cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electric propulsion - An evolutionary technology

The NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) conducts and directs an electric propulsion research and technology program aimed at providing high-performance electric propulsion system options for a broad range of near and far-term missions. This evolutionary program emphasizes the development of propulsion systems for three classes of missions: (1) near term auxiliary propulsion applications such as North-South Stationkeeping for next generation communications satellites and orbit maintainence for orbiting platforms such as Space Station Freedom; (2) advanced solar electric propulsion and SP-100-class nuclear electric propulsion for Earth-space orbit transfer and robotic planetary missions; and (3) very high power systems to support major space missions including the Space Exploration Initiative. To cover widely disparate mission requirements, the LeRC program includes research on electrothermal, electrostatic, and electromagnetic systems. This paper provides an overview of the LeRC program with a focus on recent progress.
Eastern Intensification of Ocean Spin-Down: Application to El Niño

Abstract The El Nino studies carried out by Bjerknes indicate that the anomalous warming of the eastern boundary tropical ocean in 1939 and 1958 extended 1000 km into the interior ocean, corresponding with a diversion of the Humboldt Current offshore south of Peru. Furthermore, these features were associated with a large-scale weakening of the Southern Hemisphere wind systems. This suggests that major changes occurred in the wind-driven eastern boundary circulation during this time. To see if this is plausible from a theoretical viewpoint, we consider a mathematical model of large-scale ocean spin-down, induced by a reduction in the mean strength of the large-scale wind systems. This model shows that spin-down of the interior ocean is intensified along the eastern boundary with de-intensification propagating in time toward the west and extending out to 1000 km after one year. The interior portions of the ocean circulation are only weakly affected. Moreover, the spin-down is asymmetric, with greater de-int...
Extension Fields and Integer-Valued Polynomials

Abstract Let A be a Dedekind domain with finite residue fields, K it's quotient field, L a finite separable extension of K , and B the integral closure of A in L . The rings of integer-valued polynomials on A and B are known to be Prufer domains and will be denoted by Int( A ) and Int( B ), respectively. We will present some connections between the localizations of each of these rings ( Theorem 2 and Corollary 4) and in particular we answer the question when Int( A ) is a subset of Int( B ).
A new stretch for muscle spindle research.

Molecular neurobiology over the last few decades has provided detailed insight into many neural signalling mechanisms. However, an obvious gap in our knowledge is the nature of the mechanosensitive (MS) molecules and mechanisms operating within vertebrate specialized mechanosensors (e.g. touch, auditory and proprioceptors). This gap does not reflect any long-standing research neglect, since over the last 100 years some of the most renowned physiologists, including Ruffini, Sherrington, Adrian, Katz, Kuffler and Hunt, have at one time or another focused their research efforts on one of these mechanosensors – the muscle spindle or stretch receptor. As a consequence, the spindle became the first sense organ from which electrical activity was recorded, and the receptor where the sensory code was discovered (see Chapleau, 2007). In more recent years, behavioural studies have demonstrated that it is mainly sensory data from our ∼25 000 spindle receptors that the brain uses to construct an internal representation of our body's position and movement and thereby also our global sense of self (Proske & Gandevia, 2009).
The effect of quench rate on the aging of alpha iron

Abstract In a high-purity iron-0.019 wt.% carbon alloy quenched from the solution temperature at rates up to 24,000°C sec−1 and aged at 25 and 100°C, the precipitate morphology as well as the intensity and kinetics of age-hardening were found to change markedly for quenching rates above a critical range. A model is proposed for the total process based on the existence at the solution temperature of a dynamic equilibrium between lattice vacancies, interstitial carbon atoms and carbon-vacancy pairs. The greater thermodynamic stability of the latter permits their retention by quenching at high rates. At low aging temperatures, these defects serve as preferred nucleation sites for precipitation of carbon from the supersaturated iron, resulting in the formation of a high density of fine carbide particles with attendant hardening. At higher aging temperatures, other nucleation sites become competitive but the defect pairs now influence the growth stage by condensing on the growing precipitates and relieving the coherency strains associated with precipitation. In normally quenched ferrite, the absence or low density of such defects results in the characteristic low precipitate density, minimal age-hardening and strainrestricted growth of the carbides along preferred crystallographic directions. This demonstration of the influence of quench-rate appears likely to account for much of the variability in experimental observations on the quench-aging of ferrite reported in the literature.
Properties of 3He in thin 4He films

Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the properties of 3He atoms in thin films of 4He. For such films the 3He occupies discrete quantum states in the film and the system is both rich and complex. Here we discuss progress in this field from several points of view; we briefly discuss early heat capacity and third sound results and concentrate on more recent NMR measurements of the magnetization and relaxation times T 1 and T 2. Further experimental work and theory for systems of finite 3He coverage is needed to fully understand this fascinating system.
A tight bound for the number of different directions in three dimensions

Let P be a set of n points in R3, not all of which are in a plane and no three on a line. We partially answer a question of Scott (1970) by showing that the connecting lines of P assume at least 2n-3 different directions if n is even and at least 2n-2 if n is odd. These bounds are sharp. The proof is based on a far-reaching generalization of Ungar's theorem concerning the analogous problem in the plane.
Evaluation of a Self-Help Education-Exercise Program for Asthmatic Children and Their Parents: Six-Month Follow-Up

A program evaluation was conducted on a sample of 40 families with asthmatic children who were managed in private practice and participated in a self-help education-exercise program in Denver. Baseline measures were collected for the six-month period before the program, and follow-up measures were collected for the six-month period following completion of the eight-week program. The results indicated that a significant number of children experienced less debilitation after completing the program and also had less need of medical services. The interpersonal relations between the child and the parents were judged to have improved in a significant number of families, and a significant number of mothers reported that they experienced less emotional distress in getting a significant number of parents to quit smoking. Additional evaluations are recommended with a sample of asthmatic children who are more severely debilitated and more difficult to manage.
Cliché as Reification: Nurturing Criticality in the Undergraduate Creative Writing Classroom

AbstractThis paper will examine the possibility of introducing a moment of criticality into the fundamental pedagogy of the creative writing workshop by re-casting the problem of cliche as one not of ‘bad writing’ or even insufficient or un-creative creativity, but rather one of allowing an un-thought thinking to describe an un-experienced experience, of allowing, in other words, thought and experience themselves to become fully reified. By introducing the methods of radical, critical thought first in the realm of composition, which most students will take for granted as a realm undistorted by ideology, it may be possible to circumvent the reactions – ultimately cliches in and of themselves – which such thought is often met with and undermined by before it is able to take hold, to realise its potential of opening students' experience of reality and encouraging their reflection on that experience beyond the confines of what the culture has been arranged to grant them, which is, of course, a necessary precu...
Gabapentin enacarbil (XP13512/GSK1838262) as an alternative treatment to dopaminergic agents for restless legs syndrome

Importance to the field: Gabapentin enacarbil (XP13512/GSK1838262) is being explored as an alternative treatment for restless legs syndrome (RLS), which currently relies heavily on dopaminergic agents; however, these latter medications have the reported complications of augmentation. Gabapentin enacarbil shows promising data that it may be equally to more efficacious and have an improved side effect profile than treatment with dopaminergic agents.Areas covered in this review: Gabapentin enacarbil, examined in studies from 2004 to 2009, is a precursor to gabapentin and overcomes gabapentin's unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile and dose-dependent bioavailability. Randomized, controlled studies published in 2009 showed that gabapentin enacarbil outperformed placebo in improving quality and duration of sleep based on subjective report, investigator observation and objective measures in clinical trials. These trials show gabapentin enacarbil is well tolerated and safe, with a side-effect profile similar to gab...
Bone-targeting agents in prostate cancer

Bone metastases are present in the vast majority of men with advanced prostate cancer, representing the main cause for morbidity and mortality. Recurrent or metastatic disease is managed initially with androgen deprivation but the majority of the patients eventually will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, with patients developing bone metastases in most of the cases. Survival and growth of the metastatic prostate cancer cells is dependent on a complex microenvironment (onco-niche) that includes the osteoblasts, the osteoclasts, the endothelium, and the stroma. This review summarizes agents that target the pathways involved in this complex interaction between prostate cancer and bone microenvironment and aim to transform lethal metastatic prostate cancer into a chronic disease.
Permanently imbedded subcutaneous acupuncture needles: Radiographic appearance

During the evaluation of a victim of a motor vehicle accident, routine radiographs of the patient's cervical spine, chest, and pelvis revealed multiple radiopaque foreign bodies along his posterior neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. Repeat examination of the patient disclosed no evidence of foreign bodies. Further questioning revealed that the patient had received acupuncture therapy five years earlier in Korea. We discuss the radiographic findings of permanently imbedded subcutaneous acupuncture needles and their differential diagnosis. The medical complications of acupuncture are reviewed.
Integrated Circuits of Coupled Mircospheres for Optoelectronics Applications

The paper is devoted to theoretical modeling, fabrication, and advanced spectroscopic characterization of circuits of microspheres with high quality whispering gallery modes (WGMs). The discussion of results is based on three mechanisms of optical coupling between spherical cavities: (i) resonant coupling between WGMs in identical cavities, (ii) Fano resonance between a discrete energy state (true WGM excited in the source sphere) and a continuum of quasi-WGM states with distorted noncircular shape which can be induced in the receiving cavity, and (iii) photonic nanojet mechanism. For the case of identical cavities we present numerical modeling results demonstrating a good impedance matching, and a tunable nanosecond delay for propagating pulses. We experimentally studied optical coupling in size-mismatched bispheres with controllable inter-cavity separations, and showed the validity of mechanism based on Fano resonance. Finally, we observed photonic nanojets in extremely long chains of fluorescent microspheres with propagation losses less than 1 dB per sphere.
Evidence that queens do not influence nestmate recognition in Argentine ants

Introduced populations of many invasive ants exhibit low levels of intraspecific aggression. Argentine ants (Linepithema humile), for example, maintain expansive supercolonies in many parts of their introduced range. Recent studies demonstrate that variation in nestmate recognition in L. humile can derive from both environmental and genetic sources. In some ants, pheromones emitted by queens also influence nestmate-recognition behavior. To test if such a phenomenon occurs in Argentine ants, we examined whether levels of intraspecific aggression vary as a function of queen presence or absence in experimental lab colonies. For each of four known supercolonies from southwestern California, we set up a pair of experimental colonies and randomly assigned replicates within each pair to treatment (queen removal) and control (no queen removal) groups. Using two different behavioral assays, we then measured aggressive behavior for ten days, removed queens from colonies in the treatment group, and continued to monitor aggression in both experimental groups for an additional 65 days. Both assays yielded qualitatively similar results: intraspecific aggression remained high throughout the experiment in both experimental groups. These results suggest that L. humile queens fail to influence levels of intraspecific aggression in introduced populations.
Non-parametric Bayesian modeling and fusion of spatio-temporal information sources

We propose a Gaussian process (GP) factor analysis approach for modeling multiple spatio-temporal datasets with non-stationary spatial covariance structure. A novel kernel stick-breaking process based mixture of GPs is proposed to address the problem of non-stationary covariance structure. We also propose a joint GP factor analysis approach for simultaneous modeling of multiple heterogenous spatio-temporal datasets. The performance of the proposed models are demonstrated on the analysis of multi-year unemployment rates of various metropolitan cities in the United States and counties in Michigan.
Immunochemical Quantitation of Prostatic Phosphatase

A monkey antiserum to a fraction of human urine precipitated by concentrations of ammonium sulfate between 1.5 and 2.5 mol/liter was shown to contain antibodies specific for prostatic acid phosphatase. Using a modification of Laurell’s immunodiffusion method with a phosphatase stain, we devised a quantitative immunoassay for this enzyme.
Classification of computer attacks using a self-organizing map

As computer technology evolves and the threat of computer crimes increases, the apprehension and preemption of such violations become more and more difficult and challenging. To date, it appears that completely preventing breaches of security is unrealistic. Therefore, we must try to detect and classify these intrusions as they occur so that immediate actions may be taken to repair the damage and prevent further harm. One attempt at classifying these intrusions is MITRE's Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) list that provides a common name for all publicly known security weaknesses. The CVE dictionary, however, is not taxonomy. The CVE list is organized in simple numerical order by date of acceptance. Each entry in the dictionary includes a unique CVE identification number, a text description of the vulnerability and any pertinent references. Creating a self-organizing map (SOM) using the text description allows us to order attack profiles with common features in the same general area of the output space. Attacks in the general neighborhood of one another should be able to be mitigated by similar means. Plotting attacks on a SOM also enables us to visually examine the placement of an attack relative to the four common classes of attacks (Denial of Service, Deception, Reconnaissance, and Unauthorized Access). Many attacks have features in common with more than one of these classes rather than corresponding directly to a single class. We have developed an effective technique to classify new attacks using a unique taxonomy, which breaks down threats into the four general categories, and the SOM created by the baseline CVE descriptions.
A Normative Virtue-Based Trust Model

A unified theory of trust is translated into a normative virtue-based trust model. The trust model describes how proper trust facilitates socially valuable ends such as cooperation and collaboration, while too much trust in other entities or not enough trust leads to socially undesirable ends such as accepting too much risk or vulnerability or selfishness and conflict, respectively. The trust relation can be evaluated according to a simple objective decision structure so long as there is no violation of basic trust, based on adapting actions that increase the level of trust, cooperation, and collaboration through mutual adjustment, and adjusting actions that increase the level of distrust, selfishness and conflict through domination. When a trust violation occurs, where selfish behavior may lead to conflict, the trust relation should be evaluated according to a more complex subjective decision structure, based on the success of acts of intellectual virtue at the level of reflective knowledge in moderating the relative influences of the basic trust dispositions operative at the level of animal knowledge to achieve balance or harmony in the trust relation.
A Comparison of Psychopathology in Cocaine and Alcohol Dependence

The authors studied 89 alcohol- or cocaine-dependent inpatients for comorbid Axis I or Axis II psychiatric disorders. Subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) to determine Axis I diagnoses. Axis II diagnoses were determined using the SCID II self-rating questionnaire and interview. High rates of Axis I disorders were found in both groups, but the types of disorders differed between groups. Axis II disorders were also commonly found in both groups but were significantly more common in the cocaine group. The types of personality disorders differed between the alcohol and cocaine groups, with the cocaine group showing significantly more Axis II Cluster A and B diagnoses.
MEASURING OLDER ADULTS’ ATTITUDES

Studies since 1980 measuring attitudes of older adults on various topics were reviewed for the purpose of making some generalizations about the state of research in this area. It was found that most of the research investigates attitudes as a multidimensional construct, the majority of respondents are women, “older” was defined by some as 50 years and above, a 5‐point Likert‐type scale was commonly used, and there are valid and reliable instruments available for attitude research. The article concludes with a discussion of important considerations for conducting attitude research with older adults.
Comprehensive Numerical Study of Jet-Flow Impingement over Flat Plates

Thepresentstudyattemptsanumericalinvestigationofthecomplexe owe eldthatoccurswhenanunderexpanded jet collides against a solid surface. Numerous examples of this problem can be found in the aerospace industry (e.g., rocket test stands, multistage separation ). A simplie ed geometry, already employed in previous experimental inquiries, was chosen as a test case: an underexpanded, axisymmetric, air jet impinging on a e at plate at varied angles. The three-dimensional Navier ‐Stokes equations were solved by means of a second-order-accurate Roetype algorithm with a generalized grid formulation. The computational domain includes theconvergent ‐divergent nozzle and the external e eld. The numerical results show various jet-shock and shock-shock interactions and compare very well with experimental data, including shadowgraph pictures and both location and values of the peak pressures on the inclined plate. This investigation focused on performing a thorough comparison between experiments and simulations, thereby establishing some level of cone dence in the accuracy and reliability of the numerical tool developed, CHEM. CHEM can accommodate more complicated and realistic geometries and physical conditions than those encountered in this study: with further ree nement and validation it can be used for rocket plume and plume/solid surface interaction simulations, both on the ground and in e ight.
Foraging in an Uncertain Environment Using Predictive Hebbian Learning

Survival is enhanced by an ability to predict the availability of food, the likelihood of predators, and the presence of mates. We present a concrete model that uses diffuse neurotransmitter systems to implement a predictive version of a Hebb learning rule embedded in a neural architecture based on anatomical and physiological studies on bees. The model captured the strategies seen in the behavior of bees and a number of other animals when foraging in an uncertain environment. The predictive model suggests a unified way in which neuromodulatory influences can be used to bias actions and control synaptic plasticity.
Einstufige Turboverdichter. Wichtigste Merkmale und Betriebseigenschaften

Es wird eine Ubersicht uber alle Bauarten und die wichtigsten Daten fur Baugrose, Drehzahl und Betriebsverhalten der einstufigen Ausfuhrungen gegeben. Insbesondere werden die grundlegenden Gesetzmasigkeiten behandelt und die charakteristischen Eigenschaften der axialen und radialen Ausfuhrungen einander gegenubergestellt.
VMPP: a virtual machine for parallel processing

In the field of parallel processing, there is a great diversity of languages and architectures which become obsolete at a rapid pace. In this environment, portability is an important issue. Unfortunately, most parallel languages are not portable. This portability problem can be solved using a virtual machine approach. In this approach, front-end translators translate various parallel source languages into code for a virtual machine. Back-end translators translate the virtual machine code into executable codes for a variety of parallel architectures. The Virtual Machine for Parallel Processing (VMPP) is designed to provide portability for a variety of high-level parallel programming languages without significantly sacrificing performance. >
Intermittent hypoxia activates temporally coordinated transcriptional programs in visceral adipose tissue

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep. OSA is strongly associated with obesity and dysregulation of metabolism—yet the molecular pathways linking the effects of IH on adipocyte biology remain unknown. We hypothesized that exposure to IH would activate distinct, time-dependent transcriptional programs in visceral adipose tissue of mice. We exposed 36 mice to IH or normoxia for up to 13 days. We transcriptionally profiled visceral fat tissue harvested from the animals and performed functional enrichment and network analysis on differentially expressed genes. We identified over 3,000 genes with significant expression patterns during the time course of IH exposure. The most enriched pathways mapped to metabolic processes, mitochondrion, and oxidative stress responses. We confirmed the pathophysiological relevance of these findings by demonstrating that mice exposed to chronic IH developed dyslipidemia and underwent significant lipid and protein oxidation within their visceral adipose depots. We applied gene–gene interaction network analysis to identify critical controllers of IH-induced transcriptional programs in adipocytes—these network hubs represent putative targets to modulate the effects of chronic IH on adipose tissue. Our approach to integrate computational methods with gene expression profiling of visceral fat tissue during IH exposure shows promise in helping unravel the mechanistic links between OSA and adipocyte biology.
School-Located Vaccination Clinics: Then and Now

School-located vaccination has a long history in the United States. The 2008 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation for annual influenza vaccination of all children 6 months through 18 years of age adds approximately 30 million individuals to the overall cohort recommended to have a yearly vaccination. The ability to administer this vast number of vaccinations may be beyond the capacity of primary care providers, leaving schools as an attractive venue for mass immunization clinics.
Animal rights is a social justice issue

The literature on social justice, and social justice movements themselves, routinely ignore nonhuman animals as legitimate subjects of social justice. Yet, as with other social justice movements, the contemporary animal liberation movement has as its focus the elimination of institutional and systemic domination and oppression. In this paper, I explicate the philosophical and theoretical foundations of the contemporary animal rights movement, and situate it within the framework of social justice. I argue that those committed to social justice – to minimizing violence, exploitation, domination, objectification, and oppression – are equally obligated to consider the interests of all sentient beings, not only those of human beings.
Breech presentation with low fetal mortality: A comparative study

Abstract To test the value of increasing the frequency of cesarean section and application of forceps to the aftercoming head, as means of lowering fetal mortality in breech delivery, two 5 year periods in one hospital were analyzed. The cesarean section rate rose from 12.2 per cent in the first period to 19.5 per cent in the second period; forceps application rose from 38 per cent to 77 per cent. With no other apparent cause, fetal deaths associated with breech delivery of infants weighing ≧ 2,500 grams fell from 1.4 per cent to 0.35 per cent. It is suggested that cesarean section be seriously considered in the management of footling presentation, an especially hazardous complication of delivery.
Management of Spondyloptosis

Spondyloptosis is a condition characterized by complete slip of one vertebral body over another, more commonly seen at the L5 on S1. High-grade slips and spondyloptosis have been associated with high pelvic incidence which increases the shear forces across the lumbosacral junction which further aggravates the slip angle. Additionally, posterior element defects have been noted in a high percentage of patients. Spondyloptosis is often associated with back pain and symptoms of spinal canal stenosis along with sagittal plan deformity with or without compensatory coronal plane deformity. While conservative management is usually the first line of treatment, surgical intervention is often required to control patient symptoms. The surgical management for high-grade slips including spondyloptosis is controversial and ranges from neural decompression, In situ fusion, partial or complete reduction of slip with or without vertebral resection. In this chapter, we will review the different approaches to this problem described in the literature. The surgeon should tailor the best management for the patient based on symptoms and magnitude of deformity.
Rejecting the Marie Antoinette Paradigm of Prejudgment Interest

This paper examines principles for properly computing prejudgment interest by examining the impact on different corporate constituencies. This paper concludes that prejudgment interest at a promisor's cost of funds can undercompensate promisees, by shifting value from the promisee's equityholders to its creditors through a forced investment that decreases the risk of the promisee's portfolio of assets.
Global Justice and the Authority of States

If there are redistributive obligations based on justice which hold within a state, shouldn't such obligations also hold on a global basis? What is the moral relevance of national boundaries for questions of global justice? Just as race, sex, and religion are no longer thought to affect fundamental claims of human rights or social justice within the liberal state, why should citizenship by any different within the world community? As Charles Beitz has put it, "A consistent egalitarianism must take the world as its subject."1 However, the state traditionally has been considered the primary unity of analysis in international affairs. This has been true not only for descriptive and explanatory purposes, but also in international law and normative theory as well. For example, the fundamental premise of the classical natural law position known as the morality of states is that states should be regarded as if they are persons in the state of nature. As developed by such writers as Vattel and Wolff, this position maintains that
Correcting Biased Estimates of Dispersal and Survival Due to Limited Study Area: Theory and an Application Using Wrentits

Accurate estimates of dispersal distributions and survival to breeding are essential for estimating gene flow and population demographics, and for testing the predictions of mechanistic models. We derive a method that corrects for the underestimate of dispersal and survival inherent in studies conducted within a finite area. Each dispersal event is weighted by the inverse of the probability of observing that event, calculated by dividing the observable dispersal events of a given distance by all possible dispersal events of that distance. The method takes into account the shape of the study area and suitability of habitat. The method is applied to a twelve-year field study of natal dispersal in Wrentits (Chamaea fasciata) resulting in an increase in the estimate of mean and median dispersal from observed values of 267 and 248 m to corrected values of 375 and 387 m. The correction method also estimates the number of second year birds recruiting to potential breeding territories on and off the study area. Seventy-five of the 799 locally born fledglings recruited onto the study plot (9.3%). We estimate that an additional 101 birds recruited off the study plot, increasing the estimate of yearling survival to recruitment from 9.3% to 21.9% of young fledged. We used a simulation approach to generate testable predictions that validate the assumptions and results of the method. The method is easy to apply, and is easily extended to incorporate greater realism and detail.
Reversible Renovascular Hypertension and Renal Arterial Pressure

SummaryIn the conscious, trained dog we have noted an increase in apparent renin secretion following renal artery constriction and reduction of renal arterial pressure, with little or no change in renal blood flow, and without significant change in distribution of cortical blood flow. Within 2-5 days, however, basal renin secretion rates declined toward normal despite maintained renal arterial hypotension; body fluid volume was increased. A highly significant correlation between systemic blood pressure and body wt was noted. With release of the cuff, a natriuresis and diuresis was observed, with a return of body weight and hematocrit to normal within the first 24-48 hr. However, despite the decrease in body fluid, and the decrease in renin secretion and PRA, blood pressure returned to control level more slowly, suggesting a resetting of the baroreceptor reflex.
A Parallel Relationship between Parkinson’s Disease and an Excess of S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Biological Methylation in the Brain

The primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are resting tremors, bradykinesia and muscular rigidity, due to degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway. Dopamine (DA) is depleted in the neostriatuml and melanin pigments in the substantia nigra (SN)2. The relative concentration of the DA metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA) (HVA/DA ratio), also was reported to be increased in the neostriatum3 and urine4,5 of PD patients. An agent that resembles another methylated metabolite of DA, 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DIMPEA), was shown to be excreted in the urine of PD patients5,6. The levels of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) are also decreased and the activity of acetylcholine (Ach) is increased in the brain of PD patients.
Adenosine A1-receptor coupling to phosphoinositide metabolism in pregnant guinea pig myometrium.

Adenosine contracts pregnant and nonpregnant guinea pig myometrial smooth muscle (MSM). We have 1) described dissociation of A1-adenosine receptors from adenylate cyclase inhibition in nonpregnant ...
Disrupted sleep the night before breast cancer surgery is associated with increased post-surgical pain

9078 Background: Despite the best clinical care, pain following breast cancer surgery is a virtually universal patient experience that can have pervasive negative consequences. Given the sometimes ...
Pedagogy and Measurement of Program Planning Skills

Students in first-year computing courses deal with programming problems that can be solved through various solutions that organize the problem's tasks in different ways. Selecting among these organizations of code or program plans and implementing them depends on various factors such as prior knowledge of solutions and features of programming languages used. Additionally, problem solving through effective program planning continues to be difficult for students; instruction in many first-year courses focuses on low-level constructs without discussing higher-level plans and students are left to figure out strategies for problem decomposition and code composition on their own. My research explores ways to teach planning strategies effectively so students will be able to learn to apply these strategies as well as transfer the use of these strategies across problems.
Evaluating Mixture Rules for Multi-Component Pressure Dependence: H + O2 (+M) = HO2 (+M)

Abstract A substantial fraction of the reactions that take place in combustion are complex-forming (i.e. pressure-dependent) reactions, which depend on the collisional energy transfer characteristics of the surrounding mixture (“bath gas”). In contrast to the single-component bath gases used in nearly all fundamental investigations of these reactions, significant fractions of multiple species of disparate collisional energy transfer characteristics are usually present in combustion environments. Calculations of the rate constant for multi-component mixtures thereafter inevitably relies on a “mixture rule” based on rate constants for the individual single-component bath gases. Failure to implement a mixture rule, which is actually quite common in many implementations of kinetic models within combustion codes, can yield errors up to a factor equal to the number of separate expressions for each component. Even still, as demonstrated herein, rate constants evaluated through various proposed mixture rules can differ by over 60% for exactly the mixture compositions of interest to combustion modeling. Therefore, evaluating the suitability of various mixture rules for accurately representing multi-component pressure dependence for combustion modeling purposes appears particularly worthwhile, given that these differences now exceed achievable accuracies for single-component bath gases and, additionally, given that inverse uncertainty quantification procedures almost always rely on starting with an accurate model structure, including mixture rules. The present study evaluates various existing and new mixture rules for representations of multi-component pressure dependence for H+O 2 (+M)=HO 2 (+M) through comparison with master equation calculations. The results indicate that mixture rules based on the reduced pressure provide a considerably more accurate description than those based on pressure (reaching accuracies of 2% compared to ∼60%). Recommendations are made for incorporation of these new mixture rules within combustion codes. Until then, potential errors in the full condition-dependence for H+O 2 (+M)=HO 2 (+M) of up to ∼90% are essentially unavoidable merely due to available representation options within combustion codes.
Section 1031 QIs in the New Economy

Industry estimates indicate that, over the past several years, section 1031 qualified intermediaries have lost as much as $700 million of exchange proceeds. Exchangers and their representatives must take steps to help prevent future losses. This article reviews three recent failures and discusses measures that should help reduce the risk of qualified intermediary failure in the new exchange environment. Lawmakers should also consider measures they can take to help prevent such losses in the future.
Influence of the velocity field on scalar transport in gaseous transverse jets

The present experiments explored the dynamical character of the gaseous jet injected flush into cross-flow for variable jet-to-cross-flow momentum flux ratios (5, 12 and 41) and density ratios (0.35 and 1.0). Contoured nozzle and straight pipe injectors were studied here, with the jet Reynolds number fixed at 1900 as other flow parameters were varied. Simultaneous acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging and stereo particle image velocimetry (PIV) were used to study the relationships between scalar and velocity/vorticity fields, with a special focus on comparing PLIF-based extraction of scalar dissipation rates and local strain rates with PIV-based local strain rates in the upstream and downstream shear layers of the jet. There was remarkable similarity between the scalar and vorticity fields for the jet in cross-flow, spanning conditions for absolutely unstable upstream jet shear layers at low or values to conditions for convectively unstable shear layers for larger , equidensity conditions (Megerian et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 593, 2007, pp. 93–129; Getsinger et al., Exp. Fluids, vol. 53, 2012, pp. 783–801). Proper orthogonal decomposition applied to both scalar and velocity fields revealed strengthening instabilities in both the upstream shear layer and in the jet’s wake as was reduced. The simultaneous measurements allowed PLIF-extracted scalar dissipation rates and strain rates to be determined via a flamelet-like model and compared with PIV-extracted strain rates, each in the diffusion layer-normal direction. There was generally very good qualitative and quantitative agreement for these metrics in both the jet upstream and downstream shear layers for most flow conditions, with excellent correspondence to locations of shear layer vorticity roll up, although downstream shear layer strain rates in some cases showed lesser correspondence between PLIF- and PIV-based data. Such differences are shown to potentially result from diffusion and resolution effects as well as the influence of three-dimensional and transient effects which can be more significant in the lee side of the jet. Nevertheless, the present results reveal interesting dynamics and demonstrate the importance of strain fields in enhanced diffusion and transport phenomena.
Determination of the coma dust back-scattering of 67P for phase angles from 1.2° to 75°

Abstract A phase curve is derived for the dust coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) from 1.2° to 74° using images from the OSIRIS camera system on board the Rosetta mission during the period 2014 July 25 to 2015 February 23 as the spacecraft approached the comet. We analyzed 123 images of the continuum filter at 612.6 nm and 60 images of the 375 nm UV continuum filter of the Wide Angle Camera. Our method of extracting a phase curve, close to the nucleus, taking into account illumination conditions, activity of the comet, strong radial radiance intensity decrease and varying phase angles across the image, is described in detail. Our derived backscattering phase curve is considerably steeper than earlier published data. The radiance of the scattering dust in the 612.6 nm filter increases by about a factor of 12 going from a phase angle of 75° to a phase angle of 2.0°. The phase curve for the 375 nm filter is similar but there is reasonable evidence that the I/F color ratio between the two filters changes from a roughly neutral color ratio of 1.2 to a more typical red color of ∼ 2.0 as the activity of the comet increases. No substantial change in the shape of the phase curve could be discerned between 2014 August and 2015 February 19–23 when the comet increased considerably in activity. The phase curve behavior on the illuminated side of the comet and the dark side is in general similar. A comparison of our phase curve with a recent phase curve for 67P by Bertini et al. for the phase angle range ∼15°–80°, where our two reductions overlap, shows good agreement (as does our color ratio between the 612.6 nm and the 375 nm filters) despite the fact that the two phase curve determinations observed the comet at different dust activity levels, at different distances from the nucleus and used completely different observing and data reduction methodologies. Trial scattering calculations demonstrate that the observed strong backscattering most likely arises from particles in the size range 1–20 µm. Our observed backscattering phase curve gives no constraints on the real index of refraction, the particle size distribution or the minimum and maximum particle size cut-offs. However, an upper limit to the imaginary index of refraction of ∼0.01 was required, making these particles quite transparent. Simple spherical scattering calculations including particle size distributions can fit the general characteristics of the phase curve but cannot produce a satisfactory detailed fit.
Cytokine Release Syndrome Grade as a Predictive Marker for Infections in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated With Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells.

Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells that target the CD19 antigen present a novel promising therapy for the treatment of relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Although cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity have emerged as predominant noninfectious complications of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy, infections associated with this treatment modality have not been well documented. Methods We analyzed infectious complications that followed CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in 53 adult patients with relapsed B-ALL enrolled in a phase I clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (NCT01044069). Results Overall, 22 patients (42%) experienced 26 infections (17 bacterial, 4 fungal, and 5 viral) within the first 30 days of CAR T-cell infusion. In 10 of 32 (31%) patients in whom complete remission was achieved, 15 infections developed between days 31 and 180; the majority of these late infections were due to respiratory viruses. In general, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections were detected at a median of 18, 23, and 48 days, respectively, after CAR T-cell infusion. CRS grade 3 or higher was independently associated with increased risk of subsequent infection (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.67; P = .05) and in particular with bloodstream infection (adjusted HR, 19.97; P < .001). Three of 53 patients (6%) died of an infection-related cause. Conclusions Infections in adult patients with relapsed B-ALL are common after CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. Understanding the infectious complications that are temporally coincident with CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is critical for developing effective prophylactic and other supportive care measures to improve clinical outcomes. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01044069.
A minor apocalypse: Warsaw during the First World War

This book marks a welcome addition to the burgeoning literature on the Great War’s Eastern Front. It chronicles the fate of Warsaw and its citizens from 1914 to the end of the war, illustrating the...
CellOrganizer: Image-derived Models of Subcellular Organization and Protein Distribution

This chapter describes approaches for learning models of subcellular organization from images. The primary utility of these models is expected to be from incorporation into complex simulations of cell behaviors. Most current cell simulations do not consider spatial organization of proteins at all, or treat each organelle type as a single, idealized compartment. The ability to build generative models for all proteins in a proteome and use them for spatially accurate simulations is expected to improve the accuracy of models of cell behaviors. A second use, of potentially equal importance, is expected to be in testing and comparing software for analyzing cell images. The complexity and sophistication of algorithms used in cell-image-based screens and assays (variously referred to as high-content screening, high-content analysis, or high-throughput microscopy) is continuously increasing, and generative models can be used to produce images for testing these algorithms in which the expected answer is known.
Impact of Blood Group A Subtyping on Heart Transplantation: A Single Center Experience

Purpose ABO antigens are ubiquitously expressed not only on RBCs but also on vascular endothelium. Blood groups A and AB have 20 different subytpes, A1 being most common (80%), followed by A2(19%) and remainder Methods We retrospectively tested for presence of A1 antigen and anti-A1 isoagglutinins on 51 adult post-heart Tx patients with either A or AB blood group at our institution. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on presence of A1 antigen, A1 or non-A1 subtype. Primary endpoint was freedom from rejection at 6 months. Secondary endpoints included graft dysfunction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and re-transplantation. Results Of the 51 study participants, 43 were A1 and 8 were non-A1 subtype. None of the non-A1 subtype recipients had detectable anti-A1 isoagglutinins despite 5/8 donor hearts were A1. Mean follow up time post-Tx was 61.8±44.5 months (non-A1) and 91.8±79 months (A1, p=0.15). No significant difference was noted between two groups in terms of freedom from rejection at 6 months (non-A1: 3, A1: 15, p=0.39), graft dysfunction on echocardiogram (non-A1: 1, A1: 4, p=0.88), CAV (non-A1: 0, A1: 5, p=0.29), and re-transplantation (A1: 0% vs non-A1: 0%, p=1). Conclusion Transplantation of A1 donor hearts to non-A1 recipients in the absence of anti-A1 isoagglutinins does not affect post heart Tx outcomes in terms of rejection, graft dysfunction, CAV, or retransplantation.
Republished: Systematic Review of Handoff Mnemonics Literature*:

A systematic review of published English-language articles on handoffs is conducted (1987 to June 4, 2008). Forty-six articles describing 24 handoff mnemonics are identified by trained reviewers. T...
Working with Families, Infants, and Young Children from the Middle East

The Middle East can be understood as a mosaic of religious, cultures, ethnicities, and cultural practices. This chapter focuses on issues in the perinatal period and early childhood for families that practice Islam and who may embrace traditional Islamic beliefs. The taboo of consanguineous marriage, that is common in many other cultures, does not apply to the marriage between cousins. Women are often subordinated to male relatives or their husband when they marry. There is an emphasis on purity and cleanliness to avoid negative outcomes of the pregnancy and avoiding forbidden practices and respecting taboos. A number of protective devices are employed by women and used with young children to protect against evil spirits or djinns, evil angels, and the evil eye. Families may consult the traditional healer or marabout, as well as using modern medical practices concurrently. Muslim families may face increased prejudice in many industrialized countries and may fear expressing their beliefs openly or adhere to traditional practices. Parents often believe that adverse events are already written in the book of life and may accept them as the will of Allah, rather than attributing them to parents or caregivers. Religious practices and traditional remedies have a protective value for families facing adversities like migration, refugee status, and the turmoil observed in many areas of the Middle East. Some commonly observed culture-bound syndromes are described.