cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrieval Effort Improves Memory and Metamemory in the Face of Misinformation.

Retrieval demand, as implemented through test format and retrieval instructions, was varied across two misinformation experiments. Our goal was to examine whether increasing retrieval demand would improve the relationship between confidence and memory performance, and thereby reduce misinformation susceptibility. We hypothesized that improving the relationship between confidence and memory performance would improve controlled processes at retrieval. That is, when confidence and memory performance were well calibrated, participants would be able to withhold incorrect responses if given the opportunity. To examine the relationship between memory retention, confidence, and controlled withholding, we compared older and younger adults’ performance on a forced memory test, where participants could not withhold responses, and on a free test, where participants were encouraged to withhold responses. Confidence judgments were collected after forced responding. Retrieval demand was manipulated indirectly through type of test (cued recall vs. recognition) and directly through retrieval instructions. The results demonstrated that increasing retrieval demands improved memory retention, metamemorial monitoring and effective withholding. This was particularly pronounced when participants received misleading information. Finally, older adults required explicit direction to effec
Cause of death in neonates with inconclusive or abnormal T-cell receptor excision circle assays on newborn screening.

Introduction During the first 2 years of newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 39 infants with an abnormal or inconclusive newborn screening test for SCID died prior to assessment of immune function. We investigated if SCID or primary T-cell lymphopenia likely contributed to the death of these neonates.
An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust: Past, Present, and Future

A considerable amount of research has examined trust since our 1995 publication. We revisit some of the critical issues that we addressed and provide clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement. We also recognize recent research in new areas of trust, such as affect, emotion, violation and repair, distrust, international and cross-cultural issues, and context-specific models, and we identify promising avenues for future research.
Frequency based computation in neural networks

A model of neural network computation is presented in which the frequency of firing of a neuron is the basis upon which numerical values are measured. The author first discusses the model of the individual firing units, and then presents the constructions of the modules which purport to compute the arithmetic operations. A large network was built using these modules. It can be used to find near-optimal solutions to the task assignment problem. The proposed model is shown to produce excellent results. >
Transient Erythroblastopenia of Adolescence

This case report describes a 16-year-old girl with pure red cell aplasia of 7 months duration. The erythrocyte characteristics and in vitro culture of erythroid progenitors was similar to that found in transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC), a disorder most commonly seen in children 2 to 6 years of age. This case may represent the adolescent equivalent of TEC.
A spectral element approach for the stability of delay systems

We describe a spectral element approach to study the stability and equilibria solutions of Delay differential equations (DDEs). In contrast to the prototypical temporal finite element analysis (TFEA), the described spectral element approach admits spectral rates of convergence and allows exploiting hp-convergence schemes. The described approach also avoids the limitations of analytical integrations in TFEA by using highly accurate numerical quadratures—enabling the study of more complicated DDEs. The effectiveness of this new approach is compared with well-established methods in the literature using various case studies. Specifically, the stability results are compared with the conventional TFEA and Legendre collocation methods whereas the equilibria solutions are compared with the numerical simulations and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) solutions. Our results reveal that the presented approach can have higher rates of convergence than both collocation methods and the HPM. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic stimuli attenuate the effect of attention on the dichotic right-ear advantage.

Abstract This study assessed attentional effects on the right-ear advantage (REA) for a dichotic-listening task that used synthetic-speech syllables. Presenting subjects with monaural tone cues at various intervals prior to dichotic pairs of natural-speech syllables, T. A. Mondor and M. P. Bryden 1991 (The influence of attention on the dichotic REA. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1179–1190) found a reduced REA with longer intervals. This suggested that tone cues at longer intervals helped overcome a right-ear attentional bias. Despite sufficient statistical power, in the present study no reduction in the REA was found with longer intervals between tones and synthetic-speech syllables. As synthetic-speech stimuli tend to fuse better into the percept of a single stimulus than do natural-speech stimuli, attentional effects on the REA may be reduced with dichotic stimuli that fuse.
Treatment of hairy cell leukemia during pregnancy: are purine analogues and rituximab viable therapeutic options.

Approximately 1 in 1000 pregnancies in the United States are plagued by concurrent neoplastic diseases. These account for the second leading cause of maternal mortality in the United States.1 The majority of these cases are related to solid tumors with only 25% of the cases related to hematologic malignancies.2 Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a relatively uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder.3 The outcome of patients with HCL has significantly improved with the introduction of purine nucleoside analogues including cladribine and monoclonal antibodies including rituximab. Remission rates of > 90% have been documented after just 1 course of therapy.4,5 The management of the pregnant patient with hematologic malignancies represents a diagnostic, therapeutic, and social challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary team approach. There is scant published literature regarding treatment of HCL in pregnancy. The therapeutic efficacy, teratogenicity, and maternal toxicities of purine analogues and rituximab in pregnancy are poorly defined.6,7 Orlowski published the first report of successful pregnancy outcome after treatment of HCL with cladribine, suggesting that fertility may be preserved in some female patients exposed to purine analogues.8 However, to our knowledge this is the first report of a favorable outcome in a pregnant HCL patient treated sequentially with a monoclonal antibody (rituximab) followed by a purine analogue (cladribine).
The ontogeny of bite-force performance in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)

American alligators Alligator mississippiensis undergo major transformations in morphology and ecology during development. These include several thousand-fold changes in body mass, modified snout and dental proportions, and shifts in diet from small, delicate foodstuffs to the inclusion of increasingly larger, more robust prey. How these changes in anatomical form contribute to actual physical performance and niche use is largely unknown. In the present study, bite-force measurements for 41 specimens of A. mississipiensis, were made throughout ontogeny (hatchling–older adults) using a series of precision force transducers. How this performance indicator scaled with respect to cranial and whole-body measurements was determined. Bite-force production throughout development was contrasted with ontogenetic changes in trophic ecology. The influences of this performance measure on these changes were then analysed. The results showed a 800-fold range (12–9452 N) of bite forces with values positively correlating with increases in body size. Scaling of biting forces through ontogeny showed positive allometry with respect to body mass, head length, jaw length, snout–vent length and total length. These patterns may be attributable to allometric growth of individual skeletal elements (and associated musculature), and/or progressive fusion and ossification of skull and jawbones during development. The overall pattern of force increase throughout ontogeny did not vary in association with major shifts in diet. Notably, the bite-force values for adult A. mississippiensis are the highest measured for any living animal and represent the first measures for a large crocodilian. Additionally, these data provide the first documentation of how bite force changes during ontogeny in a reptile. By bridging the rich morphological and ecological databases for these animals, this study opens the door to a comprehensive understanding of feeding in A. mississippiensis. Furthermore, it provides groundwork for standardized comparative studies of feeding among crocodilian, reptilian, or other gnathostome vertebrates.
Components of Spatial Intelligence

Abstract This chapter identifies two basic components of spatial intelligence, based on analyses of performance on tests of spatial ability and on complex spatial thinking tasks in domains such as mechanics, chemistry, medicine, and meteorology. The first component is flexible strategy choice between mental imagery (or mental simulation more generally) and more analytic forms of thinking. Research reviewed here suggests that mental simulation is an important strategy in spatial thinking, but that it is augmented by more analytic strategies such as task decomposition and rule-based reasoning. The second is meta-representational competence [diSessa, A. A. (2004). Metarepresentation: Native competence and targets for instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 22, 293–331], which encompasses ability to choose the optimal external representation for a task and to use novel external representations productively. Research on this aspect of spatial intelligence reveals large individual differences in ability to adaptively choose and use external visual–spatial representations for a task. This research suggests that we should not just think of interactive external visualizations as ways of augmenting spatial intelligence, but also consider the types of intelligence that are required for their use.
“This Story Is about Something Fundamental”: Nazi Criminals, History, Memory, and the Reichstag Fire

For more than eighty years there has been controversy about who set the fire that destroyed the plenary chamber of the Reichstag fire on the evening of February 27, 1933—thereby handing the Nazis a pretext to gut the democratic Weimar constitution through the emergency “Reichstag Fire Decree.” Since the 1960s there has been a consensus among historians that the fire was set by Marinus van der Lubbe, a twenty-four-year-old Dutch journeyman stonemason supposedly acting alone—with no Nazi involvement. Few historians, however, have been inclined to investigate the motives behind the development of this single-culprit narrative, or the reasons for its generally positive reception among postwar German historians. With the aid of newly discovered sources, this article examines the legal and political interests that have underpinned this narrative. The single-culprit narrative was developed by ex-Nazis, whereas accounts of the Reichstag fire stressing Nazi complicity came almost invariably from former resistance fighters and victims of Nazism. Postwar historians responded to these accounts in much the same way they have responded to perpetrator and victim accounts of the Holocaust: with a markedly greater preference for those of the perpetrators. This tendency has shaped the debate over the Reichstag fire in the same way it has shaped other areas of research on the Third Reich.
The Mailed Inquiry and Methods of Increasing Returns

HE mailed inquiry has provided the major source of information on the nation's crops and livestock since Abraham Lincoln's Secretary of Agriculture first sent out inquiries during the Civil War days of 1863. Significantly, it was learned at that time that the country's food supply would be adequate to meet war needs. This method of obtaining up-to-date information regarding agricultural production, combined with inquisitive and observing field travel and contacts with individual farmers for certain types of information, has been the backbone of the country's crop and livestock forecasting and estimating program for more than three-fourths of a century. With this long record of achievement, it would seem that much can be said in its favor and little need be said in its defense. More recently through a succession of years in World War II and down to the present, as late as August 10, 1949, use of the mailed inquiry has proved its worth as a reliable source of information regarding production of the country's crops and livestock. The crop and livestock reports compiled from this type of information during World War II formed the basis for establishing a reliable food production and distribution program. As in 1863, but this time through six war years and subsequently, large crops were revealed by this source of information. Plans for effective use of our food supplies were and are predicated upon the reliability of data thus obtained. It seems now quite clear that when we were exporting large quantities of food to all parts of the world during these war years we could easily have exported ourselves into a condition of serious food shortage or even semi-starvation had these reports not been reliable. Much is taken for granted when we use the mailed inquiry as a source of information. In the first place, the mailed inquiry makes use of the facilities of the Post Office Department, a far-flung and wholly reliable government agency, in lieu of setting up an expensive field organization for making the necessary contacts. It assumes a high degree of intelligence, education, and ability on the part of recipients. It is one of the best illustrations of the operation of our democratic process wherein producers of crops and livestock
5th International Otolith Symposium

a hunter and grits his teeth when I tell him at times about my exploits of shooting all those upland game birds (even ducks) since age 11. Good thing our interest is so strong on shellfisheries/aquaculture teaching and research—otherwise who knows what would have been the case in so many great years we have known and worked together. Must not have gotten in the way with our compromising hobby interest of birding versus bird hunting!” Bourne and Chew are a regular “Click and Clack” of the shellfish world.
Chronic temporomandibular disorders are not necessarily associated with a compromised endogenous analgesic system

Aims: To test whether temporomandibular disorders (TMD) case-control differences in conditioned pain modulation (CPM) exist, using a mechanically evoked temporal summation (TS) model. Methods: A series of 10 repetitive, mildly noxious, mechanical stimuli were applied to the fingers of 30 women with TMD, who had a primary diagnosis of masticatory myofascial pain, and 30 age-matched healthy women. The subjects rated the pain intensity caused by the 1st, 5th, and 10th stimuli in the series. To evaluate CPM, the same series of mechanical stimulations were applied with concomitant exposure of the other hand to a painfully cold water bath. Statistical inferences were based on t tests, chi-square tests, or analysis of variance (ANOVA), as appropriate. Results: Pain ratings increased significantly with stimulus repetition (P < .01) and CPM significantly reduced TS of pain (P < .01). Of particular note, both groups showed very similar degrees of CPM, with no significant group difference. Conclusion: Painful TMD is not necessarily associated with a compromised ability to engage the endogenous analgesic system in an experimental setting. J OrOfac Pain 2013;27:142–150. doi: 10.11607/jop.943
Notes on Recent Trends in the Application of the Social Sciences

T HREE developments within recent years have emphasized the significance of the social sciences in modern life and the importance of reviewing their recent trends, and especially of appraising the increasing sweep and power of their applications in the modern world. The first was the planning of A Century of Progress: The Chicago International World's Exposition, I933. The second was the appointment in i9Z9 and the work of the President's Research Committee on Social Trends. The third was the financial depression and the resulting confusion of recent years. A simple statement concerning each of these three developments will serve as an introduction to a series of general discussions of the increasing sweep and application of the social sciences to problems of modern civilization. The present paper together with Professor Beard's discussion of "Recent Social Trends" and Professor Rice's notes on "Statistics in Relation to Recent Social Trends in the United States" are in the way of introduction to further discussions begun in this issue by L. L. Bernard's article on "The Historical Development of the Social Sciences" Shelby Harrison's notes on "Social Surveys," and James Ford's notes on "Trends in Housing."
Community Sense: The Cohesive Power of Aesthetic Judgment

Sociologists have undertheorized the role of aesthetic judgment in group identification. The author argues that the communication of aesthetic judgments in face-to-face interaction powerfully works...
Surveillance Effect by Detecting ScAg or ScAb after Schistosomiasis Transmission Being Controlled

Objective To select more effective diagnostic method for schistosomiasis reservoir surveillance after the disease transmission being controlled so as to consolidate the control effect.Method Several common diagnostic methods for detecting schistosome circulating antigen or antibody were parallelly applied in a historical hyper-endemic village but now the schistosomiasis transmission has been controlled.The results were compared with etiological hatching and Kato-Katz methods and historical diagnostic data.Result The positive rate of intradermal reaction rate(22.6%) showed no significant differences(P0.05) with historical data(23.5%) in 1985.The positive rate of IHA in skin test positives was 25.5% which lowed a little than that(29.1%) in 1985.ELISA for detecting antibody still reached a positive rate of 28.6%.The positive rate of EIA,a method for detecting ScAg and with effective diagnostic rate of 96.0% to both stool positives or normal individuals was only 6.5% which lowed 15.7% as compared with 22.2% in 1998(P0.01),and 3 cases positive in stool examination were also positive in EIA.Conclusion Skin test could only reflect historical epidemiological situation.IHA and ELISA in endemic area with better control effect after being carried out repeated chemotherapy could reflect the past infection situation.Because of many factors,stool examination had higher misdiagnostic rate.EIA for detecting ScAg showed higher accurancy and could reflect the control effect after chemotherapy,so it is a better method for disease surveillance and reservoir control in areas after schistosomiasis transmission being controlled.
Progress and Prospect on Research of High Quality Super Rice in Heilongjiang

This paper focused on the following four aspects: Firstly,subspecies of rice indica and japonica were used to broaden germplasm resources technology.Secondly,the culture technology was based on germplasm resources of ideal plant type.Thirdly,molecular breeding technology was used.Fourthly,conventional breeding technology was applied to produce super-high-yield rice materials.The research progress of rice high quality breeding technology in Heilongjiang Province was introduced.The technology of soil fertilization,strong seedling culture,suitable planting density,rising temperature by well water,and balanced fertilization were studied with relation to all kinds of trait performances of high quality super rice varieties in cold land.The results showed that suitable plant density was the basis for establishing super-high-yield structure,with high-efficient photosynthesis in the condition of ideal plant type and upright leaves.Promoting prematurity,high-yield,and high-quality were important.The achievements of super rice breeding in cold land were introduced: Longjing 14,Longjing 5 and Songjing 9 et al.The high quality of super rice research in Heilongjiang Province was expected.The development direction of high-quality super rice research and its breeding objective were proposed.
Studies of the course and outcome of schizophrenia in later life.

Infurmation about the course and outcome ofschizophrenia among patients age 55 and older will become increasingly important in the coming years, as the proportion of elderly persons in the general population grows. Over the next 30 years, the number of aging persons with schizophrenia is expected to double. They will have spent considerably less time in mental institutions than people with schizophrenia in earlier generations and consequently will need to negotiate health and social service systems that may be ill prepared to dealwith them. Besides providing data for service planning, research on schizophrenia in later life, by which time the disorder generally has developed a highly complex form, provides many keys to understanding the illness. This column discusses issues in research on outcomes of schizophrenia in later life and reviews findings on psychopathology, social functioning, and treatment outcome among older persons with schizophrenia.
High-Tc superconductivity in regions of possible compound formation: Y2-xBaxCuO4-x/2+ delta and Y2-xBa1+xCu2O6-x/2+ delta.

High-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity is investigated in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system. Regions of possible compound formation are ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}/2+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1+\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}/2+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$. ${T}_{c}$ values g90 K are found for the former with x=0.8 (the Chu material) and for the latter with x=0.2 and may imply a common superconductivity phase in both samples. Critical fields determined by resistance and low-field ${d}_{c}$ susceptibility measurements are reported.
Urban trees reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater

Many urban waterways suffer from excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), feeding algal blooms, which cause lower water clarity and oxygen levels, bad odor and taste, and the loss of desirable species. Nutrient movement from land to water is likely to be influenced by urban vegetation, but there are few empirical studies addressing this. In this study, we examined whether or not urban trees can reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater, an important nutrient export pathway that has received less attention than stormwater. We characterized leaching beneath 33 trees of 14 species, and seven open turfgrass areas, across three city parks in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. We installed lysimeters at 60 cm depth to collect soil water approximately biweekly from July 2011 through October 2013, except during winter and drought periods, measured dissolved organic carbon (C), N, and P in soil water, and modeled water fluxes using the BROOK90 hydrologic model. We also measured soil nutrient pools (bulk C and N, KCl-extractable inorganic N, Brays-P), tree tissue nutrient concentrations (C, N, and P of green leaves, leaf litter, and roots), and canopy size parameters (leaf biomass, leaf area index) to explore correlations with nutrient leaching. Trees had similar or lower N leaching than turfgrass in 2012 but higher N leaching in 2013; trees reduced P leaching compared with turfgrass in both 2012 and 2013, with lower leaching under deciduous than evergreen trees. Scaling up our measurements to an urban subwatershed of the Mississippi River (~17 400 ha, containing ~1.5 million trees), we estimated that trees reduced P leaching to groundwater by 533 kg in 2012 (0.031 kg/ha or 3.1 kg/km2) and 1201 kg in 2013 (0.069 kg/ha or 6.9 kg/km2). Removing these same amounts of P using stormwater infrastructure would cost $2.2 million and $5.0 million per year (2012 and 2013 removal amounts, respectively).
Everest Physiology Pre-2008.

When Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mt. Everest in 1953, it was the culmination of many attempts beginning in 1921. Alexander Kellas had actually predicted as early as 1920 that the mountain could be climbed, but the extreme altitude of 8848 m with the consequent oxygen deprivation had foiled previous attempts. One reason for the success of the 1953 expedition was the work done by the British physiologist Griffith Pugh in 1952 when he studied many of the physiological factors at high altitude including the oxygen requirements. Seven years later, Pugh and Hillary teamed up again for the Silver Hut Expedition in 1960–1961 that elucidated many of the problems of very high altitude. A group of physiologists spent several months at an altitude of 5800 m in a prefabricated hut and studied many aspects of exercise, pulmonary gas exchange, control of ventilation, and blood changes. Maximal exercise was measured as high as 7440 m and raised anew the question of whether Everest could ever be climbed without supplementary oxygen. The answer was shown to be yes in 1978 by Messner and Habeler, and 3 years later the American Medical Research Expedition to Everest clarified the physiological adaptations that allow humans to reach the highest point on earth. Five people reached the summit, the barometric pressure there was measured for the first time, and alveolar gas samples from the summit showed the critical importance of the extreme hyperventilation. However, the maximal oxygen consumption for the summit inspired PO2 of 43 mmHg was shown to be only about 1 l min−1. In other words, the highest point on earth is very close to the limit of human tolerance to oxygen deprivation. As we celebrate the anniversary of Charles Darwin, it would be nice to have an evolutionary explanation for this, but in fact it is a cosmic coincidence.
Esophageal Rings and Stricture Related to a Circumferential Inlet Patch

Inlet patches are sometimes seen during upper endoscopy, usually in the proximal esophagus. Complications of inlet patches can cause a wide array of symptoms and complications. A man presented with dysphagia and was found to have 2 rings in the upper esophagus, just above and below a circumferential inlet patch. The more distal ring caused a stenosis, which produced the symptoms. Savary dilation and treatment with a proton pump inhibitor led to symptom resolution. Pathology was missed on the patient's first endoscopy, highlighting the importance of looking for pathology throughout the entire esophagus, not just in the distal esophagus.
Improving cardiac reprogramming for heart regeneration

Purpose of review Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world today, and the death rate has remained virtually unchanged in the last 20 years (American Heart Association). This severe life-threatening disease underscores a critical need for developing novel therapeutic strategies to effectively treat this devastating disease. Cell-based therapy represents an extremely promising approach. Generation of induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) directly from fibroblasts offers an attractive novel strategy for in-situ heart regeneration. Major challenges of iCM reprogramming include the low conversion rate and heterogeneity of the iCMs. This review will summarize the major advancements in improving the iCM reprogramming efficiency and iCM maturation. Recent findings Numerous studies have been published in the past 18 months to describe various strategies for achieving more efficient iCM reprogramming. These strategies are based on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiogenesis, which include transcriptional networks, signaling pathways and epigenetic cell fate change. Summary Novel strategies for highly efficient iCM reprogramming will be required for applying iCM reprogramming to patients. Creative and combined methods based on our understanding of cardiogenesis will continue to contribute heavily in the advancement of iCM reprogramming. We are highly optimistic that iCM reprogramming-based heart therapy will restore the pumping function of damaged patient hearts.
Acid activation mechanism of the influenza A M2 proton channel

The homotetrameric influenza A M2 channel (AM2) is an acid-activated proton channel responsible for the acidification of the influenza virus interior, an important step in the viral lifecycle. Four histidine residues (His37) in the center of the channel act as a pH sensor and proton selectivity filter. Despite intense study, the pH-dependent activation mechanism of the AM2 channel has to date not been completely understood at a molecular level. Herein we have used multiscale computer simulations to characterize (with explicit proton transport free energy profiles and their associated calculated conductances) the activation mechanism of AM2. All proton transfer steps involved in proton diffusion through the channel, including the protonation/deprotonation of His37, are explicitly considered using classical, quantum, and reactive molecular dynamics methods. The asymmetry of the proton transport free energy profile under high-pH conditions qualitatively explains the rectification behavior of AM2 (i.e., why the inward proton flux is allowed when the pH is low in viral exterior and high in viral interior, but outward proton flux is prohibited when the pH gradient is reversed). Also, in agreement with electrophysiological results, our simulations indicate that the C-terminal amphipathic helix does not significantly change the proton conduction mechanism in the AM2 transmembrane domain; the four transmembrane helices flanking the channel lumen alone seem to determine the proton conduction mechanism.
Physics of Failure in Commercialand

WHAT are the major differences between Military and Commercial reliability? The two outstanding differences noted since reliability programs were instituted on our commercial products are that 1. in the commercial field the emphasis on economic justification is greater, and 2. the spread in quality of components being sold to the same specifications is much greater for the commercial market. This paper will discuss the interrelationship of these two aspects of commercial reliability. The greatest gains have resulted in reduced costs and improved reliability through "physics-of-failure" studies. The major reason for this is the misconception among people charged with the responsibility for selecting the parts used in an equipment that there is no difference between component piece parts that are purchased to the same specification. The goal of the commercial physics-of-failure program is to find the significant difference between parts which satisfy the basic specification, and to determine the optimum component for use in the particular application. Examples of diode, resistor, and capacitor problems solved using the same general technique, will be discussed, and the reasons for, and the consequences of, the differences highlighted. The choice of the phrase "physics of failure" is unfortunate because it gives the connotation that the major area of effort is concerned with the autopsies on failed components. The same techniques can and have been applied to curative and preventative areas as well (screening tests and vendor selection). The applications of physics to screening of components and vendor selection will be discussed.
Introduction: “Forgotten Maps” and the Archaeology of Chaco Roads

Archaeologists have been studying Chaco roads for more than a century. The articles in this special issue represent new empirical studies of these features and new frameworks for their interpretation. The introduction places research on Chaco roads in context and outlines the relevance of the subsequent chapters.
Yesterday’s Tomorrows: Past Visions of Future Financial Markets

It is easy to imagine that the present - yesterday’s tomorrow - was always the future expected in the past. Yet, what we now accept as the normal state of affairs - the present - was not the only possible outcome that could have come to pass nor was it often the most commonly expected one. What is now considered “inevitable” – when viewed from the vantage point of 20/20 hindsight - was often not immediately embraced or accepted. In order to understand where we are going it is important to understand where we have been and how we got there. I want to discuss some past visions of the future of financial markets, in general, and derivative markets, in particular, as seen by academics, practitioners and policymakers at various points in time. There are few advantages of age but one of them is the opportunity to witness changes and remember the contemporary context in which they occurred. I have been fortunate to have had a catbird seat to observe some of the changes in financial markets; first as a student of finance, and later with service: at a regulator; at an exchange; as a trader; in academia. I will draw upon some of my recollections and personal experiences in the discussion that follows. Most readers have always lived in a world where exchange traded derivatives on financial assets existed. Many readers have always lived in a world where interest rate swaps and other over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives were important. Many readers have always lived in a world where exchange traded derivatives on energy, in general, and crude oil, in particular, existed and were important. Some readers have always lived in a world where large Asian financial and commodity futures markets existed and were important in the global price discovery process. Yet, this was not always the case
The effect of sulindac, sulfide and sulfone on enzymes mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in colon cells

1371 Sulindac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, as well as its metabolites, sulfide and sulfone have demonstrated chemopreventive capabilities against several forms of cancer, most notably reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. The mechanism underlying these effects remains unresolved; however, the metabolites appear to play important roles. In this study, a well-characterized human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, Caco-2, was used to investigate the effects of sulindac, sulfide and sulfone on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway and enzymes mediated by this pathway. EROD enzyme assays showed significant CYP1A1 activity in cells treated with sulfide (6-fold), and lesser activity in those treated with sulindac (2-fold) and sulfone (1.5- fold). To characterize steady state levels of mRNA, semi-quantitative PCR was conducted. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with 100 μM sulfide increased CYP1A1 mRNA levels by approximately 20-fold over controls, while 100 μM sulindac or sulfone treatment increased levels approximately 2-fold each. To determine whether the effect on steady state levels of CYP1A1 is being regulated through transcription via the AhR pathway, gene regulation experiments are being conducted. The presence of CYP1A1 hnRNA in Caco-2 cells treated with sulindac and sulfide has indicated a transcriptional mechanism for the change in steady state mRNA levels observed. The AhR pathway is the most well-accepted mechanism for CYP1A1 induction and thus its involvement is suggested by these results. As further evidence, luciferase reporter gene assays utilizing the XRE enhancer sequences are being conducted. In addition, electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays are being performed to look for evidence of an activated AhR in the nucleus. Initial results suggest that sulindac, mainly through its sulfide metabolite, interacts with the AhR pathway and induces CYP1A1 activity via XRE-driven transcription. Consequently, this effect may contribute to the protective effect of sulindac against colon cancer.
Evil and theistic minimalism

L'A. developpe et analyse l'argumentation en faveur de l'idee, associee a Hume, que le probleme du mal favorise les conceptions minimalistes de la deite contre les conceptions maximalistes.
Parents' concerns about vaccine scheduling in Shanghai, China.

Abstract Background Several new vaccines have been introduced into China in recent years, but some parents in China have shown concerns about the scheduling of vaccinations for young infants. This study explores caregiver concerns about children receiving multiple vaccines during a single visit and about vaccine administration in infants Methods Caregivers of children 8 months to 7 years presenting at immunization clinics in Shanghai completed a survey about vaccine co-administration and vaccine administration Results Among 618 caregivers, 64% were concerned about vaccine co-administration and 31% were concerned about vaccine administration to infants Conclusions Caregiver concerns about vaccine scheduling may limit China’s flexibility to add vaccines to its official immunization schedule. Reporting information about vaccine safety on the Internet and bringing groups of parents together to discuss vaccines might help to ameliorate concerns about vaccine scheduling.
A 25–30 GHz Fully-Connected Hybrid Beamforming Receiver for MIMO Communication

This paper presents a “fully-connected” hybrid beamforming receiver that independently weights each element in an antenna array prior to separate downconversion chains that output independent baseband streams. A receiver architecture is introduced, which implements RF-domain complex-valued Cartesian weighting, RF-domain combining, and multi-stream heterodyne complex-quadrature downconversion. Each RF-domain Cartesian weight is implemented by a pair of 5-bit digitally controlled programmable-gain amplifiers, whose outputs are combined with the weighted signals from other antennas prior to complex-quadrature downconversion. Signal combination is performed by a wideband small-footprint distributed active combiner. A 25–30 GHz hybrid beamforming receiver with eight antenna inputs and two baseband output streams is designed in 65-nm CMOS. In each antenna path, the receiver achieves 34-dB conversion gain, 7.3-dB minimum noise figure, and 5 GHz of RF bandwidth. The entire receiver consumes 340 mW (equivalent to 27.5 mW per antenna per stream) including low-noise amplification, RF-domain beamforming, multi-stream downconversion, and local oscillator generation and distribution circuitry. The receiver occupies 3.86 mm2 excluding pads, equivalent to 0.36 mm2 per antenna per stream. Single-element characterization results are presented, along with characterization of several spatial processing techniques including interference cancellation (20 dB peak to null for two elements), simultaneous two-stream reception, and adaptive-codebook-search-based beam acquisition.
Functional status, pre-dialysis health and clinical outcomes among elderly dialysis patients.

Elderly patients comprise the fastest growing population initiating dialysis in United States. The impact of poor functional status and pre-dialysis health status on clinical outcomes in elderly dialysis patients is not well studied. We studied a retrospective cohort of 49,645 incident end stage renal disease patients that initiated dialysis between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008 from the United States Renal Data System with linked Medicare data covering at least 2 years prior to dialysis initiation. Using logistic regression models adjusted for pre-dialysis health status and other cofounders, we examined the impact of poor functional status as defined from form 2728 on 1-year all-cause mortality as primary outcome, type of dialysis modality (hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis), and type of initial vascular access (arteriovenous access vs. central venous catheter) among hemodialysis patients as secondary outcomes. Mean age was 72 ± 11 years. At dialysis initiation, 18.7% reported poor functional status, 88.9% had at least 1 pre-dialysis hospitalization, and 27.8% did not receive pre-dialysis nephrology care. In adjusted analyses, 1-year mortality was higher in patients with poor functional status (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.40–1.57). Adjusted odds of being initiated on hemodialysis than peritoneal dialysis (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–1.66) were higher in patients with poor functional status. Poor functional status decreased the adjusted odds of starting hemodialysis with arteriovenous access as compared to central venous catheter (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.72–0.86). Poor functional status in elderly patients with end stage renal disease is associated with higher odds of initiating hemodialysis; increases the risk of central venous catheter use, and is an independent predictor of 1-year mortality.
ADVANCED OPTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSTICS, CONTROL AND SAFETY IN FOSSIL ENERGY CONVERSIONS

ABSTRACT Microprocessor-controlled, optical diagnostic instrumentation systems are being developed at Mississippi State University for the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) program and other fossil energy technologies. Three of these instrumentation techniques are described. The sensitivity of the temperature gradient of the combustion flame to a change in stoichiometry indicates a possible optical stoichiometric control technique. A microprocessor-controlled, packaged optical instrument for non-intrusive measurement of nitric oxide (NO) concentration in a combustion gas is described. Experimental results are presented using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) for spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements in a simulated coal-fired envi ronment.
The Nucleation of Cholesterol Monohydrate Crystals in Model Bile Solutions

How fast does cholesterol precipitate from model bile solutions? Are the growth rates and crystal forms similar to those of gallstones in the gallbladder? What causes the induction times, those apparent delays before significant growth occurs?
One-Pot Synthesis of Cage-Functionalized, Ketal-Containing Crown Ethers

Acid-catalyzed reaction of pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05.9]undecane-8,11-dione (1) with penta(ethylene glycol) produced two cage-functionalized, ketal-containing crown ethers, i.e., 2 and 3, in low yield. The structure of 2 was established unequivocally by direct methods. Alkali metal picrate extraction data obtained for 2 and for a structurally related model compound, i.e., 18-crown-6,indicate that 2 is an inefficient alkali metal picrate extracting agent.
Synergy, Constraints, Convexity

This book deals with many of the differences between the multidimensional dynamics of structured populations and those of scalar growth models. It is important to identify those features of the structured case which differ markedly from the scalar case. The first two sections below show that the differences can be quite considerable. Section 1 discusses the effect of autocorrelation. Section 2 presents an example where serially uncorrelated random variation raises the growth rate of a population above its possible deterministic growth rate. The third section summarizes a potentially useful result of Cohen concerning the parametric sensitivity of stochastic rates. The last section shows how strong constraints on population vital rates can lead to “scalar” behavior.
Identification of internal radioactive contaminants in elpasolites (CLYC, CLLB, CLLBC) and other inorganic scintillators

Abstract We report the results from an experiment conducted to identify the isotopic contaminants that produce measurable background emission in a family of inorganic scintillation crystals known as elpasolites, namely Cs 2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC), Cs2LiLaBr6:Ce (CLLB), and Cs2LiLa(Br,Cl)6 :Ce (CLLBC), and in other inorganic scintillation crystals, such as Li co-doped NaI:Tl (NaIL). Elpasolites have high light yield in response to ionizing radiation , excellent energy resolution for gamma-ray spectroscopy , and can detect and discriminate neutrons (from gamma rays) using pulse shape discrimination methods. There are, however, internal contaminants associated with certain constituents of these crystals that result in a measurable background signal. The signal from some of these contaminants is well understood; for instance, lanthanum-containing crystals demonstrate a prominent 1436 keV gamma-ray line and beta-particle continuum in the internal background spectrum. However, they also demonstrate spectral features indicative of alpha-particle decay. Given that alpha-particle decay schemes are often complicated, determining the constituents is a thorny problem. One method to understand the contaminants is to measure the gamma-ray emission associated with alpha-particle decay in coincidence with an external detector that can perform high-quality spectroscopic measurements. We performed such measurements using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector abutted to varying-sized crystals, seeking out coincident alpha–gamma events in the pair. A scatter plot of the energy deposited by the gamma ray in the HPGe coincident with the energy deposited by the alpha particle in the scintillation crystal allows one to identify the constituent isotope causing the contamination. This methodology was previously demonstrated by others [1]. We will show the results from measurements with elpasolites and other inorganic scintillators , measured in coincidence with a HPGe detector, in terms of a 2- d scatter of deposited energy in the HPGe and scintillator, and the methods that allowed for isotope identification for each of the inorganic scintillation crystals tested.
Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare but life threatening cutaneous reactions that are most commonly caused by exposure to medications. This review assesses the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine therapy for SJS, TEN, and SJS/TEN overlap. A literature review was conducted in PubMed using the MeSH terms TEN, SJS, and cyclosporine. Five case series and one meta-analysis were analyzed. From review of the existing literature, cyclosporine appears to not only have a mortality benefit in the treatment of SJS/TEN, but also a relatively safe side effect profile.