cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture Detection Using P-wave AVO

A 3-D modeling program for general anisotropy was used to obtain the reflection coefficients of the P-wave reflected from two anisotropic, vertically fractured media beneath an isotropic medium. Two lines were recorded, perpendicular and parallel to the fractures. Although the AVO response of a media containing gas-filled fractures increases with offset when the recorded line was parallel to the fractures, we observed a decreasing AVO response when the offset orientation was perpendicular to the direction of the fractures. Media containing fractures filled with water present no such differences; the AVO response increases with offset, perpendicular and parallel to the fractures. The results were compared to a generalized Zoeppritz solution for reflections from a layer with vertical fractures. The case study suggests that AVO response for different source-receiver azimuths may contain information about the internal structure of the subsurface.
TUBERCULOSIS AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects one third of the world's population, and tuberculosis remains one of the most common infectious diseases of humans. From a global perspective, tuberculosis may be one of the most common HIV-related opportunistic infections. HIV immunosuppression has had a dramatic influence on the epidemiology, natural history and clinical presentation of tuberculosis. Treatment is highly effective for drug susceptible tuberculosis and has been shown to have a significant impact on resistant, especially multidrug-resistant, tuberculosis if started promptly. Directly observed therapy and rigorous adherence to infection control principles have helped control the tuberculosis epidemic in the United States.
Inhibition of bile-salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by the antioxidant lazaroid U83836E.

Abstract Intracellular retention of toxic bile salts contributes to hepatocellular injury during cholestasis. We have recently demonstrated that toxic bile salts directly induce apoptosis in hepatocytes. As oxidative stress has been implicated in many models of apoptosis, our aim was to determine if oxidative injury is a critical event during bile-salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Cultured rat hepatocytes incubated with 50 μ m glycochenodeoxycholate (GCDC) exhibited the characteristic morphological features of apoptosis such as nuclear fragmentation and cellular fragmentation into organelle-containing membrane-bound apoptotic bodies. After a 3-hr incubation, apoptosis was observed in 60 ± 8% of cells compared to
Lesquerella fendleri protein fractionation and characterization

Lesquerella fendleri is a promising new crop whose seed contains hydroxy FATG with potential industrial uses as well as substantial amounts of valuable gums. The defatted L. fendleri seeds also contain more than 30% protein. The objective of this study is to process and characterize this protein component for possible future uses in food. Hexane-defatted seed has more than 30% protein content. Defatted lesquerella meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2×), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2×). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate the water-soluble fraction (albumin) from the salt-soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze-drying. The ethanol extract and the neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze-dried. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed. Glutelin and globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen. SDS-PAGE of the reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed the presence of several protein bands with M.W. ranging from 7 to 98 kDa. Nitrogen solubility of defatted lesquerella meal from pH 2 to 12 indicated a solubility minimum of 15% around pH 4.2 and a solubility of 75% at pH 11.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 12% of total nitrogen. Defatted lesquerella meal has the potential for food use based on good nitrogen solubility and good amino acid composition.
Resolution of complex anisotropy decays by variable frequency phase-modulation fluorometry: a stimulation study.

Abstract We used simulations to determine the resolution of complex anisotropy decay laws which is obtainable by frequency-domain fluorometry. The simulations include the effects of torsional and segmental motions of tryptophan residues in proteins, the multiple correlation times of asymmetric molecules, and three-component anispotropy decays. For a protein with a global correlation time of 10 ns it should be possible to resolve torsional motions with correlation times as short as 10 ps if the amplitude of the rapid motion is at least 20% of the total anisotropy decay with r 0 = 0.4. Correlation times which differ by only 1.4-fold can be resolved, making this method useful for determination of the shape of proteins and other asymmetric molecules. It is possible to resolve three-component anisotropy decays if the overall difference among the correlation times is 30-fold. Such resolution will be useful for understanding of internal motions of proteins and membranes. The validity of these predictions is demonstrated in the subsequent paper using experimental data for melittin in solution and when bound to membranes (Maliwal, B.P., Hermetter, A. and Lakowicz, J.R. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 873, 173–181).
Modulation of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone levels by intracranial and subcutaneous implants of gonadal steroids in castrated rats: effects of androgen and estrogen antagonists.

Castration-induced hypersecretion of pituitary LH was associated with a marked reduction in the medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) LHRH contents. Testosterone (T) therapy promptly reduced LH to intact serum levels within 24 h, while the MBH LHRH levels were restored only after 7 days. Withdrawal of T replacement caused hypersecretion of LH within 8 h, although the first significant decrease in the MBH LHRH contents occurred between days 4–7. The two metabolites of T, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17β-estradiol (E2), were as effective as T in raising the MBH LHRH content; however, their effects on serum LH were variable. The antiandrogen flutamide, but not the antiestrogen nafoxidine hydrochloride, blocked the stimulatory effects of T and DHT on MBH LHRH levels. Nafoxidine treatment was also ineffective in reversing this central effect of E2. None of these treatments significantly altered LHRH content in the preoptic area (POA). In view of the wide distribution of LHRH-containing neurons in the septal POA ...
Storms clouds on the digital education horizon

ALTHOUGH DIGITAL EDUCATION is growing across all sectors of higher education, many unresolved challenges remain unresolved. This paper focuses on five of them: 1. faculty workload in online teaching, 2. the continued dominance of traditional pedagogy in digital higher education, 3. the weak state of assessment of outcomes in e-learning initiatives, 4. flaws in the accreditation process of distance and flexible learning programs and institutions, and 5. the disappointing state of educational research in the area. The paper concludes with recommendations for a strong development research model to address these and associated challenges.
HIGH‐PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF CRANBERRY ANTHOCYAN

The four major anthocyanins of cranberries were separated and purified by conventional paper chromatography. The purified individual anthocyanins were eluted from the paper by methanol-acetic acid-water (90:5:5) and concentrated on a rotary evaporator (<30°C). The individual anthocyanins were chromatographed separately and in a mixture by a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromate-graphic (HPLC) system. Complete separation of all four anthocyanins took less than 1 hr 40 min. A SO-ml sample of commercial Cranberry Juice Cocktail first purified by a GC-50 ion exchange column before injection into the HPLC showed the presence of two additional pigments when chromatographed.
MULTI-PEPTIDE VACCINES VIALED AS PEPTIDE MIXTURES CAN BE STABLE REAGENTS FOR USE IN PEPTIDE-BASED IMMUNE THERAPIES

To date, most peptide-based vaccines evaluated for the treatment of cancer have consisted of one or few peptides. However, as a greater number of peptide antigens become available for use in experimental therapies, it is important to establish the feasibility of combining multi-peptide reagents as individual peptide mixtures. We have found that mixtures of up to 12 peptides can be analyzed accurately for identity, purity, and stability (for at least 5 years) using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry and these complex peptide mixtures have been acceptable for use in human clinical trials. We have also identified some specific concerns for degradation products that should be considered in multi-peptide vaccine preparation and follow-up quality assurance studies. Results from these analyses have implications for changing the way peptide-based vaccines are manufactured and demonstrate that multi-peptide vaccines are reliable reagents for use in peptide-based immune therapies.
On the placement of accent in dialogue: A feature of context grammar

It is well known that an English sentence may have its accent, or point of greatest prominence, on any of several syllables. This phenomenon has been called SHIFT.1 It is the feature of English that permits us to render such a sentence as The man can see the boy in a variety of ways, as follows:The man can see the Boy.The man can SEE the boy.The man CAN see the boy.The MAN can see the boy.
Short-Term Bond Strengths Between Adhesive Cements and Dental Alloys

The tensile bond strength between three polycarboxylate cements and Types I and III gold, 304 stainless steel, and cobalt-chrome alloy was compared to that obtained with a silico-phosphate and a zinc phosphate cement. The polycarboxylate cements showed higher strengths with almost all alloys than did the other two.
U.S. Climate Reference Network Soil Moisture and Temperature Observations

AbstractThe U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) is a network of climate-monitoring stations maintained and operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide climate-science-quality measurements of air temperature and precipitation. The stations in the network were designed to be extensible to other missions, and the National Integrated Drought Information System program determined that the USCRN could be augmented to provide observations that are more drought relevant. To increase the network’s capability of monitoring soil processes and drought, soil observations were added to USCRN instrumentation. In 2011, the USCRN team completed at each USCRN station in the conterminous United States the installation of triplicate-configuration soil moisture and soil temperature probes at five standards depths (5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm) as prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization; in addition, the project included the installation of a relative humidity sensor at each of...
Overcoming status distinctions? Religious involvement, social class, race, and ethnicity in friendship patterns

Two competing hypotheses are derived about the possible relationships between religions trlvement and friendships that overcome status barriers with people of lower social status or who have been socially marginalized. Drawing on data from a large national survey, I examine the relationships between saying that one has a personal friend who is a manual worker, on welfare, an African American, or Hispanic and frequency of attendance at religous services, taking into account one's religious preference, gender, race and ethnicity, education, income, and overall number of friends. The results suggest that regular attendance at religious services does little to promote these kinds of friendships, controlling for other factors, but that these friendships do remain influenced by religious tradition. Religious involvement may encourage status-bridging friendships by motivating people to become involved in volunteer work.
Nonsaphenous superficial vein reflux

Abstract Background: Information on nonsaphenous superficial venous reflux is lacking. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of reflux in nonsaphenous veins, their association and correlation with risk factors, and signs and symptoms of chronic venous disease (CVD). Methods: Information on 835 limbs in patients with signs and symptoms of CVD were prospectively entered into a customized database. These patients had been referred from the venous clinic to the vascular laboratory for color-flow duplex scanning evaluation of the lower-limb veins. All patients were examined for reflux in the standing and sitting positions. Nonsaphenous reflux was defined as that in superficial veins that are not part of the greater or lesser saphenous systems. Particular attention was paid to the patterns of reflux and anatomy of the nonsaphenous veins from the proximal to the distal ends, including their connections with the saphenous and deep veins. Results: Nonsaphenous venous reflux was found in 84 limbs (10%) of 72 patients, 67 of whom were women. The mean number of pregnancies in these patients was higher than that of 100 randomly selected women with saphenous reflux (3.2 vs 2.2). According to CEAP classification, 90% of the limbs were in CVD classes 1 through 3 and only 10% had skin damage (classes 4-6). Symptoms were present in 67 limbs (80%). Forty-two limbs (50%) had reflux in tributaries of lateral, posterior, and medial thigh. These veins were connected with perforators uniting with the deep femoral, femoral, and muscular veins of the thigh in 36 limbs. Reflux in these perforators was detected in 19 limbs. Reflux arising from the pelvic veins was found in 29 limbs (34%), 18 of which were from vulvar veins medial to saphenofemoral junction and 11 of which were from veins in the gluteal area. Incompetent veins from the sciatic nerve were found in nine limbs (10%). Reflux in the vein of the popliteal fossa was found in seven limbs (8%). Reflux in knee tributaries was detected in three limbs (4%), two of which were connected with posterolateral knee perforators and one with the posterior tibial nerve veins. Conclusions: The prevalence of nonsaphenous reflux in our practice was 10%. The vast majority of these patients (93%) were women with a mean of 3.2 pregnancies. Ninety percent of these limbs have signs and symptoms assigned to CVD classes 1 to 3. These data may simply reflect the referral pattern, but also a possible association with female sex and number of pregnancies. The unusual anatomy of these veins stresses the importance of color-flow duplex scanning before surgery. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:872-7.)
Infinite randomness expansion with a constant number of devices

We present a device-independent randomness expansion protocol, involving only a constant number of non-signaling quantum devices, that achieves infinite expansion: starting with m bits of uniform private randomness, the protocol can produce an unbounded amount of certified randomness that is exp(--Ω(m1/3))-close to uniform and secure against a quantum adversary. The only parameters which depend on the size of the input are the soundness of the protocol and the security of the output (both are inverse exponential in m). This settles a long-standing open problem in the area of randomness expansion and device-independence. The analysis of our protocols involves overcoming fundamental challenges in the study of adaptive device-independent protocols. Our primary technical contribution is the design and analysis of device-independent protocols which are Input Secure; that is, their output is guaranteed to be secure against a quantum eavesdropper, even if the input randomness was generated by that same eavesdropper! The notion of Input Security may be of independent interest to other areas such as device-independent quantum key distribution.
Tabu search and ejection chains—application to a node weighted version of the cardinality-constrained TSP

A cardinality-constrained TSP CC-TSP problem requires the salesman to visit at least L and at most U cities, represented by nodes of a graph. The objective of this problem is to maximize the sum of weights of nodes visited. In this paper we propose a tabu search method based on ejection chain procedures, which have proved effective for many kinds of combinatorial optimization problems. Computational results on a set of randomly generated test problems with various implementations of the algorithm are reported.
Patterning Barriers to Lateral Diffusion in Supported Lipid Bilayer Membranes by Blotting and Stamping

Two new methods are introduced for patterning fluid lipid bilayer membranes on solid supports. These methods are based on the observation that supported membranes undergo self-limiting lateral expansion when bilayer material is removed from the surface or when it is deposited in a pattern on a surface. Spatially selective (patterned) removal of bilayer material can be achieved by using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. Following slight lateral expansion into the bilayer-free region created by this blotting process, stable barriers to lateral diffusion are formed. Inspection of the barrier regions indicates that nearly all of the bilayer material is removed, implying that it has been transferred to the stamp. As a consequence, it also proves possible to transfer the lifted material from the stamp onto a fresh surface. The transferred material retains the original pattern from the stamp and is also laterally mobile, and the mobility is confined to the printed region. Alternatively, bilayers assembled o...
Intensive Pediatric Constraint-Induced Therapy for Children With Cerebral Palsy: Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial

A randomized crossover trial of a new form of pediatric rehabilitation was conducted with 18 children with hemiparesis. Half were randomly assigned to receive pediatric constraint-induced therapy involving constraint of the functional upper extremity and intensive therapy with the hemiparetic upper extremity. Controls received conventional physical and occupational therapy and then were crossed over to receive pediatric constraint-induced therapy. Pediatric constraint-induced therapy produced significantly greater gains than conventional rehabilitation services.
Exposure effects in the classroom: The development of affinity among students

Abstract Affinity is a complex blend of familiarity, attraction, and similarity that strengthens social relations by fostering a sense of closeness among people. We studied the development of affinity among students in a large college course. Four women of similar appearance attended class sessions, posing as students in the course. To create conditions of mere exposure, they did not interact with any of the other students. Each woman attended a different number (0, 5, 10, or 15) of class sessions. At the end of the term, students ( N = 130) were shown slides of the women and measures of each woman's perceived familiarity, attractiveness, and similarity were obtained. Mere exposure had weak effects on familiarity, but strong effects on attraction and similarity. Causal analyses indicated that the effects of exposure on familiarity and similarity were mediated by its effects on atrraction. The potential role of affinity in several kinds of social relations is discussed.
Transfer function of parallel plate resonators

Abstract Principles and characteristics of a parallel plate resonator are reviewed based upon a transfer function concept. From the transfer function, we obtain the resonance frequency, the bandwidth, and the quality factor of the resonator by a simple procedure. This simplified approach is easier than the traditional electromagnetic field theory approach or the ray optics approach. Validity of this transfer function approach on the parallel plate resonator is verified by experiments in X-band microwaves and other published literature.
Insight into the gassing problem of Li-ion battery

Gas generation (namely, the volume swelling of battery, or called the gassing) is a common phenomenon of the degradation of battery performance, which is generally a result of the electrolyte decomposition occurring during the entire lifespan of Li-ion batteries no matter whether the battery is in service or not. Abuse conditions such as overcharging and overheating make the gassing worse or even result in disastrous accidents. In overcharging, the gassing occurs mainly through the electrochemical oxidation of electrolyte solvents on the cathode with the Li ions from the electrolyte being reduced into metallic Li on the anode. In overheating, the gassing takes place through not only the redox decomposition but also the chemical decomposition of the electrolyte solvents on both the anode and cathode besides the vapor expansion of volatile electrolyte solvents. In this opinion article, only the gas generation occurring under the normal operation and storage conditions will be addressed. Assuming that the Li-ion battery is well formed in manufacture and properly operated in service, the gas generation can be attributed to the chemical decomposition and redox decomposition of the electrolyte solvents on the anode and cathode. The chemical decomposition of dialkyl carbonate solvents produces ether and CO2, as described by Eq. 1, which can take place on both the anode and cathode. Resulting CO2 can be reduced into CO in accompany with the consumption of Li ions that are eventually originated from the cathode either by the chemical reduction (Eq. 2) or by the electrochemical reduction (Eq. 3) on the anode. R1O C OR2 O
OK: The improbable story of America’s greatest word

by Allan Metcalf, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, 224 pp. £18.95, ISBN10: 0195377931 There are a number of good reasons for reading OK. Anyone with only a passing interest in language will b...
Simulation of intensity of segregation distributions using three-dimensional fem analysis: Application to corotating twin screw extrusion processing

The corotating twin screw extrusion flow is simulated to generate the distributions of intensity of segregation and integral measures of mixing and forwarding. The simulation focused on the lenticular kneading disk elements that necessitated the application of a three-dimensional finite element method to solve the conservation equations. The intensity of segregation distributions were determined by introducing a tracer blob numerically and tracking the concentration of the tracer particles as a function of location and time. In spite of the chaotic nature of the dynamics of this flow, the analyses provided the broad features of twin extrusion flow and its ability to mix. The processing characteristics of kneading disks were found to depend on the stagger angle and complemented earlier numerical and experimental results on residence time distributions and color incorporated tracer analyses. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rule Differences, Practice, and Response Label in Complete Learning

Summary Rule differences in a complete learning (CL) task were investigated over practice and conditions of neutral and directional response labels. The Ss were forty 13- to 14-year-old paid volunteers, 20 males and 20 females. Ss were given 20 problems, in four blocks of five problems each. Within each block, problems representing the Affirmative (Af), Conjunctive (Cj), Conditional (Cd), Inclusive Disjunctive (Id), and Biconditional (Bd) rules were presented. The order of rule difficulty was found to be Af < Cj = Cd = Id < Bd. Performance improved after the first block of five rules with no further change over the next three blocks of problems. No significant effect was obtained for Label, and there were no significant interactions. These results for rule difficulty and practice were concluded to be generally consistent with both Neisser and Weene's and Hunt, Marin, and Stone's models of CL, and to clarify previous results concerning Rule by Practice interactions. The absence of a Label effect is inconsi...
Informal Political Networks and Putin’s Foreign Policy: The Examples of Iran and Syria

While many analysts use an informal political network perspective to describe Russian domestic politics under Vladimir Putin, almost none have applied that framework to Russian foreign policy. This article explains why Russia is a useful case to use in developing such a framework, and then proposes a preliminary set of arguments about what a foreign policy based on informal politics would look like. While a realism or state interest framework still explains a lot, this article argues that an informal politics perspective explains Russian actions better than realism can alone, and explains why a personalized network approach is different from a more classic interest-group model. It cites a variety of examples from the Putin era to begin to illustrate the arguments, and then provides longer illustrative case-studies of Russian policy toward Iran and Syria to show how the arguments can be used in practice. It concludes by asking whether the perspective is useful in understanding Putin’s actions in Ukraine in...
Mashups: who? what? why?

In recent years major web services have opened their systems to outside use through the implementation of public APIs. As a result, web developers have begun to experiment with mashups - software applications that merge separate APIs and data sources into one integrated interface. Because the APIs and data sources are publicly available, in principle anyone can create a mashup. However, because relatively advanced programming languages are required to integrate these APIs, creating a mashup still requires considerable programming expertise. In this paper we share the results of an exploratory study of web developers and their experiences with building mashups. We profile the characteristics of mashup developers, examine the mashups they create, and the reasons they create mashups. From the results of this initial survey we outline a course for future research.
An alkali-soluble polysaccharide from the cell walls of Coprinus lagopus

An alkali-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the purified mycelial walls of Coprinus lagopus. The hydrolysis products, optical rotation, and infrared spectrum indicate a β-glucan. Hydrolysis of the glucan after permethylation gave only 2,3,4,6-tetra-, 2,4,6-tri-, and 2,4-di-O-methyl-d-glucose. These methylated sugars and their relative quantities reveal that the glucan is a polysaccharide containing β-1,3-linked glucose units with about 14% of the sugars having 1,6-linked branch points. Partial hydrolysis of the product derived from Smith degradation of the glucan released laminaribiose and gentiobiose suggesting that the branches are generally longer than a single glucose unit.
Bethe–Salpeter calculation of optical-absorption spectra of In2O3 and Ga2O3

Transparent conducting oxides keep attracting strong scientific interest not only due to their promising potential for 'transparent electronics' applications but also due to their intriguing optical absorption characteristics. Materials such as In2O3 and Ga2O3 have complicated unit cells and, consequently, are interesting systems for studying the physics of excitons and anisotropy of optical absorption. Since currently no experimental data is available, for instance, for their dielectric functions across a large photon-energy range, we employ modern first-principles computational approaches based on many-body perturbation theory to provide theoretical-spectroscopy results. Using the Bethe–Salpeter framework, we compute dielectric functions and we compare to spectra computed without excitonic effects. We find that the electron–hole interaction strongly modifies the spectra and we discuss the anisotropy of optical absorption that we find for Ga2O3 in relation to existing theoretical and experimental data.
It's Your Game: Keep It Real: delaying sexual behavior with an effective middle school program.

Purpose This study tested the effects of a theory-based, middle-school human immunodeficiency virus, STI, and pregnancy prevention program, It's Your Game: Keep it Real ( IYG ), in delaying sexual behavior. We hypothesized that the IYG intervention would decrease the number of adolescents who initiated sexual activity by the ninth grade compared with those in the comparison schools. Methods The target population consisted of English-speaking middle school students from a large, urban, predominantly African-American and Hispanic school district in Southeast Texas. Ten middle schools were randomly assigned either to receive the intervention or to the comparison condition. Seventh-grade students were recruited and followed through ninth grade. The IYG intervention comprises 12 seventh-grade and 12 eighth-grade lessons that integrate group-based classroom activities with computer-based instruction and personal journaling. Ninth-grade follow-up surveys were completed by 907 students (92% of the defined cohort). The primary hypothesis tested was that the intervention would decrease the number of adolescents who initiated sexual activity by the ninth grade compared with those in the comparison schools. Results Almost one-third (29.9%, n=509) of the students in the comparison condition initiated sex by ninth grade compared with almost one-quarter (23.4%, n=308) of those in the intervention condition. After adjusting for covariates, students in the comparison condition were 1.29 times more likely to initiate sex by the ninth grade than those in the intervention condition. Conclusions A theory-driven, multi-component, curriculum-based intervention can delay sexual initiation up to 24 months; can have impact on specific types of sexual behavior such as initiation of oral and anal sex; and may be especially effective with females. Future research must explore the generalizabilty of these results.
Resolving optical illumination distributions along an axially symmetric photodetecting fiber

Photodetecting fibers of arbitrary length with internal metal, semiconductor and insulator domains have recently been demonstrated. These semiconductor devices exhibit a continuous translational symmetry which presents challenges to the extraction of spatially resolved information. Here, we overcome this seemingly fundamental limitation and achieve the detection and spatial localization of a single incident optical beam at sub-centimeter resolution, along a one-meter fiber section. Using an approach that breaks the axial symmetry through the constuction of a convex electrical potential along the fiber axis, we demonstrate the full reconstruction of an arbitrary rectangular optical wave profile. Finally, the localization of up to three points of illumination simultaneously incident on a photodetecting fiber is achieved.
Lack of effect of calcitonin on the regulation of vitamin D metabolism in the rat.

The infusion of calcitonin into intact rats increases the accumulation of 1,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-(3)(H]vitamin D)3 from 25-hydroxy-[26,27-(3)H]vita-min (D)3 in blood, but has no effect on thyropara-thyroidectomized rats using a variety of protocols. Furthermore, the vitamin D status of the animals did not alter the results. Inasmuch as no effect of calcitonin could be found on the accumulation ofother vitamin D metabolites as well as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3i t is concluded that cal-citonin apparently plays no direct role in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism and that the previous report of an effect of calcitonin on vitamin D metabolism in vivo is probably the result of a secondary response of the parathyroid glands.(Endocrinology 100: 468, 1977)
Determinants of system transparency and its influence on trust in and reliance on unmanned robotic systems

ABSTRACT Increasingly autonomous robotic systems are expected to play a vital role in aiding humans in complex and dangerous environments. It is unlikely, however, that such systems will be able to consistently operate with per fect reliability. Even less than 100% reliable systems can provide a significant benefit to humans, but this benefit will depend on a human RSHUDWRU¶VDELOLW\WRXQGHUVWDQGDURERW¶VEHKDYLRUVDQGVWDWHV7KHQRWLRQRIV\VWHPWUDQVSDUHQF\LV examined as a vital aspect of robotic design, for PDLQWDLQLQJKXPDQV¶WUXVWLQDQGUHOLDQFHRQLQFUHDVLQJO\DXWRPDWHGSODWIRUPV6\VWHPWUDQVSDUHQF\LVGHVFULEHGDVWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKDV\VWHP¶VDFWLRQRUWKHLQWHQWLRQRIDQDFWLRQLVDSSDUHQWWRKXPDQoperators and/ or observers. While the physical designs of robotic systems have been demonstrated to greatly influence KXPDQV¶L PSUHVVLRQVR IU RERWVG HWHUPLQDQWVR IWU DQVSDUHQF\ between humans and robots are not solely robot -centric. Our approach considers transparency as emergent property of the human ±robot system. In this paper, we present insights from our interdisciplinary efforts to improve the transparency of teams made up of humans and unmanned robots . These near -futuristic teams are those in which robot agents wi ll autonomously collaborate with humans to achieve task goals. This paper demonstrates how factors such as human ±robot communication and human mental models regarding robots impact DKXPDQ¶VDE LOLW\WR U HFRJQL]HWK HDFWLRQVR UV WDWHVRID QDX WRPDWHGV \VWHP . Furthermore, we will discuss the implications of system transparency on other critical HRI factors such as situation awareness , operator workload , and perceptions of trust . Keywords: human ±robot interaction, autonomous systems, transparency, trust, re liability, human ±robot teams, mental models, situation awareness
Introduction: Understanding Theories of Violence from Multiple Social Science Perspectives

This special issue is the fifth in an evolving series of literature reviews designed to identify relevant social science theories that provide a multi-disciplinary understanding of major social pro...
Locking-free compressible quadrilateral finite elements: Poisson’s ratio-dependent vector interpolants

In any high-quality viscoplastic calculation, the objectivity related to shape and constitutive parameter indifference is desirable, especially when a continuous deformation into concavity is tracked. In the physical x−y frame, quadratic displacement vectors—explicitly coupled via Poisson’s ratio—encompass bar and Euler–Bernoulli beam modes. Analytically, the unique set of shape functions yields nodal loads and the element stiffness matrix from its area and the first and second area moments. Closed-form Mathematica results exhibit full compliance with all requirements of Iron’s patch tests.
Dynamic Modeling of a Dual Clearance Squeeze Film Damper—Part I: Test Rig and Dynamic Model with One Damper

This paper presents a description of a dual clearance squeeze film damper (SFD) test rig and a dynamic model of a single SFD. The purpose of a dual SFD is to provide protection at high levels of vibration, when conventional devices are no longer effective. An experimental facility was designed and built for tire study of SFD behavior within mechanically controlled orbits. It can be used for both single and dual squeeze film dampers. In Part 1 of this paper, measured and computed responses are presented while operating as a single squeeze film device. Numerical and experimental results for undamped cases are presented, i.e., when no oil film is present in the damper. Subsequently, the effects of the oil film are considered. Good agreement was obtained between experimental data and predictions. Presented at the 57th Annual Meeting in Houston, Texas May 19–23, 2002
Identity change in adulthood: The contribution of defense mechanisms and life experiences

Change in the adult identity of 155 participants from the Intergenerational Study, Institute of Human Development, was examined across a period of 24 years, and was related to theory-based life experiences and the use of defense mechanisms. The results indicated an increase in Achieved, Moratorium and Foreclosed Identity, and a decrease in Diffusion. As was expected from previous research and theory, identity change in middle adulthood and late middle age was predicted by use of the defense of identification. In addition, life experiences in the areas of work, marital and family relationships, social network, and political orientation were significantly related to identity and identity change. For both defenses and life experiences, IQ significantly moderated the predictions of identity change.
Antioxidant Isozyme Variability in Different Genotypes of Citrus and Kumquat

Abstract An understanding of antioxidant variability in citrus genotypes and kumquat is needed to develop future plants with greater resistance to oxidative stress. We evaluated part of the basal, enzymatic anti-oxidative metabolism in developing leaves (40–50% expanded) of commercially important citrus: grapefruit, sweet orange ‘Hamlin’, and kumquat. Young leaves of kumquat showed lower rates of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 generation in comparison to grapefruit and sweet orange ‘Hamlin’. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which catalyzes the transmutation of superoxide ion to H2O2, was two times higher in kumquat than in grapefruit and sweet orange. Kumquat also had more superoxide dismutase isoforms. Despite the higher superoxide dismutase activity in kumquat, it had substantially lower H2O2 than grapefruit and sweet orange ‘Hamlin’. Catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APOD) catabolyze H2O2 to non-toxic by-products. Total catalase activity was about 50% higher in...
Qu'est-ce que la sécurité nationale ?

La securite nationale tire sa specificite, essentiellement, de la plasticite de son contenu que refletent les definitions contrastees qui structurent son champ disciplinaire. Cet article tente de montrer que cette indecidabilite conceptuelle sous-tend nos problemes methodologiques. Il integre cette contestabilite semantique au cœur de son projet, delimite les secteurs saillants de la securite nationale et en enonce les conditionnements. Reunies, ces reflexions permettent, a travers une methode analytique, de concilier la triade, ontologie – de quoi est faite la securite nationale ? –, epistemologie – comment l’etudie-t-on ? – et politique – quelles sont les variables qui influencent sa mise en œuvre ?
Unsteady Flow and Dynamic Behavior of Ultrashort Lomakin Gas Bearings

Ultrashort microscale high-speed gas bearings exhibit a whirl instability limit and dynamic behavior much different from conventional hydrostatic gas bearings. In particular, the design space for a stable high-speed operation is confined to a narrow region and involves a singular behavior. The previously developed ultrashort gas bearing theory (Liu et al. (2005, "Hydrostatic Gas Journal Bearings for Micro-Turbomachinery," ASME J. Vibr. Acoust., 127(2), pp. 157-164)) assumed fully developed flow in the journal bearing gap. There is experimental evidence that this assumption might not be fully applicable for the relatively short flow-through times in such bearings. This has an impact on the estimation of whirl instability onset, bearing operability and power requirements. In this paper, unsteady flow effects in the bearing gap are investigated with the goal to quantify their impact on the bearing dynamic behavior. It is shown that although three-dimensional flow calculations in the ultrashort journal bearing are necessary to quantify the onset of whirl instability, the underlying mechanisms can be qualitatively described by the impulsive starting of a Couette flow. Using this description, two time scales are identified that govern the journal bearing dynamic behavior: the viscous diffusion time and the axial flow-through time. Based on this, a reduced frequency parameter is introduced that determines the development of the flow field in the journal bearing and, together with bearing force models, yields a criterion for whirl instability onset. Detailed three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics calculations of the journal bearing flow have been conducted to assess the criterion. A singular behavior in whirl ratio as a function of the reduced frequency parameter is observed, verifying the refined stability criterion. Using high-fidelity flow calculations, the effects of unsteady journal bearing flow on whirl instability limit and bearing power loss are quantified, and design guidelines and implications on gas bearing modeling are discussed. The stability criterion is experimentally validated demonstrating repeatable, stable high-speed operation of a novel microbearing test device at whirl ratios of 35.
Lipoprotein uptake by vascular smooth muscle cells of the rat cultured in 5% or 20% oxygen

Freshly dispersed aortic smooth muscle cells of the rat were grown in either 5% or 20% oxygen. Cells proliferated more rapidly in 5% than in 20% oxygen although at confluency the protein content per cell was 20% less in the 5% than in the 20% oxygen environment. By electron microscopy, cell morphology was the same in both environments. Uptake of low-density and high-density homologous lipoprotein was unaffected by oxygen tension. Other studies, however, showed that induction of receptors for lipoprotein binding behaved variably in the low compared to the high oxygen condition. These differences were not associated with differences in lipid synthesis in the two conditions.
Real-Time Feedback of Histotripsy Thrombolysis Using Bubble-Induced Color Doppler

Abstract Histotripsy thrombolysis is a non-invasive, drug-free, image-guided therapy that fractionates blood clots using well-controlled acoustic cavitation alone. Real-time quantitative feedback is highly desired during histotripsy thrombolysis treatment to monitor the progress of clot fractionation. Bubble-induced color Doppler (BCD) monitors the motion after cavitation generated by each histotripsy pulse, which has been found in gel and ex vivo liver tissue to be correlated with histotripsy fractionation. We investigated the potential of BCD to quantitatively monitor histotripsy thrombolysis in real time. To visualize clot fractionation, transparent three-layered fibrin clots were developed. Results indicated that a coherent motion follows the cavitation generated by each histotripsy pulse with a push and rebound pattern. The temporal profile of this motion expands and saturates as treatment progresses. A strong correlation exists between the degree of histotripsy clot fractionation and two metrics extracted from BCD: time of peak rebound velocity ( t PRV ) and focal mean velocity at a fixed delay ( V f,delay ). The saturation of clot fractionation ( i.e ., treatment completion) matches well the saturations detected using t PRV and V f,delay . The mean Pearson correlation coefficients between the progression of clot fractionation and the two BCD metrics were 93.1% and 92.6%, respectively. To validate BCD feedback in in vitro clots, debris volumes from histotripsy thrombolysis were obtained at different therapy doses and compared with V f,delay . There is also good agreement between the increasing and saturation trends of debris volume and V f,delay . Finally, a real-time BCD feedback algorithm to predict complete clot fractionation during histotripsy thrombolysis was developed and tested. This work illustrates the potential of BCD to monitor histotripsy thrombolysis treatment in real time.
Cholangiocyte biology and cystic fibrosis liver disease

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common inherited diseases in the white population. The disease results from mutations in the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). How this gene defect leads to the clinical manifestations of the disease, however, is not entirely clear. CFTR functions as a Cl(-) channel in the apical membrane of most secretory epithelia, including biliary epithelial cells, or cholangiocytes. In cholangiocytes, CFTR appears to be an important determinant of biliary secretion and bile flow. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that CFTR regulates other membrane transporters, channels, and proteins. Improving life expectancy has led to an increasing recognition of hepatobiliary complications from CF. The true prevalence of CF liver disease is unknown, but may affect up to 17-25% of CF patients. Clinical manifestations include hepatic steatosis, neonatal cholestasis, focal nodular cirrhosis, multilobular cirrhosis, and biliary tract complications. Why only a subset of CF patients develops severe liver disease and others with the same genotype do not is one of the many scientific curiosities of this disease. This review focuses on the function of CFTR in cholangiocytes with emphasis on ductular bile formation as well as the clinical consequences of abnormal CFTR, namely CF-associated liver disease. Data on the pathogenesis, prevalence, clinical course, and treatment of CF liver disease will be reviewed.
State-filling and magneto-photoluminescence of excited states in InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots☆

Abstract We present the first radiative lifetime measurements and magneto-photoluminescence results of excited states in InGaAs/GaAs semiconductor self-assembled quantum dots. By increasing the photo-excitation intensity, excited state interband transitions up to n = 5 can be observed in the emission spectrum. The dynamics of the interband transitions and the inter-sublevel relaxation in these zero-dimensional energy levels lead to state-filling of the lower-energy states, allowing the quasi-Fermi level to be raised by more than 200 meV due to the combined large inter-sublevel spacing and the low density of states. The decay time of each energy level obtained under various excitation conditions is used to evaluate the inter-sublevel thermalization time. Finally, the emission spectrum of the dots filled with an average of about eight excitons is measured in magnetic fields up to 13 Tesla. The dependences of the spectrum as a function of carrier density and magnetic field are compared to calculations and interpreted in terms of coherent many-exciton states and their destruction by the magnetic field.
Self-similar branching of aftershock sequences

Abstract In this paper we propose a branching aftershock sequence (BASS) model for seismicity. We suggest that the BASS model is a preferred alternative to the widely studied epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model. In the BASS model an initial, or seed, earthquake is specified. The subsequent earthquakes are obtained from the statistical distributions of magnitude, time, and location. The magnitude scaling is based on a combination of the Gutenberg–Richter scaling relation and the modified Bath’s law for the scaling relation of aftershocks relative to the magnitude of the seed earthquake. Omori’s law specifies the distribution of earthquake times, and a modified form of Omori’s law specifies the distribution of earthquake locations. Since the BASS model is specified by the four scaling relations, it is fully self-similar. This is not the case for ETAS. We also give a deterministic version of BASS and show that it satisfies Tokunaga side-branching statistics in a similar way to diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA).
Examining Claims for Information and Communication Technology-Led Development in Africa

Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) is increasingly seen as the key to rapid development in lower-income regions, especially Africa. This reflection reviews the ICT-based development thesis, summarizes the major obstacles to widespread ICT use in Africa, and outlines the region's most popular ICTs and their potential contributions to development. More specifically, this reflection examines claims that ICT is contributing to development in Africa by: improving communication, opening new investment opportunities, incorporating the African Diaspora in development, and integrating the continent into the global economy. This analysis also problematizes ICT use in Africa (including its tendency to reinforce existing power relations) and explores obstacles to wider use of these technologies, such as lack of reliable electric power and relevant content, as well as gross social inequalities in access to ICT. Because of their enormous practical value, cell phones and the internet have emerged as...