cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maneuver detection using the radar range rate measurement

Tracking maneuvering targets with radar is complicated because radar cannot directly measure target accelerations. We use the range rate measurement to calculate a new statistic that is a surrogate measurement of target acceleration under a constant rate turn model. Its distribution is found via simulation. A threshold test of the statistic turns out to be a reliable detector of a maneuver. A tracker that uses a threshold test of the new statistic of accelerations to detect maneuvers and set. the process noise in a Kalman filter tracker is developed and compared with other, common maneuvering track filters. The new method compares favorably to a two mode interacting multiple model (IMM) and a tracker that switches process noise levels based on the position measurement innovations.
63Cu NMR and hole depletion in the normal state of yttrium-rich Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7.

The {sup 63}Cu Knight shift {ital K} and spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/{ital T}{sub 1} have been measured in the superconducting cuprate system Y{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}Pr{sub {ital x}}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, 0.05{le}{ital x}{le}0.20. With Pr doping {ital K} decreases and develops a temperature dependence at both plane and chain sites. This resembles the behavior of the Cu and Y Knight shifts as well as the bulk susceptibility in oxygen-deficient YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{ital y}}. The orbital contribution to {ital K} and the anisotropy of the Cu hyperfine coupling remain essentially unchanged over the entire Pr concentration range. No appreciable direct effect of Pr magnetism on the conduction-band susceptibility was found. Instead, analysis of the bulk susceptibility and NMR data indicate that pair breaking and hole depletion both take part in the suppression of the superconducting transition temperature {ital T}{sub {ital c}}. The temperature dependence of 1/{ital T}{sub 1} for magnetic field parallel to the {ital c} axis is also similar to that for the oxygen-deficient compound. This agreement leads to a consistent picture of the role of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in these materials. An analysis of the data in the framework of the phenomenological theory of Millis, Monien, and Pines is given.
A trial to reduce hepatitis C seroincidence in drug users

To test whether a four-session motivational intervention would reduce hepatitis C virus (HCV) seroincidence among injection and non-injection drug users compared to an assessment-only condition, we performed a randomized 24-month clinical trial. At baseline, 277 participants reported using heroin or cocaine at least three times weekly were HCV antibody negative, 65% were male and 46% were Caucasian and 39% reported having injected drugs. Of the 15 (5.4%) individuals who seroconverted, all reported injecting drugs either at baseline or during follow-up. Seroconversion rates did not differ significantly by treatment assignment (p =.79). The annual HCV incident rate was 8.20 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.76-14.13) for injectors and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.19-2.98) for non-injectors per 100 person-years. Significantly fewer participants in the intervention group initiated injection drug use behaviors (p =.009). This intervention was no more effective at reducing HCV seroconversion than assessment alone but did decrease injection initiation.
Relaxations of confined chains in polymer nanocomposites: Glass transition properties of poly(ethylene oxide) intercalated in montmorillonite

The relaxation behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), intercalated in montmorillonite, a naturally occurring mica-type silicate, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC and thermally stimulated dielectric depolarization ( or thermally stimulated current, TSC). The materials were synthesized by melt or solution-mediated intercalation. In both intercalates, the PEO chains were confined to ca. 0.8-nm galleries between the silicate layers. The solution intercalate contained a fraction of uninterca-lated PEO chains which exhibited a weak and depressed PEO melting endotherm in DSC. In contrast, the melt intercalate was starved such that almost all the PEO chains were effectively intercalated. For these melt intercalates, no thermal events were detected by DSC. TSC thermal sampling technique was used to examine the glass transition regions and to estimate the extent of cooperativity of chain motions. The motions of the intercalated PEO chains are inherently noncooperative relative to the cooperative T g motions in the amorphous portion of the bulk polymer. This is presumably due to the strong confining effect of the silicate layers on the relaxations of the intercalated polymer.
RECENT APPLICATIONS OF HYDROACOUSTICS TO ASSESSMENT OF LIMNETIC FISH ABUNDANCE AND BEHAVIOR

ABSTRACT Since 1969, the authors have been involved in over 200 hydroacoustic surveys of fish populations in more than 25 lakes. These studies have included a variety of different species assemblages and objectives, although most, such as Lakes Washington and Ozette in Washington and Tustumena in Alaska, are sockeye salmon nursery lakes. The objectives of these studies have included fisheries management, evaluation of lake enhancement programs, or environmental impact. During the 14 years of these investigations, both the equipment and procedures have evolved and improved considerably. Earlier techniques were very limited in their ability to detect fish near surface or in shallow water and had very limited capabilty for size discrimination. Current technology has solved most of these problems. These developments and their capabilities are presented along with the results of surveys on lakes with a variety of biological and physical characteristics. The results include a considerable amount of “ground trut...
Electrochemical Carbon-Nanotube Filter Performance toward Virus Removal and Inactivation in the Presence of Natural Organic Matter

The performance of an electrochemical multiwalled carbon nanotube (EC-MWNT) filter toward virus removal and inactivation in the presence of natural organic matter was systematically evaluated over a wide range of solution chemistries. Viral removal and inactivation were markedly enhanced by applying DC voltage in the presence of alginate and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM). Application of 2 or 3 V resulted in complete (5.8 to 7.4 log) removal and significant inactivation of MS2 viral particles in the presence of 5 mg L(-1) of SRNOM or 1 mg L(-1) of alginate. The EC-MWNT filter consistently maintained high performance over a wide range of solution pH and ionic strengths. The underlying mechanisms of enhanced viral removal and inactivation were further elucidated through EC-MWNT filtration experiments using carboxyl latex nanoparticles. We conclude that enhanced virus removal is attributed to the increased viral particle transport due to the applied external electric field and the attractive electrostatic interactions between the viral particles and the anodic MWNTs. The adsorbed viral particles on the MWNT surface are then inactivated through direct surface oxidation. Minimal fouling of the EC-MWNT filter was observed, even after 4-h filter runs with solutions containing 10 mg L(-1) of natural organic matter and 1 mM CaCl(2). Our results suggest that the EC-MWNT filter has a potential for use as a high performance point-of-use device for the removal of viruses from natural and contaminated waters with minimal power requirements.
Rebuttal: The Black Swan Fallacy in Evaluating Psychological Interventions for Distress in Cancer Patients

Isolated clinical trials in which psychosocial interventions to reduce distress among cancer patients appear superior to control conditions are insufficient to establish the overall efficacy of this class of interventions. We note that Andrykowski and Manne (1) depend on reviews that include nonrandomized trials in their case for the efficacy of these interventions and the one exception is a review that provides a pessimistic assessment of their efficacy. Four of the five intervention trials Manne and Andrykowski (2) cite as the best available evidence failed to provide the requisite treatment by time interaction needed to demonstrate efficacy. Even this best foot forward set of arguments fails to provide even a modest case for the efficacy of psychosocial interventions to reduce distress among typical cancer patients. We note the need to consider more carefully possible adverse effects and other costs of these interventions.
Coastal shell middens in Florida: A view from the Archaic period

Current models generally place the appearance of shell middens along Florida’s coasts after 5000 B.P. This paper argues that substantial shellfishing began at least two millennia earlier. It reviews information on the earliest shell middens known in coastal Florida and traces their evolution through the Archaic period (10,000–3000 B.P.) in three areas: 1) the panhandle; 2) the northeast, and 3) southwestern Florida. In the panhandle, estuarine exploitation was well established by 7200 B.P. The subsistence base included minor but consistent amounts of freshwater and terrestrial resources throughout the Archaic. On the northeast Florida coast, midden contents demonstrate that a range of terrestrial, estuarine, and littoral resources were being exploited by 6000 B.P. By 4500 B.P., however, this diverse subsistence base was abandoned and a more targeted estuarine focus was adopted. In southwest Florida, the earliest (ca. 7000 B.P.) coastal populations gathered shellfish, but the total subsistence regime is not clearly understood until 5000–4000 B.P., when intensive exploitation of marine shellfish and fish is recognized along the shore. By 4500 B.P. in all three regions of Florida, estuarine subsistence bases supported population nucleation and the creation of monumental architecture. By the end of the Archaic period (ca. 3500 B.P.) however, the brief venture into large-scale social works was abandoned in some, but not all of Florida, as climate and/or sea level regression brought significant environmental changes.
A proposed mechanism which may explain why the fetus is not considered to be foreign tissue by the maternal system during pregnancy.

Abstract A review of laboratory and clinical data is presented which supports a proposed endemic control mechanism designed to destroy the initiation of any localized abnormal growth of cells regardless of whether the cells are normal or aberrant. The emphasis of this article hypothesizes how the endemic control mechanism distinguishes between a fertilized ovum and fetus—which are also foreign to the mother's system—so that the fetus is not rejected by the endemic control mechanism that destroys other types of localized abnormal cell growth in the body. These data support a commonality between endemic control of pregnancy, tissue repair, and cancer growth and development.
The manipulation of stimulus quality and the definition of stimulus encoding operations in memory scanning experiments

Two experiments examine procedures for defining and isolating stimulus encoding processes within the standard memory scanning task. Two manipulations are used to converge on this definition: letter case (i.e., physical vs. name matching of letters) and stimulus quality. Experiment 1 produced equal scanning rates for the name match and the control conditions in which letter case was not varied. The physical match conditions produced scanning rates half as great as the control. None of these rates were greatly affected by the degradation (contrast reduction) of the probe stimulus, although the small difference in rates for the physical match condition was significant. Experiment 2 investigated two modes of stimulus degradation, contrast reduction and the addition of visual noise. All of the results of the first experiment were replicated for both modes of degradation, with the exception of the change in the scanning rates for the physical match condition. In addition, visual noise produced greater differences between positive and negative response times than did contrast reduction, which did not differ from the high contrast control condition. These results indicate that an abstract internal code is derived during the encoding of the probe stimulus from which the effects of stimulus quality have been removed. Thus, factors that interact with stimulus quality in memory scanning tasks can be assumed to have a locus within the encoding stage of processing.
Speech Perception Among School-Aged Skilled and Less Skilled Readers

This study investigated the relationship between speech perception, phonological processing and reading skills among school-aged children classified as ‘skilled’ and ‘less skilled’ readers based on their ability to read words, decode non-words, and comprehend short passages. Three speech perception tasks involving categorization of speech continua differing in voicing, place and manner of articulation were administered and compared to phonological processing skills in phonological awareness, speeded naming and verbal short-term memory. The results obtained suggested that (a) speech categorization among skilled readers differed from that of less skilled readers, (b) speech perception skills were associated with both reading and phonological processing skills among both skilled and less skilled readers, however, (c) a strong association between speeded naming and both word and passage reading skills found among skilled readers was absent among less skilled readers. These results suggested that phonological representations and/or activation may not be as well developed in less skilled readers.
Thomas-Fermi ground state of dipolar fermions in a circular storage ring

Recent developments in the field of ultracold gases has led to the production of degenerate samples of polar molecules. These have large static electric-dipole moments, which in turn causes the molecules to interact strongly. We investigate the interaction of polar particles in waveguide geometries subject to an applied polarizing field. For circular waveguides, tilting the direction of the polarizing field creates a periodic inhomogeneity of the interparticle interaction. We explore the consequences of geometry and interaction for stability of the ground state within the Thomas-Fermi model. Certain combinations of tilt angles and interaction strengths are found to preclude the existence of a stable Thomas-Fermi ground state. The system is shown to exhibit different behavior for quasi-one-dimensional and three-dimensional trapping geometries.
Antihypertensive Medication Use Among US Adults With Hypertension

Background— High blood pressure can be controlled through existing antihypertensive drug therapy. This study examined trends in prescribed antihypertensive medication use among US adults with hypertension and compared drug utilization patterns with recommendations of the Sixth Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Methods and Results— Persons aged ≥18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were identified as hypertensive on the basis of either a blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or self-reported current treatment for hypertension with a prescription medication. In 1999–2002, 62.9% of US hypertensive adults took a prescription antihypertensive medication compared with 57.3% during 1988–1994 ( P P P Conclusions— Antihypertensive medication use and multiple antihypertensive medication use among US hypertensive adults increased over the past 10 years, but disparities by sociodemographic factors continue to exist.
DNA-mediated electron transfer

Electron transfer in DNA has been investigated for decades, but recent experiments highlight our limited fundamental understanding of these processes. Modern electron transfer theory may help to address some of the open mechanistic issues. We summarize and analyze the results of recent experiments from a theoretical perspective. Future research directions are suggested that might help to establish the molecular mechanism(s) for long-range DNA electron transfer.
Frontal lobe dysfunction in the affective disorders

Abstract This review summarizes current research regarding the role of the frontal lobe in the pathophysiology of affective disorders, focusing on the following domains: neuropathology, neuropsychological functioning, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and structural neuroimaging. Parallels between the symptomatology of frontal lobe impairment and that of manic and depressive episodes are delineated. The specific mechanisms by which the frontal regions influence affective symptoms are far from clear, yet there is significant data to support a correlation between frontal lobe changes and the affective, behavioral, and cognitive changes exhibited in both bipolar and unipolar disorders. Although affective symptomatology cannot be specifically localized to the frontal lobe, data from diverse sources suggest that this brain region may play a central role in more complex neural circuits associated with affective syndromes, particularly in its regulatory capacity.
Surface modes of a degenerate polar pomiconductor with a surface depletion layer

Abstract Surface polariton modes of a degenerate semiconductor which has a low carrier concentration surface layer are studied in the hydrodynamic approximation. In particular, the effect of the polar phonons on the higher multipole excitats of the surface is analyzed in the long wavelength non-retarded limit.
Stimulation of the Synthesis and Release of Decidual Prolactin by a Placental Polypeptide

Human decidual explants incubated for 2 h in medium containing placental tissue released 69.1% more PRL (P < 0.05) than decidual explants incubated in control medium alone. Similarly, decidual explants incubated for 1 h in medium containing 5%, 20%, and 50% of a conditioned medium from cultured placental explants (PCM) released 87.5%, 211.5%, and 406.7% more PRL and synthesized 10.3%, 45.0%, and 70.4% more PRL, respectively, than explants incubated in control medium alone (P < 0.01 in each instance). PCM, however, had no measurable effect on the synthesis or release of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable decidual 35S-labeled proteins or on the release of PRL and LH from dispersed rat pituitary cells. Conditioned media from human fibroblasts, human endothelial cells and human parathyroid adenoma cells, human serum, fetal calf serum, and BSA as well as human placental lactogen and hCG had no effect on PRL release. Dialysis or ultrafiltration of PCM using membranes with molecular weight exclusions of 10,000 or...
Inhibition of GSK-3β as a target for cardioprotection: the importance of timing, location, duration and degree of inhibition

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in western countries such as the US. Myocardial infarction leads to loss of myocytes and with extremely limited ability to replenish cardiomyocytes, the heart exhibits depressed contractility. This ultimately results in hypertrophy of the remaining viable myocytes, which is the primary predictor for heart failure. Thus, drug therapies which can reduce myocyte cell death and reduce postischaemic dysfunction would be expected to greatly reduce cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure and death. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta has been proposed as a strategy to improve postischaemic cardiomyocyte survival, as inhibition of GSK-3beta has been shown to reduce myocardial cell death following ischaemia and reperfusion. Therapies for inhibiting GSK are feasible as there are a number of newly developed specific inhibitors of GSK available, although most of these drugs have not been tested in long-term animal studies.
Electrochemical determinations of diffusion coefficients of some polynuclear copper(II) and iron(iii)complexes

Abstract Electrochemical data obtained by simple techniques appear to provide a valid means of detecting polymerization of metal complexes in aqueous solutions. Diffusion coefficients have been determined for the dimeric and trimeric iron(III) tartrate complexes and for some tartrate, citrate, salicylate, and 5-sulfosalicylate complexes of copper(II) by means of chronopotentiometry and conventional d.c. polarography. Approximate particle diameters were calculated from measured diffusion coefficients by the Stokes-Einstein equation and these confirm the presence of polynuclear species reported by earlier investigators. Scale models of the complexes have diameters which agree closely with those obtained experimentally. Evidence for the existence of a trimeric copper(II) tartrate species at pH 9.1 is presented.
Adsorption effects in aluminophosphate molecular sieves studied by27Al double-rotation NMR

27Al double rotation NMR (DOR) spectroscopy is used to investigate structural changes in the framework of several aluminophosphate molecular sieves upon adsorption of water. The shapes, widths, and positions of the spectral lines yield information on the aluminum environments, adsorption sites, and degree of structural disorder undergone upon water adsorption.
A New Application of the Interaction Picture To Calculate Reactive Scattering Matrix Elements

The interaction picture is used together with the channel-packet method in a new time-dependent approach to compute reactive scattering matrix elements. The channel-packet method employs the correlation function between two Moller states to compute scattering matrix elements. The interaction picture reduces wavepacket spreading when computing the Moller states. The details of this new approach are illustrated using a simple one-dimensional example where the size of the grid required for computing the Moller state in the interaction picture is reduced by a factor of 2 when compared with required grid size in the Schrodinger picture.
Lack of respiratory “cost” of tail autotomy in the lungless salamander, Oedipina uniformis

Tail autotomy, an effective antipredator adaptation that enhances survival, may have attendant costs for the surviving prey. One potential cost not previously addressed in long-tailed, lungless salamanders that sacrifice the majority of their body mass by tail autotomy is the substantial reduction in respiratory surface area (RSA). We have tested the respiratory cost of tail autotomy in the bolitoglossine salamander, Oedipina uniformis, by (1) comparing resting and post-exercise oxygen consumption (VO2) in tailed and tailless Oedipina, and (2) comparing the tissue composition of bodies and tails. Metabolic studies indicated no significant effect of tail condition (pre- vs. post-autotomy) on resting VO2, the duration of exercise prior to exhaustion, or post-exercise VO2; aerobic recovery from exercise was also independent of tail condition. Tissue analyses (water and ash content, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein fractions) revealed that Oedipina bodies and tails are similar in composition (both high in muscle, low in lipid); thus the tail is largely a metabolically-homogeneous extension of the body. Our data suggest that tail autotomy in Oedipina does not alter the ratio between metabolically-active tissue mass and RSA, and that a respiratory cost of tail autotomy is of minor importance.
Differential rates of proton exchange for the guanidinium nitrogens of L-arginine determined by natural-abundance nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Differential rates of N-H proton-exchange reactions have been determined for the guanidinium nitrogens of l-arginine, 1, in the pH range of 0.5 to 11.5 by natural-abundance nitrogen-15 NMR spectroscopy. Base-catalyzed N-H proton exchange of the -NH- group is found to be two times faster than for the guanidino -NH_2 groups. The results can be rationalized by consideration of the contributions of various valence-bond structures to the resonance hybrid of 1.
Antiangiogenesis Therapy in Breast Cancer

Increased expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer, indicating that antiangiogenic therapies may improve outcomes. Novel antiangiogenic agents targeting the proangiogenic VEGF ligand and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed. Of these, bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF, is very promising in breast cancer. A large phase 3 clinical trial demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in progression-free survival with the addition of bevacizumab to paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer, establishing the benefit of antiangiogenic therapy in breast cancer. Additional studies of bevacizumab in the metastatic, adjuvant, and neoadjuvant settings are underway. Ongoing trials are also evaluating the efficacy of multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced breast cancer. This article reviews the results of the key trials evaluating antiangiogenic agents in breast cancer with particular emphasis on bevacizumab and future directions of antiangiogenic therapy.
The Accuracy of the Born and Ray Approximations in Time-Distance Helioseismology

Time-distance helioseismology measures the time for acoustic wave packets to travel, through the solar interior, from one location on the solar surface to another. Interpretation of travel times requires an understanding of their dependence on subsurface inhomogeneities. Traditionally, time-distance measurements have been modeled in the ray approximation. Recent efforts have focused on the Born approximation, which includes finite-wavelength effects. In order to understand the limitations and ranges of validity of the ray and Born approximations, we apply them to a simple problem—adiabatic acoustic waves in a uniform medium with a spherical inclusion—for which a numerical solution to the wave equation is computationally feasible. We show that, for perturbations with length scales large compared to the size of the first Fresnel zone, both the Born and first-order ray approximations yield the same result and that the fractional error in the travel time shift, computed by either approximation, is proportional to the fractional strength of the sound speed perturbation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that for perturbations with length scales smaller than the first Fresnel zone the ray approximation can substantially overestimate travel time perturbations while the Born approximation gives the correct order of magnitude. The main cause of the inaccuracy of the Born approximation travel times is the appearance of a diffracted wave. This wave, however, has not yet been observed in the solar data.
Convergent Validity of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnostic for Children (ASD-DC) and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R).

The purpose of this paper was to further establish the validity of the Autism Spectrum Disorder-Diagnostic for Children (ASD-DC). The methodology consisted of testing the similarity of findings between the ASD-DC and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), which proved to be statistically significant for subscale content scores on social, communication, and rituals/insistence on sameness/restrictive interest subfactors. Secondly, the ASD-DC and ADI-R were compared to clinically derived diagnoses based on diagnostic interviews, rating scales, a DSM-IV/ICD-10 symptom checklist, observations of the child, clinical judgment, and an in-depth parent interview. Twenty-six children in the study met criteria for ASD while six did not. The ASD-DC correctly identified 73% of the ASD group and 67% of the controls, while the ADI-R correctly identified 46% of the ASD group and 100% of the controls. The implications of these data are discussed.
The electrocardiogram in normal newborn infants: Correlation with hemodynamic observations

The electrocardiograms of 28 normal newborn infants aged 1 to 27 hours were correlated with pulmonary arterial pressure, presence of left-to-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary to systemic pressure ratio. The data indicate that postnatal hemodynamic changes are reflected in the electrocardiogram of the normal newborn infant. Upright T-waves in the right precordial leads were associated with significantly higher pulmonary arterial pressure. The majority of infants with negative T-waves in V 6 were under 10 hours of age and had left-to-right shunts through the ductus arteriosus. An R/S ratio less than 1 in the right precordial leads was observed only in infants with left-to-right shunts through the ductus, while an R/S ratio of more than 1 in V 6 was associated with a lower pulmonary-to-systemic pressure ratio. There was no correlation between the R or S waves in the precordial leads and the above hemodynamic parameters.
Accumulation and within-seed distribution of iron in common bean and soybean

The influence of times of applying FeEDDHA on seed yield and Fe accumulation by four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and two soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes grown on a calcareous soil was studied under greenhouse conditions. The soybean genotypes, unlike the common bean genotypes, developed Fe-deficiency chlorosis and responded to application of the chelate. A preplant application of FeEDDHA was more efficacious than a flowering application in increasing seed yield of soybean. In contrast, the flowering application was much more effective than the preplant application for increasing seed Fe concentration [Fe] of both species. Percentage of seed Fe located in the seed coat of the common bean genotypes ranged from approximately 5 to 40% and was little affected by FeEDDHA. This within-seed distribution of Fe was correlated with methanol-extractable seed-coat pigments absorbing at 500 nm, presumably anthocyanins, but not with condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins). The soybean genotypes did not accumulate anthocyanins or tannins in the seed coat. Seed of Fe-deficient soybean plants without FeEDDHA had appreciably lower [Fe] and had a lower percentage of seed Fe in the seed coat than treated plants. Within-seed distribution of Fe should be considered in plant breeding because of concerns about both human nutrition and early seedling growth. Abbreviations: DTPA – diethylenetrinitrilopentaacetic acid; EDDHA – ethylenediamine di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) acid; SPAD – single photon avalanche diode
Changing Throwing Pattern: Instruction and Control Parameter.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of instruction and scaling up a control parameter (velocity of throw) on changes in throwing pattern. Sixty adult female throwers (ages 20-26 years) were randomly placed into one of four practice conditions: (a) scale up on velocity with no instruction, (b) maintain constant velocity with no instruction, (c) maintain constant velocity with instruction, and (d) scale up on velocity with instruction. Participants in each condition were required to practice throwing with the nondominant arm twice per week for 5 weeks (10 sessions). Practice consisted of 20 throws per session. Participants in conditions including instruction were encouraged to rotate the trunk in an attempt to take advantage of the order parameter. Analysis indicated that each condition improved relative to use of the open kinetic chain. However, participants who increased velocity were more likely to attain maximum use of the order parameter with less practice. Additionally, throwers who...
The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children

(1939). The Development of Consciousness of Self and the Emergence of Racial Identification in Negro Preschool Children. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 591-599.
Interplanetary shock induced ring current auroras

[1] On 21 January 2005, a fast interplanetary (IP) shock compressed the magnetosphere and caused detached auroras (DA) on the dayside, duskside and nightside ionosphere. The DA were detected by three independent FUV instruments: IMAGE/SI-12, TIMED/GUVI and DMSP/SSUSI. The SI-12 observations show that the dayside detached aurora (DDA) was located between 60° and 68° Mlat and between 06:00 and 15:00 MLT. It lasted for only ∼2 min. Coincident in situ Polar measurements show that sudden bursts of proton EMIC waves (∼2 min) were associated with the DDA. This provides direct evidence of the link between the EMIC waves and the DDA. The DA in the duskside and nightside appeared once the DDA disappeared. GUVI and SSUSI also observed the DA in the duskside and dayside with more details. Ring current simulations show that ∼10 keV protons with sausage-shaped spatial distribution of high anisotropy in flux and temperature were the particle source for the duskside and nightside DA. Compression of the magnetosphere appears to be the driver for both of the DDA and dusk/night DA. The nightside DA was observed for the first time during a sudden commencement. To unify the different terminologies, the detached auroras due to precipitating energetic protons from the ring current are called the ring current auroras.
The design, performance evaluation and use cases of a virtualised programmable edge node for network innovations

The existing internet infrastructure faces increasing challenges on its performance, security and manageability. As a result, the need of revitalising the internet has become unprecedented. There is a strong call for flexible and open network facilities that can enable network researchers to conduct experiments and deploy new services at scale. Such facilities typically employ virtualisation technologies to support multiple experiments and sharing of network resources (CPU, bandwidth and so on). In this paper, we present the design, performance evaluation and use cases of a programmable edge node (PEN) prototype, as a part of the GENI Spiral One projects. This PEN is equipped with both general-purpose multicore processors at the host and application-specific multicore processors at the network interfaces, providing effective isolation of experiments and measurements. We conduct experiments to evaluate the performance of the prototype and describe the use case of such a virtualisable programmable network node within an operational testbed.
Optimal conversion of extended-entry decision tables with general cost criteria

A general dynamic programming algorithm for converting limited, extended, or mixed entry decision tables to optimal decision trees is presented which can take into account rule frequencies or probabilities, minimum time and/or space cost criteria, common action sets, compressed rules and ELSE rules, sequencing constraints on condition tests, excludable combinations of conditions, certain ambiguities, and interrupted rule masking.
A Model for C74 Addition by CCA-adding Enzymes C74 ADDITION, LIKE C75 AND A76 ADDITION, DOES NOT INVOLVE tRNA TRANSLOCATION

The CCA-adding enzyme adds CCA to the 3′-end of tRNA one nucleotide at a time, using CTP and ATP as substrates. We found previously that tRNA does not rotate or translocate on the enzyme during the addition of C75 and A76. We therefore predicted that the growing 3′-end of tRNA must, upon addition of each nucleotide, refold to reposition the new 3′-hydroxyl equivalently relative to the solitary nucleotidyltransferase motif. Cocrystal structures of the class I archaeal Archaeoglobus fulgidus enzyme, poised for addition of C75 and A76, confirmed this prediction. We have also demonstrated that an evolutionarily flexible β-turn facilitates progressive refolding of the 3′-terminal C74 and C75 residues during C75 and A76 addition. Although useful cocrystals corresponding to C74 addition have not yet been obtained, we now show experimentally that tRNA does not rotate or translocate during C74 addition. We therefore propose, based on the existing A. fulgidus cocrystal structures, that the same flexible β-turn functions as a wedge between the discriminator base (N73) and the terminal base pair of the acceptor stem, unstacking and repositioning N73 to attack the incoming CTP. Thus a single flexible β-turn would orchestrate consecutive addition of all three nucleotides without significant movement of the tRNA on the enzyme surface.
The Chicken-of-Tomorrow Program; Its Influence on “Meat-Type” Poultry Production

Abstract A CHANGE of gigantic proportions has taken place in the Poultry Industry of the United States. Meat-type poultry has taken its place alongside “Production Bred”—and Standard Bred Fancy Chickens. Changing economic conditions and a well-organized “Chicken-of-Tomorrow” Program has speeded up this evolution. The practice of raising Commercial Meat Chickens on mass production methods has proved profitable, and the volume has more than doubled in five years’ time. The number raised in the United States increased from 275 million in 1946 to 616 million in 1950, and the expansion has continued during 1951. This added interest created enormous pressure for an improved meat-type chicken, a more efficient ration, larger hatching and processing facilities, and better marketing and merchandising procedure. In 1945 Howard C. Pierce, Poultry Research Director, A & P Food Stores, in an address before a Canadian Poultry meeting remarked that someone would confer a boon upon the poultry . . .
Shoulder arthroplasty for advanced glenohumeral arthritis after anterior instability repair.

Abstract We retrospectively reviewed 19 patients (19 shoulders) in whom advanced glenohumeral arthritis developed after anterior instability repair. The anterior instability repairs included 4 Bristow, 4 Putti-Platt (2 in combination with other procedures), 4 Magnuson-Stack, 2 Bankart, and 5 other anterior capsulorrhaphies. Seventeen of the shoulders were treated with arthroplasty: 15 with total shoulder replacement and 2 with humeral head replacement, at a mean age of 45 years (range, 32-69 years). Two patients did not have surgical treatment. The mean internal rotation contracture was 58° (15°-125°). Eleven patients (65%) required subscapularis lengthening and anterior capsular release to correct a severe internal rotation contracture. Three (18%) had glenoid bone grafting, and one had glenoidplasty to correct severe posterior glenoid wear. The results were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 62 months (range, 24-167 months). Arthroplasty reduced the level of pain in 16 cases (94%). Active forward elevation increased 21° to 120°, active external rotation increased 38° to 41°, and passive internal rotation increased a mean of 3 vertebral levels to T12. There was improvement in functional use of the upper extremity in all cases except one. Subjectively, 12 shoulders were rated as much better, 4 as better, and 1 as worse than preoperatively. Three underwent revision arthroplasty procedures. Advanced glenohumeral arthritis is a rarely reported late sequela of anterior instability surgery. It is more common after nonanatomic repairs, presents in patients at younger ages than typical glenohumeral osteoarthritis, and is characterized by severe internal rotation contracture and posterior glenoid wear. Prosthetic arthroplasty, although technically challenging, effectively reduced pain and improved function in our series. (J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001;10:539-45.)
Electromagnetic Spectroscopy of Normal Breast Tissue Specimens Obtained From Reduction Surgeries: Comparison of Optical and Microwave Properties

Techniques utilizing electromagnetic energy at microwave and optical frequencies have been shown to be promising for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Since different biophysical mechanisms are exploited at these frequencies to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue, combining these two modalities may result in a more powerful approach for breast cancer detection and diagnosis. Toward this end, we performed microwave dielectric spectroscopy and optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements at the same sites on freshly excised normal breast tissues obtained from reduction surgeries at the University of Wisconsin Hospital, using microwave and optical probes with very similar sensing volumes. We found that the microwave dielectric constant and effective conductivity are correlated with tissue composition across the entire measurement frequency range (|r| ~ 0.5-0.6, p < 0.01) and that the optical absorption coefficient at 460 nm and optical scattering coefficient are correlated with tissue composition (|r| ~ 0.4-0.6, p < 0.02). Finally, we found that the optical absorption coefficient at 460 nm is correlated with the microwave dielectric constant and effective conductivity (r = -0.55, p < 0.01). Our results suggest that combining optical and microwave modalities for analyzing breast tissue samples may serve as a crosscheck and provide complementary information about tissue composition.
The Reinforcing Efficacy of Alcohol Mediates Associations Between Impulsivity and Negative Drinking Outcomes

Objective:One predictor of negative drinking outcomes in college populations is impulsivity. Individual differences in the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol, which reflects willingness to drink despite potential costs, may serve as a mechanism by which impulsivity is associated with alcohol-related problems. The purpose of this study was to determine whether two measures of the reinforcing efficacy of alcohol–demand intensity (consumption when drinks are free) and Omax (maximum expenditure on alcohol)–statistically mediated the associations between four facets of impulsivity and negative drinking outcomes.Method:We gave 202 undergraduate social drinkers a hypothetical task in which they indicated how many drinks they would consume across a range of prices. They also completed measures of impulsivity, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems.Results:Path models revealed that two facets of impulsivity—sensation seeking and urgency—were associated with higher reinforcing efficacy and worse alcohol problems. M...
Implementation and validation of a Five-Level STATCOM Model in the RTDS small time-step environment

In this paper, the implementation issues of a five-level STATCOM model in RTDS small time-step environment are studied. The five-level STATCOM is modeled by two small time-step VSC models and connected by a three-phase cross card Bergeron transmission line. With appropriate transmission line parameters, little voltage and current distortion is found on voltages and currents along the transmission line. The effectiveness of the STATCOM model is verified by comparing the simulation results of a test system modeled on RTDS to the results of the model from Matlab/Simulink/SimPowerSystems. The sensitivity study of the power loss provides valuable information on the actual and artificial power loss of the STATCOM model. In addition, harmonics analysis further validates the STATCOM model. From the power loss and the comparative study, the effectiveness of the STATCOM model is verified for use in a Control-Hardware-In-Loop (CHIL) testing of the STATCOM's controller.
Fuel and stand conditions in an isolated, unmanaged forest landscape in central Oregon.

• Mature, unmanaged forests in western North America provide important reference conditions for managers, yet little is known about fuel composition and the factors that influence fuel accumulation in such stands. Our objectives were to characterize fuels in a passively managed landscape of dry forests in central Oregon and identify environmental factors influencing fuel accumulation. • Ordination techniques and analysis of variance revealed no statistical differences in total fuel loads across a wide range of environmental conditions. • Individual fuel size classes, however, did vary by stand location and composition. Interior stands had more 1- to 100-h fuels and snags than stands at or near the edge, stands dominated by ponderosa pine had fewer small-diameter fuels and snags, lodgepole pine stands had more 1-h fuels and snags, and white fir stands had more 10-h fuels, duff, and snag basal area. • Tree species, density and age, and years since last fire were the most important environmental variables, explaining 23% of the variation in fuels. • Our results present further evidence that fuel composition is highly variable at many spatial and temporal scales. They also provide useful baseline information for managers of fire-prone western forests.
Soldiers, Citizens, and the State : East German Army Officers in Post-Unification Germany

Despite official narratives of a relatively smooth transition, of the merging of “those things which belong together,” German unification and the formation of a new German state has been an uneven project filled with friction and animosity. While the West German government celebrated the “victory” of unification, and stated that all East Germans wanted unification, one group of East Germans did not look forward to the dissolution of the GDR: members of the East German military, the Nationale Volksarmee (National People's Army, or NVA). Disbanded immediately upon unification, the overwhelming majority of NVA officers were left unemployed overnight, stripped of their status as officers and portrayed by the West Germans as the “losers” of the Cold War. For these men, unification was not a joyous, desired event; rather, it represented the end of their careers, security, status, and the state they had sworn to defend. As such, the “fall” into democracy for these men was from the start fraught with uncertainty, disappointment, anomie, and a profound sense of loss.
Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson Models of Primate Choice Dynamics

The equilibrium phenomenon of matching behavior traditionally has been studied in stationary environments. Here we attempt to uncover the local mechanism of choice that gives rise to matching by studying behavior in a highly dynamic foraging environment. In our experiments, 2 rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta) foraged for juice rewards by making eye movements to one of two colored icons presented on a computer monitor, each rewarded on dynamic variable-interval schedules. Using a generalization of Wiener kernel analysis, we recover a compact mechanistic description of the impact of past reward on future choice in the form of a Linear-Nonlinear-Poisson model. We validate this model through rigorous predictive and generative testing. Compared to our earlier work with this same data set, this model proves to be a better description of choice behavior and is more tightly correlated with putative neural value signals. Refinements over previous models include hyperbolic (as opposed to exponential) temporal discounting of past rewards, and differential (as opposed to fractional) comparisons of option value. Through numerical simulation we find that within this class of strategies, the model parameters employed by animals are very close to those that maximize reward harvesting efficiency.