cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fucosylated Glycosphingolipids of Human Myeloid Cells

Abstract Our efforts to determine the carbohydrate binding specificity of two myeloid-specific monoclonal antibodies (VIM-1 and VIM-10) resulted in the purification of three fucosylated glycosphingolipids from human chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. After repeated high-performance liquid chromatographic separations, two forms of fucosylated glycosphingolipids were resolved. VIM-i and VIM-b were found to bind to the heptaosylceramide Galβ1-4 (Fucα 1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc,β1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1-Cer with the Le x (Lewis X) epitope, but not to either the hexaosylceramide Fucα1-2Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1-Cer or the octaosylceramide Fucα1-2Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-1Cer, each with the Le y (Lewis Y) epitope. The latter two glycosphingolipids are the first Le y antigens to be purified from human leukocytes and structurally characterized. Binding studies with a range of glycosphingolipids from myoloid cells and other biological sources demonstrated that VIM-1 and VIM- 10 bind to Le y glycosphingolipids with five or more sugar residues, but not to a glycosphingolipid (III 3 Fuc-nLc 6 Cer) with an internal Le x trisaccharide.
Capsule commentary on Capp et al., National study of health insurance type and reasons for emergency department use.

This study by Capp et al.1 uses National Health Interview Survey data to examine the association between insurance status and reasons for using the emergency department (ED) related to acuity and access. It is one of the first to examine patient-reported reasons for ED visits and is an important contribution in that regard. The analysis was restricted to individuals who were discharged from the ED. Many efforts to reduce or divert ED visits target patients who are discharged, based on the idea that their visits are “avoidable.” However, to date there is no proven method to distinguish, at the time of the ED visit, who will be admitted and who can be safely discharged.2 Previous research has shown that most Medicaid patients present to the ED with high acuity complaints,3 in line with the results of this study. The investigators found that Medicaid beneficiaries discharged from the ED report more access barriers than those with other forms of insurance. Access barriers for Medicaid beneficiaries have been well documented.4 As a result, many policy makers and providers hypothesize that increased access to primary care will curtail the trend of increasing ED visit rates, which are relatively high among Medicaid beneficiaries compared to those with private or Medicare coverage. However, while some research would support this notion,5 no interventions to date have effectively demonstrated that increasing primary care access will reduce ED visits among Medicaid beneficiaries. And—for visits that can in theory be safely treated in non-ED settings—whether the existing primary care workforce would be willing or able to provide the level of access that may be required at low cost is an open question. Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act will provide fertile ground for testing interventions and delivery system changes to improve outcomes and reduce expenditures. It is unlikely that access barriers will be significantly affected unless the large proportion of ambulatory providers who are not currently accepting new patients with Medicaid change their ways, as the authors allude to. Regardless, the ED will be open 24–7. Strategies to increase access should be informed not only by policy makers and providers, but by patients themselves. This study is a start.
Statistical typologies as a supplement to clinical diagnosis.

The practical and theoretical importance of prognosis in mental retardation has been emphasized in recent years. As prognosis is no longer totally dependent on clinical diagnosis, the development of supplemental typologies would be especially useful for predictive purposes. As previous typologies have been based almost exclusively on biographical data, it is hypothesized here that typology of physical handicaps would provide a broader basis for prognosis.
Improving IRMPD in a Quadrupole Ion Trap

A focused laser is used to make infrared multiphoton photodissociation (IRMPD) more efficient in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Efficient (up to 100%) dissociation at the standard operating pressure of 1 × 10−3 Torr can be achieved without any supplemental ion activation and with shorter irradiation times. The axial amplitudes of trapped ion clouds are measured using laser tomography. Laser flux on the ion cloud is increased six times by focusing the laser so that the beam waist approximates the ion cloud size. Unmodified peptide ions from 200 Da to 3 kDa are completely dissociated in 2.5–10 ms at a bath gas pressure of 3.3 × 10−4 Torr and in 3–25 ms at 1.0 × 10−3 Torr. Sequential dissociation of product ions is increased by focusing the laser and by operating at an increased bath gas pressure to minimize the size of the ion cloud.
Ethics in Government: No Matter How Long and Dark the Night

This work examines attitudes about ethics in American government during the turbulent time from the end of the past century to the beginning of the new. Using data from a national survey, the authors explore views toward ethics in society and integrity in public agencies, with an emphasis on the code of ethics of the American Society for Public Administration. The results not only reveal considerable continuity over the years but also suggest that individual managers are increasingly empowered, that agencies are affecting positive change, and that the ASPA code may be influencing management practices. The implications of the findings for ASPA ethics initiatives are considered.
Paleohydrologic record from lake brine on the southern High Plains, Texas

The timing of changes in the stage and salinity of Double Lakes of Lynn County, Texas, was estimated using dissolved-chloride profiles across an underlying shale layer. Lake conditions over the past 30 to 50 ka can be inferred from the chloride profiles by using the advective velocity of the pore water through the shale and an appropriate coefficient of molecular diffusion. The profiles suggest that net-evaporative conditions existed over the southern High Plains for the past 50 ka; a period of increasing salinity in the lake began at ∼20 ka and reached current levels at ∼5 ka. In addition, deflationary conditions were present for at least 4 ka, and likely began or were accelerated during the most recent altithermal period at ∼5 ka. This type of lake-brine record may also exist in many other saline lake environments throughout the Great Plains of North America.
A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum

Abstract Quantitative chronologies for the impressive glacial successions that occur throughout the Himalaya have, until recently, been almost totally lacking. Within the last decade two new techniques have promised to remedy this situation. These techniques, optically stimulated luminescence and cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating, enable the age of many glacial features to be determined and have allowed us to study the extent and timing of Himalayan glaciation in the late Quaternary. New data show that the local Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) occurred during the early part of the last glacial cycle, in most areas during marine isotope stage 3 (MIS-3). MIS-3 was a time of increased insolation, when the South Asian summer monsoon strengthened and penetrated further north into the Himalaya. The concomitant increased precipitation, occurring as snow at high altitudes, produced positive glacier mass balances, thereby allowing glaciers to advance. On the other hand, during the global LGM, ∼18–24 ka, Himalayan glaciation was very restricted in extent, generally extending
Kinetic theory for a weakly-associated diatomic gas with reactions

Abstract Kinetic theory is discussed for a spatially uniform gas in which diatomic molecules occur as two-body bound states. The processes of collision-induced dissociation and formation of molecules, rearrangement collisions, and inelastic scattering are included and described in terms related to multi-channel scattering theory for the three-body problem. Account is taken of coherence between collisions and the occurence of elements of the molecular density matrix which are not diagonal in the internal energy. Rate equations are derived for the molecular density matrix and the resulting rate coefficients depend on T-matrices off the energy shell.
The effects on speeded classification of implicit and explicit instructions regarding redundant dimensions

Two experiments were run in which speed of sorting decks of stimulus cards was measured. Stimuli were constructed from two dichotomous dimensions, used either alone or perfectly correlated. The lack of evidence for a selective serial processing (SSP) strategy (in which S sorts by his most preferred dimension whenever the dimensions are correlated) in a similar study by Garner and Felfoldy (1970) was thought to be due to Ss’ failure to notice that the dimensions were correlated, and thus that SSP would be effective. Ss in the present experiment therefore received either implicit instructions concerning the existence of the correlated deck (by seeing only decks in which there were just two different stimuli), or explicit instructions that on some trials the two dimensions would be correlated and S could sort by any means he preferred. When dimensions of size of circle and angle of diameter were of unequal discriminability, implicit instructions produced partial use of the SSP strategy, while explicit instructions produced nearly total use of SSP by all Ss. When the Munsell dimensions of value and chroma were varied in two separate color chips and were equally discriminable on the average, evidence for a small amount of SSP was found in both the implicit and explicit conditions. With neither pair of dimensions did implicit or explicit instructions regarding the correlated task produce integration of information.
Revised Subunit Structure of Yeast Transcription Factor IIH (TFIIH) and Reconciliation with Human TFIIH

Tfb4 is identified as a subunit of the core complex of yeast RNA polymerase II general transcription factor IIH (TFIIH) by affinity purification, by peptide sequence analysis, and by expression of the entire complex in insect cells. Tfb3, previously identified as a component of the core complex, is shown instead to form a complex with cdk and cyclin subunits of TFIIH. This reassignment of subunits resolves a longstanding discrepancy between yeast and human TFIIH complexes.
Structural and Chemical Evolution of the Near-Apex Region of an Atomic Force Microscope Tip Subject to Sliding

Atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulation are used to study the nanoscale wear of a silicon dioxide tip sliding on a copper substrate. Wear is characterized in terms of structural and chemical evolution of the system where the latter is possible experimentally using atom probe tomography of the slid tips. Comparison of the experimentally observed and simulation-predicted wear reveals that adhesive wear is dominant in the short sliding distances of the simulation at any applied load, while the sliding distances in the experiments are long enough to observe load-induced transitions between adhesive-dominated and abrasive-dominated wear.
Thermodynamic Irreversibility: Does the Big Bang Explain What It Purports to Explain?

In this paper I examine Albert’s (2000) claim that the low entropy state of the early universe is sufficient to explain irreversible thermodynamic phenomena. In particular, I argue that conditionalizing on the initial state of the universe does not have the explanatory power it is presumed to have. I present several arguments to the effect that Albert’s ‘past hypothesis’ alone cannot justify the belief in past nonequilibrium conditions or ground the veracity of records of the past.
Path-ensemble averages in systems driven far from equilibrium

The Kawasaki nonlinear response relation, the transient fluctuation theorem, and the Jarzynski nonequilibrium work relation are all expressions that describe the behavior of a system that has been driven from equilibrium by an external perturbation. In contrast to linear response theory, these expressions are exact no matter the strength of the perturbation, or how far the system has been driven away from equilibrium. In this paper, I show that these three relations (and several other closely related results) can all be considered special cases of a single theorem. This expression is explicitly derived for discrete time and space Markovian dynamics, with the additional assumptions that the unperturbed dynamics preserve the appropriate equilibrium ensemble, and that the energy of the system remains finite.
Predicting feedstock and percent composition for blends of biodiesel with conventional diesel using chemometrics and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract The two main goals of the analytical method described herein were to (1) use principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering (HCA) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) to determine the feedstock source of blends of biodiesel and conventional diesel (feedstocks were two sources of soy, two strains of jatropha, and a local feedstock) and (2) use a partial least squares (PLS) model built specifically for each feedstock to determine the percent composition of the blend. The chemometric models were built using training sets composed of total ion current chromatograms from gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC–qMS) using a polar column. The models were used to semi-automatically determine feedstock and blend percent composition of independent test set samples. The PLS predictions for jatropha blends had RMSEC = 0.6, RMSECV = 1.2, and RMSEP = 1.4. The PLS predictions for soy blends had RMSEC = 0.5, RMSECV = 0.8, and RMSEP = 1.2. The average relative error in predicted test set sample compositions was 5% for jatropha blends and 4% for soy blends.
Early region 4 sequence and biological comparison of two isolates of mouse adenovirus type 1.

Abstract The DNA sequence of 88–100 map units of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) was determined. One translational open reading frame showed 48% sequence similarity to a human adenovirus type 2 early region 4 protein. Based on the protein similarity, genome location, and transcriptional polarity, we concluded that this region of MAV-1 corresponds to early region 4. A 241-bp sequence consisting of 10 imperfect direct repeats with sequence similarity to minisatellite DNA was found in this region. Two virus isolates with different passage histories were examined and were found to have a sequence polymorphism within this region. The two viruses were compared for growth in cell culture and mice and small quantitative differences were observed only in vivo.
Acoustic characterization of a partially-premixed gas turbine model combustor: Syngas and hydrocarbon fuel comparisons

Abstract In this work, the acoustic behavior of a combustion instability in a gas turbine model combustor was investigated as fuel properties, air flow rates, and burner geometry were varied. The dual-swirl burner, developed at DLR Stuttgart by Meier, was operated using syngas (H 2 /CO), ethylene, propane, and methane. The frequency of the instability was found to vary significantly from 250 to 480 Hz. When the plenum volume and the exhaust pipe length and diameter were changed, the frequencies followed trends similar to a Helmholtz resonator. The variation of fuel type, flame speed, and air flow rate greatly altered the instability frequency and amplitude. These effects are not predicted by Helmholtz or organ tone acoustic theory. Higher frequencies were correlated with larger laminar burning velocities and higher air flow rates. The burner is a forced resonator, in which the flame oscillations couple with the flowfield to create convectively altered Helmholtz resonances. This suggests the need for an improved model of a forced Helmholtz resonator that includes flame properties. Alkane fuels displayed similar acoustic trends, but ethylene varied greatly from methane and propane. Syngas displayed different behavior than hydrocarbon fuels, even when the laminar flame speeds of the fuels were matched between ethylene and a syngas mixture. Flame characteristics such as anchoring, liftoff height, and shape appear to play a major role in the determination of instability strength and presence. With increasing hydrogen-content in the syngas-mixture, the flame transitions from a lifted to a fully anchored flame, resulting in a drastic decrease in the acoustic amplitude associated with non-resonating flames. Rayleigh indices show that flat flames create strong regions of thermo-acoustic coupling compared to axially extended V-shape flames. It is concluded that, in the current burner configuration, integrated-acoustics occur that involve a combination of Helmholtz and convective-mechanisms.
Brain protection during neurosurgery

The initial concept of brain protection during neurosurgery is based on research done in the 1970s-1980 which established the concept that by decreasing cerebral metabolic rate the brain could survive longer periods of ischemia. The first section of this chapter reviews some of this initial research that promoted the use of barbiturates for cerebral protection. The second section reviews current anesthetic drugs and their potential for cerebral protection in addition to the benefits of blood pressure, temperature and glucose control. The final section discusses the "new mechanisms of cerebral protection" and the role old and new drugs may play in the future for brain protection during neurosurgery.
Endoradiosondes: Further Notes

This paper is to supplement last year's summary on swallowable radio transmitters. Included are general comments on procedure as well as specific items such as temperature sensitivity, the use of tunnel diodes in pH measurement, the use of multiple transmitters, and the design of a nondirectional receiving antenna system. The latter not only simplifies unattended recording in some cases but also helps in relaying the signal from a small booster transmitter carried by the subject. The frequency shift needed in relaying action is here a frequency doubling provided by suitable nonlinear receiver circuits.
The Resolute™ Integrity Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent in Coronary Artery Disease: A Review

The introduction of first-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) was a major advance in the percutaneous treatment of coronary artery disease, with DES significantly reducing the incidence of restenosis and major adverse coronary events compared with bare metal stents. Next-generation DES now utilizes lower profiles, thinner struts, and other technological advances to help extend their safety and efficacy. Importantly, studies of next-generation devices have now gone beyond controlled clinical trials with selected populations to registries and studies with all-comer populations, where more diverse and complex sets of patients and lesions have been managed. Thus, a large body of evidence and comparative data about the safety and efficacy of these devices has accumulated. The Resolute™ zotarolimus-eluting stent (R-ZES; Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA) is a next-generation DES that uses a novel biocompatible polymer on a cobalt alloy stent platform to extend the duration of drug elution and improve the stent’s efficacy. The Integrity™ platform (Medtronic, Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA) used in the most recent iteration of the R-ZES stent further enhances the flexibility and deliverability of the stent in complex lesions by incorporation of a continuous sinusoidal design. In the following review, the clinical data is critically examined for the R-ZES and discuss its performance using comparative data currently available for next-generation DES. It is concluded that R-ZES use in complex patients and lesions is associated with durable efficacy and safety and represents another generational improvement in DES technology, which undoubtedly will enhance patient outcomes postpercutaneous coronary interventional.
Properties and improvements of tungsten bronze ferroelectrics

Recent work has shown that some ferroelectrics of the tungsten-bronze-type are potentially useful because they exhibit large linear electrooptic and second harmonic generation coefficients, are easily growable, and do not suffer from laser damage. We review these crystal systems in terms of a biased quadratic electro-optic effect g ij from which the linear electrooptic properties can be predicted or vice versa. These relations are experimentally valid for KSr 2 Nb 5 O 15 . The resulting values of g ij are similar to those found for other NbO 6 -type crystals (e.g., KNbO 3 , etc.), as are the measured values of the coefficients in the Devonshire free energy expansion. Thus fundamental properties of these tungsten-bronze ferroelectrics appear to be determined by the properties of the lattice of NbO 6 octahedra which are linked together by sharing oxygen corners as in the case of the structurally related perovskites. In view of the importance of the NbO 6 octrahedra in determining the behavior of the niobate ferroelectrics, we consider next the problems of improving the properties of the tungsten-bronze type materials while maintaining a homogeneous sublattice of NbO 6 octahedra. This has been done by moving the transition temperature T c close to room temperature as in (Ba, Sr)Nb 2 O 6 and KSr 2 Nb 5 O 15 +xLaNb 3 O 9 . We have also examined the system K x Na 1-x Ba 2 Nh 5 O 15 and show that the advantageous properties of NaBa 2 Nb 5 O 15 can be effectively retained while eliminating the deleterious effect of microtwinning in these crystals. Finally we Show that at least the order of magnitude of the strain-optic effect which relates change of index to strain, can be understood in terms of the shifts of electronic bands with strain. This is analogous to the understanding of g ij in terms of shifts of electronic bands with polarization, a subject that is reviewed in this paper.
Embedding of Binomial Trees in Hypercubes with Link Faults

We study the embedding of binomial trees with variable roots inn-dimensional hypercubes (n-cubes) with faulty links. A simple embedding algorithm is first proposed that can embed ann-level binomial tree in ann-cube with up ton?1 faulty links in log(n?1) steps. We then extend the result to show that spanning binomial trees exist in a connectedn-cube with up to ?(3(n?1)/2)??1 faulty links. A constructive proof is provided to locate spanning binomial trees in the given system. Our results reveal the fault tolerance property of hypercubes and they can be used to predict the performance of broadcasting and reduction operations, where the binomial tree structure is commonly used.
The chronicity of acute attacks of asthma--mechanical and therapeutic implications.

Abstract Defects in ventilatory function can persist for considerable periods of time following the amelioration of the signs and symptoms of acute episodes of asthma. Serial spirographic and lung volume determinations in such patients demonstrate that the pattern of resolution of these abnormalities is such that their subtlest manifestations are depressed flow rates in the mid vital capacity range and/or elevations in residual volumes. These changes are believed to represent the effects of residual obstruction that is located in the airways in the periphery of the lung. Recent studies suggest that this residua is capable of influencing the lung's response to asthmogenic stimuli, and imply that it may be beneficial to place asthmatics on continuous therapy for as long as they have alterations in lung function.
Male fertility in New Orleans

It is suggested that fertility issues be studied by questioning men as well as women. Fertility data derived from New Orleans male responses to a KAP study are presented and analyzed. Present family size was used as the index of fertility. Race religion and class differentials in fertility were examined. For whites there was no signficant difference in present fertility among the 3 social classes. Lower class non-whites had the highest and middle class non-whites the lowest present fertility of any groups in the study. There were only small intrareligion differences among whites. Catholics had slightly more children than Protestants among whites; the picture was reversed among non-whites. It was concluded that race-class-religion differentials in present family size were not attributable to differences in desired family size. Neither knowledge nor use of contraceptives were responsible for these noted differentials. Social class was a better predictor than either knowledge or use of family planning. Motivation was the best predictor of eventual family size. In each race-religion-class group the sector with high motivation had lower present family sizes than the sector with low motivation. This type of motivation is seen to be prevalent in all races classes and religions. (Summary in SPA)
Compositions and transport of lipid biomarkers through the water column and surficial sediments of the equatorial Pacific Ocean

Abstract A systematic investigation of fluxes and compositions of lipids through the water column and into sediments was conducted along the U.S. JGOFS EgPac transect from l2°N to l5°S at 140°W. Fluxes of lipids out of the euphotic zone varied spatially and temporally, ranging from ≈0.20 – 0.6 mmol lipid-C m−2 day−1. Lipid fluxes were greatly attenuated with increasing water column depth, dropping to 0.002-0.06 mmol lipid-C m−2 day−1 in deep-water sediment traps. Sediment accumulation rates for lipids were ≈ 0.0002 – 0.00003 mmol lipid-C m−2 day−1. Lipids comprised ≈ 11–23% of Corg in net-plankton, 10–30% in particles exiting the euphotic zone, 2–4% particles in the deep EgPac, and 0.1-1 % in sediments. Lipids were, in general, selectively lost due to their greater reactivity relative to bulk organic matter toward biogeochemical degradation in the water column and sediment. Qualitative changes in lipid compositions through the water column and into sediments are consistent with the reactive nature of lipids. Fatty acids were the most labile compounds, with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) being quickly lost from particles. Branchedchain C15 and C17 fatty acids increased in relative abundance as particulate matter sank and was incorporated into the sediment, indicating inputs of organic matter from bacteria. Long-chain C39 alkenones of marine origin and long-chain C20-C30 fatty acids, alcohols and hydrocarbons derived from land plants were selectively preserved in sediments. Compositional changes over time and space demonstrate the dynamic range of reactivities among individual biomarker compounds, and hence of organic matter as a whole. A thorough understanding of biogeochemical reprocessing of organic matter in the oceanic water column and sediments is, thus, essential for using the sediment record for reconstructing past oceanic environments.
A feasibility study evaluating the role of cerebral oximetry in predicting return of spontaneous circulation in cardiac arrest.

Abstract To date there has been no reliable noninvasive real time monitoring available to determine cerebral perfusion during cardiac arrest. Objectives To investigate the feasibility of using a commercially available cerebral oximeter during in-hospital cardiac arrest, and determine whether this parameter predicts return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Methods Cerebral oximetry was incorporated in cardiac arrest management in 19 in-hospital cardiac arrest cases, five of whom had ROSC. The primary outcome measure was the relationship between rSO 2 and ROSC. Results The use of cerebral oximetry was found to be feasible during in hospital cardiac arrest and did not interfere with management. Patients with ROSC had a significantly higher overall mean±SE rSO 2 (35±5 vs. 18±0.4, p 2 between survivors and non-survivors was most pronounced in the final 5min of cardiac arrest (48±1 vs. 15±0.2, p 2 >40% was found in survivors ( p 2 above 30% for >50% of the duration of cardiac arrest, whereas non-survivors had an rSO 2 that was below 30%>50% of their cardiac arrest. Patients with ROSC also had a significantly higher change in rSO 2 from baseline compared to non-survivors (310%±60% vs. 150%±27%, p Conclusion Cerebral oximetry may have a role in predicting ROSC and the optimization of cerebral perfusion during cardiac arrest.
Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obesity in women.

Objective: Determine whether sleeping and resting energy expenditure and sleeping, resting, and 24-hour fuel use distinguish obesity-prone from obesity-resistant women and whether these metabolic factors explain long-term weight gain. Research Methods and Procedures: Forty-nine previously overweight but currently normal-weight women were compared with 49 never-overweight controls. To date, 87% of the 98 women have been re-evaluated after 1 year of follow-up, without intervention, and 38% after 2 years. Subjects were studied at a General Clinical Research Center after 4 weeks of tightly controlled conditions of energy balance and macronutrient intake. Forty-nine obesity-prone weight-reduced women were group-matched with 49 never-overweight obesity-resistant controls. All were premenopausal, sedentary, and normoglycemic. Energy expenditure and fuel use were assessed using chamber calorimetry. Body composition was assessed using DXA. Results: At baseline, percent body fat was not different between the obesity-prone and control women (33 ± 4% vs. 32 ± 5%, respectively; p = 0.22). Analysis of covariance results show that after adjusting for lean and fat mass, sleeping and resting energy expenditure of obesity-prone women was within 2% of controls. Neither sleeping nor resting energy expenditure nor sleeping, resting, or 24-hour fuel use was significantly different between the groups (p > 0.25). None of the metabolic variables contributed significantly to patterns of weight gain at 1 or 2 years of follow-up. Discussion: The results suggest that when resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fuel use are assessed under tightly controlled conditions, these metabolic factors do not distinguish obesity-prone from obesity-resistant women or explain long-term weight changes.
Positive Behavior Support for a Young Child Who Has Experienced Neglect and Abuse Testimonials of a Family Member and Professionals

The parent of an adopted young child who had previously experienced neglect and abuse with concomitant severe challenging behavior, and the interventionists involved in supporting the child and fam...
From the bench to the bedside : emerging new treatments in multiple myeloma

Several novel drug classes have been developed for multiple myeloma treatment within the last decade. The immunomodulatory drugs, thalidomide and lenalidomide, and the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, target not only the malignant plasma cells but also key stromal cell support for the neoplastic clone. All three compounds have proven efficacy in advanced disease and increasing evidence for excellent response rates and clinical benefit in newly diagnosed patients. Attention is now focused on producing rational molecularly based drug combinations, incorporating both novel agents and conventional drugs, to further improve outcome. In the setting of autologous stem cell transplantation, the incorporation of these therapies into transplant-based treatment has recently been shown to result in superior overall survival, as have other combinations in relapsed disease, such as bortezomib with liposomally encapsulated doxorubicin. Several new agents are now in clinical trials or are at advanced stages of pre-clinical studies. These include second generation proteasome inhibitors, as well as inhibitors of heat shock proteins, histone deacetylases, receptor tyrosine kinases, and agents targeting the microenvironment of tumors, including defibrotide.
Predicting Recycling Behavior from Global and Specific Environmental Attitudes and Changes in Recycling Opportunities1

Surveys of households in a medium-sized city were conducted at three different points in time to investigate changes in general environmental concern (as measured by the New Environmental Paradigm), specific recycling attitudes (as measured by constructs of the Schwartz moral norm model), and recycling behavior that occurred as recycling opportunities increased over time. After the initial data point, a voluntary curbside recycling program was implemented in central sections of the community and then later expanded citywide. The results indicate that over time, the proportion of households indicating that they recycled increased along with the actual volume of materials recycled in the community. General environmental concern and specific attitudes regarding recycling also became more favorable over time with recyclers exhibiting stronger pro-environmental attitudes than nonrecyclers. Specific recycling attitudes were found to be only moderately related to generalized concern for the environment. Lastly, the predictive utility of general environmental concern and specific recycling attitudes were examined.
Labeling of phosphoinositides in rat brain membranes: an assessment of changes due to post-decapitative ischemic treatment

Abstract Metabolic changes in brain phosphoinositides with respect to post-decapitative ischemic treatment were examined with rats labeled after i.p. injection of 32 Pi and intracerebral injection of [ 3 H]inositol. The ischemic treatment resulted in a large and rapid decrease (40% in 2 min) in labeled polyphosphoinositide (poly-Pl), regardless of the source of the labeling. The rapid disappearance of poly-PI labeling can be similarly detected in the synaptosomes and plasma membrane fractions. On the other hand, the ischemic treatment resulted in an increase (10%) in [ 32 P]-labeling of phosphatidylinositol, indicating possible contribution due to the poly-PI phosphomonoesterase pathway. In addition to the decrease in labeling of poly-PI, there was a decrease in radioactivity of phosphatidic acids in brain homogenates and plasma membranes due to the ischemic treatment. The labeling pattern of other phospholipids was not altered by the ischemic treatment. With rats prelabeled with [ 3 H]inositol, the amount of labeled inositol monophosphate in brain increased 4-fold after pretreatment with LiCl (8 meq/kg). While no obvious change in labeling of inositol bisphosphate and inositol monophosphate was observed, there was a 40% decrease in labeled inositol trisphosphate after 2 min ischemic treatment. Discussions were made regarding the advantage and disadvantages in labeling brain phosphoinositides with these two types of labeled precursors.
Ultrastructural changes in isolated peptidergic nerve terminals induced by digitonin permeabilization and K+ stimulation in the sinus gland of the crab, Cardisoma carnifex.

The preparation of isolated peptidergic nerve terminals from the sinus gland (a neurohemal organ) of the crab (Cardisoma carnifex) is described. In this species the nerve endings can have diameters up to 30 μm. They release neurosecretory material as judged by the decrease in the volumetric density of granules upon depolarization with potassium. Similar results were obtained after permeabilization of the nerve terminals with digitonin, but only in the presence of micromolar concentrations of calcium. This preparation should prove useful in correlating electrical events with other cellular processes involved in stimulus-secretion coupling.
Hunter-Gatherer Energetics and Fertility: A Reassessment of the !Kung San

This paper examines the question of why the total fertility rate of the !Kung San hunter-gatherers of the Northern Kalahari desert is as low as 4.69 births. When the intermediate variables involved are examined through the employment of a reproductive equation, it becomes clear that low fecundity is a major issue. Arguments offered previously to explain the low fertility of !Kung women, depending on factors such as nutrition, health status, and lactational practices are insufficient. Drawing upon recent data from sports medicine and endocrinology, I suggest that the pattern of San female energetics in their gathering and subsistence routine has a direct effect upon their fecundity. Such a correlation between activity patterns, endocrine function, and reproductive capacity may also be important for understanding the fertility of other mobile hunter-gatherer groups.
In Vivo Role for the Chromatin-remodeling Enzyme SWI/SNF in the Removal of Promoter Nucleosomes by Disassembly Rather Than Sliding

Analysis of in vivo chromatin remodeling at the PHO5 promoter of yeast led to the conclusion that remodeling removes nucleosomes from the promoter by disassembly rather than sliding away from the promoter. The catalytic activities required for nucleosome disassembly remain unknown. Transcriptional activation of the yeast PHO8 gene was found to depend on the chromatin-remodeling complex SWI/SNF, whereas activation of PHO5 was not. Here, we show that PHO8 gene circles formed in vivo lose nucleosomes upon PHO8 induction, indicative of nucleosome removal by disassembly. Our quantitative analysis of expression noise and chromatin-remodeling data indicates that the dynamics of continual nucleosome removal and reformation at the activated promoters of PHO5 and PHO8 are closely similar. In contrast to PHO5, however, activator-stimulated transcription of PHO8 appears to be limited mostly to the acceleration of promoter nucleosome disassembly with little or no acceleration of promoter transitions following nucleosome disassembly, accounting for the markedly lower expression level of PHO8.
Recovery From Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis Improvement After Plasmapheresis and Immunosuppression

• Two patients with rapidly advancing renal insufficiency underwent biopsy and were found to have crescentic glomerulonephritis. Patient 1 demonstrated findings compatible with Goodpasture's syndrome. Crescents were present in 100% of his glomeruli. Patient 2 had findings of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and crescents in greater than 90% of his glomeruli. Both patients were treated with high-dose prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis. Patient 2 additionally required hemodialysis for a brief period. Renal function improved in both patients and has not deteriorated after followup of 14 and 18 months, respectively. Repeated renal biopsies were performed in each patient. Our findings suggest that clinical improvement and histologic healing are possible in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis despite the initial presence of crescents in every glomerulus. ( Arch Intern Med 141:175-180, 1981)
Dark Fiber Valuation

ABSTRACT Valuation of dark fiber has recently generated controversy, sparked particularly by the large sums booked for swaps of dark fiber between companies. One of the issues raised is valuation: i.e., what is the value of an asset that generates no revenue now and may do so at some unknown point in the future but only after investment, in an uncertain business climate, and where prices are dropping? The picture is further complicated because the result of investing to bring the asset to market (i.e. lighting the fiber) changes the supply and demand conditions of the market itself and hence invalidates price predictions. A realistic and consistent valuation methodology is necessary for increasingly cautious companies, auditors, and investors. In this paper we describe such a valuation methodology for dark fibre based on real options. Publicly available bandwidth price services start to make this practical by providing market price information. For dark fibre valuation the real option to be valued are the...
Adhesion and Strength of Viscoelastic Solids. Is There a Relationship between Adhesion and Bulk Properties

Strength of adhesion depends upon the rheology of an adhesive as well as upon its interaction with a substrate. This is shown by studies using model joints prepared with different amounts of interlinking between two rubber sheets. The fracture energy G per unit of interfacial area appears to be a product of two terms: G = Go [1 + f(R,T)], where Go is the intrinsic (chemical) strength of the interface and f(R,T), usually much larger than unity, reflects energy dissipated viscoelastically within the adherends at a crack speed R and temperature T. Values of Go range from virtually zero for nonbonded sheets up to the threshold tear strength of rubber, 50−80 J/m2, in proportion to the density of interfacial bonds. Values of G are as much as 1000× greater at high speeds and low temperatures. Like adhesion, the tear strength of a soft rubbery solid is also increased by internal energy losses and shows the same marked dependence upon rate of tearing. By comparing the rate R at which tear strength increases by a ...
ELGYGYTGYN CRATER, SIBERIA: PROBABLE SOURCE OF AUSTRALASIAN TEKTITE FIELD (and Bediasites from Popigai)

Elgygytgyn crater (lat. 67–30 N, long. 172–00 E) in remote northeastern Siberia is proposed as the meteorite impact site from which the Australasian tektite strewnfield was splashed. The following points support this interpretation: 1, Elgygytgyn very likely is an impact crater and is of adequate size, 18 km across, to generate tektites; 2, the apex of the strewnfield points towards this crater; 3, the terrane is Mesozoic which fits the age of the tektite parental material from Sr/Rb data; 4, compositional and specific gravity lineations within the strewnfield are directed, in part, toward this crater; 5, the high velocity tektites, australites, are distal with respect to this crater while the low velocity tektites, splash forms and Muong Nong tektites, are proximal; 6, the loess deposits and mixed acid/basic rocks of the impact site provide a suitable subgraywacke-type source material; 7, the erosional state of Elgygytgyn suggests that its age may well be in accordance with that of the Australasian tektite event, i.e., 700,000 years.
Note on the energy of the isometric transition in 109Ag

Abstract The energy of the gamma ray emitted during the isomeric transition in 109Ag was determined, relative to energies of gamma rays emitted in 182Ta decay, with a lithium-drifted silicon detector and 182Ta and 109Cd sources. Referred to the 84678 eV line in 182Ta decay, the isometric transition energy is 3354.7 ± 30 eV higher, or (subject to the energy assumed for the 84678 eV line) 88033 eV all together.
Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Classic Example

Palpable thyroid nodules can be seen on sonograms with a high degree of accuracy. Although most thyroid nodules are benign, it is important to recognize the sonographic features that make a nodule ...
Bordeaux Wine as a Financial Investment

For repeat transactions data from monthly auction hammer prices, we analyze the level and quality of Bordeaux wine returns using the Fama-French Three-Factor Model and the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Returns average up to 0.75% per month above those predicted by these models. Further, investment grade wines benefi t from low exposure to market risk factors, thus offering a valuable dimension of portfolio diversifi cation. These fi ndings are consistent with simple theoretical considerations and support a documented growing interest in wine investments (JEL Classifi cation: G11, G12).
The Politics of Explanation and the Origins of Ethnography

At the turn of the twentieth century, comparative studies of human culture (ethnology) gave way to studies of the details of individual societies (ethnography). While many writers have noticed a political sub-text to this paradigm shift, they have regarded political interests as extrinsic to the change. The central historical issue is why anthropologinsts stopped asking global, comparative questions and started asking local questions about features of particular societies. The change in questions cannot be explained by empirical factors clone, and following Jarvie, this essay argues that political factors motivate the change. Jarvie's understanding of the role played by egalitarian politics is criticized, and the esay develops a new model of how political or moral values can become constitutive of scientific enquiry. On the erotetic view of explanation, whether one proposition explains another depends on the choice of contrast clas and relevance criterion. Since political or moral values can motivate thes...
Morphometric Differentiation and Taxonomy of Three Chromosomally Characterized Groups of Peromyscus boylii from East-Central Mexico

Morphometric characters are congruent with cytogenetic and genic evidence in dividing Peromyscus boylii into three groups in east-central Mexico. These include a monomorphic, low-FN group (FN = 52); a polymorphic, low-FN group (FN = 52–54); and a polymorphic, high-FN group (FN = 58–60). Univariate and multivariate analyses of morphometric features discriminate the three groups, with the overall pattern more evident in the multivariate than the univariate approach. Some of the qualitative characters show the monomorphic low-FN specimens to be distinct from the karyotypically polymorphic groups, but none of them is diagnostic. Morphometric comparisons of the three karyotypic groups with topotypic and reference samples of the recognized taxa of P. boylii in Mexico support the following taxonomic assignments for these forms: monomorphic, low-FN group, P. boylii rowleyi ; polymorphic, low-FN group, P. beatae ; and the polymorphic, high-FN group, P. levipes . The three chromosomal groups appear to represent a good example of cryptic species.
Endograft infection following emergency repair for abdominal aortic aneurysm dissection and the undervalued role of the bowel reservoir

Endograft infection after emergency endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) procedure has received less attention than other complications, and usually occurs soon after endograft positioning. Consequently, clear guidelines for the prevention and treatment of endograft infection have yet to come. We report a case of an 85-year-old patient treated with an emergency EVAR procedure for a fissured abdominal aortic aneurysm, whose immediate follow up was complicated by a prolonged upper gastrointestinal occlusion. Six months, later he developed an endograft infection due to intestinal flora. After exclusion of all other possible causes, bacterial translocation from the bowel appeared the only plausible mechanism. This case highlights the importance of the gastrointestinal tract as a potential source of endograft infection, and suggests how a clinical condition representing potential reservoir of infection should be managed properly.
Pulmonary mechanics: A system identification perspective

The mechanical properties of the lungs are important determinants of its ability to function properly, and may become severely compromised in disease. Being able to assess lung mechanical function is thus crucial to the diagnosis of many lung diseases and for following the progress of therapy. Assessing lung mechanical function is essentially an exercise in system identification, whereby measurements of pressures and flows made at certain sites are linked in terms of mathematical models. Most often, the lung is assumed to function as a linear dynamic system, allowing determination of its input impedance over a range of frequencies. In mice, for example, impedance is frequently determined between 1 and 20 Hz. The interpretation of impedance in physiological terms is central to its utility as a diagnostic tool, and is best done with reference to a suitable mathematical model. Currently, the most widely used model for animal studies of lung disease consists of a single flow-resistive airway serving a uniformly ventilated alveolar region surrounded by tissue having a constant-phase impedance. This model has also been employed in human studies, and allows the mechanical properties of the lungs to be subdivided into those reflecting the conducting airway tree and those due to the behavior of the lung periphery. The parameters of this model have been shown in animals to change characteristically following interventions that mimic human pathologies such as asthma and acute lung injury. Furthermore, these changing parameter values can be linked to specific physical processes occurring within the lungs.