cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1849 TOTAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM COMPLIANCE IN INFANTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS

In the only study to measure dynamic pulmonary compliance (C) in cystic fibrosis infants (CFI) it was low. Esophageal catheters were used, but these are invasive and may be inaccurate due to chest wall distortion. We evaluated weighted spirometry technique for measuring total respiratory system compliance (Crs) in CFI. We studied during sleep 5 CFI and 9 normal controls (NC) mean ages 6.1 and 6.2 months. We tested respiratory rate (RR), functional residual capacity (FRC) by helium dilution, mixing index (MI), specific total respiratory system compliance, Crs'=Crs/FRC, and size corrected flows (VmaxFRC/FRC) by rapid chest compression. CFI had lower Crs' than NC but similar flows. In the absence of small airways dysfunction, the low Crs' and higher RR in CFI could result from increased elastic recoil since Crs' should be quasi static after equilibration of pressure to all lung units. However, the low MI and high FRC in CFI indicates small airway dysfunction. Thus, the low Crs may be secondary to frequency dependence. We conclude that Crs is low in CFI and represents a non-invasive method for assessing early pulmonary dysfunction. Supported by NIH Grant #HL01322-01, HL990-03 and ALA Fellowship.
SnoN regulates mammary gland alveologenesis and onset of lactation by promoting prolactin/Stat5 signaling.

Mammary epithelial cells undergo structural and functional differentiation at late pregnancy and parturition to produce and secrete milk. Both TGF-β and prolactin pathways are crucial regulators of this process. However, how the activities of these two antagonistic pathways are orchestrated to initiate lactation has not been well defined. Here, we show that SnoN, a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, coordinates TGF-β and prolactin signaling to control alveologenesis and lactogenesis. SnoN expression is induced at late pregnancy by the coordinated actions of TGF-β and prolactin. The elevated SnoN promotes Stat5 signaling by enhancing its stability, thereby sharply increasing the activity of prolactin signaling at the onset of lactation. SnoN–/– mice display severe defects in alveologenesis and lactogenesis, and mammary epithelial cells from these mice fail to undergo proper morphogenesis. These defects can be rescued by an active Stat5. Thus, our study has identified a new player in the regulation of milk production and revealed a novel function of SnoN in mammary alveologenesis and lactogenesis in vivo through promotion of Stat5 signaling.
Shakespeare and the Versification of English Drama, 1561–1642

This is no easy book to read. Marina Tarlinskaja, already established as one of a handful of world experts on early modern English versification, has written a long, laboriously researched, and glo...
Identification of the human papovavirus T antigen and comparison with the simian virus 40 protein a.

Abstract The simian virus 40 (SV40) A protein (T antigen) and the early proteins produced by cells infected with BKV-type human papovaviruses have been compared by immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide analyses. Cells infected with the human viruses and transformed cell lines synthesize phosphorylated proteins that interact with antiserum against the SV40 T antigen. These proteins cannot be distinguished from the SV40 A protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Peptide map analyses have shown that the human virus proteins are similar, but not identical, to the SV40 A protein. Because of the distinct, reproducible differences in the peptides of the papovavirus proteins, structural analyses provide a direct procedure for detecting the expression of each type of virus in cells.
Factors Affecting Poultry Flavor 1. Inorganic Constituents

ABSTRACT PUBLISHED information on the properties and identity of compounds which impart flavor to poultry is not extensive. Bouthilet (1949, 1950, 1951) observed that the meaty flavor in chicken meat was due to a compound associated with the meat fibers rather than the fat. When the properties of these water-soluble flavoring compounds were compared with those of known chemical compounds, the flavoring precursor had properties similar to glutathione. It was suggested by Bouthilet (1951) that poultry flavor might be soluble in the chicken fat. Pippen, Campbell and Streeter (1954) observed that poultry flavor was derived mainly from the meat, with minor amounts in the skin and bones and almost none in the fat. The broth prepared from half carcasses of commercial “yearling” chickens immersed in ice water for 5 hours had less flavor than the broth prepared from the air-chilled birds. Pippen and Klose (1955) reported that the reincorporation of material . . .
The Alveolar Air Equation Abbreviated

The alveolar air equation is not widely used in clinical medicine, probably because of the complicated appearance of its classic forms. The following shorter form has been derived: P A O 2 = P E O 2 − P I O 2 ( V D / V T ) 1 − V D / V T (where PAO 2 , PEO 2 , and PIO 2 are the partial pressures of oxygen in alveolar, expired, and inspired gas, respectively, and VD/VT is the ratio of physiologic dead space over tidal volume). This shorter form is an algebraic identity of the classic equation. The shorter form involves the same assumptions and requires the same measurements as the traditional expressions but is more compact and easier to use in circumstances where VD/VT is measured routinely.
Performance of the HF token protocol

Token passing can provide efficient medium access control in heavily loaded networks. However, the management overhead required in forming and maintaining a ring of token-passing nodes is a potential liability for this protocol. In this paper, we present the results of both simulations and measurements of the HF token protocol in wireless LAN operation, and explore the range of applications that may make efficient use of token passing.
A haptic teleoperation study using wave variables and scaling matrices

A haptics investigation is conducted when human subjects have to deal with a bilateral teleoperation system with two levels of time delay (400 and 1,000 ms) and four types of scaling matrices that provide a passivity form of stabilization. The wave variable method was implemented to produce a controllable human-machine response. What is of interest is the resulting performance that occurs from such systems which remain passive but impacts the overall human tracking performance that can be achieved. The question addressed is how these imposed stability restrictions (via architecture constraints) may degrade human tracking performance?
MicroRNA as Biomarkers and Diagnostics

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that are involved in regulating a range of developmental and physiological processes; their dysregulation has been associated with development of diseases including cancer. Circulating miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs have also been proposed as being useful in diagnostics as biomarkers for diseases and different types of cancer. In this review, miRNAs are discussed as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases, including viral infections, nervous system disorders, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. We summarize some of the clinical evidence for the use of miRNAs as biomarkers in diagnostics and provide some general perspectives on their use in clinical situations. The analytical challenges in using miRNAs in cancer and disease diagnostics are evaluated and discussed. Validation of specific miRNA signatures as biomarkers is a critical milestone in diagnostics.
Feeling Unreal: 30 Cases of DSM-III-R Depersonalization Disorder

Objective: In contrast to the recent surge of interest in other dissociative disorders, DSMIII-R depersonalization disorder has not been thoroughly investigated and characterized. The authors systematically elucidated its phenomenology, comorbidity, traumatic antecedents, and treatment history. Method: Thirty adult subjects (19 women and 11 men) were consecutively recruited and administered various structured and semistructured interviews as well as the self-rated Dissociative Experiences Scale. An age- and sex-matched normal comparison group was also recruited. Results: The mean age at onset of depersonalization disorder was 16.1 years (SD=5.2). The illness had a chronic course that was usually continuous but sometimes episodic. Severe distress and high levels of interpersonal impairment were characteristic. Unipolar mood and anxiety disorders were common, but none emerged as specifically related to the depersonalization. A wide variety of personality disorders was manifested; avoidant, borderline, and obsessive-compulsive were most common. Although not highly traumatized, the subjects with depersonalization disorder reported significantly more childhood trauma than the normal comparison subjects. Depersonalization had been typically treatment refractory; only serotonin reuptake inhibitors and, to a lesser extent, benzodiazepines had been of any therapeutic benefit. Conclusions: This study supports the conceptualization of depersonalization disorder as a distinct disorder with a characteristic course that is independent of mood, anxiety, and personality symptoms. A subtle relationship may exist between childhood trauma and depersonalization disorder that merits further investigation. The disorder appears to be highly treatment refractory, and prospective treatment trials are warranted. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1107‐1113)
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Secreted by Prostate-Derived Stromal Cells Stimulates Growth of Androgen-Independent Human Prostatic Carcinoma Cells

The objective of the present study is to examine the role of prostate stromal cells on growth and progression of prostate cancer. Co-inoculation of androgen-independent carcinoma cells (PC-3 and CA-7T2) with prostate-derived stromal (P-ST) cells significantly enhanced the growth of carcinoma cells in athymic nude mice. For the in vitro study, a three-dimensional co-culture system was used. It consisted of two layers of collagen gel. Stromal cells were suspended in the lower layer, whereas cancer cells were suspended in the upper layer. Compared to the control culture, the presence of P-ST cells in the lower collagen layer significantly stimulated the growth of carcinoma cells. Such an effect was not demonstrated when carcinoma cells were co-cultured with either bone marrow-derived or skin-derived stromal cells. We identified hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as the principal growth factor released by P-ST cells but not by bone marrow-derived or skin-derived stromal cells. Neutralizing antibodies against HGF completely abrogated the stimulatory effect of P-ST cells. Exogenous HGF likewise stimulated the growth of carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that HGF produced by P-ST cells is a paracrine growth factor that stimulates the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines.
Band structure of electronic circular dichroism spectra and the born‐oppenheimer approximation

Theory is presented for determining the effects of band structure on electronic CD spectra. In this development, the effect of the first-order correction to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is considered. This removes the unrealistic feature of identical CD and absorbance spectral band structures present in previous models. The predicted order of magnitude of this correction is consistent with experimentally observed differences in CD and absorbance band structure. A Green function formalism is used to determine the contribution of the intrinsic CD to the total CD of an aggregate of chromophores. The intrinsic CD can be determined from the monomeric CD that has been corrected for effects of the intermolecular interactions in the aggregate.
Simulated N management effects on corn yield and tile-drainage nitrate loss

Thoroughly tested simulation models are needed to help quantify the long-term effects of agriculture. We evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) response to different N management strategies and then used the tested model with observed weather data from 1961– 2003 to quantify long-term effects on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and flow weighted nitrate-N concentration in subsurface “tile” drainage water (Nconc). Fourteen years (1990–2003) of field data from 30, 0.4 ha plots in northeast Iowa were available for model testing. Annual crop yield, nitrate-N loss to subsurface “tile” drainage water (Nloss), Nconc, and subsurface “tile” drainage amount (drain) for various management scenarios were averaged over plots and years to create five chemical fertilizer and five swine manure treatments. Predicted corn yield and Nconc for the 10 treatments were significantly correlated with observed data (R 2 N0.83). The Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) were 15% and 18% of its observed average Nconc for chemical fertilizer and manure treatments, respectively. Corresponding RMSEs for corn yields were 8% and 10% of its observed average corn yields for chemical fertilizer and manure treatments. The long-term simulations indicate that average corn yield plateaus and Nloss accelerates as quadratic functions of increasing spring UAN-N rates from 100 to 200 kg N/ha. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sowed after corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] harvest was predicted to reduce long-term Nloss by 5 to 6 kg N/ha, which appears consistent with published field studies and may be a treatment to ameliorate agricultural management with potential for elevated Nloss such as swine manure application to soybean. The results suggest that after calibration and thorough testing, RZWQM can be used to quantify the relative effects of corn production and Nconc under several alternative management practices. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Academic Aspirations as a Moderator of the Link between Negative Life Events and Delinquency in a Sample of Latino Youth.

Latino youth are one of the fastest growing populations in the United States and are at a disproportionately higher risk for experiencing negative life events (NLEs). However, there are few studies examining risk and protective factors for the potentially negative outcomes that Latino youth who experience high levels of NLEs may face. This study examined the effect of NLEs on self-reported delinquency in a sample of Latino youth and evaluated academic aspirations as a moderator of these associations. It was hypothesized that the association between NLEs and delinquency would be buffered by high levels of academic aspirations. Participants included 144 Latino adolescents (males = 78, M = 16.25 years, SD = 1.46) attending a charter high school in a large, Midwestern city. Students completed a survey that included NLEs, self-reported delinquency, and academic aspiration measures. Findings supported a link between NLEs and delinquency. Further, academic aspirations moderated the associations between NLEs related to safety and health and delinquency. For safety-related NLEs, the highest levels of delinquency occurred when academic aspirations were low and safety-related NLEs were high. For health-related NLEs, at low levels of academic aspirations delinquent behaviors were consistently high. Further, the lowest levels of delinquency occurred when academic aspirations were high and health-related NLEs were low. Results have important implications for targeting Latino students who report high levels of NLEs for the prevention of delinquent behaviors. Encouraging academic goals may be an effective strategy for deterring delinquent behavior among students who experience NLEs.
The lumen seen in a new light: Making distinctions between light, lighting and neuroscience:

The implicit homology between light, lighting and neuroscience limits international commerce, the effectiveness of lighting applications and the relevance of basic and applied research. A comprehensive system where the distinct, but interrelated roles of light, lighting and neuroscience are recognized provides a meaningful foundation for international commerce, for improving the value of lighting for society and the environment, and enriching the neuroscience research agenda. By replacing V(λ) with a broader luminous efficiency function, termed the universal luminous efficiency function [U(λ)], light is better defined. By formally accepting a set of benefit efficiency functions for use in lighting regulations and lighting practice, the value of lighting applications increases. By formally accepting a set of benefit efficiency functions in standards and applications, a platform for collaboration among lighting practitioners and neuroscientists is built.
A Closer Look at College Students: Self-Efficacy and Goal Orientation:

Given that student retention is now one of the leading challenges faced by colleges and universities, research seeking to understand students’ reasons for attrition is of critical importance. Two f...
There must be a First: Why Thomas Aquinas Rejects Infinite, Essentially Ordered, Causal Series

Several of Thomas Aquinas's proofs for the existence of God rely on the claim that causal series cannot proceed in infinitum. I argue that Aquinas has good reason to hold this claim given his conception of causation. Because he holds that effects are ontologically dependent on their causes, he holds that the relevant causal series are wholly derivative: the later members of such series serve as causes only insofar as they have been caused by and are effects of the earlier members. Because the intermediate causes in such series possess causal powers only by deriving them from all the preceding causes, they need a first and non-derivative cause to serve as the source of their causal powers.
An improved SNoW based classification technique for head-pose estimation and face detection

A novel technique of reduction of the significance of overlapping features for efficient classification of complex patterns based on sparse network of windows where the features are the intensities at each pixel location of an image is proposed in this paper. Theoretical analysis performed on a set of patterns with overlapping features shows that the reduction of the significance of those features will improve the distinctiveness of the classifier. The methodology of classification is implemented in determining the pose and orientation of the face images in this paper. Classifying a face image of a particular pose from the rest of the face images with pose angles different from the first is essentially a two class problem. The probability distribution of the intensities at each pixel location over the entire training database of images is determined for both the classes and a measure of significance of the features is obtained based on the closeness in the relative probabilities of the two classes at that pixel. Features with equal probabilities are given least significance and features with largest difference in probabilities of the two classes are given highest significance. An efficient multilevel architecture for face detection with multiple classifiers for various face poses and orientations, keeping in view of the inherent symmetry of human face is also presented. The multiple levels in the classifier architecture deal with images of face regions in different degrees of orientations, poses and rotations in a hierarchical manner. An optimum image handling methodology resulted in reducing the number of classifiers required in the multilevel architecture to approximately half. Investigation of accuracy of head-pose estimation using the proposed technique is carried out. The proposed classification technique along with the architecture has been successful in discriminating face images whose pose angles are 100 apart. Comparison with other recent multiclass classification approaches in the context of pose estimation is carried out and it is observed that the technique is better both in terms of speed and accuracy
The infrared spectra and structures of polybutadienes

Assignments are suggested for many bands in the spectra of various kinds of polybutadienes which either confirm those deduced from olefin spectra or are new. In particular the band at 1355 cm.−1 (7.38 μ) is probably due to trans-CHCH, that at 1311 cm.−1 (7.63 μ) is due to cis-CHCH as is a band at 740 cm.−1 (13.5 μ). These assignments are based on the study of polarization spectra, of the spectra of hydrogenated polybutadienes and maleic anhydride adducts of polybutadienes and on isomerization experiments of cis-1,4-polybutadienes. Evidence is offered which indicates that presently known high cis-1,4-polybutadienes are not simply butadiene polymerized by cis-1,4 addition and that probably other structures are present in the polymer. It is shown that the 1355- and 1311-cm.−1 bands appear in the spectra of polypiperylenes and polyisoprenes (shifted somewhat in the latter spectra) and consequently are due to a CH vibration of the trans- or cis-CHCH group. Thus they are group frequencies.
High Resolution Alpha Particle Spectroscopy with Cryogenic Microcalorimeters

We present measurements from a novel cryogenic microcalorimeter designed to detect alpha particles. We demonstrate a spectral resolution of 4.4 keV FWHM for 5.3 MeV alpha particles from a 210Po source. In addition, we present an alpha spectrum from a mixture of Pu isotopes demonstrating the feasibility of resolving the individual contributions of 239Pu and 240Pu. The unmatched resolution of microcalorimeter alpha detectors will provide new capabilities for actinide analysis. We discuss potential applications and also sensor design.
Survival of scrapie virus after 3 years' interment

Supernatant fluid from a scrapie-infected hamster brain homogenate was mixed with soil, packed into perforated petri dishes that were then embedded within soil-containing pots, and buried in a garden for 3 years. Between 2 and 3 log units of the input infectivity of nearly 5 log units survived this exposure, with little leaching of virus into deeper soil layers. These results have implications for environmental contamination by scrapie and by similar agents, including those of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Effects of Including Malting Industry Byproducts in Feedlot Diets on Performance and Beef Quality1

Eighty crossbred steers (436 kg) were used to determine effects of including a malting industry byproduct blend (MB) in finishing diets on performance, DM digestibility, carcass characteristics, meat color, tenderness, and sensory traits. Steers, blocked by BW, were randomly assigned to 1 of 16 pens. Dietary treatments (DM basis) were 1 (control) [78% corn grain (CG), 16% corn silage (S), 6% supplement (SUPP)]; 2 [66% CG, 11% S, 20% wet corn gluten feed (WGF), 3% SUPP]; 3 (64% CG, 13% S, 20% MB, 3% SUPP); and 4 [55% CG, 21% S, 14% MB, 7% condensed distillers' solubles (DS), 3% SUPP]. Steers on Treatment 1 gained faster (P<0.05) than those on Treatments 3 or 4. Steers on Treatment 2 posted ADG that were intermediate to those of steers on the control treatment or on Treatments 3 or 4. Steers on Treatment 3 or 4 gained less efficiently (P<0.01) than those on the control treatment or Treatment 2. Diets fed to steers in the control group or in the group on Treatment 2 were more digestible and had greater estimated concentrations of ME (P<0.05) than those fed to steers on Treatments 3 and 4. The energy value of MB was estimated to range from 2.62 to 2.68 Mcal ME/kg of DM. Neither cooking loss nor Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) was affected by dietary treatment. Steaks from steers on Treatment 4 were redder (greater a* values; P<0.05) than steaks from steers on Treatment 2. Results indicate that substituting some CG and S or all WGF in CG-based diets with MB alone or in combination with DS reduced diet DM digestibility and feed efficiency, but had no adverse effects on meat tenderness or sensory traits.
DelPhiPKa web server: predicting pKa of proteins, RNAs and DNAs

UNLABELLED A new pKa prediction web server is released, which implements DelPhi Gaussian dielectric function to calculate electrostatic potentials generated by charges of biomolecules. Topology parameters are extended to include atomic information of nucleotides of RNA and DNA, which extends the capability of pKa calculations beyond proteins. The web server allows the end-user to protonate the biomolecule at particular pH based on calculated pKa values and provides the downloadable file in PQR format. Several tests are performed to benchmark the accuracy and speed of the protocol. IMPLEMENTATION The web server follows a client-server architecture built on PHP and HTML and utilizes DelPhiPKa program. The computation is performed on the Palmetto supercomputer cluster and results/download links are given back to the end-user via http protocol. The web server takes advantage of MPI parallel implementation in DelPhiPKa and can run a single job on up to 24 CPUs. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The DelPhiPKa web server is available at http://compbio.clemson.edu/pka_webserver.
Minimal Solvers for 3D Geometry from Satellite Imagery

We propose two novel minimal solvers which advance the state of the art in satellite imagery processing. Our methods are efficient and do not rely on the prior existence of complex inverse mapping functions to correlate 2D image coordinates and 3D terrain. Our first solver improves on the stereo correspondence problem for satellite imagery, in that we provide an exact image-to-object space mapping (where prior methods were inaccurate). Our second solver provides a novel mechanism for 3D point triangulation, which has improved robustness and accuracy over prior techniques. Given the usefulness and ubiquity of satellite imagery, our proposed methods allow for improved results in a variety of existing and future applications.
Characterizing Toxicity of Pelargonium spp. and Two Other Reputedly Toxic Plant Species to Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Abstract The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), a polyphagous scarab, feeds on certain palatable plants that are toxic, or reputedly toxic. Paralysis of the beetle after consumption of flowers of zonal geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey) has been documented, but factors affecting expression and range of this phenomenon are poorly known. Published anecdotes regarding toxicity of two other hosts, larkspur (Delphinium sp.) and bottlebrush buckeye (Aesculus parviflora Walt.), have not been empirically tested. For zonal geraniums, we compared toxicity with P. japonica of flowers versus leaves, sun-grown and shaded plants, and different-colored flowers. The progression of paralysis and recovery, as well as survival of paralyzed beetles under laboratory and field conditions, also were evaluated. Beetles became paralyzed after feeding on flowers of zonal geranium, but not by consuming leaves, suggesting the active compound is unique to flowers. Shaded or sun-grown flowers, and red-, white-, or...
Models from Other Disciplines: What Can We Learn from Them?

Plenary discussion moderated by Prof. Richard K. Neumann, Hofstra University School of Law. Speakers were Dean Thomas R. Fisher of the University of Minnesota College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture and Dr. Daniel B. Hinshaw, Assistant Dean of the University of Michigan Medical School
A Higher Upper Limit to the Parameters in Fermat's Equation

(1938). A Higher Upper Limit to the Parameters in Fermat's Equation. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 439-445.
Double balloon enteroscopy in children: a case series highlighting risks, and a review of the literature

Aim Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is a relatively new endoscopic technique that allows endoscopic access into the small intestine. It has been studied in adults, but the literature remains scarce in the paediatric age group. Methods We retrospectively assessed our experience with DBE in children. Results We describe four procedures performed on three patients. The diagnostic yield was high (100%) with one major complication (perforation) encountered. A review of the benefits and risks in this cohort, and the available literature is included. Conclusions DBE is a promising endoscopic modality in children, but some aspects remain unanswered. There is a great need for a prospective study to better assess benefit and risk in this population.
Los anfitriones del exilio chileno en México, 1973-1993[*]

Este articulo busca explicar el caracter de las relaciones entre los gobiernos de Chile y de Mexico antes del golpe de Estado de 1973 y durante el periodo que duro el exilio en Mexico. El objetivo es adentrarse en la experiencia de exilio de los militantes de la izquierda chilena en Mexico, a partir de su instalacion en el pais de acogida, revisando sus antecedentes y los actores principales del pais receptor. Se concluye que, como resultado de las relaciones que se establecieron entre personalidades chilenas y mexicanas antes del golpe de Estado, fue posible la reproduccion politica, economica, social y cultural del exilio chileno en Mexico. Para ello se realizo una indagacion de tipo documental —bibliografia y archivos—, que se confronto con la informacion obtenida de entrevistas a personajes que estuvieron en el exilio o relacionados con el mismo
The tryptophan requirement of nursery pigs

Five experiments were conducted to determine the true digestible Trp (dTrp) requirement of nursery pigs. Treatments were replicated with four or five pens of five or six pigs each. Pigs were weaned at 21 (Exp. 1, 2, and 5) or 19 d (Exp. 3 and 4), and fed common diets for various times and then experimental diets for 8 (Exp. 1), 13 (Exp. 2 and 3), or 14 d (Exp. 4 and 5). Experiment 1 (160 pigs, initial and final BW of 8.4 and 11.4 kg) evaluated six protein sources low in Trp relative to a positive control diet to identify the protein source to be used in subsequent experiments. The results indicated that a diet with Canadian field peas (CFP) supplemented with Trp resulted in ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed (GF) equal to (P > 0.10) the positive control diet. In Exp. 2, 75 pigs (initial and final BW of 13.2 and 19.2 kg) were fed 1) Trp-deficient diet (0.13% dTrp) with CFP, 2) Diet 1 with added Trp (0.23% dTrp), or 3) positive control diet (0.22% dTrp). Daily gain, ADFI, and GF were decreased (P 0.10) in pigs fed Diets 2 and 3. Experiments 3 (180 pigs, initial and final BW of 5.2 and 7.3 kg), 4 (120 pigs, initial and final BW of 6.3 and 10.2 kg), and 5 (144 pigs, initial and final BW of 10.3 and 15.7 kg) were conducted to estimate the dTrp requirement of nursery pigs with diets using CFP as a primary protein source. The diets used in Exp. 3, 4, and 5 contained 1.35, 1.19, or 1.01% dLys, respectively, and other amino acids were provided at 105% the ratio relative to Lys. Response variables were ADG, ADFI, GF, and plasma urea N concentrations, and data were analyzed using the broken-line model. The levels of dTrp in the diets for Exp. 3 (Phase I, 5.2 to 7.3 kg) were 0.14, 0.17, 0.20, 0.23, 0.26, and 0.29%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.21% (0.24% total Trp). The levels of dTrp in the diets for Exp. 4 (Phase II, 6.3 to 10.2 kg) were 0.13, 0.16, 0.19, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.28%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.20% (0.23% total Trp). The levels of dTrp in the diets for Exp. 5 (Phase III, 10.3 to 15.7 kg) were 0.130, 0.155, 0.180, 0.205, 0.230, and 0.255%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.18% (0.22% total Trp). These results indicate that the true dTrp requirement is 0.21, 0.20, and 0.18% for Phase I (5.2 to 7.3 kg), II (6.3 to 10.2 kg), and III (10.3 to 15.7 kg) nursery pigs, respectively.
Urokinase inhibits HL-60 cell proliferation in vitro

The binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) to its receptor (u-PA-R) is required for morphological and functional maturation during monocyte differentiation of the promyelocytic leukaemia line HL-60. This paper reports that monocyte differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D2 (vitamin D2) results in a marked increase in expression of u-PA and u-PA-R. This increase in u-PA expression is of greater magnitude than is observed after culture with interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), another potent inducer of monocytic differentiation. Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), an agent that induces granulocytic differentiation, also increased expression of u-PA. However, culture with the granulocyte-inducing all-trans retinoic acid (RA) did not induce an increase in surface expression of u-PA or u-PA-R. The vitamin D2-induced increase in cell-surface u-PA was not coincident with an increase in steady-state levels of u-PA mRNA, suggesting that intracellular stores of this protein, translational or post-translational mechanisms of regulation, or some other regulatory mechanism may be responsible for the increase in u-PA during differentiation. To ascertain an association between the increased expression of cell-surface u-PA and reduced proliferation that accompanies differentiation, the effect of u-PA on cellular proliferation of HL-60 cells was measured. Both pro-u-PA (whole molecule) and fragments of u-PA that retained receptor-binding capability caused a marked inhibition of HL-60 proliferation in the absence of vitamin D2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Simultaneous Optima of Several Functions

Up to now we have looked at the extrema of one function f(x 1,x 2,...,x n ) of n variables. In many applied problems, one may be confronted with several functions, say f 1(x 1,...,x n ), f 2(x 1,...,x n ),..., f m (x 1,...,x n ), with m ≤ n, and wish to maximize them simultaneously. Unless there happens to be a particularly fortunate combination of circumstances, it is usually unlikely that we can find a point (x°1,...,x° n ) such that all, or more than one, of the m functions attain maxima at that point, when each function is taken individually with no regard for the other m — 1 functions. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that often in economics, and in other disciplines, situations arise in which we wish to “do as well as we can” for each of several functions. Just what one means by “as well as we can” will depend on the situation.
How to Teach in Free Clinics: Brief Encounters with Learners and Patients in Vulnerable Communities

Precepting in free clinics is a special opportunity to serve vulnerable patients and teach learners committed to service and motivated by social justice. This chapter describes techniques for teaching effectively when contact with patients and learners is brief and discontinuous. We discuss the importance of facilitating reflection and development of structural competence among learners, emphasizing the role of the student as healthcare navigator.
Chromodynamic Structure and Phenomenology

In these three lectures, I will discuss some of the formal and phenomenological features of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This local gauge theory based on the color group SU(3) has stood as probably the most attractive candidate for a theory of strong interactions since the discovery of asymptotic freedom in 1973. There has been an enormous amount of theoretical work since then learning how to confront the theory with experiment in the short distance, weak coupling regime and trying to deal with the theory at larger distances(say 1/mπ) where it presumably becomes strongly coupled.
Electrical characterization for performance-driven printed circuit board

During the initial design stage, PCB material selection, platform designers would like to have the accurate loss measurement to meet the channel requirement, because the PCB material contributes largely to the platform cost. In this paper, we analyze how transmission line design affects insertion loss quantity at high operation frequency. The insertion loss at 12.89GHz is measured, and it is convenient to directly correspond to channel loss simulation for 25G applications. Moreover, eight material types are validated and compared by systematic measurement. We utilize delta-L methodology to measure PCB material electrical characteristics, and show a possible way to enable PCB ecosystem having a standardization measurement procedure.
Rotational error in path integration: encoding and execution errors in angle reproduction

Path integration is fundamental to human navigation. When a navigator leaves home on a complex outbound path, they are able to keep track of their approximate position and orientation and return to their starting location on a direct homebound path. However, there are several sources of error during path integration. Previous research has focused almost exclusively on encoding error-the error in registering the outbound path in memory. Here, we also consider execution error-the error in the response, such as turning and walking a homebound trajectory. In two experiments conducted in ambulatory virtual environments, we examined the contribution of execution error to the rotational component of path integration using angle reproduction tasks. In the reproduction tasks, participants rotated once and then rotated again to face the original direction, either reproducing the initial turn or turning through the supplementary angle. One outstanding difficulty in disentangling encoding and execution error during a typical angle reproduction task is that as the encoding angle increases, so does the required response angle. In Experiment 1, we dissociated these two variables by asking participants to report each encoding angle using two different responses: by turning to walk on a path parallel to the initial facing direction in the same (reproduction) or opposite (supplementary angle) direction. In Experiment 2, participants reported the encoding angle by turning both rightward and leftward onto a path parallel to the initial facing direction, over a larger range of angles. The results suggest that execution error, not encoding error, is the predominant source of error in angular path integration. These findings also imply that the path integrator uses an intrinsic (action-scaled) rather than an extrinsic (objective) metric.
Liraglutide acutely suppresses glucagon, lipolysis and ketogenesis in type 1 diabetes.

In view of the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with the use of sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the relative absence of this complication in patients treated with liraglutide in spite of reductions in insulin doses, we investigated the effect of liraglutide on ketogenesis. Twenty-six patients with inadequately controlled T1DM were randomly divided into 2 groups of 13 patients each. After an overnight fast, patients were injected, subcutaneously, with either liraglutide 1.8 mg or with placebo. They were maintained on their basal insulin infusion and were followed up in our clinical research unit for 5 hours. The patients injected with placebo maintained their glucose and glucagon concentrations without an increase, but there was a significant increase in free fatty acids (FFA), acetoacetate and β-hydoxybutyrate concentrations. In contrast, liraglutide significantly reduced the increase in FFA, and totally prevented the increase in acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations while suppressing glucagon and ghrelin concentrations. Thus, a single dose of liraglutide is acutely inhibitory to ketogenesis.
Load oscillating smart meter attack

This paper investigates the potential impacts of load oscillating attacks in a microgrid to the stability of the main power grid. The adversary is assumed to be able to control switches within compromised smart meters and thus is able to dynamically connect or disconnect the corresponding loads within the microgrid. Using the commercial PSS/e time-domain simulator with the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS-96), we demonstrate the impacts of attacks cycling the total load of the microgrid. Cycling attacks with different load oscillation frequencies and magnitudes are considered. We found that for certain oscillation frequencies, oscillating 30 percent of the total microgrid load can significantly harm the main grid stability.
You Can Breathe Easy: IFNλ Handles Flu without Triggering a Damaging Inflammatory Response.

Type III interferon (IFNλ) and type I IFN (IFNα/β) have overlapping antiviral activities in the lung. In this issue of Immunity, Galani et al. (2017) identify a critical early role for IFNλ, not shared by IFNα/β, in protection of the lung following influenza virus infection.
Preoperative assessment of primary varicose veins

The first step in the evaluation of a patient with primary varicose veins is a careful personal history and clinical examination. The individual advice should be based on the disturbance suffered due to the actual varicose veins, "heaviness of the legs" and the advantages and disadvantages of various therapies. The aim of an examination in any type of varicose veins is to determine their relationship to the deep and the surrounding superficial venous system. The continuous-wave Doppler method is often sufficient to examine the trunk of the long saphenous vein. Colour-coded duplex sonography is the chosen method for evaluation of the deep venous system with respect to flow feasibility and valve competence, as well as localization of deficient perforants and anatomic variations at the saphenouspopliteal junction. Phlebography is reserved for cases with inconclusive duplex-sonography results or if no duplex is available. The purpose of this exhaustive preoperative evaluation is to indicate in detail the haemodynamic and anatomic situation in the groin and in the popliteal fossa and to detect the relevant insufficient perforators. Such accurate haemodynamic assessment is the basis for an individualized operation with excellent cosmetic and functional results. Whether a reduced recurrence rate after varicose vein surgery can be shown with this extensive examination scheme has not yet been investigated in a prospective study.
Immunosuppressive and Cytotoxic Drugs in Dermatology: A Practical Overview and Personal Perspective

Background:Cytotoxic/immunosuppressive drugs are regularly used to treat proliferative diseases of the skin and immunologically mediated inflammatory disorders.Objective:The rational use of cytotox...
When to Start a Statin Is a Preference-Sensitive Decision

Article, see p 1087 In this issue of Circulation , Heller et al1 report results of a simulation model suggesting that the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) primary prevention lipid treatment guidelines treat many more people with a statin but also save many more lives compared with ATP III. These findings are consistent with previous reports,2,3 but their results further suggest that starting a statin at 40 years of age in everyone regardless of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk would extend statin treatment to >28 million more Americans but would further and substantially improve the public’s health, but only if the disutility associated with pill burden is quite low. If starting a statin in all adults at 40 years of age would really save hundreds of thousands of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), implementing such a policy would seem to be a public health priority. However, this perspective has several problems. Principally, taking a statin is an individual not a public health decision, such as interventions to improve air quality or a decision with externalities, such as treating contagious diseases. For an individual decision without externalities, an individual’s chance and magnitude of net benefit (absolute risk reduction minus absolute risk increase plus/minus uncertainties) is the only meaningful consideration.4 This may sound heretical, especially coming from a professor of public health, but the ethical and legal standards are clear. When counseling an individual patient about treatment, the most relevant question is almost always, “What is the magnitude of and uncertainty bounds for estimated net benefit for the considered treatment?” Heller et al1 present a relevant estimate in this regard. If their base-case estimates are correct, adoption of the treat at 40 years of age policy, compared with AHA/ACC guidelines, would average 1 additional QALY gained …
Brown Adipose Tissue and Body Weight Regulation

Brown adipose tissue plays a critical role in neonatal thermogenesis, insuring survival of the newborn infant during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. In rodents, the generation and/or expansion of brown adipose tissue within white adipose depots (“beiging”) provides a defense against obesity and glucose intolerance. Here we describe the origin and development of brown adipocytes, the hormonal control of “beiging” in humans and other mammals, the effects of obesity on brown adipose mass and activity, and the implications of brown adipose for human metabolic homeostasis.
Future Perspectives in the Management of Nerve Injuries.

Aim The author presents a solicited “white paper” outlining her perspective on the role of nerve transfers in the management of nerve injuries. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were evaluated to compare nerve graft and nerve transfer. An evaluation of the scientific literature by review of index articles was also performed to compare the number of overall clinical publications of nerve repair, nerve graft, and nerve transfer. Finally, a survey regarding the prevalence of nerve transfer surgery was administrated to the World Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery (WSRM) results. Results Both nerve graft and transfer can generate functional results and the relative success of graft versus transfer depended on the function to be restored and the specific transfers used. Beginning in the early 1990s, there has been a rapid increase from baseline of nerve transfer publications such that clinical nerve transfer publication now exceeds those of nerve repair or nerve graft. Sixty-two responses were received from WSRM membership. These surgeons reported their frequency of “usually or always using nerve transfers for repairing brachial plexus injuries as 68%, radial nerves as 27%, median as 25%, and ulnar as 33%. They reported using nerve transfers” sometimes for brachial plexus 18%, radial nerve 30%, median nerve 34%, ulnar nerve 35%. Conclusion Taken together this evidence suggests that nerve transfers do offer an alternative technique along with tendon transfers, nerve repair, and nerve grafts.
Convergence of Series in Banach Spaces

It is essential for understanding the concepts of bases of different types to have some knowledge about the various definitions of convergence of a series and to stress its hierarchy and its interconnections. This is done in the first paragraph. There we also present the proof of the important Orlicz- Pettis theorem which claims the equivalence of weak and strong unconditional convergence of series in Banach spaces. The second paragraph contains Riemann’s theorem which asserts that absolute and unconditional convergence of series in finite dimensional vector spaces are the same, and the famous Dvoretzky-Rogers theorem. The latter states the existence in every infinite dimensional Banach space of an unconditional series which is not absolutely convergent, a fact, which has been conjectured for about twenty years and which has been settled down by Dvoretzky and Rogers in 1950.
Resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi Identified in Wild Potato Species

Meloidogyne chitwoodi (Columbia root-knot nematode, CRKN) can cause serious damage in potato production systems, decreasing tuber value in the fresh market and processing industries. Genetic resistance to CRKN was first identified from the wild diploid potato species Solanum bulbocastanum accession SB22 and was successfully introgressed into tetraploid potato breeding material. To expand the base of genetic resistance, 40 plant accessions representing nine wild potato species were screened for their resistance to M. chitwoodi. Greenhouse screening identified fifteen clones from S. hougasii, one clone from S. bulbocastanum, and one clone from S. stenophyllidium with moderate to high levels of resistance against three isolates of M. chitwoodi. Geographical mapping showed that the resistance sources identified in this and previous studies primarily originated in the states of Jalisco and Michoacan in west-central Mexico. These new sources of resistance will be introgressed into elite potato populations to facilitate the development of potato cultivars with durable resistance to M. chitwoodi.