cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Existentialists abroad: West Indian students and racial identity in British universities

This paper considers the role of racialization in the experiences of West Indians in British universities after the Second World War. In particular, Stuart Hall’s reflections highlighted the comple...
First-Year Teachers and Induction Support: Ups, downs, and in-betweens.

Novice teachers often struggle during the transition from being students of teaching to teachers of students. Consequently, high attrition rates characterize the first 3 years of teaching, underscoring a need to provide better support for beginning teachers. This investigation sought to answer the following question: How are 1st-year teachers supported during induction and how do they respond to this support? Four 1st-year elementary teachers participated in a year-long case-study investigation. Primary form of data collection was monthly semi-structured phone interviews. Participants faced similar challenges, while adjusting to their new profession, but received varied, often inadequate, forms of support during their 1st year. The results suggest that rather than identifying the prevalence of induction support, future research should endeavor to assess program quality and guide educators in the provision of valuable induction for new teachers. Key Words: Induction, Beginning Teachers, and Case Study
Constructing retinal fundus photomontages. A new computer-based method.

Purpose To develop computer algorithms for reconstructing 24-bit color, wide-angle composite retinal fundus images from a set of adjacent 45 degrees fundus slides. The authors present the description, technical details, and results of the image reconstruction technique. Methods Patients with retinal degeneration underwent fundus photography with a 45 degrees field-of-view fundus camera. Individual photographic slides were digitized for creating fundus montages. Background variations in individual 45 degrees images were modeled to first- or second-order two-dimensional polynomial functions to generate a background image. The background image was subtracted from the original image to obtain background corrected image. Background corrected images were registered and spatially transformed using a first- or second-order two-dimensional polynomial warp model to reconstruct a composite retinal fundus montage. Results The authors successfully reconstructed 24-bit color, 100 degrees field-of-view, composite retinal fundus images. The computer-reconstructed montages are an improvement over manually generated montages because computer analysis can be performed on the computer-based montages. In addition, background variations and discontinuities between individual photographs observed in manually generated montages are reduced greatly in computer-generated montages. Most important, the computer-generated montages are better aligned than the manually generated photomontages. Conclusions This method of reconstructing a wide-angle composite retinal fundus image from a set of adjacent small- and wide-angle fundus slides is a new tool for creating montages as large as 100 degrees field of view. The computer-generated montages may be used for documenting and quantifying retinal findings. This can greatly assist studies of retinal manifestations of diseases, such as gyrate atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, sickle cell disease, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Chapter 2 Instrumentation for the measurement of circular dichroism; past, present and future developments

Abstract The basic procedures for the measurement of circular dichroism were developed over 100 years ago. Over the past century, measurement advances have occurred in an incremental fashion as improvements have been made in the various instrumental components involved in the measurement process. One significant development has been the use of the photoelastic modulator for polarization modulation of the probing radiation. The PEM's large optical aperture, good stability, and ability to polarize the probing light with excellent purity has transformed the measurement of CD from a difficult experimental technique to a routine tool for the determination of complex structure. This capability has been extended to the time-dependent study of biological reactions through the association of the stopped-flow technique with the CD measurement. Recent advances have introduced the laser as the probe source allowing microvolume sampling and time-dependent CD studies in the nanosecond to picosecond regime. Finally, the introduction of multichannel light detection devices, for example, charge-coupled devices, into the CD experiment may have as dramatic an effect on the measurement of CD as the introduction of electro-optic polarization modulation had 30 years ago. Although several obstacles remain to be solved, preliminary results clearly demonstrate the advantages of this approach and these advantages will serve as an impetus for the future development and application of this technology to the measurement of CD.
Pedal Misapplications: Their Frequency and Variety Revealed through Police Accident Reports:

Earlier work indicated that pedal misapplications, where the right foot contacts the accelerator instead of the brake that was intended, were mainly limited to the start of a driving cycle and the phenomenon of unintended acceleration. Our present work with the North Carolina Police Accident Report database, however, reveals that pedal misapplications are far more frequent causes of accidents than we had believed. We uncovered 219 accidents in which the driver(s) stated that the foot contacted the accelerator rather than the brake. We categorized these accidents in various ways, leading to an initial understanding of the frequency, the mechanisms, and the traffic conditions surrounding these events. Contrary to our expectations, most of the misapplications were classed as “unhurried,” and about half were caused by the foot slipping off the brake. Pedal errors during the driving cycle may occur much more frequently—and for reasons other than those previously proposed—than during start-up.
Real-time dual-modal vein imaging system

In this paper, we present a vein imaging system to combine reflectance mode visible spectrum images (VIS) with transmission mode near-infrared (NIR) images in real time. Clear vessel localization is achieved in this manner with combined NIR–VIS dual-modal imaging. Transmission and reflectance mode optical instrumentation is used to combine VIS and NIR images. Two methods of displaying the combined images are demonstrated here. We have conducted experiments to determine the system’s resolution, alignment accuracy, and depth penetration. Vein counts were taken from the hands of test subjects using the system and compared with vein counts taken by visual analysis. Results indicate that the system can improve vein detection in the human hand while detecting veins of a diameter < 0.5 mm at any working distance and of a 0.25 mm diameter at an optimal working distance of about 30 cm. The system has also been demonstrated to clearly detect silicone vessels with artificial blood of diameter 2, 1, and 0.5 mm diameter under a tissue depth of 3 mm. In a study involving 25 human subjects, we have demonstrated that vein visibility was significantly increased using our system. The results indicate that the device is a high-resolution solution to near-surface venous imaging. This technology can be applied for IV placement, morphological analysis for disease state detection, and biometric analysis.
Incorporating Sex and Gender into Culturally Competent Simulation in Medical Education.

Background and Objectives: Simulation provides a vehicle to introduce sex and gender competent training into the education of medical trainees. Materials and Methods: Using the previously validated Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Sex and Gender Specific Health PubMed Advanced Search Tool, we reviewed the existing sex- and gender-based medical simulation education literature. A single article specifically addressed the incorporation of sex- and gender-based medicine in the development of simulation-based training. The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Sex and Gender Interest Group then collaboratively developed recommendations for the incorporation of these concepts into simulation training. Results: Collaboratively developed recommendations were as follows. Knowledge-based competency in sex- and gender-based medicine involves understanding the relevant key terminology. Attitude-based competencies include an understanding of tendencies toward bias in patient assessment and care, which can be addressed in the self-reflection component of a simulation debrief. Skill-based competencies include communication skills, assessing the social context in which a patient is pursuing medical care, and recognition of gender-based cultural models of health and disease. Successful implementation includes specific faculty development, administrative and financial resources, gender-specific simulation equipment and selection of standardized patients, and scenarios that address sex- and gender-based medical care. Conclusion: The adoption of sex and gender competent simulation has the potential to significantly impact medical training and the provision of empathetic and humanistic care while reducing sex- and gender-based health care disparities.
Discretion and Local Policy: Local Law Enforcement

Bureaucrats, particularly street-level bureaucrats, usually have great discretion in their actions. This chapter describes how local police forces have used their discretion to engage in questionable and often illegal behavior. The history of local law enforcement is replete with instances of such behavior. Contemporary actions of law enforcement agents illustrate the potential for egregious violations of due process citizen rights. High-profile cases that are discussed in the chapter highlight the need to assure greater accountability for questionable actions of law enforcement officials. Police actions have consequences. The chapter notes that major riots erupted in Los Angeles (Watts), Detroit, Newark, New York (Harlem), and other cities as a consequence of police actions. The choking death of Eric Garner in New York; the shootings of Laquan McDonald in Chicago; the shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri; and the death of Freddie Gray following a routine arrest, among other incidents, suggest that local law enforcement bureaucracies are not acting as responsible agents of the public. The chapter describes these questionable acts. Whistleblowing is presented as a possible control on police abusive behavior. It is noted, however, that the costs of whistleblowing can be quite high as others in the organization can retaliate. Allegiance to the group often remains high.
Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV: Back to Blood

After years of continuous exposure to HIV envelope antigens, a minority of HIV-infected individuals develop a cognate polyclonal humoral response comprising very potent and extremely cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies [broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs)]. Isolated bNAbs derived from memory B cell pools have been the focus of intense studies over the past decade. However, it is not yet known how to translate the features of bNAbs into practical HIV prevention methods. In this review, we attempt to seek insights from emerging information about the human broadly neutralizing plasma response as well as its frequency, clonal composition, specificity, potency, and commonality among infected subjects. We also consider how this information points to selecting and prioritizing certain epitope targets and strategies for HIV vaccine design.
A Semi-Wearable Robotic Device for Sit-to-Stand Assistance

With the aging of the population in the United States, an increasing number of individuals suffer from mobility challenges. For such individuals, the difficulty of standing up from a seated position is a major barrier for their daily physical activities. In the paper, a novel assistive device, namely Semi-Wearable Sit-to-Stand Assist (SW-SiStA), is presented, which provides effective lower-limb assistance to overcome such difficulty for the mobility-challenged individuals. Unlike traditional exoskeletons, the SW-SiStA can be easily detached after the completion of the sit-to-stand process, and thus will not cause additional burden to the user during the subsequent ambulation. The SW-SiStA is powered with a pneumatic actuator, leverage its advantages of low cost and high power/force density. The complexity of the device is reduced by the use of a simple solenoid valve in combination with two adjustable needle valves, providing the desired individualized adjustability without the expensive proportional valves. Human testing of the device indicated that the SW-SiStA was able to provide effective sit-to-stand assistance in a natural way, and the users were able to expend significantly less muscle efforts in the process.
The Art of Joseph Edward Southall

Joseph Southall (1861-1944) was an artist distinguished in his field, a political activist of considerable stamina and a Quaker greatly loved and honoured by some Friends, albeit not by all. His political involvement as chairman of the Independent Labour Party in Birmingham from 1914 to 1931 afforded an opportunity for witness that was in harmony with his religious affiliation. But his profession as an artist was pursued against a climate of ambivalence toward the arts within the Quaker commu­ nity, which was diminishing in the early twentieth century but had not altogether disappeared. This paper illustrates the traditional disapprobation of the arts by Quakers and identifies elements of a Quakerly aesthetic (defined for the purpose of this paper as 'a set of moral principles constraining the production or appreciation of a visual image'). The paper is an attempt to trace the emergence of such an aesthetic in the art of Joseph Southall. In particular, this paper examines Southall's alignment of art with craft, observes moral restraint in the painting of portraits and explores Southall's use of narrative themes in art as ministry.
What Is the Economic Impact of Infertility in Beef Cattle

Producers cannot completely control infertility in their cow herds. However, understanding and addressing the factors that affect infertility will help producers implement management practices that can improve fertility and reduce the negative impacts of infertility on the profitability of beef cow-calf operations. This 4-page fact sheet discusses reasons why beef cows fail to become pregnant or wean a calf, identification of infertile beef cows, and economic impacts of reduced fertility and infertility in beef cattle. Written by Chris Prevatt, G. Cliff Lamb, Carl Dahlen, Vitor R. G. Mercadante, and Kayln Waters, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, revised September 2018. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/an208
Chapter 14 – Poliovirus

Poliomyelitis (“polio”) is a disease caused by poliovirus, a small, nonenveloped icosahedral virus transmitted through the fecal–oral route. Three poliovirus subtypes exist: type 1, 2, and 3. Following a major viremia, poliovirus replicates within and can cause temporary or permanent damage to the central nervous system, predominantly to the brain stem and motor neurons of the spinal cord. Paralytic poliomyelitis is classified into bulbar, spinal, or bulbospinal poliomyelitis, depending upon the site of the nerves that are damaged. As a +ssRNA virus, translation of the poliovirus genome begins immediately upon entry into the cell, using an internal ribosome entry site in the 5′-region of the genome. A single polyprotein is cleaved sequentially into intermediate precursor and mature proteins responsible for genome replication and virion structure. In 1955, Jonas Salk's laboratory developed a formalin-inactivated virus vaccine, known as the inactivated polio vaccine, and Albert Sabin later developed the oral polio vaccine containing live attenuated poliovirus. Permanent eradication of poliovirus through vaccination is theoretically possible because poliovirus infects only humans, has a limited number of serotypes, and does not cause persistent infections. Global Polio Eradication Initiative efforts have currently reduced the number of countries with endemic wild poliovirus to two, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
History teaches us to resist: how progressive movements have succeeded in challenging times: by Mary Frances Berry, Boston, MA, Beacon, 2018, 222 pp., US$18.00 (paperback), ISBN 9780807057674

Mary Francis Berry is a national treasure. Still professing, still writing, still offering a deeply detailed, profoundly personal, yet cogently germane history of the episodic highlights of her the...
Reionization Revisited: Secondary CMB Anisotropies and Polarization

Secondary CMB anisotropies and polarization provide a laboratory to study structure formation in the reionized epoch. We consider the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from mildly nonlinear large-scale structure and show that it is a natural extension of the perturbative Vishniac effect. If the gas traces the dark matter to overdensities of order 10, as expected from simulations, this effect is at least comparable to the Vishniac effect at arcminute scales. On smaller scales, it may be used to study the thermal history-dependent clustering of the gas. Polarization is generated through Thomson scattering of primordial quadrupole anisotropies, kinetic (second order Doppler) quadrupole anisotropies and intrinsic scattering quadrupole anisotropies. Small scale polarization results from the density and ionization modulation of these sources. These effects generically produce comparable E and B-parity polarization, but of negligible amplitude (0.001-0.01 uK) in adiabatic CDM models. However, the primordial and kinetic quadrupoles are observationally comparable today so that a null detection of B-polarization would set constraints on the evolution and coherence of the velocity field. Conversely, a detection of a cosmological B-polarization even at large angles does not necessarily imply the presence of gravity waves or vorticity. For these calculations, we develop an all-sky generalization of the Limber equation that allows for an arbitrary local angular dependence of the source for both scalar and symmetric trace-free tensor fields on the sky.
Precautionary Personhood: We Should Treat Patients with Disorders of Consciousness as Persons.

Should we allocate costly health care to patients diagnosed with disorders of consciousness (DoC), such as patients diagnosed as being in a vegetative state or minimally conscious state? Peterson, ...
Sociodemographic Characteristics of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use and Reasons for Nonuse Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men from Three US Cities.

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a preventive medication that could reduce new infections among men who have sex with men (MSM). There are limited data on differing reasons for PrEP nonuse by...
The Tulsa Massacre and Its Context

James West was attending a play when a youth rushed in and delivered the warning that a resident of Tulsa, Oklahoma’s black district, might be lynched. West, a teacher and fellow resident of the district known as “Greenwood,” hurried home and awaited further development. Later that evening and into the early morning hours, West lay awake as the sound of gunfire erupted throughout his district. Shortly after 5:30 a.m., white men arrived at his home and ordered him outside. West was placed with a larger group and was violently escorted to Tulsa’s Convention Hall. Around the same time, Carrie Kinlaw and her sisters emerged from their Greenwood home after growing increasingly concerned about the safety of their mother, who lived a few blocks away. Upon arriving, they placed their mother on a cot and carried her while bullets flew all around. Eventually, gangs of rioters from all ages surrounded them, and they watched helplessly as nearby homes were broken into, looted, and destroyed (Parrish 1998, pp. 37, 50).
Presenting the new incoming editorial team for Hepatology: Team members and perspectives.

Since its inception, the flagship and initial journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) HEPATOLOGY has changed editorial teams at five-year intervals (Table 1). Each team has leveraged the success of the prior team to enhance the status of the journal, increasing its value to the AASLD membership, and expanding the readership. Over the last 40 years, HEPATOLOGY has evolved from a mission of aggregating knowledge on liver diseases and liver biology to a more selective journal.
Two-Sided Time-Homogeneous Markov Processes

The purpose of this paper is to discuss conditions under which it is possible to construct a Markov process indexed by IR with random times of birth and death and which is time-homogeneous in both directions.
The bureaucratization of science

Abstract While science is traditionally treated as a distinct domain of work organization, increasingly science is organized around larger and larger work groups that resemble small firms, with knowledge as the product. The growth of organized science raises the question of whether we also see a bureaucratic structuring of scientific work groups as predicted by organization theory, with implications for the academic credit system and scientific labor markets. Building on organization theory, we examine the relation between project group size, technical environment, and bureaucratic structuring of scientific work. Using survey data on scientific projects, we find size predicts bureaucratic structuring, with declining marginal effects. We also find that interdisciplinarity and task interdependence have distinct effects on bureaucratic structuring. Finally, the relationship between size and some dimensions of bureaucratic structuring is contingent on levels of work group interdependence in the field. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for policy debates about authorship and scientific careers.
Declining ring-necked pheasants in the Klamath Basin, California: I. Insecticide exposure

A study of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide exposure was conducted on a declining population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) associated with agricultural lands at Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge (TLNWR) during the summers of 1990–92. Findings at TLNWR were compared with a nearby pheasant population at Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge (LKNWR) not subjected to intensive farming or OP insecticide applications. Direct toxicity of anticholinesterase (antiChE) compounds (in this case methamidophos) killed 2 young pheasants (91 and 92% brain acetylcholinesterase [AChE] inhibition), but no deaths of adult radio-equipped hens were ascribed to direct insecticide intoxication. However, within 20 days postspray of OP insecticides, 68% (28 of 41) of the adult pheasants collected at TLNWR were exposed to antiChE insecticides, and exhibited brain AChE inhibition of 19–62%, with 15% (6 of 41) showing >55% brain AChE inhibition. The lack of radio-equipped hens dying was unexpected because >50% brain AChE inhibition has been frequently used as a ‘diagnostic tool’ for evaluating cause of death from antiChE insecticides. No young were radio-equipped, so the extent of the effects of insecticide exposure on the survivorship of young was unknown. It is concluded that insecticide exposure was not the major factor impacting the pheasant population (see Grove et al., in press), although some young were acutely intoxicated. However, the loss of insects killed by insecticide use may have contributed to food shortages of young pheasants, indirectly influencing survival.
The Five Mythical Habits of Highly Ineffective Leadership

ABSTRACT A great deal of contributions to new knowledge has become amassed in the management academic literature since the beginning of scientific management in the 1920s, through the New York University appointment of the first professor of management, Peter Drucker (1950), and into this new millennium. Human resource practitioners and other managers in the field of hospitality management borrow from these sources to remain informed concerning management developments. Despite the proliferation of literature, mythical beliefs exist among management practitioners and shareholder groups, through the fault of improper applications of otherwise well documented scientific investigations. This article identifies five commonly held myths concerning management that do possess apparent supportive citations from the literature when interpreted through narrow and irresponsible predetermined applications. Counter points to these myths are also presented from the same body of literature, the entertainment arts, and le...
A1P04-A12O3 catalysts with low alumina content

Abstract A series of amorphous AlPO4-Al2O3 (APA1-A) catalysts were prepared to contain various A1PO4/Al2O3 weight ratios (Al2O3: 5–15 wt.%). The effect of the weight ratio and calcination temperature (at 773–1273 K, for 3 h) on the structure and texture of the resultant catalysts were determined. The samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis. X-ray diffraction, high resolution 27Al and 31P MAS NMR and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. The presence of Al2O3 greatly affected the surface properties of AlPO4 upon heating, exerting a protective effect against sintering, and delaying the crystallization process. The thermal stability of the texture of the APAl-A systems was found to be considerably improved, in comparison with the AlPO4 catalyst, by the stabilization of the amorphous structure in the APA1-A systems, which was found to be fully retained, in the presence of Al2O3, upon calcination up to 1073 K. Calcination at 1273 K develops AlPO4 crystallinity in the α-cristobalite polymorph (which is greater as the Al2O3 content increases) but AlPO4 inhibits both the crystallization of the γ-Al2O3 phase and the γ- to α-Al2O3 phase transition. In particular, incorporation of 5 wt.-% Al2O3 resulted in an APAl-A system with remarkable thermal stability, after calcination, over the entire range of temperatures studied (773–1273 K). Amorphous APA1-A systems contain both tetrahedral and octahedral aluminum (their ratio varies with the Al2O3 content and the calcination temperature) while phosphorus always remains in P(OAl)4 environments. After calcination at 1273 K, only tetrahedral aluminum was found. Two types of aluminum surface hydroxyl groups (at 3786 and 3728 cm−1) and only one type of phosphorus surface hydroxyl group (at 3670 cm−1) are found in the DRIFT spectra. Furthermore, bands at 1130 and 478 cm−1 are found in the skeletal region. These are due to the triply degenerate P-O stretching vibration v3 mode of tetrahedral (PO4)3− and to the triply degenerate O-P-O bending variations v4 mode of (PO4)3− tetrahedra, respectively. A band at 714 cm−1, due to the stretching vibrations of Al-O bonds in combination with P-O bonds, is also found. Therefore the diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectra substantiated the structural changes in the samples in agreement with XRD and 27Al and 31P MAS NMR.
Method of Moments of Coupled Cluster Equations Employing Multi-Reference Perturbation Theory Wavefunctions: General Formalism, Diagrammatic Formulation, Implementation, and Benchmark Studies

A new class of non-iterative single-reference coupled-cluster (CC) and equation-of-motion CC (EOMCC) methods that combines the idea of energy corrections due to higher-order excitations defining the method of moments of CC equations (MMCC) with the multi-reference many-body perturbation theory, which is used to provide information about the most essential correlation effects relevant to electronic quasi-degeneracies, is described. The key elements of the resulting theory, termed MMCC/PT, are formulated using diagrammatic methods. The performance of the basic MMCC/PT approximations, in which inexpensive corrections due to triple (MMCC(2,3)/PT) or triple and quadruple (MMCC(2,4)/PT) excitations are added to ground- and excited-state energies obtained with the CC/EOMCC singles and doubles (CCSD/EOMCCSD) approach, is illustrated by the results of bench-mark calculations including bond breaking in HF, H2O, and F2, and excited states of CH+. The efficient, highly vectorized implementations of the triply and quadruply excited moments of the CCSD/EOMCCSD equations that enter the MMCC(2,3)/PT and MMCC(2,4)/PT energy formulas and other approaches based on the MMCC formalism, including other externally corrected MMCC theories and renormalized CC/EOMCC approaches, are discussed, and the most essential details of the MMCC/PT algorithm are presented.
Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to identify the neural systems involved in discriminating the shape, color, and speed of a visual stimulus under conditions of selective and divided attention. Psychophysical evidence indicated that the sensitivity for discriminating subtle stimulus changes in a same-different matching task was higher when subjects selectively attended to one attribute than when they divided attention among the attributes. PET measurements of brain activity indicated that modulations of extrastriate visual activity were primarily produced by task conditions of selective attention. Attention to speed activated a region in the left inferior parietal lobule. Attention to color activated a region in the collateral sulcus and dorsolateral occipital cortex, while attention to shape activated collateral sulcus (similarly to color), fusiform and parahippocampal gyri, and temporal cortex along the superior temporal sulcus. Outside the visual system, selective and divided attention activated nonoverlapping sets of brain regions. Selective conditions activated globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior thalamus/colliculus, and insular-premotor regions, while the divided condition activated the anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results in the visual system demonstrate that selective attention to different features modulates activity in distinct regions of extrastriate cortex that appear to be specialized for processing the selected feature. The disjoint pattern of activations in extravisual brain regions during selective- and divided-attention conditions also suggests that preceptual judgements involve different neural systems, depending on attentional strategies.
Autonomist Marxist Theory and Practice in the Current Crisis

Autonomist Marxism is a political tendency premised on the autonomy of the proletariat. Working class autonomy is manifested in the self-activity of the working class independent of formal organizations and representations, the multiplicity of forms that struggles take, and the role of class composition in shaping the overall balance of power in capitalist societies, not least in the relationship of class struggles to the character of capitalist crises. Class composition analysis is applied here to narrate the recent history of capitalism leading up to the current crisis, giving particular attention to China and the United States. A global wave of struggles in the mid-2000s was constituitive of the kinds of working class responses to the crisis that unfolded in 2008-10. The circulation of those struggles and resultant trends of recomposition and/or decomposition are argued to be important factors in the balance of political forces across the varied geography of the present crisis.
Natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition

Traditional natural language parsers are based on rewrite rule systems developed in an arduous, time-consuming manner by grammarians. A majority of the grammarian's efforts are devoted to the disambiguation process, first hypothesizing rules which dictate constituent categories and relationships among words in ambiguous sentences, and then seeking exceptions and corrections to these rules. In this work, I propose an automatic method for acquiring a statistical parser from a set of parsed sentences which takes advantage of some initial linguistic input, but avoids the pitfalls of the iterative and seemingly endless grammar development process. Based on distributionally-derived and linguistically-based features of language, this parser acquires a set of statistical decision trees which assign a probability distribution on the space of parse trees given the input sentence. These decision trees take advantage of significant amount of contextual information, potentially including all of the lexical information in the sentence, to produce highly accurate statistical models of the disambiguation process. By basing the disambiguation criteria selection on entropy reduction rather than human intuition, this parser development method is able to consider more sentences than a human grammarian can when making individual disambiguation rules. In experiments between a parser, acquired using this statistical framework, and a grammarian's rule-based parser, developed over a ten-year period, both using the same training material and test sentences, the decision tree parser significantly outperformed the grammar-based parser on the accuracy measure which the grammarian was trying to maximize, achieving an accuracy of 78% compared to the grammar-based parser's 69%.
Exploring the Relationship Between Regulatory Reform in the States and State Regulatory Output

The rhetoric surrounding regulatory reform has long been heated. Supporters talk about making regulation more efficient and regulators more accountable to the public. Opponents blame regulatory reforms for crippling the regulatory process and inhibiting the production of regulations that will protect public health. This Article uses a data set of regulations and regulatory reforms in twenty-eight states to question both of these positions. We find that reforms such as executive review of regulations, legislative review of regulations, and economic analysis have no relationship with regulatory output. Instead, political factors, particularly the control of the state legislature, are a much better predictor of the volume of regulation in a state. If a legislature passes laws that require regulations, there will be more regulations regardless of the procedural hurdles that regulatory agencies face when engaging in the regulatory process. * This Article is excerpted from The Politics of Regulatory Reform (2013). We owe tremendous gratitude to an army of research assistants: Michele Sloan, Savannah Barnett, Candace Valente, Joseph Rua, and Michael Wong. Helpful comments and editorial suggestions on earlier versions of this work were made by Cary Coglianese, Anne Gowen, Richard Williams, Brian Mannix, several anonymous peer reviewers, the staff at Routledge, and participants in the Environmental Federalism conference at Case Western Reserve University. All of the errors are our responsibility. † Professor of Public Policy, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, stuartsh@rutgers.edu. †† Senior Research Analyst, School of Management and Labor Relations, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, dbholtz@rutgers.edu. Case Western Reserve Law Review·Volume 64·Issue 4·2014 Exploring the Relationship Between Regulatory Reform in the States and State Regulatory Output
The development of syntactic complexity

This longitudinal investigation examined the developmental sequence of syntactic acquisition in seven children during the early syntactic period. The collected corpora were analyzed according to a hypothesized simplicity-complexity dimension based on the numer of grammatical relations produced and the expansion of these relations. The hypothesized simplicity-complexity dimension was largely upheld and specified a sequence of acqisition which was observed in the data from all children. The application of this dimension, based on the basic grammatical relations, examined developing syntactic complexity independently of but consonant with adult linguistic descriptions. The syntactic constructions were also analyzed according to the semantic categories experssed. The semantic analysis revealed generalized developmental trends.
Expected struggles: U.S. child care policy

Abstract Many industrialized countries have publically supported child care policies in place. However, the United States is an outlier in this policy realm. The child care policies that exist in the U.S. are very limited and they are framed as poverty based programs. This article is based on interviews with 19 child care policy experts including policy advocates, researchers, and funders. In addition, secondary data is examined to explain how advocates for a seemingly out of favor issue seek to position themselves both individually and collectively to get this issue placed on the national agenda. The findings suggest that the child care advocates have developed multiple frames to address child care policy. Some advocacy groups and their spokespeople have framed child care as a poverty issue, others have framed it as a women's rights issue and, more recently, some policy advocates have framed child care as an educational issue. Sometimes, there is overlap and the same group may frame child care issues differently depending upon the legislative issue at hand. In part, these frames reflect existing policies as a result of what Pierson (1993) refers to as policy feedback. Nonetheless, this lack of cohesion in framing has led to the continued development of policies that have created multiple interest groups, all seeking resources for similar goals that are not always aligned.
Some fast residual arithmetic adders

Abstract The design and complete realizaiton of fast residue number system adders is discussed. The design is such that the same adder can perform subtraction without requiring any changes. The design is realised using structured, VLSI array logic cells, and emphasis is placed on the computational speed only. This design is suitable for small moduli. For large moduli, another design based on the divide-and-conquer approach is presented. Analysis and simulation results are given.
The effects of neighboring bases on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea alkylation of DNA.

Abstract Calf thymus DNA and the synthetic polynucleotides of defined sequence, poly(dG) · poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC) · poly(dG-dC) were reacted with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and the amounts of 7-methylguanine (7-MG) and O6-methylguanine (O6-MG) determined. It was found that the O6-MG/7-MG ratio for DNA was 0.13, for poly(dG) · poly(dC) was 0.10, and for poly(dG-dC) · poly(dG-dC) was 0.21. From these data, it is evident that the neighboring bases affect the alkylation pattern of guanine by MNU, a finding that can have significant relevance in defining ‘hot spots’ of alkylation in the genome which may be important in the processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
Comparative computational analysis of prion proteins reveals two fragments with unusual structural properties and a pattern of increase in hydrophobicity associated with disease‐promoting mutations

Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with conversion of a normal prion protein, PrPC, into a pathogenic conformation, PrPSc. The PrPSc is thought to promote the conversion of PrPC. The structure and stability of PrPC are well characterized, whereas little is known about the structure of PrPSc, what parts of PrPC undergo conformational transition, or how mutations facilitate this transition. We use a computational knowledge-based approach to analyze the intrinsic structural propensities of the C-terminal domain of PrP and gain insights into possible mechanisms of structural conversion. We compare the properties of PrP sequences to those of a PrP paralog, Doppel, and to the distributions of structural propensities observed in known protein structures from the Protein Data Bank. We show that the prion protein contains at least two sequence fragments with highly unusual intrinsic propensities, PrP(114–125) and helix B. No segments with unusual properties were found in Doppel protein, which is topologically identical to PrP but does not undergo structural rearrangements. Known disease-promoting PrP mutations form a statistically significant cluster in the region comprising helices B and C. Due to their unusual properties, PrP(114–125) and the C terminus of helix B may be considered as primary candidates for sites involved in conformational transition from PrPC to PrPSc. The results of our study also show that most PrP mutations associated with neurodegenerative disorders increase local hydrophobicity. We suggest that the observed increase in hydrophobicity may facilitate PrP-to-PrP or/and PrP-to-cofactor interactions, and thus promote structural conversion.
Acid-soluble nucleotide spectrum of Neurospora crassa.

Abstract Anion-exchange chromatography of wild-type Neurospora crassa nucleotides on Dowex 1 resin columns employing a concave gradient with ammonium formate buffer at pH 3 was carried out. N. crassa was found to contain cytidine diphosphocholine, diphosphopyridine nucleotide, adenylic acid, uridylic acid, uridine diphosphoacetylglucosamine, uridine diphosphoglucose, and the triphosphates of adenosine, uridine, and guanosine.
Some Effects of the Shearing and Veering Environmental Wind on the Internal Dynamics and Structure of a Rotating Supercell Thunderstorm

Abstract A three-dimensional severe thunderstorm model is employed to study some effects that shearing and veering environmental winds exert on the structure and internal dynamics of a typical supercell rotating storm during its quasi-steady mature stage. These environmental winds are analytically formulated to conform with observations deduced from seven well-documented supercell storms. Horizontal relative winds are generated using the Rankine vortex concept for the inner core region (radii 0–4 km), the potential flow concept for the outer portion (radii 8–25 km) and the transition zone in between (radii 4–8 km). The temperature field is considered to conform with the observed warm-core structured storm. Using these semi-realistic data as input, six numerical experiments are conducted allowing the environmental wind to veer and to shear systematically from one case to another. Vertical velocities are obtained by solving the scaled mass continuity equation. Values of total pressure and perturbation press...
Studies of passive film breakdown by detection and analysis of electrochemical noise

Abstract Random fluctuations in the passive current of electrodes under potentiostatic conditions have been measured on aluminum in boric acid: borate solution and on a Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, both in the amorphous and in the crystalline state, in sulfuric acid. The onset of pitting can be detected by thc large increase in current noise. The noise level is different in the amorphous and crystalline Fe-Cr-Ni alloy, indicating that the breakdown of the passive film differs in the two conditions. Thc experimental aspects involved in carrying out meaningful noise measurements in electrochemical systems are also discussed.
Infrared characterization of biotinylated silicon oxide surfaces, surface stability, and specific attachment of streptavidin.

Biotinylation of silicon oxide surfaces, surface stability, and evolution of these functionalized surfaces under biospecific attachment of streptavidin were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Adsorption and stability of species or changes in the resulting surfaces were monitored after each step of the attachment processes. The silicon oxide surface was initially derivatized by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and the quality of the 3-aminopropylsiloxane (APS) surface was monitored using the Si−O−Si and Si−O−C region of its vibrational spectrum. A strong correlation between surface quality and presilanization atmospheric moisture content was established. The vibrational fingerprint of biotinylation was determined, both for physisorption and chemisorption to the surface. A new band (i.e., not previously associated with biotin) at ∼1250 cm−1 was identified as a vibrational mode of the biotin ureido group, making it possible to track changes in the biotinylated surface in the presence of stre...
Visible Light Photocatalytic Oxidation of Toluene Using a Cerium-Doped Titania Catalyst

This paper focuses on the evaluation of the potential to use a cerium-doped titania photocatalyst activated by visible light to destroy volatile organics. Toluene is the model compound employed to test the photocatalyst, which is coated on the inner surface of an annular plug flow reactor. Mass transfer resistances are present and considered. Experiments were conducted over a range of residence times between 1 and 20 s and toluene concentrations between 150 and 600 ppb using constant visible-light intensity at room temperature. It is shown that the reaction kinetics can be approximated by a first-order expression with a reaction rate coefficient of 1.72 ± 0.015 s-1. The water adsorption coefficient was found to be 2.64 m3/mol. The catalyst also demonstrates mechanical and chemical stability during the course of the experiments conducted. These results indicate that the cerium based titania catalytic surfaces can be considered for application to destruction of volatile organic hydrocarbons in air using a v...
Improved chemical identification from sensor arrays using intelligent algorithms

Intelligent signal processing algorithms are shown to improve identification rates significantly in chemical sensor arrays. This paper focuses on the use of independently derived sensor status information to modify the processing of sensor array data by using a fast, easily-implemented "best-match" approach to filling in missing sensor data. Most fault conditions of interest (e.g., stuck high, stuck low, sudden jumps, excess noise, etc.) can be detected relatively simply by adjunct data processing, or by on-board circuitry. The objective then is to devise, implement, and test methods for using this information to improve the identification rates in the presence of faulted sensors. In one typical example studied, utilizing separately derived, a-priori knowledge about the health of the sensors in the array improved the chemical identification rate by an artificial neural network from below 10 percent correct to over 99 percent correct. While this study focuses experimentally on chemical sensor arrays, the results are readily extensible to other types of sensor platforms.