cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Large-Scale Complex Haploinsufficiency-Based Genetic Interaction Screen in Candida albicans: Analysis of the RAM Network during Morphogenesis

The morphogenetic transition between yeast and filamentous forms of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans is regulated by a variety of signaling pathways. How these pathways interact to orchestrate morphogenesis, however, has not been as well characterized. To address this question and to identify genes that interact with the Regulation of Ace2 and Morphogenesis (RAM) pathway during filamentation, we report the first large-scale genetic interaction screen in C. albicans. Our strategy for this screen was based on the concept of complex haploinsufficiency (CHI). A heterozygous mutant of CBK1 (cbk1Δ/CBK1), a key RAM pathway protein kinase, was subjected to transposon-mediated, insertional mutagenesis. The resulting double heterozygous mutants (6,528 independent strains) were screened for decreased filamentation on Spider Medium (SM). From the 441 mutants showing altered filamentation, 139 transposon insertion sites were sequenced, yielding 41 unique CBK1-interacting genes. This gene set was enriched in transcriptional targets of Ace2 and, strikingly, the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway, suggesting an interaction between these two pathways. Further analysis indicates that the RAM and PKA pathways co-regulate a common set of genes during morphogenesis and that hyper-activation of the PKA pathway may compensate for loss of RAM pathway function. Our data also indicate that the PKA–regulated transcription factor Efg1 primarily localizes to yeast phase cells while the RAM–pathway regulated transcription factor Ace2 localizes to daughter nuclei of filamentous cells, suggesting that Efg1 and Ace2 regulate a common set of genes at separate stages of morphogenesis. Taken together, our observations indicate that CHI–based screening is a useful approach to genetic interaction analysis in C. albicans and support a model in which these two pathways regulate a common set of genes at different stages of filamentation.
Evaporation of covalent clusters: Unimolecular decay of energized size‐selected carbon cluster ions (C+n, 5≤n≤100)

The unimolecular decay of energized size‐selected carbon clusters (C+n, 5≤n≤100) is investigated. The clusters are produced in a laser‐generated plasma on the surface of a graphite rod. Directly extracted cations that decay on a μs time scale are probed in a double‐focusing, reverse‐geometry mass spectrometer. The unimolecular decomposition rates are extracted from metastable fraction measurements. We observe a dramatic discontinuous increase in the decay rate constant as a function of cluster size around mass C+c0 (factor of 5 to 10). Additionally, low rate constants, relative to the neighbors, are found for C+50, C+60, and C+70. The results are rationalized by postulating a phase transition from small ‘‘rigid’’ clusters for n 30. In this model local deviations in rate constant reflect the thermodynamic stabilities of the clusters. A further consequence of this model is that ‘‘magic’’ numbers in the mass spectrum originate primarily from the intrinsic stability of t...
EXTENDED DISPLACEMENT BOUND THEOREMS FOR WORK HARDENING CONTINUA SUBJECTED TO IMPULSIVE LOADING.

Abstract Earlier work presenting a technique for bounding displacements following impulsive loading in inelastic continua is extended to give more powerful results for stable work hardening materials. The extension is achieved by adding a self-evident statement regarding the material behavior to Drucker's postulate of stability for time independent, path dependent solids.
GENERALIZED LANGUAGE LEARNING BY CHILDREN WITH SEVERE MENTAL RETARDATION: EFFECTS OF PEERS' EXPRESSIVE MODELING

In this study, we investigated the conditions that contribute to observational learning of generalized language in children with severe mental retardation. Matrix-training strategies were used to teach 6 children with mental retardation to combine known words into two- or three-word utterances consistent with syntactic rules. Subsequently, the children learned two or more unknown words concurrently, inducing word-referent relations consistent with these word order rules. Generalized learning of responses not taught directly was shown to be under experimental control using a multiple baseline design across submatrices. Expressive modeling of only four or five responses was sufficient to promote recombinative generalization in the expressive and receptive modalities. Thus, 95% to 98% of subjects' learning was attributed to generalization processes. This study demonstrates how the efficiency of language training with children with mental retardation might be enhanced by coupling observational learning and matrix-training strategies.
Determination of Poisson's Ratio in Thermally Bonded Nonwoven Fabrics

Uniaxial and biaxial tests were compared in terms of their efficiency and accuracy in determining Poisson's ratios for thermally bonded nonwoven fabrics. The uniaxial test did not provide as true an estimate of the ratio as the biaxial test, because the binder fiber film characteristics dominated the effect on dimensional changes during uniaxial straining. The biaxial test was more time consuming but produced a truer Poisson's ratio.
Mechanism of synthesis of bacteriophage RNA.

Several steps in the in vitro synthesis of infectious bacteriophage RNA and the properties of some components of the system can now be described. The mechanism of this reaction seems to be considerably more complex than was proposed in earlier models.
Utilization of maternal and fetal androstenedione for placental estrogen production at mid and late baboon pregnancy

The present study determined the placental and whole-body metabolism of androstenedione originating in the maternal and fetal compartments of the pregnant baboon at mid (day 100; n = 4) and late (day 165; n = 3) gestation (term = day 184) in untreated animals and at midgestation in animals (n = 3) treated with pellets (50 mg) of androstenedione inserted at 8-day intervals in the mother between days 70 and 100 of gestation. Baboons were anesthetized with ketamine-halothane-nitrous oxide, blood samples obtained from maternal, uterine, fetal and umbilical vessels during constant infusion of [3H] or [14C]androstenedione via the fetal or maternal circulation, respectively, and radiolabeled precursor/products in plasma purified by HPLC. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR; 1/day/kg body wt) of androstenedione in the mother was similar at mid (81 ± 6) and late (69 ± 12) gestation and was unaltered by treatment with androstenedione (92 ± 17). Fetal MCR of androstenedione was 3-fold greater (P < 0.05) than in the mother and was similar in the three treatment groups. In the maternal compartment, the conversion ratio of androstenedione to estradiol (range 26–37%) exceeded (P < 0.05) that to testosterone (range 15–19%) which exceeded (P < 0.05) that to estrone (range 7–14%), a pattern unaffected by stage of gestation or treatment with androstenedione in vivo. Similar results were observed in the fetal compartment although values for each conversion were always 3–4-fold lower (P < 0.05) than in the maternal compartment. Regardless of stage of gestation or treatment with androstenedione, [14C]estradiol in the uterine vein (95 ± 15 cpm/ml) exceeded (P < 0.05) that in the unbilical vein (3 ± 1) indicative of preferential secretion of estradiol to the maternal compartment. In contrast, the concentration of [14C]estrone in uterine (15 ± 4) and umbilical (18 ± 4) vessels were similar indicating that estrone was secreted equally into the mother and fetus. Similar observations were noted for respective values for [3H]estrogens derived from fetal [3H]androstenedione. Placental extraction of fetal androstenedione (range 86–93%) exceeded (P < 0.05) that for androstenedione originating in the mother (range 44–54%) and neither were affected by stage of gestation or treatment with androstenedione in vivo. Less than 1% of fetal [3H]androstenedione reached the maternal circulation unaltered, presumably due to placental catabolism. Similarly, the concentration of maternally-derived [14C]androstenedione present in fetal plasma (<5%) was minimal. We conclude that both maternal and fetal androstenedione were extracted by the uterus and its contents and utilized almost equally for estrogen synthesis during the second half of gestation in the baboon.
The surface chemistry of δMnO2 in major ion sea water

Abstract The surface chemistry of δMnO2 in major ion seawater is defined by determining the stoichiometry of the reactions which describe the association of the surface hydroxyl groups with Na, Mg, Ca, and K ions, the intrinsic equilibrium constants which define these reactions, and the speciation of the surface at pH 8. The results indicate: 1. 1) that the surface forms monodentate complexes with Na and K ions and bidentate complexes with Mg and Ca ions; 2. 2) that pK2INT = 4.2, p ∗ K INT Na = 3.0 ± 0.3 , p ∗ K INT K = 2.0 ± 0.2 , p ∗ K INT >Mg = 3.9 ± 0.1 , and p ∗ K INT >Ca = 3.3 ; and 3. 3) ion exchange processes other than with H are important and as a result 84.8% of the surface sites of δMnO2 in major ion seawater at pH 8 are complexed by H, 8.4% by Mg, 4.6% by Ca, 1.6% by Na, and 0.6% by K. Chloride and sulphate do not adsorb on δMnO2 in the pH range of natural waters.
HYPERFINE STRUCTURE AND NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF 17-HR BROMINE -76

The nuclear spin, the nuclear magnetic-dipole interaction constant $a$, and the nuclear electric-quadrupole interaction constant $b$, have been determined for 17-hr bromine-76 by an atomic-beam experiment. The results are: $I=1$, $|a|=345.422\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$ Mc/sec, $|b|=314.329\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022$ Mc/sec, $\frac{b}{a}=0.9100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0001$. The nuclear magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole moments are calculated to be, respectively, $\ensuremath{\mu}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5479\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0001$ nuclear magneton, and $Q=\ensuremath{\mp}0.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ barn. The sign of $\ensuremath{\mu}$, though not determined, is probably negative. The hyperfine structure separations are $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{5}{2}, \frac{3}{2})=1256.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ Mc/sec, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2})=189.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ Mc/sec. The hyperfine structure is of particular interest because the $F=\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{and} \frac{3}{2}$ levels are inverted and not in normal order. This inversion is the first case of its kind established in an atomic-beam experiment.
Community-based research partnerships: challenges and opportunities.

The complexity of many urban health problems often makes them ill suited to traditional research approaches and interventions. The resultant frustration, together with community calls for genuine partnership in the research process, has highlighted the importance of an alternative paradigm. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is presented as a promising collaborative approach that combines systematic inquiry, participation, and action to address urban health problems. Following a brief review of its basic tenets and historical roots, key ways in which CBPR adds value to urban health research are introduced and illustrated. Case study examples from diverse international settings are used to illustrate some of the difficult ethical challenges that may arise in the course of CBPR partnership approaches. The concepts of partnership synergy and cultural humility, together with protocols such as Green et al.’s guidelines for appraising CBPR projects, are highlighted as useful tools for urban health researchers seeking to apply this collaborative approach and to deal effectively with the difficult ethical challenges it can present.
Hormone discharges from a midwest tile-drained agroecosystem receiving animal wastes

Manure is increasingly being viewed as a threat to aquatic ecosystems due to the introduction of natural and synthetic hormones from land application to agricultural fields. In the Midwestern United States, where most agricultural fields are tile-drained, there is little known about hormone release from fields receiving animal wastes. To this end, seven sampling stations (four in subsurface tile drains and three in the receiving ditch network) were installed at a Midwest farm where various types of animal wastes (beef, dairy, and poultry lagoon effluent, dairy solids, and subsurface injection of swine manure) are applied to agricultural fields. Water flow was continuously monitored and samples were collected for hormone analysis during storm events and baseline flow for a 15 month study period. The compounds analyzed included the natural hormones 17α- and 17β-estradiol, estrone, estriol, testosterone, and androstenedione and the synthetic androgens 17α- and 17β-trenbolone and trendione. Hormones were detected in at least 64% of the samples collected at each station, with estrone being detected the most frequently and estriol the least. Testosterone and androstendione were detected more frequently than synthetic androgens, which were detected in fewer than 15% of samples. Hormone concentrations in subsurface tile drains increased during effluent irrigation and storm events. Hormones also appeared to persist over the winter, with increased concentrations coinciding with early thaws and snowmelt from fields amended with manure solids. The highest concentration of synthetic androgens (168 ng/L) observed coincided with a snowmelt. The highest concentrations of hormones in the ditch waters (87 ng/L for total estrogens and 52 ng/L for natural androgens) were observed in June, which coincides with the early life stage development period of many aquatic species in the Midwest.
Involvement with Local Television News Cognitive and Emotional Dimensions

This study considered involvement as audience activity, as an indication that audience members are participating in mass media content. On the basis of previous communication research, involvement is viewed as audience activity with both cognitive and affective dimensions. Cognitive involvement reflects attention to, recognition of, and elaboration on media content. Emotional involvement reflects internal feelings. The purpose of this study was to check the validity of this view of involvement in the context of local television news by (a) testing the relationship between the strength of news viewing motivation and involvement intensity, (b) testing the relationship between the type of news viewing motivation and involvement orientation, and (c) testing the relationship between cognitive and emotional involvement. Adult local news viewers (N = 305) completed pertinent questionnaires. Pearson and canonical correlation partly supported the proposed view of media involvement. Utilitarian viewing motivation was associated with higher cognitive involvement and feelings of anger while watching local news. Diversionary motivation was associated with feeling happy while watching news. There were links between cognitive and emotional involvement with news. The discussion focuses on the importance of involvement and motivation in media effects research.
Stability of the Federal System in Nigeria: Elite Attitudes at the Constituent Assembly Toward the Creation of New States

The Constituent Assembly which approved the constitution for Nigeria's Second Republic (1979-1983) decided that no new states should be created at that time and adopted procedures making state creation in the future virtually impossible. The Assembly's action implied that elite consensus had been achieved on the existing territorial configuration of the federation. Yet events during the Second Republic seemed to belie such an interpretation. To resolve the contradiction a content analysis of the Constituent Assembly debates was undertaken. It showed widespread dissatisfaction with the existing nineteen-state structure. The study concludes that the Constituent Assembly's decisions on state creation did not reflect an elite consensus. Instead, the period of relative stability in federal territorial configuration, which elsewhere seems to follow early years of instability, had not yet been reached in Nigeria.
Why decorate a pot? Midwestern household pottery, 200 B.C.-A.D.600

Abstract The middle centuries (200 B.C.-A.D.600) of the Woodland period in the central riverine region of North America witnessed significant changes in the amount of decorative effort that people invested in their household pottery. Such historical phenomena raise the usually unasked question, why do people decorate their utilitarian household goods at all? More specifically, why might people in a particular historical setting decorate their utilitarian household objects at one time but not at another? This paper argues that the answer to such questions must always be different for each historical setting, and not predictable from any cross-cultural regularities. The Woodland case also illustrates a need to take into account relationships minimally among (a) construction practices, (b) decorative practices, (c) the physical uses of utilitarian objects, and (d) household-scale social relations in any social analysis of decoration on household objects.
Increased exercise capacity after digoxin administration in patients with heart failure

Failure to objectively assess the effect of digitalis on exercise capacity has resulted in controversy regarding its use in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. To clarify this situation, maximal treadmill testing with respiratory gas exchange analysis was performed on 11 patients (mean age 57 +/- 9 years) with chronic congestive heart failure with and without digoxin therapy. Ten of the 11 had a consistent third sound gallop, and the mean ejection fraction of the group was 24 +/- 10%. Rest heart rate was significantly higher (91 +/- 16 versus 102 +/- 16 beats/min; p less than 0.05) and rest systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the absence of digoxin (130 +/- 23 versus 121 +/- 15 mm Hg; p less than 0.05). No differences in heart rate or blood pressure were observed during exercise. Significant increases in ventilatory oxygen uptake were observed with digoxin submaximally (3.0 mph, 0% grade), at the gas exchange anaerobic threshold and at maximal exercise (mean increase of 2.6 ml/kg per min; p less than 0.02). An improvement in the estimated ratio of ventilatory dead space to tidal volume (VD/VT), an index of physiologic efficiency, occurred throughout exercise during digoxin therapy, and there was a significant negative correlation between the change in maximal oxygen uptake and change in maximal estimated VD/VT (r = -0.63; p less than 0.05). Thus, digoxin therapy is associated with a significant improvement in exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure, most likely due to an improved matching of ventilation to perfusion.
Proposed alternative revision strategy for broken S1 pedicle screw: radiological study, review of the literature, and case reports

Abstract Background context There have been many reports outlining differing methods for managing a broken S1 screw. To the authors' best knowledge, the technique used in the present study has not been described previously. It involves insertion of a second pedicle screw without removing the broken screw shaft. Study design Radiological study, literature review, and two case reports of the surgical technique. Purpose To report a proposed new surgical technique for management of broken S1 pedicle screws. Methods Computed tomography (CT) scans of 50 patients with a total of 100 S1 pedicles were analyzed. There were 25 male and 25 female patients with an average age of 51 years ranging from 36 to 68 years. The cephalad-caudal length, medial-lateral width, and cross-sectional area of the S1 pedicle were measured and compared with the diameter of a pedicle screw to illustrate the possibility of inserting a second screw in S1 pedicle without removal of the broken screw shaft. Two case reports of the proposed technique are presented. Results The left and right S1 pedicle cross-sectional area in female measured 456.00±4.00 and 457.00±3.00 mm2, respectively. The left and right S1 pedicle cross-section area in male measured 638.00±2.00 and 639.00±1.00 mm2, respectively. There were statistically significant differences when comparing male and female S1 pedicle length, width, and cross-sectional area (p Conclusions The S1 pedicle dimensions measured on CT scan reviewed in the present study showed that it may be anatomically feasible to place a second screw through the S1 pedicle without the removal of the broken screw shaft. This treatment method will reduce the complications associated with other described revision strategies for broken S1 screws.
RF Cavity Processing and Testing Plan for MICE

Fabrication status of the MICE RF cavities will be described. Design of a single-cavity vessel to test the cavities will be discussed, along with the plans for processing and testing the cavities.
Effect of Hardness, Surface Finish and Grain Size on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of M50 Bearing Steel

Abstract : The effect of hardness, surface finish and grain size upon the compressive rolling contact fatigue strength of M-50 bearing steel has been studied. Considerable testing on the RC Rig and statistical treatment methods have been included. A mathematical expression relating these variables to life expectancy is presented and the optimization of these variables is discussed. It is shown that bearing fatigue of M50 increases by increasing hardness, decreasing surface, and increasing grain size. The optimum life identified occurs at Rc 64 hardness, 1.5 RMS surface finish, and a grain size of ASTM 2
How Local and State Regulations Affect the Child Care Food Environment: A Qualitative Study of Child Care Center Directors' Perspectives

Almost one-third of preschoolers spend regular time in child care centers where they can consume the majority of their daily dietary intake. The child care setting influences children's dietary intake. Thus, it is important to examine factors, such as local and state regulations, that influence the food environment at the center. This qualitative study explored directors' perceptions of how regulations influence the foods available at child care centers. Ten directors of centers in Travis County, Texas completed semi-structured interviews. Directors reported that changes in local health department regulations (e.g., kitchen specifications) result in less-healthful foods being served (e.g., more prepackaged foods). Directors of centers that do not participate in the federal Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) said the state licensing regulations clarify the portion size and nutritional requirements for preschoolers thereby improving the nutritional quality of the food served. Directors of centers participating in CACFP said they are not affected by state mandates, because the CACFP regulations are more stringent. These findings suggest that state regulations that specify and quantify nutritional standards may beneficially impact preschoolers' diets. However, local health department regulations enacted to improve food safety may negatively influence the nutritional value of food served in centers.
A new electrogenic step in the ubiquinol: Cytochrome c2 oxidoreductase complex of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Abstract Myxothiazol, an inhibitor of the ubiquinol oxidase site of the ubiquinol: cytochrome c 2 oxidoreductase complex, has been shown in the present work to inhibit a part of the electrogenic process indicated by phase III of the carotenoid change, in addition to the part of the change inhibited by antimycin. This finding shows that there is an antimycin-insensitive, but myxothiazol-sensitive portion of the slow phase, which indicates the existence of an electrogenic event within the ubiquinol: cytochrome c 2 oxidoreductase complex, in addition to that linked to oxidation of cytochrome b -561 which has been previously characterized. Redox titrations show that the appearance of the new electrogenic step is correlated with the amount of cytochrome b -561 available in the oxidized form before the flash. The rate of the antimycin-insensitive and myxothiazol-sensitive portion of the carotenoid change correlates well with the rate of reduction of cytochrome b -561. No carotenoid change associated with reduction of cytochrome b -566 was seen. These findings suggest that the newly identified electrogenic process is linked to electron transfer between cytochrome b -566 and b -561. Calculations of the contribution of this new electrogenic step to the total electrogenic event within the complex show that electrons passing from cytochrome b -566 to cytochrome b -561 pass about 35–50% of the distance across the whole membrane.
Parthenain, a protease from Parthenium argentatum

Abstract A homogeneous protease, parthenain, was isolated from Parthenium argentatum . The enzyme has serine at the active site and a dependence on free histidine residues. It is a glycoprotein of M r , about 63 000 and is composed of a single unit of pI 4.6. The enzyme has a preference for neutrally charged amino acid residues in oxidized insulin B chain. It displays anomalous partial activation in the presence of a large molar excess of p -chloromercuribenzoate.
Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003

Abstract We use infrared spectra returned by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) to retrieve atmospheric and surface temperature, dust and water ice aerosol optical depth, and water vapor column abundance. The data presented here span more than two martian years (Mars Year 24, L s =104°, 1 March 1999 to Mars Year 26, L s =180°, 4 May 2003). We present an overview of the seasonal ( L s ), latitudinal, and longitudinal dependence of atmospheric quantities during this period, as well as an initial assessment of the interannual variability in the current martian climate. We find that the perihelion season ( L s =180°–360°) is relatively warm, dusty, free of water ice clouds, and shows a relatively high degree of interannual variability in dust optical depth and atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, the aphelion season ( L s =0°–180°) is relatively cool, cloudy, free of dust, and shows a low degree of interannual variability. Water vapor abundance shows a moderate amount of interannual variability at all seasons, but the most in the perihelion season. Much of the small amount of interannual variability that is observed in the aphelion season appears to be caused by perihelion-season planet-encircling dust storms. These dust storms increase albedo through deposition of bright dust on the surface causing cooler daytime surface and atmospheric temperatures well after dust optical depth returns to prestorm values.
Comprehensive Analysis of a Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Dataset Acquired on a Quadrupole Selecting, Quadrupole Collision Cell, Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometer I. How Much of the Data is Theoretically Interpretable by Search Engines?

An in-depth analysis of a multidimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry dataset acquired on a quadrupole selecting, quadrupole collision cell, time-of-flight (QqTOF) geometry instrument was carried out. A total of 3269 CID spectra were acquired. Through manual verification of database search results and de novo interpretation of spectra 2368 spectra could be confidently determined as predicted tryptic peptides. A detailed analysis of the non-matching spectra was also carried out, highlighting what the non-matching spectra in a database search typically are composed of. The results of this comprehensive dataset study demonstrate that QqTOF instruments produce information-rich data of which a high percentage of the data is readily interpretable.
Improved resolution and detection of 31P–Tl J-couplings at 21 T in 31P magic angle spinning NMR spectra of inorganic compounds containing Tl/Bi/P/S

For crystalline compounds containing Tl, Bi, P, and S, greatly improved chemical shift resolution was observed in 31P magic angle spinning spectra obtained at 21 T relative to spectra obtained at 9.4 T. In Hz units, the spectral linewidths were not strongly dependent on the applied field, which may be a result of a significant contribution to the linewidths from transverse relaxation. Comparison of the spectra at the two different fields confirmed that spectral splittings were due to two-bond phosphorus-thallium J-coupling. These results suggest that ultra-high field may be a useful tool to improve spectral resolution of spin 12 nuclei in crystalline inorganic compounds.
PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY AS PATHOLOGICAL STIMULATION-SEEKING.

Theories about the nature and etiology of psychopathic personality1 have had a wide range and, as might be expected, have reflected the pendulum swings from the organic to the psychodynamic and back again that have characterized theorizing about psychopathological conditions in general. The early theories emphasized “moral irnbecility”(24) and constitutional inferiority( 14). With the popularization of depth psychology came a variety of suggestions as to the psychodynamics of the disorder( 1, 3, 12). A more recent return to the organic viewpoint has been bolstered mainly by EEC studies purporting to show a high percentage of abnormalities among psychopaths(5, 13). Despite continuing controversy about many facets of psychopathic personality, certain behavioral features have now been described as central by a number of investigators(2, 3, 19, 21). The psychopath is almost universally characterized as highly impulsive, relatively refractory to the effects of experience in modifying his socially troublesome behavior, and lacking in the ability to delay gratification. His penchant for creating excitement for the moment without regard for later consequences seems almost unlimited. He is unable to tolerate routine and boredom. While he may engage in antisocial, even vicious, behavior his outbursts frequently appear to be motivated by little more than a need for thrills and excitement. His deficits in learning, in terms of both avoidance and approach responses, are clinically obvious and have recently been documented by experimental study( 11, 18,25).
Shaping exhale durations for breath co detection for men with mild mental retardation

Roll, Higgins, and Badger (1996) used a carbon monoxide (CO) detector to determine whether participants smoked in a smoking-cessation study. We sought to replicate their work with adults with mild mental retardation. However, verbal instructions were inadequate to establish stable exhalations of sufficient durations for reliable and accurate CO evaluation. This report describes a shaping procedure that enabled 3 of 4 participants to achieve 20-s exhalation durations.
Role of saliva in tick/host interactions

Although several hosts mount efficient anti-tick immunity, natural tick/host associations are characterized by inefficient or non-existent anti-tick immunity. The absence of efficient anti-tick immunity in natural hosts could result from either host immune incompetence or the ectoparasite's successful evasion of the host's immune response. In this review I discuss data supporting the immune-evasion hypothesis and discuss its consequences to tick/host interactions.
No Direction Home: The True Cost of Routing Around Decoys.

Decoy routing is a recently proposed approach for censorship circumvention. It relies on cooperating ISPs in the middle of the Internet to deploy the so called “decoy routers” that proxy network traffic from users in the censorship region. A recent study, published in an award-winning CCS 2012 paper [24], suggested that censors in highly connected countries like China can easily defeat decoy routing by selecting Internet routes that do not pass through the decoys. This attack is known as “routing around decoys” (RAD). In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of the true costs of the RAD attack, based on actual Internet data. Our analysis takes into account not just the Internet topology, but also business relationships between ISPs, monetary and performance costs of different routes, etc. We demonstrate that even for the most vulnerable decoy placement assumed in the RAD study, the attack is likely to impose tremendous costs on the censoring ISPs. They will be forced to switch to much more costly routes and suffer from degradation in the quality of service. We then demonstrate that a more strategic placement of decoys will further increase the censors’ costs and render the RAD attack ineffective. We also show that the attack is even less feasible for censors in countries that are not as connected as China since they have many fewer routes to choose from. The first lesson of our study is that defeating decoy routing by simply selecting alternative Internet routes is likely to be prohibitively expensive for the censors. The second, even more important lesson is that a fine-grained, data-driven approach is necessary for understanding the true costs of various route selection mechanisms. Analyses based solely on the graph topology of the Internet may lead to mistaken conclusions about the feasibility of decoy routing and other censorship circumvention techniques based on interdomain routing.
The eyes have it: Exposure times and saccadic movements in visual half-field experiments

Several tachistoscopic visual half-field experiments using exposure times in excess of 150 msec have been reported and arguments have been put forth justifying this procedure. An experiment was done investigating visual field accuracy under conditions where eye movement was allowed, following parafoveal exposure. Two control experiments were done to evaluate the viewing conditions. When eye movement is permitted, accuracy in both visual fields reaches 100%. It is concluded that visual field differences found with exposure times greater than 150 msec are due to the active cooperation of the subjects and not due to the justifications advanced by experimenters using long exposure times.
Relative Frequency and Diurnal Variation of High Cold Clouds in the Tropical Atlantic and Pacific

The percentage of cold clouds less than or equal to 240 K was tabulated from Nimbus-5 data in 2 deg latitude-longitude squares over tropical oceans in the North Atlantic and Pacific for day (1130 LST) and night (2330 LST). The maximum percentage and amplitude of the diurnal variation are in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific. Day percentages are higher than at night in the entire 6-10 deg N belt of the Atlantic. Weaker night maxima are to the north and south of this belt. In the Pacific, the distribution of day and night predominance is more variable.
The Making of a Confederate: Walter Lenoir's Civil War

The Making of a Confederate: Walter Lenoir's Civil War WILLIAM L. BARNEY New York: Oxford University Press, 2008 Pp. 272, $17.95 (pbk), ISBN 978 0 1953 1434 2 In The Making of a Confederate, Willia...
Private and Public Displays of Affection Among Interracial and Intra‐Racial Adolescent Couples*

Objective. This article examines variation in displays of affection between interracial and intra-racial adolescent couples. Method. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a nationally representative sample of adolescents in the United States, we estimate hierarchical linear models to compare characteristics of interracial and intra-racial relationships among white, African-American, Hispanic, Asian American, and Native American adolescents. In our comparisons we highlight three dimensions of relationship attributes: public display, private display, and intimate physical contact. Results. Our findings suggest that interracial couples are less likely than intra-racial couples to exhibit public and private displays of affection, but are not different from intra-racial couples in intimate displays of affection. Conclusions. Social barriers against interracial dating still exist such that even though interracial couples are similar to intra-racial couples in their levels of intimacy in private, they are less comfortable displaying their feelings in public.
Large-scale spatiotemporal spike patterning consistent with wave propagation in motor cortex

Aggregate signals in cortex are known to be spatiotemporally organized as propagating waves across the cortical surface, but it remains unclear whether the same is true for spiking activity in individual neurons. Furthermore, the functional interactions between cortical neurons are well documented but their spatial arrangement on the cortical surface has been largely ignored. Here we use a functional network analysis to demonstrate that a subset of motor cortical neurons in non-human primates spatially coordinate their spiking activity in a manner that closely matches wave propagation measured in the beta oscillatory band of the local field potential. We also demonstrate that sequential spiking of pairs of neuron contains task-relevant information that peaks when the neurons are spatially oriented along the wave axis. We hypothesize that the spatial anisotropy of spike patterning may reflect the underlying organization of motor cortex and may be a general property shared by other cortical areas.
Elastoplastic analysis of elementary bolted steel tee-stub connections

Abstract Elementary bolted steel tee-stub connections proportioned according to EC3 were studied by means of a three dimensional finite element model using the ANSYS software package. The specimens reflect different geometric and strength parameters as well as bolt pre-stressing conditions. Within each specimen, the parameters considered were the flange thickness and the distance between the bolt's line to the end of the flange. The elastoplastic response, up to the ultimate state, was analysed and aspects relative to stiffness, strength, bolt loads, prying forces, interaction between flanges and evolution of the equivalent von Mises stress distribution within the flange and bolt were examined. Comparisons between experimental values and Eurocode3 (EC3) predictions indicate that the design procedure still needs to be improved, owing to the complex phenomena embodied.
RecA-independent single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis

The expression of Beta, the single-stranded annealing protein (SSAP) of bacteriophage l in Escherichia coli promotes high levels of oligonucleotide (oligo)-mediated mutagenesis and offers a quick way to create single or multiple base pair insertions, deletions, or substitutions in the bacterial chromosome. High rates of mutagenesis can be obtained by the use of mismatch repair (MMR)-resistant mismatches or MMR-deficient hosts, which allow for the isolation of unselected mutations. It has recently become clear that many bacteria can be mutagenized with oligos in the absence of any SSAP expression, albeit at a much lower frequency. Studies have shown that inactivation or inhibition of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) exonucleases in vivo increases the rate of SSAP-independent oligo-mediated mutagenesis. These results suggest that l Beta, in addition to its role in annealing the oligo to ssDNA regions of the replication fork, promotes high rates of oligo-mediated mutagenesis by protecting the oligo from destruction by host ssDNA exonucleases.
Streamflows in western states lowest in over a decade

In 1987, the western United States experienced the lowest streamflows since the 1977 drought. Provisional data indicate that summer flows in southern Idaho were the lowest ever recorded for that time of year, and in western Washington flows were the lowest in 40 years. Severe water shortages occurred only in localized areas that were without adequate reservoir storage. In much of the west, storage levels in reservoirs at the beginning of the 1987 water year (October 1, 1986, to September 30, 1987) equaled or exceeded the average for that time of year. The quantity of water in storage and efficient management practices provided an a dequate supply of water for most uses, but some municipalities and other water suppliers instituted either voluntary or mandatory use restrictions.
Neural activity tracking using spatial compressive particle filtering

We investigate and demonstrate the sparsity of electroencephalography (EEG) signals in the spatial domain by incorporating grid spacing in the area of the head enclosing the brain volume. We exploit this spatial sparsity and propose a new approach for tracking neural activity that is based on compressive particle filtering. Our approach results in reducing the number of EEG channels required to be stored and processed for neural tracking using particle filtering. Simulations using both synthetic and real EEG signals illustrate that the proposed algorithm has tracking performance comparable to existing methods while using only a reduced set of EEG channels.
Bestimmung der Wellengruppenfrequenz und der brauchbaren Schwingungen per Wellenzug

Wenn Funkenentladungen vorliegen, so ist der Schwingungskreis gewohnlich nur in gewissen Zeitabschnitten wirksam. Man spricht dann von der Anzahl von Wellenzugen in der Sekunde, welche gleich der sekundlichen Funkenzahl ist. Man kann somit mittels der letzteren die Wellengruppenfrequenz bestimmen. Dasselbe gilt auch fur jede Art der Stoserregung.
Engineering systems in the 21/sup st/ century: facing the challenge

Results from a workshop series sponsored by the U.S. Navy for promoting wise technology investments in the engineering and management of complex systems in the 21/sup st/ century is described. Characteristics of complex systems and systems engineering practices are reviewed. Projected trends, research needs and recommended investment strategies for engineering complex systems are discussed. Current investments by the Office of Naval Research in the Engineering of Complex systems technology program are reviewed in the context of potential to impact the state of practice in engineering large-scale systems.
Application of circuit simulation method for differential modeling of TIM-2 iron uptake and metabolism in mouse kidney cells.

Circuit simulation is a powerful methodology to generate differential mathematical models. Due to its highly accurate modelling capability, circuit simulation can be used to investigate interactions between the parts and processes of a cellular system. Circuit simulation has become a core technology for the field of electrical engineering, but its application in biology has not yet been fully realized. As a case study for evaluating the more advanced features of a circuit simulation tool called Advanced Design System (ADS), we collected and modeled laboratory data for iron metabolism in mouse kidney cells for a H ferritin (HFt) receptor, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-2 (TIM-2). The internal controlling parameters of TIM-2 associated iron metabolism were extracted and the ratios of iron movement among cellular compartments were quantified by ADS. The differential model processed by circuit simulation demonstrated a capability to identify variables and predict outcomes that could not be readily measured by in vitro experiments. For example, an initial rate of uptake of iron-loaded HFt was 2.17 pmol per million cells. TIM-2 binding probability with iron-loaded HFt was 16.6%. An average of 8.5 minutes was required for the complex of TIM-2 and iron-loaded HFt to form an endosome. The endosome containing HFt lasted roughly 2 hours. At the end of endocytosis, about 28% HFt remained intact and the rest was degraded. Iron released from degraded HFt was in the labile iron pool (LIP) and stimulated the generation of endogenous HFt for new storage. Both experimental data and the model showed that TIM-2 was not involved in the process of iron export. The extracted internal controlling parameters successfully captured the complexity of TIM-2 pathway and the use of circuit simulation-based modeling across a wider range of cellular systems is the next step for validating the significance and utility of this method.
A blinded randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing to improve adherence with osteoporosis medications: design of the OPTIMA trial

Summary We have designed an innovative randomized controlled trial for improving adherence with osteoporosis medications. Recruitment and randomization have been successful. Also, the counseling intervention has been well accepted by subjects randomized to this treatment arm.
An on-chip autonomous thermoelectric energy management system for energy-efficient active cooling

This paper presents an on-chip thermoelectric (TE) energy management system for energy-efficient on-demand active cooling of integrated circuits. Embedding a TE module (TEM) within the package has shown potential for on-demand cooling of integrated circuits (ICs); however, the additional cooling energy limits the effectiveness of TE coolers (TEC). The proposed on-chip system monitors the IC temperature and provides cooling during critical thermal events by operating the TEM in the Peltier mode. During normal operation, the TEM is operated in the Seebeck mode to harvest the otherwise wasted heat energy generated by the IC and reduce the net cooling energy. A boost regulator harvests energy in an output capacitor and a programmable current source controls the cooling. The design is implemented in a 130nm CMOS test-chip, and tested with an external thermoelectric device.
In memory of William Hartman

(1997). In memory of William Hartman. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 427-428.
On the Importance of Regulating the International Trade of Pesticides: A Look at the Current Status of Conventional Wisdom (or lack thereof) on the Subject

Recently, there has been increased attention focusing on the effects of chemical components on the foods that society consumes. Microbial pesticides are also included in the broader pesticide category, based not "on chemical but on bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and viruses" that may attack the pest. Marine organisms, in turn, face direct pesticide contamination as the chemical "moves through the food chain and accumulates in the biota." Though chronic in nature and undetectable to the casual eye, the impact of pesticide contamination may go unnoticed for considerable time. Why do developed countries export banned pesticides that may return on fruit and vegetables, and why do importing countries knowingly import pesticides that are banned? "A developing country may determine its overall interests are served best by using relatively more dangerous chemicals because, it believes, the cost of environmental harms or increased injury among farm workers is out-weighed by the benefit in reducing insect-borne disease or increasing crop production." "If a developing country wishes to import a banned pesticide, it would be paternalistic for a developed country to forbid such transactions." The "PIC's central role in an international pesticide trade regime was confirmed by [the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)] which included a call for governments to participate in and implement the UNEP/FAO scheme."