cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pregnancy drop: How teaching evaluations penalize pregnant faculty

The “leaky pipeline” and the “maternal wall” have for decades described the loss of women in STEM and the barriers faced by working mothers. Of the studies examining the impact of motherhood or pregnancy on faculty in higher education, most focus on colleagues’ attitudes towards mothers; few studies explore pregnancy specifically, only a handful examine student evaluations in particular, and none include female faculty in engineering. This study is the first to compare student evaluations across fields from female faculty when they were pregnant against when they were not. Two scenarios were considered: (1) the lived experiences of faculty who taught classes while pregnant and while not pregnant and (2) an experiment in which students submitted teaching evaluations for an actress whom half the students believed was pregnant while the other half did not. Among faculty respondents, women of colour received lower scores while pregnant and these scores lowered further when women were in engineering and/or had severe symptoms. Depending on their demographics, students who participated in the experiment were awarded teaching evaluation scores that differed when they believed the instructor was pregnant. Findings suggest that in fields with fewer women, the maternal wall is amplified and there is a unique intersectional experience of it during pregnancy. These findings may be useful for Tenure and Promotion committees to understand and therefore account for pregnancy bias in teaching evaluations.
Expression of a differentiation antigen and poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl O-glycans directed by a cloned core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells do not contain detectable amounts of core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, C2GnT, and thus lack various modifications in their branched O-linked oligosaccharides. In the present study, the O-linked oligosaccharides and the occurrence of a differentiation antigen were analyzed in CHO cells stably transfected with cDNA encoding human leukosialin alone (CHO-leu) or with cDNAs encoding both leukosialin and C2GnT (CHO-leu.C2GnT). The analysis of O-glycans, released from [3H]glucosamine-labeled cells, revealed that CHO-leu cells synthesize O-glycans with a Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc backbone, whereas CHO-leu.C2GnT cells synthesize in addition O-glycans with a Gal beta 1-->3(Gal beta 1-->4GlcNAc beta 1-->6)GalNAc backbone. Moreover, CHO-leu.C2GnT cells express poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl extensions from the GlcNAc beta 1-->6 branch in O-glycans, while CHO-leu cells express no detectable amount of poly-N-acetyllactosaminyl O-glycans. It was also demonstrated that leukosialin in CHO-leu.C2GnT cells is recognized by the T305 monoclonal antibody, while the same antibody did not react at all with CHO-leu cells. In addition, the transient expression cloning scheme using the T305 monoclonal antibody as a selectin marker and COS-1 cells, which endogenously express C2GnT as recipient cells, resulted in the isolation of cDNA encoding leukosialin. These results indicate that C2GnT determines the expression of poly-N-acetyllactosamines in O-glycans and together with leukosialin, an onco-differentiation antigen recognized by the T305 antibody.
Octahedral Site Occupation in Lanthanum Dihydride

The distribution of hydrogen ions among the octahedral and tetrahedral sites in lanthanum hydride has been determined at liquid helium temperatures for hydrogen/metal ratios from 1.90 to 2.04. Electron spin resonance spectra of dilute erbium ions substituted for host metal atoms establish the hydrogen site occupation adjacent to the erbium versus hydrogen loading. These data together with a lattice-gas calculation yield the site occupation versus hydrogen concentration in bulk lanthanum hydride, which is such that 2% of the octahedral sites are filled in LaH2.00.
An Occurrence Of A Modulated Serpentine Related To The Greenalite-Caryopilite Series

Etude par diffraction RX et microscopie electronique en transmission. Observation d'intercroissances des phases 7 A et 14 A, la premiere contenant au moins deux polytypes (groupe A et groupe B, C ou D) la seconde ayant une structure dominante Ibb
Predictive ability of various nutritional variables for mortality in elderly people

Nutritional indices (percentage ideal body weight [IBW], serum albumin, serum transferrin, total lymphocyte count [TLC] and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity [DH] response) were assessed in 80 consecutive patients (aged 85-100 y) within 24 h of admission to determine their predictive value for mortality. Nine patients died. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that death was significantly (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01) associated with sepsis, serum albumin less than 30 g/L, TLC less than or equal to 1500 cells/mm3, and percentage IBW less than or equal to 90%. However, when serum albumin was controlled for, logit regression analyses demonstrated that the impact of other nutritional indices on death was insignificant. The effect of serum albumin remained significant (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01) even when age and physician's diagnosis were held constant. With the logit model, serum albumin greater than or equal to 30 g/L had a sensitivity of 0.33, specificity of 0.99, and overall predictive power of 0.91. Serum albumin is thus the simplest and best single predictor of mortality and can provide early identification of elderly people at increased risk of death.
XXXIV. Experiments on some sonorous flames

(1858). XXXIV. Experiments on some sonorous flames. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 15, No. 100, pp. 261-263.
Nutrition and experimental carcinogenesis: a review

Restriction of the total diet or the number of calories fed to rats and mice inhibits the formation of tumors in several tissues. Unless animals are fed equivalent levels of food, or attain equivalent body weights, it is difficult to assess the significance of the effect of other nutritional modifications on carcinogenesis. The effects of altering the levels of protein or fat are much less than those seen with dietary restriction. Feeding a protein-free diet is tolerated for a limited period and can alter the metabolism of carcinogens. It may thus affect the tumor incidence induced by one-shot carcinogens. Vitamins have specific effects on the activity of certain carcinogens, the fullest information being available for vitamin A, which has been shown to inhibit or enhance carcinogenesis, and vitamin C, which by reducing sodium nitrite, prevents nitrosation of secondary and tertiary amines occurring in acidic conditions of the stomach. Inorganic substances, such as iodine (thyroid) and copper (liver), may affect the tumor incidence in specific tissues. The metabolic activation of carcinogens is modified by enzyme induction and the administration of antioxidants. The relevance of these results to the induction of cancer in humans is briefly discussed.
SLAR and in situ observations of ocean swell modification by currents and bathymetry at the Columbia river entrance

This report demonstrates the value of side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) as an effective research tool which can provide important directional wave information needed in nearshore studies. SLAR-derived directional wave measurements and in situ wave height data are utilized in a one-dimensional model of wave-current-bathymetry interaction on the Columbia River Bar. Good qualitative agreement is found with the observations, and moderate discrepancies are interpreted in terms of two-dimensional processes not accounted for by the theory.
Psychosocial evaluation for bariatric surgery: the Boston interview and opportunities for intervention

The process of psychosocial evaluation for weight loss surgery (WLS) is one that goes beyond serving the function of information-gathering (Bauchowitz et al. in Surg Obes Relat Dis 3:554-558, 2007; Friedman et al. in Surg Obes Relat Dis 3:376-382, 2007; Lanyon and Maxwell in Obes Surg 17:321-328, 2007; Sogg and Mori in Obes Surg 14:370-380, 2004; Sogg and Mori in Surg Obes Relat Dis 4:455-463, 2008). This process offers myriad opportunities for delivering significant and powerful interventions that can enhance the patient's success in the WLS process. A discussion of the unique opportunities for psychosocial intervention afforded by the pre-surgical evaluation process is presented, using The Boston Interview for Bariatric Surgery (Sogg and Mori in Surg Obes Relat Dis 4:455-463, 2008) as the organizing framework.
Combinatorial Optimization of Heterogeneous Catalysts Used in the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes

Libraries of liquid-phase catalyst precursor solutions were printed onto iridium-coated silicon substrates and evaluated for their effectiveness in catalyzing the growth of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The catalyst precursor solutions were composed of inorganic salts and a removable tri-block copolymer (EO)20(PO)70(EO)20 (EO = ethylene oxide, PO = propylene oxide) structure-directing agent (SDA), dissolved in ethanol/methanol mixtures. Sample libraries were quickly assayed using scanning electron microscopy after CVD growth to identify active catalysts and CVD conditions. Composition libraries and focus libraries were then constructed around the active spots identified in the discovery libraries to understand how catalyst precursor composition affects the yield, density, and quality of the nanotubes. Successful implementation of combinatorial optimization methods in the development of highly active, carbon nanotube catalysts is demonstrated, as well as the identification of catalyst formulations that lead to varying densities and shapes of aligned nanotube towers.
Determining Enantiomeric Excess by Direct NMR Methods and by Indirect Methods

Methods for determination of enantiomeric excess are discussed, with particular emphasis on direct NMR methods using chiral lanthanide shift reagents or chiral solvating agents. Chromatographic (and related) methods are considered. Indirect methods requiring formation of covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives are also described. The various techniques are compared and contrasted, and they are explained from the standpoint of the rates of the relevant dynamic processes involved, that is, according to whether a particular system and measurement method define a slow exchange limit or fast exchange limit regime.
Triplet-triplet energy transfer in the tryptophyl-tyrosinate dipeptide

Abstract Direct evidence for intermolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer in the dipeptide tryptophyl-tyrosine is presented. The methods of steady state ODMR and transient ODMR yield rates for the triplet-triplet energy transfer process of order 10 s −1 .
Corrosion Potentials and Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Water Containing Both Dissolved Hydrogen and Oxygen

Abstract The corrosion potential of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) in high-temperature water is affected markedly by the absolute and relative concentrations of dissolved hydrogen and oxygen as well as by mass transport of these species to the metal surface. This reflects the coupled electrochemical recombination reaction of the hydrogen and oxygen on the surface. The fact that the effects are more pronounced in water containing a stoichiometric excess of hydrogen than in the reverse case suggests that the electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen on an oxide-covered steel electrode is markedly inhibited. The work also implies that when hydrogen injection is used to control the corrosion potentials of SS, monitoring and maintaining low oxygen concentrations in the circulating cooling water is more important than maintaining a specific hydrogen level if the latter is in stoichiometric excess of the oxygen.
Artificial intelligence research in medicine

Professor Edward Feigenbaum will open the panel with comments on the current status of the field. Short presentations of specific current research will be made by the panelists: (1) Professor C. Kulikowski of Rutgers describing work on a causal-associative network developed with an associated model of the therapies to serve as a basis of a consultation program in glaucoma; (2) Dr. P. P. Tsiang of University of Missouri and (3) Dr. A. Gevins, University of California Medical Center, discussing their respective papers "Computer Analysis of Chest Radiographs" and "Heuristic Real Time Feature Extraction of the EEG", abstracts of which appear elsewhere in the program booklet; (4) Dr. Bruce Buchanan, on applications of AI to structure elucidation based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data; (5) Dr. Edward Shortliffe, Stanford University, on an antimicrobial therapy consultation system utilizing a flexible representation of knowledge and (6) T. Rindfleisch describing SUMEX-AIM, a new nationally shared resource for application of AI to medicine.
Active and passive smoking and risk of narcolepsy in people with HLA DQB1*0602: a population-based case-control study.

Background: We examined the risk of narcolepsy associated with active and passive smoking among genetically susceptible individuals. Methods: We conducted a popul
On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems

The footwalls of west-dipping normal faults that separate the west-central Colorado Plateau from the Basin and Range province record at least 5-7 km, and perhaps as much as 15-20 km, of west-side-up Neogene uplift, with an axis just 10-20 km west of undeformed plateau strata. The uplift is expressed as folding and steep faulting in pre-Tertiary cratonic and disconformably overlying Neogene strata, forming a basement-cored anticline and coincident topographic high on the western margin of the plateau. The authors interpret the uplift as a nonelastic response of the crust to buoyancy forces accompanying the tectonic denudation of the plateau margin. Profound, isostatically driven deformation of the footwalls of major normal faults may be common in extensional terrains, calling into question several assumptions fundamental to existing models of the evolution of normal fault systems.
Germanium MOS capacitors incorporating ultrathin high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectric

For the first time, we have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of integrating a high-permittivity (/spl kappa/) gate dielectric material zirconium oxide into the MOS capacitors fabricated on pure germanium substrates. The entire fabrication process was essentially performed at room temperature with the exception of a 410/spl deg/C forming gas anneal. After processing steps intended to remove the germanium native oxide interlayer between the zirconium oxide dielectric and germanium substrate, an excellent capacitance-based equivalent SiO/sub 2/ thickness (EOT) on the order of 5-8 /spl Aring/ and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics with hysteresis of 16 mV have been achieved. Additionally, excellent device yield and uniformity were possible using this low thermal budget process.
Smart spaces: creating new instructional space with smart classroom technology

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to describe the Long Island University Brooklyn Campus Library's experience with a Smart Space Project. This paper recounts how the library creates new instructional spaces, through the use of smart technologies. This study illustrates challenges facing the library, recounts collaboration with other campus units, and describes support service provided by Library Information Technology. This account contributes to the sharing and discussion of experiences among modern academic libraries regarding needs assessment, space planning, and utilization of technology to support library services.Design/methodology/approach – The literature review includes space planning, building renovation and construction, and instructional technology. Various aspects of the Smart Space Project are described and analyzed. Studies and experiences from other academic libraries are also discussed.Findings – Space renovation projects may be complex, requiring a systematic approach encompassing vi...
Production of microbial lipases for the study of triglyceride structure.

Lipases from different microorganisms are known to differ in their site of attack on triglycerides, and recent evidence has indicated that they may be useful in studying triglyceride structure. This paper is concerned with the most recent developments in the production, recovery, and stability of lipases from three of these microorganisms. The lipase fromStaphylococcus aureus, which attacks both the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions of triglycerides, is produced in an aerated, tryptic digest of casein at 30C in 1–2 days. The lipase fromGeotrichum candidum, which attacks primarily unsaturated fatty acid linkages and shows some stereospecificity, is produced in a static culture grown on a mineral salts-glucoseprotein hydrolysate medium incubated at 20C for 4–5 days. An improved method is described for preparing lyophilized preparations of these, and thePseudomonas fragi lipase, which are quite stable when stored in a refrigerator.
Sulfuric acid-induced fluorescence of corticosteroids: Effects of position substituents on fluorescence

Abstract The effect of position substituents on sulfuric acid-induced fluorescence of corticosteroids was examined. Of all the steroids tested, 11β,17α-dihydroxy-3-keto-4-androsten-17β-carboxylic acid gave the greatest relative fluorescence intensity with a value approximately four times that of cortisol. All but two steroids yielding relative fluorescence values greater than 2% of that of cortisol had an 11β-OH moiety. The two exceptions were 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and 20β-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one. The following characteristics were common to those steroids yielding sulfuric acid-induced fluorescence: All contained an oxygen substituent of carbon 20. At least one hydroxyl group was present on the side chain. If an 11-hydroxyl group occurred an additional hydroxyl oxygen was found at position 17 or 21 or both. If an 11-hydroxylated substituent was absent, then positions 17 and 21 were both devoid of oxygen. The 18-aldehyde group or Δ 1 unsaturation strongly suppressed fluorescence.
Medical nutrition therapy is the essential cornerstone for effective treatment of “refractory” severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of pharmaceutical treatment: Evidence from a Lipid Management Program

Background Patients with refractory severe hypertriglyceridemia are at risk of pancreatitis and cardiovascular disease. The role of individualized nutrition therapy in these patients independent of pharmaceutical treatment has not been documented. Objective To document the effect of nutrition intervention on severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of medication status or prior nutrition counseling. Methods Outcomes of new patients with triglycerides ≥500 mg/dL presenting to a Lipid Management Program over a 6-year period were tracked. Patients received comprehensive laboratory assessment, nutrition assessment, and initiation of an individualized diet intervention before seeing the lipidologist. Clinical and behavioral outcomes were recorded. Results In all, 168 patients (117 men; mean age, 49.03 ± 11.22 years; body mass index, 32.61 ± 5.85 kg/m 2 ; 110 (65.5%) on lipid-lowering medications) returned for assessment of nutrition intervention. Triglycerides were reduced from median (interquartile range) 961.5 (611.5–1785.3) to 493.0 (337–736.3) mg/dL ( P P = .376) in a median (interquartile range) of 5 (3–7) weeks. Effect was independent of prior nutrition counseling ( P = .260). Reported percentage fat in the diet at second visit correlated with log-transformed triglycerides achieved, independent of initial triglycerides level (r = 0.290; P = .001). Conclusions Individualized nutrition therapy results in changes in eating behavior and reductions in triglyceride levels in patients with refractory severe hypertriglyceridemia independent of lipid-lowering medication(s) and prior nutrition counseling.
Community differences in business births and business growths

Abstract The published literature relating to the location of a business tends to support two different kinds of theories: (1) that business locations are selected to minimize costs; or (2) that decision-makers select locations because of personal preferences. This study attempts to find explanations as to why certain communities have grown faster than others, and to provide a model for the location decision of a start-up business. We find a negative correlation of two entrepreneurship measures to environmental factors that are usually considered to be desirable, i.e., health care and the environment, climate and terrain, recreation, and low crime. We find a weak correlation between community attitudes and the entrepreneurship measures. We also find a positive correlation of entrepreneurship with a high number of college graduates; a negative correlation when a high proportion of the population is over age 65. Population mobility and low unemployment are also positively correlated with the measures, but those factors seem at least as likely to be results as to be causes of business births and business growth. We believe that start-ups are vital for any community that wishes to grow, therefore the location decision of start-up businesses seems important. We propose a model of the location decision of a start-up, a model that emphasizes the individuality of the decision maker and the specific success requirements of the business. The driving force behind a start-up can be a decision-maker's desire for personal gain, a problem that begs a solution, or a solution that is looking for a problem. In some cases, the reason for starting a business will dictate its location. In other cases, success requirements of the business will dominate. We believe that researchers can gain a true understanding of the location decision only by considering both the preference of the decision-maker and the requirements of the specific business.
Resolution of the operator-ordering problem by the method of finite elements.

The method of finite elements converts the operator Heisenberg equations that arise from a Hamiltonian of the form $H=\frac{{p}^{2}}{2}+V(q)$ into a set of operator difference equations on a lattice. The equal-time commutation relations are exactly preserved and thus are consistent with the requirements of unitarity. We consider general Hamiltonians of the form $H(p,q)$ and show that the requirement of unitarity uniquely determines the operator ordering in such Hamiltonians. (The ordering procedure involves a set of orthogonal polynomials which are not widely known.) Our result shows that it is possible to treat quantum spin systems by the method of finite elements.
Luminescent Lanthanide Coordination Polymers

One-dimensional lanthanide coordination polymers with the formula Ln(isonicotinate)3(H2O)2 (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb; 1a−f) were synthesized by treating nitrate or perchlorate salts of Ln(III) with 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde under hydro(solvo)thermal conditions. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies indicate that these lanthanide coordination polymers adopt two different structures. While Ce(III), Pr(III), and Nd(III) complexes adopt a chain structure with alternating Ln−(carboxylate)2−Ln and Ln−(carboxylate)4−Ln linkages, Sm(III), Eu(III), and Tb(III) complexes have a doubly carboxylate-bridged infinite-chain structure with one chelating carboxylate group on each metal center. In both structures, the lanthanide centers also bind to two water molecules to yield an eight-coordinate, square antiprismatic geometry. The pyridine nitrogen atoms of the isonicotinate groups do not coordinate to the metal centers in these lanthanide(III) complexes; instead, they direct the formation of Ln(III) coor...
Race/ethnicity and measures of glycaemia in the year after diagnosis among youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Aims To assess associations between race/ethnicity, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and glycemic control among youth with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods The study sample was youth Results The study included 1162 Hispanic (52.3%), non-Hispanic White (NHW, 28.4%), African American (15.1%) and Asian/Pacific Islander (4.1%) youth. Among T1D youth (n = 789), Hispanics were 1.60 times as likely (95% CI 1.01–2.53) to have poor control at one year compared to NHWs, after adjustments. Among T2D youth (n = 373), only African American youth were significantly more likely (OR = 4.85; 95% CI 1.49–15.77) to have poor control at one year, after adjustments. HbA1c at one year and change in HbA1c did not differ by race/ethnicity. Conclusion Poor glycemic control was evident one year after diagnosis in some minority youth with T1D or T2D in an integrated managed health care setting.
Effects of pre- and postfresh transition diets varying in dietary energy density on metabolic status of periparturient dairy cows

Abstract Effects of dietary energy density during late gestation and early lactation on metabolic status of periparturient cows were studied. Four weeks before expected calving, animals were fed a low (DL; 1.58 Mcal of NE L /kg) or high energy density diet (DH; 1.70 Mcal of NE L /kg). After calving, half of the cows from each prepartum treatment were assigned to a low (L; 1.57 Mcal of NE L /kg) or high energy density diet (H; 1.63 Mcal of NE L /kg) until d 20 postpartum. After d 20, all animals were fed H until d 70. Animals fed DH had a more positive energy balance during the prepartum period. Animals fed DH had higher plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin and lower concentrations of plasma nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) on d −7 relative to calving compared with animals fed DL. No differences in blood concentrations of metabolites, insulin and liver triglycerides (TG) content were observed on d 1. Liver TG content at d 1 and 21 were more related to magnitude of change in energy intake prepartum than to energy intake in the last week of gestation. Cows fed H had higher concentrations of plasma glucose and insulin, but similar plasma NEFA during the postpartum period compared with cows fed L. Plasma concentrations of β -hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and liver TG content on d 21 were 46 and 30% lower, respectively, for cows fed H compared with cows fed L. Interactions between prepartum and postpartum treatments indicated that negative effects of delaying higher concentrate feeding until d 21 postpartum can be partially offset by increasing concentrate in the diet before calving. Cows fed L had a higher increase in white line hemorrhage scores between prepartum and 10 wk postpartum compared with cows fed H. Energy density of prepartum diets had a minor influence on metabolic status of cows postpartum. A more favorable metabolic profile occurs when increasing the concentrate content of the diet immediately postpartum compared with delaying the increase until d 21 postpartum.
Design considerations for the high-power multicavity klystron

A confined-flow large-signal formulation of the klystron interaction equations is presented and applied to the analysis of the multicavity klystron amplifier. The effects of cavity voltage, cavity phase, drift length, and beam parameters are studied. The two- and three-cavity amplifiers are studied in detail, and several numerical examples of four-cavity klystrons are also given. A significant second-harmonic component of velocity modulation is shown to improve the dc to RF conversion efficiency. Two methods of obtaining this modulation are discussed. The large-signal theory presented here has been used to design a five-cavity klystron which is 50 percent efficient and has a controllable power transfer curve. Theoretical and experimental power transfer curves are presented for several 1 1/4-MW klystrons; the calculated output power is between 4 and 10 percent greater than the experimental values.
Ungual and periungual human papillomavirus–associated squamous cell carcinoma: A review

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and SCC in situ are often reported in the genital region. The association of HPV with SCC in the ungual and periungual skin is less well recognized, and verrucous lesions may undergo years of therapeutic attempts without a diagnostic biopsy. Objectives To review the epidemiology, associations, and role of HPV in digital SCC and SCC in situ. Methods The English-language literature reporting HPV-associated SCC and SCC in situ of the digits was reviewed. Results HPV-associated SCC and SCC in situ were almost equally represented. The patients' ages ranged from 22 to 89 years, with men affected twice as often as women. HPV16 was the most common subtype. The tumors presented as persistent verrucae, present for an average of 5.3 years. Immune suppression was documented in only 6.8% of patients. Approximately 6% of cases required digital amputation. Limitations Most of the information was obtained from case reports, some of which had limited data regarding the exact location of the tumor and the diagnostic and treatment course. HPV subtyping is not commonly performed in these tumors, which limited the number of reports that could be evaluated. Conclusions The majority of digital HPV-associated SCCs or SCCs in situ involves the nailbed region. The clinical appearance is most commonly that of a periungual verruca. Tumors have a higher rate of recurrence after excision than SCC in other sites. Periungual and subungual warts caused by high-risk HPV subtypes pose a risk for malignant transformation in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts.
The Role of Escherichia coli dnaG Function in Coliphage M 13 DNA Synthesis

Examination of the role of Escherichia coli dnaG function in different stages of M13 phage DNA synthesis by ultracentrifugal analysis of intracellular phage DNA in a thermosensitive dnaG mutant shows that: (a) the formation of parental double-strand replicative-form DNA (rfDNA) from the infecting virus is independent of dnaG function; (b) the synthesis of progeny rfDNA requires dnaG product; (c) after a pool of rfDNA is made up, dnaG function is not required for the progeny single-strand DNA (ssDNA) synthesis. The ssDNAs produced under nonpermissive condition are mostly circular and biologically functional.
rearrangement of a W(CO)5 complexed 7-phosphanorbonadiene analyzed by aab initio MO calculations

The rearrangement of W(CO)5-complexed 7-phosphanorbornadiene 1 to the 7-phosphatricyclo[3.2.04,6]hept-2-ene complex 2 is investigated experimentally and with the aid of ab initio theory at MP2(fc)/6-31G*. Photochemical concerted and thermal biradical pathways are considered. Calculations on the uncomplexed parent system indicate that a thermal rearrangement is unlikely because of its 6.4 kcal/mol endothermicity. The relationship of the 1 → 2 rearrangement with the CuCl-catalyzed, thermal decomposition of 1 to generate the incipient phosphinidene complex PhPW(CO)5 is discussed.
The role of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus in methamphetamine conditioned place preference and locomotor activity

Methamphetamine (METH) indirectly stimulates the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT) acetylcholine (ACh) neurons to increase ACh within the ventral tegmental area (VTA). LDT ACh inhibition attenuates METH and saline locomotor activity. The aim of these experiments was to determine whether LDT ACh contributes to METH conditioned place preference (CPP). C57BL/6J mice received a bilateral electrolytic or sham lesion of the LDT. After recovery, mice received alternating pairings of METH (0.5 mg/kg) and saline with distinct tactile floor cues over 8 days. During preference tests, mice were given access to both floor types and time spent on each was recorded. Mice were tested again after exposure to both extinction and reconditioning trials. Brains were then processed for choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry to label LDT ACh neurons. Lesioned mice had significantly fewer LDT ACh neurons and showed increased saline and METH locomotor activity during the first conditioning trial compared to sham mice. Locomotor activity (saline and METH) was negatively correlated with the number of LDT ACh neurons. Lesioned and sham mice showed similar METH CPP following conditioning, extinction and reconditioning trials. LDT ACh neurons are not necessary for METH reward as indexed by CPP, but may be important for basal and METH-induced locomotor activity.
Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Networks

A methodology is presented for the optimization of a network of shell and tube heat exchangers connected in series. For a given total rate of heat transfer and the known inlet and exit temperatures of the hot and cold fluids, the total area of the heat exchanger network is minimized. In the proposed methodology, the heat exchangers are assumed to be different. This is a generalization compared to the traditional approach where all the heat exchangers are taken to have the same area and the same LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference) correction factor. In the traditional approach the minimum number of identical shells, for which a feasible solution exists and meets the design criteria, is used as the optimum solution. The proposed optimization approach shows that using larger number of smaller heat exchangers results in less overall heat exchanger area due to the more efficient operation of the individual heat exchangers.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Mathematical Analysis of the Complete Iterative Inversion Method II

A gas composed of identical isotropic molecules has a potential energy of interaction between pairs of particles that depends only on their separation distance. The pair potential is encoded in the virial coefficients of the virial equation of state for a gas. The complete iterative inversion method (CIIM) is an algorithm employed in an attempt to recover the pair potential from the second virial coefficient through successive approximations. In an earlier investigation we identified a very general class of “admissible” pair potentials for which the implicit assumptions of the CIIM are valid: improper integrals converge, derivatives exist, etc. Furthermore, we showed that the CIIM cannot recover the pair potential even if the target potential and the initial estimate are infinitely differentiable. For analytic pair potentials, it is known that the second virial coefficient uniquely determines the potential. The present work represents significant progress in the development of the mathematical framework suitable for confirming this uniqueness result for admissible analytic potentials within the universe of discourse of the CIIM. In particular, we formulate the CIIM convergence question as a classical fixed point problem in the local metric space of admissible analytic potentials. A further result exhibits a set of simple, natural conditions sufficient to guarantee that the CIIM operator is a self-map on a subspace of “normal” analytic potentials.
Specific immunotherapy against occult cancer metastases.

We investigated the efficacy of a preparation containing High Five (H5) insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus encoding the murine interferon-beta gene (H5BVIFN-beta) against established primary tumors and occult lung metastases. Injection of live or lyophilized H5BVIFN-beta into established subcutaneous tumors of the highly metastatic murine UV-2237m fibrosarcoma or K-1735M2 melanoma in syngeneic mice eradicated both primary tumors and preexisting lung metastases. The therapeutic effects of H5BVIFN-beta were not observed in nude mice and were diminished in syngeneic mice depleted of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that tumors injected with H5BVIFN-beta were densely infiltrated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in mice with normal CD4/CD8 complement. These data demonstrate that, unlike most immunologic approaches in which prophylaxis can be achieved but eradication of established tumor is rare, lyophilized preparations of H5BVIFN-beta can serve as a novel immunotherapy against both primary tumors and their occult metastases.
Developing intellectual capital and innovativeness through knowledge management

A survey of 136 organisations from a broad regional and industry base revealed that four Knowledge Management (KM) dimensions were significantly related to their innovativeness. These dimensions – organisational, sharing support, Human Resources (HR) and relational capital – were composed of items derived from previous research and the growing body of literature examining KM contributions to organisation performance. Their relationships to each other are complex but explainable and help establish the case for thoughtfully designed and integrated interventions and initiatives designed to promote KM.
TranAir applications to predicting transonic aircraft/store loads

During a recent AIWS wind tunnel test for the F-18, the AIWS grid loads were in substantial disagreement with carriage loads measured on the opposite pylon at M = 0.95. Carriage loads indicated that the AIWS configuration might impact the fuel tank mounted on the inboard pylon during jettison at M = 0.95, while CTS data indicated this to be a safe jettison condition. An attempt was made to determine the correct loads for this condition. On the basis of PAN AIR and TranAir calculations, it appears that the carriage loads are correct, while the CTS measured grid data may be subject to sting-fuel tank interference effects at transonic speeds.
SHARP: a hybrid adaptive routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

A central challenge in ad hoc networks is the design of routing protocols that can adapt their behavior to frequent and rapid changes in the network. The performance of proactive and reactive routing protocols varies with network characteristics, and one protocol may outperform the other in different network conditions. The optimal routing strategy depends on the underlying network topology, rate of change, and traffic pattern, and varies dynamically. This paper introduces the Sharp Hybrid Adaptive Routing Protocol (SHARP), which automatically finds the balance point between proactive and reactive routing by adjusting the degree to which route information is propagated proactively versus the degree to which it needs to be discovered reactively. SHARP enables each node to use a different application-specific performance metric to control the adaptation of the routing layer. This paper describes application-specific protocols built on top of SHARP for minimizing packet overhead, bounding loss rate, and controlling jitter. Simulation studies show that the resulting protocols outperform the purely proactive and purely reactive protocols across a wide range of network characteristics.
A dilatometric investigation of the α-chymotrypsin—catalyzed hydrolysis of nicotinyl-l-tryptophanamide

Abstract A novel dilatometer was developed which eliminates all joints, stopcocks, and openings directly in contact with, or in the path of, reactants and reaction mixtures. Observation of volume changes occurring during hydrolytic reaction permitted calculation of the extent of hydrolysis per unit time. Kinetic constants obtained by dilatometric procedures agreed well with those determined by other means. The dilatometric method described herein shows promise as an alternate way in which to evaluate kinetic constants, and should provide a valuable means of data validation.
Afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group in the rat.

The supraspinal afferent and efferent connections of the A5 noradrenergic cell group were examined in rats. Very small deposits of HRP-WGA were made in the rostral A5 area. Catecholamine histofluorescence techniques were used to confirm that the deposits overlapped the A5 column. Retrogradely labeled cells were present in the perifornical area and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, dorsal parabrachial area, intermediate and caudal portions of the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the ventral medullary reticular formation in the areas of the A1 and B1 cell groups. Anterograde HRP-WGA labeling was found in several areas of the subcortical CNS. The contribution of A5 neurons to this labeling was confirmed with retrogradely transported fluorescent latex microspheres combined with catecholamine histofluorescence techniques. The A5 cell group was found to have significant projections to the central nucleus of the amygdala, perifornical area of the hypothalamus, midbrain periaqueductal gray, parabrachial area, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Other A5 projections include the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and possibly the zona incerta and lateral and dorsal hypothalamic areas. In addition, A5 neurons may innervate the ventrolateral reticular formation of the medulla. Virtually all of the areas innervated by A5 noradrenergic neurons are involved in cardiovascular regulation. In addition, the A5 area receives afferent input from major cardiovascular regulatory centers of the supraspinal CNS. Thus the A5 cell group has the potential to exert a significant influence on the cardiovascular regulatory system.
Effects of physical-chemical characteristics on the sorption of selected endocrine disruptors by dissolved organic matter surrogates.

Sorption coefficients (K(oc) values) of selected endocrine disruptors for a wide variety of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured using fluorescence quenching and solubility enhancement. 17beta-Estradiol, estriol, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, p-nonylphenol, p-tert-octylphenol, and dibutylphthalate were selected as endocrine disruptors. Aldrich humic acid, Suwannee River humic and fulvic acids, Nordic fulvic acid, alginic acid, dextran, and tannic acid were selected as DOM surrogates. The resulting sorption coefficients (log K(oc)) were independent of octanol-water partitioning coefficients (log K(ow)) of the selected endocrine disruptors, indicating the hydrophobic interaction is not the predominant sorption mechanism. Moreover, the K(oc) values for the selected endocrine disruptors, especially the steroid estrogens, correlated much better with UV absorptivity at 272 nm (A272) and phenolic group concentration of the DOM than with either the H/O or the (O+N)/C atomic ratio of the DOM. This suggests that the sorption mechanism is closely related to the interaction between pi-electrons and the hydrogen bonds, i.e., the affinity between phenolic groups of the steroid estrogens and DOM is suggested to provide a relatively large contribution to the overall sorption and yield the K(oc) values of the steroid estrogens as high as those of the alkylphenols and dibutylphthalate, which are suggested to be dominated by nonspecific hydrophobic interaction.
Inhibition of transforming growth factor-β type II receptor signaling accelerates tooth formation in mouse first branchial arch explants

Abstract Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signal through their cognate receptors to determine cell phenotypes during embryogenesis. Our previous studies on the regulation of first branchial arch morphogenesis have identified critical components of a hierarchy of different TGF-β isoforms and their possible functions in regulating tooth and cartilage formation during mandibular morphogenesis. Here we tested the hypothesis that TGF-β type II receptor (TGF-β IIR) is a critical component in the TGF-β signaling pathway regulating tooth formation. To establish the precise location of TGF-β ligand and its cognate receptor, we first performed detailed analyses of the localization of both TGF-β2 and TGF-β IIR during initiation and subsequent morphogenesis of developing embryonic mouse tooth organs. A possible autocrine functional role for TGF-β and its cognate receptor (TGF-β IIR) was inferred due to the temporal and spatial localization patterns during the early inductive stages of tooth morphogenesis. Second, loss of function of TGF-β IIR in a mandibular explant culture model resulted in the acceleration of tooth formation to the cap stage while the mandibular explants in the control group only showed bud stage tooth formation. In addition, there was a significant increase in odontogenic epithelial cell proliferation following TGF-β IIR abrogation. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that abrogation of the TGF-β IIR stimulates embryonic tooth morphogenesis in culture and reverses the negative regulation of endogenous TGF-β signaling upon enamel organ epithelial cell proliferation.
Moral Dimensions of Bilingual Education

Abstract The complexities involved in equitably educating language minority students raise ethical issues and involve the moral dimensions of teaching in a diverse democracy. Acknowledging the moral dimensions of bilingual education may encourage policy makers and practitioners to consider their ethical motivation and commitment to equitably educating all public education students. We use sociopolitical and legal perspectives to analyze the historical development of bilingual education policy in the United States and explore two arguments supporting the moral dimensions of bilingual education: (1) a morality based on economic and social interdependency and (2) a spiritual morality. We examine the potential and limitations of an economic and social morality and develop the construct of a spiritual morality as a means of harnessing the combined powers of intellect, emotions, politics, and spirituality in the fight to provide equitable education for language minority students.
A mechanism for the direct perception of change: the example of bacterial chemotaxis

The relationship between the behavior of single-celled organisms and cognition in higher animals is explored. Recent research and theory in bacterial chemotaxis are presented, together with a discu...
Predicting Re-Victimization of Battered Women 3 Years After Exiting a Shelter Program

This study examined interpersonal and ecological predictors of re-victimization of a sample of women with abusive partners. All women (N = 124) had sought refuge from a battered women's shelter 3 years earlier, and half the sample had been randomly assigned to receive free, short-term advocacy services immediately upon exit from the shelter. Results 2 years post-intervention revealed positive change in the lives of participants (C. M. Sullivan & D. Bybee, 1999), including a decrease in abuse for women who had worked with advocates. The current study examined intervention effects 3 years after the program ended, as well as other predictors of re-abuse. Nineteen percent of the original sample had experienced domestic violence between 2 and 3 years after shelter exit (65% by current partners, 35% by ex-partners). The advocacy program's effect on risk of re-victimization did not continue 3 years post-intervention. However, having worked with an advocate 3 years prior continued to have a positive impact on women's quality of life and level of social support. The risk of being abused 3 years post-shelter stay was exacerbated by a number of factors present 1 year prior, including women's (1) having experienced abuse in the 6 months before that point; (2) having difficulties accessing resources; (3) having problems with the state welfare system; and (4) having people in their social networks who made their lives difficult. Women were at less risk of abuse if, 1 year earlier, they (1) were employed; (2) reported higher quality of life; and (3) had people in their networks who provided practical help and/or were available to talk about personal matters. These findings support the hypothesis that access to resources and social support serve as protective factors against continued abuse.