cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congruence between Culturally Competent Treatment and Cultural Needs of Older Latinos.

This study investigated a new 2-factor construct, termed cultural congruence, which is related to cultural competence in the delivery of mental health services to ethnic minority clients. Cultural congruence was defined as the distance between the cultural competence characteristics of the health care organization and the clients' perception of those elements according to their cultural needs. The measure evidenced both reliability and validity in predicting criterion-related indicators. Older Hispanic/Latino clients (N = 272) receiving mental health services either through integrated primary care or referral to specialized mental health care were assessed for depression and anxiety symptomatology and health status at baseline, 3-, and 6-month follow-up treatment. Results indicated that cultural congruence predicted treatment outcomes (reduction of symptomatology) independent of treatment and evidenced moderator effects with respect to depression, suicidality, anxiety, and physical health criteria. Cultural congruence was more effective under the condition of the enhanced specialty referral model than under the integrated primary care model. Results are discussed in terms of how the new construct of cultural congruence extends knowledge of culturally competent mental health practice among the older Hispanic/Latino population.
Immune Globulin Levels in Colostrum and Breast Milk, and Serum from Formula-and Breast-Fed Newborns.

SummaryImmune globulin levels in colostrum and breast milk determined during the first 4 days of nursing show high levels in colostrum, especially of γA globulin, followed by a rapid decline with transition to mature breast milk. After 4 days the immune globulins of breast-fed infants were similar to those of formula-fed infants. This would indicate failure of intact immune globulins to be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract in sufficient amounts to affect immune globulin levels during this period of life.
Concatenation versus coalescence versus “concatalescence”

By using coalescence analyses of published genomic data (447 genes, 36 mammals), Song et al. (1) concluded that a recent mammalian phylogeny published in Science (2) is inadequate because of “insufficient” data (26 genes, 35,603 bp, 164 mammals), and that “incongruence introduced by concatenation methods is a major cause of long-standing uncertainty in the phylogeny of eutherian mammals.” We instead argue that Song et al.’s approach is flawed.
The Route of HIV Escape from Immune Response Targeting Multiple Sites Is Determined by the Cost-Benefit Tradeoff of Escape Mutations

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are a major factor in the control of HIV replication. CTL arise in acute infection, causing escape mutations to spread rapidly through the population of infected cells. As a result, the virus develops partial resistance to the immune response. The factors controlling the order of mutating epitope sites are currently unknown and would provide a valuable tool for predicting conserved epitopes. In this work, we adapt a well-established mathematical model of HIV evolution under dynamical selection pressure from multiple CTL clones to include partial impairment of CTL recognition, , as well as cost to viral replication, . The process of escape is described in terms of the cost-benefit tradeoff of escape mutations and predicts a trajectory in the cost-benefit plane connecting sequentially escaped sites, which moves from high recognition loss/low fitness cost to low recognition loss/high fitness cost and has a larger slope for early escapes than for late escapes. The slope of the trajectory offers an interpretation of positive correlation between fitness costs and HLA binding impairment to HLA-A molecules and a protective subset of HLA-B molecules that was observed for clinically relevant escape mutations in the Pol gene. We estimate the value of from published experimental studies to be in the range (0.01–0.86) and show that the assumption of complete recognition loss () leads to an overestimate of mutation cost. Our analysis offers a consistent interpretation of the commonly observed pattern of escape, in which several escape mutations are observed transiently in an epitope. This non-nested pattern is a combined effect of temporal changes in selection pressure and partial recognition loss. We conclude that partial recognition loss is as important as fitness loss for predicting the order of escapes and, ultimately, for predicting conserved epitopes that can be targeted by vaccines.
Disassembly of a dune-dwelling lizard community due to landscape fragmentation

Landscape fragmentation alters patterns of landscape structure that affect quality and configuration of habitats, and disrupts population dynamics and persistence of species. Community disassembly, a process of community change due to nonrandom species losses and declines, is occurring worldwide as a result of landscape fragmentation, habitat loss, and habitat degradation. We carried out a comparative study at 27 trapping sites designed to characterize how fragmentation affects community structure in a dune-dwelling lizard community. Lizard communities in non-fragmented sites demonstrated nested community structure. Conversely, lizard communities at sites fragmented by roads and well pads from oil and gas development had consistently lower abundance of two species, and demonstrated random community structure. Species loss and lower abundance of species at fragmented sites suggested a pattern of community disassembly. The dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus), an ecological specialist, and the lesser earless lizard (Holbrookia maculata) were present on most non-fragmented sites. However, neither species was present on more than half of the fragmented sites, and their abundances were much lower than on non-fragmented sites. We attributed reduced species diversity on fragmented sites to quantitative differences in landscape configuration compared to non-fragmented sites. Specifically, both size and shape of sand dune blowouts differed between non-fragmented and fragmented sites. Fragmented sites possess more large patches of open sand and barren ground and fewer, smaller, and more dispersed shinnery dune blowouts. Patterns of occurrence and relative abundance suggest S. arenicolus and H. maculata were sensitive to these patch-scale attributes. In this ecosystem, landscape-scale fragmentation appears to influence landscape configuration and community disassembly at the patch-scale. Our findings allow us to disentangle drivers of species loss and enhance our understanding of the processes of community disassembly in fragmented landscapes.
The Separation Of Natural From Synthetic Diamonds On The Basis Of Their Optical And Microscopic Properties

The commercial availability of gem-quality synthetic diamonds, and the expanding research on various methods of diamond synthesis, have made it necessary for the gem diamond trade to find simple ways to identify synthetic diamonds. Using both magnification and various types of spectroscopy and luminescence techniques, a number of properties that are characteristic of synthetic diamonds have been found.
Information-driven sensor planning: Navigating a statistical manifold

Many adaptive sensing and sensor management strategies seek to determine a sequence of sensor actions that successively optimizes an objective function. Frequently the goal is to adjust a sensor to best estimate a partially observed state variable, for example, the objective function may be the final mean-squared state estimation error. Information-driven sensor planning strategies adopt an objective function that measures the accumulation of information as defined by a suitable metric, such as Fisher information, Bhattacharyya affinity, or Kullback-Leibler divergence. These information measures are defined on the space of probability distributions of data acquired by the sensor, and there is a distribution in this space corresponding to each sensor configuration. Hence, sensor planning can be posed as a problem of optimally navigating over a statistical manifold of probability distributions. This information-geometric perspective presents new insights into adaptive sensing and sensor management.
LRET Measurements In The Three Major Conformations Of The Shaker K Channel

In Shaker K+ channels, lanthanide binding tags (LBT) were encoded in 4 consecutive positions on the top of the S4 segment and in 4 consecutive positions on the top of the S3 segment. To constrain the LBT position a truncated S3-S4 linker Shaker construct was used.Tagged channels were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and LRET-based distance measurements were conducted between Tb3+ ions bound to the LBT and Bodipy-Fl attached to the pore-blocker Agitoxin-2. Distance measurements for each of the tagged Shaker constructs were repeated with 3 toxins labeled at positions D20C, Q13C and N5C, respectively. Distances were determined in the three main conformational states of the channel: closed, open and open-inactivated.Voltage-dependent K+ channels are comprised of 4 subunits, symmetrically arranged around a central pore. In our measurements each of the subunits carried a LBT. With the toxin bound to the channel pore, energy is transferred from the 4 donors on the channel to the 1 acceptor element on the toxin. Due to this geometry the lifetime of the sensitized emission decay is composed of 4 exponential components corresponding to 4 donor-acceptor distances (Posson, Selvin 2008). We could determine all 4 distances by fitting a geometrical model to the decay and also determine the positions of the bound Tb3+ ion in the LBT in x, y and z. The resultant coordinates are used to refine the models based on the crystal structure of KV1.2 for the closed, open and open-inactivated states. The most important finding of this study is that the position of the voltage sensor changes, not only when going from the closed to the open state, but also when going from the open to the open-inactivated state.Support: AHA07257632(WS), NIHGM30376(FB), NIHGM68044(AMC).
Degree asymptotics of the numerical semigroup tree

A numerical semigroup is a subset Λ of the nonnegative integers that is closed under addition, contains 0, and omits only finitely many nonnegative integers (called the gaps of Λ). The collection of all numerical semigroups may be visually represented by a tree of element removals, in which the children of a semigroup Λ are formed by removing one element of Λ that exceeds all existing gaps of Λ. In general, a semigroup may have many children or none at all, making it difficult to understand the number of semigroups at a given depth on the tree. We investigate the problem of estimating the number of semigroups at depth g with h children, showing that as g becomes large, it tends to a proportion φ −h−2 of all numerical semigroups, where φ is the golden ratio.
“There is no proof that HIV causes AIDS”: AIDS denialism beliefs among people living with HIV/AIDS

AIDS denialists offer false hope to people living with HIV/AIDS by claiming that HIV is harmless and that AIDS can be cured with natural remedies. The current study examined the prevalence of AIDS denialism beliefs and their association to health-related outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS. Confidential surveys and unannounced pill counts were collected from a convenience sample of 266 men and 77 women living with HIV/AIDS that was predominantly middle-aged and African American. One in five participants stated that there is no proof that HIV causes AIDS and that HIV treatments do more harm than good. AIDS denialism beliefs were more often endorsed by people who more frequently used the internet after controlling for confounds. Believing that there is a debate among scientists about whether HIV causes AIDS was related to refusing HIV treatments and poorer health outcomes. AIDS denialism beliefs may be common among people living with HIV/AIDS and such beliefs are associated with poor health outcomes.
Anti-glycosyl antibodies: resolution of anti-gal isoantibodies into individual components by electrofocusing.

Abstract Rabbit anti-galactose isoantibodies which are specific for the terminal galactose units of a streptococcal antigenic diheteroglycan of glucose and galactose have been separated into individual components by a preparative electrofocusing technique. Ultracentrifugation and gel electrophoretic patterns indicate that each component consists of a single protein type of uniform molecular structure and size. Such antibody preparations will be of value for studies on the molecular structure of a natural antibody, on the nature of the bonds in an antigen-antibody complex and on the biological mechanism for the synthesis of antibodies.
Delineating breast ductal carcinoma using combined dye-enhanced wide-field polarization imaging and optical coherence tomography

Intra-operative delineation of breast cancer is a challenging problem. We used dye-enhanced wide-field polarization imaging for rapid demarcation of en face cancer margins and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for cross-sectional evaluation. Ductal carcinoma specimens were stained with methylene blue. Wide-field reflectance images were acquired at 440 and 640 nm. Wide-field fluorescence images were excited at 640 nm and registered between 660 nm and 750 nm. OCT images were acquired using a 1310 nm swept-source system. The results were validated against histopathology. Both imaging modalities provided diagnostic information on cancer margins. Combined OCT and wide-field polarization imaging shows promise for intra-operative detection of ductal breast carcinoma.
Occurrence of Hydrogen Peroxide in Sea Water

TRACES of dissolved substances, of the order of 10−7 M or less, can or may have far-reaching effects on the type or growth rate of organisms in the sea1. We now wish to report the occurrence of a possible ectocrine, hydrogen peroxide, in surface sea water samples taken near Port Aransas. We have no direct evidence suggesting that hydrogen peroxide in sea water has any biological or chemical significance; however, from continuing experiments on the growth of single cells of coccoid blue-green algae on agar plates2,3, we are led to propose that it could be a significant ecological variable.
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II CD-ROM Atlas of Global Monthly Aerosols, Ozone, NO2, Water, Vapor, and Relative Humitidy (1985–1993)

Abstract Individual profile measurements from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) instrument aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite have been used to create latitude-longitude maps of monthly mean aerosols, ozone, water vapor, relative humidity and NO2 on up to 14 standard pressure levels. Color maps and gridded data from 1985 through 1993 are available on a CD-ROM that can be obtained from the Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) at NASA Langley Research Center. Examples are shown of the ozone hole and related phenomenon, and aerosol loading associated with the Mount Pinatubo volcano. By presenting the data in this visible and easy-to-use format, we hope that it will reach a larger community and result in better understanding of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases. Similar presentations will be generated for SAGE III data, expected to begin in 1998 as part of the Earth Observing System (EOS).
THE RELEVANCE OF GOD: A REPLY TO RONALD DWORKIN

When Ronald Dworkin was to deliver his 1988 Tanner Lecture on Human Values at Stanford University, he was introduced by the university's president, Donald Kennedy. Kennedy offered an appreciative account of Dworkin's background and achievements, noted the title of the upcoming talk, then gathered up his notes and turned the podium over to the speaker. Dworkin proceeded to give a two-hour oration on the foundations of liberal equality, breathtaking in its detail and logical rigor and flowing eloquently without a hitch or hesitation. Just as he was concluding, Kennedy rushed up to the dais and exclaimed to the audience: “Please forgive me, I just realized that when I picked up my notes, I also inadvertently picked up Professor Dworkin's manuscript.” Without missing a beat, Dworkin had delivered his entire lecture from memory.
Distal chromatin structure influences local nucleosome positions and gene expression

The positions of nucleosomes across the genome influence several cellular processes, including gene transcription. However, our understanding of the factors dictating where nucleosomes are located and how this affects gene regulation is still limited. Here, we perform an extensive in vivo study to investigate the influence of the neighboring chromatin structure on local nucleosome positioning and gene expression. Using truncated versions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae URA3 gene, we show that nucleosome positions in the URA3 promoter are at least partly determined by the local DNA sequence, with so-called ‘antinucleosomal elements’ like poly(dA:dT) tracts being key determinants of nucleosome positions. In addition, we show that changes in the nucleosome positions in the URA3 promoter strongly affect the promoter activity. Most interestingly, in addition to demonstrating the effect of the local DNA sequence, our study provides novel in vivo evidence that nucleosome positions are also affected by the position of neighboring nucleosomes. Nucleosome structure may therefore be an important selective force for conservation of gene order on a chromosome, because relocating a gene to another genomic position (where the positions of neighboring nucleosomes are different from the original locus) can have dramatic consequences for the gene’s nucleosome structure and thus its expression.
Sindbis virus mutations which coordinately affect glycoprotein processing, penetration, and virulence in mice.

Rapid penetration of baby hamster kidney cells was used as a selective pressure for the isolation of pathogenesis mutants of the S.A.AR86 strain of Sindbis virus. Unlike most Sindbis virus strains, S.A.AR86 is virulent in adult as well as neonatal mice. Two classes of mutants were defined. One class was attenuated in adult mice inoculated intracerebrally as well as in neonatal mice inoculated either intracerebrally or subcutaneously. Sequence analysis of the glycoprotein genes of the parent virus and three such mutant strains revealed a single point mutation which resulted in an amino acid change at position 1 in the E2 glycoprotein. The change from a serine in S.A.AR86 to an asparagine in the mutants created a new site for N-linked glycosylation which appeared to be utilized. This mutation did not retard release of infectious particles; however, mutant virions contained the E2 precursor protein (PE2) rather than the E2 glycoprotein itself. The mutants also lost the ability to bind two E2-specific monoclonal antibodies, R6 and R13. A second class of mutants was attenuated in neonatal mice upon subcutaneous inoculation but remained virulent in adults and in neonates when inoculated intracerebrally. Sequence analysis of three such strains revealed the substitution of an arginine residue for a serine at position 114 in the E2 glycoprotein. Reactivity with monoclonal antibodies R6 and R13 was reduced, yet members of this mutant class were more susceptible than S.A.AR86 to neutralization by these antibodies.
Children's TV ad content: 1974

(1975). Children's TV ad content: 1974. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 131-142.
Efficient decentralized checkpointing in distributed database systems

The goal of checkpointing in database management systems is to save database states on a separate secure device so that the database can be recovered when errors and failures occur. Recently, the possibility of having a centralized checkpointing mechanism that does not interfere with the transaction processing has been studied. Users are allowed to submit transactions while the checkpointing is in progress, and the transactions are performed in the system concurrently with the checkpointing process. This property of noninterference is highly desirable to real-time applications, where restricting transaction activity during the checkpointing operation is in many cases not feasible. The author presents a decentralized algorithm for noninterfering checkpointing in distributed database systems. >
Investigation into the Doppler Component of the IEEE 802.11n Channel Model

Simulations show that the Doppler component of the IEEE 802.11n channel model results in a dramatic decrease in transmit beamforming gain within only 20 ms delay, even though the model is intended for indoor WLAN environment with stationary devices. However, new measurements collected in an office environment show that degradation to transmit beamforming gain is much less sensitive to delay. With normal environmental conditions in the office environment, it was found that on average there was only a 22% decrease in transmit beamforming gain after 200 ms delay. Even with highly exaggerated motion, reasonable gain is maintained with over 100 ms of delay. Measurements with a moving device were also conducted with resulting sensitivity to delay similar to the 802.11n model. The measurements indicate that the Doppler component of the 802.11n channel model is more comparable to a moving device rather than a stationary device. The use of transmit beamforming in an indoor WLAN environment is more practical than simulations based on the IEEE 802.11n channel models would imply.
Analysis of virion associated host proteins in vesicular stomatitis virus using a proteomics approach.

Background Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is the prototypic rhabdovirus and the best studied member of the order Mononegavirales. There is now compelling evidence that enveloped virions released from infected cells carry numerous host (cellular) proteins some of which may play an important role in viral replication. Although several cellular proteins have been previously shown to be incorporated into VSV virions, no systematic study has been done to reveal the host protein composition for virions of VSV or any other member of Mononegavirales.
Image processing of underwater multispectral imagery

Capturing in situ fluorescence images of marine organisms presents many technical challenges. The effects of the medium, as well as the particles and organisms within it, are intermixed with the desired signal. Methods for extracting and preparing the imagery for analysis are discussed in reference to a novel underwater imaging system called the low-light-level underwater multispectral imaging system (LUMIS). The instrument supports both uni- and multispectral collections, each of which is discussed in the context of an experimental application. In unispectral mode, LUMIS was used to investigate the spatial distribution of phytoplankton. A thin sheet of laser light (532 nm) induced chlorophyll fluorescence in the phytoplankton, which was recorded by LUMIS. Inhomogeneities in the light sheet led to the development of a beam-pattern-correction algorithm. Separating individual phytoplankton cells from a weak background fluorescence field required a two-step procedure consisting of edge detection followed by a series of binary morphological operations. In multispectral mode, LUMIS was used to investigate the bio-assay potential of fluorescent pigments in corals. Problems with the commercial optical-splitting device produced nonlinear distortions in the imagery. A tessellation algorithm, including an automated tie-point-selection procedure, was developed to correct the distortions. Only pixels corresponding to coral polyps were of interest for further analysis. Extraction of these pixels was performed by a dynamic global-thresholding algorithm.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Al-MMM-2: A New Microporous/Mesoporous Catalyst for the Alkylation of Toluene

Porous, mixed-phase aluminosilicate materials containing a microporous MFI phase and a mesoporous Al-MCM-48 phase were synthesized using a one-pot synthesis method. Initially, the gemini surfactant “18-12-18” was used to form Al-MCM-48, and then the MFI template tetrapropylammonium (TPA+) was added to the reaction mixture at a later time. Subsequent crystallization at 150 °C led to the formation of a series of mixed-phase materials. These new materials, called “Al-MMM-2” (microporous/mesoporous materials), were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and 29Si MAS-NMR. Consistent with previous results, the amount of the microporous phase formed was dependent on the crystallization time; thus, a range of materials could be formed from a single reaction mixture. In the alkylation of toluene with benzyl alcohol, Al-MMM-2 materials showed greater structural stability, catalytic activity, and product selectivity during repeated reaction cycles, compared to either pure Al-MCM-48 or pure MFI.
America's Romance with the English Garden Thomas J. Mickey. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013.

America's Romance with the English Garden Thomas J. Mickey. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2013.Utilizing contemporary seed catalogs, Mickey demonstrates how the English garden became a commodity in late-nineteenth century America when consumers were eager to purchase the status symbols of their neighbors, even if that meant uniformity in houses and grounds. A professor emeritus of communication studies at Bridgewater (Conn.) State University, Mickey is also a graduate of the Landscape Institute at the Boston Architectural College, is an avid gardener, writes a newspaper garden column, has a landscape design business, and has co-authored a book on horticulture (Best Garden Plants for New England, 2006).Mickey identifies the features of the residential nineteenth century English garden as a three-fold concept that includes "a lawn, carefully sited trees and shrubs, and individual planting beds with native and exotic plants" (xvi) with any vegetable garden hidden. By contrast, the characteristic Dutch garden was "small, geometric, and included a display of flowers" (3); the French garden required a long vista; and the Italian, fountains and sculpture (3). Mickey finds the strong influence of the English garden on Colonial America is at the properties he examines at Colonial Williamsburg and points out that England was the source for garden books, trained gardeners, seeds, and plants.More than half of the author's book is devoted to an overview of the development of American gardening and the seed and nursery business prior to 1870. As English gardens abandoned enclosures and formality in the early-nineteenth century for a picturesque style that strived for naturalism, American gardeners followed. Notable examples include the 1850s estate gardens at Rockwood, the home of Joseph Shipley outside Wilmington, Delaware; and Henry Shaw's Tower Hill in St. Louis, Missouri, where large park-like grounds were engineered to seem naturalistic and planting beds provided a carpet of flowers filled with tender annuals or exotic plants. The rural cemetery movement's parklike grounds further popularized the picturesque style in the same time period.Mickey details a number of social changes after 1870 that enabled US companies to influence the home gardener and the suburban landscape. Railroads and the US Postal service expanded so that plants could be shipped safely. Inexpensive postal rates supported mail order businesses and third-class postage rates made catalog distribution cheap. At the same time, lithography and steam-press printing enabled inexpensive, colorful seed catalogs, while the magazines and illustrated newspapers flooding the American home included seed company advertisements. …
Space-time coded OFDM with low PAPR

Recently the use of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems has been proposed for signaling over frequency-selective fading channels. Although various aspects of these systems have been considered in the literature, the problem of the inherent high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is not examined. In this paper, we consider PAPR reduction for MIMO-OFDM systems and propose alternate low-complexity algorithms that can be used in conjunction with the trellis shaping method. We show that a PAPR reduction in the order of 4-5 dB can be achieved at the cost of a slight reduction in the spectral efficiency. Furthermore, we compare the trellis shaping technique with other PAPR reduction techniques such as tone reservation and partial transmit sequences.
Detection enhancement using multiple time-reversed guide sources in shallow water

Detection in a monostatic, broadband, active sonar system is degraded by propagation-induced spreading. To mitigate the problem, a technique using multiple guide sources is investigated to improve probability of detection in noisy environments without explicit environmental knowledge. The approach is similar to that used in astronomy for detecting faint stars by observing the atmospheric aberration of brighter "guide" stars. In ocean acoustics, the guide sources can be sonobuoys or explosive charges. The technique was applied to echo detection during the 2004 Naval Research Laboratory Time-Reversal Experiment performed south of the Hudson Canyon off the coast of New Jersey. In this test, 0.25 sec LFMs were transmitted with 500 Hz bandwidths chosen over a 0.5-3.5 kHz range using the NRL 64 element source-receiver array. The transmissions were then echo-repeated by a ship at a range varying between 0.5-5 km. The echo-repeating ship also transmitted one-way, 1 sec, 1 kHz bandwidth LFMs that were used as the guide-source signals. As the ship drifts, multiple guide source signals are received over a volume. These guide-source signals, which contain environmental information and characterize the propagation-induced spreading, form the basis of the technique for improving detection without having explicit environmental knowledge. Using an empirical-orthogonal-function representation of the set of monostatic guide-source signals, echoes are convolved with the time-reversed orthogonal functions as part of a filter bank. In this study, the probability of detection of noisy echoes using multiple guide-source (MGS) signals is compared with a baseline probability of detection using matched filtering. ROC curve improvement using the MGS Alters is obtained using two different detectors. Significant gains in signal-to-noise ratio are obtained for echoes originating outside the volume where guide-source signals were transmitted and at significantly later transmission times than the guide source signals
A Cross-Disability Analysis of Person-Directed, Long-Term Services:

Person-directed service models have emerged as important initiatives in improving long-term care. Person-directed services typically have been targeted to particular groups, such as persons with mobility or developmental disabilities or elders with disability. Few attempts have been made to analyze the commonalties, differences, and relative efficacy of the various models. This article presents a cross-disability review of the common elements of person-directed services, describes three primary types of models (personal assistance services, brokered support, and cash and counseling), and summarizes the research evidence related to their efficacy. The major barriers that impede the expansion of person-directed services are discussed. Emerging research findings across disability groups suggest that person-directed services have a positive impact on factors such as quality of life, control, productivity, unmet need, use of preventative health care, and cost. The need to build the evidence base for person-dir...
Bounded Switched Linear Estimator for Smooth Nonlinear Systems

The problem of establishing hard bounds on the state estimate of a nonlinear system using a switching piecewise linear hybrid estimator is addressed. Within an operating region, the proposed hybrid estimator uses a variant of the extended set-membership filter to select piecewise linear models based on minimizing uncertainty. Under certain conditions, analysis shows that the error between the center of the estimated set and the true value is bounded. A priori selection of the base piecewise linear models to guarantee a level of uncertainty is achieved by optimizing the placement of operating points over the operating region. The proposed methods are applied to a complex aircraft example to show its applicability
The influence of Mimulus ringens floral display size on pollinator visitation patterns

Summary 1Pollinators visiting large floral displays may probe several flowers in sequence, leading to geitonogamous (among-flower) self-pollination. To investigate the relationship between floral display size and patterns of pollinator movement, we studied foraging by several pollinator species in four replicate arrays of Mimulus ringens (Scrophulariaceae). In each array displays were trimmed to two, four, eight and 16 flowers per plant. 2Bees preferred large displays, and probed more flowers in sequence on large than on small displays. However, the proportion of available flowers probed decreased with display, resulting in nearly equal floral visitation rates across treatments. 3Because pollinators probed more flowers in sequence on large displays, plants with numerous flowers should experience more geitonogamous self-pollination than plants with small displays. 4In all four treatments, pollinators frequently visited only one flower before leaving the plant. As the first flower probed on a plant cannot receive geitonogamous pollen, this potentially reduces selfing rates for those flowers, compared to flowers probed late in a long visitation sequence on a plant. Such differences among flowers in pollination history should increase variation in geitonogamous self-pollination among fruits within plants. 5The three most abundant pollinator species differed significantly in behaviours that could influence plant mating patterns, including number of flowers probed per plant; interplant movement distances; and grooming. Variation in foraging patterns was also evident among individuals within species. These subtle differences in response should affect the pollination services provided to plants.
Precipitin and Neutralizing Antibody Response Elicited by Crotalus atrox Venom-Antivenom Precipitate

SummaryRabbits immunized with insoluble C. atrox venom-antivenom precipitate produced less precipitins and nearly as much neutralizing antibody as those injected with whole venom. The data show that venom neutralizing antibodies are precipitins and that the apparent non-relationship between precipitin titer and antitoxic value is the result of the polyvalency of venom-antivenom systems. The value of using insoluble antigen-antibody precipitates to isolate specific antigens, from a mixture, for immunization is pointed out.
Reflections on Forecasting in the 1980's

This issue marks the end of my term as Editor of the International Journal of Forecasting. My term as a Director of the International Institute of Forecasters also ended this year. My involvement has lasted for ten very satisfying years. In this editorial, I present views on the development of forecasting as a scientific discipline during these ten years. The editorial concludes with some personal notes.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a commentary.

Amultidisciplinary approach to diagnosis is a widely accepted principle in modern medicine. Most physicians and pathologists in particular adhere to this tenet and apply it to their daily practices. It may be fair to say that in any perusal of pathology reports generated at most US institutions, a good number of them would include phrases or sentences such as ‘‘clinical correlation recommended’’ or ‘‘this diagnosis cannot be made on histopathologic grounds alone, further interpretation is needed in light of clinical and radiographic findings.’’ Although pleas have been made in the past to bring clinicians and pathologists together, 1 it is still unusual to see ‘‘clinical papers’’ in a pathology journal or to read a pure pathology article in a clinical journal. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HSP) is a multifaceted respiratory disease that may mimic almost any interstitial lung disease, some pulmonary infections, some cases of bronchiolar disease, and even cases of diffuse fibrosing diseases of the lung. 2–5 Initially recognized only in farmers and pigeon breeders, HSP is now known to represent a rather broad group of complex, immunologically mediated lung disorders brought about by exposure to a variety of environmental, occupational, and recreational agents, resulting in a wide variety and sometimes substantial numbers of affected individuals, that is, workers in the textile and automotive industries. 6–12 Because of its clinical complexity, broadening spectrum of affected individuals, and still incompletely understood pathogenesis, HSP is particularly suitable for discussion using the previously cited multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis of pulmonary disease. This special section in this issue of the ARCHIVES addresses clinical, histopathologic, and immunologic aspects of HSP. The special section is made up of 4 separate articles: my commentary and perspectives offered by 3 experienced physicians—a pulmonologist, a histopathologist, and an immunologist. Recognizing that HSP is clinically challenging, Dr Madison notes the disease can be quite variable in its clinical presentation, severity, and natural history and calls attention to the importance of considering HSP in the differential diagnosis of patients with
Continuous Culture: A Tool for Research, Development and Production

The theory of continuous culture was formalized 35 years ago. Considerable advancement and development of this technique has occurred. In particular, it has become a powerful tool for laboratory research, process development and manufacturing. Some examples of how continuous culture has been used to solve problems by the biochemical process industry are addressed here. In a research laboratory it has become an important technique to understand the environmental factors that control product formation. In the pilot plant, it has become a powerful tool to understand process scale-up by allowing the investigator to examine a scale of parameters of process operation. In manufacturing, it has become important to not only low value, high volume commodity type products of single cell protein, but also in the development of unique manufacturing processes.
The Brain Stem Reticular Core—An Integrative Matrix

Through the substance of the core of the brain stem runs a continuous column of neurons and fibers known as the reticular formation. This system bridges the gap, both spatially and phylogenetically, between spinal reflexive levels and the great telencephalic tissue masses (cerebral cortices) which apparently represent the most mature expression of neural function. Compared to the latter, the reticular core is archaic both historically and histologically. However, despite the absence of a rigorously stated structural theme and an axial location, sheltered from direct contact with any primary sensory input, the system is now known to exert a remarkable range of control upon the neuraxis and upon the organism as a whole. These functions include: determination of operational modes; gating of all sensory influx; participation at all levels of cortical function, including read out for cortical differentiative and comparative processes; gain manipulation of motor output; multilevel control over most visceral functions; and the active manipulation of a spectrum of states of consciousness from deep coma to maximal vigilance. This panoramic range of activities suggests that the reticular core serves a keystone role in brain function and combines, perhaps in larval form, the prototype of every neural process. If so, it should serve as a convenient paradigm upon which brain system models may be shaped.
Photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of in situ Er-doped and Er-implanted GaN films grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy

Photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy have been carried out at 6K on the 1540 nm 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 emission of Er3+ in in situ Er-doped and Erimplanted GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The PL and PLE of these two different Er-doped HVPE-grown GaN films are compared with Er-implanted GaN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In the in situ Er-doped HVPE-grown GaN, the lineshape of the broad PLE absorption bands and the broad PL bands is similar to that in Er-doped glass. The PL spectra of this in situ Er-doped sample are independent of excitation wavelength, unlike the PL of the Er-implanted GaN. These PL spectra are quite different from the site-selective PL spectra observed in the Er-implanted GaN, indicating that the seven different Er3+ sites existing in the Er-implanted MOCVD-grown GaN are not observed in the in situ Er-doped HVPE-grown GaN. Four of the seven different Er3+ sites observed in the Er-implanted MOCVD-grown GaN annealed at 900°C under a flow of N2 are present in the Er-implanted HVPE-grown GaN annealed at 800°C in an NH3/H2 atmosphere.
The Identification of Perillyl Alcohol Glycosides with Improved Antiproliferative Activity

A facile route to perillyl alcohol (POH) differential glycosylation and the corresponding synthesis of a set of 34 POH glycosides is reported. Subsequent in vitro studies revealed a sugar dependent antiproliferative activity and the inhibition of S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation as a putative mechanism of representative POH glycosides. The most active glycoside from this cumulative study (4'-azido-d-glucoside, PG9) represents one of the most cytotoxic POH analogues reported to date.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Cod Fisheries of the North Atlantic

Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua has been subject to commercial exploitation since the thirteenth century. An analysis of cod fisheries over space and time reveals a pattern of serial depletion that reflects the cross-scale interaction of fish population structure, economic incentives, developments in fishing technology, and government efforts to limit access to fishing areas. Three case studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, the larger Northwest Atlantic, and the Gulf of Maine illustrate a pattern of fish population depletion followed by expansion of fishing activity that repeats at a range of scales. The meta-population structure of cod populations allows overharvesting, even when strict but broadscale controls are in place. The results argue for the reform of fisheries management to incorporate governance that more closely reflects the scale of the local components of metapopulations.
Construction of Prokaryotic Expression Vector and for Expression of GST-CTCF Fusion Protein

Objective To construct the prokaryotic expression vector for inducing the expression of recombinant human CCCTC-binding factor(CTCF)-glutathione S-transferase(GST)fusion protein.Methods The primers with BamHⅠ and Not I endonuclease sites were designed and the target gene encoding CTCF full-length protein was amplified by PCR with pEASY-T1-SIMPLECTCF as the template.After digestion with restriction endonuclease,the CTCF target fragment was inserted into pGEX-4T-1to create the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1-CTCF,which was transformed into E.coli BL21 and then was induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside.The expression of GST-CTCF fusion protein was detected by Western blot.Results The prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1-CTCF was successfully constructed,which was testified by PCR detection of bacterial liquid,double restriction enzyme digestion analysis and gene sequencing.Western blot analysis revealed that the GST-CTCF fusion protein was specifically expressed after IPTG induction.Conclusion The prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1-CTCF was successfully constructed and the specific GST-CTCF fusion protein was obtained.Our results laid a foundation for the study of function of transcription factor CTCF.
Consciousness and Language: Individual Intentionality and Social Phenomena in the Theory of Speech Acts

Since the early work on speech acts by Austin, Grice, myself and others in the 1950s and '60s, it has been possible to distinguish two apparently inconsistent strands in speech act theory. One strand, most prominently associated with the name of Grice (1957, 1969), treats individual intentionality as the fundamental notion in the theory of speech acts. Meaning is created by individual acts whereby speakers attempt to produce effects on hearers by getting the hearers to recognize their attempt to produce those effects. Meaning is thus the product of individual acts of meaning. On a Gricean analysis, there is no suggestion that conventions, rules, or social practices are in any way essential for the performance of speech acts. A second tradition associated with the name of Austin (1962), as well as with my own early book Speech Acts (1969), emphasizes the role of social institutions in the performance of speech acts. On this view, social conventions, rules, and contexts of utterance play a crucial role in the determination of the speech act. Meaning, on this view, is not just a product of individual intentionality, but it is also the result of social practices. Is there anything to be said for either of these approaches, and in particular, are they, or can they be made to be, consistent with each other? My own view is that if they are stated carefully they can be construed in a way which renders them consistent. I believe they are both trying to say something true.
Energy and Raw Materials in the Selection of Technologies for Iron and Steel

This paper discusses the selection of metal extraction technologies according to the regional availability of energy resources. The most important energy sources in iron and steel production are determined from a review of current technologies to inform possible future scenarios of capacity replacement or expansion according to geography. Alternative technologies are not discussed, considering that actual investment in capacity is most often dominated by high degrees of risk aversion. As such, only technologies proven at a reasonable scale are included in the selection matrix. Scenarios of capacity choice are defined in terms of actions from external agents, those which are not directly involved in the industry but have the capacity to regulate actions by metal producing players. Two extreme scenarios corresponding to closed and open economies are used to set bounds for future expectations. Among steelmaking processes under fully open trade conditions, it is found that EAF steelmaking with charge pre-heat should be the technology of choice in all regions of the world except for South America and Europe, where Integrated Steel Mills have a cost advantage. In fully closed exchange scenarios, Integrated Steel Mills would be the prevalent technology in South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and the former USSR, EAF with scrap pre-heating prevailing in all other regions. On the other hand, HYL-ZR would be the iron making technology of choice in all regions under full exchange scenarios. Under fully closed exchange conditions, Mini-Blast Furnaces, COREX, and HYL-ZR would find regional applications. Increases in raw materials and energy costs of 38 pct in steelmaking and 63 pct in ironmaking are found in going from fully open to fully closed exchange regimes. It is also found that Southeast Asia is the most suitable region for deploying new steelmaking capacity, while Australia and Russia are the best selection for new iron making capacity.
2001 International Conference On Powder Metallurgy And Particulate Materials And Exhibition

(2001). 2001 International Conference On Powder Metallurgy And Particulate Materials And Exhibition. Materials Technology: Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 250-253.