cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homology of the cranial vault in birds: new insights based on embryonic fate-mapping and character analysis

Bones of the cranial vault appear to be highly conserved among tetrapod vertebrates. Moreover, bones identified with the same name are assumed to be evolutionarily homologous. However, recent developmental studies reveal a key difference in the embryonic origin of cranial vault bones between representatives of two amniote lineages, mammals and birds, thereby challenging this view. In the mouse, the frontal is derived from cranial neural crest (CNC) but the parietal is derived from mesoderm, placing the CNC-mesoderm boundary at the suture between these bones. In the chicken, this boundary is located within the frontal. This difference and related data have led several recent authors to suggest that bones of the avian cranial vault are misidentified and should be renamed. To elucidate this apparent conflict, we fate-mapped CNC and mesoderm in axolotl to reveal the contributions of these two embryonic cell populations to the cranial vault in a urodele amphibian. The CNC-mesoderm boundary in axolotl is located between the frontal and parietal bones, as in the mouse but unlike the chicken. If, however, the avian frontal is regarded instead as a fused frontal and parietal (i.e. frontoparietal) and the parietal as a postparietal, then the cranial vault of birds becomes developmentally and topologically congruent with those of urodeles and mammals. This alternative hypothesis of cranial vault homology is also phylogenetically consistent with data from the tetrapod fossil record, where frontal, parietal and postparietal bones are present in stem lineages of all extant taxa, including birds. It further implies that a postparietal may be present in most non-avian archosaurs, but fused to the parietal or supraoccipital as in many extant mammals.
Twist-film gel spinning of large-diameter high-performance ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene monofilaments:

A twist-film gel spinning process was developed for large-diameter high-performance ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) monofilaments. By using polybutene as a spin-solvent, film twisting was demonstrated to be an effective method for solvent removal; approximately 70% of solvent contained in the gel film can be removed simply by film twisting. This mechanical solvent removal process also makes conventional solvent extraction proceed significantly faster. Besides improved solvent extraction efficiency, large-diameter high-strength UHMWPE monofilaments (with diameters of about 80 µm and strength exceeding 3.2 GPa) can be produced with this process, which is difficult to achieve using conventional processes. The capability of making large-diameter high-strength monofilaments may allow new products of UHMWPE to be developed in a number of high-performance applications.
Perception of Life as Stressful, Not Biological Response to Stress, is Associated with Greater Social Disability in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This study examined differences between adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 40) and typical community volunteers (N = 25) on measures of stressful life events, perceived stress, and biological stress response (cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity) during a novel social stress task. Additional analyses examined the relationship between stress and social functioning as measured by the Social Adjustment Scale-II and the Waisman Activities of Daily Living scale. Results indicated that adults with ASD experienced significantly more stressful life events and perceived stress, and greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than typical community volunteers. Results also indicated that perceived stress and stressful life events were significantly associated with social disability. Interventions targeting stress management might improve social function in adults with ASD.
Prevalence of Alcohol Use, Sexual Risk Behavior, and HIV Among Russians in High-Risk Settings: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the (a) prevalence of and (b) association between alcohol, risky sex, and HIV among Russians at risk for primary or secondary HIV transmission. Electronic databases were searched to locate studies that sampled Russians, assessed alcohol use, and included either a behavioral measure of risk or a biological measure of HIV. Weighted mean (logit) effect sizes were calculated using random-effects assumptions. Moderator analyses were conducted using meta-regression. Studies (19) sampled 12,916 Russians (M age = 29; 36 % women). Participants were recruited from clinical (52 %; e.g., sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic, drug treatment), other high-risk community settings (32 %; e.g., sexual/drug networks), or both (16 %). Findings indicate that a substantial proportion of the participants used alcohol (77 %; 55 % heavy drinking). One half of participants reported using condoms (52 %), but only 29 % used condoms consistently. Most participants reported drinking before sex (64 %). Of the studies testing for HIV, 10 % of participants tested positive. Meta-regression analyses indicated that hazardous/harmful alcohol use was associated with increased risky behaviors (i.e., multiple partners, inconsistent condom use). These findings support the need for and potential benefit of addressing alcohol use in HIV prevention programming in Russia.
On the Maximal Perimeter of a Convex Set in $ ℝ n $$\mathbb{R}^n$ with Respect to a Gaussian Measure

Introduction The Case A = I n The General Case Correlation Inequality Proof of the Estimate \(\Gamma (A) \geq c\sqrt{\mid\mid A \mid\mid_{H-S}}\) References
Redo pullthrough for Hirschsprung disease

Pullthrough procedures for Hirschsprung diseases typically have favorable results. However, some children experience long-term postoperative complications comprising stooling disorders, such as intermittent enterocolitis, severe stool retention, intestinal obstruction, as well as incontinence. Reoperative Hirschsprung Disease surgery is complex. This begins with the workup after the initial presentation following primary pullthrough, continues with the definitive surgical correction with redo pullthrough, and ends with long-term follow-up of individuals. The decision tree can be varied with each patient. The operating pediatric surgeon must be able to utilize different operations and treatment options available. While lesser procedures may provide relief in a select population, those with residual aganglionosis or transition zone pathology or mechanical problems will likely require a redo pullthrough. Thus, the diagnostic workup, treatment plan, and definitive surgical care should be coordinated, and executed by an experienced, specialized team at a pediatric referral center.
Adaptive Upregulation of Clumping Factor A (ClfA) by Staphylococcus aureus in the Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Host Mediates Increased Virulence

Obesity and associated type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important risk factors for infection following orthopedic implant surgery. Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen in bone infections, adapts to multiple environments to survive and evade host immune responses. Whether adaptation of S. aureus to the unique environment of the obese/T2D host accounts for its increased virulence and persistence in this population is unknown. Thus, we assessed implant-associated osteomyelitis in normal versus high-fat-diet obese/T2D mice and found that S. aureus infection was more severe, including increases in bone abscesses relative to nondiabetic controls. S. aureus isolated from bone of obese/T2D mice displayed marked upregulation of four adhesion genes (clfA, clfB, bbp, and sdrC), all with binding affinity for fibrin(ogen). Immunostaining of infected bone revealed increased fibrin deposition surrounding bacterial abscesses in obese/T2D mice. In vitro coagulation assays demonstrated a hypercoagulable state in obese/T2D mice that was comparable to that of diabetic patients. S. aureus with an inactivating mutation in clumping factor A (clfA) showed a reduction in bone infection severity that eliminated the effect of obesity/T2D, while infections in control mice were unchanged. In infected mice that overexpress plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), S. aureusclfA expression and fibrin-encapsulated abscess communities in bone were also increased, further linking fibrin deposition to S. aureus expression of clfA and infection severity. Together, these results demonstrate an adaptation by S. aureus to obesity/T2D with increased expression of clfA that is associated with the hypercoagulable state of the host and increased virulence of S. aureus.
Recovery of bilevel causal signals with finite rate of innovation using positive sampling kernels

Bilevel signal $x$ with maximal local rate of innovation $R$ is a continuous-time signal that takes only two values 0 and 1 and that there is at most one transition position in any time period of 1/R.In this note, we introduce a recovery method for bilevel causal signals $x$ with maximal local rate of innovation $R$ from their uniform samples $x*h(nT), n\ge 1$, where the sampling kernel $h$ is causal and positive on $(0, T)$, and the sampling rate $\tau:=1/T$ is at (or above) the maximal local rate of innovation $R$. We also discuss stability of the bilevel signal recovery procedure in the presence of bounded noises.
A genome-wide association study of LCH identifies a variant in SMAD6 associated with susceptibility.

To the editor: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a hematologic disorder that presents with a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from focal lesions to potentially lethal multiorgan disease, affecting 4 to 8 per million children per year[1][1] and 1 to 2 per million adults per year.[2][2]
HAMLET: Interpretable human and machine co-LEarning technique

Efficient label acquisition processes are key to obtaining robust classifiers. However, data labeling is often challenging and subject to high levels of label noise. This can arise even when classification targets are well defined, if instances to be labeled are more difficult than the prototypes used to define the class, leading to disagreements among the expert community. Here, we enable efficient training of deep neural networks. From low-confidence labels, we iteratively improve their quality by simultaneous learning of machines and experts. We call it Human And Machine co-LEarning Technique (HAMLET). Throughout the process, experts become more consistent, while the algorithm provides them with explainable feedback for confirmation. HAMLET uses a neural embedding function and a memory module filled with diverse reference embeddings from different classes. Its output includes classification labels and highly relevant reference embeddings as explanation. We took the study of brain monitoring at intensive care unit (ICU) as an application of HAMLET on continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) data. Although cEEG monitoring yields large volumes of data, labeling costs and difficulty make it hard to build a classifier. Additionally, while experts agree on the labels of clear-cut examples of cEEG patterns, labeling many real-world cEEG data can be extremely challenging. Thus, a large minority of sequences might be mislabeled. HAMLET has shown significant performance gain against deep learning and other baselines, increasing accuracy from 7.03% to 68.75% on challenging inputs. Besides improved performance, clinical experts confirmed the interpretability of those reference embeddings in helping explaining the classification results by HAMLET.
Involvement of the central somatosensory system in restless legs syndrome: A neuroimaging study

Objective To investigate morphologic changes in the somatosensory cortex and the thickness of the corpus callosum subdivisions that provide interhemispheric connections between the 2 somatosensory cortical areas. Methods Twenty-eight patients with severe restless legs syndrome (RLS) symptoms and 51 age-matched healthy controls were examined with high-resolution MRI at 3.0 tesla. The vertex-wise analysis in conjunction with a novel cortical surface classification method was performed to assess the cortical thickness across the whole-brain structures. In addition, the thickness of the midbody of the corpus callosum that links postcentral gyri in the 2 hemispheres was measured. Results We demonstrated that a morphologic change occurred in the brain somatosensory system in patients with RLS compared to controls. Patients with RLS exhibited a 7.5% decrease in average cortical thickness in the bilateral postcentral gyrus ( p p Conclusion Our results provide in vivo evidence of morphologic changes in the primary somatosensory system, which could be responsible for the sensory functional symptoms of RLS. These results provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying the RLS sensory symptoms and could lead to a potential imaging marker for RLS.
Porous and Dense Composites from Sol-Gel

The sol-gel method has been widely studied recently for the preparation of bulk glasses, thin films, and porous solids.1 One of its advantages as a process for the fabrication of ceramics is the possibility of the use of low temperatures. Another advantage is the fact that liquid solutions are mixed and, hence, good homogeneity is easily achieved. In this paper, the preparation of one type of composite based on the dispersion of solid particles in a sol-gel matrix is described. A second type of composite utilizing the connective pores of the sol-gel matrix has also been made by the impregnation of organic monomers followed by polymerization. These are thus oxide-organic polymer composites. Finally, results are presented for “triphasic” composites made by the impregnation of polymers into a porous two-phase composite of the first group. These three types of composite are described by figure 1. It should be mentioned that other composites have also been made by the exploitation of the uniqueness of the sol-gel technique. These include glass-ceramics2, “diphasic” glass-ceramics3, “diphasic” ceramic-metal xerogels4 , ceramic-ceramic composites5, and moisture sensitive glasses6.
Several Key Technologies of Virtual Simulation on Aviation Ammunition Teaching Software

In order to solve the inconsistent problem between updating quickly for the air ammunition and updating slowly for the teaching materials, and meet troops’ training and teaching demands, the virtual simulation technology is introduced in the teaching software of aviation ammunition development. The virtual simulation technology includes IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) entity model construction technology, which implement the new NURBS model. Entity object optimization technology alleviates the complicated structure of air ammunition body for optimizing the virtual reality environment. Key frame animation technology can make the drawing performance related to computer hardware and scene based on high-precision time stamp. These technologies improve the interaction and intelligence of teaching software, and provide a kind of powerful supplementary means for the autonomous learning and classroom teaching of aviation ammunition.
The effect of operative time on in-hospital length of stay in revision total knee arthroplasty.

Background: Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with increased rates of infections, readmissions, longer operative times, and lengths-of-stay (LOS) compared to primary TKA. Additionally, increasing operative times and prolonged postoperative LOS are independent risk factors for these postoperative complications in lower extremity total joint arthroplasty (TJA). This has led to an increased effort to reduce these risk factors in order to improve patient outcomes and reduce cost. However, the relationship between operative time and LOS has not been well assessed in revision arthroplasty. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to: (I) identify predictors of longer operative times; (II) identify predictors of longer LOS; and (III) evaluate the effects of operative time, treated as both a categorical variable and a continuous variable, on LOS after revision TKA. Methods: The NSQIP database was queried for all revision TKA cases (CPT code 27487) between 2008 and 2016 which yielded 10,604 cases. Mean operative times were compared between patient demographics including age groups, sex, and body mass indexes (BMIs). To determine predictors of LOS, mean LOS were also compared between patient demographics in the same groups. To assess the correlation of operative time on LOS, the mean LOS for 30-minute operative time intervals were compared. Univariate analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. A multivariate analysis with a multiple linear regression model was performed to evaluate the association of LOS with operative times after adjusting for patient age, sex, and BMI. Results: The mean LOS for revision TKA was 4 (±3) days. Further analysis showed that young age is associated with increased LOS (P Conclusions: Revision TKA is a complex procedure, often requiring increased operative times compared to primary TKA. This study provides unique insight by correlating operative times to LOS in over 10,000 revision TKAs from a nationwide database. Our results demonstrate that out of all the study covariates (age, sex, and BMI), operative times had the greatest effect on LOS. The results from this study indicate that less time spent in the operating room can lead to shorter LOS for revision TKA patients. This relationship further underscores the need for improved preoperative planning and intra-operative efficiency in an effort to decrease LOS and improve patient outcomes.
Quick, selective NMR spectra of COH moieties in 13C-enriched solids.

Abstract A convenient one-dimensional magic-angle spinning NMR method is presented that provides selective NMR spectra of COH moieties in uniformly 13C-enriched organic materials. This method, termed hydroxyl-proton selection (HOPS), eliminates the magnetization of protons directly bonded to carbons by recoupling the 1H–13C dipolar interaction for a short time (∼70 μs), which also serves as a chemical-shift filter to suppress 1H magnetization of CH3 groups. After cross polarization to 13C, the signals of C OH and COOH carbons are observed selectively. This makes it possible to distinguish alcohols from ethers, in particular phenols from aromatic ethers such as the furans often formed by dehydration of glucose, and carboxylic acids from carboxylates and ethers. HOPS NMR reveals that orthodiphenols are often a major component of low-temperature carbon materials. For instance, it forces the reassignment of the 143 ppm 13C NMR signal of hydrothermal carbon to such catecholic diphenols, while a previous NMR-based structural model had attributed this peak to a central furan–furan linkage.
Management-Based Pathology Assessment of Salivary Gland Carcinomas

The pathology chapter in this text is primarily aimed at presenting pertinent diagnostic information to the oncologic management of patients with salivary gland malignancies. Therefore, detailed descriptions of cytomorphologic features of individual entities are briefly presented and lineage-related markers used in differential diagnosis of certain subtypes are highlighted. The role and utilization of fine needle aspiration technology in early classification, differential diagnosis, and follow-up are addressed in the context of their relevance to surgical planning, confirmation of progression and biomarker studies. Current and emerging genetic findings and their potential diagnostic and management implications are discussed.
Glass-Catalyzed Conversion of Boronic Esters of Asymmetric Diols to Diol Sulfites and Amine Complexes of Boron Halides

Sterically hindered boronic esters of (R,R)-1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanediol or pinanediol react with thionyl chloride and excess imidazole in acetonitrile on a borosilicate glass surface (but not on silica or soda-lime glass) to form the corresponding cyclic sulfite of the diol and the easily separable organoborane derivative containing one boron-bound chloride and two imidazole groups, which may cross link with additional organoborane moieties to form oligomeric species. Other heterocyclic amines react similarly but usually less efficiently. With excess pyridine, the 1:1 complex PhBCl2(py) rapidly forms the 2:1 complex, PhBCl(py)2+Cl-. Hydrolysis of the amino boron chlorides to boronic acids in near neutral aqueous solution provides a mild process for the net hydrolysis of hindered boronic esters, many of which cannot be hydrolyzed by ordinary means, though yields were only 54−82%. The diol sulfites are stable toward water or aqueous acid but rapidly hydrolyzed by base to the diol and inorganic sulfite.
Learning from Katrina: Student Perspectives on Poverty, Race, and Ethics through an Experiential Course

In January 2006, students from CUSSW and Union Theological Seminary participated in an immersion course entitled, Katrina: Poverty, Race, and Social Work Practice. The aim of the course was to explore experientially the inequality exposed by Hurricane Katrina and its effect on some of the poorest communities and individuals in the United States. This paper presents an overview of the course development. In addition, the authors describe some of their experiences and observations before, during, and after their travels to the Gulf Coast and other communities affected by Hurricane Katrina. The specific focus of the article is on the themes of poverty, racism, violence, governmental irresponsibility and disregard in the wake of this tragedy, and describes some of the efforts made towards supporting social justice in the Gulf Coast as it rebuilds.
Intravenous infusion of kisspeptin increased serum luteinizing hormone acutely and decreased serum follicle stimulating hormone chronically in prepubertal bull calves.

Abstract Kisspeptin (KP) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone. To determine the acute and chronic effects of KP on serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prepubertal bull calves [12 ± 1 (SD) weeks of age; 96.5 ± 14.5 kg BW] were administered one of four treatments [0.0 (control; CON), 0.125 (L-KP), 0.25 (M-KP), or 0.5 (H-KP) μg of KP/kg BW/hour] by intravenous infusion for 76 h. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for the first (acute; 1–6 h; Day 1) and last (chronic; 71–76 h; Day 4) 6 h of the intravenous infusions. Serum concentrations of LH and FSH were determined by radioimmunoassay. For each day, effects of treatment, time, and interactions on LH and FSH concentrations and pulse parameters were analyzed using procedures for repeated measures with JMP Software (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was a treatment effect (P = 0.002) and a treatment × time interaction during Day 1 (P = 0.02) such that LH concentrations were greatest following administration of all doses of KP when compared to CON. However, there was no treatment effect (P = 0.57) or a treatment × time interaction during Day 4 (P = 0.20) on serum LH concentrations. There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.02) on mean serum FSH concentrations. Most notably, on Day 4 mean serum FSH concentrations during intravenous infusion of M-KP and H-KP doses were less than that of CON. There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0054) on FSH pulse amplitude concentrations, such that intravenous infusion of all doses of KP on Day 4 decreased FSH pulse amplitudes. In conclusion, acute infusion of KP increased LH concentrations and chronic infusion of KP decreased FSH concentrations. Despite the potential suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis with chronic infusion of KP, there are likely applications of KP, KP analogs, or KP receptor agonists to hasten the onset of puberty in livestock.
Simultaneously imaging and quantifying in vivo mechanical properties of crystalline lens and cornea using optical coherence elastography with acoustic radiation force excitation (Conference Presentation)

The changes in biomechanical properties of lens and cornea are closely correlated with presbyopia and cataract. We developed an optical coherence elastography system utilizing acoustic radiation force excitation to simultaneously assess the elasticities of the crystalline lens and the cornea in vivo. A swept light source was integrated into the system to provide an enhanced imaging range that covers both the lens and the cornea. Additionally, the oblique imaging approach combined with orthogonal excitation also improved the image quality. Simultaneous elasticity measurements of lens and cornea were performed in anesthetized rabbits to demonstrate the capability of ARF-OCE to characterize in vivo elasticity in the anterior eye.
The Use of Ofatumumab in Renal Conditions

Ofatumumab is a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20. It has been initially used against hematological malignancies but now has been reported widely for autoimmune or rheumatological (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis) and renal conditions. Over the past decade, since the first report on its use in rituximab-resistant nephrotic syndrome, there have been many more centers describing their experience with ofatumumab. Due to it being relatively new, the optimal dosing of ofatumumab for renal conditions has not been established, especially in children, and studies so far have been mainly case reports or case series. Large-scale, multi-center prospective studies are required to establish the appropriate dosing and investigate adverse reactions of ofatumumab. Reported studies on the use of ofatumumab in renal conditions and reported or potential adverse reactions are discussed in this review.
SPECTRA: AGNOSTIC EXPRESSION VARIABLES FOR FLEXIBLE TRANSCRIPTOME MODELING IN COMPLEX DISEASE

Abstract We describe SPECTRA, a novel approach to measure variation in the transcriptome, providing unsupervised quantitative variables to model with any clinical, demographic, or biological endpoint. Complex diseases, including cancer, are highly heterogeneous, and large molecular datasets are increasingly part of describing an individual’s unique experience. Gene expression is particularly attractive because it captures both genetic and environmental consequences. SPECTRA provides a framework of agnostic multi-gene linear transformations to calculate variables tuned to the needs of complex disease studies. SPECTRA variables are not supervised to an outcome and are quantitative, linearly uncorrelated variables that retain integrity to the original data and cumulatively explain the majority of the global population variance. Together these variables represent a deep dive into the transcriptome, including both large and small sources of variance. The latter is often overlooked but holds the potential for the identification of smaller groups of individuals with large effects, important for developing precision strategies. Each spectrum is a quantitative variable that can also be considered a phenotypic outcome, providing new avenues to explore disease risk. As a set, SPECTRA variables are ideal for modeling alongside other predictors for any clinical outcome of interest. We demonstrate the flexibility of SPECTRA variables for multiple endpoints, and the potential to out-perform existing methods, using 767 myeloma patients in the CoMMpass study. SPECTRA provides an approach to incorporate deep, transcriptome variability in studies to advance research in precision screening, prevention, intervention, and survival.
Professional Learning for Teachers of Nonacademic Disciplines Working in Underperforming Secondary Schools.

This single intrinsic case study utilized complexity theory to explore a complicated narrative of in-service professional learning for teachers undergoing improvement plans in underperforming schoo...
The Syntax of Chinese

the past quarter of acentury has seen a surge in Chinese syntactic research that has produced a sizeable literature on the analysys of almost every construction in mandarin Chinese.
Integrating Chemotherapy into the Management of Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer: Evidence-Based Approach Using Clinical Trial Findings

This study used case reports to review the role of systemic chemotherapy in oligometastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and to suggest ways to integrate clinical research findings into the interdisciplinary management of this potentially curable subset of patients. This educational review discusses the role of chemotherapy in the management of oligometastatic metastatic CRC. In initially resectable oligometastatic CRC, the goal of chemotherapy is to eradicate micrometastatic disease. Perioperative 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin together with surgical resection can result in 5-year survival rates as high as 57 %. With the development of increasingly successful chemotherapy regimens, attention is being paid to chemotherapy used to convert patients with initially unresectable metastasis to patients with a chance of surgical cure. The choice of chemotherapy regimen requires consideration of the goals for therapy and assessment of both tumor- and patient-specific factors. This report discusses the choice and timing of chemotherapy in patients with initially resectable and borderline resectable metastatic CRC. Coordinated multidisciplinary care of such patients can optimize survival outcomes and result in cure for patients with this otherwise lethal disease.
Receptor-Mediated Protein Transport into Cells. Entry Mechanisms for Toxins, Hormones, Antibodies, Viruses, Lysosomal Hydrolases, Asialoglycoproteins, and Carrier Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights experimentalists interested in one or more areas of receptor-mediated protein transport. Therefore, pertinent experimental details and numbers derived from experiments are addressed in the chapter. Many cells are capable of transporting certain proteins from the extracellular environment to an intracellular compartment by a process that has an initial obligatory binding step to a cell-surface receptor. This chapter refers this process as “receptor-mediated protein transport.” Receptor-mediated protein transport is widespread in nature and is responsible for a variety of biological effects. The chapter mainly focuses on examples of protein transport into cells, which have been demonstrated to occur by receptor-mediated processes and which cause a change in the physiological state of the cell or organism. The highlight of the chapter is the result of the interest in utilizing receptor-mediated protein entry processes for pharmacological purposes, by the construction of artificial hybrid proteins.
MG-160. A novel sialoglycoprotein of the medial cisternae of the Golgi apparatus [published eeratum appears in J Biol Chem 1989 Mar 5;264(7):4264]

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (mAb 10A8), derived from mice immunized with fractions of the Golgi apparatus from rat brain neurons, was exploited to isolate and partially characterize a novel glycoprotein of 160 kDa apparent molecular mass which was localized by immunoelectron microscopy in medial cisternae of the Golgi apparatus of neurons, glia, pituitary cells, and rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12). The yield of immunoaffinity purified protein was 0.9 microgram/g of rat brain and represented 3% of the Golgi protein; the protein contained asparagine-linked carbohydrates and sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues; unreduced protein had a greater electrophoretic mobility (130 kDa) consistent with the presence of intrachain disulfide bonds. The bulk of the glycoprotein resided within the membrane and/or luminal face of the Golgi cisternae. After extraction with Triton X-114, the glycoprotein was found in both aqueous and detergent phases. The monoclonal antibody did not inhibit the activities of Golgi enzymes or the uptake of nucleotide sugars by intact Golgi vesicles. The findings indicate that the 160-kDa glycoprotein is a specific constituent of medial Golgi cisternae. The results of this study lend support to the hypothesis that the distributions of glycosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus are cell specific, since in neurons this sialic acid containing glycoprotein is found in medial rather than in trans and/or in the trans Golgi reticulum cisternae, where sialyltransferases have been localized in other cells. Alternatively, resident neuronal Golgi sialoglycoproteins may acquire sialic acid in trans elements of the apparatus and then shuttle back in medial cisternae.
A Unified Innovation Process Model for Engineering Designers and Managers

An innovation process model, which includes the tasks of engineering designers and managers, is presented based on evidence collected from research in an engineering design curriculum. This research shows that engineering designers develop innovative breakthroughs in an evolutionary manner through insights gained during experimentation, and that these insights cannot be predicted. However, managers, experts, or other reviewers often prevent experimentation for fear of resource waste and demand predictability. This leads to conflict and can preclude progress in the worst case. The proposed model shows how the two groups interact and succeed and recommendations are provided for engineering designers and mangers.
An oil import fee and drilling activity in the USA

Abstract Edward F. Renshaw's [5] recent analysis of the impact of a $5/bbl oil import fee on drilling activity in the USA is re-examined. Specifically, this comment shows: (i) the initial stimulus to the US rotary rig count of 420 new rigs would not completely disappear over the next five years, but last much longer; (ii) the initial employment impact would be more than twice as large as Renshaw suggested (39 060 rather than 18 480); and (iii) the relevant social cost per new job (excluding transfers) could be as small as $19 200, more than 80 times smaller than Renshaw's estimate of $1.6 million.
Synthesis of Malformin by an Enzyme Preparation from Aspergillus niger

Yukioka, M. (University of Hawaii, Honolulu), and T. Winnick. Synthesis of malformin by an enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger. J. Bacteriol. 91:2237–2244. 1966.—An enzyme fraction derived from disrupted Aspergillus cells was able to utilize each of the component labeled amino acids of malformin for the synthesis of this cyclic pentapeptide. The process was stimulated by adenosine triphosphate, K+, and Mg++, and was optimal at approximately pH 8.5. It was not affected by inhibitors of protein synthesis (ribonuclease, chloramphenicol, puromycin). There is evidence that cysteine, rather than cystine, was incorporated into peptide linkage, so that the disulfide bridge of malformin was formed subsequently. Although only the d isomers of cysteine and leucine occur in the malformin molecule, the l, as well as the d form of these amino acids, was readily utilized by the enzyme preparation. As in the case of several other microbial peptide systems, it appears that the d enantiomorph can arise from the l isomer at an intermediate stage of polypeptide synthesis.
Cellular mechanism for anti-analgesic action of agonists of the κ- opioid receptor

The analgesic effect of clinically used exogenous opioids, such as morphine, is mediated primarily through mu-opioid receptors, but the function of the kappa-receptor in opioid analgesia is unclear. Although kappa-receptor agonists can produce analgesia, behavioural studies indicate that kappa agonists applied intravenously or locally into the spinal cord antagonize morphine analgesia. As morphine, a primary mu agonist, also binds to kappa-receptors and the analgesic effectiveness of morphine decreases with repeated use (tolerance), it is important to understand the mechanism for the functional interaction between kappa- and mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Here we present in vitro electrophysiological and in vivo behavioural evidence that activation of the kappa-receptor specifically antagonizes mu-receptor-mediated analgesia. We show that in slice preparations of a rat brainstem nucleus, which is critical for the action of opioids in controlling pain, functional kappa- and mu-receptors are each localized on physiologically different types of neuron. Activation of the kappa-receptor hyperpolarizes neurons that are activated indirectly by the mu-receptor. In rats, kappa-receptor activation in this brainstem nucleus significantly attenuates local mu-receptor-mediated analgesia. Our findings suggest a new cellular mechanism for the potentially ubiquitous opposing interaction between mu- and kappa-opioid receptors and may help in the design of treatments for pain.
Acidosis-stimulated neurons of the medullary raphe are serotonergic

Neurons of the medullary raphe project widely to respiratory and autonomic nuclei and contain co-localized serotonin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), and substance P, three neurotransmitters known to stimulate ventilation. Some medullary raphe neurons are highly sensitive to pH and CO(2) and have been proposed to be central chemoreceptors. Here it was determined whether these chemosensitive neurons are serotonergic. Cells were microdissected from the rat medullary raphe and maintained in primary cell culture for 13-70 days. Immunoreactivity for serotonin, substance P, and TRH was present in these cultures. All acidosis-stimulated neurons (n = 22) were immunoreactive for tryptophan hydroxylase (TpOH-IR), the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin biosynthesis, whereas all acidosis-inhibited neurons (n = 16) were TpOH-immunonegative. The majority of TpOH-IR medullary raphe neurons (73%) were stimulated by acidosis. The electrophysiological properties of TpOH-IR neurons in culture were similar to those previously reported for serotonergic neurons in vivo and in brain slices. These properties included wide action potentials (4.55 +/- 0.5 ms) with a low variability of the interspike interval, a postspike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that reversed 25 mV more positive than the Nernst potential for K(+), prominent A current, spike frequency adaptation and a prolonged AHP after a depolarizing pulse. Thus the intrinsic cellular properties of serotonergic neurons were preserved in cell culture, indicating that the results obtained using this in vitro approach are relevant to serotonergic neurons in vivo. These results demonstrate that acidosis-stimulated neurons of the medullary raphe contain serotonin. We propose that serotonergic neurons initiate a homeostatic response to changes in blood CO(2) that includes increased ventilation and modulation of autonomic function.
State-of-the-art anterior cruciate ligament tears: A primer for primary care physicians

The purpose of this article is to provide primary care physicians and other members of the medical community with an updated, general review on the subject of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. We aim to enhance awareness of these injuries and to prepare those practicing in the primary care setting to address these injuries. Because ACL injuries are quite common, it is very likely that a primary care physician will encounter these injuries and need to address them acutely. The current literature is replete with new concepts and controversies regarding ACL injuries, and this article provides a concise review for our target audience in regard to the care of a patient with an ACL injury. This article is composed of an overview with current epidemiologic data, basic anatomy and physiology, clinical presentation, physical examination findings, imaging modalities, and treatment options. After reading this short article, a medical care provider should understand ACL injuries and their appropriate management.
Molecular diagnostics in urologic malignancies: a work in progress.

Abstract Context.—Molecular diagnostic applications are now an integral part of the management algorithms of several solid tumors, such as breast, colon, and lung. In stark contrast, the current clinical management of urologic malignancies is lagging behind. Clinically robust molecular tests that can identify patients who are more likely to respond to a given targeted agent or even those in need of a more aggressive treatment based on well-validated molecular prognosticators are still lacking. Several promising biomarkers for detection, prognosis, and targeted therapeutics are being evaluated. Objective.—To discuss candidate biomarkers that may soon make the transition to clinical assay for patients in urologic oncology. Data Sources.—Selected original articles published in the PubMed service of the US National Library of Medicine. Conclusions.—Recent understanding of the complex molecular alterations involved in the development and progression of urologic malignancies is yielding novel diagnostic and pro...
Systematic row and zone axis STEM defect image simulations

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been instrumental in advancing the field of crystalline defect analysis. Conventional TEM imaging techniques, such as bright field (BF), dark field (DF), and weak beam dark field (WBDF or g–3g) imaging, have been well-documented in the scientific literature, with simulation methods readily available for each. The present contribution highlights the use of a field-emission TEM, operated in scanning transmission electron microscopy mode, as a viable tool for defect analysis. Common techniques such as two-beam diffraction contrast and zone axis imaging are applied to defect analysis; both experimental and computational results are presented. Effects of experimental parameters such as camera length, beam divergence angle, and diffraction aperture placement are also discussed and illustrated by both experimental and computed micrographs of stacking faults.
Ventralex mesh in umbilical/epigastric hernia repairs: clinical outcomes and complications

Umbilical and epigastric hernias have historically been repaired without mesh resulting in recurrence rates in some series of up to 40%. Recent data suggests mesh repair of these hernias may decrease recurrent hernia rates. Ideal placement of the mesh is behind the defect, which is difficult to do without a large incision in these hernias unless done laparoscopically. The Ventralex hernia patch is a composite PTFE/polypropylene patch allowing intraperitoneal placement behind the hernia defect through a small incision, and without the cost of laparoscopy. To date, only one study exists evaluating this new prosthesis. This study is a retrospective chart review of all umbilical and epigastric hernias repaired with the Ventralex hernia patch by a single surgeon. Patient characteristics and operative and post-operative data were collected. Hernia recurrence is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include complication rates. Eighty-eight patients from 2003–2006 were evaluated. The population included patients aged 25–86 (mean 52) with nineteen females (22%). The average BMI was 32 (range 18–68). Eighteen patients were smokers, five patients were diabetic, and two patients were chronic steroid users. The size of patches used were small (72%), medium (27%), and unknown (1%). Average operating room time was 52 min (range 19–194). The different types of hernias repaired were umbilical (68%), epigastric (30%), and incisional (2%). Follow-up visits ranged from 8 days to 3.1 years in all but five patients (6%). No hernia recurrences were found in follow-up. Complications included two patients (2.2%) with mesh infection requiring removal of the patch, one patient with post-operative urinary retention, and seroma formation in another patient. The composite PTFE/polypropylene hernia patch is effective in preventing hernia recurrence in umbilical, epigastric, and small ventral hernia repairs and can be accomplished with a low rate of complications.
The crystal structure of Escherichia coli heat shock protein YedU reveals three potential catalytic active sites

The mRNA of Escherichia coli yedU gene is induced 31-fold upon heat shock. The 31-kD YedU protein, also calls Hsp31, is highly conserved in several human pathogens and has chaperone activity. We solved the crystal structure of YedU at 2.2 A resolution. YedU monomer has an alpha/beta/alpha sandwich domain and a small alpha/beta domain. YedU is a dimer in solution, and its crystal structure indicates that a significant amount of surface area is buried upon dimerization. There is an extended hydrophobic patch that crosses the dimer interface on the surface of the protein. This hydrophobic patch is likely the substrate-binding site responsible for the chaperone activity. The structure also reveals a potential protease-like catalytic triad composed of Cys184, His185, and Asp213, although no enzymatic activity could be identified. YedU coordinates a metal ion using His85, His122, and Glu90. This 2-His-1-carboxylate motif is present in carboxypeptidase A (a zinc enzyme), and a number of dioxygenases and hydroxylases that utilize iron as a cofactor, suggesting another potential function for YedU.
Electrospray ionization of uranyl-citrate complexes: Adduct formation and ion-molecule reactions in 3D ion trap and ion cyclotron resonance trapping instruments

Abstract Results presented here demonstrate the usefulness of electrospray ionization and gas-phase ion-molecule reactions to predict structural and electronic differences in complex inorganic ions. Electrospray ionization of uranyl citrate solutions generates positively and negatively charged ions that participate in further ion-molecule reactions in 3D ion trap and FT-ICR mass analyzers. Most ions observed are derived from the major solution uranyl-citrate complexes and involve species of {(UO 2 ) 2 Cit 2 } 2− , (UO 2 ) 3 Cit 2 , and {(UO 2 ) 3 Cit 3 } 3− , where Cit indicates the citrate trianion, C 6 H 5 O 7 3− . In a 3D ion trap operated at relatively high pressure, complex adducts containing solvent molecules, alkali and ammonium cations, and nitrate or chloride anions are dominant, and proton/alkali cation (Na + , K + ) exchange is observed for up to six exchangeable protons in an excess of alkali cations. Adduct formation in a FT-ICR cell that is operated at lower pressures is less dominant, and direct detection of positive and negative ions of the major solution complexes is possible. Multiply charged ions are also detected, suggesting the presence of uranium in different oxidation states. Changes in uranium oxidation state are detected by He-CID and SORI-CID fragmentation, and certain fragments undergo association reactions in trapping analyzers, forming “exotic” species such as [(UO 2 ) 4 O 3 ] − , [(UO 2 ) 4 O 4 ] − , and [(UO 2 ) 4 O 5 ] − . Ion-molecule reactions with D 2 O in the FT-ICR cell indicate substantial differences in H/D exchange rate and D 2 O accommodation for different ion structures and charge states. Most notably, the positively charged ions [H 2 (UO 2 ) 2 Cit 2 (H)] + and [(UO 2 ) 2 (Cit)] + accommodate two and three D 2 O molecules, respectively, which reflects well the structural differences, i.e., tighter uranyl-citrate coordination in the former ion than in the latter. The corresponding negatively charged ions accommodate zero or two D 2 O molecules, which can be rationalized using suggested solution phase structures and charge state distributions.
Functional Status Among Survivors of In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Objectives: To describe functional outcomes of seriously ill patients who survived 2 months after inhospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and to identify patient and clinical characteristics associated with worse functional status after CPR. Methods: Multicenter prospective observational analysis of 162 seriously ill hospitalized patients who survived 2 months after CPR. Analysis of clinical characteristics associated with worse functional outcome. Results: Among 162 survivors of in-hospital CPR, 56% had the same or improved function and 44% had worse function at 2 months compared with functional status before CPR. Patients with worse function deteriorated by a mean of 3.9 activities of daily living and were less likely to survive to hospital discharge ( P P Conclusions: More than half of CPR survivors had preserved functional status 2 months after CPR. However, patients with worse function are profoundly disabled. In anticipation of possible severe disability after CPR, preferences for care in such health states should be discussed with patients before the need for CPR, particularly among older patients and those with long hospital stays. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:72-76