cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faulting and Effects of Associated Shaking at Pisgah Crater Volcano Caused by the 16 October 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake (Mw 7.1), Central Mojave Desert, California

A 240-m-long zone of left-stepping fractures and scarps was mapped on 23 and 24 October 1999 on the east flank of the main cinder cone at Pisgah Crater volcano about halfway between the north end of the surface rupture, as mapped by other investigators, and highway I-40. The Pisgah Crater fractures are faults, not slump features, although undoubted slumps and shallow slides are present and abundant nearby. The free faces of the scarps range from 10 to 80 cm high; evidence of strike-slip was not observed. The scarps are at the base of an erosion-scarred, 2-m-high bench in the cone slope, that suggests the cone has been faulted previously. Indicators of strong motion associated with the Hector Mine earthquake include shattered earth and tossed ground, extensive collapse of oversteepened quarry slopes, and slumping of waste dump slopes, quarry cuts, and gully banks. A 1000-kg boulder that rested on a nearly flat surface was displaced 10 cm southward from its original position within its socket. Extensive sand slips on angle-of-repose slopes, expulsion of dust and silt from compacting cinders, local collapse of lava tubes, and dislodgment of precariously balanced boulders from quarry faces were also seen. Taken together, our observations suggest that strong motion associated with the Hector Mine earthquake on Pisgah Crater was nearly thrice the 0.33 g measured elsewhere by other investigators.
A Wideband Millimeter-Wave Frequency Synthesis Architecture Using Multi-Order Harmonic-Synthesis and Variable $N$ -Push Frequency Multiplication

This paper proposes an architecture and design approach for the realization of wideband millimeter-wave frequency synthesizers. This architecture uses two-step multi-order harmonic generation of a low frequency phase-locked signal to generate wideband millimeter-wave frequencies. The first step is implemented using a multi-order digital harmonic synthesis block combined with a multi-phase injection-locked oscillator. A variable N-push frequency multiplier uses the output of the oscillator to implement the second harmonic generation step. A prototype of the proposed system is designed and fabricated in 90 nm CMOS technology. Measurements show that using a phase-locked input signal of 1-1.43 GHz, the system can provide an output which covers the frequency range of 5-32 GHz. This represents a tuning bandwidth of 27 GHz with a tuning range of 146%. The measured phase noise at 1 MHz offset is -116 dBc/Hz and -99 dBc/Hz at 5 GHz and 32 GHz, respectively.
ALL IN: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE VOTING ON INTERNET GAMBLING RESTRICTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

In 2006, the U.S. Congress passed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) which prohibited financial institutions from processing transactions arising from online gaming activities, thereby severely hindering U.S. residents from participating in online casino games, primarily poker. Enactment of this legislation followed lobbying and political pressure from a variety of interest groups. By examining House roll call votes, we identify empirically the sources of political influence that resulted in passage of the internet gambling legislation. We find that party affiliation was of primary importance, with Republicans more likely to vote in favor of the bill. The percentage of constituents who are Evangelical Christians and also the number of gambling establishments in the district were positively associated with votes for the bill. However, contributions from the gaming industry decreased the probability a congressman would vote for the bill. (JEL D72, L83)
A machine learning approach to the automatic synthesis of mechanistic knowledge for engineering decision-making

Inductive learning is proposed as a tool for synthesizing domain knowledge from data generated by a model-based simulator. In order to use an inductive engine to generate decision rules, the pre-classification process becomes more complicated in the presence of multiple competing objectives. Instead of relying on a domain expert to perform this pre-classification task, a clustering algorithm is used to eliminate human biases involved in the selection of a classification function for pre-classification. It is shown that the use of a clustering algorithm for pre-classification not only further automates the process of knowledge by synthesizing, but also improves the quality of the rules generated by the inductive engine.
Summer Break: Time Away From the Classroom-Time for Professional Development

For some, a busy school year schedule can make it difficult to find time for professional development. If that scenario describes your situation, consider attending MENC’s (the National Association for Music Education) Music Education Week (MEW 2011). Between June 24 and 28, MENC is sponsoring a series of 2-day academies—11 in all—to provide participants with an in-depth exploration of topics in their specific teaching area (i.e., general music, instrumental, choral, jazz). Planned by the Society for General Music (SGM) in conjunction with MENC’s Early Childhood Special Research Interest Group (SRIG), the General Music Academy, From the Beginning and Beyond: Building a Foundation for Music Learning, Birth to Age 8+, will focus on music in early childhood and the transition into the middle-elementary years. Over the course of 2 days (Monday, June 27, and Tuesday, June 28, 2011), sessions will explore music development in the areas of singing/chanting, playing, listening, moving, and creating. Also to be addressed are the topics of music literacy and music centers. We are fortunate to have been able to secure three outstanding clinicians for this academy. Lisa Gruenhagen (Bowling Green State University), Susan Kenney (Brigham Young University), and Wendy Valerio (University of South Carolina) will share their expertise with us through the following sessions:
Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitors: potential drugs to mitigate the severity of ischemic injury.

Each year more than a million Americans suffer heart attacks and strokes. Most of these events result from the sudden thrombotic occlusion of a coronary or cerebral artery at the site of an atherosclerotic plaque ([Corti et al., 2002][1]). Tissue solely supplied by the occluded artery becomes
Current status of prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory failure.

Membrane oxygenators, in which the traumatic direct blood-gas interface has been eliminated, have markedly increased the time that extracorporeal circulation can be safely maintained. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the stage of development of current membrane lungs and to critically analyze the role of these devices in an organized approach to patients with acute respiratory failure. A guideline to the indications for instituting membrane oxygenator support is to consider the use of this adjunct to standard pulmonary care in all patients in whom the arterial Po2 remains below 50 mm Hg despite continuous positive pressure ventilation with more than 50 percent oxygen. A review of the 41 reported cases in which extracorporeal membrane oxygenator assistance was utilized revealed that there is a degree of acute pulmonary damage which is not reversible no matter how long membrane oxygenation is maintained. In these situations, membrane lung support should be viewed as a temporizing measure to support life until lung replacement can be accomplished.
Macroinvertebrates as indicators of fish absence in naturally fishless lakes.

1. Little is known about native communities in naturally fishless lakes in eastern North America, a region where fish stocking has led to a decline in these habitats. 2. Our study objectives were to: (i) characterise and compare macroinvertebrate communities in fishless lakes found in two biophysical regions of Maine (U.S.A.): kettle lakes in the eastern lowlands and foothills and headwater lakes in the central and western mountains; (ii) identify unique attributes of fishless lake macroinvertebrate communities compared to lakes with fish and (iii) develop a method to efficiently identify fishless lakes when thorough fish surveys are not possible. 3. We quantified macroinvertebrate community structure in the two physiographic fishless lake types (n = 8 kettle lakes; n = 8 headwater lakes) with submerged light traps and sweep nets. We also compared fishless lake macroinvertebrate communities to those in fish-containing lakes (n = 18) of similar size, location and maximum depth. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to assess differences in community structure and t-tests for taxon-specific comparisons between lakes. 4. Few differences in macroinvertebrate communities between the two physiographic fishless lake types were apparent. Fishless and fish-containing lakes had numerous differences in macroinvertebrate community structure, abundance, taxonomic composition and species richness. Fish presence or absence was a stronger determinant of community structure in our study than differences in physical conditions relating to lake origin and physiography. 5. Communities in fishless lakes were more speciose and abundant than in fish-containing lakes, especially taxa that are large, active and free-swimming. Families differing in abundance and taxonomic composition included Notonectidae, Corixidae, Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, Aeshnidae, Libellulidae and Chaoboridae. 6. We identified six taxa unique to fishless lakes that are robust indicators of fish absence: Graphoderus liberus, Hesperocorixa spp., Dineutus spp., Chaoborus americanus, Notonecta insulata and Callicorixa spp. These taxa are collected most effectively with submerged light traps. 7. Naturally fishless lakes warrant conservation, because they provide habitat for a unique suite of organisms that thrive in the absence of fish predation.
Software-Defined Radio Equipped With Rapid Modulation Recognition

Automatic modulation recognition (AMR)-based software-defined radio (SDR) is a research challenge in developing third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) wireless communications with adaptive modulation capability. However, the existing AMR technology does not satisfy the seamless demodulation requirement of the SDR. A novel design of the AMR method with reduced computational complexity and fast processing speed is needed. This paper describes a discrete likelihood-ratio test (DLRT)-based rapid-estimation approach to identifying the modulation schemes blindly for uninterrupted data demodulation in real time. The statistical performance of the fast AMR associated with its implementation using the SDR is presented.
Expanding the Scope of Biomass‐Derived Chemicals through Tandem Reactions Based on Oxorhenium‐Catalyzed Deoxydehydration

New modes of DODH: Oxorhenium compounds act as deoxydehydration(DODH)/acid dual-purpose catalysts to transform biomass-derived diol substrates into a variety of commodity chemical precursors. The power of this approach is highlighted by a tandem [1,3]-OH shift/DODH of 2-ene-1,4-diols and 2,4-diene-1,6-diols, and by a DODH/esterification sequence of sugar acids to unsaturated esters for the production of polymers and plasticizers.
Activating transcription factor-2 in survival mechanisms in head and neck carcinoma cells.

Background Activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2) is associated with tumor progression, but is not well-studied in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Its effects in stress and its importance in other survival mechanisms were studied.
Estado y nación durante el golpe contra Hugo Chávez

This essay has two objetives. In the first place, it is a discussion of the development of the coup d’etat against Hugo Chavez during April 11th at 14th of 2002, focusing on the competing views of the opposition and supporters of the government in relation to three processes: the march against the violation of “meritocracia” in the oil industry (corporate criteria for selecting the managers of the state’s oil company), the massacre that took place on April 11th, and the act of proclamation of Pedro Carmona as president on April 12th. The essay examines in particular the choreography of these events and the changing conceptions of the nation and the state involved in these processes. Secondly, on the basis of this examination, the essay concludes with some theoretical observations concerning the state, its constitution, and the manner in which it exerts its hegemony.
Relating Complex Fluid Composition and Thermophysical Properties with the Advanced Distillation Curve Approach

Complex fluids have long posed a significant challenge in our ability to characterize and model fluid properties. Here, complex fluids are considered to be mixtures with many components that can differ significantly in polarity and polarizability. The penultimate complex fluid is crude oil, although many other fluids such as finished fuels are also highly complex. We have recently introduced a measurement strategy that can simplify these efforts and provides the added potential of linking chemical composition (i.e. analytical) information with physical property information. In addition to chemical characterization, the approach provides the ability to calculate thermodynamic and transport properties for such complex heterogeneous streams. The technique is based on the advanced distillation curve (ADC) metrology, which separates a complex fluid by distillation into fractions that are sampled, and for which thermodynamically consistent temperatures are measured at atmospheric pressure. The collected sample fractions can be analyzed by any method that is appropriate. Analytical methods we have applied include gas chromatography (with flame ionization, mass spectrometric and sulfur chemiluminescence detection), thin-layer chromatography, FTIR, Karl Fischer coulombic titrimetry, refractometry, corrosivity analysis, neutron activation analysis and cold neutron prompt gamma activation analysis. This method has been on product streams such as finished fuels (gasoline, diesel fuels, aviation fuels, rocket propellants), crude oils (including a crude oil made from swine manure) and waste oil streams (used automotive and transformer oils). In this review, we describe the essential features of the ADC metrology with illustrative examples.
Election security: Perception and reality

Voters' trust in elections comes from a combination of the mechanisms and procedures we use to record and tally votes, and from confidence in election officials' competence and honesty. Electronic voting systems pose considerable risks to both the perception and reality of trustworthy elections.
Tissue culture and the propagation and genetic improvement of conifers: problems and possibilities.

The utilization of tissue culture in the propagation and genetic improvement of conifers holds promise of many benefits incuding faster multiplication of selected genotypes, faster development of improved genotypes, and the transfer of genes between non-fertile parents. However, many of the techniques required for the realization of this potential remain to be developed. Furthermore, genetic diffcrentiation of cells in culture creates uncertainty as to the fidelity of reproduction by micropropagation. Aspects of the problem of nuclear DNA variation during reproduction by tissue culture arc reviewed with particular reference to the genus Pinus.
Creating the Subject of Portfolios: Reflective Writing and the Conveyance of Institutional Prerogatives.

This article presents research from a qualitative study of the way that reflective writing is solicited, taught, composed, and assessed within a state-mandated portfolio curriculum. The research si...
Generalized Adjoint for Physical Processes with Parameterized Discontinuities. Part V: Coarse-Grain Adjoint and Problems in Gradient Check

Abstract When on/off switches are triggered at discrete time levels by a threshold condition in a traditionally discretized model, the model solution is not continuously dependent on the initial state and this causes problems in tangent linearization and adjoint computations. It is shown in this paper that the problems can be avoided by introducing coarse-grain tangent linearization and adjoint without modifying the traditional discretization, although the coarse-grain gradient check can be performed only for finite perturbations.
The removal of acetabular bone in hip resurfacing and cementless total hip replacement

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of acetabular bone removed during hip resurfacing (HR) and cementless total hip replacement (THR), after controlling for the diameter of the patient’s native femoral head. Based on a power analysis, 64 consecutive patients (68 hips) undergoing HR or THR were prospectively enrolled in the study. The following data were recorded intra-operatively: the diameter of the native femoral head, the largest reamer used, the final size of the acetabular component, the size of the prosthetic femoral head and whether a decision was made to increase the size of the acetabular component in order to accommodate a larger prosthetic femoral head. Results were compared using two-sided, independent samples Student’s t -tests. A statistically significant difference was seen in the mean ratio of the size of the acetabular component to the diameter of the native femoral head (HR: 1.05 (sd 0.04) versus THR: 1.09 (sd 0.05); p < 0.001) and largest acetabular reamer used to the diameter of the native femoral head (HR: 1.03 (sd 0.04) versus THR: 1.09 (sd 0.05); p < 0.001). The ratios varied minimally when the groups were subdivided by gender, age and obesity. The decision to increase the size of the acetabular component to accommodate a larger femoral head occurred more often in the THR group (27% versus 9%). Despite the emphasis on avoiding damage to the femoral neck during HR, the ratio of the size of the acetabular component to the diameter of the native femoral head was larger in cementless THR than in HR.
A Theory of Local Matching: SIFT and Beyond.

Why has SIFT been so successful? Why its extension, DSP-SIFT, can further improve SIFT? Is there a theory that can explain both? How can such theory benefit real applications? Can it suggest new algorithms with reduced computational complexity or new descriptors with better accuracy for matching? We construct a general theory of local descriptors for visual matching. Our theory relies on concepts in energy minimization and heat diffusion. We show that SIFT and DSP-SIFT approximate the solution the theory suggests. In particular, DSP-SIFT gives a better approximation to the theoretical solution; justifying why DSP-SIFT outperforms SIFT. Using the developed theory, we derive new descriptors that have fewer parameters and are potentially better in handling affine deformations.
Studies on Egg Changes Following Avian Respiratory Diseases 1. Diseases Associated with Egg Changes

Abstract INFERIOR egg quality has frequently been observed following outbreaks of respiratory diseases described respectively as Newcastle disease (ND) (Lorenz and Newlon, 1944; Berg et al., 1947; Knox, 1950; Parnell, 1950; Quinn, 1950; Biswal and Morrill, 1954) and as infectious bronchitis (IB) (Fabricant, 1949; Van Roekel et al., 1950; Gordeuk and Bressler, 1950; Urban and Goodwin, 1953; Broadfoot and Smith, 1954). In spite of the recognized serious economic consequences of the egg quality sequelae, little is known of the intimate nature of the circumstances surrounding their occurrence. Although in most of the reports cited above, serological tests demonstrated that the flock had had ND or IB at some time, in only a few instances were these diseases proven to be involved in the outbreak associated with egg damage, e.g., by virus isolation or by serological test immediately before an d after the active symptoms. All but two of the reports concerned …
Multiwavelength LP02 - LP21 intermodal interferometric temperature sensing using stimulated Raman scattering

Modal interference in dual-mode or few-mode fibers has been widely investigated, largely for its application in interferometric fiber-optic sensors1. Generally the two or more modes are launched simultaneously in the fiber, their relative intensities depending on the light coupling conditions. We describe here a multiwavelength temperature sensor using the interference of LP02 - LP21 modes in a spectrally extended (538 - 600 nm) light produced largely in LP02 mode2,3 by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a few-mode fiber. Unlike the examples referenced above, the second mode (LP21) is introduced by applying a mode-coupling perturbation in the form of a localized transverse stress close to the exit end of the fiber. As is known4, use of a single wavelength limits the useful range of the sensor to a value π of the phase difference change. The spectrally extended SRS light offers a convenient source for interferometric sensing at two or more wavelengths simultaneously, thus making it possible to sense unambiguously over an unlimited range.
High Free-stream Turbulence Over a Rough Favorable Pressure Gradient Turbulent Boundary Layer

The study of external conditions over turbulent boundary layers is of great importance for the understanding of common engineering problems. Earlier investigations on surface roughness and external pressure gradient have shown their effect on the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles. However, the role of the free-stream turbulence as an external condition is not completely understood, even for the simplest of turbulent boundary layer flows (i.e., the smooth, zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer). Specifically, the joint effect of these conditions is still uncertain. Hence, wind-tunnel experiments have been performed in order to study the joint effects of free-stream turbulence, surface roughness (k + , turbulence intensity affects the inner and outer regions, while and only change in the outer flow. Also, profiles show that high free-stream turbulence does not overcome the destruction of the viscous regions near the wall caused by surface roughness. Furthermore, a 20% increase in the skin friction is reported, mainly due to surface roughness and free-stream turbulence. The behavior of the boundary layer parameters confirms the complex interaction between free-stream turbulence, surface roughness and favorable pressure gradient.
Regulation of osteoclast formation and function.

The human skeleton is continuously remodeling during growth and in response to mechanical stress and hormonal regulation. The maintenance of normal bone mass during adult life depends on a precise balance between osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone destruction, implicating tight coupling between these two cellular activities. In various skeletal diseases associated with bone loss, including osteoporosis, hypercalcemia of malignancy, tumor metastases or Paget's disease, increased osteoclastic bone resorption exceeds formation resulting in low bone mass, skeletal fragility and increased risk of fracture. When considering therapeutic approaches to manage these diseases, inhibitors of bone resorption such as bisphosphonates or estrogen-like compounds have been proven effective. In this review, we will discuss new insights into osteoclast differentiation and activity which offer the potential new therapeutic targets for blocking bone resorption. Osteoclasts are multinucleated, terminally differentiated cells which degrade mineralized tissues during normal and pathological bone turnover [1±3]. The rate of bone resorption is tightly regulated through the control of osteoclast differentiation and activation. Osteoclast maturation involves the proliferation and homing to bone of the hemopoietic progenitors, which are shared with the monocyte-macrophage lineage. On the bone surface, osteoclast progenitors differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated cells, which migrate from one resorption site to the next. During resorption, osteoclasts attach ®rmly to the bone surface and form a tight sealing zone (or ``clear zone'') which encloses the resorption lacuna, frequently compared to a giant lysosome. Insertion of secretory vesicles into the bone-facing membrane forms a highly convoluted structure called the ``ruf ed border'', a characteristic feature of active osteoclasts. Because of the extensive literature on the regulation of osteoclast formation and function, this review will focus on the recent information regarding the regulation of osteoclast differentiation by the newly identi®ed cytokine RANKL/OPGL and the adhesion-dependent activation of these cells during the resorption cycle. Spontaneous mutations and many experimental gene deletions (knock-outs) in mice have identi®ed various stages of osteoclast development and function, as shown in Fig. 1. The myeloid and B lymphoid transcription factor PU.1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF or CSF-1), c-fos, p50/p52 subunits of NF-kB, RANK and its ligands were shown to be essential for osteoclast differentiation [1,2]. Osteoclastic bone resorption was found to be regulated by many genes, including carbonic anhydrase type II, vacuolar ATPase, calcitonin receptor, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), c-Src, avb3 integrin and RANK/ligand [1,2,4].
Assessment and Hedging of Contract Unfulfilling Risks Facing Generation Companies

Risk assessment and hedging are essential jobs for generation companies in a deregulated environment.An engineering risk and financial risk combined evaluation method and corresponding hedging strategy are proposed.The risk of contract unfulfilling facing generation companies is studied,and reserve capacity is used as the hedging strategy.The hedging effect under different proportions of reserve capacity is investigated.The Canadian Alberta electricity market is used as a study case.Simulation results show that reserve capacity can achieve combined hedging by changing net shortage capacity.
Report on Food Poisoning of Salmonella enteritidis in University

Objective To investigate and control a large scale food poisoning in a university of Guangzhou city. Method The informations were collected from epidemiological surrey, hygienic investigation and laboratory test and were analyzed with SPSS 11.0. Results 206 patients from 3 universities were suffered from the gastrointestinal infection symptom such as fever, diarrhea, bellyache, etc. Epidemiological survey indicated that there were two incidental pinnacles. The central tendency of class and dormitory distribution, and the specific age tendency were not observed. The case control study indicated that the No.2 refectory in the university was the exposure location. Baiqie chicken could be the high risk food. Salmonella enteritidis were found in the food, cook tools and the anal cotton swabs of the patients and cooks. Conclusion The report indicated that the food poisoning outbreak may be caused by Salmonella enteritidis.
Seasonal vulnerability to depression. Implications for etiology and treatment.

Le risque de depression augmente a deux epoques opposees de l'annee: fin de printemps/debut d'ete et d'automne/debut d'hiver. Chez 15% des patients presentant une depression majeure recurrente, les episodes depressifs surviennent regulierement chaque annee au cours de l'une des deux periodes de risque. Il existe ainsi deux formes de troubles affectifs saisonniers: la depression a rechutes automne/hiver, et la depression a rechutes printemps/ete
Brain damage associated with apraxia of speech: evidence from case studies

The site of crucial damage that causes acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) has been debated in the literature. This study presents five in-depth cases that offer insight into the role of brain areas involved in AOS. Four of the examined participants had a primary impairment of AOS either with (n = 2) or without concomitant mild aphasia (n = 2). The fifth participant presented with a lesion relatively isolated to the left anterior insula (AIns-L), damage that is rarely reported in the literature, but without AOS. Taken together, these cases challenge the role of the AIns-L and implicate the left motor regions in AOS.
Self-Aerating Spillway Flow

The concept upon which most past analyses are based is that a continuum exists in aerated flow from 100 percent water, to air bubbles in water, to a water-air mixture, to an air-water mixture, to water droplets in air, to 100 percent air. Measurements of air concentration would seem to indicate that this is the case inasmuch as the air concentration varies in a continuous fashion over the depth of flow. J.M. Killen however, showed in high-speed photos taken during flume experiments in the mid-fifties, that the water surface remained 'intact but very contorted' with a very small quantity of flying droplets over the surface. Hence, a well-mixed continuum of increasing air and decreasing water over depth does not exist. This paper redefines some of the concepts of self-aerated flow and discusses the impacts of these concepts on the areas of interest.
Order and chaos in laser cooled trapped ions

Several groups have recently used laser cooling to produce ordered arrays of ions (ion crystals) in rf quadrupole traps. We discuss two physical mechanisms which underlie and explain the behavior of ion crystals. First, we show that deterministic chaos can be responsible for phase transitions between the ordered (crystal) state and the disordered (cloud) state.1 The crystal—cloud transition is explained as an order—chaos transition. Chaos arises from the nonlinear interaction of Coulomb repulsion with the oscillating trap potential.
We Learn to Skate in Summer

I find myself compelled to take up Virginia’s wonderings about what the letters I have received called from me, and simultaneously feel a sense of coming up short somehow. It is as if I am standing too close to an impressionist painting, maybe one by Mary Cassatt—at once enchanted by the swirling impasto brushwork, by the jewel and flesh-toned palette, yet unable to see or feel the full story of the painting.
Coping with Pain

Pain in children is, in part, a subjective experience, yet the experience of pain is very real for children and may be underdiagnosed. This chapter reviews a definition of pain and what it means for children. In addition, critical information on pain management strategies for young children is reviewed. An explanation for the transmission of pain signals in the body that is developmentally appropriate to explain pain transmission to children is presented. Ideas for assessing whether children are in pain and the degree to which they feel pain are reviewed and roles for parents in the management of their child’s pain are described. Key research on pain management strategies, such as relaxation, imagery, and distraction also is presented. The goal of this chapter is to acquaint the reader with ways in which children experience pain and ways to play a key role in helping children cope with their pain experiences. To this end, ideas for working with children to help them minimize their experiences of pain are a focus of information in this chapter.
High-Frequency Trading and Market Efficiency: Evidence from the Weekly Natural Gas Storage

This analysis uses the weekly natural gas storage report to investigate the quickness, and test the accuracy, of liquidity taking high-frequency traders (HFT) in modern markets. We find those who trade within the first 50 milliseconds accurately incorporate the information contained in the storage report into prices, and earn the majority of profits. In fact, HFT profits are decreasing in the time it takes them to trade after the announcement (measured to 200 milliseconds). Further tests find no evidence of informed trading prior to the release of the report, and so the HFT reaction to the report incorporates the information contained therein into prices.
Correlations and Néel Order of Randomly Diluted Quantum Spin Ladders

We present a Monte Carlo study of the correlation length {xi} of randomly diluted antiferromagnetic spin- (1 ) /(2) two-chain Heisenberg ladders with weak and intermediate interchain couplings, J{sub {perpendicular}}/J{le}1 . We are able to access the experimentally relevant low-temperature regime, T/J{approx}1/500 , and find (i) that the form {xi}(z,thinspT)=A(z)+B(z)T{sup {minus}{nu}} , with {nu}=0.40(5) , describes our data at low and moderate dilution z and up to rather high temperatures, (ii) evidence for scaling of {xi}J{sub {perpendicular}}/J in the variable zJ/J{sub {perpendicular}} at weak J{sub {perpendicular}}/J , (iii) an enhancement of correlations that is strongest for a fraction z{sup {asterisk}}{approx}J{sub {perpendicular}}/(8J) of dilutants, and (iv) that the N{acute e}el temperature of Sr(Cu{sub 1{minus}z}Zn{sub z }){sub 2}O{sub 3} corresponds well to a curve of constant correlation length {xi}=18(2) of the single diluted ladder with J{sub {perpendicular}}/J{approx_lt} ( 1) /(2) . {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Prognostic Utility of Right Ventricular Free Wall Strain in Low Risk Patients After Orthotopic Heart Transplantation.

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle-tracking echocardiography is a sensitive measure of regional left and right ventricular (LV and RV) dysfunction, before onset of overt systolic dysfunction. We sought to evaluate the prognostic utility of measuring LV-GLS and RV free wall strain (FWS) in low risk patients at 1 year after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). We retrospectively studied 96 OHT recipients (age 52 ± 14 years, 64% men) free of antibody-mediated rejection or moderate to severe coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV, grade 2 to 3) at 1 year after transplant. LV-GLS and RV-FWS were calculated using EchoPAC software. Cox models were developed after adjusting for the Index for Mortality Prediction After Cardiac Transplantation (IMPACT) score (post-transplant risk score), with the primary outcome of death, moderate to severe CAV, or treated rejection. At 1 year after transplant, LV ejection fraction and RV fractional area change (FAC) were 58 ± 7% and 42 ± 10%, respectively. LV-GLS was −17.0 ± 3.3% and RV-FWS −16.4 ± 4.5%. At an average follow-up of 4.5 years, 28 patients met the primary end point (10 death, 5 vasculopathy, 17 rejection). In sequential Cox models, markers of RV function were associated with the primary outcome (RV-FAC, p = 0.012; RV-FWS, p = 0.022), while LV ejection fraction and LV-GLS were not. We conclude that in low risk patients 1 year after OHT, markers of RV function (RV-FAC and RV-FWS) are independently associated with incident rejection, CAV, and death. Markers of RV dysfunction could potentially be incorporated into risk scores and future prospective studies to risk stratify patients after OHT.
Atherosclerosis and Estrogen Replacement Therapy

A Mayo Clinic Study published 40 years ago demonstrated that women who have had a bilateral oophrectomy have severe coronary stenosis as frequently as men of similar age [1]. Early reports from The Framingham Heart Study clearly indicated that menopause, regardless of age at onset, was associated with a marked increase in cardiovascular disease; of about 3½-fold when menopause occurs around 40 years of age and about 2-fold when menopause occurs after 50 years of age [2]. Prior to menopause, women have fewer heart attacks than men. At menopause, ovarian function diminishes and estrogen production declines. Therefore, it has been speculated that estrogens have cardioprotective effects.
Non-Linear Effects in the Elastic Field of Single Dislocations

We have seen in the preceding chapter that dislocations may be described as line singularities of the elastic field: linear elasticity theory predicts stresses and strains that vary as the inverse first power of the distance from the dislocation line and, therefore, are unbounded as this distance goes to zero. Thus, close to the singularities the strains become very large, and non-linear effects must be taken into account. On the other hand, in regions sufficiently far from dislocations, the stresses and strains are sufficiently small and may be adequately described by the linear theory. For this reason, and also on account of its simplicity, the linear theory of elasticity continues to be successfully applied for simulating crystal defects, e.g. in the study of the long-range stress field of dislocations, the interaction between distant imperfections, and in the calculation of defect energies1.
Childhood trauma and distress tolerance in a trauma-exposed acute-care psychiatric inpatient sample.

Objective Distress tolerance (DT; the perceived or actual ability to withstand negative internal states) has emerged as a promising transdiagnostic risk factor in clinically severe populations. However, little is known about etiological factors associated with the development of DT. We hypothesized that greater levels of childhood trauma would be associated with lower perceived and behavioral DT, beyond theoretically relevant covariates. Method The current investigation evaluated several childhood trauma types (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) in relation to perceived (i.e., self-report) and behavioral DT in a sample of 87 trauma-exposed adults in acute-care psychiatric inpatient treatment. Results Results of hierarchical linear regression models indicated that greater childhood physical abuse and emotional neglect were significantly associated with higher perceived DT. Greater levels of emotional abuse were associated with lower perceived DT, and greater physical neglect was associated with lower behavioral DT. Conclusions DT may be differentially influenced by different forms of childhood trauma. (PsycINFO Database Record
Why Has a Run-In Period Been a Design Element in Most Landmark Clinical Trials? Analysis of the Critical Role of Run-In Periods in Drug Development

Prior exposure to one of the randomized treatments has been a routine design element of large-scale trials in patients at high cardiovascular risk. A run-in feature has allowed our trials to be more realistic; it has strengthened their ability to estimate the true treatment effect; and it has never undermined the validity of a trial's findings. Those who suggest that run-in periods distort the results of large-scale trials should become more familiar with our history of drug development and our standards of clinical practice. Physicians use run-in periods every day in real life, and trialists have used run-in periods for decades to reliably establish the role of new cardiovascular drugs. Those who reflexively criticize the trials because of their inclusion of a run-in period need to carefully reexamine how medicine is practiced and how it advances.
Biofilms, active substrata, and me.

Abstract Having worked with biofilms since the 1970s, I know that they are ubiquitous in nature, of great value in water technology, and scientifically fascinating. Biofilms are naturally able to remove BOD, transform N, generate methane, and biodegrade micropollutants. What I also discovered is that biofilms can do a lot more for us in terms of providing environmental services if we give them a bit of help. Here, I explore how we can use active substrata to enable our biofilm partners to provide particularly challenging environmental services. In particular, I delve into three examples in which an active substratum makes it possible for a biofilm to accomplish a task that otherwise seems impossible. The first example is the delivery of hydrogen gas (H2) as an electron donor to drive the reduction and detoxification of the rising number of oxidized contaminant: e.g., perchlorate, selenate, chromate, chlorinated solvents, and more. The active substratum is a gas-transfer membrane that delivers H2 directly to the biofilm in a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), which makes it possible to deliver a low-solubility gaseous substrate with 100% efficiency. The second example is the biofilm anode of a microbial electrochemical cell (MxC). Here, the anode is the electron acceptor for anode-respiring bacteria, which “liberate” electrons from organic compounds and send them ultimately to a cathode, where we can harvest valuable products or services. The anode's potential is a sensitive tool for managing the microbial ecology and reaction kinetics of the biofilm anode. The third example is intimately coupled photobiocatalysis (ICPB), in which we use photocatalysis to enable the biodegradation of intrinsically recalcitrant organic pollutants. Photocatalysis transforms the recalcitrant organics just enough so that the products are rapidly biodegradable substrates for bacteria in a nearby biofilm. The macroporous substratum, which houses the photocatalyst on its exterior, actively provides donor substrate and protects the biofilm from UV light and free radicals in its interior. These three well-developed topics illustrate how and why an active substratum expands the scope of what biofilms can do to enhance water sustainability.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN MATERNAL SERUM VITAMIN D AND EARLY PREGNANCY SPONTANEOUS ABORTION IN IRAQI WOMEN

Objective: This study was aimed to estimate the Vitamin D serum concentration in a cohort of women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion. Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Diwaniya maternity and child teaching hospital, Al-Diwaniya province, Iraq. Data collection, lab work, and procedures related to the study extended from August 2016 to August 2017. The study enrolled 42 women of childbearing age who have a history of spontaneous early pregnancy loss. From each woman, a venous sample was obtained and sent to a lab to assess serum Vitamin D concentrations using standard routine biochemical methods. Results: Assessment of mean maternal serum Vitamin D concentration revealed that the mean was 21.48 ± 11.82 (ng/ml) and the range was from 5 to 50 (ng/ml). The number of women with low serum Vitamin D (<20 ng/ml) was 25 (approximately 60%), the results also revealed a highly negative correlation was obtained between number of abortions and maternal serum Vitamin D (r=−0.717, p<0.001) and that the value or R2 was 0.514 which indicated that the level of Vitamin D alone can act as an independent predictor to explain 51.4% of spontaneous abortions in the participating women. Conclusion: Vitamin D level is a strong predictor of pregnancy loss in early pregnancy, and that correction of Vitamin D status among Iraqi pregnant ladies may substantially reduce the frequency of spontaneous abortion.
How to Build a Bacterial Cell: MreB as the Foreman of E. coli Construction

Cell shape matters across the kingdoms of life, and cells have the remarkable capacity to define and maintain specific shapes and sizes. But how are the shapes of micron-sized cells determined from the coordinated activities of nanometer-sized proteins? Here, we review general principles that have surfaced through the study of rod-shaped bacterial growth. Imaging approaches have revealed that polymers of the actin homolog MreB play a central role. MreB both senses and changes cell shape, thereby generating a self-organizing feedback system for shape maintenance. At the molecular level, structural and computational studies indicate that MreB filaments exhibit tunable mechanical properties that explain their preference for certain geometries and orientations along the cylindrical cell body. We illustrate the regulatory landscape of rod-shape formation and the connectivity between cell shape, cell growth, and other aspects of cell physiology. These discoveries provide a framework for future investigations into the architecture and construction of microbes.
Questioning our agency inside agencies: rethinking the possibility of scholars’ critical contributions to security agencies

During the months and years following the 11 September 2001 terror attacks in the US, it became axiomatic for American policy makers to speak of a need to more directly connect military and intelli...
Ethics Across the Curriculum at Dartmouth College

This essay presents an overview of one of the earliest ethics across the curriculum programs, designed specifically to enhance liberal arts teaching and research. The Dartmouth academic community has long had an emphasis on moral meaning-making, but the threads of that interest were varied and not connected to the mission of the college. The EATC program sought to integrate the mission and the educational objectives into the framework of ethics education as a necessary component of a robust liberal arts education. EATC at Dartmouth, now in its 15th year, has become a much sought after opportunity for faculty and staff.
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation for the synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules: A Review

C-H activation in the synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules is reviewed. C-H activation is one of the most powerful components in the C-C or C-heteroatom bond formation tool box. This represents such an alternative which has provided the greener solutions to the organometallic/synthetic organic chemistry aiming to the synthesis of complex molecules. In recent years, there has been explosive growth in this area. In this review article we have presented effective methods of C-H activation employed in the synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules since 2010. C-H activation in the synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules is reviewed. C-H activation is one of the most powerful components in the C-C or C-heteroatom bond formation tool box. This represents such an alternative which has provided the greener solutions to the organometallic/synthetic organic chemistry aiming to the synthesis of complex molecules. In recent years, there is explosive growth in this area. In this review article we have presented effective methods of C-H activation employed in the synthesis of medicinally relevant molecules.
Adsorption Behavior of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 on a Graphite Substrate for Biomedical Applications

The interaction of proteins with biomaterials plays an important role for several biomedical applications including implants and tissue engineering. Although different experimental approaches have been explored, the investigation of the molecular models for protein-substrate interaction is warranted to control of cellular functions. In this study, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to study the adsorption behavior of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) on a hydrophobic graphite substrate. The influence of four different orientations of the protein with the substrate was evaluated based on their adsorption behavior. Results indicate a strong influence of the initial configuration on the adsorption. Protein unfolding was observed for most orientations with preferential binding of residues within the vicinity of the substrate. Most of the secondary structure of the protein was preserved during the simulation with a minor reduction of β-sheet structures. This research provides a detailed understanding of the interaction of BMP-2 with biomaterial surfaces.
Peer Relationships Among Community-Based Organizations (CBO) Providing HIV Prevention Services

Community-based organizations (CBOs) play a vital role in the provision of HIV prevention services across the country. Little is known about how CBOs interact to share prevention ideas and implement prevention activities. In this qualitative study we examine the ways in which CBOs share with one another prevention-related resources and ideas, and produce prevention programs. Utilizing a grounded theory approach to analysis, we develop a model to explain CBOs' relationships with their peers. Implications for working with CBOs are discussed.
An examination of division I athletic-academic support services facilities and staffing

This study examined athlete academic support services in NCAA Division I schools across three broad areas: 1) program scope and budget, 2) program leadership and staffing, and 3) program facilities...
One step solution for fighting bacteria and growing bone

The delivery of copper ions from collagen-bioactive glass composite scaffolds offers a promising one-step approach to treating bone infections while also promoting new bone and blood vessel formation.