cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of amount of whole barley, barley bulk density, and form of roughage on feedlot lamb performance, carcass characteristics, and digesta kinetics.

We conducted two feedlot trials and one metabolism trial to evaluate the effect of barley level, barley bulk density, and physical form of roughage on lamb growth performance and digesta kinetics. Level of whole barley (50, 70, 90%) and type of roughage (chopped or pelleted alfalfa) were evaluated in Trial 1 (50 d period). Trial 2 (50 d) evaluated barley bulk density (heavy = 671 and light = 607 kg/m3), form of roughage (pelleted or chopped alfalfa), and level of barley (80 or 40%). The influence of treatments used in Trial 2 on digesta kinetics was evaluated in Trial 3. Gain:feed increased and DMI decreased (P < .10) linearly with increasing level of barley, and ADG and DMI were greater (P < . 10) for lambs fed pelleted vs chopped alfalfa in Trial 1. The 70% barley diet produced the highest yield grade and kidney-pelvic fat and the lowest leg score among barley levels (P < .10). Lambs fed pelleted alfalfa had heavier carcasses and a thicker body wall than lambs fed chopped alfalfa (P < .02). In Trial 2, DMI was less and gain:feed greater (P < .01) for lambs fed the heavy barley than for lambs fed the light barley and for the 80% barley diet compared to the 40% barley diet. Lambs fed pelleted alfalfa had greater dressing percentages than lambs fed chopped alfalfa. Backfat and body wall thickness were greater (P < .10) for lambs fed the 80% barley diet than for those fed the 40% barley diet. In Trial 3, retention time of barley was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed light rather than heavy barley, and retention time of alfalfa was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed chopped compared with pelleted alfalfa. Acetate:propionate ratio was greater (P < .10) for lambs fed light vs heavy barley and lambs fed the 40 vs 80% barley diets. Ruminal pH was lower (P = .05) and in situ barley digestion greater (P = .03) over time in lambs fed the 80% barley diet than in lambs fed the 40% barley diet. Feedlot lamb ADG was not always greatest with high levels of barley; however, gain:feed improved at the higher barley levels. The higher barley levels seemed to result in fatter lambs.
Quantification of adipose tissue leukocytosis in obesity.

The infiltration of immune cell subsets in adipose tissue termed ‘adipose tissue leukocytosis’ is a critical event in the development of chronic inflammation and obesity-associated comorbidities. Given that a significant proportion of cells in adipose tissue of obese patients are of hematopoietic lineage, the distinct adipose depots represent an uncharacterized immunological organ that can impact metabolic functions. Here, we describe approaches to characterize and isolate leukocytes from the complex adipose tissue microenvironment to aid mechanistic studies to understand the role of specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as inflammasomes in adipose-immune crosstalk.
Endoscopic Energy Sources

Energy devices have revolutionized endoscopic surgical techniques, extending the forefront of surgical care to new heights of advanced surgery through natural orifices. This has led to advances in clinical care of the patient—shorter hospital stay, less pain, and improved outcomes. Endoscopic energy devices allow dissection, hemostasis and coagulation in a manner similar to open or laparoscopic surgery but in a much more restricted space; therefore working knowledge is essential to provide safe and reliable use. Many of these devices are listed and validated by MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database, US Food and Drug Administration Center for Devices and Radiological Health).
Language, Migration, and Citizenship in France

As countries are confronted with the complexities of integrating new immigrants within their national borders, the ability of new arrivals to use the language or languages of their adopted country has increasingly become viewed as essential to the process of their integration and assimilation. The use of language assessments as a requirement for citizenship has become commonplace, and the importance of these tools as devices for gate keeping or door opening (Bachman & Purpura, 2008) is substantial. The assessments fulfilling the language proficiency requirement for naturalization in France have changed and evolved substantially over the past two decades. They have progressed from unstructured and unsystematic interviews with no construct and no scoring criteria to pedagogical assessments and standardized tests with defined constructs and alignment to specific levels of proficiency on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). This paper will explore the language assessments used as part of the citizenship process over the past twenty years in France through the validity framework proposed by Kane (1992, 2006, 2013). Special attention will be given to issues of fairness, values, and social consequences.
Risks of Routinely Clamping External Ventricular Drains for Intrahospital Transport in Neurocritically Ill Cerebrovascular Patients

Current guidelines recommend routine clamping of external ventricular drains (EVD) for intrahospital transport (IHT). The aim of this project was to describe intracranial hemodynamic complications associated with routine EVD clamping for IHT in neurocritically ill cerebrovascular patients. We conducted a retrospective review of cerebrovascular adult patients with indwelling EVD admitted to the neurocritical care unit (NICU) during the months of September to December 2015 at a tertiary care center. All IHTs from the NICU of the included patients were examined. Main outcomes were incidence and risk factors for an alteration in intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure after IHT. Nineteen cerebrovascular patients underwent 178 IHTs (79.8 % diagnostic and 20.2 % therapeutic) with clamped EVD. Twenty-one IHTs (11.8 %) were associated with post-IHT ICP ≥ 20 mmHg, and 33 IHTs (18.5 %) were associated with escalation of ICP category. Forty IHTs (26.7 %) in patients with open EVD status in the NICU prior to IHT were associated with IHT complications, whereas no IHT complications occurred in IHTs with clamped EVD status in the NICU. Risk factors for post-IHT ICP ≥ 20 mmHg were IHT for therapeutic procedures (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 5.82; 95 % CI, 1.76–19.19), pre-IHT ICP 15–19 mmHg (aRR 3.40; 95 % CI, 1.08–10.76), pre-IHT ICP ≥ 20 mmHg (aRR 12.94; 95 % CI, 4.08–41.01), and each 1 mL of hourly cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drained prior to IHT (aRR 1.11; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.23). Routine clamping of EVD for IHT in cerebrovascular patients is associated with post-IHT ICP complications. Pre-IHT ICP ≥ 15 mmHg, increasing hourly CSF output, and IHT for therapeutic procedures are risk factors.
Aristotelian versus virtue ethical character education

AbstractThis article examines some central aspects of Kristjan Kristjansson’s book, Aristotelian Character Education, beginning with the claim that contemporary virtue ethics provides methodological, ontological, epistemological, and moral foundations for Aristotelian character education. It considers three different formulations of what defines virtue ethics, and suggests that virtue ethical moral theory has steered character educators away from important aspects of Aristotle’s views on character education. It goes on to suggest a broadening of attention to psychology beyond personality and the psychological status of virtues, and it concludes with an examination of Kristjansson’s understanding of phronesis.
Delivery Ring Lattice Modifications for Transitionless Deceleration

A portion of the remnant Tevatron program infrastruc- ture at Fermilab is being reconfigured to be used for the generation and delivery of proton and muon beams for new high-precision particle physics experiments. With the 8 GeV Booster as its primary source, the Mu2e exper- iment will receive 8.9 GeV/c bunched beam on target, after being stored and slow spilled from the Delivery Ring (DR) -- a refurbished debuncher ring from Tevatron anti- proton production. For the Muon g-2 experiment, the DR will be tuned for 3.1 GeV/c to capture muons off of a target before sending them to this experiment's Storage Ring. The apertures in the beam transport systems are optimized for the large muon beams of this lower-energy experiment. In order to provide further flexibility in the operation of the DR for future possible low-energy, high- intensity particle physics experiments (REDTOP[1], for example) and detector development, investigations are underway into the feasibility of decelerating beams from its maximum kinetic energy of 8 GeV level to lower en- ergies, down to 1-2 GeV. In this paper we look at possi- ble lattice modifications to the DR to avoid a transition crossing during the deceleration process. Hardware re- quirements andmore » other operational implications of this scheme will also be discussed.« less
More risks and complications for elective spine surgery in morbidly obese patients.

Background The vast majority of studies emphasize the greater morbidity/mortality for elective spine surgery in morbidly obese patients. Methods This review focuses on the increased morbidity/mortality of performing elective spinal operations in morbidly obese patients. There are two definitions of morbid obesity; a body mass index (BMI) of equal to or greater than 35 plus two major comorbid factors (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, etc.) or a BMI (morbidly obese III) of =≥40 kg/m2. Results For patients undergoing spinal surgery, morbid obesity increases perioperative morbidity/mortality for various reasons. The quality of preoperative and intraoperative imaging is often compromised potentially leading to mistaken preoperative diagnoses, and wrong level surgery. Resultant major technical surgical limitations include poor/inadequate operative exposure, and the risk of suboptimal placement of instrumentation There is also increased exposure to major perioperative complications such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection, pneumonia, cardiac complications, blindness in the prone position, brachial and lumbar plexus injuries, increased anesthetic risks (e.g., even using awake intubation/awake positioning), and postoperative wound seromas/hematomas. Conclusions Most of the spinal literature documents the marked increased perioperative morbidity/mortality for morbidly obese patients undergoing elective spine surgery. If elective surgery is warranted in these patients, the risks and timing of surgical intervention should include consideration of major preoperative weight loss strategies including bariatric procedures to optimize outcomes.
Review of Organic Wastewater Compound Concentrations and Removal in Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems

Onsite wastewater treatment systems, such as septic systems, serve 20% of U.S. households and are common in areas not served by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) globally. They can be sources of nutrients and pathogen pollution and have been linked to health effects in communities where they contaminate drinking water. However, few studies have evaluated their ability to remove organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) such as pharmaceuticals, hormones, and detergents. We synthesized results from 20 studies of 45 OWCs in conventional drainfield-based and alternative onsite wastewater treatment systems to characterize concentrations and removal. For comparison, we synthesized 31 studies of these same OWCs in activated sludge WWTPs. OWC concentrations and removal in drainfields varied widely and depended on wastewater sources and compound-specific removal processes, primarily sorption and biotransformation. Compared to drainfields, alternative systems had similar median and higher maximum concentrations, reflec...
Parenting and Adolescent Grandiose Narcissism: Mediation through Independent Self-Construal and Need for Positive Approval

While particular parenting styles and parenting qualities have been linked to adolescent narcissistic tendencies, their association is likely indirect. Parents aim to indoctrinate adolescents with ...
Musulmanes y chichimecas en la Nueva España: Los debates sobre la guerra justa y la esclavitud indígena

The author explores the contested relationship between changing identities, legal patterns, and cultural practices along the northern frontier of New Spain. Arguments in favor of enslaving the Chichimeca must be understood in the context of a broader historical process concerning Christian-Muslim relations on the Iberian peninsula, specifically policies toward the Granadan Moriscos. Analyzing often overlooked references to Muslims in colonial documents concerning the status of Amerindians can provide fresh insight into the relationship between European attitudes toward non-Europeans that was articulated at both imperial administrative and local levels along the contested frontier.
Sirtuins and Mammalian Aging

Aging is characterized by a time-dependent loss of function, generally agreed to be the result of an increased incidence of damage produced by free radicals and other reactive oxygen species and a decreased ability of the animal to mount sufficient protective defenses to maintain adequate function. In many species, imposing food calorie restriction is effective at bolstering these defenses and extending life span. At the same time, caloric restriction induces increased activation of one or more regulatory enzymes, the sirtuins. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases that act on a wide array of protein substrates to connect metabolic state – as reflected in the NAD+ concentration – with regulation of many key cellular and physiologic processes including apoptosis, DNA repair, inflammation, immunity, transformation, and autophagy. Although increasing the expression of a single sirtuin in a few simpler and shorter-lived animals can significantly extend life span, the effects on mammalian life span of any of the seven mammalian sirtuins are much less robust. Whereas overexpression of sirtuins in mammals typically improves physiology without increasing life span, reduction often results in progeria, tissue degeneration and dysfunction, shortened life span, or outright lethality. Changes in sirtuin expression or activity are often found to play key roles in a variety of age-associated degenerative diseases in both humans and in animal models; treatments that appropriately modulate sirtuin activity often ameliorate these conditions. Thus there is accelerating interest in advancing understanding not only of the roles sirtuins normally play in regulating and maintaining homeostasis but also in how to modulate their activities so as to treat age-related degenerative diseases more successfully.
Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis of Spanish-Speaking Preschool Children

The neuropsychological assessment of preschool children is an exceptionally difficult task because of the rapid cognitive, behavioral, and structural changes characteristic at this age level. The rapid changes which take place during the preschool years are greater than at any other time in an individual’s development. In fact, Aylward (1997) uses an original term, early developmental neuropsychology, to describe the practice of working with this age group and to bring attention to the unique aspects of conducting a neuropsychological assessment within the context of a continually expanding repertoire of behaviors. For these reasons, it is critical that practitioners do not attempt to use a “scaling down” approach; that is, applying what is known about adult neuropsychological assessment to preschool-aged children (Aylward, 1997; Hooper, 1991). The neuropsychological assessment of preschool children must proceed only with a clear understanding and knowledge of the unique aspects of working with this population. This is particularly true when conducting a neuropsychological assessment of a Spanish-speaking preschool child.
Probing the strain-rotation balance in non-Newtonian turbulence with inertial particles

Experimental observations of the pair correlation function of small inertial particles in a turbulent flow of dilute polymer solutions shows that particle clustering increases with the concentration of polymers, possibly reflecting a reduction of vorticity relative to straining.
On the relationship between body condition and parasite infection in wildlife: a review and meta‐analysis

Body condition metrics are widely used to infer animal health and to assess costs of parasite infection. Since parasites harm their hosts, ecologists might expect negative relationships between infection and condition in wildlife, but this assumption is challenged by studies showing positive or null condition-infection relationships. Here, we outline common condition metrics used by ecologists in studies of parasitism, and consider mechanisms that cause negative, positive, and null condition-infection relationships in wildlife systems. We then perform a meta-analysis of 553 condition-infection relationships from 187 peer-reviewed studies of animal hosts, analysing observational and experimental records separately, and noting whether authors measured binary infection status or intensity. Our analysis finds substantial heterogeneity in the strength and direction of condition-infection relationships, a small, negative average effect size that is stronger in experimental studies, and evidence for publication bias towards negative relationships. The strongest predictors of variation in study outcomes are host thermoregulation and the methods used to evaluate body condition. We recommend that studies aiming to assess parasite impacts on body condition should consider host-parasite biology, choose condition measures that can change during the course of infection, and employ longitudinal surveys or manipulate infection status when feasible.
Optic flow improves step width and length in older adults while performing dual task

Dual-task paradigms are used to investigate gait and cognitive declines in older adults (OA). Optic-flow is a virtual reality environment where the scene flows past the subject while walking on a treadmill, mimicking real-life locomotion. To investigate cost of environment (no optic-flow v. optic-flow) while completing single- and dual-task walking and dual-task costs (DTC; single- v. dual-task) in optic-flow and no optic-flow environments. Twenty OA and seven younger adults (YA) walked on a self-paced treadmill in 3-min segments per task and both environments. Five task conditions included: no task, semantic fluency (category), phonemic fluency (letters), word reading, and serial-subtraction. OAs had a benefit of optic-flow compared to no optic-flow for step width (p = 0.015) and step length (p = 0.045) during letters compared to the YA. During letters, OA experienced improvement in step width DTC; whereas YA had a decrement in step width DTC from no optic-flow to optic-flow (p = 0.038). During serial-subtraction, OA had less step width DTC when compared to YA in both environments (p = 0.02). During letters, step width and step length improved in OA while walking in optic-flow. Also, step width DTC differed between the two groups. Sensory information from optic-flow appears to benefit OA. Letters relies more on verbal ability and word knowledge, which are preserved in aging. However, YA use a complex speech style during dual tasking, searching for complex words and an increased speed of speech. OA can benefit from optic-flow by improving spatial gait parameters, specifically, step width, during dual-task walking.
Antibody responses to viral infections: a structural perspective across three different enveloped viruses.

Antibodies serve as critical barriers to viral infection. Humoral immunity to a virus is achieved through the dual role of antibodies in communicating the presence of invading pathogens in infected cells to effector cells, and in interfering with processes essential to the viral life cycle (chiefly entry into the host cell). For individuals that successfully control infection, virus-elicited antibodies can provide lifelong surveillance and protection from future insults. One approach to understand the nature of a successful immune response has been to utilize structural biology to uncover the molecular details of antibodies derived from vaccines or natural infection and how they interact with their cognate microbial antigens. The ability to isolate antigen-specific B-cells and rapidly solve structures of functional, monoclonal antibodies in complex with viral glycoprotein surface antigens has greatly expanded our knowledge of the sites of vulnerability on viruses. In this Review, we compare the adaptive humoral immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and filoviruses, with a particular focus on neutralizing antibodies. The pathogenesis of each of these viruses is quite different, providing an opportunity for comparison of immune responses: HIV causes a persistent, chronic infection; influenza, an acute infection with multiple exposures during a lifetime and annual vaccination; filoviruses, a virulent, acute infection. Neutralizing antibodies that develop under these different constraints are therefore sentinels that can provide insight into the underlying humoral immune responses, as well as important lessons to guide future development of vaccines and immunotherapeutics. This Review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of neutralizing antibody responses to enveloped viruses with different pathogenesis and discusses how this information is used to inform design of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.
Anatomy of Facelifting

In facelifting, the surgeon must balance the desire to re-establish the contour of the lower facial skeleton against the critical need to ensure that the dynamic nature of facial soft tissue expressions remains “natural” and undisrupted. As a result, achieving a successful outcome in rhytidectomy requires a nuanced understanding of the underlying anatomy of the face, as well as the natural aging process of the face. All pertinent anatomy of the soft tissues of the face, including relevant cervical anatomy, will be thoroughly discussed in this chapter to provide the surgeon with the core foundation necessary to perform a successful rhytidectomy.
Canine-Assisted Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review

Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has been suggested to increase prosocial behavior in children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Out of all the animals used in AAT, dogs have been found to be the most utilized and accessible. This systematic review examines the current state of literature on canine-assisted therapy (CAT) for children with ASD based on peer-reviewed articles. Five studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria. All articles found that presence of a therapy dog was correlated with increased frequency and duration of social behavior both throughout treatment and, in the case of one study, at follow-up. However, methodological limitations such as small sample sizes and sub-optimal analytic procedures suggest that existing studies might not accurately reflect the true nature of the relationship between CAT and social behavior. Therefore, further exploration of this area of research using methodologically strong studies is warranted and necessary. Recommendations for future research are included.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in an Immunocompetent Patient Presenting as Multiple Cerebellar Lesions: A Case Report and Review of Literature:

Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma (PCNSL) is an uncommon extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presenting as a single brain lesion within the CNS. On histopathological evaluation of PCNSL a positive CD10, which is frequently observed in systemic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is present in approximately 10% of PCNSL. We describe a case of CD10-positive PCNSL presenting with multiple posterior fossa enhancing lesions in an immunocompetent older woman with a history of breast cancer successfully treated by the RTOG 0227 protocol consisting of pre-irradiation chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate, rituximab, and temozolomide for 6 cycles, followed by low-dose whole-brain radiation and post-irradiation temozolomide.
A Comparative Study for Non-rigid Image Registration and Rigid Image Registration

Image registration algorithms can be generally categorized into two groups: non-rigid and rigid. Recently, many deep learning-based algorithms employ a neural net to characterize non-rigid image registration function. However, do they always perform better? In this study, we compare the state-of-art deep learning-based non-rigid registration approach with rigid registration approach. The data is generated from Kaggle Dog vs Cat Competition \url{this https URL} and we test the algorithms' performance on rigid transformation including translation, rotation, scaling, shearing and pixelwise non-rigid transformation. The Voxelmorph is trained on rigidset and nonrigidset separately for comparison and we also add a gaussian blur layer to its original architecture to improve registration performance. The best quantitative results in both root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) metrics for rigid registration are produced by SimpleElastix and non-rigid registration by Voxelmorph. We select representative samples for visual assessment.
Granulomatous Peritonitis secondary to Chlamydia Trachomatis: A case report.

Abstract Background This case provides a rare case of Chlamydia Trachomatis presenting with ascites and granulomatous peritonitis. Case A 23-year old gravida 0 presented as a new patient to her gynecologist with complaints of irregular menses. A pelvic ultrasound showed ascites and the ovaries appeared heterogenous with irregular borders. A CA125 was 432. The patient was taken to the operating room by gynecologic oncology for a diagnostic laparoscopy. Biopsies were taken and final pathology resulted as “diffuse granulomatous inflammation.” Post-operatively, the etiology remained unknown. The patient was brought back to the office for more testing. She tested positive for Chlamydia and was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease. Conclusion When encountering granulomatous pathology, Chlamydia Trachomatis is a rare etiology however it should be included on the differential diagnosis.
Comparative Effectiveness of Pylorus-Preserving Versus Standard Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Clinical Practice

OBJECTIVES We compared risk-adjusted short- and long-term outcomes between standard pancreaticoduodenectomy (SPD) and a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD). METHODS The National Cancer Database was queried for the years 2004 to 2014 to identify patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head undergoing SPD and PPD. Margin status, lymph node yield, length of stay (LOS), 30- and 90-day mortality, and overall survival were compared. RESULTS A total of 11,172 patients were identified, of whom 9332 (83.5%) underwent SPD and 1840 (16.5%) PPPD. There was no difference in patient age, sex, stage, tumor grade, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy treatment between the 2 groups. Total number of regional lymph nodes was examined, and surgical margin status and overall survival were also comparable. However, patients undergoing PPPD had a shorter LOS (11.3 vs 12.3 days, P < 0.001), lower 30-day mortality (2.5% vs 3.7%, P = 0.02), and 90-day mortality (5.5% vs 6.9%, P = 0.03). On multivariate analyses, patients undergoing SPD were at higher risk for 30-day mortality compared with PPPD (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-2.13). CONCLUSIONS Standard pancreaticoduodenectomy and PPPD are oncologically equivalent, yet PPPD is associated with a reduction in postoperative mortality and shorter LOS.
Citizenship Reimagined : A New Framework for State Rights in the United States

The United States is entering a new era of progressive state citizenship, with California leading the way. A growing number of states are providing expanded rights to undocumented immigrants that challenge conventional understandings of citizenship as binary, unidimensional, and exclusively national. In Citizenship Reimagined, Allan Colbern and S. Karthick Ramakrishnan develop a precise framework for understanding and measuring citizenship as expansive, multi-dimensional, and federated - broader than legal status and firmly grounded in the provision of rights. Placing today's immigration battles in historical context, they show that today's progressive state citizenship is not unprecedented: US states have been leaders in rights expansion since America's founding, including over the fight for black citizenship and women's suffrage. The book invites readers to rethink how American federalism relates to minority rights and how state laws regulating undocumented residents can coexist with federal exclusivity over immigration law.
Geographical access to recreational marijuana

We investigate whether adult marijuana use in Washington responds to increased local access as measured by drive time to the nearest legal marijuana retailer as well as measures of retail density. Using survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we find that as retailers open closer to where they live, more individuals use marijuana and more frequently. These effects are concentrated among young adults (ages 18-26), women, and rural residents. Controlling for distance to the nearest retailer, we find that whether retail density affects marijuana use depends on how it is measured.
Changes in Anxiety Control Beliefs Following a Brief CBT Treatment and Their Association With Anxiety Symptom Reduction.

Abstract Anxiety control beliefs (i.e., beliefs regarding one’s ability to cope with external, fear-inducing threats and internal reactions to those perceived threats) have been found to negatively predict anxiety symptoms in children and adults and to be modifiable by cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders. The current study examines whether changes in anxiety control beliefs were seen following a brief, intensive treatment for specific phobias, and whether those changes were associated with improvements in the targeted phobia and comorbid anxiety disorder symptoms. Participants were 135 children and adolescents (M age = 9.01 years, 49% male) who received one-session treatment (OST) with or without parental involvement for their primary specific phobia. Results indicated that self-reported anxiety control beliefs significantly increased following treatment and that these increases significantly predicted reductions in specific phobia severity and symptoms of comorbid anxiety disorders 6 months and 1 year following treatment. Findings illustrate that involvement in a single 3-hour OST was associated with changes in anxiety control beliefs and demonstrate the potential importance of targeting control beliefs in pediatric anxiety treatment.
Crossing design shapes patterns of genetic variation in synthetic recombinant populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Synthetic recombinant populations have emerged as a useful tool for dissecting the genetics of complex traits. They can be used to derive inbred lines for fine QTL mapping, or the populations themselves can be sampled for experimental evolution. In latter application, investigators generally value maximizing genetic variation in constructed populations. This is because in evolution experiments initiated from such populations, adaptation is primarily fueled by standing genetic variation. Despite this reality, little has been done to systematically evaluate how different methods of constructing synthetic populations shape initial patterns of variation. Here we seek to address this issue by comparing outcomes in synthetic recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations created using one of two strategies: pairwise crossing of isogenic strains or simple mixing of strains in equal proportion. We also explore the impact of the varying the number of parental strains. We find that more genetic variation is initially present and maintained when population construction includes a round of pairwise crossing. As perhaps expected, we also observe that increasing the number of parental strains typically increases genetic diversity. In summary, we suggest that when constructing populations for use in evolution experiments, simply mixing founder strains in equal proportion may limit the adaptive potential.
Discrete Time Growth Optimal Investment With Costs

In this work we ask how should an investor distribute wealth over various assets to maximize the growth rate of the cumulative wealth in a discrete time market with proportional transaction costs. We show that this sequential decision problem has a stationary optimal policy. In addition, we show that for all e > 0 there exists a policy that guarantees a growth rate at most e below optimal on almost every sample path. We also show the existence of an e-optimal control- limit policies – control-limit policies correct the portfolio only it leaves a compact connected no-trade set. For the special case of two-asset markets, we establish that for all e > 0 there exists a control-limit policy that is e-optimal with probability 1.
Cytogenetic Abnormalities as an Indicator of Mutagenic Exposure

Chromosome aberrations can essentially be studied in any cycling cell population, or in any cell population that can be stimulated by a mitogenic agent to cycle. In animals there are several cell types that fit these criteria, but for humans there are to all intents and purposes only two types that are practically suitable. These are the bone marrow cells, which are a cycling population, and peripheral lymphocytes, which are normally noncycling, but can be stimulated to enter the cell cycle by in vitro culturing with a mitogen such as phytohem-agglutinin. Because of ease of obtaining blood samples in contrast to taking bone marrow samples, the majority of studies on the induction of chromosome alterations in humans have been with the lymphocyte assay. This chapter will concentrate on this assay, with some additional comments on the bone marrow assav where appropriate.
Stabilization of the Human β2-Adrenergic Receptor TM4–TM3–TM5 Helix Interface by Mutagenesis of Glu1223.41, A Critical Residue in GPCR Structure

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) instability represents one of the most profound obstacles in the structural study of GPCRs that bind diffusible ligands. The introduction of targeted mutations at nonconserved residues that lie proximal to helix interfaces has the potential to enhance the fold stability of the receptor helix bundle while maintaining wild-type receptor function. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effect of amino acid substitutions at Glu122(3.41) in the well-studied beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR), which was predicted from sequence conservation to lie at a position equivalent to a tryptophan residue in rhodopsin at the 3,4,5 helix interface among transmembrane (TM) domains 3, 4, and 5. Replacement of Glu122(3.41) with bulky hydrophobic residues, such as tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, increases the yield of functionally folded beta(2)AR by as much as 5-fold. Receptor stability in detergent solution was studied by isothermal denaturation, and it was found that the E122W and E122Y mutations enhanced the beta(2)AR thermal half-life by 9.3- and 6.7-fold, respectively, at 37 degrees C. The beta(1)AR was also stabilized by the introduction of tryptophan at Glu147(3.41), and the effect on protein behavior was similar to the rescue of the unstable wild-type receptor by the antagonist propranolol. Molecular modeling of the E122W and E122Y mutants revealed that the tryptophan ring edge and tyrosine hydroxyl are positioned proximal to the helical break in TM5 introduced by the conserved Pro211(5.50) and may stabilize the helix by interacting favorably with the unpaired carbonyl oxygen of Val206(5.45). Conformational flexibility of TM5 is likely to be a general property of class A GPCRs; therefore, engineering of the TM4-TM3-TM5 interface at the 3.41 position may provide a general strategy for the stabilization of other receptors.
The alpha-adrenergic stimulation of atrial natriuretic factor expression in cardiac myocytes requires calcium influx, protein kinase C, and calmodulin-regulated pathways.

It has been shown recently that alpha-adrenergic agonists can stimulate atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) expression in ventricular cardiac myocytes; however, little is known about the intracellular signals mediating this activation. The present study focused on the potential roles of calcium-regulated kinases and calcium influx in the alpha-adrenergic stimulation of ANF gene expression in ventricular myocardial cell cultures. Myocardial cells maintained for 48 h in serum-free medium supplemented with phenylephrine (PE) possessed up to 15-fold higher levels of ANF peptide and ANF mRNA than control cells. The removal of PE, or the addition of nifedipine, resulted in a rapid decline in ANF expression, suggesting that the sustained elevation of some intracellular messenger (e.g. calcium and/or phospholipid hydrolysis products) was required for the adrenergic response. The calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 was capable of increasing ANF expression in a nifedipine-sensitive manner; however, unlike PE, it did not stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The protein kinase C inhibitor, H7, caused an approximate 75% reduction in PE-stimulated ANF expression, but had no effect on BAY K-stimulated expression. W7, a calcium/calmodulin inhibitor, completely blocked the effects of both PE and BAY K 8644. The addition of either H7 or W7 24 h after the PE addition resulted in a decline of ANF expression. These results indicate that alpha-adrenergic agonists augment ANF gene expression through at least two pathways, one that is H7-sensitive, perhaps involving the sustained activation of protein kinase C, and the other that is W7-sensitive, perhaps involving the sustained activation of calmodulin-regulated kinases. Further, it appears that BAY K 8644-mediated increases in ANF expression are independent of protein kinase C activation and dependent on calmodulin-regulated events.
Massive Stars and Gamma-Ray Sources

I describe statistical correlations between tracers of Population I objectsand EGRET sources, present results from a multiwavelength search of the error box of the unidentified EGRET source in Monoceros, and speculate on a potential new class of gamma-ray emitting objects related to massive stars.
Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza A Virus in Mice Lacking IgA, All Ig, NKT Cells, or γδ T Cells

The mechanisms of broad cross-protection to influenza viruses of different subtypes, termed heterosubtypic immunity, remain incompletely understood. We used knockout mouse strains to examine the potential for heterosubtypic immunity in mice lacking IgA, all Ig and B cells, NKT cells (CD1 knockout mice), or gamma(delta) T cells. Mice were immunized with live influenza A virus and compared with controls immunized with unrelated influenza B virus. IgA(-/-) mice survived full respiratory tract challenge with heterosubtypic virus that was lethal to controls. IgA(-/-) mice also cleared virus from the nasopharynx and lungs following heterosubtypic challenge limited to the upper respiratory tract, where IgA has been shown to play an important role. Ig(-/-) mice controlled the replication of heterosubtypic challenge virus in the lungs. Acute depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets abrogated this clearance of virus, thus indicating that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required for protection in the absence of Ig. These results in Ig(-/-) mice indicate that CD4+ T cells can function by mechanisms other than providing help to B cells for the generation of Abs. Like wild-type mice, CD1(-/-) mice and gamma(delta) (-/-) mice survived lethal heterosubtypic challenge. Acute depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ cells abrogated heterosubtypic protection in gamma(delta) (-/-) mice, but not B6 controls, suggesting a contribution of gamma(delta) T cells. Our results demonstrate that the Ab and cellular subsets deficient in these knockout mice are not required for heterosubtypic protection, but each may play a role in a multifaceted response that as a whole is more effective than any of its parts.
A class-S RF amplifier architecture with envelope delta-sigma modulation

This paper proposes a new architecture to realize a class-S RF amplifier working at high carrier frequency. The existing class-S RF amplifier has the potential to achieve high efficiency while the highest RF frequency it can handle is determined by the switching speed of delta-sigma modulators. Due to the current technology limit of digital circuits, the approach is difficult to implement for amplifiers above the gigahertz frequency range. The proposed approach can overcome this difficulty by sampling the signal envelope with the delta-sigma modulator rather than the original carrier, which is more promising in practical implementation.
Matched Sampling for Causal Effects: FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING

In 1978 I had a Guggenheim Fellowship to pursue work on causal inference. I had recently completed my Annals of Statistics article, Rubin (1978a), dealing with Bayesian inference for causal effects, and I was actively consulting with June Reinisch, Director of the Kinsey Institute, on matching problems with a large Danish cohort (used for illustrative purposes in several articles, including Rosenbaum and Rubin (1985a, b), both reprinted in this part, and Rubin and Thomas (1996, 2000), both reprinted in Part V. Some of the empirical context for this problem appears in Chapter 25 in Part VII. Starting in the winter of 1978, I was able to take a one-semester leave from ETS to visit Harvard University, and taught a seminar on causal inference. There was an outstanding first-year PhD student who took my seminar and ended up writing his thesis largely under my supervision – Paul Rosenbaum. The combination of his brilliance and our real data problems led to a series of papers on propensity score methods that appear to have started an avalanche of very recent contributions addressing propensity score methods; Google, at the end of 2005, lists close to a million entries for “propensity scores” or “propensity score.” Chapter 10, Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983a), introduced the propensity score. It provided definitions of balancing scores, propensity scores, strongly ignorable treatment assignment (a stronger version of ignorable treatment assignment, defined in Rubin (1978a) but implied in Rubin (1976a)).
Parallel encrypted array multipliers

An algorithm for direct two's-complement and sign-magnitude parallel multiplication is described. The partial product matrix representing the multiplication is converted to an equivalent matrix by encryption. Its reduction, producing the final result, needs no specialized adders and can be added with any parallel array addition technique. It contains no negative terms and no extra "correction" rows; in addition, it produces the multiplication with fewer than the minimal number of rows required for a direct multiplication process.
Downgrading constructions in GPSG

Farkas (1986) argues that earlier work by Horvath on Hungarian clause structure appealing to constituent-lowering movement is incorrect, and that no such ‘downgrading’ movement exists in natural languages. Farkas then claims that while this lack of downgrading movement must be stipulated in the GB framework, it follows as a theorem from GPSG formalism. I argue here that the formal structure of GPSG is completely compatible with the existence of down-grading constructions. A rule system implementing such constructions is presented together with a compositional semantics which yields the appropriate semantic representations for such constructions. It follows that the possibility of lower filler/higher gap linkages is irrelevant to theory comparison between GB and GPSG, or indeed, between any pair of theories both of which include a phrase structure component.
Primality tests for $2^{p}\pm2^{(p+1)/2}+1$ using elliptic curves

Using the properties of elliptic curves, we propose primality tests for integers of the form 2 p ± 2 (p+1)/2 + 1, where p is a prime number.
Size-dependent optical spectroscopy of II-VI semiconductor nanocrystallites (quantum dots)

We use low temperature (10K) optical hole-burning and fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy to investigate the electronic properties of CdSe nanocrystallites (quantum dots) as a function of crystallite diameter (20–80A). We discuss how the homogeneous linewidth of the HOMO-LUMO transition, the energy shift between the absorbing and emitting state, and the LO phonon frequency vary with nanocrystallite size.
Structure and function of environmental programmes

In this article, the need for integrated curricula in environmental science/studies programmes is reviewed. The required competencies/outcomes for understanding and solution of environmental problems, the requirement for interdisciplinarity and incorporation of innovative skills/methods into environmental curricula, examples of ways to integrate curricula, teaching methodologies and their rationales, impacts of environmental programmes, and academic support for programmes, are also examined in this context.
Biochemistry of detoxication in insects: Microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract The enzyme kinetics of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of resistant and susceptible strains of the housefly, Musca domestica , was studied using O-demethylation, N-demethylation, hydroxylation, and epoxidation as representative reactions. Qualitative differences based on the values of the apparent K m were found among strains. While the diazinon multiresistant Rutgers strain is considerably different from the CSMA susceptible strain, the Fc strain resembles the susceptible in some respects. V max as well as enzymatic half-life values are also presented. Resistant strains always have a higher maximum velocity than the susceptible strain. Due to the complexity of the microsomal oxidase system and its membrane-bound nature, a departure from linearity of the kinetic plots for aldrin epoxidation was observed.
Analysis of multiplicative speckle models for template-based SAR ATR

It has been noted that signal aperture radar (SAR) imagery of clutter exhibits Rayleigh multiplicative noise due to speckle. We use a database of MSTAR target chips to verify that the noise is multiplicative rather than additive for all regions in the chip. Then, by examining histograms corresponding to the noise residuals, we show that a Weibull distribution that is almost Rayleigh best fits the data. However, when we restrict the analysis over the target region, the log-normal and Rayleigh models fit the noise equally as well. This can be attributed to scattering mechanisms that are unstable over five degrees of aspect angle.
Ultra-low-temperature homoepitaxial growth of Sb-doped silicon

An ultra-low-temperature process for homoepitaxial growth of high-quality, surface-confined, Sb-doped silicon layers is presented. Non-equilibrium growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is used to achieve dopant incorporation in excess of 2x10(exp 14) per sq cm in a thin, surface-confined layer. Sb surface segregation larger than expected from theoretical models was observed, in agreement with other experimental works. Furthermore, this work details an entirely low-temperature process (less than 450 degree C) that can be applied to fully processed and aluminum-metallized silicon devices. One application of this process is the formation of a back-surface electrode for back-illuminated high-purity silicon imaging arrays.