cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A δ-constraint multi-objective optimization framework for operation planning of smart grids

Abstract With the increasing penetration of renewable energies into the smart grid, satisfying load and avoiding energy shortage have become a challenging issue for energy providers, owing to the intermittent nature of renewable energies. The need to reduce energy shortage and pollutant gas emissions has led to a large-scale development of energy management programs such as demand side management (DSM) to control the peak energy demand on a smart grid. The implementation of DSM programs makes the operation planning of smart grids more difficult with an additional objective of customer stakeholder. The operation plan should satisfy all the conflicting objectives of stakeholders (i.e., minimization of the total cost, minimization of the GHG emissions, and maximization of customer satisfaction). In this paper, we present a novel multi-objective optimization framework for energy management in the smart grid to significantly reduce the peak load demand and reshape the load profile. The proposed framework is comprised of four main components: (1) a forecasting model that predicts the 24-h-ahead energy load, (2) a load shifting DSM program that reduces the energy load during peak demand, (3) a piecewise linear approximation method that linearizes the non-linear objective functions and constraints, and (4) a δ-constraint multi-objective optimization method that efficiently finds the Pareto frontier solutions. The capabilities of the proposed framework demonstrated on a synthetic smart grid case study with 50 buildings. The results reveal that the proposed framework has successfully met the desired load curve while obtaining a significantly larger Pareto frontier solution set (with more non-dominated solutions) in less computational time.
American Prisons in a Time of Crisis

Through most of the first three-quarters of this century, the situation in American prisons was remarkably stable. Prison populations were sufficiently stable so that they stimulated a theory of the stability of prison populations (Blumstein and Cohen, 1973), published in 1973. Almost as if by spite, prison populations in 1973 began an astonishing steady climb, from a prison population of under 100,000 in 1969 to almost 600,000 in 1987. In this chapter, I would like to explore some of the factors that contributed to that climb, some prospects for the future, and some policy implications of those trends.
Pregnant Women Sharing Pregnancy-Related Information on Facebook: Web-Based Survey Study

Background: Research indicates expectant and new mothers use the Internet, specifically social media, to gain information and support during the transition to parenthood. Although parents regularly share information about and photos of their child or children on Facebook, researchers have neither explored the use of Facebook to share pregnancy-related information nor investigated factors that influence such sharing. Objective: The aim of this study was to address a gap in the literature by exploring the use of Facebook by pregnant women. Specifically, the study examined the use of Facebook to share pregnancy-related information, as well as any association between prenatal attachment and the aforementioned aspects of sharing pregnancy-related information on Facebook. Methods: Pregnant women who were at least 18 years of age were recruited for participation in the study through posts and paid advertisements on Facebook and posts to professional organization listservs. Individuals interested in participating were directed to a secure Web-based survey system where they completed the consent form and the survey that focused on their current pregnancy. Participants completed the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale and answered questions that assessed how often they shared pregnancy-related information on Facebook, who they shared it with, why they shared it, and what they shared. Results: A total of 117 pregnant women completed the survey. Descriptive statistics indicated that the pregnancy announcement was most commonly shared (75/108, 69.4%), with most women sharing pregnancy-related information on Facebook less than monthly (52/117, 44.4%) with only family and friends (90/116, 77.6% and 91/116, 78.4%, respectively) and for the purpose of involving others or sharing the experience (62/107, 57.9%). Correlation and regression analyses showed that prenatal attachment, in general, was positively and significantly related to all aspects of sharing pregnancy-related information at the P<.05 level, with the exception of sharing because of expectations. Quality of attachment, which involves the positive feelings the woman has about her unborn child, was significantly associated with sharing to involve others or share the pregnancy (t8,93=2.654 , P=.009). In contrast, after controlling for other variables, the strength or preoccupation component of prenatal attachment was significantly associated with frequency of sharing (t8,100=2.554 , P=.01), number to types of information shared (t8,97=2.605 , P=.01), number of groups with whom shared (t8,99=3.467, P=.001), and sharing to get advice (χ28=5.339 , P=.02). Conclusions: Pregnant women in this study used Facebook for a variety of reasons, demonstrating the use of the social media platform during pregnancy for supportive and informational purposes. Overall, the results of this study are likely to be useful to professionals who are seeking alternative methods for providing intervention, information, and support to pregnant women via social media in our technology-driven society.
Science Takes Command

Scientists played a crucial role in the transformation of the Australian Army’s uniform and several key developments are highlighted. The 1930s, in particular, produced an upsurge in Army-related research and development activity. Under the leadership of Professor Dakin experiments in camouflage patterns suitable for different natural environments were conducted, incorporating zoologists and botanists as well as artists. Camouflage patterned Army outfits became part and parcel of the Army’s clothing. In tropical areas, such as New Guinea and Vietnam, a green uniform was used. Again, scientists became involved in experimenting with green dyes reflecting a jungle background without causing skin irritations to the wearer. Dakin and the Army developed close links with the chemical industry, such as Bradford Dye Works and Colgate-Palmolive Pty. Ltd. (the latter producing dark grease to hide skin colour). Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (ICI) conducted experiments to obtain Malachite Green, Auramine and Brilliant Green dyes. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Pathological Research in Melbourne was engaged to develop a suitable Lissamine dye for use on skin. The Commonwealth Advisory Committee on Defence Science organised regular conferences to present the latest scientific research. The Australian Army conducted trials with products developed by scientists and provided feedback.
The Queen Maud Mountains

The Transantarctic Mountains were a formidable barrier which the “pole seekers” had to overcome in order to reach the polar plateau (Section 1.4). Ernest Shackleton and Robert Scott forced their way up the Beardmore Glacier, whereas Roald Amundsen climbed the Axel Heiberg Glacier which he named after one of his supporters in Norway. After 4 days of intense effort he and his men, with the help of 42 dogs, reached the polar plateau on November 21, 1911 (Huntford 1987). Amundsen also named the Queen Maud Mountains after the reigning Queen of Norway (Section 1.4.4)
On a New, Finite, “Charge-Field” Formulation of Classical Electrodynamics

The “charge-field” approach to electrodynamic processes is based on the paradigm that charges and their associated electromagnetic fields are permanently connected in elementary charge-field functional structures, with physical processes being described by the interactions between various charge-field entities in the system. The new formulation of interest to us here, called classical elementary measurement electrodynamics (CEMED),(1) resembles Maxwell-Lorentz theory in that the fields connected to each charge are not eliminated, but differs in that each charge carries its own Maxwell field equation (i.e., N charges and N Maxwell “charge-fields,” each with its own Maxwell field equation, and requiring its own independent set of boundary conditions). It resembles a direct-action theory in that only interparticle interactions play a role in the formalism, with no self-Coulomb interactions at the classical level, and that all free fields uncoupled to charges are absent from the theory. However, it differs from standard Fokker-type direct-action theories(2) in that the coupled fields are still present, i.e., not eliminated a priori as dynamical variables. The reason this can be done is that the Maxwell field equations (one for each charged particle) are treated like identities which prescribe how fields are functionals of the currents (i.e., the Maxwell equations are treated like constraints on the particle dynamics, with free fields playing no role in the formalism since they don’t represent an interaction between charges). This direct (charge-field) action formalism with the requirements of positive definite energy and causality(3) yields a theory which is in complete agreement with that of renormalized Maxwell-Lorentz theory but without any infinite renormalizations being required.
Plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in male yellow perch, Perca flavescens: the effect of age and photothermal manipulation

Plasma steroid concentrations in two and three year-old male yellow perch maintained under two different photothermal regimes were investigated. Initially, all fish kept indoors were exposed to the same water temperature (22 °C) and photoperiod (15L:9D). By the end of August, following the first sampling, fish were exposed to different photothermal regimes. Groups A2 (2 year old) and A3 (3 year old) were maintained under photothermal conditions similar to those of southern Ohio. Groups B2 (2 year old) and B3 (3 year old) were exposed to a condensed light/temperature regime designed to accelerate maturation. Testosterone (T) was the major circulating androgen in all groups. In regime A fish, plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and T were very low in August, increased in October and remained elevated until March. In regime B plasma androgens were high until February and then dropped abruptly in March. The elevated circulating levels of 11KT and T were associated with production of sperm. The highest sperm concentration in the groups A3 and B3 was observed in February and December, respectively. There were no major differences in profiles and levels of plasma steroids between two age categories within each photothermal regime. These data indicate that the compression of the photothermal cycle accelerated both the occurrence of the low postspawning levels of circulating steroids and the completion of milt production. Higher sperm concentration observed in B3 group earlier in the season compared to A3 group also support the notion that the condensed photothermal cycle accelerated gonadal maturation. It appears that modification of the environmental cues may be a useful tool for manipulation of reproductive processes in male yellow perch.
Recent Progress on the Cauchy Problem in General Relativity

General relativity presents us with a unified description of space, time and gravitation, according to which spacetime is a 4-dimensional manifold M with a metric g µν, of signature (3, 1) whose connection represents the gravitational force. The fundamental law of the theory is the Einstein equation: $$ {{R}_{{\mu \nu }}} - \frac{1}{2}{{g}_{{\mu \nu }}}R = 8\pi {{T}_{{\mu v}}} $$ where R µν, and R are respectively the Ricci curvature and scalar curvature of g µν and T µν is the energy tensor of matter. In the absence of matter the equation reduces to the Einstein vacuum equation for the spacetime manifold: $$ {{R}_{{\mu \nu }}} = 0 $$
Nickel exposure reduces enterobactin production in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli is a well-studied bacterium that can be found in many niches, such as industrial wastewater, where the concentration of nickel can rise to low-millimolar levels. Recent studies show that nickel exposure can repress pyochelin or induce pyoverdine siderophore production in Pseudomonas aueroginosa. Understanding the molecular cross-talk between siderophore production, metal homeostasis, and metal toxicity in microorganisms is critical for designing bioremediation strategies for metal-contaminated sites. Here, we show that high-nickel exposure prolongs lag phase duration as a result of low-intracellular iron levels in E. coli. Although E. coli cells respond to low-intracellular iron during nickel stress by maintaining high expression of iron uptake systems such as fepA, the demand for iron is not met due to a lack of siderophores in the extracellular medium during nickel stress. Taken together, these results indicate that nickel inhibits iron accumulation in E. coli by reducing the presence of enterobactin in the extracellular medium.
Impact of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Psychiatric Medication Use and Symptoms.

Background. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has become the primary bariatric surgery procedure in the U.S. Over 50% of people presenting for surgery have psychiatric diagnoses. The study purpose was to evaluate change in anxiety and depression symptoms and medication use after SG. Methods. Subjects completing SG with a diagnosis of anxiety and/or depression treated with medication were retrospectively identified from the electronic medical record (EMR) of Synergy Bariatrics, a department of the Erie County Medical Center. Phone outreach was made to complete seven-point global impression of change scale classifying symptom improvement or worsening in the 3- to 6-month postoperative period. Improvement or worsening was defined as either all reported symptoms improving or worsening or ≥1 improving or worsening while remaining unchanged. If ≥1 symptom improved and worsened, it was classified as mixed. No change required the same profile before and after surgery. Medication, dose, and changes were identified by EMR, verified during interview and classified as no change, discontinued, decreased, or increased. Results. 59 subjects completed the interview. 21 subjects were diagnosed with anxiety. 13 (62%) had no change in therapy and 5 (24%) decreased. Symptoms improved in 12 (57%), worsened in 3 (14%), and mixed in 5 (24%). When symptoms improved, the same dose was present in 7/12 (58%) and dose decreased in 3 (25%). 51 subjects were diagnosed with depression. 32 (63%) had no change in therapy, 11 (21%) discontinued, and 4 (8%) decreased. Symptoms improved in 34 (67%), mixed in 10 (20%), worsened in 4 (8%), and unchanged in 3 (6%). When symptoms improved, the same regimen and dose was present in 21/34 cases (62%) and discontinued in 9 (26%). Conclusion. Anxiety symptoms improved in >50% of subjects at predominantly the same or reduced dosage. Depression symptoms improved in 67% and commonly without therapy change. These data suggest evidence that patients undergoing SG while on medication for anxiety or depression may have early symptom improvement on the same or lessened dosage.
Parachute use to prevent death and major trauma when jumping from aircraft: randomized controlled trial

Abstract Objective To determine if using a parachute prevents death or major traumatic injury when jumping from an aircraft. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Private or commercial aircraft between September 2017 and August 2018. Participants 92 aircraft passengers aged 18 and over were screened for participation. 23 agreed to be enrolled and were randomized. Intervention Jumping from an aircraft (airplane or helicopter) with a parachute versus an empty backpack (unblinded). Main outcome measures Composite of death or major traumatic injury (defined by an Injury Severity Score over 15) upon impact with the ground measured immediately after landing. Results Parachute use did not significantly reduce death or major injury (0% for parachute v 0% for control; P>0.9). This finding was consistent across multiple subgroups. Compared with individuals screened but not enrolled, participants included in the study were on aircraft at significantly lower altitude (mean of 0.6 m for participants v mean of 9146 m for non-participants; P v mean of 800 km/h; P Conclusions Parachute use did not reduce death or major traumatic injury when jumping from aircraft in the first randomized evaluation of this intervention. However, the trial was only able to enroll participants on small stationary aircraft on the ground, suggesting cautious extrapolation to high altitude jumps. When beliefs regarding the effectiveness of an intervention exist in the community, randomized trials might selectively enroll individuals with a lower perceived likelihood of benefit, thus diminishing the applicability of the results to clinical practice.
The role of retrieval during study: Evidence of reminding from self-paced study time

The reminding effect (Tullis, Benjamin, & Ross, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143[4], 1526–1540, 2014) describes the increase in recall of a studied word when a related word is presented later in the study list. However, because the process of reminding is thought to occur during study, measures of test performance are indirect indicators of the process of reminding and are subject to influences that arise during testing. The present research seeks evidence of reminding during encoding. In two experiments, self-paced study times were used to index the online process of reminding. In Experiment 1, pairs of repeated words, related words, and unrelated words were included in a study list. Study times were shorter for words related to prior words in the list, but only when the lag between those two words was short. Relatedness affected study time by inspiring a reduction in the threshold for termination of study for related words under massed conditions. Experiment 2 replicated the reduction in study time for related words and further showed that the study time allotted to an associate of an earlier item predicted better memory for that earlier word on a cued-recall test. In this experiment, an advantage in memory was observed for related words, and self-paced study time of one word during encoding was predictive of later memory for a related word. These results suggest a link between the action of reminding at study, as indexed by changes in the distribution of study time, and later benefits to remembering, as revealed by the reminding effect.
Summer Reading Program with Benefits for At-Risk Children: Results from a Freedom School Program.

Low-income and racial/ethnic minority children are at increased risk of experiencing summer reading loss or declined reading levels due to time away from school. The purpose of this study was to de...
Toxicokinetic Interaction between Hepatic Disposition and Pulmonary Bioactivation of Inhaled Naphthalene Studied Using Cyp2abfgs-Null and CYP2A13/2F1-Humanized Mice with Deficient Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Activity

Previous studies using Cyp2abfgs-null (lacking all genes of the Cyp2a, 2b, 2f, 2g, and 2s subfamilies), CYP2A13/2F1-humanized, and liver-Cpr-null (LCN) mice showed that although hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes are essential for systemic clearance of inhaled naphthalene (a possible human carcinogen), both hepatic and extrahepatic P450 enzymes may contribute to naphthalene-induced lung toxicity via bioactivation. Herein, we aimed to further understand the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene in order to provide a basis for predicting the effects of variations in rates of xenobiotic disposition on the extent of target tissue bioactivation. We assessed the impact of a hepatic deficit in naphthalene metabolism on the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene using newly generated Cyp2abfgs-null-and-LCN and CYP2A13/2F1-humanized-and-LCN mice. We determined plasma, lung, and liver levels of naphthalene and naphthalene-glutathione conjugate, a biomarker of naphthalene bioactivation, over time after naphthalene inhalation. We found that the loss of hepatic naphthalene metabolism severely decreased naphthalene systemic clearance and caused naphthalene to accumulate in the liver and other tissues. Naphthalene release from tissue, as evidenced by the continued increase in plasma naphthalene levels after termination of active inhalation exposure, was accompanied by prolonged bioactivation of naphthalene in the lung. In addition, transgenic expression of human CYP2A13/2F1 in the respiratory tract caused a reduction in plasma naphthalene levels (by 40%, relative to Cyp2abfgs-null-and-LCN mice) and corresponding decreases in naphthalene-glutathione levels in the lung in mice with hepatic P450 deficiency, despite the increase in local naphthalene-bioactivating P450 activity. Thus, the bioavailability of naphthalene in the target tissue has a significant effect on the extent of naphthalene bioactivation in the lung. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we report several novel findings related to the toxicokinetics of inhaled naphthalene, the ability of which to cause lung carcinogenesis in humans is a current topic for risk assessment. We show the accumulation of naphthalene in the liver and lung in mice with compromised hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) activity; the ability of tissue-stored naphthalene to redistribute to the circulation after termination of active inhalation exposure, prolonging exposure of target tissues to naphthalene; and the ability of non-CYP2ABFGS enzymes of the lung to bioactivate naphthalene. These results suggest potentially large effects of deficiencies in hepatic P450 activity on naphthalene tissue burden and bioactivation in human lungs.
Selective spin-on deposition of polymers on heterogeneous surfaces

Selective deposition holds promise to simplify next-generation device fabrication and bring down economic cost. In this work, selectively depositing polymers on metal/dielectric patterns was achieved by spin dewetting, a phenomenon that refers to the dewetting of polymers during spin coating. Our strategy utilizes self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to induce dewetting of polymers over some areas. Line patterns of Cu/SiO2 were investigated. A hydrophobic SAM, octyltrichlorosilane (OTS, Cl3Si–C8H17), was selectively formed on SiO2 in the presence of Cu to render SiO2 non-wettable. During a subsequent spin coating step, polymers dewet from OTS-functionalized SiO2 and coat Cu exclusively. The spin dewetting process is strongly dictated by the spin coating kinetics. A systematic study of the processing conditions revealed strong dependence of polymer film coverage on spin speed, solution concentration, polymer molecular weight, casting solvent, and SAM hydrophobicity.
Correction. Statistical Mechanics of Nonlinear Wave Equations (3). Metric Transitivity for Hyperbolic Sine-Gordon

Mr. Brian Rider has kindly pointed out that my proof of the metric transitivity of the sine-Gordon flow is not right. The statement that the horizontal diffusion is seen on rays at inclination 45% is correct, as is the final illustration by Klein Gordon, but all the rest is wrong and must be discarded. Krichever's formula for the solution of sine-Gordon, remarkable as it may be, is not responsive to the question, which is this: Under the flow of a nonlinear wave equation Q t& Q x+ f (Q)=0, with odd restoring force f (Q) of sufficient strength, the solution Q(t, x) should depend less and less as t A on any finite segment of the data Q0(x)=Q(0, x) and P0(x)= Q(0, x) at time t=0. Then the ``vertical'' tail field measuring Q(t, x) for x # R and t T A will be contained in the horizontal tail field measuring the data for |x| L A , and since this data will even be mixing, so the triviality of its tailfield will imply the metric transitivity of the temporal flow. This crucial inclusion of the vertical tail field in the horizontal is neither proven nor even properly addressed by what I have done.
Water Quality for Grazing Livestock I

Water is the most important nutrient for rangeland livestock. However, competition with municipalities, industry, and other water users often results in grazing livestock being forced to use water supplies that are less than perfect. Surface water in western rangleands are often contaminated by mineral extraction, irrigation runoff and other human activities. Mineral contaminants in drinking water are additive with similar contaminants in feedstuffs. The goal of this and the subsequent article is to provide producers and veterinarians with the basic background to make informed decisions about whether a given water supply is "safe" for livestock.
Standard Characterization Techniques for Inorganic Phase Change Materials

Salt hydrates are promising candidates for phase change materials (PCMs) because of their low cost and high energy storage capacity. However, practical applications of salt hydrate based PCMs are limited due to their poor thermal cycling performance caused by phase separation and supercooling. Various techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transient plane source (TPS) have been used to characterize salt hydrate based PCMs but may not provide full understanding of the degradation mechanism. In this manuscript, salt hydrate and graphite composites are prepared. Temperature history (T-History) method and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are utilized for measuring melting temperature, energy storage, and latent heat degradation of the PCM composites. Highlighting the importance of each technique and how each technique plays an important role in analyzing salt hydrates performance accurately. Temperature history, and X-ray diffraction are also used in conjunction to precisely predict the cause of degradation in salt hydrate PCMs with thermal cycling, as in most literatures the cause of degradation in salt hydrate are attributed to phase segregation, supercooling, and change in stichometry water concentration without any scientific validation.
Rapid de novo evolution of lysis genes in single-stranded RNA phages.

Leviviruses are bacteriophages with small single-stranded RNA genomes consisting of 3-4 genes, one of which (sgl) encodes a protein that induces the host to undergo autolysis and liberate progeny virions. Recent meta-transcriptomic studies have uncovered thousands of leviviral genomes, but most of these lack an annotated sgl, mainly due to the small size, lack of sequence similarity, and embedded nature of these genes. Here, we identify sgl genes in 244 leviviral genomes and functionally characterize them in Escherichia coli. We show that leviviruses readily evolve sgl genes and sometimes have more than one per genome. Moreover, these genes share little to no similarity with each other or to previously known sgl genes, thus representing a rich source for potential protein antibiotics. Leviviruses are phages with ssRNA genomes that encode a protein (Sgl) that induces host autolysis by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. Identification of sgl genes is complicated by their small size and lack of sequence similarity. Here, Chamakura et al. use bioinformatic and experimental approaches to identify sgl genes in 244 leviviral genomes.
Urinary total arsenic and arsenic methylation capacity in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus: A case-control study.

Abstract Previous studies suggest arsenic exposure may increase the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, prior assessments of total arsenic concentrations have not distinguished between toxic and nontoxic species. Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between inorganic arsenic exposure, arsenic methylation capacity, and GDM. Sixty-four cases of GDM and 237 controls were analyzed for urinary concentrations of inorganic arsenic species and their metabolites (arsenite (As3), arsenate (As5), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA)), and organic forms of arsenic. Inorganic arsenic exposure was defined as the sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species (iSumAs). Methylation capacity indices were calculated as the percentage of inorganic arsenic species [iAs% = (As3 + As5)/iSumAs, MMA% = MMA/iSumAs, and DMA% = DMA/iSumAs]. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between inorganic arsenic exposure, methylation capacity indices, and GDM. We did not observe evidence of a positive association between iSumAs and GDM. However, women with GDM had an increased odds of inefficient methylation capacity when comparing the highest and lowest tertiles of iAs% (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.48, 95% CI 0.58–3.77) and MMA% (aOR = 1.95 (95% CI 0.81–4.70) and a reduced odds of efficient methylation capacity as indicated by DMA% (aOR = 0.62 (95% CI 0.25–1.52), though the confidence intervals included the null value. While the observed associations with arsenic methylation indices were imprecise and warrant cautious interpretation, the direction and magnitude of the relative measures reflected a pattern of lower detoxification of inorganic arsenic exposures among women with GDM.
Can there be a best ethic of sustainability

To come up with his best of all definitions—after summarizing all the rest—Cuello has picked out the best features of the others and combined them into a holistic definition (as a framework for a best course of action to achieve sustainability). Cuello says the best approach is “an integrated, holistic conception of sustainability capable of incorporating within a single vision all of the social relations, the humans-to-nature relationships, and the entire axiological and ideological suprastructure that supports such a vision.” (Cuello’s paper is based on his booklength doctoral thesis, 1997)
Large Bowel Obstruction

Nearly one-quarter of bowel obstructions occur in the large bowel. As with all bowel obstructions, large bowel obstructions have three defining characteristics: partial or complete, intrinsic or extrinsic, benign or malignant. The work-up for a large bowel obstruction should focus on the etiology of the obstruction as well as severity. Management strategy is contingent on the previous characteristics and can include endoscopy, diversion, or resection. This chapter will discuss common and rare etiologies of large bowel obstructions as well as management strategies for clinical guidance.
Quantifying Spacecraft Failure in an Uncertain Environment: the Case of Jupiter Europa Orbiter

Study of the Outer Planets is considered as a high priority activity by the Planetary Science community. One candidate for the next Outer Planets Flagship Mission (OPFM –missions in the $2B–$4B range) is the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) concept. In this work, we address the interplay of various types of uncertainties to probe the possibility of characterizing the reliability of a proposed mission concept. By combining the aleatory characterization of spacecraft subsystems and the epistemic uncertainties of the Jovian environment we describe an approach for quantifying possible ranges of mission durations for a potential JEO concept. The work here illustrates the potential for probabilistic representations of epistemic uncertainties by introducing temporal correlations. In addition the effects of failure correlations among similar components in a spacecraft are incorporated to assess their impact on the failure likelihood.
Facing History in Vienna

A commentary on a unique exhibition that is part of the University of Vienna’s 650th anniversary commemoration focused on the willing complicity of administrators and professors in the persecution of Jews in the 1930s and 1940s.
Telephone use to elicit voice or speech in brain injured subjects.

Abstract The initiation of speech is often delayed in the early stages of recovery from a serious brain injury. We have found a high percentage of patients with both speech and swallowing problems. This makes bedside assessment of swallowing safety difficult because one cannot listen for the sound of aspirated material on the vocal cords when a patient is at high risk for silent aspiration and is often unable to cooperate with a videofluoroscopic study. The use of the telephone has been described several times for aphasia treatment, but not to elicit speech or assess swallowing safety early after brain injury. This study, therefore, recruited subjects who had brain injuries and (1) were referred early for swallowing and other evaluations, (2) were out of coma and able to follow some commands, and (3) did not initiate voice or speak when asked to. Subjects were asked three questions under two different conditions: face to face and after ringing the telephone from another room. The results were recorded on videotape and analyzed by another investigator for quantifiable differences. Six of the seven subjects responded better with the telephone stimulus than without. This technique may elicit voice or speech early after brain injury in some patients and may be useful in bedside assessment of swallowing safety. It may also serve as an example of appropriate stimulation of brain injured subjects coming out of coma.
Mutants in a macrophage-like cell line are defective in plasmalogen biosynthesis, but contain functional peroxisomes.

We have used a fluorescence-activated cytotoxicity protocol, 9-(1‘-pyrene)nonanol (P9OH)/UV selection (Morand, O. H., Allen, L.-A. H., Zoeller, R. A., and Raetz, C. R. H. (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1034, 132-141), to isolate a series of plasmalogen-deficient mutants in a murine, macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7. Three of these mutants, RAW.7, RAW.12, and RAW.108, displayed varying degrees of plasmalogen deficiency (48, 17, and 14% of wild-type levels, respectively), and all three mutants were deficient in peroxisomal dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) acyltransferase activity (5% of wild-type). Unlike previously described Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants, the RAW mutants contained intact, functional, peroxisomes and normal levels of alkyl-DHAP synthase activity, a peroxisomal, membrane-bound enzyme. In RAW.7 and RAW.108 cells, the loss of peroxisomal DHAP acyltransferase is the primary lesion. RAW.12 displayed not only a deficiency in the DHAP acyltransferase activity, but also displayed a second lesion in the biosynthetic pathway, a deficiency in delta 1‘-desaturase activity (plasmanylethanolamine desaturase, EC 1.14.99.19), the final step in plasmenylethanolamine biosynthesis. The deficiencies expressed in the mutants represent unique lesions in plasmalogen biosynthesis. Since the RAW cell line is a macrophage-like responsive cell line, these mutants can be used to examine the role of plasmalogens in cellular functions such as arachidonic acid metabolism, prostaglandin synthesis, protein secretion, and signal transduction.
The Effects of Welfare Reform on Young Women With Disabilities

This paper uses the Current Population Survey (CPS) data to show that changes in family policy implemented in the 1990s led to a substantial increase in the number of young women who report work limitations. These changes also affected measures of socioeconomic outcomes for young women who report limitations. The findings emphasize the importance of disability to family policy issues, and suggest that past underreporting of disability by young mothers might well have disguised its importance. They also suggest that the impacts of family policy on mothers with disabilities have been quite different than the impacts on other mothers. An important effect of family policy changes may have been to segregate low-income mothers with disabilities from other low-income mothers, continuing to relegate them, and possibly their children, to lives of poverty and dependency.
Telecommunications Pricing: Theory and Practice

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgments Part I. Pricing and Telecommunications: 1. Introduction 2. Telecommunications production, costs, and pricing Part II. Recent Development in the Normative Economic Theory of Tariffs: 3. Types of tariffs 4. Linear tariffs 5. Nonlinear tariffs 6. Cost-based tariffs Part III. Telephone rate Structures in the United States: 7. Regulation and US retail rates 8. Optional calling plans 9. Business bulk-rate tariffs 10. Pricing of carrier services 11. Social tariffs Part IV. Synthesis: 12. Synthesis of theory and practice Appendix Bibliography Index Selected list of RAND books.
Epidemiological differentiation of Serratia marcescens: typing by bacteriocin sensitivity.

Abstract Strains of Serratia marcescens were compared and differentiated by a new method. Bacteriocin lysates were prepared from mitomycin-induced S. marcescens and added to lawns of test strains. From 100 bacteriocin producers, 12 were chosen with the aid of computer analysis as the most useful in differentiation. Uniform drops of the 12 standard bacteriocins were added simultaneously with a bacteriocin-bacteriophage dropper to each strain to be typed. All 93 strains of S. marcescens tested were typable and were differentiated into 79 different sensitivity patterns. One pattern had three strains, 12 patterns had two strains each, and 66 patterns had only one strain. The bacteriocins also inhibited Shigella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, but no other Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteriocin sensitivity was less stable as an epidemiological marker than bacteriocin production. Several colonial mutants had sensitivity patterns different from the wild types, but most mutants were identical. In three different instances when cross-infection had been shown by other methods, bacteriocin sensitivity also gave the correct epidemiological results. Until the significance and frequency of genetic variations are known, a more stable epidemiological technique should be used in conjunction with bacteriocin sensitivity.
Antecedents to Daniel Cosío Villegas's Post-Revolutionary Ideology: Justo Sierra's Critique of Mexico's Legendary Wealth and Trinidad Sánchez Santos's Assault on Porfirian Progress

This essay investigates the extent to which continuity existed between Porfirian and post-revolutionary Mexico from the vantage point of economic ideology. During the late Porfirian era two distinct critiques emerged. Justo Sierra and other cientificos, regime insiders, in official and semi-official discourse, articulated one: a critique of Mexico9s legendary wealth. As a means to discredit the Diaz regime, liberal and conservative opponents of the government, especially social Catholic journalist Trinidad Sanchez Santos, articulated the other: a social critique of Porfirian material progress. During the Reconstruction period of the 1920s, post-revolutionary intellectual Daniel Cosio Villegas wove both these critiques together. Since he fused cientificos9 official critique of Mexico9s natural riches and opposition groups9 assault on the Diaz regime9s celebration of Porfirian progress, this essay reveals that Cosio Villegas9s post-revolutionary economic ideology was a hybrid that had continuities and discontinuities with the discourse of the Porfirian regime.
The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger

“Economists say they have rediscovered geography. Geographers are interested to hear it. They didn't know they had been away,” commented the Economist magazine (1999) about the much talked about “n...
Degeneracy and non-Abelian statistics

A non-Abelian anyon can only occur in the presence of ground-state degeneracy in the plane. It is conceivable that for some strange anyon with quantum dimension $g1$ that the resulting representations of all $n$-strand braid groups ${B}_{n}$ are overall phases, even though the ground-state manifolds for $n$ such anyons in the plane are in general Hilbert spaces of dimensions $g1$. We observe that degeneracy is all that is needed: For an anyon with quantum dimension $g1$ the non-Abelian statistics cannot all be overall phases on the degeneracy ground-state manifold. Therefore, degeneracy implies non-Abelian statistics, which justifies defining a non-Abelian anyon as one with quantum dimension $g1$. Since non-Abelian statistics presumes degeneracy, degeneracy is more fundamental than non-Abelian statistics.
Design partitioning on single-chip emulation systems

In this paper, we address the problem of partitioning a large design on a reconfigurable single-chip emulator under resource constraints. First, we extract an acyclic flow graph of the design to be emulated. Then, we model the problem as an integer linear programming problem (IP) based on the acyclic flow graph of the design where the structure of the assignment and precedence constraints produce a tight formulation. This formulation is suitable for small designs. For larger designs, we generate a smaller formulation of the integer programming problem based on a reduced form of the acylic graph. Then we use an incremental iterative technique to keep the problem formulation as small as possible. To partition a large design, our algorithm uses two distinct steps with different objectives. In the first step, we minimize the number of cycles needed to schedule every lookup table (LUT) in the circuit. Then flip-flops (FFs) are inserted into the appropriate cycles of the schedule in the second step. Experiments are conducted on small and moderately large circuits from the MCNC Partitioning93 benchmark suite. The obtained results show that our algorithm produces optimal partitioning schedules.
Escaping the stigma, is there hope for obese adolescents?

Adolescents are teased and stigmatized for having a deviant body size which leads to a poor body image as the adolescent becomes an adult. Society defines which personal and physical traits are acceptable, and which are deviant for the general population. Today, persons with invisible stigmas, such as mental patients, escape the consequences of stigma as long as they keep the condition hidden from others. However for persons with visible stigmas like obesity, such escape is impossible. In the past, a round, robust body was an indication of wealth, but today, a person whose body is larger than acceptable suffers from stigmatization based on the visible trait. This paper will make a case for how the stigmatization of obesity by adults might impact adolescent development, both emotional and physical, and how it impairs the attempts of adolescents at healthy weight management, which includes healthful diet, activity, and body image.
The importance of routine liver biopsy in diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in bariatric patients.

Background: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) commonly occurs in obese patients and predisposes to cirrhosis. Prevalence of NASH in bariatric patients is unknown. Our aim was to determine the role of routine liver biopsy in managing bariatric patients. Methods: Prospective data on patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) was analyzed. One pathologist graded all liver biopsies as mild, moderate or severe steatohepatitis. NASH was defined as steatohepatitis without alcoholic or viral hepatitis. Consecutive liver biopsies were compared to those liver biopsies selected because of grossly fatty livers. Results: 242 patients underwent open and laparoscopic RYGBP from 1998-2001. Routine liver biopsies (68 consecutive patients) and selective liver biopsies (additional 86/174, 49%) were obtained. Findings of cirrhosis on frozen section changed the operation from a distal to a proximal RYGBP. The two groups were similar in age, gender, and BMI. The group with the routine liver biopsies showed a statistically significant larger preponderance of NASH (37% vs 32%). Both groups had a similar prevalence of cirrhosis. Neither BMI nor liver enzymes predicted the presence or severity of NASH. Conclusions: Routine liver biopsy documented significant liver abnormalities in a larger group of patients compared with selective liver biopsies, thereby suggesting that liver appearance is not predictive of NASH. Liver biopsy remains the gold-standard for diagnosing NASH. We recommend routine liver biopsy during bariatric operations to determine the prevalence and natural history of NASH, which will have important implications in directing future therapeutics for obese patients with NASH and for patients undergoing bariatric procedures.
Combined solid/solution phase synthesis of large surface area scaffolds derived from aminomethyl-benzoates

A set of macrocycles was generated by solid phase synthesis of linear trimers of 5-aminoacyl-3-aminomethyl-benzoates followed by resin cleavage and solution phase macrocyclization. These scaffolds can serve as useful building blocks for molecular recognition studies, especially where differentially functionalized molecular platforms spanning large surface areas are required.
What is the point: will screening mammography save my life?

We analyzed the claim "mammography saves lives" by calculating the life-saving absolute benefit of screening mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality in women ages 40 to 65. To calculate the absolute benefit, we first estimated the screen-free absolute death risk from breast cancer by adjusting the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program 15-year cumulative breast cancer mortality to account for the separate effects of screening mammography and improved therapy. We calculated the absolute risk reduction (reduction in absolute death risk), the number needed to screen assuming repeated screening, and the survival percentages without and with screening. We varied the relative risk reduction from 10%–30% based on the randomized trials of screening mammography. We developed additional variations of the absolute risk reduction for a screening intervention, including the average benefit of a single screen, as well as the life-saving proportion among patients with earlier cancer detection. Because the screen-free absolute death risk is approximately 1% overall but rises with age, the relative risk reduction from repeated screening mammography is about 100 times the absolute risk reduction between the starting ages of 50 and 60. Assuming a base case 20% relative risk reduction, repeated screening starting at age 50 saves about 1.8 (overall range, 0.9–2.7) lives over 15 years for every 1000 women screened. The number needed to screen repeatedly is 1000/1.8, or 570. The survival percentage is 99.12% without and 99.29% with screening. The average benefit of a single screening mammogram is 0.034%, or 2970 women must be screened once to save one life. Mammography saves 4.3% of screen-detectable cancer patients' lives starting at age 50. This means 23 cancers must be found starting at age 50, or 27 cancers at age 40 and 21 cancers at age 65, to save one life. The life-saving absolute benefit of screening mammography increases with age as the absolute death risk increases. The number of events needed to save one life varies depending on the prospective screening subset or reference class. Less than 5% of women with screen-detectable cancers have their lives saved.
Evaluation of Wheat Varieties for Certified Organic Production--Neely-Kinyon Trial, 2003

Introduction In 1899, Iowa ranked 11 in the United States in grape production and sixth in 1919. When the focus was shifted to corn and soybean production in the 1930s and 1940s, grape production decreased and with the introduction of the corn herbicide 2,4-D, damage sustained from herbicide drift in the remaining Iowa vineyards was significant enough to cause a great decline in Iowa grape production. In 2003, Iowa had an estimated 200-250 acres of grapes planted, and continues to grow (Domoto, 2003).
Direct Optical Observation of the Subsidiary X 1 c Conduction Band and Its Donor Levels in InP

Zero-phonon and phonon-assisted optical transitions from the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1c}$ conduction band to the subsidiary ${X}_{1c}$ conduction band and its donor levels have been observed in InP at 8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The ${X}_{1c}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1c}$ interband energy is measured at 960\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 meV, and the binding energies of donors associated with the subsidiary ${X}_{1c}$ band are found to be 106 and 175 meV (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 meV) for Te and Si, respectively.