cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rejecting Retributivism: Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice

Within the criminal justice system, one of the most prominent justifications for legal punishment is retributivism. The retributive justification of legal punishment maintains that wrongdoers are morally responsible for their actions and deserve to be punished in proportion to their wrongdoing. This book argues against retributivism and develops a viable alternative that is both ethically defensible and practical. Introducing six distinct reasons for rejecting retributivism, Gregg D. Caruso contends that it is unclear that agents possess the kind of free will and moral responsibility needed to justify this view of punishment. While a number of alternatives to retributivism exist - including consequentialist deterrence, educational, and communicative theories - they have ethical problems of their own. Moving beyond existing theories, Caruso presents a new non-retributive approach called the public health-quarantine model. In stark contrast to retributivism, the public health-quarantine model provides a more human, holistic, and effective approach to dealing with criminal behavior.
The Utility of Midline Intravenous Catheters in Critically Ill Emergency Department Patients

Study objective Midline catheters are an alternative to more invasive types of vascular access in patients in whom obtaining peripheral access has proven difficult. Little is known of the safety and utility of midline catheters when used more broadly in critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED). These are long peripheral catheter, ranging from 10 to 25 cm in length, typically placed with assistance of ultrasound and the Seldinger's technique. We describe our experience with the use of midline catheters in the ED. Methods We conducted a prospective observational case series of all patients who had a midline catheter insertion attempted in the ED. We prospectively captured data on indication, technique, location, catheter type, number of attempts, overall success or failure, vasoactive use, and complications (daily catheter patency, flow, site appearance, and dwell-time complications). Results From January 28, 2016, to December 30, 2017, practitioners placed 403 midline catheters. Catheter insertion success was 99%, and the median number of attempts was 1 (interquartile range 1 to 1; minimum 1; maximum 3). The median number of days the catheter remained in place was 5 (interquartile range 2 to 8). Failure to aspirate occurred in 57 patients (14%; 95% confidence interval 11% to 18%). Overall, 10 patients (2.5%; 95% confidence interval 1.2% to 4.5%) experienced 10 insertion-related complications. During the study period, 49 patients (12%; 95% confidence interval 9% to 16%) experienced 60 dwell-time-related complications. Severe complications occurred in 3 patients (0.7%). Conclusion Midline catheters may present a feasible alternative to central venous access in certain critically ill ED patients.
Older Adults’ Responses to a Meaningful Activity Using Indoor-Based Nature Experiences: Bird Tales

OBJECTIVES Bird Tales is a meaningful activity that creates indoor-based nature experiences for older adults in residential care. This study examined the impact of Bird Tales by understanding what attributes of birds take on meaning to older adults and piloting the program to assess the psychosocial impact on older adults in an assisted living facility. METHODS We conducted a mixed-methods study. First, we conducted focus groups with older adults. Then we used a cross-over study design with random assignment to examine the impact of the program. Potential benefits of the program were examined using individual interviews and repeated measures on psychosocial questionnaires with a paired samples t-test to compare means from pretest and posttest within the intervention group. RESULTS Findings from the focus group indicate multisensory, spiritual, and therapeutic aspects of birds that hold meaning for older adults. The participants in Bird Tales shared positive experiences with the program by discussing cognitively stimulating activity, interactions with others, connections to the past, and positive perceptions of birds and nature. CONCLUSIONS Findings from our study suggest the potential of Bird Tales as a meaningful activity for older adults in residential care settings. We discuss implications for research as well as practice and present our recommendations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Activities in long-term care should be meaningful to meet the psychological and social needs of older adults. Older adults enjoy and may benefit from indoor-based nature activities.
A Model of International Consumer Behavior

For marketers there is no way of overstating the importance of understanding consumer behavior. Consumers do not behave the same way in different world markets.
On supersymmetric geometric flows and R2 inflation from scale invariant supergravity

Abstract Models of geometric flows pertaining to R 2 scale invariant (super) gravity theories coupled to conformally invariant matter fields are investigated. Related to this work are supersymmetric scalar manifolds that are isomorphic to the Kahlerian spaces M n = S U ( 1 , 1 + k ) ∕ U ( 1 ) × S U ( 1 + k ) as generalizations of the non-supersymmetric analogs with S O ( 1 , 1 + k ) ∕ S O ( 1 + k ) manifolds. For curved superspaces with geometric evolution of physical objects, a complete supersymmetric theory has to be elaborated on nonholonomic (super) manifolds and bundles determined by non-integrable superdistributions with additional constraints on (super) field dynamics and geometric evolution equations. We also consider generalizations of Perelman’s functionals using such nonholonomic variables which result in the decoupling of geometric flow equations and Ricci soliton equations with supergravity modifications of the R 2 gravity theory. As such, it is possible to construct exact non-homogeneous and locally anisotropic cosmological solutions for various types of (super) gravity theories modeled as modified Ricci soliton configurations. Such solutions are defined by employing the general ansatz encompassing coefficients of generic off-diagonal metrics and generalized connections that depend generically on all spacetime coordinates. We consider nonholonomic constraints resulting in diagonal homogeneous configurations encoding contributions from possible nonlinear parametric geometric evolution scenarios, off-diagonal interactions and anisotropic polarization/modification of physical constants. In particular, we analyze small parametric deformations when the underlying scale symmetry is preserved and the nontrivial anisotropic vacuum corresponds to generalized de Sitter spaces. Such configurations may mimic quantum effects whenever transitions to flat space are possible. Our approach allows us to generate solutions with scale violating terms induced by geometric flows, off-diagonal interactions and supersymmetric modifications of effective potentials. We study reconstructing the formalism for (super) geometric flows and modified gravity cosmological scenarios. We also analyze the conditions under which such modified mimetic type theories and solutions reproduce the Starobinsky inflationary models in the double scalar approach.
Impact of Body Mass Index on Presence of ctDNA and Disease Recurrence after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Analysis from BRE12-158.

Purpose: This retrospective analysis aims to determine the relationship between BMI and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). and to evaluate the impact of BMI on disease recurrence and survival in the homogeneous, high risk population of patients with residual TNBC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Experimental design: BRE12-158 was a phase II trial of genomically- directed therapy versus physician9s choice in residual TNBC after chemotherapy. ctDNA was isolated from plasma samples, categorized as positive or negative. BMI (kg/m2) after surgery was analyzed as both a continuous and categorical variable: normal weight 30. We compared ctDNA category and BMI, and estimated probability of DFS, distant DFS, and OS by BMI. Results: Of 177 patients in BRE12-158, 172 had BMI and 140 had ctDNA data. There was no difference in mean BMI between those with ctDNA positivity versus negativity (p=0.48). There was no relationship between BMI category and presence of ctDNA (p=0.31). In multivariate analysis, continuous BMI was not prognostic of DDFS (p=0.996), DFS (p=0.41), or OS (p=0.98). There was no association between BMI categories and survival (p values 0.92, 0.74 and 0.97 for DDFS, DFS and OS, respectively). Conclusion: In patients with residual TNBC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, BMI was not prognostic of DDFS, DFS, or OS. There was no signal of a relationship between BMI and presence of ctDNA. This suggests inherent aggressive tumor biology, in which host phenotype may have less influence and impact of weight loss interventions may be diminished.
Energy-Efficient Beamforming and Power Control for Uplink NOMA in mmWave UAV Networks

The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the terrestrial communications networks with a variety of tasks is viewed as a key technology for 5G and beyond. In this work, we consider the uplink millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmission between a set of UAVs and a base station (BS), where the UAVs deploy uplink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in multiple clusters. Furthermore, the BS also serves its own desired ground user equipment (UE) in the presence of many other ground UEs associated with other cells, which share the same frequency band. Considering the limited energy budget of UAVs, we formulate an energy efficiency (EE) problem, and propose a solution aided by the Dinkelbach's algorithm and successive convex approximation (SCA). Using realistic air-to-ground (A2G) and terrestrial channel models, we assess the performance of the proposed algorithm under various circumstances (maximum transmit power for UAVs, quality-of-service (QoS) constraint for the desired UE, etc.), and identify the best use cases.
AutoE2E: End-to-End Real-time Middleware for Autonomous Driving Control

The rapid growth of autonomous driving in recent years has posed some new research challenges to the traditional vehicle control system. For example, in order to flexibly change the yawing rate and moving speed of a vehicle based on the detected road conditions, autonomous driving control often needs to dynamically tune its control parameters for better trajectory tracking and vehicle stability. Consequently, the execution time of driving control can increase significantly, resulting in missing the end-to-end (E2E) deadline from detection to computation and actuation, and thus possible accidents.In this paper, we propose AutoE2E, a two-tier real-time middleware system that helps the automotive OS meet the E2E deadlines of all the tasks despite execution time variations, while achieving the maximum possible computation precision (and thus minimum tracking errors) for driving control. The inner loop of AutoE2E dynamically controls the CPU utilizations of all the on-board processors to stay below their respective schedulable utilization bounds, by adjusting the invocation rates of the vehicle tasks running on those processors. The outer loop is designed to adapt the computation time and precision of driving control, when the inner loop loses its control capability due to rate saturation caused by vehicle speed changes. Our evaluations, both on a hardware testbed with scaled cars and in larger-scale simulation, show that AutoE2E can effectively reduce the deadline miss ratio by 35.4% on average, compared to well-designed baselines, while having smaller precision loss and tracking errors.
Enhanced thermionic emission of mayenite electride composites in an Ar glow discharge plasma

Abstract Mayenite electride has attracted increasing research interests because of its unique electronic properties. The thermionic emission behavior of the mayenite electride is relatively unknown. Previous studies revealed that mayenite electride exhibited a bare work function ranged from 2.1–2.6 eV when the thermionic emission was tested in vacuum, and enhanced emission currents could be achieved by applying a super-high external electric field. In this paper, the thermionic emission behavior and the corresponding effective work function of two types of mayenite electride based composites, mayenite electride-titanium and mayenite electride-carbon, were investigated in an Ar glow discharge plasma at elevated temperatures (400–1000 K) without applying a high external electric field, which is critical for the application in electric propulsion and other aerospace apparatus, yet never had been done before. During the testing, the thermal equilibrium process and plasma sheath expansion were observed. The effective work function of the two mayenite electride composites were determined as a function of temperature. The Rasor-Warner model was applied to determine the bare work function and adsorption-site density of the mayenite electride based composites. Results suggested that the adsorption of Ar ions led to the enhanced thermionic emission (~30 A/m2 at 985 K) and low effective work functions (0.9–2.2 eV) of mayenite electride based composites, without the need of applying high electric fields. Our findings will pave the ways for the application of mayenite electride and its composites as the thrust cathode materials for electric propulsion where plasma is present.
Nutrition knowledge moderates the association between perfectionism and shape/weight concerns

Perfectionistic traits have been associated with stronger weight and diet concerns. Maladaptive perfectionism is tied to critical evaluation tendencies such as excessive concern about making mistakes, increasing one’s risk for eating disorder pathology. Knowledge about healthy diet and nutrition may be one factor influencing associations between perfectionistic tendencies, as individuals with eating disorders may be more attuned to sources of nutrients. The current study examined whether nutrition knowledge moderates the association between one facet of perfectionism, concern over mistakes, and shape/weight concerns and the association between concern over mistakes and global eating pathology. College women (N = 122) completed questionnaires on disordered eating attitudes, nutrition knowledge, and perfectionism. Concern over mistakes was positively related to shape/weight concerns and global eating pathology. Nutrition knowledge significantly moderated the association between concerns over mistakes and shape/weight concerns, such that the association was stronger among those with higher levels of nutrition knowledge. Furthermore, nutrition knowledge displayed trend-level significance for the moderation of the association between concern over mistakes and global eating pathology. College women displaying high levels of concern over mistakes who are more informed about nutrition knowledge may be more vulnerable to developing concerns about body shape/weight and eating disorder pathology.
Walking: How visual exploration informs step choice.

Summary We rely on gaze to guide subsequent steps during walking, more so when the terrain ahead is more uncertain. New research shows that the increased visual exploration during walking as the terrain becomes more uncertain reflects our preference for accuracy over effort in step choice.
Transfer learning between preclinical models and human tumors identifies conserved NK cell activation signature in anti-CTLA-4 responsive tumors

Abstract Background Tumor response to therapy is affected by both the cell types and the cell states present in the tumor microenvironment. This is true for many cancer treatments, including notably immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). While it is well-established that ICIs promote T cell activation, their broader impact on other intratumoral immune cells is unclear; this information is needed to identify new mechanisms of action and improve ICI efficacy. Many preclinical studies have begun to use single cell analysis to delineate therapeutic responses in individual immune cell types within tumors. One major limitation to this approach is that therapeutic mechanisms identified in preclinical models have failed to fully translate to human disease, restraining efforts to improve ICI efficacy in bench to bedside research. Method We previously developed a computational transfer learning approach to identify shared biology between independent high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets. In the present study, we test this framework’s ability to identify conserved and clinically relevant transcriptional changes in complex tumor scRNA-seq data and further expand its application beyond comparison of scRNA-seq datasets into comparison of scRNA-seq datasets with additional data types such as bulk RNA-seq and mass cytometry. Results We found a conserved signature of NK cell activation in anti-CTLA-4 responsive mice and human tumors. In human melanoma, we found that the NK cell activation signature correlates with longer overall survival and is predictive of anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab) response. Additional molecular approaches to confirm the computational findings demonstrated that human NK cells express CTLA-4 and bind anti-CTLA-4 independent of the antibody binding receptor (FcR), and that similar to T cells, CTLA-4 expression by NK cells is modified by cytokine-mediated and target cell-mediated NK cell activation. Conclusions These data demonstrate the ability of our transfer learning approach to identify cell state transitions conserved in preclinical models and human tumors. This approach can be adapted to explore many immuno-oncology questions, enhancing bench to bedside research and enabling better understanding and treatment of disease. Graphical Abstract
Cardiac Output Determination in Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension: A Systematic Review.

Background Cardiac output determination is essential in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. While direct Fick is the gold standard, thermodilution is commonly used as the reference method. Moving to noninvasive methods would be highly beneficial for patients, avoiding repetitive invasive assessments. This systematic review followed 3 objectives: (1) assessing the validity of indirect Fick and thermodilution in precapillary pulmonary hypertension, (2) assessing the interchangeability of noninvasive cardiac output measurement methods against reference methods in precapillary pulmonary hypertension, and (3) detecting methodological heterogeneity in the included studies. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature using medical databases and following PRISMA guidelines. We included articles comparing an invasive or noninvasive cardiac output measurement method with thermodilution or direct Fick in precapillary pulmonary hypertension patients. Cutoffs of limits of agreement and percentage error derived from the Bland and Altman graph were used to accept interchangeability. To study methodological heterogeneity, we extracted 9 quality criteria from all studies. Results Eleven studies were included. None reached the suggested interchangeability criteria. The median number of the 9 assessed quality criteria was 2 with interquartile range (0-4). Conclusions Further studies evaluating the reliability of thermodilution and the consequences of its use in precapillary pulmonary hypertension patients are necessary. No evidence supports the use of indirect Fick in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. The studied noninvasive methods could not be considered interchangeable with invasive methods. A robust methodology should be used to draw sensible conclusions.
General and Specific Sources of Reflected Appraisals

This study investigates the role of perceived feedback from different sources (general and specific others) in the reflected appraisal process and identity theory. Using data from telephone surveys of adults in the United States, associations between reflected appraisals and self-views are estimated across four identities (spouse/partner, friend, worker, and religious/spiritual). Findings generally show that the more positively individuals perceive they are evaluated in their identities by different sources, the more positively they see themselves in those identities. This pattern is observed for both general and specific sources of reflected appraisals across all identities examined, with one exception. Reflected appraisals from specific others are not associated with self-views in the friend identity. The implications of these findings and new directions for identity theory and research on the role of different sources of reflected appraisals in the perceptual control process are discussed.
Misdiagnosis of Thoracic Aortic Disease Occurs Commonly in Emergency Transfers.

Abstract Background Acute aortic syndromes (AAS) are prone to misdiagnosis by facilities with limited diagnostic experience. We assessed long-term trends in misdiagnosis among patients transferred to a tertiary care facility with presumed AAS. Methods Our institutional transfer center database was queried for emergency transfers in patients with a diagnosis of acute aortic syndromes or thoracic aortic aneurysm between January 2008 and May 2018. 784 patients were classified as emergency transfer for presumed AAS. Transferring diagnosis and actual diagnosis were compared through a review of physician notes and radiology reports from referring facilities and our center. Results Mean age was 62 years, with 61% (n=478) men. Differences in transferring diagnosis and actual diagnosis were identified in 89 (11.4%) patients. Among misdiagnosed patients, the wrong classification of Stanford Type A or Type B dissections was identified among 24 (27%) patients. Twenty-three (26%) patients with a referring diagnosis of aortic dissection were found to have no dissection. Eighteen patients (20%) transferred for contained/impending rupture did not have signs of rupture. All misdiagnoses were secondary to misinterpretation of radiographic imaging, with motion artifacts (n=14, 16%) and post-surgical changes (n=22, 25%) being common sources of diagnostic error. Sixty-four (72%) patients underwent repeat scans at our facility due to limited access or sub-optimal quality of outside imaging. Conclusions While AAS misdiagnosis rates appear to be improving from the prior decade, there are opportunities for improved physician awareness through campaigns such as “Think Aorta.” Centralized web-based imaging may prevent the costly hazards of unnecessary emergency transfer.
New evidence for muscular articulations in Paleozoic crinoids

Muscular articulations on the brachials and pinnules of Paleozoic crinoids have traditionally been inferred by the presence of a transverse ridge. We here provide evidence that the microstructure of the stereom, fine meshed where muscles once inserted and coarse meshed where ligaments were emplaced, provides a reliable microstructural criterion for muscular articulation on well-preserved arm ossicles. Partially pyritized ossicles of Aesiocrinus magnificus Miller & Gurley from the Lane Shale of Pennsylvanian age at Kansas City, Missouri exhibit well-preserved stereom in three dimensions under the scanning electron microscope. These brachial and pinnular plates show clearly the distinctiveness of stereom at sites of muscule and ligament attachment. This criterion should be useful in tracing the evolutionary development of flexible arm articulations in several lineages of Paleozoic crinoids.
Crustal structure and thickness along the Yellowstone hot spot track: Evidence for lower crustal outflow from beneath the eastern Snake River Plain

[1] Receiver functions from seismic stations about the Yellowstone hot spot track are migrated to depth using a Vp/Vs map constructed from stacking of the direct and free surface Moho reverberations (i.e., H-K analysis) and a shear velocity tomogram constructed from surface wave measurements. The thickest crust (48–54 km) resides in the Wyoming province beneath the sampled Laramide age blocks, and the thinnest crust (32–37 km) resides in the Montana Basin and Range province. The eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) crust is thickest (47 km) at its NE end beneath the young calderas and thinnest (40 km) at its SW end beneath the older Twin Falls caldera. Two ESRP crustal thickness domains are found: (1) at the older Twin Falls and Picabo calderas, the mean ESRP crust is 4 km thicker with respect to its margins and (2) adjacent to the Heise caldera field, the mean ESRP crust is 4 km thicker with respect to its SE margin crust but no thicker with respect to its NW margin crust. This lobe of anomalously thick crust is explained as resulting from lower crustal outflow from beneath the Heise caldera field. Confirmation of these crustal thickness variations is provided by inspection of common conversion point (CCP) stacks that delineate several secondary features: the top of a thick high-velocity (3.9 km/s) lower crust layer within the Wyoming province up to 17 km thick and a paired negative and positive amplitude arrival at 12 km depth and 18 km depth beneath the Yellowstone Caldera. This paired arrival would be consistent with a low-velocity zone perhaps associated with magma staging beneath the caldera. Our most important finding is that the magmatic loads injected into the ESRP crust over the last 4–12 Myr, in tandem with the ESRP crustal viscosity structure, have been sufficient to drive significant outflow of the ESRP lower crust.
INO2 and INO4 gene products, positive regulators of phospholipid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, form a complex that binds to the INO1 promoter.

The INO4 gene encodes a protein required for derepression of a number of structural genes encoding enzymes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ino4p shows structural similarity to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of regulatory proteins (Hoshizaki, D. K., Hill, J. E., and Henry, S. A. (1990) J. Biol Chem. 265, 4736-4745). In this report we demonstrate that Ino4p translated in vitro forms a complex with Ino2p, another positive regulator of phospholipid biosynthesis that contains a bHLH domain. The Ino2p.Ino4p complex binds to a fragment of the INO1 promoter containing two copies of the consensus binding site for the bHLH family of proteins. The complex formed when this DNA fragment is incubated with in vitro translated Ino2p and Ino4p is identical in mobility to the complex formed when this DNA fragment is incubated with whole cell extracts. The binding of DNA by the Ino2p.Ino4p complex is competed by an oligonucleotide containing the consensus binding sequence for bHLH proteins. Neither Ino2p nor Ino4p translated alone is capable of forming a complex with the INO1 promoter fragment. The two products, translated separately and mixed, show only reduced capability to form a complex compared with cotranslated proteins. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that Ino2p and Ino4p interact in the absence of DNA. Ino2p and Ino4p are, thus, both necessary and sufficient for formation of a complex with the INO1 promoter.
FINE STRUCTURE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Edwards, Mercedes R. (New York State Department of Health, Albany) and Roy W. Stevens. Fine structure of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 86:414-428. 1963.-Cells of Listeria monocytogenes, at different stages of growth, were fixed with osmium tetroxide and treated with uranyl acetate. The material was dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in prepolymerized methacrylate, and studied in thin sections. In most of the micrographs, the plasmalemma (or plasma membrane) showed a pattern of three dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, alternating with two light zones, each ca. 30 A thick. The outer light zone was regularly bridged by strands of dense material, and the inner one was not. The dense line at the edge of the cytoplasm was not always discernible because of its similarity in density with the ground cytoplasm, although it could be easily demonstrated in lysed cells and in protoplasts. The latter were found to be limited by a pair of dense lines, each ca. 25 A thick, bounding a light core ca. 30 A thick. This structure corresponds to a "unit" membrane, but it represents only a part of the plasmalemma of the intact cell; it was therefore interpreted as being more complex than a single unit membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes of various configurations were clearly shown to be extensions of the plasmalemma. They may branch repeatedly and anastomose to form a complicated honeycomb-like organelle or organelles of different appearances, sometimes lamellate. The lamellar bodies are envisioned as resulting from spiraled ingrowths. The various kinds of ingrowths of the plasmalemma were designated "plasmalemmosomes" to indicate their origin; however, some of these organelles in Listeria were similar to those described in different bacteria by other authors. Plasmalemmosomes have been found in both aerobically and anaerobically grown cells. Another outstanding feature in many micrographs was the nucleoid, which contains dense fibrils measuring 25 to 50 A in diameter. These fibrils frequently appeared to be coiled and were of the order of magnitude ascribed to deoxyribonucleic acid molecules.
Regulation of the rat neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter by hormones and sterols: a role for nuclear factor-Y in the sterol-mediated response.

Expression of the rat liver neutral cytosolic cho- lesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) gene is regulated by gluco- corticoids, thyroxine, and agents that perturb cholesterol metabolism. The present studies identify the putative hor- mone response elements in the CEH promoter. They also define the roles of two previously identified sterol regula- tory elements (SRE-92 and SRE-160) and a putative nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) binding site with a consensus ATTGG (in- verted CCAAT) motif (Natarajan, R., S. Ghosh, and W. M. Grogan. 1998. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243: 349- 355). CEH promoter-reporter gene constructs were tran- siently transfected into HepG2 cells to evaluate promoter activity. Results indicated that the CEH gene has two complex glucocorticoid response units in distal portions of the pro- moter corresponding to consensus glucocorticoid regulatory sequences as well as putative thyroid hormone response ele- ments. CEH promoter-reporter constructs with the proxi- mal 189 bp of the wild-type or mutated sequences were also transfected into HepG2 cells. Activity of the wild-type con- struct increased when incubated in sterol depleted media or when co-expressed with a mature sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-2). These responses were suppressed by mutations in SRE-92, SRE-160, or NF-Y, indicating that these cis elements are sufficient for sterol-mediated regula- tion of the CEH promoter. Gel mobility shift assays further demonstrated that NF-Y binds to the inverted CCAAT box motif and is required for the sterol-mediated regulation. These results indicate that multiple cis -elements regulate transcription of the cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) gene, consistent with the reported regulation of CEH expres- sion.—Natarajan, R., S. Ghosh, and W. M. Grogan. Regula- tion of the rat neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase promoter by hormones and sterols: a role for nuclear factor-Y in the sterol-mediated response. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 2091-2098.
Patient-Reported Outcomes for an Integrated Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring/Insulin Pump System

Abstract Background: A 16-week, two-site study evaluated outcomes for a new device (the Paradigm® 722 System, Medtronic MiniMed, Northridge, CA) that combines a “smart” continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pump with real-time (RT) continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and CareLink™ data management software (DMS). Methods: CSII-naive adults with type 1 diabetes in suboptimal control (mean glycosylated hemoglobin [A1C] = 8.6%) were randomized to the control arm, consisting of multiple daily injections (MDI) and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), or the study arm (CSII with RT-CGM as an adjunct to SMBG). Participants (n = 28) completed the validated Insulin Delivery System Rating Questionnaire (IDSRQ) and the parallel Blood Glucose (BG) Monitoring System Rating Questionnaire (BGMSRQ) at study start and end. Participants in the study arm (n = 14) also completed newly developed User Acceptance Questionnaires (UAQs) for CSII, RT-CGM, and DMS at study end. Results: A1C reduction from study start t...
Melville's Epitaphs: On Time, Place, and War

In poetry and fiction, Herman Melville explored the epitaphic genre's capacity for destabilizing poetic voice and producing a temporality that is recursive but not necessarily recuperative. The epitaphs of Battle-Pieces (1866) invigorate the form while questioning its ability to memorialize the dead of the American Civil War.
sCD44 Internalization in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

Purpose. To determine whether soluble CD44 (sCD44), a likely biomarker of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), is internalized in cultured human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and trafficked to mitochondria.
Latitudinal gradients in tertiary molluscan faunas of the Pacific coast

Abstract Tertiary molluscan faunas of the middle latitudes of the marginal eastern North Pacific are characterized by warm-water taxa whose descendants now live in more southerly latitudes. A series of profiles in which cumulative percentages of warm-water faunal elements are plotted against latitude show progressive northward decreases in the percentage of these elements in the faunas of Pacific coast Tertiary stages. Systematic changes in the relative position of these latitudinal gradients during the Middle and Late Tertiary are related to climatic change in the Pacific Basin. Widespread tropical marine climate in the middle latitudes of the eastern North Pacific during the Eocene is indicated by widespread faunal units characterized by high levels of taxonomic diversity. Succeeding Early Oligocene faunas are less diverse, suggesting cooler climatic conditions. Unusually low representations of warm-water genera characterize the molluscan faunas of the Acila shumardi Zone in central California (latitude 34°–37°N). The anomalously cool-water aspect of these faunas may record the occurrence of upwelling along a bold linear segment of the Pacific coast. During the Late Oligocene or the Early Miocene, they are replaced by faunas of unusually warm-water aspect resulting in positive anomalies in Miocene latitudinal faunal gradients in central California. The Miocene anomalies seem to result from the development of an irregular Neogene coastline with extensive, newly established shallow-water embayments.
Improving leadership by nurturing moral consciousness through structured self‐reflection

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to report on research that explores the use of structured self‐reflection to nurture moral consciousness as a means of enhancing the moral leadership capacity of existing school principals.Design/methodology/approach – Given that this research focuses on each participant's subjective reality, the epistemology of pragmatic constructivism was chosen to guide this qualitative study supported by the theoretical perspective of symbolic interactionism. Furthermore, a case study was chosen as the appropriate orchestrating perspective and an opportunistic sample of six school principals formed the participants in this case study.Findings – Data from this research support the view that the moral consciousness of each of the participating principals in this study was clearly enhanced by their experience of structured self‐reflection.Research limitations/implications – Due to the demanding nature of structured self‐reflection this approach takes a considerable amount of time...
Laboratory classification of very fine grained sedimentary rocks

Very fine grained sedimentary rocks are defined as those containing more than 45% by volume microscopic material (<5 μm). Those containing 65% to 45% microscopic material are designated as mudstones, and those containing more than 65% microscopic material are designated as shales. The increase of detailed studies on these rock types has revealed the need of a more descriptive and laboratory-oriented classification for them. The proposed classification is based on textural and compositional attributes of the rocks. The nomenclature consists of a root name preceded by a primary adjective, which, in turn, may be preceded by a nominal adjective. The root names include claystone, marlstone, micstone, and mudstone and are defined on the basis of volume percentage of microscopic material and weight percentage of silicate minerals in the rock. Primary adjectives convey specific mineralogic information about the rock; nominal adjectives may be used to emphasize other attributes, such as bedding structures, fissility, color, or fossil content.
Job Relocation and the Trailing Spouse.

Spouse relocation counseling is a prime example of the interrelationship between a client's career development and mental health counseling needs. Although these clients may initially seek a career counselor's help in career decision making or for assistance in their job campaigns, personal and psychological factors associated with the relocation are quite often significant and must be addressed to render effective service. Effective spouse relocation counseling, like any other type of counseling, begins with understanding and support. To many trailing spouses the relocation experience is overwhelming and can have a negative effect on the spouse's career development. Simply put, understanding and responding to trailing spouses in terms of both their mental health and career development needs is vital to serving this special population.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein L8.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the rat 60S ribosomal subunit protein L8 wad deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. Ribosomal protein L8 has 257 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 28,007. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 4 or 5 copies of the L8 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 950 nucleotides in length. Rat L8 is homologous to ribosomal proteins from other eukaryotes and to proteins from eubacterial, archaebacterial, and chloroplast ribosomes.
Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of the 3-alkyl substituents among a series of hydroxyacetophenone leukotriene antagonists

LY171883 is an orally active antagonist of leukotriene (LT) D4 and LTE4. A series of related compounds varying the position and nature of the alkyl side chain were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to block LTD4-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum. Maximal activity was obtained with n-propyl, n-butyl, and n-pentyl substituents with slightly reduced activity for longer side chains. Polar groups on the side chain substantially reduced activity. Thus, it appears that the leukotriene receptor site requires a nonpolar alkyl group of moderate size at the 3-position on this type of receptor antagonist.
A Gang of Pecksniffs Grows Up: the evolution of journalism ethics discourse in The Journalist and Editor and Publisher

Abstract This content analysis explores how American journalism's first trade publications reflected discussion of ethical issues before and during the Progressive Era. While issues of normative behavior for reporters and editors were thought to have developed from earlier efforts to professionalize the field, this study suggests that the two areas, while intertwined, developed along different trajectories. The analysis, based on content from a random weekly sample of the earliest trade journals from 1884 to 1912, also found that the trade journals addressed issues of normative values as much or more than they did issues of professionalism during their early years, contrary to the assumption that focus on the former followed establishment of the latter. Results also provide some support for the claim that historical events that are significant in the field of journalism influence the amount of ethics-related discussion found in the early trade journals.
Interface state generation by negative gate-bias irradiation of MOS structures

Summary form only given. Irradiation of MOS structures under a negative gate-bias results in trapped positive charge at both the Al-SiO/sub 2/ and Si-SiO/sub 2/ interfaces. It is shown that the trapped charge at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface can be converted to interface states in a manner consistent with trapped hole models. This finding is significant because it appears to contradict other models which implicate H/sup +/ ions (in contrast to holes) as being primarily responsible for radiation-induced interface state generation. It is also demonstrated that trapped positive charge at the Al-SiO/sub 2/ interface can play a role in the interface state formation. >
The surface precipitation reaction in marine eggs

(1) The surface precipitation reaction has been obtained in the eggs of fifteen marine animals. (2) The reaction assumes a characteristic form for each species. (3) Two general types of reactions occur. One which is accompanied by breakdown of some type of protoplasmic granule (as inArbacia, Asterias, Echinarachnius, Cerebratulus andNereis). The other, in which there is no disintegration of granules (Gonionemus, Phascolosoma, Amphitrite, Hydroides, Chaetopterus, Cumingia, Mytilus, Chaetopleura andPodarke). (4) The presence of calcium is a necessary requisite for the reaction.
Correlates of Vote Choice in the 1980 Presidential Primaries

Four correlates of vote choice (issues, ideology, candidate qualities, and electability) are examined separately for each candidate competing in the 1980 presidential primaries. In general, candidate qualities were found to have the most frequent and consistent relationships with vote choice. Issues tended to be uncorrelated with candidate preference. Ideology was associated with vote choice only in the Republican primaries. Electability correlated with vote choice only in primaries held late in the nomination season. These patterns in the correlates of vote choice reflect patterns and changes in the candidates' campaigns.
Gene expression for NGF and NGF-receptors in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitic and control subjects

Abstract Rationale We were interested in the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in augmented nasal reactivity to sensory irritants in seasonal allergic rhinitics (SAR). Previous investigators reported that SAR subjects had elevated NGF protein in nasal lavage fluid, but had lower mRNA levels in nasal scrapings, than non-rhinitic (NR) subjects. We compared the relative expression of genes coding for NGF, high-affinity receptor (TrkA/NTRK1) and low affinity receptor (p75/TNFRS16) in the nasal mucosa of SAR and NR subjects. Methods Total RNA was extracted from nasal scrapings from 15 non-asthmatic subjects, including 6 SAR and 9 NR controls. Sampling occurred outside of aeroallergen season. cDNA was synthesized from total RNA and used as templates for quantitative real-time PCR with TaqMan probes for NGF, TrkA/NTRK1, p75/TNFRS16 and GAPDH. Relative expression of NGF and NGF receptor genes was normalized to the expression of GAPDH and expressed in delta[CT] units. Results mRNA for NGF was of low abundance and detected in only 3/6 SARs and 6/9 NRs. Compared to NGF, there was a 5-fold higher relative expression of TrkA/NTRK1 and almost 300-fold higher expression of p75/TNFRS16. NR subjects had more NGF mRNA ( p p Conclusions We observed decreased transcriptional message for both NGF and low affinity NGF receptor in superficial nasal scrapings of SAR vs NR subjects. This could reflect downregulation of NGF and p75/TNFRS16 in the superficial epithelium secondary to enhanced NGF production in the glandular compartment.
Examining Psychometrics and Polarization in a Single‐Risk Case Study

This project incorporates two steps. First, the psychometric model of risk perception is evaluated for its validity under field conditions. Second, individuals are classified as risk amplifiers or attenuators and the characteristics of those groups are explored. Survey data from an ongoing case study is employed in the analysis. The case study involves a Midwestern community in which a controversy exists over the possibility of the existence of a cancer cluster caused by the operation of a small reactor. Results show that the psychometric model of risk perception, while failing to be reproduced precisely, does has utility under the field conditions in this study. Use of the psychometric model to classify individuals as risk amplifiers or risk attenuators produces a useful dichotomy that reveals differences between the two polar groups in terms of demographics, satisfaction with institutional response to the risk, concern over individual and social levels of risk, and the evaluation of various communication channels as having been useful in coming to a judgment about the risk. A final model comparing the two groups suggests that, in this case, evaluation of personal risk and satisfaction with institutional response are important determinants of individual's risk reactions. Subordinate to these forces are the demographic variables of education, gender, and years of residence in the community. The model also illustrates that aggregate-level observations may not be representative of subgroups.
Clinician gender is more important than gender concordance in quality of HIV care

Abstract Background: Previous studies have examined the impact of physician gender and gender concordance on preventive care, satisfaction, and communication. Less is known about how physician gender and gender concordance affect care for chronic illnesses, including HIV. Objective: This study sought to determine whether patient-clinician gender concordance (patient and clinician are of the same gender) influences receipt of protease inhibitor (PI) therapy and ratings of care among HIV-infected patients. Methods: We reviewed data from 1860 patients and 397 clinicians in the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, a nationally representative the association between gender concordance and time to first PI use, and multivariable logistic regression was utilized to examine the association of gender concordance with patients' problems with care and their overall rating of care. Results: Patients who had a male clinician received PIs earlier than those who had a female clinician (adjusted time ratio = 0.69 for having a male vs having a female clinician; P ≤ 0.01). Gender concordance was not a significant predictor of time to PI use. Gender discordance was associated with problems with feeling respected by clinicians. Female patients with a male clinician were most likely, and female patients with female clinicians were least likely, to report a problem with being treated with respect ( P ≤ 0.01 for the interaction term). Gender discordance was not associated with other problems with care or with overall ratings of care. Conclusions: Gender discordance was associated with perceived problems of being treated with respect by clinicians, but not with time to receipt of PIs, overall ratings of care, coordination of care, or obtaining information. The perception of not being respected may represent a significant barrier to care that is particularly worse for women, in that most HIV-infected women receive their care from male clinicians.
Deletion analysis of GAL4 defines two transcriptional activating segments

We describe the activities of a wide array of deletion mutants of GAL4, a yeast transcriptional activator. We identify two short regions of GAL4, each of which activates transcription when fused to the DNA-binding region of the molecule. Very large portions of GAL4 are not required for gene activation.