cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2 – IMMUNOLOGY: PART A. Basic Immunology of Vaccine Development

Vaccine formulations have been successful against a wide variety of viral and bacterial infections and have a tremendous impact in reducing morbidity and mortality worldwide from infectious diseases. The goal of vaccination is to provide protection against diseases caused by microorganisms. It is also important to develop a thorough understanding of the immune mechanism by which this protection mechanism can be achieved. When a microbe enters the body, the immune system responds through a diverse set of mechanisms in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agent. The goal of immunization is to generate and sustain a population of antigen-specific immune cells that will mediate effector functions to prevent and/or control a disease. CD4 + T cells play a central role in immune response. Vaccine development involves the identification of pathogen-specific antigens. Antibodies or immunoglobulins (Igs) make a complex group of glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes, which binds with high specificity to polysaccharide antigens on microbial pathogens.
Reliability-Based Design Optimization of Wind Turbine Systems

Wind turbine reliability is considered as one of the most critical factors that affects the wind energy cost and is investigated tremendously nowadays. Design optimization techniques are implemented in wind energy industry to obtain reliable wind turbine systems, e.g., hub, blade, gearbox, and bearing, while satisfying design constraints. However, traditional deterministic design optimization (DDO) methods do not consider realistic uncertain situations during the life span of wind turbines potentially causing premature failures of wind turbine systems. In contrast, reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) is aimed to design reliable and cost-effective wind turbine systems considering various uncertainties, e.g., load uncertainty, manufacturing uncertainty, and material uncertainty, at early design stage. This chapter elaborates the RBDO procedure for wind turbine systems considering uncertainties focusing on wind load uncertainty. Using measured wind data, a dynamic wind load uncertainty model has been developed to involve both the annual wind load variation and the wind load variation in a large spatiotemporal range, for example, in different years and at different locations. Reliability analysis under wind load uncertainty applies the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to simulate uncertain wind load using the developed dynamic wind load uncertainty model. This method can estimate the probability that a wind turbine system could survive 20 years of target lifespan. Finally, a sampling-based RBDO method is explained for wind turbine design problems in which the design sensitivity is often complicated, nonlinear, and implicit. One of the most important advantages of the sampling-based RBDO method is that the design sensitivity of the probabilistic constraint of complex wind turbine design problems is derived using the score function and the MCS method which avoid calculating the sensitivity of the turbine performance measure. Thus, a typical wind turbine system can be treated as a black box smoothly integrating into the RBDO procedure. One case study, RBDO of a composite wind turbine blade, is demonstrated in this chapter.
Segmental Regulation of Cardiac Development by the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors dHAND and eHAND

Publisher Summary Discovery of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins, dHAND and eHAND, provides a point of entry into the molecular pathways, which govern both mesodermal and neural crest development of the heart. Moreover, the HAND genes provide a transcriptional basis for a segmental model of cardiac development in which chamber specific regulatory programs operate relatively independently of one another. Finally, through gene knockout experiments of dHAND and other cardiac transcription factors, a variety of critical factors in a molecular pathway controlling individual steps of heart formation is assimilated. Although significant insights have been gained regarding the biology of the HAND transcription factors, many questions remain such as through what mechanism do dHAND and eHAND regulate right and left ventricle development? What are the target genes which lie downstream of these transcription factors? What factors lie upstream of dI-IAND and eHAND and control the chamber-specific expression patterns observed? It is hoped that further understanding of these and other factors will provide answers to the previous and other exciting questions in the future.
A case of ictal burst-suppression

"Burst-suppression" pattern consists of complete attenuation of background between bursts of mixed frequencies, variable morphology and waveforms. It is a subgroup of periodic patterns seen in severe cerebral damage, anesthesia or prematurity. Here, we present a 46-year-old woman with post-anoxic encephalopathy on cooling protocol with two electrographically similar patterns of burst-suppression (one with a clinical ictal correlate of isolated eye movements), as well as three electroclinical seizures. The literature on rare clinical phenomenon of isolated eye movements associated with burst-suppression is reviewed, with the conclusion that the presented case suggests an ictal origin.
Stage 3: Rendering Models and the Human Network View

This chapter introduces the use of the System Modeling Language, especially in the context of Model Based System Engineering. It describes the use of standard templates to render models of the human focused data. The third stage of the Human Viewpoint methodology is presented with a mapping of the applicable model templates for each of the Human Views. The Human Network view is described in detail, illustrating the ability to draw data elements and their inter-relationships from other views and incorporating them in a single, compound view.
Characterization of a Griffith-Type Transonic, Laminar-Flow Airfoil

An experimental test campaign was conducted on a transonic Griffith-type airfoil to evaluate the effectiveness of its laminar flow qualities and boundary-layer flow control characteristics in the t...
PPAR expression, muscle size and metabolic rates across the gray catbird's annual cycle are greatest in preparation for fall migration

ABSTRACT Phenotypic flexibility across the annual cycle allows birds to adjust to fluctuating ecological demands. Varying energetic demands associated with time of year have been demonstrated to drive metabolic and muscle plasticity in birds, but it remains unclear what molecular mechanisms control this flexibility. We sampled gray catbirds at five stages across their annual cycle: tropical overwintering (January), northward spring (late) migration (early May), breeding (mid June), the fall pre-migratory period (early August) and southward fall (early) migration (end September). Across the catbird9s annual cycle, cold-induced metabolic rate (VO2summit) was highest during migration and lowest during tropical wintering. Flight muscles exhibited significant hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia during fall migratory periods compared with breeding and the fall pre-migratory period. Changes in heart mass were driven by the tropical wintering stage, when heart mass was lowest. Mitochondrial content of the heart and pectoralis remained constant across the annual cycle as quantified by aerobic enzyme activities (CS, CCO), as did lipid catabolic capacity (HOAD). In the pectoralis, transcription factors PPARα, PPARδ and ERRβ, coactivators PGC-1α and β, and genes encoding proteins associated with fat uptake (FABPpm, Plin3) were unexpectedly upregulated in the tropical wintering stage, whereas those involved in fatty acid oxidation (ATGL, LPL, MCAD) were downregulated, suggesting a preference for fat storage over utilization. Transcription factors and coactivators were synchronously upregulated during pre-migration and fall migration periods in the pectoralis but not the heart, suggesting that these pathways are important in preparation for and during early migration to initiate changes to phenotypes that facilitate long-distance migration.
Preeclamptic Women Are at Significantly Higher Risk of Future Cardiovascular Outcomes Over a 15-Year Period.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) may lead to maternal and infant mortality and severe medical complications. Understanding future short- and long-term cardiovascular (CV) outcomes of PE is important t...
Athletic Training Junior Faculty Experiences with Institutional Expectations for Tenure and Promotion

Context Tenure-earning faculty are evaluated in 3 primary areas including teaching, research and scholarship, and service. Struggles regarding earning tenure are not unique to the academe, but with...
2769. The Clinical and Economic Impact of MMR Vaccinations to Prevent Measles Importations from US Pediatric Travelers Returning from Abroad

Background Although pediatric travelers comprise < 10% of US international travelers, they account for almost half of all measles importations among returning travelers. For travelers 1–18 years with no other evidence of measles immunity, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends 2 MMR vaccine doses before departure; 1 dose is recommended for infant travelers (6 to <12 months) and does not count toward their primary immunization series. All US travelers (6 months to < 6 years) are at risk for being undervaccinated for measles because MMR is routinely given at 1 years and 4–6 years.
PREVALENCE OF NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs) USE IN MALAYSIAN ADULTS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS: A POPULATION-BASED SURVEY

Chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with adverse effects. However, NSAIDs are among the most popular pain killers and easily available over the counter. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NSAIDs use in Malaysian adults and among those with chronic diseases such as arthritis, kidney disease, hypertension, heart disease and asthma. It also examined the factors associated with NSAIDs use. Data from the National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2011, a nation-wide survey was analysed. A total of 18231 respondents aged 18 years and above responded to this module. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the association between NSAIDs use and associated factors. The overall prevalence of NSAIDs use among Malaysian adults was 14.2% (95%CI 13.3-15.1). Of the respondents, 4.2% (95%CI 3.8-4.7) took NSAIDs once daily. NSAIDs use was highly associated with those who were ever-told to have arthritis (aOR: 3.03; 95%CI 2.60-3.52) and have difficulty of performing daily activities or work (aOR: 2.06; 95%CI 1.86-2.28). Those who were ever-told to have kidney disease (aOR: 2.36; 95%CI 1.74-3.20), ever-told to have asthma (aOR: 1.36; 95%CI 1.17-1.58), ever-told to have heart disease (aOR: 1.34; 95%CI 1.08-1.65), known hypertension (aOR: 1.22; 95%CI 1.08-1.37) also were associated with NSAIDs use. By socio-demographic profiles, NSAIDs use was positively associated with those who have government benefit scheme or private health insurance (aOR: 1.44; 95%CI 1.31-1.58), higher education level (aOR: 1.35; 95%CI 1.20-1.51), higher household income (aOR: 1.26; 95%CI 1.11-1.44, aOR: 1.12; 95%CI 1.02-1.24), currently working (aOR: 1.25; 95%CI 1.13-1.39) and female (aOR: 1.17; 95%CI 1.07-1.28). NSAIDs use was less likely among those aged 60 years and above (aOR: 0.83; 95% CI 0.72-0.97), Chinese (aOR: 0.41; 95% CI 0.36-0.47) and ‘Others’ ethnicity (aOR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.67-0.99) compared to Malay ethnicity. NSAIDs use is prevalent in Malaysian adults and associated with co-morbidities and higher socio-demographic status, thus appropriate awareness should be promoted and highlighted in the community.
Report from the American Society for Microbiology COVID-19 International Summit, 23 March 2020: Value of Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.

As we enter the second quarter of the COVID-19 pandemic, with testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV-2) increasingly available (though still limited and/or slow in some areas), we are faced with new questions and challenges regarding this novel virus. When to test? Whom to test? What to test? How often to test? And, what to do with test results? Since SARS–CoV-2 is a new virus, there is little evidence to fall back on for test utilization and diagnostic stewardship (1). Several points need to be considered to begin answering of these questions; specifically, what types of tests are available and under which circumstances are they useful? This understanding can help guide the use of testing at the local, regional, state, and national levels and inform those assessing the supply chain to ensure that needed testing is and continues to be available. Here, we explain the types of tests available and how they might be useful in the face of a rapidly changing and never-before-experienced situation. There are two broad categories of SARS–CoV-2 tests: those that detect the virus itself and those that detect the host’s response to the virus. Each will be considered separately. We must recognize that we are dealing with (i) a new virus, (ii) an unprecedented pandemic in modern times, and (iii) uncharted territory. With this in mind, in the absence of either proven effective therapy or a vaccine, diagnostic testing, which we have, becomes an especially important tool, informing patient management and potentially helping to save lives by limiting the spread …
Relational tensions, narrative, and materiality: intergenerational communication in families with undocumented immigrant parents

This research explores the competing discourses and relational tensions that emerge in intergenerational communication in immigrant families with undocumented parents through in-depth interviews wi...
Influence of chronic hyperoxia on the developmental time course of the hypoxic ventilatory response relative to other traits in rats

Abstract Newborn mammals exhibit a biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in which an initial increase in ventilation is followed by a decline back toward baseline levels. The magnitude of the secondary decline diminishes with postnatal age, but this transition occurs earlier in rat pups reared in moderate hyperoxia. This pattern is consistent with heterokairy, a form of developmental plasticity in which environmental factors alter the timing of developmental events. The present study investigated whether this plasticity is specific to the HVR or if hyperoxia instead accelerates overall development. Rat pups reared in 60 % O2 (Hyperoxia) exhibited a less biphasic ventilatory response to 12 % O2 than pups reared in 21 % O2 (Control) at 4 days of age (P4) and transitioned to a sustained HVR by P10-11; Control rats exhibited a biphasic HVR at both ages. However, the average ages at which pups attained other key developmental milestones (i.e., fur development at P5, incisor eruption at P9, and eye opening at P15) were similar between treatment groups. Moreover, growth rates and maturation of the metabolic response to cooling were not accelerated, and may have been delayed slightly, relative to Control rats. For example, the capacity for pups to increase their metabolic rate at low ambient temperatures increased with age, but this thermogenic capacity tended to be reduced in Hyperoxia pups at both P4 and P10-11 (i.e., lower CO2 production rates below the lower critical temperature). Collectively, these data support the conclusion that hyperoxia specifically advances the age at which rat pups exhibit a sustained HVR, altering the relative timing of developmental events rather than compressing the entire period of development.
Correlation driven phonon anomalies in bulk FeSe

We study the lattice dynamics of iron superconductor FeSe and address the fundamental question of how important is a proper description of fluctuating magnetic moments in metallic systems for phonon dispersion and phonon density of states. We show that density functional theory (DFT)$+$ embedded dynamical mean-field theory (eDMFT) functional approach, which truly captures the fluctuating local moments, largely eliminates the deficiency of DFT for the description of lattice dynamics in correlated metallic systems, and predicts phonon dispersion and phonon density of states in very good agreement with available x-ray data and nuclear inelastic scattering. This benchmark between eDMFT and experiment will be important for data science driven material design, in which DFT is being replaced by beyond DFT methods.
Should we trust robots? The ethical perspective

Abstract This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by human-robot interactions. Classical moral philosophy, developed exclusively for human-human interactions, cannot be directly applied to human-robot interactions. Here, this chapter explores possible ethical paradigms to advise human-robot interactions. Human beings are fundamentally teleological in nature. We are goal directed, and our ethical maturity lies in our ability to reflect on the goals we choose. The ethical challenge is to maintain that reflection despite the tendency of robots and AI to narrow and erode the scope of human judgment. This discussion attempts to render more transparent the often unnoticed ways that human judgment is subtly altered by choices made by the AI partner.
Synthesis, characterization, and polymerization of capped paddlewheel porous cages.

Although paddlewheel-based structures are common among permanently porous metal–organic materials, suitable strategies for the isolation of metal node-terminated, capped paddlewheel-based cage structures remain limited. We explored the use of chelating dicarboxylate ligand derivates (esp) for the isolation of trimesate-linked cages, Mo12(btc)4(esp)6, that are structural analogs of the small octahedral pore of HKUST-1. The porosity of these novel cages is appreciably higher than that of previously reported structures of this type. We also demonstrate that pillaring the isolated cage with DABCO generated an amorphous polymer that featured exceptional thermal stability and enhanced porosity.
Holistic marine energy resource assessments: A wave and offshore wind perspective of metocean conditions

Abstract Offshore wind and wave energy resources are possibly the last significantly untapped renewable energy resource, and could play a significant role in mitigating the impacts of climate change via the generation of renewable electricity. While often considered independently, there are significant technical advantages to co-deployment of wave and offshore wind technologies, and will be future competition for limited marine real estate, so there is a distinct need to development holistic assessments of these offshore resources. Currently, offshore wind and wave energy resource assessments have been conducted as independent parallel processes, with little interaction with regard to best practices, lessons learnt, or opportunities to create compatible methodologies for future utilization by the broader marine energy sector. Based on the latest technical specifications from the International Electrotechnical Commission, and the highest fidelity publicly available datasets, the offshore wind and wave conditions at the PacWave site off Oregon, USA were quantified. At the 70m depth site, the results clearly show a significant untapped energy resource an annual average wave energy flux of ∼35 kW/m and a mean average wind speed of 7.8 m/s; suitable for significant offshore wind (fixed and floating) and wave energy technology deployment The offshore wind and wave energy resources both show significant seasonal variation, with offshore wind also featuring a consistent daily profile during summer. Finally, opportunities and challenges associated with developing a holistic assessment of offshore marine energy resources were discussed and recommendations provided.
Excitation ratiometric chloride sensing in a standalone yellow fluorescent protein is powered by the interplay between proton transfer and conformational reorganization

Natural and laboratory-guided evolution has created a rich diversity of fluorescent protein (FP)-based sensors for chloride (Cl−). To date, such sensors have been limited to the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (avGFP) family, and fusions with other FPs have unlocked ratiometric imaging applications. Recently, we identified the yellow fluorescent protein from jellyfish Phialidium sp. (phiYFP) as a fluorescent turn-on, self-ratiometric Cl− sensor. To elucidate its working mechanism as a rare example of a single FP with this capability, we tracked the excited-state dynamics of phiYFP using femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy and target analysis. The photoexcited neutral chromophore undergoes bifurcated pathways with the twisting-motion-induced nonradiative decay and barrierless excited-state proton transfer. The latter pathway yields a weakly fluorescent anionic intermediate , followed by the formation of a red-shifted fluorescent state that enables the ratiometric response on the tens of picoseconds timescale. The redshift results from the optimized π–π stacking between chromophore Y66 and nearby Y203, an ultrafast molecular event. The anion binding leads to an increase of the chromophore pKa and ESPT population, and the hindrance of conversion. The interplay between these two effects determines the turn-on fluorescence response to halides such as Cl− but turn-off response to other anions such as nitrate as governed by different binding affinities. These deep mechanistic insights lay the foundation for guiding the targeted engineering of phiYFP and its derivatives for ratiometric imaging of cellular chloride with high selectivity.
School Nurses' Diabetes-Related Attitudes and Self-efficacy in Diabetes Education and Management.

This study explored relationships between school nurses’ diabetes-related attitudes, self-efficacy in diabetes management and education, and care practices. One-hundred fourteen school nurses who h...
Antigenic Variation by Relapsing Fever Borrelia Species and Other Bacterial Pathogens

This chapter provides examples of antigenic variation that meet three criteria. (i) There is evidence that variation is mainly for avoidance of the host’s immune response or niche selection, i.e., adaptation to different microenvironments in the host, or both. (ii) The variation is multiphasic rather than biphasic. In other words, the repertoire of variable antigens is at least three. There is not a flip-flop between two antigen states, as occurs with some DNA inversion systems. (iii) The mechanism for antigenic variation is most consistent with gene conversion, and this occurs in a clonal population, not through lateral gene transfer between strains. The chapter on relapsing-fever Borrelia species in the first edition was necessarily short: information about genetics of these organisms was limited. The agents of relapsing fever and Lyme disease are spirochetes, a separate group of eubacteria that are as different from gram-negative bacteria as they are from gram-positive bacteria or cyanobacteria. Although humans infected with a relapsing fever Borrelia may become seriously ill and die, most infections of the usual vertebrate hosts for these microorganisms produce a mild illness. Clearly the bacterial examples of multiphasic antigenic variation of this chapter fall in the category of programmed rearrangements. Maenwhile, for relapsing fever spirochetes and gonococci at least, the process that varies expression among a repertoire of alleles is not as tidy and efficient as occurs in other programmed rearrangement systems, notably, yeast mating- type switches and the several examples of DNA inversions.
Long Range Dependence in Human Sensorimotor Coordination

When humans coordinate their limb movements with a periodic stimulus train (e.g. a rhythmic metronome) by either tapping on the beat (synchronizing) or tapping off the beat (syncopating), their performance is variable and the inevitable timing error from each cycle constitutes a stochastic time series. The analysis of this time series is an important step toward understanding how the human brain controls rhythmic movement. Experimental psychologists have studied this simple task for nearly a century [1]. Early work focused on the mean and variance of the timing errors, but it did not study the possible sequential aspects of the cycle-to-cycle fluctuations. Subsequent researchers attempted to relate correlations among timing errors to the performance strategy [2]. The current prevailing model assumes that the human subject perceives the timing error and makes local corrective adjustments, resulting in short-range correlated timing errors [3],[4].
Emergent Literacy Skills of Preschool Students with Autism: A Comparison of Teacher-Led and Computer-Assisted Instruction.

Children with autism are at-risk for poor literacy outcomes and have the right to learn literacy skills. Despite this, students with autism often may be perceived as not ready for literacy instruction. This study focused on teaching alphabet skills to young children with autism. Two instructional conditions were compared, traditional teacher-led group instruction that used alphabet books and multimedia computer-assisted instruc- tion. Data were compared to determine the effects on alphabetic skills acquisition and maintenance. The effects on student attentive behavior and engagement in problem behavior in each intervention condition also were compared. Results indicated that both interventions were effective for improving and maintaining student alphabet recognition skills. In both intervention groups, the children had high rates of attention to task and low rates of undesirable behavior. Directions for future research as well as conclusions regarding the design of literacy interventions for students with autism are discussed.
Isosurface Extraction for Large-Scale Data Sets

Isosurface extraction is an important technique for visualizing large scale three-dimensional scalar fields. Recent years have seen many acceleration methods for isosurface extraction including the space space representation and view dependent methods. In this paper, we provide an overview of isosurface extraction and describe two methods for view dependent isosurface extraction; building upon our previous research to develop a superior method. We describe the differences between the two techniques and their relative advantages and disadvantages. These methods are particularly useful for remote visualization of very large datasets.
Effect of thermal strain on measurement of cylinder pressure

Cyclical exposure of a piezoelectric transducer to high temperature gas results in an error in the measured pressure due to thermal strain of the transducer diaphragm. Thermal strain results in a decrease in the measured values of IMEP and PMEP, while burn times calculated using the method of Rassweiler and Withrow are relatively unaffected. The severity of the effect can be minimized by coating the transducer diaphragm with RTV. When the effects of thermal strain persist into the intake stroke, a method of detection at low speed is to overlay and compare the firing and motoring intake stroke pressure traces.
Listening and focusing: holistic health care tools for nurses.

This article explores the roles of two methods of holistic communication: active listening and focusing. Active listening is a technique used by the nurse to reflect on what a patient has said to him or her and can help patients feel more deeply and be understood better by the nurse. Focusing, a body-centered method for developing self-awareness, is a way of listening to feelings by becoming aware of body sensations that carry meaning about issues or concerns. This article includes four uses of focusing: (1) reducing stress, (2) creating better coping strategies (e.g., pain control, decision making), (3) making behavioral changes, and (4) developing a collaborative approach with patients. Clinical examples (mini-focusing moments) that demonstrate how listening and focusing may be integrated into daily nursing care are also included.
Contributions of socialisation of coping to physiological responses to stress

The messages mothers communicate to their children about coping may play an important role in children's emotional development by shaping children's responses to stress. Building on prior research ...
Electron-impact-ionization cross sections for highly ionized heliumlike atoms

Cross sections for electron-impact ionization from the ground states of four ions in the helium isoelectronic sequence have been calculated in the distorted-wave Born-exchange approximation. The results are in good agreement with available experimental data. Exchange in the scattering matrix element was found to be important in the determination of accurate cross sections. An isoelectronic plot of the scaled cross section permits ready interpolation of the nonrelativistic ionization cross section for any ion in the helium sequence in the incident electron energy range 1--5 times threshold.
Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane modification and neurotrophic mechanisms

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is highly enriched in the brain mainly in membrane phospholipids. Maintenance of a high DHA concentration in brain is essential for proper neuronal function, suggesting a unique requirement of this fatty acid for an optimal membrane structure and function in the nervous system. This article discusses mechanisms supporting neurotrophic function of DHA, particularly the role of DHA in membrane modification and related cell signaling leading to neuronal survival and differentiation.
Constrained approximation and Hermite interpolation with smooth quadratic splines: Some negative results

Abstract Quadratic splines are generated which interpolate a function and its derivative at points midway between alternate pairs of knots, and the error bound is shown to be precisely of order h 2 rather than h 3 as expected. This result is related to best constrained approximation by splines and thence to Galerkin methods for constrained problems.
Age distributions in stochastically dividing populations.

Abstract Let N(a, t) be the number of cells of age less than a in a population of mortal, dividing cells at time t . If probabilities of death and division are given as functions of cell age, then N(a, t) is a random variable. The mean and variance of this random variable have the following asymptotic behavior as functions of time: if the population tends to decrease, the mean and variance tend to zero; if the population tends to increase, the mean and standard deviation tend to increase exponentially, both with the same exponent; otherwise the mean tends to a constant and the variance tends to increase in proportion to time. Similar conclusions apply when the probabilities of death and division depend on cell age and time.
Effects on experimental animals of long-term inhalation exposure to mineral spirits.

A series of short-term repeated and long-term continuous inhalation studies were conducted with a widely used Navy paint thinner (mineral spirits) at concentrations ranging from 114 to 1353 mg/m3. Guinea pigs exposed continuously for 90 days to 363–1271 mg/m3 showed mortality rates ranging from 27 to 79%. Hematologic, biochemical, and pathologic studies failed to reveal changes that might account for these deaths. On the basis of these studies a 90-day tentative guideline for submarines has been established at 40 mg/m3 for mineral spirits containing 15–20% aromatic hydrocarbons.
Directions in Network-Based Security Monitoring

This article outlines some recently emerging research in network-based malicious software detection. The author discusses differences between traditional network intrusion detection and these new techniques, and highlights a new freely available tool called BotHunter.
A Two-Phase Algorithm for the Maintenance of a Deteriorating Component System

Abstract Given component costs and component deterioration distributions, the algorithm describes which components should be replaced at discrete time intervals so that the system will operate at lowest, or nearly lowest, expected cost. Component replacement costs are traded against system inefficiency costs. The algorithm takes into account that all past decisions affect the probability distributions and immediate costs. The two-phase algorithm consists of a parameter generation phase and a dynamic programming phase. Decisions are based upon the state of the system so that components need not be monitored. The algorithm is verified by an independent simulation.
Determination of Ethanol In Alcoholic Beverages by Liquid Chromatography Using the UV Detector

Ethanol in certain beverages and in similar solutions may be determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) using the UV detector. The mobile phase in this indirect photometric detection technique contains a low concentration of a UV-absorbing compound, such as acetone, that coelutes with the ethanol peak. Several variables such as the choice and concentration of the UV-detection agent are examined regarding their effects on the retention time, magnitude and linearity of peak area, and other aspects of quantitation. Except for filtering to remove particulate matter, samples can be injected without pretreatment. The concentration of ethanol in several types of beverages can be determined with 2% relative standard deviation, calibration is linear to 40% ethanol, and the minimum detectable concentration is 0.1%.
Factors Influencing Recruitment and Retention of Nurse Educators Reported by Current Nurse Faculty

Nursing education will have to increase the number of new nurse graduates by 30% a year over the next decade to meet the growing demand for registered nurses. Building the nursing education workforce has become imperative. Strategies for recruiting and retaining nurse faculty have been outlined, but we do not know which are effective. This descriptive study used a nationwide Internet survey to ask teaching nurse educators what they believe are effective strategies to increase the number of nurse faculty. More than 2,100 associate degree in nursing, bachelor of science in nursing, master's, and doctoral nurse educators participated. Although the majority of the participants were White females age 46 and older, the proportions of men and minorities in the group younger than 46 years were twice that of the older group. The respondents said that they became nurse educators to work with students and to help shape the nursing profession. They identified 11 effective recruitment strategies and 14 effective strategies in retention. They confirmed that compensation inequities threaten the future of the profession. They recommended further study in building diversity, collaborative practice relationships, and salary parity while further evaluating the effectiveness of recruitment and retention strategies.
Long-term effects of unilateral ovariectomy on ovarian function in gilts

Abstract Sixty-five gilts were utilized in three experiments to examine the effect of unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) on ovulation rate, estrous cycle length and ovarian parameters at estrous cycles subsequent to hemicastration. To examine the effect of ULO upon ovulation rate, gilts were unilaterally ovariectomized ( n = 12) or sham operated ( n = 8) prior to Day 12 (first day of estrus = Day 0). Laparoscopic examinations were performed for up to four consecutive post-surgical estrous cycles to determine ovulation rate. Unilaterally ovariectomized gilts compensated 96% of control gilts in ovulation rate. Significant treatment by cycle interaction was not found ( P > 0.10), thus compensation of ovulation rate persisted. Overall repeatability of ovulation rate was 0.65 ± 0.10. In subsequent experiments, ovariectomies, unilateral or bilateral, and sham operations were performed on Day 11 of estrous cycles one, two, three or four. Total number of follicles per ovary on Day 11 were not different ( P > 0.10) between control and ULO gilts. However, number of large follicles (> 3.5 mm) and follicular fluid weight increased ( P P P P > 0.10). Also, follicular fluid estrogen concentration increased in ovaries of long-term hemicastrate gilts ( P P > 0.10). Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy involves an increase in follicle size, follicular fluid estrogen and progesterone concentrations and ovarian weight in both long-term and short-term hemicastrate gilts. This suggests that mechanisms of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy are similar for both long-term and short-term hemicastrates.
Effect of charging energy on transition temperature of granular superconductors

Abstract The effect of the zero-point fluctuations of the phase on the transition temperature T c of a granular superconductor is calculated using a model which takes into account the short-range part of the charging energy. A self-consistent mean field theory predicts a critical value of the ratio of the Josephson coupling constant to the charging energy and the existence of two values of T c , indicating the possibility of reentrance into normal state at the lower one.
Sex selection and fertility in a dynamic model of conception and abortion

This paper investigates the effect of prenatal sex selection on fertility through a stochastic dynamic model with uncertainty in conception as well as in gender, where a woman makes decisions on conception and abortion with or without gender detection tests (i.e. sex-selective or sex-unselective abortion). The paper shows that, when the cost of gender detection test falls, the sex ratio at birth rises due to more selective abortions, but fertility can rise or fall with rising sex ratio. Fertility may rise (fall) if there are more (less) women giving up unselective abortions for selective abortions than women giving up childbirths without test for selective abortions. Similarly the paper shows that the sex ratio can rise or fall, when fertility decreases as the cost of children increases. I test these propositions as well as their implications against micro survey data on the pregnancy history of Korean women.
INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES UPON THE VISCOSITY OF DOUGH.

The rising of bread and the quality of the baked loaf depend upon the nature of the dough and especially upon such of its properties as tenacity, ductility, and elasticity. These properties are hard to define theoretically in this complex colloidal system, but they are, as we have found, related to viscosity or to whatever may determine the resistance of dough to stirring and to flowing through a tube. Accordingly, experiments have been made to measure what may provisionally be called the viscosity of dough under conditions which reveal the influence of the hydrogen ion concentration and of a variety of electrolytes upon this property. The result of the experiments is proof that in addition to the effect of water content and of the presence of substitutes lacking gluten, the viscosity of dough is much influenced by these two factors. Certain important points in baking practice are explained by these results.
"Passive suppression" of optokinesis by stabilized targets.

Subjects gazed passively at a sinusoidally oscillating optokinetic stimulus. They made no attempt to look at a target which appeared, stabilized on the retina at one of several locations, yet the appearance of the target caused rapid and prolonged suppression of optokinesis. Suppression declined (optokinesis increased) as target eccentricity increased, but could be observed for eccentricities up to 15-20 deg. We propose that a target moving relative to a background is a stimulus for suppression of optokinesis, depending substantially on the visual properties of the target and not the act of attending to it.
Comprehensive High-Resolution Analysis of the Role of an Arabidopsis Gene Family in RNA Editing

In flowering plants, mitochondrial and chloroplast mRNAs are edited by C-to-U base modification. In plant organelles, RNA editing appears to be generally a correcting mechanism that restores the proper function of the encoded product. Members of the Arabidopsis RNA editing-Interacting Protein (RIP) family have been recently shown to be essential components of the plant editing machinery. We report the use of a strand- and transcript-specific RNA-seq method (STS-PCRseq) to explore the effect of mutation or silencing of every RIP gene on plant organelle editing. We confirm RIP1 to be a major editing factor that controls the editing extent of 75% of the mitochondrial sites and 20% of the plastid C targets of editing. The quantitative nature of RNA sequencing allows the precise determination of overlapping effects of RIP factors on RNA editing. Over 85% of the sites under the influence of RIP3 and RIP8, two moderately important mitochondrial factors, are also controlled by RIP1. Previously uncharacterized RIP family members were found to have only a slight effect on RNA editing. The preferential location of editing sites controlled by RIP7 on some transcripts suggests an RNA metabolism function for this factor other than editing. In addition to a complete characterization of the RIP factors for their effect on RNA editing, our study highlights the potential of RNA-seq for studying plant organelle editing. Unlike previous attempts to use RNA-seq to analyze RNA editing extent, our methodology focuses on sequencing of organelle cDNAs corresponding to known transcripts. As a result, the depth of coverage of each editing site reaches unprecedented values, assuring a reliable measurement of editing extent and the detection of numerous new sites. This strategy can be applied to the study of RNA editing in any organism.
Influence of Alkoxyl Substituent on 4,6-Diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine Ligand on Photophysics of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes: Admixing Intraligand Charge Transfer Character in Low-Lying Excited States

A series of platinum 4,6-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine complexes (6−10) with alkoxyl substituent on the 6-phenyl ring have been synthesized and characterized. The influence of the alkoxyl substituent on the nature of the low-lying excited states, and thus the photophysical properties, have been systematically investigated spectroscopically and theoretically. Complexes 6−10 exhibit a broad low-energy charge-transfer absorption band from 400 to 500 nm, which shows weak negative solvatochromic effect. They all emit at about 590 nm in fluid solutions at room temperature, with the emission energy essentially independent of the nature of the monodentate ligand and the polarity of solvent. The excited-state lifetimes of 6 and 7 are much longer (∼460−570 ns) than those of their corresponding “alkoxyl free” analogues 12 and 13 (∼40−100 ns) in CH3CN. Additionally, the emission quantum yields of 7−9 in CH2Cl2 are quite high (0.15−0.21). Spectroscopic studies and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculatio...
Transsexual surgery at 74: a case report.

An unusual case of transsexualism is presented involving an elderly male who had been happily married for 37 years. Sexual history was entirely heterosexual, with a low rate of fetishistic masturbation. Lifelong weak fantasies of becoming a woman were reported but did not lead to transvestic behavior until 10 years after the death of his wife. Social variables, role models, and other external influences are discussed that seem to have contributed to his transsexual “choice” at age 74.
Generating improved dominance conditions for the flowshop problem

Abstract Existing dominance conditions for the flowshop scheduling problem do not use information pertaining to unscheduled jobs. This paper proposes a class of functions that produce new dominance conditions which use such information and shows that the proposed conditions reject more partial schedules than the existing conditions.
Bacterial L-phase growth as a possible complicating factor in certain bacteriological procedures

Abstract Bacteria are converted to L-phase growth in the presence of antibiotics and serum. High concentrations of the antibiotics are not required for the L-phase conversion when human or horse serum is present, but instead, concentrations only slightly above that required for inhibition of classic growth forms are adequate. None of the currently available antibiotics tested in this study proved to have an inhibitory action on the growth of the L-phase.
Preliminary observations on the life history of the white-streaked grouper, Epinephelus ongus, from Okinawa, Japan

A preliminary analysis of 175 specimens of the white-streaked grouper, Epinephelus ongus (Serranidae), was undertaken to determine life history characteristics of the species. Sagittal otoliths, stomachs, and a subsample of gonads were removed to determine age at length, diet, and reproductive strategy. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was used to describe growth in this species and yielded the growth parameters L∞ = 438.3, K = 0.04334, and t0 = −8.752. Fish ranged in age from 1 to 20 years. Diet was consistent with other serranid species and included crabs, shrimps, octopi, and fishes. Based on a very limited number of specimens (n = 12), the larger size and older age of males compared to females suggests that E. ongus may be a protogynous hermaphrodite.
Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality: The Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial Literacy

Audit committees evaluate financial reporting quality as part of their corporate oversight responsibilities. Given this responsibility, the national stock exchanges now require all audit committee members to be financially literate and at least one member to have financial expertise. In light of recent debates over this requirement, we provide evidence on how experts and literates differ in their evaluations of financial reporting quality. Results suggest that experts' evaluations of financial reporting quality are more strongly associated with their assessments of characteristics underlying reporting quality (e.g., relevance) espoused in Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 2's framework than literates' evaluations. Additionally, literates are more likely than experts to identify concerns about reporting treatments for business activities that are prominent in the business press or are distinguished by their nonrecurring nature, while experts are more likely to raise concerns about reporting tr...
Resistencia al cambio en programas de evitación y tiempo-fuera de evitación

Galizio (1999) reported that responding that produced a timeout from avoidance was more resistant to extinction than avoidance responding itself. The present study sought to extend this finding. Six times during each session, a signaled fixed-ratio 10 schedule was superimposed on a variable-cycle 60-s shock deletion schedule. By completing the ratio, rats produced a signaled 5- or 8-min timeout. Response rates maintained by avoidance and timeout were compared by analyzing responding during each FR presentation (timeout) and in the 5-min period before it (avoidance). Resistance to change was assessed by (a) increasing the variable-cycle parameter from 60 s to 120 s (Experiment 1), and (b) shock-omission extinction (Experiment 2). In both cases, timeout responding was more resistant to change than avoidance responding.