cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hypnosis on the Learning of Two Selected Motor Skills.

Abstract Sixty male college students served as subjects in an effort to determine whether posthypnotic suggestion of a positive involving nature, or positive involving suggestion without hypnosis present could be used to improve the learning of a fine and a gross motor skill. A second problem investigated was whether individuals at the two ends of the tranceability scale were affected differently by positive involving suggestion in the learning of the two motor skills utilized in this study. Results indicated no significant differences at the .05 level for either of these two problems.
FLEX: a slot allocation scheduling optimizer for MapReduce workloads

Originally, MapReduce implementations such as Hadoop employed First In First Out (fifo) scheduling, but such simple schemes cause job starvation. The Hadoop Fair Scheduler (hfs) is a slot-based MapReduce scheme designed to ensure a degree of fairness among the jobs, by guaranteeing each job at least some minimum number of allocated slots. Our prime contribution in this paper is a different, flexible scheduling allocation scheme, known as flex. Our goal is to optimize any of a variety of standard scheduling theory metrics (response time, stretch, makespan and Service Level Agreements (slas), among others) while ensuring the same minimum job slot guarantees as in hfs, and maximum job slot guarantees as well. The flex allocation scheduler can be regarded as an add-on module that works synergistically with hfs. We describe the mathematical basis for flex, and compare it with fifo and hfs in a variety of experiments.
Vasopressin and Pneumothorax in the Neonate

The release of vasopressin (AVP) was assessed by measuring urinary excretion of the hormone in ten neonates who had an acute and symptomatic pneumothorax in the first three days after birth. AVP excretion rose significantly (paired t analysis) after the pneumothorax occurred. When apparent re-expansion of the lungs occurred after treatment, excretion of AVP returned to prepneumothorax levels within eight to 16 hours. If the pneumothorax persisted or worsened, AVP excretion remained elevated. Urine osmolality rose significantly (paired t analysis) after pneumothorax, presumably in response to the increased AVP levels. Two of the ten infants had hyponatremia in the period studied, while in a state of positive sodium balance. It was concluded that AVP release is increased after a pneumothorax occurs. This increase is apparently not due to osmoregulatory requirements. Fluid intake in these infants may need adjustment to prevent an inappropriate positive water balance.
IDENTIFICATION, SEQUENCE, AND EXPRESSION OF THE GENE ENCODING A MR 35,000 SUBUNIT OF THE VACCINIA VIRUS DNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE

The gene rpo35, encoding a subunit of the vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was identified, and its RNA and protein products were characterized. An Mr 35,000 polypeptide, which bound antibody to the purified RNA polymerase, was synthesized in reticulocyte lysates programmed with viral mRNA that hybridized to a 2,300-base pair segment of the viral genome. Determination of the sequence of the DNA segment revealed four potential protein coding regions, none of which had evident similarity to any described RNA polymerase subunit of prokaryotes or eukaryotes. One open reading frame that could encode a 35,400-Da protein was identified as rpo35 on the basis of mRNA hybridization, cell-free translation, and immunoprecipitation. The identification was confirmed by sequencing tryptic peptides of the authentic Mr 35,000 RNA polymerase subunit. Antiserum to the purified recombinant protein, expressed in bacteria, reacted specifically with a Mr 35,000 polypeptide that was detected starting 2 h after virus infection and that co-sedimented with RNA polymerase purified from virions. RNA analyses indicated that the 5'-end of an early transcript started 25 nucleotides upstream of rpo35, which is consistent with the location of an early promoter consensus sequence.
Sexual concerns of cardiac patients: A psychometric analysis

The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Steinke Sexual Concerns Inventory-General Cardiac Version (SSCI-GCV) and to examine its use across multiple cardiac diagnoses. A sub-analysis of a cross-sectional sample of 205 cardiac patients from the central USA was completed. Our analyses yielded promising evidence that the SSCI-GCV is a reliable (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86) and valid measure of sexual concerns and supported three subscales for this 11-item instrument. Further means testing suggested that participants with a diagnosis of stroke or kidney disease reported more sexual concerns than those without such diagnoses, but differences were not found for any specific cardiac health problem or intervention. These findings support the use of the SSCI-GCV as a brief and easily administered instrument that can be used to broadly assess sexual concerns in cardiac populations and to inform sexual counselling of cardiac patients in practice.
On the Diophantine Equation 2^a3^b + 2^c3^d = 2^e3^f + 2^g3^h

This paper is a continuation of [1], in which I studied Harvey Friedman's problem of whether the function f(x,y) = x^2 + y^3 satisfies any identities; however, no knowledge of [1] is necessary to understand this paper. We will break the exponential Diophantine equation 2^a3^b + 2^c3^d = 2^e3^f + 2^g3^h into subcases that are easier to analyze. Then we will solve an equation obtained by imposing a restriction on one of these subcases, after which we will solve a generalization of this equation.
Experiences with epidemic diarrhea of the newborn; the use of nutramigen in its dietary management.

Summary 1. Seventy-five cases of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn were observed and treated during the period from July 26, 1944 to October 10, 1956. Twelve of these cases were acquired in the wards of our hospital from other patients infected with the disease. Some of this twelve were past the newborn period. 2. Hydration and correction of the acidosis were accomplished by intravenous and subcutaneous therapy with glucose, saline, and sodium lactate. 3. Oral feeding was commenced with small feedings of 5 per cent glucose in physiologic saline, followed by the feeding of a 5 per cent rice gruel. 4. Nutramigen was used as a beginning milk feeding in twenty-three cases, either with 5 per cent rice gruel or with boiled water. 5. The total mortality of the series was 24 per cent. The mortality of the cases fed with Nutramigen was 4.3 per cent. 6. Patients with relapsing or “biphasic” courses did not have an appreciably higher mortality than that of the series as a whole. Likewise, the severity of the acidosis at the time of admission had no direct bearing on the prognosis. 7. Low birth weight had a very definite influence in increasing the mortality. 8. We feel that Nutramigen is a very useful substance with which to resume the feeding of milk.
Interoperability in E-Government: More than Just Smart Middleware

According to Layne and Lee (2001), electronic Government (e-Government, e-Gov) progresses towards higher levels of integration and interoperability among and between government levels and branches. Interoperability in essence leads to extensive information sharing among and between governmental entities. However, the obstacles, which prevent a rapid progress into that direction, are not merely technical. In fact, the technology side may prove the least difficult to address, while the organizational, legal, political, and social aspects may prove much more of a challenge. The case in point presented in this paper is Washington State's Justice Information Network (JIN), which attempts to share and interoperate criminal and judicial information between state and local governments. Progress towards sustainable information sharing requires many players seeking the same ends in an ongoing fashion, not just a huge upfront and one-time effort as the case illustrates.
Lithium Di‐p‐tolylcuprate

[54747-02-3] C14H14CuLi (MW 252.77) InChI = 1S/2C7H7.Cu.Li/c2*1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7;;/h2*3-6H,1H3;; InChIKey = WAWPKGUVDOWBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (tolylating reagent which undergoes conjugate addition reactions,2 addition reactions to pyrylium3, 4 and pyridinium salts,5 and substitution reactions6, 7) Physical Data: a clear yellow solution results from the reaction of a 1∶1 mixture of (p-MeC6H4)4Cu4 and p-MeC6H4Li in Et2O, from which dimeric and tetrameric species have been isolated. Cryoscopic molecular weight determinations in C6H6 support a (p-MeC6H4)4Cu2Li2·2OEt2 composition. This complex is stable up to 135 °C. 1H NMR (C6D6) δ = 0.64 (t, OCMe), 2.08 (s, p-Me), 2.72 (q, OCH2), 7.0 (d, H-3), 8.20 (d, H-2, J2,3 = 7.5 Hz). If prepared in C6H6, an unsolvated complex is formed which decomposes at ∼110 °C.1c,8 Solubility: sol Et2O, THF. Preparative Methods: prepared in situ from CuI salts (Copper(I) Iodide,5, 6 Copper(I) Bromide9) under an inert atmosphere of N2 or argon in Et2O, THF, or C6H6.1c,8 See Lithium Dimethylcuprate for purification of CuI salts. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: extremely sensitive to moisture and oxygen; ignites spontaneously in air. Use in a fume hood.
SQL:2003 has been published

SQL:2003 has finally achieved final publication as an International Standard, replacing SQL:1999. SQL:2003 is popularly believed to be largely a “bugfix release” of the SQL standard — except, of course, for the SQL/XML work on which we have previously reported. However, as you will learn from this and future columns, there are many compelling new features in the 2003 edition of the SQL standard. We are pleased that three of the more active SQL proposal writers have joined forces to present several of those new features in this month’s column. Krishna Kulkarni is, among other responsibilities, the formal International Representative for the INCITS H2 Technical Committee for Database. Jan-Eike Michels is a frequent USA representative to the corresponding international group, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC32/WG3. Fred Zemke is widely acknowledged as a principle expert in many areas of the SQL standard and also a regular USA representative to WG3. In the coming months, we will provide information about even more of SQL:2003’s new features.
Studies on tolerance and cross-tolerance to nostal (propallylonal; isopropyl-beta-bromallyl barbituric acid)

Nostal in two concentrations and Alurate, Sigmodal, and Ipral in concentrations corresponding to the lower concentration of Nostal (100 mg./Kg. of powdered laboratory chow) were fed during 28 days. Alurate, Ipral, and the higher concentration of Nostal gave complete protection against delayed death. Ipral was most effective; no ipralized rat lost its righting reflex when Nostal was given. The effect of feeding low concentrations of Nostal and Ipral, respectively, in the diet for 37 days was compared against the effects of 60, 90, and 135 mg. of Nostal per Kg. Again, Ipral was more effective in preventing loss of the righting reflex, acute and delayed death. Feeding Ipral in the chow for two days produced marked, and for four days, very marked tolerance to Nostal. The lowest effective concentration of Ipral in the diet was 38 mg./Kg. of chow when fed for ten days. Cross-tolerance to Nostal induced by administering Ipral sodium largely disappeared in eight days. Administration of isopropyl-beta-chlorallyl barbituric acid in the diet for ten days induced a marked cross-tolerance to Nostal.
Characteristics of disturbances in the atmosphere and oceans

The characteristics of the disturbances in the atmosphere and oceans and in other stably stratified and rotating fluids are analyzed according to their phase and group velocities. It is shown that both stable stratification and rotation augment the velocity of the sound waves, and that the internal gravity waves and inertial waves are mutually exclusive when the Brunt-Vaisala frequency is different from the Coriolis parameter. It is also shown that both the barotropic and the internal Rossby waves are well separated from the gravity waves and that they can be represented accurately by the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation, even close to the equator, except for the one member withn=0 which is coupled with an eastward propagating gravity wave.
Line shape studies in CW dye laser intracavity absorption

Abstract The line shape of the signals observed by intracavity absorption in an atomic beam of barium is studied as a function of absorber density. Complex structure is observed consisting of both absorption and enhancement features. Comparison is made with models of intracavity absorption, and it is concluded that the rate equation model in its present form does not explain the structure. On the other hand the super-regen model does seem able to partially account for the observed structure. The complexity of the line shape will directly affect those workers who are using intracavity absorption as a spectroscopic technique.
Asthma Phenotypes: An Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma

I teach that "Asthma is the most treatable of all chronic diseases known to mankind." Yet, outcome data from throughout the world (emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and quality of life) indicate that the diagnosis and treatment of asthma are not optimal and need improvement. Why? First, asthma is not thought of as a complex, heterogeneous disease or syndrome that consists of different phenotypes and endotypes. Second, asthma is variable, particularly in its severity, and is influenced by known, unknown, avoidable, and unavoidable environmental factors. Third, treatment usually requires complex inhalational devices that are difficult to understand and use, and with which adherence is suboptimal. Continued education on how to appropriately use medications, particularly inhaled medications, is absolutely essential, and knowledge and access to a backup treatment plan to be initiated by the patient for an asthma flare is necessary. Fourth, assessment of asthma is primarily based on symptoms, and, at times, all symptoms are due to asthma, but many times some or all symptoms are due to unrecognized and untreated comorbid or coexisting conditions. Too often, asthma is viewed as a disease that occurs in isolation, and comorbid and coexisting conditions are not appropriately identified and treated. Allergists/immunologists are well suited to provide the type of comprehensive care required to optimize asthma outcomes for the benefit of individual patients and society.
RR-dilaton interaction in a type IIA superstring

Abstract We analyse the interaction between the massless Ramond-Ramond states with a dilaton in a type II superstring. By constructing vertex operators for massless Ramond-Ramond states and computing their correlation functions with a dilaton we find the Ramond-Ramond part of the superstring low-energy effective action. Those RR terms appear in the action without the standard dilatonic factor (string coupling constant) as has been shown earlier on the basis of space-time supersymmetry. The geometrical interpretation of this fact is presented. Namely we argue that the spin operators in the RR vertices effectively decrease the Euler character of the worldsheet by 1 unit. As a result, the dilaton term in the worldsheet action has the form: ∼ ∫ d 2 z e Φ ΛF Λ where Λ and Λ are the (1, 0) and (0,1) spin operators for the ghost and matter fields, F is the RR field strength contracted with y-matrices. We also analyse the interaction of a dilaton with the massive RR states.
Reductive dechlorination of certain chlorinated organic compounds by reduced hematin compared with their behaviour in the environment

Abstract A number of chlorinated organic compounds of environmental concern were tested for their ability to react with reduced hematin. Within any class of substances the reactivity correlated fairly well with environmental persistence. DDT and DDD reacted but DDE did not. The least persistent BHC isomer, lindane, was the most reactive. Aldrin and heptachlor, which are less persistent than their epoxides, proved more reactive. Chlordene was detected as a dechlorination product of heptachlor. Mirex proved to be an exception, being fairly reactive in spite of its great persistence. Two dechlorination products were detected, representing the loss of one and two chlorine atoms, respectively. Hexachlorobutadiene reacted slowly, and octachlorostyrene reacted very slowly, yielding heptachlorostyrene. Purely aromatic compounds did not react.
The Evolutionarily Conserved N-terminal Region of Cbl Is Sufficient to Enhance Down-regulation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

The mammalian proto-oncoprotein Cbl and its homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans andDrosophila are evolutionarily conserved negative regulators of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Overexpression of wild-type Cbl enhances down-regulation of activated EGF-R from the cell surface. We report that the Cbl tyrosine kinase-binding (TKB) domain is essential for this activity. Whereas wild-type Cbl enhanced ligand-dependent EGF-R ubiquitination, down-regulation from the cell surface, accumulation in intracellular vesicles, and degradation, a Cbl TKB domain-inactivated mutant (G306E) did not. Furthermore, the transforming truncation mutant Cbl-N (residues 1–357), comprising only the Cbl TKB domain, functioned as a dominant negative protein. It colocalized with EGF-R in intracellular vesicular structures, yet it suppressed down-regulation of EGF-R from the surface of cells expressing endogenous wild-type Cbl. Therefore, Cbl-mediated down-regulation of EGF-R requires the integrity of both the N-terminal TKB domain and additional C-terminal sequences. A Cbl truncation mutant comprising amino acids 1–440 functioned like wild-type Cbl in down-regulation assays. This mutant includes the evolutionarily conserved TKB and RING finger domains but lacks the less conserved C-terminal sequences. We conclude that the evolutionarily conserved N terminus of Cbl is sufficient to effect enhancement of EGF-R ubiquitination and down-regulation from the cell surface.
Double knockout pigs deficient in N-glycolylneuraminic acid and galactose α-1,3-galactose reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation.

Background Clinical xenotransplantation is not possible because humans possess antibodies that recognize antigens on the surface of pig cells. Galα-1,3-Gal (Gal) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are two known xenoantigens. Methods We report the homozygous disruption of the α1, 3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) and the cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) genes in liver-derived female pig cells using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was used to produce healthy cloned piglets from the genetically modified liver cells. Antibody-binding and antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays were used to examine the immunoreactivity of pig cells deficient in Neu5Gc and Gal. Results This approach enabled rapid production of a pig strain deficient in multiple genes without extensive breeding protocols. Immune recognition studies showed that pigs lacking both CMAH and GGTA1 gene activities reduce the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation, further than pigs lacking only GGTA1. Conclusions This technology will accelerate the development of pigs for xenotransplantation research.
Origin and Connexions of the Central Nutrient Mass in Lumbricus Spermatogenesis

EXAMINED by electron microscopy, the central nutrient mass around which spermatogonia up to spermatozoa are attached is seen to be non-nucleated and to contain mitochondria (M, Fig. 1) and various types of nutrient spheres and vacuoles. All spermatic cells are connected to this central mass by bridges (J, Fig. 1) which become much attenuated as the spermatic cells develop. The central nutrient mass is developed in the middle of the spermatogonial syncytium during early growth stages of the spermatocytes, and through these bridges all cells draw upon this store equally for their development into spermatozoa, thus being kept in step.
Long-term results of two behavior modification weight loss programs using nutritionists as therapists

This study reports an 18-month follow-up for 54 subjects in two behavioral weight-loss treatments which employed nutritionists as therapists as described in McReynolds, Lutz, Paulsen, and Kohrs (1976). Follow-up interviews 9, 12, and 18 months after treatment showed the treatment based on stimulus control (FM) to be consistently superior to a combination of procedures (BC) treatment. At the time of the 18-month contact, FM subjects had maintained 80% of their treatment losses while BC subjects had maintained about 50% of their initial losses. Four subjects in the BC condition, but none in the FM condition, regained all of their treatment loss. Four subjects in each treatment condition lost additional weight during the 18-month post-treatment period.
Progress in real time laser process monitoring: theory and practice

AbstractReal time detection of defects in laser welds has been the subject of substantial research and development efforts. In this review, the state of progress in developing so called emission based monitoring systems is described. These monitors collect and analyse various forms of energy radiated from the laser–material interaction site as the weld is being formed. The most common emissions that have been used for monitoring purposes include optical and near optical wavelength electromagnetic radiation, audible and ultrasonic airborne acoustic waves, and integrated charged particle flux. The various system configurations and the weld quality characteristics that have been measured with these emissions are summarised. As researchers continue to refine these systems, there has been increasing interest in the mechanisms by which the signals are produced and their relationship to the various physical processes occurring in the laser weld keyhole. A review of the current literature pertinent to the sources...
Multiple ionization and capture in energetic ion-atom collisions: He atom targets

Abstract A semiclassical model that follows the motion of all electrons in a target atom is developed for the application to collisions of multiply-charged ions (5 ≲ q ≲ 50) with rare-gas atoms at intermediate energies (500 keV/u ≲ E ≲ 5000 keV/u). S ionization and capture cross sections are calculated for He atom targets using classical trajectories based on Hamilton's equations of motion. Results from calculations and experiments indicate a high degree of transfer ionization in the electron capture component of the collisions. Experimental data were measured at high energies in order to quantify the transfer ionization component in electron capture. These data, and previous measurements, were used to develop a scaling rule applicable to He targets for wide ranges of incident ion charge and energy.
Regulation of Methane Monooxygenase Catalysis Based on Size Exclusion and Quantum Tunneling

The hydroxylase component (MMOH) of the soluble form of methane monooxygenase (sMMO) isolated from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b catalyzes both the O2 activation and the CH4 oxidation reactions at the oxygen-bridged dinuclear iron cluster present in its buried active site. During the reaction cycle, the diiron cluster forms a bis-μ-oxo-(Fe(IV))2 intermediate termed compound Q (Q) that reacts directly with methane. Many adventitious substrates also react with Q, most at a relatively slow rate. We have proposed that Q reacts preferentially with CH4 because the sMMO regulatory component MMOB induces a size selective pore into the MMOH active site as the two components form a complex. Support for this proposal has come through the observation of a nonlinear Arrhenius plot for the CH4 oxidation, presumably due to a shift in rate-limiting step from substrate binding at low temperature to C−H bond cleavage at high temperature. Reactions of all substrates other than CH4 fail to exhibit a break in the Arrhenius ...
Energy and Our Fossil Fuels: ABSTRACT

America has a high energy society, and as our demand for energy increases, our reserves of fossil fuels steadily decline. Oil provides 43% of our energy needs, natural gas 33%, electric power 20%, and coal 4%. Although electric power provides only one fifth of our energy needs, 83% of all electricity is created by burning the fossil fuels. Hydro (16%), nuclear (1%), and geothermal End_Page 434------------------------------ (0.1%) power account for a relatively small share of the electric budget. During 1920, America consumed slightly more than a half billion bbl of oil. By 1935 our needs had grown to over 1 billion bbl and in 1950 we exceeded 2 billion bbl annual consumption. A 3 billion bbl yearly need was approached in 1960 and today 5 billion bbl will not meet the needs of 1972's demand for oil. In the past 10 years, our consumption of natural gas has risen from 13 Tcf to a present rate of 23 Tcf. Should this rate of increase continue at its present trend, we could deplete our known reserves in 10 years. Possible future sources of gas are coal degasification, western oil shale, and imports (Alaska pipeline and LNG). Drawing on any of these alternate sources for oil or gas will have a profound impact on our environment. End_of_Article - Last_Page 435------------
Conditioned flavor aversions: Applications in assessing the efficacy of chelators in the treatment of heavy-metal intoxication☆☆☆

A series of studies investigated the conditioned flavor aversions induced by administration of either lead or thallium in combination with either dimercaprol or dimercaptosuccinic acid in an attempt to correlate changes in flavor-aversion conditioning to changes known to alter the toxicity of metal administration. Rats received po administration of either thallium sulfate or lead acetate given alone or in combination with either dimercaprol or dimercaptosuccinic acid after consuming saccharin. Three days later they were given the choice between consuming saccharin or water, and saccharin preferences were recorded. When compared to rats receiving either nothing or the vehicle, rats receiving either lead or thallium showed significant reductions in saccharin preferences (i.e., conditioned flavor aversions). Rats receiving lead acetate in combination with either of the two chelators displayed significantly reduced conditioned flavor aversions when compared to the aversions induced in rats receiving lead alone. Under the same conditions, there were no differences in the conditioned flavor aversions of rats receiving thallium only and those of rats receiving thallium in combination with either of the two chelators. Attenuation of the lead-induced conditioned flavor aversions was eliminated when chelator administration was delayed by 4 hr. This attenuation of lead-induced but not thallium-induced aversions by dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic acid demonstrates the sensitivity and selectivity of the flavor-aversion conditioning paradigm in characterizing metal-chelator interactions and is in agreement with clinical reports of effective chelation therapy in cases of lead but not thallium intoxication.
Identification of collagen α1(I) trimer in embryonic chick tendons and calvaria

Abstract Collagen with a molecular composition [ α 1 (I)] 3 has been identified in acetic acid extracts from lathyritic chick embryo tendons and calvaria. These molecules characteristically have greater solubility than Type I collagen at neutral pH and contain increased amounts of hydroxylysine residues. It is suggested that these molecules represent a separate gene product of embryonic cells which may be important in the process of maturation and development.
Time-Variable Deformation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

New geodetic measurements show that the New Madrid is currently deforming too slowly, if at all, to account for large earthquakes in the region over the past 5000 years. This result, together with increasing evidence for temporal clustering and spatial migration of earthquake sequences in continental interiors, indicates that either tectonic loading rates or fault properties vary over a few thousand years.
The Green Flash in Southern California.

SINCE my earlier letter on this subject (NATURE, Aug. 4, 1928) was written, I have made many more observations of the flash at sunset and many of the flash at sunrise. Most of the flashes at sunset have been seen from our former residence on a hill near the old campus of the University, from our present residence and the new campus itself in Westwood Hills, from the streets of Los Angeles, and from the beaches near Los Angeles, as the sun has set over the Santa Monica Mountains, Santa Catalina Island, the ocean, or clouds lying low above the ocean or mountains. All but one of the flashes at sunrise have been seen from Westwood Hills as the sun has risen over the Baldwin Hills and other elevations east and southeast while one of the most beautiful was seen from a peak on the eastern rim of Death Valley.
Chemical Carcinogenesis and Experimental Models Using Human Tissues

Summary The majority of human cancer is caused by environmental agents including chemical carcinogens. These chemical carcinogens are both naturally-occurring compounds and products of an industrialized society. Most of the environmental chemical carcinogens require enzymatic activation into electrophilic metabolites which readily react with cellular macromolecules leading, in some cases, to malignant transformation of target epithelial cells. Model systems for studying carcinogenesis in human target tissues are being developed to link investigations using experimental animals with human cancer. Metabolism of chemical carcinogens is being studied in human tissues maintained in these model systems. For example, a marked variation among individuals in their capacity to metabolize carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons has been observed This interindividual variation may, in part, be due to genetic factors. Model systems using human tissues should be useful in several areas of cancer research including: 1) identifying environmental carcinogens, their metabolic pathways and host factors determining susceptibility; and 2) testing new methods of prophylatic intervention in populations at high risk of developing cancer.
Levels of dogmatism and attitudes toward law and order.

135 Ss from the general community were given Trodahl and Powell's shortened dogmatism scale and a scale which measured attitudes toward law and order. As predicted, high-dogmatics were significantly more favorable to a law-order position than low-dogmatics. This was interpreted as resulting from the tendency of the highly dogmatic person to accept noncritically value-judgments espoused by legitimate authority figures.
Next goals for pollution control

Reducing acid rain means reducing sulfur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. Current pollution control methods require separate systems for removing sulfur and nitrogen compounds. DOE has just opened contract talks to award about $6 million to two firms for research to improve pollution control systems in coal plants. The project is to develop methods for removing sulfur and nitrogen compounds simultaneously while also making a system more effective in removing nitrogen oxide.
Race-Related Differences in the Experiences of Family Members of Persons with Mental Illness Participating in the NAMI Family to Family Education Program

Families play an important role in the lives of individuals with mental illness. Coping with the strain of shifting roles and multiple challenges of caregiving can have a huge impact. Limited information exists regarding race-related differences in families’ caregiving experiences, their abilities to cope with the mental illness of a loved one, or their interactions with mental health service systems. This study examined race-related differences in the experiences of adults seeking to participate in the National Alliance on Mental Illness Family-to-Family Education Program due to mental illness of a loved one. Participants were 293 White and 107 African American family members who completed measures of problem- and emotion-focused coping, knowledge about mental illness, subjective illness burden, psychological distress, and family functioning. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine race-related differences. African American caregivers reported higher levels of negative caregiving experiences, less knowledge of mental illness, and higher levels of both problem-solving coping and emotion-focused coping, than White caregivers. Mental health programs serving African American families should consider targeting specific strategies to address caregiving challenges, support their use of existing coping mechanisms and support networks, and increase their knowledge of mental illness.
Perspectives of roles during parent–child interactions of Filipino immigrant mothers

The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of Filipino immigrant mothers regarding the roles and focus of their interactions with their infants and toddlers. Qualitative procedures were used to analyse transcripts from structured, open‐ended interviews with 24 mothers of 10‐ to 36‐month‐old children. Statements of mothers were organised into three themes, within which several subthemes were identified.
Creating the Plural Self: Athletic Teams' Use of Members' Bodies.

Galatzer‐Levy and Cohler's (1993) definition of “ self” allows for the possibility of a “ plural self,” that is, moments when an individual locates the center of initiative for action, feeling, and...
Esophageal Preservation in the Setting of High-Grade Dysplasia and Superficial Cancer

The principle treatment for high-grade dysplasia and superficial esophageal cancer is considered esophagectomy. However, novel technologies and innovations in technique have enabled esophageal preservation by endoscopic management in select patients. The concepts and evidence pertaining to esophageal preservation in early stage malignancy are reviewed in detail. A treatment algorithm based upon the current evidence surrounding esophageal preservation is presented.
Solvability of Centralized Supervisory Control Under Partial Observation

The problem of synthesizing a nontrivial controllable and observable sublanguage of a given non-prefix-closed language is addressed. This problem arises in supervisory control of discrete-event systems, when the objective is to synthesize safe nonblocking supervisors for partially observed systems. The decentralized version of this problem is known to be unsolvable. We show that the centralized version of this problem is solvable by presenting a new algorithm that synthesizes a nontrivial controllable and observable sublanguage of the given non-prefix-closed language, if one exists. We also show that the union of all nonblocking solutions to the associated supervisory control problem can be expressed as the union of all regular nonblocking solutions.
Motor development as foundation and future of developmental psychology

The study of how infants and children come to control their bodies is perhaps the oldest topic in scientific developmental psychology. Yet, for many years the study of motor development lay dormant. In the last two decades, however, there has been an enormous resurgence of interest. As at the time of the very beginnings of our field, the contemporary study of motor development is contributing both empirically and theoretically to the larger questions in development and especially to our understanding of developmental change. In this essay, I trace the course of the changing fortunes of motor development, evaluate where we have been, what we are doing, and speculate on some critical issues for the future. The purpose of this essay is to comment on the general themes and influences that have been a part of motor development’s “rise-fall-and-rise-again” history. For a more comprehensive review of substantive topic areas in motor development, readers are referred to the authoritative treatment recently publis...
GUSTATION OF DIETARY AMINO ACIDS BY THE APHID MYZUS PERSICAE

In simple choice-chamber tests the ability of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) to discriminate between sucrose solutions containing single or groups of amino acids and a pure sucrose solution was assessed. Each of 20 dietary amino acids was tested at a concentration of 0.1% in 20% sucrose. Each of six amino acids (asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) strongly enhanced the acceptability of sucrose. Methionine had a strong effect also at 0.02%. A few other amino acids had a lesser effect, while only a slight or no effect was observed with about half of the 20 dietary amino acids. A slightly deterrent effect was observed with histidine, glutamic acid, and arginine. The experimental apterous adult aphids that had been reared on radish seedlings had to be preconditioned on a pure sucrose solution for one day prior to the tests in order to show these responses within a few hours. Zusammenfassung GESCHMACKLICHE WAHRNEHMUNG VON AMINOSAUREN IN DER NAHRUNG DURCH DIE BLATTLAUS MYZUS PERSICAE In einfachen Wahlkammer-Versuchen wurde die Fahigkeit der Blattlaus Myzus persicae gepruft, Rohrzuckerlosungen, die einzelne oder Gruppen von Aminosauren enthielten, von reiner Rohrzuckerlosung zu unterscheiden. Jede der 20 diatischen Aminosauren wurde in einer Konzentration von 0, 1% in 20%iger Rohrzuckerlosung gepruft. Jede der 6 Aminosauren Asparagin, Isoleucin, Leucin, Methionin, Phenylalanin und Tryptophan erhohte die Annehmbarkeit stark. Unter ihnen hatte Methionin auch bei 0, 02% eine kraftige Wirkung. Einige wenige andere Aminosauren hatten einen geringen Effekt, wahrend bei etwa der Halfte der 20 diatischen Aminosauren nur ein schwacher oder kein Einflus beobachtet wurde. Eine leicht abweisende Wirkung war bei Histidin, Glutaminsaure und Arginin festzustellen. Die im Versuch verwendeten erwachsenen apteren Blattlause, die an Rettichsamlingen herangezogen worden waren, musten vor den Versuchen einen Tag lang an reiner Rohrzuckerlosung gehalten werden, wenn sie diese Reaktionen innerhalb einiger weniger Stunden zeigen sollten.
Thin film power components with nanoscale electrodes and conformal dielectrics

Achieving high capacitance densities with capacitors integrated in thin film form has been a major challenge for the past few decades. Nanocapacitors utilizing nanostructured electrodes and conformal nanodielectrics provide unique opportunities to enhance capacitance volumetric efficiency by 5–10X compared to the state-of-the-art tantalum capacitors. This paper reports the first proof-of-concept demonstration of a novel silicon-compatible high-density capacitor technology. The key novelty stems from the tremendous enhancement in surface area from porous copper nanoelectrodes and conformal alumina dielectric on such nanoelectrodes. Alternative organic package compatible high-density capacitors using etched foils is also presented. Both approaches show substantial improvements in capacitance densities compared to traditional integrated thin film or trench capacitors.
Chemical processing and properties of nanostructured WC-Co materials

Abstract A new thermochemical processing method for preparing high surface area powders, starting from homogeneous precursor compounds, has been developed. The method has been applied successfully to the synthesis of nanostructured WC-Co powders. These powders have been consolidated by low pressure plasma spraying and by cold compaction and liquid phase sintering. The use of VC as a grain growth inhibitor is essential to mitigate the WC grain growth during liquid phase sintering. Theoretically dense VC-doped WC-Co materials display superior hardness, wear resistance and cracking resistance.
Global well posedness for the Maxwell-Navier-Stokes system in 2D

Abstract We prove global existence of regular solutions to the full MHD system (or more precisely the Maxwell–Navier–Stokes system) in 2D. We also provide an exponential growth estimate for the H s norm of the solution when the time goes to infinity.
The Photodissociation of Perfluoropolyethers by Ultraviolet Light

The 172 nm ultraviolet (UV) photodissociation of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) boundary lubricants is examined experimentally and theoretically. Carbonyl fluoride, COF2, is the major gas phase product that results from the UV irradiation of non-functionalized perfluoropolyethers containing the perfluoromethylene oxide, perfluoroethylene oxide, and the perfluoro-n-propylene oxide monomer units. The energetics for COF2 evolution from the carbon centered radicals R-OCF2OCF 2 · , R-CF2CF2OCF 2 · ; and from the oxygen centered radicals R-CF2OCF2O·, R-CF2CF2O· are quantified via ab initio calculations. The electronic structure of the transition state geometries leading to COF2 dissociation is characterized. COF2 originating from oxygen-centered radicals, leaving behind a carbon-centered radical on the PFPE main chain, appears to be the most energetically favorable dissociation pathway.
Elastic moduli near percolation in a two-dimensional random network of rigid and nonrigid bonds.

A mixture of rigid and normal elastic links with both a stretching and a bending force constant is simulated on a two-dimensional, random-bond, honeycomb network in order to investigate the critical behavior of the two macroscopic elastic moduli near the percolation threshold of the rigid bonds p=${p}_{c}$. Both moduli are found to diverge as p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${p}_{c}$ from below with the same critical exponent that characterizes the electrical conductivity of a superconductor--normal-conductor mixture. Poisson's ratio is found to have a universal negative value that is independent of the microscopic force constants.
Benefits of Group Knowledge Sharing for Student Teams

Cooperative learning has been one of the most popular pedagogical approaches in academia for several decades (Johnson, Johnson, and Smith 2007). Cooperative learning is defined as a pedagogical app...
Cytokine patterns and cytotoxic mediators in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver with unknown etiology. Autoreactive T lymphocytes that infiltrate the liver may play a major role in the bile duct damage that accompanies the disease. We hypothesized that cytokines produced by T lymphocytes and other cells are central to the disease process. Therefore, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern hybridization to identify cytokine message directly from liver tissue of 11 patients with PBC and 5 patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AI-CAH). Messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) were detected in the majority of the specimens from patients with PBC. The presence of IL-5 was associated with PBC (P < .001, PBC vs. AI-CAH). Because IL-5 is a potent eosinophil differentiation factor, we looked for evidence of activated eosinophils within the infiltrate. We observed the deposition of the primary cytotoxic granule protein of eosinophils, major basic protein (MBP), within the portal region of livers from patients with PBC. Moreover, we detected message for a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) granzyme in 87.5% of these livers indicating that mature CTL are present. Thus, we present evidence for two effector pathways that may contribute to the tissue damage observed in PBC and have identified message for cytokines that may regulate these pathways.
Fabrication of Nanotips for Microelectrode Array Sensors Using Meniscus Etching

In this paper, a substantially improved method of fabricating glass microelectrode array sensors for in situ measurements is reported. Meniscus etching with HF-based etchant was used to fabricate nanotips in a repeatable and consistent manner. The meniscus etching process was fully characterized for the etching of glass probe arrays, both numerically and experimentally. Overall, this fabrication method provides a simple, repeatable, high yield, low cost approach to fabricating sharp (<200 nm) microelectrodes with tip angles from 4deg to 49deg. To demonstrate superior robustness of the improved microelectrodes, probes were successfully penetrated into agarose biofilm surrogate more than 25 times without any damage or degradation to perform reduction oxidation potential (ORP) measurements.
Term value/band-gap energy correlations for solid rare gas excitons

Abstract Term value/ionization energy correlations are well known for atomic and molecular Rydberg states. We demonstrate the existence of similar correlations for solid rare gas excitons, with the band-gap energy of the solid replacing the ionization energy of the atom. By comparing the atomic correlations with the solid-state correlations, we conclude that solid rare gas excitons do not possess atomic parentage.
Have the Soviets turned the corner on grain imports

Abstract Soviet grain yields have averaged lower in the 1980s than they were in the 1970s, with the result that the USSR has come to play an increasingly important role in world grain markets. This article reviews Soviet grain imports since the 1960s and looks at the factors which should decide future movements in those imports. Two important factors will be Soviet domestic grain production and world grain prices. The large numbers of factors and the complexity with which they interact make definitive statements about future Soviet grain imports impossible. However, it appears most likely that in the next few years the net impact of these factors will be to lower Soviet grain import requirements.
Coherent field renormalization of the bloch electron

Abstract It is shown that coherent states of electromagnetic fields renormalize fundamental parameters of an electron in a crystal. Eletronic energy-momentum relations are altered, and renormalized effective mass and band gap increase with increasing coherent field intensity. The relevance of this renormalization to certain recent experiments is discussed.
Comparison of three-class classification performance metrics: a case study in breast cancer CAD

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis is a widely used method for analyzing the performance of two-class classifiers. Advantages of ROC analysis include the fact that it explicitly considers the tradeoffs in sensitivity and specificity, includes visualization methods, and has clearly interpretable summary metrics. Currently, there does not exist a widely accepted performance method similar to ROC analysis for an N-class classifier (N>2). The purpose of this study was to empirically compare methods that have been proposed to evaluate the performance of N-class classifiers (N>2). These methods are, in one way or another, extensions of ROC analysis. This report focuses on three-class classification performance metrics, but most of the methods can be extended easily for more than three classes. The methods studied were pairwise ROC analysis, Hand and Till M Function (HTM), one-versus-all ROC analysis, a modified HTM, and Mossman's "Three-Way ROC" method. A three-class classification task from breast cancer computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) is taken as an example to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative performance metrics.
Retroviral Coexpression of a Multidrug Resistance Gene (MDR1) and Human α-Galactosidase A for Gene Therapy of Fabry Disease

ABSTRACT Human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A; EC. 3.2.1.22) is a lysosomal exoglycosidase encoded by a gene on Xq22. Deficiencies of this enzyme result in Fabry disease, an X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder that leads to premature death in affected males. For treatment of genetic diseases, we have developed a retroviral vector system, pSXLC/pHa, that enables coexpression of drug-selectable markers with a second nonselectable gene as part of a bicistronic message using the promoter from the Harvey murine sarcoma virus and an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) from encephalomyocarditis virus. Retroviral vectors based on this system that carry the human α-Gal A cDNA either upstream (pHa-αGal-IRES-MDR) or downstream (pHa-MDR-IRES-αGal) from the IRES relative to the drug-selectable MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) cDNA were constructed. Each of eight independent vincristine-resistant, pHa-αGal-IRES-MDR-transfected clones and all four vincristine-resistant, pHa-αGal-IRES-MDR retrovirus-transduced clones showed signifi...