cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of turbine blade tip treatments

Three-dimensional solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for a turbine blade with a turning angle of 180 degrees have been computed, including blade tip treatments involving cavities. The geometry approximates a preliminary design for the GGOT (Generic Gas Oxidizer Turbine). The data presented here will be compared with experimental data to be obtained from a linear cascade using original GGOT blades. Results have been computed for a blade with 1 percent clearance, based on chord, and three different cavity sizes. All tests were conducted at a Reynolds number of 4 x 10 exp 7. The grid contains 39,440 points with 10 spanwise planes in the tip clearance region of 5.008E-04 m. Streamline plots and velocity vectors together with velocity divergence plots reveal the general flow behavior in the clearance region. Blade tip temperature calculations suggest placement of a cavity close to the upstream side of the blade tip for reduction of overall blade tip temperature. The solutions do not account for the relative motion between the endwall and the turbine blade. The solutions obtained are generally consistent with previous work done in this area,
Compiling Process Graphs into Executable Code

Model-driven architecture envisions a paradigm shift as dramatic as the one from low-level assembler languages to high-level programming languages. In order for this vision to become reality, algorithms are needed that compile models of software systems into deployable and executable implementations. This paper discusses two algorithms that provide such transformations for process graph models in a business process or workflow environment and produce executable programs based on Web services and orchestration languages. The reverse transformations back from executable programs to process graphs are also described.
Microstructure Mediated Design of Material and Product

In this paper, the construct of microstructure-mediated design is explored by framing a multiscale system with the appropriate aspects of the material microstructure, followed by multiscale material modeling, and then engineering the microstructure using the Inductive Design Exploration Method, to achieve the product specifications. As the microstructure represents the limiting interface between structure-property relations including system performance and process-structure relations, we have adopted the phrase microstructure mediated design. We illustrate the efficacy of this construct via the integrated design of a submersible and an Al-based matrix composite.
Urethroplasty for stricture

Abstract The use of nitrofurazone (Furacin-HC) urethral suppositories between the first and second stage of urethroplasty to prevent stenosis was started in December 1971. Results and analysis are presented.
Evaluation of connected component labeling algorithms on shared and distributed memory multiprocessors

Presents parallel implementations of connected component labeling for grey level images on the iPSC/2 E iPSC/860 hypercubes and on the Encore Multimax shared memory multiprocessor. Several partitioning and mapping strategies including multi-dimensional divide and conquer, block decomposition and scatter decomposition are used. Implementation results, performance evaluation and comparison for all the mapping strategies are reported. >
It Takes an iVillage: Gender, Labor, and Community in the Age of Television-Internet Convergence

Given its corporate ownership, iVillage.com constitutes a useful case study of the forces shaping online communities in the midst of what has been identified as television-Internet convergence. Not only does iVillage.com complicate conventional understandings of online communities, it also offers compelling insights into how media corporations construct online markets along lines of gender, race, ethnicity, and sexuality. By positioning online communities as vehicles for the targeted delivery of brand messages, media corporations seek to render these online communities commodities in much the way they have historically sought to render commercial television audiences commodities that can be sold to advertisers. Building on the work of Smythe (1977), Jhally and Livant (1986), Terranova (2000), Andrejevic (2004), Postigo (2009), and Bermejo (2010) this study identifies a new mode of consumer work emerging from these corporate-engineered online communities—the “labor of devotion”—where consumers participate in the promotion of corporate brands through interactive media.
5-Aminosalicylic acid enemas: Effective agent in maintaining remission in left-sided ulcerative colitis

The efficacy of 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in maintaining remission in left-sided ulcerative colitis was studied. Twenty-five patients in remission for at least 2 mo were randomized to receive either 1-g 5-aminosalicylic acid or placebo enemas daily and were followed up for 1 yr. Eleven of 13 patients randomized to placebo relapsed after a mean of 16 wk. Nine of 12 patients randomized to 5-aminosalicylic acid remained in remission for 1 yr, 2 others in remission withdrew by request, and 1 relapsed at 10 wk. The difference between relapse rate on 1-g 5-aminosalicylic acid versus placebo was significant (p less than 0.005). Seven patients entered the blinded trial a second time. Three of 4 patients randomized to 5-aminosalicylic acid remained in remission and 1 relapsed. Three randomized to placebo relapsed at a mean of 14 wk. One-gram 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas are safe and effective in maintaining remission in patients with left-sided ulcerative colitis.
Comparative Study of the Events Associated with Colicin Induction

Colicinogenic factors ColI and ColV, which have been shown to behave as sex factors, could not be induced with mitomycin C. In contrast, the ColE1, ColE2, and ColE3 factors, which do not exhibit any fertility factor characteristics, are inducible by this agent. The induced production of colicins E1, E2, and E3 was accompanied by a loss in viability at a concentration of mitomycin C which was bacteriostatic to noncolicinogenic cells or to cells carrying the ColV or ColI factors. The loss in viability accompanying the mitomycin C induction of the ColE1, ColE2, or ColE3 factors also occurred when colicin synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol or amino acid starvation. However, chloramphenicol was able to block the loss of viability of a recipient cell after mitomycin C induction of a newly acquired Col factor if the antibiotic was present throughout the mating period. No detectable internal colicin or colicin precursor could be demonstrated during the lag period prior to the appearance of colicin outside the cell 20 to 30 min after the addition of mitomycin C. If chloramphenicol was present during the lag period following the addition of mitomycin C, colicin synthesis began immediately after the removal of these antibiotics. The synthesis of tryptophan synthetase and induced β-galactosidase proceeded normally throughout the lag period and well into the period of colicin production. Regulation of β-galactosidase synthesis did not seem to be profoundly affected during the lag period subsequent to mitomycin C addition. Induced colicin synthesis, like bacterial or induced prophage protein synthesis, was subject to inhibition by virulent phage infection.
Wind–Current Coupling on the Southern Flank of Georges Bank: Variation with Season and Frequency

Abstract Comparison of several years of current observations on the southern flank of Georges Bank with nearby wind data shows that the wind–current coupling is primarily between longshelf wind stress and longshelf current. The strongest wind–currnet coupling occurs in winter, when the water column is homogeneous. The weakest coupling is in late summer and early fall, when the water column is highly stratified. The coherence and transfer coefficient between longshelf wind and longshelf current is highest for periods between 4 and 12 days, decreasing both for longer periods (out to 56 days) and shorter periods (down to 2 days). Models of the wind–current coupling indicate that a highly damped resonance may exist on Georges Bank and that a smaller current response is expected when the water column is stratified. The observations also indicate that the wind-driven currents on Georges Bank are strongly controlled by friction. The near-surface current moves to the right of wind stress and there is a spring–nea...
A Distributed Electrical Analog for Waveguides of Arbitrary Cross Section

The characteristics of uniform waveguides of arbitrary cross section can be studied experimentally by using a two-dimensional transmission line, operating in resonance in its principal mode, as an analog. The model is simple, inexpensive, and quite accurate even for cross sections which have sharp corners. The theory is presented, measurement techniques are discussed, and experimental results are compared with the theoretical values for rectangular and ridged waveguides.
Antibacterial Effects of Carbon Nanotubes: Size Does Matter!

We provide the first evidence that the size (diameter) of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a key factor governing their antibacterial effects and that the likely main CNT-cytotoxicity mechanism is cell membrane damage by direct contact with CNTs. Experiments with well-characterized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) demonstrate that SWNTs are much more toxic to bacteria than MWNTs. Gene expression data show that in the presence of both MWNTs and SWNTs, Escherichia coli expresses high levels of stress-related gene products, with the quantity and magnitude of expression being much higher in the presence of SWNTs.
An analysis of risk from exposure to aldicarb using immune response of nonuniform populations of mice.

The immunomodulation response of mice to low levels of aldicarb in drinking water was investigated in four series of studies. The splenic plaque forming cell (PFC) response to red sheep cells were measured for treatment levels of 0.01 to 1,000 ppb (μg/kg). Based on their beginning and end body weights, the animal populations were uniform in all series of tests, but based on their net body weights and PFC counts they were highly nonuniform in the 30 and 60 day tests and uniform in the 90 and 180 day tests.
Wood specific gravity and its radial variations: the many ways to make a tree

In a study of radial trends in specific gravity of ~100 individuals of six mixed-northern-hardwood-forest tree species, three species (Acer rubrum, Pinus strobus, and Betula papyrifera) showed radial increases and three species (Quercus rubrum, Tsuga canadensis, and Fagus grandifolia) radial decreases. Analysis of these data, together with a larger data set including both temperate and tropical tree species, focuses on relationship of radial trends to successional status, variation in inside versus outside wood, and factors affecting degree and direction of radial trend. We propose a model for radial trends in which (1) radial increases associated with low values of specific gravity are an early-successional characteristic and radial decreases associated with high values of specific gravity late successional, (2) the differences in specific gravity and its radial trends reflect growth strategy and biomechanical considerations, and (3) the convergence in values seen in older trees is due to constraints relating to support.
Estimating flow rates to optimize winter habitat for centrarchid fish in Mississippi River (USA) backwaters

The backwaters of large rivers provide winter refuge for many riverine fish, but they often exhibit low dissolved oxygen levels due to high biological oxygen demand and low flows. Introducing water from the main channel can increase oxygen levels in backwaters, but can also increase current velocity and reduce temperature during winter, which may reduce habitat suitability for fish. In 1993, culverts were installed to introduce flow to the Finger Lakes, a system of six backwater lakes on the Mississippi River, about 160 km downstream from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The goal was to improve habitat for bluegills and black crappies during winter by providing dissolved oxygen concentrations >3 mg/L, current velocities 1°C. To achieve these conditions, we used data on lake volume and oxygen demand to estimate the minimum flow required to maintain 3 mg/L of dissolved oxygen in each lake. Estimated flows ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 m3/s among lakes. Data gathered in winter 1994 after the culverts were opened, indicated that the estimated flows met habitat goals, but that thermal stratification and lake morphometry can reduce the volume of optimal habitat created. This article is a U.S. Government publication and is in the public domain in the United States.
Kinetics of engraftment of CD34(-) and CD34(+) cells from mobilized blood differs from that of CD34(-) and CD34(+) cells from bone marrow.

Abstract Objective Mobilized peripheral blood (PB) progenitors are increasingly used in autologous and allogeneic transplantation. However, the short- and long-term engraftment potential of mobilized PB or bone marrow (BM) has not been directly compared. Although several studies showed that BM-derived Lin − CD34 − cells contain hemopoietic progenitors, no studies have addressed whether Lin − CD34 − cells from mobilized PB contain hemopoietic progenitors. Here, we compared the short- and long-term engraftment potential of CD34 + cells and Lin − CD34 − cells in BM and PB of normal donors who received 5 days of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Materials and Methods 35 × 10 3 CD34 + or Lin − CD34 − cells from G-CSF mobilized BM and PB of normal donors were transplanted in 60-day-old fetal sheep. Animals were evaluated 2 and 6 months after transplantation for human hemopoietic cells. In addition, cells recovered after 2 months from fetal sheep were serially passaged to secondary and tertiary recipients to assess long-term engrafting cells. Results Mobilized PB CD34 + cells supported earlier development of human hemopoiesis than BM CD34 + cells. When serially transferred to secondary and tertiary recipients, earlier exhaustion of human hematopoiesis was seen for PB than BM CD34 + cells. A similar degree of chimerism was seen for Lin − CD34 − cells from PB or BM in primary recipients. We again observed earlier exhaustion of human hemopoiesis with serial transplantation of PB than BM Lin − CD34 − cells. Conclusions Differences exist in the short- and long-term repopulating ability of cells in PB and BM from G-CSF mobilized normal donors, and this is independent of the phenotype. Studies are ongoing to examine if this reflects intrinsic differences in the repopulating potential between progenitors from PB and BM, or a lower frequency of long-term repopulating cells in PB than BM CD34 + and Lin − CD34 − cells, that may not be apparent if larger numbers of cells are transplanted.
Unplanned readmission after total joint arthroplasty: rates, reasons, and risk factors.

Background: There has been a major and alarming increase in readmission rates following total joint arthroplasty. With proposed changes in reimbursement policy, increased rates of unplanned readmission following arthroplasty will penalize providers. In particular, it has been proposed that specific complications—so-called “zero-tolerance” complications—are unacceptable and that their treatment will not qualify for reimbursement. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence, causes, and risk factors for readmission following total joint arthroplasty. Methods: An institutional arthroplasty database was utilized to identify those patients undergoing total knee or hip arthroplasty from January 2004 through December 2008. A total of 10,633 admissions for primary arthroplasty (5207 knees and 5426 hips) were identified. The same database was used to identify patients requiring an unplanned readmission within ninety days of discharge. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to determine the independent predictors of readmission within ninety days. Results: There were 591 unplanned readmissions within ninety days of discharge following 564 (5.3%) of the 10,633 admissions for total joint arthroplasty. The most common cause of readmission was joint-related infection, followed by stiffness. Black race, male sex, discharge to inpatient rehabilitation, increased duration of hospital stay, unilateral replacement, decreased age, decreased distance between home and the hospital, and total knee replacement were independent predictors of readmission within ninety days. Conclusions: The high incidence of readmissions secondary to potential “zero-tolerance” events suggests that these are not easily preventable complications. In addition, longer hospitalization and discharge to an inpatient continued-care facility increased the risk of readmission. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Apixaban for the Prevention of Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Primary Results of the ARISTOTLE Trial

Background: Patients with atrial fibrillation are at risk for thromboembolism. Warfarin is effective but underused because of its narrow therapeutic window, risk of bleeding, and need for frequent monitoring. More effective, safer and easier to use anticoagulants are an unmet clinical need. Apixaban is an oral direct selective factor Xa inhibitor being investigated in patients with atrial fibrillation in the ARISTOTLE trial. Methods: Patients with atrial fibrillation and at least one additional risk factor for thromboembolism were randomized to blinded apixaban 5 mg BID or warfarin. Warfarin was adjusted to a target INR between 2 and 3 using a blinded encrypted bedside device. The primary efficacy endpoint was stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or systemic embolism. The primary safety endpoint was ISTH major bleeding. A total of 448 patients with the primary endpoint were required for the primary non-inferiority analysis. The trial database was locked in March 2011. Results: A total of 18,201 patients were enrolled in 39 countries, including 336 from Japan. The mean time in therapeutic range (INR 2–3) with warfarin was 60–65%. A total of 447 patients had primary outcome events. ISTH major bleeding occurred in 789 patients. The primary results will be presented at the ESC in September 2011. Conclusions: The results of ARISTOTLE will define the role of apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation.
A New Robustness Theorem for the Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems

Many systems must operate in the presence of bounded perturbations. In this paper we present a new robustness result for nonlinear systems. We use this result to show that for bounded perturbations, a simple adaptive controller with leakage can produce output regulation to a neighborhood with radius dependent upon the size of the perturbation. This regulation occurs in the presence of persistent disturbances and the convergence is exponential.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Modeling track-terrain interaction for transient robotic vehicle maneuvers

Abstract This article describes integration of a realistic and efficient track–terrain interaction model with a multibody dynamics model of a robotic tracked vehicle. The track–terrain interface continuum is approximated by discretized and parameterizable force elements. Of particular note is a kinematic model used to estimate dynamic shear displacement, taking the form of a partial differential equation. This equation is approximated by a series of ordinary differential equations, making it compatible with multibody dynamics model formulations. Comparisons between simulated results and those obtained from field testing with a remotely-operated unmanned tracked vehicle are made to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach and to validate the use of nominal parameter data from the literature. The test vehicle was subjected to four different types of maneuvers (go-and-stop, j-turn, double lane change, and zero radius turn) on asphalt and dry sand. Simulated results using both the dynamic and steady-state track–terrain interaction models match very well with those obtained from the tests, except for the zero radius turning maneuver in sand. In this case, bulldozing effects must be incorporated to improve prediction of lateral forces.
Threshold behavior in the formation of nanoscale silicon particles prepared by sputtering

Abstract DC magnetron sputtering of silicon was carried out at 175 watts in argon gas at pressures from 100 mtorr to 900 mtorr. Sputter deposits were collected on an array of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids placed between the sputter source and a cold-finger located 10.5 cm above the sputter source. The resulting deposits were analyzed by TEM, and the morphologies were found to include granular films, well-defined particles 5–13 nm in diameter, and transition morphologies between that of particles and granular films. The resulting morphology map, as a function of sputtering pressure and TEM-grid location, indicated that particles were more likely to form at higher pressures and locations farther from the source. In addition, results obtained by varying the cold-finger temperature and the sputter-source/cold-finger distance indicated that the temperature of the cold-finger can play a significant role in particle formation at small sputter-source/cold-finger separations. Deposits with granular-film morphologies were amorphous under most conditions. However, deposits containing particles exhibited the diamond-cubic crystalline phase under some conditions as well as the amorphous phase.
It Takes a Village: Protecting Rural African American Youth in the Context of Racism

Prior research demonstrates negative consequences of racism, however, little is known about community, parenting, and intrapersonal mechanisms that protect youth. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study illuminated linkages between positive and negative contextual influences on rural African American adolescent outcomes. Quantitative results provide support for Structural Ecosystems Theory, in that the influence of discrimination and collective socialization on adolescent outcomes was mediated by racial socialization and positive parenting. Parenting and community influences contributed to adolescent racial identity and self image, which protected against common negative responses to racism; including academic underachievement, succumbing to peer pressure, and aggressive tendencies. Qualitative results indicate that current measures of discrimination may underestimate adolescents’ experiences. Adolescents reported racist experiences in the domains of school, peers, and with the police (males only). Moreover, qualitative findings echoed and expanded quantitative results with respect to the importance of the protective nature of parents and communities.
Knee-Loading Modality Drives Molecular Transport in Mouse Femur

Mechanical loading is well known to stimulate bone remodeling. Load-driven interstitial fluid flow and molecular transport have been postulated to play a role in the enhancement of bone formation. In order to evaluate load-driven molecular transport in a lacunocanalicular network, we conducted fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments using lacunae stained with uranine (376 Da). Loads were applied to a mouse femur ex vivo with a novel knee-loading modality, where the distal epiphysis was loaded with a sinusoidal force at 2 Hz. The lacunae in the diaphysis located 25% (∼4 mm) proximal to the loading site were photobleached and sequentially imaged, and a time constant for fluorescence recovery was determined both with and without knee loading. The time constant was estimated as the period to recover 63% of fluorescent intensity using a best-fit exponential curve. The results reveal that the applied loads shortened the time constant from 33 ± 9 s with non-loading control to 25 ± 11 s with knee loading (p = 0.0014). The strain in the measurement site was <100 μstain along the femoral midshaft, which was an order of magnitude smaller than the minimum effective strain threshold for bone remodeling. Taken together, the current study supports the notion that molecular transport in cortical bone is enhanced by the loads applied to the epiphysis without inducing significant in situ strain in the diaphysis.
Strike activity in the united states: An analysis of the stocks and flows

Evidence indicates that a dichotomy exists between the stocks and flows of strike activity in the United States. Canonical correlation analysis was applied to U.S. strike data from 1955 through 1980 to ascertain whether the economic or sociopolitical models of strikes were more appropriate to the explanation of either the stock or flow of strikes. The economic variables were the most important in explaining variations in the flow while the linear time trend together with the economic variables explained the variations in the stock of strikes. This suggests that strikes begin for economic reasons and that the dimensions of the stock of strikes may be more closely correlated with variables not used in the analysis but exhibit a trend over the period examined, hence a dichotomy between the flow and stock of strike activity.
Differential tolerance to pentobarbital in rats bred for differences in alcohol sensitivity.

Two lines of rats bred for differences in motor impairment following alcohol treatment were also found to be differentially affected by sodium pentobarbital in three experiments. The most affected (MA) animals, bred for sensitivity to alcohol, showed a decrement in stabilimeter activity at doses of 8 mg and 16 mg pentobarbital per kg body weight. The least affected (LA) animals, bred for insensitivity to alcohol, were affected only by the higher dose, at which the resulting imapairment was still less than that of the MA group. This finding was partially replicated in a second study designed to test the possibility of an activating effect of pentobarbital on LA animals at 8 mg/kg. In a final study, MA animals were more likely to lose their righting reflex than LA animals at a dose of 18 mg/kg, and ‘slept’ longer following this dose. These results indicate that the differential sensitivity shown by these animals is not specific to alcohol, but can be generalized to another depressant.
Effect of introduced crayfish and mosquitofish on California newts

One goal of conservation biology is to explain population declines. We present field survey data and experimental evidence that implicate introduced predators as a possible cause of decline in the California newt (Taricha torosa). In 1994 and 1995 we surveyed 10 streams in the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California for amphibians. These streams contained California newts when surveyed between 1981 and 1986. Of the 10 streams surveyed in 1994, three contained introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and/or crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). These three streams contained no California newt eggs, larvae, or adults. The seven streams without introduced predators contained California newts. We conducted laboratory and field experiments to determine if California newt larvae and egg masses are susceptible to predation by mosquitofish and crayfish. Results from these experiments indicate that crayfish consume California newt egg masses and that both mosquitofish and crayfish consume larval newts. In 24-hour field experiments, no newt larvae survived in crayfish enclosures, and only 13% of the larvae survived with mosquitofish. Newt larvae are known to have antipredator adaptations for native predators. Apparently, these adaptations are not adequate for coexistence with introduced crayfish or mosquitofish. Heavy rains in 1995 removed introduced crayfish from one stream. We found newt egg masses, larvae, and adults in that stream the following spring. This same stream showed no evidence of California newts when crayfish were present in matched-date surveys in 1994. These experiments and surveys present evidence that predation by mosquitofish and crayfish may cause localized decline of newts in mountain streams of southern California. Understanding the effects of nonnative species is an important step in preventing detrimental introductions in the future.
Persistence and yield stability of intersubspecific alfalfa hybrids

Long-term persistence and sustained biomass yields of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) stands are important to producers. Yield performance and persistence of intrasubspecific crosses between alfalfa subspecies saliva and falcata after the first post-establishment year are unknown. The objectives of this study were to measure biomass yields, persistence, and biomass yield stability in inter- and intrasubspecific alfalfa crosses derived by mating nine elite sativa clones and five falcata clones in a half-diallel. Progeny were space planted in 1998 at Ames and Nashua, IA, and evaluated for persistence, biomass yield, and biomass yield stability from 1998 through 2002. Medicago sativa subsp. saliva (sativa) × M. sativa subsp. falcata (falcata) hybrids produced substantial biomass yield and exhibited heterosis through the first post-establishment year, but declined in subsequent years. From 1998 through 2002 the intersubspecific hybrids had persistence equivalent to the more persistent parental subspecies, with the effect becoming more apparent as time progressed. Intrasubspecific hybrids had less biomass yield stability than the more stable intrasubspecific sativa crosses. The results indicate that selection of improved falcata germplasm for long term persistence and higher yield is needed.
The P(φ)2 Green's functions: Smoothness in the coupling constant

Abstract The (real-time) Green's functions for the P(φ)2 quantum field theory are studied. The main result is that they are C∞ functions of the coupling constant λ, for λ sufficiently small and nonzero. Explicit expressions for the derivatives are obtained.
Initial experience with a universal-length copolymer ureteral stent.

A universal-length ureteral stent made of a biocompatible copolymer was designed specifically for easy antegrade internal placement. The doublelooped distal end of the stent eliminates the need to measure the distance from the ureteropelvic to ureterovesical junction. If additional length is required, a portion of the distal loop is incorporated into the stent shaft. Interventional radiology practices benefit economically, as the universal-length stent is the only size required for the treatment of most ureteral obstructions.
Meperidine-induced hypothermia in the rat

Abstract A dose of 40 mg/kg of meperidine (pethidine) caused a marked lowering of rectal temperature in restrained female rats at room temperature (22°C). This decrease was not antagonized by injection of 1 mg/kg of naloxone. whereas hypothermia of equal magnitude induced by 20 mg/kg of morphine was reversed by 1 mg/kg of naloxone. Pretreatment with the serotonin reuptake blocker, fluoxetine (10 g/kg), or a non-hypothermic dose of meperidine (20 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the hypothermia induced by 100 mg/kg of l -5-hydroxytryptophan. The hypothermie effect of 40 mg/kg of meperidine was significantly greater than that of 10 mg/kg of fluoxetine. Finally, 40 mg/kg of meperidine produced a significantly greater hypothermie effect in restrained rats than in unrestrained rats. The results indicate that the hypothermie effect of meperidine is not a result of an opioid action, and that although it may be mediated through serotonergic systems, inhibition of serotonin reuptake is probably not the primary mechanism.
BIS/BAS Variables as Moderators of the Rumination-Intimate Partner Violence Link

Although cognitive rumination is related to violence perpetration, not all people who ruminate become violent. Four personality variables—impulsivity, anxiety, anger-in, anger-out—were tested as possible moderators of the link between the tendency to ruminate and the frequency of intimate partner violence (IPV). Variables related to the Behavioral Activation System (anger-out and impulsivity) were predicted to strengthen the rumination-IPV link; whereas measures related to the Behavioral Inhibition System (anger-in and anxiety) would suppress this link. As predicted, anger-out, anger-in, and impulsivity moderated the relation between rumination and IPV. No evidence was found for suppressor variables. Thus, appetitive drives appear to amplify the effect of rumination on violence. Clinically, therapeutic techniques that address rumination, anger, and impulsivity may help to reduce IPV risk.
Who Would Stay, Who Would Be Dismissed? An Empirical Consideration of Value-Added Teacher Retention Policies:

Several states have recently adopted or are pursuing policies that deny or revoke tenure from teachers who receive poor evaluation ratings over time based in part on quantitative measures of performance. Using data from the state of Florida, we estimate such value-added measures to consider the future effectiveness and number of teachers who would have been dismissed under different versions of these policies. Students assigned to teachers who would have been dismissed according to a value-added policy made considerably smaller academic improvements than did students assigned to teachers who would have avoided dismissal. Critically, however, we show that specific policy design determines the extent of the potential for value-added to improve the overall quality of the teaching workforce.
Crystal structures of Parasponia and Trema hemoglobins: differential heme coordination is linked to quaternary structure.

Hemoglobins from the plants Parasponia andersonii (ParaHb) and Trema tomentosa (TremaHb) are 93% identical in primary structure but differ in oxygen binding constants in accordance with their distinct physiological functions. Additionally, these proteins are dimeric, and ParaHb exhibits the unusual property of having different heme redox potentials for each subunit. To investigate how these hemoglobins could differ in function despite their shared sequence identity and to determine the cause of subunit heterogeneity in ParaHb, we have measured their crystal structures in the ferric oxidation state. Furthermore, we have made a monomeric ParaHb mutant protein (I43N) and measured its ferrous/ferric heme redox potential to test the hypothesized link between quaternary structure and heme heterogeneity in wild-type ParaHb. Our results demonstrate that TremaHb is a symmetric dimeric hemoglobin similar to other class 1 nonsymbiotic plant hemoglobins but that ParaHb has structurally distinct heme coordination in each of its two subunits that is absent in the monomeric I43N mutant protein. A mechanism for achieving structural heterogeneity in ParaHb in which the Ile 101(F4) side chain contacts the proximal His 105(f8) in one subunit but not the other is proposed. These results are discussed in the context of the evolution of plant oxygen transport hemoglobins, and other potential functions of plant hemoglobins.
The influence of gender and the estrous cycle on learned helplessness in the rat.

Although the etiology of clinical depression is unknown, women are more likely to suffer from major depressive disorder than men. In addition, in some women, there is a clear association between depression and specific phases of the menstrual cycle. Surprisingly little research has examined gender differences and the influences of the estrous cycle in this and other animal behavioral models of clinical depression. Learned helplessness is a valid animal model of stress-induced behavioral depression in which prior exposure to inescapable stress produces deficits in escape testing. Learned helplessness was studied in rats using an inescapable tail shock stress followed by a shuttle box test to determine escape latencies. Animals with mean escape latencies of >or=20 s after shuttle-box testing are defined as learned helpless. Males and normal cycling female rats in the estrus and diestrus II phases were studied. Female rats in the diestrus II phase had significantly higher escape latencies and exhibited a more helpless behavior than female rats in the estrus phase. Male rat escape latencies were intermediate between the two female phases. These results suggest a role for gonadal hormones in the development of stress-induced behavioral depression or 'learned helplessness.'
Data abstraction: A static implementation strategy

A description of the implementation of the data abstraction mechanism for the Model programming language is discussed. The Model programming language utilizes a “static” approach to data abstraction in that abstract concepts are expanded by early phases of the compiler in a controlled fashion into base language concepts. Thus, the final phase of the compiler sees only base language constructions. Exemplified are generic procedures accepting parameters of several different data types. A discussion is given of the problem of “parameter explosion”, a problem traditionally inherent in languages implementing open (inline) procedures.
Guidelines for Application of Portable Work Zone Intelligent Transportation Systems

Work zone intelligent transportation systems (WZITSs) are promoted as a way to improve safety and reduce congestion at work zone locations where traditional traffic management centers do not exist. These systems usually integrate portable changeable message signs and speed sensors with a central control system that automatically determines appropriate messages that are based on current traffic conditions. Manufacturers of these systems claim that WZITSs can warn drivers of downstream congestion, alert drivers to slower speeds ahead, and suggest alternate routes on the basis of prevailing conditions. Transportation agencies are often asked to make decisions on the installation of a WZITS without the benefit of objective information on its expected performance. Relatively few operational tests of these systems have been performed, and the results are not always well documented or conclusive. Agencies need guidance to help them determine whether a WZITS system would improve safety and operations at a specific site. Applications of WZITSs are reviewed, and a series of guidelines for their deployment, based on lessons learned from past tests, is presented.
WDM-based 2D multiple beam steering with an acoustically steered and rotated (ASTRO) true-time-delay generator

We propose a method for 2D multiple beam generation without causing extraneous beams in the ASTRO architecture. By simply adding a circular light block (spatial filter) at the center of the polygon mirror on the ASTRO true time delay generator, all the extraneous beams can be removed without requiring additional hardware. Experimental results to prove the concepts will be described with related analyses.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Blockade of tolerance to stress-induced analgesia by MK-801 in mice.

Abstract The N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in mechanisms of tolerance to morphine-induced analgesia. The present study examined the role of the NMDA receptor in the development of tolerance to stress-induced analgesia (SIA). In the first experiment, mice were exposed to a stressor (a 3-min forced swim in water maintained at 32°C) once daily for 15 consecutive days. Analgesia was measured 2 min after stress on the first and last day using the hot-plate test. To examine the role of the NMDA receptor in the development of tolerance to SIA mice were treated daily with the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, 15 min before swimming. Pretreatment with MK-801 was found to block both analgesia and tolerance. In a second experiment, to examine whether SIA and tolerance to SIA are mediated by similar or different mechanisms, mice were injected daily with MK-801 after analgesia had dissipated (1 h following swim). Tolerance to SIA was blocked by delayed injections of MK-801. These results suggest that the NMDA receptor is involved in mechanisms of tolerance to SIA, independent of its role in analgesia.
International comparisons: selected mental health data.

The data set from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was explored to investigate the relationship of gross domestic product (which provides an indication of the wealth of a country) and the provision of psychiatric services (specifically inpatient psychiatric services) in selected OECD countries. Gross domestic product per capita correlated .84 with expenditure per capita on psychiatric hospitals but r was zero between number of beds per 1000 population and length of stay.
Thin ferroelectric interferometer for spatial light modulations

Thin ferroelectric interferometers (TFI’s) for use as light-modulating devices were fabricated entirely with thin-film techniques on sapphire substrates. The ferroelectric layer in the TFI devices was a lead lanthanum zirconated titanate thin-film material, which can be formed from a chemical solution on highly reflective dielectric mirror surfaces. Light intensity modulation in both transmission and reflection modes was demonstrated with the fabricated devices. Experimental data and simulations show that TFI devices possess tremendous potential in spatial light modulators because of their fast-switching, low-driving voltage and readiness for integration with a variety of substrates, including silicon.
Systematic literature review of Internet interventions across health behaviors

Purpose: This review examines Internet interventions aiming to change health behaviors in the general population. Methods: Internet health interventions in the USA published between January 2005 and December 2013 were identified through Medline and CINAHL. Keywords used were (Internet or e-health or social media or web) paired with (intervention or program*). A total of 38 articles met all criteria and were reviewed. Results: Studies were analyzed by targeted health behavior interventions: tobacco (5), alcohol (4), weight loss (7), physical activity (PA) (7), nutrition (2), PA and nutrition combined (5), HIV or sexual health (4), and chronic diseases (4). Interventions ranged from one session to 24 weeks (average 6–12 weeks). Common strategies used, including web-based information, tailored feedback, weekly e-mails, goal setting, and self-assessment. Social cognitive theory and the transtheoretical models were the most commonly used frameworks. Recruitment strategies were typically media based varied by settings and populations. Except for the tobacco interventions, the majority studies yielded significant outcomes. Conclusion: This review provides updates and synthesized knowledge on the design and consistent effectiveness of Internet interventions across health behaviors. Results have implications for public health and healthcare professionals, as they play a key role in developing and delivering health promotion interventions as well as in assisting the communities and clients serviced obtaining evidence-based health information.
Restricted Energy Loss by Extremely Relativistic Particles

The restricted energy loss of electrons, positrons, protons, and pions passing through nuclear emulsions has been measured by observation of the variation in blob and grain density as a function of $\ensuremath{\gamma}=\frac{1}{{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2})}^{\frac{1}{2}}}$. All measurements were made in small areas (7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) of two Ilford $K\ensuremath{-}5$ emulsion pellicles. A careful examination of the variation of blob density with track depth was made in both pellicles. The results of our measurements on the relativistic rise ($5l\ensuremath{\gamma}l36$) as well as on the Fermi plateau ($\ensuremath{\gamma}g100$) are in agreement with the predictions of the Sternheimer formula using a mean ionization potential $I$ of 434 eV and a cutoff energy ${W}_{0}$ of 6-10 keV. An upper limit of 1% is placed on radiative corrections of the type predicted by Tsytovitch. Correction for the finite number of developable grains traversed by the primary produced a best fit with ${W}_{0}=6$ keV, in excellent agreement with the maximum energy of a $\ensuremath{\delta}$ ray that comes to rest within the working volume of blob counting.
Sound Propagation in Liquid He-4

Measurements of the attenuation of sound in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ down to 0.1 K have been performed at 12, 30, 36, 60, 84, 90, 108, 132, 150, and 208 MHz. Measurements of the temperature dependence of the velocity of sound were made at 12, 36, 60, and 84 MHz. These data are compared with recent theoretical work, particularly that of Khalatnikov and Chernikova. The attenuation data agree well with theory in the vicinity of the peak in the attenuation near 1 K but do not agree elsewhere, the observed attenuation being greater than that predicted by theory. The temperature dependence of the velocity at low temperatures is found to be less than that predicted by theory, while the frequency dependence of the velocity (at finite temperature) is opposite to that predicted by theory.
The jacobian and formal group of a curve of genus 2 over an arbitrary ground field

An embedding of the Jacobian variety of a curve of genus 2 is given, together with an explicit set of defining equations. A pair of local parameters is chosen, for which the induced formal group is defined over the same ring as the coefficients of . It is not assumed that has a rational Weierstrass point, and the theory presented applies over an arbitrary ground field (of characteristic ╪ 2, 3, or 5).
Direct‐to‐consumer advertising and young consumers: building brand value

Purpose – Direct‐to‐consumer advertising (DTCA) is a pervasive element in society today. Consumers have responded accordingly by becoming more knowledgeable, developing specific perceptions and attitudes toward DTCA. The purpose of this article is to examine direct‐to‐consumer prescription drug advertising issues among younger adults as both consumers and caregivers to determine whether companies are, or should be, taking advantage of building brand value through DTCA.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 225 young adults answered questionnaires to measure the effects of DTCA. The questionnaire was based on a study by the National Consumers League and only the items that were most central to the current study were utilized and/or modified to measure the following key variables: age; current health status; prescription drug use; attitudes toward DTCA; interest in DTCA; DTCA recall; and inclination to seek additional information.Findings – The findings show that demographics influence attitudes and inte...
Towards topographically sensitive urbanism: re-envisioning earthwork terracing in suburban development

The expanding peripheries of many cities in Australia and North America increasingly encroach into steep terrain. Prevailing 20th-century urban models have exerted a negligible influence in this environment where large-scale earthmoving techniques facilitate flat-land suburban morphologies irrespective of the site. In steeper terrain this practice results in engineered ‘benched’ landscapes comprising flat building pads interspersed with high retaining walls or embankments. Given the currently disparate nature of research on this practice, the article establishes a framework for incorporating greater topographical sensitivity into the sustainable design and planning of suburban landscapes. Drawing on examples from the Bay Area (California) and Perth (Western Australia), the paper: (1) overviews the root causes of suburban topographic benching, (2) outlines key negative ecological and psychological consequences of this practice, and (3) discusses mechanisms for fostering more topographically responsive desi...