cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of posttraumatic stress on memory complaints in neuropsychological settings.

Objective: Memory problems are a frequent complaint in neuropsychological settings, particularly among individuals in mid-to-late adulthood and those who have experienced neurological insult (e.g., head trauma; Bay et al., 2012; Lezak et al., 2004; Wammes et al., 2017). Neuropsychiatric comorbidities that influence cognitive functioning (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress) are also common among neuropsychological patients, which can challenge interpreting etiology and predicting prognosis (Campbell et al., 2009; Reischies & Neu, 2000). Prolonged trauma exposure is associated with brain abnormalities in regions that subserve memory and executive functions (Daniels et al., 2016; Woon et al., 2010). Furthermore, a subgroup of individuals with trauma exposure experience dissociative symptoms, which can also interfere with memory and performing goal-directed behaviors (Bergouignan et al., 2014; Brewin et al., 2013; Ozdemir et al., 2015). Method: In this article, we focus on symptoms that are consistent with dissociation and present three case studies of trauma-exposed women who were referred for neuropsychological testing following complaints of memory decline. Results: Formal neuropsychological testing did not fully support the degree of amnestic symptoms reported. Based upon the complex pattern of results, we propose a potential hypothesis for consideration: the dissociative interference hypothesis. Conclusions: For all three women presented, dissociation was a common symptom that may have contributed to an exacerbation of memory failures and amnestic experiences. Thus, interventions targeted at increasing awareness, rather than withdrawal, during times of stress may lead to a reduction in their memory complaints. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Classification of hazelnut cultivars: comparison of DL4J and ensemble learning algorithms

Classification of hazelnuts is one of the values adding processes that increase the marketability and profitability of its production. While traditional classification methods are used commonly, machine learning and deep learning can be implemented to enhance the hazelnut classification processes. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of machine learning frameworks to classify hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars (‘Sivri’, ‘Kara’, ‘Tombul’) using DL4J and ensemble learning algorithms. For each cultivar, 50 samples were used for evaluations. Maximum length, width, compression strength, and weight of hazelnuts were measured using a caliper and a force transducer. Gradient boosting machine (Boosting), random forest (Bagging), and DL4J feedforward (Deep Learning) algorithms were applied in traditional machine learning algorithms. The data set was partitioned into a 10-fold-cross validation method. The classifier performance criteria of accuracy (%), error percentage (%), F-Measure, Cohen’s Kappa, recall, precision, true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN), false negative (FN) values are provided in the results section. The results showed classification accuracies of 94% for Gradient Boosting, 100% for Random Forest, and 94% for DL4J Feedforward algorithms.
Chimeras unfolded

The instability of mixing in the Kuramoto model of coupled phase oscillators is the key to understanding a range of spatiotemporal patterns, which feature prominently in collective dynamics of systems ranging from neuronal networks, to coupled lasers, to power grids. In this paper, we describe a codimension-2 bifurcation of mixing whose unfolding, in addition to the classical scenario of the onset of synchronization, also explains the formation of clusters and chimeras. We use a combination of linear stability analysis and Penrose diagrams to identify and analyze a variety of spatiotemporal patterns including stationary and traveling coherent clusters and twisted states, as well as their combinations with regions of incoherent behavior called chimera states. The linear stability analysis is used to estimate of the velocity distribution within these structures. Penrose diagrams, on the other hand, predict accurately the basins of their existence. Furthermore, we show that network topology can endow chimera states with nontrivial spatial organization. In particular, we present twisted chimera states, whose coherent regions are organized as stationary or traveling twisted states. The analytical results are illustrated with numerical bifurcation diagrams computed for the Kuramoto model with uni-, bi-, and tri-modal frequency distributions and all-to-all and nonlocal nearest-neighbor connectivity.
Clinical Outcomes of Immunocompromised Adults Hospitalized with Pneumococcal Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study.

S. pneumoniae is a primary etiologic agent of CAP in immunocompromised adults (ICA). Data on clinical outcomes of ICA hospitalized with pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) is limited. The objectives of this study were (1) to define clinical presentation and outcomes of ICA hospitalized with PP and (2) to compare the data to non-immunocompromised adults (non-ICA) hospitalized with PP. This was a case–control study of ICA hospitalized with PP (cases) and non-ICA hospitalized with PP (controls). Data were collected on clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Evaluated clinical outcomes included time to clinical stability (TCS), length of hospitalization (LOH), clinical failure (CF), cardiovascular events (CE), and in-hospital mortality (IHM). One ICA was matched to two non-ICA through propensity score matching. A total of 93 ICA hospitalized with PP and 186 non-ICA hospitalized with PP were evaluated. Antibiotic therapy was appropriate in all patients. Clinical outcomes for ICA versus non-ICA were as follows: TCS 2 days vs. 2 days (p = 0.392); LOH 5 days vs. 5 days (p = 0.067); CF 4% vs. 6% (p = 0.618); CE 10% vs. 6% (p = 0.375); and IHM 5% vs. 3% (p = 0.296). In hospitalized patients with PP who are treated with appropriate antibiotic therapy, the presence of an abnormal immune system does influence clinical outcomes.
5G Network Coverage Planning and Analysis of the Deployment Challenges.

The 5G cellular network is no longer hype. Mobile network operators (MNO) around the world (e.g., Verizon and AT&T in the USA) started deploying 5G networks in mid-frequency bands (i.e., 3–6 GHz) with existing 4G cellular networks. The mid-frequency band can significantly boost the existing network performance additional spectrum (i.e., 50 MHz–100 MHz). However, the high-frequency bands (i.e., 24 GHz–100 GHz) can offer a wider spectrum (i.e., 400~800 MHz), which is needed to meet the ever-growing capacity demands, highest bitrates (~20 Gb/s), and lowest latencies. As we move to the higher frequency bands, the free space propagation loss increases significantly, which will limit the individual cell site radius to 100 m for the high-frequency band compared to several kilometers in 4G. Therefore, the MNOs will need to deploy hundreds of new small cells (e.g., 100 m cell radius) compared to one large cell site (e.g., Macrocell with several km in radius) to ensure 100% network coverage for the same area. It will be a big challenge for the MNOs to accurately plan and acquire these massive numbers of new cell site locations to provide uniform 5G coverage. This paper first describes the 5G coverage planning with a traditional three-sector cell. It then proposes an updated cell architecture with six sectors and an advanced antenna system that provides better 5G coverage. Finally, it describes the potential challenges of 5G network deployment with future research directions.
Can Watershed Models Aid in Determining Historic Lake Sediment Concentrations in Data-Scarce Areas?

In most developing countries , there is a lack of historical sediment data. In Ethiopia, over the past 40 years, sediment concentrations in rivers are periodically measured for determining sediment rating curves. But, no such historical data are available for lakes such as Lake Tana in Upper Blue Nile River basin , greatly hampering the ability to track the trend of environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to determine whether models can be used to estimate the historical record of lake sediment concentrations. In this study, a relationship between reflectance and TSS was developed and 10-year TSS time series data were generated from MODIS /Terra images. The 10-year TSS time series data were used to calibrate and validate an erosion model. The soil and water assessment tool variable source area (SWAT-VSA) model was selected because it has performed well in the Lake Tana basin. The result showed that at monthly timescale, TSS at the river mouth can be replicated with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) of 0.34 for calibration and 0.21 for validation periods. Percent bias (PBIAS) and ratio of root mean square error (RSR) to the standard deviation of measured data are all within range. Given the inaccessibility and costliness to measure TSS at river mouths to a lake, the results found here are considered best estimates for suspended sediment budget in water bodies of the basin. However, direct measurement or improved models should yield better results.
Impact craters: An ice study on Rhea

Abstract The goal of this project is to study the properties of H 2 O ice in the environment of the Saturn satellites and in particular to measure the relative amounts of crystalline and amorphous H 2 O ice in and around two craters on Rhea. The craters are remnants of cataclysmic events that, by raising the local temperature, melted the ice, which subsequently crystallized. Based on laboratory experiments it is expected that, when exposed to ion bombardment at the temperatures typical of the Saturn satellites, the crystalline structure of the ice will be broken, resulting in the disordered, amorphous phase. We therefore expect the ice in and around the craters to be partially crystalline and partially amorphous. We have designed a technique that estimates the relative amounts of crystalline and amorphous H 2 O ice based on measurements of the distortion of the 2-μm spectral absorption band. The technique is best suited for planetary surfaces that are predominantly icy, but works also for surfaces slightly contaminated with other ices and non-ice components. We apply the tool to two areas around the Inktomi and the Obatala craters. The first is a young impact crater on the leading hemisphere of Rhea, the second is an older one on the trailing hemisphere. For each crater we obtain maps of the fraction of crystalline ice, which were overlain onto Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) images of the satellite searching for correlations between crystallinity and geography. For both craters the largest fractions of crystalline ice are in the center, as would be intuitively expected since the ‘ground zero’ areas should be most affected by the effects of the impact. The overall distribution of the crystalline ice fraction maps the shape of the crater and, in the case of Inktomi, of the rays. The Inktomi crater ranges between a maximum fraction of 67% crystalline ice to a minimum of 39%. The Obatala crater varies between a maximum of 51% and a minimum of 33%. Based on simplifying assumptions and the knowledge that crystalline ice exposed to ion bombardment transforms into amorphous at a known rate, we estimate the age of the Obatala crater to be ∼450 Ma.
An Introduction to Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Frictional Losses And Lubricant Properties Affecting Fuel Economy - Part I

This paper examines sources and contributions of friction in heavy-duty diesel engines. Current and past work done on the characterization of diesel engine friction will be reviewed. It is also a goal to analyze each component system from a basic mechanics viewpoint highlighting some of the key friction producing phenomena. Different regimes of lubricated friction will be illustrated using a generic Stribeck diagram, with a focus on loading and relative velocities. Part II of this study will review lubricant effects on individual engine component friction as well as present data generated using commercial and military qualified lubricants in various bench tests, fired engine screening tests, and a modified version of the SAE J1321 Fuel Consumption Test using Army equipment.
A global analysis of ENSO synchrony: The oceans' biological response to physical forcing

[1] A global-scale Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of physical (sea surface temperatures, sea level height anomalies, atmospheric sea level pressure, photosynthetically active radiation, zonal surface currents and wind-driven upwelling velocities) and biological (surface chlorophyll concentrations and primary production) variables shows synchronous variations from 1993 to 2010 in the first mode of variability associated with El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The first EOF of vertical temperature structure along the equatorial Pacific shows identical temporal patterns. The ENSO-driven biological changes are explained both qualitatively and quantitatively from a subset of the physical variables. During the strong 1997–1998 El Nino a global new production decrease of ∼0.6–0.9 PgC yr−1is estimated from changes in the depth of the nutricline and wind-driven upwelling. This is consistent with the 3.0 PgC yr−1decrease in global primary production observed by satellite remote sensing. A simple two-layer model of chlorophyll and primary production driven by changes in nitrate and light reproduces the patterns and magnitude of changes observed by satellite. Changes in the depth of the nutricline are found to be the primary driver of the biological anomalies. The ENSO mode of zonal currents in the equatorial Pacific shows that horizontal advection is responsible for changes in chlorophyll in the central Pacific not explained by the two-layer model.
Accelerator Architectures

The one invited paper and four selected papers in this special issue provide a good sampling of advances in the broad space of accelerator applications and architectures.
Patterns of Peer Acceptance, Social Status, and Social Reputation in Mixed-Age Preschool and Primary Classrooms.

Although mixed-age contexts are considered to be developmental^ important, very little is known about peer relations in mixed-age settings. Peer acceptance, social status, and social reputation were studied in a multi-ethnic sample of chil dren (3 to 10 years) who attended mixed-age preschool and elementary (ungraded primary) programs. Children who were young relative to their classmates were less well accepted, and they were more likely to be nominated by peers as shy. Age relative to classmates did not significantly affect peer-nominated aggression, but boys were more often nominated as aggressive than were girls, and they were less well accepted. At the preschool level, there were no gender differences in peer nominated shyness, but among ungraded primary students, girls were more often nominated as shy.
Documentation, Report Writing, and Record Keeping in Counseling

In recent years, the counseling profession has witnessed a strong and growing emphasis on accountability, professionalism, and ethics. This has led to an expanding need for counselors to document and substantiate the value of their work. However, according to a study of counselor preparation conducted by Prieto and Scheel (2002, p. 11), “...a search of professional counseling literature databases indicates that the role of case documentation and record keeping—one of the most common activities that counselor trainees engage in, and an activity that directly reflects trainees’ conceptualization of clients’ needs and difficulties—has not received the attention it deserves.” Most would-be counselors enter the field because of their interest in working with people; the prospect of maintaining records and documenting their work may conflict with their interest in interpersonal interactions. Done properly, however, written records of the counseling process can enhance the treatment process, accelerate progress, expand availability of services, and provide protection to both counselors and clients. For counselors of the 21st century, maintaining clear, comprehensive, and accurate records of their work is a necessity.
Clinical Pathways: A Catalyst for the Adoption of Hypofractionation for Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

Purpose Hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI) remains underutilized in the United States despite support by multiple clinical trials. We evaluated the success of iterative modifications of our breast cancer clinical pathway on the adoption of HF-WBI in a large, integrated radiation oncology network. Methods and Materials The breast clinical pathway was modified in January 2011 (Amendment 1) to recommend HF-WBI as the first option for women ≥70 of age with stages 0 to IIA, while maintaining conventional fractionation (CF) as a pathway-concordant secondary option. In January 2013 (Amendment 2), the pathway's HF-WBI recommendation was extended to women ≥50 years of age. In January 2014 (Amendment 3), the pathway mandated HF-WBI as the only pathway-concordant option in women ≥50 years of age, and all pathway-discordant plans were subject to peer review and justification. Women ≥50 years of age with ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive breast cancer who underwent breast conserving surgery and adjuvant WBI were included in this analysis. Results We identified 5112 patients from 2009 to 2014 who met inclusion criteria. From 2009 to 2012, the overall HF-WBI use rate was 8.3%. Following Amendments 2 and 3 (2013 and 2014, respectively), HF-WBI use significantly increased to 21.8% (17.3% in the community, 39.7% at academic sites) and 76.7% (75.5% in the community, 81.4% at academic sites), respectively ( P P P P Conclusions This study demonstrates the transformative effect of a clinical pathway on patterns of care for breast radiation therapy. Although our initial HF-WBI use rate was low (8%-22%) and consistent with national rates, the clinical pathway approach dramatically increased adoption rate to >75%. In contrast to passive guidelines, clinical pathways serve as active tools to promote current best practices.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of sorafenib- and regorafenib-like sEH inhibitors.

To reduce the pro-angiogenic effects of sEH inhibition, a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study was performed by incorporating structural features of the anti-angiogenic multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib into soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors. The structural modifications of this series of molecules enabled the altering of selectivity towards the pro-angiogenic kinases C-RAF and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), while retaining their sEH inhibition. As a result, sEH inhibitors with greater potency against C-RAF and VEGFR-2 were obtained. Compound 4 (t-CUPM) possesses inhibition potency higher than sorafenib towards sEH but similar against C-RAF and VEGFR-2. Compound 7 (tCUCB) selectively inhibits sEH, while inhibiting HUVEC cell proliferation, a potential anti-angiogenic property, without liver cancer cell cytotoxicity. The data presented suggest a potential rational approach to control the angiogenic responses stemming from sEH inhibition.
A Novel Role of the Sp/KLF Transcription Factor KLF11 in Arresting Progression of Endometriosis

Endometriosis affects approximately 10% of young, reproductive-aged women. Disease associated pelvic pain; infertility and sexual dysfunction have a significant adverse clinical, social and financial impact. As precise disease etiology has remained elusive, current therapeutic strategies are empiric, unfocused and often unsatisfactory. Lack of a suitable genetic model has impaired further translational research in the field. In this study, we evaluated the role of the Sp/KLF transcription factor KLF11/Klf11 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. KLF11, a human disease-associated gene is etiologically implicated in diabetes, uterine fibroids and cancer. We found that KLF11 expression was diminished in human endometriosis implants and further investigated its pathogenic role in Klf11-/- knockout mice with surgically induced endometriotic lesions. Lesions in Klf11-/- animals were large and associated with prolific fibrotic adhesions resembling advanced human disease in contrast to wildtype controls. To determine phenotype-specificity, endometriosis was also generated in Klf9-/- animals. Unlike in Klf11-/- mice, lesions in Klf9-/- animals were neither large, nor associated with a significant fibrotic response. KLF11 also bound to specific elements located in the promoter regions of key fibrosis-related genes from the Collagen, MMP and TGF-β families in endometrial stromal cells. KLF11 binding resulted in transcriptional repression of these genes. In summary, we identify a novel pathogenic role for KLF11 in preventing de novo disease-associated fibrosis in endometriosis. Our model validates in vivo the phenotypic consequences of dysregulated Klf11 signaling. Additionally, it provides a robust means not only for further detailed mechanistic investigation but also the ability to test any emergent translational ramifications thereof, so as to expand the scope and capability for treatment of endometriosis.
Interferon-gamma production and HLA-DR expression in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

Other investigators have reported deficient production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and reduced expression of class II major histocompatability (HLA-DR) antigens on monocytes from patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Our previous investigation did not demonstrate deficient IFN-γ production by lymphocytes from patients with RP. We have extended our previous study by determining the frequency of HLA-DR-positive monocytes in the peripheral blood of well-defined groups of RP patients and by including a larger sample size of patients and subdividing the autosomal dominant and recessive subpopulations. Our present results confirm and extend our previous finding that lymphocytes from patients with RP are not deficient in the production of IFN-γ as assessed with a commercially available radioimmunoassay test kit. In addition, using two-color immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, we also demonstrated normal expression of HLA-DR antigens on monocytes from these patients. In both this and our previous study, using teehniques employed in our laboratory, we have been unable to detect significant cell-mediated immune abnormalities in a large and well-characterized group of RP patients.
Two faces of desert

There are two broadly competing pictures of moral responsibility. On the view I favor, to be responsible for some action is to be related to it in such a way that licenses attributing certain properties to the agent, properties like blameworthiness and praiseworthiness. Responsibility is attributability. A different view understands being responsible in terms of our practices of holding each other responsible. Responsibility is accountability, which “involves a social setting in which we demand (require) certain conduct from one another and respond adversely to one another’s failures to comply with these demands” (Watson, Philos Top 24:227–248, 1996). My concern here is the relation between moral responsibility and desert. Plausibly, if someone is morally responsible for something wrong then they deserve blame, and it is on the basis of them being morally responsible and its being wrong that they deserve blame. In this paper, I try to make progress toward understanding why it would follow that being morally responsible for something supports a desert claim. I propose to do this by exploring how the “two faces” of responsibility should proceed. An important upshot is that we gain a new currency by which to evaluate extant theories of responsibility that might favor one or the other conception: do they carry plausible desert commitments? To illustrate this benefit, I argue that accountability theory carries implausible implications for deserved praise.
Never mind the language, what about the paradigm?

There is increasing discussion about the primary programming language used for undergraduate courses in Computer Science. In particular, the language used for CS1 and CS2 is regarded as a crucial factor in students' subsequent progress in the discipline, not to mention their mental well-being. It is argued here that instead of focussing our attention on whether we should be teaching Ada™ or MODULA-2, we should be asking if these languages belong to the right class. There is mounting evidence that “small” languages are not only beautiful but that they lead to more easily verifiable programs, more predictable implementations, and a better foundation for “programming in the large”. I do not pretend to answer any more questions than I ask.
Argus-G: Comprehensive, Low-Cost Error Detection for GPGPU Cores

We have developed and evaluated Argus-G, an error detection scheme for general purpose GPU (GPGPU) cores. Argus-G is a natural extension of the Argus error detection scheme for CPU cores, and we demonstrate how to modify Argus such that it is compatible with GPGPU cores. Using an RTL prototype, we experimentally show that Argus-G can detect the vast majority of injected errors at relatively low performance, area, and power costs.
Influence of Fermi surface topology on the pressure dependence of T c for indium and dilute indium alloys

The pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature for In, In-Cd (to 3.5 at.%), and In-Pb (to 12 at.%) has been determined to 24 kbar. A small deviation from a linear dependence ofT c on volume compression is found for indium. Alloying with Cd and Pb modified this nonlinear contribution, which is interpreted as arising from changes in the Fermi surface topology. In all, four transitions are identified and their possible origins, based upon the known Fermi surface of indium, are discussed.
The heat content and specific heat of some metallic fast-reactor fuels containing plutonium

Abstract The heat contents of U/10Pu, U/10Pu/10Fz, U/15Pu/ 15Zr and U/15Pu/6Ti (wt %) were measured in a drop calorimeter to about 1200 °C. Up to about 1000 °C the heat contents per Avogadro's number of atoms of alloy are nearly the same as for unalloyed uranium in all the alloys except U/15Pu/10Zr, which has a 10 % lower heat content in the γ temperature range. The alloys differ from one another in the details of heat evolution in the neighborhood of the phase transformations. The heat of fusion drops from 2.9 kcal/g· atom in unalloyed uranium to 2.4 kcal/g· atom in U/10Pu and to 2.0 kcal/g· atom in U/10Pu/10Fz.
“He Wears Pink Leggings Almost Every Day, and a Pink Sweatshirt….” How School Social Workers Understand and Respond to Gender Variance

This qualitative study, framed conceptually by notions from Queer theory and a practice model of “virtue ethics”, attempted to explore the perceptions, attitudes, and self-reported practices of a sample of school social workers in the Northeastern United States with respect to gender socialization and gender variance in the classroom. The data, collected through individual interviews, indicate that the social workers in this study seemed willing to support and to advocate for gender-variant students. However, there also appeared to be some misunderstandings about the nature of gender identity, analyzed in this article with particular reference to the notion of “homonormativity”. It is suggested that full engagement with gender-variant students requires more training, not only for social workers, but for other school personnel, and as part of professional pre-service programs.
Dorsolateral Subluxation of Hip Joints in Dogs Measured in a Weight‐Bearing Position With Radiography and Computed Tomography

Objective—To develop a radiographic procedure to measure dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) of the femoral head in canine coxofemoral (hip) joints in a weight-bearing position. Study Design—DLS measured on a radiographic projection was compared with DLS measured on computed tomography (CT) images of hip joints in a weight-bearing position. Animals—A total of 24 dogs of varying ages were examined including Labrador retrievers, greyhounds, and Labrador-greyhound crossbreeds. Methods—Anesthetized dogs were placed in sternal recumbency in a kneeling position in a foam rubber mold. The stifles were flexed and adducted with the femora perpendicular to, and in contact with, the table. To test for DLS, dogs were imaged in this weight-bearing position (DLS test) with routine radiography and CT. For each hip, the DLS score was determined by measuring the percentage of the femoral head medial to the lateralmost point of the cranial acetabular rim on the dorsoventral radiographic projection and the lateralmost point of the central, dorsal acetabular rim on the CT image. Higher DLS scores indicated better coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. DLS scores were compared with the distraction index (DI) by grouping joints according to their probability of developing osteoarthritis (OA) as predicted by the DI. Results—The DLS score in the new position ranged from 29% to 71% for radiography and 15% to 59% for CT. Joints classified as OA unsusceptible had a mean score of 64%± 1.5% for radiography and 55%± 0.8% for CT (n = 10); hip joints having a high probability of developing OA had a score of 39%± 2.6% for radiography and 26%± 1.9% for CT (n = 8). When the DLS test was repeated on the same dogs at a different time, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the DLS score on the radiographs was 0.85 (left hip) and 0.89 (right hip). There was a strong correlation (r = .89 for both hips) between the DLS score measured on the weight-bearing radiograph and the CT image. A strong correlation also was observed between the DLS score and the DI (r = -.87). The DLS scores for OA unsusceptible joints and joints with a high probability of developing OA were significantly different (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The DLS test can be performed with CT or routine radiography to measure variable amounts of DLS in weight-bearing hip joints oriented similarly to those of a standing dog. After additional long-term follow-up studies evaluating the development of OA and breed effects are performed, the DLS method may prove useful in studies of normal and abnormal hip joint development related to canine hip dysplasia.
Giant magnetic moments in metals as thermodynamic fluctuations

The nucleation of giant magnetic moments in certain dilute alloys is interpreted in terms of a Landau-Ginsburg type fluctuation theory. Beyond a certain threshold value of the coupling energy of the bare impurity spin to the spin density of the host a characteristic fluctuation localized around the impurity spontaneously acquires a non-zero, autonomous value. As observed, the magnitude of the giant moment decreases with increasing impurity concentration, at least at low concentrations.
Analysis of the effects of soil compaction on cotton yield trends

Abstract Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), yields in the U.S. Cotton Belt declined from 1960 to 1980 despite improvements in technology and introductions of higher yielding cultivars. As part of the effort to examine possible causes for the yield reduction, the cotton crop simulation model, GOSSYM, was used to analyze the effects of soil compaction on cotton yield trends. Weather, soil and cultural input data from six locations over 20 years were acquired and used or this study. There were no consistent trends over all locations. Prior to 1974, compaction had some negative effect at Florence, South Carolina, but due to annual in-row subsoiling, had no effect after that time. At Stoneville, Mississippi, the effects of compactions were generally detrimental but they were often masked by weather. In years of abundant moisture, wheel traffic compaction had little negative effect on yields, since shallow root systems could extract sufficient moisture for plant growth and yield. In extremely dry years, predicted yields were low for both compacted and uncompacted crops. The effect of wheel compaction on yield was generally favorable at College Station, Texas. The lower yielding crop, however, generally put more of its photosynthate into roots during the boll filling period. This was also true at Phoenix, Arizona, where the results were erratic. At Lubbock, Texas, on a clay soil the effects of simulated compaction were negligible.
Effect of protein malnutrition and immunomodulation on immune cell populations.

Malnutrition has deleterious effects on immune functions, which predispose to an increased risk of infection. To study the effect of protein malnutrition on such immune functions and resistance to infection, we divided C57BL/6 mice into three groups: (1) control-standard diet, (2) protein-malnourished for 14 days, and (3) protein-malnourished for 14 days followed by standard diet for 3 days. The animals were further divided into subgroups: (1) an untreated group, (2) a muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-treated group, and (3) an interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-treated group before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Malnourished mice had significantly (P < 0.05) lower body weight, serum albumin, spleen/body weight, percentage of splenic macrophages with Ia expression (%MOIa), increased splenic T suppressor cells, and greater mortality after CLP. Refeeding plus IFN-γ or MDP significantly increased %MOIa (P < 0.05) and also abrogated the increase in splenic lymphocytes seen in the malnourished animals. The increase in splenic suppressor T cells was not affected by refeeding or immunomodulation. Mortality after CLP was increased from 15% in the controls to 85% in the malnourished group and was significantly decreased by refeeding, MDP, and the combination of refeeding plus immunomodulators (P < 0.05). These data show that 14-day malnutrition adversely affected the immune response to infection and increased mortality from CLP. Refeeding and immunomodulation restored macrophage Ia expression without CLP but not after the procedure, despite the significant reduction in mortality. The use of immunomodulation in protein malnourished conditions may serve as an adjuvant role to nutritional support.
Analysis of the relationship between peak stress and proteoglycan loss following injurious compression of human post-mortem knee and ankle cartilage.

While traumatic joint injuries are known to increase the risk of osteoarthritis (OA), the mechanism is not known. Models for injurious compression of cartilage may identify predictors of injury that suggest a clinical mechanism. We investigated the relationship between peak stress during compression and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss after injury for knee and ankle cartilages. Human cartilage explant disks were harvested post-mortem from the knee and ankle of three organ donors with no history of OA and subjected to injurious compression to 65% strain in uniaxial unconfined compression at 2 mm/s (400%/s). The GAG content of the conditioned medium was measured 3 days after injury. After injury of knee cartilage disks, damage was visible in 18 of 39 disks (36%). Three days after injury, the increase in GAG loss to the medium (GAG loss from injured disks minus GAG loss from location-matched uncompressed controls) was 1.5±0.3 μg/disk (mean ± SEM). With final strain and compression velocity held constant, we observed that increasing peak stress during injury was associated with less GAG loss after injury (P<0.001). In contrast, ankle cartilage appeared damaged after injury in only 1 of 16 disks (6%), there was no increase in GAG loss (0.0±0.3 μg/disk), and no relationship between peak stress and increase in GAG loss was detected (P=0.51). By itself, increasing peak stress did not appear to be an important cause of GAG loss from human cartilage in our injurious compression model. However, we observed further evidence for differences in the response of knee and ankle cartilages to injury.
Cholinergic Neurons Excite Cortically Projecting Basal Forebrain GABAergic Neurons

The basal forebrain (BF) plays an important role in the control of cortical activation and attention. Understanding the modulation of BF neuronal activity is a prerequisite to treat disorders of cortical activation involving BF dysfunction, such as Alzheimer's disease. Here we reveal the interaction between cholinergic neurons and cortically projecting BF GABAergic neurons using immunohistochemistry and whole-cell recordings in vitro. In GAD67-GFP knock-in mice, BF cholinergic (choline acetyltransferase-positive) neurons were intermingled with GABAergic (GFP(+)) neurons. Immunohistochemistry for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter showed that cholinergic fibers apposed putative cortically projecting GABAergic neurons containing parvalbumin (PV). In coronal BF slices from GAD67-GFP knock-in or PV-tdTomato mice, pharmacological activation of cholinergic receptors with bath application of carbachol increased the firing rate of large (>20 μm diameter) BF GFP(+) and PV (tdTomato+) neurons, which exhibited the intrinsic membrane properties of cortically projecting neurons. The excitatory effect of carbachol was blocked by antagonists of M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors in two subpopulations of BF GABAergic neurons [large hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih) and small Ih, respectively]. Ion substitution experiments and reversal potential measurements suggested that the carbachol-induced inward current was mediated mainly by sodium-permeable cation channels. Carbachol also increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of cholinergic neurons/fibers caused a mecamylamine- and atropine-sensitive inward current in putative GABAergic neurons. Thus, cortically projecting, BF GABAergic/PV neurons are excited by neighboring BF and/or brainstem cholinergic neurons. Loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease may impair cortical activation, in part, through disfacilitation of BF cortically projecting GABAergic/PV neurons.
Spatial frequency thresholds of single striate cortical cells in neonatal corpus callosum sectioned cats

Following section of the corpus callosum at 1–6 postnatal weeks in cats, behavioral visual acuity was measured binocularly and monocularly from 6–29 postnatal weeks; physiological determination of spatial frequency thresholds of single striate cortical cells was performed when the cats were at least 8 months old. Results were compared between cats with callosum section at each postnatal week, as well as with normal cats. Cats with callosotomy at 1–3 postnatal weeks had deficits in behavioral visual acuity, and the deficits were greatest in the youngest operated cats. Cats with callosotomy at 1–2 postnatal weeks failed to resolve as high spatial frequencies as did normal cats, and the resolution of the 1 week operated cats was lower than the resolution of the 2 week operated cats. Cats with callosotomy at 3–6 postnatal weeks had spatial frequency thresholds that were equivalent to those of normal cats. To determine what kinds of striate cells had reduced spatial resolution following neonatal corpus callosum section, cells were categorized according to class (Simple, Complex), receptive field location (Central, Peripheral), and monocular behavioral acuity eye performance (Better Eye, Worse Eye). Cats with corpus callosum section during postnatal week 1 had the lowest spatial resolution for all cell categories compared to all groups tested. However, cats with callosum section during postnatal week 2 had normal spatial frequency thresholds for Simple, Central and Better Eye categories. The cats with callosum section in postnatal weeks 3–6 had normal spatial frequency thresholds for all cell categories. For corpus callosum sectioned cats with and without visual deficits, and for normal cats, visual acuity measured behaviorally is significantly related to visual acuity measured physiologically. The results show that neonatal corpus callosum section in cats can affect behavioral visual acuity, as well as the spatial frequency thresholds of many categories of striate cortical cells. However, callosum section at different ages affects different populations of cortical cells. Furthermore, the results suggest that neonatal corpus callosum section may directly affect a single fundamental property of cells in primary visual cortex with a resulting disruption of many visual functions.
Heterodyne Properties of a Three‐Level Quantum System

It is well known that a three‐level system functions as a mixer for radiation at its three resonant frequencies. Here the topic is treated in detail by analogy to a three terminal‐pair circuit element, one pair for each frequency. To one pair, fixed power is applied from a local oscillator, or ``pump.'' Attention is then centered on the other two pairs to determine their small‐signal response and transfer characteristics. A slight generalization of the impedance concept takes account of the frequency changes and allows the results to be expressed as self‐impedance at each terminal pair, and a transfer impedance between pairs. The damping effect of molecular surroundings is taken into account. The three‐level maser is a special case in which the terminal pair for the idle frequency is open, and the self‐impedance at the signal terminals has a negative resistive part.Quantization of the radiation field is included by expressing quantum uncertainties in the same form as classical noise, i.e., correlation fun...
Cigarette taxes and youth smoking : New evidence from national, state, and local Youth Risk Behavior Surveys

Several studies have examined the effects of state cigarette tax increases on youth substance use over the 1990s, with most--but not all--finding that higher taxes reduce youth consumption of tobacco. We advance the literature by using data from the 1991 to 2005 waves of the national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS), providing information on over 100,000 high school age youths. We also are the first to make use of hundreds of independently fielded state and local versions of the YRBS, reflecting data from over 750,000 youths. Importantly, these data are to our knowledge the only sources of relevant information on youth smoking that were explicitly designed to be representative of the sampled state or locality. We estimate two-way fixed effects models of the effect of state cigarette taxes on youth smoking, controlling for survey demographics and area and year fixed effects. Our most consistent finding is that--contrary to some recent research--the large state tobacco tax increases of the past 15 years were associated with significant reductions in smoking participation and frequent smoking by youths. Our price elasticity estimates for smoking participation by high school youths are generally smaller than previous cross-sectional approaches but are similar to recent quasi-experimental estimates.
Arthrobacters: Successful arid soil bacteria: A review

Astract Bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter are very common in soils and often constitute an important fraction of the rhizosphere microflora. A main feature of arthrobacters is their nutritional versatility coupled with the ability to grow in simple media utilizing a wide range of compounds as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Research with continuous cultures has contributed to the clarification of some of the mechanisms regulating the growth and metabolism of Arthrobacter, such as the control of morphogenesis, the macromolecular variation during the growth cycle, response of respiratory activity to oxygen, and interactions with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere. The low minimum growth rate, the accumulation of a large amount of reserve material, the rapid and drastic decrease in endogenous metabolism and the long survival times during starvation, the high resistance to desiccation in soil, and the small spheroidal shape of cells under conditions of nutrient depletion might be the bases for the ecol...
3Se and 1Se scattering lengths for e- + Rb, Cs and Fr collisions

We calculate the 3Se and 1Se scattering lengths in low-energy e- + Rb(5s), Cs(6s), and Fr(7s) collisions. Our approach is based on the relativistic version of the modified effective range theory (MERT) and extrapolates eigenphases provided by Dirac R-matrix calculations to zero energy. To test the accuracy of our MERT extrapolation method, we compare the fine-structure components for the lowest 3Po resonance of Fr- ion with full Dirac R-matrix calculations.
Influence of vertical stratification on the distribution of irradiance at the sea surface from a point source in the ocean.

Un modele bio-optique (Gordon H.R., 1987, Appl. Opt., 26) decrivant la distribution de l'eclairement a la surface marine resultant d'une source ponctuelle sous la surface d'un ocean homogene est etendu a un ocean stratifie; en particulier, la concentration des pigments associes au phytoplancton est variable avec la profondeur
Welfare expansion revisited: policy routines and their mediation by party, class and crisis, 1957–1982

. Post-war welfare effort (i.e., welfare spending as a share of national income) in advanced capitalist political democracies is proposed to result from policy routines emphasized in the traditional academic literatures complemented and mediated by class-linked factors stressed in the ‘new political economy’ literature. Both sets of factors are integrated into a single conception of state policy-making. In this, self-interested elite and administrative state personnel respond to their environments by means of relatively discretionary and relatively automatic policy routines, respectively. Left and non-Left governments mediate these routines and do so differently in different long-term institutional (strong-union versus weak-union) and macroeconomic (expansionary versus crisis) contexts. Welfare expansion is found to be amply explained by the proposed processes, differentiated by context. Left parties and militants are found to matter primarily in contexts marked by ‘Left corporatism’(or strong unions) and/or by relatively ‘expansionary economic climates’. Ironically, Left-party governments in Left corporatist contexts are found to be particularly sensitive to inflation where transfer spending is concerned. Where unions are strong, policy making is generally less incremental and more flexible. After 1973, policy sensitivity to real economic growth or decline looms large, and working-class-linked politics are muted where unions are weak, most especially where they are decentralized.
Some interpersonal effects of assertion, nonassertion, and aggression

Females and males responded to a female confederate who behaved either nonassertively, assertively, or aggressively in role-played situations involving refusals and requests for behavior change. Responses to nonassertion were pleasant but did not allow the nonasserter to achieve immediate goals. Responses to aggression did allow the aggressor to achieve goals, but were unpleasant. Responses to assertion allowed for the achievement of immediate goals and were generally pleasant. However, responses to assertion did have more negative effects than expected. Refusals were easier to resist than behavior change requests. There were no consistent differences in the way females and males responded.
Attitudes toward fraternity hazing among fraternity members, sorority members, and non-Greek students

This study was designed to look at differences between Greek and non-Greek college students' perceptions of a hazing incident that had taken place in a fraternity setting. Subjects were 231 students (112 Greeks, 119 independents) at a moderate size state university in the eastern United States with a moderate Greek presence. Subjects read one of four conditions of a hazing scenario involving an overdose of alcohol consumed voluntarily or involuntarily administered by a fraternity president or fraternity brother. Dependent measures included attributions of responsibility as well as causal attributions. Authoritarianism was explored as well. Responsibility attributions and causal attributions varied with the voluntary versus involuntary nature of the overdose and with membership in Greek organizations. Finally, Greek students were found to score higher on authoritarianism than were non-Greek students.