cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High stress drop events in the Victoria, Baja California earthquake swarm of 1978 March

Summary. The Victoria earthquake swarm of 1978 March with magnitudes up to ML= 4.8 occurred near the northern end of the Cerro Prieto fault in northern Baja California, Mexico. Accurate epicentre locations of a number of earthquakes in the swarm reveal that the activity concentrated in a zone of about 6 km radius (projected on the horizontal), with earthquakes occuring mostly at depths of around 12 km. A composite fault plane solution prepared with data from the larger earthquakes of the swarm indicates right-lateral strike-slip motion along a vertical plane extending parallel to the Cerro Prieto fault. Seismic moment, source radius and stress drop are calculated from strong motion records and digital seismograph records obtained at short epicentral distances, in most cases less than 10 km. From calculated displacement spectra and Brune's model, stress drops between 1 bar and ∼ 1 kbar were estimated for earthquakes with seismic moments in the range 1.4 × 1019 - 2.9 × 1023 dyne cm. Eighteen events (of 44 studied here) had stress drops higher than 90 bar, a result in striking contrast to lower stress drop results from previous distant-station studies of earthquakes in the region. Results of comparing near-source and large distance spectral shapes for two earthquakes in the Victoria swarm region indicate that scattering and attenuation are a likely cause of the severe reduction of high-frequency energy (clearly shown by the larger distance spectra), and thus of the resulting lower stress-drop determinations at large distances. If these events are characteristic of other large events in the region then the low stress-drop determinations of Thatcher, and Thatcher & Hanks for this region may be in doubt. Very high peak horizontal ground accelerations (up to 0.6 g) were measured from the near-source records which were characterized by short-duration bursts of high-frequency energy. It is suggested here that these high peak accelerations resulted from a combined effect of high stress drop and sediment amplification. Using a crustal model derived from McMechan & Mooney, a sedimentary amplification factor of 3.4 is estimated and used as a correction in calculation of the earthquake source parameters. Four other high stress drop (up to 2.5 kbar) earthquakes in this area were also analysed. The high stress-drop values obtained from seismic spectra are corroborated by using the rms (root mean square) acceleration formulation introduced by Hanks.
Didstributed source coding authentication of images with affine warping

Media authentication is important in content delivery via untrusted intermediaries, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. Many differently encoded versions of a media file might exist. Our previous work applied distributed source coding not only to distinguish the legitimate diversity of encoded images from tampering but also to localize tampered regions in an image already deemed to be inauthentic. In both cases, authentication requires a Slepian-Wolf encoded image projection that is supplied to the decoder. We extend our scheme to authenticate images that have undergone affine warping. Our approach incorporates an Expectation Maximization algorithm into the Slepian-Wolf decoder. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can distinguish legitimate encodings of authentic images from illegitimately modified versions, despite an arbitrary affine warping, using authentication data of less than 250 bytes per image.
The Contributions of Physical Metallurgy and of Fracture Mechanics to Containing the Problem of Stress-Corrosion Cracking

The features in the province of the physical metallurgist - grains, precipitate particles, inclusions and lattice imperfections - have sizes approximately in the range of 1 um -0.1 nm. The nature and properties of these microfeatures determine the engineering properties of alloys, including their resistance to stress-corrosion cracking. No basis has developed for confidence that knowledge of these microfeatures can be used to exclude the possibility of stress-corrosion cracking. Neither have we learned how to sum up the effects of these microfeatures to predict stress-corrosion cracking behaviour, nor is there any basis for predicting how soon we may be able to do this summing up analytically. In the meanwhile we need experimental means to do this summing up, and fracture mechanics appears to be an eminently suitable way to treat the stress factor. Other fundamentally different approaches may be found to be both valid and needed for special areas of the problem. Thus the role of fracture mechanics is to provide engineering data, and the role of physical metallurgy is to permit orderly alloy development through understanding of the data from fracture mechanics (and possibly other) tests. The two approaches are complementary, not competitive, and neither can fulfill the role of the other. . , Non-redundant load path designs may require specially competent attention to both stress-corrosion cracking and brittle fracture.
Altered Th1 Cell Differentiation Programming by CIITA Deficiency

CD4 T cell differentiation is a complex process affected by many transcription factors interacting in a tightly regulated manner. We have previously shown that CIITA-deficient mouse Th1 cells expressed Th2-type cytokines, while IFN-gamma expression was normal. In this study, we show that CIITA-deficient Th1 cells contain three distinct populations: cells secreting IL-4 alone, IFN-gamma alone, and both IL-4 and IFN-gamma together. This novel phenotype is stable over multiple rounds of stimulation in the presence of Th1-inducing factors. CIITA-deficient Th1 cells require TCR-mediated signaling to express Th2 cytokines, and this occurs with similar kinetics as wild-type Th2 cells. Both GATA-3 and IL-4 appear to be required for CIITA-deficient Th1 cells to express Th2-type cytokines. Interestingly, however, CIITA-deficient Th1 cells can produce IL-4 in the absence of exogenous IL-4. Introducing either CIITA or antisense GATA-3 during Th1 differentiation partially reduces Th2-type cytokine expression. With the exception of Th2-type cytokine expression, Th1 differentiation occurs normally in the absence of CIITA, as measured by expression of T-bet, IL-12Rbeta2, IL-18Ralpha, and IFN-gamma. Therefore, CIITA plays a key role to repress Th2-type cytokine expression as naive CD4 T cells differentiate toward the Th1 lineage.
Effects of γ-valerolactone in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to monosaccharides

The use of γ-valerolactone as solvent for acid-catalyzed biomass hydrolysis reactions increases reaction rates compared to reactions carried out in water. In addition, a low apparent activation energy for biomass hydrolysis and a higher value for monosaccharide conversion are displayed using GVL as solvent, leading to favorable energetics for monosaccharide production from biomass.
Computational analyses of transcriptomic data reveal the dynamic organization of the Escherichia coli chromosome under different conditions

The circular chromosome of Escherichia coli has been suggested to fold into a collection of sequentially consecutive domains, genes in each of which tend to be co-expressed. It has also been suggested that such domains, forming a partition of the genome, are dynamic with respect to the physiological conditions. However, little is known about which DNA segments of the E. coli genome form these domains and what determines the boundaries of these domain segments. We present a computational model here to partition the circular genome into consecutive segments, theoretically suggestive of the physically folded supercoiled domains, along with a method for predicting such domains under specified conditions. Our model is based on a hypothesis that the genome of E. coli is partitioned into a set of folding domains so that the total number of unfoldings of these domains in the folded chromosome is minimized, where a domain is unfolded when a biological pathway, consisting of genes encoded in this DNA segment, is being activated transcriptionally. Based on this hypothesis, we have predicted seven distinct sets of such domains along the E. coli genome for seven physiological conditions, namely exponential growth, stationary growth, anaerobiosis, heat shock, oxidative stress, nitrogen limitation and SOS responses. These predicted folding domains are highly stable statistically and are generally consistent with the experimental data of DNA binding sites of the nucleoid-associated proteins that assist the folding of these domains, as well as genome-scale protein occupancy profiles, hence supporting our proposed model. Our study established for the first time a strong link between a folded E. coli chromosomal structure and the encoded biological pathways and their activation frequencies.
Isolated acid neuraminidase deficiency: A distinct lysosomal storage disease

An 8-month-old female presented with coarse facies and hepatosplenomegaly at birth. Growth proceeded at an accelerated rate and mental development was normal. A pattern of dysostosis multiplex developed radiographically. Cytoplasmic inclusions consistent with lysosomal storage disease were demonstrated by electron microscopy in bone marrow, liver, and cartilage cells and in cultured skin fibroblasts. Assays of the fibroblasts revealed a specific deficiency of acid neuraminidase and 6-fold increase in intracellular bound sialic acid. An unidentified macromolecular compound rich in sialic acid was excreted in excessive amounts in the urine. The phenotype suggests defective degradation primarily of glycoproteins and possibly to a lesser extent of keratan sulfate and gangliosides.
What can we believe in

There is scarcely a man who doubts that retaliation is the proper response to force. That is man's custom, his daily teaching, and his long tradition. Yet it is this tactic that stimulates more violence; it is this tactic that cannot avoid escalation, and ultimately cannot avoid war. With modern military technology, that sequence now equates with genocide. Men must accordingly seek the avoidance of that disaster. Although Gandhi and King showed the power of nonviolence, they did not explain the mech anism of its success. In fact, Gandhi asserted that it could not be ex plained. In this day of science and objectivity, men cannot be per suaded to lay down their lives on the basis of faith and mysticism. Non violence has succeeded; therefore, it can be explained. That is the pur pose of this essay. It is done in a small number of words that are plain ly used and easily understood. It reveals that peace can be defined and achieved. The cost is high; it is doubtful that men will pay the price. It is more likely that a nuclear conflict will have to be experienced before nonviolence will be taken seriously by the struggling survivors, should
Optimal partitioning for spatiotemporal coverage in a drift field

Abstract We consider the problem of partitioning an area in the plane populated by a team of aerial/marine vehicles into a finite collection of non-overlapping sets. The sets of this partition are in an one-to-one correspondence with the vehicles under the following rule: each point in the given set of the partition can be reached by the corresponding vehicle in this set faster than any other vehicle in the presence of a spatiotemporal drift field. Consequently, a Voronoi-like partition results, which encodes the proximity relations between the vehicles and arbitrary points in the plane with respect to the minimum time-to-go. The construction of this Voronoi-like partition is based on its interpretation as the intersection of a forest of the cost (minimum time-to-go) surfaces emanating from each generator with their common lower envelope. The characterization of each cost surface is achieved by means of an efficient expansion scheme of the level sets of the minimum time-to-go function, which utilizes, in turn, the structure of the optimal synthesis of the minimum-time problem without resorting to exhaustive numerical techniques, e.g., fast marching methods. We examine the topological characteristics of the partition by using control/system theoretic concepts and tools. The theoretical developments are illustrated with a number of numerical examples.
Interleukin 2 induces antigen-reactive T cell lines to secrete BCGF-I

Antigen-activated T lymphocytes produce within 24 h of stimulation a factor that is indistinguishable biochemically and functionally from the B cell co-stimulating growth factor, BCGF-I, originally identified in induced EL4 supernatants: Supernatants from antigen-stimulated T cell lines are not directly mitogenic for resting B cells, but synergize in an H-2-unrestricted manner with anti-Ig activated B cells to produce polyclonal proliferation but not antibody-forming-cell development; biochemical studies reveal the B cell co-stimulating factor present in antigen-stimulated T cell line supernatants is identical by phenyl Sepharose chromatography and isoelectric focusing (IEF) to EL4 supernatant BCGF-I. We thus conclude that normal T cells produce BCGF-I in response to antigenic stimulation. Analysis of the mechanism of BCGF-I production by antigen-stimulated T cells showed that optimum amounts of BCGF-I were obtained as quickly as 24 h post-stimulation, and that the factor producing cells in the T cell line investigated bore the Lyt-1+2- phenotype. As few as 10(4) T cells produced sufficient BCGF-I to support the proliferation of 5 X 10(4) purified anti-Ig activated B cells. Finally, the activation of normal T cell lines to produce BCGF-I required either antigen presented in the context of syngeneic antigen-presenting cells (APC) or interleukin 2 (IL-2).
Multiple element airfoils optimized for maximum lift coefficient.

Optimum airfoils in the sense of maximum lift coefficient are obtained for incompressible fluid flow at large Reynolds number. The maximum lift coefficient is achieved by requiring that the turbulent skin friction be zero in the pressure rise region on the airfoil upper surface. Under this constraint, the pressure distribution is optimized. The optimum pressure distribution is a function of Reynolds number and the trailing edge velocity. Geometries of those airfoils which will generate these optimum pressure distributions are obtained using a direct-iterative method which is developed in this study. This method can be used to design airfoils consisting of any number of elements. Numerical examples of one- and two-element airfoils are given. The maximum lift coefficients obtained range from 2 to 2.5.
Efficient Photosensitizers for Trans-illumination and Optical Imaging

The purpose of this study is to explore novel concepts of light enhancement mechanisms and trans-illumination imaging techniques. Specifically, the impact of glucose molecules, amino acids and other polar molecules on the light beam profile enhancement characteristics of a trans-illumination system, such as beam intensity, contrast resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and signal- to-background ratio have been studied, under a variety of experimental scenarios. The outcome of this study can be extended to a variety of clinical and diagnostic applications and techniques.
A Generalized Linear Filter Approach for Sonar Receivers

Detection and resolution are the two fundamental tasks to be performed by a sonar system deployed in a multi-target environment. A matched filter is the optimum detector for a known signal in white noise and an inverse filter achieves the optimal resolution when the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is very high. The main-lobe width of the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the transmitted signal and the received SNR limit the resolution and detection of the matched and inverse filters, respectively. Therefore, some targets cannot be resolved by the matched filter or detected by the inverse filter. One solution to this problem is to create a generalized receiver blending the properties of the matched and inverse filters so that a sonar receiver can vary its properties smoothly to trade detection for resolution. The outputs and the receiver operating characteristics of the proposed generalized linear filter are compared with those of matched and inverse filters to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed filter.
The present and the future of nanoelectronics

This paper discusses further possibilities and challenges of nanoelectronic devices and possible applications where most likely revolutionary "nano" would fit in our future electronic systems.
The Genetic Basis of Hydrocephalus

Studies of syndromic hydrocephalus have led to the identification of >100 causative genes. Even though this work has illuminated numerous pathways associated with hydrocephalus, it has also highlighted the fact that the genetics underlying this phenotype are more complex than anticipated originally. Mendelian forms of hydrocephalus account for a small fraction of the genetic burden, with clear evidence of background-dependent effects of alleles on penetrance and expressivity of driver mutations in key developmental and homeostatic pathways. Here, we synthesize the currently implicated genes and inheritance paradigms underlying hydrocephalus, grouping causal loci into functional modules that affect discrete, albeit partially overlapping, cellular processes. These in turn have the potential to both inform pathomechanism and assist in the rational molecular classification of a clinically heterogeneous phenotype. Finally, we discuss conceptual methods that can lead to enhanced gene identification and dissection of disease basis, knowledge that will potentially form a foundation for the design of future therapeutics.
Stat3 is a candidate epigenetic biomarker of perinatal Bisphenol A exposure associated with murine hepatic tumors with implications for human health

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that has been implicated as a potential carcinogen and epigenotoxicant. We have previously reported dose-dependent incidence of hepatic tumors in 10-month-old isogenic mice perinatally exposed to BPA. Here, we evaluated DNA methylation at 3 candidate genes (Esr1, Il-6st, and Stat3) in liver tissue of BPA-exposed mice euthanized at 2 time points: post-natal day 22 (PND22; n = 147) or 10-months of age (n = 78, including n = 18 with hepatic tumors). Additionally, DNA methylation profiles were analyzed at human homologs of murine candidate genes in human fetal liver samples (n = 50) with known liver tissue BPA levels. Candidate genes were chosen based on reported expression changes in both rodent and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Regions for bisulfite sequencing were chosen by mining whole genome next generation sequencing methylation datasets of both mice and human liver samples with known perinatal BPA exposures. One of 3 candidate genes, Stat3, displayed dose-dependent DNA methylation changes in both 10-month mice with liver tumors as compared to those without liver tumors and 3-week sibling mice from the same exposure study, implicating Stat3 as a potential epigenetic biomarker of both early life BPA exposure and adult disease in mice. DNA methylation profiles within STAT3 varied with liver tissue BPA level in human fetal liver samples as well, suggesting STAT3 may be a translationally relevant candidate biomarker. These data implicate Stat3 as a potential early life biomarker of adult murine liver tumor risk following early BPA exposure with early evidence of relevance to human health.
Studies in spectral line formation: I. Formulation and simple applications

Abstract The integral equations for the source functions for lines formed in a multi-level atom are derived and a simple general method of solution is presented. To check the numerical stability and accuracy of the method, several special cases are solved in the two-level approximation for comparison with existing solutions. The physical significance of the net radiative bracket and the thermalization length are discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermotropic Polyalkanoate of 4,4’- Dihydroxy-α,α’-Dimethylbenzalazine

Several research projects in our laboratory have used an LCP based on 4,4’-dihydroxy,a-a’ dimethylbenzalazine, that was first synthesized by Roviello and Sirigu 1.2 Copolymers with the following qeneral structure, have been used in self-reinforcing polymer blends3 and are currently being used in small angle neutron scattering studies of the molecular conformation of an LCP in a nematic field. In this latter study, it is imperative that the polymer be well characterized, especially with respect to molar mass and thermal stability. This paper describes the effect of molar mass and thermal history on the thermal stability and transitions of this particular LCP.
The effect of spirituality on health and healing: a critical review for athletic trainers.

OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview of the published literature regarding the effect of spirituality on health and healing. DATA SOURCES I searched MEDLINE from 1976 to 1999 using the terms "spirituality," "religion," "faith," "healing," and "health." DATA SYNTHESIS Strong scientific evidence suggests that individuals who regularly participate in spiritual worship services or related activities and who feel strongly that spirituality or the presence of a higher being or power are sources of strength and comfort to them are healthier and possess greater healing capabilities. Numerous research investigations have reported positive correlations between spirituality and decreased rates of stroke, cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, drug abuse, suicide, and general mortality. It has been suggested that faith is beneficial for health and healing because it helps people avoid unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and excessive drinking. However, studies designed to statistically control for such factors also report positive associations between spirituality and health in individuals with unhealthy behaviors. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS The impact of spirituality on health and healing is a topic that has been virtually ignored in the disciplines of athletic training and sports medicine. Because of their lack of exposure to this topic, most athletic trainers are unaware of the many positive associations that exist between spirituality and health and healing. The available literature base regarding this topic is quite large; its findings need to be explored and integrated into our profession.
QOS-54USE OF CANNABINOIDS IN THE PEDIATRIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR POPULATION

QOS-54. USE OF CANNABINOIDS IN THE PEDIATRIC CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR POPULATION Kathleen Dorris, Molly Hemenway, Jennifer Madden, Jean Mulcahy-Levy, Daniel Ambruso, Rajeev Vibhakar, and Nicholas Foreman; University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA BACKGROUND: Cannabinoids, including cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are a class of chemical components that are found in marijuana. Numerous studies in adults have examined the effects of cannabinoids in management of cancer-related symptoms, including nausea, anorexia, and pain. Interest in the lay community in the role of cannabinoids as anticancer therapy is increasing, as some pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors have been shown to express cannabinoid receptors. In addition, thepresenceof cannabinoid receptorson immunecells suggests apotential role for cannabinoids as immunomodulators. METHODS: A prospective observational study is underway in Colorado, USA to evaluate serially the impact of cannabinoids on quality of life of pediatric CNS tumor patients who selfmedicate with cannabinoid products using PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and Brain Tumor and Family Impact modules. Laboratory assessments of neutrophil and T-cell activity will be performed to determine whether cannabinoid use by children with CNS tumors affects immune function and alters risk for infection. Pharmacokinetic analyses of CBD, THC and associated metabolites are planned to gather data regarding metabolism of cannabinoid products in children. Diaries will collect exploratory information on cannabinoid use patterns. Neuropsychological testing is also planned. RESULTS: To date, threepatients (1 medulloblastoma, 1 glioblastoma,and 1 diffuse astrocytoma) have been enrolled. CONCLUSIONS: Accrual is on track to enroll the planned 50 pediatric CNS tumor patients over three years. This novel study should contribute to the increasing understanding of the potential role of cannabinoids in pediatric neuro-oncology. Neuro-Oncology 18:iii145–iii158, 2016. doi:10.1093/neuonc/now081.54 #The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Neuro-Oncology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
Financial Relationships With Industry Among National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guideline Authors

Importance Financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) among authors of clinical practice guidelines have the potential to influence treatment recommendations. Objective To quantify FCOIs with industry among authors of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines. Design, Setting, and Participants We assessed FCOIs occurring during 2014 among NCCN guideline authors in the United States. All were physician members of the NCCN guideline committees for lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer as of the end of 2014. The data source for FCOIs was Open Payments, which is publically reported by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. This study was cross-sectional. Main Outcomes and Measures The proportion of NCCN authors having FCOIs with industry; the average amount received from industry sources per author. Results Of 125 guideline authors, 108 (86%) had at least 1 reported FCOI. Authors received an average of $10 011 (range, $0-$106 859) in general payments (GPs), which include consulting, meals, lodging, and similar transfers of value, and $236 066 (range $0-$2 756 713) in industry research payments (RPs), including funding associated with clinical trials. Approximately 84% of authors received GPs, while 47% received RPs. Eight (6%) had FCOIs in excess of the $50 000 net and/or $20 000 single-company maximums stipulated by NCCN. Conclusions and Relevance Among NCCN guideline authors, FCOIs involving RPs were of greater value, while those involving GPs were more prevalent. Although FCOIs may result from engaging in important scholarship, FCOIs may still influence guideline authors in counterproductive ways. Research is needed to understand how best to manage author FCOIs during guideline creation.
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis With Immunoglobulin G4–Related Disease

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is an uncommon autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems. Renal involvement typically presents as tubulointerstitial nephritis and less commonly as membranous glomerulonephritis. In this case report, we discuss a 68-year-old patient who presented with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. His renal biopsy revealed a membranoproliferative pattern of injury with fibrocellular crescents and extensive infiltration of the tubulointerstitium with IgG4-positive plasma cells. We treated the patient with both corticosteroids and rituximab because of the aggressive nature of crescentic glomerulonephritis. The patient demonstrated a partial improvement in kidney function after 2 cycles of rituximab with a decrease in serum creatinine levels from 6.9-4.7mg/dL after 6 months from presentation. This case illustrates the importance of considering IgG4-related disease in cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and the need for effective treatments for more aggressive forms of this recently recognized disease entity.
Expanding care through a layered learning practice model.

Purpose The outcomes of a patient-centered layered learning practice model (LLPM) in which the clinical specialist acted as the attending pharmacist and managed a pharmacy team to provide direct patient care were evaluated. Methods Two 30-day evaluations were conducted on the acute care malignant hematology and medical oncology services of the University of North Carolina Medical Center in 2011. The primary objective of this study was to design an LLPM that used a team to expand the pharmacist care services offered. The primary outcome was the frequency of pharmacy team encounters at discharge (medication reconciliation and counseling), termed the discharge capture rate . Results During the study months, 42 and 78 malignant hematology and medical oncology patients were eligible for study inclusion, respectively. The overall discharge capture rate was 51%. Sixty-one patients received discharge medication reconciliation services during patient counseling. Patients included in the malignant hematology group received a mean of 11 prescriptions at discharge, compared with 9.83 in the medical oncology group. Means of 1.26 and 2.1 medication-related problems per patient were identified in the malignant hematology and medical oncology studies, respectively, during discharge medication reconciliation. The overall mean face time spent per patient was 21.3 minutes. Conclusion Patients in malignant hematology and medical oncology services were counseled and provided discharge medication reconciliation by a pharmacy student or resident whose activities were managed and reviewed by an attending pharmacist using an LLPM, resulting in an improvement in all clinical outcomes and measures.
Cholinergic Interneurons Underlie Spontaneous Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens

The release of dopamine from terminals in the NAc is regulated by a number of factors, including voltage-gated ion channels, D2-autoreceptors, and nAChRs. Cholinergic interneurons (CINs) drive dopamine release through activation of nAChRs on dopamine terminals. Using cyclic voltammetry in mouse brain slices, nAChR-dependent spontaneous dopamine transients and the mechanisms underlying the origin were examined in the NAc. Spontaneous events were infrequent (0.3 per minute), but the rate and amplitude were increased after blocking Kv channels with 4-aminopyridine. Although the firing frequency of CINs was increased by blocking glutamate reuptake with TBOA and the Sk blocker apamin, only 4-aminopyridine increased the frequency of dopamine transients. In contrast, inhibition of CIN firing with the μ/δ selective opioid [Met5]enkephalin (1 μm) decreased spontaneous dopamine transients. Cocaine increased the rate and amplitude of dopamine transients, suggesting that the activity of the dopamine transporter limits the detection of these events. In the presence of cocaine, the rate of spontaneous dopamine transients was further increased after blocking D2-autoreceptors. Blockade of muscarinic receptors had no effect on evoked dopamine release, suggesting that feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release was not involved. Thus, although spontaneous dopamine transients are reliant on nAChRs, the frequency was not strictly governed by the activity of CINs. The increase in frequency of spontaneous dopamine transients induced by cocaine was not due to an increase in cholinergic tone and is likely a product of an increase in detection resulting from decreased dopamine reuptake.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The actions of dopamine in the NAc are thought to be responsible for endogenous reward and the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as psychostimulants. The present work examines the mechanisms underlying nAChR-induced spontaneous dopamine release. This study demonstrates that spontaneous dopamine release is (1) dependent of the activation of nicotinic receptors, (2) independent on the spontaneous activity of cholinergic interneurons, and (3) that cocaine increased the detection of dopamine transients by prolonging the presence and increasing the diffusion of dopamine in the extracellular space. The release of acetylcholine is therefore responsible for spontaneous dopamine transients, and cocaine augments dopamine tone without altering activity of cholinergic interneurons.
Insights into The Ecology, Genetics and Distribution of Lucanus Elaphus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Lucanidae), North America's Giant Stag Beetle

Little is known about the biology or conservation status of Lucanus elaphus Fabricius in North America despite well-documented declines of a related species, Lucanus cervus (L.), in Europe. This study provides information critical to developing conservation plans for L. elaphus including the species’ larval substrate requirements, genetic data and range-wide estimates of habitat suitability. In Mississippi floodplain forests, larval L. elaphus were recovered from a wide range of log sizes and rot types and were either found tunnelling within the wood or feeding beneath logs at the soil–wood interface. The species appears to require 1–2 years to complete development, exhibits a 1:1 sex ratio and is parasitised by Zelia vertebrata (Say) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Flight intercept traps placed at three heights at both the edge and interior of hardwood-dominated forests in Georgia yielded six adult male L. elaphus, all of which were captured in traps placed at 15 m on the forest edge. Because L. elaphus larvae are morphologically indistinguishable from related species, DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene were generated to facilitate molecular identification. Genetic data revealed modest intra-specific variation, with up to 1.3% sequence divergence among haplotypes sampled from the same forest. Based on assembled occurrence records, ecological niche models suggest that environmental conditions are suitable for L. elaphus across much of the southeastern United States, provided that adequate lowland forest cover and dead wood substrates are available.
Theory and the Study of Modern Chinese History: Four Traps and a Question

I think of myself as an empirical historian above all else. The starting point of my own work has always been to identify a substantial body of hitherto unexplored or little explored materials and to generate new empirical information from such materials. I have turned to theory mainly as an aid to develop, through engagement and dialogue with it, my own concepts based on the empirical findings. Epistemologically, I have consciously tried to proceed from empirical research to theory and back to empirical findings rather than the reverse. I do not see myself as a theorist and am not qualified to speak about theory in any theoretical way. All I can write about here is my own experience, the lessons I have drawn, and the issues and questions that have remained for me.
Interplay of subexponential and dependent insurance and financial risks

Abstract We are interested in the ruin probability of an insurer who makes risky investments and hence faces both insurance and financial risks. Assume that the insurance and financial risks over individual periods, ( X i , Y i ) , i ∈ N , form a sequence of independent and identically distributed copies of a generic pair ( X , Y ) and that the pair ( X , Y ) possesses a weak dependence structure described via its copula. For the subexponential case, we obtain an asymptotic formula for the finite-time ruin probability as our main result, which extends a few recent works on the topic.
Why Working Apart Doesn’t Work at All: Special Education and English Learner Teacher Collaborations:

With many students learning English also identified with disabilities in public schools, collaborations across special education and English learner (EL) education are critical to promoting these s...
Diverse Inflammatory Response After Cerebral Microbleeds Includes Coordinated Microglial Migration and Proliferation.

Background and Purpose— Cerebral microbleeds are linked to cognitive decline, but it remains unclear how they impair neuronal function. Infarction is not typically observed near microbleeds, suggesting more subtle mechanisms, such as inflammation, may play a role. Because of their small size and largely asymptomatic nature, real-time detection and study of spontaneous cerebral microbleeds in humans and animal models are difficult. Methods— We used in vivo 2-photon microscopy through a chronic cranial window in adult mice to follow the inflammatory response after a cortical microhemorrhage of ≈100 µm diameter, induced by rupturing a targeted cortical arteriole with a laser. Results— The inflammatory response included the invasion of blood-borne leukocytes, the migration and proliferation of brain-resident microglia, and the activation of astrocytes. Nearly all inflammatory cells responding to the microhemorrhage were brain-resident microglia, but a small number of CX3CR1 + and CCR2 + macrophages, ultimately originating from the invasion of blood-borne monocytes, were also found near the lesion. We found a coordinated pattern of microglia migration and proliferation, where microglia within 200 µm of the microhemorrhage migrated toward the lesion over hours to days. In contrast, microglia proliferation was not observed until ≈40 hours after the lesion and occurred primarily in a shell-shaped region where the migration of microglia decreased their local density. These data suggest that local microglia density changes may trigger proliferation. Astrocytes activated in a similar region as microglia but delayed by a few days. By 2 weeks, this inflammatory response had largely resolved. Conclusions— Although microhemorrhages are small in size, the brain responds to a single bleed with an inflammatory response that involves brain-resident and blood-derived cells, persists for weeks, and may impact the adjacent brain microenvironment.
Coordinated power, energy, and temperature management

Power and thermal effects have emerged as serious problems for computing systems by limiting performance, degrading reliability, and imposing a high cost in energy resources. A fundamental problem with power and thermal management is the difficulty of reducing power and heat output without sacrificing performance, which creates a complex web of inter-related constraints and requirements. Meeting these multiple, potentially conflicting objectives simultaneously is a difficult challenge, exacerbated by shifting environmental conditions and variable workloads, yet essential for future generations of high-performance systems. We propose a comprehensive, goal-oriented management framework that sorts priorities and balances conflicting goals, named PET for performance, power, energy, and temperature. The approach provides a level of indirection between macro objectives, such as reducing operating cost or increasing performance, and micro directives, including voltage and frequency settings and other power-management choices. Goal-driven decisions reflect relevant run-time conditions, rather than pre-defined policies, and a concise specification for desired outcome provides an opportunity to customize operation to conserve or spend power resources as situations warrant, delivering performance on demand. We demonstrate the feasibility and benefit of the PET approach with a prototype implementation developed in software, executing on an instrumented Pentium M system. First, we present a detailed characterization of the system response to power management mechanisms to identify the timescales and magnitude of expected response to management decisions. Second, we illustrate PET operation with realistic workloads and usage scenarios, demonstrating that the prototype achieves the desired ranges of operation with dynamic run-time control.
The Development of Insulaxin, The First True “Zwitterhormon”

Floating on top of the world, a small world that is, one is given to making heady predictions. From what had been learned about insulin and relaxin it seemed justified to predict that, by careful compromise between relaxin-and insulin-specific requirements, a true dual hormone could be designed which would recognize the relaxin as well as the insulin receptor.
Role of Proteoglycans in Vascular Mechanotransduction

Vascular mechanotransduction is the process through which the arterial system adapts to changing hemodynamic and pathophysiological stimuli to maintain homeostasis. This adaptation is made possible by the major cellular components of the artery including vascular smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall and endothelial cells that line the luminal surface. This review focuses on the role of proteoglycans in vascular mechanobiological responses of the arterial system. Proteoglycans are proteins that are post-translationally modified with polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan chains. These molecules are intimately involved in controlling cellular organization, proliferation and migration. In this chapter, we discuss how these complex molecules allow cells to sense mechanical forces and alter arterial structure.
Consciousness and Private Events

One of the most important philosophical criticisms leveled at behaviorism is that it lacks the tools required for an analysis of the first-person perspective (Malcolm, 1963, see Day, 1977/1992; Lycan, 1990; Rorty, 1994). If this criticism were valid, it would indeed be a grave, if not fatal, flaw. No psychological perspective, not even the behaviorism of John Watson, has yet been able to argue compellingly against consciousness and experience.
GENERALIZED TENSORS AND MATRICES

A mathematical modeling generalized tensor concept will be described. The method has applications (and, in this sense represents a unifying approach) to a number of different disciplines. Thus, following the initial development-of-theory section, applications will be described in the fields of engineering, physics, chemistry, biological medical, psychology, social science and the humanities (art, architecture, music and poetry).
SIAN: software for structural identifiability analysis of ODE models.

Summary Biological processes are often modeled by ordinary differential equations with unknown parameters. The unknown parameters are usually estimated from experimental data. In some cases, due to the structure of the model, this estimation problem does not have a unique solution even in the case of continuous noise-free data. It is therefore desirable to check the uniqueness a priori before carrying out actual experiments. We present a new software SIAN (Structural Identifiability ANalyser) that does this. Our software can tackle problems that could not be tackled by previously developed packages. Availability and implementation SIAN is open-source software written in Maple and is available at https://github.com/pogudingleb/SIAN. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Teaching Analytics, Decision Support, and Business Intelligence: Challenges and Trends

Companies are increasingly embracing analytics to enhance business value. Academia is responding to this trend, with innovative curricula in DSS/BI/Analytics providing a variety of degree programs, minors, and certificate programs in online, traditional, and hybrid format. With BI field rapidly evolving, more universities are becoming interested in offering BI courses and programs. This necessitates innovations in BI pedagogy and materials that can best prepare students for the industry demands. Teaching material that incorporates real cases with real data from companies into the pedagogy provides the benefit to students to get high-level BI skills that companies need.
Coordinate Methods for Accelerating $\ell_\infty$ Regression and Faster Approximate Maximum Flow

We provide faster algorithms for approximately solving $\ell_{\infty}$ regression, a fundamental problem prevalent in both combinatorial and continuous optimization. In particular, we provide accelerated coordinate descent methods capable of provably exploiting dynamic measures of coordinate smoothness, and apply them to $\ell_\infty$ regression over a box to give algorithms which converge in $k$ iterations at a $O(1/k)$ rate. Our algorithms can be viewed as an alternative approach to the recent breakthrough result of Sherman [She17] which achieves a similar runtime improvement over classic algorithmic approaches, i.e. smoothing and gradient descent, which either converge at a $O(1/\sqrt{k})$ rate or have running times with a worse dependence on problem parameters. Our runtimes match those of [She17] across a broad range of parameters and achieve improvement in certain structured cases. We demonstrate the efficacy of our result by providing faster algorithms for the well-studied maximum flow problem. Directly leveraging our accelerated $\ell_\infty$ regression algorithms imply a $\tilde{O}\left(m + \sqrt{mn}/\epsilon\right)$ runtime to compute an $\epsilon$-approximate maximum flow for an undirected graph with $m$ edges and $n$ vertices, generically improving upon the previous best known runtime of $\tilde{O}\left(m/\epsilon\right)$ in [She17] whenever the graph is slightly dense. We further design an algorithm adapted to the structure of the regression problem induced by maximum flow obtaining a runtime of $\tilde{O}\left(m + \max(n, \sqrt{ns})/\epsilon\right)$, where $s$ is the squared $\ell_2$ norm of the congestion of any optimal flow. Moreover, we show how to leverage this result to achieve improved exact algorithms for maximum flow on a variety of unit capacity graphs. We hope that our work serves as an important step towards achieving even faster maximum flow algorithms.
Cheating in high school: A comparison of behavior of students in the college prep and general curriculum.

A sampling of 1629 students, from 22 high schools, responded to questions regarding cheating in and outside of school. Of this number, 515 were enrolled in the college prep and 744 in the general curriculum. More similarities than statistically significant differences were found in a comparison of their responses. From 25 to 75% of their peers were estimated to be cheaters. Boys were more often guilty than girls. Cheating in mathematics was most common. Failure was the agreed upon punishment for apprehension—to be administered by the teacher. Neither group would “squeal” on a cheater. A similar number of each would cheat in a pinch. Both have turned in the work of others. Students in both curricular areas agreed that cheating transferred from school to job. Crime does not pay. Cheating was usually discovered. Breaking a law was a form of dishonesty. However, more college prep students admitted trying to cheat on tests while fewer of them would resort to plagiarism or lie to their parents about school. More general students felt that cheating hurt the cheater and few would trust one.
Exploration of Automatic Speech Recognition for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Higher Education Classes

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) programs that generate real-time speech-to-text captions can be provided as supplemental access technologies for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students in higher education classes. As part of a pilot program, we implemented ASR as a supplemental access service in biology, statistics, and other courses at our university. To identify the benefits and limitations of ASR as an access technology, we surveyed 26 DHH students and interviewed 8 of these students about their experiences with ASR in their mainstream classes. Participants believed that ASR was beneficial despite the errors that ASR continued to generate; however, the accuracy and readability of ASR need to improve so that students can better access spoken information through ASR. This paper reviews points for researchers to consider when designing and providing ASR as a supplemental access service in educational settings.
Kilowatt Reactor Using Stirling TechnologY (KRUSTY) Component-Critical Experiments

A series of critical experiments were conducted at the National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC) in Nevada to evaluate the operational performance of a compact reactor that eventuall...