cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-noise, high-speed Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As/Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As 0.1-/spl mu/m MODFETs and high-gain/bandwidth three-stage amplifier fabricated on GaAs substrate

We report on 0.1-/spl mu/m-gate Ga/sub 0.47/In/sub 0.53/As/Al/sub 0.48/In/sub 0.52/As MODFETs fabricated on GaAs substrates by means of the linearly-graded low-temperature buffer-layer (LGLTBL) MBE growth technique. Comparing with control devices on InP substrates we conclude that this is a very promising approach for improved manufacturability with uncompromised performance. GaAs- and InP-substrate MODFETs have a similar combination of maximum current and breakdown voltage. GaAs-substrate MODFETs have lower gate leakage and improved pinchoff. The lower leakage reduces the noise, and on a wafer with low interfacial gate resistance a median minimum noise figure of 0.25 dB at 12 GHz, with 15 dB associated gain, was measured on wafer. High cutoff frequencies are maintained when switching to the GaAs substrate, and the g/sub m/-dispersion is reduced. Despite larger dislocation density, mostly contained by the LGLTBL, the FET yield on GaAs appears to be comparable to that on InP. Three-stage amplifiers have been demonstrated with low-frequency gain and bandwidth as high as 33 dB and 20 GHz, respectively.
Characterizing reflectarray antennas radiation performance

A reflectarray utilizes key features of reflector antennas and phased array antennas by allowing a feed to illuminate its planar main reflector's array elements to produce a collimating beam. Consequently, this mechanism eliminates the feed-network as required in phased-array antennas. Maximizing the reflectarray antenna gain requires a phase correcting mechanism to be applied to its individual array elements. Phase correction can be achieved in a number of ways by maintaining phase uniformity across the reflectarray surface. Independent of the type of phase compensation scheme, in this study, we attempt to extend analytical techniques in reflector analysis to reflectarray antennas by introducing a number of approaches to estimate the reflectarray antenna performances.
The flexibility of biphenyl and related species utilizable as molecular swivels in rodlike polymers. A CNDO/2 analysis

Aromatic heterocyclic polymers are exceedingly attractive high performance materials because of their unusually high mechanical strength, chemical resistance and thermal stability, but are very difficult to process unless “swivel” atoms or groups are inserted along the chains to increase conformational flexibility. The present theoretical investigation employs the CNDO/2 method with direct geometry optimization to calculate such flexibility for the wholly aromatic swivels biphenyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl, 2-phenylpyridine, 2,2′-bipyrimidyl, and 2-phenylpyrimidine. The most important result is the prediction that both flexibility and accessibility of coplanar conformations should increase significantly with the number of ortho-CH groups replaced by N-atoms. The calculations also provide information on other conformation-dependent properties such as optimized geometries, charge distributions, and dipole moments, and these results are found to be in satisfactory agreement with the results of previous theoretical and experimental studies. Finally, since these chains are soluble only in strongly acidic media, the species mono- and diprotonated 2,2′-bipyridyl, 2,2′-bipyridyl · H3O+, and 2,2′-bipyrimidyl · 2H2O were also investigated with regard to some of these conformational characteristics.
The Organization of Insurance Companies: Mutual versus Stock

Mutuals account for almost half of all life insurance in force and one quarter of all property and liability insurance. There are few other industries in which consumer cooperatives-of which mutuals are an example-account for such a large share of the market. In fact, the annual volume of business done by mutual life insurance companies far outweighs the volume of business done by consumer cooperatives in any other line of business. And it is not just in comparison with other cooperatives that the mutual insurance companies appear large; the assets of the largest of the mutuals, Prudential, exceed those of any industrial corporation (Fortune, 1983a: 228; 1983b: 166). At present, however, we have no well-accepted theory to explain the remarkable prominence of the cooperative form in this industry. Indeed, the subject has hardly been discussed.' In this article I seek to offer an explanation. The question is of interest not just as a matter of positive economics, but also for law and public policy. The
Bubble Entrainment and Distribution in a Model Spillway with Application to Total Dissolved Gas Minimization

This paper focuses on an experimental study of the two-phase flow downstream of a laboratory model fish bypass. Experiments were performed on a 1:24 scale laboratory model of a fish bypass under consideration for construction at Wanapum Dam, on the Columbia River in Washington. The model was operated at the design condition of skimming flow regime and at the possible off-design plunging and surface jump regimes. Void fraction data were collected using an optical phase detection probe on a three-dimensional grid, and the phase indicator function was recorded at selected locations. It was found that in the laboratory model, the skimming flow regime effectively prevents bubbles from reaching deep into the tailrace, resulting in a considerably lower void fraction than plunging and surface jump regimes. For this geometry, the surface jump regime entrains air deeper than the plunging regime. To observe trends, the instantaneous source of total dissolved gas was estimated for the three regimes using the model data and several simplifying assumptions. Time distributions of the indicator function are also reported.
Chitosan based nanoparticles as a sustained protein release carrier for tissue engineering applications

Chitosan/tripolyphosphate/chondroitin sulfate (Chi/TPP/CS) nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic gelation method to obtain a controlled release of proteins. Using Nel-like molecule-1 (Nell-1), a novel osteogenic protein, as a model protein, it was demonstrated that adjusting the composition of the particles modulated the protein association and release kinetics of incorporated proteins. Increasing the amounts of chitosan crosslinking agents, TPP and CS, in the particles achieved sustained protein release. An increase in crosslinking density decreased degradation rates of the particles. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the protein was preserved during the encapsulating procedure into the particles. To demonstrate the feasibility of Chi/TPP/CS nanoparticles as sustained release carriers for tissue engineering scaffold applications, protein-loaded nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into collagen hydrogels or prefabricated porous poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds without obstructing the integrity of the hydrogels or porous structure of the scaffolds. Thus, we expect that these particles have a potential for efficient protein carriers in tissue engineering applications, and will be further evaluated in vivo.
Using family studies to understand comorbidity

Methods for investigating the nature of comorbidity of two psychiatric disorders, where each disorder is known to be familial, using family studies are described. The methods consist of using a study design which include relatives of four proband groups, namely probands with the pure form of each disorder, probands with the comorbid form of the disorders, and control probands who have neither of the disorders. Disorders in relatives were classified to parallel the disorder categories in probands. Patterns of transmission of these disorders between probands and relatives hypothesized under various models of comorbidity, and statistical methods for formally testing these hypothesis are described. These methods are illustrated, by applying them to data from a recent family study to investigate the relationship and the cause of comorbidity between panic disorder and major depressive disorder.
Comparison of the properties of active Ca2+ transport by the islet-cell endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane

The properties of active or ATP-dependent calcium transport by islet-cell endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane-enriched subcellular fractions were directly compared. These studies indicate that the active calcium transport systems of the two membranes are fundamentally distinct. In contrast to calcium uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fraction, calcium uptake by islet-cell plasma membrane-enriched vesicles exhibited a different pH optimum, was not sustained by oxalate, and showed an approximate 30-fold greater affinity for ionized calcium. A similar difference in affinity for calcium was exhibited by the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities which are associated with these islet-cell subcellular fractions. Consistent with the effects of calmodulin on calcium transport, calmodulin stimulated Ca2+-ATPase in the plasma membranes, but did not increase calcium-stimulated ATPase activity in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The physiological significance of the differences observed in calcium transport by the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane fractions relative to the regulation of insulin secretion by the islets of Langerhans is discussed.
Reprogramming after Chromosome Transfer into Mouse Blastomeres

It is well known that oocytes can reprogram differentiated cells, allowing animal cloning by nuclear transfer. We have recently shown that fertilized zygotes retain reprogramming activities, suggesting that such activities might also persist in cleavage-stage embryos. Here, we used chromosome transplantation techniques to investigate whether the blastomeres of two-cell-stage mouse embryos can reprogram more differentiated cells. When chromosomes from one of the two blastomeres were replaced with the chromosomes of an embryonic or CD4(+) T lymphocyte donor cell, we observed nuclear reprogramming and efficient contribution of the manipulated cell to the developing blastocyst. Embryos produced by this method could be used to derive stem cell lines and also developed to term, generating mosaic "cloned" animals. These results demonstrate that blastomeres retain reprogramming activities and support the notion that discarded human preimplantation embryos may be useful recipients for the production of genetically tailored human embryonic stem cell lines.
Double-pulsed time differential holographic interferometry.

A unique method for double-pulsed holographic interferometry has been developed and employed in a meter-long theta-pinch experiment. Q-switching of two orthogonally polarized ruby laser beams, using the same lasing medium but different laser cavities, allows pulse separations of 0.2–100 μsec. The double-pulse operation with short pulse separation avoids many temporal aberrations seen in single-pulse systems and allows time differential interferograms of transient phenomena such as seen in theta-pinch plasmas. Orthogonal polarization of the two beams permits background fringe construction without the need for a mechanically introduced planar phase shift.
The utility of natural help relationships.

Abstract This article explores research pertinent to network analysis and substantiates its use as a necessary method of medical sociology. The concept of social support reflects a type of influence or resource derived from network relationships. Other aspects of social support are seen as critical to the functioning and adaptation of the individual especially in times of crisis when supportive relationships can mediate the effects of stress. A theory of mutual aid investment is proposed based on sociomatrix analysis. We also examine the relationship between the availability and nature of particular social support networks and willingness and capability of the individual to make use of them. This approach bears on the now unsatisfactory connection between studies of ordinary human relationships in the community and the literature studying relationships involving health care specialists. The function of mutual aid amongst neighbors varies by type of crisis, age, structure of the mutual aid chain, and as a product of neighborhood characteristics.
Bereitschaftspotential in tardive dyskinesia.

The bereitschaftspotential or motor readiness potential is a slow negative electroencephalographic wave occurring 150–1500 ms prior to the onset of a voluntary movement. It was measured in 33 subjects: 11 normal controls, 11 medicated schizophrenics with no tardive dyskinesia or evidence of drug-induced parkinsonism, and 11 patients with tardive dyskinesia. The bereitschaftspotential amplitude was more than two times larger in patients with tardive dyskinesia than in normal controls or schizophrenic patients without tardive dyskinesia. The increased amplitude correlated with the degree of severity of the tardive dyskinesia as measured on the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). The finding of the increased bereitschaftspotential amplitude in tardive dyskinesia, taken together with earlier findings of low amplitude in Parkinson's disease, suggests that this potential may reflect the level of dopaminergic activity in the basal ganglia.
Cloning of mouse integrin alphaV cDNA and role of the alphaV-related matrix receptors in metanephric development.

Metanephrogenesis has been a long-standing model to study cell-matrix interactions. A number of adhesion molecules, including matrix receptors (i.e., integrins), are believed to be involved in such interactions. The integrins contain alpha and beta s ubunits and are present in various tissues in different heterodimeric forms. In this study, one of the members of the integrin superfamily, alphaV, was characterized, and its relevance in murine nephrogenesis was investigated. Mouse embryonic renal cDNA libraries were prepared and screened for alphaV, and multiple clones were isolated and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the alpha-v cDNA clones and hydropathic analysis revealed that it has a typical signal sequence and extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains, with multiple Ca2+ binding sites. No A(U)nA mRNA instability motifs were present. Conformational analysis revealed no rigid long-range-ordered structure in murine alphaV. The alphaV was expressed in the embryonic kidney at day 13 of the gestation, with a transcript size of approximately 7 kb. Its expression increased progressively during the later gestational stages and in the neonatal period. It was distributed in the epithelial elements of developing nephrons and was absent in the uninduced mesenchyme. In mature metanephroi, the expression was relatively high in the glomeruli and blood vessels, as compared to the tubules. Various heterodimeric associations of alphaV, i.e., with beta1, beta3, beta5, and beta6, were observed in metanephric tissues. Inclusion of alphaV-antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide or -antibody in metanephric culture induced dysmorphogenesis of the kidney with reduced population of the nephrons, disorganization of the ureteric bud branches, and reduction of mRNA and protein expressions of alphaV. The expressions of integrin beta3, beta5, and beta6 were unaltered. These findings suggest that the integrin alphaV is developmentally regulated, has a distinct spatio-temporal expression, and is relevant in the mammalian organogenesis.
The use of spinal cord cell cultures in the study of neurotoxicological agents.

Abstract Primary cell cultures of mouse embryo spinal cords were used to study the biological effects of exposure to organophosphate esters and neurotoxic amino acids. The effects of exposure were correlated with markers of cholinergic function. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms whereby xenobiotics produce neurotoxicologic damage.
Global capitalism and the question of global governance: A socioeconomic perspective

Economists have observed that during the last several decades of the twentieth century there have been more examples of national economic success than failure. One leading explanation for this is that socio‐economic evolution has resulted in improved institutions and institutional arrangements. Globalization during the second half of the twentieth century spread capitalist institutions and liberal politics around the world. This paper examines the fundamental forces underlying these socioeconomic processes. If the boundaries of these forces are on the global rather than national level, the issue of a global government naturally arises. The relationship between the forces of socio‐economic evolution, sustainable globalization and global governance are explored. An index of global government is presented to monitor these phenomena over time.
Influenza virus infection in mice after exposure to coal dust and diesel engine emissions

Influenza virus infection initiated after aerosol exposure of CD-1, white Swiss mice for durations of 1, 3, and 6 months to respirable particulates maintained at 2 mg/m3 of either coal dust (CD), diesel engine emissions (DEE), a combination of both (CD/DEE), or to filtered air (control) was studied. The course of infection in mice previously exposed for 1 month to various particulates did not differ appreciably among the four animal groups with respect to mortality, virus growth in lungs, interferon levels, or hemagglutinin antibody response. In mice exposed for 3 and 6 months to different particulates, the mortality response was similar among all animal groups. However, the percentage of animals showing lung consolidation was significantly higher in the 3-month groups exposed to DEE (96.5%) and CD/DEE (97%) than in the control (61.2%); in the 6-month groups, the percentages were twice that of the control for both DEE- and CD/DEE-exposed animals. Complementing these observations of both 3- and 6-month-exposed animals was the higher virus growth levels attained in the DEE and CD/DEE animals with concomitant depressed interferon levels which were the inverse of findings noted in the control group. Hemagglutinin-antibody levels in particulate-exposed animals, especially at the 6-month interval, were fourfold less than the control. Histopathologic examination of lungs revealed no qualitative differences in the inflammatory response at any one specified time interval of exposure to influenza virus among the control and particulate-exposed animal groups. However, there were differences in severity of reaction in relation to the particulate component of the exposures. Focal macular collections of pigment-laden macrophages were seen only in DEE and CD/DEE but not in CD animals after 3- and 6-month exposures. The findings of this study indicated that the severity of influenza virus infection is more pronounced in mice exposed to diesel engine emissions than in control animals and it is not appreciably accentuated by coal dust.
Nuclear grade and sinus histiocytosis in cancer of the breast.

The survival of a uniform series of 318 cases of Columbia Clinical Classification stage A breast carcinoma for 10 or more years postmastectomy was analyzed, with particular reference to influence of the nuclear grade of the cancer and sinus histiocytosis of the axillary lymph nodes. No statistically significant effect of these two factors on survival was found in this stage of the disease.
Statistical properties of the volatility of price fluctuations.

We study the statistical properties of volatility, measured by locally averaging over a time window T, the absolute value of price changes over a short time interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}t.$ We analyze the S 500 stock index for the 13-year period Jan. 1984 to Dec. 1996. We find that the cumulative distribution of the volatility is consistent with a power-law asymptotic behavior, characterized by an exponent $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\approx}3,$ similar to what is found for the distribution of price changes. The volatility distribution retains the same functional form for a range of values of T. Further, we study the volatility correlations by using the power spectrum analysis. Both methods support a power law decay of the correlation function and give consistent estimates of the relevant scaling exponents. Also, both methods show the presence of a crossover at approximately $1.5$ days. In addition, we extend these results to the volatility of individual companies by analyzing a data base comprising all trades for the largest 500 U.S. companies over the two-year period Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1995.
A view from Riggs: treatment resistance and patient authority-introduction to paper IX: integrative psychodynamic treatment of psychotic disorders.

In this ninth article in the Riggs series Jane Tillman addresses the treatment of psychotic spectrum disorders like schizophrenia. These are devastating disorders often thought of principally in terms of their acute phase presentations with delusions, hallucinations, paranoid beliefs, and unusual behavioral and mood manifestations. Yet, as we know, these disorders go much beyond the acute phase. Their diagnosis requires the presence of substantial and enduring prodromal or residual phase problems. As Tillman points out, these disorders are customarily treated with biological (i.e., pharmaceutical) treatments that, though effective in relieving many acute phase symptoms, leave affected individuals struggling with the problem of how to adapt and move on in their lives. Although many of the patients with psychotic spectrum disorders whom we see at Riggs have had substantial prior treatment courses, it is remarkable how often they have not had much exposure to individual psychodynamic therapy. These treatment resistant individuals live in an era in which biology reigns supreme. Treaters rarely think of the value of a psychodynamic approach, and even more rarely have any substantial training or experience with it. Such psychosocial treatment as is available often is provided from a stance that views patients struggling with the residual phase of a psychotic disorder as less than fully competent individuals. They are often approached as individuals whose authority and voice are silenced in favor of a focus on the importance of “compliance” with treatment. Patients with psychotic spectrum disorders are at risk to be treated as if a psychotic diagnosis were interchangeable with a finding that they are legally incompetent and not able to think and act on their own behalf. Our field has genuine blind spots and biases around the utility of psychodynamic treatment for psychotic spectrum disorders. Tillman
Heteromeric Assembly of Acid-sensitive Ion Channel and Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunits

Amiloride-sensitive ion channels are formed from homo- or heteromeric combinations of subunits from the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC)/degenerin superfamily, which also includes the acid-sensitive ion channel (ASIC) family. These channel subunits share sequence homology and topology. In this study, we have demonstrated, using confocal fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, that ASIC and ENaC subunits are capable of forming cross-clade intermolecular interactions. We have also shown that combinations of ASIC1 with ENaC subunits exhibit novel electrophysiological characteristics compared with ASIC1 alone. The results of this study suggest that heteromeric complexes of ASIC and ENaC subunits may underlie the diversity of amiloride-sensitive cation conductances observed in a wide variety of tissues and cell types where co-expression of ASIC and ENaC subunits has been observed.
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyindolomorphinans as delta opioid selective ligands

Previous studies showed that 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyindolomorphinans had variable delta opioid affinity and selectivity. Herein, we show that the 3,4-dimethoxy analogs possessed similar low affinity, whereas the 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy analogs showed excellent delta opioid affinity and selectivity comparable with the parent indolomorphinans.
Analytical evaluation of adaptive coding for Markov models of Nakagami fading

Packet radio systems that communicate over channels with slow fading experience changes in propagation loss from one packet to the next. In order to maintain high throughput, it is necessary for the packet radios to adapt their transmissions in response to changes in the channel. Practical adaptive coding protocols can respond to such changes by adjusting the code rate to maximize the expected throughput for each packet transmission. Performance evaluations for practical protocols typically require simulation of both the time-varying fading process and the adaptive protocol. We employ recently developed finite-state Markov models of Nakagami-m fading to obtain analytical evaluations of the throughput of an adaptive coding protocol. In our approach, neither the fading processes nor their Markov models are simulated.
‘Protecting the national body’: regulating the practice and the place of prostitution in early republican Turkey

In the formative years of the Turkish Republic, the regulation of prostitution was geared toward biopolitical ends: safeguarding public health and eliminating syphilis. Viewing sexually transmitted diseases as a threat to the nation's population and economy, the Ministry of Health and Social Assistance played a crucial role in the identification and definition of prostitution as a public health risk. Out of this medicalized framing of the disease and of prostitution, the republic adopted legislative remedies for both. Prostitution was legislatively regulated to achieve comprehensive surveillance and policing – sometimes amid debate between state interests promoting regulation and those concerned with matters of morality. A modernist nation-state, otherwise characterized as progressive with regard to the status of women, instituted a regulatory regime to define appropriate sexual practices and places and mandate the licensing and medical examination of some of its most marginalized female citizens.
The effects of alpha stimulation and alpha blockade on pulmonary vascular segment resistance in canine cardiogenic shock.

Abstract We used an isolated lung perfusion technique to examine the effect of alpha stimulation and alpha blockade on the pulmonary precapillary ( R a ) and postcapillary ( R v ) resistances of cardiogenic-shocked dogs. Five groups of dogs (10/group) were used: (1) controls, (2) cardiogenic-shock, (3) cardiogenic shock treated with a continuous infusion of norepinephrine to maintain the arterial blood pressure, (4) cardiogenic-shock treated with 1 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine, and (5) cardiogenic shock in dogs previously made tolerant to lethal injections of epinephrine (1 mg/kg). All cardiogenic-shock dogs were studied 3 hr after closed-chest coronary artery microsphere embolization. Precapillary ( P a ) and postcapillary ( P v ) pressures were monitored, and the capillary pressures at constant lobe weight ( P c i ) were measured by the stopflow technique. Precapillary and postcapillary resistances were calculated using R a = ( P a - P ci )/ Q and R v = ( P ci - P v )/ Q . The ratio of postcapillary to precapillary resistance was calculated as an index of capillary pressure. Both the precapillary and postcapillary resistances were increased 3 hr after cardiogenic shock. This increase indicated that pulmonary vascular reactivity exists even without an intact nerve supply. The ratio of postcapillary to precapillary resistance was increased with cardiogenic shock which indicated an elevated capillary pressure. The postcapillary resistance was not significantly lowered with alpha stimulation, whereas both precapillary and postcapillary resistances were significantly lowered with alpha blockade. The ratio of postcapillary to precapillary resistance was increased with alpha stimulation and decreased with alpha blockade. An increase in the ratio of postcapillary to precapillary resistance is associated with an increase of capillary pressure and could lead to pulmonary congestion and edema on a mechanical basis. These data may explain the pulmonary congestion and poor survival in cardiogenic-shocked dogs treated with alpha stimulation and the increased survival in cardiogenic-shocked dogs treated with alpha blockade.
Trends in the Management of Viral Meningitis at United States Children’s Hospitals

OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in the diagnosis and management of children with viral meningitis at US children’s hospitals. METHODS: We performed a multicenter cross sectional study of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) across the 41 pediatric tertiary-care hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. A case of viral meningitis was defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , discharge diagnosis, and required performance of a lumbar puncture. We examined trends in diagnosis, antibiotic use, and resource utilization for children with viral meningitis over the study period. RESULTS: We identified 7618 children with viral meningitis (0.05% of ED visits during the study period). Fifty-two percent of patients were P CONCLUSIONS: Between 2005 and 2011, viral meningitis diagnoses at US children’s hospitals declined. However, most of these children are hospitalized, and the cost for caring for these children remains considerable.
Copia -like retrotransposable element evolution in diploid and polyploid cotton ( Gossypium L.)

Copia-like retrotransposable elements were identified in allotetraploid cotton,Gossypium hirsutum, and two species representing its diploid progenitors,G. herbaceum andG. raimondii. These elements are present in high copy number in all three species. Because the two diploid genomic groups have been isolated on opposite sides of the world for 6–11 million years, horizontal transfer of elements between these species is highly unlikely. Elements were intensively sampled to generate a model ofcopia-like retrotransposable element evolution in systems where vertical transmission is the sole probable means of descent.Copia-like retrotransposon diversity is equally great in all threeGossypium species. Despite this high heterogeneity, analysis of 89 partial reverse transcriptase sequences resulted in the recognition of nine sharply differentiated retrotransposon lineages, each containing elements that share high sequence similarity. No evidence of horizontal transfer from other taxa was obtained. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that element topologies are incongruent withGossypium phylogeny. Consideration of processes that obscure phylogenetic reconstruction of multigene families (including sampling error, variable degrees of orthology and paralogy, differential lineage age and lineage loss and/or proliferation) demonstrates that incongruence between organismal and retrotransposon trees is expected under conditions in which vertical processes are the sole means of transmission. Identification of closely related elements between species allowed rates ofcopia-like retrotransposon sequence evolution to be estimated as approximately 10−9 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. These rates are consistent with the interpretation that these retrotransposons have been evolving under functional constraints for most of the time frame bracketed by the species studied. Extrapolation of these results to previous studies that sampled from more highly divergent taxa indicates that horizontal transfer need not be invoked to explain observed phylogenetic patterns.
Tests of fit using spacings statistics with estimated parameters

Abstract Let X 1 ,…, X n be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with an unknown underlying continuous cumulative distribution function F . Relative to this unknown distribution function suppose one would like to test a null hypothesis concerning the goodness of fit of F to some distribution function using symmetric functions of sample spacings. In some applications the null hypothesis is simple while in others it may be composite. In this article we present the large sample theory of tests based on symmetric functions of sample spacings under composite null hypotheses and contiguous alternatives. It is shown that these test statistics have the same asymptotic distribution in the case when parameters must be estimated from the sample as in the case when parameters are specified. Optimal goodness of fit tests are also constructed for these hypotheses.
Chronic social isolation in the prairie vole induces endothelial dysfunction: implications for depression and cardiovascular disease.

Abstract Humans with depression show impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation; one recent demonstration of which was in the form of a reduced acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of adrenergically-precontracted small arteries biopsied from older depressed patients. Results from such uses of ACh in general have been validated as the most predictive marker of endothelium-related cardiovascular diseases. Accordingly, we examined vascular reactivity to ACh in the socially isolated prairie vole, a new animal model relevant to human depression and cardiovascular disease. Thoracic aortas were carefully dissected from female prairie voles after one month of social isolation (versus pairing with a sibling). Only aortas that contracted to the adrenergic agent phenylephrine (PE) and then relaxed to ACh were evaluated. Among those, ACh-induced relaxations were significantly reduced by social isolation (p
Brewster Angle Method for Refractive Index Measurements of Biaxial Organic Systems

Abstract A highly sensitive and convenient Brewster angle method is reported for the accurate determination of the refractive index values for a biaxial crystal. The method is demonstrated for the near infrared through visible spectral ranges with the biaxial organic crystal MNA (2-methyl-4-nitroaniline) well known for its large nonlinear optical coefficients.
Consumer Debt Repayment Behavior as a Precursor to Bankruptcy

The passage of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) of 2005 culminated years of debate over the escalating number of bankruptcy filings and whether or not consumers were abusing the bankruptcy system. Our study focuses on the extent to which households seek bankruptcy protection without first attempting to restructure their debt or experiencing indicators of financial distress. Through multivariate regression analyses of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we find a significant relationship between having prior financial problems and filing for bankruptcy. Our results also indicate that households that obtained consolidation loans were equally likely to file for bankruptcy as those that did not. We conclude that early interventions with financially distressed consumers may provide opportunities to reduce bankruptcy filings.
Nuclear Data Sheets update for A = 83*

Abstract Evaluated spectroscopic data for all nuclei with mass number A=83 and corresponding level schemes from radioactive decay and reaction studies are presented. This evaluation contains new extensive spectroscopic data on 83 Y, 83 Zr, and 83 Nb, from in—beam γ -ray measurements, which show rotational structure and suggest stable deformations for these nuclei. The present evaluation supersedes the earlier one by J. Muller (86Mu15), published in Nuclear Data Sheets 49 , 579 (1986).
An Overview of National Transonic Facility Investigations for High Performance Military Aerodynamics (Invited)

A review of National Transonic Facility (NTF) investigations for high-performance military aerodynamics has been completed. The review spans the entire operational period of the tunnel, and includes configurations ranging from full aircraft to basic research geometries. The intent for this document is to establish a comprehensive summary of these experiments with selected technical results
Importance sampling for sums of random variables with regularly varying tails

Importance sampling is a variance reduction technique for efficient estimation of rare-event probabilities by Monte Carlo. For random variables with heavy tails there is little consensus on how to choose the change of measure used in importance sampling. In this article we study dynamic importance sampling schemes for sums of independent and identically distributed random variables with regularly varying tails. The number of summands can be random but must be independent of the summands. For estimating the probability that the sum exceeds a given threshold, we explicitly identify a class of dynamic importance sampling algorithms with bounded relative errors. In fact, these schemes are nearly asymptotically optimal in the sense that the second moment of the corresponding importance sampling estimator can be made as close as desired to the minimal possible value.
Myositis ossificans requires multiple diagnostic modalities

Myositis ossificans is a type of bone-forming lesion that arises in soft tissue and mimics malignancy. We present a case of myositis ossificans in a 16-year-old girl with anxiety disorder, Asperger syndrome, and no known history of trauma. A variety of diagnostic tools including magnetic resonance, ultrasound, and biopsy are used to make the diagnosis. The histologic and radiographic findings used to distinguish this disorder from malignant conditions are discussed.
Aberrant transcription and post-transcriptional processing of hepatitis C virus non-structural genes in transgenic mice

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Since several aspects of the infection remain unresolved, there is a pressing need for a convenient animal model that can mimic the clinical disease and aid the evaluation of treatment strategies. Although some success has been achieved in transgenic approaches for development of rodent models of HCV, transgenic expression of the complete HCV polyprotein or an entire set of the viral non-structural (NS) proteins continues to be a serious challenge. Using northern blot and 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we unraveled two possible mechanisms that can impede HCV NS transgene expression in the mouse liver. Several truncated transcripts are produced from alternate transcription start sites along the HCV NS sequence within the murine environment, in vivo. Translation of these shorter transcripts is blocked either by the positioning of a contextual stop codon or through a shift in the reading frame. In addition, the complete NS transcript undergoes trans-splicing through 5′ recombination with a non-transgene-derived, spliced leader sequence that appends a potential stop codon upstream of the translation start. These findings thus demonstrate that HCV NS-derived transgenes are subject to aberrant transcriptional initiation and post-transcriptional processing in the nucleus of a mouse host. Strategies to prevent such aberrant transcription start/RNA processing might be key to the development of a successful HCV transgenic mouse model.
Electron-N2 scattering calculations with a parameter-free model polarization potential.

We have extended our variationally determined nonadiabatic polarization potential [Gibson and Morrison, Phys. Rev. A 29, 2497 (1984)] to the e-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ system and calculated elastic, total momentum transfer, and rotational excitation cross sections. This model potential, which requires no scaling and contains no adjustable parameters, is presented in tabular and analytic (fitted) form for possible use in future studies. We evaluated the static potential at the near-Hartree-Fock level of accuracy and included exchange effects exactly via the linear algebraic method of Collins and Schneider [Phys. Rev. A 24, 2387 (1981)]. Diverse cross sections based on this model are in excellent agreement with existing experiment. We also compare various scattering quantities calculated with our model to prior theoretical results and to newly determined numbers using two other model potentials: a cutoff phenomenological form and the correlation-polarization potential of O'Connell and Lane [Phys. Rev. A 27, 1893 (1983)].
Ovarian cysts and tumors in infancy and childhood

Abstract Cysts and tumors of the ovary are not common in children. At the large children's hospitals only one to four patients are seen annually with ovarian enlargement.1–11 This paper summarizes our experience with 99 patients with ovarian cysts or tumors seen at the Childrens Hospital of Los Angeles during the years 1951 through 1973.
Prevention services received by veterans visiting VHA facilities.

Abstract Objectives. This paper presents rates with which veterans report receiving 13 recommended health promotion and disease prevention services. Results were compared with the U.S. Healthy People 2000 goals. Methods. Random samples of 300 men and 150 women visiting primary care clinics in six Veterans Health Affairs facilities were drawn. A 66% adjusted response rate was achieved after two mailings ( n = 1,703). Weighted averages for each prevention service were calculated. Results. For preventive services targeted to all age groups, both male and female veterans currently exceed the Year 2000 goal in hypertension detection and tobacco counseling. Female veterans also exceed the Year 2000 goal in “almost always” using seat belts. For prevention services targeted to specific age—gender subgroups, both male and female veterans currently exceed the Year 2000 goals for four of the six primary and secondary prevention services. Conclusions. Both male and female veterans exceed Year 2000 goals for the receipt of nearly half of the preventive services. Nevertheless, additional screening and counseling services should be made available to veterans of all age categories.
Practicing Shared Decision Making in the Outpatient Psychiatric Care of Adults with Severe Mental Illnesses: Redesigning Care for the Future

Psychiatrist outpatient office visits have the potential to support the recovery of adults with severe mental illnesses by engaging them in a collaborative process of evaluating, selecting, and trying individually-tailored therapeutic options. Evidence-informed shared decision making is difficult for psychiatrists to offer within the framework of care as it is delivered today: it requires time, easy access to relevant scientific information, and extensive communication between patients and psychiatrists. In this paper, we describe the current structural obstacles to collaborative psychiatric care and envision a redesigned office visit process that facilitates active informed patient involvement.
A laser and molecular beam mass spectrometer study of low-pressure dimethyl ether flames

The oxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) is studied in low-pressure flames using new molecular beam mass spectrometer and laser diagnostics. Two 30.0-Torr, premixed DME/oxygen/argon flames are investigated with stoichiometries of 0.98 and 1.20. The height above burner profiles of nine stable species and two radicals are measured. These results are compared to the detailed chemical reaction mechanism of Curran and coworkers. Generally good agreement is found between the model and data. The largest discrepancies are found for the methyl radical profiles where the model predicts qualitatively different trends in the methyl concentration with stoichiometry than observed in the experiment.
Inhibition of Bubble Coalescence in Aqueous Solutions. 1. Electrolytes

The inhibition of bubble coalescence has been studied in dilute 1:1 and 2:1 electrolyte solutions. All electrolytes studied were found to inhibit coalescence, with anions dominating the inhibition at concentrations below 0.01 M and cations dominating the inhibition at higher concentrations.
Inhibition of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Function: A Promising Strategy for Treating Migraine

The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the underlying pathology of migraine. Serum levels of CGRP, which are elevated during a migraine attack, have been reported to return to normal with alleviation of pain. In addition, CGRP administration has been shown to cause a migraine-like headache in susceptible individuals. Importantly, CGRP receptors are found on many cell types within the trigeminovascular system that are thought to play important roles in controlling inflammatory and nociceptive processes. Based on these findings, it was proposed that blockage of CGRP receptor function and, hence, the physiological effects of CGRP would be effective in aborting a migraine attack. This review will summarize key preclinical data that support the therapeutic potential of using CGRP receptor antagonists or molecules that bind CGRP within the context of current neurovascular theories on migraine pathology.
THE EFFECT OF MODELLING ON DRINKING RATE

Three male college seniors were asked to drink beer at their normal rate in a simulated tavern setting. Each was paired with a confederate, also a male college senior, in an ABACA single subject design. In the baseline conditions, the confederate matched the drinking rate of the subject. Baseline and all subsequent conditions were continued in 1-hr sessions until a stable drinking rate was achieved. In Condition B, the confederate drank either one third more or one third less than the subject's baseline rate. In Condition C, the direction was reversed. All three subjects closely matched the confederate's drinking rate, whether high or low. All subjects reported they were unaware of the true purpose of the study.
On co-channel and adjacent channel interference mitigation in cognitive radio networks

Abstract Cognitive radio (CR) is an emerging wireless communications paradigm of sharing spectrum among licensed (or, primary) and unlicensed (or, CR) users. In CR networks, interference mitigation is crucial not only for primary user protection, but also for the quality of service of CR user themselves. In this paper, we consider the problem of interference mitigation via channel assignment and power allocation for CR users. A cross-layer optimization framework for minimizing both co-channel and adjacent channel interference is developed; the latter has been shown to have considerable impact in practical systems. Cooperative spectrum sensing, opportunistic spectrum access, channel assignment, and power allocation are considered in the problem formulation. We propose a reformulation–linearization technique (RLT) based centralized algorithm, as well as a distributed greedy algorithm that uses local information for near-optimal solutions. Both algorithms are evaluated with simulations and are shown quite effective for mitigating both types of interference and achieving high CR network capacity.
Stochastic optimization techniques for NDE of bridges using vibration signatures

A baseline model updating is the first step for the model-based non destructive evaluation for civil infrastructures. Many researches have been drawn to obtain a more reliable baseline model. In this study, heuristic optimization techniques (or called as stochastic optimization techniques) including the genetic algorithm, the simulated annealing, and the tabu search, were have been investigated for constructing the reliable baseline model for an instrumented new highway bridge, and also were compared with the result of conventional sensitivity method. The preliminary finite element model of the bridge was successfully updated to a baseline model based on measured vibration data.