cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The association between short-term emotion dynamics and cigarette dependence: A comprehensive examination of dynamic measures

Abstract Background The association between short-term emotion dynamics and long-term psychopathology has been well established in the psychology literature. Yet, dynamic measures for inertia and instability of negative and positive affect have not been studied in terms of their association with cigarette dependence. This study builds an important bridge between the psychology and substance use literatures by introducing these novel measures and conducting a comprehensive examination of such association with intervention implications. Methods This study conducted secondary analysis on the data from a community sample of 136 dual users (e-cigarette + cigarette) and 101 exclusive smokers who completed both the two-week ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and cigarette dependence assessments in a recent study. Results Among dual users, a higher average level of negative affect, lower inertia of negative affect (i.e., less sustained negative affect), and higher instability of positive affect (i.e., greater magnitude of changes in positive affect) were associated with higher cigarette dependence. The patterns of associations among exclusive smokers were, however, different. Higher inertia of negative affect, lower instability of positive affect, and higher variability of negative affect were associated with higher dependence. Conclusions The results illustrate the importance of examining not only negative affect but also positive affect in order to fully understand the association between emotion dynamics and cigarette dependence. The different patterns of association between emotion dynamics and cigarette dependence across the two groups of cigarette users also call for future research that is designed to compare cigarettes and e-cigarettes in terms of their effects on emotion regulation.
Assessment of the timeliness and robustness for predicting adult sepsis

Summary Sepsis is a leading cause of death among inpatients at hospitals. However, with early detection, death rate can drop substantially. In this study, we present the top-performing algorithm for Sepsis II prediction in the DII National Data Science Challenge using the Cerner Health Facts data involving more than 100,000 adult patients. This large sample size allowed us to dissect the predictability by age groups, race, genders, and care settings, and up to 192 hours of sepsis onset. This large data collection also allowed us to conclude that the last six biometric records on average are informative to the prediction of sepsis. We identified biomarkers that are common across the treatment time, and novel biomarkers that are uniquely presented for early prediction. The algorithms showed meaningful signals days ahead of sepsis onset, supporting the potential of reducing death rate by focusing on high-risk populations identified from heterogeneous data integration.
‘Science is accessible for everyone’: preservice special education teachers’ nature of science perceptions and instructional practices

Students with special educational needs (SEN) are often left behind in science education, and research largely ignores this population. In particular, very limited research examines the intersectio...
All-trans retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid differentiated rat C6 glioblastoma cells and decreased telomerase activity leading to increased sensitivity to IFN-γ and taxol for apoptosis

1734 Glioblastoma is the deadliest and most prevalent brain tumor. It is considered to be a death sentence as the glioblastoma patients hardly survive more than 1 year following diagnosis. There is no effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma. So, new and innovative therapeutic strategies need to be devised for the treatment of this deadly disease. In this investigation, we used rat C6 glioblastoma cells to examine the efficacy of a combination of a retinoid and a cytotoxic cytokine or cytostatic agent for controlling their growth. The malignant property of glioblastoma is often potentiated by the activation of telomerase activity. We hypothesized that retinoid induced differentiation of C6 glioblastoma cells and down regulation of telomerase activity would decrease the proliferative potential and increase drug sensitivity for apoptosis. Treatment of C6 cells with 1 μM all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or 1 μM 13-cis retinoic acid (13-CRA) for 14 days induced astrocytic differentiation morphologically and biochemically, and also down regulated telomerase activity. Differentiated C6 cells decreased proliferation and increased sensitivity to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and taxol (TXL) for apoptosis. Wright staining and ApopTag assay identified, respectively, morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis in C6 cells following exposure to 500 units/ml IFN-γ for 48 h or 0.1 μM TXL for 24 h. Fura-2 assay detected an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ in apoptotic C6 cells, indicating involvement of Ca2+-dependent events in apoptosis. Western blot analyses showed an increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release from mitochondria, conversion of pro-caspase-9 to active caspase-9, and overexpression and activation of calpain and caspase-3 to cleave 270 kD α-spectrin at specific sites for generation of 145 kD and 120 kD spectrin break down products (SBDPs), respectively, in course of apoptosis. Activation of caspase-3 was also confirmed in the increased generation of 20 kD and 12 kD fragments. Following exposure to IFN-γ or TXL, apoptosis related events were found to be highly prominent in the differentiated C6 cells. Moreover, treatment of undifferentiated and differentiated C6 cells with TXL caused the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and thus inactivated its anti-apoptotic property, further promoting the commitment of cells to apoptosis. Taken together, all the results of this investigation suggested that first retinoid induced astrocytic differentiation with down regulation of telomerase activity and then induction of apoptosis with a cytotoxic or a cytostatic agent could be an effective combination therapeutic strategy for controlling the growth of glioblastoma cells. This investigation was supported in part by the R01 grants from the NCI and NINDS of the NIH, and also a grant from the State of SC.
The Insanity of Treating the Insane

The concentric circle occupied by the brain both sick and sickened may as well be infinite, at least to the extent modern medicine understands co-occurring disorders. Addiction’s price tag on society, an estimated $740 billion annually in lost productivity, health care expenses and crime-related costs, caught the attention of federal and state leaders, although the propriety of the nation’s response may be just as helpless and irresponsible as a man in the depths of an ether binge. Recognizing a problem does not always identify the best solution, a medical reality faced in the previous century by Civil War soldiers turned patients for surgical procedures on the battlefield.
Lessons Learned: Personal Reflections on How Christian-Hindu Studies Can Illumine Jewish-Hindu Studies

This essay is the fruit of the author’s long experience in Hindu-Christian studies. The intent of it is to describe something of that learning, and to then extend it, by way of friendly suggestion, to offer advice for readers engaged in Hindu-Jewish studies.
Telomere transcription in MLL-rearranged acute leukemia: increased levels of TERRA associate with lymphoid lineage and are independent of telomere length and ploidy

Telomere transcription into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) is an integral component of all aspects of chromosome end protection consisting of telomerase- or recombination-dependent telomere elongation, telomere capping, and preservation of (sub)telomeric heterochromatin structure. The chromatin modifier and transcriptional regulator MLL associates with telomeres and regulates TERRA transcription in telomere length homeostasis and response to telomere dysfunction. MLL fusion proteins (MLL-FPs), the product of MLL rearrangements in leukemia, also associate with telomeric chromatin. However, an effect on telomere transcription in MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) leukemia has not yet been evaluated. Here, we show increased UUAGGG repeat-containing RNA levels in MLL-r acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MLL rearrangements do not affect telomere length and increased levels of UUAGGG repeat-containing RNA correlate with mean telomere length and reflect increased levels of TERRA. Also, increased levels of TERRA in MLL-r ALL occur in the presence of telomerase activity and are independent of ploidy, an underestimated source of variation on the overall transcriptome size in a cell. This MLL rearrangement-dependent and lymphoid lineage-associated increase in levels of TERRA supports a sustained telomere transcription by MLL-FPs that correlates with marked genomic stability previously reported in pediatric MLL-r ALL.
Emfit Bed Sensor Activity Shows Strong Agreement with Wrist Actigraphy for the Assessment of Sleep in the Home Setting.

Purpose Wrist-worn actigraphy via research-grade devices, a well-established approach to the assessment of rest-activity, is limited by poor compliance, battery life, and lack of direct evidence for time spent physically in the bed. A non-invasive bed sensor (Emfit) may provide advantages over actigraphy for long-term sleep assessment in the home. This study compared sleep-wake measurements between this sensor and a validated actigraph. Patients and Methods Thirty healthy subjects (6 to 54 years) underwent simultaneous monitoring with both devices for 14 days and filled out a daily sleep diary. Parameters included bed entry time, sleep start, sleep end, bed exit time, rest interval duration, and wake after sleep onset (WASO). The agreement between the two devices was measured using Bland-Altman plots and inter-class correlation coefficients (ICC). In addition, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were obtained from epoch-by-epoch comparisons of Emfit and actigraphy. Results Fifteen percent of the subjects reported that wearing the actigraph was a burden. None reported that using the bed sensor was a burden. The minimal detectable change between Emfit and actigraphy was 11 minutes for bed entry time, 14 minutes for sleep start, 14 minutes for sleep end, 10 minutes for bed exit time, 20 minutes for rest interval duration, and 110 minutes for WASO. Inter-class correlation coefficients revealed an excellent agreement for all sleep parameters (ICC=0.99, 95% CI 98-99) except for WASO (ICC=0.46, 95% CI 0.33-0.56). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 0.62, 0.93, and 0.88, respectively. Kappa correlation analysis revealed a moderate correlation between the two devices (κ=0.55, p<0.0001). Conclusion Emfit is an acceptable alternative to actigraphy for the estimation of bed entry time, sleep start, sleep end, bed exit time, and rest interval duration. However, WASO estimates are poorly correlated between the two devices. Emfit may offer methodological advantages in situations where actigraphy is challenging to implement.
Maintaining Contour with a Three-dimensional Interstitial Tissue Marker in 134 Lumpectomies.

Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is meant to preserve the natural appearance of the breast; however, tissue volume deficits cannot always be compensated by soft tissue mobilization. A three-dimensional (3D) interstitial tissue marker (BioZorb) was designed to delineate the lumpectomy cavity for targeting boost irradiation, but an unexpected secondary benefit may be in guiding wound contraction and restoring contour to the lumpectomy bed. We analyze tissue volume excised at the time of lumpectomy as a function of device size selected. Methods In total, 134 consecutive lumpectomy patients implanted with BioZorb between May 2015 and February 2020 were retrospectively analyzed for tissue volume excised, device size used, location, and re-operation rates, including explantation of the device. Results An estimated 113 patients underwent device implantation at initial lumpectomy, and 21 at margin re-excision. Twenty-seven patients underwent re-excision, while 14 elected mastectomy for positive margins following insertion; 22 had the same device reimplanted. Mean lumpectomy volume was 79.0 cm3 (range 10.3-275.8 cm3) during the first implant procedure. Large-volume lumpectomies, averaging 136.5 cm3, were associated with selection of larger devices, which aided in restoring volume and maintaining breast contour. Three (2.2%) patients requested removal of the device. Conclusions BioZorb implantation can be a safe and useful oncoplastic technique for restoring volume with BCS. Large-volume lumpectomies can be performed without contouring defects using the device. An unexpected secondary benefit of the device may be scaffolding for wound contraction.
Integrating Novel Agents into the Treatment of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction Brentuximab vedotin (BV) and the PD-1 inhibitors, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have dramatically improved therapeutic options in relapsed and refractory classic Hodgkin. More recently, BV-plus doxorubicin, vinblastine and dacarbazine (AVD) has emerged as a standard upfront regimen in patients with advanced stage disease. In addition, recent phase 2 trials have demonstrated promising results combining these novel agents with chemotherapy in the upfront setting.
Management of patients with fibrosing interstitial lung diseases.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose This article summarizes the appropriate use and pharmacology of treatments for fibrosing interstitial lung diseases, with a specific focus on the antifibrotic agents nintedanib and pirfenidone. Summary The interstitial lung diseases are a heterogenous group of parenchymal lung disorders with a common feature-infiltration of the interstitial space with derangement of the normal capillary-alveolar anatomy. Diseases characterized by fibrosis of the interstitial space are referred to as the fibrosing interstitial lung diseases and often show progression over time: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common fibrotic interstitial lung disease. Historically, therapies for fibrosing lung diseases have been limited in number, questionable in efficacy, and associated with potential harms. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the antifibrotic agents nintedanib and pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in 2014 heralded an era of reorganization of therapy for the fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Subsequent investigations have led to FDA approval of nintedanib for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease and interstitial lung diseases with a progressive phenotype. Although supportive care and pulmonary rehabilitation should be provided to all patients, the role(s) of immunomodulators and/or immune suppressing agents vary by the underlying disease state. Several agents previously used to treat fibrotic lung diseases (N-acetylcysteine, anticoagulation, pulmonary vasodilators) lack efficacy or cause harm. Conclusion With the introduction of effective pharmacotherapy for fibrosing interstitial lung disease, pharmacists have an increasingly important role in the interdisciplinary team managing these patients.
Parental Attitudes Toward Use of Ketamine in Adolescent Mood Disorders and Suicidality

Objectives: Investigation into parental decision-making processes involving ketamine is of high priority, given the necessary role of parents in consenting to treatment. In this study, we examined parental attitudes toward the emerging use of ketamine in adolescent mood disorders and suicidality. Methods: Two hundred eighty-three English-speaking parents completed an online survey using Amazon Mechanical Turk on psychiatric use of ketamine, acceptability of treatment, and their perceptions of ketamine treatment. Data quality control measures were used to mitigate invalid reporting. Results: Parents reported high acceptability toward use of ketamine for suicidality, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder in adolescents. Primary concerns around ketamine involved its potential side effects and lack of United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Responses indicated a preference for short-term applications and less invasive routes of administration for ketamine. Parent history of mental illness, familiarity with psychological treatments, and comfort using other mental health interventions in their children predicted greater acceptability of ketamine. Conclusion: Although ketamine is not currently approved by the FDA for psychiatric use in children nor recommended outside of research protocols, these findings suggest that parents have interest in the application of ketamine as a treatment for pediatric mood disorders and point to future directions for research and clinical orientation.
US copper supply : An economic/engineering analysis of cost—supply relationships

Abstract The authors present short- and long-term supply schedules for the primary US copper industry. These schedules are based on the economic theory of supply, and are derived from site- and input-specific cost data. Cost figures are arrived at by a combination of engineering process analysis and statistical cost estimation. The supply functions can be used to evaluate the effects of changes in market, policy, or other variables on US copper supply.
Inadecuado consumo de alimentos: historia de la investigación sobre sus efectos conductuales en sujetos humanos

Malnutrition is a rnultifaceted biological stress. Here we shall be concerned with the behavioral effects of prolonged inadequacy of food intake, not of the...
Eosinophils Mediate Protective Immunity against Secondary Nematode Infection

Eosinophils are versatile cells that regulate innate and adaptive immunity, influence metabolism and tissue repair, and contribute to allergic lung disease. Within the context of immunity to parasitic worm infections, eosinophils are prominent yet highly varied in function. We have shown previously that when mice undergo primary infection with the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis, eosinophils play an important immune regulatory role that promotes larval growth and survival in skeletal muscle. In this study, we aimed to address the function of eosinophils in secondary infection with T. spiralis. By infecting eosinophil-ablated mice, we found that eosinophils are dispensable for immunity that clears adult worms or controls fecundity in secondary infection. In contrast, eosinophil ablation had a pronounced effect on secondary infection of skeletal muscle by migratory newborn larvae. Restoring eosinophils to previously infected, ablated mice caused them to limit muscle larvae burdens. Passive immunization of naive, ablated mice with sera or Ig from infected donors, together with transfer of eosinophils, served to limit the number of newborn larvae that migrated in tissue and colonized skeletal muscle. Results from these in vivo studies are consistent with earlier findings that eosinophils bind to larvae in the presence of Abs in vitro. Although our previous findings showed that eosinophils protect the parasite in primary infection, these new data show that eosinophils protect the host in secondary infection.
140 Gb/s Serializer Using Clock Doublers in 90 nm SiGe Technology

Many design challenges exist in achieving high frequency clocking for high-speed applications. This paper describes a new clock distribution technique and clocking approach with the use of clock doublers in close proximity to sub-circuits to achieve higher data rates, and in many cases, reduce design complexity and power in serializers. A half-rate 4:1 serializer using this unique frequency doubling clock distribution technique has been implemented in a 90 nm BiCMOS process. The design includes a $2^{10}-1$ pattern length LFSR with phase shifting logic as the testing circuit and a high bandwidth cascoded output driver. The chip has the dimensions of 1.8 $\,\times\,$ 2.2 mm $^{2}$ and consumes 5.78 W from a ${-}$ 3.4 V supply voltage at 140 Gb/s.
Homelessness, cigarette smoking and desire to quit: results from a US national study.

Aims We determined whether or not homelessness is associated with cigarette smoking independent of other socio-economic measures and behavioral health factors, and whether homeless smokers differ from non-homeless smokers in their desire to quit. Design, setting and participants We analyzed data from 2678 adult respondents to the 2009 Health Center Patient Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of homeless and non-homeless individuals using US federally funded community health centers. Measurements We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between homelessness and (i) current cigarette smoking among all adults, and (ii) past-year desire to quit among current smokers, adjusting for demographic, socio-economic and behavioral health characteristics. Findings Adults with any history of homelessness were more likely than never homeless respondents to be current smokers (57 versus 27%, P < 0.001). In multivariable models, a history of homelessness was associated independently with current smoking [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.09; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.49–2.93], even after adjusting for age, sex, race, veteran status, insurance, education, employment, income, mental illness and alcohol and drug abuse. Housing status was not associated significantly with past-year desire to stop smoking in unadjusted (P = 0.26) or adjusted (P = 0.60) analyses; 84% of currently homeless, 89% of formerly homeless and 82% of never homeless smokers reported wanting to quit. Conclusions Among patients of US health centers, a history of homelessness doubles the odds of being a current smoker independent of other socio-economic factors and behavioral health conditions. However, homeless smokers do not differ from non-homeless smokers in their desire to quit and should be offered effective interventions.
Exploration of the Interstitial Derivatives of La5Pb3 (Mn3Si3-Type)

Powder sintering reactions of the elements or of appropriate binary phases in welded Ta containers have resulted in the single phase syntheses of 17 La[sub 5]Pb[sub 3]Z derivatives of La[sub 5]Pb[sub 3] with stuffed Mn[sub 5]Si[sub 3]-type structures (P6[sub 3]/mcm), namely, Z = B[sub x], C[sub x], P, S, Cl, As, Se, Sb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, and Ag. (Z = N, O form a Cr[sub 5]B[sub 3]-type derivative.) Possible X values for B and C are consistent with, but not proof of, Zintl phase characteristics. La[sub 5]Pb[sub 3] was shown to be a line phase, while the reported binary La[sub 4]P[sub 3] (anti-Th[sub 3]P[sub 4]) was not found. The volume changes observed on incorporation of Z into La[sub 5]Pb[sub 3] are the smallest found in this sort of system except for chloride in the even more weakly bound alkaline-earth-metal-pnictide analogues.
An unusual renal complication in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a common 'rare' disorder with a reported incidence of 1/15,000 to 1/20,000 in newborns. Skeletal abnormalities in this condition are so striking that its equally important and diverse extraskeletal manifestations frequently remain unnoticed. Sensorineural deafness, blue sclerae, myopia, easy bruisability, dental anomalies, and floppy mitral valves are some of its more frequently reported extraskeletal features. Other less common features include pulmonary hypoplasia, joint contractures, hydrocephalus, and osteogenic sarcoma. Our patient, a 16-year-old boy, developed a previously unreported complication: chronic renal failure, which on subsequent evaluation was attributed to obstructive uropathy secondary to bony pelvic outlet deformities.
The measurement of respiratory electron-transport-system activity in marine zooplankton

A modification of the tetrazolium reduction method (Packard, 1971) for measurement of respiratory electron transport system activity in marine zooplankton is described. A major modification is the addition of Triton X-100 to the reaction mixture to solubilize formazan produced, thus eliminating an organic extraction step and increasing the sensitivity and versatility of the method. The kinetic parameters of the assay are presented and the apparent effects of Triton X-100 are discussed. The correlation between electron-transport-system (ETS) activity and in vivo respiration (ETS/R) for Calanus pacificus has been found to be 2.02±0.29 (standard deviation). The method is presented as providing a reliable estimate of the zooplankton component of oxygen consumption in the sea.
Monoclonal antibodies and the skin biopsy: current and potential clinical applications

Monoclonal antibodies are becoming increasingly useful in the clinical diagnosis and/or treatment of a number of unrelated diseases. Discussion will be directed to those monoclonal antibodies recognizing antigens within the skin which appear to have either proven or potential application in the diagnostic evaluation of the skin biopsy.
Implementing New Technology

Organizations have come to rely on implementing new technology as a critical component of their competitive strategy. Implementing new technology allows companies to improve efficiency, productivity, quality, safety, working conditions, and profitability. Much of this potential is never realized; as a study found that 40% of companies had not achieved the intended benefits from the new technology. The study further stated that 10% of these new technology implementation problems were for technical reasons; whereas most problems occurred for human and organizational reasons. Effective new technology implementation requires considering all factors involved in the implementation process as: new technology characteristics, organization structure, task factors, environmental characteristics, and human factors. It is suggested to utilize a cooperative approach implementing new technology, relying on employee participation and teamwork. By taking a total systems view of the situation; and being aware to the exist...
Complex and quaternionic analyticity in chiral and gauge theories, I☆

A comparative and systematic study is made of 2-dimensional CP(n) σ-models and new 4-dimensional HP(n) σ-models and their respective embedded U(1) and Sp(1) holonomic gauge field structures. The central theme is complex versus quaternionic analyticity. A unified formulation is achieved by way of Cartan's method of moving frames adapted to the hypercomplex geometries of the harmonic symmetric spaces CP(n) ≈ SU(n + 1)SU(n) × U(1) and HP(n) ≈ Sp(n + 1)Sp(n) × Sp(1) respectively. Elements of complex Kahler manifolds are applied to a detailed analysis of the CP(n) σ-model and its instanton sector. Generalization to any Kahlerian σ-model is manifest. On the basis of Cauchy-Riemann analyticity, Kahlerian models are shown to have an infinite number of local continuity equations. In a parallel manner, new 4-dimensional conformally invariant HP(n) σ-models are constructed. Focus is on the latter's hidden local gauge invariance in their holonomy group Sp(n) × Sp(1) which allows a natural embedding of the Sp(1) ≈ SU(2) pure Yang-Mills theory. The associated quaternionic structure is discussed in light of both quaternionic quantum mechanics and Kahlerian geometry. In this chiral setting, the SU(2) Yang-Mills duality equations are cast into quaternionic Cauchy-Riemann equations over S4 ≈ HP(1), the conformal spacetime. In analogy to the CP(n) case, their rational solutions are the most general (8n − 3) parameter instantons where the associated algebraic nonlinear equations of the type of Atiyah, Drinfeld, Hitchin, and Manin are now expressed in a new conformally invariant form. Geometrically, the SU(2) instantons solve the Frenet-Serret equations for quaternionic holomorphic curves; they are conformal maps from HP(1) into HP(n) with n their second Chern index. Fueter's quaternionic analysis is presented, then applied: Fueter functions are particularly suited for the solutions of 't Hooft, of Jackiw, Nohl and Rebbi, and of Witten and Peng, as well as the self-dual finite action per unit time solution of Bogomol'nyi, Prasad and Sommerfield. Generalizing the latter, a new solution with unit Chern index and finite action per unit spacetime cell is found. It is expressed in terms of the quaternionic fourfold quasi-periodic Weierstrass Zeta function. Finally the essence of our method is revealed in terms of universal connections over Stiefel bundles; generalization to real, complex and quaternionic classifying Grassmanian σ-models with their embedded SO(m), SU(m) and Sp(m) gauge fields is outlined in terms of gauge invariant projector valued chiral fields. Other outstanding problems are briefly discussed.
Lake Whitefish Diet, Condition, and Energy Density in Lake Champlain and the Lower Four Great Lakes following Dreissenid Invasions

Abstract Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis support some of the most valuable commercial freshwater fisheries in North America. Recent growth and condition decreases in Lake Whitefish populations in the Great Lakes have been attributed to the invasion of the dreissenid mussels, zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussels D. bugensis, and the subsequent collapse of the amphipod, Diporeia, a once-abundant high energy prey source. Since 1993, Lake Champlain has also experienced the invasion and proliferation of zebra mussels, but in contrast to the Great Lakes, Diporeia were not historically abundant. We compared the diet, condition, and energy density of Lake Whitefish from Lake Champlain after the dreissenid mussel invasion to values for those of Lake Whitefish from Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Lake Whitefish were collected using gill nets and bottom trawls, and their diets were quantified seasonally. Condition was estimated using Fulton's condition factor (K) and by determining e...
The structure of the terminal regions of the encephalitogenic basic protein from bovine myelin.

Abstract Treatment of the bovine encephalitogen (A1 protein) with cyanogen bromide resulted in complete cleavage of the two methionyl-alanine linkages present in the protein, giving rise to three peptides (CB1, CB2, and CB3). Although the reaction mixture retained full encephalitogenic activity, located exclusively in peptide CB2, the antibody-combining activity was lost. Neither peptide CB1 nor CB2 was active in the passive hemagglutination inhibition test; and peptide CB2 was negative in the Ouchterlony test. It was concluded that encephalitogenic site of the A1 protein does not coincide with the site involved in interaction with antibody. Peptide CB1 contains N-acetylalanine, and thus occupies the N-terminal region of the A1 protein. The amino acid sequence of peptide CB1 was determined from tryptic, chymotryptic, and peptic peptides. The complete sequence is: N-Ac-Ala-Ser-Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Pro-Ser-Gln-Arg-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ser-Thr-Hser-OH. Thus, the first methionine residue of the A1 protein is located at position No. 20 from the N-terminal acetylalanine. The internal peptide (CB2), containing approximately 141 amino acids, has an N-terminal alanine residue and contains the only tryptophan found in the original protein. The amino acid sequence of peptide CB3, H-Ala-Arg-Arg-OH, is identical with the C-terminal sequence obtained for the A1 protein, and reveals the location of the second methionine residue at position No. 4 from the C-terminal arginine. The C-terminal region was further clarified by treating the A1 protein and peptide CB2 with carboxypeptidase. The sequence was found to be: -His-Phe-Met-Ala-Arg-Arg-OH. The C-terminal sequence of -Met-Ala-Arg-Arg-OH was also established for encephalitogenic A1 proteins derived from human, monkey, dog, and guinea pig brain.
New techniques for liquid chromatography in open-tubular columns.

Abstract Methods for sample introduction, capillary column fabrication, and on-column detection are discussed. A new cross-linked polymer stationary phase coating (based on similar coatings for capillary gas chromatography) is described. Results of separations of urinary components using 16-μm open-tubular columns and electrochemical detection and laser-induced fluorescence detection are shown.
Fishing the best pool for novel ribozymes

Novel RNA enzymes, or ribozymes, are sought in large pools of random RNA sequences. Because of the large number of random positions in an individual pool molecule, only a vanishingly small fraction of the possible sequences are actually present. Even so, increasing the length of the individual pool molecules significantly increases the probability of finding a particular complex ribozyme. Because ribozymes are typically composed of conserved sequences interleaved with regions that can vary in sequence and length, a longer molecule allows a greater number of possible arrangements of a given ribozyme motif, increasing the likelihood that it will be present in the pool. Once a ribozyme motif has been found, rational and irrational optimization techniques can be used to identify related ribozyme sequences with greater activity.
Posterior arch defects of the cervical spine

Spondylolysis and absence of the pedicle are congenital anomalies of the posterior cervical spine. Their roentgenographic changes may be confused with other more serious entities which may necessitate either emergent therapy or require extensive diagnostic testing and treatment. Four cases are present and the literature is reviewed. A hypothesis for the embryologic etiology of these entities is proposed.
Fluoro-ketones. I reactions of hydrocarbon grignards with perfluoroalkylacid fluorides

Abstract The reaction between Grignard reagents and perfluoroacid fluorides provides a convenient synthesis procedure for ketones RfORfC(O)R′, where RfORf is perfluoroalkylether group and R' is either an aromatic or aliphatic group. Reaction temperature is an important factor in producing higher yields of ketones. Meta and para-bromophenyl Grignard reagents, which thus far have not been prepared as pure mono Grignards, present secondary competing reactions which detract from their synthetic utility.
Labor Force Participation and Socioeconomic Status

This study examined the relationship between labor force participation by more than one family member and the socioeconomic status of the family, as measured by the Census SES score. The data were derived from a special tabulation of the 1960 Census five percent sample tape. In general, labor force participation by more than one family member was associated with higher SES scores in both white and Negro families. Multiple wage earners in white families were associated with “above the middle” level scores, whereas in Negro families multiple wage earners appear to contribute to barely or almost attaining middle level scores.
92 PROCESSING OF POSTMORTEM BOVINE EPIDIDYMAL SPERM AFTER COOLING THE TESTES FOR 24 HOURS

Harvesting and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from postmortem animals is one way to save gametes from genetically valuable males. Before sperm can be properly harvested from the epididymides, usually the testes need to be cooled and transported to a semen laboratory. Previously, it has been recommended to harvest epididymal sperm from cooled testes in a 4°C cold room. However, a walk-in cold room is not always available. The objective of this study was to hold the testes for 22 h at 4°C, and then remove the epididymal sperm at room temperature (22 to 23°C; Treatment A) or in a cooled environment (4°C; Treatment B). Testicles within the scrotum were collected from sexually mature mixed breed bulls (n = 11) at a local abattoir, placed into plastic bags, and transported (2 h) in a Styrofoam ice chest (pre-cooled with frozen gel packs) to the laboratory. Each pair of testes was then removed from the ice chest and placed into a refrigerator at 4°C for 22 h. After 22 h of cooling, each testicle of the pair was removed from the scrotum and randomly assigned to either Treatment A or Treatment B. The sperm were flushed in a retrograde flow out of a small incision made at the medial section of the cauda epididymides. Total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) were determined using an inverted Nikon Diaphot microscope. Membrane integrity (MI) was determined using SYBR 14 and propidium iodide staining under a microscope with epifluorescence detection capability. Sperm in a Triladyl® one-step extender were frozen in 0.5-mL plastic straws in the vapor 2 cm above the LN2. A paired t-test was used for statistical analyses. In summary, there was significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) from pre-freeze (PF) to post-thaw (PT) for all of the sperm parameters within each treatment (Table 1). However, there were no significant differences between PF and PT sperm parameters between treatments for any of the parameters measured. Post-thaw sperm from all samples had a tendency to swim in a circular pattern after warming, which is a known sign of sperm affected by cold shock. It is likely that during their cold storage, testes were cooled too quickly, inducing cold shock. In summary, cooling bull testes for 24 h and processing them at room temperature produced results similar to those for processing the testes in a cool environment. The PT parameters in this study suggest that these sperm could be used for IVF and/or ICSI procedures. Table 1. Pre-freeze and post-thaw mean values (±SEM) for bull epididymal sperm parameters
A comparison of injectable anesthetic combinations in horses.

Six combinations of injectable anesthetic agents were administered to six adult horses in a Latin square design. The drug combinations were xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine, xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam, detomidine-ketamine, and detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine. Measured variables were heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, arterial pH (pHa), Paco2, Pao2, recumbency time, and number of attempts necessary to stand. Quality of induction and recovery, muscle relaxation, and response to stimulus were evaluated subjectively. The horses required significantly more attempts to stand after administration of xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam, xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam, and detomidine-ketamine than after xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-butorphanol-ketamine, or detomidine-butorphanol-ketamine. Mean recumbency times varied from 23.0 minutes with xylazine-ketamine to 41.3 minutes with xylazine-butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam. There were significant differences in mean heart rates at minute 15, mean respiratory rates at minutes 5, 10 and 15, and mean systolic blood pressures at minute 10 of anesthesia. There were no significant differences in pHa, Paco2 or Pao2.
Determinants of technology cycle time in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry

The focus of this study is to examine different factors that influence a firm's technology cycle time. The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is analyzed from 1977–1991. Specifically, the sample includes 21 firms that (a) primarily produce brand ethical drugs, (b) are publicly-owned companies, and (c) have pharmaceutical sales account for a substantial portion of company sales. Our measure of faster technology cycle time is positively correlated to measures of the knowledge base level of firms, the breadth of firms’ knowledge bases, size, and age; it is negatively correlated to advertising expenditures and the percent of US. firm sales to total sales. However, the most notable finding is that technology cycle time is significantly faster for firms that predominantly generate new knowledge internally, and slower for firms that rely more on external sources of new knowledge.
Limiting angular velocity of realistic relativistic neutron star models

The Keplerian velocity as well as those frequencies at which instability against gravitational radiation-reaction sets in are calculated for rotating neutron star models of gravitational mass 1.5M ⊙. The investigation is based on four different, realistic neutron star matter equations of state. Our results indicate that the gravitational radiation instability sets in wellbelow (i.e., 63–71% of) the Keplerian frequency, and thatyoung neutron stars are limited to rotational periods greater than about 1 ms. In young and therefore hot (T≈1010 K) neutron stars them=5(±1) modes and in old stars after being spun up and reheated by mass accretion, them=4 and/orm=3 modes may set the limit on stable rotation.
Stability in meanings for quantitative terms: A comparison over 20 years

(1963). Stability in meanings for quantitative terms: A comparison over 20 years. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 146-151.
Maximal Sprint Speeds and Muscle Fiber Composition of Wild and Laboratory House Mice

We compared males from four groups of house mice (Mus domesticus), all bred and raised under common conditions in the laboratory: randombred Hsd:ICR; a wild population from Wisconsin; hybrids from lab dams; hybrids from wild dams. Wild mice were much faster sprinters (maximal forced sprint speeds over 1.0 m ranged from 2.38 to 3.34 m/s) than were lab mice (range = 0.89-1.68 m/s). Hybrids exhibited intermediate speeds (range = 1.54-2.70 m/s) and body masses, indicating largely additive inheritance. Type-specific mean muscle fiber cross-sectional areas of the gastrocnemius muscle did not differ significantly among groups. Percentage cross-sectional areas occupied by each of the three identified fiber types also did not differ significantly among groups, nor did they covary with body mass. For their body mass, however, lab mice had smaller gastrocnemius muscles than did wild and hybrid mice, which had muscles of similar size. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that smaller gastrocnemius muscles or slight differences in fiber composition account for the lower sprint speeds of the lab mice, we suggest that differences in unmeasured physiological, behavioral or motivational factors are probably the primary cause. This interpretation is supported by a lack of correlation between individual differences in sprint speed and either relative gastrocnemius muscle mass or muscle fiber type composition.
Teaching Scholarship During The 1990s: A Study of Authorship in Teaching Sociology

While the scholarship of teaching has risen in prominence in the past few decades, little is presently known about the structure of knowledge creation and dissemination in that area of scholarship. Such basic facts as the characteristics of programs that perform and publish the research (e.g., B.A., M.A., or Ph.D.), or the identities of specific schools that are leaders in teaching scholarship remain undocumented. This article explores the topic through counts of articles and notes published in a major outlet in the scholarship of teaching, Teaching Sociology, during the decade of the 1990s. We address the following: (1) Does publication of teaching scholarship vary by the type of degree program (e.g., B.A., M.A., and Ph.D.) or by other characteristics? (2) Are some institutions centers of teaching scholarship? (3) How wide is the scope of teaching scholarship across the nation's departments? Overall, we find that a variety of sociology departments have established records of teaching publishing. Yet, som...
High-pouch imperforate anus treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal repair

Four male infants with imperforate anus were treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal anoplasty with division of rectourethral fistula. Each had high-pouch imperforate anus of the supralevator type, with rectourethral fishtula at or above the level of the membranous urethra. Perineal anoplasty was accomplished in all four, with division of the rectourethral fistula, avoiding the need to do a sacral-abdominal-perineal procedure, as had been customary previously in similar cases.
Pollen sterols from three species of sonoran cacti

Cactus bees are important pollinators that contribute to the long-term stability of arid regions in the United States. Since all insects are dependent upon a dietary source of sterol for normal growth, development and reproduction, a study was undertaken to determine neutral sterols available to cactus bees. The total neutral sterol composition of hand-collected pollen was determined for three species of Sonoran cacti by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 24-Methylenecholesterol was the predominant pollen sterol in Engelmann's prickly pear,Opuntia phaeacantha, cholla,O. versicolor, and cardon,Pachycereus pringlei. Two pentacyclic triterpene alcohols, lupeol and moretenol, were also isolated. Since no cholesterol was detected in any of the pollen samples, cactus bees would have to utilize the 24-alkyl sterols unchanged or convert these sterols to cholesterolvia dealkylation.
Adhesive Bonding of Various Materials to Hard Tooth Tissues: XXIII. Isotonic Monomer Formulations:

With regard to adhesion to dentin by chemical mechanisms, the vitality of odontoblasts and contiguous pulpal cells might require that materials influencing the dentinal tubules be maintained within certain limits of osmotic pressure. Resins for use in adhesive formulations can be made isotonic with vital tissues by adjusting the proportions of hydrophilic monomers and the water contents of the formulations.
The NEO Personality Inventory: Using the Five‐Factor ModeI in Counseling

Personality psychologists have recently concluded that five major dimensions account for most individual differences in personality traits. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a concise measure of this Five-Factor Model and of some of the important traits that define the factors. Characteristics of the test, features for administration and scoring, and studies of reliability, stability, and validity are summarized. The NEO-PI may be particularly appropriate for use in counseling because it is brief, nonpsychopathological in content, and sensitive to client strengths as well as weaknesses. We suggest several ways in which the counselor can learn how to use the NEO-PI effectively.
Constitution of the Deposit on the Inner Surfaces of Gin Roll Boxes

Material which had accumulated on the inner surface of gin roll boxes during the ginning of immature bolls has been collected and subjected to chemical analysis. This deposit material, which was a ...
Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of cell lines derived from hamster peripheral lung tumors.

Abstract Intratracheal instillation of the alpha emitter polonium-210 (210Po) or benzo[a]pyrene induces peripheral lung tumors in Syrian hamsters which have a combined epidermoid and adenomatous morphology similar in appearance to human bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma. Two permanent cell lines derived from such tumors have been studied in an attempt to determine the cell of origin of the original peripheral tumors. The ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of both the cells and of cheek pouch tumors grown from HLAC-4 and HLAC-14 cells at various stages of passage in tissue culture in general support, but do not prove, our hypothesis that Clara cells found in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles are the cells of origin of the peripheral lung tumors induced in hamsters by these carcinogens.