cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managerial rights, use of investment banks, and the wealth effects for acquiring firms shareholders.

Abstract We examine the relation between managerial rights in acquiring firms and the decision to use an investment bank in merger and acquisition deals, and explore whether this relation impacts the wealth effects for acquiring firms’ shareholders. We find that acquiring firms whose managers have relatively strong rights are more likely to use investment banks to facilitate deals and are more likely to use reputable banks. The wealth effects to acquiring firms are inversely related to the use of investment banks when managerial rights are relatively strong. However, the wealth loss is mitigated when acquiring firms use reputable investment banks.
Measurements and modeling of linear and nonlinear effects in striplines

We present measurements of surface impedanceZ S as a function of frequency, temperature, and rf magnetic field for high-quality epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films using a striplineresonator technique that measures theQ of the resonator vs. input power. The results have been modeled using Ginzburg-Landau theory at moderate fields, and the Bean critical state model at high fields. Good agreement has been obtained between the model and the measurements. We also discuss the current distributions in the stripline for both low power whenZ S is linear and high power whenZ S is nonlinear.
Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds as Impurities in Polystyrene Food Containers and Polystyrene Cups

Abstract Volatile organic compounds in polystyrene food containers and polystyrene cups were determined using direct headspace sampling with gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis. Compounds which were detected in polystyrene food containers and cups included 2-methy 1-2-propen-1-ol, ethylbenzene, styrene, β-methylstyrene, and trimethy 1- and tetramethylbenzenes. Individual concentrations of these impurities in the polymeric materials were estimated as 5 to 270 μg/g. Several impurities including styrene were extracted into water at 88 to 93°C within 2 to 3 minutes upon contact. VAriations in aqueous concentrations of styrene as a function of time in contact with polystyrene cups are reported here. Maximum concentrations of styrene in hot water were 35 μg/L after 15 to 20 minutes of contact of water with cups.
Effective-Spin Model for Finite-Temperature QCD

An effective-spin model for finite-temperature QCD is derived by use of a variant of the Migdal-Kadanoff renormalization group. Mean field theory and (for SU(3)) Monte Carlo simulation are applied to the model in order to find the deconfining phase transition. The results are in very good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations of the full theory. Mean field theory predicts that the deconfining transition in pure SU(N) lattice gauge theory is first order for all N> or =3.
A note on bias from proxy variables with systematic errors

Abstract An expression for bias in regression coefficients from using a proxy variable with a systematic measurement error as an explanatory variable in a regression analysis is derived. The expression for bias is shown to be related to previously published, but much less general, expressions for bias.
Three-Dimensional Effects and Collapse Resistance Mechanisms in Steel Frame Buildings

AbstractThis study investigates the robustness of a seismically designed steel moment frame building using 3-D nonlinear models. Computational simulations are carried out using validated models to investigate building response to loss of internal and external columns as well as columns in lower, middle and upper floors. Studies are conducted to gain insight into the sources of collapse resistance of the prototype building, focusing in particular on the role of composite action between the slab and underlying steel beams and slab membrane action. The simulation results suggest that the prototype building can be more vulnerable to loss of columns in the upper stories than in the lower ones and is particularly vulnerable to loss of interior gravity columns at all floor levels. The role of the slab is quantified and it is shown that it can contribute significantly to the robustness of the structure, but it is a double edge sword that can also be detrimental, especially in the final stages of collapse.
Plasma membrane structure in spermatogenic cells of the swordtail (teleostei, Xiphophorus helleri)

The plasma membrane of spermatogenic cells of the teleost Xiphophorus helleri was examined ultrastructurally and cytochemically in order to characterize the temporal development of the membrane specializations characteristic of the mature spermatozoon. Mature sperm display a mosaic distribution of Concanavalin A and Ricinus comrnunis I binding sites; the anterior region of the head displays an intense binding that is not seen in other surface regions. This asymmetric binding is evident in early spermatids and the area of lectin binding appears associated with the plasma membrane overlying the nucleus. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the plasma membrane over the anterior region of the head is characterized by an ordered glycocalyx and a tight adherence to the underlying nucleus. Additional membrane differentiations were revealed both in the midpiece region where a “submitochondrial net” is attached to the plasma membrane and at the base of the axoneme where the plasma membrane possesses a “collar-like” arrangement of circumferential rings. The possible functions of these differentiations, as well as their correlation to differentiations seen in sperm of other animal groups, are discussed.
Genesis: Rocks, Minerals, and the Geochemical Origin of Life

Life arose on the young Earth as a natural chemical process. More than half a century of experimental research has underscored the dynamic interactions of atmosphere, oceans, and rocks that fostered this ancient transition from geochemistry to biochemistry. Researchers on the origin of life now conclude that rocks and minerals must have played key roles in virtually every phase of life’s emergence—they catalyzed the synthesis of key biomolecules; they selected, protected, and concentrated those molecules; they jump-started metabolism; and they may even have acted as life’s first genetic system.
The Rise of the Social Development Model: Institutional Construction of International Technology Organizations, 1856–1993

of the ITO population, the social development model has risen rapidly over time in comparison with the industrial and professional models. Rationalistic political theories, which tend to treat international organizations as negotiated arrangements among nation-states or interest groups, locate organizational changes in the power capabilities and interest calculation of such actors. These theories do not explain this historical change among ITOs. Building upon the constructivist approach and sociology's institutionalism, this study emphasizes ITOs as constructed by world cultural norms. I propose that the rise of a liberal and rationalized world regime of development in the post-World War II era affected the popularity of different ITO models by supplying a new norm for technology. Data were collected for the population of ITOs established between 1856 and 1993, and the impact of the main forces on the rise of the social development model was formally tested with event-history methods. The study demonstrates the importance of world cultural norms in shaping the evolving field of ITOs.
Computerized behavioral-data collection and analysis for improved clinical outcomes in rehabilitation

Medical rehabilitation seeks change in patient behavior. Because of the variability in behavior across individuals and the uncertainty of clinical outcomes, an appropriate model for clinical intervention across the rehabilitation disciplines is single-case design. Therefore, the rehabilitation process can be facilitated by data collection and analysis tools similar to those used in the experimental analysis of behavior. We describe a system of computerized tools for the measurement and control of parts of this clinical process.
An early detection protocol for invasive fungal sinusitis in neutropenic patients successfully reduces extent of disease at presentation and long term morbidity

Objectives: To evaluate a multidisciplinary early intervention protocol for invasive fungal sinusitis (IFS) in neutropenic patients and its effect on degree of tissue involvement at time of presentation and effect on morbidity and mortality. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: A chart review was performed for cases of acute fulminant IFS in neutropenic patients at Emory University Hospital from 1995 to 2007. Inclusion required tissue diagnosis of IFS, neutropenia, and adequate records of the following: tissue involvement at presentation, number and extent of surgical procedures performed, morbidity, and mortality. Group 1 included patients prior to 2001, and group 2 included patients after protocol initiation in 2001. The groups were compared for the number of tissue sites involved at presentation, number of surgical procedures performed, long-term morbidity, and mortality. Results: Twenty-eight cases of IFS were identified. The average number of sites involved at presentation was 2.5 in group 1 and 1.5 in group 2 (P = .059). The average number of procedures was 2.2 in group 1 and 1.0 in group 2 (P = .026). Long-term morbidity occurred in 43% (6/14) of group 1 patients compared with 7.1% (1/14) of group 2 patients (P = .029). Mortality from IFS was 7.1% in group1 and 7.1% in group 2. Conclusions: IFS requires early diagnosis and treatment for optimum outcome. A protocol of early intervention for neutropenic patients is effective in early detection of IFS with fewer sites of involvement at diagnosis, fewer surgeries, and less long-term morbidity. No difference in survival was found, as this is more a factor of the underlying cause of the neutropenia. Laryngoscope, 119:180–183, 2009
Why Corporations Sponsor the Olympics

Abstract This study reports results of a survey of the top category of sponsors of the Atlanta Summer Olympics in 1996. Results suggest that the growing investment in sponsorship of Olympics is motivated by a multitude of objectives such as information, imagery, signaling, and generation of trial and sales. Sponsors also want to reach several clienteles including consumers, trade clients, investors, and community through the sponsorship of the Summer Olympics.
Differentially Private Publishing of High-dimensional Data Using Sensitivity Control

In this paper, we present DPSense, an approach to publish statistical information from datasets under differential privacy via sensitivity control. More specifically, we consider the problem of publishing column counts for high-dimensional datasets, such as query logs or the Netflix dataset. The key challenge is that as the sensitivity is high, high-magnitude noises need to be added to satisfy differential privacy. We explore how to effectively performs sensitivity control, i.e., limiting the contribution of each tuple in the dataset. We introduce a novel low-sensitivity quality function that enables one to effectively choose a contribution limit while satisfying differential privacy. Based on DPSense, we further propose an extension to correct the under-estimation bias, which we call DPSense-S. Experimental results show that our proposed approaches advance the state of the art for publishing noisy column counts and for finding the columns with the highest counts. Finally, we give the analysis and discussion for the stability of DPSense and DPSense-S, which benefits from the high correlation between quality function and error, as well as other insights of DPSense, DPSense-S, and existing approaches.
Calcium Ion Concentration in Milk, Whey, and β-Lactoglobulin as Influenced by Ionic Strength, Added Calcium, Rennet Concentration, and Heat

Abstract Employing a calcium-sensitive electrode to estimate the calcium activity, additions of up to 2.5 mmoles of CaCl 2 /liter of milk resulted in a linear response curve with about one-third of the added calcium remaining in the ionic state. The addition of rennet to milk resulted in a decrease in calcium ion concentration until coagulation occurred, at which time the calcium ion concentration in the curd-whey mixture gradually rose. β -Lactoglobulin heated at 65 or 75C for 30min did not bind more calcium than an unheated specimen. The 75C treatment caused an increase in optical density which was greater at higher levels of added calcium. Samples heated at 65C showed no such increase in optical densitv.
Simulation of GaAs IMPATT diodes including energy and velocity transport equations

Simulations have been performed of GaAs hybrid double-drift IMPATT diodes at 60 and 94 GHz using a transport model which includes equations for the average per-carrier velocity and energy. These equations are obtained from the second and third velocity moments of the Boltzmann transport equations, respectively. The relaxation-time formulation is used to characterize the collision terms. Simulations were also carried out for the same structures using the standard drift-diffusion transport model. It was found that inclusion of the energy-velocity equations significantly modifies the predicted carrier transport behavior and results in somewhat better RF performance under large-signal conditions than that predicted by the drift-diffusion simulation.
Interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure, nitric oxide, and oxidants/antioxidants in the rat heart

Many individuals with cardiovascular diseases undergo physical conditioning with or without medication. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction of exercise training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure (BP) and changes in cardiac nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidants in rats. Fisher 344 rats were divided into four groups treated as: (1) sedentary control, (2) exercise training for 8 weeks, (3) nitroglycerin (15 mg/kg, s.c. for 8 weeks), and (4) training+nitroglycerin for 8 weeks. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), BP, and heart rate (HR) were monitored weekly for 8 weeks. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after last treatments, hearts isolated, and analyzed. Physical conditioning significantly increased RER, cardiac NO levels, and endothelial eNOS protein expression. Training significantly enhanced cardiac glutathione (GSH) levels, GSH/GSSG ratio, and the up-regulation of cardiac copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), manganese (Mn)-SOD, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and protein expression. Training also caused depletion of cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls with a significant increase in RER without any change in BP and HR. Chronic nitroglycerin administration significantly increased cardiac NO levels and eNOS protein expression. Nitroglycerin administration significantly enhanced cardiac Mn-SOD, CAT, and GST activities, and protein expression with decreased MDA levels and BP. Interaction of training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment increased cardiac NO levels with enhanced eNOS and iNOS protein expressions, GSH/GSSG ratio, and the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes. This interaction normalized BP and HR and increased RER. The data suggest that the interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment resulted in the maintenance of BP and RER by up-regulating the antioxidants and NO levels and by reducing the oxidative stress in the rat heart.
Spectral analysis in quality control: a control chart based on the periodogram

Variations in manufacturing processes are expected to fluctuate around a constant level called the process mean. This article is concerned with the development of a control chart that detects cycles in the process mean. The new control chart, the spectral control chart, is based on the periodogram. The value plotted at each point in time is the ratio of the largest periodogram ordinate to the average of all ordinates. When an observation falls above the prescribed control limit, an out-of-control signal is given. The spectral control chart is compared with the Shewhart and geometric moving average charts. Data obtained from Monte Carlo simulations show that the spectral control chart is superior for detecting cyclic variations but that it is not effective for detecting shifts in the process mean. Thus the spectral control chart should be used along with existing control charts so that both shifts and cycles in the process mean can be detected.
The Price Performance on the Futures Market of a Nonstorable Commodity: Live Beef Cattle

Cash cattle prices are found to be more accurate indicators of subsequent cash cattle price conditions than are the futures prices for distant contracts. This apparent relative inability of futures prices for live beef cattle to reflect later spot prices is becoming more pronounced over time.
Structure, Bonding, and Properties of CaZn1-xCdxSn and CaSn0.5Ge1.5

CaZnSn, the end member of the CaZn[sub 1-x]Cd[sub x]Sn series, crystallizes in the LiGaGe structure type, an ordered ternary version of CaIn[sub 2] (space group P6[sub 3]mc, Z = 2, a = 4.621(2) [angstrom], c = 7.643(2) [angstrom]). Alternating Zn and Sn form puckered hexagonal layers that are interconnected by 0.40 [angstrom] longer Zn-Sn bonds (around intercalated Ca) to form a distorted wurtzite-like framework. This structure is retained through x = 0.75. The other member, CaCdSn, has the Fe[sub 2]P structure type (space group P62m, Z = 4, a = 7.6319(5), c = 4.6996(4) [angstrom]) and consists of two kinds of augmented trigonal prisms of Ca and Cd centered by different Sn atoms. CaSn[sub 0.52(2)]Ge[sub 1.48(2)] crystallizes in the P6[sub 3]mc space group (a = 4.117(1), c = 10.300 (3) [angstrom]) and has the KSnAs structure, with puckered ordered layers of Sn and Ge separated by calcium. The composition is the tin-rich limit of stability. The CaZn[sub 1[minus]x]Cd[sub x]Sn phases for x = 0, 0.25, 0.50 are weak Pauli paramagnets and metals ([approximately]50 [mu][Omega][center dot]cm at 290 K). Distortions of the hexagonal wurtzite-based matrix by the inserted Ca are thought to be responsible for this unexpected result. CaCdSn and CaSn[submore » 0.5]Ge[sub 1.5] are diamagnetic although the former shows a nearly temperature-independent resistivity of [approximately]35 [mu][Omega][center dot] cm.« less
An improved correlation for turbulent drag reduction in dilute polymersolutions

The model for turbulent drag reduction in dilute polymer solutions developed by Darby and Chang (1984), and modified by Darby et al. (1989) has been further refined to significantly improve its ability to represent data for a variety of polymer solutions over a wide range of conditions. It is also shown how the rheological parameters in the model can be obtained from two or three data points for turbulent flow, in lieu of laminar viscometric measurements. This technique is applied to a wide variety of turbulent drag reduction data taken from the literature to demonstrate the general applicability of the model. The model is also shown to be consistent with Virk's maximum drag reduction asymptote (Virk, 1975) in the high Reynolds number limit. On a raffine le modele de Darby et Chang (1984) modifie par Darby et al. (1989) pour la reduction de la traǐnee turbulente dans des solutions de polymeres diluees afin d'ameliorer de facon significative sa capacite de representation des donnees pour diverses solutions de polymeres dans une vaste gamme de conditions. On montre egalement comment les parametres rheologiques dans le modele peuvent ětre obtenus a partir de deux ou trois points de donnees pour un ecoulement turbulent a la place de mesures viscometriques laminaires. Cette technique est appliquee a une vaste gamme de donnees de reduction de traǐnee turbulente extraites d'articles publies afin de demontrer l'applicabilite generale du modele. On montre egalement que le modele concorde avec l'asymptote de reduction de traǐnee maximum de Virk (Virk, 1975) dans la limite des nombres de Reynolds eleves.
Thermoregulation of Phenylketonuric Children

Extract: Children with untreated phenylketonuria exhibited abnormalities in their thermoregulatory defenses against heat and cold. At 37°, they sweated minimally, but displayed normal cutaneous vasodilatation. At 8°, they shivered and vasoconstricted normally, yet failed to maintain core temperature. 3-Methoxy, 4-hydroxy-D-mandelic acid (vanmandelic acid, VMA) excretion (at 26°) was more depressed than that of 5-hydroxy-3-indolylacetic acid (5-HIAA) in these subjects. The apparent imbalance between these amines could account, according to the monoamine hypothesis of temperature regulation, for their deficient sweating in 37°, thereby implicating norepinephrine as a possible central transmitter in the sudomotor response of man to heat. On the other hand, the inadequate heat conservation observed at 8° probably was caused by unfavorable physical characteristics, e.g., higher surface area to weight ratio, or smaller subcutaneous insulation. Speculation: The present findings suggest a possible involvement of norepinephrine and serotonin in the hypothalamic control of body temperature in man, in that the balance between these monoamines may regulate sudomotor, but not vasomotor, responses to heat.
Simultaneous Optimization of Beams and Their Elastic Foundations for Minimum Compliance

Non uniform beams on non uniform foundations are considered. The beams have sandwich cross sections with cores of negligible stiffness and are subjected to a uniformly distributed load. The total volume of the beam and the total stiffness of the foundation are specified. Both the sectional area of the beam and the stiffness distribution of the foundation are design functions
Are residents willing to discuss spirituality with patients

Family medicine is redefining itself in the wake of the Future of Family Medicine Project, the move to the Patient-Centered Medical Home, and the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act’s emphasis on primary care. This effort has included representing family doctors as physicians who “care for the whole person” and who “specialize in you.” Many patients believe that whole person care involves attention to spirituality and wish to share their beliefs in the medical encounter. This national survey investigated whether a random sample of family medicine residents were willing to address spirituality upon patient request. With varying degrees of willingness, most doctors said that they would discuss patient beliefs if asked. Denominational preference, residency training in addressing spirituality, and self-rated spirituality were all predictive of the strength of reported willingness. These results indicate that training in addressing spirituality may create residents more likely to discuss the topic in clinical practice.
Structural basis for drug and substrate specificity exhibited by FIV encoding a chimeric FIV/HIV protease.

A chimeric feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) protease (PR) has been engineered that supports infectivity but confers sensitivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) PR inhibitors darunavir (DRV) and lopinavir (LPV). The 6s-98S PR has five replacements mimicking homologous residues in HIV PR and a sixth which mutated from Pro to Ser during selection. Crystal structures of the 6s-98S FIV PR chimera with DRV and LPV bound have been determined at 1.7 and 1.8 A resolution, respectively. The structures reveal the role of a flexible 90s loop and residue 98 in supporting Gag processing and infectivity and the roles of residue 37 in the active site and residues 55, 57 and 59 in the flap in conferring the ability to specifically recognize HIV PR drugs. Specifically, Ile37Val preserves tertiary structure but prevents steric clashes with DRV and LPV. Asn55Met and Val59Ile induce a distinct kink in the flap and a new hydrogen bond to DRV. Ile98Pro→Ser and Pro100Asn increase 90s loop flexibility, Gln99Val contributes hydrophobic contacts to DRV and LPV, and Pro100Asn forms compensatory hydrogen bonds. The chimeric PR exhibits a comparable number of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic contacts with DRV and LPV as in the corresponding HIV PR complexes, consistent with IC50 values in the nanomolar range.
Forward genetics studies of seed phytic acid

Both the chemical composition and total amount of seed phosphorus (P) are important to the end-use quality of cereal and legume seed crops. The chemistry of seed total P largely revolves around the synthesis and storage of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate). Forward genetics research, beginning with the isolation of low phytic acid (lpa) mutants, has led to the identification of genes important to phytic acid synthesis and transport in seeds. Lpa mutations have been isolated in maize (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)), and chromosomal mapping has identified as many as six non-allelic loci in a single species (barley). These recessive alleles have been used to breed low-phytate cultivars, inbreds, and hybrids, and these have subsequently been used in biological, agronomic, and nutritional studies. One interesting finding is that homozygosity for recessive alleles of barley lpa1, not only reduced seed phytic acid by about 50%, but also seed total P by about 15%. The "low seed total P" trait would be useful when grains or grain products are used for biofuel production or in feeds used in dairy or beef production. Future work will continue to study the genetics and biology of seed phytic acid, but even greater opportunity exists for progress in the genetics of seed total P. The beauty of forward genetics in this area of research and in other areas of plant biology is its potential as a tool of discovery.
Neurotrophins Cause a New Sensation

Despite the fact that NGF was discovered more than 40 years ago, an understanding of neurotrophin regulation of sensory functions is only now emerging. Strong evidence links NGF to regulation of pain transmission, both in mediating acute responses to inflammation and other noxious stimuli and in regulating gene expression that may lead to chronically enhanced nociceptor transmission (14xLewin, G.R and Mendell, L.M. Trends Neurosci. 1993; 16: 353–359Abstract | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (397)See all References, 16xMcMahon, S.B, Bennett, D.L.H, Priestley, J.V, and Shelton, D.L. Nature Med. 1995; 1: 774–780Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (314)See all References). From a clinical standpoint, this powerful regulation of nociception is likely to become the most important pharmacological action of this family of molecules. Studies of neurotrophin regulation of other sensory modalities are only beginning. The continued expression of NT-3 by muscle spindles in adult animals suggests the potential for regulation of proprioceptive function by NT-3. The study of Airaksinen et al. now suggests tactile sensation as an additional target for NT-3 regulation. We will look forward to future studies that will further clarify the roles of neurotrophins in sensory physiology.
JUDGMENT AGGREGATION AND SUBJECTIVE DECISION-MAKING*

I present an original model in judgment aggregation theory that demonstrates the general impossibility of consistently describing decision-making purely at the group level. Only a type of unanimity rule can guarantee a group decision is consistent with supporting reasons, and even this possibility is limited to a small class of reasoning methods. The key innovation is that this result holds when individuals can reason in different ways, an allowance not previously considered in the literature. This generalizes judgment aggregation to subjective decision situations, implying that the discursive dilemma persists without individual agreement on the logical constraints. Notably, the model mirrors the typical method of choosing political representatives, and thus suggests that no voting procedure other than unanimity rule can guarantee representation that reflects electorate opinion. Finally, I apply the results to a normative argument for unanimity rule in contract theory and juries, as well as to problems posed for deliberative democratic theory and the concept of representation.
Differential diagnosis of dementing diseases

Evaluation of the cognitively impaired patient necessitates documentation of dementia, with the help of standard and robust neuropsychological tests, followed by identification of focal, multifocal, or subcortical neurological signs which help differentiate the most common dementing diseases. The usual diagnostic dilemma is to distinguish Alzheimer’s disease from circulatory dementia. Until recently, Alzheimer’s disease was considered a diagnosis of exclusion, with confirmation only by pathological examination. Invasive tests, such as lumbar puncture for protein markers or skin biopsy for genetic markers, may aid in the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer’s. Noninvasively determined information which may provide diagnostic clues includes family history of dementia and fingerprint patterns. Circulatory dementia need not be confined to multi-infarct dementia, but may also include dementia accompanying cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease. Features associated with circulatory dementia include remote history of urinary and gait disturbances, ear hair growth, and “infarcts” on MRI and CTT. Although the significance of “infarcts” on MRI is unclear, they are associated with high Hachinski ischemic score, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. “Infarcts” on MRI are more sensitive, but less specific, than “infarcts” on CTT, in diagnosing circulatory dementia. Techniques of decision analysis can help determine the diagnostic utility of the Hachinski score and its components, as well as of imaging techniques and other diagnostic aids, in differential diagnosis. In drug trials for Alzheimer’s, where maximum sensitivity in the diagnosis of circulatory dementia is needed to exclude inappropriate subjects, the MRI is the imaging procedure of choice. Conversely, drug trials for circulatory dementia should use the CTT to enhance specificity. In the absence of specific therapeutic intervention, either procedure may be used, as overall diagnostic utility of the CTT and MRI, as determined by the Brier score, is comparable.
Cholinergic nerve development in fetal lung.

Abstract Cholinergic nerve development in rat fetal lung can be monitored effectively using acetylcholine esterase histochemical staining techniques on frozen sections. Neuroblasts were detected first by these techniques on fetal Day 13 in the indifferent mesenchyme surrounding the trachea. Subsequently, they migrated to the level of the third tracheal branch and matured progressively to ganglia. Neither nerve fibers, ganglia, nor nerve endings of cholinergic variety were detected further in the periphery of the lung. Neuroepithelial cells with lightly staining cytoplasmic acetylcholine esterase-positive granules were first seen on Day 17, after which they were found along the epithelial lining of the entire tracheobronchial tree. These epithelial cells may be potential intrapulmonary chemoreceptors.
Case report: Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Summary A case report is presented in which a professional football player, who was 4 years status post anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with autogenous patellar tendon, ruptured his graft. The contralateral patellar tendon was not available as a graft because of a more recent ACL reconstruction using that autogenous patellar tendon. This case reports the use of a previous donor site for supplying a patellar tendon autograft. Biopsy of the donor graft was consistent with normal tendon. The use of a healed patellar tendon donor site is a viable option for revision anterior cruciate reconstructive surgery. This option prevents the possibility of disease transmission with use of an allograft. We have shown grossly and histologically that the donor site has the potential to regenerate to tissue that has the appearance of normal tendon. This option could be available for revision surgery, but would not be recommended if the initial surgery was
The Educational Experiences of Street-Life-Oriented Black Boys: How Black Boys Use Street Life as a Site of Resilience in High School:

This Participatory Action Research (PAR) project worked with four active street-life-oriented Black men to document how a community sample of street-life-oriented Black boys between the ages of 16 and 19 frame and use “street life” as a site of resilience inside schools. Qualitative data were collected in the form of written responses on 156 surveys, 10 individual interviews, and one group interview. Data were primarily collected inside the street communities of Harlem, New York City and Paterson, New Jersey. Qualitative findings reveal the young men, overall, hold positive views of formal education and its significance in their lives. Yet they hold negative attitudes regarding previous and current educational experiences. Also, results demonstrate the young men ultimately position their street orientation as an adaptive identity to have inside schools.
The Twelfth-Century Story of Daniel for Performance by Hilarius: An Introduction, Translation, and Commentary

This article introduces Hilarius’s underappreciated work Historia de Daniel Representanda [The Story of Daniel for Performance] to a wider readership by translating it into English for the first time. It summarizes what is known about the play’s author, sources, and manner of performance. Hilarius’s play is thematically complex, depicting the opposition between secular and spiritual kingship in ways that echo how medieval exegetes interpreted Daniel’s adventures at Belshazzar’s feast and in the lions’ den (Dan. 5–6) as prefigurations of the sacrament of the Eucharist. This work therefore represents a significant artistic achievement worthy of attention in its own right, not merely as the poor cousin of the Beauvais Ludus Danielis.
GROUP COMPARISONS FOR THE TEST OF STANDARD WRITTEN ENGLISH

Group comparisons for male, female, majority, and minority students were conducted for the Test of Standard Written English (TSWE). Data for two academic years and from 18 different institutions were analyzed by pooling data across institutions within each of the academic years. Analyses of data from the first academic year focused on relationships between TSWE scores and grades. Analyses of the second academic year focused on relationships between TSWE scores and scores on graded writing samples. No important group differences in traditional correlational analyses for either grade or essay prediction were observed. No important group differences were observed in either correlational analyses or regression analyses of the second year essay data. Analyses of correct and incorrect placement decisions (hits and misses) at specific TSWE cut-off scores revealed no noteworthy group differences whether outcomes were based on English course grades or on freshman year writing performance. Whether grades or essays were used as the outcome, the proportion of incorrect decisions (misses) was less for minority students than for any of the groups. For all groups, the TSWE appeared to predict freshman year writing performance as well as or better than pre-course writing samples, high school English grades, or high school rank in class.
First Report of Plantago asiatica mosaic virus in Imported Asiatic and Oriental Lilies (Lilium hybrids) in the United States

Asiatic and Oriental hybrid lilies (Lilium sp., Liliaceae) are bulbous ornamentals valued for their flowers. Bulbs of several varieties of each lily type, imported from the Netherlands, were purchased in spring 2013 from retail nurseries and grown in a cool greenhouse; additional bulbs were obtained in 2014. After flowering in 2013, but prior to leaf senescence, necrotic streaking was observed in midstem leaves of several plants. RNA extracted from leaves of several individual plants was subjected to reverse-transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using NSNC-odT primed cDNA and PCR with primers PxDeg/BNSNC or potyS/BNSNC to amplify potexvirus/carlavirus and potyvirus products respectively (2,3,4). Sequencing of a c. 1.7-kb PCR product from one lily identified Lily symptomless virus (LSV). Mechanical inoculation of pooled lily leaf samples to Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and Chenopodium quinoa (not hosts of LSV) yielded chlorotic or necrotic local lesions on C. quinoa and systemic mo...
Metamorphism of the ca. 3800 Ma supracrustal rocks at Isua, West Greenland: implications for early Archaean crustal evolution

A detailed mineralogical and petrological study has been carried out on samples from two clastic metasedimentary lithologies from the ∼ 3800 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt, West Greenland. Semipelitic to pelitic “garnet-biotite schist” contains the limiting AKFM assemblage: muscovite-biotite-garnet-staurolite (+ quartz + plagioclase + ilmenite), whereas “muscovite-biotite gneiss”, derived from felsic volcanogenic graywacke, locally contains kyanite (+ quartz+ plagioclase + Ca-, Mn-rich garnet). Temperatures calculated from Fe-Mg partitioning between coexisting garnet- biotite indicate equilibration for garnet coresat T ∼550°C, and ∼460°C for garnet rims. We interpret the higher T as a minimum estimate for prograde regional metamorphism which we argue occurred before 3600 Ma, whereas the lower T reflects later retrogression as indicated by the development of chlorite ± sericite in many samples. The presence of kyanite as the stable aluminosilicate polymorph, combined with phase assemblage data, indicate P ∼5 kbar during prograde metamorphism, and a depthof burial of at least 15 km. The Isua supracrustals are the oldest comprehensively dated rocks on Earth, and the metamorphic mineral assemblages reported here constitute the earliest direct record of thermal regimes in Archaean crust. Therefore, characterization of the metamorphic history of the Isua region places an important constraint on models of early Earth history. Our data and observations indicate that prograde regional metamorphism at Isua occurred at conditions which are considered “normal” for an orogenic system, with a metamorphic thermal gradient ∼35°C/km. Moreover, our results contraindicate the universal occurrence of “thin” Archaean crust and excessively “steep” crustal thermal gradients as proposed by some investigators. Such conclusion appears at odds with estimates for higher terrestrial heat production during the early Archaean, but can be resolved by appealing to more rapid convection and generation of oceanic crustas a means of dissipating “excess” heat from the Earth's interior, as opposed to conduction through the crust.
Atopaxar: a review of its mechanism of action and role in patients with coronary artery disease

Platelet activation and aggregation is a complex and key process in thrombus formation after the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque, which can lead to an acute coronary syndrome. Aspirin, an irreversible inhibitor of thromboxane A(2) synthesis, in combination with an inhibitor of P2Y(12) ADP platelet receptors (clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor), represents the current standard of care of antiplatelet therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome and in those patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite the benefit of these agents, the risk of thrombotic events and bleeding complications may still occur while on such antiplatelet treatment regimens, thus representing an important limitation. Thrombin is one of the most important platelet activators. The inhibition of thrombin-mediated platelet activation by means of protease-activated receptor-1 inhibitors represents an attractive therapeutic option for patients with atherothrombotic disease processes. This article provides an overview on atopaxar (E5555), an orally active protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist that has recently completed Phase II clinical investigation.
On unwrapping two-dimensional phase data in contour maps

Abstract A computer algorithm has been discovered for unwrapping two-dimensional phase data and producing perfect contour maps without holes or dark bands of erroneous contour lines. The method employs local, temporary unwrapping within single grid squares of rectangularly sampled data, and the addition of extra contour levels outside of the 0 to 2π range.
A Low Coupling Impedance Double Helix Structure for Use in a Ferrite Kicker Magnet

In a machine such as the CBA, the ejection ferrite kicker magnet has a very large longitudinal and transverse coupling impedance which could destroy the beam. Using a double helix structure that surrounds the beam, the beam induced fields are confined within the helix and, therefore, decoupled from the kicker; but at the same time the helix is transparent to the external fields of the kicker. At first, this may seem paradoxial that the helix is opaque to the fields generated inside the structure by the beam and simultaneously transparent to the external fields generated by the kicker.
Perioperative outcomes of thoracoscopic anatomic resections in patients with limited pulmonary reserve.

Background Preoperative pulmonary function tests are used to assess operability for either lobectomy or pneumonectomy. Current guidelines for defining high-risk patients for anatomic lung resection on the basis of these tests were developed in the era of open thoracotomy. We studied the outcomes of such high-risk patients after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical resections to assess the performance of these guidelines. Methods Records of all patients who underwent anatomic resection from 2001 to 2009 at a single institution were queried for pulmonary function and perioperative outcomes. Patients with predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second or predicted postoperative lung carbon dioxide diffusing capacity less than 40% were considered to have limited pulmonary reserve. Perioperative outcomes of patients with limited pulmonary reserve who underwent thoracoscopic resection were documented and compared with those of similar patients who underwent open resection. Results Of 600 patients assessed, 70 had limited pulmonary reserve according to our criteria. Forty-seven of them underwent thoracoscopic resection. This cohort had excellent outcomes, with mortality of 2.1%, pneumonia rate of 4.3%, and discharge independence rate of 95.7%. Relative to contemporary patients undergoing open resection (N = 23, including 12 conversions), patients undergoing thoracoscopic resection had lower incidence of pneumonia (4.3% vs. 21.7%, P Conclusions Patients with marginal lung function tolerate thoracoscopic anatomic resection well. Reassessment of the traditional pulmonary function test guidelines for operability is warranted in the current era of thoracoscopic lung surgery.
Relative importance of thrombin compared with plasmin-mediated platelet activation in response to plasminogen activation with streptokinase.

BACKGROUNDPlatelet activation occurs in vivo during pharmacologic thrombolysis and may contribute to recurrent thrombosis. Plasmin does not directly activate platelets except at high concentrations; thus, the mechanisms for platelet activation during thrombolysis remain undefined. Increases in thrombin activity also occur in patients treated with fibrinolytic agents and may contribute to activation of platelets. We have shown that one mechanism for increased thrombin activity is activation of the coagulation system by plasmin.METHODS AND RESULTSIn the present study we sought to determine whether activation of platelets in response to pharmacologic activation of plasminogen in plasma is due primarily to plasmin or mediated by increased thrombin activity. Platelet-rich citrated plasma (PRP) was recalcified and incubated with 1,000 IU/ml of streptokinase or 1.0 caseinolytic units/ml of plasmin. Concentrations of fibrinopeptide A, a marker of thrombin activity, increased markedly over 10 minutes in plasma inc...
Retrieval of Sweet Objects by Norway Rats in Relation to Object Surface Properties and Deprivation

Abstract These experiments examined object retrieval by Norway rats based on sweetness to better understand its relation to food hoarding. In Experiment 1, sweet and nonsweet objects were encased in gelatin capsules, giving them a hard surface like that of food pellets and making consumption more difficult. A retrieval preference for sweet objects emerged, and retrieval could occur without immediate consumption. Under ad lib feeding rats also retrieved sweet objects in preference to food pellets. Experiments 2 and 3 paired sweet objects with food pellets as well as less-sweet objects under deprivation conditions. The preference for sweet objects over pellets was maintained under mild deprivation, but at
Optimization of the design and operation of FAIMS analyzers.

Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) holds significant promise for post-ionization separations in conjunction with mass-spectrometric analyses. However, a limited understanding of fundamentals of FAIMS analyzers has made their design and operation largely an empirical exercise. Recently, we developed an a priori simulation of FAIMS that accounts for both ion diffusion (including anisotropic components) and Coulomb repulsion, and validated it by extensive comparisons with FAIMS/MS data. Here it is corroborated further by FAIMS-only measurements, and applied to explore how key instrumental parameters (analytical gap width and length, waveform frequency and profile, the identity and flow speed of buffer gas) affect FAIMS response. We find that the trade-off between resolution and sensitivity can be managed by varying gap width, RF frequency, and (in certain cases) buffer gas, with equivalent outcome. In particular, the resolving power can be approximately doubled compared to “typical” conditions. Throughput may be increased by either accelerating the gas flow (preferable) or shortening the device, but below certain minimum residence times performance deteriorates. Bisinusoidal and clipped-sinusoidal waveforms have comparable merit, but switching to rectangular waveforms would improve resolution and/or sensitivity. For any waveform profile, the ratio of two between voltages in high and low portions of the cycle produces the best performance.
Investigations into the neuropharmacological basis of temporal stages of memory formation in mice trained in an active avoidance task.

Abstract The memorial effects of glutamate, LaCl3, ouabain, or anisomycin injection around the time of active avoidance training in mice were assessed in this study. Based on the Gibbs and Ng hypothesis of memory formation in chicks (Biobehav. Rev., 1 [1977] 113–136), it was predicted that these pharmacological agents would not only induce significant amnesia but, more specifically, short duration memory should be selectively impaired by glutamate and LaCl3, intermediate duration memory should be impaired by ouabain, and anisomycin should affect only long-lasting memories. Results of the experiments described below indicate these drugs are potent inhibitors of memory formation in rodents. In addition, LaCl3-induced amnesia was fully prevented by CaCl2. However, the mechanism by which glutamate and ouabain affected memory may not be exactly as described by Gibbs and Ng: γ- d -glutamylglycine and diphenylhydantoin did not completely prevent glutamate- and ouabain-induced amnesias, respectively. Finally, all amnestic agents induced amnesia that developed within minutes of training, and the time course of development of amnesia for each drug could not be distinguished from one another. These data are discussed in terms of their implications for the Gibbs and Ng model of memory formation.