cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The marking of grammatical relations in Swahili

This paper investigates the place of Swahili within a typological classification based on the morphological marking of grammatical relations as proposed by Nichols [1986]. Within Nichols' classification, Bantu languages are considered to be "split-marked" because the grammatical marking of a member of a clausal constituent is on the head while, in a phrase, the marking is on the dependent member. Although select clauses and phrases from Swahili support Nichols' claim, a closer examination of the data reveals an interesting variety of morphosyntactic marking in Swahili as well as in two other Bantu languages, Kikuyu and Chewa. Function words playa key role in marking genitive, instrumental, and locative relations in these languages. Function words also regularly occur as markers of object noun phrases with animate referents. Moreover, instrumental, locative, applicative, and some accusative relations in Swahili show considerable flexibility with respect to head- and non-head-marking.
FDG PET Scan Alone Better Predicts Progression Free Survival at 2 Years Compared to CT Imaging in Aggressive Histology Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Following Initial Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy.

Abstract Background: CT imaging has routinely been used for assessing therapy response in most malignancies including Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma (NHL). The presence of residual tumor is generally categorized using the International Workshop Criteria from CT imaging and bone marrow biopsies for assessing response after treatment. CT imaging has limitations in assessment of response to therapy in NHL with false positive results due to residual masses having viable tumor cells in less than 20% and the remainder being fibrosis or necrosis. In addition false negative CT results are seen due to viable tumor cells in nodes measuring less than 1.5 cm in size. F-18 FDG PET scans provide metabolic imaging of viable tumor cells due to uptake and retention of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose preferentially in malignant cells. Method: Forty-eight patients with aggressive NHL having completed anthracycline-based chemotherapy had the post therapy FDG PET scans and CT scans reviewed by experienced readers blinded from the comparison scan and from the clinical history. PET scans were read as positive or negative for abnormal FDG consistent with residual viable tumor and the CT was read as positive or negative for nodes greater than 1.5 cm in diameter. Records were reviewed for tumor histology and evidence of tumor relapse with a median follow-up of 35 months. Results: The FDG PET and CT imaging prediction of PFS at 2 years had positive predictive values of 67% and 38%, negative predictive values of 88% and 78%, and accuracy of 81% and 50% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the FDG PET scan was 71% and 82% for predicting disease progression within 2 years from beginning treatment. Conclusion: FDG PET imaging was compared with CT imaging done after completing initial chemotherapy for aggressive NHL and demonstrated superior prediction of tumor response status at 2 years. These results indicate that FDG PET imaging should be combined with bone marrow biopsy for restaging aggressive NHL after completion of chemotherapy. The use of FDG PET is more accurate and should replace response assessment by CT imaging in most pateints with aggressive NHL following treatment.
Child welfare practice: An African-centered approach

From its inception, the U.S. child welfare system can be characterized as a parallel system, primarily delineated by race. A formal system was created for White children by White social reformers, ...
Skewed Straintronic Magnetotunneling-Junction-Based Ternary Content-Addressable Memory—Part II

This paper presents a ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM) cell based on a skewed straintronic magnetotunneling junction (MTJ) switch. A straintronic magnetotunneling junction (s-MTJ) is a three-terminal switch, where the resistance between two of the terminals switches when a potential is applied to the third (gate) terminal that induces strain in the magnetostrictive free-layer. An s-MTJ is a highly energy-efficient switch that would dissipate only ~aJ of energy during switching. This paper discusses a novel variant of s-MTJ, namely skewed s-MTJ (ss-MTJ), where the MTJ switching can be controlled by two gate terminals. The current through an ss-MTJ is minimum when the potentials at the first and second gate terminals ( ${V}_{2}$ and ${V}_{3}$ , respectively) obey the relation ${V}_{3} = {V}_{2}+{V}_{F}$ . Here, ${V}_{F}$ is a fixed voltage (“offset voltage”). Current in an ss-MTJ increases steeply when ${V}_{2}$ and ${V}_{3}$ deviate from the above “match” condition. This unconventional ${I}$ – ${V}$ characteristic of an ss-MTJ is exploited to design a non-Boolean TCAM cell based on just one transistor, one trench capacitor, and one ss-MTJ. We also discuss search and write operations in the ss-MTJ-TCAM cell, and show that the cell requires very small voltages to operate because of the unique ${I}$ – ${V}$ characteristics of the ss-MTJ.
Variability in hematology of white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) in different living environments

Elasmobranch hematology continues to reveal new peculiarities within this specialized field. This report compares total hematologic values from the same white-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) housed in different environments. We compared the hemograms one year apart, using a standardized Natt-Herrick's technique. The total white blood cell (WBC) counts of the sharks were statistically different between the two time points (initial median total WBC count = 18,920 leukocytes/μl, SD = 8,108; 1 year later total WBC count = 1,815 leukocytes/μl, SD = 1,309). The packed cell volumes were additionally found to be statistically different (19%, SD = 2.9 vs. 22%, SD = 2.0). Analysis revealed the only differences between the time points were the temperature and stocking densities at which these sharks were housed. This report emphasizes the need for a thorough understanding of the husbandry of an elasmobranch prior to interpretation of a hemogram and suggests that reference intervals should be created for each environment.
Material Removal and Thermal Impact of Femtosecond-Laser Polishing for Germanium-Based Freeform Optics

Femtosecond laser-germanium interaction was simulated to predict the thermal impact of laser processing parameters. Initial experimental processing was carried out to investigate predicted thermal impact on germanium material removal and surface quality.
Modeling Collective Animal Movement Through Interactions in Behavioral States

Animal movement often exhibits changing behavior because animals often alternate between exploring, resting, feeding, or other potential states. Changes in these behavioral states are often driven by environmental conditions or the behavior of nearby individuals. We propose a model for dependence among individuals’ behavioral states. We couple this state switching with complex discrete-time animal movement models to analyze a large variety of animal movement types. To demonstrate this method of capturing dependence, we study the movements of ants in a nest. The behavioral interaction structure is combined with a spatially varying stochastic differential equation model to allow for spatially and temporally heterogeneous collective movement of all ants within the nest. Our results reveal behavioral tendencies that are related to nearby individuals, particularly the queen, and to different locations in the nest.
Open Educational Resources in the Health Sciences

Open Educational Resources (OER) are materials that are free to use for teaching and learning. For an educational resource to qualify as OER, it must be licensed not just for no-cost access but also for reuse, adaptation, and remixing. OER can encompass many kinds of educational materials, including lecture slides and notes, textbooks, images, videos, question banks, and interactive tutorials. In the health sciences, there have been a range of efforts to produce high-quality learning resources, especially in the area of global health. This chapter provides an explanation of OER and the copyright licenses that facilitate it, a brief history of OER in the health sciences, and a summary of some of the main benefits and challenges of creating and adopting OER.
Lost and Damaged: Environmental Racism, Climate Justice, and Conflict in the Pacific

Pacific Island Nations are at great risk from climate change impacts such as storms and sea level rise. In the next century, they face the possibility of losing their homes and land, and having to relocate elsewhere; though questions of to where, how, and when remain open. To better understand these uncertain futures, we look to the past for answers on how these precarious circumstances have come about, examining the contribution of racist colonialism to environmental destruction and climate vulnerability. Telling the story of two islands—Nauru and Banaba—we imagine how it may be possible to begin approaching climate justice through international policy. Thus far, climate negotiations at the international scale have failed to meet the needs of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable. However, we see a possibility for just futures with the incorporation of a mechanism on loss and damage that must hold countries accountable for their destructive pasts.
Nutritional Disorders of the Nervous System

Nutritional deficiency can affect the structural, functional, and biochemical integrity of the nervous system in the same manner as it does the structural, functional, and biochemical integrity of the body’s other organ systems. The nervous system does, however, tend to be more resistant to the effects of malnutrition than are other systems, presenting clinical manifestations only when extreme nutritional depletion has been present for some time.
Emotions in Educational Administration: An Unorthodox Examination of Teachers’ Career Decisions

This chapter explores the emotions involved in teachers’ development or teachers’ career commitments in times of flux. More specifically, it explores the emotions of secondary and elementary male and female teachers who have been asked about their administrative leadership aspirations. The sociology of knowledge reveals certain shifting definitional parameters with notions of gender and emotions. This seems to be due primarily to normative, conventional social biases and socio-historical constructs that are attributable to each of these domains. The boundaries and borders of these constructs within education are clarified in the following discussion of their implications as they relate to male and female teachers’ aspirations for administrative roles (or lack thereof) and the emotions related to these career aspirations. The teachers’ responses encouraged this researcher to consider the following questions: What do emotions of teachers faced with a leadership choice look like? How do these emotions play out (i.e., positively or negatively) among teachers? What kinds of leadership issues do teachers become emotional about? Are there any differences or variations in emotional responses between men and women?
Embedding Coordinates for the Well-Dressed Quark

Traditional lore holds that there is only one way to represent local symmetry, leading to practically unique gauge theories. However there is more than one path to local symmetry. Here I discuss expressing the theory of dressed quarks, gluons and other particles using new variables. The gauge sector is expressed with fields eaμ which transform homogeneously like matter fields under the gauge group. Consistency requires further embedding in a larger global group. Many interesting topics of gauge theories, from the elementary nature of the Coulomb field to magnetic monopoles, serve as illustrations. Geometrical invariants forbidden in the standard coordinates become available in the new approach. I argue that these are natural, and useful, in the description of an effective theory. For example, in a covariant derivative expansion, one can express a massively propagating gauge invariant effective theory in four space-time dimensions.
Intracardiac multimorbidity: assessing right ventricular function in left-sided heart failure through cardiopulmonary exercise testing

Left-sided heart failure (HF) is a complex chronic syndrome that affects multiple physiologic systems and continues to carry a poor prognosis. In addition to primary pathophysiology, a majority of ...
The Declining Role of Organic Matter in New England Salt Marshes

The Northeast USA is experiencing severe impacts of a changing climate, including increased winter temperatures and accelerated relative sea level rise (RSLR). The sediment-poor, organic-rich nature of many Southern New England salt marshes makes them particularly vulnerable to these changes. In order to assess how marsh accretion has changed over time, we returned to Narragansett Bay, RI where salt marsh vertical accretion rates were documented almost 30 years ago. Using radionuclide tracers (210Pb and 137Cs), we observe no significant change in overall accretion rates (0.27–0.69 cm year−1) compared to historical averages (0.24–0.60 cm year−1), but we document a shift in how these marshes maintain elevation. Organic matter now plays a smaller role in contributing to vertical accretion across all study sites, declining by 22 % on average. We attribute this reduction to potentially higher decomposition rates fueled by higher water temperature. Inorganic matter also contributes less to accretion (declining by 44 % on average at marshes located more internal to the estuary), likely due to diminishing sediment supply in this region. With organic and inorganic solids accounting for less of the total accretion, several of the marshes are experiencing symptoms of swelling, with water and porespace contributing more towards accretion compared to historical values. Accretion rates (0.27–0.45 cm year−1) at these organic-rich (>40 % sediment organic matter) marshes are predominantly lower than the current (30 years) rate of RSLR (0.41 ± 0.07 cm year−1). These results, combined with the increased rate of RSLR and the hardened shorelines inhibiting landward migration, call into question the long-term survivability of these marshes.
Dicyanometalates as Building Blocks for Multinuclear Iron(II) Spin-Crossover Complexes

A synthetic strategy featuring dicyanometalates [M(CN)2]- (M = Ag, Au) as N-coordinating ditopic linkers connecting partially blocked FeII centers has been employed to produce heterometallic hexanuclear complexes, which exhibit spin-crossover (SCO) behavior at the FeII sites. The reaction between tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (tpma)-capped FeII ions and [Ag(CN)2]- proceeded with partial decomposition of the dicyanoargentate and led to the formation of {[Fe(tpma)]4(μ-CN)2[μ-Ag(CN)2]2}(ClO4)4·3H2O (1), in which both [Ag(CN)2]- and CN- act as bridging ligands, and the opposite [Ag(CN)2]- bridges are engaged in a pronounced argentophilic d10-d10 interaction. In an analogous synthesis, the more stable [Au(CN)2]- species remained intact and furnished the complex {[Fe(tpma)]2[μ-Au2(CN)4]2} (2), which features two FeII centers bridged by two [Au2(CN)4]2- dimers. The use of S,S'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-thioethane (bpte) as a mixed-donor, N2S2-coordinating capping ligand yielded {[Fe(bpte)]2[μ-Au2(CN)4]2} (3), with a structure analogous to that of 2. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed that complexes 1-3 exhibit an onset of SCO above 350 K. Measurements above 400 K further confirmed the occurrence of a gradual spin-state conversion for complex 2.
Synthesis of Spirocyclic Indoles by Interruption of the Bischler—Napieralski Reaction.

Treatment of N-acyltryptamines with triflic anhydride and 2-chloropyridine generates spiroindoleninium ions which undergo inter- or intramolecular addition at C2 by nucleophiles.
Concept and Model of Recovery

This chapter first distinguishes between two concepts of recovery currently at play in psychiatry, one based on a medical/clinical perspective of complete remission of symptoms and impairments and one based on a personal/experiential perspective of living a meaningful life in the face of an ongoing disability. The findings of a recent meta-analysis on the nature of this second, personal, model of recovery are then described, outlining five key processes of social connection, hope and optimism about the future, reconstructing a positive sense of personal and social identity, finding meaning in life, and becoming empowered in one’s care and in one’s life. Finally, the implications of each component of this model for transforming clinical practice are considered. The chapter concludes that while substantial progress has been made in shifting mental health policy toward a recovery orientation, and in developing and expanding self-help/mutual support and peer support interventions, a broader and deeper transformation of routine clinical practice remains largely a task for the future.
Total knee arthroplasty following intramedullary tibial nailing.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the setting of previous periarticular hardware increases resource utilization, readmissions, complications, and revision rates. Despite the frequency of intramedullary nail (IMN) fixation for tibial fractures, little guidance exists on the management of these patients and no series have reported on outcomes of patients undergoing TKA in the setting of a retained or removed IMN. This is a retrospective case series of patients who underwent TKA after IMN fixation of tibial fractures. Patient and case data, including need for hardware removal, staged vs non-staged procedures, operative time, and need for revision implants, were recorded. Postoperative data, including complications and revision, were recorded. Oxford Knee Score (OKS) was performed at follow-up. Nine patients were identified consisting of eight women and one man. Follow-up ranged from 0.8–13 years. Non-staged removal of the intramedullary hardware occurred in three cases that had increased operative lengths recorded. There were no complications related to wound healing or infection. No patients required revision. Two of the three patients who underwent non-staged TKA developed arthrofibrosis requiring manipulation. OKS scores in patients who underwent non-staged surgery were consistently low. Conversion TKA after tibial IMN fixation can result in satisfying outcomes in many patients. However, intramedullary hardware presents challenges to TKA similar to more extensively studied conversion TKA scenarios. Removing hardware in either a staged or non-staged fashion results in increased resource utilization and imparts perioperative challenges with only theoretical benefits of one approach compared to the other. Increased stiffness may be associated with a non-staged approach to hardware removal and TKA. Several technical factors may permit component positioning without removal of hardware. Despite limitations, this is the first series to discuss this challenging clinical scenario and provides surgeons with technical guidance and data on operative outcomes.
John Violet: radiation oncologist and physician scientist who pioneered targeted radionuclide therapy for prostate cancer

Photo credit: Imogen Violet In every hospital—every lucky one, that is—there is a doctor who has a reputation for staying late to talk with patients, giving them as much information and time as they need to absorb and understand their diagnosis and treatment options. At the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Melbourne, Australia, the radiation oncologist John Violet was that doctor. Violet was known as much for his empathy as his tireless quest to develop a new generation of tailored cancer treatments and his profound respect for the autonomy of patients he recruited into trials. There was also more than a whiff of the Renaissance man about him. An acclaimed photographer with a love of cityscapes, he came to work dressed in purple three piece suits, with a fountain pen and leather briefcase, carrying off what one of his colleagues called a “slightly bonkers magician fashion look” with aplomb. He was an avid traveller, a connoisseur of food, wine, interior design, and 1980s rock music, and a devoted father who was at his happiest when singing along to Queen to the delight of his two young daughters. Violet was just three years old when his father—a beloved …
Association of birth mode of delivery with infant faecal microbiota, potential pathobionts, and short chain fatty acids: a longitudinal study over the first year of life.

OBJECTIVE Caesarean section (CS) interrupts mother-to-newborn microbial transfer at birth. Beyond the neonatal period, the impact of CS on offspring gut microbiota and their short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unclear. Here, we examine birth delivery mode (CS versus vaginal delivery) with the infant gut microbiota and faecal SCFAs measured 3 and 12 months after birth. DESIGN Longitudinal study. SETTING North Carolina. POPULATION In 2013-15, we enrolled pregnant women and followed up their offspring for 12 months. We asked a subset of participants, enrolled over a 3-month period, to provide faecal samples at the 3- and 12-month follow-up visits. METHODS AND MAIN OUTCOMES We sequenced the 16S rRNA V4 region with Illumina MiSeq and quantified SCFA concentrations using gas chromatography. We examined delivery mode with differential abundance of microbiota amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) using beta-binomial regression and faecal SCFAs using linear regression. We adjusted models for confounders. RESULTS Of the 70 infants in our sample, 25 (36%) were delivered by CS. Compared with vaginal delivery, CS was associated with differential abundance of 14 infant bacterial ASVs at 3 months and 13 ASVs at 12 months (all FDR P < 0.05). Of note, CS infants had a higher abundance of the potential pathobionts Clostridium neonatale (P = 0.04) and Clostridium perfringens (P = 0.04) and a lower abundance of potentially beneficial Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp. (both P < 0.05) at 3 months. Other ASVs were differentially abundant at 12 months. Infants delivered by CS also had higher faecal butyrate concentration at 3 months (P < 0.005) but not at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Caesarean section was associated with increased butyrate excretion, decreased Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp., and more colonisation of the infant gut by pathobionts at 3 months of age. CS was also associated with altered gut microbiota composition, but not faecal SCFAs, at 12 months. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Caesarean section delivery was associated with increased butyrate excretion, decreased Bifidobacterium, and increased colonisation of the infant gut by pathobionts at 3 months of age.
Nocturnal hemodialysis

With the increasing number of patients with end stage renal disease comes an increasingly urgent need for renal replacement therapy that is both clinically effective and cost effective. This article explores some of the advantages of nocturnal hemodialysis as well as some of the barriers to its use.
Differential responses of AMD mitochondrial DNA haplogroups to PU-91, a mitochondria-targeting drug.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dysfunction and variation in mtDNA haplogroups play a key role in the etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). This study examined the response(s) of AMD ARPE-19 transmitochondrial cybrids having U, K, and J mtDNA haplogroups to treatment with a mitochondria-targeting PU-91 drug. PU-91 exerts its cytoprotective effects by upregulating PGC-1α (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha) which is a primary regulator of the mitochondrial biogenesis pathway. The effects of PU-91 drug were determined using cell-based assays and gene expression analyses. Our study revealed that AMD cybrids with different mtDNA haplogroups i.e., U, K, J haplogroups respond differentially to PU-91 drug treatment; and that the PU-91 drug increases viable cell number, improves mitochondrial health, and protects AMD cybrids against oxidative stress across the board irrespective of their haplogroup variation. This study suggests that mtDNA haplogroups may contribute to the differential responses of AMD cybrid cells to PU-91 drug in vitro and may also influence AMD patients’ responses to drug treatment.
Promoting Peace with Information: Transparency as a Tool of Security Regimes

List of Tables ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi Chapter One: Promoting Peace with Information 1 Chapter Two: Theory, Methods, and Case Selection 17 Chapter Three: The Concert of Europe: Forum Diplomacy and Crisis Management 55 Chapter Four: The United Nations Force in Cyprus 86 Chapter Five: The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force in the Golan Heights 118 Chapter Six: The United Nations Transition Assistance Group for Namibia 142 Chapter Seven: The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 155 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 180 Appendix A: Information Operations in Recent U.N. Peacekeeping Missions 197 Appendix B: Insights on Transparency from the Open Skies, Strategic Arms Control, and Non-Proliferation Regimes 215 Bibliography 237 Index 269
Forward Shadow Mapping

Forward shadow mapping is a new approach to real-time shadow generation. The traditional shadow map algorithm maps the pixels in the eye’s view backward into the depth buffers of light sources (i.e. shadow maps), which is similiar to and often implemented as an extension to texture mapping. Our algorithm reverses this process by using 3-D image warping techniques to transform shadow map pixels forward into the eye’s view to directly indicate which pixels are lit; it does not interfere with normal texture mapping and easily supports antialiased shadow edges and projective textures. Access to shadow maps and projective textures is in pixel-sequential order. This algorithm has advantages when speed of texture mapping becomes the performance bottleneck, which is often the case in visual simulation and game applications.
PROTECTIONISM AND PROPERTY RIGHTS: COASIAN BARGAINING AND DEBT‐FOR‐NATURE SWAPS

Debt-for-nature swaps (DNSs) are a method of simultaneously addressing debt problems in developing countries and protecting environmentally-sensitive tracts of land and forests. The number and scope of DNSs declined after a flurry of activity in the early to mid-1990s. While a number of problems have been identified that may have contributed to this pattern the literature has ignored the role that weakly defined and enforced property rights may play. DNSs are interpreted as Coasian bargains and an explanation for their decline based upon property rights, transactions costs, and competitive bidding is advanced.
Anisotropy of optical absorption in wurtzite-phase Zn0.85Mn0.15S.

Optical-absorption results on single-crystal samples of wurtzite-phase ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.85}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.15}$S are reported. Five absorption bands associated with the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ intraion transition are seen. Polarization results for the four lowest bands are found to be similar to previous observations in wurtzite-phase ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathrm{x}}$Se, indicating systematic polarization in the Zn-based dilute magnetic semiconductors.
Raynaud's Phenomenon

Raynaud's phenomenon may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary. Primary Raynaud's phenomenon is very common in young women, especially in cool climates. Treatment of patients with primary disease is usually much more successful than treatment of patients with secondary disease. Most patients respond to conservative measures. Reassurance that they will not lose digits or limbs is helpful. They should avoid instigating vasospastic attacks, which are usually caused by cold plus pressure on the digits. Reflex sympathetic vasoconstriction can be avoided by wearing warm clothing, including hats. Mittens are more protective than gloves, which separate the fingers. Many patients find chemical hand and foot warmers very useful. Pavlovian conditioning and biofeedback may be helpful if the patient is willing to spend the time. Underlying disease should be treated or instigating causes avoided in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. In the more severe cases of primary Raynaud's phenomenon as well as in secondary cases, drug therapy is often beneficial. Calcium entry blockers have yielded the best results. Forms of nifedipine with extended action should be prescribed; felodipine or isradipine can be tried if nifedipine cannot be tolerated owing to frequent side effects. When these drugs fail or are not tolerated, sympatholytic drugs (eg, prazosin, reserpine, guanethidine) have benefited some patients. We have not found nitroglycerin preparations to be of benefit. In severe digital ischemia that does not respond to drug therapy, digital artery sympathectomy may help heal digital ulcers. Cervicodorsal sympathectomy is not recommended for upper extremity symptoms, but lumbosacral sympathectomy will often cure vasospastic attacks of the toes.
The Effective Permeability of Cracks and Interfaces in Porous Media

The presence of interfaces in fluid/solid biphasic media is known to strongly influence their behavior both in terms of solid deformation and fluids flow. Mathematical models have traditionally represented these interfaces as lines of no-thickness and whose behavior is given in terms of effective permeabilities whose physical meaning is often disconnected to the microscopic nature of the interface. This article aims to reconcile macroscopic and microscopic interface representations by investigating how the nature of microscopic flows and pressures in the interface can be used to explain its macroscopic behavior. By invoking a proper thickness average operation, we derive an closed form expression that relates the effective interfaces permeabilities to its microscopic properties. In particular, we find that the effective interface permeabilities are strongly influenced by three factors: the ratio of bulk and interface permeabilities, the fluid viscosity, and the physical thickness of the interface.
Retrieval by Other Procurement Teams Provides Favorable Lung Transplantation Outcome

Abstract Background . During the last 4 years, we have increasingly used lungs retrieved by other procurement teams. We therefore investigated whether the use of those lungs affected the outcome of lung transplantation. Methods . We analyzed the results of 159 consecutive lung transplantations performed at our institution between July 1, 1992, and December 31, 1995. The transplants were divided into three groups: distant donor lungs retrieved by our team (DB group, n=68); distant donor lungs retrieved by other teams (DX group, n=46); and local donor lungs retrieved by our team (LB group, n=44). One transplantation with a local donor lung retrieved by another team was excluded from the analysis. Results . No significant differences were noted between the three groups in alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient immediately after transplantation (DB group, 359 ± 18 mm Hg; DX group, 329 ± 23 mm Hg; LB group, 327 ± 20 mm Hg) and at 24 hours; days on ventilator; days in the intensive care unit; length of hospital stay; 30-day mortality; and actuarial 1-year survival (DB group, 81%; DX group, 87%; LB group, 89%). Conclusions . The use of donor lungs retrieved by other teams achieves an equivalently satisfactory outcome after lung transplantation as lungs retrieved by our team.
Simulation of a sea ice ecosystem using a hybrid model for slush layer desalination

[1] Porous, slushy layers are a common feature of Antarctic sea ice and are often colonized by high concentrations of algae. Despite its potential importance to the physics and biogeochemistry of the sea ice ecosystem, current knowledge of the evolution of sea ice slush layers is limited. Here we present a model of sea ice that is capable of reproducing the vertical biophysical evolution of sea ice that contains slush layers. The model uses a novel hybrid desalination scheme to calculate salt fluxes and brine motion during freezing using one of two different methods depending on the brine fraction of the ice. Model runs using atmospheric and snow depth forcing from the Ice Station Weddell experiment show that model is able to simulate the magnitude and timing of sea ice temperature, salinity, and associated algal growth of observed slush layers, as well as the surrounding sea ice. The model was designed with regional-scale simulations in mind and we show that the model performs well at lower vertical resolutions, as long as the slush layer is resolved. Incorporation of our model of slush ice desalination into regional and global simulations has potential to improve model estimates of salt, heat, and biochemical fluxes in polar marine environments.
Cultured primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (hfRPE) as a model for evaluating RPE metabolism.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been shown to contribute to age-related and proliferative retinal diseases. Over the past decade, the primary human fetal RPE (hfRPE) culture model has emerged as an effective tool for studying RPE function and mechanisms of retinal diseases. This model system has been rigorously characterized and shown to closely resemble native RPE cells at the genomic and protein level, and that they are capable of accomplishing the characteristic functions of a healthy native RPE (e.g., rod phagocytosis, ion and fluid transport, and retinoid cycle). In this review, we demonstrated that the metabolic activity of the RPE is an indicator of its health and state of differentiation, and present the hfRPE culture model as a valuable in vitro system for evaluating RPE metabolism in the context of RPE differentiation and retinal disease.
Effect of pioglitazone on biochemical indices of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in upper body obesity☆

Abstract Background & Aims:: The aim of our study is to report our observations on the change in liver function tests of volunteers receiving pioglitazone as part of a study of its effects on fatty acid metabolism. Treatment with other thiazolidinediones has been reported to ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese and diabetic humans, but whether pioglitazone has similar effects has not been reported. Methods:: Five of 20 upper body obese volunteers (10 men, 10 premenopausal women) had abnormal baseline liver enzymes (3 had ultrasonographic evidence of hepatic steatosis). All volunteers were treated with 30 mg pioglitazone per day for 18 ± 0.4 weeks. Body composition, blood lipids, and insulin sensitivity (intravenous glucose tolerance test) were assessed at baseline and after pioglitazone treatment. Results:: During pioglitazone treatment, the liver enzyme abnormalities uniformly improved in subjects with evidence of NAFLD, primarily during the first 2 months. Some parameters of insulin sensitivity improved when measured after 18 weeks of pioglitazone treatment. Liver function tests remained normal in the 15 volunteers without evidence of NAFLD. Conclusions:: Liver function studies improved in obese volunteers with NAFLD during pioglitazone treatment. Although the nature of our observations does not prove a cause and effect relationship between pioglitazone treatment and improvement in liver enzymes, the time course and magnitude of improvement we observed may facilitate future research into thiazolidinedione treatment of NAFLD.
An Attitude Scale on Accepting Negro Students

A Thurstone-type scale of 20 items was constructed for the purpose of measuring attitudes among the all-white students of a Southern college for women oln the lhypothetical question of accepting a Negro student. The scale items appear, on the whole, to meet the statistical specifications in regard to consistency of response and "equal intervals" as usually defined for tests of this sort. When the scale was administered to 280 students out of a student body of 504, Southernl students were found to be significantly more opposed than border and Northern students. Freshmen were more opposed than older students, but at only the .10 level of confidence.
LACK OF RECRUITMENT OF ANTIBODY FORMING CELLS DURING THE LATE HAEMAGGLUTININ RESPONSE.

IMMUNOLOGICAL memory and high concentrations of serum antibody are maintained for many months in animals immunized with various types of antigen1–2. One proposed mechanism for this lengthy immunity is that persisting antigen3 continuously triggers immune progenitor cells to form new antibody producing cells and memory cells to replace dying ones. Recent evidence, however, suggests that immunological memory may not require persistence of antigen4–5. Similarly, our results show that continued antigenic stimulation is not necessary for sustained haemagglutinin production late in the immune response.
Layered coded vs. multiple description coded video over error-prone networks

Layered (LC) and multiple description coding (MDC) have been proposed as source coding techniques that are robust to channel errors for video transmission. LC and MDC have similar characteristics: they both generate multiple sub-bitstreams, and it is permissible to drop some portion of the data from the sub-bitstreams during transmission for both methods. However, they are different in the sense that the sub-bitstreams for LC have different levels of importance while all sub-bitstreams for MDC are equally important. Since these two encoding techniques have similar properties, some performance comparisons between LC and MDC have recently been reported. However, these studies are still not conclusive because several scenarios have not been carefully considered. Furthermore, they have been performed in different environments. In this paper, we further investigate the error-resilience capabilities of these two encoding techniques through extensive experimentation. Although some of our conclusions agree with those in the literature, we believe that this paper provides the most comprehensive performance comparison yet between LC and MDC.
Supply chain management practices in small retailers

Purpose – The aim of this research is to investigate the adoption and implementation of SCM practices by small retail firms. Past research has established the benefits of SCM practices on performance of large enterprises, but the impact of these practices on small retailers merits attention due to the importance of this sector in the economy and organizational difference due to scale.Design/methodology/approach – A survey instrument based on existing scales is developed and distributed to small retailers in Upstate New York. A total of 79 valid responses were received. A theoretical model is developed relating implementation of supply chain management practices to performance at both retail and supplier levels. The theoretical model was tested using partial least squares (PLS) methods.Findings – This research suggests that supply chain management practices are positively related to performance at both the retail and suppler levels. Moderate implementation levels of supply chain management practices are re...
Optimization of conditions for in situ hybridization and determination of the relative number of ribosomes in the cells of the mature embryo sac of maize

We have initiated experiments to understand the molecular regulation of embryo sac development in flowering plants by a study of ribosome synthesis and accumulation. Because of the very small size of the embryo sac and the large volume of ovule tissue it is embedded in, in situ hybridization with nucleic acid probes is presently the only practical method for such molecular measurements on individual cells of the embryo sac. Methods of tissue preparation, sectioning and screening of ovules for embryo sac containing sections, in situ hybridization using a ribosomal mRNA probe, and staining were optimized. Relative densities of silver grains for individual cells of the mature maize (W22) embryo sac were determined from in situ hybridizations. The silver grain counts are directly related to the numbers of ribosomes. Volumes of individual cells were determined by confocal microscope image analysis, and this permitted the calculation of the relative total numbers of ribosomes in individual cells of the embryo sac and nucellus. The central cell has a volume 260 times that of a nucellar cell at the micropylar end of the ovule, 15 times that of the egg cell, 30 times that of a synergid, and 130 times the volume of an antipodal cell. The mature maize embryo sac has 20 or more antipodal cells. The central cell has approximately 200 times the number of ribosomes as are present in a nucellar cell, about 7 times as many ribosomes as are in the egg cell, 14 times as many ribosomes as in each synergid, and about 80 times the ribosome content of individual antipodal cells. The data are discussed with respect to the utilization of the ribosomes following fertilization in the early embryo and endosperm.
Boundary data immersion method for Cartesian-grid simulations of fluid-body interaction problems

A new robust and accurate Cartesian-grid treatment for the immersion of solid bodies within a fluid with general boundary conditions is described. The new approach, the Boundary Data Immersion Method (BDIM), is derived based on a general integration kernel formulation which allows the field equations of each domain and the interfacial conditions to be combined analytically. The resulting governing equation for the complete domain preserves the behavior of the original system in an efficient Cartesian-grid method, including stable and accurate pressure values on the solid boundary. The kernel formulation allows a detailed analysis of the method, and it is demonstrated that BDIM is consistent, obtains second-order convergence relative to the kernel width, and is robust with respect to the grid and boundary alignment. Formulation for no-slip and free slip boundary conditions are derived and numerical results are obtained for the flow past a cylinder and the impact of blunt bodies through a free surface. The BDIM predictions are compared to analytic, experimental and previous numerical results confirming the properties, efficiency and efficacy of this new boundary treatment for Cartesian grid methods.
Pathology and diseases of great apes at the National Zoological Park

Knowledge of the diseases of great apes in captivity is essential for captive management of self-sustaining populations. This survey of medical and pathology records of orangutans, gorillas, and one chimpanzee at the National Zoological Park was conducted to provide a data base for improving health care of captive apes. Strongyloidiasis, balantidiasis, and entamoebiasis were recurrent problems in adult and juvenile apes of all species. Cardiac fibrosis also was prevalent in middle-aged apes and was a major cause of mortality. Bacterial infections were prevalent in perinatal orangutans and resulted in the death of two. For gorillas, rheumatoid arthritis associated with mycoplasma infections, and infertility were major problems. Because the pathogenesis of many of these lesions is unknown, survival of great ape populations in captivity may depend on future research on these problems.
Light-Weight Data Management Solutions for Visualization and Dissemination of Massive Scientific Datasets - Position Paper

Many of the `big-data' challenges today are arising from increasing computing ability, as data collected from simulations has become extremely valuable for a variety of scientific endeavors. With growing computational capabilities of parallel machines, scientific simulations are being performed at finer spatial and temporal scales, leading to a data explosion. As a specific example, the Global Cloud-Resolving Model (GCRM) currently has a grid-cell size of 4 km, and already produces 1 petabyte of data for a 10 day simulation. Future plans include simulations with a grid-cell size of 1 km, which will increase the data generation 64 folds. Finer granularity of simulation data offers both an opportunity and a challenge. On one hand, it can allow understanding of underlying phenomenon and features in a way that would not be possible with coarser granularity. On the other hand, larger datasets are extremely difficult to store, manage, disseminate, analyze, and visualize. Neither the memory capacity of parallel machines, memory access speeds, nor disk bandwidths are increasing at the same rate as computing power, contributing to the difficulty in storing, managing, and analyzing these datasets. Simulation data is often disseminated widely, through portals like the Earth System Grid (ESG), and downloaded by researchers all over the world. Such dissemination efforts are hampered by dataset size growth, as wide area data transfer bandwidths are growing at a much slower pace. Finally, while visualizing datasets, human perception is inherently limited.
Aircraft Penetration Under Cloud Cover

In regions of partial cloud cover, strategic aircraft will penetrate their attack corridors a finite distance before detection by an electro-optical sensor. Malick and Allen have quantified by geographic region the probability of an E-0 sensor establishing a track on an aircraft flying under partial cloud cover. This paper shows the importance of cloud distribution within the critical region and quantifies expected penetration distance. A statistical analysis has been developed which is based on cloud cover data from the USAF ETAC 3-DNEPH grid. Expected penetration distance before detection is presented for a variety of geographic regions, seasons, times of day and attack altitudes. Excellent detection of a raid is shown regardless of penetration altitude, and particularly cloudy attack routes are identified.
The Black–White Paradox in Health: Flourishing in the Face of Social Inequality and Discrimination

This paper reviews published research and presents new analyses from the 1995 nationally representative sample from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study to investigate whether there is support for the paradox of race and health in the United States. Findings reveal that Blacks have lower rates of several common mental disorders, but Blacks also have higher rates of flourishing than Whites. Blacks are mentally resilient in the face of greater social inequality and exposure to discrimination as well as high rates of physical morbidity--all of which are distinctive risk factors for mental distress and mental illness in the general population. Findings also show that controlling for perceived discrimination increases the Black advantage in 12 of the 13 signs of flourishing, suggesting that Blacks would have even better mental health were it not for discrimination. This paper concludes by considering what mechanisms--both adaptive and maladaptive--might explain this particular example of resilience in the Black population.
Measured and predicted noise of the AVCO-Lycoming YF-102 turbofan engine

Acoustic testing of the AVCO-Lycoming YF-102 turbofan engine was done on a static test stand in support of the quiet short-haul research aircraft acoustic design. Overall noise levels were dominated by the fan noise emanating from the exhaust duct, except at high power settings when combination tones were generated in the fan inlet. Component noise levels, calculated by noise prediction methods were in reasonable agreement with the measured results. Far-field microphones placed at ground level were found superior to those at engine centerline height, even at high frequencies.
Surgery insight: advances in endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Endovascular stent-graft repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms is a less-invasive alternative to open repair. Since the first description of the technique in 1990, the technology used has developed rapidly. In this Surgery Insight, Donald Baril, Tikva Jacobs and Michael Marin summarize the history of endovascular stent-graft development and discuss recent data on patients treated with this technique, and outline some new advances in stent-graft repairs.