cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Yamabe Problem and Applications on Noncompact Complete Riemannian Manifolds

We let (M,g) be a noncompact complete Riemannian manifold of dimension n ≥ 3 whose scalar curvature S(x) is positive for all x in M. With an assumption on the Ricci curvature and scalar curvature at infinity, we study the behavior of solutions of the Yamabe equation on −Δu+[(n−2)/(4(n−1))]Su=qu (n+2)/(n−2) on (M,g). This study finds restrictions on the existence of an injective conformal immersion of (M,g) into any compact Riemannian n -manifold. We also show the existence of a complete conformal metric with constant positive scalar curvature on (M,g) with some conditions at infinity.
TechTrends 2010-2015: A Content Analysis.

This study is a content analysis of articles published within the journal TechTrends from 2000 to 2015. The study reveals that the publication TechTrends has increased the overall number of peer reviewed original papers over the last 6 years. The author describes the proportion of these original papers per volume and analyzes the content of these papers by author, author-provided key words, EBSCOHost assigned subject words, research method, and number of citations as reported by Google Scholar. The most frequent method of research within the 229 original articles is theoretical research and the most common keywords include learning, technology, and education. Content analysis was found to be the least frequently used research method and there has been only one original paper that has focused on corporate environments and no articles that have concentrated on military training within the 6 year period. The two most frequently sited articles focused on the use of iPads.
People and Planning: Report of the Committee on Public Participation in Planning (The Skeffington Committee Report)

Peter Shapely. London, UK, and New York, NY: Routledge, 2014. 71 pp. £100.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0415827874).People and Planning is a British government report originally released in 1969 to provide re...
Assessment with computer agents that engage in conversational dialogues and trialogues with learners

This article describes conversation-based assessments with computer agents that interact with humans through chat, talking heads, or embodied animated avatars. Some of these agents perform actions, interact with multimedia, hold conversations with humans in natural language, and adaptively respond to a persons actions, verbal contributions, and emotions. Data are logged throughout the interactions in order to assess the individuals mastery of subject matters, skills, and proficiencies on both cognitive and noncognitive characteristics. There are different agent-based designs that focus on learning and assessment. Dialogues occur between one agent and one human, as in the case of intelligent tutoring systems. Three-party conversations, called trialogues, involve two agents interacting with a human. The two agents can take on different roles (such as tutors and peers), model actions and social interactions, stage arguments, solicit help from the human, and collaboratively solve problems. Examples of assessment with these agent-based environments are presented in the context of intelligent tutoring, educational games, and interventions to help struggling adult readers. Most of these involve assessment at varying grain sizes to guide the intelligent interaction, but conversation-based assessment with agents is also currently being used in high stakes assessments. Computer agents interact with humans in dialogues and trialogues with two agents.Intelligent agents reliably analyze many but not all aspects of natural language.Human tutoring has systematic discourse patterns that can be simulated by agents.Intelligent tutoring systems with agents improve learning of difficult content.Computer agents are used in conversation-based formative and summative assessments.
Mobile-Application Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) for Identifying and Managing Depression and Anxiety

Mobile technology is a cost effective and scalable platform for developing a therapeutic intervention. This paper discusses the development of a mobile application for people suffering with depression and anxiety. The application which we have developed is similar to a Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) website, which is freely available on the internet. Past research has shown that CBT delivered over the internet is effective in alleviating the depressive symptoms in users. But, this delivery method is associated with some innate drawbacks, which caused user dropout and reduced adherence to the therapy. To overcome these shortfalls, from web based CBT delivery, a mobile application called MoodTrainer was developed. The application is equipped with mobile specific interventions and CBT modules which aim at delivering a dynamic supportive psychotherapy to the user. The mobile specific interventions using this application ensures that the user is constantly engaged with the application and focused to change the negative thought process. We present MoodTrainer as a self-efficacy tool and virtual CBT that is not meant to replace a clinical caregiver. Rather, it is a supportive tool that can be used to self-monitor, as well as a monitoring aid for clinicians.
Corning Inc.: Zero Coupon Convertible Debentures (a)

In November 2000, a money manager needs to make a decision regarding an offering of convertible bonds by Corning. The analysis requires her to compare the insights available from standard descriptive ratios with those available from valuation analysis. This case is intended to be a student's first exercise in analyzing convertible bonds and assumes some familiarity with option-pricing theory and bond valuation. In addition, the case highlights the importance of going beyond the convertible-bond calculations. The volatility of Corning stock has increased in the past year, making the call option more valuable, but at the same time, Corning appears to be issuing converts at a time when both its share price and stock-market valuations are at historic highs. Thus, it is imperative that the student have a view on the sustainability of stock-market valuations and the outlook for Corning. See also the B case (UVA-F-1367).
Electron Shock Ignition of Inertial Fusion Targets

It is shown that inertial confinement fusion targets designed with low implosion velocities can be shock-ignited using laser-plasma interaction generated hot electrons (hot-$e$'s) to obtain high energy gains. These designs are robust to multimode asymmetries and are predicted to ignite even for significantly distorted implosions. Electron shock ignition requires tens of kilojoules of hot-$e$'s which can be produced only at a large laser facility like the National Ignition Facility, with the laser-to-hot-$e$ conversion efficiency greater than 10% at laser intensities $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
History of Electroporation

Electroporation phenomena can be traced back to the eighteenth century when red spots on human animal skin (Lichtenberg figures) were observed in the areas where electric fields were applied. Once the cause of this phenomenon was understood and control over the parameters that produce electric fields was achieved, a quick adoption of the use of pulsed electric fields to kill microbes was seen in the area of food and water sterilization. Biomedical applications soon followed where electric fields began to be used to control movement of biological material: cells were brought in close proximity and fused together through membrane destabilization (electrofusion), DNA material was introduced into cells through transient pores in the membrane (electrogenetherapy), and chemotherapeutic drugs were directly delivered to cells (electrochemotherapy). These applications fall under the energy regime known as reversible electroporation in which temporary cell membrane destabilization is achieved. Irreversible electroporation (IRE) uses an energy regime much higher than that of reversible electroporation and induces cell death via various mechanisms. Since the postulation that IRE can be used to ablate substantial volumes in such a manner that it does not induce significant traditional thermal damage, it has been widely investigated moving from in vitro studies, to in vivo animal studies, and finally to human patients through clinical trials. Its nonthermal mechanism to induce cell death makes it an attractive modality to safely treat unresectable tumors.
Mundt et al. paper: “Does occupational exposure to formaldehyde cause hematotoxicity and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells?”

Sir,The paper “Does occupational exposure to formaldehyde cause hematotoxicity and leukemia-specific chromosome changes in cultured myeloid progenitor cells?” (Mundt et al. 2017) does not add findi...
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates eosinophil recruitment and food allergen-induced gastrointestinal inflammation

Prevalence of food allergies in the United States is on the rise. Eosinophils are recruited to the intestinal mucosa in substantial numbers in food allergen-driven gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation. Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is known to play a pro-inflammatory role during inflammation by metabolizing anti-inflammatory epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) to pro-inflammatory diols. We investigated the role of sEH in a murine model of food allergy and evaluated the potential therapeutic effect of a highly selective sEH inhibitor (trans-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzoic acid [t-TUCB]). Oral exposure of mice on a soy-free diet to soy protein isolate (SPI) induced expression of intestinal sEH, increased circulating total and antigen-specific IgE levels, and caused significant weight loss. Administration of t-TUCB to SPI-challenged mice inhibited IgE levels and prevented SPI-induced weight loss. Additionally, SPI-induced GI inflammation characterized by increased recruitment of eosinophils and mast cells, elevated eotaxin 1 levels, mucus hypersecretion, and decreased epithelial junction protein expression. In t-TUCB-treated mice, eosinophilia, mast cell recruitment, and mucus secretion were significantly lower than in untreated mice and SPI-induced loss of junction protein expression was prevented to variable levels. sEH expression in eosinophils was induced by inflammatory mediators TNF-α and eotaxin-1. Treatment of eosinophils with t-TUCB significantly inhibited eosinophil migration, an effect that was mirrored by treatment with 11,12-EET, by inhibiting intracellular signaling events such as ERK (1/2) activation and eotaxin-1-induced calcium flux. These studies suggest that sEH induced by soy proteins promotes allergic responses and GI inflammation including eosinophilia and that inhibition of sEH can attenuate these responses.
Lovers, enemies, and friends: The complex and coded early history of lesbian comic strip characters.

This article seeks to recuperate four previously unexamined early newspaper comic strip characters that could lay the groundwork for queer comic studies. The titular characters in Lucy and Sophie S...
THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON GLASS STRENGTH

There is an increasing number of reports of glasses which have distinct microstructures, in contrast to homogenous but random liquid type structures. Evidence is presented that the nature of these microstructures may be influenced by the melting conditions, as well as by composition, and that the microstructure has a dominating influence on glass strength.
Sexual Selection, Good Genes, and Human Mating

Sexual selection is selection due to differential access to quantity and quality of mates. One form of it, intersexual selection, is due to differential access to mates driven by the mate preferences of individuals of the other sex. The major question about sexual selection pursued in theoretical investigation during the past two decades is, what accounts for mate preferences that drive intersexual selection? Several plausible models have been developed, one or more of which may apply to any particular species. This chapter has two major aims. First, evolutionary psychologists are interested in the linked tasks of inferring historical selection pressures that shaped psychological adaptations governing behavior, and describing the nature of those adaptations. Williams (1966) proposed that the criterion for inferring selection pressures, and thereby identifying adaptations that resulted, is special design. The logic of Williams’ approach is briefly described. Second, one particular process of interest is good genes sexual selection. This form of sexual selection occurs when members of one sex (I focus here on females) prefer as sexual mates individuals who possess markers of good genes, whose gametes benefit the chooser’s offspring. The criterion of special design applied to good genes sexual selection is: Are there any features of female mate choice that possess special design for choosing mates for their gametes, such that it is unlikely that such features would have evolved were they not designed by selection for this function? After discussing relevant background theory, I present several lines of evidence that are suggestive of such special design.
Item Response Models for the Analysis of Educational and Psychological Test Data

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a number of widely used item response theory (IRT) models and describes briefly their application in test development and computer-adaptive testing. IRT models are central today in test development, test evaluation, and test data analysis. The chapter also emphasizes on the shortcomings of the classical test models. Much of classical test theory is concerned with the estimation and control of error in the testing process. Classical test models lack some desired features that can be fulfilled by IRT model. These features include item statistics that are not group dependent, examinee ability estimates that are not dependent on test difficulty, test models that provide a basis for matching test items to ability levels, and test models that are not based on implausible or difficult-to-meet assumptions. Finally, the chapter concludes by highlighting new directions for developing and using IRT models and identifying important issues requiring research.
Self-assessed understanding of climate change

Survey researchers often treat self-assessed understanding of climate change as a rough proxy for knowledge, which might affect what people believe about this topic. Self-assessments can be unrealistically high, however, and correlated with politics, so they deserve study in their own right. Turning the usual perspective around to view self-assessed understanding as dependent variable, problematically related to actual knowledge, casts self-assessments in a new light. Analysis of a 2016 US survey that carried a five-item test of very basic, belief-neutral but climate-relevant knowledge (such as knowing about the location of North and South Poles) finds that, at any given level of knowledge, people saying they “understand a great deal” about climate change are more likely to be older, college-educated, and male. Self-assessed understanding exhibits a U-shaped political pattern: highest among liberals and the most conservative, but lowest among moderate conservatives. Among liberal and middle-of-the-road respondents, self-assessed understanding of climate change is positively related to knowledge. Among the most conservative, however, understanding is unrelated or even negatively related to knowledge. For that group in particular, high self-assessed understanding reflects confidence in political views, rather than knowledge about the physical world.
Homorubin. A centrally homologated bilirubin

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties are described for homorubin (1), a novel bilirubin analog with a central -CH2-CH2- unit replacing the -CH2- bridge at C-10.
A Multi-procedural Virtual Reality Simulator for Orthopaedic Training

Interactive simulation based on virtual reality (VR) offers a valuable complement to the conventional apprenticeship for surgical skills training. Orthopaedic VR surgical training is relatively new but has been quickly evolving over the last decade. A few simulators are commercially available to train the high volume arthroscopic procedures. However, open orthopaedic interventions are thus far inadequately covered. This paper presents a prototype of a multi-procedural VR platform accommodating three different anatomical sites. An iterative development process was employed to develop the interactive simulator. This stems from the fact that the overall quality, accuracy and realism of a medical task simulation requires an optimal balance between several interdependent factors and that surgical cues are often automated in the expert. The VR prototype targets open orthopaedic surgery training. It integrates the use of tactile and visual feedback for bimanual interactive practice of technical and procedural skills in three different specialties: transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in spine surgery, antegrade femoral nailing in traumatology and orbital floor reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The working prototype meets the requirements established with the subject matter experts (SMEs). The next step targets the validation by residents and surgeons for surgical skills training.
Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in Males and Females with Fragile X Syndrome: Developmental Trajectories in Toddlers through Young Adults.

There is limited research on the trajectory of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in fragile X syndrome (FXS), with previous studies only examining males and/or examining RRBs as a unitary construct rather than delineating subtypes of RRBs. Thus, we described the trajectory of five subtypes of RRBs in 153 males and females with FXS (aged 1–18 years) with repeated measurement over time (445 total assessments). Multilevel modeling was used to test age-related differences in RRB subtypes between males and females with FXS, controlling for nonverbal IQ. Results showed that lower-order Sensory-Motor behaviors decreased over time for both males and females, while there was no significant change in the higher-order RRBs. The trajectory between males and females differed for Self-Injury.
A Qualitative Study of Teachers’ Perceptions of Increased Recess Time on Teaching, Learning, and Behavior

Recess in the United States is decidedly limited in elementary schools, despite numerous research findings that support unstructured play as a vehicle for development across multiple domains. It is...
Areal Measurements of Ozone, Water, and Heat Fluxes Over Land With Different Surface Complexity, Using Aircraft

Contemporary models addressing issues of air quality and/oratmospheric deposition continue to exploit air-surface exchangeformulations originating from single-tower studies. In reality,these expressions describe situations that are rare in the realworld – nearly flat and spatially homogeneous. There have beenseveral theoretical suggestions about how to extend from single-point understanding to areal descriptions, but so far thecapability to address the problem experimentally has beenlimited. In recent years, however, developments in sensingtechnology have permitted adaptation of eddy-correlation methodsto low-flying aircraft in a far more cost-effective manner thanpreviously. A series of field experiments has been conducted,ranging from flat farmland to rolling countryside, employing arecently modified research aircraft operated by the US NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The resultsdemonstrate the complexity of the spatial heterogeneity question,especially for pollutants (ozone in particular). In general, theuncertainty associated with the adoption of any single-pointformulation when describing areal averages is likely to be in therange 10% to 40%. In the case of sensible and latent heatfluxes, the overall behavior is controlled by the amount ofenergy available. For pollutant deposition, there is noconstraint equivalent to the net radiation limitation onconvective heat exchange. Consequently, dry deposition rates andair-surface exchange of trace gases in general are especiallyvulnerable to errors in spatial extrapolation. The resultsindicate that the susceptibility of dry deposition formulationsto terrain complexity depends on the deposition velocity itself. For readily transferred pollutants (such as HNO3), a factorof two error could be involved.
CHAPTER XIV – MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses miscellaneous topics. Most of the tables of coefficients presented in this chapter describe the procedures for computing and checking the tables of Chebyshev coefficients. For those functions of hypergeometric type, the coefficients are also of hypergeometric type. In these cases, the coefficients were almost always produced by the use of the known closed form recurrence relations in the backward direction. Particular coefficients were checked by the evaluation of their hypergeometric series representations. For nonhypergeometric functions, evaluation of the Chebyshev coefficients was often accomplished from knowledge of the Taylor series expansions for these functions with the aid of the basic series or rearrangement analysis. The basic series method was used to get the Chebyshev coefficients for those portions of the ascending series expansions. For each set of coefficients, numerous checks were made by evaluating the Chebyshev series for specific arguments and comparing with known tabular values or by computing tabular values a new from power series and asymptotic series.
Six-Week Inspiratory Muscle Training Combined With Exercise in Patients Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Little is known about the effect of combining exercise with respiratory muscle training on the recovery of muscle strength and postoperative pulmonary complications after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). We conducted a randomized clinical trial exploring the benefits of inspiratory muscle training combined with exercise on the recovery of inspiratory and skeletal muscles strength and PPCs after VATS for lung cancer patients. Methods: 54 patients undergoing VATS for lung cancer resection were recruited and assigned to a training group (n = 26) and a control group (n = 28). Patients in the training group received threshold inspiratory training, incentive spirometer training, and aerobic exercise training for 6 weeks. At the 2nd week, 6th week, and 12th week, the patients were assessed for the primary outcome of inspiratory muscle strength and lung expansion volume, and 6-min walk test, and the secondary outcome of the incidence of PPCs. Results: The training group showed significant improvement of maximum inspiratory pressure at the 6th week (P = 0.018), and maximum expiratory pressure at the 2nd week (P = 0.015) and 12th week (P = 0.012). The lung expansion volume of the training group improved significantly at the 2nd week (1P = 0.020), 6th week (P =0.006), and 12th week (P Conclusions: This is the first randomized clinical trial, patients who underwent VATS showed significant improvement of inspiratory muscle strength measured by maximum inspiratory pressure and maximum expiratory pressure, lung expansion volume, and 6-min walk distance with 6 weeks of combined inspiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise.
Recycled SoC Detection Using LDO Degradation

Counterfeit electronics form a major roadblock towards a safe and successful economy. An increase in globalization has led to a major increase in the total number of counterfeit products all around the world. While several methods have been designed to detect counterfeits, very few of them have been applied to the system-on-chip (SoC). The influx of a variety of components in SoCs and the conglomeration of different types of properties makes it difficult to detect counterfeit SoCs. In this paper, we aim at detecting recycled counterfeit SoCs by evaluating the degradation of power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of a low drop-out (LDO) regulator, a principal component of the power supply of the SoC. Since the power supply is a universal component in all SoCs, this method can be considered effective for most SoCs. We apply machine learning (ML) algorithms pertaining to the family of Gaussian mixture models to classify SoCs as recycled or new. Supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms show an accuracy of up to 90% and 74% of recycled detection. We also apply stand-alone LDO PSRR degradation to train the ML algorithm and test on PSRR from embedded LDOs in SoCs. This form of semi-supervised ML performed well for our previous experiments of recycled detection with stand-alone LDOs but was not able to distinguish recycled SoCs from new SoCs, thus increasing the number of false detection.
Maoist Era Upheaval and Political Interest in China

This paper bridges research on political generations with work into the legacy of traumatic experiences. Specifically, we argue that periods of systemic societal upheaval engender durable political generations. We test this theoretical expectation in China, using 6 nationally representative surveys spanning 22 years. Our hierarchical age-period-cohort analyses reveal a distinct Maoist era generation, characterized by heightened political interest compared to pre- and post-Mao cohorts. This generational difference in political interest is absent across neighboring countries, providing additional confidence that our findings result from distinct political socialization environments of different cohorts. We also provide suggestive evidence for three channels that contribute to the generational effect: systemic state-led persecution, mass mobilization, and a political climate saturated with indoctrination, fear, and anxiety. Past research has emphasized the lasting impact of persecution and mobilization on political attitudes. Our findings demonstrate that enduring legacies can also manifest among peers not directly exposed to such experiences.
Impacts of low cloud and fog on surface radiation fluxes for ecosystems in coastal California

Advection fog processes produce frequent low cloud and fog (LCF) during summer along the coast of central and northern California. Four radiometer datasets from sites in San Francisco and Monterey Bay as well as fog-drip and meteorological observations were used to characterize the role of LCF on surface radiation budget components and scattering of solar radiation. LCF produced distinct and consistent impacts on surface radiation relative to clear skies including large reductions (approximately half) in solar irradiance but large increases (approximately 180%) in the diffuse beam component, consistent increases of approximately 70 W m−2 in down-welling longwave radiation (L↓), as well as reductions in net radiation and leaf surface temperature by day and increases at night. L↓ can be a useful and accurate tool for monitoring the presence of LCF, using simple thresholds: LCF = L↓ > 360 W m−2 and clear-sky = L↓ 0.0059β + 0.3, where β is the solar elevation angle. We also present a model to partition the diffuse and direct beam fractions of solar irradiance specifically for coastal LCF, which improved accuracy by more than 10% relative to existing universal models. These radiation characteristics are important for understanding energy balance and sunlight conditions experienced by coastal ecosystems.
Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms 3: Dream Warriors

This essay is the third installment in a “plagiarism trilogy.” In March 2020, I paid Alvin Emoodo of youressaymaster.com $100 to ghostwrite a 10 page law review article titled “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms.” I asked Emoodo to write an essay arguing that plagiarism norms are illegitimate. As far as I can tell, he wrote an essay arguing that plagiarism is bad. Money well spent. I posted the article to SSRN, which didn’t know what to do with it. In March 2021, I paid EssayBot.com $3 to “write” an article titled “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms 2: The New Batch.” EssayBot.com automatically generated an “article” with “citations” based on the title I provided. It is a total word salad. But amusingly, its automated paraphrasing feature, which is supposed to fool plagiarism detection software, replaced the word “plagiarism” with “writing.” Perfect. I posted the article to SSRN, which is still figuring out what to do with it. At about the same time, drwriting.com posted an advertisement for its essay writing service on the Scholastica blog. I was intrigued by their offer, and paid them $29 to write an essay titled “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms,” with 10 citations. I even encouraged them to cite “my” previous essay “Illegitimacy of Plagiarism Norms.” Interestingly, drwriting.com also argued that plagiarism is bad. What have I learned from creating my “plagiarism trilogy”? Plagiarism is hard. You can pay for a plagiarized essay, but there’s no guarantee it’ll say what you want. If you care what it says, I guess. Also, many plagiarists are really down on their own profession. Enjoy yourself! It’s later than you think.
Too Big for the Library : Scaling Down Popular Library Outreach to Ensure Lasting Sustainability in an Academic Environment

Outreach is necessary to further the visions and missions of many university libraries, including Manderino Library at California University of Pennsylvania. Organizing events has been used to firmly cement the library’s place in the campus community. However, in the library’s efforts to be part of the larger campus, it has collaborated with other academic departments to create and hold large, well-attended events that require a lot of manpower and hours. After analyzing chat, reference, gate counts, and database usage, librarians found that large and successful events do not increase usage for other library services. This article explores whether the cost is equal to the gain for taking on events that eventually leave the library once they become popular. Results seem to indicate the library might better utilize time and efforts to hold small, focused events, even if attendance is low. Since the bump to actual library services is negligible, the library may want to look at other ways to increase funding instead of continuing to seek out collaborations to offset the cost of attractive events for students. Additionally, we found that while the relationships librarians forge with fellow academic departments are extremely valuable, larger events and collaborations generally relegate librarians to organizer roles that do little for the library’s bottom line.
Stability of moving surfaces in fluid systems with heat and mass transport — I: Stability in the absence of surface tension effects

Abstract A mechanism by which transport processes can produce instability of moving surfaces in fluid systems in considered. Stability of a moving boundary at which fog forms or vaporizes is analyzed using techniques of existing work on stability of moving solid surfaces. It is found that the vaporization case is always stable. But instability is predicted when fog forms at a boundary moving toward an initially supersaturated region. Stability of moving reaction fronts and of moving boundaries in ionic systems is discussed.
Squeezing the Nonprofit Sector

The growth of the for-profit sector combines with a partial public sector resurgence to squeeze the nonprofit sector, which for decades had increased its global enrollment share. The for-profit growth relates to competitive advantages in prioritizing the labor market while the public move involves accelerated access missions, changing demographics, and policies of competitive marketization.
A brief history of the compact range and the near-field range

The author elaborates on two of innovations that created the need for the Antenna Measurement Techniques Association (AMTA), the compact range and near-field range. On a far-field antenna range the source antenna must be located at a distance such that its spherical phase front is approximately planar over the aperture of the antenna whose pattern is being measured. For electrically large antennas this can result in very large distances. The attempt to reduce the required distance has lead to the development of compact and the near-field ranges. The first attempts at reducing the required distance was the use of lenses. Metal plate lenses, as well as dielectric lenses were investigated. Lenses proved to be only moderately successful.
Modeling and analysis of via hot spots and implications for ULSI interconnect reliability

The prediction of hot spot temperatures and positions in interconnect and via systems is necessary for improved thermal design to minimize electromigration, stress migration, and high-current failures. While some thermal models are available for multilevel interconnect systems, the effects of vias are either neglected or treated very approximately. This paper derives an accurate analytical model for estimating interconnect and via temperatures, and also verifies the model using finite-element simulations. The model shows that hot spot locations and the overall temperature field in the interconnect structure are strongly affected by via and line dimensions. A critical condition for hot spot formation within the vias has been presented for the first time. Additionally, a new analytical model for estimating the temperature rise in a multilevel interconnect system has also been derived, which incorporates the effect of via self-heating. This work provides the basis for constitutive design rules considering hot spot locations and temperature profiles in interconnect systems.
Critical Day Lengths for Egg Production and Photorefractoriness in the Domestic Turkey

Abstract Critical day lengths (CDL) for ovarian growth, egg production, and photorefractoriness were estimated in turkey hens during winter and summer seasons. In two experiments, one in each season, fixed day length treatments ranging from 10.5 to 16 h/d were applied to photosensitive hens at 30 wk of age. Daily egg production was used to estimate CDL for the induction of egg production as well as optimal egg production. After 24 wk on light treatments, hens used during the winter season were exposed to 20 h light:4 h dark and subsequent changes in egg production were used to evaluate photorefractoriness. In two additional experiments, a night-interruption design was used to evaluate CDL and ovarian photoresponsiveness during winter and summer. The CDL for inducing egg production varied by season and was estimated to be 10.5 h or less during winter and about 11 h during summer. Likewise, the CDL for optimal egg production varied by season, being 11 to 11.5 h during winter and >14 h during summer. The CDL for photorefractoriness in winter photostimulated hens was between 12 and 12.5 h. It was concluded that CDL vary by season and are not fixed, but are dynamic characteristics of photoperiodic processes. Thus, photoresponsiveness of turkey hens changes by season. In addition, CDL for initiating egg production, stimulating egg production, and inducing photorefractoriness are all different, with the CDL for photorefractoriness being longest.
A small nuclear ribonucleoprotein associates with the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal in vitro.

Abstract RNAs containing the polyadenylation sites for adenovirus L3 or E2a mRNA or for SV40 early or late mRNA are substrates for cleavage and poly(A) addition in an extract of HeLa cell nuclei. When polyadenylation reactions are probed with ribonuclease T1 and antibodies directed against either the Sm protein determinant or the trimethylguanosine cap structure at the 5′ end of U RNAs in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, RNA fragments containing the AAUAAA polyadenylation signal are immunoprecipitated. The RNA cleavage step that occurs prior to poly(A) addition is inhibited by micrococcal nuclease digestion of the nuclear extract. The immunoprecipitation of fragments containing the AAUAAA sequence can be altered, but not always abolished, by pretreatment with micrococcal nuclease. We discuss the involvement of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins in the cleavage and poly(A) addition reactions that form the 3′ ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs.
A new approach to the management of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistula.

Abstract Successful palliation of 6 patients with total or nearly total malignant esophageal obstruction is reported. In 5 of the patients, laser vaporization, dilation, and placement of an endoesophageal prosthesis resulted in an esophageal lumen that allowed adequate swallowing of soft food. In 1 patient with an esophagorespiratory fistula, the prosthesis successfully occluded the fistula and prevented aspiration or pulmonary infection until the patient's death. This rapidly achieved endoscopic palliation represents a major advance in the management of a serious medical problem.
Kinetic characteristics of monoamine oxidase and serum cholinesterase in several related rat strains.

This study was performed in order to delineate differences in kinetic enzyme characteristics of brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) derived from the Walker-Walker (Fawn Hooded, FH) rat and from its putative ancestors, the Wistar (W) and Long-Evans (LE). As compared with the enzyme isolated from the other two strains, brain MAO from FH has both a higher Vmax and increased reaction rate at lower substrate concentrations. It may thus be described as a “more efficient” enzyme. This study confirms previous work which shows that plasma ChE activity of females is higher than that of males. Fluoride ion is a noncompetitive inhibitor of the Wistar ChE, is a competitive inhibitor of the FH enzyme, and has no effect on the LE enzyme. Dibucaine is a competitive inhibitor in all cases except one: ChE derived from the FH female is uncompetitively inhibited. A comparison of the inhibitor constants shows that FH ChE is more resistant to Dibucaine than is that of W, and that LE is the most sensitive. FH cholinesterase is twice as resistant to the action of fluoride as is the Wistar enzyme.
Using integrability to produce chaos: Billiards with positive entropy

A new open class of convex 2 dimensional planar billiards with positive Lyapunov exponent almost everywhere is constructed. We introduce the notion of a focusing arc and show that such arcs can be used to build billiard systems with positive Lyapunov exponents. We prove that under smallC6 perturbations, focusing arcs remain focusing and thereby show that perturbations of the Bunimovich stadium billiard have positive Lyapunov exponents.
Physicist. Defector. Spy

In late July of 1950, the physicist Bruno Pontecorvo and his family left the United Kingdom to take a relaxing, well-deserved vacation through France, Switzerland, and Italy. All seemed well—until suddenly, it didn't. After missing an arranged meeting with his parents, the Pontecorvos flew to Sweden, then on to Helsinki, and then vanished without a message or a trace. It would be 5 years before the world learned that they had defected to the Soviet Union. But was Pontecorvo a spy, or simply a card-carrying Communist who feared being persecuted for his beliefs?
Influenza Antiviral Therapeutics

In this review we conducted a landscaping study of the therapeutic anti-influenza agents, limiting the scope by exclusion of vaccines. The resulting 2800 patent publications were classified into 23 distinct technological sectors. The mechanism of action, the promise and drawbacks of the corresponding technological sectors were explored on comparative basis. A set of quantitative parameters was defined based on landscaping procedure that appears to correlate with the practical success of a given class of therapeutics. Thus, the sectors not considered promising from the mechanistic side were also displaying low value of the classifying parameters. The parameters were combined into a probabilistic Marketing Prediction Score, assessing a likelihood of a given sector to produce a marketable product. The proposed analytical methodology may be useful for automatic search and assessment of technologies for the goals of acquisition, investment and competitive bidding. While not being a substitute for an expert evaluation, it provides an initial assessment suitable for implementation with large-scale automated landscaping.
“Signed, Sealed, Delivered ... I’m Yours”: Calibrating Body Ownership through the Consensual Mastery/slavery Dynamic

I argue that our bodies are “owned” bodies—that proprietary rights over our bodies are shared with others whose bodies are, in turn, shared by us. Drawing from literature on the self, I develop a theory of body ownership centered on the notions of multiple selves and “controlling interests.” Proprietary sentiments are evidenced in linguistic constructions, cultural artifacts, traditions, and social and sexual behaviors. Using a single case study, I explore dimensions of body ownership within a social/sexual community based on consensual Mastery and slavery in the US. The case study illustrates a variety of ownership patterns and centralizes ownership as a point of contention among inhabitants of sexual worlds.
On kinked screw dislocations in the b.c.c. lattice—II. Kink energies and double kinks

Abstract The self and interaction energies of kinks on screw dislocations in the b.c.c. lattice have been studied by computer simulation, using models representing both potassium and an iron-like material. Both the total energy and the spatial distribution of the energy are considered. The interaction energy is found to be as predicted by linear elasticity for separations of as low as half the width of a single kink; for still smaller separations the energy decreases linearly. The potassium results are compared with experiment and found to be reasonably consistent with a model in which the formation of double kinks is the rate-controlling mechanism in low temperature plastic deformation.
Pancreatic islet transplantation: immuno-alteration with ultraviolet irradiation.

To circumvent rejection of allogeneic pancreatic islet grafts, we have examined the use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to inactivate allostimulatory cells in blood prior to their use for the induction of donor-specific tolerance and to decrease the immunogenicity of pancreatic islets by direct UV irradiation. UVB (280–320 nm) irradiation of blood can effectively abrogate lymphocyte stimulatory capacity in an MLC, while subsequent transfusions of appropriately UV irradiated blood have indefinitely prolonged islet allograft survival in the Lewis to ACI rat strain combination (greater than 250 days), without the use of immunosuppressive agents. This treatment is donor specific in that third-party W/F islet allograft survival is not prolonged in ACI rats transfused with UV-treated Lewis blood (MST, 7.5 days). When W/F rats are used as donors of blood, moderate prolongation of W/F islet allograft survival is obtained (MST of 21±12 days). When non-UV-treated W/F blood is transfused, rejection of W/F islets is accelerated (MST of 2 days versus no treatment control of 6.5 days) in the ACI recipient.
The dilemma of unintentional discovery of misattributed paternity in living kidney donors and recipients.

Purpose of review To discuss the issue of misattributed paternity and highlight the complex implications transplant centers must consider when this unsought information is discovered. Policies should be implemented to guide transplant centers in consistent and ethical treatment of this sensitive issue. Effective policy development will require close examination and transparent discussion by the transplant community. Recent findings Despite the fact that little attention has been given to the discovery of misattributed paternity in the field of transplant, transplant centers do encounter this dilemma. The burden of deciding how to treat the information is significant and reaching consensus can be difficult. Recent findings suggest that policy implementation regarding this issue would help to guide practice for professionals who encounter discovery of this unsought information. Summary This review explores the complex considerations that must occur when misattributed paternity is unintentionally uncovered in living donor–recipient pairs and recommends that the transplant community pursue policies to guide practice in the treatment of this issue.
How to pass examinations

There is no royal road to examination success, but at least there is a correct approach. Knowing it can be of great help in preparing yourself psychologically. Few people actually like examinations, but the candidate who enters the examination hall with confidence and a clear head is not too discomfited. Such tension as he has disappears as soon as he starts writing his first answer, and he may then experience something like relish for the challenge.
Transmembrane domain interactions affect the stability of the extracellular domain of the human NTPDase 2.

Human NTPDase2 and chicken NTPDase8 are cell surface nucleotidases that contain two transmembrane domains (TMD) and five apyrase conserved regions (ACRs). ACR1 is located near the N-terminal TMD whereas ACR5 is located near the C-terminal TMD. The human NTPDase2 activity is decreased by low concentration of NP-40 and at temperatures higher than 37 °C, and undergoes substrate inactivation, whereas the chicken NTPDase8 activity is not. When freed from membrane anchorage, the soluble human NTPDase2 is no longer inactivated by detergents, high temperature, and substrate. These characteristics are retained in the hu-ck ACR1,5 chimera in which the extracellular domain is anchored to the membrane by the two TMDs of the chicken NTPDase8. The hu-ck ACR1,5 chimera is the first chimeric NTPDase reported that shows a resistance to membrane perturbation and substrate inactivation. Our results indicate that the strengths of interaction of the respective TMD pairs of the human NTPDase2 and chicken NTPDase8 determine their different responses to membrane perturbation and substrate.
Osmotic pressure of helium and hard-sphere mixtures

Abstract The osmotic pressure of 3 He- 4 He mixtures at low temperatures, if appropriately reduced, is shown to behave very similarly, as a function of concentration and pressure, to that of hard-sphere mixtures at corresponding densities and temperatures.
Local denaturation of DNA by shearing forces and by heat

The DNA of phage T5 is partially denatured by stirring at 25°C in 0·1 M - or 0·6 M -NaCl at speeds and DNA concentrations similar to those required to initiate breakage of the molecules. The denaturation can be recognized by abnormal retention of the DNA on fractionating columns and by limited susceptibility to enzymes specific for denatured DNA, but not by alteration of absorbancy—temperature relationships. These measurements show that a small degree of denaturation affects a large fraction of the molecules, which must be denatured in restricted regions along their length. The lesions cannot be healed by thermal treatment. After partial breakage of a DNA sample by stirring, broken and unbroken molecules prove to be denatured about equally. Denaturation but not breakage is suppressed when DNA is stirred at 5°C or in 2·6 M -NaCl. Conversely, denaturation without breakage can be produced at 45°C and diminished stirring speeds. Fast stirring, sufficient to break the DNA quickly, reduces the amount of denaturation. Thus breakage and denaturation are independent processes in that they do not show any marked tendency to occur simultaneously in a single molecule, nor does one predispose to the other. Stirring first at 5°C at the speed producing half-length fragments, then restirring at a higher temperature, causes less denaturation than stirring at the higher temperature only. This means that denaturation, like breakage, is produced by forces acting near the centers of the molecules, forces whose effectiveness depends both on the conditions of stirring and on the length of the molecules. Local denaturation can be produced also by bringing T5 DNA to temperatures near the midpoint of the hyperchromic transition and then cooling either rapidly or slowly. Probably heat and shear act in part through similar mechanisms. The DNA of phage T2 is also subject to denaturation under shear, but is appreciably less susceptible than T5 DNA.