cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of inclination on local heat transfer under an axisymmetric, free liquid jet

The effect of jet inclination on the local heat transfer under an obliquely impinging, round, free liquid jet striking a constant heat flux surface is investigated experimentally. The problem parameters investigated are jet Reynolds number in the range 6600–52000, and jet inclination, ranging from 40 to 90 deg, measured from the horizontal. Experiments are carried out for nozzle sizes, d = 4.6 and 9.3 mm. It is found that the point of maximum heat transfer along the x-axis (the line of intersection of the jet inclination plane with the impingement surface) is shifted upstream (with respect to the jet flow) as a function of jet inclination with a maximum observed shift of 0.5 nozzle diameters. In addition, it is found that the shape of local Nusselt number profiles along the x-axis changed as the jet is inclined. One of these changes is a sharpening of the peak in the profile at the point of maximum heat transfer. Another change is an increasing asymmetry around the point of maximum heat transfer with the upstream side of the profile dropping off more rapidly than the downstream side. Some measurements are taken to characterize the full two-dimensional heat transfer distribution under the inclined jet. Correlations are developed for the radial variation of local heat transfer in the plane of nozzle inclination.
The origins of multiple bands in the infrared spectra of carbon monoxide adsorbed on metal surfaces

We model CO molecules adsorbed on a metal surface as a system of coupled oscillators and analyze their vibrations by determining the normal modes of the system. The frequency of a CO molecule (linearly bonded to a surface atom) before coupling, depends of the coordination number of the metal atom to which it is attached. The focus of this paper is to use the results of these calculations and of the spectra which they explain, to develop an intuitive interpretation of the various bands that occur in the infrared spectrum of a group CO molecules, linearly bonded to atoms on a metal surface.
A new proof of Ramanujan’s modular equation relating R(q) with R(q5)

We give a new proof of Ramanujan’s modular identity relating R(q) with R(q5), where R(q) is the famous Rogers–Ramanujan continued fraction. Our formulation is stronger than those of preceding authors; in particular, we give for the first time identities for the expressions appearing in the numerator and the denominator of Ramanujan’s identity. A related identity for R(q) that has partition-theoretic connections is also proved.
Divided Attention, as Measured by Dichotic Speech Performance, in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

• To determine if impaired dichotic performance in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type is due to the inability to divide attention or the inability to perceive degraded auditory stimuli, we measured performance on tasks of both dichotic and degraded monotic speech materials. We also examined whether perception of degraded speech stimuli presented monaurally is related to abnormalities of temporal lobe anatomy and physiology, as we have shown for dichotic performance. Although the patients were impaired on both dichotic and monotic tests, significantly greater impairment was seen on the dichotic test. Our earlier finding of a significant relation between dichotic performance and measures of anterior temporal lobe atrophy and reduced glucose metabolism was replicated, but no significant relation was found between monotic tests and measures of temporal lobe integrity. We conclude that the inability to divide attention, rather than abnormal processing of degraded stimuli per se, is reflected in poor dichotic performance in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type, and that dichotic performance, unlike degraded monotic perception, depends directly on the integrity of temporal cortex in these patients.
The DUG gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a structural and functional homolog of the S. cerevisiae SUG1 predicted ATPase associated with the 26S proteasome

The DUG gene of Drosophila encodes a putative ATPase that is a structural and functional homolog of the yeast SUG1 product. When introduced into S. cerevisiae, the Drosophila DUG gene rescued the lethality associated with a SUG1 mutant. Anti-DUG antibodies recognized a protein that migrated in high molecular weight complexes, along with components of the 26S proteasome, and also immunoprecipitated components of the 26S proteasome from embryonic extracts. Proteins recognized by the affinity-purified antibody raised against DUG were localized in either a punctate cytoplasmic distribution or in the nucleus, depending on the cell type, consistent with the subcellular localization of the 26S proteasome in various cell types.
Near‐field transpressive deformation along the San Andreas fault zone in southern California, based on exhumation constrained by (U‐Th)/He dating

Low-temperature thermochronometry reveals that a narrow crustal sliver trapped within strands of the San Andreas fault zone in southern California has experienced recent, rapid exhumation. Eight apatite (U-Th)/He ages from a 1-km-relief section along Yucaipa Ridge in the San Bernardino Mountains range from 1.4 to 1.7 Ma. The minimal change in age with elevation implies exhumation of ∼5–7 mm yr−1, sustained for at least several hundred thousand years. Three titanite helium ages from the ridge are much older, ranging from 57 to 82 Ma. These show a steep gradient with elevation, representing either an exhumed, partial retention zone or slow cooling through much of the Tertiary. These data imply that a total exhumation of ∼3 to 6 km has occurred since 1.8 Ma. It is uncertain whether this exhumation terminated as early as 1 Ma or has continued up to the present at a decelerated rate. We surmise that this exhumation represents rock uplift in the absence of major surface uplift, in that it kept pace with tectonic uplift as the narrow fault block maintained steady state relief. The record of sedimentation in adjacent basins is consistent with the implied magnitude of erosion. Such rapid, large-magnitude exhumation within the strands of the San Andreas fault zone is important for models of transpressional tectonics. It is consistent with a strain partitioning model which predicts that pure shear dominated fault zones experience significant vertical strain. However, it is inconsistent with a stress-partitioning model which predicts that fault zone weakness limits pure shear deformation to the borderlands of the master strike-slip fault. In addition, a concentration of secondary contraction within the fault zone may require modification of coupling models between strong upper mantle and brittle upper crust via the weak lower crust. These models predict that transpressional deformation will either be uniformly distributed across the plate boundary or be limited to the far-field borderlands, rather than concentrated in the near field. Alternatively, the exhumation of Yucaipa Ridge may have been driven by the nearby restraining bend in the San Andreas fault at San Gorgonio Pass, in which case it represents local fault geometry rather than accommodation of far-field plate motion.
Prediction of natural convection in horizontal annular enclosures at high Rayleigh numbers

Abstract This paper presents numerical results of natural convection at high Rayleigh numbers in annuli formed by concentric and vertically eccentric horizontal cylinders. Solutions are obtained in a numerically generated boundary-fitted coordinate system in which coordinate lines are coincident with the enclosure boundaries. Results obtained reveal the effects of eccentricity and Rayleigh number on convective heat transfer. Results are presented in the form of vector plots of velocity, local heat transfer data in addition to contours for temperature, turbulent kinetic energy, and turbulent viscosity. All results presented are for a fluid of Prandtl number 0.7 and Rayleigh numbers in the range of 105 to 2×107.
Visualizing Student Histories Using Clustering and Composition

While intuitive time-series visualizations exist for common datasets, student course history data is difficult to represent using traditional visualization techniques due its concurrent nature. A visual composition process is developed and applied to reveal trends across various groupings. By working closely with educators, analytic strategies and techniques are developed to leverage the visualization composition to reveal unknown trends in the data. Furthermore, clustering algorithms are developed to group common course-grade histories for further analysis. Lastly, variations of the composition process are implemented to reveal subtle differences in the underlying data. These analytic tools and techniques enabled educators to confirm expected trends and to discover new ones.
Identification and Congestion Analysis of Transmission Corridors of the Eastern Interconnection

The paper summarizes theoretical methodology and selected simulation results developed by CRA International in the context of supporting the US Department of Energy in conducting the congestion study of the Eastern interconnection of the US grid. The novel methodology described in the paper introduces a functional definition of a power transmission corridor and develops a methodology to systematically define such corridors, measure their importance and level of congestion. The applied analytical techniques combine spatial cluster analysis of electricity markets with GIS data processing, chronological production cost simulations and power flow analyses
Evidence that pupal and adult cuticular proteins are coded by different genes in the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus

The poly A+ mRNAs present in the wing epidermis of the silkmoth Antheraea polyphemus during the period of synthesis of juvenile hormone-induced second pupal cuticle and adult cuticle were analysed by cDNA-mRNA hybridizations. The hybridization data indicate 60% similarity and 40% differences. The cDNAs unique to each type of cuticle (null cDNAs) were isolated and were shown to belong to the moderately abundant class. The number of mRNAs unique to each stage is calculated to be about 400. Analysis of the total mRNAs by translation in in vitro cell free systems indicate the presence of mRNAs unique to each type of cuticle which yield products with different isoelectric points and molecular weights. Similar differences were observed by comparing the cuticular polypeptides in the two kinds of cuticle using two dimensional electrophoresis. The results from the three different approaches provide evidence which supports the hypothesis that the pupal and adult cuticular proteins are coded by different messages and hence probably different genes.
Modulation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor by sphingosine.

Abstract Excitation contraction (EC) coupling in muscle cells involves the movement of calcium through the calcium release channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane known as the ryanodine receptor. We have recently shown that the novel second messenger, sphingosine, can block calcium release from skinned skeletal muscle fibers and from isolated skeletal muscle SR membranes (Sabbadini et al., J Biol Chem 267; 15475-15484, 1992). In this report, we demonstrate that sphingosine also inhibits calcium release from isolated canine cardiac SR membranes containing the ryanodine receptor when release is induced by caffeine, doxorubicin or by calcium. Sphingosine also prevents the augmentation of [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding normally produced by caffeine and doxorubicin and exerts noncompetitive inhibition with regard to both releasing agents. Sphingosine significantly reduces in a dose-dependent manner [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding to the high affinity site of the receptor and increases by several-fold the K d for binding, which is consistent with a blocking action of sphingosine on the ryanodine receptor calcium channel. Sphingosine inhibits the extent of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) and significantly shifts the threshold for CICR so that a higher level of trigger calcium is required to initiate CICR. The sphingosine inhibition of CICR is consistent with the near abolition of calcium dependent [ 3 H]-ryanodine binding. HPLC analysis of cardiac sphingosine content indicates that sphingosine is present in the cardiac cell at moderately high levels (29.4 nmol/g wet wt for the entire cell and ∼0.4 μM for the cytosol) which are sufficient to produce significant inhibition by sphingosine on calcium release and ryanodine binding. The data suggest that sphingosine acts on the cardiac ryanodine receptor by opposing the physiological stimulus (e.g. trigger calcium entering via the dihydropyridine receptor). We propose that sphingosine is produced by the T-tubule membranes and that sphingosine is released into the protected intracellular environment of the T-tubule/SR junction to negatively modulate calcium release. Consequently, it is possible that sphingosine is a physiologically relevant regulator of calcium levels in the heart.
View-dependent textured splatting for rendering live scenes

This sketch presents a novel approach for rendering low resolution point clouds with multiple high resolution textures--the type of data commonly generated by real-time vision systems. The low precision, noisy, and sometimes incomplete nature of such data sets is not suitable for existing point-based rendering techniques that are designed to work with high precision and high density point clouds.Our new algorithm---View-dependent Textured Splatting (VDTS)---combines traditional splatting with a view-dependent texturing strategy to increase rendering quality of low resolution data sets with high resolution textures. VDTS requires no pre-processing, addresses texture visibility and anti-aliasing on the fly, and can be efficiently accelerated by commodity graphics hardware. Therefore it is well suited for real-time rendering of dynamic scenes online.
Lactic Acidosis in Status Asthmaticus: Three Cases and Review of the Literature

Lactic acidosis is a frequent laboratory finding in patients with severe exacerbations of asthma. The pathogenesis of lactic acidosis in asthma is not well understood, but it has been presumed, by some, to be generated by fatiguing respiratory muscles. We herein report the cases of three patients with status asthmaticus and lactic acidosis despite pharmacologic muscle relaxation. No common etiologies were found for lactic acidosis that abated after bronchospasm improved and the intensity of pharmacologic therapies was reduced. We review the literature describing lactic acidosis with asthma and discuss mechanisms by which lactic acidosis may occur in patients with status asthmaticus.
The synergism between hydrocarbon pollutants and UV radiation: a potential link between coastal pollution and larval mortality

Abstract Coastal, benthic invertebrates with complex life history strategies are exposed to stage- and habitat-specific selective forces. In the coastal environment, benthic adults are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants (PAHs) due to their proximity to human activities (shipping, urbanization, and industrialization). Benthic invertebrates produce lipid-rich eggs or larvae that absorb PAHs from polluted estuaries and coastal waters. The larvae of many coastal invertebrates move offshore following release from benthic adults. During development in offshore waters, larvae of some species are exposed to relatively high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Marine organisms vary in their tolerance to PAHs and UV radiation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the sequential exposure of the larvae of marine crabs to PAHs and UV radiation. Using laboratory experiments, the larvae of four crab species were exposed to PAHs and UV radiation. There was a significant synergistic effect of exposure to PAH (fluoranthene or pyrene) and UV radiation on larvae of the spider crab ( Libinia dubia ), the stone crab ( Menippe adina ) and the mud crab ( Panopeus herbstii ). Larvae of blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) were exposed to PAHs and UV radiation in both laboratory and solar UV experiments. Significantly higher mortality occurred for C. sapidus larvae using either type of UV-artificial or solar. Larvae of coastal invertebrates with complex life history strategies are susceptible to the combined effects of PAHs and UV radiation. In this study, the exposure of crab larvae to PAHs and UV radiation resulted in mortality to crab larvae using laboratory and solar UV experiments. There were no effects on larval crab mortality due to PAH or UV radiation independently but mortality was as high as 100% when both factors were present.
Systematic examination in the rat of brain sites sensitive to the direct application of morphine: observation of differential effects within the periaqueductal gray.

Abstract An extensive mapping of the rat brain (403 sites) ranging from AP +8 to AP −3 revealed that the region showing maximum sensitivity to the intracerebral administration of morphine in the elevation of the nociceptive threshold lay within the periaqueductal gray. Analysis of the distribution of responsive sites indicated that the most active sites, those having the shortest latency of effect, were located within the ventrolateral aspect of the caudal periaqueductal gray. These antinociceptive actions of morphine were observed to be both dose-dependent and reversible by the administration of naloxone. We observed that microinjections of morphine could produce changes in the pinch withdrawal response which were distributed in a crude somatotopic fashion. Injections into the rostral aspect of the periaqueductal gray yielded a block of the pinch response in the rostral portions of the body, whereas such injections into the caudal periaqueductal gray always yielded a whole body analgesia. In the rostral sites, transient ipsilateral blocks of the pinch response were occasionally seen. A pinch block limited to the hind paws alone was never observed. It is suggested that morphine acting through the periaqueductal gray may actuate a potent supraspinal modulatory system related to the transmission of information derived from behaviorally aversive stimuli.
Skin-friction Drag Reduction Via Robust Reduced-order Linear Feedback Control

Abstract A successful application of a linear controller to a two-dimensional channel flow is presented. An optimal and robust reduced-order linear feedback controller is derived by using multi-variable linear-quadratic-Gaussian synthesis, or, in modern term, H2 synthesis, combined with model reduction techniques. This controller based on a reduced-model of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations is applied to suppress finite-amplitude near-wall disturbances in a channel flow at Re = 1500. The controller efficiently reduced near-wall disturbances obtaining a substantial drag reduction and eventually the flow is relaminarized
Cervical spine: sport injuries biomechanics

An improved and detailed 3-D FE model of human cervical spine was created using digitized geometric measurement. The model was validated with the in-vivo studies of Moroney [5], Panjabi [6] and Fuller [7]. Clinical instability of the spine for two cases involving flexion and compression loading (simulating injuries in motorcycle vaulting, football and diving accidents) were analyzed. The instability was based on the check list of Panjabi and White [1]. It was determined that flexion moment of 10 Nm or compressive force of 450 N would generate significant stresses and strains, sufficient posterior-anterior displacement and rotational angulation of the vertebral bodies to place the lower and mid c-spine at the onset of clinical instability or disc herniation.
What does the right hemisphere know about phoneme categories

Innate auditory sensitivities and familiarity with the sounds of language give rise to clear influences of phonemic categories on adult perception of speech. With few exceptions, current models endorse highly left-hemisphere-lateralized mechanisms responsible for the influence of phonemic category on speech perception, based primarily on results from functional imaging and brain-lesion studies. Here we directly test the hypothesis that the right hemisphere does not engage in phonemic analysis. By using fMRI to identify cortical sites sensitive to phonemes in both word and pronounceable nonword contexts, we find evidence that right-hemisphere phonemic sensitivity is limited to a lexical context. We extend the interpretation of these fMRI results through the study of an individual with a left-hemisphere lesion who is right-hemisphere reliant for initial acoustic and phonetic analysis of speech. This individual's performance revealed that the right hemisphere alone was insufficient to allow for typical phonemic category effects but did support the processing of gradient phonetic information in lexical contexts. Taken together, these findings confirm previous claims that the right temporal cortex does not play a primary role in phoneme processing, but they also indicate that lexical context may modulate the involvement of a right hemisphere largely tuned for less abstract dimensions of the speech signal.
Hydrophilic‐Lipophilic Balance, Solubility Parameter, and Oil‐Water Partition Coefficient as Universal Parameters of Nonionic Surfactants

The following three parameters describing the balance between the hydrophilicity of the polar moieties and the lipophilicity of the hydrocarbon moieties of nonionic surfactants are tabulated and examined: hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), oil-water partition coefficient (KWO), and a solubility parameter (delta O) modified to take into account hydrogen bonding between water and the ether and hydroxyl groups of the surfactants. The purpose of the study is to ascertain whether these parameters are universal properties applicable to different categories of nonionic surfactants. Included were the following five nonionic surfactant categories or homologous series, comprising a total of 51 surfactants for which KWO values are available: octoxynols, nonoxynols, polyoxyethylated linear alcohols and dodecylamines, and sorbitan monoesters. The HLB of each homologous surfactant series gave a nearly linear correlation with log KWO. However, the five lines were spread far apart rather than falling on a single master curve. Therefore, the HLB is not a universal property, because it is based exclusively on the weight-percent of polyoxyethylene or polyol in the surfactant molecule while disregarding its molecular weight, the chemical nature of its hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties, and the structural features of the latter. These characteristics are taken into account when computing delta O. The correlation between the 51 experimental log KWO values and their calculated delta O is linear, with a regression coefficient of 0.902. Moreover, it is possible to estimate the KWO value of a nonionic surfactant (which is difficult to determine experimentally) from its delta O value (which is readily calculated) within a 95% confidence limit. Our conclusion, subject to continuing reappraisal as additional KWO values become available, is that delta O is a universal property applicable to all categories of nonionic surfactants.
Scaling and Improvement of Compact Explosively-Driven Ferroelectric Generators

Explosively-driven ferroelectric generators are capable of producing single-shot voltage pulses of more than 100 kV, while requiring no seed electrical source, being very compact, and shelf stable. Problems with ferroelectric generators are the low energy output, high dielectric constant of the ferroelectric material, low surface flashover voltage, inconsistent ferroelectric material quality, and uneven or excessive shockwave compression. Initial generator voltage waveforms show that breakdown occurred towards the end of the generator operation time. Several designs and methods have been tested and implemented to prevent surface flashover with varying results. The ferroelectric discs used for the generators were 0.4 inch thick, 1 inch diameter EC-64 PZT ceramic discs. Several six-disc generators were built and tested with resulting open-circuit voltage pulses of 80-140 kV with a FWHM of 2-4 mus. Further improvements to the generators have been designed to prevent surface flashover, improve the explosive driver element and propagating shockwave, as well as increasing the number of discs per generator. Measured output waveforms into varying loads including direct driven antennas will be shown and discussed.
Hormone and autacoid regulation of cAMP production in rat IMCD subsegments.

The inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) of the rat consists of two structurally and functionally distinct segments, i.e., the initial and the terminal IMCD. To identify factors that may regulate the transport function in the IMCD segments, we assessed whether catecholamines, carbachol, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), bradykinin, glucagon, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, or epidermal growth factor affects adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production in microdissected tubules in the presence and absence of arginine vasopressin (AVP, 0.1 nM). All experiments were performed in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and cAMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. Epinephrine (greater than or equal to 50 nM) and clonidine (greater than or equal to 1 microM) markedly decreased AVP-induced cAMP levels in both IMCD segments. However, phenylephrine did not show an effect. The inhibitory effect of epinephrine was blocked by yohimbine (50 nM) but not by prazosin (50 nM). In isolated perfused terminal IMCDs, epinephrine inhibited AVP-stimulated urea permeability. Isoproterenol (1 microM), in the absence of AVP, caused a significant increase in cAMP level only in the initial IMCD. Propranolol (1 microM) inhibited this isoproterenol effect, but atenolol did not. Dopamine (less than or equal to 1 microM) had no effect on cAMP levels in either IMCD segment. Carbachol, PGE2, and the various peptide hormones had no effect on cAMP levels (+/- AVP) in either IMCD segment. We conclude that an adrenergic beta 2-receptor is present only in the initial IMCD, where its occupation increases cAMP production. We conclude also that an adrenergic alpha 2-receptor is present in both IMCD segments, where its occupation inhibits AVP-induced cAMP production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Harmony: a concept analysis

Title. Harmony: a concept analysis Aim. This paper is a report of a concept analysis of harmony. Background. Historically, harmony has been poorly defined in nursing research. Harmony has been typically associated with music, but this concept also has a place in nursing. The term is used in current literature in various contexts, including the environment, and relating to mind, body, and spirit. Use of the term harmony is also evident in describing physical characteristics and connections between subjects or ideas, and as an adjective. Methods A literature search was conducted using the CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and OVID data bases from 1998 to 2003 with the keyword ‘harmony’. The reference lists of the identified papers were then searched for further sources and 29 papers were identified for inclusion into the paper. Wilson's process was used to conduct the concept analysis. Findings. Harmony is a major aspect of personal relationships, working relationships, and nurse–patient relationships. Both patient–clinician and clinician–clinician relationships are affected by the three attributes of harmony: balance, peace and rhythm. This balance is also an important factor in the incidence of disease and for optimal health. Five consequences of the concept are identified as pleasant environment, sense of satisfaction, positive self-concept, beautiful sound, or effective programme. Conclusion. Harmony is potentially relevant to many aspects of nursing. In order for a nurse to have a positive relationship with a patient, harmony must be present in terms of a pleasant environment, feelings of satisfaction, positive self-concepts, and effective nursing intervention programmes.
Treatment-related mortality with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced solid tumors: A meta-analysis

Summary Background Several vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR TKI) are now approved by regulatory agencies and are important in the treatment of solid tumor malignancies. The risk of fatal adverse events (FAEs) with these agents is not well characterized. Methods PubMed was searched for articles published from 2001 until 2011. Eligible studies included prospective randomized trials evaluating sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, and vandetanib in patients with all malignancies. Thirteen eligible randomized controlled trials were included in a meta-analysis and the number of FAEs (defined by the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) criteria) was extracted and study quality was calculated. Incidence rates and relative risks were calculated for all thirteen studies as well as for the subset of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Results Analysis of the 5164 patients across 13 RCTs revealed that the relative risk was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.16, 2.32; P =0.01; incidence 2.26% vs. 1.26%) for the association of a VEGFR TKI with FAEs using a random-effects model. All exploratory subgroup analyses indicated a trend toward an increase risk of FAEs with VEGFR TKI treatment, though the subgroup analyses reached statistical significance for renal carcinoma studies, studies utilizing placebo as the control arm, and studies evaluating sorafenib. Interpretation This analysis suggests that VEGFR TKIs are associated with a significant increase in the risk of FAEs in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Endothelial cells present antigens in vivo.

Immune recognition of vascular endothelial cells (EC) has been implicated in allograft rejection, protection against pathogens, and lymphocyte recruitment. However, EC pervade nearly all tissues and predominate in none, complicating any direct test of immune recognition. Here, we examined antigen presentation by EC in vivo by testing immune responses against E. coli β-galactosidase (β-gal) in two lines of transgenic mice that express β-gal exclusively in their EC. TIE2-lacZ mice express β-gal in all EC and VWF-lacZ mice express β-gal in heart and brain microvascular EC. Transgenic and congenic wild type FVB mice immunized with β-gal expression vector DNA or β-gal protein generated high titer, high affinity antisera containing comparable levels of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, suggesting equivalent activation of T helper cell subsets. The immunized transgenic mice remained healthy, their EC continued to express β-gal, and their blood vessels showed no histological abnormalities. In response to β-gal in vitro, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from immunized transgenic and FVB mice proliferated, expressed CD25, and secreted IFN-γ. Infection with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding β-gal raised equivalent responses in transgenic and FVB mice. Hearts transplanted from transgenic mice into FVB mice continued to beat and the graft EC continued to express β-gal. These results suggested immunological ignorance of the transgene encoded EC protein. However, skin transplanted from TIE2-lacZ onto FVB mice lost β-gal+ EC and the hosts developed β-gal-specific antisera, demonstrating activation of host immune effector mechanisms. In contrast, skin grafted from TIE2-lacZ onto VWF-lacZ mice retained β-gal+ EC and no antisera developed, suggesting a tolerant host immune system. Resting, β-gal+ EC in transgenic mice tolerize specific lymphocytes that would otherwise respond against β-gal expressed by EC within transplanted skin. We conclude that EC effectively present intracellular "self" proteins to the immune system. However, antigen presentation by EC does not delete or anergize a large population of specific lymphocytes that respond to the same protein following conventional immunization with protein or expression vector DNA. These results clearly demonstrate striking context sensitivity in the immune recognition of EC, a subtlety that must be better understood in order to treat immune diseases and complications involving the vasculature.
A novel start-of-packet detection and synchronization scheme

Based on differential properties of the received preamble, a novel start of packet (SoP) detection and synchronization approach is developed for the IEEE802.11n MIMO-OFDM WLAN system to obtain better mean and variance of timing estimates and lower missing packet and false alarm rates.
Molecular Line Absorption in a Scattering Atmosphere. Part III: Pathlength Characteristics and Effects of Spatially Heterogeneous Clouds

The paper analyzes the influence of horizontal variability of clouds on sunlight reflected in a narrow portion of the solar spectrum and how this influence affects the ability to estimate cloud properties from measurements of reflection. This paper is part of a series that examines the use of high-resolution measurements of absorption lines of the oxygen A band located between 0.763 and 0.773 mm as a way of deriving information on cloud structure presently unobtainable from other passive measurements. The effects of spatial heterogeneity on reflectances and pathlength distributions are examined for marine stratocumulus cloud fields derived from Landsat data. The results showed that for the marine stratocumulus fields studied, the radiance errors were on the order of 3%‐20%, and the spectral radiance ratio (in-band to out-of-band) errors were on the order of 1%‐5%. When these errors are too large, the retrieved quantities possess too much error to be useful. The errors due to horizontal transport of photons and subpixel variability are studied independently as a function of spatial scale. Using both the radiance and radiance ratios, a technique was developed that allows the plane-parallel forward model typically used in retrieval schemes to be able to predict when its retrievals are so influenced by spatial heterogeneity that the results are invalid. This ability would represent a significant step forward in the current abilities of passive retrievals, which cannot determine the effect of cloud spatial variability on their retrievals. Lastly, a method was demonstrated that used domain-averaged measurements of absorption formed by reflection along with planeparallel theory to estimate the distribution of optical depth throughout the domain. The results for the four simulated cloud fields showed this technique to have significant promise in quickly classifying the level of cloud heterogeneity over a large area.
Isolation and characterization of a recombinant antigen of Pneumocystis carinii.

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii contains a major group of antigens which migrates as a broad band of 45 to 55 kDa and 35 to 45 kDa in organisms derived from rats and humans, respectively. This complex is among the most common P. carinii antigens found in the respiratory tract and is recognized by serum antibodies of infected individuals. We have isolated a cDNA clone encoding the 3' portion of a 45- to 55-kDa antigen of rat-derived P. carinii. The predicted protein encoded by this cDNA contains a distinctive domain composed of 10 copies of a 7-amino-acid sequence motif rich in glutamic acid residues. Affinity-purified antibodies to this peptide reacted with the 45- to 55-kDa band of rat-derived P. carinii and with the 35- to 45-kDa band of human-derived P. carinii, indicating shared epitopes. The fusion protein was recognized by serum antibodies from rats and humans with natural exposure to P. carinii and by human immunodeficiency virus patients with P. carinii pneumonia. The production of this recombinant protein should allow more detailed studies of the host-parasite relationship of this important opportunistic infection.
Temperature dependence of single-crystal spinel /MgAl2O4/ elastic constants from 293 to 423 K measured by light-sound scattering in the Raman-Nath region

The temperature dependence of single-crystal elastic constants of synthetic stoichiometric MgAl_2O_4 spinel has been measured by the light-sound scattering technique in the Raman-Nath region. The crystal is set into forced vibration by a single crystal LiNbO_3 transducer coupled to one crystal face. A He-Ne Laser beam is diffracted by the stress-induced birefringence inside the crystal. The diffraction angle is determined from the distance between two spots exposed on a photographic plate by the first order diffracted beams as measured by a microdensitometer. The sound wavelength inside the crystal is then inferred from the laser diffraction angle. Combining the sound wavelength with the measured transducer frequency, the velocity inside the crystal is determined typically to a precision of 0·05 per cent. In this method, the measurement of velocity is not dependent on either the determination of sample length or on phase shifts at sample-transducer interface. Velocities of four pure modes, L//[001], T//[001], L//[110], and T//[110](P//[110] are measured in the temperature range between 293 and 423°K. A linear temperature dependence is fit to the data by a least square method.
Vocal Diversity and Taxonomy of Nomascus in Central Vietnam and Southern Laos

Previous researchers suggested that gibbon song repertoire is genetically determined and song characteristics are useful for assessing systematic relationships. The southern white-cheeked crested gibbon is regarded as either a subspecies of Nomascus leucogenys or its own species (Nomascus siki). I studied vocal diversity among different wild populations of Nomascus in central Vietnam and southern Laos to assess their taxonomic relationships and to examine whether their vocal patterns correspond to forms previously described for Nomascus siki. I examined the songs of 7 Nomascus populations in Vietnam and Laos. I analyzed 192 song bouts from different gibbon groups including 173 phrases of 42 females and 192 phrases of 42 males. Linear discriminant analysis, classification trees, and multidimensional scaling revealed marked separation of groups in the northern and southern populations. Within the 2 geographic populations, there is little variability and the vocal characteristics exhibited no apparent cline. I conclude that the northern and southern geographic populations may represent 2 distinct taxa. I postulate that a taxonal boundary such as large rivers existing between southern Quang Binh province and northern Thua-Thien Hue province in Vietnam and northern Phou Xang He NBCA and southern Dong Phou Vieng NBCA in Laos has limited gene flow between the populations. Differing topographic features could also serve as a selective force for improved sound transmission in a highly territorial species, driving the divergence between the 2 populations.
Productive use of the English past tense in children with focal brain injury and specific language impairment.

In this study, 22 children with early left hemisphere (LHD) or right hemisphere (RHD) focal brain lesions (FL, n ¼ 14 LHD, n ¼ 8 RHD) were administered an English past tense elicitation test (M ¼ 6:5 years). Proportion correct and frequency of overregularization and zero-marking errors were compared to age-matched samples of children with specific language impairment (SLI, n ¼ 27) and with typical language development (TD, n ¼ 27). Similar rates of correct production and error patterns were observed for the children with TD and FL; whereas, children with SLI produced more zero-marking errors than either their FL or TD peers. Performance was predicted by vocabulary level (PPVT-R) for children in all groups, and errors did not differ as a function of lesion side (LHD vs. RHD). Findings are discussed in terms of the nature of brain–language relations and how those relationships develop over the course of language learning. 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Crystalline silica exposure and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers: a quantitative risk assessment

Objective—To use various exposureresponse models to estimate the risk of mortality from lung cancer due to occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust. Methods—Data from a cohort mortality study of 2342 white male California diatomaceous earth mining and processing workers exposed to crystalline silica dust (mainly cristobalite) were reanalyzed with Poisson regression and Cox’s proportional hazards models. Internal and external adjustments were used to control for potential confounding from the eVects of time since first observation, calendar time, age, and Hispanic ethnicity. Cubic smoothing spline models were used to assess the fit of the models. Exposures were lagged by 10 years. Evaluations of the fit of the models were performed by comparing their deviances. Lifetime risks of lung cancer were estimated up to age 85 with an actuarial approach that accounted for competing causes of death. Results—Exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust was a significant predictor (p<0.05) in nearly all of the models evaluated and the linear relative rate model with a 10 year exposure lag seemed to give the best fit in the Poisson regression analysis. For those who died of lung cancer the linear relative rate model predicted rate ratios for mortality from lung cancer of about 1.6 for the mean cumulative exposure to respirable silica compared with no exposure. The excess lifetime risk (to age 85) of mortality from lung cancer for white men exposed for 45 years and with a 10 year lag period at the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of about 0.05 mg/m 3 for respirable cristobalite dust is 19/1000 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 5/1000 to 46/1000). Conclusions—There was a significant risk of mortality from lung cancer that increased with cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust. The predicted number of deaths from lung cancer suggests that current occupational health standards may not be adequately protecting workers from the risk of lung cancer. (Occup Environ Med 2001;58:38‐45)
The Eating Disorders Examination in Adolescent Males with Anorexia Nervosa: How Does It Compare to Adolescent Females?

Objective: The study aimed to explore the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) for adolescent males with eating disorders (EDs) compared with adolescent females with EDs. Method: Data were collected from 48 males and matched on percent median body weight (MBW) and age to 48 females at two sites. Results: Adolescent males with anorexia nervosa-type presentation scored significantly lower than matched females on Shape Concern, Weight Concern, and Global score. They also scored lower on a number of individual items. Discussion: The EDE has clinical utility with adolescent males with anorexic-type presentation although males' scoring ranges are consistently lower than those from adolescent females with similar clinical presentations. Males scored significantly lower on a number of items representing core symptoms such as desire to lose weight. More research is needed to gain a better understanding of the experience of adolescent males with EDs, particularly in relation to the nature of shape concern. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Cognitive and Organizational Structures: A Conceptual Analysis of Implicit Organizing Theories

The concept of implicit theories is used to explain how the ideas of organization designers are translated into organizational structures. The concept is also used to explain how organization members respond to structural characteristics. Research strategies for measuring the implicit theories of organizing on which these explanations are based are also discussed.
Micromechanical Model of Composite Materials Subjected to Ball Indentation

Recent results on continuous ball indentation tests of unidirectional com posite materials have demonstrated that this technique is sensitive to fiber/matrix interfa cial quality. In order to quantitatively determine the micro-parameters of interest such as interfacial shear strength, by a meso-test such as this one a micromechanical formulation is necessary. In this article, we present an approximate micromechanical model to predict local stress states and local strength parameters from experimentally determined data. This macro/micro analysis utilizes an existing elasticity solution to develop the global stress state for the ball indentation problem of an infinite transversely isotropic half space. These stresses are then used to pose the traction boundary conditions on a fiber-matrix element. With the use of trigonometric approximations, which yield a more tractable solu tion, and the equilibrium equations, which provide stress relations, the stress variations in the fiber and matrix are predicted. The...
Losartan inhibits sympathetic and cardiovascular responses to carotid occlusion.

We have reported that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme with captopril attenuates the cardiovascular responses to bilateral carotid occlusion in conscious rabbits and proposed that the attenuation results from removal of a facilitatory action of angiotensin II on the sympathetic nervous system. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of carotid occlusion on renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rabbits and to investigate the effect of the angiotensin II subtype 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan on the cardiovascular and renal sympathetic nerve activity responses to carotid occlusion. In seven conscious, aortic depressor nerve-sectioned rabbits, carotid occlusion elicited prompt and reproducible increases in mean arterial pressure from 75 +/- 2 to 124 +/- 5 mm Hg (P < .001), heart rate from 285 +/- 8 to 317 +/- 9 beats per minute (P < .01), and renal sympathetic nerve activity to 165 +/- 11% of control (P < .01). In the same rabbits, losartan (5 mg/kg i.v.) decreased mean arterial pressure by 9 +/- 2 mm Hg (P < .01), increased renal sympathetic nerve activity to 143 +/- 13% of control (P < .05), but did not alter heart rate. Losartan significantly attenuated (P < .01) the mean arterial pressure (66 +/- 2 to 81 +/- 2 mm Hg), heart rate (282 +/- 9 to 289 +/- 7 beats per minute), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (143 +/- 13% to 159 +/- 15% of control) responses to carotid occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rethinking globalization: the agrarian question revisited

The agrarian question, like most questions about the trajectory of (capitalist) development, was framed as a national question about a national process. This article critiques the latter assumption, arguing, as Karl Polanyi dicl, that the classical agrarian question was a national interpretation of a global process. It also argues that the current processes of globalization crystallize the agrarian question in new and challenging ways. The key to these arguments is that the capitalist organization of agriculture is a political process, and is central to the dynamics of an evolving state system (including supra-statal institutions). The discussion contextualizes agricultuial developments within the contradictory dynamics of the two main periods of world capitalism over the last century: the national (developmentalist) and the global movements. The crisis of developmentalism coincides with the crisis of the post-Second World War food regime. It is currently generating new social movements that combine original and tenure questions with food and green questions, reversing the antiagrarianism of the development, or productivist, paradigm.