cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The combined risk of extreme tropical cyclone winds and storm surges along the U.S. Gulf of Mexico Coast

Tropical cyclones, with their nearshore high wind speeds and deep storm surges, frequently strike the United States Gulf of Mexico coastline influencing millions of people and disrupting offshore economic activities. The combined risk of occurrence of tropical cyclone nearshore wind speeds and storm surges are assessed at 22 coastal cities throughout the United States Gulf of Mexico. The models used are extreme value copulas fitted with margins defined by the generalized Pareto distribution or combinations of weibull, gamma, lognormal, or normal distributions. The statistical relationships between the nearshore wind speed and storm surge are provided for each coastal city prior to the copula model runs using Spearman Rank correlations. The strongest significant relationship between the nearshore wind speed and storm surge exists at Shell Beach, LA (ρ=0.67) followed by South Padre Island, TX (ρ=0.64). The extreme value Archimedean copula models for each city then provide return periods for specific nearshore wind speed and storm surge pairs. Of the 22 cities considered, Bay St. Louis, MS has the shortest return period for a tropical cyclone with at least a 50 ms−1 nearshore wind speed and a three meter surge (19.5 years, 17.1?23.5). 90% confidence intervals are created by recalculating the return periods for a fixed set of wind speeds and surge levels using one hundred samples of the model parameters. The results of this study can be utilized by policy managers and government officials concerned with coastal populations and economic activity in the Gulf of Mexico.
Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a Chaotic World, 3rd Edition, Margaret Wheatley. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., San Francisco (2006), 193 pp.

In Leadership and the New Science, Margaret Wheatley builds on the previous two editions of the book by incorporating the reality that war makes veterans of us all and natural disasters evoke un-na...
Association between Physical Activity and Adiposity in Adolescents with Down Syndrome

ABSTRACTPurposeObesity is highly prevalent among adolescents with Down syndrome (DS); however, reported associations between body composition and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been small and nonsignificant. The purpose of this study was to compare group differences between adole
Migratory dendritic cells acquire and present lymphatic endothelial cell-archived antigens during lymph node contraction

Antigens derived from viral infection or vaccination can persist within a host for many weeks after resolution of the infection or vaccine responses. We previously identified lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) as the repository for this antigen archival, yet LECs are unable to present their archived antigens to CD8+ T cells, and instead transfer their antigens to CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APC). Here we show that the exchange of archived antigens between LECs and APCs is mediated by migratory dendritic cells (DC). After vaccination, both migratory basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 (BatF3)-dependent and BatF3-independent DCs are responsible for antigen exchange and cross-presentation. However, exchange of archived viral antigens is mediated only by BatF3-dependent migratory DCs potentially acquiring apoptotic LECs. In conclusion, LEC-archived antigens are exchanged with migratory DCs, both directly and through LEC apoptosis, to cross-present archived antigens to circulating T cells.
Assessment of Equine Feeding Practices and Knowledge of Equine Nutrition in the Midwest

Abstract Equine owner's and manager's implementation of equine nutrition concepts varies across disciplines and geographic regions. The project objectives were to (1) characterize equine feeding practices in the Upper Midwest; and (2) determine the extent to which horse owners and managers in the Upper Midwest were knowledgeable in the area of equine nutrition. An online survey was open to equine owners and managers 18+ years of age in South Dakota and neighboring states. Respondents were mainly female (85%, n = 150), had an average age of 40 ± 16 years (n = 145), had over 10 years of equine ownership/management experience (71%, n = 131), and belonged to one equine organization on average. When respondents identified a representative horse from their herd, Quarter Horses with an average age of 12 ± 6 years were most commonly reported. The majority of owners (57%, n = 127) reported that their horses were kept at maintenance or in light work. Respondents' methods of estimating horse weight and body condition score, measuring and analyzing feedstuffs, and managing pastures varied. Nutrition knowledge score averaged 10.8 ± 3.1 out of 20 possible points. Knowledge score was not correlated with number of horses owned/managed or years of horse experience (P > .10), but there was a slight positive correlation with equine organization involvement (P = .02). This survey characterized feeding practices in the Upper Midwest noting some discrepancies between respondents' knowledge and how they feed their horses. Opportunities exist for improving understanding and application of equine nutrition concepts.
The nature of native and light induced defect states in i-layers of high quality a-Si:H solar cells derived from dark forward-bias current-voltage characteristics

Results are presented on the defect state distributions in intrinsic a-Si:H layers with and without hydrogen dilution in p-i-n solar cells obtained directly from the analysis of dark forward-bias current-voltage (JD-V) characteristics. It is shown that there are distinct differences in the distributions of both native and light induced defect states between the two types of i-layers. Computer simulations using these distributions are presented which show excellent agreement with the experimental results not only for the JD-V but more importantly for the bias dependent differential diode quality factor n(V) characteristics. Results are also presented on the nature of the gap states and their evolution with light induced degradation as well as their effects on the performance and stability of high quality a-Si:H solar cells.
Measuring the quality of teacher–child interactions at scale: Comparing research-based and state observation approaches

Abstract Use of observational measures to monitor preschool quality is growing rapidly. Although a large body of research has examined the validity of classroom observation tools within the context of researcher-conducted studies, little research to date has examined the extent to which the observations conducted as a part of state accountability efforts correspond to observations collected by research teams. This paper examines the degree of agreement between local and research rater teams using an observational measure of preschool classroom quality. It also explores the extent to which ratings predicted gains in children’s literacy, math, and self-regulation skills. Local ratings were conducted as a part of Louisiana’s quality rating and improvement system. Both rating teams observed 85 classrooms offering publicly funded preschool programs using the Pre-K CLASS, and 820 children from these classrooms (average age = 52.6 months, SD = 3.6 months) were directly assessed in the fall and spring. Results indicated correlations between local and research teams’ scores on corresponding domains, ranging from r = .21 to .43. Both teams’ scores were significantly but modestly related to children’s learning gains, although patterns of association differed. Results are discussed in the context of policies that require observational measures at scale.
Two-Sided Bifurcation into Convection

Suppose R(e) is the bifurcation curve for steady convection, R is the square root of the Rayleigh number, e is the amplitude and R0=R(0)=RL is the critical value for the stability of conduction. There are two possibilities: R1=0 where R1=R′(0), as in the Benard problem, or R1 ≠ 0, as in the problems of generalized convection to be considered here. Since e may have positive and negative values and R — RL = eR1 + O(e2), the bifurcation is two-sided when R1 ≠ 0. Two-sided bifurcation implies that one side is subcritical and the other supercritical. Hence, we get subcritical bifurcation when R1 ≠ 0. This chapter is about R1.
RANDOM FIELD ISING MODEL: COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF DOMAIN GROWTH

We have simulated the two-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising model in a random magnetic field with spin-flip dynamics. After the system is deeply quenched into the unstable region of the zero-field phase diagram, we observe novel dynamical behaviour for the average size of the growing domains. Recent theoretical predictions are discussed.
Understanding barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment among Latinos

Abstract Background National studies have documented that Latinos are less likely to use specialty substance abuse treatment (e.g., rehabilitation programs, in/out-patient services) than other racial/ethnic groups. Disparities in treatment utilization are particularly pronounced between Latinos and Whites. Few national studies have explicitly examined barriers to treatment by race/ethnicity, and current results are inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of barriers to specialty substance abuse treatment among Latinos. Methods In 2017–2018, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 54 White, Black, and Latino participants who met eligibility criteria for a recent substance use disorder. Participants were recruited via online ads and screened for eligibility through an online survey. Interview questions were grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TBP): Participants were asked about treatment-related barriers in the domains of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded by two independent coders. Barriers were compared across all interviews and by race/ethnicity. Results Latinos were significantly more likely to report attitudinal and subjective norm barriers than their White and Black counterparts. Within the attitudes domain, results suggested that Latinos largely avoided specialty treatment due to barriers stemming from cultural factors, perceived treatment efficacy, recovery goals, and perceived treatment need. In the area of subjective norms, stigma and perceived lack of social support from family were more pervasive among Latinos' narratives. Lastly, in terms of perceived control, a minority of Latinos reported logistical barriers to treatment. Conclusion Specialty substance abuse treatment services have been found to be effective regardless of race/ethnicity. Understanding why Latinos use specialty treatment at low rates is key to reducing existing racial/ethnic disparities related to substance abuse. This study identified several malleable barriers that interventions can target to increase Latinos' utilization of treatment. These barriers may also be key to explaining Latino-White disparities in treatment utilization.
Freedom of research and the right to science: From theory to advocacy

While international law recognizes a human right to science, the binding normative content of this right needs to be better clarified and specified. To advance our understanding of this understudied right, this chapter offers a theoretical analysis of ways in which the right to science can be realized. The chapter is divided in three sections: the first section discusses the recognition of the right to science under international and regional legal instruments; the second presents a literature review; and the third discusses how judicial and political mobilisation as paths to contribute to our understating of this right and defining its normative content as well as ensuring that states incorporate this right in their policies and respect it.
Colonoscopy utilization in rural areas by general surgeons: An analysis of the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Abstract Background One in three adults above 50 years old have not been screened for colorectal cancer as of 2013.1 Rural areas have even lower screening and have more general surgeons compared to gastroenterologists,2 offering surgeons as a reservoir for necessary services. Methods Public data from the 2006–2015 CDC National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was analyzed using SAS. Number of colonoscopies performed by rural general surgeons, family medicine practitioners, and other specialties were compared to their urban counterparts. Results 21.91% of rural colonoscopies were performed by general surgeons, whereas 32.87% were performed by family medicine practitioners and 45.22% by other specialties including gastroenterologists. Rural general surgeons performed a greater percentage of annual rural colonoscopies than urban general surgeons (p Conclusion General surgeons are fulfilling the need for colonoscopy in rural areas. Improvements to current colonoscopy training guidelines are imperative, especially for physicians who practice in rural areas.
Transparent and ultra-flexible PEDOT:PSS/ITO/Ag/ITO on Parylene thin films with tunable properties

Transparent and flexible conductive materials are critical components in many optoelectronic devices, such as wearable electronics, biosensors, displays, etc. Conventional transparent electrodes made of a single material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), ultrathin metals, graphene and poly-(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) have limitations and hardly possess the desired combination of broadband transmittance, low electrical resistivity, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. Herein, we designed and constructed an ultra-flexible, conductive, transparent thin film using a PEDOT:PSS/ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer structure on Parylene C. The multilayer assembly was optimized to achieve the lowest theoretical reflectance by simulating the coatings admittance loci under the preferred reference wavelength. ITO and Ag were deposited consecutively using RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature, followed by spin-coating of PEDOT:PSS. The sputtering deposition temperatures were tuned to achieve the optimal optical and electrical properties. Compared to a single-layer ITO film of equivalent thickness, the multilayer films exhibited significantly decreased sheet resistance, reduced electrochemical impedance, remarkable transmittance, large Young’s modulus values, and superior stability in air and saline. The multilayer films also showed strong adhesion to the Parylene C substrate and subsequently excellent bending tolerance. Moreover, the peak transmittance of our multilayer flexible thin films could be tailored to a specific wavelength for particular applications, such as optogenetics that utilizes light of different wavelengths to excite or inhibit the activity of genetically targeted neurons or intracellular signaling pathways.
CEREBROGENIC CARDIOPATHY: A RARE PHENOMENON OF ICTAL ASYSTOLE

Ictal Asystole(IA), often an unsought autonomic phenomenon occur in 0.27-0.5% of patients who have seizures on video EEG monitoring. We present a case of a young female with frontal lobe epilepsy with prolonged ictal asystole, which was successfully managed with multidisciplinary approach and with
Virtual Reality Activities for Teaching Engineering Students Professional Development Skills

There has been a growing need to teach professional development skills to engineering students at Iowa State University. Students are often lacking these skills even though they are desired skills to have both for academic success and in the workplace. For our research, we are exploring using virtual reality to teach four professional development skills to students. These skills are leadership, teamwork, communication and ethics. We are using virtual reality as an innovative tool to teach students these skills in an interactive and fun environment. This work-in-progress paper will discuss the activities that are being developed to teach engineering students professional development skills at Iowa State University. In this paper, we will discuss three activities that are being developed to teach these four different professional development skills. Our framework for these activities is using Game Based Learning (GBL), which is based on Problem Based Learning (PBL). Each activity will be based on a problem that students must work together to solve. Through this interaction, students will learn one or more of the professional development skills outlined in this paper. The goals and learning outcomes of each activity will then be outlined and discussed in more detail. We will outline the execution of each activity and how the interaction between the students and the virtual reality system will be accomplished. In this paper, we will show our current work in progress of the development of the game environment used in these activities. This will include screen shots and other examples of the game environment for each activity. The development platform used for these activities is the Unity platform, a free game development software package that includes tools for working with virtual reality. The virtual reality headset that will be used with Unity will be the HTC Vive. This allows us to have an interactive environment where students can see and hear in the virtual space and use controllers to interact with objects in the virtual space. We are also adding physical props that can interact with the virtual space. The addition of these props is designed to allow multiple players to be involved while keeping costs low and increasing the portability of the system.
Cerebellar Cavernous Malformation (Cavernoma): A Case Report

Cavernous malformations are congenital or acquired vascular abnormalities. They are uncommon entities with an incidence of 0.5% of the general population and usually are unnoticed until a hemorrhagic event occurs. Cavernomas can be concurrently seen with developmental venous anomalies (DVAs) in 20% (range 20%-40%) of cases, in which case they are known as mixed vascular malformations. We report a case of a healthy young adult, who presented with acute onset of headache, dizziness, and nausea with intermittent episodes of vomiting for four days. Brain tomography imaging at presentation revealed likely multiple foci of intracranial hemorrhage; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed findings suggestive of an underlying cavernoma that had bled, in addition to a coexisting DVA. The patient was discharged home with no deficits. Outpatient follow-up five months later revealed no symptoms or neurologic deficits.
TADKB: Family classification and a knowledge base of topologically associating domains

Topologically associating domains (TADs) are considered the structural and functional units of the genome. However, there is a lack of an integrated resource for TADs in the literature where researchers can obtain family classifications and detailed information about TADs. We built an online knowledge base TADKB integrating knowledge for TADs in eleven cell types of human and mouse. For each TAD, TADKB provides the predicted three-dimensional (3D) structures of chromosomes and TADs, and detailed annotations about the protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) existent in each TAD. Besides the 3D chromosomal structures inferred by population Hi-C, the single-cell haplotype-resolved chromosomal 3D structures of 17 GM12878 cells are also integrated in TADKB. A user can submit query gene/lncRNA ID/sequence to search for the TAD(s) that contain(s) the query gene or lncRNA. We also classified TADs into families. To achieve that, we used the TM-scores between reconstructed 3D structures of TADs as structural similarities and the Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the fold enrichment of chromatin states as functional similarities. All of the TADs in one cell type were clustered based on structural and functional similarities respectively using the spectral clustering algorithm with various predefined numbers of clusters. We have compared the overlapping TADs from structural and functional clusters and found that most of the TADs in the functional clusters with depleted chromatin states are clustered into one or two structural clusters. This novel finding indicates a connection between the 3D structures of TADs and their DNA functions in terms of chromatin states. TADKB is available at http://dna.cs.miami.edu/TADKB/ .
Developmental and molecular characterization of novel staminodes in Aquilegia.

Background and aims The ranunculid model system Aquilegia is notable for the presence of a fifth type of floral organ, the staminode, which appears to be the result of sterilization and modification of the two innermost whorls of stamens. Previous studies have found that the genetic basis for the identity of this new organ is the result of sub- and neofunctionalization of floral organ identity gene paralogues; however, we do not know the extent of developmental and molecular divergence between stamens and staminodes. Methods We used histological techniques to describe the development of the Aquilegia coerulea 'Origami' staminode relative to the stamen filament. These results have been compared with four other Aquilegia species and the closely related genera Urophysa and Semiaquilegia. As a complement, RNA sequencing has been conducted at two developmental stages to investigate the molecular divergence of the stamen filaments and staminodes in A. coerulea 'Origami'. Key results Our developmental study has revealed novel features of staminode development, most notably a physical interaction along the lateral margin of adjacent organs that appears to mediate their adhesion. In addition, patterns of abaxial/adaxial differentiation are observed in staminodes but not stamen filaments, including asymmetric lignification of the adaxial epidermis in the staminodes. The comparative transcriptomics are consistent with the observed lignification of staminodes and indicate that stamen filaments are radialized due to overexpression of adaxial identity, while the staminodes are expanded due to the balanced presence of abaxial identity. Conclusions These findings suggest a model in which the novel staminode identity programme interacts with the abaxial/adaxial identity pathways to produce two whorls of laterally expanded organs that are highly differentiated along their abaxial/adaxial axis. While the ecological function of Aquilegia staminodes remains to be determined, these data are consistent with a role in protecting the early carpels from herbivory and/or pathogens.
Synthesis and reactivity of fluorinated heterocycles

Abstract The synthesis of heterocycles and their fluorinated analogues is a central focus within the development of medicinal compounds, agrochemicals and advanced materials. New synthetic strategies are constantly contrived for the incorporation of fluorine into heterocycles and their further utilization as viable synthetic intermediates. In biomolecules the replacement of hydrogen with fluorine offers substantial diversity and latitude in terms of conformation, stability, transport, or metabolism. This chapter addresses developments reported throughout the past 25 years which involve both the preparation and reactions of fluorinated heterocycles. While the bulk of the coverage is in the 25 year window, some earlier work is included in order to provide perspective. The chapter begins with coverage of the smallest ring systems and progresses to polycyclic heterocyclic systems, and within each ring system, its chemical preparation and derivatization is detailed and is followed by the specific reactions that each system undergoes. The preparation and reactions of heterocyclic compounds having fluorine directly on the ring is detailed, compounds having fluorinated alkyl group side chains (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, and pentafluoroethyl) are not included in the coverage.
Immunomodulatory roles of polysaccharide capsules in the intestine

The interplay between the immune system and the microbiota in the human intestine dictates states of health vs. disease. Polysaccharide capsules are critical elements of bacteria that protect bacteria against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide capsules from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine. A deeper understanding of the roles of polysaccharide capsules in microbiota-immune interactions will provide a basis to harness their therapeutic potential to advance human health.
Novel Strategies and Platforms for Industrial Isoprenoid Engineering

Metabolic engineering has emerged as an important tool for reconstructing heterologous isoprenoid metabolic pathways in microbial hosts. Here, we provide an overview of promising engineering strategies that have proven to be successful for the high-yield production of isoprenoids. Besides ‘conventional’ approaches, such as the ‘push–pull’ and protein engineering to optimize the isoprenoid flux and limited catalytic activity of enzymes, we review emerging strategies in the field, including compartmentalization between synthetic consortia members, novel bypass pathways for isoprenoid synthesis, cell-free systems, and improvement of the lipid content to overcome storage isoprenoid limitations. Pitfalls, along with lessons learned from the application of these strategies, will be addressed with the hope of guiding future efforts toward cost-effective and sustainable production of isoprenoids.
The driver and the engineer: Reinforcement learning and robust control

Reinforcement learning (RL) and other AI methods are exciting approaches to data-driven control design, but RL's emphasis on maximizing expected performance contrasts with robust control theory (RCT), which puts central emphasis on the impact of model uncertainty and worst case scenarios. This paper argues that these approaches are potentially complementary, roughly analogous to that of a driver and an engineer in, say, formula one racing. Each is indispensable but with radically different roles. If RL takes the driver seat in safety critical applications, RCT may still play a role in plant design, and also in diagnosing and mitigating the effects of performance degradation due to changes or failures in component or environments. While much RCT research emphasizes synthesis of controllers, as does RL, in practice RCT's impact has perhaps already been greater in using hard limits and tradeoffs on robust performance to provide insight into plant design, interpreted broadly as including sensor, actuator, communications, and computer selection and placement in addition to core plant dynamics. More automation may ultimately require more rigor and theory, not less, if our systems are going to be both more efficient and robust. Here we use the simplest possible toy model to illustrate how RCT can potentially augment RL in finding mechanistic explanations when control is not merely hard, but impossible, and issues in making them more compatibly data-driven. Despite the simplicity, questions abound. We also discuss the relevance of these ideas to more realistic challenges.
Introduction to Domain Adaptation

This chapter provides a formal introduction to transfer learning. We define transfer learning and provide examples of different forms of transfer learning in machine learning including domain adaptation. We outline different forms of domain adaptation and derive it’s performance bounds. The final section presents a brief description of the chapters in the book.
Longitudinal trends in opioid-related mortality

The United States experiences high rates of opioid use-related mortality. However, little research available examines longitudinal trends in opioid-related mortality and includes social/environment...
Keynes’s Philosophy of Mathematics Can’t Be Mastered by Reading the Notes of His Economics Lectures Made by His Students in the Years 1932–35

J M Keynes’s approach to the use of mathematics is based on his interactions with Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, William Ernest Johnson, C. D. Broad, G. E. Moore, and Alfred Marshall. His views were carefully expressed in the A Treatise on Probability and General Theory. Keynes favored using systems of simultaneous equations both in the A Treatise on Probability and General Theory. A study of the student notes taken in the years from 1932 to 1935 alone will lead to the wrong answer regarding Keynes’s views on the role of mathematics and systems of equations in economics. Keynes’s philosophy can be expressed by the term Inexact Measurement or Approximation, which Keynes made the foundation for his inexact approach to measurement in probability, mathematics, and statistics.
Catalytic Resonance Theory: Negative Dynamic Surfaces for Programmable Catalysts

Catalysts that change with time via programmed variation of their electronic occupation to accelerate surface reactions were evaluated in the case of negative adsorption energy scaling relations. Defined as the relative change in adsorption enthalpy, the gamma linear scaling parameter is negative when two adsorbates alternatively weaken and strengthen as catalysts are electronically perturbed. Simulations were conducted of a single transition state connecting two generic adsorbates representative of multiple reaction classes to understand the resulting negative gamma catalytic ratchet mechanism and its ability to accelerate catalytic reactions above the Sabatier peak and away from equilibrium. Relative to conventional positive gamma catalytic ratchets, the Sabatier volcanoes of negative gamma catalysis are narrower with greater enhancement of dynamic turnover frequency when catalysts are electronically oscillated. Promotion of the catalytic surface reaction forwards or backwards was predictable by a descriptor accounting for the relative rates of forward and reverse kinetics under oscillatory conditions.
Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans offer great promise in helping to unravel the scientific basis for neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, results have been somewhat limited by the difficulty in obtaining adequate control groups, technical difficulties in studying children, small numbers of subjects, variable analytic methods, and the inability to repeat scans in order to understand the effects of development and intervention due to concerns about exposure to radiopharmaceuticals. Nonetheless, some consistent findings have emerged, and intriguing new results point toward future directions of study.
Anatomy and Physiology of Motor Systems

The anatomy and the physiology of motor systems have been studied extensively in animal experiments. However, the animals used in the 1970s, when large studies of the function of the motor systems were performed, were mainly cats, the motor systems of which have considerable differences from that of humans. Even when monkeys were used later for studies of the motor system, it became evident that their motor systems were also different from that of humans. The limited possibilities of studying the neurophysiology of the human motor systems have framed our understanding of the human motor systems.
Thalamocortical synapses: sparse but stentorian.

Nearly all of the sensory information that enters the cortex passes through the thalamus, and the most important thalamocortical (TC) projection is onto spiny neurons in layer 4. These TC synapses thus represent the main conduit through which information from the periphery flows into the cortex for further processing. One might imagine that this conduit would be correspondingly wide, but in fact it is remarkably narrow, comprising only about a tenth of all synapses onto a typical neuron in layer 4. The vigorous and rapid responses of layer 4 neurons to sensory stimulation indicate that TC inputs nevertheless exert a powerful influence, leading to speculation that TC inputs are proportionately more powerful than intracortical (IC) inputs. This prediction was confirmed by Stratford and colleagues (1996), who reported that the TC connection was on average more than twice as strong as its IC counterpart. Now, a study by Gil, Connors, and Amitai 1999( [this issue of Neuron]) takes these observations one step further by probing the mechanism underlying this extra strength.
Evaluation of Work Station Design Factors in VDT Operations

An onsite evaluation was conducted at five establishments using VDTs to examine VDT workstation designs and to compare these designs to recommendations obtained from the literature. Measurements we...
Inductive generalization with familiar categories: developmental changes in children's reliance on perceptual similarity and kind information.

Inductive generalization is ubiquitous in human cognition; however, the factors underpinning this ability early in development remain contested. The present study was designed to (1) test the predictions of the naive theory and a similarity-based account and (2) examine the mechanism by which labels promote induction. In Experiment 1, 3- to 5-year-old children made inferences about highly familiar categories. The results were not fully consistent with either theoretical account. In contrast to the predictions of the naive theory approach, the youngest children in the study did not ignore perceptually compelling lures in favor of category-match items; in contrast to the predictions of the similarity-based account, no group of participants favored perceptually compelling lures in the presence of dissimilar-looking category-match items. In Experiment 2 we investigated the mechanisms by which labels promote induction by examining the influence of different label types, namely category labels (e.g., the target and category-match both labeled as bird) and descriptor labels (e.g., the target and the perceptual lure both labeled as brown) on induction performance. In contrast to the predictions of the naive theory approach, descriptor labels but not category labels affected induction in 3-year-old children. Consistent with the predictions of the similarity-based account, descriptor labels affected the performance of children in all age groups included in the study. The implications of these findings for the developmental account of induction are discussed.
Bandwidth optimization in hetnets with competing service providers

We consider a wireless network in which multiple Service Providers (SPs) compete to provide both macrocell and femtocell services in different bands. There are two types of users: mobile users that can only connect to macrocells, and fixed users that can be served by both macrocells and femtocells. For a given allocation of bandwidths across SPs, we characterize for each SP the optimal bandwidth split across the macro- and femtocells along with the equilibrium prices. We show that there exists a unique Nash equilibrium wherein for each SP, macrocells only serve mobile users while femtocells only serve fixed users. All possible Nash equilibria for different system parameters are sorted into four categories corresponding to whether or not different SPs assign bandwidth to the macro- and/or femtocells. In addition, we characterize properties of each category. The equilibrium prices and macro/femto bandwidths can be computed via a series of best response updates, which is proven to converge. Conditions are also given that guarantee optimal social welfare as the number of SPs tends to infinity. Numerical results are presented to illustrate how the Nash equilibrium can change as a function of SP bandwidths.
Increasing manganese peroxidase productivity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium by optimizing carbon sources and supplementing small molecules

Aims: To overproduce manganese peroxidase (MnP) using Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Effects of carbon sources, agricultural by-products and small molecules were tested to enhance the MnP productivity. Methods and Results: Various carbon sources and agricultural by-products were compared as the basal medium. A MnP activity of 4·7 ± 0·31 U ml−1 was obtained using mannose as a carbon source. The enzyme productivity further reached 7·36 ± 0·05 and 8·77 ± 0·23 U ml−1 when the mannose medium was supplemented with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and S-adenosylmethionine, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed the highest MnP productivity obtained by optimizing the carbon sources and supplementing small molecules. It can provide insight for: (i) making high quantities of enzymes by optimizing media resources and (ii) engineering the global regulatory genes in P. chrysosporium for the onsite production of MnP. Significance and Impact of the Study: As MnP is an important enzyme to hydrolyse lignin polymers which protects the plant cell wall from exposing of cellulose fibres, the production of the enzyme is a current demand for biofuel biotechnology. The knowledge generated from this study can help to advance the technology for stable production of MnP.
Microdynamics and arrest of coarsening during spinodal decomposition in thermoreversible colloidal gels

Coarsening and kinetic arrest of colloidal systems undergoing spinodal decomposition (SD) is a conserved motif for forming hierarchical, bicontinuous structures. Although the thermodynamic origins of SD in colloids are widely known, the microstructural processes responsible for its coarsening and associated dynamics en route to arrest remain elusive. To better elucidate the underlying large-scale microdynamical processes, we study a colloidal system with moderate-range attractions which displays characteristic features of arrested SD, and study its dynamics during coarsening through a combination of differential dynamic microscopy and real-space tracking. Using these recently developed imaging techniques, we reveal directly that the coarsening arises from collective dynamics of dense domains, which undergo slow, intermittent, and ballistic motion. These collective motions indicate interfacial effects to be the driving force of coarsening. The nature of the gelation enables control of the arrested length scale of coarsening by the depths of quenching into the spinodal regime, which we demonstrate to provide an effective means to control the elasticity of colloidal gels.
Wheat-germ-agglutinin and Ricinus communis-agglutinin-binding sites of BHK cells compared with each other and with 140 kDa fibronectin receptors.

We compared the wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) binding sites of baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells. There were 1.01 X 10(8) WGA-binding sites per cell (Kd = 0.027 nM) and 6 X 10(6) RCA-binding sites per cell (Kd = 0.014 nM). Binding of WGA or RCA to BHK cells resulted in more than 75% of the cell-surface binding sites becoming associated with the cytoskeleton (i.e. resistant to extraction with detergent), although no more than 10% of these sites were associated with the cytoskeleton before addition of the lectins. After binding of WGA to the cells, the cell surface was cross-linked so extensively that it remained intact even after detergent extraction of the treated cells, and could be observed by electron microscopy. A similar cross-linking effect did not occur after binding of RCA to cells, which may be because there were so many more binding sites for WGA than for RCA. The composition of WGA- and RCA-binding molecules was analysed by lectin affinity chromatography of metabolically radiolabelled BHK cells. We found that in the WGA-binding-molecule preparations there were eight major polypeptides, ranging in molecular mass from 93 to 340 kDa, and that the RCA-binding molecules were a subpopulation of the WGA-binding molecules. A polyclonal antibody against the 140 kDa fibronectin (FN) receptors of Chinese-hamster ovary (CHO) cells immunoblotted a 145 kDa polypeptide component in both WGA- and RCA-binding-molecule preparations. The results indicated that the 145 kDa component was present in at least two FN-receptor complexes that differed in glycosylation, only one of which was able to bind to RCA affinity columns. The oligomeric nature of the FN-receptor complex, which contained three polypeptides with molecular masses of 120-145 kDa, was demonstrated by using anti-(CHO-cell FN receptor) antibodies to immunoprecipitate extracts prepared from radioiodinated BHK cells.
Influencing Behavior: Four Strategies

This chapter summarizes the book and suggests four strategies as a means to improve sustainable consumption. They are punishment (penalties), rewards (incentives), persuasion, and behavioral change through a combination of techniques or methods. It is suggested that the latter is probably the most effective. Behavioral change is more difficult than it appears especially if it involves overcoming or changing a behavior that is, at least initially, rewarding. According to part of the ancient Great Law of the Native American Iroquois people, “In every deliberation, we must consider the impact on the seventh generation.” Understanding social influence is critical to our daily lives and our futures.
Lossless impedance matching optimization for increasing bandwidth of antennas

In the design of RF radiators, impedance matching has been costing a significant amount of time and energy. Approaches to solve impedance matching problems mainly rely on computer-aided numerical optimizations, nowadays. An approach based on the MATLAB Global Optimization Toolbox™ is proposed in this paper. This approach combines brute-force techniques and the Real Frequency Technique, which are the two main components of modern impedance matching methods.
On the Application of the Maximum Stress Failure Criterion to Off-Axis and Angle-Ply Laminates:

It has been commonly reported that the maximum stress failure theory predicts that the tensile stress (applied at 0°) needed to produce fiber failure in low angle off-axis (α) and angle-ply (±α) te...
The effects of temperature acclimation on the photoinhibitory responses of Ulva rotundata Blid.

The effect of acclimation to 25, 18, or 10° C on the relationship between photoprotection and photodamage was tested in low-light-grown (80 μmol · m−2 · s−1) Ulva rotundata Blid. exposed to several higher irradiances at the acclimation temperature. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (minimum fluorescence, F0, and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, Fv/Fm, measured after 5 min darkness) were monitored during 5 h transfers to 350, 850, and 1700 μmol · m−2 · s−1, and during recovery after 1- or 5-h treatments. At all temperatures, rate of onset and final extent of photoinhibition, measured by a decrease in Fv/Fm, increased with increasing irradiance. At a given photoinhibitory irradiance, rate of onset was most rapid at 10 ° C, but the extent was temperature-independent. Recovery rates from mild light stress were similar at all temperatures, but recovery from the most extreme photoinhibitory treatment lagged 2 h at 10° C. De-epoxidation of xanthophyll-cycle components proceeded faster and to a lower epoxidation status at 25° C, but there was little difference in the pool size among the three growth conditions. Using chloramphenicol to inhibit chloroplast protein synthesis and dithiothreitol to inhibit violaxanthin de-epoxidation, it was shown that at the lowest light treatment given, the extent of photoinhibition could be attributed both to greater amounts of photodamage and to greater zeaxanthin-related photoprotection at 25 than at 10° C. While these two mechanisms for high-light-induced loss of photosynthetic efficiency were operating at 10° C, there was evidence for a relatively greater proportion of zeaxanthin-unrelated photoprotection at the low temperature. This photoprotective mechanism is related to a rapidly reversible increase in F0 and is insentivite to both chloramphenicol and dithiothreitol.
The differential effect of x-irradiation on the incorporation of various precursors into rat thymus deoxyribonucleic acid

Abstract A total body x-irradiation of 100 r. caused a 50% reduction in the incorporation of P 32 into rat thymus DNA, of orotic acid-C 14 into the DNA pyrimidines, and of formate-C 14 into the DNA guanine. However, the incorporation of adenine-C 14 into both DNA purines and of formate-C 14 into the DNA thymine and adenine was not significantly inhibited. Possible explanations for this differential effect of irradiation have been discussed.
Evolution styles: foundations and models for software architecture evolution

As new market opportunities, technologies, platforms, and frameworks become available, systems require large-scale and systematic architectural restructuring to accommodate them. Today's architects have few techniques to help them plan this architecture evolution. In particular, they have little assistance in planning alternative evolution paths, trading off various aspects of the different paths, or knowing best practices for particular domains. In this paper, we describe an approach for planning and reasoning about architecture evolution. Our approach focuses on providing architects with the means to model prospective evolution paths and supporting analysis to select among these candidate paths. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we show how it can be applied to an actual architecture evolution. In addition, we present some theoretical results about our evolution path constraint specification language.
Gingival symptom complexes

Abstract 1. 1. Some of the most common systemic and oral clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory findings in diabetes, syphilis, infectious mononucleosis, acute leucemia, purpura, lichens planus, and pemphigus have been described, and the relationships of these diseases to inflammations of the gingival tissues have been pointed out. 2. 2. The pathogenicity of fusospirochetal organisms, which frequently predominate in the exudate obtained in the gingivitis occurring concurrently in these diseases, has been discussed. 3. 3. The etiological factors of these pathologic processes have been summarized. 4. 4. Attention has been called to the importance of obtaining complete clinical and laboratory data so that both systemic and oral relationships may be understood and rational treatment planned. 5. 5. The various features of the discussion are illustrated by clinical photographs and photomicrographs.