cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Altered human alveolar bone gene expression in type 2 diabetes-A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this cross-sectional study is to investigate alveolar bone gene expression in health and diabetes through ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. BACKGROUND It is relatively unknown how type 2 diabetes modulates gene expression in alveolar bone in humans. Clinical concern regarding increased implant failure rate in patients with diabetes has been discussed in the literature. Previous studies in animal models and humans have suggested an imbalance between the genes regulating bone formation with data suggesting bone resorption in diabetes. However, there is lack of data regarding a comprehensive gene expression from human alveolar bone in diabetes. METHODS Alveolar bone was collected from healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects undergoing periodontal and implant surgeries. The homogenized RNA sample was then extracted and analyzed for quantity and quality. RNA samples were further purified using ribosomal RNA depletion technique and processed for RNA sequencing and analysis. Expression levels for mRNAs were performed by calculating FPKM ([total_exon_fragments/mapped reads (millions) × exon length (kB)]), and differentially expressed mRNAs were selected with log2 (fold change) >1 or log2 (fold change) ≤1 and with a parametric F test comparing nested linear models. RESULTS Eighteen bone samples (10 healthy, 8 patients with diabetes) were analyzed for gene expression. The mean age and HbA1c% of healthy versus diabetic subjects were as follows: age (55.3 ± 17.5 vs 63.9 ± 8.7 years) and HbA1c% (5.6 ± 0.29 vs 7.3 ± 2.4), respectively. Sequencing analysis showed that expression of genes that regulate bone turnover like TGFB1, LTBP4, IGF1, BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, SMAD1, RUNX2, MCSF, and THRA was significantly downregulated in diabetes samples compared with healthy controls with overall reduced expression of genes in the bone regulation pathway in patients with diabetes. Bioinformatics analysis for the altered genes highlighted several pathways related to bone homeostasis and inflammation in diabetes. Periodontitis did not affect the gene expression pattern based on diabetes status. CONCLUSIONS Altered expression of genes due to downregulation of certain pathways that are involved in bone turnover and inflammation suggests that overall wound healing and bone homeostasis may be compromised in type 2 diabetes.
Antipsychotic Drugs and Interactions: Implications for Criminal and Civil Litigation

Antipsychotics can be classified into two general types: traditional antipsychotics (also referred to as first-generation antipsychotics or FGAs and as standard neuroleptics) and atypical antipsychotics (also referred to as second-generation antipsychotics or SGAs).
RRTs for nonlinear, discrete, and hybrid planning and control

In this paper, we describe a planning and control approach in terms of sampling using Rapidly-exploring Random Trees (RRTs), which were introduced by LaValle. We review RRTs for motion planning and show how to use them to solve standard nonlinear control problems. We extend them to the case of hybrid systems and describe our modifications to LaValle's Motion Strategy Library to allow for hybrid motion planning. Finally, we extend them to purely discrete spaces (using heuristic evaluation as a distance metric) and provide computational experiments comparing them to conventional methods, such as A.
Virulence determination for rapid extraintestinal Dissemination (Acute Infection) of Common Salmonella Serotypes in Swine

Salmonella enterica (Typhimurium and Choleraesuis) have been shown to rapidly disseminate extraintestinally (RED) within 3 hours of intranasal inoculation in pigs (1,2,5,6). Evaluation of RED serotypes may be an important indicator of Salmonella virulence. Experimentally, pigs were challenged with important lymph node, fecal, and vaccine isolates of Salmonella and evaluated for RED. These isolates include S. Heidelberg, S. Infantis, S. Derby, S. Worthington, S. 4, 12 imonophasic, S. untypable HL 10416, S. Typhimurium, S. Typhimurium variant Copenhagen, S. Bredeney, S. Muenchen, S. Brandenburg, S. Choleraesuis SC-38, S. Choleraesuis SC-54, and S. Choleraesuis strain Argus. Three hours after intranasal inoculation, the pigs were euthanized, necropsied, and the following tissues were collected for qualitative isolation: tonsil, thymus, blood, mandibular lymph node, lung, spleen, liver, ileocecal lymph node, colon contents, and cecum contents. Fewer tissues were positive for vaccine strains compared with wild type or parent strains.
Innovative Instruction in High School Mathematics

To meet the requirements for New York State certification in the teaching of secondary school mathematics, student teachers complete placements in both a middle school and a high school. In addition to working in the classroom, they maintain journals and post them online. The journals provide an opportunity for student teachers to reflect on their practice and to learn from others. In addition, student teachers attend weekly seminars at the College. By doing so, they become members of a community of practitioners. NOTES FROM THE CLASSROOM contains excerpts from the journals.
Heuristic multi-layer optimum topology design scheme based on traffic measurement for IP + photonic networks

This paper presented a heuristic-based multilayer topology design scheme, called EBXCQ, for IP photonic networks. By monitoring IP traffic loads, photonic MPLS routers are controlled to dynamically change the network configuration to efficiently utilize the network resources in a distributed manner.
Perfluorochemical (PFC) Exposure in Children: Associations with Impaired Response Inhibition

Background Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been used widely in consumer products since the 1950s and are currently found at detectable levels in the blood of humans and animals across the globe. In stark contrast to this widespread exposure to PFCs, there is relatively little research on potential adverse health effects of exposure to these chemicals. Objectives We performed this cross-sectional study to determine if specific blood PFC levels are associated with impaired response inhibition in children. Methods Blood levels of 11 PFCs were measured in children (N = 83) and 6 PFCs: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) - were found at detectable levels in most children (87.5% or greater had detectable levels). These levels were analyzed in relation to the differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) task. This task rewards delays between responses (i.e., longer inter-response times; IRTs) and therefore constitutes a measure of response inhibition. Results Higher levels of blood PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS, and PFOSA were associated with significantly shorter IRTs during the DRL task. The magnitude of these associations was such that IRTs during the task decreased by 29-34% for every 1 SD increase in the corresponding blood PFC. Conclusions This study suggests an association between PFC exposure and children's impulsivity. Although intriguing, there is a need for further investigation and replication with a larger sample of children.
Comparison of Alkali–Silica Reaction Gel Behavior in Mortar at Microwave Frequencies

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is one common cause of concrete deterioration and has been a growing concern for decades. Water, in the presence of reactive aggregates used to make concrete, plays a major role in the formation, sustainment, and promotion of this reaction. In this process, free water becomes bound within ASR gel, resulting in expansion and deterioration of concrete. Devising a test approach that is sensitive to the state of water (free or bound) has the potential to become a method-of-choice for ASR detection and evaluation, since such measures can be used to detect ASR and potentially quantify reaction progression. Microwave signals are sensitive to the presence of water, since the water relaxation frequency occurs in this frequency range. Recently, microwave nondestructive evaluation techniques have shown great potential to evaluate and distinguish between ASR-affected mortar samples and those without ASR gel. Given the complex chemistry of ASR products, their behavior is expected to differ at different microwave frequency bands. To evaluate the sensitivity of different frequencies to the presence of ASR, dielectric constant measurements were conducted at $R$ -band (1.7–2.6 GHz), $S$ -band (2.6–3.95 GHz), and $X$ -band (8.2–12.4 GHz). This paper presents the measured results for mortar samples made with reactive and nonreactive aggregates. The measurement results and subsequent analyses aid in a better understanding of the microwave signals interaction with ASR-affected cement-based materials. Moreover, the results indicate that $S$ -band appears to be the most appropriate frequency band for ASR evaluation in the microwave regime.
Consumers’ Knowledge and Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

Abstract Dietary supplement use is prevalent in the United States. Estimates suggest that 23–69% of the population consumes vitamin or mineral supplements. Health educators lack information needed to develop appropriate educational programs regarding supplements for consumers. This research was designed to investigate the relationship between knowledge and vitamin and mineral supplement use. Adult consumers were surveyed via a mail questionnaire. Subjects included 38 males and 67 females. Regular supplement use was reported by 81.9% of the sample. The most commonly used supplement was a multiple vitamin and mineral. Vitamin C was the most common individual supplement used, vitamin E second, and calcium third. Significantly more women than men consumed calcium supplements. Selenium supplements were taken significantly more often by men than women. Use of vitamin E supplements increased directly with age. The most frequently given reasons for using vitamin and mineral supplements were to meet daily requirements and to improve overall health and well-being. Knowledge scores ranged from 9 to 19 (out of a possible 19), mean score 15.5. Although females scored higher than males, the difference was not significant. Those with a post-graduate education scored highest overall. No significant correlation was found between knowledge and vitamin and mineral supplement use. This information suggests that educational programs for the public must provide basic nutrition information and also discuss appropriate use of vitamin and mineral supplements.
Acidity of Organic Molecules in the Gas Phase and in Aqueous Solvent

Using a combination of ab initio, DFT and continuum solvation methods, the gas phase and aqueous acidities for a set of weak organic acids with high pKa values, which cannot be measured experimentally in aqueous solvent, have been calculated. Comparison of the computed and experimental data for different terms used in the thermodynamic cycle for the calculation of pKa values allowed us to estimate that the errors in the pKa calculations are of order of 2 pKa units, i.e., less than 10% of the expected pKa values for the studied weak organic acids. It is shown that inclusion of explicit water molecules in the solute cavity of compounds with pKa values over 40 could lead to dubious results due to the inappropriate description of the corresponding anion solvation. Acidity trends for compounds in the gas phase and in aqueous solvent were found to be different, due to the effects of aqueous solvation.
A theory of effective computer-based instruction for adults

Computer-based instruction (CBI) was considered the technological phenomenon to revolutionize education and training. Today, the Internet and computer technology are reported to have significantly altered the education landscape (Johnson & Aragon, 2002). The rapid advances in technology, the need for lifelong learning, and the growth of nontraditional students have encouraged the use of the computer as a method of instructional delivery. Evaluating the effectiveness of CBI as a whole technology is very difficult. The inability to measure effectiveness is attributable in part to the fact that CBI is not just one component, but a complex range of services and activities carried out for instructional and learning purposes (Gibbons & Fairweather, 2000). This study presents a theory of critical components that impact the effectiveness of computer-based instruction for adults. The theory was developed to provide a framework for research to explain or predict effective learning by adults using a desktop computer. The five conclusions drawn from this research are: (1) the characteristics of self-directedness and computer self-efficacy of adult learners play an important role in designing CBI for adults; (2) learning goal level impacts instructional design strategy and instructional control component of CBI design; (3) external support and instructional support are needed to provide a positive CBI experience; (4) CBI design is interwoven with the units of self-directedness, computer self-efficacy, learning goal level, instructional design, and external support; and (5) the theory draws together the isolated variables researchers consider important in adult learning process and aligns them to provide effective CBI.
Infusion of Cell-Free Fluids Into Rabbits in Hemorrhagic Shock: Replacement of Blood With Crystalloid Fluids of Various Tonicities

Acellular nononcotic solutions of various osmolalities and compositions were tested for their life-sustaining abilities in acute hemorrhagic shock in rabbits where blood was replaced on a volume-for-volume basis. Osmolal and hyperosmolal solutions were more effective in sustaining life than conventionally used lactated Ringer's solution or hypoosmolal solutions. Survival rate of experimental animals was further improved and approached that obtained with reinfusion of autologous blood by the use of synthetic tissue culture type hyperosmolal solutions.
The influence of d-amphetamine, benactyzine, and chlorpromazine on performance in an auditory vigilance task

Detections, false responses, and latencies were measured in a 1-hr. auditory vigilance task following ingestion of either a stimulating drug, one of two tranquilizers, or a placebo. Changes in performance under the placebo were explicable in terms of shifts toward conservatism in S’s criteria for responding; under the tranquilizers, similar shifts in criteria occurred as well as decrements in effective sensitivity. Under the stimu lant, performance quality remained essentially constant during the 1-hr. vigil.
Determinants of hospital utilization and surgery on the Navajo Indian reservation: 1972-1978.

Abstract Hospital data from the Navajo Reservation indicate that utilization has been responsive to changes in the health care system, Navajo social organization, and disease patterns. Distance of a community from the nearest hospital is the best predictor of hospitalization rates in the community but involvement in the wage economy and household size also enter significantly into the regression. Age of patients is also significantly related to distance as well as to age of the population and to dependence upon welfare. The rate of cholecystectomies in a community is best explained by distance from the nearest hospital offering surgery. This is in contrast to rates of appendectomies and hysterectomies, which appear to be most significantly related to measures of acculturation to the dominant society.
The Continuum of Risk Vascular Pathophysiology, Function, and Structure

What factors place people at risk for developing cardiovascular disease as they grow from youth to adulthood? How do both physiological and epidemiological investigations contribute to the development of the evidence that can support or refute current hypotheses regarding the development of atherosclerosis? How can the interplay of differing study designs improve our understanding of atherosclerosis? See p 2918 Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that is the leading cause of death in the developed world and leads to carotid artery, coronary artery, and peripheral arterial atherosclerotic syndromes. Inasmuch as atherosclerotic diseases affect as many as 64 million adults in the United States, considerable health care resources have been deployed to provide care for those affected.1 Past research findings have contributed to considerable advances in survival for individuals who have overt heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, yet the continued aging of the population implies that the prevalence of each atherosclerotic disorder will increase in the decades ahead. In this context, investigations that provide insights into disease mechanisms and that define how vulnerability to atherosclerosis is established are now particularly valuable. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is known to be dependent on multiple hereditary and environmental factors. It is presumed that these genetic and acquired factors contribute in a complex manner to a progressive pathophysiological process that causes a normal artery to develop progressive endothelial dysfunction. Loss of normal endothelial function is hypothesized to be a fundamental step in the atherosclerotic disease process. In this conceptual model, the iterative exposure of endothelium to risk factors leads sequentially to endothelial dysfunction, followed by intimal-medial thickening, overt manifestations of atherosclerosis, development of arterial stenoses, and ultimately to plaque rupture and endovascular thrombosis. This sequence of events has become central to current theories of atherosclerosis. Yet how do we know that this sequence …
Effects of the Mammary Gland on Functional Capacities of Blood Mononuclear Leukocyte Populations from Periparturient Cows

The composition and functional capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte populations from dairy cows are altered substantially during the peripartal period. These changes are associated with a heightened susceptibility of the mammary gland to infection. It has been postulated that the metabolic demands associated with lactogenesis may impact negatively leukocyte function during the periparturient period. In the present study, serum immunoglobulin G1 concentration and functional capacities of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from intact (n = 6) and mastectomized (n = 6) periparturient Jersey cows were evaluated and compared. Cell function assessments included lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin M secretion, and interferon-gamma secretion by unstimulated and pokeweed mitogen stimulated mononuclear leukocytes. Data were summarized as mean responses for 5-d periods beginning 21 d prepartum and concluding at 19 d postpartum. The progressive decrease in serum immunoglobulin G in intact but not mastectomized cows before parturition likely was attributable to the selective uptake of this isotype by the mammary gland. Lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma and polyclonal IgM by mitogen-stimulated leukocytes from intact cows decreased during the 15-d period before calving, reaching a nadir at 0 to 4 d postpartum. From 5 to 19 d postpartum, these functions often were comparable to those observed 2 to 3 wk prepartum. Functions of leukocytes from mastectomized cows did not change during the study period, although they often were of lower magnitude than those of cells from nonlactating cows. These results reconfirm the occurrence of a generalized reduction in blood mononuclear leukocyte function during the periparturient period. They also suggest that the reduction in leukocyte function during the period may be, in part, due to the physiologic demands imposed on the dairy cow by the lactating mammary gland.
Boosting reliability over AWGN networks with average power constraints and noiseless feedback

For the point-to-point additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with noiseless feedback and an average power constraint, Schalkwijk and Kailath's scheme achieves a doubly-exponential decay of the probability of error. While some coding schemes for networks with noiseless feedback incorporate variations on the Schalkwijk-Kailath scheme, they do not in general achieve better than single-exponential decays in their probabilities of error everywhere in their achievable rate regions. We give a technique that can boost the reliability as high as desired of any from a large class of block coding schemes for networks with feedback. The technique relies crucially on the average nature of the power constraints. We explain and illustrate our results in the context of Ozarow's feedback strategy for the AWGN multiple-access channel
‘No, Rolanda, completely wrong!’ Positioning, classroom participation and ESL learning

The current study, drawing on Positioning Theory, presents an analysis of various storylines of classroom interaction to illustrate how an adult ESL learner positioned himself and others in an academic oral skills class. Through a recursive micro-analysis of classroom talk, the findings demonstrate how this outspoken student shaped classroom discourse and impacted opportunities for learning for himself and others. Implications for effective classroom interaction and participation are discussed.
Interaction Assessment: A modeling tool for predicting population dynamics from field data

Abstract Interaction Assessment (INTASS) is a field and analytic methodology for constructing population dynamics models. Because data collected in generating a model for one species comprise much of the information needed for other species, a small increase in effort can result in simultaneous expressions for the dynamics of multiple species. These expressions can be used to simulate whole community responses to environmental change, including management actions. Since publication of the most recent paper in this series, the INTASS methodology has undergone a large number of developments. These include the use of conceptual models to direct field and modeling efforts and incorporation of an information theoretic approach to model selection. We review these modifications and additions, applying them to a population of Sitka black-tailed deer ( Odocoilius hemionis ) in Alaska and to cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ) at the Desert Experimental Range in Utah. In both cases, useful information about the species’ ecology and population trends was ascertained. INTASS is portable across a wide range of taxa, habitats and management situations.
Phase-resolved time-domain nonlinear optical signals

A systematic theoretical and computational investigation of the microscopic factors which determine the phase of the signal field in time-resolved quasidegenerate three-pulse scattering experiments is presented. The third-order phase-matched response is obtained by density-matrix perturbation theory using a Green-function formalism for a system composed of two well-separated sets of closely spaced energy levels. Equations for calculating the electric field of four-wave-mixing signals generated by path-length delayed pulses are given. It is found that the phase of the signal field is determined by the excitation pulse phases, the dynamics of the nonlinear polarization decay, the product of four transition dipole matrix elements, and by a pulse-delay-dependent phase modulation at the frequency of the first dipole oscillation in the four-wave-mixing process. Analytic results for a two-level Bloch model show the phase shift from rapid nonlinear polarization decay. The product of dipole matrix elements is real and positive for three-level processes (bleached ground-state absorption and excited-state emission), but can be real and negative for some four-level Raman processes. The pulse-delay-dependent phase modulation treated here is closely related to the interferometric pulse-delay-dependent amplitude modulation observed in some collinear experiments, and plays a role in producing photon echos in inhomogeneously broadened samples. Numerical calculations of phase-resolved electric fields for finite duration pulses using a Brownian oscillator model appropriate for condensed-phase dynamics are presented. The ability of pulse-delay-dependent phase modulation to encode the frequency of the initially excited dipole onto the phase of the signal field can be exploited to examine energy-level connectivity, reveal correlations hidden under the inhomogeneous lineshape, and probe relaxation pathways in multilevel systems.
ALTERATIONS IN PROTEINS AND POLYAMINO ACIDS CAUSED BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION IN A SPECTROPOLARIMETER.

Abstract The Xenon lamp in a Cary 60 spectropolarimeter caused a photochemical reaction in proteins and polyamino acids which was traced to cleavage in the polypeptide chains. Viscosity studies on helical and coiled polyamino acids indicated that the cleavage occurred in both forms, but ORD changes were obtained only with helical and not with coiled and β conformations. Proteins of high helix content exhibited a significant change in ORD which was enhanced in the presence of denaturants. Quantum yields based on ORD change were greater in the n→Π ∗ than in the Π→Π ∗ transition region.
Coinjection strategy for visual identification of transgenic mice.

Transgenic mice were generated by coinjection of a dominant marker gene that induces fur and eye pigmentation (a tyrosinase minigene) plus an unrelated DNA construction that has a γ-glutamyl transferase (γGT) promoter linked to aras oncogene. Mice transgenic for γGT-ras could be identified in the first and all subsequent generations by simple visual inspection for pigmentation. Furthermore, the γ-glutamyl transferase promoter was active in kidney but not skin of the transgenic mice, indicating that the cointegrated DNA was active and independently expressed. These results confirm that the tyrosinase minigene can be used for coinjections to allow rapid visual identification of transgenic mice.
Virus Neutralization Experiments with Rosenow's and Pettit's Antipoliomyelitic Sera.

1. The Rosenow antistreptococcic poliomyelitis serum concentrated or unconcentrated does not neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis as tested in monkeys. 2. The Pettit antipoliomyelitis horse serum neutralizes the virus only occasionally. 3. "Immune" sheep sera prepared according to the method of Pettit have not neutralized virus even when the normal sera of the same animal have given neutralization. 4. The reason for such chance neutralizations is obscure and should not be confused with the constant virus-neutralizing action of both human and monkey convalescent sera. 5. Experimental evidence affords no basis for the use of either the Rosenow or the Pettit serum in the therapy of poliomyelitis.
Modeling planarian regeneration: a primer for reverse-engineering the worm.

A mechanistic understanding of robust self-assembly and repair capabilities of complex systems would have enormous implications for basic evolutionary developmental biology as well as for transformative applications in regenerative biomedicine and the engineering of highly fault-tolerant cybernetic systems. Molecular biologists are working to identify the pathways underlying the remarkable regenerative abilities of model species that perfectly regenerate limbs, brains, and other complex body parts. However, a profound disconnect remains between the deluge of high-resolution genetic and protein data on pathways required for regeneration, and the desired spatial, algorithmic models that show how self-monitoring and growth control arise from the synthesis of cellular activities. This barrier to progress in the understanding of morphogenetic controls may be breached by powerful techniques from the computational sciences—using non-traditional modeling approaches to reverse-engineer systems such as planaria: flatworms with a complex bodyplan and nervous system that are able to regenerate any body part after traumatic injury. Currently, the involvement of experts from outside of molecular genetics is hampered by the specialist literature of molecular developmental biology: impactful collaborations across such different fields require that review literature be available that presents the key functional capabilities of important biological model systems while abstracting away from the often irrelevant and confusing details of specific genes and proteins. To facilitate modeling efforts by computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and mathematicians, we present a different kind of review of planarian regeneration. Focusing on the main patterning properties of this system, we review what is known about the signal exchanges that occur during regenerative repair in planaria and the cellular mechanisms that are thought to underlie them. By establishing an engineering-like style for reviews of the molecular developmental biology of biomedically important model systems, significant fresh insights and quantitative computational models will be developed by new collaborations between biology and the information sciences.
Biotype and Ribotype Diversity among Lactobacillus Isolates from the Mouse Ileum

Summary The present study evaluated the relative diversity of lactobacilli in the mouse ileum as defined by conventional phenotypic characteristics versus ribotype patterns. Forty-one Lactobacillus isolates were first presumptively identified using data from carbohydrate fermentation and biochemical tests. Numerical analysis of the biotype data placed a total of four Lactobacillus species into three major clusters and six small clusters. Most of the isolates were typed as L. gasseri or L. fermentum . To further distinguish these isolates, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed using a 23S rRNA gene probe to develop ribotypes and allow clustering to genotypic groups. Numerical analysis of the ribotype data also revealed three main clusters, with identical grouping to those generated by the biotype data, with only one exception. Thus, for both the ribotype and biotype data the isolates were generally conserved within clusters. A direct microscopic Gram-stain procedure was used to determine the relative adhesion capacity of the mouse ileum isolates. The Lactobacillus isolates varied widely in their ability to colonize a colonic epithelial cell line with no apparent relationship between adhesion phenotype and ribotype or biotype characteristics.
Collaborating across campuses: the virtual university experience

Observes that the nature of business and education is rapidly changing as collaboration takes over as the dominant form of interaction. Notes that the driving force behind these changes is advances in information technology. Focuses on the pedagogical aspects of a semester‐long collaboration involving business policy students from St. Norbert College and the University of Rhode Island using the Internet to produce virtual products. Discusses student and faculty reactions in light of the goal of increasing our understanding of technological influences on individual and group interactions.
Patient-clinician relationships and treatment system effects on HIV medication adherence.

The study objectives were to determine the impact of the patient–clinician relationship on patient adherence to HIV medication, to identify which aspects of the patient–clinician relationship and the treatment system influenced adherence, and to determine which of these variables remained important when the impact of mental distress and substance abuse were considered. The design was a cross-sectional study using a sample of 120 HIV+ clinic patients. The Primary Care Assessment Survey (PCAS) assessed the clinician–patient relationship and the treatment system. The Composite International Diagnostic Inventory—Short Form (CIDI-SF) screened for mental disorders, and the Brief Substance Abuse History Form measured recent and remote substance use. Patient adherence was assessed using five markers including 3 interview-elicited self-reports, 1 medical chart review, and 1 summary score. Logistic regression analyses identified independent predictors of each adherence behavior. PCAS scores contributed to all five models, and their effects persisted when mental distress and substance abuse were considered. Adherence behaviors are explained by a variety of factors and should be assessed using multiple methods. Further study to illuminate the mechanisms of action of the clinician–patient relationship on adherence to HIV medication is warranted.
Educational New Paternalism: Human Capital, Cultural Capital, and the Politics of Equal Opportunity

Since the 1990s, a growing number of urban schools have gained attention for their distinctive approach to academics and character education. These schools, most of them charters, share the stated goals of closing the racial achievement gap and preparing all of their students for college. In this article, we identify common elements of their approach, which we, following others, label as “new paternalism.” We describe the unique features of new-paternalist urban schools and discuss potential pitfalls of new paternalism that have been absent from mass media coverage of them. We argue that new paternalism appeals to a wide range of diverse political constituencies; however, idealized media accounts of these schools likely overestimate their power to close achievement gaps and produce mobility for urban youth. Although we question the optimism of several media accounts, we argue that either advocacy or criticism of new paternalist schools ought to rest on empirical research conducted in and on them. Our cent...
REASONS FOR SMOKING AND PERSONALITY: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

A questionnaire was given to 25 male and 36 female students who smoked (M,,, = 24.4 yr., SD = 7.0), including Billingslea's inventory and the Keirsey and Bates (1984) personality test, a popular modification of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The mean scores (and SDs) on the Keirsey-Bates inventory were for extraversion 7.0 (2.1), for sensing 8.4 (4.6), for thinking 9.1 (4.3), and for judging 11.5 (4.2). Three Pearson correlations out of the 24 were significant: those who smoked because of tactile stimulation had lower sensing scores (r = -0.29), and those who smoked for relaxation had higher extraversion scores (r = 0.29) and lower sensing scores (r = -0.23). The personality test scores were not related to the number of packs smoked per day or to whether efforts had been made to quit ~moking.~ A factor analysis using SPSSX (PC extraction, varimax rotation) indicated two factors: (1) stimulation, handling and relaxation, and (2) tension reduction, craving and habit-reflex. Factor 1 correlated only with sensing scores (r = -0.35), while Factor 2 did not correlate significantly with any scale scores. Although the psychometric properties of Billingslea's inventory are not known, the present results might stimulate further exploration of these issues.
Femtosecond Real-Time Probing of Reactions. 20. Dynamics of Twisting, Alignment, and IVR in the trans-Stilbene Isomerization Reaction

The femtosecond real-time dynamics of the isomerization reaction of trans-stilbene under collisionless conditions are studied using (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) and femtosecond depletion spectroscopy (FDS) in a pump−probe scheme. The observed transients reflect the macroscopic sample anisotropy decay (rotational coherence) and intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) as well as the ethylenic twisting isomerization reaction. Polarization-resolved measurements are performed to isolate the influence of rotational dynamics, and the measured anisotropy decay is compared with theoretical calculations of rotational coherence at room temperature. The IVR and nonradiative (isomerization) processes of trans-stilbene are studied as a function of S_1 excess vibrational energy up to ∼6500 cm^(-1). These results are compared with previous measurements of trans-stilbene under collisionless conditions and with predictions of RRK and RRKM theories.
An important but easily overlooked medical complication of multiple trauma

A 53-year-old man was trapped under a hydraulic lift on the back of his lorry trailer. He was found to have spinal injuries with a comminuted unstable fracture of T6 and stable fracture of T12. He had further fractures of the left first rib, right second rib, and his sternum. He was admitted to the orthopaedic ward for conservative management with a spinal splint for five weeks. He remained stable until day 20 of his admission when he became hypotensive and tachycardic. Blood tests demonstrated hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia. Despite fluid resuscitation and emergency treatment for hyperkalaemia he remained hypotensive and hyponatraemic. An endocrine opinion was requested and he was found to have an abnormal short synacthen test (cortisol of 436 nmol/L falling to 398 nmol/L at 30 min). ACTH was high at 208 ng/L, and thyroid function tests were normal (TSH 2.02 mU/L, FT4 15.4 pmol/L) indicating an intact pituitary axis. His hypotension and electrolyte abnormality rapidly responded to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid treatment. A repeat short synacthen test has confirmed persistent hypoadrenalism (peak cortisol 175 nmol/L at 30 min). Although the adrenal glands lie retroperitoneally at the level of T12 which was fractured, a CT scan at the time of trauma showed no signs of adrenal gland damage. A repeat scan one year post event showed no calcification to suggest previous haemorrhage.
Epidural analgesia in veterinary critical care.

Epidural analgesia has minimal systemic effects and is a useful technique for relieving pain in critical care patients. Before administration, patients must be thoroughly assessed to identify any preexisting conditions that preclude the safe use of this technique. Analgesia can be achieved by administration of local anesthetics, opioids, α 2 agonists, or a combination of these analgesic agents. Concurrent administration of more than one drug allows the synergistic interaction of these agents and generally improves the level of analgesia achieved, lengthens the duration of action, and lowers the dose of each drug required to achieve analgesia. Complications of epidural techniques are infrequent and include both iatrogenic and idiopathic problems, most of which have no permanent sequelae. This review provides a detailed description of the epidural analgesia technique and lists multiple sources of specialized supplies necessary for either single injection or epidural catheter placement. It also provides direction for monitoring the critical care patient with an epidural catheter.
Lessons for Democratic Transitions: Case Studies from Asia

In an era when democratization is stalled or in retreat in many parts of the world, it is important to highlight the successful democratic experience of East and Southeast Asia in recent decades. Five consolidated democracies have emerged since the mid-1980s; only Thailand has seen some backsliding with the 2006 coup. The Asian cases provide insights into several major debates in the democratization literature, including the relative importance of culture, history, economic structure, and the optimal sequencing of political and economic reform. This article reviews these issues, with particular attention to the role of outside powers in underpinning democratization. Ultimately, the Asian cases offer evidence for optimism about the prospects of a Fourth Wave of democratization.
A reassessment of typicality effects in free recall

In a recent study, Greenberg and Bjorklund (1978) reported data that they interpreted as supporting a differential-category-encoding account of typicality effects. In the present article, we point out several studies that contradict the conclusions drawn by Greenberg and Bjorklund. In addition, we present a replication of their study, but with a greater manipulation of typicality. The data do not support the differential-encoding hypothesis. It was concluded that the available evidence supports a feature-overlap account of typicality effects.
Rb + CH3I: Empirically determined potential and predicted cross sections for reactive scattering

Abstract We have fitted a 6-atom potential to results of low-energy molecular beam studies of Rb + CH3I → RbI + CH3, using Monte Carlo trajectory methods. We used it to predict the cross section versus reactant translational energy over the range 0–2 eV. An auxiliary calculation for the analogous K reaction is also presented.
Surface properties of Bi-Pb liquid alloys

Abstract The present work represents an experimentally based investigation of the applicability of a statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with a compound formation model (CFM) to describe surface properties of Bi–Pb liquid alloys. The surface tension of molten Pb, Bi and Bi–Pb alloys has been measured by the sessile-drop method over a temperature range. The results obtained show general agreement with other reported measurements on pure elements and their alloys as well as with calculated surface tension values. Based on the phase diagram evidence about the existence of the e-Pb3Bi intermetallic compound, the phenomenon of compound formation in Bi–Pb liquid alloys has been analysed through the study of surface properties (surface tension and surface composition) and microscopic functions (concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter) in the frame of CFM.
Role of nitric oxide in the relationship of pancreatic blood flow and exocrine secretion in cats

Abstract Background/Aims: Recent studies have suggested that, in the gastrointestinal tract, nitric oxide is an important mediator of alterations in blood flow and, in some organs, a second messenger involved in secretion. This study examined the role of NO in changes in pancreatic blood flow associated with basal and stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion. Methods: In anesthetized cats, we determined the effects of the NO synthase inhibitor N G -monomethyl-l-arginine (10 mg/kg) and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (10 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) on pancreatic secretion and blood flow (hydrogen gas clearance). Results: NG-monomethyl-l-arginine had no effect on the increase in blood flow associated with secretin stimulation (271 ± 52 vs. 290 ± 50 mL · min −1 · 100 g −1 ) but reduced that associated with cholecystokinin stimulation (189 ± 17 vs. 53 ± 15 mL · min −1 · 100 g −1 ; P N G -monomethyl-l-arginine significantly reduced both secretin- and cholecystokinin-stimulated secretion. Sodium nitroprusside had no effect on basal blood flow but significantly increased secretion. Conclusions: NO has a selective role in mediating changes in pancreatic perfusion and secretion. It seems to be important in stimulus-secretion coupling with both secretin and cholecystokinin but is only responsible for the accompanying increase in pancreatic blood flow with cholecystokinin.
Human pancreatic secretory protein profiles in the search for tumor markers

Pancreatic cancer secretory protein profiles were shown to be different from normals by a microcomputer-assisted analysis of isoelectric focusing patterns. Two acidic protein band regions (pI 3.0 and 4.5) of the pancreatic carcinoma profiles were significantly increased, and eight protein bands (pI 3.7, 5.0, 5.5, 6.5, 6.9, 7.3, 8.0, greater than 10.0) were significantly decreased. Highly significant decreases occurred at pH 7.3 (chymotrypsinogen) and at pH 5.0 (procarboxypeptidase Al, DNase I) in nonactivated specimens. The ratio between the absorbance points at 2.08 and 2.63 cm from the anode in each protein pattern differentiated the pancreas cancer specimens from the control group. Profiles found for the control group gave pI values similar to those found in the literature. The potential value of these findings in the search for tumor markers warrants further investigation as to whether these specimens can be differentiated from those from chronic pancreatitis patients.
Delayed or Forgone Care and Dissatisfaction with Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs: The Role of Perceived Cultural Competency of Health Care Providers

To better understand if reported delayed/forgone care and dissatisfaction with care for children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are associated with the parent’s perception of health care providers’ cultural competency. National survey. Fifty United States and the District of Columbia yielding 750 families per state and District of Columbia with CSHCN ≤ 18 years participated in the 2005–06 National Survey of CSHCN. Outcome measures were delayed/forgone care in the past 12 months (yes or no) and dissatisfaction (very dissatisfied to very satisfied). Demographic/clinical characteristics and the parent’s perception of health care providers’ cultural competency were examined. Perception of cultural competency was defined by questions related to time spent with child, respect for family values, listening to the family, sense of partnership, and information provided. Delayed/forgone care and dissatisfaction with care were associated with perceived health care provider cultural competency. Parents whose children were older, whose children’s condition affected their ability to do things, whose interviews were not conducted in English, and were from certain racial and ethnic groups reported more delayed or forgone care and were more dissatisfied with their children’s health care. Delayed/forgone care and dissatisfaction with care were associated with perceived cultural competency of health care providers. This did not appear to differ consistently by racial or ethnic group. Further research using more refined instruments and longitudinal designs is needed to assess the effects of health care providers’ cultural competency and other cultural factors on the delayed/forgone care for CSHCN and on the dissatisfaction with care of parents with CSHCN.
Adrenergic stimulation promotes T-wave alternans and arrhythmia inducibility in a TNF-α genetic mouse model of congestive heart failure

T-wave alternans (TWA) is a proarrhythmic repolarization instability that is common in congestive heart failure (CHF). Although transgenic mice are commonly used to study the mechanisms of arrhythm...
The role of AtMUS81 in interference-insensitive crossovers in A. thaliana.

MUS81 is conserved among plants, animals, and fungi and is known to be involved in mitotic DNA damage repair and meiotic recombination. Here we present a functional characterization of the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog AtMUS81, which has a role in both mitotic and meiotic cells. The AtMUS81 transcript is produced in all tissues, but is elevated greater than 9-fold in the anthers and its levels are increased in response to gamma radiation and methyl methanesulfonate treatment. An Atmus81 transfer-DNA insertion mutant shows increased sensitivity to a wide range of DNA-damaging agents, confirming its role in mitotically proliferating cells. To examine its role in meiosis, we employed a pollen tetrad–based visual assay. Data from genetic intervals on Chromosomes 1 and 3 show that Atmus81 mutants have a moderate decrease in meiotic recombination. Importantly, measurements of recombination in a pair of adjacent intervals on Chromosome 5 demonstrate that the remaining crossovers in Atmus81 are interference sensitive, and that interference levels in the Atmus81 mutant are significantly greater than those in wild type. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that AtMUS81 is involved in a secondary subset of meiotic crossovers that are interference insensitive.