cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation and characterization of laser sustainted plasmas of argon and AR-C0 2 mixtures under various flow conditions

An experimental study into generation and sustainment of near-atmospheric pressure laser sustained plasmas (LSPs) of argon and Ar-CO2 mixtures, under varying flow conditions, has been conducted. The plasmas were generated and sustained using a 2 kW CO2 laser in a coaxial Ar/Ar-CO2 flow. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to map both the excitation and electron temperatures of the plasma, utilizing relative line and line to continuum intensity techniques. The electron density was measured from the Stark broadening of the Halpha line. A high speed CCD camera was used to image the plasma. The plasma size and shape were found to vary with the gas flow velocity. Threshold flow rates for generation and sustainment of the LSP were established. The addition of CO2 to the gas mixture quenched the plasma resulting in lower electron densities. The laser-sustained plasma comprised a plasma core surrounded by a hot gas envelope. Ar-CO2 LSP had a similar shape to that of the Ar plasma with a larger hot gas envelope. An inverted funnel type of flow developed at the bottom of the plasma for Ar-CO2 plasma at lower flow rates. This study of the composition and flow structure of LSPs will assist in understanding gas phase chemistry and spatial distributions of species concentrations. This will aid design and development of near-atmospheric pressure deposition process for hard coatings such as carbides and diamonds.
Epicardial Development in the Rat: A New Perspective

Development of the epicardium is critical to proper heart formation. It provides all of the precursor cells that form the coronary system and supplies signals that stimulate cardiac myocyte proliferation. The epicardium forms from mesothelial cells associated with the septum transversum and is referred to as the proepicardium (PE). Two different methods by which these PE cells colonize the developing heart have been described. In avians, PE cells form a bridge to the heart over which PE cells migrate onto the heart. In fish and mammals, PE cells form vesicles of cells that detach from the mesothelium, float through the pericardial cavity, and attach to the heart. A previous study of rat PE development investigated this process at the histological level. Protein markers have been developed since this study. Thus, we investigated this important developmental process coupled with these new markers using other visualization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. Finally, a novel, three-dimensional (3-D) culture system was used to confirm the identity of the PE cells. In this study, we found convincing evidence that the rat PE cells directly attach to the heart in a manner similar to that observed in avians.
Spectral feature extraction using Poisson moments

We propose to use the Gamma filter as a feature extractor for the preprocessing of speech signals. Gamma filter which can be implemented as a cascade of identical first order lowpass filters generates at its taps the Poisson moments of an input signal. These moments carry spectral information about the recent history of the input signal. They can be used to construct time-frequency representations as an alternative to the conventional methods of short term Fourier transform, cepstrum, etc. In this study it is shown that when the time scale of the Gamma filter is chosen properly, the Poisson moments correspond to the Taylor's series expansion coefficients of the input signal spectra. The appeal of the proposed method comes from the fact that in the analog domain the moments are available as a continuous time electrical signal and can be physically measured, rather than computed off-line by a digital computer. With this convenience, the speed of the discrete time processor following the preprocessor is independent of the highest frequency of the input signal, but is constrained with the stationarity duration of the signal. >
Simplified authoring of 3D haptic content for the World Wide Web

As haptic technology becomes more developed, the potential applications for three-dimensional haptic content online become more and more numerous. However, the proliferation of such content has been restricted by the fact that it requires considerable effort to create. We present a system for allowing this content to be more easily authored and displayed. In our system, three-dimensional content created with a simple modeling language is displayed haptically by the Internet browser. Thus, three-dimensional haptic scenes for the Web can be written in this simple language, allowing the Web page author to circumvent the more complex scripting and/or programming which is currently necessary. Such a system should facilitate the creation of three-dimensional haptic content for the Web.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for studying non-cell-autonomous mechanisms in protein-misfolding diseases

Caenorhabditis elegans has a number of distinct advantages that are useful for understanding the basis for cellular and organismal dysfunction underlying age-associated diseases of protein misfolding. Although protein aggregation, a key feature of human neurodegenerative diseases, has been typically explored in vivo at the single-cell level using cells in culture, there is now increasing evidence that proteotoxicity has a non-cell-autonomous component and is communicated between cells and tissues in a multicellular organism. These discoveries have opened up new avenues for the use of C. elegans as an ideal animal model system to study non-cell-autonomous proteotoxicity, prion-like propagation of aggregation-prone proteins, and the organismal regulation of stress responses and proteostasis. This Review focuses on recent evidence that C. elegans has mechanisms to transmit certain classes of toxic proteins between tissues and a complex stress response that integrates and coordinates signals from single cells and tissues across the organism. These findings emphasize the potential of C. elegans to provide insights into non-cell-autonomous proteotoxic mechanisms underlying age-related protein-misfolding diseases.
Right professional behavior: a classroom exercise using professional codes

Codes of ethics are controversial, but they can be useful pedagogically. This paper offers a brief look at the professional literature about codes and details a classroom exercise intended to increase student awareness about the expectations and standards of professional behavior.
Osteoarthritis in a Romano-British Dog

— A case of multiple osteoarthritis in a Romano-British dog is described. Resume— Description d'un cas d'osteoarthrite multiple chez un chien croise Romano-Anglais. Zusammenfassung— Es wird ein Fall von multiplier Osteoarthritis bei einem romanobritischen Hund beschrieben.
Switched reference phase lock loop (SRPLL)

The Brookhaven National Laboratory Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) has two beam synchronous event links (BSL), one for each ring, which use the 28 MHz ring low level RF to distribute event codes synchronously with a precise phase relationship to the beam. During a cogging reset just before injection, the low level RF sine wave is interrupted which causes the BSL receivers to lose lock. Lock loss in turn causes false triggers and other undesirable effects on the beam position monitors (BPM), ionization profile monitors (IPM), the tune meter and various experiments which use the BSLs. To rectify these problems, a SRPLL has been inserted between the beam synchronous master and the low level RF source. The SRPLL inserts a frequency and phase continuous splice over the dead-band gap in the RF source created during a cogging reset. The splice removes the gap and prevents the distributed BSL receivers from losing lock.
Understanding vertebrate brain evolution

SYNOPSIS. Four major questions can be asked about vertebrate brain evolution: 1) What major changes have occurred in neural organization and function? 2) When did these changes occur? 3) By what mechanisms did these changes occur? 4) Why did these changes occur? Comparative neurobiologists have been very successful in recognizing major changes in brain structure. They have also made progress in understanding the functional significance of these changes, although this understanding is primarily limited to sensory centers, rather than integrative or motor centers, because of the relative ease of manipulating the relevant stimuli. Although neuropaleontology continues to provide important insights into when changes occurred, this approach is generally limited to recognizing variation in overall brain size, and sometimes brain regions, as interpreted from the surface of an endocranial cast. In recent years, most new information regarding when neural changes occurred has been based on cladistical analysis of neural features in extant taxa. Historically, neurobiologists have made little progress in understanding how and why brains evolve. The emerging field of evolutionary developmental biology appears to be the most promising approach for revealing how changes in development and its processes produce neural changes, including the emergence of novel features. Why neural changes have occurred is the most difficult question and one that has been the most ignored, in large part because its investigation requires a broad interdisciplinary approach involving both behavior and ecology.
Faucets: efficient resource allocation on the computational grid

The idea of a "computational grid" suggests that high end computational power can be thought of as a utility, similar to electricity or water. Making this metaphor work requires a sophisticated "power distribution" infrastructure. We present the Faucets framework that aims at providing (a) user-friendly compute power distribution across the grid, (b) market-driven selection of compute servers for each job, resulting in effective utilization of resources across the grid, and (c) improved utilization within individual compute servers. Utilization of individual compute servers is improved by the notions of adaptive jobs and smarter job schedulers. Server selection is facilitated by quality-of-service (QoS) contracts for parallel jobs. Market efficiencies are then attained by a bidding and evaluation system that makes the compute servers compete for every job by submitting bids, thus transforming the computational grid into a free market. Job submission and monitoring is simplified by several tools and databases within the Faucets system. We describe the overall architecture of the system. All the essential components of the system have been implemented, which are described In the work. We also discuss ongoing work and future research issues.
Safety and Efficacy of Milk and Molasses Enemas in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Increased scrutiny is occurring from regulatory agencies about the use of nonsterile enema preparations in the emergency department (ED) for constipation. This includes the "off-label" use of milk and molasses (MM 214 were given alone. Success rates defined only as bowel evacuation for M&M enemas alone were 87.9% (188/214) and, when used after other treatment failures, were 82.4% (28/34) successful. Five additional patients improved with the secondary measures (90.2% success). There were 8/261 complications (3.1%), of which four had an increased heart rate, two had decreased blood pressure, one had an increased pain score, and one subsequently developed a fever. Conclusion M&M enemas have a low complication rate when used in the ED.
Relative Risk of Postpartum Complications in the Ohio Medicaid Population: Vaginal Versus Cesarean Delivery

The objective of this study was to estimate the relative risk of postpartum complication by type of delivery among Ohio Medicaid beneficiaries. The study uses the linked Medicaid and Ohio birth certificate data for births occurring from July 1991 through April 1996 (N = 168,736). The results indicate that the incidence of major puerperal infection, thromboembolic events, anesthetic complications, and obstetrical surgical wound infection was higher among women undergoing a C-section as compared to those with vaginal delivery, even after limiting the analysis to elective cesarean deliveries and uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. On the other hand, women with C-sections were less likely to experience obstetrical trauma, and results on postpartum hemorrhage were inconclusive. Aside from obstetrical trauma, the relative risk of postpartum complications remains significantly higher among women undergoing C-section. These findings are of particular relevance in light of the substantial proportion of repeat C-sections performed on an elective basis.
Segmentation of newborn brain MRI

Segmenting neonatal brain images is challenging due to reduced MR signal-intensity contrast between tissues of interest compared to older subjects. In this paper we discuss a new strategy that we are currently employing in our neonatal brain studies and present the segmentation problem within a Bayesian framework. We show results validating this method and a previously published method from our group against a group of manually drawn segmentations. We achieve good to excellent results, on particularly challenging data, with greater speed and ease of use.
Further evidence for an active center in streptokinase-plasminogen complex; Interaction with pancreatic trypsin inhibitor☆

Abstract Earlier work has shown that streptokinase and human plasminogen form a stoichiometric complex in which the presence of a functional active center can be detected by reaction with the active center-specific reagent, p -nitrophenyl- p′ -guanidinobenzoate. The complex possesses activator activity, i.e. it catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Evidence is presented to show that pancreatic trypsin inhibitor abolishes both the activator activity and the ability to react with the active center-specific reagent. This is accomplished, not by displacement of streptokinase, but by the formation of a ternary complex with streptokinase-plasminogen.
Diversity and distribution within the sea spider genus Pallenopsis (Chelicerata: Pycnogonida) in the Western Antarctic as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Pycnogonids are marine arthropods with cosmopolitan and eurybathic distribution. Of the approximately 1300 pycnogonid species described worldwide, over 260 species occur in the Southern Ocean, and over half of those are endemic to the Antarctic. Morphological data suggest circumpolar distributions for multiple Antarctic species; however, recent molecular inquiries into the genetic structure of Antarctic benthic invertebrate populations have revealed varying patterns of genetic connectivity and, in many cases, radiation of morphologically cryptic species incompatible with the previously hypothesized genetic homogeneity for Southern Ocean invertebrates. To date, little is known about genetic connectivity within Antarctic Pallenopsis species populations, and Pallenopsis phylogeny remains poorly resolved. This study describes genetic structure of Pallenopsis populations of western Antarctic coastal regions, the Scotia Arc, Falkland Islands, and Chilean coast. We present the results of analyses derived from the mitochondrial COI gene that demonstrate patterns of connectivity for these populations. Examination of genetic characters has allowed for the identification of divergent mitochondrial lineages within Pallenopsis and will lead to a description of at least one new species. Future sampling and analyses from other areas of the Antarctic coastline will provide a broader context for the phylogeny of Pallenopsis.
On Dual Conservation Laws in Linear Elasticity: Stress Function Formalism

Dual conservation laws of linear planar elasticity theory have been systematically studied based on stress function formalism. By employing generalized symmetry transformation or the Lie—Backlund transformation, a class of new dual conservation laws in planar elasticity have been discovered based on the Noether theorem and its Bessel—Hagen generalization. The physical implications of these dual conservation laws are discussed briefly.
The Lower Esophageal Sphincter as a Barrier to Gastroesophageal Reflux

To correlate lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and gastroesophageal (GE) reflux, esophageal manometry and GE scintiscanning have been used to study 40 consecutive patients. Serial scintiscanning was performed as the GE pressure gradient was increased in increments. Reflux was calculated from the ratio of esophageal to gastric radioactivity. The relationship between GE reflux and LES pressure was inverse (r = -0.60, P
The Hemangioblast: A Common Progenitor of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells

In the developing embryo, the initial hematopoietic and vascular structure can be identified as the blood islands of the yolk sac. Blood islands are formed from mesodermal aggregates that have migrated from the primitive streak. The outer cells differentiate into endothelial cells and the inner to primitive blood. The close developmental association between hematopoietic and endothelial cell lineages has led to a hypothesis that they share a common progenitor, the hemangioblast. This review will examine emerging studies supporting the existence of such cells in order to further understand how the hematopoietic and vascular systems are established during mouse development.
Application of Nanotechnology to Prevent Tumor Angiogenesis for Therapeutic Benefit

Despite few breakthroughs in cancer treatment over the past several years, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Most of the recent modalities in cancer research heavily depend on invasive procedures (i.e. random biopsies, surgery) and crude, non specific techniques such as irradiation and the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, it is essential to look for an alternative technique that can effectively target tumor angiogenesis and that has potential clinical relevance. Targeting the tumor angiogenesis to treat cancer is an intense area of research that the medical community has been engaging in for several decades, based on the well-established fact that a tumor cannot grow beyond 1–2 mm in size without angiogenesis. A nanomedicine approach of targeting various angiogenic factors to impair tumor angiogenesis might be an alternative to conventional therapy. In this chapter we discuss the use of nanotechnology to carry different anti-angiogenic agents and therapeutic genes to target tumor vasculature for tumor regression.
Spotted Wing Drosophila: Pest Management Recommendations for Southeastern Blueberries 1

The spotted wing drosophila is a recently discovered invasive species native to parts of East Asia. It was first detected in the continental United States in California in 2008 and in Hillsborough County, Florida in 2009. Since then, the spotted wing drosophila has spread to over 28 counties in Florida. SWD is polyphagous, meaning it feeds on many different host plants, including most thin-skinned fruits. The major hosts of concern to the Florida agriculture industry are blueberries, strawberries, blackberries and grapes. This 5-page fact sheet was written by Oscar E. Liburd and Lindsy E. Iglesias and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, June 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in998
Cellular Effects of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic Fields

Epidemiological studies have revealed a possible association of cancer risk (predominently leukemia and brain center) with environmental and occupational exposure to low intensity, extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) most commonly 50- or 60 Hz electric power distribution frequencies. Assessments of the significance of this association have been impeded by factors such as: 1) inadequate EMF exposure assessments, 2) uncertainty regarding confounding factors inherent in epidemiological studies, 3) limited amount of chronic in vivo exposure data derived from animal studies, and 4) absence of theory explaining how such fields affect living systems under conditions involving relatively weak interactions or activation energies.
Chirurgie der Rezidivvarikose

Der Begriff „Rezidivvarikose“ wird im wissenschaftlichen Sprachgebrauch nicht einheitlich verwendet. Auf der einen Seite wird von Hach (Hach 2006) eine sehr eng eingegrenzte Begriffsbestimmung angewandt. Danach findet der Terminus Rezidivvarikose nur fur ein erneutes Auftreten einer klinisch relevanten Varikose im fruheren Operationsgebiet Anwendung. Ursache dafur ist eine nicht fachgerechte chirurgische Therapie bzw. das Zurucklassung von Venensegmenten, die unter veranderter Hamodynamik varikos degenerieren konnen.
Heparin Regulation of the Complement System

Publisher Summary Heparin (HP) can bind to a variety of proteins, including growth factors, pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, extracellular matrix proteins, and complement proteins. HP has a variety of biological activities, many of which are of interest because of their potential therapeutic utility. By regulating the activity of HP-binding proteins, HP and the related glycosaminoglycan (GAG), heparan sulfate (HS), can influence various biological processes giving HP therapeutic applications as an antithrombotic, antiatherosclerotic, anticomplement, antiinfective, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agent. Monosaccharide and disaccharides with structural similarities to dextran did not cause a detectable decrease in C3b-factor H binding, while sugar polymers caused large decreases in the affinity between C3b and factor H as a result of the polysaccharide occupying the binding site in C3b or in factor H, preventing their interaction. HP and the structurally similar HS regulate multiple steps in the complement system including ones in both the classical and alternative pathways. Quantitative data in the form of association rates, dissociation rates, and affinity constants for complex formation are provided for many of these interactions.
Application of BOLD Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluating Regional Volumetric Foot Tissue Oxygenation: A Feasibility Study in Healthy Volunteers.

Objective/Background To evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of applying blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the feet to quantify regional dynamic changes in tissue oxygenation during proximal cuff occlusion and reactive hyperemia. Methods Ten healthy male subjects underwent BOLD and T1-weighted imaging of the feet on two separate occasions, using a 3-T scanner. Dynamic changes in BOLD signal intensity were assessed before and during proximal cuff occlusion of the thigh and during reactive hyperemia, and BOLD time course data were evaluated for the time-to-half ischemic minimum, minimum ischemic value, peak hyperemic value, time-to-peak hyperemia, time-to-half peak hyperemia, and end value. T1-weighted images were used for segmentation of volumes of interest (VOI) in anatomical regions of the foot (heel, toes, dorsal foot, medial and lateral plantar foot). Repeatability of vascular responses was assessed for each foot VOI using semiautomated image registration and quantification of serial BOLD images. Results The heel VOI demonstrated a significantly higher peak hyperemic response, expressed as percent change from baseline BOLD signal intensity, compared with all other VOIs of the foot (heel, 7.4 ± 1.2%; toes, 5.6 ± 0.8%; dorsal foot, 5.7 ± 1.6%; medial plantar, 5.6 ± 1.7%; lateral plantar, 5.6 ± 1.5% [p Conclusion BOLD MRI offers a repeatable technique for volumetric assessment of regional foot tissue oxygenation. Future application of BOLD imaging in the feet of patients with peripheral vascular disease may permit serial evaluation of regional tissue oxygenation and allow for improved assessment of therapeutic interventions targeting specific sites of the foot.
Magnetic switching

In the last decade, magnetic cores made of square hysteresis loop materials have become important in the manipulation of digital information. New materials, devices, circuits, and systems are still being discovered and invented a an unabated rate.
The Systematics of the Subfamily Ornithodorinae (Acarina: Argasidae). IV. Eight New Species of Ornithodoros from the Western Hemisphere

Described as new, from larvae only, are: Ornithodoros setosus from bats, Pteronotus parnellii and P. psilotis in Mexico, Tadarida europs in Venezuela and T. laticaudata in Brazil; (). eptesicus from bat, Eptesicus furinalis in Venezuela; O. peruvianus from bats, Molossus obscurus, Desmodus rotundus , and Glossophaga sp. in Peru; O. pteroptvryx from bat, Pteropteryx macrotus , in Colombia; O. mimon from bats, Mimon crenulatum , in Bolivia and Eptesicus brasiliensis in Uruguay; O. marinkellei from bats, Pteronotus suapurensis, P. personata and P. parnellii , in Colombia and Panama; O. mormoops from bat, Mormoops megalophylla intermedia , from the island of Curacao in the Caribbean and O. echimys from spiny rat, Echimys semivillosus , in Venezuela. O. marinkellei and O. mormoops are placed in the subgenus Subparmatus Clifford, Kohls, & Sonenshine, 1964. Subgeneric assignment of the other new species is considered inadvisable until the adult stages have been discovered.
Shadowgraph visualization of condensing R134a flow through ejectors

Abstract Accurate simulation of ejector flows has been challenging due to the difficulties in modeling two-phase supersonic flows of fluids other than air or steam at high temperature and pressure conditions. Such modeling is necessary for ejector optimization, but the models currently available have yet to be validated. A transparent ejector test section is designed, fabricated, and operated in an ejector-based chiller loop using R134a as the working fluid. Undistorted visual access allows for detailed shadowgraph visualization of the motive jet in the mixing section at various degrees of condensation. High-speed imaging is used with measured temperatures and pressures at the ejector inlets to validate available analytical and CFD models. It is found that the best modeling techniques assume that the motive flow exits the motive nozzle at full thermodynamic equilibrium, and that the k-e RNG turbulence model in ANSYS FLUENT captures these equilibrium conditions sufficiently.
Profit Distribution Model of University-industry Collaborative Innovation Value Chain Based on Double Efforts

Considering the dual influences of effort degree and cooperation degree of the interest objects on the whole benefits of university-industry collaborative innovation value chain and the profits of the interest objects,it used the thought and methodology of the game theory and conflict economics,and constructed the profit distribution model of university-industry collaborative innovation value chain based on double efforts. Then,it utilized the optimization model to solve the optimal effort degree and the optimal cooperation degree with non-coordination and coordination. Finally,an example was analyzed to illustrate the validity and rationality of the proposed model. The results show that adjusting the appropriate effort degree,cooperation degree and related parameters can maximize the overall interest of the universityindustry collaborative innovation value chain.
Women, infants, and (fat) children: Hidden “obesity epidemic” discourse and the practical politics of health promotion at WIC

ABSTRACTThe author examines “childhood obesity epidemic” discourse—and its surprising absence—in the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program. As a program tasked with improving health among low-income mothers and children through nutritional supplements and education, WIC policy formally seeks to eliminate “obesity;” in day-to-day practice, however, WIC nutritionists almost never tell clients to lose weight or call children “overweight” or “obese.” While this apparent silence arises because of a counseling strategy designed to elicit client consent to hegemonic body norms, the author argues that this strategy also produces space for alternative discourses about child health and needs to emerge.
Visual Ratings of Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy correlate with CSF Tau indices in Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. (P2.233)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between regional brain atrophy patterns and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker indices across clinical subtypes of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD). BACKGROUND: Our prior analyses of biomarkers in EOAD revealed greater elevations of total (tTau) and hyperphosphorylated (pTau) tau in amnestic EOAD and logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) relative to posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). We sought to determine whether these findings arose from differences in neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) distribution. DESIGN/METHODS: We identified 35 EOAD patients (14 amnestic, 13 LPA, and 8 PCA) with CSF biomarkers and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Two raters used semi-quantitative rating scales to assess atrophy (as a proxy for NFT accumulation) in medial temporal and posterior cortical regions. Ratings were averaged across hemispheres and raters prior to comparison with biomarker indices. RESULTS: CSF tTau (p=0.030) and pTau (p=0.016) levels differed between EOAD subtypes, with the lowest levels seen in PCA. Intraclass correlation coefficients for atrophy ratings (0.79-0.87) suggested excellent agreement between raters. Univariate correlation analyses indicated that higher mean medial temporal lobe atrophy ratings were associated with higher CSF tTau [r(35)=0.35, p=0.039] and pTau [r(32)=0.37, p=0.039] levels. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, and Mini-Mental Status Examination score (tTau: p=0.003; pTau: p=0.016). Tau indices did not correlate with posterior cortical atrophy ratings. Likewise, Aβ42 levels did not correlate with atrophy in either region. CONCLUSIONS: These results replicate our prior findings of lower tau indices in PCA relative to other EOAD subtypes. Prior studies have reported more medial temporal NFT pathology in amnestic and LPA relative to PCA. Significant correlations between CSF tTau and pTau levels with medial temporal, but not posterior cortical atrophy suggest that the localization of NFTs may modulate CSF tau levels. In particular, medial temporal tau pathology may have greater access to the CSF compartment. Disclosure: Dr. Granadillo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Paholpak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mendez has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for UpToDate. Dr. Teng9s spouse holds stock and/or in GE Healthcare and Cerner Corporation.
In patients with MI, new-onset or existing AF increased risk for CV events at 90 days.

Source Citation Batra G, Svennblad B, Held C, et al. All types of atrial fibrillation in the setting of myocardial infarction are associated with impaired outcome. Heart. 2016. Epub ahead of print....
Motion synopsis for robot arm trajectories

Monitoring, analyzing, or comparing the motions of a robot can be a critical activity but a tedious and inefficient one in research settings and practical applications. In this paper, we present an approach we call motion synopsis for providing users with a global view of a robot's motion trajectory as a set of key poses in a static 2D image, allowing for more efficient robot motion review, preview, analysis, and comparisons. To accomplish this presentation, we construct a 3D scene, select a camera view direction and position based on the motion data, decide what interior poses should be shown based on robot motion features, and organize the robot mesh models and graphical information in a way that provides the user with an at-a-glance view of the motion. Through examples and a user study, we document how our approach performs against alternative summarization techniques and highlight where the approach offers benefit and where it is limited.
Rapamycin and IL-2 Prevents Lethal Acute Graft-Versus Host Disease by Expansion of Donor Type CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells.

Abstract Abstract 1334 Poster Board I-356 Previous work has demonstrated that both rapamycin (RAPA) and IL-2 enhance CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) proliferation and function. We investigated whether the combination of RAPA and IL-2 administered in vivo could reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) induction and increase survival after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) by induction of Treg. T cell depleted bone marrow (TCD-BM) cells from wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected after lethal irradiation with (800 cGy) into Balb/c recipients on day 0. To induce aGVHD and evaluate the proliferation of donor T cells by in vivo bioluminescence imaging, 1 × 106 conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Tcon) from luciferase-expressing (luc+) transgenic C57BL/6 were injected intravenously on the same day. RAPA was administered intraperitoneally (dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day) for 14 days and IL-2 (dose of 5 × 104 IU) for 3 days (twice a day). RAPA plus IL-2 significantly reduced the expansion of luc+ Tcon more than RAPA (P=0.04) or IL-2 alone (P=0.002) or no treatment (P = 0.01). Weight loss and aGVHD score were significantly reduced in the mice which were injected with the combination of RAPA and IL-2 compared with those animals injected with RAPA (P = 0.03) or IL-2 alone (P = 0.05). The percentage of donor type CD4+CD25+ cells was increased and CD4+CD25− T cells were reduced from thymic and extrathymic tissues after treatment with RAPA plus IL-2 on day 7 after BMT. The combination of RAPA and IL-2 resulted in a 2.4 fold (mesenteric LN), 2.7 fold (peripheral LN), 4.2 fold (spleen) and 2.1 fold (thymus) increase in the percentage of donor type CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg. In animals receiving the combination of RAPA and IL-2, the percentage of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells increased from 8.98% (RAPA alone) to 24.2% (RAPA plus IL-2) at 7 days after BMT, representing a 2.7 fold expansion. The cell numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+CD25− T cells were reduced and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg were expanded in the thymus and extrathymic tissues after administration RAPA and IL-2. To study the origin of the expanded Treg in RAPA plus IL-2, BALB/c recipient mice were injected with purified donor CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ Treg and CD4+CD25− and CD8+CD25− (both Foxp3−) Tcon after lethal irradiation followed by RAPA plus IL-2 for 7 days. The combination of RAPA and IL-2 increased the expansion of donor type CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg, but did not result in an increase in the conversion of Foxp3+ Treg from donor CD25− Tcon. We also evaluated whether Foxp3+ non-Treg were present in the expansion of Treg by RAPA plus IL-2 by evaluating interferon-γ- and IL-2-production which was minimally detected in the Foxp3+ cells. In conclusion, the combination of RAPA and IL-2 after BMT synergistically promoted the expansion of donor CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg resulting in prevention of lethal aGVHD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Autologous augmentation of hiatal hernia repair with filtered platelet concentrate improves tissue remodeling in a swine model

Autologus augmentation of wound remodeling with platelet concentrate is a burgeoning field with promising results. We hypothesized that the addition of filtered platelet concentrate (fPC) to an acellular biologic graft would improve crural healing and tissue integrity in hiatal hernia repair. Sixteen healthy Yorkshire female pigs were divided into three groups: hiatus repair (HR) (n = 7), HR with biologic graft (HRM; n = 8, and HR with biologic graft and fPC (fPC; n = 9). Surgeries were performed by a single surgeon. Animals were euthanized at 8 weeks, and the distal esophagus with hiatus was harvested en-block. Tissue was graded by a histopathologist on collagen deposition, vascularization, and inflammation at the graft–hiatal interface. Tensile strength testing was performed using the Teststar IIs (MTS), coupled with a strain extensometer (Epsilon). Samples of equal dimensions were preloaded to 1 N and deformed at a constant rate of 0.2 mm/s. Statistical analysis was performed via Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Aspirate analysis revealed a mean platelet count of 3 million platelets/1 mL of aspirate. Animals in the fPC group had significantly increased mean chronic inflammation (3.1 ± 1.1 vs. 1.8 ± 1.6, 1.2 ± 1.2, p = 0.04) compared to HR alone and HR + biologic graft. Vascular deposition did not differ between groups (p = 0.8). A trend toward increased collagen deposition was demonstrated for the fPC group (1.4 ± 1.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6 in HR group and 3.0 ± 1.2 in HRM group, p = 0.06). There was a statistically significant increase in tensile strength, yield force, and Young’s modulus in the fPC group compared with HR and HR + biologic mesh (p < 0.01). A trend toward increased collagen deposition and vascularity of the fPC group was demonstrated. In addition, there was an increase in tensile strength and yield force in the fPC group. Use of autologous fPC appears a safe and promising adjunct to wound remodeling and healing in a swine model.
Rapid estrogen receptor-α signaling mediated by ERK activation regulates vascular tone in male and ovary-intact female mice

Here, we assessed the estrogen receptor-α dependency of estrogenic effects in vasorelaxation of both male and ovary-intact female mice by performing side-by-side comparisons. Also, we describe the ...
Lipid Inflammatory Mediators in Cancer Progression and Therapy

Rodent and clinical studies have documented that myeloid cell infiltration of tumors is associated with neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia and poor patient outcomes. This contrasts with lymphocyte infiltration of tumors, which is associated with improved outcomes. Lifestyle parameters such as high fat diet s and omega (ω)-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake may influence these inflammatory parameters including extramedullary myelopoiesis that can contribute to a metastatic "niche". While, tumor secretion of growth factors (GFs) and chemokines regulate tumor-immune-cell crosstalk, in this chapter, we also emphasize how lifestyle choices, including, obesity, high-fat and high ω-6 PUFA dietary content, contribute to inflammation and myeloid cell infiltration of tumors. A relationship between obesity and high-fat diets (notably the saturated fats in Western diets) and tumor incidence, metastasis, and poor outcomes is generally accepted. However, the mechanisms of dietary promotion of inflammatory microenvironments and targeted drugs to inhibit the clinical sequel remain an unmet challenge. One approach, modification of dietary intake may have a preventative or therapeutic approach to regulate tumor-associated inflammation and remains an attractive, but little studied intervention.
Visible-Light-Mediated Synthesis of Oxidized Amides via Organic Photoredox Catalysis

The development of visible-light-mediated synthesis of oxidized amides is reported. The reaction shows a broad substrate scope and highlights a mild nature of the reaction conditions. A range of functional groups are well tolerated in the reaction. Relying on the strategy, a variety of α-alkoxy amino acids are synthesized.
Modeling Medical Treatment Using Markov Decision Processes

Medical treatment decisions are often sequential and uncertain. Markov decision processes (MDPs) are an appropriate technique for modeling and solving such stochastic and dynamic decisions. This chapter gives an overview of MDP models and solution techniques. We describe MDP modeling in the context of medical treatment and discuss when MDPs are an appropriate technique. We review selected successful applications of MDPs to treatment decisions in the literature. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities for applying MDPs to medical treatment decisions.
Use and misuse of multiple comparisons in animal experiments

The objective of many animal experiments is to detect meaningful relationships among treatments and associated responses. Types of comparisons of means include pairwise multiple comparisons, planned orthogonal or nonorthogonal contrasts, and orthogonal polynomials. Some procedures are appropriate only for specific types of treatment designs and specific types of objectives. Pairwise, multiple comparisons are appropriate only for comparing unstructured, qualitative treatments. Planned comparisons partition the overall set of treatment effects into independent or nonindependent subsets, with special application to factorials. Orthogonal polynomial (regression) procedures assess relationships between quantitative treatments and response when a full range of responses or an optimal dose is of interest. Recommendations for appropriate use of each mean comparison procedure are illustrated using data from three Journal of Animal Science articles. Also mentioned are a number of computer graphics packages that provide creative ways to display biological relationships and can be linked to statistical packages for input and to word processors or 35-mm cameras for output.
The measurement of perceptual durations.

It is often claimed that consciousness is immeasurable because it has no attributes such as mass, extension, charge, etc., which can be quantified in physical units. For this reason some philosophers have referred to it, pejoratively, as “the ghost in the machine”.
Numerical Methods: Static Optimization

This chapter presents some useful numerical techniques for finding extrema of unconstrained and constrained functions that depend on several static variables. In order to simplify the discussion, the algorithms presented below focus on minimization problems. However, it is clear that, with slight modification, all the techniques can be extended to maximization problems.
Reply to Pandey et al.: Understanding the efficacy of a potential antiretroviral drug candidate in humanized mouse model of HIV infection.

We appreciate Pandey et al.’s (1) interest in further understanding our published work (2). Our responses are given below the excerpts from the Letter.Our first and foremost concern is the data presented in their figure 6C. We fail to understand why there was a fall in the plasma viral loads after day 19 in the control group (i.e., the group not given any intervention). Furthermore, not only was the fall in the plasma viral load significant (to below the limit of detection; <150 copies per milliliter) but also it was more rapid (showing a steeper decline) compared with the treated groups by day 32. If the viral loads are decreasing so rapidly and significantly in the noninterventional (control group), can we draw conclusions about the efficacy of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: william.jorgensen{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Action Video Games DO NOT Promote Visual Attention

Since the release of the first commercially available video games, scientists, the media, and the public have been fascinated by the idea that game play might have negative or positive effects on the gamer. Much of the scientific research on gaming has focused on whether game play might increase aggression or encourage violence. However, a growing body of research over the past few decades has also explored whether video games are good for us, specifically whether game play might improve a variety of perceptual and cognitive abilities in fundamental and meaningful ways. This literature appears to demonstrate that not all games are created equal and that action video games (e.g., fast-paced first-person shooters) have an uncanny ability to improve vision and attention compared to other types of games or experiences. This chapter critically examines these claims, the logic underlying them, and the evidence used to support them. While early reports of action game benefits were promising, this chapter explores whether these findings hold up to more careful scrutiny. In the face of a variety of methodological concerns, failures to replicate, and over a century of research on how we learn, we urge skepticism regarding claims that action video games promote enhanced vision and attention. We conclude by providing guidelines for how more definitive conclusions regarding the benefits of game training might be reached.
Spatially Heterogeneous Systems: Islands and Patchy Regions

Perhaps the single greatest discrepancy between traditional mathematical models of population dynamics and populations in the real world is the customary neglect of spatial heterogeneity in the models. Levin (1979) has remarked that, while the statistical description of spatial pattern in ecosystems is relatively well developed (s. especially Pielou, 1977), the description of the dynamics giving rise to such spatial patterns is not. All ecological systems exist on landscapes (or seascapes) of varying complexity, and the dynamics of populations and processes cannot be divorced from these spatial contexts, but mathematical models of spatially extended ecosystems are difficult and the numerical evaluation of the behavior of even only moderately realistic models is far beyond the capabilities of the fastest computers.
Retrospective analysis of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nabP) administered as a single agent in the treatment of recurrent stage IV (st4) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

e18029 Background: NabP is a formulation of P designed to reduce toxicity of therapy and increase drug delivery to tumor cells. An established therapy for st4 breast cancer, single-agent nabP has a...
The Gap in Law between Developmental Expectations and Educational Obligations

The law routinely differentiates between minors and adults, and modifies the rights and responsibilities of minors to account for their incomplete development. It is the clear expectation of the law that children are different from adults in important ways and that, between minority and majority, individuals will acquire what they previously lacked in the experience, wisdom, and capacities required for full autonomy and culpability. But while the law is thick with expectations that children will be transformed into fully competent and culpable adults, it is thin in its account of how this transformation will occur. It fails to assign responsibility for assisting children with their transformation or to make anything hinge on whether needed assistance is provided. This inattention creates a legal regime that predictably underprepares individuals for the rights and responsibilities of adult citizenship. And when the clock runs out at the stroke of legal adulthood, the erstwhile child is left bearing the costs of any educational failings. The aim of this Article is to explore the gap between developmental expectations and educational obligations reflected in our law. I use the term “education” broadly to describe all actions taken to shape minors’ development toward ends society expects its citizens to achieve. To be sure, some portion of this development occurs without assistance as a product of genetically determined biological processes. But much development, particularly the development that matters to individuals’ exercise of rights and responsibilities under law, depends on outside influences— environmental, experiential, and instructional—which minors cannot be expected to engender or control. Children have educational needs whenever they are expected to develop skills, experience, wisdom, or capacities that they cannot be expected to develop without help. It is