cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty Perspectives and Practice in an Urban Community College.

This article explores faculty perspectives and practice at one Urban Community College in the United States. Data were gathered as part of a larger ethnography on the culture which lower class black students produce in an urban institution. My goal here is to describe elements of faculty culture, explore reasons why faculty culture takes the shape and form that it does, and discuss the ways in which this culture may be linked to institutional outcomes. In so doing. I offer a framework through which the structural genesis of faculty-student conflict and the relationship between faculty culture and institutional outcomes may be viewed.
Efficacy of Caffeine Versus Expectancy in Altering Caffeine-Related Symptoms

Abstract The study investigated the independent and interactive effects of caffeine and expectancy on caffeine-related symptoms. High- and low-caffeine consumers were randomly assigned to either an expectancy or nonexpectancy instructional set and one of four caffeine doses. Subjects were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, (Spielberger & Gorsuch, 1970) and a Symptom Questionnaire (Christensen, White, Krietsch, & Steele, 1990) prior to and 45 min following consumption of one of the four caffeine doses. An analysis of covariance identified a significant main effect for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores and significant main and interaction effects for four Symptom Questionnaire items. However, when the alpha levels were corrected for the increased probability of Type I error, using the Bonferroni procedure, these effects failed to achieve significance. These results suggest that previous reports of subjective caffeine effects are also suspect because of their failure to control for the in...
Studies of the reaction of beta-propiolactone with deoxyguanosine and related compounds.

Abstract The reaction of β-propiolactone with guanosine and related compounds was shown to give the previously reported product 7-(2-carboxyethyl)guanine, and a second product which was characterized as 7,9-di-(2-carboxyethyl)guanine. Evidence for this structure included an elementary analysis of the compound, comparison of its u.v. spectra and pKa with those for analogous structures, and comparison of its spectra and RF with those for the compound prepared by an alternative method. A mechanism for the reaction of β-propiolactone with guanosine and related compounds is suggested.
Theory and practise of rapid liquid chromatography at moderate pressures using water as eluent

Abstract The rapid separation of oligo- and monosaccharides on long, narrow columns packed with easily compressed, 4% cross-linked, cation-exchange resin adds a new dimension to the chramatography of carbohydrates on gel type supporst: speedy analysis at low pressure. The discovery of a pressure-critical diameter effect in the packing of Aminex 50W-X4 (Ca 2+ ) makes it possible to pack 60-cm long columns capable of separating malto-and cellodextrins in 12–15 min using water as the sole eluent. The surprising phenomena of a 50-fold increase in pressuer due to an increase in column diameter from 6 to 8 mm is reported and reasons for this effect are explained. Equally noteworthy is the stability of the 6-mm columns. One column described in this report has been in continous operation for over 2600 h. The application of low- pressure liquid chromatography to enzyme kinetics as well as to separation of oligo- and monosaccharides is also discussed.
Sputter-induced surface composition changes in alloys

Abstract Radiation-induced redistribution of alloying elements in the near-surface region of dilute binary alloys during low-energy Ar+ ion sputtering was calculated using a kinetic model that includes the effects of radiation-induced segregation and preferential sputtering. Changes in the alloy surface composition were calculated as functions of sputtering time, temperature, ion flux and initial alloy composition for Ni-based model alloys. In the temperature range 200–850°C, radiation-induced segregation is dominant initially and the surface is enriched with or depleted of solutes whose fluxes are coupled predominantly to interstitial or vacancy fluxes, respectively. As the bombardment time increases, the effects of preferential sputtering become dominant and the surface composition approaches a steady-state value determined by the sputtering coefficients of the alloy components. Below 200 and above 850°C, the surface composition is altered by preferential sputtering because radiation-induced segregation is insignificant. The time required to achieve steady state increases with increasing temperature and decreasing ion flux. The present calculations may be of importance in the areas of sputter depth-profiling, sputter etching, and plasma contamination in fusion reactors.
Synthesis and characterization of monomagnesium phosphate tetrahydrate

Monomagnesium phosphate tetrahydrate (MMPT) has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analyses techniques. MMPT is incongruently soluble and solids in equilibrium with a solution having an MG:P ratio of 1:2 coexist at an invariant point involving MMPT and MgHPO4·3H2O. MMPT exists in a P-tetragonal unit cell with room temperature lattice parameters: a = 13.712 A and c = 21.984 A. When MMPT is heated at atmospheric pressure MMPT initially transforms to the dihydrate. At higher temperature further transformations result in the simultaneous formation of the anhydrous phase and the pyrophosphate: MgH2P2O7. With further dehydration, Mg(PO3)2 is formed.
On the Fedosov-Hörmander Formula for Differential Operators

The Fedosov-Hormander formula gives the Fredholm index of some pseudodifferential operators of order 0 on L2. It is well known that it can be used to calculate the index of elliptic systems under the assumption that, among other things, the coefficients are smooth and their partial derivatives of all orders satisfy specific asymptotic conditions at infinity. We prove that the formula remains valid when the coefficients are only \(\mathcal {C}^1\) and bounded and have vanishing oscillation at infinity. In turn, this generalization is used to obtain a nonstandard invariance property of the index as well as various sufficient conditions for the index to be 0, when the coefficients are merely continuous and bounded with vanishing oscillation.
Self-control: Acts of free will

Rachlin overlooks that free will determines when and in what direction acts that appear impulsive will occur. Because behavioral patterns continuously evolve, animals are not guaranteed when they will, or how to, maximize larger-later reinforcements. An animal therefore uses self-control to emit free acts to vary behavioral patterns to optimize larger-later rewards.
Pyridoxal phosphate: a coenzyme for histidine decarboxylase.

ALTHOUGH the role of pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme of amino-acid decarboxylases is generally recognized, attempts to demonstrate its participation in the enzymic decarboxylation of histidine have hitherto been unsuccessful.1
Transient recrystallization of amorphous silicon films

Abstract We have investigated crystallization of amorphous silicon films on SiO 2 /Si substrates using conventional furnace annealing, incoherent light-based rapid thermal annealing (RTA), and pulsed excimer laser (wavelength = 248 nm, energy density = 0.1–0.6 J cm −2 ). The effect of a 50 nm SiO 2 capping layer on the final microstructure was examined for each annealing technique, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A discussion of the phenomenological effects of the capping layer on resultant microstructure is included. For laser annealing, the effects of varying the thickness of the intermediate SiO 2 layer were examined and the resultant microstructure was characterized for grain size and crystallized orientation using TEM. Grain sizes ranging from 50 to 200 nm were observed. Electrical properties of the crystallized films were presented for the various resultant microstructures. The effect of laser interactions with multi-layered structures were simulated by solving the heat condition equation with the appropriate boundary conditions and the results are included.
Circle actions on Kähler spaces

Abstract An example is given of a semi-free circle group action on a cohomology Kahler manifold such that no component of the fixed point set is a cohomology Kahler manifold. Two other related examples of circle actions are given.
Alternative approaches for reducing congestion in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

The study compares two alternative ways of reducing congestion in Baton Rouge, Louisiana: construction of a northern bypass and improvement of the existing road network. Baton Rouge provides a very interesting case study because it is ranked the worst for congestion among medium sized urban areas in the nation. A travel demand model is used to estimate total travel for each alternative as well as for the status quo. Reduction in total travel resulting from implementation of each alternative over the status quo is evaluated in terms of the estimated change in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and vehicle hours traveled (VHT). The reduction in travel is compared with the estimated construction cost of each alternative. The analysis revealed that improving the existing road network was more effective in reducing traffic congestion and cost approximately one-third of the cost of the northern bypass. Applying tolls on the bypass did not improve the situation and further proved the superiority of the improved network in reducing traffic congestion.
The concept of pattern in craniofacial growth

1. There are semantic and associated problems with the word pattern in biology, particularly in orthodontics and facial growth. 2. Pattern, as we use the term, is invariance of relationships--"a set of constraints operating to preserve the integration of parts under varying conditions and through time." 3. Craniofacial pattern can be described and quantified by the identification of craniofacial constants, measures that are relatively invariant. 4. Growth is change and is best identified by studying those measures of size and shape that vary most sensitively through time over development stages. 5. The many traditional cephalometric measures that represent well neither pattern nor growth (mixed) are of less clinical utility than either pure pattern indices or growth indices. 6. The analytical and conceptual separation of pattern and growth seems useful in analysis of morphology, analysis of growth, prediction of growth, and clinical treatment planning.
Application of risk-informed design methods to select the PSACS ultimate heat sink

In the early phases of advanced system design, information is scarce. The technologies, components and processes to be used have not been specified adequately or are not well understood and uncertainties are very large. Yet, it is during these early phases that design teams and other stakeholders are required to make critical decisions to guide the development of the system. To aid in this decision making, a formal process is proposed based on the Analytic-Deliberative Decision-Making Process (ADP) that allows stakeholders to synthesize rationally their knowledge and experience and facilitate learning and sharing of best practices. The ADP identifies and prioritizes attributes relevant to a decision problem and supports the formulation of metrics to measure the performance of different design options. This paper reports on an application of the ADP to the selection of an ultimate heat sink for the Flexible Conversion Ratio (FCR) reactor's Passive Secondary Auxiliary Cooling System (PSACS). Two ultimate heat sink options are identified and evaluated, air and water.
Dynamic control and coupling of a free‐flying space robot system

In this article we discuss the problem of dynamic coupling and control of a space robot with a free-flying base, which could be a spacecraft, space station, or satellite. We formulate the dynamics of the system systematically and demonstrate nonlinearity of parameterization of the dynamics structure. We study the dynamic coupling of the robot and base system, and propose a concept, i.e., coupling factor, to illustrate the motion and force dependencies. Based on the coupling factor, we define a measure to characterize the degree of the dynamic coupling. The measure can be considered as a performance index in planning robot motion, or in evaluating robot trajectory for minimizing base motion, or in optimizing the robot configuration design and selecting the robot base location. Based on the dynamics analysis, we propose control schemes for position regulation and trajectory tracking problems. The regulation controller is simple to implement and will be useful in regular material transporting tasks. The tracking controller uses a dynamic model and provides more accurate and faster motion, and will be feasible for tracking moving objects or structural inspection tasks. A simulation study is shown at the end of the article. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Signed Language and Human Action Processing

In the quest to further understand the neural underpinning of human communication, researchers have turned to studies of naturally occurring signed languages used in Deaf communities. The comparison of the commonalities and differences between spoken and signed languages provides an opportunity to determine core neural systems responsible for linguistic communication independent of the modality in which a language is expressed. The present article examines such studies, and in addition asks what we can learn about human languages by contrasting formal visual-gestural linguistic systems (signed languages) with more general human action perception. To understand visual language perception, it is important to distinguish the demands of general human motion processing from the highly task-dependent demands associated with extracting linguistic meaning from arbitrary, conventionalized gestures. This endeavor is particularly important because theorists have suggested close homologies between perception and production of actions and functions of human language and social communication. We review recent behavioral, functional imaging, and neuropsychological studies that explore dissociations between the processing of human actions and signed languages. These data suggest incomplete overlap between the mirror-neuron systems proposed to mediate human action and language.
Autocatalytic peroxidation of ferrocytochrome c.

1. Ferricytochrome c acts as a catalyst in the peroxidation of ferrocytochrome c thereby giving rise to an autocatalytic reaction. 2. The rate of the peroxidation reaction is proportional to the concentration of H2O2 and ferricytochrome c but is independent of the concentration of ferrocytochrome c in the concentration ranges studied. 3. Integration of the rate equation, d[c3+]dt = k[c3+][H2O2], gives a theoretical expression which fits the experimental time courses for the ferrocytochrome c peroxidation reaction. 4. No direct spectral evidence was found for the formation of a catalytically active ferricytochrome c-H2O2 derivative. Kinetic evidence is presented, however, which indicates the existence of such an intermediate. 5. Ferricytochrome c was more susceptible than ferrocytochrome c to an apparent degradation reaction caused by excess H2O2, thus supporting the idea that the cytochrome c heme iron is more accessible in the oxidized form.
Imaging the cochlea by magnetic resonance microscopy

The isolated, fixed cochlea of the mustached bat was studied with three dimensional magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy. The cochlea of this animal is about 4 mm in diameter and its entire volume was imaged. With the field of view and matrix size used, the volume elements (voxels) making up the volume data set were isotropic 25 x 25 x 25 micron cubes. Three dimensional (3D) MR microscopy based on isotropic voxels has many advantages over commonly used light microscopy: 1) it is non destructive; 2) it is much less time consuming; 3) no dehydration is required and shrinkage is minimized; 4) the data set can be used to create sections in any desired plane; 5) the proper alignment of sections is inherent in the 3D acquisition so that no reference points are required; 6) the entire data set can be viewed from any point of view in a volume rendered image; 7) the data is digital and features can be enhanced by computer image processing; and 8) the isotropic dimensions of the voxels make the data well-suited for structural reconstructions and measurements. Good images of the osseous spiral lamina, spiral ligament, scala tympani, scala vestibuli, and nerve bundles were obtained. The vestibular (Reissner's) membrane was easily identified in the mustached bat and it appears to bulge into the scala vestibuli. The visibility of this structure suggests that MR microscopy would be well-suited for studies of endolymphatic hydrops.
Earthquakes and the cratonward limit of Iapetan faulting in eastern North America

The cratonward limit of large normal faults in the passive margin of the Late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean is a fundamental boundary for the assessment of seismic hazards in populous eastern North America. Earthquakes at five localities in the Iapetan margin have been attributed to compressional reactivation of Iapetan normal faults. The northwesternmost locations of known Iapetan faults, both seismic and currently aseismic, lie along a line from Labrador to Alabama. This line coincides approximately with the northwestward transition from a more seismically active continental rim to a generally less active cratonic interior. Thus, the northwestern boundary of Iapetan faults separates two large regions of mostly different seismic hazard.
Meteorites from Mars via a Natural Two-stage Gas Gun☆

Abstract Over 50 meteorites are now recognized as having originated on Mars. These meteorites appear to have crystallized in a substantial gravity field and contain trapped gases identical in isotopic composition with the Martian atmosphere measured by Viking spacecraft. It is assumed that the acceleration of these meteorites to the 5 km/s escape velocity of Mars is the result of crater forming impacts of asteroids and/or comets on Mars. Direct shock acceleration implies the meteorites were subjected to a shock pressure of about 65 GPa, but most Martian meteorites show no evidence of such high pressures. Based on hydrocode calculations, it has been proposed that these meteorites were accelerated to the 5 km/s escape velocity of Mars as low-pressure high-velocity spalls. This mechanism is impossible, a violation of momentum conservation. Here we examine alternate mechanisms. We conclude that Martian rocks could be accelerated by the expansion of supercritical water that was shock compressed by the impact of an asteroid or comet, as was originally proposed by Wasson and Wetherill.
Functional hand reconstruction in the whistling-face syndrome.

Whistling-face syndrome is a rare congenital malformation consisting of facial deformity, short stature, and incapacitating finger flexion contractures. Twenty-eight cases have been reported previously. A successful program of reconstruction including lengthening of the flexor tendons, deepening of the first web space, release of the first dorsal interosseous and adductor pollicis muscles, skin grafts to the flexor surface of the fingers, and skeletal support resulted in adequate use of the hands.
Effects of hypercapnia on aspects of feeding, nutrition, and growth in the edible sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus held in culture

Land-based aquaculture facilities experience occasional hypercapnic conditions due to the accumulation of the metabolic waste product carbon dioxide. Pre-gonadal Lytechinus variegatus (horizontal diameter = 20 mm) were exposed to control (608 μatm pCO2, pH 8.1) or hypercapnic conditions (1738 μatm pCO2, pH 7.7) in synthetic seawater for 14 weeks. Sea urchins exposed to hypercapnic conditions exhibited significantly slower growth (reduced dry matter production), primarily due to reduced test production. Higher fecal production rates and lower ash absorption efficiency (%) in individuals exposed to hypercapnic conditions suggest the ability to process or retain dietary carbonates may have been affected. Significant increases in neutral lipid storage in the gut and increased soluble protein storage in the gonads of individuals exposed to hypercapnic conditions suggest alterations in nutrient metabolism and storage. Furthermore, organic production and energy allocation increased in the lantern of those indivi...
Associations among measures of awareness of cognitive deficits in dementia

Abstract Background Awareness of deficits is a complex phenomenon. In this study, we examined the relationships among various measures of awareness of cognitive deficits in dementia, and investigated the unique association between clinician ratings and alternative approaches to assessing awareness. Methods Participants included 108 patients with very mild (n = 50) or mild (n = 58) dementia. Awareness of cognitive difficulties was assessed by clinician ratings, informant ratings, patients' reports of cognitive difficulties, discrepancies between patients' and informants' reports of cognitive difficulties, and patients' perceptions of performance on neuropsychological tests. Correlational analyses were used to assess associations among these measures of awareness, and ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the unique relationship between clinician ratings of awareness and the other approaches. Results All measures of awareness were significantly correlated with one another. Coefficients ranged from 0.26 to −0.64. Patients categorized as unaware by either clinicians or informants reported fewer cognitive difficulties. Of the awareness measures evaluated, clinician ratings had the strongest correlation with measures of global cognition. In the regression analysis, only informant global ratings and patients' reports of cognitive difficulties were significantly associated with clinician ratings. The model's classification accuracy was satisfactory for patients in the "intact awareness" and "severe unawareness" categories, but not for those in the "mild unawareness" category. Conclusions Although measures of awareness likely share overlapping variance, they are not interchangeable. Each potentially elucidates unique aspects of the complex phenomenon of awareness, with clinician assessment being the most suited for ambiguous cases. When clinician assessment is not feasible, informant rating (but not patient-informant discrepancy) would be a valid substitute.
Surface-dependent fibrinopeptide A accessibility to thrombin

Fibrinogen adsorption and more recently fibrin formation at interfaces has been reported to depend on surface properties of the underlying substrate. To provide insight into the surface-dependent mechanism of fibrinopeptide A (FpA) release and fibrin formation, the accessibility and susceptibility of FpA to thrombin-catalyzed fibrinopeptide cleavage were examined using polyclonal anti-FpA IgG binding and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The amount of accessible FpA on adsorbed fibrinogen was significantly influenced by surface properties of the underlying substrate (methyl- and carboxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers). Roughly 2.7 times more FpA was available on fibrinogen adsorbed at the hydrophobic vs. negatively charged surface. Upon exposure of adsorbed fibrinogen to thrombin, 100% of the available FpA was enzymatically cleaved at both surfaces, indicating that the extent of FpA release and fibrin formation is a function of the surface-dependent FpA availability. The results presented herein suggest negatively charged surfaces impair FpA accessibility, and therefore lead to reduced FpA release and subsequent fibrin formation. As such, negatively charged surfaces may be useful in minimizing surface-induced thrombosis initiated via fibrin formation thereby aiding in the development of more biocompatible blood-contacting devices.
Upper Extremity Kinematics in Sonographers During Kidney Scanning

To understand the mechanisms involved that lead to the high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in sonographers, this motion capture study evaluated upper extremity kinematics during kidney scans. The purpose of this study was to provide an evaluation of joint ranges of motion during scanning, which could be helpful in assessing risk of injury. A Vicon MX motion capture system recorded reflective marker positions while four sonographers scanned a volunteer’s kidneys. The results indicated that sonographers were scanning with their shoulders in flexion, abduction, and external rotation. The elbows were in flexion and the wrists in extension in all cases with the exception of portions of one scan. Shoulder abduction and wrist extension angles exceeded acceptable published limits. These results could be used to improve patient and sonographer positioning, equipment adjustability, and transducer design.
Social Forces in the Premature Removal of Drug Products from the Marketplace

AbstractThe premature removal of drug products from the marketplace is a very complex, interactive phenomenon, with a number of societal, economic, and regulatory factors playing significant parts in the process. Previous cases indicate that the process involves the interplay of these factors around a drug taking situation. the focal point of most problems is the presentation of effects, usually negative, attributed to a drug, or the nature of a drug's image. It is suggested that this process of premature drug removal be analyzed in greater detail, with the hope of better understanding and preventing the occurrence of this phenomenon.There have been a number of recent cases of drug products which have been removed from the marketplace before their time. While this phenomenon of premature or unanticipated removal is not new, the number of specific situations in which this has occurred does appear to have increased lately. This is a time when societal forces and collective consumer consciousness, in any for...
Interleaving planning and control for efficient haptically-guided reaching in unknown environments

We present a new method for reaching in an initially unknown environment with only haptic sensing. In this paper, we propose a haptically-guided interleaving planning and control (HIPC) method with a haptic mapping framework. HIPC runs two planning methods, interleaving a task-space and a joint-space planner, to provide fast reaching performance. It continually replans a valid trajectory, alternating between planners and quickly reflecting collected tactile information from an unknown environment. One key idea is that tactile sensing can be used to directly map an immediate cause of interference when reaching. The mapping framework efficiently assigns raw tactile information from whole-arm tactile sensors into a 3D voxel-based collision map. Our method uses a previously published contact-regulating controller based on model predictive control (MPC). In our evaluation with a physics simulation of a humanoid robot, interleaving was superior at reaching in the 9 types of environments we used.
Influence of a Nonionic Surfactant on the Water Retention Properties of Unsaturated Soils

Surfactants are widely used in household products, industrial processes and as adjuvants to improve the delivery and effectiveness of agrochemicals. Due to their amphiphilic nature, surfactants tend to accumulate at gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, and thus, have the potential to influence water flow and retention in unsaturated soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, on the interfacial properties and capillary pressure-water content relationships of F-70 Ottawa sand and Appling soil. In the presence of surfactant, soil water contents decreased incrementally as the surfactant concentration was increased from 0 g L -1 up to the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Triton X-100 (0.15 g L 1 ). Over the same surfactant concentration range, the surface tension of water decreased from 7.2 × 10 -2 J m -2 to 3.2 × 10 -2 J m -2 while solid-liquid contact angle decreased from 40° to 10°. No further changes in interfacial properties or soil water characteristics were observed at surfactant concentrations above the CMC. The experimental results were used to develop and evaluate alternative scaling approaches to describe concentration dependent changes in soil water characteristics based on the van Genuchten model. A scaling factor that incorporated both surface tension and content angle relationships provided accurate predictions of soil water retention curves over a range of surfactant concentrations. A simplified form of the sealing factor also was developed, on the basis of a single fitting parameter without the need for surface tension and contact angle data. Although further validation of the simplified scaling factor will be required, this approach offers an efficient means to describe the effects of concentration dependent changes in interfacial properties on soil water characteristics.
A straightforward method for the simultaneous preparation of radiolabeled l-dihydroörotic and N-carbamyl-l-aspartic acids

A straightforward method is presented for the simultaneous enzymatic preparation of radiolabeled l-dihydroorotic and N-carbamyl-l-aspartic acids. [carboxyl-14C]Orotic acid is incubated in the presence of excess NADH to drive the reaction catalyzed by l-dihydroorotate dehydrogenase in the reverse direction, forming l-[14C]dihydroorotic acid. The contamination of the commercial reagent enzyme, l-dihydroorotate dehydrogenase from Zymobacterium oroticum, with l-dihydroorotase yields N-carbamyl-l-[14C]aspartate as a second product of the reaction. The products are purified by ion-exchange chromatography using ammonium bicarbonate buffer and desalted by repeated lyophilization. Over 95% of the starting radioactivity is recovered in the two products which, in a typical preparation, were present in a ratio of 4:6, l-[14C]dihydroorotic acid: N-carbamyl-l-[14C]aspartic acid. The identities of the reaction products are established by chromatographic, electrophoretic, and enzymic means.
A Feedback Controlled Stimulator That Delivers Controlled Displacements or Forces to Cutaneous Mechanoreceptors

Based on a design by the root locus method and utilizing both displacement and force feedback an instrument is described which can be used to deliver either controlled displacement or controlled force stimuli to the skin. Examples of the stimulator operated in each of its two modes are given.
Viscoelastic behavior of interpenetrating polymer networks: Poly(ethyl acrylate)–poly(methyl methacrylate)

The creep behavior of a series of poly(ethyl acrylate)–poly(methyl methacrylate) interpenetrating polymer networks was investigated. For comparison purposes, some stress relaxation data were included. Master curves containing a single broad transition covering approximately 20 decades of time were found for midrange compositions. Although the time–temperature superposition principle and the WLF equation should not strictly apply, reasonable agreement was found over a large portion of shift factor versus temperature plots. Application of a modified Tobolsky-Aklonis-Dupre glass–rubber theory suggested that the breadth of the transition could be attributed to a near continuum of phase compositions in the material, each phase composition making its specific contribution to the relaxation spectrum. Whether or not these phase regions are so small as to arise from random concentration fluctuations in an otherwise compatible polymer pair remains unknown.
Pollution prevention by process modification: Reactions and separations

Pollution prevention by process modification of chemical process reaction and separation parameters is illustrated with case studies of four chemical processes. Each case has demonstrated the opportunities for minimizing waste products by applying the fundamentals of chemical engineering in the analysis of reactor design and separation parameters for each specific process. Two of the examples have resulted in commercial implementations.
Putaminal activity for simple reactions or self-timed movements.

To examine the role of basal ganglia-cortical circuits in movement initiation, we trained monkeys to make the same arm movements in two ways—in immediate reaction to a randomly timed external cue (...
Interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in continuous cascade systems

The interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in unstirred, continuous, cascade systems has been studied. It was found that yields increased with increased reactant flow rates. The increase was shown to result from improved mass transport due to the change from molecular diffusion at low flow rates to eddy diffusion at high flow rates. The effect of improved mass transfer was also shown in the behavior of plots of polymer intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration.
Synthesis of Au–Sn alloy nanoparticles for lead-free electronics with unique combination of low and high melting temperatures

Abstract Au–Sn alloy nanoparticles (ANPs) with 16–67 wt% Sn were successfully synthesized in the size range of 2–10 nm using chemical reduction method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of AuSn phase with hexagonal structure and was further validated by microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Chemical reduction is a more scalable and economical technique relative to other synthesis methods for solder alloy particles; it can produce particles in nanoscale range and can be conducted at room temperature. A significant depression in the melting transition (starting from 187 °C) was observed for the Au–Sn ANPs relative to the bulk eutectic point (Tm = 280 °C at 30% Au). Au-Sn nanoparticles offer a unique set of advantages as lead-free soldering material. In nanoparticle state, they can reflow at lower temperatures leading to less thermal stresses in adjacent electronic components during the manufacturing process. After the initial reflow and solder joint formation (bulk state), they can reclaim bulk Au-Sn properties including permanent high melting temperatures (up to 420 °C) which can potentially lead to superior thermal and mechanical performance suitable for high temperature electronic applications such as military and aerospace.
Ultrastructure of the Golgi Apparatus and Contractile Vacuole in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Cells of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardiobserved in successive stages of cytokinesis contain numerous dilated Golgi vesicles near the cleavage plane and the site of new cell membrane deposition. They are located near the basal body region, and in a perinuclear orientation, often in close association with enlarged nuclear pores. The Golgi components are permanent organelles during cytokinesis; their position and arrangement in the cytoplasm does not appear to be random. Their relationship to cleavage furrow orientation and formation is discussed.The contractile vacuole of interphase cells is illustrated in micrographs and discussed with respect to diastole and systole. Based on ultrastructural observations and electron microscopic autoradiographs, a functional relationship between the Golgi apparatus the contractile vacuole and cell wall elements is proposed.
Metastable defects in amorphous silicon alloys

Abstract The self-consistent-field Xα scattered-wave technique is used to analyze the electronic structure of strained SiSi bonds in amorphous silicon alloys. A Si 2 (sat) 6 cluster, which has been shown to be an effective model for the SiSi bond, was used to analyze a local region of moderate strain resulting in a bond length of 2.5 A. The strain was relieved by allowing relaxation from this nearly tetrahedral configuration (T 4 ′) to a trigonal configuration (T 3 ) at one end of the cluster. Transition-state calculations show that the separation in energy. ΔE, between the highesto occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals is a maximum at the 2.5A SiSi distance; as this distance is increased, ΔE decreases to zero near 3.0A and charge leaves the relaxed Si aton, producing a T + 3 defect. These results lead us to suggest a new model for the Staebler-Wronski effect.
Treatment of pemphigus and linear IgA dermatosis with nicotinamide and tetracycline: A review of 13 cases

Pemphigus usually requires long-term therapy with oral corticosteroids, which can cause significant morbidity. 1, 2 Several immunomodulating drugs, such as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and gold have proved beneficial as steroid-sparing agents.3, 4 However, these agents also have limited long-term utility because of their potential to induce renal and hepatic dysfunction and bone marrow suppression. Nicotinamide in combination with tetracycline has been reported to be effective for bullous pemphigoid (BP) and linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD),S,6 This regimen has the advantage of lower toxicity compared with corticosteroids and immunosuppressant regimens. We have treated 11 cases of pemphigus and two cases of LABD with nicotinamide and tetracycline and report our experience,
Improvement in rejection, engraftment rate and survival without increase in graft‐versus‐host disease by high marrow cell dose in patients transplanted for aplastic anaemia

Summary. Two hundred and fifty-two consecutive patients with severe aplastic anaemia were conditioned by cyclophosphamide and given marrow transplants from HLA-identical siblings or parents. The results were analysed to examine the influence of marrow cell dose on graft rejection, speed of engraftment, survival and acute and chronic graft-versushost disease (GVHD). Sixty patients received a corrected marrow cell dose below 2.2 × 108 nucleated cells per kg body weight, 73 patients between 2.2 and 3.2 × 108 cells/kg, 60 patients between 3.3 and 4.2 × 108 cells/kg, and 59 patients more than 4.2 × 108 cells/kg. The significant association between high marrow cell dose and low risk of graft rejection previously reported was confirmed. In addition, high marrow cell dose resulted in small but statistically significant reductions in time to granulocyte and platelet recoveries in patients with sustained engraftment. High marrow cell dose was also associated with a significant improvement in patient survival, a result solely due to the reduction in the incidence of graft rejection. Neither acute nor chronic GVHD were influenced by marrow cell dose. We conclude that the maximum marrow cell dose should be transplanted in patients with severe aplastic anaemia. Maximum marrow cell doses are likely to decrease the incidence of graft rejection, shorten the time to engraftment thereby decreasing the need for blood products and antibiotic support, and improve overall patient survival.
Near-infrared excited state dynamics of melanins: the effects of iron content, photo-damage, chemical oxidation, and aggregate size

Ultrafast pump-probe measurements can discriminate the two forms of melanin found in biological tissue (eumelanin and pheomelanin), which may be useful for diagnosing and grading melanoma. However, recent work has shown that bound iron content changes eumelanin's pump-probe response, making it more similar to that of pheomelanin. Here we record the pump-probe response of these melanins at a wider range of wavelengths than previous work and show that with shorter pump wavelengths the response crosses over from being dominated by ground-state bleaching to being dominated by excited-state absorption. The crossover wavelength is different for each type of melanin. In our analysis, we found that the mechanism by which iron modifies eumelanin's pump-probe response cannot be attributed to Raman resonances or differences in melanin aggregation and is more likely caused by iron acting to broaden the unit spectra of individual chromophores in the heterogeneous melanin aggregate. We analyze the dependence on optical intensity, finding that iron-loaded eumelanin undergoes irreversible changes to the pump-probe response after intense laser exposure. Simultaneously acquired fluorescence data suggest that the previously reported "activation" of eumelanin fluorescence may be caused in part by the dissociation of metal ions or the selective degradation of iron-containing melanin.
Developing Diverse, Collaborative Leaders: An Empirical Program Evaluation:

Recent work in leadership studies emphasizes the importance of developing leaders who can foster collaboration within diverse workgroups. However, leadership development programs are rarely evaluated using measures that link (a) the program’s theoretical framework, (b) its pedagogical practice, and (c) participants’ changes in specific relevant domains, in comparison to those of a peer group. This study used a quasi-experimental design to empirically evaluate the University of Massachusetts at Boston’s Emerging Leaders Program for its impact on diverse participants coming from corporate and nonprofit sectors in Greater Boston.The program promoted collaborative and inclusive leadership practices among diverse leaders, conceptualized and operationalized using Kouzes and Posner’s Leadership Practices Inventory with instructional methods based in an action learning model. In comparison to a control group, program participants reported greater changes in the frequency of their collaborative leadership behavior...
On the maximum number of independent cycles in a graph

Abstract Let G be a graph of order at least 3 k , where k is a positive integer. Justesen (Ann. Disc. Math. 41 (1989) 299–306) proved that if d ( x )+ d ( y )⩾4 k for every pair of non-adjacent vertices x and y of G , then G contains k vertex-disjoint cycles. This improved the result of Corradi and Hajnal (Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hung. 14 (1963) 423–439), who proved the same conclusion provided that the minimum degree of G is at least 2 k . In this paper, we strengthen and expand Justesen's result, showing that if d ( x )+ d ( y )⩾4 k −1 for every pair of non-adjacent vertices x and y of G , then G contains k vertex-disjoint cycles. Moreover, the condition on degrees is sharp.
Biphasic effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation involve changes in the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways

Odontoblast differentiation during physiological and reparative dentinogenesis is dependent upon multiple signaling molecules, including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and Wingless/Integrated (Wnt) ligands. Recent studies in our laboratory showed that continuous exposure of primary dental pulp cultures to FGF2 exerted biphasic effects on the expression of markers of dentinogenesis. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways in mediating the effects of FGF2 on dental pulp cells. Our results showed that stimulatory effects of FGF2 on dentinogenesis during the proliferation phase of growth were associated with increased expression of the components of the BMP (Bmp2, Dlx5, Msx2, Osx) and Wnt (Wnt10a, Wisp2) pathways, and decreased expression of an inhibitor of the Wnt signaling, Nkd2. Further addition of FGF2 during the differentiation/mineralization phase of growth resulted in decreased expression of components of the BMP signaling (Bmp2, Runx2, Osx) and increased expression of inhibitors of the Wnt signaling (Nkd2, Dkk3). This suggests that both BMP and Wnt pathways may be involved in mediating the effects of FGF2 on dental pulp cells.
A Randomized Outcomes Trial of Ureteral Stents for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Solitary Kidney or Proximal Ureteral Stones

Purpose: Routine use of ureteral stents before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of kidney stones between 10 and 20 mm. is controversial. We conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial to evaluate the outcome of ureteral stents for treating solitary kidney stones between 10 and 20 mm. or solitary proximal ureteral stones less than 20 mm. with shock wave lithotripsy.Materials and Methods: A total of 97 patients who met the aforementioned criteria were randomized between March 1994 to July 1997 into group 1—no stent, group 2—a 4.7Fr multi-length stent and group 3—a 7Fr multi-length stent. The patients were treated with the Dornier HM3 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) and monitored for stone-free rate, number of days lost from work, number of patients requiring rehospitalization, emergency room visits, irritative voiding symptom score and pain symptom score.Results: Objective outcome was obtained from 91 patients based on a followup of at least 3 months. The overall s...
Tribal synthesis or ethnogenesis? Campbell's interpretation of Haley and Wilcoxon

I applaud Howard Campbell’s recent message that anthropologists ‘have the responsibility of interpreting “the constructionist” critiques of native culture to bureaucracies such as the BAR [Bureau of Acknowledgement Research] and showing how these critiques, rather than undermining Indian claims to tribal status, can be used in effective arguments for the legitimacy of tribes’ (2006: 306). Sadly, I also must correct Campbell’s considerable misrepresentation of what Larry Wilcoxon and I have published. I am sorry to say that these corrections are so substantial that they will challenge his claim to have presented an alternative to our perspective. Campbell uses three of our writings (Haley & Wilcoxon 1997; 2000; 2005; see also 1999; Erlandson et al. 1998; Haley 2002; 2005) to illustrate ‘a constructionist perspective on “indigenous” culture’, which, he argues, needs reassessment (2006: 295). This narrow specification of indigenous culture immediately misleads readers, since we have not singled it out, and what indigeneity is present in the case we address is far less concrete than Campbell’s summary suggests. Our first articles actually addressed practical problems stemming from anthropologists’ roles in creating new culture and new indigeneity (Haley & Wilcoxon 1997; 1999), and our most recent are about four centuries of identity changes in which only the latest involves an assertion of indigenous identity (Haley 2005; Haley & Wilcoxon 2005). Campbell’s second error is to place us within a ‘critique of authenticity genre’ in which culture, tradition, and identity are either spurious or authentic (2006: 295). He associates this with Hobsbawm and Ranger’s (1983) invention of tradition framework, yet fails to note that we contest the distinction drawn between spurious and authentic culture, thus adopting Handler and Linnekin’s (1984) position rather than Hobsbawm and Ranger’s. We did not engage in ‘mythbusting’ just to contribute to theory, as Campbell implies (2006: 296). We have explored issues profoundly relevant to ethical, methodological, policy, and social justice issues (see, e.g., Haley & Wilcoxon 1997: 765-66, 771-2; 2005: 440-2). Statements in each of our articles ought to have signalled to Campbell that he has defined the constructionist perspective and our position within it too narrowly. For example, (1) we defend the ‘validity’ of Chumash Traditionalism (Haley & Wilcoxon 1997: 776); (2) we insist that past traditions not be used to
Implication of a Time-Dependent Model of Sexual Intercourse within the Menstrual Cycle

Refers to comments by W.H. James on an earlier article of the authors. Notes that James data refer to only 1 woman (while his original observations were based on a theoretical model) and expresses interest in seeing a sufficient series of observations. However the essential validity of the original article is not effected as its purpose was to show that the occurrence of a mid-cycle peak in sexual activity could be caused by noncycle factors acting to produce a time dependent probability of sexual intercourse. When found such peaks are rarely large thus leaving ample room for the dampening effect of factors pointed out by James.