cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent results from the DIII-D tokamak

The goal of the DIII-D program is to provide the integrated basis for commercially attractive steady state fusion power plants. Significant progress toward this goal has been achieved, enabled by system improvements including an error field correction coil, an expanded diagnostic set, a digital plasma control system, and high power RF systems. Simultaneous improvements in both the confinement and stability have been achieved during both VH-mode and negative central shear discharges. Fully non-inductive discharges with high bootstrap current fraction have been obtained. The divertor program has demonstrated simultaneous reduction of divertor heat flux and effective particle control using gas puffing and an in-vessel cryopump. Control of the wall particle inventory, He exhaust, and characterization of the scrapeoff layer and divertor plasma have been achieved. Progress has also been made in addressing additional specific needs for ITER: investigation of basic transport scaling, disruption characterization and avoidance, material erosion, and steady state beta limits.
Systematic search of π h 1 1 / 2 ⊗ ν h 1 1 / 2 chiral doublet bands and role of triaxiality in odd-odd Z = 55 isotopes: 1 2 8 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 Cs

The odd-odd Cs isotopes ${}^{128\ensuremath{-}134}\mathrm{Cs}$ have been investigated in search of chiral doublet bands. Two nearly degenerate bands built on the $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ configuration have been identified in ${}^{128\ensuremath{-}132}\mathrm{Cs}.$ Systematics of various experimental observables associated with the partner bands are presented. The ${B(M1)}_{\mathrm{In}}{/B(M1)}_{\mathrm{Out}}$ staggering with spin was discovered to be in phase with the $B(M1)/B(E2)$ staggering for the yrast partner band. A core-quasiparticle coupling model employing the Kerman-Klein-D\"onau-Frauendorf method was applied to study ${}^{128}\mathrm{Cs}.$ A triaxial core with an irrotational-flow moment of inertia was assumed. The chiral features, as well as previously known experimental characteristics of the $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ yrast partner band, are well reproduced demonstrating the important role played by triaxiality in the underlying physics in these nuclei.
Boundedness of operators on Hardy spaces via atomic decompositions

An example of a linear functional defined on a dense subspace of the Hardy space H 1 (R n ) is constructed. It is shown that despite the fact that this functional is uniformly bounded on all atoms, it does not extend to a bounded functional on the whole H 1 . Therefore, this shows that in general it is not enough to verify that an operator or a functional is bounded on atoms to conclude that it extends boundedly to the whole space. The construction is based on the fact due to Y. Meyer which states that quasi-norms corresponding to finite and infinite atomic decompositions in H p , 0 < p < 1, are not equivalent.
The Oldest Fossil or Just Another Rock

Recent evidence strengthens the case for signs of ancient life in rocks from Akilia, Greenland, but important questions remain.
Instructional Course Lectures, The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - Open Fractures of the Tibial Shaft. Current Treatment*†

The tibial shaft is one of the most common sites of an open fracture18, a fracture that involves a break in the skin with soft tissues communicating with the fracture or its hematoma, or both. The specific methods of skeletal stabilization and soft-tissue treatment of open and closed fractures continue to be topics of debate in orthopaedic traumatology. The type of treatment selected for open tibial fractures depends on the individual characteristics of the fracture and the concomitant soft-tissue injury, making experience and clinical judgment an important part of the over-all treatment13,42. Most orthopaedists treat only a few of these injuries each year; however, there are increasing expectations for surgeons to understand and apply the techniques of treatment of open fractures, such as the use of flap coverage and bone transplant techniques, to help patients to obtain an optimum functional outcome13. In the emergency room, initial attention should be given to resuscitation and assessment of the patient according to the guidelines of Advanced Trauma Life Support 1. Specific assessment of the extremities other than to control active hemorrhage should be part of a secondary survey. The orthopaedist must be aware of other injuries because severe pulmonary, intra-abdominal, or head injuries may limit the extent of initial debridement and stabilization that can be performed acutely for the open tibial fracture18. Concomitant fractures of the long bones and unstable fractures of the posterior part of the pelvic ring associated with hemodynamic instability should be stabilized within the first twenty-four hours after the injury whenever possible. The physical examination should include a thorough inspection and palpation of the extremities18. Occult open fractures may be missed if the examining physician does not elevate the extremity and inspect it circumferentially. The initial …
Mechanism of c-erbB transduction: newly released transducing viruses retain poly(A) tracts of erbB transcripts and encode C-terminally intact erbB proteins.

Abstract We have previously shown that avian leukosis virus (ALV) induces erythroblastosis by insertional activation of the c-erbB gene. In 25% of the ALV-induced leukemic samples we have analyzed, acute retroviruses that have captured the activated erbB oncogene were released. The unusually high frequency at which erbB transduction occurs makes this an ideal system for studying the mechanism of oncogene transduction. In addition, these leukemic samples provide a rich source for the isolation of novel erbB-transducing viruses. We report here our characterization of several new erbB-transducing proviruses. The 5' recombination points of all these viruses mapped to the same intron in which proviral insertions cluster, supporting the hypothesis that transduction begins with proviral insertion near the oncogene. The 3' recombination points usually occurred within the 3' untranslated region downstream from the termination codon of the c-erbB gene. Three of the erbB-containing proviruses were molecularly cloned and analyzed in detail. Two of them were capable of releasing acute viruses, and interestingly, both retained poly(A) tracts of erbB messages in their genomes. A stretch of six adenosine residues in the ALV env gene appeared to mediate the 3' recombination events required for the generation of these viruses. These data provide further insight into the mechanism by which oncogenes are transduced into retroviral genomes.
Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency--a history.

Although the nutritional essentiality of copper was established in 1928, a preoccupation with hematology delayed the discovery of cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency for more than a decade. Anatomical studies of several species of deficient animals revealed, interalia, aortic fissures and rupture, arterial foam cells and smooth muscle migration, cardiac enlargement and rupture, coronary artery thrombosis and myocardial infarction. Abnormal biochemistry in deficiency probably contributes to these lesions, e.g., decreased activities of lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase which result in failure of collagen and elastin crosslinking and impaired defense against free radicals. Copper deficiency also decreases copper in hearts and other organs and cells and increases cholesterol in plasma. Abnormal physiology from deficiency includes abnormal electrocardiograms, glucose intolerance and hypertension. People with ischemic heart disease have decreased cardiac and leucocyte copper and decreased activities of some copper-dependent enzymes. Copper depletion experiments with men and women have revealed abnormalities of lipid metabolism, blood pressure control, and electrocardiograms plus impaired glucose tolerance. The Western diet often is as low in copper as that proved insufficient for these people. Knowledge of nutritional history can be useful in addressing contemporary nutritional problems.
Progestins and antiprogestins in mammary tumour growth and metastasis

Growth of the normal mammary gland involves proliferation, differentiation, programmed cell death and remodelling of the basement membrane throughout the cyclic ovarian stimulation of the menstrual cycle and the pregnancy/lactation cycle. The regulation of these processes involves a balance between the actions of oestrogen and progesterone. Although it is generally accepted that oestrogens are the major adverse hormonal factor in onset and progression of human breast cancer, recent studies suggest that progesterone and its synthetic progestins may be more important than oestrogen as an ovarian stimulus in driving proliferation of normal human and rodent mammary epithelium. One might expect that some aspects of these complex progestin-regulated events might be retained in breast cancer. This review focuses on evidence that progesterone has proliferative actions in breast cancers; on the role of progestins in regulation of metastasis-related adhesion molecules on breast cancer cells and on the preliminary data showing that progesterone antagonists may be powerful new tools for the management of metastastic breast cancer. This evidence suggests that progesterone is a stimulus for onset and progression of breast tumours and that antiprogestins can interrupt these processes.
Supplementation of Atherogenic Diet With B Vitamins Does Not Prevent Atherosclerosis or Vascular Dysfunction in Monkeys

Background—Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic and thrombotic vascular disease. In many patients, hyperhomocysteinemia can be treated or prevented by dietary supplementation with B vitamins, but the clinical benefit of B vitamins for the prevention of vascular disease has not been proven. Methods and Results—Using an atherogenic diet that produces both hyperhomocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia, we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with B vitamins (folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6) would prevent hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular dysfunction, and atherosclerotic lesions in monkeys. After 17 months, plasma total homocysteine increased from 3.6±0.3 to 11.8±1.7 μmol/L in monkeys fed an unsupplemented atherogenic diet (P<0.01) but did not increase in monkeys fed an atherogenic diet supplemented with B vitamins (3.8±0.3 μmol/L). Serum cholesterol increased from 122±7 to 550±59 mg/dL in the unsupplemented group (P<0.001) and from 118±5 to 492±55 mg/dL...
MULTILEVEL AND MOTION MODEL-BASED ULTRASONIC SPECKLE TRACKING ALGORITHMS

A multilevel motion model-based approach to ultrasonic speckle tracking has been developed that addresses the inherent trade-offs associated with traditional single-level block matching (SLBM) methods. The multilevel block matching (MLBM) algorithm uses variable matching block and search window sizes in a coarse-to-fine scheme, preserving the relative immunity to noise associated with the use of a large matching block while preserving the motion field detail associated with the use of a small matching block. To decrease further the sensitivity of the multilevel approach to noise, speckle decorrelation and false matches, a smooth motion model-based block matching (SMBM) algorithm has been implemented that takes into account the spatial inertia of soft tissue elements. The new algorithms were compared to SLBM through a series of experiments involving manual translation of soft tissue phantoms, motion field computer simulations of rotation, compression and shear deformation, and an experiment involving contraction of human forearm muscles. Measures of tracking accuracy included mean squared tracking error, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and blinded observations of optical flow. Measures of tracking efficiency included the number of sum squared difference calculations and the computation time. In the phantom translation experiments, the SMBM algorithm successfully matched the accuracy of SLBM using both large and small matching blocks while significantly reducing the number of computations and computation time when a large matching block was used. For the computer simulations, SMBM yielded better tracking accuracies and spatial resolution when compared with SLBM using a large matching block. For the muscle experiment, SMBM outperformed SLBM both in terms of PSNR and observations of optical flow. We believe that the smooth motion model-based MLBM approach represents a meaningful development in ultrasonic soft tissue motion measurement.
Manganese oxide based Hybrid nanofibers for Supercapacitors

Abstract Electrospun manganese oxide nanofibers were synthesized to improve the observed capacitance of MnOx based capacitor electrodes by exploiting the high surface to volume ratios and the nano voids present in the non-woven mats that would result in providing larger available electrode surface and reduced charge transfer resistance. In addition, MnO x hybrid nanofibers containing heterogeneously mixed CNTs and co-spun MnO x / SnO 2 nanofibers were also prepared by the electrospinning method to further improve the specific capacitance by reducing the overall electrode conductivity. The specific capacitance measured at 10 mV/s are 161.22 and 182.20 F/g for MnO x and MnO x /CNT hybrid nanofibers, while the specific capacitance of MnO x /SnO 2 fibers was found to be 472.31 F/g. An additional MnO x nanofiber matrix was prepared by electrospinning followed by calcination at 700 °C which resulted in hollow nanofibers. The specific capacitance of this nanostructure was 361.23 F/g. The primary crystalline phase in these fibers was Mn 2 O 3 . EIS revealed that the ESR of the fibers were low and that the electrochemical process was primarily diffusion controlled.
Is it beneficial to have an alcoholics anonymous sponsor

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) attendance is predictive of increased abstinence for many problem drinkers and treatment referral to AA is common. Strong encouragement to acquire an AA sponsor is likewise typical, and findings about the benefits associated with social support for abstinence in AA support this practice, at least indirectly. Despite this widespread practice, however, prospective tests of the unique contribution of having an AA sponsor are lacking. This prospective study investigated the contribution of acquiring an AA sponsor using a methodologically rigorous design that isolated the specific effects of AA sponsorship. Participants were recruited from AA and outpatient treatment. Intake and follow-up assessments included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and urine toxicology screens. Eligibility criteria limited prior treatment and AA histories to clarify the relationship of interest while, for generalizability purposes, broad substance abuse criteria were used. Of the 253 participants, 182 (72%) provided complete data on measures central to the aims of this study. Overall reductions in alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use were found over 12-months and lagged analyses indicated that AA attendance significantly predicted increased abstinence. During early AA affiliation but not later logistic regressions showed that having an AA sponsor predicted increased alcohol-abstinence and abstinence from marijuana and cocaine after first controlling for a host of AA-related, treatment, and motivational measures that are associated with AA exposure or are generally prognostic of outcome.
Genetic map of artichoke × wild cardoon: toward a consensus map for Cynara cardunculus

An integrated consensus linkage map is proposed for globe artichoke. Maternal and paternal genetic maps were constructed on the basis of an F1 progeny derived from crossing an artichoke genotype (Mola) with its progenitor, the wild cardoon (Tolfa), using EST-derived SSRs, genomic SSRs, AFLPs, ten genes, and two morphological traits. For most genes, mainly belonging to the chlorogenic acid pathway, new markers were developed. Five of these were SNP markers analyzed through high-resolution melt technology. From the maternal (Mola) and paternal (Tolfa) maps, an integrated map was obtained, containing 337 molecular and one morphological markers ordered in 17 linkage groups (LGs), linked between Mola and Tolfa. The integrated map covers 1,488.8 cM, with an average distance of 4.4 cM between markers. The map was aligned with already existing maps for artichoke, and 12 LGs were linked via 31 bridge markers. LG numbering has been proposed. A total of 124 EST-SSRs and two genes were mapped here for the first time, providing a framework for the construction of a functional map in artichoke. The establishment of a consensus map represents a necessary condition to plan a complete sequencing of the globe artichoke genome.
Three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound improves the diagnostic accuracy for ovarian cancer prediction.

Abstract Objective. The goal of this study was to determine if three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound improves the specificity for ovarian cancer detection as compared with two-dimensional ultrasound. Methods. Seventy-one women with a known complex pelvic mass were referred for a preoperative ultrasound evaluation with both two-dimensional and three-dimensional gray-scale ultrasonography. The 3D studies were performed with the Kretz Voluson 530D using a mechanized transvaginal probe. Surface rendering and power Doppler imaging were performed by the same gynecologic sonologist, and reassigned to one of four echo patterns: cystic, multicystic, complex, or solid. Sonographic criteria used for diagnosing ovarian cancer were based on a system that included morphological characteristics, histological prediction, and power Doppler imaging. Results. Seventy-one women underwent surgical exploration: 14 (19.7%) had ovarian cancer (2 FIGO stage I, 2 stage II, 7 stage III, and 3 metastatic colon) and 2 had uterine cancer. Two-dimensional gray-scale ultrasound identified 40 masses as suspicious for cancer, including all 14 malignancies, yielding a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 100, 54, and 35%, respectively. However, evaluation with 3D power Doppler identified only 28 cases as suspicious (including all 14 cancers), resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 100, 75, and 50%, respectively. Conclusions. Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging better defines the morphological and vascular characteristics of ovarian lesions. All malignancies were correctly identified by both 2D and 3D imaging; however, the specificity significantly improved with the addition of 3D power Doppler. This improved diagnostic accuracy may promote improved patient care by separating complex benign masses from ovarian cancer, therefore facilitating appropriate physician referral.
Vaginal Birth after Cesarean: An Effective Method to Reduce Cesarean

Cesarean deliveries represent almost one third of US births. Given that repeat cesarean is the most common single indication for cesarean, trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) with subsequent vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) is an important mechanism to reduce the overall cesarean rate. The 2010 National Institutes of Health Conference found that one of the biggest barriers to VBAC is the lack of patient access to TOLAC. Many women who currently deliver by repeat cesarean would be candidates for a TOLAC. This manuscript will summarize the evidence on VBAC to help clinicians identify candidates, provide evidence-based counseling, and guide management of TOLAC.
pH-dependent anti-U in autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Auto anti-U of unusual serologic characteristics is described in a Caucasian patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The direct antiglobulin test was strongly positive (3+) with broad spectrum and anticomplement reagents. Auto anti-U was demonstrated only when the serum was acidified to pH 6.5 and anticomplement reagent was used in the antiglobulin test. Multiple transfusions of U positive red blood cells had clinically decreased survival manifested by jaundice and return of hemoglobin to pretransfusion levels within days. The autoantibody reacted weakly with U positive cord red blood cells interpreted as mosaicism of the U antigen possibly on a developmental basis.
A biomechanical evaluation of three forms of internal fixation used in ankle arthrodesis

A biomechanical study was undertaken to evaluate the relative stability of three types of internal fixation used for ankle arthrodesis. Crossed screw fixation, RAF fibular strut fixation, and T-pla...
Testicular inhibition of gonadotropin secretion in photosensitive tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) exposed to a winter-like day length ☆

To explore the relationship between the testes and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis in sexually quiescent tree sparrows, we measured the concentration of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) in serial plasma samples taken from photosensitive castrates, hemicastrates, and laparotomized controls held on a winter-like (8-hr) day length. Postcastration concentrations of LH, measured between Days 3 and 38, always exceeded (P < 0.05) the precastration concentration. In hemicastrates, post-treatment concentrations exceeded the pretreatment concentration only at Day 38. Post-treatment concentrations in hemicastrates and controls were lower than those in castrates through Day 17 but not reliably different from each other through Day 38. We concluded that the small testes of nonphoto-stimulated tree sparrows inhibit gonadotropin (LH) secretion by a feedback effect of testicular hormones on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. LH concentrations in castrates exposed to an 8-hr day length always were lower (P < 0.05) than those in castrates transferred to a day length (20 hr) known to be gonadostimulatory. This finding suggests that, in intact males, an independent stimulatory effect of long days on gonadotropin secretion in superimposed upon any stimulatory effect caused by a photoinduced reduction in sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis to androgen.
Lactate dehydrogenase during the larval development ofCancer irroratus: Effect of constant and cyclic thermal regimes

The activity of the key glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase in the larval stages ofCancer irroratus was differentially affected by the daily cyclic and constant temperatures. Enzyme activity was significantly enhanced in the fifth zoeal and megalops stages cultured under the cyclic regime.
A comparison of sampling and analysis methodsfor low-ppbC levels of volatile organic compounds in ambient air

A carefully designed study was conducted during the summer of 1998 to collect samples of ambient air by canisters and compare the analysis results to direct sorbent preconcentration results taken at the time of sample collection. Thirty-two 1 h sample sets were taken, each composed of a “near-real-time” sample analyzed by an autoGC-MS XonTech 930/Varian Saturn 2000 system, and Summa and Silco canisters. Hourly total non-methane organic carbon (TNMOC), ozone, and meteorological measurements were also made. Each canister was analyzed on the autoGC-MS system for a target list of 108 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and on a manual cryosampling GC-FID system. Comparisons were made between the collection and analysis methods. Because of the low sample loading (150–250 ppbC TNMOC), these comparisons were a stringent test of sample collection and analysis capabilities. The following specific conclusions may be drawn from this study. Reasonable precision (within 15% mean difference of duplicate analyses from the same canister) can be obtained for analyses of target VOCs at low-ppbC concentrations. Relative accuracy between the GC-MS and GC-FID analysis methods is excellent, as demonstrated by comparisons of analyses of the same canisters, if measurements are sufficiently above the detection limits. This is especially significant as the GC-MS and GC-FID were independently calibrated. While statistically significant differences may be observed between the results from canister and near-real-time samples, the differences were generally small and there were clear correlations between the canister results and the near-real-time results. Canister cleanliness limits detection below the EPA Method TO-14 acceptance standard of 0.2 ppbv (0.2–2 ppbC for target analytes).
Structural, electronic and acid/base properties of [Ru(tpy)(tpyOH)]2+ and [Ru(tpyOH)2]2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, tpyOH = 4′-hydroxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)

Abstract The development of pH switchable metal catalysts by choosing ligands with multiple protonation states would be a useful design principle. In order to better understand how such a system would work, interactions between the ligand and metal in the varying protonation states must be studied. In this work, we have synthesized para-hydroxyl-substituted terpyridine complexes of ruthenium, [Ru(tpy)(tpyOH)] 2+ and [Ru(tpyOH) 2 ] 2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine, tpyOH = 4′-hydroxy-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine), to determine how the protonation state affects the electronic properties of the complexes using UV–Vis spectroscopy and computational techniques. In addition, we have studied the electrochemical and structural properties of these complexes. Both complexes yield standard Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) electronic transitions in the visible region when in the protonated state. However, when deprotonated new electronic transitions from a filled molecular orbital consisting of a mixture of metal d and deprotonated pyridinolate ligand orbitals to empty ligand orbitals are observed. These transitions have been termed mixed metal–ligand to ligand charge transfer (M mix LCT). In deprotonated [Ru(tpy)(tpyO − )] + , containing only one deprotonatable group, the ligand only mixes with one of the three degenerate metal d orbitals to give one new mixed metal–ligand orbital. However, in deprotonated [Ru(tpyO − ) 2 ], the two pyridinolate groups are orthogonal to each other and each mix with a separate metal d orbital to give two new mixed metal–ligand orbitals. These results lead to the potential design principle for catalytic systems in which specific orbital interactions based on protonation state and orientation of the ligand can be tuned.
The kinetics and thermodynamics of bicyclic ketal formation: An application to the synthesis of the zaragozic acids

Abstract The kinetics and thermodynamics of ketalization of tetrahydroxyketones are examined in the synthesis of the ketal core of zaragozic acid Bx3.
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide enhances the hyperpolarization-activated nonselective cationic conductance, Ih, in dissociated guinea pig intracardiac neurons.

Abstract Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) peptides, which are co-localized with acetylcholine in preganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating guinea pig intracardiac ganglia, depolarize and increase excitability of intracardiac neurons. Perforated patch whole cell recordings were used to test whether PACAP27-enhanced activation of I h contributed to the increase in excitability. In current clamp, 100 nM PACAP27 increased rectification during 500-ms hyperpolarizations and increased the number of anodal break action potentials (APs). PACAP27 also increased the number of APs produced by 500-ms depolarizing currents. In voltage clamp, the effects of 100 nM PACAP27 were determined during hyperpolarizing steps from −50 mV to voltages between −60 and −120 mV. PACAP27 increased the amplitude and rate of activation of I h . PACAP27 shifted the voltage dependence of activation of I h by 6.6 mV. The effect of PACAP27 was eliminated by pretreatment with the I h inhibitor ZD7288 (100 μM). The adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (10 μM) produced a similar shift in the voltage dependence of I h activation. We conclude that PACAP27 enhances I h by shifting the voltage dependence of activation and propose that this effect is mediated primarily by PAC 1 receptor activation of adenylyl cyclase and generation of cAMP. Furthermore, we propose that the peptide-enhanced I h contributes to the PACAP27-induced increase in membrane excitability.
Improving flow response of a variable-rate aerial application system by interactive refinement

Experiments were conducted to evaluate response of a variable-rate aerial application controller to changing flow rates and to improve its response at correspondingly varying system pressures. System improvements have been made by refinement of the control algorithms over time in collaboration with the system manufacturer, Houma Avionics, Houma, LA, USA. The variable-rate application system consists of Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)-based guidance, AutoCal II automatic flow controller, and hydraulically controlled spray pump. The AutoCal II was evaluated for its ability to track desired flow rates set by the pilot. The system was then evaluated over several field trials to quantify its response to rapidly changing flow requirements and to determine the effect of the latest control algorithm improvements on response characteristics. System responses were analyzed while operating the AutoCal II in automatic mode over a pre-set field prescription containing four management zones (28, 47, 56, and 37Lha^-^1 each 81m long). To evaluate the effect of control algorithm improvements, areas under the flowrate-time curves were integrated and percentage differences in areas between those response curves and target flow rate curves were determined. Results for south-north runs indicated reduction of average error from 6.9% before control algorithm modification to 1.8% after algorithm modification. Benefits of a new flow monitor with capabilities for improved data acquisition resolution were illustrated by examining data from both 2005 and 2008 prescription runs. For the 2005 data, integration times per run matched expected values based on ground speed when using either the new flowmeter monitor or conventional monitoring via the AutoCal II with its irregular data integration intervals. The 2008 data showed inconsistencies in total integration time per run when reading flowmeter data via the AutoCal II; these intervals varied between 1.2 and 1.66s. Integration timing intervals matched expected results when using the new flowmeter monitor instead of the AutoCal II to read and output data. Inconsistencies in AutoCal II timing were attributed to possible modifications in loop-timing portions of the AutoCal II control algorithm since the 2005 run was conducted. These results further support the value of the new flowmeter monitor in providing consistent results regardless of changes the manufacturer might make to the AutoCal II data acquisition and control program. The experiments served to illustrate an example of how iterative refinement of control algorithms in collaboration with the control system manufacturer could improve system response characteristics. System evaluation techniques described should also apply to aircraft that use propeller-driven spray pumps as well as hydraulically controlled spray pumps.
Vibrational Stark Spectroscopy Directly Probes Electric Fields in Proteins

We have developed vibrational Stark effect (VSE) spectroscopy to probe electrostatics and dynamics in organized systems, in particular in proteins where they can report on functionally important electric fields. The strategy involves deploying site-specific vibrational probes (-C≡N, -C-D, -C=O and -C-F) whose sensitivity to an electric field is measured in a calibrated external electric field by VSE spectroscopy. This gives the magnitude of the vibrational frequency shift associated with an electric field change in a protein, e.g. by making a mutation, changing pH, ligand binding, etc., projected along the bond axis, which is typically determined by x-ray crystallography. This concept can also be used to estimate the electrostatic contribution to non-covalent X-H••π interactions that stabilize protein structures. Recent results in which we attempt to calibrate the absolute magnitude of the field will be presented, along with complications that arise from non-electrostatic contributions to the frequency shifts. This requires a substantial development of simulations methods in parallel with experiments. By fully understanding the origins of these effects, they can be applied to obtain information on functionally-relevant fields at the active site of enzymes (see also presentation by Fried, Bagchi and SGB). This approach provides experimental benchmarks for high-level simulations which have suggested a critical role for electric fields and electric field gradients in biological function.
Cross-flow microfilters with large-diameter sacrificially etched cross-sections

Cross-flow microfilters were constructed on silicon substrates using photolithography, chemical vapor deposition, and sacrificial etching. These devices consist of an array of channels with arch-shaped cross-sections approximately 50 μm tall and 140 μm wide. Pores, 5 μm in diameter, were etched through channel walls with a high packing density. The microfilters were analyzed by imaging permeate and retentate solutions down the length of the channels to determine percentages of fluorescent microbeads (diameters of 2.2 and 15.5 μm) filtered per length. A simple model using principles of Brownian motion and Monte Carlo simulation closely predicts filtration performance.
Formalism for Detecting Version Differences in Data Models

In the architecture/engineering/construction (AEC) industry, a large number of data models (e.g., data exchange standards and task-specific data models) have been created and utilized to represent and exchange data in software packages. To meet the ever-expanding requirements for modeling real world information, the data models need to be updated frequently. Accordingly, those who need to implement these data models in their AEC-related software which often requires that they possess civil engineering domain knowledge, have to change their existing implementations for compliance with these models to account for the latest update. Before adopting changes of such data models, those developers working at AEC-related software companies must precisely identify which parts of the data models have been modified in a new release. Given the growing scale and complexity of today’s data models involved in the AEC domain, identification of differences in two versions of a data model is a time-consuming and error-pron...
Pharmacist-prepared dispensing guidelines for drugs used in clinical research

The use of drugs in clinical trials within the institutional setting must be done in accordance with a number of regulations, guidance, and standards, including the Code of Federal Regulations, good clinical practice (GCP) guidelines, the Joint Commission’s medication management standards, local
Localization of Somatostatin Receptor Genes on Mouse Chromosomes 2, 11, 12, 15, and 17: Correlation with Growth QTLs

A major role of the peptide hormone somatostatin is inhibition of growth hormone secretion. The effects of somatostatin are mediated through five distinct G-protein-coupled receptors, each of which is expressed in the pituitary gland and other tissues. Allelic variation in the five somatostatin receptor genes (Smstr) could contribute to growth rate and overall body size. To evaluate this hypothesis we determined the chromosomal location of the Smstr genes. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and single-strand conformational polymorphisms were used to follow the segregation of each gene in interspecific mouse backcrosses. Smstr1 through Smstr5 were localized to mouse chromosomes 12, 11, 15, 2, and 17, respectively. None of the Smstr genes colocalized with single gene mutations that affect growth. However, growth is a quantitative trait influenced by many genes and by the environment. Strains of mice selected for high and low growth have been exploited to identify chromosomal regions that modestly influence growth (J. Cheverud et a1., 1996, Genetics 142: 1305-1319). Several Smstr genes map within these regions, suggesting that they be considered candidate genes for these quantitative trait loci.
Evaluation of NMR diffusion measurements for the conformational analysis of flexible peptides.

The use of diffusion coefficients measured with pulsed-field gradient NMR spectroscopy for the determination of the relative population of conformers in solutions of the human Growth Hormone peptide fragment, hGH(9–19), has been studied in aqueous and in trifluoroethanol (TFE)/ water solutions. The peptide is a good model compound for this study because it adopts a predominantly random coil conformation in aqueous solution and is helical in TFE. The results of the diffusion measurements suggest that the peptide exhibits predominantly random coil structures in aqueous solution and adopts a more helical conformation in solutions containing increasing mole fractions of TFE, consistent with the qualitative findings of the standard CD and NMR experiments to probe peptide conformation. These results indicate that diffusion coefficients measured with NMR can provide additional information about temperature- and solvent-induced changes in the extent of the helical conformer for hGH(9–19) in aqueous solution and in solutions containing various mole fraction of TFE, respectively.
Virulence of Bacterium tularense. I. A study of the virulence of Bacterium tularense in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits.

Francis and Felton4 have proposed a measure of virulence, based on the susceptibility of mice, guniea pigs, and rabbits to infection with this organism, which appears to be the most direct and valid of any that have been applied. Approximately 1 to 10 organisms of maximum virulence are sufficient to cause fatal infection in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Diminished virulence first shows itself in the failure of the organisms to kill rabbits. This method of as-
Impact of professional development on preschool teachers’ conversational responsivity and children's linguistic productivity and complexity

Abstract The present study investigated the effect of professional development (PD) on preschool teachers’ conversational responsivity in the classroom, defined as teachers’ use of strategies to promote children's participation in extended conversational exchanges (communication-facilitating strategies) and exposure to advanced linguistic models (language-developing strategies), and the resultant impact on proximal child language outcomes. We randomly-assigned 49 preschool teachers to receive 15–20 h of such PD (PD; n = 25) or to a comparison condition ( n = 24). Growth curve analysis indicated that trained teachers used significantly more communication-facilitating strategies across the year but no such difference for language-developing strategies. Moreover, children in these classrooms showed greater linguistic productivity and complexity in their talk. These findings suggest that PD may alter some aspects of teachers’ conservational responsivity responsible for increasing the amount and complexity of child language. Alteration of some strategies, however, may require more intensive PD efforts.
Effect of matrix liquid phase on interphase formation in SiC fibre-reinforced Si2N2O-Al2O3-CaO composites

Matrix compositions based on Si2N2O, with Al2O3 and CaO additions, were used to hot press Nicalon SiC fibre-reinforced composites at 1600 °C. With both CaO and Al2O3 additions, eutectic melting formed an appreciable volume of liquid phase during hot pressing, which remained as a stable glassy phase in the cooled composites. This liquid phase fostered formation of ∼240 nm thick carbon-rich interphases between the fibres and the matrix. These interphases showed relatively low interfacial shear strength and resulted in composites which showed non-catastrophic, notch-independent fracture. Matrices using either Al2O3 or CaO did not form adequate liquid phase to form coarse interphases, and fracture was catastrophic in nature. Post-heat treatment of the composites at 1000 °C showed peripheral oxidation (removal of the carbon content of the interphase) indicating limited protection afforded when glassy phase was present in the matrix. Controlled cooling in the hot press did not cause the liquid regions to devitrify.
Chloro­[hydro­tris(pyrazol-1-yl)borato]oxo(1H-pyrazole)vanadium(IV)

The title compound, [V(C9H10BN6)ClO(C3H4N2)] or TpVOCl(pzH), exists in the solid state as discrete mol­ecules with VIV in a psuedo-octa­hedral coordination geometry. The complex has three pyrazole units of the Tp ligand bound to one `face' of the vanadium center and chloro, oxo and pyrazole ligands bound to the other face. Bond lengths and angles are typical of structurally characterized complexes of known complexes of vanadium with substituted Tp ligands.
The Limits of Water Pumps

Water stress is a major problem affecting the future of human societies around the world, particularly in the rural areas of the developing world ([1][1], [2][2]). The Newsmakers article “Barren to lush” (2 May, p. 593) highlighted an award for the invention of a new manual pump used for
On the K-theory of algebras and polynomial extensions

If R is a commutative ring, a commutative finitely generated, augmened R-algebra A is called projective if there exists an algebra B such that A@R B=R[[x,, . . . . XJ , a polynomial ring over R. Tensor product defines an operation 1 on the category PA(R) of projective R-algebras. The &groups defined by this category are denoted by KAi(R) for i := 0, 1 [ 1, p. 344 and 2, p. 2X4] . The categoryP(R) of finitely generated projective R-modulus with 1 operation given by @, defines the classical K-groups Ki(R) [ 1, 5, and 61. If P is a projective R-module, the symmetric algebra S(P) is a projective R-algebra, and if A is a projective R-algebra with augmentation ideal I, then S(A) = I/I2 is a projective R module. These operations define natural transformations S : KLR) -5 k+(R) and S : ICAl(R) 4 Ki(R) with the property that SS : Ki + Ki is the identity. Denote by Y’i : R [x] + R the retraction defined by x = i for i = 0 or 1. Let KA,(xR [x] ) denote the kernel of i?$ : KA,(R [x] ) + KAi(R). The purpose of this paper is to prove the following:
Art as Aping: The Uses of Dialogism in Timur Kibirov’s: “To Igor’ Pomerantsev. Summer Reflections on the Fate of Belles Lettres”

Discussions of contemporary Russian poetry frequently mention an artistic movement that found its early practitioners in Russia in the 1960s and later came to be known as sotsart or conceptualism.' This paper will focus on a poem by Timur Kibirov, "To Igor' Pomerantsev. Summer Reflections on the Fate of Belles Lettres. Second Edition" ("Igoriu Pomerantsevu. Letnie razmyshleniia o sud'bakh iziashchnoi slovesnosti. Vtoraia redaktsiia"). In addition to being, arguably, the most popular poet of the 1990s in Russia, Kibirov is also one of the best-known (along with Dmitrii Prigov and Lev Rubinshtein) conceptualists.2 I will explore, with Kibirov's piece as an example, the mechanics of heteroglossia's comic (as well as serious) employment by a postmodernist school. First I will demonstrate that Mikhail Bakhtin's theory of heteroglossia provides a useful framework for the analysis of Kibirov's poem. Then I will show that the mechanics of heteroglossia's utilization by Kibirov somewhat differs from Bakhtin's schemes. I will proceed to argue that Kibirov's employment of dialogism for comic and parodic purposes should not overshadow a darker aspect of
Helpful hints for Hedgehog, flies and more

The primary aim of this book, Hedgehog Signaling Protocols , is to help Hedgehog researchers optimize their own practices, broaden their scope by adopting new methods and improve their understanding of more distant branches of the Hedgehog literature. The universally high quality of each chapter,
Isolation and characterization of prolactin from the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus

Abstract 1. 1. A prolactin-like hormone has been isolated from the pituitary of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus), by ultrafiltration and analytical chromatography on G-75 Sephadex. 2. 2. The hormone possessed biological activity in the Gillichthys xanthophore dispersion assay (Sage & Bern, 1971). 3. 3. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for mullet prolactin was developed and validated by comparison with biological activity data. Some immunological similarity between the ovine prolactin molecule and the mullet prolactin molecule was demonstrated by this radioimmunoassay. 4. 4. A molecular weight of 22,400 was indicated by the elution behavior of mullet prolactin from G-75 Sephadex.
(Il)Legitimate Language Skills and Membership: English Teachers' Perspectives on Early (English) Study Abroad Returnees in EFL Classrooms

Via globalization, an increasing number of young English language learners have gone to English-speaking countries to acquire English skills as early as possible. As a result, quite a number of learners have returned to their countries of origin with new sets of skills and competencies. Focusing on this new group of English learners, this study examined English language teachers' perspectives on these study abroad returnees with respect to their English skills and classroom participation. Fourteen English teachers in secondary schools in South Korea participated in this study through interviews. The results show that English teachers were somewhat dismissive of returnees' “advanced” or “communicative” English skills that do not comply with local curriculum requirements and assessment standards. This disparity together with returnees' particular difficulties in adopting local norms and classroom participation potentially demands new approaches in language teaching and assessment. The article discusses how to develop more globalization-responsive teaching practices to deal with the challenge brought by globalization in general and study abroad returnees in particular.
Quantification and assessment of urban surface reflection ratios and their effect on aerosol retrieval using high spatial resolution LANDSAT retrievals

In the standard MODIS Collection 5 aerosol retrieval algorithm, estimates of the surface albedo between the VIS and MIR channels must be made. Unfortunately, the operational model used is not suitable for urban areas and efforts to modify the required VIS-MIR surface spectral ratios for urban areas are needed to remove aerosol retrieval biases. To address these issues, we use results based on the ASRVN product to provide regionally tuned surface reflection ratios Using these values removes retrieval bias and improves resolution to 1.5 km. In addition, we note explore the relationships for multiple urban sites and illustrate a general correspondence between the surface reflection ratiosn and biases in AOD retrieval. Further validations of the surface reflection differences in urban areas are illustrated using high resolution LANDSAT 7 imagery for vegetation / urban boundaries.
O6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and sensitivity to procarbazine in human brain-tumor xenografts

✓ The level of O6-alkylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alkyltransferase (AT) was determined in 15 human brain-tumor xenografts in athymic mice. This enzyme is a primary intracellular repair mechanism for lesions produced at the O6 position of guanine by a wide range of alkylating agents, including nitrosoureas and procarbazine. Its activity ranged from undetectable in five tumor lines to 2338 fmol/mg protein in N-1941, a human glioblastoma xenograft. The sensitivity of 10 of these xenografts to procarbazine was determined and it was found that four of the five tumor lines with AT levels of more than 100 fmol/mg protein had growth delays after procarbazine treatment of less than 20 days, whereas all five lines with undetectable AT levels had growth delays of over 30 days. The primary cytotoxic DNA adduct produced by procarbazine (namely, O6-methylguanine) was found to be significantly higher in two sensitive lines with low AT levels than in a highly resistant line with a high AT level. These data sugge...