cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergent and Discriminant Validity for Family Self-Report Measures

Cohesion and adaptability have been postulated as underlying dimensions of several models and measures of family systems. The convergent and discriminant validity of the Family Environment Scale, the Family Assessment Device, the Structural Family Interaction Scale, Revised, and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (III) was examined for the dimensions of cohesion and adaptability. The measures were administered to 183 high school seniors and college undergraduates. Correlational and factor analytic results showed that the convergent validity of self-report family measures was stronger than the discriminant validity. A comparative analysis of themes underlying cohesion and adaptability scales is presented and suggestions for future study are offered.
Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic analysis identifies alterations in mineral properties in bones from mice transgenic for type X collagen

Abstract Type X collagen has been implicated in the morphogenetic events of endochondral ossification (EO), including the calcification of hypertrophic cartilage and trabeculae prior to their replacement by bone and marrow. Recently, transgenic mice, which expressed a truncated collagen X protein, were reported to exhibit morphologic alterations in all tissues arising through EO. Specifically, the growth plates were compressed within the zone of cartilage hypertrophy, and the number and size of calcified trabeculae were reduced. The condition in the mouse is comparable to Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia in humans for which, to date, 20 defined type X collagen mutations have been reported. The transgenic mouse showed no alterations in mineralization by conventional histology, however, it did show a decrease in newly formed bony trabeculae, and a thinning of periosteal bones. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has previously been shown to provide quantitative and qualitative information about the relative amount of mineral and carbonate present, mineral composition, and crystal perfection. To determine whether the expression of abnormal collagen X molecules had an effect on mineral properties, the “quality” of mineral crystals was analyzed in thin sections of tibia from day 17 and day 25 genotypically negative (normal) and positive (mutant) mice from several independent transgenic mouse lines showing varying degrees of the mutant phenotype, by means of Fourier transform infrared microscopic analysis (FTIRM). The results indicate definite differences between normal and transgenic mice calcified cartilage mineral, both in the amount present and the “quality” of the crystals. Calcified cartilage mineral from transgenic mice exhibited less crystallinity and higher acidic phosphate content than the corresponding mineral from normal specimens.
Soy isoflavonoid equol modulates the growth of benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells in vitro

BACKGROUND The dietary consumption of high levels of soy has been linked to reduced risks for prostate cancer (PC) in Asians and vegetarians. In vitro studies have focused on the two most abundant isoflavones in soy, genistein and daidzein. However, daidzein is differentially metabolized by gut microflora in humans, yielding compounds with very different bioactivities and half-lives. Asians are significantly more likely to produce the metabolite equol than Caucasians, suggesting its role in the prevention of PC. We hypothesize that equol is a bioactive metabolite that exerts direct antiproliferative effects on prostatic epithelial cells. METHODS Benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells were treated in vitro with equol, genistein, and daidzein by using the range of concentrations found in the prostatic fluids of Asians consuming soy. Growth and cell cycle distribution were analyzed over time. RESULTS After 9 days of treatment, equol inhibited growth of benign human prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) by 37% at 10−6 M and 80% at 10−5 M. Although genistein also had profound effects, daidzein appeared only one tenth as potent as equol. Equol and daidzein caused an accumulation of cells in G0/G1, whereas genistein arrested cells in G2/M. The isoflavonoids demonstrated differential effects on the established PC cell lines 22Rv1, LNCaP, LAPC-4, PC-3, and DU 145. PC-3 cells showed the greatest resistance. CONCLUSION Equol is a biologically active metabolite of daidzein that has potent antiproliferative effects on benign and malignant prostatic epithelial cells at concentrations that can be obtained naturally through dietary soy consumption. Prostate 54: 68–78, 2003. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Structural characterization of methanol substituted lanthanum halides

The first study into the alcohol solvation of lanthanum halide [LaX 3 ] derivatives as a means to lower the processing temperature for the production of the LaBr 3 scintillators was undertaken using methanol (MeOH). Initially the de-hydration of {[La(μ-Br)(H 2 O) 7 ](Br) 2 } 2 ( 1 ) was investigated through the simple room temperature dissolution of 1 in MeOH. The mixed solvate monomeric [La(H 2 O) 7 (MeOH) 2 ](Br) 3 ( 2 ) compound was isolated where the La metal center retains its original 9-coordination through the binding of two additional MeOH solvents but necessitates the transfer of the innersphere Br to the outersphere. In an attempt to in situ dry the reaction mixture of 1 in MeOH over CaH 2 , crystals of [Ca(MeOH) 6 ](Br) 2 ( 3) were isolated. Compound 1 dissolved in MeOH at reflux temperatures led to the isolation of an unusual arrangement identified as the salt derivative {[LaBr 2.75 ·5.25(MeOH)] +0.25 [LaBr 3.25 ·4.75(MeOH)] −0.25 } ( 4 ). The fully substituted species was ultimately isolated through the dissolution of dried LaBr 3 in MeOH forming the 8-coordinated [LaBr 3 (MeOH) 5 ] ( 5 ) complex. It was determined that the concentration of the crystallization solution directed the structure isolated ( 4 concentrated; 5 dilute) The other LaX 3 derivatives were isolated as [(MeOH) 4 (Cl) 2 La(μ-Cl)] 2 ( 6 ) and [La(MeOH) 9 ](I) 3 ·MeOH ( 7 ). Beryllium Dome XRD analysis indicated that the bulk material for 5 appear to have multiple solvated species, 6 is consistent with the single crystal, and 7 was too broad to elucidate structural aspects. Multinuclear NMR ( 139 La) indicated that these compounds do not retain their structure in MeOD. TGA/DTA data revealed that the de-solvation temperatures of the MeOH derivatives 4 – 6 were slightly higher in comparison to their hydrated counterparts.
Transit-time photoconductivity in high-field FET channels

A solution to the photoconductive response of a high-field channel, such as that typified by a FET, is presented for the case of low-level generation. The theory of transit-time photoconductivity is extended to include arbitrary channel field, thickness, and carrier-density profiles, arbitrary carrier generation and injection conditions, carrier heating, and Poisson self-consistency. Several limiting cases are examined and the results are then applied to a Si MOSFET and a GaAs MESFET as two examples.
Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race

ABSTRACTThere are many kinds of edges, both distinct and ambiguous, in modern cities. The edges demarcating medieval cities were clear and material, but modern municipal boundaries are amorphous, with a multiplicity of physical edges resulting from physical infrastructure, local demographics, and urban zoning laws. Commercial signage visualizes these edges and forms a cultural landscape also influenced by long-held societal beliefs. This article explores the use of the color yellow in signs as they relate to pawn shops, check cashiers, gun supplies, and other businesses aimed at those in a state of urgency. While the color yellow presents itself well from great distances and at high speeds, providing good contrast and high legibility, and it has historically been associated with moneylenders, a pawn shop located near a white demographic will use red, green or blue colors in its signage: yellow is specifically used for stores at the edges of the African-American Goodloetown neighborhood of Lexington, Kentu...
Pressure and temperature dependence of the reaction of vinyl radical with ethylene.

This work reports measurements of absolute rate coefficients and Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) master equation simulations of the C2H3 + C2H4 reaction. Direct kinetic studies were performed over a temperature range of 300−700 K and pressures of 20 and 133 mbar. Vinyl radicals (H2CCH) were generated by laser photolysis of vinyl iodide (C2H3I) at 266 nm, and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy was used to probe vinyl radicals through absorption at 423.2 nm. Measurements at 20 mbar are in good agreement with previous determinations at higher temperature. A weighted three-parameter Arrhenius fit to the experimental rate constant at 133 mbar, with the temperature exponent fixed, gives k = (7 ± 1) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 (T/298 K)2 exp[−(1430 ± 70) K/T]. RRKM master equation simulations, based on G3 calculations of stationary points on the C4H7 potential energy surface, were carried out to predict rate coefficients and product branching fractions. The predicted branching to 1-methylallyl product is ...
Low Attenuation of Hadronic Systems Produced Diffractively and Coherently on Nuclei by High-Energy Hadrons

A qualitative analysis of coherent diffractive production of hadrons by hadrons indident on nuclei is outlined which emphasized strong coupling between the degrees of freedom involved in such reactions. This model --based on the Good and Walker description of diffractive production-predicts that in all such processes the attenuation in the exit channels should differ little from attenuation in the entrance channel. This is a well-known phenomenon in pi yields 3 pi and pi yields 5 pi coherent production on nuclei. In order to make such a prediction, one must accept that the attenuation in nuclear matter in the elastic scattering channel is well approximated by just one exponential.
The Violence of Persuasive Argument: Using Durkheim to Outline a Latent Barrier to a Nonviolent Criminology

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of a form of violence that represents a potential barrier to the development of a nonviolent criminology. Using several contentions drawn from Emile Durkheim’s theory of crime and punishment, it is proposed that persuasive arguments entail a component of violence where they contradict strong collective sentiments. The general nature and normality of this form of violence are outlined. In addition, it is suggested that although neglect of this violence may allow progressive researchers to maintain nonviolent self-conceptions, such neglect also may serve the interests of “intellectuals” while undermining the power of “nonintellectuals.” The violence of persuasive argument thus constitutes a problematic paradox for scholars who embrace nonviolence and equitable distributions of power.
Cervicothoracic junction fracture/subluxation after multilevel anterior cervical spine fusion surgery

Background context Several authors have reported cervical dislocations and fracture-dislocations above, below or through the fused cervical segment after cervical fusion. No previous reports have described fracture/dislocations at the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) after multilevel anterior cervical spine fusion.
Novel incentive-based approaches to adherence

BackgroundAdherence to medications for chronic conditions is often very low, limiting the benefit to patients, even when the medications are effective and have favorable side effect profiles.PurposeThis article reviews some of the prior work on treatment adherence, introduces novel concepts from behavioral economics that can be used to design interventions to improve adherence, and proposes new approaches for clinical trials.MethodsRelevant experience of the authors and insights from the literature were combined to identify key issues and propose methodological improvements. Specific examples regarding adherence to warfarin are provided.ResultsSeveral new approaches to trial design can be effectively applied in the context of medication adherence. These include tailored intervention strategies and sequential multiple assignment randomized trial (SMART) designs.LimitationsWhile we have proposed to use these new approaches for ongoing studies of adherence in behavioral health, practical experience with thei...
Novel enzyme/DNA/inorganic nanomaterials: a new generation of biocatalysts

The design, synthesis and properties of a new class of enzyme/DNA/inorganic nanobiomaterials are described here. DNA has been used to stabilize the enzymes intercalated in the galleries of the inorganic solid, alpha-Zr(iv) phosphate (alpha-Zr(HPO(4))(2).H(2)O, abbreviated as alpha-ZrP). Interestingly, the presence of DNA improved the activity and stability of the bound enzymes. Key studies leading to the current strategy are presented initially, and these are followed by more recent developments. Several enzymes and proteins, including horseradish peroxidase, lysozyme, glucose oxidase, chymotrypsin, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, met-hemoglobin and met-myoglobin are successfully intercalated in the galleries of alpha-ZrP, under benign ambient conditions (aqueous buffered solutions, at room temperature and neutral pH). These novel materials are characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM as well as by biochemical, calorimetric and spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic studies (circular dichroism, CD), for example, indicated that co-intercalation of DNA improved the retention of bound enzyme structure. The activity was enhanced markedly (five-fold) when DNA is co-intercalated, when compared to the activity in the absence of DNA. Addition of DNA to the sample, after enzyme intercalation, did not make any improvements. Our hypothesis is that enzyme-DNA supramolecular complex binds to the solid and the unfavorable interactions between the enzyme and the solid are minimized. These novel nanobiocomposite materials provide a simple method for packaging DNA and aid in engineering more effective synthetic materials for gene/RNA-delivery and drug delivery applications.
Characterization of a second protein associated with virions of tobacco mosaic virus.

Abstract An average of about one molecule of a 26,500-dalton protein (termed Ht protein) has been found per tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) virion. Ht protein has been detected in five strains of TMV (U1, K, Cc, GA, and trace amounts in U2) prepared from tobacco by a variety of isolation methods and purification treatments, followed by incubation of virions with either 5% Triton X-100, 80 mM EDTA, 0.2 M phosphate or any of several proteolytic enzymes. Ht protein is associated with the insoluble RNA after disruption of virions with cold 66% acetic acid; it will also associate or co-precipitate in vitro with other added RNAs under the same conditions, apparently in a nonspecific manner. This protein is considered to be coded for by the host rather than the virus, based on two observations: (1) Ht protein from strain Cc TMV propagated in tobacco is smaller than the protein extracted from the same strain isolated from legumes; (2) peptide analysis after limited proteolysis under denaturing conditions showed that the Ht proteins isolated from two very different TMV strains (U1 and Cc) propagated in a common host were identical. If viral RNAs had coded for the Ht proteins, their amino acid sequences would have been expected to be different because of the known very dissimilar nucleotide sequences of the RNAs of the two strains. By comparing different classes of virus rods in which the coat protein subunits had been partially stripped from one end of the molecule (5′ end), it was concluded that Ht protein is not associated with a specific site in the virion. It is not preferentially associated with or absent from that proportion of TMV virions which are resistant to alkali stripping. Its location within the virions is not known, but it may be either intercalated between the coat proteins subunits or, more probably, lodged in the hole in the center of the virion. Its role in viral replication and pathogenicity, if any, remains to be determined.
In vivo colonization profile study of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the nasal cavity

Bordetella bronchiseptica chronically infects a wide range of mammals, and resides primarily in the nasal cavity of the infected host. Multiple virulence factors of Bordetella species have been studied in the context of lower respiratory tract infections, but relatively less is known about the bacterial life cycle in the nasal cavity. Evidences were discovered for Bvg intermediate (Bvgi) phase expression in vivo and that the major adhesin filamentous hemagglutinin plays a major role in the colonization of B. bronchiseptica in the unciliated olfactory epithelia of the nasal cavity.
THE SPERMATOGENIC AND SECRETORY FUNCTION OF THE GONADS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED ADULT RATS TREATED WITH PITUITARY FSH AND LH

In a previous report (1) we demonstrated a marked structural and functional difference in the response of immature male rat gonads to injections of two hypophyseal gonadotropic fractions. The FSH fraction which is distinguished by its ability to develop Graafian follicles in the mammalian ovary showed a similar specificity of action in immature males by stimulating the seminiferous epithelium without causing hypertrophy of the Leydig cells. The luteinizing preparation (LH), however, produced only hypertrophy of the interstitial tissue and, as a consequence, the secondary sexual structures were greatly enlarged. These studies clearly indicated that the same secretions of the hypophysis which in the female promoted the maturation of follicles and their subsequent conversion into corpora lutea have equally diverse actions on the male gonad. The presence of the LH so often noted in the pituitary gland of the males of several sepecies and of the FSH as well was given a physiological interpretation. The present...
Steam Pressure Generated in a Spherical Cavity in a Moisture Saturated Polymer Matrix Composite during Rapid Heating

The time history of steam pressure inside an isolated spherical micro-cavity in a polymer matrix composite is studied by assuming that the chemical potential of water is continuous across the cavity-polymer interface. Steam pressure inside the cavity is due to heating of moisture-saturated composites from its initial temperature to a final temperature. Exact closed form solutions are obtained for the steam pressure developed under infinitely fast heating in an infinite plate. The effect of cavity shape on the induced steam pressure is studied by comparing this solution with a previous result on cracklike cavities.
The Technology Payoff: How to Profit with Empowered Workers in the Information Age

The article presents a review of the book “The Technology Payoff: How to Profit With Empowered Workers in the Information Age,” by Gerald M. Hoffman.
The Effect of Chemical Forms of Beryllium on the Production of the Immunologic Response

Skin sensitivity to beryllium seems to involve an immunologic reaction of the delayed type. Guinea pigs sensitized with BeSO4 were skin tested with the following beryllium compounds: BeSO4, Be-guinea pig serum albuminate, Be-hydrogen citrate, and Be-aurintricarboxylate. The state of beryllium in these combinations varies from the fully ionized to the fully chelated. Be-Hcitrate and Be-ATA produced negative reactions, while the otheir two combinations elicited positive responses. Be-albuminate produced consistently stronger positive reactions than BeSO4, indicating that it contained an antigenic principle stronger than the hapten present in BeSO4.
The relationship between maternal HIV status and child depressive symptoms : Do maternal depressive symptoms play a role ?

This study examined whether maternal depressive symptoms serve as a mediator, moderator, or both, between maternal HIV status (absence vs. presence of HIV) and child depressive symptoms. Participants were 224 noninfected children, ages 6 to 11, and their mothers, 38% of whom were HIV-infected. Initial analyses indicated that HIV-infected mothers and their children reported more depressive symptoms than noninfected mothers and their children. The primary analyses suggested that maternal depressive symptoms play a moderating, but not a mediating, role as the direction of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and child depressive symptoms differed between HIV-infected and noninfected groups. Explanations for the findings are offered and implications for prevention and intervention programs are considered.
Integration of an Aeroramp Injector/Plasma Igniter for Hydrocarbon Scramjets

A hydrocarbon-fuel injection and ignition/e ame-holding system consisting of an aerodynamic-ramp injector and a DC plasma torch was designed for a scramjet vehicle operating from Mach 4 to Mach 8. It was tested in an unheated Mach 2.4 e ow for initial evaluation. The injector consisted of two rows of two holes, angled downstream, and toed in to create additional vorticity and enhance mixing. The plasma torch was placed downstream of the injector at three different locations. The experiments involved ethylene injection through the aeroramp at jet-to-freestream momentum-e ux ratios from 1.4 to 3.2. Methane and nitrogen were used as the main feedstocks for the plasma torch. The power output of the plasma torch varied from 1500 to 3000 W. Results showed that nitrogen outperformed methane, and increasing the oxygen content at the plasma/fuel-plume interface signie cantly improved the potential for ignition and e ame propagation. The methane and nitrogen feedstocks performed best at the closest and middle downstream torch stations relative to the ethylene-fuel plume, respectively. Because of the low static freestream temperature (131 K), very little heat release was produced under these cold-e ow conditions. Tests in a model scramjet combustor with hot e ow are needed to complete the evaluation of this system. In addition, at all three torch stations, the counter-rotating vortex motion of the fuel-injector plume lifted up the plasma-torch plume. As a result, the downstream temperature-plume cores were 2.5 and 3.5 times higher at injector jet-to-freestream momentum-e ux ratios of 1.5 and 3.0, respectively, compared to the torch alone.
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with sickle-cell trait.

Summary A male patient, aged 7.5 years, with known sickle cell trait, presented for correction of Fallot's tetralogy. The successful management under hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is described and the behaviour of sickle haemoglobin under hypothermic conditions is discussed.
Response to application of ice may help differentiate between gouty arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides.

Aim:The aim is to determine whether response to topical ice versus heat differentiates between patients with gout versus other arthritides.Methods:The first 150 patients seen in our clinic with joint pain from February 2004 onward were asked to fill out questionnaires regarding their response to hea
Motor Vehicle Fleet Emissions by OP-FTIR

Using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) we have measured the variations in ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) caused by emissions from motor vehicles at a high traffic site in the Denver metropolitan area. Comparison of the OP-FTIR data to average emissions results obtained from on-road exhaust analysis using individual vehicle remote sensing revealed reasonable agreement, with a CO emission ratio (CO/CO2) of 0.050 ± 0.004 (100 ± 8 g CO/kg fuel) from OP-FTIR and 0.059 (118 g CO/kg fuel) from the on-road measurements. We also report a N2O emission ratio of (1.87 ± 0.13) × 10-4 (0.59 ± 0.04 g N2O/kg fuel) from OP-FTIR and outline the potential of OP-FTIR for on-road measurements of several important exhaust components.
Adelphamoeba galeacystis n. g., n. sp., an Amoeboflagellate Isolated from Soil*

SYNOPSIS. An amoeboflagellate isolated from common soil is described. The amoeboid stage is typically limax and contains a well differentiated uroid region. The flagellate has 2 flagella, which emerge anteriorly and are equal in length. It has a ventral cytostome near the anterior border. The cyst is helmet-shaped and without opercula. Polar masses are present during nuclear division.
MEDICATIONS IN THE ALLERGY/ASTHMA OFFICE

Asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are two common and costly illnesses. Their prevalence is increasing, and their morbidity can be significant. Understanding the pathogenesis of these two diseases is essential for health care providers. This knowledge can assist us in providing important information to patients and their families that can facilitate their involvement in implementing a treatment plan. AR occurs when an allergic subject is exposed to an antigen and an immediate (early) response follows. Symptoms occur in the nose, eyes, ears, and sinuses as well as systemically. Because of the generalized nature of these symptoms, AR can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. 8 AR can be a seasonal or perennial disease. Asthma is a disease characterized by inflammation. 28,54 Although asthma was previously believed to be a "twitchy airway" or bronchospastic disease, we now realize that it is primarily an inflammatory disease with an additional bronchospastic component. This discovery has led to a change in the way we view and treat asthma. Mild intermittent asthma, as described by Expert Panel Report 2 (EPR2) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, 26 can be treated primarily with short-acting brochodilator medications. The three levels of persistent asthma (mild, moderate, and severe) should be routinely treated with anti-inflammatory medications. Short-acting bronchodilators should be reserved for "rescue" therapy during acute exacerbations and to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm. Asthma and allergy experts believe that these two diseases coexist in many patients. A recent questionnaire study by Kapsali et al 33 of 478 patients with allergic asthma has shown that rhinitis is present in 99% of the adults and 93% of the adolescents studied. In a prospective 23-year study of 690 college students, Settipane et al 44 found that individuals with AR and positive skin tests were three times more likely to develop asthma over the years than normal controls. Although not showing causality, these studies do demonstrate a possible etiologic link for a significant number of persons with asthma. This has led to the hypothesis that treating AR, an upper airway disease, can lead to improvements in asthma, a lower airway disease. 12,13,51 The goals of therapy for persons with asthma or allergic disease are the same: (1) maintain normal activity levels, including exercise; (2) prevent chronic symptoms; (3) avoid any adverse effects of therapy; and (4) maintain normal pulmonary function.
MyoR is expressed in nonmyogenic cells and can inhibit their differentiation

The development of skeletal muscle in mammals is promoted by the muscle-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors of the MyoD family. Evidence also suggests that there are basic helix-loop-helix proteins that specifically inhibit skeletal myogenesis, including Mtwist, Mist1, and the most recently described, MyoR. It has been suggested that MyoR expression is limited to the precursors of the skeletal muscle lineage and acts as a transcriptional repressor of the muscle differentiation program. However, our results demonstrate that MyoR is expressed in several different, nonmuscle adult tissues. Furthermore, MyoR is expressed in the embryonic ectoderm of blastocyst stage mouse embryos, well before skeletal muscle specification and even before delineation of the mesodermal germ layer. Using embryonic ectoderm analogous stem cells, we demonstrate that in these nonmuscle cells, as in skeletal muscle precursor cells, expression of MyoR is inversely correlated with the extent of cellular differentiation as induced by retinoic acid. Our preliminary results indicate that overexpression of exogenous MyoR inhibits retinoic-acid-induced differentiation in EC cells and is lethal to early mouse embryos. Our results suggest a much broader role for MyoR in the repression and/or determination of embryonic cell differentiation.
Delayed micturition in the newborn period

T I-I E F A I L U R E of the newborn infant to pass urine within the first 24 to 48 hours of life may be a normal individual physiologic variation or may be the first sign of serious renal disease. The untoward consequences of misdiagnoses and the inherent risks of urologic procedures in the neonatal period necessitate careful evaluation of these infants. Sherry and Kramer 1 reported that 93 per cent of normal newborn infants pass urine within 24 hours of birth and that 99.4 per cent urinate within 48 hours. They 2 also found that 91 per cent of premature infants (i.e., < 2,500 Gm.) urinate within 24 hours of life and 100 per cent by 48 hours. There is no information at present to indicate the role of factors such as stress, perinatal illness, or maternal and infant drug therapy on voiding patterns in the neonatal infant. The purpose of this paper is to review the development and function of the fetal and newborn kidney as it relates to the causes of oliguria and anuria in the newborn period, and to suggest an approach to management of an unnsual delay in spontaneous voiding.
Mass spectrometric measurement of changes in protein hydrogen exchange rates that result from point mutations

Point mutations, as well as additions or deletions of entire domains, are frequently produced to study protein function; however, to infer function from mutant proteins, it is imperative that their structural integrity be verified. Although detailed structural studies can be performed by using NMR or crystallography, for practical reasons mutant proteins usually are characterized by using less rigorous techniques. Here it is shown that measurement of hydrogen exchange rates via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is a sensitive and generally applicable method for detection of conformational or dynamic changes that result from point mutations. Hydrogen exchange experiments were performed on a bacterial phosphocarrier protein (HPr) and two variants produced by conversion of either serine-46 to aspartic acid (S46D) or serine-31 to alanine (S31A), where the differences in the ΔG of folding relative to the wild type were 1.5 and 0.5 kcal/mol, respectively. Whereas no significant differences were found for the intact mutant and wild-type proteins, changes in deuterium incorporation could be detected within specific regions produced by peptic proteolysis of the deuterium-labeled proteins. Thus, energetically small changes in conformation (or dynamics) that result from point mutations can be characterized by mass spectrometric measurements of hydrogen exchange rates. Furthermore, these changes can be localized to specific regions within the protein.
A Shocking Front Nine Cardiac Arrest on the Golf Course

A 42-year-old woman is playing golf with her family and friends on a late Sunday afternoon. She has no past medical history, but she has been a smoker for the past 20 years. On the golf course, she collapses suddenly. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation is administered immediately, and emergency medical services arrive within 10 minutes. The initial rhythm is polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with no palpable pulse. She is defibrillated once, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed for an additional 3 minutes with return of spontaneous circulation. She is initially combative and inconsistently follows verbal commands, and she is promptly intubated for airway protection. She is taken to a local community hospital emergency department for medical stabilization before being transferred to our intensive care unit for further management. At our facility, her temperature is 98.3°F, pulse is 140 bpm, blood pressure is 134/66 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 26 breaths per minute with oxygen saturation of 95% while on 60% Fio2 on the ventilator in assist-control mode with a tidal volume of 500 mL. She is sedated but not paralyzed. Corneal, gag, and deep tendon reflexes are intact. She withdraws to painful stimuli but does not follow commands. There is no thyromegaly or lymphadenopathy. Jugular venous pressure is 8 cm H2O, and carotid pulses are 2+ without bruits. Cardiac examination reveals no right ventricular lift and a nondisplaced point of maximal impulse. She is tachycardic, with normal S1 and S2 sounds. There is no appreciable murmur, rub, or gallop. She has mechanical breath sounds but has otherwise clear lungs on auscultation. The abdomen is nondistended and free of bruits with normal bowel sounds with no tenderness, rebound, guarding, or organomegaly. Her extremities are warm, with 2+ femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial pulses, normal capillary refill, and …
Remote sensing of the troposphere by infrared emission spectroscopy

This paper describes the concept of a cryogenic IR imaging Fourier transform spectrometer, called the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), designed for observations of the troposphere and lower stratosphere from a near-earth orbit, using natural thermal emission and reflected sunlight. The principal molecular species to be measured by TES are O3, CO, CO2, N2O, H2O, H2O2, NO, NO2, HNO3, NH3, CH4, C2H6, C2H2, SO2, COS, CFCl3, and CF2Cl2. The TES is scheduled for a launch on the second polar platform of the Earth Observing System in 1998.
On calibration of kullback-leibler divergence via prediction

In this paper we evaluate mean Kullback-Leibler divergence via predicting densities arising from various prediction methods applied to the multivariate single-sample normal model. We demonstrate that the degrees of freedom which index Geisser-Cornfield predictive densities are helpful in divergence calibration. Alternative calibrations are derived based on sample size considerations. An application of each method to univariate prediction from the gamma model is provided. Comparisons are made with a probability-based calibration method.
Adaptation is automatic

Two experiments were used to test whether selective adaptation for speech occurs automatically or instead requires attentional resources. A control condition demonstrated the usual large identification shifts caused by repeatedly presenting an adapting sound (/wa/, with listeners identifying members of a /ba/-/wa/ test series). Two types of distractor tasks were used: (1) Subjects did a rapid series of arithmetic problems during the adaptation periods (Experiments 1 and 2), or (2) they made a series of rhyming judgments, requiring phonetic coding (Experiment 2). A control experiment (Experiment 3) demonstrated that these tasks normally impose a heavy attentional cost on phonetic processing. Despite this, for both experimental conditions, the observed adaptation effect was just as large as in the control condition. This result indicates that adaptation is automatic, operating at an early, preattentive level. The implications of these results for current models of speech perception are discussed.
Advanced Characterization of the Electronic Structure of MEH-PPV

In this paper, we present research results that explore the basic molecular structure, orientation, and electrical properties of the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5- (2,9-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV). The bandgap structure of MEH-PPV was investigated through optical absorption and emission spectra, and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Based on the optical absorption of MEH-PPV, the π-π* bandgap energy is 2.14eV. The emission spectrum of ITO/MEH-PPV/Al light emitting diode has a peak at 590nm in wavelength which corresponds to photon energies of 2.1eV. By using ultraviolet synchrotron radiation to investigate the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of the MEH-PPV, the relative change in photoemission cross-section for various electron states was measured. The HOMO to Fermi level gap obtained from UPS spectra is about 3eV. The UPS measurements include angle-resolved and incident energy dependent spectra. Some indication of bulk film orientation was inferred by dispersion of incident energy dependent UPS. Disparities in these spectra imply some role for defect states, extrinsic carrier involvement, or Fermi-level pinning.
Protein kinase C regulates functional coupling of β1-adrenergic receptors to Gi/o-mediated responses in cardiac myocytes

The effect of protein kinase C (PKC) activation on beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR) regulation of the cardiac L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) was studied using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Treatment of guinea pig ventricular myocytes with phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) caused a significant decrease in ICa,L sensitivity to stimulation by submaximal beta1-AR activation using isoproterenol (Iso). This decrease in sensitivity was also associated with the ability of higher concentrations of Iso to directly inhibit the stimulatory response. PDBu treatment produced similar effects on H2 histamine receptor-mediated ICa,L responses. In the presence of PDBu, higher concentrations of Iso inhibited the histamine stimulated ICa,L, and this effect was blocked by a selective beta1-AR antagonist. Higher concentrations of histamine also inhibited the Iso stimulated ICa,L, and this effect was blocked by a selective H2 receptor antagonist. The effects of PDBu were blocked by the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I, and they were not mimicked by the inactive phorbol ester 4alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate. The inhibitory effects of Iso and histamine were significantly reduced when Gi/o mediated responses were blocked with pertussis toxin. These results suggest that PKC promotes coupling of cardiac beta1-adrenergic and H2 histamine receptors to Gi/o mediated inhibitory responses.
Coordinate Perturbation and Multiple Scale in Gasdynamics

Usually, the application of the coordinate perturbation technique consists in transforming the equations to perturbed coordinates, and determining from the transformed equations the amount of coordinate straining appropriate to obtain a uniformly valid expansion. However, the transformed equations may become unwieldy with increasing order of the system, number of variables, and order of the approximation. There exists a much simpler way of applying the technique, which bypasses the transformed equations and provides the appropriate coordinate stretching by simple algebraic manipulations on the nonuniformly valid expansion obtained by straightforward expansion from the original equations. Interesting results are obtained by applying the procedure to two gasdynamical problems. In the first the flow field around a supersonic two-dimensional wing is determined up to third order, including a uniformly valid representation of the front shock shape, valid even when the shock does not start at the leading edge. The second problem concerns the oscillations in a closed tube following an arbitrary initial disturbance, both when the two ends are closed, and when one of the two ends contains an oscillating piston (the inviscid Chester problem). In both problems the uniformly valid expansions are substantially simpler than the non-uniformly valid. But most interesting is the result that the uniformly valid expansions cannot be obtained without supplementing the coordinate perturbation technique by the multiple scale technique.
Range, Activity, and Habitat of Large, Free‐Ranging Brown Trout in a Michigan Stream

Abstract Little is known about behavior patterns and habitat use of large (400+ mm total length) brown trout Salmo trutta. We used radio telemetry to monitor the movements of eight large (437–635 mm), free-ranging brown trout for up to 346 d. Total range of movement upstream and downstream varied from 370 m to 33,420 m. At some time during the year, six of the fish moved out of an area protected with no-kill fishing regulations, even though none of them were tagged and released closer than 2 km from its boundaries. However, four of five fish tracked during the height of the fishing season spent 87% of their time in the protected area. The fish appeared to have separate winter and summer ranges. Five of six fish tracked during autumn–winter moved upstream about 10 km to slower, deeper parts of the river between August and November, and remained there at least through the following April. The part of the river used as autumn–winter range was considered only marginal habitat for brown trout during summer due...
A DFT + DMFT approach for nanosystems

We propose a combined density-functional-theory-dynamical-mean-field-theory (DFT + DMFT) approach for reliable inclusion of electron-electron correlation effects in nanosystems. Compared with the widely used DFT + U approach, this method has several advantages, the most important of which is that it takes into account dynamical correlation effects. The formalism is illustrated through different calculations of the magnetic properties of a set of small iron clusters (number of atoms 2 ≤ N ≤ 5). It is shown that the inclusion of dynamical effects leads to a reduction in the cluster magnetization (as compared to results from DFT + U) and that, even for such small clusters, the magnetization values agree well with experimental estimations. These results justify confidence in the ability of the method to accurately describe the magnetic properties of clusters of interest to nanoscience.
CADASTRAL MAPPING FOR DEVELOPMENT IN CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN 1960–1980

Cadastral mapping and land registration activities in Central America and the Caribbean between 1960 and 1980 are examined in this study. It evaluates them as development tools, focusing particularly on their contribution towards the improvement of property tax systems. In most cases, the countries studied sucessfully executed the cadastral mapping and land registration projects they embarked upon, although lengthy delays in execution occurred frequently. While technically successful, the projects commonly were ineffective in realizing improvements in the property tax system because of subsequent political and administrative decisions. Policy makers and mapping scientists involved in the planning of cadasters in developing countries should evaluate realistically the time required for their execution, the degree of planimetric accuracy needed, and their immediate potential for contributing to the development process prior to the initiation of a cadaster.
TRANSFORM: Beyond Tangible Bits, Towards Radical Atoms

Whereas today's mainstream Human Computer Interaction (HCI) research addresses functional concerns - the needs of users, practical applications, and usability evaluation - Tangible Bits and Radical Atoms are driven by vision. This is because today's technologies will become obsolete in one year, and today's applications will be replaced in 10 years, but true visions, we believe, can last longer than 100 years. Tangible Bits seeks to realize seamless interfaces between humans, digital information, and the physical environment by giving physical form to digital information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible. Our goal is to invent new design media, taking advantage of the richness of human senses and skills as developed through our lifetime of interaction with the physical world as well as the computational reflection enabled by real-time sensing and digital feedback. Radical Atoms takes a leap beyond Tangible Bits by assuming a hypothetical generation of materials that can change form and properties dynamically and computationally, becoming as reconfigurable as pixels on a screen. Radical Atoms is the future material that can transform its shape, conform to constraints, and inform the users of their affordances. Radical Atoms is a vision for the future of human-material interaction, in which all digital information has a tangible manifestation for interactions. I present the trajectory of our vision-driven design research from Tangible Bits towards Radical Atoms, and a variety of design projects presented and exhibited in arts, design, and science communities in the past 20 years.
Preparing for the future: teaching scenario planning at the graduate level

Are environmental science students developing the mindsets and obtaining the tools needed to help address the considerable challenges posed by the 21st century? Today's major environmental issues are characterized by high-stakes decisions and high levels of uncertainty. Although traditional scientific approaches are valuable, contemporary environmental issues also require new tools and new ways of thinking. We provide an example of how such new, or “post-normal”, approaches have been taught at the graduate level, through practical application of scenario planning. Surveyed students reported that they found the scenario planning course highly stimulating, thought-provoking, and inspiring. Key learning points included recognizing the need for multiple points of view when considering complex environmental issues, and better appreciating the pervasiveness of uncertainty. Collaborating with non-academic stakeholders was also particularly helpful. Most students left the course feeling more positive about the potential contribution they can make in addressing the environmental challenges that society faces.
Riboflavin Synthesis by Epicotyls of White Lupine Seedlings Grown in Sterile Culture.

In an investigation on the synthesis of riboflavin, thiamin and niacin by excised roots, hypocotyls and epicotyls of white lupine (Lupinus perennis L.), grown in culture, it was found that when tryptophan was added to the solution, not only was there an increase in niacin, as expected (4), but there was also an unexpected increase in the riboflavin content of the expiants. Further experiments have been made.
Capture versus Suppression of Attention by Salient Singletons: Electrophysiological Evidence for an Automatic Attend-to-Me Signal

There is considerable controversy about whether salient singletons capture attention in a bottom-up fashion, irrespective of top-down control settings. One possibility is that salient singletons always generate an attention capture signal, but this signal can be actively suppressed to avoid capture. In the present study, we investigated this issue by using event-related potential recordings, focusing on N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral; a measure of attentional deployment) and Pd (distractor positivity; a measure of attentional suppression). Participants searched for a specific letter within one of two regions, and irrelevant color singletons were sometimes present. We found that the irrelevant singletons did not elicit N2pc but instead elicited Pd; this occurred equally within the attended and unattended regions. These findings suggest that salient singletons may automatically produce an attend-to-me signal, irrespective of top-down control settings, but this signal can be overridden by an active suppression process to prevent the actual capture of attention.
Diffusion approximation to wave propagation in imperfectly periodic structures

A diffusion approximation to the random evolution modeling of wave propagation in randomly imperfect periodic laminated composites is presented. It is shown that unless the material properties of the various layers satisfy some inequality (Eqn. (2)) all waves have exponentially decaying expected amplitudes.