cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the choice continuum: An integrated model of residential location, auto ownership, bicycle ownership, and commute tour mode choice decisions

The integrated modeling of land use and transportation choices involves analyzing a continuum of choices that characterize people’s lifestyles across temporal scales. This includes long-term choices such as residential and work location choices that affect land-use, medium-term choices such as vehicle ownership, and short-term choices such as travel mode choice that affect travel demand. Prior research in this area has been limited by the complexities associated with the development of integrated model systems that combine the long-, medium- and short-term choices into a unified analytical framework. This paper presents an integrated simultaneous multi-dimensional choice model of residential location, auto ownership, bicycle ownership, and commute tour mode choices using a mixed multidimensional choice modeling methodology. Model estimation results using the San Francisco Bay Area highlight a series of interdependencies among the multi-dimensional choice processes. The interdependencies include: (1) self-selection effects due to observed and unobserved factors, where households locate based on lifestyle and mobility preferences, (2) endogeneity effects, where any one choice dimension is not exogenous to another, but is endogenous to the system as a whole, (3) correlated error structures, where common unobserved factors significantly and simultaneously impact multiple choice dimensions, and (4) unobserved heterogeneity, where decision-makers show significant variation in sensitivity to explanatory variables due to unobserved factors. From a policy standpoint, to be able to forecast the “true” causal influence of activity-travel environment changes on residential location, auto/bicycle ownership, and commute mode choices, it is necessary to capture the above-identified interdependencies by jointly modeling the multiple choice dimensions in an integrated framework.
Hereditary spinal arachnoid cysts, distichiasis, and lymphedema

Familial congenital spinal arachnoid cysts causing progressive paraplegia are reported in two adolescent siblings as part of a hereditary syndrome. The other features of this unusual dominantly inherited disorder include double rows of eyelashes, partial ectropion of the lower eyelids, and acquired late-onset lymphedema of the lower extremities. The siblings' mother, who had roentgenographic evidence of a similar intraspinal lesion, was free of neurological symptoms but had the other characteristic features. Surgical treatment of the arachnoid cysts improves the progressive paraplegia.
Evolution of feline immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins

We evaluated the predicted biochemical properties of Gag proteins from a diverse group of feline immunodeficiency viruses (FIV) to determine how different evolutionary histories of virus and host have changed or constrained these important structural proteins. Our data are based on FIV sequences derived from domestic cat (FIVfca), cougar (FIVpco), and lions (FIVple). Analyses consisted of determining the selective forces acting at each position in the protein and the comparing predictions for secondary structure, charge, hydrophobicity and flexibility for matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid, and the C-terminal peptide, which comprise the Gag proteins. We demonstrate that differences among the FIV Gag proteins have largely arisen by neutral evolution, although many neutrally evolving regions have maintained biochemical features. Regions with predicted differences in biochemical features appear to involve intramolecular interactions and structural elements that undergo conformational changes during particle maturation. In contrast, the majority of sites involved in intermolecular contacts on the protein surface are constrained by purifying selection. There is also conservation of sites that interact with host proteins associated with cellular trafficking and particle budding. NC is the only protein with evidence of positive selection, two of which occur in the N-terminal region responsible for RNA binding and interaction with host proteins.
Development of genomic microsatellites in Gleditsia triacanthos (Fabaceae) using illumina sequencing

Premise of the study: Fourteen genomic microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos, using Illumina sequencing. Due to their high variability, these markers can be applied in analyses of genetic diversity and structure, and in mating system and gene flow studies. Methods and Results: Thirty-six individuals from across the species range were included in a genetic diversity analysis and yielded three to 20 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.214 to 0.944 and from 0.400 to 0.934, respectively, with minimal occurrence of null alleles. Regular segregation of maternal alleles was observed at seven loci and moderate segregation distortion at four of 11 loci that were heterozygous in the seed parent. Conclusions: Honey locust is an important agroforestry tree capable of very fast growth and tolerance of poor site conditions. This is the first report of genomic microsatellites for this species.
Correlation of mechanical property changes in neutron-irradiated pressure vessel steels on the basis of spectral effects

Abstract Comparisons are made of tensile data on specimens of A212B and A302B pressure vessel steels irradiated at low temperatures (40–90°C) and to low doses (
On the average probability distribution of peak ground acceleration in the U.S. continent due to strong earthquakes

Abstract An estimate is made of the average probabilities of different magnitudes of peak horizontal ground acceleration due to seismic events in that part of the United States east of the Rockies. Past history is used to provide an average seismicity and future earthquakes are assumed to occur randomly with regard to location and time. With the seismic correlations employed, the average probability per year that an acceleration ≥0.15 g will occur at any point is about 10 −3 , while the average probability per year of an acceleration ≥0.3 g at a random site is about three times smaller. The very considerable uncertainties in these estimates are illustrated in part by examining differences which would arise with a different choice of seismic correlations.
Characteristics of Steam Injection Heating. I. Dispersion of Noncondensable Gases as Index to Downstream Flow Patterns

Summary Tests were conducted on five steam injectors used in the food industry to determine downstream flow patterns after steam injection. Three injectors were of the tangential design, one was a venturi type, and the last a nozzle type. All tests were made with water. The noncondensable gases in the steam served as a tracing medium. Pictures of downstream flow patterns were recorded on 35 mm film as the fluid passed through a glass holding section 15 in. downstream from the point of steam injection. A stroboscopic light of 0.001-sec duration was the light source. In the tangential type injectors the noncondensable gases were concentrated in a stable swirling vortex in the center of the downstream holding sections. A modified tangential injector with two opposing steam ports, one on either side of the flow axis, gave the best dispersion of noncondensable gases of the three tangential designs. The venturi type injector dispersed the gases at low steam rates; however, a partial vortex was formed at higher steam rates. The nozzle injector dispersed the noncondensable gases at all steam rates tested.
A Comparison of Treatment Environments in Community-Based Group Homes for Adolescent Offenders

Evaluations of community-based programs for delinquents have usually addressed differential outcomes or cost-efficiency, but generally ignored the treatment environments themselves. Yet milieu characteristics are important in assessing treatment quality. The present research examined several environmental dimensions in 11 group home programs. Teaching-Family programs scored significantly higher on observational and self-report measures of staff-youth relationships and interactions, staff teaching activities and disapproval of deviance, the family-likeness and pleasantness of the program atmosphere, and the extent of prosocial behavior displayed by the participants. Several of the measures were significantly negatively correlated with self-reported delinquency. The results suggest that, contrary to some stereotypes, behavioral programs can be pleasant, positive, and familylike while offering structured treatment.
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development: insights into developmental disabilities

Cerebral cortical development occurs in precisely-timed stages that can be divided into neurogenesis, neuronal migration and neuronal differentiation. These events occur during discrete time windows that span the late prenatal and early postnatal periods in both rodents and primates, including humans. Insults at particular developmental stages can lead to distinctive cortical abnormalities including cortical hypoplasia (reduced cell number), cortical ectopias (abnormalities in migration) and cortical dysplasias (abnormalities in the shapes or numbers of dendrites). In this review, we examine some of the most extensively-studied animal models of disrupted stages of cortical development and we compare long-term anatomical, neurochemical, and behavior abnormalities in these models. The behavioral abnormalities in these models range from alterations in simple motor behaviors to food hoarding and maternal behaviors as well as cognitive behaviors. Although we examine concisely animal models of cortical hypoplasia and cortical ectopias, we focus here on developmental manipulations that affect cortical differentiation, particularly, those that interrupt the normal ontogeny of the neurotransmitter-defined cortical afferent systems: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine. All of these afferents presumably play a critical role in the maturation of their cortical targets; the timing of the afferents' entry into the cortex and their effects on their cortical targets, however, are different. We, therefore, compare the specific anatomical, neurochemical and behavioral effects of manipulations of the different cortical afferents. Because of the considerable evidence that cortical development proceeds differently in the two sexes, when data are available, we address whether perinatal insults differentially affect the sexes. Finally, we discuss how these developmental studies provide insights into cellular and neurochemical correlates of behavioral functional abnormalities and the relevance of these data to understanding developmental disabilities in humans.
791-2 Regional Variations in the Use of Cardiac Procedures After Thrombolysis: New England is an Outlier in the GUSTO Trial

Background Little is known about regional variations in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI) after thrombolysis in the United States (US). Methods We performed secondary analyses of the GUSTO data, a randomized trial of thrombolytic strategies. We compared use of cardiac procedures in 8 US regions (West, n = 2198, Great Lakes, n = 3155, Mid Atlantic, n = 3130, Mid South, n = 1724, Mid West, n = 2498, New England, n = 4369, South East, n = 3447 and South West. n = 2584). Results Compared to other US regions, the proportion of patients undergoing cardiac procedures was lowest in New England (Table). Coronary angiography (CATH) use was lowest in New England 156%) and highest in the Mid South (86%). Coronary angioplasty (PTCA) use was lowest in New England (22%) and highest in the Mid West (36%). Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) was lowest in New England (10%) and highest in the Mid South (16%). These differences were not explained by demographic or clinical characteristics. The 30 day mortality and recurrent MI rates were similar across regions. % West Great Mid Mid Mid New South South Lake Atlan. South West Engl. East West CATH 67 80 73 86 77 56 79 77 PlCA 25 32 32 35 36 22 35 35 CA8G 12 14 12 16 15 10 15 15 Death 6.2 6.7 7.2 5.5 7.7 6.8 7.6 6.0 MI 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.5 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.3 Conclusions There are substantial variations in the use of cardiac procedures across the US. The lower use of cardiac procedures in New England may be related to a more restrictive regional approach and does not appear to affect clinical outcomes including 30 day-mortality and recurrent MI.
Identifying Successful Motor Task Completion via Motion-Based Performance Metrics

Objective assessment of skill is important in understanding the human performance of precision motor control tasks; however, outcome-based performance measures are most commonly used to provide feedback after the task is completed. In this paper, we propose the use of motion-based performance metrics in order to determine successful task completion strategies for a complex and unconstrained dynamic task. We developed a novel motor control task in a virtual environment and identified two motion-based metrics (mean absolute jerk and average frequency) that correlate with the successful performance of the task measured as a function of completion time and acquired targets. Our methodologies provide insight into the movement strategies used during successful trials of the motor control task, and could be used to provide specific feedback and coaching aimed at altering the task completion strategy and boosting the participants' performance.
Exploring the Relationship Between Erotic Disruption During the Latency Period and the Use of Sexually Explicit Material, Online Sexual Behaviors, and Sexual Dysfunctions in Young Adulthood

The researchers explored the theoretical prism of Sigmund Freud's latency period (6-to-12 years of age), to ascertain whether an absence of erotic arousal during latency is fundamentally essential for children to attain healthy psychosexual development. Exploratory factor analysis discovered two factors that measured erotic disruption during the latency period (i.e., exposure to sexually explicit material [SEM] and child sexual abuse). Furthermore, three factors were found which measured SEM use, online sexual behaviors, and sexual dysfunctions in young adulthood. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that latency SEM exposure predicted adult use of SEM and both child sexual abuse and latency SEM exposure predicted adult sexual dysfunctions.
Superlattices formed by interaction of hydrogen bromide and hydrogen chloride with Pt(111) and Pt(100) studied by LEED, Auger and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy

Abstract HBr and HCl react with Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces to form adsorbed layers consisting of specific mixtures of halogen atoms and hydrogen halide molecules. Exposure of Pt(111) to HBr yielded a (3×3) LEED pattern beginning at Θ Br = 2 9 and persisting at the maximum coverage which consisted of Θ Br = 1 3 plus Θ HBr = 1 9 . The most probable structure at maximum coverage, Pt(111)[c(3 × 3)]-(3 Br + HBr), nas a rhombic unit cell encompassing nine surface Pt atoms, and containing three Br atoms and one HBr molecule. On Pt(100) the structure at maximum coverage appears to be Pt(100)[ c (2√2 × √2)]R45°-(Br + HBr), Θ Br = Θ HBr = 1 4 ; the rectangular unit cell involves four Pt atoms, one Br atom and one HBr molecule. Each of these structures consists of an hexagonal array of adsorbed atoms or molecules, excepting slight distortion for best fit with the substrate in the case of Pt(100). Treatment of Pt(100) with HCl produced a diffuse Pt(100)(2 × 2)-(Cl + HCl) structure at the maximum coverage of Θ Cl = 0.13, Θ HCl = 0.11. Exposure of Pt(111) to HCl produced a disordered overlayer. Thermal desorption, Auger spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy provided coverage data. Thermal desorption data reveal prominent rate maxima associated with the structural transitions observed by LEED. Br and HBr, Cl and HCl were the predominant thermal desorption products.
Severe soft tissue infections in dogs: 47 cases (1996–2006)

Objective– To describe the patient population, microbiological findings, treatment and outcome in dogs with severe soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and to compare survivors to nonsurvivors. Design– Retrospective study. Animals– Forty-seven dogs with confirmed soft tissue infections originating from the SC tissues, muscle or fascia. Interventions– None. Measurements and Main Results– Physical and clinicopathologic data on presentation, microbiological and histopathological findings, antimicrobial treatment and outcome. Dogs with SSTIs were predominantly large breed dogs with a median body weight of 35.6 kg. Incidence of pre-existing conditions (immunomodulating diseases, blunt trauma, injections, clean surgical procedures) that could have contributed to development of SSTIs was 34%. Abnormal physical examination and diagnostic parameters on presentation included increased body temperature (median temperature 39.5 °C [103.1 °F]) and low arterial blood pressure (median systolic blood pressure 103.5 mm Hg). While Streptococcus species were the most commonly isolated bacteria, the incidence of polymicrobial infections differed between antemortem (38.7%) and postmortem (57.1%) cultures. The overall survival rate was 46.8%. Survivors had a higher body weight and higher respiratory rate on presentation than nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors had a significantly lower WBC count and higher lactate, BUN, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin concentrations. Histopathologic examination of tissue specimens showed that the degree of necrosis was higher in survivors compared with nonsurvivors. Conclusions– SSTIs in dogs are serious conditions associated with high mortality, significant inflammatory changes, and cardiovascular compromise. A number of conditions, including those that compromise skin integrity and immunomodulating diseases have been identified in our patient population and could have contributed to development of SSTIs. Polymicrobial infections occurred in many cases, necessitating broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage.
Partners or Competitors? Perceptions of Regional Economic Development Cooperation in Illinois:

This article explores the perceptions of economic development decision makers regarding regional economic development competition and cooperation. This research contributes to an understanding of the interlocal cooperative interactions that exist between and among local governments and to an understanding of what the obstacles are to cooperative efforts. The author uses a qualitative approach utilizing in-depth interviews of participants within a 14-county central region of Illinois. This setting encompasses both small and moderate-sized cities and both urban and rural areas. The findings suggest that although communities participate in cooperative efforts, understand the benefits of cooperation, and express a willingness to cooperate in regional economic development efforts, the obstacles to cooperation continue to curtail cooperative efforts. State policies and support for cooperation could lessen the impact of some of these obstacles to cooperative regional economic development efforts.
Spatial analysis using clustering methods: Evaluating central point and median approaches

Spatial analysis is an important area of research which continues to make major contributions to the exploratory capabilities of geographical information systems. The use and application of classic clustering methods is being pursued as an exploratory approach for the analysis of spatially referenced data. Numerous potential clustering approaches exist, so research assessing the relative differences of these approaches is important. This paper evaluates the median and central points optimization based clustering approaches for use in the context of exploratory spatial data analysis. Functional and visual comparisons using three spatial applications across a range of cluster values are carried out. The empirical results suggest that these two clustering approaches identify very similar groupings. The significance of this finding is that the development of clustering tools for exploratory analysis may be limited to the median based approach given relative computational and solvability considerations.
Leukocyte microparticles stimulate endothelial cell cytokine release and tissue factor induction in a JNK1 signaling pathway.

Abstract A role of membrane microparticles (MP) released by vascular cells in endothelial cell (EC) activation was investigated. Flow cytofluorimetric analysis of blood samples from normal volunteers revealed the presence of an heterogeneous MP population, which increased by ∼2-fold after inflammatory stimulation with the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (2,799 ± 360 versus 5241 ± 640, p < 0.001). Blood-derived MP stimulated release of EC cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 (377 ± 68 pg/ml) and MCP-1 (1, 282 ± 79) and up-regulatedde novo expression of tissue factor on the EC surface. This was associated with generation of a factor Xa-dependent procoagulant response (2.28 ± 0.56 nm factor Xa/min/104 cells), in a reaction inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to tissue factor. Fluorescent labeling with antibodies to platelet GPIbα or leukocyte lactoferrin demonstrated that circulating MP originated from both platelets and leukocytes. However, depletion of platelet MP with an antibody to GPIbα did not reduce EC IL-6 release, and, similarly, MP from thrombin-stimulated platelets did not induce IL-6 release from endothelium. EC stimulation with leukocyte MP did not result in activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and was not associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, ERK1. In contrast, leukocyte MP stimulated a sustained, time-dependent increased tyrosine phosphorylation of ∼46-kDa c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK1) in EC. These findings demonstrate that circulating leukocyte MP are up-regulated by inflammatory stimulation in vivo and activate a stress signaling pathway in EC, leading to increased procoagulant and proinflammatory activity. This may provide an alternative mechanism of EC activation, potentially contributing to dysregulation of endothelial functions during vascular injury.
Navigating disciplinary challenges to global sustainability science: an archaeological model

Current threats posed by anthropogenic climate change, biodiversity loss, the degradation of ecosystem services, and other related impacts of human activity require a concerted res- ponse through a global science of sustainability. The threats faced by humanity are so extensive that all academic disciplines are affected in some way and all have a role to play in developing potential responses. Given that few academic disciplines have traditionally focused on issues of ecology or sustainability, however, major challenges remain with respect to how we might build a global science of sustainability that can support concrete policy and interventions. This paper proposes a developmental model with five levels of research and practice required for an effective global sustainability science and examines some of the challenges faced by archaeology in moving up these levels.
Characterization of muscarinic receptors that mediate contraction of guinea-pig isolated trachea to choline esters: effect of removing epithelium.

1. The muscarinic receptor subtype that mediates contraction of guinea-pig trachea, in the presence and absence of epithelium, to acetic and carbamic acid choline esters was determined by use of preferential muscarinic receptor antagonists: pirenzepine (M1 receptor), methoctramine (M2 receptor) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP) (M3 receptor). 2. Acetylcholine (ACh), methacholine (MeCh), carbachol (CCh), bethanechol (BeCh) and oxotremorine induced concentration-dependent contraction of guinea-pig isolated tracheal strips in the presence and absence of epithelium. Contraction to acetic choline esters (ACh and MeCh) was augmented by removal of the epithelium, whereas contraction to carbamic acid choline esters (CCh and BeCh) and oxotremorine was not influenced by removal of the epithelium. 3. Pirenzepine, methoctramine and 4-DAMP caused parallel rightward displacements of the concentration-contraction curves to the muscarinic agonists. The pA2 values (determined from Arunlakshana-Schild graphs) for pirenzepine and 4-DAMP in guinea-pig trachea in the presence of epithelium were: ACh as the agonist, 7.6 and 9.0, respectively; CCh as the agonist, 7.6 and 9.1, respectively. The apparent pKB values for methoctramine with the same system were: ACh as the agonist, 5.6; CCh as the agonist, 5.6. Similar values were obtained with MeCh, BeCh and oxotremorine as the agonists. These values were agonist- and epithelium-independent. 4. It is concluded from the pA2 and apparent pKB values obtained for the muscarinic receptor antagonists used in this study that contraction of guinea-pig isolated trachea, with and without epithelium, to both acetic and carbamic acid choline esters is mediated via the muscarinic M3 receptor subtype.Differential contractile responses of guinea-pig trachea to acetic and carbamic acid choline esters upon the mechanical removal of the epithelium may not be explained by activation of different muscarinic receptor subtypes by these agonists.
Correlation of chlorinated organic compound emissions from incineration with chlorinated organic input

Abstract This paper summarizes the results of stack emission measurements made since 1988 at the University of Florida-Tacachale-Clean Combustion Technology Laboratory. We find several statistically significant relationships between HCl emissions (a surrogate for PVC in the waste) and the emissions of a number of chlorinated organic compounds. These relationships have important implications for clean combustion technology and public policy.
The human basonuclin gene.

Abstract The human gene for basonuclin, a zinc-finger protein of keratinocytes, has been cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosome 15. The transcription unit spans nearly 29 kb of sequence. The coding region is distributed over five exons, and the three pairs of zinc fingers are encoded by the last two. The 5′ flanking sequence and first exon are unusually rich in G+C and in CpG dinucleotides. This region contains numerous target sites for the transcription factor Sp1.
The fate of resorbable poly-L-lactic/polyglycolic acid (LactoSorb) bone fixation devices in orthognathic surgery.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of resorbable poly-L-lactic/polyglycolic acid (PLLA-PGA) bone fixation devices used for fixation of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients were postoperatively evaluated. Eight patients who had undergone bilateral sagittal split mandibular osteotomies that had been fixed with PLLA-PGA screws were followed-up for up to 2 years postoperatively with radiographs. One of these patients underwent a bone biopsy for detailed histologic evaluation of the screw fixation sites. Two patients who had undergone mandibular symphyseal osteotomies were also radiographically evaluated at 18 months to 2 years postoperatively. Two patients who had Le Fort I osteotomies fixed with PLLA-PGA plates and screws underwent open exploration of the operated sites for visual examination. Results: All 8 mandibular osteotomy patients showed radiographic screw hole lucency immediately after surgery that remained unchanged in the first year after surgery. By 18 months postoperatively, all 48 screw holes showed near or complete trabecular bone fill. The bone biopsy of one screw hole at 2 years postoperatively showed complete fill with normal trabecular bone. No residual polymer material or fibrous scar was seen. The mandibular symphyseal sites showed complete elimination of all screw holes by 2 years postoperatively, with only faint evidence of intraosseous tunnels. The maxillary sites showed complete bone healing along the osteotomies and no evidence of residual fixation material or bone defects in the screw holes. No communication with the maxillary sinus was seen in the fixation sites. Conclusion: This orthognathic patient series showed complete resorption of the PLLA-PGA fixation devices without osteolysis in maxillary and mandibular bone sites by 18 to 24 months after surgery. This is partially a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Modeling Source Contributions to Submicron Particle Number Concentrations Measured in Rochester, New York

An advanced receptor model was used to elicit source information based on ambient submicron (0.01–0.47 μm) particle number concentrations, gaseous species, and meteorological variables measured at the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation central monitoring site in Rochester, NY. Four seasonal data sets (winter, spring, summer, and fall) were independently investigated. A total of ten different sources were identified, including two traffic factors, two nucleation factors, industrial emissions, residential/commercial heating, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate, ozone-rich secondary aerosol, and regionally transported aerosol. The resolved sources were generally characterized by similar number modes for either winter, spring, summer or fall. The size distributions for nucleation were dominated by the smallest particles (<10 –30 nm) that gradually grew to larger sizes as could be seen by observing the volume profiles. In addition, the nucleation factors were closely linked to traffic rus...
Preliminary characterization of an anion-stimulated ATPase from Pisum plasma membrane

Abstract An ATPase isolated from Pisum epicotyl which had previously been shown to be associated with plasma membrane [Planta, 146 (1979) 161], has been characterized with respect to substrate specificity, pH optima and ion stimulation. The enzyme exhibits a decided preference for ATP as a substrate and prefers slightly acidic pH values. It is activated by Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ but, unlike most other higher plant plasma membrane isolates, it is stimulated by monovalent anions rather than monovalent cations. Further, it exhibits an unusual inhibition by nitrate at high pH values.
The anisotropy of extruded graphite tubes

Abstract An X-ray diffraction method has been used to construct pole figures showing the preferred orientation of crystallites in the walls of extruded graphite tubes. Crystallite layer planes tend to lie parallel to the tube wall. The edges of the planes are well aligned along the length of the tube but only roughly aligned circumferentially, except for a better-oriented “skin” at the inside and outside surfaces. This texture produces large differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion of samples cut in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions. The anisotropy of the coefficients of thermal expansion causes residual stresses in the tube wall after cooling from the heat-treatment temperature.
The effect of hydrogen as a temporary alloying element on the microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V

Ti-6Al-4V alloy, to which 0.6 wt pct to 1.0 wt pct (22 to 33 at. pct) hydrogen has been added, can undergo a phase transformation which produces unique, fine microstructures. Specimens of the alloy were heated to 870°C, transformed at temperatures between 540°C and 700°C, and the microstructures were determined as a function of hydrogen content and transformation temperature. Microstructures and tensile properties of sheet specimens were determined after such transformation followed by dehydrogenation at temperatures between 650°C and 760°C. The highest yield strength (1130 MPa) and good ductility (9 pct El) were associated with a fine equiaxed microstructure obtained in material charged with approximately 1.0 wt pct hydrogen, transformed at 565°C and dehydrogenated at 675°C. Lower strengths and ductilities were associated with acicular microstructures produced by transformation at higher temperatures or coarser structures producted at higher dehydrogenation temperatures.
Interaction of local elastoplasticity with hydrogen: embrittlement effects

Abstract The finite element method was used to solve the coupled elastic–plastic boundary value problem and transient hydrogen diffusion initial boundary value problem. Solutions were obtained at room temperature and under plane strain deformation in the neighborhood of a blunting crack tip under small scale yielding conditions and in the neighborhood of a rounded notch in a 4-point bend specimen. A discussion of the finite element results in conjunction with different mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement is presented. If a critical amount of hydrogen is required for hydrogen induced crack initiation, the present results predict locations of crack initiation sites at steel bend specimens which are in agreement with experimental observations on the occurrence of the first microcracking event.
Repression repression and immunity in Salmonella phages P22 and L: Phage L lacks a functional secondary immunity system

Abstract The bipartite immunity and repression system of Salmonella phage P22 is specified by two immunity regions of the phage genome. The imm C region codes for the primary repressor which directly negatively controls phage development. The imm I region codes for a repressor whose sole function is to prevent expression of a linked gene whose product, P22 antirepressor, inactivates the imm C repressor. We show here that the heteroimmune phage L, which differs from P22 in immunity specificity at both the imm C and imm I loci, produces its own imm C repressor but does not produce an antirepressor active against the imm C repressor of either P22 or L. In contrast, P22 antirepressor is shown to be active against both imm C repressors. All the genetic properties of phage L and recombinants between L and P22 can be explained by assuming that phage L has no secondary ( imm I) system controlling repression and immunity.
The formation of stable pH gradients with weak monovalent buffers for isoelectric focusing in free solution

Two methods which utilize simple buffers for the generation of stable pH gradients (useful for preparative isoelectric focusing) are compared and contrasted. The first employs preformed gradients comprised of two simple buffers in density-stabilized free solution. The second method utilizes neutral membranes to isolate electrolyte reservoirs of constant composition from the separation column. It is shown by computer simulation that steady-state gradients can be formed at any pH range with any number of components in such a system.
The Relationships between Human Capital, Implicit Views of Intelligence, and Literacy Performance: Implications for the Obama Education Era.

African American adolescents from families with low levels of human capital (i.e., caregiver level of education) are at risk for poor early adult outcomes. The current study examined the relationships among 48 African American high school students’ literacy performance (e.g., reading and vocabulary), their implicit views of intelligence, their caregivers’ implicit views of intelligence, and their caregivers’ level of education. Results indicated positive correlations between literacy performance and students’ implicit views of intelligence only for those students whose caregivers were not college educated. Implications for investments in human capital in the current political era are discussed.
A stand-off between rhAPC and LPS in healthy human subjects

Recombinant activated protein C (rhAPC) was recently tested in a large clinical trial for the management of severe sepsis.[1][1] The study revealed that infusion of rhAPC for 96 hours reduced the 28-day mortality rate from 30.8% to 24.7%. In this study group, 70% of patients were in shock and 75%
Activity of Caprylic Acid, Carvacrol, ɛ‐Polylysine and their Combinations against Salmonella in Not‐Ready‐to‐Eat Surface‐Browned, Frozen, Breaded Chicken Products

: Caprylic acid (CAA), carvacrol (CAR), ɛ-polylysine (POL), and their combinations were evaluated for reduction of Salmonella contamination in not-ready-to-eat surface-browned, frozen, breaded chicken products. Fresh chicken breast meat pieces (5 × 5 × 5 cm) were inoculated with Salmonella (7-strain mixture; 4–5 log CFU/g) and mixed with distilled water (control) or with CAA, CAR, and POL as single or combination treatments of 2 or 3 ingredients. Sodium chloride (1.2%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0.3%) were added to all formulations, followed by grinding of the mixtures and forming into 9 × 5 × 3 cm portions. Sample surfaces were brushed with egg whites, coated with breadcrumbs, surface-browned in an oven (208 °C, 15 min), packaged, and stored at –20 °C (7 d). Total reductions of inoculated Salmonella in untreated (control) surface-browned, breaded products after frozen storage were 0.8 to 1.4 log CFU/g. In comparison, single treatments of CAA (0.25% to 1.0%), CAR (0.3% to 0.5%), and POL (0.125% to 1.0%) reduced counts by 2.9 to at least 4.5, 3.4 to at least 4.4, and 1.4 to 2.3 log CFU/g, respectively, depending on concentration. Pathogen counts of products treated with 2- or 3-ingredient combination treatments (0.03125% to 0.25% CAA, 0.0375% to 0.3% CAR, and/or 0.5% POL) were 0.4 to at least 3.3 log CFU/g lower (depending on treatment) than those of the untreated controls. The antimicrobial activity of 2-ingredient combinations comprised of 0.125% CAA, 0.15% CAR, or 0.5% POL was enhanced (P < 0.05) when applied as a 3-ingredient combination (that is, 0.125% CAA + 0.15% CAR + 0.5% POL). These data may be useful for the selection of antimicrobial treatments to reduce Salmonella contamination in not-ready-to-eat processed chicken products. Practical Application: Findings from the study may be useful for the selection of suitable antimicrobials, concentrations, and combinations to reduce Salmonella contamination in not-ready-to-eat surface-browned, frozen, breaded chicken products.
Improving the feeding of captive felines through application of field data

The tactics employed by large felines in food-getting in the wild are contrasted with the conditions which prevail in captivity. While zoos cannot recreate a completely natural existence, there are points at which nature’s ways can guide management in improving the quality of life for zoo animals. Equating an adequate diet with good nutrition leads to dietary substitutions which ignore non-nutritive requirements. Among the issues discussed are substitute activities, oral health in relation to food texture, and the psychological aspects of feeding.
Developing Arizona Turnaround Leaders to Build High-Capacity Schools in the Midst of Accountability Pressures and Changing Demographics

Today’s accountability policies and changing demographics have created conditions in which leaders must rapidly build school capacity and improve outcomes in culturally diverse schools. This article presents findings from a mixed-methods evaluation of an Arizona Turnaround Leadership Development Project. The project drew on studies of turnaround leadership, capacity, and turnaround leadership development projects. Leadership teams attended institutes and regional coaching sessions focused on assessment literacy, curriculum, culturally responsive practices, organizational redesign, and community relationships. Results indicated gains in turnaround leadership knowledge and the importance of district support, full participation, and relationships with culturally diverse community members.
A globalization procedure for solving nonlinear systems of equations

A new globalization procedure for solving a nonlinear system of equationsF(x)=0 is proposed based on the idea of combining Newton step and the steepest descent step WITHIN each iteration. Starting with an arbitrary initial point, the procedure converges either to a solution of the system or to a local minimizer off(x)=1/2F(x) T F(x). Each iteration is chosen to be as close to a Newton step as possible and could be the Newton step itself. Asymptotically the Newton step will be taken in each iteration and thus the convergence is quadratic. Numerical experiments yield positive results. Further generalizations of this procedure are also discussed in this paper.
Identification of host cell factors required for intoxication through use of modified cholera toxin

We describe a novel labeling strategy to site-specifically attach fluorophores, biotin, and proteins to the C terminus of the A1 subunit (CTA1) of cholera toxin (CTx) in an otherwise correctly assembled and active CTx complex. Using a biotinylated N-linked glycosylation reporter peptide attached to CTA1, we provide direct evidence that ∼12% of the internalized CTA1 pool reaches the ER. We also explored the sortase labeling method to attach the catalytic subunit of diphtheria toxin as a toxic warhead to CTA1, thus converting CTx into a cytolethal toxin. This new toxin conjugate enabled us to conduct a genetic screen in human cells, which identified ST3GAL5, SLC35A2, B3GALT4, UGCG, and ELF4 as genes essential for CTx intoxication. The first four encode proteins involved in the synthesis of gangliosides, which are known receptors for CTx. Identification and isolation of the ST3GAL5 and SLC35A2 mutant clonal cells uncover a previously unappreciated differential contribution of gangliosides to intoxication by CTx.
Acute coronary syndrome in a patient with coexistent conduction abnormality

A46-year-old man had a 1-week history of exertional chest tightness and dyspnea. His symptoms became especially prominent while shoveling snow and he presented to the emergency department. He was free of pain at the time of initial presentation and denied any pain at rest. One hour after reaching the emergency room his pain recurred and he became hypotensive and a second ECG was obtained. Past history was negative for hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, but he admitted to rare checkups. He had one presumed vasovagal episode years before, having passed out while laughing forcefully. There was a remote history of pyloric stenosis and abdominal hernia repair. (Published: 9 May 2011) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2011, 1 : 7016 - DOI: 10.3402/jchimp.v1i1.7016
SBML2TikZ: supporting the SBML render extension in LaTeX

Motivation: The SBML Render Extension enables coloring and shape information of biochemical models to be stored in the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML). Rendering of this stored graphical information in a portable and well supported system such as TeX would be useful for researchers preparing documentation and presentations. In addition, since the Render Extension is not yet supported by many applications, it is helpful for such rendering functionality be extended to the more popular CellDesigner annotation as well. Results: SBML2TikZ supports automatic generation of graphics for biochemical models in the popular TeX typesetting system. The library generates a script of TeX macro commands for the vector graphics languages PGF/TikZ that can be compiled into scalable vector graphics described in a model. Availability: Source code, documentation and compiled binaries for the SBML2TikZ library can be found at http://www.sbml2tikz.org. In addition, a web application is available at http://www.sys-bio.org/layout Contact: ude.notgnihsaw.u@oruash Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Gut Microbiome, Kidney Disease, and Targeted Interventions

The human gut harbors >100 trillion microbial cells, which influence the nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immune function of the host. Here, we review the quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota of patients with CKD that lead to disturbance of this symbiotic relationship, how this may contribute to the progression of CKD, and targeted interventions to re-establish symbiosis. Endotoxin derived from gut bacteria incites a powerful inflammatory response in the host organism. Furthermore, protein fermentation by gut microbiota generates myriad toxic metabolites, including p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate. Disruption of gut barrier function in CKD allows translocation of endotoxin and bacterial metabolites to the systemic circulation, which contributes to uremic toxicity, inflammation, progression of CKD, and associated cardiovascular disease. Several targeted interventions that aim to re-establish intestinal symbiosis, neutralize bacterial endotoxins, or adsorb gut-derived uremic toxins have been developed. Indeed, animal and human studies suggest that prebiotics and probiotics may have therapeutic roles in maintaining a metabolically-balanced gut microbiota and reducing progression of CKD and uremia-associated complications. We propose that further research should focus on using this highly efficient metabolic machinery to alleviate uremic symptoms.
Rheological and mechanical behavior of the UHMWPE/MDPE mixtures

Essais d'incorporation d'un polyethylene de tres haute masse moleculaire (UHMWPE) a un polyethylene moyenne densite (MDPE). Proprietes mecaniques et rheologiques
Academic Self-Perceptions of Ability and Course Planning Among Academically Advanced Students:

Despite advancement toward gender equity, few women enter the male-dominated fields of science and technology, and few men venture into traditionally female professions, such as nursing or early ch...
High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and Risk of Hypertension

Background—The diagnosis of hypertension is often preceded by cardiac structural abnormalities. Thus, we assessed whether high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT), a marker of subclinical myocardial damage, can identify individuals at risk for hypertension or left ventricular hypertrophy. Methods and Results—We studied 6516 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants who were free of prevalent hypertension and cardiovascular disease at baseline (1990–1992). We examined the association of baseline hs-cTnT categories with incident diagnosed hypertension (defined by self-report of a diagnosis or medication use during a maximum of 19.9 years of follow-up) and with incident visit-based hypertension (defined by self-report, medication use, or measured blood pressure >140/90 mm Hg over 6 years). Relative to hs-cTnT <5 ng/L, adjusted hazard ratios for incident diagnosed hypertension were 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.25) for individuals with hs-cTnT of 5 to 8 ng/L, 1.29 (95% confide...