cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative assessment of benthic food resources for juvenile Gulf sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi in the Suwannee River estuary, Florida, USA

Gulf sturgeon,Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, forage extensively in the Suwannee River estuary following emigration out of the Suwannee River, Florida. While in the estuary, juvenile Gulf sturgeon primarily feed on benthic infauna. In June–July 2002 and February–April 2003, random sites within the estuary were sampled for benthic macrofauna (2002 n = 156; 2003 n = 103). A mean abundance of 2,562 ind m−2 (SE ± 204) was found in the summer, with significantly reduced macrofaunal abundance in the winter (mean density of 1,044 ind m−2, SE ± 117). Benthic biomass was significantly higher in the summer with an average summer sample dry weight of 5.92 g m−2 (SE ± 0.82) compared to 3.91 g m−2 (SE ± 0.67) in the winter. Amphipods and polychaetes were the dominant taxa collected during both sampling periods. Three different estimates of food availability were examined taking into account principal food item information and biomass estimates. All three estimates provided a slightly different view of potential resources but were consistent in indicating that food resource values for juvenile Gulf sturgeon are spatially heterogeneous within the Suwannee River estuary.
Two years' follow-up of asthmatic boys participating in a physical activity programme.

. Graff-Lonnevig, V., Bevegard, S., Eriksson, B. O., Kraepelien, S. and Saltin, B. (Department of Allergology, Sachs' Children's Hospital and the Department of Clinical Physiology, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden). Two years follow-up of asthmatic boys participating in a physical activity programme. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 347, 1980.—Eleven boys with bronchial asthma, mean age 11.2 years, participated in a 20-month long physical activity programme. The training was performed in an ordinary indoor gymnasium for one hour twice a week. No drugs were given prior to the training sessions. Cardiorespiratory function and dimensions and maximal aerobic capacity were determined before, during and after the training period. The respiratory and circulatory dimensions increased as expected during the observation period and after correction for the influence of growth no changes were seen in the variables studied. Nor did the training group differ significantly in any respect from a group of nine asthmatic boys not trained. There was only a slight but not significant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake and the ventilatory coefficient in the training group as compared to the non training group. After a one-week winter-camp with high exercise intensity there was a rise in the total ventilation, the ventilatory coefficient and the maximal work performed but the maximal oxygen uptake was not affected. All boys showed a very good ability to participate in the physical activity programme at approximately the same level as the physical education given at school.
Testing for Change Points in Time Series

This article considers the CUSUM-based (cumulative sum) test for a change point in a time series. In the case of testing for a mean shift, the traditional Kolmogorov–Smirnov test statistic involves a consistent long-run variance estimator, which is needed to make the limiting null distribution free of nuisance parameters. The commonly used lag-window type long-run variance estimator requires to choose a bandwidth parameter and its selection is a difficult task in practice. The bandwidth that is a fixed function of the sample size (e.g., n1/3, where n is sample size) is not adaptive to the magnitude of the dependence in the series, whereas the data-dependent bandwidth could lead to nonmonotonic power as shown in previous studies. In this article, we propose a self-normalization (SN) based Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, where the formation of the self-normalizer takes the change point alternative into account. The resulting test statistic is asymptotically distribution free and its power is monotonic. Furthermore...
Killer cells reactive to altered-self antigens can also be alloreactive

Murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes immunized against cells bearing foreign minor histocompatibility antigens are specific for the immunizing minor antigens and for their own major H-2 antigens; they do not lyse target cells that bear the correct minor antigens plus a different H-2 haplotype. These are referred to as "altered-self" or "self-plus-X" killer cells. Alloreactive killer cells are those which respond to allogeneic cells expressing a foreign (non-self) H-2 haplotype. In this study, cytotoxic lymphocytes were immunized against minor histocompatibility differences in vivo and in vitro. These effector cells killed the immunizing altered-self target very well and showed about 1% cross-reactive lysis of an allogeneic target differing from themselves only at H-2. These cross-reactive clones were then selected for by repeated in vitro stimulation with the cells bearing foreign H-2 such that an effector population was obtained which lysed both the altered-self and the alloreactive target with the same efficiency. Cold target competition experiments established that the same killer cell could lyse either target; however, it was not determined if a killer cell uses the same receptor to respond to altered-self antigens as it does respond to foreign H-2 antigens.
Pseudoaneurysm of the common femoral vein as a late complication of right heart catheterization

Complications following venous punctures are unusual. We describe a case of a false common femoral vein aneurysm following right heart catheterization in a patient with systemic venous hypertension due to tricuspid regurgitation. The initial interpretation of the Doppler ultrasound study lead to a digital subtraction femoral arteriogram which was normal. Magnetic resonance venography demonstrated a femoral venous pseudoaneurysm.
A FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT THEORY OF THE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION

Certain unique operational and financial characteristics of nonprofit organizations prevent the transfer and successful application of orthodox economic and financial management theories to financial management decisions in the nonprofit context. These characteristics include a dual management structure composed of professional and financial managers, multiple objectives, legal restrictions on the disposition of earnings and assets, and the constant threat of illiquidity as the result of the uncoupling of organizational goals and cash flows. The financial management theory presented here separates the financial management goals from the professional goals and allows the finance practitioner to concentrate on keeping the nonprofit organization operating as a going concern. The theory is designed as a “partial” theory of the firm and is completely consonant with accepted economic orthodoxy. Hence, by employing financial decision rules based on the new theory, a nonprofit organization can survive financially through time while its professional manager pursues utility-denominated goals delineated by the organization's tax-exempt status.
Abnormal prolactin responsivity to dopaminergic suppression in hyperprolactinemic patients

Abstract Previous in vivo studies have shown that the constant infusion of dopamine suppresses prolactin (PRL) levels to within the normal range in a variety of hyperprolactinemic states, but there are no data on the relative suppressibility of the lactotroph in patients with hyperprolactinemia or on their metabolism of dopamine. Consequently, six patients with elevated PRL levels received a dopamine infusion of 4 μg/kg/min to study PRL clearance while another eight patients underwent a graded infusion at rates of 0, 1, 2 and 4 μg/kg/min to test PRL suppressibility. In four patients of the latter group an 8 μg/kg/min infusion rate was added. Healthy volunteer control subjects underwent comparable studies. PRL was measured by radioimmunoassay and dopamine by radioenzymatic techniques. The absolute PRL levels at each infusion rate were greater in the patients than in the control subjects. During the 4 μg/kg/min infusion rate, the respective PRL concentrations were 8.2 ± 1.8 and 2.0 ±0.1 ng/ml, (p
`Complicated migraine-like episodes' in children following cranial irradiation and chemotherapy

Neurologic sequelae may occur months to years after cranial irradiation. The site of primary damage is probably the vascular endothelium. Over a 2.8-year period, four children with brain tumors, a mean of 11 years of age at diagnosis (range, 6.5 to 15.5 years), had new onset of severe intermittent unilateral headaches associated with nausea, episodic visual loss, hemiparesis, aphasia, or hemisensory loss. The headaches lasted 2 to 24 hours. All patients had previously received whole-brain (2,400 to 3,600 cGy) and additional local boost (1,800 to 3,100 cGy) cranial irradiation, as well as cisplatin-, lomustine-, and vincristine-containing chemotherapy regimens. Symptoms began 1.2 to 2.8 years after the diagnosis, when all had stable disease and were off treatment. MRI studies were unchanged, and CSF cytology, EEGs, echocardiograms, and magnetic resonance angiograms were normal in all. Cerebral angiograms, performed in three children, were normal but led to severe headaches and neurologic deficits (hemiparesis in one and visual loss in two) that resolved after 24 to 48 hours. Response to antimigraine and antiplatelet medications was variable. We conclude that (1) "complicated migraine-like episodes" may occur in children after cranial irradiation and chemotherapy as a sequela of therapy; (2) these headaches may not be the harbinger of impending strokes, severe intracranial vasculitis, or tumor recurrence; and (3) while cerebral angiography may be useful in differential diagnosis, it may cause transient worsening of symptoms.
Development impact fees and employment

Abstract Development impact fees have sparked considerable controversy as they have spread rapidly in usage throughout the United States. One contentious issue is the effect that these fees have on local economic development. While some scholars have argued that impact fees attract jobs by reducing developers' uncertainty, the development community maintains that they operate as an excise tax, reducing commercial development and driving away jobs. We use Florida county level panel data, from 1990–2005, to investigate the relationship between private employment and different types of impact fees. We find that commercial fees and school fees have countervailing effects, with the former repelling jobs and the latter attracting jobs. These results are consistent with our theory driven expectations. Our investigation also suggests that differences between our results and those obtained in prior studies can be attributed to two factors: the latter studies' violation of the condition of strict exogeneity required for consistent estimation and a failure to account for differential employment effects across various types of impact fees.
The nucleation of Ni silicides on dislocations and twins in silicon.

Silicon specimens which are compressed and cooled under a high stress are used to study the formation of Ni silicides on dislocations and twins. A dark field TEM method is used to identify the crystal structures. At 260 °C, three phases are observed on the edges of a twin, a layer of Ni2Si, a small NiSi phase, and a cloud-like transition phase of NiSi2 of the Si sublattice with Ni on tetrahedral sites. Phases are visible on the partial dislocations but not on the stacking fault in the dislocation nose. In specimens aged at 320 °C, a layer of Ni2Si, NiSi, and Ni3Si are found on one side of the boundary. The Schottky barrier height is influenced by the contributions to the free energy change associated with the phase transformation. The chemical, surface, and strain terms can change the surface state density and band gap width. Since the surface energy is the dominant term in the Ni2Si transformation, a layer forms which can maximize the reduction in surface energy by having one surface in contact with the twin boundary. In the nucleation of NiSi and Ni3Si, the surface and interaction energy determine the nucleation site. The surface energy is reduced by nucleation on the twin or the Ni2Si–Si interface. NiSi is favored to form in regions of compression and Ni3Si in regions of tension near where the dislocations in the twin terminate. In Siliziumproben, die komprimiert und unter hoher Spannung abgekuhlt werden, wird die Bildung von Ni-Siliziden an Versetzungen und Zwillingen untersucht. Eine Dunkelfeld-TEM-Methode wird zur Identifizierung der Kristallstruktur verwendet. Bei 260 °C werden drei Phasen an den Kanten eines Zwillings beobachtet, eine Schicht von Ni2Si, eine kleine NiSi-Phase und eine wolkenahnliche Ubergangsphase von NiSi2 des Si-Untergitters mit Ni auf Tetraederplatzen. Die Phasen sind sichtbar auf den Teilversetzungen jedoch nicht auf den Stapelfehlern an der Versetzungsspitze. Die Hohe der Schottkybarriere wird durch die Beitrage zur Anderung der freien Energie beeinflust, die mit dem Phasenubergang verbunden ist. Die chemischen, und die Oberflachen-und Spannungsterme konnen die Oberflachenzustandsdichte und die Breite der Bandlucke andern. Da die Oberflachenenergie der dominierende Term der Ni2Si-Transformation ist, bildet sich eine Schicht, die die Verringerung der Oberflachenenergie durch das Vorhandensein einer Oberflache im Kontakt mit der Zwillingsgrenze maximieren kann. Bei der Keimbildung von NiSi und Ni3Si bestimmen die Oberflachen- und Wechselwirkungsenergie den Keimbildungsplatz. Die Oberflachenenergie wird durch Keimbildung auf der Zwillings- oder der Ni2Si–Si-Grenzflache reduziert. NiSi bildet sich bevorzugt in Bereichen der Kompression und Ni3Si in Bereichen der Dehnung in der Nahe der Stelle, an der die Versetzungen im Zwilling enden.
Molecular genetics of Alzheimer's disease

The part that genetics plays in the origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex problem that is only now, in the last few years, beginning to be understood. Progress in the study of the epidemiology of AD, discovery of multiple AD loci, and interpreting how mutations affect and produce the AD phenotype have been the initial keys to unlocking the mysteries of this disease. We now know of the existence of at least three AD loci on chromosomes 14, 19, and 21 and are beginning to understand the role that one of these loci, APP, and its mutations plays in the progression of AD. On future studies using animal modeling and the positional cloning of the other AD loci, a definite model for AD should become evident within the next few years.
An axisymmetric view of concentric eyewall evolution in Hurricane Rita (2005)

AbstractMultiplatform observations of Hurricane Rita (2005) were collected as part of the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (RAINEX) field campaign during a concentric eyewall stage of the storm’s life cycle that occurred during 21–22 September. Satellite, aircraft, dropwindsonde, and Doppler radar data are used here to examine the symmetric evolution of the hurricane as it underwent eyewall replacement.During the approximately 1-day observation period, developing convection associated with the secondary eyewall became more symmetric and contracted inward. Latent heating in the emergent secondary eyewall led to the development of a distinct toroidal (overturning) circulation with inertially constrained radial inflow above the boundary layer and compensating subsidence in the moat region, properties that are consistent broadly with the balanced vortex response to an imposed ring of diabatic heating outside the primary eyewall. The primary eyewall’s convection became more asymmetric during ...
Anaerobic bioremediation of RDX by ovine whole rumen fluid and pure culture isolates

The ability of ruminal microbes to degrade the explosive compound hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in ovine whole rumen fluid (WRF) and as 24 bacte- rial isolates was examined under anaerobic conditions. Compound degradation was monitored by high- performance liquid chromatography analysis, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identifi- cation of metabolites. Organisms in WRF microcosms de- graded 180 μM RDX within 4 h. Nitroso-intermediates hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX), hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine (DNX), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) were pres- ent as early as 0.25 h and were detected throughout the 24- h incubation period, representing one reductive pathway of ring cleavage. Following reduction to MNX, peaks consis- tent with m/z 193 and 174 were also produced, which were unstable and resulted in rapid ring cleavage to a common metabolite consistent with an m/z of 149. These represent two additional reductive pathways for RDX degradation in ovine WRF, which have not been previously reported. The 24 ruminal isolates degraded RDX with varying efficiencies (0-96 %) over 120 h. Of the most efficient degraders iden- tified, Clostridium polysaccharolyticum and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. desulfuricans degraded RDX when medium was supplemented with both nitrogen and carbon, while Anaerovibrio lipolyticus, Prevotella ruminicola, and Streptococcus bovis IFO utilized RDX as a sole source of nitrogen. This study showed that organisms in whole rumen fluid, as well as several ruminal isolates, have the ability to degrade RDX in vitro and, for the first time, delineated the metabolic pathway for its biodegradation.
Updating, supposing, and maxent

The philosophical controversy concerning the logical status of MAXENTmay be in large measure due to the conflation of two distinct logical roles:(1) A general inductive principle for updating subjective probabilities (2)a supposing rule for moving from one chance probability to another.When judged under standards of dynamic coherence appropriate to (1),MAXENT is found wanting. When judged in terms of the logic appro-priate to (2) MAXENT yields for convex closed constraint sets a reason-able selection function with interesting connections with sufficiency andconditioning. Indeed it is just the features of MAXENT which make itappropriate for (2) which make it inappropriate for (1). MAXENT canbe thought of as part of Bayesian logic. But it is part of the logic ofsupposition rather than the logic of induction.
Electron—Atom (Molecule) Collision Processes

Electron-atom (molecule) collision processes at low and intermediate energies are discussed. Measurements of collision cross sections are described briefly. The experimental techniques and the interpretation of observations are illustrated by specific examples.
WDM-based local lightwave networks. I. Single-hop systems

An overview of emerging all-optical networks is given. The characteristics and alternative architectures for single-hop systems are discussed. The characteristics of lightwave technology that facilitate the design of wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks are reviewed, and it is explained how WDM local networks can be built based on the single-hop and multihop approaches. Various categories of single-hop systems are discussed: experimental systems, systems based on no pretransmission coordination, and systems based on pretransmission coordination, which also require a separate control channel. A simple classification for single-hop systems is provided. >
Polar Radar for Ice Sheet Measurements (PRISM)

Abstract We provide an overview of a project to develop and demonstrate radars for imaging the ice–bed interface, mapping shallow and deep internal layers, and measuring ice thickness. We developed an ultra-wideband very high-frequency (VHF) radar (120 to 300 MHz) for simultaneously measuring ice thickness, mapping internal layers at depth, and imaging the ice–bed interface, and an ultra high-frequency (UHF) ultra-wideband radar (500 to 2000 MHz) for fine-resolution mapping of near-surface internal layers. We used these radars to collect data at Summit Camp, Greenland, during July 2005, and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) deep drill core site during January 2006. These results provide us with an unprecedented view of basal characteristics and internal layers. We also developed an outreach program, a communications system, and rovers to facilitate geophysical measurements in the future.
Importin-Beta and Ran Regulate the Passive Permeability Barrier in the Nuclear Pore Complex

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a large, multi-protein assembly that mediates the selective transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus in eukaryotic cells. While the proteins involved in the transport pathway have largely been identified, the physical mechanism by which this complex can support both efficient and selective molecular transport remains unclear. Using fluorescence microscopy and super-resolution imaging techniques, we have examined how nuclear transport receptors influence the permeability properties of the NPC for both active and passive transport processes. We find that importin-β binding to the nucleoporin Nup153 significantly slows passive transport through the NPC; however, Ran in its GTP-bound form reverses this effect. FRAP studies reveal that RanGTP weakens the binding interaction of importin-β to the NPC. Furthermore, STORM imaging of individual importin-β localizations inside the NPC show that RanGTP dramatically changes the importin-β distribution within the channel. These results suggest that importin-β in conjunction with Nup153 is an integral component of the NPC permeability barrier which is regulated by RanGTP.
Bearing Capacity of Nonhomogeneous Clay Layers under Embankments

The slip-line method is used to calculate limit loads on layers of weak soil. A horizontal load component of arbitrary intensity is accounted for. The soil is considered cohesive, with the undrained shear strength increasing with depth. The slip-line solutions presented are proved to be lower bounds to the true limit loads. The upper-bound results are also presented, though the details of the solution are omitted. Limit loads are presented in the form of graphs. The total load on the foundation soil from embankments is vertical and equal to the weight of the embankment fill. The outward-acting symmetrical tangential load under unreinforced embankments is caused, however, by the horizontal thrust in the embankment fill. A simple method for calculating this horizontal load is suggested, and a proposal for arriving at failure heights of both unreinforced and reinforced embankments is given. A failure height calculation for a case history is presented. Also, a generic example of critical height prediction for a reinforced and an unreinforced embankment is shown.
Reversible renal fibromuscular dysplasia.

Because fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery is considered a progressive disease, most authorities agree that patients with renovascular hypertension caused by the disease should be treated either surgically or by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the renal artery [1-4]. We have observed a patient with hyperreninemic hypertension and fibromuscular dysplasia of the right renal artery who refused surgical correction 1 1 years ago. Her hypertension was satisfactorily treated medically during this period. A second renal arteriogram performed recently showed complete reversal of the fibromuscular dysplasia.
Chromosomes 18 and X are quantitative trait loci for nephrotic-range proteinuria in rats.

Numerous cellular and molecular perturbations have been studied to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying nephrotic-range proteinuria, which may in turn shed light on disease-specific mechanisms. We have analyzed the publicly available data from the PhysGen partial panel of consomic rats to determine whether there are quantitative trait loci that associate with nephrotic-range proteinuria. As of this writing, consomic rat strains subjected to the renal protocol have been bred by the Program for Genomic Applications for 15 of the 22 rat chromosomes for both genders, predominantly with the Brown–Norway (BN) and Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) strains as parents. We defined chromosomes of interest as consomic SS-xBN strains whose phenotype measurements differed significantly from SS but not BN strains, stratified by gender. We filtered and clustered differentially expressed genes by function in renal tissue from relevant strains. Proteinuria was significantly higher in male SS vs. male SS-18BN, and it was significantly higher in male SS vs. female SS. Functional clustering of differentially expressed genes yielded two specific functional clusters: apoptosis (p=0.022) and angiogenesis (p=0.046). Gene expression profiles demonstrated differential expression of apoptotic and angiogenic genes. However, TUNEL stains of renal tissue showed no significant difference in the number of apoptotic nuclei. We conclude that chromosomes 18 and X are quantitative trait loci for nephrotic-range proteinuria in rats.
Polyphenoloxidase in Bartlett Pearsa

SUMMARY The characteristics of polyphenoloxidase in Bartlett pears were investigated. In a citrate-phosphate buffer containing 0.03M catechol as the substrate, activity of the pear polyphenoloxidase was greatest in the pH range 5.8-6.4, being optimum at pH 6.2. The Michaelis constant of the enzyme was 0.048M at pH 6.2 in a citrate-phosphate buffer. It was active only on phenolic compounds having an ortho-diphenolic configuration. Neither the meta- nor para-dihydroxy phenolic compounds nor phenol was attacked. The energy of activation for pear polyphenoloxidase on catechol was 4.9 kcal per mole. Oxygen was necessary for browning of catechol to take place in the presence of pear polyphenoloxidase, and the activity was greatly decreased when the concentration of oxygen in the reaction mixture was lowered. Diethyldithiocarbamate, a copper-chelating agent, and phloroglucinol, a competitive inhibitor, reduced browning markedly, but ascorbic acid was most effective of all. It was noted that ascorbic acid acts as an antioxidant rather than as a true enzyme inhibitor. Iodoacet-amide, a sulfhydryl inhibitor, had no effect on rate of browning. Methods for preventing brown discoloration in canned pears are discussed.
Hume on Economic Policy and Human Nature

Subsequent to publishing A Treatise of Human Nature,1 Hume wrote nine essays concerning political economy.2 His analysis, reflections, and policy proposals respond to a transitional3 period in British social and commercial life.4 On the eve of the industrial revolution Hume would have observed an ascendant merchant class, primitive manufacturing activity, increased agricultural productivity, burgeoning foreign trade, and growing urban population centers. These developments were evident throughout Hume's formative years, a time of relative peace and prosperity, notwithstanding bouts of crippling inflation.5 Hume penned his economic essays before the emergence of a comprehensive account of classical economic theory.6 The Wealth of Nations would clarify the relationship between national power7 and the affluence of individual citizens. Although we still argue various aspects of this relationship, Smith at least defined many of the terms of the debate. But Hume confronted a period of greater economic and intellectual uncertainty concerning this fundamental issue of political economy. Some pre-classicists advocated protectionist tariffs and low wages as a way to bolster national treasuries and power.8 These proposals justified state intervention on the basis of nation-building. And the intellectual climate of this period retained vestiges of the seventeenth-century denunciation of ostentatious wealth as immoral. The so-called religious "enthusiasts" worried about spiritual or religious corruption in a period of rising affluence.9 Still others, of a more liberal bent, addressed these issues
Using instant messenger in the finance course

Purpose – New technologies have provided new tools we may use as finance professors to communicate with our students. Instant messaging (IM) has become a common communication tool in industry and among students. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of IM as a communication tool in finance courses.Design/methodology/approach – After reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of IM, the students were surveyed to determine how they viewed IM in comparison to other communication techniques.Findings – The paper finds that 50 per cent or students use IM at any time (not just for class). The majority of the IM users, use it several times a day and have used it for two to three years. Only about 15.7 per cent of our students have used IM for our classes. The range of IM usage in the classes is 7‐25 per cent. Of those students who have used IM for our courses, they have used it 2‐5 times during the semester and almost all students found it useful. Students were asked to rate various methods of profe...
Location-specific Transition Distributions for Tracking

Surveillance and tracking systems often observe the same scene over extended time periods. When object motion is constrained by the scene (for instance, cars on roads, or pedestrians on sidewalks), it is advantageous to characterize and use scene-specific and location-specific priors to aid the tracking algorithm. This paper develops and demonstrates a method for creating priors for tracking that are conditioned on the current location of the object in the scene. These priors can be naturally incorporated in a number of tracking algorithms to make tracking more efficient and more accurate. We present a novel method to sample from these priors and show performance improvements (in both efficiency and accuracy) for two different tracking algorithms in two different problem domains.
Scaffold-based delivery of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for mandibular distraction osteogenesis: preliminary studies in a porcine model.

Purpose Bone regeneration through distraction osteogenesis (DO) is promising but remarkably slow. To accelerate it, autologous mesenchymal stem cells have been directly injected to the distraction site in a few recent studies. Compared to direct injection, a scaffold-based method can provide earlier cell delivery with potentially better controlled cell distribution and retention. This pilot project investigated a scaffold-based cell-delivery approach in a porcine mandibular DO model.
Effect of Loading Wave Profile on Hydrodynamic Void Collapse in Detonation Initiation

We experimentally and numerically investigate void collapse as a mechanism for detonation initiation in porous energetic materials under a stress-wave loading condition, representative of accidental mechanical insult. In contrast to the step loading of a shock, a stress wave induces a ramp loading, where length scales of the wave may be comparable to the void size. Using an inert and transparent polymer material, we decouple the reactive and material aspects of void collapse, and focus instead on the hydrodynamic process of interactive void collapse. Diagnostic techniques include high speed shadowgraph movies of the collapsing voids and particle image velocimetry in the surrounding material. Two dimensional finite volume simulations compare the interaction of a single void undergoing ramp and shock wave loading. Voids exhibit asymmetric collapse, with formation of a high speed jet that originates from proximal wall of the void. Data obtained, including internal volume histories and collapse times of current experiments and simulations, are reported and compared with shock-induced cavity collapse data from the literature.
Low Cost Mold Development for Prototype Parts Produced by Vacuum Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM)

A low cost prototype mold, used in the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process, was developed and manufactured using inexpensive materials and tooling methods. Several available mold materials were investigated from Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and aluminum to less conventional materials such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and oak. Through a multiple generation approach, a fully functional mold was developed capable of producing parts of accurate and reproducible dimensions. The use of conventional machine shops over fully automated machine shops was utilized for additional savings. Race tracking is a common problem in the VARTM process. A two-part room temperature vulcanizing rubber was used to seal the ends of the fibers and act as a mold gasket for vacuum. These baffles, created by sealing the fiber ends to the mold, forced the resin through the fibers and eliminated the race-tracking problem.
Narrowband Filter Photometry of Five Comets

Abstract Eighty-five photometric scans of the inner comae of Comets P/Giacobini-Zinner, Sorrells, Bradfield, Furuyama, and P/Borrelly were obtained from 1985–1988. These comets were each observed on at least one night during this period of time, using narrowband filters to isolate C 2 , C 3 , and CN emission and the blue and UV continuum. Molecular column densities and production rates were calculated for Bradfield, Furuyama, and P/Borrelly. For Comet Bradfield the post-perihelion production rates were plotted against the Sun–comet distance ( r ) and were found to vary as r −1.9 (C 2 ), r −1.6 (C 3 ), r −1.9 (CN), and r −1.4 (dust). In addition, the production rate ratios were shown to have no significant dependence upon activity or Sun–comet distance.
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of the TiO 2 ( 110 ) surface: Structure and the nucleation growth of Pd

The surface structure of ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ has been reexamined using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), especially in terms of its temperature dependency. A dramatic topographic change was observed around 725 K, which is most likely due to the oxygen desorption into the gas phase and the simultaneous diffusion of Ti into the bulk. The atomically resolved STM images show a strong dependency on the tip composition and allow a double-bridging oxygen vacancy to be identified. The nucleation and growth of Pd on the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}(110)$ surface have also been studied at the nucleation stage with atomic resolution. Both dimer and tetramer Pd clusters have been observed; however no single Pd atoms were detected. These results support the ``classical'' nucleation model which assumes that only monomers are mobile, whereas dimers are stable nuclei. A marked preferential nucleation and growth of Pd clusters at step edges have also been observed. In addition to topographic structures, the local electronic properties of the Pd clusters have been studied to relate cluster structure to electronic composition.
Perspectives on practicing procedures on the newly dead.

Invasive procedures are commonly practiced and taught on newly deceased patients (the newly dead) in emergency and critical care settings. Justified by the claim of necessity for professional competence to provide lifesaving care, these procedures, commonly hidden from public and professional scrutiny, are frequently performed on the newly dead without consent from family or interested parties. Objective: To describe older adults' beliefs about practicing and teaching lifesaving procedures on the newly dead and their belief about the requirement for consent for these procedures. Methods: An exploratory, descriptive design used a seven-item Likert-type instrument with open-ended questions to gather data from a convenience sample of 100 adults in two metropolitan cities. Results: The typical respondent was 74.5 years old (mean; range of 55-95 years), female (71%), and married (44.8%) or widowed (36.5%). Most respondents were high school graduates (94%), and 63% had some level of college education. The majority of the sample was white (75%), they were predominately Protestant (40%), and 72% reported their health as good to excellent. Most study participants believed that practicing or teaching lifesaving skills on a newly dead body is acceptable (54%), and that provision for consent is necessary (80%). Planning to donate organs and preferring an autopsy were associated with agreeing that using the newly dead body for skill practice was acceptable; preferring cremation was related to believing that consent for skill practice on the newly dead was not necessary. Conclusions: The participants in this study value the use of the newly dead to practice and teach lifesaving skills, and believe that consent for this practice is necessary.
Effect of wind speed variation on the short-circuit contribution of a wind turbine

This paper investigates the effect of wind speed variation on short-circuit current contribution from a fixed-speed wind turbine. The focus is on fixed-speed wind turbines since this type of wind turbines can contribute fault currents as high as 6 or more times the rated current. The study is motivated by the fact that wind speed variation affects the internal voltage of the generator. As a result, if a fault occurs when the internal generator voltage is maximum, the fault current will be maximum. When the internal voltage is minimum, it will result in minimum short-circuit current. Hence, the objective in this paper is to study how significant this variation in fault current is with respect to the protective device settings calculated from the IEC 60909 Standard. Although this Standard has been developed for traditional power systems, it is a common practice to use it in networks interconnected with distributed generation. Five comprehensive case studies have been conducted. For each case study, the maximum and minimum fault current is calculated using the IEC Standard 60909 and compared with simulation results at different wind speeds.
THE EFFECT OF REDUNDANT CUES, SEVERITY OF THE DIAGNOSIS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL INFORMATION ON MEDICAL DECISION MAKING

THE EFFECT OF REDUNDANT CUES, SEVERITY OF THE DIAGNOSIS, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL INFORMATION ON MEDICAL DECISION MAKING
Solar proton events during the past three solar cycles

More than 200 solar proton events with a flux of over 10 particles/sq cm sec sr above 10 MeV have been recorded at the earth since 1955; at least 15 percent of these events had protons with energies greater than 450 MeV. Although the majority of solar proton events occur in the years around sunspot maximum, these events, including those with relativistic protons, also occur during sunspot minimum. Detector technology has evolved during the last three solar cycles so that a uniform data base does not exist. A count of the number of solar proton events above a specific flux level does not indicate a recognizable trend over the three solar cycles. However, an analysis of the particle fluence in major events indicates that the 19th solar cycle was the most energetic. 63 refs.
An integration of constraints and benefits within an older women's social club: an examination, extension and critique.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and extend aspects of Crompton, Jackson, and Witt's (2005) integrated model of constraints and benefits with a convenience sample of participants in the Red Hat Society® (N = 3,573), a social club for women aged 50 and older. In addition to constraints and benefits, model factors included motivations, attitudes, organization-based values, and sociodemographic factors (e.g., age, education, income, health). The extended model positing more pathways among factors was a better fit of the data and provided significant additional explanation of participation and realized benefits. Both gendered constraints and organization-based constraints contributed to the final model. The largest contributor to perceived benefits and participation was the value of dressing up. The investigators discuss the implications of these findings in relation to previous research and for the development of social leisure programs for middle-aged and older women in park and recreation settings.
Verbal intelligence and susceptibility to visual illusions.

A number of smdies have investigated the relationship between intelligence and susceptibility to visual illusions. One by Spirz and Blackman (1958) showed no differences in susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer lllusion for a group of retarded males (IQ = 6 9 ) and high school students (IQ = 9 6 ) . Similarly, in rwo earlier studies no significant correlation between scores on the American Council on Education Tests and magnitude of susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer Illusion in colleyc.aged Ss was noted (Crossland, Taylor, & Newson, 1927, 1929). A review of other scud~es relating illusory phenomena to cognitive functioning may be found in Pollack (1969) . The previously cited investigations have used what Piaget (1967) has termed a type I illusion, i.e., the magnimde of susceptibiliry decreases with age from childhood to adulthood. A rype 11 illusion, on the other hand, is produced by a physical or temporal separation between illusion elements and increases in magnitude from childhood to adulthood. The present purpose was to assess the relationship between verbal intelligence and susceptibility to both a rype I and type I1 illusion in a middleto old-age sample. A total of 135 male VA domiciliary members between 55 to 75 yr. of age were administered four trials with the Mueller-Lyer illusion (length of variable balanced) and two trials of the Titchener Circles Illusion. The averaged difference between objective and subjective equality was the measure of susceptibility. Verbal intelligence was measured by means of the Shipley Vocabulary Test (Boyle, 1967). Susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer Illusion correlated -.20 (Pearson) ( p < .OS) with the Shipley Vocabulary Test, and susceptibility to the Titchener Circles Illusion correlated .06 with Shipley scores. A retest 6 mo. later gave an r of -.26 ( p < .05) between susceptibility to the Mueller-Lyer Illusion and the Shipley Vocabulary Test, and of .08 between suscepribiliry to the Titchener Circles Illusion and Shipley scores. These suggest that in an adult and aging sample, a type I illusion shows a slight relationship to verbal intelligence, but that a type I1 illusion shows virtually no relationship to verbal intelligence.
Diversity of antimicrobial use and resistance in 42 hospitals in the United States.

Study Objective. To measure diversity (or heterogeneity) of antibiotic use in a sample of hospitals in the United States and to assess an association with bacterial resistance. Design. Observational cross-sectional study. Setting. Forty-two general medical-surgical hospitals, mostly in the Eastern United States. Data Source. Administrative claims data and hospital antibiograms during 2003. Measurements and Main Results. Antibiotic use was measured by defined daily dose (DDD), and diversity was assessed by using Simpson's Index and the Shannon-Weiner Index. Aggregated antibiograms (from 17 hospitals) were used to assess resistance. There were a total of 3,655,579 patient-days during 2003, with a mean ± SD of 87,037 ± 62,679 patient-days/hospital. Mean ± SD antibiotic use was 704 ± 244 DDD/1000 patient-days/hospital, and fluoroquinolones represented the largest single class. Mean ± SD diversity by Simpson's Index was 0.861 ± 0.022/hospital, and a strong correlation was noted between the two diversity measures. Multivariate analysis found no significant relationship between diversity and the proportion of resistant pathogens. Conclusion. Diversity of aggregate antibiotic use can be measured, but additional investigations are needed to determine if it is a useful strategy to contain resistance.
The use of Rh-positive blood cells in the treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis

W ITH our present knowledge, erythroblastosis fetalis may be said to be a disease of two phases. First, acute hemolytic anemia, and second, liver ! dysfunction. Any acute hemolytic anemia needs red blood cells in large quantities quickly. With the development of the scalp vein technique for transfusing infants, the mortality rate of this disease began to drop. However, recognition of the mechanism back of the hemolysis has caused great concern over the selection of the type of blood for transfusion. Soon after the original publication of Levine and Katzin 1 in regard to the Rh factor in this disease, we were fortunate in obtaining from a mother of a baby with erythroblastosis a very potent anti-Rh serum. With this serum and the cooperation of all of the hospitals in St. Louis, we had the opportunity of examining the blood and treating a proportionately large group of cases of hemolytic anemia of the newborn with severe icterus. We found during this study 2 that the identification of Rh type accordingly required particular technique which at that time fortunately was available to us at St. Louis University. At that particular time, Dr. Gallagher examined the blood of the freshman and sophomore medical school classes and obtained five Rh-negative donors. The blood of these men was administered in a number of cases of erythroblastosis. Clinically, the results were not any more impressive than when we used Rhpositive blood. However, recent articles by Weiner 3 have given great import to the use of Rh-negative blood as a treatment of the infant with erythroblastosis fetalis. On the other hand, to evaluate comparatively the use of Rhpositive blood (which is always more readily available) is still the interest of the authors. The following factors influenced our thinking:
The Tampa “Smart CCTV” Experiment

In June 2001, a neighborhood in Tampa, Florida called Ybor City became the first urban area in the United States to be fitted with a “Smart CCTV” system. Visionics Corporation began a project with the Tampa Police Department to incorporate the company’s facial recognition technology (FRT), called FaceIt, into an existing 36-camera CCTV system covering several blocks along two of the main avenues. However, this “smart surveillance” experiment did not go as smoothly as its planners had hoped. After a two-year free trial period, the TPD abandoned the effort to integrate facial recognition with the CCTV system in August 2003, citing its failure to identify a single wanted individual. This essay chronicles the experiment with FRT in Ybor City and argues that the project’s failure should not be viewed as solely a technical one. Most significantly, the failure of the Ybor City “Smart CCTV” experiment reveals the extent to which new surveillance technologies represent sites of struggle over the extent and limits of police power in advanced liberal democracies.
A possibly monosynaptic component of the dorsal root potential.

Abstract Days to weeks after spinal cord asphyxiations up to 90 min in duration, dorsal root potentials (DRPs) and dorsal root reflexes (DRRs) could be recorded in cats. These potentials had a relatively long (0.9–2.4 msec) latency which suggested the presence of a chemical synapse in the reflex path. They were up to about 0.1 mV in magnitude. The DRP in asphyxiated preparations showed little postactivation depression and could follow relatively high frequencies of stimulation. Severe loss of the neurones in the dorsal horn was found in these preparations. In normal cats after a 0.9–2.6 msec latency a low potential DRP was observed which resembled the potential in asphyxiated preparations. After a latency of 3.1–5.4 msec this was followed by a much larger potential. The latter potential showed a marked postactivation depression and was eliminated by stimulation at a rate of 10/sec. The small, early potential was not affected by this rate of stimulation. It was suggested that the DRP and DRR in asphyxiated preparations are mediated by direct monosynaptic connections of endings of primary sensory fibres on the endings of other sensory fibres. This mechanism would also be present in normal cats, but would be overshadowed by the large, later DRP mediated by a chain of interneurones.