cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Banking Networks and Economic Growth: From Idiosyncratic Shocks to Aggregate Fluctuations

The objective of this paper is to explore the transmission of non-capital shocks through banking networks. We develop a methodology to construct non-capital (real) shocks, idiosyncratic shocks, using labor productivity shocks to large firms. We document a change in the relationship between (foreign) idiosyncratic shocks in state j and (domestic) economic growth in state i between 1978 and 2000 wherein the relation changes from positive to negative over this period. We show that the contemporaneous changes in banking integration across states is a key driver of this phenomenon. This is driven by geographically diversified banks diverting funds away from economies experiencing negative shocks towards other unaffected economies. This result operates through changes in bank loan supply. Our instrumental variable estimates suggest that a 1% increase in the bank loan supply is associated with a 0.05-0.26 pp increase in economic growth. Lastly, we argue that this mechanism can explain the decrease in covariance of state-level fluctuations, potentially explaining the Great Moderation, the period of relatively low aggregate volatility.
Rumination and worry as putative mediators explaining the association between emotional disorders and alcohol use disorder in a longitudinal study.

Abstract Introduction The high rate of comorbidity between alcohol use and emotional disorders is well demonstrated, but the mechanisms underlying their relationship remain largely unidentified. One possibility is maladaptive responding to negative affect, such as worry and rumination. The present study sought to examine worry and rumination as putative mediators explaining the link between emotional disorders and alcohol use disorders. Methods Mediational analyses were conducted using a sample (n = 232) derived from a larger late adolescence/early adulthood longitudinal dataset (Youth Emotion Project; Zinbarg et al., 2010). Results A significant indirect effect was observed for emotional disorder severity on alcohol use disorder severity via rumination, but not via worry or the shared variance between worry and rumination. Conclusions These findings suggest that rumination may specifically confer risk for the development of alcohol use disorder for individuals with emotional disorders. Further, ruminative thinking may serve as a specific treatment target to reduce vulnerability to alcohol use disorder.
Assessing Risk and Supportive Care for a Hospital Discharge Refusal.

In this case, Brian, a 42-year-old patient with decision-making capacity and a history of non-adherence to treatment, refuses to leave the hospital due to concerns about a bothersome rash on his ar...
Mode I Crack Surface Displacements and Stress Intensity Factors for a Round Compact Specimen Subject to a Couple and Force

Mode I displacement coefficients along the crack surface and stress intensity coefficients are presented for a radially cracked round compact specimen, treated as a plane elastostatic problem, subjected to two types of loading; a uniform tensile stress and a nominal bending stress distribution across the net section. By superposition the resultant displacement coefficient or the corresponding stress intensity coefficient can be obtained for any practical load location. Load line displacements and stress intensity coefficients are presented for A/D ratios ranging from 0.40 to 0.95, where A is the crack length measured from the crack mouth to the crack tip and D is the specimen diameter. Through a linear extrapolation procedure, crack mouth displacements are also obtained. Experimental evidence and comparisons with other investigators shows that the results of this study are valid over the range of A/D ratios analyzed for a practical pin loaded round compact specimen.
Sufism in West Africa

Sufism had a decisive influence on the development and spread of Islam in West Africa. Although it has been the subject of a considerable number of academic works, Sufism in West Africa remains understudied and often misunderstood. French and British colonial views of Islam had a lasting impact on the perception of Sufism in Africa, resulting in its depreciation as a kind of “popular” Islam of the ignorant masses. A closer look at eminent West African Sufi leaders and their movements, including the Qadiriyya, the Tijaniyya, and the Muridiyya, reveals that Sufism articulated itself in a variety of ways over the past three centuries, and that it continues to be a formidable spiritual, intellectual, and social force in many countries in the Western parts of the African continent.
Spatial–Temporal Modeling

Spatial–temporal Models (STMs) formalize the variation of phenomena over time and across space. In the last 20 plus years, the scholarly trends most relevant to STMs have been the growth in importance, relevance, and reach of spatial econometrics, of panel econometrics, and of spatial panel econometrics. In response to these trends, four of the six core sections of this article define and illustrate by examples the following classes: cross-sectional STMs, cross-sectional STMs with spatial effects, panel STMs, and panel STMs with spatial effects. These core sections are preceded by an ‘atypical STMs’ section and are followed by a section dealing with the ‘construction of STMs.’ The conclusion touches upon a number of trends that are having an impact on the evolution of spatial–temporal modeling.
Effects of directional antennas with realizable beam patterns on the spaced-time correlation function

In this paper we analyze the effects of a realizable directional antenna at a base station on the bit error probability (BEP) associated with a radio frequency (RF) link to a mobile receiver. Assume the base station has the peak of its radiation pattern pointed directly towards the mobile receiver which is surrounded by a uniform distribution of isotropic scatterers. The shape of the radiation pattern shifts the angle-of-arrival (aoa) probability density function (pdf) to greater values at angles close to the line of sight and lowers the power spectral density (PSD) of the higher frequency components of Doppler spreading. Since the inverse Fourier transform of the Doppler power spectrum is the spaced-time correlation function, reducing the high frequency power of the PSD results in a flatter correlation function. For a system employing differentially coherent detection (e.g. DPSK), a flatter correlation function results in a correlation coefficient closer to one (1.0). For a DPSK system operating in a Doppler spread channel this improvement results in a reduction of the system’s BEP and error floor.
Biomedical Engineering Education: A View From Academia

Academic programs in biomedical engineering seem to be succeeding. There has been growth of the student population and new programs have been launched. A major question is whether the field will adapt to the dynamic scientific environment and maintain a leadership role at the interface of engineering with biology and medicine.
Programmable high-speed true-time-delay optical processor for phased-array antennas using a recirculating loop

A programmable high-speed true-time-delay (TTD) processor using a recirculating loop is proposed for optical beamforming and phased-array antennas. The number of TTD elements is reduced by several times, in comparison to other methods. The reconfiguration time of beamsteering can reach tens of nanoseconds. The experimental results for the proof-of-concept of this optical beamformer are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 46: 426–429, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21005
Effect of Bromine in Molding Compounds on Gold - Aluminum Bonds

Degradation rates of gold wire ball bonds on aluminum bonding pads were studied in two molding compounds as a function of bromine concentration, temperature, and time at temperature. The measure of degradation was the resistance increase of the aluminum-gold contact. The rate of degradation was observed to increase with increasing bromine content and temperature for both molding compounds. However, the bromine content dependence of the activation free energy of the degradation reaction indicates a different degradation mechanism for each molding compound.
Are Pathologists Accurately Diagnosing Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children? A 9-Year Single Academic Institutional Experience With Interobserver Observations

Our aims were to evaluate (a) whether the incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) in children has increased, (b) whether the histologic diagnosis of EE has been accurate, and (c) potential interobserver variability in the counting of intraepithelial eosinophils in esophageal biopsies. A total of 1215 pediatric endoscopic esophageal biopsies were performed. In total, 289 biopsies were reviewed by one pathologist based on one of the following original histologic diagnoses: EE, reflux esophagitis (RE), or acute/chronic inflammation. EE was diagnosed when at least one high-power field (HPF) contained > or = 20 intraepithelial eosinophils. According to the first pathologist, 104 biopsies had a histologic diagnosis of EE; the prevalence remained relatively stable, ranging from 5.5 to 11 per 100 biopsies annually. In 36 cases, the reporting pathologist correctly diagnosed EE, and in another 34, EE was included in the differential diagnosis. From January 1997 to December 1998, the pathologist either correctly diagnosed EE or included it in the differential diagnosis in 6/13 cases. In contrast, from January 2004 to December 2005, 32/37 cases were included. In 34/104 cases, EE was misdiagnosed as RE. No case of RE was misdiagnosed as EE.A total of 58 cases had pathology reports that quantified the densest number of eosinophils per HPF. The agreement rate was 94.8%, with a kappa value of 0.888. The incidence of EE in children has been stable from January 1997 to December 2005. Overall, pathologists recognized EE in two thirds of cases. The increased diagnostic accuracy over time suggests pathologists are more aware of EE.
Deleterious mutation in GPSM2 identified as cause for nonsyndromic deafness.

Whole exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping identify mutation in the cell polarity protein GPSM2 as the cause of nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNB82 Walsh et al. (2010) The American Journal of Human Genetics 87: 90–94
Uncooled thermal imaging at Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments has developed a new thermal imaging technology based upon focal plane arrays (FPAs) using the pyroelectric effect in ceramic barium-strontium titanate (BST). These devices operate near the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition, which, for the selected composition of BST, is near room temperature. The detector elements operate in the voltage mode with a bias voltage applied to maintain and optimize the pyroelectric effect near the phase transition. The BST array attaches via bump-bonding to a CMOS readout circuit that filters, buffers and multiplexes the output signals. These FPAs have facilitated the development of a system technology capable of satisfying a wide variety of applications, including surveillance devices, weapons sights, missile seekers and driver's aids. Resulting systems are performance-competitive with scanned FLIRs in these applications, and they are smaller in size, lighter in weight, and require less power than scanned FLIRs. Simplicity and compactness of the system designs will result in production costs competitive with image intensification devices.
Indian Gaming: Traditional Perspectives and Cultural Sovereignty

This article discusses Indian gaming issues from the perspectives of “traditional” Lakota and Dakota people through the lens of cultural sovereignty. The author reviews the sociopolitical backgroun...
Stage II malignant melanoma: Presentation of a prognostic model and an assessment of specific active immunotherapy in 1,273 patients

The ability to redefine risk factors and to predict prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma at the time they manifest nodal metastasis can be a benefit to the patient emotionally and to the physician therapeutically. A retrospective review of 1,273 patients with stage II malignant melanoma was performed at our institution. The most significant prognostic factors in a simultaneous hazard Cox multivariate analysis, predicting melanoma-related mortality among stage II patients, were the number of positive nodes (P less than 0.0001), age (P = 0.0004), site of the primary lesion (P = 0.0036), disease-free interval (P = 0.016), thickness of the primary lesion (P = 0.017), and sex of the patient (P = 0.0616). We have developed a model for predicting survival of stage II patients, designed for use in the clinic setting. Its application in a computer system makes it accessible and understandable. The most favorable risk group (18% of the population) has actuarial 5- and 10-year survival rates of 58% and 49%, respectively, from the time of the nodal metastasis. The least favorable risk group (7% of the population) has 5- and 10-year survival rates of 15% and 10%, respectively. There are three intermediate risk groups. All groups differ prognostically (P less than 0.04). The principal adjuvant therapy offered to these patients was specific active immunotherapy, which appears to have a 10-20% survival benefit in stage II patients with greater than one positive node, when compared with institutional controls. The apparent survival benefit of the immunotherapy supports continued clinical investigation of its therapeutic potential.
Nucleotide requirements for CDX2 binding to the cis promoter element mediating intestine-specific expression of guanylyl cyclase C

Guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), specifically expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, is the receptor for the Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin that causes diarrhea. Tissue-specific expression of GC-C is mediated by the intestinal transcriptional regulator CDX2. This trans-activating protein regulates intestine-specific expression by binding to a critical sequence in the proximal promoter of GC-C. The precise nucleotide elements mediating CDX2 binding to promoter elements remain undefined. Several nuclear proteins form complexes with a DNA probe containing the promoter element of GC-C mediating CDX2 binding. The present study examined the nucleotide requirements in the consensus binding site and flanking regions in the cis element that mediates specific CDX2 binding to the promoter of GC-C. These studies identified seven core base pairs in the critical promoter element mediating tissue-specific expression of GC-C that are required for CDX2 binding. In addition, base pairs flanking this core sequence contribute to and are required for CDX2 recognition. These studies describe the precise nucleotide sequence within the GC-C promoter that comprises the CDX2 binding site required for intestine-specific expression.
Patterns of exercise treadmill test performance in patients with left main coronary artery disease: Detection dependent on left coronary dominance or coexistent dominant right coronary disease

Abstract The exercise treadmill test (ETT) performance of 60 patients with angiographically documented left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease (LMD) was analyzed to determine the spectrum of ETT response in this distinct subset of patients with coronary disease (CAD). The location and extent of CAD was also determined to assess its effect on exercise response in patients having LMD. The ST segment response indicated ischemia in 46 patients (77%), and only one patient (2%) achieved a maximum predicted heart rate (HR) with a negative ST segment response. During ETT exertional hypotension developed in six patients (10%), frequent ventricular ectopic beats occurred in 19 patients (32%), and ST segment elevation occurred in five patients (8%). A "markedly positive" ETT response, defined as either ≥ 2.0 mm ischemic ST segment depression, a positive ST segment response in stage I of the Bruce protocol, termination of the exercise test in stage I or II, or the development of exertional hypotension was observed in 53 patients (88%). A "benign" treadmill test response, defined as either a negative test at the maximum predicted HR or the ability to exercise at least to stage IV, was observed in only four patients (7%). Patterns of coronary anatomy were divided into group I (nine patients), where only portions of the myocardium were in jeopardy of ischemia (patients with an obstruction in the LMCA but with a normal dominant right coronary artery [RCA]); and group II (51 patients), where the entire myocardium was in jeopardy (patients with LMD and either a dominant left coronary artery or a dominant RCA which was obstructed). There was a significantly higher prevalence in group II vs group I of exercise-induced frequent ventricular ectopic beats (19 patients vs 0 patient), termination of the treadmill test in stage I (28 patients vs 0 patients), and marked ischemic ST segment depression ≥ 2.0 mm (30 patients vs 2 patients), all p
CR2 Complement Receptor

CR2, a membrane glycoprotein, is one of a number of cell-surface proteins which bind activation and processing fragments of the complement system. CR2, which is found on normal B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid organs, and epithelial cells, interacts preferentially with C3dg, the terminal activation/processing fragment of the third complement component. Attachment of C3dg to CR2 brings complement activators, bearing covalently bound C3dg, into direct membrane contact with CR2-bearing cells. Epstein-Barr virus, a human herpesvirus, also binds to CR2 on B lymphocytes. Attachment of EBV is followed by infection. CR2 has been purified and the binding properties of its ligands analyzed. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed and used to probe the structural correlates of CR2 functions. CR2 has been molecularly cloned and its primary amino acid sequence deduced. These data indicate that it shares characteristic structural features with a number of other complement and non-complement cell membrane and plasma proteins. Several of the complement-associated proteins in this family possess regulatory functions; they are encoded by linked genes which have been localized to band q32 on chromosome 1. CR2 has been expressed in primate and rodent cells by transfection of cDNA in antigenically and functionally intact form. It has also been expressed in soluble form and its structure, electron microscopic appearance and binding characteristics analyzed in detail. The present state of knowledge of the structure and genetics of CR2 and current understanding of its biologic functions are summarized here.
Peroxidases and Cell Activity in Developing Egg (Orthoptera).

Summary1. A study has been made of the peroxidase activity (guaiac test) during the embryonic development of the grasshopper, Melatzoplus differentialis. 2. At constant temperature (25°C.) negative peroxidase reactions are found for pre-diapause eggs. Positive reactions are given for diapause and post-diapause eggs, Embryos after hatching give negative reactions. 3. Exposure of prediapause eggs to low temperatures (0-5°C.) apparently destroys a naturally occurring inhibitor so that eggs thus treated always give positive peroxidase reactions. 4. Ideas are expressed as to possible manner in which peroxidase inhibitors function. 5. No correlation between cellular and peroxidase activity seems apparent.
Effects of laser repetition rate on corneal tissue ablation for 193-nm excimer laser light.

Background and Objective The goal of the present work is to assess whether bovine corneal ablations generated at laser repetition rates of up to 400 Hz are comparable to ablations performed at rates consistent with current clinical laser systems. Study Design/Materials and Methods A combination of experiments was used to assess a comprehensive range of ablation parameters, including ablation plume dynamics via imaging and transmission, corneal ablation profiles via scanning interferometry, and high-resolution electron microscopy of collagen structure following ablation. Results Using white-light interferometry analysis, no statistical difference was found between corneal ablation profiles created at 60 and 400 Hz, with an average rate of 0.94 µm/pulse at 60 Hz versus 0.92 µm/pulse at 400 Hz. In addition, based on plume imaging and transmission studies, the bulk ablation plume was found to dissipate on a time-scale less than the pulse-to-pulse separation for a laser repetition rate up to about 400 Hz. A persistent, diffuse gas-phase component of the ablation products was observed and concluded to be comparable at both repetition rates. Finally, SEM and TEM analysis revealed no signs of differential thermal tissue damage, including collagen fibril analysis, for laser repetition rates up to 400 Hz. Conclusions In summary, investigation of the relative effects of excimer laser repetition rate on the overall corneal ablation metrics revealed no measurable difference under conditions typical of clinical refractive procedures. This study suggests that increases in ArF laser repetition rates for clinical applications (up to ∼400 Hz) appear feasible. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:483–493, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Early Precambrian tectonic-igneous evolution in the Vermilion district, northeastern Minnesota

The Vermilion district and adjacent areas are part of the greenstone-granite terrane of northern Minnesota and consist of a thick succession of subaqueous volcanic rocks, derivative sedimentary rocks, and intrusive granitic rocks, which formed during the interval 2,750 to 2,700 m.y. ago. The volcanic-sedimentary succession now constitutes an eastward-trending, upright, tight anticlinorium between flanking granitic batholiths. The folding was broadly contemporaneous with emplacement of the oldest recognized plutonic rocks, which range in composition from granite to tonalite, and is attributed to compression caused by the relative upwelling and convergence of the buoyant granitic bodies. Metamorphism of the supracrustal rocks to greenschist and, locally, middle-amphibolite facies accompanied the folding. Later, anorogenic monzonite–quartz monzonite and other syenitic rocks intruded the supracrustal rocks, apparently as diapirs. Regional strike-slip faulting followed emplacement of the anorogenic plutons. The principal fault, named the Vermilion fault system, transects several greenstone-granite complexes; within the district, stratigraphic offsets indicate a right-lateral strike-slip separation of 17 to 19 km along the fault. The strike-slip faulting marked the transition from an unstable crust dominated by vertical tectonic movements to a more stable crust capable of sustaining regional fractures.
Apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory markers in uterine leiomyosarcoma

Abstract Objectives. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulators p53, p21, p27, bax, and bcl-2 in uterine leiomyosarcoma in order to identify molecular pathways that possibly could be important in the development of leiomyosarcoma. A secondary aim was to examine if the apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory protein expression profile of uterine leiomyosarcoma is potentially useful for clinical prognostic purposes. Methods. A tissue microarray representing 36 uterine leiomyosarcomas and 19 uterine leiomyomas was created with 3 representative cores from each tumor. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for bcl-2, bax, p21, p27, and p53 using standard techniques. Staining was scored 0–12 for each marker, 0–3 being negative and 4–12 positive. Outcome analyses were performed only for leiomyosarcomas. First recurrence was determined from the time of initial diagnosis. Survival was determined from the time of initial diagnosis to last follow-up. Results. Associations were found between disease type (leiomyosarcoma vs. leiomyoma) and the positivity status of p21 (43% vs. 0%, P P P P = 0.02) in a univariate analysis. In a multivariate analysis, tumor stage was the only independent significant prognostic factor ( P = 0.002). Conclusion. The significant differential expression of apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory proteins in uterine leiomyosarcoma as compared to benign smooth muscle tumors suggests that pathways involving these proteins may be important in the development of malignant disease and, therefore, could be potential targets for molecular therapies.
High K+ and IGF-1 protect cerebellar granule neurons via distinct signaling pathways.

In culture, cerebellar granule neurons die of apoptosis in serum-free media containing a physiologic level of K + but survive in a depolarizing concentration of K + or when insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is added. Both Akt/PKB activation and caspase-3 inhibition were implicated as the underlying neuroprotective mechanisms. The duration of high K + , however, induced survival effects that outlasted its transient activation of Akt, and granule neurons derived from caspase-3 knockout mice died to the same extent as did those from wild-type mice, suggesting that additional mechanisms are involved. To delineate these survival mechanisms, we compared the activities of two major survival pathways after high K + -induced depolarization or IGF-1 stimulation. Although IGF-1 promoted neuronal survival by activating its tyrosine kinase receptor, high K + depolarization provided the same effect by increasing the Ca 2 + influx through the L Ca 2 + channel. Moreover, high K + -induced depolarization resulted in sustained activation of MAP kinase, whereas IGF-1 activated Akt in 4 hr. Inhibition of MEK (MAP kinase kinase) by either PD98059 or UO126 abolished the protective effect of high K + -induced depolarization, but not that of IGF-1, suggesting that activation of the MAP kinase pathway is necessary for high K + neuroprotective effects. We demonstrated also that high K + -induced depolarization, but not IGF-1, increased phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and protein synthesis, both of which can be blocked by UO126. Overall, our findings suggested that high K + -induced depolarization, unlike IGF-1, promoted neuronal survival via activating MAP kinase, possibly by increasing CREB-dependent transcriptional activation of specific proteins that promote neuronal survival.
Estimating the cost of unmet HIV-prevention needs in the United States

Abstract Background: Although new HIV infection cases have dropped from over 160,000 per year in the mid-1980s to 40,000 per year in the 1990s, HIV incidence has been relatively unchanged for a decade. This number of annual incident infections suggests that substantial, unmet HIV-prevention needs continue to fuel the HIV epidemic in the United States. Objectives: This study estimates the cost of addressing the unmet HIV-prevention needs in the United States and establishes a performance standard by estimating the number of HIV infections that would have to be prevented in order for these programs to be considered cost saving to society. Methods: Standard methods of cost and threshold analysis were employed in this study. Interventions needed to address unmet behavioral risks include services to reduce sexual risk of HIV infection, services to provide access to sterile syringes for people who cannot stop injecting drugs, HIV counseling and testing, and intensive preventive services to help HIV-seropositive people avoid transmitting the virus to others. Results: If brief interventions are utilized to address sexual behavior risk, the total program cost (over and above current resource levels) is just over $817 million; and if more expensive multisession, small-group interventions are used, the costs increase to over $1.85 billion. However, even the higher-cost program has a threshold of only 12,000 infections that must be prevented in order for the program to be considered a cost saving to society. Conclusions: Addressing the remaining unmet HIV-preventive needs in the United States will require a substantial commitment of resources. However, even a greatly expanded HIV-preventive program in the United States could pay for itself through savings in averted medical care costs.
The Multi-Stranded Career of Leo J. Hickey

1 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013 USA 2 Department of Geology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97354, Waco, TX 76798 USA 3 Harvard University Botanical Museum, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA 4 Corresponding author: Department of Biology, Indiana University Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Road, New Albany, IN 47150 USA —email: dwtaylo2@ius.edu
An FT-IR-ATR spectroscopic study of the spontaneous polymerization of pyrrole in iron-exchanged montmorillonite

Abstract The oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in montmorillonite clay is followed in real time using in situ FT-IR-ATR spectroscopy. A conducting polymer-clay composite is formed as the ferric sites present at the accessible surfaces of the clay particles chemically oxidize the aromatic heterocycle. The infrared spectra indicate that the conducting polymer formed resembles electrochemically prepared polypyrrole and that, due to mass transport control of the reaction, no evidence of overoxidation of the pyrrole ring is found. No IR-evident changes are found for the aluminosilicate structure of the clay mineral. From analysis of the change in pyrrole concentration it can be determined that the overall process consists of three steps: pre-concentration, polymerization and pyrrole diffusion. By comparing diffusion limited data for experiments performed with and without the clay layer a relative measure of the diffusion coefficient for pyrrole in the composite is obtained.
Investigation and design modification of delay-insensitive asynchronous circuits for minimum supply voltage operation

Since the introduction of energy harvesting and battery powered low- to mid-speed electronic circuits, supply voltages have been pushed to the physical limits of semiconductor devices for energy minimization and battery lifetime. Using the IBM 8RF-LM 0.13μm process and a modified library, an asynchronous ALU has shown to be capable of operating at 0.1V. This paper presents the minimum energy analysis of a delay-insensitive asynchronous ALU, its modified version for minimum supply voltage operation, and the simulation results.
A public policy aid for bioenergy investment: case study of failed plants.

Abstract Recent failures of renewable energy plants have raised concerns regarding government's role in providing credit subsidies and have harmed the long-run development of renewable energy. The major reason for these failures lies in government loan appraisers not having a model that addresses these root causes and instead relying on traditional net present value (NPV) analysis. What is required is a model representing entrepreneurs' investment decision processes when faced with uncertainty, irreversibility, and flexibility that characterize renewable energy investments. The aim is to develop such a model with a real options analysis (ROA) criterion as the foundation. A case study comparing NPV with ROA decisions for 50 and 100 million gallon ethanol plants is used as a basis for future development of a template government loan appraisers can use for evaluating the feasibility of renewable energy investments.
Twist-four effects in electroproduction: model dependence

Abstract The twist-four, spin-two effects on the second Nachtmann moment in electroproduction have been calculated using the operator product expansion. To explore the model dependence of the nucleon matrix elements of the operators, proton and neutron wave functions from several different models of quark confinement were considered. While the twist-four, spin-two effects were indeed found to be substantially model-dependent, thery were small (⪕2%) in all cases, confirming the conclusions of Jaffe and Soldate, based on the MIT bag model.
A Simple Analytical Model for a Single Roll Thin Strip Casting Process

Abstract A simple analytical model is described for a single roll thin strip casting process. This model was developed using fluid mechanics only. Molten metal flow in the puddle in the strip moving direction was treated as a boundary layer flow, whereas the crosswise expansion of the puddle was taken as a potential flow. By assuming a flow speed distribution so that the predictions of the model conform to experimental measurements, this model allows the effects of operating parameters including cast speed and nozzle location angle on the strip formation to be predicted and an optimum operating condition window to be proposed. Occurrence of strip jamming can also be interpreted based on the predicted puddle profile.
Magnetically induced surface charges on samples in magnetic resonance imaging radio‐frequency coils: Effect on electric fields, sample losses, and coil resonance

We present a solution to Maxwell’sequations which describe the inductive interaction between an irregularly shaped sample in a magnetic resonance imaging rf coil. It is demonstrated that the inductive interaction between the coil and sample can induce charge densities on the sample surface and that these charge densities lead to observable changes in coilQ, resonant frequency offset and sample power dissipation.
Design variable selection to simplify process calculations

During the analysis of a large process system, the values of certain design variables must be preassigned to allow the solution of the design equations. A careless selection of these distinguished variables can lead to trouble, magnifying computational problems above what need be. A method is proposed for determining a set of design variables which could minimize the computational labor associated with process analysis. This work is part of a larger project on the computer aided design of process systems.
Effects of Landscape Corridors on Seed Dispersal by Birds

Habitat fragmentation threatens biodiversity by disrupting dispersal. The mechanisms and consequences of this disruption are controversial, primarily because most organisms are difficult to track. We examined the effect of habitat corridors on long-distance dispersal of seeds by birds, and tested whether small-scale (<20 meters) movements of birds could be scaled up to predict dispersal of seeds across hundreds of meters in eight experimentally fragmented landscapes. A simulation model accurately predicted the observed pattern of seed rain and revealed that corridors functioned through edge-following behavior of birds. Our study shows how models based on easily observed behaviors can be scaled up to predict landscape-level processes.
A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE NONEQUILIBRIUM DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF A FINANCIAL MARKET

By developing a simple model for market making, price formation can be studied in a nonequilibrium setting. Commonly used trading strategies, such as value investing based on fundamentals, or technical trading based on past price history, generate characteristic price dynamics, including excess volatility, clustered volatility, and long tails. The long term evolution of capital in the market can be modeled in terms of reinvestment of profits, which when combined with the price formation rule leads to generalized Lotka–Volterra equations, originally developed to model predator-prey systems in ecology. Sensible estimates of the characteristic time for substantial capital reallocations are years to decades, suggesting that the progression toward market efficiency may be rather slow.
The snodgrass picture fragment completion test: Alternate-form reliability

In two studies, the alternate-form reliability of the Snodgrass picture fragment completion test of implicit memory (Snodgrass, Smith, Feenan, & Corwin, 1987) was examined. In this test, identifica­ tion threshulds are established for fragmented pictures. The same fragmented pictures are then shown again, intermixed with new fragmented pictures. Implicit memory is indicated by a decrease in identification threshold from the first to second presentation. Alternate-form reliability was low to moderate, depending on the measure used, regardless of the length of the test. A third study showed that explicit memory instructions did not increase the reliability. Recommendations for use of the test in correlational and experimental research are presented. The picture fragment completion test used in this study was first designed by Gollin (1960) and later modified by
Drosophila lactate dehydrogenase: partial purification and characterization.

Abstract Drosphila LDH has been purified 130-fold. It is similar to vertebrate skeletal muscle LDH in molecular weight and kinetics with pyruvate. Although Drosophila LDH exhibits only one band of activity in several electrophoretic systems, heat denaturation experiments indicate two forms of the enzyme. Neither form exhibits pyruvate kinetics similar to those of vertebrate heart LDH.
Applied behavior analysis: Its impact on the treatment of mentally retarded emotionally disturbed people

Laboratory research on behavior analysis proved to be useful in establishing principles of learning with many relevant applications for people. Early efforts in the applied behavior analysis area proved to be particularly successful with mentally retarded persons. Self-help skills received much of the earliest attention, but another area that became quite fruitful for study was dual diagnosis--mental health problems of mentally retarded individuals. This paper reviews some of the early works of Skinner and his colleagues and the implications of this work on the rapidly developing subdiscipline of dual diagnosis. Current status and future trends are discussed.
Economic design of control charts using the Taguchi loss function

Abstract We embellish Duncan's cost model with Taguchi's loss function to incorporate losses that result from both inherent variability due to assignable causes. Whereas Duncan applies a penalty cost for operating out of control, he does not show how this cost can be obtained or quantified. We illustrate, analyze, and evaluate this model utilizing hypothetical cost figures and process parameters. We also suggest adjustments to control chart design parameters when there are process improvements over time.
Studying Primate Carpal Kinematics in Three Dimensions Using a Computed-Tomography-Based Markerless Registration Method

The functional morphology of the wrist pertains to a number of important questions in primate evolutionary biology, including that of hominins. Reconstructing locomotor and manipulative capabilities of the wrist in extinct species requires a detailed understanding of wrist biomechanics in extant primates and the relationship between carpal form and function. The kinematics of carpal movement, and the role individual joints play in providing mobility and stability of the wrist, is central to such efforts. However, there have been few detailed biomechanical studies of the nonhuman primate wrist. This is largely because of the complexity of wrist morphology and the considerable technical challenges involved in tracking the movements of the many small bones that compose the carpus. The purpose of this article is to introduce and outline a method adapted from human clinical studies of three-dimensional (3D) carpal kinematics for use in a comparative context. The method employs computed tomography of primate cadaver forelimbs in increments throughout the wrist's range of motion, coupled with markerless registration of 3D polygon models based on inertial properties of each bone. The 3D kinematic principles involved in extracting motion axis parameters that describe bone movement are reviewed. In addition, a set of anatomically based coordinate systems embedded in the radius, capitate, hamate, lunate, and scaphoid is presented for the benefit of other primate functional morphologists interested in studying carpal kinematics. Finally, a brief demonstration of how the application of these methods can elucidate the mechanics of the wrist in primates illustrates the closer-packing of carpals in chimpanzees than in orangutans, which may help to stabilize the midcarpus and produce a more rigid wrist beneficial for efficient hand posturing during knuckle-walking locomotion.
Characterization of Several Metalloporphyrins in Unusual Oxidation States. The Effect of Axial and Equatorial Ligands

The effect of axial and equatorial ligands on the generation of unusual oxidation states in metalloporphyrins is discussed. Selected examples have been taken from the literature. These include the generation of Ni(III) and Ru(III) porphyrins from Ni(II) and Ru(II) complexes containing specific axial and equatorial ligands as well as the generatoin of a Cu(I) metalloporphyrin dianion which is produced upon the overall three-electron reduction of Cu(II) tetracyanoporphyrin. Special emphasis is placed on the oxidation and reduction of σ bonded iron phenyl porphyrins. These complexes, which are stable as Fe(III), may be oxidized by a single electron to yield unstable compounds characterized as containing a great deal of Fe(IV) character, or reduced by a single electron to produce stable species which resemble, in part, radical anions of Fe(III). This singly deduced species may be described by a resonance equilibria between an Fe(III) porphyrin anion radical and an Fe(II) porphyrin anion. Likewise, the singly oxidized complex may be described by a resonance equilibria between an Fe(IV) porphyrin cation and an Fe(III) cation radical.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus among oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases: systematic review and meta-analysis

Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) has been hypothesised as a risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but aetiological research has been limited by the varying methodology used for establishing HPV prevalence. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to estimate the prevalence of HPV DNA detected in OSCC tumours and the influence of study characteristics. Study-level estimates of overall and type-specific HPV prevalence were meta-analysed to obtain random-effects summary estimates. This analysis included 124 studies with a total of 13 832 OSCC cases. The average HPV prevalence (95% confidence interval) among OSCC cases was 0.277 (0.234, 0.320) by polymerase chain reaction; 0.243 (0.159, 0.326) by in situ hybridisation; 0.304 (0.185, 0.423) by immunohistochemistry; 0.322 (0.154, 0.490) by L1 serology; and 0.176 (0.061, 0.292) by Southern/slot/dot blot. The highest HPV prevalence was found in Africa and Asia, notably among Chinese studies from provinces with high OSCC incidence rates. Future research should focus on quantifying HPV in OSCC cases using strict quality control measures, as well as determining the association between HPV and OSCC incidence by conducting large, population-based case–control studies. Such studies will provide a richer understanding of the role of HPV in OSCC aetiology.
Integrated acousto-optics in compound semiconductor waveguide structures

Compound semiconductor waveguide substrates have been recognized for sometime for their potential for realization of monolithic integrated acoustooptics (AO) devices and circuits. Recent theoretical and experimental studies on AO Bragg interactions in GaAs-based waveguide substrates and the most recent studies in InP-based waveguide substrates have made advances toward this potential. It is clear that many of the science and technology that are being developed in conjunction with the InP-based photonics integrated circuits may be employed for realization of monolithic integrated AO devices and circuits. Such future integrated AO devices and circuits should facilitate utilization of photons, phonons and electrons in a common material substrate for a variety of applications in information processing and communications, and sensing that are not possible with utilization of two particles alone.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Davis On Enjoyment: A Reply

In 'A Causal Theory of Enjoyment' (Mind i982), Wayne Davis raises three objections to my own 'causal theory' of enjoyment (Warner, 'Enjoyment', Phil. Rev. (ig80), pp. 506-526). These objections raise issues of interest beyond the mere defence of my account. I begin with a brief synopsis of Davis' account since it provides the background for his criticism of my views. Davis suggests that to enjoy an experience E is for E to cause one to 'experience pleasure by causing occurrent beliefs which satisfy desires concerning the experience itself' (p. 240). One may wonder what progress is achieved by defining enjoyment in terms of experiencing pleasure. But Davis explains that 'a person experiences pleasure if he feels happy, or experiences happiness' (p. 240), and adds that 'occurrent happiness can be defined in terms of belief, desire, and thought'. He explains: 'Take every proposition or thought a person is thinking at the moment, multiply the degree to which it is believed by the degree to which it is desired, add up all the products, and the sum is the degree of happiness' (p. 248). So Davis finally defines enjoyment as follows: 'A is enjoying E if E is causing A to have a number of occurrent beliefs concerning E, which collectively add significantly to the pleasure (happiness) A is experiencing' (p. 249). One may wonder about the 'add significantly' requirement. What is the criterion of significance? We will return to this point later. The basic idea behind this account is very similar to the basic idea behind my account. What I suggest is that an enjoyed experience (or activity) E causes (or causally sustains) a desire that it is also simultaneously satisfies (Warner, p. 517). The desire is the desire, of E, that it be an experience of such-and-such a sort. E ensures the satisfaction of this desire by causing one to believe, of E, that it is of such-and-such sort. So, given that E is occurring, and that one believes, of E, that it is such-and-such, one's desire, of E, that it be such-and-such must be satisfied. This harmony between causation and satisfaction is enjoyment. With two qualifications. First, it is not really true that one's desire must be satisfied. What is true is that one must experience its satisfaction. Here I am understanding 'experience' as creating an intentional context so that 'you experience the satisfaction of your desire' does not imply 'your desire is satisfied.' This emendation is needed to handle examples of the following sort. Suppose I enjoy -looking at a painting. I desire to be looking at a Cezanne and believe falsely that I am. I experience the satisfaction of my desire, but the desire is not really satisfied. The second qualification is that one must desire E for its own sake, and not merely as a means to an end.
The structural organization of technology approach of scientific research

The article deals with the structural organization of technology approach of scientific research, the basic structure of the research cycle: fundamental, applied, theoretical and experimental.