cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-GG-T-391: Collection and Development of Relational Organization of Radiation Treatment Plan Data From a Commercial Radiation Treatment Planning System

Purpose: The goal of this work is to automatically collect and organize treatment planning statistics on a large number of patients for retrospective analysis.Method and Materials: A relational database was deigned to include all the metrics associated with treatment planning including: doses, volumes, beams, ROI shapes, prescriptions, IMRT constraints, and patient demographics. An interface was created to automatically populate the database from a commercial radiation treatment planning system (Pinnacle3, Philips Medical Systems, Milpitas CA). Outside of the internal scripting language of the treatment planning system, all essential components operate on open‐source software. Since this was implemented on an open‐standards client‐server database, multiple options are available for data mining. We have currently implemented a web interface to view the database contents and provide analysis tools. Results: A full treatment plan is evaluated and exported within just two minutes. Several major versions of the treatment planning system are supported by the export components of the system. Dozens of plans have been exported into the database, demonstrating full functionality and reliability. Conclusion: Previously, gaining access to certain plan statistics and data required the time‐consuming tasks of manually loading a plan, navigating its contents, and transcribing target information. These tasks can be eliminated by utilizing this database to store radiation treatment plan data. The overall concept and utility of the complete system has generated great interest, benefiting it with enhancements and refinements even prior to a large‐scale deployment. This work has been supported in part by a Sponsored Research Agreement with Philips Healthcare.
The biological and immunological properties of fractionated atrial extracts from young and old rats.

We have previously reported that the biological activity of rat atrial extract declines with age. The present study was undertaken to further evaluate the natriuretic, hypotensive and immunological properties of fractionated and HPLC purified atrial extracts prepared from young and old rats. Acetic acid extracts were prepared and subsequently fractionated by gel permeation chromatography. The high (> 10,000 daltons) and low (≤ 10,000 daltons) molecular weight fractions were collected, lyophilized and assayed. Radioimmunoassay competitive binding curves of the initial and fractionated extracts were parallel (p > 0.05) to the synthetic ANP101–126 standard. No differences in parallelism (p > 0.05) were observed in the natriuretic activity of the initial extracts, the low molecular weight (LMW) fractions from both age groups, the 290 day high molecular weight (HMW) fraction or the synthetic ANP standard. However, the natriuretic activity of the 15 day HMW fraction was significantly attenuated compared to the other treatment groups (p < 0.05). The initial 15 day extract was also significantly more hypotensive than the 290 day extract (p < 0.05). HMW extracts were subjected to HPLC and the resulting immunoreactive ANP peak was reassayed. Based on SDS-PAGE and immuno blot analysis, the HPLC purified fraction was found to contain only immunoreactive proANP. Subsequent bioassay revealed greater hypotension and reduced natriuretic activity in the 15 day proANP fraction in comparison to a similarly prepared extract from older animals. Thus, we conclude that qualitative differences in the biological properties of atrial extracts may be ascribable to age-related changes in the composition of proANP or to other undefined biologically active atrial substance(s).
Emergency evacuation of horses: a madison county, Kentucky survey

Abstract A survey of horse farms in Madison County, Kentucky, was made to collect data to use in preparation of an equine evacuation plan, in case of a natural disaster. The farms ranged in size from 0.5 to 500 acres. Nine breeds of horses were represented. Only 65.5% held horses for commereial reasons. Other animals on the farms included cattle, goats, dogs, cats, poultry, and waterfowl. Most farms had multiple sources of water for livestock. Only 26.9% of the farm managers thought they would need supplemental horse feed during an emergency. All of the farms had some type of shelter for horses. None had experienced an evacuation, but 11.5% had plans developed. All had some equipment for evacuation, but help would be a problem in on 57.7% of the farms. It was estimated that on average 5 horses at a time could be moved from the farms. A wide variety of evacuation sites were mentioned by respondents; family-owned land 25.9%; friends 29.6%; boarding stables 11.1%; a designated evacuation area 7.7%. Credible sources of evacuation information was considered radio/TV, county extension agents, Governor, police, firemen, emergency management personnel, and military officials. Regarding a decision to leave the farm in an emergency, 80.8% said their homes were a very or moderately important factor. If horses were to be left on the farm during an evacuation the concerns were water and feed (61.5%), survival and well-being (26.9%). None were concerned about theft. There were family members living within 20 miles of 76.9% of the farms surveyed. From a safety standpoint, if the notice of an emergency evacuation was given from a credible source, only 70% of the horse owners/managers would consider their families as first priority and their animals secondary. This survey points out that emergency plans should address the unique needs of horse owners. There was evidence that some owners would provide safety for their animals to the detriment of themselves. The primary criterion used for the choice of horses to evacuate would be sentimental valae on 46% of the farms. The inclusion of representatives from the horse-owning segment of the population on local emergency management planning committees is critical both to fully understand and prepare for the problems horse owners encounter and to provide timely and factual information in an emergency involving horses, livestock and other animals.
A course in environmentally conscious chemical process engineering

To uniquely equip students with the active knowledge and the ability to implement pollution prevention technology, we have developed a design-oriented, senior-level elective course on minimizing the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing processes. The objectives of the course are to educate students on the real costs of operating processes that release pollutants to the environment, to provide them with strategies to minimize or reduce the environmental impact of a given chemical process, and to examine the design of processes using new technologies that totally eliminate pollutants at the source. Design-oriented projects form the core of the course, and bring together the students' skills in design, analysis and decision-making in the face of multiple and sometimes competing objectives. We believe this course contributes to the development of our graduates into chemical engineering professionals who are equipped with the awareness, knowledge, and ability to minimize the environmental impact of the chemical manufacturing processes that they oversee.
A predictive fatigue model. II. Predicting the effect of resting times on fatigue

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 48-58 (2002). We have recently developed a force- and fatigue-model system that accurately predicted the effect of stimulation frequency on muscle fatigue (see pt. I). The data used to test the model were produced by stimulation trains with resting times of 500 ms. Because the resting times between stimulation trains affect muscle fatigue, this study tested the model's ability to predict the effect of resting times on fatigue. In addition, because this study included different subjects than those used to develop the model, the validity of the model could be tested. Data were collected from human quadriceps femoris muscles using fatigue protocols that included resting times of 500, 750, or 1000 ms. Our results showed that the model predicted fatigue as being a decreasing function of resting time, which was consistent with experimental data. Reliability tests between the experimental data and predictions showed interclass correlation coefficients of 0.97, 0.95, and 0.81 for the initial, final, and percentage decline in peak forces, respectively, suggesting strong agreement between the experimental data and the predictions by the model. The success of our current force- and fatigue-model system helps to validate the model and suggests its potential use in identifying the optimal activation pattern during clinical application of functional electrical stimulation.
CLSS-a workbench for control logic synthesis

Describes a system called CLSS, that serves as a workbench for the synthesis of control logic. The system provides an integrated solution to the designer by providing effective solutions for all the major steps in the control logic synthesis flow. CLSS allows specification of the control logic in the form of a state transition representation. Through a set of transformation steps, all of which are an integral part of the CLSS workbench, the layout of the design is generated for standard cell or PLA based implementations. In addition to providing automated solutions to optimally perform state assignment, logic minimization, constrained area-delay optimization, etc., CLSS provides a mechanism for the expert designers to override the decisions taken by the system. The major strength of the system lies in the tight coupling between the several components of the flow in an integrated environment. Designed at Texas Instruments, the CLSS workbench has been successfully used on several large and realistic designs. >
On the extension of the model of matrix acid stimulation to different sandstones

A model was developed for the acidization of various sandstone cores which successfully describes the flow and reaction in the porous media during acidization. A comparison of the experimental results of various investigators shows excellent agreement with the results predicted by the authors with the model. (14 refs.)
CIRQUES AS GLACIER LOCATIONS

A comparison between the 319 cirques that width greater than length, high steep walls, a contain glaciers and a sample of 240 empty pass located to the windward, and a peak to the cirques in the Rocky Mountains shows that in the southwest. Glaciers survive in the present clipresent climatic situation, landforms are strong matic conditions because of a geomorphic feedfactors in determining the locations of glaciers. back system, whereby glaciers are protected by An optimum glacier location is a large cirque cirque forms that owe their morphology to glafacing northeast, with a planimetric shape of cial processes.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline: Recommendations for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer

Purpose To develop guideline recommendations for the use of anticoagulation in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. Methods A comprehensive systematic review of the medical literature on the prevention and treatment of VTE in cancer patients was conducted and reviewed by a panel of content and methodology experts. Following discussion of the results, the panel drafted recommendations for the use of anticoagulation in patients with malignant disease. Results The results of randomized controlled trials of primary and secondary VTE medical prophylaxis, surgical prophylaxis, VTE treatment, and the impact of anticoagulation on survival of patients with cancer were reviewed. Recommendations were developed on the prevention of VTE in hospitalized, ambulatory, and surgical cancer patients as well as patients with established VTE, and for use of anticoagulants in cancer patients without VTE to improve survival. Conclusion Recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology VTE Guideline Panel include (1) all hospitalized cancer patients should be considered for VTE prophylaxis with anticoagulants in the absence of bleeding or other contraindications; (2) routine prophylaxis of ambulatory cancer patients with anticoagulation is not recommended, with the exception of patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide; (3) patients undergoing major surgery for malignant disease should be considered for pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis; (4) low molecular weight heparin represents the preferred agent for both the initial and continuing treatment of cancer patients with established VTE; and (5) the impact of anticoagulants on cancer patient survival requires additional study and cannot be recommended at present. J Clin Oncol 25:5490-5505. © 2007 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Special Education Implications of Point and Cumulative Prevalence for Children with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders.

Prevalence of children with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) is a critical component in the discussion of underidentification of children served in special education. This discussion has previously focused almost exclusively on point prevalence or the number of children with EBD presumably needing services at any single point in time. Cumulative prevalence, on the other hand, is the number of children who have had EBD at some point in their lives before high school graduation. In the authors’ review of both types of prevalence, they found that estimates of the latter far exceed those of the former, significantly highlighting the service gap that exists between prevalence estimates and special education identification. Even when point prevalence is limited just to children with moderate or severe disorder, special education identification in the emotional disturbance category appears restricted to less than the bottom tenth of all children in need. Implications for special education are discussed, i...
Detection of transcriptional difference of porcine imprinted genes using different microarray platforms

Background Presently, multiple options exist for conducting gene expression profiling studies in swine. In order to determine the performance of some of the existing microarrays, Affymetrix Porcine, Affymetrix Human U133+2.0, and the U.S. Pig Genome Coordination Program spotted glass oligonucleotide microarrays were compared for their reproducibility, coverage, platform independent and dependent sensitivity using fibroblast cell lines derived from control and parthenogenic porcine embryos.
Importance sampling for tanner trees

This correspondence presents an importance sampling (IS) simulation scheme for the soft iterative decoding on loop-free multiple-layer trees. It is shown that this scheme is asymptotically efficient in that, for an arbitrary tree and a given estimation precision, the required number of samples is inversely proportional to the noise standard deviation. This work has its application in the simulation of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes.
Structural hysteresis in dragline spider silks induced by supercontraction: An x-ray fiber micro-diffraction study

Interaction with water causes shrinkage and significant changes in the structure of spider dragline silks, which has been referred to as supercontraction in the literature. Preferred orientation or alignment of protein chains with respect to the fiber axis is extensively changed during this supercontraction process. Synchrotron X-ray micro-fiber diffraction experiments have been performed on Nephila clavipes and Argiope aurantia major and minor ampullate dragline spider fibers in the native dry, contracted (by immersion in water) and restretched (from contracted) states. Changes in the orientation of β-sheet nanocrystallites and the oriented component of the amorphous network have been determined from wide-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. While both the crystalline and amorphous components lose preferred orientation on wetting with water, the nano-crystallites regain their orientation on wet-restretching, whereas the oriented amorphous components only partially regain their orientation. Dragline major ampullate silks in both the species contract more than their minor ampullate silks.
Long-range interactions and evolutionary stability in a predator-prey system

Evolving ecosystems often are dominated by spatially local dynamics, but many also include long-range transport that mixes spatially separated groups. The existence of such mixing may be of critical importance since research shows spatial separation may be responsible for long-term stability of predator-prey systems. Complete mixing results in rapid global extinction, while spatial systems achive long term stability due to an inhomogeneous spatial pattern of local extinctions. We consider the robustness of a generic evolving predator-prey or host-pathogen model to long-range mixing and find a transition to global extinction at nontrivial values implying that even if significant mixing already exists, a small amount of additional mixing may cause extinction. Our results are relevant to the global mixing of species due to human intervention and to global transport of infectious disease.
Comparison of primary jejunostomy tubes versus gastrojejunostomy tubes for percutaneous enteral nutrition.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate technical success and long-term outcomes of percutaneous primary jejunostomy tubes for postpyloric enteral feeding compared with percutaneous gastrojejunostomy (GJ) tubes. Materials and Methods Over a 25-month interval, 41 consecutive patients (26 male; mean age, 55.9 y) underwent attempted fluoroscopy-guided direct percutaneous jejunostomy tube insertion. Insertions at previous jejunostomy tube sites were excluded. The comparison group consisted of all primary GJ tube insertions performed over a 12-month interval concomitant with the jejunostomy tube interval (N = 169; 105 male; mean age, 59.4 y). Procedural, radiologic, and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. Intervention rates were expressed as events per 100 catheter-days. Results The technical success rate for percutaneous jejunostomy tube insertion was 96%, versus 93% for GJ tubes ( P = .47). Mean fluoroscopy times were similar for jejunostomy and GJ tubes (9.8 vs 10.0 min, respectively; P value not significant). Jejunostomy tubes exhibited a lower rate of catheter dysfunction than GJ tubes, with catheter exchange rates of 0.24 versus 0.93, respectively, per 100 catheter-days ( P = .045). GJ tube tip retraction into the stomach occurred in 9.5% of cases, at a rate of 0.21 per 100 catheter-days. Intervention rates related to leakage were 0.19 and 0.03 for jejunostomy and GJ tubes, respectively ( P Conclusions Percutaneous insertion of primary jejunostomy tubes demonstrated technical success and complication rates similar to those of GJ tubes. Jejunostomy tubes exhibited a lower dysfunction rate but a higher leakage rate compared with GJ tubes.
A device for measuring the concentration and dispersion quality of magnetic particle suspensions

A technique, called rheomagnetic measurement, for studying the concentration and orientation of magnetic particles through inductance measurement is presented. The particles are oriented in a predominantly extensional flow field, and, because they are magnetic, their orientation can be detected with a weak magnetic sensing field. Because flocs of magnetic particles orient differently in a flow field than primary particles do, this method can be useful in obtaining information about the particle flocculation aspect of dispersion quality. A magnetic sensing field can also be used to detect the particle concentration in a quiescent flow. Experimental data on the effects of particle concentration and milling for rod-like gamma -Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and plate-like Ba-ferrite suspensions are discussed. The results for Ba-ferrite magnetic markedly contrast with those for the rod-like magnetic particles but showed similarity with those for rod-like gamma -Fe/sub 2/O/sub 3/. >
What influences dental students to serve special care patients

This study examines factors associated with graduating dental students' motivation to deliver services to special care patients. We investigated community context and student characteristics, which would influence potential behavior. Higher percentages of older adults and low-income residents in the community were positively correlated with interest in serving special care populations. Factors which correlated with individual student characteristics included having a father with at least a college education, a higher number of weeks spent in extramural clinical rotations, preparedness to provide care to disabled patients, and service orientation and socially conscious attitudes. Frail elderly and disabled persons have limited access to dental care, which is compounded by a shortage of skilled dental professionals who are willing to treat these populations. Our findings suggest that interest in special care dentistry is partly conditioned by the dental school's demographic and dental market context. This study is important to dental educators and policymakers because the challenge of providing care to the "special patient" will increase in the future.
The effect of extraction, storage, and analysis techniques on the measurement of airborne endotoxin from a large dairy

The objective of this study was to fill in additional knowledge gaps with respect to the extraction, storage, and analysis of airborne endotoxin, with a specific focus on samples from a dairy production facility. We utilized polycarbonate filters to collect total airborne endotoxins, sonication as the extraction technique, and 0.05% Tween 20 in pyrogen-free water (PFW) as the extraction solution. Endotoxin concentrations were determined via the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay. The endotoxin concentrations in extracts after 15 and 30 min of filter sonication were similar, while the concentration in 60 min extracts was about twofold lower. Rapidly vortexing samples for up to 15 min after sonication did not increase the endotoxin concentration. However, concentrations were 13 and 26% lower in extracts that were centrifuged at 1,000 and 10,000g for up to 15 min, respectively. Field samples and endotoxin standard were also sonicated in glass or polypropylene tubes for up to 120 min. Regardless of the extraction vessel, a decrease in endotoxin concentration occurred when sonicated for >30 min. Samples and endotoxin standard subjected to 12 freeze–thaw cycles at −20°C only showed a slight but not significant decrease in endotoxin concentration. Our results also demonstrate the importance of simultaneously adding LAL reagent to 96-well plates before initiating the LAL assay.
Low temperature electrical and magnetic behavior of dilute alloys of Mn in Cu

Abstract Measurements are reported of the magnetization, resistivity and magnetoresistivity of dilute alloys of manganese in copper. At very low temperatures the magnetization is hysteretic and remanence is observed in all except the most dilute alloys. The magnetoresistance also exhibits reproducible hysteretic behavior in cases where there is hysteresis in the magnetization. Furthermore the magnetoresistance is proportional to the square of the magnetization. From these experimental results it is inferred that within any volume of dimensions comparable to the electron mean free path the net magnetization in the virgin alloy is zero. The phenomenology of one possible magnetic structure fulfilling this requirement is developed and it is shown how the low-temperature resistance anomaly and peculiar magnetoresistive behavior could result from this magnetic structure.
Technology mapping for a two-output RAM-based field programmable gate array

The authors present a new approach for performing technology mapping onto field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). They consider one class of FPGAs, based on two-output five-input RAM-based cells, that are used to implement combinational logic functions. A heuristic algorithm is described for technology mapping that performs a decomposition of the circuit in the FPGA primitives, driven by the information on logic functional sharing. The authors have implemented the algorithm in the program Hydra. Experimental results shows an average of 20% to 25% improvement over other existing programs in mapping area and 67-fold speedup in computing time. >
Some inequalities from switching theory

Abstract k -Dimensional arrays of multiway switches are used to derive inequalities. (Analytic proofs are also given.) As an example, suppose 0 p, q, r, …; p+q+r+ … =1; l, m, n, …>1, S=lmn … . Interpreting p, q, r , … as probabilities that an individual switch be set in a coordinate direction, we derive k −1 p S/l ) l +(1− q S/m ) m +(1− r S/n ) n + …
Effects of an axial target on the radiation of imploding wire arrays

Thin wires have been added on the axis of cylindrical and conical wire arrays to investigate the effect of sheared plasma flows on the z-pinch stability1. This addition significantly affected the x-ray emission of the conical wire arrays, while having little effect on that of the cylindrical ones. In addition, the material of the axial target had a strong influence on the radiation output. The experiments were performed on the 1 MA Zebra Z-pinch generator at the Nevada Terawatt Facility using conical and cylindrical wire arrays with and without a center wire. The arrays consisted of 8 aluminum wires 15 µm in diameter. Aluminum or copper wires of various thicknesses were used on axis.
Magnetic Recording History and Early Recorders

The year 1898 was ending. Valdemar Poulsen, a research engineer of the Copenhagen Telephone Company in Denmark had just applied for patents on a new invention—a device that could record the human voice on a steel wire. He could listen to the wire as many times as he liked, or wipe it off at any time and put on a new record. Most remarkable of all, the wire was never used up. Poulsen did not change it physically in any way—it could be played and replayed, recorded, erased, and rerecorded millions of times.
Adipose-derived stem cells increase angiogenesis through matrix metalloproteinase-dependent collagen remodeling

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are key regulators of new blood vessel formation and widely investigated for their role in tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which ASCs regulate angiogenesis are not well understood. Here, it was our goal to test the functional contribution of ASC-mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling on endothelial cell invasion. To isolate the effect of ECM-remodeling, ASCs were embedded within 3-D collagen type I hydrogels and pre-cultured for 7 days; controls were not pre-cultured. A confluent monolayer of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was seeded on top and its invasion into the underlying hydrogel was analyzed. Without pre-culture, ASCs inhibited vascular sprouting by stabilizing the endothelium. In contrast, 7 day pre-culture of ASCs drastically increased invasion by HUVECs. This effect was largely mediated by proteolytic ECM degradation by ASC-derived matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) rather than vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as our results indicated that blockade of MMPs, but not VEGF, inhibited endothelial sprouting. Collectively, these data suggest that the angiogenic capability of ASCs is modulated by their proteolytic remodeling of the ECM, opening new avenues for pro- and anti-angiogenic therapies.
Improving the targeting of therapeutics with single-domain antibodies

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The targeted delivery of therapeutic agents greatly increases their effectiveness while simultaneously reducing negative side effects. In the past, targeting of therapeutics has been accomplished with nucleic acids, peptides/proteins, and conventional antibodies. A promising alternative to the conventional antibodies often used in therapeutic targeting are significantly smaller-sized antibody fragments known as single-domain antibodies (sdAbs).Areas Covered: Recent advances in the utility of sdAbs for targeting of therapeutic agents along with relevant examples from the literature are discussed. Their advantages when compared to other targeting strategies as well as their challenges and limitations is also covered.Expert Opinion: The development of sdAb-based targeted therapeutics will likely continue. The identification of novel protein modification techniques will provide more options for sdAb modification (conjugation, immobilization, functionalization), allowing a wider array of ...
A discrete element and ray framework for rapid simulation of acoustical dispersion of microscale particulate agglomerations

In industry, particle-laden fluids, such as particle-functionalized inks, are constructed by adding fine-scale particles to a liquid solution, in order to achieve desired overall properties in both liquid and (cured) solid states. However, oftentimes undesirable particulate agglomerations arise due to some form of mutual-attraction stemming from near-field forces, stray electrostatic charges, process ionization and mechanical adhesion. For proper operation of industrial processes involving particle-laden fluids, it is important to carefully breakup and disperse these agglomerations. One approach is to target high-frequency acoustical pressure-pulses to breakup such agglomerations. The objective of this paper is to develop a computational model and corresponding solution algorithm to enable rapid simulation of the effect of acoustical pulses on an agglomeration composed of a collection of discrete particles. Because of the complex agglomeration microstructure, containing gaps and interfaces, this type of system is extremely difficult to mesh and simulate using continuum-based methods, such as the finite difference time domain or the finite element method. Accordingly, a computationally-amenable discrete element/discrete ray model is developed which captures the primary physical events in this process, such as the reflection and absorption of acoustical energy, and the induced forces on the particulate microstructure. The approach utilizes a staggered, iterative solution scheme to calculate the power transfer from the acoustical pulse to the particles and the subsequent changes (breakup) of the pulse due to the particles. Three-dimensional examples are provided to illustrate the approach.
Amicus Brief -- Fisher v. University of Texas

The University of Texas at Austin’s affirmative action program, particularly its holistic review process, is based on the factually unsupported assumption that minority students from largely segregated schools are less qualified — and contribute less to educational diversity — than minority students who graduate from predominantly white high schools. This assumption is laden with the very stereotypes of African-American and Hispanic applicants that haunted the Jim Crow era, and “embraces the very ill that the Equal Protection Clause seeks to banish.” Fisher v. University of Texas, 758 F. 3d 633, 678 (7th Cir. 2014) (Garza, J., dissenting). The University’s argument simply cannot be reconciled with the core purpose of affirmative action, which the United States Supreme Court has held is to promote “values beyond race alone, including enhanced classroom dialogue and the lessening of racial isolation and stereotypes.” Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, 133 S. Ct. 2411, 2418 (2013). The University's affirmative action program is certainly not the way to stop discriminating on the basis of race. On these facts, to hold that the University’s program is narrowly tailored would be to render strict scrutiny “strict in theory but feeble in fact.” Id. at 2421. Ultimately, by abandoning a disproportionate emphasis on skin color, universities can finally begin to focus on what individuals have overcome, not what they cannot change.
Marking Epithelial Cells in Living Hydra with India Ink

To vitally mark epitheliomuscular cells with carbon particles so that those cells can be used to follow the displacement of small groups of cells or to demarcate the boundary of a tissue graft.
Ein Anti-Reinmar

Friedrich Vogt fasste seine Ausfuhrungen uber Carl von Kraus' bahnbrechendes Reinmarwerk wie folgt zusammen (AfdA. 40 [1921], 126 f): Das letzte Wort hat auch vKraus nicht uber Reinmar gesprochen. Eine endgultige Feststellung der Zahl, der Reihenfolge, der Strophenordnung und des Wortlautes seiner Lieder, nach der man fortan zu zitieren hatte, eine ein fur allemal abschliessende Darstellung ihres Gedankenganges, ihres ausseren und inneren Zusammenhanges hat er nicht gegeben. Aber … . er hat diese Lieder scharfer unter die Lupe genommen als irgend einer seiner Vorganger… . . er hat durch seine Beobachtungen auch da wo man sie anders deuten und bewerten muss als er, Anregungen ausgestreut, die uber den Kreis der Reinmarschen Dichtung hinausreichen.
Selection of Arresters Arrangement, Parameters and Apparatuses Insulation Levels for ±1100 kV DC Converter Station

In order to reasonably determine the arrangement and parameters of arresters and the apparatuses insulation levels for±1 100 kV DC converter stations, by analyzing and comparing the arrangement and parameters of arresters applied in ± 800 kV DC converter stations, we derived equations showing the proportional relationship between the maximum absolute ideal no-load direct voltage of per 6-pulse converter and the short circuit impedance of converter transformer. According to the equations, it is concluded that the converter transformer's short-circuit impedance basically determines the insulation levels of the apparatuses in valve hall, so the impedance should be reduced as much as possible. The selection methods of U-I characteristics, charge rate, crest value of continuous operation voltage(CCOV), peak value of continuous operation voltage(PCOV), DC reference voltage, and the DC offset voltage for the DC arresters installed in valve hall, as well as the influencing factors, are introduced. Under the conditions that the converter transformer short-circuit impedance is no more than 24% and the A2 arrester is used to directly protect the valve side of high-level Y / Y converter transformer, the rated switching impulse withstand voltage(SIWV) of the valve side of high-level Y / Y converter transformer is suggested to be 2 030 kV, which is lower than 2 191 kV, the value of protecting the valve side with the M2 and V3 arresters connected in series. We also suggested reducing the rated voltage of AC arresters when the rectifier and the inverter converter station are connected to 750 kV AC and 1 000 kV AC systems, respectively. The proposed insulation levels can be applied to aid the prototype manufacture of ±1 100 kV DC apparatuses, such as converter transformer, converter valve tower, pole and neutral bus device etc., as well as the design of AC and DC converter stations.
Influence of different methods of treatment for blood samples of patients on the virus load of HIV

The influence of different methods of treatment for blood samples of patients on the virus load of HIV was observed,in which the blood samples were stored for different times and different temperature or different times of freezing and thawing and the virus loads under different conditions were compared by means of HIV-1 nucleotide sequence amplification technique(HASBA).Compared with the conservation of blood samples in form of whole blood,the virus load in blood samples conserved as blood plasma appeared to be more stable.The dropping of virus loads was more prominent within 6 hours after taking of blood or the-20℃ preserved blood under freezing and thawing for 3 times.It is apparent that for transporting the blood samples of AIDS patients for virus load detection,the blood samples should be stored in low temperature and in form of blood plasma and should be transported to the detection units as soon as possible.
Through the Eyes of Students

For years, our prevailing view of student retention has been shaped by theories that view student retention through the lens of institutional action and ask what institutions can do to retain their...
Judges Beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship: Legitimizing Authoritarianism, 1973–1990

The dissolution or mass resignation of the Supreme Court would have been better from the point of view of clarifying what was happening in Chile. At least it would have been clear to the people, clear in the conscience of the country, and clear internationally. I think that one of the tremendous things that happened in Chile is that the dictatorship cloaked itself nationally and internationally with the legality that the judiciary gave it. Chilean Human Rights Lawyer When the generals overthrew the Allende government and seized power on September 11, 1973, they did so in the name of the rule of law ( el estado de derecho ). In its first official statement justifying the coup, Edict No. 5 ( Bando No. 5 ), the governing junta declared that the Allende administration had “placed itself outside the law on multiple occasions, resorting to arbitrary, dubious, ill-intentioned, and even flagrantly erroneous [legal] interpretations;” and had “repeatedly failed to observe the mutual respect which one power of the state owes to another.” For these reasons, the Allende government had “fallen into flagrant illegitimacy,” and the armed forces had “taken upon themselves the moral duty … of deposing the government, … [and] assuming power” with the objective of reestablishing “normal economic and social conditions in the country, with peace, tranquillity, and security for all.” At first, many Chileans believed that the military was intervening on a temporary basis and would call elections within a few months.
Development and Validation of the Workplace Well-Being Scale

This article outlines the development of a 12-item measure of workplace well-being. We suggest that a broader conceptualization of well-being than currently exists is necessary in order to include ...
Risk assessment with current deployment strategies for fusiform rust-resistant loblolly and slash pines

In the southeastern USA, fusiform rust resistant loblolly and slash pines may be deployed as 1) ulked seed orchard mixes, 2) half-sibling (sib) family mixtures, 3) single half-sib families, 4) full-sib family mixtures, single full-sib families from 5) "bulking up" or producing large numbers of controlled cross seeds, or as 6) clones of individual genotypes. These deployment types are respectively less genetically variable and less well buffered against environmental stress, but provide respectively greater genetic gains from higher selection intensity. Currently, bulked seed orchard mixes are deployed by all state organizations and many smaller companies, but about half the 1.1 billion loblolly and slash pines deployed annually are planted in half-sib family blocks. The most aggressive landowners plant virtually all of their land with a small number of half-sib families. Full-sib families and/or clones are currently planted on a small fraction of the total area regenerated, but research and development seeks to make the deployment of full-sib families and clones economical to increase the genetic gains from applied tree improvement programs. Resistance to fusiform rust currently being deployed is likely due to resistance based on both major genes and genes of small, cumulative effects. However, major genes for resistance to fusiform rust have been discovered using molecular genetic techniques, and deployment strategies are currently being developed. "Boom and bust" cycles of pathogens on other crops when major genes were deployed against them create concerns that these same problems might arise when deploying major genes for resistance against fusiform rust. We assessed the risk that fusiform rust might overcome one to few major genes for resistance if they are deployed widely and strategies to mitigate the risk that this will occur. We concluded that the deployment strategies currently in widest use (bulked seed orchard seedlings and half-sib family blocks) robustly resist fusiform rust infection. Plantations are probably sufficiently genetically buffered to present little risk of cataclysmic failure, as current resistance is likely to be based on both major and minor genes. Furthermore, these same deployment strategies are likely to provide robust protection against risk factors other than fusiform rust. We concluded that deploying pine cultivars with known genes for major resistance to fusiform rust in regions where their associated virulence genes are absent or in low frequencies is a practical near term strategy and that deploying a mosaic of different resistance genes may mitigate the presumed greater risk of deploying full-sib family blocks or clones.
Lytton Strachey and the New History

Recently, thanks largely to the persistence of G. L. S. Shackle, economists have come to accept the fact that the concept of uncertainty is at the centre of The General Theory. In earlier chapters we related the concept to Keynes’s Apostolic life, to G. E. Moore’s criticism of the utilitarian notion of judging by ‘consequences’ and to his epistemological ‘common sense’ (for the common man knows that there are things about which ‘your guess is as good as mine’). To a large extent, though, the concept of uncertainty owes much to ‘the Bloomsbury method’ — a method that relied on psychology as an explanatory tool. Perhaps this is the greatest innovation of The General Theory: after one hundred years of following geometrical modes of thought, a treatise arose that asked economists to adopt psychological modes of thinking Before dealing with that book, we shall illustrate the new method in the work of Lytton Strachey and Virginia Woolf, as we illustrated it before in the New Aesthetics.
Psychological Distance Moderates the Amplification of Shared Experience

Sharing an experience with another person can amplify that experience. Here, we propose for the first time that amplification is moderated by the psychological distance between co-experiencers. We predicted that experiences would be amplified for co-experiencers who are psychologically proximate but not for co-experiencers who are psychologically distant. In two studies we manipulated both (a) whether or not a pleasant experience was shared and (b) the psychological distance between co-experiencers, via social distance (Study 1) and spatial distance (Study 2). In Study 1, co-experiencers either were unacquainted (i.e., strangers, socially distant) or became acquainted in the laboratory (i.e., socially proximate). In Study 2, co-experiencers were either in different rooms (i.e., spatially distant) or in the same room (i.e., spatially proximate). In both studies, the pleasant experience was amplified when shared compared with when not shared, but only when co-experiencers were psychologically proximate (vs. distant) to one another.
Systems and technology for production-scale molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract A comprehensive overview is provided for the current state of production-scale molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) system hardware and applications as well as future directions in production-scale MBE. An introduction is provided, discussing the applications and markets for which devices are mass produced by MBE. This is compared and contrasted alongside other competing manufacturing techniques such as metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The current state of production MBE hardware is also presented, with a thorough review of all critical system subassemblies and components. The design needs of the production-scale hardware are contrasted with the needs of smaller, research and development (R&D)-scale MBE systems. A number of the hardware and process challenges in scaling from typical R&D-scale MBE systems to production-scale systems are discussed along with the common techniques for mitigating these issues. Finally, a discussion of the future trends and opportunities in the production MBE is presented. We provide an overview, covering a wide range of material and device applications that are currently areas of active R&D that have the potential to evolve to large-volume production in the future. The potential and challenges of many of these new devices and applications are discussed along with due consideration to the viability of alternative techniques such as MOCVD.
Use of Cardiac Troponin in Patients with Heart Failure

The use of cardiac troponins, and particularly with the advent of new high-sensitivity troponins, has come without adequate discussion of the proper interpretation, limitation of values, and their best use in heart failure (HF) patients. The objective of this chapter is to provide a balanced assessment of how cardiac troponins are advocated for clinical use in HF patients and areas where there are gaps in knowledge that are important for clinicians to appreciate.
Local tidal regime dictates plasticity of expression of locomotor activity rhythms of American horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus

While horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus from regions with two daily tides express endogenous circatidal (~12.4 h) activity rhythms, much less is known about locomotor rhythm expression in horseshoe crabs from other tidal regimes. This study investigated whether horseshoe crabs (1) always express activity rhythms consistent with their natural tides and (2) can alter activity rhythm expression in response to novel tide cycles. Activity rhythms of L. polyphemus from environments with two daily tides (Gulf of Maine, 43°6′N/70°52′W, and Massachusetts, 41°32′N/70°40′W), one dominant daily tide (Apalachee Bay, Florida, 29°58′N/84°20′W), and microtides (Indian River Lagoon, Florida, 28°5′N/80°35′W) were recorded in 2011–2013 during three artificial tide conditions: no tides, a 12.4-h tidal cycle, and a 24.8-h tidal cycle. Interestingly, L. polyphemus from the microtidal site (n = 7) appeared “plastic” in their responses; they were able to express both bimodal and unimodal rhythms in response to different tide cycles. In contrast, the other two populations exhibited more fixed responses: regardless of the tides, they were exposed to, horseshoe crabs from areas with one dominant daily tide (n = 18) consistently expressed unimodal rhythms, while those from areas with two daily tides (n = 28) generally expressed bimodal rhythms. Rhythms expressed by L. polyphemus thus appear to be a function of endogenous clocks, the tidal cues to which individuals are exposed, and tidal cues that individuals experience throughout ontogeny.
The influence of supply side factors on firm's borrowing decisions: European evidence

Abstract We investigate the influence of macroeconomic, and country-specific—supply side factors—on firms' borrowing decision while controlling for firm-specific factors due to the European financial crisis. We demonstrate that the crisis significantly shifted the supply side factors at the cost of firm-level factors in the post-2008 period. Our results are robust to the “tunnel test” and other sensitivity tests.