cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Henry V: The Conscience of a King. By Malcolm Vale. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016. Pp. xvii, 328. $35.00.)

Given the abundance of books on Henry V (several of recent vintage and in connection with Agincourt's sexcentenary), one could reasonably ask if yet another study is warranted. Malcolm Vale—a veter...
The Interactions of Vesicle-Forming Surfactants with Cyclodextrins

Cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic glucopyranose oligomers having a characteristic toroidal shape [1–3]. These compounds form strong host-guest complexes with many organic molecules in aqueous media because of the hydrophobic nature of the inner cavity defined by the torus. As usual in host-guest complexation, the stability of the resulting complex depends, among many other factors, on the fit of the guest molecule within the cavity provided by the host [1–3]. The three unmodified cyclodextrins are the so-called α-, s-, and γ-CD which are composed of 6, 7, and 8 glucopyranose rings respectively. α-CD, the smallest of the three hosts, has a cavity diameter of about 4 A which is ideal for binding straight alkyl chains and certain uncrowded phenyl moieties. We are particularly interested in the first type of binding because of the possibility of using cyclodextrins for the structural modification of surfactant aggregates. The interactions of surfactants with cyclodextrins have received scant attention in the literature. A few studies on the complexation of simple surfactants, like alkylsulfates or alkyltrimethylammonium salts, with α-CD and s-CD are available [4,5]. Therefore, we have recently started a research program aimed at the characterization of CD-surfactant complexes and their properties [6].
Rehabilitation of Environmentally Devastated River Basins

The presentations and related discussions by participants of the subject matter of the Moscow NATO Advanced Research Workshop were held on a ship in Russia, October 11 through 17, 1994. Nearly all the major aspects of pollution of air, water, soil, land and biomass were treated in presentations at this workshop. The principal sources of contamination were discussed from various standpoints, however in different depths of coverage. The human-induced pollution of the environment was investigated as being produced by the major seven sources of environmental degradation.
Reading Habits and Attitudes of Parks, Recreation, and Leisure Services Professionals

This study examined recent reading practices and beliefs of parks, recreation, and leisure services professionals. For many years, faculty members have engaged in informal discussions at profession...
Rhythm type and articulatory dynamics in English, French and Japanese

In the study reported here, movement data were analyzed for archetypes of the three most widely recognized temporal organization categories: English for stress timing, Japanese for mora timing, and French for syllable timing. Reiterant speech productions from the three languages were elicited and analyzed as commensurately as possible, using the experimental methodology employed originally by Kelso, Vatikiotis-Bateson, Saltzman & Kay [Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (1985) 77, 266–280] for two speakers of English. The primary aim was to show the extent to which simple kinematic analysis of a primary articulator (the lower lip–jaw complex) can reveal universal and language-specific aspects of temporal organization and prosody. For the most part, kinematic results were like those of Kelso et al. (1985): most of the spatiotemporal variability of the movement behavior could be accounted for in the highly linear covariation of peak velocity and displacement. Moreover, there were clear condition-specific correlates of stress in English and French, of accent-related tone and mora complexity in Japanese, and speaking rate in all three languages on displacement and on the slope of the linear relation between peak velocity and displacement. These results are interpreted in terms of an abstract, yet simple, second-order system such as a linear spring–mass. By setting a small number of underlying parameters, such a system can characterize the overall spatiotemporal behavior of the lip–jaw system, as well as most of the specific linguistic and performance distinctions in stress, speaking rate and the like.
Pollen clustering strategies using a newly developed single-particle fluorescence spectrometer

Pollen is routinely monitored and forecasted with respect to public health and allergies, but monitoring networks generally utilize a manual process of collection, analysis, and modeling that leads...
Social vulnerability to Hurricane Harvey: Unmet needs and adverse event experiences in Greater Houston, Texas

Abstract In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey struck the Texas Gulf Coast, causing record flooding in the Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area (“Greater Houston”). Our study assesses unmet needs and adverse event experiences of Greater Houstonians during and after Harvey using a suite of indicators of social vulnerability and disaster impacts. Indicators of social vulnerability have not been well integrated within US post-disaster needs assessment protocols. Using data collected within four months of Hurricane Harvey via a structured survey that was representative of the Greater Houston population, we employed bivariate and multivariable analyses to assess differences in unmet needs and adverse event experiences based on social vulnerability characteristics. Within the Hispanic population, we observed bivariate differences based on nativity (US-born vs. foreign-born) and US citizenship status. Foreign-born Hispanic people without US citizenship were more likely to suffer from particular unmet needs and adverse event experiences compared to Hispanic US citizens. Multivariable models revealed that racial/ethnic minority and lower-income households experienced significantly more unmet needs than non-Hispanic White and higher-income households during and after Harvey. Foreign born Hispanics who were citizens experienced significantly more adverse event experiences than non-Hispanic whites. The fact that socially vulnerable subgroups experienced disparate unmet needs following Harvey indicates that improvements in US post-disaster needs assessment protocols are imperative. Needs assessments should integrate a focus on social vulnerability, so that disaster assistance may be targeted to better meet survivors’ needs.
Do We Need Higher-Order Comoments to Enhance Mean-Variance Portfolios?

We propose a joint distribution that decomposes asset returns into two independent components: an elliptical innovation (Gaussian) and a systematic non-elliptical latent process. The paper provides a tractable approach to estimate the underlying parameters and, hence, the assets' exposures to the latent non-elliptical factor. Additionally, the framework incorporates higher-order moments, such as skewness and kurtosis, for portfolio selection. Taking into account estimation risk, we investigate the economic contribution of the non-elliptical term. Overall, we find weak empirical evidence to support the inclusion of the non-elliptical term and, hence, the higher-order comoments. Nonetheless, our findings support the mean-variance (MV) decision rule that incorporates the elliptical term alone. Excluding the non-elliptical term results in more robust mean-variance estimates and, thus, enhanced out-of-sample performance. This evidence is significant among stocks that exhibit a strong deviation from the Gaussian property. Moreover, it is most pronounced during market turmoils, when exposures to the latent factor are highest. Overall, our paper advocates for shrinking away from the non-elliptical term, which is associated with higher estimation risk.
Photophysical Properties of Covalently Attached Ru(bpy)_3^(2+) and Mcyclam^(2+)(M = Ni, H_2) Complexes

Absorption and emission spectra, emission quantum yields, and excited-state lifetimes of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state(s) of Ru(bpy)_2(6-Mebpy)^(2+), Ru(bpyh(bpy-cyclamH_2)^(4+), and Ru(bpyh)_2(bpy-cyclamNi)^(4+) are reported. The absorption and emission spectra of these complexes are similar to those of Ru(bpy)_3^(2+) in H_2O at room temperature except for small shifts in the maxima. The emission lifetime decreases by a factor of about 80 for 6-Mebpy, and the emission quantum yield decreases by a factor of about 300 for the bpy-cyclam pendant complexes as compared to the parent Ru(bpy)_3^(2+) complex at 25 °C. Decay of the ^3MLCT excited state takes place by two independent channels: a temperature-independent pathway to the ground state and a thermally-activated pathway via a ligand-field excited state. Activation free energies, E_a, for the latter pathway were obtained from fits of the temperature-dependent emission lifetime measurements. Smaller E_a were observed for the 6-substituted complexes (1500-2300 cm^(-1)) relative to Ru(bpy)_3^(2+)(3000-3910 cm^(-1)) in EtOH and CH_3CN, indicating that either the energy difference decreases and/or the reorganization parameter changes between the emissive ^3MLCT and the ligand-field state to which it is strongly coupled. The smaller E_a can be attributed to the increased Ru-N bond distance in the 6-substituted complexes caused by steric hindrance that decreases the ligand-field strength and lowers the energy and/or reorganization parameter of the ligand-field excited state. For the bpy-cyclamNi^(2+) pendant complex, an energy-transfer pathway may also provide a deactivation channel.
Premodern race studies in academic country clubs

This piece offers Ayanna Thompson’s confession about her training in early modern studies and a window into what it takes to master premodern critical race studies. In dialogue with Thompson’s confession, Jeffrey Cohen explores the origin of the groundbreaking #RaceB4Race symposium, sponsored by the Arizona Center for Medieval Studies (ACMRS) on the ASU campus in Tempe for the first time in January 2019.
Use of an ultrafiltration device in gland cistern for continuous sampling in healthy and mastitic quarters of lactating cattle

Pharmacokinetic studies of the drugs in the milk are often limited due to infrequent sampling associated with milking. Alternatively, frequent sample collection with repeated milking may increase drug elimination. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of continuously sampling the udder using ultrafiltration.
Computer-Assisted Instruction for the Mentally Retarded

Publisher Summary This chapter investigates the applications and research on computer- assisted instruction (CAI) for the mentally retarded and evaluates the extent to which individualization has been addressed. CAI can be short, cartoonlike educational games or semester-long, text-based question-and-answer instruction. The type of CAI that is based on discovery learning is referred to as simulation. This type of CAI gives the student a goal to reach or a problem to solve and requires the student to learn concepts through trial and error. For example, the ongoing simulation “Oligopoly” requires business students to operate a chocolate firm in an oligopolistic market, given certain market conditions and business choices. The motivational approach to CAI is to make boring instruction fun by making it a game, which will keep students engaged in instruction longer. Some concern has been expressed, however, that the extrinsic motivation provided by the computer game might undermine any intrinsic interest a student might have in the subject matter. If CAI is to provide individualized instruction, then it might benefit from what is known about one-to-one tutoring, an individualized form of instruction which is the most effective form of instruction. Research in CAI programming for mentally retarded people is needed in two main areas-methods for individualizing CAI and methods that address group characteristics of the mentally retarded.
Multiple Alignment with Guaranteed Error Bounds and Communication Cost

Multiple sequence alignment is an important problem in computational molecular biology. Dynamic programming for optimal multiple alignment requires too much time to be practical. Although many algorithms for suboptimal alignment have been suggested, no ‘performance guarantees’ algorithms have been known until recently. We give an approximation multiple alignment algorithm with guaranteed error bounds equal to the normalized communication cost of a corresponding graph.
Liquid Identity: A Nonlinear Approach to the Understanding of the Puerto Rican Identity

Traditional human developmental theories such as those of Freud, Erikson, and Jung as well as ethnic/racial cultural identity development theories view identity development occurring in a linear and a stepwise progression. This view does not account for the complexity of a number of ethnic minorities identity development in the United States such as the Puerto Rican identity development. Therefore, this article explores the Puerto Rican ethnic identity using the concepts and principles of chaos theory. The article describes the Puerto Rican ethnic identity as liquid and complex. Clinical applications and implications for counseling are also suggested in the article.
Aerodynamic characteristics of the hemisphere at supersonic and hypersonic Mach numbers.

References 1 Larson, A. V., "Experiments on Current Rotations in an MPD Engine/' AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1968, pp. 1001-1006. 2 Brockman, P. et al., "Diagnostic Studies in a Hall Accelerator at Low Exhaust Pressure," AIAA Journal, Vol. 4, No. 7, July 1966, pp. 1209-1214. 3 Connolly, D. J. et al., "Low Environmental Pressure MPD Arc Tests," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 7, July 1968, pp. 12711276. 4 Ekdahl, C., Kribel, R., and Lovberg, R., "Internal Measurements of Plasma Rotation in an MPD Arc," Paper 67-655, 1967, AIAA. 5 Malliaris, A. C., "Oscillations in an MPD Accelerator," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 1575-1577. 6 Witalis, E. A., "Rotational Motion of Magnetized Plasmas," Plasma Physics, Vol. 10, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 747-752. 7 Witalis, E. A., "MHD Flow Distortion Caused by Strong Hall Effect," Plasma Physics, Vol. 10, No. 2, Feb. 1968, pp. 109-116. 8 Spitzer, L., Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases, Interscience, New York, 1956, p. 24. 9 Connolly, D. J., private communication, Oct. 1968. 10 Fay, J. A. and Cochran, R. A., "An Actuator-Disc Model for Azimuthally Non-Uniform MPD Arcs," Paper 68-718, 1968, AIAA.
Assay and Purification of (+)-Citramalate Hydro-lyase Components from Clostridium tetanomorphum

The enzyme system ((+)-citramalate hydro-lyase, also called mesaconase) from Clostridium tetanomorphum, that catalyzes the reversible hydration of mesaconate to (+)-citramalate has been studied. A rapid, spectrophotometric assay for this activity has been developed, based upon the absorbance increase at 250 mµ when citramalate is converted to mesaconate. Cysteine, or certain other sulfhydryl compounds, and ferrous ion are essential components of the assay system. The enzyme system is inactivated by exposure to oxygen, and is fully activated by anaerobic incubation with a sulfhydryl compound for 1 to 2 hours at 37°. Ferrous ion is required for activation in the presence of cysteine, and EDTA inhibits the activation process. Column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose separates the mesaconase system into two components, both of which are required for activity. The activities of the individual components may be determined in the spectrophotometric assay, following incubation of one component in the presence of an excess of the other under the activation conditions mentioned above. Component I has been purified about 75-fold and Component II about 100-fold relative to the crude extract. Limited observations on the properties of the components indicate that they are both proteins. Their behavior on columns of Sephadex G-100 indicates that Component II has a molecular weight above 100,000 whereas Component I is much smaller.
Structure in the Edge Plasma Profiles in Tokamaks

It is argued that the structure observed in radial profiles in the tokamak edge plasma is determined by the requirements of ion particle, momentum and energy conservation and the underlying transport mechanisms in the presence of sources and losses of particles, energy and momentum. The intent of this paper is to define a systematic formalism that can be employed for evaluating these transport coefficients from experimental inference and comparison with theory. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Story of Reserve Mining: Managing Scientific Uncertainty in Environmental Regulation

This essay, which will be published in Environmental Law Stories (Richard Lazarus & Oliver Houck, eds.) in the Foundation Press "law stories" series, reinterprets the landmark environmental case, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency v. Reserve Mining Co., as an implicit adoption of a feasibility-based approach to environmental regulation. The usual understanding casts Reserve Mining as an early judicial approach to the threat of toxic pollution, which permitted agencies and courts considerable freedom to act preventively and aggressively against potential toxic injury despite fundamental scientific uncertainty regarding the existence of a danger to human health, to say nothing of its extent. It is, indeed, often criticized on these grounds, while others have hailed it as an early example of the Precautionary Principle at work. The present essay traces in detail the lengthy course of the administrative and judicial litigation over Reserve Mining's discharges into Lake Superior. It argues that the administrative and judicial tribunals uniformly resolved the scientific dispute by relying on a feasibility standard for regulation. Each tribunal acknowledged the uncertainty of the potential danger, demanded that Reserve address it, and adopted as its implicit standard that the polluter take all of the steps within its technological and economic capacity to eliminate the pollution.
Optimizing Data Warehousing Startegies

Database technologies have evolved over the last two decades into different constructs to support the ever-growing information needs for organizations spanning the spectrum of operational and analytical processing. This paper examines the characteristics of transactional databases, operational data stores, data warehouses and virtual data warehouses. A framework is developed for an optimal data warehousing strategy based on organizational needs classified by the types of business processes defined by the requirements of supporting functional areas and the levels of decision structures. Enterprise architecture is described to provide an integrated and complementary view of various data warehousing constructs.
Legacy SE to distributed dynamic state estimators: Evolution and experience

This paper describes the evolution of state estimators from the legacy static state estimators to the distributed dynamic state estimators. Dynamic state estimators are computational demanding and only distributed approaches are practical. We present two specific distributed dynamic state estimators: (a) the quasi-dynamic state estimator which uses GPS-synchronized and non-synchronized measurements of phasors and a quasi-dynamic model (electrical transients are neglected but electromechanical transients are modeled), and (b) a distributed dynamic state estimator using sampled value measurements and the full dynamical model of the system. For each one of the distributed state estimators three solution approaches are used: (a) unconstraint optimization problem, (b) constraint optimization problem and (c) extended Kalman filter approach. The quasi-dynamic state estimator has been installed in pilot projects and field experience has been gained. The distributed dynamic state estimator forms the core technology for the setting-less protection and it has been extensively tested in the laboratory. Field demonstration are planned in the near future. Dynamic state estimator provide so much more and useful information that will drastically increase the operational reliability of the system. Recent developments have made dynamic state estimators feasible with practically no additional costs. By necessity, dynamic state estimators must be distributed operating on local data since we believe that it is impractical to construct massive and fast communication network for transferring the data that will be required by a centralized dynamic state estimator.
Testing the Effect of Risk Attitude on Auditor Judgments Using Multiattribute Utility Theory

The scaling constant of multiattribute utility functions derived for each of 15 practicing auditors was used to measure risk attitude for the subjects. The risk preference or risk aversion indicate...
Birth, survival and differentiation of neurons in an adult crustacean brain

Life-long neurogenesis is a characteristic feature of many vertebrate and invertebrate species. In decapod crustaceans, new neurons are added throughout life to two cell clusters containing local (cluster 9) and projection (cluster 10) interneurons in the olfactory pathway. Adult-born neurons in clusters 9 and 10 in crayfish have the anatomical properties and chemistry of mature neurons by 6 months after birth. Here we use 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation to pulse label mitotically active cells in these cell clusters, followed by a survival time of up to 8 months, during which crayfish (Cherax destructor) were sacrificed at intervals and the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells quantified. We find a decrease in the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in cell cluster 10 between the first and second weeks following BrdU exposure, suggesting a period of cell death shortly after proliferation. Additional delayed cell divisions in both cell clusters are indicated by increases in labeled cells long after the BrdU clearing time. The differentiation time of these cells into neurons was defined by detection of the first immunoreactivity for the transmitter SIFamide in cluster 10 BrdU-labeled cells, which begins at 4 weeks after BrdU labeling; the numbers of SIFamide-labeled cells continues to increase over the following month. Experiments testing whether proliferation and survival of Cluster 10 cells are influenced by locomotor activity provided no evidence of a correlation between activity levels and cell proliferation, but suggest a strong influence of locomotor activity on cell survival. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 602–615, 2014
Chinese Exporters, Exchange Rate Exposure, and the Value of the Renminbi

This paper examines the currency exposure and exchange rate risk management at Chinese textile and apparel exporters. Chinese exporting firms have large net exposure to the US dollar. On average a 10 percent increase in the value of the renminbi against the dollar would reduce net revenues by 5.4 percent if the firms left prices unchanged. This large exposure is driven heavily by the choice of export pricing currency by the firms. The regional distribution of sales is more balanced across the major export markets of the US, EU, and Japan. However many firms are unaware of their indirect currency risk to currencies other than the dollar and most firms undertake little or no activities to hedge their foreign currency exposure, direct or indirect. The large dollar exposure of Chinese exporters may help explain the reluctance of the People's Bank of China to allow the RMB to undergo a rapid appreciation against the dollar.
Relative arbitrage in volatility-stabilized markets

We provide simple, easy-to-test criteria for the existence of relative arbitrage in equity markets. These criteria postulate essentially that the excess growth rate of the market portfolio, a positive quantity that can be estimated or even computed from a given market structure, be ‘‘sufficiently large’’. We show that conditions which satisfy these criteria are manifestly present in the U.S. equity market. We then construct examples of abstract markets in which the criteria hold. These abstract markets allow us to isolate conditions similar to those prevalent in actual markets, and to construct explicit portfolios under these conditions. We study in some detail a specific example of an abstract market which is volatility-stabilized, in that the return from the market portfolio has constant drift and variance rates while the smallest stocks are assigned the largest volatilities. A rather interesting probabilistic structure emerges, in which time changes and the asymptotic theory for planar Brownian motion play crucial roles. The largest stock and the overall market grow at the same, constant rate, though individual stocks fluctuate widely.
Gaming the state: consequences of contracting out state building in Afghanistan

The operation of a vibrant illicit economy and government corruption are widely acknowledged as obstacles to the post-conflict reconstruction of Afghanistan. However, massive influxes of money tied to the international efforts have led to ‘legal’ corruption that similarly obstructs state consolidation and peace. This paper considers the various ways in which Afghan entrepreneurs have learned to ‘game the state’ by taking advantage of donor and especially US procurement systems since 2001. The conceptual framework and evidence suggests that designing ways to limit corruption arising from the state-building process is key to improving the long-run prospects for post-conflict reconstruction in Afghanistan and similar states where rapid and steep increases in foreign aid and associated contracts create fertile ground for malfeasance.
Accuracy of EUS in the evaluation of Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma

Abstract Background: Nonoperative therapy with intent to cure may be considered for patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma. However, a more advanced stage of disease must be precluded before such treatment. The potential of EUS for this purpose was evaluated. Methods: EUS was performed in patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma based on endoscopy, endoscopic biopsies, and CT before esophagectomy. EUS findings were compared with surgical/pathologic evaluation. Results: EUS suggested submucosal invasion in 6 patients and lymph node involvement in 5 patients. By surgical/pathologic evaluation, 5 of 22 patients (23%) had unsuspected submucosal invasion and 1 had lymph node involvement. EUS detected all 5 instances of submucosal invasion and the single instance of lymph node involvement. EUS was falsely positive for submucosal invasion in 1 patient and for lymph node involvement in 4 patients. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values of preoperative EUS for submucosal invasion were 100%, 94%, and 100%, and for lymph node involvement were 100%, 81%, and 100%, respectively. A nodule or stricture noted by endoscopy was associated with an increased likelihood of submucosal invasion. Conclusions: In patients with Barrett's esophagus and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma, EUS detected otherwise unsuspected submucosal invasion and lymph node involvement. Patients should be evaluated with EUS when nonoperative therapy is contemplated. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:689-96.)
Methods for unveiling cryptic microbial partnerships in nature

Syntrophy and mutualism play a central role in carbon and nutrient cycling by microorganisms. Yet our ability to recognize these partnerships in nature or to effectively study their behavior in culture has been hindered by the inherent interdependence of syntrophic associations, their dynamic behavior, and their frequent existence at thermodynamic limits. Now solutions to these challenges are emerging in new methodologies. These include: comparative metagenomics and transcriptomics; discovery-based methods such as Magneto-FISH; and metabolic substrate tracking using stable isotopes coupled either with density gradient separation (SIP) or with FISH-SIMS. These novel approaches are redefining the way we study microbial mutualism and are making intimate microbial associations accessible to both identification and characterization in their native habitats.
Higher-NA ArF scanning exposure tool on new platform for further 100-nm technology node

The higher numerical aperture ArF scanning exposure tool was developed with completely new platform for further 100nm technology node. This new tool is designed and manufactured with wave front aberration controlled projection lens by using new phase measurement interferometer system, enhanced illuminator structure technology to optimize many various conditions in device production, higher power light source ArF excimer laser and higher speed stages in order to achieve enough required productivity of devices in this node. Not only for the run rate but for the finer accuracy in stage systems and focus control system were involved in this new platform. The actual imaging and accuracy performance will be shown and discussed.
Toward intrinsically fluorescent proteomimetics: Fluorescent probe response to alpha helix structure of poly-γ-benzyl-l-glutamate

Abstract A fluorescent probe ( 1 ), developed for recognition of alpha helical secondary structure, shows a large fluorescence change upon titration with the synthetic protein PBLG. Compared to fluorophores of similar size and shape, 1 displayed the smallest dissociation constant ( K D = 80 μM) when titrated with PBLG. These preliminary studies are directed toward developing small molecule proteomimetics that have intrinsic fluorescence and are specific for helical-protein binding-sites.
N‐ethoxycarbonylamidines as starting materials and intermediates in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds

Treatment of N-ethoxycarbonylthioamides (1) with primary aromatic amines yields N-aryl-N′-ethoxy-carbonylamidines (2), which thermally cyclize to 2-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones (6). Analogous reactions of 1 with ethyl 3-aminocrotonate and with 2-amino-2-thiazoline lead respectively to ethyl 2-aryl-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-5-pyrimidinecarboxylates (10) and to 2-aryl-6,7-dihydro-4H-thiazolo[3,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4-ones (14), presumably through the corresponding N-ethoxycarbonylamidines.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Modification of Crystalline Si(111) Surfaces with Covalently-Attached Alkyl Chains Using a Chlorination/Alkylation Method

A two-step procedure, involving radical-initiated chlorination of the Si surface with PCl5 followed by reaction of the chlorinated surface with alkyl-Grignard or alkyl-lithium reagents, has been developed to functionalize crystalline (111)-oriented H-terminated Si surfaces. The surface chemistry that accompanies these reaction steps has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy (TPDS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), infrared (IR) spectroscopy in both glancing transmission (TIR) and attenuated total multiple internal reflection (ATR) modes, ellipsometry, and contact angle goniometry. The XPS data show the appearance of the Cl signal after exposure to PCl5 and show its removal, and concomitant appearance of a C 1s signal, after the alkylation step. Auger electron spectra, in combination with TPD spectroscopy, demonstrate the presence of Cl after the chlorination process and it...
Enhanced post-ischemic liver injury in iNOS-deficient mice: a cautionary note.

The objective of this study was to assess the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ischemia- and reperfusion (I/R)-induced liver injury. We found that partial hepatic ischemia involving 70% of the liver resulted in a time-dependent increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels at 1-6 h following reperfusion. Liver injury at 1, 3, and 6 h post-ischemia was not due to the infiltration of neutrophils as assessed by tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and histopathology. iNOS-deficient mice subjected to the same duration of ischemia and reperfusion showed dramatic and significant increases in liver injury at 3 but not 6 h following reperfusion compared to their wild type controls. Paradoxically, iNOS mRNA expression was not detected in the livers of wild type mice at any point during the reperfusion period and pharmacological inhibition of iNOS using L-N(6)(iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) did not exacerbate post-ischemic liver injury at any time post-reperfusion. These data suggest that iNOS deficiency produces unanticipated genetic alterations that renders these mice more sensitive to liver I/R-induced injury.
Altered protein folding may be the molecular basis of most cases of cystic fibrosis.

Experiments have demonstrated that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR), containing the most common cystic fibrosis (CF)-causing mutation (ΔF508), reaches the plasma membrane in reduced amounts. Studies of a peptide model of CFTR indicate that the ΔF508 mutated region is more sensitive to denaturating conditions. This paper proposes that altered protein folding accounts for these findings, and, thus, most cases of CF. Significantly, the hypothesis makes specific predictions about the effect of stabilizing conditions on mutant CFTR, and, further, suggests a new class of pharmaceuticals that may prove effective in the treatment of this important genetic disease.
Haplotype block partition with limited resources and applications to human chromosome 21 haplotype data.

Recent studies have shown that the human genome has a haplotype block structure such that it can be decomposed into large blocks with high linkage disequilibrium (LD) and relatively limited haplotype diversity, separated by short regions of low LD. One of the practical implications of this observation is that only a small fraction of all the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (referred as “tag SNPs”) can be chosen for mapping genes responsible for human complex diseases, which can significantly reduce genotyping effort, without much loss of power. Algorithms have been developed to partition haplotypes into blocks with the minimum number of tag SNPs for an entire chromosome. In practice, investigators may have limited resources, and only a certain number of SNPs can be genotyped. In the present article, we first formulate this problem as finding a block partition with a fixed number of tag SNPs that can cover the maximal percentage of the whole genome, and we then develop two dynamic programming algorithms to solve this problem. The algorithms are sufficiently flexible to permit knowledge of functional polymorphisms to be considered. We apply the algorithms to a data set of SNPs on human chromosome 21, combining the information of coding and noncoding regions. We study the density of SNPs in intergenic regions, introns, and exons, and we find that the SNP density in intergenic regions is similar to that in introns and is higher than that in exons, results that are consistent with previous studies. We also calculate the distribution of block break points in intergenic regions, genes, exons, and coding regions and do not find any significant differences.
Micromechanics of Crystals and Polycrystals

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on micromechanics of crystals and polycrystals. In Section II of the chapter, a brief outline of only some of the important features of the micromechanics of crystalline plasticity is given. The discussion is confined to plastic flow caused by dislocation slip, and face-centered-cubic crystals are used in the examples of dislocation mechanisms. Particular attention is paid to kinematics and to the phenomenology of strain hardening, because these are shown to play dominant roles in macroscopic response. In Section III, constitutive laws for elastic-plastic crystals are developed. The framework draws heavily on Hill's analysis of the mechanics of elasticplastic crystals, but the theory is extended by incorporating the possibility of deviations from the Schmid rule of a critical resolved shear stress for slip. Deviations from the Schmid rule are motivated by micromechanical models for dislocation motion and are shown to lead to deviations from the “normality flow rule” of continuum plasticity. The implications of these “non-Schmid effects” regarding the stability of plastic flow are brought out via some examples of models for kinks bands and shear bands in Section IV. In Section IV some examples of analyses of elastic-plastic deformation in crystals are discussed. The chapter concludes with some suggestions for fruitful research. These involve extensions of the theory to finite-strain rate-dependent polycrystalline models.
Hispanic parenting women in women-only versus mixed-gender drug treatment: A 10-year prospective study

Abstract The present study examined Hispanic substance-using parenting women treated in women-only (WO; n = 126) versus mixed-gender (MG; n = 853) programs and associated outcomes assessed 10 years after admission. Relative to other races/ethnicities of women admitted to the set of 40 California treatment programs in 2000–2002, Hispanic women were underrepresented in WO programs. Compared to those in MG programs, Hispanic women in WO programs demonstrated more severe treatment needs, indicated by their greater severity in drug and alcohol use, health and mental health problems, and criminal justice involvement at admission. They also had fewer economic resources (15% WO vs. 23% MG were employed, p p
The undulating contours of sōgō geijutsu (total work of art), or Hanada Kiyoteru's thoughts on transmedia in postwar Japan

This article provides an insight into the theorization of sōgō geijutsu or the work of total art during the postwar decades in Japan, primarily through the language of Hanada Kiyoteru, a notable communist critic during the 1950s, as a way to present a discursive precursor to what would be explored as intermedia in the 1960s. It is an attempt to trace the debates that were seen in journal Sōgō Bunka, which was established immediately after the war, and how the question of collectivity and collective production of art was discussed among the contributing critics, artists, and intellectuals. Totality as some may know already, is a problematic term that comes close to the wartime notion of ‘totality’, as it was employed for Japanese government's ideological deployment for its war efforts. Although the term has accrued a sinister ring, the critics mentioned in the article, especially Hanada, were determined to reclaim the term as a way of devising a postwar aesthetic-political platform. One important component...
An Evolutionary Aspect of Social Structure and a Verb “Have”

Bradfield has pointed out that little is known of the relationship between grammatical forms and the “values and attitudes associated with economic activity.” This paper reports on a current research project which is exploring the relationship between possession and transitivity and property-based societies. The author posits an evolutionary sequence of possessive verb development similar to the evolutionary development of color terms shown in the work of Berlin and Kay. [language and culture, cultural evolution, ethnolinguistics (semantics), possession (grammatical), cross-cultural study]
Relativistic modulational instability of an electromagnetic wave in a magnetized plasma.

The relativistic modulational instability of an intense circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating along an external magnetic field in a plasma is investigated. The method of investigation is based on the derivation of a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. The effect of the external magnetic field is to diminish the modulational instability of the circularly polarized wave. Actually, the modulational instability can be completely eliminated if the external magnetic field is sufficiently strong.
Effect of respiratory infection on the elution of benzo(a)pyrene from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice

The effect of respiratory infection by PR8 influenza virus on the elution of benzol[a]pyrene (BaP) from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice was studied. In mice, this virus produces, among other phenomena, a proteinaceous effusion and mixed cellular exudate in the alveolar parenchyma during the acute phase of infection. If BaP‐coated carbon particles are introduced into the respiratory tract during the acute stage of infection, the rate of BaP elution from the carbon particles is increased. When BaP‐coated carbon particles were instilled in the respiratory tract either 1 wk before or 2 wk after the acute stage of infection, the BaP elution rate from carbon particles was similar to that in uninfected animals.
Performance optimization of long-wave infrared detectors based on InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattices

Relationship between V/III beam equivalent pressure (BEP) flux ratios during the molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of long-wave infrared InAs/GaSb strained layer superlattice (SLS) material, crystalline quality of asgrown material, and devices' signal (responsivity) and noise (dark current) characteristics was investigated. It was found that the V/III ratio is a critical factor affecting the dark current, cut off wavelength and the responsivity of the device. Modest change of As/In BEP flux ratio (from 5.5 to 7) resulted in red-shift of cut-off wavelength by 0.6 μm. Temperature-dependent dark current measurements revealed more than two orders of magnitude difference in dark current densities of detectors grown with different As/In BEP flux ratios. The highest responsivity and QE values, equal to 0.75 A/W and 10% (74K, 9 μm, -0.4V), were demonstrated by the device with highest dark current density and notoptimal structural properties. The observed dependences of devices' signal (responsivity) and noise (dark current) characteristics in conjunction with the structural properties and the growth conditions of SLS material suggest that the good structural properties of grown detector material as well as low noise would not necessary result in improved device performance.
The effects of picture content and exposure frequency on evaluations of Negroes and whites.

Abstract Pictures of black and white stimulus persons were shown to 96 white college students with different exposure frequencies (0, 1, 5, or 10) for different picture. Subjects saw the stimulus persons either in positive settings, neutral settings, or negative settings. Analysis of variance of changes in trait ratings of the stimulus persons revealed significant effects due to content of the photographs, their frequency of exposure, and the content by exposure interaction. Contrary to Blume's results for black models, positive exposure significantly enhanced evaluations, and negative exposure decreased evaluations. White models showed primarily the positive effect. Overall, increasing exposure enhanced attitudes. This effect was very strong for positive stimuli, weak for neutral stimuli and slightly reversed for negative stimuli. Exposure effects and associative learning processes appear to operate in opposing directions for negative stimuli.
On the number of homogeneous models of a given power

It is shown that, For each complete theoryT, the nomberh T(m) of homogeneous models ofT of powerm is a non-increasing function of uncountabel cardinalsm Moreover, ifh T(ℵ0)≦ℵ0, then the functionh T is also non-increasing ℵ0 to ℵ1.
Multiobjective Design of Equivalent Accelerated Life Testing Plans

This paper is focused on the multiobjective design of equivalent accelerated life test (ALT) plans. Equivalent ALT plans are expected to achieve the same statistical performance as a baseline ALT plan yet lead to other desired performance measures such as reduced test time and total cost. Before determining the desired multiobjective equivalent ALT plans, an efficient fast non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is utilized to identify a set of Pareto optimal solutions. To handle a large number of Pareto optimal solutions, a self-organizing map (SOM) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) are sequentially applied to classify the Pareto solutions and reduce the size of the suggested solution set. This integrated approach allows for the tradeoff of information among the Pareto solutions and the reduction in the size of the solution set. It provides a useful tool for practitioners to make meaningful decisions in planning ALT experiments.
Characterization of the plasma membrane of Mycoplasma laidlawii. IV. Structure and composition of membrane and aggregated components

Abstract Mycoplasma laidlawii membranes and various preparations of sodium dodecyl sulfate-dissolved and subsequently aggregated structures are compared with respect to amino acid composition, hexosamine composition, appearance in electron microscopy, protein to lipid ratio, buoyant density and magnesium to protein ratio. The various aggregates are virtually indistinguishable by these criteria with the exception of the microscopic appearance of the small lipoprotein aggregates and the Mg 2+ -induced structures derived from these aggregates.
Determinants of Optimal Level of Transportation Infrastructure

This paper examines the determinants of the optimal level of transportation infrastructure, estimating the excess amount of demand for or supply of transportation facilities in Korea. The optimal amount of transportation facilities is generated through a simulation of the recursive computable general equilibrium model under different scenarios of annual growth rates of policy variables such as gross domestic product (GDP) and the consumer price index for 10 years. This paper finds that higher levels of transportation capital stock are associated with higher economic growth and price inflation and a lower price level for transportation services. The accumulation of transportation capital stock is very responsive to the consumer price index and the price index of transportation services. Also, an increase in the GDP by 1% results in an increase in capital formation by the transportation sector by 0.9914%. For the period of 1975–1992, the average ratio of the actual level of transportation capital stock to t...
Three-dimensional display of human organs from computed tomograms

Methods of hidden surface removal and shading for computer-displayed surfaces are proposed. If the surface to be displayed is approximated by a large number of square faces of restricted orientation, the methods proposed in this paper work at least an order of magnitude faster than previously published methods. A situation in which such approximation is natural is the display of organs based on data obtained by the reconstruction of the internal structure of a body from multiple shadowgraphs such as X-ray photographs (computed tomography). The methods can also be used for rapidly achieving some but not all of the aims of surface modeling in more general situations. The hidden surface removal method is based on the Z-buffer algorithm (no sorting is required), with modifications which make use of the nature of the assumed surface approximation. The artifact caused by approximating the curved surface with squares is reduced by low-pass filtering of the picture to be displayed. The results are demonstrated by displays of actual human organs based on data provided by computed tomography.