cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When good statistical models of aquifer heterogeneity go bad: A comparison of flow, dispersion, and mass transfer in connected and multivariate Gaussian hydraulic conductivity fields

[1] We describe the upscaled groundwater flow and solute transport characteristics of two-dimensional hydraulic conductivity fields with three fundamentally different spatial textures and consider the conditions under which physical mobile–immobile domain mass transfer occurs in these fields. All three fields have near-identical lognormal univariate conductivity distributions, as well as near-identical isotropic spatial covariance functions. They differ in the pattern by which high- or low-conductivity regions are connected: the first field has connected high-conductivity structures; the second is multivariate log-Gaussian and, hence, has connected structures of intermediate value; and the third has connected regions of low conductivity. We find substantially different flow and transport behaviors in the three different fields. Flow and transport in the multivariate log-Gaussian field are consistent with stochastic theory. The field with connected high-conductivity paths has an effective conductivity greater than the geometric mean and large variations in fluid velocity. It produces significant mass transfer behavior (i.e., tailing) when the conductivity variance is large and, depending on the system parameters, this mass transfer is driven by either diffusion or advection. In the field with connected low-conductivity regions, the effective conductivity is below the geometric mean and transport is well characterized by the advection–dispersion model with a dispersivity smaller than that in the multivariate log-Gaussian field. Thus, physical mobile–immobile domain mass transfer may occur in smooth hydraulic conductivity fields with univariate log-Gaussian density functions if the variability in conductivity is sufficient and the high values are more connected than modeled by the multivariate log-Gaussian distribution.
Polymer Flow in a Melt Pressure Regulator

A non-Newtonian, non-isothermal flow analysis has been developed to assist the design of a self-compensating polymer melt regulator, which is a device capable of regulating the melt pressure in polymer processing via an open loop control architecture. The governing mass and momentum equations for the two-dimensional, axisymmetric flow field are solved by a mixed finite element method, in which the velocity components are interpolated by quadratic functions, and the pressure is interpolated by a linear function. The temperature field is solved by the finite difference method. Results of the outlet pressure, valve pin position, bulk temperature rise, and flow rate as functions of the control force for Newtonian isothermal analyses and non-Newtonian non-isothermal analyses are provided. The simulation demonstrates the behavior of candidate regulator designs and provides the performance attributes such as outlet pressure, flow rate, temperature rise, etc., given the decision variables, such as valve parameters, process conditions, and polymer melt rheology. The results indicate that for a regulator design on the order of 20 mm diameter, the regulator operates in a mostly closed condition with an aperture opening varying between 0.1 and 1 mm. The results suggest that the bulk temperature increases with control force and flow rate and is largely attributable to the increases in viscous heating of the melt through the flow channels, rather than the pinch off between the valve pin and the valve body.
Ordering kinetics at surfaces

Abstract Aspects of the kinetics of ordering at surfaces are briefly reviewed, including discussions of the growth law and diffusion in a nonequilibrium environment both for phase coexistence and for single stable phases. Examples of two-dimensional ordering are given, including a low-energy electron diffraction study of O/W(110) and a scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of the initial stages of growth of Si on Si(001). Ordering kinetics involving the third dimension are illustrated, with an STM study of step bunching on vicinal Si(111) and model calculations using rate equations for A-on-A epitaxial growth.
The Relationship Between ART Adherence and Smoking Status Among HIV+ Individuals

Smoking is highly prevalent among HIV+ individuals and studies indicate that it may be associated with poor ART adherence, though the relationship is poorly understood. In addition little is known about interest in quitting among HIV+ smokers who are having adherence difficulties. We examined smoking and ART adherence among 203 HIV+ individuals enrolled in a randomized trial of interventions to increase ART adherence. Prior analyses indicated there were no overall treatment group effects. Smoking status and motivation to quit was assessed at baseline and ART adherence was assessed at week 12, 24, 36, and 48. Longitudinal generalized estimating equation analysis that controlled for treatment group revealed that smoking status was not significantly related to adherence over time. Motivation to quit was high with 58 % intending to quit in the next 6 months and 25 % intending to quit in the next 30 days. Findings suggest that smoking is not associated with adherence among those with adherence difficulties. However it does not diminish importance of addressing both behaviors especially given HIV+ smokers substantial interest in changing smoking behavior.
The scientific imperative for use of human cells and organs in vitro: Comparative toxicology and oncogenesis

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the scientific necessity for use of human cells or organs in research in toxicology and oncogenesis.1 Human tissues will be used for analysis of tissue or cell response to test materials by in vitro methods. It would be tempting, therefore, to discuss the merits of all in vitro systems for evaluation of toxic or oncogenic effects of environmental agents. The stated concern of this Conference is more limited, however. Our purpose is to determine whether there are compelling reasons to use human cells or tissues for biomedical research. This Conference may conclude that we must use human cells or tissues for in vitro systems in order to safeguard the health of mankind as well as to deepen our understanding in fundamental biology. If we reach this conclusion, and available evidence leads me to expect that we will, a significant contribution will be made to science policy. The conclusion may influence legislation and also may require some public education. The second objective of the Conference would then be to guide lawmakers and the public by offering recommendations for preserving ethical, moral and scientific values in the conduct of research with human materials. The task I have undertaken is
Membrane tether formation from voltage-clamped outer hair cells using optical tweezers

Outer hair cells contribute an active mechanical feedback to the vibrations of the cochlear structures resulting in the high sensitivity and frequency selectivity of normal hearing. We have designed and implemented a novel experimental setup that combines optical tweezers with patch-clamp apparatus to investigate the electromechanical properties of cellular plasma membranes. A micron-size bead trapped by the optical tweezers is brought in contact with the membrane of a voltage-clamped cell, and subsequently moved away to form a plasma membrane tether. Bead displacement during tether elongation is monitored by a quadrant photodetector to obtain time-resolved measurements of the tethering force. Salient information associated with the mechanical properties of the membrane tether can thus be obtained. Tethers can be pulled from the cell membrane at different holding potentials, and the tether force response can be measured while changing transmembrane potential. Experimental results from outer hair cells and human embryonic kidney cells are presented.
Regulation of Placental Glucose Transfer and Consumption by Fetal Glucose Production

ABSTRACT: We studied ten normoglycemic [maternal glucose (GA)=70 mg/dL] and six insulin-induced hypoglycemic (GA=22 mg/dL) pregnant sheep to test the hypothesis that development of fetal glucose production (GPR) could help maintain fetal glucose concentration, limit uteroplacental- fetal glucose transfer (UPGT), and sustain uteroplacental glucose consumption (UPGC). Compared with the normoglycemic group, the hypoglycemic group demonstrated the following values: fetal glucose concentration (Ga) was 9.8 ± 0.8 mg/dL (51% lower, p<0.01), uterine glucose uptake (UtGU) was 16.7 ± 1.4 mg/min (54% lower, p<0.01), UPGT was 3.1 ± 0.6 mg/min (81% lower, p<0.001), and UPGC was 13.6 ± 1.4 mg/min (30% lower, p<0.05). The reduction in UPGC was significantly less (p<0.05) than the reductions in UPGT and UtGU. Fetal glucose utilization rate (GUR) was decreased 20% (p<0.05) to 3.99 ± 0.35 mg/min/kg. A further decrease in GUR was prevented by the appearance of fetal GPR of 2.82 ± 0.32 mg/min/kg (p<0.05) compared with negligible GPR in the normoglycemic group. UPGT and UPGC in both groups were not influenced by maternal or fetal insulin infusions as long as Ga did not change; however, fetal glucose infusion that increased Ga increased UPGC in both groups. We conclude that, during chronic maternal hypoglycemia, increased fetal GPR limits the simultaneous decrease in fetal GUR and glucose concentration. By sustaining Ga fetal GPR limits UPGT to a significantly greater extent than UtGU, diverting UtGU to UPGC. Thus, fetal GPR promotes placental as well as fetal metabolic autonomy when the maternal supply of glucose is reduced.
Structural invariance in the associations of naming speed, phonological awareness, and verbal reasoning in good and poor readers: A test of the double deficit hypothesis

The associations of multiple measures of speeded naming, phonological awareness, and verbal intelligence with word reading were examined in 51 poor readers and 74 good readers in third and fourth grade. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the extent to which these two groups exhibited structurally invariant patterns of associations among the constructs. Results revealed that for poor readers, both speeded naming and phonological awarencess were significantly associated with word reading, but verbal intelligence had no association with it. In contrast, for good readers, phonological awareness and verbal intelligence were significantly associated with word reading, but naming speed was not. Findings are discussed in light of the double deficit hypothesis.
Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Good or Bad News for Environmental Protection?

Abstract There has been growing interest in the use of voluntary agreements (VAs) as an environmental policy tool. This article uses a simple model to determine whether VAs are likely to lead to efficient environmental protection. We consider cases where polluters are induced to participate either by a background threat of mandatory controls (the “stick” approach) or by cost-sharing subsidies (the “carrot” approach). The results suggest that the overall impact on environmental quality could be positive or negative, depending on a number of factors, including the allocation of bargaining power, the magnitude of the background threat, and the social cost of funds.
Primary Monolayer Cell Culture from the House Fly, Musca domestica

The progress in cultivation of insect cells and tissues in vitro has been slow and tedious because of many technical difficulties in insect tissue culture. These problems were reviewed in detail by Schneider (1967) and the species were listed from which various types of culture preparations have been attempted. Although some success in recent years has been obtained with dipterous insects, it has been confined to work with mosquitoes (reviewed by Lite and Wallis 1970), and to species in the families Sciaridae, Cecidomyiidae, and Drosophilidae (Schneider 1967). Little work has been attempted with larger flies.
Fiber-optic trap-on-a-chip platform for probing low refractive index contrast biomaterials

Dual-beam fiber trapping is a versatile technique for manipulating microparticles. We fabricate and evaluate the performance of a compact trap-on-a-chip design and demonstrate, for what we believe is the first time, trapping of low-contrast (m<1.005) lipid vesicles in solution. Counterpropagating fibers are fixed along the chip channel, and we calibrate the trap by optically displacing polystyrene microspheres from the trap center. Measured scattering forces are ∼30–49 pN from each beam. Stable trapping and reversible deformation of lipid vesicles is demonstrated under femtonewton trapping forces. This chip has applications in probing a variety of soft biomaterials, such as biological cells, lipid membranes, and protein assemblies.
A Single Residue at the Active Site of CD38 Determines Its NAD Cyclizing and Hydrolyzing Activities

CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in metabolizing two Ca(2+) messengers, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). When incubated with NAD, CD38 predominantly hydrolyzes it to ADP-ribose (NAD glycohydrolase), but a trace amount of cADPR is also produced through cyclization of the substrate. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to investigate the amino acid important for controlling the hydrolysis and cyclization reactions. CD38 and its mutants were produced in yeast, purified, and characterized by immunoblot. Glu-146 is a conserved residue present in the active site of CD38. Its replacement with Phe greatly enhanced the cyclization activity to a level similar to that of the NAD hydrolysis activity. A series of additional replacements was made at the Glu-146 position including Ala, Asn, Gly, Asp, and Leu. All the mutants exhibited enhanced cyclase activity to various degrees, whereas the hydrolysis activity was inhibited greatly. E146A showed the highest cyclase activity, which was more than 3-fold higher than its hydrolysis activity. All mutants also cyclized nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide to produce cyclic GDP. This activity was enhanced likewise, with E146A showing more than 9-fold higher activity than the wild type. In addition to NAD, CD38 also hydrolyzed cADPR effectively, and this activity was correspondingly depressed in the mutants. When all the mutants were considered, the two cyclase activities and the two hydrolase activities were correlated linearly. The Glu-146 replacements, however, only minimally affected the base-exchange activity that is responsible for synthesizing NAADP. Homology modeling was used to assess possible structural changes at the active site of E146A. These results are consistent with Glu-146 being crucial in controlling specifically and selectively the cyclase and hydrolase activities of CD38.
Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data

We present a review of global matching models of recognition memory, describing their theoretical origins and fundamental assumptions, focusing on two defining properties: (1) recognition is based solely on familiarity due to a match of test items to memory at a global level, and (2) multiple cues are combined interactively. We evaluate the models against relevant data bearing on issues including the representation of associative information, differences in verbal and environmental context effects, list-length, list-strength, and global similarity effects, and ROC functions. Two main modifications to the models are discussed: one based on the representation of associative information, and the other based on the addition of recall-like retrieval mechanisms.
Regular completions of Cauchy spaces via function algebras

A regular completion with the universal property is obtained for each member of a certain class of Cauchy spaces by embedding the Cauchy space in a complete function algebra with the continuous convergence structure.
The Performance of the ATLAS Trigger System in the LHC Proton-Proton Collisions

Abstract In this paper we will report on the operation and the performance of the ATLAS data-ﬂow system during the 2011 physics run of the Large Hadron Collider at 7 TeV. The data-ﬂow system is responsible for reading out, formatting and conveying the event data, eventually saving the selected events into the mass storage. In 2010 the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition system has been operated with an overall efficiency of 96%, while meeting evolving and demanding conditions. By the end of the proton run, the instantaneous peak luminosity had increased by 5 orders of magnitudes. Correspondingly, the ATLAS ﬁrst-level trigger rate grew by a factor 100, reaching 40 kHz, roughly half of the design rate. Concurrently, the event building and data saving rates reached and exceeded the design performance. Moreover, the installation of additional computing power yielded a system whose characteristics are now comparable with the ﬁnal ones. In this paper we report on achievements and problems encountered during 2010 and 2011. On this basis, we will follow discussing the preparations for the remaining 2011 data-taking period, in particular with respect to the expected increase in luminosity and the predicted reaching of the design ﬁrst-level trigger rate.
Atrial Septal Aneurysm in a Patient With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

We describe a 6-year-old patient with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, normal renal function, hypertension, and serial echocardiograms showing an aneurysm of the atrial septum. Intracardiac aneurysms have not previously been reported in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Some derived steiner triple systems

In this paper certain properties of Steiner triple systems are shown to be sufficient to ensure that it is a derived triple system. In particular it is shown that whenever a Steiner triple system ( S, t ) of order 2 v +1 contains a partial subsystem ( V, k ) of order v that can be embedded in a derived triple system ( V, ) where | |=βk| +1, then the Steiner triple sytem, ( S, t ) is also derived.
Imagery and modality in paired-associate learning in the blind

Congenitally blind Ss learned lists of 12 noun-noun word pairs in a paired-associates task, where the visual and auditory image-producing qualities of the stimulus and response terms of the pairs were varied. Performance on the paired-associates recall task was not affected by the imagery-producing quality of either the stimulus or response terms. However, the interaction of these qualities for the stimulus and response positions was significant, with 13 Ss recalling more pairs when the imagery-producing qualities of the stimulus and response terms matched. The data are interpreted as a rejection of a modality-specific imagery hypothesis.
Characterizing laboratory colonies of western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) selected for survival on maize containing event DAS‐59122‐7

Event DAS-59122-7 is a novel transgenic trait designed to protect the roots and yield potential of maize from the insect pest corn rootworm Diabrotica spp. (Col.: Chrysomelidae). The increased pest status of corn rootworm, exceptional efficacy of this trait, and anticipated increases in farm efficiency and grower and environmental safety will drive adoption of this trait. Strong grower acceptance of this trait highlights the importance of science-based and practical resistance management strategies. A non-diapause trait was introgressed into two laboratory colonies of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera collected from geographically distinct locations: Rochelle, IL and York, NE. Both colonies were divided and each reared on maize containing event DAS-59122-7 or its near isoline. Selected and unselected colonies were evaluated for phenotypic change in larval development, injury potential and survival to adulthood during 10 and 11 generations. The F1 generation of both selected colonies displayed increased larval development, survivorship and measurable, but economically insignificant increases in injury potential on DAS-59122-7 maize. Survival rates of 0.4 and 1.3% in F1 generations of both selected colonies corroborate field estimates of survival on DAS-59122-7 maize. Over later generations, total phenotypic variation declined gradually and irregularly. Despite the absence of random mating, the tolerance trait could not be fixed in either population after 10 or 11 generations of selection. An allele conferring major resistance to DAS-59122-7 was not identified in either selected colony. The assessment also concluded that major resistance gene(s) are rare in populations of D. v. virgifera in the United States, and that a minor trait(s) conferring a low level of survival on DAS-59122-7 maize was present. The tolerance trait identified in this study was considered minor with respect to its impact on DAS-59122-7 maize efficacy, and the role this trait may play in total effective refuge for major resistance genes with recessive inheritance is the basis of future work.
Aging—RNA in development and disease

Given that RNA is involved in virtually all biological processes, it is perhaps not surprising that several RNA-binding proteins are associated with aging and with different age-related disorders. Other articles in this volume will discuss some specific examples of diseases where RNA plays a role that are also associated with aging, such as cancer and inflammation, so here I will discuss some general aspects of how RNA changes with the aging process. I will also discuss some specific examples of RNA-binding proteins that are associated with age-dependent neurological diseases as these provide an interesting framework to examine how lifetime mutations might lead to a late onset disease, although the answers to these questions are still not well understood.
Phonon-Dispersion Measurements on a Krypton Single Crystal

Phonon-dispersion relations for the symmetric [100], [110], and [111] branches in fcc krypton have been measured by triple-axis neutron spectrometry. Measurements were carried out at 79\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on a single-crystal sample grown from the melt at a pressure of 2.31 kbar.
A pulsed brewster window water vapor laser operating between 20 and 120 &#181;

A single Brewster window pulsed water vapor laser has been constructed. Its performance is compared with that of the laser built using the same mirrors, but with both enclosed in the discharge tube. With the Brewster window laser, 13 emission lines are detected, the strongest line at 27.95 μ having a peak power of 770 watts.
The death effector domain protein PEA-15 negatively regulates T-cell receptor signaling

PEA-15 is a death effector domain-containing phosphoprotein that binds ERK and restricts it to the cytoplasm. PEA-15 also binds to FADD and thereby blocks apoptosis induced by death receptors. Abnormal expression of PEA-15 is associated with type II diabetes and some cancers; however, its physiological function remains unclear. To determine the function of PEA-15 in vivo, we used C57BL/6 mice in which the PEA-15 coding region was deleted. We thereby found that PEA-15 regulates T-cell proliferation. PEA-15-null mice did not have altered thymic or splenic lymphocyte cellularity or differentiation. However, PEA-15 deficient T cells had increased CD3/CD28-induced nuclear translocation of ERK and increased activation of IL-2 transcription and secretion in comparison to control wild-type littermates. Indeed, activation of the T-cell receptor in wild-type mice caused PEA-15 release of ERK. In contrast, overexpression of PEA-15 in Jurkat T cells blocked nuclear translocation of ERK and IL-2 transcription. Finally, PEA-15-null T cells showed increased IL-2 dependent proliferation on stimulation. No differences in T cell susceptibility to apoptosis were found. Thus, PEA-15 is a novel player in T-cell homeostasis. As such this work may have far reaching implications in understanding how the immune response is controlled.—Pastorino, S., Renganathan, H., Caliva, M. J., Filbert, E. L., Opoku-Ansah, J., Sulzmaier, F. J., Gawecka, J. E., Werlen, G., Shaw, A. S., Ramos, J. W. The death effector domain protein PEA-15 negatively regulates T-cell receptor signaling.
The synchronization of the life cycle of diapausing face flies, Musca autumnalis, and of the nematode, Heterotylenchus autumnalis

Abstract An example of host-parasite synchronization was demonstrated between the diapausing face fly, Musca autumnalis , and the nematode parasite Heterotylenchus autumnalis . Examinations of diapausing and nondiapausing face flies exposed for twenty days to differing conditions of photoperiod and temperature, revealed a reproductive block in the nematode's life cycle. Nondiapausing flies contained immature nematodes whereas diapausing flies did not. Possible explanations for this reproductive block are given. A brief account of the nematode's life cycle is presented. Female host sterility may be caused by the destruction of the corpora allata or by the effects of a toxic substance produced by the nematode.
Paradigms for Pharmacological Characterization of C. elegans Synaptic Transmission Mutants

The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has become an expedient model for studying neurotransmission. C. elegans is unique among animal models, as the anatomy and connectivity of its nervous system has been determined from electron micrographs and refined by pharmacological assays. In this video, we describe how two complementary neural stimulants, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, called aldicarb, and a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor antagonist, called pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), may be employed to specifically characterize signaling at C. elegans neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and facilitate our understanding of antagonistic neural circuits. Of 302 C. elegans neurons, nineteen GABAergic D-type motor neurons innervate body wall muscles (BWMs), while four GABAergic neurons, called RMEs, innervate head muscles. Conversely, thirty-nine motor neurons express the excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), and antagonize GABA transmission at BWMs to coordinate locomotion. The antagonistic nature of GABAergic and cholinergic motor neurons at body wall NMJs was initially determined by laser ablation and later buttressed by aldicarb exposure. Acute aldicarb exposure results in a time-course or dose-responsive paralysis in wild-type worms. Yet, loss of excitatory ACh transmission confers resistance to aldicarb, as less ACh accumulates at worm NMJs, leading to less stimulation of BWMs. Resistance to aldicarb may be observed with ACh-specific or general synaptic function mutants. Consistent with antagonistic GABA and ACh transmission, loss of GABA transmission, or a failure to negatively regulate ACh release, confers hypersensitivity to aldicarb. Although aldicarb exposure has led to the isolation of numerous worm homologs of neurotransmission genes, aldicarb exposure alone cannot efficiently determine prevailing roles for genes and pathways in specific C. elegans motor neurons. For this purpose, we have introduced a complementary experimental approach, which uses PTZ. Neurotransmission mutants display clear phenotypes, distinct from aldicarb-induced paralysis, in response to PTZ. Wild-type worms, as well as mutants with specific inabilities to release or receive ACh, do not show apparent sensitivity to PTZ. However, GABA mutants, as well as general synaptic function mutants, display anterior convulsions in a time-course or dose-responsive manner. Mutants that cannot negatively regulate general neurotransmitter release and, thus, secrete excessive amounts of ACh onto BWMs, become paralyzed on PTZ. The PTZ-induced phenotypes of discrete mutant classes indicate that a complementary approach with aldicarb and PTZ exposure paradigms in C. elegans may accelerate our understanding of neurotransmission. Moreover, videos demonstrating how we perform pharmacological assays should establish consistent methods for C. elegans research.
The Mid-Infrared Properties of Three Star-forming Sites in NGC 6334

To investigate their dust properties, we have imaged three sites of massive star formation in the giant H II region/star-forming cloud NGC 6334 with the MIRAC2 instrument. We obtained high-resolution (1'') continuum images at 12.5 and 20.6 μm toward each region, which were compared with observations of the radio and near-infrared (near-IR) continuum emission. Both compact sources and extended emission were found at all three star-forming sites. The detected sources span a wide range of evolutionary states in this highly complex star-forming cloud. The infrared sources near NGC 6334 I were resolved into at least four subsources. One such source is substantially colder, denser, and more optically thick than the other mid-IR sources in the region and may be at the earliest stages of stellar formation. Another may be a torus or disk of dust and gas surrounding an embedded B star. NGC 6334 I was also imaged at additional wavelengths (8.8, 9.8, and 11.7 μm) to search for silicate absorption. Only at the H II region is there a deep silicate absorption feature from foreground dust. Toward the NGC 6334 IV, warm dust is associated with both the inner portions of the massive molecular torus or disk and with the bipolar continuum lobes. A compact mid-IR source, associated with the near-IR and radio source [HHS87] IRS 20, is cooler and more optically thick than the dust emission associated with the H II region. Toward NGC 6334 V, four embedded sources were found, including one previously unidentified object. This newly identified compact object, associated with a dust temperature peak and a radio source, is probably in a more advanced stage of star formation than the other compact mid-IR sources in NGC 6334.
Inheritance of White Spotting in Ducks

Abstract WHITE feathers in the plumage of Rouen and Gray Call ducks are objectionable from the exhibition point of view. This is especially true when these feathers occur in the neck of the female, or in the main wing feathers of either sex. Ducks showing white in these regions are disqualified under terms of the American Standard of Perfection. The Blue Swedish breed, however, as outlined by the Standard, has a large white bib and two white primary wing feathers on each side. A series of experiments was undertaken, using ducks of the Mallard plumage pattern, to analyse the inheritance of white spotting. The Blue Swedish breed has recently been used to study the relation of their white spotting to that occurring in mallard-colored ducks but the data are as yet meagre and are not included in this report. As stated above, all the ducks used had the color pattern of . . .
Are Normal Patients at Risk During Pregnancy

Medically and obstetrically healthy antepartal women frequently have psychosocial needs that are not met. When these needs are unattended, "normal" pregnant women become at risk. Presented below is a report of a project designed to provide appropriate nursing care to normal patients at risk. Included are a description of a nurse-midwife' community health nurse liaison role and criteria for early identification of at-risk patients. Selected cases give examples of problem and nursing interventions.
Parallel Processor for Fast Event Analysis

Current maximum data rates from the Spin Spectrometer of ~5000 events/s (up to 1.3 MBytes/s) and minimum analysis requiring at least 3000 operations/event require a CPU cycle time near 70 ns. In order to achieve an effective cycle time of 70 ns, a parallel processing device is proposed where up to 4 independent processors will be implemented in parallel. The individual processors are designed around the Am2910 Microsequencer, the NM29116 ?P, and the Am29517 Multiplier. Satellite histogramming in a mass memory system will be managed by a commercial 16-bit ?P system.
Exemplary Teachers: Teaching for Intellectual Freedom.

Intellectual freedom has long been a desirable ideal and a foundational value for supporting democratic governance. Since 1948, it has been a universal human right. Given the unique nature of education in democratic societies, schools serve as a crucible for helping children understand and practise the rudiments of intellectual freedom. Drawing on a diverse sample of exemplary secondary school teachers across the United States (N = 81), this article describes how these teachers help develop intellectual freedom in their classrooms. Using their various disciplines as a vehicle, they primarily utilize collective inquiry to foster communication and encourage values and attitudes conducive to intellectual freedom.
Average Interconnection Length and Interconnection Distribution Based on Rent's Rule

In this paper we show that it is necessary to utilize different partitioning coefficients in interconnection length analyses which are based on Rent's rule, depending on whether one- or two-dimensional placement strategies are used. β, the partitioning coefficient in the power-law relationship αβ/sup β/, provides a measure of the number of interconnections which cross a boundary enclosing β blocks. The partitioning coefficients are β=ρ/2 and β=ρ for two- and one-dimensional arrays, respectively, where ρ is the experimental coefficient of the Rent relationship Τ=αβ/sup ρ/. Based on these separate partitioning coefficients, an average interconnection length prediction is presented for rectangular arrays that outperforms existing predictions. Examples are given to support this theory.
Classification of connected Hopf algebras of dimension $p^3$ I

Abstract Let p be a prime, and k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p. In this paper, we provide the classification of connected Hopf algebras of dimension p 3 , except for the case when the primitive space of the Hopf algebra is a two-dimensional abelian restricted Lie algebra. Each isomorphism class is presented by generators x, y, z with relations and Hopf algebra structures. Let μ be the multiplicative group of ( p 2 + p − 1 ) -th roots of unity. When the primitive space is one-dimensional and p is odd, there is an infinite family of isomorphism classes, which is naturally parameterized by A k 1 / μ .
The Deprivation-Satiation Effect in Attitude Conditioning Without Deprivation but with Demand Characteristics

Well fed subjects role-played either food-deprived or food-satiated participation in a classical conditioning of atti tudes study. Subjects who role-played deprivation and indicated awareness of the hypothesis that deprivation would lead to in creased liking for nonsense syllables paired with food words liked the syllables more than satiation-aware, unaware, and con trol subjects, who did not differ in their liking. The results were interpreted as supporting a demand characteristics explana tion of the deprivation-satiation effect found by Staats, Minke, Martin, and Higa (1972).
A method for estimating the nearest neighbor base-pair content of RNAs using CD and absorption spectroscopy.

CD and absorption spectra are sensitive to the secondary structure of RNAs. By fitting the spectra contained in our basis set to the CD and absorption spectra of an RNA of known sequence, we could determine the fractions of base pairs, the fractions of each of the nearest neighbor base pairs, and the fractions of the single-stranded nucleotides in that RNA. The basis set included 58 CD and 58 absorption spectra. The fitting was done with a guided selection routine. The estimated error was about 0.05 for predicting the fractions of the nearest neighbor base pairs, 0.06 for predicting the fractions of A · U, G · C, and G · U base pairs, and 0.04 for predicting the fractions of the single-stranded nucleotides.
Acute kidney injury in ICU

Summary This review will describe the "new era" of critical care nephrology by presenting the current literature (and its many controversies) concerning the diagnosis, physiopathology and management of acute kidney injury (AKI). A conventional definition for the acute changes of renal function, previously lacking in the medical community, has recently been proposed in order to gather and compare the experiences of different centres relating to AKI incidence and management. Such a new definition is actually a classification that describes renal damage as a spectrum of progressive damage, from mild creatinine increase to renal injury and through to a more severe form, failure: preventive measures, medical treatment and dialysis can now be standardized and data collected in order to improve the outcome of critically ill patients with AKI.
Service Learning in the Hospitality and Tourism Business Environment

The authors discuss service learning as a key learning methodology for hospitality and tourism students. Service learning combines academic and practical experiences to enhance student learning. It needs to be related to the mission, goals, and objectives of a hospitality and tourism program as well as an integral component of course goals and objectives. The elements of service learning are discussed and several project examples are related to illustrate the use of service learning in the classroom and the instructor's role in the process.
Recursively rotated orders and implicit data structures: A lower bound☆

Abstract A lower bound is derived for the time required to perform an update in an implicit data structure that is stored in a recursively rotated order. The update is shown to require Ω(2 2 log n (log n) 1 2 ) data swaps, where n is the number of elements in the structure. This matches an upper bound derived in an earlier paper (Frederickson, 1983).
F2 Transitions during Sound/Syllable Repetitions of Children Who Stutter and Predictions of Stuttering Chronicity.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between second formant (F2) transitions during the sound/syllable repetitions (SSRs) of young children who stutter and their predic...
Red blood cell folate is associated with the development of dysplasia and cancer in ulcerative colitis

Patients with extensive ulcerative colitis have a high risk of developing colon cancer. The etiology of mucosal dysplasia, a premalignant lesion that is used as a screening test in surveillance programs, is unknown. Previously, a case-control study [Lashner et al. (1989) Gastroenterology 97:255-259] suggested that folate supplementation was associated with a 62% reduction in the risk of developing dysplasia or cancer. The current case-control study was performed to obtain a better definition of this risk. All 67 patients with chronic ulcerative pancolitis having surveillance colonoscopy during a 1-year period were entered. There were 6 cases (4 with dysplasia and 2 with cancer) and 61 controls (no cancer or dysplasia). Red blood cell folate, reflecting intermediate-term stores, was a mean of 66.2 ng/ml lower in cases compared to controls. Serum folate, reflecting short-term stores, was not different between groups. Adjusting for confounding effects of age, sex, race, disease duration, and folate supplementation, the risk of dysplasia or cancer was significantly decreased by 18% for each 10 ng/ml increase in red blood cell folate (odds ratio 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.99). Vitamins A, D, and E and carotene were lower in cases than in controls, but no water-soluble vitamin other than red blood cell folate was associated with an increased cancer risk. Depressed red blood cell folate is associated with an increased risk of dysplasia and cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis and may be a risk factor for neoplastic transformation.
A dosimetric comparison of three-dimensional conformal, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, and MammoSite partial-breast irradiation.

Purpose Limited information is available comparing target volume and normal tissue dosimetry with the different techniques of partial breast irradiation (PBI). We present results of a dosimetric comparison of single catheter, balloon-based brachytherapy using the MammoSite catheter (BRT), 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Methods and materials Fifteen patients were treated using the BRT device. With the use of CT scans with balloons in inflated and deflated states, plans were developed for each patient using each of the methods of PBI, for a total of 45 plans. The plans were then compared using the below dosimetric parameters. Results The mean V100 was 95%, 92%, and 94% for the BRT, 3DCRT, and IMRT techniques, respectively. The mean ipsilateral breast V50 was 29%, 56%, and 46% (p < 0.0001) and the mean ipsilateral lung V30 was 5%, 7%, and 2% (p <0.001 for IMRT vs. others) for the BRT, 3DCRT, and IMRT methods, respectively. For the 10 patients with left-sided breast tumors, the mean heart V5 was 12%, 4%, and 1% for the BRT, 3DCRT, and IMRT methods, respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions With increasing interest in PBI, our data may help clinicians individualize patient treatment decisions.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake by Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA

A major pathway for inactivation of biogenic amine and amino acid neurotransmitters is by uptake into neurons or glia cells through Na+-dependent, high-affinity uptake systems. Here, we show that Xenopus oocytes, microinjected with poly(A)+ RNA from developing rat brain, express a Na+-dependent GABA uptake system, which is similar in its properties to the high-affinity GABA uptake system, present in rat brain. These results suggest that the oocyte expression system may be useful in the isolation of mRNAs and subsequent cloning of the genes encoding the polypeptides involved in GABA transport in the nervous system.
Particle physics: Lattice window on strong force

A long-awaited breakthrough has been made in lattice quantum chromodynamics — a means of calculating the effect of the strong force between sub-atomic particles that could, ultimately, unveil new physics.
Cotton growth and nutrient uptake following Temik aldicarb application

The feasibility of enhancing cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and nutrient uptake with Temik aldicarb was investigated using sand culture with a continuous flow of 1/5 strength of Hoagland solution. Aldicarb was incorporated in the nutrient solution at different rates, and was applied to the plants when they were 30 days old for a period of 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. The cation exchange capacity of the fresh roots of treated plants as well as the ionic permeability of the untreated plants as influenced by aldicarb application were also studied. Low rate of aldicarb provided a stimulus effect on the plant and enabled it to grow faster and to take up more N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na than the control. This suggested a direct effect of aldicarb on mineral metabolism especially those processes involving N and P. Maximum dry-matter yield and nutrient uptake occurred at the 5 mg aldicarb rate for all times of treatments. At a rate of 7middot;5 mg aldicarb, growth and nutrient uptake were inhibited, suggesting a toxicity of assimilatory processes within the plant which might have reduced its ability to take up and assimilate nutrients. Aldicarb facilitated the transfer of Na to the stem and leaves resulting in a more uniform distribution of Na throughout the treated plants compared with the control.
Gastrointestinal Carcinoids: Characterization by Site of Origin and Hormone Production

Objective To describe a large series of patients with carcinoid tumors in terms of presenting symptoms, hormonal data, stage at diagnosis, pathologic features, and survival.
The Effects of Monoacrylated Poly(Ethylene Glycol) on the Properties of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Hydrogels Used for Tissue Engineering

This study investigated the effects of poly(ethylene glycol) monoacrylate (PEGMA) on the properties of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-co-PEGMA hydrogel networks. The PEGMA materials utilized were similar to ligand-linked materials typically copolymerized with PEGDA for use as tissue engineering scaffolds. PEGDA (5-20% wt/wt, 6 kDa) and PEGMA (0-20% wt/wt, 0-43 mM, 5 kDa) were copolymerized by photo-initiated free radical polymerization and the mass swelling ratio and shear modulus of the resulting hydrogels were determined. Increasing the prepolymerization concentration of PEGMA decreased the swelling ratio by up to 42 +/- 1.6% and increased the shear modulus by up to 167 +/- 29.3%, suggesting that PEGMA enhanced gel cross-linking. Analysis of the effective number of cross-linked chains per PEGDA, calculated independently from swelling and mechanical data, indicated each PEGDA participated in more cross-links as PEGMA was added. The results suggest that PEGMA-co-PEGDA gels can be formed with higher concentrations of PEGMA-tethered ligands than previously reported allowing the formation of scaffolds with a rich diversity of biological functionalities without sacrificing the integrity of the gel network.
Thematic Review Series: Proteomics. An integrated omics analysis of eicosanoid biology,

Eicosanoids have been implicated in a vast number of devastating inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, atherosclerosis, pain, and cancer. Currently, over a hundred different eicosanoids have been identified, with many having potent bioactive signaling capacity. These lipid metabolites are synthesized de novo by at least 50 unique enzymes, many of which have been cloned and characterized. Due to the extensive characterization of eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways, this field provides a unique framework for integrating genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics toward the investigation of disease pathology. To facilitate a concerted systems biology approach, this review outlines the proteins implicated in eicosanoid biosynthesis and signaling in human, mouse, and rat. Applications of the extensive genomic and lipidomic research to date illustrate the questions in eicosanoid signaling that could be uniquely addressed by a thorough analysis of the entire eicosanoid proteome.
The hormonal regulation of platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase in the rat.

Platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), the enzyme that inactivates PAF, is decreased in the plasma of both rabbits and humans during the latter stages of pregnancy. The activity of the enzyme was decreased in rats by the administration of 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17 alpha-ethynyl-3,17 beta-diol (17 alpha-ethynylestradiol) and increased by dexamethasone treatment. In the present study, we have further defined the hormonal regulation of PAF-AH levels in plasma of adult and juvenile rats. Estrone (E1), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and various progestins [4-pregnen-6 alpha-methyl-17 alpha-ol-3,20-dione (medroxyprogesterone), 4-estren-17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-ol-3-one (norethindrone), and 5(10)-estren-17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-ol-3-one (norethynodrel)] were administered to adult rats, and the plasma PAF-AH activities were assayed. E1, E2, and E3 administration to adult female rats lowered the plasma PAF-AH activity, E3 being the most effective. After administration of these estrogens the acti...
Coefficient Estimation in Quadratic Programming Models

This report discusses a variety of empirical problems in obtaining statistical estimates of operating costs for a quadratic programming model and presents a case history in aggregate production planning.
Synthesis, reactivity and crystal structures of various solvates of fac-tris(trimethylphosphine)trichloroiridium

The synthesis of fac-tris(trimethylphosphine)iridiumtrichloride is reported and the crystal structure of five different solvates of this compound are analyzed. Compared with the idealized structure calculated with DFT methods, bond angles and distances differ considerably for all of the solvates examined. The utility of fac-tris(trimethylphosphine)iridiumtrichloride for the synthesis of organometallic compounds of iridium(III) is also demonstrated.