cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-flight ultrasound identification of pneumothorax

Ultrasound is a standard adjunct to the initial evaluation of injured patients in the emergency department. We sought to evaluate the ability of prehospital, in-flight thoracic ultrasound to identify pneumothorax. Non-physician aeromedical providers were trained to perform and interpret thoracic ultrasound. All adult trauma patients and adult medical patients requiring endotracheal intubation underwent both in-flight and emergency department ultrasound evaluations. Findings were documented independently and reviewed to ensure quality and accuracy. Results were compared to chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT). One hundred forty-nine patients (136 trauma/13 medical) met inclusion criteria. Mean age was 44.4 (18-94) years; 69 % were male. Mean injury severity score was 17.68 (1-75), and mean chest injury score was 2.93 (0-6) in the injured group. Twenty pneumothoraces and one mainstem intubation were identified. Sixteen pneumothoraces were correctly identified in the field. A mainstem intubation was misinterpreted. When compared to chest CT (n = 116), prehospital ultrasound had a sensitivity of 68 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 46-85 %), a specificity of 96 % (95 % CI 90-98 %), and an overall accuracy of 91 % (95 % CI 85-95 %). In comparison, emergency department (ED) ultrasound had a sensitivity of 84 % (95 % CI 62-94 %), specificity of 98 % (95 % CI 93-99 %), and an accuracy of 96 % (95 % CI 90-98 %). The unique characteristics of the aeromedical environment render the auditory element of a reliable physical exam impractical. Thoracic ultrasonography should be utilized to augment the diagnostic capabilities of prehospital aeromedical providers.
Transfer RNA Synthetase Editing of Errors in Amino Acid Selection

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) define genetic code by pairing amino acids with their cognate tRNAs and maintain ‘quality control’ in the flow of information from gene to protein. Binding energies of amino acids to AARSs are often inadequate to assure the required accuracy of translation. This has necessitated the evolution of a second determinant of specificity, proofreading or editing mechanisms that remove amino acid selection errors, thereby maintaining accuracy and preventing access to the genetic code of non-protein amino acids, including homocysteine, ornithine, homoserine and norvaline. Editing is part of the tRNA aminoacylation process in living organisms from bacteria to humans. Impaired amino acid editing reduces cell proliferation under stress conditions and can lead to disease. Despite a strong selective pressure to minimise mistranslation, some organisms possess error-prone AARSs that cause mistranslation, which can be beneficial for pathogens by increasing their phenotypic variation essential for the evasion of host defences. Key Concepts Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases match tRNAs with corresponding amino acids, thereby translating genetic information from the nucleic acid to the protein language. Faithful translation of the genetic information depends on editing of amino acid misactivation errors. Editing occurs at the synthetic active site by hydrolysis of aminoacyl-adenylates (pre-transfer editing) and/or at a separate editing site by deacylation of aminoacyl-tRNA (post-transfer editing). Access of the non-protein amino acids, such as homocysteine, ornithine or norvaline to the genetic code is prevented by editing. Preventing mistranslation by editing of misactivated amino acids is crucial to cellular homeostasis. Impaired editing increases sensitivity of cells to oxidative stress and nutritional imbalance. Some pathogenic organisms possess editing-defective, error-prone AARSs that cause mistranslation, which is essential for the evasion of host defences. Synthetic biology targets AARSs to engineer new proteins containing non-canonical amino acids (alloproteins). Keywords: genetic code; protein biosynthesis; amino acid selection and editing; mistranslation errors; cardiovascular disease risk factors; hyperhomocysteinaemia and neurodegeneration; protein engineering; synthetic biology; aminoacyl-coenzyme A thioesters; prebiotic chemistry
Bedside Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Assessment in the Identification of Increased Intracranial Pressure in Suspected Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Abstract Objective We determined whether the bedside assessment of the optic nerve sheath diameter could identify elevated intracranial pressure in individuals with suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Methods This was a single-center, prospective, rater-blinded study performed in a freestanding pediatric teaching hospital. Patients aged 12 to 18 years scheduled for an elective lumbar puncture with the suspicion of idiopathic intracranial hypertension were eligible to participate. Optic nerve sheath diameter was measured via ultrasonography before performing a sedated lumbar puncture for measuring cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure. Abnormal measurements were predefined as optic nerve sheath diameter ≥4.5 mm and a cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure greater than 20 cmH 2 O. Results Thirteen patients participated in the study, 10 of whom had elevated intracranial pressure. Optic nerve sheath diameter was able to predict or rule out elevated intracranial pressure in all patients. Conclusions Noninvasive assessment of the optic nerve sheath diameter could help to identify patients with elevated intracranial pressure when idiopathic intracranial hypertension is suspected.
Serum α1-Acid Glycoprotein in Chronic Ulcerative Colitis

Serum α1-acid glycoprotein was studied in 31 controls and 130 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (no liver disease) judged clinically to be either quiescent (25 cases), mildly (38 cases), moderately (34 cases), and severely (33 cases) active. This serum glycoprotein is increased in ulcerative colitis when the disease process is active. For example, the highest observed value in the 31 controls was 111 mg per 100 ml, the lowest value in the 34 moderately active cases was 149, and the lowest value in the severely active cases was 290. After colectomy and proctectomy for chronic ulcerative colitis, serum values declined to normal range (25 cases). In the presence of hepatic disease (cholestasis and chronic hepatitis, both with and without cirrhosis), serum glycoprotein values tended to reflect the degree of activity of the ulcerative colitis (17 cases). The serum value for α1-acid glycoprotein is a more reliable index to the degree of activity of the inflammatory process in ulcerative colitis than is the sedimentation rate. It might serve as a guide to the efficacy of controllable therapeutic procedures for chronic ulcerative colitis, since it has been shown that surgical removal of actively diseased colon and rectum produces glycoprotein values within the normal range and that the receding of severely active chronic ulcerative colitis to the quiescent phase induces glycoprotein values within or slightly above the normal range.
Between regions and objects: surfaces and volumes

Several modular processes are used to build relationships between a) two-dimensional regions and boundaries in a segmented image, and b) the hypothesized surfaces, volumes and objects of a three-dimensional world. A variety of bottom-up and top-down strategies coordinate the processes of SHAPE, PERSPECTIVE, SHADOW, and OCCLUSION to construct these relationships in the VISIONS system.
Oral health beliefs in diverse populations

Using data from population-based samples of adults participating in the ICS-II USA study, and using principal components analysis, we constructed oral health belief measures corresponding to the Health Belief Model (HBM) dimensions. Tests of validity and reliability were performed. Scales measuring perceived benefit of preventive practices and seriousness of oral disease had the highest validity and reliability. We used multiple regression analysis to examine sociodemographic predictors of perceived benefits of preventive practices. Race-ethnicity and age cohort were significant predictors among Baltimore and San Antonio adults. White adults and middle-aged persons in both research locations were more likely to believe in the benefit of preventive practices. Female gender, higher educational attainment, and better self-rated health were significant indicators of more positive oral health beliefs in every research location. Results also characterize persons who place lower value on preventive practices (i.e., males, less-educated persons, and those reporting poorer self-rated health). The design of effective dental public health messages and outreach efforts requires an analysis of the individual's health orientation and the factors influencing oral health beliefs. Oral health education interventions designed to improve health beliefs should contain an evaluation component for assessing the impact of education on health practices and oral health status.
Baryons in a quark-diquark model based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation

Masses of theJ = 3/2 andJ = 1/2 baryons are calculated in a quarkdiquark relativistic model based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation.
Oxidation–Reduction Properties of Two Engineered Redox-Sensitive Mutant Escherichia coli Malate Dehydrogenases

Abstract Redox potentials for two inactivating intrasubunit disulfides that link helix-5 and helix-9 in mutant Escherichia coli malate dehydrogenases have been determined. The E m is −285 mV when cysteines are at positions 121 and 305 and −295 mV when the cysteines are at positions 122 and 305. Oxidation to the disulfide affects k cat but not K m values. In the single V121C and N122C mutants, the Cys in helix-5 affects the K m for oxalacetate. The pH optimum in the direction of malate formation is affected by the redox state of the enzyme. Clearly, a disulfide bond can and does form between Cys residues substituted into positions 121 or 122 in the nucleotide binding domain and 305 in the carbon substrate binding domain of this NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase. Apparently, crosslinking the domains interferes with catalysis.
In Vitro RNase and Nucleic Acid Binding Activities Implicate Coilin in U snRNA Processing

Coilin is known as the marker protein for Cajal bodies (CBs), subnuclear domains important for the biogenesis of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) which function in pre-mRNA splicing. CBs associate non-randomly with U1 and U2 gene loci, which produce the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) component of the respective snRNP. Despite recognition as the CB marker protein, coilin is primarily nucleoplasmic, and the function of this fraction is not fully characterized. Here we show that coilin binds double stranded DNA and has RNase activity in vitro. U1 and U2 snRNAs undergo a processing event of the primary transcript prior to incorporation in the snRNP. We find that coilin displays RNase activity within the CU region of the U2 snRNA primary transcript in vitro, and that coilin knockdown results in accumulation of the 3' pre-processed U1 and U2 snRNA. These findings present new characteristics of coilin in vitro, and suggest additional functions of the protein in vivo.
Drift‐scan imaging of traveling ionospheric disturbances with the Very Large Array

This paper describes a method to use high-precision specification of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) from a relatively compact array of sensors to yield high-resolution images of TID substructure. In this case, the array is the Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope in New Mexico. The technique begins with a combined temporal and spatial spectral analysis that boils the TID down to its basic components, namely, the amplitude and horizontal wavelength and velocity vector. The last of these is used with the known apparent motion of the observed cosmic source to recompute the horizontal positions of the ionospheric pierce points in the frame of the TID. The data are then binned within this TID reference plane and averaged to make an image. The method is applied to three distinct TIDs detected and characterized to high precision (≲10−3 total electron content unit (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2)) using VLA observations of cosmic sources below 1 GHz.
High-phase-angle observations of Neptune at 2650 and 7500 A - Haze structure and particle properties

An analysis is conducted of spatially resolved Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter Subsystem (PPS) observations at 2650 and 7500 A. The continuum absorber that is tropospherically abundant, if confined to the region below the methane haze layer, indicates an optical depth for that layer no greater than 0.8; models in which this optical depth is as large as 3.0 yield too much limb darkening, in the case where the continuum absorber is mixed with both the methane haze and deeper clouds. Tropospheric aerosols are noted to have phase functions with shallow backward lobes.
Children's Economic Roles in the Maya Family Life Cycle: Cain, Caldwell, and Chayanov Revisited

This article examines the relationship between household demographic pressure and interage transfers for a group of Maya subsistence agriculturists in Yucatan, Mexico. The authors use data from a field study conducted in 1992–93 on individual time allocation, relative productivity by age and sex, and caloric costs of activities to estimate age schedules of average consumption and production. Using these, they investigate the net costs of children to their parents and find that children have a negative net asset value up to the time they leave home. The direction of net wealth flows in this group is downward, from older to younger, and in economic terms the internal rate of return to children is highly negative up to the time they leave home. Nonetheless, children play a critically important role in the family's economic life cycle. On average, girls offset 76 percent of their consumption costs before leaving home at age 19, and boys offset 82 percent before leaving home at 22. Without the contributions from children as a group, parents would have to double or triple their work effort during part of the family life cycle if they were to raise the same number of children. By the thirteenth year of the family life cycle, children as a group produce more than half of what they consume in every year, and after the twentieth year children produce more than 80 percent of what they as a group consume. The authors also find that the elderly in the sample, ages 50 to 65, produce more than they consume. Thus while children have a negative net asset value to parents, the timing of their children's economic contribution across the family life cycle plays a key role in underwriting the cost of large families.
Role of Stimulus Generalization in the Treatment of Alcoholism

7 avoidance and 6 escape Ss were conditioned to an alcoholic beverage and administered the Rotter internal vs external locus of control of reinforcement test. 23 Ss, all patients at the Sepulveda V...
Constraints on the Causal Inferences of Children and Adults in Comprehending Stories.

Abstract What constrains a causal inference about an unexpected event in a story? The experiments examined factors at encoding and retrieval that provide constrain. Second and fifth graders and college students listened to stories containing an early goal sentence and a later inconsistent outcome. Encoding factors included the presence or absence of clues about the role of an object concept in the outcome, the separation of clue and outcome, and whether the object concept was mentioned explicitly or only implied. Retrieval factors were manipulated simultaneously, and included whether one or two inferences were probed at test, whether an inference was probed first or second, and the qualitative overlap of clue and probe information. The results showed consistent encoding × retrieval interactions, with inferences reflecting weak encoding constraint varying with retrieval support. In addition, the effects generally decreased with grade. The results demonstrate the importance of encoding and retrieval interactions in interpreting developmental differences in story inferences, and support a specific retrieval model.
Body form and skeletal morphometrics during larval development of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck

Development of the echinopluteus of the subtropical/tropical sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus Lamarck, was studied using quantitative measures of size, shape, and the growth of the larval body and skeleton. Larvae of L. variegatus developed rapidly, attaining metamorphic competence in 9–10 days (depending on diet) at a culture temperature of 26°C. Larvae grew substantially from the initial 2-arm pluteus stage to the fully developed eight-arm pluteus with a juvenile rudiment. Larval length increased 2.8-fold, total arm length (summed over all larval arm pairs) increased 7.3-fold. Ciliated band length (an index of feeding capability) increased 6.8-fold, 76% of the increase was allometric, i.e., due to shape change. An index of shape, the ratio of ciliated band length: body length increased 2.8-fold during development to a maximum value of 13.87. Allometric growth occurred both during the period of arm formation and later during rudiment formation by disproportionate growth of the larval arms. The echinopluteus skeleton of Lytechinus variegatus consists of six separate elements: 2 sets of paired (left and right) elements, the body-postoral-anterolateral rod complex and the posterodorsal rods; and 2 unpaired elements, the dorsal arch and the posterior transverse rod. The skeleton of the main body region (body rods) did not grow after the formation of the initial 2-arm larval stage. Body length and arm length increases were due entirely to elongation of the arm skeleton. Increases in larval circumference and development of various lobes were supported by elongation of the dorsal and ventral transverse rods. Pedicellariae (1–3) developed around day 7 at the posterior of the larva. Juvenile skeletal plates developed in association with the proximal tips of several larval skeletal rods, such as the base of the dorsal arch and the bases of the posterodorsal rods. There are several common features of pluteus larval growth that are shared among species, with different egg sizes, from different orders, and from different geographic regions. The most important similarity is the scaling of feeding structures (ciliated band length) relative to larval body size. Elaboration of the ciliated band is by growth of the larval arms with 60–70% of the band located on the arms. However, there are differences in which arm pairs contribute most to form change and feeding capability. These descriptions and comparisons suggest both similarities and differences in larval growth and form that are functionally important and deserve greater attention from larval ecologists.
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Modulates Adipose Metabolism Through PPARγ

Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is rate limiting for diacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester hydrolysis in adipose tissue and essential for complete hormone-stimulated lipolysis. Gene expression profiling in HSL-/- mice suggests that HSL is important for modulating adipogenesis and adipose metabolism. To test whether HSL is required for the supply of intrinsic ligands for PPARγ for normal adipose differentiation, HSL-/- and wild-type (WT) littermates were fed normal chow (NC) and high-fat (HF) diets supplemented with or without rosiglitazone (200 mg/kg) for 16 weeks. Results show that supplementing rosiglitazone to an NC diet completely normalized the decreased body weight and adipose depots in HSL-/- mice. Additionally, rosiglitazone resulted in similar serum glucose, total cholesterol, FFA, and adiponectin values in WT and HSL-/- mice. Furthermore, rosiglitazone normalized the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, markers of adipocyte differentiation, and enzymes involved in triacylglycerol synthesis and metabolism, and cholesteryl ester homeostasis, in HSL-/- mice. Supplementing rosiglitazone to an HF diet resulted in improved glucose tolerance in both WT and HSL-/- animals and also partial normalization in HSL-/- mice of abnormal WAT gene expression, serum chemistries, organ and body weight changes. In vitro studies showed that adipocytes from WT animals can provide ligands for activation of PPARγ and that activation is further boosted following lipolytic stimulation, whereas adipocytes from HSL-/- mice displayed attenuated activation of PPARγ, with no change following lipolytic stimulation. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which HSL modulates adipose metabolism is by providing intrinsic ligands or pro-ligands for PPARγ.
Update on the Development of a New U.S. Kidney Transplant Allocation System

A substantial revision of the adult kidney allocation system in the U.S. is currently underway. The proposed revised system combines the new concepts of life years from transplant (LYFT), the donor profile index (DPI), and dialysis time (DT) into an overall kidney allocation score (KAS). The KAS for the first time integrates a measure of medical utility into kidney allocation. A KAS-based system holds the promise of improved efficiency, increased waitlist access and a gain in the number of life-years achieved from transplantation. This article discusses the rationale for the development of a new system, the state of the KAS proposal, and the challenges that remain to implementation of a new kidney allocation system.
Reaction of Low-Valent Iron Porphyrins with Alkyl Containing Supporting Electrolytes

Abstract A σ-alkyl iron porphyrin complex was found to be formed from the reaction of Fe(TPP) 2− with tetraalkylammonium ions (TPP=tetraphenylporphyrin). At room temperature, this reaction was too slow to be observed with cyclic voltammetry. But, if one electrolyzes at a potential that generated Fe(TPP) 2− , and then initiates the scan in the forward direction, waves for Fe(TPP)(R) − /Fe(TPP)(R) and Fe(TPP)(R)/Fe(TPP)(R) + , where R =alkyl group, were observed. Both tetramethyl- and tetrabutylammonium ions were found to react with Fe(TPP) 2− . No alkylated products were observed if alkali salts were used as the supporting electrolyte. Visible spectroelectrochemistry with a thin layer cell showed that electrolysis at the first and second waves of Fe(TpP)(Cl) in DMF yielded the expected Fe(TPP) and Fe(TPP) − complexes, but Fe(TPP) 2− was not observed at the third wave. Instead, the spectrum of Fe(TPP)(R) − was obtained. Oxidation of this species led to the formation of Fe(TPP)(R), and further oxidation regenerated Fe(TPP)(Cl) because of the poor stability of Fe(TPP)(R) + . Further characterization was carried out by obtaining the resonance Raman spectra of chemically generated Fe(TPP)(CH 3 ) O/− and Fe(TPP)(butyl) O/− complexes, and comparing the results with the electrochemically generated complexes. The σ-alkyl iron porphyrins were not very stable under laser irradiation, and the best spectra were obtained in THF with frozen samples. The σ-alkyl ferric porphyrins were considerably less stable than the corresponding ferrous complexes, and the photoproduct, Fe(TPP), could be observed in all spectra. The ferrous alkyl porphyrins gave spectra that were consistent with low-spin five-coordinate complexes, with v 2 and v 4 bands being observed at 1566 and 1363 cm −1 , respectively. The v 2 and v 4 bands for the ferric alkyl porphyrin were at 1565 and 1359 cm −1 , respectively. The product, obtained by electrolyzing Fe(TPP)(Cl) at the potential for the generation of Fe(TPP) 2− , gave a spectrum in THF that was consistent with an iron alkyl complex. The photoproduct appeared to be Fe(TPP)(OH) − rather than Fe(TPP), as was observed in the chemically generated product due to trace amounts of water in the supporting electrolyte. The visible spectrum of the resonance Raman was identical to the authentic Fe(TPP)(R) − sample. There was no evidence for Fe(TPP)(OH) − , which would have been quite apparent in the visible spectrum. The generation of Fe(TPP)(R) − from Fe(TPP) 2− and tetrabutylammonium ion could occur by at least two pathways: nucleophilic attack or electron transfer between iron(`O') on the tetrabutylammonium ion. Steric effects would favor an electron transfer mechanism over the nucleophilic process, but the data at this time are not conclusive.
Relative yields, conservation laws, and coulomb energy in medium-energy heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We use a model of medium-energy heavy-ion collisions based on the principle of minimum information to calculate relative yields from heavy-ion collisions. The model allows for the formation of excited fragments and uses a mean-field prescription for the Coulomb interaction among fragments. We find that the yields are strongly temperature dependent and that most important factors in determining this dependence are conservation of baryon number and charge, and the intrinsic excitation energy of the fragments. We do not find it necessary to include the Coulomb energy in order to produce a minimum in the yields.
Biochemical and antigenic characterization of feline herpesvirus-1-like isolates from dogs

The DNA and polypeptide patterns of feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), a virus usually associated with feline respiratory infections, were compared to those of five herpesvirus isolates from dogs. These canine isolates had been shown to be antigenically similar to FHV-1 by cross neutralization tests. DNA from FHV-1 (C-27 strain) and each canine isolate was digested with either Bam H I, Eco R 1 or Sal I and analyzed on 0.8 per cent agarose gels. The restriction digest patterns of the canine isolates were nearly identical to C-27 for all three restriction enzymes. Interestingly, all of the canine isolates showed a small extension of the largest Bam H I fragment (14.5 kb) that was not present in the C-27 strain. Bam H I digested FHV-1 DNA from clinical cases in cats had digest patterns that were very similar to the canine isolates and also showed an extension of the 14.5 kb fragment. Southern blotting experiments revealed that DNA from the canine isolates has extensive homology to C-27 DNA. SDS-PAGE analysis of radiolabeled polypeptides from C-27 and the canine isolates showed identical virion-associated polypeptide profiles. In addition, a goat anti-FHV-1 antiserum precipitated three glycoprotein antigens from the canine isolates with migration patterns that were identical to the three major antigenic glycoproteins found on C-27. Hind III and Eco R 1 digestion patterns of canine herpesvirus DNA showed no similarity to C-27 DNA. In addition, canine herpesvirus DNA had no homology to C-27 DNA under the stringent conditions used.
The new Islamist public sphere in Bangladesh

Historically, Bangladesh has a strong and culturally embedded vibrant public sphere. The Bangladeshi public sphere always consists of a multiplicity of publics. The idea of public sphere in Bangladesh was based on the idea of secular rationality or religious neutrality. However, the situation is changing; attempts are being made to create an Islamist public sphere. This paper highlights two examples of this effort to foster the Islamization of the public sphere: production of Islamist fiction and founding women's discussion groups. It argues that the emerging Islamist public sphere in Bangladesh only subscribes to one interpretation of Islam and that the traditional authorities are now being replaced by the Islamist interpretation advanced by ideologues. It further argues that the absence of reference to local syncretistic traditions in the new Islamist discourse makes its authenticity suspect.
The heteroscedastic method: Multivariate implementation

Over the past decade, procedures have been developed which allow one (in the univariate case) to make inferences about means even in the presence of unknown and unequal variances. A general method (called The Heteroscedastic Method) allowing this in all statistical problems simultaneously was formulated in 1979 and allowed specifically for the multivariate case (e.g., MANOVA and other multivariate inferences). While in the univariate case The Heteroscedastic Method is readily implemented, in the multivariate case practical implementation was not heretofore possible since a certain problem in construction of matrices required by the method had not been solved. In this paper we solve that problem and give a computer algorithm allowing for use of the solution in The Heteroscedastic Method.
Modeling the Water-R134a Partition Coefficients of Organic Solutes Using a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship

The water-R134a partition coefficients for a set of 11 organic solutes have been measured using a high-pressure, spectroscopic technique. Water partition coefficients of the organic solutes were me...
Mars Global Surveyor: Ready for launch in November 1996

The Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft will be launched toward Mars in November 1996. This mission is the first in the NASA Mars Surveyor Program and has been under development for the past two years. In this report the status of the MGS mission, three months prior to launch, will be described along with three specific topics: aerobraking, the lander to orbiter relay and the common operations project for the Mars Surveyor Program. The Mars Global Surveyor mission is intended to accomplish a portion of the scientific objectives of the Mars Observer Mission which was lost in 1993, three days before entering Mars orbit. To meet the established objectives a low, sun-synchronous, near circular, polar-mapping orbit is required which drives the need for aerobraking before mapping begins. MGS will carry a lander to orbiter relay capability for use with the Russian 1996 lander and small probes to be dropped to the surface of Mars by the 1998 Surveyor Mission. For the Mars Surveyor Program operation of all the landers and orbiters will be conducted under a single cost constrained Mars Surveyor Operation Project.
Theoretical study on the mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered light

An analytic model of the ultrasonic modulation of multiply scattered coherent light in scattering media is provided. The model is based on two mechanisms: the ultrasonic modulation of the index of refraction, which causes a modulation of the optical path lengths between consecutive scattering events, and the ultrasonic modulation of the displacements of Rayleigh scatterers, which causes a modulation of optical path lengths upon each scattering event. Multiply scattered light accumulates modulated optical path lengths along its path. Consequently, the intensity of the speckles that are formed by the multiply scattered light is modulated. In water solutions, for example, the contribution from the index of refraction is slightly less than the contribution from displacement when the scattering mean free path is less than a critical fraction of the acoustic wavelength, and it becomes increasingly greater than the contribution from displacement beyond this critical point.
The complete nucleotide sequence of Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) mitochondrial DNA

Mammalian mitochondria contain their own ∼16.5 kb circular genome. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for a subset of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain and depletion or mutation of the sequence is implicated in a number of human disease processes. The recent finding is that mitochondrial damage mediates genotoxicity after exposure to chemical carcinogens has focused attention on the role of mtDNA mutations in the development of cancer. Although the entire genome has been sequenced for a number of mammals, only a small fraction of the mtDNA sequence is available for hamsters. We have obtained here the entire 16,284 bp sequence of the Chinese hamster mitochondrial genome, which will enable detailed analysis of mtDNA mutations caused by exposure to mutagens in hamster-derived cell lines.
“We need their help”: Encouraging and discouraging adolescent civic engagement through Photovoice

Abstract Racial, ethnic, and class-based gaps in civic engagement may leave many Latino/a adolescents without a key avenue for positive development. While Photovoice, a community-based participatory research method based in photography, is typically used in research, it also offers potential as an intervention to empower and strengthen Latino/a adolescents' civic engagement. A mixed‐method study design examined the impacts of Photovoice on 15 high school students. While pre- and post-test survey data suggest a limited impact on adolescents' civic attitudes and behaviors, rich focus group data indicate increased self-efficacy, empowerment, community attachment, community awareness, and intended civic engagement. Yet, results also indicate substantial student frustration at the perceived hypocrisy of adults in their community toward civic involvement.
Mössbauer spectroscopic characterization of reactively sputtered FeN phases and their transformations

Abstract 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to characterize a series of discrete FeN phases obtained by reactive (Fe + N 2 ) sputtering, under varying conditions, which included the power used and the variation in the partial pressures of nitrogen and an inert gas, such as argon. Phases, such as Fe 4 N, Fe 3 N, Fe 2 N, etc., were identified by carrying out measurements down to 80 K, as well as their phase transformations were studied by extending the measurements in the high-temperature region up to 553 K. The magnetic ordering in these phases has been also established.
Simultaneous normal and torsional force measurement by cantilever surface contour analysis

This study presents an alternative to the current Hooke's law-based force relation between rectangular cantilever deflection and applied force. In the new approach, a transduction constant is presented that (1) includes no cross-talk between torsion and normal force components, (2) is independent of the load application point, and (3) does not depend on the cantilever beam length. Rather than measuring the cantilever deformation at a single point (such as the tip location), it is measured at multiple adjacent points using scanning white light interferometry to provide a three-dimensional description of the cantilever deformation during loading. This measurement, processed by a force relation based on a superposition of deflections derived from Euler–Bernoulli bending theory and St Venant's torsion theory, provides the vertical, axial, and torsional force components simultaneously. Experimental results are compared to force predictions for the vertical and torsional components using macro-scale cantilevers under mass loading. An uncertainty analysis is also provided.
Are Virtual Communities True Communities? Examining the Environments and Elements of Community

Critiques of modern societies often cite the loss of community as a result of weak connections with local places and changing modes of social interactions. We will argue that both the loss of commu...
Uncertainty, intelligence, and interaction

Uncertainty about a user's knowledge, intentions, and attention is inescapable in human-computer interaction. I will survey challenges and opportunities of harnessing explicit representations of uncertainty and preferences in intelligent user interfaces. After reviewing representative projects at Microsoft, I will describe longer-term research directions aimed at embedding representation, inference, and learning under uncertainty more deeply into the fabric of computer systems and interfaces.
Ion trap/ion mobility/quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for peptide mixture analysis.

An ion trap/ion mobility/quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been developed for the analysis of peptide mixtures. In this approach, a mixture of peptides is electrosprayed into the gas phase. The mixture of ions that is created is accumulated in an ion trap and periodically injected into a drift tube where ions separate according to differences in gas-phase ion mobilities. Upon exiting the drift tube, ions enter a quadrupole mass filter where a specific mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio can be selected prior to collisional activation in an octopole collision cell. Parent and fragment ions that exit the collision cell are analyzed using a reflectron geometry time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The overall configuration allows different species to be selected according to their mobilities and m/z ratios prior to collision-induced dissociation and final MS analysis. A key parameter in these studies is the pressure of the target gas in the collision cell. Above a critical pressure, the well-defined mobilit...
Three-dimensional vortex patterns in a starting flow

Extension au mode tridimensionnel de la visualisation des tourbillons dans l'ecoulement a l'arriere de profils aerodynamiques au demarrage
Visualization of optical and thermal performance of solar components using encapsulated liquid crystals

Utilisation de 2 cristaux liquides encapsules pour determiner la structure de transmission du rayonnement solaire par un faisceau de tubes de verre utilise comme couvercle d'un collecteur solaire
Viruses May Be Etiologic Agents for Non-Insulin-Dependent (Type II) Diabetes

Although diabetes mellitus is generally subclassified into either of two categories, insulin-dependent (type I) and non-insulin-dependent (type II), the heterogeneity of its clinical expressions, genetics, and etiologies may make a clear distinction in classification difficult. Evidence to date for the involvement of viruses in the etiology of the disease has involved only type I diabetes. However, clinical data derived from the subtle chronicity of type II diabetes, the lack of pathological alterations in the pancreas in some patients with type II diabetes, and animal and human studies with Venezuelan encephalitis virus and rubella virus suggest a possible role for viruses in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
A Decade of Imaging Cellular Motility and Interaction Dynamics in the Immune System

To mount an immune response, lymphocytes must recirculate between the blood and lymph nodes, recognize antigens upon contact with specialized presenting cells, proliferate to expand a small number of clonally relevant lymphocytes, differentiate to antibody-producing plasma cells or effector T cells, exit from lymph nodes, migrate to tissues, and engage in host-protective activities. All of these processes involve motility and cellular interactions--events that were hidden from view until recently. Introduced to immunology by three papers in this journal in 2002, in vivo live-cell imaging studies are revealing the behavior of cells mediating adaptive and innate immunity in diverse tissue environments, providing quantitative measurement of cellular motility, interactions, and response dynamics. Here, we review themes emerging from such studies and speculate on the future of immunoimaging.
Rb-Sr ages and elemental abundances of K, Rb, Sr, and Ba in samples from the Ocean of Storms

Abstract Rb-Sr internal isochron ages for three basaltic crystalline rocks from the Ocean of Storms are 300–600 m.y. younger than the ages of basaltic rocks from the Sea of Tranquillity. Rock 12063 has an age of 3.34 ± 0.10AE and [ 87 Sr 86 Sr ]I of 0.69914 ± 3. Internal isochron ages of two separate samples of rock 12004 yield ages of 3.01 ±0.11 and 3.03 ± 0.09AE indicating that this rock is distinctly younger than rock 12063 by about 300 m.y. A relatively imprecise age of 2.92 ± 0.18AE is obtained for rock 12052. The range in ages obtained by us indicate magmatic activity extending over a 300 m.y. period in the Ocean of Storms. Initial Sr compositions for the three rocks are distinctly higher than BABI value and provide evidence for the extreme alkali depletion in the source areas of these basalts, as also indicated by the trace element data. The differences in the initial Sr compositions and ages suggest that these lavas are produced from different source materials. An internal isochron age of 3.63 ± 0.11AE and a [ 87 Sr 86 Sr ]I of 0.69903 ± 5 has been obtained on the Apollo 11 Sample 10058. Model ages for the soil samples 12033 and 12070 are 4.3AE and 4.6AE respectively. The different model ages and the abundances of K, Rb, Sr and Ba in the soils indicate the heterogeneous nature and lack of mixing in the soils. The soils are highly radiogenic compared to the rocks. Both the trace element data and the Sr-isotopic data from leaching experiments show that the soil is not simply derived from the mare basalts, but contains a highly radiogenic and K, Rb, Ba rich component similar in composition to rock 12013. We infer that this exotic component is more ubiquitous on the lunar surface than present sampling indicates.
Unique Occurrence of Complemental Males in a Sessile Barnacle

ALTHOUGH most thoracic barnacles are hermaphrodite, males and females are known in some of the pedunculate species. Darwin1, who was the first to observe males, found them associated with both hermaphrodites and females in the two related genera, Ibla and Scalpellum. The females, except for lacking male organs, were similar to the hermaphrodites of related species. The males, however, were always very small and one or more were attached, either just inside the operculum or in pits on the inside of the scutum. As the association of males with hermaphrodites was unknown in the animal kingdom, Darwin1 made a very careful study of the attached organisms and, by finding the characteristic scalpelliform antennae, male organs and spermatozoa, proved conclusively that they were the males of their respective species. The males attached to the hermaphrodites he called complemental males.
African American and White Female Caregivers and the Sociocultural Stress and Coping Model

This study compares 35 African American and 35 White female dementia caregivers using the Sociocultural Stress and Coping Model. Demographic differences are highlighted, as are differences in values and health outcomes. African American caregivers reported lower levels of income and higher levels of familism, but similar levels of active and avoidant coping compared with White caregivers. The groups did not differ in depressive symptoms or burden, but perceived physical health was worse among African American caregivers in the sample. The findings are discussed in the context of the Sociocultural Stress and Coping Model, focusing on the cultural measure of familism.
Core-Shell Rubber Modified Microcellular Polyamide-6 Composite:

This paper presents the effects of processing parameters and submicron core-shell rubber particle filler on the mechanical properties and cell morphology of microcellular injection molded polyamide-6 (PA-6) composites. Three types of materials are studied, namely, neat PA-6 resin, and 0.5 wt% and 3.1 wt% core-shell rubber polybutylacrylate-polymethylmethacrylate-filled PA-6 composites. This study shows that the addition of a small amount (0.5%) of core-shell rubber particles improved the ductility and impact strength of microcellular injection molded PA-6 samples. In comparison to the microcellular injection molded PA-6 polymer-clay nanocomposite, the samples with a small amount (0.5%) of core-shell rubber had much higher impact strength and ductility. The small addition of core-shell rubber also reduced cell size and increased cell density of the microcellular injection molded PA-6 parts, in comparison to their neat resin counterparts. On the other hand, at higher core-shell rubber loading, the cell size and density were found to be similar to that of the neat resin.
always Othered ethical research with children

The author takes the stance that children are always Othered or unfamiliar in research. The child as Other is intensified by adults' memories of their own childhoods. The author discusses what it m...
MEASUREMENT OF WORLDWIDE DIURNAL ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY VARIATIONS

Abstract An evaluation is made of techniques that have been or could be employed to determine the existence and nature of worldwide variations in atmospheric electric phenomena. In the course of a discussion of surface measurements, data from six sites on the surface of the earth are presented. The use of airborne vehicles in studies of global phenomena is discussed and results from soundings and transits are presented. It is concluded that, the use of instrumented aircraft is potentially the most promising technique to use, but that the expenditure of more care and effort than has been employed in the past is required if this potential is to be realized.
HIV-Related Behaviors among Recently Immigrated and Undocumented Latinas:

HIV/AIDS research, prevention, and intervention efforts have widened in recent years to include minorities and women, partly in response to the rise of infection among these groups [1]. However, conventional research methods (i.e., random community samples) are likely to exclude more marginalized groups such as undocumented immigrants. We conducted ethnographic interviews of twenty-one recently immigrated and undocumented Latinas regarding their HIV-related risk behaviors, partners risk behaviors, HIV knowledge and attitudes, and sexual communication and decision making. Findings indicated low rates of risk behaviors. However, condom use was also low, and partners' behavior appeared to pose a risk. The immigration process, often necessitating periods of separation, may prohibit women from having accurate knowledge about partners' risk behaviors. Interviews were conducted at community agencies where respondents were recruited and at respondents' home in Los Angeles County. Findings suggest the importance o...
Polarization-engineered N-face III–V nitride quantum well LEDs

III–V nitride semiconductors are direct band gap semiconductors spanning a wide range of band gaps from 0.7 eV (InN, IR), through 3.4 eV (GaN, UV) to 6.2 eV (AlN, deep UV). This makes them uniquely suited for fabricating visible and UV LEDs [1]. UV LEDs have applications in water purification, microscopy and chemical analysis. However, wide band gap nitrides suffer from poor p-type doping owing to large activation energy of Mg acceptor dopant ( E A ∼200 meV for GaN [2] and 650 meV for AlN [3]). This results in low thermal activation of holes at room temperature and causes low p-type conductivity. III–V nitrides also exhibit large built-in polarization field with spontaneous and strain induced piezoelectric components [4]. The polarization has recently been exploited to demonstrate N-face AlGaN/GaN p-n heterojunctions with improved p-type conductivities and electroluminescence [5]. In this work, we demonstrate that incorporating quantum wells (QWs) into the active regions improves electroluminescence (EL). Simultaneously, a number of advantages of N-face structures emerge from the point of view of polarization-engineering.
Are withholding and withdrawing therapy always morally equivalent

Many medical ethicists accept the thesis that there is no moral difference between withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining therapy. In this paper, we offer an interesting counterexample which shows that this thesis is not always true. Withholding is distinguished from withdrawing by the simple fact that therapy must have already been initiated in order to speak coherently about withdrawal. Provided that there is a genuine need and that therapy is biomedically effective, the historical fact that therapy has been initiated entails a claim to continue therapy that cannot be attributed to patients who have not yet received therapy. This intrinsic difference between withholding and withdrawing therapy is of moral importance. In many instances, patients will waive this claim. But when one considers withdrawing therapy from one patient to help another in a setting of scarce resources, this intrinsic moral difference comes into sharp focus. In an era of shrinking medical resources, this difference cannot be ignored.
Co-ordinates for fermions

We present an examination of the Dirac matrices as spin co-ordinate. The field depending on the Minkowski space-timex and the Dirac matrices γ is introduced. The orbital and spin parts of the angular momentum appear on an equal footing whenx and γ are Lorentz transformed simultaneously.