cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residual Effect of CO2 on Bacterial Counts and Surface pH of Channel Catfish.

Channel catfish fillet strips were packaged under aerobic atmosphere (AIR) and under 90% CO2, 7.5% N2, and 2.5% O 2modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Half of the samples from the MAP treatment were repacked under aerobic conditions after 6 d storage (COM). Packaged fish were stored at 0 and 10°C for 20 d. Aerobic plate counts reached 8 log CFU/g by the eighth day for AIR packs and by day 20 for COM packs. Fish in MAP or COM held at 0°C did not reach above 8 log CFU/g for 20 d, whereas those at 10°C reached 8 log CFU/g after 4 d. Facultative anaerobic counts were similar in trend to aerobic plate counts but lower in numbers. Fish pH was not affected by temperature but changed slightly over time with treatment. The pH of fish packed in AIR did not change, whereas that of MAP treatment decreased from 6.40 to 6.17 by day 12. Holding channel catfish fillet strips at 0°C under MAP for 6 d and transferring to aerobic conditions for the remainder of storage, will result in 8 d shelf-life extension.
American Exceptionalism and the Reagan Doctrine: The Belief That Won the Cold War

In Ronald Reagan’s 1964 speech on behalf of Barry Goldwater, “A Time for Choosing,” we see the imprint of his belief in American Exceptionalism, a conviction that will anchor his political philosophy—and his foreign policy—throughout his presidency. By “exceptionalism” I am recognizing at least two elements that Reagan lays out in this speech and many others. The first is that people around the world recognize the USA as exceptional. The second is the blessing and responsibility that Americans have due to the exceptional country that they have been handed by their forebears. Reagan was thankful for that blessing but took very seriously his responsibility as a national leader to live up to the responsibilities to world security and the promotion of freedom everywhere.
9. AAV-Mediated Gene Transfer as a Therapeutic Approach for Familial LCAT Deficiency

Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme secreted by the liver and responsible for esterification of free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester in the blood compartment. Familial LCAT deficiency (FLD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations of the LCAT gene and is characterized by extremely low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), anemia, corneal opacities, and chronic progressive renal disease leading to end-stage kidney disease as early as the third decade of life. Currently, there is no specific treatment for FLD. The fact that patients with even very low levels of plasma LCAT activity do not develop kidney disease make FLD an attractive candidate for liver-directed gene therapy with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors. LCAT is activated by apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and this interaction is highly species specific. Therefore, LCAT KO mice were crossed with human apoA-I transgenic (hApoAITg) mice in order to facilitate experiments involving expression of human LCAT. LCAT KO/hApoAI transgenic mice received a single IP injection of AAV8 encoding human LCAT in a dose range of 5e10 GC/kg to 5e11 GC/kg. HDL-C increased in a dose-dependent fashion, from 32 mg/dL in the control group to 103 mg/dL at the dose of 1.5e11 GC/kg and 473 mg/dL at the dose of 5e11 GC/kg. Plasma% cholesterol ester, a sensitive indicator of LCAT activity, was normalized at the low dose of 1.5e11 GC/kg. Thus, we demonstrate that low doses of AAV8-hLCAT provide stable expression of the LCAT enzyme and correct dyslipidemia in a ‘humanized’ mouse model of LCAT deficiency. Studies designed to demonstrate prevention of kidney disease in this mouse model are ongoing. These proof-of-concept studies provide a foundation for further development of AAV-based gene therapy for familial LCAT deficiency.
Preventing Alkyne-Alkyne (i.e., Glaser) Coupling Associated with the ATRP Synthesis of Alkyne-Functional Polymers/Macromonomers and for Alkynes under Click (i.e., CuAAC) Reaction Conditions.

Alkyne-functional polymers synthesized by ATRP exhibit bimodal molecular weight distributions indicating the occurrence of some undesirable side reaction. By modeling the molecular weight distributions obtained under various reaction conditions, we show that the side reaction is alkyne–alkyne (i.e., Glaser) coupling. Glaser coupling accounts for as much as 20% of the polymer produced, significantly compromising the polymer functionality and undermining the success of subsequent click reactions in which they are used. Glaser coupling does not occur during ATRP but during postpolymerization workup upon first exposure to air. Two strategies are reported that effectively eliminate these coupling reactions without the need for a protecting group for the alkyne-functional initiator: (1) maintaining low temperature post-ATRP upon exposure to air followed by immediate removal of copper catalyst; (2) adding excess reducing agents post-ATRP which prevent the oxidation of Cu(I) catalyst required by the Glaser coupli...
A case study of how a sample of preservice teachers made sense of incorporating iPads into their instruction with children

ABSTRACTThe increased use of and demand for technology in early childhood education classrooms and programs creates new challenges for practicing and preservice early educators being asked to employ such technology within their teaching. Early childhood teacher education programs have struggled to meet these demands for teaching their students how to integrate such technology into their instruction with young children. Preservice teachers who do receive such training often fail to develop the skills and/or beliefs required to implement technology effectively into their own classrooms. The study reported on in this article addresses this issue by providing insight into how a sample of early childhood preservice teachers who used iPads and their apps in their coursework and high-stakes early learning field placements made sense of using these devices as teachers. Such findings illuminate instructional opportunities for teacher educators to consider as they seek to assist their students in making sense about...
Book Review: Knowledge Sharing among Scientists:

Knowledge Sharing among Scientists. Prescott C. Ensign, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009. 220 pages, ISBN 978-0-230-61173-3
Regime Shifts, Physical Forcing

Regime shifts in the marine environment are relatively abrupt changes in marine system functioning that occur at large spatial sales and are observed in multiple aspects of the physical and biological system. They are part of a global phenomenon, and are thought to occur when large-scale atmospheric forcing changes ocean conditions, which affects marine populations. The first well-observed regime shift was in the 1970s. Shifts appeared previously in around 1850, 1880, 1925, 1945, 1958, 1976, 1989, and 1998, and can be seen in fish catch and paleorecords dating back several centuries. The physical mechanisms driving regime shifts involve stochastic atmospheric forcing and teleconnections between distant regions, planetary ocean waves and internal adjustments, and air–ocean feedbacks. Additional adjustments of upper ocean forcing (via Ekman and Sverdrup processes) on decadal scales are associated with the transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture via atmospheric teleconnections between the Tropics, mid-latitude, and possibly Arctic regions. There is some debate about the form and existence of regime shifts, often depending on the analysis used to explain them. As energy propagates from large-scale atmospheric forcing to ocean structure and into the ecosystem, it becomes more organized and thus more likely to appear as cyclic or regime-like.
RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) detects antigen-specific T cell responses associated with latent tuberculosis infection (TECH3P.940)

We have previously described fluorescence in situ hybridization for mRNA detection combined with flow cytometry (FISH-Flow) as a novel method to detect gene expression at a single-cell level. Using mRNA as analyte in flow cytometry presents multiple, biological and technical advantages. Proof-of-principle experiments have also shown that FISH-Flow can detect rare events including antigen-specific T cell responses. Whether the method is applicable to a biomedical problem remains to be determined. Here we applied FISH-Flow to detection of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), a condition affecting approximately a third of the world population. LTBI diagnosis is based on measuring IFN-γ release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated ex vivo with M. tuberculosis antigen. We obtained PBMC from 60 donors equally distributed between LTBI+ and LTBI- individuals, stimulated them for 6 hrs with M. tuberculosis purified protein derivative (PPD), and measured expression of IFNG and IL2 mRNA by FISH-Flow. The proportions of antigen-induced IFNG and IL2 expression in CD3+ cells were >2-fold higher in LTBI+ than in LTBI- donors (p
ComSciCon-Triangle: Regional Science Communication Training for Graduate Students.

The ability of scientists to effectively communicate their research, and scientific ideas in general, with a variety of audiences is critical in both academic and non-academic careers. There is currently a dearth of formal and informal science communication training opportunities for graduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. This curriculum paper introduces ComSciCon-Triangle, a graduate student–organized science communication workshop for graduate students in STEM at research universities in the Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, region. Started in 2015, this annual workshop aims to empower graduate students to be more engaged in communicating their research with the public as well as with fellow scientists. Each workshop consists of interactive panel discussions with invited science communicators (science writers, academics, filmmakers, etc.), informal networking opportunities with invited guests and other attendees, and hands-on sessions for improving oral and written communication skills. Analyzing pre- and post-survey data from all ComSciCon-Triangle attendees from 2015 to 2017, we find that workshop attendees feel significantly more confident in their ability to communicate scientific ideas with both the general public and with other scientists, and more confident submitting a written piece to a popular science publication or journal. We discuss how ComSciCon-Triangle serves as a model for local science communication workshops “for graduate students, organized by graduate students.”
The Virtual Society: Its Driving Forces, Arrangements, Practices, and Implications

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insights into the forces, dilemmas, and implications of the oncoming virtual society. The virtual society transcends cities, states, nations, and continents, and represents an evolutionary as opposed to a revolutionary movement. Although information technology (IT) is the main enabling force of the virtual society, other components are also at work, namely, economic, political, cultural, and social forces. The finite level forces include global economies, policies, and politics, enlightened and diversified population, and the information technology infrastructure. These forces continue to create the necessary conditions for the eventual realization of the virtual society. Current virtual workplace arrangements and practices of virtuality include telework (at the individual level), virtual teams (at the group level), virtual corporations (at the organizational level), and virtual communities (at the community level). Other arrangements and practices continue to evolve. Once a critical mass of these virtual activities and practices permeates all levels of society, the outcome will be the virtual society. The economic, social, political, and technological forces unleashed by the information society are inevitably leading to the virtual society.
Radiative decays of ψ and ψ

We calculate the radiative decays of the $\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ particles in the charmonium model. For the $\ensuremath{\psi}$, we find that the processes $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{ordinary}\mathrm{hadrons}$ and $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma} + {\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}$ (2.8) yield a total radiative width which lies between 9.7 and 18.6 keV. This leads to an estimate for the branching ratio $\ensuremath{\psi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{neutrals}$ of between 3.3% and 5.5%. Our analysis of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ suggests that about 25% of its decays are Zweig-Iizuka-rule-allowed modes, both radiative and hadronic (other than ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\psi}+\mathrm{anything}$).
Environmental Compliance Modeling at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

This chapter presents a post-rehabilitation monitoring and modeling study of the sanitary sewer system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The st…
Interpretation and Application of Spaceborne Imaging Radar Data to Geological Problems

Three synthetic aperture radars (SARs) sponsored by NASA have been flown in space. SEASAT in 1978, SIR-A in 1981 and SIR-B in 1984. Spaceborne radar image interpretation is different from airborne radar image interpretation, principally due to the wide swath and constant image geometry. Spaceborne SAR constitutes a high precision image data set in the sense that large areas are imaged under near-uniform illumination conditions. Thus spaceborne SAR images are ideally suited to geological studies of a regional nature. For spaceborne radar images a low incidence angle is probably preferable in areas of modest topography. Multifrequency observations area also needed for certain terrain-type distinctions. Subsurface imaging can occur in arid and semi-arid terrains provided that very restrictive conditions are simultaneously met. Despite the limitations sub-surface imaging has important applications in geology, hydrology, archaeology and other disciplines. Analysis of SEASAT images of a tropical terrain (Jamaica) reveals that SEASAT can provide unique information on structure and rock-type distribution on a regional scale in an environment which is not favourable for visible sensors. Possible future NASA radar missions such as SIR-B reflight, SIR-C and Space Station will provide new data from different incidence angles, frequencies and polarizations in the coming years.
Students' Use of Time Outside of School: A Case for After School Programs for Urban Middle School Youth

Students in 4 inner-city middle schools serving mostly (90.9%) economically disadvantaged, minority youth were asked how they spend their time after school and on weekends. Analysis of responses from 1583 students revealed that the vast majority did not participate in after-school programs (77.2%) or lessons of any kind (86.5%). Students reported extensive time spent watching television or hanging out with friends. Weekends presented a similar pattern of unstructured social activity with even more television viewing and considerably less homework. Four-way ANOVAs of 13 composite time measures for a week revealed no significant school differences, only 2 significant grade differences, but several interesting and highly significant differences by sex and by race. Implications for designing after school programs are discussed in light of the students' highly unproductive use of time outside of school.
Two-photon annihilation of twisted positrons

Two-photon annihilation of a twisted positron colliding with a plane-wave electron is investigated. Attention is restricted to a beam-and-target scenario consisting of a rapidly moving twisted positron colliding with a slow moving electron, assumed to be in its rest frame. Emphasis is also placed on the case whereby the product $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ photons are resolved into plane waves. We present analytical and numerical results on how the angular distribution of the photons depends on the opening angle, intrinsic angular momentum state, and the energy of the twisted positron and compare these results to the case of an incident plane-wave positron. Two-photon annihilation with a twisted positron in the low-energy limit is also briefly investigated in which one of the photons is coherently emitted into a twisted Bessel state while the other is resolved into a plane wave. Finally, numerical results are presented on two-photon annihilation with a positron prepared in a superposition of two twisted Bessel states.
Delayed methotrexate clearance in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia concurrently receiving dasatinib.

We aimed to determine whether patients receiving dasatinib or imatinib concurrently with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) had slower methotrexate clearance than patients not receiving a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) during the HDMTX infusion. Patients concurrently receiving dasatinib and HDMTX (N = 7) had significantly slower MTX clearance (P = 0.008) than patients not receiving a TKI (N = 111). Two patients receiving a TKI during a HDMTX infusion required glucarpidase. In vitro studies showed that dasatinib significantly inhibited methotrexate uptake by SLCO1B1-expressing cells (P = 0.009). There may be an interaction between dasatinib and HDMTX, mediated by the transporter SLCO1B1, that causes a delay in MTX clearance.
Implementation of an Indoor Positioning System using the WKNN Algorithm

This paper presents an indoor positioning system prototype developed as a mobile application for Kettering University’s Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) department area. The prototype is based on Wi-Fi radio signal strength indicator (RSSI) technology. A weighted k-nearest neighbor (WKNN) algorithm is implemented to estimate the user’s location. The algorithm is implemented as an Android App that could be utilized to identify the user’s location in a map.
Principles of Medical Treatment

Acute and chronic vulvar conditions are noted in women throughout their life span. Several of these conditions, such as vulvar infections and intraepithelial neoplasia, have well-defined clinical pathways of treatment utilizing pharmacologic interventions that have been vetted through clinical trials. Others, such as vulvodynia, a chronic pain condition that has been recognized for over 100 years, continue to perplex clinicians regarding best options for pharmacologic intervention. This chapter will review the spectrum of pharmacologic interventions used in various vulvar conditions, with an emphasis on the ones used in the management of vulvodynia. Vulvodynia will be highlighted as it is a vulvar condition clinicians treat with scant data from clinical trials.
A Chopper Stabilized, Current Feedback, Neural Recording Amplifier

Advanced neural prosthetics require high-density neural recording and stimulation electrodes interfacing with the tissue. For an implantable device, area, power consumption, and noise performance are the key design metrics. Due to the low-frequency nature of the recorded signals, a chopping technique is inevitable to satisfy the noise requirement while maintaining a small area and low-power consumption. However, chopping leads to a significant drop in input impedance, which leads to potential attenuation of neural signals recorded from high-impedance miniature electrodes, and an unacceptable large input current drawn from the tissue. This letter presents a chopper stabilized, current feedback amplifier (CFA) with input impedance boosted to 3.0 $\text{G}\Omega $ . The amplifier has an adjustable voltage gain of 40–60 dB, and an adjustable high-pass cut-off frequency of 0.5–5 Hz, with a power consumption of 2.6 $\mu \text{W}$ and noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 3.2.
Predictive analysis of stitched aerospace structures for advanced aircraft

In recent years, the aviation industry has taken a leading role in the integration of composite structures to develop lighter and more fuel efficient aircraft. Among the leading concepts to achieve this goal is the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) concept. The focus of most PRSEUS studies has been on developing an hybrid wing body structure, with only a few discussing the application of PRSEUS to a tube-wing fuselage structure. Additionally, the majority of investigations for PRSEUS have focused on experimental validation of anticipated benefits rather than developing a methodology to capture the behavior of stitched structure analytically. This paper presents an overview of a numerical methodology capable of accurately describing PRSEUS’ construction and how it may be implemented in a barrel fuselage platform resorting to high-fidelity mesoscale modeling techniques. The methodology benefits from fresh user defined strategies developed in a commercially available finite element analysis environment. It further proposes a new approach for improving the ability to predict deformation in stitched composites, allowing for a better understanding of the intricate behavior and subtleties of stitched aerospace structures.
Impact of Early Reinitiation of Neuropsychiatric Medications on Agitation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Approximately 17% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients are prescribed at least 1 home neuropsychiatric medication (NPM). When abruptly discontinued, withdrawal symptoms may occur manif...
Malware Family Fingerprinting Through Behavioral Analysis

Signature-based malware detection is not always effective at detecting polymorphic variants of known malware. Malware signatures are devised to counter known threats, which also limits efficacy against new forms of malware. However, existing signatures do present the ability to classify malware based upon known malicious behavior which occurs on a victim computer. In this paper we present a method of classifying malware by family type through behavioral analysis, where the frequency of system function calls is used to fingerprint the actions of specific malware families. This in turn allows us to demonstrate a machine learning classifier which is capable of distinguishing malware by family affiliation with high accuracy.
The Study of Production Process in Construction Industry Using Technological Units of Analysis

In this brief study, we present a new method of analyzing the efficiency of the production process in construction industry. Technological units of analysis are employed for this purpose. This method is based on the graphic recording of the chronometric data. The next step is the classification of the data according to the suggested criteria. This chapter also offers a number of coefficients for quantitative evaluation of the safety and efficiency of the production process in general, and of the performance of the teams and of the individual team members. The suggested method can be used for analysis of efficiency of the individual workers and of the team performance. The steps for improvement of the efficiency of the production process and of compliance with the safety requirements is suggested based on the method described here.
Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibition Using JZL184 Attenuates Paw Inflammation and Functional Deficits in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Arthritis.

Background: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience joint swelling and cartilage destruction resulting in chronic pain, functional disability, and compromised joint function. Current RA ...
Lymphatic Injury After Vertebral Column Resection from a Posterior Approach for Spinal Deformity Correction: A Case Report.

CASE We describe a case of lymphatic injury that occurred during a 2-level vertebral column resection for spinal deformity correction from a posterior-only approach. Large surgical drain volume output with laboratory findings of high levels of triglycerides and lymphocytes prompted conservative treatment with an elastic wrap bandage and a "no fat" diet. The patient responded to the treatment with no sequelae noted. CONCLUSION Lymphatic complications are rare in spine surgery. All reported cases are associated with anterior approaches. The lymphatic injury presented here demonstrates the potential for this complication to occur during posterior-only approaches as well.
Pulse compression techniques for laser generated ultrasound

Laser generated ultrasound for nondestructive evaluation has an optical power density limit due to rapid high heating that causes material damage. This damage threshold limits the generated ultrasound amplitude, which impacts nondestructive evaluation inspection capability. To increase ultrasound signal levels and improve the ultrasound signal-to-noise ratio without exceeding laser power limitations, it is possible to use pulse compression techniques. The approach illustrated here uses a 150 mW laser-diode modulated with a pseudo-random sequence and signal correlation. Results demonstrate the successful generation of ultrasonic bulk waves in aluminum and graphite-epoxy composite materials using a modulated low-power laser diode and illustrate ultrasound bandwidth control.
Determinants of Food Consumption in Rural Sierra Leone

Abstract This paper reports the application of a quadratic expenditure system with demographic variables to the household consumption-leisure choice component of a household-firm model. A system of seven commodities is estimated: including five foods, non-food and leisure. Appropriate for such a level of disaggregation a demand system is used, the Quadratic Expenditure System, which allows for a flexible relationship between full income and commodity expenditures without sacrificing parsimony in parameters. Demographic data on households are explicitly incorporated into the model allowing for a richer specification than can be achieved by using per capita variables. The data are from a cross-section survey of households in rural Sierra Leone. Price variation exists by region, permitting estimation of a complete demand system. Engel curves are found to be significantly non-linear, with marginal expenditure on rice, the major staple, declining with higher income. Most foods are found to be reasonably price responsive with sizeable own price substitution effects, declining with higher income. Aggregate labor supply is found to be price inelastic.
Storing and managing data in a distributed hash table

Distributed hash tables (DHTs) have been proposed as a generic, robust storage infrastructure for simplifying the construction of large-scale, wide-area applications. For example, UsenetDHT is a new design for Usenet News developed in this thesis that uses a DHT to cooperatively deliver Usenet articles: the DHT allows a set of N hosts to share storage of Usenet articles, reducing their combined storage requirements by a factor of O( N). Usenet generates a continuous stream of writes that exceeds 1 Tbyte/day in volume, comprising over ten million writes. Supporting this and the associated read workload requires a DHT engineered for durability and efficiency. Recovering from network and machine failures efficiently poses a challenge for DHT replication maintenance algorithms that provide durability. To avoid losing the last replica, replica maintenance must create additional replicas when failures are detected. However, creating replicas after every failure stresses network and storage resources unnecessarily. Tracking the location of every replica of every object would allow a replica maintenance algorithm to create replicas only when necessary, but when storing terabytes of data, such tracking is difficult to perform accurately and efficiently. This thesis describes a new algorithm, Passing Tone, that maintains durability efficiently, in a completely decentralized manner, despite transient and permanent failures. Passing Tone nodes make replication decisions with just basic DHT routing state, without maintaining state about the number or location of extant replicas and without responding to every transient failure with a new replica. Passing Tone is implemented in a revised version of DHash, optimized for both disk and network performance. A sample 12 node deployment of Passing Tone and UsenetDHT supports a partial Usenet feed of 2.5 Mbyte/s (processing over 80 Tbyte of data per year), while providing 30 Mbyte/s of read throughput, limited currently by disk seeks. This deployment is the first public DHT to store terabytes of data. These results indicate that DHT-based designs can successfully simplify the construction of large-scale, wide-area systems. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Quantum Data Locking for Secure Communication against an Eavesdropper with Time-Limited Storage

Quantum cryptography allows for unconditionally secure communication against an eavesdropper endowed with unlimited computational power and perfect technologies, who is only constrained by the laws of physics. We review recent results showing that, under the assumption that the eavesdropper can store quantum information only for a limited time, it is possible to enhance the performance of quantum key distribution in both a quantitative and qualitative fashion. We consider quantum data locking as a cryptographic primitive and discuss secure communication and key distribution protocols. For the case of a lossy optical channel, this yields the theoretical possibility of generating secret key at a constant rate of 1 bit per mode at arbitrarily long communication distances.
Donor CD8 T Cells and IFN-γ Are Critical for Sex-Based Differences in Donor CD4 T Cell Engraftment and Lupus-Like Phenotype in Short-Term Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mice

The transfer of unfractionated DBA/2J (DBA) splenocytes into B6D2F(1) (DBA → F(1)) mice results in greater donor CD4 T cell engraftment in females at day 14 that persists long-term and mediates greater female lupus-like renal disease. Although donor CD8 T cells have no demonstrated role in lupus pathogenesis in this model, we recently observed that depletion of donor CD8 T cells prior to transfer eliminates sex-based differences in renal disease long-term. In this study, we demonstrate that greater day 14 female donor CD4 engraftment is also critically dependent on donor CD8 T cells. Male DBA → F(1) mice exhibit stronger CD8-dependent day 8-10 graft-versus-host (GVH) and counter-regulatory host-versus-graft (HVG) responses, followed by stronger homeostatic contraction (days 10-12). The weaker day 10-12 GVH and HVG in females are followed by persistent donor T cell activation and increasing proliferation, expansion, and cytokine production from days 12 to 14. Lastly, greater female day 14 donor T cell engraftment, activation, and cytokine production were lost with in vivo IFN-γ neutralization from days 6 to 14. We conclude the following: 1) donor CD8 T cells enhance day 10 proliferation of donor CD4 T cells in both sexes; and 2) a weaker GVH/HVG in females allows prolonged survival of donor CD4 and CD8 T cells, allowing persistent activation. These results support the novel conclusion that sex-based differences in suboptimal donor CD8 CTL activation are critical for shaping sex-based differences in donor CD4 T cell engraftment at 2 wk and lupus-like disease long-term.
Comparative Framework for Understanding Jewish and Christian Violent Fundamentalism

Although most scholars agree that in the last couple of decades, religious fundamentalism has become the dominant ideological feature in the landscape of modern terrorism, many prefer to ignore the fact that this is not a development which is restricted to the Islamic world, and that other religious traditions have also experienced growth in groups which prefer to use violent strategies to promote their sacred visions. The current chapter strives to fill this gap by analyzing the emergence of violent religious groups in two distinct, non-Islamic, religious traditions. At first glance, the Christian Identity and the Religious-Zionist movements have very little in common. However, both movements served as a breeding ground for the emergence of violent fundamentalist groups aspiring to facilitate an apocalyptic/redemption scenario by engaging in illegal violent campaigns. Moreover, in both cases, the role of spiritual leaders was crucial in shaping the radicalization of the groups and their target selection, and the violence had a clear symbolic narrative. In other words, for the members of these violent groups, the violence served a clear role in the mobilization of potential supporters, and the branding and dissemination of the movement's ideology. Finally, while in general, terrorism is perceived as the weapon of the weak, in these two cases it was perpetrated by individuals/groups affiliated to communities belonging to the dominant religious framework in their respective polities (i.e., the Religious-Zionist and Christian Identity movements are perceived by their members as branches of Judaism and Christianity). Hence, by utilizing a comparative framework, the article will not just analyze the violent manifestations that emerged from these two movements, but also try to identify the unique factors that characterize and facilitate the emergence of religious groups within religious communities belonging to the dominant religious tradition in their societies.
Empire's garden: Assam and the making of India, by Jayeeta Sharma

In the concluding chapter of this book, there is a reference to fair trade Singpho organic tea marketed by a Canadian non-profit organization. ‘In a post-imperial setting’, comments author Jayeeta ...
Problem-Solving Teams and the Improvement of Organizational Performance in Schools.

Abstract Problem‐solving teams (PST) play an important role with regard to organizational performance in restructured schools. The concepts of team‐work and team effectiveness are examined and related to functions of problem‐solving teams. A case study of a successful PST provides a framework for the development of propositions on effective PSTs which may be subject to testing.
THE HYALURONIDASE OF BRAIN

— Hyaluronidase (hyaluronate glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.35), with a pH optimum of 3.7, was detected in rat and bovine brain. It degraded hyaluronic acid and, at a slower rate, chondroitin sulphate to a mixture of higher oligosaccharides with N-acetylhexosamine at the reducing end. The enzyme was enriched 5- and 6-fold in a crude lysosomal fraction of rat brain or bovine cerebral cortex, and was further purified to a total enrichment of 9-fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation. The enzyme activity in grey matter was more than twice that found in white matter, and there was no significant change in enzyme activity as a function of increasing age from the neonatal to the adult rat brain. The level of hyaluronidase activity in rat brain is considerably greaterthan that required to account for the rate of catabolism of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate measured in vivo.
Ecological indicators display reduced variation in North American catch share fisheries

A growing push to implement catch share fishery programs is based partly on the recognition that they may provide stronger incentives for ecological stewardship than conventional fisheries management. Using data on population status, quota compliance, discard rates, use of habitat-damaging gear, and landings for 15 catch share programs in North America, I tested the hypothesis that catch share systems lead to improved ecological stewardship and status of exploited populations. Impacts of catch share programs were measured through comparisons of fisheries with catch shares to fisheries without catch shares or by comparing fisheries before and after catch shares were implemented. The average levels of most indicators were unaffected by catch share implementation: only discard rate, which declined significantly in catch share fisheries, showed a significant response. However, catch share fisheries were distinguished by markedly reduced interannual variability in all indicators, being statistically significant for exploitation rate, landings, discard rate, and the ratio of catch to catch quotas. These impacts of catch shares were common between nations and ocean basins and were independent of the number of years that catch share programs had been in place. These findings suggest that for the indicators examined, the primary effect of catch shares was greater consistency over time. This enhanced consistency could be beneficial to fishery systems and might also be an indication of more effective management.
Decomposing a polygon into its convex parts

A common operation in geometric computing is the decomposition of complex structures into more basic structures. Since it is easier to apply most algorithms to triangles or arbitrary convex polygons, there is considerable interest in finding fast algorithms for such decompositions. We consider the problem of decomposing a simple (non-convex) polygon into the union of a minimal number of convex polygons. Although the structure of the problem led to the conjecture that it was NP-complete, we have been able to reach polynomial time bounded algorithms for exact solution as well as low degree polynomial time bounded algorithm/or approximation methods.
A matched prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus serostatus, human papillomavirus DNA, and cervical lesions detected by cytology and colposcopy

Objective: To compare the prevalence and type of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in the genital tract of human-immunodeficiency-virus- (HIV) seropositive and -seronegative women matched for cytology and to examine prospectively the relationship of HPV DNA, colposcopic findings and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in these matched seropositive and seronegative cohorts.
The revenue generating potential of user fees in Kenyan government health facilities.

Abstract This paper develops and implements a methodology for estimating the total revenue that would result from a system of user fees for health services provided by public facilities in a developing country. After setting out a set of principles based on efficiency, equity, and administrative goals upon which the user fees should be founded, a formula for estimating total revenue generated is presented which reflects six different factors affecting total revenues. These factors include reductions in demand due to imposing fees, exemption of selected services from any fees, forgiving fees from those unable to pay, and ‘leakage’ of revenue due to bribes, etc. Three specific fee structures are then examined for Kenya, and the total revenue to be generated is predicted. The revenue totals are large, on the order of 10–22% of the government's total recurrent health costs, suggesting that even modest user fees can make a significant contribution to public health costs.
Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization in retinoblastoma.

Background Peripapillary subretinal neovascularization (PSRNV) is a rare type of choroidal neovascularization. Herein we report a case of retinoblastoma complicating PSRNV, and discuss the histopathological findings.
Are There Painful Images?: Ernst Jünger and Beholding Pain in Photography

In his essay “Uber den Schmerz” (On Pain, 1934), Ernst Junger attempted to use pain as a vehicle for characterizing both modern life and the medium of photography as a means for detaching from pain. Junger was one of the most divisive writers of the twentieth century, and his essay has been deemed puzzling and “idiosyncratic” (Meyer 226). “Uber den Schmerz” shares many concerns with writers associated with the “Conservative Revolution” in Germany during the Weimar Republic, such as Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, Ernst Niekisch, and Ernst von Salomon (Bendersky; Mohler). In his writings on pain, Junger derided bourgeois values such as security, certainty, progress, and self-development, values central to the society and culture of the republic. Junger argued instead for what he considered to be the dazzling, revelatory experience of danger, the spiritual and existential purposes of violence, and the higher truth of pain. Junger’s damning characterization of images of pain during the Weimar Republic often seems to get at a feeling from our moment, albeit now experienced in digital form: a “synchronicity of events, where images of luxurious comfort are interrupted by photos of a catastrophe simultaneously wreaking havoc on the other end of the globe” (On Pain 41). Due to the technology through which contemporaries viewed events, modern visual media, he claimed, are “sealed off in a unique way from the grip of pain” (31). Junger’s reflections on pain, suffering, and danger raised a question in the 1930s, one that has lost nothing of its urgency in our own digital landscape: if technology brings with it the objectification of life and, hence, a near complete detachment from pain, is the photographic gaze nothing but a weaponized eye shielding beholders from the being of what could be glimpsed? Is it possible for a photograph to show pain? Or for the beholder of a photograph to experience pain? Or must a photograph (by virtue of the conditions of its production, presentation, and exhibition) always serve to distance the beholder? While technology increases our distance to pain, nothing can eradicate it from our midst, a claim reiterated in Junger. Always in our proximity, pain has long defined life yet in different ways, because of our variable attitudes towards it. In Junger’s view of 1934, the most recent and stirring shift in the history of pain manifests itself in the figure of the “worker,” as theorized in Junger’s book Der Arbeiter (1932). In a remarkable essay, Marcus Paul Bullock contends that
Two Radiation-Hardened Analog Multiplexers

A total dose radiation-resistant, high voltage CMOS process has been used to build both eight-and sixteen-channel analog multiplexers. The circuits are hardened versions of the Harris 508A and 1840 dielectrically isolated multiplexers, and meet all specifications of their non-hardened equivalents after total dose exposures of 100k and 200k rad(Si), respectively. The process, which yields circuits functional to a dose level of a megarad, is described. Circuit performance as a function of total dose is presented.
Continuing Acidification of Organic Soils across the Northeastern USA: 1984–2001

We conducted a resurvey of the O horizon in 2001 in watersheds previously sampled in 1984 under the Direct/Delayed Response Program (DDRP) to evaluate the effects of reductions in acidic deposition in the northeastern United States. In this 17-yr interval, median base saturation in the Oa horizon decreased from 56.2% in 1984 to 33.0% in 2001. Effective cation exchange capacity (CEC e ), normalized to soil C concentration, showed no significant change between 1984 and 2001. The change in base saturation was the result of almost equivalent changes in C-normalized exchangeable Ca (Ca N ) and exchangeable Al (Al N ). The median Ca N declined by more than 50%, from 23.5 to 10.6 cmol c kg -1 C, while median Al N more than doubled, from 8.8 to 21.3 cmol c kg -1 C. We observed the greatest change in soil acid-base properties in the montane regions of Central New England (CNE) and Maine, where base saturation decreased by more than 50% and median soil pH in 0.01 M CaCl 2 (pH s ) decreased from 3.19 to 2.97. Changes in median concentrations of other exchangeable cations were either statistically insignificant (Mg N , K N ) or very small (Na N ). We observed no significant change in the median values of either total soil C content (%C) or total soil N content (%N) over the 17-yr interval. The acidification of the Oa horizon between 1984 and 2001 occurred despite substantial reductions in atmospheric acidic deposition. Our results may help to explain the surprisingly slow rate of recovery of surface waters.
Enhancement of Photochromism and Electrochromism in MoO3/Au and MoO3/Pt Thin Films

Freshly vacuum-evaporated, neat amorphous MoO3 thin films exhibit only UV photochromism. Visible-light photochromism is induced in these films when they are cathodically polarized for a short duration in a nonaqueous electrolyte. The efficiencies of the UV and visible-light photochromism of the MoO3 thin films increase at least 2-fold when they are coated with a thin layer (∼20-nm thickness) of Au or Pt. The enhancement in photochromism is attributed to the presence of a large Schottky barrier at the metal−semiconductor interface, which facilitates electron capture by Au or Pt. The electron capture by the metal produces a longer electron−hole separation lifetime, thereby enhancing the photochromic process. For the electrochromic process, the coloring and bleaching current densities for the MoO3/Au thin-film electrode are about 1.5 and 2.0 times larger than the respective current densities for the MoO3 thin-film electrode. The enhancement in electrochromism is ascribed to the electrocatalytic effect of the...
Antihistamine use and immunoglobulin E levels in glioma risk and prognosis.

Abstract Objective: An inverse association between personal history of allergies/asthma and glioma risk has been fairly consistently reported in the epidemiologic literature. However, the role of regular antihistamine use remains controversial due to a small number of studies reporting contradictory findings. We evaluated the association between regular use of oral antihistamines and glioma risk, adjusting for a number of relevant factors (e.g., immunoglobulin E levels and history of chickenpox). Methods : We used a subset of the Harris County Case-Control Study, which included 362 pathologically confirmed glioma cases and 462 cancer-free controls, to evaluate this association using unconditional multivariable logistic regression. These models were run among the overall study population and stratified by allergy status. Cox regression was utilized to examine whether antihistamine use was associated with mortality among all cases and separately among high-grade cases. Results : Antihistamine use was strongly associated with glioma risk among those with a positive allergy/asthma history (OR: 4.19, 95% CI: 2.06–8.51), but not among those with a negative history (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 0.95–2.67). There were no significant associations between antihistamine use and survival among cases. Conclusion : The current study implies that regular antihistamine use may increase glioma risk. However, several larger studies are necessary before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Self-focused attention, facial behavior, autonomic arousal and the experience of emotion

Two experiments examined alternative explanations for the Scheier and Carver(1977) results linking self-focused attention to increased responsivity to emotional stimuli. In both studies autonomic, expressive, and self-report measures of emotional arousal failed to confirm the earlier findings. An individual difference measure reported by others to parallel the effects of situationally manipulated self-attention also failed to confirm the previously reported findings. Though in direct contradiction to Scheier and Carver's results, the results are consistent with a “facial feedback” hypothesis and with previous findings on the effects of expressive inhibition on self-reports of emotional arousal.
Recrystallization of polyethylene during annealing

The thickness of single crystal lamellae of polyethylene, crystallized from solution, is found to increase greatly during annealing at temperatures above 110°C. The change is observed with small-angle x-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The increase in thickness of the lamellae takes place at the expense of their lateral perfection; holes develop within the lamellae. All evidence indicates that a major refolding of the molecules occurs; this emphasizes the need for a new concept of the amount of motion and freedom that polymer molecules can have in the solid state. A similar process apparently occurs during the annealing of bulk samples crystallized from the melt.