cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intrafamilial transmission of rheumatoid arthritis. V. Differences between rheumatoid arthritics and controls on selected personality variables.

Abstract This study describes the differences between adult rheumatoid arthritics (RA's) and controls on a number of personality variables. The cases come both from a national interview sample and a university arthritis clinic, while the controls were part of a cluster which included the spouse of the RA, the RA's sib and his (her) spouse, a cousin of the RA, and an unrelated individual. The data were collected in the course of three structured interviews. The major findings were the following: 1. (1) RA's of both sexes score higher on several measures of poor mental health than the non-RA's. For the women, these differences are stronger and involve more diverse aspects of poor mental health. 2. (2) Women with RA report more frequent anger-irritation and more frequent impulses to overt aggression than women without RA. Involved in these differences are scales reflecting both general anger-aggression and that which is directed at the husband. 3. (3) Men with RA, compared with healthy men, report less frequent impulses to general overt aggression, less wife-directed aggression, stronger guilt about such aggression, and their anger episodes were of longer duration. 4. (4) When a difference score was computed between two scales, frequency of impulses to overt aggression and frequency of actual aggressive acts, women with RA, compared with healthy women, showed stronger control over the expression of such impulses, but seemed unable to apply the control to all types of aggressive impulses equally. 5. (5) Women with RA were unduly frequently found above median on ‘guilt about spouse-directed aggression’ and above median on several measures of husband directed anger-aggression. It was suggested that this might indicate greater conflict among the RA women. 6. (6) Comparing general and spouse-specific measures of overt aggression, (a) women with RA ‘preferred’ to direct their aggression at their husbands more than healthy women; while (b) men with RA ‘avoided’ directing their aggression at their wives more often than healthy men. 7. (7) When husbands' self-reports of wife-directed anger-aggression were correlated with wives' self-reports of husband-directed anger-aggression, the associations were positive and moderate to strong. 8. (8) Marriages of RA wives and healthy husbands were highest on mutually directed anger-aggression; marriages of RA husbands and healthy wives were the lowest, while the healthy husbands-healthy wives marriages were intermediate.
Animal Cell Separation and Subcellular Fractionation

Cell populations isolated from tissues or from blood are remarkably complex containing many different types that can be dissociated and separated based on cell phenotype. Sorting and separation strategies differ widely as do the resulting cell populations in terms of both parameters upon which the sort is based and sample purity. Separation strategies can be simple or complex and based on culture characteristics or gene expression profiles. Each cell population itself contains many functionally different subcellular compartments that can also be selectively fractionated into subcellular components. Fractionation strategies must be tailored to provide the highest quality enrichment of the fraction of cells, organelles or complexes sought and after careful assessment of the target cell or molecule and the uses to which the final enriched fraction will be put. Key Concepts: Complex populations of cells from tissues or blood can be liberated and then sorted or separated for culture or subcellular fractionation. Sorted cell populations can be fractionated into organelle compartments based on differential use of dilute detergents and differential centrifugation. Sorted cell populations can be fractionated into functional subcellular compartments based on affinity of different molecules for the membrane and fibre systems within cells. Careful evaluation of the purity and authenticity of each cell and molecular fraction is required before use or biological evaluation. Keywords: cell separation; cell sorting; cell fractionation; cell compartments; organelles; mRNA populations; fibroblast depletion
The structure and development of a counter-rotating wing-tip vortex pair

Experiments have been performed to examine the turbulence structure and development of a pair of counter-rotating wing-tip vortices. The vortices were generated by two rectangular NACA 0012 half wings placed tip to tip, separated by 0.25 chordlengths. Preliminary studies showed the vortices to be insensitive to the introduction of a probe and subject only to small wandering motions. Meaningful measurements could therefore be made using hot-wire probes. Three-component velocity measurements were made 10 and 30 chordlengths downstream of the wing leading edges for a chord Reynolds number of 260000. At 10 chordlengths the vortex cores are laminar. True turbulence levels within them are low and vary little with radius. The turbulence that surrounds the cores is formed by the roll-up of and interaction of the wing wakes that spiral around them. This turbulence is stretched and organized but apparently not produced by the circulating mean velocity fields of the vortices. At 30 chordlengths the vortex cores have become turbulent. True turbulence levels within them are larger and increase rapidly with radius. The turbulent region surrounding the cores has doubled in size and turbulence levels have not diminished, apparently being sustained by outward diffusion from the core regions. The distribution of the turbulence has also changed, the wake spirals having been replaced by a much more core-centred turbulence field. This change in flow structure contrasts sharply with what is seen in the equivalent isolated tip vortex, produced when one of the wings is removed. Here the vortex core remains laminar and the turbulence surrounding it decays rapidly with downstream distance. This implies that the transition to turbulence in the cores of the vortex pair is stimulated by interaction between the vortices. Spectral measurements at 10 chordlengths suggest that short-wave instability may be the cause.
The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan

During the early medieval period, from the seventh to the ninth centuries, the area of western India now known as Rajasthan was transformed from a politically and artistically minor region to one of relative importance. Rajasthan was the homeland of the Gurjara Pratiharas, one of the most powerful dynasties in northern India, and many important temples were produced during their brief tenure there. While these monuments provide rich sources of information about iconographic preferences and artistic styles, this book argues that they further provide important, and overlooked, clues to Rajasthan's charged early political history. In analyzing sculptural style and iconographic programs within chronological and regional parameters, the book proposes that the Gurjara Pratihara presence in Rajasthan was energizing but disruptive, particularly to dominant religious and stylistic patterns in the region.
On the Origin of Large Flexibility of P-glycoprotein in the Inward-Facing State

Abstract P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is one of the most biomedically relevant transporters in the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily due to its involvement in developing multidrug resistance in cancer cells. Employing molecular dynamics simulations and double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy, we have investigated the structural dynamics of membrane-bound Pgp in the inward-facing state and found that Pgp adopts an unexpectedly wide range of conformations, highlighted by the degree of separation between the two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The distance between the two NBDs in the equilibrium simulations covers a range of at least 20 A, including, both, more open and more closed NBD configurations than the crystal structure. The double electron-electron resonance measurements on spin-labeled Pgp mutants also show wide distributions covering both longer and shorter distances than those observed in the crystal structure. Based on structural and sequence analyses, we propose that the transmembrane domains of Pgp might be more flexible than other structurally known ABC exporters. The structural flexibility of Pgp demonstrated here is not only in close agreement with, but also helps rationalize, the reported high NBD fluctuations in several ABC exporters and possibly represents a fundamental difference in the transport mechanism between ABC exporters and ABC importers. In addition, during the simulations we have captured partial entrance of a lipid molecule from the bilayer into the lumen of Pgp, reaching the putative drug binding site. The location of the protruding lipid suggests a putative pathway for direct drug recruitment from the membrane.
The cap and the cable: how budgets and connectivity shape the future for HTM

I assess the current and future state of HTM in low resource settings. Looking up to twenty years ahead, budget constraints will remain largely the same, but steady increases in connectivity have the potential to revolutionise the way we communicate and transmit knowledge, both explicit and tacit. I explore how we can make better use of existing technology and existing practices to do this more effectively. (5 pages)
Proximal Luminal Volume and Fluid Reabsorption in the Rat Kidney1

The relationship between proximal luminal volume and proximal salt and water reabsorption was studied in 21 non-diuretic anesthetized male rats. Luminal diameters were measured in enlarged photographs of the surface of the capsulated kidney. Proximal reabsorption rates were estimated from Cin, which changed spontaneously in the range 0.4–1.6 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Cin was further reduced in eight rats by compression of the renal artery. The mean proximal luminal diameter was 18.7 μ without compression of the renal artery and 19.6 μ during compression. There was no consistent relationship between estimated proximal reabsorption rate and proximal luminal diameter. It is concluded that proximal tubular volume was not the prime determinant of proximal salt and water reabsorption rate in rats under the conditions of these experiments.
On the semantics of infant categorization and why infants perceive horses as humans

This commentary considers the issues of what should be taken as evidence for semantic categorization in infants and why infants display a surprising asymmetry in the categorization of humans versus nonhuman animals. It is argued that perceptual knowledge should be viewed as a potent source of information for semantic categorization, and that the asymmetrical categorization behavior arises as a consequence of the frequency and similarity structure of experience.
New layered copper oxides containing double CuO2 sheets: Ca3Cu2O4Cl2 and Ca3Cu2O4Br2

Abstract Two new compounds, Ca3Cu2O4Cl2 and Ca3Cu2O4Br2, have been synthesized. The x-ray powder patterns of these compounds indicate tetragonal crystal structures with a = 3.861(1) A and c = 21.349(6) A for Ca3Cu2O4Cl2 and a = 3.8651(2) A and c = 23.620(1) A for Ca3Cu2O4Br2. These structures are closely related to those of the known compounds of the type A2CuO2X2 where A may be Ca or Sr and X may be Cl or Br. Electrical and magnetic properties of the new phases were evaluated. These phases contain the CuO2 sheets which generally give high-temperature superconductivity when the copper oxidation state is suitably adjusted. However, attempts to dope both the A2CuO2X2 and A3Cu2O4X2 phases to produce superconductivity have been unsuccessful.
The Maize aberrant pollen transmission 1 Gene Is a SABRE/KIP Homolog Required for Pollen Tube Growth

Maize (Zea mays) pollen tubes grow in the styles at a rate of >1 μm/sec. We describe here a gene required to attain that striking rate. The aberrant pollen transmission 1 (apt1) gene of maize was identified by an Ac-tagged mutation that displayed a severe pollen transmission deficit in heterozygotes. Rare apt1 homozygotes can be recovered, aided by phenotypic selection for Ac homozygotes. Half of the pollen in heterozygotes and most of the pollen in homozygotes germinate short and twisted pollen tubes. The apt1 gene is 26 kb long, makes an 8.6-kb pollen-specific transcript spliced from 22 exons, and encodes a protein of 2607 amino acids. The APT1 protein is homologous to SABRE and KIP, Arabidopsis proteins of unknown function involved in the elongation of root cortex cells and pollen tubes, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrates that APT1 colocalizes with a Golgi protein marker in growing tobacco pollen tubes. We hypothesize that the APT1 protein is involved in membrane trafficking and is required for the high secretory demands of tip growth in pollen tubes. The apt1-m1(Ac) mutable allele is an excellent tool for selecting Ac transpositions because of the strong negative selection pressure operating against the parental Ac site.
α2-adrenergic are receptors are associated with renal proximal tubules

Abstract The location of a 2 -adrenergic receptors has been investigated in the guinea pig kidney. We used an in vitro labelling autoradiographic technique to examine the distribution of specific [ 3 H]clonidine blinding sites with the light microscope α 2 -Adrenergic receptors appeared to be located predominantly on the proximal tubules. The implication of this finding for renal physiology is discussed.
The Crisis of the Core Seen through the Eyes of the Periphery: A Schelling Model of the Global-South Megacity and the European Crisis

Summary: Adapting Schelling’s checker-board discrimination framework, we develop a disequilibrium model to examine growth in two core-periphery settings: global-South megacities and the Eurozone. Regarding megacities, informal sector growth undercuts the government’s capacity to fund fully adequate public services. Regarding the Eurozone, an increase in the relative size of the periphery will – under the government’s balanced-budget constraint – undercut the provision of public safety-net and infrastructure services. And if low-wage production is initiated in the European periphery, the core is likely to collapse. “Urbanization is decisive because it is so expensive. The difference between the costs of urban development and rural development does not turn on comparing the capital required for factories and that required for farms. Each of these is a small part of total investment, and the difference per head is not always in favor of industry. The difference turns on infrastructure.” W. Arthur Lewis (1977, pp. 39-40).
Hydrodynamic and Fluvial Morphologic Processes: Implications for Fisheries Management and Research

Abstract Past work has not sufficiently integrated the sciences of hydrology and fisheries. Therefore, streamflow, sediment transport, and channel morphology were used to describe the present state of our knowledge of interactions between physical and biological (fishery) processes. These three physical factors (and certainly others) dictate both habitat quantity and quality for different life stages of fishes, and their inclusion in habitat assessments will enhance the quality of investigations. Interaction of the hydraulic and morphologic factors creates either dynamic equilibrium or disequilibrium. Indicators are given for determining the type of equilibrium condition. Thus, stream reaches in disequilibrium can be avoided for enhancement or channel stabilization projects. Neglect of the equilibrium condition increases the probability of failure of enhancement projects. Examples of enhancement measures and possible failures are described. Investigators are also urged to use additional hydrodynamic param...
Increasing the ranks of physician-scientists in urology through the promotion of fellowship training: the example of pediatric urology.

An academic career in medicine usually provides the opportunity to participate in the 3 traditional areas of faculty endeavors—patient care, research and teaching.1 Unfortunately, the ranks of physician-scientists in American medicine have been decreasing during the last 20 years, and this appears to be true in the field of urology.2, 3 Urological scientists have even been described as an “endangered species,” and several prominent authors have emphasized the need to train more physician-scientists in the field of urology.2, 4, 5 Many training programs in urology have adapted to recent federal guidelines regarding reimbursement to sponsoring institutions for postgraduate education in urology, such that many residency programs have cut back their length to 5 years.6 Given the reduction in the years of residency and the high costs of residency research programs, urological residency training in research has decreased, such that currently only 18% of accredited urology residency programs offer a full year of research, which may or may not be fully protected time.2 The promotion of fellowship training in urology may be one solution to increasing the ranks of physician-scientists in the field of urology. Specialized fellowship training is currently available in several subspecialties of urology, including pediatric urology, laparoscopy/endoscopy, female urology/neurourology, urological oncology and male infertility/impotence. During fellowship training one usually gains clinical expertise in a particular subspecialty of urology. In addition, many fellowships offer dedicated time to basic and clinical research, which is increasingly difficult for individuals to experience during residency, given the high costs associated with most residency research programs and the de-emphasis on resident research training by specialty boards.2 While fellowship training has long been an option available to those who seek it, the question remains, how do we encourage residents to pursue additional years of training during a fellowship and to seek out a career in academic urology? Several potential reasons for why residents do not pursue academic careers in urology have previously been described, including the lack of appropriate mentors, the perception of unattractive financial rewards in academics and the perceived difficulty in achieving federal funding for research endeavors.2 This article is intended to highlight some of the programs that are already available tomost urology residents to encourage them to pursue fellowships and eventual careers in academic urology. In addition, it describes how institutions in the field of urology can successfully support their efforts to increase the ranks of academic urologists through fellowship training.
Increasing the rate capability of batteries with electrolyte flow

Abstract A theoretical analysis is provided to describe the recently proposed ‘convection battery’, wherein electrolyte flow is driven through a battery cell to alter its efficiency and power. Concentrated-solution theory rationalizes the observation that imposition of electrolyte flow parallel to the current through a separator can reduce overpotential losses. Equations are provided that allow this overpotential reduction to be computed in terms of the flow rate, as well as physical properties of the electrolyte and separator. Model results are consistent with earlier experimental observations of alkaline convection batteries. Current-coaxial flows with relatively low rates are found to allow fine-tuned control over limiting currents. Driving electrolyte flow through traditional rechargeable battery cells could facilitate very high charge rates.
Potential confounds in estimating trial-to-trial correlations between neuronal response and behavior using choice probabilities.

Correlations between trial-to-trial fluctuations in the responses of individual sensory neurons and perceptual reports, commonly quantified with choice probability (CP), have been widely used as an...
Constrained workspace generation for snake-like manipulators with applications to minimally invasive surgery

Osteolysis is a debilitating condition that can occur behind the acetabular component of total hip replacements due to wear of the polyethylene liner. Conventional treatment techniques suggest replacing the component, while less-invasive approaches attempt to access and clean the lesion through the screw holes in the component. However, current rigid tools have been shown to access at most 50% of the lesion. Using a recently developed dexterous manipulator, we have adapted a group-theoretic convolution framework to define the manipulator's workspace and its ability to fully explore a lesion. We compared this with the experimental exploration of a printed model of the lesion. This convolution approach successfully contains the experimental results and shows over 98.8% volumetric coverage of a complex lesion. The results suggest this manipulator as a possible solution to accessing much of the area unreachable to the conventional less-invasive technique.
Classification of communication disabilities in children: contribution of the International Classification on Functioning, Disability and Health.

Problems in communication serve as frequent markers of developmental delay and disability in childhood. Documentation of delayed or atypical receptive or expressive communication is one of the key diagnostic factors in the identification of children for intervention and support. This paper (1) reviews issues in classification and measurement of communication disabilities, (2) presents an overview of the development and publication of the WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), and (3) identifies the implications of the ICF for children and youths with communication disabilities. As a conceptual framework, the ICF may be used productively to define the focus for different efforts to address children's language and communication difficulties. Impairments of a physical or mental nature can be covered in the Body Function and Body Structure components, complementing the information provided by the ICD-10 with descriptive documentation. The component of Activities, encompa...
Childhood depression, interpersonal problem‐solving, and self‐ratings of performance

This study investigated the application of interpersonal and cognitive theories of adult depression to childhood depression. The Childhood Depression Inventory was administered to elementary school children, aged nine to eleven. Those scoring in the upper and lower third of the sample were designated as depressed (n = 20) and nondepressed (n = 20). Within two days, a measure of interpersonal problem‐solving ability, three questionnaire items assessing self‐ratings of interpersonal problem‐solving performance, and the vocabulary subtest of the WISC‐R were administered to the depressed and nondepressed subjects. Consistent with interpersonal and cognitive theories, depressed children showed poorer primary means‐ends problem‐solving performance and lower self‐ratings on items assessing social‐comparison and self‐satisfaction with interpersonal problem‐solving performance. Depressed children also scored significantly lower on the vocabulary subtest. These findings are discussed in terms of their similarity to...
Fermentation of long chain compounds byTorulopsis magnoliae III. Preparation of dicarboxylic acids from hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides

Conversion of hydroxy fatty acids, prepared from the products of fermentation of long chain hydrocarbons or fatty acids withTorulopsis magnoliae, to dicarboxylic acids with 15 to 18 carbon atoms is described. Both nitric acid oxidation and fission in 85% KOH give yields of 60–75%, but the products have different compositions. The nature of the compound fermented determines the composition of the hydroxy acids produced and hence that of the derived dicarboxylic acids. A convenient method is presented for hydrolysis of the hydroxy fatty acid sophorosides obtained by fermentation.
Gene-expression signature of benign monoclonal gammopathy evident in multiple myeloma is linked to good prognosis.

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) can progress to multiple myeloma (MM). Although these diseases share many of the same genetic features, it is still unclear whether global gene-expression profiling might identify prior genomic signatures that distinguish them. Through significance analysis of microarrays, 52 genes involved in important pathways related to cancer were differentially expressed in the plasma cells of healthy subjects (normal plasma-cell [NPC]; n = 22) and patients with stringently defined MGUS/smoldering MM (n = 24) and symptomatic MM (n = 351) (P < .001). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 351 patients with MM, 44 with MGUS (24 + 20), and 16 with MM from MGUS created 2 major cluster branches, one containing 82% of the MGUS patients and the other containing 28% of the MM patients, termed MGUS-like MM (MGUS-L MM). Using the same clustering approach on an independent cohort of 214 patients with MM, 27% were found to be MGUS-L. This molecular signature, despite its association with a lower incidence of complete remission (P = .006), was associated with low-risk clinical and molecular features and superior survival (P < .01). The MGUS-L signature was also seen in plasma cells from 15 of 20 patients surviving more than 10 years after autotransplantation. These data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of plasma-cell dyscrasias.
Theory of electrical spin-detection at a ferromagnet/semiconductor interface

We present a theoretical model that describes electrical spin-detection at a ferromagnet/semiconductor interface. We show that the sensitivity of the spin detector has strong bias dependence which, in the general case, is dramatically different from that of the tunneling current spin polarization. We show that this bias dependence originates from two distinct physical mechanisms: 1) the bias dependence of tunneling current spin polarization, which is of microscopic origin and depends on the specific properties of the interface, and 2) the macroscopic electron spin transport properties in the semiconductor. Numerical results show that the magnitude of the voltage signal can be tuned over a wide range from the second effect which suggests a universal method for enhancing electrical spin-detection sensitivity in ferromagnet/semiconductor tunnel contacts. Using first-principles calculations we examine the particular case of a Fe/GaAs Schottky tunnel barrier and find very good agreement with experiment. We also predict the bias dependence of the voltage signal for a Fe/MgO/GaAs tunnel structure spin detector.
238 The Roles of Oxygen and Vascular Growth Factors in Pathogenesis of Retinopathy of Prematurity in a Murine Model

Purpose: To investigate the changes of VEGF°¢FGF-2°¢IGF-1 and ER mRNA and protein levels in mice retinae of normal retinal vascular development and retinopathy of prematurity to elucidate risk factors and pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
Neural Activity to Positive Expressions Predicts Daily Experience of Schizophrenia-Spectrum Symptoms in Adults With High Social Anhedonia

Social anhedonia (SA), the diminished pleasure from social relationships, is a prominent characteristic of the vulnerability and manifestation of schizophrenia disorder. However, SA can develop for multiple reasons and little is known about its neural basis; these 2 issues hinder the utility and sensitivity of SA as a marker of schizophrenia pathology. This study investigated whether lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) deficits in social reward processing are associated with both SA and other schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms. During functional MRI (fMRI), a community sample of healthy adults (N = 30) with high and low SA viewed positive, negative, and neutral facial expressions. Afterward, participants completed an online daily diary in which they rated schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and occurrence of interpersonal conflict each day for 21 days. Compared with low SA, high SA participants had less ventral (V)LPFC activity to positive versus neutral expressions. In addition, participants with a combination of high SA and low VLPFC activity to positive versus neutral expressions had worse daily diary ratings of schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms, including worse cognition, paranoia, motivation/productivity, and vigor/positive affect (i.e., psychomotor activation). Finally, among high SA participants, VLPFC activity predicted the daily relationship between distress from interpersonal conflict and symptom-severity; specifically, high SA participants with low VLPFC activity had worse paranoia on days of high conflict distress. These findings indicate that VLPFC deficits in positive emotion are associated with both SA and other schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and that understanding the interaction of SA, VLPFC function, and social stress could facilitate the use of SA in the prevention and treatment of schizophrenia.
Image based computations of lineal path probability distributions for microstructure representation

Abstract Lineal path probability distributions are statistical descriptors that are useful for microstructure representation. It is shown that complete orientation dependent lineal path probability distributions of any three-dimensional microstructure can be estimated from the two-dimensional vertical sections. A digital image based technique is presented for computation of the direction dependent lineal path probability distributions from the vertical metallographic sections. The technique has been utilized for estimation of the lineal path probabilities in isotropic and anisotropic microstructures of Ti–6Al–4V–1.0B alloys containing TiB whiskers.
Evidence That Phospholipase δ1 Is the Effector in the Gh (Transglutaminase II)-mediated Signaling

A new class of GTP-binding protein transglutaminase II (Gh) couples to a 69-kDa phospholipase C (PLC). An 8-amino acid region (Leu665-Lys672) of the alpha-subunit of Gh (Galphah) is involved in interaction and activation of PLC, an observation that has now been used to characterize the 69-kDa PLC further. A 20-amino acid peptide corresponding to Leu654-Leu673 of Galphah was used to prepare an affinity resin. On incubation with a partially purified PLC preparation from rat liver membranes, the affinity resin-bound approximately69- and 85-kDa proteins were recognized by an antibody to the 69-kDa PLC. Both purified 69-kDa PLC and PLC-delta1 bound to the affinity resin; moreover, antibodies to PLC-delta1 recognized the 69-kDa PLC, and antibodies to the 69-kDa PLC recognized PLC-delta1. A synthetic peptide corresponding to Leu661-Lys672 of Galphah inhibited the binding of PLC-delta1 to the affinity resin and also stimulated PLC-delta1. Reconstitution of PLC-delta1 with GTPgammaS (guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate)-activated Gh resulted in activation of PLC-delta1. Antibodies to Galphah also coimmunoprecipitated PLC-delta1 upon activation of Gh. These findings indicate that PLC-delta1 is the effector of Gh-mediated signaling.
The Beast in the Garden: A Modern Parable of Man and Nature

When, in the late 1980s, residents of Boulder, Colorado, suddenly began to see mountain lions in their yards, it became clear that the cats had repopulated the land after decades of persecution. Here, in a riveting environmental fable that recalls Peter Benchley's thriller Jaws, journalist David Baron traces the history of the mountain lion and chronicles Boulder's effort to coexist with its new neighbors. A parable for our times, The Beast in the Garden is a scientific detective story and a real-life drama, a tragic tale of the struggle between two highly evolved predators: man and beast.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a highly-potent and cancer cell selective folate–taxoid conjugate

The folate receptor (FR) has been widely recognized as an excellent target for the tumor-selective delivery of cytotoxic agents, and four folate-drug conjugates have entered clinical evaluations for the treatment of solid tumors to date. However, most of these conjugates required structural modification of the cytotoxic warheads in order to achieve efficient drug release from the linkers. We designed and constructed a novel folate conjugate of a highly-potent next-generation taxoid, SB-T-1214, by exploiting bioorthogonal Cu-free 'click' chemistry. The synthesis was highly convergent and required no HPLC purification to obtain the final folate-taxoid conjugate 1. Conjugate 1 demonstrated highly FR-specific potency (IC₅₀ 2.1-3.5 nM) against a panel of cancer cell lines, with a >1000-fold decrease in cytotoxicity against normal human cells (IC₅₀>5000 nM). The remarkable potency and selectivity of conjugate 1 can be attributed to highly FR-specific receptor-mediated endocytosis as well as efficient release of the unmodified cytotoxic warhead using a mechanism-based self-immolative linker.
The six degrees of freedom motion of the human head, spine, and pelvis in a frontal impact

Objective: The goal of this study is to characterize the in situ 6-degree-of-freedom kinematics of the head, 3 vertebrae (T1, T8, and L2), and the pelvis in a 40 km/h frontal impact. Methods: Three postmortem human surrogates (PMHS) were exposed to a deceleration of 15 g over 125 ms and the motion of selected anatomical structures (head, T1, T8, L2, and pelvis) was tracked at 1000 Hz using an optoelectric stereophotogrammetric system. Displacements of the analyzed structures are reported in the sagittal and the transverse planes. Rotations of the structures are described using the finite helical axis of the motion. Results: Anterior displacements were 530.5 ± 39.4 mm (head), 434.7 ± 20.0 mm (T1), 353.3 ± 29.6 mm (T8), 219.9 ± 19.3 mm (L2), and 78.9 ± 22.1 mm (pelvis). The ratio between peak anterior and lateral displacement was up to 19 percent (T1) and 26 percent (head). Magnitudes of the rotation of the head (69.9 ± 1.5°), lumbar (66.5 ± 9.1°), and pelvis (63.8 ± 11.8°) were greater than that of the tho...
Solar hydrogen production by the Hybrid Sulfur process

Abstract A conceptual design and economic analysis are presented for a hydrogen production plant based on the use of thermochemical water splitting combined with a solar central receiver. The reference design consists of a Hybrid Sulfur thermochemical process coupled to a solar plant, based on the particle receiver concept, for a yearly average hydrogen production rate of 100 tons per day. The Hybrid Sulfur plant has been designed on the basis of results obtained from a new flowsheet ASPEN Plus ® simulation, carrying out specific evaluations for the Sulfur dioxide Depolarized Electrolyzer, being developed and constructed at Savannah River National Laboratory, and for the sulfuric acid decomposition bayonet-based reactor, investigated at Sandia National Laboratory. Solar hydrogen production costs have been estimated considering two different scenarios in the medium to long term period, assuming the financing and economic guidelines from DOE’s H2A model and performing ad hoc detailed evaluations for unconventional equipment. A minimum hydrogen production specific cost of 3.19 $/kg (2005 US $) has been assessed for the long term period. The costs, so obtained, are strongly affected by some quantities, parameters and assumptions, influence of which has also been investigated and discussed.
Glycosaminoglycan Chain of Dentin Sialoprotein Proteoglycan

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is processed into dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein. A molecular variant of rat DSP, referred to as "HMW-DSP", has been speculated to be a proteoglycan form of DSP. To determine if HMW-DSP is the proteoglycan form of DSP and to identify the glycosaminoglycan side-chain attachment site(s), we further characterized HMW-DSP. Chondroitinase ABC treatment reduced the migration rate for portions of rat HMW-DSP to the level of DSP. Disaccharide analysis showed that rat HMW-DSP contains glycosaminoglycan chains made of chondroitin-4-sulfate and has an average of 31-32 disaccharides/mol. These observations confirmed that HMW-DSP is the proteoglycan form of DSP (renamed "DSP-PG"). Edman degradation and mass spectrometric analyses of tryptic peptides from rat DSP-PG, along with substitution analyses of candidate Ser residues in mouse DSPP, confirmed that 2 glycosaminoglycan chains are attached to Ser(241) and Ser(253) in the rat, or Ser(242) and Ser(254) in the mouse DSPP sequence.
The Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A): development and psychometric properties

The role of adaptive beliefs and attitudes against suicide has not been given adequate attention in the clinical or assessment literature. This article reports on the development and initial psychometric properties of a 32-item self-report inventory, the Reasons for Living Inventory for Adolescents (RFL-A). In Phase 1, we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to identify five correlated factors: Future Optimism, Suicide-Related Concerns, Family Alliance, Peer Acceptance and Support, and Self-Acceptance. In Phase 2, we cross-validated the 5-factor oblique model in a different group of adolescents recruited from two high schools. In addition, we examined evidence for convergent, discriminant, and construct validities. The coefficient alpha indices for the RFL-A total and scales were satisfactory. In Phase 3, we evaluated additional evidence of reliability and validity using samples of high school and psychiatric inpatient adolescents. The results suggest that the RFL-A is a short, reliable, and valid measure that is potentially useful in the assessment of adolescent suicidal behavior.
Chromospherically Active Stars. XXV. HD 144110 = EV Draconis, a Double-lined Dwarf Binary

New spectroscopic and photometric observations of HD 144110 have been used to obtain an improved orbital element solution and determine some basic properties of the system. This chromospherically active, double-lined spectroscopic binary has an orbital period of 1.6714012 days and a circular orbit. We classify the components as G5 V and K0 V and suggest that they are slightly metal-rich. The photometric observations indicate that the rotation of HD 144110 is synchronous with the orbital period. Despite the short orbital period, no evidence of eclipses is seen in our photometry.
Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar

Three-dimensional structure of summer monsoon convection in the Himalayan region and its overall variability are examined by analyzing data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar over the June–September seasons of 2002 and 2003. Statistics are compiled for both convective and stratiform components of the observed radar echoes. Deep intense convective echoes (40 dBZ echo reaching heights > 10 km) occur primarily just upstream (south) of and over the lower elevations of the Himalayan barrier, especially in the northwestern concave indentation of the barrier. The deep intense convective echoes are vertically erect, consistent with the relatively weak environmental shear. They sometimes extend above 17 km, indicating that exceptionally strong updraughts loft graupel to high altitudes. Occasionally, scattered isolated deep intense convective echoes occur over the Tibetan Plateau. Wide intense convective echoes (40 dBZ echo > 1000 km2 in horizontal dimension) also occur preferentially just upstream of and over the lower elevations of the Himalayas, most frequently in the northwestern indentation of the barrier. The wide intense echoes have an additional tendency to occur along the central portion of the Himalayas, and they seldom if ever occur over the Tibetan Plateau. The wide intense echoes exhibit three mesoscale structures: amorphous areas, lines parallel to the mountain barrier, and arc-shaped squall lines perpendicular to and propagating parallel to the steep Himalayan barrier. The latter are rare, generally weaker than those seen in other parts of the world, and occur when a midlevel jet is aligned with the Himalayan escarpment. Deep and wide intense convective echoes over the northwestern subcontinent tend to occur where the low-level moist layer of monsoon air from the Arabian Sea meets dry downslope flow, in a manner reminiscent of severe convection leeward of the Rocky Mountains in the central USA. As the low-level layer of moist air from the sea moves over the hot arid northwestern subcontinent, it is capped by an elevated layer of dry air advected off the Afghan or Tibetan Plateau. The capped low-level monsoonal airflow accumulates instability via surface heating until this instability is released by orographically induced lifting immediately adjacent to or directly over the foothills of the Himalayas. Broad (>50 000 km2 in area) stratiform echoes occur in the eastern and central portions of the Himalayan region in connection with Bay of Bengal depressions. Their centroids are most frequent just upstream of the Himalayas, in the region of the concave indentation of the barrier at the eastern end of the range. The steep topography apparently enhances the formation and longevity of the broad stratiform echoes. Monsoonal depressions provide a moist maritime environment for the convection, evidently allowing mesoscale systems to develop larger stratiform echoes than in the western Himalayan region. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Teaching Urban Sociology and Urban Sustainability on Two Feet, Two Wheels, and in Three Cities: Our Experience Teaching Sustainable Cities in North America.

The authors describe their experiences teaching Sustainable Cities in North America, a course on both urban sociology and urban sustainability. This course brought students to Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, British Columbia, and then compared those cities with Minneapolis, Minnesota, on various dimensions of urban sustainability. After connecting this course to existing sociological scholarship on teaching urban sociology and travel–study abroad, the authors describe their course “in action”: what they did, why it was (and was not) “green,” and an assessment of the course, including postcourse actions and institutional changes that the course inspired. The authors conclude with a call for more “green” sociology courses and travel–study abroad courses as innovative and exciting ways to teach sociology and to further the discipline’s commitment to ethical environmental actions.
Masking of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion: The Isonatremic Syndrome

Objective To determine whether the administration of isotonic saline in patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery prevents the development of hyponatremia, thus masking the detection of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). Study design Prospective observational cohort study conducted in pediatric patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Using established criteria for diagnosing SIADH with the exception of serum sodium as a criterion, we separated patients into those with and without masked SIADH. Random cortisol levels were measured in the perioperative period to test for adrenal insufficiency to exclude it as a cause for natriuresis and hyponatremia. Results Of the 40 patients included in the study, 13 (32%; 95% CI, 19%-49%) met study criteria for masked SIADH. The serum sodium levels between the 2 groups were not different throughout the postoperative period. The antidiuretic hormone levels were increased at 24-48 hours after surgery (20.4 pg/mL in masked SIADH group vs 6.6 pg/mL in no masked SIADH group, P = .04). Subjects with masked SIADH demonstrated a tendency for weight gain (3.9 kg vs 2.5 kg, P = .058), which was maximal on postoperative day 2. Cortisol levels were similar between the groups. Conclusion Masked SIADH (SIADH-like state without hyponatremia) commonly occurs in the postoperative period in children and young adults undergoing spinal fusion surgery. Early postoperative evaluation and recognition may result in appropriate management of patient's fluid balance.
Efficient alignment-free DNA barcode analytics

In this work we consider barcode DNA analysis problems and address them using alternative, alignment-free methods and representations which model sequences as collections of short sequence fragments (features). The methods use fixed-length representations (spectrum) for barcode sequences to measure similarities or dissimilarities between sequences coming from the same or different species. The spectrum-based representation not only allows for accurate and computationally efficient species classification, but also opens possibility for accurate clustering analysis of putative species barcodes and identification of critical within-barcode loci distinguishing barcodes of different sample groups. New alignment-free methods provide highly accurate and fast DNA barcode-based identification and classification of species with substantial improvements in accuracy and speed over state-of-the-art barcode analysis methods. We evaluate our methods on problems of species classification and identification using barcodes, important and relevant analytical tasks in many practical applications (adverse species movement monitoring, sampling surveys for unknown or pathogenic species identification, biodiversity assessment, etc.) On several benchmark barcode datasets, including ACG, Astraptes, Hesperiidae, Fish larvae, and Birds of North America, proposed alignment-free methods considerably improve prediction accuracy compared to prior results. We also observe significant running time improvements over the state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that newly developed alignment-free methods for DNA barcoding can efficiently and with high accuracy identify specimens by examining only few barcode features, resulting in increased scalability and interpretability of current computational approaches to barcoding.
Detection and use of pseudo-translation in determination of protein structures

Two types of pseudo-translation symmetry, pseudo-twofold translational symmetry and pseudo-body-centered symmetry, have been found in protein crystals of chorismate mutase and cyclophilin C. Statistics on diffraction intensity from these two crystals showed that the presence of pseudo-translations in atomic space yielded a distribution of systematically strong and weak reflections at low resolution. The diffraction pattern resulting from pseudo-translational symmetry was apparently similar to that from true crystallographic symmetry at 4 A resolution, but was distinct at high resolution. Pseudo-translation can be detected by comparing the average magnitudes of certain parity groups of reflections in three-dimensional hkl space. Based on the structures of chorismate mutase and cyclophilin C, the ratio of >1.2 for the average magnitudes of parity groups is sufficient to indicate the existence of pseudo-translation. Although pseudo-translation often makes structure determination more difficult, the additional information of pseudo-translation has been used successfully in the structure determination of chorismate mutase by multiple isomorphous replacement and of cyclophilin C by molecular replacement. Thus, examination of pseudo-translation is recommended at an early stage of structure determination.
Fine Structure in the Decline of the Ferromagnetic Resonance Absorption with Increasing Power Level

A theory of ferromagnetic resonance at high signal powers is developed. The stationary response at high power levels is investigated for the case in which the unstable spin waves have the same frequency as the applied signal. It is found that a fine structure should be superimposed on the general decline of the resonance absorption with increasing power level. This fine structure arises from the discrete nature of the spin-wave spectrum. It should be observable even if the frequency separation of adjacent spin-wave modes is much smaller than the inverse of their relaxation times. The fine structure appears as a series of kinks superimposed on the general decline of the resonance absorption with increasing power level. The separation of subsequent kinks increases with decreasing sample volume and increasing exchange field. An interpretation of experimental data along the lines suggested in this paper should yield information about the strength of the exchange coupling.