cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CNN-based detection of distal tibial fractures in radiographic images in the setting of open growth plates

The goal of this study was to assess the performance of a deep convolutional neural network trained with a limited number of cases for the detection of distal tibial fractures in children.We identified 516 ankle and leg radiographic exams in children (6.4±4.4 (mean±s.d) years) containing 2118 individual images. Radiographs with implants, casts, advanced healing, and including other pathology such as intra-osseous bone lesions were excluded. After these exclusions, 490 positive distal tibial fracture radiographs were identified and a matching number of normal radiographs ware selected, creating a dataset of 980 radiographs. These were sequentially partitioned, in 10 permutations, into a training set (784 radiographs), validation set (98 radiographs) and a test set (98 radiographs), with equal numbers of fracture and normal radiographs in each set. A modified transfer learning network based on the Xception-V3 architecture with additional fully convoluted reasoning layers was trained against each of the subsets. The best performing trained network successfully recognized 47 of 49 fractures and 47 of 49 normal exams (95.9% accuracy). The best three performing networks were all very similar, with accuracy of 95.6 ± 0.6%. In no instances were normal physes or normal developmental epiphyseal or medial malleolus fragmentation misclassified as a fracture. Using a pre-trained deep convolutional neural network adapted to identifying or excluding distal tibial fractures in children using only a small number of radiographs is feasible and highly accurate without the need for the large training sets typically needed for network training.
Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple Procedure)

Lesions at the head of the pancreas, ampullary tumors and lesion at the second portion of the duodenum require a pancreaticoduodenectomy and subsequent reconstruction with a hepaticojejunostomy, pancreaticojejunostomy and gastojejunostomy. If the portal vein is involved, a vascular reconstruction needs to be performed. The present chapter discusses a Whipple procedure.
Lightweight Data Fusion with Conjugate Mappings.

We present an approach to data fusion that combines the interpretability of structured probabilistic graphical models with the flexibility of neural networks. The proposed method, lightweight data fusion (LDF), emphasizes posterior analysis over latent variables using two types of information: primary data, which are well-characterized but with limited availability, and auxiliary data, readily available but lacking a well-characterized statistical relationship to the latent quantity of interest. The lack of a forward model for the auxiliary data precludes the use of standard data fusion approaches, while the inability to acquire latent variable observations severely limits direct application of most supervised learning methods. LDF addresses these issues by utilizing neural networks as conjugate mappings of the auxiliary data: nonlinear transformations into sufficient statistics with respect to the latent variables. This facilitates efficient inference by preserving the conjugacy properties of the primary data and leads to compact representations of the latent variable posterior distributions. We demonstrate the LDF methodology on two challenging inference problems: (1) learning electrification rates in Rwanda from satellite imagery, high-level grid infrastructure, and other sources; and (2) inferring county-level homicide rates in the USA by integrating socio-economic data using a mixture model of multiple conjugate mappings.
I Belong, Therefore, I Give? The Impact of Sense of Belonging on Graduate Student Alumni Engagement:

Although Sense of Belonging has long been an important construct in understanding student success in higher education, it has not been examined in the alumni context. In this article, we explore th...
Multiple antisense oligonucleotides targeted against monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (Mogat1) improve glucose metabolism independently of Mogat1.

Abstract Objective Monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of diacylglycerol from monoacylglycerol. Previous work has suggested the importance of MGAT activity in the development of obesity-related hepatic insulin resistance. Indeed, antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated knockdown of Mogat1 mRNA, which encodes MGAT1, reduced hepatic MGAT activity and improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. However, recent work has suggested that some ASOs may have off-target effects on body weight and metabolic parameters via activation of the interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR-1) pathway. Methods Mice with whole-body Mogat1 knockout or a floxed allele for Mogat1 to allow for liver-specific Mogat1-knockout (by either a liver-specific transgenic or adeno-associated virus-driven Cre recombinase) were generated. These mice were placed on an HFD, and glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity were assessed after 16 weeks on diet. In some experiments, mice were treated with control scramble or Mogat1 ASOs in the presence or absence of IFNAR-1 neutralizing antibody. Results Genetic deletion of hepatic Mogat1, either acutely or chronically, did not improve hepatic steatosis, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, constitutive Mogat1 knockout in all tissues actually exacerbated HFD-induced obesity, insulin sensitivity, and glucose intolerance on an HFD. Despite markedly reduced Mogat1 expression, liver MGAT activity was unaffected in all knockout mouse models. Mogat1 overexpression in hepatocytes increased liver MGAT activity and TAG content in low-fat-fed mice but did not cause insulin resistance. Multiple Mogat1 ASO sequences improved glucose tolerance in both wild-type and Mogat1 null mice, suggesting an off-target effect. Hepatic IFNAR-1 signaling was activated by multiple Mogat1 ASOs, but its blockade did not prevent the effects of either Mogat1 ASO on glucose homeostasis. Conclusion These results indicate that genetic loss of Mogat1 does not affect hepatic MGAT activity or metabolic homeostasis on HFD and show that multiple Mogat1 ASOs improve glucose metabolism through effects independent of targeting Mogat1 or activation of IFNAR-1 signaling.
A Literature Review of Physiological-Based Mobile Educational Systems

This literature review explores prior research involving physiological-based mobile educational systems. Mobile computing is advancing, and implementations of ubiquitous systems for educational purposes are increasing. Another growing field is physiological computing, where the user's states are retrieved and applied as control inputs in applications. The integration of physiological signals such as electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate (ECG/EKG), and eye-tracking (EOG) to mobile learning (m-learning) applications can enhance the learning experiences to provide content tailored to the student's and educator's preferences. This article centers around a selection of core papers that represent the most relevant contributions to the research that falls at the intersection of m-learning and physiological computing. Specifically, this article presents an analysis and discussion of state-of-the-art mobile educational systems that leverage physiological technology.
To Reform Social Media, Reform Informational Capitalism

Calls for altering First Amendment protections to deal with problems caused by social media are often misdirected. The problem is not First Amendment doctrines that protect harmful or false speech. The problem is the health of the digital public sphere: in particular, whether the digital public sphere, as currently constituted, adequately protects the values of political democracy, cultural democracy, and the growth and spread of knowledge. Instead of tinkering with First Amendment doctrines at the margins, we should focus on the industrial organization of digital media and the current business models of social media companies. Only a handful of social media companies currently dominate online discourse. In addition, the business models of social media companies give them incentives to act irresponsibly and amplify false and harmful content. The goals of social media regulation should therefore be twofold. The first goal should be to ensure a more diverse ecology of social media so that no single company’s construction or governance of the digital public sphere dominates. The second goal should be to give social media companies — or at least the largest and most powerful ones — incentives to become trusted and trustworthy organizations for facilitating, organizing, and curating public discourse. Competition law, consumer protection, and privacy reforms are needed to create a more diverse and pluralistic industry and to discourage business practices that undermine the digital public sphere. Given these goals, the focus should not be on First Amendment doctrines of content regulation, but on digital business models. To the extent that First Amendment doctrine requires any changes, one should aim at relatively recent decisions concerning commercial speech, data privacy, and telecommunications law that might make it harder for Congress to regulate digital businesses.
Development of an accurate EPID-based output measurement and dosimetric verification tool for electron beam therapy.

Purpose: To develop an efficient and robust tool for output measurement and absolute dose verification of electron beam therapy by using a high spatial-resolution and high frame-rate amorphous silicon flat panel electronic portal imaging device (EPID). Methods: The dosimetric characteristics of the EPID, including saturation, linearity, and ghosting effect, were first investigated on a Varian Clinac 21EX accelerator. The response kernels of the individual pixels of the EPID to all available electron energies (6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV) were calculated by using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, which formed the basis to deconvolve an EPID raw images to the incident electron fluence map. The two-dimensional (2D) dose distribution at reference depths in water was obtained by using the constructed fluence map with a MC simulated pencil beam kernel with consideration of the geometric and structural information of the EPID. Output factor measurements were carried out with the EPID at a nominal source–surface distance of 100 cm for 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 6 × 6, 10 × 10, and 15 × 15 cm2 fields for all available electron energies, and the results were compared with that measured in a solid water phantom using film and a Farmer-type ion chamber. The dose distributions at a reference depth specific to each energy and the flatness and symmetry of the 10 × 10 cm2 electron beam were also measured using EPID, and the results were compared with ion chamber array and water scan measurements. Finally, three patient cases with various field sizes and irregular cutout shapes were also investigated. Results: EPID-measured dose changed linearly with the monitor units and showed little ghosting effect for dose rate up to 600 MU/min. The flatness and symmetry measured with the EPID were found to be consistent with ion chamber array and water scan measurements. The EPID-measured output factors for standard square fields of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 6 × 6, 10 × 10, 15 × 15 cm2 agreed with film and ion chamber measurements. The average discrepancy between EPID and ion chamber/film measurements was 0.81% ± 0.60% (SD) and 1.34% ± 0.75%, respectively. For the three clinical cases, the difference in output between the EPID- and ion chamber array measured values was found to be 1.13% ± 0.11%, 0.54% ± 0.10%, and 0.74% ± 0.11%, respectively. Furthermore, the γ-index analysis showed an excellent agreement between the EPID- and ion chamber array measured dose distributions: 100% of the pixels passed the criteria of 3%/3 mm. When the γ-index was set to be 2%/2 mm, the pass rate was found to be 99.0% ± 0.07%, 98.2% ± 0.14%, and 100% for the three cases. Conclusions: The EPID dosimetry system developed in this work provides an accurate and reliable tool for routine output measurement and dosimetric verification of electron beam therapy. Coupled with its portability and ease of use, the proposed system promises to replace the current film-based approach for fast and reliable assessment of small and irregular electron field dosimetry.
Information, Rewards, and Quasi-Utilities

A set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes are assumed to have in some sense ‘true’ probabilities p i (i = 1,2,...n) and a forecaster estimates these probabilities as q i . After the outcome is known, the forecaster’s client pays him a fee f i (q 1,..., q n; π1,..., π n ) = f i (q; π) where π denotes the client’s estimates of the probabilities. If this fee has the property that its ‘true’ expectation is maximized when q = p it is called an ‘accuracy incentive’. (When p denotes the forecaster’s true attainable subjective probabilities, the fee is also an ‘honesty incentive’.) A brief historical survey of the problem of finding accuracy incentives is given, together with a recommendation that a forecaster should not be the same person as a valuer of the outcomes. One form of accuracy incentive (which depends on a parameter β ≥ 1) is analogous to a generalized surprise index. It has the merit of being ‘splitative’, that is, it is unaffected if an outcome is arbitrarily split up into more than one outcome. It is conjectured that there are no other splitative accuracy incentives, but β remains to be chosen. When β = 1 the fee has an additive property that seems fairly desirable.
Playdates with Big Brother: Playfully Repurposing Surveillance Cameras to Build Communities

This paper examines the process of repurposing “Big Brother” surveillance cameras as a public utility. The authors set out to create a large scale game with two principal objectives: first, to challenge the conventional and unequal relationship in the design and deployment of surveillance technology; and second, to test surveillance cameras’ ability to reconfigure social relations in public spaces so as to encourage collaboration among strangers. The system uses motion sensed in surveillance video feeds towards completing a shared goal in a game context. This paper describes two major design iterations and installations of the authors’ game system and assesses the strengths and failings of both in pursuit of the stated social aims.
Adenine deaminase and adenine utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Compared with other purine salvage and nitrogen catabolism enzymatic activities, adenine deaminase (adenine aminohydrolase [AAH]; EC 3.5.4.2) activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is uniquely regulated. AAH specific activity is not induced by adenine and is reduced sevenfold when cells are cultivated in medium containing proline in place of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Exogenous adenine enters metabolic pathways primarily via the function of either AAH or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; EC 2.4.2.7). Exogenous adenosine cannot normally be utilized as a purine source. Strains efficiently utilized adenosine or inosine when grown in pH 4.5 medium containing Triton X-100. A recessive mutation permitting utilization of adenosine or inosine in standard media was isolated. In both situations, growth of purine auxotrophs required either AAH or APRT activity. With medium containing either ammonium or proline as a nitrogen source, minimum doubling times of purine auxotrophs deficient in either APRT or AAH were measured. In proline-based medium, AAH and APRT permitted equal utilization of exogenous adenine. In ammonium-based medium, the absence of APRT increased the minimum doubling time by 50%. Similar experiments using sufficient exogenous histidine to feedback inhibit histidine biosynthesis failed to affect the growth rates of adenine auxotrophs blocked in AAH or APRT, indicating that the histidine-biosynthetic pathway does not play a significant role in adenine utilization. The gene that encodes AAH in S. cerevisiae was isolated by complementation using yeast strain XD1-1, which is deficient in AAH, APRT, and purine synthesis. A 1.36-kb EcoRI-SphI fragment was demonstrated to contain the structural gene for AAH by expressing this DNA in Escherichia coli under control of the trp promoter-operator. Northern (RNA) studies using the AAH-, APRT-, and CDC3-coding regions indicated that AAH regulation was not mediated at the level of transcription or mRNA degradation.
A 6.25Gb/s binary adaptive DFE with first post-cursor tap cancellation for serial backplane communications

A 6.25 Gb/s serial receiver with a 4-tap adaptive DFE is implemented in a 0.13 /spl mu/m 7LM CMOS process. Direct cancellation of the first post-cursor ISI is achieved, enabling recovery of a data eye fully closed from channel losses and crosstalk. A BER<10/sup -15/ is measured over legacy backplane channels.
Cytochrome c Peroxidase, a Mitochondrial Enzyme of Yeast

Abstract The intracellular distribution of cytochrome c peroxidase was studied in aerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Most of the cytochrome c peroxidase present in the yeast cells was found to be associated with well preserved mitochondria. This enzyme is readily released from mitochondria upon disruption of their structures. Cytochrome c peroxidase has not been found in mitochondria prepared from various tissues of animals and higher plants examined thus far, and it is concluded that cytochrome c peroxidase is a mitochondrial enzyme uniquely found in yeast.
Two forms of the bovine brain Go that stimulate the inositol trisphosphate-mediated Cl- currents in Xenopus oocytes. Distinct guanine nucleotide binding properties.

Heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins from bovine brain were resolved by fast protein liquid chromatography chromatography using Mono Q columns. Two distinct forms of the protein Go were identified. Both forms had stochiometric amounts of alpha- and beta gamma-subunits. The a-subunits of both forms were recognized by an alpha o-specific antiserum, but not by any of the alpha i-specific antisera. The two forms showed distinct migration patterns on 9% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels containing 4-8 M urea gradients. Neither form comigrated with the recombinant alpha o1. Both the recombinant alpha o1 and the most abundant form of Go were recognized by an antiserum, H-660, against a peptide encoding amino acids 3-17 of alpha i2. H-660 has been shown previously to recognize alpha o and alpha i (Mumby, S. M., Pang, I. K., Gilman, A. G., and Sternweis, P. C. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2020-2026). This more abundant form is called Go A most likely corresponds to the cloned alpha o1. The less abundant form, Go B, was not recognized by H-660. However, both forms of bovine brain Go were recognized by GC/2, an antiserum against the N-terminal region of alpha o1. Hence alpha oA and alpha oB may be different in their N terminus regions. Neither form of bovine brain Go was recognized by an antisera made to a peptide encoding the unique regions of the cloned alpha o2 from HIT cells (Hsu W. H., Rudolph, U., Sanford, J., Bertrand, P., Olate, J., Nelson, C., Moss, L.E., Boyd, A. E., III, Codina, J., and Birnbaumer, L. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 11220-11226). Go A and Go B have similar guanine nucleotide binding and release properties. Both release GDP within 1 min in the absence of added Mg2+. Both bind guanosine (GTP gamma S) rapidly as well. However Go A binds GTP gamma S about 2.5-fold faster than Go B, in the absence of added Mg2+ ion. Both forms of Go as well as the recombinant alpha o (alpha o1) can increase muscarinic stimulation of inositol trisphosphate-mediated Cl- current in Xenopus oocytes. These data indicate that we have identified two structurally distinct forms of Go that have different guanine nucleotide binding properties and are capable of functioning in the receptor-regulated phospholipase C pathway in Xenopus oocytes.
Current Status of Hybrid PET/MRI in Oncologic Imaging

OBJECTIVE. This review article explores recent advancements in PET/MRI for clinical oncologic imaging. CONCLUSION. Radiologists should understand the technical considerations that have made PET/MRI feasible within clinical workflows, the role of PET tracers for imaging various molecular targets in oncology, and advantages of hybrid PET/MRI compared with PET/CT. To facilitate this understanding, we discuss clinical examples (including gliomas, breast cancer, bone metastases, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, gynecologic malignancy, and lymphoma) as well as future directions, challenges, and areas for continued technical optimization for PET/MRI.
Oxidative ring-contraction of 3H-1-benzazepines to quinoline derivatives

Abstract When treated with SeO2, 2,4-diphenyl-3H-1-benzazepine (1) is oxidized equally at C3 and C5, giving either products of rearrangement or fragmentation; in both cases quinoline derivatives are the primary products. When C3 is oxidized, electrocyclization followed by ring-opening with phenyl migration gives the major product phenyl(3-phenylquinolin-2-yl)methanone (6), whereas C5 oxidation produces 2,4-diphenylquinoline (2) and 1,2-bis(2,4-diphenylquinolin-3-yl)diselane (8). Oxidation of C5 in 1 also results in formation of 2-(3,5-diphenylfuran-2-yl)aniline (7). On the other hand, 3-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-3H-1-benzazepine (9) upon treatment with SeO2 gives primarily a product of oxidation of C3, 2,3-diphenylquinoline (5). Oxidation of C5 in (9) is a minor pathway, and gives both 3-methyl-2,4-diphenylquinoline (10) and (3-methyl-2-phenylquinolin-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone (11). CO was detected as a byproduct in both reactions. Although the ring-contraction reaction using SeO2 has been previously noted, no mechanistic proofs have been firmly established. In this Letter, we provide evidence for the ring-contraction of benzazepines to quinolines through a fragmentation path (loss of CO and acetic acid) or through rearrangement.
Membrane technology for water reuse application

Abstract A close examination of the World-Wide water demand-supply balance reveals that in many countries, the demand is rapidly outstripping the available supply. A single most resource readily available to make up the deficit is reuse of wastes produced in industry, agriculture, and domestic uses. Unfortunately, these waste waters cannot be reused directly without upgrading their quality. Conventional waste and water treatment methods are both inadequate and uneconomical to prepare these wastes for reuse. Membrane processes, primarily developed for conversion of saline waters to fresh quality water supplies offer considerable promise for preparing the wastes for multiple reuse.
The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of gingival enlargement during the administration of diphenylhydantoin sodium in cats.

In order to determine the role of gingival inflammation in the pathogenesis of the gingival enlargment seen in individuals taking diphenylhydantoin sodium (DPH), thirteen female and ten male adult mongrel cats were subjected to a coarse diet, irritating plastic bands around selected teeth, and a daily tooth brushing routine. Fourteen days after initiating the diet, bands, and brushing, 12 of the cats were randomly selected to receive a daily intramuscular injection, 10 mg/kg body weight, of DPH. The remaining cats received the equivalent amount of inert solvent. The maxillary quadrants containing banded teeth were not brushed whilst the maxillary quadrants containing no banded teeth were brushed daily. This combination produced grossly inflamed (banded) and non-inflamed (non-banded) maxillary quadrants in two groups of animals; one group receiving DPH, the other receiving vehicle only. The mandibular gingiva were not used in this study. It was possible to reproduce the clinical and histological appearance of DPH gingival enlargement in 11 of the 12 cats receiving DPH and whose gingiva were subjected to local irritation and no oral hygiene. Animals receiving DPH and oral hygiene care, but with no bands on adjacent teeth and thus no local irritation, showed no overt gingival enlargement. Analysis of the results reveals that in the presence of local irritants, producing inflammation, gingival enlargement develops after DPH administration. In the absence of irritants no enlargement occurs.
A mean field spin glass with short-range interactions

We formulate and study a spin glass model on the Bethe lattice. Appropriate boundary fields replace the traditional self-consistent methods; they give our model well-defined thermodynamic properties. We establish that there is a spin glass transition temperature above which the single-site magnetizations vanish, and below which the Edwards-Anderson order parameter is strictly positive. In a neighborhood below the transition temperature, we use bifurcation theory to establish the existence of a nontrivial distribution of single-site magnetizations. Two properties of this distribution are studied: the leading perturbative correction to the Gaussian scaling form at the transition, and the (nonperturbative) behavior of the tails.
Bundesbank‐government relations in Germany in the 1990s: From GEMU to EMU

The Bundesbank's widely‐discussed independence ascribes it only discretionary power in the realm of monetary policy, but its influence can extend into other areas of economic policy. Since the government retains the initiative in these policy realms, the Bundesbank's influence consists of being able to mould the form rather than the direction of government policy. To exercise this influence, however, the Bundesbank must have public opinion on its side. An examination of the government‐Bundesbank relationship as it touched upon the cases of Economic and Monetary Union in Germany (1990) and Europe (1990–98) reveals the extent and limitations of the Bundesbank's influence over economic policy.
Matrix updates for perceptron training of continuous density hidden Markov models

In this paper, we investigate a simple, mistake-driven learning algorithm for discriminative training of continuous density hidden Markov models (CD-HMMs). Most CD-HMMs for automatic speech recognition use multivariate Gaussian emission densities (or mixtures thereof) parameterized in terms of their means and covariance matrices. For discriminative training of CD-HMMs, we reparameterize these Gaussian distributions in terms of positive semidefinite matrices that jointly encode their mean and covariance statistics. We show how to explore the resulting parameter space in CDHMMs with perceptron-style updates that minimize the distance between Viterbi decodings and target transcriptions. We experiment with several forms of updates, systematically comparing the effects of different matrix factorizations, initializations, and averaging schemes on phone accuracies and convergence rates. We present experimental results for context-independent CD-HMMs trained in this way on the TIMIT speech corpus. Our results show that certain types of perceptron training yield consistently significant and rapid reductions in phone error rates.
A luciferase-based budding assay for Ebola virus

The VP40 matrix protein of Ebola virus (EBOV) is capable of budding from mammalian cells as a virus-like particle (VLP) and is the major protein involved in virus egress. A functional budding assay has been developed based upon this characteristic of VP40 to assess the contributions of VP40 sequences as well as host proteins to the budding process. This well-defined assay has been modified for potential use in a high-throughput format in which the detection and quantification of firefly luciferase protein in VLPs represents a direct measure of VP40 budding efficiency. Luciferase was found to be incorporated into budding VP40 VLPs. Furthermore, co-expression of EBOV glycoprotein (GP) enhances release of VLPs containing VP40 and luciferase. In contrast, when luciferase is co-expressed with a budding deficient mutant of VP40, luciferase levels in the VLP fraction decrease significantly. This assay represents a promising high-throughput approach to identify inhibitors of EBOV budding.
Mobilization, collection, and transplantation of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cells in a patient with multiple myeloma and hemoglobin SC disease.

BACKGROUND: The use of granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for mobilization, collection, and transplantation of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in patients with hemoglobinopathies can be complicated by severe vasoocclusive crises. Erythrocytapheresis before G-CSF administration may help prevent these complications. To date, no cases regarding the safety and outcome of erythrocytapheresis followed by autologous high-dose G-CSF mobilization in hemoglobinopathy populations have been reported. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A patient with hemoglobin (Hb) SC disease and multiple myeloma underwent erythrocytapheresis followed by high-dose (16 µg/kg) G-CSF in preparation for HPC mobilization and collection. RESULTS: Erythrocytapheresis reduced the patient's combined Hb S and C levels to less than 20 percent. Subsequent HPC mobilization and peripheral blood harvesting using high-dose G-CSF yielded approximately 9 × 106 CD34+ HPCs per kg over 3 days of collection. Mobilization and leukapheresis were completed without vasoocclusive complications. Two weeks after collection, and after myeloablative chemotherapy, 5.33 × 106 CD34+ HPCs per kg were infused to the patient; platelet and white cell engraftment occurred, respectively, on Days +9 and +10 posttransplant. The patient experienced no vasoocclusive complications in the posttransplant period. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this case demonstrate that erythrocytapheresis before high-dose G-CSF HPC mobilization and collection appears to be an effective means for prevention of vasoocclusive crisis in patients with hemoglobinopathies undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation.
Feeding andesitic eruptions with a high-speed connection from the mantle

Diffusion modelling of nickel in mantle melts beneath a volcano reveals the short timescales of magma movement from the base of the crust to the surface in the months to years before an eruption. Philipp Ruprecht and Terry Plank model nickel zonation in primitive olivine crystals to show how mantle recharge of magma chambers — underground reservoirs where magma resides en route from the upper mantle to the Earth's surface — may occur on timescales as short as the volcanic eruptions themselves. In an example from Irazu volcano, the highest active volcano in Costa Rica, magmas apparently ascend from their source in the mantle through about 35 km of crust in months to years. Signs of volcanic unrest are typically monitored at the surface or upper crust, whereas this study indicates that tracking magma movement from the base of the crust to the surface leading up to an eruption might be feasible. Convergent margin volcanism is ultimately fed by magmas generated in the mantle, but the connection between the mantle and the eruption at the surface is typically obscured by cooling, crystallization and magma mixing within the crust1,2,3. Geophysical techniques are also not very effective in the lower and middle crust, where seismic events are rare and resolution is generally poor4,5. It has thus been unclear how fast mantle-derived magmas transit the crust and recharge crustal magma chambers. Here we use diffusion modelling of nickel zonation profiles in primitive olivines from diverse primary melts6,7,8,9,10 to show how mantle recharge may occur on timescales as short as eruptions themselves. In Irazu volcano in Costa Rica, magmas apparently ascend from their source region in the mantle through crust about 35 kilometres thick in just months to years, recharging hybrid basaltic andesites over the course of the eruption. These results show that large stratovolcanoes with shallow magma chambers11,12 may still preserve the deep record of their mantle origin in olivine crystals. This approach—documenting magma ascent timescales from the mantle beneath a convergent margin stratovolcano—can be applied to other eruptions that record magma mixing with recharge melts. Signs of volcanic unrest are typically monitored at the surface or upper crust; new efforts should look deeper, tracking magma movement from the base of the crust to the surface in the months to years before eruptions.
The role of monoclonal antibodies and the recombinant DNA technology in studying autoantibody production

The hybridoma technology has made it possible to sample the B-cell repertoire and to generate monoclonal antibodies which can be analyzed for their specificity and idiotypy. Using the recombinant DNA technology, the structure of the genes which encode those antibodies can be analyzed. The knowledge gained from the application of these techniques has made it possible to pose specific questions about the origins of autoantibodies.
Acetylcholine-induced excitation on bilayers.

Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Bilayers, die eine ganz geringe Menge Acetylcholinesterase enthalten, auf die Zugabe von Acetylcholine mit einer Anderung der Permeabilitat gegenuber kleinen Ionen reagieren. Dieser Effekt ist reversible und die Grosse des Effektes hangt bei konstanten Versuchsbedingungen nur mit der spezifischen Aktivitat der Enzympraparation zusammen.
Adults' diaries: Changes made to written narratives across the life span

Life‐span changes in adults’ narratives are described, based on a longitudinal sample of written language obtained from adults’ diaries. The diaries were kept by 8 adults, born between 1856 and 1876, over a 70‐year period from their early 20s to their late 80s. The analysis focuses on two aspects of written language: the complexity of the narrative structure and the cohesion of the text. Across the life span, the diarists’ narratives became structurally more complex, although they became less cohesive as ambiguous anaphors increased.
The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hudaybi and ideology

The Muslim Brotherhood: Hasan al-Hudaybi and ideology, by Barbara H.E. Zollner, New York, NY, Routledge, 2009, ix + 202 pp., US$140.00 (hardback), ISBN 13: 978-0-415-43557-4 The Muslim Brotherhood ...
A simple biphasic route to water soluble dithiocarbamate functionalized quantum dots

Hydrophobic trioctylphosphine oxide-functionalized CdSe quantum dots (CdSe-TOPO QDs) were transferred from organic solvent to aqueous solution via a simple yet novel biphasic ligand exchange process in one step, which involved the in-situ formation of hydrophilic dithiocarbamate moieties and subsequent ligand exchange with TOPO at the chloroform/water interface. The resulting water dispersible, dithiocarbamate functionalized CdSe QDs (i.e., D-CdSe) exhibited an increased photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield as compared to the original CdSe-TOPO QDs, suggesting an effective passivation of dithiocarbamate ligands on the QD surface. The D-CdSe QDs were then mixed with hydroxyl terminated TiO2nanoparticles. A decrease in the PL of the mixture was observed, indicating a possible charge transfer from the D-CdSe QDs to the TiO2nanoparticles. The reaction of the carboxyl group on the D-CdSe surface with the hydroxyl group on the TiO2 rendered QDs in direct contact with TiO2, thereby facilitating the electronic interaction between them.
Fully explicit Agmon's condition for general states of a special incompressible elastic material

Abstract Agmon's condition arises as a necessary condition at the boundary for minimizers in compressible and incompressible elasticity. It is commonly formulated as a statement concerning the solution set of a family of ODEs with constant coefficients. As such, it is algebraic “in principle”. In both the compressible and incompressible cases, Agmon's condition may be recast in a more overtly algebraic form, namely the requirement that a certain family of algebraic Riccati equations (parametrized over the tangent plane) should possess positive solutions. In order to reduce Agmon's condition to a fully explicit set of inequalities involving the components of the incremental elasticity tensor, one must be able to solve the algebraic Riccati equation explicitly. Known situations where this can be done tend to involve highly symmetric states of isotropic materials. It is therefore noteworthy that Agmon's condition may be rendered explicit for any boundary-point of an arbitrarily deformed incompressible neo-Hookean body.
Modification of silicon and carbon electrodes with methacrylamide polymers containing covalently attached molybdenum dinitrogen complexes

Methacrylamide polymers with pendant monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate phosphine ligands (poly-P/sub 1/, poly-P/sub 2/, and poly-P/sub 3/, respectively) have been synthesized. These polymers react with Mo(N/sub 2/)/sub 2/(PPh/sub 2/Me)/sub 4/ to form polymers with bound molybdenum dinitrogen complexes. Similarly, MoCl/sub 3/(THF)/sub 3/ reacts with poly-P/sub 3/ to form MoCl/sub 3/(poly-P/sub 3/). These polymers have been used to modify silicon and carbon electrodes. These electrodes have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry and FT-IR spectroscopy. The redox chemistry of electrodes modified with Mo(N/sub 2/)/sub 2/(poly-P/sub 3/)PPh/sub 2/Me and Mo(N/sub 2/)/sub 2/(poly-P/sub 2/)/sub 2/ on silicon and carbon electrodes closely parallels that observed for their solution counterparts. However, reduction of MoCl/sub 3/(poly-P/sub 3/) and MoCl/sub 3/(poly-P/sub 2/)/sub 2/ on silicon and carbon electrodes does not lead to formation of polymer-bound molybdenum dinitrogen complexes. 14 references, 3 figures, 1 table.
Isothermal desorption of hydrogen from polycrystalline diamond films

Abstract The kinetics of isothermal H2 desorption from polycrystalline diamond are studied in real time. The surface H coverage (θH) is measured by mass analyzing the recoiled H+ ion signal during the desorption. We find that the H2 desorption is 1st order in θH with an activation energy of 69 ± 6 kcal mol and a prefactor of 1010.5 ± 0.9 s−1. We suggest that formation of a CC π-bond on the clean surface plays a key role in H2 desorption from diamond, a view consistent with previous theoretical calculations of H2 desorption from diamond.
Oxidative metabolites of 5-S-cysteinyldopamine inhibit the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

The principal neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease is the degeneration of melanized dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Characteristic pathobiochemical changes in the parkinsonian SNc include a fall of both dopamine (DA) and glutathione levels (GSH), increased activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, a key enzyme involved in the degradation of GSH to L-cysteine (CySH), together with evidence for elevated intraneuronal superoxide (O2−•), nitric oxide (NO·) and thence peroxynitrite (ONOO−) generation, and accelerated DA oxidation as indicated by a large rise of the 5-S-cysteinyldopamine (5-S-CyS-DA)/DA concentration ratio. The latter effect is consistent with an increased rate of DA oxidation by O2−• and ONOO− forming DA-o-quinone which reacts with CySH forming 5-S-CyS-DA. However, 5-S-CyS-DA is readily further oxidized to 7-(2-aminoethyl)-3,4-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid (DHBT-1). Previous studies have demonstrated that DHBT-1 is rapidly accumulated by isolated intact rat brain mitochondria and selectively inhibits complex I respiration and the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) complex. In this study it is demonstrated that DHBT-1 also inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC). The mechanism underlying the inhibition of all of these enzyme complexes involves bioactivation of intramitochondrial DHBT-1 by oxidation to highly electrophilic metabolites that covalently bind to active site cysteine residues. Thus, oxidative metabolites of intraneuronal 5-S-CyS-DA may contribute to impaired mitochondrial complex I and α-KGDH activities known to occur in the parkinsonian SNc and suggest that impaired PDHC evoked by the same metabolites may also occur in PD.
The Impact of Agglomeration and Storage on Flavor and Flavor Stability of Whey Protein Concentrate 80% and Whey Protein Isolate

The impact of agglomeration on flavor and flavor stability of whey protein concentrates 80% (WPC80) and whey protein isolates (WPI) has not been widely addressed. This study examined the impact of agglomeration on the flavor and flavor stability of commercial WPC80 and WPI across 18 mo of storage. Duplicate agglomerated and nonagglomerated WPC80 and WPI were collected from 4 facilities and stored at 21 degrees C, 50% relative humidity. Volatile analysis using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and descriptive sensory analysis were conducted every 2 mo. Solubility index, bulk volume, dispersibility, moisture, and color (L, a, b) were tested every 3 or 6 mo. Consumer acceptance testing with protein beverages was conducted with fresh and stored whey proteins. Higher intensities and more rapid development of lipid oxidation flavors (cardboard, raisin/brothy, cucumber, and fatty) were noted in agglomerated powders compared to nonagglomerated powders (P < 0.05). Volatile analysis results confirmed sensory results, which indicated increased formation of aldehydes and ketones in agglomerated products compared to nonagglomerated powders (P < 0.05). Consumer acceptance scores for protein beverages were lower for beverages made with agglomerated WPC80 stored for 12 mo and agglomerated or nonagglomerated WPI stored for 18 mo compared to fresh products while trained panelists detected differences among beverages and rehydrated proteins earlier. Agglomeration with or without lecithin decreased the storage stability of whey proteins. These results indicate that the optimum shelf life at 21 degrees C for nonagglomerated whey proteins is 12 to 15 mo and 8 to 12 mo for agglomerated whey proteins.
Time without clocks.

Staddon and Higa show that the ability to time events derives from principles of memory rather than from an internal device for measuring the duration of events. This insightful timing theory is parsimonious, fits the data, has potential widespread generality, and is evolutionarily plausible.
Choosing the Best Correction Formula for the Pearson r 2Effect Size

In the present Monte Carlo simulation study, the authors compared bias and precision of 7 sampling error corrections to the Pearson r 2 under 6 × 3 × 6 conditions (i.e., population ρ values of 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9, respectively; population shapes normal, skewness = kurtosis = 1, and skewness = –1.5 with kurtosis = 3.5; ns = 10, 20, 40, 60, 100, and 200, respectively). Limited previous studies focused primarily on the efficacy only of multiple R 2 corrections applied to the Pearson r 2. The authors’ results indicate that the Pratt and the Olkin-Pratt Extended corrections more consistently provided unbiased estimates across the sample sizes, ρ values, and shape conditions that they investigated, although the Ezekiel correction arguably is also reasonable. The precisions of the estimates were homogeneous across the 108 simulation conditions.
Locating the St. Louis urban plume at 80 and 120 km and some of its characteristics.

The feasibility of locating the urban plume of a moderately large urban area, as far as 120 km downwind, is shown. The method utilizes a single engine aircraft and aerosol instrumentation. A summary of the data obtained from 34 flights, during an 8-month period, is presented and the problems involved in interpreting the data are discussed. These difficulties include nonuniform background levels outside the plume, changing relative humidity, low wind speeds and stable atmospheric layers. The plume was characterized by concentrations of small particles (0.15 < r < 0.3 μm) ca. 1.5 times that in background air and concentrations of large particles (0.3 < r < 1.3 μm) usually greater than twice that in the background. The ratio of the concentrations of small particles to large particles in the plume was about one-half of that in the background.
Off-diagonal disorder in one-dimensional systems

We examine the nature of the zero-energy state in a one-dimensional tight-binding system with only nearest-neighbor off-diagonal disorder. We find that, although the localization length diverges at this energy, the state must nevertheless be considered as localized because the mean values of the transmission coefficient (which is directly related with the dc conductance) approach zero as the size of the system $L$ goes to infinity. In particular, we find that the geometric and harmonic mean values of the transmission coefficient behave as $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}\sqrt{L})$, while the arithmetic mean value follows the power law ${L}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ with $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.50$. This is in contrast with the usual case of only diagonal disorder, where all three means behave as $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\lambda}L)$.
The Roles, Functions and Skills of Moderators of Online Educational Computer Conferences for Distance Education

Abstract The success or failure of an asynchronous computer conference as part of a distance education course is largely dependent upon the abilities of the moderator of the conference. This paper discusses various skills and responsibilities of a moderator. It includes a discussion of ineffective moderation and how to avoid making common mistakes by examining skills used by effective moderators to enhance, enliven, and assist students to bring meaning to the discussion in an atmosphere of warmth and mutual support.
492: Monitoring for PTLD in Children after Lung Transplantation

transplant IgA and IgM HGG were associated with invasive aspergillosis (p 0.01 and p 0.05, respectively). Post-transplant IgG levels inversely correlated with numbers of bacterial infections requiring hospitalization (p 0.01). Post-transplant IgM levels inversely correlated with hospital days (p 0.05). Conclusions: In summary, IgG HGG is a frequent complication following lung transplantation in children. IgA and IgM HGG are associated with invasive aspergillosis. Post-transplant IgG and IgM levels are inversely related to numbers of bacterial infections and hospital days, respectively, in the first year following lung transplantation.
Modulation of Post-Antibiotic Bacterial Community Reassembly and Host Response by Candida albicans

The introduction of Candida albicans into cefoperazone-treated mice results in changes in bacterial community reassembly. Our objective was to use high-throughput sequencing to characterize at much greater depth the specific changes in the bacterial microbiome. The colonization of C. albicans significantly altered bacterial community reassembly that was evident at multiple taxonomic levels of resolution. There were marked changes in the levels of Bacteriodetes and Lactobacillaceae. Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, the two most abundant bacterial families, did not change in relative proportions after antibiotics, but there were marked genera-level shifts within these two bacterial families. The microbiome shifts occurred in the absence of overt intestinal inflammation. Overall, these experiments demonstrate that the introduction of a single new microbe in numerically inferior numbers into the bacterial microbiome during a broad community disturbance has the potential to significantly alter the subsequent reassembly of the bacterial community as it recovers from that disturbance.
Electron and ion irradiation of zeolites

Abstract Three zeolites (analcime, natrolite, and zeolite-Y) were irradiated with 200 and 400 keV electrons. All zeolites amorphized at a relatively low electron fluence. The electron fluences for amorphization by the 200 keV electron irradiation at room temperature were: 7.0×10 19 e − / cm 2 (analcime), 1.8×10 20 e − / cm 2 (natrolite), and 3.4×10 20 e − / cm 2 (zeolite-Y). These doses are equivalent to an energy deposition between 2.6×1010 and 1.27×1011 Gy. An inverse temperature dependence of amorphization dose was observed for all three zeolites, i.e., amorphization dose decreased with increasing temperature. Analcime was also irradiated with 1.5 MeV Kr+ from 300 to 973 K. The amorphization dose by the ion irradiation was constant, ∼1×10 14 ions / cm 2 , which is ∼0.1 dpa of collisional damage and ∼6.25 × 108 Gy of ionizing energy deposition.