cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microtubules, chromosome movement, and reorientation after chromosomes are detached from the spindle by micromanipulation

The relationship between chromosome movement and microtubules was explored by combining micromanipulation of living grasshopper spermatocytes with electron microscopy. We detached chromosomes from the spindle and placed them far out in the cytoplasm. Soon, the chromosomes began to move back toward the spindle and the cells were fixed at a chosen moment. The microtubules seen in three-dimensional reconstructions were correlated with the chromosome movement just prior to fixation. Before movement began, detached chromosomes had no kinetochore microtubules or a single one at most. Renewed movement was always accompanied by the reappearance of kinetochore microtubules; a single kinetochore microtubule appeared to suffice. Chromosome movements and kinetochore microtubule arrangements were unusual after reattachment, but their relationship was not: poleward forces, parallel to the kinetochore microtubule axis (as in normal anaphase), would explain the movement, however odd. The initial arrangement of kinetochore microtubules would have led to aberrant chromosome distribution if it persisted, but instead, reorientation to the appropriate arrangement always followed. Observations on living cells permitted us to place in sequence the kinetochore microtubule arrangements seen in fixed cells, revealing the microtubule transformations during reorientation. From the sequence of events we conclude that chromosome movement can cause reorientation to begin and that in the changes which follow, an unstable attachment of kinetochore microtubules to the spindle plays a major role.
Behavioral and physiological responses to anabolic-androgenic steroids.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone originally designed for therapeutic uses to provide enhanced anabolic potency with negligible androgenic effects. Although AAS continue to be used clinically today, the medical benefits of low therapeutic doses of AAS stand in sharp contrast to the potential health risks associated with the excessive doses self-administered not only by elite athletes and body builders, but by a growing number of recreational users, including adolescent boys and girls. The deleterious effects of AAS on peripheral organs and the incidence of altered behaviors in AAS abusers have been well documented in a number of excellent current reviews for clinical populations. However, a comparable synthesis of nonclinical studies has not been made. Our purpose in this review is to summarize the literature for animal models of the effects of supraphysiological doses of AAS (e.g. those that mimic human abuse regimes) on behaviors and on the neural circuitry for these behaviors. In particular, we have focused on studies in rodents that have examined how AAS alter aggression, sexual behaviors, anxiety, reward, learning, and locomotion and how AAS alter the expression and function of neurotransmitter systems and other signaling molecules that underlie these behaviors.
Potential role for IL-23 in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury

IL-12 and IL-23 are related cytokines that share a p40 subunit. Our previous studies identified IL-12 as a primary initiator of the cytokine cascade induced after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Because those studies were conducted prior to the discovery of IL-23, it is not clear whether IL-12 or IL-23 is the relevant cytokine in this response. The current studies show that the antibodies used in our original study cross-react with IL-23. We also found that both IL-12 p35 and IL-23 p19 mRNA are expressed rapidly in the liver after ischemia/reperfusion. Finally, isolated Kupffer cells produced TNFalpha in response to IL-23, but not IL-12, suggesting that IL-23 may be the relevant initiator of the hepatic inflammatory response to ischemia/reperfusion.
Relationship between structure and biological activity of novel R106 analogs.

The retro-aldol reaction at residue 8 of R106-1 produced a chemical handle, in the form of a sarcosine residue, that was amenable to classical aldol alkylation conditions. In vitro assay of several new hydroxylated analogs have shown that L isomers exhibit more potent antifungal activity than D isomers. However, all analogs exhibited a significant decrease in activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. By contrast, structural modifications to R106 were tolerated by some Candida spp., but the potency of activity was diminished as compared to that of the natural product R106-1. The full structure-activity relationship of the new R106 analogs has provided important information about the steric and electronic requirements of binding to target receptors. Furthermore, comparison of the structural differences between R106-1 and other derivatives, suggested that the potential for hydrogen bonding (at residue 8) was a key structural feature that was required to maintain activity against Cryptococcus neoformans.
Non-serotonergic lateral superior olivary neurons of the neonatal mouse contain serotonin

In mutant mice which have high serotonin (5-HT) levels perinatally, neurons in the lateral superior olive (LSO, which are not serotonergic), contain 5-HT transiently in the neonatal period of development. We determined that the same phenomenon occurs in non-genetically altered mice: LSO neurons were 5-HT-immunoreactive at postnatal days 1 and 8. These findings suggest accumulation of 5-HT in by LSO neurons during postnatal development.
Evidence-Based Scientific Data Documenting the Treatment and Cost-Effectiveness of Comprehensive Pain Programs for Chronic Nonmalignant Pain

Abstract Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent and costly problems in the United States today. Traditional medical treatments for it, though, have not been consistently efficacious or cost-effective. In contrast, more recent comprehensive pain programs (CPPs) have been shown to be both therapeutically efficacious and cost-effective. The present study reviews available evidence demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness of CPPs, relative to conventional medical treatment. Searches of the chronic pain treatment literature during the past decade were conducted for this purpose, using MEDLINE and PSYCHLIT. Studies reporting treatment outcome results for patients with chronic pain were selected, and data on the major outcome variables of self-reported pain, function, healthcare utilization and cost, medication use, work factors, and insurance claims were evaluated. When available, conventional medical treatments were used as the benchmark against which CPPs were evaluated. This review clearly demonstrates that CPPs offer the most efficacious and cost-effective, evidence-based treatment for persons with chronic pain. Unfortunately, such programs are not being taken advantage of because of short-sighted cost-containment policies of third-party payers. Perspective A comprehensive review was conducted of all studies in the scientific literature reporting treatment outcomes for patients with chronic pain. This review clearly revealed that CPPs offer the most efficacious and cost-effective treatment for persons with chronic pain, relative to a host of widely used conventional medical treatment.
Pathology teach and tell: solid variant alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit.

The case refers to an 11-year-old African American boy who was diagnosed 2 years prior to admission with a progressive right orbital rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient initially presented in 2003 with p...
Islamic Doctrinal Orthodoxy and Religious Orientations: Scale Development and Validation

A measure of Islamic doctrinal orthodoxy was developed, and its relation to personal religious activities was examined. This study also applied the concept of extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religiosity to Islamic faith as it investigated the structural validity and internal consistency of Islamic versions of the religious orientation scales. A sample of 381 students was taken from three universities in Indonesia. Notably, the scales were found to be psychometrically adequate and their doctrinal orthodoxy and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity scores significantly related to personal practice of religious activities. A subsequent analysis also revealed that, for Muslims, doctrinal beliefs are largely independent of extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religiosity and that the three forms of religiosity are three autonomous but continuous dimensions of personal religiosity.
Diffusion of oxygen through lenticels in potato tuber

Diffusion into the potato tuber of oxygen for respiration takes place only through lenticels, and not through the rest of the periderm. The number of lenticels which were capable of injection with methylene blue solution was observed to be about 100 per tuber. Rates of oxygen diffusion per lenticel varied from 0.024 to 0.296 cm3 h−1 atm−1 with a mean of 0.1105±0.013 cm3 h−1 atm−1.
Performance Limits for Distributed Estimation Over LMS Adaptive Networks

In this work, we analyze the mean-square performance of different strategies for distributed estimation over least-mean-squares (LMS) adaptive networks. The results highlight some useful properties for distributed adaptation in comparison to fusion-based centralized solutions. The analysis establishes that, by optimizing over the combination weights, diffusion strategies can deliver lower excess-mean-square-error than centralized solutions employing traditional block or incremental LMS strategies. We first study in some detail the situation involving combinations of two adaptive agents and then extend the results to generic N -node ad-hoc networks. In the latter case, we establish that, for sufficiently small step-sizes, diffusion strategies can outperform centralized block or incremental LMS strategies by optimizing over left-stochastic combination weighting matrices. The results suggest more efficient ways for organizing and processing data at fusion centers, and present useful adaptive strategies that are able to enhance performance when implemented in a distributed manner.
Soybean Dry Matter Allocation under Subambient and Superambient Levels of Carbon Dioxide

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO 2 ] is expected to cause increases in crop growth and yield. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of subambient, as well as superambient, [CO 2 ] on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] dry matter production and allocation for two reasons : to assess response of plants to prehistoric as well as future expected CO 2 levels and to increase confidence in [CO 2 ] response curves by imposing a wide range of [CO 2 ] treatments. Soybean was grown in outdoor, sunlit, controlled-environment chambers at CO 2 levels of 160, 220, 280, 330, 660, and 990 μmol (CO 2 ) mol −1 (air) (...)
A Fair, Secure and Trustworthy Peer-to-Peer Based Cycle-Sharing System

The increased popularity of Grid systems and cycle sharing across organizations requires scalable systems that provide facilities to locate resources, to be fair in the use of those resources, to allow resource providers to host untrusted applications safely, and to allow resource consumers to monitor the progress and correctness of jobs executing on remote machines. This paper presents such a framework that locates computational resources with a peer-to-peer network, assures fair resource usage with a distributed credit accounting system, provides resource contributors a safe environment, for example Java Virtual Machine (JVM), to host untrusted applications, and provides the resource consumers a monitoring system, GridCop, to track the progress and correctness of remotely executing jobs. We present the details of the credit accounting subsystem and the GridCop remote job monitoring subsystem. GridCop and the distributed credit accounting system together enable incremental payments so that the risk for both resource providers and resource consumers is bounded.
Dielectric and mechanical loss in the system Pb3MgNb2O9 - Pb3NiNb2O9

Abstract The dielectric loss and internal friction have been measured over a range of temperature for ceramic bar samples of compositions in the system lead magnesium niobate - lead nickel niobate. The dielectric relaxation is accompanied by a correlated dispersion in the mechanical properties of all members of the system tested. The results are shown to be consistent with the model of a broadened or diffuse phase change to a ferroelectric state which was proposed by Smolenskii to account for the dielectric properties in this system.
eTextbook access, usage, and beliefs: implications for adoption in higher education

Purpose – Dynamic features of eTextbooks, such as taking interactive quizzes and sharing notes can make the practice of reading a textbook more supportive and engaging than before. While promising, challenges exist regarding the integration of eTextbooks in higher education, such as cost, usability, and lack of instructor development. There is a need for a more informed understanding of how instructors and learners are integrating eTextbooks to revolutionize learning spaces, in order to formulate next steps of action on a university level. While studies exist regarding universities with eTextbook initiatives, there is little empirical data concerning universities that offer eTextbooks without a focussed initiative. This paper aims to fill this gap. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the results of a university-wide student survey are shared, which provide insight into factors such as the selection and use of eTextbooks, access, and beliefs regarding eTextbook use and learning. Findings – General...
Management of Vortices Trailing Flapped Wings via Separation Control

A pilot study was conducted on a flapped semi-span model to investigate the concept and viability of near-wake vortex management via separation control. Passive control was achieved by means of a simple fairing and active control was achieved via zero mass-flux blowing slots. Vortex sheet strength, estimated by integrating surface pressure ports, was used to predict vortex characteristics by means of inviscid rollup relations. Furthermore, vortices trailing the flaps were mapped using a seven-hole probe. Separation control was found to have a marked effect on vortex location, strength, tangential velocity, axial velocity and size over a wide range of angles of attack and control conditions. In general, the vortex trends were well predicted by the inviscid rollup relations. Manipulation of the separated flow near the flap edges exerted significant control over both outboard and inboard edge vortices while producing negligible lift excursions. Dynamic separation and attachment control was found to be an effective means for dynamically perturbing the vortex from arbitrarily long wavelengths down to wavelengths less than a typical wingspan. In summary, separation control has the potential for application to time-independent or time-dependent wake alleviation schemes, where the latter can be deployed to minimize adverse effects on ride-quality and dynamic structural loading.
Atomic probes of electromagnetic and weak interactions with trapped radioactive atoms

The alkali element francium has a simple electronic structure, and copious amounts of a wide range of isotopes can be produced in present and future rare isotope facilities. The atomic parity violating weak interaction in Fr is 18 times larger than in Cs, which makes it one of the best candidates to search for the effects of the weak interaction and its isotopic dependence. Atomic trapping methods now offer new ways to study these atoms with precision, and we will discuss some of our recent measurements with trapped Fr atoms. Future measurements of the spin-independent weak interaction can be used to test the standard model, but advances in atomic theory and improved understanding of the neutron distribution in nuclei are needed to make progress. We have made precise hyperfine-anomaly measurements in Fr and have shown that they are sensitive to the radial distribution of the neutron magnetization. Measurements of this type can help to constrain the neutron distributions. Future measurements of the spin-dependent weak interaction should allow extraction of the nuclear anapole moments for a sequence of isotopes, and allow separation of the neutron and proton weak interactions between hadrons.
Threshold stresses in amorphous alloys—I. Flow

Abstract The stress dependence of homogeneous flow in amorphous FeNiPB has been examined in tensile stress relaxation tests. The strain rate sensitivity m = [d(lnγ)]/[d(lnτ)] is found to be unity in an intermediate stress range and greater than unity at both high and low stress levels. The transition from linear stress-strain rate behavior (m = 1) to a non-linear relationship (m > 1) at high stress has previously been observed and explained by transition state theory. This new observation of linearity breakdown (m > 1) at low stresses requires the introduction of a threshold stress and appropriate modification of the prior analysis. A physical interpretation of the stress threshold based on flow induced disordering will be discussed. The dependence of the threshold stress and the volume strain element on temperature and annealing time is presented. The implications of this new model on the transition from homogeneous to shear band flow is also discussed.
Autonomic nervous system activity of preschool-age children who stutter.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate potential differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity to emotional stimuli between preschool-age children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS).
Size-Dependent Nonresonant Third-Order Nonlinear Susceptibilities of CdS Clusters from 7 TO 120 Å

We report the third-order nonlinear susceptibilities χ(3) of CdS clusters (quantum dots) from 7 to 120 A, measured by third-harmonic generation technique at a fundamental wavelength of 1.91 µm. In the size regime studied, the value of χ(3) first increases with cluster size and then levels off for cluster diameter larger than 60 A. The volume normalized χ(3) of CdS cluster is about a factor of 2 higher than that of the bulk. These data can be explained by the enhancement in electric field inside the clusters due to the dielectric confinement effect. The size and wavelength dependences of this local field effect have been calculated for CdS clusters. Several trends in the nonresonant χ(3) can be identified: (i) In the absence of quantum confinement effect, the magnitude of χ(3) should be constant in the < 200 A size regime. It then increases with increasing particle size until the structural resonance regime is reached. (ii) The magnitude of χ(3) can be enhanced by either lowering the refractive index of the surrounding medium or raising the refractive index of the semiconductors. (iii) Quantum confinement, which shifts the band gap to the blue and lowers the refractive index of the semiconductor clusters, reduces the nonresonant χ(3). This is in direct contrast to the resonant nonlinearity which is enhanced by the quantum-confinement effect. Finally, we discuss the size-dependent figure-of-merit of CdS composites for all-optical switching.
Spatial frequency tuning in the visual evoked potential elicited by sine-wave gratings.

Abstract This investigation examined the onset response of the transient visually evoked potential elicited by the appearance-disappearance of sine-wave gratings at various levels of spatial frequency, suprathreshold contrast, and stimulus duration. The response was most easily characterized by two negativepositive complexes that were differentially tuned to spatial frequency. The earlier complex peaked at high spatial frequencies while the later complex peaked at low spatial frequencies. For both complexes, amplitude showed only slight variations across three-octave ranges of contrast and duration. Latency was curvilinearly related to spatial frequency, decreased with increasing contrast, and showed no apparent change as a function of duration.
A Stochastic Linear Theory of Mesoscale Circulation Induced by the Thermal Heterogeneity of the Land Surface.

Abstract This paper presents a three-dimensional stochastic linear model of the mesoscale circulation induced by the variability of turbulent sensible heat flux over land surface. The primitive equations relating wind field, geo-potential, and potential temperature are formulated as a system of stochastic partial differential equations and solved analytically. The solution is based on spectral representations of homogeneous random fields. The flow intensity is found to be proportional to the standard deviation of the turbulent sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Large (small) scales of spatial variability in the surface heating preferably impact circulations at high (low) altitudes. The mesoscale fluxes associated with the atmospheric flow are related to explicit functions of atmospheric stability, variance of turbulent heat flux, and synoptic wind. The authors find that the vertical momentum flux is significant in the presence of synoptic wind and that the flow perpendicular to the direction of the s...
The topomer search model: A simple, quantitative theory of two-state protein folding kinetics.

Most small, single-domain proteins fold with the uncomplicated, single-exponential kinetics expected for diffusion on a smooth energy landscape. Despite this energetic smoothness, the folding rates of these two-state proteins span a remarkable million-fold range. Here, we review the evidence in favor of a simple, mechanistic description, the topomer search model, which quantitatively accounts for the broad scope of observed two-state folding rates. The model, which stipulates that the search for those unfolded conformations with a grossly correct topology is the rate-limiting step in folding, fits observed rates with a correlation coefficient of ∼0.9 using just two free parameters. The fitted values of these parameters, the pre-exponential attempt frequency and a measure of the difficulty of ordering an unfolded chain, are consistent with previously reported experimental constraints. These results suggest that the topomer search process may dominate the relative barrier heights of two-state protein-folding reactions.
How the South Helped Save the North When the Lights Went Out

This essay chronicles how the leadership of the Southern States Communication Association came to the aid of the Central States Communication Association in the mid- to late-1980s when the Central States organization faced a major financial crisis. Early and consistent support by the Southern leadership helped to craft a successful resolution to what was an unpleasant situational exigency.
Yayoi era mutation disrupts brain and muscle

Cloning of the fukutin gene reveals that an ancient retrotransposon insertion causes Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy, a disease with high prevalence among the Japanese.
High-resolution adsorption isotherms of supercritical carbon dioxide on activated carbon

Supercritical fluids are attractive solvents for heterogeneous processes, including catalysis and adsorptive separation. However, adsorption processes in the near-critical region are poorly understood and exhibit unique behavior where the adsorption of the supercritical solvent plays an important role in the solute adsorption. The behavior of supercritical fluids in confined pores has been studied theoretically, but there are few experimental data on their behavior in industrially important microporous materials. The adsorption of carbon dioxide on Calgon F400 activated carbon over a wide range of pressures (0–20 MPa) at temperatures near the critical point of carbon dioxide (30 to 45°C) was studied. Near-continuous adsorption and desorption isotherms were measured with a new flow gravimetric apparatus with precise control over pressure and temperature. As pressure is increased, the excess adsorption increases sharply at low pressures; then a broad maximum is observed. At temperatures greater than the critical temperature, there is a sharp drop in excess adsorption near the critical region where the density of the bulk fluid increases sharply. A crossover is observed near the critical region where, below a certain pressure, the excess adsorption decreases with temperature, while above the crossover point the trend is reversed. When analyzed as a function of solvent density, the crossover disappears, revealing an anomalous maximum in total adsorption near the critical point similar to the enhanced local density or “charisma” observed in binary solute–supercritical fluid systems. A 2-D EOS model using the 2-D Peng-Robinson EOS was able to qualitatively describe the adsorption behavior over the entire pressure range, but the quantitative agreement was poor in the near-critical region.
Photosensitizers Containing the 1,8-Naphthyridyl Moiety and Their Use in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Using a Friedlander condensation approach, we prepared a series of 2-(pyrid-2‘-yl)-1,8-naphthyridines containing a carboethoxy group appended at the 4- and 4‘-positions. Complexation of these ligands with Ru(II) and NaNCS led to the complexes [Ru(L)2(NCS)2], and subsequent hydrolysis of the ester groups afforded the carboxylic acid dyes 13b−15b. The more delocalized and electronegative nature of the 1,8-naphthyridyl moiety lowers the energy of the ligand π*-level and extends the absorption envelope of these complexes well into the red. The system lacking a 4-carboxypyridine moiety shows poor absorbance in the blue region of the spectrum. Solar cells involving thin films of anatase TiO2 impregnated with these dyes were prepared, and their photovoltaic performance was evaluated. The incident photon-to-current efficiencies in the region beyond 625 nm were considerably greater than those of the prototype N3 dye.
2004 CAROLYN SHERIF AWARD ADDRESS: HEART DISEASE AND GENDER INEQUITY

Individual patient records from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for 1988 and 1998 comprising approximately 10 million cases were the basis for a binary logistic regression model to predict coronary artery bypass graft. Patterns in 1988 and in 1998 indicated a dramatic and pernicious gender discrepancy in medical decisions involving bypass surgery. Overall, men were twice as likely to have bypass as were women with comparable medical profiles. This result was particularly evident for women in their 40s and 50s, when angina was a primary diagnosis, and in the presence of any comorbid condition (e.g., diabetes or hypertension). Failure to pursue proactive case management of women with heart disease costs women's lives.
A translation-like cycle is a quality control checkpoint for maturing 40S ribosome subunits.

SUMMARY Assembly factors (AFs) prevent premature translation initiation on small (40S) ribosomal subunit assembly intermediates by blocking ligand binding. However, it is unclear how AFs are displaced from maturing 40S ribosomes, if or how maturing subunits are assessed for fidelity, and what prevents premature translation initiation once AFs dissociate. Here we show that maturation involves a translation-like cyclewherebythetranslationfactoreIF5B,aGTPase, promotes joining of large (60S) subunits with pre40S subunits to give 80S-like complexes, which are subsequently disassembled by the termination factor Rli1, an ATPase. The AFs Tsr1 and Rio2 block the mRNA channel and initiator tRNA binding site, and therefore 80S-like ribosomes lack mRNA or initiator tRNA. After Tsr1 and Rio2 dissociate from 80Slike complexes Rli1-directed displacement of 60S subunits allows for translation initiation. This cycle thus provides a functional test of 60S subunit binding and the GTPase site before ribosomes enter the translating pool.
Ecology of beach wrack in northern New England with special reference to Orchestia platensis

Abstract The northern New England beach wrack community with special reference to the cosmopolitan amphipod crustacean, Orchestia platensis, was examined at estuarine and open coastal habitats. Beach wrack was dominated by the plant genera Ascophyllum, Zostera, Spartina and Chondrus, and was most abundant during spring and late summer. Animal community numbers, biomass and frequency in fresh to moderately decomposed wrack were dominated by O. platensis throughout the year at all habitats; oligochaetes and Collembola were also important. The abundance of O. platensis showed high spatial and temporal variability, with low abundance generally associated with decreased amounts of wrack during colder months. An exception was the winter presence of the species at one estuarine habitat, in patchy aggregations within gravel-cobble refuges. The abundance of O. platensis averaged 1280 (0.04 m2)−1, with a maximum of 7040 (0.04 m2)−1. The life cycle of O. platensis is bivoltine, with summer-hatched young reaching maturity within 1 month. Laboratory studies indicate females with up to 4 broods (30 days)−1, averaging 18 eggs brood−1. Orchestia platensis is omnivorous, eating fresh plant tissue, live oligochaetes, Limulus eggs and diatom ‘fuzz’. The rate of laboratory consumption of algae and Zostera was 0.05 mg plant mg−1 wet body weight day−1. Presumptive predators of O. platensis are juvenile green crab, Carcinus maenus, and the earwig. Anisolabis maritima. The mobility, aggregation and aggressiveness of O. platensis assist the species in establishing and maintaining populations in the rigorous wrack habitat. The general competitive superiority of O. platensis over its congener, O. gammarella, and the co-occurrence of these species on both eastern and western Atlantic shores is discussed.
Biomechanics of Meniscus Cells: Regional Variation and Comparison to Articular Chondrocytes and Ligament Cells

Central to understanding mechanotransduction in the knee meniscus is the characterization of meniscus cell mechanics. In addition to biochemical and geometric differences, the inner and outer regions of the meniscus contain cells that are distinct in morphology and phenotype. This study investigated the regional variation in meniscus cell mechanics in comparison with articular chondrocytes and ligament cells. It was found that the meniscus contains two biomechanically distinct cell populations, with outer meniscus cells being stiffer (1.59 ± 0.19 kPa) than inner meniscus cells (1.07 ± 0.14 kPa). Additionally, it was found that both outer and inner meniscus cell stiffnesses were similar to ligament cells (1.32 ± 0.20 kPa), and articular chondrocytes showed the highest stiffness overall (2.51 ± 0.20 kPa). Comparison of compressibility characteristics of the cells showed similarities between articular chondrocytes and inner meniscus cells, as well as between outer meniscus cells and ligament cells. These results show that cellular biomechanics vary regionally in the knee meniscus and that meniscus cells are biomechanically similar to ligament cells. The mechanical properties of musculoskeletal cells determined in this study may be useful for the development of mathematical models or the design of experiments studying mechanotransduction in a variety of soft tissues.
Leaf emergence and flow-through effects on mean windspeed profiles and microscale pressure fluctuations in a deciduous forest

Abstract Mean windspeed profiles and microscale pressure fluctuations at the surface were measured before and after leaf emergence in a deciduous forest. Effects of the leaf emergence were evident in the windspeed profiles, as well as effects of flow-through from an open border. However, no effects of the leaf emergence could be seen on the relationship of pressure fluctuations at the surface to mean windspeed above the canopy, unless the direction of the flow was from the open border to the site of measurements.
Quaternary climates and sea levels of the u.s. Atlantic coastal plain.

Uranium-series dating of corals from marine deposits of the U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain coupled with paleoclimatic reconstructions based on ostracode (marine) and pollen (continent) data document at least five relatively warm intervals during the last 500,000 years. On the basis of multiple paleoenvironmental criteria, we determined relative sea level positions during the warm intervals, relative to present mean sea level, were 7 ± 5 meters at 188,000 years ago, 7.5 ± 1.5 meters at 120,000 years ago, 6.5 ± 3.5 meters at 94,000 years ago, and 7 ± 3 meters at 72,000 years ago. The composite sea level chronology for the Atlantic Coastal Plain is inconsistent with independent estimates of eustatic sea level positions during interglacial intervals of the last 200,000 years. Hydroisostatic adjustment from glacial-interglacial sea level fluctuations, lithospheric flexure, and isostatic uplift from sediment unloading due to erosion provide possible mechanisms to account for the discrepancies. Alternatively, current eustatic sea level estimates for the middle and late Quaternary may require revision.
Gas evolution of nickel, stainless steel 316 and titanium anodes in vacuum sealed tubes

This paper presents a study on gas evolution of three different anode materials in vacuum sealed tubes under UHV conditions. The experimental apparatus consists of a high-power microwave (HPM) virtual-cathode oscillator (vircator) driven by a 200 ns, 80 J, 225 kV low-impedance Marx Generator. Plasma expansion due to explosive electron field emission has shown to lower gap impedance, spoil consistent low vacuum levels, and cut-off microwave radiation. The anode materials compared are nickel 201L (Ni201L), stainless steel 316L (SS316L) and grade-1 titanium (TiG1); with the cathode material being aluminum. The anodes were cleaned by the following method: rough polishing followed by electro-polishing, a ten minute microwave argon / 10% oxygen plasma cleaning process (ArO 2 ) and finally, a 72 hour in situ bake-out at 300°C. Outgassing characteristics of each anode material are presented and compared.
Flow cytometric detection of degranulation reveals phenotypic heterogeneity of degranulating CMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in rhesus macaques

Flow-cytometric conditions for detection of lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) on the surface of recently degranulated cells were optimized for rhesus macaques and used to investigate the functional properties of rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV)-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes with regards to cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion in six asymptomatic CMV-seropositive rhesus macaques. Unlike humans, the rhesus macaque LAMP-1 protein CD107a underwent little or no endocytosis over a six to 18 h stimulation period. Following in vitro stimulation, rhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were heterogeneous with regards to the composition of cells positive for CD107a and/or IFN-gamma, time to reach peak degranulation, and kinetics of IFN-gamma secretion relative to degranulation. Responder CD8+ T lymphocytes that underwent degranulation without IFN-gamma production (CD107a+IFN-gamma-) were predominantly composed of terminally differentiated effectors (CD28-CD45RA+). Moreover, they had significantly lower frequencies of effector memory (CD28-CD45RA-) cells compared to the IFN-gamma-secreting cells that did or did not undergo degranulation (CD107a+IFN-gamma+ or CD107a-IFN-gamma+). The perforin content of effector CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly greater than that of effector memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in rhesus macaques, suggesting that they were more cytolytic. Our findings suggest that the composition of rhCMV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes with regards to CD107a+IFN-gamma- responders may be an important determinant of their ability to control CMV replication.
Interleukin-23 secretion by donor antigen-presenting cells is critical for organ-specific pathology in graft-versus-host disease

Damage to the gastrointestinal tract during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) from the conditioning regimen in conjunction with alloreactive donor T cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we have identified secretion of interleukin-23 (IL-23) by donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as a critical event in the induction of GVHD of the colon linking conditioning regimen-induced mucosal injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation to subsequent proinflammatory cytokine production and GVHD-associated pathologic damage. In the absence of donor APC-derived IL-23 secretion, there is a selective and profound reduction in pathologic damage as well as a marked reduction in LPS and proinflammatory cytokine production in the colon microenvironment. The downstream proinflammatory effects of IL-23 are dependent upon donor-derived secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), but are independent of donor IL-17 production. These findings define a novel organ-specific role for IL-23 in the pathophysiology of GVHD and demonstrate that IL-23 can direct tissue-specific pathology within the context of a systemic inflammatory disorder. Furthermore, these studies also identify IL-23 as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of this life-threatening disorder.
Thin film nanocomposite Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe magnets

Nanocomposite Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe magnets were prepared by either sputtering from cast alloy targets with increased Fe content,or by depositing successively from a Nd20Fe70NbB9 and an iron target in a multilayer fashion. For the optimally annealed samples magnetic data indicate the existence of a hard phase that is exchange-coupled with the soft phase (α-Fe) grains. These samples showed remanence enhancement. For longer annealing times α-Fe clustering leads to decoupling of the soft phase. The TEM studies showed that in this case the grain size exceeds the theoretically predicted size (of about 10 nm)for optimum coupling between the two phases. By depositing in an alternating layer structure, higher coercivities were obtained due to the advantage of controlling the soft phase content as well as the grain size by the individual layer thickness.
Use of long-term tritium records from the Colorado River to determine timescales for hydrologic processes associated with irrigation in the Imperial Valley, California

Abstract Tritium records were used to study hydrologic processes associated with irrigation and drainage in the Imperial Valley, a 2000-km 2 agricultural area in the southeastern California desert. Tritium was analyzed in surface water, ground water, soil-pore water and drain water, and the results were compared to the historical record of tritium in the Colorado River. The Colorado River record was reconstructed using a simple reservoir model and precipitation data in the Colorado River Basin for the period prior to 1965, and from continuous measurements in the river for 1965–1988. This historical record is especially useful in the arid Imperial Valley because recent agricultural development has been entirely dependent on irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River and local recharge is negligible. Results indicate that it takes about 5 a for irrigation drainage to move through the soil to a depth of 2–3 m. Drainwaters have a wide range in tritium concentrations because of varying degrees of influence from ground-water intrusion, and from rapid percolation of irrigation through preferred pathways. The net result is that drainwater from about 40 fields had a range in tritium concentration similar to that of the Colorado River over the last 9 a (1980–1988), a period during which tritium concentration was declining about 15% annually in the river.
SU‐GG‐T‐556: Investigations into Treatment Planning for Mycosis Fungoides Localized to the Face

Purpose: This work describes an investigation of the best treatment approach to ensure delivery of the desired dose to a patient with extensive mycosis fungoides nodules localized to the face. Method and Materials: The physician's treatment goal was to deliver a uniform dose to the patient's entire face to a depth of 5mm. Several treatment methodologies were considered including a partial total skin electron treatment or patched electron beams. Three different electron treatments were evaluated to determine the best approach. Dose distributions were evaluated at multiple axial slices in an anthropomorphic head phantom. TLDs were placed at points of interest to measure the surface dose. Additional treatment considerations addressed include methods to reduce the dose to the posterior region of the scalp, the nose, the ear canals, the oral mucosa, and the lens, as well as the ability of the therapists to reliably deliver the plan to minimize the risk of variances. Results: The technique that provided the most homogeneous dose utilized five 25×25cm2electron beams spaced at 60° gantry angles about the patient's head. With this technique the use of oblique beams was an advantage because the depth of dose maximum was raised towards the skin surface. Measurements confirmed the treatment planning algorithms ability to accurately calculate the dose. The use of an immobilization mask reduced patient setup time, further reduced dmax, and permitted use of a single image to verify patient position. In vivo TLDmeasurements showed a surface dose distribution of ±18%, which is comparable to TSET. Conclusion: Pre‐treatment dosimetry and involvement of the entire treatment team in the planning process allowed for the confident delivery of an atypical course of radiation therapy without incident. The patient responded as desired and in vivo measurements provided feedback for decisions made by the physician over the course of treatment.
Metabolism and cold tolerance of overwintering adult mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae): evidence of facultative diapause?

We sought evidence for a distinct diapause in adult overwintering mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) by measuring metabolic rate and supercooling ability of field collected beetles throughout the year. Metabolic rates measured at 0, 5, and 10°C declined significantly from October through November, then rose slowly, reaching levels as high as those recorded in October by late May. From December to February metabolic rates were not correlated with minimum weekly phloem temperatures (R(2)=0.0%, P=0.592), but were correlated with phloem temperatures as winter advanced to spring (R(2)=44.8%, P=0.010), a pattern consistent with progression through the maintenance and termination phases of diapause. Supercooling points were also significantly lower in winter compared to fall and spring (F((8,143))=32.6, P 79% for all three temperatures). Dry mass declined linearly with winter progression (F((8,150))=8.34, P<0.001), explained by catabolism of metabolic reserves, with a concomitant accumulation of metabolic water (F((8,147))=35.24, P<0.001). The strong mid-winter metabolic suppression correlated with improved supercooling ability, coupled with their lack of response to variation in environmental temperature, are evidence of possible diapause in adult overwintering mountain pine beetles.
Heat diffusion from line source into mixing region of two parallel streams

Fig. 3 Injectant weight as a function of injection time for motors operating at 180-269 psia chamber pressure. The minimum water requirement to obtain complete extinguishment was 0.708 Ib H20/lb of mixture; this value was in accord with the theoretical weight ratio of 0.715 Ib H20/lb of mixture. The injection time appears to be critical in that the water must have sufficient residence time in the motor to absorb the residual heat from the propellant gases and propellant surface to prevent reignition.
Analyses of the returned lunar surface fines for porphyrins.

In the present studies, no porphyrins were found in the lunar surface fines collected from the Sea of Tranquillity by the Apollo 11 mission, from the Ocean of Storms by the Apollo 12 mission, and from the nonmare Fra Mauro Formation by the Apollo 14 expedition under the conditions in which porphyrins would have been detected had they been present in amounts as small as 10−14 mole.
An Analysis of Consequentialism and Deontology in the Normative Ethics of the Bhagavadgītā

This paper identifies the different normative ethical arguments stated and suggested by Arjuna and Krishna in the Gītā, analyzes those arguments, examines the interrelations between those arguments, and demonstrates that, contrary to a common view, both Arjuna and Krishna advance ethical theories of a broad consequentialist nature. It is shown that Krishna’s ethical theory, in particular, is a distinctive kind of rule-consequentialism that takes as intrinsically valuable the twin consequences of mokṣa and lokasaṃgraha. It is also argued that Krishna’s teachings in the Gītā gain in depth, coherence, and critical relevance what they lose in simplicity when the ethical theory underlying those teachings is understood as a consequentialism of this kind rather than as a deontology.
A physicalistic account of emergentism

Jaegwon Kim’s argument against non-reductive physicalism is well known. Many philosophers take Kim’s argument to also apply to emergentism. But this does not necessarily follow. In this paper, I will first briefly show why Kim’s argument against non-reductive physicalism need not apply to emergentism. Next, I will present a physicalistic account of emergentism offered by Jason Megill in his paper “A Defense of Emergence.” This will be followed by an examination of some of the limitations of Megill’s account, in particular, his failure to adequately account for the causal powers of higher level physical properties independent of realization. Finally, I will offer a suggestion on how Megill might avoid the difficulties raised by appealing to the concept of wide realization espoused by Robert Wilson in his paper “Two Views of Realization.” The overarching theme of the paper centers on the idea that the realization requirement is where the action is, in terms of making emergentism compatible with physicalism, and is capable of being tinkered with by the emergentist and physicalist alike.
Linear Feedback Control - Analysis and Design with MATLAB (by Dingyu Xue et al; 2007) [Bookshelf]

There is a need for a book that contains not only control theory but also adequate Matlab examples. This book, written primarily as a reference book, fills this gap. The text is organized into eight chapters, which cover modeling, analysis, simulation, and controller design. Each chapter contains Matlab examples with short scripts and plots inserted within the text. In addition, each chapter provides a large number of exercises that require the use of various Matlab commands or Matlab programming. This book is useful for a wide range of users, including beginners in the field, students who wish to bridge the gap between control theory and the use of Matlab in the analysis and design of control systems, and practicing engineers.
The Chloroplast 22-Ku Heat-shock Protein: A Lumenal Protein that Associates with the Oxygen Evolving Complex and Protects Photosystem II during Heat Stress

Summary An evolutionarily conserved small heat-shock protein localizes to the chloroplast (chlpsHsp) in all major phyla of terrestrial plants examined to date. The chlpsHsp is known to protect photosynthetic electron transport, specifically that of Photosystem 11, during heat stress. Suborganellar examination indicated that there are two forms of the chlpsHsp, a 25-Ku and a 22-Ku form. Protease treatment of isolated subchloroplast fractions (thylakoid grana vs. stroma) demonstrated that the 22-Ku chlpsHsp form is found in the thylakoid lumen. Co-immunoprecipitation of the chlpsHsp using a concentration of Triton X-100 below its critical micelle concentration showed that this protein associates with proteins of Photosystem 11. Coimmunoprecipitation of the chlpsHsp using a concentration of Triton X-100 significantly above its critical micelle concentration showed that this protein specifically interacts with proteins of the thermolabile Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem 11. The chlpsHsp does not reactivate heat-denatured Photosystem 11, but instead protects this complex from damage during heat stress.