and death.
New Institutional Entrepreneurs in the Fashion Industry

This Chapter examines the emerging institutional field of e-commerce and social commerce, details early experiments in the 1990s in the emerging field of digital fashion, and introduces the major players in the book—new institutional entrepreneurs in e-commerce and social commerce. Chapter 2 also reveals the mechanism for gaining institutional legitimacy for said players: first, the development of legitimizing narratives that demonstrate how e-commerce and social commerce founders aligned their pragmatic knowledge and skill in e-commerce with a projected identity as legitimate partners for fashion companies; second, the transformation of said narratives into moral legitimacy; third, the formalizing of commercial practice into pragmatic legitimacy; and, fourth, the acquisition of a special legitimacy form—influence legitimacy.
Eléments finis stochastiques : approches intrusive et non intrusive pour des analyses de fiabilité

La methode des elements finis stochastiques (MEFS) a ete developpee pour modeliser l'alea sous la forme de variables aleatoires de type quelconque dans le cadre de la mecanique lineaire elastique. Elle consiste a ecrire les composantes de la reponse aleatoire du systeme sous la forme d'une serie polynomiale de variables aleatoires (baptisee chaos polynomial), dont les coefficients sont obtenus par une methode de type Galerkin. Le champ d'application de cette methode etant limite, de nouvelles methodes, dites non intrusives, permettant le calcul du developpement de la reponse dans la base du chaos polynomial ont ete recherchees. Les methodes MEFS et non intrusive ont ete testees et comparees sur des exemples de mecanique elastique lineaire. Enfin les approches non intrusives ont ete utilisees dans un cas de mecanique de la rupture non lineaire.
Concepts and Models of Immunological Change during Prolonged Stress

An understanding of the relationship between stress and immunity is critical for students and researchers in psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), because this type of immune alteration directly addresses several controversial tenets of the discipline. Over the last three decades we have learned a remarkable amount about how immune responses change during and after stressful events, but there is still considerable debate over the normal versus pathotogical nature of these shifts in immunity. For example, should these stress-induced changes be considered adaptive or maladaptive? What types of life events are aversive and disruptive enough to elicit a sufficiently large and prolonged immune impairment to actually result in an immune-related disease? This chapter reviews some important concepts and findings that will help to answer these questions.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON RADIATION DAMAGE IN VARIOUS GRAPHITES

Preliminary results of a broad irradiation program on graphite are reported. Within this program graphites of different degree of graphitization, given by the different graphitizability of the filler materials, have been studied. The irradiations were carried out with neutron doses up to 5 × 1021 nvt at temperatures ranging from 70° to 700°C. The changes in physical properties such as lattice distance, macroscopic dimensions, density, thermal and electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, coefficient of thermal expansion, mechanical strength and others are reported, with special emphasis on the influence of the degree of graphitization.
Memoization of Top Down Parsing

This paper discusses the relationship between memoized top-down recognizers and chart parsers. It presents a version of memoization suitable for continuation-passing style programs. When applied to a simple formalization of a top-down recognizer it yields a terminating parser.
Pervasive errors in hypothesis testing: Toward better statistical practice in nursing research.

Abstract Background In recent years several authors have documented common problems in the use of statistics in nursing research, including failure to consider the effects of multiple testing, inattention to clinical significance, and under-reporting of effect sizes and confidence intervals. More subtle forms of multiple testing are not as widely recognized, and abuse of researcher degrees of freedom has received little attention in the nursing research literature. These and other unsound practices in applying and interpreting statistics are problematic in themselves, and they arguably reflect an insufficiently clear understanding of statistical inference as a method for dealing with randomness among many researchers. Objectives The goal of this educational paper is to improve the understanding and practice of inferential statistics among nursing researchers. An accessible explanation of hypothesis testing is provided, including discussion of the crucial concept of repeated sampling. Several pervasive mistakes and misconceptions in statistical inference are examined in detail, including misinterpretation of “non-significant” p-values as evidence for the null hypothesis, failure to account for forms of multiple testing that arise in model selection, abuse of researcher degrees of freedom, and hypothesis testing for baseline differences between arms in randomized trials. Recommendations for better statistical practice are offered. Conclusion For the foreseeable future classical methods of statistical inference based on the idea of repeated sampling will be the primary tools for quantifying randomness in nursing research. The hypothesis testing framework, despite its limitations, can be helpful in ruling out chance as an explanation for observed effects. Nursing researchers who use quantitative methods, as well as journal reviewers and editors, should understand this framework well. Those involved in educating nursing researchers and those who teach statistics would do well to ask what changes need to be made to raise the level of statistical practice in nursing research.
The Metaphysics of Moral Reality

The general conceptual features of ordinary, commonsense morality are revisited, after which a detailed version of moral realism is developed based upon the specific findings of earlier chapters: moral truth and moral facts are rooted in a non-constructed metaphysical moral reality, exhibited by the actual world. This version of moral realism is then employed to reject the leading contemporary versions of moral antirealism: various moral non-cognitivisms, moral nihilism, and moral relativism in a variety of guises—sociocultural, radical subjectivist, pragmatist, linguistic, et al. Moral naturalism is also rejected, and a version of moral non-naturalism is developed and defended. The chapter closes with a defense of commonsense morality and the non-naturalist moral realism which best grounds it.
Origin of the Genetic Code Is Found at the Transition between a Thioester World of Peptides and the Phosphoester World of Polynucleotides.

The early metabolism arising in a Thioester world gave rise to amino acids and their simple peptides. The catalytic activity of these early simple peptides became instrumental in the transition from Thioester World to a Phosphate World. This transition involved the appearances of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, and polynucleotides. The coupling of the amino acids and peptides to nucleotides and polynucleotides is the origin for the genetic code. Many of the key steps in this transition are seen in the catalytic cores of the nucleotidyltransferases, the class II tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and the CCA adding enzyme. These catalytic cores are dominated by simple beta hairpin structures formed in the Thioester World. The code evolved from a proto-tRNA, a tetramer XCCA interacting with a proto-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) activating Glycine and Proline. The initial expanded code is found in the acceptor arm of the tRNA, the operational code. It is the coevolution of the tRNA with the aaRSs that is at the heart of the origin and evolution of the genetic code. There is also a close relationship between the accretion models of the evolving tRNA and that of the ribosome.
Tertiary Education and Innovation in the Greater Bay Area

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the necessity of tertiary education in promoting innovations of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area by using cases from other well-developed bay areas.,The paper used cases from bay areas of the USA and Japan to discover approaches that have been used to strengthen collaborations between tertiary education and industries by innovations.,This paper found that bay areas in the USA and Japan have adopted or developed various approaches to enhancing collaborations between tertiary education and industries. In the San Francisco Bay Area, the well-established knowledge transfer offices in universities help scholars to discover the commercial value of academic findings and help business in reverse. In New York Bay Area, big corporations built research institutes for universities with considerable findings. In Tokyo Bay Area, corporations and universities have developed various internship programs for different levels of students and also provide funds for universities to conduct research works.,This paper analysed approaches that using by other well-developed bay areas through real cases, and suggested that the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area should adopt these experiences in order to strengthen collaborations between tertiary education and industries to promote innovations.
Neuroimaging in aging and neurologic diseases

Neuroimaging biomarkers for neurologic diseases are important tools, both for understanding pathology associated with cognitive and clinical symptoms and for differential diagnosis. This chapter explores neuroimaging measures, including structural and functional measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and molecular measures primarily from positron emission tomography (PET), in healthy aging adults and in a number of neurologic diseases. The spectrum covers neuroimaging measures from normal aging to a variety of dementias: late-onset Alzheimer's disease [AD; including mild cognitive impairment (MCI)], familial and nonfamilial early-onset AD, atypical AD syndromes, posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), logopenic aphasia (lvPPA), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), vascular dementia (VaD), sporadic and familial behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD), progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND), frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without dementia, and multiple systems atrophy (MSA). We also include a discussion of the appropriate use criteria (AUC) for amyloid imaging and conclude with a discussion of differential diagnosis of neurologic dementia disorders in the context of neuroimaging.
Screening for Depression in Immigrant Chinese-American Elders: Results of a Pilot Study

Background: Depression is a common mental health problem among Chinese elderly, but it often goes undiagnosed and untreated. Despite an increase in the population of elderly Chinese immigrants in the US, there have been few published studies on this topic. Objective: Our purpose was to determine the extent of depression in the participant population, using an updated Chinese translation of the original 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; Yesavage et al., 1983). Study Design: A convenience sample of 102 Mandarin speaking Chinese elderly participants in two senior centers in Santa Clara County, CA was recruited. Results: A total of 29.4% of participants showed symptoms of depression, higher than the range found in the older adult American population (13-20%). Those most likely to be depressed ranged in age from 60 to 69 years (32%), lived with their children (37%), rated their financial and health status as below average, had less than a high school education, and lived in the US for less than...
Name-calling, jealousy, and break-ups: Teen girls’ and boys’ worst experiences of digital dating

Abstract As the use of social media and mobile phones increase, scholars and practitioners have become concerned about the role these media might play in dating abuse among adolescents. However, less is known about teens’ perceptions of various types of digital dating experiences. The current study sought to understand how teens conceptualized their “worst experiences” of digital dating and how they responded to these experiences. A sample of 262 high school students completed an online survey including an open-ended question asking them to write about their “worst” digital dating experience with follow-up questions about how they responded and whom they told about the incident. A content analysis of open-ended responses found that public insults, general insults, violations of privacy, rumors, break-ups, and pressure for sex/sexual photos were the most commonly reported worst digital dating experiences. Responses to digital dating experiences varied by gender, and girls were more likely than boys to cry or be upset. Teens were more likely to tell their peers than trusted adults about their worst digital dating experiences. The implications of these findings for understanding dating abuse is discussed to better inform educators and practitioners working with teens.
Tunability of optical responses in black phosphorus-dielectric heterostructures and black phosphorus covered metallic grating at terahertz frequencies

Exceptional properties of the terahertz (THz) radiation lead to growing research on its potential applications in diverse areas. In this work, we study two structures to enhance the polarization selectivity and absorption of the black phosphorus (BP)-based polarizer and absorber at the THz regime. For the first structure, we use the transfer matrix approach to design and optimize optical absorption in a heterostructure comprising BP sandwiched within a linear dielectric media. We model the impact of structural and material parameters and incident wave characteristics on the performance of the designed absorber. In the second design, BP covered metallic grating, we use the equivalent circuit model to show the realization of high extinction ratio polarizer and perfect absorber. The proposed polarizer has a simple structure and a large extinction ratio of around 40 dB. The working frequency of the designed polarizer and absorber is tunable by changing the geometric size of the structure and the electron concentration in the BP layer. We verify the accuracy of our results using the full-wave simulations carried out by the Lumerical finite-difference time domain solution.
The 50th Anniversary of May 4, 1970 is Associated with Elevations of Distress but No Increase in Mental Health Symptoms

Anniversaries of traumatic events are associated with increased symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety, especially in individuals with prior mental health symptoms. However, research has largely focussed on 1-year anniversaries, and it is unclear whether symptom exacerbation persists for more distal, or milestone, anniversaries. Symptoms typically decrease over time after traumatic events, but major anniversaries may be associated with increases in mental health symptoms. During and 3 months after the 50th anniversary of the political protest violence at Kent State University on May 4, 1970, 115 individuals completed measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and anniversary-related stress. Participants reported greater stress (t(97) = 4.04 p ≤ .001) during the 50th anniversary compared to 3 months later, but there were no differences in total PTSD (t(114) = .65, p = .52) or depression/anxiety symptoms (all p's > .05). Even in higher-risk individuals (those who previously received mental health services), symptoms did not differ during versus after the anniversary. In general, long-term anniversaries may contribute to transient increases in distress but do not induce major changes in mental health symptoms.
Molecular organization and stabilizing forces of simple RNA viruses: V. The role of lysyl residues in the stabilization of cucumber mosaic virus strain S

Abstract Experiments have been carried out to identify the chemical groups responsible for the stabilization of CMV (strain S). At pH 10.3 CMV-protein and CMV-RNA reassociated into nucleoproteins that possess no specific viruslike structure. In rate zonal centrifugation the nucleoproteins sedimented as three zones trailing the virus marker. The nucleoproteins were isolated and analyzed for RNA component contents with polyacrylamide electrophoresis. In order of increasing sedimentation rates, they contained RNA components 4, 3, and 1 + 2. Separate treatment of CMV-protein and CMV-RNA at pH 10.3, followed by neutralization, had no effect on their capability to reassemble normally at pH 7. The nucleoproteins formed at pH 10.3 could be dissociated by 2.0 M LiCl. The protein reisolated in this manner could also be reassembled at pH 7 with CMV-RNA to form normal virions. These experiments suggest that the aborted reassembly at alkaline pH is caused mainly by a deprotonation of protein amino-acid residues and RNA bases with a pK around 10, and that reprotonation can reverse any pH-induced conformational perturbation of CMV-protein. Reaction of CMV with the lysyl-specific reagent trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid (TNBS) led to structural transformation of the virions into slower sedimenting trinitrophenylated (TNP)-nucleoproteins with undefined structures. These nucleoproteins also contained CMV-RNA components 4, 3, and 1 + 2 in order of increasing sedimentation rates. The time-course of the TNBS reaction and the structural transformation suggested that approximately 3 of 15 lysyl residues in each subunit are essential to the stability of the virion. Protein could easily be prepared from 3TNP-CMV by means of 2.0 M LiCl dissociation. The yellow color and the spectral properties provided direct identification of CMV-protein as the site of trinitrophenylation. CMV with nine TNP substituents per subunit failed to dissociate under the influence of 2.0 M LiCl. Reassembly at pH 7.2 failed when 3TNP-CMV-protein was used as protein constituent. Reaction of the D-strain of CMV with TNBS was much slower. The structural transformation occurred at a higher TNP substitution level, and was more gradual than with CMV-S. This observation is in agreement with the generally greater stability of CMV-D. Of several bromoviruses tested, the reactivity with TNBS decreased in the following order: BBMV > CCMV > BMV. All but BMV degraded in their entirety under the conditions investigated.
CT Coronary Angiography

Direct visualization of the epicardial coronary arteries is currently the reference standard to confirm the presence or focal severity of coronary luminal disease, or both. For more than 50 years1 the coronary angiogram has been used to define epicardial coronary disease. While conventional coronary arteriography provides exceptional spatial resolution and a general road map of the coronary system for catheter-based or surgical intervention to the heart, its chambers, and the individual arteries, it is expensive, has a small but definite risk of complications, and requires either a brief hospitalization or a period of observation for several hours after the procedure in a specialized monitored unit. When it is used for diagnosis of coronary disease, a mechanical intervention is required only about half the time.
Modeling the Compressor Component, Design and Off-Design

As mentioned in Chapter 1, the function of a compressor is to increase the total pressure of the working fluid. According to the conservation law of energy, this total pressure increase requires external energy input, which must be added to the system in the form of mechanical energy. The compressor rotor blades exert forces on the working medium thereby increasing its total pressure. Based on efficiency and performance requirements, three types of compressor designs are applied. These are axial flow compressors, radial or centrifugal compressors, and mixed flow compressors. Axial flow compressors are characterized by a negligible change of the radius along the streamline in the axial direction. As a result, comparison of the contribution of the circumferential kinetic energy difference \((U^2_3 - U^2_2)/2\) to the pressure buildup is marginal. In contrast, the above difference is substantial for a radial compressor stage, where it significantly contributes to increasing the total pressure as discussed in Chapter 5.
Abstract MP71: Short Sleep Duration Modifies the Relationship Between Hypertension and All-Cause Mortality

Introduction: Short sleep duration has been associated with increased risk of hypertension and mortality. However, previous epidemiological studies have been limited in that they used self-reported sleep measures and treated sleep duration as a sole, independent predictor of cardiometabolic morbidity or mortality. Therefore, the role of sleep duration in predicting morbidity and mortality is still not well-understood. Our current research project examines the role of objective sleep duration as an effect modifier between traditional cardiometabolic risk factors and mortality. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that objectively-measured sleep duration is a key effect modifier of the relationship between hypertension and all-cause mortality. Methods: We addressed this question in the Penn State Adult Cohort, a random, general population sample of 1,741 men and women (48.7 ± 13.5 years) who were studied in the sleep laboratory and were followed-up for 15.5 ± 4.1 years. Hypertension was defined as systoli...
Fourier transform method for collision dynamics: Model studies of one-dimensional double well and anharmonic potentials

Abstract The method described in the accompanying paper is applied to several one-dimensional model systems, separated into simpler subsystems by arbitrary reflection barriers. The examples include an asymmetrical potential well, arbitrarily subdivided, a symmetrical double well, and a gaussian potential barrier. A true second-order iterative process is used.
The roles of responses and stimuli in functional equivalence

(2001). The roles of responses and stimuli in functional equivalence. European Journal of Behavior Analysis: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 42-45.
The Lebanese Diaspora at the Tri-Border and the Redrawing of South American Geopolitics, 1950-1992

Economic and political dynamics of diaspora are relevant to understanding not only the homeland but also the making of a regional order farther afield. Between the 1950s and the early 1990s, Lebanese at the urban tri-border between Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina imported and exported merchandise as well as publicized liberationist ideals from the Arab and Islamic worlds. This article shows that their economic and political networks helped to draw Paraguay within the expansive orbit of Brazil and away from Argentina’s historic sway. Shaped by, and helping to shape, competing state and national interests through “everyday geopolitics,” Lebanese traders and activists unevenly linked Paraguayan commerce to Brazil’s growing consumer and industrial base and reinforced the hierarchical alliance between these respective authoritarian and democratic regimes. In bringing the once Argentine-dominated Paraguay into Brazil’s sphere of influence, this Lebanese diaspora helped to redraw a South American order.
Street-Level trust semantics for attribute authentication (transcript of discussion)

In keeping up with the idea of bringing security protocols to life, I'm going to talk about the act of trusting in interactive send-receive protocols. This class of protocols is similar to the "trust game" I presented last year, except that it does not require the existence of a dealer. Specifically, I am going to ask the question of whether it is ever safe to trust input received from an unknown sender.
Missing measurements in limited dependent variable models

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the problem of whether or not incomplete observations contain any information about the parameters that could be used in their estimation, as they apply to limited dependent variable models. The answers differ between binary response models and Tobit models when serial correlation prevails, given missing observations on independent variables. If, instead, missing observations pertain to the dependent variable, we have negative answers for both models.
The developmental pattern of homologous and heterologous tRNA methylation in rat brain differential effect of spermidine.

Using S-adenosyl-L-[Me-14C] methionine, rat cerebral cortex methyltransferase activity was determined during the early postnatal period in the absence of added Escherichia coli tRNA and in its presence. [Me-14C] tRNA was purified from both systems and its [Me-14C] base composition determined. The endogenous formation of [Me-~4C] tRNA (homologous tRNA methylation) was totally abolished in the presence of 2.5 mM spermidine, whereas E. coli B tRNA methylation (heterologous methylation) was markedly stimulated. Only [Me-14C] 1-methyl guanine and [Me-~C] N~-methyl guanine were formed by homologous methylation, there being an inverse shift in their relative proportions with age. Heterologous tRNA methytation led, additionally, to the formation of [Me-a4C] N~-dimethyl guanine, 5-methyl cytosine, 1-methyl adenine, 5-methyl uracil, 2methyl adenine, and 1-methyl hypoxanthine. A comparison of heterologous tRNA methylation between the whole brain cortex (containing nerve and glial cells) and bulk-isolated nerve cell bodies revealed markedly lower proportions of [Me-~C] N2-methyl and N~z-dimethyl guanine and significantly higher proportions of [Me-t4C] 1-methyl adenine in the neurons. The present findings suggest (1) that homologous tRNA methylation may provide developing brain cells with continuously changing populations of tRNA and (2) that neurons are enriched in adenine residue-specific tRNA methyltransferases that are highly sensitive to spermidine.
The Primary Role of the United States in Israeli-Palestinian Relations

Like its predecessors, the new administration of George W. Bush faced a central question: should the United States use its special relationship with Israel to advance diplomatic efforts at ending the conflict? In answering this question, some administrations have favored using American leverage while others have been more willing to follow Israel’s lead.1 While the Bush administration has tended toward the second approach, U.S. interests would be much better served by the first approach. If the United States is willing to use its leverage, Washington either supports Israel at the negotiating table or prods a reluctant Israel to (re)open talks with the Arab side. In other words, given a desire to use U.S. leverage, the manner in which the United States exerts itself depends on the negotiating policy of the Israeli government. When Israel itself is seeking a peace agreement such as during the Oslo process of the 1990s, the United States can use its leverage to support and reinforce the Israeli effort. But the United States may also use its leverage to push a reluctant Israel to negotiate. When the administration of President Gerald Ford was disappointed with Israel’s commitment to bargaining in the spring of 1975, the United States moved to “reassess” U.S. Mideast policy and, implicitly, relations with Israel. When Israel itself is not pursuing negotiations, the use of U.S. leverage is likely to be more confrontational. A second possibility is that the United States decides not to use its leverage and instead lets Israel set the agenda. In saying that further U.S. involvement would not be productive, the initial impulse of the Bush administration was to respect Israeli policy. “We shouldn’t think of American involvement for …
γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylation to carnitine in mammalian kidney

Abstract Activity of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (γ-butyrobetaine, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase; EC 1.14.11.1) in liver and kidney of several mammalian species was assayed by measurement of tritium release from γ-[2,3- 3 H]butyrobetaine. Crude extracts from cat, hamster, rabbit, and Rhesus monkey kidneys effectively converted γ-butyrobetaine to carnitine. In these species, the levels of hydroxylating activity in kidney exceeded or nearly equaled the level of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity in the corresponding liver. In contrast, dog, guinea pig, mouse, and rat kidney exhibited no or insignificant capacity to hydroxylate γ-butyrobetaine. The notion that the liver is the exclusive or primary site of carnitine synthesis must be reconsidered at least for some mammalian species.
A Comparison of Energy Efficient Broiler House Lighting Sources and Photoperiods

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine broiler growth and electricity use for illumination utilizing six light sources and three photoperiods as well as high energy (HE) and low energy (LE) diets. In each experiment, 3,600 Hubbard males were placed in six rooms, each containing 12 floor pens, metered separately for electricity use for illumination. Diets in each trial were similar. A 3,157 to 3,306 kcal/kg ME three-phase HE program was compared with an LE 3,051 to 3,215 kcal/kg ME four-phase LE program. In Experiment 1, with 23 h of light (L) per day and 1 h of darkness (23L:1D), broilers fed LE were heavier (P In Experiment 2, broilers reared under SWF and DLF (1L:2D) and SWF (1.3L:2.7D) programs weighed significantly more, and all five treatments had (P