cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A21: microRNA-200 regulates tumor cell PD-L1 expression to control lung cancer metastasis.

Background: Tumor cell regulation of the recruitment and activity of diverse inflammatory cells creates an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors both tumor growth and metastasis. However, the mechanistic basis of how tumor cells trigger intra-tumoral immunosuppression have not been fully defined. Here we show that metastasis-prone lung adenocarcinoma cells suppress the proliferation and activity of intra-tumoral CD8+ T cells through a PD-L1 dependent mechanism and that PD-L1 expression is regulated by microRNA-200 (miR-200), a known mediator of tumor cell EMT. Results: Analysis of patient tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (230 adenocarcinomas) and a large MDACC cohort of resected tumors (N>150) demonstrated that tumors with a mesenchymal gene expression signature had repression of miR-200 family expression and higher levels of PD-L1 expression. These findings were confirmed experimentally in human and murine NSCLC cell lines. In vivo experiments with a Kras/p53 mutant mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma showed that decreased miR-200 led to increased expression of PD-L1 levels on tumor cells, causing profound CD8+ T cell suppression. Upon suppression of CD8+ T cell activity tumors acquired a growth advantage and metastatic capability. Confirmation of these results with the LLC model in PD-L1 knockout mice also demonstrated that PD-L1 expression on the tumor cells, rather than other cells in the tumor microenvironment, was critical to defining tumor immunity and metastastic ability. The metastases could be suppressed by genetic and pharmacologic blockade of PD-L1. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a novel biological role for miR-200 in cancer cells by simultaneous control of the cell-intrinsic EMT program and the cell-non-autonomous PD-L1-mediated immune evasion. These findings support further investigation into the mechanistic effects of miR-200 on metastasis and the use of specific EMT-related biomarkers to select immunomodulatory therapies. Citation Format: Don L. Gibbons, Limo Chen, Sangeeta Goswami, Young-Ho Ahn, Lauren A. Byers, Lixia Diao, Jing Wang, Angelica Cortez, Jonathon Roybal, James Welsh, Xuejun Zhang, David Dwyer, Xiaohui Yi, Chen Lieping, Ignacio Wistuba, John V. Heymach, Jonathan M. Kurie, F. Xiao-Feng Qin. microRNA-200 regulates tumor cell PD-L1 expression to control lung cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer; 2014 Jan 6-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(2Suppl):Abstract nr A21.
Spinal dysraphism: experience with 250 cases operated upon.

During a period of 4 years (December 1983—December 1987) 250 children were operated upon by the authors. At the outpatient clinic of the New Children's Hospital 313 infants and children suffering a myelodysraphic lesion were seen, 63 of whom were not treated surgically owing to the presence of severe hydrocephalus in 16 cases and complete flaccid paraplegia with marked sphincteric disturbances in 47. All of the patients came from poor families. Malnutrition, many siblings per family, poor maternal care, and repeated pregnancies and abortions have added to the large incidence of such a handicap in Egypt. The clinical features, diagnosis, and management of 200 cases of spina bifida aperta (SBA) and 50 of spina bifida occulta (SBO) are summarized. SBA cases were operated upon as soon as possible from the time of their presentation; their preliminary assessment included an exhaustive general, neurological, urological, and orthopedic examination; and investigations such as plain X-rays to the back and skull, CT scanning of the cranium, spinal myelogram, and metrizamide CT scanning to the back were performed. The surgical outcome is far from being satisfactory in the sense of producing an ambulatory, intelligent, healthy individual, especially in a meningomyelocele patient having a high-level lesion. The authors believe that there is still much to be done for these children marked by fate, and the neurosurgeon should be one among several other physicians devoted to the amelioration or at least the prevention of worsening, if possible, of the condition in such unfortunate and handicapped children.
Dye-integrated cholesteric photonic luminescent solar concentrator

We have developed organic dye-integrated thin-film liquid crystalline photonic luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs), where the chirality of the liquid crystal (LC) results in the formation of a one-dimensional photonic cavity. By varying the different LSC parameters, including dye concentration, spectral position of the photonic band-gap and the LC phase, and by using spectroscopic and electrical characterisation, we have systematically studied the effects of self-absorption, incident absorption and confinement of down-converted emission on optical efficiency. Our results demonstrate that the efficiency of our LSCs is significantly enhanced in the LC phase when the photonic band-gap is at long wavelengths (>600 nm), overcoming associated low incident absorption and higher self-absorption. We reach the significant conclusion that focusing on improving the confinement of dye-emitted photons, rather than on increasing incident absorption, is a more promising route to enhancing thin-film LC-based LSC perfor...
Calculation of phase diagrams of the actinides

Abstract The prediction of phase diagrams of actinides is difficult because, in addition to the use of s, p and d electrons, the use of f electrons in binding by the metals from Pa to Cf must be considered. Also, the actinides have an unusual number of electronic configurations of comparable stability considering promotion energies and bonding energies. The availability of different configurations with different sizes also makes it possible to achieve higher densities than one would expect for close-packed structures. Calculations of the thermodynamic stabilities of various structures for all pure actinides will be published shortly. We are calculating the thermodynamics and phase diagrams of the binary systems. In the space available here, I will discuss only systems with no intermediate phases using a modification of the regular-solution model which is normally expressed in terms of energies of vaporization from the condensed phase to the gaseous atom in the ground electronic state, which is appropriate for organic compounds for which the energy of vaporization is a measure of the van der Waals bonding. For most metals, the energy of vaporization is not a proper measurement of bonding energy as the electronic configuration in the condensed phase is different from that of the ground state of the gaseous atom. The correct bonding energy is the difference between the energy of the condensed phase and the energy of the gaseous atom with the same electronic configuration as the condensed phase. As an example, the ΔH298/R value of 33.4 kK for the sublimation of b.c.c. Am to the gaseous ground state (f7s2) must be increased by 29.5 kK, the promotion energy to f6d2s, to obtain the bonding energy of 62.9 kK. Of this total bonding energy, 23.8 kK is due to the s electron, 35 kK is due to the two d electrons and 4.2 kK is the contribution due to f electron bonding. Examples will be given of the use of the modified regular-solution model for calculation of phase diagrams.
Validating MEPDG with Tennessee Pavement Performance Data

To implement the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) developed by AASHTO for pavement construction and rehabilitation, it is necessary to evaluate its performance prediction models using actual pavement performance data, material properties, traffic information, and environmental factors. This paper validated the MEPDG models using the performance of typical pavements in the state of Tennessee from pavement management system (PMS). With traffic and pavement structural information collected from PMS, the performance of selected highway pavement sections was analyzed with MEPDG Version 1.100 software. The predicted present serviceability index (PSI) and rutting were compared with the actual measurement values. An initial value for the international roughness index (IRI) was suggested for Tennessee highways through investigation into the actual roughness data. The dynamic moduli of asphalt mixtures for input level 1 were obtained from laboratory testing. Those for input level 3 were estimated with the Witczak model. The results show that rutting of asphalt concrete (AC) pavements was more accurately predicted at input level 1, whereas it was overpredicted at input level 3. Traffic level was found to be an important factor affecting predicted pavement roughness. It was also found that MEPDG software was relatively conservative for highway pavements with low traffic level. However, MEPDG with nationally averaged default parameters was not sensitive enough to differentiate various climates, traffic, and materials in Tennessee for the prediction of PSI. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436 .0000487. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Pavements; Design; Pavement management; Validation; Tennessee; Data analysis. Author keywords: Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide; Pavement management system; Pavement performance; Validation.
Lymph node dissection technique is more important than lymph node count in identifying nodal metastases in radical cystectomy patients: a comparative mapping study.

Abstract Background The value of lymph node dissection (LND) in the treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma is well established. However, standards for the quality of LND remain controversial. Objective We compared the distribution of lymph node (LN) metastases in a two-institution cohort of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) using a uniformly applied extended LND template. Design, setting, and participants Patients undergoing RC at the University of Southern California (USC) Institute of Urology and at Oregon Health Sciences University (OHSU) were included if they met the following criteria: (1) no prior pelvic radiotherapy or LND; (2) lymphatic tissue submitted from all nine predesignated regions, including the paracaval and para-aortic LNs; (3) bladder primary; and (4) category M0 disease. The number and location of LN metastases were prospectively entered into corresponding databases. Measurements LN maps were constructed and correlated with preoperative and pathologic characteristics. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed to estimate overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) among LN-positive (LN+) patients. Results and limitations Inclusion criteria were met by 646 patients (439 USC, 207 OHSU), and 23% had LN metastases at time of cystectomy. Although there was a difference in the median per-patient LN count between institutions, there were no significant interinstitutional differences in the incidence or distribution of positive LNs, which were found in 11% of patients with ≤pT2b and in 44% of patients with ≥pT3a tumors. Among LN+ patients, 41% had positive LNs above the common iliac bifurcation. Estimated 5-yr RFS and OS rates for LN+ patients were 45% and 33%, respectively, and did not differ significantly between institutions. Conclusions LN metastases in regions outside the boundaries of standard LND are common. Adherence to meticulous dissection technique within an extended template is likely more important than total LN count for achieving optimal oncologic outcomes.
Limitations in the use of nondisabled subjects in AAC research

Nondisabled subjects have been used in numerous areas of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) research. The justification for using these subjects has been based largely upon issues related to cost, convenience, difficulties in using persons who are communicatively impaired, and ethical considerations. The findings from these areas are often automatically assumed to be generalizable to AAC system users. This may prove a great disservice to the population. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the limitations in using nondisabled subjects. Issues pertaining to external validity will be examined across various areas of AAC research.
Sequential acoustic energy based source localization using particle filter in a distributed sensor network

A sequential source localization method using a particle filter is presented to estimate and track multiple-target locations. This method is designed to make use of an acoustic signal measured at multiple acoustic sensors randomly deployed in a wireless distributed sensor network. By using the particle filter, a non-Gaussian probability density function of the target locations is represented by a discrete set of "particles". The positions of these particles are propagated sequentially using known state transition equation, and updated using new location estimates via the observation equation. Compared to a previously proposed maximum likelihood source localization algorithm, this new approach is computationally effective and more robust to parameter perturbation.
Multifunctional elastomer nanocomposites with functionalized graphene single sheets

We demonstrate the use of functionalized graphene sheets (FGSs) as multifunctional nanofillers to improve me- chanical properties, lower gas permeability, and impart electri- cal conductivity for several distinct elastomers. FGS consists mainly of single sheets of crumbled graphene containing oxy- gen functional groups and is produced by the thermal exfolia- tion of oxidized graphite (GO). The present investigation includes composites of FGS and three elastomers: natural rub- ber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). All of these elastomers show similar and significant improvements in mechanical properties with FGS, indicating that the mechanism of property improvement is inherent to the FGS and not simply a function of chemical crosslinking. The decrease in gas permeability is attributed to the high as- pect ratio of the FGS sheets. This creates a tortuous path mechanism of gas diffusion; fitting the permeability data to the Nielsen model yields an aspect ratio of � 1000 for the FGS. Electrical conductivity is demonstrated at FGS loadings as low as 0.08% in PDMS and reaches 0.3 S/m at 4 wt % loading in NR. This combination of functionalities imparted by FGS is shown to result from its high aspect ratio and carbon-based structure. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 910-916, 2012
Cascade carbopalladation-annulation approach toward polycylic derivatives of indole and indolizine

A convenient method for construction of polycyclic fused nitrogen-containing heterocycles has been developed. The methodology involves palladium-catalyzed intermolecular carbopalladation-annulation cascade reaction of haloaryl heterocyclic derivatives with different alkynes under relatively mild reaction conditions. Thus, the palladium-catalyzed cascade cyclization of bromophenyl derivatives of indolizine and indole with alkynes afforded tetracycles, possessing a newly formed fused six-membered ring. The reaction of 3-(2-iodobenzyl)-indoles with a variety of alkynes afforded polycyclic compounds with fused seven-membered rings. Annulation with unsymmetrical alkynes exhibited varied regioselectivity. Overall, this approach allows for quick and efficient assembly of polycyclic derivatives of indole and indolizine from easily available precursors.
Experimental study of wall shear rates in the entry region of a curved tube

Local wall shear rates in steady flow in the entry region of a curved tube have been measured by the electrochemical limiting current method. A semi-circular rigid tube of circular cross-section with radius ratio 1/7 has been employed for a range of Dean number between 139 and 2868. The circumferential and axial distributions of the wall shear rates have been measured at 20° circumferential increments at five different sections of the entry region.
Series-fed-type linear arrays of dipole and slot elements transversely coupled to a microstrip line

An active K/K/sub a/-band antenna array is under development for NASA's ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT). The AMT active antenna array is a multilayered assembly in which a receive array of radiating slots and a transmit array of microstrip dipoles are interleaved such that they share the same aperture to provide a compact, dual-band antenna. The subarrays of the antenna are linear series-fed-type arrays consisting of nearly identical dipole, or slot, elements transversely electromagnetically coupled to a microstrip transmission line. The design and test results for both a dipole and a slot series-fed-type linear array, assuming the impedance characteristics of the radiating elements are known, are described. >
Piezoelectric and dielectric reliability of lead zirconate titanate thin films

This work was directed toward developing a database for the long-term reliability of the transverse piezoelectric coefficient d31 under both unipolar and bipolar drive. Under unipolar drive, the films showed excellent reliability, with 99% of the devices surviving to 109 cycles. However, both aging and low amplitude bipolar drive resulted in rapid degradation of d31 due to backswitching of the ferroelectric domains. Both thermal and ultraviolet (UV) imprint prevented backswitching and resulted in improved aging and bipolar degradation behavior. Additionally, the UV imprinted samples showed nonlinear aging due to the presence of an internal space charge field that developed from photo-induced charge carriers.
An Approach to Tolerate Process Related Variations in Memristor-Based Applications

Memristors have been proposed to be used in a wide variety of applications ranging from neural networks to memory to digital logic. Like other electronic devices, memristors are also prone to process variations. We show that the effect of process induced variations in the thickness of the oxide layer of a memristor has a non-linear relationship with memristance. We analyze the effects of process variation on memristor-based threshold gates. We propose two algorithms to tolerate variations on memristance based on two different constraints. One is used to determine the memristance values for a given list of Boolean functions to tolerate a maximum amount of variation. The other is used to determine the list of Boolean functions that can tolerate a maximum amount of variation for given memristance values. Finally, we analyze the performance of memristor-based threshold gates to tolerate variations.
Activated parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone–related protein receptor in osteoblastic cells differentially affects cortical and trabecular bone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), an important regulator of calcium homeostasis, targets most of its complex actions in bone to cells of the osteoblast lineage. Furthermore, PTH is known to stimulate osteoclastogenesis indirectly through activation of osteoblastic cells. To assess the role of the PTH/PTH-related protein receptor (PPR) in mediating the diverse actions of PTH on bone in vivo, we generated mice that express, in cells of the osteoblastic lineage, one of the constitutively active receptors described in Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. In these transgenic mice, osteoblastic function was increased in the trabecular and endosteal compartments, whereas it was decreased in the periosteum. In trabecular bone of the transgenic mice, there was an increase in osteoblast precursors, as well as in mature osteoblasts. Osteoblastic expression of the constitutively active PPR induced a dramatic increase in osteoclast number in both trabecular and compact bone in transgenic animals. The net effect of these actions was a substantial increase in trabecular bone volume and a decrease in cortical bone thickness of the long bones. These findings, for the first time to our knowledge, identify the PPR as a crucial mediator of both bone-forming and bone-resorbing actions of PTH, and they underline the complexity and heterogeneity of the osteoblast population and/or their regulatory microenvironment.
Advanced optical materials for energy efficiency and solar conversion

Optical materials and coatings play an important role in determining the efficiency of solar conversion processes. At present the best known coatings are heat mirrors, selective absorbers, and reflector materials. There are, however, many less known coatings and materials, some of which are under current research and development. Since they are of significant consequence to solar conversion and energy conservation, they will be included in this work. These films and materials are known as antireflective coatings or treatments, fluorescent concentrator materials, holographic films, cold mirrors, radiative cooling surfaces, optical switching films, and transparent insulation materials. The use of such films and materials improves the efficiency and stimulates innovation in passive and active solar energy conversion, photovoltaics, energv-efficient windows, and many hybrid designs. The presen study is intended to instruct readers on the propertiest of solar energy materials, and their function, as well as advantages and limitations. It is also materials, techniques, and concepts that can manipulate solar energy into the forms of heat,light, and electrical power. The materials stability requirements for effectively collecting and transmitting solar energy are extremely demanding. This combined with the need for inexpensive production methods creates a very broad area for innovative scientific research. The solutions to materials science and design problems are the responsibilities of a number of scientists, engineers, and educators working in many countries and in numerous fields. It is their strong commitment to solar energy that will further advance this energy source.
Fusion of vision and gyro tracking for robust augmented reality registration

A novel framework enables accurate augmented reality (AR) registration with integrated inertial gyroscope and vision tracking technologies. The framework includes a two-channel complementary motion filter that combines the low-frequency stability of vision sensors with the high-frequency tracking of gyroscope sensors, hence achieving stable static and dynamic six-degree-of-freedom pose tracking. Our implementation uses an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Quantitative analysis and experimental results show that the fusion method achieves dramatic improvements in tracking stability and robustness over either sensor alone. We also demonstrate a new fiducial design and detection system in our example AR annotation systems that illustrate the behavior and benefits of the new tracking method.
Warpaths: Invasions of North America

1.: Arms in Arcadia, 1513-1565 I Bases for Invasion, 1565-1684 2.: Spanish San Agustin, 1565-1672 3.: English Jamestown and the Powhatan, 1607-1677 4.: French Quebec, 1608-1682 5.: Plymouth, New England, and the Wampanoag, 1620-1677 6.: Dutch Fort Orange(Albany) and the Five Nations, 1624-1684 II Colonies and Tribes, 1687-1748 7.: Establishing Patterns, 1687-1701 8.: Recurring Patterns, 1702-1748 III Empires, Colonies, and Tribes, 1748-1765 9.: Invading the Ohio, 1748-1755 10.: Vaudreuil's Offensive, 1756-1757 11.: The British Imperial Victory, 1758-1763 12.: Different Drummers, 1759-1765 Notes Index
Concomitant tension-free vaginal tape for urinary incontinence during laparoscopic hysterectomy

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of placing tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) during a laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) in women with stress urinary incontinence and coexistent benign gynaecological disease. Design: Retrospective clinical study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Sample: Thirty patients diagnosed with genuine stress incontinence and benign gynaecological disease were studied. Methods: All the patients underwent LAVH and concomitant TVT procedure. Results: There was no significant difference in urodynamic parameters before and after surgery. All patients were followed postoperatively for a mean duration of 24.6 ± 11.5 months (range 12–40). The cure rate of stress urinary incontinence was 96.7%. Conclusions: Concomitant placement of tension-free vaginal tape during a laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy proved to be an efficacious and safe procedure for women with benign gynaecological disease and coexistent stress urinary incontinence.
Quaternary rift flank uplift of the Peninsular Ranges in Baja and southern California by removal of mantle lithosphere

[1] Regional uplift in southern California, USA, and northern Baja California, Mexico, is interpreted to result from flexure of the elastic lithosphere driven largely by heating and thinning of the upper mantle beneath the Gulf of California and eastern Peninsular Ranges. The geometry and timing of faulting in the Salton Trough and Gulf of California, the history of recent rock uplift along the Pacific coastline, and geophysical data constrain models of lithospheric heating and thinning based on unloading of a continuous elastic plate. High topography that marks the � 400-km-long rift shoulder in northern Baja California mimics the pattern of uplift observed along the Pacific coastline as defined by marine terraces. We interpret this to indicate that recent rock uplift has occurred across the entire width of northern Baja Peninsula and increases from west to east. Pliocene strata deposited at sea level along the Pacific coastline in southern California have not been uplifted significantly above Quaternary marine terrace deposits. This suggests the onset of rock uplift along the Pacific coast here is post-Pliocene and occurs after Miocene crustal extension in the Salton Trough and Gulf of California. Strong heating of the mantle lid beneath the Peninsular Ranges in northern Baja California thus coincides with crustal extension limited to localized oceanic spreading in the Gulf of California. Citation: Mueller, K., G. Kier, T. Rockwell, and C. H. Jones (2009), Quaternary rift flank uplift of the Peninsular Ranges in Baja and southern California by removal of mantle lithosphere, Tectonics, 28, TC5003, doi:10.1029/ 2007TC002227.
Relationships between Gulf of California Moisture Surges and Precipitation in the Southwestern United States

Abstract Relationships between Gulf of California moisture surges and precipitation in the southwestern United States are examined. Standard surface observations are used to identify gulf surge events at Yuma, Arizona, for a multiyear (July–August of 1977–2001) period, and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) precipitation analyses and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data are used to relate the gulf surge events to the precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns, respectively. Emphasis is placed on the relative differences in the precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns for several categories of surge events, including those that are relatively strong (weak) and those that are accompanied by relatively wet (dry) conditions in Arizona and New Mexico after onset. It is shown that rapid surface dewpoint temperature increases are not necessarily a good indicator of increased rainfall in the region. The extent to which the precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns are influenced by a phasing of tropi...
Teaching Routines to Enhance Collaboration Using Classroom Network Technology

This chapter presents an argument for the use of teaching routines (pedagogical patterns) to engage students in collaborative learning activities using the Group Scribbles classroom network technology. Teaching routines are a resource for structuring student opportunities to learn within lessons. They address known challenges associated with making the most of classroom network technology by scaffolding teacher enactment, enabling contingent teaching, and providing an anchor for expanding practice. In this chapter, we articulate the theoretical and empirical basis for using teaching routines to support diagnostic interactive formative assessment of student learning. We describe the goals and features of routines, types of collaboration instantiated in the routines, technological aspects of Group Scribbles, teachers’ perceived utility of the routines, and anticipated implementation challenges of the routines within lessons designed for middle school Earth science.
On Knowing One’s Own Body

For most philosophers the only problem about the body concerns its relation to the mind. Not so for a transcendental philosopher like the later Husserl. He claims some sort of relativity of the world to a subject. The world is said to be ‘constituted’ by the subject. Many, if not all, of these subjects are embodied. The transcendental philosopher must therefore ask himself whether the body functions in the process of constituting the world. But the body is also in the world and is, in many respects, like the other entities in the world. Thus the body is also constituted by what is relative to a subject. The transcendental philosopher must make clear in what sense the body is constituted and participates in the process of constituting. More specifically, he must make clear in what sense it is true that any particular subject, say I myself, constitutes any particular body, for instance my own, and does so in a different way from that in which it constitutes any other person’s body.
Feigned Adjudicative Incompetence: Testing Effectiveness of the ILK and SAMA With Jail Detainees

Psychological assessments are highly dependent on the forthrightness and sincere efforts of examinees. In particular, evaluations in forensic settings must consider whether feigning or other response styles are utilized to intentionally distort the clinical presentation. The current study examines the effectiveness of the Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) at detecting feigned incompetency within a sample of jail detainees. As an ancillary goal, several scales of the Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities were included in the same within-subjects simulation design. Results of the total ILK score raised concerns regarding the mischaracterization of genuine offenders as "suggestive of feigning." Pending cross-validation, however, a Revised ILK proved highly effective, using a floor effect detection strategy. Although intended for Miranda-specific abilities, several detection strategies on the Standardized Assessment of Miranda Abilities appeared to be very promising within a broadened context of feigned incompetency.
Sources of Agricultural Productivity in the Nineteenth Century

T HIS paper is an exercise in hypothetical history. In it I wish to speculate-and to try to show how one might speculate further-on some of the elements that made American agriculture grow more productive over the nineteenth century. The problem is not merely to list elements or to describe the incidents in their particular histories-the westward movement of wheat and cotton, the invention of the reaper, etc.-but to get at some way to judge the relative importance of the elements and to trace their interactions with one another.
Heterogeneous molecular processes among the causes of how sequence similarity scores can fail to recapitulate phylogeny

Sequence similarity tools like Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) are essential components of many functional genetic, genomic, phylogenetic and bioinformatic studies. Many modern analysis pipelines use significant sequence similarity scores (p- or E-values) and the ranked order of BLAST matches to test a wide range of hypotheses concerning homology, orthology, the timing of de novo gene birth/death and gene family expansion/contraction. Despite significant contrary findings, many of these tests still implicitly assume that stronger or higher-ranked E-value scores imply closer phylogenetic relationships between sequences. Here, we demonstrate that even though a general relationship does exist between the phylogenetic distance of two sequences and their E-value, significant and misleading errors occur in both the completeness and the order of results under realistic evolutionary scenarios. These results provide additional details to past evidence showing that studies should avoid drawing direct inferences of evolutionary relatedness from measures of sequence similarity alone, and should instead, where possible, use more rigorous phylogeny-based methods.
Pleural fluid metastases of myoepithelial carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature

Myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) is one of the rarest salivary gland neoplasms, which may either arise de novo or develop within a preexisting pleomorphic adenoma or benign myoepithelioma. The tumor occurs mainly in the parotid gland followed by minor salivary glands and other body sites. As a result of their morphologic heterogeneity, they can be confused easily with many tumors. Awareness of their unique cytoarchitectural patterns and immunohistochemical profile is crucial for accurate identification. Herein, we report a rare case of a 51-year-old female patient with MECA of the maxillary sinus that metastasized to the pleural fluid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of pleural fluid involvement by MECA reported in the literature.
Clinical significance of ST-segment monitoring.

Continuous multilead ST-segment monitoring is important for the immediate identification of myocardial ischemia and infarction at the bedside. Numerous clinical conditions that may result in ST-segment changes are discussed. ST monitoring can alert critical care nurses not only to ischemia but also to activity intolerance and electrolyte changes.
Abstract LB-162: BRCA2, and not BRCA1, dependent crosstalk between replication stress suppression and nucleotide excision repair - Clinical implications

BRCA2, a breast and ovarian tumor suppressor, is required for replication stress suppression through its role in repair of stalled replication forks. Here we report that inefficient resolution of stalled replication forks in absence of BRCA2 results in persistent accumulation of mostly un-phosphorylated RPA32 (at S33, T21 and S4/S8) at stalled replication forks. Furthermore, this ‘persistent’ accumulation of RPA32 coated ssDNA not only results in fork collapse, as marked by increased accumulation of both 53BP1 and Mre11 at the site of stalling, but also leads to suppression of nucleotide excision repair (NER), especially in S phase population. No such persistent RPA32 coated ssDNA is observed in BRCA1 depleted cells, suggesting that this intermediate is exclusive to BRCA2 deficiency. Furthermore, generation of this intermediate was not dependent on Mre11 implying that persistent accumulation of RPA32 coated ssDNA was not a result of excessive DNA processing by Mre11 exonuclease in absence of BRCA2. This is the first report of differences between BRCA1 and BRCA2 role at stalled replication forks. In this report, we also show that BRCA2 heterozygous primary mammary epithelial cells, and not BRCA1 heterozygous cells, are haploinsufficient for nucleotide excision repair. This would imply higher predisposition to skin lesions, including melanoma in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Risk for melanoma is indeed higher in BRCA2 mutation carriers compared to BRCA1 mutation carriers. We further confirmed that there exists a difference in mutational signature in whole genome sequences derived from BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors, in line with the kind of differences expected if there is an increased NER defect in BRCA2 mutated cells when compared to BRCA1 mutated cells. Our findings provide first such DNA repair mechanism based evidence that could potentially explain the differences in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation driven risk for melanoma. This mechanistic difference between BRCA1 and BRCA2 response at stalled replication forks, and subsequently a crosstalk with nucleotide excision repair, might also contribute towards other clinical differences observed in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation driven breast cancer. Citation Format: Shailja Pathania, Rachel Reed, Haohui Duan, Aedin Culhane, Judy Garber. BRCA2, and not BRCA1, dependent crosstalk between replication stress suppression and nucleotide excision repair - Clinical implications. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-162.
Original and Relaxed Control Functions

This chapter focuses on original and relaxed control functions. It describes the concept of strong and weak norms on dual spaces, and isomorphic spaces. The chapter presents the definition of abundant sets. The chapter also discusses the origin of Sobolev spaces and the identification of both distributions and other generalized functions. The idea of embedding a set of ordinary functions in a larger set, whose elements need not be functions with the same domain, appears to have originated in connection with partial differential equations, and various constructions of weak solutions gave rise to Sobolev spaces, distributions, and generalized functions. Both distributions and other generalized functions are identified with continuous linear functional on an appropriate topological vector space.
MCPIP1/Regnase-1 Restricts IL-17A– and IL-17C–Dependent Skin Inflammation

The IL-17 family cytokines IL-17A and IL-17C drive the pathogenesis of psoriatic skin inflammation, and anti-IL-17A Abs were recently approved to treat human psoriasis. Little is known about mechanisms that restrain IL-17 cytokine-mediated signaling, particularly IL-17C. In this article, we show that the endoribonuclease MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1; also known as regnase-1) is markedly upregulated in human psoriatic skin lesions. Similarly, MCPIP1 was overexpressed in the imiquimod (IMQ)-driven mouse model of cutaneous inflammation. Mice with an MCPIP1 deficiency (Zc3h12a+/-) displayed no baseline skin inflammation, but they showed exacerbated pathology following IMQ treatment. Pathology in Zc3h12a+/- mice was associated with elevated expression of IL-17A- and IL-17C-dependent genes, as well as with increased accumulation of neutrophils in skin. However, IL-17A and IL-17C expression was unaltered, suggesting that the increased inflammation in Zc3h12a+/- mice was due to enhanced downstream IL-17R signaling. Radiation chimeras demonstrated that MCPIP1 in nonhematopoietic cells is responsible for controlling skin pathology. Moreover, Zc3h12a+/-Il17ra-/- mice given IMQ showed almost no disease. To identify which IL-17RA ligand was essential, Zc3h12a+/-Il17a-/- and Zc3h12a+/-Il17c-/- mice were given IMQ; these mice had reduced but not fully abrogated pathology, indicating that MCPIP1 inhibits IL-17A and IL-17C signaling. Confirming this hypothesis, Zc3h12a-/- keratinocytes showed increased responsiveness to IL-17A and IL-17C stimulation. Thus, MCPIP1 is a potent negative regulator of psoriatic skin inflammation through IL-17A and IL-17C. Moreover, to our knowledge, MCPIP1 is the first described negative regulator of IL-17C signaling.
Intergeneric hybridization between Sinapis alba and Brassica napus

Researchers have conclusively shown that Sinapis alba (commonly known as yellow mustard) has many agronomic traits which would be beneficial if transferred to rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). S. alba is resistant or tolerant to all major insect pests of Brassica crops in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. It is also tolerant of high temperatures and drought stress, is shatter resistant and capable of high seed yield without the need for insecticides and herbicides. However, S. alba is considerably lower in oil content and lacks the high oil quality and seed meal quality of rapeseed (i.e. canola). This paper describes a combination of ovary culture and embryo rescue techniques used to develop fertile hybrid plants from the intergeneric cross between S. alba and B. napus . The hybrids were intermediate between both parents for presence of trichomes, leaf shape and color, seed size, pod shape, and seed oil content; showing expression of traits from both parental species. Hybrid plant tissue and seed contained all types of glucosinolate that exists in either B. napus or S. alba, at the same or higher level to the parental species. These hybrid crosses offer the potential for combining the desirable oil and glucosinolate qualities of B. napus with insect and disease resistance characters of S. alba.
Tibial tubercle osteotomy: A biomechanical comparison of two techniques

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified step-cut tibial tubercle osteotomy (Maquet–Fulkerson hybrid) might produce comparable or better results than a standard oblique anteromedialization tibial tubercle osteotomy (Fulkerson type) and thus warrant the surgical need for additional cuts. Methods Six pairs of cadaveric knees were evaluated prior to and after tibial tubercle osteotomies. Simulation was done via a shallow knee bend simulator through 20 to 70° of knee flexion for the intact specimens and following the surgical procedures. The variables tested were trochlear contact forces and pressures and patellar motion. Results Testing showed a decreased force (P=0.027), peak contact pressure (P=0.01) and contact area (P=0.034) on the lateral trochlea of the femur for both types of osteotomies. There was no significant difference in the lateral femoral peak pressure or in the medial femoral peak pressure between the oblique cut and the step-cut. Also, there was no difference in patellar motion after either procedure. Conclusion We conclude that both osteotomies decrease lateral patellofemoral trochlear pressure. The oblique osteotomy may decrease lateral pressure to a greater extent. Regarding biomechanical testing, there was no demonstrable advantage to performing a step-cut osteotomy.
PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES OF STATIN SIDE EFFECTS AND WILLINGNESS TO BE RE-CHALLENGED ON A STATIN: DATA FROM THE REASONS FOR GEOGRAPHIC AND RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN STROKE (REGARDS) STUDY

Background: Studies in select populations have shown that individuals who discontinue statins due to side effects can be successfully re-challenged. Methods: We determined the prevalence and correlates of side effects experienced among REGARDS study participants who completed a statin use survey.
How Does Applied STEM Coursework Relate to Mathematics and Science Self-Efficacy among High School Students? Evidence from a National Sample.

Over the past decade, CTE has been highlighted as a means of promoting college and career readiness for high school students. Applied STEM coursework is a promising area of high school study that has particular relevance in the technologically progressive world of today. Previous research has illustrated that applied STEM coursework in high school is associated with a number of positive educational outcomes. Importantly, no previous empirical investigation has examined the relationship between applied STEM coursework and students’ reported levels of math and science self-efficacy, two important harbingers of academic ability and success. Consequently, the current study used nationally representative data to explore applied STEM coursework participation and self-efficacy. Results indicated that applied STEM coursework was predictive of increases in both math and science self-efficacy, except among females and students with disabilities (SWDs). Implications for policy are discussed.
Social Construction and Racial Identities

Race was socially constructed through colonialism and global development affects poor nonwhite populations. Within US society, technologies of race and racism and individual racial identities, including mixed race, reproduce racial divisions and status. When segregation and marriage laws kept racial divisions in place through state force, custom now takes their place. Both monoracial identities and mixed ones, require constant internal dialogue, with or without external group support. Pragmatic and accommodationist approaches to racism allow nonwhites to live within racist systems by avoiding conflict. Politicized racial identities are forms of resistance. Racial eliminativism, based on the biological emptiness of race, is an ineffective social project and some scholars seek to retain minimal biological race.
Clinical Features of Thymus Pathology

Thymus pathology embraces a broad spectrum of features, varying from major immunologic abnormalities affecting all organ systems to minor abnormalities with limited clinical consequences. Some individuals with thymus pathology may have all the features of the disease while others may have only a few features. In this chapter we will review clinical features of common thymus pathologies. Tables 7.1 and 7.2 list the localized and systemic symptoms due to mediastinal tumors [1].
P-Type Pumps: Copper Pump

Cu-transporting ATPases or Cu pumps are essential for normal homeostasis of all living organisms. Their activity is required for microbial pathogenicity, pheromone sensing by plants, neuronal activity in mammals, and many other physiological processes. Cu pumps transport copper from the cytosol across membranes to maintain copper balance and deliver copper cofactor to cuproenzymes. Genetic mutations in human Cu pumps result in severe disorders, Menkes disease, and Wilson's disease. This article describes the biological roles of Cu pumps, discusses the structure and mechanism of Cu pumps in comparison to other P-type ATPases, and summarizes the current data on Cu pump regulation.
Iodine Deficiency and its Prevention

The effects of iodine deficiency on the growth and development of a population that can be prevented by correction of iodine deficiency, denoted by the term ‘iodine deficiency disorders’ (IDD), are evident at all stages including particularly the fetus, the neonate, and in infancy, which are the vulnerable periods of rapid brain growth. WHO estimates the global population at risk to be in excess of 2 billion from 130 countries including the most populous, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and Nigeria. This global scourge is being met by a UN global elimination program using iodized salt.
Tumors of the Brain and the Spinal Cord

Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities have led to some improvement in survival and better quality of life in patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors that vary from benign to malignant and from primary to metastatic. Advances in molecular biology are providing better prognostic and predictive markers that can help in designing and predicting response to treatment of CNS tumors. Targeting therapy that has led to increase in survival of patients with several other tumors has started to show some benefit when included in treating patients with CNS tumors.
The Acquisition of the Passive

This chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the major studies and generative theories on the acquisition of the passive, long thought to be delayed in child language. The chapter begins with a discussion of the potential problems faced by the child in the acquisition of the passive, including frequency, syntactic synonyms, thematic role reversal, etc. Section 2 presents the seminal experimental studies which establish the backbone of our understanding of this delay in the passive. The various theoretical treatments of this delay are discussed in Sect. 3, along with the relevant evidence for and against these theories. The chapter closes with a review of more recent developments which include the use of novel methodologies and advancements on old methodologies, all of which indicate that the delay in the acquisition of the passive may be less severe and/or of a different nature than previously thought.
Scan-Converting Methods

In a raster-scan system, two steps are necessary in order to display a geometric figure: (1) an algorithm should be executed to select the best pixels (the ones closest to the ideal figure) and (2) the selected pixels should be turned on.