cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Weak Genetic Perturbations on the Transcriptome of the Wing Imaginal Disc and Its Association With Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster

A major objective of genomics is to elucidate the mapping between genotypic and phenotypic space as a step toward understanding how small changes in gene function can lead to elaborate phenotypic changes. One approach that has been utilized is to examine overall patterns of covariation between phenotypic variables of interest, such as morphology, physiology, and behavior, and underlying aspects of gene activity, in particular transcript abundance on a genome-wide scale. Numerous studies have demonstrated that such patterns of covariation occur, although these are often between samples with large numbers of unknown genetic differences (different strains or even species) or perturbations of large effect (sexual dimorphism or strong loss-of-function mutations) that may represent physiological changes outside of the normal experiences of the organism. We used weak mutational perturbations in genes affecting wing development in Drosophila melanogaster that influence wing shape relative to a co-isogenic wild type. We profiled transcription of 1150 genes expressed during wing development in 27 heterozygous mutants, as well as their co-isogenic wild type and one additional wild-type strain. Despite finding clear evidence of expression differences between mutants and wild type, transcriptional profiles did not covary strongly with shape, suggesting that information from transcriptional profiling may not generally be predictive of final phenotype. We discuss these results in the light of possible attractor states of gene expression and how this would affect interpretation of covariation between transcriptional profiles and other phenotypes.
Visitor Willingness to Pay U.S. Forest Service Recreation Fees in New West Rural Mountain Economies

This study uses a contingent valuation model to evaluate visitors’ stated willingness to pay (WTP) for recreation at Colorado “Fourteeners”: peaks that rise higher than 14,000 feet. The study also assesses the respondents’ self-reported response uncertainty. One scenario queries respondents about a hypothetical situation in which they would pay an entrance fee where 80% of the funds are used on-site, and the degree of certainty with which they answered the question. Like prior articles from this 6-year project (2006-2012), results indicate a high WTP for recreation on Colorado Fourteeners. Results reveal that 62% of respondents are willing to incur an additional fee of $20 or less to recreate at the study site. Regardless of whether or not the respondent is willing to pay an additional fee for recreation, approximately 90% of respondents report a high level of certainty in their stated answers to both the WTP and the fee questions, which could be connected to the recreators’ sense of place on Fourteeners....
Assessing the potential for food and energy self-sufficiency on the island of Kauai, Hawaii

Abstract Food and energy security are major concerns in the Pacific and around the world. They are key planning priorities in the state of Hawaii as well. Approximately 90% of energy and food resources are imported to Hawaii from the continental USA or other parts of the world. While food and energy independence is a goal in many jurisdictions, assessment of the potential for local food and energy production is lacking. Research is needed to examine how agricultural lands can be used to meet food and energy demands, particularly on islands where land is limited. The contribution of this paper is the development of a community-orientated method for evaluating and prioritizing lands for food and energy self-sufficiency, based on local preferences and production possibilities. Based on a review of the literature, community meetings, and expert interviews, three scenarios were developed to assess food and energy production possibilities on Kauai. The first scenario considers maximum food production, the second assigns equal importance to food and energy production, and the third scenario maximizes energy production. Our analysis shows that while currently zoned agricultural lands on Kauai are capable of meeting the energy and nutritional needs of the current population under some conditions, it is not possible under the strictest definition of “important agricultural lands”. Some aspect or interpretation of the criteria will always have to be relaxed in order to fulfill energy and food-self sufficiency goals. This work broadens policy discussions regarding the preservation of agricultural lands on small islands.
Treatment options for Graves disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background First-line treatment for Graves disease is frequently 18 months of antithyroid medication (ATM). Controversy exists concerning the next best line of treatment for patients who have failed to achieve euthyroidism; options include lifelong ATM, radioactive iodine (RAI), or total thyroidectomy (TT). We aim to determine the most cost-effective option. Study Design We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis comparing these different strategies. Treatment efficacy and complication data were derived from a literature review. Costs were examined from a health-care system perspective using actual Medicare reimbursement rates to an urban university hospital. Outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALY). Costs and effectiveness were converted to present values; all key variables were subjected to sensitivity analysis. Results TT was the most cost-effective strategy, resulting in a gain of 1.32 QALYs compared with RAI (at an additional cost of $9,594) and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $7,240/QALY. RAI was the least costly option at $23,600 but also provided the least QALY (25.08 QALY). Once the cost of TT exceeds $19,300, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of lifelong ATM and TT reverse and lifelong ATM becomes the more cost-effective strategy at $15,000/QALY. Conclusions This is the first formal cost-effectiveness study in the US of the optimal treatment for patients with Graves disease who fail to achieve euthyroidism after 18 months of ATM. Our findings demonstrate that TT is more cost effective than RAI or lifelong ATM in these patients; this continues until the cost of TT becomes > $19,300.
DETERMINATION OF EPHEDRINE SALTS IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.

Analytical procedures are presented for the determination of ephedrine salts in syrups, elixirs, solutions, and injections. The ephedrine is extracted with the strong cation exchange resin, Dowex 50 X-8, and is subsequently eluted with 2 normal hydrochloric acid. After evaporation of the eluate to dryness, the residue is titrated nonaqueously with perchloric acid in dioxane in the presence of mercuric acetate. In formulations containing sodium chloride and other salts, the ephedrine is eluted with an alcoholic solution of ammonia. The eluate is aerated until all the ammonia is expelled. The ephedrine is determined by titration with hydrochloric acid. Comparison is made with the official assay for ephedrine sulfate solution.
Consistency in Perceptions of the Step-Parent Role among Step-Parents, Parents and Stepchildren

The purposes of this study were to determine the degree of consistency in stepfamily members' perceptions of the step-parent role, to examine the relation between the degree of consistency in role perceptions and adjustment in stepfamilies, and to determine the extent to which clarity pertaining to the step-parent role was related to adjustment. Step-parents, parents and stepchildren from 40 stepfamilies completed a series of self-report questionnaires pertaining to their perceptions of the step-parent role and multiple levels of adjustment in their stepfamilies. Step-parents and parents perceived that the step-parent should and does play an active parental role, stepchildren were more likely to perceive that the step-parent should assume the less active role of `friend', and consistency in role perceptions was moderately strongly related to the interpersonal dimensions of adjustment in stepfamilies. The findings suggest that stepchildren have differing perceptions of the step-parent role than do their pa...
Towards Non-Invasive Assessment of the Elastic Properties of the Spinal Aqueduct

Analytical models are developed for cerebrospinal f luid (CSF) pressure wave propagation speed based on viscoelast ic properties and geometry of the subarachnoid space (SAS). The models were compared to experimental tests on various compliant coaxial tube phantom models of the spinal SAS having different t hicknesses and mechanical properties, with the ultimate goal of de veloping a noninvasive in vivo technique for determining the e lastic properties of the spinal aqueduct. The in vitro models were cons tructed based on a healthy persons’ spinal geometry and properties, an d the generation of pressure waves in it mimics the in vivo mechanism. Results suggest that pressure wave propagation is a weighted combin ation of two types of wave motion inherent to the coupled fluid-struct ure system. Additionally, theoretical and experimental studies indicate that the spinal cord (SC) mechanical properties do not play a significant role in wave speed propagation through the system, whereas mechanical properties of the encasing structures of the spinal aqueduct (SA) do influence wave speed.
Hepatic giant cells in hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infection and HCV/HIV co-infection

Background: The clinical and biological significance of syncytial giant cell change of hepatocytes in hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is poorly understood. Aim: To investigate the clinical and histological correlates of giant cell transformation in the setting of HCV mono-infection and co-infection with HCV and HIV. Methods: The prevalence of hepatocyte giant cell transformation was determined and serological, biochemical and histological findings examined. Results: Among 856 liver biopsy specimens, 22 cases (2.6%) showed giant cell transformation, representing 18 individuals. The median serum ALT was 37 IU/l, AST 49 IU/l, and alkaline phosphatase 97 IU/l. Eleven cases had HCV RNA loads available, with a median HCV RNA of 5.52 log IU/ml. Twelve of 17 individuals with available test results were also HIV positive (71%), compared to 46% of controls (p = 0.08). Giant cell transformation was found exclusively in zone 3 hepatocytes; the accompanying histological findings were otherwise typical of chronic HCV. The hepatic giant cells typically had a cytoplasmic appearance that resembled smooth endoplasmic reticulum proliferation. Most cases had only mild inflammation and fibrosis, with a median modified hepatic activity index (MHAI) grade of 3/18 and a median MHAI stage of 1/6. Three individuals had follow-up biopsies; all continued to have giant cell change. Conclusion: Giant cell transformation occurs most commonly in the setting of HCV/HIV co-infection, but can also be seen in chronic HCV infection alone. Histologically, giant cells were located in zone 3 hepatocytes, were persistent over time, and do not appear to be a marker of aggressive hepatitis.
Bacterial communities associated with flea vectors of plague

The microbial flora associated with fleas may affect their ability to transmit specific pathogens, including Yersinia pestis, and also could be used to develop paratransgenesis-based approaches to interfere with transmission. To begin addressing this hypothesis, the microbial flora associated with the relatively efficient Y. pestis vectors Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) and Oropsylla montana (Baker) (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), and the inefficient vector Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) were investigated using polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rDNA genes. DNA sequencing revealed that these species harbor distinct communities of microbial flora and suggest that Acinetobacter sp. might be used in developing anti-transmission strategies.
J-T Liquefaction of Hydrogen-Hydrocarbon Gas Mixtures

The addition of 1000–4000 wpm (weight parts per million) of a low molecular weight hydrocarbon (methane or ethane) has been suggested as a corrosion inhibitor to the hydrogen propellant in nuclear rockets. For this purpose it would be convenient if a storable and/or flowable suspension of such a hydrocarbon in liquid hydrogen could be produced. Because several observers [1,2] have seen liquid hydrogen made “milky” with an unwanted hydrocarbon impurity in the receiver of a Joule-Thomson liquefier, it was proposed to operate a liquefier using a feed gas containing the required amount of methane or ethane and to study the product. Other methods of producing the suspension were also tried, but were neither sufficiently promising nor of sufficient interest to warrant reporting here. These included injecting the condensable gas above and below the surface of liquid hydrogen in a dewar and into flowing liquid hydrogen.
Clusters — a Link Between Condensed Matter Physics and Nuclear Physics

Clusters consisting of atoms ranging from two to a few thousand exhibit several properties that are strikingly similar to those of nuclei. These include stability, shell structure, spin states, and giant dipole resonances. The physical reasons underlying these similarities will be addressed by reviewing recent experimental evidence and theoretical calculations based on electronic structure. The effect of symmetry and shape on the magnetic properties of atomic clusters is studied and compared with nucleonic clusters. Ways in which atomic clusters can further our understanding of interactions in nuclei is discussed.
Stress Flips a Chromatin Switch to Wake Up Latent Virus

Stress-induced reactivation of latent herpesviruses requires disabling of repression, but the mechanism for converting silenced chromatin into an active state is unknown. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Cliffe et al. (2015) suggest a methyl/phospho switch on histone H3 overcomes repression to facilitate reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
The Bond That Breaks: Closeness and Honor Predict Morality-Related Aggression

Endorsement of a “culture of honor” contributes to the belief that family honor is tied to female obedience across a variety of moral values. Violations of these moral values may lead to aggression. Male participants in studies 1 and 3 filled out a measure of cultural honor and closeness to their present wife or partner. Participants with high levels of both closeness and honor were most aggressive toward a hypothetical moral violation. In study 2, we randomly assigned men to bond or not with a female confederate who devalued his most important moral value. Participants were then given the opportunity to aggress against her in a supposedly unrelated study by choosing how much painful hot sauce she would be forced to drink. Once again, high levels of closeness and honor predicted the greatest levels of aggression. In sum, moral disagreements by women are met with increased aggression within the culture of honor, the closer an honor-endorsing male is to the woman.
Baby Books and Ballots: The Impact of Congressional Mail on Constituent Opinion

Studies have shown that members of the U.S. Congress attempt to exploit many of the perquisites of office for their electoral advantage, but the actual impact of this exploitation has never been clear. Thus a potentially significant part of the advantage of incumbency has been subject to more speculation than analysis. This study develops a simple model that can be used to determine the electoral significance of perquisite use by officeholders. It begins by examining a particular perquisite, the franking privilege, to determine how it affects incumbent saliency and reputation among constituents. Within the context of an appropriate research design, the study finds that the distribution of government pamphlets does boost an incumbent's saliency while also creating a more positive evaluation of the incumbent. The saliency and evaluation effects erode over time, but this erosion can be mitigated through follow-up mailings. These results are incorporated into a model that is used to predict the electoral consequences of perquisite use. The model suggests that perquisites have their greatest impact in constituencies with a relatively small proportion of voters who identify with the incumbent's party.
A Case of Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

A 43-year-old male had suffered from multiple pigmented nevi on his face for 10 years. Physical examination showed sesame seed to rice sized black-brown papules on the forehead,the central face and upper limbs with uneven surface and pigmentation,and undefined borders. There were intensive needle-sized pits on the palms. Histopathology showed lumps of basal-like tumor cells in various sizes and shapes in the dermis. The tumor was surrounded by cells arranged in palisading pattern and contained a lot of pigment particles and contraction gaps. The diagnosis was nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
[Sequence phylogenetic analysis based on VPI gene of coxsackievirus A16 strains isolated in Inner Mongolia, China].

分析测定2010年自内蒙古地区分离的柯萨奇病毒A组16型(CoxA16)毒株VP1区序列及其基因型,为研究内蒙古地区CoxA16的流行、进化、变异积累资料.1.材料与方法:(1)病毒株:来自2010年内蒙古地区手足口病临床诊断病例标本中分离的毒株A023/NMG/CHN/10(来源:呼和浩特市)、B003/NMG/CHN/10(来源:包头市)、B098/NMG/CHN/10(来源:包头市)、K065/NMG/CHN/10(来源:鄂尔多斯市)、C012/NMG/CHN/10(来源:乌海市)、H004/NMG/CHN/10(来源:锡林浩特市)、H027/NMG/CHN/10(来源:锡林浩特市)、L020/NMG/CHN/10(来源:巴彦淖尔市)、D047/NMG/CHN/10(来源:赤峰市)和J011/NMG/CHN/10(来源:乌兰察布市),共10株. 关键词：手足口病;柯萨奇病毒A组16型;VP1序列分析;B1亚型
Pharmacologic approach to the management of childhood hypertension.

Management of mildly elevated blood pressures may not require drug therapy, but pharmacologic agents are usually needed to control greater elevations. Antihypertensive agents are reviewed in terms of sites of action. Knowledge of site of action is particularly crucial for the patient who requires multiple agents, and helps the physician to choose agents with complementary effects and different sites of action.
Introducing bioinformatics into the computer science curriculum: panel discussion

With recent developments in genetics and molecular biology, and the impetus of the human genome project, the analysis and interpretation of large genomic datasets is more crucial than ever. This requires interdisciplinary expertise and the close collaboration of biologists, statisticians, software engineers and computer scientists. In response to these new challenges and opportunities, computer science students need to have a solid understanding of the fundamentals of high performance computers and networks, basic bioinformatics and its related algorithms, data mining and computational statistics. Open source tools like Linux, scripting languages and R often make up the underlying enabling science and technology.
Gourmand Syndrome in a Child with Epilepsy

A preoccupation with food, increased appetite and a preference for fine food had developed in a 10-year-old obese boy soon after the onset of refractory seizures at 8 years of age, in a report from University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
Ubiquitous Creativity, Imagination in Dialogue, and Innovative Practice-in-Action

BackgroundOver the past century, the role of creativity in teaching and learning has been interpreted in many ways, leading to often conflicting discipline-specific definitions, measurements, and p...
Sidelined … No Más!

“Sidelined … No Mas!” considers issues of access to education (GI Bill, athletic scholarships, and Affirmative Action), the increased diversification in the regional and heritage of Latino players (from urban to rural and from Mexican to Puerto Rican to Dominican and Cuban of origin), and the presence of Latinos in the globalization of the game.
The KrF Direct Drive Fusion Concept

In collaboration with other laboratories, we are beginning a program to study and demonstrate the scientific, technical and economic feasibility of power production using laser fusion. The program, based on the development of a high average power Krypton Fluoride laser, is described in this paper.
Read Smarter, Not Faster: Reflections on a Speed Reading and Reading Retention Workshop for Engineering Graduate Students

ABSTRACTIn December 2014, we received a request to teach a speed reading workshop for engineering graduate students. We seized this nontraditional opportunity to engage with these infrequent library visitors. This article discusses the design, delivery, and assessment of our Speed Reading and Reading Retention workshop, held in April 2015. In researching this topic, we discovered that the scholarly research on speed reading shows a physiological limit to reading rate and that speed reading is essentially skimming. Therefore, we chose to briefly present this research, while mainly focusing on proven reading retention techniques and study habits. A postworkshop survey showed that over 80 percent of the attendees agreed or strongly agreed that the workshop was useful and informative, but some students still wanted to be taught how to speed read. A survey 1 year after the workshop revealed that an average of 51 percent of student attendees were more confident in their study habits and reading retention skills...
Good Fishing in Rising Seas: Kandholhudhoo, Dhuvaafaru, and the Need for a Development-Based Migration Policy in the Maldives

Recent research has shown that many people dependent on environmentally-based livelihoods have begun to use migration as a method of adaptation to deal with climate stresses on their livelihoods. Utilizing circular, seasonal, and temporary migration can assist households dependent on natural resources such as those in the agricultural sector. While this strategy can be employed by individuals and households through their own agency, there are others for whom migration as adaptation is needed but harder to realize. This is the case for some fishing communities in the Maldives. Isolated and close to sea level, Kandholhudhoo is a case study in the deterioration of living conditions before an economic base and the limits of adaptive capacity. For many years, rising seas have battered this small and over-crowded island, flooding homes and damaging buildings. Local interviews provide evidence of resilience, but also a lack of options. Inhabitants detail rising seas within their lifetimes and individual strategies for coping with the changes they have experienced such as replacing their belongings. The specific vulnerabilities of isolated islands to climate change necessitates a policy response to allow for individual agency to be more freely used. Not every interviewee desired to choose mobility, but most could not afford it even if they had wanted to. Development policy has the potential to assist those seeking to utilize internal migration as adaptation, but in the Maldives the process has been slow and has only benefitted a few. Policy suggestions which consider issues of overpopulation, island structural integrity, a limited economic resource base, and temporality are proposed.
Comparing Sports Journalism Coverage of Collins and Sam

This chapter reports the results of two content analysis studies examining 248 US daily newspaper articles about Jason Collins and Michael Sam. The first, a study of framing utilizing a two-dimensional measurement scheme, found that individual and present frames dominated in coverage of both athletes and that Sam’s announcement was covered more extensively. The second, which compared source prominence and the views expressed by sources, found that while official sources such as players, coaches, and executives were often heard from, gay and lesbian sources were also utilized. Sources were much more likely to make positive comments in stories written about Collins.
Phase transitions of glycine in frozen aqueous solutions and during freeze-drying.

Purpose. To study the solid-state and phase transitions of glycine, (i) in frozen aqueous solutions, and (ii) during freeze-drying.
Hall v. Hall: A Lose-Lose Case for Appellate Jurisdiction

In Hall v. Hall, the Supreme Court decided when parties in consolidated actions can appeal. But the Court had no great options in deciding the case. The Court ultimately adopted a straightforward rule — consistent with prior understandings of consolidation and what it means for a decision to be “final” — but it’s one that might produce pragmatically unsound results. The Court’s other option was a more flexible — and practical — approach, but taking that route would have injected further uncertainty and complexity into this area of the law. This problem is not unique to Hall. It exists when courts decide many issues of federal appellate jurisdiction. But Hall also illustrates the alternative way forward: although it’s too late for Hall itself, the issue in Hall is an ideal one for rulemaking. More generally, rulemaking can avoid many of the problems federal courts run into when making rules of appellate jurisdiction.
Development of a Medical Spanish Curriculum for Fourth-Year Medical Students.

Introduction The US Latino population is projected to double over the next 50 years while the proportion of Latino physicians is expected to decrease over the same interval. Spanish curricula within medical schools are common but rarely assess learners for proficiency and are often not incentivized. Family physicians are well positioned to promote the effective delivery of culturally and linguistically appropriate care to Latino patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Our aim was to develop a replicable, incentivized, medical Spanish curriculum to promote fluency. Methods We developed a peer-taught, interactive, case-based medical Spanish curriculum for fourth-year medical students at a single medical school. All fourth-year medical students were eligible to enroll. Seventeen students completed pre- and postintervention questionnaires to rate their self-efficacy in medical Spanish comprehension and vocabulary. At the end of the course, students were also assessed for oral Spanish language skills by a standardized patient (SP). Results Students rated themselves as having improved at completing nearly all components of the medical interview and physical in Spanish after completing the course (15/16 tasks, P<0.001). Conclusion This peer-led medical Spanish course shows promise as a feasible and sustainable curriculum for teaching medical Spanish and assessing fluency among fourth-year medical students. Establishing a cohort of peers as teachers addresses concerns about cost and reduces the need for faculty support.
Mary Shelley and the Rights of the Child: Political Philosophy in Frankenstein

Perhaps no nineteenth-century novel has lent itself to a wider range of political interpretations than Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Soon after its publication in 1818, the tale of a young, ambitiou...
Interdisciplinary Care Model: Odontogenic Infections and Systemic Complications

Odontogenic infections spread to near and distant regions of the body leading to oral and systemic complications. To treat these infections, coordination of care between medical and dental providers is crucial. The siloes in the current clinical information systems do not aid in this shared practice. In this chapter, we highlight the issues within existing health information technology by providing few important examples of oral and systemic complications of odontogenic infections. Also, we summarized the importance of multidisciplinary approach to treat these infections in diverse health care settings.
Impact resistance of nanocellulose films with bioinspired Bouligand microstructures

The Bouligand structure features a helicoidal (twisted plywood) layup of fibers that are uniaxially arranged in-plane and is a hallmark of biomaterials that exhibit outstanding impact resistance. Despite its performance advantage, the underlying mechanisms for its outstanding impact resistance remain poorly understood, posing challenges for optimizing the design and development of bio-inspired materials with Bouligand microstructures. Interestingly, many bio-sourced nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), readily self-assemble into helicoidal thin films with inter-layer (pitch) angles tunable via solvent processing. Taking CNC films as a model Bouligand system, we present atomistically-informed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to measure the ballistic performance of thin films with helicoidally assembled nanocrystals by subjecting them to loading similar to laser-induced projectile impact tests. The effect of pitch angle on the impact performance of CNC films was quantified in the context of their specific ballistic limit velocity and energy absorption. Bouligand structures with low pitch angles (18–42°) were found to display the highest ballistic resistance, significantly outperforming other pitch angle and quasi-isotropic baseline structures. Improved energy dissipation through greater interfacial sliding, larger in-plane crack openings, and through-thickness twisting cracks resulted in improved impact performance of optimal pitch angle Bouligand CNC films. Intriguingly, decreasing interfacial interactions enhanced the impact performance by readily admitting dissipative inter-fibril and inter-layer sliding events without severe fibril fragmentation. This work helps reveal structural and chemical factors that govern the optimal mechanical design of Bouligand microstructures made from high aspect ratio nanocrystals, paving the way for sustainable, impact resistant, and multi-functional films.
Cardiac Metastases in Melanoma.

Cardiac Metastases in Melanoma Surveillance with FDG-PET performed in a 61-year-old woman with a history of melanoma showed two cardiac masses. The biopsy specimen revealed metastatic melanoma.
Heterogeneity in mixed economies Implications for sensitivity and adaptive capacity

In a ‘mixed economy’, households embedded in communities simultaneously engage in the cash economy, pursue some aspect of subsistence, and remain connected to each other through a culturally rich s...
Cell-type Selective Stimulation of Neurons Based on Single Neuron Models

Selectively stimulating neuron types within the brain can enable new treatment possibilities for neurological disorders and feedback in brain-machine interfaces. Prior computational work has shown that by choosing a sinusoidal signal with appropriate amplitude and frequency, one can obtain one-directional stimulation, i.e., one can stimulate a mammalian inhibitory neuron without stimulating an excitatory neuron. However, bidirectional selectivity is not achievable using just sinusoidal inputs. In this work, which is also computational, we design novel current waveforms to achieve this bidirectional selectivity. To do so, we explicitly exploit the non-linearity of neuronal membrane potential in response to stimulating currents. These current waveforms are able to stimulate either of the two neuron-types without stimulating the other. Further, we are also able to design a waveform which stimulates both neurons. Moreover, we can ensure a relatively high firing rate (~100 Hz) when a neuron-type is targeted for stimulation.
Cerebral perfusion of the left reading network predicts recovery of reading in subacute to chronic stroke.

Better understanding of cerebral blood flow (CBF) perfusion in stroke recovery can help inform decisions about optimal timing and targets of restorative treatments. In this study, we examined the relationship between cerebral perfusion and recovery from stroke-induced reading deficits. Left stroke patients were tested with a noninvasive CBF measure (arterial spin labeling) 3 months post-stroke. We measured blood flow perfusion within the left and right sides of the brain, in areas surrounding the lesion, and areas belonging to the reading network. Two hypotheses were tested. The first was that recovery of reading function depends on increased perfusion around the stroke lesion. This hypothesis was not supported by our findings. The second hypothesis was that increased perfusion of intact areas within the reading circuit is tightly coupled with recovery. Our findings are consistent with this hypothesis. Specifically, higher perfusion in the left reading network measured during the subacute stroke period predicted better reading ability and phonology competence in the chronic period. In contrast, higher perfusion of the right homologous regions was associated with decreased reading accuracy and phonology competence in the subacute and chronic periods. These findings suggest that recovery of reading and language competence may rely on improved blood flow in the reading network of the language-dominant hemisphere.
Thermal cues drive plasticity of desiccation resistance in montane salamanders with implications for climate change.

Organisms rely upon external cues to avoid detrimental conditions during environmental change. Rapid water loss, or desiccation, is a universal threat for terrestrial plants and animals, especially under climate change, but the cues that facilitate plastic responses to avoid desiccation are unclear. We integrate acclimation experiments with gene expression analyses to identify the cues that regulate resistance to water loss at the physiological and regulatory level in a montane salamander (Plethodon metcalfi). Here we show that temperature is an important cue for developing a desiccation-resistant phenotype and might act as a reliable cue for organisms across the globe. Gene expression analyses consistently identify regulation of stem cell differentiation and embryonic development of vasculature. The temperature-sensitive blood vessel development suggests that salamanders regulate water loss through the regression and regeneration of capillary beds in the skin, indicating that tissue regeneration may be used for physiological purposes beyond replacing lost limbs. Climate change will threaten plants and animals across the planet by increasing the risk of desiccation. Here, authors demonstrate that salamanders regulate water loss using temperature-sensitive gene expression related to blood vessel regeneration and skin lipids.
Fifty years of thyroid pathology: concepts and developments

The past half century has seen a number of advances in pathology of thyroid diseases, especially neoplastic lesions. These include the description of new entities, the definition of prognostically important lesions, the incorporation of fine needle aspiration biopsy and its functional risk stratification of diagnoses into the clinical evaluation and therapeutic recommendations of the patient with thyroid nodules and the understanding of thyroid neoplastic development, diagnostic and prognostic parameters by use of molecular analysis so that such techniques are becoming standard of care for patients with thyroid tumors. The histopathologist and cytopathologist have been and continue to be at the forefront in the definition and understanding of these areas of thyroid disease. This review describes many of the most important advances in this area in an attempt bring the practicing pathologist up to date in these developments.
Comparison of Radiation Effects in Custom and Commercially Fabricated Resistive Memory Devices

The radiation response of TaO x -based resistive memory (RRAM) devices fabricated in academic (Set A) and industrial (Set B) settings was compared. Ionization damage from a 60Co gamma source did not cause any changes in device resistance for either device type, up to 45 Mrad(Si). Displacement damage from a heavy ion beam caused a decrease in resistance at $1 \times 10 ^{21}$ oxygen displacements per cm3 in Set B devices in the high-resistance state (HRS); meanwhile, Set A devices did not exhibit any decrease in resistance due to displacement damage. Both types of devices exhibited an increase in resistance around $3 \times 10 ^{22}$ oxygen displacements per cm3, possibly due to the damage at the oxide/metal interfaces. These extremely high levels of damage represent near-total atomic disruption, and if this level of damage was ever reached, other circuit elements would likely fail before the RRAM devices in this article. Overall, both sets of devices were much more resistant to radiation effects than the similar devices reported in the literature. Displacement damage effects were only observed in the Set A devices once the displacement-induced oxygen vacancies surpassed the intrinsic vacancy concentration in the devices, suggesting that high oxygen vacancy concentration played a role in the devices’ high tolerance to displacement damage.
Using the Psychopathy Checklist to examine cinematic portrayals of psychopaths

Abstract The current study examined whether 24 cinematic characters described as psychopathic met Hare's (2003) criteria for psychopathy that is commonly used by mental health professionals in legal proceedings. The results indicated that most characters were depicted as having a high level of interpersonal and affective psychopathic traits but that only 21% of the characters met criteria to be classified as psychopaths. Information about characters' childhoods and adolescences were rarely provided, suggesting that films do a poor job of portraying behaviors prior to adulthood that are utilized when diagnosing psychopathy. Although all of the characters were shown engaging in criminal behavior, only half received criminal sanctions for their behavior. Implications of media's portrayal of psychopathy are discussed, with an emphasis on how media may shape laypeople's understandings of psychopathy and influence jurors' decisions when a defendant is described as psychopathic during legal proceedings.
Unique Proteomes Implicate Functional Specialization across Heterocysts, Akinetes, and Vegetative Cells in Anabaena cylindrica

In response to environmental changes, vegetative cells of Anabaena cylindrica can differentiate into two other cell types: a heterocyst for oxic N2-fixation, and an enlarged spore called akinete for stress survival. Akinetes normally differentiate from vegetative cells adjacent to heterocysts. Heterocysts inhibit nearby cells from differentiating into heterocysts but can induce adjacent cells to become akinetes, a rare embryogenetic induction in prokaryotes. The mechanism for a patterned differentiation in A. cylindrica has been little studied. Here, we isolated three types of cells from A. cylindrica to identify their proteomes using LC-MS/MS. A total of 1395 proteins were identified, including 664 proteins from akinetes, 751 proteins from heterocysts, and 1236 proteins from vegetative cells. There were 45 proteins (33 novel proteins) found exclusive to akinetes, 57 heterocyst-specific proteins (33 novel proteins), including nif gene products, and 485 proteins exclusively in vegetative cells. Our proteomic data suggest that akinetes, unlike the typical spores of bacteria, perform unique biochemical functions that collaborate with both heterocysts and vegetative cells. A HAVe model for collaboration among heterocysts, akinetes and vegetative cells is proposed to illustrate the metabolic network of cyanophycin and carbohydrates based on the distribution of their biosynthesis related proteins in three types of cells. Interestingly, cell division proteins, DNA replication proteins, some carboxysomal proteins including RuBisCO and proteins in photosystems I, II were found abundant in heterocysts, the non-dividing cells dedicated exclusively to oxic N2-fixation. The identification of the akinete and heterocyst proteomes enables the pursuit of genetic studies into the patterned differentiation of akinetes and heterocysts.
Direct observation of frictional ignition in dropped HMX-based polymer-bonded explosives

Abstract This work concerns the response of high explosive (HE) charges to oblique impact events, as would occur during a drop accident. We describe a rigid-arm pendulum that was used to examine mechanisms for frictional heating, ignition and reaction propagation during drop-skid insults to HE from low drop heights ( ≤ 3.66 m). Drops onto clean surfaces never produced ignition. On dirty surfaces, ignition was frequently observed, sometimes developing into damaging explosions. The mechanisms for hotspot formation and ignition involved hard, high-melting-point grit particle surface contamination. Two mechanisms are described. (1) The grit-substrate mechanism operates when the impacted surface is a high-melting-point, hard material and frictional work is localized forming hotspots when grit rubs against the substrate. Material properties of the HE, grit, and impact surface, such as indentation hardness, thermal conductivity and melting point, were also explored showing how propensity for ignition is affected. (2) The grit–grit mechanism operates when an impacted surface has similar hardness to the explosive; under these conditions grit particle collisions are the hotspot-forming frictional interaction. Through direct observation, this work confirms some of the early work on frictional ignition mechanisms, and offers insight for how these types of dangerous explosive handling accidents can be mitigated in HE-operations environments.
Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999-2015).

Background The long-term outcomes of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses is unknown. Objective To report the long-term outcomes for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head of horses, and report short and long-term clinical adverse effects. Animals Thirty-two horses treated in 2 referral hospitals. Methods In this retrospective study, medical records of horses receiving radiation therapy for noncutaneous tumors between 1999 and 2015 were reviewed. Signalment, tumor type, treatment protocol, tumor control duration, and survival were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for overall survival (OS), by tumor type and location, and compared using Log-rank tests, and treatment protocol adherence. Results Follow-up ranged from 2 to 145 months (median 14 months). Of 32 horses, 16 (50%) were alive at the time of reporting, with complete tumor response occurring in 12 (38%). Horses with tumors of the maxilla/nasal cavity had significantly shorter median OS compared to horses with tumors in other locations (21 months vs 145 months) (P = .06). Adverse effects resulting from the tumor or the therapy occurred in 20/32 (63%). The occurrence of major adverse effects and delays in treatment protocol were not significantly associated with median survival estimates. Conclusions and clinical importance External beam radiotherapy can be used to treat a variety of noncutaneous tumors of the head of horses. Adverse effects related to radiotherapy or the tumor are common.
Family Processes and Child Psychopathology: A Between- and Within-Family/Child Analysis.

A vast array of family processes is linked to child mental development, among which (1) low parental acceptance and (2) high family conflict are known as transdiagnostic risk factors for child internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. In contrast to most prior research adopting cross-sectional or lagged designs, the current study applied fine-grained multilevel modeling to elucidate the complex relationships among parental acceptance, family conflict, and child psychopathology, considering the nesting structure of children within families and longitudinal changes within children. We focused on preadolescents from the two-wave Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 4,953; aged 9–12) and accounted for parental psychopathology and sex differences. Our findings suggest that consistent between-family and between-child differences in parental acceptance play a transdiagnostic role for both child internalizing and externalizing psychopathology, whereas family conflict is only significantly associated with externalizing psychopathology. Additionally, short-term within-family and within-child improvements in parental acceptance and family conflict across one year were associated with decreased externalizing, but not internalizing, psychopathology. These findings support the potential importance and feasibility of targeting these family process factors for child externalizing problems outside of an intensive treatment setting. We further discussed how such findings serve as a foundation for future research on family processes and child internalizing problems. The varying results across different grouping levels highlight the importance of decomposing within- from between-family/child effects in future studies on family processes and child psychopathology.
Morality on holiday: inspiring ethical behaviour in animal-based tourism through nonmoral values

Despite the progression of animal welfare within the tourism literature and the industry itself, a significant change in public behaviour remains to be seen. Anthropocentric views of animals as obj...
Long-Term Clinical Outcomes of an Antibiotic-Coated Non-Cross-linked Porcine Acellular Dermal Graft for Abdominal Wall Reconstruction for High-Risk and Contaminated Wounds.

BackgroundAbdominal wall reconstruction in high-risk and contaminated cases remains a challenging surgical dilemma. We report long-term clinical outcomes for a rifampin-/minocycline-coated acellula...
Pediatric-onset trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: A systematic review and meta-analysis:

Background and objectiveThere are five headache disorders composing the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache at...
Fabella Syndrome and Common Peroneal Neuropathy following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Case A 62-year-old man presented with persistent lateral knee pain 15 months following an uncomplicated total knee arthroplasty. There was a tendinous snapping structure over the lateral aspect of the knee in deep flexion with positive Tinel's sign over the fibular head. The patient underwent an uncomplicated flabella excision. The patient was cleared to return to work and full duty at two months postoperatively. Conclusion Flabella syndrome is a rare but increasingly common mechanism of persistent lateral knee pain following total knee arthroplasty. Surgeons should be aware of this etiology of persistent lateral knee pain and offer treatment modalities to address this pathology.
Ascorbate: antioxidant and biochemical activities and their importance for in vitro models

Ascorbate has many biological activities that involve fundamental cellular functions such as gene expression, differentiation, and redox homeostasis. Biochemically, it serves as a cofactor for a large family of dioxygenases (> 60 members) which control transcription, formation of extracellular matrix, and epigenetic processes of histone and DNA demethylation. Ascorbate is also a major antioxidant acting as a very effective scavenger of primary reactive oxygen species. Reduction of Fe(III) by ascorbate is important for cellular uptake of iron via DMT1. Cell culture models are extensively used in toxicology and pharmacology for mechanistic studies of nutrients, drugs and other xenobiotics. High-throughput screens in vitro, such as a large-scale Tox21 program in the US, offers opportunities to assess hazardous properties of a vast and growing number of industrial chemicals. However, cells in typical cultures are severely deficient in ascorbate, raising concerns about their ability to accurately recapitulate toxic and other responses in vivo. Scarcity of ascorbate and a frequently unrecognized use of media with its thiol substitute alters stress sensitivity of cells in different directions. Remediation of ascorbate deficiency in tissue culture restores the physiological state of many cellular processes and it should improve a currently limited toxicity predictability of in vitro bioassays.