cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increase in Nematocyst and Spirocyst Discharge in a Sea Anemone in Response to Mechanical Stimulation

Nematocysts have classically been considered to be independent effectors, that is, the nematocyst, nematocyte, and the associated sensory receptor(s) operate without the control or intervention of the nervous system (e. g., Parker, 1916, 1919; Parker and Van Alstyne, 1932; Pantin, 1942a, b; Pantin and Pantin, 1943; Ewer, 1947; Jones, 1947; Burnett et. al., 1960; Lentz, 1966; Picken and Skaer, 1966).
Detecting Human Population Diversity within an Archaeological Context: A Comparison of Finite Mixture Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis

Quantifying levels of variation to differentiate between human groups is problematic in prehistoric contexts due to the lack of clearly defined populations among humans. Group differences are typic...
The Physical Basis of Coding and Reliability in Biological Evolution

Within the intellectual discipline of the physicist there has developed a belief in the existence of general and universal theories of nature, and it is the search for such theories which may be said to guide and justify the intellectual efforts of the physicist as well as the design of most physics experiments. What a physicist means by a ‘good theory’ cannot be exhaustively spelled out. Of course it must include ‘fitting the data’ or ‘predicting observations’ in some general sense. However, much deeper and more obscure criteria are also applied, often tacitly or intuitively, to evaluate the quality of a physical theory. For example, general theories can never be ‘just so’ stories which are only built up bit by bit as data accumulate. General physical theories often stem from relatively simple hypotheses that can be checked by experiment such as the constancy of the speed of light and the discrete energies of photons from atoms, but they must also be founded upon broad principles that express concepts of conservation, invariance, or symmetry. These abstract principles come to be accepted because from our experience we find that in some sense they appear unavoidable. In other words, without such principles it is difficult even to imagine what we mean by a general physical theory of the universe.
The Role of Research in Business School Rankings

This paper examines the relationship between the research impact of Business Schools, as measured by citations per capita adjusted by area norms, and rankings in leading magazines. Recent attempts by magazines to include measures of research impact appears to lower the correlation between magazine ratings and research influence. As a byproduct of this analysis I create rankings of approximately 60 business schools (including the top 50). I also rank functional areas, listing the top 15 schools for each field. A chart of faculty citations by area and percentile provides some insight as to distribution of research influence. Although a listing of the most highly cited individuals is obviously a by-product of this work, that list is not included in the paper.
Intriguing Morphologies, Jets and Disks in Planetary Nebulae

Some planetary nebulae exhibit intriguing morphologies which include: rings, bipolar outflows, point symmetric nebulae and collimated jets. Possible mechanisms for the formation of these morphologies are discussed. It is argued that binary central stars may play an important role in the generation of an equatorial to polar density contrast, which is a necessary ingredient for the formation of the different morphologies. It is further suggested, that accretion disks which can form in some systems may be responsible for the formation of collimated jets
Analysis of pore‐scale nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution in etched silicon pore networks

[1] Predicting the dissolution rate of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in groundwater is difficult, as the effects of variable pore and NAPL blob geometry are poorly understood. To elucidate these effects, fluorescence microscopy and digital image analysis were used to quantify the size and location of variably distributed NAPL blobs during dissolution in homogeneous and heterogeneous pore networks etched into silicon wafers. Results show that the dissolution rate constant (expressed as the Sherwood number, Sh) is relatively constant regardless of pore and NAPL blob geometry when the average mass transfer length scale remains constant during dissolution. Results also show that Sh increases with Peclet (Pe) between 2 and 26 and then levels off. The limiting value of Sh reached depends on the average diffusion length scale; this length scale was directly calculated and found to vary depending on the pore and NAPL blob geometry. For example, the average diffusion length scale decreases (and Sh increases) as the pore throat width to grain diameter increases. Last, results show that the volumetric NAPL content (θn) is linearly related to the specific NAPL-water interfacial area (ait) over much of the dissolution process. However, this relationship depends on the pore and blob size distribution. For example, when multipore blobs control dissolution, the relationship between these parameters will change as smaller blobs dominate dissolution at low θn. These results are important because existing mass transfer correlations do not account for limiting values of Sh that can be obtained at high Pe for the effect of blob or pore geometry on the average diffusion length scale (and therefore on Sh) or for the effect of pore geometry and transient blob size distribution on the relationship between ait and θn.
Who Do You Know? A Study of Connectedness in Online Education and Employment

This study explored the relationship of online course intensity to development of social networks and the impact of social networks on obtaining employment or employment information to develop a better understanding of the factors that lead to improved employment outcomes and information-gathering. Graduates from three ALA-accredited programs in the Southeastern US who took some of all of their classes online to earn the MLIS degree were surveyed. Findings suggest that there are differences in types of contacts (networks) used in job-finding related to online course intensity; and there are differences in the types of network contacts used to secure employment or employment information. The results point to the importance of fitting network development to program modality (online intensity); the necessity for encouraging and promoting career-related work experiences during the master’s program; and the importance of providing face-to-face contact however infrequently to students enrolled in online programs.
Low-temperature specific heat of single-crystal Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 and Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10.

We report on specific-heat measurements from 2 to 15 K on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}$Ca${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ and ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$. We find low-temperature deviations from the Debye law that can be attributed to spin-glass behavior of a small concentration of isolated impurity copper moments. At higher temperatures, we observe contributions to the specific heat that can be attributed to a soft-phonon mode, possibly associated with the superstructure in the Bi-O and Tl-O layers. From our single-crystal data, we conclude that the thallium- and bismuth-based copper oxide superconductors show no measurable linear term in the specific heat [$\ensuremath{\gamma}(0)\ensuremath{\le}1$ mJ/mole ${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$].
Persistence Of Eggs And Hepatic-Fibrosis After Treatment Of Schistosoma Mansoni-Infected Mice

Abstract In 1971 we estimated that Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the tissues of mice were destroyed with an approximate half-life of four weeks. Our present results of five experiments suggest that egg destruction is not as rapid, and no significant destruction of eggs was detected for up to 26 weeks after treatment. However, in these experiments, a mean of 60% of the eggs in intestinal tissues were found in the feces at the time of treatment. In previously reported experiments, only 15% of gut eggs were passed in the feces. We now believe that underestimation of the number of eggs passed in the feces led to an overestimation of the number of eggs destroyed in the tissues. We analyzed liver eggs separately because eggs lost from this site are unaffected by eggs passed in the feces. No significant decrease in liver eggs occurred in the present experiments, but reanalysis of previously published data showed significant egg destruction in the liver in several experiments, although at a much slower rate than previously estimated. However, inspection of the data in the previously published and present experiments does not show a convincing difference in the number of eggs in the liver after treatment. The persistence of egg shells is probably not important in the pathogenesis of disease, but is of concern in calculating worm fecundity. Hepatic collagen levels increased markedly two weeks after treatment and subsequently decreased significantly in some, but not all, experiments.
Sex and Ethnic Differences in the Association of Obesity With Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background & Aims Obesity is associated with increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the risk associated with obesity may vary by sex or ethnicity. We examined whether the association of body mass index (BMI) with HCC incidence, as well as correlations of BMI with total, visceral, and hepatic adiposity, differs among ethnic groups. Methods We collected data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, a population-based prospective cohort study of more than 215,000 men and women from Hawaii and California that was assembled from 1993 through 1996. After a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 482 incident HCC cases were identified among 168,476 participants. BMI and risk factor data were obtained from a baseline questionnaire. Cox regression analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for HCC associated with BMI. The black subjects in the Southern Community Cohort Study were included as a replication cohort. Results BMI was associated with HCC in men (HR per 5 kg/m 2 increase, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.12–1.42) but not in women (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.90–1.25) ( P interaction = .009). Although BMI was strongly associated with HCC in Japanese, white, and Latino men, there was no association in black men ( P interaction = .002). Similarly, no association was found in the blacks who participated in the Southern Community Cohort Study. BMI correlated with total fat mass, measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, in men and women and in all ethnic groups ( R ≥ 0.9). However, there was a lower correlation value for BMI and visceral or liver fat measured by abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in black men ( R R Conclusions On the basis of an analysis of data from the Multiethnic Cohort Study, the association between BMI and HCC differs between sexes and among ethnicities. The lack of association in black men warrants further investigation. Rather than studying markers of total adiposity, studies of obesity and HCC should move beyond BMI and use a better measure for fat-specific depots.
Profile-Based Intervention: Developing Gender-Sensitive Treatment for Adolescent Substance Abusers

ObjectiveTo identify differential treatment profiles between genders among adolescent substance abusers and make treatment recommendations based on those profiles, if identified.MethodThe sample included 137 adolescents in a residential treatment facility. Psychosocial Problems and problem behaviors were examined using a cluster analysis of 23 variables. When differential profiles were identified, the literature was reviewed for treatment implications. Results: Important implications for treatment based on the profiles were identified and discussed.ConclusionsThe current study suggests that treatment for adolescent substance abusers should have different characteristics for each gender. The findings have important implications for micro, policy, and research practitioners.
RF MEMS reliability

Device reliability is a key factor in the ultimate insertion of RF MEMS devices into operational systems. In particular, cycle lifetimes of contacting devices such as RF switches can be technically challenging due to the requirement of good contact electrical performance under operational stresses. This paper presents a general discussion of the reliability limiting mechanisms that can impact RF MEMS devices, with an emphasis on the issues relevant to RF switch cycling lifetimes.
Recycled error bits: energy-efficient architectural support for floating point accuracy

In this work, we provide energy-efficient architectural support for floating point accuracy. For each floating point addition performed, we "recycle" that operation's rounding error. We make this error architecturally visible such that it can be used, whenever desired, by software. We also design a compiler pass that allows software to automatically use this feature. Experimental results on physical hardware show that software that exploits architecturally recycled error bits can (a) achieve accuracy comparable to a 64-bit FPU with performance and energy that are comparable to a 32-bit FPU, and (b) achieve accuracy comparable to an all-software scheme for 128-bit accuracy with far better performance and energy usage.
RISK DIFFERENCES AND FINANCIAL REPORTING

Financial leverage as reported by a consolidated financial statement may differ substantially from leverage for the parent company. To assess the financial risk for the parent (not the consolidated entity), employing consolidated data is hazardous; the problem is magnified by the fact that virtually all firms report only consolidated data. Consolidated leverage almost always equals or exceeds parent leverage for a wholly owned subsidiary, and many firms reporting only consolidated data have betas significantly greater than otherwise comparable firms that report both consolidated and parent company information.
An analogue of a theorem of Magnus

In [2], W. MAGNUS proved tha t the normal closure of a cyclic subgroup of a free group determines the generator of the cyclic subgroup up to an inversion and a conjugation. He used this result to show that every Nielsen automorphism of a group with a single defining relator maps this defining relator onto a free transform of itself or of its inverse. In the present note, the number of s~nmbols in the word W will be called the length of W and will be denoted by l(W). I am grateful to Professor WILH]~L~I MAGNUS for his inspiration and guidance. Let F be a free group generated by:
Adenosinergic modulation of rat basal forebrain neurons during sleep and waking: neuronal recording with microdialysis

1. The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain (BF) is hypothesized to play an important role in behavioural and electrocortical arousal. Adenosine has been proposed as a sleep-promoting substance that induces sleep by inhibiting cholinergic neurons of the BF and brainstem. However, adenosinergic influences on the activity of BF neurons in naturally awake and sleeping animals have not been demonstrated. 2. We recorded the sleep-wake discharge profile of BF neurons and simultaneously assessed adenosinergic influences on wake- and sleep-related activity of these neurons by delivering adenosinergic agents adjacent to the recorded neurons with a microdialysis probe. Discharge rates of BF neurons were recorded through two to three sleep-wake episodes during baseline (artificial cerebrospinal fluid perfusion), and after delivering an adenosine transport inhibitor (s-(p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine; NBTI), or exogenous adenosine, or a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dimethylxanthine; CPDX). 3. NBTI and adenosine decreased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. In contrast, CPDX increased the discharge rate of BF neurons during both waking and NREM sleep. These results suggest that in naturally awake and sleeping animals, adenosine exerts tonic inhibitory influences on BF neurons, supporting the hypothesized role of adenosine in sleep regulation. 4. However, in the presence of exogenous adenosine, NBTI or CPDX, BF neurons retained their wake- and sleep-related discharge patterns, i.e. still exhibited changes in discharge rate during transitions between waking and NREM sleep. This suggests that other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators also contribute to the sleep-wake discharge modulation of BF neurons.
Interpersonal needs and functional area of management

Abstract This study examines a sample of first-semester MBA students to determine the relationship between their interpersonal needs and their preferences for a functional area of management. The students were categorized according to their preference for one of the following eight functional areas: accounting, systems analysis, finance, small business management, engineering, marketing, manufacturing management, and personnel management. Interpersonal needs were measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO-B) instrument developed by W. C. Schutz. Significant differences in interpersonal needs were found among students preferring different functional specialities. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of occupational choice processes.
Discrete grid actuator stiffened panels for aeroeleastic use

Active aeroelastic panels have been proposed for transonic drag reduction and panel flutter control. These active panels use actuators to create deformation of the panel surface, but restrict the actuators to the inner panel surface. One such active panel configuration consists of long, thin actuator/stiffeners attached to the panel surface to create an active grid. The purpose of this study is to examine interactions between panel out-of-plane deformation, actuator geometry and placement, including how many are used. A Rayleigh-Ritz model is used to describe panel response to actuator input. The accuracy of this efficient model is demonstrated by comparison to more elaborate finite element analysis. The study includes static deflection and flutter investigations. One study conclusion is that gridwork actuator stiffeners can produce more panel deflection than a single actuator spread over the surface, but more material is needed. For small numbers of stiffeners, those with a rectangular cross section create more deflection than those with a square cross section. However, this trend does not hold for large numbers of stiffeners. Placing stiffeners in the airflow direction is the best configuration for increasing panel flutter dynamic pressure. Rectangular stiffener cross sections increase the dynamic pressure more than square stiffener cross sections.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces the dopaminergic and cholinergic phenotype and increases locomotor activity in aged Fischer 344 rats

Abstract Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has been shown to affect dopaminergic and cholinergic neuron markers and functions in young rats. However, it is not known if the response to exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is augmented during normal aging. Thus, the effects of chronic intraventricular infusions of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were determined in young adult (3-months-old) and aged (24-months-old) Fischer 344 (F344) male rats. The effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were compared to the effects of the neurotrophin nerve growth factor. Growth factors were administered at a dose of 10 mg/day for 14 days. Locomotor activity and weight changes were also examined in all rats. Aged F344 rats showed significantly reduced (by 75–80%) locomotor activity compared to young rats. In glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-treated aged and young rats there was significantly increased (242% and 149%, respectively) locomotor activity measured at seven days. There was also a significant increase in locomotor activity measured 14 days after the start of infusion. Both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-treated and nerve growth factor-treated rats reduced weight gain by 10% in young and old F344 rats. Two weeks following the start of nerve growth factor or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor administration the brains were used for neurochemical analyses. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor significantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the substantia nigra and striatum of aged rats and in the substantia nigra of young rats. Nerve growth factor treatment did not significantly affect tyrosine hydroxylase activity. However, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor increased choline acetyltransferase activity in the septum, hippocampus, striatum and cortex of aged rats and in the hippocampus and striatum of young rats to a comparable degree. These findings indicate that specific dopaminergic and cholinergic neuron populations remain responsive to glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor during the life span of the rat and may be involved in maintaining phenotypic expression within multiple neuronal populations. Additionally, the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-induced up-regulation of brain neurotransmitter systems may be responsible for increased locomotor activity in F344 rats.
Ultrastructure of non-myelinated neurons during energy deprivation

This paper examines the neuropathology of oxygen-glucose deprivation uncomplicated by stagnant conditions. Rabbit vagus nerves were pulled into asmulti-compartment perfusion chamber, stimulated five times per second and deprived of energy by substituting nitrogen and deoxyglucose for oxygen and glucose in the Locke's perfusate. After incubation the compartments were perfused with gluteraldehyde solution, and the nerves were prepared for electron microscopy. Fixation in the compartments ensured precise cross and longitudinal sections which permitted quantitative comparisons. Although the action potentials ceased in 45 min, 1 h of energy deprivation did not significantly affect the ultrastructure. After 2 h of deprivation the axons were smaller and flattened and microtubules appeared packed together. In the smallest axons the microtubules were gone, the neurofilaments were compacted and the few mitochondria had a dense, homogenous appearance. By 4 h the shrinking was extreme, yet 8% were swollen much larger than any of the controls. Longitudinal views showed these balloned areas were greatly expanded regions of the smallest axons. Both tiny and huge regions were devoid of microtubules and the swollen axons contained expanded mitochondria. Calcium is indirectly implicated in the pathogenesis by the concurrence of mitochondrial alteration as the microtubules disappear coupled with the known role of mitochondria in calcium regulation and the reported effect of high calcium on microtubual dissociation. In is suggested that axons first shrink as osmotially active molecules are used or washed out. After a time without energy the mitochondria can no longer regulate the intracellular calcium, microtubules dissociate, and calcium-activated phospholipases create osmotically active molecules. Finally, high-amplitude, disruptive swelling occurs.
High cyclic AMP levels in young chick embryonic hearts.

Abstract Cyclic AMP levels were assayed in chick embryonic hearts at various stages of development and in cultured chick heart cells prepared from 16-day-old embryos. The cyclic AMP levels were highest in young hearts and were lowest in the old hearts. There was a sharp drop from day 4 to day 5, followed by a more gradual decline to a plateau level at day 16. The values [mean ± SE ( N )] measured were (in pmoles/mg protein) (a) 4-day hearts—116 ± 21 (8), (b) 5-day—41 ± 7.3 (3), (c) 7- to 8-day—35 ± 3.0 (31), (d) 11- to 12-day—24 ± 3.0 (18), (e) 15- to 17-day—9.4 ± 0.5 (34), and (f) 18- to 19-day—11.4 ± 0.9 (20). These changes in cyclic AMP levels accompnay pronounced changes in electrical properties of the sarcolemma during embryonic development; young hearts have a preponderance of slow cation (predominantly Na + ) channels and have a low K + permeability. Addition of isoproterenol (10 −6 M ) caused a pronounced rise in cyclic AMP levels within 1–3 min in 7- to 8-day and in 18- to 19-day hearts. The cultured cells, isolated from 16-day hearts and cultured for 5 days, had an average cyclic AMP value of 16 ± 2.0 (24). Therefore, the cyclic AMP levels appear to parallel changes in the membrane properties.
Interference competition between Ludwigia repens and Hygrophila polysperma: two morphologically similar aquatic plant species.

Abstract The interference competition between Ludwigia repens and Hygrophila polysperma was investigated in a 12-week tank experiment. In monoculture, sprigs (stem fragments) of both species showed similar growth rate and growth form. However, the two species differed strongly in response to interference competition from the other species. In response to increasing interference, sprigs of H. polysperma produced plants that had fewer but longer and more highly branched stems. However, the relative growth rate (RGR) was not significantly affected by the interference and total biomass accumulation was the same regardless of interference level. In contrast, developing sprigs of L. repens were negatively affected by interference. L. repens sprigs facing interference competition grew more slowly and produced fewer and shorter stems and fewer branches per stem than those growing in monoculture. At the highest level of interference, L. repens sprigs produced only 5% of the total mass produced when grown alone. Furthermore, the continued growth of established L. repens plants was significantly affected by interference from H. polysperma sprigs. At the end of the experimental growth period, the biomass of established L. repens invaded by H. polysperma sprigs was only 57% of that of established L. repens continuing to grow alone. Results of these experiments suggest that both species should effectively colonize unvegetated habitats. However, in an equal mixture of sprigs of the two species colonizing new habitats, H. polysperma will have advantage. Furthermore, established L. repens will be susceptible to invasion by H. polysperma while established H. polysperma is unlikely to be invaded by L. repens . The continued expansion of the exotic H. polysperma in North America is predicted.
Gas-phase flame synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles for use in a health effects study

Iron oxide nanoparticles, to be used in a health effects study, were synthesized in a H2/air diffusion flame and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, surface area measurement, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and a spectrophotometric speciation method. The nanoparticles exhibited the maghemite (γ -Fe2O3) crystal structure and contained only trivalent iron. There were two size modes in the particles. The large size mode contained crystalline, non-agglomerated particles with a median diameter of approximately 45 nm; the small size mode contained particles that were in the size range of 3–8 nm and were mostly amorphous. Depending on the value taken for the small particle size, the small mode accounted for 73–82% of the particle surface area. The particles in the small size mode were likely formed from the vapor of FeO and Fe.
Familial aggregation of aerobic power: the influence of age, physical activity, and body mass index.

Abstract Whereas modest familial aggregation of VO2 max has been documented after controlling for variables such as physical activity habits, the effect of adjustment for moderating variables has not been directly tested. This issue was addressed in 95 Anglo and 111 Mexican–American families who underwent submaximal cycle ergometer testing. Zero-order correlations of predicted VO2 max between pairs cf family members were generally weak for both Anglo families (r = 0.04 to 0.35) and Mexican–American families (r = 0.03 to 050). Five of 12 correlations were significant. Similar results were found for combined ethnic groups. Adjustment for age, physical activity, and body mass index by partial correlation had few significant effects on aggregation of predicted VO2 max. Adjustment for body mass index produced significant decreases in the correlation for Anglo spouses and mother–older child and sibling pairs in the combined group. Although influential moderating variables were not identified, body mass index wa...
Aflatoxin-induced alterations in Glycine max, cv. 'Essex' root cell membrane protein content

Aflatoxins (AFTs) are hepatocarcinogens, mutagens, teratogens and toxins. Isolates of AFTs-producing strains of Aspergillus flavus can grow upon both autoclaved soybeans and to a lesser extent field-grown beans. Besides inhibiting the elongation of excised, in vitro cultured soybean roots, the AFTs can impair the roots' ability to remove [14C]-leucine from a culture medium and to incorporate the amino acid into acidinsoluble, cytoplasmic protein. In this connection, exogenous AFTs once taken-up and compartmentalized by the excised roots can reduce the acid-insoluble protein content of what appears to be a non-enriched plasmalemma fraction. Here, we report a combined biochemical and microscopical attempt to determine whether the protein reduction occurs throughout the excised, in vitro-cultured root and whether the plasmalemma proteins which are affected by AFTs can be both solubilized and characterized. Histochemistry of Carnoy-fixed roots revealed a reduction in Ninhydrin-Schiff-stainability throughout the AFTs-treated root. Transmission electron microscopy of 80 000 × g pellets derived from homogenates of both non-treated (NT) and treated (T) roots provided further evidence to our previously reported marker enzyme analyses for the occurrence of the plasmalemma in the 80 000 × g pellet. Treatment of the latter with the Laemmli SDS procedure released >85% of the protein associated with the pellets obtained from homogenates of either NT or T roots. Gel permeation chromatography on Biogel-100 of released proteins from 80 000 × g pellets of both NT and T roots yielded both void volume and retarded peaks. Both the amplitude and the quantities of protein recovered within the void volume peak were less within the void volume of the T than the NT root. Polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis of G-100 void volume peaks of chromatographed, SDS-released proteins from the pellets revealed quantitative but not qualitative differences in Coomassie Blue-gel staining patterns between T and NT roots. These results suggest that the SDS methods which we employed could solubilize the 80 000 × g pellet proteins but that combined gel permeation chromatography and tube gel electrophoresis were not sensitive enough to reveal whether AFTs could alter the types of proteins associated with the 80 000 × g pellet (purported plasmalemma).
THERMAL STABILIZATION OF FOUR MICROBIAL β-GALACTOSIDASES BY HISTIDINE, CASEIN AMINO ACIDS AND CASEIN

Thermal stability of four microbial β-galactosidases was evaluated in the presence of casein, casein amino acids and histidine. The enzymes from Esch-erichia coli, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Streptococcus thermophilus were stabilized up to 60 fold by these additives, but there was little effect on the enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. Stabilization by casein amino acids and histidine was largely lactose dependent. Casein amino acids were not as effective as casein for any enzyme. For the K. marxianus enzyme, histidine alone was as effective as casein and the stabilizing effect was proportional to the logarithm of the histidine concentration.
Pyrrole-singlet oxygen reactions leading to α,α′-bipyrroles. Synthesis of prodigiosin and analogs

Abstract Reaction of the tert -butyl ester of 3-methoxy-2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid with singlet oxygen yields a hydroperoxide intermediate which undergoes coupling with pyrroles to yield precursors of prodigiosin and ring A analogs, readily convertible to the corresponding tripyrromethenes.
The 2-port control system

Abstract The 2-port control structure is introduced to develop a complete framework for the analysis and design of robust predictive controllers. It is particularly suited for the optimum resolution of controller design trade-offs, such as performance to set-point tracking vs. disturbance rejection, and performance at various frequencies. Furthermore, the 2-port control structure allows the transparent design of effective controllers for processes with non-minimum phase characteristics, or inherently unstable open-loop dynamics. Finally, it offers, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the design of effective adaptive control strategies. Various illustrations are also provided to demonstrate the relationship of the 2-port control structure to other design frameworks, such as internal model control (IMC), and conventional feedback with analytic predictors.
Pathophysiology of coronary thrombosis: role of plaque rupture and plaque erosion.

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in much of the western world. Atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries contribute to luminal obstruction leading to myocardial ischemia; however, abrupt coronary artery occlusion most frequently results from superimposition of a thrombus on a disrupted plaque, leading to the most serious clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease, ie, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Plaque that have undergone disruption and, by inference, plaques at risk for disruption (vulnerable plaques), tend to demonstrate outward vessel remodeling, contain a large lipid core, thinned out fibrous cap, reduced collagen content, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. Plaque stabilization through change in plaque composition may be responsible for reduced frequency of acute vaso-occlusive events observed with lipid and other risk-factor modifying interventions.
Photodoping and Enhanced Visible Light Absorption in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with a Wide Band Gap Oligomer

Carbon nanotubes feature excellent electronic properties but narrow absorption bands limit their utility in certain optoelectronic devices, including photovoltaic cells. Here, the addition of a wide-bandgap gap oligomer enhances light absorption in the visible spectrum. Furthermore, the oligomer interacts with the carbon nanotube through a peculiar charge transfer, which provides insight into Type II heterojunctions.
Twenty-five basic joining techniques in family therapy.

(1990). Twenty-Five Basic Joining Techniques in Family Therapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 89-90.
Antagonistic effect of fat on the antibotulinal activity of food preservatives and fatty acids.

The effect of fat on the antibotulinal activity of 11 food preservatives, 12 free fatty acids, and nine lots of enzyme-modified cheese (EMC) was evaluated in a media system. Anhydrous milkfat or soybean oil was added to tubes of Trypticase–peptone–glucose–yeast extract medium (TPGY) supplemented with the additives (final pH adjusted to 5.9). Treatments were inoculated with 3-log10 proteolytic Clostridium botulinum spores/ml (10-strain mixture of serotypes A and B) and incubated anaerobically at 30°C for up to 14 days. For the preservative and fatty acids studies, growth of C. botulinum was determined by measuring optical changes at OD640 nm. Botulinal toxin production was determined in EMC-treatments using the mouse bioassay. Data revealed that the antibotulinal effects of nisin, and free fatty acids caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, oleic, and linoleic acids were each significantly reduced in treatments supplemented with 20% fat (P<0.05). Similar trends were observed in TPGY supplemented with 20% fat and potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, monolaurin, polyphosphate emulsifier, or EDTA–lysozyme, but the differences were reduced. Fat was also antagonistic to the antibotulinal activity of five EMC-treatments. This study suggests that fat may reduce the efficacy of some antimicrobials added to or found naturally in foods.
Influence of a buffered solution on the adsorption isotherm and overloaded band profiles of an ionizable compound.

Abstract The overloaded band profiles and the adsorption isotherms of propranolol were acquired at 23 °C, on the endcapped C 18 -Kromasil stationary phase, using two aqueous solutions of methanol as the mobile phase. The first solution contained 40% methanol and no buffer. The second contained an aqueous acetate buffer at C buffer =0.20 M and pH=5.9. In both cases, 33 isotherm data points were acquired by frontal analysis (FA), to achieve an accurate description of the isotherms in the concentration range between 1.54×10 −3 and 1.54×10 −1 mol/l of propranolol. The isotherms obtained were best described by a bi-Langmuir and a bi-Moreau isotherm model, depending on whether the mobile phase was buffered or not. This shows that the adsorption of propranolol takes place on two different types of sites, a behavior similar to the one already observed with phenol and caffeine on the same column. The presence of the buffer in the mobile phase drastically changes the adsorption mechanism of propranolol. Weak adsorbate–adsorbate interactions (two and three times RT on the low- and the high-energy sites, respectively) take place in the absence of buffer but vanish when the mobile phase is buffered. As expected, the adsorption constants on the abundant low-energy sites with or without buffer are comparable because the mobile phase composition was adjusted to give similar retention times in the two cases. On the other hand, the adsorption of propranolol on the high-energy sites is stronger in presence of the buffer. The difference probably comes from ion-pair formation in the adsorbed phase between the propranolol cation and the acetate anion. The change in total saturation capacity of the adsorbent (22%) compared to that for phenol is explained by the difference in methanol content of the mobile phase.
Retained Foreign Bodies: Risk and Outcomes at the National Level

Background Retained foreign bodies (RFB) after operative interventions are linked to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and represent a medico-legal liability. We aimed to identify associated risk factors and outcomes related to iatrogenic RFB in the United States. Study Design A cross-sectional analysis was performed on all interventions that resulted in a secondary diagnosis of RFB in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2003 to 2009. Comparative controls were randomly selected from patients who underwent similar procedures. Results We identified 3,045 cases of RFB, and 12,592 controls were included. The majority of incidents, 968 (31.8%), were reported after gastrointestinal interventions. Risk of RFB was higher in teaching hospitals (odds ratio [OR] 1.31, 95% CI [1.19, 1.45], p 2 ) and older age (≥65 years) were significantly associated with a higher risk only for abdominopelvic procedures (p Conclusions Retained foreign bodies have unfavorable and nationally tangible clinical and economic outcomes. The risk profile for RFB at the national level seems to demonstrate an association with demographic and clinical factors including nature of the procedure, type of admission, and trauma status. Teaching hospitals are associated with a higher risk. Targeted efforts toward identified high-risk populations are needed to avoid these morbid and costly complications.
Inferring Speaker Attributes in Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia: Ratings From Unfamiliar Listeners

Purpose To determine whether unfamiliar listeners' perceptions of speakers with adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) differ from control speakers on the parameters of relative age, confidence, tearfulness, and vocal effort and are related to speaker-rated vocal effort or voice-specific quality of life. Method Twenty speakers with ADSD (including 6 speakers with ADSD plus tremor) and 20 age- and sex-matched controls provided speech recordings, completed a voice-specific quality-of-life instrument (Voice Handicap Index; Jacobson et al., 1997), and rated their own vocal effort. Twenty listeners evaluated speech samples for relative age, confidence, tearfulness, and vocal effort using rating scales. Results Listeners judged speakers with ADSD as sounding significantly older, less confident, more tearful, and more effortful than control speakers (p < .01). Increased vocal effort was strongly associated with decreased speaker confidence (rs = .88–.89) and sounding more tearful (rs = .83–.85). Self-rated speaker ...
Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine on autonomic thermoregulatory responses of the rat.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a substituted amphetamine analogue which stimulates serotonin release in the CNS, has been shown to induce near lethal elevations in core temperature in the rat. To characterize the effects of MDMA on temperature regulation, we measured metabolic rate (MR), evaporative water loss (EWL), motor activity (MA), and colonic temperature (Tc) in male, Long-Evans rats at 60 min following 30 mg/kg (SC) MDMA or saline at ambient temperatures (Ta) of 10, 20, and 30°C. MDMA caused an elevation in MR at Ta's of 20 and 30°C but had no effect at 10°C. At a Ta of 30°C, MR of the MDMA group was double that of the saline group. EWL was elevated by MDMA, an effect which was potentiated with increasing Ta. MDMA also elicited an increase in MA at all three Ta's. MDMA led to a 3.2°C increase in Tc at 30°C, no change in Tc at 20°C, and a 2.0°C decrease in Tc at 10°C. A second study found that treatment with 20 mg/kg MDMA failed to elicit an increase in blood flow to the tail in spite of a hyperthermic core temperature of 41.4°C. Preliminary studies using radiotelemetry methodology suggested that MDMA lethality is preceded by precipitous elevations in heart rate and core temperature. The data suggest that, at relatively warm Ta's, MDMA-induced stimulation of serotonergic pathway causes an elevation in MR and peripheral vasoconstriction, thus producing life-threatening elevations in Tc. The increase in EWL following MDMA partially attenuates the hyperthermia at warm Ta's, but leads to hypothermia in the rat maintained at a cold Ta of 10°C.
Fairy Tales in the Modern(ist) World: Gerhart Hauptmann's Bahnwärter Thiel and Marie von Ebner‐Eschenbach's Das Gemeindekind

Despite the dark impulses that drive many fairy tales, popular nineteenth-century collections were animated by modern optimism. In this article, I contend that two 1887 novellas, Gerhart Hauptmann's Bahnwarter Thiel and Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach's Das Gemeindekind, demonstrate what happened to this optimism and the fairy tale that embodied it at the inception of twentieth-century modernity. I show the way in which these authors use fairy tale frameworks to express a proto-Naturalist worldview and draw out the affinities that make this improbable combination fruitful, the foremost of which was a common concern with poverty and its consequences. Both novellas lack the fairy tale's miraculous resolution of these problems and the modern optimism it expresses. At the same time, each demonstrates the continuities underlying the shift from nineteenth-century modernity to twentieth-century modernism. While Hauptmann's story retains the dream of domestic sanctuary and belief in overwhelming supernatural powers that often characterize the fairy tale, Ebner-Eschenbach's preserves a remnant of humanist hope.
Psychophysical studies of monkey vision—I. Macaque luminosity and color vision tests

Abstract Macaque monkeys and normal human observers were tested on the same apparatus for the presence of a Purkinje shift, and for spectral sensitivity under scotopic and photopic conditions. The flicker fusion point for different lights was used as a measure of visual sensitivity in these tests and the testing procedure was a four-alternative forced choice. The results show that macaque monkeys and normal human observers show a rod-cone break at the same flicker frequency, and are very similar in both relative and absolute scotopic and photopic sensitivity. Macaque monkeys, normal human observers and color-defective human observers were also tested under identical conditions in several measures of color vision.
A performance analysis of an object-based I/O architecture in a video server environment

In this paper, we present a performance analysis of how effective video server applications can be supported on personal computers (PCs) connected through a local area network (LAN). We considered both the standard 16-Mbit/s token ring and a 100-Mbit/s token ring, which follows closely the specifications for the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). We examined three I/O architectures for a PC-based video server: an interrupt-driven I/O architecture, a peer-to-peer I/O architecture, and a concurrent, object-based I/O architecture that we proposed. The video server must support multiple MPEG-1 video streams at the same time to multiple clients on the LAN. We found that the network protocol layers require a lot of processing power, and that an implementation of our proposed I/O architecture, which takes advantage of the available power of the host processor to off-load I/O adapters, can deliver much better performance, and is more cost-effective, than other I/O architectures in a video server environment.
Brain corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on neurons and astrocytes.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) exerts many potent effects within brain and is considered an important brain neuroregulator. CRH acts via receptors that are widely distributed throughout brain which exhibits highest CRH receptor concentrations in extrahypothalamic regions. We have previously characterized CRH receptors in heterogeneous extrahypothalamic forebrain cell cultures consisting of neurons and glia, and have shown them to exhibit similar kinetic and pharmacological characteristics as CRH receptors in pituitary and in situ brain. However, it is not known whether CRH receptors are present on neurons, glia or both. We tested the hypothesis that CRH receptors are present on neurons in extrahypothalamic forebrain cell cultures derived from day 17–18 fetal rats by characterizing receptors in predominantly neuronal (N), glial/astrocytic (G) cultures and mixed (M) cultures. Mean CRH receptor concentrations (fmol/mg protein) in N (10.4), G (9.4), and M (9.8) cultures were similar. Following Scatchard analyses derived from competition curves, all cell populations exhibited similar mean high-affinity/ low-capacity ( K d = 1.0–1.9 nM; B max = 183–388 fmol/mg protein) and low-affinity/high-capacity ( K d = 92–104 nM; B max = 2034–5008 fmol/mg protein) classes of binding sites. In conclusion: (1) Neurons and astrocytes in fetal extrahypothalamic brain cell cultures contain CRH receptors which exhibit similar concentrations and similar kinetic characteristics. (2) These observations suggest that biological effects of CRH in brain could be mediated via actions on neurons and/or glial astrocytes.
Multimedia digital signal processing laboratory

This paper reports on a funded National Science Foundation (ILI) work to establish a multimedia digital signal processing (MMDSP) laboratory that introduces the classical concepts in digital signal processing within the context of processing and interpretation of signals and images using innovative hands on experiments. The MDSP laboratory enhances students' education through multimedia cooperative learning using state-of-the-art audio and video equipment. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 8: 209–215, 2000