cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sunspot models with Alfven wave emission

Sunspot models have been computed on the assumption that the missing flux is transported by undissipated Alfven waves. In order to estimate the flux of these waves, we propose an extension of Opik's cellular model of convection to include the effects of a vertical magnetic field on horizontal gas flow. Horizontal motions, not vertical motions, are impeded more or less severely depending on the electrical conductivity, and this reduces the convective flux. These motions, however, shake the field lines; this is assumed to be a source of Alfven waves, compensating for the reduction in the convective flux. The free parameter D/H (ratio of cell diameter to cell depth) is adjusted such that the total sum of radiative, convective, and Alfven wave fluxes remains constant at all depths and equals the undisturbed solar flux entering the spot from below. Our treatment is speculative to some extent, but it leads to a unique spot model for a given field strength.
The evolution of knowledge creation online: Wikipedia and knowledge processes

Using the evolutionary theory framework of the variation, retention, selection process, this paper explains the self-organized knowledge production behaviors online, with Wikipedia as an example. Evolution is presented as a trial-and-error process that produces a progressive accumulation of knowledge. The underlying theoretical assumption is that even though online communities feature very different characteristics than traditional organizations, the basic processes of trial-and-error learning in evolutionary theory still apply to the new forms of organizations. Based on the theory of self-organization system and evolution theory, the processes of variation and selection are explained in depth with examples observed on Wikipedia. The study presents a nested hierarchy of vicarious selectors that plays an important role in online knowledge creation.
Metabolism of norethynodrel in thrombophlebitic-thromboembolic subjects.

Der Metabolismus von Norethyndrol, der progestiven Komponente verschiedener derzeitig verwendeter oraler Kontraceptiva, wurde bei frauen mit einer thrombophlebetischen-thromboembolischen Krankengeschichte sowei bei normalen gesunden Frauen einer Kontrollgruppe untersucht. Der Norethyndrolmetabolismus beider Gruppen zeigte keine wesentlichen Unterschiede.
Existence and finite dimensionality of the global attractor for evolution equations on unbounded domains

Abstract This paper is devoted to the asymptotic behavior for some evolution equations when the underlying Euclidean domain is unbounded. We present a method that is able to overcome the lack of compactness of the trajectories in such situations, and that allows us to obtain some results on the global attractor similar to those on bounded domains. This method is based on the utilization of an appropriate weight integration function that depends on x and t and becomes effective (in x ) for large t 's.
POSTMORTEM AGING OF BOVINE MUSCLE: A COMPARISON OF TWO PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Two preparatory techniques for electron microscopy were employed to investigate ultrastructural changes in bovine muscle during postmortem aging. The ultrastructural changes in aged muscle prepared by ultrarapid frozen thin sectioning procedures were less extensive than those observed in fixed, dehydrated, and embedded muscle, and this suggested that the preparation procedure may affect observed structural characteristics. The major changes observed in unfixed, frozen hydrated muscle were evident as alterations in electron scattering in the striations of the myofibrils indicating that ion redistribution occurred during postmortem aging. Structural alterations observed in aged tissue prepared by standard techniques included disruptions in the Z line, breaks at the Z-I junction and fading or disappearance of the M line.
Content Analysis of PhD and EdD Dissertations in Special Education

Previous research conducted by Nelson and Coorough (1994) found support for the statement that PhD programs were more research oriented, whereas doctorate of education (EdD) programs were more oriented to the educational practitioner. This previous study, however, had grouped all dissertations in education and had not looked at dissertations by content area. The current study is a comparison of PhD and EdD dissertations from 1997 to 2010 in the content area of special education on the variables of research design, statistics, target populations, significance of results as well as the age and exceptionality category of participants. No differences were found in the percentage of dissertations in special education for type of degree by gender and type of research (i.e., applied vs. basic) by degree type (i.e., PhD vs. EdD). Significant differences, however, were found on the variables of research design, statistics, target populations, significance of results, age of participants, and exceptionality categor...
Proapoptotic histone H1.2 induces CASP-3 and -7 activation by forming a protein complex with CYT c, APAF-1 and CASP-9

Cytochrome c (CYT c) is a protein that employs the caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins APAF-1 and CASP-9 to activate effectors CASP-3 and -7. By using affinity labeling techniques and mass spectrometry analysis, we show that histone H1.2 is a regulator of caspases upon UV irradiation. We demonstrated that histone H1.2 forms a protein complex with APAF-1, CASP-9 and CYT c upon UV irradiation. In cell-free systems, we show that histone H1.2 triggers activation of CASP-3 and -7 via APAF-1 and CASP-9. We therefore conclude that upon DNA damage histone H1.2 acts as a positive regulator of apoptosome formation.
Autofluorescent structures in cultured WI-38 cells.

Abstract Human fibroblasts (WI-38) were monitored for intracellular fluorescence at several passage levels. It was found that late-passage cells contained marked increments in particulate intracellular fluorescence when compared with early-passage cells. Intracellular hydrolysis of α-glycerophosphate at pH 5 was used to localize acid phosphatase activity. Most fluorescent structures contained acid phosphatase, and it was concluded that the fluorescence was associated with lysosomes. Autoradiographic analysis of labeled-thymidine uptake into nuclei was employed to distinguish dividing and nondividing cells in cultures of varying passage levels, and these results were correlated with intracellular fluorescence. It was found that cells containing high levels were unable to incorporate thymidine into nuclei. These results suggest a correlation between fluorescence accumulation in lysosomes during aging and inhibition of cell cycling.
Ethylene Rotation in Chiral Octahedral Rhenium(I) Complexes

A series of complexes of the type [TpRe(CO)(LD)(η2-ethylene)] has been synthesized, where LD is tBuNC, PMe3, pyridine, 1-methylimidazole, or NH3 (increasing in electron-donating ability of LD). The rates of the propeller-like rotation of ethylene about the ethylene−rhenium bond have been determined using spin saturation transfer experiments at low temperatures (−85 to −60 °C). It was found that the ΔG⧧ values correlate with both the C⋮O stretching frequencies and Re(II/I) reduction potentials for these complexes, indicating that the barrier to rotation is primarily electronic in nature.
High strain-rate spallation and fracture of tungsten by laser-induced stress waves

Abstract This paper presents a study on the high strain-rate spallation and fracture behavior of bulk tungsten and tungsten/tungsten interfaces using laser-induced stress waves. The behavior of bulk polycrystalline tungsten was studied using both Gaussian and shock waves. In-plane cracking and spallations were observed at sufficiently high amplitude stress waves. The in-plane cracks propagated along relatively straight paths and extended to distances two to three times of the loading diameter. Microstructural study of the fracture mechanism show that bulk tungsten spallation was mainly due to grain boundary decohesion resulted from the growth, interconnection and coalescence of micro-voids on grain boundaries. The spallation behavior of tungsten/tungsten interface produced by a tungsten film magnetron sputtered on a tungsten substrate was studied using shock waves. The spallation occurred right at the interfacial region. The spall strength of bulk tungsten was estimated to be between 2.7 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.3 GPa, and the interfacial strength of tungsten/tungsten interface was estimated to be 875 ± 161 MPa.
Predictors of biochemical progression-free survival in men who receive radiation therapy after prostatectomy.

Predictors of biochemical progression-free survival in men who receive radiation therapy after prostatectomy
The effect of an overload on the rate of fatigue crack propagation under plane stress conditions

It has been shown that the retardation in the rate of fatigue crack growth following an overload is largely the result of surface-related, plane-stress plastic deformation. In the present article, in order to isolate the plane-stress behavior, the effect of an overload on the subsequent rate of fatigue crack growth of 0.3-mm-thick specimens of 9Cr-1Mo steel has been investigated and compared to results obtained using 6.35-mm-thick specimens. It was found that for the 0.3-mm thickness, as with thicker specimens, two opening load levels were associated with the overload process. The upper opening load is associated with plane-stress deformation in the overload plastic zone, and this opening process is more clearly observed with thin as compared to thicker specimens. Based upon the determined level of the upper opening load, a semiempirical analysis is developed for calculating the number of delay cycles due to an overload as a function of thickness.
EFFECT OF CRANIAL NERVE STIMULATION ON OROFACIAL VASCULAR BEDS.

Vasomotor tone in most systemic vascular beds is modulated by nerves, chiefly vasoconstrictor, derived from the sympathetic nervous system. However, the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions are believed to supply vasodilator fibers to a number of areas, including the blush areas of the face, the posterior portion of the tongue, and the salivary glands. In order to determine whether the various cranial nerves contribute vasomotor efferent fibers, either dilator or constrictor, to the vascular beds of the orofacial area, experiments have been carried out in which individual nerves were isolated, and the effect of stimulation of their peripheral segments on blood flow was observed. In this study the peripheral mandibular and maxillary nerves were stimulated. The maxillary nerve has not previously been explored for its contribution to vasomotion. However, Bishop, Matthews, Dorman, and Moore1 have reported that stimulation of the mandibular nerve produces a marked increase in resistance in the mandibtular artery.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence-Line Narrowing in Ruby

Using resonance ruby-laser excitation, narrowing of the ruby ${R}_{1}$ fluorescence line to width 0.002 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is observed. Absence of spectral diffusion indicates that a short-range interaction rather than earlier postulated multipolar interactions is responsible for energy transfer in concentrated ruby.
Tubulin tyrosinolated in vivo can be different from that tyrosinolated in vitro.

Abstract Tubulin can be tyrosinolated, in the presence of ATP, by tubulin-tyrosine ligase, and tyrosine can be released by the same enzyme in the presence of ADP plus inorganic phosphate. There is however a ‘non-substrate’ component of tubulin which can not be tyrosinolated or detyrosinolated by this enzyme. Tubulin tyrosinolated in vivo was found to be the non-substrate species in HeLa cells, and the substrate species in cultured neuronal cells. In this respect HeLa tubulin resembled membrane-associated tubulin from brain, and neuronal cell tubulin resembled brain cytosolic tubulin.
What Are the Patterns of Injury and Displacement Seen in Lateral Compression Pelvic Fractures

Background Lateral compression (LC)-type pelvic fractures encompass a wide spectrum of injuries. Current classification systems are poorly suited to help guide treatment and do not adequately describe the wide range of injuries seen in clinical practice.
Revisiting the structure of (LiCH3)n aggregates using Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics.

The theoretical study of (LiMe)n aggregates using Car−Parrinello molecular dynamics was undertaken. With respect to a quantum chemical static treatment, this approach furnishes supplementary information about the structural parameters. Equilibrium structures are indeed stable to ca. 300 K, provided the methyl groups in the aggregates are considered to rotate essentially freely. The Li−C distance depends on the coordination number of Li and not so much on the degree of aggregation. Finally, above 650 K, the cubic LiCH3 tetramer (which is energetically favored) undergoes an entropy-driven rearrangement to a planar structure.
A Treatable Language Disorder: Pharmacological Treatment of Pervasive Developmental Disorder

Results of treatment of four patients are described. All of the patients had pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), a tic disorder, and a characteristic pattern of speech and language impairment. The patients were treated with haloperidol for their tic disorders, and concomitant with the reduction of the frequency and severity of tics was marked improvement in language. The patients averaged 3 months of language gain for each week of speech therapy directly after the initiation of haloperidol treatment for tics. Progress in speech and language therapy was extremely slow during the years prior to treatment with haloperidol. To the authors' knowledge, no language disorder has been described in the literature which shows such a predictable and marked response to pharmacological treatment. The authors hypothesize that tic disorders in individuals with PDD may be a marker for a more positive response to dopamine antagonists like haloperidol.
Exile in Language

Saint-John Perse's poem Exil (1941) represents a deep meditation on the nature of "writing" as subsequent critical theory has developed that term. Though the poem seems to present a "signature" at the end, it may be that the poet through giving in to a radically different signifying practice is in some sense not the signatory of the text. The archaic setting and difficult-to-resolve cultural matrix from this perspective become means of examining the co-originary origins of thought and language. Close analysis of textual patterns reveals a composition practice based on anagrammatic patterning. This kind of questioning of language in the practice of the text drives out all other characters and even the subjectivity of the presumed speaking subject. Exil is thus an exile in language that causes its readers to re-examine structures of interiority and exteriority on which identity and culture are based. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol14/iss2/6
New concepts in die design — physical and computer modeling applications

Abstract The application of Computer Aided Engineering and physical modeling techniques in forging R & D continues to increase. In using tools such as Finite Element Modeling and experiments with model materials, the forging tool designer can decrease costs by improving achievable tolerances, increasing tool life, predicting and preventing flow defects, and predicting part properties. At the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing, Design Environment for Forming (DEFORM) and DEFORM 3D, and a multiple action press for physical modeling are tools available for forging research and for educational purposes. This paper summarizes the results of industrially relevant “work-in-progress” research with numerical and physical modeling systems. Current projects include: a tool design for the forging of a cross groove inner race for a constant velocity joint, and the design of a tooling to forge a connecting rod without flash.
Self-focused attention and reactions to fear.

Abstract Two studies were conducted to study the effect of self-focused attention on behavioral responses to fear. In Experiment 1, phobics and nonphobics were asked to approach and hold a snake either in the presence of a mirror or with no mirror. In Experiment 2, high and low private self-conscious subjects were asked to submit to a series of either mild or strong electric shock for humanitarian reasons. In each case, self-directed attention caused increased responsivity to the fearful affect and made subjects more likely to withdraw from the situation, regardless of the fact that a behavioral standard existed which called for an opposite response. The theoretical and behavioral implications of the findings were discussed.
The effect of milk proteins on the bioaccessibility of green tea flavan-3-ols

Abstract While the impact of interactions between flavan-3-ol and protein on food quality has been reported, the ability of these interactions to modify flavan-3-ol bioavailability remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to characterize the influence of milk proteins and mineral components of the milk matrix on in vitro bioaccessibility of green tea flavan-3-ols and to assess the relative impact of protein digestibility in the GI tract on protein-flavan-3-ol binding. Protein solutions containing sodium-caseinate (S-CSN, 35.6 mg/mL), α-lactalbumin (α-LA, 1 mg/mL), β-lactoglobulin (β-LG, 3.5 mg/mL), or non-fat dry milk (NFDM) were prepared in Jenness Koops (JK) buffer containing milk salts and formulated at 10–40% (v/v) into green tea beverages containing 0.6 mg/mL total flavan-3-ols. Samples were subjected to a three-stage in vitro digestion to assess flavan-3-ol digestive release and stability (bioaccessibility). Milk protein, most notably S-CSN, significantly decreased (p
Theoretical study of electron correlation effects in transition metal dimers

Introduction of partially localized orbitals is shown to reduce the number of terms needed to describe the bonding in transition metal clusters. Using this formalism, it is possible to compute the various intra- and inter-atomic electron correlation contributions to the bond energy. Calculations demonstrate the relative importance of several kinds of electron correlation terms involving the 3p, 3d, and 4s electrons. Improved interaction potentials are obtained for the dimers V(2) and Cr(2) when additional correlation is added to the CAS SCF results of Walch, Bauschlicher, Roos, and Nelin (1983).
Synthesis and Ion-Binding Affinities of Calix[4]arenes Immobilized on Cross-Linked Polystyrene

Calix[4]arene and its diphosphorylated derivative have been immobilized onto cross-linked polystyrene beads through an etherification reaction. The supported calixarene complexes 96.7% Cs(I) from a 10-4 N solution in 1 M NaOH. Poly(hydroxystyrene) complexes 35.6% Cs(I) from the same solution. Immobilization of the calixarene onto a polymer support thus does not affect its inherently high affinity for cesium ions. Substituting two of the three remaining hydroxyl groups on the calixarene with diethoxyphosphoryl moieties allows for quantitative complexation of Fe(III) and Pb(II) from 0.01 M nitric acid solutions. The unsubstituted calixarene complexes 6.00% Fe(III) and 7.36% Pb(II) while diethoxyphosphoryl-substituted poly(hydroxystyrene) complexes 10.0% Fe(III) and 3.76% Pb(II). The calixarene therefore acts as a platform on which ligands can be immobilized in close enough proximity to permit cooperative binding of metal ions.
An induced fructose-1,6-diphosphatase from cultured cells of Acer pseudoplatanus (English sycamore)

Abstract Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) activity is induced by growing English sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) suspension culture cells on a medium with glycerol as the carbon source. The induction rates of this FDPase are evaluated vs. time. The enzyme exhibits a neutral pH optimum, is AMP insensitive and is inhibited by EDTA.
Vibration tests and analysis of a model arch dam

Vibration tests were conducted on a 1/24-scale model of the North Fork Dam, a double-curvature arch dam, to determine natural frequencies, mode shapes and hydrodynamic pressures. The mode shapes and natural frequencies were determined from tests using two vibrators mounted on the crest of the dam. Hydrodynamic pressures at the dam/reservoir interface were determined from tests in which the vibrator was attached to the downstream foundation of the dam. The hydrodynamic pressures calculated using Westergaard's theory and a theory for arch dams developed by Perumalswami and Kar accurately predicted the measured pressure at frequencies below the first mode frequency of the dam. The differences in the two theories were insignificant. The Structural Analysis Program (SAP), a linear three-dimensional (3-D) finite element code, was used to compute mode shapes and frequencies for the dam with its base fixed and with a foundation. Numerical solution schemes used in the finite element analysis consisted of a Ritz analysis and a subspace iteration method. Calculations were conducted for both full and empty reservoir conditions. The accuracy of the Ritz analysis improved considerably as more nodes in flexible regions of the dam were loaded. However, the lowest eigenvalues were computed using the subspace iteration method. For the full reservoir, the natural frequencies decreased by 20-30 per cent when the foundation was included in the finite element model. The difference was less when the reservoir was empty. The calculations using the subspace iteration scheme and including the foundation agreed closely with experimental mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies.
The impact of a formal minimally invasive service on the resident’s ability to achieve new ACGME guidelines for laparoscopy

Purpose As laparoscopy continues to permeate general surgery, there is an increased need for residents to acquire advanced laparoscopic skills during a surgical training program. To underscore its importance, the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) recently increased the requirements for laparoscopy from 34 to 60 basic cases and from 0 to 25 advanced cases. With this in mind, the purpose of this study is to assess the impact of an organized minimally invasive surgical service on the volume of advanced laparoscopic cases of a general surgery residency program. Methods In July 2005 an independent minimally invasive surgical service, consisting of a fellowship-trained laparoscopic surgeon and 3 general surgery residents was instituted in an otherwise stable academic general surgery residency program. A retrospective review of the general resident’s operative database was performed from 2001 to 2006 to assess the impact of this service on the volume of advanced laparoscopic cases of graduating chief residents. Results In the 4 years before the initiation of the minimally invasive service, the operative volume remained flat despite a stable training program and steady population growth. In the year after the formation of the dedicated service, the mean number of advanced cases performed by the graduating chief residents more than doubled, from 17.7 cases in each of the 2 years before, to 35.6 cases, fulfilling the ACGME requirements. Conclusion The number of advanced laparoscopic cases per resident in this otherwise stable general surgery residency program substantially increased with the incorporation of a dedicated minimally invasive service led by a fellowship-trained laparoscopic surgeon. These data suggest that the volume increases needed to satisfy ACGME requirements may only be possible by creation of such a training experience dedicated to advanced laparoscopy.
TU‐F‐18A‐07: To Explore the More Realistic Energy Responses of the In‐Depth Photon Counting Detectors

Purpose: We study the effect of the secondary photon events on modeling the energy response functions of the In-depth photon counting X-ray detectors (PCXD) and the potential impact of the spectral distortion on material decompositions. Methods: Square-shape wafers of three potential PCXD materials were constructed (5-by-20-by-30 mm^3 for Si, 4-by-20-by-5 mm^3 for GaAs and 4-by-20-by-3 mm^3 for CdTe), with pixel size of 5-by-4 mm^2 for Si and 5-by-5 mm^2 for GaAs and CdTe. The depth direction (z-direction) was segmented into 5 layers with exponentially increasing thicknesses of each layer. X-rays from 10keV to 120keV with 20000 photons per keV bin was simulated to characterize the energy response function of each PCXD using Geant4. Secondary photons events were recorded and we omitted the photons exiting the detector. The Energy Response Functions (ERFs) from the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were compared with those from a semi-ideal model developed earlier. Results: For Si, detection of secondary events in the center detector were minimal due to the long aspect ratio of the detector, which results in the agreement between the theoretical prediction and the MC simulation with and without the secondary photons. For CdTe, the secondary photons captured by the center pixel were important, leading to obvious disagreement between the analytical and the simulated ERF. After correction for secondary events, the two curves were more similar except for the escape peaks which are not correctly portrayed by the semi-ideal model. For GaAs, the behavior is in between Si and CdTe. Conclusion: Given the complexity of the In-Depth PCXD's geometry, the uniform semi-ideal model does not fully characterize the ERF at each layer. Therefore, more realistic models need to be explored for better modeling of the spectral distortion.
Optimal Arrangements in Packing Congruent Balls in a Spherical Container

What is the minimum radius $\rho_d(n)$ of a spherical container in ${\mathbb R}^d (d\ge 2)$ that can hold n unit balls, and how must the balls be arranged in such a container? This question is equivalent to: How should n points be selected in the unit ball in ${\mathbb R}^d$ so that the minimum distance between any two of them be as large as possible, and what is that distance? Davenport and Hajos, and, independently, Rankin, proved that if F is a set of d + 2 points in the unit ball in ${\mathbb R}^d$, then two of the points in F are at a distance of at most $\sqrt 2$ from each other. Rankin proved also that if F consists of 2d points in the ball such that the distance between any two of them is at least $\sqrt 2$, then their configuration is unique up to an isometry, namely the points must be the vertices of a regular d-dimensional crosspolytope inscribed in the ball. However, if d + 2 ≤ n ≤ 2d - 1, then the optimal arrangements of n points (i.e., those that maximize the smallest distance between them) are not unique. Here we generalize the results from Davenport and Hajos and Rankin by describing all possible optimal configurations, unique or not, of n = d + 2, d + 3,..., 2d points.
Adaptive Control of Multi-Plane Active Balancing Systems for Speed-Varying Rotors

The problem of active balancing of speed-varying rotors, whose dynamics are changing or hard to be known beforehand, is frequently encountered in many applications. This paper presents a new adaptive method for balancing speed-varying rotors with multi-plane active balancing devices. The new method utilizes the positive realness of the transfer function of the active balancing system. This paper first shows the positive realness of the active balancing system and combines it with a direct adaptive control design method. A set of simulations was conducted to show the validity of the developed control law. The simulation studies show that the new method works as expected and has potential impact on future active balancing control systems.
Trends in the Utilization of Brachytherapy Boost in Vaginal Cancer in the United States

the physician, for the nine CT sets. The dice coefficient (DC) is used as the similarity metric. The resulting DCs range from 0.89 to 0.94, with a mean value of 0.9233, which indicates that the proposed segmentation scheme can accurately segment different types of applicator region in HDR images. DIR between two HDR fractions for one patient is shown in Figure 1. Visual inspection in all the cases indicates that our proposed method can suppress the interference of the applicator with the DIR algorithm, and successfully and accurately register the HDR images, as well as deforming and adding doses between HDR fractions. Conclusions: We have developed a novel and robust DIR scheme that can perform registration between HDR gynecological CT images and yield accurate registration results. This new DIR scheme has potential for accurate interfractional HDR dose accumulation.
Color perception in pediatric patient room design: healthy children vs. pediatric patients.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of color as a component of a healing environment for pediatric patient rooms. Color preferences from pediatric inpatient, pediatric ...
Performance of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram: relation to baseline QRS duration.

Analysis of the duration and terminal components of the filtered QRS complex on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG) has been widely used for the detection of late potentials. Although filtered QRS duration is strongly related to 12-lead QRS duration, the relation of performance of the signal-averaged ECG to baseline QRS duration has not been critically examined. To examine the relation of test performance of the signal-averaged ECG to 12-lead QRS duration and to test the hypothesis that the difference between filtered and baseline 12-lead QRS duration would reflect more accurately the presence of late potentials than would analysis of the filtered QRS alone, we evaluated signal-averaged and 12-lead ECGs in 144 normal subjects and in 132 patients who were examined by electrophysiologic study and of whom 45 had inducible sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. The signal-averaged ECG was considered positive by standard late potential criteria when the filtered vector QRS duration was > 114 msec and either the root-mean-square voltage of the terminal 40 msec of the filtered QRS was 38 msec. A new signal-averaged ECG criterion for the presence of late potentials was developed in the 144 normal subjects on the basis of the difference between the longest filtered QRS duration in any of the orthogonal leads and QRS duration on the baseline 12-lead ECG ("the QRS difference"), which was adjusted by regression analysis for the decreasing QRS difference found with increasing baseline QRS duration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinicians' Experiences of Integrating Prayer in the Therapeutic Process

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine how therapists use prayer in the therapeutic process. Researchers recruited via a maximum variation sampling method 17 diverse participants in terms of race and faith, including Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, and Latter-Day Saints. Results revealed seven themes across faiths: (a) definition of prayer; (b) prayer as connection with God/transcendent and with client; (c) ethical boundaries; (d) use of prayer depends upon the context of therapeutic practice; (e) direct versus indirect prayer interventions; (f) prayer as use for self-of-therapist care; and (g) use of prayer changes as the therapist grows and develops over time.
Saying More without Trying to Say More: On Gordon Lish Reshaping the Body of Raymond Carver and Saving Barry Hannah

ABSTRACT This article looks deeper into the Raymond Carver–Gordon Lish editing controversy than previous literature by comparing the published work to the edited manuscripts in Lish's archived papers and further correspondence that has not been previously discussed. Carver was not the only writer whose work Lish did heavy editing for, as well as added his own dialogue and sentences to; he did the same with Barry Hannah's mid-career books. A close study of Hannah's manuscripts compared to the published product shows that Hannah was having difficulty shaping some of his work alone. The article argues that while Lish went beyond the normal scope of the editor's job, both Carver and Hannah needed his collaboration while both writers were dealing with alcoholism, failed relationships, economic hardships, and the reality of commercial publishing. Without Lish championing both these writers, they may have not have published certain canonical works.
Nanoclay Based Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Scaffolds based on chitosan/polygalacturonic acid (ChiPgA) complex containing montmorillonite (MMT) clay modified with 5-aminovaleric acid were prepared using freezedrying technique. The MMT clay was introduced to improve mechanical properties of the scaffold. The microstructure of the scaffolds containing the modified MMT clay was influenced by the incorporation of nanoclays. The MTT assay also indicated that the number of osteoblast cells in ChiPgA scaffolds containing the modified clay was comparable to ChiPgA scaffolds containing hydroxyapatite known for its osteoconductive properties. Overall, the ChiPgA composite scaffolds were found to be biocompatible. This was also indicated by the scanning electron microscopy images of the ChiPgA composite scaffolds seeded with human osteoblast cells. Photoacoustic‐Fourier transform infrared (PA-FTIR) experiments on the ChiPgA composite scaffolds indicated formation of a polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and polygalacturonic acid. PA-FTIR studies also showed that the MMT clay modified with 5-aminovaleric acid was successfully incorporated in the ChiPgA based scaffolds. Swelling studies on ChiPgA composite scaffolds showed the swelling ability of the scaffolds that indicated that the cells and the nutrients would be able to reach the interior parts of the scaffolds. In addition to this, the ChiPgA scaffolds exhibited porosity greater than 90% as appropriate for scaffolds used in tissue engineering studies. High porosity facilitates the nutrient transport throughout the scaffold and also plays a role in the development of adequate vasculature throughout the scaffold. Compressive mechanical tests on the scaffolds showed that the ChiPgA composite scaffolds had compressive elastic moduli in the range of 4‐6 MPa and appear to be affected by the high porosity of the scaffolds. Thus, the ChiPgA composite scaffolds containing MMT clay modified with 5-aminovaleric acid are biocompatible. Also, the ChiPgA scaffolds containing the modified MMT clay appears to satisfy some of the basic requirements of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. DOI: 10.1115/1.4002149
Basal Transepidermal Water Loss is Increased in Platelet-Type 12-Lipoxygenase Deficient Mice

The roles of fatty acids in the skin have been under investigation since early reports of the phenotypic abnormalities of mice fed a diet deficient in essential fatty acids. Little is known about the functional significance of fatty acid metabolism by lipoxygenases in epidermis. Here, we have examined the role of platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase which converts arachidonic acid to the oxygenated metabolite 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, in the skin using platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase-deficient mice generated by gene targeting. Platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase in wild-type mice was localized to the stratum granulosum by immunohistochemical analysis. Platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase-deficient mice lacked immunodetectable platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase in platelets and epidermis, appeared grossly normal, and exhibited an increase in basal transepidermal water loss without alteration in basal mitotic activity. Water loss and mitotic activity in mice with an acetone-disrupted membrane barrier were normal. No defect in ultrastructural properties or content of major fatty acids in dorsal skin or ear inflammation response was apparent in platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase-deficient mice. These results indicate that the platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase pathway in mice is partly responsible for normal permeability barrier function but the mechanism awaits further elucidation.
Enthalpy of m-cresol between 291 and 655 K and at pressures of 207 and 690 kPa

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements were made on m -cresol along two isobars 206.8 and 689.5 kPa, and in the temperature range 291 to 655 K, using a reference-fluid boil-off calorimeter. In addition to the direct calorimetric results, estimated vapor pressures, ideal-gas enthalpies, and enthalpies of vaporization are also reported.
Percutaneous needle bladder neck suspension for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: long-term results.

Purpose: We evaluated the long-term results of percutaneous needle suspension using bone anchor devices for treating stress urinary incontinence in women. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the long-term results of percutaneous bladder neck needle suspension performed at our institution. None of the women had undergone any anti-incontinence surgery before percutaneous needle suspension. A telephone survey was done for all available patients. Subjective cure was defined as no evidence of incontinence, significant improvement as 0 to 1 protective pad soaked daily and patient satisfaction with incontinence level, and failure as more than 1 pad used daily, lack of patient satisfaction or a secondary procedure required to treat stress urinary incontinence. In cases considered failures a detailed video urodynamic study was performed when possible before any secondary procedure. Results: In 1996 and 1997, 49 patients underwent percutaneous needle bladder neck suspension with bone anchors, of whom 42 (86%) were available for telephone interview. Mean patient age was 57 years (range 31 to 77) and mean followup was 29 months (range 16 to 52). As defined, subjective outcome in the 42 women was cure in 2 (5%), significant improvement in 5 (12%) and failure in 35 (83%). Of the 35 patients with treatment failure who did not undergo a secondary procedure 25 were asked to present for video urodynamics and 18 were evaluated. Urodynamics revealed demonstrable urinary incontinence, urethral hypermobility in 16 (88%), intrinsic sphincter deficiency in 1 (6%) and detrusor instability in 1 (6%). In 2 cases x-ray revealed that a bone anchor had dislodged and migrated into the pelvis. Serious osteomyelitis at the bone anchor site in 1 case required surgical debridement and 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics. Conclusions: Percutaneous needle suspension is associated with poor long-term results in women with stress urinary incontinence. Other procedures should be considered.
Determination of n2 by direct measurement of the optical phase.

We determine the nonlinear refractive index, n2, in an optical material through the direct measurement of the phase of an ultrashort optical pulse, using the technique of frequency-resolved optical gating. This method results in the accurate measurement of n2, with the error dominated by the uncertainty in the fluence measurement. We measure n2 in fused silica and in potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 804 and 402 nm. These results are consistent with those from previous measurements of n2 in these materials, and the measured dispersion of n2 in fused silica agrees with theoretical predictions.
Trends in Research and Treatment of Affective Disorders

Trends in research on affective disorders were reviewed. Studies which described the contribution of neurotransmitters and neuroendocrines to depression, unipolar and bipolar, and manic states were cited. Women more frequently suffer from affective disorders but women's response to different therapies sometimes is more favorable than men's. Age and married status influence sex differences in the incidence of affective disorders. Symptoms of pain and depression intertwine, and response to analgesia may emerge as an index of response to therapy for depression. Trends in pharmacotherapies for affective disorders were reviewed: lithium, tricyclic antidepressants, and MAOI drugs, as well as trends in the employment of ECT and sleep deprivation to relieve symptoms of affective disorders were reviewed.
The antibiotic neomycin abolishes directional selectivity in rabbit retinal ganglion cells

1. Extracellular recordings from ON/OFF directionally selective ganglion cells in superfused rabbit retinas were made to study the effect of the aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, on the responses of these cells to a moving light stimulus. 2. Neomycin, at 480-800 microM, reversibly abolished the directional selectivity in these ganglion cells by bringing out a response to movement in one ("null") direction that was similar in magnitude to the response to movement in the reverse ("preferred") direction. 3. Gentamicin, streptomycin, and tobramycin were also able to abolish directional selectivity in these ganglion cells but only at concentrations greater than 1000 microM. 4. It is proposed that neomycin abolishes directional selectivity in rabbit retinal ganglion cells by blocking omega-conotoxin MVIIC-sensitive Ca2+ channels in the retina.
I. Results of prevention programs with adolescents

Programs for preventing smoking and alcohol and drug abuse have radically changed in the past decade. Instead of being regarded as a health or discipline problem that involves only a few deviant adolescents, drug use has begun to be viewed as social behavior that is functional for adolescents, not capricious, and is normative for that population. The most successful prevention programs have sought to delay the onset of tobacco use. Based on theoretical and etiological research, these programs target factors that have repeatedly been predictive of adolescent smoking, alcohol and drug use. The programs teach adolescents (1) why people their age smoke tobacco or use alcohol and drugs; (2) how these meanings get established by peers, older role models and advertising; (3) how to resist these influences to smoke or to use alcohol and drugs; and (4) life skills and competencies to counterbalance the functions that drug use serves. Because of the association with the onset of smoking and the onset of using other drugs, these strategies are being studied for alcohol use and other drugs. In addition, elected peer leaders are trained to conduct these activities with their classmates and act as new role models for non-use. Evaluations of these approaches are optimistic. Studies in northern California and Minnesota reveal 50-70% reductions in the onset of smoking. Botvin's 'Life Skills Training' program demonstrates success in delaying heavy alcohol and marijuana use.
Precursory seismic quiescence: A preliminary assessment of the hypothesis

Numerous cases of precursory seismic quiescence have been reported in recent years. Some investigators have interpreted these observations as evidence that seismic quiescence is a somewhat reliable precursor to moderate or large earthquakes. However, because failures of the pattern to predict earthquakes may not, in general, be reported, and because numerous earthquakes are not preceded by quiescence, the validity and reliability of the quiescence precursor have not been established.
The promise and peril of education: the teaching of in/tolerance in an era of globalisation

This article addresses the pedagogical implications and possibilities that globalisation poses for educational policy and praxis as it relates to teaching about difference in an ever more diverse world. Among the most salient questions in an era of accelerated globalisation is how seemingly different cultures, civilisations, nationalities, ethnicities and races are to coexist peacefully in an increasingly borderless world, or whether they are forever destined to experience conflict based on cultural chasms in the guise of a ‘clash of civilisations’. This article highlights the tension between two perspectives on education: education as a force in cultivating intolerance and education as a panacea for intolerance. While not negating the potential for education to remedy social ills, we consider the extent to which education can produce change in the opposite direction. In the following pages, we present a context for our discussion of in/tolerance by providing an overview of the double‐edged, or Janus‐face...
Prediction of the location of structural domains in globular proteins

The location of structural domains in proteins is predicted from the amino acid sequence, based on the analysis of a computed contact map for the protein, the average distance map (ADM). Interactions between residues i and j in a protein are subdivided into several ranges, according to the separation |i-j| in the amino acid sequence. Within each range, average spatial distances between every pair of amino acid residues are computed from a data base of known protein structures. Infrequently occurring pairs are omitted as being statistically insignificant. The average distances are used to construct a predicted ADM. The ADM is analyzed for the occurrence of regions with high densities of contacts (compact regions). Locations of rapid changes of density between various parts of the map are determined by the use of scanning plots of contact densities. These locations serve to pinpoint the distribution of compact regions. This distribution, in turn, is used to predict boundaries of domains in the protein. The technique provides an objective method for the location of domains both on a contact map derived from a known three-dimensional protein structure, the real distance map (RDM), and on an ADM. While most other published methods for the identification of domains locate them in the known three-dimensional structure of a protein, the technique presented here also permits the prediction of domains in proteins of unknown spatial structure, as the construction of the ADM for a given protein requires knowledge of only its amino acid sequence.
Effect of Peel Angle Upon Peel Force

Abstract Measurements of peel force P per unit width are reported for samples of three adhesive tapes, adhering to two different substrates. In all cases, the work of detachment per unit area of bonded interface was found to depend upon the angle θ of detachment, increasing as θ increases. This effect is attributed to dissipation of energy in bending the tape away from the substrate at the line of detachment, to a greater degree as θ increases. Extrapolation to θ = 0 is suggested as a simple way of minimizing contributions to the observed work of detachment that arise from bending an imperfectly-elastic adhering layer as it is peeled away from a flat rigid substrate. But at small peel angles the tape tends to stretch appreciably. Peeling at 45° is recommended to minimize both effects.
Hydroxyl apatite coating via amorphous calcium phosphate

Abstract In this study, amorphous calcium phosphate ceramic (ACP) was employed in plasma spray onto stainless-steel metal surface under different controlled atmospheres of Ar H 2 and Ar N 2 . A commercial hydroxyl apatite (CHA) was plasma-sprayed for the purpose of comparison. Results showed that the plasma-sprayed ACP coating is primarily a mixture of a crystalline carbonate-containing apatite phase with considerable amounts of Ca4P2O9, and trace amounts of α-tricalcium phosphate. However, a predominantly highly crystalline hydroxyl apatite (HAp) with small amounts of impurities was formed for the CHA coating. No considerable difference in coating constituents (phases) and microstructure was found between coatings formed under the two plasma gases. The ACP coating exhibit high porosity, leading to weaker interfacial strength, while the CHA coating shows dense packing. However, the absence of detectable microcracks in the ACP coating suggests its potential application for biomedical purposes.