cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smokeless tobacco cessation in military personnel: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction Military personnel are twice as likely as civilians to use smokeless tobacco (ST). This study evaluated the efficacy of a minimal-contact ST cessation program in military personnel. Methods Participants were recruited from 24 military dental clinics across the United States during annual dental examinations. Participants were 785 active-duty military personnel who were randomly assigned to receive a minimal-contact behavioral treatment (n = 392) or usual care (n = 393). The behavioral treatment included an ST cessation manual, a videotape cessation guide tailored for military personnel, and three 15-min telephone counseling sessions using motivational interviewing methods. Usual care consisted of standard procedures that are part of the annual dental examination, including recommendations to quit using ST and referral to extant local tobacco cessation programs. Participants were assessed at 3 and 6 months after enrollment. Results Participants in the ST cessation program were significantly more likely to be abstinent from all tobacco, as assessed by repeated point prevalence at both 3 and 6 months (25.0%), and were significantly more likely to be abstinent from ST use for 6 months, as assessed by prolonged abstinence (16.8%), compared with participants in usual care (7.6% and 6.4%, respectively). Discussion These results indicate that a minimal-contact behavioral treatment can significantly reduce ST use in military personnel and has the potential for widespread dissemination. If ST users were identified in dental visits and routinely referred to telephone counseling, this could have a substantial benefit for the health and well-being of military personnel.
Effects of Channeling on Damage Production in Iron

The displacement efficiency $K(E)$ for damage production by energetic iron atoms in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ iron was computed by simulating complete elastic collision cascades in a bcc atomic array on a high-speed computer. Energies in the range $0.1l~El~30$ keV were considered. Above 1 keV, $K(E)$ decreased monotonically as a consequence of progressively more frequent knock-on channeling. Relative to their values in the low-energy, nonchanneling range, the energy-dependent displacement efficiency given by this study and that given by Sigmund's theory are in agreement. Our extrapolated $K(E)$ value at 50 keV was 0.6 that at 1 keV. Damage production by primary knock-ons, per se, was attenuated by quasichanneling. Pure channeling was observed only for higher order knock-ons. In the case of reactor irradiation, the computed $K(E)$ leads to an over-all damage reduction of 35% relative to that predicted by simple cascade theory. This indicates that the ignoration of channeling effects (crystal structure) in simple cascade theory is not totally responsible for its overestimation of damage production by at least a factor of 2.
Modeling and Simulation of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Piston Skirts Considering Elastic Deformation in the Initial Engine Start-Up

The presence of Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) film between opposing piston and liner surfaces prevents possible solid-to-solid contact and wear. This enhances engine life manifold as compared to when the EHL film is non-existent in the initial engine startup or breaks down during normal engine operation. Forced dry sliding of piston during engine cranking followed by partial lubrication in the initial engine startup leads to adhesive wear. This research investigates the possibility of an EHL film on such an occasion by considering elastic deformation of opposing piston skirt and liner surfaces due to Elasto-hydrodynamic (EHD) pressures. The geometry of piston skirts is defined and governing equations are applied to determine hydrodynamic pressures. The EHL film thickness profile generated by inverse solution technique and its expression is defined by incorporating contact geometry and EHD pressures in the piezoviscous regime. A computer code is developed and used to simulate the performance parameters and their behavior during initial engine startup. Due to critical factors such as engine speed, redial clearance between piston skirts and liner and lubricant viscosity, a time dependent 2-D EHL film profile is generated. The simulated results indicate that, despite piston eccentricities due to secondary oscillatory motion, EHL film established between the opposing piston skirts and liner surfaces prevented possible solid-to-solid contact in the entire duration of 720-degree crankshaft rotation, which corresponds to four piston strokes.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Linker Region of the Human P-glycoprotein Modulates Its ATPase Function

P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an anticancer drug-translocating ATPase, is responsible for multidrug resistance in cancer. We have previously shown (Nuti, S. L., Mehdi, A., and Rao, U. S. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 3424-3432) that tryptic cleavage of Pgp results in the activation of basal and drug-stimulated ATPase functions of Pgp. To understand this phenomenon, we determined the sites cleaved by trypsin and further examined whether the modulation of Pgp function is trypsin-specific or the result of proteolysis in general. The effects of chymotrypsin and proteinase K on Pgp ATPase function were studied. The results show that proteolysis of Pgp irrespective of the protease employed resulted in the activation of basal ATPase activity. However, drug-stimulated ATPase activities were differentially modulated. Immunoblot analysis of proteolytic digests indicated that, irrespective of the protease employed, Pgp was predominantly cleaved in the middle of the molecule. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of Pgp tryptic and chymotryptic peptides indicated Arg(680) and Leu(682) as the sites of cleavage, respectively. These two cleavage sites are part of the predicted linker region that joins the two halves of Pgp. Together, these results suggest that the linker region in Pgp is primarily accessible to protease action and that cleavage of this region modulates Pgp ATPase function.
Predator odor fear conditioning: current perspectives and new directions

Predator odor fear conditioning involves the use of a natural unconditioned stimulus, as opposed to aversive electric foot-shock, to obtain novel information on the neural circuitry associated with emotional learning and memory. Researchers are beginning to identify brain sites associated with conditioned contextual fear such as the ventral anterior olfactory nucleus, dorsal premammillary nucleus, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, cuneiform nucleus, and locus coeruleus. In addition, a few studies have reported an involvement of the basolateral and medial nucleus of the amygdala and hippocampus in fear conditioning. However, several important issues concerning the effectiveness of different predator odor unconditioned stimuli to produce fear conditioning, the precise role of brain nuclei in fear conditioning, and the general relation between the current predator odor and the traditional electric foot-shock fear conditioning procedures remain to be satisfactorily addressed. This review discusses the major behavioral results in the current predator odor fear conditioning literature and introduces two novel contextual and auditory fear conditioning models using cat odor. The new models provide critical information on the acquisition of conditioned fear behavior during training and the expression of conditioned responses in the retention test. Future studies adopting fear conditioning procedures that incorporate measures of both unconditioned and conditioned responses during training may lead to broad insights into predator odor fear conditioning and identify specific brain nuclei mediating conditioned stimulus-predator odor unconditioned stimulus associations.
Quantum Groups: A Review

The recent development of quantum groups is summarized from the point of view of quantum physics. The emphasis is on the ideas, concepts, and motivation of these new developments.
Addressing Professional Development Needs for K-12 CS: Working with Your Local CSTA Chapter (Abstract Only)

One of the greatest challenges for K-12 computer science educators is finding the opportunities and resources to stay up-to-date with the field and its pedagogical practices. Teachers often lack CS colleagues at their school, which makes the lack of professional development opportunities even more significant. As part of its commitment to developing a strong community of computer science educators, the Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA) supports the development of regional CSTA chapters. A CSTA chapter is a local branch of CSTA designed to facilitate discussion of local issues and to help connect teachers with professional development resources. This BOF will discuss existing professional development resources available to K-12 teachers, as well as providing a community building forum between high school teachers and college faculty. Attendees will be asked to share their professional development needs and desires, which will then guide the CSTA Professional Development committee in future efforts.
STABILITY OF GUAVA PUREE CONCENTRATE DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE

SUMMARY— Guava puree concentrate, containing 1000 ppm potassium sorbate, showed no gross signs of spoilage during storage for 5 months at 45°F. During this period, the initial number of yeasts (the predominant spoilage organisms) decreased steadily to an insignificant level. Flavor and aroma quality were good and did not deteriorate appreciably until the fourth month of storage. Browning of the concentrate was apparent after 2 months and became more pronounced with continued storage. The browning may be related to a rapid loss of ascorbic acid that was virtually complete after 1 month. The carotenoid level, on the other hand, remained constant during the 5-month storage period.
Extraversion: A “Hidden” Personality Factor in Coping?

Recent evidence suggests a larger role for personality determinants of the coping response than has been traditionally held. In the two studies presented here, we examined the influence of personality on the use of social support and other coping strategies in samples of undergraduate students. The first study surveyed a range of coping responses to naturally occurring stressors and found that Extraversion was related to social support seeking, optimism (identified as germane to coping in prior research) was related to problem solving, and both dispositions were negatively related to avoidance. The second study used an experimental approach and multiple personality measures to correct for possible methodological problems in the first. Extraversion again proved to be associated with help seeking; moreover, this relationship accounted for that of another disposition, self-esteem--a construct considered crucial in the literature. The utility of personality variables, particularly Extraversion, in predicting and explaining the choice of a coping strategy is discussed.
Effects of viscosity, interfacial tension, and flow geometry on droplet formation in a microfluidic T-junction

Precise control of monodisperse micron-sized liquid droplet emulsions produced in a microfluidic T-junction has far reaching implications in several mechanical, biomedical, and optical applications. This paper is an experimental study in a T-junction microfluidic device, allowing large ranges of interfacial tension between the two immiscible fluids, viscosity ratios, channel geometries, and their impact on droplet formation. Classification of the droplet formation regimes, droplet in T-junction (DTJ), droplet in channel (DC), and parallel flow (PF), is further clarified based on experiments in this study and in the literature. Our experiments show that the droplet volume decreases and the production frequency increases as the channel aspect ratio (h/w c) is increased, consistent with conservation laws. In addition, the transition flow rate ratio (Q d/Q c) for a given capillary number decreases with decreasing aspect ratio for both DTJ–DC and DC–PF transitions, with subscripts d and c referring to the dispersed and continuous phases. Larger viscosity ratios (μ d/μ c) and interfacial tension values also tend to decrease this transition flow rate ratio for a given capillary number. The viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and channel geometry have an impact on the DTJ–DC and DC–PF droplet transition regions, and a new parameter, the dimensionless interfacial tension (Ω), is used to further characterize these transition locations. Using this parameter, the channel aspect ratio, flow rate ratio, and viscosity ratio, we develop empirical correlations for predicting the DC–PF transition regions for both the squeezing and dripping regimes. These correlations predict the capillary number at which the DC–PF transition will occur with less than 8.5 % error in the dripping regime and less than 2.8 % in the squeezing regime.
High-bandwidth and high-resolution immersive interactivity

The Electronic Visualization Laboratory (EVL) at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) specializes in virtual reality (VR) and scientific visualization research. EVL is a major potential beneficiary of guaranteed latency and bandwidth promised by cell switch networking technology as the current shared Internet lines are inadequate for doing VR-to-VR, VR-to- supercomputer, and VR-to-supercomputer-to-VR research. EVL's computer scientists are working with their colleagues at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) to develop an infrastructure that enables computational scientists to apply VR, networking and scalable computing to problem solving. ATM and other optical networking schemes usher in a whole new era of sustainable high-seed networking capable of supporting telecollaboration among computational scientists and compute scientists in the immersive visual/multi-sensory domain.
Beam stability at light sources (invited)

The level of photon beam stability required in an experiment to meet measurement resolution goals depends on the experiment-specific photon phase space acceptance and the sensitivity of measurement to electron beam motion within its six-dimensional phase space. Stability time scales range from hours to microseconds, depending on experiment sampling rate, data integration period, and scan duration. Meeting these requirements at third-generation storage ring light sources can imply micron and submicroradian electron orbit stability and energy (ΔE/E) oscillation amplitudes in the part-per-million range, presenting a formidable challenge for accelerator designers. Beam stability criteria, measures taken to meet them, and achievable levels of stability in present and future light sources, are reviewed.
Two-dimensional Markov model for throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function in non ideal channel with capture effects

Wireless technologies are emerging as an important component of our daily life. Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) is the basis of IEEE 802.11 WLAN MAC protocol, which uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol and binary slotted exponential back-off scheme. DCF implementation specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard reset the contention window (CW) to minimum value upon a successful transmission. Although the newCW is minimal the congestion level goes gradually to minimum, causing the node to probably waste time and channel bandwidth going through several collisions and retransmissions before reaching a CW value corresponds to the congestion level. This paper modifies the implementation to reduce the window to half its size after a successful transmission. The paper uses analytical and simulation analysis to show throughput improvements under ideal and non-ideal channel with channel induced errors and capture effect. When compared to the standard implementation, throughput has improved for both ideal and non ideal channel.
Parathyroid carcinoma: A clinical study of seven cases of functioning and two cases of nonfunctioning parathyroid cancer

Seven cases of functioning and two cases of nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma are presented together with a general discussion of this disease. Functioning parathyroid carcinoma may be associated with prolonged survival. The morbidity and mortality from this disease are generally related to the prolonged hypercalcemia that occurs. The hypercalcemia is best treated with excision of local recurrences; however, this surgery is most often palliative and seldom curative. The best operative results were obtained when the disease could be localized preoperatively. Neck and mediastinal exploration in the absence of physical or radiographic evidence of recurrence failed to affect serum calcium levels. Two patients with non-functioning parathyroid cancer did poorly compared with those with functioning parathyroid carcinoma. The few cases reported in the literature are also suggestive of a more aggressive disease. The failure of this tumor to produce parathyroid hormone may allow it to escape clinical attention until it has achieved an advanced state.
Minimality of horospherical flows

IfN is the nilpotent constituent of an Iwasawa decomposition of the semi-simple groupG (finite center and no compact factors), it is proved thatN acts minimally onG/Γ for every uniform lattice Γ ⊆G, generalizing theorems of Hedlund and L. Greenberg.
Involution and regeneration of the thymus in mice, induced by bacterial endotoxin and studied by quantitative histology and electron microscopy.

Lipopolysaccharide from S. typhosa, injected intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice, produced acute thymic involution—maximal at 48 hours after injection, followed by regeneration that was complete within 5 to 7 days. Using tissues fixed and embedded for electron microscopy, cell counts were made with the light microscope and cytological details were examined in electron micrographs. The cellular events of involution and regeneration were similar to those produced by injection of adrenal glucocorticoids, but it remains to be determined whether or not endotoxin acts on the thymus by inciting adrenal cortical secretion. Involution appeared to be the result of both the death of small lymphocytes and reduced lymphopoiesis in the thymus. Within 48 hours, macrophages had cleared away the cellular debris and medullary epithelial cells showed signs of hypertrophy and increased putative secretory activity. Subsequently, large lymphocytes proliferated at an accelerated rate in the subcapsular cortex, the cortex grew in width by the accumulation of small lymphocytes, and regeneration ceased when the thymus had reached its former size. These observations provide circumstantial evidence for the hypothesis that in regeneration, medullary epithelial cells increase their production of a lymphopoietic hormone which stimulates mitotic proliferaton of cortical lymphocytes.
Convergent beam electron diffraction and high resolution electron microscopy of CaFeTi2O6 perovskite

Abstract A new calcium iron(II) titanate ordered perovskite, CaFeTi 2 O 6 , synthesized at 12–15 GPa and 1200–1400°C has been studied using convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) techniques. CBED and selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns confirm that CaFeTi 2 O 6 is tetragonal with a = 7.51 ± 0.02 A, c = 7.54 ± 0.02 A. The tetragonal structure is consistent with the symmetry of P 4 2 / nmc proposed on the basis of X-ray diffraction studies. A CaFeTi 2 O 6 crystal was studied at both ambient temperature and 84 K. In situ experiments show no phase transformation upon cooling. High resolution imaging and nanobeam analysis reveal three types of morphology. In addition to the major nearly perfect perovskite phase, this material contains two sizes of iron precipitates. One size class averages 4 nm in diameter and the other 15 nm in diameter. Crystalline perovskite-like domains with a high degree of disorder were also observed. The formation of this type of domain may be related to local variations of stoichiometry with considerable oxidation. The coexistence of reduced and oxidized regions in the same specimen is noteworthy, and probably indicates incomplete equilibration during high pressure synthesis.
Cognitive and motor deficits associated with HIV-2287 infection in infant pigtailed macaques: A nonhuman primate model of pediatric neuro-AIDS

Lentivirus-infected nonhuman primates exhibit behavioral and neurological pathology similar to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans and offer a means to examine the effects of lentivirus infection while controlling for confounding factors inherent in human populations. The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive and motor development in infant macaques vertically infected with HIV-2287. Subjects were 20 infant pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina); 8 controls born to uninfected dams, and 12 infants whose dams had been inoculated and infected with HIV-2287 in the third trimester of pregnancy. Eight of these pregnancies had undergone surgical procedures in the form of maternal amniotic catheters or maternal amniotic and fetal carotid artery and jugular vein catheters. Data indicated that catheterization had little or no impact on behavioral development. Seven infants were vertically infected (as measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at birth) and five were not infected (as measured by PCR and coculture on repeated testing). Infected infants attained cognitive and motor milestones at significantly later ages than controls. Uninfected infants, born to infected dams, attained developmental milestones at later ages than controls on all tasks, but this reached statistical significance only for the Fine Motor Task. Attainment of milestones was not correlated with viral dose, maternal CD4+ levels at parturition or infant viral RNA levels at birth. Attainment of milestones was negatively correlated with infants’ proportions of CD4+ lymphocytes at birth and significantly correlated with proportions of CD4+ lymphocytes 2 weeks after birth, indicating poorer performance in those infants with a more rapid CD4+ depletion. These cognitive and motor deficits closely resemble those observed in human infants and children infected with HIV and indicate that HIV-2287-infected infant macaques represent an excellent model of pediatric neuro-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (neuroAIDS).
Evaluation of Therapeutic Effectiveness Using MR Imaging in a Rabbit Model of Anterior Uveitis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to examine conditions that alter the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. Our goal was to determine if blood-aqueous barrier permeability could be similarly assessed, because MRI offers the theoretical advantage of providing quantitative data directly from inflamed uveal tissues rather than from the aqueous humor into which the inflammatory reaction spills. As an additional challenge, we sought to use MRI to measure differences between the inflamed uveal tissues of corticosteroid-treated and placebo-treated uveitic eyes. Anterior uveitis was induced in one eye of eight rabbits by subcutaneous injection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, followed after 10 days with intravitreal challenge. One rabbit of each pair was treated with topical 1% prednisolone acetate while control rabbits were treated with artificial tears. Contrast-enhanced MRI studies were performed prior to uveitis induction, one day after induction and then weekly for at least 2 weeks. MR image data were analyzed to determine percent change in peak enhancement of the ciliary body and anterior chamber. The initial rate of change of enhancement of the anterior chamber was also measured. Extensive contrast agent-induced MR image enhancement of both the anterior chamber and the ciliary processes was measured following the induction of uveitis. More rapid improvement was measured for the 1% prednisolone acetate-treated rabbit eyes (P < 0.001). MR signal enhancement data obtained from the ciliary processes proved to be the most reliable indicator of disease activity in this rabbit model of uveitis. Such data can only be obtained using MRI.
RECENT PROGRESS IN THE SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINES. A REVIEW

(1992). RECENT PROGRESS IN THE SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINES. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 583-621.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 inhibits extrarenal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human monocytes.

Vitamin D is a potent stimulator of monocyte innate immunity, and this effect is mediated via intracrine conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D). In the kidney, synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D is suppressed by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), via transcriptional suppression of the vitamin D-activating enzyme 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). We hypothesized that FGF23 also suppresses CYP27B1 in monocytes, with concomitant effects on intracrine responses to 1,25(OH)2D. Healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cell monocytes (PBMCm) and peritoneal dialysate monocyte (PDm) effluent from kidney disease patients were assessed at baseline to confirm the presence of mRNA for FGF23 receptors (FGFRs), with Klotho and FGFR1 being more strongly expressed than FGFR2/3/4 in both cell types. Immunohistochemistry showed coexpression of Klotho and FGFR1 in PBMCm and PDm, with this effect being enhanced following treatment with FGF23 in PBMCm but not PDm. Treatment with FGF23 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (Akt) pathways in PBMCm, demonstrating functional FGFR signaling in these cells. FGF23 treatment of PBMCm and PDm decreased expression of mRNA for CYP27B1. In PBMCm this was associated with downregulation of 25OHD to 1,25(OH)2D metabolism, and concomitant suppression of intracrine induced 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) and antibacterial cathelicidin (LL37). FGF23 suppression of CYP27B1 was particularly pronounced in PBMCm treated with interleukin-15 to stimulate synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. These data indicate that FGF23 can inhibit extra-renal expression of CYP27B1 and subsequent intracrine responses to 1,25(OH)2D in two different human monocyte models. Elevated expression of FGF23 may therefore play a crucial role in defining immune responses to vitamin D and this, in turn, may be a key determinant of infection in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Buoyant station mission concepts for Titan exploration

An advanced mission to this unique satellite of Saturn appropriate to the turn-of-the-century time period is described. The mission concept evolves about one or more buoyant stations (balloons and/or airship) operating at varying altitudes in Titan's atmosphere. An orbiter of Titan provides communications link support and accomplishes remote sensing science objectives. Use of buoyant stations are favored over a fixed site lander for two reasons: (1) adaptable to several possible surface physical states and topographies; and (2) capable of exploring both the atmosphere and surface with regional and possibly global mobility. Auxiliary payload concepts investigated include tethered packages and sounding rockets deployed from the buoyant station, and haze probes and surface penetrators deployed from the orbiter. The paper describes science objectives and payloads, propulsion system/mass delivery trades, balloon design requirements and deployment/motion characteristics, and communications link geometry and data characteristics.
Numerical study of chemically reacting flows using a lower-upper symmetric successive overrelaxation scheme

A new computational fluid dynamics code has been developed for the study of mixing and chemical reactions in the flow fields of ramjets and scramjets. The code employs an implicit finite-volume, lower-upper symmetric successive overrelaxation (LU-SSOR) scheme for solving the complete two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and species transport equations in a fully coupled and very efficient manner. The combustion processes are modeled by an 8-species, 14-step, finite-rate chemistry model, and the turbulence is simulated by a Baldwin-Lomax algebraic model
Stubby surfactants for stabilization of water and CO2 emulsions: Trisiloxanes

Amphiphiles of a new class, with very short and bulky CO2-philic headgroups, the trisiloxane surfactants of the form ((CH3)3SiO)2Si(CH3)(CH2)3EOnR, where EO stands for ethylene oxide, are shown to be very interfacially active at the CO2−water interface, as indicated by their effectiveness in forming and stabilizing both concentrated and dilute emulsions of water and CO2. A transition in morphology from water-in-CO2 (W/C) to CO2-in-water (C/W) emulsions is induced by manipulating the surfactant hydrophilic-to-CO2-philic balance (HCB) through variation of the number of EO groups. This inversion in morphology is in agreement with a minimum in interfacial tension at the water−CO2 interface. Microscopy and turbidimetry are used to follow the time evolution of the particle size and stability of dilute W/C emulsions. Dilute W/C emulsions formed with a trisiloxane surfactant containing seven EO groups show unparalleled stability against flocculation, indicating effective solvation of the trisiloxane group by CO2....
Reactions of 2,2-dimethylaziridine-type alkylating agents in biological systems. I. Colorimetric estimation and stability in physiological media.

Procedures were developed for the quantitative estimation of 2,2-dimethylaziridine containing alkylating agents in blood and urine. Rapid alkalinization of the biological samples, followed by protein precipitation and extraction of the compounds at high salt concentration into acetophenone, resulted in good recoveries. The use of a nonaqueous solvent (acetophenone) and the adoption of N-phenylpiperazine as the proton-accepting reagent significantly improved the sensitivity and reproducibility of the colorimetric assay with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. These improvements appear to be generally applicable to the quantitative determination of aziridine-type alkylating agents. The 2,2-dimethylaziridine agents were shown to undergo extremely rapid hydrolysis under neutral or acidic conditions and were stable only in alkaline solution. The half-lives of tris(2,2-dimethyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide, bis(2,2-dimethylaziridinyl)phosphinylurethan, and ethyl bis(2,2-dimethyl-1-aziridinyl)phosphinate in whole blood, at 37°, pH 7.38, were 7, 11, and 18 min., respectively; the corresponding half-lives in plasma were approximately four times longer.
Race, Party, and the Consequences of Restricting Early Voting in Florida in the 2012 General Election

In mid-2011, the Florida legislature reduced the state’s early voting period from fourteen days to eight and eliminated the final Sunday of early voting. We compare observed voting patterns in 2012 with those in the 2008 General Election and find that racial/ethnic minorities, registered Democrats, and those without party affiliation had significant early voting participation drops and that voters who cast ballots on the final Sunday in 2008 were disproportionately unlikely to cast a valid ballot in 2012. Florida’s decision to truncate early voting may have diminished participation rates of those already least likely to vote.
EFFECTS OF THERAPIST GENERAL SELF-DISCLOSURE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE DISCLOSURE ON RATINGS OF THE THERAPIST AND SESSION

Therapist decisions about self-disclosure depend theoretically upon both content and context, such as the quality of the therapeutic relationship. In this analogue study, 224 undergraduates viewed 1 of 3 videos for which the working alliance was described as positive or negative and in which a therapist made general self-disclosures, countertransference disclosures, or no disclosures. Interaction effects indicated that participants rated sessions as deeper and the therapist as more expert when the therapist made general disclosures compared to no disclosures, but only when the alliance was positive. When the alliance was negative, participants perceived sessions as shallower and the therapist as less expert when the therapist made either general or countertransference disclosures compared to no disclosures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Analysis of web search algorithm hits

One of the well known Web search algorithms is HITS by Kleinberg [9]. We analyze the stability of HITS, when and how much outputs of HITS depend on initial values chosen by the algorithm. More importantly, we proposed a model for a type of hyperlink structures, which have been frequently observed on the Web, and we prove that in the model a crucial technical assumption made in HITS is satisfied, and accordingly HITS works well.
Defining College Readiness from the Inside Out: First-Generation College Student Perspectives

This study provides understanding of college readiness from the perspectives of older first-generation college students who transferred from community colleges. Results indicate that life experiences contribute to academic skills, time management, goal focus, and self-advocacy. Research is recommended to improve nontraditional student advising and placement, community college-to-university transfer, and college reading instruction.
What America Needs in 2008: Educated Problem-Solving and Kitchen Table Values

AbstractGiven a set of issues like racism, sexism, poverty, gun control and ongoing international conflicts around Iraq and US foreign policy in general, America in 2008 needs a president who is equipped to effectively understand history, critically analyze present situations and clearly articulate complex solutions to complex problems. It is not just a platform or a specific position on one or two issues that is most needed. It is a person with a set of skills that enables him or her to synthesize vast amounts of information, understand the far-reaching implications of decisions made by the American president and make decisions that benefit the common good understood as broadly as possible. Along with educated problem-solving skills, the next president must also pay attention to a set of values that have been called "kitchen table values." Looking at these two elements in turn requires acknowledging where the US has been for the past eight years as evidence for where it must go in the next four or eight ...
Expression of IL-4/IL-13 receptors in differentiating human airway epithelial cells

IL-4 and IL-13 elicit several important responses in airway epithelium including chemokine secretion and mucous secretion that may contribute to airway inflammation, cell migration, and differentiation. These cytokines have overlapping but not identical effector profiles likely due to shared subunits in their receptor complexes. These receptors are variably described in epithelial cells, and the relative expression, localization, and function of these receptors in differentiated and repairing epithelial cells are not clear. We examined IL-4/IL-13 receptor expression and localization in primary airway epithelial cells collected from normal human lungs and grown under conditions yielding both undifferentiated and differentiated cells inclusive of basal, goblet, and ciliated cell phenotypes. Gene expression of the IL-4Rα, IL-2Rγc, IL-13Rα1, and IL-13Rα2 receptor subunits increased with differentiation, but different patterns of localization and protein abundance were seen for each subunit based on both differentiation and the cell subtypes present. Increased expression of receptor subunits observed in more differentiated cells was associated with more substantial functional responses to IL-4 stimulation including increased eotaxin-3 expression and accelerated migration after injury. We demonstrate substantial differences in IL-4/IL-13 receptor subunit expression and responsiveness to IL-4 based on the extent of airway epithelial cell differentiation and suggest that these differences may have functional consequences in airway inflammation.
Multiple spatio-temporal scale modeling of composites subjected to cyclic loading

This manuscript presents a multiscale modeling methodology for failure analysis of composites subjected to cyclic loading conditions. Computational homogenization theory with multiple spatial and temporal scales is employed to devise the proposed methodology. Multiple spatial scales address the disparity between the length scale of material heterogeneities and the overall structure, whereas multiple temporal scales with almost periodic fields address the disparity between the load period and overall life under cyclic loading. The computational complexity of the multiscale modeling approach is reduced by employing a meso-mechanical model based on eigendeformation based homogenization with symmetric coefficients in the space domain, and an adaptive time stepping strategy based on a quadratic multistep method with error control in the time domain. The proposed methodology is employed to simulate the response of graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Model parameters are calibrated using a suite of experiments conducted on unidirectionally reinforced specimens subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading. The calibrated model is employed to predict damage progression in quasi-isotropic specimens. The capabilities of the model are validated using acoustic emission testing.
Combined method of bladder neck closure and concomitant augmentation cystoplasty in the setting of refractory urinary incontinence.

Objective To describe the technique of concomitant bladder neck closure and augmentation cystoplasty in a 22-year-old woman with a history of bladder exstrophy and refractory urinary incontinence. This patient had prior augmentation cystoplasty and circumferential fascial urethral sling placement with continued incontinence. During closure of the bladder neck, the bladder neck was incorporated into the augmentation cystoplasty to help prevent failure of bladder neck closure. Material and Methods The patient had previously undergone augmentation cystoplasy, circumferential fascial urethral sling placement, and antegrade collagen injection of the bladder neck. Despite these interventions, she continued to have refractory urinary incontinence. Her bladder neck was closed by incorporating the bladder neck into the cystotomy and using the bladder neck as an edge of anastomosis during augmentation cystoplasty. Results The patient tolerated the procedure well. She catheterizes easily through her appendicovesicostomy and has remained continent. She has no leakage from her closed bladder neck 30 months after closure. Conclusion Incorporating the bladder neck into the cystotomy during a planned augmentation cystoplasty and bladder neck closure should be considered as an alternative to separate bladder neck closure, which can fail and can result in continued urinary incontinence.
Ten-month-old infants' retrieval of familiar information from short-term memory

Abstract The process by which 10-month-old infants retrieve information from short-term memory during a recognition task was examined in two studies. Infants' visual responses were habituated to a memory set of either one, two, or three stimuli. Following habituation, infants were tested with one of the habituation stimuli and novel stimuli, and looking times during the habituation procedure were recorded. The results from both studies indicated that looking times to familiar stimuli increased in a linear relationship as a function of the memory set size. As the number of stimuli in a memory set increased, fixation times increased at a constant rate per item. This constant memory- scanning rate was obtained across both studies, even though stimuli differed. These findings suggest that young infants can employ an item-by-item or serial scan of short-term memory when retrieving familiar information.
From Science Studies to Scientific Literacy: A View from the Classroom

The prospective virtues of using history and philosophy of science in science teaching have been pronounced for decades. Recently, a role for nature of science in supporting scientific literacy has become widely institutionalized in curriculum standards internationally. This short review addresses these current needs, highlighting the concrete views of teachers in the classroom, eschewing ideological ideals and abstract theory. A practical perspective highlights further the roles of history and philosophy—and of sociology, too—and even broadens their importance. It also indicates the relevance of a wide range of topics and work in Science Studies now generally absent from science educational discourse. An extensive reference list is provided.
Production of no-carrier added 67Cu

Abstract Copper-67 has been produced at the BLIP by 68 Zn(p, 2p) and 70 Zn(p, α) reactions with 193 MeV protons and at the HFBR using the 67 Zn(n, p) route. The effective cross-sections of nat Zn(p, 2pxn) 61,64,67 Cu reactions were measured at 200 MeV and compared with predicted values obtained from semi-empirical formulae given by Silberberg and Tsao. From these cross-sections, the fraction of 64 Cu in the final 67 Cu preparations was estimated and compared with the experimental values. A procedure has been developed consisting of electrodeposition and ion-exchange for isolation of no-carrier-added radiocopper from a Zn target. The method is adaptable for remote hot cell operation. The overall radiochemical yield of 67 Cu and the separation factors from a Zn target and other radionuclides were evaluated. The saturation yield of 67 Cu produced by the fast neutron 67 Zn(n, p) reaction and the corresponding cross-section were remeasured. Experiments have been initiated to attach 67 Cu to monoclonal antibodies for immunotherapy applications.
K μ 3 Decay: Tests for Time Reversal and the Two-Component Theory

The ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}3}$ decay is investigated with special attention to possible muon polarization normal to the decay plane [${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}({\mathrm{p}}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{p}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})$] which can be detected by observing an "up-down" asymmetry in the electron distribution in the subsequent parity-nonconserving muon decay. If the $K$ particle is spinless or is unpolarized, the presence of such polarization would indicate that invariance under time reversal is violated in the ${K}_{\ensuremath{\mu}3}$ decay. This polarization is calculated field-theoretically for the spinless $K$ particle. In addition a sensitive test for the two-component theory of the neutrino is proposed for the decay configuration in which the three decay products are collinear.
Orthogonal maximal abelian *-subalgebras of the 6×6 matrices

Abstract We construct new pairs of orthogonal maximal abelian * -subalgebras of M 6 ( C ) , by classifying all self-adjoint complex Hadamard matrices of order 6. In particular, we exhibit a non-affine one-parameter family of non-equivalent Hadamard matrices of order 6.
D-Lactic Acidosis: Pathologic Consequence of Saprophytism

In this report, we describe a 50-year-old woman with a short bowel who had recurrent episodes of weakness, ataxia, slurred speech, confusion, and nausea. D-Lactic acidosis was diagnosed on the basis of a D-lactate level of 8.2 mmol/L (normal, 0 to 0.25) obtained during an episode of confusion. D-Lactic acidosis is a potentially fatal clinical condition seen in patients with a short small intestine and an intact colon. Excessive production of D-lactate by abnormal bowel flora overwhelms normal metabolism of D-lactate and leads to an accumulation of this enantiomer in the blood. This disorder provides insight into the role of intestinal flora in human metabolism and demonstrates the manner in which altered intestinal flora can produce disease in humans. Increased awareness of D-lactic acidosis is necessary for prompt and appropriate treatment. The pathophysiology and treatment of D-lactic acidosis are reviewed.
The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease.

I. Introduction II. Insulin and Insulin Receptor A. Structures of insulin and insulin receptor B. Presence of insulin and insulin receptor in the ovary C. Insulin action and the ovary D. Summary III. IGFs and Their Receptors A. IGF peptides and receptors B. Expression of IGFs and IGF receptors in the ovary C. Role of IGFs in ovulatory function and steroidogenesis D. Summary IV. IGF-Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Proteases A. Structural relationships among IGFBPs B. IGFBP expression in the ovary C. IGFBP proteases in the ovary D. IGFBP actions in the ovary E. Role of IGFBPs in follicular development and atresia F. Summary V. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) A. Clinical features B. Theories of pathogenesis C. Insulin resistance in PCOS D. Alterations of IGFs and IGFBPs in PCOS E. Summary VI. The Insulin-Related Ovarian Regulatory System: Implications for Therapy A. Treatment of PCOS B. Therapeutic use of IGF-I and IGF-II C. Use of GH in ovulation induction VII. Summary and Conclusions
Imported malaria at an inner-city hospital in the United States.

ABSTRACT Background More than 1000 cases of malaria are reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention each year among travelers or immigrants. Methods Retrospective study of patients with malaria seen at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, between October 1988 and September 2000. Results One hundred twenty-six cases of malaria were diagnosed at Grady Memorial Hospital during the study period. Fourteen patients had seen a physician prior to coming to Grady Memorial Hospital, and in 71% the diagnosis was missed. Half had recently immigrated and half recently traveled to an endemic area, yet only 22% of travelers took prophylaxis. Plasmodium falciparum was the most commonly identified species (52.4%), followed by Plasmodium vivax (23.9%). Seventy-two patients (57.1%) required hospitalization. Presenting symptoms included fever (94%), chills (56%), nausea/ vomiting (38%), headache (26%), and abdominal pain (26%). Most patients were diagnosed correctly on the day of admission (79%). Twelve patients (16.7%) had severe malaria, and their complications included severe anemia (9.7%), acute renal failure (4.2%), bleeding and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation (4.2%), shock (2.8%), seizures (2.8%), and hypoglycemia (2.8%). One patient died, and two pregnant women had premature deliveries. Median hospital stay was 3.9 days. Onethird ofthe hospitalized patients with P vivax failed to receive primaquine, and in 15% of patients with P falciparum, the treatment was considered to be inappropriate. Conclusions Although some patients with malaria have a benign course and a good outcome, many patients require hospitalization, and some have severe complications. Increased efforts are needed to educate travelers about the need for prophylaxis.
Simulation of large-eddy structures in a turbulent boundary layer

On developpe un dispositif de commande active de l'ecoulement pour former des structures periodiques a grande echelle dans un ecoulement turbulent cisaille
Screening studies of advanced control concepts for airbreathing engines

The application of advanced control concepts to airbreathing engines may yield significant improvements in aircraft/engine performance and operability. Accordingly, the NASA Lewis Research Center has conducted screening studies of advanced control concepts for airbreathing engines to determine their potential impact on turbine engine performance and operability. The purpose of the studies was to identify concepts which offered high potential yet may incur high research and development risk. A target suite of proposed concepts was formulated by NASA and industry. These concepts were evaluated in a two phase study to quantify each concept's impact on desired engine characteristics. To aid in the evaluation, three target aircraft/engine combinations were considered: a military high performance fighter mission, a high speed civil transport mission, and a civil tiltrotor mission. Each of the advanced control concepts considered in the study were defined and described. The concept's potential impact on engine performance was determined. Relevant figures of merit on which to evaluate the concepts were also determined. Finally, the concepts were ranked with respect to the target aircraft/engine missions.