cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of the L3T4 antigen in T-cell activation. I. Description of a monoclonal IgM antibody to a distinct epitope (L3T4b) of the L3T4 antigen and its effect on interleukin 1-induced thymocyte proliferation.

Abstract This report describes a new rat monoclonal IgM/k antibody, monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2B6, which reacts with a cell surface antigen present on a subpopulation of both thymocytes (85%) and peripheral T lymphocytes (55–60%). The antigen recognized by MAb 2B6 has multiple properties in common with the L3T4 antigen, as defined by the recently described MAb GK1.5. Thus, MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5 give very similar flow cytometry staining patterns on thymocytes, purified spleen T cells and all tested T-cell hybridomas. Depletion of MAb 2B6-positive cells with antibody and complement led to simultaneous depletion of MAb GK1.5-positive cells, and vice versa. Depletion of Lyt 2-positive cells led to enrichment of both MAb 2B6- and MAb GK1.5-positive cells. Both MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5 immunoprecipitate the same pattern of cell surface molecules from detergent extracts of radiolabeled thymocytes, the main components being a 55-kDa and a 115-kDa band. We therefore conclude that MAb 2B6 reacts with the L3T4 antigen. Interestingly, MAb 2B6 and MAb GK1.5 do not cross-block and therefore most probably react with distinct epitopes on the L3T4 molecule. The determinant recognized by MAb GK1.5 is called L3T4a. We suggest that the determinant recognized by MAb 2B6 be named L3T4b. As MAb 2B6 was selected for its ability to inhibit the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the thymocyte costimulator assay, it is likely that the L3T4 molecule is functionally involved in the events taking place during IL-1 induction of thymocyte proliferation.
Membrane function in differentiating skeletal muscle cells: I. Kinetic analysis of amino acid transport☆

Primary cultures of mononucleated myoblasts from 12-day-old chick embryos have a twofold higher rate of α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) transport before fusion occurs to form multinucleated myotubes. Several lines of evidence indicate that the uptake of AIB observed in both myoblasts and myotubes is primarily carrier-mediated by a membrane transport system. Increasing the temperature from 24 to 37°C results in a threefold increase in the rate of AIB uptake; both methionine and glycine inhibit AIB uptake by more than 85%; and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibits AIB uptake by approximately 50%. In addition, the energies of activation (14.5 and 14.0 kcal/mole for myoblasts and myotubes, respectively) are characteristic of carrier-mediated transport. Resolution of AIB uptake into a saturable, carrier-mediated component and a nonsaturable, diffusion component shows that at concentrations of AIB≤1.5 mM over 97% of total AIB uptake is carriermediated in both myoblasts and myotubes. Kinetic analysis of carrier-mediated AIB uptake indicates that myoblasts and myotube membrane carriers have the same affinity for AIB (Km values = 1.73 and 1.31 mM, respectively). However, the Vmax for myoblasts is 23.7 nmole/mg/min while myotubes have a Vmax of 12.6 nmole/mg/min. The twofold difference in Vmax is shown to be due to a twofold difference in the quantity of membrane transport sites per milligram of protein.
Design considerations of conformal SCMR system

Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) is an advanced technology for varied applications such as sensor networks and wearable devices. Specific applications require specific design. Two design considerations using Conformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (CSCMR) method are presented and studied in this paper. The 1st section describes the misalignment property of CSCMR systems; the 2nd section presents the property of a CSCMR system with transmitter and receiver size.
A Stochastic Population Model of Mid-Continental Mallards

We developed a simulation model that integrates information on factors affecting the population dynamics of mallards in the mid-continental region of the United States. In the model we vary age, body mass, and reproductive and molt status of simulated females. Females use several types of nesting and foraging habitat in 15 geographic areas. Deterministic and stochastic events cause mortality or attribute changes on a daily basis, depending on current attributes, habitat, area, calendar date, wetland conditions, temperature, and various mortality agents. Because the model encompasses the entire year, it can be used to examine cross-seasonal effects. A simulated increase in nest success from 0.14 to 0.17 changed the annual rate of population growth from -6% to −1%. A simulated 75% reduction in lead poisoning changed the rate from −6% to −3%.
Tracking repetitive use of electronic reserve items: Using electronic reserves repetitive use information to help gauge copyright compliance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share findings on how to track the recurring use of items placed on electronic reserve over a period of time using the Create Lists application in Innovative's Millennium software, in order to help determine copyright compliance with regard to electronic reserves.Design/methodology/approach – The approach takes the form of use of the Create Lists application in Innovative's Millennium ILS software to track repetitive use of electronic reserves over time and the creation of search statements using both Boolean and regular expressions to capture relevant data in the Create Lists application. Repetitive use of electronic reserve items was tracked over a four‐year period, with repetitive use initially rising, and then declining over the past year for Fort Lewis College.Findings – Using both Boolean and regular expressions, it is possible to create a series of search statements that will retrieve information from item records in Millennium that identify materials that ...
Modeling by analogy: use of analogical reasoning in model management systems

Abstract Models in business and management processes often draw on analogs for explanation in formulation. The basic principles of modeling by analogy are discussed and issues related to the support of this modeling approach through the augmentation of functions provided by model management systems (MMS) are examined. The majority of recent research in MMS focuses on understanding and supporting model formulation from a ‘blank sheet’ approach. In reality, however, human modelers frequently use analogical thinking to overcome cognitive limitations. Other factors such as time pressure and limited opportunity for concentration drive decision makers to seek analogous situations to accelerate the model building process. Given that one goal of MMS is to improve modeling productivity, there is a significant opportunity to leverage analogical skills in an MMS that supports model building through a process of support for analogical reasoning.
Generalized Additive Models

Generalized additive models replace the linear predictor in a linear model or generalized linear model framework with an additive predictor composed of nonparametric or semiparametric functions of the explanatory variables. Similarly to generalized linear models, the predictor is linear in the link function of the response mean, and the response variable can have a non normal distribution. The last decade has seen interesting new approaches to estimation of generalized additive models, and the development of a mixed effects framework for these models. Keywords: iteratively reweighted least squares; generalized cross validation; nonparametric regression; spline smoothers; mixed effects models
Benign cystic teratoma of the ovary with extracystic segment of colon, an unusual case

Abstract A tumor is described that is believed to be the first example of a benign cystic teratoma of the ovary with an extracystic segment of mature colon. The clinical, roentgenographic, and gross and microscopic pathologic aspects of benign cystic teratomas of the ovary are reviewed.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Synchronized Mammalian KB Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus

We examined the patterns of host cell and virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in synchronized cultures of KB cells infected at different stages of the cell cycle with herpes simplex virus (HSV). We found that the initiation of HSV DNA synthesis, we well as the production of new infectious virus, is independent of the S, G1, and G2 phases of the mitotic cycle of the host cell. This is in contrast to data previously found with equine abortion virus. Because HSV replicates independently of the cell cycle, we were able to establish conditions that would permit the study of rates of HSV DNA synthesized in logarithmically growing cells in the virtual absence of cellular DNA synthesis. This eliminates the need for separation of viral and cellular DNA by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl. We found that HSV DNA synthesis was initiated between 2 to 3 hr after infection. The rate of DNA synthesis increased rapidly, reaching a maximum 4 hr after infection, and decreased to 50% of maximum by 8 hr. Evidence is also presented which suggests that HSV infection can inhibit both the ongoing synthesis of host DNA as well as the initiation of the S phase.
Describing Interactions After Multi-Element Conditional Discrimination Training: Learning to Write Without Writing

Interpreting and describing complex information are essential skills for effective functioning in many academic and occupational settings. For example, undergraduate psychology students must often interpret and describe the complex interactive effects of at least two variables on behavior. This experiment described a new procedure that enhanced the emergence of this difficult-to-learn skill: the prior training of selection-based conditional discriminations between graphs of interactions and their printed descriptions. The accuracy and completeness of written descriptions for students who received standard conditional discrimination training procedures were very low and no better than those obtained from students who were in a test–retest control group. Two other specially designed conditional discrimination conditions involved training that established explicit control by many elements in the graphs and their corresponding textual elements in the printed descriptions of the graphs. These groups showed notable improvements in their written descriptions. The behavioral mechanisms responsible for these effects are discussed. Finally, these findings might inform the development of instructional packages to reliably induce this complex communicational repertoire in a variety of content areas.
Bringing Ethical Inquiry into International Law

International law and ethics share a common goal of helping us understand the norms and institutions needed to promote a just world order. Yet each of the two fields has approached this shared task with little regard for the insights of other, and interdisciplinary collaboration is now imperative. This essay shows the complementary nature of inquiries in political and moral philosophy, on the one hand, and international law, on the other, by examining the so-called New Haven School (or policy-oriented jurisprudence), an international law method that explicitly considers values as both inputs and outputs of the process of making law. It finds that the School’s sociological orientation does not adequately integrate ethical inquiries essential to prescribing law, in particular questions about the scope of duties that individuals and states owe those abroad. Using the current legal debate over the extraterritorial application of human rights as an example, the paper shows how approaches from moral and political philosophy can help provide a rigorous and principled basis for the prescription of law, as well as link seemingly unrelated questions of international law to each other.
Ray tracing and binary tree computations using PVM

The authors investigate the design, analysis, and implementation issues of algorithms for two computational problems-namely, ray tracing and bottom-up binary tree computation-in a distributed setting. The implementations have been performed on a cluster of workstations running on parallel virtual machine (PVM). Ray tracing algorithms for rendering computer synthesized images are computationally expensive due to the very long computing time required to calculate the intersection of each ray with all objects. The authors propose a variant of a recent static load balancing technique proposed by T. Priol and K. Boatouch (1989), where the sampling is based on partitioning the object space. This usually results in poor processor efficiency. The approach to this is to partition the image instead and use an efficient scheduling technique to allocate work to individual processors. The advantage of the distributed algorithm is that it can be used with any sequential algorithm for ray tracing. The other problem addressed is distributed binary tree computations. The tree contraction problem in a distributed setting is studied. >
Response of mesquite to nitrate and salinity in a simulated phreatic environment: Water use, dry matter and mineral nutrient accumulation

Mesquite plants (Prosopis glandulosa var. Torreyana) were grown in 2-m long columns 20 cm in diameter, and provided with a constant, stable ground water source 10 cm above the sealed base of the column. Ground water contained 0, 1 or 5 mM nitrate, or a mixed salt solution (1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 dS m-1) with the ionic ratios of ground water found in a field stand of Prosopis at Harper's Well (2.8 dS m-1). Water uptake in the highly salinized columns began to decrease relative to low salt columns when soil salinity probes 30 cm above the column base read approximately 28 dS m-1, a potential threshold for mesquite salt tolerance. Prosopis growth increased with increasing nitrate, and decreased with increasing salinity. Water use efficiency was little affected by treatment, averaging approximately 2 g dry matter L-1 water used. Most fine roots were recovered from a zone about 25 cm above the ground water surface where water content and aeration appeared to be optimal for root growth. Root-shoot ratio was little affected by nitrate, but increased slightly with increasing salinity. Plant tissue P concentrations tended to increase with increasing salinity and decrease with increasing N, approaching potentially deficient foliage concentrations at 5 mM nitrate. The whole-plant leaf samples increased in sodium concentration both with added salt and with added nitrate. Foliar manganese concentrations increased with increasing salt in the absence of nitrate. Concentrations of sodium in leaves were low (<10 g kg-1), considering the high salt concentrations in the ground water. Prosopis appears to exclude sodium very effectively, especially from its younger leaves. Although Prosopis is highly salt tolerant, the degree to which it utilizes soil nitrate in place of biologically fixed N may lower its salinity tolerance and affect its nutrient relations in phreatic environments.
Exposure to low dietary copper or low copper coupled with high dietary manganese for one year does not alter brain prion protein characteristics in the mature cow.

: It is now widely accepted that abnormal prion proteins are the likely causative agent in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Cellular prion proteins (PrP c ) bind Cu, which appears to be required to maintain functional characteristics of the protein. The replacement of Cu on PrP c with Mn has resulted in loss of function and increased protease resistance. Twelve mature cows were used to determine the effects of Cu deficiency, alone and coupled with high dietary Mn, on brain Cu and Mn concentrations and on PrP c functional characteristics. Copper-adequate cows were randomly assigned to treatments: 1) control (adequate in Cu and Mn), 2) Cu-deficient (-Cu), and 3) Cu-deficient plus high dietary Mn (-Cu+Mn). Cows assigned to treatments -Cu and -Cu+Mn received no supplemental Cu and were supplemented with Mo to further induce Cu deficiency. After 360 d, Cu-deficient cows (-Cu and -Cu+Mn) tended to have lesser concentrations of Cu (P = 0.09) in the obex region of the brain stem. Brain Mn tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in -Cu+Mn cattle compared with -Cu cattle. Western blots revealed that PrP c relative optical densities, proteinase K degradability, elution profiles, molecular weights, and glycoform distributions were not different among treatments. The concentration of PrP c , as determined by ELISA, was similar across treatment groups. Brain tissue (obex) Mn superoxide dismutase activity was greatest (P = 0.04) in cattle receiving -Cu+Mn, whereas immunopurified PrP c had similar superoxide dismutase-like activities among treatments. Immunopurified PrP c had similar Cu concentrations across treatments, whereas Mn was undetectable. We concluded that Cu deficiency, coupled with excessive Mn intake, in the bovine may decrease brain Cu and increase brain Mn. Copper deficiency, alone or coupled with high dietary Mn, did not cause detectable alterations in PrP c functional characteristics.
Differential Phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs Regulates the Interplay between End-Processing and End-Ligation during Nonhomologous End-Joining

Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is a major DNA double-strand break repair pathway that is conserved in eukaryotes. In vertebrates, NHEJ further acquires end-processing capacities (e.g., hairpin opening) in addition to direct end-ligation. The catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs) is a vertebrate-specific NHEJ factor that can be autophosphorylated or transphosphorylated by ATM kinase. Using a mouse model expressing a kinase-dead (KD) DNA-PKcs protein, we show that ATM-mediated transphosphorylation of DNA-PKcs regulates end-processing at the level of Artemis recruitment, while strict autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs is necessary to relieve the physical blockage on end-ligation imposed by the DNA-PKcs protein itself. Accordingly, DNA-PKcs(KD/KD) mice and cells show severe end-ligation defects and p53- and Ku-dependent embryonic lethality, but open hairpin-sealed ends normally in the presence of ATM kinase activity. Together, our findings identify DNA-PKcs as the molecular switch that coordinates end-processing and end-ligation at the DNA ends through differential phosphorylations.
Acute kidney injury is associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia/mortality in premature infants.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) impairs electrolyte balance, alters fluid homeostasis and decreases toxin excretion. More recent data suggest it also affects the physiology of distant organs. We performed a prospective cohort study which invloved 122 premature infants [birth weight (BW) ≤1200 g and/or gestational age (GA) <31 weeks] to determine relationships between AKI and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)/mortality. Days until oxygen discontinuation was compared between those with and without AKI in survivors who received oxygen for ≥24 h. Acute kidney disease, defined by a rise in serum creatinine (SCr) of ≥0.3 mg/dl or an increase in SCr of ≥150 %, occurred in 36/122 (30 %) of the premature infants. Those with AKI had a 70 % higher risk of oxygen requirement or of dying at 28 days of life [relative risk (RR) 1.71, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.22–2.39; p < 0.002]. This association remained after controlling for GA, pre-eclampsia, 5 min Apgar score and percentage maximum weight change (max % weight Δ) in the first 4 days (RR 1.45, 95 % CI 1.07–1.97); p < 0.02). Similar findings were noted for receipt of mechanical ventilation/death by day 28 (adjusted RR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.05–2.22; p < 0.03). Those without AKI were 2.5-fold more likely to come off oxygen [hazard ratio (HR) 1.3–5; p < 0.02) than those with AKI, even when controlling for GA, pre-eclampsia, 5 min Apgar and max % weight Δ (multivariate HR 2.0, 95 % CI 0.9–4.0; p < 0.06). In premature infants, AKI is associated with BPD/mortality. As AKI could lead to altered lung physiology, interventions to ameliorate AKI could improve long-term BPD.
Clinical outcome of adjunctive topiramate treatment in a sample of refractory bipolar patients with comorbid conditions.

Abstract Topiramate, a novel antiepileptic agent, has shown promise in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Patients attending a bipolar specialty clinic and treated with topiramate were identified by chart review, and data were harvested from systematic prospective assessments used routinely in the clinic. Fourteen patients who received topiramate for an average of 22.4 weeks were identified. All but one of these patients were considered to be highly refractory to standard treatment and 13 met the criteria for at least one comorbid psychiatric condition. Nine of these patients (64%) experienced an increased level of functioning and decrease in symptom severity during treatment with adjunctive topiramate. Eleven patients remained on treatment for longer than 2 weeks. Eight of these patients (73%) experienced a significant improvement in their comorbid conditions. Patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥28 (n=4) experienced a mean weight loss of 29.7 lb while on topiramate. Topiramate appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of bipolar disorder associated with comorbid psychiatric conditions and obesity.
Breaking rules: the social and situational dynamics of young people’s urban crime

In this book a team of researchers led by Per-Olof Wikstrom conclude that moral training is the most important factor for reducing criminal behavior among youths. Their study of adolescents in Pete...
Far-zone behavior of focused fields in systems with different Fresnel numbers

It has been known for some time that the Fresnel number of a focusing system plays an important part in the structure of the focal region. In this paper we discuss its effect on the far field.
Fluid Dynamic Relationships Involved in Circulation Cleaning

Abstract Removal of milk deposits on metal pipes using only fluid flow, without benefit of detergent materials, was studied. Soil removal rate was linear at flow rates between 4,000 and 30,000 kg/hour, representing Reynolds Numbers of from 85,000 to 600,000, demonstrating that cleaning effectiveness steadily improved as the pumping rate increased. Use of a spiral to produce convolute flow and the application of a water hammer were ineffective in improving removal of deposits. A pressure-sensitive transducer, mounted flush with the pipe interior wall, coupled to an oscilloscope, demonstrated pressure changes averaging 0.06 kg/cm 2 at 2,240 cycles/second at the highest flow rate of 30,000 kg/hour, hut with both values falling as the flow rate was reduced. At 5,000 kg/hour the pressure change averaged 0.006 kg/cm 2 at 550 cycles/second. As the laminar sublayer becomes progressively thinner with increasing flow rate it is progressively penetrated by soil protrusions. Thus, cleaning effectiveness is owing both to turbulent shear stress when the laminar sublayer is penetrated by the soil and to viscous shear stress when the soil is submerged in the sublayer.
Optimal growth of a factory town

Abstract A factory town is considered in which two goods are produced under central management: durable, immobile housing and mobile, perishable “stuff.” The management determines a growth path and sectorial allocation for the labor force, so as to maximize the present value over an infinite horizon of exports minus imports of stuff. Characteristics of the development path are analyzed and a competitive realization is discussed.
Maternal Behavior One Year After Early and Extended Post‐partum Contact

SUMMARY The observations of maternal behaviour in 28 human mothers of full-term infants reported in this study are consistent with investigations in animals; measurable differences, lastingfor as long as one year, are apparent between mothers with early and extended contact and those separated from their infants in the early hours after birth. The awareness of a special attachment period shortly after birth—during which brief periods of partial or complete separation may drastically distort a mother animal's feeding and caring for her infant—would lead a caretaker or naturalist to be extremely cautious about any intervention in the period after birth. In the human mother, the disproportionately high percentage of mothering disturbances, such as child abuse and deprivation failure-to-thrive, which occur after a mother has been separated from her sick newborn infant, force a thorough review and evaluation of our present perinatal practices. RESUME Les observations du comportement maternel chez 28 meres d'enfants nes a terme, rapportees dans cette etude correspondent aux observations chezl animal; les differences mesurables, durant aussi longtemps qu'un an, sont apparentes entre meres avec contacts precoces et etendus et celles qui sont separees de leurs enfants dans les premieres heures apres la naissance. La connaissance d'une periode d'attachement particuliere peu de temps apres la naissance, durant laquelle des periodes breves de separation partielle ou complete peuvent perturber dramatiquement l'alimentation par la mere animale et les soins qu'elle donne a son petit—doit conduire le responsable de soins ou le naturaliste aetre extremement prudent concernant toute intervention dans la periode qui suit la naissance. Chez l'homme, un pourcentage, eleve de facon disproportionnee, de troubles du maternage tel que mere abusive et deprivation empechant la croissance, qui surviennent lorsque la mere a ete separee de son enfant nouveau-ne malade, oblige e reconsiderer nos pratiques prenatales actuelles. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Beobachtungen des mutterlichen Verhaltens an 28 Muttern reifer Neugeborener stimmen mit Untersuchungen an Tieren uberein; es werden deutliche Unterschiede fur die Dauer bis zu einem Jahr zwischen Muttern mit fruhzeitigem und intensivem Mutter-Kind-Kontakt und denen, die wahrend der ersten Stunden nach der Geburt von ihren Kindern getrennt waren, gefunden. Das Wissen von einer Zeit besonderer Bindung kurz nach der Geburt—wahrend der kurze Perioden teilweiser oder volliger Trennung das Futterungsverhalten und Besorgen einer Tiermutter ihres Kindes drastisch verzerren konnen—wurde einen Warter oder Naturforscher mit irgendeinem Eingreifen nach der Geburt auserst vorsichtig sein lassen. Der unverhaltnismasig hohe Prozentsatz mutterlichen Fehlverhaltens wie Kindesmishandlung und Gedeihstorungen durch Vernachlassigung, die auftreten, nachdem eine Mutter von ihrem kranken Neugeborenen getrennt war, zwingen uns zu einer grundlichen Uberprufung und Neubewertung unserer gegenwartigen perinatalen Praktiken.
Top-Down Mass Spectrometry of Supercharged Native Protein-Ligand Complexes

Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) of intact, noncovalently-bound protein-ligand complexes can yield structural information on the site of ligand binding. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) top-down MS of the 29 kDa carbonic anhydrase-zinc complex and adenylate kinase bound to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and/or electron capture dissociation (ECD) generates product ions that retain the ligand and their identities are consistent with the solution phase structure. Increasing gas phase protein charging from electrospray ionization (ESI) by the addition of supercharging reagents, such as m-nitrobenzyl alcohol and sulfolane, to the protein analyte solution improves the capability of MS/MS to generate holo-product ions. Top-down proteomics for protein sequencing can be enhanced by increasing analyte charging.
The impact of monetary policy on the bilateral exchange rate : Chile versus the United States

This paper examines the reaction of the bilateral Ch$/US$ exchange rate to monetary policy actions in Chile and the United States. The approach is to regress the change in the exchange rate following a policy announcement on changes in market interest rates in response to the same announcement. U.S. monetary policy actions that raise the three-month treasury bill rate by 1 percentage point lead to depreciations of the Chilean peso by about 1.5 to 2 percent. The exchange rate also reacts to monetary policy actions in Chile, but the response appears to be smaller, and cannot be estimated with much precision on the available sample.
Optimized geometry and limitations of compton cameras with LaBr 3

LaBr3(Ce) scintillators have a high atomic number, high light yield, and fast decay. Thus, detectors with LaBr3(Ce) crystal can achieve high energy resolution with a significantly improved efficiency over Nal(Tl) scintillators of the same geometry. In this work, LaBr3 was investigated for use in a Compton camera with a two-plane array design, as the material for both the scattering and absorbing detector arrays. We calculated and modeled the following properties of a LaBr3 Compton Camera: 1) The probability of single Compton scatter; 2) Doppler broadening effects; 3) The relationships between intrinsic efficiency and angular uncertainty; 4) Optimized efficiency for a required angular resolution by selecting various geometries, such as the thickness of detectors and distance between detectors. Our study showed that Doppler broadening effects induced an intrinsic limitation of ~0.05 radian angular uncertainty for Compton cameras with LaBr3 as the scattering detector. In comparison of LaBr3 with other traditional scatter detector materials such as Si, we found that below thickness of ~2 cm LaBr3 has a higher efficiency for observation of single Compton scattering events, including the hits of the recoil electron and scattered photons, than that of Si. Based on these investigations, a prototype of Compton imaging system was proposed and evaluated with Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4) also.
Serological relationship of the lethal components of two black widow spider venoms

Abstract Antiserum was prepared in a rabbit against a protein fraction lethal to mammals isolated from the venom of Latrodectus mactans mactans by vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Homogenized gel containing the lethal fraction acted as a protective adjuvant. This antiserum protected mice against the lethal effects of the whole venoms of L. mactans mactans and a sibling species L. variolus. Double immunodiffusion tests also confirmed the serological similarity of the lethal components of the two venoms.
Asbestos-catalyzed oxidation of benzo(a)pyrene by superoxide-peroxidized microsomes.

Asbestos and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) are ubiquitous in our environment and both are recognized as causal factors for cancer in man and animals. In vitro studies showed a synergism in morphological transformation of mammalian cells treated with asbestos and B(a)P. It has been shown that asbestos can mediate lipid peroxidation and that iron cations might be involved in the catalytic activity of asbestos fibers. A previous study of B(a)P metabolism by microsomes showed that peroxidative conditions change the balance between activation and deactivation of B(a)P and demonstrated that catalytically active iron can play a role in this process. The present investigation examines the effect of asbestos on oxidation of B(a)P by superoxide - peroxidized microsomes in vitro.
Immunogenisity of the intradermal route of hepatitis B vaccination with the use of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine

In March 1987, 32 hospital employees were enrolled in a prospective trial of intradermal recombinant hepatitis B vaccination. Enrollees were given 0.1 ml of vaccine on days 1, 30, and 180. Two weeks after the third intradermal vaccination, 81%, or 26, of the enrollees showed seropositivity (greater than or equal to 10 mIU antibody/ml) for hepatitis B surface antibody. Five of six nonresponders were given a fourth intradermal vaccination. Two additional seroconversions occurred, resulting in an overall conversion rate of 90% for recipients of up to four intradermal vaccine doses. Complications of vaccination were limited primarily to the occasional persistence (less than 6 months) of hyperpigmentation at the injection site. Administration of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine by the intradermal route proved to be a safe and effective method of vaccination. Cost savings of preexposure immunization with the intradermal versus the intramuscular route of vaccination were approximately $90 per enrollee. Efficacy and safety can be maximized by employing a fourth vaccine dose and routinely documenting seroconversion after vaccination.
Hot dry rock: a new geothermal energy source

Abstract A project being conducted by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory is attempting to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of extracting energy from the hot, dry rock geothermal resource. The system being tested is composed of two deep boreholes drilled into hot, impermeable rock and connected by a hydraulically produced fracture. In September 1977, the circulation loop was closed for the first time and water was circulated through the downhole reservoir and through a pair of 10-MW (thermal) heat exchangers. A series of long-term experiments is planned for 1978 in order to evaluate the thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of the energy extraction system.
Melatonin Synthesis in the Pineal Gland: Control by Light

In rats placed in continuous darkness for 6 days, there is a striking increase in the activity of melatonin-synthesizing-enzyme (hydroxyindole-0-methyl transferase) in the pineal gland, but no change in the activity of monoamine oxidase. Since melatonin appears to have a hormonal role in mammals, and its synthesis is confined to the pineal gland, the inhibition of hydroxyindole-O-methyl transferase by light may constitute a mechanism of neuroendocrine regulation.
Designing and pricing menus of extended warranty contracts

Extended warranties provide “piece of mind” to a consumer in that product failures which occur after the base warranty expires are rectified at little or no cost. They also provide an additional source of revenue for manufacturers or third-party providers, such as retailers or insurance providers, and help cultivate consumer loyalty. In this article, we analyze a number of extended warranty contracts which differ in design, including restrictions on deferrals and renewals. With the use of dynamic programming, we compute the optimal strategy for a consumer with perfect information and determine the optimal pricing policy for the provider given the consumer's risk characterization. We also provide insight into when different contracts should be issued. Finally, we illustrate how profits can be dramatically increased by offering menus of warranty contracts, as opposed to stand alone contracts, with the use of integer programming. Surprisingly, risk-taking consumers provide the greatest benefit to offering menus. These insights can help a company develop a comprehensive warranty planning strategy for given products or product lines. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009
A relative determination of the viscosity of several gases by the oscillating disk method

Synopsis New measurements are reported of the viscosity of argon, carbon dioxide, helium, neon and nitrogen in the range of temperatures 25–270°C and in the range of pressures 1–150 atm. The measurements are relative to nitrogen at 22°C; they have been performed by the use of an oscillating disk viscometer. The paper provides empirical correlations and correlations based on the use of a Lennard-Jones 6–12 and a Buckingham exp-6 potential. Except for helium, either potential gives a reasonable fit; in the case of helium the fit provided by the exp-6 potential is preferable.
Increased hardenability of steel by an external electric field

Abstract The effect of an external dc electric field of 1 kV/cm on the hardenability of two steels (02 and 4340) was investigated. The experiment consisted of making the specimen one electrode of an electrostatic circuit and applying a potential during austenitizing and/or quenching in several media representing a range in cooling rates. The electric field produced an increase in hardness at intermediate cooling rates, the effect being much larger for the 02 steel. Further, the influence of the field was much larger when applied only during the quench compared to only during austenitizing. The results suggest that the effect of the field is to cause a shift in the cooling transformation (CT) diagram to longer times. The mechanisms by which this might occur are discussed.
Cross-Sectional and Time-Series Determinants of Momentum Returns

Portfolio strategies that buy stocks with high returns over the previous 3--12 months and sell stocks with low returns over this same time period perform well over the following 12 months. A recent article by Conrad and Kaul (1998) presents striking evidence suggesting that the momentum profits are attributable to cross-sectional differences in expected returns rather than to any time-series dependence in returns. This article shows that Conrad and Kaul reach this conclusion because they do not take into account the small sample biases in their tests and bootstrap experiments. Our unbiased empirical tests indicate that cross-sectional differences in expected returns explain very little, if any, of the momentum profits. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Crystalline morphology of polypropylene and rubber-modified polypropylene

The crystalline morphology of injection-molded polypropylene (PP), its relationship with crazing, and the effects of various impact modifiers on the morphology, crystallization, and fusion of PP have been studied. The highly oriented skin layer of an injection-molded tensile bar after deformation was found to be free from crazing in contrast to the heavy craze density in the randomly oriented spherulitic core zone. Reasons for the difficulty in craze nucleation in a preoriented zone are given in light of Argon's theory of craze initiation. Addition of a rubbery phase results in an irregular texture of spherulite, smaller spherulitic diameter, and decrease in the degree of undercooling, but no appreciable change in heats of fusion and crystallization other than a trivial volume effect. The rubbery phase is not pushed by the melt–solid interface to relocate to the interspherulitic boundaries. Rather, it is engulfed by the growing melt–solid interface, leaving behind a random spatial distribution of rubber particles in the PP matrix.
Extending the Energy Efficiency and Performance With Channel Buffers, Crossbars, and Topology Analysis for Network-on-Chips

Network-on-chips (NoCs) have emerged as a scalable solution to the wire delay constraints, thereby providing a high-performance communication fabric for future multicores. Research has shown that power, area, and performance of the NoC architecture are tightly integrated with the design and optimization of the link, router (buffer and crossbar), and topology. Recent work has shown that adaptive channel buffers (on-link storage) can considerably reduce power consumption and area overhead by reducing or replacing the power-hungry router buffers. However, channel buffer design can lead to head-of-line (HoL) blocking, which eventually reduces the throughput of the network. In this paper, we design channel buffers and router crossbars to improve the performance (latency, throughput) while reducing the power consumption. In addition, we implement the proposed channel buffers and crossbar organizations in a concentrated torus (CTorus) topology which is a dual network without the additional area overhead. We compare other dual networks with leading topologies such as mesh2X, concentrated mesh2X (CMesh2X), and flattened butterfly2X (FBfly2X), each implemented with channel buffers. Our proposed designs analyze the power-performance-area tradeoff in designing channel buffers for NoC architectures while alleviating HoL blocking through buffer organizations and crossbar optimizations. Results using Synopsys design compiler showed that the buffer and crossbar organizations for an 8 × 8 mesh architecture can reduce power consumption by 25%-40%, improve throughput and reduce latency by 525%, while occupying 4%-13% more area when compared to the baseline architecture for both synthetic as well as real benchmark traces such as Princeton Application Repository for Shared-Memory Computers (PARSEC) and Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). CPU2006. When the energy-efficient buffer and crossbar organization was inserted into our CTorus topology, we further reduced energy dissipation by 32% and area by 53%, on average, over mesh2X, CMesh2X, and FBfly2X.
The influence of cognition upon perception: The empirical story

(1993). The influence of cognition upon perception: The empirical story. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 13-23.
Abstract 5558: Persistent induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 in human lung cell line, H358, by 3-methylcholanthrene: Implications for pulmonary carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Humans are constantly exposed to environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through cigarette smoke, diesel exhausts, charcoal-broiled meats, etc. Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) enzymes play important roles in the activation of PAHs such as 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) to carcinogenic DNA-binding metabolites, which could in turn lead to pulpmnary carcinogenesis. We recently reported that MC elicits persistent induction of hepatic and pulmonary CYP1A1 in mice by mechanisms other than persistence of the parent MC, and that this phenomenon contributes to pulmonary carcinogenesis. The regulation of CYP1A1 in human lung is not well understood as MC fails to induce CYP1A1 in many lung cells lines, including A549 cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that MC elicits persistent induction of CYP1A1 in the human bronchoalveolar cell line, H358. H358 cells were exposed to MC (2.5 µM) dissolved in DMSO, or DMSO alone as controls. At different time points, CYP1A1 activities were determined by measuring the activities of ethoxyresorufin O-dethylase (EROD). CYP1A1 apoprotein and mRNA expression were determined by Western blotting and real time RT-PCR, respectively. MC induced CYP1A1 activities by 8-fold at 8 h, and this effect was persistent even at 72 h. This was accompanied by persistent expression of CYP1A1 apoprotein. Real-time RT-PCR showed that 8 h treatment with 2.5 µM MC induced mRNA of CYP1A1 by 850-fold, and the effect was persistent up to 72 h. These results suggest that the H358 cell line could be an excellent model to study the molecular mechanisms of CYP1A1 regulation by MC in the human lung. Since lung is a target organ for pulmonary carcinogenesis in humans exposed to environmental pollutants such as cigarette smoke, further studies could lead to improved understanding of the mechanisms of pulmonary carcinogenesis, which could in turn lead to the development of rational strategies for the prevention/treatment of lung cancers in humans. (Supported by NIH grant ES009132.) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5558. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5558
Evaluation framework for IVHS

Evaluation is recognized as a key and integral element of the joint national effort of intelligent‐vehicle highway systems (IVHS) research, development, and deployment. It is expected to play an important role in assessing the most cost‐effective approaches for IVHS development. In this paper, an evaluation framework for IVHS is proposed, which identifies three important dimensions for IVHS evaluation: (1) IVHS system architecture; (2) IVHS operating environment; and (3) impact on transportation system. Efficiency and effectiveness criteria, and the approaches to perform the evaluation are proposed for each dimension. Anticipating that different evaluation schemes would be designed and implemented by different organizations, it is intended that the characterization and the suggested criteria would help to form a common basis for consistent comparisons. Considering the fast pace of IVHS development, it is urgent that a comprehensive evaluation framework be developed, and this paper is an attempt to meet th...
The impact of cognitive complexity on project leadership performance

Abstract In today's complex development environments, the ability to integrate project components has been found to be a key responsibility for project leaders. This paper reports results of a preliminary experiment examining the importance of cognitive differentiation and integration (i.e. cognitive complexity) to project leadership performance. Results from this preliminary study show the importance of cognitive complexity to success in project leadership. Surprisingly, results suggest that leaders with lower levels of cognitive differentiation abilities (less information fragmentation) perform better on project definition tasks. Results also suggest that higher levels of cognitive integrative ability are associated with higher performance in project definition tasks. To this end, we suggest ways to improve complex thinking in project leaders. This study is important to IS managers responsible for identifying and training project leaders, and researchers seeking to understand factors important to successful project leadership.
Diaphragm and accessory respiratory muscle stimulation using intramuscular electrodes

We tested the hypothesis that electrical stimulation of respiratory muscles can be obtained from intramuscular electrodes. In acute anesthetized dogs, suture-type intramuscular electrodes were placed in each hemidiaphragm and needle electrodes were placed in various intercostal regions of the thorax. During a hyperventilation induced period of apnea a 2-second stimulation was applied to the diaphragm or to the thoracic electrodes, followed by a combined thoracic-diaphragm stimulation period. Thoracic expansion and tidal volumes were measured as indices of inspiratory effort. We found that diaphragm stimulation produced tidal volumes between 104% and 180% of spontaneous breathing. Electrodes in the upper thorax produced chest expansion and when combined with diaphragm stimulation increased tidal volumes (p < .05). We conclude that intramuscular electrodes represent a feasible method for long-term electrogenic ventilation. Also, thoracic support for diaphragm pacing in quadriplegics could produce a more effective long-term system that is less prone to fatigue and failure.
SHORT-TERM STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF PAIRED-ASSOCIATE MATERIAL.

Summary The present study, consisting of two experiments, was designed to examine the effects of list length and display time on the short-term retention of paired-associate material. In Experiment I, with 90 Ss, a three-by-three-by-five mixed analysis-of-variance design was used with three levels of list length (five, seven, and nine city-temperature pairs), three levels of display time (15, 30, and 60 seconds), and five trials per S. In Experiment II, with 20 Ss, four of the nine conditions involved in Experiment I were tested each week for 10 weeks, with 20 trials per week. The overall results indicate significant effects on storage-and-retrieval capacity as a function of list length, display time, and extended periods of practice.