cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources of ocean island basalts: A review of the osmium isotope evidence

Abstract The Os isotope system provides insight into the origin of mantle source heterogeneity which is complementary to that provided by the incompatible element isotope systems of Sr, Nd and Pb. The Os isotope system is both an extremely sensitive tracer of crustal contamination and the only isotope system which can clearly distinguish between contamination of magmas in the crust vs. contamination in the lithospheric mantle. Os isotopes therefore provide important constraints regarding whether basalts are recording plume or lithospheric signatures. Basalts inferred to be recording mantle plume signatures indicate that the plume sources contain an enriched component which is more radiogenic in Os than primitive upper mantle. While this might be attributed to recycled crustal material, the expected correlations between Os and Pb isotopic signatures are largely absent. An alternative possibility is that mantle plumes contain a component of lower mantle which is radiogenic in Os. The Os isotopic compositions of plumes may be further enriched in some cases by the addition of recycled crustal components which also produces distinctive signatures in the incompatible element isotope systems. HIMU basalts, which have both extremely radiogenic Os and Pb isotopic signatures, can be produced by the addition of 15–25% recycled oceanic crust to a plume source already slightly enriched in Os due to a radiogenic lower mantle component. The origins of EMI and EMII mantle sources are currently less well constrained by Os isotopic signatures, but might be attributed to recycling of oceanic crust plus pelagic sediment, and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle, respectively.
Multidimensional Scaling for Matching Low-Resolution Face Images

Face recognition performance degrades considerably when the input images are of Low Resolution (LR), as is often the case for images taken by surveillance cameras or from a large distance. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for matching low-resolution probe images with higher resolution gallery images, which are often available during enrollment, using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). The ideal scenario is when both the probe and gallery images are of high enough resolution to discriminate across different subjects. The proposed method simultaneously embeds the low-resolution probe images and the high-resolution gallery images in a common space such that the distance between them in the transformed space approximates the distance had both the images been of high resolution. The two mappings are learned simultaneously from high-resolution training images using an iterative majorization algorithm. Extensive evaluation of the proposed approach on the Multi-PIE data set with probe image resolution as low as 8 &#x00D7; 6 pixels illustrates the usefulness of the method. We show that the proposed approach improves the matching performance significantly as compared to performing matching in the low-resolution domain or using super-resolution techniques to obtain a higher resolution test image prior to recognition. Experiments on low-resolution surveillance images from the Surveillance Cameras Face Database further highlight the effectiveness of the approach.
Temporal resolution of nanopore sensor recordings

Here we discuss the limits to temporal resolution in nanopore sensor recordings, which arise from considerations of both small-signal frequency response and accumulated noise power. Nanopore sensors have strong similarities to patch-clamp ion channel recordings, except that the magnitudes of many physical parameters are substantially different. We will present examples from our recent work developing high-speed nanopore sensing platforms, in which we physically integrated nanopores with custom low-noise complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry. Close physical proximity of the sensor and amplifier electronics can reduce parasitic capacitances, improving both the signal-to-noise ratio and the effective temporal resolution of the recordings.
Estimating the impact of match-play promotional offers on the blackjack business volume of a Las Vegas hotel casino.

Abstract A theoretical model advanced by Lucas and Kilby (2002) is modified and empirically tested to estimate the effect of match-play coupons on blackjack business volume. Although widely employed, little is known about the effectiveness of these play incentives. Using data from a Las Vegas Strip hotel casino spanning a 222-day period, a variable representing the dollar-value of match-play coupons redeemed fails to produce a positive effect on blackjack cash drop. Hypothesis testing is conducted via simultaneous multiple regression analysis at the .05 alpha level. Variables representing the day of the week, holidays and special events produce positive effects on blackjack cash drop.
Chapter 13 Allergic and immunologic disorders

The workplace is being increasingly recognized fog its role in causing diseases, particularly of the skin and respiratory tract. Occupational skin conditions are either of me allergic contact type or the primary irritant variety. Rhinitis due to substances encountered in the workplace may be either allergic or irritant. Occupational lung conditions of interest to the allergist are fibrotic diseases (silicosis, asbestosis, or berylliosis). hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer’s lung), and asthma. Occupational asthma may account for as much as 5% of asthma cases. A variety of dusts, vapors, gases. and fumes may cause occupational asthma. Mechanisms include allergic or IE reflex bronchoconstriction (cold. talc); inflammatory responses (red cedar, toluene-diisocyanate): and pharmacologic actions (cotton dusts) Although we generally think of the high molecular weight substances as evoking an IgE response, low molecular weight substances can bind with carriers such as serum protein, directing the specificity of the IgE to new antigenic determinants. Longitudinal studies have shown that airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness can persist for months or years after exposure ceases.
Evidence for a binding site on the sperm plasma membrane which recognizes the murine zona pellucida: A binding site on the sperm plasma membrane

Murine cauda epididymal sperm preincubated in either a modified Krebs-Ringer or M 199 solution bind to cumulus-free, zona pellucida-intact eggs. Pretreatment of such eggs with an affinity purified preparation of the seminal inhibitor binding component (acceptor), isolated from epididymal sperm, reduces in a concentration dependent manner, the number of sperm that bind. Treatment of cauda sperm, preincubated in either of the above two media, with the seminal inhibitor, also reduces the number of sperm able to bind. Incubation of cauda sperm in the Krebs-Ringer solution for up to 4 h does not affect their ability to bind the seminal inhibitor. Omission of bovine serum albumin from the preincubation medium results in a significant reduction in sperm binding. These data are interpreted to mean that the seminal inhibitor acceptor sites on the sperm surface of incubated sperm function in the in vitro binding to the zona pellucida.
Spatial variation in void volume during charged particle bombardment — the effects of injected interstitials

Experimental observations of the void volume at several depths along the range of 4 MeV Ni ions in 316 stainless steel are reported. The specimens were first preconditioned by neutron irradiation at temperatures of 450 and 584/sup 0/C to fluences of approximately 8 x 10/sup 26/ n/m/sup -2/. The void volume after ion bombardment to 60 dpa at the peak damage depth is significantly lower at the peak damage depth than in the region between that and the free surface. The ratio of the step height to void volume at the depth of peak energy deposition between regions masked from and exposed to the beam is strongly dependent on bombardment temperature. The reduction of void volume near the peak damage depth is larger for the 584/sup 0/C than for the 450/sup 0/C preconditioned material. These observations are consistent with recent theoretical results which account for the injection of the bombarding ions as self-interstitials. The theory necessary to understand the effect is developed.
Rapid, accurate, three-dimensional location of multiple seeds in implant radiotherapy treatment planning

The three-dimensional (3-D) locations of the radioactive seeds in an interstitial implant can be obtained from stereo-shift or orthogonal radiographs. When an implant contains a large number of seeds, however, there are often ambiguities in identifying corresponding seed images on two radiographs. The authors' method achieves accurate spatial locations by using three radiographs whose X-ray source positions are (i) in a plane which does not intersect the implant and (ii) widely separated to achieve adequate parallax. All triangulation is done in an anatomical coordinate reference frame attached to the patient so that patient motion does not introduce errors. The authors achieve independent error-insensitive calibration of each radiograph, rapid and accurate data entry in the local coordinates of each radiograph, 3-D seed location in the patient (anatomical) reference frame, and automatic verification of each calculation.
Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection After Renal Transplantation and its Impact on Graft Function in Children and Young Adults

Purpose Urinary tract infection will develop in 40% of children who undergo renal transplantation. Post-transplant urinary tract infection is associated with earlier graft loss in adults. However, the impact on graft function in the pediatric population is less well-known. Additionally the risk factors for post-transplant urinary tract infection in children have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between pre-transplant and post-transplant urinary tract infections on graft outcome, and the risk factors for post-transplant urinary tract infection. Materials and Methods A total of 87 patients underwent renal transplantation between July 2001 and July 2006. Patient demographics, cause of renal failure, graft outcome, and presence of pre-transplant and post-transplant urinary tract infections were recorded. Graft outcome was based on last creatinine and nephrological assessment. Results Median followup was 3.12 years. Of the patients 15% had pre-transplant and 32% had post-transplant urinary tract infections. Good graft function was seen in 60% of the patients and 21% had failed function. Graft function did not correlate with a history of pre-transplant or post-transplant urinary tract infection (p >0.2). Of transplanted patients with urological causes of renal failure 57% had post-transplant urinary tract infection, compared to only 20% of those with a medical etiology of renal failure (p Conclusions In this study there was no correlation between a history of urinary tract infection (either before or after transplant) and decreased graft function. History of pre-transplant urinary tract infection was suggestive of urinary tract infection after transplant. Patients with urological causes of renal failure may be at increased risk for post-transplant urinary tract infection.
Fabrication of defect-free full-field pixelated phase mask

Pixelated phase masks rendered from computational lithography techniques demand one generation-ahead mask technology development. In this paper, we reveal the accomplishment of fabricating Cr-less, full field, defect-free pixilated phase masks, including integration of tapeout, front-end patterning and backend defect inspection, repair, disposition and clean. This work was part of a comprehensive program within Intel which demonstrated microprocessor device yield. To pattern mask pixels with lateral sizes <100nm and vertical depth of 170nm, tapeout data management, ebeam write time management, aggressive pattern resolution scaling, etch improvement, new tool insertion and process integration were co-optimized to ensure good linearity of lateral, vertical dimensions and sidewall angle of glass pixels of arbitrary pixelated layout, including singlets, doublets, triplets, touch-corners and larger scale features of structural tones including pit/trench and pillar/mesa. The final residual systematic mask patterning imperfections were corrected and integrated upstream in the optical model and design layout. The volume of 100nm phase pixels on a full field reticle is on the order tera-scale magnitude. Multiple breakthroughs in backend mask technology were required to achieve a defect free full field mask. Specifically, integration of aerial image-based defect inspection, 3D optical model-based high resolution ebeam repair and disposition were introduced. Significant reduction of pixel mask specific defect modes, such as electro static discharge and glass pattern collapse, were executed to drive defect level down to single digit before attempt of repair. The defect printability and repair yield were verified downstream through silicon wafer print test to validate defect free mask performance.
Kinetics of crazing in polybutadiene/polystyrene blends

The crazing behavior of blends of polystyrene (PS) and a low molecular weight polybutadiene (PB) was examined as part of a continuing study of toughening mechanisms in thermoplastic polymers. These PS/PB blends attain high levels of toughness from the stress-activated plasticizing action of the polybutadiene (PB), a mechanism that is active only in the region of a growing craze. The plasticization is therefore localized and leads to enhanced toughness without loss in stiffness. The net result of this plasticization is a reduction in craze flow stress accompanied by an increase in craze velocity, which, in turn, allows the specimen to reach substantial strains-to-fracture in uniaxial deformation under an imposed strain rate. The ability of the PB to plasticize a growing craze is expected to be a function of the mobility of the PB. To investigate the role of diluent mobility, tensile tests and craze velocity measurements were conducted at −20°C and compared with previously published results collected at 23°C. Although the blends displayed high levels of toughness at 23°C, the blends tested at −20°C showed brittle behavior. Craze velocities measured at −20°C were 2 orders of magnitude lower than the results at 23°C. Addition of 3 wt % PB at −20°C led to craze velocities only as large as those found in pure PS at 23°C. Comparison of the craze velocities with an asymptotic theoretical model describing the dependence of the craze velocity on the PB content showed good agreement with the results at −20°C and only fair agreement with the room-temperature results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of congenital differences of the hand and upper limb.

Prenatal detection of congenital abnormalities is increasing, along with the evolving technology and widespread use of ultrasonography in prenatal screening. Musculoskeletal anomalies are noted during prenatal ultrasonography in approximately six of every 1000 pregnancies (0.6%), although approximately 1% to 2% of all newborns have some type of congenital difference and the musculoskeletal system is affected in 10% to 20% of these infants (0.1% to 0.4% of newborns)1,2. The prevalence of skeletal dysplasia is 2.4 per 10,000 live births (0.02%), and the prevalence of limb deficiency is 0.49 per 10,000 births (<0.01%)1,3-5. The discrepancies between the prevalence of musculoskeletal anomalies seen during prenatal screening and the observed rate of congenital differences in the general population of newborns are likely due to a combination of factors, including selection bias (higher risk patients are more likely to be screened), the fact that many musculoskeletal anomalies are associated with systemic conditions that result in fetal demise or early death, and elective termination of the pregnancy. Evidence that supports these factors includes an estimate that 23% of patients with skeletal dysplasia are stillborn and another 32% die within the first week of life6 as well as the observation that, in nations in which ultrasound screening during the second trimester is commonplace and therapeutic abortion is legal, high rates of pregnancy termination have been reported in association with a diagnosis of congenital differences7. Since congenital musculoskeletal anomalies are likely to be diagnosed during prenatal screening, orthopaedic surgeons are now consulted by anxious expectant parents during this stressful, emotionally charged time8. In the Advanced Fetal Care Center at our institution, we provide comprehensive, multidisciplinary care for patients and families whose unborn child has been noted to have congenital anomalies on prenatal testing. …
Variance of focal plane centroids from a point source

The variance of the unbiased focal-plane estimates of image centroids from a point source is calculated for arbitrary strength of scattering using path-integral results. The Markov approximation and narrow-angular scattering are assumed. The telescope aperture is a circular disk for centroid variance and two identical circular disks for the variance of the difference between two centroids. The atmospheric turbulence described by the Hill spectrum are assumed to be homogeneous along the propagation path. When there are irradiance fluctuations, the variance of the unbiased estimate of image centroids depends on the choice of the origin of the weighting vector. The variance of the centroid of a single image depends on three physical parameters related to the Fresnel scale, inner scale, and strength of scattering. The variance of the separation between two images from two separated telescope apertures depends on the same parameters in addition to the normalized separation of the apertures. The important contributions from propagation distance and spectral wavenumber are identified for the different parameter regimes. The behavior of centroid variances are presented for typical boundary layer conditions and aperture sizes.
Control of the vertical dimension

Abstract This article discusses the importance of diagnosing vertical problems as well as presenting findings on the effects of different treatment modalities. Some of the treatment proposed was based on anecdotal information lacking evidence. The fact that changes in the vertical dimension occur together with changes in the anteroposterior dimension makes control of the vertical dimension an important aspect in planning orthodontic treatment. The importance of recognizing the growth pattern, using appropriate orthodontic appliances, and evaluating changes in the vertical dimension as a result of growth and treatment are discussed. Ideas for controlling the vertical dimension are suggested.
Comparative reactivity of sterically crowded nf3 (C5Me5)3Nd and (C5Me5)3U complexes with CO: formation of a nonclassical carbonium ion versus an f element metal carbonyl complex.

Sterically crowded isoelectronic nf3 (C5Me5)3M complexes of neodymium and uranium, compounds which have unconventionally long metal ligand distances, are found to react very differently with CO as a substrate. The 4f3 complex (C5Me5)3Nd reacts with CO to form a nonclassical carbonium ion complex, (C5Me5)2Nd(O2C7Me5), which contains a three-coordinate planar carbon. (C5Me5)3U reacts with CO to form an even more crowded CO adduct through a reaction type never observed before for (C5Me5)3M compounds. The rare uranium carbonyl complex, (C5Me5)3U(CO), has νCO = 1922 cm-1 and a U−C(CO) distance of 2.485(9) A.
Near-Bottom Currents and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Southeastern Lake Michigan

Abstract In a study of sediment transport at the edge of the coastal shelf (28 m depth) in southeastern Lake Michigan we used an instrumented tripod to make continuous observations of horizontal current velocity, temperature, and turbidity within 1 meter of the bottom for 4 weeks during October 1981. The concentration of total suspended material (TSM) 0.9 m above the bottom varied from 1 to 5 mg/L in response to coastal upwelling, surface waves, and currents that exceeded 0.28 m/s (0.7 m above the bottom) on occasion. Advection of the Grand River plume also contributed significantly to the variations in the observed TSM concentration. Currents near the bottom were well correlated with surface winds and, although upwelling currents transported sediment upslope, the net horizontal sediment flux during the period of observation was west-southwestward, almost directly offshore. The magnitude of the horizontal sediment flux was approximately 1,000 times the magnitude of the vertical flux estimated from sediment traps deployed as part of earlier studies. We infer that local resuspension occurred roughly 20 percent of the time and the critical mean flow speed (at 0.7 m) for resuspension of the local silty sands was estimated to be about 0.18 m/s.
Effects of contracting on cost efficiency in US fixed-route bus transit service

Contracted service comprises a significant proportion of total operating expenses in the provision of fixed-route bus transit service in the US. Despite its importance, the literature on the economic effects of transit service contracting has been limited to only a few studies since the mid-1990s, and is inconclusive due to problems with the nature and methodology of the past studies. This paper examines how the cost efficiency of providing fixed-route bus transit service varies by the degree of contracting. I make several improvements to previous studies and conduct a regression analysis that: (1) addresses the endogeneity problem between the contracting decision and cost efficiency, (2) differentiates between agencies that contract out only a portion of service from those that contract out all service, (3) takes into account the moderating effects of several factors on the effect of contracting on cost efficiency, and (4) uses a relatively larger set of cross-sectional time-series data constructed from the National Transit Database from 1992 to 2000. The analysis results show that the combined effects of contracting lower operating costs by $4.09 and $2.89 per vehicle hour for partial and full-contracting agencies, respectively, in the average case. These average cost savings translate into 7.8% and 5.5%, using the average operating cost per vehicle hour of $53.06. However, this improvement is not universal, because the effects of contracting on cost efficiency vary by factors such as peak-to-base ratio, agency size, the wage gap between bus operators in the public and private sectors, and agency type.
The Creation of “Arab American”: Political Activism and Ethnic (Dis)Unity 1

This paper argues that the label Arab American as it is framed by Arab-American organizations and used in research on Arab Americans is in essence a political category (speaking to political activi...
POISSON/SUPERFISH on PC compatibles

We have adapted the POISSON/SUPERFISH codes to run on 486 or 386 PCs. The PC version includes features not found in the standard version, including programs for automatically tuning RFQ, DTL, and CCL cavities; a complex version of the RF field solver; memory allocation for temporary data; many line regions for dividing the mesh into fine or coarse sections; full support for multiple-cell DTL cavities; plotting of resonance-search and transit-time data; and on-line documentation. We modified AUTOMESH to generate self-consistent logical and physical coordinates. This new, more robust code greatly reduces the number of crashes in LATTICE caused by ill-formed mesh triangles along boundaries. The codes solve arbitrarily large problems. Each program allows free-format entry of CON array elements, and provides error checking of user entries. Standard release 4 now uses our root finder and convergence criteria. >
A novel pathogenic classification of cancers

According to contemporary epidemiological and experimental evidence, we propose a novel classification of cancers based on pathogenesis instead of classifications based on histological appearance of cancer. This new scheme first defines cancers as either 1. inborn errors of development or 2. sporadic ones, and then sub-defines the former into 1A. inborn inherited errors of development, being those due to mutations contributed by one or both parents’ gametes to the developing conceptus, and 1B. inborn induced errors of development when the malformations and/or cancers are due to environmental carcinogenic exposure during pregnancy. It is anticipated that the origin of an increasing number of so-called sporadic cancers will turn out to be linked to the inborn induced errors of development group.
Enrichment of mutants of Rhodosporidium toruloides by the use of inositol starvation

Inositol-requiring mutants of strains of Rhodosporidium toruloides were isolated and the frequency of isolation of auxotrophic and catabolic mutants from them was measured after starvation for inositol. Mutants can be isolated at frequencies up to 31 times greater than those of mutagenized cultures without enrichment.
The Benefits of Utilizing Closeness in XML

Hierarchies are common in computer systems, from the XML data model in database management systems to file directories in operating systems. When a single hierarchy is imposed on data, a query becomes ldquobrittlerdquo in the sense that it might fail to produce the desired result when executed on the same data organized in a different hierarchy, when the hierarchy evolves to a slightly different hierarchy, or when a user misunderstands the hierarchy when constructing a query. A fixed hierarchy also makes it more difficult to integrate heterogeneous data sources since each source could organize similar data in a different hierarchy. To address these concerns we propose tracking ldquoclosest relationshipsrdquo in an XML data collection. These relationships can be used to create a common representation for data from different hierarchies and can be used to restructure data to any hierarchy.
Composing pervasive data using iQL

The emergence of pervasive networked data sources, such as Web services, sensors, and mobile devices, enables context-sensitive, mobile applications. We have developed a programming model for writing such applications, in which entities called composers accept data from one or more sources, and act as sources of higher-level data. We have defined and implemented a nonprocedural language, iQL, specifying the behavior of composers. An iQL programmer expresses requirements for data sources rather than identifying specific sources; a runtime system discovers appropriate data sources, binds to them, and rebinds when properties of data sources change. The language has powerful operators useful in composition, including operators to generate, filter, and abstract streams of values.
Energy Dependent Growth Rates of AIN using Pulsed Supersonic Jets

AIN films were grown on Si , using unskimmed pulsed supersonic jets of ammonia and trimethylaluminum (TMA). By seeding the ammonia gas in hydrogen or helium, several different energies of the N precursor were used to examine the effect of N kinetic energy on the growth rate of AIN. The energy of the Al precursor, TMA, was 130 meV in all cases. The highest growth rate (0.115 μm/hr) was achieved with the high energy ammonia jet. The role of number density on film growth is discussed.
Negative pressure pulmonary oedema: a potential hazard of muscle relaxants in awake infants.

We report two cases of healthy infants who were given an IV intubating bolus of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant (0.1 mg · kg−1 vecuronium) at the beginning of an inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Shortly after the introduction of low concentrations of gaseous agents, both infants exhibited airway obstruction although inspiratory muscle activity was still vigorous. The airway obstruction was due to approximation of the tongue to the posterior pharyngeal wall, and was easily corrected by insertion of an oral airway. The infants immediately exhibited fulminant pulmonary oedema, which responded to conventional therapy. It is postulated that paralysis of glossal muscles occurred prior to diaphragmatic paralysis, creating upper airway obstruction while preserving inspiratory muscle activity. This can rapidly lead to negative pressure pulmonary oedema in the small infant. Meticulous attention to the maintenance of an unobstructed upper airway is required if muscle relaxants are administered to the awake infant.
Clara Maass, Yellow Fever and Human Experimentation

ABSTRACTClara Louise Maass, a 25-year-old American nurse, died of yellow fever on August 24, 1901, following experimental inoculation by infected mosquitoes in Havana, Cuba. The human yellow fever experiments were initially conducted by MAJ Walter Reed, who first used written informed consent and proved the validity of Finlay's mosquito-vector hypothesis. Despite informed consent form and an incentive of $100 in U.S. gold, human subjects were exposed to a deadly virus. The deaths of Clara Maass and two Spanish immigrants resulted in a public outcry and the immediate cessation of yellow fever human experiments in Cuba.
High-precision analysis of hydrous rhyolitic glass inclusions in quartz phenocrysts using the electron microprobe and INAA

A high-precision electron microprobe (EMP) technique has been developed that is capable of analyzing major, minor, and trace element abundances (Si, Ti, AI, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Cl) in hydrous rhyolitic glasses. The technique was developed to characterize the chemical compositions of rhyolitic glass inclusions in phenocrysts that occur in layers of Paleozoic altered volcanic ash. The compositions of these inclusions serve as excellent chemical "fingerprints" of the altered volcanic ash layers for use in stratigraphic correlation. The precision and reproducibility of the analyses is sufficientnot only to distinguish one altered volcanic ash layer from another on the basis of inclusion compositions, but also to discern differencesin the compositions of different inclusions from the same layer. A high-precision instrumental neutron activation analytical (INAA) technique was also developed that is capable of measuring an additional suite oftrace elements (e.g., Sc, Co, Rb, Cs, Sr, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Zr, Hf, Ta) in rhyolitic glass inclusions in quartz phenocrysts with excellent accuracy and precision after correcting for the presence of the host quartz. The abundances of elements measured by the EMP technique and the corrected abundances determined using the INAA technique are identical within analytical uncertainty, thus demonstrating the internal consistency of the results.
Recognizing Gay and Lesbian Families: Marriage and Parental Rights

This article discussed the parental rights of the non-legal or "second" parent in a gay or lesbian family. The current approach to gaining legal recognition of the "second" parents rights was to attempt to expand existing equitable doctrines. The article examined each of those doctrines, as well as theories advanced by Katherine Bartlett and Nancy Polikoff, and second parent adoption, demonstrated how they have been applied to heterosexual and homosexual families, and discussed their drawbacks. The article proposed that seeking legalization of same-sex marriage would be a more effective approach to gaining recognition of "second" parents' rights.
Structural Characterization of Organostannane — Kraft Lignin

Lignin is the second most abundant natural, renewable material. It is produced at an annual rate of about 4 × 101 3 lbs. Organostannane moieties were successfully incorporated into Kraft lignin (Indulin AT and C) through the classical interfacial condensation of organotin chlorides with lignin. IR, MS and other physical data are consistent with the presence of organotin-modified lignin formed through condensation with the lignin-hydroxyl groups.
A Tale of Two Platforms

This paper discusses future competitions between cellular and computer platforms, in the context of a discussion of Jonathan Zittrain, The Generative Internet, 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1974 (2006).
Age-Related Differences in Piracy of Frigatebirds from Laughing Gulls

Age differences in foraging success have been reported for a number of avian species. In general, adults have higher attempt rates, have higher capture success, and require less time for foraging than do immatures. Such age-related differences have been noted for Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis; Orians 1969), Little Blue Herons (Florida caerulea; Recher and Recher 1969), Adelie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae; Ainley and Schlatter 1972), Olivaceous Cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus; Morrison et al. 1978), Black-necked Stilts (Himantopus mexicanus; Burger 1980) and ;various gulls and terns (see Burger et al. 1980). Piracy, the stealing of food from other birds, is a particular type of foraging which reduces the difficulties associated with finding food, but requires that birds successfully outmaneuver their victims to obtain food.
Resistance Status of Red Flour Beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Infesting Stored Peanuts in the Southeastern United States

Field strains of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were collected from peanut storage warehouses and processing facilities throughout Georgia and Alabama. They were tested for resistance to three commonly used insecticides and two insecticides Whose registration is pending. Resistance was quantitated by a discriminating-dose procedure. Thirteen of 15 strains had nearly complete malathion resistance, having more than 90% survival when tested with technical material. Resistance to synergized pyrethrins was sporadic; only two populations showed evidence of resistance. There was evidence for resistance in half of the strains to dichlorvos. No indication of resistance to chlorpyrifos-methyl was found. One population from Dothan, Ala., had survivors to the discriminating dose of pirimiphos-methyl, and it also had the highest proportion of survivors to dichlorvos. The Dothan strain showed no evidence of resistance to malathion. Results suggest that cross-resistance between dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl might be a potential problem.
Amphiphilic nanoparticles repress macrophage atherogenesis: novel core/shell designs for scavenger receptor targeting and down-regulation.

Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory lipid-rich plaque disease is perpetuated by the unregulated scavenger-receptor-mediated uptake of oxidized lipoproteins (oxLDL) in macrophages. Current treatments lack the ability to directly inhibit oxLDL accumulation and foam cell conversion within diseased arteries. In this work, we harness nanotechnology to design and fabricate a new class of nanoparticles (NPs) based on hydrophobic mucic acid cores and amphiphilic shells with the ability to inhibit the uncontrolled uptake of modified lipids in human macrophages. Our results indicate that tailored NP core and shell formulations repress oxLDL internalization via dual complementary mechanisms. Specifically, the most atheroprotective molecules in the NP cores competitively reduced NP-mediated uptake to scavenger receptor A (SRA) and also down-regulated the surface expression of SRA and CD36. Thus, nanoparticles can be designed to switch activated, lipid-scavenging macrophages to antiatherogenic phenotypes, which could be ...
Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics,prevention and control strategies of rabies in Qingyuan city from 2006 to 2010

Objective To understand the rabies epidemiological characteristics in Qingyuan and to achieve the goal for rabies control and prevention.Methods Data on rabies from 2006 to 2010 in Qingyuan were collected and analyzed.Results A total of 280 rabies cases were reported from 2006 to 2010 in Qingyuan.The incidence rate ranged from 1.24/100 000 to 2.11/100 000,and the fatality was 100%.There was a tendency of increase in incidence.The epidemic of rabies was relatively severe in northern Qingyuan,and the incidence in October was the highest.52.14% of the cases had an age of 50,and most of the victims were peasants and students.90.09% of the infections were caused by the dog bites.59.05% of the victims were not treated and 93.53% didn't receive vaccination.Conclusion In recent years,rabies spread from the remote county to the central region in Qingyuan.The rural areas were the major areas for the disease control and prevention.It is necessary to strengthen the public health education and implement the comprehensive preventive measures of rabies.
Solving membrane stress on deformed configuration using inverse elastostatic and forward penalty methods

Abstract Wall stress in a curved membrane depends on the surface geometry and applied load, not the constitutive law of the wall material (static determinacy). This remarkable property suggests that the membrane stress can be determined without knowing of the material property. Being able to determine the wall stress without material knowledge is practically significant in numerous applications, particularly in in vivo biomedical stress analysis wherein patient-specific tissue properties are extremely difficult to obtain. In this article, we present two non-traditional methods that utilize the static determinacy to compute the membrane stress. A common theme is to start with a deformed configuration and use artificial material models. In one of these approaches, the equilibrium problem is formulated as an inverse elastostatic problem whereby the stress is determined by way of finding a (fictitious) reference configuration. The other approach utilizes the standard forward analysis, but in a penalty setting using artificially stiff material models. A continuum sensitivity analysis is implemented to quantitatively assess the influence of material parameters. These developments open new pathways of membrane analysis enabling stress prediction without using realistic material parameters. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate and compare these two methods.
Colles' fracture: efficacy of pins and plaster.

Colles' fracture of the distal radius is a common injury; however, controversy exists over the treatment of unstable fractures of this type. A retrospective analysis of patients with distal radius fractures treated with pins and plaster was performed to assess the effectiveness of the technique. The study group comprised 73 patients (10 men and 63 women) with an average age of 64.7 years (range, 51 to 82). Roentgenographic measurements of radial height, radial angle, and volar angle were compared at initial and final treatment. Medical records were reviewed for complications. A difference in radial height of 1.6 mm was observed from the first postoperative visit to the final assessment (P = .001); however, this was not believed to be clinically significant. The differences in the radial and volar angles were negligible and not statistically significant. The complication rate was 55%, with the most common complication being some degree of residual finger and wrist stiffness (39%). Pin tract infection occurred in only 1 patient. The use of pins and plaster is a feasible alternative in the management of low-energy distal radius fractures.
The biconcavity of the red cell: an analysis of several hypotheses.

New evidence is presented to show that the dimple and the annulus of the red cell are not restricted to specific locations on the membrane. This eliminates all but one of the current theories of biconcavity and supports the view that the membrane has unusual mechanical properties such that, although it cannot support surface shear, it can resist both bending and increase in total surface area. The feasibility of such a material is demonstrated by means of a macromodel. The model represents a class of structure that until recently has received little attention but that strongly suggests long-range protein interaction in the membrane surface.
Investigating the Roles of Affective Processes, Trait Impulsivity, and Working Memory in Impulsive Buying Behaviors

The aim of the present study was to test the reliability and validity of a scale for impulsive purchases. We also explored the interaction between two distinct facets of affective processes (hedoni...
Managing Energy Storage in Microgrids: A Multistage Stochastic Programming Approach

A microgrid is a small-scale version of a centralized power grid that generates, distributes and regulates electricity flow to local entities using distributed generation and the main grid. Distributed energy storage systems can be used to mitigate adverse effects of intermittent renewable sources in a microgrid in which operators dynamically adjust electricity procurement and storage decisions in response to randomly-evolving demand, renewable supply and pricing information. We formulate a multistage stochastic programming (SP) model whose objective is to minimize the expected total energy costs incurred within a microgrid over a finite planning horizon. The model prescribes the amount of energy to procure, store and discharge in each decision stage of the horizon. However, for even a moderate number of stages, the model is computationally intractable; therefore, we customize the stochastic dual dynamic programming (SDDP) algorithm to obtain high-quality approximate solutions. Computation times and optimization gaps are significantly reduced by implementing a dynamic cut selection procedure and a lower bound improvement scheme within the SDDP framework. An extensive computational study reveals significant cost savings as compared to myopic and non-storage policies, as well as policies obtained using a two-stage SP model. The study also demonstrates the scalability of our solution procedure.
Inference or Impact? Racial Profiling and the Internment's True Legacy

In the debate about racial and ethnic profiling in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks, critics of the administration's policies have frequently argued that the government has made the same fundamental error as the Roosevelt administration made when it forced 110,000 Japanese Americans into camps during World War II. This is a powerful rhetorical strategy, but is it an accurate one? What was the "fundamental error" of the Japanese American internment? In this article, Professor Muller argues that the fundamental error of the internment was not the inference of suspicion that the government drew from the fact of Japanese ancestry, but the enormity of the deprivations that the government imposed on the basis of that inference. Seen this way, the internment recedes as a rhetorical device, which allows for a more careful and subtle debate about whether the socio-legal landscape has changed enough in the past 60 years to prevent a civil liberties tragedy like the internment from recurring. Professor Muller concludes that that landscape has not changed enough to ensure that national-origin-conscious enforcement strategies will not leap from minor to massive intrusions.
Synthesis of light-driven motorized nanocars for linear trajectories and their detailed NMR structural determination

Abstract The design and synthesis of a fluorescent light-driven motorized nanocar with a linear geometry is described. Due to its structural design, the nanocar is present as a mixture of two photo-interconvertible diastereomers. An extensive and detailed NMR study allowed the full assignment of the chemical shifts of the two diastereomers in the mixture. The nanocar is expected to translate in a linear motion due to the light-driven motor providing a paddle-wheel like propulsion. The quantum yield of 0.56 and the photostability of the dye make this nanocar suitable for future single-molecule fluorescence microscopy studies.
In Utero Evidence of Impaired Somatic Growth in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.

We hypothesized that fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have impaired growth compared to expected growth for gestational age. This is a retrospective cohort study including singleton fetuses with isolated HLHS identified from a single, referral center’s ultrasound database. To account for variable timing of ultrasounds, z-scores for gestational age were assigned for each biometric parameter. We identified 169 fetuses, of which 96 had more than one ultrasound. The median number of ultrasound evaluations per fetus was 2 (range 1–5). The mean gestational age at time of last ultrasound was 33.7 ± 4.3 weeks with a range of 20.4–39.6 weeks. While fetal growth restriction (11%) and microcephaly (3%) were relatively rare, mean z-scores at the time of last ultrasound for estimated fetal weight (mean difference z-score −0.20, p = 0.04) and head circumference (−0.28, p = 0.02) were lower than at the time of the initial ultrasound. Impaired somatic growth, defined as a decrement in z-score of 0.5 or more over time, was common (32%). There is a deceleration in somatic and head growth in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome that can be identified by routine ultrasound evaluation.
Targeted gadofullerene for sensitive magnetic resonance imaging and risk-stratification of breast cancer.

Molecular imaging of cancer biomarkers is critical for non-invasive accurate cancer detection and risk-stratification in precision healthcare. A peptide-targeted tri-gadolinium nitride metallofullerene, ZD2-Gd3N@C80, is synthesised for sensitive molecular magnetic resonance imaging of extradomain-B fibronectin in aggressive tumours. ZD2-Gd3N@C80 has superior r 1 and r 2 relaxivities of 223.8 and 344.7 mM−1 s−1 (1.5 T), respectively. It generates prominent contrast enhancement in aggressive MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer in mice at a low dose (1.7 µmol kg−1, 1 T), but not in oestrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 tumours. Strong tumour contrast enhancement is consistently observed in other triple negative breast cancer models, but not in low-risk slow-growing tumours. The dose of the contrast agent for effective molecular MRI is only slightly higher than that of ZD2-Cy5.5 (0.5 µmol kg−1) in fluorescence imaging. These results demonstrate that high-sensitivity molecular magnetic resonance imaging with ZD2-Gd3N@C80 may provide accurate detection and risk-stratification of high-risk tumours for precision healthcare of breast cancer. Molecular MRI is a powerful clinical tool for non-invasive detection of cancer biomarkers. Here, the authors develop a targeted peptide gadofullerene contrast agent that can sensitively distinguish between breast cancers of different aggressiveness.
Next-generation pacemakers: from small devices to biological pacemakers

Electrogenesis in the heart begins in the sinoatrial node and proceeds down the conduction system to originate the heartbeat. Conduction system disorders lead to slow heart rates that are insufficient to support the circulation, necessitating implantation of electronic pacemakers. The typical electronic pacemaker consists of a subcutaneous generator and battery module attached to one or more endocardial leads. New leadless pacemakers can be implanted directly into the right ventricular apex, providing single-chamber pacing without a subcutaneous generator. Modern pacemakers are generally reliable, and their programmability provides options for different pacing modes tailored to specific clinical needs. Advances in device technology will probably include alternative energy sources and dual-chamber leadless pacing in the not-too-distant future. Although effective, current electronic devices have limitations related to lead or generator malfunction, lack of autonomic responsiveness, undesirable interactions with strong magnetic fields, and device-related infections. Biological pacemakers, generated by somatic gene transfer, cell fusion, or cell transplantation, provide an alternative to electronic devices. Somatic reprogramming strategies, which involve transfer of genes encoding transcription factors to transform working myocardium into a surrogate sinoatrial node, are furthest along in the translational pipeline. Even as electronic pacemakers become smaller and less invasive, biological pacemakers might expand the therapeutic armamentarium for conduction system disorders.