cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunate arthroplasty with autologous mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model.

Background: There is no ideal treatment for end-stage degenerative wrist disorders and subsequent carpal collapse. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether autologous cartilage constructs tissue-engineered from bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can be effective for carpal bone reconstruction. Methods: Total lunate excision was performed in twenty-seven adult New Zealand White rabbits. Mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from marrow and then were culture-expanded. Group-1 rabbits underwent excision only. Group-2 animals underwent excision followed by implantation of a scaffold consisting of gelatin and hyaluronan. Group-3 animals underwent excision followed by implantation of a mesenchymal stem cell-seeded scaffold that had been preincubated in chondrogenic medium. The group-1 animals were killed at six weeks, whereas the group-2 and group-3 animals were killed at six or twelve weeks. Tissues were harvested for radiographic and histologic analysis. Results: Significant carpal collapse (a 5.4% ± 2.8% reduction in the carpometacarpal index, p < 0.05) was observed in the group-1 animals by six weeks. In contrast, the carpal height was maintained in the group-2 and 3 animals. There was no radiographic evidence of ossification in the group-1 or 2 animals, whereas there was radiographic evidence of ossification in all six group-3 rabbits killed at the twelve-week time-point. Histologic sections from the group-3 animals showed filling of the lunate space with islands of cartilage with interspersed bone ossicles at six weeks. At twelve weeks, there was abundant bone formation as well as evidence of neovascularization. Osseous tissue was present in the central portions of the constructs while the periphery was lined with cartilage. In groups 1 and 2, the lunate space was filled with poorly organized fibrous tissue. Conclusions: Cartilaginous implants preformed from autologous mesenchymal stem cells seeded onto biodegradable scaffold can prevent carpal collapse. The newly formed osteochondral tissue appears to function as an adequate biologic lunate spacer for at least twelve weeks in this animal model. Clinical Relevance: To our knowledge, this is the first report of whole-bone reconstruction performed with the use of mesenchymal stem cells. Biologic constructs that are tissue-engineered from mesenchymal stem cells may be a new alternative for carpal arthroplasty in patients with clinical conditions such as osteonecrosis.
The correlates of spouses' incongruent reports of marital aggression

Husbands' and wives' reports (n=97 couples) of engaging in or experiencing marital aggression were compared to determine congruence. Congruence was defined as spousal agreement on whether either spouse had been nonviolent, mildly violent, or severely maritally violent within the past year. Whereas approximately equal numbers of clinic couples were incongruent for husband and for wife violence (32% vs. 31%), only incongruence for husband violence (H → W) was found to correlate with reports of affective and relationship functioning. Incongruent H → W wives were more likely to be depressed and angry. H → W incongruent wives were also more negative about the inter-spousal communication and rated the relationship as more unsatisfactory for them than did congruent wives. Incongruent H → W husbands also perceived the relationship more negatively, but their levels of depression and anger did not differ from congruent H → W husbands. These findings were not replicated for spouses who were incongruent for wife violence. Our results support the conclusion that spousal disagreement about H → W violence has a more negative impact than does disagreement about wives' level of aggression.
Nonlinear hyperbolic initial value problem

The nonlinear hyperbolic equation ∂2u(x, y)∂x ∂y + g(x, y)f(u(x, y)) = 0 with u(x, 0) = φ(x) and u(0, y) = Ψ(y), considered by Hsiang and Kwong (J. Math. Anal. Appl., 85 (1982), 31–45) under appropriate smoothness conditions, is solvable by the author's decomposition method (“Stochastic Systems,” Academic Press, 1983 and “Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations,” Academic Press, 1986).
Utility of Serum Electrolytes in the Management of Dehydration 391

Background: The serum electrolyte panel (SEP) is a frequently ordered laboratory test and of unproved utility in the management of dehydrated pediatric patients. Many clinicians believe that the bicarbonate level may be predictive of patient outcome. Our purpose is to study the incidence of SEP abnormalities and assess their role in management.Methods: Children between the ages of 2 months and 18.8 years receiving intravenous fluids for dehydration were prospectively studied. Historical data, physical examination findings, degree of dehydration and SEP were obtained. Attending physicians documented prior to knowing laboratory results whether they would have ordered a SEP. Outcome measures included changes of management based on SEP, disposition, and return visits within 48 hours. Results: 206 patients were entered with a median age of 19.2 months. 123 patients presented with mild (≤5%), 81 with moderate (6-10%) and 2 with severe dehydration (>10%). The incidence of SEP abnormalities was 46% for one or more abnormal values. 29% had BUN levels > 17mg/dl, 26% had bicarbonate levels 150mmol/L. Considering the 54 patients with bicarbonates <16mmol/L; 27 were discharged home, 22 were placed into observation and 5 were admitted. At 95% significance, bicarbonate was lower in those placed into the observation unit versus those discharged home. There was no correlation between low bicarbonate and admission rates or return visits. The attending thought a SEP was needed in 33% of the cases. Knowing the SEP did not change management in 91%. In 17 patients the SEP changed management; 5 with low glucose values received glucose sooner, 5 with low bicarbonate levels were observed longer, 3 with reassuring values were sent home sooner, and 2 with low potassium levels received potassium. There were 10 return visits requiring IV fluids within 48 hours, 8 (2 with bicarbonates <16) were admitted. Conclusion: Although there were a large number of SEP abnormalities, there was minimal effect on clinical management or patient outcome. Low bicarbonate levels were predictive of observation unit placement but not for need of hospitalization or patient return visits.
Effects of Fundamental Frequency and Duration Variation on the Perception of South Kyungsang Korean Tones

The perception of lexical tones is addressed through research on South Kyungsang Korean, spoken in the southeastern part of Korea. Based on an earlier production study (Chang, 2008a, 2008b), a categorization experiment was conducted to determine the perceptually salient aspects of the perceptual nature of a high tone and a rising tone. The experiment tested the perception of isolated synthetic stimuli, in which the crucial acoustic parameters (i.e., timing of F0 peak, initial F0, and syllable duration) were systematically manipulated. The results are generally consistent with the previous production data, showing that these acoustic cues contribute to the perception of two tones, a high tone and a rising tone. The stimulus tends to be identified as a rising tone if the F0 peak is late in the syllable, the initial F0 is low, and the syllable is long, while the stimulus tends to be identified as a high tone if the F0 peak is early in the syllable, the initial F0 is high, and the duration is short. Each of t...
An approximate method to predict surface wear of hypoid gears using surface interpolation

Abstract In this paper, an approximate and fast wear computation methodology is proposed for predicting tooth surface wear of hypoid gears. This methodology combines loaded tooth contact results from a semi-analytical hypoid gear contact model with Archard's wear model. In order to reduce the computational time required compared to previous hypoid wear models, (i) a patching technique that reduces the rotational span of the analysis to a single mesh cycle from a complete loading cycle is implemented, (ii) a surface interpolation technique is employed to surface-fit wear depths at a coarser rotational increment to an approximate wear distribution, and (iii) a sliding distance computation based on the contact velocities is devised rather than a coordinates-based methods. Differential geometry formulations based on surface normal curvatures and their directions are used to determine surface velocities and contact line directions. The results of this approximate model are compared to those from a previous model using the same semi-definite tooth contact model to demonstrate its accuracy, especially at lower torque values, as well as its computational efficiency.
Risk factors for cardiovascular event recurrence in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Background Numerous studies have identified risk factors and markers associated with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, few studies have examined whether established risk factors, novel blood markers, carotid ultrasonography, or ankle-brachial index can predict recurrent CVD events. Methods and Results We analyzed the relation of established risk factors and markers of atherosclerosis with the risk of recurrent CVD in 766 participants. Over a mean of 8.7 years of follow-up, 70 women and 243 men had a recurrent CVD event (85.3% coronary heart disease and 23.7% stroke). Adjusting for age and sex, this study found that established risk factors were associated with recurrent CVD events in the anticipated direction. Being in the highest (vs lowest) quartiles of lipoprotein (a), fibrinogen, white blood cells, and creatinine at baseline were associated with 47%, 69%, 65%, and 81%, respectively, greater risk of a CVD event, and being in the highest quartile of albumin was associated with 39% lower risk. Being in the highest (vs lowest) quartile of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) was associated with a doubling of risk, and having carotid plaque with acoustic shadowing (vs having no plaque) was associated with 83% increased risk of a CVD event. After adjustment for established risk factors, creatinine, albumin, and carotid IMT in the highest quartile (vs lowest quartile) and carotid plaque with acoustic shadowing (vs no plaque) were independently associated with recurrent CVD events. Conclusion Established risk factors, but only a few of novel risk factors and markers, were independent predictors of recurrent CVD events.
The Relationship Between Aggression and the Big Five Personality Factors in Predicting Academic Success

The focus of this study was to determine whether aggression adds incremental validity above and beyond the Big Five personality factors in predicting grades. An archival data analysis was used in this study. The data consisted of a sample of eighth grade students. The students completed the Personal Style Inventory Adolescent (PSI-A), which is a 120-item survey instrument designed to measure the Big Five personality factors and aggression. Results indicated that aggression does add incremental validity above and beyond the Big Five. The results also indicated that the Big Five were significantly correlated with academic performance. When aggression was added into the statistical model, conscientiousness, openness and aggression were significantly correlated with grades.
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF A PATH-BASED ALGORITHM AND ITS VARIANTS FOR STATIC TRAFFIC ASSIGNMENT

Recent research has indicated that advances in computer memory have made the use of path-based algorithms in urban traffic networks a possibility. The path-based gradient projection (GP) offers significant benefits in computation times over the conventional Frank-Wolfe algorithm and may be especially suited for real-time applications. The computational results from applying GP to networks of up to 4,900 nodes, as well as the performance of different variants of GP, are discussed. Also discussed is the sensitivity of the results to parameters such as the number of destinations and the level of congestion. The variants of the basic GP algorithm examined are intended to further improve the per-iteration performance of the algorithm for larger networks. These variants include a GP version with a modified first derivative update and different versions that use line-search techniques, including a boundary stopping method. The results establish that GP indicates substantial benefits even for larger networks. The modifications, while they do improve the computation times per GP iteration, affect the convergence quality of the algorithm, indicating that the earlier GP algorithm is a better alternative for both large and small networks.
Depression Interventions Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Older Adults: A Systematic Review Across 20 Years

While there is strong evidence in support of geriatric depression treatments, much less is available with regard to older U.S. racial and ethnic minorities. The objectives of this review are to identify and appraise depression treatment studies tested with samples of U.S. racial and ethnic minority older adults. We include an appraisal of sociocultural adaptations made to the depression treatments in studies meeting our final criteria. Systematic search methods were utilized to identify research published between 1990 and 2010 that describe depression treatment outcomes for older adults by racial/ethnic group, or for samples of older adults who are primarily (i.e., >50%) racial/ethnic minorities. Twenty-three unduplicated articles included older adults and seven met all inclusion criteria. Favorable depression treatment effects were observed for older minorities across five studies that took place in different types of settings and with varying levels of sociocultural adaptations. The effectiveness of depression care remains mixed, although collaborative or integrated care shows promise for African Americans and Latinos. The degree to which the findings generalize to non–English-speaking, low acculturated, and low-income older persons, and to other older minority groups (i.e., Asian and Pacific Islanders, and American Indian and Alaska Natives), remains unclear. Given the high disease burden among older minorities with depression, it is imperative to provide timely, accessible, and effective depression treatments. Increasing their participation in behavioral health research should be a national priority.
Effects of β-endorphin, morphine and naloxone on arginine vasopressin secretion and the electroencephalogram

Abstract β-Endorphin injected into the third ventricle of conscious rabbits resulted in a sustained elevation of the concentration of arginine vasopressin in blood plasma. Tenfold greater doses of morphine were required to produce a comparable response. The secretion of arginine vasopressin appears not to be a consequence of respiratory depression or hemodynamic alterations induced by β-endorphin or morphine. Most pharmacological effects of β-endorphin and morphine were reversed by naloxone but the effects on the secretion of arginine vasopressin were not. Furthermore, pretreatment with naloxone failed to prevent the rise in plasma levels of arginine vasopressin after administration of morphine. Paroxysmal seizure discharges were recorded on the electroencephalogram after injection of β-endorphin into the lateral ventricle, but not after injection into the third ventricle. Frequency analysis revealed slowing and reduced power in all frequency bands of the electroencephalogram. Both morphine and the endogenous peptide β-endorphin have similar effects on the release of arginine vasopressin and these effects appear to be independent of naloxone-sensitive opiate receptors.
Fiscal and Monetary Nexus in Emerging Market Economies: How Does Debt Matter?

This paper examines two main aspects of the interaction between fiscal and monetary policy in emerging market economies. First, it explores the interest rate-inflation relationship in economies with different levels of external and domestic public debt using panel- and cross-section data. The results show that interest rate-inflation elasticity weakens with debt/GDP and external debt/GDP. Second, it utilizes high-frequency data from Brazil, Turkey, and Poland to examine how market-determined variables react to economic news. The results suggest that when vulnerabilities are high, budget news has the most significant impact on country spreads and interest rates, and the impact of monetary policy is weakened.
GESTATIONAL EXPOSURE TO COCAINE OR PHARMACOLOGICALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS : EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR AND STRIATAL DOPAMINE RECEPTORS

Abstract Gestational cocaine (COC) exposure has been reported to alter behavior and possibly dopamine (DA) receptors. In this paper, we further examined the effects of prenatal COC (40 mg/Kg, s.c.) on DA receptor binding and the behavioral response to quinpirole, a DA D2 receptor agonist. In an attempt to elucidate possible mechanisms of such effects, we exposed pregnant dams to specific reuptake blockers; fluoxetine 12.5 mg/kg, a serotonin reuptake blocker; desipramine 10 mg/kg, a norepinephrine reuptake blocker; GBR-12909 10 mg/kg, a DA reuptake blocker; or to a local anesthetic, lidocaine 40 mg/kg. Drugs were administered once daily over gestational days 8–20. Control dams were injected with saline (SAL) or pair-fed to the COC group. Quinpirole challenge was performed in the offspring on post natal day 19. Two pups per litter were injected (s.c.) with 0.03 or 0.09 mg/kg quinpirole-HCl on post-natal day 19. The remaining pups in each litter were sacrificed for analysis of striatal DA receptors. Results showed that only COC exposure altered the behavioral response to the quinpirole challenge by increasing quinpirole-induced stereotypy and motor activity relative to SAL controls. DA receptor analysis showed no alteration in kD or BMAX for striatal D1 or D2 sites in any group. These results suggest that prenatal COC exposure produces alterations in function of the D2 receptor complex which are not reflected in kD or BMAX and that these effects are not fully mimicked by exposure to specific monoamine reuptake blockers or a local anesthetic.
Parasitic Back-Gate Effect in 3-D Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator Integrated Circuits

3-D integrated circuits (ICs) promise to deliver faster, more compact circuitry with lower power consumption than equivalent planar ICs. However, 3-D integration introduces unique noise sources not present in planar ICs. In this paper, we identify how interconnect on a backside metal layer acts as a back gate of transistors on the adjacent tiers in 3-D fully depleted silicon on insulator technology. The resulting shift in threshold voltage is determined by process and backside interconnect geometries. We develop a framework to evaluate the impact of process parameters. Our results show that coupling due to backside metal results in 5X more electrostatic noise coupling than nearby through-oxide vias. The results also show that the change in threshold voltage of an NFET device increases with thicker front oxide, thinner buried oxide, thinner silicon film, and increased backside metal voltage. Additionally, we simulate the adverse effects of back-gate coupling on circuit performance using a representative analog test circuit, an analog amplifier. We show that the back-gate voltage can change the output of an inverting amplifier by as much as the output swing of the amplifier (0.058 V) under normal operation.
Probing immunosuppressant action with a nonnatural immunophilin ligand

The immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin bind to the same immunophilin, FK506 binding protein (FKBP), and inhibit distinct signal transduction pathways in T lymphocytes. A nonnatural immunophilin ligand, 506BD, which contains only the common structural elements of FK506 and rapamycin, was synthesized and found to be a high-affinity ligand of FKBP and a potent inhibitor of FKBP rotamase activity. Whereas 506BD does not interfere with T cell activation, it does block the immunosuppressive effects of both FK506 and rapamycin. Thus, the common immunophilin binding element of these immunosuppressants, which is responsible for rotamase inhibition, is fused to different effector elements, resulting in the inhibition of different signaling pathways. Inhibition of rotamase activity is an insufficient requirement for mediating these effects.
Surgical complications of bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract Background We wished to determine the type of diseases in patients who received bone marrow transplant (BMT) that potentially involve the general surgeon at our institution. Methods The records of 542 patients who underwent bone marrow transplant at Oregon Health and Sciences University between January 1990 and December 2000 were retrospectively reviewed. Gastrointestinal complications included in the study were gastrointestinal bleeding, venoocclusive disease of the liver, intestinal graft versus host disease, pneumatosis intestinalis, necrotizing enteritis, as well as other more common surgical diseases (eg, appendicitis). Results Gastrointestinal complications or surgical consultations were noted in 92 of 542 patients (17%). Of these, formal general surgical consultation was obtained in 48 patients (9%). The most common causes for surgical consult were cholecystitis (5), abdominal pain of unknown etiology (5), central line complications (5), small bowel obstruction (4), and appendicitis (4). Twenty-eight (58%) of these patients received an operation. Six patients (13%) died during the same hospitalization as their surgery consult. Forty-four patients with these gasatrointestinal symptoms related to transplantation did not receive surgical consult. The mortality in this group was 45%. Conclusions The majority of gastrointestinal complications after bone marrow transplant do not require surgical intervention. However, these conditions may overlap the more common reasons for surgical consult and must be identifiable by the general surgeon. Of patients who did require surgical intervention, it was primarily for common surgical diseases.
Air–sea CO2 exchange of beach and near-coastal waters of the Chukchi Sea near Barrow, Alaska

Abstract Partial pressure of CO2 in equilibrium with sample water (pCO2) for the coastal water in the Chukchi Sea was continuously observed in summer, 2008. Average daily CO2 flux calculated from the pCO2 and gas transfer coefficients ranged from −0.144 to −0.0701 g C m−2 day−1 depending on which gas transfer coefficient was used. The pCO2 before the landfast ice sheets melted appeared to be highly biologically controlled based on the following information: (1) the diurnal pattern of pCO2 was strongly correlated with Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD); (2) high chlorophyll density was observed during periods of peak uptake; and (3) the day-to-day variation in the pCO2 strongly correlated with the presence or absence of near-shore ice sheets. The lowest pCO2 of 35 ppm together with the highest PPFD of 1362 μmol E m−2 s−1 were observed in the afternoon on June 28 in the presence of sea ice. The very low pCO2 observed in late June was likely caused by high photosynthetic rates related to high phytoplankton densities typically observed from spring to early summer near the ice edge, and by water low in salinity and CO2 released by melting sea ice early in the season.
Co-contractions in antagonistic hindlimb muscles during simulated step cycle rates

Abstract To determine whether the step cycle rate during locomotion may be limited by mechanical interactions of antagonistic muscles about the ankle, muscle activation patterns were simulated through electrical stimulation and muscle forces monitored in the rat lateral gastrocnemius-soleus (LGS) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Simulations were made in acute experiments on Nembutal-anesthetized rats. Based on EMG data recorded from freely-moving rats at 3 treadmill speeds, SOL mean cycle durations, cycles per second (cps), burst durations, and TA onset times following SOL EMG onset were determined. With muscle nerve stimulation based on these temporal patterns, muscle force was monitored from the detached tendons or directly at the approximate insertion sites. To investigate mechanical interactions attributed to the slow-twitch SOL muscle, forces were measured with the LGS intact, and after the SOL was denervated or the tendon was cut. With tendons detached, TA contraction force temporally overlapped with LGS or LG contraction force over periods ranging between 20 and 50 ms at 3.4 cps, 0–10 ms at 4.1 cps, and 0–10 ms at 4.6 cps. LGS force-time traces were asymmetrical, i.e. return time toward baseline force was more prolonged than the time to reach peak force. Without contributions to force from SOL activation, LG rate of relaxation was consistently increased and rate of rise and fall in force-time patterns were more symmetrical. Co-contractions were not observed when LGS contractions followed TA activation. At all cycle rates, forces remained above baseline (range 0.5–4.0 N) between contractions in LGS. Without SOL involvement. LG forces approached baseline values (0–2.5 N) prior to the next activation cycle. TA forces always reached baseline before LGS or LG activation. Therefore, co-contraction overlaps only occurred when TA contractions followed LGS or LG contractions. With tendons intact, antagonistic muscle contraction forces did not overlap at any simulated cycle rate. Also, all muscle forces reached baseline before subsequent activation. The force-time patterns of the LGS and LG were markedly more symmetrical than those seen with the tendons detached. Therefore, with the antagonistic muscles mechanically coupled through the foot, co-contractions were not evident at the step cycle frequencies tested. Additional mechanical factors associated with LGS and TA forces acting through the foot, ankle, and thigh (e.g. torque, viscoelastic properties) appear to significantly influence the co-ordination of the force-time relationships between antagonistic muscle pairs as step cycle rates increase. This also suggests that evidence of co-contraction between antagonistic muscle pairs based on EMG evidence alone may be misleading.
The effect of closed boundary conditions on a stationary dynamo

One of two boundary conditions generally assumed in solutions of the dynamo equation is related to the disappearance of the azimuthal field at the boundary. Parker (1984) points out that for the realization of this condition the field must escape freely through the surface. Escape requires that the field be detached from the gas in which it is embedded. In the case of the sun, this can be accomplished only through reconnection in the tenuous gas above the visible surface. Parker concludes that the observed magnetic activity on the solar surface permits at most three percent of the emerging flux to escape. He arrives at the conclusion that, instead of B(phi) = 0, the partial derivative of B(phi) to r is equal to zero. The present investigation is concerned with the effect of changing the boundary condition according to Parker's conclusion. Implications for the solar convection zone are discussed.
Synergistic action of 5-HT2A antagonists and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in neuropsychiatric disorders

Recently, the addition of drugs with prominent 5-HT(2) receptor antagonist properties (risperidone, olanzapine, mirtazapine, and mianserin) to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been shown to enhance therapeutic responses in patients with major depression and treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These 5-HT(2) antagonists may also be effective in ameliorating some symptoms associated with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs). At the doses used, these drugs would be expected to saturate 5-HT(2A) receptors. These findings suggest that the simultaneous blockade of 5-HT(2A) receptors and activation of an unknown constellation of other 5-HT receptors indirectly as a result of 5-HT uptake inhibition might have greater therapeutic efficacy than either action alone. Animal studies have suggested that activation of 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors may counteract the effects of activating 5-HT(2A) receptors. Additional 5-HT receptors, such as the 5-HT(1B/1D/5/7) receptors, may similarly counteract the effects of 5-HT(2A) receptor activation. These clinical and preclinical observations suggest that the combination of highly selective 5-HT(2A) antagonists and SSRIs, as well as strategies to combine high-potency 5-HT(2A) receptor and 5-HT transporter blockade in a single compound, offer the potential for therapeutic advances in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Physics of the Glassy State. III. Strength of Glass

The main empirical facts about the strength of glass are reviewed, including statistical theories effects of adsorbed moisture and of acid treatments.
Lunar Landing and Long-Range Earth Re-Entry Guidance by Application of Perturbation Theory

A guidance scheme based on linear perturbation theory has been investigated. An improved capability has been achieved by the proper choice of independent variable and by appropriate weighting of the guidance gains computed by linear theory. The capability of this scheme applied to the descent-to-hover phase of lunar landing is demonstrated for two different types of nominal trajectory: a constant-thrus t gravity turn maneuver, and a constant-thrust, constant-pitch-rate maneuver. To demonstrate the performance of this type of guidance scheme for atmosphere entry, it has been applied to the guidance of a vehicle entering the earth's atmosphere at parabolic velocity. Its capability is evaluated for entries from abort conditions, as well as for entries within the normal entry corridor, and effects of variations in life-drag ratio and atmospheric density are investigated. It is shown that for both lunar landing and atmosphere entry this guidance system, which uses a single nominal trajectory, and therefore requires minimum storage capacity, permits guidance to a selected landing site from a wide range of initial conditions.
Efficacy of a Train-the-Trainer Curriculum for Increasing Occupational Therapists’ Mental Health Knowledge

The marked prevalence and under detection of affective disorders including depression in older adults is associated with poor functional outcomes and patient mortality. Although occupational therapists are trained in mental health assessment and intervention, these skills are underutilized in practice. A two-group wait-list control design was used to test a DVD-based educational curriculum to increase knowledge about depression in a sample of occupational therapists. The educational intervention was delivered using a train-the-trainer model. The train-the-trainer model was found to be effective and study results showed that knowledge increased significantly after the DVD training.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORD FREQUENCY LISTS PRIOR TO THE 1944 THORNDIKE‐LORGE LIST

ABSTRACT In the first half of this century many researchers investigated the frequency of words in printed, written, and spoken language. This article examines the word frequency studies that preceded the 1944 Thorndike‐Lorge count. It places those investigations in their broad, cultural perspective, examines the methodologies used, and posits reasons for the high interest in word counts during that time. Attention is drawn to the impact of those studies on knowledge about language and its development, educational curriculum and assessment, and methods of research
Development and characterization of dried blood spot materials for the measurement of immunoreactive trypsinogen.

Objectives In response to increasing numbers of states in the US that test newborn babies for cystic brosis (CF), the Newborn Screening Quality Assurance Programme initiated a pilot pro ciency testingprogramme for immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT), the biomarker for CF. Dried blood spot specimens(DBS) were used to evaluate the performance of laboratories that screen babies for CF.Methods DBS were prepared from human whole blood enriched with physiologically relevant levelsof IRT. Various methods of making IRT-enriched DBS were used to optimize the recovery and stability ofthe biomarker, including preparation of DBS from either intact or lysed red blood cells, varying thetiming of IRTaddition to blood before dispensing onto lter paper, adding a protease inhibitor cocktail,and treating serum with charcoal before IRTenrichment. The recovery and stability of IRT in DBS wereassessed. Newborn screening laboratories were offered the opportunity to test blind-coded DBS in thepilot PT programme.Results IRTwas stable in the lter paper matrix when stored for one year at either 20 1Cor41C. Fiftypercent more IRT was recovered from DBS prepared with lysed red blood cells where the IRT wasadded to blood just before dispensing; however, protease inhibitors did not improve IRT recovery.Conclusions IRT in the DBS matrix is stable and can be shipped worldwide under ambientconditions. Optimal IRT recovery was achieved by adjustment of DBS production practices.Laboratories receiving specimens accurately measured IRT by a variety of commercial and in-housemethods.
Persistent cocaine-induced reversal learning deficits are associated with altered limbic cortico-striatal local field potential synchronization.

Repeated exposure to cocaine is known to produce persistent deficits in behavioral flexibility. Evidence suggests that these deficits are mediated in part by a circuit involving the medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices (PFC and OFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA). To assess the effects of cocaine on this circuit, we treated rats with cocaine daily for 14 d, followed by 4 weeks of abstinence. Animals were then tested on a cross-maze-based reversal learning and set-shifting task, after which they were anesthetized to allow for recording of spontaneous local field potential (LFP) activity simultaneously from all four regions, in addition to activity evoked from acute BLA stimulation. Cocaine-treated (COC) animals showed specific deficits in reversal learning; furthermore, spontaneous LFP oscillation power was reduced and BLA-induced oscillation power was increased in all regions compared with saline-treated (SAL) rats. Theta-burst stimulation of BLA potentiated BLA-evoked responses in all regions and cocaine challenge reduced spontaneous oscillation power and evoked response amplitude, with no COC/SAL group differences. Notably, cocaine challenge produced differential changes in coherence between OFC–BLA, BLA–NAC, and OFC–NAC in COC and SAL groups. These data indicate that repeated exposure to cocaine can produce changes in oscillatory LFP synchronization along limbic cortico-striatal circuits that persist long into abstinence. Furthermore, the regional specificity of these changes strongly correlates with the observed behavioral deficits. Aberrant synchronization within and between regions and consequent dysregulation of the neurocircuitry involved in executive control may contribute to the long-lasting maladaptive decision making seen in cocaine abusers.
A prospective on mathematics and artificial intelligence: Problem solvingeModelingpTheorem proving

This is a prospective on the research in the intersection of mathematics and artificial intelligence that I see as having been the most important over the past 10 years and that I think should be pursued vigorously during this decade. Part of this is drawn from my personal research agenda, part is from vast readings, and part is from my editorial position with the Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.
The real options approach to standardization

In this paper we propose a new model of technology standardization under market uncertainty and show how its value is quantifiable using the theory of real options. Our options-based approach to standardization shows that a rational way to standardize some IT technology in uncertain markets is with correct structure and proper staging of the standard. First, highly modularized standards provide a higher option value because of the ability to pick and choose the best modules to change at a fine granularity. Secondly, a modular structure that promotes easy and non-disruptive parallel experimentation (such as end-2-end applications) enhances the option value by providing a larger field of options from which to select. Lastly, allowing the standard to evolve along with the customers' expectations of the technology is a good strategy to match standards with uncertain user markets.
Effects of short-term food variability on the plasticity of age and size at metamorphosis of porcelain crab larvae

In a series of three experiments, we tested the effects of short-term food variability on the larval development of Petrolisthes cabrilloi. We first reared seven sibling clutches of zoeae at 198C in 10 constant food rations (ranging 2‐40 Artemia nauplii d 21 ) to determine maximal and minimal values for age and size at metamorphosis to the megalops stage. Mean age at metamorphosis ranged between 18.3‐38.0 d after hatching and correlated negatively with food. Mean dry mass of megalopae ranged between 71.8‐296.0 mg and correlated positively with food. The effect of food ration overwhelmed the small variation among clutches. Data from this experiment involving nonvarying food rations were applied to a model of metamorphosis in variable environments to make quantitative predictions for more complicated regimes in which food varies during development. We tested the predictions by performing two experiments in which larvae were switched between high-food and low-food rations at various developmental stages and at controlled times. Size at metamorphosis was plastic throughout the entire larval period, but plasticity in the timing of metamorphosis was lost during the final 20‐30% of the larval period. More importantly, data from the variable feeding regimes were within 95% confidence intervals for 14 of the 16 model predictions for age and size at metamorphosis. The model allowed the results of relatively simple experiments involving several nonvarying food rations to be extrapolated to more complicated scenarios involving short-term food variability.
Pitfalls in the hazardous-waste management business

La demande est sous-estimee tandis que la capacite est exageree dans les etudes de marche sur le traitement des dechets dangereux
Polydipsia in Chronic Psychiatric Patients: Therapeutic Trials of Clonidine and Enalapril

A six month long double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design pharmacological study was conducted on 14 chronically psychotic, institutionalized patients who suffered from chronic water abuse (“psychogenic polydipsia”). Effects of clonidine and enalapril administered separately and individually were assessed for possible beneficial effects on both physiological parameters such as diurnal weight gain, urine output, and serum sodium levels and on signs of delirium as measured by neurobehavioral testing. Improvement, particularly in tests reflecting fluid consumption, was found with either or both drugs in approximately 60% of test subjects, although no behavioral improvement was demonstrated. As a result of evidence for delayed and carry-over effects the authors recommend that future studies employ phases longer than one month and/or include washout periods.
Interferon Alpha in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The pleiotropic cytokine interferon alpha is involved in multiple aspects of lupus etiology and pathogenesis. Interferon alpha is important under normal circumstances for antiviral responses and immune activation. However, heightened levels of serum interferon alpha and expression of interferon response genes are common in lupus patients. Lupus-associated autoantibodies can drive the production of interferon alpha and heightened levels of interferon interfere with immune regulation. Several genes in the pathways leading to interferon production or signaling are associated with risk for lupus. Clinical and cellular manifestations of excess interferon alpha in lupus combined with the genetic risk factors associated with interferon make this cytokine a rare bridge between genetic risk and phenotypic effects. Interferon alpha influences the clinical picture of lupus and may represent a therapeutic target. This paper provides an overview of the cellular, genetic, and clinical aspects of interferon alpha in lupus.
A tropical freshwater wetland: III. Direct use values and other goods and services

Understanding the economic value of a wetland as well as how people perceive its role in providing goods and services can provide insight into the wetland's actual role and the kinds of policies needed to ensure sustainable use. On the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia, freshwater forested wetlands dominated by Terminalia carolinensis (hereafter called Terminalia) are often found just upslope from mangrove forests, which appear to be hydrologically connected to them. Many of these Terminalia forests have been converted into agroforests. A survey of 10% of the households on Kosrae showed that 89% owned some Terminalia land. Most grew taro, bananas, and sugar cane, either in or immediately adjacent to Terminalia forests. Most owned canoes constructed of Terminalia logs, and nearly half had harvested trees from these forests during the past year: 64% to clear land for agricultural purposes, 36% for building canoes, and 31% for other uses. Terminalia forests provided over $3.1 million worth of goods to Kosraeans, primarily from agricultural production. Approximately 2/3 of those surveyed understood that Terminalia grows best in a wetland setting. Most thought that Terminalia forests provide erosion protection and improve water quality. However, very few were cognizant of the ecological links between Terminalia and mangrove forests. Kosraeans attached little importance to the fact that Terminalia is endemic to the eastern Caroline Islands. If human dependence on these wetlands increases, the integrity of Terminalia forests, as well as adjacent mangrove forests, could be at risk.
Effects of Environment on Fatigue Deformation of Iron

Samples of commercially pure iron were fatigued in the reverse bending mode in different environments including ultrahigh vacuum, oxygen and water vapor. Fatigue in ultrahigh vacuum produced a rumpled surface (without any prominent slip line) with cracks initiated along grain boundaries. In the presence of oxygen, fatigue generated well developed slip lines. Fatigue cracks were observed more along slip lines than grain boundaries. When the same sample was fatigued in both ultrahigh vacuum and oxygen in succession, the surface structure produced was dependent on the order in which the two environments were employed. Fatigue in water vapor suppressed the surface deformation to a large extent, and gave rise to grain sliding with occasional void formation along the grain boundaries. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.
RIGHT TO THE SUBURB? RETHINKING LEFEBVRE AND IMMIGRANT ACTIVISM

In the face of increasing migration by Latinos to suburbs and multi-scalar policies criminalizing immigrants, municipalities are increasingly confronting the question, Who has the Right to the Suburb? We seek to better understand how the tensions between suburbanites and Latino immigrants are addressed by municipal governments as immigration enforcement is increas- ingly rescaled to the local level. Case studies of Maywood and Costa Mesa in Southern California suggestresponsesarebynomeanssimilarandcanactuallybecontrasting,giventhecity'shistorical trajectories, socio-economic status, political leadership, and networks of activists. Suburban strug- gles are often assumed to be conservative and as a result are undertheorized as sites of liberatory struggle. While the urban realm remains the most visible stage of social movements, this paper suggests immigrant activism is increasingly being generated in suburbs, election-based organizing can be an effective gateway to municipal level change, and seeking to expand or constrict the Right to the City necessarily entails multi-scalar efforts.
A numerical model to estimate trapping conditions of fluid inclusions that homogenize by halite disappearance

Abstract Fluid inclusions (FI) that homogenize by halite disappearance are common in some geological environments, and interpretation of microthermometric data from these inclusions has been limited by the lack of a model describing the PVTX relationships over the complete range of PTX conditions found in nature. In this study, a system of equations has been developed that can be used to estimate salinity, pressure and density of FI that homogenize by halite disappearance. The salinity, pressure, density and d P /d T slope of the FI isochore are calculated as functions of liquid–vapor homogenization temperature (Th) and halite dissolution temperature (Tm). The equations are based on a numerical model describing the isochoric pressure–temperature trajectory followed by halite-saturated fluids during heating. The model is valid for Th and Tm from 100 to 600 °C, and for pressures along the liquid–vapor–halite curve to 300 MPa.
Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Facilitation and Inactivation of P/Q-Type Ca2+ Channels

Trains of action potentials cause Ca(2+)-dependent facilitation and inactivation of presynaptic P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels that can alter synaptic efficacy. A potential mechanism for these effects involves calmodulin, which associates in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner with the pore-forming alpha(1A) subunit. Here, we report that Ca(2+) and calmodulin dramatically enhance inactivation and facilitation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels containing the auxiliary beta(2a) subunit compared with their relatively small effects on channels with beta(1b). Tetanic stimulation causes an initial enhancement followed by a gradual decline in P/Q-type Ca(2+) currents over time. Recovery of Ca(2+) currents from facilitation and inactivation is relatively slow (30 sec to 1 min). These effects are strongly inhibited by high intracellular BAPTA, replacement of extracellular Ca(2+) with Ba(2+), and a calmodulin inhibitor peptide. The Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent facilitation and inactivation of P/Q-type Ca(2+) channels observed here are consistent with the behavior of presynaptic Ca(2+) channels in neurons, revealing how dual feedback regulation of P/Q-type channels by Ca(2+) and calmodulin could contribute to activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
Ultrastructural study of the avian ventral lateral geniculate nucleus.

The ultrastructure of the pigeon and quail ventral lateral geniculate nucleus was analyzed with standard electron microscopy and horseradish peroxidase tracing of its retinal and tectal afferents. Six types of neurons were distinguished: two large, two medium-sized, and two small types.
Octave ratio as the absolute measurement unit of sensory communication in the cerebral cortex.

Abstract The evidence for tonotopic representation in the auditory cortex, when a signal of the form δƒ.δt= a constant is used, implies that frequency definition is in terms of octaves, and that “octavetopic” representation upon the auditory cortex should, and does, take place. A theoretical approximation of the evoked potential can be obtained from Laplace's equation in electromagnetic theory, which approaches an “octavetopic” representation. Thus, the empirical evidence already obtained for octave representation upon the auditory cortex is given a theoretical context.