cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“44Local Theory”: Nature and the Making of an Amazonian Place

Like nature, culture, and its glamorous sibling global, local is one of those deeply compromised words our language will not relinquish. So central to so many anthropological projects, it is unlikely to be transcended; instead it continues to be both fought over and reinvigorated. In this article, I imagine the topography of what we might call a methodology of locality. In trying to understand how we can do our thinking about the local, I begin with a disarmingly transparent question: How, in all its specificity, does this place that holds our attention come into being? Pursuing this puzzle provokes ripples of association that shape interpretation like contour lines on a map, destabilize naturalized binaries, and shadow the unruly series of concentric circles through which a place is tied into multiple worlds. The most proximate circles are also, as Walter Benjamin suggests, immediate sites of danger and confusion. One finds, for example, a dark confluence of whirlpools at the very heart of the story of Igarap6 Guariba, the small place in the Amazon estuary I describe in what follows (see Figure 1).1 There is, for one, the giddying vortex of Brazilian national politics during the 1960s, a trauma that produced the regional dislocations of modernist highway construction, the violating histories of land conflict and expropriation, and the eventual fluorescence of international deforestation discourse.2 Then there are the shifting networks of translocal political economy; the fluctuating markets in forest commodities; and the assertion, breakdown, and reconstitution of local forms of governance and control. And then-as we shall see in some detail-there is what has now become the ur-problem of the Amazon: "nature." In what follows, I have drawn on the particularities of Igarapd Guariba to offer a reading of the local that is also an argument for "local theory." By this I mean an analysis generated from the ground of ethnographic specificity, from
The Assessment of Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness in Adolescent Populations.

This investigation extends the work of Infante & Rancer (1982) and Infante & Wigley (1986) by assessing the existence and measurability of argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness in adolescents. Results indicate that these two constructs, and the instruments used to measure them, are adaptable to adolescent populations. Specifically, the internal consistency and temporal stability of the Adolescent Argumentativeness Scale and the Adolescent Verbal Aggressiveness Scale suggest these instruments are reliable when used to assess these predispositions in adolescent populations. The instruments also demonstrated satisfactory face, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. However, it appears that unlike their adult counterparts, children do not perceive argumentativeness and verbal aggressiveness as independent constructs.
Small Sample Confidence Intervals for the Odds Ratio

Abstract Numerous methods—based on exact and asymptotic distributions—can be used to obtain confidence intervals for the odds ratio in 2 × 2 tables. We examine ten methods for generating these intervals based on coverage probability, closeness of coverage probability to target, and length of confidence intervals. Based on these criteria, Cornfield’s method, without the continuity correction, performed the best of the methods examined here. A drawback to use of this method is the significant possibility that the attained coverage probability will not meet the nominal confidence level. Use of a mid-P value greatly improves methods based on the “exact” distribution. When combined with the Wilson rule for selection of a rejection set, the resulting method is a procedure that performed very well. Crow’s method, with use of a mid-P, performed well, although it was only a slight improvement over the Wilson mid-P method. Its cumbersome calculations preclude its general acceptance. Woolf's (logit) method—with the ...
URBAN WET-WEATHER FLOWS: SOURCES OF FECAL CONTAMINATION IMPACTING ON RECREATIONAL WATERS AND THREATENING DRINKING-WATER SOURCES

Discharges of urban stormwater and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) contribute to fecal contamination of urban waters and need to be considered in planning the protection of recreational waters and sources of drinking water. Stormwater characterization indicates that Escherichia coli counts in stormwater typically range from 103 to 104 units per 100 ml. Higher counts (10(5) units/100 ml) suggest the presence of cross-connections with sanitary sewers, and such connections should be identified and corrected. Fecal contamination of stormwater may be attenuated prior to discharge into surface waters by stormwater management measures, which typically remove suspended solids and attached bacteria. Exceptionally, stormwater discharges in the vicinity of swimming beaches are disinfected. The levels of indicator bacteria in CSOs can be as high as 10(6) E. coli per 100 ml. Consequently, the abatement of fecal contamination of CSOs is now considered in the design of CSO control and treatment, as for example stipulated in the Ontario Procedure F-5-5. CSO abatement options comprise combin ations of storage and treatment, in which the CSO treatment generally includes disinfection by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Finally, indicator bacteria data from Sarnia (Ontario) were used to demonstrate some fecal contamination impacts of wet-weather flows. In wet weather, the microbiological quality of riverine water worsened as a result of CSO and stormwater discharges, and the recreational water guidelines for indicator organisms were exceeded most of the time. Local improvements in water quality were feasible by source controls and diversion of polluted water.
Design of multiple-vehicle delivery tours—III valuable goods

Abstract For the delivery of valuable goods (such as people in a van pool), we assume that it costs cv per unit time during a round trip time of a vehicle and it costs cu/C per unit time for each of C items being delivered only during the travel time from the source to the point of delivery. The objective is to design delivery routes so as to minimize the (expected) total cost of delivery in some region containing N ⪢ C delivery points. With nearly rectangular shaped delivery zones for each vehicle route it is shown that if cu/2 cv, however, one should deliver only on the outbound leg and deadhead back from the far end of the zone. In each case there is an optimal width and orientation of the rectangular zone relative to the local grid of roads and the travel-time contours from the source.
Evidence for reversible formation of rhodium tricarbonyl species in surface supported rhodium catalysts

Abstract The formation of an apparent tricarbonyl of rhodium was observed when [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 deposited on SiO2 was exposed to 600 Torr of CO at 300 K. The v(CO) bands assigned to the tricarbonyl species were at 2072 and 2107 cm−1, quite close in frequency to the two bands reported when [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 in solution was converted to a tricarbonyl complex of Rh by exposure to high pressures (13 atm) of CO. On SiO2 and in solution the conversion to the tricarbonyl was only partial with the bands of the initial dimer always remaining. The ability to add a third CO per Rh was observed subsequently for mildly reduced RhCl 3 SiO 2 or Rh(NO 3 ) 3 SiO 2 , but with these materials it was possible to prepare samples in which the conversion to the tricarbonyl was nearly complete at 600 Torr; a third band associated with the tricarbonyl emerged near 2030 cm−1 as the 2040-cm−1 band of the surface dicarbonyl disappeared. The spectral behavior observed in this study was quite similar to that reported for Rh1(CO)2 on Al2O3 when exposed to higher pressures of CO. The presence of three bands for the tricarbonyl eliminates a strict C3v symmetry for the tricarbonyl and suggests a square planar C2v or a distorted C3v structure. The increased ability to add a third CO is briefly discussed in terms of the effect of the surface on the geometry and electronic structure about Rh atoms.
Predictions of Phase Distribution in Liquid–Liquid Two-Component Flow

Ground-based liquid–liquid two-component flow can be used to study reduced-gravity gas-liquid two-phase flows provided that the two liquids are immiscible with similar densities. In this paper, we present a numerical study of phase distribution in liquid–liquid two-component flows using the Eulerian two-fluid model in FLUENT, together with a one-group interfacial area transport equation (IATE) that takes into account fluid particle interactions, such as coalescence and disintegration. This modeling approach is expected to dynamically capture changes in the interfacial structure. We apply the FLUENT-IATE model to a water-Therminol 59® two-component vertical flow in a 25-mm inner diameter pipe, where the two liquids are immiscible with similar densities (3% difference at 20°C). This study covers bubbly (drop) flow and bubbly-to-slug flow transition regimes with area-averaged void (drop) fractions from 3 to 30%. Comparisons of the numerical results with the experimental data indicate that for bubbly flows, the predictions of the lateral phase distributions using the FLUENT-IATE model are generally more accurate than those using the model without the IATE. In addition, we demonstrate that the coalescence of fluid particles is dominated by wake entrainment and enhanced by increasing either the continuous or dispersed phase velocity. However, the predictions show disagreement with experimental data in some flow conditions for larger void fraction conditions, which fall into the bubbly-to-slug flow transition regime. We conjecture that additional fluid particle interaction mechanisms due to the change of flow regimes are possibly involved.
Neural connectivity in children with bipolar disorder: impairment in the face emotion processing circuit

Pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) is the focus of increasing research interest. Approximately 1% of children and adolescents are diagnosed with BD (Johnson et al., 2000), a highly debilitating psychiatric illness. One study found that nearly 65% of BD youth had attempted suicide and 75% had been psychiatrically hospitalized (Dickstein et al., 2005b). Typically, BD youth have deficient social skills and few friendships (Geller et al., 2000; Lewinsohn et al., 2003). Recent studies document impaired face-emotion labeling in BD youth, a deficit which has been previously associated with social impairment (De Sonneville et al., 2002). Specifically, BD youth misclassify emotional facial expressions (Guyer et al., 2007; McClure et al., 2005), and misinterpret neutral faces as being significantly more threatening than do controls (Rich et al., 2006). In the latter study, negative misinterpretations by BD youth were associated with hyperactivation of the left amygdala: increasingly negative misperceptions of neutral expressions were correlated with increased amygdala activation. The amygdala mediates emotional processing (LeDoux, 2000), and studies document amygdala volumetric deficits in BD youth (Blumberg et al., 2005; Chang et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2004; Delbello et al., 2004; Dickstein et al., 2005a). Thus, affective neuroscience research using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) implicates the amygdala in pediatric BD. However, brain regions are not isolated entities but instead form highly interconnected neural circuits. Therefore, it is important to not only identify brain regions that are dysfunctional in pediatric BD, but also to ascertain whether the connections among nodes of neural circuits differ between BD patients and controls. We examined this with functional connectivity, which provides a measure of the temporal correlation between neurophysiological measurements from different brain regions (Friston et al., 1993; Friston et al., 1997). While this technique cannot describe signal direction nor account for intermediate or multiple connections, it can elucidate the extent to which the activity in one brain area is associated with the activity in another brain area. The current study compares BD youth to healthy controls on neural functional connectivity during a face processing task. The left amygdala served as our reference area based on our prior study which identified amygdala hyperactivation when BD youth misinterpreted face expressions (Rich et al., 2006). Because this was the first study of functional connectivity in BD youth, we viewed this study as exploratory. However, while we mapped amygdala connectivity across the entire brain, we were particularly interested in the temporal association cortex, given its role in face-processing (Critchley et al., 2000; Haxby et al., 2000).
The collapse of Bell determinism

Abstract The simplified Bell–Kochen–Specker hidden-variable conditions (BKS) require an assignment of 0 or 1 to every vector on a state space H such that the assignment respects orthogonality. We show that the pair of conditions { BKS , dim H ⩾ 3 } are not merely inconsistent, but in fact imply dim H = 1 .
Chapter 4 - Magnetic Anisotropy in Transition Metal Systems

Publisher Summary Magnetic anisotropy is because of the electronic exchange forces, which can be quite significant in magnetic materials. Even in the absence of external magnetic fields, these forces are strong enough to align magnetic moments present in a given material. Usually an external field is necessary to get these moments to align along, even in materials that are likely to be strongly ferromagnetic. The reason for such behavior is the presence of magnetic domains or subvolumes. Each one of these domains could possess a saturated moment, but different domains may not be aligned with each other. This non-alignment is the cause of unsaturation in typically ferromagnetic materials. An applied (magnetic) field of sufficient strength is necessary to bring such domains to align themselves. The Magnetic Anisotropy Energy (MAE) is the energy associated with the orientation of the magnetic moments in a condensed matter system. For cubic systems, the leading term in anisotropy breaks the lattice (local) symmetry. Magneticanisotropy can be linked with switching the orientation of magnetization of a given magnetic material from its easy axis towards its hard axis. The energy required to change this orientation is identified as the magnetic anisotropy energy. The chapter discusses magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA), early work in this field, dipole–dipole interaction and related anisotropy, magnetoelastic anisotropy, perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), X-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD) for anisotropy measurements, Mermin–Wagner theorem, spin Hamiltonian, band theoretical treatments, and spin reorientation transitions in multilayers. Examining Hartree–Fock type exchange integrals and nonspherical terms therein shows how orbital polarizations arise. Evaluation of the spin–orbit energy term along various directions of spin quantization in a lattice yields useful information about magnetic anisotropy. There is discussion on the basics of exchange anisotropy and its complexity and its relevance to magnetic data storage.
Detecting behavioral zones in local and global camera views

We present a complete end-to-end framework to detect and exploit entry and exit regions in video using behavioral models of object trajectories. Using easily collected “weak” tracking data (short and frequently broken tracks) as input, we construct a set of entity tracks to provide more reliable entry and exit observations. These observations are then clustered to produce a set of potential entry and exit regions within the scene, and a behavior-based reliability metric is used to score each region and select the final zones. We also present an extension of our fixed-view approach to detect entry and exit regions within the entire viewspace of a pan–tilt–zoom camera. We additionally provide methods employing the regions to learn scene occlusions and causal relationships from entry–exit pairs along with exploitation algorithms (e.g., anomaly detection). Qualitative and quantitative experiments are presented using multiple outdoor surveillance cameras and demonstrate the reliability and usefulness of our approach.
A fast algorithm to compute the wave-scattering solution of a large strip

A truncated, nonuniform, finite array of strips does not have a closed form solution. Using translational symmetry, a recursive algorithm that calculates the scattering solution with N log[sup 2] N computational complexity is described. First, the algorithm is validated with the method of moments for both the TM-to-z and TE-to-z polarizations. Then the scattering solution from a large strip is calculated for both TE and TM polarizations. The current distribution for the TE polarization shows small-length-scale oscillations not present in the TM polarization. 26 refs., 10 figs.
Boolean rank of upset tournament matrices

Abstract The Boolean rank of an m × n ( 0 , 1 ) -matrix M is the minimum k for which matrices A and B exist with M = AB , A is m × k , B is k × n , and Boolean arithmetic is used. The intersection number of a directed graph D is the minimum cardinality of a finite set S for which each vertex v of D can be represented by an ordered pair ( S v , T v ) of subsets of S such that there is an arc from vertex u to vertex v in D if and only if S u ∩ T v ≠ O . The intersection number of a digraph is equal to the Boolean rank of its adjacency matrix. Using this fact, we show that the intersection number of an upset tournament, equivalently, the Boolean rank of its adjacency matrix, is equal to the number of maximal subpaths of certain types in its upset path.
Prediction of the informational and motivational properties of "right-wrong" knowledge of results with the skin resistance response.

The magnitude and rate of habituation of the skin resistance response (SRR) to extrinsic “right-wrong” knowledge of results (KR) were used to assess the KR's motivational and informational properties in delayed matching of visual patterns. Two experimental groups of 20 college students each received KR which was either contingent or non-contingent upon their actual choices, and two control groups of 10 subjects each received no KR. The magnitude of the SRR elicited was found to be higher to “right” than “wrong” KR stimuli but was not affected by correctness of the subjects' choices. The relative rate of SRR habituation was rapid when a low frequency of “right” KR stimuli was provided and the KR stimuli were not contingent upon the subjects' choices, but it was slow if either a high frequency of “right” KR stimuli were provided or the KR stimuli were contingent upon the subjects' choices. The results indicated that the KR stimuli had motivational properties but very little informational value. It was concluded that the SRR may be useful in assessing the reinforcing value of a feedback stimulus in terms of its motivational and informational qualities independently from its effects on task performance.
Evaluation Of Composted Insect Rearing Waste As A Potting Substrate For Radish, Squash And Green Bean

A study was initiated to determine the potential for composted solid and semi-solid insect rearing waste as a growth substrate for plants. The substrate consisted of fruit fly colony waste (CW) prepared by washing an agar-based larval diet through a vermiculite pupation substrate, which was then composted for six weeks prior to use. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was grown in either a commercial potting mixture or blends of colony waste (CW) and equal parts compost plus peat (CP). Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was grown in different ratios of CW:sand (S) mixtures. Mixes of 80:20 and 100:0 CW:CP had radish germination rates equal to the commercial mix. Radish shoot dry weights from 80, 60 and 40% CW were higher than those from the commercial mix. Squash grown in 20% CW had the highest shoot and root dry weights. No substance in the CW appeared to be detrimental to plant growth. Composted insect rearing waste is a material rich in nutrients and suitable for inclusion in a potting mixture. A mixture of peat and 3...
Efficacy and safety of docetaxel in the elderly

Docetaxel has been found to be safe and effective in elderly patients with solid tumor malignancies. Phase II studies in elderly cancer patients have shown no significant age-related effects in efficacy or toxicity. For most cancer subtypes, weekly dosing is comparable in efficacy to every 3-week dosing schedules. The incidence of myelosuppression, which is of particular concern in the elderly, may be reduced with weekly dosing. Myelosuppression and fatigue are the most common side effects of docetaxel; other adverse events include alopecia, asthenia, dermatologic toxicity, hyperlacrimation, fluid retention and hypersensitivity reactions. Most side effects are dose-related and can be resolved through dose reductions or short delays in therapy. In summary, docetaxel is an effective chemotherapeutic agent and is commonly incorporated into the treatment plan for elderly patients with cancer.
Friction-Topography Correlations During Nanotribological Fatigue Testing of Bulk Polystyrene

Scanning probe microscopy nanotribological experiments on thick polystyrene films have been performed that support the hypothesis that crazing is the mechanism of ‘bundle’ formation. In these fatigue studies, surface patterning appears abruptly at a critical friction, and can either occur spontaneously or be triggered by surface imperfections. After pattern initiation, progressive scanning smoothly increases surface roughness. Friction histograms of these in situ patterned surfaces reveal two distinct friction regions that are statistically correlated with the topography. Using a topography-friction cross-correlation function, high friction was found to coincide with topographic troughs. This supports crazing as the mechanism of deformation, in which surface fracture at troughs leads to fibril formation, consistent with the observation of higher energy dissipation.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
"Corporate Social Responsibility, Capital Structure and Product Market Performance"

This paper examines how CSR enhances firm performance by mitigating the frictions discussed in the literature of capital structure and product market performance, and how CSR works as insurance dur...
Greater number of capillary endothelial cell mitochondria in brain than in muscle.

The selective permeability of the brain mircrocirculatory bed (the blood-brain barrier-BBB) is widely believed to have its locus at the brain capillary endothelial cell. Whereas capillaries in other tissue are nonspecifically permeable to all small molecules by virtue of open clefts between endothelial cells, cellular fenestrae and pino-cytosis, these nonspecific routes of exchange are virtually absent in brain, and transcapil-lary exchange probably takes place through the membranous walls and the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. Although most organic molecular exchange is probably bidirectional and net flux is determined by concentration gradients, recent studies have suggested a unidirectional flux out of the brain for potassium, iodide and organic anions (1-3). Such uphill unidirectional transport would require a source of energy in the brain capillary endothelial cell.If the brain capillary wall performs an energy-dependent excretory function as a substantial part of its total metabolic work, it might ...
Expression, subcellular localization, and cis -regulatory structure of duplicated phytoene synthase genes in melon ( Cucumis melo L.)

Carotenoids perform many critical functions in plants, animals, and humans. It is therefore important to understand carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation in plants. Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the first committed and rate-limiting step in carotenoid biosynthesis. While PSY is present as a single copy gene in Arabidopsis, duplicated PSY genes have been identified in many economically important monocot and dicot crops. CmPSY1 was previously identified from melon (Cucumis melo L.), but was not functionally characterized. We isolated a second PSY gene, CmPSY2, from melon in this work. CmPSY2 possesses a unique intron/exon structure that has not been observed in other plant PSYs. Both CmPSY1 and CmPSY2 are functional in vitro, but exhibit distinct expression patterns in different melon tissues and during fruit development, suggesting differential regulation of the duplicated melon PSY genes. In vitro chloroplast import assays verified the plastidic localization of CmPSY1 and CmPSY2 despite the lack of an obvious plastid target peptide in CmPSY2. Promoter motif analysis of the duplicated melon and tomato PSY genes and the Arabidopsis PSY revealed distinctive cis-regulatory structures of melon PSYs and identified gibberellin-responsive motifs in all PSYs except for SlPSY1, which has not been reported previously. Overall, these data provide new insights into the evolutionary history of plant PSY genes and the regulation of PSY expression by developmental and environmental signals that may involve different regulatory networks.
Chronic Toxicity/Oncogenicity of Dimethylformamide in Rats and Mice Following Inhalation Exposure

Chronic Toxicity/Oncogenicity of Dimethylformamide in Rats and Mice Following Inhalation Exposure. Malley, L. A., Slone, T. W., Jr., Van Pelt, C., Elliott, G. S., Ross, P. E., Stadler, J. C., and Kennedy, G. L., Jr. (1994). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 268-279. The potential chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of dimethylformamide (DMF) was evaluated by exposing male and female rats and mice to 0, 25, 100, or 400 ppm DMF for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 18 months (mice) or 2 years (rats). Clinical pathology was evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 (rats only) months. An interim euthanasia for rats occurred at 12 months and hepatic cell proliferation in rats and mice was examined at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months. No compound-related effects on clinical observations or survival were observed. Body weights of rats exposed to 100 (males only) and 400 ppm were reduced. Conversely, body weights were increased in 400 ppm mice. No hematologic changes were observed in either species. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was increased in rats exposed to 100 or 400 ppm. There were no compound-related effects on the estrous cycle of rats or mice at any concentration. Compound-related morphological changes were observed only in the liver. In rats, exposure to 100 and 400 ppm produced increased relative liver weights, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, lipofuscin/hemosiderin accumulation in Kupffer cells, and centrilobular single cell necrosis (400 ppm only). In mice, increased liver weights (100 ppm males, 400 ppm both sexes), centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, accumulation of lipofuscin/hemosiderin in Kupffer cells, and centrilobular single necrosis were observed in all exposure groups. These observations occurred in a dose-response fashion and were minimal at 25 ppm. No increase in hepatic cell proliferation was seen in mice or female rats. Slightly higher proliferation was seen in male rats exposed to 400 ppm at 2 weeks and 3 months but not at 12 months. Dimethylformamide was not oncogenic under these experimental conditions in either the rat or mouse.
Numerical method for solving matrix coefficient elliptic equation with sharp-edged interfaces

Solving elliptic equations with sharp-edged interfaces is a challenging problem for most existing methods, especially when the solution is highly oscillatory. Nonetheless, it has wide applications in engineering and science. An accurate and efficient method is desired. We propose an efficient non-traditional finite element method with non-body-fitting grids to solve the matrix coefficient elliptic equations with sharp-edged interfaces. Extensive numerical experiments show that this method is second order accurate in the L^~ norm and that it can handle both sharp-edged interface and oscillatory solutions.
Influence of modified incubation factors on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens.

Incubation factors have a great influence on embryonic and postnatal development of broiler chickens. The aim of changing of incubation factors is to obtain the best possible production characteristics of broilers. In previous studies, it was determined that the application of monochromatic green light and thermal conditioning during incubation give the most satisfactory results on the postnatal development of chickens. This paper examines the effects of green monochromatic light and thermal conditioning during incubation on the carcass characteristics of broilers. In this paper four experimental groups were set. The first group was incubated under the standard conditions (37.8 ° C, no light). In the second group incubation temperature were increased, while in the third group incubation was carried out under green monochromatic light. In the fourth group temperature and light conditions of incubation were changed simultaneously. In all groups, changes of incubation factors were made at precisely defined time intervals. After hatching, chickens were grown up to day 42, when they were sacrificed and their carcass characteristics examined. Analysis of results showed that all treated groups have significant higher body weight, weight of drumsticks, thighs and toes. The fourth group have significant higher weight of breasts and wings compared to control group. These results are explained by the influence of the temperature and light changes during incubation on the increased proliferation of myoblasts, the growth of skeletal muscle cells, and the activity of satellite cells, which are reflected in changes of carcass characteristics.
Penicillamine kinetics in normal subjects

The kinetic characteristics of penicillamine are reported in four fasting subjects after four oral doses each. On later test days, two of the subjects received an additional single dose 30 min after a large breakfast. One subject originally included in the study had to drop out because of gastrointestinal disturbances following each of two single doses of penicillamine. The fasting plasma levels of penicillamine observed in this study displayed an unusual double peak in the plasma levels after single doses. Individual subjects had consistent plasma level patterns for each of the four single doses but there was marked intersubject variability in patterns and kinetic parameters. The half-life of unchanged penicillamine ranged from 1.66 to 3.15 hr and the apparent plasma clearance ranged from 530 to 2300 ml/min. The administration of penicillamine following a large breakfast caused a reduction in the area under the penicillamine plasma concentration-time curve corresponding to a decrease in the extent of absorption of unchanged penicillamine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 30, 404–413; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.180
The association of elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine with progression of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease

Plasma homocyst(e)ine (the sum of free and bound homocysteine, homocystine, and the mixed disulfide homocysteine-cysteine, expressed as homocysteine) levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in 214 patients with symptomatic (claudication, rest pain, gangrene, amputation) lower extremity arterial occlusive disease and/or symptomatic (stroke, cerebral transient ischemic attacks) cerebral vascular disease and in 103 control persons. Mean plasma homocyst(e)ine was significantly higher in patients than in controls (14.37 +/- 6.89 nmol/ml vs 10.10 +/- 2.16, p less than 0.05). Thirty-nine percent of patients (83 of 214) had plasma homocyst(e)ine values greater than control mean + 2 standard deviations. Plasma homocyst(e)ine values were contrasted to age, male sex, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, renal failure, and plasma cholesterol. No difference was found in the incidence and/or level of any of these risk factors when patients with normal plasma homocyst(e)ine were compared to those with elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine, both by univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients with elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine were more likely to demonstrate clinical progression of lower extremity disease and of coronary artery disease, but not of cerebral vascular disease than were patients with normal plasma homocyst(e)ine, and the rate of progression was more rapid (p = 0.002). Progression of lower extremity disease as assessed in the vascular laboratory was also more common in patients with elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine (p = 0.01). We conclude that elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine is an independent risk factor for symptomatic lower extremity disease or cerebral vascular disease or both. Symptomatic patients with lower extremity disease and with elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine also appear to have more rapid progression of disease.
Proof of the populous path algorithm for missing mutations in parsimony trees

In the maximum parsimony problem, one produces an ancestral branching arrangement (phylogenetic tree, dendrogram) and ancestral messenger RNA sequences which account for contemporary amino acid sequences with the fewest number of nucleotide replacements consistent with the genetic code. This parsimony approach is not likely to capture the full extent of mutational change on branches of the tree which are represented by relatively few contemporary species, either due to inadequate data or extinction. A computer algorithm introduced by Goodman, Moore, Barnabas & Matsuda (1974) seeks to equalize this disparity by propagating mutational information from pairs of points in the dendrogram with many intervening links to pairs of points with few intervening links. Two pairs of points are assumed to be comparable if the number of aligned, non-matching nucleotides for one pair of points equals that for the other pair. This paper demonstrates mathematically that the Goodman et al. (1974) algorithm adds the minimum possible new mutations to the tree, consistent with such a propagation procedure.
Roscovitine, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor, Prevents Replication of Varicella-Zoster Virus

Understanding the interactions between varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and host cells can be addressed by using small molecule inhibitors of cellular enzymes. Roscovitine (Rosco) is a purine derivative that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (cdk1), cdk2, cdk5, cdk7, and cdk9, which are key regulators of the cell cycle and transcription. Herpesviruses are known to interact with cell cycle proteins; thus, the antiviral effects of Rosco on VZV growth were evaluated. In a plaque reduction assay, 25 micro M Rosco prevented VZV replication, and the antiviral effect was reversible for at least up to 24 h posttreatment. Rosco also reduced expression of the major transactivator, IE62, over 48 h. Confocal microscopy studies indicated that Rosco caused the immediate-early proteins ORF4 and IE62 to abnormally localize in infected cells and prevented cell-cell spread of VZV over 48 h. Rosco was found to inhibit VZV DNA synthesis as measured by real-time PCR, and this technique was used to estimate the 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 14 micro M. This value was close to the EC(50) estimate of 12 micro M determined from plaque reduction assays. At 25 micro M, Rosco was not cytotoxic over 48 h in a neutral red uptake assay, and proliferation was slowed as the cells accumulated in a G(2)-like state. These results demonstrate the importance of cdk's in VZV replication and suggest that cdk inhibitors could serve as useful VZV antivirals.
Comparison of Poultry Processing Equipment Surfaces for Susceptibility to Bacterial Attachment and Biofilm Formation

Abstract During processing of poultry meat products, broiler carcasses come in contact with many solid surfaces. Bacteria from the carcasses can attach to wet equipment surfaces, form biofilms, and provide a source of cross-contamination for subsequent carcasses. In this study an array of common equipment surface materials was compared for susceptibility to bacterial attachment and biofilms. To model mixed microbial populations relevant to poultry processing, samples were taken directly from the processing line and exposed to the surface materials. Whole carcasses were rinsed with phosphate-buffered saline (100 mL), and the rinse was diluted in nutrient broth. Absorbance values (412 nm) of the suspensions at varying dilutions containing test surfaces were compared hourly with controls without test surfaces. The kinetics of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on test surfaces were determined under the influence of pH, time, and bacterial cell density, and the elemental composition of the surface materials was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Our results showed that surfaces vary in affinity for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation. Analysis by spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that attachment to stainless steel, polyethylene, and belting was not significantly different from controls. Attachment to picker-finger rubber was significantly less than attachment to stainless steel and the other surfaces. In fact, picker-finger rubber inhibits bacterial contamination. An increased understanding of bacterial attachment and biofilm formation will assist in the development of interventions to counteract these processes and, thereby, enhance plant sanitation and pathogen control.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery of Rathke’s cleft cyst

Abstract Rathke’s cleft cysts (RCC) are benign lesions that originate from remnants of Rathke’s pouch. They can compress adjacent structures causing visual loss and endocrine dysfunction. The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA) has gained popularity in the surgical management of pituitary and parasellar tumors. However, postoperative cyst recurrence and endocrine dysfunction are still major concerns. A retrospective chart review was performed on 11 patients who underwent a purely EETA. Subtotal resection of the cyst wall with drainage of the intracystic contents followed by obliteration of the cyst with a fat graft was performed in all patients. Two patients underwent repeated surgeries for symptomatic cyst recurrence. One patient ultimately underwent extracapsular removal of the entire cyst wall because of multiple recurrences after simple drainage. There were no incidences of new permanent hypopituitarism, visual deficits, or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. All patients reported an improvement of initial preoperative symptoms. A non-aggressive strategy of partial cyst wall removal and simple drainage of cyst contents via EETA is a viable approach for surgical treatment of RCC with a low rate of postoperative endocrine and visual complications. A more aggressive strategy of extracapsular removal of the cyst wall may be indicated in patients with repeated recurrence.
Introducing data mining techniques and software engineering to high school science students

This paper describes the activities of a Computer Science doctoral student and a Secondary Education masters student in the design, development, and implementation of a lesson for a high school science class. The graduate students, called Fellows, worked in secondary classrooms in the Cincinnati Public School District as a part of Project STEP at the University of Cincinnati, which is funded by the National Science Foundation GK-12 Program. The Fellows formed partnerships with secondary math and science teachers to generate new lessons, activities, and resources to enhance the STEM skills of high school students. Additionally, the Fellows used their engineering expertise to bring authentic, inquiry-based learning experiences into the classroom and introduced engineering concepts to underserved student populations. This paper highlights a lesson that integrates data mining and software engineering into a physical science lesson that focuses on the periodic table. Included in the paper are techniques used by the Fellows, reactions and feedback from the students, and observations and reflections by the Fellows regarding aspects of the activity that had the most impact on student learning.
Effect of general anesthesia in infancy on long-term recognition memory in humans and rats

Anesthesia in infancy impairs performance in recognition memory tasks in mammalian animals, but it is unknown if this occurs in humans. Successful recognition can be based on stimulus familiarity or recollection of event details. Several brain structures involved in recollection are affected by anesthesia-induced neurodegeneration in animals. Therefore, we hypothesized that anesthesia in infancy impairs recollection later in life in humans and rats. Twenty eight children ages 6–11 who had undergone a procedure requiring general anesthesia before age 1 were compared with 28 age- and gender-matched children who had not undergone anesthesia. Recollection and familiarity were assessed in an object recognition memory test using receiver operator characteristic analysis. In addition, IQ and Child Behavior Checklist scores were assessed. In parallel, thirty three 7-day-old rats were randomized to receive anesthesia or sham anesthesia. Over 10 months, recollection and familiarity were assessed using an odor recognition test. We found that anesthetized children had significantly lower recollection scores and were impaired at recollecting associative information compared with controls. Familiarity, IQ, and Child Behavior Checklist scores were not different between groups. In rats, anesthetized subjects had significantly lower recollection scores than controls while familiarity was unaffected. Rats that had undergone tissue injury during anesthesia had similar recollection indices as rats that had been anesthetized without tissue injury. These findings suggest that general anesthesia in infancy impairs recollection later in life in humans and rats. In rats, this effect is independent of underlying disease or tissue injury.
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of $Z$ Source Converter—Derivation of AC Small Signal Model and Design-Oriented Analysis

This paper contributes to the AC small signal modeling and analysis of Z source converter (ZSC) in continuous conduction mode. The AC small signal model considers the dynamics introduced by Z network uniquely contained in ZSC. AC small signal model of ZSC is derived and computer simulation results are used to validate the small signal modeling method. Various applications of the AC small signal models to ZSC design and experimental verifications are presented.
A modified technique of micro‐arteriography utilizing dental x‐ray equipment

We report on the use of dental x-ray equipment for micro-arteriography in 18 rat arterial anastomoses. Our experience has shown that an exposure of 70 kV, at 7mA, for 0.17 seconds, gives excellent results. This is an easy and useful technique for evaluating the patency and stenosis of microvascular anastomoses. © 1993 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Electromagnetic Augmentation Can Reduce Space Launch Costs

A study was undertaken to determine if a ground-based electromagnetic (EM) acceleration system could provide a useful reduction in launch-to-orbit costs compared with current large chemical boosters, while increasing launch safety and reliability. The study evaluated EM augmentation of the chemical boost capability for a two-stage-to-low-Earth-orbit system, with the extreme case being a complete EM launch. Several EM acceleration options are available, but railguns were chosen for this study. The second stage of the system was assumed to be a chemical rocket or a reusable scramjet to carry a reusable orbiter vehicle into low-Earth orbit. EM launch systems of this type will be governed by the same fundamental principles as tactical guns, but one major difference will be that the EM accelerator track, which may be several kilometers in length, will not be powered only from the “breech” as in a tactical gun, since electrical resistive losses will be unacceptably large. To overcome this, a distributed feed system will be required. This study shows that the capital cost of the pulsed-power system for the EM accelerator will dominate the system economics. Present pulsed-power approaches will require many launches to offset the capital cost. Novel pulsed-power concepts or low-cost manufacturing approaches will need to be developed for such a concept to be economically attractive.
Partial Domain Comprehension in Software Evolution and Maintenance

Partial comprehension is a necessity in the evolution and maintenance of very large software systems. The programmers form not only partial comprehension of the code, but also partial comprehension of the application domain. To describe the comprehension process, we introduce ontology fragments and investigate how programmers form, use and extend them before and during concept location; concept location is a prerequisite of code changes. We conducted case studies of concept location in two large systems, Eclipse and Mozilla, that both have more than 50,000 methods. Using grep search and ontology fragments, the programmers were able to locate the concepts after inspecting on average less than 10 methods and operating with ontology fragments of around 14 concepts, a very small fraction of the total.
Social Relationships and Their Role in the Consideration to Hasten Death.

Purpose: This study explored the quality and functioning of terminally ill elders' social relationships and their impact on elders' consideration to hasten death. Design and Methods: In-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 96 terminally ill elders. Logistic regression was used to determine whether aspects of social relationships significantly predicted the consideration to hasten death. The qualitative data was content analyzed to identify main themes and patterns. Results: Logistic regression revealed that conflictual social support was a significant predictor of the consideration to hasten death. Qualitative data provided insight into findings that responsibilities to loved ones or direct verbal attempts did not deter elders' consideration to hasten death. Implications: This research highlights the importance of quality social support in elders' consideration to hasten death and exhibits the need for practitioners to assess thoroughly the quality of elder-caregiver relations.
The shifting locus of musical experience from performance to recording to data: Some implications for music education

This paper provides a speculative history and theoretical exploration of the shifting locus of musical experience over the 20th century, from live performance to recorded and broadcast sound, and increasingly toward computer-mediated sound through new media—from performance to recording to data. The term locus is used as a placeholder for mediated networks of people, practices, institutions, and technologies. As the locus shifts from performance to recording to data, the author theorizes that habits are formed in new ways through participation in these different networks, resulting in important implications for educators. The paper also explores the subjective nature of musical experience through fiction, notably James Joyce’s “The Dead” and Richard Powers’ “Modulation.” Viewpoints of musicians emblematic of each locus are presented through the writings of John Philip Sousa and Glenn Gould, as well as the music of producer Otis Jackson Jr., better known as Madlib. The author closes with a set of issues or questions that flow from consideration of the shifting locus. When stories of music in the 20th Century
Who's the Bully Now? The Third Circuit Gives Negligent School Districts a Constitutional "Hall Pass" in Morrow v. Balaski, Leaving Bullied Students Out in the Cold

This Casebrief focuses on the Third Circuit's reasoning in Morrow and assesses its future impact on the Pennsylvania Political Subdivision Tort Claim Act.
Background limited mid-infrared photodetection with photovoltaic HgTe colloidal quantum dots

The photovoltaic response of thin films of HgTe colloidal quantum dots in the 3–5 μm range is observed. With no applied bias, internal quantum efficiency exceeding 40%, specific detectivity above 1010 Jones and microseconds response times are obtained at 140 K. The cooled devices detect the ambient thermal radiation. A detector with 5.25 μm cut-off achieves Background Limited Infrared Photodetection at 90 K.