cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Notes on a Hunger Strike

this begins with a call from New York to a mobile phone in Istanbul?carried by she who (as someone else put it) cuts a street through me. On the last day of the year, it is dark early. In desk lamp primus, through cordlessness, uncountable switches and relays to you, fl?neuse in another World City, and consummately en route. On the line, "I" can hear voices, ambient traffic; meanwhile, here Broadway is desolate under two feet of snow. Because I feel that I am always on a train?my gut irradiated by signal?and that writing aspires abjectly to film (for I would love to begin over again, in the movie), real life halts on the very pitch of happening, frozen in scenes: traffic at night, words exchanged in a hallway, closing time in a bar. A man, a woman, and a small child in a restaurant?who made me think that some things were possible after all, even as at the same time, that man and woman, that restaurant, stood for class war. But it is a lovely day for telematics?ominously so, like Musil's adumbrating barometric low: in this case, a love letter lost some where in Hotmail, though we didn't yet know it was that, and "I" waited in vain, through an eerily mild August, before all this occurred. And?that was then. As much as it is History, time is something within one's self; telepresence, the here-yet-not-here, fuses the present as mode of alternative. It offers a view of oneself in future anterior, as ancestor-to-be?which is unbearable.
The Innate Pulmonary Granuloma: Characterization and Demonstration of Dendritic Cell Recruitment and Function

Granulomas are innate sequestration responses that can be modified by superimposed acquired immune mechanisms. The present study examined the innate stage of pulmonary granuloma responses to bead-immobilized Th1- and Th2-inducing pathogen antigens (Ags), Mycobacteria bovis purified protein derivative (PPD) and Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg Ags (SEA). Compared to a nonpathogen Ag, PPD and SEA bead elicited larger lesions with the former showing accelerated inflammation. Temporal analyses of cytokine and chemokine transcripts showed all Ag beads induced tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA but indicated biased interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and IL-12 expression with PPD challenge. All beads elicited comparable levels of CXCL9, CXL10, CCL2, CCL17, and CCL22 mRNA, but PPD beads caused biased CXCL2 CXCL5, CCL3, and CCL4 expression whereas both pathogen Ags induced CCL7. Immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and flow cytometric analyses showed that Ag beads mobilized CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) of comparable maturation. Transfer of DCs from PPD Ag-challenged lungs conferred a Th1 anamnestic cytokine response in recipients. Surprisingly, transfer of DCs from the helminth SEA-challenged lungs did not confer the expected Th2 response, but instead rendered recipients incapable of Ag-elicited IL-4 production. These results provide in vivo evidence that lung DCs recruited under inflammatory conditions favor Th1 responses and alternative mechanisms are required for Th2 commitment.
CYCLIC DEFORMATION OF A1‐4%Cu ALLOY POLYCRYSTALS CONTAINING θ″ PRECIPITATES

The cyclic deformation of polycrystalline A1-4%Cu alloy containing θ precipitates was investigated by strain controlled tests, and compared to monocrystalline cyclic behavior. The cyclic deformation of the polycrystals was found to depend on the grain size, and in coarse-grained material (grain diameter = 1 mm) a definite plateau was observed in the cyclic stress-strain (CSS) curve. In order to explore the relationship of cyclic behavior between single crystals and polycrystals, three available orientation factors were examined. This relationship can be interpreted by selection from the different types of orientation factors (Taylor factor, Sachs factor and Maximum Schmid factor), which operate to different degrees depending on the magnitude of the strain amplitude and the grain size.
A Theory of Disagreement in Repeated Games With Bargaining

This paper proposes a new approach to equilibrium selection in repeated games with transfers, supposing that in each period the players bargain over how to play. Although the bargaining phase is cheap talk (following a generalized alternating-offer protocol), sharp predictions arise from three axioms. Two axioms allow the players to meaningfully discuss whether to deviate from their plan; the third embodies a “theory of disagreement”—that play under disagreement should not vary with the manner in which bargaining broke down. Equilibria that satisfy these axioms exist for all discount factors and are simple to construct; all equilibria generate the same welfare. Optimal play under agreement generally requires suboptimal play under disagreement. Whether patient players attain efficiency depends on both the stage game and the bargaining protocol. The theory extends naturally to games with imperfect public monitoring and heterogeneous discount factors, and yields new insights into classic relational contracting questions.
Coronary Artery Anatomy in Congenital Heart Disease

Expanded surgical options and improved outcomes for children born with structural heart defects have ushered a greater clinical interest in the normal and abnormal development of the coronary circulation. Anatomic variations of the coronary system may impact surgical candidacy or operative technique during neonatal life, while others may impact long-term clinical management and planning for subsequent interventions. This review aims to characterize coronary artery anatomy in symptomatic congenital heart disease, emphasizing the clinical consequence of these variations and anomalies.
Function of Cd3ε-Mediated Signals in T Cell Development

The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and pre-TCR complexes are composed of multiple signal-transducing subunits (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3e, and ζ) that each contain one or more copies of a semiconserved functional motif, the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Although biochemical studies indicate that individual TCR-ITAMs may bind selectively or with different affinity to various effector molecules, data from other experiments suggest that at least some ITAMs are functionally equivalent. In this study, we examined the role of CD3e ITAM-mediated signals in T cell development by genetically reconstituting CD3e-deficient mice with transgenes encoding either wild-type or ITAM-mutant (signaling defective) forms of the protein. The results demonstrate that signals transduced by CD3e are not specifically required for T cell maturation but instead contribute quantitatively to TCR signaling in a manner similar to that previously observed for ζ chain. Unexpectedly, analysis of TCR-transgenic/CD3e-mutant mice reveals a potential role for CD3e signals in T cell survival.
Calculation of neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra for fusion reactor shield design: Comparison with experiment-II

Measured and calculated neutron and gamma-ray energy spectra resulting from the transport of ∼14 MeV neutrons through a 0.30-m-thick lithium hydride slab and through a 0.05-m-thick lead slab followed by 0.30 m of lithium hydride are compared. Also reported are comparisons of the measured and calculated neutron energy spectra behind an 0.80-m-thick assembly comprised of stainless steel type 304 and borated polyethylene. The spatial dependence of the gamma-ray energy deposition rate measured using thermoluminescent detectors is compared with calculated data. The calculated data obtained using two-dimensional radiation transport methods and ENDF/B-IV cross-section data are in good agreement for all of the experimental configurations. Calculated integral neutron energy spectra agree with the measured data within ∼5 to ∼20% depending on neutron energy for the LiH and Pb plus LiH assemblies. The gamma-ray spectra agree within 20% for these slabs. The measured and calculated neutron energy spectra behind the SS-304-borated polyethylene assembly agree within ∼5% except at neutron energies below ∼5 MeV where background radiation influences the measured spectra. The gamma-ray energy deposition rates as a function of depth agree within a factor of two at all detector locations.
Hirota equations for fundamental representations of an(1)

Abstract In a previous paper the m -principal fundamental representations of gl ∞ were introduced. The Hirota equations associated with the fundamental representations were also derived. They turn out to be the same as the equations previously obtained by Date et al. and associated with the matrix realisation of gl ∞ denoted by gl( m ∞). It was shown that the J-reductions of gl( m ∞) produce a complete set of realisations of a n (1) , though the fundamental representations of a n (1) cannot simply be obtained by the J-reductions of the fundamental representations of gl( m ∞). In the usual approach it would be necessary to obtain the fundamental representations of the twisted realisations of a n (1) and then derive the Hirota equations for each such representation. However the Hirota equations for a complete non-redundant set of fundamental representations of a n (1) can be obtained directly from the J-reductio n of the Hirota equations for the m -principal representations of gl ∞ .
The photolysis of NH3 in the presence of substituted acetylenes: a possible source of oligomers and HCN on Jupiter.

An NMR spectral study is presently conducted of NH3 photolysis in the presence of substituted acetylenes with NMR spectra and gas chromatography. Quantum yields and percentage conversions to products are reported. It is shown that acetylenic hydrocarbons generated during methane photolysis in Jupiter's stratosphere can react with radicals formed by NH3 photolysis to yield nonvolatile, yellow-brown polymers, alkylnitriles, and in due course, HCN, as observed on Jupiter.
The Biochemical and Phenotypic Characterization of Hho1p, the Putative Linker Histone H1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

There is currently no published report on the isolation and definitive identification of histone H1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was, however, recently shown that the yeast HHO1 gene codes for a predicted protein homologous to H1 of higher eukaryotes (Landsman, D. (1996) Trends Biochem. Sci. 21, 287-288; Ushinsky, S. C., Bussey, H. , Ahmed, A. A., Wang, Y., Friesen, J., Williams, B. A., and Storms, R. K. (1997) Yeast 13, 151-161), although there is no biochemical evidence that shows that Hho1p is, indeed, yeast histone H1. We showed that purified recombinant Hho1p (rHho1p) has electrophoretic and chromatographic properties similar to linker histones. The protein forms a stable ternary complex with a reconstituted core di-nucleosome in vitro at molar rHho1p:core ratios up to 1. Reconstitution of rHho1p with H1-stripped chromatin confers a kinetic pause at approximately 168 base pairs in the micrococcal nuclease digestion pattern of the chromatin. These results strongly suggest that Hho1p is a bona fide linker histone. We deleted the HHO1 gene and showed that the strain is viable and has no growth or mating defects. Hho1p is not required for telomeric silencing, basal transcriptional repression, or efficient sporulation. Unlike core histone mutations, a hho1Delta strain does not exhibit a Sin or Spt phenotype. The absence of Hho1p does not lead to a change in the nucleosome repeat length of bulk chromatin nor to differences in the in vivo micrococcal nuclease cleavage sites in individual genes as detected by primer extension mapping.
Thermally activated stripe reconstruction induced by O on Nb (011).

We report scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) observations for thin films of Nb (011) of stripe-phase behavior by two variants of an O-induced reconstruction. Stripes occur for thin films but not bulk crystals. At low temperatures the less-favored variant is thermally activated as single stripes on surface heterogeneities. Near ${T}_{0}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1505\mathrm{K}$, where the reconstruction is lifted, the stripes crowd to form a periodic array with a temperature dependent spacing. LEEM permits quantitative insight into stripe behavior and reveals novel details of stripes interacting with topographic features such as steps, facets, and dislocations.
Module Bases for Multivariate Splines

We characterize module bases of spline spaces in terms of their determinants, degree sequences, and dimension series. These characterization also provide tests for freeness of the module. Applications are given to the basis and dimension problem for spline spaces.
Development and psychometric properties of the attitudes towards heterosexuals scale (ATHS): a useful tool alone or in combination

While a number of scales exist for studying explicit attitudes towards sexual minorities (i.e., lesbians, gay men and bisexuals), there is currently no heterosexual parallel. The utility of such a scale, however, would be a boon for researchers interested in comparative, longitudinal and/or experimental studies of attitudes based on sexual orientation. With this goal in mind, we created the attitudes towards heterosexuals scale (ATHS) and tested its psychometric properties across three studies. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed a uni-dimensional factor structure for the 15-item ATHS. Multiple groups’ analysis suggested a similar factor structure for both heterosexuals and sexual minorities. We also investigated relationships between ATHS and other attitudinal, affective and demographic measures for evidence of construct validity. More positive attitudes on ATHS were related to more negative attitudes towards sexual minorities, less awareness of heterosexual privilege and greater positi...
Cell–cell coupling in CO2/H+-excited neurons in brainstem slices

The indirect and direct electrical and anatomical evidence for the hypothesis that central chemoreceptor neurons in the dorsal brainstem (solitary complex, SC; locus coeruleus, LC) are coupled by gap junctions, as reported primarily in rat brainstem slices, and the methods used to study gap junctions in brain slices, are critiqued and reviewed. Gap junctions allow intercellular communication that could be important in either electrical coupling (intercellular flow of ionic current), metabolic coupling (intercellular flow of signaling molecules), or both, ultimately influencing excitability within the SC and LC during respiratory acidosis. Gap junctions may also provide a mechanism for modulating neuronal activity in the network under conditions that lead to increased or decreased central respiratory chemosensitivity. Indirect measures of electrical coupling suggest that junctional conductance between chemosensitive neurons is relatively insensitive to a broad range of intracellular pH (pHi), ranging from pHi ≈7.49 to ≈6.71 at 35–37 °C. In contrast, further reductions in pHi, down through pHi ≈6.67, abolish indirect measures of electrical coupling.
Coulomb Excitation Studies Using Inelastically Scattered Particles

Targets of samarium, terbium, and cadmium were bombarded with protons, and in one case with deuterons, of up to 7.0 Mev and the inelastically scattered particles were observed. In the rare earths, samarium and terbium, four previously known levels were studied: the 58- and 139-kev levels in Tb/sup 159/ the 80-kev level in Sm/sup 154/ and the 123-kev level in Sm/sup 152/. The excitation process was determined to be primarily Coulomb excitation up to 7.0 Mev, and the reduced transition probabilities were measured with a precision of approximately 10%. A test of the collective model was made by measurement of the ratios of the reduced transition probabilities to two excited states in the same nucleus, Tb/sup 159/. Eight levels were observed in cadmium. Two of them, at 585 and 641 kev, have not been previously reported. The absolute cross sections of the eight levels were determined with various angles of observation, incident energy, and type of bombarding particle. It was concluded that Coulomb excitation is a major contributor to the cross section at 6.0 Mev, and reduced transition probabiiities were measured at this energy. (auth)
Understanding the formation of self-organized micro/nanostructures on metal surfaces from femtosecond laser ablation using stop-motion SEM imaging

There are a growing number of unique self-organized micro/nanostructures created using femtosecond laser surface processing that have been demonstrated. Although researchers have provided insight into the formation processes for distinctive morphologies on specific materials, there is a need for a broader understanding of the physics behind the formation of a wide range of morphologies and what parameters affect their formation. In this work, the formation processes for mound structures on 316 stainless steel (SS) with growth above the original sample surface are studied. The formation process for the structures on 316 SS is compared to similar structures formed on nickel using the same technique. The structures are formed using 800 nm, 50 fs laser pulses, and are self-organized, meaning the structure dimensions are much smaller than the spot size of the pulses used to create them. The formation dynamics were studied using a stop-motion scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique, where the same location of an irradiated sample was imaged in the SEM at various pulse counts. The result is a series of images showing the developmental progress with increasing pulse counts. The structures form through a combination of fluid flow of the surface melt that results after irradiation, preferential ablation of the center of the pits between structures, and material/nanoparticle redeposition.
Partial nephrectomy with fibrin glue repair: measurement of vascular and pelvicaliceal hydrodynamic bond integrity in a live and abbatoir porcine model.

ABSTRACT Purpose: Some of the challenges during partial nephrectomy include control of bleeding and repair of the pelvicaliceal system. Fibrin tissue sealants have recently been used to achieve hemostasis and collecting system closure in open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. However, there exist little data regarding the intrinsic strength of the bond, especially when applied to the vasculature and the urinary collecting system of the transected kidney. We examined the hydrodynamic bond integrity of a commercially available fibrin tissue sealant in a live porcine animal model undergoing partial nephrectomy. Materials and Methods: Open partial nephrectomy was performed in 19 porcine renal units. Collecting system entry was confirmed by methylene blue instillation into the proximal ureter. Fibrin tissue sealant was used to repair 16 renal units, that is 8 kidneys hardened in vivo for 10 minutes and 8 hardened in vivo for 60 minutes. In an additional 3 renal units monopolar electrocautery was used to achieve hemostasis (no fibrin glue used). The strength of vasculature repair was performed by infusing saline into the renal artery (renal vein ligated) and measuring pressure at bond rupture. Similarly the integrity of pelvicaliceal repair was evaluated by retrograde infusion of saline into the collecting system via the proximal ureter and measurement of pressure at bond rupture. Results: Fibrin tissue sealant was successful in achieving prompt hemostasis and it was subjectively superior to cautery alone with regard to bleeding control. Mean renal vascular and pelvicaliceal burst pressure for fibrin sealant treated kidneys was 378 (median 420) and 166 mm Hg (median 170), respectively. There was no significant difference in 10 vs 60-minute hardening times in treated kidneys. In comparison, vascular and pelvicaliceal burst pressure for nontreated (cautery alone) kidneys was 230 (median 220) and 87 mm Hg (median 90), respectively. Conclusions: Commercially available fibrin tissue sealants can provide supraphysiological renal parenchyma and collecting system sealing pressures after partial nephrectomy. This information supports the potential use of fibrin sealants during open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
The Last Frontier: The Importance of Kant's Geography

The first full English translation of Friedrich Theodor Rink�s edition of Kant�s Physical Geography was finally published in 2012, and several significant transcriptions of Kant�s classroom lectures on physical geography are still forthcoming in volume 26 of the German Academy edition of his Collected Writings. Why has Kant�s work on geography suffered from so much neglect? Contrary to received scholarly wisdom, I argue that the main cause of the neglect is not Rink�s editorial sloppiness. Rather, Kant�s Geography is simply not viewed as being as important as his ethics, logic, metaphysics, theology, and anthropology. In my paper I argue that Kant�s Geography deserves our respect, and I present four key reasons for taking it seriously.
The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory

This report describes the historical evolution, development, rationale and validation of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL), a self-report symptom inventory. The HSCL is comprised of 58 items which are representative of the symptom configurations commonly observed among outpatients. It is scored on five underlying symptom dimensions—sommatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and depression—which have been identified in repeated factor analyses. A series of studies have established the factorial invariance of the primary symptom dimensions, and substantial evidence is given in support of their construct validity. Normative data in terms of both discrete symptoms and primary symptom dimensions are presented on 2,500 subjects—1,800 psychiatric outpatients and 700 normals. Indices of pathology reflect both intensity of distress and prevalence of symptoms in the normative samples. Standard indices of scale reliability are presented, and a broad range of criterion-related validity studies, in particular an important series reflecting sensitivity to treatment with psychotherapeutic drugs, are reviewed and discussed.
“The Truth about the Boll Weevil”: The Nature of Planter Power in the Mississippi Delta

AbstractThe cotton boll weevil's threat to the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta at the start of the twentieth century reveals how the region's elite landowners used racism and social power to maintain contr...
The role of the trigeminal nerve in olfaction

Abstract The effect of reversible blocking of the trigeminal nerve on olfactory stimulation was studied in rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes. In one series of experiments, blocking the trigeminal nerves at the level of the ganglia increased olfactory bulb excitability, but no cortical desynchronization was evident on odor presentation. Respiration and heart rate remained relatively unchanged during odor presentation. In the trigeminally blocked animal, olfactory bulb-induced sinusoidal wave activity was significantly increased in frequency and amplitude when compared with this activity in the unblocked animal following odor presentation. The present evidence supports the concept of a central regulatory control over olfactory afferent inputs; the trigeminal nerve plays an important role in this system.
Improvement in the augmentation genioplasty via suprahyoid muscle repositioning

The surgical correction of chin deficiency has been accomplished by a variety of surgical procedures. In most instances the surgical augmentation of the chin produces good improvement in chin-lips-nose balance as well as the neck-chin angle. However, in certain patients, the neck-chin angle is not satisfactorily improved with augmentation genioplasty alone, due to an aberrant position of the hyoid bone and its associated suprahyoid muscles. In such instances, one should consider simultaneous suprahyoid muscle repositioning additionally, to improve the neck-chin angle. The indications, surgical technique and a representative case are presented.
Synthesis and chiroptical characterization of prostacyclin diastereomers

Abstract In the mercuri- and halo-cyclizations of PGF 2 α methyl ester and its 11,15-bis(α-ethoxyethyl)-ether (or other protected forms) the exo -PGI 1 derivative predominates independent of reagent and degree of protective of the PGF 2 α sample used. Diastereomerically pure samples of exo - and endo -PGI 1 and prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) were prepared. PGI 0 epimers were prepared: catalytic hydrogenation of PGI 2 Me ester provides exclusively the endo isomer. PGI 2 methyl ester was found to be stable to extensive chromatography on silica, and to storage for at least a year in anhydrous ethanol at −20°C. At pH 7.4 in 2:1 H 2 O:EtOH, the ester has a half-life in excess of 5 hr at 25°C. A reproducible small scale (0.4–3 mg) synthesis of prostacyclin uses a modification of Whittaker's iodocyclization followed by DBN treatment. This procedure, developed with 15- 3 H-PGF 2 α, proved widely applicable to PGF 2 α analogs and diastereomers. The following prostacyclins (in the Me ester and Na salt forms) bearing the 5-en-6-yl ether unit were prepared in this way: ent -PGI 2 , rac -PGI 2 , 15-epi-PGI 2 , ent -15-epi-PGI 2 , 11-epi-PGI 2 , 8,9,12-epi-PGI 2 , E -PGI 2 , 13,14-dihydro-PGI 2 , and 13,14-dihydro-15-epi-PGI 2 . NMR comparisons for the methyl esters reveal that of the resonances (H-5,9,11,15) that appear at δ4.0±0.6 ppm, the most deshielded is H-9 so long as the 5,6-olefin is Z . The 8 R ,9 S -6,9-oxido- Z -5,6-ene unit is most readily characterized by its strong positive dichroic absorption at 210–230 nm. CD spectroscopy not only serves to confirm the presence of this unit in analogs, but also can be used for quantitative analysis of PGI 2 solutions and for monitoring the rate of hydrolytic cleavage of these enol ethers.
On-line estimation of biomass using dynamic oxygen balancing

A method for the on-line estimation of biomass is proposed. The method is based on a liquid-phase dynamic mass balance for oxygen during a sequence of “no aeration” transients. The method has the advantage that no samples need be withdrawn and the biomass need not be homogeneously distributed in the vessel. The technique thus has applications in the estimation of immobilised biomass and plant organ culture, e.g. “hairy roots”.
A micromechanical characterization of graphite-fiber/epoxy composites containing a heterogeneous interphase region

Abstract An improved micromechanical model based on the method of cells is introduced in order to describe three-phase, continuous-fiber composite materials containing a heterogeneous interphase region. The model's capability represents a significant improvement over that of the previous version (which is applicable to a homogeneous interphase) in that additional microstress information is obtained within the interphase region. A critical assessment of the model demonstrates that the predictions are consistent with data reproduced by using other micromechanical models. The study includes a parametric simulation in which the effective properties and the mechanical stresses associated with model graphite-fiber/epoxy composites are predicted as a function of the dimensions and Young's modulus of the interphase. Three different interphases are modeled such that the Young's modulus varies between that of the fiber and the matrix according to a generalized parabolic function of the radial coordinate. The parabolic functions are specified such that two of the model composites possess an interphase whose effective Young's modulus is above that of the matrix. The third interphase is specified such that its effective Young's modulus is below that of the matrix. The data indicate that the interphase dimensions and the functional form describing the interphase Young's modulus significantly influence the composite microstresses. These data may be used to help identify optimum material combinations during composite material synthesis.
Intravascular, carcass and gut fluid changes induced by food deprivation in xeric and mesic adapted rodents

Abstract 1. 1. Blood and plasma volumes, carcass and gut water, urinary Na + , K + , Cl − , and osmolarity were measured during food deprivation induced dehydration in desert and nondesert rodents. 2. 2. Polydipsia was evidenced by the xerophilous species ( Dipodomys spectabilis and Meriones unguiculatus ), decreased water consumption by the mesically adapted species ( Peromyscus leucopus and Rattus norvegicus ). All species revealed urinary dilution during fasting. 3. 3. Plasma volume loss was greater during food deprivation in R. norvegicus than M. unguiculatus , however, M. unguiculatus lost a greater percentage of carcass water than R. norvegicus . 4. 4. Elevations in plasma osmolality accompanied the onset of drinking during food deprivation in M. unguiculatus . 5. 5. Altered capillary permeability to protein albumin and differences in renal capacity and structure of supraoptic nucleus are discussed as possible contributors to the noted species differences in intravascular volume loss during food deprivation.
Sugawara-Sommerfield construction for some interacting two-dimensional field theories.

It is shown that the Sugawara-Sommerfield relation between currents and the energy-momentum tensor, valid in free massless two-dimensional field theories, can be generalized to curved space-time with a gauge-field background. The generalized expression involves covariant point splitting, and allows for the conformal anomaly.
Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity.

Class I major histocompatibility complex (class I MHC) molecules, known to be important for immune responses to antigen, are expressed also by neurons that undergo activity-dependent, long-term structural and synaptic modifications. Here, we show that in mice genetically deficient for cell surface class I MHC or for a class I MHC receptor component, CD3ζ, refinement of connections between retina and central targets during development is incomplete. In the hippocampus of adult mutants,N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor–dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced, and long-term depression (LTD) is absent. Specific class I MHC messenger RNAs are expressed by distinct mosaics of neurons, reflecting a potential for diverse neuronal functions. These results demonstrate an important role for these molecules in the activity-dependent remodeling and plasticity of connections in the developing and mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS).
Parallel implementation of binary comparison circuits

A technique is proposed for implementing parallel tree-like comparator circuits with fan-in constrained gates, exhibiting logarithmic comparison time growth. The technique is based on formulating the binary comparator logic to resemble the carry look ahead logic of the binary adder. The implementation is extended to modular tree comparator networks.
Acquisition of Fe from Various Natural Organic Matter Isolates by Aerobic Pseudomonad Bacteria

Iron (Fe) is an essential nutrient to most microorganisms. Aerobic microorganisms exhibit various strategies for acquiring Fe at near-neutral pH conditions, where Fe oxyhydroxides are insoluble. Although much research has focused on microbial acquisition of Fe from minerals, little is known about Fe acquisition from natural organic matter (NOM). Yet, in surface waters, soils and shallow sediments, Fe is often associated with natural organic matter (NOM), and this NOM-associated Fe could represent an important pool of Fe for microorganisms. Here, we investigated the growth of aerobic Pseudomonas mendocina on soil and surface water NOM samples containing Fe, under Fe-limited conditions. In the presence of NOM, bacteria grew to population sizes greater than in no-Fe-added controls, indicating that the bacteria were able to access Fe associated with NOM. Maximum population size correlated with the NOM-associated Fe concentration. In an additional experiment, Pseudomonas putida was able to acquire Fe from an N...
Management of ventricular dysrhythmias in the prehospital and emergency department setting

Each year approximately 1,500,000 people experience acute myocardial infarction. About 40% of them die, half before they reach the hospital. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a major cause of cardiac arrest, and delay in administering antiarrhythmic agents contributes to the incidence of out-of-hospital deaths. The 3 antiarrhythmic drugs currently used by paramedics for cardiac arrest are bretylium, lidocaine, and procainamide. The early use of bretylium tosylate is stressed in Advanced Cardiac Life Support protocols because of the agent's antifibrillatory properties, that is, its ability to increase the VF threshold and to block reentry. Evidence indicates that early, aggressive use of bretylium tosylate as a first-line agent improves the likelihood of successful resuscitation. Preliminary data are presented from an ongoing comparative study of prehospital use of bretylium tosylate and lidocaine for VF. One hundred seventeen cardiac arrests have occurred, 55 of which were associated with VF and are included in the study. Resuscitation was not attempted in 3 of the 55 patients at the request of the family and physician. Of the remaining 52 patients, 17 received bretylium tosylate plus lidocaine, 12 lidocaine alone, and 7 only bretylium tosylate. There were 16 patients who did not receive medications. According to the study protocol, the choice of antiarrhythmic agents was determined by the paramedic shift during which arrest occurred. Of the 52 patients treated, 16 (30%) survived. It is too soon to draw any conclusions.
Low Operational Order Analytic Sensitivity Analysis for Tree-Type Multibody Dynamic Systems

Computing e rst-order sensitivity information is crucial for many gradient-based optimization strategies, where thealgorithmsemployedplayakeyroleindeterminingthecomputationalefe ciencyoftheoptimizationprocess.For complex multibody system optimization problems, the numerical accuracy, stability, convergence characteristics, and computational order of the underlying formulations all contribute to the overall cost of the optimization process. The computational efe ciency of the underlying forward problem and the associated sensitivity analysis musteach beconsideredifoneistoproperlymanagethesedesign problemsundertimeandcomputationalresource constraints. An algorithm is presented that determines the key state derivatives, central to e rst-order sensitivity analysis,inafullyrecursivemanner.Thealgorithmsignie cantlyreducesthecostofdetermininganalytice rst-order sensitivity information for large-scale, tree-type multi-rigid-body dynamic systems. Qualitative and quantitative validation on theoperational requirementofthepresentmethod are made through analytical means and empirical studies.
Third-Party Information Providers and Innovative Environmental Technology Adoption

This article explores the role of third-party information providers in assisting regulated facilities with environmental compliance technology choices. A key contribution is the finding that regulated facilities that rely more heavily on environmental consultants than in-house information sources choose conventional compliance options more frequently than facilities relying primarily on in-house information. Consultants also perceive environmental regulatory barriers to technology change as being significantly higher than regulated facilities do. Whereas consultants are primarily concerned with environmental regulatory barriers to technology adoption, facilities are primarily concerned with financial barriers. The findings suggest that the biases of consultants and their importance in shaping technology choice decisions should be considered in designing policies to promote environmental technology adoption.
Upper aerodigestive tract liposarcoma: report on four cases and literature review.

Objective: To report on the clinical behavior, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis of laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, and cervical esophageal liposarcomas. Study Design: Retrospective reviews of pathology files and hospital records at a tertiary care hospital and a retrospective search of the English-language literature. Methods: Cases of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) liposarcoma with adequate histopathologic documentation and clinical information were included for review. Results: Four cases of UADT liposarcomas were identified. The literature review revealed 26 cases of laryngeal liposarcomas, 7 cases of hypopharyngeal liposarcomas, and 6 cases of esophageal liposarcomas: the mean age at presentation was 55.8 years, the male:female ratio was 5:1, and 60% of the patients presented with dysphagia. Eighty-six percent of tumors had low-grade histologic findings. The recurrence rate after primary resection was 50%. Recurrence correlated with surgical procedure rather than with histologic subtype; 94.7% of recurrences happened after simple excision. Distant metastases occurred in three patients; two of them died of the disease. Conclusions: The literature supports that UADT liposarcomas are rare and usually of low-grade histologic type. The rate of metastatic disease and tumor-related mortality is low. However, high recurrence rates have been noted, particularly when less radical surgery is employed.
Control of Caenorhabditis elegans life history by nuclear receptor signal transduction

Caenorhabditis elegans diapause, reproductive development, and life span are influenced by the DAF-12 nuclear hormone receptor signaling pathway. Here, we describe how this nuclear receptor integrates environmental and physiologic cues and regulates developmental age, reproduction and aging.
Source effects in SWIPE: Shear-wave-assisted ultrasound imaging

SWIPE is a novel method for ultrasonic image reconstruction that uses echo phase modulation induced by traveling shear waves to decipher lateral k-space image data. Our prior experimental work has demonstrated lateral resolution with SWIPE at higher than expected sidelobe levels. Here we examine the effect of the location of the mechanical excitation source used in SWIPE. Surface and internal sources were simulated using finite element modeling. The interaction of shear and surface (Rayleigh) waves was found to degrade the SWIPE point spread function when surface excitation was employed. Internal excitation was not negatively affected and yielded near-ideal results. Regions of ideal performance, simulated point spread functions, and phase non-linearity measurements for the two methods are presented. The results indicate that internal sources, e.g. acoustic radiation force, can be expected to yield high-quality SWIPE images.
Caching intermediate results for program improvement

A systematic approach is given for symbolically caching intermediate results useful for deriving incremental programs from non-incremental programs. We exploit a number of program analysis and transformation techniques, centered around effective caching based on its utilization in deriving incremental programs, in order to increase the degree of incrementality not otherwise achievable by using only the return values of programs that are of direct interest. Our method can be applied straightforwardly to provide a systematic approach to program improvement via caching.
The Si-Ge bond: Rearrangements, migrations, and cleavages

1-Chloropentamethyl-1-silylgermane, ClSiMe2GeMe3 (1), and 1-chloromethylpentamethyl-1-silylgermane, ClCH2SiMe2GeMe3 (2), undergo Lewis acid-catalyzed rearrangements to ClGeMe2SiMe3 (3) and ClSiMe2CH2GeMe3 (4), respectively. Under similar conditions the isomeric ClGeMe2SiMe3 (3) undergoes a fragmentation reaction involving the formation of Me3SiCl and Me2GeCl2, and ClCH2GeMe2SiMe3 (5) rearranges to ClMe2GeCH2SiMe3 (6). Methyllithium treatment of Ph3SiGeMe3 and Me3SiGePh3 and [1,1‘]-tetramethylsilylgermylferrocenophane [(1,1‘-Me2SiMe2Ge((η5-C5H4)2Fe] results in methylation of the silicon atom and formation of the corresponding germyl anion. When the silicon−germanium-bonded fragment is incorporated into a bimetallic transition metal complex, i.e., (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2SiMe2GeMe2Fe(η5-C5H5)(CO)2 (7), base treatment with 1 equiv of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) leads to predominance of silyl group migration to the cyclopentadienyl ring over germyl migration (9:1). Treatment of 7 with a 2.5 molar excess of LDA, fo...
Cardiac expression of the Drosophila Sulphonylurea receptor gene is regulated by an intron enhancer dependent upon the NK homeodomain factor Tinman

Cardiac development proceeds via the activation of a complex network of regulatory factors which both directly and indirectly impact downstream cardiac structural genes. In Drosophila, the NK homeodomain transcription factor Tinman is critical to cardiac specification and development via the activation of a number of key regulatory genes which mediate heart development. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that Tinman also functions in Drosophila to directly activate transcription of the ATP binding cassette gene Sulphonylurea receptor (Sur). Cardiac expression of Sur is regulated by Tinman via an intron enhancer which first becomes active at stage 12 of embryogenesis, and whose function is restricted to the Tin cardial cells by the end of embryogenesis. Cardiac Sur enhancer activity subsequently persists through larval and adult development, but interestingly becomes modulated in several unique subsets of Tin-expressing cardial cells. The cardiac enhancer contains four binding sites for Tinman protein; mutation of two of these sites significantly reduces enhancer activity at all stages of development, and activation of the wild-type enhancer by ectopic Tinman protein confirms Sur is a direct target of Tinman transcriptional activation. These findings delineate at the molecular level specific sub-types of Tin cardial cells, and define an important regulatory pathway between two Drosophila genes for which mutations in human homologs have been shown to result in cardiac disease.
Further characterization of the impact of ethanol on βLH: alterations in polyribosome association of βLH mRNA

We have previously reported a decrease in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) levels in serum afterin vivo acute ethanol exposure in male rats. Accompanying these changes, a rapid and marked decrease of β-LH mRNA was observed. A similar decrease was not detected in the common α-subunit or β-FSH mRNA. The studies presented here examined the possible mechanisms of decreasing β-LH mRNA by using S1 nuclease protection assay to evaluate the effect of acute ethanol exposure on the levels of β-LH heteronuclear RNA (hnRNA). There was no significant difference detected in the level of β-LH hnRNA after ethanol exposure. Polysome distribution analysis was used to evaluate the association and disassociation of β-LH mRNA with polyribosomes since non-polyribosome associated mRNA may be more vulnerable to degradation by RNAases. The results indicated a decrease in the association of the β-LH mRNA with polysomes following acute ethanol exposure. This decrease in polyribosome association would increase the exposure of the β-LH transcript making it more susceptible to RNases. We conclude that the decrease in steady-state β-LH mRNA levels after ethanol exposure occurs because of increasing degradation of the transcript rendered vulnerable by displacement from polysomes and not through a decreased transcriptional rate.
Evaluation of features for catalytic residue prediction in novel folds

Structural genomics projects are determining the three-dimensional structure of proteins without full characterization of their function. A critical part of the annotation process involves appropriate knowledge representation and prediction of functionally important residue environments. We have developed a method to extract features from sequence, sequence alignments, three-dimensional structure, and structural environment conservation, and used support vector machines to annotate homologous and nonhomologous residue positions based on a specific training set of residue functions. In order to evaluate this pipeline for automated protein annotation, we applied it to the challenging problem of prediction of catalytic residues in enzymes. We also ranked the features based on their ability to discriminate catalytic from noncatalytic residues. When applying our method to a well-annotated set of protein structures, we found that top-ranked features were a measure of sequence conservation, a measure of structural conservation, a degree of uniqueness of a residue's structural environment, solvent accessibility, and residue hydrophobicity. We also found that features based on structural conservation were complementary to those based on sequence conservation and that they were capable of increasing predictor performance. Using a family nonredundant version of the ASTRAL 40 v1.65 data set, we estimated that the true catalytic residues were correctly predicted in 57.0% of the cases, with a precision of 18.5%. When testing on proteins containing novel folds not used in training, the best features were highly correlated with the training on families, thus validating the approach to nonhomologous catalytic residue prediction in general. We then applied the method to 2781 coordinate files from the structural genomics target pipeline and identified both highly ranked and highly clustered groups of predicted catalytic residues.
Tax Competition with Imperfectly Mobile Capital

Abstract This paper considers interjurisdictional tax competition in a two-period model with imperfectly mobile capital. In the first period, capital is perfectly mobile. In the second period, however, capital cannot move perfectly because of transactions costs, once employed in a jurisdiction in the first period. This imperfect mobility of capital may lead to the overprovision, rather than the underprovision, of public goods in the second period, and may make jurisdictions compete more aggressively for capital in the first period.
Linear trend analysis: a comparison of methods

In this paper, we present an overview of statistical approaches available for detecting and estimating linear trends in environmental data. We evaluate seven methods of trend detection and make recommendations based on a simulation study. We also illustrate the methods using real data.
THE VICIOUS AND VIRTUOUS CYCLES OF INFLUENCE TACTIC USE AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OUTCOMES

Interest in the nature of influence attempts in the performance evaluation process has increased in recent years. Researchers have conducted a number of important and revealing cross‐sectional investigations, but there remains virtually no longitudinal work in this area. The present study attempted to address this need by conducting a multi‐period investigation of influence tactics use and affect that addressed three questions: (1) Are individuals consistent in their use of influence tactics across evaluation periods? (2) Are prior‐period performance ratings reflected in subsequent influence tactic use? (3) What role does affect, both supervisor and subordinate, play in this process? A latent variable structural model was tested using longitudinal data from managers and employees of food services units. Our results indicated that there is a cycle of continued influence tactic use across time periods, performance ratings help to determine subsequent tactic use, and both supervisor and subordinate affect play a role in the influence‐evaluation process. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Photodegradable vinyl plastics. I. Effect of N‐halogen additives

The addition of small amounts of N-halogen compounds to polystyrene (PS), Polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE) enhanced the photodegradability of the resultant plastic films. The effectiveness of the additives varied with their structure and with the polymer. A comparison of N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) with several known photoinitiators showed it to be superior in effectiveness to all but one. Films were irradiated with a 275-watt RS sunlamp for 66–200 hr. Degradation was measured by increase in carbonyl absorbance at 1750–1695 cm−1 using infrared spectroscopy and by change in viscosity. PS containing NBS underwent a greater molecular weight loss than unmodified PS after UV exposure as determined by viscosity measurements.