cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
META-ANALYSIS OF MARINE NUTRIENT-ENRICHMENT EXPERIMENTS: VARIATION IN THE MAGNITUDE OF NUTRIENT LIMITATION

Nutrient bioassay experiments have been performed in many marine and estuarine environments around the world. Although protocols have been relatively uniform, these experiments have yielded mixed results, implicating nitrogen, phosphorus, silica, iron, and several other elements as factors limiting phytoplankton growth. Meta-analysis has the potential to explain much of this variation by exploring the relationship between the magnitude of limitation and various environmental characteristics. We quantified limitation with a simple metric, Δr, that estimates the change in the per unit growth rate of phytoplankton directly attributable to addition of a specific nutrient, such as nitrogen, iron, or phosphorus. Preliminary analyses indicated that experiments lasting ≤1 d exhibited time lags in the numerical response of phytoplankton to nutrient addition, while experiments lasting >7 d confounded nutrient limitation with processes such as increased grazing or depletion of other nutrients. Thus, we restricted th...
Anomalous Gate-Edge Leakage Current in nMOSFETs Caused by Encroached Growth of Nickel Silicide and Its Suppression by Confinement of Silicidation Region Using Advanced $\hbox{Si}^{+}$ Ion-Implantation Technique

The anomalous gate-edge leakage current in n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (nMOSFETs), which is caused by the encroached growth of nickel silicide across the p-n junction, is first reported. Furthermore, this encroached growth, which is caused by the isotropic and rapid diffusion of Ni atoms during the silicidation annealing, is successfully suppressed by the advanced Si+ ion-implantation (Si-I.I.) technique. Using the Si-I.I. technique, both the anisotropic silicidation to the perpendicular direction and the phase transition from Ni2Si to NiSi are enhanced by the introduction of damaged layers into Si substrates, such as vacancy and amorphous Si layers, and as a result, the silicidation region is confined at the source and drain regions. In addition, we propose a new evaluation method for the quantitative analysis of the encroached growth based on its growth properties, namely, the variability of encroached growths, which is three standard deviations of the roughness at silicide edges. The usefulness of this simple analysis for a large number of nMOSFETs is also demonstrated.
Phagostimulation of larval Culexpipiens L. by nucleic acid nucleotides, nucleosides and bases

. The influence of nucleic acid constituents on the rate of ingestion of charcoal powder filtered from ambient water by larvae of Culex pipiens L. was examined. All nucleotides tested stimulated ingestion to some extent. Various mono-, di- and tri-phosphates of adenosine were most effective and at concentrations of 1 mM stimulated ingestion nearly as well as yeast extract, a powerful phagostimu-lant. Guanylic, thymidylic, cytidylic and uridylic acids were less stimulatory, the latter two even at 10 mM. Cyclic AMP and deoxyadenylic acid were less effective than other adenine nucleotides. The nucleosides adenosine, guanosine and uridine were almost as effective as their corresponding nucleotides (adenylic, guanylic and uridylic acids); thymidine was less effective than thymidylic acids, whereas cytidine was non-stimulatory. Adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine, the bases of the ribose nucleotides, were non-phagostimulatory, whereas thymine, base of the deoxynucleotide, thymidylic acid, caused low but significantly increased ingestion. These findings are compared with the reported phagostimulation by nucleic acid constituents of certain plant feeding insects and with the stimulation of engorgement of the blood meal by many blood feeding insects.
A general method to improve fluorophores for live-cell and single-molecule microscopy

Specific labeling of biomolecules with bright fluorophores is the keystone of fluorescence microscopy. Genetically encoded self-labeling tag proteins can be coupled to synthetic dyes inside living cells, resulting in brighter reporters than fluorescent proteins. Intracellular labeling using these techniques requires cell-permeable fluorescent ligands, however, limiting utility to a small number of classic fluorophores. Here we describe a simple structural modification that improves the brightness and photostability of dyes while preserving spectral properties and cell permeability. Inspired by molecular modeling, we replaced the N,N-dimethylamino substituents in tetramethylrhodamine with four-membered azetidine rings. This addition of two carbon atoms doubles the quantum efficiency and improves the photon yield of the dye in applications ranging from in vitro single-molecule measurements to super-resolution imaging. The novel substitution is generalizable, yielding a palette of chemical dyes with improved quantum efficiencies that spans the UV and visible range.
Magnetic resonance imaging of contrast-enhanced polyelectrolyte complexes

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) assembled from oppositely charged polymers were endowed with gadolinium (Gd) and evaluated to determine cytotoxicity and magnetic resonance image (MRI) contrast enhancement in vivo. Chitosan grafted with Gd diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was electrostatically complexed with dextran sulfate, producing particles of about 300 nm possessing a negative surface charge. Alternatively, Gd was ionically trapped within PECs by mixing PECs (with or without Gd-DTPA graft) with gadolinium chloride (GdCl(3)). Combinations of these two approaches for including Gd resulted in three particle types: Gd-loaded PECs, Gd-DTPA-conjugated PECs, and PECs containing both ionically trapped Gd and Gd-DTPA grafts. Polyelectrolytes, Gd-DTPA, and PECs were all found to have relatively low cytotoxicity (IC(50) > 1 mg/mL) in human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells. In vivo, MRI revealed that the contrast-enhanced PECs were found to accumulate rapidly in the rat kidney. Some accumulation was also noted in the rat liver; however, negligible enhancement occurred in other tissues. Contrast enhancement was especially intense in or near the renal pelvis. MRI detection of PECs provides a potential approach to rapidly evaluate parameters such as the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of these established drug and gene delivery vehicles.
Risk Minimization Method Evaluation in Oncology

Pemetrexed is licensed for use in mesothelioma and non-small-cell lung cancer. Early clinical development indicated that it causes cytotoxicity with dose (efficacy) limiting gastrointestinal (GI) and blood toxic effects. Use of folic acid and vitamin B12 reduced these toxicities. This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a risk minimization program based on administration of folic acid and vitamin B12 to reduce the therapeutic toxicity of pemetrexed and physicians’ compliance with these measures. Lilly Safety Database was searched for reports of GI and blood toxicity associated with pemetrexed. The period of early development was compared with the subsequent period in which risk minimization measures were in place. Reports from the postmarketing period were assessed to determine the percentage reported with appropriate risk minimization supplemention. The proportion of severe GI and blood toxicity in clinical trials was lower after the introduction of supplementation (67.3% vs 84.8%, P<0.001). A reduction in toxicity was also seen in the individual MedDRA System Organ Classes: hematological toxicity (49.5% to 43%, P = 0.015) and GI toxicity (26.5% to 12.9%, P<0.001). In the 4-year postmarketing period, compliance with the risk minimization program as assessed by the percentage of initial reports, which included details of appropriate supplementation, was stable at 70%. This rose to 97.7% on follow-up. Implementation of this risk minimization program demonstrated a significant reduction in adverse drug reaction reports of high-grade blood and GI toxicity together with a high level of compliance with supplementation treatment. It is feasible to verify the success of a risk minimization method by objective demonstration of a reduction in toxicity and, separately, to confirm physicians’ compliance with the risk minimization program.
Flexible, large-area metamaterials fabricated on thin silicon nitride membranes

We present terahertz metamaterials fabricated on large-area, free-standing thin (les1 mum) silicon nitride membranes with the aim of reducing dielectric losses, enhancing metamaterial sensing capabilities, and enabling flexible and conformable designs.
A Technique for the Exposure and Detection of Inhaled Aerosols in Poultry

Abstract The respiratory activity of poultry is highly susceptible to changes in respiratory dead space volume, airstream pressure, ambient temperature, and body position. A technique has been developed which will minimize these variables; yet permit the exposure and detection of inhaled aerosols. Monodispersed latex spheres of a known size are radioactively labeled following polymerization of iodine-127 onto the surface of the spheres. The bird is anesthetized and placed in a whole-body plethysmograph. The liquid dispersed latex spheres are aerosolized from a nebulizer attached to a 10 p.s.i.g. compressed air line. The particles are electrostatically neutralized and routed to a plenum at near ambient pressure. The bird breathes at will through a unidirectional mask attached to the plenum. Following exposure the bird is euthanatized, the plethysmograph calibrated and the deposition in the respiratory tract measured at each of seven sections by a collimated, scintillation detector.
Zariski-dense subgroups and transcendental number theory

Let K be a field, L be a field extension of K, and G be a connected semisimple algebraic group defined over K. In [6], we called a K-torus T to be K-irreducible if it does not contain any proper K-subtori. We established the existence of such tori in any connected absolutely (almost) simple algebraic group over a global field and gave applications of this result, in particular, to the congruence subgroup problem. Subsequently, in [8] we considered maximal tori in arbitrary semisimple groups, where the notion of irreducible tori had to be replaced with a more general notion of quasi-irreducible tori. As in [8], we will say that a maximal L-torus T of G is L-quasi-irreducible (or, quasi-irreducible over L) if it does not contain any L-subtori other than (almost direct) products of the subtori T (i) := T ∩G(i), where G, . . . , G are the connected L-simple normal subgroups of G. In [8], we proved the existence of K-quasi-irreducible tori in G if K is a finitely generated field of characteristic zero. (A noteworthy feature of the argument in [8] is that it is based on the technique of embedding relevant finitely generated fields into nonarchimedean local fields, developed and used earlier in [7] for a different purpose.) Assume now that K is a finitely generated subfield of the field R of real numbers. In [8] we proved that any Zariski-dense subsemigroup of G(K) contains a regular R-regular element x such that the centralizer T of x in G is a K-quasiirreducible torus and the cyclic subgroup of T (K) generated by x is Zariski-dense in T . Since such elements will also play an important role in the current paper, we recall for the reader’s convenience that a semisimple element x ∈ G is called regular if the identity component ZG(x)◦ of its centralizer is a (maximal) torus; note that x ∈ ZG(x)◦ ([4], 11.12). Regular elements form a Zariski-open subset of G (cf. [4], §12). A regular element x of G(L) will be called L-quasi-irreducible if the maximal L-torus T := ZG(x)◦ is L-quasi-irreducible, and x will be called L-quasi-irreducible anisotropic if, in addition, T is anisotropic over L. We will say that an element x ∈ G(K) is without components of finite order, if in some (equivalently, any) decomposition x = x1 · · ·xt, with xi ∈ Gi, where G1, . . . ,Gt are the connected absolutely simple normal subgroups of G, all the xi’s have infinite order. It is easy to see that (for x ∈ G(K)) this notion is equivalent to the one introduced in [8]. An element x ∈ G(R) is called R-regular if the number of eigenvalues, counted with multiplicity, of modulus 1 of Ad x is minimum possible. Such an element
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in Double Quantum Dots

We theoretically investigate the controlled dynamic polarization of lattice nuclear spins in GaAs double quantum dots containing two electrons. Three regimes of long-term dynamics are identified, including the buildup of a large difference in the Overhauser fields across the dots, the saturation of the nuclear polarization process associated with formation of so-called "dark states", and the elimination of the difference field. We show that in the case of unequal dots, buildup of difference fields generally accompanies the nuclear polarization process, whereas for nearly identical dots, buildup of difference fields competes with polarization saturation in dark states. The elimination of the difference field does not, in general, correspond to a stable steady state of the polarization process.
The Dynamic Evolution of Twisted Magnetic Flux Tubes in a Three-dimensional Convecting Flow. I. Uniformly Buoyant Horizontal Tubes

We present three-dimensional numerical simulations of the dynamic evolution of uniformly buoyant, twisted horizontal magnetic flux tubes in a three-dimensional stratified convective velocity field. Our calculations are relevant to understanding how stratified convection in the deep solar convection zone may affect the rise and the structure of buoyant flux tubes that are responsible for the emergence of solar active regions. We find that in order for the magnetic buoyancy force of the tube to dominate the hydrodynamic force due to the convective downflows, the field strength B of the flux tube needs to be greater than (Hp/a)1/2Beq ~ 3Beq, where Hp is the pressure scale height, a is the tube radius, and Beq is the field strength in equipartition with the kinetic energy density of the strong downdrafts. For tubes of equipartition field strength (B = Beq), the dynamic evolution depends sensitively on the local condition of the convective flow. Sections of the tube in the paths of strong downdrafts are pinned down to the bottom despite their buoyancy, while the rise speed of sections within upflow regions is significantly boosted; Ω-shaped emerging tubes can form between downdrafts. Although flux tubes with B = Beq are found to be severely distorted by convection, the degree of distortion obtained from our simulations is not severe enough to clearly rule out the Ω-tubes that are able to emerge between downdrafts as possible progenitors of solar active regions. As the initial field strength of the tube becomes higher than the critical value of ~(Hp/a)1/2Beq given above, the dynamic evolution converges toward the results of previous simulations of the buoyant rise of magnetic flux tubes in a static, adiabatically stratified model solar convection zone. Tubes with 10 times the equipartition field strength are found to rise unimpeded by the downdrafts and are not significantly distorted by the three-dimensional convective flow.
Saturnian trapped radiation and its absorption by satellites and rings: the first results from pioneer 11.

Preliminary results from Pioneer 11 concerning the acceleration and trapping of charged particles in the magnetic field of Saturn are reported. The identification and measurement of the intensities and spectra of charged particle species was performed by an experiment including four charged particle sensor systems, within 20 Saturn radii of the planet. Increases in the intensity of 0.5- to 1.8-MeV protons within 15 Saturn radii indicate the trapping and acceleration of particles in the dipole field region, while a decrease in proton intensity between seven and four Saturn radii is attributed to absorption by Dione and Enceladus and possibly ring material as well. Proton and electron intensity distributions are found to be axially symmetric within four Saturn radii, indicating a centered dipole aligned with the planetary rotation axis. Trapped radiation absorption at the orbit of Mimas is analyzed to obtain an upper limit of 4 x 10 to the -8th Saturn radii-squared/sec to the inward diffusion coefficient; an absorption-like feature observed at L = 2.5 is attributed to a previously unidentified satellite of diameter less than 200 km and semimajor axis 2.51 Saturn radii. Radiation absorption by the newly discovered F ring was also observed, however beneath the A, B and C rings a low flux of high-energy electrons was detected.
Defining Health‐Related Obesity in Prepubertal Children

HIGGINS, PAUL B., BARBARA A. GOWER, GARY R. HUNTER, AND MICHAEL I. GORAN. Defining health-related obesity in prepubertal children. Obes Res. 2001;9:233‐240. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points in prepubertal children with the intention of defining obesity associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Research Methods and Procedures: A cross-sectional analysis of 87 prepubertal children aged 4 to 11 years was used. Percentage of body fat was determined by DXA. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest millimeter. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses of percentage of fat and waist circumference were used to develop cut-points for individuals with adverse levels of CVD risk factors. Results: The risk factors selected for analyses (i.e., fasting insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/ high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were significantly related to percentage of body fat and waist circumference. Likelihood ratios were used to identify percentage of fat and waist circumference cut-points associated with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles. Two cut-points, an upper cut-point of 33% body fat and a lower cut-point of 20% body fat, were derived. Waist circumference cut-points indicative of adverse and normal risk-factor profiles were 71 cm and 61 cm, respectively. Discussion: The data indicate that children with $33% body fat and children with a waist circumference $71 cm were more likely to possess an adverse CVD risk-factor profile than a normal risk-factor profile. The likelihood of children with ,20% body fat or a waist circumference ,61 cm possessing an adverse CVD risk-factor profile as opposed to a normal risk-factor profile was small. The cutpoints describe an adequate health-related definition of childhood obesity.
Predatory Potential of Geocoris spp. and Orius insidiosus on Fall Armyworm in Resistant and Susceptible Turf

ABSTRACT Predatory potential and performance of the predaceous heteropterans, Geocoris punctipes (Say), G. uliginosus (Say) (Geocoridae), and Onus insidiosus (Say) (Anthocoridae), were evaluated using fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), as prey on different turfgrass taxa (resistant zoysiagrasses, ‘Cavalier’ and ‘Palisades’; moderately resistant Bermuda grass, ‘TifSport’; and susceptible seashore paspalum, ‘Sea Isle 1’) through laboratory and field studies. When background mortality was taken into account, in small arena trials in the laboratory, the greatest mortality by predators occurred on TifSport. The predator impact on TifSport by O. insidiosus was 92.6% above the mortality in the no-predator treatment on that grass. Predator induced mortality was rarely significant on the highly resistant zoysiagrass cultivar Cavalier because mortality, even in the absence of predators, was so high. Survival of larvae on TifSport Bermuda grass was significantly reduced by the addition of just two ...
Relative and Numeric Age Data for Pleistocene Glacial Deposits and Diamictons in and near Sinks Canyon, Wind River Range, Wyoming, U.S.A

Abstract Glacial deposits are identified from within and near Sinks Canyon, southwest of Lander, Wyoming, representing 6 first-order Pleistocene glaciations. Relative-age analyses of the deposits (including moraine morphology and soil development characteristics) indicate that they correspond to 4 glaciations previously identified from the Wind River Range (Pinedale, Early Wisconsin, Bull Lake, and Sacagawea Ridge) and to 2 older glacial events (Younger and Older Pre–Sacagawea Ridge). 10Be and 26Al exposure ages associated with recessional Pinedale deposits are similar to those associated with recessional Pinedale deposits elsewhere in the range. 10Be and 26Al exposure ages also support the identification of Early Wisconsin deposits here. The Early Wisconsin deposits represent the second locality where O-isotope stage 4 glacial deposits are described from the Wind River Range. Preliminary analysis of 10Be exposure data from the Older Pre–Sacagawea Ridge deposit suggests that a glacial advance occurred her...
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer: Study of gene-environment interaction among african-american women

2549 Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among U.S. women, with approximately 200,000 women diagnosed each year. Given the magnitude of the problem, identification of prevention strategies is a high priority in cancer research. Recent findings suggest use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and a polymorphism in the COX-2 gene may be associated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer, particularly colon cancer. Breast cancers overexpress COX-2, however there are no published data on whether the COX-2 polymorphism affects breast cancer risk. Methods: We used data and blood samples from a population-based, case-control study in North Carolina to evaluate the relationship between NSAID’s use, a COX-2 polymorphism (valine to alanine at residue 511), and breast cancer. Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine if carriers of the COX-2 polymorphism were at lower risk for breast cancer and if there was an interaction between this polymorphism and NSAID use. Results: NSAID users were at reduced risk for breast cancer (OR= 0.4, 95% CI 0.3 - 0.6). However, we found no evidence that the COX-2 polymorphism reduced breast cancer risk; carriers of the ala allele had an OR of 1.1 (95% CI 0.7 - 1.6). There was no significant interaction between NSAID exposure and genotype (Tables I, II, and III). Conclusions: The COX-2 pathway represents a possible target for breast cancer prevention. Our data suggest NSAIDs reduce breast cancer risk, but additional work is needed to determine the genetic pathways through which they affect carcinogenesis. This work was supported by CA091410 - Comprehensive Minority Biomedical Branch, Minority Institution Cancer Center Partnership of the National Cancer Institute, NIH, and P20CA091433.
Motivating Suppliers' Sustainability Performance via Investments in Pollution Abatement Innovations

We consider the actions of two suppliers investing in pollution abatement innovations and also choosing end-of-pipe pollution reduction levels when the buyer chooses different sourcing strategies. To encourage improvements in environmental performance of suppliers in emerging economies, the buyer either sources from both suppliers and allocates more market share to the one with better environmental performance, or sources from only one supplier and gives the one with better environmental performance a higher chance of winning the contract. We consider two dimensions of a buyer's choices: the sourcing strategy (single vs. dual sourcing) and the order allocation mechanism (either linear or proportional). Through equilibrium analysis of this stylized model, we study whether the action of one supplier on investing in pollution abatement will always improve both suppliers' end-of-pipe pollution reduction levels under the various scenarios described. We examine which sourcing strategy encourages more supplier investment in pollution abatement and which strategy results in a higher total production reduction level for the entire supply chain. We also study the buyer's optimal choices of contract terms (the wholesale price and the order adjustment parameter of the order allocation mechanism) to balance her economic objective with her sustainability objective.
Micro-ratcheted surfaces for a heat engine biomass conveyor†

Cellulosic particles on surfaces consisting of microstructured, asymmetric ratchets (100 by 400 μm) were observed to spontaneously move orthogonal to ratchet wells above the cellulose reactive Leidenfrost temperature (>750 °C). Evaluation of the accelerating particles supported the mechanism of propelling viscous forces (50–200 nN) from rectified pyrolysis vapors, thus providing the first example of biomass conveyors with no moving parts driven by high temperature for biofuel reactors.
Legislating Morality: The Effects Of Tax Law Complexity On Taxpayers' Attitudes

This paper addresses the effects of tax law complexity on the behavior of taxpayers. A particular focus is the effect of tax law complexity on taxpayers perceptions of the morality of taking deductions that might be disallowed. The topic of taxpayer morality is addressed in terms of the broader concept of deterrence theory, which suggests that deterrence factors include formal punishment, informal social punishment and the guilt that would be felt if a behavior were perceived to be immoral. Tax law complexity may give rise to the perception that taking a questionable deduction would be socially acceptable tax avoidance rather than socially unacceptable tax evasion, and that taking a questionable deduction is morally acceptable. It is hypothesized that greater tax law complexity is associated with less perception that taking questionable deductions is immoral, and that less perception that taking questionable deductions is immoral is associated with greater inclination to take questionable deductions. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that greater tax law complexity is associated with greater inclination to take questionable deductions. The study entailed an experimental survey in which subjects evaluated hypothetical scenarios in which the opportunity existed to save taxes by taking a deduction that might be disallowed. ANOVA and Regression results were consistent with the hypotheses.
Gigabit per second modulation and transmission of a partially coherent beam through laboratory turbulence

A partially coherent beam (PCB) is modulated at 1 Gbps with pseudorandom bit sequence data stream and propagated through laboratory turbulence. Eye diagrams are measured and compared to those resulting from a fully coherent beam propagated through the same turbulence. Reduced scintillations of the PCB, as measured separately, expectedly result in a higher quality eye as compared to that of a fully coherent beam. Experimental data is supported by numerical modeling. This work demonstrates the feasibility and simplicity of using PCBs for Gbps data rate free-space optical communication through turbulent atmosphere.
Prediction of Aluminum Nitride Embrittlement in Heavy Section Steel Castings

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) embrittlement is a problem in heavier section (>4″) steel castings. AlN precipitates at higher residual aluminum and nitrogen levels and slow cooling rates. In load critical components, the formation of AlN will embrittle the casting, reducing the impact strength and ductility of the steel. The precipitation diagram for AlN from Hannerz is reviewed and his more accurate equation plotted. In addition, this information is matched to simulated cooling curves in slab castings to plot maximum aluminum content against section size to avoid embrittlement. However, these rules of thumb can be misleading in analyzing geometries without final rigging or production information like the sand properties. The most important information in predicting AlN is the cooling rates in the production setting. Therefore, the equations are incorporated into casting simulation software to use the simulated cooling curves to locate embrittled volumes. Two example castings serve to show the use of the AlN embrittlement indicator. This prediction will help to avoid AlN embrittlement in the design of heavy section steel castings and rigging.
Changing Continental Arrangements and the Origin of Australia's Non-Passeriform Continental Avifauna

Classically the origin of Australia's avifauna has been sought in south-eastern Asia with the Malay Archipelago serving as the only link between two major biogeographical realms. During the past two decades however, developments in the geological sciences have suggested strongly that the Australian continent has not always been where it is today with respect to other land masses. In fact, as little as fifty million years ago it was close to, if not directly connected with, Antarctica, which in turn probably was joined to South America by an archipelago. Contemporaneously, milder climatic regimes dominated Antyctica, supporting a diverse flora that included forests of podocarps, other conifers and Nothofagus. Certsunly this possible austral dispersal roufe, as well as the Indonesian archipelago, needs to be kept in mind in future considerations of the Australian avifauna's origin, specially for its distinctive groups such as emus, cassowaries, megapodes, pigeons and parrots among others.
PH, PROTEIN, AND SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS INFECTIVITY.

SummarySFV retained a high level of infectivity from pH 6 to above pH 10 when serially diluted in 0.1 m phosphate buffer. After incubation of such serial dilutions at 37°C, infectivity persisted at 10-3 dilutions only above pH 6. The presence of 0.1% bovine serum albumin resulted in a marked increase in thermal stability at 37°C above pH 6 but not in more acid solutions. On dilution in several tissue culture media both SFV and WEE retained a higher level of infectivity in media containing a mixture of amino acids or glutamine than in media containing glucose and inorganic salts only.
Congestive heart failure in infancy. 1. Recognition.

Too often, congenital heart disease is diagnosed too late for effective therapy. The idea that cardiac malformations cannot be diagnosed without recourse to cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography is largely erroneous. The vast majority of the more common malformations can be diagnosed by a combination of routine technics.
Association of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder in a nationally representative epidemiological sample.

Objective Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) are associated with significant health impairment. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) comprise both psychological (disturbances in mood and affect) and physiological (bloating and changes in appetite) symptoms that may trigger binge-eating and/or purging. Method Female participants were drawn from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys, conducted from 2001 to 2003. Weighted multivariable logistic regression modeled the association between lifetime PMS and PMDD and lifetime odds of BN or BED. Results Among 8,694 participants, 133 (1.0%) had BN and 185 (1.8%) BED. Additionally, 366 (4.2%) had PMDD and 3,489 (42.4%) had PMS. Prevalence of PMDD and PMS were 17.4 and 55.4% among those with BN, 10.7 and 48.9% among those with BED and 3.4 and 59.1% among those with subthreshold BED. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, income, education, body mass index, age at menarche, birth control use, and comorbid mental health conditions, PMDD was associated with seven times the odds of BN (OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.3, 22.4) and PMS with two times the odds of BN (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1, 5.7). Neither PMDD nor PMS were significantly associated with BED. Discussion Women with PMS and PMDD have a higher odds of BN, independent of comorbid mental health conditions. PMS and PMDD may be important comorbidities to BN to consider in clinical settings, and future research should investigate whether PMS and PMDD affect the onset and duration of bulimic symptoms as well as the potential for shared risk factors across disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:641–650)
Aortic Angulation Attenuates Procedural Success Following Self-Expandable But Not Balloon-Expandable TAVR

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of increased aortic angulation (AA) on acute procedural success following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Background The degree of angulation between the aorta and the heart can make accurate positioning of the bioprosthesis during TAVR more demanding, particularly in instances of an extremely angulated or horizontal aortic root. Nonetheless, there are limited data on the impact of AA on the acute success of TAVR. Methods We assessed 582 patients who underwent TAVR at our institute and had contrast computed tomography available for AA evaluation. TAVR endpoints, device success, and adverse events were considered according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 definitions. Results The mean angulation of the aorta was 47.3 ± 8.7°. Patients were therefore divided into 2 groups: AA Conclusions Increased aortic root angulation adversely influences acute procedural success following SE but not BE TAVR. Because of these data, BE valves may be preferred when evaluating patients with high AA before TAVR.
Responses of Normal Skin to Ultraviolet Radiation

The skin of humans is frequently exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, either during everyday activity or during intentional exposure to achieve tanning. Exposure may also occur from any of a number of artificial sources which emit UV radiation. These include the increasingly popular commercial sunlamps and solaria used in an attempt to produce year-round tanning, the therapeutic UVB and UVA lamps used in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin ailments, welding arcs, gas discharge arc lamps, fluorescent lamps, and lasers used in industry or research. Physiologic mechanisms exist to deal with the absorbed energy, but they are not totally efficient. Sufficient damage at tissue, cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels invokes an inflammatory response, repair processes, and an increase in the function of protective processes. If no further exposure occurs, these processes run a short course and then cease to act. If multiple exposures occur, the processes continue and intensify. Since neither repair nor protective process is perfect, continuing exposure leads to long-term damage as discussed in Chapter 9. In this chapter, unless otherwise stated, only the effects of single, short UV exposures sufficient to produce a discernible response will be considered.
Cracking Performance of Lower Asphalt Binder Coarse Hot Mix Asphalt Mixes

Historically, asphalt mixtures in Minnesota have been produced to be fine-graded in nature. Recently, there are increasingly more coarse-graded mixtures being produced with relatively low asphalt binder content as compared to fine-graded mixtures. The performance of the coarser low asphalt content mixes is not known; therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the coarse asphalt mixes with lower binder content are prone to a reduced service life and increased performance problems. The present study focused on 13 low asphalt binder content, coarse-gradation mixes from actual field projects constructed mostly in the last 1–5 years. The performance of the pavement sections was quantified using Minnesota Department of Transportation’s (MnDOT) pavement management systems (PMS). Field cracking performance was compared to laboratory tests on core samples procured from the field sections. The field procured core samples were tested using the disk-shaped compact tension (DCT) fracture energy test and permeability measurements. The lab results were also analyzed with each pavement section’s field performance. The results from the study will not only provide answers to this question but also provide estimates of the pavement performances for low binder content mixes. Final outcomes will help revise future asphalt mix specifications. The modifications will ensure that pavements provide the service for as designed time duration and have minimal performance problems that reduce the future rehabilitation and maintenance costs.
Why Should I Donate? Examining the Effects of Reputation, Peer Influence, and Popularity on Charitable Giving Over Social Media Platforms

With the growing popularity of social media, social networking sites have become an important channel for online donor engagement and charitable fundraising. Many crowd-based donation platforms have integrated social functions to encourage donors to announce their donations in social media. Some social networking sites, like Facebook, initiate their own charitable campaigns by collaborating with nonprofit organizations. Despite the great theoretical and practical values, social media users’ motivations for charitable giving are underexplored. Using individual-level data from a microblogging platform where a donation service is embedded, we investigate how individual donation decisions are influenced by reputation incentive design, peer effects, and popularity effects. We find that despite the platform designer’s desire to improve fundraising performance, higher visibility of donors’ contributions may have negative impact on fundraising. Peer effects are found to be positive and, hence, provide a potential solution to the free-rider problem. Finally, it is observed that while most users crowd to popular projects, a group of users who exhibit leadership features crowd out from popular projects. Investing more fundraising effort on this crowding-out group may alleviate the rich-get-richer problem.
British Flanders: Co-produced Television Drama and the Limits of a European Heritage

If the origins of the heritage discourse are national and political, this is most obviously the case in the United Kingdom. Stuart Hall (2005) has argued that this discourse met a British desire to preserve those sites and objects that would acquire value and meaning only in relation to a specifically English (rather than British) aristocratic and imperial past. The Conservative National Heritage Acts of the 1980s accordingly supported a heritage industry that, centred on the commercial exploitation of noble estates and the natural environment, served the economic interest and bourgeois values of the English upper class (Wright 1985; Hewison 1987). It is in this historical context of Thatcherite Conservatism, Claire Monk reminds us, that the critical debate on the British heritage film emerged in the late 1980s (2011: 14–18). The discussion addressed a collection of historical melodramas that were said to construct a heritage of Britishness that positioned itself at the height of Britain’s imperial power while refashioning its national past into romanticized representations of England’s southern districts and their pastoral sceneries and aristocratic social milieus. In his 1993 essay entitled ‘Representing the National Past’, Andrew Higson posited that films such as Chariots of Fire (Hugh Hudson 1981) belonged to a cycle of heritage productions whose ‘aesthetic of display’ fetishized the private possessions of the English elites. In the process, these nostalgic visualizations established a ‘heritage space’ for ‘the display of heritage properties’ that, commodified into a national brand, served Thatcherism’s support for England’s social elite (Higson 1993: 117, 2003: 9–45). Since the publication of Higson’s polemic, scholars have increasingly questioned the discursive dichotomy between those melodramas that romanticized an elitist English past and those more socially engaged ‘anti-heritage films’ or ‘post-heritage films’ that were either set in a post-imperialist, working-class Britain or advanced alternative representations of gender and sexuality (Church Gibson 2002; Monk 1995). What united these different responses, however, was their association of the heritage drama with a British national cinema.
Flood Realities, Perceptions and the Depth of Divisions on Climate.

Research has led to broad agreement among scientists that anthropogenic climate change is happening now and likely to worsen. In contrast to scientific agreement, US public views remain deeply divided, largely along ideological lines. Science communication has been neutralised in some arenas by intense counter-messaging, but as adverse climate impacts become manifest they might intervene more persuasively in local perceptions. We look for evidence of this occurring with regard to realities and perceptions of flooding in the northeastern US state of New Hampshire. Although precipitation and flood damage have increased, with ample news coverage, most residents do not see a trend. Nor do perceptions about past and future local flooding correlate with regional impacts or vulnerability. Instead, such perceptions follow ideological patterns resembling those of global climate change. That information about the physical world can be substantially filtered by ideology is a common finding from sociological environm...
Heavy Hybrids with Constituent Gluons

Abstract Hybrid meson energies are calculated in the static quark limit with the Dynamical Quark Model (DQM). In the DQM, transverse gluons are represented as effective constituents with a dynamically generated mass. Hybrid masses are determined within the Tamm-Dancoff approximation for the resulting relativistic Salpeter equation. Although the general features of the adiabatic potential surfaces correspond with lattice data, the results disagree on level orderings. Similar problems appear to exist in all constituent glue models of hybrids. We conclude that constituent gluons do not accurately represent soft gluonic degrees of freedom.
Trans*versing the DMZ: a non-binary autoethnographic exploration of gender and masculinity

AbstractUsing an abductive, critical-poststructuralist autoethnographic approach, I consider the ways in which masculine of centre, non-binary/genderqueer trans* identities transverse the poles of socializing binary gender systems, structures, and norms which inform higher education. In this paper, I assert that non-binary genderqueer identities are products of a particular sense-ing about gender that is reproduced and enforced in US higher education. Non-binary genderqueer identities defiantly take up space within a demilitarized zone that vacates the continuum of gender and instantiates binary genders. In particular, this autoethnography employs promiscuous and high-density theoretical analysis to determine the possibilities of resolving the breakdown presented by non-binary/genderqueer masculinities through a transmasculine critical epistemology.
A compact single-phase adjustable-voltage-ratio magnetoelectric transformer

Adjustable-voltage-ratio (AVR) magnetoelectric transformer is a new type of power transformer whose voltage ratio between the output and input can be adjusted continuously from the minimum value (e.g., zero) to the maximum value designed. Therefore, given an input voltage with fixed amplitude, the AVR transformer can output one or multiple AC voltages with continuously adjustable amplitudes from zero volts to the maximum value. In this paper, a new structure-compact singlephase AVR transformer is proposed. The configuration and working principle of the proposed AVR transformer are presented. Finite element analysis (FEA)-based simulation analysis and preliminary experimental results are provided to demonstrate the proposed novel transformer concept.
Engineering and economic analysis of diurnal thermal energy storage for cogeneration applications

Thermal energy storage can help cogeneration meet the challenges of the 1990s by increasing the flexibility and performance of cogeneration facilities. Thermal energy storage also allows a cogeneration facility to provide dispatchable electric power while providing a constant thermal load. The first of two studies reported here focused on the relative performance and economic benefits of incorporating a diurnal thermal energy storage (TES) system with a simple–cycle gas turbine cogeneration system to produce dispatchable power during peak– and/or intermediate–demand periods. The results show that the oil/rock storage system for TES was the most attractive option for the assumed thermal load quality. The second study evaluated the cost of power produced by a combined–cycle cogeneration plant integrated with thermal energy storage (CC/TES/Cogen). The results indicate relatively poor economic prospects for integrating TES with a combined–cycle cogeneration power plant. However, system design optimization and reductions in storage media costs might improve the economics, perhaps enough to make the CC/TES/Cogen an attractive option for incremental peak power production. In addition to the economic considerations, environmental factors due to the use of thermal energy storage with conventional cogeneration systems are also reported.
Effect of a processed soy protein product on growth and gut physiology of broiler chickens

A 4 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a processed soy protein (PSP) on broiler performance and digestive physiology. Four inclusion levels of PSP (0, 25, 50 or 100 g/kg in either corn or wheat-based diets) were used in the starter diets. Feed intake was significantly lower (P < 0.01) on corn-based diets than those on wheat-based diets at 35 d. Over the first 10 d, chicks on corn-based diets tended (P < 0.09) to have higher body weight (BW) than wheat-based diet chicks. Across the 35 d trial, PSP level showed a strong tendency (P < 0.06) to be related to higher BW in birds, regardless of grain type. Both grain and PSP experimental factors significantly (P < 0.01, and P < 0.001) interacted at an early age, improving BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for birds received high PSP on wheat-based diets. Significantly heavier (P < 0.01) small intestine and gizzard + proventriculas weights at an early age, and heavier (P < 0.001) gizzard + proventriculas and pancreas during the grower stage were recorded in birds fed the corn-based diets. At 24 d, pancreatic chymotrypsin amidase and lipase enzymes were significantly (P < 0.01) more active in chickens fed the wheat-based diet. The interaction of PSP level and the type of the grain was significant (P < 0.01) for pancreatic chymotrypsin amidase and lipase as well as jejunal maltase (P < 0.05). Both experimental factors had a significant influence on jejunum histomorphology at 24 d of age (P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between level of PSP and the type of grain (P < 0.05) resulting in the highest villus surface areas being seen for birds fed the corn-based diet and receiving the medium level of PSP. The trial demonstrated that PSP supplement can be included at between 50 and 100 g/kg of starter diets, depending on the basal diet.
Brief Therapy and Crisis Intervention

Crisis intervention counseling and brief therapy are similar in the sense that it is necessary for the counselor or therapist to develop rapport with the person being counseled very quickly in order to offer some relief to the trauma being experienced. At times, a person who is normally psychologically well balanced can have an experience such as sudden death of a loved one, being a victim of a violent crime, being subjected to bullying, being incarcerated in jail, or witnessing a catastrophic event, and that experience has such an impact that it is difficult for the person to adjust.