cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BLOOD LEVELS OF ACTH IN INDIVIDUAL ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS.

Blood levels of ACTH in individual rats 3 and 10 days after bilateral adrenalectomy have been determined by the assay method of Lipscomb and Nelson, using the adrenal venous corticosteroid response of the 2-hr hypophysectomized rat. Three days after adrenalectomy ACTH levels in blood were equivalent to 0.08 μ0.03 mU ACTH/ml; 10 days after adrenalectomy levels were 0.27μ0.05 mU/ml. Pre-rinsing syringes with an acid-gelatin solution prior to collection of donor blood did not significantly alter blood levels of ACTH. The ability to measure ACTH levels in the blood of individual rats 3 and 10 days after adrenalectomy supports the previous finding of an increased sensitivity of ACTH assay with the use of the 2-hr hypophysectomized rat and measurement of adrenal venous effluent corticosterone levels. The data suggest the feasibility of determining ACTH levels in blood of individual intact rats following conditions of stress. (Endocrinology 75: 483, 1964)
Mode discrimination with rimmed optical resonator

A rimmed optical resonator is studied both theoretically and experimentally. It consists of a convex mirror that spreads out the mode volume and an annular concave mirror that controls the diffraction loss. It is found that such a system is definitely superior to a conventional stable resonator for Fresnel numbers larger than unity. It utilizes larger mode volume, yields higher power, and discriminates more against higher order modes. However, our system fails to a certain extent when it is operated at high power. Methods to remove this difficulty are discussed.
Corpus allatum activity (In vitro) in female Culex pipiens during adult life cycle

Abstract In vitro incubation followed by radiochemical assay of the incubation medium showed that corpora allata from female Culex pipiens produce juvenile hormone III. The rate of hormone synthesis was relatively constant for corpora allata from 1- to 8-day old sugar-fed females with a mean rate of synthesis of 27.1 fmol per h per pair of allata. Blood feeding by the mosquito suppressed the production of juvenile hormone by corpora allata. Corpora allata from blood-fed mosquitoes synthesized only 8.4 fmol per h at 4 h and 1.4 fmol per h at 12 h after the blood meal. As eggs matured after the blood meal, the corpora allata gradually synthesized more juvenile hormone. However, production was again suppressed if the mosquitoes were forced to retain their eggs.
A new twist in the function of the cardiac lipid droplet

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important transcriptional regulators of genes involved in energy metabolism. Hydrolysis of cardiac lipid droplets by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) is now shown to be required for PPAR-mediated gene regulation and mitochondrial function, suggesting new therapeutic possibilities for neutral lipid storage disease caused by mutations in ATGL (also known as PNPLA2) (pages 1076–1085).
Using Data Mining to Predict Possible Future Depression Cases

Depression is a disorder characterized by misery and gloominess felt over a period of time. Some symptoms of depression overlap with somatic illnesses implying considerable difficulty in diagnosing it. This paper contributes to its diagnosis through the application of data mining, namely classification, to predict patients who will most likely develop depression or are currently suffering from depression. Synthetic data is used for this study. To acquire the results, the popular suite of machine learning software, WEKA, is used.
Enhancement for face video from omni-directional video camera

In this paper we propose a novel algorithm to enhance the face video from omni-directional video camera. A two-stage strategy is used. First stage is the noise elimination, realized by iterative MAP update. Naive Bayesian criterion is used to model the posterior. The predominant salt and pepper noise introduced by the omni-to-perspective transformation can be removed effectively, while the image details are well preserved. The high frequency component compensation (HFCC) super-resolution algorithm is applied thereafter to remove the blocky effect. Experimental results show that the video quality has a marked improvement.
Determination of Allicin, S-Allylcysteine and Volatile Metabolites of Garlic in Breath, Plasma or Simulated Gastric Fluids

Various components of garlic and aged garlic extract, including allicin, S-allylcysteine (SAC) and volatile metabolites of allicin were determined in breath, plasma and simulated gastric fluids by HPLC, gas chromatography (GC) or HPLC- and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). Data indicate that allicin decomposes in stomach acid to release allyl sulfides, disulfides and other volatiles that are postulated to be metabolized by glutathione and/or S-adenosylmethionine to form allyl methyl sulfide. SAC can be absorbed by the body and can be determined in plasma by HPLC or HPLC-MS using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS.
Structural Explanations in Social Science

Basic scientific research has two general goals: to increase our knowledge of the world and to increase our understanding of the world. We increase our knowledge mainly by discovering new facts about particular circumstances and new general laws. We increase our understanding mainly by constructing explanations of previously discovered knowledge, and by organizing the knowledge and explanations into systematic and general theories. Suppose that we have two different theories, T 1 and T 2. It is sometimes possible to explain the laws of T 2 by using as explanans laws of T 1 together with appropriate connecting sentences. When this is done in a suitable manner, we can say that T 2 has been reduced to T 1. Successful reductions provide significant increases in our understanding. An especially important type of reduction is a microreduction, which involves explanations of the attributes and behavior of structured wholes in terms of information about their parts and structures. My recent book, Unity of Science (Causey, 1977), contains a detailed explication of the requirements for adequate microreductions, and discusses their role in a general program for the unification of science.
Shoulder muscle activity increases with wrist splint use during a simulated upper-extremity work task.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that wearing a wrist splint while performing a common light manufacturing task (moving an object from a bin) increases shoulder muscle activity. METHODS. Electromyography (EMG) signals were evaluated from the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid, trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus of 14 volunteers while they moved an object from a bin. Two test conditions were measured: with and without a wrist splint. The height of the bin was also varied. RESULTS. Wearing a wrist splint increased maximum EMG for all six muscles and average levels for the deltoid (anterior, middle, posterior) and trapezius. As bin height increased, maximum muscle activity increased in the deltoid (anterior, middle, and posterior) and trapezius, and the average increased in the deltoid (middle and posterior) and trapezius. CONCLUSIONS. Workplace factors can modify the activation of a patient’s shoulder muscles when he or she is wearing a wrist splint. An ergonomic job analysis should be conducted for patients who are returning to work wearing wrist splints.
From HIV prevention to HIV protection: addressing the vulnerability of girls and young women in urban areas

This paper argues that there is a need to revisit prevention method- ologies with regard to HIV/AIDS, especially in relation to urban areas. Unlike in other epidemics, where it was recognized that the physical and social environ- ments had a key role, HIV/AIDS has become the terrain of moralists, who insist that individual behaviour drives the epidemic and who pour millions of dollars into individual behaviour change programmes. This is done regardless of the obvious truth that HIV/AIDS flourishes in a situation of poverty, compounded by inequity and lack of social cohesion, and that those most affected by an epidemic are precisely those who are affected by that environment. In the case of HIV/AIDS in Africa, these are adolescent girls and young women, especially in urban areas. The paper also looks at how the physical environment (including the effects on the immune system of malnutrition, helminths and bilharzia) and social environ- ment affect the vulnerability of adolescent girls and young women, who have often migrated to town, live and work in squatter areas, are isolated, and are victims of sexual exploitation and abuse. The very high number of orphans that existed before HIV/AIDS, and that has increased further as a result of the epidemic, compounds the situation. The highest number of child-headed households is in informal settlements in urban areas, which have the most sexual abuse and the highest HIV prevalence. This paper builds on the above to highlight the inade- quacy of current behaviour change interventions, quite apart from the fact that the most vulnerable are not even reached by these interventions. It argues for deliberate and systematic attention to be paid to these girls and young women, to ensure that they are identified, included and allowed to participate in developing the protective environment and safe spaces in the community, in schools and in livelihoods which will enable them to protect themselves from HIV infection. This requires addressing the underlying and basic causes, including the impact of globalization, for the continued spread of the epidemic.
Characterization of Plasma-Fluorinated Polypropylene and Polystyrene Surfaces by Static Sims

Static SIMS was used to characterize polypropylene and polystyrene films following exposure to SF 6 and C2F 6 plasmas. The predominant species which are incorporated into the polymer surfaces are fluorine atoms and CF 2 /CF 3 radicals, respectively.
The Uses of Tragedy: Reinhold Niebuhr's Theory of History and International Ethics

As Smith points out, Reinhold Niebuhr's political ethic is closely linked to his philosophy of history. This view of history blends a dualistic understanding of human nature and rigorous contingency of experience - all sobered by a creative sense of tragedy. Niebuhr's modest sensibility was forged amid the early catastrophes of the century and fell on fertile ground early in the Cold War. But in the ironic wake of that superpower struggle there is much in Niebuhr's anitriumphalism to commend to today's international relations theorists and practitioners. Following Augustine, Niebuhr offers no escape from the complexities and contingencies of history, but neither does he view history as gloomily fixed. Rather, Niebuhr's complex and often contradictory sense of historical destiny reflects a sober hope for a more just and peaceful world order.
Infectious disease: diarrhea.

This article comes from Clinical Evidence (1999;2:267-273), a new resource for clinicians produced jointly by the BMJ Publishing Group and the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. Clinical Evidence is an extensively peer-reviewed publication that summarizes the best available evidence on the effects of common clinical interventions gleaned from thorough searches and appraisal of the world literature. It became available in the United States late last year. Please see advertisement for more information or, alternatively, visit our web site at www.evidence.org.
The electronic structure of nitrilimines revisited

A combination of density-functional theory and natural resonance theory has been used to show that a complete description of the electronic structure of nitrilimines, R1CNNR2, requires four resonance structures (propargylic, allenic, 1,3-dipolar and carbenic); appropriate substituents were shown to enhance the carbene character of nitrilimines to the point where they may be considered stable carbenes.
E-government intermediaries and the challenges of access and trust

In this article, we present the results of a study examining challenges related to access and trust for nutrition assistance outreach workers and suggest design implications for these challenges. Outreach workers are e-government intermediaries who assist clients with accessing and using e-government online applications, systems, and services. E-government intermediaries are not typical end users; they use e-government systems on behalf of clients, and as such their challenges differ from those of primary users. We detail social and technical aspects of these challenges to develop a nuanced understanding of access and trust in the ecosystems surrounding e-government systems. First, we describe how the practical accomplishment of access involves multiple stakeholders, actors, and practices. Second, we highlight how trust emerges through the e-government intermediaries’ work to project themselves as professional and competent through their technical practice. Last, we propose design implications sensitive to both the social and technical aspects of these challenges.
Evaluation of biological activities of new LH‐RH antagonists (T‐series) in male and female rats

A series of new highly potent LH-RH antagonists (T-series) has been synthesized in our laboratory. Among these analogs, antagonists [Ac-D-Nal(2), D-Phe(4Cl)2, D-Pal(3)3, D-Lys(A2pr(Car)2)6, D-Ala10]LH-RH (T-140); [Ac-D-Nal(2)1, D-Phe(4Cl)2, D-Pal(3)3, D-Lys(A2pr(Ac)2)6, D-Ala10]LH-RH (T-148); [Ac-D-Nal(2)1, D-Phe(4Cl)2, D-Pal(3)3, D-Lys(A2pr(For)2)6, D-Ala10]LH-RH (T-151) and [Ac-D-Nal(2)1, D-Phe(4Cl)2, D-Pal(3)3, D-Lys(A2bu(For)2)6, D-Ala10]LH-RH (T-159) were the most powerful. Antagonists T-140, T-148 and T-151 produced a complete blockade of ovulation in normal cycling rats at a dose of 1.5 micrograms/rat and antagonist T-159 at a dose of only 0.75 micrograms/rat. The inhibitory effects of compounds T-148, T-151 and T-159 on gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion were investigated in male and female rats. To determine their effect on LH levels in castrated male and ovariectomized female rats, T-148, T-151 and T-159 were injected subcutaneously in doses of 0.625 and 2.5 micrograms/rat. Blood samples were taken at different intervals for 48 h. All three compounds at either dose caused a significant (P < 0.01) decrease in LH levels for more than 6 h. Significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of LH lasted for more than 24 h following a dose of 2.5 micrograms sc of all 3 antagonists in both male and female rats. Serum FSH levels were also suppressed significantly for more than 48 h in castrated male rats by all three antagonists at a dose of 5 micrograms/rat sc.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Films and nanorods of transparent conducting oxide ITO by a citric acid sol route

We report the synthesis of nanorods of Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) through sol electrophoresis with a template. A citric acid-based sol was developed for the formation. This technique enables the synthesis of ITO nanorods with controlled size and Sn-doping concentration. The nanorods synthesized have diameters of ∼75–145 nm and show a bulk resistivity of ∼5 Ω cm.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium containing high volume fractions of yttria dispersoids

This paper examines the room-temperature microstructure and mechanical properties of dispersion-strengthened-cast magnesium (DSC-Mg) containing 30 vol.% of 0.33 mm yttria dispersoids. The dispersoids are reasonably well distributed in both cast and extruded materials and the extruded matrix grains size is about 0.88 mm, in agreement with existing models on grain pinning. The Young’s modulus measured ultrasonically agrees well with the prediction of the Eshelby composite model. Premature failure in tension is observed in extruded DSC-Mg, due to casting porosities. In compression, strain softening after yield is observed in extruded DSC-Mg, which may be explained by the tension:compression asymmetry in wrought magnesium materials. Both cast and extruded DSC-Mg are much stronger in compression than most existing magnesium alloys and composites. The strengthening contributions from the dispersoids, grain boundaries and thermal mismatch dislocations are discussed. © 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Habitat Associations, Life History and Diet of the Sabine Shiner Notropis sabinae in an East Texas Drainage

Abstract We examined aspects of the ecology of Notropis sabinae, the Sabine shiner, including habitat associations, population age structure, reproduction and diet in two east Texas streams from November 2001 through October 2002. Notropis sabinae exhibited no strong seasonal habitat associations, but generally were found in relatively shallow slow flowing runs and riffles. The population consisted of three age groups (ages 0, 1, 2) with age-1 fish being the most abundant. Estimated maximum life span was 2.5 y. Reproductively mature individuals were observed from May through October. Temporal patterns in ovarian development, gonadosomatic index and ova development indicated that N. sabinae spawns multiple clutches of eggs over an extended spawning period. Stomach contents consisted primarily of aquatic insects, followed by other aquatic taxa (e.g., Collembola, Crustacea and Hydracarina) and terrestrial insects.
Three-dimensional covariance functions for NOGAPS data

Abstract Height innovation data for a 2-month period from NOGAPS was analyzed to obtain height prediction and observation error covariances. Different methods of weighting the data in least squares approximations of the spatial covariance data were investigated using the second-order autoregressive (SOAR) correlation function, both with and without an additive constant (varying with pressure level). Based on the properties of the derived covariance matrices and the SOAR parameters, the SOAR without an additive constant was used for the horizontal approximations. The vertical correlations were fit using a combination of SOAR plus an additive constant and a transformation of the logP coordinate to another coordinate to achieve a best fit. The resulting three-dimensional approximation is partially separable, being the product of the horizontal covariance function (which depends on height) and the vertical correlation function. Figures demonstrating various aspects of the process and the results are given.
Predictors of recurrence and patterns of failure among patients treated with nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Abstract Purpose Recurrence rates following nephroureterectomy (NU) for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remain high. As such, adjuvant therapy directed at high risk sites may improve long term outcomes. We describe patterns and predictors of UTUC recurrence according to patient, disease and treatment-related factors. Methods and materials We reviewed the records of 113 patients treated with NU for UTUC at our institution between 2006 and 2013. Time to locoregional (LR), intravesical (IV), distant recurrence and death were described using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log rank statistic. Cox Proportional Hazards analyses were performed to evaluate the adjusted hazard for LR/IV and LR recurrence. Results Advanced T stage (T3/4) was present in 41 (36%) patients, 10 (9%) were node-positive and 21 (19%) showed evidence of lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI). Median overall survival and time to any recurrence was 54.6 and 20.7 months, respectively. Disease recurrence was observed in 48 (42%) patients. The location of failure was intravesical in 27 (24%), locoregional in 22 (19%) and distant in 20 (18%). Three-year LR/IV and distant failure rates were 38.7% and 22.2%, respectively. Three-year LR failure was 4.6% in pTa-2 vs. 25.8% in T3–T4 disease. Multivariate analysis identified history of prior bladder disease as a significant predictor of LR/IV recurrence. Conclusions In this study we demonstrate LR/IV recurrence as the predominant pattern of failure in UTUC patients treated with nephroureterectomy. This systematic description of recurrence patterns and associated factors will guide further investigation of adjuvant therapy to minimize the treatment failures defined herein.
Bank Capital Structure: A Primer

This technical note accompanies the case titled "Suntrust Acquisition of National Commerce" (UVA-F-1554) and describes the various capital ratios that are commonly used in the banking sector as well as gives an example of those ratios using a hypothetical bank. It also discusses briefly Basel I and Basel II which shaped capital regulations and ratios in the Banking sector.
Uninsurance Disparities Have Narrowed For Black And Hispanic Adults Under The Affordable Care Act

Black and Hispanic adults have long experienced higher uninsurance rates than white adults. Under the Affordable Care Act, differences in uninsurance rates have narrowed for both black and Hispanic adults compared to their white counterparts, but Hispanics continue to face large gaps in coverage.
Mate Guarding and Extra-Pair Paternity in Northern Cardinals

We studied patterns of mate guarding and paternity in 21 pairs of Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) nesting in central Kentucky. DNA fingerprinting revealed that five of 37 nestlings (13.5%) resulted from extra-pair fertilizations (EPFs). Of 19 broods sampled, three (16%) had at least one extra-pair young. Although our observations of male cardinals making extra-territorial movements suggest that some males in the population may actively pursue EPFs, the percentage of extra-pair young in our study was lower than reported for many other passerines. Three non-exclusive factors may have contributed to this low percentage. 1. Male cardinals may gain more from parental efforts than from pursuing extra-pair copulations (EPCs). 2. Females in resident species such as Northern Cardinals probably have more opportunities to assess the quality of prospective mates prior to pairing than do females in migratory species and so EPCs may be less likely to be beneficial to females. 3. Most male cardinals exhibited mate guarding behavior. Males maintained contact with fertile mates 72.8% of the time during initial nesting attempts and, in addition, males followed females more often than females followed males in nine of 10 pairs.
Multiscale scattering investigations of asphaltene cluster breakup, nanoaggregate dissociation, and molecular ordering.

Small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) by asphaltenes in various solvents (toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and 1-methylnaphthalene) at dilute concentrations of asphaltenes are presented and discussed. As asphaltenes are diluted, it was found that the cluster size decreases and follows a fractal scaling law. This observation reveals that asphaltene clusters persist to dilute concentrations and maintain fractal characteristics, regardless of concentration. For the first time, the fraction of asphaltenes that exist in nanoaggregates compared to those molecularly dispersed was estimated from the scattering intensity. Significant dissociation was detected at concentrations similar to the previously reported critical nanoaggregate concentration (CNAC); however, the dissociation was observed to occur gradually as the asphaltene concentration was lowered. Complete dissociation was not detected, and aggregates persisted down to asphaltene concentrations as low as 15 mg/L (0.00125 vol. %). A simplified ther...
A Review of: “Natan Sharansky, The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom to Overcome Tyranny & Terror”: (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 303 pages.

In The Case for Democracy, Natan Sharansky makes a persuasive argument in favor of supporting the spread of freedom in order to help defeat terror. In the book, Sharansky combines an acute sense of...
The Prevention and Treatment of Students "Learned Helplessness"

"Learned helplessness" was first discovered on studying animal behavior and verified on human by Seligman.This phenomenon refers to the psychological state and behavior that person suffering a series of frustration and failure don't know what to do about the problem and lose confidence.This phenomenon can be attributed to exter- nal factors, but inner factor of student himself are more important. The phe- nomenon, as far as students are concerned, can cause defect of motive,cognition and emotion,thus causing a bad effect in their development. So, teacher must be take measures to prevent and treat learned helplessness of students.
Collective Bargaining Agreements in Corporate Reorganizations

Congress enacted § 1113 to the Bankruptcy Code in 1984 in order to establish a standard for the rejection of Collective Bargaining Agreements. But the statute’s ambiguous language has caused a split between the Second and Third Circuits, and has precipitated a lengthy academic debate largely centered on the interpretation of one word: “necessary.” This debate has focused on proper statutory interpretation as well as deeper concerns regarding the policy goals behind the Bankruptcy Code. The present study reports data that indicate that the different interpretations are irrelevant in practice. No matter how “necessary” is defined, the result is always the same: debtors are able to reject their collective bargaining agreements. This article concludes that § 1113’s ambiguities need to be clarified such that courts have a clearer standard as to what “necessary” means and how that necessity is to be measured.
Cultivating Conformists or Raising Rebels? Connecting Parental Control and Autonomy Support to Adolescent Delinquency.

This study investigates short-term and long-term associations between parenting in early adolescence and delinquency throughout adolescence using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys. Multilevel longitudinal Poisson regressions show that behavioral control, psychological control, and decision-making autonomy in early adolescence (ages 10–11) are associated with delinquency trajectories throughout adolescence (ages 10–17). Path analyses reveal support for three mediation hypotheses. Parental monitoring (behavioral control) is negatively associated with delinquency in the short term and operates partly through changes in self-control. Parental pressure (psychological control) shows immediate and long-lasting associations with delinquency through changes in self-control and delinquent peer pressures. Decision-making autonomy is negatively associated with delinquency in the long term, yet may exacerbate delinquency in early adolescence by increasing exposure to delinquent peers.
An Overview of Nanomaterials in Dermatology

Abstract Nanomaterials are materials that measure on the nanoscale (1–100 nm) or materials that contain nanoscale structures internally or on their surfaces. They include nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions, nanoscaffolds, nanopigments, and quantum dots, to name a few, which can be engineered with a variety of chemical compositions and surface characteristics. Nanodermatology, an emerging field, employs nanomaterials for diagnostic, therapeutic, and cosmetic applications in dermatology. Nanomaterials demonstrate potential for medical and commercial benefit due to their large surface area, unique surface reactivity, and ability to overcome stability–solubility barriers of active agents via nanoencapsulation and sustained-release activity. Furthermore, their capacity for molecular targeting and selective accumulation within tissues can enhance the specificity of current interventions. To capitalize on the benefits of nanomaterials, which have been demonstrated in numerous recent studies, clinical trials are needed to determine their clinical translatability. The development of standardized methodology for determining nanomaterial safety in humans is also warranted.
Invariant probabilistic sensitivity analysis for building energy models

One of the key challenges in the field of building-performance analysis is to identify the key source of input parameter/s that has/have largest effect on the energy efficiency of the buildings. Critical input parameters can be identified through the use of sensitivity analysis models. In this paper, we outline an invariant probabilistic sensitivity analysis technique to enable screening of the most important parameters in the building energy models. The proposed probabilistic sensitivity analysis method measures the average distance between unconditional probability distribution and conditional (on an input) probability distribution of an output. The distribution's description is based on the scale-invariant heat kernel signature (SI-HKS). In this paper, SI-HKS method is extended for invariant probabilistic sensitivity analysis. We demonstrate the application of the proposed method through the use of Energy Plus building-performance modelling tool.
Abstract P141: Gender Differences in the Development of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Apolipoprotein E--Deficient Mice Are Eliminated with Increasing Age

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein and its deficiency leads to the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) have reduced expression of ApoE in lung tissue. ApoE is known to inhibit endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation and has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation properties. Young ApoE deficient mice have been shown to develop high fat diet-induced PH in a gender specific manner. Estrous cyclicity peaks at 7–8 months and declines by 9 months of age in mice. Here we investigated the effects of monocrotaline (MCT) on young and middle-aged ApoE deficient mice.Middle-Aged (MA) (11–12 month old) male (n=4) and female (n=4) and young (7–8 month old) male (n=5) and female (n=5) ApoE deficient mice were injected with a single intraperitoneal dose of MCT (60 mg/kg). Mice were closely monitored for ∼4 weeks with serial echocardiography for cardiopulmonary hemodynamic assessment. Direct cardiac catheterisation was performed terminally to record peak systolic right ventricular pressure (RVP). RV, LV, IVS and lung tissue was dissected and weighed. Trichrome staining and histochemical analyses were performed. At ∼4 weeks after MCT, MA male and female and young male mice developed severe PH (RVP: MA male=64±5 mmHg, MA female=71±4 mmHg, young male=60±5 mmHg, p=n.s between all the groups) whereas young females developed significantly less severe PH (RVP: 37±5 mmHg, P<0.05 vs. MA male and female, and young male). MA male and female and young male mice developed severe RV dysfunction (RV ejection fraction (RVEF): MA male=31±2%, MA female=28±4%, young male=36±1%, p=n.s between all the groups) whereas young females showed significantly better RV function (RVEF: 43±2%, P<0.05 vs. MA male and female, and young male). MA male and female mice also developed more severe RV hypertrophy (RV/LV+Septum, MA male=0.49, MA female=0.53, young female=0.39). MA male and female mice also manifested increased peripheral pulmonary artery muscularization and pulmonary fibrosis. Interestingly, the gender differences witnessed between young ApoE deficient male and female mice in the development of severe PH and RV dysfunction are abolished as the mice increase in age.
Technology Assessment in the Transportation and Retail Sectors

Being a relatively new industry and technology, there are many Electric Vehicle (EV) charging stations that have hit the market. Each of these station have variety of business models, Cost, revenue potential, appearance, etc. that need to be evaluated when selecting a charger. This paper breaks down the decision for a Portland area retailer to help identify the key decision factors and evaluate the alternative charging station.
INSuRE: Collaborating Centers of Academic Excellence Engage Students in Cybersecurity Research

Since fall 2012, several National Centers of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Research have fielded a collaborative course—the Information Security Research and Education (INSuRE) program—to engage students in applied cybersecurity research. Recent experiences with INSuRE are discussed, including an overview of the project-based research course, student projects, and outcomes and lessons learned.
The anisotropic size effect of the electrical resistivity of metal thin films: Tungsten

The resistivity of nanoscale metallic conductors is orientation dependent, even if the bulk resistivity is isotropic and electron scattering cross-sections are independent of momentum, surface orientation, and transport direction. This is demonstrated using a combination of electron transport measurements on epitaxial tungsten layers in combination with transport simulations based on the ab initio predicted electronic structure, showing that the primary reason for the anisotropic size effect is the non-spherical Fermi surface. Electron surface scattering causes the resistivity of epitaxial W(110) and W(001) layers measured at 295 and 77 K to increase as the layer thickness decreases from 320 to 4.5 nm. However, the resistivity is larger for W(001) than W(110) which, if describing the data with the classical Fuchs-Sondheimer model, yields an effective electron mean free path λ* for bulk electron-phonon scattering that is nearly a factor of two smaller for the 110 vs the 001-oriented layers, with λ(011)*= 1...
Dream Characters’ Types of Involvement and Range of Relational Capacities in Non-lucid Problem-Solving Dreams (Part 1)

Dream characters are present in dreams as the pervasive feature of dreaming consciousness. The current research was guided by the question, “What could be the types of dream characters’ involvement and range of their relational capacities in non-lucid problem-solving dreams?” In this study, 979 cross-cultural operationally defined problem-solving dreams were analyzed by the method of grounded theory for the dream characters’ participation and input into solutions and their relational skills, capacities, and abilities. The analysis yielded 56 exemplary dreams ranging from dreamers’ longing for characters and recalling helpful character, to their involvement in family dynamics, characters’ experiences of problems, joint problematic experiences, and characters’ helpful use of capacities and instigation of problems for the dreamer. Discussion revolves about dream characters’ absence and recalled presence. In the subsequent article, the author will present additional results, conclude the discussion, and include limitations of study and suggestions for future research.
Effects of Preemergence-applied Herbicides on Pampas Grass Grown in Containers

Abstract Two experiments evaluated the effects of preemergence herbicides on growth of pampas grass [Cortaderia selloana (Schult. and Schult f.) Asch. and Graebn.] applied after transplanting from ...
Measurement of UO2 surface oxidation using grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction: Implications for nuclear forensics

Abstract Nuclear forensics involves determination of the origin and history of interdicted nuclear materials based on the detection of signatures associated with their production and trafficking. The surface oxidation undergone by UO2 when exposed to air is a potential signature of its atmospheric exposure during handling and transport. To assess the sensitivity of this oxidation to atmospheric parameters, surface sensitive grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) measurements were performed on UO2 samples exposed to air of varying relative humidity (34%, 56%, and 95% RH) and temperature (room temperature, 50 °C, and 100 °C). Near-surface unit cell contraction was observed following exposure, indicating oxidation of the surface and accompanying reduction of the uranium cation ionic radii. The extent of unit cell contraction provides a measure of the extent of oxidation, allowing for comparison of the effects of various exposure conditions. No clear influence of relative humidity on the extent of oxidation was observed, with samples exhibiting similar degrees of unit cell contraction at all relative humidities investigated. In contrast, the thickness of the oxidized layers increased substantially with increasing temperature, such that differences on the order of 10 °C yielded readily observable crystallographic signatures of the exposure conditions.
Theoretical Foundations and Frameworks for Decision-Making

So far, we have talked about recent nonprofit scandals and considered why ethics should be an important part of decision-making in the nonprofit sector. You may be convinced that ethics belongs in every profession and especially even in a sector that relies so much on the trust of the public and its stakeholders. But given the complexities of nonprofits—their multiple stakeholders, multiple bottom lines, and sometimes intangible social missions—how can we begin to approach, understand, and apply ethical decision-making in this context?
Long-Term Effects of Fossil-Fuel-Burning and Deforestation on Levels of Atmospheric CO2

Atmospheric CO2 levels are currently increasing as a consequence of the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation of tropical lands. Here, we present numerical simulations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the next few hundreds to hundreds of thousands of years for various patterns of fossil-fuel consumption and land use. The computer model predicts that atmospheric CO2 concentrations could exceed 2000 ppm (parts per million) within the next few centuries if we consume most of the available fossil fuel and if the current trend toward deforestation continues. This prediction is relatively insensitive to the future rate of fossil-fuel-burning unless the consumption rate is several times lower than the present rate. Conserving existing forests or planting new ones might lower the peak CO2 level by a factor of 2 if CO2 fertilization of plant growth is effective in natural settings and if soil carbon storage does not decrease as the global climate warms. The model also predicts that most of the anthropogenic CO2 will be removed within the next 5000 to 10,000 years, but that more than a million years will pass before atmospheric CO2 returns to its original, reindustrial value.
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are caused by a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis and are especially common in athletes required to hyperextend repetitively such as football linemen and gymnasts. Bracing and physical therapy are the mainstays of initial conservative care. Operative intervention is generally reserved for failure of conservative care except in high-grade slips.
Classroom Foreign Language Learning and Language Variation

There is a growing recognition among researchers and observers of second-language learning that the foreign language classroom constitutes a special environment for the learning and the communicative use of the target language. In a special issue of Studies in Second Language Acquisition devoted to that topic, several of the contributors underscore both the complexity and the specificity of the foreign language classroom (Edmonson, 1985; Faerch & Kasper, 1985; Kramsch, 1985). Edmonson neatly characterizes the special nature of the foreign language classroom environment by underscoring the paradoxical nature of the language behavior we wish to impart to learners: “we seek in the classroom to teach people how to talk when they are not being taught” (1985, p. 162).
Improving Case Management via Statistical Text Mining in a Foster Care Organization

Every year more than 800,000 children in the U.S. spend time in foster care with 35% being on psychotropic medication. An increasing ratio of foster care children per case worker makes it challenging to balance their multiple roles during the lifecycle of a case. Although there are review boards for identifying cases that require special attention, scanning through all the unstructured data is time-consuming and is further complicated by poorly written, or incomplete, case note entries from the overwhelmed case workers. As part of a larger comprehensive study of a technology-centric foster care organization, we investigate a challenging nationwide problem of over-prescription of psychotropic drugs, which can lead to unnecessary deaths. We demonstrate how text mining techniques can significantly reduce the administrative requirements for auditing case notes by providing a smaller sample that is manageable yet be sensitive to exclusion of children showing evidence of psychotropic drug use. This should significantly lighten the load for case managers as they investigate possible cases.
Demanding Equal Political Voice … And Accepting Nothing Less: The Quest for Latino Political Inclusion

Over the past century and a half, diverse Latino communities have mobilized to demand civic and political inclusion, a process that has also facilitated the formation of a pan-ethnic political identity. Although there have been continuous gains, the quest for full and equal inclusion remains. The fact that the Latino population continues to grow in numbers and needs, and that this growth is often seen as a challenge to the majority population, ensures that Latinos will remain politically engaged in the pursuit of a full political voice in the upcoming decades. I focus on Mexican Americans and Mexican American organizations, particularly in the discussion of the historical roots of Latino struggles for inclusion. Mexican Americans were present in both larger numbers and higher concentration than other Latino communities earlier in U.S. history. The pool of issues set by these early Mexican American organizations served, in part, as the foundation for pan-ethnic Latino organizing in the 1960s and beyond. I will also focus primarily on collective efforts for inclusion; it is this collective demand and voice as Latinos that defines the Latino politics discussed in this essay. Prior to the contemporary era, collective efforts primarily took the form of community-based, civic, and trade union organizing. In the current era (the period after the civil rights revolution of the 1960s), electoral politics and voting added to the palette of collective political activities.
One-Sample and Paired-Sample Inferences Based on Signed Ranks

In Chap. 2 we saw that the sign test is the best possible test (in strong senses of “best”) at level ά for a null hypothesis which is as inclusive as the statement “the observations are a random sample from a population with median 0 (or ξ0).” It certainly seems as though better use could be made of the observations by taking their magnitudes into account. However, since the sign test is optimum at level a for this inclusive set of null distributions, any procedure which considers magnitudes would be a better test at level a only for some smaller and more restrictive set of null distributions. Such procedures are of special relevance if the restricted set is the one of interest anyway, or if the “restriction” of the null hypothesis can reasonably be assumed as a part of the model, so that the restricted hypothesis essentially amounts to the unrestricted one above. Furthermore, their exact levels may vary only slightly under the kinds of departure from assumptions which are likely, and their increased power may well be worth the small price. Recall that, in principle, level and power considerations should always be balanced off.
J.M. Keynes’s Criticisms, on Pages 275–276 and 297–298 of the General Theory, of the Marshallian, Neoclassical, Mathematical Approach to Partial Equilibrium (Ceteris Paribus) Analysis, Where Functions Having Only One Independent Variable Only: Keynes’s Application of Systems of Simultaneous Equations in the General Theory in Chapter 15 and the Appendix to Chapter 19 Was Keynes’s Breakthrough in Macroeconomics

J.M. Keynes’s criticisms of the Marshallian, partial equilibrium (ceteris paribus) approach to mathematical modeling in the General Theory on pages 275- 276 and 297-298, where the mathematical modeling relies on functions with only one independent variable, has been completely misinterpreted by all macroeconomists for the 82 years as an attack on mathematical economics or formal analysis, in general. It is nothing of the sort. Given Keynes’s appreciation for the formal, mathematical work done of Frank Ramsey in 1927 and 1928 and by William Ernest Johnson in 1913 in a paper in the Economic Journal on mathematical methods in microeconomics, as well as Keynes appreciation of Ramsey’s betting quotients approach in 1930 as providing a stronger logical foundation for numerical probability, there is no objective support for the claims, made by Joan Robinson and many, many others, that Keynes was a partial equilibrium, Marshallian theorist, who would work only with mathematical functions that had only one independent variable, subject to ceteris paribus. Keynes’s modeling with simultaneous systems of mathematical equations in chapters 10, 15, 20, 21, and the appendix to chapter 19 of the General Theory demonstrates that Keynes’s critique was aimed primarily at A C Pigou’s 1933 The Theory of Unemployment, where Pigou’s mathematical analysis, while correct, could not deal with Keynes’s IS-(LM)LP analysis. Pigou’s entire framework was restricted to functions with only one independent variable, the real wage. This approach did not allow Pigou to consider the impact of the investment multiplier or the Liquidity Preference Function in his economic analysis since there was a missing equation in both the Pigouvian approach and a missing equation in the neoclassical theory of the rate of interest. Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Function provided the additional independent variables in an equation that had to be incorporated in the analysis in order to correct the misspecified Pigouvian and neoclassical models. Keynes’s General Theory provided the missing equations.
Optimal Path Planning for ω-regular Objectives with Abstraction-Refinement

This paper presents an abstraction-refinement based framework for optimal controller synthesis of discrete-time systems with respect to $\omega$-regular objectives. It first abstracts the discrete-time “concrete” system into a finite weighted transition system using a finite partition of the state-space. Then, a two-player mean payoff parity game is solved on the product of the abstract system and the Buchi automaton corresponding to the $\omega$-regular objective, to obtain an optimal “abstract” controller that satisfies the $\omega$-regular objective. The abstract controller is guaranteed to be implementable in the concrete discrete-time system, with a sub-optimal cost. The abstraction is refined with finer partitions to reduce the suboptimality. In contrast to existing formal controller synthesis algorithms based on abstractions, this technique provides an upper bound on the trajectory cost when implementing the suboptimal controller. A robot surveillance scenario is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the approach.
Styrene Production from Benzene and Ethylene Catalyzed by Palladium(II): Enhancement of Selectivity toward Styrene via Temperature-dependent Vinyl Ester Consumption

Oxidative ethylene hydrophenylation catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate with Cu(II) oxidants to produce styrene generally suffers from low selectivity and/or low yield. Commonly observed side produc...
Mechanical Stretch on Endothelial Cells Promotes Monocyte Differentiation into Immunogenic Dendritic Cells

Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality in Western society, attributed in part to the oxidative injury and inflammation. We have shown that dendritic cells (DCs) from hypertensive mice accumul...
An exploration of new superintendent mentoring and goal setting

Using surveys and focus group interviews, this study explored the perspectives of new school superintendents and their mentors on goal setting in relation to national leadership standards in a formal mentoring and induction program. While the two groups shared certain views, statistically significant differences were found. The mentees displayed a contextualized understanding of advocacy--more related to local community values and beliefs than those of national or international views. The issue of goal setting, or lack thereof, and the engagement of national leadership standards to mentoring are most prominent and novel in this study.