cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entangling an arbitrary pair of qubits in a long ion crystal

It is well established that the collective motion of ion crystals can be used as a quantum bus for multi-qubit entanglement. However, as the number of ions increases, it becomes difficult to directly entangle ions far apart and resolve all motional modes of the ion crystal. We introduce a scalable and flexible scheme for efficient entanglement between any pair of ions within a large ion chain, using an evenly distributed 50-ion crystal as an example. By performing amplitude and frequency modulation, we find high-fidelity pulse sequences that primarily drive a transverse motional mode with a wavelength of 4 ion spacings. We present two $500 \mu s$ pulses that can in theory suppress gate errors due to residual motion to below $10^{-4}$, and observe a trade-off between gate power and robustness against unwanted frequency offsets.
Change in functional status among children treated in the intensive care unit after injury.

BACKGROUNDBecause pediatric trauma-related mortality continues to decline, metrics assessing morbidity are needed to evaluate the impact of treatment after injury. Based on its value for assessing children with traumatic brain injuries and other critical illnesses, Functional Status Scale (FSS), a t
Scientific communication in a post-truth society

Within the scientific community, much attention has focused on improving communications between scientists, policy makers, and the public. To date, efforts have centered on improving the content, accessibility, and delivery of scientific communications. Here we argue that in the current political and media environment faulty communication is no longer the core of the problem. Distrust in the scientific enterprise and misperceptions of scientific knowledge increasingly stem less from problems of communication and more from the widespread dissemination of misleading and biased information. We describe the profound structural shifts in the media environment that have occurred in recent decades and their connection to public policy decisions and technological changes. We explain how these shifts have enabled unscrupulous actors with ulterior motives increasingly to circulate fake news, misinformation, and disinformation with the help of trolls, bots, and respondent-driven algorithms. We document the high degree of partisan animosity, implicit ideological bias, political polarization, and politically motivated reasoning that now prevail in the public sphere and offer an actual example of how clearly stated scientific conclusions can be systematically perverted in the media through an internet-based campaign of disinformation and misinformation. We suggest that, in addition to attending to the clarity of their communications, scientists must also develop online strategies to counteract campaigns of misinformation and disinformation that will inevitably follow the release of findings threatening to partisans on either end of the political spectrum.
A Modified McCumber Cube as a Basis for a Taxonomy of Cyber Attacks

There currently exist taxonomies for malware, however malware is only one type of attack. Malware taxonomies are usually targeted at a specific scenario and are not easily translatable to other attacks that may not involve malware. There are other taxonomies that examine specific types of attacks such as attacks on embedded systems. Most current taxonomies do not cover all types of cyber-attacks. Those that do, don’t examine all the dimensions of an attack. There is a need for a comprehensive attack taxonomy that explores all dimensions of any attack. The McCumber cube is a methodology for examining security from three dimensions. This provides a foundation for creating an attack taxonomy. The taxonomy views cyber-attacks as how they counter the security aspects of the McCumber cube.
Mechanism to improve the reliability of copper wire bonding with palladium-coating of the wire

Abstract Pd-coating of Cu (PCC) bond wires has been widely employed to improve the reliability of Cu wire bonding technology for microelectronics. Description of the underlying mechanism, however, is lacking in literature. We provide an interpretation of how the improvement is induced. After an un-biased highly accelerated stress test (uHAST), the most Cu-rich intermetallics (IMC) were Cu3Al2 under the bare Cu bond wire, and predominantly (CuPdx)Al under the PCC wire. The Pd-coating therefore had suppressed the formation of (CuPdx)3Al2. The suppression stemmed from the improvement of the thermodynamic stability of (CuPdx)Al, which also decreased the kinetics of phase transformation toward (CuPdx)3Al2. The cathode/anode area ratio of (CuPdx)Al is lower than that of Cu3Al2. The corrosion rate of (CuPdx)Al therefore becomes lower, and the reliability of the wire bonding increases. Ni behaves thermodynamically quite similar to Pd in the ternary system of Cu wire bonding, and therefore possesses the potential to similarly improve the corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the use of Al wires on Al alloy pads will implement a monometallic system across the bonding interface which can also enhance the corrosion resistance. The underlying correlation between the atomic ratio of (Inert Element)/(Active Element) of the IMC and the corrosion rate of the IMC revealed here is pertinent to the research in other fields including the corrosion of alloys/dealloying and nanoporosity, and the making of functional materials with nanoporosity for applications such as catalysis and advanced energy technologies.
A novel video shot boundary detection framework employing DCT and pattern matching

The video Shot Boundary Detection (SBD) is an elementary step in realising a system capability to perform content based video search, structural analysis, data retrieval and video summation. Myriad research works in the past have been reported to construct SBD algorithms. However, the need of an error-free, meticulous and cost-effective SBD technique still persists; for applications viz. apt management, storage, browsing, video indexing and retrieval of multimedia data. This paper is an effort in the same direction with the aim of achieving high execution speed and greater accuracy. The proposed SBD technique in this paper incorporates three steps: (i) Candidate Segment Selection (ii) Cut Transition detection (iii) Gradual Transition detection. This paper adopts pixel based technique with candidate segment selection to speed up the SBD. For Cut Transition detection, the proposed method employs Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and for Gradual Transition detection, it employs Image Histogram and Pattern Matching. The comparison of MATLAB simulation results of the proposed SBD technique with those in literature manifest better results in terms of execution speed and accuracy.
Interference Provides Clarity: Direct Observation of 2D Materials at Fluid–Fluid Interfaces

Monolayer particles of two-dimensional (2D) materials represent a scientifically and technologically interesting class of anisotropic particles with colloidal-scale lateral sizes but sub-nanometer thicknesses. This atomic-scale thickness leads to interesting phenomena that can be exploited in next-generation thin-film technologies, and fluid-fluid interfaces provide a potentially scalable platform to confine, assemble, and deposit functional thin films of 2D materials. However, directly observing how these materials interact and assemble into a given film morphology is experimentally challenging because of their sub-nanometer thicknesses. Here, we demonstrate the ability to directly observe graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles at fluid-fluid interfaces using interference reflection microscopy (IRM). Monolayer MoS2 and graphene particles demonstrated >10% optical contrast at an air-water interface, which allowed us to quantitatively analyze in situ images of self-assembled MoS2 particles and to map trajectories of interacting graphene particles. Additionally, the Brownian motion of a graphene particle was tracked and analyzed in the context of passive microrheology theory for 2D particle probes. Our results demonstrate how IRM can be used to obtain quantitative spatiotemporal information regarding the self-assembly and dynamics of 2D materials at fluid-fluid interfaces. It will have a significant impact on our ability to investigate systems of atomically thin particles at fluid-fluid interfaces, an area that has fundamental scientific importance and materials science applications but has suffered from a lack of direct, in situ observation techniques.
Journal of Pediatric Surgery: Effects of an automated social media strategy for knowledge dissemination.

Abstract Background/Purpose With increasing publications, it's hard to keep up with surgical literature. Social media is a valuable educational resource with global reach. We sought to analyze the impact of an automated social media strategy for the Journal of Pediatric Surgery (JPS). Methods Analytics for March–August 2019 were retrospectively reviewed for automated posts using a SocialPilot queue from the journal's RSS feed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze performance, including journal article views. Results One hundred sixty-five posts amassed 512,316 impressions and 9,795 article views. Facebook had greater overall impact (p Conclusions We reached 3,105 users, with 59 article views per post. Topic had the strongest effect on performance. For comparison, custom infographics reached 7,368 users and averaged 101 article views. Alternative knowledge dissemination strategies are likely needed to foster online discussion and build more robust forums for collaboration. Type of Study Retrospective, Non-clinical Study. Level of Evidence Level III.
Postoperative Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Radical prostatectomy comprises initial treatment in 50% of men with prostate cancer, and many patients after surgery require additional treatment. In this chapter, we review the indications for radiation and adjuvant hormonal therapy in the postoperative setting. We discuss the incorporation of next-generation imaging as well as emerging biomarkers in informing these clinical decisions. Finally, we propose a practical guide for postoperative radiotherapy, as well as management of frequent on-treatment issues.
Tired as a Mutha: Black Mother Activists and the Fight for Affordable Housing and Health Care

Black mother activists play a pivotal role in redressing community inequities. To address the work of these activists, I turn to technical and professional communication and reproductive justice to...
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency research and emerging treatment strategies: what’s down the road?:

Intravenous infusion of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat emphysema associated with AAT deficiency (AATD) in 1987 and there are now several FDA-approved therapy products on the market, all of which are derived from pooled human plasma. Intravenous AAT therapy has proven clinical efficacy in slowing the decline of lung function associated with AATD progression; however, it is only recommended for individuals with the most severe forms of AATD as there is a lack of evidence that this treatment is effective in treating wild-type heterozygotes (e.g., PI*MS and PI*MZ genotypes), for which the prevalence may be much higher than previously thought. There are large numbers of individuals that are currently left untreated despite displaying symptoms of AATD. Furthermore, not all countries offer AAT augmentation therapy due to its expense and inconvenience for patients. More cost-effective treatments are now being sought that show efficacy for less severe forms of AATD and many new therapeutic technologies are being investigated, such as gene repair and other interference strategies, as well as the use of chemical chaperones. New sources of AAT are also being investigated to ensure there are enough supplies to meet future demand, and new methods of assessing response to treatment are being evaluated. There is currently extensive research into AATD and its treatment, and this chapter aims to highlight important emerging treatment strategies that aim to improve the lives of patients with AATD.
The Role of Total Alimentary Limb Length in Roux-En-Y Gastric Bypass – A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT: Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an established surgical treatment for obesity. Variations in limb length during RYGB procedures have been investigated for optimizing weight loss while minimizing nutritional deficiencies. The role of the total alimentary limb length (TALL) (Roux limb plus common channel (CC)), however, is poorly defined. Objective Compare TALL in RYGB procedures for weight loss outcomes and malnutrition. Setting Systematic Review Methods Ovid Medline and Pubmed databases were searched for entries between 1993-2020. Search terms included gastric bypass and TALL. Two independent reviewers screened the results. Results A total of 21 studies measured TALL in RYGB. Of these, 4 of 6 reported a relationship between TALL and weight loss. Additionally, 11 studies reported that when TALL was ≤400cm and CC Conclusions The majority of studies on RYGB do not report TALL length. There is some evidence that weight loss is affected by shortening TALL, while a TALL ≤400cm with CC
Current status of methodology for assessment of image quality by human observer studies

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is now widely accepted as the best way of assessing image quality in terms of the accuracy with which human observers can perform image-based classification tasks. After a brief look backward, this talk will address the questions of "Where are we?" and "Where are we going?" in the development and use of ROC methodology. Particular emphasis will be placed upon identifying the still-evolving conceptual threads of ROC analysis, clarifying current methodological limitations and controversies, and highlighting areas in which future effort might fruitfully be focused.
Lateral Mixing in the Eddying Regime and a New Broad‐Ranging Formulation

We survey a number of issues associated with lateral dissipation in eddyresolving ocean models and present two effective techniques. The first is a specification of lateral viscosity that is closely related to that of Chassignet and Garraffo [2001], involving the combined application of biharmonic and Laplacian forms of viscosity. The specification can in principle be applied across a broad range of model resolution, although our testing was performed only at eddy-resolving scale where a relatively simple form suffices. The second is the implementation of the Lagrangian Averaged Navier Stokes (LANSα) alpha subgridscale turbulence scheme in a primitive equation ocean model, with our presentation here being largely a summary of the recent work of Hecht et al. [2008] and Petersen et al. [2008]. As an inherently non-dissipative turbulence parameterization, one can understand the higher levels of eddy variability with LANS-α as coming about through an increase in the effective Rossby radius of deformation.
An intelligent approach to hysteresis compensation while sampling using a fleet of autonomous watercraft

This paper addresses the problem of using a fleet of autonomous watercraft to create models of various water quality parameters in complex environments using intelligent sampling algorithms. Maps depicting the spatial variation of these parameters can help researchers understand how certain ecological processes work and in turn help reduce the negative impact of human activities on the environment. In our domain of interest, it is infeasible to exhaustively sample the field to obtain statistically significant results. This problem is pertinent to autonomous water sampling where hysteresis in sensors causes delay in obtaining accurate measurements across a large field. In this paper, we present several different approaches to sampling with cooperative vehicles to quickly build accurate models of the environment. In addition, we describe a novel filter and a specialized planner that uses the gradient of sensor measurements to compensate for hysteresis while ensuring a fast sampling process. We validate the algorithms using results from both simulation and field experiments with four autonomous airboats measuring temperature and dissolved oxygen in a lake.
Accounting for Biases in Black-Scholes ∗

Prices of currency options commonly differ from the Black-Scholes formula along two dimensions: implied volatilities vary by strike price (volatility smiles) and maturity (implied volatility of at-the-money options increases, on average, with maturity). We account for both using Gram-Charlier expansions to approximate the conditional distribution of the logarithm of the price of the underlying security. In this setting, volatility is approximately a quadratic function of moneyness, a result we use to infer skewness and kurtosis from volatility smiles. Evidence suggests that both kurtosis in currency prices and biases in Black-Scholes option prices decline with maturity.
Aubrey McClendon's Special Incentive Compensation at Chesapeake Energy (A)

The (B) case describes shareholder and investor reactions to the 2008 compensation awarded Aubrey McClendon, founder and CEO of Chesapeake Energy, which according to Fortune Magazine made him the highest paid CEO of a U.S.-based company. Learning Objective: Examine the role of boards in executive compensation.
On the parallel algorithms for robotics computations

The kinematics, dynamics, Jacobian, and their corresponding inverses are six major computational tasks in the real-time control of robot manipulators. The parallel algorithms for these computations are examined and analyzed. They are characterized based on six well-defined features that have greatest effects on the execution of parallel algorithms. These features include type of parallelism, degree of parallelism (granularity), uniformity of operations, fundamental operations, data dependency, and communication requirement. It is found that the inverse dynamics, the forward dynamics, the forward kinematics and the forward Jacobian computations possess highly regular properties and they are all in homogeneous linear recursive form. The inverse Jacobian is essentially the problem of solving a system of linear equations. The closed-form solution of the inverse kinematics problem is obviously non-uniform and robot dependent. The iterative solution for the inverse kinematics problem seems uniform and the parallel portions of the algorithm involve the forward kinematics, the forward Jacobian, and the inverse Jacobian computations. Suitable algorithms for the six basic robotics computations are selected and parallelized to make use of their common features. The characterization of the six basic robotics algorithms is tabulated for discussion and the results can be used to design better parallel architectures or a common architecture for the computation of these robotics algorithms.
The International Thermophysics Congress — Report on Recent Developments and Future Plans

The formation of the International Thermophysics Congress is discussed and some recent developments and future plans are presented.
On solutions to multiply-connected nonself-adjoint systems subject to deterministic and nondeterministic excitations

Abstract The Sturm-Liouville-Vodicka-Tittle procedure is extended to handle deterministic and nondeterministic nonconservative phenomena modelled by multiply connected nonself adjoint differential operators. This generalization is facilitated by employing the properties of adjoint differential operators to develop a piecewise weighted bi-orthogonality principle. Employing the inherent generality of the bi-orthogonality principle, an integral transform procedure is established which can handle multiply connected nonself adjoint differential operators subject to deterministic as well as homogeneous and nonhomogeneous nondeterministic initial, external and interdomain conditions. Due to the inherent scope of the procedure, in addition to the mean, both the variance and covariance of the governing field variables are obtained. Furthermore, generalizations to all the higher order statistical moments can be developed as required.
Actions of the novel antidiabetic agent englitazone in rat hepatocytes

Abstract We examined effects of a novel antidiabetic agent, racemic englitazone (CP 68,722, Pfizer), on normal rat hepatocytes in vitro. For optimal effects, CP 68,722 must be preincubated for approximately 20 minutes. CP 68,722 inhibited the actions of glucagon on glycogenolysis (measured by monitoring cyclic adenosine monophosphate [cAMP] levels, phosphorylase activation, and glucose output) and gluconeogenesis (from 14 C-lactate). Since CP 68,722 was able to attenuate the ability of glucagon to increase cAMP levels, this may account for part of its inhibitory actions on glucogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The observation that CP 68,722 also inhibits the ability of the cAMP analog, 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate (8 CPT cAMP), to stimulate phosphorylase a is consistent with an effect of CP 68,722 to activate cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase. The ability of vasopressin (an agonist known to stimulate glycogenolysis via a Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism) to stimulate phosphorylase a was slightly inhibited by CP 68,722. Another site of action of CP 68,722 was to inhibit hormonal-mediated Ca 2+ influx, an effect that would decrease intracellular free calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ), thereby inhibiting the actions of the Ca 2+ -dependent hormones such as α 1 -adrenergic agonists and vasopressin, agents known to promote glucose output from the liver. In summary, CP 68,722 inhibits glucagon-stimulated glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes by a mechanism that may include activation of cAMP phosphodiesterase and inhibition of Ca 2+ influx.
Screening effects when sampling suspensions in laminar flow through pores

Dilute suspensions of neutrally buoyant, uniform-diameter spheres in a viscous liquid are sampled through pores in the wall of a stirred tank. These studies are performed to investigate screening effects near the sampling orifice that cause samples to be deficient in solids. The ratio of sphere concentration in the sample to that of the original suspension ranges from 0.08 to 1.12. Sample concentration decreases with decreasing sampling pore diameter and increasing stirring rates. The objectives of this work are both to obtain experimental relationships and to develop predictive techniques relating flow fields to sample concentration. Sample concentration is predicted by calculating particle trajectories in the region near the pore and by accounting for steric exclusion. Particle trajectories can differ from fluid streamlines due to lift forces generated in the flow field. These estimates constitute a priori predictions, since they do not rely on or introduce any empirical parameters. Predicted values of sample concentrations agree closely with data.
A stabilized dual Kalman filter for adaptive tracking of brain-computer interface decoding parameters

Neural prosthetics are a promising technology for alleviating paralysis by actuating devices directly from the intention to move. Typical implementations of these devices require a calibration session to define decoding parameters that map recorded neural activity into movement of the device. However, a major factor limiting the clinical deployment of this technology is stability: with fixed decoding parameters, control of the prosthetic device has been shown to degrade over time. Here we apply a dual estimation procedure to adaptively capture changes in decoding parameters. In simulation, we find that our stabilized dual Kalman filter can run autonomously for hundreds of thousands of trials with little change in performance. Further, when we apply our algorithm off-line to estimate arm trajectories from neural data recorded over five consecutive days, we find that it outperforms a static Kalman filter, even when it is re-calibrated at the beginning of each day.
Electrohydrodynamic Microfabricated Ionic Wind Pumps for Thermal Management Applications

This work demonstrates an innovative microfabricated air-cooling technology that employs an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) corona discharge (i.e., ionic wind pump) for electronics cooling applications. A single, micro fabricated ionic wind pump element consists of two parallel collecting electrodes between which a single emitting tip is positioned. A grid structure on the collector electrodes can enhance the overall heat-transfer coefficient and facilitate an IC compatible batch process. The optimized devices studied exhibit an overall device area of 5.4 mm × 3.6 mm, an emitter-to-collector gap of ~0.5 mm, and an emitter curvature radius of ~12.5 μm. The manufacturing process developed for the device uses glass wafers, a single mask-based photolithography process, and a low-cost copper-based electroplating process. Various design configurations were explored and modeled computationally to investigate their influence on the cooling phenomenon. The single devices provide a high heat-transfer coefficient of up to ~3200 W/m 2 K and a coefficient of performance (COP) of up to ~47. The COP was obtained by dividing the heat removal enhancement, ΔQ by the power consumed by the ionic wind pump device. A maximum applied voltage of 1.9 kV, which is equivalent to approximately 38 mW of power input, is required for operation, which is significantly lower than the power required for the previously reported devices. Furthermore, the microfabricated single device exhibits a flexible and small form factor, no noise generation, high efficiency, large heat removal over a small dimension and at low power, and high reliability (no moving parts); these are characteristics required by the semiconductor industry for next generation thermal management solutions.
Plaque-type syringoma: two cases misdiagnosed as microcystic adnexal carcinoma.

Background: Plaque-type syringoma is a rare variant of syringoma. This benign neoplasm may be easily misdiagnosed as microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC), potentially resulting in unnecessary surgery with disfiguring consequences. Methods: We report two cases of plaque-type syringoma that were initially diagnosed as MAC. Microscopically, these lesions were composed of nests of cuboidal cells arrayed within sclerotic collagen in the upper dermis. The deep reticular dermis was spared. No perineural involvement was observed. Results and Conclusions: Our cases are discussed in the context of histopathologic diagnosis. Detailed histopathologic findings of syringoma, as well as other considerations in the differential diagnosis, are reviewed. We also include a review of all cases of plaque-type syringoma published to date.
Endothelial cell growth supplement: a cell cloning factor that promotes the growth of monoclonal antibody producing hybridoma cells

Abstract The efficiency of endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS), a commercially marketed extract of bovine neural tissue, human endothelial cell supernatant (HECS) derived from freshly isolated endothelial cells, and feeder layers of murine peritoneal cells (PEC), were compared for their ability to support cell fusion, clonal growth, and monoclonal antibody production of murine hybridoma cells. ECGS at 25–100 μg/ml was similar to a 1:5 dilution of HECS in supporting the growth of hybridoma colonies; both ECGS and HECS were superior to PEC feeder cells. Furthermore, hybridomas cloned in ECGS produced anti-lymphotoxin antibodies. The commercial availability and stability of ECGS together with its ability to support hybridoma growth and monoclonal antibody secretion make ECGS a superior growth supplement for the fusion and growth of hybridoma cells in monoclonal antibody production.
Expected utility maximization and demand behavior

Abstract This paper extends the non-parametric approach to consumer demand analysis to the case of expected utility maximization. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a set of price-quantity pairs to be consistent with expected utility maximization, and investigate their relationship to revealed preference conditions. Extensions to incomplete markets and intertemporal resolution of uncertainty are also considered.
Rpn10 Protects the Proteasome from Dsk2

In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Matiuhin et al. (2008) reveal how the ubiquitin receptor Dsk2 becomes deleterious to cells and that it is kept in check by Rpn10, which restricts its access to the proteasome.
Global linearization and control of a mixed-culture bioreactor with competition and external inhibition

Nonlinear feedback control design is demonstrated in this study for a continuous mixed-culture biological reactor model exhibiting competition and external inhibition. The model considered describes the growth of two species in a continuous stirred tank, for which one species is sensitive to an external inhibitor, and for which both species compete for the same rate-limiting substrate. It is shown that choosing the dilution rate and the inhibitor addition rate as manipulated variables admits a global linearization transformation which can be used to construct a multivariable feedback controller. The transformed state variables are found to be the cell density of the substrate insensitive species, the log ratio of cell densities, and the net difference in specific growth rates. An extended Kalman filter is used to estimate the unmeasured states when only a single measurement of the total cell mass is available. Simulated performance of the closed-loop system appears to be satisfactory for a wide region of the phase space.
Pentobarbital-like discriminative stimulus effects of direct GABA agonists in rats

The discriminative stimulus effects of direct and indirect-acting GABAergic drugs were investigated in rats trained to discriminate 5 mg/kg pentobarbital (PB) from saline under a two-lever fixed ratio (FR) 32 schedule of food reinforcement. PB and diazepam produced dose-dependent substitution for the training dose of PB with response rate reduction only at doses above those producing full substitution. Muscimol, thiomuscimol and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo [5,4-c]-pyridin-3-ol (THIP) produced intermediate levels of pentobarbital-lever responding (40–60%), accompanied by dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding following THIP and muscimol administration. The GABAA agonist progabide and its metabolite 4-{[(4-chlorophenyl) (5-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylene]amino}] butyric acid (SL 75102) also partially substituted for PB, producing means of 39–73% PB-lever responding. The GABAB agonist, baclofen, completely failed to substitute for PB even at doses that decreased rates of responding. These results show that the discriminative stimulus effects of indirect GABAA agonists, PB and diazepam, although similar to one another, differ from those of direct GABAA receptor agonists, which produced only partial substitution for PB. The GABAB agonist, baclofen, can be distinguished by lacking any ability to substitute for PB. These results contribute to a further understanding of the similarities and differences in the behavioral effects of different types of GABA agonists.
Measurement of line widths of CO of planetary interest at low temperatures

Self-broadened, air-broadened and CO2-broadened half-widths of lines R(0) through R(16) in the CO fundamental have been measured at 100 K (self-broadening only), 200 K, 250 K and 300 K using the Ladenburg-Reiche curve-of-growth. The relation which we found previously for the nitrogen-broadened half-widths of R(0), R(8), and R(16), is shown to be valid for all of the line widths measured in the present study.
Modulation of the diurnal streamflow response by the seasonal snowcover of an alpine basin

Abstract A 10 year record of streamflow from the 8 ha Martinelli Basin in the Colorado Front Range is dominated by snowmelt-produced flows. During the main part of the May-September flow season, the flows developed a marked 24-h cycle which often accounts for more than 50% of their variance, after removal of the seasonal trend. The amplitude and phase of this cycle vary in a similar fashion each year, showing a reduced amplitude and a forward phase shift as the summer progresses. These changes are explained by the reduction in the area of snow cover and its depth during the season. The phase shift may be used to estimate a catchment-scale hydraulic conductivity for a melting snow cover, yielding values in the range 40–80 cm h −1 . These are consistent with other estimates based upon plot and laboratory studies.
Extensions of isomorphisms between affine algebraic subvarieties of ⁿ to automorphisms of ⁿ

We derive a criterion, when an isomorphism between two closed affine algebraic subvarieties in an affine space can be extended to an automorphism of the space.
Chronic 1,4-butanediol treatment in rats: cross-tolerance to γ-hydroxybutyrate and (±)-baclofen

The effects of 1,4-butanediol, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and (+/-)-baclofen on food-maintained responding in rats were assessed before, during, and after chronic treatment with 1,4-butanediol. Six weeks of treatment with 1,4-butanediol (twice daily, 320 mg/kg for 3 weeks followed by 560 mg/kg for 3 weeks) decreased sensitivity to the rate-decreasing effects of (+/-)-baclofen and GHB without changing sensitivity to 1,4-butanediol. Sensitivity to (+/-)-baclofen and GHB returned to control values 2-3 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. These data suggest that tolerance to the effects of GHB or its precursors might result from changes in GABA(B) mechanisms.
POLYMORPHISM OF THE GENE ENCODING A HUMAN MINIMAL POTASSIUM ION CHANNEL (MINK)

A gene (minK) that encodes a minimal potassium channel has been cloned recently. We describe in this paper a human minK sequence which differs from the original sequence with a single A-->G at position 112. This resulted in a change from a Ser codon (AGT) to a Gly codon (GGT) and created a new MspAI restriction site. Of the 32 alleles from 16 subjects studied, 25 had this newly discovered sequence and 7 had the previously described sequence.
Insights into the pathophysiology and management of dermatologic toxicities to EGFR-targeted therapies in colorectal cancer.

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) play an important role in the development of the skin and up-regulation of these receptors is associated with many cancer-related processes, such as inhibition of apoptosis and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Accordingly, treatment of metastatic colorectal
Laser resonators with nonuniform gain and magnification

The geometrical optics analysis of unstable resonators with nonuniform magnification is extended to include simple saturable gain with nonuniform profiles. A solution is obtained for the magnification function required for a uniform intensity profile with nonuniform gain. Also, the intensity profile for an arbitrary magnification function is derived. In the limit of zero losses, the output power seems to be a function of the output area alone, independent of the particular magnification function.
ADVERSE REACTIONS TO COSMETIC INGREDIENTS

Although most modern cosmetic and skin care products are safe for most users, a significant number of individuals experience adverse reactions. Under certain circumstances, cosmetic products can cause dermatitis, and sometimes urticaria. Cosmetics can be acnegenic and cause or aggravate acne in individuals who are susceptible. This article provides an in-depth examination of the types of reactions and their causes.
Content and Style of Radiation Risk Communication for Pediatric Patients

The diagnostic benefits of medical imaging, including CT, must be weighed against the risks of ionizing radiation and communicated effectively to patients. Health care providers requesting and performing these examinations have a shared responsibility for this risk-benefit discussion. Effective and balanced communication of these risks requires style as well as content mastery. Fundamentals of communication are similar for all patients, but special attention is needed in the pediatric setting.
Quality of evidence in studies evaluating neuroimaging for neurologic prognostication in adult patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest.

Abstract Aim Neuroimaging has been proposed as a predictor of neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. We reviewed the quality and level of evidence of the current neuroimaging literature for predicting neurologic outcome in cardiac arrest patients treated with or without therapeutic hypothermia (TH). Data Sources Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Databases were searched using the terms “cardiac arrest,” “cardiopulmonary resuscitation,” “brain hypoxia,” “brain anoxia,” “brain hypoxia-ischaemia,” “neuroimaging,” and “prognosis.” Eligible studies were reviewed and classified by level of evidence and methodological quality as defined by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). Results 928 studies were identified, 84 of which met inclusion criteria: 74 were supportive of neuroimaging to predict outcome, eight unsupportive, and two equivocal. Several studies investigated more than one imaging modality: 27 investigated computed tomography (CT), 46 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 18 alternate imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography. No randomized controlled trials were identified. Seven cohort and case control studies were identified, only one of which was graded “good” quality, two were “fair” and four were “poor.” Conclusion Neuroimaging is an evolving modality as a prognostic parameter in cardiac arrest survivors. However, the quality of the available literature is not robust, highlighting the need for higher quality studies before neuroimaging can be supported as a standard tool for prognostication in the patient population.
Reliability-based lifetime maintenance of aging highway bridges

As the nation's infrastructure continues to age, the cost of maintaining it at an acceptable safety level continues to increase. In the United States, about one of every three bridges is rated structurally deficient and/or functionally obsolete. It will require about 80 billion to eliminate the current backlog of bridge deficiencies and maintain repair levels. Unfortunately, the financial resources allocated for these activities fall extremely short of the demand. Although several existing and emerging NDT techniques are available to gather inspection data, current maintenance planning decisions for deficient bridges are based on data from subjective condition assessments and do not consider the reliability of bridge components and systems. Recently, reliability-based optimum maintenance planning strategies have been developed. They can be used to predict inspection and repair times to achieve minimum life-cycle cost of deteriorating structural systems. In this study, a reliability-based methodology which takes into account loading randomness and history, and randomness in strength and degradation resulting from aggressive environmental factors, is used to predict the time- dependent reliability of aging highway bridges. A methodology for incorporating inspection data into reliability predictions is also presented. Finally, optimal lifetime maintenance strategies are identified, in which optimal inspection/repair times are found based on minimum expected life-cycle cost under prescribed reliability constraints. The influence of discount rate on optimum solutions is evaluated.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection and determination of xanthine in xanthosine by electrochemical methods

Abstract Xanthine and xanthosine are oxidized voltammetrically at the pyrolytic graphite electrode (PGE) at different potentials. The difference between the peak potentials of xanthine and xanthosine becomes most pronounced at pH 7–8. The presence of small amounts of xanthine in xanthosine samples is readily detected by linear sweep voltammetry at the PGE by the appearance of the voltammetric peak of xanthine. Xanthine present in xanthosine can be determined by controlled potential coulometric oxidation of the xanthine. The reproducibility of the method is ± 5–10%.
Imagery: Effect of a Concealed Figure in a Stimulus

A concealed figure formed by the contours of a perceptually dominant figure influenced the content of viewers' subsequent imagery, although in describing the stimulus they showed no awareness of the concealed figure even after several exposures.
The growth, maturation and atresia of ovarian eggs in the rabbit

A study is made of the development of ovarian ova in mature rabbit does before and during various stages of pregnancy and after the injection of thyroid and anterior-pituitary-like hormones. No appreciable ovogenesis during sexual maturity was found. Nine types of ovarian follicle are distinguished according to size and degree of development. Full ovum size is reached in pre-antral follicles, and is marked by the formation of a dictyate nucleus and slight reduction in nuclear size. Full follicle size is attained much later. The nature of follicle migration in the course of development is described. Ovum migration within the follicle is found to be a consequence of the nature of the egg's attachments to the follicular epithelium. The least atresia is found in young oocytes (10%), the larger follicles showing about 60% atretic at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The hormone preparations administered affect only the largest follicles and their contained ova.
External coupling efficiency in planar organic light-emitting devices

The external coupling efficiency in planar organic light-emitting devices is modeled based on a quantum mechanical microvavity theory and measured by examining both the far-field emission pattern and the edge emission of light trapped in the glass substrate. The external coupling efficiency is dependent upon the thickness of the indium–tin–oxide layer and the refractive index of the substrate. The coupling efficiency ranges from ∼24% to ∼52%, but in general it is much larger than the 18.9% expected from classical ray optics.
Scattering of 100 MeV protons by 12C

Abstract The applicability of the distorted wave, impulse approximation to the inelastic scattering of 100 MeV protons exciting the 2 + , 4.43 MeV and 3 − , 9.6 MeV levels of 12 C was investigated and the results compared to previous analyses of experiments at 156 MeV where the impulse approximation seems to give satisfactory results. The 100 MeV elastic data were fit and calculations were performed using the collective theory of inelastic scattering to ascertain the quality of the derived optical potential and as a means to compute the 100 MeV inelastic data to the 156 MeV data. It was found that the impulse approximation at 100 MeV seemed to provide transition strengths which were weaker than was the case at 156 MeV, tentatively indicating a failure of this picture at the lower energy.
Radiation boundary conditions for acoustic and elastic wave calculations

A technique for developing radiating boundary conditions for artificial computational boundaries is described and applied to a class of problems typical in exploration seismology involving acoustic and elastic wave equations. First, one considers a constant coefficient scalar wave equation where the artificial boundary is one edge of a rectangular domain. By using continued fraction expansions, a systematic sequence of stable highly absorbing boundary conditions with successively better absorbing properties as the order of the boundary conditions increases is obtained. There follows a systematic derivation of a hierarchy of local radiating boundary conditions for the elastic wave equation. A theoretical procedure to guarantee stability at corners of the rectangular domain is worked out. A technique for fitting the discrete radiating boundary conditions directly to the difference scheme itself is proposed.
Reaching for the Brass Ring: The U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Competition

The annual U.S News & World Report ranking of the nation's academic institutions exacerbates their competitiveness. Institutions, trying to influence the rankings, alter their behavior in ways that misserve individual students and higher education as a whole. However, institutions should not use the rankings as an excuse for failing to collaborate in ways that make sense both educationally and financially. The paper suggests how USNWR rankings could encourage such collaborations.
Listric normal faulting, stress refraction, and the state of stress in the Gulf Coast basin

The close association of overpressured shales and the coincident flattening of listric normal faults has been noted and is usually explained in terms of gravity-sliding models. However, incorporation of overpressure into Mohr-Coulomb frictional-faulting theory does not predict normal faults dipping at angles less than 45°, even for very low coefficients of friction. We suggest that low-angle normal faults may form because of a rotation of the maximum principal stress away from vertical with depth. Such a rotation occurs if a significant contrast in viscosity exists between two adjacent strata, such as a normally pressured sandstone and an underlying overpressured shale or evaporite. The stress-refraction model renders the presence of a preexisting fault plane or an extremely low coefficient of friction unnecessary to explain listric fault geometry and offers a failure mechanism in agreement with frictional-faulting theory based on rheological arguments.
TNP-470 inhibits intraabdominal adhesion formation

Abstract Background/Purpose: Angiogenesis plays an integral role in wound healing and tissue remodeling. The authors hypothesized that inhibition of angiogenesis would reduce intraabdominal adhesion formation. Methods: In 98 C57BL6/J mice, a 2-cm midline laparotomy was performed and a 5 mm 2 SILASTIC® (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) patch fixed to the right side of the peritoneum. Mice were injected with normal saline (n = 54) or TNP-470, an inhibitor of angiogenesis (n = 44; 30 mg/kg every other day over 6 days before surgery until 10 days after surgery). Animals were killed on postoperative days 10, 15, 35, and 55. Adhesions to the SILASTIC® (Dow Corning) patch were scored based on their extent, type, and tenacity. Angiogenesis was quantified digitally as the area of vascularized peritoneum over the patch. Results: At day 10, when TNP-470 was stopped, the percentage of vascularized peritoneum over the patch was less in treatment animals than in controls ( P =.004). At day 35, the patch in treatment animals was completely covered by vas-cularized peritoneum, similar to controls. Adhesions in TNP-470 animals were reduced at day 10 compared with controls ( P Conclusions: Angiogenesis appears to play an important role in the development of intraabdominal adhesions, because the extent of early neovascularization correlates with adhesion formation. Perioperative treatment with TNP-470, a potent endothelial cell inhibitor, reduced vessel ingrowth over the patch and was associated with a sustained reduction in adhesion formation. J Pediatr Surg 35:189-196. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.