cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological Opportunity, Genetic Variation, and the Origins of African Cichlid Radiations

Genetic and genomic data for African cichlids have accumulated over the past decades along with an increase in data available on the composition and species richness of cichlid communities in African lakes. Increasing availability of both of these kinds of data allows us to begin asking questions about macroevolutionary drivers of repeated cichlid adaptive radiation, about the factors that influence the diversity of cichlids that coexist within lake communities, and about the genetic underpinnings of adaptive radiation as a process and the ecological conditions conducive to it. I here survey what is currently known in both the genetic and the ecological realm, and point to key unanswered questions that should remain a focus of research in the coming decades as we seek to integrate genomic work with the ecology of cichlid adaptive radiation.
Estudio y simulación de un gasificador con captura de CO2 para la producción de hidrógeno azul partiendo de carbón colombiano

In this research, the design and simulation of a carbon gasifier with carbon dioxide capture to obtain hydrogen was carried out using Aspen HYSYS version 9.0 software. For this study, it was used anthracitic and bituminous coal as raw material from different regions of Colombia. The characteristics of the coal, as well as the conditions of the other feed streams to the reactor, affect the final conditions of the product gas in the simulation. Once the sensitivity analysis started in the simulator, it was possible to observe the behavior of these variables, that were the feeding conditions, where the operation intervals for the process could be set. These results obtained are theoretically feasible and can be used as a basis for real cases in the energy industry since Colombia currently has one of the largest coal reserves in Latin America.
Neuropsychological Testing in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

There have been few systematic behavioral studies in normal pressure hydrocephalus despite the fact that cognitive decline is a characteristic feature. One study suggested that preoperative language deficits predicted a poor outcome with shunt surgery (DeMol 1985). Another indicated that dementia is usually irreversible in idiopathic NPH (Thomsen et al. 1986). We used serial neuropsychological tests to study 23 patients operated for NPH. Our aims were: (1) to look for behavioral predictors of surgical outcome; (2) to analyze the extent of improvement with surgery.
A Novel Deterministic Sampling Technique to Speedup Clustering Algorithms

Conventional clustering algorithms suffer from poor scalability, especially when the data dimension is very large. It may take even days to cluster large datasets. For applications such as weather forecasting, time plays a crucial role and such run times are unacceptable. It is perfectly relevant to get even approximate clusters if we can do so within a short period of time. In this paper we propose a novel deterministic sampling technique that can be used to speed up any clustering algorithm. We call this technique DSC Deterministic Sampling-based Clustering. As a case study we consider hierarchical clustering. Our empirical results show that DSC results in a speedup of more than an order of magnitude over exact hierarchical clustering algorithms when the data size is more than 6,000. Also, the accuracy obtained is excellent. In fact, on many datasets, we get an accuracy that is better than that of exact hierarchical clustering algorithms!. Even though we demonstrate the power of DSC only with respect to hierarchical clustering, DSC is a generic technique and can be employed in the context of any other clustering technique such as k-means, k-medians, etc. as well.
Vorgehensweise bei der Übernahme neuer Positionen

Die in diesem Buch beschriebenen Untersuchungen bieten eine Reihe von Folgerungen fur in der Positionsubernahme befindliche Manager und Mitglieder von Human-Resource-Abteilungen, die mit Ubergangsmanagement, Nachfolgeplanung und Karriereentwicklung befast sind, an.
Ratio of Γ ¯ n 0 D ¯ for Slow Neutron Resonances

A survey has been made of resonance parameters of the heavy elements which have been measured recently. The variation of the ratio $\frac{{{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{n}}^{0}}{\overline{D}}$ with atomic weight has been compared with theoretical predictions. A maximum was found in the ratio $\frac{{{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{n}}^{0}}{\overline{D}}$ at atomic weight of approximately 160 in fair agreement with the more recent theories of neutron scattering by nuclei. The experimental data, however, are not sufficiently accurate to make a choice between the new theories which have been proposed.
Defending against Sybil nodes in BitTorrent

BitTorrent and its derivatives contribute a major portion of Internet traffic due to their simple and scalable operation. However, the lack of security mechanisms makes them vulnerable to attacks such as file piece pollution, connection slot consumption, and bandwidth exhaustion. These effects are made worse by the ability of attackers to manufacture new identities, or Sybil nodes, at will. The net effect of Sybil nodes and weak security leads to inefficient BitTorrent operation, or collapse. In this paper, we present defenses against threats from Sybil attackers in BitTorrent. A simple, direct reputation scheme called GOLF fosters peer cooperation to exclude potential attackers. Locality filtering tentatively identifies Sybil nodes based on patterns in IP addresses. Under the proposed scheme, Sybil attackers may still continue malicious behaviors, but their effect sharply decreases. Comparison to existing reputation models shows GOLF effectively detects and blocks potential attackers, despite false accusation.
A controller for a class of mismatched uncertain systems

A class of nonlinear uncertain dynamical systems that do not satisfy the matching conditions is considered. This class of mismatched systems is more general than one considered earlier. A sufficient condition, in terms of a critical mismatch threshold, which ensures global practical stability, is given. >
Attitude Behavior Consistency

Brand attitude play a central role in models of consumer behavior and advertising effects. Despite its use to assess the absolute and relative appeal of brands, its correlation to brand choice is highly conditional. Brand attitude – brand choice correspondence is most likely when the attitude is (i) accessible and stable, (ii) frequently repeated, (iii) formed on the basis of direct experience, (iv) formed in information environments highly similar to the choice environment and (v) formed in environments characterized by high involvement. All things considered, if brand choice is the ultimate variable of interest, then researchers are advised to measure it directly, not brand attitude as its surrogate. Keywords: brand attitude; brand choice; brand evaluation; advertising effectiveness
Design and implementation of a parallel I/O runtime system for irregular applications

In this paper we present the design, implementation and evaluation of a runtime system based on collective I/O techniques for irregular applications. We present two models, namely, "Collective I/O" and "Pipelined Collective I/O". In the first scheme, all processors participate in the I/O simultaneously making scheduling of I/O requests simpler but creating a possibility of contention at the I/O nodes. In the second approach, processors are grouped into several groups, so that only one group performs I/O simultaneously, while the next group performs communication to rearrange data, and this entire process is pipelined to reduce I/O node contention dynamically. Both models have been optimized by using software caching, chunking and on-line compression mechanisms. We demonstrate that we can obtain significantly high-performance for I/O above what has been possible so far. The performance results are presented on an Intel Paragon and on the ASCI/Red teraflops machine at Sandia National Labs.
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced teratogenesis of brain in the rat: A cellular and cytoarchitectural analysis of the neocortex

Abstract N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was administered intravenously to pregnant Wistar-albino rats on days 14–21 of gestation in order to study the teratological effects of the carcinogen on the developing brain. Offspring were killed 60 days postnatally, and the brains examined histologically by cresyl violet staining and Golgi-Cox preparations. Macroscopic examination of the brains revealed a graded pattern of microcephaly. Injection of ENU on day 14 of gestation gave the most severe effects and injection on day 21 the least effects. Microscopic examination of the neocortex revealed a graded reduction in the lateral and sagittal lengths, thickness, and the number of cells in a sample slab of the cortex. In the Golgi-Cox preparations the pyramidal neurons of cortical layers III and V, as well as neurons of other layers, were seen to have fewer secondary and tertiary dendrites, and the length of their dendrites appeared stunted. These characteristics also were graded in relation to the day of injection of ENU. Altered cytology and cytoarchitecture of the neocortex and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
A finitely-generated amenable group with very poor compression into Lebesgue spaces

We construct an example of a finitely-generated amenable group that does not admit any coarse 1-Lipschitz embedding with positive compression exponent into L_p for any 1 \leq p < \infty, answering positively a question of Arzhantseva, Guba and Sapir.
Decreased stromal expression and increased epithelial expression of WFDC1/ps20 in prostate cancer is associated with reduced recurrence-free survival.

BACKGROUND WAP-type four disulfide core (WFDC1)/ps20 is a member of the whey acidic protein family, which includes several serine protease inhibitors. Expression of WFDC1/ps20 was previously demonstrated in the normal human prostate stromal compartment. To further current understanding of the role of WFDC1/ps20 in prostate cancer, altered expression of WFDC1/ps20 protein in prostate cancer was evaluated. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for WFDC1/ps20 was performed using tissue microarrays. Quantitation was based on the percentage of positive-staining stromal or epithelial cells and staining intensity. Resulting data was analyzed relative to the recurrence-free survival data and additional information for this patient set. RESULTS Decreased stromal expression of WFDC1/ps20 predicted shorter recurrence-free survival time by univariate analysis. Decreased stromal WFDC1/ps20 expression correlated with higher radical prostatectomy Gleason scores, positive surgical margins, extracapsular extension, higher clinical stage, and higher preoperative prostate specific antigen levels. Increased epithelial expression of WFDC1/ps20 also predicted shorter recurrence-free survival times by univariate analysis. Increased epithelial expression of WFDC1/ps20 correlated with higher biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason scores, and higher clinical stage. CONCLUSIONS Decreased stromal WFDC1/ps20 expression reflects the evolution of a prostate cancer reactive stroma, while increased epithelial WFDC1/ps20 expression may indicate progression to a more aggressive epithelial phenotype and may indicate an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Further evaluation of WFDC1/ps20 biologic functions will aid in the understanding of this interesting expression profile. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A survey of atomic constants

Recent adjustments of the atomic constants show a serious discrepancy between the adjusted value of lambda /sub g// lambda /sub s/ (the conversion factor from the Siegbahn x-ray scale to absolute units) and the accepted average of the direct experimental results by ruled grating measurements. As an attempt to resolve this discrepancy, a general survey of the atomic constants was made. Much information which is chiefly of historical interest was included. An attempt is made to reevaluate errors wherever this appeared necessary and to choose the most reliable experiments for inclusion in the present adjustment. (auth)
Amidation of, and (R)-1-amino-2-propanol attachment to, the corrin ring during vitamin B-12 biosynthesis by Clostridium tetanomorphum extracts.

Abstract Two intermediate stages in cobalamin biosynthesis, amidation of carboxylic acid groups in the corrin ring and (R)-1-amino-2-propanol attachment at propionic acid position ƒ, have been studied using cell-free extracts from the obligate anaerobe Clostridium tetanomorphum. The preparation of an incomplete corrinoid, probably cobinic acid-a,c,d,e,g-pentaamide, as an in vitro amidation substrate was accomplished via mild acid hydrolysis of cobinamide. Weak, but reproducible activities for both amidation and (R)-1-amino-2-propanol attachment were found in crude, nucleic acid-free and DE-52 column-purified protein fractions. The amidation reaction was glutamine-dependent in crude fractions, but became ammonium ion-dependent in more purified fractions. Significant problems encountered were (a) the weak and unstable character of both enzyme activities, and (b) the irreversible changes in the visible spectra of the incomplete corrinoids employed as substrates caused by use of thiol-reducing agents in the buffers and assays.
Collective Land Tenure and Agricultural Development: A Polynesian Case

Collective land tenure systems among small-holder agriculturalists are commonly considered to inhibit agricultural development, specifically individualistic cash-cropping. This view is shared by a large group of social scientists who assert that fundamental institutional changes must take place in more traditional communities in order for them to develop economically. An analysis of recently introduced potato cultivation on the French Polynesian island of Tubuai contradicts this widely held assumption. This paper discusses the economic compatibility of Tubuai's collective tenure system and potato cultivation, specifically documenting the features that have facilitated the adoption and extensive cultivation of this new crop. As government officials in French Polynesia have been trying for some time to replace collective with individual land ownership, the potential compatibility of individual tenure with cash-cropping is also examined. It is argued that individual tenure would create obstacles to developme...
A Novel FRET Biosensor For Measuring Glycolytic Activity: A Study of Pancreatic Beta-Cells

Pulses of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells help maintain blood glucose in a narrow range, although the source of these pulses is unclear. We propose that a positive feedback circuit exists within the glycolytic pathway employing the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), which endows beta-cells with the ability to generate oscillations in metabolism via autocatalytic activation by its product Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru1,6-BP). To test this hypothesis, we have engineered a family of inter- and intramolecular Cerulean/Citrine FRET biosensors based on the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PK), which is allosterically activated and reported to multimerize upon binding Fru1,6-BP. When introduced into Min6 beta-cells, intramolecular PK biosensor apparent FRET efficiency increased dose-dependently in response to glucose (0, 2.5, 11, and 25 mM). This change was rapid (within seconds) and reversible. When Min6 cells were stimulated with 25 mM glucose/TEA, oscillations in PK biosensor activity were evident as ratiometric FRET changes, and exhibited a similar period to slow oscillations in intracellular calcium or NAD(P)H (3-4 min). Our results suggest that glycolysis in beta-cells is oscillatory and that PFK1 is indeed an attractive candidate for the oscillatory generator. More broadly, this family of PK biosensor constructs could be useful for exploring the magnitude and kinetics of glycolytic activity in living cells. Supported by F32DK085960 (M.J.M.) and R01DK46409 (L.S.).
Euthanasia: a contemporary moral quandary.

KIE: Responding to an increased interest in establishing active, voluntary euthanasia as a viable medical and social policy, Reichel and Dyck consider the major arguments for and against the practice. Proponents of euthanasia support a patient's right of self determination and a compassion-motivated active ending of suffering. Opponents are concerned with the problems of determining intention and motivation, the danger of involuntary euthanasia of the aged, the handicapped, and the incompetent, and the impact on the physician patient relationship. Reichel and Dyck argue that, instead of euthanasia, physicians can offer terminally ill patients the "moral choice to die well" by alleviating pain, by respecting requests to forgo burdensome, invasive treatments, by providing comfort and support, and by communicating with patients and their families.
Insulin stimulates fatty acid acylation of adipocyte proteins

Abstract Isolated rat adipocytes were incubated with [3H]-palmitate in the presence or absence of insulin. Insulin caused marked (20-fold), rapid ( T 1 2 ∼ 15 min ), and concentration-dependent labeling of an 80 kilodalton protein. The insulin concentration producing half-maximal labeling was 0.4 ng/ml. The label was removed from the protein by treatment with hydroxylamine indicating the fatty acid was linked to the protein via an oxyester bond. Label removed from the protein co-eluted with palmitate standard by high-performance liquid chromatography. In summary, adipocyte proteins are subject to acylation by exogenous long-chain fatty acids and this process is stimulated by insulin.
DOMAIN‐INDEPENDENT TEMPORAL REASONING WITH RECURRING EVENTS

Numerous examples of temporal reasoning involve a process of abstraction from the number of times an event is to occur or the number of times events stand in a temporal relation. For example, scheduling a recurring event such as one's office hours may consider things like the relative temporal ordering of the office hours and a number of other events in a given work day. The number of times office hours will actually be held may be unknown, even irrelevant, at the time of scheduling them. The objective of this article is to formulate a domain-independent framework for reasoning about recurring events and their relations. To achieve this end, we propose an ontology of recurrence based on the model-theoretic structure underlying collective predication using plural noun phrases. We offer a calculus of binary temporal relations for temporal collections based on a well-defined transformation of interval temporal relations into recurrence relations. Finally, we describe a reasoning framework based on manipulating knowledge stored in temporal relation networks, which is in turn a specialization of the CSP (constraint satisfaction problem) framework. The reasoner manipulates recurrence relations in the network to determine the network's consistency or to generate scenarios.
Evaluating Geant4 platform for nuclear well-logging problems

Abstract The results presented in this paper are based on computational experiments aimed at modeling nuclear well-logging tools. Well-logging services require not only development and characterization of nuclear logging tools but also development of algorithms for interpreting measured data with inclusion of various environmental corrections. For nuclear tools, the only feasible way of accomplishing those tasks is using computer simulations based on the radiation transport theory and Monte Carlo methods. Commonly, nuclear well-logging community uses the Monte Carlo N-Particle transport code (MCNP) for such modeling. However, MCNP is not universally available. Therefore, as an alternative, we consider the Geant4 platform developed under the auspices of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) for modeling high-energy physics experiments. Computations aimed at solving nuclear well-logging problems revealed several discrepancies between Geant4 and MCNP5 results. To enhance the accuracy of Geant4 in low-energy radiation transport, some numerical models used in this software were modified. The results of various benchmarks of the amended version of Geant4 against MCNP5 are presented. These results clearly indicate that the modified version of Geant4 is capable of solving nuclear geophysics problems with the same accuracy as MCNP.
Increased resistance to collagen-induced arthritis in CD44-deficient DBA/1 mice

Objective To study the role of CD44, the principal hyaluronan (HA) receptor, in experimental arthritis. Methods We generated CD44 gene deficiency in arthritis-susceptible DBA/1LacJ mice to study the role of CD44 directly in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Wild-type and CD44-deficient mice were immunized with chicken type II collagen, and the onset and severity of CIA were monitored up to day 64. The immune status of immunized mice was determined at the end of the experiments. Cell transfer experiments were performed to monitor lymphocyte traffic to the inflamed joints. Results Mice homozygous for the CD44 mutation developed normally and showed no phenotypic defects. Although they showed a normal response to immunization with type II collagen and had Th1/Th2 ratios comparable with those in wild-type animals, CD44-deficient mice exhibited significant reductions in both the incidence and severity of CIA. This was accompanied by altered serum levels of HA, reduced expression of L-selectin, and a delayed entry of intravenously injected CD44-deficient donor lymphocytes into the arthritic joints of recipient mice. Conclusion While CD44 is not essential for morphogenesis and autoimmunity, this cell surface receptor seems to play an important role in the development of arthritis, most likely by directing leukocyte traffic to the site of inflammation.
Kinetics of oxygen binding and subunit assembly for the hemoglobin alpha subunit.

Abstract A thorough kinetic characterization of the O2-binding and self-association reactions of α-subunits of human hemoglobin A has been performed. All of the rate constants for a five step reaction model linking the monomer-dimer reaction to the O2-binding steps have been determined for the first time. Our analysis of the ligand binding reaction shows that both monomer and dimer have nearly identical intrinsic O2-association and dissociation rate constants and therefore identical affinities for oxygen. During this investigation we discovered a small absorbance difference between the oxy-monomer and oxy-dimer alpha-subunits. This difference spectrum enabled direct measurements of the αO2 self-association reaction. We find an association rate constant of, 2.0 105 M−1s−1, similar to that for other subunit assembly processes in the hemoglobin system. Our results also suggest that the deoxy-subunit assembly kinetics must be similar to that for the oxy-subunit. These kinetic results together with the equilibrium constants obtained for these solution conditions by Ackers and coworkers provides, for the first time, a complete kinetic and thermodynamic description of all the intrinsic ligand binding and association reactions for alpha-subunits.
The IFLA Trend Report: Looking Beyond the Walls in Library Planning

ABSTRACTStrategic planning requires us to stop and take a closer look at our organizations and consider the impact that changes in the profession are causing, influenced by the society around us. These considerations lead us past our library walls, past our institutional walls and into a more speculative world of changes in the technological society. Scholars and pundits have provided us with many scenarios for the future, including a world of solely electronic resources and hyper-connected users. But how closely does this match reality and what are the trends in our larger society that will affect how we work in the future. This article provides an overview of several reports on the students and technologies that we work with and closely explores the IFLA Trend Report. The report was developed after discussions with individuals representing many non-academic, non-library organizations and provides us with a view of the larger trends forecast for the information society. The report is envisioned as a livi...
Calculating Bending Stresses in an Unsymmetrical Hybrid Beam

This paper presents an equation to calculate the biaxial bending stresses in an unsymmetrical beam composed of elements with different modulus of elasticity values.
The efficacy of embedding special education instruction in teacher preparation programs in the United States

Abstract This study examined the effects of embedding special education instruction into preservice general education assessment courses. Participants were teacher candidates in the United States enrolled in a required evaluation and measurement course (n=208). A self-report survey was developed assessing knowledge of and attitudes toward teaching students with learning disabilities. Results indicated that embedded instruction significantly increased teacher candidate's knowledge of inclusion terminology and assessment adaptations (p
Inferior vena cava filters in trauma patients: efficacy, morbidity, and retrievability.

Background:Thromboembolic events are potentially devastating sources of morbidity in trauma patients. With increasing experience and the introduction of retrievable devices, there has been a renewed interest in inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in trauma patients.Methods:The records for consecutive t
MICU1 encodes a mitochondrial EF hand protein required for Ca 2+ uptake

Mitochondrial calcium uptake has a central role in cell physiology by stimulating ATP production, shaping cytosolic calcium transients and regulating cell death. The biophysical properties of mitochondrial calcium uptake have been studied in detail, but the underlying proteins remain elusive. Here we use an integrative strategy to predict human genes involved in mitochondrial calcium entry based on clues from comparative physiology, evolutionary genomics and organelle proteomics. RNA interference against 13 top candidates highlighted one gene, CBARA1, that we call hereafter mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1). Silencing MICU1 does not disrupt mitochondrial respiration or membrane potential but abolishes mitochondrial calcium entry in intact and permeabilized cells, and attenuates the metabolic coupling between cytosolic calcium transients and activation of matrix dehydrogenases. MICU1 is associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane and has two canonical EF hands that are essential for its activity, indicating a role in calcium sensing. MICU1 represents the founding member of a set of proteins required for high-capacity mitochondrial calcium uptake. Its discovery may lead to the complete molecular characterization of mitochondrial calcium uptake pathways, and offers genetic strategies for understanding their contribution to normal physiology and disease.
The Role of Fear in Our Love of God: A Lutheran Perspective

: Lutheran Christians in particular have been taught in the Catechism to “fear and love God.” This article questions the assumption that in a contemporary context, fear and love can helpfully co-exist, examining the different ways in which “fear of God” is a challenging concept for twenty-first-century Christians to understand. The article concludes with suggestions for how “fear of God” might be re-interpreted and re-articulated in a constructive way, leading to a more meaningful Christian life in the world today.
Marketing Effectiveness in Reaching the Nontreatment-Seeking Marijuana Smoker

ABSTRACT Successfully meeting recruitment goals is critical in completing clinical research, but it is often one of the most difficult challenges in conducting a study. This paper describes the recruitment effort for a randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention targeting ambivalent marijuana smokers. The project successfully recruited 188 heavy marijuana smokers, the majority of whom were precontemplators or contemplators in respect to their motivation to make changes. A theoretical model of social marketing is utilized in discussing the development and evaluation of this study's recruitment efforts. The model is potentially useful in the planning and initial implementation phases of recruitment strategies, both in efficacy studies and in community treatment settings.
AN ALTERNATING EVOLUTION APPROXIMATION TO SYSTEMS OF HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION LAWS

In this paper, we present an alternating evolution (AE) approximation to systems of hyperbolic conservation laws in arbitrary spatial dimension. We prove the convergence of the approximate solutions towards an entropy solution of scalar multi-D conservation laws, and the L1 contraction property for the approximate solution is established as well. It is also shown that such an approximation is extremely accurate in the sense that if initial data is prepared such that u0 = v0 = U0, then no method error is induced as time evolves, and the exact entropy solution is precisely captured. Furthermore, in the approximation system time evolution of one variable is associated with spatial redistribution in another variable. These features render such an approximation ideal to be used for construction of high resolution numerical schemes to solve hyperbolic conservation laws. The usual obstacles caused by jumps crossing computational cell interfaces are not felt when both u and v are sampled alternatively, and reconstructed independently. Herewith we discuss the designing principle for constructing AE schemes, with illustration of two preliminary schemes for systems of conservation laws in one dimension. Both l∞ monotonicity and the TVD (Total Variational Diminishing) property are established for these schemes when applied to the scalar laws.
System of Equations for Fulfilling Net Energy and Absorbed Protein Requirements for Milk Component Production

Objectives were to develop a system of equations for formulating rations to meet absorbed protein requirements, to define NEL requirements for individual milk components, and to evaluate the effects of changes in milk composition on requirements for absorbed protein and NEL recommended by NRC or by a proposed system based on milk components. By combining parameters in the NRC degradable protein system, a set of two equations was derived that can be solved to meet absorbed protein requirements when either ruminally available protein or energy limits microbial protein synthesis. Heats of combustion were used to estimate NEL requirements for milk components. Maintenance requirements for absorbed protein and NEL were obtained from NRC. To eliminate the dependence of DMI prediction on milk fat concentration, as assumed by NRC, DMI was estimated using the NDF concentration of the feed and the NEL requirement of the cow. The proposed system of requirements, based on milk components and the matrix of equations for meeting absorbed protein requirements, not only accounts for differences in the degradability and microbial yield of feeds but also more logically matches differences in nutrient requirements for milk components associated with changes in milk composition.
Fluxionally Chiral DMAP Catalysts: Kinetic Resolution of Axially Chiral Biaryl Compounds

Can organocatalysts that incorporate fluxional groups provide enhanced selectivity in asymmetric transformations? To address this issue, we have designed chiral 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) catalysts with fluxional chirality. These catalysts were found to be efficient in promoting the acylative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols and axially chiral biaryl compounds with selectivity factors of up to 37 and 51, respectively.
Characterization of a Major Fraction of Disordered All-Trans Chains in Cold-Drawn High-Density Polyethylene by Solid-State NMR

In cold-drawn, necked high-density polyethylene, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has identified a major fraction of chain segments intermediate to the ordered crystalline and the almost isotropic amorphous phases. This partially mobile and disordered all-trans fraction in the strain-hardened sample contains 38 ± 6% of all chain segments in the bulk. Thus, it represents the second largest component in the system, ahead of the disordered gauche-containing or amorphous (17 ± 4%) and the monoclinic crystalline (4 ± 2%) phases. A series of one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments, several of which make use of an “inverse 13C T1 relaxation time filter” for selective observation of the intermediate-component signals, show the intermediate component (or components) to consist of all-trans chains with disordered packing. While the crystalline component has a standard deviation of the chain axis from the draw direction of 1°, the intermediate components exhibit an ∼8° spread of chain-axis orientations ...
Elevated collagen content in volume overload induced cardiac hypertrophy.

This investigation was designed to determine if chronic volume overload is associated with altered collagen content of five regions of the myocardium. Five adult cats were subjected to a 6-week period of chronic volume overload induced by atrial septotomy and five untreated animals served as controls. Significant (P < 0.05) right ventricular hypertrophy was present as indicated by the right ventricular body weight ratio. For control animals this ratio was 0.68 ± 0.04 g/kg; for volume overloaded animals it was 0.83 ± 0.05 g/kg.) The collagen content was assessed by measuring the hydroxyproline content of the dried cardiac muscle. Right ventricular endocardium hydroxyproline in volume overloaded animals was significantly elevated above that in control animals (in the latter it was 5.30 ± 0.36 μg/mg; in the former it was 6.33 ± 0.18 μg/mg) while the epicardial collagen content was unchanged. Similarly, the amount of collagen found in the left ventricle was significantly increased in the endocardium and normal in the epicardium. Septal collagen concentration was unaltered in volume overloaded animals. This study demonstrated that alterations in cardiac muscle collagen concentration are associated with volume overload and that these cellular changes are nonuniform.
Relative influence of polymer fiber diameter and surface charge on fibrous capsule thickness and vessel density for single-fiber implants

Single polypropylene microfibers plasma-coated with polymers of different surface charge [N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (NN) (positive charge), methacrylic acid (MA) (negative charge), and hexafluoropropylene (HF) (neutral)] were implanted in the subcutaneous dorsum of Sprague-Dawley rats for 5-week intervals. Thee groups of fiber diameters were used: (I) 1.0 to 5.9 microm; (II) 6.0 to 10.9 microm; and (III) 11.0 to 15.9 microm. Fibrous capsule thickness and blood-vessel density (number of vessels within 100 microm of the fiber) were assessed in tissue sections in the planes of microfiber cross-sections. Results from a multifactorial analysis of variance demonstrated statistically significant main effects (p < 0.05) for microfiber diameter but not for surface-charge coating. The mean differences in capsule thickness among the microfiber diameter groups were: between groups II and I: 5.4 microm; between groups III and I: 10.2 microm; and between groups III and II: 4.7 microm. The mean differences in capsule thickness among surface-charge coatings were: between MA and NN: 0.7 microm; between MA and HF: 1.4 microm; and between NN and HF: 0.7 microm. Many of the 1.0 to 5.9 microm-in-diameter fibers had no capsule and no sign of a foreign-body reaction. For the vessel density analysis, neither microfiber diameter nor surface-charge coating had a statistically significant effect. Thus the geometric feature of microfiber diameter was more important than was surface charge relative to fibrous capsule formation but not relative to local vessel density. This ranking of the relative influence of design features in relation to tissue response provides useful information for prioritization in biomaterial design.
Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in a renal allograft recipient

As a complication of immunosuppressive therapy, solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients have an increased risk of developing post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and the degree of immunosuppression have been identified as risk factors for the development of this complication. The clinical presentation includes a spectrum of disorders ranging from a benign infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome with fever and cervical adenopathy to multiorgan failure leading to death. Although, T-cell lesions have been described, PTLD is usually associated with a polyclonal or monoclonal B-cell proliferation. In this report, we present a renal transplant recipient with a perirenal mass diagnosed as PTLD.
Dietary regulation of brain tryptophan metabolism by plasma ratio of free tryptophan and neutral amino acids in humans

CHANGES in brain tryptophan (Trp) associated with feeding are relevant to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-mediated function, because in the brain Trp levels modulate 5-HT synthesis1. Using rodents, some investigators2–5 have confirmed our observations6,7 that after ingestion of balanced diets plasma Trp increases but brain Trp decreases or is unchanged. Other such dissociations between plasma and brain Trp have been observed during fasting, and after eating in hypophysectomised rats, indicating that the changes are not secondary to stress or pituitary mechanisms7. The dissociation is also independent of diurnal or nocturnal variations in plasma Trp4,7, but there is no explanation for it.
The aggregate effects of risk in the agricultural sector

The theory of the firm facing a random output price is extended to include industry equilibrium conditions in a way particularly important for agriculture. Land prices adjust to maintain industry equilibrium. The comparative statics and the effects of policy for the firm are significantly altered. The main finding is that risk and other parameter changes are capitalized into the price of land and yield wealth or income effects rather than substitution effects. This often simplifies the analysis.
Human-machine problem solving using spoken language systems (SLS): factors affecting performance and user satisfaction

We have analyzed three factors affecting user satisfaction and system performance using an SLS implemented in the ATIS domain. We have found that: (1) trade-offs between speed and accuracy have different implications for user satisfaction; (2) recognition performance improves over time, at least in part because of a reduction in sentence perplexity; and (3) hyperarticulation increases recognition errors, and while instructions can reduce this behavior, they do not result in improved recognition performance. We conclude that while users may adapt to some aspects of an SLS, certain types of user behavior may require technological solutions.
The acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of first‐aid skills by youths with handicaps

This study validated a program for teaching first-aid skills to four youths with handicaps. Two first-aid skills were targeted for training: treating minor wounds that continue to bleed (not severe) and treating minor burns. Also, data were gathered on the treatment of abrasions to assess the collateral effects of the program. The program featured an activity book with task-analysed illustrations, puppets, a first-aid kit, reinforcement, and corrective feedback. A multiple base-line design across first-aid skills was replicated across each of the four participants. Probes and pre-/post-training assessments were conducted to measure generalization via the treatment of the injuries of others, as well as self-injuries; additionally, assessments were conducted in the participants' natural homes to determine generalized effects across settings. Results revealed that the participants had generalized and maintained (up to 66 weeks) the acquired first-aid skills. The program appears to offer promise as a means of teaching first-aid skills to youths with handicaps, since it produces effects which generalize across settings and novel situations, and which maintain over time.
Brush Border Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Mediates Epidermal Growth Factor Stimulation of Intestinal NaCl Absorption and Na+/H+ Exchange (∗)

In terminally differentiated ileal villus Na+-absorptive cells, epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates NaCl absorption and its component brush border Na+/H+ exchanger, acting via basolateral membrane receptors, and as we confirm here, a brush border tyrosine kinase. In the present study we show that brush border phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is involved in EGF stimulation of NaCl absorption and brush border Na+/H+ exchange. In rabbit ileum studied with the Ussing chamber-voltage clamp technique, EGF stimulation of active NaCl absorption is inhibited by the selective PI 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. PI 3-kinase, a largely cytosolic enzyme, translocates specifically to the brush border of ileal absorptive cells following EGF treatment. This translocation occurs as early as 1 min after EGF treatment and remains increased at the brush border for at least 15 min. EGF also causes a rapid (1 min) and large (4-5-fold) increase in brush border PI 3-kinase activity. Involvement of PI 3-kinase activity in intestinal Na+ absorption is established further by studies done in the human colon cancer cell line, Caco-2, stably transfected with the intestinal brush border isoform of the Na+/H+ exchanger, NHE3 (Caco-2/NHE3 cells). Brush border Na+/H+ exchange activity was measured using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2′7′-bis(carboxyethyl)5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein. EGF added to the basolateral surface but not apical surface of Caco-2/NHE3 cells increased brush border Na+/H+ exchange activity. The EGF-induced increase in brush border Na+/H+ exchange activity was completely abolished in cells pretreated with wortmannin. EGF treatment caused increased tyrosine phosphorylation of PI 3-kinase in both ileal brush border membranes and Caco-2/NHE3 cells, suggesting that a tyrosine kinase upstream of the PI 3-kinase is involved in the EGF effects on Na+ absorption. In conclusion, the present study provides evidence in two separate intestinal models, the ileum and a human colon cancer cell line, that PI 3-kinase is an intermediate in EGF stimulation of intestinal Na+ absorption.
Foot claudication with plantar flexion as a result of dorsalis pedis artery impingement in an Irish dancer

Dorsalis pedis artery impingement is an extremely rare cause of foot claudication, with a single case reported in the literature. In this report, we describe the case of a 17-year-old female Irish dancer who presented with intermittent bilateral foot pain and discoloration during active plantar flexion.
Synthesis and X-ray structure of palladium dichloride complexed with THF and 2,6,7-trioxa-3,5,8-tris(trichloromethyl)-1,4-diphosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Abstract Palladium(II) dichloride containing both THF and the title bicyclic diphosphorus ligand 2 {i.e. P[OCH(CCl 3 )] 3 P} has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods including X-ray crystallography. This compound is the first example of a metal complex containing the novel ligand 2 . The X-ray structure of the complex reveals a virtually square-planar geometry around the palladium with trans oriented chlorine atoms and with 2 ligated by the PO 3 terminus.
Genetic variation in a subterranean mammal,Scalopus aquaticus(Insectivora: Talpidae)

Abstract Allozyme variation was examined for 382 moles ( Scalopus aquaticus ) collected from 16 localities located within a 23 km 2 area in South Carolina, U.S.A. Of 26 presumptive loci that were scored for all moles, 8 (30·8%) were observed to be polymorphic. Mean direct-count heterozygosity was 7·2%, c . 75% higher than the mean value reported for mammals. The findings of this study do not support the hypothesis that more purely subterranean species of mammals will exhibit levels of allozyme variation lower than those of above-ground species.
Induction of acetylcholinesterase activity by beta-ecdysone in a Drosophila cell line

When cells of the Drosophila Kc-H line are treated with larger than or equal to 10(-8) molar beta-ecdysone, they extend long processes and acquire acetylcholinesterase activity. Thus, this permanent line, derived originally from embryol cultures, may be composed of cells having some neural or glial characteristics.
GTL high speed I/O in 3D ICs for TSV and interconnect signal integrity characterization

This paper focuses on TSV and interconnect signal integrity characterization of 3D IC embedded test structures that measure GTL high speed I/O performance. The three Tiers of a CMOS 3D IC were fabricated by MIT Lincoln Laboratory in a 150nm SOI process bonded together and the test structures were ball-bonded on to a custom FR-4 board designed for matched 50Ω microwave and high speed transient measurements. The comparison between on-chip and FR-4 board measurement results for TSV and interconnect signal integrity characterization will be shown and analyzed using equivalent electrical models. In addition, the paper reports extensive additional on-board measurements including, 1) 3D IC GTL I/O response to varying data patterns, 2) Edge timing comparing GTL signals launched from several 3D IC Tiers simultaneously to the same I/O output, and 3) GTL I/O performance under degraded environmental conditions in the 3D IC such as reduced bias.
The 1980s A decade of stagnation

Abstract The 1980s were a decade of great promise. The disruptive shocks of the 1970s were behind us. The recessions, painful as they were, laid a non-inflationary groundwork for prosperity and growth. Unfortunately, the opportunity has been wasted, and the governments of the 1990s will inherit national economies performing well below their potentials and incompatible policies that leave international transactions in anarchic disarray.
De/colonizing education: examining transnational localities

This special issue brings forth the discussions and practices of de/colonizing in the field of education. The topic may incite a familiar controversial question: ‘Just what is [de/colonizing] and w...
Multi-phase Microstructures and Their Properties in High Strength Low Carbon Steels

It has been known for some time that steel microstructures are almost always composed of mixtures of phases and microconstituents. It has also been recognized that the minor phase can often exert a major influence on the final mechanical properties of structural steels. Over the last two decades, several important advances have been made in terms of the properties which have become attainable in these steels. These advances have occurred largely through a better understanding of the control of multi-phase microstructures. The paper reviews the benefits that have accompanied a better understanding of these complex microstructures.
What have you done for me lately? Charisma attenuates the decline in U.S. presidential approval over time

Abstract Using archival data for a sample of U.S. presidents, evidence was found for a honeymoon and hangover effect in approval ratings over time. That is, presidential approval tended to be high early in the president's term and decrease over time. The effect of time on approval persisted even when military and economic indicators were included as predictors of presidential approval. More importantly, the effect of time on approval was moderated by charisma, such that charismatic leaders better maintained their approval rating over time. We take this as evidence that the honeymoon/hangover effect on presidential approval is substantively meaningful from a psychological perspective.