cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forebrain and Hindbrain Effects of Ethanol on Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia in Conscious Rats

Ethanol (OH) has been reported to blunt counterregulation and increase insulin sensitivity, thereby causing greater hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to determine if fore- or hindbrain sensing of OH differentially affects autonomic and metabolic counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Forty-one Sprague-Dawley rats received 5% OH or isotonic sodium chloride solution (or normal saline; SAL) infused peripherally or into the lateral (forebrain) or fourth cerebral ventricles (hindbrain) from time 0 to 120 minutes. From time 120 to 240 minutes, rats were exposed to a hyperinsulinemic (5 mU/[kg min]) hypoglycemic (2.9 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) clamp. The 4 groups of rats studied were as follows: SAL (n = 8), peripheral alcohol (POH) (n = 10), lateral ventricle alcohol (LVOH) (n = 12), and left ventricle alcohol (4VOH) (n = 11). After OH, basal levels of norepinephrine were lower in the POH and 4VOH groups (P < .05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to hypoglycemia were significantly lower in POH, 4VOH, and LVOH vs SAL. However, the magnitude of blunting was significantly greater in POH and 4VOH vs LVOH. Other counterregulatory hormones and glucose kinetics were not significantly different among all groups during hypoglycemia. In summary, peripheral and central nervous system OH infusion blunted autonomic nervous system counterregulatory (epinephrine, norepinephrine) responses to subsequent hypoglycemia. The greater impact of 4VOH compared with LVOH administration suggests that OH exerts its effects to blunt autonomic nervous system counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia primarily by actions on the hindbrain.
Renal involvement in systemic sclerosis

Renal crisis occurs in systemic sclerosis patients with rapidly progressive diffuse cutaneous thickening early in their disease course. SRC is characterized by malignant hypertension, hyperreninemia, azotemia, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. This complication was almost uniformly fatal but can now be treated successfully in most cases with ACE inhibitors. The result has been improved survival, reduced requirement for dialysis, and even discontinuation of dialysis after 6 to 18 months of treatment. Prompt diagnosis and early aggressive treatment of SRC with ACE inhibitors will result in the most optimal outcome.
Nutritional factors in hemodynamics. III. Importance of vitamin C in maintaining renal VEM mechanism.

Conclusions and Summary1. Compared with pair-fed vit. C supplemented controls, in vitro studies of renal tissue from guinea pigs on a vit. C free diet revealed a significant impairment of VEM forming capacity in 7 days. 2. Complete loss of in vitro renal VEM elaboration was found on the 14th day as well as on the 21st day of vit. C deficiency. 3. Impairment of renal VEM mechanisms was unrelated to loss of body weight. 4. The significance of these observations is discussed and related to other findings in hemorrhagic shock and vit. C deficiency in hemorrhagic shock.
Patent Protection in the Shadow of Infringement: Simulation Estimations of Patent Value

Empirical estimates of the private value of patent protection are derived for four technology areas—computers, textiles, combustion engines, and pharmaceuticals—using new patent data for West Germany, 1953–1988. Patentees must pay renewal fees to keep their patents in force as well as legal expenses in order to enforce them. A dynamic stochastic discrete choice model of optimal renewal decisions is developed incorporating both learning and depreciation as well as the potential need to prosecute infringement. The evolution of the distribution of returns over the life of a group of patents is calculated for each technology using a minimum distance simulation estimator. Results indicate that the aggregate value of protection generated per year is on the order of 10% of related R&D expenditure.
Zinc-Thiolate Intermediate in Catalysis of Methyl Group Transfer in 'Methanosarcina barkeri'

Methyl group transfer reactions are essential in methane-forming pathways in all methanogens. The involvement of zinc in catalysis of methyl group transfer was studied for the methyltransferase enzyme MT2-A important for methanogenesis in Methanosarcina barkerigrowing on methylamines. Zinc was shown to be required for MT2-A activity and was tightly bound by the enzyme with an apparent stability constant of 10 13.7 at pH 7.2. Oxidation was a factor influencing activity and metal stoichiometry of purified MT2-A preparations. Methods were developed to produce inactive apo MT2-A and to restore full activity with stoichiometric reincorporation of Zn 2+ . Reconstitution with Co 2+ yielded an enzyme with 16-fold higher specific activity. Cysteine thiolate coordination in Co 2+ -MT2-A was indicated by high absorptivity in the 300-400 nm charge transfer region, consistent with more than one thiolate ligand at the metal center. Approximate tetrahedral geometry was indicated by strong d-d transition absorbance centered at 622 nm. EXAFS analyses of Zn 2+ -MT2-A revealed 2S + 2N/O coordination with evidence for involvement of histidine. Interaction with the substrate CoM (2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid) resulted in replacement of the second N/O group with S, indicating direct coordination of the CoM thiolate. UV- visible spectroscopy of Co 2+ -MT2-A in the presence of CoM also showed formation of an additional metal-thiolate bond. Binding of CoM over the range of pH 6.2-7.7 obeyed a model in which metal- thiolate formation occurs separately from H + release from the enzyme-substrate complex. Proton release to the solvent takes place from a group with apparent pKa of 6.4, and no evidence for metal-thiolate protonation was found. It was determined that substrate metal-thiolate bond formation occurs with a ¢G°' of -6.7 kcal/mol and is a major thermodynamic driving force in the overall process of methyl group transfer.
Psychology for the Third World

Most citizens in the industrialized nations know the Third World only through secondhand and distorting images conveyed by the mass media. While these images and related processes of globalization are increasing awareness of poverty, civil strife, and human rights abuses in the Third World, few people in the First World seem to care about changing these painful realities. Ignorance, neglect, and a form of defensive dehumanization allow the “developed world” to proceed as if there were no serious problems in the “developing world.” Yet even the most basic statistics on conditions in the poorest nations point to massive and systematic suffering. Western behavioral scientists, who clearly have much to contribute, have yet to manifest the sustained concern necessary to develop fruitful interventions. This is due in part to ideological constraints on psychology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, numerous researchers working in the Third World have been pioneering models and methods that may challenge others to rethink disciplinary assumptions, and begin to confront Third World problems effectively. This article surveys the development of these activities and issues a call for increased involvement.
A multicenter comparison of established and emerging cardiac biomarkers for the diagnostic evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department

Background The aim of this study is to assess the role of novel biomarkers for the diagnostic evaluation of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods Among 318 patients presenting to an emergency department with acute chest discomfort, we evaluated the diagnostic value of 5 candidate biomarkers (amino terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], ischemia modified albumin, heart fatty acid binding protein, high-sensitivity troponin I [hsTnI], and unbound free fatty acids [FFAu]) for detecting ACS, comparing their results with that of conventional troponin T (cTnT). Results Sixty-two subjects (19.5%) had ACS. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of NT-proBNP (73%, 90%) and hsTnI (57%, 89%) were higher than that of cTnT (22%, 84%). Unbound free fatty acids had the highest overall combination of sensitivity (75%), specificity (72%), and negative predictive values (92%) of all the markers examined. A significant increase in the C-statistic for cTnT resulted from the addition of results for NT-proBNP (change 0.09, P = .001), hsTnI (change 0.13, P P Conclusion Among emergency department patients with symptoms suggestive of ACS, neither ischemia modified albumin nor heart fatty acid binding protein detected or excluded ACS, whereas NT-proBNP, hsTnI, or FFAu added diagnostic information to cTnT. In the context of hsTnI results, FFAu measurement significantly reclassified both false negatives and false positives at baseline and in serial samples.
Alkylation of N-trimethylsilylated primary amines with arylethylene oxides. An efficient synthesis of 1-phenethanolamines.

Abstract Reaction of unhindered N-trimethylsilylated primary amines with styrene oxide derivatives provides good yields of 1-phenethanolamines after acidic hydrolysis during work-up. This methodology results in much better conversions and higher yields when compared to direct equimolar alkylations.
Regulation of low-density lipoprotein metabolism by cell density and proliferative state

Stimulation of the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts by platelet-derived growth factor increased the binding and degradation of low-density lipoproteins at cell densities of 2000-30,000 cells/cm2. Binding and degradation of low-density lipoprotein was an inverse function of cell density in both proliferating and quiescent cells, indicating that the effect of cell density on the LDL receptor has proliferation-dependent and proliferation-independent components. The effect of medium conditioned by confluent fibroblasts on LDL metabolism was tested to determine if the effects of cell density on LDL metabolism might be mediated by cellular secretion products. Fibroblast-conditioned medium increased LDL metabolism, suggesting secretion products do not mediate these effects of cell density. These data indicate that regulation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor is not a simple on/off response to growth stimulation, but is responsive to extracellular cues such as cell density.
Synthesis of alpha-galactosyl ceramide, a potent immunostimulatory agent.

α-Galactosyl ceramide has been identified to be a potent stimulatory agent for a novel immunological process, mediated by CD1 molecules. This paper describes a short and efficient synthesis of α-galactosyl ceramide. Starting from commercially available 2-deoxy galactose, a suitable sphingosine derivative was obtained in nine steps and 36% overall yield, which was subsequently glycosylated to give the target molecule. This flexible route will provide various glycolipids for further exploration of this interesting biological process.
Wear Resistance Characterization for Plated Connectors

The wear resistance of connectors plated with precious metal and precious metal alloy systems is characterized under conditions of high normal load (300 g) in tests ranging from !00 to 25 000 mating cycles. Contact resistance measurements and optical microscopy as well as the surface analytical techniques of Auger electron spectroscopy and · , .. . energy-dispersive X-ray analysis are utilized in the characterization of wear test performance. The wear life in terms of satisfactory connector performance is investigated. The results indicated that the electrical, chemical, and mechanical integrity of a coating system consisting of a palladium-nickel alloy PlUs a thin gold overcoat remained esentially unchanged through 25 000 mating cycles, A conventional electrodeposited hard gold system wore out after 2000 to 3000 mating cycles.
Advances in Latent Variable Mixture Models

Gregory R. Hancock & Karen M. Samuelson (Eds.). Charlotte, NC: Information Age, 2008, 370 pages, $39.99 (paperback). This volume, although not precisely a conference proceedings, is the result of a...
Term premiums in bond returns

Abstract This paper examines expected returns on U.S. Treasury bills and on U.S. Government bond portfolios. Expected bill returns are estimated from forward rates and from sample average returns. Both estimation methods indicate that expected returns on bills tend to peak at eight or nine months and never increase monotonically out to twelve months. Reliable inferences are limited to Treasury bills and thus to maturities up to a year. The variability of longer-term bond returns preempts precise conclusions about their expected returns.
Rotational model with Coriolis mixing applied to the structure of stretched states

The problem of the quenching of transition strength to stretched states is here addressed. A rotational Hamiltonian is used, including a Coriolis term and the Nilsson intrinsic Hamiltonian. The Coriolis term mixes different K bands. We consider the 6/sup -/ states in /sup 20/Ne, /sup 24/Mg, and /sup 28/Si. A significant amount of quenching is obtained. Part of this is due to the fact that the summed strength in the rotational model is equal, in single particle units, to the percent occupancy of the d/sub 5/2/ shell, and hence is less than the single particle value. The other part is due to the fact that there is a large fragmentation of strength to many states. To remove the degeneracy between the isoscalar and isovector states, a schematic residual interaction of the form M(6)xM(6) is introduced and evaluated in the intrinsic state.
Cost considerations for rural telephone service

Abstract This study estimates the relationship between density and fixed costs for rural telephone companies, together with several other cost factors, to determine the costs of providing telephone service to different areas. It is found that not all rural companies are high-cost companies; rural cooperatives, for instance, have the lowest operating costs and lowest total expenses per access line. Yet low-interest loans, long-distance settlements and disbursements from the universal service fund are made available to these companies on the basis of only a portion of their costs.
Temperature measurements of the hydroxyl radical and molecular nitrogen in premixed, laminar flames by laser techniques.

Temperature profiles in an atmospheric pressure, premixed, laminar, methane–air flame were measured and systematically compared by two different nonperturbing, laser light scattering methods. The rotational temperature of the lowest vibrational state of the electronic ground state of OH was measured by laser-induced fluorescence. The vibrational temperature of the electronic ground state of N2 was also measured by laser Raman scattering. The first quantitative comparison of these two temperatures with a spatial resolution of less than 100 μm throughout both the reaction zone and the postflame zone is presented. The analysis of the data indicates that the N2 vibrational temperature is in equilibrium with the OH rotational temperature at all points.
Phenomenological social science: Research in the public interest

Abstract This article analyzes the impact of phenomenology on social research. Central to phenomenological social science is the idea of “epistemic participation,” which allows knowledge to be understood in terms of its existential character. Research that is conducted with this aim generates data that reflect the public's interests. Such methodological sensitivity increases the validity of data and the social relevance of policy research. Thus it is argued that policy studies might be improved if they were phenomenologically informed.
Estimating the Time Dependence of Air Temperature Using Daily Maxima and Minima: A Comparison of Three Methods

Abstract Many models in a variety of disciplines require air temperature throughout the day as an input, yet often the only data available are daily extrema. Several methods for estimating the diurnal change in temperature from daily extrema have been reported. This paper compares the performance of three such algorithms (a sine wave, a sine-exponential, and a linear model) at all times of the year. Each was used to generate four years of hourly temperatures using as input the daily highs and lows recorded by the National Weather Service at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport for the years 1970, 1971, 1973 and 1974. The output from the models was compared with the actual hourly values recorded at the same site. Residual sums and standard errors computed for all three models, both as functions of day and month of the year, showed that all three were more accurate in summer than in winter. Differences in the overall standard errors of estimate among the three models were small relative to the sta...
Preparation of well-defined deposits of 235UO2

Abstract Well-defined layers of 235UO2 can be prepared by the vacuum evaporation technique. Contaminants introduced by the procedures of painting or electroplating are avoided by evaporating the material directly from a 235UO2 pellet by electron bombardment heating. The resulting targets are characterized by alpha or gamma counting.
Response of german cockroaches to a dispersant emitted by adult females

A bioassay technique was used to compare the response of six age/sex classes of German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), to a dispersant emitted by adult females when crowded. Differences occurred among the classes in the rate, intensity, and apparently thresholds of their response. Adults, especially males, responded more strongly than nymphs. A greater repellency was associated with filter papers conditioned by non-oothecae than by oothecae bearing females, suggesting a higher emission by the former. RESUME Reaction de Blattella germanica a une substance antiagregative emise par les femelles adultes Des papiers filtres contamines ont ete utilises pour comparer les reponses de six categories (âge/-sexe) de Blattella germanica a une substance antiagregative emise par les femelles adultes groupees. Des differences apparaissent entre les categories quant aux taux, intensite et seuils apparents des reponses. Les adultes, particulierement les mâles, repondent plus vigoureusement que les larves. Le pouvoir repulsif des papiers filtres contitionnes par des femelles ne portant pas d'ootheque etait superieur a celui de femelles porteuses; ceci suggere une plus forte emission par les premieres.
6‐Oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyridine‐3‐carboxylic acid

The title compound, C6H5NO3, commonly known as 6-hydroxy­nicotinic acid, is found to be a tautomer of it. Four mol­ecules, all adopting a planar conformation, are found in the asymmetric unit. The compound forms hydrogen-bonded sheets parallel to the [001] direction via inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Each sheet consists of inter­connected dimers created by R22(8) N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded motifs and infinite chains formed by C(7) hydrogen-bonded motifs. Alternatively, these sheets can be viewed as infinitely fused 32-membered hydrogen-bonded rings.
A Simple Circuit to Reduce the Input Capacitance of Microelectrode Amplifiers

There are several specialized applications which require amplifiers with very low input capacitance. Two field effect transistors (FET's) can be cascaded in a source follower configuration to drive the drain of the input FET. The cascaded source follower provides at least an order of magnitude decrease in input capacitance. The cascaded source follower can be added to existing amplifiers or incorporated into new amplifier design with relatively little difficulty.
The electronic states of nitroanilines

A correlation of spectroscopic data with all-valence-electron, CNDOs-CI results has been performed for a number of mono- and disubstituted benzenes containing nitro and/or amino groups. The lowest energy 1Γππ∗ ← 1Γ1 transitions of p-nitroaniline are predicted to be 11B1 ← 11A1, 21A1 ← 11A1, and 21B1 ← 11A1, in the order of increasing energy. These three transitions are assigned to (i.e., are encompassed within) the lowest energy absorption band envelope of p-nitroaniline. The lowest energy predicted 1Γππ∗ ← 1Γ1 transition of o- and m-nitroanilines is 2A′ ← 1A′ and is supposed to correspond to the totality of the lowest energy absorption feature in both of these systems. The orbital excitation nature of these transitions is discussed.
Capacitated multicommodity network flow problems with piecewise linear concave costs

Lagrangian techniques have been commonly used to solve the capacitated multi-commodity network flow problem with piecewise linear concave costs. In this paper, we show that the resulting lower bounds are no better than those obtained by the linear programming relaxation and focus on developing algorithms based on the latter. For that purpose, we characterize structural properties of the optimal solution of the linear programming relaxation and propose a heuristic solution approach that uses these properties to transform the fractional solution into an integer one. Our computational experiments show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Specific modifications of histone tails, but not DNA methylation, mirror the temporal variation of mammalian recombination hotspots

Recombination clusters nonuniformly across mammalian genomes at discrete genomic loci referred to as recombination hotspots. Despite their ubiquitous presence, individual hotspots rapidly lose their activities, and the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying such frequent hotspot turnovers (the so-called “recombination hotspot paradox”) remain unresolved. Even though some sequence motifs are significantly associated with hotspots, multiple lines of evidence indicate that factors other than underlying sequences, such as epigenetic modifications, may affect the evolution of recombination hotspots. Thus, identifying epigenetic factors that covary with recombination at fine-scale is a promising step for this important research area. It was previously reported that recombination rates correlate with indirect measures of DNA methylation in the human genome. Here, we analyze experimentally determined DNA methylation and histone modification of human sperms, and show that the correlation between DNA methylation and recombination in long-range windows does not hold with respect to the spatial and temporal variation of recombination at hotspots. On the other hand, two histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) overlap extensively with recombination hotspots. Similar trends were observed in mice. These results indicate that specific histone modifications rather than DNA methylation are associated with the rapid evolution of recombination hotspots. Furthermore, many human recombination hotspots occupy “bivalent” chromatin regions that harbor both active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) marks. This may explain why human recombination hotspots tend to occur in nongenic regions, in contrast to yeast and Arabidopsis hotspots that are characterized by generally active chromatins. Our results highlight the dynamic epigenetic underpinnings of recombination hotspot evolution.
Determinants of early and late outcome for reoperations of the proximal aorta

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of ascending aorta and aortic arch reoperations and to identify determinants of early and late outcome. Methods Between January 1991 and March 2003 we repaired aneurysms of the proximal aorta in 597 patients. Of these patients, 104 had reoperations for replacement of the ascending aorta, aortic root, or transverse aortic arch. Previous surgery was defined as any previous cardiac or proximal aortic repair. Median age was 60 years, and 29 of the patients (28%) were female. Indications for reoperation and replacement of the proximal aorta included acute type A dissection in 6 patients (5.8%), aneurysm with chronic dissection in 60 (57.7%), progression of aneurysm in 23 (22.1%), infection in 12 (1.5%), inflammatory disease in 2 (1.9%), and atheromatous disease in 1 (1.0%). Reoperations included aortic root replacement in 20 patients (19.2%), total arch replacement with elephant trunk in 28 (26.7%), ascending and proximal arch in 39 (37.5%), and ascending aorta in 27 (26.0%). The median interval between operations was 69 months. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was used in 80 (77%) cases. Results Chronic dissection was the most common indicator for reoperation in our population, followed by progression of aneurysm and infection. Thirty-day and in-hospital mortality was 13.5% (14 of 104) and 15.4% (16 of 104), respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal dysfunction, and increased pump time were risk factors for mortality. Median follow-up was 5.02 years. Eight patients died during that period. Estimated survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 83%, 80%, and 62%, respectively. Freedom from second proximal reoperations was 97.1% (10 of 104). Freedom from subsequent distal thoracic aortic repair was 84.6% (8 of 104). Conclusions Reoperations of the ascending aorta and aortic arch can be performed safely with good long-term results. Patients with previous proximal aortic dissection repair need long-term surveillance. Renal dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease must be carefully considered before reoperations of the proximal aorta.
Significance of biomarker discordance in breast cancer from the pathologist's perspective

Information on hormone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is important for making optimal therapeutic decisions for breast cancer patients. Discordance in these biomarkers between primary breast carcinomas and corresponding metastases is well documented and may lead to changes in management option. The underlying mechanisms of biomarker discordance are complicated and multifactorial. Whereas biologic evolution, intratumoral heterogeneity, and subclonal selection may account for discordance, variations in sampling, processing, staining procedure and interpretation are the important contributory yet controllable factors. This article reviews the effects of different factors on the biomarker discordance, the clinical significance and the importance of standardizing methodology and interpretation criteria.
Fifteen observations on the structure of energy-minimizing gaits in many simple biped models

A popular hypothesis regarding legged locomotion is that humans and other large animals walk and run in a manner that minimizes the metabolic energy expenditure for locomotion. Here, using numerical optimization and supporting analytical arguments, I obtain the energy-minimizing gaits of many different simple biped models. I consider bipeds with point-mass bodies and massless legs, with or without a knee, with or without a springy tendon in series with the leg muscle and minimizing one of many different ‘metabolic cost’ models—correlated with muscle work, muscle force raised to some power, the Minetti–Alexander quasi-steady approximation to empirical muscle metabolic rate (from heat and ATPase activity), a new cost function called the ‘generalized work cost’ Cg having some positivity and convexity properties (and includes the Minetti–Alexander cost and the work cost as special cases), and generalizations thereof. For many of these models, walking-like gaits are optimal at low speeds and running-like gaits at higher speeds, so a gait transition is optimal. Minimizing the generalized work cost Cg appears mostly indistinguishable from minimizing muscle work for all the models. Inverted pendulum walking and impulsive running gaits minimize the work cost, generalized work costs Cg and a few other costs for the springless bipeds; in particular, a knee-torque-squared cost, appropriate as a simplified model for electric motor power for a kneed robot biped. Many optimal gaits had symmetry properties; for instance, the left stance phase was identical to the right stance phases. Muscle force–velocity relations and legs with masses have predictable qualitative effects, if any, on the optima. For bipeds with compliant tendons, the muscle work-minimizing strategies have close to zero muscle work (isometric muscles), with the springs performing all the leg work. These zero work gaits also minimize the generalized work costs Cg with substantial additive force or force rate costs, indicating that a running animal's metabolic cost could be dominated by the cost of producing isometric force, even though performing muscle work is usually expensive. I also catalogue the many differences between the optimal gaits of the various models. These differences contain information that might help us develop models that better predict locomotion data. In particular, for some biologically plausible cost functions, the presence or absence of springs in series with muscles has a large effect on both the coordination strategy and the absolute cost; the absence of springs results in more impulsive (collisional) optimal gaits and the presence of springs leads to more compliant optimal gaits. Most results are obtained for specific speed and stride length combinations close to preferred human behaviour, but limited numerical experiments show that some qualitative results extend to other speed-stride length combinations as well.
Realistic stereo error models and finite optimal stereo baselines

Stereo reconstruction is an important research and application area, both for general 3D reconstruction and for operations like robotic navigation and remote sensing. This paper addresses the determination of parameters for a stereo system to optimize/minimize 3D reconstruction errors. Previous work on error analysis in stereo reconstruction optimized error in disparity space which led to the erroneous conclusion that, ignoring matching errors, errors decrease when the baseline goes to infinity. In this paper, we derive the first formal error model based on the more realistic “point-of-closest-approach” ray model used in modern stereo systems. We then show this results in finite optimal baseline that minimizes reconstruction errors in all three world directions. We also show why previous oversimplified error analysis results in infinite baselines. We derive the mathematical relationship between the error variances and the stereo system parameters. In our analysis, we consider the situations where errors exist in only one camera as well as errors in both cameras. We have derived the results for both parallel and verged systems, though only the simpler models are presented algebraically herein. The paper includes simulations to highlight the results and validate the approximations in the error propagation. The results should allow stereo system designers, or those using motion-stereo, to improve their system.
Beneficial Effects of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Atherosclerosis

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is the only NOS isoform expressed in normal coronary arteries. However, all 3 NOS isoforms—eNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS)—are found in human atherosclerotic plaques.1 Precise studies of knockout mice have uncovered the role of eNOS and iNOS in atherogenesis (Figure). The eNOS isoform protects against atherosclerosis, because mice lacking eNOS have increased atherosclerotic plaques.2,3 In contrast, iNOS is proatherogenic: iNOS knockout mice have decreased atherosclerotic plaque area.4 However, the role of nNOS in atherogenesis has remained a mystery until now. All 3 isoforms of NOS are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. Both nNOS and eNOS limit plaque size, whereas iNOS exacerbates atherosclerosis. See page 1539 In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology , Kuhlencordt and colleagues explore the effects of deleting nNOS alleles on atherogenesis, by comparing the atherosclerotic burden in apoE−/− mice and in nNOS−/−/apoE−/− mice fed a Western diet.5 The authors observed that nNOS decreases lesion area by 66% …
Progress in the numerical solution of the nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem

With the growing demands from disciplinary and interdisciplinary fields of science and engineering for the numerical solution of the nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem, competitive new techniques have been developed for solving the problem. In this paper we examine the state of the art of the algorithmic techniques and the software scene for the problem. Some current developments are also outlined.
Breaking through the Mental Barrier

Any of us whose work requires thinking will realize that the brain was not really meant for scientific effort. As to whether it is better suited to its more basic functions of guiding the individual is another fascinating subject that I will not consider here. Instead, I choose to pinpoint and attack a major inadequacy of the mind that interferes with our professional labors, and hope thereby, in some degree, to assist progress in our field.
Self-induced stochastic resonance in excitable systems

The effect of small-amplitude noise on excitable systems with strong time-scale separation is analyzed. It is found that vanishingly small random perturbations of the fast excitatory variable may result in the onset of a deterministic limit cycle behavior, absent without noise. The mechanism, termed self-induced stochastic resonance, combines a stochastic resonance-type phenomenon with an intrinsic mechanism of reset, and no periodic drive of the system is required. Self-induced stochastic resonance is different from other types of noise-induced coherent behaviors in that it arises away from bifurcation thresholds, in a parameter regime where the zero-noise (deterministic) dynamics does not display a limit cycle nor even its precursor. The period of the limit cycle created by the noise has a non-trivial dependence on the noise amplitude and the time-scale ratio between fast excitatory variables and slow recovery variables. It is argued that self-induced stochastic resonance may offer one possible scenario of how noise can robustly control the function of biological systems.
Endogenous Production and Elevated Levels of Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in the Milk of Transgenic Mice

Abstract n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are important for the normal development and functioning of all organisms. Mammals lack the n-3 fatty acid desaturase required for the synthesis of α -linolenic acid (18:3n-3), and are therefore dependent on dietary sources to obtain this essential fatty acid. Currently, the richest source of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), are triacylglycerides extracted from rapidly declining marine resources. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans synthesizes a wide range of PUFA and possesses the only known example of an n-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme in the animal kingdom. Transgenic mice expressing the C. elegans n-3 desaturase under the control of the lactation-induced goat β -casein mammary gland promoter were generated via pronuclear microinjection. Significant increases in n-3 PUFA, decreases in n-6 PUFA, and an overall decrease in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were observed in the milk produced by transgenic mice. Neonate mice consuming milk from transgenic females accumulated increased levels of docosahexaenoic acid in their brains. This transgenic model may provide useful information to address some basic questions of neonatal nutrition, and demonstrates one of the steps that would be required to increase the n-3 PUFA content of milk and dairy products endogenously. Increasing the proportion of n-3 PUFA in milk fat would help to improve the nutritional composition of an important component of the North American diet.
A VERIFICATION KEY FOR THE THORNDIKE DIMENSIONS OF TEMPERAMENT

Braun and LaFaro (1967), studying the Thorndike Dimensions of Temperament, report that in spite of the forced-choice format and the matching of items within sets for popularity, i.e., for frequency of ascription to the self in a rating format, subjects under instructions to fake modify their responses in systematic and consistent ways. In particular, when told to respond so as to "put your best foot forward and make a good impression," subjects picture themselves as more responsible, placid, cheerful, planful, accepting, ascendant, and sociable. (The 7 scales are listed in approximate order of the amount of shift from instructions to respond with an accurate self-description to instructions to "fake good.")
Nanosecond threshold logic gates for 16 X 16 bit, 80 ns LSI multiplier

Previous research and development efforts in digital monolithic integrated circuits and arrays were almost exclusively concerned with Boolean logic. However, by introducing threshold logic, considerable savings in gate count as well as in subsystem processing speed are evident. When logic subsystems, such as registers, adders, counters or combinational control logic, designed with common NOR logic, were replaced by subsystems employing threshold logic, average savings in gate count of three to one have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the number of consecutive logic levels necessary to implement a given switching function, and thus the relative processing delay, is also generally reduced by the same ratio.
Hydrodynamics and Cavitation of Pumps

This paper summarizes a set of lectures given on the hydrodynamics and cavitation of pumps presented at CISM in July, 2005. The lectures are based on my book entitled “Hydrodynamics of Pumps” (Brennen 1994) published jointly by Concepts ETI and Oxford University Press and available on the internet at http://caltechbook.library.caltech.edu/22/01/pumps.htm. The author is very grateful to Concepts ETI for permission to utilize large fractions of that book in this summary of the lectures. Readers who wish to explore the subject matter in more detail are encouraged to consult the original book.
The standard of care: the orthodontist's tort liability

T his a r t i c le addresses the c u r r e n t s t a n d a r d o f care app l i c ab l e to o r t h o d o n t i c p rac t i ce a n d def ines the o r t h o d o n t i s t ' s l iabi l i ty in tor t . To p rac t i ce be low the s t a n d a r d o f care subjects the o r t h o d o n t i s t to l iabi l i ty for i n ju ry o r d a m a g e to the pa t i en t , o r legally, for to r t ious conduc t . W h e n o n e reads the t e r m " s t a n d a r d o f care , " t h r e e poss ib le de f in i t i ons c o m e to mind :
Aprotinin reduces interleukin-8 production and lung neutrophil accumulation after cardiopulmonary bypass

Pulmonary neutrophil entrapment and resultant oxidative injury is thought to be the primary mechanism of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induced lung injury. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil chemoattractant induced by cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), is found in increased concentrations in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in lung inflammation. Since aprotinin reduces TNF release during CPB, the effects of aprotinin on BALF IL-8 concentrations and neutrophil levels were determined after CPB in adult humans. Study patients were equally divided into a control group (n = 8, Group 1) and an aprotin-intreated group (n = 8, Group 2). In vitro neutrophil chemotaxis was done with volunteer neutrophils using three different chemoattractants: 1) N-formyl-1-methionyl-1-leucyl-1-phenylalanine (FMLP); 2) the supernatant of a human bronchial epithelial cell culture line, A549, after 24 h of TNF stimulation with or without aprotinin or N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) (a potent protease inhibitor), and 3) BALF. Aprotinin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced post-CPB BALF IL-8 concentrations and percentage of neutrophils. In vitro, BALF from Group 1 had significantly greater chemotactic ability when compared with Group 2. The TNF stimulated A549 cell culture supernatant had significantly (P < 0.05) greater chemotactic ability than control supernatant, while aprotinin and TLCK significantly (P < 0.05) reduced this chemotactic ability. These results demonstrate that aprotinin blunts IL-8 production and reduces neutrophil lung accumulation post-CPB.
Physical Health Status as a Predictor of Treatment Outcomes Among Youth in Residential Care

In addition to complex behavioral and emotional issues, youth presenting to residential care tend to have higher rates of physical health conditions than those in the general population. Although a...
A Model for Temporal Interval Authorizations

A new model for representing temporal access control policies is introduced. In this model, temporal authorizations are represented by time attributes associated with subjects and objects, in a "time interval access graph." The time interval access graph is used to define constraints on the temporal relations between subjects, objects, and the time of access. Interval algebra is used to precisely define and analyze the time interval access graph, and to specify the evaluation of access requests.¹
SPECTROFLUOROMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF REDUCED PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE IN THE INTACT ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD.

Abstract 1. 1. Commercial spectrofluorometers have been adapted to permit the study of various fluorescence phenomena in the intact isolated urinary bladder of the toad. 2. 2. When Rayleigh and Raman scattering are eliminated by appropriate filters, reduced pyridine nucleotide may be identified in the intact tissue by its fluorescence spectral properties. 3. 3. The reduced pyridine nucleotide in the intact tissue is primarily in the bound state. It shows a shift of its fluorescence maximum to shorter wavelengths, when compared with free NADH. Its fluorescence, however, is significantly depolarized.
Genetics of the hydrophobic surfactant proteins

The hydrophobic surfactant proteins, SP-B and SP-C, serve important roles in surfactant function and metabolism. Both proteins are encoded by single genes, located on human chromosomes 2 and 8 respectively, which have been characterized and extensively studied. Mutations in the SP-B gene have been shown to cause severe lung disease, and polymorphisms in the SP-B gene may be associated with the development of RDS in premature infants. In contrast, mutations in the SP-C gene have not yet been identified or shown to cause lung disease, although given the apparent importance of SP-C in surfactant function, this remains a possibility.
Dried plum diet protects from bone loss caused by ionizing radiation

Bone loss caused by ionizing radiation is a potential health concern for radiotherapy patients, radiation workers and astronauts. In animal studies, exposure to ionizing radiation increases oxidative damage in skeletal tissues, and results in an imbalance in bone remodeling initiated by increased bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Therefore, we evaluated various candidate interventions with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities (antioxidant cocktail, dihydrolipoic acid, ibuprofen, dried plum) both for their ability to blunt the expression of resorption-related genes in marrow cells after irradiation with either gamma rays (photons, 2 Gy) or simulated space radiation (protons and heavy ions, 1 Gy) and to prevent bone loss. Dried plum was most effective in reducing the expression of genes related to bone resorption (Nfe2l2, Rankl, Mcp1, Opg, TNF-α) and also preventing later cancellous bone decrements caused by irradiation with either photons or heavy ions. Thus, dietary supplementation with DP may prevent the skeletal effects of radiation exposures either in space or on Earth.
SCsafe: Logging sequential consistency violations continuously and precisely

Sequential Consistency Violations (SCV) in relaxed consistency machines cause programs to malfunction and are hard to debug. While there are proposals for detecting and recording SCVs, they are limited in that they end program execution after detecting the first SCV because the program is now non-SC. Therefore, they cannot be used in production runs. In addition, such proposals rely on complicated hardware. To address these problems, this paper proposes the first architecture that detects and logs SCVs in a continuous manner, while retaining SC. In addition, the scheme is precise and uses substantially simpler hardware. The scheme, called SCsafe, operates continously because, after SCV detection and logging, it recovers and resumes execution while retaining SC. As a result, it can be used in production runs. In addition, SCsafe is precise in that it identifies only true SCVs — rather than dependence cycles due to false sharing. Finally, SCsafe's hardware is mostly local to each processor, and uses known recovery techniques. We evaluate SCsafe using simulations of 16-processor multicores with Total Store Order or Release Consistency. In codes with SCVs, SCsafe detects and reports SCVs while enforcing SC during the execution. In codes with few SCVs, it adds a negligible performance overhead. Finally, SCsafe is scalable with the processor count.
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in children: clinical characteristics, subtypes, causes and direct immunofluorescence findings of 56 biopsy‐confirmed cases

Background Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) in children is a complex group of conditions. Objectives This study presents the demographics, clinical features, direct immunofluorescence (DIF) results and suspected aetiologies of 56 biopsy-confirmed cases of leukocytoclastic vasculitis in children. Methods Retrospective review of 56 children seen at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1993 to 2013 with clinical features and cutaneous biopsy consistent with LCV. Results Twenty-seven (48%) cases were found to be due to IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura). The remaining cases were found to be due to cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (n = 19, 34%), urticarial vasculitis (n = 5, 9%), ANCA-associated vasculitis (n = 4, 7%) and acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (n = 1, 2%). IgA vasculitis was found to be associated with abdominal pain (P = 0.008), whereas the non-IgA vasculitis group was associated with headache (P = 0.052). Children with IgA vasculitis had palpable purpura (P = <0.001), petechia (P = 0.057), vesicles (P = 0.009) and involvement of the buttock (P = 0.004) more frequently than the non-IgA vasculitis group. On DIF, perivascular IgA was positive in IgA vasculitis compared to non-IgA vasculitis cases (P = <0.001), the other conjugates were similar between the two groups. Conclusion The most common subtype of biopsy-confirmed LCV in children is IgA vasculitis. Clinical features, exam characteristics and DIF results can be helpful in determining the subtype of cutaneous vasculitis in children.
Embedded “Extra” Scenario Material—Babushka Doll or Trojan Horse?

Both a physician and a nurse (∗Honorary), Dr. Zamierowski writes from a unique perspective. After 10 years of work with the simulation program at Johnson County Community College, the college awarded him its first-ever honorary degree at pinning this May. In addition, Dr. Zamierowski is cofounder of the Zamierowski Institute for Experiential Learning, a partnership between the Kansas University Medical Center and The University of Kansas Hospital.
Surface modifications of orthopedic implant materials using an electroplating process

The failure incidents of orthopedic implants originate from many reasons, for example, the wear corrosion, fibroblast encapsulation, allergic reaction to metal materials, and infection. To minimize these failures, surface modifications of biomaterials have been widely used. Among those, electroplating is one of the methods that are the most convenient, cheap, and environmental friendly. Currently, the electroplating method is used to coat several types of nanomaterials, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), gold, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide, on orthopedic implants. This method shows a high capability to replace patient bone fractures with new bone for long-term use. This chapter reviews the current solutions and examples of practical ideas in the area of surface coating using electrodeposition for improving bone implants.