cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Form drag in rivers due to small-scale natural topographic features: 2. Irregular sequences

[1] The size, shape, and spacing of small-scale topographic features found on the boundaries of natural streams, rivers, and floodplains can be quite variable. Consequently, a procedure for determining the form drag on irregular sequences of different-sized topographic features is essential for calculating near-boundary flows and sediment transport. A method for carrying out such calculations is developed in this paper. This method builds on the work of Kean and Smith (2006), which describes the flow field for the simpler case of a regular sequence of identical topographic features. Both approaches model topographic features as two-dimensional elements with Gaussian-shaped cross sections defined in terms of three parameters. Field measurements of bank topography are used to show that (1) the magnitude of these shape parameters can vary greatly between adjacent topographic features and (2) the variability of these shape parameters follows a lognormal distribution. Simulations using an irregular set of topographic roughness elements show that the drag on an individual element is primarily controlled by the size and shape of the feature immediately upstream and that the spatial average of the boundary shear stress over a large set of randomly ordered elements is relatively insensitive to the sequence of the elements. In addition, a method to transform the topography of irregular surfaces into an equivalently rough surface of regularly spaced, identical topographic elements also is given. The methods described in this paper can be used to improve predictions of flow resistance in rivers as well as quantify bank roughness.
Identification of a novel protein from glial cells based on its ability to interact with NF-kappaB subunits.

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) represents a family of inducible DNA-binding transcription factors whose activity is critical for expression of the HIV-1 genome in a broad range of cells. In addition to its interaction with the kappaB DNA sequence, the association of NF-kappaB subunits with other cellular proteins plays an important role in stimulation of HIV-1 gene transcription in astrocytic cells. Here, we utilized a yeast two-hybrid system to screen a cDNA library from a human astrocytic cell line and were able to isolate a partial cDNA belonging to a gene with an open reading frame of 1,871 amino acid residues which binds to both the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB. This gene, named NF-kappaB-binding protein (NFBP) is located on chromosome 10q24.2-25.1 and hybridized to a single transcript of nearly 6 kb in size. It is localized to the nucleus, specifically the nucleolus of cells. Extensive computer analysis was performed with the sequence of the full length NFBP and significant homology was found between NFBP, and yeast and mouse proteins. A discussion of the potential roles of NFBP in normal and viral infected cells is included.
Lifetime measurements of the 4 f 14 5 d metastable states in single ytterbium ions

The ytterbium ion has a rich level structure of low-lying states, and is one of the most widely used in experiments with trapped ions. We have measured the radiative lifetimes for the two ${4f}^{14}5d$ metastable states using single ytterbium ions confined in a rf trap. The obtained lifetimes for ${D}_{3/2}$ and ${D}_{5/2}$ states are 52.7(2.4) and 7.0(0.4) ms, respectively. The results are in good agreement with previously measured values, but differ significantly from theoretical estimates. The ${P}_{1/2}$ branching ratio into ${D}_{3/2}$ has also been obtained from the experiment to be 0.0483 with a 9% uncertainty.
The Race Construct and Public Opinion: Understanding Brazilian Beliefs about Racial Inequality and Their Determinants1

Researchers hold that the racial democracy ideology fosters a rejection of discrimination‐based explanations for racial inequality, thereby affecting antiracist mobilization. This study finds that Brazilians understand the discriminatory basis of inequality and that an attitudinal dimension associated with racial democracy strongly increases the likelihood of that understanding. Negative stereotyping produces a smaller opposite effect, and “race” is not a significant predictor. Finally, Brazilian and American racial attitudes differ considerably in explaining black disadvantage. These findings question perceptions of Brazilian racial attitudes and the efficacy of dominant theories for their analysis, suggesting a context‐driven approach to theorizing and for antidiscrimination strategizing.
Aphthous ulcerations associated with trisomy 8-positive myelodysplastic syndrome.

The association of Behcet's disease with myelodysplastic syndromes has been established in the hematologic, gastrointestinal, and medical genetics literature; trisomy 8 is a feature present in 70% of these reports. Because trisomy 8 is ordinarily present in only 14% of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, this is a significant overrepresentation. We describe a patient with recurrent aphthous stomatitis who was subsequently diagnosed with trisomy 8–positive myelodysplastic syndrome after an unexplained macrocytosis was further investigated.
Radiation Induced Coloring of Glasses Measured during and after Electron Irradiation

The growth of color centers during irradiation, and the decay after irradiation, has been studied in two glasses using recently developed equipment for making optical absorption and luminescence measurements during and after electron irradiation. The glasses studied were NBS 710, a soda-lime silicate glass and NBS 711, a lead-silicate glass. Both glasses exhibit similar coloring characteristics. The radiation induced absorption spectra consists of a weak Gaussian shaped band in the visible, a stronger Gaussian band in the ultra violet and a band edge "shift" which may be accurately approximated by a third Gaussian band. For all absorption bands the color center vs. dose (or irradiation time) curves can be accurately resolved into two saturating exponential and one linear component. The decay curves obtained after the irradiation is terminated can be accurately expressed by three exponential components. Coloring and decay curves made at different dose rates indicate that the processes responsible for decay after irradiation and electron hole recombination during irradiation play important roles in determining the rate and extent of coloring. The results are qualitatively in agreement with some very simple kinetic treatments for color center formation. In some, but not all, respects the quantitative agreement is also good.
Hyperfine structure measurements of high-lying levels of uranium

A technique for precisely measuring hyperfine structure of any level of neutral uranium which can be excited by a single or multistep transition from the ground or a low-lying-metastable state has been developed. Numerous spectra were measured and fit to obtain precise hyperfine splitting constants. In particular, measurements on the 31 869-cm−1 odd level have determined the following: J = 6, magnetic dipole constant A = −47.2 ± 0.6 MHz and electric quadrupole constant B = 1892 ± 26 MHz. Structure of serveral excited states of known configuration were measured including the 15 632-cm−1f2d2s2(5L7) and the 16 930-cm−1f3dsp (7K5) levels.
A Sociotechnical Analysis of the Integrated Factory

This article presents a sociotechnical systems (STS) analysis of the integratedfactory. The authors discuss the new technology and new manufacturing methods, describe the organizational characteristics of thefully integrated factory, andpresent their visions of what the technical and social systems of such factories will be. The article presents strategies for managing the automation offactories and concludes with a time frame for organizational change.
Detection of nuclear resonance signals: modification of the receiver operating characteristics using feedback.

The performance of a nuclear resonance detection system can be quantified using binary detection theory. Within this framework, signal averaging increases the probability of a correct detection and decreases the probability of a false alarm by reducing the variance of the noise in the average signal. In conjunction with signal averaging, we propose another method based on feedback control concepts that further improves detection performance. By maximizing the nuclear resonance signal amplitude, feedback raises the probability of correct detection. Furthermore, information generated by the feedback algorithm can be used to reduce the probability of false alarm. We discuss the advantages afforded by feedback that cannot be obtained using signal averaging. As an example, we show how this method is applicable to the detection of explosives using nuclear quadrupole resonance.
An Ontology for Representation of Fixture Design Knowledge

AbstractAs design and manufacturing practices are increasingly becoming global and distributed, collaborative design by dispersed machine agents is garnering more attention as an appropriate framework for product development. One of the major challenges in deployment of agent-based systems in distributed environments is provision of a common language which connects the heterogeneous actors both syntactically and semantically. Focusing on fixture design process, this paper introduces a formal ontology, called FIXON, for representation of domain knowledge. The proposed ontology uses Description Logic (DL) as the knowledge representation formalism, thus enabling automated reasoning and inference by machine agents. To demonstrate how the proposed ontology supports seamless information exchange among machine agents, four application areas, namely, problem formulation, design representation, design retrieval and design validation are discussed.
Child care and infectious respiratory disease during the first two years of life in a rural Kenyan community

Recent research in the U.S. has demonstrated the health risks accompanying the increase in use of day care centers for infants and young children, a trend that reflects large-scale social and economic changes. The present study reports increased risk of respiratory disease in rural Kenyan children, resulting from increased exposure to unrelated young children. The shift in risk patterns accompanies sociocultural and economic trends during the 1970s: maternal participation in work groups for cash cropping and increased school attendance by other family members. Thus as in the American case, participation in modern patterns of household economics significantly influences the pattern of illness for infants and young children.
Effect of allopurinol on the accumulation of xanthine dehydrogenase in liver and pancreas of chicks after hatching

Abstract Allopurinol when fed to chicks during early posthatching development causes a doubling in the level of liver XDH which is due largely to an increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis with no change in the rate of enzyme degradation. Uric acid, a product of XDH activity, is markedly decreased in the liver of chicks fed with allopurinol; the substrates are markedly elevated in concentration, suggesting that end-product repression or substrate induction of enzyme synthesis is involved. Allopurinol has no effect on the enzyme level of the pancreas, which gives additional support to the suggestion that different control mechanisms operate in the regulation of this enzyme in these two organs.
Identification of Direct Transcriptional Target Genes of ExoS/ChvI Two-Component Signaling in Sinorhizobium meliloti

The Sinorhizobium meliloti ExoS/ChvI two-component signaling pathway is required for the development of a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between S. meliloti and its plant hosts. ExoS/ChvI also has important roles in regulating succinoglycan production, biofilm formation, motility, nutrient utilization, and the viability of free-living bacteria. Previous microarray experiments with an exoS96::Tn5 mutant indicated that ExoS/ChvI influences the expression of a few hundred genes, complicating the investigation of which downstream genes respond directly or indirectly to ExoS/ChvI regulation. To focus our study of ExoS/ChvI transcriptional target genes, we performed transcriptional profiling with chvI gain-of-function and reduced-function strains. The chvI gain-of-function strain that we used contains a dominant gain-of-function chvI allele in addition to wild-type chvI. We identified genes that, relative to their expression level in the wild type, are both upregulated in the chvI gain-of-function strain and downregulated in the reduced-function strain or vice versa. Guided by this focused set of genes, we performed gel mobility shift assays and demonstrated that ChvI directly binds the intergenic regions upstream of ropB1, SMb21440, and SMc01580. Furthermore, DNase I footprint analysis of the region upstream of SMc01580 identified a specific DNA sequence bound by ChvI and allowed the discovery of a possible motif for ChvI binding. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of how ExoS/ChvI regulates its downstream targets and lay a foundation for studying this conserved pathway with critical roles in free-living and symbiotic bacteria.
Effect of surfactant concentration on the stability of aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions

The effect of a surfactant (polyoxyethylene diethylenetriamine dialkylamide) on the stability of aqueous titanium dioxide (TiO2) dispersion was studied by measuring adsorption and ζ potentials. It was found that as the surfactant concentration increases, stability decreases initially and then increases, showing a minimum. As the concentration increases further, stability decreases, showing a maximum. The ζ potential changes from negative to positive as the adsorption increases and reaches a maximum when the adsorption reaches a plateau value. The dispersion flocculated when the absolute values of the ζ potential dropped below 10 mV, indicating that the destabilization by the surfactant in the low surfactant concentration is due to reduction of the electrical repulsion. Destabilization at the higher surfactant concentration is likely caused by the depletion effect since there is no change in adsorption and ζ potential in the concentration range, and the surfactant molecules are not sufficiently large to form bridges between particles.
Pegaptanib sodium for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a review.

Abstract Objective: This article reviews available informationon the new selective vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer pegaptanib in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, contraindications, and drug-interaction potential of pegaptanib are discussed, and the results of clinical trials evaluating its efficacy and tolerability are summarized. Methods: Relevant articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966-June 2005) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-June 2005). The search terms included pegaptanib sodium, Macugen, age-related macular degeneration , and choroidal neovascularization . The reference lists of identified articles were reviewed for additional publications, and further information was obtained from the manufacturer of pegaptanib. Included studies were review articles and Phase II, III, and IV clinical trials, with preference given to available Phase III studies. Results: Only 1 research group has evaluated the tolerability and efficacy of pegaptanib in patients with neovascular ARMD. The VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization involved 2 concurrent randomized trials of intravitreous injections of pegaptanib 0.3 mg (n = 294), 1 mg (n = 300), and 3 mg (n = 296) compared with sham injections (n = 296) every 6 weeks for 54 weeks in patients with neovascular ARMD. Assessments were conducted at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 42, 48, and 54 weeks. The primary end point was the proportion of patients losing P P P = 0.03), respectively, compared with 55% of those receiving the sham injections. Significant improvements in visual acuity with pegaptanib compared with the sham-injection group were seen at all time points (0.3 and 1 mg: P P P P P P = 0.001). Injection-related adverse events during the first year of pegaptanib treatment included endophthalmitis in 12 (1.3%) patients, retinal detachment in 6 (0.7%) patients, and traumatic injury to the lens in 5 (0.6%) patients. Conclusions: There are few published clinical data on pegaptanib. In 2 clinical comparisons with sham injections, pegaptanib was well tolerated and effective in slowing the decline in visual acuity in patients with neovascular ARMD. This agent may be considered an option for the treatment of neovascular ARMD.
An assessment of experimental carcinogen-detecting systems with special reference to inorganic arsenicals.

Abstract The human, animal, and short-term data for arsenical compounds are reviewed and assessed. Epidemiologic and clinical observations indicate a causal relation between inorganic arsenic and skin cancer and suggest that arsenicals may be respiratory carcinogens as well. However, a carcinogenic role for inorganic arsenic has not been demonstrated in animal experiments and positive findings with arsenicals have not been reported in short-term tests. Some limitations in the short- and long-term bioassay systems that are presently used to identify potential human carcinogens are discussed. It is recommended that mutation induction in salmonella bacteria be adopted as a prescreen for certain classes of chemicals. Additional prescreen assays, independent of mutagenicity, should be developed and validated to supplement these bacterial results.
Evaluating the drug-target relationship between thymidylate synthase expression and tumor response to 5-fluorouracil: Is it time to move forward?

Thymidylate synthase is a target of 5-fluoruracil, a pyrimidine analog used to treat gastrointestinal and other cancers. The 5-fluorouracil metabolite, fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate, forms a ternary complex with thymidylate synthase and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time-honored connection between thymidylate synthase and 5-fluorouracil. From our literature search spanning reports from 1995 to 2007 published in journals having an impact factor greater than 2, we stratified the tumors within each article, according to low versus high thymidylate synthase expression. These groups were subdivided into responders, stable disease or disease progression. The relationship between thymidylate synthase expression and 5-fluorouracil response was analyzed for the overall group, as well as for subsets. Overall, the literature supported an approximately 2-fold inverse relationship between thymidylate synthase expression and response to 5-fluoruracil. We found no change in the trend for a relationship between thymidylate synthase and 5-fluorouracil when the literature was stratified by date of publication, impact factor of the journal in which the report was published, or substrate (mRNA versus protein) for measuring thymidylate synthase expression. Of note, there is no significant change in the trend when comparing 5-fluorouracil treatment alone or in combination with leucovorin. We found a decline of this trend when certain chemotherapeutics were used in combination with 5-fluorouracil. In sum, the connection between thymidylate synthase expression and patient response to 5-fluorouracil does not satisfy expectations for an effective drug-target relationship; and thus, studies of the thymidylate synthase tandem repeat status might only be clinically valuable in regards to patient toxicity. Thus, we question the reliability of thymidylate synthase expression as a clinical predictor of 5-fluorouracil response. Future research could perhaps be directed towards alternate targets and metabolites of 5-fluorouracil, in an effort to find a clinically relevant biomarker panel for response and to optimize fluoropyrimidine-based therapy.
Changes in the content and composition of pedogenic iron oxyhydroxides in a chronosequence of soils in southern California

Studies of the pedogenic iron oxyhydroxides in suites of latest Holocene to middle Pleistocene soils formed on fluvial deposits of the transverse ranges, southern California, indicate that the content and composition of iron oxyhydroxide change in a systematic manner. Analysis of total secondary free iron oxides (dithionite extractable, Fe2O3d) and ferrihydrite (oxalate extractable, Fe2O3o) shows that (1) a single-logarithmic model (Y = a + b log X) or double logarithmic model (log Y = a + b log X), where Y is the total mass of pedogenic Fe oxides (g/cm2-soil column) and X is soil age, describes the rate of increase in Fe2O3d with time; (2) the Fe2O3d content correlates linearly with soil reddening and clay content; (3) the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio, which indicates the degree of Fe oxide crystallinity, is moderately high to very high (0.22–0.58) in middle Holocene to latest Pleistocene soils and progressively decreases to less than 0.10 in older soils; (4) the value of the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio also appears to be infuenced by climate; and (5) temporal changes in Fe oxide content and mineralogy are accompanied by related, systematic changes in clay mineralogy and organic matter content. These relationships are attributed to a soil environment that must initially favor ferrihydrite precipitation and/or organic matter-Fe complexation. Subsequent transformation to hematite causes increasingly intense reddening and a concomitant decrease in the Fe2O3oFe2O3d ratio. The results demonstrate that iron oxide analysis is useful for numerical age studies of noncalcic soils and shows potential as an indicator of paleoclimates.
Gone Without the WNT: A Requirement for WNT5A in Germ Cell Migration and Testis Development

The article by Chawengsaksophak et al. in this issue of Biology of Reproduction identifies the WNT5A signaling molecule as an important component that guides PGCs to their destination.
Structure and magnetism of the RTiFe/sub 11/ compounds (R=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er)

Ternary alloys of the composition RTiFe/sub 11/ (R=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er) were prepared and investigated. The samples were found to be nearly single-phase materials, with small amounts of extraneous phases appearing primarily along the grain boundaries. The Curie temperatures were observed to be in the range 502 to 603 K and to vary with the R component according to the square root of the de Gennes function, reflecting the R-Fe exchange interaction. All of the compounds studied, except TbTiFe/sub 11/, possess uniaxial anisotropy at room temperature. The results obtained indicate that the R and Fe sublattices couple in an antiparallel manner, as is normally the case in heavy rare-earth-transition-metal compounds. A first-order magnetization process (FOMP) was observed in the Dy and Ho compounds, but not in their Gd and Er analogs. In the case of the Tb compound, there were some indications of the FOMP, but it was not nearly as pronounced as in the case of the Dy- and Ho-based compounds. The M versus T curves provide strong evidence of spin reorientations in the systems containing Tb, Dy, and Ho. AC susceptibility studies suggest the presence of a spin reorientation in the Er compound. >
Is there need for baryons with constituent glue

Abstract We investigate the breathing-mode spectrum of the Λ -particle in the framework of a general bag model including confinement via surface tension and volume energy. We show that the experimental states Λ 1 2 (1600) and Λ 1 2 (1800) can be described as radial surface excitations of the Λ . We further comment on a recent paper describing these Λ -excitations as baryons with constituent glue.
Total Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Metabolic Acidosis

To prevent acid-base disturbances, a patient receiving intravenous nutritional solutions must excrete the daily metabolic production of acid. These hydrogen ions are generated from external (infused) sources and internal metabolic processes. Patients with normal respiratory and renal organ function are capable of excreting these volatile and nonvolatile acids, respectively, and maintaining acid-base balance. However, increased renal or gastrointestinal loss of bicarbonate, diminished renal excretion of acid, or increased acid production may all result in a metabolic acidosis. This article reviews the mechanisms of hydrogen ion production associated with total parenteral nutrition and the variety of disease states leading to development of a metabolic acidosis.
Optical characterization of condensed and photofixed RTV effluent

Room Temperature Vulcanized (RTV) materials, such as silicone adhesives, are commonly used to bond components of communication satellites and other types of spacecraft. The elevated satellite operating temperature causes the unused catalyst material in the RTV to volatize, which can then re-deposit or condense onto other spacecraft surfaces. In the presence of sunlight, this Volatile Condensable Material (VCM) can photo-chemically deposit onto optically-sensitive spacecraft surfaces and significantly alter their original, beginning-of-life (BOL) optical properties, such as solar absorptance and emittance, causing unintended performance loss of the spacecraft. Knowledge of the optical impact of photo-chemically-deposited VCM's is therefore a major concern of spacecraft designers and spacecraft-contamination engineers. In view of this we have employed in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry to monitor in real time the optical constants of the condensed effluent of RTV CV-566 as well as its photofixed effluent. This technique is sensitive to nm thick layers and can be used to extract n and k as a function of wavelength. We will present the optical constants, n and k, for both condensed unexposed and the photofixed film.
TGFβ signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a key regulator of epithelial cell proliferation, immune function and angiogenesis. Because TGFβ signaling maintains epithelial homeostasis, dysregulated TGFβ signaling is common in many malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Defective TGFβ signaling in epithelial cells causes hyperproliferation, reduced apoptosis and increased genomic instability, and the compensatory increase in TGFβ production by tumor epithelial cells with TGFβ signaling defects further promotes tumor growth and metastases by increasing angiogenesis and inflammation in tumor stromal cells. Here, we review the mouse models that we used to study TGFβ signaling in HNSCC.
Continuous wave operation of type-II interband cascade lasers

Continuous wave operation of interband cascade lasers based on type-II InAs/Ga(In)Sb heterostructures is reported. The interband cascade lasers, consisting of 23 cascaded active regions, lased at wavelengths near 4 /spl mu/m. Continuous wave operation was observed from 60-110 /spl mu/m wide by 1.02 mm long mesa-stripe lasers at temperatures up to 70 K.
165 TESTICULAR TUMORS WITH PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME (PJS)

Females with PJS (mucocutaneous pigmentation and intestinal polyposis) have an increased risk of ovarian tumors, with 5% developing a pathologically distinct neoplasm described as a sex cord tumor with annular tubules. We evaluated a 6 yr old male with PJS for bilateral gynecomastia. Testes both measured 3 ml and were normal to palpation. Although two initial estradiol levels were less than 10 pg/ml, a subsequent value was moderately elevated at 24 pg/ml. T4, FSH, LH, T, prolactin and DHAS were all within the normal range for his age. Bone age was slightly advanced at 8.2 yr. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, including both adrenals, was normal. Ultrasonography of the testes, however, demonstrated multiple echogenic areas in both testes. Open biopsy revealed multiple minute foci of large-cell, calcifying Sertoli cell tumors. Since the lesions did not appear to be malignant by histology, and were bilateral, the testes were not removed. Subsequently, there has been no progression of the gynecomastia, and serum estradiol has remained <20 pg/ml. Although similar tumors have been reported in two other prepubertal males with PJS, this case is unique in that the tumors were 1) bilateral and multifocal, 2) nonpalpable, and 3) detected by ultrasound. Taken together, these reports strongly suggest that males, as well as females, with PJS are at risk for gonadal tumors and, as such, all patients with PJS should be closely followed for the potential development of gonadal tumors.
Titelbild: Selectivity Control in Gold-Mediated Esterification of Methanol (Angew. Chem. 23/2009)

Auf Gold adsorbierte Sauerstoffatome erleichtern die Umwandlung von Methanol zu Methylformiat, Formaldehyd und Ameisensaure bei tiefen Temperaturen. Die Reaktionen finden an sauerstoffhaltigen Goldnanopartikeln mit ca. 2 nm Durchmesser statt, die bei der Oxidation einer Au(111)-Oberflache mit Ozon entstehen. Der genaue Reaktionsmechanismus wird von C. M. Friend und Mitarbeitern in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 4270 ff. besprochen.
Lethal midline granuloma with a novel T‐Cell phenotype as found in peripheral T‐Cell lymphoma

Lethal midline granuloma (LMG), initially a clinical description, includes an uncommon group of disorders characterized by a relentless, destructive process involving the upper respiratory structures. Its etiology and pathogenesis are uncertain, probably varied, and the distinction between inflammatory and malignant processes is difficult despite extensive clinical and histopathologic evaluation. The need for new techniques for rapid diagnosis has important therapeutic implications. Using an extensive panel of T- and B-cell monoclonal antibodies the authors describe a patient with clinically and pathologically typical LMG demonstrating an “activated” T-cell phenotype with a “novel” patterns characterstic of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, strongly implying that some cases of LMG are more closely related to neoplastic T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders than to inflammatory conditions. Further studies using these immunotyping techniques may help clarify the pathogenesis of LMG, and may uncover specific diagnostic and prognostic phenotypic patterns. Cancer 59:936-939, 1987.
Unit-cell vibrational spectra of chromium trichoride and chromium tribromide☆

Abstract Raman spectra (at temperatures down to 4.2°K) and infrared spectra (at room temperature) of chromium trichloride and chromium tribromide have been obtained. Based on a factor group analysis and on the insensitivity of the CrCl3 Raman spectrum to the monoclinic ā rhombohedral structural transformation, it is concluded that the spectra are characteristic of the unit cell of the diperiodic halogen-metal-halogen “sandwich” and not of the unit cell of the true triperiodic crystallographic space group.
Isoprenoid and Dicarboxylic Acids Isolated from Colorado Green River Shale (Eocene)

Isoprenoid and dicarboxylic acids isolated from Colorado Green River shale /eocene/ organic extract, discussing structural identification by mass spectrometry
The genetic/metabolic transformation concept of carcinogenesis.

The carcinogenesis process is poorly understood and subject to varying concepts and views. A rejuvenated interest has arisen regarding the role of altered cellular intermediary metabolism in the development and progression of cancer. As a result, differing views of the implications of altered metabolism in the development of cancer exist. None of the concepts recognize and incorporate the principles of cell metabolism to cell activity, which are applicable to all cells including the carcinogenesis process. This presentation incorporates a novel concept of carcinogenesis that includes a “genetic/metabolic” transformation that encompasses these principles of cell metabolism to cell activity. The intermediary metabolism transformation is essential to provide the bioenergetic/synthetic, growth/proliferation, and migration/invasive events of malignancy. The concept invokes an “oncogenetic transformation” for the development of neoplastic cells from their precursor normal cells; and a required “genetic/metabolic” transformation for facilitation of the development of the neoplastic cells to malignant cells with the manifestation of the malignant process. Such a concept reveals stages and events of carcinogenesis that provide approaches for the identification of biomarkers and for development of therapeutic agents. The presentation discusses the contemporary application of genetics and proteomics to altered cellular metabolism in cancer; and underscores the importance of proper integration of genetics and proteomics with biochemical and metabolic studies, and the consequences of inappropriate studies.
Real-time estimation of small-area populations with human biomarkers in sewage.

Abstract A new approach is conceptualized for measuring small-area human populations by using biomarkers in sewage. The basis for the concept (SCIM: Sewage Chemical-Information Mining) is supported by a comprehensive examination and synthesis of data published across several disciplines, including medicine, microbiology, clinical chemistry, and environmental science. Accurate measures of human populations are fundamental to numerous disciplines, including economics, marketing, politics, sociology, public health and safety (e.g., disease management; assessment of natural hazards; disaster prevention and response), quality of life, and the environment. Knowing the size, distribution, and flow of a small-area (local) population facilitates understanding the numerous and complex linkages and interactions between humans and the environment. Examples include material-flow (substance-flow) analysis, determining the magnitude of per capita contribution of pollutant loadings to watersheds, or forecasting future impacts of local populations on the environment or a population's demands on resources. While no definitive approach exists for measuring small-area populations, census-taking is a long-established convention. No approach exists, however, for gauging small-area populations in real-time, as none is able to capture population dynamics, which involve transient changes (e.g., daily influx and efflux) and lasting changes (e.g., births, deaths, change in residence). Accurate measurement of small-area populations in real time has never been possible but is essential for facilitating the design of more sustainable communities. Real-time measurement would provide communities the capability of testing what-if scenarios in design and policy decisions. After evaluation of a range of biomarkers (including the nitrogenous waste product creatinine, which has been long used in clinical chemistry as a parameter to normalize the concentrations of other urinary excretion products to account for urine dilution), the biomarker with the most potential for the SCIM concept for real-time measurement of population was determined to be coprostanol - the major sterol produced by microbial reduction of cholesterol in the colon.
An efficient flow-injection system with on-line gas diffusion preconcentration for the determination of trace amounts of ammonium nitrogen at μg/L levels by spectrophotometry

An improvement of a flow injection system involving on-line separation and preconcentration by gas diffusion is described for the determination of trace amounts of ammonium nitrogen at μg/L levels by spectrophotometry. A manifold for the concentration step is proposed. The sampling frequency is between 60 to 80 samples/h. The detection limit is 0.8 μg/L. The relative standard deviations of the method are 2.8-1.8% at 10–15 μg/L levels.
In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: progress toward clinical application.

Abstract In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUHCT) is a potential therapeutic alternative to postnatal hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for congenital hematologic disorders that can be diagnosed early in gestation and can be cured by HSCT. The rationale is to take advantage of normal events during hematopoietic and immunologic ontogeny to facilitate allogeneic hematopoietic engraftment. Although the rationale remains compelling, IUHCT has not yet achieved its clinical potential. Achieving therapeutic levels of engraftment by IUHCT alone remains challenging. However, considerable experimental progress has been made toward the clinical strategy of using IUHCT to induce donor-specific tolerance to facilitate a relatively nontoxic postnatal HSCT. Because donor specific tolerance induction requires relatively minimal engraftment, this strategy may hold the key to broad clinical application of IUHCT in the near future.
Particle transport in horizontal convection: Implications for the ``Sandström theorem''

The “Sandstrom theorem” as interpreted by Jeffreys is that in a flow maintained by a temperature difference, the pathline from the cold region to the warm region must lie below the return path. A formal demonstration of the argument for a rotating fluid requires three assumptions about the relative circulation around a closed material line: (1) the flowis steady, (2) the closed material line is a closed streamline and (3) the work done by friction along the streamline is negative. The argument extends to unsteady flows, thereby relaxing (1–2), if the absolute circulation along the material line is a bounded function of time—a condition that is met for flows with small Rossby number. Its validity for time-periodic two-dimensional flows of horizontal convection is verified numerically. Poincare sections reveal the presence of chaotic particle transport in these flows, even though the Eulerian velocity fields have a simple time dependence. In spite of chaotic advection, particle motion is in general downwards in the cold region and upwards in the warm region of the fluid, which is consistent with the flow shape envisioned by Jeffreys. This paper gives support to the validity of his argument for the unsteady case and enhances its relevance for the dynamical interpretation of the basic structure of geophysical flows.
Diffusion coefficients of model contaminants in dense CO2

Dense CO2 extraction is an emerging technology in cleaning and remediation. The successful design and implementation of processes based on this technology require the accurate determination of solute diffusivities in the systems. In this work, a Taylor dispersion apparatus was constructed for measuring binary diffusion coefficients of benzoic acid, biphenyl, and p-dichlorobenzene in dense CO2 at temperatures of 293.15, 298.15, 308.15, 318.15, and 323.15 K and pressures from approximately 71 to 171 bar. For correlation and prediction of binary diffusivity, the Enskog kinetic approach with density correction, the Liu–Silva–Macedo (LSM) model, and the Eaton–Akgerman (EA) model were evaluated. The Enskog approach gave satisfactory predictions in liquid CO2, but it may be inappropriate to extrapolate this correlation to the supercritical region. The LSM model based on the Lennard–Jones fluid theory gave poor diffusivity predictions in liquid CO2 but its accuracy was improved in the supercritical region. The EA correlation based on the rough hard sphere theory gave accurate predictions in both the liquid and supercritical CO2 regions.
Assessing life history from commingled assemblages: the biogeochemistry of inter-tooth variability in Bronze Age Arabia

Abstract Stable isotopes represent a remarkable means of assessing the life histories of individuals in the archaeological record, primarily by taking advantage of multiple skeletal tissues that form and remodel throughout life. However, this methodological tool also has the potential to provide crucial information on the life histories of individuals represented only by commingled, fragmentary, and otherwise isolated human skeletal remains, particularly when more traditional methods of evaluation are not possible. In this study, a sequential analysis of radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and stable oxygen (δ18O) isotopes of associated molars from the in situ mandibular or maxillary fragments of 19 commingled individuals from multiple Bronze Age tombs in the United Arab Emirates was undertaken in order to examine temporal changes in mobility at the level of the individual. The majority of individuals display little difference in inter-tooth isotope ratios, suggesting a general lack of residential mobility between early childhood and late adolescence, an unexpected result given abundant evidence (artifactual and written) for a population actively engaged in both regional and interregional trade in the third millennium BC. However, two individuals from the Emirate of Fujairah demonstrate disparate inter-tooth 87Sr/86Sr values – likely indicative of some migration event – which calls into question the supposed cultural isolation of the region during the second millennium BC.
Evaluating the climatic effect of doubling atmospheric CO2 via an analysis of Earth's historical temperature record

Abstract An analysis of Earth's historical temperature record, together with data pertaining to historical increases in atmospheric CO 2 and other greenhouse gases, suggests that a 300 to 600 ppm doubling of the air's CO 2 content would raise the mean surface air temperature of the globe by
On possible psychophysical maps: I. Quadratic transformations

A certain class of quadratic transformations can be used to map multidimensional physical spaces into multidimensional perceptual spaces; their numerical representations change under various coordinate transformations in both spaces.
Photophysical and spectroscopic manifestations of the low-lying πσ* state of 4-(dimethylamino)benzethyne: solvent-polarity dependence of fluorescence and excited-state absorptions

A concerted experimental and computational study of 4-(dimethylamino)benzethyne, DMABE, has been carried out to probe the low-lying πσ* state and the role it plays in the photophysics of the molecule. The subpicosecond transient absorption spectra reveal the presence of a strong excited-state absorption at about 700 nm and a weaker absorption at about 520 nm. The observed absorption maxima are in excellent agreement with the TDDFT calculations that place a strongly allowed πσ* ←πσ* transition at 750 nm, and a weaker ππ* ←ππ* (LE) transition at 528 nm. This agreement combined with the differing decay times, and differing solvent shifts of the two transients, allow assignments of the 700 nm absorption to the πσ* state and the 520 nm absorption to the LE (ππ*) state. The bifurcation of the initially excited La (ππ*) state into the πσ* state and the LE state, as probed by transient absorption, is strongly influenced by solvent polarity, with polar environments favoring the La→πσ* decay channel over the competing La→ LE decay channel. The nanosecond radiationless decay of the LE state to the dark πσ* state is also strongly enhanced in polar environments, thus accounting for the dramatic quenching of fluorescence in solvents of high polarity.
Hormone regulation of microglial cell activation: relevance to multiple sclerosis

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of proteins. The role of PPARs in regulating the transcription of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism has been extensively characterized. Interestingly, PPARs have also been demonstrated to mediate inflammatory responses. Microglia participate in pathology associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Upon activation, microglia produce molecules including NO and TNF-α that can be toxic to CNS cells including myelin-producing oligodendrocytes and neurons, which are compromised in the course of MS. Previously, we and others demonstrated that PPAR-γ agonists including 15d-PGJ 2 are effective in the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. PPAR-γ modulation of EAE may occur, at least in part, by inhibition of microglial cell activation. Here, we indicate that 15d-PGJ 2 is a more potent inhibitor of microglial activation than thiazolidinediones, which are currently used to treat diabetes. Furthermore, 15d-PGJ 2 acts cooperatively with 9- cis retinoic acid, the ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR), in inhibiting microglial cell activation. This suggests that 15d-PGJ 2 and 9- cis RA inhibit cell activation through the formation of PPAR-γ/RXR heterodimers. Interestingly, PGA 2 , which like 15d-PGJ 2 is a cyclopentenone prostaglandin, but which unlike 15d-PGJ 2 does not bind PPAR-γ, is a potent inhibitor of microglial cell activation. Collectively, these studies suggest that 15d-PGJ 2 inhibits microglial cell activation by PPAR-γ-dependent as well as PPAR-γ-independent mechanisms. The studies further suggest that the PPAR-γ agonist 15d-PGJ 2 in combination with retinoids may be effective in the treatment of MS.
Application of fluorescence polarization to the antigen-antibody reaction: Theory and experimental method☆

Abstract A theory for the interpretation of fluorescence polarization measurements applied to molecular interaction is presented. The interaction occurs between one kind of molecule which bears a fluorescent label and another which may or may not be fluorescent. A concept, ‘excess fluorescence’ is developed in much the same way as that of excess turbidity and corrects for the contribution of the background to the polarization. Thermodynamics results are obtained in the form of an association constant, K0, a concentration of binding sites, Fb max and a measure a of the heterogeneity of association constant. Using this technique the reaction between fluorescein-labeled ovalbumin and antibody under a variety of circumstances has been investigated. Fluorescence polarization titrations have been performed with a few micrograms of antibody protein per ml. To facilitate processing of data a least-squares program for the IBM 7090 digital computer has been devised.
Excess Maternal Glucocorticoids in Response to In Utero Undernutrition Inhibit Offspring Angiogenesis

To test the hypothesis that inhibition of offspring angiogenesis by maternal undernutrition (MUN) is mediated by maternal glucocorticoids, 3 groups of dams were studied: controls received ad libitum food; MUN dams were food restricted by 50% from day 10 of gestation; and metyrapone (MET) dams were food restricted and treated with 0.5 mg/mL of MET, a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor. The MUN reduced birth weights, reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) abundance in P1 aortas, reduced VEGF and VEGF-R2 abundances in P1 mesenteric arterioles, reduced arteriolar endothelial nitric oxide synthase abundance, reduced microvessel density in the anterior tibialis, reduced endothelial cell branching in culture, reduced arteriolar immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), increased active caspase 3 in P1 mesenteric arterioles, and decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 abundances in lysates of P1 aortas. All of these effects were prevented by treatment with metyrapone. Collectively, these findings suggest that reduced angiogenesis in MUN offspring involves direct inhibitory effects of maternal glucorticoid on fetal VEGF and its receptors.
Mediated electrochemical oxidation of a fully encapsulated redox active center

While the direct electrochemical oxidation of ferrocene encapsulated inside a dimeric molecular capsule is essentially suppressed, a cationic ferrocene derivative binds to the capsule's external surface and acts as an effective electrochemical mediator.
Polyclonal antibodies to a fluorescent 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-derived lysine-lysine cross-link: characterization and application to HNE-treated protein and in vitro oxidized low-density lipoprotein.

Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to play a key role in the etiology of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL that accumulates in atherosclerotic plaques is known to exhibi...