cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of I2/I3− by Titanium Dioxide

A photoelectrochemical cell was designed that allowed the reactivity of oxidized iodide species with mesoporous nanocrystalline (anatase) TiO2 thin films to be quantified spectroscopically on nanosecond and longer time scales in half molar iodide acetonitrile solutions. Under forward bias conditions, TiO2 did not react with photogenerated iodine radical anions, I2−•, that were found instead to disproportionate with a rate constant that was within experimental error the same as that measured in fluid acetonitrile solution, k = 3 × 109 M−1 s−1. The absence of reactivity with I2−• was unexpected. It appears that the reduction of I2−• by TiO2(e−) does not complete kinetically with rapid I2−• disproportionation. In contrast, TiO2(e−) was found to decrease the concentration of tri-iodide, I3−, and presumably molecular iodine, I2, that was expected to be present in low equilibrium concentrations. The findings have relevance to unwanted charge recombination processes in dye sensitized solar cells.
Optimization of Three-Gate Lifetime Pressure- and Temperature-Sensitive Paint Measurements *

A theoretical model is described to optimize the performance of a lifetime-based pressure-sensitive paint system, in which signals are collected at three gates, with the goal of performing a temperature-compensated pressure measurement, or a measurement in which both pressure and temperature are obtained. While the threegate approach eliminates the temperature bias of a conventional two-gate measurement, the shot-noise-induced error in a three-gate measurement is not necessarily better than the temperature bias in a two-gate measurement; in fact, it’s potentially much worse. This effect is quantified by considering the relative temperature sensitivities of the paint at the selected gate ratios, both for results that have been reported to date in the literature and for new paints that might be developed by combining pressure-sensitive and temperature-sensitive probes in a single binder. Nomenclature fi = Pulse allocation fraction for gate i k = Number of detected photons per unit signal N = Total number of pulses in measurement P, P0 = Pressure pij = Relative partial pressure sensitivity for gates i and j Rij, rij = Pulse-integrated, single-pulse ratios for gates i and j S(t) = Time-dependent fluorescence response
A review of the effects of grinding media and chemical conditions on the flotation of pyrite in refractory gold operations

Abstract Flotation performance of gold-bearing pyrite in refractory gold ores depend upon the interplay among process water chemistry, grinding chemistry, and ore mineralogy. The nature of pyrite itself (finely disseminated reactive pyrite vs. low reactivity) also plays a role in its surface reactivity. This paper reviews the experimental studies examining the interactions between grinding media, gold bearing pyrites and process water occurring during grinding of refractory gold ores and the effect of these interactions on flotation response of pyrite. The literature review reveals that the interactions are highly convoluted. It appears that the galvanic interactions between forged steel media and sulfide minerals ores are particularly significant after grinding of massive sulfide ores. Process water chemistry can also have an amplifying effect, as the process water becomes more laden with cyanide species and other ionic species. This paper should contribute an improved understanding of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring during the grinding of refractory gold ores, which is essential to improve flotation performance of pyrite. Judgement is reserved with regards to the overall economics associated with the use of various grinding media. Media consumption due to wear will have to be balanced against flotation recovery of gold bearing sulfides and whole circuit behaviour where gold in tailing may also be further recovered through leach processes.
Expression of p27kip1 and Ki-67 in benign and malignant thyroid tumors.

Thyroid neoplasms represent a broad spectrum of tumors with different biologic behaviors. The majority of these tumors can be readily diagnosed by characteristic histopathologic features, but the distinction between follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas can be difficult. Recent studies with cell cycle proteins such as p27kip1 (p27), a cell cycle inhibitory protein, and Ki-67, a proliferation marker, suggest that these markers might be useful in predicting the behavior of various neoplasms. We analyzed 95 thyroid lesions (16 follicular adenomas, 23 follicular carcinomas, 22 papillary carcinomas, 27 anaplastic carcinomas, plus 7 non-neoplastic thyroids [NNTs], used as a control group) for expression of p27 and Ki-67 by immunostaining. The distribution of immunoreactivity was analyzed by quantifying nuclear staining in each case without knowledge of the diagnosis or outcome. Clinical history and follow-up information were obtained by chart review. There were significant differences in the expression of p27 between follicular adenomas (labeling index [LI] = 47.9+/-5.6) and follicular carcinomas (LI = 15.7+/-2.0). Papillary carcinomas (LI = 11.6+/-3.0) and anaplastic carcinomas (LI = 9.4+/-1.7) had p27 LIs similar to that of follicular carcinomas; the NNT group had the highest p27 LI (74.1+/-4.9). The Ki-67 LI of anaplastic carcinomas (57.6+/-3.8) was more than threefold greater than that of any other group. Logistic regression showed that p27 was effective in distinguishing follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas (P = .0056) and that Ki-67 could also distinguish follicular adenomas from follicular carcinomas (P = .0060). Analysis of follicular carcinomas with and without metastases showed significantly higher expression of Ki-67 in patients with metastases (P = .0019). These results indicate that antibodies to p27 and Ki-67 might be useful in distinguishing between thyroid neoplasms that are difficult to diagnose by the usual histopathologic criteria.
Bilateral internal thoracic artery operations in the elderly.

BACKGROUND Elderly surgical patients have higher operative morbidity and mortality than younger cohorts, particularly when the procedure is lengthy and complex. While use of bilateral internal thoracic arteries (BITA) is often associated with increased surgical risk, we nevertheless hypothesized that the use of BITA in elderly coronary artery bypass patients would not significantly increase their operative risk beyond that encountered using single internal thoracic arterial (SITA) or saphenous vein grafts (SVG). We maintained that arterial grafts remain essentially unaffected by arteriosclerosis, and that extension of a high-quality life is a desirable outcome regardless of age at operation. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied myocardial revascularization in 673 patients over 65 years of age at the time of operation. All operations were conducted or supervised by a single surgeon during a ten-year period from January 1986 to January 1996. Preoperative and operative dates were recorded prospectively. SETTING All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS The study compared outcomes in patients having all veins, SITA or BITA operations. For the first analysis, 673 patients were divided into three groups: 163 patients (Group 1) had saphenous vein used for all bypasses; 338 patients had a SITA with supplemental vein grafts (Group 2); and 172 patients (Group 3) had BITAs with additional vein grafts as needed. In the second analysis, Group 3 was subdivided and grouped by the coronary arteries which received the ITA grafts, and the analysis was repeated. One hundred and sixteen patients (Group 3A) underwent traditional placement of ITA bypasses (left ITA to the LAD, right ITA to the RCA); in Group 3B, 56 patients received revascularization of branches of the left coronary artery (left ITA to the circumflex system, right ITA to the LAD). MEASURES We communicated directly with 90.5% of the patients, their families, or their physicians. The survival status of the remainder was determined through the National Social Security Death Index Network. This allowed us to obtain follow-up longevity data for 100% of the study sample at a mean observation period of 5.03+/-3.1 years with variation between 10.8 years to 2.4 years. RESULTS A multivariate analysis showed that placement of both ITA grafts to left-sided arteries in older patients independently improved long-term survival (p=0.031). CONCLUSIONS The BITA procedure does not have greater operative morbidity or mortality in the elderly despite the length or complexity of the surgery. To realize improved long-term survival rates, however, both ITAs must be grafted to the left coronary artery branches.
Thigh splints in a young female soccer player

The term thigh splints has been used to describe an avulsion injury at the adductor insertion sites of the femur. The condition is analogous to the much more common shin splints. The authors describe this condition in a 17-year-old female high school soccer player. Her clinical history and initial radiographic study suggested osteoid osteoma. However, the delayed-phase radionuclide bone scan showed similar increased uptake at symmetric skeletal locations in the proximal femurs at the site of the junction of adductor brevis and adductor longus insertions, confirming a diagnosis of avulsion injury. No hyperemia was evident on blood-flow images.
Head Injuries: Neurosurgical and Orthopedic Strategies

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents the leading cause of death among young people in developed countries. Due to its highly complex pathophysiology, no therapeutic drugs have been identified. Although a large number of patients with skeletal injuries requiring operative fixation sustain an associated TBI, the ideal timing and modality of fracture fixation in head-injured patients remains a topic of lively debate. While several groups advocate immediate definitive fracture fixation (“early total care”), others prefer the concept of “damage control orthopaedics” consisting of initial application of an external fixation and staged conversion to definitive internal fixation. In this chapter, we outline the pathophysiology of TBI and its impact on both fracture care and its associated clinical decision making.
Using EHR to Conduct Outcome and Health Services Research

Electronic Health Records have become an essential tool in clinical research, both as a supplement to existing methods, but also in the growing domains of outcomes research and analytics.
"The sleeping army": necropolitics and the collateral consequences of being a sex offender

ABSTRACTThe current study examines responses from 188 registered sex offenders to assess the impact of collateral consequences and situate such experiences within a framework of necropolitics. Two research questions are addressed: How can the experience of collateral consequences be explained through necropolitics; and, do sex offenders use necropolitics in resistive efforts? Results demonstrate that exclusion from social and political institutions results in a “death in life” for sex offenders. Last, this article discusses an alternative lens for conceptualizing policy initiatives towards sex offenders by juxtaposing Luckmann’s “life-worlds” with Mbembe’s “death worlds.”
Static charge accumulated by epoxy post insulation stressed at high DC voltages

Solid insulators are used for support in many types of high voltage apparatus. Because these supports are often composed of high resistivity materials, static charges may be accumulated and held by them for extended periods of time. The electric field distribution in the vicinity of the insulator is then altered so that electrical breakdown in the surrounding gas may result.
Role of the secondary electron emission avalanche in surface flashover or insulators in vacuum

As is well known, an insulator in vacuum subjected to high-voltage stress may experience rapid electrical breakdown via surface flashover. Although electron multiplication on the insulator surface is generally thought to play an important role in the flashover mechanism, a full understanding of this role is lacking.1–6 In this work, the low-impedance discharge is assumed to occur in a layer of plasma generated by the electron avalanche, rather than in a thin layer of adsorbed gas on the insulator surface.3,5,7 Heating by the avalanche is considered as a mechanism by which gas is evolved from the insulator surface.
A Three-Dimensional Chondrocyte-Macrophage Coculture System to Probe Inflammation in Experimental Osteoarthritis

The goal of the present study was to develop a fully three-dimensional (3D) coculture system that would allow for systematic evaluation of the interplay between activated macrophages (AMs) and chondrocytes in osteoarthritic disease progression and treatment. Toward this end, our coculture system was first validated against existing in vitro osteoarthritis models, which have generally cultured healthy normal chondrocytes (NCs)-in two-dimensional (2D) or 3D-with proinflammatory AMs in 2D. In this work, NCs and AMs were both encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels to mimic the native 3D environments of both cell types within the osteoarthritic joint. As with previous studies, increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proinflammatory cytokines associated with the early stages of osteoarthritis were observed during NC-AM coculture, as were decreases in protein-level Aggrecan and collagen II. Thereafter, the coculture system was extended to osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs) and AMs to evaluate the potential effects of AMs on pre-existing osteoarthritic phenotypes. OACs in coculture with AMs expressed significantly higher levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ compared to OACs in mono-culture, indicating that proinflammatory macrophages may intensify the abnormal matrix degradation and cytokine secretion already associated with OACs. Likewise, AMs cocultured with OACs expressed significantly more IL-1β and VEGF-A compared to AM mono-culture controls, suggesting that OACs may intensify abnormal macrophage activation. Finally, OACs cultured in the presence of nonactivated macrophages produced lower levels of MMP-9 and proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ compared to OACs in the OAC-AM system, results that are consistent with anti-inflammatory agents temporarily reducing certain OA symptoms. In summary, the 3D coculture system developed herein captures several key features of inflammatory OA and may prove useful in future screening of therapeutic agents and/or assessment of disease progression mechanisms.
Clinical Practice Update: Expert Review on Endoscopic Bariatric Therapies.

Background & Aims Multiple endoscopic bariatric therapies (EBTs) currently are being evaluated or are in clinical use in the United States. EBTs are well positioned to fill an important gap in the management of obesity and metabolic disease. The purpose of this expert review is to update gastroenterologists on these therapies and provide practice advice on how to incorporate them into clinical practice. Methods The evidence reviewed in this work is a distillation of comprehensive search of several English-language databases and a manual review of relevant publications (including systematic reviews and meeting abstracts). Best Practice Advice 1 : EBTs should be considered in patients with obesity who have been unsuccessful in losing or maintaining weight loss with lifestyle interventions. Best Practice Advice 2 : EBTs can be used in patients with severe obesity as a bridge to traditional bariatric surgery. They also can be used as a bridge to allow unrelated interventions that are unable to be performed because of weight limits (ie, orthopedic surgery, organ transplantation). Best Practice Advice 3 : Clinicians should use EBTs as part of a structured weight loss program that includes dietary intervention, exercise therapy, and behavior modification, in both the active weight loss phase and the long-term maintenance phase. Best Practice Advice 4 : Clinicians should screen all potential EBT candidates with a comprehensive evaluation for medical conditions, comorbidities, and psychosocial or behavioral patterns that contribute to their condition before enrolling patients in a weight loss program that includes EBTs. Best Practice Advice 5 : Clinicians incorporating EBTs into their clinical practice should follow up patients prospectively to capture the impact of the EBT program on weight and weight-related comorbidities, and all related adverse outcomes. Poor responders should be identified and offered a detailed evaluation and alternative therapy. Best Practice Advice 6 : Clinicians embarking on incorporating EBTs into their clinical practice should have a comprehensive knowledge of the indications, contraindications, risks, benefits, and outcomes of individual EBTs, as well as a practical knowledge of the risks and benefits of alternative therapies for obesity. Best Practice Advice 7 : Institutions should establish specific guidelines that are applied consistently across disciplines for granting privileges in EBTs that reflect the necessary knowledge and technical skill a clinician must achieve before being granted privileges to perform these procedures.
3 Interacting Schemas for Motor Control

Motor activity must be guided by perception of the environment, and itself affects that perception. We give an overview of the way in which interacting schemas may be posited in the visual perception of the structure of the environment, the planning of a course of action, the integration of effectors in the execution of the plan, and the updating of plan and perception as the organism moves – a continuing action/perception cycle. To show how some simple processes of this kind may be played out over neural structures, we review behavioral, physiological and anatomical data on visuomotor coordination in frog and toad, and discuss related computational models.
Overparameterized robust MRAC for rejection of unknown periodic disturbances acting on unknown plants in the presence of noise

The problem of rejecting unknown sinusoidal disturbances in the output of an unknown LTI system which is also corrupted by wide-band noise has received a lot of interest in the recent years. Most of the successful efforts proposed up to now assume that the model of the LTI system is stable and is known exactly. This paper shows how an overparameterized classical robust model-reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme can handle the problem of simultaneous reference-model tracking and unknown disturbance suppression. The results are applicable to a plant whose dominant modeled part is unknown and possibly unstable, yet has stable zeros and a known relative degree. Some considerations are taken to avoid boosting broadband noise effects on the plant output and to improve robustness with respect to plant unstructured unmodeled dynamics. The architecture of the classical MRAC is employed together with overparameterization of the controller and an auxiliary control input for performance improvement. The performance and robustness properties of the scheme are discussed and numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the efficacy of the scheme.
Down but Not Out: The Consequences of Pretangle Tau in the Locus Coeruleus.

Degeneration of locus coeruleus (LC) is an underappreciated hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The LC is the main source of norepinephrine (NE) in the forebrain, and its degeneration is highly correlated with cognitive impairment and amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tangle pathology. Hyperphosphorylated tau in the LC is among the first detectable AD-like neuropathology in the brain, and while the LC/NE system impacts multiple aspects of AD (e.g., cognition, neuropathology, and neuroinflammation), the functional consequences of hyperphosphorylated tau accrual on LC neurons are not known. Recent evidence suggests that LC neurons accumulate aberrant tau species for decades before frank LC cell body degeneration occurs in AD, suggesting that a therapeutic window exists. In this review, we combine the literature on how pathogenic tau affects forebrain neurons with the known properties and degeneration patterns of LC neurons to synthesize hypotheses on hyperphosphorylated tau-induced dysfunction of LC neurons and the prion-like spread of pretangle tau from the LC to the forebrain. We also propose novel experiments using both in vitro and in vivo models to address the many questions surrounding the impact of hyperphosphorylated tau on LC neurons in AD and its role in disease progression.
Understanding Choice of Information and Communication Channels in Knowledge Sharing

This study represents research-in-progress that investigates the factors motivating employee choice of information and communication channels for sharing knowledge. A pilot study was conducted to determine what channels are available, what channels employees actually use, and why they employ those channels. Participants responded to an online questionnaire. Preliminary results show that employees have a wide variety of channels available. Face-to-face, telephone, and e-mail are commonly used for knowledge sharing while Web 2.0 technologies remain underutilized. Channel choice appears to be influenced by the type of knowledge to be shared, among other things. Based on the results and extant literature on practice-based research and cross-boundary knowledge sharing, a model is developed to guide our future research.
Case 1—Does the Nearness of Death Diminish the Value of a Life?

A sex worker who was pregnant with her fourth child was diagnosed with a fatal tongue tumor. Balancing her treatment preferences along with the needs of her unborn child were further complicated by difficult family relationships and a history of poor access to health care resources.
Mawenzhangia thamnobryoides (Bryophyta, Lembophyllaceae), a new moss genus and species from the Shangri-la region of Yunnan Province, China

Mawenzhangia thamnobryoides gen. et sp. nov. (Bryophyta, Lembophyllaceae) is described based on collections from Yunnan, China. It is known from the Niru River watershed and grows on boulders just above the high water zone but can also be seasonally inundated. According to ITS sequences it is closely related to Nogopterium gracile ( Pterogonium g. ), but can be distinguished by the loosely patent and elliptic vs. imbricate and ovate leaves; much longer, single costa; thinner-walled and less strongly prorate laminal cells; and much smaller group of alar cells. Mawenzhangia thamnobryoides is illustrated in line drawings and an identification key to Chinese genera of the Lembophyllaceae is provided.
On Ruth Dukes, The labour constitution: the enduring idea of labour law

Ruth Dukes gifts us with an ambitious scholarly accomplishment that conveys a compelling message. In its origins as a discipline, labour law was committed to achieving egalitarian redistribution, d...
Introduction and Methods of Mechanical Energy Harvesting

The harvesting of various forms of mechanical energy, ranging from kinetic and surface strain energy to flow-induced aeroelastic and hydroelastic vibrations, has been investigated extensively over the last decade. The goal of this book is to cover the state-of-the-art research advances in energy harvesting with a focus on different transduction mechanisms and forms of mechanical excitation. The following chapters include various examples of energy scavenging using piezoelectric transduction, electromagnetic induction, electrostatic transduction, as well as electroactive polymer harvesting. The aim of this first chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the literature and fundamentals of energy harvesting methods discussed through this volume along with an outline of the present book.
Material Degradation Modeling and Failure Prediction Using Microstructure Images

Degradation data, frequently along with low-dimensional covariate information such as scalar-type covariates, are widely used for asset reliability analysis. Recently, many high-dimensional covaria...
Emerging evidence for targeting mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in cancer therapy

Mammalian cells use a complex network of redox-dependent processes necessary to maintain cellular integrity during oxidative metabolism, as well as to protect against and/or adapt to stress. The disruption of these redox-dependent processes, including those in the mitochondria, creates a cellular environment permissive for progression to a malignant phenotype and the development of resistance to commonly used anticancer agents. An extension of this paradigm is that when these mitochondrial functions are altered by the events leading to transformation and ensuing downstream metabolic processes, they can be used as molecular biomarkers or targets in the development of new therapeutic interventions to selectively kill and/or sensitize cancer versus normal cells. In this Review we propose that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is altered in tumor cells, and the central theme of this dysregulation is electron transport chain activity, folate metabolism, NADH/NADPH metabolism, thiol-mediated detoxification pathways, and redox-active metal ion metabolism. It is proposed that specific subgroups of human malignancies display distinct mitochondrial transformative and/or tumor signatures that may benefit from agents that target these pathways.
Deployment of Supply Chain Security Practices: Antecedents and Consequences

Despite the importance of supply chain security (SCS), there is significant variance regarding the level of deployment of SCS practices across firms and little is known about the efficacy of these practices. This study examines the role of external (coercive pressure) and internal (top management involvement) factors that potentially explain SCS practice deployment and its effect on SCS performance. It also examines the moderating role of organizational culture. In essence, this inquiry examines the role of external and internal forces in a context where organizational action is perhaps effectively mobilized only when both external and internal pressures are salient. Using data from 166 U.S. manufacturing firms, we found that the effects of coercive forces on SCS practice deployment are transmitted via top management involvement. In addition, the effect of top management involvement on SCS practice deployment is more salient for firms with high security‐oriented organizational culture, although a diminishing return was detected. SCS practice deployment was found to be strongly related to SCS performance. We discuss the theoretical contributions and managerial implications based on our findings.
Bone adaptation compensates resorption when sciatic neurectomy is followed by low magnitude induced loading.

Abstract The uniaxial tibial loading model is commonly used to promote bone formation through mechanoadaptation in mice. Sciatic neurectomy on the other hand recruits osteoclasts, which results in bone loss. Previous studies have shown that combining sciatic neurectomy with high magnitude loading increases the amount of bone formed. Here we determine whether low-intensity loading (low magnitude and few cycles) is sufficient to maintain bone mass after sciatic neurectomy, either by promoting bone formation (balance between concurrent resorption and formation), or by preventing bone resorption altogether. We examined bone adaptation in 4 groups of female C57BL/6J mice, 19–22 weeks old: (1) sham surgery +10 N loading; (2) sham surgery +5 N loading; (3) sciatic neurectomy; (4) sciatic neurectomy +5 N loading. Left legs were kept intact as internal controls. We examined changes in bone cross sectional properties and marrow area with micro-CT images, and histomorphometric measures with histological sections at the midpoint between tibiofibular junctions. Loading at 10 N caused a significant increase in the amount of bone, but bone formation after 5 N of loading was not detectable in micro-CT images. There was significant bone loss in mice with sciatic neurectomy alone, but when combined with loading there was no significant bone loss. Histomorphometric analyses showed that loading at 5 N augmented bone formation periosteally on the lateral and posterior-medial surfaces, and reduced the number of endosteal osteoclasts on the posterior-medial surface compared to the contralateral leg. Combining sciatic neurectomy and loading at 5 N promoted faster mineral apposition on the periosteal lateral surface and augmented bone resorption on the endosteal posterior surface compared to the contralateral leg. These data demonstrate that low-intensity loading is sufficient to maintain bone mass after sciatic neurectomy, both by preventing recruitment of osteoclasts on the endosteal surface and by compensating endosteal resorption caused by disuse with periosteal formation promoted by loading. This has implications for the loading required to maintain bone mass after injury or prolonged bedrest.
How is religiousness associated with adolescent risk‐taking? The roles of emotion regulation and executive function.

Existing literature has demonstrated an association between higher adolescent religiousness and lower risk taking via higher self-regulation. The present study sought to elucidate the roles of emotion regulation and executive function as parallel mediators in the link between religiousness and risk taking in a sample of 167 adolescents (mean age = 14.13 years, 52% male, 82% White at Time 1). Longitudinal results across three waves utilizing structural equation modeling indicated higher religiousness was associated with higher emotion regulation, whereas religiousness was not associated with executive function. Subsequently, higher emotion regulation and executive function were associated with lower risk taking. Emotion regulation mediated the association between religiousness and risk taking. The findings highlight religiousness as a contextual protective factor for adolescents.
A 1- and 2-D 19F MAS NMR Study of Fluoride-Ion Mobility in α PbF2

One- and two-dimensional 19F high-speed MAS NMR are used to probe motion of the fluorine sublattices in the fluoride-ion conductors α PbF2 and potassium fluoride-doped α PbF2. The two crystallographic sites F(1) and F(2) are resolved in the 19F spectrum of the pure material and are assigned on the basis of their 207Pb−19F J-coupling. A resonance from fluoride-ions jumping rapidly between the two sites is also observed above 120 °C, which increases in intensity as the temperature is raised. The resonance from the mobile fluoride-ions is observed at room temperature for the α PbF2 sample containing potassium impurities and for samples that have been intentionally doped with KF by direct reaction of KF and PbF2. The correlation times of the rigid and mobile fluoride-ions in these samples differ by more than 2 orders of magnitude, and 2-D magnetization exchange methods show that the exchange between these two sets of fluoride-ions is negligible. The vacancies produced by potassium doping appear to remain clos...
High-Q UHF and SHF Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonators with Ten-Nanometer Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 Ferroelectric Transducer

This paper reports the use of 10nm ferroelectric hafnium-zirconium-oxide (Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 ) transducers for implementation of high quality-factor (Q) bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators over ultra- and super-high-frequency regimes. Atomic layer deposited Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 film is engineered through layering and thermo-mechanical treatment to promote dominant growth of non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic texture with large ferroelectric properties. The 10nm ferroelectric Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 film along with 120nm magnetron-sputtered aluminum nitride piezoelectric film are used to create two-port multi-morph resonators operating in in-plane and out-of-plane BAW modes. Resonators with frequencies (f 0 ) over 38 MHz – 13 GHz are demonstrated with Qs over 400-900. Among these, the 12.84 GHz thickness-extensional BAW resonator shows a record-high f 0 ×Q of ~3.9×1012, highlighting the potential of atomically thin Hf 0.5 Zr 0.5 O 2 ferroelectric films for realization of integrated frequency references and spectral processors in cm- and mm-wave regimes for emerging 5G wireless systems.
AoA effects in reading aloud and lexical decision: Locating the (semantic) locus in terms of the number of backward semantic associations

In the present study, we analyse data from the English Lexicon Project to assess the extent to which age of acquisition (AoA) effects on word processing stem from the number of semantic associations tied to a word. We show that the backward number of associates (bNoA; that is, the log transformed number of words that produce the target word in free association) is an important predictor of both lexical decision and reading aloud performance, and reduces the typical AoA effect as represented by subject ratings in both tasks. Although the AoA effect is reduced, it remains a significant predictor of performance above and beyond bNoA. We conclude that the semantic locus of AoA effects can be found in the number of backward connections to the word, and that the independent AoA effect is due to network plasticity. We discuss how computational models currently explain AoA effects, and how bNoA may affect their processing.
Adaptive Radar Navigation

The availability of ever‐advancing high‐performance computing platforms in embedded and smaller form factors has enabled the exploration of new options in radar navigation. In modern navigation systems, radar‐aiding methods can be divided into three broad categories: terrain aiding, velocity aiding, and relative position tracking methods. This chapter provides a high‐level overview of the purpose of stages in radar signal processing. It provides a concrete example of implementing the waveform design, pulse compression, and navigation algorithm stages. The chapter describes a simple modulation/demodulation procedure for a real‐valued transmit signal and a single element. It considers the application of synthetic aperture radar (SAR)‐based simultaneous localization and mapping navigation algorithms to a modern navigation filter. In order to bring SAR data into a navigation computer, the raw data must first be processed to coherently integrate the data coming from each element.
Chapter 52 – The Solar System at Radio Wavelengths

At radio wavelengths we can study a planet's subsurface layers, its atmosphere, and charged particles in its magnetic field. In this chapter we provide a very short review of radio astronomy techniques and the underlying physics necessary to interpret the data. We present a variety of (recent) results on giant planets (atmospheres, magnetic fields), the Moon and the terrestrial planets, small bodies (e.g., satellites, asteroids), and comets.
Sources of variability in methods for processing, storing, and concentrating SARS-CoV-2 in influent from urban wastewater treatment plants

The rapid emergence of wastewater based surveillance has led to a wide array of SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification methodologies being employed. Here we compare methods to store samples, inactivate viruses, capture/concentrate viruses, and extract/measure viral RNA from primary influent into wastewater facilities. We found that heat inactivation of the viruses led to a 1-3 log10 decrease compared to chemical inactivation. Freezing influent prior to concentration caused a 1-4 log10 decrease compared to processing fresh samples, but viral capture by membrane adsorption prior to freezing was robust to freeze-thaw variability. Concentration vs. direct extraction, and PCR platform also affected outcome, but by a smaller amount. The choice of nucleocapsid gene target had nearly no effect. Pepper mild-mottle virus was much less sensitive to these methodological differences than was SARS-CoV-2, which challenges its use as a population-level control among studies using different methods. Better characterizing the variability associated with different methodologies, in particular the impact of methods on sensitivity, will aid decision makers in following the effects of vaccination campaigns, early detection of future outbreaks, and potentially monitoring the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the population.
Advances in Raman-based broadband optical refrigeration

Raman optical cooling has been observed in structured fiber optics designed to enhance the Raman anti-Stokes emission through resonance. However, these approaches are not amenable to large area cooling under a portion of the solar spectrum. This work explores the use of planar structures to increase cooling efficiency, increase device area, broaden the working wavelength band, and reduce cost. Simple, planar structure require optical thin Raman shift layers. Since, so that a simple quarter-wave or series of quarter-wave reflector can be engineered to suppress the heat releasing Stoke’s shifted light. In-turn the main material challenges associated with ~ 10 nm crystalline films is the requirement for at least one dimension of the film to support domains (grain sizes) large enough to support the phonons needed for Raman scattering. As expected ten nanometer diamond particles do not appear to support the bulk-crystal phonon modes responsible for the 1332 cm-1 Raman shift suggesting new material approaches. A new scalable approach is presented and in parallel new applications such as water vapor recovery by cooling explored.
Influence of Virtual Human Appearance Fidelity within Building Science Storytelling Educational Applications

Abstract Building science employs student–professional interactions to increase the learning and engagement of domain topics. Although these interactions are beneficial to students, labor shortages...
Alternative Cdc20 translational isoforms bypass the spindle assembly checkpoint to control mitotic arrest duration

Mitotic chromosome segregation defects activate the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), which inhibits the APC/C co-activator Cdc20 to induce a prolonged cell cycle arrest. Once errors are corrected, the SAC is silenced thereby allowing anaphase onset and mitotic exit to proceed. However, in the presence of persistent, unresolvable errors, cells can undergo "mitotic slippage", exiting mitosis into a tetraploid G1 state and escaping the cell death that results from a prolonged arrest. The molecular logic that allows cells to balance these dueling mitotic arrest and slippage behaviors remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that human cells modulate their mitotic arrest duration through the presence of conserved, alternative Cdc20 translational isoforms. Translation initiation at downstream start sites results in truncated Cdc20 isoforms that are resistant to SAC-mediated inhibition and promote mitotic exit even in the presence of mitotic perturbations. Targeted molecular changes or naturally-occurring mutations in cancer cells that alter the relative Cdc20 isoform levels or its translational regulatory control modulate both mitotic arrest duration and anti-mitotic drug sensitivity. Our work reveals a critical role for the differential translational regulation of Cdc20 in mitotic arrest timing, with important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of human cancers.
Differential and symplectic topology of knots and curves

Contact topology, taut immersions, and Hilbert's fourth problem by J. C. Alvarez Paiva On Legendre cobordisms by E. Ferrand Vassiliev invariants of knots in $\mathbb R^3$ and in a solid torus by V. Goryunov Finite type invariants of generic immersions of $M^n$ into $\mathbb R^{2n}$ are trivial by T. Januszkiewicz and J. Swiatkowski On enumeration of unicursal curves by S. K. Lando Vassiliev invariants classify flat braids by A. B. Merkov New Whitney-type formulas for plane curves by M. Polyak Tree-like curves and their number of inflection points by B. Shapiro Geometry of exact transverse line fields and projective billiards by S. Tabachnikov Shadows of wave fronts and Arnold-Bennequin type invariants of fronts on surfaces and orbifolds by V. Tchernov A unified approach to the four vertex theorems. I by M. Umehara A unified approach to the four vertex theorems. II by G. Thorbergsson and M. Umehara Topology of two-connected graphs and homology of spaces of knots by V. A. Vassiliev.
The mechanism of the rhodanese-catalyzed thiosulfate-lipoate reaction. Kinetic analysis.

Abstract The individual reactions comprising the rhodanese-catalyzed thiosulfate-lipoate reaction were demonstrated kinetically. The mechanism was shown to be a reaction sequence in which the enzyme forms kinetically significant binary complexes with both thiosulfate and dihydrolipoate substrates. Moreover, the first product (sulfite) is discharged, forming a sulfur-substituted enzyme intermediate, before the second substrate (dihydrolipoate) is attached. It was further shown that the mechanism includes mutually competitive inhibition reactions with both substrates. Extension of the analysis to several pH values permitted determination of the variation in kinetic coefficients with pH. The changes in these values over the pH range of 8 to 11 suggested that the enzyme exists in an association equilibrium between monomeric and dimeric species and that an enzymic sulfhydryl group is involved in lipoate binding.
Alliances and Entrepreneurship

This article considers entrepreneurial alliances, or collaborations undertaken to foster entrepreneurship. Comparisons are made between entrepreneurial alliances and other forms of collaborations, and key theoretical issues that must be deal it with for entrepreneurial alliances are highlighted. We consider the financial context of entrepreneurial alliances and how these collaborations might have long-term implications for the growth and development of entrepreneurial ventures. Keywords: entrepreneurial alliances; strategic alliances; financial resources; signaling theory; information economics
Enlivening Models of Pastoral Care: Relating Theory to the Complex Life Experiences Depicted in Fiction

In this paper, the tradition in pastoral psychology of relating theoretical models to the specific practice of psychotherapy will be examined by using “new hermeneutics” to understand how psychological and theological studies are inter-related in pastoral psychology. The hazard of this tradition is that psychological languages being used in technical ways may arise out of a mechanistic orientation to the world. The benefits of using fiction as an experiential grounding for theory will be described. Two novels, Paradise news, by David Lodge and The autobiography of my mother, by Jamaica Kincaid will be employed to illustrate how using fiction can enliven models of pastoral care by pushing pastoral psychologists to interface imaginative language with conceptual language from several disciplines.
Computational options for bioinformatics research in evolutionary biology

This review will introduce areas of evolutionary research that require substantial computing resources using the examples of phylogenetic reconstruction and homology searching. We will discuss the commonly used analytical approaches and computational tools. We will discuss two computing environments employed by academic evolutionary researchers. We present a simple empirical demonstration of scalable cluster computing using the Apple Xserve solution for phylogenetic reconstruction and homology searching. We conclude with comments about tool development for evolutionary biology and Open Source strategies to promote scientific inquiry.
Electronic polarization effects on capacitance-voltage characteristics of metal-SiO/sub 2/-thin film organic semiconductor devices

Recently thin film organic semiconductor (OS) materials such as poly-phenylene-vinylene (PPV), pentacene, etc., have attracted the attention of researchers for use in low cost alternatives to existing silicon applications including RFDDs as well as promising new frontiers such as flexible electronic displays. Typically, these films exhibit strong anisotropic electronic polarization effects and possess conduction properties similar to those in p-type amorphous silicon. The capacitance-voltage characteristic can be considered as one of the effective tools for investigating electronic polarization effects on the performance of devices using such films
Pulsatility Artifacts Due to Blood Flow and Tissue Motion and Their Control

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Theory 3 Gradient Waveform Patterns 4 Typical Performance 5 Discussion 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Eastern spirituality in the western marketplace

Purpose – The paper aims to understand how Eastern spiritual and Western secular traditions coexist in the US commercial marketplace and what lessons spiritual messages of Eastern wisdom offer Western consumers. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses qualitative methods by engaging in close reading and analysis of the narratives on food and drink packages that have a direct reference to Eastern spirituality in the form of symbolic Eastern vocabulary and images. Findings – The paper proposes that artful sacralization of the spiritual to brand the mundane is an additional mode of cultural production used by marketers, and that this proposed mode extends the two modes (sacralization of the mundane and commodification of the spiritual) reported in previous studies. Research limitations/implications – The relationship between Eastern spirituality and Western commercialism deserves more in-depth studies. For example, how does the Western treatment of Eastern spirituality affect its perceived authenticity ...
Changes in the sedimentation properties of cytosolic androgen receptors associated with activation in vitro and in vivo.

In cell-free systems androgen receptor (AR) labeled with (3H) DHT at 0°C in the presence of 50mM molybdate remains unactivated (<3% binding to nuclei) and untransformed (7–8S on sucrose density gradients containing however, these complexes undergo activation and transformation even at 0°C, albeit, very slowly. Incubation of unactivated, untransformed AR complexes at 18°C, or at 0°C in the presence of 0.4M KCl, greatly accelerated both activation and transformation. Activation and transformation are also associated with formation of high affinity (3H) DHT-receptor complexes as indicated by decreased rates of (3H) DHT dissociation from the receptor. Cytosolic AR complexes labeled with (3H) DHT in tissue slices at 37°C, or in vivo, undergo rapid activation, transformation and nuclear translocation. The data suggest that activation and transformation of cytosolic AR in cellfree systems is associated with changes in the physicochemical properties of AR similar to those occurring upon hormone binding in intact cells and in vivo.
Voice-Feedback as a Scaffold for Writing: A Comparative Study

Fifteen preschool and kindergarten children were assigned randomly to one of three conditions of writing instruction: paper and pencil, word processor, and word processor with voice-aided feedback. All children received identical, language-based instruction in writing from each of three instructors for twelve weeks, twice each week. Instructors were rotated among conditions, so each instructor taught each group for four weeks. Results suggested that voice-aided word processing acted as a scaffold for young children's composition by promoting the acquisition of several components of preschool literacy including symbol-sound and sound-symbol associations, and metacognitive awareness of the purposes and processes of writing.
Social Responsibility Therapy for Harmful, Abusive Behavior

Social Responsibility Therapy (SRT) aims to increase socially responsible behavior, decrease harmful, abusive behavior and address contemporary issues in harmful behavior-specific treatment. SRT combines evidence-based interventions that use different methods and pathways to increase intervention intensity and therapeutic pressure towards positive change. The strength-based aspect of SRT develops social maturity and emotional maturity as competing factors to harmful, abusive behavior. SRT exhibits strong social validity and initial outcome data on youth in a social service setting is encouraging.
Explorations of individual differences relevant to high level skill.

Past research has uncovered few broad abilities that underlie high level motor skill. In this paper, attempts to isolate three different abilities of potential relevance to skill are described. No ...