cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Violence between parents reported by male and female university students: Prevalence, severity, chronicity and mutuality

The objective of this paper is to draw attention to and present statistics on the multiple aspects of violence between parents that should be addressed in research and treatment of such cases. In addition to whether the child had witnessed violence between parents, information is needed on the severity and chronicity of the violence witnessed, and whether only one or both parents were violent. Data on these aspects of inter‐parental violence obtained from a sample of 1,313 university students is presented. Thirteen per cent of the students recalled one or more instances of physical violence between their parents when they were age 10 or 13, including six per cent who reported a severe assault. When violence occurred, in about half the cases it was chronic rather than a single isolated instance. In two thirds of the cases the violence was mutual. Both research on witnessing violence between parents and treatment are likely to be enhanced if they take into account the severity, chronicity and mutuality of the violence witnessed by children.
Propagation of Chemical Waves in Discrete Excitable Media: Anisotropic and Isotropic Wave Fronts

Cellular automaton theory has been recognized as a useful tool for the study and the simulation of wave processes in excitable media (see [2]) and presents an alternative to the integration of partial differential equations (pde), as used by Tyson et al. [10]. By incorporating only the most important characteristics of the dynamical system into the automaton rules, one can reproduce the dynamical properties of a large system of coupled nonlinear oscillators within a fraction of the computing time that is needed to integrate numerically corresponding partial differential equations.
Hot Times at Mercury: Mission Operations for the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer on MESSENGER

The thermal environment of the planet Mercury requires constant monitoring by the MESSENGER mission operations team during the planning of spacecraft and instrument operations. During the peak heating periods of each Mercury year (88 Earth days), the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) takes advantage of seasonal spacecraft off-pointing, in combination with instrument power cycling, to maintain the temperature of sensitive detectors within operational limits. Spacecraft and instrument thermal models, in combination with recorded flight data, have been used to update operational plans seasonally so as to maximize scientific return while staying within instrument operational limits. As the year of primary mission operations drew to a close, thermal management procedures already in place were updated, as a result of expected changes in the thermal environment, to enable MASCS to maximize measurement opportunities for a second Earth year of extended mission operations.
Serous retinal detachments associated with light chain deposition disease.

PURPOSE To report the clinical, fluorescein angiography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence (AF) findings of a 64-year-old woman with systemic light chain deposition disease. METHODS Clinical examination, fundus photographs, fundus AF, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography before and after renal transplantation in a patient with light chain deposition disease. RESULTS The patient presented with decreased visual acuity in her right eye. Fundus examination showed bilateral drusenoid subretinal deposits associated with subretinal fluid. Fluorescein angiography showed staining of the lesions seen on clinical examination. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography showed hyperreflective material below the neurosensory retina associated with subretinal fluid. Fundus AF showed areas of increased AF corresponding to the lesions. The lesions showed improvement after renal transplantation and initiation of immunosuppressive agents. CONCLUSION Patients with light chain deposition disease may present with subretinal deposits that can be seen clinically and demonstrated on fluorescein angiography, AF, and optical coherence tomography. They may also present with localized serious retinal detachments. Both these deposits and serous retinal detachments may improve with renal transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy.
Rawls and Kantian Constructivism

John Rawls's account of Kantian constructivism is perhaps his most striking contribution to ethics. In this paper, I examine the relation between Rawls's constructivism and its foundation in Kantian intuitions. In particular, I focus on the progressive influence on Rawls's approach of the Kantian intuition that the substance of morality is best understood as constructed by free and equal people under fair conditions. Rawls's focus on this Kantian intuition, I argue, motivates the focus on social contract that grounds both his accounts of the original position and of reflective equilibrium. Critics, including Onora O'Neill and Larry Krasnoff, object that Rawls's view distorts various aspects of Kantian moral reasoning. I argue that these objections (i) exaggerate the distinctions between Kant's and Rawls's decision procedures and (ii) reflect an unnecessarily constricted view of Kant's moral thought.
When courts review medical appropriateness.

Objectives The authors examined how the courts have responded to public and private insurers' use of medical appropriateness criteria to establish coverage and payment policies. Methods A structured review of all federal and state court health insurance cases decided between 1960 and June 1994 that involved a dispute involving medical appropriateness was performed. A total of 3,215 published court decisions were analyzed, of which 203 met the criteria of relevance and 124 explicitly mentioned medical appropriateness criteria. The main outcome variable was whether the court ordered the insurer to provide coverage. Results In 185 cases, a definitive decision was rendered, and the insurer was required to pay in 57% of the decisions. Whether the insurer relied on an assessment or not, whether the assessment process was formal or informal, and who conducted the assessment did not appear to influence courts' decisions, nor did the specificity of the coverage exclusion. Significant predictors of courts ordering coverage were court jurisdiction, contract language assigning discretion to the insurer, severity of patient's condition, and whether the treatment appeared to work for the particular patient. Conclusions For practice guidelines to be accepted by the courts, it is more important to focus on how insurance contracts are written than on how medical assessments are performed.
A Two-Step Plan for Puerto Rico

Few still believe that Puerto Rico is capable of meeting all of its financial obligations and continuing to provide basic services. The territory is already in default, and conditions are rapidly deteriorating. Is there a way forward? We think there is. In this short article, we outline a two-part plan for correcting Puerto Rico’s most urgent fiscal and financial problems.The first step is to create an independent financial control board that has authority over Puerto Rico’s budgets and related issues. Notwithstanding concerns that an externally imposed financial control board (FCB) may interfere with the decision making processes of democratically elected officials, a properly designed FCB can play essential roles in the rehabilitation of distressed governments.The second step is giving Puerto Rico a mechanism for adjusting its debts. Puerto Rico currently does not access to any restructuring option. To fix this problem, Congress could either give Puerto Rico and its municipalities access to existing bankruptcy law (Chapter 9), or it could craft an alternative restructuring framework for America’s territories. We will advocate for the latter approach, although either could be used.With each step of our proposal, we summarize the key features at the outset and then describe the key features in slightly more detail.
256 HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO HYDROCORTISONE IN PRESSOR-TREATED NEONATES WITH COMPENSATED SHOCK

Background In compensated shock, blood flow (BF) to non-vital organs (kidneys, intestine, etc) is decreased to ensure normal blood pressure (BP) and BF to vital organs. Neonates requiring high doses of dopamine (DA) to maintain BP in the normal range may still be in compensated shock with ongoing non-vital organ hypoperfusion. Since low-dose hydrocortisone (HC) rapidly improves BP and decreases the need for pressor support, we wished to examine whether the HC-induced improvement in BP was associated with improved cardiac output (CO) and non-vital organ BF i.e. with resolution of both uncompensated (hypotension) and compensated (decreased non-vital organ perfusion) shock. Objective To examine the changes in CO and vital and non-vital organ BF following HC treatment in preterm and term neonates receiving high-dose DA (± [DOB]) to maintain BP in the normal range. Methods Neonates were eligible for enrollment if they required DA ≥15 mcg/kg/min (± DOB). Upon enrollment, patients received 2 mg/kg of HC IV x1 followed by 1 mg/kg of HC q12 hr for 4 additional doses if remained hypotensive or required DA ≥8 mcg/kg/min to maintain BP in normal range. Echocardiograms and organ (middle cerebral artery [MCA] and renal artery [RA]) BF measurements were performed prior to the first dose of HC and at 1, 2, 6-12, 24 and 48 hrs thereafter. Cardiovascular (CV) parameters measured/calculated included CO, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), myocardial performance index (MPI) and MCA and RA pulsatility index (PI). The PI is inversely related to organ BF. BP, urine output (UV), blood gasses and dose of pressors were monitored and documented throughout the study. Results 12 patients have so far been enrolled without a patent ductus arteriosus (GA= 31.1±5.9 weeks; postnatal age= 16.9 ±15.2 days; birth weight= 1750±1086g). HC trended to increase BP, CO and SVR. Dose of DA was significantly decreased by 6-12 hours in all patients (p = 0.012). MCA PI remained unchanged while there was a trend for RA PI to decrease with the improvement in the CV status. UV increased and metabolic acidosis improved during the study. Conclusions Maintenance of “normal” BP on medium-to-high-dose pressor/inotrope support alone may not ensure normal non-vital organ BF. HC may increase BP by increasing both CO and SVR and thus result in complete resolution of shock.
A Review of the Structural Characteristics of Family Meals with Children in the United States

Family meals are associated with a range of positive outcomes among children and adolescents. There is inconsistency, however, in the way in which studies have defined and measured family meals. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine how studies describe family meals with the use of structural characteristics. The current review focused on studies in the United States that included children ages 2-18 y. A total of 33 studies were identified that characterized family meals with the use of ≥1 of the following structural features: frequency or mean number of family meals per week, length of family meal, people present at meal, and where meals occurred. No study characterized family meals by using all 4 family meal features, whereas most studies (81%) characterized family meals by using frequency or mean number of meals per week. Findings not only provide an initial understanding of the structural features used to define family meals but also point to the importance of developing a more comprehensive, sensitive assessment that can accurately capture the complex and multidimensional nature of family meals.
A Life in Evolutionary Anthropology

I am delighted to contribute this career piece, although there are many other aged physical anthropologists who are more distinguished! I have tried to avoid duplicating another retrospective rumination (Jolly 2009) while describing personal academic experiences over the past 60 years or so. This is not a CV; I have concentrated on my main research themes, omitting some academic byways, teaching, textbooks, and edited volumes. The account is punctuated with opinionated comments, mostly on physical anthropology, but sometimes, rashly, on other anthropological specialties. It begins early, because my professional interests have deep roots, and finishes with a speculation about the future of physical anthropology, and anthropology in general, in the coming genomic age.
INVARIANT MEASURES AND PARADOXICAL DECOMPOSITIONS

We will combine here a theorem of Nadkarni [90] with the results proved in §2 to obtain an application to the theory of paradoxical decompositions. Our general reference for this subject is Wagon [93]. The results in §4 are not used in the rest of the book.
Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Breast Physiology and Cancer.

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in normal breast epithelial cells and in breast cancer cells. During lactation, activation of the CaSR in mammary epithelial cells increases calcium transport into milk and inhibits parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secretion into milk and into the circulation. The ability to sense changes in extracellular calcium allows the lactating breast to actively participate in the regulation of systemic calcium and bone metabolism, and to coordinate calcium usage with calcium availability during milk production. Interestingly, as compared to normal breast cells, in breast cancer cells, the regulation of PTHrP secretion by the CaSR becomes rewired due to a switch in its G-protein usage such that activation of the CaSR increases instead of decreases PTHrP production. In normal cells the CaSR couples to Gi to inhibit cAMP and PTHrP production, whereas in breast cancer cells, it couples to Gs to stimulate cAMP and PTHrP production. Activation of the CaSR on breast cancer cells regulates breast cancer cell proliferation, death and migration, in part, by stimulating PTHrP production. In this article, we discuss the biology of the CaSR in the normal breast and in breast cancer, and review recent findings suggesting that the CaSR activates a nuclear pathway of PTHrP action that stimulates cellular proliferation and inhibits cell death, helping cancer cells adapt to elevated extracellular calcium levels. Understanding the diverse actions mediated by the CaSR may help us better understand lactation physiology, breast cancer progression and osteolytic bone metastases.
Rh(III)-Catalyzed Aryl and Alkenyl C–H Bond Addition to Diverse Nitroalkenes

The transition-metal-catalyzed C–H bond addition to nitroalkenes has been developed. Very broad nitroalkene scope was observed for this Rh(III)-catalyzed method, including for aliphatic, aromatic, and β,β-disubstituted derivatives. Additionally, various directing groups and both aromatic and alkenyl C–H bonds were effective in this transformation. Representative nitroalkane products were converted to dihydroisoquinolones and dihydropyridones in a single step and in high yield by iron-mediated reduction and in situ cyclization. Moreover, preliminary success in enantioselective Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H bond addition to nitroalkenes was achieved as was X-ray structural characterization of a nitronate intermediate.
Cancer Incidence in Sickle Cell Disease. Howard University, 1996–2004.

Abstract There are no prospectively collected data on cancer incidence and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease. This information would be a useful baseline for cancer surveillance, particularly in sickle patients exposed to potentially carcinogenic interventions such as hydroxurea administration and stem cell transplantation. A review of cancer cases among 696 adult sickle cell patients (mean age 28.8 y) at Howard University for the years 1986–1995 (2,684 patient-years, pt. yrs.) estimated the cancer incidence and mortality at 1.74 and 1.04 per 1000 pt. yrs, respectively (Am J Hematol 1997; 55:188). These figures were comparable to those reported for adult African American patients of similar age in the SEER database. Because sickle cell patients are now surviving longer, we examined again the cancer incidence and mortality at our institution for the years 1996 – 2004. In determining the patient-years of observation we assumed that if a patient was seen at least once during a given calendar year, the patient had been observed for that whole year. A total of 677 adult sickle cell patients (mean age 35.1 ± 12.5 y) were followed from 1996 through 2004 (2,317 pt.yrs.). There were 54.5 % females and 45.5 % males; the Hb genotype distribution was SS=70.5%, SC=19.2%, S-Thal=9.7%, and other=1%. The table shows the characteristics of 7 sickle cell patients who developed cancer during the study period. Their ages ranged between 38 and 64 years. All but one (Pt. 7) were female and all but one (Pt. 2) had Hb SS. Patients 1 and 3 had been treated with hydroxyurea. Based on these cases, the estimated cancer incidence was 3.02 per 1000 patient years, still below the upper 95% confidence limit in the 1986–1995 estimate (4.3 per 1000 patient years). Two additional cancer patients were seen at our institution, one with prostate cancer and the other with metastatic breast cancer. They were not included in the incidence estimate since they were specifically referred to our institution because of the cancer diagnosis. The current incidence of cancer in adult sickle cell patients at our institution is not increasing appreciably even though they are getting older and some are taking hydroxyurea. Patient Age (y) Sex Hb type Cancer type 1 43 F SS Cervical carcinoma in situ 2 38 F SC Hodkin's disease 3 64 F SS Uterine carcino-sarcoma 4 43 F SS Metastatic adeno-ca., primary unknown 5 57 F SS Renal adenocarcinoma 6 48 F SS Breast cancer 7 38 M SS Anaplastic B-cell lymphoma (HIV)
A Coping Model of Mother-Infant Relationships

Although there are striking species-specific differences in mother-infant interactions in nonhuman primates, in general the initial relationship between the primate mother and the neonate is continuous and the infant plays an active role in the maintenance of dyadic interaction. The maintenance of contact between mother and infant monkey, for example, is largely dependent upon the infant’s clinging and following behaviors. The squirrel monkey infant, for example, almost immediately after birth assumes a position upon the dorsal surface of the mother and maintains that position actively for a considerable period of time until it ultimately begins to leave the mother, initially for brief periods of time, and finally, for sustained periods of time. However, observations of squirrel monkey mothers and infants indicate very clearly that although the infant may be spending time away from the mother, the presence of stimuli which may signal threat or elicit distress results in the infant almost immediately seeking the mother and once again resuming the clinging position. Although squirrel monkey mothers are also active in maintaining proximity to the infant, they do not retrieve their infants in the usual sense; they will, again under conditions of stress, seek the infant and present themselves so that the infants can more easily assume the clinging position.
Blockade of excitation reveals inhibition of dentate spiny hilar neurons recorded in rat hippocampal slices.

1. Extracellular and intracellular recordings in rat hippocampal slices were used to compare the synaptic responses to perforant path stimulation of granule cells of the dentate gyrus, spiny “mossy” cells of the hilus, and area CA3c pyramidal cells of hippocampus. Specifically, we asked whether aspects of the local circuitry could explain the relative vulnerability of spiny hilar neurons to various insults to the hippocampus. 2. Spiny hilar cells demonstrated a surprising lack of inhibition after perforant path activation, despite robust paired-pulse inhibition and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) in adjacent granule cells and area CA3c pyramidal cells in response to the same stimulus in the same slice. However, when the slice was perfused with excitatory amino acid antagonists [6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), or CNQX with 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV)], IPSPs could be observed in spiny hilar cells in response to perforant path stimulation. 3. The IPSPs evoked in spiny hilar cells in the presence of CNQX were similar in their reversal potentials and bicuculline sensitivity to IPSPs recorded in dentate granule cells or hippocampal pyramidal cells in the absence of CNQX. 4. These results demonstrate that, at least in slices, perforant path stimulation of spiny hilar cells is primarily excitatory and, when excitation is blocked, underlying inhibition can be revealed. This contrasts to the situation for dentate and hippocampal principal cells, which are ordinarily dominated by inhibition, and only when inhibition is compromised can the full extent of excitation be appreciated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Approach to the patient with palpitations

Palpitations are a common complaint present in up to 16% of outpatients. They are nonspecific and in only 15% of patients do they correlate with a cardiac arrhythmia. The significance of palpitations is related to the presence or absence of underlying cardiac disease, the clinical setting in which palpitations occur, and the characteristics and severity of symptoms. This article presents a concise approach to the evaluation of the ambulatory patient with palpitations.
LEARNING-BY-DOING AND PROJECT CHOICE: A DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL MODEL OF CROWDSOURCING

This paper studies determinants of project choice in online crowdsourcing contests using a unique dataset from the world’s largest competitive software development portal. Particular attention is given to the strategic roles of learning and forward-looking behavior in influencing contestants’ decisions. We use a structural dynamic discrete programming (DDP) model to conduct our analysis and adopt a Bayesian approach to estimation. Our preliminary results provide evidence of learning-by-doing influencing propensities of users to choose projects of different types. The value of the parameter of intertemporal substitution that we identify suggests that while users are forward-looking, the aggregate behavior is far from fully rational. We attribute that result to mix of forward-looking and myopic users in the population.
Wasted food: A qualitative study of U.S. young adults' perceptions, beliefs and behaviors.

U.S. consumers, namely young adults, are one of the largest sources of preventable food waste. However, the antecedents of wasted food among young adults in the U.S. are unknown. This study aimed to explore the perceptions, beliefs and behaviors related to wasted food among 18- to 24-year-old adults. Fifty-eight individuals (63.8% female) with an average age of 20.2 y (±1.6) who lived in a residence where they had control over some food purchases (excluding co-op or other communal housing, and living with parents) participated in 75-min focus groups during spring of 2016. Thirty participants lived in residence halls at a university and the remaining 28 lived in off-campus dwellings. Focus group transcriptions were analyzed for themes by two investigators using a constant-comparative approach. Inductive thematic analyses provided insights that were broadly categorized into: 1) awareness and knowledge of wasted food, 2) factors that influence food waste behaviors, and 3) suggested interventions to reduce wasted food. Results provide evidence of heterogeneity in perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors related to wasted food based on dwelling type. Insights from the current study may be used to inform observational or intervention work focused on reducing wasted food by young adults.
Signaling in electrical networks of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis).

Abstract The Venus flytrap captures insects with one of the most rapid movements in the plant kingdom. There is a significant difference between properties of electrical signals generated in the Venus flytrap described in literature. Amplitudes of action potentials vary from 14 mV to 200 mV with duration of signals from 2 ms to 10 s. Here we present experimental study of potential differences between Ag/AgCl electrodes inserted to the trap, petiole, and into soil or external ECG electrodes attached to surfaces of the Venus flytrap. Diverse types of electrodes with various positions in a plant tissue or in soil show different amplitude and duration of electrical signals because potentials are measured in different electrochemical circuits. Electrical signals in the Venus flytrap were induced by mechanical stimulation of the trigger hairs or by chemical stimulation of a midrib using small drops of H2O2 or HNO3. Here we found that action potentials can propagate with speed up to 10 m/s in the trap of D. muscipula. Results are compared with equivalent electrical circuits.
Partial convergence and sign convergence of matrix powers via eigen c--ads

This paper investigates the convergence over the reals and in the sign +; ; 0 sense of individual elements of matrix powers A as k ! 1 in dependence on the eigenvalues and left and right (generalized) eigenvector structure of a given matrix A 2R nn theoretically and computationally.
Using Topic Modeling to Detect and Describe Self‐Injurious and Related Content on a Large‐Scale Digital Platform

OBJECTIVE Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (SITBs) are a complex and enduring public health concern. Increasingly, teenagers use digital platforms to communicate about a range of mental health topics. These discussions may provide valuable information that can lead to insights about complex issues like SITBs. However, the field of clinical psychology currently lacks an easy-to-implement toolkit that can quickly gather information about SITBs from online sources. In the present study, we applied topic modeling, a natural language processing technique, to identify SITBs and related themes online, and we validated this approach using human coders. METHOD We separately used topic modeling software and human coders to identify themes present in text from a popular online Internet support forum for teenagers. We then determined the degree to which results from the software's topic model aligned with themes identified by human coders. RESULTS We found that topic modeling detected SITBs and related themes in online discussions in a way that accurately distinguishes between relevant and irrelevant human-coded themes. CONCLUSIONS This approach has the potential to drastically increase our understanding of SITBs and related issues discussed on digital platforms, as well as our ability to identify those at risk for such outcomes.
Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in Medicare patients regardless of age: an analysis of primary gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy outcomes.

Abstract Background Numerous studies have shown that bariatric surgery in older patients is safe and effective. However, both the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and a Medicare Evidence Advisory Committee (MEDCAC) have cited gaps in the evidence for outcomes in Medicare patients undergoing bariatric surgery. These gaps are predominantly in the safety and outcomes evidence in Medicare patients younger than 65 years old (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS] Objectives The aim of our study was to review both the safety and efficacy of gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in Medicare patients compared with other payers. Setting A single academic medical center. Methods A prospectively maintained database of 3300 patients who underwent bariatric surgery between January 2007 and December 2017 was utilized. The outcomes of Medicare patients undergoing RYGB and SG were analyzed and compared to those of similar patients covered by Medicaid or Commercial insurers. Results There were too few patients with commercial insurance older than 65 to compare to those with Medicare (CMS ≥ 65). Mortality at 90 days for CMS ≥ 65 was 1.3% and the overall complication rate was 20.1% (minor 15.6%; major 7.1%). Total weight loss (TWL) at 6 months and 1, 2, and 3 years was 25.3%, 30.0%, 29.9%, and 29.4% respectively. For any time after surgery, 23% of CMS ≥ 65 had complete remission of diabetes and 45% had partial remission. Demographic analysis of CMS Conclusions RYGB and SG are both safe and effective in Medicare patients of all ages. CMS ≥ 65 have acceptable mortality and complication rates with TWL and diabetes remission similar to younger patients. CMS
Asking the right questions: Demystifying writing assignments across the disciplines

Abstract Writing assignments in university classes can be opaque to novice undergraduate students, including L2 writers, who may struggle to identify the appropriate genre for their response. This paper introduces a simplified 3 × 3 matrix (adapted from Humphrey et al., 2010) as a heuristic for analyzing writing assignments across the disciplines. The matrix asks questions at the text, phase (move), and sentence levels using the Hallidayean view of language as construing ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings simultaneously. To exemplify the potential of the 3 × 3 matrix, two assignments are analyzed from a pathways program for international undergraduate students at a US university: a “research paper” in Art History and a proposal in Political Science. Interpersonal language choices present particular challenges in these tasks. The 3 × 3 matrix provides the tools to deconstruct and demystify academic genres by enabling content instructors, EAP faculty, and eventually students to ask the right questions.
High-field expansion approach to kagome antiferromagnets with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions

We apply linked cluster expansion techniques to study the polarized high-field phase of a spin-$1/2$ antiferromagnet on the kagome lattice with Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMI). We find that the Dirac points of the single-magnon spectrum without DMI are robust against arbitrary DMI when the magnetic field lies in the kagome plane. Unlike the typical case where DMI gaps the spectrum, here we find that varying the DMI merely shifts the location of the Dirac points. In contrast, a magnetic field with a component out of the kagome plane gaps the spectrum, leading to topological magnon bands. We map out a topological phase diagram as the couplings are varied by computing the band Chern numbers. A pair of phase transitions are observed and we find an enhanced thermal Hall conductivity near the phase boundary.
Youth self report thought problems and sleep difficulties are linked to suicidal ideation among psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents

Objectives: Thought problems, such as hallucinations and delusional or disorganized ideas, have been associated with increased sleep problems and risk for suicidal ideation (SI). Sleep problems hav...
Respecializing swarms by forgetting reinforced thresholds

Response threshold reinforcement is a powerful model for decentralized task allocation and specialization in multiagent swarms. In dynamic environments, initial task assignments and specializations must be updated over time to meet changing system needs. The very nature of threshold reinforcement-based behavior can, however, hinder respecialization, limiting its usability in real-world applications. We propose a decentralized forgetting-based extension to response threshold reinforcement and show that it can improve the efficiency and stability of the resulting task assignments under changing system demands.
Characterization of R-Loop Structures Using Single-Molecule R-Loop Footprinting and Sequencing

R-loops are three-stranded structures that form during transcription when the nascent RNA hybridizes with the template DNA resulting in a DNA:RNA hybrid and a looped-out single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) strand. These structures are important for normal cellular processes and aberrant R-loop formation has been implicated in a number of pathological outcomes, including certain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Mapping R-loops has primarily been performed using DRIP (DNA:RNA immunoprecipitation) based methods that are dependent on the anti-DNA:RNA hybrid S9.6 antibody and short-read sequencing. While DRIP-based methods are robust and report R-loop formation genome-wide, they only do so at the population average level; interrogating R-loop formation at the single molecule level is not feasible with such approaches. Here we present single molecule R-loop footprinting (SMRF-seq), a method that relies on the chemical reactivity of the displaced ssDNA strand to non-denaturing sodium bisulfite and single molecule long-read sequencing as a readout, to characterize R-loops. SMRF-seq can be used independently of S9.6 to generate high resolution, strand-specific, maps of individual R-loops at ultra-deep coverage on kilobases-length DNA fragments.
Termites, microarthropods and the decomposition of senescent and fresh creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) leaf litter.

Weight loss of fresh and senescent creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) leaves was studied during September and October, which is normally the peak of surface feeding by subterranean termites. Termites built galleries in 87·5 per cent of the bags of senescent litter and in 12·5 per cent of the bags of fresh litter. There was no significant weight loss attributable to termites. Senescent litter lost more weight than fresh litter but this was reversed during a period of abnormally high rainfall. It is suggested that this results from the presence of allelochemics in fresh litter and leaching of these compounds with high precipitation.
Power allocation by load aggregator with heterogeneous loads using weighted projection

Abstract With the recently increasing adoption of transactive energy markets, the role of a load aggregator is becoming increasingly important. Among the many tasks of an aggregator, the task of managing the electricity consumption among a group of grid-interactive efficient buildings according to the demand on the grid is taken up. Specifically, the task of allocating a certain amount of power among the participating customers while respecting their preferences and comfort is considered. Modeling this as an aggregate flexibility, the virtual battery conditions that are employed to verify the feasibility of a candidate power profile are derived. A feasible power profile, when allocated, satisfies specified comfort bands. To determine the ideal power requirement of the loads, the model-free control method is employed. The feasible power profile is allocated by embedding the customers’ preferences through weights, posing the power constraint as a hyperplane, and employing a weighted projection from the ideal power requirements onto the constraint plane to solve the considered task. The proposed method is computationally efficient and scalable to any number of heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads in buildings.
The Application of Urban Building Energy Modeling in Urban Planning

Urban energy planning plays an essential role in guiding human settlements, from a neighborhood scale to a megacity scale, to a sustainable future. It is particularly challenging to integrate energy planning into the urban planning process, considering the urban system’s complexity, multi-objective decision making, and multi-stakeholder involvement. In this context, recent years have witnessed a significant development of urban building energy modeling (UBEM). With a trend toward performance-based urban planning, there is a rising need to introduce proper UBEM tools into the different planning phases. The main objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the UBEM tools across different urban planning phases, as well as to discuss to what extent these tools could provide decision-making support to stakeholders. The chapter starts with a brief discussion on emerging energy-related issues in urban development and why the conventional planning approach needs the integration of modeling tools to provide a quantitative evaluation to better respond to these new challenges. The state of the art of UBEM also is reviewed, followed by a description of the applications and limitations in different planning phases. Finally, several challenges and opportunities regarding energy-modeling-assistance urban planning are discussed.
A Behavioral Economic Model of Help-Seeking for Depression

Findings from the clinical psychology literature indicate that many who experience depression do not seek treatment when needed. This may be due to help-seeking models and interventions failing to account for the behavioral characteristics of depression that affect decision making (e.g., altered sensitivity to punishment and reward). Behavioral economics can provide a framework for studying help-seeking among individuals with depression that explicitly considers such characteristics. In particular, the authors propose that depression influences help-seeking by altering sensitivity to treatment-related gains and losses and to the delays, effort, probabilities, and social distance associated with those gains and losses. Additional biases in decision making (e.g., sunk-cost bias, default bias) are also proposed to be relevant to help-seeking decisions among individuals with depression. Strengths, limitations, and future directions for research using this theoretical framework are discussed. Taken together, a behavioral economic model of help-seeking for depression could assist in identifying those who are at greatest risk of going untreated and in creating more effective help-seeking interventions.
Dynamic Functional Connectivity Reveals Abnormal Variability in the Amygdala Subregions of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective: This research aims to determine whether dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) based on amygdala subregions was altered in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: The dFC based on amygdala subregions was systematically calculated via a sliding time window method among 75 children with ADHD and 20 healthy control (HC) children. Results: Compared with the HC group, the right basolateral amygdala (BLA) signified higher dFC with the left superior frontal gyrus, and the right superficial amygdala (SFA) exhibited significantly higher dFC with the right prefrontal cortex in the ADHD group. The dFC based on the subregions of the amygdala (right centromedial amygdala, bilateral BLA, and SFA) highlighted a positive association with anxiety symptoms in the ADHD group. Conclusion: Functional connectivity based on the amygdala is more unstable in children with ADHD. By demonstrating an association between the stability of functional connectivity based on the amygdala and anxiety, this study may contribute to providing a new direction for investigating the internal mechanism of ADHD.
Intracranial lateralization bias observed in the presence of symmetrical hearing thresholds.

It is generally assumed that listeners with normal audiograms have relatively symmetric hearing, and more specifically that diotic stimuli (having zero interaural differences) are heard as centered in the head. While measuring intracranial lateralization with a visual pointing task for tones and 50-Hz-wide narrowband noises from 300 to 700 Hz, examples of systematic and large (>50% from midline to the ear) lateralization biases were found. In a group of ten listeners, five showed consistent lateralization bias to the right or left side at all or a subset of frequencies. Asymmetries in hearing, not apparent in audiometric thresholds, may explain these lateralization biases.
Chapter 5 Radiative Properties of Clouds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of our current understanding of the radiative properties of clouds, placing particular emphasis on recent results and unanswered problems arising from the marine stratocumulus and cirrus cloud components of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE), conducted in the United States during 1986 and 1987. For marine stratocumulus clouds, the chapter presents and discusses the discrepancy between observations and theory of the absorption of solar radiation by clouds, the discrepancy between remote sensing and in situ estimates of the effective droplet radius derived from spectral reflectance measurements, and the variability and spatial structure of stratocumulus clouds derived from both reflection and transmission measurements. The chapter describes the thermal emission characteristics of cirrus clouds and demonstrates how the brightness temperature difference in the split-window region of the thermal infrared can be used to infer the effective radius of ice crystals, observations that lead to the conclusion that ice crystals are much smaller than previously believed. The relationship between thermal emittance and visible albedo that is derived from airborne observations of cirrus clouds is illustrated. These results generally show that the thermal emittance of cirrus clouds is less than theoretically predicted for a given value of the visible albedo.
Hong Kong as a Global Metropolis: Hub of the China trade

The new tariff and port regulations are really very moderate and favourable, and if strictly adhered to by the Chinese, our trade with England is sure to increase very much. The drug trade continues to prosper. Trade dilemma In their home nations, British merchants observed bustling urban centers and American merchants saw a prosperous agricultural economy with rising farm incomes. The merchants viewed these as lucrative markets for commodities and manufactures, but they remained woefully ignorant about the Chinese market. Under the new trade regime, foreign merchants needed market information; yet, prohibitions on travel in China prevented them from gaining personal acquaintance with its internal economy. The lower Yangtze valley was one of the few areas the foreign merchants knew about, based on the later military campaigns of the Opium War; nevertheless, outsiders readily misinterpreted it. Extraordinarily high productivity per acre disguised low marginal productivity of labor and limited peasant purchasing power. Rising opium consumption by the gentry and urban professional classes hid the deflation that wracked China. Captain Charles Elliot, the British Chief Superintendent of Trade at Canton during the late 1830s, never believed that a vast Chinese market was waiting to be plucked by the merchants – but that remained a minority view. Alexander Matheson, a principal in the greatest China house, Jardine, Matheson & Company, expressed the majority view: trade would grow at the treaty ports and opium would remain lucrative.
A proposed solution to the problem posed by reduction(s) in osmolyte infusion interval: A theory on the origins of non-natural stimulus-functional response pairs in biological systems

This work follows as a response to a problem posed in a previous work (Jeff-Eke, 2015b). Here we propose and explore a probable solution to the posed problem of how well a cellular system can tolerate random changes to the frequency of osmolytes infused into an intracellular space of interest. The proposed solution involves the ability of biological systems to anticipate occurrences of imminent challenge stimuli, with such means involving alignment of moments of initiation of the required functional response mechanism(s) to stimuli, in relation to moments of initiation of occurrences of these stimuli. The resultant outcome is reduction of the lag interval for the functional response mechanism. We also present propositions on the means by which these anticipatory relationships may be formed, and some consequences for biological systems. By stating anticipatory roles in biological systems, we are suggesting a possible origin for non-natural stimulus-functional response pairing.
X and Y, A Wild Pair

The X in Sex How the X Chromosome Controls Our Lives. by David Bainbridge. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003. 215 pp. $22.95, £15.50. ISBN 0-674-01028-0. Y The Descent of Men. by Steve Jones. Houghton Mifflin, New York, 2003. 272 pp. $25. ISBN 0-618-13930-3. Little, Brown, London, 2002. 288 pp. £14.99. ISBN 0-316-85615-0. Writing for a popular audience, both authors use the sex chromosomes as a framework for exploring the nature, development, and evolution of sexual differences in humans. Jones takes Darwin's Descent of Man as a template for his far-ranging discussions of maleness. Bainbridge tends to stay more focused on findings from recent genomic studies of the X chromosome.
Benign Epilepsy of Childhood and Gowers's Statements

In Reply.— Mea Culpa! One should always go back to the original citation as indicated by Drs Bouma and Peters. Fortunately, Gower9s statement would have supported both our thesis and my favorite dictum "All that9s new is rarely true, and all that9s true is rarely new." The authors9 speculation about treating for a short period of time (3 to 6 months) is equally as valid as ours not to treat. What is needed are studies and a rethinking of the prevalent concept that all epilepsy should be treated for 2-4 years or more.
Constructing intelligent microsystems with modular VLSI neural networks design

VLSI neural networks can speed up the computation and signal processing by many orders of magnitude through compact, low-power parallel processing. Key microsystem design issues are critically addressed for successful industrial and scientific applications.
Comparisons of solar nebula models

The relationship between meteorites and solar nebulae is examined. Turbulent models of the solar nebulae are compared and discussed.
Ethnic Museum Websites, Cultural Projection, and Self-Categorization Concepts

This qualitative research features in-depth interviews along with observations of respondents' navigation of African American and Latino museum websites. Respondents self-identified as of African American, Latino, or White cultural heritage and ranged in age from the late teens to over 50. Interviewees noted the organizations' projection of their cultures to non-group members as well as to racial or ethnic group members. Respondents who interacted with the ethnic digital media also demonstrated the application of the self-categorization process, including the concepts of prototypes, norms, accessibility and fit. The authors provide suggestions for expanding dimensions of these concepts beyond the dichotomous measures typically found in the self-categorization literature. In addition, concepts from self-categorization and cultural projection theories are integrated and their usefulness to digital communication scholars is explicated. Besides these contributions to communication methodology and theory, the ...
On Property and Exploitation

The authors contend that what can legitimately be owned in a free society is only rights to physical property, not to the value thereof. You are thus free to undermine the value of our property by underselling us, by inventing a new substitute for our property, etc. But you cannot legitimately physically agress against our property, even if it value remains constant despite your efforts.