cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Measuring the Critical Diameter of Cloud Condensation Nuclei Using Mobility Selected Aerosol

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) instruments determine the so-called “critical diameter” for activation of particles into cloud droplets at a fixed water supersaturation. A differential mobility analyzer is often used to size-select particles for purposes of scanning for the critical diameter. Usually the diameter where 50% of the particles have activated to cloud droplets is assumed to be equal to the critical diameter. We introduce a model that describes the transfer of polydisperse charge-equilibrated particles through an ideal differential mobility analyzer followed by transit through an ideal CCN instrument. We show that if the mode diameter of the polydisperse size distribution exceeds the critical diameter of the particles, multiply-charged particles may lead to nonmonotonic CCN counter response curves (plots of CCN-active fraction vs. mobility diameter) that exhibit multiple peaks, rather than a simple sigmoidally-shaped curve. Hence, determination of the 50% activation diameter is ambiguous. Multi...
Self-report of somatic symptoms in survivors of childhood cancer: effects of adaptive style.

Background Screening for late effects in survivors of childhood cancer may be influenced by the patients' self-reporting of their somatic state. However, self report of somatic symptoms may be influenced by factors other than objectively documented physical functions. This study examined the self report of somatic symptoms in children with cancer and matched healthy control children as a function of child adaptive style. Procedure Two groups of children age 7–18 were studied; children with cancer at least 6-month post completion of therapy (n = 120) and a group of healthy children (n = 120) matched on age, race, and gender. Children completed measures of somatic symptoms, body consciousness, and adaptive style. Results Contrary to expectations, there were no differences between children with cancer and healthy controls in self-reported somatic symptoms, although cancer patients reported slightly lower symptomatology. In contrast, there were significant differences in self-reported somatic symptoms as a function of adaptive style. Children identified as repressors reported the lowest level of somatic symptoms and differed significantly from all other adaptive style groups. Conclusion These results do not support the prevailing hypothesis that a repressive style may be a risk factor for psychosomatic illness. However, the findings are consistent with a response bias interpretation, suggesting a general under-reporting of symptoms in repressors, including physical symptoms. These results have significant implications for health care providers and researchers following long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:84–89. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Legacy of Leaded Gasoline in Bottom Sediment of Small Rural Reservoirs

The historical and ongoing lead (Pb) contamination caused by the 20th-century use of leaded gasoline was investigated by an analysis of bottom sediment in eight small rural reservoirs in eastern Kansas, USA. For the reservoirs that were completed before or during the period of maximum Pb emissions from vehicles (i.e., the 1940s through the early 1980s) and that had a major highway in the basin, increased Pb concentrations reflected the pattern of historical leaded gasoline use. For at least some of these reservoirs, residual Pb is still being delivered from the basins. There was no evidence of increased Pb deposition for the reservoirs completed after the period of peak Pb emissions and (or) located in relatively remote areas with little or no highway traffic. Results indicated that several factors affected the magnitude and variability of Pb concentrations in reservoir sediment including traffic volume, reservoir age, and basin size. The increased Pb concentrations at four reservoirs exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold-effects level (30.2 mg kg 21 ) and frequently exceeded a consensus-based threshold-effects concentration (35.8 mg kg 21 ) for possible adverse biological effects. For two reservoirs it was estimated that it will take at least 20 to 70 yr for Pb in the newly deposited sediment to return to baseline (pre-1920s) concentrations (30 mg kg 21 ) following the phase out of leaded gasoline. The
Immunoreactive α -melanotropin and β-endorphin in the toad pars intermedia: Dissociation in storage, secretion and subcellular localization

Abstract Storage, secretion and subcellular localization of immunoreactive α -melanotropin (α -MSHi) and β -endorphin (β -ENDi) were examined in the pars intermedia of toads adapted to a black or white background. During white adaptation, there was a selective increase in storage of α -MSHi but not β -ENDi. Subcellular fractionation and release studies suggest the presence of two pools of peptides in the toad pars intermedia, each containing different molar ratios of α -MSHi and β -ENDi and regulated differently in their release.
Map sequence estimation of microwave refractivity from radar clutter via a particle filtering implementation of the Viterbi algorithm

This paper addresses the problem of predicting microwave propagation loss under ducting conditions by means of estimating the range and height varying index of refraction from observations of radar sea clutter returns. Specifically, the Fourier split-step solution to the parabolic equation for wave propagation is used to formulate the problem into a non-linear dynamic state-estimation framework. Solution for the maximum a posteriori (MAP) sequence estimate of the range-varying refractivity is achieved by extending notions of particle filtering framework to the Viterbi algorithm for state estimation. Real data results based on experiments performed off Wallops Island, Virginia are presented which quantify the proposed methods ability to predict propagation loss at 3 GHz.
Stability of Genetic and Environmental In‘uences on Reading Performance at 7 and 12 Years of Age in the Colorado Adoption Project

Results obtained from longitudinal studies suggest that individual differences in reading performance are relatively stable over time. However, the aetiology of this stability has not been previously explored. In the current study, the aetiology of longitudinal stability of reading performance between 7 and 12 years of age was assessed using data from adoptive (97 unrelated sibling pairs at age 7 and 73 pairs at age 12) and nonadoptive (106 related pairs at age 7 and 75 pairs at age 12) children tested in the Colorado Adoption Project. Results of a bivariate behavioural genetic analysis confirmed earlier findings of moderate genetic influence on individual differences in reading performance at both 7 and 12 years of age (h2 = .49 and .37, respectively). Moreover, about 70% of the observed stability (r = .61) between the two ages was due to common genetic influences. Of special interest, no new heritable or shared environmental variation was manifested at age 12, suggesting that the same genetic and shared...
Resonant microbeam strain transducers

Vacuum-enclosed resonant microbeam elements 200 or 400 mu m long and 1.8 mu m thick have been fabricated using LPCVD (low-pressure chemical vapor deposited) mechanical-grade polysilicon. The fundamental resonant frequency and overtone frequencies of the beams have been measured, with 550 kHz, 1.2, 2.2, and 5.2 MHz typical of the frequencies of the 1D bending modes for the 200 mu m length. Q-values determined using gain/phase analysis vary from less than 10 to over 25,000 for the devices tested. Closed-loop operation using piezoresistive sense and electrostatic drive has been achieved with AGC to prevent excessive drive. The 1D differential equation of motion of a doubly clamped single-span beam with an axial load can be solved analytically for lateral natural frequencies and mode shapes. These solutions have been verified by finite element methods. In addition, the finite element models were used to identify both lateral and torsional modes. The closed-form solutions are compared with the numerical results and the experimental data. >
Aβ reduction in BACE1 heterozygous null 5XFAD mice is associated with transgenic APP level

Background The β-secretase, BACE1, cleaves APP to initiate generation of the β-amyloid peptide, Aβ, that comprises amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reducing BACE1 activity is an attractive therapeutic approach to AD, but complete inhibition of BACE1 could have mechanism-based side-effects as BACE1−/− mice show deficits in axon guidance, myelination, memory, and other neurological processes. Since BACE1+/− mice appear normal there is interest in determining whether 50% reduction in BACE1 is potentially effective in preventing or treating AD. APP transgenic mice heterozygous for BACE1 have decreased Aβ but the extent of reduction varies greatly from study to study. Here we assess the effects of 50% BACE1 reduction on the widely used 5XFAD mouse model of AD.
The Small Bowel: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

The distinctive course, coiled nature, and position of the small bowel are provided by the mesentery. The most characteristic gross anatomic feature of the jejunum and ileum is their organization into a series of bowel loops, compactly arranged in the midabdomen. In the routine interpretation of small intestinal series, little attention is directed to this unique organization of the bowel. Indeed, the confluence or overlapping of small bowel loops often presents a misleading appearance. Their serpentine, undulating course ordinarily poses a diagnostic challenge in identifying the presence of a localized abnormality.
Type I hangman's fracture.

a g w f l a n f A 45-year-old restrained female driver was awake and neurologically intact upon arrival to the emergency department following a high-speed head-on motor vehicle crash. The lateral cervical spine radiograph showed 2.5-mm anterior translation of C2 on C3, posterior displacement of the C2 spinolaminar complex, and bilateral coronal fractures through the C2 pars interarticularis (Fig 1). Computed tomography (CT) showed coronal fractures through the pars interarticularis bilaterally (Fig ). The patient was immobilized with a halo vest and ischarged from the hospital 3 days later, with an nticipated 3-month duration of external fixation. A hangman’s fracture divides C2 into anterior and osterior components, classically with bilateral coronal ars interarticularis fractures. Neurological compromise s rare because of a low cord-to-canal area ratio. Accordng to Browner and coworkers, Schneider et al coined the term “hangman’s fracture” in 1965, noting the similarity between C2 bilateral neural arch fractures seen in motor vehicle crashes and C2 disruptions described in judicial hangings. The most widely used image-based classification for hangman’s fractures is the Levine and Edwards modification of Effendi et al, which includes type II(a) in addition to the types I, II, and III proposed by Effendi. Each type suggests a mechanism of injury, treatment options, and prognosis.
The effect of bone compaction on early fixation of porous-coated implants.

The effect of a bone compaction technique versus conventional drilling on the early fixation of porous-coated implants was examined in a canine model. Compaction dilation resulted in a significant increase in implant fixation stiffness (P .05). There was no significant difference in either fixation value at 9 weeks (P > .05). Histological examination of the bone-implant interface demonstrated an increase in the density of cancellous bone immediately adjacent to the implants placed in the compaction dilated holes. The results of this study suggest that the compaction method of host bone preparation may optimize the initial stability of the implant interface of porous-coated prostheses.
America's Forgotten People and Places: Ending the Legacy of Poverty in the Rural South: Discussion

These comments discuss the presentations by Christy, Wenner, and Dassie ("A Microenterprise- Centered Economic Development Strategy for the Rural South: Sustaining Growth with Economic Opportunity") and Freshwater ("What Can Social Scientists Contribute to the Challenges of Rural Economic Development?") in three sections. These are a brief overview of the Southern Black Belt and its rural development needs, an assessment of the microenterprise-centered economic development strategy for the rural South, and a quick review of what social scientists can contribute to the challenges of rural economic development. This approach also emphasizes the authors' background at a historically black land-grant university, and the belief that as goes the Black Belt, so goes the rural South.
Targeting Microtubules by Natural Agents for Cancer Therapy

Natural compounds that target microtubules and disrupt the normal function of the mitotic spindle have proven to be one of the best classes of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs available in clinics to date. There is increasing evidence showing that even minor alteration of microtubule dynamics can engage the spindle checkpoint, arresting cell-cycle progression at mitosis and subsequently leading to cell death. Our improved understanding of tumor biology and our continued appreciation for what the microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) can do have helped pave the way for a new era in the treatment of cancer. The effectiveness of these agents for cancer therapy has been impaired, however, by various side effects and drug resistance. Several new MTAs have shown potent activity against the proliferation of various cancer cells, including resistance to the existing MTAs. Sustained investigation of the mechanisms of action of MTAs, development and discovery of new drugs, and exploring new treatment strategies that reduce side effects and circumvent drug resistance could provide more effective therapeutic options for patients with cancer. This review focuses on the successful cancer chemotherapy from natural compounds in clinical settings and the challenges that may abort their usefulness. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(2); 275–84. ©2014 AACR .
Notes on Feminism

A strange thing for Freud to have said. How did the subject come up? Did Marie Bonaparte raise the question? If so, wasn't she surprised by Freud's response? Ernest Jones appears to find it unremarkable and quotes it without comment as illustrating his con tention that Freud "found the psychology of women more enigmatic than that of men." 2 But Freud doesn't mention men; his statement is categorical. It is often quoted and my impression is that people like to repeat it first because it is a confession of failure and then because they take Freud?even Freud?to have been bafHed by the inscrutable "feminine mystery." But that can't be right. Freud was indeed puzzled by the clinical observation that men perceive women as mysterious and hostile and he suggested various possible ex planations. At one time he believed that anthropological data could provide a clue to what he believed to be a very deep-seated and consequential emotion. One suggestion that he makes calls to mind the thesis of today's radical feminists, that every form of social oppression presupposes male dominance based on fear of woman, and hence that no revolution can succeed unless accompanied by the sexual revolution.3 So Freud entertains the hypothesis that the feel ings of men towards women?feelings of "strangeness and enmity" ?are the source of "the antagonism which in all human relation
Experiences with a prototype tracking and verification system implemented within an imaging center.

Rationale and Objectives Most health care facilities currently struggle with protecting medical data privacy, misidentification of patients, and long patient waiting times. This article demonstrates a novel system for a clinical environment using wireless tracking and facial biometric technologies to automatically monitor and identify staff and patients to address these problems. Materials and Methods The design of the location tracking and verification system (LTVS) was based on a workflow study which was performed to observe the physical location and movement of patient and staff at the Healthcare Consultation Center II (HCC II) running hospital information systems, radiology information systems, picture archive and communication systems, and a voice recognition system. Based on the results from this workflow study, the LTVS was designed using a wireless real-time location system and a facial biometric system integrated with the radiology information system. The LTVS was tested for its functionality in a laboratory environment, then evaluated at HCC II. Results Experimental results in the laboratory and clinical environments demonstrated that patient and staff real-time location information and identity verification can be obtained from LTVS. Warning messages can immediately be sent to alert staff when patient’s waiting time is over a predefined limit, and unauthorized access to a security area can be audited. Additionally, patient misidentification can be prevented during the course of examinations. Conclusions The system enabled health care providers to streamline the patient workflow, protect against erroneous examinations and create a security zone to prevent, and audit unauthorized access to patient health care data required by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act mandate.
Collaborating for a diverse workforce and membership.

C olleagues, one of my personal values is promoting diversity. I am fortunate to work in an organization that supports this value and to work with a diverse group of individuals who respect this value. This month, I would like to talk about how we can promote and maintain diversity in the workplace and in our professional organization. This is important because we have become a diverse nation, as evidenced by the following:
Collaborative watershed governance in lake tahoe: an institutional analysis

This paper examines the emergence of collaborative watershed management in Lake Tahoe by focusing on how institutions managing coordination and conflict have changed over time. It begins by describing the evolution of watershed governance and examines the extent to which the institutional arrangement demonstrates the eight design principles proposed by Elinor Ostrom for successful common pool resource (CPR) management. The paper then develops the concept of a complex environmental commons (CEC) to differentiate the situation of Lake Tahoe from the simpler CPR dilemmas frequently discussed in the CPR literature. We then propose five additional principles that contribute to collaborative management of a CEC.
Optimal duty cycling in mobile opportunistic networks with end-to-end delay guarantees

Opportunistic communications have been recently proposed as a key strategy for offloading traffic from 3G/4G cellular networks, which is particularly beneficial in case of crowded areas where many users are interested in similar contents. To conserve energy, duty cycling schemes are typically applied, and therefore contacts between nodes may become intermittent and sporadic also in dense networks. It is thus of paramount importance to accurately tune the duty cycling policy in order to meet energy requirements without compromising the quality of communications. In this paper, building upon a model of duty cycling in opportunistic networks that we have validated in a previous work, we study how to optimise the value of the duty cycle in order to provide probabilistic guarantees on the delay experienced by messages. More specifically, for a broad range of end-to-end delay distributions, we provide closed-form approximated solutions for deriving the optimal duty cycle such that the probability that the delay is smaller than a target value z is greater than or equal to a configurable probability p.
Museum perceptions and productions: American migrations of a Maori hei-tiki

Museum objects have biographies shaped by their material, geographical and cultural origins, their initial intended purpose, and the ways in which they are valued and interpreted by curators and public audiences. Often one object becomes highly symbolic of a particular group even as its presentation over time reflects changing perceptions of the culture as well as the individual object. A Maori hei-tiki - a small but distinctive greenstone pendant - collected by Charles Wilkes on his United States Exploring Expedition in 1840 provides insight into changing museum practices, museum networks of exchange, the impact of professionalizing expertise in ethnology and anthropology since the late nineteenth century, shifting public interests and expectations, and, indeed, the unanticipated ways in which museum objects find their way into exhibition, in this case at the Smithsonian Institution. The material resilience and embedded historicity of the hei-tiki remain as a counterbalance to its versatility as an object useful in multiple stories over nearly two centuries.
"The Music I Was Meant to Sing": Adolescent Choral Students' Perceptions of Culturally Responsive Pedagogy.

This article is based on a multiple embedded case study, the purpose of which was to explore adolescent choral students’ perceptions of culturally responsive pedagogy (CRP) in three demographically contrasting choirs of an urban nonprofit children’s choir organization. The case presented here focused on an after-school choir situated in a Puerto Rican enclave, where a multiethnic teacher designed instruction that was responsive to a community with a significant migrant and immigrant Hispanic population. Adolescents perceived their teacher’s culturally responsive practice as honoring their own cultural backgrounds while also expanding their cultural and intellectual horizons. Although the students generally perceived their choral experiences to be culturally responsive, they also identified potential barriers to practicing CRP. Perceived barriers related to the complexity of students’ cultural identities and challenges inherent in practicing CRP equitably given constraints on instructional time. By encoura...
Use of Matrices for Study of Plane Sections of a Quadric

(1961). Use of Matrices for Study of Plane Sections of a Quadric. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 337-339.
A VARIATIONAL APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR PLATES RESTING IN SMOOTH CONTACT WITH AN ISOTROPIC ELASTIC HALFSPACE

ABSTRACT Flexures of thin square and rectangular plates resting in smooth contact with a linearly deformable elastic halfspace are examined using a variational approach. The plates may be subjected to uniformly distributed loads and/or symmetrically located concentrated loads. Deflected shape of the plate is assumed as a polynominal in terms of the spatial coordinates x and y. The contact stress distribution at the plate-elastic halfspace interface is then expressed as a direct function of the assumed plate deflection, where stress singularity at the edges is taken into account. Numerical results are obtained for plate deflections, flexural moments and contact stress distributions for various plate rigidities. Comparison of results with the existing equivalent solutions shows that the proposed analysis technique yields reasonably accurate resuts for a wide range of plate rigidities.
A facilitating effect of prosodic transfer on non-native fluent speech listening

ABSTRACTNative speakers of a language use metrical structure, phonotactics, and phonetic cues in word segmentation; however, this knowledge can interfere with non-native speech perception and second language learning. Prosodic transfer effects are typically investigated with isolated words and phrases, or simple artificial languages; the current study examines how prosody affects perception and word learning in acoustically complex natural speech. Two experiments test effects of native language prosody on word identification in prosodically similar and dissimilar languages; they also test the types of language exposure and learning tasks in which prosodic transfer may occur. English speakers were exposed to one of two non-native languages (Finnish or Japanese) in three training conditions. Results indicate that learning can occur thru exposure to fluent speech in a prosodically similar language and suggest that effects of prosody on fluent speech perception are an important factor in early stages of secon...
Backscattered electron SEM imaging of resin sections from plant specimens: observation of histological to subcellular structure and CLEM.

We have refined methods for biological specimen preparation and low-voltage backscattered electron imaging in the scanning electron microscope that allow for observation at continuous magnifications of ca. 130-70 000 X, and documentation of tissue and subcellular ultrastructure detail. The technique, based upon early work by Ogura & Hasegawa (1980), affords use of significantly larger sections from fixed and resin-embedded specimens than is possible with transmission electron microscopy while providing similar data. After microtomy, the sections, typically ca. 750 nm thick, were dried onto the surface of glass or silicon wafer and stained with heavy metals-the use of grids avoided. The glass/wafer support was then mounted onto standard scanning electron microscopy sample stubs, carbon-coated and imaged directly at an accelerating voltage of 5 kV, using either a yttrium aluminum garnet or ExB backscattered electron detector. Alternatively, the sections could be viewed first by light microscopy, for example to document signal from a fluorescent protein, and then by scanning electron microscopy to provide correlative light/electron microscope (CLEM) data. These methods provide unobstructed access to ultrastructure in the spatial context of a section ca. 7 × 10 mm in size, significantly larger than the typical 0.2 × 0.3 mm section used for conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging. Application of this approach was especially useful when the biology of interest was rare or difficult to find, e.g. a particular cell type, developmental stage, large organ, the interface between cells of interacting organisms, when contextual information within a large tissue was obligatory, or combinations of these factors. In addition, the methods were easily adapted for immunolocalizations.
Prognosis of Benign Congenital Hypotonia

Twenty five children diagnosed with benign congenital hypotonia (BCH) between infancy and 2 years of age were examined at 6 to 8 years of age and compared to 26 controls, matched for sex, age, and weight, in a study at the School of Occupational Therapy, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, and Child Development Institute, Jerusalem.
Moving on Up: Urban to Suburban Translocation Experiences of High-Achieving Black American Students

Minority suburbanization has been a fast growing demographic shift in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century. This article examines the tapestry of the suburbanization experience of a group of high-achieving Black American students and their families as told by them. Departing from the all too common, deficit orientation toward Black American academic performance, we focus on how these families and students negotiate the challenges and opportunities in a highly competitive, liberal school district. Using socio-cognitive acculturation theory superimposed over an ecological framework as theoretical grounding, this study reveals how participants’ dual identity consciousness combined with a strong achievement orientation and adaptive strategies facilitated their acculturation to the suburban academic and post-school success despite challenges.
Modeling dilute solutions using first-principles molecular dynamics: computing more than a million atoms with over a million cores

First-Principles Molecular Dynamics (FPMD) methods, although powerful, are notoriously expensive computationally due to the quantum modeling of electrons. Traditional FPMD approaches have typically been limited to a few thousand atoms at most, due to O(N3) or worse solver complexity and the large amount of communication required for highly parallel implementations. Attempts to lower the complexity have often introduced uncontrolled approximations or systematic errors. Using a robust new algorithm, we have developed an O(N) complexity solver for electronic structure problems with fully controllable numerical error. Its minimal use of global communications yields excellent scalability, allowing for very accurate FPMD simulations of more than a million atoms on over a million cores. At these scales, this approach provides multiple orders of magnitude speedup compared to the standard plane-wave approach typically used in condensed matter applications, without sacrificing accuracy. This will open up entire new classes of FPMD simulations, e.g. dilute aqueous solutions.
Analytical symmetrical and asymmetrical bipedal models with holonomic constraints

Human bipedal models are symmetrical as well as asymmetrical depending upon nature of movement, task and orientation of the body. A healthy subject does not move with exact symmetry on both extremities for Sit-to-stand (STS). Stroke patients with paraplegic limbs exhibit complete asymmetrical behavior in right and left limbs, with one side of limbs moving significantly slower than other side. In this paper, we discuss the analytical models with symmetrical and asymmetrical designs. There are holonomic constraints in the system which restricts the stability of the model. We prove the stability of these models with Lyapunov's indirect method, and further provide simulation results for STS maneuver.
Fluid-Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord on MRI: Anterior Median Fissure versus Central Canal.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hyperintense fluid-signal anterior median fissure and hyperintense foci resembling the central canal are seen on cervical spine axial T2 MR imaging. They may also be associated with a channel-like T2-hyperintense craniocaudad line on sagittal images. We hypothesized that the hyperintense foci and the sagittal line may represent the base of the anterior median fissure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this exploratory study, 358 cervical MR images were analyzed for recording and comparing the incidence/numbers of hyperintense foci, anterior median fissure, and sagittal line as hyperintense foci, anterior median fissure, and sagittal line per patient when present alone or together, both with and without the sagittal line. RESULTS: Hyperintense foci were identified on 238/358 (66.5%) studies; an anterior median fissure, on 218/358 (60.9%). The hyperintense foci/anterior median fissure ratio was 3.7/2.3 (P = .00001). Anterior median fissures were seen alone less commonly than hyperintense foci were seen alone (P = .045). We identified increased anterior median fissure/patient in a hyperintense foci +anterior median fissure group compared with an anterior median fissure–only group (4.0 versus 3.2, P = .05), with similar hyperintense foci/patient in the hyperintense foci+anterior median fissure and hyperintense foci–only groups (5.5 versus 5.8, P = .35), and proportional distribution of both across the hyperintense foci+anterior median fissure subgroups (hyperintense foci/anterior median fissure ratio, 1.3). The sagittal line in 89 (24.9%) patients was associated with increased hyperintense foci and anterior median fissure/patient. Greater correlation of anterior median fissure/patient to sagittal line presence was seen in sagittal line subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory analysis found an increased anterior median fissure per patient in conjunction with hyperintense foci presence, a proportional increase of both across the hyperintense foci+anterior median fissure group, and greater correlation of anterior median fissure per patient with the sagittal line. These findings suggest that anterior median fissure and hyperintense foci are structurally related, that hyperintense foci may commonly be the base of the anterior median fissure, and that the sagittal line is a manifestation primarily of an anterior median fissure, occasionally appearing as channels that may simulate the central canal.
THE HOSPITAL READMISSION MODEL POORLY PREDICTS 30-DAY REHOSPITALIZATION IN HEART FAILURE

Background: Accurately predicting risk for 30-day readmission after hospital discharge remains challenging in heart failure (HF) patients. The HOSPITAL readmission model, which predicts readmission risk based upon clinical variables, has been derived and validated in general and subspecialty medical
Infants preferentially approach and explore the unexpected.

Looking time experiments based on the violation-of-expectation (VOE) method have consistently demonstrated that infants look longer when their expectations are violated. However, it remains an open question whether similar effects will be observed in infants’ approach behaviours. Specifically, do infants selectively approach and explore sources that violate their expectations? In this study, we address this question by examining how infants’ looking times are related to their approach and exploration behaviours. Using a traditional VOE method and a crawling paradigm, we demonstrate a strong correspondence between looking time and approach behaviours, which indicates that 13-month-old infants preferentially explore sources of unexpected events. Such spontaneous exploration may provide learning opportunities and allow infants to play an active role in driving their own development. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Infants look longer when their expectations are violated. There is some evidence that infants also preferentially explore objects that violate their ‘core’ physical expectations. What the present study adds? There is a clear correspondence between infants’ looking behaviour and their approach behaviour. Expectancy violations involving non-core knowledge can similarly influence infants’ exploration.
Terrorists and Social Media Messages: A Critical Analysis of Boko Haram’s Messages and Messaging Techniques

Post-colonial Nigeria has been plagued with violent conflicts. A bloody civil war in which an estimated 1 million people were killed ravaged the country from 1967 to 1970. Interethnic and intra-communal conflicts have also shaken the foundations of the nation since 1960 when colonial rule ended. Other violent conflicts that have plagued the country are religious conflicts in Kano, Bauchi, Kaduna, Kafanchan, Zaria, Jos, Maiduguri, and many other places. Blood-letting in the name of religion in these and other places in Nigeria has left thousands dead and wounded. Destruction of property in the course of religious violence in Nigeria has also wreaked economic calamity on the country. For instance, wanton destruction of property during the Maitatsene religious uprising in Kano from 1980 to 1985 resulted in the loss of lives and of millions of dollars. Clashes between members of the militant Shi’ite religious sect and the Nigerian army in 2016 led to the demolition of an entire neighborhood in Zaria city Nigeria’s latest bout of violence emanates from a deadly terrorist group, Boko Haram. Since 2009, it has killed over 20,000 people, displaced more than one million people, and contributed to the devastation of Nigeria’s northeast region. Initially, Boko Haram could not be contained by Nigerian security forces. It captured and held on to 14 local government districts and it constantly churned out online propaganda about its invisibility and its certainty that it would impose a radical Islamic government over the entire country. This chapter provides a critical analysis of Boko Haram’s propaganda. It examines the group’s core messages and the stylistic techniques used in delivering them. The chapter notes that Boko Haram deliberately used crude, unvanished imagery to reinforce the brutality of its actions in suicide bombings, drive-by shootings, and direct attacks against military barracks, markets, mosques, and churches. We contend that the effectiveness of Boko Haram’s propaganda began to decline as it suffered military defeats by Nigerian forces.
Moral Imaginative Resistance to Heaven: Why the Problem of Evil is so Intractable

The majority of philosophers of religion, at least since Plantinga’s reply to Mackie’s logical problem of evil, agree that it is logically possible for an omnibenevolent, omniscient, and omnipotent God to exist who permits some of the evils we see in the actual world. This is conceivable essentially because of the possible world known as heaven. That is, heaven is an imaginable world in a similar way that logically possible scenarios in any fiction are imaginable. However, like some of the imaginable stories in fiction where we are asked to envision an immoral act as a moral one, we resist. I will employ the works of Tamar Gendler on imaginative resistance and Keith Buhler’s Virtue Ethics approach to moral imaginative resistance and apply them to the conception of heaven and the problem of evil. While we can imagine God as an omnibenevolent parent permitting evil to allow for morally significant freedom and the rewards in heaven or punishments in hell (both possible worlds), we should not. This paper is not intended to be a refutation of particular theodicies; rather it provides a very general groundwork connecting issues of horrendous suffering and imaginative resistance to heaven as a possible world.
Trichomoniasis, Candidiasis and Gardnereila vaginalis Vaginitis as Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Vaginitis is among the most common causes of genital symptoms in women, and Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Gardnerella vaginalis are the most frequently associated agents. Much of our knowledge of the organisms under consideration in this article, even their sexual transmissibility, is of recent development despite an enormous related literature. The problems associated with vaginitis- the precise role of the multitudinous bacterial, protozoal, and possibly viral residents in causing the disease, the influence of hormonal states and other ecologic factors, the lack of knowledge of the long-term potential hazards of the many infections and their therapy, the difficulties in precise, quick, inexpensive diagnosis, and many questions regarding the optimal, safe therapy of known or suspected pathogens-make the condition an important object of intensive, continued research.
Review of Freedom from Reality: The Diabolical Character of Modern Liberty by D.C. Schindler

A review of D.C. Schindler's recent book Freedom from Reality: The Diabolical Character of Modern Liberty (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2017).
Comparisons of school and home-packed lunches for fruit and vegetable dietary behaviours among school-aged youths.

Objective School-based interventions and policies encourage youths to include and consume fruits and vegetables at lunchtime via school lunches, but limited research has examined how these behaviours compare when youths have home-packed lunches. The objective of the present study was to compare fruit and vegetable contents and consumption among students having school or home-packed lunches over the school week. Design Participants were observed over five consecutive days at school lunchtime. Trained analysts estimated students' lunchtime fruit and vegetable contents and consumption using digital imaging. Mixed models examined associations between fruit and vegetable dietary behaviours and lunch source (school v. home-packed), controlling for student gender, grade and school. Setting Three elementary schools in northern California, USA.ParticipantsFourth-, fifth- and sixth-grade students (nchildren 315; nobservations 1421). Results Students were significantly less likely to have and to consume fruits and vegetables (all Pl0·05) when having home-packed lunches, compared with when having school lunches. Among those who did have or did consume these foods, having a home-packed lunch was associated with consuming significantly less fruit (Pl0·05) but no differences for other dietary outcomes. Conclusions The study adds to a growing body of literature indicating shortfalls in fruit and vegetable contents and consumption associated with having a home-packed lunch, relative to having a school lunch. Findings suggest that school-based interventions, particularly when targeting home-packed lunches, should focus on whether or not these foods are included and consumed, with less emphasis on quantities.
Volumetric assessment of apparent diffusion coefficient predicts outcome following chemoradiation for cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE To determine the utility of volumetric diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) compared to other clinical factors for predicting recurrence and survival in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS We retrospectively studied cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiation between 2009-2013 at a single institution with a baseline MRI with DWI and 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET) scan. To identify clinical and imaging metrics correlated with survival and recurrence endpoints, variable importance values were calculated from random forest models. To provide clinically relevant threshold values, recursive partitioning analysis dichotomized patients into potential risk groups based on selected metrics. Cox's proportional hazard models assessed the effect of clinical and imaging factors on survival endpoints. RESULTS Ninety-three patients were included in the analysis (median age 50 years). At a median follow-up of 35.6 months, 32 patients (34%) had disease recurrence. In the best multivariate model including clinical and imaging parameters, 90th percentile ADC < 1.917 was the only significantly associated factor with worse progression free survival (PFS). Overall survival, PFS, and distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) were significantly different between patient groups divided on 90th percentile ADC with threshold of 1.917 × 10-3 mm2/s and MRI volume with threshold of 18.9 cc (P = 0.037, P = 0.0002, P = 0.001). High MRI volume and low ADC were associated with worse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Volumetric 90th percentile ADC value of the primary tumor on pretreatment MRI was a significant predictor of PFS and DMFS in cervical cancer patients, independent of established clinical factors and SUV on FDG-PET.
Multitissue analysis of exercise and metformin on doxorubicin-induced iron dysregulation

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic treatment with lasting side effects in heart and skeletal muscle. DOX is known to bind with iron, contributing to oxidative damage resulting in ca...
Chronically elevated androgen and/or consumption of a Western-style diet impairs oocyte quality and granulosa cell function in the nonhuman primate periovulatory follicle

To investigate the impact of chronically elevated androgens in the presence and absence of an obesogenic diet on oocyte quality in the naturally selected primate periovulatory follicle. Rhesus macaques were treated using a 2-by-2 factorial design (n = 10/treatment) near the onset of menarche with implants containing either cholesterol (C) or testosterone (T, 4–5-fold increase above C) and a standard or “Western-style” diet alone (WSD) or in combination (T+WSD). Following ~ 3.5 years of treatment, females underwent controlled ovulation (COv, n = 7–10/treatment) cycles, and contents of the naturally selected periovulatory follicle were aspirated. Follicular fluid (FF) was analyzed for cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and steroids. RNA was extracted from luteinizing granulosa cells (LGCs) and assessed by RNA-seq. Only healthy, metaphase (M) I/II-stage oocytes (100%) were retrieved in the C group, whereas several degenerated oocytes were recovered in other groups (33–43% of T, WSD, and T+WSD samples). Levels of two chemokines and one growth factor were reduced (p < 0.04) in FF of follicles with a MI/MII oocyte in WSD+T (CCL11) or T and WSD+T groups (CCL2 and FGF2) compared to C and/or WSD. Intrafollicular cortisol was elevated in T compared to C follicles (p < 0.02). Changes in the expression pattern of 640+ gene products were detected in LGC samples from follicles with degenerated versus MI/MII-stage oocytes. Pathway analysis on RNAs altered by T and/or WSD found enrichment of genes mapping to steroidogenic and immune cell pathways. Female primates experiencing hyperandrogenemia and/or consuming a WSD exhibit an altered intrafollicular microenvironment and reduced oocyte quality/competency, despite displaying menstrual cyclicity.
Megakaryocyte TGFβ1 Partitions Hematopoiesis into Immature Progenitor/Stem Cells and Maturing Precursors

Summary Erythropoiesis is a multiweek program coupling massive proliferation with progressive cellular differentiation ultimately enabling a limited number of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to yield millions of erythrocytes per second1. Erythropoietin (Epo) is essential for red blood cell (RBC) production but this cytokine acts well after irreversible commitment of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to an erythroid fate. It is not known if terminal erythropoiesis is tethered to the pool of available immature hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). We now report that megakaryocyte-derived TGFβ1 compartmentalizes hematopoiesis by coupling HPC numbers to production of mature erythrocytes. Genetic deletion of TGFβ1 specifically in megakaryocytes (TGFβ1ΔMk/ΔMk) increased functional HSPCs including committed erythroid progenitors, yet total bone marrow and spleen cellularity and peripheral blood cell counts were entirely normal. Instead, excess erythroid precursors underwent apoptosis, predominantly those erythroblasts expressing the Epo receptor (Epor) but not Kit. Despite there being no deficiency of plasma Epo in TGFβ1ΔMk/ΔMk mice, exogenous Epo rescued survival of excess erythroid precursors and triggered exuberant erythropoiesis. In contrast, exogenous TGFβ1 caused anemia and failed to rescue erythroid apoptosis despite its ability to restore downstream TGFβ-mediated Smad2/3 phosphorylation in HSPCs. Thus, megakaryocytic TGFβ1 regulates the size of the pool of immature HSPCs and in so doing, improves the efficiency of erythropoiesis by governing the feed of lineage-committed erythroid progenitors whose fate is decided by extramedullary renal Epo-producing cells sensing the need for new RBCs. Independent manipulation of distinct immature Epo-unresponsive HSPCs within the hematopoietic compartments offers a new strategy to overcome chronic anemias or possibly other cytopenias.
Regeneración ética y compromiso político para una sociedad democrática avanzada

The comment reflects on political responsibility in the deterioration of the democratic system and seeks to contribute to its ethical regeneration. Since the university community must play a key role in the search and dialogue that will lead to this responsible regeneration, we place great importance on the role of civic and political education for college students to train them in the exercise of this art as a service to the common good.Our commentary starts out in the current Spanish situation of democratic breakdown and the delegitimizing of political parties and the “political class” as a whole. To question representative democracy at this moment in time when many are questioning constitutional consensus is both incisive and disturbing. This editorial also offers an analysis of the delegitimizing of the democratic system and makes some proposals for democratically regenerating our society through a political culture within a democracy of quality, imbued with values.
Change Management Communication: The Role of Meaningfulness, Leadership Brand Authenticity, and Gender:

As hospitality firms face increasing demands that require continuous change, it is imperative to design change management processes that allow for effective communication of change initiatives. Thi...