cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solubility of polychlorinated biphenyls in binary water/organic solvent systems

Abstract Solubilities of four polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 4-chlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-hexachlorobiphenyl, were determined in pure water and in several water/organic solvent (methanol, butanol, octanol, benzyl alcohol and benzene) systems using a generator column technique. A batch equilibrium method was also used to ensure that result from the two techniques were comparable. The presence of methanol and butanol in water enhanced the solubility of all four PCB congeners, the degree of the enhancement increasing with both cosolvent concentration and hydrophobicity of the PCB solutes. Dissolved octanol and benzene, at a concentration near saturation in water, reduced the solubility of the PCBs, with a larger reduction observed for the more hydrophobic PCB congeners. The effects of dissolved benzyl alcohol on the aqueous solubility of the four PCB congeners varied with the benzyl alcohol concentration and the individual PCB congener.
Analysis of the Astro‐1/Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope EUV–FUV dayside nadir spectral radiance measurements

[1] The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) was one of three ultraviolet Astro-1 observatory instruments on space shuttle Columbia in December 1990 (STS-35), covering the 830–1850 A wavelength interval (first order) at ∼3.3 A spectral resolution. Satellite altitude was 360 km. Dayside nadir measurements were performed during a single orbit on 7 December 1990 under solar maximum (F10.7 = 222), geomagnetically quiet (Ap = 4) conditions, covering late morning local times (solar zenith angle < 48°). These data constitute a reference dayglow radiance spectrum comprising a number of thermospheric emission features, including several weak features neighboring bright optically thick emissions, that have not yet received adequate explanations, in part owing to questions regarding spectral intensity calibration, dynamic range, etc., associated with older data sets. In this paper, the HUT extreme ultraviolet (EUV)–far ultraviolet (FUV) nadir dayglow spectrum is presented along with the results of a modeling analysis using a development version of the Atmospheric Ultraviolet Radiance Integrated Code (AURIC). The analysis relies on currently available laboratory data and first-principles excitation and transport modeling codes and utilizes constraints drawn from the FUV spectral region data to study several EUV emissions of interest for which past airglow data are sparse. The focus is on the airglow in the 980–1200 A region, which is particularly rich in emission features affected by thermospheric conditions. Emissions investigated in detail include (1) the optically thick OI 989 A multiplet and associated 1172 A fluorescence, (2) the OI 1026 A sextuplet blended with atomic hydrogen Lyman β, (3) the atomic nitrogen multiplets at 1134 and 1200 A consisting of optically thick components excited by e− + N and optically thin components excited by e− + N2 and hν + N2, (4) a number of other NI and N+ features (e.g., N+ 1085 A) excited by N2 dissociative ionization, (5) the Birge-Hopfield I (N2 BH-1) system, and (6) the resonance lines of argon (Ar 1048 and 1067 A).
Management of proximal humerus fractures utilizing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

The increased incidence of proximal humerus fractures has resulted in a thoughtful evolution of treatment options in order to optimize clinical outcomes. Complex three- and four-part fractures present a treatment challenge, particularly in elderly patients with significant medial comorbidities and poor bone quality. While open reduction and internal fixation is a reasonable surgical option in some patients with acceptable bone quality and simple fracture patterns that are not susceptible to avascular necrosis, shoulder hemiarthroplasty is a well-established procedure for many elderly patients (i.e., >70 years). Historically, hemiarthroplasty has provided reliable pain relief, but outcomes with regard to function, motion, and strength have varied. Ultimately, successful outcomes are dependent upon tuberosity healing, since an intact rotator cuff is required to restore function. With the advent of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) and increased familiarity with the surgical technique, successful outcomes have been achieved in older patients with poor potential for tuberosity healing. In this review, we discuss the recent role of RTSA in the setting of proximal humerus fractures, including surgical indications, preferred operative technique, and recent literature that supports its use.
Consciousness Raising, Diversity, and Transformative Outcomes: Implications for Community Practice and Education Rock & Roll Jihad, by Ahmad, S. Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace with Books, Not Bombs, in Afghanistan and Pakistan, by Mortenson, G. The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis, by Rifkin, J.

The term consciousness raising has roots in the work of Brazilian educator and activist Paulo Freire, who spoke of a need for individuals to engage in both the cognitive act of critical self-reflec...
Efficiency in abatement and avoidance

Abstract The case in which pollution from one industry interferes with production in a second industry is modelled. Firms in the polluting industry can employ inputs to abate emissions and firms in the receptor industry can employ inputs to avoid exposure and reduce damages. In a competitive market economy it is necessary only to tax emissions in order to foster an efficient allocation of inputs into production, abatement and avoidance. As a consequence, the level of pollution and the number of firms in each industry will also be efficient.
Transient global amnesia--a review of 213 cases from the literature.

Summary: Transient global amnesia–A review of 213 cases from the literature. R D. Rollinson, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8, pp. 547–549. TGA is a clearly recognisable clinical syndrome with many and varied aetiologies, the most ubiquitous being transient cerebral ischaemia. This entity is probably much more common than the literature suggests, many patients not coming to the attention of a physician due to the transient nature of the isolated memory defect and the risk of recurrence being low. It is of interest that many of the original patients described tended to be the more prominent members of the community, e.g. physicians and relatives of physicians, perhaps suggesting that the occurrence of TGA in such a person is less likely to pass unnoticed. In the differential diagnosis one should include the following: transient cerebral ischaemia, epilepsy, migraine, temporal lobe encephalitis, psychogenic fugues, post-traumatic, and rarely cerebral neoplasms.
Nonexistence of solutions to Hele-Shaw equations

Abstract We study nonexistence of the solutions to quasilinear elliptic differential equations arising from nonisothermal, non-Newtonian Hele-Shaw flows. The proof is based on the trial function method developed by Pohozaev without recourse to comparison theorems and to the maximum principle.
Preservice elementary teachers' conceptions of moon phases before and after instruction

This study focused on the conceptual understandings held by 78 preservice elementary teachers about moon phases, before and after instruction. Participants in the physics groups received instruction on moon phases in an inquiry-based physics course; participants in the methods group received no instruction on moon phases. The instructive effect of two different types of preinstruction interviews also was compared. The instruction on moon phases used in the study is from Physics by Inquiry by Lillian McDermott. In the study, the method of inquiry followed a qualitative design, involving classroom observations, document analysis, and structured interviews. Inductive data analysis identified patterns and themes in the participants' conceptual understanding. Results indicate that without the instruction, most preservice teachers were likely to hold alternative conceptions on the cause of moon phases. Participants who had the instruction were much more likely to hold a scientific understanding after instruction. The instruction appears to be more effective in promoting a scientific understanding of moon phases than instruction previously reported in the literature. It also appears that using a three-dimensional model or making two-dimensional drawings during the preinstruction interviews does not have instructive value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 633–658, 2002
The Effects of Function-Based Self-Management Interventions on Student Behavior.

Children with emotional and behavioral disorders (E/BD) struggle to achieve social and academic outcomes. Many studies have demonstrated self-management interventions to be effective at reducing problem behavior and increasing positive social and academic behaviors. Functional behavior assessment (FBA) information may be used in designing effective self-management interventions. The purpose of this study was to link self-management procedures to hypothesized behavior function in three children with E/BD. Results demonstrated that self-monitoring (SM) alone could be enhanced using information derived from FBA and that consequences delivered by teachers were less effective than a self-management treatment package.
Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is used to measure the effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of an individual (0001) surface dominated zinc oxide nanobelt lying on a conductive surface. Based on references of bulk (0001) ZnO and x-cut quartz, the effective piezoelectric coefficient d33 of ZnO nanobelt is found to be frequency dependent and varies from 14.3 pm/V to 26.7 pm/V, which is much larger than that of the bulk (0001) ZnO of 9.93 pm/V. The results support the application of ZnO nanobelts as nanosensors and nanoactuators.
Helix–random coil phase transitions in polypeptide systems with random defects: A statistical mechanical model

The statistical mechanics of the effect of a small number of randomly occurring defects on the melting of a polypeptide chain is developed by using a perturbation of Boltzmann factors technique. The method is illustrated by an example where a second-component impurity contributes more to the energy of the hydrogen-bonded superstructure of the polypeptide chain than does the dominant amino acid residue, resulting in the overall destabilization of the helical conformation.
Control of Influenza Outbreaks in the Nursing Home: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management

A well coordinated plan that includes a mechanism for surveillance, rapid antigen detection testing and viral culture, infection control techniques and chemoprophylaxis is effective for aborting outbreaks of influenza A in the nursing home. Amantadine has been better studied in this situation, and experience with rimantadine is limited. The safety and efficacy of our dose guidelines for nursing home residents need to be studied and directly compared with rimantadine dose guidelines. Except for chemoprophylaxis, these guidelines can be applied to outbreaks of influenza B as well.
Effects of ethacrynic acid on ion transport and energy metabolism in slices of avian salt gland and of mammalian liver and kidney cortex

Ethacrynic acid greatly inhibited net transport of ions and aerobic, energyconserving metabolism in slices of avian salt gland, rat liver, and rat and guinea-pig kidney cortex. The effects of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid on the transport of Na+, K+ and Cl− ran closely parallel to its effects on tissue ATP levels and respiration. The concentration needed for maximal inhibition of transport reduced ATP levels by 80–90%. Respiration was reduced by 80–90% in salt gland and kidney cortex, and by a maximum of 30% in liver slices. The effects of low concentrations of ethacrynic acid required time to become fully manifest in some tissues, and the development of transport inhibition followed a similar course to decline of respiration and ATP levels. Ca2+ extrusion by liver cells was inhibited by ethacrynic acid. The concentration dependence of the inhibition was similar to that shown by the other transport systems inhibited. There was no distinction evident between the sensitivity of Na+ extrusion and of K+ accumulation to the diuretic. Lactate production increased as respiration decreased in the presence of increasing concentrations of ethacrynic acid. We conclude that ethacrynic acid acted primarily as an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in the tissue slices, and that inhibition of ion transport was a nonspecific consequence of the failure of the energy supply.
The Role of Scheduling in Observing Teacher-Child Interactions.

Abstract. Observational assessment is being used on a large scale to evaluate the quality of interactions between teachers and children in classroom environments. When one performs observations at scale, features of the protocol such as the scheduling of observations can potentially influence observed scores. In this study interactions were observed for 88 teachers across 814 videos. The associations between observed scores using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System and characteristics of the protocol, specifically the day of the week, month of the year, and duration of an observation cycle in minutes, were examined through multilevel modeling. Preliminary evidence indicates few significant associations. The quality of instructional support interactions peaked in the months of December and January, and the quality of classroom organization peaked in February through April. Observation cycles that were shorter in duration were rated more positively regarding classroom organization. Future opportunities ...
Reaction of 4-(naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl, thermally and in the presence of Fe(CO)3(PPh3)2

Abstract The reaction pathways, kinetics and mechanisms of 4-(naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl (NBBM) have been studied in order to resolve the fundamentals underlying the catalysis of coal liquefaction by Fe-based catalysts. Reactions of NBBM: ( 1 ) under nitrogen in the absence of catalyst, (2) under hydrogen in the absence of catalyst, (3) under nitrogen in the presence of the catalyst precursor Fe(CO) 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 , and (4) under hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst precursor Fe(CO) 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 were accomplished. Thermolysis was selective for cleavage of the weak bibenzyl bond, whereas the catalyst precursor effected cleavage at the naphthyl moiety. The catalyst precursor was most effective in the presence of hydrogen, where the rate of consumption of NBBM and the selectivity of breaking the bond at the naphthalene ring both increased. Hydrogenation activity was also observed. Possible mechanisms are proposed to describe the pyrolytic and catalytic reactions of NBBM.
Structural basis for Klf4 recognition of methylated DNA

Transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), one of the factors directing cellular reprogramming, recognizes the CpG dinucleotide (whether methylated or unmodified) within a specific G/C-rich sequence. The binding affinity of the mouse Klf4 DNA-binding domain for methylated DNA is only slightly stronger than that for an unmodified oligonucleotide. The structure of the C-terminal three Kruppel-like zinc fingers (ZnFs) of mouse Klf4, in complex with fully methylated DNA, was determined at 1.85 A resolution. An arginine and a glutamate interact with the methyl group. By comparison with two other recently characterized structures of ZnF protein complexes with methylated DNA, we propose a common principle of recognition of methylated CpG by C2H2 ZnF proteins, which involves a spatially conserved Arg-Glu pair.
Explaining the Great Schism: History Versus Theology

Abstract Explaining historically rather than theologically, the separation of Christianity from Judaism asks secular methods to account for events of religion. When history settles matters of fact that to begin with pertain to questions of faith, the result is systematic apologetics set forth as secular history, e.g., the superiority of Christianity over Judaism. Christianity took leave of Judaism because of flaws in Judaism, which Christianity corrected. Or Christianity took leave of Judaism, and therefore Judaism, not Christianity, forms the continuity to the Old Testament The privileging of one over the other defines the model of description and explanation in contemporary scholarship and interfaith dialogue alike Two recent books — Jack T. Sanders, Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, Deviants: The First One Hundred Years of Jewish-Christian Relations and Stephen G. Wilson, Related Strangers. Jews and Christians. 70–170 C.E — the one primitive, the other elegant — exhibit the same crippling flaw. Both take for granted a single set of premises, which render the results of each indeterminate and inchoate. That is the three-part assumption: (1) we may speak of Judaism and Christianity as unitary and coherent religious entities, subject to easy generalization; (2) we also may speak of ‘the Jews’ and the Christians' as coherent social entities, also subject to facile description; (3) we may derive from literary evidence facts concerning not the opinions of the writers but the social world beyond the pages of the documents.
“Zero Ischemia” Partial Nephrectomy: Novel Laparoscopic and Robotic Technique

Abstract Background Ischemic injury impacts renal function outcomes following partial nephrectomy. Efforts to minimize, better yet, eliminate renal ischemia are imperative. Objective Describe a novel technique of "zero ischemia" laparoscopic (LPN) and robotic-assisted (RAPN) partial nephrectomy. Design, setting, and participants Data were prospectively collected into an institutional review board–approved database. Fifteen consecutive patients underwent zero ischemia procedures: LPN ( n =12), RAPN ( n =3). Included were all candidates for LPN or RAPN, irrespective of tumor complexity, including tumors that were central ( n =9; 60%), hilar ( n =1), in solitary kidney ( n =1), in patients with chronic kidney disease grade 3 or greater ( n =3). Anesthesia-related monitoring included pulmonary artery catheter (ie, Swan–Ganz), transesophageal echocardiography, cerebral oximetry, electroencephalographic bispectral index, mixed venous oxygen measurements, and vigorous hydration/diuresis. Pharmacologically induced hypotension was carefully timed to correspond with excision of the deepest aspect of the tumor. Renal parenchymal reconstruction was completed under normotension, ensuring complete hemostasis. Measurements Intraoperative and early postoperative data were collected prospectively. Results and limitations All cases were successfully completed without hilar clamping. Ischemia time was zero in all cases. Median tumor size was 2.5cm (range: 1–4); operative time was 3h (range: 1.3–6); blood loss was 150ml (range: 20–400); and hospital stay was 3 d (range: 2–19). Nadir mean arterial pressure ranged from 52–65mm Hg (median: 60), typically for 1–5min. No patient had intraoperative transfusion or complication, acute or delayed renal hemorrhage, or hypotension-related sequelae. Postoperative complications ( n =5) included urine retention ( n =1), septicemia from presumed prostatitis ( n =1), atrial fibrillation ( n =1), urine leak ( n =2). Pathology confirmed renal cell carcinoma in 13 patients (87%), all with negative margins. Median pre- and postoperative serum creatinine (0.9mg/dl and 0.95mg/dl, respectively) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (75.3 and 72.9, respectively) were comparable. Median absolute and percent change in discharge serum creatinine and eGFR were 0 and 0%, respectively. Conclusions A novel zero ischemia technique for RAPN and LPN for substantial renal tumors is presented. The initial experience is encouraging.
Non-ablative fractional laser in conjunction with microneedle arrays for improved cutaneous vaccination

Skin is more potent than the muscle for vaccination, but it is not a common site for immunization to date owing, in part, to a relatively high rate of pains and skin irritation and difficulty of administration. Here, we show effective and lesion free cutaneous vaccination by a combination of a biodegradable microneedle array (MNs) and an FDA-approved nonablative fractional laser (NAFL). Delivering a vaccine into many micropores, instead of a single “big” pore in the skin, effectively segregated vaccine-induced inflammation into many microzones and resulted in quick resolution of the inflammation, provided that distances between any two micropores were far enough. When the inoculation site was treated by NAFL prior to insertion of the MNs comprised of PR8 model influenza vaccine, the mice displayed vigorous antigen-uptake, giving rise to strong, Th1-biased immunity. The mice were protected from a challenge of homologous influenza virus at a high dose as well as heterologous H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. The adjuvant effect of NAFL was ascribed primarily to activation of the dsDNA sensing pathway by dsDNA released from laser-damaged skin cells. Thus, mice deficient in the dsDNA sensing pathway, but not toll like receptor (TLR) or inflammasome pathways, showed poor response to NAFL. Importantly, both mice and swine exhibited strong, protective immunity, but no overt skin reactions with this approach, in sharp contrast to intradermal injections that caused severe, overt skin reactions. The effective lesion-free transcutaneous vaccination merits further clinical studies.
The pressure dependence of the elastic constants of the alkali chlorides

Abstract The pressure derivatives of the elastic stiffness constants of LiCl and RbCl have been measured using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The values at room temperature and zero pressure are: (table convertion page 2363)where the notation B=(C 11 +2C 12 )/3 and C′=(C 11 -C 12 ) /2 has been used. These results in combination with previous results for NaCl and KCl allow for a systematic study of the elastic properties of all alkali chlorides having the NaCl structure. Such a study has been made using a Born model with the cohesive energy consisting of two parts: a Coulomb interaction between all ions and a short-range repulsive interaction between nearest neighbors only. In most cases the experimental results are predicted within 10 per cent, the exceptions being associated with the shear constant C 44 and its pressure derivative. The model is least successful for LiCl, and it is shown that the addition of next-nearest-neighbor interactions can improve the situation for LiCl but not for the other three materials.
Identifying CHD risk factors in children: Intrafamilial lipoprotein correlations

Intrafamilial associations of high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL, C-LDL) were examined in 116 parent-child and 70 sibling combinations in subjects randomly recalled in the Lipid Research Clinic's Princeton School Study. The nature and extent of parent-child lipoprotein correlations were assessed, and the hypothesis was examined that knowledge of parental C-LDL and C-HDL can improve case-finding efficiency for identification of children at coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by virtue of their lipoprotein levels. For C-HDL there was a consistent, positive, and significant relationship between parents and children; nearly 25% of the variation of the children's C-HDL could be explained by knowledge of the parents' C-HDL. For C-LDL, there were significant positive correlations between parents and children, and between parents and daughters, and mothers and daughters. However, there were no significant C-LDL relationships between parents and sons, fathers and sons, or mothers and sons. For C-HDL, mother-offspring correlations were higher than those for father-offspring. Less consistently, mother-offspring C-LDL correlations were also higher than those for father-offspring. The sibling-sibling lipoprotein correlations were similar to those in parents-offspring; however, their C-LDL:C-LDL correlations were somewhat stronger than for C-HDL:C-HDL. After categorizing the data into parental and pediatric lipoprotein quartiles, 46% of the children whose parents had highest quartile C-LDL themselves had highest quartile C-LDL, 1.8 times (46% ÷ 25%) more than would be expected in the top quartile of a pediatric population, P < 0.01. Moreover, 47% of children whose parents had lowest quartile C-HDL, themselves had lowest quartile C-HDL, 1.9 times (47% ÷ 25%) more than would be expected in the lowest quartile of a pediatric population, P < 0.01. The appreciable nature of parent-child lipoprotein concordance was further highlighted by the finding of progressive increases in the mean levels of pediatric C-HDL and C-LDL with parental classification from the lowest to the highest parental C-HDL and C-LDL quartiles. Since CHD risk in adults appears to be continuous throughout the range of C-HDL and C-LDL levels, knowledge of parental C-LDL and C-HDL should be useful in identifying pediatric cohorts at varying degrees of risk for CHD, by virtue of high or low C-HDL and C-LDL.
Improving the stability of surface acoustic wave (SAW) chemical sensor coatings using photopolymerization

Abstract Submicron particles of a diethyl ester of p -phenylenediacrylic acid (EPA) were produced by the technique known as rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) and were deposited onto surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators. The EPA particles were polymerized in the solid-state directly on the surface of the SAW devices in order to stabilize the mechanical properties of the sensor coatings. The sensor affinity to particular vapors was enhanced by performing the polymerization step in the presence of organic template vapors. The resulting SAW sensors exhibited high quality factors ( Q 0 ) and we have demonstrated the sensor stability for periods up to 3.8 years.
Chordal graphs and upper irredundance, upper domination and independence

Abstract In this paper we consider the following parameters: IR( G ), the upper irredundance number, which is the order of the largest maximal irredundant set, Γ ( G ), the upper domination number, which is the order of the largest minimal dominating set and β ( G ), the independence number, which is the order of the largest maximal independent set. It is well known that for any graph G , β(G) ⩽ Γ(G) ⩽ IR (G) . In this paper we show that these parameters are equal for all chordal graphs, and a class of graphs not containing a set of forbidden subgraphs.
Body image, teasing, and mood alterations: an experimental study of exposure to negative verbal commentary.

Objective: In the current study, we sought to experimentally examine the influence of teasing on an individual's mood and body satisfaction by using a vicarious exposure strategy—written appearance-based scenarios in which another female is the target of teasing comments. Method: Female college students read vignettes that involved either a female receiving a comment from another person regarding some aspect of her appearance or abilities. Two of the eight vignettes in both conditions involved some type of positive comment regarding appearance or abilities. Three visual analogue scales (depression, anger, anxiety), one Subjective Units of Discomfort rating, and one Likert-scaled appearance satisfaction rating were used to assess mood and body image levels consequent to exposure to the written scenarios. Dispositional measures of personal teasing history, appearance evaluation, and level of eating disturbance were regressed onto mood, SUDS, and satisfaction ratings. Results: The results revealed that negative appearance and abilities scenes elicited moderate levels of mood disturbance when compared to positive vignettes. Regression analyses indicated that level of eating disturbance was the only consistent significant predictor for both appearance and abilities' scenarios, even after variance accounted for by empathy and self-esteem had been removed. Discussion: Potential limitations of these findings are discussed along with indications for future experimental examinations of negative verbal commentary. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 449–457, 2002.
The μ opiate receptor is responsible for descending pain inhibition originating in the periaqueductal gray region of the rat brain

Opiate agonists exhibiting selectivity for mu, kappa, sigma, and delta opiate receptors were microinjected into the periaqueductal gray region (PAG) of the brain of rats to determine the receptor subtype(s) associated with the initiation of descending pain inhibition. The spinally organized, heat nociceptive tail-flick reflex was used to detect analgesia. Only morphine (mu) and [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin (DADLE) (delta greater than mu) produced analgesia. However, both drugs appeared to be acting through the mu (morphine) receptor, since: (1) the action of DADLE was not inhibited by delta receptor antagonists, (2) a more highly selective delta agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin was ineffective and (3) agonists selective at other non-mu receptor sites (ethylketocyclazocine and U50,488H for kappa; n-allylnormetazocine for sigma) were also ineffective. It appeared that DADLE might be acting as a partial agonist at the morphine receptor in the PAG. The peptide was an agonist with low efficacy, and when a maximally effective dose of the peptide was administered simultaneously with morphine antagonism was observed. Ethylketocyclazocine and n-allylnormetazocine were also found to antagonize morphine, an observation that is consistent with the suggestion that they may act as mu receptor antagonists in addition to their agonistic action at kappa and sigma receptors, respectively. Thus, mu receptors appear to be responsible for the spinopetal analgesia from the PAG of the rat.
Importance of population structure at the time of toxicant exposure.

Abstract Populations in nature often consist of a mixture of stages and ages, yet toxicological studies even demographic studies, usually evaluate one starting life stage. In this study it was asked whether the starting age/stage structure of a population at the time of initial pesticide exposure influenced the impact that pesticides have on population growth rates. This question was answered by exposing differently structured populations of two terrestrial arthropod species, the two-spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae(Koch), and the pea aphid,Acrythosiphon pisum(Harris), to pesticides. The three structured populations tested were (1) eggs or neonates forA. pisumandT. urticae,respectively, (2) stable age distribution, and (3) young adult females only. Instantaneous rates of population increase (ri) for the three structured populations were determined over time without exposure to pesticides (control) and after exposure to pesticides. Populations ofT. urticaewere exposed to 100 ppm of the pesticide dicofol; populations ofA. pisumwere exposed to 200 ppm Neemix. Therifor the three control populations ofT. urticaeandA. pisumconverged in a closed system 16 and 17 days after the start of the study, respectively. Unlike the control populations, theriof the three treated populations did not converge by Day 16 for the mite species or Day 17 for the aphid species after exposure to pesticides. Growth rates of populations started as eggs (mites) or neonates (aphids) remained significantly lower than those of the adult or mixed-age populations (P≤0.05). Acute mortality data indicated that exposure to 100 ppm dicofol was equivalent to the LC21for the egg stage, the LC59for immatures, and the LC69for adultT. urticae. Thus, even though the egg stage was the least susceptible stage ofT. urticae, populations started as eggs were significantly more susceptible than populations started as the stable age distribution or as adults. It was concluded that the initial structure of a population does have an influence on the impact that pesticides will have on populations and that age/stage structure should be given serious consideration when evaluating toxicant effects.
Accommodation processes in nanostructured functional materials

In the processing of materials, notably for nanostructures for functional properties, processing induces strains resulting in accommodation by mechanical relaxation processes (elastic, plastic, transformations, fracture) which modify the properties. Examples are given here for magnetic thin films (media, heads) and diffusion-induced defects in doped silicon, with emphasis on their microstructures using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization of these materials and their mechanical properties are essential if their functional properties are to be understood and optimized.
Toward a Cooperative View of MNC-Host Government Relations: Building Blocks and Performance Implications

This study examines cooperation-based relations between MNCs and host governments. We theorize that resource commitment, personal relations, political accommodation, and organizational credibility are four building blocks for improving an MNC's cooperative relationships with governments. Analysis of 131 MNCs in China validates the importance of these blocks in shaping MNC–government relations and the importance of these relations in shaping the performance of MNC subsidiaries.
A linear programming model for design of communications networks with time varying probabilistic demands

In this paper marginal investment costs are assumed known for two kinds of equipment stocks employed to supply telecommunications services: trunks and switching facilities. A network hierarchy is defined which includes important cases occurring in the field and also appearing in the literature. A different use of the classical concept of the marginal capacity of an additional trunk at prescribed blocking probability leads to a linear programming supply model which can be used to compute the sizes of all the high usage trunk groups. The sizes of the remaining trunk groups are approximated by the linear programming models, but can be determined more accurately by alternate methods once all high usage group sizes are computed. The approach applies to larger scale networks than previously reported in the literature and permits direct application of the duality theory of linear programming and its sensitivity analyses to the study and design of switched probabilistic communications networks with multiple busy hours during the day. Numerical results are presented for two examples based on field data, one of which having been designed by the multi-hour engineering method.
Surveillance Search for a Moving Target

The surveillance search problem is a generalization of the detection search problem studied by Brown and Stone, among others. In the surveillance version of the problem, the search terminates only if the time and location of a detection satisfy certain problem specific conditions; the objective is to maximize the expected value of a payoff received during and at the end of the search. For instance, we may wish to maximize the probability of finding the target in a specified subset of the state space or at a specified time. Consequently, we might detect the target several times before the search terminates. A search strategy, i.e., an allocation of the available search effort, must account for this possibility. In this paper, we formulate the surveillance search problem for applications in which the target moves according to a not necessarily time-homogeneous Markov process. We then derive a set of necessary conditions for the optimality of a search strategy, and develop algorithms, based on the algorithm of Brown for the detection search problem, to find strategies that satisfy these necessary conditions for problems in which the search effort is infinitely divisible.
Human Asset Accounting: Where Are We Today?

The theory of human asset accounting first became an issue in the 1960s. The concept has met with little acceptance due to the feeling that it has little to offer in a practical sense. There are limitations to its use outside an organisation, but its real benefit is internally with the decision‐making process. It has been broadly defined by the American Accounting Association as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties”. This implies that human resources or assets should be capitalised on the financial statements. Traditionally, the costs of all human resources are added up and charged against the income of the period in which they were incurred. The reason for capitalising these or some of these costs is because there could be benefits derived from these costs in future periods. This method of “expensing” these costs, which include recruitment, selection, and training and development of employees, for example, goes against the principle of matching costs and benefits together in the same accounting period.
Survival of Vitamin D-Deficient Embryos: Time and Choice of Cholecalciferol or its Metabolites for Treatment In Ovo

Vitamin D-deficient (-D) Japanese quail embryos [from hens fed 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3)] die at Day 15 of incubation from severe calcium deficiency. Single doses of 125 ng cholecalciferol, 600 ng 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24,25-(OH)2D3], or 100 ng 1,25-(OH)2D3 were found to increase hatchability when injected into eggs prior to incubation. Cholecalciferol could be used from 125 to 1,250 ng per egg with no detrimental effects on hatchability, whereas single doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 lower or higher than 100 ng per egg reduced hatchability. Injection of 125 ng cholecalciferol per egg supported the hatching of -D embryos when eggs were treated as late as 10 days of incubation. Sharply reduced hatchability occurred when cholecalciferol was injected at Day 11 or 12 of incubation. Experiments designed to evaluate the physiological state of 1-day-old quail treated with a single dose of cholecalciferol metabolites in ovo prior to incubation revealed that chicks had hypocalcemia, reduced total calcium content, and a six- to sevenfold increase in renal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase activity. On the other hand, chicks from eggs treated with cholecalciferol were relatively normal. It appears that cholecalciferol administered in ovo is the compound of choice for supporting sustained development of the skeleton, mobilization of shell calcium, and prevention of hypocalcemia, probably because cholecalciferol is utilized slowly as needed to support development of the chick skeleton.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): One process or many?

some commentaries suggest that the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) theory of this condition does not explain enough. because the theory includes parameters of the delay gradient that vary across individuals and developmental modulation of behavioral outcomes by different environments, it accommodates a wide range of manifestations of adhd symptoms. thus, the argument could instead be made that the theory allows too many degrees of freedom. for many purposes, behavior is better defined in terms of function (e.g., consequences) than in terms of structure (e.g., muscle movements), so cognition is treated here as a variety of behavior rather than as a different category of phenomena. the commentaries are discussed in the context of these and other distinctions, including those between association and selection, between operant and respondent behavior, and between fundamental processes and those that are derivative. other issues include: prosthetic environments, rapidity of developmental change, the concept of inhibition, the form of the delay gradient, and possible directions for experimental research.
High-temperature oxidation of CO and CH4

The oxidation of moist carbon monoxide and the post-induction-phase oxidation of methane were studied in a turbulent flow reactor. Reactants, stable intermediates, and products were determined spatially by chemical sampling and gas-chromatographic analysis. The carbon monoxide-oxygen reaction in the presence of water was studied at atmosphericpressure, and over the following ranges: temperature, 1030°–1230°K; equivalence ratio, 0.04–0.5; and water concentration, 0.1%–3.0%. The over-all rate expression found was − d [CO]/ dt =10 14.6±0.25 exp[(−40,000±1200)/ RT ][CO] 1.0 [H 2 O] 0.5 [O 2 ] 0.25 mole cm −3 sec −1 . The data support the fact that hydroxyl radical concentration in the reaction exceeds that at thermal equilibrium by as much as 2 orders of magnitude. The post-induction-phase reaction of methane and oxygen was studied at atmospheric pressure, over the temperature range of 1100°–1400°K and equivalence ratio range of 0.05–0.5. The over-all methane disappearance-rate expression was found to be − d [CH 4 ]/ dt =10 13.2±0.20 exp[(−48,400±1200)/ RT ][CH 4 ] 0.7 [O 2 ] 0.8 , mole cm −3 sec −1 . The rate was shown to be independent of water concentrations added initially or produced in the reaction. The over-all appearance rate of carbon dioxide in the methane-oxygen reaction is described by d [CO 2 ]/ dt =10 14.75±0.40 exp[(−43,000±2200)/ RT ][CO] 1.0 [H 2 O] 0.5 [O 2 ] 0.25 mole cm −3 sec −1 . This correlation represents rates of carbon dioxide formation 3.5 times slower than those found in the independent study of the moist carbon monoxide reaction. From these and other experiments it was possible to deduce thatCH 4 +OH→CH 3 +H 2 O (3) is not the only mechanism contributing to the observed rate of disappearance of methane. It was concluded that the reaction CH 4 +O→CH 3 +OH (4) is of major importance in both oxygen-and fuel-rich systems at high temperatures. Furthermore, the experimental data support that these two reactions, as well as CH 3 +H 2 →CH 4 +H (−5) contribute to the methane results reported here.
Contracts and asymmetric information in the theory of the firm

Abstract This paper extends the Coase notation of firms as intermediaries between consumers and input owners to incorporate asymmetric information. We show that in some cases it is optimal for consumers to pay a fixed price for a product and to ignore how the firm operates and the profit that it makes. If firms have private information that consumers cannot cheaply obtain, however, we demonstrate that the optimal contract may require constraints on firms internal operations and profits. Our work provides conditions under which cost-plus contracts are optimal, and demonstrates when nonprofit firms are the preferred organization structure.
Post-Katrina Land-Cover, Elevation, and Volume Change Assessment along the South Shore of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, U.S.A.

Abstract Advances in remote-sensing technology have led to its increased use for posthurricane disaster response and assessment; however, the use of the technology is underutilized in the recovery phase of the disaster management cycle. This study illustrates an example of a postdisaster recovery assessment by detecting coastal land cover, elevation, and volume changes using 3 years of post-Katrina hyperspectral and light detection and ranging data collected along the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana. Digital elevation models and basic land-cover classifications were generated for a 34-km2 study area for 2005, 2006, and 2007. A change detection method was used to assess postdisaster land-cover, elevation, and volume changes. Results showed that the vegetation classes had area increases, whereas bare ground/roads and structures classes had area decreases. Overall estimated volume changes included a net volume decrease of 1.6 × 106 m3 in 2005 to 2006 and a net volume decrease of 2.1 × 106 m3 in ...
Microsurgical anatomy of the diaphragma sellae and its role in directing the pattern of growth of pituitary adenomas.

Objective To evaluate the anatomic aspects of the diaphragma sellae and its potential role in directing the growth of a pituitary adenoma. Methods Twenty cadaveric heads were dissected and measurements were taken at the level of the diaphragma sellae. Results The diaphragma sellae is composed of two layers of dura mater. There is a remarkable variation in the morphology of the diaphragm opening. The average anteroposterior distance of the opening was 7.26 mm (range, 3.4-10.7 mm) and the average lateral-to-lateral distance was 7.33 mm (range, 2.8-14.1 mm). Conclusion The variability in the diameter of the opening of the diaphragma sellae could explain the growth of pituitary tumors toward the cavernous sinus or toward the suprasellar region.
Enhancement of radioresistance in mice treated with diphenylhydantoin

Abstract Diphenylhydantoin, a pharmaceutical compound of the same chemical class as magnesium pemoline, is found to exhibit significant protection against ionizing radiations.It is suggested that the mechanism of the radioprotective action of diphenyl‐hydantoin is related to its influence on nucleic acid metabolism rather than to its anticonvulsant effects on the brain.
Hydrodynamic comparison of the Penumbra system and commonly available syringes in forced-suction thrombectomy

Background The Penumbra system uses a coaxial separator and continuous extracorporeal suction to remove a clot from a cerebral artery. Forced-suction thrombectomy (FST) involves aspirating clots through the same reperfusion catheter using only a syringe, decreasing the procedure time and supplies needed. Objective To evaluate multiple combinations of catheters and syringes to determine the optimal pairing for use in FST. Methods Tests were performed using both the Penumbra system and syringes to aspirate water through Penumbra 0.041 inch (041), 4Max, 0.054 inch (054) and 5Max reperfusion catheters and a shuttle sheath. Dynamic pressure and flow at the catheter tip were calculated from the fill times for each system. Static pressure and force for each aspiration source were determined with a vacuum gauge. Results All syringes provided significantly higher dynamic pressure at the catheter tip than the Penumbra system (p Conclusions Maximizing static and dynamic pressure when performing FST is achieved by aspirating with a syringe possessing both the largest volume and the largest inlet diameter available. Maximizing aspiration force and flow rate is achieved by using the largest catheter possible.
Iden tication, Prediction and Control of Aero Optical Wavefronts in Laser Beam Propagation

This paper describes linear time-invariant optimal prediction and control of aero-optical wavefronts derived from recent ight-test data. The optimal controller is based on an optimal prediction lter that has the form of a multi-input-multi-output state-space model that captures the statistics of the aero-optical wavefront sequence. Experimental result in the paper show the improvement in wavefront correction achieved by an optimal controller based on the identied prediction lter, as opposed to a classical adaptive optics loop.
The International Monetary System in a Real Economy

The paper offers a brief analysis of the reasons why European Monetary Union receives the support of academics and operators alike as a great step forward in constructing global monetary stability. Cooperation that will lead to a stable international monetary system is recognized as a primary goal for both the real economy and high finance. Technological innovation, increasingly global markets, unlimited access to capital, the disappearance of national sovereignty and, above all, the heightened role of values in the business environment, all contribute to the realization of this goal and to a stronger world economy.