cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acquired resistance to cisplatin is accompanied by the increased export of secretory and lysosomal components via exosomes

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 1481 We have previously documented that the intracellular sequestration and trafficking of cisplatin (DDP) is altered in DDP-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. In this study we examined the lysosomal and secretory compartments of DDP-resistant cells using deconvoluting microscopy of cells stained with antibodies and compartment-specific dyes, microarray analyses of mRNA expression, Western blot analysis and drug accumulation measurements. Major findings are: 1) the lysosomal compartment is reduced in DDP-resistant cells 2008/C13*5.25, IGROV-1/CP and A2780/CP, compared to parental sensitive lines, 2008, IGROV-1, and A2780 as demonstrated by staining with antibodies for LAMP1, LAMP2 (lysosome associated proteins 1 and 2) and lysotracker red. Quantitative analysis showed that the lysosomal compartment in the 2008/C13*5.25 was only 40% of that in the sensitive 2008 cells (p<0.002). 2) Reduction in the lysosomal compartment was confirmed by Western blot analysis of whole cell lysates from the same 3 pairs of cell lines using antibodies against LAMP1 and LAMP2. The levels of LAMP1 in the 2008/C13*5.25, IGROV-1/CP, and A2780/CP cells were, respectively, 65%, 23%, and 32% of those in their sensitive counterparts; the levels of LAMP2 expression in these 3 resistant cells were, respectively, 31%, 34%, and 67% of the levels in the parental cells. 3) Analysis of microarray data from these and 3 additional pairs of DDP-sensitive and resistant ovarian lines demonstrated altered expression of genes involved in the formation and vesiculation of multivesicular bodies in the DDP-resistant cell lines. 4) SELDI mass spectrometry of the exosomal fractions from the 2008 and 2008/C13*5.25 demonstrated that the exosomes contained ≈ 200 protein species, several of which show substantial differences in abundance between the exosomes from sensitive and resistant cells. 5) Exosomes from resistant cells contained more total protein and were enriched in lysosomal proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 and the secretory pathway proteins ATP7A, ATP7B, and MRP2. LAMP1 was only present in exosomes from DDP resistant cells. The levels of LAMP2, ATP7A, ATP7B, and MRP2 in exosomes of DDP-resistant cells were 3.4-, 1.5-, 2.6-, and 2.6-fold higher than those in sensitive cells respectively. 6) Exosomes released from DDP-resistant cells, loaded with DDP for 1 hr, contained 2.6 ± 0.8 fold more Pt than exosomes released from similarly treated DDP-sensitive cells (p = 3.8 x 10-5). The results of this study confirm that DDP-resistant cells exhibit major alterations in their lysosomes and secretory traffic patterns as well as enhanced exosomal export of Pt following exposure to DDP. Supported by NIH grant CA95298.
Impacts of the Trilemma Policies on Inflation, Growth and Volatility in Greece

This paper finds support for the trilemma for Greece, suggesting that there is a tradeoff among exchange rate stability, monetary independence and financial integration. The policy combination of monetary independence and financial integration has been prevalent. More exchange rate stability does not affect the inflation rate, the growth rate, inflation volatility and output volatility. More monetary independence reduces output volatility. More financial integration reduces inflation, inflation volatility and output volatility. Hence, more financial integration or monetary independence is beneficial to Greece. Keywords: Trilemma; Exchange rate stability; Monetary independence; Financial integration; Inflation; Growth; Volatility JEL Classifications: E44; E52; F31; F36
X-Ray Crystallography

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction provides a powerful technique for precisely determining the positions of atoms in a crystal (Refs. 1, 2, which are excellent texts on crystallography). Since the first crystal structure was worked out in 1913 by W. H. Bragg, tens of thousands of crystals have been analyzed using this experimental technique. Today crystal structure analysis by X-ray diffraction is usually routine for molecules containing less than 50 or so nonhydrogen atoms. The results of these structure determinations have provided answers to key questions in nearly every area of chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
Theories of Global Poverty: Comparing Developed World and Developing World Frameworks

ABSTRACT In September 2000, participants in the United Nations Millennium Summit made a commitment to alleviating global poverty and inequality through the Millennium Development goals. This historical pledge has raised public and academic awareness of the issue of global poverty. In light of this interest, this literature review seeks to clarify the issues surrounding global poverty by focusing on the developed world and the developing world. Given the substantial amount of interdisciplinary research on global poverty, it can be organized into at least four areas: poverty definitions, units of measurement, theories concerning resources, and findings on effective interventions. It is clear that context influences these four areas and the resulting theories relate to: (1) inclusion, exclusion, and access; (2) individual rights and responsibilities versus community focus; (3) human capital theories, structural poverty, and resource inequality; and (4) theories of welfare versus theories of development. This...
Commentary: Good Ethnographies Make Good Theories

Abstract The extremely high quality of the ethnography in this collection of articles is attested by the various challenges the authors pose to my own previously published ideas about universals of child rearing. In a 2005 article, I posited that child rearers everywhere (1) engineer the environment to insure that the child's experience of the lessons to be learned is constant, so as not to dilute their impact; (2) use emotionally arousing techniques such as beating, frightening, shaming, teasing, and praising to make these lessons motivating and memorable; (3) enlist the further motivational force of approval for good behavior and disapproval for bad; and (4) predispose or prime the young child with foundational components or simpler versions of the lessons to be learned, readying the child for these later, more complex lessons. I find it necessary and helpful to qualify each of the four claims in light of the case studies presented in this issue. [mothering, child rearing; universals; ethnography and theory; case studies]
In Search of Low-k Dielectrics

Within the next few years, high-performance chips containing as many as 0.5 billion transistors on a single chip will be produced, containing up to 10,000 meters of on-chip wiring. However, such increased device and wiring densities cannot be achieved with currently used materials. The search is now on for materials that can replace silicon dioxide as the insulator in these future devices. But despite a bewildering number of candidate materials under investigation, a clear winner has yet to emerge.
Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit

Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. John Hartigan Jr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999.354 pp.
Emerging microwave packaging technologies

Microwave and millimeter wave Multi-Chip assembly (MCA) packaging is an emerging technology that is of great importance to both defense and commercial applications. An ARPA/Tri-Service program entitled "High density microwave packaging (HDMP)" was initiated in late FY93. The objectives are to develop suitable designs, materials, and manufacturing processes to produce affordable, multi-chip assemblies and sub-arrays. The status of the program is reviewed.
ALA and ACRL at the National Library Legislative Day 2007

Purpose: – To report on the annual ALA sponsored National Library Legislative Day.Design/methodology/approach – Report.Findings: – Six major topics were discussed: appropriations, telecommunications/internet, advocacy, government information, privacy and surveillance, and, copyright.Originaility/value – Offers insights into the National Library Legislative Day 2007.
Point location among hyperplanes and unidirectional ray-shooting

Abstract We present an algorithm for locating a query point q in an arrangement of n hyperplanes in R d. The size of the data structure is O(nd) and the time to answer any query is O(logn). Unlike previous data structures, our solution will also report, in addition to the face of the arrangement that contains q, the first hyperplane that is hit (if any) by shooting the point q in some fixed direction. Actually, if this ray-shooting capability is all that is needed, or if one only desires to know a single vertex of the face enclosing q, then the storage can be reduced to O(nd/(logn)⌈d/2⌉-ϵ), for any fixed ϵ >0.
Piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance sensor for trace aqueous cyanide ion determination.

Using selective reaction chemistry, our present research has developed an online, real-time sensor capable of monitoring toxic cyanide at both drinking water standard and environmental regulatory concentrations. Through the use of a flow cell, aqueous samples containing cyanide are reacted with a gold electrode of a piezoelectric crystal to indirectly sense cyanide concentration by the dissolution of metallic gold. The quartz crystal is an AT-cut wafer sandwiched between two neoprene O-rings within the liquid flow cell. The presence of cyanide in solution results in the selective formation of a soluble dicyano−gold complex according to the Elsner reaction: 4Au + 8CN- + 2H2O + O2 ⇄ 4Au(CN)2- + 4OH-. The resulting loss of gold from the electrode is detected by the piezoelectric crystal as a resonant frequency change. Since free cyanide is a weak acid (pKa = 9.3), available protons compete for cyanide ligands. Therefore, increased sample pH provides higher sensitivity. The detection limits at pH 12 are 16.1...
Hot-pressed and die-upset Pr-Co magnets produced from mechanically activated alloys

Abstract Anisotropic die-upset PrCo 5 -based magnets were produced by hot pressing and subsequent die-upsetting of alloy powders activated by high-energy ball milling. In addition to the PrCo 5 major phase the magnets contained Pr 2 Co 17 , even when prepared from a stoichiometric 1:5 alloy. Hard magnetic properties can be improved by partial Sm substitution for Pr and partial Cu substitution for Co. A higher cobalt/rare-earth ratio as well as the addition of Fe was found to be unfavorable for the deformation-induced anisotropy. The largest values of remanence, intrinsic coercivity and maximum energy product in hot-pressed magnets were obtained for Pr 0.7 Sm 0.3 Co 5.5 (7.8 kG, 14.1 kOe and of 13.1 MGOe) and in die-upset magnets for Pr 0.9 Sm 0.1 (Co 0.98 Cu 0.02 ) 5 (9.2 kG, 10.5 kOe and 16.7 MGOe).
Diminished dorsal root GABA sensitivity following chronic peripheral nerve injury.

The depolarizing effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on rat lumbar dorsal roots was studied in a sucrose gap chamber following axotomy or crush injury of the sciatic nerve or dorsal root. The mean depolarization elicited by GABA on normal dorsal roots (3.96 ± 0.71 mV, N = 14) was significantly reduced following chronic sciatic axotomy (2.02 ± 0.99 mV, N = 15). Chronic sciatic crush injury had no significant effect on dorsal root GABA sensitivity. The amplitudes of the dorsal root compound action potentials were the same from rats with normal and injured sciatic nerves, indicating that axons proximal to the sciatic nerve lesion did not undergo appreciable degeneration. A marked loss of dorsal root GABA sensitivity was also seen following dorsal root axotomy or crush injury (1.02 ± 0.98 mV (N = 10) and 0.69 ± 0.70 mV (N = 9), respectively). These results indicate that GABA sensitivity of dorsal roots is attenuated following peripheral nerve lesions in which regeneration and functional reconnection with peripheral targets are prevented. Previous work indicates that the primary afferent depolarization is reduced under similar conditions. The reduction in GABA sensitivity of dorsal root fibers described here may have a contributory role in the reduced primary afferent depolarization that follows peripheral nerve transection, which has pathophysiologic implications in chronic pain syndromes.
The attribution of arousal and emergency helping: A bidirectional process

Abstract J. M. Piliavin, J. A. Piliavin, and J. Rodin (1969, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 289–299) and J. A. Piliavin, J. F. Dovidio, S. L. Gaertner, and R. Clark (1981, Emergency intervention, New York, Academic Press) proposed that physiological arousal is causally related to a bystander's response to an emergency. Examining this proposition, the current research investigated the hypothesis that residual arousal from an extraneous event has the capacity to facilitate as well as to inhibit bystander intervention during an emergency depending on whether the extraneous arousal is attributed to the emergency or whether the emergency-generated arousal is attributed to the extraneous event. Specifically, it was predicted that during an Unambiguous emergency, extraneous arousal from the prior performance of physical exercise would be attributed to the emergency and thus facilitate bystander responsiveness. During an Ambiguous emergency, however, emergency-generated arousal would be attributed to the prior performance of physical exercise and thus bystander responsiveness would be inhibited by higher levels of arousal. Fifty-four male subects performed no, moderate, or high levels of exercise before exposure to an Unambiguous or Ambiguous emergency. Results indicated that during the Unambiguous emergency, higher levels of prior exercise facilitated helping. However, when the emergency was Ambiguous, high levels of exercise tended to inhibit bystander responsiveness. Correlational analysis of telemetered heart rates and latency to intervene corroborated the above pattern of findings.
Use of serum bile acids in the identification of vinyl chloride hepatotoxicity

Most previous studies proposing serum bile acids as indicators of hepatic function have been performed in hospitalized patients in whom overt symptomatic liver disease was present. The ability of fasting levels of serum bile acids to identify mild, clinically inapparent chemical liver injury in an occupational setting was compared with that of indocyanine green clearance and routine biochemical liver tests in 67 asymptomatic chemical workers in whom liver biopsies had been performed for medical indications. Histologically, 15 were found to have chemical liver injury, 27 had nonchemical liver disease, and 25 were normal. Two serum bile acids, cholylglycine and conjugates of cholic acid, were determined by radioimmunoassay, using 466 "normal" males from the same worker cohort as a reference range. The geometric mean concentrations of cholylglycine in patients with chemical liver injury, patients with nonchemical liver disease, and normal subjects were 47.9, 19.1, and 20.0 micrograms/dl, respectively (p = 0.036 by analysis of variance). Conjugates of cholic acid showed similar differences (p = 0.027), as did indocyanine green clearance with mean half-life of 4.2, 3.2, and 3.3 minutes in the three biopsy subgroups, respectively (p = 0.043). Such differences were not observed for biochemical liver tests. The fasting level of serum bile acids provided high specificity but lower sensitivity in the detection of all types of liver disease. However, serum bile acids and indocyanine green clearance provided a higher specificity and sensitivity for chemical liver injury than for nonchemical liver disease. An index of average exposure to vinyl chloride was significantly greater in the subgroup with chemical liver injury than in the other two groups, further supporting the association of chemical type injury with impaired anion uptake. These data identify the fasting level of serum bile acids as a clinically usable indicator of early chemical injury in chemically exposed asymptomatic worker populations with liver dysfunction. Further investigation is needed in other occupational hepatotoxic environments to determine if this association is limited to vinyl monomer type injury.
Determination of ultraviolet light absorber longevity and distribution in automotive paint systems using ultraviolet micro-spectroscopy

Ultraviolet light absorber additives (UVAs) are added to the basecoat and clearcoat layers of modern, multi-layer, automotive paint systems in order to protect the clearcoat and screen the underlying layers from harmful UV light. Unfortunately, these UVAs are subject to photodegradation resulting in diminished UV protection as a paint system weathers. This paper describes an ultraviolet micro-spectroscopic technique that has been developed to measure ultraviolet light absorber content, location, and longevity in the clearcoat layer of complete, intact, automotive, paint systems. Three automotive paint systems containing different UVAs were examined initially and after exposure in Florida. UVA content and distribution were determined in each of the paint systems with weathering and the longevity was determined. This work demonstrates an accurate, unambiguous technique for quantifying UVA loss in coatings.
An accelerated subspace iteration method

Abstract The subspace iteration method for solving symmetric eigenproblems in computational mechanics is considered. Effective procedures for accelerating the convergence of the basic subspace iteration method are presented. The accelerated subspace iteration method has been implemented and the results of some demonstrative sample solutions are presented and discussed.
Inhibitory effect of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid and β-carotene on the in vitro growth of human cancer cells

The effects of physiologic concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and beta-carotene were assessed on human (M21-HPB, malignant melanoma; HT-29, colorectal; MCF-7, breast) cancer cells. The incubation of cancer cells with CLA showed significant reductions in proliferation (18-100%) compared to control cultures. M21-HPB and MCF-7 cell mortality was dose- and time-dependent. beta-Carotene was inhibitory to breast cells only. MCF-7 cells supplemented with CLA incorporated significantly less [3H]leucine (45%), [3H]uridine (63%) and [3H]thymidine (46%) than control cultures. M21-HPB and HT-29 cells supplemented with CLA incorporated less [3H]leucine (25-30%). These in vitro results suggest that CLA and beta-carotene may be cytotoxic to human cancer cells in vivo.
Cyclooxygenase inhibition, platelet function, and metabolite formation during chronic sulfinpyrazone dosing

The inhibitory effects of sulfinpyrazone are more marked ex vivo than in vitro, suggesting biotransformation to potentially active metabolites such as the sulfide and sulfone metabolites. As a platelet inhibitor, the sulfide metabolite is 10 times as potent as the parent and because of its long t½, the former may lead to cumulative inhibition of platelet function in vivo during chronic sulfinpyrazone dosing. In our study, healthy subjects received sulfinpyrazone, 200 mg four times a day, for 6 days. Plasma levels of the sulfide metabolite rose slightly from 2.1 ± 0.8 µg/ml 12 hr after the fourth dose to 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/ml 12 hr after the twenty-fourth dose. This was associated with increasing inhibition of ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by platelet-activating factor during the dosing period, but inhibition of arachidonic acid–induced aggregation did not increase cumulatively during dosing and collagen-induced aggregation was not inhibited. Inhibition of platelet aggregation was no longer evident 24 hr after the final dose of sulfinpyrazone. The effects of sulfinpyrazone on cyclooxygenase activity were assessed by measurement of thromboxane B2 production by thrombin-stimulated platelets ex vivo and urinary excretion of the major prostacyclin metabolite 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGFlα. During sulfinpyrazone dosing, thromboxane formation and prostacyclin biosynthesis were correspondingly lowered 50% to 60%. The extent of this depression was of the same order on days 2 and 5 of dosing. After sulfinpyrazone, excretion of 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGFlα recovered rapidly to levels before dosing, in contrast to the prolonged depression after chronic aspirin dosing. The weak potency and poor biochemical selectivity of sulfinpyrazone may have contributed to equivocal benefits in trials of its antithrombotic efficacy in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 37, 36–42; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.8
Theory of normal grain growth in normalized size space

Abstract Simple mean-field deterministic theory of normal grain growth in both 3-dimension and 2-dimension cases is presented, predicting the Rayleigh size distribution. The main idea is an application of standard thermodynamics to normalized size space with unit length proportional to average size. In the normalized space, the change of normalized free energy caused by the size change of an arbitrary grain is independent of the reservoir, which consists of all the other grains. Such “decoupling” enables us to use the original Burke-Turnbull approach to relate driving force to velocity of grain growth in the normalized space.
ELECTROSTATIC SELF-ASSEMBLY OF HIGHLY-UNIFORM MICROMETER-THICK FULLERENE FILMS

The layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly monolayer (ESAM) method has been successfully utilized to fabricate ultrathin multilayer films of fullerenes. Highly uniform, transparent, micrometer-...
An orthogonal decomposition approach to modal synthesis

Modal synthesis is a method of formulating the equations of motion for complex vibratory systems. This approach has many advantages in modelling systems that consist of an assembly of linear dynamic elements whose modal characteristics are given. Presented in the paper is a procedure for synthesizing linear dynamic models into one dynamic description in a numerically stable way. This task is achieved by an orthogonal co-ordinate transformation replacing the matrix inversions required when other procedures are used. The modal synthesis approach is formulated as a problem of finding the equations of motion for a linear system subject to a set of linear constraints. The numerical procedure to generate the equations of motion in terms of independent co-ordinates is presented. The paper concludes with several examples that demonstrate the properties of the proposed method and its application to the modelling of vibratory systems.
How Needing You Changes Me: The Influence of Attachment Anxiety on Self-concept Malleability in Romantic Relationships

Individuals' selves are malleable in romantic relationships. Specifically, individuals integrate characteristics of partners into their self-concepts to further closeness/intimacy goals (Aron, 2003). Unfortunately, this malleability during relationships predicts self-concept change/confusion if a relationship ends (Slotter, Gardner, & Finkel, 2010). The current research investigated one potential moderator of these effects: attachment anxiety. Individuals who experience elevated attachment anxiety desire greater closeness/intimacy in their relationships than their less anxious counterparts. Thus, their self-concepts may be especially malleable in romantic relationships. Testing these hypotheses, three studies using undergraduate samples demonstrated that elevated attachment anxiety predicted individuals' selves being more malleable during romantic relationships (Studies 1 & 2) and being more susceptible to change/confusion should the relationship end (Studies 3A & 3B).
739: The relationship of pulsatile flow in the umbilical vein to reversal of flow in the ductus venosus in fetuses with IUGR

HOLMGREN, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah OBJECTIVE: Abnormal flow in the umbilical artery (UA) is used to identify those fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) at significant risk for perinatal morbidity and mortality. Once this increased risk is established, the decision to deliver via c-section or trial of labor is controversial. We sought to determine the most appropriate delivery management for patients with IUGR fetuses and abnormal UA Doppler. STUDY DESIGN: Using a perinatal database at a tertiary care center, we identified patients with a singleton IUGR fetus and UA Doppler measurements delivering between January 2002December 2007. A retrospective chart review was performed and patients were grouped based on management: elective cesarean delivery without labor, cesarean delivery after labor induction and vaginal delivery after labor induction. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were then ascertained and compared between groups. RESULTS: 34 pregnancies were identified during the time period. 20.5% of patients underwent elective c-section and 78.5% attempted vaginal delivery with trial of labor. Of these, 40.2% had a vaginal delivery and 55.6% underwent cesarean delivery after trial of labor. When a trial of labor was undertaken, patients with absent or reversed UA end diastolic flow had an 11.0% success rate of vaginal delivery. The most common indication for cesarean section after induction was non-reassuring fetal status. Of those patients that did not have an elective C/S, risk of C/S after trial of labor was dependent on severity of UA Doppler measurements. There were no statistically significant differences in neonatal morbidities between the elective c-section and trial of labor groups. CONCLUSION: There is a significant risk ( 90%) for C/S in patients with an IUGR fetus and abnormal UA Doppler who undergo a trial of labor. There, however, appears to be no increased risk in neonatal morbidity associated with delivery management.
An algorithm oriented mesh database

In this paper, we present a new point of view for efficiently managing general mesh representations. After reviewing some mesh representation basics, we introduce the new Algorithm Oriented Mesh Database (AOMD). Some hypotheses are taken in order to be able to manage any set of adjacencies. Then, we present the design of the AOMD in terms of classes and algorithms. The Standard Template Library (STL) is used for managing the AOMD. Finally, we present some results and discuss technical choices that were made in the AOMD design and implementation. AOMD is available as open source at http: //www.scorec.rpi.edu/AOMD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some Rhodymeniales from Hawaii

Abstract Four species of poorly known Rhodymeniales (Rhodophyta) of wide but scattered distribution in the tropics are reported from Hawaii. These are Chrysymenia okamurai Yamada and Segawa, Coelarthrum albertisii (Piccone) Boergesen, C. boergesenii Weber van Bosse, and Erythrocolon podagrica (Harv. ex. J. Agardh in Grunow) J. Agardh ex Kylin. A new species of Chrysymenia, C. glebosa is described, and the status of Cryptarachne as a genus is evaluated.
Cryogenics and the energy crisis

Abstract This paper reviews some of the ways cryogenics can help solve the energy crisis. Five specific areas are covered: the use of LNG, the conversion of coal to fuel gas using oxygen from air separation plants, the use of superconductors in power plants and electrical transmission lines, superconducting instruments for geophysical exploration of new energy resources, and the Hydrogen Economy.
Degenerate Anderson impurity model in the presence of spin-orbit and crystal-field splitting

Using a quantum Monte Carlo technique combined with the method of maximum entropy, we calculated the magnetic susceptibility and spectral properties of the degenerate single-impurity Anderson model in the presence of spin-orbit and crystal-field splitting. At small hybridization and moderate temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility displays a nonuniversal behavior. Under the influence of spin-orbit splitting, the magnetic susceptibility decreases due to the quenching of a sixfold-degenerate state to an effectively doubly degenerate state. The effect of crystal-field splitting on the magnetic susceptibility is less pronounced. The temperature dependence of the spectral function changes dramatically under the influence of spin-orbit splitting. In the accessible temperature regime, the central peak at \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\sim}0 decreases with decreasing temperature.
PML–RARα initiates leukemia by conferring properties of self-renewal to committed promyelocytic progenitors

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by hyperproliferation of promyelocytes, progenitors that are committed to terminal differentiation into granulocytes, making it an ideal disease in which to study the transforming potential of less primitive cell types. We utilized a murine model of APL in which the PML-RARalpha oncogene is expressed from the endogenous cathepsin G promoter to test the hypothesis that leukemia stem cell (LSC) activity resides within the differentiated promyelocyte compartment. We prospectively purified promyelocytes from transgenic mice at various stages of disease and observed that PML-RARalpha-expressing promyelocytes from young preleukemic mice had acquired properties of self-renewal both in vitro and in vivo. Progression to acute leukemia was associated with an expansion of the promyelocyte compartment at the expense of other stem, progenitor and terminally differentiated populations. Leukemic promyelocytes exhibited properties of self-renewal, and were capable of engendering leukemia in secondary recipient mice. These data indicate that PML-RARalpha alone can confer properties of self-renewal to committed hematopoietic progenitors before the onset of disease. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cancer stem cells may arise from committed progenitors that lack stem cell properties, provided that the initiating mutation in cancer progression activates programs that confer properties of self-renewal.
Linearly separable switching functions

Abstract A threshold switching element is a multi-input generalization of an “and” or “or” gate. Its output is unity if and only if the weighted sum of its inputs equals or exceeds a threshold ∑a i x i otherwise its output is zero. A linearly separable function is a switching function that can be realized with one such element. This paper studies in some detail the properties of linearly separable functions. In terms of these properties a test and realization procedure is derived. The test consists of three parts which for every switching function provide either a realization or a proof that the function is not linearly separable.Not all parts are necessarily required for testing every function.A function of eight variables can be tested and realized in about thirty minutes of hand computations.
“If I could just be selfish …”: Caregivers’ perceptions of their entitlement to leisure

Entitlement to leisure suggests that leisure is a right rather than a privilege. Unfortunately, many feminist researchers agree that women in general do not feel entitled to leisure. This concept is of particular concern for the growing population of informal caregivers, or individuals who care for family members in their home without pay. Caregivers, typically women, often abandon social interaction, hobbies, church, and fitness-related activities because of caregiving responsibilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the sense of entitlement to leisure of women who are informal caregivers of older adult family members. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 women who served as caregivers for older family members. Four typologies emerged from the data to represent how the women attempted to access their leisure: rationalizers, resenters, consolidators, and rechargers. In addition, results indicated that their "ethic of care" had an impact on their choices and perceptions of their right to leisure.
Insufficient reason in the ‘new cosmological argument’

In a recent article in this journal, Richard Gale and Alexander Pruss offer a new cosmological proof for the existence of God relying only on the Weak Principle of Sufficient Reason, W-PSR. We argue that their proof relies on applications of W-PSR that cannot be justified, and that our modal intuitions simply do not support W-PSR in the way Gale and Pruss take them to.
Vibration-rotation spectrum of deuterium lodide

Abstract The fundamental and first overtone vibration-rotation bands of DI have been observed. The molecular constants are ω e = 1640.14, x e ω e = −20.16, B e = 3.2840, α e = 0.06142, and D v = 5.3 × 10 −5 cm −1 . These results are in good agreement with similar studies on HI as well as microwave and pure rotational spectra of DI.
The relationship between social factors and attitudes toward conventional and CAM practitioners.

Summary Context The research results on the relationship between social factors and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) and conventional practitioners are equivocal. Some researchers theorize a relationship between social factors and attitudes toward providers, with CAM being more attractive to socially and economically marginalized groups. Objectives To evaluate the relationships between selected sociodemographic factors and attitudes toward CAMs in the general US population. Design A subset of data from a 1997–1998 nationally representative survey was examined using descriptive and univariate analyses. Results Five outcomes exploring preference for CAM or conventional medical practitioners are considered. Age was positively related to favoring one's conventional medical doctor. Subjects who reported using CAM for wellness/prevention reported significantly less confidence in their conventional doctors than individuals who did not report using CAM for wellness/prevention. Those with low income were also significantly less confident in their medical doctors and less satisfied with their conventional medical practitioners than those with higher incomes. Conclusions While more prospective work is needed, this analysis suggests that social factors may be related to practitioner preference. Finding out why these relationships exist is important for the effectiveness of health care.
Paper based platform for colorimetric sensing of dissolved NH3 and CO2.

Abstract Paper, a cheap and ubiquitous material, has great potential to be used as low-cost, portable and biodegradable platform for chemical and biological sensing application. In this paper, we are exploring a low-cost, flexible and reliable method to effectively pattern paper for capturing optical dyes and for flow-based delivery of target samples for colorimetric chemical sensing. In this paper, we target the detection of ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), two of the important environmental and health biomarkers. By functionalizing the paper platform with diverse cross-reactive dyes sensitive to NH 3 and CO 2 , their selective sensing within a certain pH range, as well as their detection at different concentrations can be achieved. The images of paper based device were captured by a flatbed scanner and processed in MATLAB ® using a RGB model and PCA for quantitative analysis. Paper based devices with readout using ubiquitous consumer electronic devices (e.g. smartphones, flatbed scanner) are considered promising approaches for disease screening in developing countries with limited resources.
Relation of beet yellows virus to the phloem and to movement in the sieve tube

In minor veins of leaves of Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet) yellows virus particles were found both in parenchyma cells and in mature sieve elements. In parenchyma cells the particles were usually confined to the cytoplasm, that is, they were absent from the vacuoles. In the sieve elements, which at maturity have no vacuoles, the particles were scattered throughout the cell. In dense aggregations the particles tended to assume an orderly arrangement in both parenchyma cells and sieve elements. Most of the sieve elements containing virus particles had mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membrane normal for mature sieve elements. Some sieve elements, however, showed evidence of degeneration. Virus particles were present also in the pores of the sieve plates, the plasmodesmata connecting the sieve elements with parenchyma cells, and the plasmodesmata between parenchyma cells. The distribution of the virus particles in the phloem of Beta is compatible with the concept that plant viruses move through the phloem in the sieve tubes and that this movement is a passive transport by mass flow. The observations also indicate that the beet yellows virus moves from cell to cell and in the sieve tube in the form of complete particles, and that this movement may occur through sieve-plate pores in the sieve tube and through plasmodesmata elsewhere.
Shot-size reduction of photoresist formulations

The cost of expendable chemicals in the resist process is increasing and with this the economic impetus to conserve usage. The volume of liquid resist dispensed (shot size) determines the consumption rate and disposal volumes of liquid resist. The choice of resist solvent can influence the shot volume. Three formulation factors influence the shot size: (1) the surface tension of the resist and the interfacial energy of the coating surface, (2) the viscosity of the resist formulation, and (3) the evaporation rate of the solvent. The suitable resist formulation and subsequent solvent choice should be of the lowest surface tension and lowest viscosity and be balanced by an evaporation rate which allows a minimum shot volume to be spread on the surface without significant solvent loss. Of all the solvents examined, ethyl 3-ethoxy propionate (EEP) gave the lowest shot size relative to the old resist solvent standard of 2- ethoxy ethyl acetate (ECA).
The Indiana University cyclotron facility

Abstract Indiana University is presently constructing a large variable energy isochronous cyclotron capable of accelerating protons to a maximum energy of 200 MeV , 3 He to ≈ 360 MeV , and other ions for which 1 8 ≦Q/A≦ 1 2 to maximum energies of ≈280 Q2/A MeV. The accelerator, its laboratory, initial heavy ion capabilities and possible future improvements are described.
Differential effect of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the progression of atherosclerosis as compared to arterial thrombosis: a prospective analysis of the Women's Health Study.

Background Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is a transmembrane protein involved in the migration and adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular endothelium. While some studies indicate that elevated baseline sICAM-1 levels predict cardiovascular events, most of these studies were done in men; moreover, uncertainty exists regarding whether sICAM-1 levels predict vascular events consistent with acute thrombosis versus atherosclerotic disease progression.
Mao, Chinese Communism, and the USSR

This review essay evaluates a lengthy new biography of the Chinese leader Mao Zedong and his impact on Sino-Soviet relations. The lead author of the book, Aleksandr Pantsov, is one of the foremost Russian experts on China and Soviet policy toward East Asia, and his coauthor, Steven I. Levine, is a distinguished scholar of the history of Communist China. The authors have amassed a wealth of primary evidence, especially from the former Soviet archives, and have produced a first-rate book.
Phosphorescence of tryptophan from parvalbumin and actin in liquid solution

Phosphorescence from tryptophan at room temperature offers several features which make it a potentially interesting spectroscopic tool for the study of proteins: (i) In contrast to fluorescence, phosphorescence arises from a forbidden transition, which has a consequence that the emission is very long lived. This opens a new time frame for the study of protein dynamics, namely, the millisecond time scale. (ii) It is apparent from [l-3] that very few tryptophan moieties within proteins exhibit longlived phosphorescence in liquid solution. This can be advantageous when studying a complex containing several tryptophans; the use of time resolution allows one to effectively monitor a single tryptophan. We report here that phosphorescence can be obtained under anaerobic conditions from two muscle proteins, parvalbumin and actin. on the excitation side. The shutter could be opened and closed under control of a Hewlett-Packard computer. The computer was also used to synchronize the triggering of the SLM electronic components and the monochrometer stepping motor, thereby allowing for the automatic acquisition of time-resolved phosphorescence spectra. For measurement of phosphorescence lifetimes, a PerkinElmer MPF-2A fluorometer was used with the modifications in [6]. For all measurements the sample was kept in a glass-stoppered quartz cuvette and deoxygenated as described using the conditions given in fig.1 161. Fluorescence spectra were obtained with PerkinElmer 650-105 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer.
Precis of Pleasure and the Good Life: Concerning the Nature, Varieties, and Plausiblity of Hedonism

My central aim in Pleasure and the Good Life (hereafter "P&GL") was to show that when carefully formulated and charitably interpreted, certain forms of hedonism yield plausible evaluations of the prudential value of lives. The forms of hedonism in question are all versions of attitudinal hedonism. These theories are based on the idea that the ultimate sources of prudential value in a person's life are episodes in which the person takes intrinsic attitudinal pleasure in some state of affairs. I use the term 'sensory hedonism' to indicate views according to which pleasurable sensations or feelings make for a good life. None of the forms of hedonism that I tried to defend in P&GL is a form of sensory hedonism. I started by formulating a clear version of sensory hedonism. On this theory which I called 'Default Hedonism' the ultimate bearers of prudential value are episodes in which a person feels some sensory pleasure or pain. I said that the value for the one who experiences it of such an episode is equal to the amount of pleasure or pain it contains. The prudential value of a life the value that the life has in itself for the one who lives it is just the sum of the values, positive or negative, of the episodes of sensory pleasure and pain in that life. As I was developing Default Hedonism I pursued one of my secondary aims. I tried to show that many of the standard ways of formulating hedonism are incoherent, self-contradictory, or incomplete. I think there's little point in discussing a theory if we don't understand what the theory is supposed to say. Thus, I devoted quite a few pages to a discussion of defective formulations of allegedly hedonistic views and tried to show that my Default Hedonism is not defective in those formal ways (though I did not endorse Default Hedonism as the truth about prudential value). With a coherent version of sensory hedonism in place I turned to the presentation of some classic objections. One objection presented by G. E. Moore among others turns on the idea that some pleasures are so base and degrading that a life full of them would simply be a
Post-exposure therapy with human butyrylcholinesterase following percutaneous VX challenge in guinea pigs.

Context. Human butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE) has potential utility as a post-exposure therapy following percutaneous nerve agent poisoning as there is a slower absorption of agent by this route and hence a later onset of poisoning. Methods. We used surgically implanted radiotelemetry devices to monitor heart rate, EEG, body temperature and locomotor activity in guinea pigs challenged with VX via the percutaneous route. Results. Treatment with huBuChE (24.2 mg/kg, i.m.) at 30 or 120 min following percutaneous VX (~2.5 × LD50) protected 9 out of 10 animals from lethality. When i.m. huBuChE administration was delayed until the onset of observable signs of systemic cholinergic poisoning, only one out of six animals survived to 7 days. Survival increased to 50% when the same dose of huBuChE was given intravenously at the onset of signs of poisoning. This dose represents approximately 1/10th the stoichiometric equivalent of the dose of VX administered (0.74 mg/kg). Intramuscular administration of huBuChE (24....
Short-run macroeconomic forecasting: The OECD performance

Forecasts for the seven major industrial countries, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, are published on a regular basis in the OECD's Economic Outlook. This paper analyses the accuracy of the OECD annual forecasts of output and price changes and of the current balance in the balance of payments. As a reference basis, the forecasts are compared with those generated by a naive model, a random walk process. The measures of forecasting accuracy used are the mean-absolute error, the root-mean-square error, the median-absolute error, and Theil's inequality coefficient. The OECD forecasts of real GNP changes are significantly superior to those generated by the random walk process; however, the OECD price and current balance forecasts are not significantly more accurate than those obtained from the naive model. The OECD's forecasting performance has neither improved nor deteriorated over time.
Role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the consensual pupillary darkness reflex.

Abstract In a previous experiment it was shown that unilateral sympathectomy of the pupil produces a dilation of the contralateral pupil. This effect was interpreted as a consensual pupillary dilation; it was suggested that the constricted sympathectomized pupil allowed less light to impinge upon the ipsilateral retina. The present experiment was performed to verify this finding without recourse to any surgical procedure and to assess the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations in this consensual pupillary dilation. In normal unoperated cats (Group I) opaque black plstic contact lenses were placed over one eye. Three days later the opposite pupil had significantly increased in diameter. This observation rules out the possibility that the results of the previous experiment were a specific effect of the surgical procedure. Other cats were unilaterally sympathectomized (Group II). Three days after placement of the contact lens over the unoperated eye, the sympathectomized pupil had significantly increased in diameter. Evidently the parasympathetic contributes to this consensual pupillary dilation response. However, the pupillary dilation of Group I was significantly greater than that of Group II, which is evidence that the sympathetic innervation is also important in consensual pupillary dilation.
Coupling of prolyl peptide bond isomerization and Ca2+ binding in a C-type mannose-binding protein.

A proline residue flanked by two polar residues is a highly conserved sequence motif in the Ca2+- and carbohydrate-binding site of C-type animal lectins. Crystal structures of several C-type lectins have shown that the two flanking residues are only observed to act as Ca2+ ligands when the peptide bond preceding the proline residue is in the cis conformation. In contrast, structures of the apo- and one-ion forms of mannose-binding proteins (MBPs) reveal that, when the Ca2+-binding site is empty, the peptide bond preceding the proline can adopt either the cis or trans conformation, and distinct structures in adjacent regions are associated with the two proline isomers. In this work, measurements of Ca2+-induced changes in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and fluorescence energy transfer from tryptophan to Tb3+, reveal a slow conformational change in rat liver MBP (MBP-C) accompanying the binding of either Ca2+ or Tb3+. The Ca2+-induced increase in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence shows biphasic kinetics...