cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geoengineering: Whiter skies?

One proposed side effect of geoengineering with stratospheric sulfate aerosols is sky whitening during the day and afterglows near sunset, as is seen after large volcanic eruptions. Sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere would increase diffuse light received at the surface, but with a non-uniform spectral distribution. We use a radiative transfer model to calculate spectral irradiance for idealized size distributions of sulfate aerosols. A 2% reduction in total irradiance, approximately enough to offset anthropogenic warming for a doubling of CO_2 concentrations, brightens the sky (increase in diffuse light) by 3 to 5 times, depending on the aerosol size distribution. The relative increase is less when optically thin cirrus clouds are included in our simulations. Particles with small radii have little influence on the shape of the spectra. Particles of radius ∼0.5 μm preferentially increase diffuse irradiance in red wavelengths, whereas large particles (∼0.9 μm) preferentially increase diffuse irradiance in blue wavelengths. Spectra show little change in dominant wavelength, indicating little change in sky hue, but all particle size distributions produce an increase in white light relative to clear sky conditions. Diffuse sky spectra in our simulations of geoengineering with stratospheric aerosols are similar to those of average conditions in urban areas today.
Co-solvent enhanced zinc oxysulfide buffer layers in Kesterite copper zinc tin selenide solar cells

A co-solvent, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), is added to the aqueous chemical “bath” deposition (CBD) process used to grow ZnOS buffer layers for thin film Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) solar cells. Device performance improves markedly as fill factors increase from 0.17 to 0.51 upon the co-solvent addition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses are presented for quasi-in situ CZTSe/CBD-ZnOS interfaces prepared under an inert atmosphere and yield valence band offsets equal to −1.0 eV for both ZnOS preparations. When combined with optical band gap data, conduction band offsets exceed 1 eV for the water and the water/DMSO solutions. XPS measurements show increased downward band bending in the CZTSe absorber layer when the ZnOS buffer layer is deposited from water only. Admittance spectroscopy data shows that the ZnOS deposited from water increases the built-in potential (Vbi) yet these solar cells perform poorly compared to those made with DMSO added. The band energy offsets imply an alternate form of transport through this junction. Possible mechanisms are discussed, which circumvent the otherwise large conduction band spike between CZTSe and ZnOS, and improve functionality with the low-band gap absorber, CZTSe (Eg = 0.96 eV).
Work of plutonium(IV) disproportionation: Alternative perspectives

The work of disproportionation of tetravalent plutonium can be estimated in two ways. In the first way, the Pu4+cation generates three other oxidation states and PuOH3+. In the second way, the sum of Pu4+and PuOH3+generates three other oxidation states and fraction of PuOH3+changes. The methods yield different estimates of the work of Pu4+disproportionation.
Two versions of Maxwell's equations and the nature of light

In this paper, we show that there are actually two versions of Maxwell's equations. The new version is mathematically, but not physically, equivalent to the conventional form. It was missed because of an attempt to give a mathematical fix for a basic physical problem. This second formulation fixes the clock of the field source for all inertial observers. However now, the (natural definition of the effective) speed of light is no longer an invariant for all observers, but depends on the motion of the source. This approach allows us to account for radiation reaction without the Lorentz-Dirac equation, self-energy (divergence), advanced potentials or any assumptions about the structure of the source. This version has a new invariance group which, in general, is a nonlinear and nonlocal representation of the Lorentz group, and provides a natural (and unique) definition of simultaneity for all observers. We briefly review the corresponding particle mechanics. The purpose is to show that there is a (unique) clock for any closed system of physical bodies. This clock provides a unique definition of simultaneity for all events associated with the system. We then discuss our view of the photon within this theory.
A β-Core Existence Result and Its Application to Oligopoly Markets☆

Abstract This paper establishes a β-core existence result in a large class of normal form TU (transferable utility) games. In the oligopoly markets of a homogeneous good, the TU β-core is always equal to the TU α-core, and they are nonempty if all profit functions are continuous and concave. In a general game, the TU β-core is nonempty if (a) all strategy sets are compact and convex, (b) all payoff functions are continuous and concave, and (c) the game satisfies the strong separability. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C62, C71, C72.
Willingness to express emotion: The impact of relationship type, communal orientation, and their interaction

This research examines the effects of relationship type (close vs. business), a personality variable (dispositional communal orientation), and the interaction of these two variables on individuals willingness to express emotions to relationship partners. Results supported our predictions that (a) people are willing to express more emotion in relationships likely to be high in communal strength than in relationships likely to be low in communal strength, (b) individuals high in communal orientation are willing to express more emotion than those who are low in communal orientation, and (c) relationship type and communal orientation interact to influence willingness to express two emotions that reveal weakness and vulnerability (fear and anxiety). Specifically, communal orientation had little effect on willingness to express fear and anxiety in business relationships, whereas high relative to low communal orientation was associated with willingness to express more fear and anxiety within close relationships.
Warfarin and aspirin use in atrial fibrillation among practicing cardiologist (from the AFFECTS Registry).

Among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), the risk of thromboembolism is a significant concern. However, the reported use of warfarin among patients with AF at elevated risk of stroke remains low. In the present study, we have provided information on anticoagulation use reported during the recent Atrial Fibrillation: Focus on Effective Clinical Treatment Strategies (AFFECTS) Registry. Among patients identified by their physician at baseline to be at an increased risk of stroke, as determined from an assessment of the medical history, 74% received warfarin and 29% received aspirin. Post hoc analysis of warfarin use stratified by Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age, Diabetes, Stroke, (CHADS 2 ) doubled score revealed that at the end of the study, warfarin use was 73% (155 of 213) and 66% (185 of 280) in the rate- and rhythm-control patients with a score of ≥2, respectively, compared to 60% (183 of 306) and 49% (322 of 662) in the rate- and rhythm-control patients with a score of
Assumptions of the tumor ‘escape’ hypothesis

The reasons why cancer cells are not destroyed by the immune system are likely to be similar, in most cases, to the reasons why normal cells are not destroyed by the immune system. Unfortunately for tumor immunologists, these reasons have not yet been fully elucidated. What is known, however, is that the lack of autoimmune destruction of normal tissue after immune activation is a finely regulated, highly orchestrated sequence of events. Viewed in this light, it is interesting to conceptualize the derangement of the tumor genome not merely as an engine that enables cancer cells to dodge immune recognition. The dysregulation characteristic of the transformed genome is also what makes tumor immunity, a specialized form of autoimmunity, possible.
Diagnosis and treatment planning of acute aortic emergencies using a handheld DICOM viewer

Acute aortic syndromes and traumatic aortic injury are often diagnosed on CT angiography, possibly requiring emergent intervention. Advances in handheld computing have created the possibility of viewing full DICOM datasets from a remote location. We evaluated the ability to diagnose and characterize acute aortic pathologies on CT angiograms of the thorax using an iPhone-based DICOM viewer. This study was performed after Institutional Review Board approval. Fifteen CT angiograms of the thorax in suspected acute aortic syndromes were evaluated by three blinded radiologists on a handheld device using a DICOM viewer. Studies were evaluated for the ability to identify and classify aortic dissection, transection, or intramural hematoma, measure aortic dimensions, and identify mediastinal hematoma, arch variants, and pulmonary pathology. Studies were compared to blinded interpretations on a dedicated PACS workstation. The aortic pathology was correctly identified as aortic transection/pseudoaneurysm (n = 5), type A dissection (n = 2), and type A intramural hematoma (n = 1) by all reviewers, with no false-positive interpretations. This represents a sensitivity and specificity of 100 %. Mediastinal hematoma (n = 6), pneumothorax (five right, three left), and arch vessel involvement (n = 2) were identified in all cases. There was 88.5 % accuracy in identifying arch variants. Measurement of the size of the involved aortic segment was similar on handheld device and PACS workstation; however the adjacent normal aorta was 1.2 ± 1.0 mm larger on the handheld device (p = 0.03). Handheld DICOM viewers may be useful for emergent consultations and triage, and may expedite preprocedure planning to reduce the time interval between diagnostic scan and therapeutic intervention.
Implicit implementation of the weighted backward Euler formula

This communication describes how the weighted backward Euler formula, as applied to analyze electromechanical systems, can be implicitly implemented by replacing capacitors and inductors by resistors and voltage or current sources, respectively, and by replacing the driving functions by their first differences. This replaces the set of differential equations, which describes the capacitive voltages and the inductive currents, by a set of algebraic first difference equations.
Adaptive FEM computation of geometric and material nonlinearities with application to brittle failure

A model is presented for the dynamic finite element analysis of large-strain, high strain rate deformation behavior of materials. A total Lagrangian formulation is used in the derivation of discrete equations of motion. Both an isochoric finite deformation plasticity model, including rate and temperature effects, for metals, and a multiple-plane microcracking model for ceramics are introduced. In addition, algorithms are presented for correcting finite element mesh distortion through mesh rezoning, optimization, and refinement. A surface-defined multibody contact algorithm designed to handle large relative displacements between bodies, with addition for friction, is included. Extensions of the mechanical contact to account for heat fluxes between sliding bodies and the treatment of body interfaces with cohesive strength are presented within a unified framework. Two test examples are examined, simulating a modified Taylor rod impact experiment, in which an aluminum anvil strikes a confined or unconfined ceramic rod. Axial and radial velocities are computed at the free end of the ceramic and at 30 mm from the impact surface, respectively. Comparisons with experimental traces reveal that the simulations produce the same overall features observed in the experimental data.
Numerical treatment of rapidly changing and discontinuous conductivities

Abstract The Kirchhoff transformation is an effective means for dealing with temperature dependent conductivities. In general numerical applications, however, the use of this approach will produce non-linear discrete equations, which can be costly to solve. This paper introduces a local Kirchhoff approach for approximating the conductivity terms in the discrete equation. This approach results in an efficient solution in terms of temperature alone. Application to a problem with rapidly changing conductivity shows that use of high-order numerical integration in the conductivity approximation leads to very accurate predictions.
Musculoskeletal sonography in the neonate and infant

Babies are ideal subjects for investigation by sonography. They are small and easily examined with the use of high-frequency transducers. Their unique status in US imaging tends to get lost amid the array of other available modalities, such as MRI and CT imaging. Some of the questions posed in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging that are routinely directed to other imaging modalities can be solved quickly at a lower cost by sonography in neonates and infants without sedation or any known clinical risk. These small children not only have thinner soft tissues but they have long bones and midline spine structures whose ends are largely composed of cartilage, which provides an early opportunity to examine these regions by US. And we cannot overestimate the value of new parents being able to stay next to their baby during imaging in a warm, friendly and non-threatening environment.
Determination of the End of Shelf-life for Milk using Weibull Hazard Method

The shelf life of pasteurized milk is traditionally estimated by the counts of both total and psychrotrophic microbial load. This study examins the relationship between the total and psychrotophic microbial growth in milk and its sensory shelf life as measured using the Weibull hazard method. Milk was stored at five constant temperatures (2, 5, 7, 12 and 15 °C) and both total and psychrotrophic microbial counts were used to obtain the lag time and the growth rate values. The lag time of the total and psychrotrophic growth responded to temperature following the Arrhenius equation. The loss of sensory quality of the milk followed a log shelf life vs. temperature dependency. It was found that there was no correlation between the microbial count at the end of shelf life and the sensory quality of the milk. It is therefore suggested that microbial counts should not be used to determine the sensory shelf life of milk. The Weibull method gave end of shelf life values fairly similar to that of prior work using the American Dairy Science Association scoring method.
Mixed valence and small moment magnetism

Abstract I propose that the phenomenon of “small moment magnetism” observed in some heavy fermion compounds is the consequence of a weak admixture of ordered excited magnetic f-shell states in an essentially Kondo quenched ground state. The magnitude of the dynamically generated admixture determines the size of the magnetization.
Theory Testing and Measurement Error.

Accurate empirical tests of theories and hypotheses are not possible unless the inevitable biases induced into data by measurement error are controlled for. Yet despite 90 years of recommendations from measurement theory and methodology, some still do not control for these biases in their research. This paper presents simple and direct demonstrations showing why basic measurement principles require that biases in data created by measurement error be removed and refutes commonly heard objections to the corrections for these biases. One factor contributing to resistance on the part of some researchers is the fact that most psychologists are not aware that measurement error is produced by real psychological processes that can be studied and understood. This paper describes those substantive psychological process and shows how each generates a different type of measurement error. We also show how different types of reliability estimates assess and calibrate different error processes and types of measurement error, leading directly to conclusions about which types of reliability estimates are appropriate for measurement error corrections in different research settings. Failure to control for biases induced by measurement error has retarded the development of cumulative research knowledge. It is our hope that this paper will contribute to removing these hobbles from psychological research.
Turnover and Job Performance: An Integrated Process Model

Numerous attempts have been made to explain the processes leading to the decision to change jobs, but such efforts generally have not given attention to the possible influence of job performance on these processes. Presented here are a model and several hypotheses/propositions that suggest how job performance may relate (!) directly to various forms of employee turnover and (2) to precursors of turnover. The potential theoretical and applied relevance of the work is discussed.
SnipSuggest: context-aware autocompletion for SQL

In this paper, we present SnipSuggest, a system that provides on-the-go, context-aware assistance in the SQL composition process. SnipSuggest aims to help the increasing population of non-expert database users, who need to perform complex analysis on their large-scale datasets, but have difficulty writing SQL queries. As a user types a query, SnipSuggest recommends possible additions to various clauses in the query using relevant snippets collected from a log of past queries. SnipSuggest's current capabilities include suggesting tables, views, and table-valued functions in the FROM clause, columns in the SELECT clause, predicates in the WHERE clause, columns in the GROUP BY clause, aggregates, and some support for sub-queries. SnipSuggest adjusts its recommendations according to the context: as the user writes more of the query, it is able to provide more accurate suggestions.We evaluate SnipSuggest over two query logs: one from an undergraduate database class and another from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey database. We show that SnipSuggest is able to recommend useful snippets with up to 93.7% average precision, at interactive speed. We also show that SnipSuggest outperforms naive approaches, such as recommending popular snippets.
A simple, one-step fluorometric method for determination of nanomolar concentrations of terbium.

A simple, one-step spectrofluorometric method for determination of terbium is described. The technique requires a single addition of dipicolinic acid to a terbium-containing solution, is sensitive to 10 n m Tb3+, and is independent of pH in the range 5.0–10.5. The method, applicable in several buffer systems and in the presence of large concentrations of alkali metals, is applied to the determination of Tb3+-apoconcanavalin A association constants.
The mechanism of grain boundary migration

Abstract It is shown by electron transmission microscopy that a grain boundary has a step-like structure. In f.c.c. metals the steps are formed by the {111} crystal-planes of both grains. The electron microscopic observations show that grain boundary migration occurs in the following way: Under the influence of a driving force, atoms are emitted from the steps of the shrinking grain into the grain boundary while the steps of the growing grain absorb the same number of atoms out of the grain boundary. Therefore, the micromechanism of grain boundary migration is the absorption and emission of atoms leading to the movement of the steps. Due to this process, the surfaces of both grains move perpendicular to the grain boundary plane leading to the migration of the grain boundary. The steps are formed by a Frank spiral mechanism or at junction points of grain boundaries. The observed mechanism indicates that a grain boundary is formed by the stepped surface of both adjacent grains and atoms lying between these surfaces.
Discriminant Validity of Levenson's I and P Scales Used as Predictors of Causal Attribution

The intent of this experiment was to demonstrate the discriminant validity of two dimensions of the locus of control construct ('Personal Control" and "Powerful Other Control") when used as predictors of causal attribution. As predicted, Personal Control internals perceived outcomes as determined more b' effort than did Personal Control externals. Unexpectedly. external attributions (luck and task difficulty) did not differ between Personal Control internals and externals. Attributions were influenced by the situation presented to the subjects (academic or factory'). Finallr, in support of the multidimensional conception of locus of control, the Powerful Other dimension was unrelated to the causal attributions.
Voltage rating versus horsepower of synchronous and induction motors

EVERY industrial plant of any size today has two or three utilization voltages, any one of which is available for supplying motors. The maximum primary distribution voltage within the plant buildings may be any voltage up to 15 kv, the maximum standard being 13.8 kv. Thus a choice must be made as to the most desirable voltage rating for the various motor ratings. Many factors must be considered if an intelligent selection is to be made. Each of these factors will be discussed to the end that the recommended minimum horsepower for each voltage level may be determined. This paper is concerned with the recommended minimum and not with the minimum horsepower at the various voltage ratings that it is possible to manufacture. Stated otherwise, it is not what can be built but what should be built from the standpoint of the best over-all installation for the purchaser. Likewise, just because a motor is listed in the motor manufacturers price handbook, for example a motor rated 50 horsepower (hp), 2,300 volts, does not mean that it is as good a motor from the standpoint of long life and trouble-free service as a similar motor rated 440 volts. It does indicate, however, that such a motor can be built if absolutely necessary. Maximum horsepower ratings at the various voltage ratings will be discussed also. The natural question then is: why do motor manufacturers list such ratings in their handbooks? The answer is self-evident when considering that all motor manufacturers list these ratings. Whether this practice should be continued is beyond the scope of this paper.
Energetic cost of locomotor play in pronghorn fawns

Play behaviour was studied in pronghorn, Antilocapra americana, at the National Bison Range (Moiese, Montana, U.S.A.). The aim of the study was to make field measurements of the energetic costs of play running. Total daily energy expenditures of fawn were estimated in two different ways: (1) time budget analysis and (2) field metabolic rates based on body weight calculated using a regression equation for herbivorous eutherians. The two methods gave similar estimates. Play occupied 1–2% of total time. Running play constituted on average 2% of total daily energy expenditure and 20% of the daily energy expenditure in excess of resting metabolic rate and growth. A pronghorn fawn that eschewed play and shifted the energy savings into growth could expect to weigh 7% more than a playing fawn by post-natal week 12.
ELECTRON CORRELATION AND PLUTONIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS

The energy and entropy curves for unalloyed Pu mark the extent of our progress toward an understanding of the phase diagrams presented at the beginning of the paper; it is clear that there is still a long way to go. It would be desirable to evaluate the vibrational thermodynamic functions from measured phonon spectra. However, this may require the growth of single crystals, if the PDF method using powder diffraction proves impractical for Pu. The measurement of inelastic phonon densities of states from polycrystalline samples might be a practical method for all phases of Pu. Estimates of the electronic contributions to the thermodynamics have been derived from the work of Wallace (1998). It would be of interest to compare these with theoretical estimates to evaluate the role of electron correlation in the phase stability of plutonium metal. As emphasized by Wallace, this will be an ''enormous challenge'' to electronic structure theory. In particular, we need a more predictive understanding of how narrow bands in Pu stabilize idiosyncratic crystal structures (Soederlind et al., 1995 and Soederlind, 1998) Materials Properties.
Prediction of postinjury employment and percentage of time worked after spinal cord injury.

Abstract Krause JS, Terza JV, Erten M, Focht KL, Dismuke CE. Prediction of postinjury employment and percentage of time worked after spinal cord injury. Objective To use a 2-part model to identify biographic, injury, educational, and vocational predictors of postinjury employment and the percentage of time employed after spinal cord injury (SCI) onset. Design Survey. Setting Data were collected at 3 hospitals in the Southeastern and Midwestern United States. Participants Participants were adults with traumatic SCI of at least 1 year duration, all under 65 years at the time of SCI onset. A total of 1329 observations were used in the analysis. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Postinjury employment, defined by whether the individual had ever been employed after SCI and percentage of time employed after SCI onset. Results Almost 52% of participants worked at some point in time postinjury. Among those who had worked postinjury, the mean portion of time spent working was 0.56. Several factors were significantly related to postinjury employment and portion of time worked postinjury. The probability of postinjury employment increased with successively less severe injury. However, only ambulatory participants were found to have a significantly greater portion of time postinjury among those who became employed. Having obtained either a 4-year or graduate degree after injury was associated with a greater likelihood of postinjury employment. Conversely, among those who worked postinjury, having obtained those degrees prior to injury was associated with a greater portion of time employed. Being white, a man, having completed a 4-year degree or a graduate degree, and having worked in the service industry prior to SCI onset were all associated with a greater portion of time working among those who had worked. Conclusions The factors precipitating PE are not identical to those associated with a greater portion of time employed after SCI onset.
DRM as a layered system

The current landscape for digital rights management(DRM) consists of various ad hoc technologies and platforms that largely focus on copy protection. The fragmented nature of the DRM industry in 2004 is somewhat reminiscent of the telecommunications industry in the late 1980's. At that time various networking technologies were available, and what was needed was a technology that could integrate existing networks and provide various services to users. The OSI layered framework and the TCP/IP communications protocol suite provided a solution to this situation. The OSI model divides the process of digital data communications into layers. Likewise, in this paper we divide the process of DRM into layers in which various services are offered to the users of digital content at each layer. Three blocks of layers have been identified. The upper layers deal with the end-to-end functions of the application, the middle layers deal with rights expression and interpretation, and the lower layers ensure rights enforcement. This paper describes how responsibilities might be distributed among the various layers, and considers where in these layers it would be appropriate to define protocols and standards.
A promoter polymorphism in cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase interacts with apolipoprotein E genotype in the LDL-lowering response to atorvastatin

Abstract Bile-acid biosynthesis is a key determinant of intracellular cholesterol and, in turn, cholesterol synthesis rate in hepatocytes. This suggests that variation in the cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1), a key enzyme in bile-acid biosynthesis, may influence the statin response. To test this hypothesis, a promoter polymorphism (A–204C) in CYP7A1 was examined in 324 hypercholesterolemic patients treated with atorvastatin 10 mg. The variant C allele was significantly and independently associated with poor LDL cholesterol reductions; −39% in wild type allele homozygotes, −37% in variant allele heterozygotes, and −34% in variant allele homozygotes (p
Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances

Aims To determine the acute lethal toxicity of a range of psychoactive substances in terms of the dose customarily used as a single substance for non-medical purposes. Design and method A structured English-language literature search was conducted to identify experimental studies and clinical reports that documented human and non-human lethal doses of 20 abused substances that are distributed widely in Europe and North America. Four inclusion criteria were specified for the reports, and approximately 3000 relevant records were retrieved from search engines at Biosis, Science Citation Index, Google and the National Library of Medicine's Gateway. In order to account for different drug potencies, a ‘safety ratio’ was computed for each substance by comparing its reported acute lethal dose with the dose most commonly used for non-medical purposes. Findings The majority of published reports of acute lethal toxicity indicate that the decedent used a co-intoxicant (most often alcohol). The calculated safety ratios varied between substances by more than a factor of 100. Intravenous heroin appeared to have the greatest direct physiological toxicity; several hallucinogens appeared to have the least direct physiological toxicity. Conclusions Despite residual uncertainties, the substantial difference in safety ratios suggests that abused substances can be rank-ordered on the basis of their potential acute lethality.
Oxygen-sensitive 19F NMR imaging of the vascular system in vivo

The fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice relaxation rate (1T1) of the perfluorochemical blood substitute perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA) is very sensitive to oxygen tension. This presents the possibility of measuring blood oxygen tension by 19F MR imaging. We obtained oxygen-sensitive 19F NMR images of the circulatory system of rats infused with emulsified FTPA. Blood oxygenation was assessed under conditions of both air- and 100% O2-breathing. T1 relaxation times were derived from MR images using a partial saturation pulse sequence. The T1 times were compared with a phantom calibration curve to calculate average blood pO2 values in the lung, liver, and spleen. The results showed marked, organ-specific increases in blood oxygen tension when the rat breathed 100% O2 instead of air.
Effects of diuretic therapy in low-, normal- and high-benin isolated systolic systemic hypertension

Abstract In 30 patients with isolated systolic systemic hypertension, diuretic therapy decreased body weight from 71.33 ± 2.67 ± to 70.37 ± 2.65 kg (p μ g/24 hours (p
Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cells

Cloning from somatic cells is inefficient, with most clones dying during gestation. Cloning from embryonic stem (ES) cells is much more effective, suggesting that the nucleus of an embryonic cell is easier to reprogram. It is thus possible that most surviving clones are, in fact, derived from the nuclei of rare somatic stem cells present in adult tissues, rather than from the nuclei of differentiated cells, as has been assumed. Here we report the generation of monoclonal mice by nuclear transfer from mature lymphocytes. In a modified two-step cloning procedure, we established ES cells from cloned blastocysts and injected them into tetraploid blastocysts to generate mice. In this approach, the embryo is derived from the ES cells and the extra-embryonic tissues from the tetraploid host. Animals cloned from a B-cell nucleus were viable and carried fully rearranged immunoglobulin alleles in all tissues. Similarly, a mouse cloned from a T-cell nucleus carried rearranged T-cell-receptor genes in all tissues. This is an unequivocal demonstration that a terminally differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to produce an adult cloned animal.
Autologous immune strategies to reduce the risk of leukemic relapse: consideration for IL-15.

The graft-versus-leukemia effect following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) reduces the incidence of leukemic relapse and establishes that effector cells can eliminate or at least contain resistant leukemic stem cells. Natural killer cells also appear to play a role in directly lowering the rate of relapse following allogeneic SCT in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. To date, however, effective prevention of leukemic relapse by autologous immune effector cells has not been demonstrated. This article examines some of the challenges that limit autologous antileukemia immunity as well as some possible immunotherapeutic approaches that may help control leukemic relapse following autologous SCT
Pulmonary fibrosis: bronchoalveolar cell types and impaired function of alveolar macrophages in experimental silicosis.

Abstract To determine the impact of chronic silicosis on lung cell populations and macrophage function, we quantified the types of cells in lavage fluid (bronchoalveolar cells) from guinea pigs with chronic silicosis and tested in vitro the function of alveolar macrophages. The fractions of neutrophils and giant cells in bronchoalveolar cells of silicotic animals were increased while the fraction of macrophages was slightly decreased compared to those of controls (intratracheal saline). The fractions of both lymphocytes and eosinophils were similar in the two groups. The majority of macrophages from silicotic lungs did not adhere to a glass surface. In addition, the random and stimulated migration of the macrophages from the silicotic lung was subnormal. However, adherent macrophages from silicotic animals spread on glass in both the absence and presence of a potent stimulant, N-formylmethionyl phenylalanine, as did cells from controls. These results suggest that the types of cells recovered by lavage from the silicotic lung mirror the inflammatory reaction in the pulmonary parenchyma and that the function of some alveolar macrophages in the silicotic lung is impaired.
Morita's Theorem for Coalgebras

(1974). Morita's Theorem for Coalgebras. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 311-344.
Small carbon clusters (Cn0, Cn+, Cn-) from acyclic and cyclic precursors

Abstract Dissociative ionization of several linear, cyclic, and branched molecules was used to generate C 3 + and C 4 + carbon clusters. However, mass spectra from collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and neutralization–reionization (NR) under a wide variety conditions were indistinguishable, indicating only one isomer or same mixture of isomers. Likewise, CAD and NR spectra of C 4 + and C 3 + from 13 CH 2 CHCH 13 CH 2 and CH 3  13 C CH 2 show complete 12 C / 13 C scrambling. CAD cross sections are consistent with C 4 + –C 6 + ions as mainly linear isomers and C 7 + ions from cyclic precursors as mainly cyclic. CCSD(T) ab initio and B3LYP density functional theory calculations with large basis sets yielded structures and energies for a variety of cationic, neutral, and anionic carbon clusters and transition states for some cationic rearrangements. The calculated enthalpies of formation, dissociation energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities mostly agree with currently accepted experimental data. However, CCSD(T) calculations indicate adiabatic ionization energies for C 3 (11.79 eV) and C 4 isomers (10.48, 10.82, and 10.86 eV) that differ >1 eV from recent measurements.
Geoid and topographic swells over temperature‐dependent thermal plumes in spherical‐axisymmetric geometry

Geoid and topographic profiles over constant-viscosity thermal plumes in spherical-axisymmetric geometry at moderate Rayleigh numbers are compared with results from previous studies in other geometries. Plumes in spherical-axisymmetric models produce larger geoid anomalies than plumes in either Cartesian or cylindrical-axisymmetric geometries; however, the topographic anomalies over the plumes are smaller than the corresponding anomalies in a cylindrical-axisymmetric geometry but larger than those in a Cartesian geometry. For plumes in a temperature-dependent viscosity fluid, the geoid and topographic profiles are reduced by a factor of two when compared to a constant viscosity fluid with the same background viscosity profile. In this case, the radially-averaged temperature profile around the plume creates a low-viscosity ‘layer’ beneath the lithosphere.
Abortion, Partial-Birth Abortion, and Adolescent Access to Abortion: An Overview for Social Workers

Although the U.S Supreme Court Roe v. Wade decision legalized abortion in 1973, intense controversy over access, legality, and morality has persisted ever since that landmark decision. National opinion data collected from 1975 to 2007 show that a majority of Americans support a woman's right to an abortion, but this right is increasingly under attack, and recent proposed changes to abortion access are not in line with how most Americans feel. This paper considers public opinion trends in the sharply divided arenas of abortion, partial-birth abortion, and adolescents' rights to access abortion with a critical eye to social work practice. We explore several opportunities for social workers to advocate for clients, including legislative advocacy, reform through litigation, social action, and social policy analysis.
Growth and Localization of Polyhydroxybutyrate Granules in Ralstonia eutropha

The bacterium Ralstonia eutropha forms cytoplasmic granules of polyhydroxybutyrate that are a source of biodegradable thermoplastic. While much is known about the biochemistry of polyhydroxybutyrate production, the cell biology of granule formation and growth remains unclear. Previous studies have suggested that granules form either in the inner membrane, on a central scaffold, or in the cytoplasm. Here we used electron cryotomography to monitor granule genesis and development in 3 dimensions (3-D) in a near-native, “frozen-hydrated” state in intact Ralstonia eutropha cells. Neither nascent granules within the cell membrane nor scaffolds were seen. Instead, granules of all sizes resided toward the center of the cytoplasm along the length of the cell and exhibited a discontinuous surface layer more consistent with a partial protein coating than either a lipid mono- or bilayer. Putatively fusing granules were also seen, suggesting that small granules are continually generated and then grow and merge. Together, these observations support a model of biogenesis wherein granules form in the cytoplasm coated not by phospholipid but by protein. Previous thin-section electron microscopy (EM), fluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results to the contrary may reflect both differences in nucleoid condensation and specimen preparation-induced artifacts.
Formation kinetics and stability studies on the lanthanide complexes of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid by capillary electrophoresis.

In this study, the kinetic behaviors of four lanthanide ions, Sm 3 + , Dy 3 + , Yb 3 + and Lu 3 + , when mixed with a polyazamacrocyclic chelating agent 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N",N"'-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), were investigated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the pH range of 2.0-6.0. At pH 2.0, the formation rate of DOTA-metal complex is extremely low as very little complex was detected after 5 days reaction, whereas almost no free DOTA was found in the mixture of metal ion and DOTA after 4 min at pH 6.0. The second-order kinetic association rate constants of the four lanthanide ions chelates at pH 4.2 were calculated as 1.44 × 10 - 2 mM - 1 min - 1 , 5.20 × 10 - 2 mM - 1 min - 1 , 4.56 × 10 - 2 mM - 1 min - 1 and 4.54 × 10 - 2 mM - 1 min - 1 at 25°C with CE, respectively. In addition, the stability constants of the four lanthanide ions with DOTA were determined by CE at pH 3.0 where approximately 80-90% of the metal ions were associated with DOTA at 25°C. The measured stability constants (log K f ) of the four DOTA-metal complexes were 23.36, 23.93, 23.39 and 23.06, respectively, and correlated well with published data obtained by different methods. The percentage of metal ion bound with DOTA was evaluated as a function of reactant concentration in pH 6.0 buffer. After adding excess strong acid (0.1 M HCI) to each solution of DOTA-metal was formed at pH 6.0, no released DOTA was detected after 24 h; thus, dissociation of these lanthanide complexes did not occur under strongly acidic conditions. The Ln(DOTA)- species for the four DOTA-metal complexes were characterized by electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS), and the results correlated with proposed structures.
Astronomical Publication in the Near Future

A study is made of the number of astronomical papers, number of pages, mean paper lengths, authors per paper, and international authorship in recent decades, and this produces predictions for the coming decade or two. The first significant result is that the number of published research papers worldwide shows no abrupt changes due to increased technical and scientific capabilities, such as major increases in equipment sensitivity, new telescopes, breakthroughs in computing and publication techniques, or our ability to generate huge amounts of data. The second major result is that the number of papers is a function only of the number of astronomers.
Interfaces, frequency, and the primary linguistic data problem

Abstract Interfaces are defined biological relations, like the link between heart and lung, while interactions describe non-designed but inevitable biological consequences of being a mechanism with a single source of energy. A careful look at the representations needed a careful look that each mental module has a separate form of representation. And therefore interfaces require careful matching. Merge and labeling describe a hierarchy in language but perhaps not other mental hierarchies. It is distinct from Concatenation, which may be a broader mental capacity; Language calls for recursive Merge and Label hierarchies. We argue that frequency is not a meaningful concept in psychology without a representation whose frequency is being tabulated. Therefore every model of change must work with representations. However it is possible for representations that are not perfectly captured by grammar to be identified. For instance, the notion of leftward focal stress can apply at the word, phrase, or morphological level at first before being linked to separate modules in the mature grammar. Lebeaux's notion of Adjoin-Alpha as an acquisition primitive is thereby supported. In sum, it is possible that frequency-linked representations, still connected to an innate UG, play a role in acquisition. We conclude with an analysis of gradual −ed acquisition that re-introduces a role for LAD.
Polymorphisms for LDH and Transferrin Loci in Brook Trout Populations

Abstract Seven hatchery populations and seven of eight wild populations of brook trout sampled were polymorphic for both the LDH-B and the transferrin loci. The degree of variations of allele frequencies as well as of the amount of heterozygosity was generally greater among hatchery fish than those from natural populations. Calculations of interpopulation heterogeneities of allele frequency differences permitted distinguishing all of the hatchery strains, but not all of the small wild populations, from each other. While gross intra-population heterogeneity was found, an assessment of the breeding structure of wild brook trout in a stream was not possible. Electrophoretic variants were found in wild populations for two other LDH polypeptides and for one other serum protein. From assumptions that five loci were polymorphic in 13 total loci studied, the estimate of proportion of polymorphic loci in wild brook trout is 38.4%. The similar estimate for hatchery strains is 15.4%.
Chronic Mountain Sickness at an Elevation of 2,000 Meters

A resident living at Lake Tahoe, Calif, at an elevation of 2,000 meters, had fatigue, edema, and erythrocythemia. Hematocrit was 63 percent, and arterial blood gas values revealed hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. Results of pulmonary function tests, sleep study, and thyroid function all were normal. Erythrocytosis, cor pulmonale, and respiratory acidosis resolved after the patient moved to sea level. This patient suffered from chronic mountain sickness. Her symptoms resolved with relief of hypoxia.
Critical behavior of the six-state clock model in two dimensions

We have examined the critical properties of the q=6 clock (vector Potts) model in two dimensions through Monte Carlo simulations. The model was investigated on L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L square lattices of size L=4 to L=72 with periodic boundary conditions. We found an intermediate XY-like phase between a low-temperature ordered phase and a high-temperature disordered phase. The phase transitions occur at ${k}_{B}$${T}_{1}$/J=0.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 and ${k}_{B}$${T}_{2}$/J=0.92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 and are of the Kosterlitz-Thouless type. The susceptibility diverges in the intermediate phase and the exponent \ensuremath{\eta} varies between 0.100 at ${T}_{1}$ and 0.275 at ${T}_{2}$.
Undercooling of acoustically levitated molten drops

It was observed that the acoustically levitated molten SCN (succinonitrile) drops can generally be undercooled to a degree where the impurities in the drop are responsible for the nucleation of the solid phase. However, it was also observed that ultrasound occasionally terminates undercooling of the levitated drops by initiating the nucleation of the solid at an undercooling level which is lower than that found for the nucleation catalyzed by the impurities in the drop. This premature nucleation can be explained by thermodynamic considerations which predict an increase in effective undercooling of the liquid upon the collapse of cavities. Pre-existing gas microbubbles which grow under the influence of ultrasound are suggested as the source of cavitation. The highly undercooled SCN drops can be utilized to measure the growth velocity of the solid in the deeply undercooled region including the hypercooled region.
Consequences of inadequate bone healing before implant surgery

T he research, development, and subsequent success of the dental implant has allowed dentistry to offer patients a new, high level of care unattainable with more conventional therapy.lp2 Unfortunately, the rush to provide care may compromise the outcome of the treatment. The following clinical report illustrates the need for adequate consideration of bone healing and implant site preparation before implant placement.
Asymptotic theory of second order differential equations with two simple turning points

1. In t roduct ion x. In t93t Langer initiated and gave the first of numerous contributions to what has become a successful theory for asymptotic expansions ~f the solutions of a differential equation with a turning point. This theory has been extended and applied to a great many questions by him and by others. An extensive list of references may be found in L. CESAm'S book, Asymptotic behavior and stability o] solutions o] diHere~tial equations, Chapter IV, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, t958. In this paper we present a general asymptotic theory of ordinary second order linear differential equations witl~ two simple turning points and containing a numerically large parameter. In particular, we are concerned with the asymptotic expansions with respect to complex ~t of solutions of differential equations of the form