cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Measurement Models to Specification of Ultrasonic Inspections

for economic reasons, there is an increasing tendency to perform automated ultrasonic scans of near net-shaped forgings, which can have rather complex shapes, as opposed to inspection of simpler, sonic shapes, which typically have only planar inspection surfaces. A difficulty in the former approach is that the surface curvature of forgings causes the ultrasonic beam to focus or defocus within the component and, therefore, the ultrasonic sensitivity to internal defects changes as compared to inspection through a flat surface. It is certainly possible to account for this sensitivity variation by using curved calibration or reference blocks. However, a more convenient and cost effective approach is to use analytical models to predict the UT instrument gain corrections required for the curved surface inspections as compared to sensitivity levels measured from standard flat surface calibration blocks. This paper describes such models and their application to specification of ultrasonic inspection parameters for scanned ultrasonic inspection of curved forgings using both planar and focused transducers. Examples of these applications will be presented via case histories from the electric generation and aircraft engine industries.
Nanopipettes—The past and the present

Nanopipettes, characterized by nanoscale sized pores and simple fabrication techniques, are of increasing scientific interest due to their application in a variety of fields, including analytical chemistry, nanophysiology, molecular diagnostics, and cellular biology. Nanopipettes have been extensively used for the development of electrochemical biosensors, as they offer the combined advantage of nanoscale dimensions and the selectivity and sensitivity of conventional solid-state biosensors. Over the years, with advances in technology and the expansion of research interests, functionalized nanopipettes have been successfully employed for performing real-time quantitative measurement of changes within a single cell. They have also been routinely used to aspirate/inject attoliter to picoliter volumes at intracellular levels and have become the “go-to” tools for cutting-edge research in molecular and cell biology. The use of nanopipettes as probes for imaging soft materials through scanning probe microscope (SPM) techniques such as scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion-conductance microscopy has been widely explored. Advances in both the technical and theoretical aspects of nanopipette technology have a profound impact on early diagnosis and treatment of various diseases including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. In this review, we provide insights into the fabrication, morphological, and electrochemical characterization of the nanopipette and comprehensively discuss the various applications available in the literature of nanopipettes as sensing probes, monitoring probes for single cells, and SPMs.
Efficiency of pulsed-jet propulsion via thrust-drag decomposition

By using an axisymmetric immersed-boundary model, fluid dynamics of a cephalopod-inspired propeller undergoing periodic inflation–deflation deformation in background flow is numerically studied in a low Reynolds number regime. A thrust-drag decoupling method based on physical analysis is proposed, in which the jet-related thrust is obtained as the summation of three parts: the jet momentum flux, the normal stress at the exit plane, and the flow acceleration inside the body. This method enables the calculation of the propulsive efficiency, especially the efficiency at the steady-swimming state. Systematic simulations are then conducted to study the effects of the Reynolds number and stroke ratio on force generation and efficiency. Two Reynolds numbers, the incoming-flow Reynolds number R e ∞ and the jet-flow Reynolds number Rej, are involved. When R e ∞ is fixed, the thrust generation is found to depend mostly on jet-flow velocity at high Rej, while the effect of incoming-flow velocity is pronounced at relatively low Rej, mostly through its influence on the excessive pressure at the nozzle. Within the range of incoming-flow Reynolds number considered in this study (40–150), our results show that the whole-cycle propulsive efficiency of the propeller lies in the range of 11%–30%.
Function, Evolution, and Classification of Macromolecular Transport Systems

This chapter proposes a universal classification scheme for macromolecular transport systems based on the phylogeny of genes involved in transport and the sequence of events that led to the construction of each system. It focuses on the systems of gram-negative proteobacteria and their relatives in other prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The chapter concentrates on the terminal branches of the sec system along with the sec-independent transporters. It lays out current functional models and discusses evolutionary evidence and hypotheses for eight overarching types, making note of classification disagreements where appropriate. The chapter talks about on the type I secretion: the ATP-binding cassette transporters, type II secretion: the main terminal branch, type III secretion: contact-dependent systems, type IV secretion: conjugation- related systems, and type V secretion: the autotransporters, the chaperone/usher pathway, the alternate chaperone/ usher pathway, and the extracellular nucleation- precipitation pathway. In this chapter, the term "homology" is used to mean "similarity because of common ancestry". Thus, homology is always based on a hypothesis of common ancestry. Many studies presented in this chapter use tree-building techniques such as neighbor joining, which base the branching pattern of tree topology on measurements of aggregate sequence similarities. Confusion surrounding the classification of macromolecular transport systems is based on the lack of a standardized, logical, and systematic basis for nomenclature. Phylogenetic models can be put to work for investigation as good predictors of function that allow reasonable hypotheses to be generated and tested. In addition, many classification disagreements could be clarified by using an explicit and systematic phylogenetic system.
Selecting the Right Protein‐Scoring Matrix

Every program for searching protein sequences against a database includes a choice of a protein weight matrix, also called a scoring matrix. Weight matrices add sensitivity to the search, while statistical significance adds selectivity. Virtually every user chooses the default, typically PAM 250 or BLOSUM62. Despite the fact that the choice of matrix can strongly influence the outcome of the analysis, most users do not know why a particular matrix should be used. In general, scoring matrices implicitly represent a particular theory of protein sequence evolution. Understanding the assumptions underlying the PAM and BLOSUM scoring matrices can aid in making the proper choice. The purpose of this unit is to guide the choice of a scoring matrix. It covers the selection of PAM matrices, BLOSUM matrices and provides a brief overview of the wide variety of specialized scoring matrices.
Cell adhesion regulates pro-alpha 1(I) collagen mRNA stability and transcription in mouse fibroblasts.

Adhesive interactions are important modulators of cellular phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated that quiescent, suspension-arrested cells are not equivalent to density-arrested cells in their patterns of gene expression (Dhawan, J., and Farmer, S.R. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9015-9021). In particular, pro-alpha 1(I) collagen expression depended strongly on the extent of cell adhesion. In this paper, we demonstrate that the adhesion-induced rise in collagen gene expression is due to regulation at multiple levels. Steady state levels of pro-alpha 1(I) collagen mRNA increased up to 10-fold by 6 h after replating suspended cells, and this rise is blocked by inhibition of protein synthesis. Transcription of the pro-alpha 1(I) collagen gene was measured by run-on assay as well as by activation of a rat alpha 1(I) promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene construct. Both assays reveal a 5-fold depression of pro-alpha 1(I) collagen gene transcription in suspended cells. Reattachment of suspended cells resulted in the activation of alpha 1(I) gene transcription by 2-h postreplating, reaching a 3-5-fold level of induction by 18 h. The pro-alpha 1(I) collagen mRNA was substantially more labile in suspended cells than in adherent cells (t1/2 values of approximately 2 h in nonadherent cells and greater than 8 h in exponentially growing or density-arrested cells). Furthermore, reattachment of suspended cells for 18 h resulted in a stabilization of collagen mRNA. We conclude that cell adhesion regulates pro-alpha 1(I) collagen gene expression selectively and at transcriptional and posttranscriptional sites.
Developing a goodness criteria for tide predictions based on fuzzy preference ranking

The paper deals with the developing of the tool to measure quality of predictions of water levels in estuaries and shallow waters of the Gulf of Mexico, when tide charts cannot provide reliable predictions. In future this goodness criteria of predictions will be applied to different regions.
Is humor the best medicine? The buffering effect of coping humor on traumatic stressors in firefighters

Summary Although our understanding of workplace stressors has grown across the past 30 years, this research has generally ignored traumatic workplace stressors. This is a serious omission, given that many occupations (e.g., firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and police) are frequently exposed to traumatic stressors. As such, the first purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of exposure to traumatic stressors in firefighters. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, and absenteeism were investigated as cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. Additionally, we sought to investigate coping humor as a mechanism for dealing with traumatic stressors. We frame these expectations by discussing humor from a transactional theory of emotion/coping perspective, as well as through humor's social bonding feature and its ability to combat the physiological impact of stressors. We surveyed 179 firefighters at two time points on relevant variables, with dependent variables collected at Time 2. The results indicated that traumatic events significantly predicted burnout, PTSD, and absenteeism and that coping humor buffered this relationship for burnout and PTSD. We discuss the implications of these findings and call for more research investigating occupations in which traumatic stressors are a concern, as well as for more integration of humor into the workplace literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phospholipase C activity in NCB-20 cells is inhibited by protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins.

We have previously shown that bradykinin-induced production of second messengers such as inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol in neurotumor cells is inhibited by raising cellular cyclic AMP levels, which in turn inhibit phospholipase C. A monoclonal antibody to phospholipase C-II immunoprecipitated the 140-kDa form of phospholipase C-II from [35S]methionine/[3H]eucine-labeled cells, but not [32P]orthophosphate-labeled phospholipase C-II, following treatment with either forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. This suggested that phospholipase C is not the target for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation. In vitro studies confirmed that phospholipase C activity was inhibited by raising cellular cAMP levels, and partial sensitivity to Bordetella pertussis toxin suggested the involvement of a GTP-binding protein which could be the target for protein kinase A. The involvement of a GTP-binding protein in coupling the bradykinin receptor to phospholipase C was further suggested by the ability of both guanosine 5'-O-(thio-triphosphate) and fluoride (NaF) to release inositol phosphates from NCB-20 cell membranes previously labeled with [3H]inositol. Both effects were blocked by pretreatment of the cells with protein kinase A activators, further suggesting a GTP-binding protein as the target for protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation. When whole NCB-20 cell extracts were blotted onto nitrocellulose and incubated with [alpha- 32P]GTP, a major 24-kDa band plus minor bands at 22 and 20 kDa were revealed by autoradiography. A pH 3.0/6.0 soluble (basic protein) NCB-20 cell extract revealed the major 24-kDa band plus the 20-kDa band, and similar basic proteins were shown to be heavily phosphorylated following [32P]orthophosphate labeling and pretreatment with forskolin. The size and ability to bind GTP on Western blots are characteristic of the ras, rho, smg, etc. family of GTP-binding proteins recently suggested to be the much sought after GPLC (Lapetina, E.G., Lacal, J. C., Reep, B. R., and Molina y Vedia, L. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 3131-3134; Wang, P., Nishihata, J., Takabori, E., Yamamoto, K., Toyoshima, S., and Osawa, T. (1989) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 105, 461-466; Nagata, K.-I., Nagao, S., and Nozawa, Y. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 160, 235-242). We propose that GPLC is uniquely sensitive to protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and that phosphorylation inhibits stimulus-secretion coupling in these cells.
Incorporation of dietary n-3 fatty acids into the fatty acids of human adipose tissue and plasma lipid classes

The consumption of n-3 fatty acids from seafood has been related to a lower incidence of coronary artery disease. Adipose tissue composition has served as a biological marker of chronic ingestion of many dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into the fat depots has not been studied in humans. Daily dietary supplementation with > or = 10 g n-3 fatty acids from fish oil for > 12 mo resulted in significantly greater 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3 concentrations in fatty acids of adipose tissue, and a greater 20: 5n-3 fatty acid content in plasma lipid classes (cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and free fatty acids) of supplemented subjects compared with nonsupplemented control subjects. Combined values for all subjects indicated that fatty acid concentrations of n-3 plasma lipid classes, including 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, and total n-3, significantly correlated with corresponding concentrations of fatty acids in adipose tissue. These findings indicate that the long-term ingestion of large amounts of n-3 fatty acids in humans resulted in their incorporation into the adipose tissue fatty acids. Incorporation of the fatty acids into adipose tissue warrants consideration for use in clinical studies requiring precise documentation of long-term n-3 fatty acid consumption.
Small group adaptation to unprogrammed change

Abstract One of the least understood phenomena in task-oriented team performance is the manner of adjustment to unprogrammed changes. These may be defined as changes emanating from forces exogenous to the group or as a result of unanticipated forces within the group. This study investigated the way in which teams detect and compensate for such changes. Through an introduction of experimental confederates into task-oriented work teams, it was possible to manipulate various aspects of the adjustmental process and to determine that the nature of the change and the pattern of attack on the problem employed by the team influenced their ability to adjust to unprogrammed change. There were no significant effects on adjustment found attributable to variations in the number of successful applications of an original decision rule. Nor was any effect found which could be ascribed to the interaction of the nature of the deviation from the original rule and the number of successful applications of the rule. Team success in developing compensatory decision rules when confronted with unprogrammed change was correlated with the case of development of the original decision rule. No evidence of a relationship between absolute scores on the flexibility scale of the California Psychological Inventory and role taken by individual team members was found.
Beyond irrelevant actions: Understanding the role of intentionality in children’s imitation of relevant actions

Abstract The current research examines how 3- to 5-year-old children use intentionality to understand the causal structure of objects in an observational learning context. Two studies are presented in which the intentionality of relevant actions was manipulated during toy retrieval demonstrations and contrasted with whether these actions remained relevant or were rendered irrelevant for the child’s turn. Of interest were whether children would imitate the first action when it was demonstrated intentionally but rendered irrelevant and how they would approach the first action when it was demonstrated accidentally and remained relevant. Findings revealed that children did not align themselves with the demonstrator’s intentions in Study 1, when apparatuses were transparent, but did follow the demonstrator’s intentions in Study 2, when apparatuses were opaque. This suggests that when causality of relevant actions is unambiguous, children use their own causal reasoning abilities, but ambiguous causal structure prompts children to defer to a demonstrator. It is suggested that opaque relevant actions may represent a real life parallel to irrelevant actions, the imitation of which is motivated by inherent ambiguity.
Dynamics of the KrF* Laser Multiphoton Dissociation of a Series of Arene Chromium Tricarbonyls

The KrF* (248 nim) laser multiphoton dissociation (MPD) of a series of (arene)chromium tricarbonyls has been investigated in the gas-phase using emission spectroscopy to detect the excited state photoproducts. In the MPD of all compounds studied, chromium atoms are formed in a variety of electronically excited states via a two-channel dissociation mechanism. The predominant pathway for formation of the ground electronic state and the lowest excited states is by a sequential absorption/fragmentation process, where the product of the one-photon dissociation of the parent molecule absorbs an additional photon and dissociates to Cr(I). The higher energy Cr(I) states are formed exclusively by a direct dissociation process, where the parent absorbs multiple photons prior to dissociation. The distribution of excited chromium atoms formed in the direct channel is statistical for all compounds studied and is independent of the nature of the arene ligand. In contrast, the distribution of Cr(I) states formed via the sequential dissociation channel is strongly dependent on the vibrational density of states in the arene ligand.
Survey of Aflatoxin contamination in peanut products in Taiwan from 1997 to 2011

Abstract Aflatoxins are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds that contaminate various types of foods and feedstuffs. The aflatoxin levels in various kinds of peanut products in Taiwan were surveyed during the recent decade. A total of 1827 commercial peanut products were collected from different regions of Taiwan from 1997 to 2011. The samples were cleaned by immunoaffinity columns and analyzed for aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Aflatoxins were detected in 32.7% of samples with levels ranging from 0.2 μg/kg to 513.4 μg/kg. Peanut butter had the highest aflatoxin-positive incidence, followed by peanut flour, peanut candy, rice syrup, and peanuts. In addition, 6.8% of the samples had total aflatoxin concentrations (i.e., the sum of B 1 + B 2 + G 1 + G 2 ) that were higher than the Taiwan regulatory limit of 15 μg/kg. Among the aflatoxin-positive samples, aflatoxin B 1 had the highest frequency of detection, followed by aflatoxin B 2 , aflatoxin G 2 , and aflatoxin G 1 . This longterm survey provides valuable information on aflatoxin contamination in peanut products marketed in Taiwan.
Relationship between the WRAT and WRAT-R

Level II of the Wide Range Achievement Test and the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised were administered to 45 subjects. The results indicated that the WRAT-R standard scores were significantly lower (8–11 points) than the WRAT Standard scores for Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic. Correlations between the standard scores of the two tests were .98, .97, and .79 for Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic, respectively. Reasons for the lower arithmetic correlation are discussed. Vocational and guidance counselors, school psychologists, and other users should consider these findings when using WRAT and WRAT-R scores in making academic/vocational or other placement decisions. The WRAT-R should be used as a screening, not diagnostic, instrument for academic problems.
Line-frequency measurements and analysis of N(2)O between 900 and 4700 cm(-1).

The N2O infrared spectrum from 900 to 4700/cm has been studied with a high-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer. Measurements were made of line frequencies of several N2O isotopes for several ground-state and hot bands. These bands include the 1530-0330, 2330-0330, 0441-0440, 0441-0330, 0531-0330, and 1331-0330 bands of (N-14)2(O-16). Also, perturbation-enhanced transitions in the 0710-0110 and 0730-0110 bands were assigned and measured. The frequencies have been analyzed to obtain a unique set of effective vibration-rotation parameters for each vibrational state. The results obtained from this research are of high accuracy for the ground-state, and the first-excited-state bands of (N-14)2(O-16), in which the computed frequencies derived from the least-squares fits, are known to an absolute uncertainty of only +/-4 x 10 exp -5 for nonperturbed transitions.
Prediction of the concentration pdf for evaporating sprays

Abstract A model of an evaporating spray is proposed in which each droplet deposits vapor along a linear trajectory through a quiescent host gas. Assuming a random spatial distribution of trajectories and a Gaussian radial concentration profile about each trajectory, relationships are derived between the probability density function (pdf) for concentration and parameters governing individual-droplet processes. These results provide an efficient method for computing the pdf numerically. Furthermore, several distinctive features are predicted, including the occurrence of a plateau in the pdf at the instant of transition from a monotonic to a unimodal functional form.
The Complicated Question of Anticoagulation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Time to Get Some Simple Answers

According to Dr Seuss, “Sometimes the questions are complicated and the answers are simple.” However, when practitioners are asked if anticoagulation is beneficial in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), it is the question that is simple and the answer that is quite complicated. The histology of PAH is characterized by plexiform lesions, vasoconstriction, medial hypertrophy, intimal hyperplasia, perivascular inflammation, and thrombotic lesions within the pulmonary vasculature. The aetiology of these pathologic lesions remains unclear but has been associated with drug exposures, genetic mutations, and other systemic diseases including cirrhosis, HIV, and collagen vascular diseases. Despite the diverse risk factors for the development of PAH, the therapeutic options currently available have focused on pulmonary vasodilation and improvement in right ventricular function. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antiinflammatory and antiproliferative agents have failed to show clinical benefit or decrease the vascular remodelling seen in PAH. Although pulmonary vasodilators have contributed to an improved prognosis in PAH, 1-year mortality rates remain considerable at 7%-17%. Additionally, mortality differs between phenotypes of PAH, and most particularly is worse in scleroderma-associated PAH. In this setting, efforts to define optimum pharmacotherapy in PAH and individualize therapy based on clinical phenotype are important tasks facing PAH providers. One potential therapeutic approach that has remained somewhat controversial is the use of warfarin and anticoagulation in PAH. In 1992, Rich and colleagues found survival was significantly better in patients given anticoagulation when concurrent therapies with calcium channel blockers were examined. Although these patients were not randomized nor was anticoagulation the primary intervention,
Aging: An important factor for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

Aging is a natural process that is defined as a progressive deterioration of biological functions after the organism has attained its maximal reproductive competence. Aging leads to the accumulation of disabilities and diseases that limit normal body functions and is a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Many neurodegenerative diseases share oxidative stress and nitrosative stress as common terminal processes. According to free radical theory of aging, an elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) damages neural membranes and induces oxidative and nitrosative stress. The increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress is accompanied by the concomitant decline in cognitive and motor performance in the elderly population, even in the absence of neurodegenerative diseases. Markedly increased rates of oxidative and nitrosative stress are the major factors associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Diet is a key environmental factor that affects the incidence of chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Dietary supplementation with polyphenols, resveratrol, ginkgo biloba, curcumin, ferulic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, and n-3 fatty acids exerts beneficial effects not only through the scavenging of free radicals, but also by modulating signal transduction, gene expression, and restoring optimal neuronal communication.
Minimal point second order designs

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of finding nearly D -optimal designs for multivariate quadratic regression on a cube which take as few observations as possible and still allow estimation of all parameters. It is shown that among the class of all such designs taking as many observations as possible on the corners of the cube there is one which is asymptotically efficient as the dimension of the cube increases. Methods for constructing designs in this class, using balanced arrays, are given. It is shown that the designs so constructed for dimensions ≤6 compare well with existing computer generated designs, and in dimensions 5 and 6 are better than those in literature prior to 1978.
Active site dynamics of the HhaI methyltransferase: insights from computer simulation.

A molecular dynamics study was performed on the DNA methyltransferase M. Hha I in a ternary complex with DNA and AdoMet in solution. Methylation involves addition of the Cys81 sulfhydryl anion to the 6-position of Cyt18, followed by a nucleophilic attack of the resultant carbanion at C5 on the AdoMet methyl group. It was found in this simulation that the distances between the sulfhydryl group (SG) of Cys81 to the C6 of Cyt18 (SG-C6) and methyl carbon (CH3) of AdoMet to the C5 of cytosine (CH3-C5) are dependent on the dihedral angle chi (O4'-C1'-N1-C2) of the nucleotide. When the chi angle of Cyt18 is low ( -80 degrees) for the target cytosine residue reduces the distances for both SG-C6 and CH3-C5, and the angles formed between the cytosine ring and AdoMet correspond well to values for the transition state structures formed during methylation of cytosine from ab initio calculations. Two possible proton sources for protonation of N3 of the cytosine residue upon formation of the covalent intermediate were found in the simulation. The protonated amine group of AdoMet could provide a proton via a water bridge, or Arg163 could also be the source of the proton for N3 via a water bridge. The simulation provides insights into how the H5 of cytosine could go from the active site into solvent. Conserved residues Asn304 and Gln82 stabilize a water network within the active site of M. Hha I which provides a route for H5 to diffuse into bulk solvent. An initially distant water molecule was able to diffuse into the active site of the enzyme and replace a position of a crystallographic water molecule in close proximity to the C5 of cytosine. The movement of this water molecule showed that a channel exists between Gln82 and the AdoMet in M. Hha I which allows both water and protons to easily gain access to the active site of the enzyme.
How Thin Is Foil? Applying Density to Find the Thickness of Aluminum Foil

ABSTRACT In this activity, I show how high school students apply their knowledge of density to solve an unknown variable, such as thickness. Students leave this activity with a better understanding of density, the knowledge that density is a characteristic property of a given substance, and the ways density can be measured.
Enzymatic corn wet milling: engineering process and cost model

Background Enzymatic corn wet milling (E-milling) is a process derived from conventional wet milling for the recovery and purification of starch and co-products using proteases to eliminate the need for sulfites and decrease the steeping time. In 2006, the total starch production in USA by conventional wet milling equaled 23 billion kilograms, including modified starches and starches used for sweeteners and ethanol production [1]. Process engineering and cost models for an E-milling process have been developed for a processing plant with a capacity of 2.54 million kg of corn per day (100,000 bu/day). These models are based on the previously published models for a traditional wet milling plant with the same capacity. The E-milling process includes grain cleaning, pretreatment, enzymatic treatment, germ separation and recovery, fiber separation and recovery, gluten separation and recovery and starch separation. Information for the development of the conventional models was obtained from a variety of technical sources including commercial wet milling companies, industry experts and equipment suppliers. Additional information for the present models was obtained from our own experience with the development of the E-milling process and trials in the laboratory and at the pilot plant scale. The models were developed using process and cost simulation software (SuperPro Designer®) and include processing information such as composition and flow rates of the various process streams, descriptions of the various unit operations and detailed breakdowns of the operating and capital cost of the facility.
Magnetic moments of heavy quarks and leptons

Theoretical arguments suggest that if quarks and leptons are composite objects, the heavy species have relatively large anomalous magnetic moments. We analyze some possible experiments in which anomalous magnetic moments of heavy quarks and leptons could be measured; the angular distribution of heavy-fermion pair production in electron-positron annihilation turns out to be sensitive to the existence of anomalous moments. According to a crude analysis, nonvanishing anomalous magnetic moments of heavy quarks and leptons are compatible with the presently available data from SLAC and DESY.
MOEMS integrated optical monitoring

For certain classes of MEMS, implementation of closed loop feedback control and system model-based fault detection offer significant performance advantages. Such systems include those in safety critical applications and systems in which dynamic loads are anticipated. Detailed continuous knowledge of the positional state of the microstructure is needed in order for accurate system models to be developed and experimentally verified, control techniques to be effectively applied, and model based fault detection evaluated. Moreover, this positional state information must be fully decoupled from the microstructure voltage drive signal. This paper reviews the group's current efforts exploring the use of integrated optics to provide this MEMS state feedback information and the merits and challenges of its application for microstructure control and fault detection. Modeling and experimental results using a 1.3 micron wavelength coherent optical probe for optical state monitoring will be presented including work integrating the probe optics within a folded diffractive optical element coplanar with MEMS die. Use of this signal in system model parameter estimation and real-time position control of a lateral comb resonator stage will be demonstrated and the potential for application to MEMS model-based fault detection discussed.
Enchondroma resulting from loss of a Stk11-dependent switch of proliferative chondrocytes to a postmitotic fate

Stk11 (also known as liver kinase b1 (Lkb1)) is a serine-threonine protein kinase that acts upstream of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family in coupling energy homeostasis to cell growth, proliferation and survival. Through chondrocyte-specific removal of Lkb1 activity, we showed that Stk11 is required for the normal switch of mitotic chondrocytes to a postmitotic hypertrophic chondrocyte fate. Consequently, it led to a dramatic overgrowth of the growth plate in the Stk11-mutant postnatal skeletal elements. To determine the molecular mechanisms underlying Stk11 action, we examined the mTOR pathway, which is inhibited through AMPK in growth regulation. Strikingly, rapamycin treatment of the pregnant mouse was able to rescue the delay in chondrocyte hypertrophy in Stk11-mutant embryos, suggesting that Stk11 inhibition of mTOR signaling is critical for the switch in chondrocyte fate. Since the dramatic overgrowth of the growth plate is characteristic of enchondroma, we also examined the tumorigenicity of the mutant chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo . In contrast to wild-type chondrocytes isolated from the postnatal day-30 growth plate, Stk11-mutant chondrocytes proliferated and formed colonies in monolayer and anchorage-independent agar cultures, indicative of a neoplastic transformation in vitro . Similarly, allotransplantation of mutant chondrocytes into immune-deficient NOG mice also resulted in tumor formation in vivo . Gene Ontology analysis of gene expression profiles indicated an augmented activity of cell proliferation and cell cycle regulators within the enchondroma-chondrocyte population compared to chondrocytes in the normal growth plate. Taken together, these data demonstrated an unexpected role of Stk11 in balancing proliferative and nonproliferative hypertrophic states of chondrocyte development through the regulation of mTOR signaling. Stk11 is a known tumor suppressor; our findings raise the possibility that loss of Stk11 may play a role in human enchondroma, a possibility that we are investigating.
Delayed feedback control of chaos for arbitrary delays analyzed with the spectral element method

The spectral element approach is applied for the first time to the control of chaos with arbitrary control delays. Three important cases are explored using the spectral approach: half-period delayed feedback control (DFC), control loop latency in DFC and extended delay feedback control (EDFC), and steady state control using multiple delay feedback control (MDFC). These cases are explored in self-excited, chaotic systems, and the Floquet exponents calculated using the spectral approach compare well with published results and numerical simulations.
International migration of the highly skilled: Economics, ethics and taxes

The analysis of the consequences of highly skilled migration across countries has recently moved into novel economic legal and social areas of intellectual inquiry. However progress in the scientific pursuit of these questions and their possible implications has been handicapped partly by the rigid mental and emotional reflexes of some of the economists who actively participated in the early postwar debate on the consequences of brain drain and who evidently seem to fear that the newly burgeoning interest in the subject somehow breathes life into a public policy issue that they had hoped to have successfully buried. However part of the explanation lies also in the fact that the new developments have resulted almost entirely as a result of advocacy economics in the form of a proposal advanced by the author to tax brain drain in the shape of a supplementary income tax to be paid by the highly skilled migrants from the poor countries on their incomes in the developed countries. This proposal has economic ethical tax-legal human rights sociological and political implications and has therefore proved to be a powerful stimulus in opening up afresh what was until recently a rather moribund field of inquiry. But it has also correspondingly tended to provoke more heat than light. (excerpt)
Acid-base studies with deuterium oxide.

A detailed treatment is given of recent developments in the field of acid-base studies, with emphasis on the particular contributions of studies in D/ sub 2/0 to problems of acidbase catalysis. Discussion is mostly restricted to acid catalysis and is given in terms of the bimolecular mechanisms. Rate laws are given in concentration units. However, predictions for both acid and base catalysis are summarized. (P.C.H.)
TU-A-18C-01: ACR Accreditation Updates in CT, Ultrasound, Mammography and MRI

A goal of an imaging accreditation program is to ensure adequate image quality, verify appropriate staff qualifications, and to assure patient and personnel safety. Currently, more than 35,000 facilities in 10 modalities have been accredited by the American College of Radiology (ACR), making the ACR program one of the most prolific accreditation options in the U.S. In addition, the ACR is one of the accepted accreditations required by some state laws, CMS/MIPPA insurance and others. Familiarity with the ACR accreditation process is therefore essential to clinical diagnostic medical physicists. Maintaining sufficient knowledge of the ACR program must include keeping up-to-date as the various modality requirements are refined to better serve the goals of the program and to accommodate newer technologies and practices. This session consists of presentations from authorities in four ACR accreditation modality programs, including magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, ultrasound, and computed tomography. Each speaker will discuss the general components of the modality program and address any recent changes to the requirements. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the requirements of the ACR MR accreditation program. The discussion will include accreditation of whole-body general purpose magnets, dedicated extremity systems well as breast MRI accreditation. Anticipated updates to the ACR MRI Quality Control Manual will also be reviewed. 2. To understand the current ACR MAP Accreditation requirement and present the concepts and structure of the forthcoming ACR Digital Mammography QC Manual and Program. 3. To understand the new requirements of the ACR ultrasound accreditation program, and roles the physicist can play in annual equipment surveys and setting up and supervising the routine QC program. 4. To understand the requirements of the ACR CT accreditation program, including updates to the QC manual as well as updates through the FAQ process.
Radioimmunoassay of Epidermal Growth Factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a biologically active polypeptide extracted from male mouse submaxillary glands. It exists either alone or complexed with an arginine esterase. It causes generalized epidermal growth and keratinization in the immature mouse and results in precocious tooth eruption and eye-opening that are the basis for an EGF bioassay. EGF is also active in a variety of epithelial tissues from several other species. A rapid and sensitive solid phase radioimmunoassay for EGF has been developed in which rabbit antibody to EGF was adsorbed onto the walls of nylon vessels. After 24 hr of incubation, 125I-labeled EGF was displaced by as little as 30 pg of unlabeled EGF. There was no cross-reaction with the arginine esterase; mouse nerve growth factor; rat growth hormone or prolactin; human growth hormone, ACTH, FSH, LH or TSH; beef or pork insulin; or angiotensin I. Immunoreactive EGF concentrations in submaxillary glands of immature, 15-dayold male mice were very low (0.016 ng/mg of wet tissue...
Cross reactions in skin tests between house dust mite extract and feather extract

Summary Of 248 patients skin tested with house dust mite extract and feather extract 102 gave reactions with both, thirty-one with mite extract alone and four with feather extract alone. It is believed that nearly all the reactions to feathers were due to mite allergens in the feather extract. As the extract was not made from feathers from old upholstery it is suggested that the reactions might be due to a poultry mite having cross-antigenicity with the house dust mite.
Fracture behavior of pervious concretes: The effects of pore structure and fibers

Abstract The fracture response of pervious concrete specimens proportioned for different porosities, as a function of the pore structure features and fiber volume fraction, is studied. Stereological and morphological methods are used to extract the relevant pore structure features of pervious concretes from planar images. A two-parameter fracture model is used to obtain the mode I stress intensity factor (fracture toughness) and the critical crack tip opening displacement of notched beams under three-point bending. The experimental results show that the fracture toughness is primarily dependent on the porosity of pervious concretes. For a similar porosity, an increase in pore size results in a reduction in fracture toughness. At similar pore sizes, the effect of fibers on the post-peak response is more prominent in mixtures with a higher porosity, as shown by the residual load capacity, stress–crack extension relationships, and resistance curves. These effects are explained using the mean free spacing of pores and pore-to-pore tortuosity in these systems. A sensitivity analysis is employed to quantify the influence of material design parameters on fracture toughness.
Misconceptions about patellofemoral resurfacing in total knee replacement

mation is minimized and more uniform load transmission occurs. Metal backing provides a surface for secure and durable biological fixation. The metal-backed patella consist of a cancellous structured t i tanium porous sintered to a t i tanium base. The metal backing should support the polyethylene circumferentially. The addition of three smooth pegs ensures initial stability without stress shielding and allows for easy, bone-sparing revisions. We feel that application of a bone slurry of autogenous cancellous bone to the cut surface of the bone is an integral step in achieving cementless fixation [3]. We have shown that the bone slurry increases the initial contact of the metal backing to the cut bone surface, recreating a new subchondral plate. Through osteoinduction and osteoconduction, bone slurry application promotes and reliably achieves durable bony ingrowth and ongrowth over the porous coating. A microradiographic analysis of postmortem retrievals of patellas indicated that 84 ± 12% of the porous coating was in direct contact with bone [4]. Backscattered electron image analysis showed the bone ingrowth measured 13 ± 10%, which confirmed that reproducible bone ongrowth and ingrowth can be achieved in clinically functioning porous-coated metal-backed patellar components. Allpolyethylene patellas are standard for the fully cemented knee. A recent 6to 10-year retrospective review of 302 consecutive cementless TKAs, using the modified domeshaped metal-backed patella, indicated a 96% patellar survivorship [5]. There was no lucency or loosening. These results contrast strongly with those of earlier metal-backed designs, and compare favorably with cemented all-polyethylene patellae. Our results are also better than the reported results of unresurfaced patellas. This is accomplished with the dome-shaped patella that articulates with a deep-dished trochlear grooved asymmetrical femoral component. Patellofemoral forces are further minimized by medializing the patellar component such that it matches the patient's anatomic high point, maintaining limb alignment at 6 ° of valgus and optimizing patellar tracking. In summary, improvements in implant design, instrumentation, and surgical technique allow reproducible and excellent results with patellar resurfacing performed with or without cement.
Variations in Faculty Work at Research Universities: Implications for State and Institutional Policy

Many higher education policies assume that the variation between institutional types is relatively large but that institutions within types are relatively homogeneous. Using case studies, this article explores the substantial variation in faculty work within one institutional type--research universities. We examine the implications of this variation for state policies designed to improve teaching and learning, and for institutional policies meant to achieve a better balance between teaching, research, and service.
Regulation of glioma cell migration by serine-phosphorylated P311.

P311, an 8-kDa polypeptide, was previously shown to be highly expressed in invasive glioma cells. Here, we report the functional characteristics of P311 with regard to influencing glioma cell migration. P311 is constitutively serine-phosphorylated; decreased phosphorylation is observed in migration-activated glioma cells. The primary amino acid sequence of P311 indicates a putative serine phosphorylation site (S59) near the PEST domain. Site-directed mutagenesis of S59A retarded P311 degradation and induced glioma cell motility. In contrast, S59D mutation resulted in the rapid degradation of P311 and reduced glioma cell migration. Coimmunoprecipitation coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis identified Filamin A as a binding partner of P311, and immunofluorescence studies showed that both proteins colocalized at the cell periphery. Moreover, P311-induced cell migration was abrogated by inhibition of β1 integrin function using TACβ1A, a dominant-negative inhibitor of β1 integrin signaling, suggesting that P311 acts downstream of β1 signaling. Finally, overexpression of P311 or P311 S59A mutant protein activates Rac1 GTPase; small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Rac1 suppresses P311-induced motility. Collectively, these results suggest a role for levels of P311 in regulating glioma motility and invasion through the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton at the cell periphery.
Crystallographic texture evolution in bulk deformation processing of FCC metals

Abstract A Taylor-type polycrystalline model, together with a new fully-implicit time-integration scheme has been developed and implemented in a finite element program to simulate the evolution of crystallographic texture during bulk deformation processing of face centered cubic metals deforming by crystallographic slip. The constitutive equations include a new equation for the evolution of slip system deformation resistance which leads to macroscopic strain hardening behavior that is in good accord with experiments performed on OFHC copper. The good predictive capabilities of the constitutive equations and the time-integration procedure for simulating the stress-strain behavior and the evolution of texture under both homogeneous and non-homogeneous deformation conditions are demonstrated by comparing numerical simulations against experimental measurements in simple shear and a simple plane-strain forging experiment on copper.
Mobile Phones in Romantic Relationships and the Dialectic of Autonomy Versus Connection

This study investigates cell phones in perceptions of autonomy and connection within the romantic relationships of college students. Self-report measures of rules for cell phone use, cell phone conflicts and their management, and perceptions of autonomy vs. connection were administered. Results revealed the use of cell phones was a source of autonomy-connection conflict, with higher levels of tension related to more conflict over quantity of calling and texting and over use with the opposite sex. Commonly reported rules pertained to timing of calls and texts, although many reported no rules. Selection and Neutralization were employed to address the dialectical tension.