cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wind Farm Layout Optimization (WindFLO) : An advanced framework for fast wind farm analysis and optimization

Abstract A new framework for Wind Farm Layout Optimization (WindFLO) is developed to accelerate the design of wind farms. The framework provides a large set of analytical wake models and wake superposition schemes. It is able to take into account terrain elevation and the ambient wind velocity profile. The schemes in the WindFLO model were validated against experimental data from a wind tunnel to within 1% relative error. A turbine rotor diameter and height dependent cost model was also developed using data from 250 different wind turbines. A land usage model was also developed using the convex hull approach. The framework was used to optimize a wind farm layout for maximum annual energy production using real wind farm terrain and conditions. The nonlinear optimization problem was solved using a robust Single-Objective Hybrid Optimizer. The wind farm layout and wind turbine (rotor diameter and tower height) were optimized and resulted in increased annual energy production, reduced cost and reduced land usage. The WindFLO framework is made publicly available to accelerate and advance the techniques for wind farm optimization. 1
School Nurses Matter: Relationship Between School Nurse Employment Policies and Chronic Health Condition Policies in U.S. School Districts:

The increasing prevalence of chronic health conditions (CHCs) in school-aged children highlights the need to better understand school health services' role regarding CHCs. Using U.S. nationally representative district-level data from the 2016 School Health Policies and Practices Study, we examined whether having policies on school nurses' employment was associated with having policies on CHCs and whether having such policies varied by geographic location. Compared to districts without such employment policies, districts with such policies (52.3%) were significantly more likely to have CHC management policies. For each CHC policy examined, more than 20% of school districts did not have the CHC policy, with Northeast districts having the greatest proportion of such policies and West districts having the least. Thus, many students' CHC needs may not be met at school. It is important for school nurses to play a key role in advocating for the development of school-based policies on CHCs.
Comparative study of statistical methods for clustered ROC data: nonparametric methods and multiple outputation methods

In clustered receiver operating characteristic (ROC) data each patient has several normal and abnormal observations. Within the same cluster, observations are naturally correlated. Several nonparam...
A small molecule UPR modulator for diabetes identified by high throughput screening

Abstract Unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response that is specific to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR is activated upon accumulation of unfolded (or misfolded) proteins in the ER's lumen to restore protein folding capacity by increasing the synthesis of chaperones. In addition, UPR also enhances degradation of unfolded proteins and reduces global protein synthesis to alleviate additional accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. Herein, we describe a cell-based ultra-high throughput screening (uHTS) campaign that identifies a small molecule that can modulate UPR and ER stress in cellular and in vivo disease models. Using asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR) fused with Cypridina luciferase (CLuc) as reporter assay for folding capacity, we have screened a million small molecule library and identified APC655 as a potent activator of protein folding, that appears to act by promoting chaperone expression. Furthermore, APC655 improved pancreatic β cell viability and insulin secretion under ER stress conditions induced by thapsigargin or cytokines. APC655 was also effective in preserving β cell function and decreasing lipid accumulation in the liver of the leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. These results demonstrate a successful uHTS campaign that identified a modulator of UPR, which can provide a novel candidate for potential therapeutic development for a host of metabolic diseases.
Sudden cardiac death during nighttime hours.

Background In the absence of apparent triggers, sudden cardiac death (SCD) during nighttime hours is a perplexing and devastating phenomenon. There are few published reports in the general population, with insufficient numbers to perform sex-specific analyses. Smaller studies of rare nocturnal SCD syndromes suggest a male predominance and implicate sleep-disordered breathing. Objective The purpose of this study was to identify mechanisms of nighttime SCD in the general population. Methods From the population-based Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study, we evaluated SCD cases that occurred in the community between 10 PM and 6 AM (nighttime) and compared them with daytime cases. Univariate comparisons were evaluated using Pearson χ2 tests and independent samples t tests. Logistic regression was used to further assess independent SCD risk. Results A total of 4126 SCD cases (66.2% male, 33.8% female) met criteria for analysis and 22.3% (n = 918) occurred during nighttime hours. Women were more likely to present with nighttime SCD than men (25.4% vs 20.6%; P Conclusion In the general population, women were more likely than men to suffer SCD during nighttime hours and female sex was an independent predictor of nighttime events. Respiratory suppression is a concern, and caution is advisable when prescribing central nervous system–affecting medications to patients at an increased risk of SCD, especially women.
Varying temperature and heat content signatures in the central Labrador Sea at different layers and timescales

The dominant modes of variability in the temperature and ocean heat content (OHC; 0–1000 m) of the central Labrador Sea were investigated using the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) based on Argo profiles collected during 2003–2012. Warming trends of approximately 0.03°Cyr−1 were observed in the upper 2000 m of the water column. A strong annual temperature cycle exists and dominates at the 500 m depth, while signals at the interannual timescales can explain most of the temperature variability at the 1000 m and 1500 m depths. These interannual signals are closely correlated to the variability of deep convection in the Labrador Sea, which has intermittent enhancement of mixed layer depth (MLD)>1500 m. The Hilbert spectrum from the OHC in the Labrador Sea interior reveals two important components at frequencies of 0.8−1.2cycleyr−1 (T =0.8–1.25 years) and 0.1−0.3cycleyr−1 (T=3.3–10 years), respectively, superimposed on the warming trends. The former corresponds to the dominant seasonal cycle due to surface heating, while the latter is concomitant with the timing of the reoccurrence of convective events. We also found that the cumulative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index significantly correlates to the low-frequency OHC variations. Therefore, the interannual signals in the Labrador Sea at especially the intermediate layers are attributed to changes in the deep convective processes and the atmospheric conditions. By comparing with an extended OHC record (1945–2010), it was further shown that the warming trends obtained from the 10-year Argo record are part of multi-decadal variations that presumably reflect the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). In addition, the recent OHC changes in the Labrador Sea (i.e., increased heat in the deeper layers) may be related to the current global warming hiatus, suggesting the potential contributions from the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to the low-frequency OHC in the Labrador Sea.
The Constant and Variable Regions of the Carboxyl-terminal CNBr Fragment of α1-Acid Glycoprotein

Abstract Pooled α1-acid glycoprotein, isolated from mixed, normal human plasma, was subjected to specific fragmentation with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) followed by reduction and carboxymethylation. Subsequent gel filtration permitted isolation of four fragments from this pooled glycoprotein. The amino acid sequences of two of these fragments, designated CNBr-III and CNBr-IV, were elucidated. Comparison of these two sequences with that of a carboxyl-terminal CNBr fragment (CNBr-II), established earlier, indicated that CNBr-III corresponds to the amino-terminal 45 residues of CNBr-II, whereas CNBr-IV was found to correspond to the remaining, i.e. carboxyl-terminal portion of CNBr-II. It is extremely interesting to note that while CNBr-III was shown to possess 11 amino acid replacements and, thus, the polypeptide section that includes CNBr-II and CNBr-III is referred to as the variable region, CNBr-IV was devoid of amino acid substitutions and, hence, the sequence of the pooled protein that is common to CNBr-III and CNBr-IV is referred to as the constant region. For this comparison CNBr-II, which possessed no amino acid substitutions, served as reference. Homology of these three CNBr-fragments with the L and H chain of the IgG immunoglobulins and with the α chain of haptoglobin suggests that α1-acid glycoprotein and the immunoglobulins probably evolved from a common ancestral gene.
Keeping Abreast of Quantum News: Quantum Computing on the Web and in the Literature

This book covers many major developments in quantum computing, but the field is still young, and there will no doubt be many more developments in the future. These future developments will include research discoveries, of course, but they will also include trends in industry, surges in media coverage, and tides of public interest. This appendix describes tools that can help you track quantum developments of all kinds.
Ensemble learning with supervised kernels

Kernel-based methods have outstanding performance on many machine learning and pattern recognition tasks. However, they are sensitive to kernel selection, they may have low tolerance to noise, and they can not deal with mixed-type or missing data. We propose to derive a novel kernel from an ensemble of decision trees. This leads to kernel methods that naturally handle noisy and heterogeneous data with potentially non-randomly missing values. We demonstrate excellent performance of regularized least square learners based on such kernels.
Electrochemical Micromachining and Microstructuring of Aluminum and Anodic Alumina

At a time when natural recourses are getting scarce and the impact of human civilization on the environment is increasing, the cost and abundance of raw materials have to be considered in every industry. Since the discovery of the electrolytic production of aluminum in the late nineteenth century, Al has been employed for manufacturing a variety of products ranging from household appliances to airplanes. The electrometallurgical production of Al consumes a large amount of electrical energy and is associated with hazardous emissions. Nevertheless, Al remains widely used in industry due to its abundance on our planet, durability, and useful electrical, gravimetric, thermal, and mechanical properties.
Anthropometric, medical history and lifestyle risk factors for myeloproliferative neoplasms in The Iowa Women's Health Study cohort

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), previously called myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), are a collective group of hematopoietic malignancies, which are categorized by a clonal expansion of terminally differentiated myeloid cells within the peripheral blood. Within this group of malignancies, essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV) and myelofibrosis (MF) are collectively classified as classical MPN. These malignancies arise from a single mutated progenitor cell, with the most common mutation being a gain-of-function mutation within the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene.1 Epidemiological studies have found JAK2 mutations to be present in nearly all cases of PV and approximately half of all cases of ET and MF.1, 2 There have been numerous additional studies that have discovered other mutations within patients with MPN that may play a role in their development, although the underlying pathogenesis of these malignancies is largely unknown. Although there is growing knowledge regarding the role that these mutations have in MPN, there are few data available regarding other risk factors that may be involved in their development. Ashkenazi Jewish descent was associated with higher risk of MPN3 and PV,4 and a family history of MPN is also a risk factor.4–7 The role of occupation and chemical exposure has been evaluated, with a few studies suggesting benzene as a possible risk factor for MPN development.8, 9 There are only limited data available regarding lifestyle and medical factors that may play a role in MPN development. In a large cohort of study of 1.3 million middle-aged women in the U.K., Kroll et al10 found that frequent smokers (defined as ≥15 cigarettes per day) were at increased risk of myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic disease combined, while there was no association with alcohol use; results specific to MPN were not reported. Kristinsson et al11 conducted a large record linkage study of 11,039 population-based cases of MPN, and found that prior history of an autoimmune disease was associated with an increased risk for MPN development. In contrast, Anderson et al12 conducted a case-control study consisting of 13,846 myeloid malignancy patients (1,017 of which had chronic myeloproliferative disease (MPD)) and found that overall, autoimmune conditions were not associated with risk of MPD. Given the limited data on risk factors for MPN, we investigated the role of medical, lifestyle and anthropometric factors in the development of MPN in a large, prospective cohort of Iowa women. In a secondary analysis, we also evaluated etiologic heterogeneity for the two most common MPN subtypes, ET and PV.
Underwood memorial lecture human zinc homeostasis: Good but not perfect

Three selected aspects of human zinc homeostasis and requirements are reviewed with special reference to studies undertaken by the author and his colleagues: 1) the implications for the calculation of physiologic requirements for zinc of the interrelationship between two key variables of zinc homeostasis, intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc and total absorbed zinc, are examined at levels of absorption below those necessary to meet physiologic requirements; 2) a method for deriving average dietary zinc requirements from zinc-stable isotope tracer/ metabolic studies is illustrated with examples of studies being conducted in developing countries; and 3) the effect of reduction of high intakes of phytic acid on zinc bioavailability is examined with test meals prepared from low-phytic-acid maize or isohybrid wild-type control maize.
A reporting procedure for early school admission for mentally advanced children

Abstract A short, logical, developmental technique for reporting a prediction of school success for children being investigated for possible early entrance into school is presented. Emphasis is on communication with the parent. A form which aids in the presentation and leads to a recommendation is included.
Regiospecificity in deuterium labeling determined by mass spectrometry.

Several mass spectrometry methods were explored to determine the regiospecificity of deuterium substitutions in hydrocarbon mixtures. The case investigated in this work was that of ethane mixtures obtained by catalytic H-D exchange between either C2H6 and D2 or C2D6 and H2 over platinum surfaces. A total of ten isotopologs are possible, and were indeed detected in all cases. Deconvolution of low-resolution mass spectra was found sufficient to determine the composition of the gas mixtures in terms of the total number of deuterium substitutions, but not to identify symmetric versus asymmetric substitutions in the C2D2H4, C2D3H3, and C2D4H2 products. High-resolution mass spectrometry allowed the separation of the intensities due to C2X 4 + fragments from those from molecular C2X 6 + signals (X = H or D), and with that for a more accurate determination of the composition of the mixtures. Relative probabilities were determined for the symmetric versus asymmetric removal of X2 from C2X 6 + ions and for isotope scrambling in the mass spectrometer, and with that information fairly good cracking patterns were then calculated for the C2X 4 + fragments produced by each individual pure C2X6 isotopologue. However, total deconvolution of all ten components in the ethane mixtures obtained by H-D exchange catalysis was beyond the experimental accuracy of the measurements. Tandem mass spectrometry/collision-induced decomposition mass spectrometry (MS/CID-MS) proved more useful for this task. In particular, it was possible to determine the proportion of symmetric versus asymmetric double H-D exchange in samples for which the total ethane-d 2 (in the case of C2H6 + D2) or ethane-d 4 (with C2D6 + H2) amounted to only ∼3% on the ethane mix. A comparison with other analytical methods, NMR in particular, is provided.
The effect of Hispanic accents on employment decisions

Purpose – Despite the fact that Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing segment of the population and that 44 percent of Hispanics of 18 years of age and older speak English less than very well, research examining the impact of Spanish‐accented English on employment‐related decisions has been scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of the accent (standard American English and Mexican Spanish) of a hypothetical job applicant on employment‐related judgments and hiring decisions.Design/methodology/approach – Participants made employment‐related decisions (i.e. job suitability ratings, likelihood of a promotion, and hiring decision) and judgments of personal attributes (i.e. perceived competence and warmth) of a hypothetical applicant for an entry‐level software engineering job. The accent of the applicant was manipulated using the matched‐guise technique.Findings – Results showed that compared to an applicant with a standard American‐English accent, one with a Mexican‐Spanish ...
Electron-bombarded CCD image sensor with novel permanent magnet focusing

This paper discusses a magnetically focused electron bombarded CCD type ultraviolet image sensor, employing an opaque substrate photocathode. The novel feature, reported in this paper, is the unique light weight permanent magnet structure employed in the electron optics to generate a uniform focus field. The approximately 200 Gauss magnetic field of this 'PXL' prototype is relatively uniform over a considerable region. The weight is only 5 kg, compared to 14 kg for permanent magnet structures of conventional design having comparable field strength and uniformity over equivalent volume. The light weight and low volume of this type of magnet assembly makes it especially attractive for space applications where size and weight are critical design factors. The paper will present experimental data showing the spatial resolution achieved with this new magnet assembly when employed in imaging photoelectrons from an opaque substrate photocathode onto an electron bombarded CCD.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spontaneous hernia through the posterior rectus abdominis sheath: case report and review of the published literature 1937-2008.

Spontaneous ventral hernia through the rectus abdominis sheath is perhaps the rarest hernia, with eight previously reported cases since 1937. The condition has not been reflected in the popular treatises on hernia. An 83-year-old male patient underwent surgery for intestinal obstruction. A spontaneous Richter’s hernia of the small intestine through the posterior rectus abdominis sheath was successfully treated with bowel resection and tissue repair. Hernias of this variety are not well known and thus are rarely suspected. Their successful management is based on accurate emergency diagnosis and surgery, which we recommend as the best chance for a successful outcome.
Two-Body System in Quantum Electrodynamics. Energy Levels of Positronium

Expressions are obtained for all ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}\mathrm{Ry}$ contributions to the energy levels of the two-fermion system in electrodynamics. These expressions are evaluated from a relativistic two-body equation which takes binding into account in its interaction operator. They are specifically calculated for the $n=2$ levels of the system. Corrections arise from three sources: (1) improved treatment of pair effects of the Coulomb field and of the exchange of transverse photons, (2) self-energy and vacuum polarization terms, and, in positronium, (3) second-order annihilation processes. The energy shifts resulting from (1) and (2) do not depend on the arbitrary masses through a single parameter like reduced mass. In the limit appropriate to hydrogen, the previously calculated two-body corrections of item (1) are confirmed.The principal new result is the determination of the $n=2$ levels of positronium. In contrast to hydrogen, where the self-energy effect is dominant, here all three items yield roughly equal corrections. Together, they amount to about 3 percent of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}\mathrm{Ry}$ level splitting.
Local recurrence after surgery for early stage lung cancer: an 11-year experience with 975 patients.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the actuarial risk of local failure (LF) after surgery for stage I to II nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and assess surgical and pathologic factors affecting this risk. METHODS: The records, including pertinent radiologic studies, of all patients who underwent surgery for T1 to T2, N0 to N1 NSCLC at Duke University between 1995 and 2005 were reviewed. Risks of disease recurrence were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate Cox regression analysis assessed factors associated with LF in the entire cohort and a subgroup undergoing optimal surgery for stage IB to II disease. RESULTS: For all 975 consecutive patients, the 5-year actuarial risk of local and/or distant disease recurrence was 36%. First sites of failure were local only (25%), local and distant (29%), and distant only (46%). The 5-year actuarial risk of LF was 23%. On multivariate analysis, squamous/large cell histology (hazards ratio [HR], 1.98), stage > IA (HR, 2.02), and sublobar resections (HR, 1.99) were found to be independently associated with a higher risk of LF. For the subset of patients (n = 445) undergoing at least a lobectomy with negative surgical margins and currently considered for adjuvant chemotherapy (stage IB-II disease), the 5-year actuarial risk of LF was 27%. Within this subgroup, squamous/large cell histology (HR, 2.5) and lymphovascular space invasion (HR, 1.74) were associated with a higher risk of LF. The 5-year rate of LF was 13%, 32%, and 47%, respectively, with 0, 1, or 2 risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Greater than half of disease recurrences after surgery for early stage NSCLC involved local sites. Pathologic factors may help to distinguish those patients at highest risk. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Heme Proteins Encapsulated in Sol-Gel Derived Silica Glasses and their Reaction with Ligands

Hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) were encapsulated in transparent silica glasses prepared by the sol-gel method. The preparation of the silica glasses was tailored so that when proteins were entrapped in the pores of the inorganic matrix, they retained their biochemical activity, i.e. they could bind ligands reversibly. Using optical spectroscopy to monitor ligand binding, we studied the binding of O2, CO, and NO with these two heme proteins encapsulated in silica glasses and compared them to heme proteins in aqueous buffer. Both Hb and Mb in the sol-gel glass bound O2, CO, and NO, producing the same spectroscopic properties as those in aqueous buffer. In addition, silica encapsulated Mb was used to evaluate the rate of ligand (O2) transport through the pores of the glass. When varying oxygen concentration and measuring the time required for full conversion of deoxyMb to MbO2 in the silica gel, the time vs. concentration data followed an exponential trend, as expected for diffusion controlled processes.
Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in gombe national park, 1982–1991

Predatory patterns in wild chimpanzees are important evidence in the continuing debate about the role of hunting in the behavior of early hominids. Data are presented on the predator-prey ecology of red colobus monkeys Colobus badius tephrosceles) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, from 1982 through 1991. During this period chimpanzees were observed to kill 429 mammalian prey items, 350 of which were red colobus. Hunts were undertaken by chimpanzees in 71.5% of encounters with red colobus, and in 52.2% of all hunts at least one colobus was caught. Hunting occurred in all months, but its frequency peaked in the late dry season months of August and September, and was lowest in the rainy months of April and May. There was greater seasonality of hunting from 1982 to 1991 than previously reported for Gombe. Hunting success varied between 40% in the rainy season and 65% in the dry season. Sixty multiple kills of colobus were reported in which from two to seven colobus were killed. Approximately 75% of all colobus caught were immatures; juveniles were the most preyed upon age class. Adult and adolescent male chimpanzees made 89.3% of all kills; the 10.7% of kills made by adult females was an increase over the 4% figure for female kills reported in the preceding decade. Hunting showed a strong "binge" tendency, with the explanation for binges likely related to social rather than ecological factors. These results are discussed in light of earlier hunting data for Gombe chimpanzees, and compared with data from other chimpanzee field studies.
Determining Activation Volume for the Pressure‐Induced Phase Transformation in β‐Eucryptite Through Nanoindentation

β-eucryptite (LiAlSiO4) has received widespread attention, both industrially and academically because of its low negative average coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and one dimensional Li-ion conductivity. It undergoes a reversible pressure-induced phase transformation at ~1 GPa to a metastable polymorph, e-eucryptite. In the present work, low load (~30 μN) nanoindentation tests were performed on polycrystalline and single crystal β-eucryptite to characterize this phase transformation. Hundreds of tests at several loading rates revealed a rate-dependence, with higher loading rates suppressing the deviation from isotropic elastic behavior—a signature of a thermally-activated process. The occurrence of reversible hysteretic loops in the load-displacement curves is consistent with a reversible process during nanoindentation, viz. the phase transformation. Calculations of the activation volume suggest that the nucleation event that is believed to mark the onset of the phase transformation is approximately the size of the silica and alumina tetrahedra comprising the β-eucryptite structure. This study provides fundamental insights into the mechanism of pressure-induced phase transformation in β-eucryptite.
169 LEUKOTRIENES IN TRACHEAL ASPIRATES OF VENTATED NEWBORNS WITH OR WITHOUT BPD

Leukotrienes mediating inflammation (LTB4) and bronchoconstriction (LTC4), may be involved in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We studied LTB4, LTC4, and cell counts in serial tracheal aspirates from 53 ventilated neonates (respiratory distress syndrome=RDS:21, pneumonia=INF:12, pulmonary maladaptation=PMA:10, surgery for non pulmonary disease=controls:10. In 10 infants BPD was diagnosed on day 28. Results: On day 1 leukotriene levels (LTB4, LTC4, ng/ml, means) were elevated (p<0.05) in ventilated infants as compared to controls (0.07; 1.1):INF (0.89; 3.1), RDS (0.20;1.9), PMA (0.17;3.3).During continued ventilation, no significant LTB4;LTC4 changes were observed. At age 30 to 50 days, in BPD-infants levels were 0.38; 4.0. Leukotrienes did neither correlate with cell count nor with oxygen requirement nor mean airway pressure. Conclusions: Longterm leukotriene elevation may indicate recurrent infections which may aggravate BPD, but is not of prognostic significance.
Steric effects in the metalations of 1,1-di-p-tolylethane. Kinetic vs. equilibrium control

The reactions of 1,1-di-p-tolylethane with metalating agents in tetrahydrofuran were examined. With lithio derivatives the nature of the anion formed depended upon the base. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra as well as the products of methylation of the anions are compared with those of p-xylyllithium and 1,1-diphenylethyllithium. Each anion is distinct in spectra and product of methylation. When a deficiency of 1,1-di-p-tolylethane was used, anion equilibration was effected.
Association of Depression with Complications of Diabetic Pregnancy: A Retrospective Analysis

The goal of this study was to determine whether an association between histories of depression and adverse pregnancy outcome could be established using a retrospective analysis. Participants were a convenience sample of 152 pregnant diabetic women for whom prior pregnancy data were available. Prior pregnancy outcome, depression history, and other clinical characteristics were determined from chart review and medical history questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to determine which of the measured clinical factors, including history of depression, had a significant association with history of pregnancy complications. Thirty-nine patients (26%) had a past history of depression. Three pregnancy complications (preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, fetal prematurity) were more common in the group having a history of depression as was the proportion of participants requiring Caesarean section p( < .05 for each comparison). A history of depression was associated with prior pregnancy complications independent of the effects of parity, prepregnancy BMI, tobacco use history, diabetes type, and presence of diabetes complications (OR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.5–9.0, p = .006). These retrospective data indicate that depression is linked to complications of diabetic pregnancy and support the need for prospective studies to clarify the effects of depression and its treatment on diabetic pregnancy.
Jesus as Power Tactician

Psychological studies of Jesus have been neglected, but they may, in fact, make a contribution to historical Jesus studies. Jay Haley's 1969 essay, ‘The Power Tactics of Jesus Christ’, is suggestive in this regard. Haley emphasizes Jesus’ appeal to the poor through healings, his rhetorical skills against the establishment, and his creation of an organization of dedicated men. His views that Jesus’ organization was hierarchically ordered and that Jesus made a fateful miscalculation leading to his execution are evaluated and reinterpreted in light of more recent scholarship.
Comparison of coronary arteriograms with direct measurements of stenosed coronary arteries in dogs

Abstract An anesthetized, open-chest dog preparation was used to assess the accuracy of arteriography in determining the dimensions of experimentally produced coronary stenoses while monitoring the hemodynamic effects of the lesions. Partial obstruction was produced with radiolucent plastic cylinders 3 mm. in length made with varying internal diameters. Cineangiographic estimates of per cent stenosis were compared with microscopic measurements of silicone rubber casts of the obstructed coronary arteries. Three levels of partial obstruction were examined which produced measureable physiologic change. 1. 1. Mechanical reduction of coronary luminal diameter of 50 ± 10 per cent and cross-sectional area 73 ± 9 per cent (arteriographic estimates 51 ± 7 per cent and 74 ± 8 per cent) produced no pressure gradient but reduced the reactive hyperemic response 25 ± 9 per cent. 2. 2. Reduction in diameter of 61 ± 10 per cent and cross-sectional area 86 ± 7 per cent (arteriographic estimates 69 ± 9 per cent and 89 ± 6 per cent) produced a pressure gradient of 9 ± 3 mm. Hg and reduced reactive hyperemia 64 ± 13 per cent. 3. 3. Reduction in diameter of 71 ± 4 per cent and cross-sectional area 92 ± 3 per cent (arteriographic estimates 80 ± 6 per cent and 96 ± 3 per cent) produced a pressure gradient of 32 ± 11 mm. Hg and reduced the reactive hyperemia 93 ± 5 per cent. There was no significant difference between arteriographic and microscopic measurements at the first level of obstruction which reduced reactive hyperemia 25 per cent. The differences at the two higher levels of obstruction, however, were significant. The arteriographic estimates appeared to overestimate the severity of lesions that reduced cross-sectional area 85 per cent or more.
Crystal structures of the cis and trans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane

Structures of both thecis andtrans isomers of dithiahexahydro[3.3]metacyclophane, −C6H4−CH2SCH2−C6H10−CH2SCH2−, have been determined, wherecis andtrans refer to the attachments to the cyclohexane ring. Thecis form crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c witha=8.4299(11)A,b=21.772(2)A,c=8.9724(13)A, β=116.574(11)o, andZ=4. Thetrans isomer packs into the monoclinic space groupP21 witha=8.159(16)A,b=10.185(5)A,c=9.558(2)A, β=112.435(18)o, andZ=2. The cyclohexane ring of thecis isomer is in the chair conformation, while the cyclohexane of thetrans isomer is found in a twisted boat conformation.
Vasculopathy-associated hyperangiotensinemia mobilizes haematopoietic stem cells/progenitors through endothelial AT 2 R and cytoskeletal dysregulation

Increased levels of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the blood have been linked to some forms of organ failure. Here, the authors show that the hormone angiotensin II increases mobilization of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by inducing cytoskeletal changes in bone marrow cells.
The roles and rules of law in sexual development.

This article provides an overview of the diverse sources of law that regulate sexual development and its resulting behaviors, dispositions, and outcomes. After exploring how the law influences sexu...
A radix-3 SAR analog-to-digital converter

A radix-3, 4-trits, Ternary Successive Approximation Analog to Digital Converter (TSAR-ADC), with an option to extend to radix-N approaches is presented. Proposed TSAR-ADC architecture generates 4 ternary outputs spanning 34=81 binary levels linearly for a rail-to-rail input voltage ranging from 0 to 3.3V. The radix-3 TSAR-ADC takes only 4 clock cycles for producing 4-trits or 6.33 bits in comparison to 7 clock cycles in a conventional binary SAR converter. The ADC is designed and fabricated on a 0.35µm double poly, three level metal CMOS technology, achieving less than 1 LSB INL, 0.8 LSB of DNL, consuming 1.6-mW from a 3.3-V supply.
Pediatric pyogenic sacroiliitis and osteomyelitis

Pyogenic sacroiliitis accounts for 1-2% of all cases of septic arthritis with less than 200 cases reported in the English literature since the beginning of the twentieth century. Cultures of joint fluid usually grow Staphylococcus aureus. Prognosis is excellent; however, diagnosis may be difficult due to rarity of disease and non-specific signs, symptoms, and physical findings. Magnetic resonance imaging has been found to be the most useful imaging modality in diagnosis. Most reported cases required prolonged antimicrobial therapy of six to nine weeks. Presented here are two children with pyogenic sacroiliitis managed at a tertiary-care, university hospital and review of the literature on this relatively rare diagnosis.
Growth and siderophore formation in six iron-limited strains of Frankia

Abstract Iron is an essential component in the enzyme nitrogenase and is therefore necessary for nitrogen fixation. To examine how nitrogen-fixing Frankia species obtain their required iron, six different isolates were grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions with and without added iron. These cultures were tested for their ability to produce high affinity iron chelators (termed siderophores) using a combination of Chromatographie and chemical assays. Frankia sp. strain 52065 produced a novel hydroxamate-containing peptide siderophore (trivial name: frankobactin) under iron-limiting conditions. No siderophore was produced under iron-replete conditions. Three Frankia strains (HFPCcI3, HFPArI3 and ArI5) showed no siderophore activity using five different assays under both iron-replete and iron-limiting conditions. Two strains (HFPCpIl and AvsI3) tested positive using one assay (CAS) but the other four assays gave negative results. It is unknown if this CAS-positive compound functions as a siderophore in these two species. Siderophore-mediated iron uptake does occur in selected Frankia isolates (e.g. strain 52065) but is not uniformly distributed among all strains.
Uncertainty Modeling and Stochastic Control Design for Smart Grid with Distributed Renewables

In traditional electric grid planning, the uncertainty arises due to the random consumption patterns of households. However, in future smart-grids there is to be a second source of uncertainty due to the inherent intermittent natures of distributed renewable generations such as solar, wind and tidal resources at customer premises that would also be integrated to the electric grid. In this short paper, we propose a non-stationary Markov chain model for the time transient household load. A maximum likelihood estimator is also derived to estimate the time variant parameters of the Markov chain. We then develop a stochastic reference dynamics-based tracking scheme for the utility-maintained central power plant to ensure grid reliability in the presence of time-varying load demands and integrated renewable distributed generators (RDG's). Optimal controller is derived for each tracking scheme and tracking performance simulation results are also presented.
The centaur: Its history and meaning in human culture

Le centaure (mi-homme, mi-cheval) aurait ete cree par les Kassites deux milles ans av. J.-C. Dans la civilisation grecque, ils etaient consideres, a l'exception de Chiron, comme des creatures sauvages, ivres, sexuellement et physiquement violentes, rompant les codes sociaux. Si l'etymologie en demeure incertaine, le symbole du centaure reste fort : symbole de la fusion entre l'humanite et l'environnement, mais aussi de la dichotomie, de l'ambiguite, sans oublier la reference au sauvage et a la sexualite. Aujourd'hui le cote positif du centaure domine
Reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the regulation of endothelial integrity

Balloon angioplasty disrupts the protective endothelial lining of the arterial wall, rendering arteries susceptible to thrombosis and intimal thickening. We show here that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an endothelial cell mitogen, is upregulated in medial smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall in response to balloon injury. Both protein kinase C (PKC) and tyrosine kinase pp60src mediate augmented VEGF expression. In contrast, nitric oxide (NO) donors inhibit PKC-induced VEGF upregulation by interfering with binding of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) to the VEGF promoter. Inhibition of VEGF promoter activation suggests that NO secreted by a restored endothelium functions as the negative feedback mechanism that downregulates VEGF expression to basal levels. Administration of a neutralizing VEGF antibody impaired reendothelialization following balloon injury performed in vivo. These findings establish a reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the endogenous regulation of endothelial integrity following arterial injury.
Oceanic upper mixed layer depth determination by the use of satellite data

A method has been developed to determine the oceanic daily mean mixed layer depth from satellite observations and a mixed layer thermal inertia (MLTI) model. The algorithms were developed to use remotely-sensed values of sea surface temperature, albedo, and surface wind speeds to calculate the thermal inertia and to predict changes in subsurface diurnal mixed layer depth. The MLTI model, based on a mixed layer model of the upper ocean, has been used to simulate the diurnal mixing process and thermal inertia distribution in the Sargasso Sea around 34 deg N, 70 deg W. Sea surface temperature and albedo have been obtained from the NOAA7-AVHRR images. Surface wind speeds have been derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) aboard Nimbus 7. Image processing was performed for images gathered between June and July 1982. The daily mean mixed layer depths predicted by the MLTI model agree well with data gathered at the LOTUS mooring located in the Sargasso Sea. This suggests that vertical mixing is the dominant physical process that controls the thermal inertia distribution in the midocean, far from major current systems, and that remote sensing is a promising tool to study such upper ocean processes.
Multipopulation cooperative coevolutionary programming (MCCP) to enhance design innovation

This paper describes the development of an evolutionary algorithm called Multipopulation Cooperative Coevolutionary Programming (MCCP) that extends Genetic Programming (GP) to search for a set of maximally different solutions for program induction problems. The GP search is structured to generate a set of alternatives that are similar in design performance, but are dissimilar from each other in the solution (or design parameter) space. This is expected to yield potentially more creative designs, thus enhancing design innovation. Application of MCCP is demonstrated through an illustrative example involving GP-based classification of genetic data to diagnose malignancy in cancer. Four different classifiers, based on highly dissimilar combinations of genes, but with similar prediction performances were generated. As these classifiers use a diverse set of genes, they are collectively more effective in screening cancer samples that may not all properly express every gene.
Strategic computing at DARPA: overview and assessment

Strategic Computing, a 10-year initiative to build faster and more intelligent systems, is ambitious, flawed by overscheduling perhaps and problems of definition, but basically sound.
A minimum entropy principle in the gas dynamics equations

Let u(@?x, t) be a weak solution of the Euler equation, governing the inviscid polytropic gas dynamics; in addition, u(@?x, t) is assumed to respect the usual entropy conditions connected with the conservative Euler equations. We show that such entropy solutions of the gas dynamics equations satisfy a minimum entropy principle, namely, that the spatial minimum of their specific entropy, Ess inf"@?"xS(u(@?x, t)), is an increasing function of time. This principle equally applies to discrete approximations of the Euler equations such as the Godunov-type and Lax-Friedrichs schemes. Our derivation of this minimum principle makes use of the fact that there is a family of generalized entropy functions connected with the conservative Euler equations.
Force between static quarks

We present Monte Carlo results for the force between static quarks, calculated on a large (${16}^{3}$\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}32) lattice. A simulation with high statistics allows us to compute expectation values for loop factors of size up to 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8 at several values of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ in the transition region. Values and errors are tabulated; a fitting procedure is then used to evaluate the force between static quarks and, in particular, its asymptotic limit, i.e., the string tension $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. We find good agreement with scaling for $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\ge}6$, with a ratio between scale parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ approximately equal to 9.6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Abstract A98: Physician social networks and variation in prostate cancer treatment in three cities

Background: Racial differences in cancer treatment may result, in part, from distinct physician practice styles in the setting of regional healthcare environments. Emerging methodological tools allow for physician social networks to be constructed and analyzed using claims data. Objective: To examine whether physician social networks are associated with variation and racial differences in treatment for men with localized prostate cancer. Research design: We performed a retrospective cohort study using 2004–2005 SEER-Medicare data from three cities. Algorithms were generated to identify a patient9s primary care physicians, urologists, and radiation oncologists. Within each city, a network of these physicians was constructed, with physicians as the nodes and shared patients as the links (edges) between nodes. From the overall network structure, distinct subgroups of physicians were identified using the Girvan-Newman algorithm. Subgroups were defined as those physicians who were highly clustered with one another and with relatively sparse connections to physicians in other subgroups. Patients were assigned to the subgroup of their diagnosing urologist. Network measures were then incorporated in logistic regression analyses with robust standard errors to examine the predictors of treatment, adjusting for patient-level factors. Results: Patients who were seen by different subgroups of physician varied widely in their unadjusted rates of prostatectomy and the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition. In city A, for example, rates of prostatectomy varied from 8.6% to 25.3% for patients who saw different subgroups of doctors. Similarly, in city A, the proportion of minority patients ranged from 15.9% in one subgroup to 64.8% in another. After adjustment for patient-level covariates, patients who were diagnosed by a urologist in one of four subgroups had significantly lower odds of prostatectomy compared to those patients who saw urologists in the subgroup with the highest rates of prostatectomy. Similarly, in cities B and C, patients who saw specific subgroups had significantly lower odds of prostatectomy compared to the subgroup with the highest rates of prostatectomy. Contrary to our expectations, accounting for subgroups, did not appear to mediate racial/ethnic differences in rates of active treatment. Conclusions: Using claims data to map physician networks may provide insight into the observed variation in treatment patterns for men with prostate cancer. Physician networks may be used to identify densely connected physicians who disproportionately care for minority patients. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):A98.
Injectable PAMAM dendrimer-PEG hydrogels for the treatment of genital infections: formulation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

Local intravaginal drug therapy is preferred for treatment of ascending genital infections during pregnancy. In the present study, an in situ forming biodegradable hydrogel for sustained release of amoxicillin in the cervicovaginal region is described. A generation 4 poly(amidoamine) [G4-(NH2)64] dendrimer with peripheral thiopyridyl terminations is cross-linked with 8-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) bearing thiol terminations. The hydrogels were formulated and tested in vivo in a pregnant guinea pig model for volume, retention times, biodegradation, tolerability and transport across fetal membrane. The physicochemical characterization of the hydrogels was carried out using differential calorimetry, SEM, and confocal imaging. The hydrogels offer antibacterial activity arising from sustained release of amoxicillin from gels. The in vivo studies in guinea pig showed that 100–200 μL of gel sufficiently covered the cervicovaginal region with a residence time of at least 72 h and gel was primarily retained in th...
A SCORING SYSTEM TO ASSESS NUTRITION AT BIRTH

357 infants delivered consecutively from a high socioeconomic population were given a clinical score of 0-2 if well nourished (WN) or 3-4 if intrauterine malnourished (IM). 46 infants (14%) were identified as IM. To confirm the clinical impression of IM, the amount of subcutaneous tissue (SCT) at the face, neck, chest, lateral abdominal contour, anterior biceps, anterior thigh, back, buttocks & Wharton's jelly was scored 0-3, ie 3 representing abundance and 0 a decrease.