cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subcellular structure and behaviour in fungal hyphae.

This work briefly surveys the diversity of selected subcellular characteristics in hyphal tip cells of the fungal kingdom (Mycota). Hyphae are filamentous cells that grow by tip extension. It is a highly polarised mechanism that requires a robust secretory system for the delivery of materials (e.g. membrane, proteins, cell wall materials) to sites of cell growth. These events result it the self-assembly of a Spitzenkorper (Spk), found most often in the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Blastocladiomycota, or an apical vesicle crescent (AVC), present in the most Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. The Spk is a complex apical body composed of secretory vesicles, cytoskeletal elements, and signaling proteins. The AVC appears less complex, though little is known of its composition other than secretory vesicles. Both bodies influence hyphal growth and morphogenesis. Other factors such as cytoskeletal functions, endocytosis, cytoplasmic flow, and turgor pressure are also important in sustaining hyphal growth. Clarifying subcellular structures, functions, and behaviours through bioimagining analysis are providing a better understanding of the cell biology and phylogenetic relationships of fungi. LAY DESCRIPTION: Fungi are most familiar to the public as yeast, molds, and mushrooms. They are eukaryotic organisms that inhabit diverse ecological niches around the world and are critical to the health of ecosystems performing roles in decomposition of organic matter and nutrient recycling (Heath, 1990). Fungi are heterotrophs, unlike plants, and comprise the most successful and diverse phyla of eukaryotic microbes, interacting with all other forms of life in associations that range from beneficial (e.g., mycorrhizae) to antagonistic (e.g., pathogens). Some fungi can be parasitic or pathogenic on plants (e.g., Cryphonectria parasitica, Magnaporthe grisea), insects (e.g., Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps sp.), invertebrates (e.g., Drechslerella anchonia), vertebrates (e.g., Coccidioides immitis, Candia albicans) and other fungi (e.g., Trichoderma viride, Ampelomyces quisqualis). The majority of fungi, however, are saprophytes, obtaining nutrition through the brake down of non-living organic matter.
Crowdsourcing the aesthetics of thumb repair in pediatric thumb hypoplasia

Pediatric thumb hypoplasia is a group of congenital hand disorders encompassing gross underdevelopment or complete lack of a thumb. Index pollicization and toe transfer are both reasonable reconstructive options, and there is no clear consensus if either method provides a more functional or aesthetically pleasing result. Considering the psychological distress associated with poor cosmetic outcomes, aesthetics must be considered when choosing reconstructive method. A survey was generated using images of reconstructed thumbs from published papers and educational websites and posted on Amazon Mechanical Turk asking participants to rate the images on their overall aesthetic appearance, identify aesthetic features, rank thumbs according to what appears most natural, and answer a series of hypothetical functional questions. Responses were stratified by reconstruction type and analyzed with chi-square, two-sample t test, and linear regression analyses. Participants in the study were diverse across age, sex, ethnicity, and education. The average rating of the thumbs was 5.8 for index pollicization and 5.6 for toe transfer, ranging from 3.85–8.34 across both reconstructive types. Index pollicization was significantly associated with being ranked as “most natural” but neither reconstructive type was associated with being ranked as “least natural.” Aesthetic factors, including length, width, nail, and position of thumb significantly affected overall aesthetic score but only accounted for around 30% of the variation in overall score. There was no significant difference in response to hypothetical functional scenarios based on reconstructive type or dominant vs. non-dominant hand. Limitations of this study include the lack of granularity in crowdsourcing data and the lack of photographic standardization of the thumbs included in the survey. Reconstructive method should continue to be selected on an individual basis based on individual anatomy. Level of evidence: Not ratable
A compilation of igneous rock volumes at volcanic passive continental margins from interpreted seismic profiles

Abstract The rifting and breakup of continents, and subsequent seafloor spreading, give rise to passive continental margins, many of which are underlain by enormous volumes of igneous rocks and termed volcanic passive margins. The relationships between the igneous rocks, rifting, and mantle plumes remain unresolved despite extensive studies and proposed alternative models. To support such studies, we use published, previously interpreted, seismic reflection and refraction data to compile a dataset of igneous rock volumes and geometries at volcanic passive continental margins. The VOLMIR (VOLcanic passive Margin Igneous Rocks) dataset is based on margin-crossing profiles on which the volumes and geometries of both shallow seaward dipping reflector (SDR) and deeper high velocity lower crustal (HVLC) units can be measured. It includes information about the ages of continental breakup, and profile distances from the associated Euler pole and from hotspots that may have played roles in the breakup process. Despite local variations, the dataset shows general patterns. The average ratio of SDR to HVLC volumes, ~0.3–0.4, is relatively consistent between profiles, implying that formation of these units is related during continental breakup. The volumes of igneous rocks display a moderate positive correlation with distances from the Euler pole, but only a weak negative correlation with distances from the nearest hotspot (at the time of margin formation), suggesting that in continental breakup lithospheric processes (passive rifting) have greater effects than hotspots (active rifting). These results suggest that this dataset will be useful for exploring aspects of the rifting process, relationships between volcanic rifted margins, and potential explanations for their similarities and differences.
Analysis of catheter utilization, central line associated bloodstream infections, and costs associated with an inpatient critical care-driven vascular access model.

Background Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) carry serious risks for patients and financial consequences for hospitals. Avoiding unnecessary temporary central venous catheters (CVC) can reduce CLABSI. Critical Care Medicine (CCM) is often consulted to insert CVC when alternatives are unavailable. We aim to describe clinical and financial implications of a CCM-driven vascular access model. Methods In this retrospective, observational cohort study, all CLABSI and a sample of CCM consults for CVC insertion on adult medical-surgical inpatient units were reviewed in 2019. Assessment of CVC appropriateness and financial analysis of labor, reimbursement, and attributable CLABSI cost was conducted. Results Of 554 CCM consult requests, 75 (13.5%) were for CVC and 36 (48.0%) resulted in CVC insertion; 6 (16.7%) CVC were avoidable. Three CLABSI occurred in avoidable CVC with estimated annual attributable cost of $165,099. Estimated annual CCM consultant cost for CVC was $78,094 generating $110,733 in reimbursement. Overall estimated annual loss was $132,460. Discussion Reliance on CCM for intravenous access resulted in avoidable CVC, CLABSI, inefficient physician effort, and financial losses; nurse-driven vascular access models offer potential cost savings and risk reduction. Conclusions CCM-driven vascular access models may not be cost-effective; alternatives should be considered for utilization reduction, CLABSI prevention, and financial viability.
Attempting to Close the Loop on the Oslo Technique at 198 Au: Constraining the Nuclear Spin Distribution

From simultaneous R-matrix analysis of new and previous neutron total- and capture-cross-section data, we obtained total radiation widths, Γγ, for 77 197Au + n resonances. Γγ distributions calculated according to the nuclear statistical model using published Oslo nuclear level density and photon strength functions for 198Au are too narrow and too close together for the two s-wave spins compared to our new data. The calculation can be brought into agreement with the data by substantial modifications to the spin distribution in 198Au as a function of excitation energy. As far as we know, the spin distribution currently is otherwise poorly constrained. The modified spin distribution changes the shapes of the NLD and PSF extracted using the Oslo technique and so could have broad implications.
A Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes, Readmission, and Reoperation for Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation, Uterosacral Ligament Suspension, and Minimally Invasive Sacrocolpopexy.

Objectives Sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSLF), uterosacral ligament suspension (USLS), and minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy (MISC) are common routes for vaginal apical suspension. Comparative data analyzing perioperative adverse events among these 3 routes are sparse. Perioperative morbidity was compared among these 3 approaches. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for patients older than 18 years undergoing these surgical procedures from 2012 to 2018. Baseline characteristics, postoperative complications, and rates and timing of readmission/reoperation with identification of causes for either were extracted. Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of readmission or reoperation, adjusting for concurrent hysterectomy and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score. Results There were 1,881 SSLFs, 975 USLSs, and 4,559 MISCs that were performed from 2012 to 2018. Vaginal approaches were more common in older, non-White women; women with comorbidities; and women with higher ASA scores and performed more often by gynecologists (vs urologists). More concomitant hysterectomies were performed with USLS and MISC than with SSLF (22% and 26% vs 5%). Increased postoperative blood transfusions, urinary tract infections, and overall complications were noted in the vaginal approaches (7% and 7% vs 5%). Minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy had longer operative times. More same-day discharges were observed in USLS and SSLF. Readmission (2%-3%) and reoperation (1%-2%) rates were similar across all routes when adjusted for concomitant hysterectomy and ASA class. The most common indications for readmission were related to bleeding, infection, or bowel issues (MISC). Hemorrhage/hematoma followed by intestinal obstruction was the most common indication for reoperation. Conclusions Overall perioperative safety is comparable in 3 common vaginal apical suspension routes. Readmission and reoperation remain rare after operative colpopexy regardless of route.
A Topologically Inspired Path-Following Method With Intermittent State Feedback

Autonomous systems often operate in environments where state feedback may not be available, such as in anti-access and area denial environments. In these environments, it is often required that an agent track a path, despite interruptions in state feedback. As a result, the class of Relay-Explorer problems has emerged, where a switched system approach is used to account for intermittent state feedback. Past work on these problems established a framework for developing dwell-time conditions for stable tracking using these methods. However, existing work only applies to a limited class of reference paths and feedback region geometries. This letter advances a topologically inspired method for guaranteeing re-acquisition of feedback for nearly arbitrary geometries in arbitrary dimensions, all while relaxing the dwell-time conditions and retaining the uniformly ultimately bounded stability result from preceding work. Numerical experiments in the plane demonstrate an increase of hundreds of percentage points—even for fairly generic geometries—in the tracking error the agent could afford, using the proposed method, without sacrificing stability.
Bacterial extracellular secretion: Transport of α-lytic protease across the outer membrane of Escherichia coli

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses four questions, such as to what extent do exoproteins and periplasmic proteins use the same mechanism in crossing the inner membrane? Another issue is whether the exoprotein requires participation of the Sec proteins in the first stages of export. Second question is whether a particular protein traverses the inner and outer membranes in a single step, or in two steps. Have these two mechanisms evolved independently or do they share common protein machinery? The third question is implicit for all proteins using the two-step mechanism: Do these exoproteins fold in the periplasm or in the extracellular milieu? Finally, what are the signals that direct an exoprotein to be exported by the one-step or two-step pathway? The chapter presents the answers obtained using α -lytic protease as a model system, and suggests some areas warranting further investigation.
Distributed Capitalism: A Scientific Validation for “Going Local”

In this article I argue that America needs a new economic operating system, which I call “Distributed Capitalism.” When realized, a Distributed Free-Enterprise Economy will result in cities, counties, and states functioning as densely connected, free-enterprise networks composed of interlinked people, businesses, communities, and governments that all contribute to and draw sustenance from the circulation of goods, services, resources, energy, information, culture, and money. I argue that the fastest way to energize and jump start a distributed free- enterprise economy is to localize the creation and distribution of credit and money. Using new understandings about how to develop healthy free-enterprise networks that has recently emerged from the Energy Network Sciences (ENS), I show how America can justify public banking networks and complementary currencies as the means to create more locally owned and operated systems for the creation and distribution of credit and money, which will result in a reawakeni...
A complete denture impression technique survey of postdoctoral prosthodontic programs in the United States

Purpose The purpose of the study was to survey program directors of postdoctoral prosthodontic programs in the United States regarding their programs’ complete denture impression techniques. The key objectives of the survey were to identify the current trends in complete denture impression making and to determine which techniques and materials are taught in US postdoctoral prosthodontic programs. Materials and Methods An online survey was sent to all program directors of US postdoctoral prosthodontic programs. The survey comprised two sections: preliminary impressions and final impressions. The survey contained 22 questions that would take approximately 5 minutes to complete. All responses remained anonymous throughout the survey. Results The response rate for the survey was 87%. A majority of the programs did not separately border mold the tray prior to making the preliminary impressions (82%). The impression material of choice for the preliminary impression was irreversible hydrocolloid (88%). Selective pressure was the predominantly used impression philosophy (80%). All programs border molded the custom tray, and 95% recorded the borders in sections. The material of choice for border molding the custom tray was modeling plastic impression compound (71%). The most commonly used impression material for the final impressions was polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) (42%), and the second most commonly used impression material was polysulphide (32%). The most common technique for locating the posterior palatal seal was marking intraorally and transferring onto the final impression (65%). Most programs routinely advised their patients not to wear their existing dentures for at least 24 hours before the final impressions were made (83%). Conclusions Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The most commonly used material for the preliminary impression was irreversible hydrocolloid and for the final impression was PVS. (2) Modeling plastic impression compound was used by most programs to border mold the custom trays. (3) Selective pressure was the predominantly used impression philosophy. (4) A majority of the programs made a special consideration for excessive movable (flabby) tissue. (5) Most programs routinely advised their patients to not wear their existing dentures for at least 24 hours before the final impressions were made.
Law-Related Curriculum: The Next Major Thrust in Education.

The preceding items alarmingly indicate that many of our fellow citizens are essentially ignorant of their rights, as well as confused about law-related public issues. This is unforgivable when one considers the number of years of formalized education dedicated to the teaching of our basic rights and American governmental processes. During the past decade, ignorance and confusion have sown the seeds of apathy, frustration and violence, and as a result, there has been a growing discontent, even disdain, for our basic legal system and all that it stands for in our collective minds. Increasingly, the public has assumed that their trust in elected and governmental leaders has been based on naivete and gullibility. Correspondingly, they feel that their ability to influence effectively these individuals and the decisions they made has become increasingly difficult. Even to the moderate politico, we, as a nation, are in trouble-perhaps already in some stage of controlled anarchy. What has gone wrong? For generations, our educational system has given great amounts of
Symptom burden among young adults with breast or colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND Cancer incidence has increased among young adults (YAs) and survival rates have not improved compared with other age groups. Patient-reported outcomes may enhance our understanding of this vulnerable population. METHODS In a multisite prospective study, patients completed a cancer symptom inventory at the time of enrollment (T1) and 4 weeks to 5 weeks later (T2). YAs (those aged ≤ 39 years) with breast or colorectal cancer were compared with older adults (those aged ≥ 40 years) with breast or colorectal cancer with regard to symptom severity, symptom interference, changes over time, and medical care. RESULTS Participants included 1544 patients with breast cancer (96 of whom were YAs) and 718 patients with colorectal cancer (37 of whom were YAs). Compared with older adults, YAs with breast cancer were more likely to report moderate/severe drowsiness, hair loss, and symptom interference with relationships at T1. YAs with colorectal cancer were more likely to report moderate/severe pain, fatigue, nausea, distress, drowsiness, shortness of breath, and rash plus interference in general activity, mood, work, relationships, and life enjoyment compared with older adults. Compared with older adults, shortness of breath, appetite, and sore mouth were more likely to improve in YAs with breast cancer; vomiting was less likely to improve in YAs with colorectal cancer. Referrals for supportive care were few, especially among patients with colorectal cancer. YAs with breast cancer were somewhat more likely to be referred to nutrition and psychiatry services than older patients. CONCLUSIONS YAs reported symptom severity, symptom interference, and variations over time that were distinct from older patients. Distinctions were found to differ by diagnostic group. These findings enhance the understanding of symptom burden in YAs and inform the development of targeted interventions and future research. Cancer 2014;120:2255–2263. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Synthesis of a translinear analog adaptive filter

In this paper, we present a methodology for synthesizing analog systems using a class of circuits called dynamic translinear circuits. We illustrate this method by synthesizing part of a Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) adaptation algorithm used in an analog adaptive filter. We present preliminary experimental results from a chip fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m double-poly CMOS process.
Expression of the Silent Hemoglobin Gene in Sheep STUDIES OF THE GLOBIN MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS

Abstract We have analyzed the messenger ribonucleic acids from reticulocytes of adult sheep carrying different globin genes and synthesizing correspondingly different hemoglobins. Hemoglobin A (α2β2a) is synthesized by A/A homozygotes in the early stages of anemia, whereas these same animals switch over to hemoglobin C (α2β2c) synthesis when they are severely anemic. On the other hand, only hemoglobin B (α2β2b) is synthesized by normal or by anemic B/B homozygotes. All four types of sheep globin messenger ribonucleic acids (i.e. for α, βa, βb, or βc chains) are successfully translated in a protein-synthesizing lysate from rabbit reticulocytes. The newly synthesized radioactive sheep globin chains are separated from the rabbit globin chains by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose column. The results suggest that a switch from βa to βc messenger ribonucleic acid accompanies the development of anemia in A/A sheep. However, the rabbit reticulocyte lysate system synthesizes sheep globin chains in different proportions than they are synthesized intracellularly; in the rabbit lysate, α and βa chains constitute a lower percentage and βc chains a larger percentage of the synthesis. The method of Lodish (Lodish, H. F. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 7131) was used to quantitate the relative levels of α, βa, and βc messenger ribonucleic acids in reticulocytes from an A/A homozygote. The proportion of βc messenger is approximately twice as high as the proportion of βc synthesis in sheep reticulocytes. On the contrary, the proportion of α messenger is lower than the proportion of α chain synthesis in sheep reticulocytes.
Microfluidic-Based Amplification-Free Bacterial DNA Detection by Dielectrophoretic Concentration and Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer Assisted in Situ Hybridization (FRET-ISH)

Although real-time PCR (RT-PCR) has become a diagnostic standard for rapid identification of bacterial species, typical methods remain time-intensive due to sample preparation and amplification cycle times. The assay described in this work incorporates on-chip dielectrophoretic capture and concentration of bacterial cells, thermal lysis, cell permeabilization, and nucleic acid denaturation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer assisted in situ hybridization (FRET-ISH) species identification. Combining these techniques leverages the benefits of all of them, allowing identification to be accomplished completely on chip less than thirty minutes after receipt of sample, compared to multiple hours required by traditional RT-PCR and its requisite sample preparation.
Reconstitution of a functional human immune system in immunodeficient mice through combined human fetal thymus/liver and CD34+ cell transplantation.

Studies of the human immune system have been limited by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model. For this reason, efforts have been made to develop murine models with a functional human immune system. We report here that cotransplantation of human fetal thymus/liver tissues and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells led to the development of sustained human hematopoiesis and a functional human immune system in immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. The humanized mice showed systemic repopulation with a comprehensive array of human lymphohematopoietic cells, including T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, and the formation of secondary lymphoid organs. Furthermore, these mice produce high levels of human IgM and IgG antibodies and mediate strong immune responses in vivo as demonstrated by skin xenograft rejection. Thus, the humanized NOD/SCID mice described in this paper provide a powerful model system to study human immune function.
Applying Cooperative Learning Methods in Teaching Computer Programming

1 Leland L. Beck, Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, beck@cs.sdsu.edu 2 Alexander W. Chizhik, School of Teacher Education, San Diego State University, achizhik@mail.sdsu.edu Abstract This workshop examines how to use cooperative learning as an effective instructional strategy for teaching computer programming. After an experiential introduction and a brief presentation of theoretical principles, participants will work collaboratively to design and evaluate instructional activities of their own. Participants will also receive a set of cooperative learning activities that they can incorporate into their own programming courses, including guidance and suggestions for applying these exercises in the classroom.
Salt tectonism and the evolution of the Sigsbee Scarp, Gulf of Mexico

Abstract A sequence of thirteen seismic reflection profiles across the Sigsbee Scarp suggests that it is the surface expression of the most recent of a regular sequence of parallel salt ridges. The ridges are intruded vertically and in sequence, basinward from an extensive and deeply buried salt layer. The process is self-propagating, due to an inherent instability resulting from the low density of the salt and its reduced viscosity at increased temperatures.
The Structure and Dynamics of the U4/U6 snRNP: Implications for Pre-mRNA Splicing and Use as a Model System to Investigate the RNA-Mediated Effects of 5FUra

Abstract Pre-mRNA splicing is one of the most complex and intricate processes in eukaryotic cell biology. Over the past decade, my laboratory has been interested in determining the structures of RNA components of the spliceosome, and in investigating how the structure, stability and dynamics of these RNA components are perturbed by nucleoside analog substitution. In particular, we have investigated the U4/U6 snRNA complex as a model system for understanding the biophysical basis for the RNA-mediated effects of the widely-used anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5FUra). In this review, our studies that have provided novel information concerning the structure of U4 snRNA and its interactions with U6 snRNA and the Sm (or common) snRNA binding proteins are summarized. These studies have also quantified the structural and thermodynamic consequences of 5FUra in this model system. Our work to date provides the foundation on which future studies investigating the biophysical basis for spliceosomal assembly and for cl...
Coded and compressive THz imaging with metamaterials

Imaging in long wavelength regimes holds huge potential in many fields, from security to skin cancer detection. However, it is often difficult to image at these frequencies – the so called ‘THz gap1’ is no exception. Current techniques generally involve mechanically raster scanning a single detector to gain spatial information2, or utilization of a THz focal plane array (FPA)3. However, raster scanning results in slow image acquisition times and FPAs are relatively insensitive to THz radiation, requiring the use of high powered sources. In a different approach, a single pixel detector can be used in which radiation from an object is spatially modulated with a coded aperture to gain spatial information. This multiplexing technique has not fully taken off in the THz regime due to the lack of efficient coded apertures, or spatial light modulators (SLMs), that operate in this regime. Here we present the implementation of a single pixel THz camera using an active SLM. We use metamaterials to create an electronically controllable SLM, permitting the acquisition of high-fidelity THz images. We gain a signal-to-noise advantage over raster scanning schemes through a multiplexing technique4. We also use a source that is orders of magnitude lower in power than most THz FPA implementations3,5. We are able to utilize compressive sensing algorithms to reduce the number of measurements needed to reconstruct an image, and hence increase our frame rate to 1 Hz. This first generation device represents a significant step towards the realization of a single pixel THz camera.
Luminous infrared galaxies - Sizes at 10-32 microns

We have made estimates of the sizes of 19 infrared galaxies drawn from the highest luminosity galaxies detected by the IRAS survey. The techniques we used were to make multiaperture photometric measurements on the ground-based IR Telescope Facility and to compare these flux densities with the much broader beam measurements obtained by the IRAS survey. Our primary result is that most, but not all, of the galaxies in our sample are extended at 10-25 microns, with characteristic radii of a few hundred parsecs. This result directly supports the widely held assumption that the bulk of the infrared luminosity in these galaxies comes from a central starburst region rather than from the whole disk of the galaxy or from a compact nucleus. The compact nature of Arp 220 is confirmed by direct scans with a 2.9 arcsec aperture at 32 microns.
Rubella virus reinfection during pregnancy leading to late-onset congenital rubella syndrome.

symptoms. ~3 The severe diarrhea tha t followed a single breast-feeding in our pat ient supports this concept. W e conclude tha t t ransplacental passage of cow milk antigens can probably .sensitize the fetal colon, and tha t bovine antigens present in human milk can cause allergic neonatal colitis. This experience confirms the importance of correlat ing history, intestinal radiographs, endoscopy, and intestinal biopsy when diagnosing unusual causes of neonatal bowel disease.
910 TRANSIENT LAZY LEUKOCYTE SYNDROME

A Puerto Rican girl with history of impetigo at 3 weeks of age was admitted with diagnosis of pneumonia at 5 months of age. Her WBC: 5800 with Poly: 1 Eo: 1 L: 79 M: 19%. The bone marrow was normal with increased number of myeloid cells, without maturation arrest. The subcutaneous epinephrine as well as intravenous hydrocortisone injections did not increase the total WBC's as well as percentage of PMNs. The PMN chemotaxis and random motility was grossly abnormal. For the next 10 months the WBC and % of PMN did not change, and she had a number of URI's and gingivitis, then she was lost to follow up. At 3 years of age when she was seen again with WBC:7150 Poly:45 Eo:1 L:48 M:6%. The epinephrine stimulation showed a 116% increase in absolute PMN count at 5′ and hydrocortisone injection increased the PMN count 4560 above the baseline at 3 hours. PMN chemotaxis was normal.
Structural Insights into RNA Splicing

Intron splicing is a fundamental biological process whereby noncoding sequences are removed from precursor RNAs. Recent work has provided new insights into the structural features and reaction mechanisms of two introns that catalyze their own splicing from precursor RNA: the group I and II introns. In addition, there is an increasing amount of structural information on the spliceosome, which is a ribonucleoprotein machine that catalyzes nuclear pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotes. Here, we compare structures and catalytic mechanisms of self-splicing RNAs and we discuss the possible implications for spliceosomal reaction mechanisms.
Chemically modified and doped carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites with tunable thermal conductivity gradient

Abstract Nitrogen (N)-doped and un-doped MWCNTs grown using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process were studied for their surface chemical modification and thermal characteristics. Various surface functional groups developed through acid purification or controlled plasma oxidation of MWCNTs were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). High resolution electron microscopy was used to understand the structure and morphology of the surface-modified/unmodified MWCNTs. Thermal conductivities of surface-modified/unmodified MWCNT films were estimated using the shifts in Raman peaks for MWCNTs as a function of incident laser power (1–50 mW) and film temperature (60–160 °C). The thermal conductivity of pristine un-doped MWCNT films was much higher (∼70 W/m-K) than that of N-doped MWCNT films (∼16–27 W/m-K). Plasma oxidation or acid treatment further reduced the thermal conductivity (∼8–14 W/m-K). Thermal maps or temperature distribution profiles for MWCNT films were theoretically evaluated. Finally, different combinations of doped/un-doped and plasma/acid-treated MWCNTs were stacked and impregnated within a polystyrene matrix to result in a gradient of thermal conductivity across the thickness direction of the nanocomposite.
Social Ecology of Adherence to Hypertension Treatment in Latino Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers

Purpose: This study explored Latino migrant/seasonal farmworkers’ (MSFWs’) adherence to hypertension treatment. Design: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted. Method: Forty-five Latino MSFWs from two farmworker health clinics completed Spanish versions of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, the Blood Pressure Knowledge Scale and Blood Pressure Self-Care Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans–II, the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Spanish-Speaking Adults, health care access questions, and blood pressure measurements. Results: MSFWs had poor medication adherence (51%). Blood pressure knowledge, perceived stress, acculturation, health literacy, and health care access accounted for 49% of the variance in blood pressure self-care. Higher acculturation level and health literacy were associated with better blood pressure control (p = .01). Discussion: MSFWs had poor medication adherence and blood pressure control. Blood pressure knowledg...
Atrial coronary hyperemia and ischemia in response to variations in atrial pressure in dogs.

Abstract We altered the mechanical activity of the atrial myocardium in open-chest dogs and measured changes in coronary blood flow distribution, using the radioactive microsphere technique. When left and right atrial pressures were decreased to 2 mm Hg by hypovolemia, atrial coronary blood flow fell to values nearly 50% below baseline. Acute left atrial hypertension was induced by creating mitral valvular incompetence. Progressive incresses in left atrial pressure from 8 to 12 to 20 mm Hg caused increases in left atrial coronary blood flow from 47 to 54 to 75 ml/100 gm × min (mean values). Severe left atrial hypertension (32 mm Hg) caused a fall in left atrial blood flow to 30 ml/100 gm × min. The P wave in lead II of the ECG widened by a mean value of 18 msec, suggesting ischemic impairment of left atrial depolarization.
Modeling shape distributions and inferences for assessing differences in shapes

The general class of complex elliptical shape distributions on a complex sphere provides a natural framework for modeling shapes in two dimensions. Such class includes many distributions, e.g., complex Normal, Watson, Bingham, angular central Gaussian and several others. We employ this class of distributions to develop methods for asserting differences in populations of shapes in two dimensions. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for estimation of modal difference are developed along with hypothesis testing and credible regions for average shape difference. The methodology is applied in an example from bioimetry, where we are interested in detecting shape differences between male and female gorilla skulls.
Rethinking Blueberry Maggot (Rhagoletis mendax (Curan)) Distribution and Abundance in North Carolina: When Area Wide Management Is Unintentional

The blueberry maggot (Rhagoletis mendax) is one of the most significant pests of blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) in North America because of its potential fruit damage and its export quarantine status. ...
Mating system and the hybridization between self-compatible Phlox cuspidata and self-incompatible Phlox drummondii

Mating system can impact the frequency of hybridization and therefore the maintenance of species diversity. I evaluate the effects of weak self-incompatibility (SI) in Phlox cuspidata and SI in Phlox drummondii on mating success within species and on hybridization dynamics between species under controlled conditions. The effects of SI on hybridization frequency were assessed by manipulating the relatedness of conspecific pollen and the relative timing of pollen deposition in mixed-donor interspecific pollinations. Selfing as opposed to outcrossing increased hybridization by 16% in P. cuspidata maternal plants and by 48% in P. drummondii maternal plants because self pollen did not compete as well against heterospecific pollen. The relative timing of conspecific versus heterospecific pollen deposition also impacted hybridization. In self-compatible P. cuspidata, the deposition of self pollen 5 h earlier than heterospecific pollen decreased hybridization by 28%. In self-incompatible P. drummondii, a 5 h delay in the deposition of compatible conspecific pollen increased hybridization by 32%. In this hybrid system, early self-pollination can decrease hybridization (but increase inbreeding) by P. cuspidata maternal plants, and SI may increase hybridization by P. drummondii maternal plants.
Diffractive Lens for Matter-Wave Beams

A simple focusing device is proposed for de Broglie matter-waves - a diffractive lens, based on the optical effect of diffractive multifocal focusing of radiation. This matter-wave lens consists of two co-axial circular apertures in which the second aperture of smaller diameter is located where the Fresnel number of the first aperture is unity. It is shown that diffraction of a de Broglie matter wave by a system of two pinholes on an optical axis exhibits the multifocal focusing effect of matter waves in the near-field (Fresnel) zone. The focusing, defocusing and refocusing phenomenon is explained as resulting from periodic phase changes at singular points, which are points where the intensity is zero and the phase is undefined. It is shown that the proposed matter-wave lens could create a very intense, spatially-localized beam of atoms. Theoretical predictions for the focusing efficiency of a neutral atomic beam by the diffractive lens are: the spot diameter is ~ 0.1 mm, the ratio of focal and incident intensities is ~ 15, the focal length of the diffractive lens is in the range ~ 0.13.6 cm, the focusing depth is in the range ~ 15.30 cm, and the energy transmitting efficiency is ~ 30%. For the relatively-large diameters of the pinholes, g 5.0 mm, the proposed configuration acts as a matter-wave lens with a large focal length and a long focusing depth.
Adaptive Modeling of Complex Packaging Geometries Using Haar-based MRTD Algorithms

The Haar-based MRTD algorithm is applied to the design and optimization of complex 3D RF Packaging geometries. Significant numerical aspects concerning the implementation of Boundary Conditions and the thresholding of the wavelet coefficients are discussed in detail and guidelines for the efficient modeling of a practical Flip-Chip package are derived. Multiresolution Time-Domain Techniques - Expansion Basis
Facial pain associated with lung cancer: a case report.

SYNOPSIS We report a patient with severe and refractory facial pain which was dramatically relieved following resection of a bronchogenic carcinoma. We hypothesize that the pain was referred via the vagus nerve.
Relationship between unplanned readmission and total treatment-related hospital days following management of complicated appendicitis at 31 children's hospitals.

Abstract Purpose To examine the correlation between readmission rate and total hospital days as resource utilization and quality measures for comparative analysis. Methods Retrospective three-year audit of 8948 patients admitted with complicated appendicitis at 31 children's hospitals (6/2008–6/2011). Rates of unplanned readmission and cumulative LOS from all index and readmission encounters were analyzed for each hospital through 90days of follow-up. The relative number and distribution of outlier hospitals identified by each measure were then compared. Results Significant variation was found between hospitals for readmission (aggregate rate: 13.8%, range:5.6–27.1%, chi 2 p Conclusions There is poor correlation between unplanned readmission and total hospital days following treatment for complicated appendicitis in children. Research and reporting for this condition should incorporate both measures to provide a more comprehensive assessment of resource utilization.
Theoretical and intuitive models

Abstract Many social processes are described only in ordinary language, though often there are advantages to stating the ideas more precisely using mathematics. Intuitive ad hoc models are less valuable than are models representing explicit theories because theoretical models are useful beyond particular situations for which they were created. We describe 13 ways in which individuals might use information about status structures and communication from others to guide their behavior, and construct simple mathematical models of the processes. Three models derive from explicit theoretical assumptions and 10 are based in intuitive ideas about how individuals process information. Next we assess empirical success of the 13 models by comparing their predictions to behavior in an experimental setting. All the models fare well by comparison with a null hypothesis of no effects of structure or interaction, but the theoretically-based models make the best predictions. We discuss some reasons for the outcomes and for the intuitive appeal of intuitive models. Both the poorer predictions and the intuitive appeal of intuitive models, oddly enough, may trace to their lack of conditionalizing their predictions.
Orthologous Transcription Factors in Bacteria Have Different Functions and Regulate Different Genes

Transcription factors (TFs) form large paralogous gene families and have complex evolutionary histories. Here, we ask whether putative orthologs of TFs, from bidirectional best BLAST hits (BBHs), are evolutionary orthologs with conserved functions. We show that BBHs of TFs from distantly related bacteria are usually not evolutionary orthologs. Furthermore, the false orthologs usually respond to different signals and regulate distinct pathways, while the few BBHs that are evolutionary orthologs do have conserved functions. To test the conservation of regulatory interactions, we analyze expression patterns. We find that regulatory relationships between TFs and their regulated genes are usually not conserved for BBHs in Escherichia coli K12 and Bacillus subtilis. Even in the much more closely related bacteria Vibrio cholerae and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, predicting regulation from E. coli BBHs has high error rates. Using gene–regulon correlations, we identify genes whose expression pattern differs between E. coli and S. oneidensis. Using literature searches and sequence analysis, we show that these changes in expression patterns reflect changes in gene regulation, even for evolutionary orthologs. We conclude that the evolution of bacterial regulation should be analyzed with phylogenetic trees, rather than BBHs, and that bacterial regulatory networks evolve more rapidly than previously thought.
A NOVEL MODEL OF MATERNAL HYPOAMINOACIDEMIA

Chronic hyperglucagonemia produces persistent hypoaminoacidemia (HA). Glucagon does not cross the placenta; therefore, the effects of low maternal amino acids on the fetus could be studied. Alzet pumps delivered glucagon (0.25 mg/d) s.c. in 8 rats fed ad lib from d. 14 to 20 of gestation. Ten controls were sham-operated. Blood was obtained prior to implantation, at d. 3, and before delivery for total amino acids (α-amino nitrogen), glucose, and insulin. Four dams (HA-A) had weight gain and caloric intake comparable to controls; the other 4 (HA-B) gained no weight and had 1/3 lower caloric intake. Glucose cone. declined comparably from d. 14 to 20 in all groups. Insulin was unaffected in HA-A, but decreased in HA-B. Fetal weight on day 20 was 4.01±0.37 g in controls (n=102), 3.90±0.51 in HA-A (45), but 3.05±0.27 in HA-B (48). Fetal glucose and insulin levels were similar as were fetal amino acid levels. The latter resulted in higher feto-maternal ratios in both HA groups (p <0.001). Thus, hypoaminoacidemia in mothers with normal weight gain did not affect fetal weight due to the ability of the conceptus to maintain total amino acid levels.
An Epigenetic Perspective on Developmental Regulation of Seed Genes

The developmental program of seeds is promoted by master regulators that are expressed in a seed-specific manner. Ectopic expression studies reveal that expression of these master regulators and other transcriptional regulators is sufficient to promote seed-associated traits, including generation of somatic embryos. Recent work highlights the importance of chromatin-associated factors in restricting expression of seed-specific genes, in particular PcG proteins and ATP-dependent remodelers. This review summarizes what is known regarding factors that promote zygotic and/or somatic embryogenesis and the chromatin machinery that represses their expression. Characterization of the regulation of seed-specific genes reveals that plant chromatin-based repression systems exhibit broad conservation with and surprising differences from animal repression systems.
Avatars are (sometimes) people too: Linguistic indicators of parasocial and social ties in player–avatar relationships:

As principal links between players and many gameworlds, avatars are of central importance in understanding human behavior and communication in play. In particular, the connection between player and avatar is understood as influencing a range of cognitive, affective, and behavioral play phenomena. Divergent approaches examine this connection from both parasocial (one-way, non-dialectical) and social (two-way, dialectical) perspectives. This study examined how player–avatar connections may be better understood by integrating an existing parasocial approach (character attachment [CA]) with a social approach (player–avatar relationships [PARs]). A quantitative linguistic analysis of massively multiplayer online game (MMO) player interviews revealed statistically robust associations among language patterns, dimensions of CA, and PAR types. Validating and extending prior research, findings highlight the importance of self-differentiation and anthropomorphization in suspending disbelief so that the avatar may be...
Extended Stability of Magnesium Sulfate Infusions Prepared in Polyolefin Bags

PurposeTo investigate the stability of extemporaneously compounded 50 g per 600 mL magnesium sulfate parenteral solution diluted in Lactated Ringer's solution.MethodsThe sterile preparations of mag...
Immunosuppression in Aplastic Anemia — Postponing the Inevitable?

Mathe et al. reported in 1970 that when some patients with aplastic anemia received an allogeneic marrow transplant together with a conditioning immunosuppressive regimen of antilymphocyte globulin...
Carbohydrate metabolism in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L. II. Embden-Meyer-hof pathway.

Evidence demonstrating the occurrence of some of the glycolytic enzymes in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius L., has been obtained. The glycolytic pathway in mites appears to be similar to the Embden–Meyerhof type described for other organisms.The enzymes shown to be present in the mite are: phosphohexoisomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The hexokinase and lactic dehydrogenase, if present, are in very low titre. The end products of glycolysis in the mites were shown to be α-glycerophosphate and pyruvate.