cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feature extraction with wavelet transforms for implementation of the projection-slice filter

One of the problems in the implementation of the Projection-Slice filter is the reduction of redundant information during filter synthesis. The wavelet transform is utilized to minimize the information redundancy. The method for this type of filter synthesis is discussed and simulation results of the algorithms involved are presented.
Reunification of Partitioned Nation-States: Theory Versus Reality in Vietnam and Germany

Abstract The absorption of the former German Democratic Republic into the German Federal Republic has drawn attention to the process of reunification of states partitioned as a result of the Cold War. While German reunification has already attracted political geographic study, no comparative analysis of the reunification process has yet been made. This study represents an initial attempt to point the way to a clearer understanding of the reunification process in formerly partitioned states by a comparative analysis in testing generalizations about the process. Three hypotheses are applied to two Cold War cases of partitioned nation-state reunification—Vietnam (1975-76) and Germany (1990). A winners-and-losers hypothesis addresses the fate of societal elites resulting from unification. A persistent-dissimilarities hypothesis contends that political, economic, and social differences and inequities will persist and cause stress between the two segments of the unifying societies. Finally, a borderlands-to-cen...
Teeth as tools

What determines the shapes of mammalian teeth? When tools are designed to cut to the meat of the question, form follows function rather than developmental or evolutionary constraints.
Levels of division algebras

In [7] the level, sublevel, and product level of finite dimensional central division algebras D over a field F were calculated when F is a local or global field. In Theorem 1.4 of this paper we calculate the same quantities if all finite extensions K of F satisfy ū( K ) ≤2, where ū is the Hasse number of a field as defined in [2]. This occurs, for example, if F is an algebraic extension of the function field R(x) where R is a real closed field or hereditarily Euclidean field (see [4]).
Ontogeny of the peck response in chicks: Age dependence and target dependence

The spontaneous peck response of neonate chicks ( Gallus gallus ) has been criticized as unsuitable for creating a general model of memory because of evidence that the response is limited to the first 3 days posthatch. The evidence is invalid because of the use of an inappropriate peck target. With appropriate peck targets, the spontaneous peck response remains high for at least 8 days posthatch, and the trained peck response remains high for at least 11 days posthatch.
Making a life in the organizational sciences: no one ever said it was going to be easy

A stimulating article by Glick et al. has provoked a number of responses in this journal. We contribute our opinions to this interchange because we think that the situation is not nearly as bleak as Glick et al. and others would have us believe. In order to corroborate our contentions, we report the results of a survey of accomplished organizational scientists that directly addresses a number of the issues over which we and Glick et al. disagree. Overall, we readily acknowledge that making a life in our field is challenging, as are most activities worth doing. However, we are confident that vast opportunities exist for nascent scholars, as well as for those established scholars who continue to direct their efforts toward generating knowledge within our field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ingestive behavior following central [D-Ala2, Leu5, Cys6]-enkephalin (DALCE), a short-acting agonist and long-acting antagonist at the delta opioid receptor.

Abstract DALCE (1–40 μg, ICV), a short-acting agonist and long-acting antagonist at the delta opioid receptor, was examined for its effects upon food intake in rats under spontaneous, deprivation,glucoprivic and palatable conditions. DALCE (10 μgt) significantly stimulated free feeding for up to 10 h but only minimally decreased (40 μg) food intake and body weight after 24–72 h. DALCE, administered prior to food deprivation (24 h), failed to affect subsequent 24-h intake and sporadically decreased intake and body weight change after 48–72 h. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (650 mg/kg, IP) hyperphagia was transiently (2 h) decreased by long-term DALCE (10 μg) pretreatment. Hyperphagia following exposure to a high-fat diet was significantly potentiated by long-term DALCE (1 μg) pretreatment. DALCE (10 μg) hyperphagia (2–10 h) was eliminated by central pretreatment with either naltrexone (20 μg) or the kappa antagonist, nor-binaltorphamine (20 μg) but was minimally affected by central pretreatment with the mu antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine (20 μg) or long-term DALCE (40 μg). The general inability of the antagonist actions of DALCE to alter these forms of feeding argues againts a role for the delta opioid receptor in these responses.
Reclaiming ‘The Spot’: the prostitute as entrepreneur in Tochka/The Spot

ABSTRACTThis article examines the portrayal of the prostitute as a part of everyday Russian life, a natural feature of the new market economy, in Iurii Moroz's film Tochka/The Spot (2006). Through the portrayal of the daily lives of three female sex workers, The Spot forces viewers to confront a reality often obscured by more titillating tales of glamour and sex. The film draws on techniques from documentary, neo-realism and the chernukha movement of the 1980s and 1990s, using fictionalized images to visually foreground darker aspects of post-Soviet life and put forth its thesis about the ‘new’ Russia. The film provides insight into women's place in the world of contemporary Russian capitalism, the gendered nature of this economic system and the legitimacy of prostitution as an entrepreneurial enterprise. The article analyses the film for both its cinematic and thematic content, including the film's portrayal of the female body, its use of naturalistic language and the ways in which the film captures the ...
Meiotic chromosome configurations in a triploidRhoeo

Meiosis in triploidRhoeo spathacea (2n=3x=18) is characterized by multivalents composed of up to 16 chromosomes as well as bivalents and univalents. Forty-nine types of configurations were present in 113 completely analyzed cells. Univalents were present in 91.15% of the cells, ranging 0–8, mean 2.21±0.14 per cell. Bivalents were seen in 76.11% and trivalents in 69.03% of the cells with means of 1.58±0.12 (1.12±0.13 chains, 0.46±0.07 rings) and 1.33±0.12 respectively, per cell. As the size of the configurations increases, their mean decreases. There were 7.47±0.18 two-arm and 2.62±0.14 three-arm associations per cell. No 4-arm associations were observed. The theory of segmental interchange is consistent with all these data. The mean number of countable chiasmata per cell was 12.7±0.16, or 0.71 per chromosome. Preferential pairing of α complex homologues occurred.
Pioglitazone therapy in mouse offspring exposed to maternal obesity

Objective Pioglitazone (PIO), an antidiabetic drug of the thiazolidinedione family, improves glucose and lipid metabolism in muscle, adipose, and liver tissues via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation. We hypothesize that PIO therapy will improve the metabolic status of offspring exposed to maternal obesity in a mouse model developmentally programmed for metabolic syndrome. Study Design CD-1 female mice were fed a high-fat diet for 3 months prior to breeding and throughout pregnancy and lactation. The pups were weaned to a standard-fat diet. Offspring were randomly assigned to receive 40 mg/kg of PIO in 0.5% of methyl cellulose or 0.5% methyl cellulose by daily oral gavage for 2 weeks. The pre- and posttreatment total body weights of the pups were recorded. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated using microcomputed tomography. Serum analytes were measured. After treatment, minimally invasive microendoscopic fluorescence confocal imaging and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests were performed. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests (significance, P Results PIO therapy resulted in lower total body weight and lower visceral adipose tissue gain and increased subcutaneous adipose tissue. PIO significantly lowered triglycerides, insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in males and fasting glucose in females. There was a trend toward larger adipocyte size. Conclusion Short-term PIO therapy in the offspring of obese mothers attenuates metabolic changes associated with the developmental programming of metabolic syndrome. These novel data suggest a potential role for drugs that activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma receptors to prevent metabolic syndrome in the adult offspring at risk to develop metabolic alterations.
Assessment of Luminescent Source Reconstruction Using Single-View Bioluminescence Tomography

Constant light-emitting beads were used to assess bioluminescent source reconstruction using Living Image® 3D Analysis (Xenogen, Alameda, CA). The effects of source depth and tissue heterogeneity on reconstruction accuracy and multiple source discrimination were investigated.
The Influence of Speech Perception, Oral Language Ability, the Home Literacy Environment, and Prereading Knowledge on the Growth of Phonological Sensitivity: A 1‐year longitudinal study

L'A. rend compte des resultats d'une etude longitudinale sur le developpement de la sensibilite phonologique dans le cadre de l'apprentissage de la lecture chez les enfants d'âge prescolaire. Le but de l'etude est de determiner si les differences interindividuelles dans le developpement de la sensibilite phonologique peuvent s'expliquer uniquement par les differences individuelles dans la connaissance precoce de la langue orale, et dans l'influence de la perception du discours et de l'environnement familial
Shallow affect, no remorse: The shadow of trauma in the inner city.

This article looks at a psychotherapist’s lessons learned at the intersection of trauma and antisocial behavior in 20 years of working in American prisons, forensic hospitals, and trauma centers. Typically, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents as an anxiety disorder with the symptom triad of avoidance, reexperiencing, and hyperarousal. Therapy can proceed once some level of safety has been achieved. But many potential patients do not have a safe space for the work to proceed. Instead, they are living in conditions of ongoing exposure to trauma that has been variously described as complex PTSD and continuous traumatic stress. Anxiety would hardly be adaptive for survival in this environment and, in fact, the symptom picture is often dominated by anger, aggression, and callousness. When these potential patients are found in jails, prisons, and hospital emergency rooms, their outward presentation, instead of centering on anxiety, can appear more like conduct disorder or even criminal psychopathy. They may have been victims, but they frequently have also been perpetrators of violence. These patients need and deserve a trauma-centered treatment, but exposure therapy is hardly appropriate for someone who is experiencing ongoing traumatic conditions. Therapy can proceed, however, and be successful, but the techniques that the therapist uses may be quite different from those found in other settings. A theory of how trauma connects to antisocial presentations will be described, and some of the lessons learned in working with this population will be shared.
Molecular docking and enzymatic evaluation to identify selective inhibitors of aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase

Microbes that have gained resistance against antibiotics pose a major emerging threat to human health. New targets must be identified that will guide the development of new classes of antibiotics. The selective inhibition of key microbial enzymes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of essential metabolites can be an effective way to counter this growing threat. Aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenases (ASADHs) produce an early branch point metabolite in a microbial biosynthetic pathway for essential amino acids and for quorum sensing molecules. In this study, molecular modeling and docking studies were performed to achieve two key objectives that are important for the identification of new selective inhibitors of ASADH. First, virtual screening of a small library of compounds was used to identify new core structures that could serve as potential inhibitors of the ASADHs. Compounds have been identified from diverse chemical classes that are predicted to bind to ASADH with high affinity. Next, molecular docking studies were used to prioritize analogs within each class for synthesis and testing against representative bacterial forms of ASADH from Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. These studies have led to new micromolar inhibitors of ASADH, demonstrating the utility of this molecular modeling and docking approach for the identification of new classes of potential enzyme inhibitors.
Analysis of factoid questions for effective relation extraction

We present an analysis of the structured relationships observed in a randomly sampled set of question-like queries submitted to a search engine for a popular online encyclopedic document collection. Our study shows that a relatively small number of binary relationships account for most of the queries in the sample. This empirically validates an approach of analyzing query logs to identify the relationships most relevant to user needs and populating corresponding fact tables from the collection for factoid question answering. Our analysis shows that such an approach can lead to substantial coverage of user questions.
Tunnel diode FM transmitter for medical research and laboratory telemetering

The design of a miniaturized FM radio transmitter using a tunnel diode as the main active element to broadcast information regarding body activity such as muscle and heart potentials to a remote receiver and recorder is reported. This FM transmitter has extremely high sensitivity. A maximum value of 500 kc/mV is obtained. The equivalent input noise of the complete transmitter and receiver system is 0.5 μV, at a signal to noise ratio of 20 dB. The dynamic range is 2×103 (1μV to 2mV). The weight is 0.1 oz. with battery, and 0.04 oz. without battery. Results from field tests of the transmitter are also reported. Tests show that it is capable of transmitting body signals of 10 μV amplitude or stronger over a distance of 10–50 ft, with high fidelity and low noise. The interference from the A.C. power lines as well as other environmental noise, is greatly reduced. A two-wire input system may be used instead of the three-wire differential system. A frequency drift of 2 Mc/s between room temperature and body temperature was observed. The source of the temperature drift was discussed and compensating methods suggested. The feasibility of powering this transmitter by radio waves, light, heat, and mechanical motion is also discussed briefly.
Depression and cholesterol-lowering chemotherapy: potential influence of smoking cessation, depression history, and dietary change.

(1996). Depression and Cholesterol-Lowering Chemotherapy: Potential Influence of Smoking Cessation, Depression History, and Dietary Change. Behavioral Medicine: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 85-86.
Goldfish Retina: Organization for Simultaneous Color Contrast

The majority of ganglion cells in the retina of goldfish have receptive fields organized so that the cells respond particularly to simultaneous contrasts of color. The receptive fields are concentrically arranged. If the cell is excited by red light in the center, then it will also be excited by green light in the periphery, and inhibited by green light in the center or red light in the periphery. The occurrence of this arrangement and the reverse is about equal. The receptive field is much larger than had previously been thought.
A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free 3D display

Here we describe a diffractive backlight for a multi-view 3D display technology ideally suited for mobile applications. The backlight supports full-motion parallax in a wide view zone, and can be fabricated at low cost.
Chlorothalonil exposure and cancer incidence among pesticide applicator participants in the agricultural health study

Abstract Background Chlorothalonil is a broad spectrum, non-systemic fungicide widely used to control diseases affecting over 50 fruit, vegetable, and agricultural crops. Despite its extensive use for over 30 years, little is known about the potential human carcinogenicity associated with the routine application of chlorothalonil. Rodent studies have shown evidence of renal tubular carcinomas and adenomas. We explored cancer incidence with chlorothalonil exposure using data from the Agricultural Health Study, a prospective cohort of licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. Methods Licensed private and commercial pesticide applicators were recruited into this study from 1993 to 1997. Detailed information regarding pesticide use was obtained via self-administered questionnaires. Cancer incidence was followed through December 31, 2004. Chlorothalonil exposure was classified by lifetime exposure days and intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days, and then categorized into tertiles. The intensity-weighted lifetime exposure days metric was calculated based on a complex algorithm which includes pesticide application methods among other factors. This may increase or decrease exposure. Results Of the 47,625 pesticide applicators included in this analysis, 3657 applicators reported using chlorothalonil with a median of 3.5 application days per year. Chlorothalonil was not associated with overall cancer incidence, nor did we find any association with colon, lung, and prostate cancers—the only cancers for which we had sufficient numbers to explore associations. Conclusion We did not find any strong evidence for an association between chlorothalonil and the cancers investigated. Although animal studies have suggested renal cancer may be associated with chlorothalonil, we had insufficient data to evaluate this cancer.
Gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in subregions of rat brain

A quantitative gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric method has been developed for the determination of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity in subregions of rat brain. The five subregions analyzed, weighing approximately 2.51 mg each, were globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, ventromedial thalamus, and substantia nigra medical and lateral. The activity of the GAD enzyme has been determined indirectly by measurement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) using gamma-[2,2-2H2] aminobutyric acid as the internal standard. Both compounds were quantitatively converted to trimethylsilyl-GABA and trimethylsilyl-[2H2]GABA in 90 min with hexamethylchlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, pyridine and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide silylating agents. Using selective ion monitoring and electron impact ionization at 70 eV, the limit of detection was 15 ng GABA per mg tissue. This method is compared with a fluorimetric procedure.
Mood State-Dependent Retrieval: A Failure to Replicate

The present study attempted a modified replication of Bower, et al.'s 1978 finding of affective state-dependent retrieval. It is argued that Bower's finding confounds two theoretically distinct effects, pure affective state-dependent retrieval and an interference effect. Using the Velten mood induction and an interference list learning task over 24- to 48-hr. intervals, it was impossible to replicate Bower's finding. Considering the difficulty of reproducing affective state-dependent retrieval in many laboratories, one must exercise caution in drawing conclusions about its generalizability.
TheRAD52epistasis group in mammalian double strand break repair

TheS. cerevisiae RAD52epistasis group gene products mediate DNA double strand break repair and recombination. These proteins and their modes of action have been extensively characterized. The existence of highly conserved mammalianRAD52epistasis group homologues suggests that information regarding the functions and mechanisms of double strand break repair proteins in yeast may be applicable to mammalian recombinational DNA repair. Herein, we provide an overview of theS. cerevisiae RAD52epistasis group and describe the characterization of the five mammalianRAD52epistasis group homologues identified to date. In the context of their expression patterns and other functional analyses, we discuss potential roles for these proteins in mammalian recombinational DNA repair and specialized recombination events such as V(D)J recombination.
Discussion of Firms' Voluntary Recognition of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

More than 100 firms voluntarily elected to expense stock options primarily in the summer and fall of 2002. The study by Aboody, Barth, and Kasznik (hereafter, ABK) examines the determinants of the election decision and the market reactions to these elections. Before discussing the study, it is important to note other actions that were concurrent with the decisions to expense and that had an impact on the corporate climate in the U.S. at the time of the elections (see table 1). Table 1 reveals several important patterns. First, actions by Congress and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) may have led firms to believe that expensing would become mandatory. The ABK study generally treats the election to expense options as a voluntary accounting change. It may be more akin to early adoption of a mandatory change, even for firms that the study defines as early announcers (announced beforeJuly 31, 2002). Second, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the NASDAQ and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) rules, the financial statement certification requirements, and the Conference Board actions are all responses to increasing demands for improved corporate governance. Excessive compensation was in the limelight.
An improved neural network for manufacturing cell formation

Abstract With structures inspired by the structure of the human brain and nervous system, neural networks provide a unique computational architecture for addressing problems that are difficult or impossible to solve with traditional methods. In this paper, an unsupervised neural network model, based upon the interactive activation and competition (IAC) learning paradigm, is proposed as a good alternative decision-support tool to solve the cell-formation problem of cellular manufacturing. The proposed implementation is easy to use and can simultaneously form part families and machine cells, which is very difficult or impossible to achieve by conventional methods. Our computational experience shows that the procedure is fairly efficient and robust, and it can consistently produce good clustering results.
A multifunctional on-line brain stimulation system

A flexible on-line electrical brain stimulation system designed for brain stimulation reward (BSR) research is described. A Cromemco Z-2D microcomputer is interfaced with a constant-current stimulator and a standard operant chamber. The system programs, written substantially in BASIC, calculate BSR threshold by two rate-independent methods, measure rate of operant responding, and determine resistance of the brain. Other software programs are used for training rats on complex schedules of reinforcement, for system hardware calibration, and for sophisticated statistical data analyses.
Rapid thermal processing, an integral part of shallow junction formation

Abstract Rapid thermal processing (RTP) has become one of the important processing tools for shallow junction formation in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI). However, its application must be integrated with the choice of ion, energy and dose of the ion implantation to optimize and balance the conflicting requirements of minimum dopant penetration and minimum defect formation. The preamorphization of silicon which is widely used to eliminate channeling can lead to end-of-range dislocation formation and it strongly modulates the enhanced diffusion of boron. Preamorphization by silicon — a light ion — implantation leads to a high density of end-of-range dislocations but it can eliminate the enhanced boron diffusion under certain conditions. End-of-range defects are shown to cause junction leakage. Preamorphization by heavy ions results in fewer defects but its effect on boron diffusion is still being worked out. Both the formation of defects and the enhancement of the boron diffusion are due to excess silicon interstitials originating in the ion implant damage. The two most powerful tools to reduce excess interstitials are the use of heavy ions implanted at low energies and the use of RTP for annealing.
Economic lot scheduling with lost sales and setup times

We introduce a new modeling framework for the classic economic lot scheduling problem that permits lost sales if they lead to higher profits. The model also accounts for setup times at a facility, but assumes no explicit incremental setup cost in the objective. Despite assumptions of deterministic demands, production rates and setup times, the cost of carrying inventory may make lost sales during a cycle economically attractive. Statistical analysis on randomly generated problems ranging in size from 100 to 1000 products indicates that the computation time grows by the square of the number of products.
Generation of a stable low-frequency squeezed vacuum field with periodically poled KTiOPO4 at 1064 nm.

We report the generation of a stable continuous-wave low-frequency squeezed vacuum field with a squeezing level of 7.4±0.1 dB at 1064 nm, the wavelength at which laser-interferometric gravitational wave (GW) detectors operate, using periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) in a subthreshold optical parametric oscillator. The squeezing was observed in a broad band of frequencies above 700 Hz where the sensitivity of the currently operational GW detectors is limited by shot noise. PPKTP has the advantages of higher nonlinearity, smaller pump-induced seed absorption, and wider temperature tuning range than alternative nonlinear materials such as MgO-doped or periodically poled LiNbO3, and is, therefore, an excellent material for generation of squeezed vacuum fields for application to laser interferometers for GW detection.
Productive Performance of Bobwhite Quail Breeders Fed a Diet Containing a Lactobacillus Culture

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of adding a Lactobacillus culture to the diet of Bobwhite quail breeders. The addition of the Lactobacillus culture at a level of .625 g/kg resulted in no significant influence on feed consumption, egg production, fertility, or hatchability of fertile eggs. Mortality was not affected by the addition of the culture to the diet.
Role of a MutY DNA glycosylase in combating oxidative DNA damage in Helicobacter pylori

MutY is an adenine glycosylase that has the ability to efficiently remove adenines from adenine/7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-G) or adenine/guanine mismatches, and plays an important role in oxidative DNA damage repair. The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori has a homolog of the MutY enzyme. To investigate the physiological roles of MutY in H. pylori, we constructed and characterized a mutY mutant. H. pylori mutY mutants incubated at 5% O2 have a 325-fold higher spontaneous mutation rate than its parent. The mutation rate is further increased by exposing the mutant to atmospheric levels of oxygen, an effect that is not seen in an E. coli mutY mutant. Most of the mutations that occurred in H. pylori mutY mutants, as examined by rpoB sequence changes that confer rifampicin resistance, are GC to TA transversions. The H. pylori enzyme has the ability to complement an E. coli mutY mutant, restoring its mutation frequency to the wild-type level. Pure H. pylori MutY has the ability to remove adenines from A/8-oxo-G mismatches, but strikingly no ability to cleave A/G mismatches. This is surprising because E. coli MutY can more rapidly turnover A/G than A/8-oxo-G. Thus, H. pylori MutY is an adenine glycosylase involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage with a specificity for detecting 8-oxo-G. In addition, H. pylori mutY mutants are only 30% as efficient as wild-type in colonizing the stomach of mice, indicating that H. pylori MutY plays a significant role in oxidative DNA damage repair in vivo.
Impact of chlortetracycline on sequencing batch reactor performance for swine manure treatment.

Abstract Treatment of aged (500 day, 4 °C stored) chlortetracycline (CTC; 0, 20, 40, 80 mg/L CTC)-amended swine manure using two cycle, 22 day stage anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was assessed. Eighty milligrams per liter CTC treatment inhibited SBR treatment efficiencies, although total gas production was enhanced compared to the no-CTC treatment. The 20 and 40 mg/L CTC treatments resulted in either slight or no differences to SBR treatment efficiencies and microbial diversities compared to the no-CTC treatment, and were generally similar to no-CTC treatments upon completion of the first 22 day SBR cycle. All CTC treatments enhanced SBR gas generation, however CH 4 yields were lowest for the 80 mg/L CTC treatment (0.111 L CH 4 /g tCOD) upon completion of the second SBR react cycle. After a 22 day acclimation period, the 80 mg/L CTC treatment inhibited methanogenesis due to acetate accumulation, and decreased microbial diversity and CH 4 yield compared to the no-CTC treatment.
Phase relations and stabilities of compounds in the system CoOTiO2

Abstract Phase relations in the system CoOTiO 2 in the temperature range 1130–1569°C have been determined by the quenching technique. Three crystalline phases, in addition to the end members CoO and TiO 2 , are stable in equilibrium with liquids, viz. Co 2 TiO 4 , CoTiO 3 and CoTi 2 O 5 . The two former melt congruently at 1562 and 1463°C, respectively, whereas the latter melts incongruently at 1482°C. The phase CoTi 2 O 5 is unstable relative to the phase assemblage CoTiO 3 + TiO 2 below ≈ 1140°C. The free energies of formation of the three crystalline phases from their oxide components at 1100 and 1300°C were determined by studying equilibria between pairs of crystalline oxide phases, metallic cobalt and a gas phase of known oxygen pressures. The instability of CoTi 2 O 5 relative to the phase assemblage CoTiO 3 + TiO 2 below ≈ 1140°C is confirmed by the free-energy data obtained.
Development of 3-D Magnetic Nano-Arrays by Electrodeposition into Mesoporous Silica Films

The development of periodic nanostructures fabricated by self-assembly of surfactants and block co-polymers has opened up the possibility of generating periodic magnetic nanostructures of types not accessible by self-assembly of nano-particles. The fabrication of mesoporous silica thin films around self-assembled block co-polymers is well established. Common structures for such films are SBA-15 which consists of hexagonal arrays of cylindrical pores and SBA-16 which has face centered arrays of spherical voids. These pores are connected by 1-2 nm thick flaws in the continuous silica phase producing an effectively continuous porous phase. After removal of the block co-polymer template, electrodeposition into the mesoporous silica thin films produces arrays of 5-10 nm diameter nano-wires and nano-particles. We have demonstrated that such materials can be fabricated on a wide range of metal substrates. Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopies shows that the mesoporous silica is well ordered over micron scale areas. Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) studies shows diffraction spots, consistent with the entire film being well ordered. GISAXS also shows that the mesoporous silica films survive removal of the template and electrodeposition of nickel and cobalt into the mesoporous silica films. Such films are of interest for their magnetic properties, as themore » nanophase and scale can be independently varied. Further, the presence of nanowires inside an insulator suggests that these films might also be of interest as the current confining element for Confined Current Path-Current Perpendicular to Plane GMR sensors.« less
Hydraulics of a partially penetrating well: solution to a mixed-type boundary value problem via dual integral equations

Abstract New semi-analytic solutions are obtained for well response to the pumping test and slug test performed on a partially penetrating well. The solutions account not only for the wellbore storage, infinitesimal skin, and aquifer anisotropy, but also for the mixed-type boundary condition at the well face, which is novel. The solutions are obtained via the method of dual integral equations (DE). The new solutions are computationally robust and efficient, about one to two orders of magnitude faster than the corresponding finite difference solutions. Existing approximate solutions obtained with flux–flux discontinuous boundary conditions are compared to our DE solutions. The accuracy of the approximate solutions appears to be adequate for slender well screens. Our DE solution is computationally more efficient than the approximate solutions. In the range where the approximate solutions are less accurate the DE solution is about an order of magnitude faster. More important, the new solutions provide the correct distribution of the point flux (local velocity) along the well screen, unlike all existing solutions. This feature is essential in cases where vertical variations of hydraulic conductivity are sought (e.g. in flowmeter tests), and for tracer tests.
Alternative constructions of Tobin's q: An empirical comparison

Although Tobin's q is an attractive theoretical firm performance measure, its empirical construction is subject to considerable measurement error. In this paper we compare five estimators of q that range from a simple-to-construct estimator based on book-values to a relatively complex estimator based upon the methodology developed by Lindenberg and Ross (1981). We present comparisons of the means, medians and variances of the q estimates, and examine how robust sorting and regression results are to changes in the construction of q. We find that empirical results are sensitive to the method used to estimate Tobin's q. The simple-to-construct estimator produces empirical results that differ significantly from the alternative estimators. Among the other four estimators, one developed by Hall (1990) produces means that are higher and variances that are larger than the three alternative estimators, but does approximate those estimators in most of the empirical comparisons. Those three alternative q ratio estimators, furthermore, produce empirical results that are robust.
Cooperative Learning in Context: An Educational Innovation in Everyday Classrooms

Cooperative Learning in Context: An Educational Innovation in Everyday Classrooms. Evelyn Jacob. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999. 223 pp.
The design of a bismuth-based auxiliary filter for the removal of spurious background scattering associated with filter-analyzer neutron spectrometers

The ultimate sensitivity of filter-analyzer-type neutron spectrometers, which are invaluable for measuring the vibrational spectra of materials, is typically limited by spurious background scattering features ubiquitous in all measured spectra. These undesirable features arise from neutrons that are elastically scattered by the sample and then are inelastically scattered by phonon excitations in the beryllium filter material. Such features can be significantly reduced by adding an auxiliary polycrystalline bismuth filter in front of the main filter analyzer. An optimal Bi filter requires a high-purity, low-hydrogen-content material with a sufficiently small crystallite grain size distribution to ensure a sharp Bragg cutoff in the energy dependence of the neutron total cross-section. We were able to produce such a material by the room-temperature compression of dense, high-purity, finely polycrystalline, Bi needles (with an average crystallite grain size of ≈230 μm) synthesized by the rapid water-quenching of melted Bi dripped into a spinning centrifuge. This material resulted in an improved filter performance compared to that using more coarsely polycrystalline Bi synthesized via melt-casting.
Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites

For organizations engaged in electronic business, the corporate website has emerged as the single most important interface through which transactions are carried out. This being so, appropriate design characteristics are required to make websites effective. Customers expect websites to be designed differently, depending on the task and purpose associated with the website. This paper identifies and analyzes important characteristics of the 40 most successful websites from five different categories: Retail, Financial Services, News & Information, Search & Portal and Entertainment. The findings indicate that there are six critical characteristics of websites and the relative importance of these characteristics varies across categories. The paper explains these results and based on them, develops managerial implications and guidelines for website design.
Factor Structure of the Counselor Burnout Inventory in a Sample of Professional School Counselors

This study tested a five-factor model structure with a sample of professional school counselors. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a modified five-factor model was the most appropriate. I...
The Dignity of Creating: The Patient's Contribution to the “Reachable Enough” Analyst

Through the defining power of words, the phrase “difficult-to-reach” patient reflects the extent to which the analyst inverts the patient's will to change and makes the analyst the subjective agent of treatment progress. If making a constructive contribution to another person's life engenders a sense of creative agency, the traditional dichotomies of analyst/helper who gives and an empty patient who receives may not be useful. I trace the evolution of a 23-year-long psychotherapy from a parent–child dynamic through to more uncertain relational terrain in order to illustrate how the analyst's own evolution may have clashed with the patient's ambivalence toward change and endings. I raise questions of how the dignity of making a creative contribution to the “reachable enough” analyst's life may enable the patient to work through gratitude, attain a sense of belonging, and terminate with good conscience.
The Development of Smoking Behavior: Conceptualization and Supportive Cross‐Sectional Survey Data

To describe the steps and process of becoming a smoker, we interviewed 386 urban public school children in grades two through ten and found the following: 47% of the sample tried a cigarette, and they tended to be in higher grades, score high on risk-taking, and have best friends who smoke; 32% of triers progressed to a second cigarette, with quick progressors characterized by life stress variables and slow progressors characterized by having peers who smoke; 77% of second-cigarette triers progressed to a third cigarette, and tended to be characterized by a brief, if any, delay between the first two cigarettes, having a best friend who smokes, and helplessness. Different sub-samples appear to be learning to smoke to cope with social pressures or to control their emotional state. Descriptions of the first cigarette experience suggest its potential for deterring continued smoking. Suggestions are made for smoking prevention programs to consider the entire process of becoming a smoker and to add intervention components that take into account the different variables which move separate sub-samples of individuals from stage to stage.
Automated 3-D tracking of centrosomes in sequences of confocal image stacks

In order to facilitate the study of neuron migration, we propose a method for 3-D detection and tracking of centrosomes in time-lapse confocal image stacks of live neuron cells. We combine Laplacian-based blob detection, adaptive thresholding, and the extraction of scale and roundness features to find centrosome-like objects in each frame. We link these detections using the joint probabilistic data association filter (JPDAF) tracking algorithm with a Newtonian state-space model tailored to the motion characteristics of centrosomes in live neurons. We apply our algorithm to image sequences containing multiple cells, some of which had been treated with motion-inhibiting drugs. We provide qualitative results and quantitative comparisons to manual segmentation and tracking results showing that our average motion estimates agree to within 13% of those computed manually by neurobiologists.
Renal Actions of RGS2 Control Blood Pressure

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have key roles in cardiovascular regulation and are important targets for the treatment of hypertension. GTPase-activating proteins, such as RGS2, modulate downstream signaling by GPCRs. RGS2 displays regulatory selectivity for the Gαq subclass of G proteins, and mice lacking RGS2 develop hypertension through incompletely understood mechanisms. Using total body RGS2-deficient mice, we used a kidney crosstransplantation strategy to examine separately the contributions of RGS2 actions in the kidney from those in extrarenal tissues with regard to BP regulation. Loss of renal RGS2 was sufficient to cause hypertension, whereas the absence of RGS2 from all extrarenal tissues including the peripheral vasculature did not significantly alter BP. Accordingly, these results suggest that RGS2 acts within the kidney to modulate BP and prevent hypertension. These data support a critical role for the renal epithelium and/or vasculature as the final determinants of the intra-arterial pressure in hypertension.
A finite element analysis of the time-delay periodic ring arrays for guided wave generation and reception in hollow cylinders

A new guided wave transducer model, time-delay periodic ring arrays (TDPRAs), is proposed and investigated in this paper for guided cylindrical wave generation and reception in hollow cylinders with application interests focusing on non-destructive testing (NDT) of piping/tubing. A finite element simulation has been performed for axisymmetric guided-mode excitation and reception with TDPRAs. By arranging a proper configuration of the time-delay profile and the electric-connection pattern of a ring array, unidirectional excitation and reception of guided waves can be achieved. The numerical results are obtained for the first three axisymmetrical modes and are compared with respect to generation efficiency and mode selectivity. Parametric influences on the performance of TDPRAs are discussed, combining a 2-D phase velocity-frequency spectrum approach with the mode dispersion and displacement structure analyses. The identification of converted modes in guided cylindrical wave reflections with a flexible TDPRA receiver has also been studied through sample notch reflection.
Evidence of drift waves at the plasmapause

As the Hawkeye 1 spacecraft crosses the plasmapause at high altitudes, (R greater than 3 R/E/), a band of electric field noise is often detected in the frequency channels from 1.7 to 178 Hz. No corresponding magnetic field noise is detected, indicating that the noise is electrostatic (or at least quasi-electrostatic), and the electric field is polarized perpendicular to the plasma density gradient. The noise is only detected when the scale length of the plasmapause is 0.1 R(E) or less, indicating that a large density gradient is required to produce the noise. These characteristics are all consistent with the interpretation that this noise consists of electrostatic waves excited by the drift mode instability. By using reasonable assumptions concerning the wavelengths of these waves the observed frequency spectrum can be explained as being due to Doppler shifts caused by spacecraft motion through the plasma.
Major weight loss prevents long-term left atrial enlargement in patients with morbid and extreme obesity

Aims To assess long-term changes in left atrial (LA) volume in patients with morbid obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥35 kg/m2 with co-morbidities] and extreme obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2), after surgically-induced weight loss (WL) after gastric bypass surgery. Methods and results We reviewed 57 patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery and had echocardiograms both before and after the operation. A control group was frequency-matched for BMI, sex, age, and for duration of follow-up. After a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, LA volume did not change significantly in patients who underwent bariatric surgery, but increased in the control group by 15 ± 28 ml ( P < 0.0001), and 0.1 ± 0.2 ml ( P < 0.0001) for height-indexed LA volume, with a difference between cases and controls that remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders ( P = 0.01). In the study population as a whole, there was a positive correlation between change in body weight and change in LA volume ( r = 0.22, P = 0.006) independent of clinical conditions associated with LA enlargement. Conclusion Change in body weight is associated with change in LA size independent of obesity-associated co-morbidities. Successful WL induced by bariatric surgery prevents the progressive increase in LA volume.
Time-resolved remote Raman study of minerals under supercritical CO2 and high temperatures relevant to Venus exploration

We report time-resolved (TR) remote Raman spectra of minerals under supercritical CO(2) (approx. 95 atm pressure and 423 K) and under atmospheric pressure and high temperature up to 1003 K at distances of 1.5 and 9 m, respectively. The TR Raman spectra of hydrous and anhydrous sulphates, carbonate and silicate minerals (e.g. talc, olivine, pyroxenes and feldspars) under supercritical CO(2) (approx. 95 atm pressure and 423 K) clearly show the well-defined Raman fingerprints of each mineral along with the Fermi resonance doublet of CO(2). Besides the CO(2) doublet and the effect of the viewing window, the main differences in the Raman spectra under Venus conditions are the phase transitions, the dehydration and decarbonation of various minerals, along with a slight shift in the peak positions and an increase in line-widths. The dehydration of melanterite (FeSO(4).7H(2)O) at 423 K under approximately 95 atm CO(2) is detected by the presence of the Raman fingerprints of rozenite (FeSO(4).4H(2)O) in the spectrum. Similarly, the high-temperature Raman spectra under ambient pressure of gypsum (CaSO(4).2H(2)O) and talc (Mg(3)Si(4)O(10)(OH)(2)) indicate that gypsum dehydrates at 518 K, but talc remains stable up to 1003 K. Partial dissociation of dolomite (CaMg(CO(3))(2)) is observed at 973 K. The TR remote Raman spectra of olivine, alpha-spodumene (LiAlSi(2)O(6)) and clino-enstatite (MgSiO(3)) pyroxenes and of albite (NaAlSi(3)O(8)) and microcline (KAlSi(3)O(8)) feldspars at high temperatures also show that the Raman lines remain sharp and well defined in the high-temperature spectra. The results of this study show that TR remote Raman spectroscopy could be a potential tool for exploring the surface mineralogy of Venus during both daytime and nighttime at short and long distances.