cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Treatment of Nets

ABSTRACT Low to intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumor (NET) constitutes a group of malignancies that share the capacity for secreting hormones and causing distinctive clinical syndromes. Until recently, there were few evidence-based treatment options. Recent advances in targeted therapy and completion of pivotal phase III studies have brought the approval of both everolimus and sunitinib for pancreatic NET. These large randomized studies demonstrated improvement of progression-free survival validating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and angiogenesis as important targets for further advances. These studies also showed some of the challenges of NET including patient accrual and disease heterogeneity. Ongoing phase III studies comparing bevacizumab versus interferon and everolimus versus placebo among patients with other NET subtypes may bring much needed advances in areas of unmet need. Development of rational combinations is also ongoing. These ongoing studies as well as our improved understanding of the underlying molecular biology will bring needed advances. Disclosure J.C. Yao: Consultant relationship with Ipsen, Lexicon, Novartis, Pfizer.
Risk of serious bacterial infections in infants ≤60 days of age presenting to the emergency department with a history of fever only

Purpose: Approximately 8-10% of febrile infants ≤60 days of age presenting to emergency departments (ED) have serious bacterial infections (SBI). Little is known about the risk of SBI in infants with only a history of fever but who are afebrile at ED presentation as compared to infants with a documented fever in the ED. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the risk of SBI in infants ≤60 days of age with history of fever only …
Identification of Natural Fibers

Natural fibers may be encountered in a variety of archaeological contexts. Plants produce seed, bast, and leaf fibers; animals produce hairs and silk; and deposits of fibrous minerals are widespread. The fibers recovered from an archaeological site may provide information about the past environment at the site, about past human diet, about human technology, about human cultural practices, and about ancient trade routes. Several schemes for the preparation of natural fibers (especially vegetable fibers) for analysis have been proposed. Despite advances in analytical instrumentation, the primary tool for the identification of natural fibers remains the polarized light microscope. Despite the simplicity of the instrumentation required for the identification of natural fibers, considerable experience is required to develop expertise in this area. In addition to providing the basic instrumentation for analysis of natural fibers, laboratories attempting the analysis of natural fibers require authenticated samples of natural fibers and detailed, validated protocols for the recovery, analysis, documentation, and preservation of the fibers.
The Importance of Competitive Interactions Within Stream Populations and Communities

Of the ecological factors that shape populations and communities, competition holds a prominent position. As ecology seeks to gain predictive power as a growing science, it will become increasingly important to know what role competitive interactions play in producing patterns within natural populations and communities. In this review, I consider some of the evidence suggesting the relative importance of such competitive interactions within stream ecosystems, emphasizing studies of stream Invertebrates. Though rigorous studies of such processes are few, I will conclude that the role of competition in these ecosystems has been underestimated. I suggest some of the fruitful paths towards a better understanding of this process, and consider the broader role of competition relative to other processes which organize stream benthic communities.
A case of colonic intussusception and obstruction secondary to giant colonic lipoma.

Lipomas are benign soft tissue tumors found throughout the body including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Colonic lipomas are typically asymptomatic, incidentally identified during endoscopy or at the time of autopsy. However, giant lipomas larger than 4 cm usually manifest symptoms such as abdominal pain, obstruction, melena or intussusception. The transverse colon is the least common location for colonic lipoma. We report on a 54-year-old man with acute large bowel obstruction secondary to a long segment colo-colonic intussusception from a giant lipoma originating in the transverse colon. The diagnosis was suggested by advanced imaging and confirmed on endoscopy. He was treated successfully by laparoscopic extended right hemicolectomy with ileocolonic anastomosis. This case highlights the complexity of presentation and surgical management of large bowel obstruction and colonic intussusception, as well as the rare entity of giant colonic lipoma.
396. Relationship Between Patient Characteristics and Critical Illness in Patients Admitted for CoVID-19

Background: While several studies have explored hospitalization risk factors with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection, the risk of poor outcomes during hospitalization has primarily relied upon laboratory or hospital-acquired data Our goal was to identify clinical characteristics associated with intubation or death within 7 days of admission Methods: The first 436 patients admitted to the University of Colorado Hospital (Denver metropolitan area) with confirmed CoVID-19 were included Demographics, comorbidities, and select medications were collected by chart abstraction Missing height for calculating body mass index (BMI) was imputed using the median heightfor patients' sex and race/ethnicity Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated using multivariable logistic regression and a minimax concave penalty (MCP) regularized logistic regression explored prediction Results: Participants had a mean(SD) age 55(17), BMI 30 9(8 2), 55% were male and 80% were ethnic/racial minorities Unadjusted comparisons by outcome are shown (Table 1) Male sex (aOR: 1 60, 95% CI (1 02, 2 54)), increasing age (aOR: 1 25(1 08, 1 47);per 10 years), higher BMI (aOR 1 03(1 00, 1 06) and poorly controlled diabetes (hemoglobin A1C ≥8) (aOR 2 33(1 27, 4 27) were significantly (p65, sex and minority status, but predicted intubation/death only slightly better than random chance (AUC= 0 61(0 56, 0 67)) Conclusion: In a hospitalized patient cohort with COVID-19, male sex, poorly controlled diabetes, increasing age and BMI were significantly associated with early intubation or death These results complement larger cohort studies, and highlight risk differences across metropolitan areas with varying COVID-19 prevalence, demographics, and comorbid disease burden Notably, our predictive model had limited success, which may suggest unmeasured factors also contribute to disease severity differences
Subgroups of comorbid PTSD and AUD in U.S. military veterans predict differential responsiveness to two integrated treatments: A latent class analysis.

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) frequently co-occur. Integrated treatments are effective, but not all patients respond and predicting outcome remains difficult. In this study, latent class analysis (LCA) identified symptom-based subgroups of comorbid PTSD/AUD among 119 veterans with PTSD/AUD from a randomized controlled trial of integrated exposure therapy (I-PE) versus integrated coping skills therapy (I-CS). Multilevel models compared subgroups on PTSD severity and percentage of heavy drinking days at post-treatment and 3- and 6-month follow-up. LCA revealed three subgroups best fit the data: Moderate PTSD/Low AUD Impairment (21%), High PTSD/High AUD Impairment (48%), and Low PTSD/High AUD Impairment (31%). There was a three-way interaction between time, treatment condition, and subgroup in predicting PTSD outcomes (p
Can general surgery interns accurately measure their own technical skills? Analysis of cognitive bias in surgical residents' self-assessments.

Abstract Background Accurate self-assessment of knowledge and technical skills is key to self-directed education required in surgical training. We aimed to investigate the presence and magnitude of cognitive bias in self-assessment among a cohort of surgical interns. Methods First-year general surgery residents self-assessed performance on a battery of technical skill tasks (knot tying, suturing, vascular anastomosis, Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Skills peg transfer and intracorporeal suturing) at the beginning of residency. Each self-assessment was compared to actual performance. Bias and deviation were defined as arithmetic and absolute difference between actual and estimated scores. Spearman correlation assessed covariation between actual and estimated scores. Improvement in participant performance was analyzed after an end-of-year assessment. Results Participants (N = 34) completed assessments from 2017 to 2019. Actual and self-assessment scores were positively correlated (0.55, P 75th percentile) improved less than more accurate residents (median 5 vs 16 points, P 75 percentile underestimated their performance. Conclusion Cognitive bias in technical surgical skills is apparent in first-year surgical residents, particularly in those who are higher performers. Inaccuracy in self-assessment may influence improvement and should be addressed in surgical training.
Chromonic liquid crystals and packing configurations of bacteriophage viruses.

We study equilibrium configurations of hexagonal columnar liquid crystals in the context of characterizing packing structures of bacteriophage viruses in a protein capsid. These are viruses that in...
Muscle strength, flexibility, and body size of adult males.

Abstract Four measures of muscle strength, two measures of flexibility, 30 anthropometric measures (both direct and indirect), and the somatotypes of 45 male subjects were obtained and the interrelationships among these measures investigated. A low but statistically significant correlation was found between hip flexion strength and the range of motion of hip extension-flexion; however, this was the only strength measurement to correlate significantly with the flexibility measurements. Many statistically significant (p = .05) correlations were found between the anthropometric and the strength measurements, but none between the anthropometric and the flexibility measurements. The only somatotype component to correlate significantly with the measures of muscle strength was mesomorphy; the correlations between the somatotype components and the measures of flexibility were insignificant.
Disconnect Between Driver Behavior/Performance Studies and Crash Experience: Lessons from the Study of Young/Inexperienced Drivers

The quantitative measurement of driver behavior has been central to much of the systematic research underlying highway safety issues during the past forty years. It has contributed to the way in which we design roads, vehicles, training programs, signs and markings, and intelligent transportation systems. Yet the methods we use to conduct driver behavior experiments may result in a disconnect with the circumstances under which crash events occur. This is particularly evident in problems related to young, inexperienced drivers. This paper discusses some of the systematic biases that characterize the quantitative driver behavior research base regarding youthful drivers. Some broader implications for the general study of driver behavior and performance are then considered.
Realistic Image Synthesis Using Photon Mapping

The creation of photorealistic images of three-dimensional models is central to computer graphics. Photon mapping, an extension of ray tracing, makes it possible to efficiently simulate global illumination in complex scenes. Photon mapping can simulate caustics (focused light, like shimmering waves at the bottom of a swimming pool), diffuse inter-reflections (e.g., the bleeding of colored light from a red wall onto a white floor, giving the floor a reddish tint), and participating media (such as clouds or smoke). This book is a practical guide to photon mapping; it provides both the theory and the practical insight necessary to implement photon mapping and simulate all types of direct and indirect illumination efficiently.
Reform in Kansas Domestic Violence Legislation

Until recently, the problem of spouse abuse was largely neglected by the legal system. Although criminal assault and battery laws prohibited interspousal violence, attitudinal and structural barriers to both arrest and prosecution rendered the statutes largely ineffective. When battered women turned to the tort system for help, they found time-worn vestiges of the common law blocking meaningful civil relief. In the past several years, academic commentators and political groups have condemned the failure of the criminal justice system to respond effectively to spousal assault and have lobbied for new civil remedies.
Where does DNA replication start in archaea

Genome-wide measures of DNA strand composition have been used to find archaeal DNA replication origins. Archaea seem to replicate using a single origin (as do eubacteria) even though archaeal replication factors are more like those of eukaryotes.
Wills and Trusts: Annual Survey of Texas Law

This article surveys the law of wills and trusts in Texas during the Survey period of November 2, 2002 through November 1, 2003. The article discusses pertinent legislative and judicial developments relating to the Texas law of intestacy, wills, estate administration, trusts, and other estate planning matters. Discussions of most of the cases cited include a moral, an important lesson to be gleaned from the case which results in an opportunity to apply that lesson to the advantage of the reader's client.
Laval,Viking,and American Labor Law.

Laval and Viking are important decisions of the European Court of Justice. Both restrict the ability of unions to take industrial action. The decisions have been highly controversial and widely debated in Europe. This article considers how the decisions would have been decided under American labor law. I find that the United States would have resolved the cases differently and more generously to labor interests. This is a counter-intuitive result given the conventional wisdom about attitudes towards unions and labor regulation in Europe and the United States. The article concludes by arguing that this comparative analysis tells us something about the cross-cutting currents that contribute to the development of labor law. This article is part of a symposium to be published in the Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal that also includes articles by European and Canadian academics.
Some Varieties and Vicissitudes of Lochnerism

This article is a contribution to the Lochner Centennial Symposium at Boston University School of Law. Until recently, a consensus appeared to be emerging among constitutional historians concerning how best to interpret Lochner-era decisions involving Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment challenges to state and federal economic regulation. After decades during which the Court's jurisprudence had been characterized as the product of a reactionary judiciary's commitments to Social Darwinism and laissez-faire economics, more recent scholars had come to see the Court's police powers decisions as animated by what Professor Howard Gillman has called the principle of neutrality. On this view, the Court's jurisprudence is best understood as erecting a series of obstacles to "class," "special," "partial," or "unequal" legislation, "legislation that could not be regarded as public-regarding because it benefited certain interest groups or took from A to give to B." Recently, however, two articles have challenged this emerging consensus. Professor Robert Post and Professor David Bernstein each have contended that the salience of the principle of neutrality in Lochner-era jurisprudence has been considerably overestimated, and in fact does comparatively little to explain the Court's decisions. These commentators instead prefer to characterize the decisions as efforts to secure zones of individual liberty and autonomy constitutionally insulated from intrusive government supervision. In Part I of this essay, I examine the arguments of each and seek to discern what, if anything, might be salvaged of the consensus view in the face of their critiques. In Part II, I examine a series of lesser-known decisions of the New Deal era to help elucidate the multiplicity of positions that justices of the period took on questions of judicial enforcement of Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment limitations on economic regulation. This examination is designed in turn to help evaluate another widely shared view: that the Lochner era came to an end with the Supreme Court's decision in West Coast Hotel v. Parrish in the spring of 1937.
Protein–Protein Interfaces in Viral Capsids Are Structurally Unique

Viral capsids exhibit elaborate and symmetrical architectures of defined sizes and remarkable mechanical properties not seen with cellular macromolecular complexes. Given the uniqueness of the higher-order organization of viral capsid proteins in the virosphere, we explored the question of whether the patterns of protein-protein interactions within viral capsids are distinct from those in generic protein complexes. Our comparative analysis involving a non-redundant set of 551 inter-subunit interfaces in viral capsids from VIPERdb and 20,014 protein-protein interfaces in non-capsid protein complexes from the Protein Data Bank found 418 generic protein-protein interfaces that share similar physicochemical patterns with some protein-protein interfaces in the capsid set, using the program PCalign we developed for comparing protein-protein interfaces. This overlap in the structural space of protein-protein interfaces is significantly small, with a p-value <0.0001, based on a permutation test on the total set of protein-protein interfaces. Furthermore, the generic protein-protein interfaces that bear similarity in their spatial and chemical arrangement with capsid ones are mostly small in size with fewer than 20 interfacial residues, which results from the relatively limited choices of natural design for small interfaces rather than having significant biological implications in terms of functional relationships. We conclude based on this study that protein-protein interfaces in viral capsids are non-representative of patterns in the smaller, more compact cellular protein complexes. Our finding highlights the design principle of building large biological containers from repeated, self-assembling units and provides insights into specific targets for antiviral drug design for improved efficacy.
The Evolution of Distance Learning: Technology-Mediated Interactive Learning

AbstractThis article describes how our present delivery of instruction over distance could become an even more powerful and useful educational medium through incorporating ideas from cooperative learning and computer supported cooperative work. Advances in information technology that would enhance distance learning include collaborative mimetic interfaces, direct manipulation capabilities, telepointers, automatic electronic archiving, hypertext, and specialized software for different types of interaction. Through incorporating these functionalities, distance learning environments can be designed to have greater opportunities for students to interact than traditional single-classroom settings. By overcoming pupils’ segregation into homogeneous enclaves, distance learning can enhance pluralism to prepare Americans for competition in the world marketplace. Eventually, all educational institutions will need to develop students’ abilities in distanced interaction, for skills of collaboration with remote team m...
Two-dimensional electromagnetic fields in azimuthally inhomogeneous media

Solutions to Maxwell's equations are obtained for the electromagnetic fields independent of z in media for which the permittivity variation in circular-cylindrical coordinates is as \rho^{-2}g(\phi) .
Polymeric pharmaceutical coating materials II In vivo evaluation as enteric coatings

A series of polymeric films exhibited a gradient in dissolution pH within the pH range of the gastrointestinal tract. The in vivo release properties of these films were evaluated clinically as enteric coated tablets using acetylsalicylic acid as the marker. The absorption and excretion of these tablets were studied through plasma salicylate and urinary salicylurate measurements in normal, fasting subjects. A direct relationship was observed between the polymer dissolution pH and the onset and induction times of these enteric tablets in the plasma and urine, respectively. No significant difference in absorption rates existed between the stomach for the control and the upper intestine for two of the enteric products. A further increase in the dissolution pH of the polymers released the drug in the lower intestine effecting a progressive decrease in the absorption rate and total absorption. Variation in the upper intestine was significantly less than in the lower intestine.
Stereotyping Hispanics and Whites: Perceived Differences in Social Roles as a Determinant of Ethnic Stereotypes

Abstract This study examined predictions of assumed-characteristics theory in explaining differences between stereotypes of Hispanics and Whites in the United States. According to this theory, access to background information concerning social status moderates the effects of ethnicity in making judgments of people. White subjects were presented with a brief description of a 35-year-old man whose job title and ethnicity were varied, and they rated the stimulus person on a variety of personal attributes that, in previous research, differentiated Hispanics from Whites. Results were generally consistent with assumed-characteristics theory, indicating that stereotypic beliefs about Hispanics and Whites derived in part from inferences about the distribution of the two groups into different roles in the status hierarchy.
Transcription of the int gene of bacteriophage λ new RNA polymerase binding site and RNA start generated by int-constitutive mutations

High level synthesis of the λ Int protein depends on positive regulation by the λ cII/cIII proteins, which enhance transcription from pI, a promoter close to the int gene. The intc point mutations allow high level synthesis of the Int protein even when the cII/cIII proteins are absent. In order to understand how the intc point mutations increase the constitutive level of Int protein synthesis, we have carried out a series of binding and transcription experiments in vitro using purified Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. We have studied the binding of RNA polymerase to a DNA restriction fragment that contains the pI promoter region; we find that RNA polymerase has a much greater affinity for this restriction fragment if it has an intc point mutation. We have also transcribed the restriction fragment in vitro and analyzed the RNA products on agarose/polyacrylamide gels. If the DNA has an intc point mutation, a leftward transcript of the int gene is detected; no leftward transcripts are detected when the DNA template does not have an intc point mutation. From these results we conclude that the intc point mutations have generated an active promoter site for int gene transcription.
Iron—sulfur proteins: new roles for old clusters

Several major advances in our understanding of the structure, function and properties of biological iron-sulfur clusters have occurred in the past year. These include a new structural type of cluster in the inappropriately named prismane protein, the establishment of redox-mediated [Fe2S2]2+ [Fe4S4]2+ cluster conversions, and the characterization of valence-delocalized [Fe2S2]+ and all ferrous clusters with [Fe2S2]0, [Fe3S4]2- and [Fe4S4]0 cores. The emergence of novel types of redox, regulatory and enzymatic roles have also raised the possibility of iron-sulfur clusters mediating two electron redox processes, coupling proton and electron transfer, and catalyzing disulfide reduction and reductive cleavage of S-adenosylmethionine via sulfur-based cluster chemistry.
Growth of compound semiconductor photovoltaic materials

In this paper we review current developments in the growth of compound semiconductor bulk single crystals and epitaxial multilayers in the context of photovoltaic solar energy conversion. The emphasis is on advanced multicolor III–V alloy cells and chalcogenides that are of interest as thin film photovoltaic materials, but require work on single crystals to assess ultimate performance data and limiting degradation mechanisms.
Fetal grafting for Parkinson's disease: Expression of immune markers in two patients with functional fetal nigral implants

In a number of centers throughout the world, fetal nigral transplantation is being performed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical results have been inconsistent. One parameter that differs among transplant studies is the degree and manner by which patients are immunosuppressed following transplantation. Indeed, the role of the immune system following fetal grafting in humans is not well understood. Recently, two patients from our open label trial that received fetal nigral implants have come to autopsy. These patients were immunosuppressed with cyclosporin for 6 mo posttransplantation and survived for a total of 18 mo postgrafting. Robust survival of grafted dopamine-containing cells was observed in both cases. Immunostaining for HLA-DR revealed a dense collection of cells within grafts from both cases. HLA-DR staining was rarely observed within the host including nongrafted regions of the striatum. A more detailed analysis of immune markers was performed in Case 2. Numerous pan macrophages, T-cells, and B-cells were observed within graft sites located in the postcommissural putamen. In contrast, staining for these immune cells was not observed within the ungrafted anterior putamen. These findings suggest that even in healthy appearing functional nigral implants, grafts are invaded by host immune cells that could compromise their long-term viability and function. Alternatively, immune cells are known to secrete trophic factors, which may ultimately favor graft survival and function. Further work is needed to understand the role of the immune system in fetal grafting.
Some factors influencing the photodynamic response of Paramecium caudatum to 3,4-benzpyrene.

Some Factors Influencing the Photodynamic Response of Paramecium Caudatum to 3,4-Benzpyrene
Evaluating the Stress Response as a Bioindicator of Sub-Lethal Effects of Crude Oil Exposure in Wild House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

Petroleum can disrupt endocrine function in humans and wildlife, and interacts in particularly complex ways with the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, responsible for the release of the stress hormones corticosterone and cortisol (hereafter CORT). Ingested petroleum can act in an additive fashion with other stressors to cause increased mortality, but it is not clear exactly why—does petroleum disrupt feedback mechanisms, stress hormone production, or both? This laboratory study aimed to quantify the effects of ingested Gulf of Mexico crude oil on the physiological stress response of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). We examined baseline and stress-induced CORT, negative feedback, and adrenal sensitivity in house sparrows given a 1% oil or control diet (n = 12 in each group). We found that four weeks on a 1% oil diet did not alter baseline CORT titers or efficacy of negative feedback, but significantly reduced sparrows' ability to secrete CORT in response to a standardized stressor and adrenocorticotropin hormone injection, suggesting that oil damages the steroid-synthesizing cells of the adrenal. In another group of animals on the same 1% oil (n = 9) or control diets (n = 8), we examined concentrations of eight different blood chemistry parameters, and CORT in feathers grown before and during the feeding experiments as other potential biomarkers of oil exposure. None of the blood chemistry parameters differed between birds on the oil and control diets after two or four weeks of feeding, nor did feather CORT differ between the two groups. Overall, this study suggests that the response of CORT to stressors, but not baseline HPA function, may be a particularly sensitive bioindicator of sub-lethal chronic effects of crude oil exposure.
Smoking status by proxy and self report: rate of agreement in different ethnic groups

OBJECTIVE—To examine the rate of agreement between proxy and self report of smoking status in Hispanics compared with other ethnic groups. DESIGN—Data source is the 1990 California Tobacco Survey (CTS) which includes proxy and self reported smoking status. The CTS is a random digit dialled survey conducted in 57 244 households. A sample of 10 011 adults was included in the analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE—Percentages of agreement and disagreement between self report and report by other member of the household on smoking status. RESULTS—Cohen's κ coefficients of agreement on smoking status between self report and proxy report was highest in non-Hispanic whites and African Americans (κ = 0.91), followed by Asian Americans (κ = 0.82 ) and Hispanics (κ = 0.76). Among adults identified as current smokers by proxy, a lower percentage of Hispanics compared with non-Hispanics indicated that they were current smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 3.74, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.28 to 4.20). Furthermore, agreement between proxy and self report was also lower in Hispanics of low acculturation compared with Hispanics with a high level of acculturation (OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0 to 0.94). CONCLUSIONS—The agreement between self reported and proxy reported smoking status is higher among non-Hispanics compared with Hispanics. Smoking rates in different ethnic groups that are estimated by telephone surveys including proxy and self report might not be comparable. Keywords: smoking status; Hispanics; self reporting
Nixon and Ford as Ex-Post Keynesians

Reestimation of a growth rate version of the St. Louis equation suggests that the equation does believe in fiscal policy, but only for the Nixon-Ford administrations.
Chronic mild stress induces behavioral and physiological changes, and may alter serotonin 1A receptor function, in male and cycling female rats

Interactions among stress, serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system have been proposed to influence the development of depression in humans. The investigation of depression-relevant behaviors and physiological responses to environmental stressors in animal models of depression may provide valuable insight regarding these mechanisms. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the interactions among central 5-HT1A receptors, endocrine function, and behavior in an animal model of depression, chronic mild stress (CMS). The current study examined behavioral responses to a pleasurable stimulus (sucrose), estrous cycle length (in female rats), and plasma hormone levels following systemic administration of a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist [(+)8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT); 40 μg/kg, s.c.; administered 15 min prior to sacrifice], in male and female rats exposed to 4 weeks of CMS. Four weeks of CMS produced a reduction in the intake of 1% sucrose (anhedonia), as well as attenuated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) responses to 8-OH-DPAT in both male and female rats (22 and 18% lower than the control groups, respectively). Corticosterone and oxytocin responses to 8-OH-DPAT were not altered by exposure to CMS. In female rats, CMS induced a lengthening of the estrous cycle by ∼40%. CMS produces minor HPA disruptions along with behavioral disruptions. Alterations in 5-HT1A receptor function in specific populations of neurons in the central nervous system may be associated with the CMS model. The current findings contribute to our understanding of the relations that stress and neuroendocrine function have to depressive disorders.
A Family Focused Randomized Controlled Trial to Prevent Adolescent Alcohol and Tobacco Use: The Moderating Roles of Positive Parenting and Adolescent Gender.

Four years of longitudinal data from 2,153 families with a 5th- or 6th-grade preadolescent participating in a family-focused pediatric primary-care-based prevention program were used to examine whether prevention effects were moderated by positive parenting and/or adolescent gender. Alcohol and tobacco use, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems were examined. Although findings revealed no main effect of the prevention program, positive parenting and adolescent gender were moderators of internalizing problems and adolescent gender was a moderator of externalizing problems. Clinical implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time and vowel production: Some implications for perception studies

Abstract An examination of studies investigating effects of speaking rate on speech production and speech perception reveals an apparent conflict between acoustic data from speech production and the acoustic parameters typically manipulated in speech perception experiments. This note is intended to address the apparent conflict in the literature by examining both production and perception studies in the extant literature, and by analyzing new data on the effects of speaking rate on voice-onset time (VOT) production in English. Subjects were asked to read CVC words in context at both slow and fast rates of speech, and the relationship between VOT and vowel duration across changes in speaking rate was then examined. The data for voiceless stop plus sound sequences indicate that as speaking rate slows both VOT and vowel duration increase in almost equal proportions. Importantly, there is no evidence that VOT and vowel length vary inversely such that as VOT increases, vowel length decreases. In contrast, most perception experiments examining the effects of speaking rate on VOT use stimulus parameters that do vary inversely VOT and vowel length. Thus, the perceptual the effects obtained under such conditions may not be appropriately attributable to perceptual effects of speaking rate on phonetic categorization, but rather may be due to other perceptual effects.
Adamantinomas Of The Hypophyseal Stalk And Sphenoid Bone

Tumors of the hypophyseal stalk, of which the adamantinomas form the largest single group, are sufficiently rare to remain a pathological curiosity. Erdheim (1) in 1904 first made an extensive study and review of the subject and since then valuable contributions have been added by Duffy (2), Critchley and Ironside (3), and others. Adamantinomas have been defined by Critchley and Ironside as a variety of epithelial tumors in the suprapituitary region arising from an unobliterated portion of the fetal craniopharyngeal duct. The histological structure resembles that of the embryonic enamel organ and bears a striking resemblance to the epithelial odontomas of the jaw. Report of Cases Case 1: History : L. L., aged three years, white female, had been well except for a history of whooping cough which was followed by pneumonia at the age of three months. Her birth history and development were normal except that she was exceptionally bright. She “understood and talked like a ten-year-old child.” Three months prior to her entrance to the Research and Educational Hospitals of the University of Illinois, on Dec. 18, 1933, the patient suddenly started to vomit and exhibited a complete change of personality with peculiar actions, as grinding of the teeth, biting of the finger nails, pacing the floor, and at times singing, yelling or crying and talking irrationally. Her vision had been rapidly decreasing; the gait became tottering, and the head grew noticeably larger. Subsequently she became incontinent. She did not complain of headaches or dizziness at any time, but mentally grew progressively worse and ultimately reverted to an infantile state. Examination revealed a well developed and well nourished child who did not appear acutely ill. The heart, lungs, and abdominal organs were essentially normal. The head was moderately hydrocephalic, and a positive Macewen9s sign (cracked-pot resonance) was obtained. There was almost total blindness. The pupils reacted sluggishly to light. The eyes were in midline with no apparent nystagmus. External ocular movements could not be definitely ascertained because of poor cooperation. Examination of the fundi revealed advanced bilateral optic atrophy with a superimposed choked disk. A slight left-side facial asymmetry was noticeable when the child cried. The tongue, when protruded, deviated to the left. A left hemiparesis was present with all the deep reflexes marked. Pathological reflexes were absent. Sensibility was intact throughout.
Functional analysis of a carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation mutant of the bovine papillomavirus E1 protein

The papillomavirus E1 protein is essential for viral DNA replication, and phosphorylation of E1 appears to regulate protein function and DNA replication. Serine 584 of bovine papillomavirus E1 is in a conserved motif resembling a CK2 consensus site, and is phosphorylated by CK2 in vitro. Mutation of serine 584 to alanine eliminates replication of the viral genome in transient replication assays. Wild-type and mutant E1 proteins were expressed from recombinant baculoviruses and used to assess biochemical functions of the amino acid 584 substitution. Helicase enzyme activity, E1 binding to the viral E2 protein and to cellular DNA polymerase alpha-primase were all unaffected in the mutant protein. Binding of E1 to viral replication origin DNA sequences was reduced in the mutant, but not eliminated. The carboxyl-terminal region of the protein appears to play a role in regulating E1 function, and adds to a complex picture emerging for papillomavirus DNA replication control.
Extraction of In(III) and Ga(III) from aqueous chloride media by long chain alkyl amines and quaternary salts

Abstract The extraction of Ga(III) and In(III) from aqueous chloride systems by long chain alkyl amines and high molecular weight quaternary salts in organic solvents has been studied using tracer techniques. The effects observed with respect to change in organic diluent, amine type and acid concentration in the aqueous phase, parallel those seen previously during similar investigations of aqueous chloride systems of Co(II) and Fe(III). However, the In(III) system appears to be unique in that the stoicheiometry of the extracted species in the case of a tertiary amine seems to be different from that obtained with a quaternary salt. The results indicate that the ratio of amine to In(III) is 2:1 in the extracted species obtained with tertiary amines and is 1:1 for the quaternary salt solutions. Possible formulations for these extracted species are: (R 3 NH + ) 2 (InCl 5 ) 2− or (R 3 NH + ) 2 [In(H 2 O)Cl 5 ] 2− and (R 3 NCH 3 + )(InCl 4 ) − or (R 3 NCH 3 + )[In(H 2 O) 2 Cl 4 ] − . An extracted species for Ga(III) containing a GaGl 4 − entity is indicated in both amine and quaternary salt systems.
Composite QAM sequences with low PMEPR

An upper bound for the peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) of composite quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) sequences in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is derived. The composite QAM sequence is constructed by linear weighted and shifted sum of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) sequences.
Item-Level Discordance in Parent and Adolescent Reports of Parenting Behavior and Its Implications for Adolescents’ Mental Health and Relationships with Their Parents

The phenomenon of discordance between parents’ and children’s ratings of the child’s mental health symptoms or of parenting behavior until recently has been treated as a problem of reliability. More recent work has sought to identify factors that may influence discordance, yet much remains to be learned about why informants’ ratings of developmental phenomena are discordant and the meaning of such discordance. This study examined the extent to which discordance can be treated as a measure of the difference between two equally valid perceptions, and as such an indicator of the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. One category of concordance and three patterns of discordance were derived from item-level differences in ratings of affection, control, and punitiveness provided by a diverse sample (53% female; 46% Hispanic-American, 35% African-American, 15% European-American, 4% another race/ethnicity) of 484 adolescents aged 12–20 years (M = 15.67, SD = 1.72) and their parents. Over and above adolescents’ and parents’ independent ratings of parenting, the discordance between these ratings was found to predict adolescent reports of anxiety and conduct disorder symptoms, as well as the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship. This was particularly true when adolescents and parents were discordant in their ratings of affection and when adolescents rated their parents higher on affection than did parents themselves. Implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.
Proteomic Definition of the Cell Wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and diverse; composed of proteins intermingled in a matrix of peptidoglycan, mycolic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Proteomic studies of the Mtb cell wall have been limited; nonetheless, the characterization of resident and secreted proteins associated with the cell wall are critical to understanding bacterial survival and immune modulation in the host. In this study, the cell wall proteome was defined in order to better understand its unique biosynthetic and secretion processes. Mtb cell wall was subjected to extraction with organic solvents to remove noncovalently bound lipids and lipoglycans and remaining proteins were solubilized with either SDS, Guanidine-HCl, or TX-114. These extracts were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass-spectrometry and resulted in the identification of 234 total proteins. The lipoproteome of Mtb, enriched in the TX-114 extract, was further resolved by multidimensional chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify an additional 294 proteins. A query of the 528 total protein identifications against Neural Network or Hidden Markov model algorithms predicted secretion signals in 87 proteins. Classification of these 528 proteins also demonstrated that 35% are involved in small molecule metabolism and 25% are involved in macromolecule synthesis and degradation building upon evidence that the Mtb cell wall is actively engaged in mycobacterial survival and remodeling.
Cell volumes, maximal growth rates of unicellular algae and ciliates, and the role of ciliates in the marine pelagial1,2

A review of growth rates of diatoms and dinoflagellates in light-saturated, nutrient-replete cultures at 20°C confirms weak dependence on cell volume or mass. These maximal (intrinsic) rates are not linearly related to surface area or surface-to-volume ratio of the cells. The growth of most diatoms is materially faster than that of dinoflagellates; other algae fall in between or below the dinoflagellates. Small ciliates have appreciably higher intrinsic growth rates than algae of the same cell volume. The average food consumption per ciliate in the marine pelagic realm is inferred to be very low, so that the realized specific growth rates are much smaller than the intrinsic potentials. Also, a previously postulated refuge from predation, afforded by small size, is extended down to about 10-µm3 cell volume.
The light curve of periodic comet Halley 1910 II

Photometric parameters for periodic comet Halley 1910 II have been derived from 144 total visual magnitude estimates. The pre-perihelion data are best represented by an absolute magnitude of 5.47 and a power-law exponent of 4.44; post-perihelion results show that the absolute magnitude brightened to 4.94, and the exponent decreased to 3.07. Only small fluctuations in brightness about the power-law solutions are noted. Based on these results, a forecast of the visual brightness of periodic comet Halley's 1985-1987 apparition is presented.
In Situ Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study of Potential Oscillations during the Electrodeposition of Cu/Cu2O Layered Nanostructures

Application of a constant cathodic current to an electrode in an alkaline Cu(II) lactate solution results in oscillation of the electrode potential during the electrodeposition of copper/cuprous oxide layered nanostructures. The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) is used for in situ phase analysis measurements of the nanoscale layers and the results are compared with bulk XRD measurements. The EQCM is also used to estimate the layer thicknesses and overall modulation wavelength of the nanostructures. We propose that Cu2O is deposited during the positive spikes in electrode potential, while a composite of Cu and Cu2O is deposited during the more negative plateau region of the oscillation. The modulation wavelength calculated from the EQCM is in good agreement with that observed with scanning electron microscopy. The EQCM is shown to be a useful tool for estimating layer thicknesses and phase compositions for layers that are too thin to be examined by other instrumental techniques.
Treatment of Chronic Infections with Rifamycins: Is Resistance Likely To Follow?

Rifampin and related rifamycins are the most important drugs in use for the treatment of tuberculosis ([2][1]). Rifamycins interfere with bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and are potent bactericidal agents. Rifampin and its analogues kill actively multiplying extracellular organisms,
Comparison of Adiposity Measures as Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women

Context: There is a continuing debate about which adiposity measure is the best risk factor. Objectives: This study compared the associations of 14 health outcomes with combinations of four adiposity measures: body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), waist, and waist to height ratio. Design: Data were from the Women's Health Initiative, a prospective study of women enrolled from 1993–1998 with a median follow-up time of 8 yr. Regression models were used to test the association of adiposity measures with outcome after adjusting for a number of variables related to demographic characteristics and health behavior. Setting: The women were recruited from 40 clinical centers throughout the United States. Participants: The sample analyzed included 141,652 postmenopausal women age 50–79 yr who met the criteria for the Women's Health Initiative randomized control trials. Main Outcome Measures: Outcomes included death and eight medical conditions. Results: Adiposity measures were most strongly associated wi...