cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple toxic effects of low-dose methotrexate in a patient treated for psoriasis.

Purpose. A case of toxicity encountered with low-dose methotrexate therapy is discussed. Summary. A 59-year-old African American woman receiving long-term therapy for psoriasis came to the hospital with painful ulcers, difficulty swallowing, cutaneous lesions, and acute renal failure. Her medical history included type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, morbid obesity, and psoriasis. On admission, the patient looked ill and had a low-grade fever; maculopapular skin lesions; and bullae and vesicles in her mouth and on her hands, legs, groin, and buttocks. With the exception of carvedilol, all home medications, including methotrexate, were discontinued. A complete medication history revealed that the patient had been taking methotrexate 2.5 mg daily, instead of 2.5 mg three times weekly as prescribed. This error translated into an estimated cumulative dose of 360 mg, nearly twice the prescribed amount. There were no clinically significant drug–drug interactions noted among her prescribed medications; however, the patient did report increased ibuprofen use secondary to the painful ulcerations in the previous few months. Leucovorin 15 mg i.v. every six hours was initiated along with additional supportive care. Skin and mucosal lesions, as well as her pain, had dramatically improved on day 5 of hospitalization. The patient was discharged after a six-day hospitalization and was provided with leucovorin 15 mg orally ever day for seven additional days until rheumatology follow-up. The patient was instructed to avoid any future methotrexate therapy. Conclusion. A patient who erroneously took oral methotrexate daily rather than thrice weekly for psoriasis developed multiple manifestations of methotrexate toxicity.
Answering what-if deployment and configuration questions with wise

Designers of content distribution networks often need to determine how changes to infrastructure deployment and configuration affect service response times when they deploy a new data center, change ISP peering, or change the mapping of clients to servers. Today, the designers use coarse, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or costly field deployments; they need better ways to evaluate the effects of such hypothetical "what-if" questions before the actual deployments. This paper presents What-If Scenario Evaluator (WISE), a tool that predicts the effects of possible configuration and deployment changes in content distribution networks. WISE makes three contributions: (1) an algorithm that uses traces from existing deployments to learn causality among factors that affect service response-time distributions; (2) an algorithm that uses the learned causal structure to estimate a dataset that is representative of the hypothetical scenario that a designer may wish to evaluate, and uses these datasets to predict future response-time distributions; (3) a scenario specification language that allows a network designer to easily express hypothetical deployment scenarios without being cognizant of the dependencies between variables that affect service response times. Our evaluation, both in a controlled setting and in a real-world field deployment at a large, global CDN, shows that WISE can quickly and accurately predict service response-time distributions for many practical What-If scenarios.
Demographic Parameters of Rural and Urban Adult Resident Canada Geese in Georgia

Abstract In many urban metropolitan areas, resident Canada goose (Branta canadensis) populations have grown to nuisance levels in spite of increasing harvest opportunity. To document differences in demographic parameters between urban and rural geese, I estimated probabilities of survival, recapture, recovery, and fidelity for adult resident Canada geese between 2001 and 2006 using banding, live recapture, and dead recovery data from 2 distinct banding locations in Georgia, USA. Adult survival rates were higher for urban geese (0.958, SE = 0.020) than for rural geese (0.682, SE = 0.049). Using estimated recovery probabilities of 0.505 (SE = 0.107) for urban and 0.463 (SE = 0.045) for rural geese, along with current estimates of crippling loss and reporting rate, the estimated mean harvest rate for urban geese was 0.029 (SE = 0.006) and for rural geese was 0.202 (SE = 0.020). Fidelity rates were similar between urban (0.730, SE = 0.033) and rural geese (0.713, SE = 0.069). This information ...
An improved method for TIMS high precision neodymium isotope analysis of very small aliquots (1–10 ng)

Technological and scientific developments have demonstrated both the attainability and the utility of very high precision (i.e. < 10 ppm 2σ RSE) neodymium (Nd) isotopic measurements with thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS). However, such high precision has been limited to relatively large aliquots of Nd, on the order of several hundred nanograms. Many investigations of geological, cosmochemical and environmental materials would benefit from precise Nd isotopic measurements but do not always permit such large samples to be obtained, instead yielding only a few nanograms of Nd. Analyzing Nd isotopes as the oxide (NdO+) is a well known technique, frequently involving an oxygen bleed valve and/or silica gel. This paper presents a method that foregoes the bleed valve and load samples with a tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) phosphoric acid slurry which provides the oxygen source. Using an in-house Nd isotopic standard solution, 4 ng loads easily yield stable 2.0–2.5 V beams resulting in internal precisions as low as 8 ppm (2σ RSE). Long term (9 months, six analysts) external precision is 20 ppm 2σ RSD (n = 83), and within barrel precision is 13 ppm 2σ RSD (n = 19). As a further test of this method, a natural rock sample was dissolved and the Nd separated using TRU-spec and HIBA column chemistry. Within barrel external precision is 21 ppm (2σ RSD) on 4 ng loads (n = 18). This precision represents a significant advance over previous NdO+ analyses of small samples using an oxygen bleed valve or silica gel with phosphoric acid. The Ta2O5 loading method is of particular utility in refining Sm/Nd garnet geochronology, permitting the analysis of small (10 s of milligrams) garnet samples where Nd concentrations are very low (< 1 ppm). Garnet 143Nd/144Nd from several field areas was measured with the Ta2O5 method and full column chemistry yielding internal run precisions of 8–42 ppm 2σ with garnet Nd load sizes ranging from 2.3–12 ng Nd. These garnet analyses yielded age precisions of 0.4 to 4.6 million years (2σ) depending on the 147Sm/144Nd ratio. Given successful column chemistry, and sufficiently low blanks, this method allows for high precision (13–21 ppm 2σ RSD) analysis of ~ 4 ng (or potentially smaller) aliquots of Nd separated from natural samples.
Organizational usability of digital libraries in the courts

Digital libraries (DLs) are the focus of professional movements in the medical, legal, and scholarly communities. DLs are being used increasingly nationwide in the legal profession for research; computer-integrated court reporting; and for trial presentations of multimedia documents and evidence photos. We present results of a study which contributes to DL research by examining some new DL design concepts within the legal domain. Two key forms of DL usability-interface and organizational-are discussed. While the human-computer-interaction (HCI) research community has made progress in improving interface usability, organizational usability is less well understood. We introduce the concept of organizational usability which refers to the mix between a computer system's design and an organization's characteristics such that the system can be effectively integrated into the work practices of members of the organization and is socially accepted by them. We explore the technical and sociotechnical dimensions of organizational usability by applying them to DLs used in the California Superior Courts.
Observation of 1300-nm luminescence and amplification in praseodymium-doped ZrO/sub 2/ dielectric waveguides

We propose here a new material system to serve as host for Pr/sup 3+/ dopant ions in planar and channel waveguide devices, which may include waveguide lasers, superluminescent light sources, and waveguide amplifiers. We report on light emission and amplification in Pr/sup 3+//Yb/sup 3+/ co-doped ZrO/sub 2/ films pumped at 975 nm. We have fabricated slab- and stripe-loaded channel waveguides with doped ZrO/sub 2/ as the guide region.
Falls in the general hospital: association with delirium, advanced age, and specific surgical procedures.

Background Falls and delirium in general-hospital inpatients are related to increases in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Patients fall despite safeguards and programs to reduce falling. Objective The authors sought to determine the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed delirium in patients who fell during their hospital stay. Method The authors performed a retrospective electronic chart review of 252 patients who fell during their hospital stay. Falls were categorized by their severity (i.e., minor, moderate, and major). Demographic information, patient outcomes, and diagnostic criteria for delirium (per DSM–IV) were collected on the day of admission, the day of the fall, and the 2 days preceding the patient's fall. Results Falls in the general hospital were associated with delirium (both diagnosed and undiagnosed), advanced age, and specific surgical procedures. Conclusion Improving the recognition of undiagnosed delirium may lead to sustainable and successful fall prevention programs. Detection of impairments in mental status can assist staff to create individualized patient care plans. Knowledge about which patients are at risk for injury from delirium and falls can lead to improvements in patient safety, functioning, and quality of life.
Role of adherent cells in dextran sulfate-mediated enhancement of mitogen-induced B-cell proliferation.

Abstract We have studied lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proliferation in the rat and have found that the addition of the compound Dextran sulfate (DxS), which itself is not mitogenic, to LPS stimulated cultures results in significant enhancement of cell division. A “DxS-free” supernatant from DxS stimulated spleen cell cultures is able to substitute for DxS in stimulatory activity. This supernatant possesses interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity, however, the addition of purified recombinant IL-1 to LPS-stimulated cultures does not result in augmentation of proliferation. A DxS-free supernatant from DxS stimulated adherent cells is also able to substitute for DxS in stimulatory activity. The active molecule(s) present in the adherent cell-derived DxS-free culture supernatant appears to be distinct from classical IL-1.
Performance of an Advanced Stirling Convertor Based on Heat Flux Sensor Measurements

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company (LMSSC) have been developing the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) for use as a power system for space science missions. This generator would use two high-efficiency Advanced Stirling Convertors (ASCs), developed by Sunpower, Inc., and NASA Glenn Research Center. The ASCs convert thermal energy from a radioisotope heat source into electricity. As part of ground testing of these ASCs, different operating conditions are used to simulate expected mission conditions. These conditions require achieving a particular operating frequency, hot-end and cold-end temperatures, and specified electrical power output for a given heat input. It is difficult to measure heat input to Stirling convertors due to the complex geometries of the hot components, temperature limits of sensor materials, and invasive integration of sensors. A thin-film heat flux sensor was used to directly measure heat input to an ASC. The effort succeeded in designing and fabricating unique sensors, which were integrated into a Stirling convertor ground test and exposed to test temperatures exceeding 700 C in air for 10,000 hr. Sensor measurements were used to calculate thermal efficiency for ASC-E (Engineering Unit) #1 and #4. The post-disassembly condition of the sensors is also discussed.
Toward Building a Multi-level Robust Intrusion Detection Architecture for Distributed Mobile Networks

A robust intrusion detection architecture for a distributed wireless mobile network is of significant importance as it is necessary to secure these networks against malicious attacks and sustain availability of services to various applications. In this paper, we examine the limitations of a layered approach to security in mobile networks. We consider a detection framework that encompasses multiple layers of the node's protocol stack using cross-layer communications. We discuss the functional advantages of the parameter interactions in intrusion detection, with regard to a few parameters. We present the metrics that characterize an efficient detection system and analyze the benefits of a multi-level intrusion detection architecture.
Hypertension: A Harbinger of Stroke and Dementia

Despite remarkable successes in prevention and treatment, hypertension (HTN) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 The brain is one of the preeminent target organs in which high blood pressure is particularly damaging, contributing significantly to its burden of disease.1 HTN is the biggest risk factor for stroke, the second cause of death worldwide and a major cause of long-term disability.2 HTN is also a leading risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI),3 as well as Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia in the elderly.3 Therefore, HTN is involved in the pathogenesis of 2 major brain diseases: stroke and dementia. In this brief review, we first examine the role of HTN in the alterations in cerebrovascular structure and function underlying the pathological effects of HTN on the brain. Then, we examine the pathophysiological bases of these alterations, focusing on how high blood pressure promotes stroke and cognitive impairment. Finally, we discuss the impact of preventive and therapeutic approaches to mitigate the deleterious effects of HTN on the brain. ### Adaptive Changes: Hypertrophy and Remodeling Sustained elevations in blood pressure have profound effects on the structure of cerebral blood vessels, inducing adaptive changes aimed at reducing the mechanical stress on the arterial wall and protecting microvessels from pulsatile stress.4 In hypertrophic remodeling, the media thickens to encroach into the lumen, resulting in increased media cross-sectional area and media/lumen ratio (Figure 1). The size of vascular smooth muscle cells increases, and there is accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen and fibronectin, in the vessel wall.5 In eutrophic remodeling, smooth muscle cells undergo a rearrangement that leads to a reduction in the outer and inner diameters, whereas media/lumen ratio is increased and cross-sectional area is unaltered (Figure 1). In this case, the change in vascular …
HOW BLUE-SPOTTED AND SMALL-MOUTHED SALAMANDER LARVAE COEXIST WITH THEIR UNISEXUAL COUNTERPARTS

Species of pond-breeding salamanders in the Great Lakes region often coexist with unisexual (all-female) populations that compete with larvae and are sexual parasites on adult males. We evaluated the effects of interactions with the larvae from unisexual salamander (Ambystoma laterale-complex) populations on blue-spotted (A. laterale) and small-mouthed salamander (A. texanum) larvae. We coupled observations in natural ponds with mesocosm and laboratory approaches to investigate the roles of competition, predation, microhabitat partitioning, and behavior on the coexistence of these populations. Unisexual salamander larvae increased mortality, reduced growth, and were observed to attack and bite small-mouthed and blue-spotted salamander larvae in mesocosms. Unisexual larvae were competitively superior to blue-spotted salamander larvae, but competitively equal to small-mouthed salamander larvae. Laboratory experiments confirmed field observations that both species increased their use of refuges in the presen...
Racial Difference in Response to Vitamin D Supplementation.

Acknowledgements This manuscript is the result of work supported by the use of resources and facilities at the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, specifically, the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC). Background Deficiency in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) is common, especially in the elderly and African Americans (AA). While 25(OH) D deficiency is associated with multiple negative health outcomes, current recommendations for supplementation of this deficiency may be insufficient. Objective To determine the prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency, the extent of vitamin D supplementation, and the effect of supplementation on 25(OH) D levels in an elderly Veteran population. The study also focused specifically on the role of race in the risk for 25(OH)D deficiency and in the response to vitamin D supplementation. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of information including 25(OH)D serum levels pre and post-supplementation, race, and vitamin D supplementation. Subjects were community-dwelling Veterans (≥ 60 years) followed by a VA geriatric clinic. A total of 234 charts were reviewed (124 Caucasian, 78 AA, 32 other/unknown race). Information collected through the chart review was analyzed by comparing the means of 25(OH)D levels pre and post-supplementation across races and across times. Results At Baseline 206 subjects (88%) were 25(OH)D deficient ( Conclusions Conservative oral vitamin D supplementation is largely ineffective at achieving therapeutic serum levels, especially for AAs. Future research is needed to focus on individualized supplementation strategies and targeted risk factors such as race.
Molecular mechanism of the priming by jasmonic acid of specific dehydration stress response genes in Arabidopsis

Plant genes that provide a different response to a similar dehydration stress illustrate the concept of transcriptional ‘dehydration stress memory’. Pre-exposing a plant to a biotic stress or a stress-signaling hormone may increase transcription from response genes in a future stress, a phenomenon known as ‘gene priming’. Although known that primed transcription is preceded by accumulation of H3K4me3 marks at primed genes, what mechanism provides for their appearance before the transcription was unclear. How augmented transcription is achieved, whether/how the two memory phenomena are connected at the transcriptional level, and whether similar molecular and/or epigenetic mechanisms regulate them are fundamental questions about the molecular mechanisms regulating gene expression. Although the stress hormone jasmonic acid (JA) was unable to induce transcription of tested dehydration stress response genes, it strongly potentiated transcription from specific ABA-dependent ‘memory’ genes. We elucidate the molecular mechanism causing their priming, demonstrate that stalled RNA polymerase II and H3K4me3 accumulate as epigenetic marks at the JA-primed ABA-dependent genes before actual transcription, and describe how these events occur mechanistically. The transcription factor MYC2 binds to the genes in response to both dehydration stress and to JA and determines the specificity of the priming. The MEDIATOR subunit MED25 links JA-priming with dehydration stress response pathways at the transcriptional level. Possible biological relevance of primed enhanced transcription from the specific memory genes is discussed. The biotic stress hormone JA potentiated transcription from a specific subset of ABA-response genes, revealing a novel aspect of the JA- and ABA-signaling pathways’ interactions. H3K4me3 functions as an epigenetic mark at JA-primed dehydration stress response genes before transcription. We emphasize that histone and epigenetic marks are not synonymous and argue that distinguishing between them is important for understanding the role of chromatin marks in genes’ transcriptional performance. JA-priming, specifically of dehydration stress memory genes encoding cell/membrane protective functions, suggests it is an adaptational response to two different environmental stresses.
Surfactant-Templated Synthesis of Ordered Silicas with Closed Cylindrical Mesopores

Ordered mesoporous silicas with 2-dimensional hexagonal arrays of closed cylindrical pores were synthesized via templating with block copolymer surfactant followed by calcination at appropriately high temperatures. Precursors to closed-pore silicas, including SBA-15 silicas and organosilicas, were selected based on the existence of narrow passages to the mesopores. The increase in calcination temperature to 800–950 °C led to a dramatic decrease in nitrogen uptake by the materials, indicating the loss of accessible mesopores, whereas small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) indicated no major structural changes other than the framework shrinkage. Since SAXS patterns for ordered mesoporous materials are related to periodic arrays of mesopores, the existence of closed mesopores was evident, as additionally confirmed by TEM. The formation of closed-pore silicas was demonstrated for ultralarge-pore SBA-15 and large-pore phenylene-bridged periodic mesoporous organosilicas. The increase in the amount of tetraethyl or...
Application of the anti-infective agents to the earlier period of heart transplantation

OBJECTIVE To investigate the application of the anti-infective agents to the earlier period of heart transplantation in hospital.METHODS The case history of heart transplantation patients was reviewed retrospectively,and the information of the use of the anti-infective agents was collected and analyzed.RESULTS The categories of the anti-infective agents could be selected according to the results of germiculture and drug sensitivity of bacteria and this selection was almost correct or proper.CONCLUSION The selection of the categories of the anti-infective agents was almost reasonable,but the long duration and union administration of the anti-infective agents could be noticed.
Investigation on Heavy Metal Contamination in Commercial Food in Weifang City in 2010

[Objective]To understand the status of heavy metal contamination in commercial food in urban Weifang,so as to adopt corresponding preventive strategy.[Methods]Lead,cadmium,arsenic,mercury levels in the foodstuff samples were tested by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry.[Results]A total of 461 food samples were collected in 2010,461 samples of lead content were tested,5(1.1%) were excessive;351 samples of cadmium content were tested,14(4.0%) were excessive;328 samples of arsenic content were tested,4(1.2%) were excessive;221 samples of cadmium content were tested,9(4.1%) were excessive.[Conclusion]Through the situation of heavy metal contamination is not serious in Weifang City,contamination also exists in some kinds of food,which should be attached importance.
Increased expression in human astrocytomas of a 100 kDa protein with sequence homology to the ros tyrosine kinase domain

AbstractA monoclonal antibody against the v-ros synthetic peptide VWETLTLGQQPYPCLSN IEVL (amino acid residues 455-475 of v-ros), which is in the conserved region of the c-ros tyrosine kinase domain, was used for Western blotting of human astrocytoma specimens. High levels of a 100 kDa protein were detected in many of these primary brain tumours. In contrast, low levels of this 100 kDa protein were consistently found in the nontumour brain control samples. This 100 kDa protein is however, probably not the c-ros protein, but may be a novel cytosolic protein-tyrosine kinase and a marker for early transformation of astrocytomas. [Neurol Res 1993; 15: 316-320].
Nicotine-Upregulation of Alpha 7 nAChR in Xenopus Oocytes

The alpha 7 (α7) subtype of nAChR appears to play critical roles in learning, cognition, and various neuropathologies including nicotine addiction. Nicotine-upregulation of α7 Rs may play a significant role in the latter phenomenon. But whether nicotine-upregulation of α7 Rs reliably occurs, and its underlying mechanism(s), are largely unknown. Previous studies of α7 nAChRs heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes failed to observe nicotine-upregulation. These failures might have been due to intracellular accumulation of nicotine and its subsequent slow release from oocytes, resulting in desensitization of α7 Rs during functional assays. In our experiments, 12-14 hr exposure to nicotine (100 μM) 4-5 days post cRNA-injection (PI), followed by extensive washout, yielded statistically-significant ∼2-fold increases in peak α7 currents and net charge as determined by TEVC and α7-protein (by Western blot). Less-extensive washout, as well as 100 nM nicotine incubation, failed to produce upregulation. Instead, inactivated/desensitized currents were observed. GC/MS measurement of nicotine in the washout fluid confirmed that nicotine was continually released from oocytes. The concentration was ∼20 nM at 3-4 hr following washout onset, well in excess of the ∼ 3 nM IC50 value. Exposure of α7-expressing oocytes to cumulative washout fluid produced suppressed α7 currents (∼ 8% of controls). Similar to nicotine, methyllycaconitine, a cell-permeable competitive antagonist of α7 Rs, and carbachol, a stable membrane-impermeable agonist, also produced ∼ 2X-upregulation. However, ACh incubation (which can be hydrolyzed by the oocytes) failed to produce upregulation. We also found that chelation of intracellular Ca2+ by BAPTA-AM completely blocked nicotine upregulation. However, elimination of extracellular Ca2+ had no effect. These results suggest that persistent ligand-binding to α7 Rs (but not necessarily channel gating), leading to increases in [Ca2+]i, was critical for α7 R-upregulation. Several Ca2+-dependent signaling pathways were implicated in nicotine-upregulation of α7.
Platelet-Rich Plasma in Knee Osteoarthritis in the Athlete

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of synovial joints. It is the result of mechanical stress and biochemical cellular changes that cause pain and impair joint function. Osteoarthritis is the eighth leading non-fatal burden of disease worldwide and a major cause of disability [1]. The prevalence of symptomatic OA increases with age and it is estimated that 18 % of women and 9.6 % of men over age 60 have knee OA [1]. With increased longevity in the population the burden and prevalence of this disease is expected to grow [2]. Furthermore, the epidemic of obesity and resultant motivation to exercise, often through sports, places more middle and older adults at risk of developing degenerative joint disease [3]. For the aging and former athlete, OA may be a result of active adolescence and result from prior ligamentous injury, meniscal trauma, or joint dislocation. In a recent study, aging male athletes were 1.6 times more likely to develop knee OA than controls [4].
The Function of Survival Motor Neuron Complex and Its Role in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Pathogenesis

The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein is the centerfold of a large macromolecular complex comprising SMN, Gemins 2–8, and Unrip. The complex’s best characterized function is in the assembly of a protein ring (Sm core) on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), thereby forming small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), the major subunits of cells’ protein-coding mRNA-splicing machine. Biochemical studies identified SMN complex subunits and dissected how this first-of-its-kind RNP assembly device operates an snRNP biogenesis pathway. Atomic structures of a key intermediate provide important mechanistic insights and explain the basis of several spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)-causing SMN mutations. The SMN complex’s interactions with multiple RNA-binding proteins suggest diverse additional roles in RNA metabolism, consistent with SMA’s widespread transcriptome perturbations. Further research on the SMN complex is motivated by its central role in biology and in SMA pathogenesis, aiming to advance prospects of therapy for SMA and potentially other diseases.
New MSC: MSCs as pericytes are Sentinels and gatekeepers.

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells, hMSCs, were first named over 25 years ago with the “stem cell” nomenclature derived from the fact that we and others could cause these cells to differentiate into a number of different mesodermal phenotypes in cell culture. The capacity to form skeletal tissue in vitro encouraged the use of hMSCs for the fabrication of tissue engineered skeletal repair tissue with subsequent transplantation to in vivo sites. With the current realization that MSCs are derived from perivascular cells, pericytes, and the immunomodulatory and trophic capabilities of MSCs in both in vitro and in vivo test systems, a complete re-evaluation of the role and functions of MSCs in the body was required. Additionally, the skeleton is a preferred organ for cancer dissemination from various tumor malignancies. To date, most efforts to understand skeletal metastasis have focused on the invasive and digestive capability of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs). The contribution of the target organ-specific microvascular structure influencing extravasation is less well understood. Current targeted cancer therapies are designed to alter not only biological functions in DTCs, but also components of the tumor stroma/microenvironment such as blood vessels. We now have a comprehensive image of the critical role of the host vasculature as an instructive niche for DTCs. The focus of this manuscript is to present the current information about MSC function in situ and to emphasize how these new observations provide insight into understanding the role of the pericyte/MSC in skeletal activities including our new hypothesis for how these cells act as a gatekeeper for metastasis of melanoma into bone. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1151–1159, 2017.
An unattended verification station for UF6 cylinders: Field trial findings

Abstract In recent years, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has pursued innovative techniques and an integrated suite of safeguards measures to address the verification challenges posed by the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle. Among the unattended instruments currently being explored by the IAEA is an Unattended Cylinder Verification Station (UCVS), which could provide automated, independent verification of the declared relative enrichment, 235 U mass, total uranium mass, and identification for all declared uranium hexafluoride cylinders in a facility (e.g., uranium enrichment plants and fuel fabrication plants). Under the auspices of the United States and European Commission Support Programs to the IAEA, a project was undertaken to assess the technical and practical viability of the UCVS concept. The first phase of the UCVS viability study was centered on a long-term field trial of a prototype UCVS system at a fuel fabrication facility. A key outcome of the study was a quantitative performance evaluation of two nondestructive assay (NDA) methods being considered for inclusion in a UCVS: Hybrid Enrichment Verification Array (HEVA), and Passive Neutron Enrichment Meter (PNEM). This paper provides a description of the UCVS prototype design and an overview of the long-term field trial. Analysis results and interpretation are presented with a focus on the performance of PNEM and HEVA for the assay of over 200 “typical” Type 30B cylinders, and the viability of an “NDA Fingerprint” concept as a high-fidelity means to periodically verify that material diversion has not occurred.
Participating in ‘1984’: The Surveillance of Sousveillance from White Noise to Right Now

In this chapter, I argue that reading Don DeLillo’s 1984 novel White Noise alongside the emerging technologies of that pivotal year can help us better understand what I call the “surveillance of sousveillance”’ if we trace how those technologies have developed into our cultural moment now. Surveillance—being constantly monitored by “eye-in-the-sky” technology—today is now reciprocally complicated by what Steve Mann has termed sousveillance—monitoring back through “eyes-on-the-ground” technology. Where DeLillo’s novel comes in theoretical handy then is its reflection of a media-saturated society in a year that saw, as Ridley Scott’s famous Apple Macintosh commercial promised, “why 1984 won’t be like “1984.”’ The surveillance prophecy of George Orwell’s dystopia was replaced with a proto-sousveillance conceptualization which began to encourage interaction with the technologies feared to control us. What that looks like now, as DeLillo had already seen coming, is our culture built around “watching you” as much as it is around “watch me”. What I intend for this chapter is to consider DeLillo’s novel and its (not so) Orwellian year of 1984 in order to call attention to the ways we currently attempt sousveillant connections to the surveillance around us, the surveillance that we ourselves contribute to. Rather than categorize surveillance as only “them watching us,” I argue that it is just as much “us watching each other”; a clarification that nuances my idea that the surveillance of sousveillance constitutes our trend of being watchable to give others something to watch. Therefore, through specific applications of literary and media studies, my chapter contends that our cultural narratives are affected by not merely the surveillant gazes of multiple media, but our sousveillant desire to connect with those gazes.
The impact of expanding Medicaid on health insurance coverage and labor market outcomes

Expansions of public health insurance have the potential to reduce the uninsured rate, but also to reduce coverage through employer-sponsored insurance (ESI), reduce labor supply, and increase job mobility. In January 2014, twenty-five states expanded Medicaid as part of the Affordable Care Act to low-income parents and childless adults. Using data from the 2011–2015 March Current Population Survey Supplements, we compare the changes in insurance coverage and labor market outcomes over time of adults in states that expanded Medicaid and in states that did not. Our estimates suggest that the recent expansion significantly increased Medicaid coverage with little decrease in ESI. Overall, the expansion did not impact labor market outcomes, including labor force participation, employment, and hours worked.
Supervised Approaches to Assign Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) Codes to Patents

This paper re-introduces the problem of patent classification with respect to the new Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) system. CPC has replaced the U.S. Patent Classification (USPC) coding system as the official patent classification system in 2013. We frame patent classification as a multi-label text classification problem in which the prediction for a test document is a set of labels and success is measured based on the micro-F1 measure. We propose a supervised classification system that exploits the hierarchical taxonomy of CPC as well as the citation records of a test patent; we also propose various label ranking and cut-off (calibration) methods as part of the system pipeline. To evaluate the system, we conducted experiments on U.S. patents released in 2010 and 2011 for over 600 labels that correspond to the “subclasses” at the third level in the CPC hierarchy. The best variant of our model achieves \(\approx \)70% in micro-F1 score and the results are statistically significant. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to reinitiate the automated patent classification task under the new CPC coding scheme.
A current-measurement front-end with 160dB dynamic range and 7ppm INL

Accurate current measurement is crucial in many biosensing applications, such as the detection of neurotransmitters [1] and the monitoring of intercellular molecular dynamics. This need has become even more critical recently with single-molecule biosensors where sub-pA signal currents are superimposed on a slowly varying nA-to-μA background current, as is the case with nanopores [2]. As such, the readout circuitry requires wide dynamic range (>120dB) and high linearity (>14b) albeit often with low bandwidth (a few Hz to kHz). This paper presents a current measurement front-end using a modified asynchronous ΔΣ modulator architecture that achieves 7ppm INL and 160dB dynamic range (100fA to 10μA) for a state-of-the-art 197dB FoM due to: 1) a continuous-time, oscillator-based Hourglass ADC that asynchronously folds the input signal within the supply, 2) noise shaping to suppress the quantization noise, and 3) a digital linearity correction technique that relaxes the amplifier bandwidth requirement thus reducing power.
Suppurative anal cryptitis associated with Trichuris trichiura. Report of a case.

The whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) is an occasional finding in anorectal disease. All cases of anorectal discharge should include a test for ova and parasites. Trichuris infestations can be eliminated by the use of mebendazole (VermoxР), a specific drug which has almost no side effects. It should be remembered that structural diseases of the anorectum occurring during an infection such as fissure, fistula, and abscess, may persist after the infection has been cured and usually must be treated surgically
Coordinated Regulation of Cold Induced Sweetening in Tetraploid Potato Families by Isozymes of UDP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase and Vacuolar Acid Invertase

Past investigations have suggested that both UGPase and AcInv activities can be used as markers to screen genetically diverse potato clones for cold induced sweetening resistance (CIS-R). The goal of this study was to define their cooperative interaction in regulating sweetening. Inter- and intra-ploidy hybridizations of good (G) and poor (P) processing 24 or 48 chromosome potato clones were used to create 24 potato families. Potatoes were field grown and 460 progeny (≤20 each family) were stored for five months in the cold (4 C). Tubers from each progeny plant were evaluated for cold induced sweetening resistance (CIS-R) and correlated with the percentage of A-II isozymes of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9); and acid invertase activity (AcInv; EC 3.2.1.26). Each progeny was given a CIS-R score of 1–10 (1-most resistance, 10 least resistance). The families were grouped into four classes based on (1) high or low AcInv activity (low being a SA of 0.30 or less) (2) high or low percentage of A-II isozymes (low being 50% or less), and (3) CIS-R score. In high AcInv families, CIS-R was low regardless of the percentage of A-II isozymes present. In low AcInv activity families, there was a trend for average chip color to improve as the percentage of A-II isozymes increased from 0% to 40%. This increase in CIS-R in low AcInv families is likely due to the kinetic properties unique to the A-II forms of UGPase (principally UGP5) which limit the formation of sucrose via sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14). Lower concentrations of sucrose can lead to a decrease in reducing sugar production via vacuolar AcInv and lighter chip and fry colors. In selecting tetraploid parents, for the development of processing potato clones with improved CIS-R, it is recommended they have a basal AcInv SA of 0.30 or less and have A-II isozymes of UGPase.
23 – Oxidative Stress as a Governing Factor in Physiological Aging

The oxidative stress hypothesis continues to serve as a useful paradigm in understanding how the progressive functional deterioration that accompanies the aging process might occur. If the assumption that oxidative stress/damage accumulation is a fundamental causal factor in the aging of aerobic organisms is valid, it will follow that factors controlling the level of oxidative stress, as well as the specific molecular targets that are differentially susceptible to oxidative damage, will provide the framework for a fundamental understanding of physiological aging. The evaluation of manipulation of the antioxidative defenses and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, which together determine the level of oxidative stress, provides a mechanistic understanding of factors governing the age-associated increase in oxidative stress. It also provides an invaluable approach for making the connection between oxidative stress and the specific functional deterioration associated with aging.
Relativity in Spain

The reception of relativity in Spain was a phenomenon dominated by mathematicians with extensive linkages to Italian mathematics; as a result, general relativity dominated scientific discussions. Many of the leading figures were conservative Catholics and, indeed, one could make the case that, in ideological terms, relativity became a conservative cause in Spain. In order to determine why this should have been so we must investigate the sources of demand for information about relativity. In general, the most conspicuous “consumers” of Einstein’s theories in Spain were engineers, also a Catholic, socially conservative group. Engineers, we will see, differed greatly in their ability to understand relativity, although enthusiasm for Einstein was not affected by intellectual disability. Inasmuch as the scientific reception was significantly tailored to the demands of the engineering community, who, in turn, produced most of the popularizations of relativity for the general public, we treat the reception of relativity as a seamless web, a culturewide phenomenon engaging different levels of society and domains of discourse simultaneously, with multiple feedbacks among them. To view the reception of relativity thus – as a phenomenon which ripples through an entire culture – we must disabuse ourselves of the view that the distinction between “scientific” and “popular” receptions is a meaningful one. The ideas clearly lose physical meaning the farther they stray from mathematical language. But a contextual approach must focus on what was perceived or found useful by different groups appropriating relativity, without attempting to assess the physical validity of the discussion at each point. To do so would only belabor the obvious.1
Superior fluid cognition in trained musicians

The effect of intensive music training on cognitive function continues to gain interest as research reveals a positive enhancement on overall cognitive ability, including memory, attention, and exe...
Review of Tibetan Medical Data Mining

Firstly, this review analyzed the prospect and the main problems of data mining in the Tibetan medicine field. Secondly, it focused on the elaboration of the current research status of data mining technology applied in Tibetan areas, and carried on detailed analysis of the research in clustering, association rules, classification technology in Tibetan field respectively. Finally, this paper put forward a novel decision support framework of Tibetan medicine treatment innovatively based on the above problem, which aims to realize the personalized treatment of Tibetan medicine and provide effective support for the scientific treatment of common diseases of Tibetan plateau further.
Quantum Dots as Photocatalysts for Bicarbonate Reduction to Solar Fuels: Formate Production from CuS, CuInS2, and CuInS2/ZnS

In this study, non-cadmium-based quantum dots were synthesized and used as catalysts for the photochemical reduction of bicarbonate to value-added formic acid. Three types of quantum dots (CuS, CuInS2, and CuInS2/ZnS) were chosen because of they feature environmentally benign properties, possess wide optical absorption, and exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity. All three photocatalysts exhibited excellent efficiency in the photo-reduction of bicarbonate to formic acid, with CuInS2/ZnS showing the highest photon to formate conversion efficiency of 6.07 ± 0.07%. We attribute these exceptional results to their smaller bandgap leading to enhanced visible light absorption and the application of an appropriate hole scavenger that prolongs photo-generated charge carrier separation. To the best of our knowledge, the application of quantum dots in photocatalysis is still quite limited; this report describes the highest apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) to date.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Theoretical Investigation of the Reductive Protonation of Cyclopentadienyl Cobalt Compounds

Cobalt(III) hydrides, formed via protonation of basic cobalt(I) centers, have long been recognized as key intermediates in the electrocatalytic reduction of protons to hydrogen. An understanding of the structural and electronic factors that govern their formation is key to developing more efficient and potent catalysts. A combination of Co K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, density functional theory (DFT), and time-dependent DFT methods have been used to investigate several cyclopentadienyl (Cp) Co(III)L (L = ligand) species and their two-electron reduced Co(I) analogues. The results reveal that when L is strongly π-accepting, the reduced species demonstrates strong backbonding between the electron-rich Co(I) center and the ligand L, resulting in a weakly basic Co center that does not protonate to form a Co(III)–H. In contrast, a weakly π-accepting or σ-donating ligand system results in an electron-rich Co(I) center, which is readily protonated to form a Co(III...
Race Tracks: Career Aspirations and Feelings of Isolation in the Mainstream Classroom:

Situated within scholarly research on tracking, within-school racial segregation, and student career aspirations, this qualitative study examines how three Black students in the mainstream program at a magnet high school in the Southeastern United States discussed their career aspirations. Results indicate that while each participant aspired to attend college, their isolation from the social and cultural capital needed to successfully apply for colleges and their academic status within their school would serve as hindrances in gaining access to institutions that would help them accomplish their career aspirations. The data reveal a need to challenge educational policy such as tracking that has historically targeted and marginalized students of color and continues to provide unnecessary obstacles as they seek to reach their ambitions.
Saving the patent law from itself: informal remarks concerning the systemic problems afflicting developed intellectual property regimes.

* © J. H. Reichman, Bunyan S. Womble Professor of Law, Duke University School of Law, Durham, N.C. 1 For pessimistic views, see, e.g., Rai (this volume?); Eisenberg (this volume); see also Arti Kaur Rai, Regulating Scientific Research: Intellectual Property Rights and the Norms of Science, 94 NORTHWESTERN U.L. REV. 77, 9294, 109-115 (1999); Rebecca S. Eisenberg, Bargaining Over the Transfer of Proprietary Research Tools: Is this Market Failing or Emerging?, in EXPANDING THE BOUNDARIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: INNOVATION POLICY FOR THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY 223-49 (Rochelle Dreyfuss et al eds. 2001) [hereinafter BOUNDARIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY]; Rai and Eisenberg, Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine, 66 LAW & CONTEMP. PROBS. 289 (2003). For more optimistic views, see Richard A. Epstein, Steady the Course: Property Rights in Genetic Material, (this volume); F. Scott Kieff, Perusing Property Rights in DNA, (this volume).