cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MAHAIM BYPASS TRACT IN EBSTEIN ANOMALY: UNDIAGNOSED UNCOMMON ARRYTHMIA CAUSING HEART FAILURE AT EARLY AGE

Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia utilizing a Mahaim Bypass Tract (BT) is an uncommon arrhythmia that occurs between atrial muscle and right bundle branch or ventricular muscle. It displays unusual properties - decremental conduction, a HIS like appearance on EP study and cessation of
Electrocardiographic Analysis Of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Optimal diagnosis may require continuous monitoring, intracardiac studies, or provocative electrophysiologic testing, in addition to the standard 12-lead ECG. One must keep in mind that clinical si...
Intraoperative Use of O-arm in Pediatric Cervical Spine Surgery.

Introduction Traditionally, fluoroscopy and postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans are used to evaluate screw position after pediatric cervical spine fusion. However, noncontained screws detected postoperatively can require revision surgery. Intraoperative O-arm is a 3-dimensional CT imaging technique, which allows intraoperative evaluation of screw position and potentially avoids reoperations because of implant malposition. This study's objective was to evaluate the use of intraoperative O-arm in determining the accuracy of cervical implants placed by a free-hand technique using anatomic landmarks or fluoroscopic guidance in pediatric cervical spine instrumentation. Methods A single-center retrospective study of consecutive examinations of children treated with cervical spine instrumentation and intraoperative O-arm from 2014 to 2018 was performed. In total, 44 cases (41 children, 44% men) with a mean age of 11.9 years (range, 2.1 to 23.5 y) were identified. Instability (n=16, 36%) and deformity (n=10, 23%) were the most frequent indications. Primary outcomes were screw revision rate, neurovascular complications caused by noncontained screws, and radiation exposure. Results A total of 272 screws were inserted (60 occipital and 212 cervical screws). All screws were evaluated on fluoroscopy as appropriately placed. Four screws (1.5%) in 4 cases (9%) were noncontained on O-arm imaging and required intraoperative revision. A mean of 7.7 levels (range, 5 to 13) were scanned. The mean CT dose index and dose-length product were 15.2±6.87 mGy and 212.3±120.48 mGy×cm. Mean effective dose was 1.57±0.818 mSv. There was no association between screw location and noncontainment (P=0.129). No vertebral artery injuries, dural injuries, or neurologic deficits were related to the 4 revised screws. Conclusions Intraoperative non-navigated O-arm is a safe and efficient method to evaluate screw position in pediatric patients undergoing cervical spine instrumentation. Noncontained screws were detected in 9% of cases (n=4). O-arm delivers low radiation doses, allows for intraoperative screw revision, and negates the need for postoperative CT scans after confirmation of optimal implant position. Level of evidence Level IV.
The Design of Digital IIR Filters Using a Differential Evolution Optimization Algorithm with Taguchi Crossover

This paper presents a differential evolution algorithm that uses an elitist, ranking, random selection method and both two and three level Taguchi crossover. The algorithm is applied to 13 commonly used global numerical optimization test functions, including a spherical, three hyper-ellipsoid, the sum of different powers, Rastrigin's, Schwefel's, Griewank's, Rosen-brock's valley, Styblinski-Tang, Ackley's Path, Price-Rosenbrock, and Eggholder's functions. The algorithm is also used to design a number of optimal digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filters.
Economic History and the Historians

An economics that refuses to engage with the lessons of history or to engage in a dialogue about justice, values, and ethics risks either wishing itself back to a past that never existed, losing si...
The study of haematological parameters in the Nigerian local chicken

An investigation was conducted to study the haematological parameters of the Nigerian local chicken using a total of 100 local chickens out of which 30 were randomly selected for bleeding. The blood samples were subjected to laboratory analysis to identify their haemoglobin contents, fragility and sedimentation rates as well as red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts and coagulation time. The results indicated that haemoglobin content ranged from 63.82 - 78.,43% with a mean of 70,43%, fragility and sedimentation rates ranged from 0.40 - 0.85% osmotic equivalent, coagulation time from 3.82 -6.25 minutes with a mean of 4.61 minutes, the red blood cell counts from 1.93 - 2.96 (x10°/ul) with a mean of 2.5 (x10°/ul) and white blood cell counts from 962 - 1,868 cells/ul with a mean of 1,216 cells/ul. It is believed that the establishment of the normal blood characteristics of the local chicken as done in this study, can be of immense aid in detecting abnormalities in the blood characteristics which can be used in diagnosing certain blood related diseases.
An artificial intelligence decision support system for the management of type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by pancreatic beta cell dysfunction and insulin depletion. Over 40% of people with T1D manage their glucose through multiple injections of long-acting basal and short-acting bolus insulin, so-called multiple daily injections (MDI)1,2. Errors in dosing can lead to life-threatening hypoglycaemia events ( 180 mg dl−1), increasing the risk of retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Machine learning (artificial intelligence) approaches are being harnessed to incorporate decision support into many medical specialties. Here, we report an algorithm that provides weekly insulin dosage recommendations to adults with T1D using MDI therapy. We employ a unique virtual platform3 to generate over 50,000 glucose observations to train a k-nearest neighbours4 decision support system (KNN-DSS) to identify causes of hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia and determine necessary insulin adjustments from a set of 12 potential recommendations. The KNN-DSS algorithm achieves an overall agreement with board-certified endocrinologists of 67.9% when validated on real-world human data, and delivers safe recommendations, per endocrinologist review. A comparison of inter-physician-recommended adjustments to insulin pump therapy indicates full agreement of 41.2% among endocrinologists, which is consistent with previous measures of inter-physician agreement (41–45%)5. In silico3,6 benchmarking using a platform accepted by the United States Food and Drug Administration for evaluation of artificial pancreas technologies indicates substantial improvement in glycaemic outcomes after 12 weeks of KNN-DSS use. Our data indicate that the KNN-DSS allows for early identification of dangerous insulin regimens and may be used to improve glycaemic outcomes and prevent life-threatening complications in people with T1D. An automated decision support system is reported that provides weekly insulin dosage recommendations to users with T1D and that, when analysing previously collected patient data, exhibits high agreement with recommendations from physicians.
Use of etomidate in patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery

Abstract Background Patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery may benefit from the haemodynamic profile of etomidate. However, the safety of etomidate in this population is unknown. We examined anaesthesiologist variation in etomidate use and assessed its safety using an instrumental variable approach to account for differences in treatment selection. Methods A retrospective cohort study of 19 714 patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery at two tertiary care institutions from January 2006 to December 2017 was performed. The proportion of etomidate use among 294 anaesthesiologists was examined and adjusted risk differences (aRD) for in-hospital and 30-day mortality were calculated using physician preference for etomidate as an instrumental variable. Results Etomidate was used in 14.3% (2821/19 714) of patients. Preference for etomidate varied substantially among individual anaesthesiologists with the lowest and highest quartile users using etomidate in 0–4.7% and 20.4–66.7% of their own heart failure patients, respectively. The adjusted instrumental variable analysis showed no significant differences in the risk of in-hospital (aRD –0.2%; 95% confidence interval, –2.4%–1.9%; P=0.83) or 30 day mortality (aRD 0.2%; 95% confidence interval, –2.5%–2.9%; P=0.90). Anaesthesiologists with higher preferences for etomidate were more experienced (greater heart failure and total case volume) than anaesthesiologists with lower preferences for etomidate. Conclusions We found substantial variability in anaesthesiologists' preference for etomidate for use in patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery. There was no association between etomidate use and in-hospital or 30-day mortality. Etomidate is not inferior to other currently used options for induction of general anaesthesia in patients with heart failure.
The Development of a Novel Sickle Cell Transition Clinic within the Military Health Care System.

BACKGROUND: In 2002, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a consensus statement emphasizing the importance of developing a comprehensive and coordinated method for achieving uninterrupted transition of care for young adults with special needs. Adolescents with sickle cell disease are uniquely susceptible to increased morbidity and mortality during this transition period. Barriers exist to successful transition, including lack of disease knowledge and discomfort with the health care system. Among military dependents, additional challenges include frequent relocations, deployment-related stressors, and the need to transition from military …
Hoops and “Education”: Latino Males, Fugitivity, and Basketball in the City:

Latinxs have a long history of participation in basketball, yet links to education scholarship are for the most part non-existent. In a context of ongoing subtractive policies around curriculum, te...
Abstract 14981: Altered Gene Expression in Diabetic Heart Failure Patients

Introduction: Diabetes and heart failure are very closely associated. Diabetes patients have an increased risk of developing heart failure and heart failure patients are at higher risk of developin...
Anticipated to Enacted: Structural Stigma Against Sexual and Gender Minorities Following the 2016 Presidential Election

Structural stigma, or stigma at a society or policy level, has a negative impact on the mental and physical health of sexual and gender minorities (SGMs). In particular, political leaders and the policies they enact can limit the resources and safety of SGM. Following the 2016 presidential election, there was fear of an increase in structural stigma in the USA. However, research on the specifics of anticipated structural stigma is lacking. Using data from 187 participants who completed an online study conducted from 2016 to 2017, we used inductive thematic coding to examine anticipated structural stigma. We found four themes: (1) anticipated negative consequences of specific anti-SGM political figures, (2) concerns about the loss of existing SGM rights, (3) fear of new anti-SGM policies, and (4) fears of vulnerability related to limited existing protections. We discuss how these themes tie into each other, map them onto existing structural stigma work, and use laws and policies that have been passed or proposed in the past 4 years to describe how these anticipated stigmas have become enacted.
Prospective Evaluation of Safety of Singing on Steroids: Testing the Truth of Received Wisdom.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Performing while on steroids is widely considered to increase risk of vocal injury. This study aims to determine incidence and type of injury, and changes in performers' voices after treatment of vocal fold edema (VFE) with glucocorticoids. STUDY DESIGN Prospective Cohort. METHODS Fifty-five performers (34 female; 21 male) treated for acute VFE with short-course oral glucocorticoids were prospectively evaluated pre- and post-treatment. Subjects underwent videostroboscopy, acoustic/aerodynamic assessment, and functional assessment with the Singing Voice Handicap Index-10 (SVHI-10) and Evaluation of the Ability to Sing Easily (EASE). Blinded reviewers rated videostroboscopic examinations and performed audio-perceptual assessment. Chi-square tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were applied for analyses of treatment changes. RESULTS Following glucocorticoid treatment, two instances of vocal fold hemorrhage (3.6%) and three instances of glottic thrush (5.5%) were observed. These resolved without consequence. Mucosal wave dynamics and edema improved. Nearly all subjects completed scheduled performances, and significant improvement was noted on the EASE, reflecting improved function after treatment. These were further supported by statistically significant improvements in CAPE-V and some acoustic and aerodynamic outcomes (semitone pitch range for females, airflow measures for males). CONCLUSIONS Oral glucocorticoids appear to be generally safe for performers presenting with acute VFE. The incidence of adverse effects, specifically hemorrhage and thrush, was low and the effects transient. Vocal fold examination should be considered obligatory before prescribing glucorticoids to working performers. A treatment strategy for acute VF edema incorporating glucocorticoids when appropriate appears to result in significant improvements in measures of glottal function including videostroboscopic appearance, subject perception, and auditory perception. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2298-2304, 2021.
Risk Factors of Fluoropyrimidine Induced Cardiotoxicity among Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Cancer patients experienced an increased risk of cardiotoxicity during fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil or capecitabine). We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, IPA, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies published between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2019, in English, examining risk factors for cardiotoxicity induced by fluoropyrimidine. Included study-level data were converted to risk ratios (RRs) and pooled RRs were calculated for meta-analyses using a random-effects method. Among 690 publications identified for abstract and title screening, 22 unique studies were included in the review, and 20 had sufficient data for meta-analyses. Results indicated that patients undergoing capecitabine-based combination therapy had a higher risk than those with monotherapy (pooled RR = 1.61). Patients with pre-existing cardiac disease (pooled RR = 3.26), hypertension (pooled RR = 1.52) or smoking (pooled RR = 2.22) also had higher risks than their counterparts. Developing risk assessment tools to mitigate the risk could be a viable strategy to improve outcomes for cancer patients undergoing fluoropyrimidine-based treatments.
A Reckoning Over Law Faculty Inequality

In this review, I examine Dr. Meera E. Deo’s book, Unequal Profession: Race and Gender in Legal Academia, published last year by Stanford University Press. In Unequal Profession, Deo, an expert on institutional diversity, presents findings from a first-of-its-kind empirical study, documenting many of the challenges women of color law faculty confront daily in legal academia. Deo uses memorable quotes and powerful stories from the study’s faculty participants to present her important work in 169 readable and revealing pages. Unequal Profession begins by outlining the barriers women of color face when entering law teaching and progresses through the life cycle of the law professor (including the treacherous tenure process). It covers leadership, before concluding with work-life balance. Unequal Profession is especially timely and important. In the wake of George Floyd’s death and the national outrage it ignited, law schools denounced racism and vowed to take concrete, anti-racist steps to improve society, the legal profession, and law schools themselves. Many law faculties committed to hiring and retaining more underrepresented faculty colleagues and, correspondingly, to attracting a more diverse student body. If law schools are serious about changing, then they should read Unequal Profession. As this review demonstrates, Unequal Profession is a definitive resource for improving inequality in legal education.
Deep Learning Unlocks X-ray Microtomography Segmentation of Multiclass Microdamage in Heterogeneous Materials.

Four-dimensional quantitative characterization of heterogeneous materials using in situ synchrotron radiation computed tomography can reveal 3D sub-micron features, particularly damage, evolving under load, leading to improved materials. However, dataset size and complexity increasingly require time-intensive and subjective semi-automatic segmentations. Here, we present the first deep learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) segmentation of multiclass microscale damage in heterogeneous bulk materials, teaching on advanced aerospace-grade composite damage using ∼65,000 (trained) human-segmented tomograms. The trained CNN machine segments complex and sparse (<<1% of volume) composite damage classes to ∼99.99% agreement, unlocking both objectivity and efficiency, with nearly 100% of the human time eliminated, which traditional rule-based algorithms do not approach. The trained machine is found to perform as well or better than the human due to "machine-discovered" human segmentation error, with machine improvements manifesting primarily as new damage discovery and segmentation augmentation/extension in artifact-rich tomograms. Interrogating a high-level network hyperparametric space on two material configurations, we find DL to be a disruptive approach to quantitative structure-property characterization, enabling high-throughput knowledge creation (accelerated by 2 orders of magnitude) via generalizable, ultra-high-resolution feature segmentation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Capsule Endoscopy in the Evaluation of Crohn's Disease

Video capsule endoscope (VCE) has revolutionized the diagnostic evaluation of the small bowel by providing high-resolution colour images of the intestinal mucosa in areas previously inaccessible by standard endoscopic technologies. Despite its limitations, VCE continues to be the most sensitive diagnostic test for patients with presumed small bowel Crohn’s disease. In patients with established Crohn’s disease, VCE usually plays a complementary role to colonoscopy or radiology wherein it may provide additional information regarding disease extent, response to therapy, post-operative recurrence as well as the presence of occult strictures, which may elude radiological investigations. Although the risk of capsule retention remains a concern particularly in subjects with Crohn’s disease, VCE is a very safe diagnostic test with extremely small risk of adverse events in the vast majority of patients.
Resonantly-enhanced sensing using surface plasmon polaritons in a Sagnac interferometer

We present analysis of a resonantly enhanced Sagnac interferometer. While one output port is highly sensitive to nonreciprocal phenomena and robust to reciprocal fluctuations, the complementary output can be used to simultaneously monitor reciprocal drifts.
Recent progress in the development of zeolitic catalysts for the petroleum refining and petrochemical manufacturing industries

The focus on cleaner fuels, higher quality lubricants, and lower cost petrochemicals has driven the refining and petrochemical industries and their catalyst suppliers towards improvements in conventional zeolites and, in several cases, to the introduction of new zeolites and mesoporous materials. This paper highlights recent developments in zeolites as catalysts for refining and petrochemical applications as well as advances in our understanding of how these catalysts work.
Advice from Experience: Communicating Incomplete Information Incompletely

People utilize advice often with limited knowledge of their advisers' expertise. We examine the effects of learning mode on giving and receiving advice in two separate but linked studies. Advisers learned about a choice between two lotteries from either description or experience before writing advice. The decision makers only read this advice before choosing between the options. Advisers who learned from description provided better summarized information more confidently and were ultimately preferred by the decision makers. Advisers who learned from experience were more risk averse and tended to describe their experiences signaling their informational deficiency. Decision makers were sensitive to the subtle differences between the two cases, even when not informed of their adviser's learning mode. We discuss the implications of the adviser's learning mode within the context of various decision environments and the risk-uncertainty continuum. Advisers perform under risk when learning from description compared with performing under uncertainty when learning from experience.
Circadian Activators Are Expressed Days before They Initiate Clock Function in Late Pacemaker Neurons from Drosophila

Circadian pacemaker neurons in the Drosophila brain control daily rhythms in locomotor activity. These pacemaker neurons can be subdivided into early or late groups depending on whether rhythms in period (per) and timeless (tim) expression are initiated at the first instar (L1) larval stage or during metamorphosis, respectively. Because CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) heterodimers initiate circadian oscillator function by activating per and tim transcription, a Clk-GFP transgene was used to mark when late pacemaker neurons begin to develop. We were surprised to see that CLK-GFP was already expressed in four of five clusters of late pacemaker neurons during the third instar (L3) larval stage. CLK-GFP is only detected in postmitotic neurons from L3 larvae, suggesting that these four late pacemaker neuron clusters are formed before the L3 larval stage. A GFP-cyc transgene was used to show that CYC, like CLK, is also expressed exclusively in pacemaker neurons from L3 larval brains, demonstrating that CLK-CYC is not sufficient to activate per and tim in late pacemaker neurons at the L3 larval stage. These results suggest that most late pacemaker neurons develop days before novel factors activate circadian oscillator function during metamorphosis.
WHAT IF ALL THE MONEY CAME HOME

Since its inception, the public child support program has functioned primarily as a welfare cost recovery mechanism: $2.1 billion of child support collected annually for current and former welfare families is kept by the government to repay welfare costs. However, Wisconsin research findings suggest that low-income fathers pay more support and are less likely to work in the underground economy when support payments are passed through to their children. Regular support reduces poverty and welfare use, and increases child well-being. A consensus has emerged to reform distribution rules so that more child support is paid to the families, not to the government.
A single mode realization of SU(1,1)

A single mode realization of SU(1,1) algebra is proposed. This realization makes it possible to reduce the problem of two nonlinear interacting oscillators to the problem of free moving particle.
Peptidoglycan hydrolysis is required for assembly and activity of the transenvelope secretion complex during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis

Sporulating Bacillus subtilis cells assemble a transenvelope secretion complex that connects the mother cell and developing spore. The forespore protein SpoIIQ and the mother-cell protein SpoIIIAH interact across the double membrane septum and are thought to assemble into a channel that serves as the basement layer of this specialized secretion system. SpoIIQ is absolutely required to recruit SpoIIIAH to the sporulation septum on the mother-cell side, however the mechanism by which SpoIIQ is localized has been unclear. Here, we show that SpoIIQ localization requires its partner protein SpoIIIAH and degradation of the septal peptidoglycan (PG) by the two cell wall hydrolases SpoIID and SpoIIP. Our data suggest that PG degradation enables a second mother-cell-produced protein to interact with SpoIIQ. Cells in which both mother-cell anchoring mechanisms have been disabled have a synergistic sporulation defect suggesting that both localization factors function in the secretion complex. Finally, we show that septal PG degradation is critical for the assembly of an active complex. Altogether, these results suggest that the specialized secretion system that links the mother cell and forespore has a complexity approaching those found in Gram-negative bacteria and reveal that the sporulating cell must overcome similar challenges in assembling a transenvelope complex.
Molecular characterization and nucleotide sequence of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase structural gene.

Abstract The elastase structural gene (lasB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 has been previously cloned on an 8-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment. The lasB gene, cloned in both orientations in pUC18, produced elastase in Escherichia coli, indicating that its promoter and translation initiation sites are functional in E. coli. Deletion analysis further defined the location of the lasB gene to a 3.0-kb EcoRI-KpnI fragment (pRB1803). Elastase prepared from E. coli TB1 (pRB1803) corresponded in molecular weight to mature P. aeruginosa extracellular elastase (33,000). The lasB gene directed the synthesis of 54- and 50-kilodalton (kDa) proteins in a bacterial cell-free transcription-translation system. The 33-, 50-, and 54-kDa proteins reacted with elastase-specific antiserum. To further characterize the lasB gene, the nucleotide sequence of the 3.0-kb EcoRI-KpnI fragment was determined. This DNA fragment contained a 1,491-base-pair open reading frame encoding 498 amino acids, corresponding to a predicted molecular weight of 53,600. The deduced amino acid sequence contained a putative signal sequence followed by a large polypeptide which preceded the mature 33-kDa elastase protein. Three zinc ligands and an active site were predicted for the mature elastase on the basis of its amino acid sequence homology with Bacillus thermoproteolyticus thermolysin.
Quantifying the recruitment challenges with couple-based interventions for cancer: Applications to early-stage breast cancer

Objective: Despite mounting evidence supporting the use of psychosocial interventions to promote adaptation to cancer, enrolling participants into these interventions is challenging. This is particularly salient for couple-based interventions, and newer, more targeted recruitment strategies to increase enrollment are needed. However, there have been few published empirical studies focused specifically on recruitment-related variables associated with enrollment into these types of interventions. To better understand how to encourage participation in couple-based psychosocial interventions for cancer, we examined facilitating and impeding factors to enrollment into a couple-based intervention for women with early-stage breast cancer. Method: In this sample of 99 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer, patient demographic variables and method of approaching eligible patients were examined as predictors of enrollment into a randomized controlled trial comparing couple-based relationship enhancement with treatment as usual. Results: Results indicated that women were more likely to enroll if they were contacted at home or at a follow-up medical appointment rather than when first diagnosed at a busy multidisciplinary clinic; they were also more likely to enroll the closer they lived to the research facility. Conclusions: In addition to decreasing participant burden, timing and setting of recruitment efforts may have important implications for enhancing participation rates in couple-based intervention studies for cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of morphology and discharge on hyporheic exchange flows in two small streams in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, USA

Stream-tracer injections were used to examine the effect of channel morphology and changing stream discharge on hyporheic exchange flows. Direct observations were made from well networks to follow tracer movement through the hyporheic zone. The reach-integrated influence of hyporheic exchange was evaluated using the transient storage model (TSM) OTIS-P. Transient storage modelling results were compared with direct observations to evaluate the reliability of the TSM. Results from the tracer injection in the bedrock reach supported the assumption that most transient storage in headwater mountain streams results from hyporheic exchange. Direct observations from the well networks in colluvial reaches showed that subsurface flow paths tended to parallel the valley axis. Cross-valley gradients were weak except near steps, where vertical and cross-valley hydraulic gradients indicated a strong potential for stream water to downwell into the hyporheic zone. The TSM parameters showed that both size and residence time of transient storage were greater in reaches with a few large log-jam-formed steps than in reaches with more frequent, but smaller steps. Direct observations showed that residence times in the unconstrained stream were longer than in the constrained stream and that little change occurred in the location and extent of the hyporheic zone between low- and high-baseflow discharges in any of the colluvial reaches. The transient storage modelling results did not agree with these observations, suggesting that the TSM was insensitive to long residence-time exchange flows and was very sensitive to changes in discharge. Disagreements between direct observations and the transient storage modelling results highlight fundamental problems with the TSM that confound comparisons between the transient storage modelling results for tracer injections conducted under differing flow conditions. Overall, the results showed that hyporheic exchange was little affected by stream discharge (at least over the range of baseflow discharges examined in this study). The results did show that channel morphology controlled development of the hyporheic zone in these steep mountain stream channels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theileria parva: Cell culture analysis of clones of macroschizont-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cells

Abstract Three clones (H7, D7, and C5) were established from single cells of a bovine lymphoblastoid cell line (IR.TPM.1) infected with macroschizonts of the protozoan parasite Theileria parva . The cloning efficiency using feeder layers was 0.3–0.4. The mean parasite size (the number of parasite nuclei per cell) was different in each clone and was correlated to the growth rate. The fast growing clone, C5 (population doubling time 24 hr), contained smaller (mean parasite nuclear number, 12) parasites than a slow growing clone, D7 (population doubling time, 73 hr; mean number of parasite nuclei per cell, 35.3). The third clone, H7, had an intermediate growth rate (population doubling time, 49 hr) and parasite size (mean nuclei number, 18.1). There was variation in the incidence of microschizonts among the clones but microschizont-free clones were not isolated. When the clones were subjected to 4.3 × 10 −7 M aminopterin, 20–25% of the cell population of clones H7 and C5 and the uncloned parent line lost their parasites in 4 days, while it took 7 days to reach a similar result (31% parasite-free cells) in clone D7. We were unable to isolate parasite-free clones from cells treated with aminopterin. Hydroxyurea (4 × 10 −4 M ) inhibited the growth of clone C5, but the macroschizonts continued to proliferate, and the incidence of cells with microschizonts increased. The size profile analysis showed that most of the aminopterin-treated cells were 9.0 μm, the hydroxyurea-treated cells 14.7 μm, and the untreated cells 10.8 μm in diameter.
Expanding your medical education toolbox for affective outcomes.

Calls for competency based assessments, new accreditation and certification mandates, and learner diversity are challenging medical educators to demonstrate that their teaching and assessment measures meet preestablished standards. In response to these challenges, some groups have created resources for educators including the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education’s “Toolbox of Assessment Methods.”1 However, the tools available to objectively assess needs for curriculum development and/or to measure affective outcomes of education are limited. Measuring attitudes is difficult. As Henerson, Morris and Fitz-Gibbon write, “ . . . an attitude is not something we can examine and measure in the same way we can examine the cells of a person’s skin or measure the rate of her heartbeat. We can only infer that a person has attitudes by her words and actions.”2 The ability to make definitive inferences from another’s words and actions is further complicated by the fact that our behaviors, feelings, and beliefs do not always match. How then can an educator systematically identify learner’s attitudes associated with palliative medicine? To address this need, the “medical educator’s toolbox” must be expanded to include approaches typically associated with qualitative research, but applicable to training settings. Previous Dilemmas in Palliative Care Education authors have described selective qualitative research methods, including the use of focus group methodology,3 as systematic approaches to gathering attitude related information on a given issue. In this issue, Dr. Charlene Gaebler-Uhing describes the use of Qmethodology, another qualitative research tool that can be used to identify learner’s attitudes and beliefs. While both focus groups and Q-methodology require some additional reading and expertise, they yield wonderfully rich and informative data for needs assessment, curriculum development and/or learner assessment. Please consider adding these approaches to your evaluation and assessment skill set as they will enhance your ability to select and apply the appropriate tool for your educational question.
Nonoperative and postoperative rehabilitation of the collateral ligaments of the knee

Abstract Injuries of the knee joint are the most common problem seen by the sports medicine clinician. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) and medial capsular structures are frequently the site of many injuries in sports. Conversely, injuries to the lateral and posterolateral capsular structures are less common than those of the medial capsule, but can produce significant functional limitations and dysfunction. Either the medial or lateral capsule may be injured in isolation or in combination with other supporting structures. The nonoperative treatment and postoperative treatment of medial and lateral knee capsular injuries is based on several critical factors. These factors include the accurate determination of an isolated injury, status of the cruciate ligaments, type of onset, degree of instability, status of dynamic stabilizers, and patient's activity level. The treatment of isolated MCL injuries has been subject to considerable evolution and diversity. The rehabilitation of isolated MCL injuries is extremely aggressive with emphasis on immediate motion, strengthening, and early functional exercise drills. Conversely, the rehabilitation approach for posterolateral and/or lateral capsular injuries tends to be slightly slower. In this article the rehabilitation of the medial and lateral capsular structures nonoperatively and after surgical repair will be discussed.
Child Abuse and Deafness: An Overview

The professional literature contains research and anecdotal in-formation on various maltreatments affecting children and youth with and without disabilities. Unfortunately, little information exists on abused children with hearing loss. Reasons relate to a lack of quantity and quality in research on this population; challenges in conducting research using sound methodological principles that consider the population’s heterogeneity (e.g., mode of communication, language level, parental perspective on deafness, educational placement); and scarce intervention services with professionals trained in the unique needs of children with hearing loss. The present article discusses types of abuse prevalent within the overall population of children and that of children with hearing loss, shares a rationale for practitioners and those training future practitioners to understand abuse among this unique population, proposes a research agenda based on existing information, and provides suggestions for supporting children who are deaf or hard of hearing and abused.
Micu‐type invariants of simple Lie algebras

An algorithm is presented for computing the eigenvalues of Micu‐type invariants for Lie algebras Ar, Br, Cr, and Dr. Inasmuch as the definitions of these invariants is recursive and not in terms of a closed formula, only a recursion relation is obtained for computation of their eigenvalues, which is easily programmable on a computer. Some of the formulas developed here are valid in arbitrary complex semisimple Lie algebras and may be useful in other contexts.
Using the PLUM procedure of SPSS to fit unequal variance and generalized signal detection models.

The recent addition of a procedure in SPSS for the analysis of ordinal regression models offers a simple means for researchers to fit the unequal variance normal signal detection model and other extended signal detection models. The present article shows how to implement the analysis and how to interpret the SPSS output. Examples of fitting the unequal variance normal model and other generalized signal detection models are given. The approach offers a convenient means for applying signal detection theory to a variety of research.
Extended‐chain crystals. IV. Melting under equilibrium conditions

Dilatometric melting experiments were performed on an extended-chain crystalline polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution and on four samples crystallized from fractionated polyethylenes. The melting curves were compared with computer calculations based on the assumption of eutectic separation. For the fraction of lowest molecular weight, agreement between experiment and calculation was achieved. The melting behavior of all other samples indicated that only for molecular weights up to 10,000–12,000 did eutectic separation occur. The higher molecular weight portion of each sample crystallized in the form of mixed crystals. Of the experimental maximum melting-point lowering of these mixed crystals, 0.1–0.9°C is due to the lower molecular weight diluents. Another 2–3°C lowering in melting point is due to the fact that the phase diagram of polyethylene mixed crystals has a minimum.
Childhood stroke: the devil is in the details

606 www.thelancet.com/neurology Vol 10 July 2011 Childhood stroke is increasingly recognised as a rare, but substantial, cause of childhood morbidity and lifetime disability. Initially, the subject was relegated to chapters in the back of neurology textbooks, but, more recently, excellent textbooks dedicated to the topic have been published. Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease in Childhood is a wonderful addition to this literature. The inclusion of more than 50 authors in nine countries is an indication of the international collaboration that has helped to advance this specialty. The fi rst chapter on the history of paediatric stroke, reaching back to ancient Mesopotamia, should prove fascinating to neurologists and anyone with an interest in the history of medicine. It describes a fl edgling discipline, based in clinical observation and neuropathological specimens, struggling to understand the same issues that trouble the modern clinician: timing of insult, role of chronic and precipitating risk factors, eff ect of stroke on the developing nervous system, and methods to limit injury and optimise recovery. This initial chapter also sets the tone for this cohesive book. Each chapter is detailed and extensively referenced. Tables and fl ow charts are comprehensive. There are extensive examples of neuroimaging. The subchapter on MRI describes the principles of MRI techniques with a depth usually reserved for neuroimaging textbooks. In a specialty in which imaging is evolving rapidly and interpretation is often challenging, these illustrations and explanations are welcome. The book also includes chapters on vein of Galen malformation, migraine, and metabolic disease, which are often stroke mimics and are rarely the cause of stroke in children. These topics get more than a perfunctory review, as stroke mimics are frequent in childhood. One of the challenges in treatment of paediatric stroke is the lack of direct data on which to base management. Most recommendations are based on extrapolation from adult data, case reports, and consensus. The chapter on acute management of stroke summarises and compares the latest published recommendations for stroke management in children. It also provides specifi c recommendations for treatment decisions and management, information that is summarised into tables and fl ow charts to guide the practitioner faced with an acute stroke in a child. This textbook will serve as an excellent reference for pediatric and adult neurologists, particularly those with an interest in stroke. Haematologists, neuroradiologists, and rehabilitation specialists in stroke will fi nd the book interesting as well. I suspect, however, that you will end up reading it from cover to cover before you set it on your reference shelf. By the time the tour left Mesopotamia for ancient Greece and then on to 5th century ayurvedic medicine, I was along for the entire enjoyable ride.
The role of the nonphysician educator in general surgery residency training: from outcome project and duty-hours restrictions to the next accreditation system and milestones.

Objective In 2002 and 2003 the ACGME Outcome Project (assessing residents based on competencies) and duty-hours restrictions were implemented. One strategy for assisting PDs in the increased workload was to hire nonphysician educators with training and experience in curriculum design, teaching techniques, adult learning theories, and research methods. This study sought to document prevalence and responsibilities of nonphysician educators. Methods IRB approval was received for a two-part study. All 247 general surgery PDs were e-mailed the question, “Do you have a nonphysician educator as a member of your surgery education office?” Those who replied “yes” or volunteered “not currently but in the past” were e-mailed a link to an electronic survey concerning the role of the nonphysician educator. Setting Residency training programs in general surgery. Participants General surgery program directors. Results Of the 126 PDs who responded to the initial query, 37 said “yes” and 4 replied “not currently but in the past”. Thirty-two PDs of the initial 41 respondents completed the survey. Significant findings included: 65% were hired in the last 6 years; faculty rank is held by 69%; and curriculum development was the most common responsibility but teaching, research, and administrative duties were often listed. PDs perceived that faculty, residents, and medical students had mostly positive attitudes towards nonphysician educators. Conclusions The overall results seem to support the notion that nonphysician educators serve as vital members of the team.
Developmental Issues for Long-Term Stepfamilies:

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remarriage, including single parent and stepfamilies. If you have specific areas or questions that you would lik...
Thermal ionization rates and energies of holes at the double acceptor zinc centers in silicon

The thermal emission rates and activation energies of holes trapped at the neutral and singly ionized zinc centers are measured using the dark capacitance and current transient techniques in n+–p junctions. The thermal activation energies of holes from these centers are 316 and 617 meV, respectively. Detailed electric field dependences of the thermal emission rates are obtained using a differential bias voltage technique. The thermal emission rate of holes from neutral zinc centers exhibits a very large field dependence, while that from singly ionized zinc centers is small. A second zinc-related center, which is attributed to the previously reported acceptorlike, zinc–-boron complex, is studied. The thermal activation energy of trapped holes from this center is 167 meV. Die thermischen Emissionsraten und die Ionisationsenergien von Lochern, die von einfach geladenen und neutralen Zinkzentren eingefangen sind, werden gemessen. Dabei wurden die Kapazitatsmethode und die Analyse der zeitlichen Anderung eines Strompulses in n+–p-Dioden verwendet. Die thermischen Ionisationsenergien von Lochern dieser Zentren betragen 316 und 617 meV. Die genaue Feldabhangigkeit der thermischen Emissionsraten wurden mit Hilfe einer veranderlichen Vorspannung ermittelt. Die thermische Emissionsrate fur Locher von neutralen Zinkzentren zeigt eine starke Feldabhangigkeit, wahrend die von einfach ionisierten Zinkzentren schwach ist. Ein zweites Zentrum, das vom Zink herruhrt und das dem kurzlich berichteten Bor–Zink-Komplex zugeschrieben wird, wird untersucht. Die thermische Ionisationsenergie von eingefangenen Lochern dieses Zentrums ist 167 meV.
Data reduction in tandem fusion systems

The sufficiency principle is the guiding principle for data reduction in statistical inference. There has been recent effort in developing the sufficiency principle for decentralized inference with a particular emphasis on the relationship between global sufficiency and local sufficiency. This paper studies the sufficiency based data reduction in tandem fusion systems when quantization is needed. We identify conditions such that it is optimal to implement data reduction using sufficient statistics prior to the quantization. They include the well known case when the data at decentralized nodes are conditionally independent as well as a class of problems with conditionally dependent data.
Reduction in human neutrophil superoxide anion generation by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Role of cyclooxygenase products and endothelium-derived relaxing factor

Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) results in augmented vasorelaxation and reduction in superoxide anion generation. Augmented vasorelaxation may be mediated by enhanced generation of vasodilator prostaglandins and/or endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), now thought to be nitric oxide (NO). To determine the importance of enhanced vasodilator prostaglandins or EDRFNO in reduction in superoxide anion generation during n-3 PUFAs intake, human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were incubated with n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), or n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (each 10−7 M) for 1 hr at 37°C. Parallel sets of PMNs were treated with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin (10−5 M), or aspirin (10−5 M), or the EDRFNO synthase inhibitor L-NMMA (10−3 M) prior to incubation with PUFAs. Superoxide anion generation by PMNs was determined by measuring the superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitable reduction of ferricytochrome C. PMNs incubated with EPA or DHA, but not AA, demonstrated marked reduction in superoxide anion generation. This reduction in superoxide anion generation by n-3 PUFAs was abolished by treatment of PMNs with indomethacin or aspirin, but not by L-NMMA. These observations suggest that n-3 PUFAs decrease superoxide anion generation primarily by a prostaglandin-dependent pathway.