cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schrödinger and Dirac quantum random walks

Quantum random walks, whose amplitude evolutions are given by generalizations of discrete versions of Schrodinger and Dirac equations, are constructed. The results are given in three dimensions and it is shown that they cannot be reduced to stochastically independent one-dimensional motions. Properties of these quantum random walks are analyzed and expressions for their characteristic functions and free propagators are derived.
Adjusting route panoramas with condensed image slices

Route panorama (RP) has become an image medium to archive and visualize cityscapes along streets. Collecting data from a sampling line of a video camera mounted on a moving vehicle, the route panorama may suffer from the vehicle shaking and varying speeds due to uneven roads and busy traffic respectively. These may jitter the route panorama and change object widths. To produce a high quality route panorama, we extract spatial-temporal information in the video volume and rectify the route panorama. In this paper, we propose two condensed image slices to record traces of horizontal and vertical scenes during the vehicle motion. Instead of matching video frames that requires cost computation and large storage, we track the feature traces in the condensed image slices to remove jitter and adjust the local length of route panoramas. The method is effective and efficient in acquiring and rectifying long distance route panoramas.
The kinetics of the decay of gaseous peroxynitric acid

Abstract A kinetic study has been made of the thermal decay of HO 2 NO 2 using long path, FT IR spectroscopy. Mixtures containing HO 2 O 2 were prepared by the photolysis of Cl 2 , H 2 , and NO 2 in synthetic air (7000 torr). The observed decay law consisted of both first and second order components. The data suggested that the HO 2 NO 2 levels in this system were controlled largely by the reactions: HO 2 O 2 (+M) → HO 2 + NO 2 (+M) (2); HO 2 + NO 2 (+M) → HO 2 NO 2 (+M) (3); 2HO 2 → H 2 O 2 + O 2 (4); HO 2 NO 2 (+ wall) → products (7). A kinetic analysis of the dark decay data for HO 2 NO 2 , together with the experimental value for k 4 , gave new estimates of the equilibrium constant k 2 / k 3 for experiments at several temperatures (28.4-20.3°C). The temperature dependence of the K 2 values gave: Δ H 0 2 ≈≈ 23.8 ± 2.7 (2σ) kcal mole −1 and Δ S 0 2 ≈≈ 40.5 ± 8.8 (2σ) eu (std. state, 1 atm).
Health care and socioeconomic impact of falls in the elderly

Abstract Background Elderly falls are associated with long hospital stays, major morbidity, and mortality. We sought to examine the fate of patients ≥75 years of age admitted after falls. Methods We reviewed all fall admissions in 2008. Causes, comorbidities, injuries, procedures, mortality, readmission, and costs were analyzed. Results Seven hundred eight patients ≥75 years old were admitted after a fall, with 89% being simple falls. Short-term mortality was 6%. Male sex, atrial fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure (CHF), intracranial hemorrhage, hospital-acquired pneumonia, trigger events, Clostridium difficile , and intubation were predictors of death ( P Conclusions Simple falls in the elderly have high morbidity, mortality, and costs. Methodologies for prevention are warranted and should be studied intensively.
TNFα and pathologic bone resorption

Chronic inflammatory bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease and aseptic periprosthetic osteolysis, are characterized by bone loss around affected joints and teeth caused by increased osteoclastic bone resorption. This resorption is mediated largely by the increased local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa). These cytokines may induce resorption indirectly by affecting the production of the essential osteoclast differentiation factor, receptor activator of NF-kB ligand, and/or its soluble decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin, by osteoblast/stromal cells or directly by enhancing proliferation and/or activity of cells in the osteoclast lineage. The importance of TNFa in the pathogenesis of various forms of bone loss is supported by both experimental and clinical evidence. However, TNFa is not absolutely required for osteoclastogenesis, erosive arthritis, or osteolysis, as all these events could occur in the absence of TNFa and whether TNFa promotes osteoclast formation independently of RANK signaling is still a topic of debate. Here we review our current understanding of the mechanisms whereby TNFa increases osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Defining Involvement of County Commissioners in the Budget Formulation Process

Prescribing a normative budget theory to describe the actions of budgetary actors has proved to be a major challenge for scholars. The number of internal and external influences that contribute to the decision-making process are numerous. The conundrum deepens when applied to local governments. Previous research surrounding the intervention of actors within the process has focused mainly on the strong executive form of municipal government. This article identifies characteristics that lead to more involvement by county commissioners in the commission-manager form of government. State legislation that drives the process along with the responsibility of formulating county budgets left to that of the county manager are factors that limit the discretion within decision making, but characteristics such as party identification, commission board size, age, and occupation all play a role in the level of commissioner involvement.
Videoconferencing to help build a state network

The experience gained by AETC and the staff at Arizona State University in the production of the videoconference and the details of establishing a network of meeting sites has opened the door to future use of this medium to reach a statewide audience for other educational forums. Encouraged by this first success, the staff at University Media Systems produced a statewide videoconference on foreign language instruction in the elementary schools in the Spring of 1990. The videoconference introduced hundreds of education, business, and government professionals to the potential of telecommunications for instruction. Now that they have been excited by the capabilities of these media, the continuing challenge for AETC members and the Arizona educational community will be working together to persuade the Arizona legislature of the need to fund the creation and maintenance of a statewide educational telecommunications system.
Elasticity of MoS2 Sheets by Mechanical Deformation Observed by in Situ Electron Microscopy

MoS2 has been the focus of extensive research due to its potential applications. More recently, the mechanical properties of MoS2 layers have raised interest due to applications in flexible electronics. In this article, we show in situ transmission electron microcsopy (TEM) observation of the mechanical response of a few layers of MoS2 to an external load. We used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) tip mounted on a TEM stage to induce deformation on nanosheets of MoS2 containing few layers. The results confirm the outstanding mechanical properties on the MoS2. The layers can be bent close to 180°. However, when the tip is retrieved the initial structure is recovered. Evidence indicates that there is a significant bond reconstruction during the bending with an outstanding capability to recover the initial bond structure. The results show that flexibility of three layers of MoS2 remains the same as a single layer while increasing the bending modulus by 3 orders of magnitude. Our findings are consistent w...
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CODEINE, CAFFEINE, BUTALBITAL, AND ASPIRIN BY FREE SOLUTION CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS

A free solution capillary electrophoresis method was developed to separate and quantitate codeine (CD), caffeine (CF), butalbital (BB), and aspirin (AP) in a mixture. The mixture was injected hydrodynamically for 5s at the anodic end and separation was performed on a fused silica capillary (72 cm × 50 μm i.d; 50cm to detector) at an applied voltage of 20 kV with 0.05 M phosphate run buffer pH 8. Separation was performed at ambient temperature and the total run time for analysis was 14 min. Detection was set at 220 nm. Calibration curves were prepared for CD, CF, BB, and AP with methyl p-hydroxy benzoate as internal standard. For each analyte, the correlation coefficients was greater than 0.999 (n=4). The RSDs % of ten replicate injections for each analyte were less than 1.4 %. The method was applied to the quantitation of CF, BB, and AP in a commercial tablet. Recoveries of the drug components were in the 96–104 % range.
Sampling error in small-bore sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry.

Two previously unreported sources of systematic error in electrokinetic injection caused by induced (hydrodynamic) flow in sheathless capillary electrophoresis/electrospray have been characterized for an interface constructed from 5 μm i.d. capillary column(s) with a 2–5 μm i.d. electrospray tip(s). The tip of a sheathless interface is usually exposed to the atmosphere, resulting in evaporation of buffer solvent and inducing flow inside the column; such flow can cause a significant underestimation of injection size for quantitative electrokinetic sampling by as much as 50%. This bias can be eliminated during the injection process by temporarily immersing the tip in buffer solvent. The second source of hydrodynamic flow results from the electrostatic pull exerted by the electrospray process on the buffer, reducing migration times. Reduction in migration time causes an overestimation of sampling volume if there are no electrospray processes during the sampling event. The magnitude of this effect is a complex function of electrophoretic and electrospray parameters and has been measured to be as high as 15% for 5 μm i.d. capillaries. The possible deterioration of electrophoretic resolution caused by these processes is not yet clarified.
Advanced and recurrent carcinoma of the ovary treated with a combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cytosine arabinoside.

Abstract Twenty-six patients with advanced or recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma, FIGO Stages III and IV, were treated with combination chemotherapy using cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cytosine arabinoside (CARA). In 17 cases, CARA was initiated following failure to single-agent chemotherapy, in all cases, melphalan. Nine patients with advanced cancer received CARA as their primary chemotherapy after maximum cytoreductive surgery. The overall response rate was 27%; however, in patients without prior chemotherapy the response rate was 44%. There were 6 complete responders, 1 partial responder, 13 patients with stable disease, and 6 who failed to respond to therapy. Four of six complete responders had remission durations greater than 10 months. The median progression free interval (PFI) of patients with residual tumor diameters less than 2 cm was significantly longer ( P ⩽ 0.04) than the PFI of patients with greater initial tumor burden. The median PFI of complete responders was significantly longer ( P = 0.007) than PFI of patients with less than complete response. Previously untreated patients had longer median PFI than those who had failed previous chemotherapy ( P = 0.07). The major dose-limiting toxicity of CARA was thrombocytopenia. Other myelosuppression was moderate and no cardiotoxicity was encountered.
Implementing Service Oriented Architecture at the Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information

This article discusses the experience and challenges involved in implementing enterprise and service oriented architecture practice at CISTI, conveys CISTI's progress and plans, and illustrates how architecture could affect how libraries meet their mandate in the future.
Long-term outcomes of radiologically placed arm ports.

PURPOSE: To evaluate long-term outcomes of an initial experience with radiologic placement of arm ports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The follow-up of 46 consecutive arm port placements (44 patients) was reviewed by means of chart review (hospital, office, and clinic) in 41 patients, telephone interview in 20, physical, examination in 15, and venous ultrasound in 14. Data on port complications and function were recorded. Statistical methods were the Fisher Exact Test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test. RESULTS: Technical success for placement was 100%. Follow-up was obtained in 41 (93%) of the 44 patients (43 ports); mean days of catheter use was 344 days (total, 14,797 days; range, 10-1,104 days; median, 278 days). Rate (per 100 catheter days) of symptomatic central venous thrombosis was 0.054; arm phlebitis, 0.007; confirmed infection, 0.034; and catheter dysfunction, 0.095. Prophylactic anti-coagulants did not affect symptomatic central venous thrombosis (P > .05, Fisher Exact Test). Catheter tip high in the r...
The immunohistochemical localization of phospholipase Cγ and the epidermal growth-factor, platelet-derived growth-factor and fibroblast growth-factor receptors in the cells of the rat molar enamel organ during early amelogenesis

Findings on the localization and possible roles of the major growth factors, epidermal (EGF), platelet-derived (PDGF) and fibroblast (FGF) in early amelogenesis are contradictory and inconclusive. This study sought to localize immunohistochemically phospholipase (PLCgamma) and the EGF, PDGF and FGF receptors in the cells of the enamel organ during the events leading directly to early enamel formation in rat molars. PLCgamma is an immediate, downstream, signal-transduction pathway effector unique to the three receptors. A whole-head, freeze-dried sectioning method was used to reduce the possibilities of false-negative staining. A modification of the avidin/biotin complex method of immunohistochemical localization was used. Anti-PLCgamma and antibodies to each of EGF, PDGF and FGF receptors colocalized in the preameloblasts of the cervical loop, adjacent to the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells of the dental pulp. This staining disappeared shortly after the beginning of dentine mineralization. Staining for all four antibodies appeared on the proximal ends of the differentiating presecretory ameloblasts at the level of the beginning of predentine matrix deposition and continued in the secretory ameloblasts. It appears that EGF, PDGF and FGF have roles in the differentiation of ameloblasts and in control of cellular functions in presecretory and secretory ameloblasts. Their roles may represent redundancy of the kind seen in highly conserved tissues.
Rheology of semisolid Al-4.5%Cu-1.5%Mg alloy

Abstract The rheological behavior of semisolid Al-4.5%Cu-1.5%Mg alloy slurry was investigated by using a slightly modified Couette viscometer to conduct three different types of experiments. In continuous cooling experiments the apparent viscosity of the sheared slurry increased with increasing volume fraction solid and increasing cooling rate, and decreased with increasing shear rate. The average particle size of the α phase decreased with increasing shear rate, increasing cooling rate, and increasing copper content in the alloy. The rate of decrease in particle size with increasing shear rate decreased with increasing cooling rate. In isothermal experiments at constant volume fraction solid and shear rate, the apparent viscosity decreased with increasing isothermal holding time, reaching a “steady state” value after about 1000s. The normalized specific particle surface area also decreased with isothermal holding time, reaching “quasisteady state” values. In isothermal experiments at constant volume fraction solid and variable shear rate, the steady state apparent viscosity of a semisolid alloy slurry decreased with increasing shear rate and decreasing volume fraction solid, while the normalized steady state specific particle surface area decreased and the normalized steady state average particle size increased. A state equation is proposed which fits reasonably well the experimental points obtained in this third group of experiments.
Analysis of Retrieval Performance in Four Cross-Disciplinary Databases: Article1st, Faxon Finder, UnCover, and a Locally Mounted Database

As an increasing number of cross-disciplinary databases become accessible over the Internet, librarians are presented with the dilemma of which to choose to support patron research. Several factors, such as cost, retrospective coverage, and document delivery, are usually considered in making a decision. However, one key factor-citation retrieval performance-is often overlooked because comparative data have been unavailable. A study of four cross-disciplinary databases was undertaken to provide those data. In addition to citation frequency distribution, two other variables were examined: percentage of unique periodicals cited per search and relevancy of citations to stated search topic. An analysis of the data is provided, with its implication for database selection.
Closure in turbulence theory using stabilization principle

The approach presented is based upon the concept that the velocity fluctuations driven by the instability of the original flow grow until a new stable state is approached. The application of this stabilization principle is demonstrated by describing the smoothing out of a velocity discontinuity.
Adaptive Response Control of Cantilevered Thin-Walled Beams Carrying Heavy Concentrated Masses

An integrated distributed actuator design is presented, based on the converse piezoelectric effect and aimed at actively controlling the excessive deflections and large bending mo ments at the root section of a cantilevered thin-walled beam carrying a system of heavy concentrated masses. The numerical illustrations reveal the great capabilities of the adaptive technology to alleviate, without weight penalties, these undesirable effects.
Alumina gels that form porous transparent Al2O3

Formation of a porous transparent Al2O3 from aluminium alkoxides has been previously reported. During the process, alkoxides are hydrolyzed and the resultant hydroxide is peptized to a clear sol. The sol then must be gelled and pyrolyzed to 500° C to obtain the aluminium oxide. This paper discusses the gel state and the requirements for the system to retain its integrity during the drying and pyrolysis. Influence of electrolytes on the sol-gel transformation shows that there is a critical electrolyte concentration at which the gelling volume goes through a pronounced minimum. Deviation in either direction of this electrolyte concentration causes a sharp increase in the relative gelling volume and detrimentally effects the capability of the gel to retain its integrity. The sols that gel at concentrations less than ∼4 g equivalent oxide per 100 ml do not retain their integrity during pyrolysis.
Benign Neglect: Minimum Feasible Understanding

The contention that Negro-white income differentials have significantly narrowed during the 1959-1968 period is closely examined. Regional differences are pointed out which indicate that differences which existed in 1959 still exist in 1968. Furthermore, differences in earning power for blacks and whites at the same educational and occupational levels observed in 1959 are still present in 1968. These findings strongly question the wisdom of a policy of “benign neglect” as a solution to America's racial problem.
RADIO EMISSION FROM SHOCK WAVES AND TYPE II SOLAR OUTBURSTS

Abstract A model for Type II solar radio outbursts is discussed. The radiation is hypothesized to originate in the process of collective bremsstrahlung emitted by non-thermal electron and ion density fluctuations in a plasma containing a flux of energetic electrons. The source of radiation is assumed to be collisionless plasma shock wave rising through the solar corona. It is also suggested that non-thermal electrons in the ionospheres of the Earth and planets might be sources of the same type of radiation.
Scaling of GaAs/AlGaAs laser diodes for submilliampere threshold current

GaAs/AlGaAs lasers grown by a single-step MBE on grooved substrates have been used to investigate the scaling of lasers for very low threshold current. By tuning the facet reflectivity and the laser length, to keep the photon lifetime constant, it has been possible to scale down the threshold current to 0.65 mA without changing the external efficiency.
Molecular dynamics study of phase change mechanisms during femtosecond laser ablation

In this work, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to investigate femtosecond laser ablation of copper, with an emphasis on the understanding of the mechanism of phase change during laser ablation. Laser induced heat transfer, melting, surface evaporation, and material ablation are studied. Theoretically, it has been suggested that under intense femtosecond laser irradiation, the material undergoes a volumetric phase change process; its maximum temperature can be close to or even above the thermodynamic critical point. The MD simulations allow us to determine the transient temperature history of the irradiated material and to reveal the exact phase change process, which explains the mechanisms of femtosecond laser ablation. A finite difference calculation is also performed, which is used to compare results of heating and melting prior to a significant amount of material being ablated.
Quantitative Correlation between the Protein Primary Sequences and Secondary Structures in Spider Dragline Silks

Synthetic spider silk holds great potential for use in various applications spanning medical uses to ultra lightweight armor; however, producing synthetic fibers with mechanical properties comparable to natural spider silk has eluded the scientific community. Natural dragline spider silks are commonly made from proteins that contain highly repetitive amino acid motifs, adopting an array of secondary structures. Before further advances can be made in the production of synthetic fibers based on spider silk proteins, it is imperative to know the percentage of each amino acid in the protein that forms a specific secondary structure. Linking these percentages to the primary amino acid sequence of the protein will establish a structural foundation for synthetic silk. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques are used to quantify the percentage of Ala, Gly, and Ser that form both beta-sheet and helical secondary structures. The fraction of these three amino acids and their secondary structure are quantitatively correlated to the primary amino acid sequence for the proteins that comprise major and minor ampullate silk from the Nephila clavipes spider providing a blueprint for synthetic spider silks.
Role of carboxylesterases in the prevention and potentiation of N-methylcarbamate toxicity

Pretreatment of rats with iso-OMPA one hour prior to each of the N-methylcarbamate insecticides, carbofuran, propoxur, or aldicarb, potentiated the toxicity of these carbamates threefold. None of these compounds alone in the dosage used produced toxic signs; however, carboxylesterase (CarbE) activity in a variety of organs including brain, muscle, liver, and plasma was significantly reduced, while acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was unchanged. Significant inhibition of AChE was observed after the combination of tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) with each one of these N-methylcarbamates. It is suggested that CarbEs are more sensitive than AChE to these N-methylcarbamates and inhibition of CarbE by iso-OMPA raises the concentration of N-methylcarbamates available to inhibit AChE resulting in increased toxicity. Other N-methylcarbamates such as physostigmine do not inhibit CarbE, nor are their toxicities potentiated by iso-OMPA.
Teaching aldosterone regulation and basic scientific principles using a classic paper by Dr. James O. Davis and colleagues.

Classroom discussion of scientific articles can be an effective means of teaching scientific principles and methodology to both undergraduate and graduate science students. The availability of clas...
On the orbits of collineation groups

In this paper we consider some results on the orbits of groups of collineations, or, more generally, on the point and block classes of tactical decompositions, on symmetric balanced incomplete block designs (symmetric BIBD = (v, k, 2)system=finite 2-plane), and we consider generalizations to (not necessarily symmetric) BIBD and other combinatorial designs. The results are about the number of point and block classes (or orbits, i.e. sets of transitivity) and the numbers of elements in these classes. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 below we exhibit the key role of the rank of the incidence matrix of a design, while the remainder of the paper uses more specific properties of the incidence relations. Included in Section 2 is a simple new proof of the theorem of DEMBOWSKI [7] on the equality of the numbers of
Separation of Liquid Drops from Air by Glass Fiber Filters Augmented with Polystyrene Nanofibers

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) was recycled into a useful nanofiber for which large lengths are produced per mass of polymer. These nanofibers are mixed with micro glass fibers to modify the glass fiber filter media. The filter media are tested in the separation of oil droplets from air. The filtration experiments show that the addition of small amounts of polystyrene nanofibers significantly improves the removal of particles and the quality factor of the filter, but also increases the pressure drop of the filters. An optimum in the performance occurs with the addition of 7% or less by mass of 500 nanometer average diameter polystyrene nanofibers to glass microfibers (average fiber diameter of about 5 microns). This optimum balances the desired improvement in coalescence efficiency and the undesired increase in pressure drop.
Electronic data interchange for process change in an integrated supply chain

Many companies have adopted electronic data interchange (EDI), often with results inconsistent with the expectations of the company. In these instances, it is often the mismatch between expectations and the company’s activities undertaken to achieve the desired performance gain that fuels their dissatisfaction with EDI. This same mismatch often causes academic research into EDI and supply chain management to lose focus. This article presents a framework of EDI benefits in a supply chain management context that can be used to match a company’s EDI efforts with its desired outcomes from EDI use. The framework states that two critical factors to understanding EDI’s impact on supply chain management are the span of management control of the business process in question and whether EDI directly or indirectly influences that same business process. The proposed framework is then used to develop a research agenda for EDI and supply chain management. We suggest possible directions for research methods, measure development and hypothesis generation that can be used in future research studies.
Stimulus encoding and additivity of effects in a card sorting task.

The work of Sternberg (1969) suggests the independence from one another of the times required for encoding a stimulus, matching it against a set of stored representations in memory and responding. A card sorting experiment was performed to test some implications of this position. The variables manipulated were the number of different letters to be sorted into a pile, orientation of the letter on a card, and whether letters encodable according to a shared physical characteristic were to be sorted into the same (within) or different (between) piles. As predicted, orientation of the letter and number of different letters to be sorted/pile affected sorting time only in the between pile condition where the effects were observed to be additive.
Effects of Color, Mesh Size, Fishing in Seasonal Concentrations, and Baiting on Catch Rates of Fishes in Gill Nets

Abstract Increasing efficiency of gear to catch more fish per unit of effort and to catch species and sizes selectively are inherent objectives in fishery research, population control, and commercial fishing. Color and mesh sizes of gill nets, fishing in seasonal concentrations of fishes, and baiting gill nets were tested to identify single and combined factors which enhance efficiency of nets for a variety of objectives in Elephant Butte Lake, New Mexico. Catch rates of one to five species of game, forage, and commercial fishes were significantly different (P < 0.10) in nets of any of nine colors than they were in white nets. Seasonal differences occurred between multifilament and monofilament nets. Stretch-meshes ranging from 5.1 to 15.2 cm were selective for all species and the three groups of fishes. Selectivity changed linearly in 10.2-, 12.7-, and 15.2-cm meshes; catches of commercial fish increased and those of game and forage fishes decreased with increasing mesh size. Concentrations of several sp...
Why Reforms do not Always Have to “Work” to Succeed: A Tale of Two Managed Competition Initiatives

New public management introduces reforms with both specific and overarching goals. Managed competition is an example. In these initiatives, governments set up competitions between public and private service producers as a way of privatizing production. Effective competition, with an overall victor, is the direct goal, whereas efficient production is the overarching aim. The current article provides an analysis of two cases of managed competition that differed in terms of the direct goal (one had competitions and the other did not) but managed to achieve similar overarching results because of the intrinsic quality of the details of reform. The article’s message is that reformers should concentrate on reform detail and the overarching goal of reform, rather than its direct manifestation.
SPORE WALL FORMATION AND CHLOROPLAST DEVELOPMENT DURING SPOROGENESIS IN THE MOSS FISSIDENS LIMBATUS

source of the intine and exine appears to be from within the spore, but the perine is of an apparent exogenous origin. Ornamentation of the spore is due solely to deposition of the perine. Each spore originally has a single plastid. Plastids increase in number by fission, resulting in mature spores with numerous plastids with well differentiated lamellae. SINCE KNOX (1939) ascertained that the spores of mosses are monotonously uniform in size and shape, a considerable amount of diversity in wall structure has been noted in several moss taxa (McClymont, 1955). However, in no moss does the spore wall exhibit the complexity shown in liverwort spores (Beer, 1906; Doyle, 1962; Rowley and Southworth, 1967). Although the structure of the spore wall has been investigated in a number of mosses, few studies have included ontogeny of the wall layers. It has become apparent that there is a need for developmental studies of wall formation in representative mosses to determine the relationships and sources of the wall layers.
New modified Butterworth Van-Dyke model for high frequency ultrasonic imaging

For ultrasonic transducers, a number of equivalent circuit models including KLM, Mason and Butterworth Van Dyke (BVD) have been developed. To allow them to be incorporated into design tools for complex integrated circuits, KLM or Mason models are not practical because the discrete components of the equivalent circuits have negative values. Therefore, BVD model appears to be more appropriate but it needs to be improved because the resolution of a high frequency ultrasound system may be severely affected by impedance mismatching between the transducer and the system, as well as attenuation due to parasitic impedances of the systems. A new modified BVD model has been developed and the results demonstrate its usefulness in modeling high frequency ultrasonic transducer and its imaging systems.
Recent Case Developments in Health Law

In January 2009, the California Court of Appeal for the Fifth District held that an individual suffering from paranoid schizophrenia could be forcefed and medicated despite his refusal of consent. The patient was a prison inmate, who engaged in a hunger strike to protest imagined abuses by prison guards. The court, reconciling conflicting provisions of California law, upheld the appointment of a conservator to make treatment decisions because the patient could not participate in those decisions “by means of a rational thought process.” However, in tying mental capacity to the plausibility of a protestor’s claims, the court risks placing political dissent at the mercy of judicial discretion.
Specific, Nonradioactive Detection of the NHP Bacterium in Penaeus Vannamei by in Situ Hybridization

Necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP) is a disease of farm-raised Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) caused by a pleomorphic intracellular bacterium. A DNA probe that is specific for the etiolo...
Rat liver membrane secretory component is larger than free secretory component in bile: evidence for proteolytic conversion of membrane form to free form.

Secretory component is a receptor for polymeric immunoglobulins on epithelial cells and hepatocytes that facilitates transport of polymeric immunoglobulins into external secretions. Little is known about the transcellular migration of secretory component-polymeric IgA complexes or the membrane forms of secretory component. We therefore examined rat bile and liver membranes to identify and compare the various molecular species of secretory component. Bile or liver membrane proteins were electrophoresed in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Protein profiles on blots were probed with antisecretory, component antiserum, and the immunoreactive bands were visualized by indirect immunoperoxidase staining. Bile collected in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors showed an immunoreactive doublet band (Mr = 82,000 and 78,000) in the molecular weight range of free secretory component. By contrast, free secretory component in bile collected in the absence of proteolytic inhibitors and purified by affinity chromatography migrated as a single protein with an Mr = 70,000. Both components of the free secretory component doublet bound dimeric IgA when blots were probed with human dimeric IgA. Crude liver membranes prepared in the presence of proteolytic inhibitors showed two immunoreactive secretory component-containing bands, Mr = 107,000 and 99,000, whereas membranes prepared without proteolytic inhibitors showed two smaller immunoreactive bands; one of these proteolytically severed proteins comigrated with the 82,000-dalton free secretory component in bile. These results indicate that membrane forms of secretory component are present in rat liver. The observations that the membrane secretory component is larger than biliary free secretory component and yields biliary SC-like forms of secretory component upon proteolysis support the hypothesis that free secretory component in bile is a proteolytic product of larger liver membrane-associated secretory component.
Photolysis of 3-oxo-δ5(10)-steroids in alcoholic solvents and in the solid phase

Abstract Irradiation of the β, γ-unsaturated ketone 1a in alcoholic solvents afforded the 1,2 and 1,3-acyl shift products 2a and 3 respectively. The cyclobutanone 3 underwent further photochemistry incorporating a molecule of solvent and affording the ring expanded cyclic acetal 6. Solid phase irradiation of 1a yielded 2a and 3 but 1b was photostable.
RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR DIFFERENTIAL MOTION OF COLUMNS

The validity of the response spectrum concept for determining loads in structures excited by differential earthquake ground motion is examined. It is shown that the common definition of response spectrum for synchronous ground motion can be reconciled to remain valid in cases when the columns of extended structures experience different motions. Then, a relative displacement response spectrum for design of first-storey columns, SDC(T, δ, ζ, τ), is defined. In addition to natural period, T, and fraction of critical damping, ζ, this spectrum depends also on the ‘travel time’, τ (of the waves in the soil over distances about one half width, or length of the structure), and on a factor, δ, specifying the relative displacement of the first floor. It is shown how this spectrum can be determined using existing empirical scaling equations for relative displacement spectra SD(T, ζ) and for peak velocity and peak acceleration of strong ground motion. These new spectra are illustrated for a horizontal component of a record in the near field of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The results show that differential motions are more important for short period (stiff) than for longer period (flexible) structures, and for structures founded on softer ground (small shear wave velocity). © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coal pyrolysis in flat, laminar, opposed jet combustion configurations

A laminar, counterflow, premixed flame configuration was utilized to investigate coal pyrolysis under both reducing and oxidizing environments, and at superficial heating rates between 20,000 and 70,000 K/s. Whether the unique attributes of this system can be exploited to yield quantitatively interpretable data, depends first, on the adequacy of mathematical models of the entire heterogeneous flow system, and second, on the experimental realization of a sufficiently close approximation to the theoretical model. The purpose of this research was to determine if both these criteria could be met and to demonstrate the utility of the laminar opposed flow configuration as a tool for quantitative coal pyrolysis studies. Theory demonstrated that this configuration is one dimensional in temperature and species concentrations, and that particle trajectories and particle time temperature histories can be determined precisely, even though particles do not follow gas streamlines. Particle trajectories may be over damped or oscillatory, but time temperature histories of particles sampled are dependent only on axial, not radial, sampling position. Experimental data for coal pyrolysis in flue gases from rich CH 4 /O 2 /N 2 flames validated the one dimensional aspects of the theory and yielded information on particle morphology during pyrolysis. Additional data from an H 2 /O 2 /N 2 flame yielded CO, CO 2 and light hydrocarbon species profiles and species devolatilization rates for two different coals, each under slightly reducing and slightly oxidizing conditions. Differences between coals exceeded those between oxidative and reducing conditions for the same coal. The opposed jet configuration can provide interpretable data to yield quantitative devolatilization rates under many conditions of practical interest. Enhanced spatial resolution in measurement techniques would vastly improve the accuracy of the data.
Psychodynamic Perspectives on Relationship: Implications of New Findings from Human Attachment and the Neurosciences for Social Work Education:

In this article, the historical significance of the therapeutic relationship in social casework theory and practice is discussed and elaborated on in relation to contemporary psychodynamic theories and constructs, such as the therapeutic alliance, the holding relationship, and selfobject theory. The significant contributions of investigators in such diverse fields as infant attachment, neurobiology, and feminist theory are then discussed in relation to these psychoanalytic ideas. Based in part upon recent research being conducted in such fields, a more central role is proposed for psychodynamic conceptions of relationship in the education of social work clinicians.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATIONAL APPROACH AND THE IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION APPROACH TO SHAPE DESIGN SENSITIVITIES

The most commonly used approach to the design sensitivity problem results from the implicit differentiation of the discretized equilibrium equations. The most general implementation of this technique requires that finite differences be used to differentiate the element stiffness matrices. Proper choice of the step size is necessary to obtain high levels of accuracy and to avoid round-off errors. Furthermore, since it is necessary to operate on the element matrices, this method is difficult to implement into a general purpose finite element program. A more recent shape design sensitivity formulation, based upon variational calculus, avoids having to differentiate the discretized equations and results in an analytical expression for the derivative. This approach is based upon the total derivative of the variational state equation and uses an adjoint variable technique for design sensitivity analysis. Only structural response data on the boundary of the structure are necessary, thereby making implementation into a general purpose program less difficult. This paper attempts to compare the two different techniques and point out the similarities. Two test problems demonstrate the accuracy of the variational approach.
Achievement in Reading, Verbal Language, Listening Comprehension and Locus of Control of Adult Illiterates in a Volunteer Tutorial Project.

This study examined the effectiveness of specific psychoeducational tutoring methods on achievement in reading, verbal language, listening comprehension, and locus of control. Subjects were 76 youths and adults reading below fifth grade who volunteered to participate in an adult tutorial project. After the assessment of entry level achievement, subjects were tutored for 34 hr. by trained volunteers. Comparison of pretest and posttest scores with a control group that received no tutoring indicated that subjects made significant improvement in both general reading and discrete reading subskills. As gains in verbal language, listening comprehension, and locus of control were non-significant, further research is needed over a longer period of time or employing other standardized measures. Results support the use of well-trained volunteers in ameliorating problems of adult illiteracy.
Environmentally induced heritable changes in flax.

Some flax varieties respond to nutrient stress by modifying their genome and these modifications can be inherited through many generations. Also associated with these genomic changes are heritable phenotypic variations 1,2. The flax variety Stormont Cirrus (Pl) when grown under three different nutrient conditions can either remain inducible (under the control conditions), or become stably modified to either the large or small genotroph by growth under high or low nutrient conditions respectively. The lines resulting from the initial growth under each of these conditions appear to grow better when grown under the same conditions in subsequent generations, notably the Pl line grows best under the control treatment indicating that the plants growing under both the high and low nutrients are under stress. One of the genomic changes that are associated with the induction of heritable changes is the appearance of an insertion element (LIS-1) 3, 4 while the plants are growing under the nutrient stress. With respect to this insertion event, the flax variety Stormont Cirrus (Pl) when grown under three different nutrient conditions can either remain unchanged (under the control conditions), have the insertion appear in all the plants (under low nutrients) and have this transmitted to the next generation, or have the insertion (or parts of it) appear but not be transmitted through generations (under high nutrients) 4. The frequency of the appearance of this insertion indicates that it is under positive selection, which is also consistent with the growth response in subsequent generations. Leaves or meristems harvested at various stages of growth are used for DNA and RNA isolation. The RNA is used to identify variation in expression associated with the various growth environments and/or t he presence/absence of LIS-1. The isolated DNA is used to identify those plants in which the insertion has occurred.
Petrology of Permian Weissliegendes Sandstones in North Sea Basin: ABSTRACT

The contact between the continental redbeds of the Early Permian Rotliegendes and the marine sediments of the Late Permian Zechstein is a widespread and significant stratigraphic interface in the western European North Sea basin. It is this boundary that the economically important Weissliegendes reservoir sandstone beds are present. Petrologic examination of the Weissliegendes sandstone and adjacent units, in the outcrop belts of eastern England and western Germany and in the subsurface in the southern North Sea and in the Netherlands, gives indications of their origins and suggests possible distribution patterns for the Weissliegendes reservoir sandstone bodies in the North Sea basin. The Weissliegendes sandstones, whose compositional aspects are controlled by local cond tions, range from orthoquartzites, to subarkoses, to subgraywackes, to graywackes. The sandstones are multicycle deposits, largely derived from the local marine reworking of Rotliegendes sandstone, mudstone, and conglomerate. Interpretations of the textural and bedding characteristics of the Weissliegendes sandstone bodies indicate that they are of a subaqueous origin (e.g., submarine sand ridges and banks), rather than of the eolian dune origin that has been long postulated for them. The distribution of the sandstone bodies is irregular with some having elongate shapes several kilometers wide, up to 40 m thick, and several tens of kilometers long. These sandstone bodies are most prevalent on the flanks of pre-Permian structural highs, in places overlapping the Rotliegendes and extending onto the Variscan basement. End_of_Article - Last_Page 865------------
High-resolution measurement of the infrared rotation-vibration spectrum of the negative molecular ion 14NH-

The authors have performed an extensive series of measurements of the infrared rotation-vibration spectrum of the negative molecular ion $^{14}\mathrm{NH}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. A total of 114 transitions in the P, Q, and R branches of the fundamental band near 3000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ have been measured with an accuracy (1 standard deviation) of 0.01 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The resolution is much higher (7 MHz), enabling us to resolve hyperfine structure. Autodetachment linewidths have also been measured. The electron affinity of NH has been measured with a precision a thousand times higher than previous work: ${E}_{\mathrm{EA}}$(NH)=0.374 362\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000 005 eV. Our data agree with earlier measurements of the R branch and include the first high-resolution measurements of the Q and P branches. We have observed rotationally excited metastable states as much as 1.8 eV above the autodetachment threshold. A least-squares fit to the transition frequencies has been performed, using an effective Hamiltonian with a sextic term. The predictions of the best previous work, extrapolated to high J, disagree by as much as 10 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, or one thousand times the experimental uncertainty. This paper more than doubles the number of measured transition frequencies in this species.
The flavonoid constituents of barley (Hordeum vulgare). I. Saponarin

Abstract The principal flavonoid constituent of barley is saponarin. On acidic hydrolysis saponarin yields an equilibrium mixture of saponaretin and vitexin. All of these compounds were readily recognized as derivatives of apigenin by their spectra, but their R f values in aqueous solvents gave evidence of further hydroxylation in the molecule.