cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air–liquid interface

Exposure to electronic-cigarette (e-cig) aerosols induces potentially fatal e-cig or vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI). The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, however, are unknown. We used an air–liquid interface (ALI) in vitro model to determine the influence of two design characteristics of third-generation tank-style e-cig devices—resistance and voltage—on (1) e-cig aerosol composition and (2) cellular toxicity. Human bronchial epithelial cells (H292) were exposed to either butter-flavored or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols at the ALI in a Vitrocell exposure system connected to a third-generation e-cig device. Exposures were conducted following a standard vaping topography profile for 2 h per day, for 1 or 3 consecutive days. 24 h after ALI exposures cellular and molecular outcomes were assessed. We found that butter-flavored e-cig aerosol produced under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions ( 1 Ω and voltage > 4.5 V), contains lower carbonyl levels (< 2 μg/puff). We also found that the levels of carbonyls produced in the cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosols were much lower than that of the butter-flavored aerosols. H292 cells exposed to butter-flavored or cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol at the ALI under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions for 1 or 3 days displayed significant cytotoxicity, decreased tight junction integrity, increased reactive oxygen species production, and dysregulated gene expression related to biotransformation, inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Additionally, the cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol induced pro-oxidant effects as evidenced by increases in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine protein levels. Moreover, we confirmed the involvement of OS as a toxicity process for cinnamon-flavored e-cig aerosol by pre-treating the cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant that prevented the cells from the OS-mediated damage induced by the e-cig aerosol. The production of high levels of carbonyls may be flavor specific. Overall, inhaling e-cig aerosols produced under ‘sub-ohm’ conditions is detrimental to lung epithelial cells, potentially via mechanisms associated with OS. This information could help policymakers take the necessary steps to prevent the manufacturing of sub-ohm atomizers for e-cig devices.
Identifying type II strongly lensed gravitational-wave images in third-generation gravitational-wave detectors

Strong gravitational lensing is a gravitational wave (GW) propagation effect that influences the inferred GW source parameters and the cosmological environment. Identifying strongly lensed GW images is challenging as waveform amplitude magnification is degenerate with a shift in the source intrinsic mass and redshift. However, even in the geometric-optics limit, type II strongly lensed images cannot be fully matched by type I (or unlensed) waveform templates, especially with large binary mass ratios and orbital inclination angles. We propose to use this mismatch to distinguish individual type II images. Using planned noise spectra of Cosmic Explorer, Einstein Telescope and LIGO Voyager, we show that a significant fraction of type II images can be distinguished from unlensed sources, given sufficient SNR ($\ensuremath{\sim}30$). Incorporating models on GW source population and lens population, we predict that the yearly detection rate of lensed GW sources with detectable type II images is 172.2, 118.2 and 27.4 for CE, ET and LIGO Voyager, respectively. Among these detectable events, 33.1%, 7.3% and 0.22% will be distinguishable via their type II images with a log Bayes factor larger than 10. We conclude that such distinguishable events are likely to appear in the third-generation detector catalog; our strategy will significantly supplement existing strong lensing search strategies.
The Use of Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypass Activity (FEIBA) for the Treatment of Perioperative Hemorrhage in Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

Objective To test the hypothesis that factor eight inhibitor bypassing activity (FEIBA) can be used to control bleeding following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation without increasing the 14-day composite thrombotic outcome of pump thrombus, ischemic cerebrovascular accidents, pulmonary embolism, and deep venous thrombosis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic hospital. Participants Three hundred nineteen consecutive patients who underwent LVAD implantation (December 1, 2009 to December 30, 2018). Intervention FEIBA administered to control perioperative hemorrhage. Measurements and Main Results The 82 patients (25.7%) in the FEIBA cohort had more risk factors for perioperative hemorrhage, such as lower preoperative platelet count (169 ± 66 v 194 ± 68 × 103/mL, p = 0.004), prior cardiac surgery (36.6% v 21.9%, p = 0.008), and longer cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (100.3 v 75.2 minutes, p = 0.001) than the 237 controls. After 16.6 units (95% CI: 14.3-18.9) of blood products were given, 992 units (95% CI: 821-1163) of FEIBA were required to control bleeding in the FEIBA cohort. Compared to the controls, there were no differences in the 14-day composite thrombotic outcome (11.0% v 7.6%, p = 0.343) or mortality rate (3.7% v 1.3%, p = 0.179). Multivariate logistical regression identified preoperative international normalized ratio (odds ratio [OR]: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.04-1.62) and CPB time (OR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20) as risk factors for 14-day thrombotic events, but FEIBA usage was not associated with an increased risk. Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, the use of FEIBA (∼1,000 units, ∼13 units/kg) to control perioperative hemorrhage following LVAD implantation was not associated with increases in mortality or composite thrombotic outcome.
University attendance as science communication

The current study is premised on the expectation that the time university students spend on campus may represent the most substantial exposure they will have to science and scientists in their life...
Leaders and Heroes: Sustaining the Sustainable University

In its 20-year history, Florida Gulf Coast University has grown from 2500 to 16,000 students. Its mission has evolved from “a focus on the environment” to “promotes and practices environmental sustainability.” In this journey, the institution’s efforts—successes and failures—have mirrored the application of the concept of sustainability in institutions of higher education across our globe. This chapter summarizes the lessons learned from our institution and applies them to a broader connection with other universities and institutions. These lessons include efforts to infuse sustainability across the curriculum and into the operations of the institution, highlighting seized opportunities and barriers. We relate challenges to the theoretical framework for institutional change—a dual operating system—in order to place our story in the larger global context of these efforts. As we chart our university’s course for its next century, we hope to inform the discourse and facilitate the movement toward a more sustainable future.
BMP-4 Extraction from Extracellular Matrix and Analysis of Heparin-Binding Properties

Recombinant human BMP-4 growth factor (GF) has significant commercial potential as therapeutic for regenerating bone and as cell culture supplement. However, its commercial utility has been limited as large-scale attempts to express and purify human BMP-4 GF have proved challenging. We have established a novel approach to obtain significant quantities of pure and bioactive BMP-4 GF from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures by extracting the GF moiety from the extracellular matrix or cell pellet fraction. This approach increased yields approximately one 100-fold over BMP-4 GF purified from CM. The molecular activities of the two fractions are indistinguishable. We further analyzed binding of BMP-4 GF to the proteoglycan Heparin and showed that an N-terminal basic sequence is essential for this interaction. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the purification, localization, and Heparin binding of human BMP-4 that have implications for its bioprocessing and biological function.
Associations between humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness

The chapter examines statistical associations between measures of humility, spiritual transcendence, and forgiveness in a convenience sample of college students in the United States. Although there exists a large body of literature about religiousness-spirituality and forgiveness, much less empirical research documents the measurement or functions of dispositional humility - the quality of being more modest, humble, and self-effacing than immodest, arrogant, or conceited. Broadly, humility involves an accurate assessment of one's own characteristics, an ability to acknowledge limitations, and a forgetting of the self". Humility also involves relinquishing one's own arrogant or narcissistic tendencies and viewing oneself realistically in relation to others. In support of the spirituality-forgiveness hypothesis, spiritual transcendence (ST) correlated positively with attitudes toward forgiveness and likelihood of forgiving. The prayer fulfillment and universality facets of ST appeared to be responsible for the association between overall ST and forgiveness. Keywords: forgiveness; humility; religiousness-spirituality; spiritual transcendence (ST)
Trends of the Time: An Examination of Judicial Waiver in One State

During the 1990s and 2000s, nearly every state revised its laws or adopted new legislation facilitating the transfer of juvenile offenders from juvenile court to criminal court. Previously, transfer was reserved for the “worst juveniles”, or those youths who were charged with serious violent offenses. This paper compares and contrasts girls and boys who were judicially waived to adult court in one state from 1994 to 2000. These data suggest that there may be other factors that influence judicial decision-making on the issue of transfer. Policy considerations are also discussed.
NLG vs. Templates

One of the most important questions in applied NLG is what benefits (or ‘valueadded’, in business-speak) NLG technology offers over template-based approaches. Despite the importance of this question to the applied NLG community, however, it has not been discussed much in the research NLG community, which I think is a pity. In this paper, I try to summarize the issues involved and recap current thinking on this topic. My goal is not to answer this question (I don’t think we know enough to be able to do so), but rather to increase the visibility of this issue in the research community, in the hope of getting some input and ideas on this very important question. I conclude with a list of specific research areas I would like to see more work in, because I think they would increase the ‘value-added’ of NLG over templates.
Review of Dani Rodrik, 'The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy'

Review of Dani Rodrik's book "The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy."
MAS NMR spin locking of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei☆

The spin dynamics of single-resonance spin locking of half-integer quadrupolar nuclei under static and magic-angle-spinning conditions is investigated. The MAS spin-locking mechanism of the central-transition coherence of nuclei with large quadrupolar coupling constants is nontrivial owing to the time dependence of the first-order quadrupole splitting, Q, in rotating samples. The nature of the spin locking is determined by the rate of change of Q at its zero crossings. The passages range from adiabatic to sudden depending on the relative magnitudes of the RF amplitude, the quadrupole frequency, and the rotor frequency. In the intermediate case the spin-lock efficiency is greatly reduced. In the adiabatic limit the central-transition coherence is demagnetized in the first half of each rotor period and remagnetized at the end of the period, giving rise to an echo-like time dependence of the signal. Central-transition signal can be created by adiabatic magnetization in an MAS spinlock experiment without a preparatory excitation pulse. A qualitative theoretical description is given for spin 32. Experimental results are presented for 23Na in NaC103.
The effect of late reflections from above and behind on listener envelopment

Abstract New experiments have investigated the effect on perceived listener envelopment of late-arriving sound from above and behind the listener using simulated sound fields. In all cases, the listener envelopment was found to be principally related to the cosine-squared weighted late-arriving sound energy. The late lateral sound level measure, that incorporates a cosine-squared weighting, was concluded to be a practical indicator of the amount of listener envelopment in concert halls for sound arriving from all directions.
Field studies of computer system administrators: analysis of system management tools and practices

Computer system administrators are the unsung heroes of the information age, working behind the scenes to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot the computer infrastructure that underlies much of modern life. However, little can be found in the literature about the practices and problems of these highly specialized computer users. We conducted a series of field studies in large corporate data centers, observing organizations, work practices, tools, and problem-solving strategies of system administrators. We found system administrators operate within large-scale, complex environments that present significant technical, social, cognitive, and business challenges. In this paper, we describe system administrator tool use in critical, high-cost, labor-intensive work through observational, survey, and interview data. We discuss our findings concerning administrator needs for coordinating work, maintaining situation awareness, planning and rehearsing complex procedures, building tools, and supporting complicated interleaved workflows.
Alkylphenols affect lobster (Homarus americanus) larval survival, molting and metamorphosis

Alkylphenols are widely distributed in the marine environment and we have found them to be widely dispersed in New England lobster populations. In vertebrates, these compounds act as estrogenic endocrine disruptors. Here, we tested two alkylphenols, bisphenol A and 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol for their effects on lobster larvae. In particular, we examined their toxicity and their effects on molting and metamorphosis. Lobsters were raised to stage 2 and were then isolated individually in ice cube trays with nylon mesh netting on the bottom giving access to flow through cooled seawater. The experimental larvae were fed with 5 or 10 ng alkylphenol per day in their diet. Controls were fed the same diet minus the test chemicals. The alkylphenols were toxic to second and third stage larvae, and fourth stage post-larvae, with 13–21% surviving to 25 days compared to 69% of controls. The compounds significantly delayed each molt by 2–3.5 days, and the surviving treated larvae were predominantly larval–juvenile ...
Changes in cell permeability following a marked reduction of saturated fatty acid content of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract The present study examines the extent to which the fatty acid composition of the membrane lipid can be altered by nutritional means in mutants of Escherichia coli defective in total fatty acid synthesis. These changes are compared to those observed in wild type cells subjected to the same conditions of fatty acid supplementation. Abnormalities in physiological behavior of whole cells and membranes are related to extremes in fatty acid composition that can be produced in the mutant but not the wild type cells. In particular, when the saturated fatty acid of the membrane lipid is reduced below approx. 15% the barrier properties of the membrane toward small molecules such as K+ and a lactose analog decreases abruptly. This change is also reflected in the diminished temperature dependence of passive permeability and of NADH oxidase activity associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. Detailed studies on the properties of specific membrane function in relation to the physical behavior of membrane lipids should be possible with this biological system possessing a relatively simple membrane lipid structure in which the mole percentage of specific lipid components can be systematically varied.
Naturalistic observation of conduct-disordered children: An archival analysis

Forty-three studies using independent home observation of conduct-disordered children were analyzed with regard to 17 dimensions: among them journal, year of publication, gender of subjects, sample ages, special sample features, use of control subjects, technology, observational constraints imposed, child and parent behaviors observed, child and parent behavior rates, pre-post changes in child or parent behaviors, experimental and control group differences in child or parent behaviors, and cost analyses. Results revealed a clear increase in the publication of such investigations over the past 11 years and wide disparities in the quality of scientific reporting. Across all investigations, researchers have observed over 170 child and parent behaviors. However, only a few child and parent behavior categories have consistently revealed pre-post changes and/or experimental-control group differences. Sequential event recording was the most frequently used observational technology and, in general, the sophistication of observational methods was considered laudable. Suggestions for future research are offered with specific emphasis upon the development of sensitive, practical alternatives to the highly elaborate, multi-element, complex behavioral coding systems presently employed.
Expected and unexpected effects of amino acid substitutions on polypeptide-directed crystal growth.

Nature's use of biomineralization polypeptides to control and modulate the growth of biogenic minerals is an important process that, if properly understood, could have significant implications for designing and creating new inorganic-based materials. Although the sequences for a number of biomineralization proteins exist, very little is known about the participation of specific amino acids in the mineral modulation process. In this letter, we investigate the impact of global Asp → Asn and Glu → Gln substitutions on two mollusk shell nacre polypeptides, AP7N and n16N. We find that these global substitutions, which remove all anionic Ca(II) binding sites, abolish the expected in vitro mineralization activities associated with each native polypeptide. In addition, the ability of substituted peptides to form complexes with both Ca(II) and Ca(II) metal ion analogs is also abolished. However, some unexpected effects were noted. First, the Asp → Asn, Glu → Gln substituted n16N polypeptide is observed to self-ass...
Theory of Dilute Solutions of He 3 in Liquid He 4

A perturbative calculation in the correlated representation is carried out in full for dilute solutions of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. The theory begins with bare atoms and realistic potentials and derives from first principles the effective mass of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ quasiparticles and the effective interactions between them. It contains no adjustable parameter, and thus, provides a definite microscopic foundation for the Bardeen-Baym-Pines phenomenological model. Numerical evaluations result in an effective mass of $2.37{m}_{3}$ and an effective interaction in qualitative agreement with that determined by Baym and Ebner.
Lack of correlation between echocardiographic pulmonary valve morphology and simultaneous pulmonary arterial pressure.

Abstract Pulmonary valve echograms recorded simultaneously with right heart pressures were correlated with mean and end-diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures and the peak magnitude of the right atrial a wave in an attempt to predict noninvasively levels and changes in pulmonary arterial pressure. Satisfactory pulmonary valve echograms were obtained in 16 of 29 patients studied. No significant correlation was found between hemodynamic measurements and the echographic pulmonary valve a wave amplitude, diastolic E-F slope or the systolic opening B-C slope. Changes in hemodynamic measurements observed in serial observations were not associated with predictable changes in configuration of the pulmonary valve echogram. The combination of mid systolic pulmonary valve notching and an absent a wave was observed in more advanced degrees of pulmonary hypertension and was specific, but not sensitive, for that condition.
Earth science applications of ALCHEMI

Abstract ALCHEMI, Atom Location by CHanneling-Enhanced MIcroanalysis, has wide potential application in the Earth Sciences for determination of site distributions of major and minor elements in minerals. Qualitative measurements should be useful in providing crystal-chemical information on the control of site preferences by site energies and sizes. Quantitative determinations are possible by ALCHEMI and may be used as indicators of the temperature and pressure histories of rocks. ALCHEMI has recently been applied to olivine, spinel, pyroxene, garnet, feldspar, ilmenite, and dolomite. Based on computer simulations, it should also be possible to determine major and minor element distributions in pseudobrookite, perovskite, ferberite, bixbyite, andalusite, sillimanite, apatite, epidote, and melilite using the ALCHEMI technique.
How multinational businessmen view trade restrictions

In spite of low tariffs brought about by the 1962 Trade Expansion Act and the 1967 "Kennedy Round" of trade talks, this study shows that top executives in multinational business firms generally favor freer trade and would like to see an orderly reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers both at home and abroad. The sample used represents 100 firms which responded to mail questionnaires followed by personal interviews.
Functional dissection of the HIV-1 Rev trans-activator—Derivation of a trans-dominant repressor of Rev function

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a nuclear trans-activator, termed Rev, that is required for the expression of the viral structural proteins and, hence, for viral replication. The Rev protein acts posttranscriptionally to induce the sequence-specific nuclear export of unspliced HIV-1 mRNA species that are otherwise excluded from the cell cytoplasm. We have used site-directed mutagenesis to identify two distinct regions of the HIV-1 Rev protein that are required for in vivo biological activity. The larger and more N-terminal of these two regions includes, but extends beyond, an arginine-rich sequence element required for nuclear localization. Mutation of a second, more C-terminal Rev protein sequence element was found to yield defective Rev proteins that act as trans-dominant inhibitors of Rev function. These Rev mutants are shown to inhibit HIV-1 replication when expressed in transfected cells and may have potential application in the treatment of HIV-1 related disease.
Familial aggregation of DSM-IV subtypes of depression and underlying clinical and biological correlates

autonomy (PSA) influences changes in bullying over time among ADHD children with and without comorbid ODD relative to those without these disorders. Methods: We prospectively examined 162 children from the New York metropolitan area (115 boys) over 5 assessment points (T1–T5) between the ages of 5 and 9 years. Bullying was measured at T1–T5 using an aggregate of three items (bullies others; threatens to hurt others; teases others) rated by teachers on a 4-point scale. Child diagnoses (Neither ADHD nor ODD, ADHD but not ODD, both ADHD and ODD) were assessed using parent interviews on the Kiddie-SADS. PSA was assessed at T1 by conducting laboratory observations and coding parent behaviors using the Coding System for Mother-Child Interactions, respectively. Results: There were no gender differences in bullying (T1–T5). Lower SES was associated with greater bulling and was included as a covariate. Children with ADHD + ODD (N = 32) were significantly more likely to bully than those with no diagnosis (N = 89) at all time points; and more likely to bully than those who had ADHD without ODD (N = 41) at T1 and T4. Hierarchical linear modeling showed a significant fall in bullying over five-years [B(SE) = −.12(.04), p = .001]. Diagnostic status was associated with the initial level [B(SE) = 1.28(.35), p = .001) and marginally with change in bullying [B(SE) = −.10(.05), p = .05), with a greater fall among those with ADHD + ODD. PSA was not associated with initial levels of bullying, but was associated with a reduction in bullying over time [B(SE) = −.16(.07), p = .03). Irrespective of group, children receiving high PSA had a greater decline in bullying than those with low PSA. Conclusion: Interventions that enhance PSA during early school-age may lower the risk for later bullying.
TRADE SIZE AND PRICE CLUSTERING: THE CASE OF SHORT SALES AND THE SUSPENSION OF PRICE TESTS

In this article, we compare trade size and price clustering of short sales with regular trades. We find that short sales cluster less on round sizes and round prices than do nonshort trades. When price tests are suspended, both trade size and price clustering markedly increase for short sales although the difference between shorts and nonshorts remains significant during the postsuspension period. These results are consistent with the idea that because of execution uncertainty caused by price tests, short sellers are less concerned with cognitive processing costs, negotiations costs, and the costs associated with revealing information through trade sizes.
Sequence analysis of a proteolyzed site in Drosophila choline acetyltransferase.

: The amino terminal sequence of the 13-kilodalton (kD) polypeptide present in purified Drosophila acetyl-CoA: choline-O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) was determined, and its position in the sequence of the intact enzyme was located. Enzyme polypeptides for sequencing were obtained from native enzyme protein by denaturation, followed by fractionation on reverse-phase HPLC. The 13-, 54-, and 67-kD polypeptides recovered from the separation were subjected to amino terminal sequencing. Only the 13-kD fragment yielded a sequence. The 67- and 54-kD polypeptides appeared completely blocked to gas-phase Edman sequencing. The location of the amino terminal sequence from the 13-kD polypeptide in the cDNA-deduced enzyme sequence indicated that this fragment represents the carboxyl portion of the 67-kD enzyme, with the 54-kD polypeptide providing the amino terminal portion. The proteolysis that gave rise to the 13-kD polypeptide occurred at the carboxyl side of a monobasic lysine residue. An earlier comparison of the enzyme from Drosophila and pigs indicated that the cleaved lysine may be a conserved residue in the porcine enzyme. The cleaved enzyme region characterized in this study does not coincide with the regions of high homology found in the two enzymes, but hydrophilicity profiles generated for this area showed similarities.
Safety factor for neuromuscular transmission at type-identified diaphragm fibers.

The safety factor (SF) for neuromuscular transmission varies across limb muscles of different fiber-type composition. Using intracellular recordings in rat diaphragm fibers, we found that SF varies across muscle fiber types (even within a single muscle), being larger for type IIx or IIb fibers than for type I or IIa fibers. Fiber-type differences in activation history or mechanical load may contribute to differences in SF and are important determinants of neuromuscular plasticity. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Control of Logarithmic Growth Rates of Tobacco Callus Tissue by Cytokinins

The growth rates of tobacco callus tissues on media containing 10(-6) to 10 mum 6-(gamma,gamma-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP) were measured. At concentrations of 10(-4) mum and above growth rates were exponential and dependent on cytokinin concentration. At 2iP concentrations of 10(-4) to 0.33 mum, the exponential rate was maintained for 4 to 5 doublings of fresh and dry weight. After this period a linear phase, resulting in approximately 1 doubling of weight, occurred. The growth of tissues on media containing higher than 0.33 mum 2iP was exponential for only about 15 days. At the end of this time, and well before they achieved half their final weight, they exhibited growth which was less rapid than logarithmic but more rapid than linear. Comparisons with zeatin, 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin indicated that, although the maximum growth rates obtained with relatively high concentrations (0.1-1 mum) were similar, the naturally occurring cytokinins, 2iP and zeatin, promoted faster rates at lower concentrations (10(-3)-10(-2) mum) than did 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin.
Cesium-137 levels detected in Georgia otters

Beginning in the 1940's and continuing through the 50's and early 60's, nuclear devices were tested by aerial detonation in the United States and other countries around the world. Cesium-137 (/sup 137/Cs) is one of the most important radionuclide by-products due to its abundance and slow decay (30-year half-life). The uptake of /sup 137/Cs in animal tissue is the result of its similarity to potassium. The somatic and genetic effects of /sup 137/Cs, along with its effect on reproductive cells, can pose great hazards to wildlife species. A reported buildup of /sup 137/Cs in white-tailed deer in the lower coastal plain of Georgia during the 1960's was followed by a gradual decline during the 1970's. Although numerous studies have involved terrestrial mammals of Georgia, few have involved aquatic mammals such as the river otter. With continued atmospheric testing by some foreign countries and the increased use of nuclear power as an energy source, there is a need for continued monitoring of radionuclides in wildlife to ascertain the quality of the environment. This study was initiated as part of an overall study of environmental pollutants in the river otter of Georgia and deals with analysis of the /sup 137/Cs accumulations inmore » this species.« less
Relative Effects of Insulin, Oxytocin and Vasopressin on the Free Fatty Acid Concentration of the Plasma of Nondiabetic and Diabetic Dogs

The intravenous injection of oxytocin or 8-lysine-vasopressin at a rate of 2 ×10-5 pinoles per kg per hr produced a significant decrease in the concentration of the FFA of the plasma of nondiabetic and alloxandiabetic dogs. A similar decrease was not produced in the nondiabetic dog with less than 3O×1O-5 pinoles insulin per kg per hr. The alloxan-diabetic dog, however, appeared to require a smaller dose of insulin to induce the same decrease in the plasma FFA. The reduction of the plasma FFA was independent of an increased removal of glucose from the blood. Doses of oxytocin and vasopressin that significantly reduced the FFA of the plasma produced a small increase in blood glucose, while the dose of insulin that was similarly effective produced no significant change in the blood glucose concentration.
Spin-Parity- 3 2 − Baryons and Singlet-Octet Mixing

Recent experimental data are used to examine the effects of possible $\mathrm{SU}(3)$ mixing among the spin-parity-${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ baryons. It is found that the mixing model is a quite reasonable one to account for the various decay widths of the members. With a mixing angle $\ensuremath{\theta}=22.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, the following optimum values of the parameters are obtained: $\frac{F}{D}\ensuremath{\approx}1.1$, the ratio of the coupling of {8}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{8} to {1} and {8} \ensuremath{\bigotimes}{8} to {8} \ensuremath{\approx} 2.5, and inverse interaction radius $X\ensuremath{\approx}1000$ MeV. Predicted decay widths of the members are also presented.
Children’s beliefs in reciprocation of biases and flexibility

Abstract Children display positive and negative biases based on peers’ attractiveness, gender, and race, but it is unclear whether children who associate positive attributes with certain peers also believe those peers think positively of them. In each domain (attractiveness, gender, and race), we measured 3- to 11-year-olds’ (N = 102) biases and flexibility and their beliefs in reciprocity of bias and flexibility by asking who would think positively of them. Children could choose one of two unfamiliar peers (forced choice assessment) or had the additional options of choosing both peers or neither peer (non-forced choice assessment). We found that children often displayed beliefs in reciprocation, with beliefs in positive bias reciprocation from attractive girls showing the largest effect sizes. These beliefs were significantly correlated with and were predictive of children’s positive and negative biases and flexibility. The duality of children’s beliefs may contribute to strengthening their biases and segregating social groups.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of traces of cobalt, nickel and copper with n,n'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)dithio-oxamide

The cobalt, nickel and copper complexes of N,N'-bis(3-dimethylaminopropyl)dithio-oxamide have been characterized in terms of color, effect of pH, rate of color formation, structure in solution, order of addition of reagents, adherence to Beer's law, and sensitivity. The reactivity of the reagent to other ions has been reported. A method for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of cobalt, nickel and copper has been developed. The results of the application of this procedure to synthetic samples and to several National Bureau of Standards samples are given.
Estimating the marginal contribution of adjustable-rate mortgage selection to termination probabilities in a nested model

In this study we measure the marginal contribution of ARMs to termination probabilities. To do this we develop a modified nested-logit model of mortgage selection and termination and identify the role of risk aversity in the selection process. Simulations of termination probabilities under different economic scenarios indicate how ARMs decrease overall portfolio risk through declines in prepayment probabilities which more than offset the increases in default probabilities associated with them.
The role of egg-nest contrast in the rejection of brood parasitic eggs

Hosts of avian brood parasites can avoid the reproductive costs of raising genetically unrelated offspring by rejecting parasitic eggs. The perceptualcuesandcontrolsmediatingparasiticeggdiscriminationand ejection are well studied: hosts are thought to use differences in egg color, brightness, maculation, size and shape to discriminate between their own and foreign eggs. Most theories of brood parasitism implicitly assume that the primary criteria to which hosts attend when discriminating eggs are differences between the eggs themselves. However, this assumption is confounded by the degree to which chromatic and achromatic characteristics of the nest lining co-vary with eggcoloration,sothategg–nestcontrastpersemightbetherecognition cue driving parasitic egg detection. Here, we systematically tested whether and how egg–nest contrast itself contributes to foreign egg discrimination. In an artificial parasitism experiment, we independently manipulated egg colorandnest lining coloroftheegg-ejectorAmerican robin (Turdus migratorius), a host of the obligate brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). We hypothesized that the degreeofcontrastbetweenforeigneggsandthenestbackgroundwould affect host egg rejection behavior. We predicted that experimentally decreasing egg–nest chromatic and achromatic contrast (i.e. rendering parasitic eggs more cryptic against the nest lining) would decrease rejection rates, while increasing egg–nest contrast would increase rejection rates. In contrast to our predictions, egg–nest contrast was not a significant predictor of egg ejection patterns. Instead, egg color significantly predicted responses to parasitism. We conclude that egg– egg differences are the primary drivers of egg rejection in this system. Future studies should test for the effects of egg–nest contrast per se in predicting parasitic egg recognition in other host–parasite systems, includingthosehostsbuildingenclosednestsandthoseparasiteslaying cryptic eggs, as an alternative to hypothesized effects of egg–egg contrast.
Research on psychosocial factors and postpartum depression: a critique.

ABSTRACT: Postpartum depression appears to be related to major stress during pregnancy, birth, or early infant care. A depressive attributional style has also been implicated. However, research on psychosocial factors in postpartum depression suffers from differing definitions and measurements of depression, and samples not comparable as to parity, marital and socioeconomic status, and other important variables. None of the studies assessed changes in psychosocial factors over the course of pregnancy and puerperium, and none has included comparisons with women who do not suffer postpartum depression.
Primary Care Providers and a System Problem: A Qualitative Study of Clinicians Caring for Patients With Incidental Pulmonary Nodules

BACKGROUND As lung cancer screening with low-dose CT scanning is implemented, an increasing number of people will be diagnosed with pulmonary nodules. Primary care clinicians care for the vast majority of these patients, but their experiences with communication and managing distress in this population are not well understood. METHODS We conducted qualitative interviews of 15 primary care providers (PCPs) at two academic medical centers who care for patients with pulmonary nodules. We used qualitative description analysis, focusing on clinicians' information exchange and other communication behaviors. METHODS Most PCPs believed they had inadequate information to counsel patients regarding lung nodules, although this information is desired. PCPs were concerned patients could "fall through the cracks" but did not have access to a reliable system to ensure follow-up adherence. They were limited by time, knowledge, and resources in providing the preferred level of care. Most PCPs did not discuss the specific risk a nodule was lung cancer, in part because they did not have ready access to this information. PCPs believed most patients did not have substantial distress as a result of nodule detection. Most PCPs did not include patients when making decisions about the follow-up plan. CONCLUSIONS PCPs often lack systemic resources to optimize patient-centered approaches when discussing incidental pulmonary nodules with patients. With the advent of lung cancer screening, pulmonologists can assist primary care colleagues by providing accurate information to counsel patients and assisting in managing conversations about the risk of cancer. Pulmonologists should support efforts to implement reliable systems to ensure adherence to follow-up.
Measures of Response: RECIST, WHO, and New Alternatives

RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) is a widely employed method introduced in 2000 to assess change in tumor size in response to therapy. The simplicity of the technique, however, contrasts sharply with the increasing sophistication of imaging instrumentation. Anatomically based imaging measurement, although supportive of drug development and key to some accelerated drug approvals, is being pressed to improve its methodologic robustness, particularly in the light of more functionally-based imaging that is sensitive to tissue molecular response such as fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Nevertheless ready availability of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging machines largely assures anatomically based imaging a continuing role in clinical trials for the foreseeable future. Recent advances in image processing enabled by the computational power of modern clinical scanners open a considerable opportunity to characterize tumor response to therapy as a complement to image acquisition. Various alternative quantitative volumetric approaches have been proposed but have yet to gain wide acceptance by clinical and regulatory communities, nor have these more complex techniques shown incontrovertible evidence of greater reproducibility or predictive value of clinical events and outcome. Unless plans are created for clinical trials that incorporate the design needed to prove the added value and unique clinical utility of these novel approaches, any theoretical benefit of these more elaborate methods could remain unfulfilled.
Physiological control of mammary growth, lactogenesis, and lactation.

Abstract Research since 1955 that contributed to understanding mammary function was reviewed. Technical breakthroughs included methods: 1) to quantify mammary growth; 2) to visualize organelles in cells; 3) to grow and maintain mammary tissue in vitro; 4) to quantify hormones in blood; and 5) to determine binding affinities and numbers of binding sites for hormones. Physiological discoveries included 1) mammary cells accumulate throughout pregnancy and early lactation; 2) high doses of estradiol-17β and progesterone induce substantial milk production in a majority of cattle; 3) estradiol-17β, progesterone, prolactin, growth hormone, and placental lactogen synergize to stimulate mammary growth; 4) prolactin and glucocorticoids induce and progesterone blocks lactogenesis; 5) milking induces release of prolactin, glucocorticoids, and oxytocin into blood; 6) growth hormone is galactopoietic in ruminants; 7) progesterone concentrations in milk may be used to diagnose pregnancy; and 8) receptors for estrogens, progesterone, glucocorticoids, prolactin, placental lactogen, insulin, and oxytocin are in mammary tissue. Areas that seem likely to provide new methods for regulation of milk production efficiency are molecular biology, hormone receptors, harvesting milk, endocrine-nutrient metabolism, genetic and environmental basis of hormonal control of lactation. With continued support of research, generation of information on physiological control of the mammary gland and commercial application of this knowledge should proceed rapidly in an exciting future!
WAF1/CIP1 protein expression in human breast tumors.

WAF1/CIP1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which isdirectly induced by p53 and negatively controls cellproliferation. To test the hypothesis that increased levelsof WAF1 would be associated with a lowerS-phase fraction and better prognosis, WAF1 protein wasassessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 115 node-negative humanbreast tumors, and results were correlated with establishedprognostic factors and clinical outcome. Nuclear staining wasobserved in malignant cells in 43% of tumors.In most (90%) of the positive tumors, theproportion of cells staining for WAF1 was low(< 10%). WAF1 was not detected in thecytoplasm, or in non-malignant epithelium. Contrary to expectations,the accumulation of p53 protein, a surrogate markerof p53 inactivation, was weakly but positively associatedwith WAF1 expression (p=0.05). Surprisingly, therewas no significant correlation with S-phase fraction, ERor PgR status, tumor size, age, ploidy, nucleargrade, or survival. Conclusion: WAF1 expression is found inthe nuclei of a small fraction of cellsin human breast tumors. WAF1 status is notsignificantly associated with cell proliferation, other established prognosticfactors, or clinical outcome.
Functional Declines, Social Support, and Mental Health in the Elderly: Does Living in a State Supportive of Home and Community-Based Services Make a Difference?

This study examines how acute and chronic stresses associated with functional declines in seniors and their spouses are moderated by their informal and formal support contexts. In the United States, states vary greatly in their support for home and community-based services (HCBS) for seniors with disabilities. This state-to-state variation allowed us to examine mental health effects of living in a society supportive of HCBS for the oldest old, who are at high risk for low or declining functions in daily activities and cognitive abilities. Using a ten-year panel study of a nationally representative sample of the oldest old (>or=70 years old) covering the period 1993-2002, we conducted mixed-effects logistic regression analysis to incorporate time-varying characteristics of persons and states. As expected, low and declining functions in daily living and cognition constituted significant stressors among seniors and their spouse. Results demonstrated the important role of informal support available from non-spouse family/friends in lowering depression. Living in a state supportive of HCBS was associated with lower depression among seniors experiencing consistently low levels of function or recent functional declines, especially among those without informal support. Our findings were consistent with moderating or buffering models of formal support, suggesting that state HCBS support is effective mainly under conditions of high levels of stressors. Political will is needed to prepare US society to collectively support community-based long-term needs, given the difficulty of preparing ourselves fully for common, but often unexpected, functional declines in later life.
Studies in Carcinogenesis: V. Methyl Derivatives of 1:2-Benzanthracene

During the last decade a considerable amount of information has been accumulated regarding the experimental production of malignant tumors in laboratory animals. Several widely different types of agents are now known to be capable of inciting malignant growth. In addition to the well known carcinogenic action of x-rays and of radioactive substances, it is now clear, from the results obtained in a number of independent laboratories, that prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light2 gives rise to malignant tumors in the exposed tissues. As to biological agents, it has been recognized for some time that certain worm parasites are responsible for the genesis of malignant tumors of the urinary bladder and of the liver in man, and of the liver in the rat. Although Rous (1911) had discovered many years ago that fowl sarcoma could be transmitted by cell-free filtrates, and although Gye (1925) had been emphasizing the significance of this approach to the cancer problem, yet “the work of Peyton Rous and his collaborators has not met with its just recognition” according to Gye and Purdy (1931). The demonstration by Rous and Beard (1934) that carcinoma may be induced in rabbits with the Shope virus has, however, resulted in a revival of interest in the question of the role of viruses in the genesis of tumors generally. According to Rowntree, Steinberg, Dorrance and Ciccone (1937), crude wheat germ oil, given orally, produces sarcoma in rats in a very short time.
The concentration and retention of cadmium in liver and kidney tissues of rats

Abstract A total of 72 male Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to three groups using a 3 X 3 factorial design. Animals were injected IP every three days for 29 days with 0, 1.0 or 2.5 mg CdCl2/kg of body weight. Total cumulative CdCl2 doses were 0. 9.0 or 22.5 mg/kg of body weight. Animals were sacrificed on day 1, 7 or 21 following injections. Liver and kidney tissues were collected and analyzed for Cd concentrations. The Cd‐treated groups exhibited significant increases in Cd concentrations in both tissues. An average of 0.85, 19.86 and 48.44 μg/g of wet liver tissue and a mean of 0.78, 11.53 and 31.14 μg/g of wet kidney tissue for the 0, 1.0 and 2.5 mg CdCl2/kg of body weight groups, respectively, were observed. The amount of Cd in these tissues remained significantly high over the 21‐day observation period.