cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonbonded potential energy functions based on the dumbbell model of diatomic molecules

The potential energy functions commonly used in calculating crystal packing are in poor agreement when applied to the interaction of a spherically symmetric atom and diatomic molecule or to the interaction of two diatomic molecules. The attractive components of potential energy functions of these interactions, however, are known from quantum mechanics. New potential energy functions for these interactions, based on a dumbbell model, are proposed. In addition, the goodness of fit of the repulsion term is discussed.
Oocyte structure and early vitellogenesis in the trout, Salmo gairdneri.

Light and electron microscopic studies have been made on young oocytes of the trout; i.e., during previtelline and early stages of vitellogenesis. Balbiani's basophilic body has been followed from its origin in the youngest oocyte to its disappearance at the beginning of vitellogenesis. It assumes the form of a duplex body composed of a non-basophilic component (idiosome) and a highly basophilic portion, the pallial substance. Electron micrographs reveal the Balbiani body to be a dense, finely granular substance apparently unrelated to the Golgi apparatus or mitochondria. Its role in oogenesis is not clear, but probably constitutes an essential precursor substance (perhaps RNA) necessary for oocyte growth and vitellogenesis. At given periods in early oocyte growth, an extensively developed system of endoplasmic reticulum is formed and the cisternae contain numerous granules. These intracisternal granules probably represent precursor elements for a specialized type of yolk substance. The granules collect in dilated regions of the smooth-surfaced cisternae where the latter undergo anastomosis. Here the granules undergo transformation into a finely granular particle. Older and more vitellogenetic oocytes have not been included in this study.
The micro–macro policy game under uncertainty and risk attitude

Abstract A two-firm oligopoly model under uncertainty and risk attitude is developed to explore the effect of asymmetric and symmetric probability responses by the firms to a change in their perception of their business climate, as a result of a change in government policy. A change in the Environmental Protection Agency's clean air policy is used as an example. The focus is on oligopoly vendor firms supplying clean air equipment. The analysis is in the context of game theory. The government's goal is to increase net social welfare by a given policy change. It is shown among other results that the likelihood of a positive response on the part of the firms will depend essentially on the degree of oligopoly interaction (or competition). Also, since the government lacks ex ante knowledge about how firms will perceive a policy change, it is shown that it may be difficult for the government to act as an ex ante optimizer in the usual way. The conclusion contains suggestions on information sharing and industry concentration, among others.
Hystersisters online: social support and social comparison among hysterectomy patients on the internet

Background: The Internet has become a popular source of health information for patients with a variety of medical concerns; however, research examining patient interactions on the Internet has been limited. Purpose: Four questions were examined in a survey study of hysterectomy patients who visited http://www.hystersisters.com: (a) Do hysterectomy patients use the support Web site because they perceive their proximal sources of social support to be inadequate? (b) What kinds of support do patients receive from the Web site? (c) What attributes characterize the “Hystersisters” that are perceived to be most helpful? (d) How do informational sources vary depending on the nature of the patient concern? Methods: Women (N = 137) responded to questions about social support, Web site use, and perceptions of other Web site users.Results: Participants reported high levels of perceived support and tangible assistance from their proximal social environment during recovery from surgery (93%–100%). Hystersisters who were perceived as helpful tended to share similar attributes, such as religion and children. On the Web site, information and advice (61%) was sought significantly more than emotional or esteem support (p < .01). For issues involving spiritual or partner matters versus factual issues connected to the hysterectomy, patients expressed greater interest in communicating with a patient who shared their values even if they were not more knowledgeable.Conclusions: This research contributes to our understanding of how patients utilize the Internet for health information. Longitudinal research is needed to evaluate causal relationships between Internet use and health outcomes.
Dietary protein influences acid-base responses to repeated sprints.

Summary Dietary protein during conditioning and exercise must support additional needs while avoiding adverse metabolic effects. Ten Arabian horses were assigned randomly to 2 diets formulated to contain 7.5 or 14.5% crude protein and 12% fat. The low-protein diet (LP) was supplemented with lysine and threonine to match the levels of these amino acids in the high-protein diet (HP). Feed intake averaged 8.1 kg/day. Dietary cation-anion difference was 181.6 and 260.4 mmol/kg for high and low protein, respectively. Following 9 weeks conditioning, horses performed a repeated sprint test: 3 min walk at 1.5 m/s and zero slope, followed by 3 min walk at 1.5 m/s, 5 min trot at 3.5 m/s, then six 1 min sprints at 10 m/s separated by 4 min walks all on a 6% slope, concluding with 30 min walk at 1.5 m/s and zero slope. Blood samples (arterial, A, and venous, V) were taken at rest, during the last 15 s of each sprint, and at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min. of recovery. Samples were analysed for total protein (TP), lactate (La−), pH, PCO2, PO2, HCO3−, Na+, K+ and Cl−. Strong ion difference (SID+) and total weak acids (Atot) were calculated. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to evaluate the effects of exercise and recovery (time), diet and any interactions. Comparing LP to HP groups, plasma pH tended to be higher after the first sprint (V, P=0.084; A, P = 0.014), and plasma HCO3− was higher overall (V, P=0.0023; A, P = 0.094) during exercise and recovery. In both groups, pH declined; however, LP remained higher than HP. The decline in pH represents an exercise-induced acidosis which was attributable mainly to PCO2, especially during recovery, and to a tendency for a higher SID+ during most of exercise and recovery. The plasma La− response was lower, Cl− higher, suggesting that LP enhanced the lactate-storage function of erythrocytes. Dietary protein restriction for 9 weeks moderated sprint-induced acidosis in fat-adapted horses.
Electron Shakeoff Following the β - Decay of Ar 41

A specially designed mass spectrometer is used to analyze the potassium ions that result from the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay of ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{41}$. The percent abundances are as follows: ${\mathrm{K}}^{1+}$ (82\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1), ${\mathrm{K}}^{2+}$ (12.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8), ${\mathrm{K}}^{3+}$ (3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2), ${\mathrm{K}}^{4+}$ (1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1), ${\mathrm{K}}^{5+}$ (0.44\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06), ${\mathrm{K}}^{6+}$ (0.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04), ${\mathrm{K}}^{7+}$ (0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02), and ${\mathrm{K}}^{8+}$ (0.016\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009). The data are compared with similar studies on other rare gases that undergo beta decay, and some of the general properties of electron shakeoff as a function of atomic number are discussed.
In Vivo Membrane Topology of Escherichia coli SecA ATPase Reveals Extensive Periplasmic Exposure of Multiple Functionally Important Domains Clustering on One Face of SecA

The Sec-dependent protein translocation pathway promotes the transport of proteins into or across the bacterial plasma membrane. SecA ATPase has been shown to be a nanomotor that associates with its protein cargo as well as the SecYEG channel complex and to undergo ATP-driven cycles of membrane insertion and retraction that promote stepwise protein translocation. Previous studies have shown that both the 65-kDa N-domain and 30-kDa C-domain of SecA appear to undergo such membrane cycling. In the present study we performed in vivo sulfhydryl labeling of an extensive collection of monocysteine secA mutants under topologically specific conditions to identify regions of SecA that are accessible to the trans side of the membrane in its membrane-integrated state. Our results show that distinct regions of five of six SecA domains were labeled under these conditions, and such labeling clusters to a single face of the SecA structure. Our results demarcate an extensive face of SecA that interacts with SecYEG and is in fluid contact with the protein-conducting channel. The observed domain-specific labeling patterns should also provide important constraints on model building efforts in this dynamic system.
NPM-RAR binding to TRADD selectively inhibits caspase activation, while allowing activation of NFκB and JNK

The t(5;17) variant of acute promeylocytic leukemia (APL) expresses a fusion of nucleophosmin (NPM) with the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA). We have previously shown that NPM-RAR is a binding partner of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type-I-associated DEATH domain protein, TRADD. Binding of TNF to its receptor, TNF-R, induces recruitment of TRADD, and subsequent recruitment of a cascade of proteins that ultimate activate caspase 3, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We have previously shown that NPM-RAR interaction with TRADD blocks TNF activation of caspase 3, caspase 8, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and, ultimately, apoptosis. We now report that NPM-RAR expression is permissive for TNF activation of NFκB and JNK. We propose that inhibition of TNF activation of apoptosis, while preserving TNF activation of NFκB and JNK pathways that stimulate cell growth and survival, represents a novel mechanism through which NPM-RAR contributes to development of the leukemic phenotype.
Semiconductors: A pillar of pure and applied physics

We give an overview of the central role semiconductor research that has played in basic, applied, and computational science. Our focus is on basic science. However, we will make general comments about applications, such as the transistor, integrated circuits, solar devices, and lasers, which evolved from basic research, and about simulations using computational science, which has enormously benefited from semiconductor research. We will make reference to links with other branches of physics and more generally other areas of science and fields like electrical engineering, computer science, material science, medical science, and chemistry that have made significant contributions to our everyday life.
Chronic Ectopic Pregnancy

Acute ectopic pregnancy is a common clinical problem, usually diagnosed by a combination of clinical, sonographic, and laboratory findings. Chronic ectopic pregnancy is a more unusual situation, resulting from minor ruptures that develop into a hematocele. The typical patient will have subacute or chronic pain and a low β-HCG. The sonographic findings in these cases can vary between an amorphous, avascular mass and a highly vascular complex. In the appropriate clinical setting, sonography can play an important role in the preoperative diagnosis of this entity.
Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Review

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide a review of the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was conducted for pertinent English-language articles published from 1966 to 1999. Study Selection: All studies concerning the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids were reviewed. Data Extraction: Publications with clinically relevant data were selected for discussion in the article. Data Synthesis: Hypertrophic scars and keloids can pose a formidable therapeutic challenge. Numerous treatments are available. These include intralesional corticosteroids, topical applications, surgery, and, most recently, laser therapy. Silicone sheeting and cryotherapy are among the useful adjunctive agents for hypertrophic scar and keloid treatment. Vitamin E, onion extract derivative, and aloe vera have not proved to be effective. Surgery provides an invasive but sometimes necessary alternative in the treatment of scars. Radiation therapy may have a role in the treatment of recalcitrant lesions. Most recently, the pulsed-dye laser has been successfully used to treat keloids and hypertrophic scars. Conclusions: Currently, no definitive therapy exists for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. The advent of laser technology, particularly the pulsed-dye laser, appears to offer the best hope for successful treatment. Combination therapy seems to offer increased efficacy.
Solving nonlinear heat transfer problems using variation of parameters

Abstract Nonlinear problems arise in many heat transfer applications, and several analytical and numerical methods for solving these problems are described in the literature. Here, the method of variation of parameters is shown to be a relatively simple method for obtaining solutions to four specific heat transfer problems: 1. a radiating annular fin, 2. conduction-radiation in a plane-parallel medium, 3. convective and radiative exchange between the surface of a continuously moving strip and its surroundings, and 4. convection from a fin with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and variable cross-sectional area. The results for each of these examples are compared to those obtained using other analytical and numerical methods. The accuracy of the method is limited only by the accuracy with which the numerical integration is performed. The method of variation of parameters is less complex and relatively easy to implement compared to other analytical methods and some numerical methods. It is slightly more computationally expensive than traditional numerical approaches. The method presented may be used to verify numerical solutions to nonlinear heat transfer problems.
High-Speed Hubble Space Telescope Ultraviolet photometry of two DB white dwarfs: Nonradial and radial pulsations

We observed two DB white dwarf stars with the High Speed Photometer aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The two targets, the nonradial pulsator GD 358, and PG 0112+104, a non-pulsating white dwarf with similar temperature, were each observed for 1800 s with a time resolution of 10 ms. We used the F140LP configuration, which gives a broadband response in the UV between 1400 and 3000 A. The data clearly show the long period (about 700 s) pulsations in GD 358. Comparison with optical observations obtained two weeks earlier shows that the amplitude of the pulsations in the UV is approximately 1.4 times higher, consistent with nonradial pulsations due solely to temperature changes at constant radius. The high time resolution of these observations allows us to search for high-frequency pulsations (such as p modes or high overtone radial modes). No firm evidencefor high-frequency pulsations was seen in either object between 1 and 12 Hz. Correlation analysis of GD 358 shows no clear signal of multifrequency high overtone radial pulsations at the 0.00075 mag level, with no individual modes above the 0.0016 mag level. Upper limits for PG 0112+104 are approximately 2 times higher than for GD 358. Implications of this study for the theory of white dwarf pulsations are discussed.
Are Teen Courts An Answer to Our Juvenile Delinquency Problems

Teen courts are being implemented across the country at a speed that surpasses the celerity with which research of program effectiveness can be performed. This study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of the Dona Ana County, New Mexico, Teen Court by looking at the rate of recidivism for, program participants as well as possible influential factors upon the rate of recidivism. The subjects were 478 randomly selected participants who were traced though the Juvenile Probation and Parole Office to detect any referrals following teen court participation. The study found a recidivism rate of 25% between 1994 and 1998, which was affected by several factors, including gender, age, prior offenses, and program completion. The study was not a comprehensive evaluation, but it did reinforce the need for further research in the area.
Deformation and life analysis of composite flywheel disk systems

Abstract In this study an attempt is made to put into perspective the problem of a rotating disk, be it a single disk or a number of concentric disks forming a unit. An analytical model capable of performing an elastic stress analysis for single/multiple, annular/solid, anisotropic/isotropic disk systems, subjected to pressure surface tractions, body forces (in the form of temperature-changes and rotation fields) and interfacial misfits is summarized. Results of an extensive parametric study are presented to clearly define the key design variables and their associated influence. In general the important parameters were identified as misfit, mean radius, thickness, material property and/or load gradation, and speed; all of which must be simultaneously optimized to achieve the ‘best’ and most reliable design. Also, the important issue of defining proper performance/merit indices (based on the specific stored energy), in the presence of multiaxiality and material anisotropy is addressed. These merit indices are then utilized to discuss the difference between flywheels made from PMC and TMC materials with either an annular or solid geometry. Finally two major aspects of failure analysis, that is the static and cyclic limit (burst) speeds are addressed. In the case of static limit loads, a lower (first fracture) bound for disks with constant thickness is presented. The results (interaction diagrams) are displayed graphically in designer friendly format. For the case of fatigue, a representative fatigue/life master curve is illustrated in which the normalized limit speed versus number of applied cycles is given for a cladded TMC disk application.
Radar Path Attenuation Statistics Employing a Rain Field Visualization Methodology

Rain fade distributions are derived at a frequency of 15 GHz for the case in which paths intersect a "frozen simulated rain field" associated with a moving frontal system in the Mid-Atlantic coast. The paths, which transect the entire rain rate region, may be associated with either communications or radar systems. Path elevation angles from 2deg to 45deg are considered, where the results apply to the case in which a frontal system moves in the direction of the shorter dimension. A rain rate field was derived using a visualization methodology previously described by the author. Cumulative fade distributions are also calculated from simulations at other elevation angles, frequencies and rain rate zones. They are compared with measured results associated with earth-satellite beacon measurements executed by the author and other investigators. The simulated distributions are also compared with those predicted by models of the International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication (ITU-R). Close agreement is shown between simulated and measured results, whereas mixed agreement exists with ITU-R models. The simulation methodology has the advantage over other prediction models because results at low elevation angles may be achieved, and fade statistics may be conditioned to the presence of rain. Furthermore, the results may be specialized to moving rain regions of defined dimensions.
Simulation of a production line system with machine breakdowns using network modeling

Abstract In a manufacturing system, several factors can affect the reliability of the system in producing expected output levels, including resource input rates, labor rate variability, product quality, and machine failures. Although all of these factors will be reflected in the modeling process presented in this paper, the primary focus will be on the effect of machine breakdowns on system output. Network modeling and simulation with Q-GERT is the vehicle of analysis that is employed. This technique will be demonstrated via a realistic case example encompassing a complex production system consisting of several assembly lines, each containing several machines. The statistical results of the simulation of the example system are presented and discussed. In addition, examples of how the simulation model can be used to test changes in machine repair times and breakdown rates will be presented.
Evaluation of high-thermal-conductivity graphite fibers for thermal management in electronics applications

ABSTRACT High thermal conductivity carbon fibers are orthotropic, having significantly different properties in the longitudinal(650-1 100 W/mK) and radial directions (15-50 W/mK). These fibers can function like thermal "pipes" to directionallytransport heat from one location to another. The potential of such high thermal conductivity materials to facilitate enhancedthermal management in miniaturized electronics systems used in space applications is considered. Visualization of heat flowusing time-resolved infrared imaging and analysis of the capabilities of different fabricated structures for directing heat flowwill be described.Keywords: thermal management, thermal properties measurement, carbon fibers; graphite, ultra-high thermal conductivitygraphite fibers, electronic packaging 1. INTRODUCTION The management of excess heat in electronics applications is becoming an even more significant problem with new developments in the microelectronics industry. The drive towards pushing microelectronics components down to smallerand smaller sizes, packed into closer and closer proximity on circuit boards greatly increases the demands on thermalmanagement systems. Decreasing the temperature at the integrated circuits has a marked role in increasing the reliability andlifetime ofthese devices1. There are a wide variety ofapproaches currently in use as well as another whole suite of conceptsunder development. These include both active and passive means of cooling. One example of an active approach is the useof spray cooling. Here a fluid is sprayed over the components requiring cooling to remove heat by boiling of the fluid. Thefluid is then collected, circulated past a heat exchanger and then used again. Convective cooling using forced air blown overthe part is another example of active cooling which is very widely practiced.Passive approaches include the use ofheat pipes2 which are closed tubes containing a material such as ammonia. There is aphase change in this material which allows heat to be extracted from the part of concern. Another passive method is toimprove the conduction from the high power dissipating component to the backplane of the circuit board or to a dedicatedheat sink. Different materials systems have been used in these heat spreading efforts ranging from the aluminum and copperplates which have had a long history of application to the more recent developments in diamond films3. Another recentdevelopment has been the use of composite plates incorporating graphite fibers with very high thermal conductivity, ic, in thelay-up46. This approach is very attractive for space applications where minimizing weight is a key design goal.The specific thermal conductivity ofthese high ic graphite fibers is particularly impressive as shown in Table I .
Gender Differences in Calls to 9-1-1 During an Acute Coronary Syndrome

Calling 911 during acute coronary syndromes (ACS) decreases time to treatment and may improve prognosis. Women may have more atypical ACS symptoms compared to men, but few data are available on differences in gender and ACS symptoms in calling 911. In this study, patient interviews and structured chart reviews were conducted to determine gender differences in calling 911. Calls to 911 were assessed by self-report and validated by medical chart review. Of the 476 patients studied, 292 (61%) were diagnosed with unstable angina and 184 (39%) with myocardial infarctions (MIs). Overall, only 23% of patients called 911. Similar percentages of women and men with unstable angina called 911 (15% and 13%, respectively, p = 0.59). In contrast, women with MIs were significantly more likely to call 911 than men (57% vs 28%, p <0.001). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, health insurance status, history of MI, the left ventricular ejection fraction, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score, and ACS symptoms, women were 1.79 times more likely to call 911 during an MI than men (prevalence ratio 1.79, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 2.64, p <0.01). In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that initiatives to increase calls to 911 are needed for women and men.
Effects of Method of Colostrum Feeding and Colostrum Supplementation on Concentrations of Immunoglobulin G in the Serum of Neonatal Calves

Holstein heifer and bull calves (n = 52) at Ames Plantation (Grand Junction, TN) and Piedmont Research Station (Salisbury, NC) were blocked by sex and assigned randomly to receive 3.8 L of maternal colostrum in one feeding, 1.9 L in two feedings at a 10- to 12-h interval, or 1.9 L in two feedings at a 10- to 12-h interval plus 272 g of colostrum supplement at the first feeding. The colostrum supplement was mixed with 0.95 L of warm water and fed immediately following colostrum. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations were unaffected by the number of feedings and averaged 20.0 and 16.6 g/L at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Calves that were fed the colostrum supplement at the first feeding had lower serum IgG concentrations at 24 h (16.0 g/L) than did calves that were fed two colostrum feedings without supplementation (21.0 g/L); however, serum IgG concentrations at 48 h did not differ among treatments. Dry matter intake and body weight gain were unaffected by feeding method. Calves may be fed high quality colostrum in one or two feedings without affecting IgG absorption.
Smart Grid Information Clearinghouse: A content collection and knowledge discovery model

This paper aims at providing an insight into the Smart Grid Information Clearinghouse (SGIC) web portal sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. Developed by Virginia Tech Advanced Research Institute in Arlington, VA, with assistance from the IEEE Power & Energy Society and EnerNex Corporation, the SGIC web portal was officially launched to the public in September 2010. It is designed to be the first stop-shop for smart grid information that acts as an essential gateway to connect smart grid communities to relevant sources of information. This paper highlights the SGIC content database and its development details that allow intuitive knowledge discovery by users with different backgrounds and interests.
Effect of alloying elements and annealing on irradiation-induced defects in iron alloys

Iron alloys (Fe, Fe-0.7Ni, Fe-0.7Ni-0.025P) were irradiated at 288°C to a fluence of 4.63×1019 neutrons/cm2. Analysis of the as-irradiated alloys showed irradiation-induced defects in the form of interstitial prismatic dislocation loops. The defect size decreased and the defect number density increased with increasing impurity content. The pure iron alloy contained dislocation loops predominantly with an a Burgers vector. The Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-P alloys, however, contained loops predominantly with an a/2 Burgers vector. Annealing at 500°C increased the size and decreased the number density of dislocation loops in all the alloys. The a dislocation loops seemed to grow at the expense of the a/2 dislocation loops. The results are explained by a solute trapping mechanism.
Automative quantification of rat duodenal rhythmic contraction

In (1904) Magnus described the technique of using excised segments of intest ines bathed by physiological sa l t solut ions. I n i t i a l l y , the smooth muscle ac t i v i t y was recorded by mechanical methods. Today, in addit ion to the mechanical recording under isotonic, isometric, and auxotonic condit ions, e lect r ica l ac t i v i t y is studied by i n t race l l u la r and ex t race l lu la r electrodes. Even though each method has l imi ta t ions, the information obtained has resu l t ed in advancement of smooth muscle physiology. However, the ex is t ing mechanical recording procedures have the fol lowing l imi ta t ions (I) each smooth muscle preparation must serve as i t own control , thus precluding "in vivo" exposures, (2) each evaluation of an e l i c i t ed response is based pr imari ly on visual impressions of the trace recordings, rather than automative quant i tat ive analysis and (3) the primary parameter has been the contraction, e i ther i t s presence, absence or magnitude. Studies on smooth muscle e lec t r ica l ac t i v i t y and i t s relat ionship to contract ions have suggested ( i ) that smooth muscle's e lect r ica l ac t i v i t y is composed of slow-waves and superimposed action potent ials whose combined action is required to i n i t i a t e a contraction, (2) that the slow waves(sometimes referred to as ei ther basic elect r i c rhythms or pacesetter potent ia ls) or ig inate in the long i tud i nal muscle's pacemaker cel ls and regulate the frequency of contractions, (3) that the superimposed action potent ials determine the magnitude of contraction, (4) that both longitudinal and c i rcu lar muscle layers are required for propagation of the elect r i c a l ac t i v i t y . In addit ion, Connor, et al (1976) have suggested that the slow waves are associated with cel l metabolism by means of electrogenic ion t ransport . Thus, i t appeared that "in v i t ro" measurements of the intact gut segment's frequency of contraction should be a suitable ind i rect method for monitoring smooth muscle ac t i v i t y , in par t icu lar , the slow-wave ac t i v i t y of i t s pacemaker ce l ls . This approach was fac i l i t a ted by using a microprocessor based system designed and constructed in th is laboratory. Since the frequency of contraction is the reciprocal of the intercont ract ion in terva l , the l a t t e r was measured by the microprocessor based system. The automative quant i tat ive measurements of 512 consecutive spontaneous contractions provided an i ntercont racti on interval histogram for each gut segment s imi lar to the interspike interval for neuronal spike t ra ins (MacGregory & Lewis, 1971).
A comparison of in situ and reversed saphenous vein grafts for infrainguinal reconstruction

Despite the recent popularity of the in situ saphenous vein graft for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction, considerable doubt exists as to whether this approach offers any real advantage over conventional reversed vein grafts. Therefore we have reviewed our experience with 675 infrainguinal vein grafts undertaken during the past 10 years. There have been no substantial modifications in the technique used for 535 reversed vein grafts over the 10-year period. During the past 3 years, 140 in situ vein grafts have been carried out with the Leather valvulotome used to incise the venous valves. Life-table analysis of 449 femoropopliteal reversed saphenous vein grafts demonstrated 1- and 3-year cumulative patency rates of 81% and 73%, respectively, and a 5-year patency rate of 63%. Seventy-five femoropopliteal in situ bypasses demonstrated a patency rate of 85% at both 1- and 3-year intervals. Cumulative patency rates for 86 femoroinfrapopliteal reversed saphenous vein grafts were 64% and 62% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Comparable patency rates for 65 infrapopliteal in situ saphenous vein grafts remained stable at 87% for 3 years. Fifteen of the in situ bypasses were anastomosed to vessels at the ankle or foot level, whereas none of the reversed bypasses was carried that far distally. This experience with both in situ and reversed techniques on one service by the same surgeons demonstrates a clear superiority of the in situ saphenous vein graft for infrapopliteal reconstruction at the 3-year interval.
Increased S(−)-Apomorphine–Induced Vacuous Chewing and Attenuated Effect of Chronic Haloperidol Treatment in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat

Abstract The incidence of S(−)-apomorphine–induced vacuous chewing movements (VCMs) as a model for tardive dyskinesia was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. A single dose of STZ (65 mg/kg, intravenously) caused a diabetic state (hyperglycemia, 480–490 vs. 116–118 mg/dl in naive rats). S(−)-apomorphine (250 μg/kg, subcutaneously)–induced VCMs were significantly intensified in diabetic rats which had received STZ 9 weeks previously. The enhancement of VCMs was also observed in nondiabetic rats which received subsequent treatment with depot haloperidol (4 mg/kg, intramuscularly, once a week, every week for 4 weeks) followed by a 2-week washout period. The ability of haloperidol to enhance VCMs was attenuated in diabetic rats. The implications of these results in relation to altered neurotransmissions in STZ-induced diabetes are discussed.
The design and synthesis of a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A novel and potent small molecule glucagon receptor antagonist for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is reported. This candidate, (S)-3-[4-(1-{3,5-dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]phenoxy}butyl)benzamido]propanoic acid, has lower molecular weight and lipophilicity than historical glucagon receptor antagonists, resulting in excellent selectivity in broad-panel screening, lower cytotoxicity, and excellent overall in vivo safety in early pre-clinical testing. Additionally, it displays low in vivo clearance and excellent oral bioavailability in both rats and dogs. In a rat glucagon challenge model, it was shown to reduce the glucagon-elicited glucose excursion in a dose-dependent manner and at a concentration consistent with its rat in vitro potency. Its properties make it an excellent candidate for further investigation.
Performance guarantees for flowshop heuristics to minimize makespan

This paper reviews the known worst-case ratios and absolute performance guarantees of various flowshop heuristics to minimize makespan. The absolute and worst-case performance ratio bounds are compared using probabilistic analysis. The best absolute performance bound is shown to outperform the tightest worst-case ratio bound with 99% probability when a certain minimum number of jobs is present. Thus, probabilistic analysis may provide a bridge between the absolute and worst-case performance guarantees of heuristic algorithms.
100 MW, 248.4 nm, KrF laser excited by an electron beam

Abstract Laser oscillations have been observed at 248.4 nm from excited KrF molecules. The excited KrF molecules were produced by injecting an intense electron beam into mixtures of Ar, Kr and F2. A peak power of 1.15 × 108 W with a total energy of 5.6 J has been observed. Up to 3% of the deposited e-beam energy was converted to laser-energy.
Stimulus generalization as a function of the delay between training and testing procedures: a reevaluation1

Three groups of 12 pigeons each were trained to discriminate between lights of 550 mμ (SD), correlated with 1-min variable-interval reinforcement and 570 mμ (SΔ), correlated with extinction. Group A was tested for wavelength generalization in extinction 1 min after meeting the discrimination criterion; Group B was tested 24 hr later; Group C was tested 24 hr later after a 3-min (reinforced) warm-up with the SD. The post-discrimination gradient of Group B was significantly flatter and showed significantly greater area shift than that of Groups A and C. The gradient of Group C was similar to that of Group A, indicating that the warm-up eliminated the effect of the delay period.
Dietary interventions for the treatment of obese children and adolescents

Abstract With the rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, it is important for all practitioners to be aware of the rising problem and to be comfortable in beginning a discussion with their patients and families regarding how to address overweight. Each visit to any clinician including cardiologists and cardiac surgeons should include an accurate measure of height and weight with the calculation of body mass index (BMI) and subsequent plotting on the appropriate BMI chart. Body mass index is currently the most accepted measure of assessing overweight status. It correlates with the amount of body fat in children and with the level of health risks, particularly cardiovascular risk factors. When overweight is identified, an assessment of nutrition-related behaviors should be completed and used to help patients and families target behavior changes that are realistic and achievable. New Expert Committee Recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of childhood and adolescent overweight were released in December 2007. These guidelines identified key contributing factors based on current evidence. The nutrition related factors include breast-feeding, consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks, intake of fruits and vegetables, eating breakfast, eating family meals at home, frequency of eating out, intake of energy dense foods and portion sizes. This article will provide information about these contributing factors and practical solutions to discuss with patients and families to begin the process of behavior change.
Generalized implicit enumeration using bounds on variables for solving linear programs with zero‐one variables

In an earlier paper [1] we put forth a framework that helps to tie together a number of approaches for solving integer programming problems. We outlined there how Balas' Additive Algorithm can be explained and generalized in terms of the framework. In the present paper we review Balas' algorithm, and our earlier framework, and present an algorithm generalizing Balas' scheme. In addition, some examples are presented and future research to be done is discussed.
Explaining Variation in Income between Hispanic and White Female-Headed Households in Washington.

Despite concern about the low incomes offemale-headedfamilies, comparatively little research has been conducted on Hispanic-origin, female-headedfamilies. The authors consider the relationship of variables from past studies (employment, personal characteristics, and the presence of children) to the incomes of White (non-Hispanic origin) and Hispanic-origin, female-headedfamilies with children. They also consider the effect of two additional variables representing contentious political issues-citizenship and whether the household used English as its primary language. Confirming past research, employment variables had the strongest relationship to income for both groups. The number and presence of children younger than 6 were not as important, and marital status showed little relationship to income once age and education were included in a multiple regression equation. More interesting is the fact that citizenship and English usage made little difference in the above relationships for Hispanic-origin, femal...
Characterization of Pure Germanium for Detector Fabrication

Germanium crystals grown in wet H2 from material that contains trace amounts of silicon exhibit "smooth pits" in addition to familiar dislocation pits seen on etched surfaces. Such material appears normal by the usual methods of electrical evaluation, but detectors fabricated from it invariably exhibit severe trapping. Experiments yielding information about the presence of oxygen and silicon in germanium are reported. Preliminary observations indicate that a test for the presence of smooth pits may also provide a critical means for evaluating Li drift material. Examination of a sample of "good" Li drift germanium showed it to be free of these pits, whereas a sample described as, "Drifts normally, but detectors show severe hole trapping." was found to have 700/cm2 smooth pits.
A convenient method for the storage of slab gels

Abstract A convenient method to store polyacrylamide gel slabs is described. The method involves sealing the wet gels between transparent plastic sheets using a kitchen-type bag sealer. The sealed gels are suitable for long-term storage, photography, and densitometry and can be used in autoradiography.
A well-quasi-order for tournaments

A digraph H is immersed in a digraph G if the vertices of H are mapped to (distinct) vertices of G, and the edges of H are mapped to directed paths joining the corresponding pairs of vertices of G, in such a way that the paths are pairwise edge-disjoint. For graphs the same relation (using paths instead of directed paths) is a well-quasi-order; that is, in every infinite set of graphs some one of them is immersed in some other. The same is not true for digraphs in general; but we show it is true for tournaments (a tournament is a directed complete graph).
Thresholds for pressure and sharpness in the right and left hands

Summary The question of lateral differences in tactile sensitivity among normal persons has been the subject of a number of recent studies. These studies, in which thresholds for tactile pressure were determined by the von Frey method, have yielded inconsistent results; some have reported higher sensitivity of the left side while others have found no lateral differences. The results of one study has suggested the possibility of an association between handedness and lateral differences in tactile sensitivity. The present study reinvestigated the question through the use of an electromechanical tactile stimulator permitting independent control of the stimulus variables of pressure and area. No right-left differences were found, either with stimulation of the palms of the hands or the backs of the hands. A second experiment, in which thresholds for sharpness were investigated, also failed to disclose right-left differences. Nor were any correlations found between handedness and thresholds for pressure or for sharpness.
A communication skills intervention for parents of pediatric surgery patients.

Abstract Objective It was hypothesized that parents exposed to a communication skills intervention would participate (e.g., ask questions, express concerns) in a pre-surgical consultation more than parents in the control group. Methods Sixty-five parents of prospective pediatric surgery patients were randomly assigned to either a communication skills intervention (booklet mailed prior to the consultation) or control group. Only initial consultation parents were included, no follow-ups. Audio-recordings of the medical consultations were obtained and the transcripts analyzed utilizing a content-coding system to determine patient participation. Also, parents were given a health literacy test (s-TOFHLA) and a post-interview questionnaire to gather demographic data. Results Intervention parents participated overall significantly more than control parents. Follow-up analyses revealed that intervention parents asked significantly more questions, and engaged in significantly more information verifying and expressing of concerns. There were no significant differences for parents’ assertive statements or information provision. Other significant predictors of parents’ participation were consultation length and parents’ income. Conclusion The intervention tested in this study promoted parents’ participation in a pre-surgical consultation. As such, it has the potential to improve information exchange between parents and physicians with positive implications for informed consent. Practice Implications Providing parents with communication guidelines prior to a surgical consultation may improve physician–patient communication.
Economics of Resources, Agriculture and Food

Part 1. Economic Scope, Organization and Problems of Agriculture. 1. Economics of Resources, Agriculture and Food. Part 2. Microeconomic Concepts. 2. Economics of Demand. 3. Production Functions and Product Curves. 4. Costs, Returns and Profit Maximization. Part 3. Markets. 5. Theory of Markets. 6. Multiple Inputs and Outputs. 7. Forms of Market Competition. 8. International Trade. 9. Agribusiness Organization, Management and Finance. 10. Economic Performance of Agribusiness. Part 4. Macroeconomic Relationships. 11. Introduction to Macroeconomics. 12. Gross Domestic Product and Fiscal Policy. 13. Gross Domestic Product and Monetary Policy. 14. Gross Domestic Product, International Transactions and Macroeconomic Policy. Part 5. Public Policy and Agriculture. 15. Resource and Environmental Management. 16. Agriculture and Development. 17. Agricultural Price and Income Policy. 18. Putting It All Together: The Economic System. Glossary. Index.
Oxygen and toxicity inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis

ALTHOUGH oxygen is of therapeutic benefit for various human diseases, its usefulness is limited by its toxicity1,2. In spite of progress, the cause of the convulsions observed in humans and other animals exposed to hyperbaric oxygen remains unknown3,4, and the biochemical basis of the lung damage resulting from chronic exposure to increased oxygen tensions is poorly understood5. Oxygen toxicity, although necessarily expressed in different ways, affects various life forms from bacteria to man3,4. There is considerable theoretical basis and experimental evidence for mechanisms of toxicity shared at the cellular and subcellular levels, and research on basic sites of toxicity has often involved tissue cultures or bacteria2. The growth and respiration of Escherichia coli is rapidly, but reversibly, inhibited by hyperbaric oxygen in minimal salts medium6. Significant protection for some microbes against the growth-inhibitory effects of hyperbaric oxygen has been obtained with nutritional supplements, including yeast extract7. We have now found that E. coli E-26, the source of which has been identified previously6, is protected from oxygen toxicity by yeast extract because of its amino acid content: a mixture of 20 amino acids gave similar protection.
Investigation of group 12 metal complexes with a tridentate SNS ligand by X-ray crystallography and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Two series of zinc triad complexes containing the ligand 2,6-bis(methylthiomethyl)pyridine (L1) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and solution-state 1H NMR spectroscopy. The distorted meridional octahedral M(L1)2(ClO4)2 series includes the first structurally characterized Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with N2(SR2)4 coordination spheres. Coordination of HgCl2 and ZnCl2 with 1 equiv of ligand afforded mononuclear, five-coordinate species Hg(L1)Cl2 and Zn(L1)Cl2, respectively, with distorted square-pyramidal and trigonal-bipyramidal geometries. With CdCl2, the dimeric [Cd(L1)Cl(μ-Cl)]2 complex was obtained. The distorted octahedral coordination geometry of each Cd(II) center in this complex is formed by one tridentate ligand, two bridging chloride ions, and one terminal chloride ion. NMR spectra indicate that the intermolecular ligand-exchange rate of [M(L1)2]2+ decreased in the order Cd(II) > Zn(II) > Hg(II). Slow intermolecular ligand-exchange conditions on the chemical-shift time s...
ACEMg supplementation ameliorates progressive Connexin 26 hearing loss in a child

Mutations in the gene encoding Connexin 26 are the most common cause of genetic hearing loss. The hearing loss is typically stable but may be progressive. The reason for progression is unknown. Antioxidants have been associated with attenuation of hearing loss from other insults. One antioxidant regimen consists of beta-carotene (metabolized to vitamin A), vitamin C, vitamin E, and magnesium (ACEMg). We present a child with Connexin 26 related hearing loss who experienced progressive hearing loss over 7 years of observation. He was given ACEMg daily for 3 years, during which time his progressive hearing loss was ameliorated.