cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphase behavior of carbon dioxide with solid aromatics

Abstract White G.L. and Lira C.T., 1992. Multiphase behavior of carbon dioxide with solid aromatics. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 78: 269-284. Experimental measurements are presented for the melting behavior of naphthalene, acenaphthene, biphenyl and anthracene in mixtures with carbon dioxide. The emphasis of the work is on the determination of the SSLV line in ternary systems, and composition measurements at SLV conditions in binary and ternary systems. The carbon dioxide-rich phase in the system carbon dioxide + naphthalene + biphenyl is shown to undergo a phase transition at temperatures up to 315 K near 7.3 MPa.
Finding a Fit With Fitness: Applying Intentional Change Theory in Worksite Health Promotion Programming

This article presents evidence on the effectiveness of worksite health promotion programs and the correspondingly low participation rates in such programs. To address this gap, Boyatzis's Intentional Change Theory (ICT) is offered as an integrative theory for increasing good health practices. Generally accepted health promotion guidelines are applied to each of the five discoveries of ICT to assist employees in finding their own fit with fitness and thus increase their individual participation in health promotion. To explain the differing contexts for ICT engagement, complexity theory is used to contrast the Positive Emotional Attractor (PEA) and the Negative Emotional Attractor (NEA). The physiological changes that occur when people are in either the PEA or NEA condition are also identified. Last, the elements of each condition are examined, the health promotion applications for each of ICT's five discoveries are summarized, and specific employee actions for each discovery that ignite sustained, desired ...
Design of a Dynamic Surface Controller for Vehicle Sideslip Angle During Autonomous Drifting

Abstract This paper presents the design and experimental implementation of a dynamic surface controller for sideslip angle during autonomous drifting of a rear wheel drive vehicle. In this design, yaw rate is used as a synthetic input to control the vehicle's sideslip dynamics, and yaw rate is in turn controlled through coordination of the front tire lateral force (steering) and rear tire longitudinal force (drive). This input coordination is designed to increase rear tire saturation in order to maintain controllability of the vehicle via the front tire lateral force. This reflects a stability-controllability tradeoff that is characteristic of the steady state conditions corresponding to drifting and could have interesting applications to trajectory control when a vehicle's handling limits have been exceeded. The control technique has been implemented on P1, a student-built by-wire testbed, and shown to successfully achieve robust, sustained drifts.
Matrix pencil method for estimating parameters of exponentially damped/undamped sinusoids in noise

A study of a matrix pencil method for estimating frequencies and damping factors of exponentially damped and/or undamped sinusoids in noise is presented. Comparison of this method to a polynomial method (SVD-Prony method) shows that the matrix pencil method and the polynomial method are two special cases of a matrix prediction approach and that the pencil method is more efficient in computation and less restrictive about signal probes. It is found through perturbation analysis and simulation that, for signals with unknown damping factors, the pencil method is less sensitive to noise than the polynomial method. An expression of the Cramer-Rao bound for the exponential signals is presented. >
A nasal mass discovered during intubation. Schwannoma.

Aman in his 50s presented with a 3-month history of right-sided nasal obstruction secondary to nasal trauma sustainedduring intubation for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. He reported postnasal drip, anosmia, and rhinorrhea. Nasal endoscopy revealed a large, right-sidedpolyp that extended into theposterior choana, indenting the rightpostero-inferior nasal cavity. The remainderof the nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and laryngeal examination findings were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showedawell-definedsofttissuemass,heterogeneous insignalonT2-weightedslices, andwith smooth bone remodeling (Figure, A). Owing to a reported history of a reaction to administration of gadolinium, contrast was not administeredduringMRI acquisition. Therewasnoevidenceof extension beyond the nasal cavity. Thepatientwas taken to theoperating roomfor abiopsyof this mass. Nasal endoscopy revealed a large pedunculated mass originating from the right middle turbinate. It was excised at its stalk at the lateral aspect of the axilla of the rightmiddle turbinate. Grossly, it was firm, rubbery, and heterogeneous in texture. Intraoperative frozen sections showed spindle cell morphologic characteristics. Later, the sections showedstrong staining characteristics for S-100. What is your diagnosis? A
Copper stabilizes the Menkes copper-transporting ATPase (Atp7a) protein expressed in rat intestinal epithelial cells

Iron deficiency decreases oxygen tension in the intestinal mucosa, leading to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2α (Hif2α) and subsequent upregulation of genes involved in iro...
Is There a (Viable) Crucial-Case Method?

Case study researchers use diverse methods to select their cases, a matter that has elicited considerable comment and no little consternation. Of all these methods, perhaps the most controversial is the crucial-case method, first proposed by Harry Eckstein several decades ago. Since Eckstein’s influential essay, the crucial-case approach has been used in a multitude of studies across several social science disciplines and has come to be recognized as a staple of the case study method. Yet the idea of any single case playing a crucial (or critical) role is not widely accepted. In this article, the method of the crucial case is explored, and a limited defense (somewhat less expansive than that envisioned by Eckstein) of that method is undertaken. A second method of case-selection, closely associated with the logic of the crucial case, is introduced: the pathway case.
Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Romano-Ward long QT syndrome. Analysis of 23 families.

BACKGROUND The Romano-Ward long-QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an autosomal dominant inherited trait characterized by prolonged QT interval on ECG, life-threatening arrhythmias, syncope, and sudden death in affected individuals. A gene responsible for this disorder has been shown to be linked to the Harvey ras-1 locus (H-ras-1) DNA marker on the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p) in 7 families. The purpose of this study was to determine, by analyzing 23 families with LQTS for linkage to chromosome 11p, whether evidence exists for more than one gene causing LQTS (ie, locus heterogeneity). METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-three families (262 family members) were clinically evaluated using medical histories, ECGs, and Holter recordings. Each corrected QT interval (QTc) were determined using Bazett9s formula. Blood for DNA extraction and cell line immortalization was obtained after informed consent. Southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction were performed, and linkage analysis carried out using the LINKAGE computer program (v 5.03). Genetic heterogeneity was determined using the HOMOG 2 (v 2.51) computer program. Twenty-three families were studied for evidence of linkage to chromosome 11p using the H-ras-1 locus probe pTBB-2 and multiple flanking markers, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Two-point linkage analysis using pTBB-2 and TH markers was consistent with linkage in 15 of 23 families, with the maximum single-family LOD score of +3.038 occurring at theta = 0. However, 8 of 23 families had negative LOD scores, with the values in 4 families being less than -2 at theta = 0, consistent with exclusion of linkage. Analysis with the HOMOG program was consistent with genetic heterogeneity (P CONCLUSIONS In the 23 families with LQTS analyzed for linkage to the H-ras-1 locus on chromosome 11p15.5, 15 of 23 families had LOD scores consistent with linkage. The remaining 8 of 23 families had negative LOD scores, 4 of which were definitively excluded from linkage. Thus, genetic heterogeneity is definitively (P
Non-stationary random response of a finite cable

Abstract Numerous problems of current concern involve the designs of aerodynamic systems which either travel at high speeds or contain structural elements which are excited by moving pressure fluctuations. In a number of recent papers responses of dynamic systems to random excitation have been considered. The appropriate theory for calculating the mean square response of linear systems to both stationary and non-stationary random excitation is well known [1–7]. In this paper, the mean square response of a finite cable to non-stationary random excitation is considered. The non-stationary random excitation is of the form s ( t ) = e ( t ) α ( t ), where e ( t ) is a well defined envelope function and α ( t ) is the Guassian, narrow band, stationary part of the excitation which has zero mean. Both the unit step and rectangular step functions are used for the envelope function, and both white noise and noise with an exponentially decaying harmonic correlation function are used to prescribe the statistical property of the excitation. The results obtained are shown to be a complete expression for the mean square response when checked for accuracy by reduction to expressions previously obtained by Lyon [4]. It is felt that these results will aid the design of both linear and two-dimensional aerodynamic systems excited by random pressure fluctuations.
The impact of clinical heterogeneity in schizophrenia on genomic analyses.

Though clinically useful, the diagnostic systems currently employed are not well equipped to capture the substantial clinical heterogeneity observed for most psychiatric disorders, as exemplified by the complex psychotic disorder(s) that Bleuler aptly labeled the “Group of Schizophrenias”. The clinical heterogeneity associated with schizophrenia has likely frustrated decades of attempts to illuminate the underlying genetic architecture, although recent genome-wide association studies have begun to provide valuable insight into the role of common genetic risk variants. Here we demonstrate the importance of using diagnostic information to identify a core form of the disorder and to eliminate potential comorbidities in genetic studies. We also demonstrate why applying a diagnostic screening procedure to the control dataset to remove individuals with potentially related disorders is critical. Additionally, subjects may participate in multiple studies at different institutions or may have genotype data released by more than one research group. It is thus good practice to verify that no identical subjects exist within or between samples prior to conducting any type of genetic analysis to avoid potential confounding of results. While the availability of genomic data for large collections of subjects has facilitated many investigations that would otherwise not have been possible, we clearly show why one must use caution when acquiring data from publicly available sources. Although the broad vs. narrow debate in terms of phenotype definition in genetic analyses will remain, it is likely that both approaches will yield different results and that both will have utility in resolving the genetic architecture of schizophrenia.
Effect of temperature on fatty acid metabolism in dissociated cell cultures of developing brain.

Extract: The effect of hypothermia on the incorporation and metabolism of essential fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids) by dissociated cell cultures of developing brain was examined. When the ambient temperature was reduced to 30°, chain elongation of linolenic acid (18:3) to 20:3, and elongation of 20:5 to 22:5 was slowed. Desaturation of 20:3 to 20:4 and 20:5 remained unaffected even at 22°. Incorporation of (1-14C)linolenic acid into the fraction containing ethanolamine phosphoglycerides and ethanolamine plasmalogens (EPG) was significantly reduced by hypothermia, whereas labeling of choline phosphoglycerides (GPG) was greater at 30° and 22° than at 37°, and fell only slightly at 15°. These observations suggest that EPG labeling depends on the availability of the higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (22:5 and 22:6), whereas CPG labeling is nonspecific. Because ethanolamine plasmalogens are major myelin constituents, the importance of hypothermia in inducing a deficiency of the higher polyunsaturated fatty acids within the developing nervous system, and thus interfering with the biosynthesis of EPG and indirectly with membrane deposition, needs to be clarified. Speculation: These studies suggest that hypothermia may induce a deficiency of the higher polyunsaturated fatty acids in the developing nervous system, which, in turn, could induce a defect in the formation of cell membranes. Increases in the concentration of essential fatty acids for formulas intended for low birth weight infants might compensate for this relative deficiency.
Excitatory amino acid induced currents of isolated murine hypothalamic neurons and their suppression by 2,3-butanedione monoxime.

Ionic currents induced by excitatory amino acids were investigated for freshly isolated murine hypothalamic neurons with whole cell recording techniques. L-glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), in combination with glycine, resulted in a rapidly rising current which decayed in the continued presence of agonist. In contrast, kainate currents did not decay. While quisqualate-induced current maintained a steady amplitude in the continued presence of agonist, a rapid decay phase appeared at holding potentials negative to − 50 mV. Co-application of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) reversibly inhibited the currents due to each agonist. Detailed study of BDM suppression of kainate-induced current revealed two components. A component with a rapid onset did not involve phosphatase action since 500 μMATP-γ-S or a protein kinase inhibitor (H-7, 200 μM) did not alter current suppression or recovery after BDM. Thus, the probable mechanism for this component of BDM 's effect is direct block of the kainate-activated ion channel. However, preincubating neurons with 30 mM BDM reduced their subsequent response to kainate alone. This persistent effect of BDM was not seen for neurons dialyzed with a solution containing ATP-γ-S during conventional whole cell recording. Furthermore, exposure to H-7 prevented recovery of the kainate response suppressed by preincubation in BDM. These findings suggest that BDM causes sustained suppression of the kainate response of hypothalamic neurons via a “chemical phosphatase” action.
Potential and problems of high-temperature electronics and CMOS integrated circuits (25–250°C) - an overview

Abstract A brief overview of high-temperature integrated circuit technologies is presented. General comparisons of the high-temperature performance and relative merits of several semiconductor materials, technologies, devices and digital and analog circuits are highlighted. Important advances and developments of the last three decades are outlined, which reflect the prominence of MOSFET technologies. Shortcomings of the temperature models in standard IC computer-aided-design (CAD) programs are summarized and a discussion of near-and long-term research and development needs for high-temperature integrated electronics is presented.
Weakest Preconditions for Progress

Predicate transformers that map the postcondition and all intermediate conditions of a command to a precondition are introduced. They can be used to specify certain progress properties of sequential programs.
Fibrinogen-γ C-Terminal Fragments Induce Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction and Microvascular Leak via Integrin-Mediated and RhoA-Dependent Mechanism

Objectives— The purposes of this study were to characterize the direct effect of the C-terminal fragment of fibrinogen γ chain (γC) on microvascular endothelial permeability and to examine its molecular mechanism of action. Methods and Results— Intravital microscopy was performed to measure albumin extravasation in intact mesenteric microvasculature, followed by quantification of hydraulic conductivity in single perfused microvessels. Transendothelial electric resistance was measured in microvascular endothelial cells in combination with immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. The results show that γC induced time- and concentration-dependent increases in protein transvascular flux and water permeability and decreases in endothelial barrier function, coupled with Rho GTPase activation, myosin light chain phosphorylation, and stress fiber formation. Depletion of RhoA via siRNA knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of RhoA signaling attenuated γC-induced barrier dysfunction. Imaging analyses demonstrated ...
Case report of atypical bilateral posteromedial knee instability in a male recreational runner

The posteromedial corner of the knee has intricate anatomical and biomechanical relationships critical to the function of the tibiofemoral joint. Missed or late diagnosis of pathomechanical disorders of the region, such as anteromedial rotary instability, in individuals with knee pain, may result in long-term decreased functional mobility and predisposition for degenerative disorders. This case report describes the chronological history and experience of a 35-year-old male with late diagnosis of anteromedial rotary instability and the subsequent surgical reconstruction and rehabilitation. Difficulties with clinical recognition of the underlying pathology and the postoperative course of rehabilitation are also discussed.
Taxeopody in the carpus and tarsus of Oligocene Pliohyracidae (Mammalia: Hyracoidea) and the phyletic position of hyraxes.

Abstract Recent hyracoids and elephants share a taxeopode arrangement of tarsal and carpal bones, a condition in which bones are aligned with minimal interlocking between adjacent elements. Taxeopody has often been interpreted as a synapomorphy reflecting a close phyletic link between Hyracoidea and Proboscidea, but recently it has been suggested [Fischer, M. S. (1986) Cour. Forschungsinst. Senckenberg 84, 1-132] that hyracoid taxeopody is an independent acquisition resulting from selection favoring increased midcarpal and midtarsal rotation and that Hyracoidea is actually allied with Perissodactyla. As a test of this hypothesis, isolated carpal and tarsal bones of primitive Oligocene hyracoids from the Fayum, Egypt, have been examined to determine whether these indicate a taxeopode or diplarthral carpus and tarsus. Four complete astragali from the Fayum, representing at least three taxa, show a single, slightly convex articular surface on the head for articulation with the navicular and lack a facet for the cuboid. Two complete magna representing two species have a single proximal facet for articulation with the lunar, and they lack a facet for the scaphoid. Thus, both the carpus and tarsus of Fayum hyracoids are taxeopode. Taxeopody in hyracoids cannot be attributed to selection for carpal and tarsal rotation in climbers because the Oligocene, Miocene, and Recent species show great diversity in body size and probably locomotor specializations, despite relative uniformity of structure in the carpus and tarsus. The shared taxeopody of hyracoids and proboscideans, along with other osteological characters and similarities in hemoglobin, eye lens proteins, and other molecules, all suggest that Hyracoidea belongs within Paenungulata.
Homogeneity Properties of Hypercubes

The paper reviews properties of hypercubes of arbitrary dimension from the metric geometry point of view. It is shown, in particular, that a hypercube is a homogeneous metric space with respect to a class of partial cubes. This generalizes the ‘1-rigidity property of finite partial cubes. Hypercubes and their isometric subgraphs known as ‘partial cubes’ have many applications ranging from chemistry (benzenoid graphs) to preference modeling [14], to computer science (hypercube computers), suggesting that these concepts are ubiquitous. These graphs also provide examples of infinite dimensional discrete geometries with rich metric structures. In the paper we use principles of classical distance geometry (cf. [3]) to investigate homogeneity properties of hypercubes of arbitrary dimension. Let X and Y be metric spaces. An isometry from X onto Y is a distance preserving bijection X ,! Y . A metric space X is homogeneous if for any two points x,y 2 X there is an isometry : X ,! X such that (x) = y. Following [4], we say that a metric space X is fully homogeneous if, for every two metric subspaces A,B X and an isometry A ,! B, this isometry can be extended to an isometry of the entire space X onto itself. Euclidean, spherical, and hyperbolic spaces are examples of fully homogeneous metric spaces [1]. Another example is a finite metric space X with the discrete metric d (that is, d(x,y) = 1 for all distinct x,y 2 X). Note that such a space is not fully homogeneous if X is an infinite set. In a more general setting (cf. [3]), let M be a nonempty class of metric subspaces of a given metric space X. We say that the space X is homogeneous with respect to M (or M-homogeneous) if, for every two subspaces A,B 2 M and an isometry A ,! B, this isometry can be extended to an isometry of the entire space X onto itself. For example, a finite dimensional normed vector space is homogeneous with respect to the family of its vector subspaces (Witt’s Theorem [12]). It is shown
Burrowing mayflies ( Hexagenia ) as indicators of ecosystem health

Three State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conferences have been held since 1996 to encourage the development of Great Lakes indicators of ecosystem health for use in reporting on progress in restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Great Lakes ecosystem. Here we report on the development of an indicator based on burrowing mayflies , Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae), using production and biomass as the indicator metrics. Burrowing mayflies were selected because they (1) were historically abundant in unpolluted, soft-bottomed mesotrophic habitats throughout the Great Lakes, (2) are intolerant of and were extirpated by pollution in most of those habitats during the 1940s to1950s, (3) have shown the ability to recover in one of those habitats following pollution abatement, (4) are ecologically important as bioturbators of lakebed sediments and as trophic integrators that link detrital energy resources directly to fishes that feed preferentially on them, and (5) have high...
Feasting on Leftovers: Strategic Use of Shortages in Price Competition Among Differentiated Products

Two single-product firms with different quality levels and fixed limited capacities engage in sequential price competition in an essentially deterministic model where customers have heterogeneous valuations for both products. We develop conditions under which the leader (she) can take strategic advantage of her limited capacity by pricing relatively low, purposefully creating shortages and leaving some leftovers for the follower (him) to feast on, avoiding direct competition. The extent to which the leader benefits in this Leftovers Equilibrium depends on operational variables such as the capacity levels of the two firms and the sequence in which customers arrive at the market. We spell out the details for three different known arrival sequences within a specific subset of plausible fixed-capacity levels. The follower's strategic shadow price can be positive even when not all his capacity is used, and the leader's can be negative when all her capacity is used. We illustrate that Leftovers Equilibria can arise when some of our assumptions are relaxed.
Cefotaxime in the Treatment of Infections of the Skin and Skin Structure

In a series of open, noncomparative studies, cefotaxime was given to 360 hospitalized patients with bacterial wound infections such as cellulitis, abscesses, or necrotizing ulcers of the skin or subcutaneous tissues. The drug was administered intramuscularly or intravenously in a mean dosage of 4 g per day (range, 1.4-12.0 g per day) in three or four equal doses for at least five days. Clinical response to therapy could not be evaluated for 100 patients, and bacterologic response could not be evaluated for 145 patients. Clinical response was satisfactory in 93.5%o of the 260 patients for whom therapy could be evaluated, and bacterial response was satisfactory in 84% of the 225 patients for whom therapy could be evaluated. These rates of response include both single- and multiple-pathogen infections. There were nine instances of superinfection. Cefotaxime is a semisynthetic cephalosporin, recently developed for iv and im administration in the treatment of infections caused by both grampositive and gram-negative microorganisms [1-5]. A series of open noncomparative studies were designed, first, to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cefotaxime in hospitalized adult patients; and, second, to establish dosage schedules that combine the highest efficacy of treatment with the greatest margin of safety in cefotaxime therapy. We compiled these data by reviewing computergenerated summaries of patient treatment records submitted to Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals by all cefotaxime investigators. This method of analysis did not provide us with complete clinical and microbiologic information. Only data from the United States were included in studies sub
Computer programs for application of equations describing elastic and electromagnetic wave scattering from planar interfaces

MATLAB programs are presented which solve equations describing the scattering of plane elastic and electromagnetic waves from a planar interface separating homogenous, isotropic, and semi-infinite geologic media. The PSHSV program calculates and plots amplitude (reflection and refraction/transmission) coefficients, square root energy ratios, energy coefficients, and phase changes for elastic waves of P-, SH- or SV-type incident on an interface between elastic media. The EHEV program calculates and plots amplitude coefficients, square root energy ratios, energy coefficients, and phase changes for electromagnetic waves of EH- or EV-type incident on an interface between dielectric media. The applicability of the programs is demonstrated through the presentation of solutions (plotted as a function of incidence angle) obtained for geologic environments commonly encountered in seismic and ground penetrating radar applications.
Read-Through Proteins of Group 4 RNA Bacteriophages TW19 and TW28

Abstract Group 4 phages TW19 and TW28 of Escherichia coli possess a “read-through” (IIb) protein, although group 2 phage GA does not. This may have implications concerning the evolution and classification of RNA phages.
Teriparatide Induced Delayed Persistent Hypercalcemia

Teriparatide, a recombinant PTH, is an anabolic treatment for osteoporosis that increases bone density. Transient hypercalcemia is a reported side effect of teriparatide that is seen few hours following administration of teriparatide and resolves usually within 16 hours of drug administration. Persistent hypercalcemia, although not observed in clinical trials, is rarely reported. The current case describes a rare complication of teriparatide induced delayed persistent hypercalcemia.
Capture of Attention to Threatening Stimuli without Perceptual Awareness

Summary Visual images that convey threatening information can automatically capture attention [1–4]. One example is an object looming in the direction of the observer—presumably because such a stimulus signals an impending collision [5]. A critical question for understanding the relationship between attention and conscious awareness is whether awareness is required for this type of prioritized attentional selection [6]. Although it has been suggested that visual spatial attention can only be affected by consciously perceived events [7], we show that automatic allocation of attention can occur even without conscious awareness of impending threat. We used a visual search task to show that a looming stimulus on a collision path with an observer captures attention but a looming stimulus on a near-miss path does not. Critically, observers were unaware of any difference between collision and near-miss stimuli even when explicitly asked to discriminate between them in separate experiments. These results counter traditional salience-based models of attentional capture, demonstrating that in the absence of perceptual awareness, the visual system can extract behaviorally relevant details from a visual scene and automatically categorize threatening versus nonthreatening images at a level of precision beyond our conscious perceptual capabilities.
Laboratory Informatics Tools Integration Strategies for Drug Discovery Integration of LIMS, ELN, CDS, and SDMS

There are technologies on the horizon that could dramatically change how informatics organizations design, develop, deliver, and support applications and data infrastructures to deliver maximum value to drug discovery organizations. Effective integration of data and laboratory informatics tools promises the ability of organizations to make better informed decisions about resource allocation during the drug discovery and development process and for more informed decisions to be made with respect to the market opportunity for compounds. We propose in this article a new integration model called ELN-centric laboratory informatics tools integration.
Sindbis virus-induced inhibition of protein synthesis is partially reversed by medium containing an elevated potassium concentration

Infection of cultured vertebrate cells by Sindbis virus, an alphavirus, results in a reduction in the overall rate of protein synthesis and in selective termination (shutoff) of host-specified protein synthesis. The shutoff of host protein synthesis by Sindbis virus has been temporally correlated with a decrease in intracellular K+ concentration (and an increase in intracellular Na+ concentration) which occurs as a consequence of virus-mediated inhibition of the plasma membrane-associated Na+/K+ ATPase. Incubation of Sindbis virus-infected cells in medium containing an elevated concentration of K+ resulted in an increase in the intracellular concentration of K+, an increase in the overall rate of protein synthesis, and in partial reversal of the virus-induced termination of cell-specified protein synthesis. These results suggest that the virus-induced decrease in intracellular K+ concentration is required for efficient shutoff of host protein synthesis by Sindbis virus.
A method for recognizing the shape of a Gaussian mixture from a sparse sample set

The motivating application for this research is the problem of recognizing a planar object consisting of points from a noisy observation of that object. Given is a planar Gaussian mixture model ρT (x) representing an object along with a noise model for the observation process (the template). Also given are points representing the observation of the object (the query). We propose a method to determine if these points were drawn from a Gaussian mixture ρQ(x) with the same shape as the template. The method consists in comparing samples from the distribution of distances of ρT (x )a ndρQ(x), respectively. The distribution of distances is a faithful representation of the shape of generic Gaussian mixtures. Since it is invariant under rotations and translations of the Gaussian mixture, it provides a workaround to the problem of aligning objects before recognizing their shape without sacrificing accuracy. Experiments using synthetic data show a robust performance against type I errors, and few type II errors when the given template Gaussian mixtures are well distinguished.
A Study of Side-Channel Effects in Reliability-Enhancing Techniques

Reliability-enhancing techniques are critical for nanoscale integrated systems under the pressure of various physical non-idealities such as process variations and manufacturing defects. However, it is unclear how these techniques will affect the side-channel information leaked through hardware implementations. The related side-channel effects may have direct implications to the security requirement in a wide range of applications. In this paper, we investigate this new problem for trusted hardware design. Employing information-theoretic measures, the relationship between reliability enhancements and the induced side-channel effects is quantitatively evaluated. Simulation results on EDC/ECC schemes in memory circuits are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.
Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin on the photoperiodic gonadal response of the male lizard Anolis carolinensis

The effects of pinealectomy and exogenous melatonin treatment on the photoperiodic testicular response in the lizard Anolis carolinensis were examined at two times of year. In the summer (July–August) neither pinealectomy nor melatonin affected the photoperiodic response. In the fall (September–October) pinealectomy had a progonadal effect in lizards maintained on either LD 8:16 or LD 14:10 photoperiods. Melatonin blocked the gonadal development in response to pinealectomy on LD 8:16 but melatonin did not inhibit the acceleration in testicular development caused by pinealectomy on LD 14:10. However, melatonin did inhibit testicular development in intact (nonpinealectomized) anoles exposed to LD 14:10. These results show that pinealectomy can modify testicular function in Anolis, that the effects of pinealectomy are seasonal, and that melatonin may be a reproductively active factor involved.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates intestinal transit in young rats.

The effect of intracisternal injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on small intestinal transit of a charcoal bolus was investigated in 14-, 21-, 28- and 35-day-old and adult rats. Intracisternal TRH (15 μg in 2 μl) was administered, and transit (distance traveled by the charcoal) was measured 120 min later. In all age groups, intracisternal TRH increased charcoal transit significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to saline-treated controls. This increase in transit was not mimicked by intravascular TRH, and it was blocked in all age groups by prior intraperitoneal injection of atropine (2 μg/g body weight). Vagotomy blocked TRH-induced increases in small intestine transit in rats of 28 days and older. Prior intraperitoneal injection of the antiserotonin compound, cyproheptadine (1 μg/g body weight) reduced TRH-induced increases in small intestine transit in all age groups. These results demonstrate that centrally administered TRH stimulates small intestine transit through both cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms in rats as early as 14 days of age.
Capecitabine in the treatment of esophageal and gastric cancers

Introduction: Fluoropyrimidine therapy has been a mainstay in the treatment of cancers of the esophagus and stomach for nearly half of a century in the form of intravenous 5-fluorouracil. Capecitabine, an oral fluoropyrimidine precursor, was first approved in 2001 for the treatment of metastatic colon cancer and may be used interchangeably with parenteral 5-FU in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Areas covered: In this article, mechanisms of action and synergy with other systemic therapies and radiation are reviewed. A summary of the most important clinical trial results shaping the use of capecitabine in the treatment of cancers of the esophagus and stomach is offered, along with an update of upcoming areas of interest using this agent in these disease types. Expert opinion: Improvements in understanding molecular mechanisms of disease, defining distinct disease subtypes based on histology, genetic background and levels of protein expression as well as signaling pathways may start to ...
Modeling complex diseases using discriminative network fragments

A number of complex diseases are network-based where a set of pathways needs to be perturbed. Understanding the logic of such perturbations from high-throughput datasets as next-generation sequencing or gene expression can help in elucidating the nature of diseases and their multiple states. I will discuss a recent approach that mines multiple annotated networks to find the small network fragments that drive the state of the entire network. In this approach, a gene/protein interaction network is used as the underlying structure and high throughput data is used to annotate the nodes of the network. The global state of a network is annotated as normal or diseased. Mining discriminative subgraphs from large networks is a powerful mechanism for identifying network components that are influential in determining the global network state. It is different from learning classification models in a number of ways. The first difference is in semantics. A traditional classifier operates on unstructured data where each feature represents an axis in a high-dimensional space. In our problem, each feature (or annotated node in a graph) is constrained within a structure and the network event being modeled evolves through the global structure. A traditional classifier only analyzes the statistical significance of a feature and ignores the underlying structure. Second, in our problem, the goal is to mine discriminative subgraphs, each of which aids in predicting the global network state. The proposed technique operates at a level of abstraction of discriminative subgraphs instead of individual nodes. To achieve the desirable properties highlighted above, we design a technique for mining network-constrained decision trees that learn network-encoded logic functions to predict the global network state. To tackle the exponential subgraph search space, we formulate the idea of an Edit Map, on which we perform Metropolis-Hastings sampling to drastically reduce the computation cost. We have performed extensive experiments to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of our method. Our results show that the proposed algorithm achieves an accurate approximation of the optimal answer set. Furthermore, the method outperforms the current state-of-the-art classifiers developed for gene/protein interaction networks.
Stimulation of area postrema decreases blood flow to choroid plexus

The goal of this study was to examine effects of stimulation of the area postrema on blood flow to choroid plexus and brain. In chloralose-anesthetized dogs, the area postrema was stimulated electrically, and arterial pressure and blood gases were maintained at control levels. We measured blood flow to brain and choroid plexus of the fourth and lateral ventricles with microspheres. Stimulation of the area postrema at 10 +/- 2 microA (means +/- SE), which was the threshold for changes in arterial pressure and heart rate, decreased blood flow to choroid plexus of the fourth and lateral ventricles by 41 +/- 11 and 51 +/- 6%, respectively (from 349 +/- 38 and 503 +/- 46 ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively). Stimulation at high amplitudes (67 +/- 5 microA) produced only slightly greater decreases in blood flow to choroid plexus. In contrast, cerebral blood flow did not change during stimulation of the area postrema. After blockade of autonomic ganglia with intravenous chlorisondamine, stimulation of the area postrema had minimal effects on blood flow to choroid plexus. The results indicate that stimulation of the area postrema decreases blood flow to choroid plexus, probably by an autonomic mechanism. We speculate that the area postrema may play a role in regulation of volume in the central nervous system by modulating production of cerebrospinal fluid.
Childhood obesity and education

This is a sequence of four photos taken within 10 min in a typical US diner, at the end of a boy’s meal with his parents. The boy (roughly 7 years old) did not touch the fruit, apart from playing around with a grape, but devoured the chocolate cake with voracity. The fruit was eventually discarded. The boy’s parents stared at their smartphones for most of the meal. The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. Behavioural and environmental factors in the family home, such as those related to healthy eating, have been shown to aff ect the risk of obesity in children. Moreover, evidence suggests t h a t child eating behaviours are associated with parent education and role modelling, family food rules, and family meal patterns. These factors can make it easier or more diffi cult for children to eat healthily. Eff ective interventions to encourage healthy eating in children are urgently needed.
Genetically modified mouse models in carcinogenicity assessment of pharmaceuticals

Carcinogenicity studies combined with mechanistic studies in nonclinical safety assessment are used to evaluate the potential carcinogenic rick of new therapeutic agents to humans.The generation and characterization of genetically modified mouse models(GMMM) of human cancer have resulted in notable improvement in tumor research.These transgenic mouse bioassays have been used as a substitute for 1 of 2 traditional 2-year carcinogenic bioassays.This review will focus on characteristics of GMMM and their application in nonclinical safety evaluations of pharmaceuticals.
[Effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy on reducing HIV/AIDS related death in Hebei, 1989-2013].

Objective To investigate the effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on reducing HIV/AIDS related death. Methods The analysis was conducted by using the data of 4 148 HIV/AIDS cases reported in Hebei province from 1989 to 2013. Regular follow-up, CD4 detection, registration of death were carried out for them. Free HAART has been provided to people living with HIV/AIDS who met the treatment requirement since 2003. Results Of 4 148 HIV/AIDS cases, 12 451.48 person years were observed, 968 cases died due to all registered death causes. The death density was 7.77/100 person years. The death density was 2.87/100 person years for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving HAART, and 16.58/100 for the HIV/AIDS cases receiving no HAART. In 1 894 AIDS cases, a total of 4 774.48 person years were observed from onset to death, 581 cases died due to all registered death causes, and the death density was 121.69/100 person years. The death density was 4.77/100 person years for the cases receiving HAART, and 125.92/100 person years for the cases receiving no HAART. In the cases with CD less than 200/mm3,the death density was 22.9/100 person years for those receiving no HAART and 5.3/100 person years for those receiving HAART. The annual analysis found that the death rate due to all registered death causes declined as the increase of HAART coverage in people living with HIV/AIDS. The expanding of HAART coverage in people infected with HIV can reduce death rate among them. Conclusion Further expanding of HAART can effectively reduce the death among people living with HIV/AIDS. Key words: HIV/AIDS; Highly active anti-retrovial therapy; All causes of death; Mortality; Death density
Effect of supplemental lysocellin and tetronasin on growth, ruminal and blood metabolites, and ruminal proteolytic activity in steers grazing ryegrass.

Forty-eight Angus and Brangus steers (249 kg initial BW) were used in a randomized complete block design. Steers grazed annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum [L.] Lam.) for 107 d and were sampled at 35 and 70 d. Treatments consisted of a corn supplement (C) or corn supplement plus either 80 mg.steer-1.d-1 of lysocellin (L) or 60 mg.steer-1.d-1 of tetronasin (T). When compared with C, ADG of L- and T-fed steers was higher (P less than .05) for the complete 107-d study (1.15 vs 1.25 kg/d). At 35 d, ruminal acetate:propionate ratio tended (P = .07) to be higher for C than for L- and T-fed steers (4.6 vs 3.8). When compared with T, steers fed L tended (P = .11) to have higher acetate:propionate ratios. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia and free amino acids were not affected (P greater than .05) by treatment, but ruminal proteolytic activity tended (P = .13) to be lower for L- and T-fed than for C steers at 70 d. Ionophores did not alter (P greater than .05) ruminal mineral concentrations, but ruminal Mg concentration tended (P = .14) to be higher for T- than for L-fed steers at 70 d. When compared with L- and T-fed steers, C steers had lower (P less than .05) plasma concentrations of Mg (23.7 vs 21.9 mg/liter) and Ca (113.0 vs 104.2 mg/liter) at 35 d. Plasma mineral concentrations were similar (P greater than .05) for L- and T-fed steers. Data are interpreted to indicate that L and T may improve ADG, decrease ruminal acetate:propionate ratio, and alter mineral metabolism.
Matter of Fact, Matter of Law, and the Attainder of the Earl of Strafford

The impeachment, trial, and attainder of the Earl of Strafford is perhaps the most famous example of parliamentary judicature in English history. His fate generated enormous controversy among his contemporaries1 and, despite Charles II's attempt to obliterate the official record of the proceedings,2 historians have continued the debate to the present day. Most of the attention has been focused on the doctrines of law and political theory under which Strafford was condemned. Responding to C. V. Wedgwood's charge that the opposition used a "manufactured theory of treason" to slaughter by attainder a man they could not otherwise convict,3 Conrad Russell has produced an extremely influential article which argues that Strafford was condemned on the basis of "generally accepted doctrines of law and political theory."4 More recently J. H. Timmis III has suggested that much of the debate on Strafford's case has been
Hepatotoxicity of Antimicrobials and Antifungal Agents

Antibacterial and antifungal agents are among the most frequently prescribed medications, yet clinically significant liver injury is a relatively rare event. In addition, assessment of the hepatotoxicity of antibacterial and antifungal agents is confounded by the effects and severity of the underlying infection being treated. Nevertheless, antibiotics are the most common agents implicated in drug-induced liver injury. There are well-described hepatic reactions to antibacterial and antifungal agents, the majority of which are idiosyncratic. Prompt recognition of antibiotic-associated liver injury is critical, since recovery with discontinuation of the offending agent is the norm, although notable exceptions include vanishing bile duct syndrome associated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, severe acute hepatitis from trovafloxacin use, minocycline-associated autoimmune hepatitis, and chronic liver disease from the prolonged use of nitrofurantoin. Prompt recognition, discontinuation of the drug and substitution, if clinically indicated, with an alternative agent, and avoidance of rechallenge are the most effective means of managing suspected hepatotoxicity from antibacterial and antifungal agents.