cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of metabolic fluxes to covalent control.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the sensitivity of metabolic fluxes to covalent control. A major goal in current biological research is to achieve a thorough understanding of the control of metabolic processes. Recent developments suggest that the pathology resulting from chromosomal aneuploidy, oncogene products, and protein overproduction may ultimately be understood in terms of the sensitivity of metabolic processes to control. To obtain a better understanding of the factors controlling the flow through the branch point, many techniques have been developed to measure the rates of carbon flux through the Krebs cycle, the glyoxylate shunt, and ancillary reactions. A key step in the understanding of regulation can be achieved by comparing in vivo fluxes with values calculated from the in vitro constants of the respective enzymes. The partitioning of the flux through the branch point of the Krebs cycle and the glyoxylate shunt is seen to be highly sensitive to control. The control has the interesting feature that the enzyme most affected, the lyase, is not subject to direct control. Instead, on addition of glucose, isocitrate dehydrogenase is directly regulated by dephosphorylation and the rate of production of isocitrate is decreased. As a consequence, the flux through the alternate pathway is drastically reduced, dropping almost to zero.
Parenteral dosage form development and testing of dimethyl trisulfide, as an antidote candidate to combat cyanide intoxication.

This study focused on the solubility enhancement and the in vivo antidotal efficacy testing of a new potential cyanide (CN) countermeasure, dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS). Various FDA approved cyclodextrins (HPβCD, RMβCD, HPγCD), cosolvents (ethanol, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol), surfactants (cremophor EL, cremophor RH 40, sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, polysorbate 80) and their combinations were applied. Based on the solubility enhancing potential of the tested systems, polysorbate 80 was chosen for further in vivo efficacy studies. A composition comprising 15% polysorbate 80 and 50 mg/ml DMTS with the applied DMTS dose of 100 mg/kg provided a therapeutic antidotal protection of 3.4 × LD50. For comparison, the present therapy of sodium thiosulfate (TS) with the dose of 100 mg/kg provided only 1.1 × LD50 protection, and at the dose of 200 mg/kg, the LD50 was enhanced by 1.3 times. No difference in the therapeutic protection by DMTS was detected when the concentration of polysorbate 80 was increased to 20% (3.2 × LD50 protection). These data demonstrate the potential importance of DMTS as a CN countermeasure, and the formulation comprising polysorbate 80 provides the base of an injectable intramuscular dosage form that can later serve as a CN antidotal kit suitable for mass scenario.
Superstorm Sandy and the Demographics of Flood Risk in New York City

“Superstorm Sandy” brought unprecedented storm surge to New York City neighborhoods and like previous severe weather events exacerbated underlying inequalities in part because socially marginalized populations were concentrated in environmentally exposed areas. This study makes three primary contributions to the literature on vulnerability. First, results show how the intersection of social factors (i.e., race, poverty, and age) relates to exposure to flooding. Second, disruption to the city’s transit infrastructure, which was most detrimental for Asians and Latinos, extended the consequences of the storm well beyond flooded areas. And third, data from New York City’s 311 system show there was variation in distress across neighborhoods of different racial makeup and that flooded neighborhoods remained distressed months after the storm. Together, these findings show that economic and racial factors overlap with flood risk to create communities with both social and environmental vulnerabilities.
Experimental Characterization of Inverse Dynamics Guidance in Docking with a Rotating Target

The performance of an inverse dynamics guidance and control strategy is experimentally evaluated for the planar maneuver of a “chaser” spacecraft docking with a rotating “target.” The experiments were conducted on an air-bearing proximity maneuver testbed. The chaser spacecraft simulator consists of a three-degree-of-freedom autonomous vehicle floating via air pads on a granite table and actuated by thrusters. The target consists of a docking interface mounted on a rotational stage with the rotation axis perpendicular to the plane of motion. Given a preassigned trajectory, the guidance and control strategy computes the required maneuver control forces and torque via an inverse dynamics operation. The recorded data of 150 experimental test runs were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests. The metrics were maneuver success, vehicle mass change, maneuver duration, thruster duty cycle, and maneuver work. The results showed that the guidance and control algorithm provided robust p...
Challenges During Tumor Surgery in Children and Infants

Intracranial tumor resection in pediatrics represents a broad spectrum of surgeries. The surgical approach depends largely on tumor location. Specific complications accompany each surgery depending on that location. However, some complications are common regardless of neurosurgical approach. This section focuses on the more common possible complications associated with intracranial tumor resection: (1) neuromonitoring failure, (2) massive hemorrhage, (3) syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), and (4) diabetes insipidus.
Molting and survival of the brown dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae) under different temperatures and humidities

Engorged larval and nymphal brown dog ticks, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), were held at different combinations of constant temperature (10–35°C) and relative humidity (15–95%) for molting. Engorged larvae and nymphs were able to molt (86 and 98% success, respectively) at desiccating conditions (35°C and 35% RH) as well as at all other combinations of temperature and humidity above 10°C. Unfed nymphs were less tolerant of desiccating conditions (35°C and 35% RH) than unfed adults (LT50 = 1.4 weeks survival compared with 6.9 weeks survival) and low temperatures (20°C) and higher humidities (>85%) favored survival of both stages. The tolerance of the brown dog tick for desiccating conditions is a major factor that allows it to live under more arid conditions than the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.).
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission Operations: Architecture, Approach and Status

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) was launched on August 12, 2005 by an Atlas V launch vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. MRO will carry a rich set of science instruments to Mars and provide global, regional survey, and targeted observations. In addition, a set of engineering instruments providing optical navigation, Ka band telecommunication and UHF relay services to future Mars missions are part of the MRO payload. During the mission, the MRO operations teams are presented with two major challenges – unprecedented high data rate and data volumes, and complex science planning and resource sharing. MRO has the capability to communicate with earth at a maximum of six Megabits per second (> 50 times any previous Mars missions). With the current Deep Space Network (DSN) contact schedule of 19 eight-hour tracks per week, the baseline mission plan is for MRO to return 34 Terabits of raw science data during the two year primary science phase. Each of the science instruments has its unique requirements for global mapping, regional survey, and targeted observations. Some instruments prefer nadir-only observations, while others require off-nadir observations (especially for stereo viewing). The requirements from these Mars viewing instruments presented a significant challenge for the operations team to design the complex science planning and resource sharing/allocation process. This paper describes what MRO project is implementing to solve these challenges.
Effect of some barbiturates on tissues in vitro.

SummaryHanging drop tissue cultures of spinal cord from chicks incubated for 9 days were used to test the inhibitory action of various barbiturates on the outgrowth of nerve fibers. Using concentrations of 1:800, 1:1600, 1:3200, 1:6400, 1:8000 and 1:12,800, total inhibition was obtained at 1:6400 for Seconal Sodium, and at 1:3200 for both Pentobarbital Sodium and Sodium Amytal. The convulsive, lethal and anaesthetic dose of 14 other barbiturate compounds was generally well correlated with in vitro estimates of toxicity. However, some notable exceptions were found. For example, the lethal dose of 3,3-dimethyl allyl ethyl barbituric acid was 8.84 ± 0.32 mg/kg; and the second most damaging compound tested in vivo, but belonged to the least toxic group tested in vitro. In contrast, 3,3-dimethyl allyl allyl thiobarbituric acid which had a lethal dose of 94.08 ± 8.47, proved to be the most toxic member of the entire series in terms of outgrowth of living tissue. Corresponding cultures using fibroblast outgrowth...
Pulmonary vascular pressure effects by endothelin-1 in normoxia and chronic hypoxia: a longitudinal study.

The role of endothelin (ET)-1 in pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) homeostasis and hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was examined. ET-1 was chronically infused (2 and 4 pmol.kg-1.min-1) into the pulmonary circulation of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 3, 7, and 14 days while they were exposed to normoxia or hypobaric hypoxia (inspired O2 fraction 10%). The role of endogenous ET was examined by infusion of ET antiserum (ET-AS; 0.25 and 0.5 microliter.rat-1.h-1; cross-reacting with ET-1, -2, and -3) or the ETA-receptor blocker BQ-123 (10 pmol.kg-1.min-1). ET-1 (4 pmol) increased Ppa at 3 and 7 days in normoxia and hypoxia and was ineffective at 14 days, probably from ETA-receptor downregulation. BQ-123 blunted the hypoxic Ppa rise at all times, confirming a role for ETA receptors. ET-AS (0.5 microliter) was mostly ineffective but exacerbated hypoxic Ppa at 14 days, in contrast to BQ-123, suggesting that a different ET receptor could be involved. ET-1 infusion (2 pmol) caused right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in normoxia and exacerbated RVH in hypoxia, whereas BQ-123 and ET-AS (0.25 microliter) reduced hypoxic RVH. In conclusion, endogenous ET-1 plays a role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and RVH by augmenting the level of hypoxic response. ET-1 also affects hematocrit and may reduce blood levels of the vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide.
Neurologic birth trauma. Intracranial, spinal cord, and brachial plexus injury.

The spectrum of neurologic birth trauma has been expanded over the past decade by increasingly sophisticated diagnostic techniques. In association with this expansion, perinatal care has improved the prognosis for many of these injuries. This article describes the structural basis, diagnosis, and recent changes in management for perinatal neurologic injuries.
Are lymphocyte β-adrenoceptors altered in patients with cystic fibrosis?

1. Beta-adrenergic responsiveness may be decreased in cystic fibrosis. In order to determine whether this reflects an alteration in the human lymphocyte beta-receptor complex, we studied 12 subjects with cystic fibrosis (six were stable and ambulatory and six were decompensated, hospitalized) as compared with 12 normal controls. 2. Lymphocyte beta-receptor mediated adenylate cyclase activity (EC 4.6.1.1) was not decreased in the ambulatory cystic fibrosis patients as compared with controls. In contrast, decompensated hospitalized cystic fibrosis patients demonstrated a significant reduction in beta-receptor mediated lymphocyte adenylate cyclase activity expressed as the relative increase over basal levels stimulated by the beta-agonist isoprenaline compared with both normal controls and stable ambulatory cystic fibrosis patients (control 58 +/- 4%; ambulatory cystic fibrosis patients 51 +/- 7%; decompensated hospitalized cystic fibrosis patients 28 +/- 5%; P less than 0.05). 3. Our data suggest that defects in lymphocyte beta-receptor properties in cystic fibrosis patients may be better correlated with clinical status than with presence or absence of the disease state.
Radiative Transfer Theory: From Maxwell’s Equations to Practical Applications

Since the pioneering papers by Khvolson [1] and Schuster [2], the radiative transfer theory (RTT) has been a basic working tool in astrophysics, atmospheric physics, and remote sensing [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11], while the radiative transfer equation (RTE) has become a classical equation of mathematical physics [12, 13, 14, 15]. However, the RTT has been often criticized for its phenomenological character, lack of solid physical background, and unknown range of applicability [e.g., 16]. The past three decades have demonstrated substantial progress in studies of the statistical wave content of the RTT (e.g., [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24] and references therein). This research has resulted in a much better understanding of the physical foundation of the RTT and has ultimately made the RTE a corollary of the statistical electromagnetics [25].
Quantification of Honeycomb Number-Type Stacking Faults: Application to Na3Ni2BiO6 Cathodes for Na-Ion Batteries.

Ordered and disordered samples of honeycomb-lattice Na3Ni2BiO6 were investigated as cathodes for Na-ion batteries, and it was determined that the ordered sample exhibits better electrochemical performance, with a specific capacity of 104 mA h/g delivered at plateaus of 3.5 and 3.2 V (vs Na+/Na) with minimal capacity fade during extended cycling. Advanced imaging and diffraction investigations showed that the primary difference between the ordered and disordered samples is the amount of number-type stacking faults associated with the three possible centering choices for each honeycomb layer. A labeling scheme for assigning the number position of honeycomb layers is described, and it is shown that the translational shift vectors between layers provide the simplest method for classifying different repeat patterns. It is demonstrated that the number position of honeycomb layers can be directly determined in high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM-HAADF) imaging studies. B...
Differences in the Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures by Hand Fellowship Trained Surgeons: A Study of ABOS Candidate Data.

Purpose The management of distal radius fractures differs based on the nature of the fracture and the experience of the surgeon. We hypothesized that patients requiring surgical intervention would undergo different procedures when in the care of a surgeon with subspecialty training in hand surgery as compared with surgeons with no subspecialty training in hand surgery. Methods We queried the ABOS database for case log information submitted for part II of the ABOS examination. Queries for all codes involved with distal radius fracture management were combined with associated codes for the management of median nerve neuropathy, triangular fibrocartilage complex tears, ulnar shaft, and styloid fractures. Hand fellowship trained orthopedic surgeons were compared with those completing other fellowships and non–fellowship trained orthopedic surgeons during their board collection period. Results During the study period, 2,317 orthopedic surgeons reported treatment of 15,433 distal radius fractures. Of these surgeons, 411 had hand fellowship training. On a per surgeon basis, fellowship trained hand surgeons operatively treated more multifragment intra-articular distal radius fractures than their non-hand fellowship trained counterparts (5.3 vs 1.2). Additional procedures associated with the management of distal radius fractures were also associated with the fellowship training of the treating surgeon. Conclusions Among orthopedic surgeons taking part II of the ABOS certifying examination, differences exist in the type, management, and reporting of distal radius fractures among surgeons with different areas of fellowship training. Clinical relevance This study describes the association of hand surgery fellowship training on the choice of intervention for distal radius fractures and associated conditions.
Forensic print extraction using 3D technology and its processing

Biometric evidence plays a crucial role in criminal scene analysis. Forensic prints can be extracted from any solid surface such as firearms, doorknobs, carpets and mugs. Prints such as fingerprints, palm prints, footprints and lip-prints can be classified into patent, latent, and three-dimensional plastic prints. Traditionally, law enforcement officers capture these forensic traits using an electronic device or extract them manually, and save the data electronically using special scanners. The reliability and accuracy of the method depends on the ability of the officer or the electronic device to extract and analyze the data. Furthermore, the 2-D acquisition and processing system is laborious and cumbersome. This can lead to the increase in false positive and true negative rates in print matching. In this paper, a method and system to extract forensic prints from any surface, irrespective of its shape, is presented. First, a suitable 3-D camera is used to capture images of the forensic print, and then the 3-D image is processed and unwrapped to obtain 2-D equivalent biometric prints. Computer simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of using 3-D technology for biometric matching of fingerprints, palm prints, and lip-prints. This system can be further extended to other biometric and non-biometric modalities.
Predicting Biocontainment Requirements for the Future

This paper was first presented as one of four keynote addresses at the 5th National Symposium on Biosafety held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 17–20, 1998 (Richmond, 1998). The Symposium was sponso...
Reproducibility Analysis of 4DCT Derived Ventilation Distribution Data

Deriving lung ventilation distribution from 4-dimensional CT (4DCT) using deformable image registration (DIR) is a recent technical development. In this study, we evaluated the serial reproducibility of ventilation data derived from two separate 4DCT data sets, collected at different time points. A total of 33 lung cancer patients were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had two stereotactic body radiotherapy treatment courses for lung cancer. Seven patients were excluded due to artifacts in the 4DCT data sets. The ventilation distributions in the lungs for each patient were calculated using the two sets of planning 4DCT data. The deformation matrices between the expiration and inspiration phases generated by DIR were used to produce ventilation distributions using the IV method. Ventilation in the lung regions that received less than 1 Gy was analyzed. For the 26 cases, the median Spearman correlation coefficient value was 0.31 (range 0.18 to 0.52, p value < 0.01 for all cases). The median Dice similarity coefficient value between the upper 30% ventilation regions of the two sets was 0.75 (range 0.71 to 0.81, Figure 1). We conclude that the two ventilation data sets in each case correlated and the reproducibility over time was reasonably good.
Faculty Gender Diversity and University Performance: The Role of Diversity Climate

Although employee gender diversity has become an increasingly important objective for many organizations today, empirical research studying the effects of gender diversity at the organizational lev...
Critical Heat Fluxes for Curved Surfaces during Subcooled Flow Boiling

Experimental and analytical studies of the critical heat flux for subcooled flows of Freon 113 over concave, convex and straight surfaces have been conducted. Correlation functions for the critical...
Cardiac hydatid cyst in a patient with triple vessel disease: A double trouble scenario

Abstract Hydatid cyst is an infection caused by the larval form of Echinococcus tapeworm. A cardiac presentation of the cyst is a rare scenario. This is a case of an elderly female who presented with dyspnoea, angina and heaviness of chest, and was found to have ischemic heart disease on electrocardiography. Her echocardiography showed global left ventricular hypokinesia and a pericardial cystic lesion. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a loculated mass lesion along the free wall of the left ventricle and triple vessel disease was seen on coronary angiogram. Serum IgG antibodies against Echinococcus were positive. Anaphylaxis and cardiac tamponade due to cyst rupture were the main concerns. Since our patient had two life threatening conditions, a combined surgical and medical approach was opted. She underwent coronary artery bypass grafting along with cyst excision and albendazole therapy; and recovered uneventfully.
Accessible Sleeper for the Next Generation Passenger Rail Vehicles

This Safety IDEA project-31 extends the design process for the accessible sleeper compartments to include 3-D digital modeling and anthropometric analyses and uses a full-scale soft mock-up of the sleeper compartment. The use of computer-aided design tools permits human factors constraints, including minimum spatial requirements and reach limitations, to be determined within the conceptual design phase without physical prototyping and data collection. In this ongoing study, physical prototyping in the form of a full-scale soft mock-up is used to validate digital results. Successful validation would indicate that anthropometric digital human models based on regular anthropometric databases may be used to design for populations with reduced mobility, provided that the wheeled mobility devices are modelled appropriately and advance the design process for accessible spaces. The soft mock-up permits spatial evaluation by the general public including people with disabilities. An online survey is also available to gather feedback and the needs and values of the target population. Representatives of the passenger rail industry are involved throughout the project and have been invited to participate in the evaluation of the soft mock up. The results of the project are validated designs for new accessible sleeper compartments for bi-level and single-level rail cars and include seating, sleeping, and restroom spaces. This will be disseminated for use by the passenger rail industry.© 2018 ASME
The Nature of Singular Propositions

Propositions have played a central role in many different metaphysical, epistemological, and linguistic theories. As a result the term ‘proposition’ has been used to play many different roles, though there are three principle roles it plays in contemporary philosophy. Propositions, it has been said, are the meanings of our sentences. They are also the objects of our thoughts and attitudes, and the prime bearers of truth and falsity. We can classify these three roles, meanings of sentences, objects of thought, and bearers of truth values, as the linguistic, epistemic, and metaphysical roles, respectively. Many philosophers have argued that one and the same kind of object plays all three roles but there are reasons to doubt this. My interest here however is mainly in metaphysical propositions, in particular, my interest is in a theory of propositions that includes propositions that contain individuals as constituents, so-called ‘singular propositions’. I shall begin with a brief discussion of why one would adopt such a theory of propositions, then consider some of the objections that could be raised against such a view, and finally, look at some of the modal consequences for such a position.
Geometric Tolerancing for Assembly with Maximum Material Parts

This paper introduces the ‘maximum material part’ (MMP) in higher dimensions, extending the 1-D MMP introduced in [9]. Given a toleranced object, an MMP is an ‘in-tolerance’ part that contains (as in set containment) all other in-tolerance parts, under suitable rigid motions. We show how tolerances leading to MMPs may be defined and how these lead to elegant solutions for the analysis of ‘floating’ assemblies of rigid toleranced objects. MMPs are also useful in motion planning with toleranced objects.
Choosing an Evaluation Metric for Parser Design

This paper seeks to quantitatively evaluate the degree to which a number of popular metrics provide overlapping information to parser designers. Two routine tasks are considered: optimizing a machine learning regularization parameter and selecting an optimal machine learning feature set. The main result is that the choice of evaluation metric used to optimize these problems (with one exception among popular metrics) has little effect on the solution to the optimization.
Rowe's argument from freedom

The famous Free Will Defense urges us to believe that there is some world in which every creaturely essence is transworld depraved. If every creaturely essence is transworld depraved in some world w, then God cannot instantiate any free being in w that might do no wrong. Many have found that claim incredible.1 It is widely agreed that, for every essence e, there is some world or other in which e is transworld depraved.2 But, for all we know, there is in every world some essence or other that is a do-gooder. If an essence e is a do-gooder in w, then there is some set of circumstances T such that if God were to instantiate Tin w, then e's instantiation might do nothing wrong. If there are do-gooders in every world, then there is no world in which every creaturely essence is transworld depraved.3 Let's formulate more precisely the position that D there are do-gooders in every possible world, and T every creaturely essence e is transworld depraved in some possible world w. D. B(3e)(e is a do-gooder) The precise English reading of D is that in every possible world there is some essence or other e that is a do-gooder. D does not entail that there is any essence e that is necessarily a do-gooder or any essence e that is a do-gooder in every world. T. Qie)O(e is transworld depraved) The precise English reading of T is that, for every essence e, there is some world or other in which e is transworld depraved. T does not entail that there is any world in which every essence is transworld depraved. William Rowe has recently advanced an intriguing argument that concludes that we cannot reasonably believe both D and T. According to his Argument from Freedom, if T is true and every creaturely essence has significant freedom, then T* is also true.4 T*. O(ie)(e is transworld depraved)
Teachers’ roles and identities in student-centered classrooms

Students and teachers in twenty-first century STEM classrooms face significant challenges in preparing for post-secondary education, career, and citizenship. Educators have advocated for student-centered instruction as a way to face these challenges, with multiple programs emerging to shape and define such contexts. However, the ways to support teachers as they transition into non-traditional teaching must be developed. The purpose of this study is to explore the impacts on educators of teaching in student-centered, peer-mediated STEM classrooms and preparing student peer leaders for their roles in these classes. Research questions examined how teachers think about themselves as they implement student-centered pedagogy, the difficulties they face as their roles and identities shift, and the ways they grow or resist growth. Qualitative research conducted at two urban secondary schools documents the diverse experiences and responses of teachers in an innovative, student-centered STEM instructional program. The experiences and perceptions of 13 STEM teachers illuminate the possibilities and challenges for teachers in student-centered classrooms. All participating teachers described multiple benefits of teaching in a student-centered classroom and differences from traditional classrooms. Their transitions to this type of teaching fell into three major categories based upon past identities and current beliefs. Some teachers found the pedagogy consistent with preexisting identities and embraced it without radical change to their concepts of teaching. They described ways in which the model helped them become the teachers they had always wanted to be. Other teachers, who initially identified as deliverers of STEM content, had more difficult experiences adjusting to student-centered instruction. In one case, a teacher resisted change and exited the program, maintaining her identity and deciding not to become student-centered. Other participating teachers made dramatic shifts in their identities in order to implement the program. These teachers described significant learning curves as they shared responsibility for student learning with student leaders. This study suggests that radically changing the learning environment can affect teachers’ identities and their approaches to teaching in predictable ways that can inform teacher education and professional development programs for STEM teachers, maximizing the success of teachers as they implement student-centered pedagogy.
Zoning out: Automatic and conscious attention biases are differentially related to dissociative and post-traumatic symptoms.

Abstract Few studies of attention bias in traumatized samples directly compare automatic and conscious (e.g. supraliminal) attentional strategies. Additionally, research to-date indicates inconsistent evidence for threat-related attention bias in individuals with PTSD symptoms. This may be due to the heterogeneity in PTSD symptoms and concurrent dissociation, particularly derealization and depersonalization, since these may contribute to decreased awareness of, or slower responding to, threatening stimuli. Using an internet-based paradigm, the current study measured attention biases in a visual dot-probe task using rapid (250 ms), brief supraliminal (500 ms), and long-latency supraliminal (2000 ms) exposures. One hundred and forty-seven adult participants completed a range of trauma-related symptom measures. Results indicated a significant association between PTSD symptoms and bias toward threat in the 2000 ms exposure. Both state and trait derealization were significantly related to a bias away from threat at the 250 ms exposure, indicating a reflexive avoidance of rapidly presented threat cues. State measures of dissociation were also related to avoidance of threat in the 500 ms condition. Findings highlight the disparate effects of trauma-related symptoms on attention, and have significant clinical implications for dissociative symptoms as a target of treatment in traumatized samples.
Altered mitochondrial trafficking as a novel mechanism of cancer metastasis.

Background Mammalian cells must constantly reprogram the distribution of mitochondria in order to meet the local demands for energy, calcium, redox balance, and other mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrial localization inside the cell is a result of a combination of movement along the microtubule tracks plus anchoring to actin filaments. Recent findings Recent advances show that subcellular distribution of mitochondria can regulate tumor cell growth, proliferation/motility plasticity, metastatic competence, and therapy responses in tumors. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial subcellular distribution is regulated in tumor cells. Conclusions Mitochondrial trafficking is dysregulated in tumors. Accumulation of mitochondria at the leading edge of the cell supports energy expensive processes of focal adhesion dynamics, cell membrane dynamics, migration, and invasion.
Semantic segmentation guided SLAM using Vision and LIDAR

This paper presents a novel framework for incorporating semantic information in a Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) framework based on LIDAR and camera to improve navigation accuracy and alleviate drifts caused by translation and rotation errors. Specifically, an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) equipped with a camera and LIDAR, operating in an indoor environment is considered. The proposed method uses features extracted from a camera and its correspondences in the LIDAR depth map to obtain the pose relative to a keyframe which is refined by semantic features obtained from a deep neural network. Additionally, each point in the map is associated with a semantic label to perform semantically guided local and global pose optimization. Since semantically correlated features can be expected to have higher likelihood of correct data association, the proposed coupling of semantic labeling and SLAM provides better robustness and accuracy. We demonstrate our approach using an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) operating in an indoor environment equipped with a camera and a LIDAR.
A genome-wide association study of prostate cancer in Latinos.

Latinos represent <1% of samples analyzed to date in genome-wide association studies of cancer. The clinical value of genetic information in guiding personalized medicine in populations of non-European ancestry will require additional discovery and risk locus characterization efforts across populations. In the present study, we performed a GWAS of prostate cancer (PrCa) in 2,820 Latino PrCa cases and 5,293 controls to search for novel PrCa risk loci and to examine the generalizability of known PrCa risk loci in Latino men. We also conducted a genetic admixture-mapping scan to identify PrCa risk alleles associated with local ancestry. Genome-wide significant associations were observed with 84 variants all located at the known PrCa risk regions at 8q24 (128.484-128.548) and 10q11.22 (MSMB gene). In admixture mapping, we observed genome-wide significant associations with local African ancestry at 8q24. Of the 162 established PrCa risk variants that are common in Latino men, 135 (83.3%) had effects that were directionally consistent as previously reported, among which 55 (34.0%) were statistically significant with p < 0.05. A polygenic risk model of the known PrCa risk variants showed that, compared to men with average risk (25th-75th percentile of the polygenic risk score distribution), men in the top 10% had a 3.19-fold (95% CI: 2.65, 3.84) increased PrCa risk. In conclusion, we found that the known PrCa risk variants can effectively stratify PrCa risk in Latino men. Larger studies in Latino populations will be required to discover and characterize genetic risk variants for PrCa and improve risk stratification for this population.
Integral formulation of 3D Navier-Stokes and longer time existence of smooth solutions

We extend Borel summability methods to the analysis of the 3D Navier–Stokes initial value problem, ν_t-vΔν = -P[ν⋅∇ν]+f, ν(x, 0)=ν_0(x), x∈T^3 where P is the Hodge projection to divergence-free vector fields. We assume that the Fourier transform norms ∥f^∥l1(z^3) and ∥ν^_0∥l1(z^3) are finite. We prove that the integral equation obtained from (*) by Borel transform and Ecalle acceleration, U (k, q), is exponentially bounded for q in a sector centered on R^+, where q is the inverse Laplace dual to 1/t^n for n ≥ 1. This implies in particular local existence of a classical solution to (*) for t ∈ (0, T), where T depends on ∥ν^_0∥l1 and ∥f^∥l1. Global existence of the solution to NS follows if ‖U(⋅, q)‖l1 has subexponential bounds as q → ∞. If f = 0, then the converse is also true: if NS has global solution, then there exists n ≥ 1 for which ‖U(⋅, q)‖ necessarily decays. More generally, if the exponential growth rate in q of U is α, then a classical solution to NS exists for t ∈ (0, α^(-1/n)). We show that α can be better estimated based on the values of U on a finite interval [0, q_0]. We also show how the integral equation can be solved numerically with controlled errors. Preliminary numerical calculations of the integral equation over a modest [0, 10], q-interval for n = 2 corresponding to Kida ([21]) initial conditions, though far from being optimized or rigorously controlled, suggest that this approach gives an existence time for 3D Navier–Stokes that substantially exceeds classical estimate.
Nucleation Inhibition of Huntingtin Protein (htt) by Polyproline PPII Helices: A Potential Interaction with the N-Terminal α-Helical Region of Htt.

Huntington’s disease is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of amyloid fibrils of the huntingtin protein (htt). The 17-residue N-terminal region of htt (Nt17) has be...
TDM: a temporal decomposition method for removing venous effects from task-based fMRI

Most functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is conducted with gradient-echo pulse sequences. Although this yields high sensitivity to blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals, gradient-echo acquisitions are heavily influenced by venous effects which limit the ultimate spatial resolution and spatial accuracy of fMRI. While alternative acquisition methods such as spin-echo can be used to mitigate venous effects, these methods lead to serious reductions in signal-to-noise ratio and spatial coverage, and are difficult to implement without leakage of undesirable non-spin-echo effects into the data. Moreover, analysis heuristics such as masking veins or sampling inner cortical depths using high-resolution fMRI may be helpful, but sacrifice information from many parts of the brain. Here, we describe a new analysis method that is compatible with conventional gradient-echo acquisition and provides venous-free response estimates throughout the entire imaged volume. The method involves fitting a low-dimensional manifold characterizing variation in response timecourses observed in a given dataset, and then using identified early and late timecourses as basis functions for decomposing responses into components related to the microvasculature (capillaries and small venules) and the macrovasculature (veins), respectively. We show that this Temporal Decomposition through Manifold Fitting (TDM) method is robust, consistently deriving meaningful timecourses in individual fMRI scan sessions. Moreover, we show that by removing late components, TDM substantially reduces the superficial cortical depth bias present in gradient-echo BOLD responses and eliminates artifacts in cortical activity maps. TDM is general: it can be applied to any task-based fMRI experiment, can be used with standard- or high-resolution fMRI acquisitions, and can even be used to remove residual venous effects from specialized acquisition methods like spin-echo. We suggest that TDM is a powerful method that improves the spatial accuracy of fMRI and provides insight into the origins of the BOLD signal.
Differential Roles of Mediodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus and Prefrontal Cortex in Decision-Making and State Representation in a Cognitive Control Task Measuring Deficits in Schizophrenia.

The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) is reciprocally connected with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and although the MD has been implicated in a range of PFC-dependent cognitive functions (Watanabe and Funahashi, 2012; Mitchell and Chakraborty, 2013; Parnaudeau et al., 2018), little is known about how MD neurons in the primate participate specifically in cognitive control, a capability that reflects the ability to use contextual information (such as a rule) to modify responses to environmental stimuli. To learn how the MD-PFC thalamocortical network is engaged to mediate forms of cognitive control that are selectively disrupted in schizophrenia, we trained male monkeys to perform a variant of the AX continuous performance task, which reliably measures cognitive control deficits in patients (Henderson et al., 2012) and used linear multielectrode arrays to record neural activity in the MD and PFC simultaneously. We found that the two structures made clearly different contributions to distributed processing for cognitive control: MD neurons were specialized for decision-making and response selection, whereas prefrontal neurons were specialized to preferentially encode the environmental state on which the decision was based. In addition, we observed that functional coupling between MD and PFC was strongest when the decision as to which of the two responses in the task to execute was being made. These findings delineate unique contributions of MD and PFC to distributed processing for cognitive control and characterized neural dynamics in this network associated with normative cognitive control performance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive control is fundamental to healthy human executive functioning (Miller and Cohen, 2001) and deficits in patients with schizophrenia relate to decreased functional activation of the MD thalamus and the prefrontal cortex (Minzenberg et al., 2009), which are reciprocally linked (Goldman-Rakic and Porrino, 1985; Xiao et al., 2009). We carry out simultaneous neural recordings in the MD and PFC while monkeys perform a cognitive control task translated from patients with schizophrenia to relate thalamocortical dynamics to cognitive control performance. Our data suggest that state representation and decision-making computations for cognitive control are preferentially performed by PFC and MD, respectively. This suggests experiments to parse decision-making and state representation deficits in patients while providing novel computational targets for future therapies.
Laser processing of thin film sputtered MoS2: Thinning, oxidation, and crystallization

The interest in thin film 2D materials has brought renewed attention to the compound molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). As a 2D material, MoS2 can exhibit high transport mobility and transitions to a direct-gap semiconductor when thinned down to a few atomic layers. Consequently, it has both electronic and photonic device applications. The bulk of research on crystalline MoS2 is via exfoliated and chemical vapor deposited material. In this work, we present a laser processing approach that offers flexibility in the types of composite materials that can be produced. We demonstrate laser crystallization of sputter-deposited amorphous MoS2 (∼10 nm) and subsequent thinning down to a few atomic layers that result in direct bandgap emission. With further laser processing under inert gas purge (argon) and low vacuum air, we fabricate composite nano-materials comprised of metallic and molybdenum oxides. Material characterization is done by optical interferometry, atomic force microscopy, SEM, Auger, and Raman diagnostics, but the ongoing physics of the laser thinning process is elucidated by XPS measurements.
Ultra-Sensitive Ultrasound.

Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a dynamic, real-time, non-invasive bedside tool that offers increased sensitivity over standard imaging modalities in identifying pulmonary edema. This case highlights acute post-operative hypoxia secondary to pulmonary edema that was initially missed by chest radiography (CXR) and chest computed tomography (CT). The edema was diagnosed first on same day by bedside LUS, later seen on next day follow-up CXR and resolved with diuresis. LUS has demonstrated superior accuracy compared to CXR, but scant evidence compares it to CT. This case presentation serves to increase awareness of LUS as a highly sensitive and easy-to-use diagnostic tool for hospital providers in the evaluation of acute hypoxia.
The impact of skill discretion and work demands on salesperson job satisfaction: the mediating influence of the burnout facets

This study seeks to advance our understanding of how skill discretion and hindrance demands impact both salesperson burnout and job satisfaction. Findings support that skill discretion and hindranc...
Allosteric Coupling of Drug Binding and Intracellular Signaling in the A 2A Adenosine Receptor

Structural plasticity enabling signal transfer over 30 A from the extracellular drug binding site of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) to the intracellular surface was characterized using NMR spectroscopy in solution. Based on Trp and Gly assignments throughout the receptor, we discovered local structural polymorphisms related to allosteric coupling between the orthosteric drug binding pocket and the intracellular signaling surface. This provides a dynamic structural basis for the function of the allosteric center Asp2.50. Modification of the allosteric center with replacement by Asn2.50 suppressed the structural polymorphisms on the signaling surface without affecting the conformation at the extracellular surface. Our observations suggest A2AAR extracellular and intracellular regions can function as two semi-independent subdomains for the Asn2.50 variant. As this allosteric center is one of the most highly conserved motifs among class A receptors, this implies a common signaling mechanism among many human GPCRs.
Effects of environmental factors on sensitivity of Cryptococcus neoformans to fluconazole and amphotericin B

Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of fungal meningitis in immunocompromized populations. Amphotericin B (AMB) and fluconazole (FLC) are common anticryptococcal agents. AMB treatment leads to severe side-effects. In contrast, FLC-based therapy is relatively safe, although C. neoformans often develops resistance to this drug. C. neoformans must adapt to the challenging environment of the human host. Environmental effects on potency of AMB and FLC and development of drug resistance remain poorly characterized. Here, the effects of nutrients, temperature and antioxidants on susceptibility of C. neoformans towards FLC and AMB were investigated. Limited nutrients led to a decrease and an increase of sensitivity towards FLC and AMB, respectively. Co-treatment with various antioxidants also demonstrated reciprocal effects on susceptibility towards FLC and AMB. In contrast, elevated temperature increased the efficacy of both drugs, although the effect on FLC was more drastic as compared to that of AMB. In addition, temperatures of 37°C and above prevented development of FLC resistance. Our study pointed to a critical role of the environment on susceptibility towards AMB and FLC and revealed reciprocal effects towards these antifungal drugs, reflecting contrasting modes of action of AMB and FLC.
Visualizing science: The impact of infographics on free recall, elaboration, and attitude change for genetically modified foods news.

Within the theoretical frameworks of the dual coding theory, this study examined how the implementation of infographics would influence audiences’ cognitive responses to science news reporting topi...
A compact, compliant, and biomimetic robotic assistive glove driven by twisted string actuators

It is desirable but difficult to develop wearable robotic devices that have a compact form factor, sufficient range of motion to perform activities of daily living and produce enough force to allow for the manipulation of the environment and objects. Conventional actuation approaches produce high force and power output but require external pressure sources or are heavy and bulky. Twisted string actuators produce high force amplification from low torque motors and require no complicated appendages, making them attractive for wearable robotic devices. However, studies that quantify the performance of twisted string actuators to conventional spooled-motor configuration are lacking. Further, it is difficult to implement bi-directional drive using twisted string actuators without making the system more complicated. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of twisted string actuators to spooled-motor configuration is presented. In addition, a robotic assistive device that leverages the advantages of twisted string actuators is presented. Supercoiled polymer strings are used in the device for both monitoring the position change through resistance changes and simultaneously provide passive force for the glove to return to neutral position. Fingertip force of more than 7 N is achieved with the glove that weighs 186 grams including the electronics. Further, picking everyday objects is demonstrated.