cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The peridynamic formulation for transient heat conduction

In bodies where discontinuities, like cracks, emerge and interact, the classical equations for heat and mass transfer are not well suited. We propose a peridynamic model for transient heat (or mass) transfer which is valid when the body undergoes damage or evolving cracks. We use a constructive approach to find the peridynamic formulation for heat transfer and test the numerical convergence to the classical solutions in the limit of the horizon (the nonlocal parameter) going to zero for several one-dimensional problems with different types of boundary conditions. We observe an interesting property of the peridynamic solution: when two m-convergence curves, corresponding to two different horizons, for the solution at a point and an instant intersect, the intersection point is also the exact classical (local) solution. The present formulation can be easily extended to higher dimensions and be coupled with the mechanical peridynamic description for thermomechanical analyses of fracturing bodies, or for heat and mass transfer in bodies with evolving material discontinuities.
Cost and efficiency analysis of hierarchical SIGMA

To facilitate seamless Internet connectivity to mobile nodes, we earlier proposed SIGMA, a transport layer mobility management protocol. However, frequent handoff of the mobile nodes produce excessive signaling overhead in the bandwidth-limited air interfaces and cause large handover delay, thereby degrading the performance. Hierarchical mobility management for SIGMA aims at resolving this problem by introducing micro-mobility agents in the hierarchy. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive cost and efficiency analysis of the key mobility management entities of Hierarchical SIGMA taking into account all possible costs. We present numerical results comparing Hierarchical SIGMA with standard hierarchical mobility protocol. Our results demonstrate that Hierarchical SIGMA requires less cost and yields better performance. Our analysis can be used as a framework to compare performance and signaling overheads of mobility protocols for next generation networks.
[Fe2(SR)2(μ-CO)(CNMe)6]2+ and Analogues: A New Class of Diiron Dithiolates as Structural Models for the HoxAir State of the Fe-Only Hydrogenase

Low-temperature oxidation of Fe2(S2CnH2n)(CNMe)6-x(CO)x (n = 2, 3; x = 2, 3) affords a family of mixed carbonyl-isocyanides of the type [Fe2(S2CnH2n)(CO)x(CNMe)7-x]2+. The degree of substitution is controlled by the RNC/Fe ratio, as well as the degree of initial substitution at iron, with tricarbonyl derivatives favoring more highly carbonylated products. The structures of the monocarbonyl derivatives [Fe2(S2CnH2n)(μ-CO)(CNMe)6](PF6)2 (n = 2,3) established crystallographically and spectroscopically, are quite similar, with Fe---Fe distances of ca. 2.5 A, although the μ-CO is unsymmetrical in the propanedithiolate derivative. Isomeric forms of [Fe2(S2C3H6)(CO)(CNMe)6](PF6)2 were characterized where the CO is bridging or terminal, the greatest structural difference being the 0.1 A elongation of the Fe---Fe distance when MeNC (vs CO) is bridging. In the dicarbonyl species, [Fe2(S2C2H4)(μ-CO)(CO)(CNMe)5](PF6)2, the terminal CO ligand is situated at one of the basal sites, not trans to the Fe---Fe vector. Oxid...
Mass, heat and freshwater fluxes in the South Indian Ocean

Abstract Six hydrographic sections were used to examine the circulation and property fluxes in the South Indian Ocean from 10° to 32°S. The calculations were made by applying an inverse method to the data. In the interior of the South Indian Ocean, the geostrophic flow is generally northward. At 18°S, the northward interior mass flux is balanced by the southward Ekman mass flux at the surface, whereas at 32°S the northward interior mass flux is balanced by the southward mass flux of the Agulhas Current. There is a weak, southward mass flux of 6 × 109 kg s−1 in the Mozambique Channel. The rate of water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean is dependent on the choice of the initial reference level used in the inverse calculation. The choice of 1500 m, the depth of the deep oxygen minimum, has led to a flux of water from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean at a rate of 6.6 × 109 kg s−1. Heat flux calculations indicate that the Indian Ocean is exporting heat to the rest of the world's ocea...
Energy-efficient active photonics in a zero-change, state-of-the-art CMOS process

Based on a novel, “spoked-ring” active microcavity, we demonstrate optical modulators in an unmodified 45nm SOI CMOS process at 5Gbps with <5fJ/bit energy consumption; and filters with record thermal tuning efficiency of 2µW/GHz.
The origin of protein and fatty yolk in Rana pipiens. V. Unusual paracrystalline configurations within the yolk precursor complex.

Three unusual highly ordered configurations of yolk protein in yolk precursor bodies are described. These differ from the crystalline structure of the main body of mature yolk platelets. One of these is an aggregation of paired membranes with a spacing of about 100 A between the members of a pair. The paired membranes of such an aggregation may be straight, parallel, and very close together; they may appear as a tight whorl; or they may display an intermediate random arrangement with varying distances between pairs. Another configuration is a tubule with a diameter of about 450 A, whose wall appears in cross section to consist of particles measuring 50 × 100 A. A third configuration is a crystalline array of rows of angular-shaped particles with a spacing of about 160 A. It is suggested that these may represent intermediates in the transition of vitellogenin to lipovitellin and phosvitin.
Functional subsets of human T cells defined by "active" rosette formation.

Abstract We have confirmed that the number of human T cells forming “active” E rosettes is directly proportional to the ratio of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) to lymphocytes in the assay mixture and the length of incubation. T cells with high affinity for SRBC were isolated on a Ficoll gradient after active E rosette formation, using a 10:1 ratio of SRBC to lymphocytes and an incubation time of 5 min. Both this subset (A + ) and the remaining T cells (A − ) displayed antigenic heterogeneity, containing cells reactive with autoantibodies from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA + ) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE + ). Furthermore, a second A + subset could be isolated from the A − cells by a second incubation with SRBC under the same conditions. The initially isolated A + subset of T cells was found to contain cells capable of recognizing and killing allogeneic cells, as well as cells with immunoregulatory effects on B-cell immunoglobulin production. JRA − cells, contained within the A + subset, are known to mediate both recognition and killing of allogeneic cells in addition to providing helper function in immunoglobulin synthesis by B cells. The A + subset, functioning in the recognition and killing of allogeneic cells but not providing helper function for B cells synthesizing immunoglobulin, further subdivides the functional capacity of antigenically defined JRA − cells.
Collagen vascular disease: Can behavior therapy help?

Abstract This study examined the efficacy of a simple autogenic and biofeedback treatment package in the management of Raynaud's Phenomenon secondary to diagnosed collagen vascular disease. The patient, diagnosed as suffering from mixed connective tissue disease, had an average of 6.3 vasospastic attacks per day during a 2 week baseline period. The frequency of daily attacks dropped to 4.2 after 10 weeks and 2.5 attacks after 1 yr of training. In addition, the patient displayed a gradual improvement in the ability to maintain digitial skin temperature in the presence of ambient cold stress.
Off-center nuclei in galaxies

The nucleus of a galaxy orbits around the mass centroid. Orbital motions appear overstable in numerical experiments started with a galaxy's nucleus at rest atop its mass centroid. The amplitude doubles in 6-10 orbital periods. Orbits precess, nutate, and change their amplitudes, but they keep fairly constant periods. Orbital periods are in resonance with local particle motions, and amplitudes reach a core radius. This resonance suggests that center motions are a local, rather than a global, phenomenon. The overstability implies that a galaxy cannot be formed in nature with its nucleus at rest atop its mass centroid, and that nuclei orbit the mass centroid in real galaxies. These center motions should show up observationally as a shift of the nucleus away from the center defined by nearby isophotes. Off-center nuclei have been reported in many galaxies (e.g., M33, M101, NGC 3379, NGC 3384). Other kinds of observations confirmed the picture of nonsteady galactic centers as well. Gas trapped in moving nuclear regions of a galaxy should show strange flow patterns with possible shocks. The nuclear regions of galaxies including Milky Way and of globular clusters are not likely to be in a static steady state.
Forensic analysis of Windows hosts using UNIX-based tools

Many forensic examiners are introduced to UNIX-based forensic utilities when faced with investigating a UNIX-like operating system for the first time. They will use these utilities for this very specific task, because in many cases these tools are the only ones for the given job. For example, at the time of this writing, given a FreeBSD 5.x file system, the author's only choice is to use The Coroner's Toolkit running on FreeBSD 5.x. However, many of the same tools examiners use for the occasional UNIX-like system investigation are extremely capable when a Windows system is the target. Indeed, the Linux operating system itself can prove to be an extremely useful forensics platform with very little use of specialized forensics utilities at all.
Before the word.

Language evolution: evolutionary vestiges may provide clues to the ultimate origins of human language.
Lead Isotopes and the Age of the Earth.

Calculations based on comparison of the isotopic composition of lead from iron meteorites with that of various modern terrestrial leads have placed the age of the earth at around 4550 million years. However, recent data from young volcanic rocks reveal that modern terrestrial lead can have a wide range in isotopic composition. The variations in its coinposition mean that one or more of the assumptions used in the age calculation have been violated. We modified the usual approach by comparing meteorite lead with lead from rocks 2700 million years old, from the Canadian Shield. Using this method and the same constants and assumptions utilized in the earlier calculations we calculated an age of 4750 ± 50 million years for the earth. The earth may be approximately 200 million years older than previously thought; alternatively, primordial terrestrial lead may not have had the same isotopic composition as lead in iron meteorites does.
Novel wavelength diversity technique for high-speed atmospheric turbulence compensation

The defense, intelligence, and homeland security communities are driving a need for software dominant, real-time or near-real time atmospheric turbulence compensated imagery. The development of parallel processing capabilities are finding application in diverse areas including image processing, target tracking, pattern recognition, and image fusion to name a few. A novel approach to the computationally intensive case of software dominant optical and near infrared imaging through atmospheric turbulence is addressed in this paper. Previously, the somewhat conventional wavelength diversity method has been used to compensate for atmospheric turbulence with great success. We apply a new correlation based approach to the wavelength diversity methodology using a parallel processing architecture enabling high speed atmospheric turbulence compensation. Methods for optical imaging through distributed turbulence are discussed, simulation results are presented, and computational and performance assessments are provided.
Study of Vascular Endothelium Damage Due to Freezing

Microvascular injury is recognized as a major tissue damage mechanism of ablative cryosurgery. Details of this injury mechanism are not completely understood. But it is known that extracellular ice propagating through the vascular region leads to endothelial cell dehydration, which may cause their detachment from each other and eventually from the vessel wall. Soon after post-thaw reperfusion vessel leakage is evident and thrombi form in the vessels leading to vascular stasis and consequently tissue ischemia. To better understand the mechanical principles underlying this tissue injury mechanism, we have modeled water transport phenomena that arise during the freezing of the vasculature. Endothelial cells were modeled as an independent but connected array of ellipsoidal balloons whose size varies according to the osmotic pressure experienced during the freezing process. An assumption of minimum surface area permeable to water was made as the mechanism governing the cell shape change. Variations in intercellular gap dimensions under different freezing protocols were obtained numerically. The results were then compared to the observed behavior of cultured endothelial cells undergoing the same freezing protocol on a cryostage. The simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Managing ‘buttonhole’ complications

Cannulation problems in vascular access can be a cause for significant morbidity, mortality and risk loss of access site. Buttonhole cannulation has been promoted as a method of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) cannulation that has fewer complications and is more patient friendly (1, 2). Widespread use of this technique has resulted in several publications raising concerns about the complications associated with this technique. This article attempts to understand the anatomic and physiologic basis for this technique and may provide explanations for some of these complications. A clear understanding of the mechanism of function of this technique might help mitigate some of the complications and help devise techniques to reduce others. It focuses on evaluation of the buttonhole to identify the infectious problems that may predispose to bleeding and their management.
Rapprochement of artificial intelligence and dynamics

Abstract It is proposed that continuous time is in effect discretized in the brain by dynamic pattern recognition mechanisms in neurons. Time discretization is required to support formal computations in continuous time systems consisting of a large number of components. The ability to perform formal computations is necessary if the system is to execute high level algorithms of the type used in present day artificial intelligence. The weakness of such algorithms is that they work efficiently only when the forms of patterns and objects presented to them are highly constrained. The dynamic mechanisms which discretize the brain's time line also serve to code patterns into constrained forms suitable for high level processing.
IUGS classification of granitic rocks: A critique

The IUGS international classification of granitic rocks is criticized for broadening the definition of granite and changing the generally accepted meaning of rock names like quartz monzonite and tonalite. This classification apparently sacrificed established or original usage for a more symmetrical classification scheme. Two-feldspar granite is proposed for part of the IUGS field of granite, and adamellite is proposed for the other part. The name “quartz monzonite” should be dropped entirely because it serves only to confuse the classification of granitic rocks. Tonalite and quartz diorite should be reversed in the IUGS scheme because the original meaning of the former rock indicates more affinities to diorite than to granodiorite.
Theoretical study of the critical current of YBa2Cu3O7−δ bicrystals with hole-deficient grain boundaries

Abstract We develop a theory of the critical current across grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ bicrystals. Experiments have shown that there is hole depletion near a boundary and the concentration profiles have been determined for specific cases. These results mean that the critical temperature is a function of distance from the boundary. Taking this function from experiment as input into the theory, we study two specific boundaries: a boundary with a 7° misorientation angle about [100] which is known to be strongly coupled for the purposes of current flow, and a 31° boundary which is known to be weakly coupled. Using Ginzburg-Landau theory, we determine the dependence of the critical current density (jc) on temperature and the spatial dependence of the order parameter for these boundaries. The results show that the oxygen depletion can account for a major portion of the change from weak to strong coupling of boundaries as the misorientation angle is increased.
The effect of isoniazid on human chromosomes studied by a new method.

Nachweis, dass die Bindung von tritiummarkiertem Poly-l-Lysin (3H-PL), mit den Chromosomen der A-Gruppe (speziell mit dem A2-Chromosom) aus isoniazidhaltigen Kulturen der menschlichen Lymphocyten isoliert, verschieden von der Bindung desselben mit nicht behandelten Chromosomen war. Das Bindungsvermogen des behandelten A2-Chromosoms ist uberdies von der Chromosomenlange abhangig.
Heat transfer coefficient measurements on the pressure surface of a transonic airfoil

This paper presents steady-state recovery temperature and heat transfer coefficient measurements on the pressure surface of a modern, highly cambered transonic airfoil. These measurements were collected with a peak Mach number of 1.5 and a maximum turbulence intensity of 30%. We used a single passage model to simulate the idealized two-dimensional flow path between rotor blades in a modern transonic turbine. This set up offered a simpler construction than a linear cascade, yet produced an equivalent flow condition. We performed validated high accuracy (±0.2°C) surface temperature measurements using wide-band thermochromic liquid crystals allowing separate measurements of the previously listed parameters with the same heat transfer surface. We achieved maximum heat transfer coefficient uncertainties that were equivalent to similar investigations (±10%). Two key observations are the heat transfer coefficient along the aft portion of the airfoil is sensitive to the surface heat flux and is highly insensitive to the level of freestream turbulence. Possible explanations for these observations are discussed.
Relationship of aortic cross-sectional area to height ratio and the risk of aortic dissection in patients with bicuspid aortic valves.

The relationship between the size of the aorta, in particular the cross-sectional area, and the patient’s height expressed as a ratio and the risk of aortic dissection has not been determined in patients with bicuspid aortic valves.
Reducing hoarding behavior with individualized reinforcement and item return

Treatment research on hoarding is generally limited to people without intellectual disabilities who have symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and respond favorably to cognitive-based therapies. We evaluated the effects of individualized reinforcement and item return procedures on hoarding behavior in a multiple baseline across three persons with severe mental retardation. Systematic preference assessment procedures identified items used in the individualized reinforcement procedures. Reductions in hoarding behavior occurred for each person when individualized treatment and item return procedures were applied. These reductions were maintained when direct support staff were trained to provide treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ERCC1 protein expression is associated with differential survival in oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

ObjectiveTo investigate ERCC1 protein expression and its relationship to clinical factors and treatment outcomes in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).DesignCase series.SettingTertiary care academic center.SubjectsOne hundred and seventy-six patients diagnosed with HNSCC and treated with intent to cure between 2002 and 2008 were analyzed with respect to clinical data and tumor pathology.Main Outcome MeasuresTissue microarrays were constructed from tumor blocks and immunohistochemical staining for ERCC1 performed. ERCC1 expression status was dichotomized into high and low using the Allred score. Clinical characteristics of patients with high versus low ERCC1 expression were compared. Distributions of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsOf 176 patients, ERCC1 showed baseline nuclear staining in 148 patients (84.1%). Lower staining intensity ERCC1 expression was prominent in parabasal cells in the lower half of ...
Should Ampicillin Be Abandoned for Treatment of Haemophilus influenzae Disease

When ampicillin became available for general use in 1964, it simplified treatment of bacterial meningitis during infancy and childhood. Those old enough to have lived through the "triple therapy" days will recall the many inconveniences and problems; the tremendous amount of nursing time involved in giving three different antimicrobials (and often lactate or bicarbonate for alkalinization of the urine) at four- or six-hourly intervals; repeatedly measuring sulfa levels in the blood (to assure that one was in the recommended range of 10 to 15 mg/100 ml), monitoring hematological and renal indices for drug toxicity; and the discomfort to the patient receiving all those injections. How they hated the subcutaneous injections of sulfadiazine and lactate in the belly! Ampicillin changed all that. We had a single drug uniformly effective against the usual pathogens causing meningitis beyond the newborn period. It was well tolerated intravenously or intramuscularly, and serious drug toxicity did
An introduction to marine controlled-source electromagnetic methods for hydrocarbon exploration

Early development of marine electromagnetic methods, dating back about 80 years, was driven largely by defense/military applications, and use for these purposes continues to this day. Deepwater, frequency-domain, electric dipole-dipole, controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods arose from academic studies of the oceanic lithosphere in the 1980s, and although the hydrocarbon exploration industry was aware of this work, the shallow-water environments being explored at that time were not ideally suited for its use. Low oil prices and increasingly successful results from 3D seismic methods further discouraged investment in costly alternative geophysical data streams. These circumstances changed in the late 1990s, when both Statoil and ExxonMobil began modeling studies and fieldtrials of CSEM surveying in deep water (around 1000 m or deeper), specifically for characterizing the resistivity of previously identified drilling targets. Trials offshore Angola in 2000–2002 by both these companies showed that ...
The Effect of Ketone Bodies and Fatty Acid on Intestinal Glucose Metabolism during Development

Glucose oxidation by developing rat intestine changed dramatically during the period of suckling and weaning. After weaning, glucose oxidation to CO2 by intestinal slices increased over 3-fold This was associated with an increase in lactate production from glucose and an increase in the rate of pyruvate decarboxylation. Active pyruvate dehydrogenase in intestine of developing rats also increases in activity at the time of weaning, suggesting that the suppression of glucose oxidation during the suckling period is controlled by pyruvate dehydrogenase. Glucose oxidation to CO2 and pyruvate decarboxylation to CO2 by intestinal slices of postweaned animals was inhibited by exogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate. But exogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate did not inhibit glucose and pyruvate oxidation in intestine of suckling animals which have higher levels of endogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate than intestine of postweaned rats. Palmitate, in contrast, inhibited glucose and pyruvate oxidation by both pre- and postweaned intestine.
Submaxillary secretion in rats treated with guanethidine.

Abstract The composition of final submaxillary saliva and of whole gland homegenates were compared in rats treated with 14 daily doses of guanethidine (20 mg/kg body weight) and in untreated controls after stimulation with pilocarpine (10 mg/kg) or carbamylcholine (50–100 mg/kg). A 44% reduction in the volume of saliva and elevations in the salivary concentrations of K + , Ca 2+ and protein were found in the treated animals after pilocarpine stimulation. Similarly, a 25% reduction in salivary volume and elevations in salivary Ca 2+ and protein concentrations were observed following stimulation with carbamylcholine. A less significant elevation in salivary K + was seen after this secretagogue. The Na + and protein contents, but not the K + and Ca 2+ contents, were found to be elevated in the glands of the treated animals in the resting (unstimulated) state. After stimulation with the two secretagogues, however, similar changes in glandular Na + and K + contents were found in the glands of control and treated animals. The glandular water content was also similar in both types of glands in the resting and stimulated states. It is concluded that a reduced salivary secretion, rather than supersensitivity, is observed in the rat submaxillary gland following chronic guanethidine administration. The drug treatment does not impair the glandular electrolyte changes that occur upon stimulation, but most likely impairs the release of protein from the gland and also transductal K + transport. Both these effects may result from the depletion of sympathetic neurotransmitter caused by the guanethidine administration.
Harmonic winding loss in buck DC-DC converter for discontinuous conduction mode

This study presents a general expression for the inductor winding power loss for periodic non-sinusoidal current waveform. Dowell's equation is used to determine the winding resistance because of eddy currents as a function of frequency. Both skin and proximity effects are taken into account. Fourier series of the triangular inductor current waveform in non-isolated DC–DC power converters and the winding resistance are used to determine the winding power loss at various harmonics. The harmonic winding loss factor FRh is introduced. The theory is illustrated by the case study of the buck converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode. Plots of the winding power losses are given as functions of the output power and the DC input voltage.
Wave functions on a minisuperspace of higher-dimensional geometries.

We consider minisuperspace quantum models of the universes with spatial sections being a product of two maximally symmetric spaces. If neither of the spaces has negative curvature, no Lorentzian solutions exist. If one of the subspaces is flat, and the other has negative curvature, the Lorentzian Hartle-Hawking ground state is the Minkowski space with a specific parametrization chosen by the boundary term in the action. We analyze the propagation of wave packets in the minisuperspace of the model with both subspaces of negative curvature. Both the wave packets and classical trajectories oscillate if the number of space-time dimensions is less than ten. However, the wave packets do not follow classical trajectories, although they are (in principle) distinguishable even after a large number of oscillations, in contrast with the gravity--scalar-field model.
Large Scale Screen for Transposon Insertions into Cloned Genes

We describe a method of screening for transposon insertions in or near Drosophila loci that correspond to cloned DNA sequences. We mobilize a modified P element transposon that carries a bacterial plasmid origin of replication and a drug-resistance marker. The genomic sequences flanking each transposon insertion site can then be rescued as a plasmid in Escherichia coli. Libraries of such plasmids, representing pools of transposon-mutagenized individuals, are used as hybridization probes against cloned sequences to determine whether a transposon has inserted next to a particular site in the genome. The number of loci that can be screened simultaneously by this procedure is quite large. We have screened an array of cDNA clones representing almost 700 distinct loci against libraries representing 760 mutagenized flies, and we obtained hybridization signals to 7 different cDNAs. Three of these events have been analyzed in detail and represent genuine insertions near genomic sequences that correspond to the cDNAs.
Voltage-dependent calcium currents are enhanced in dorsal root ganglion neurones from the Bio Bred/Worchester diabetic rat.

1. Whole-cell, high-threshold, voltage-dependent calcium currents (ICa) were enhanced in acutely dissociated, capsaicin-sensitive dorsal root ganglion neurones from diabetic Bio Bred/Worchester (BB/W) rats, compared with those from age-matched, non-diabetic controls. The magnitude of the enhancement increased with the duration of diabetes, and reached significance at diabetic durations of 6 months (diabetic: 6.3 +/- 0.4 nA; current density (CD), 157 +/- 12 pA pF-1; means +/- S.E.M., n = 9, P < 0.01; control: 3.9 +/- 0.6 nA; CD, 116 +/- 11 pA pF-1; n = 18) and 8 months (diabetic: 7.6 +/- 0.4 nA; CD, 177 +/- 25 pA pF-1; n = 11, P < 0.005; control: 5.1 +/- 0.5 nA; CD, 111 +/- 26 pA pF-1; n = 15). Low-threshold, voltage-dependent ICa were also enhanced in neurones from animals diabetic for 8 months (diabetic: 2.5 +/- 0.7 nA, n = 4, P < 0.05; control: 0.7 +/- 0.5 nA, n = 6). 2. The ICa enhancement was prevented by long-term treatment of diabetic animals with an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI; peak ICa at 6 months: 4.41 +/- 0.48 nA, n = 2; at 8 months: 4.32 +/- 0.60 nA, n = 9). 3. The ICa enhancement was not due to a shift in the voltage dependence of either the current-voltage relationship or steady-state inactivation. 4. The L channel antagonist nifedipine and preferential N channel antagonist omega-conotoxin GVIA (omega-CgTX) caused a greater inhibition of high-threshold ICa in diabetic neurones compared with controls (nifedipine: control: 25 +/- 3%, n = 26; diabetic: 36 +/- 7%, n = 11; omega-CgTX: control: 40 +/- 4%, n = 21; diabetic: 50 +/- 7%, n = 7). Diabetic neurones also demonstrated a significantly greater residual current (2.44 +/- 0.34 nA, n = 7) in the presence of both antagonists vs. controls (1.28 +/- 0.30 nA, n = 8, P < 0.05), suggesting that N-, L- and additional non-N-, non-L-type high-threshold ICa were enhanced.
Near-Infrared Linear Array Spectrometer For Space Applications

A 128-element InSb linear detector array read out with a field effect transistor (FET) multiplexing scheme has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. State-of-the-art NEP, uniform response, on-detector charge integration, and very low focal plane heat load compared to that of discrete detector arrays allows this type of array to open new possibilities for spaceborne near-infrared imaging spectrometers. Large number of cooled detector elements are feasible with the new technology, making it practical to design sensitive spectrometers even for spinning spacecraft where simultaneous wavelength coverage is necessary to avoid confusion of spatial with spectral variations.
Women's retirement meanings: context, changes, and organizational lessons

Purpose – This paper seeks to identify the meanings associated with retirement for a longitudinal sample of women immediately prior to and following their official retirement. Contextual factors which shape those meanings are also described.Design/methodology/approach – In‐depth interviews, based on a series of interview guides were conducted with a sample of 14 women in their pre‐ and post‐retirement years. The data were coded using a grounded theory approach and typology classification schemes.Findings – Retirement was alternately conceptualized as a new period of life affording freedoms and growth, as a natural final phase, as a frightening period due to losses, and/or as a pinnacle of accomplishment or relief. The contextual influences of family, friends, and unique attributes of one's profession (e.g. having jobs with transferrable skills and/or having physically demanding jobs) help create meanings. Finally, meanings were found to shift over time in concert with changing contexts.Research limitation...
“A FASHIONABLE DINNER IS ARRANGED AS FOLLOWS”: VICTORIAN DINING TAXONOMIES

OVER THE COURSE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, England saw the publication of numerous social instruction handbooks, household manuals, cookery books, and restaurant guides focusing on the proper methods for dining. These dining handbooks provide a systematic account of the most minute details for both attending and hosting a dinner party, including such information as how to word the invitations, ornament the table, order the courses, or arrange guests according to precedence. To the extent that formal dining becomes standardized in the conduct literature, a dining taxonomy begins to emerge–a classificatory system whereby formerly idiosyncratic aspects of this social experience are codified, or reduced to a code, and routinized, or rendered routine. While the content of handbooks (the social conventions) is arranged into a taxonomy, something more interesting can be seen to appear as well: conventions for the dining taxonomy itself. That is, within the large body of Victorian dining handbooks, there is not only a striking repetition of content from one handbook to the next, but also a repetition of narrative styles, patterns, and devices that imply that the procedures under discussion are universal phenomena, divorced from human agency, interpretation, and variable social circumstances. In other words, these handbooks render the conventions natural.
A CONSIDERATION OF THE MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE AND MULTICELLULAR MICROGAMETOPHYTE OF CYCADEOIDEA DACOTENSIS POLLEN

Abstract The morphology and unstructure of Cycadeoidea dacotensis pollen is descibed. The presence of what appear to be cellular stages in the development of the mature microgametophyte are shown to be the result of external exine folds. The current level of information relative to the structure and organization of the microgametophyte in Paleozoic and Mesozoic seed plants is discussed.
Disaster research: a nursing opportunity.

Nurses working or living near a community disaster have the opportunity to study health-related consequences to disaster or disaster recovery. In such a situation, the researchers need to deal with the conceptual and methodological issues unique to post-disaster research and know what resources are available to guide them, even if they have no specialized training or previous experience in disaster research. The purpose of this article is to review issues and challenges associated with conducting post-disaster research and encourage nurses to seek resources and seize opportunities to conduct research should the situation arise. Current disaster studies and the authors’ personal experiences conducting maternal-child research in post-Katrina New Orleans (2005–2013) provide real-life examples of how health professionals and nurses faced the challenges of doing post-disaster research. After catastrophic events, nurses need to step forward to conduct disaster research that informs and improves future disaster planning and health care responses.
ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC NOISE STRUCTURE USING ARRAYS

A theoretical study of the use of arrays for the analysis of seismic noise fields has been completed. The frequency‐wavenumber power spectral density P(kx,ky,f) is defined and techniques for estimating it are given. The estimates require that the auto‐ and crosspower spectral densities be estimated for all elements in the array. Subject to certain asymptotic properties of these auto‐ and crosspower spectral density estimates, expressions for both the mean and variance of the estimates of P(kz,ky,f) have been obtained. It has been demonstrated that if P(kx,ky,f) is estimated by the Frequency Domain Beamforming Method, then the estimate has the same stability as the estimates of auto‐ and crosspower spectral density. P(kx,ky,f) has been estimated from both long‐ and short‐period noise recorded by the Large Aperture Seismic Array in Montana. At frequencies higher than 0.3 Hz, a compressional body‐wave component which correlates with atmospheric disturbances over distant oceans has been detected. In the frequ...
D-tunes: self tuning datastores for geo-distributed interactive applications

Modern internet applications have resulted in users sharing data with each other in an interactive fashion. These applications have very stringent service level agreements (SLAs) which place tight constraints on the performance of the underlying geo-distributed datastores. Deploying these systems in the cloud to meet such constraints is a challenging task, as application architects have to strike an optimal balance among different contrasting objectives such as maintaining consistency between multiple replicas, minimizing access latency and ensuring high availability. Achieving these objectives requires carefully configuring a number of low-level parameters of the datastores, such as the number of replicas, which DCs contain which data, and the underlying consistency protocol parameters. In this work, we adopt a systematic approach where we develop analytical models that capture the performance of a datastore based on application workload and build a system that can automatically configure the datastore for optimal performance.
In Vivo Cytolysis and Fusion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Lymphocytes in Lymphoid Tissue

Lymphoid tissue was examined to see whether in vivo cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on lymphocytes could be detected. Transmission electron microscopy of mechanical suspensions prepared from lymph nodes showed both replication and phagocytosis of HIV particles by macrophages. Phagosomes contained cellular debris and virions, some of which were undergoing digestion. Neutrophils also contained HIV particles intermixed with cellular debris in phagosomes. Immunohistochemistry revealed whole Gag p24-positive lymphocytes and p24-positive cellular debris within the cytoplasm of paracortical macrophages. Lysing p24-positive lymphocytes were also seen. In the paracortex, p24-positive multinucleated lymphocytes with up to 5 nuclei were seen. In situ hybridization for HIV RNA in combination with immunohistochemistry for HAM56, a macrophage-specific marker, revealed colabeled cells. Thus, HIV-positive lymphocytes undergo lysis in lymphoid tissue. The cellular debris is phagocytized by macrophages, which themselves can replicate HIV. HIV-positive lymphocytes fuse in lymph nodes to form multinucleated cells.
Growth of Single Crystalline ZnO Nanotubes and Nanosquids

The growth of ZnO nanotubes and nanosquids is obtained by conventional thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) without the use of catalysts or templates. Characterization of these ZnO nanostructures was conducted by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). Results indicate that these ZnO nanostructures maintain the crystalline structures of the bulk wurtzite ZnO crystals. Our results show that rapid cooling can be used to induce the formation of ZnO nanotubes and ZnO nanosquids. The self-assembly of these novel ZnO nanostructures are guided by the theory of nucleation and the vapor-solid crystal growth mechanism.
Gauge Mediation in F-Theory GUT Models

We study a simple framework for gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking in local grand unified theory (GUT) models based on F-theory 7-branes and demonstrate that a mechanism for solving both the µ and µ/B_µ problems emerges in a natural way. In particular, a straightforward coupling of the messengers to the Higgs sector leads to a geometry which not only provides us with an approximate U(1)_(PQ) symmetry that forbids the generation of µ at the GUT scale, it also forces the SUSY-breaking spurion field to carry a nontrivial Peccei-Quinn (PQ) charge. This connects the breaking of supersymmetry (SUSY) to the generation of µ so that the same scale enters both. Moreover, the messenger sector naturally realizes the D3-instanton triggered SUSY-breaking model of [J. Heckman, J. Marsano, N. Saulina, S. Schafer-Nameki, and C. Vafa, arXiv:0808.1286.] so this scale is exponentially suppressed relative to M_(GUT). The effective action at low scales is in fact precisely of the form of the “sweet spot supersymmetry” scenario studied by Ibe and Kitano in [M. Ibe and R. Kitano, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2007) 016.].
Magnetic Field Control of THz Relaxation Oscillations in RTDs With Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor Layers

This discussion concentrates on novel semiconductor quantum barrier/well devices that utilize spin-control mechanisms available in diluted magnetic materials for achieving higher-level functionality (e.g., transistor action) at very high switching speeds and frequencies. The potential simplicity in the design of DMS devices compared with standard three terminal transistors with gate controlled I-V characteristics, is that for DMS structures, no more than two terminals are required, as the magnetic field in controlling the output of the DMS device functions as a controlling third contact. Indeed, properly designed, the magnetic field can transform a passive device into an active device, tune the output of a resonant tunneling device (RTD) fabricated with DMS layers and modify the logic state of a device.
No effect of MDR1 C3435T variant on loperamide disposition and central nervous system effects

Background The MDR1 gene encodes the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, which is highlyexpressed in the small intestine and in the blood-brain barrier. A major function of P-glycoprotein is to limit the absorption and central nervous system exposure of numerous xenobiotics. A genetic polymorphism in the MDR1 gene (C3435T) has been associated with changes in the intestinal expression level and function of P-glycoprotein. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this polymorphism on disposition and brain entry of the P-glycoprotein substrate loperamide. Methods Healthy white volunteers were genotyped for the MDR1 C3435T polymorphism, and a6-mg oral dose of loperamide was administered to 8 subjects with the 3435TT genotype and 8 subjects with the 3435CC genotype. Plasma levels of loperamide were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Loperamide-induced respiratory depression was detected as the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and was used as a measure of central nervous system side effects. Results We found no significant difference in loperamide pharmacokinetics between individuals homozygous for the C and the T alleles in position 3435 of MDR1, as follows: peak plasma drug concentration, 3164 ± 1053 pg/mL and 3021 ± 984 pg/mL; area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 hours, 14,414 ± 4,756 pg · h/mL and 14,923 ± 6,466 pg · h/mL; and time to peak plasma drug concentration, 3.9 ± 1.4 hours and 3.9 ± 2.6 hours for the MDR1 3435CC and 3435TT genotypes, respectively (P > .05, for all parameters). Hypercapnic ventilatory response changed only minimally after ingestion of loperamide (the coefficient of variation during the 0- to 8-hour period was 21% ± 14% for the sample population), and there was no MDR1 3435 genotype–related effect on respiratory response. Carriers of the 2 major MDR1 haplotypes, MDR1*1 and MDR1*13, did not differ in their response to loperamide. Conclusion There was no association between the MDR1 C3435T variation and plasma levels or central nervous system effects of the P-glycoprotein substrate loperamide in a white study population. The MDR1 haplotype structure was quite variable and supports the use of haplotypes instead of single nucleotide polymorphisms in determining clinical consequences of genetic variation. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 74, 487–498; doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(03)00234-0
A Lateral-Shift-Free and Large-Vertical-Displacement Electrothermal Actuator for Scanning Micromirror/Lens

This paper reports the design, fabrication and characterization of a novel lateral-shift-free (LSF) large-vertical-displacement (LVD) electrothermal actuator. Both micromirror and microlens holder based on the actuator design have been fabricated by a combined surface- and bulk- micromachining process. A 0.62 mm vertical displacement has been demonstrated at only 5.3 Vdc for a fabricated 0.8 mm by 0.8 mm micromirror, and both the lateral shift (10 mum) and tilting angle (0.7deg) are negligible in the full displacement range. The measured resonant frequency of the vertical motion resonance mode is 453 Hz.
Large naturally-produced electric currents and voltage traverse damaged mammalian spinal cord.

Immediately after damage to the nervous system, a cascade of physical, physiological, and anatomical events lead to the collapse of neuronal function and often death. This progression of injury processes is called "secondary injury." In the spinal cord and brain, this loss in function and anatomy is largely irreversible, except at the earliest stages. We investigated the most ignored and earliest component of secondary injury. Large bioelectric currents immediately enter damaged cells and tissues of guinea pig spinal cords. The driving force behind these currents is the potential difference of adjacent intact cell membranes. For perhaps days, it is the biophysical events caused by trauma that predominate in the early biology of neurotrauma. An enormous (≤ mA/cm2) bioelectric current transverses the site of injury to the mammalian spinal cord. This endogenous current declines with time and with distance from the local site of injury but eventually maintains a much lower but stable value (< 50 μA/cm2). The calcium component of this net current, about 2.0 pmoles/cm2/sec entering the site of damage for a minimum of an hour, is significant. Curiously, injury currents entering the ventral portion of the spinal cord may be as high as 10 fold greater than those entering the dorsal surface, and there is little difference in the magnitude of currents associated with crush injuries compared to cord transection. Physiological measurements were performed with non-invasive sensors: one and two-dimensional extracellular vibrating electrodes in real time. The calcium measurement was performed with a self-referencing calcium selective electrode. The enormous bioelectric current, carried in part by free calcium, is the major initiator of secondary injury processes and causes significant damage after breach of the membranes of vulnerable cells adjacent to the injury site. The large intra-cellular voltages, polarized along the length of axons in particular, are believed to be associated with zones of organelle death, distortion, and asymmetry observed in acutely injured nerve fibers. These data enlarge our understanding of secondary mechanisms and provide new ways to consider interfering with this catabolic and progressive loss of tissue.
PRICE AND VARIETY IN THE SPOKES MODEL

The spokes model of nonlocalized spatial competition provides a new analytical tool for dierentiated oligopoly and a representation of spatial monopolistic competition. An increase in the number of …rms leads to lower equilibrium prices when consumers have relatively high product valuations, but, surprisingly, to higher equilibrium prices for in- termediate consumer valuations. New entry alters consumer and social welfare through price, market expansion, and matching eects. With free entry, the market may pro- vide too many or too few varieties from a social welfare perspective, and the equilibrium price remains above marginal cost even when the number of …rms is arbitrarily large.