cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the cell biology of interendothelial cell gaps

Pain, redness, heat, and swelling are hallmarks of inflammation that were recognized as early as the first century AD. Despite these early observations, the mechanisms responsible for swelling, in particular, remained an enigma for nearly two millennia. Only in the past century have scientists and physicians gained an appreciation for the role that vascular endothelium plays in controlling the exudation that is responsible for swelling. One of these mechanisms is the formation of transient gaps between adjacent endothelial cell borders. Inflammatory mediators act on endothelium to reorganize the cytoskeleton, decrease the strength of proteins that connect cells together, and induce transient gaps between endothelial cells. These gaps form a paracellular route responsible for exudation. The discovery that interendothelial cell gaps are causally linked to exudation began in the 1960s and was accompanied by significant controversy. Today, the role of gap formation in tissue edema is accepted by many, and significant scientific effort is dedicated toward developing therapeutic strategies that will prevent or reverse the endothelial cell gaps that are present during the course of inflammatory illness. Given the importance of this field in endothelial cell biology and inflammatory disease, this focused review catalogs key historical advances that contributed to our modern-day understanding of the cell biology of interendothelial gap formation.
Effects of vaccination with F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum on egg production and quality parameters of commercial layer hens previously vaccinated with 6/85-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum

This study was conducted to determine the effect of overlaying (revaccinating) F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum at 22 or 45 wk of age on commercial leghorn hens previously vaccinated with 6/85-strain M. gallisepticum at 10 wk of age. The treatment groups included unvaccinated hens (group 1), hens receiving 6/85-strain M. gallisepticum only (group 2), and hens receiving 6/85-strain M. gallisepticum followed by F-strain M. gallisepticum at either 22 (group 3) or 45 (group 4) wk of age. There was no significant effect on egg production or egg size distribution between any of the treatment groups, unlike previous studies looking at F-strain vaccination only. Egg quality parameters, including eggshell strength, Haugh unit score, and blood-meat spot were similar between the different treatment groups. There was a difference in the rate of pimpling at postpeak production for the treatment group receiving F-strain M. gallisepticum at 22 wk of age, consistent with previously published results. This work suggests that hens previously vaccinated with 6/85-strain M. gallisepticum can be safely revaccinated with F-strain M. gallisepticum to increase protection from field strains while ameliorating the adverse effects associated with F-strain M. gallisepticum vaccination in layers post onset of lay.
Observations on Living " Sheathed " Microfilariae in the Capillary Circulation.

Abstract 1. 1. Experiments are reported in which the so-called “sheathed” microfilariae of Vagrifilaria columbigallinae have been studied in the capillary circulation of frogs. It has been shown that “sheathed” microfilariae actively migrate through the capillaries and that their behaviour in the circulation is identical with that of the “unsheathed” microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis. 2. 2. It has been shown that microfilariae are filtered out of the circulation by the liver after 17 to 30 hours, and histological evidence indicates that microfilariae are finally disposed of there. 3. 3. Mf. columbigallinae injected into the circulation of frogs was not observed to enter the lymphatics. 4. 4. The sheath, the apparent envelope surrounding microfilariae of several species in fixed and stained blood smears, is indiscernible as a distinct structure on these microfilariae while they are in the circulation.
A Summer Vacation From Diabetes: Evidence From a Clinical Trial:

PURPOSEThis study examined the metabolic trend and factors associated with an unexpected rise in HbA1c levels during the summer, with a return to baseline when school resumed, in 40 intensively treated adolescents with type 1 diabetes.METHODSPsychosocial data were collected using a variety of diabetes evaluation instruments. HbA1c was measured monthly.RESULTSHbA1C values increased by a mean of .73% from May to July and decreased by a mean of .75% from August to October. Lack of consistency in summer routines compared with school days was associated with a worsening in metabolic control during the summer months. Other factors associated with the summer increase in HbA1c included lower guidance scores on the Diabetes Family Behavior Scale, and higher impact and worry scores on the Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth Scale.CONCLUSIONSInterviews suggested that teenagers need to take a vacation from intensive diabetes care during the summer.
Regulatory Aspects of the Use of Low-Calorie Intensive Sweeteners

The regulatory status of the major low-calorie intensive sweeteners in a large number of countries is reviewed. Guidelines developed by a governmental advisory committee on food additives are discussed. A proposed scheme for setting levels of sweeteners in foods is presented.
Performance Appraisal as Effective Management or Deadly Management Disease: Two Initial Empirical Investigations

Understanding person and system sources of work variation is fundamental to performance appraisal. Two divergent perspectives on this issue, the traditional human resource management view and the statistical process control view (Deming, 1986), are contrasted. Two studies are reported that investigate two specific questions that arise from a broader view of the appraisal process. Results indicate that managers and subordinates believe that typical poor performance has different causes and that actual productivity levels far outweigh person or system sources of performance variance in appraisal judgments. Implications for performance appraisal practice and research are discussed.
Hafnium catalysts for direct alkene epoxidation using molecular oxygen as oxidant

New zirconium (Zr) based organometallic catalysts for direct olefin epoxidation using O2 as oxidant without coreductant were introduced in a previous computational study (T. A. Manz and B. Yang, RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 27755–27774). In this paper, we use density functional theory (DFT) to study three Hf-based catalysts with the same bis(bidentate) ligands as the preceding Zr-based catalysts: (a) the diimine ligand N(Ar)–CH–CH–N(Ar) aka NCCN, (b) the imine–nitrone ligand N(Ar)–CH–CH–N(Ar)–O aka NCCNO, and (c) the dinitrone ligand O–N(Ar)–CH–CH–N(Ar)–O aka ONCCNO [Ar = –C6H3–2,6-iPr2]. Complete reaction cycles and energetic spans (i.e., effective activation energies for the entire catalytic cycle) are computed for propene epoxidation. For Hf_NCCNO and Hf_ONCCNO, the reaction cycles are similar to the Zr-based analogs and the formation of η3-ozone intermediates is still crucial. Hf_ONCCNO has a large enthalpic energetic span (60.4 kcal mol−1) due to forming inert octahedral complexes as the catalyst resting state. Our calculations predict an energetic span ≥40 kcal mol−1 for Hf_NCCN, which indicates it will not be a good catalyst. Computed enthalpic energetic spans of ∼30 kcal mol−1 are achieved for the Hf_NCCNO and Zr_NCCNO catalysts; however, transfer of allylic hydrogen from the reaction product forms a low energy deactivation product. Therefore, the Hf_NCCNO and Zr_NCCNO catalysts are only suitable for direct epoxidation of alkenes that do not have any allylic hydrogen atoms. As an example of an alkene with no allylic hydrogens, we computed enthalpic energetic spans (kcal mol−1) for direct ethylene epoxidation of (a) 25.0 for Hf_NCCNO, (b) 30.2 for Zr_NCCNO, and (c) 52.7 for Zr_NCCN.
Alterations in reward-related decision making in boys with recent and future depression.

Background Altered reward processing is postulated to be a feature of depression. Reward processing may be valuable to understanding early-onset depressive disorders, which tend to be chronic and recurrent. Methods Reward-related decision making was examined within a longitudinal study of 221 11-year-old boys, 25 of whom had a depressive disorder at age 10 or 11. Participants completed a behavioral decision-making task involving varying probability and magnitude of obtaining reward. Results Under conditions involving a high probability of winning, boys with depression failed to distinguish between options involving small or large possible reward. Boys with anxiety or externalizing disorders at age 10 or 11 did not differ from others in their reward-related decisions. Low frequency of choosing the high-probability, large reward option at age 11 predicted depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and depressive symptoms 1 year later. Furthermore, reward-related decisions predicted later depressive or anxiety disorders even when adjusting for the continuity of such disorders and the presence of concurrent externalizing disorders. Conclusions Findings are consistent with affective neuroscience models of altered reward processing and diminished positive affect in depression. This study represents a step toward elucidating the motivational and emotional aspects of early-onset depression.
Preliminary Investigation of Circumstances Contributing to Fatal Crashes Involving Law Enforcement Officers

Over the past several decades, the number of fatal crashes in the United States has steadily declined. This decline is the result, at least in part, of the combined efforts of the three E’s: engineering, education, and enforcement. Although these overall trends have shown promising results, there remain specific groups with alarming fatal crash rates. One of these groups, in particular, is law enforcement officers. Because police officers are a unique group with very particular job requirements, these crashes must be evaluated separately from crashes involving the general population. This study investigated 3 years of police-related fatal crash data to determine what contributing circumstances needed to be further investigated to reduce the trend in crashes. Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System were used to develop a logistic regression model to determine the statistically significant factors in 220 fatal crashes involving law enforcement officers from 2010 through 2012. It was found that a cr...
Unconventional Classroom: Critical Work with Special Operations Forces Officers

As part of a discussion on geography and militarism, this article describes my work with midlevel officers in the Army Special Operations Forces who enroll in a graduate-level course I teach on environmental geopolitics. The theoretical framework for the course is critical geopolitics, a highly relevant subfield for these students but one to which most of them have never been exposed. Here, I draw from critical security studies and discuss what I teach to these students before providing examples of how they demonstrate what they learn in the class. Throughout the article, I consider how this work in some ways destabilizes an academic–military binary and how, at other times, the dividing line is clear. I suggest that critical scholarship might usefully continue to engage with groups beyond the academy.
Electron Transport Properties of InN

High-energy particle irradiation has been used to control the free electron concentration and electron mobility in InN by introducing native point defects that act as donors. A direct comparison between theoretical calculations and the experimental electron mobility suggests that scattering by triply-charged donor defects limits the mobility in irradiated samples across the entire range of electron concentrations studied. Thermal annealing of irradiated films in the temperature range 425°C to 475°C results in large increases in the electron mobility that approach the values predicted for singly-ionized donor defect scattering. It is suggested that the radiation-induced donor defects are stable, singly-charged nitrogen vacancies, and triply-charged, relaxed indium vacancy complexes that are removed by the annealing.
An evaluation of IC-engine flows with the use of modern in-cylinder measuring techniques

The flow inside a combustion engine is highly complex and varies greatly among different engine types. For a long time IC-engine researchers have tried to classify the major mean flow patterns regardless of the specific engine setup. During the last three decades tumble and swirl numbers have gained increasing popularity in mean flow quantification. Various methods of in-cylinder flow quantification are compared in this paper. The results shown are in their majority ensemble-averaged velocity data, however a strong dependency on measurement location, as well as crank angle can be observed for any of these mean flow patterns. Using improved non-intrusive measurement technology discussed in this paper, tumble and swirl ratios are valid parameters which can be used to quantify in-cylinder flow during intake and compression.
Effect of Temperature on Growth Rate of Seven Thermophilic Fungi

Thermophilic fungi, those with a minimum temperature required for growth of 20 C or above and a maximum temperature for growth of 50 C or above, are important in the decomposition of organic matter (3). These and similar organisms are involved in the preparation of mushroom compost (1, 3, 5, 6). Furthermore, thermophilic fungi apparently take part in thermogenesis and spontaneous combustion which cause appreciable financial losses (3). Some diseases affecting animals, including man, involve the thermophilic fungi (3). Cooney and Emerson (3), Cochrane (2), Tansey (8) and Fergus (5) have shown a need for further investigation of the influence of temperature on growth rate and development of thermophilic fungi. Of the thermophilic fungi that have been studied in this regard, only a few have been investigated in detail. Preliminary investigations (good growth and reproduction on YpSs agar at 45 C) indicated that Huimicola insolens Cooney et Emerson, Talaromyces thermophilus Stolk, Humicola grisea (Traaen) var. therm oidea Cooney et Emerson, Sporotrichtu thermophile Apinis, Malbranchea pulchella Sacc. et Penzig var. sulfurea (Miehe) Cooney et Emerson, Mucor miehei Cooney et Emerson and Papulaspora thermophila Fergus would be excellent subjects for an investigation that might extend our knowledge about the effects of temperature on growth rate and reproduction of thermophilic fungi. The organisms were supplied by Dr. C. L. Fergus. A variation of YpSs (3) medium of the following composition was used for the experiment: yeast extract, 2 g; K2HPO4, 1 g; MgSO47H20, 0.5 g; soluble starch, 4 g; distilled water, 1,000 ml; agar (Difco 542
Study on the biomass and growth law of Paramichelia baillonii plantation

The biomass and the growth law of Paramichelia baillonii in Nanning Liangfengjiang National Forest Park were exploreed,in order to analyse the different diameter biomass and stands′ biomass,and build the growth model of DBH,tree height and volume.The results showed that the biomass of P.baillonii increased with the diameter,and different significantly between diometers;on the tree layer,the total biomass was 102.01 t · hm-2,tree layer accounted for 87.10% of total stand biomass,The biomass of shrub layer,herb layer and humus layer was 12.79,0.24,2.07 t · hm-2.The growth models had high precision,which could be used to predict the growth law in Nanning region;P.baillonii grew quickly at its early stage,0-16 years was its period of fast growth for DBH,0-12 years was its period of fast growth for tree height,and achieved volume growth in the number of mature at the age 27 years.
Exploiting Flaws in Big Data Systems

In this journal we discuss the relevant security threats, vulnerabilities and prominent techniques to securing data lake. Over the last few years, Big Data solutions to data processing have made remarkable strides in the how we interpret data. Because of its ubiquitous nature and ability to handle various data types, it has become a valuable tool and asset to many other fields including bioinformatics solutions, marketing solutions, and social media. Ethical infractions also play a role in data processing and because of this, it is critical that comprehensive security solutions are determined and enforced under the appropriate conditions. Although modern security techniques are well developed, they still leave room for scrutiny as vulnerabilities continue to unfold. In this paper, we will examine and compare modern ethical exploit techniques as well ass techniques to promote greater authentication and overall perimeter security. The scrutinization of the current methods met through exploitation, be it physical or conceptive, is imperative in defining the understanding and verification of definite secure solutions.
A Dinitrogen Dicopper(I) Complex via a Mixed-Valence Dicopper Hydride

Low-temperature reaction of the tris(pyrazolyl)borate copper(II) hydroxide [iPr2TpCu]2(μ-OH)2 with triphenylsilane under a dinitrogen atmosphere gives the bridging dinitrogen complex [iPr2TpCu]2(μ-1,2-N2) (3). X-ray crystallography reveals an only slightly activated N2 ligand (N-N: 1.111(6) A) that bridges between two monovalent iPr2TpCu fragments. While DFT studies of mono- and dinuclear copper dinitrogen complexes suggest weak π-backbonding between the d10 CuI centers and the N2 ligand, they reveal a degree of cooperativity in the dinuclear Cu-N2-Cu interaction. Addition of MeCN, CNAr2,6-Me, or O2 to 3 releases N2 with formation of iPr2TpCu(L) (L=NCMe, CNAr2,6-Me2) or [iPr2TpCu]2(μ-η2:η2-O2) (1). Addition of triphenylsilane to [iPr2TpCu]2(μ-OH)2 in pentane allows isolation of a key intermediate [iPr2TpCu]2(μ-H) (5). Although 5 thermally decays under N2 to give 3, it reduces unsaturated substrates, such as CO and HC≡CPh to HC(O)H and H2C=CHPh, respectively.
Diverging Mobility Trajectories: Grandparent Effects on Educational Attainment in One- and Two-Parent Families in the United States

In recent years, sociological research investigating grandparent effects in three-generation social mobility has proliferated, mostly focusing on the question of whether grandparents have a direct effect on their grandchildren’s social attainment. This study hypothesizes that prior research has overlooked family structure as an important factor that moderates grandparents’ direct effects. Capitalizing on a counterfactual causal framework and multigenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this study examines the direct effect of grandparents’ years of education on grandchildren’s years of educational attainment and heterogeneity in the effects associated with family structure. The results show that for both African Americans and whites, grandparent effects are the strongest for grandchildren who grew up in two-parent families, followed by those in single-parent families with divorced parents. The weakest effects were marked in single-parent families with unmarried parents. These findings suggest that the increasing diversity of family forms has led to diverging social mobility trajectories for families across generations.
Wideband LNA with 1.9 dB noise figure in 0.18 µm CMOS for high frequency ultrasound imaging applications

This paper presents a receiver front-end circuit for wideband high-frequency ultrasound transducer applications. The front end consists of three main blocks, a low noise amplifier (LNA), a variable gain amplifier (VGA) and a biquad low pass filter (LPF). The receiver is specifically designed for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) transducer imaging with a typical signal bandwidth of 10–60 MHz. To achieve both low noise figure (NF) and good impedance matching (S11) performance, a noise and nonlinearity canceling technique is utilized in the LNA. The front end is designed in 0.18 µm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that the LNA achieves 1.9 dB NFmin, 24 dB voltage gain with 18 mW of power consumption. The receiver front end achieves 62 dB voltage gain, 60 MHz 3-dB bandwidth and 2.2–3 dB NF with a power consumption of 45 mW.
Heterotopic vascularized lymph node transfer to the medial calf without a skin paddle for restoration of lymphatic function: Proof of concept

Background The use of heterotopic vascularized lymph node transfer (HVLNT) for the treatment of lower extremity lymphedema is still evolving. Current techniques, either place the lymph nodes in the thigh without a skin paddle or at the ankle requiring an unsightly and often bulky skin paddle for closure. We explored the feasibility of doing a below-knee transfer without a skin paddle using the medial sural vessels as recipient vessels and report our experience in 21 patients. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent HVLNT to the medial calf was performed. Postoperative magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and lymphoscintigraphy (LS) were analyzed to assess lymph node viability and function after transfer. Results Twenty-one patients underwent HVLNT to the medial calf. Postoperative imaging was performed at an average of 11 months after surgery. Thirteen patients had postoperative MRA, of whom 12 demonstrated viable lymph nodes. Seven patients underwent postoperative LS, of whom three demonstrated uptake in the transferred nodes. In the other four patients, the injectate failed to reach the level of the proximal calf. Conclusion We provide proof of concept that HVLNT to the lower leg using the medial sural vessels without a skin paddle can result in viable and functional lymph nodes in the setting of lower extremity lymphedema. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential bioeffects of ultrasonic destruction of microbubble contrast agents.

It is well known that microbubble destruction can occur during contrast echocardiography, primarily by acoustic cavitation ([1][1]). The propensity of microbubbles to undergo this process when exposed to ultrasound depends on physical properties of both the bubbles themselves and the ultrasound beam
Tobiko: A Contact Array for Self-Configuring, Surface-Powered Sensors

This paper describes a contact array that outputs the maximum and minimum voltages at its contacts. The goal is to extract power for a detachable touch sensor, display, or other human-computer interaction (HCI) device that is attached to a surface by a user, and that does not have its own power source. Experimental results are shown for an array that has positive and negative outputs and a pass-through at each contact position. It solves the startup problem for a randomly-placed batteryless sensor patch or sticker, which can scan its ports to discover neighboring devices only after it obtains power. Applications include user-configurable electronic textile circuits, and new methods for prototyping and repairing large-area flexible circuits. This note describes construction of a 7x7 array, provides design rules, and examines the signal quality on two kinds of electronic surfaces.
Novel Considerations about Diabetes Management Strategies in Chinese Immigrants in America: Possible Corollaries of the Use of Traditional Chinese Medicines

Worldwide, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related management costs have increased over time. The latest predictions anticipate this trend to continue during the next few decades. As individuals with T2DM in the United States (US) are burdened with escalating prescription drug expenses, the appeal and use of cost effective alternatives may also increase. Herbal supplements are an example of such an alternative, but are unregulated and mostly lacking scientific evidence of advertised claims. In general, plant based herbal preparations are often advertised as ‘natural’, ‘less-toxic’, ‘medicines’ and are widely available from public retailers throughout the country. Over half of the US adult population report the use of supplements. Eastern countries, and especially China, have a long history of the use of herbal preparations as traditional medicine to prevent and treat diabetes. Recently the US has experienced a growth in the number imports of herbal supplements and other Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) to the country as well as the most rapid population growth in individuals who identify themselves as Asian. To date, little is known about the prevalence TCM use in the management of T2DM either alone or in combination with prescription medicines in the US. Knowledge of possible implications to patient safety (e.g., interactions, adverse effects) with concurrent use of both TCM and prescription medicines is also lacking. This review begins with summaries of the T2DM management strategies employed in traditional modern medicine (TMM) and Chinese medicine (TCM). A review of literature follows where the most commonly used TCM herbal preparations and their ingredients are identified and found along with any published reports of their proposed mechanisms of action, efficacy, adverse effects, and contraindications. Conflict of Interest We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties. Type: Review
Anti-correlated cortical networks arise from spontaneous neuronal dynamics at slow timescales

In the highly interconnected architectures of the cerebral cortex, recurrent intracortical loops disproportionately outnumber thalamo-cortical inputs. These networks are also capable of generating neuronal activity without feedforward sensory drive. It is unknown, however, what spatiotemporal patterns may be solely attributed to intrinsic connections of the local cortical network. Using high-density microelectrode arrays, here we show that in the isolated, primary somatosensory cortex of mice, neuronal firing fluctuates on timescales from milliseconds to tens of seconds. Slower firing fluctuations reveal two spatially distinct neuronal ensembles, which correspond to superficial and deeper layers. These ensembles are anti-correlated: when one fires more, the other fires less and vice versa. This interplay is clearest at timescales of several seconds and is therefore consistent with shifts between active sensing and anticipatory behavioral states in mice.
Evolution and Disappearance of Solvent Drops on Miscible Polymer Subphases.

Abstract Traditionally, an interface is defined as a boundary between immiscible phases. However, previous work has shown that even when two fluids are completely miscible, they maintain a detectable “effective interface” for long times. Miscible interfaces have been studied in various systems of two fluids with a single boundary between them. However, this work has not extended to the three-phase system of a fluid droplet placed on top of a miscible pool. We show that these three-phase systems obey the same wetting conditions as immiscible systems, and that their drop shapes obey the Augmented Young-Laplace Equation. Over time, the miscible interface diffuses and the shape of the drop evolves. We place 2-microliter drops of water atop miscible poly(acrylamide) solutions. The drop is completely wetted by the subphase, and then remains detectable beneath the surface for many minutes. An initial effective interfacial tension can be approximated to be on the order of 0.5 mN/m using the capillary number. Water and poly(acrylamide) are completely miscible in all concentrations, and yet, when viewed from the side, the drop maintains a capillary shape. Study of this behavior is important to the understanding of effective interfaces between miscible polymer phases, which are pervasive in nature.
Outer Space Treaty

The “Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies” represents the basic legal framework of international space law. It was proposed to the UN by the USSR and the US in 1966, and ratified by those countries and, to date, up to 96 others starting in 1967. The Outer Space Treaty (OST) sets up the general principles applicable to the exploration and use of outer space and applies to every activity of states in outer space, whether such activities are carried out by governmental or nongovernmental entities. The Article IX, second sentence, states: “State Parties shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, when necessary, adopt appropriate measures for this purpose.” The ▶COSPAR refers to this article as the legal basis for the ▶ planetary protection policy on which all subsequent recommendations and guidelines are based.
Comparison of family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition

The study examined family interaction patterns related to food and nutrition and parents' attitudes toward the importance of nutrition and compared interaction patterns and attitudes of parents participating in a nutrition education program (self-selected) to a cross-sectional sample of parents. It also assessed differences according to educational level, income, and mother's employment status. Income and education levels were higher for the self-selected sample. Parents from the self-selected sample had higher attitude scores and interaction behavior scores than those in the cross-sectional sample. Ninety-five percent of mothers and 83% of fathers with young children in the cross-sectional sample ate the evening meal together. Parents who participated in a nutrition education program reported discussing topics related to food and nutrition with their families more frequently than did parents in the cross-sectional sample. For both fathers and mothers, attitude and interaction scores differed with education level. Mothers who were employed part-time showed the most positive attitudes toward nutrition and the highest family interaction scores. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Role of the Placenta in Fetal Thyroid Homeostasis

The placenta is usually regarded as a conduit through which maternal nutrients pass to the fetus, or as a barrier that allows for fetal development in an insulated environment. Thus, with respect to thyroid function, it is well known that the placenta transfers iodide to, and excludes thyrotropin from, the fetal circulation. It is less recognized that the placenta is a metabolically active organ, and that this activity is important for the conversion of fetal substrates. In order to relate this aspect of placenta physiology to fetal thyroid homeostasis it is necessary to first review thyroid hormone profiles and pharmacokinetics in the fetus.
Comments on “Economic Aspects of Information on Health and Health Care”

Professor Muller has discussed four types of health information: information about health-care goals; information for health care in the household; information for consumers about the health-care market; and the technical, scientific information that underlies health care.
Glaucoma Risk Factors: Ethnicity and Glaucoma

The diagnosis of glaucoma of primary open-angle glaucoma requires the evaluation of multiple ophthalmic characte­ristics. Additionally, it is usefully to identify accompanying demographic factors that suggest populations at risk for the disease. The risk of the development and/or the progression of glaucoma can be influenced by the patient’s race, age, family history of glaucoma, intraocular pressure, central corneal thickness, and presence of certain systemic diseases. Epidemiologic studies have enabled us to better understand those features that place a patient at increased risk for the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Studies have also highlighted that racial differences not only exist in the prevalence and incidence of glaucoma but also in those ophthalmic features that are critical in glaucoma detection. Succeeding chapters will focus explicitly on the diagnosis and management of various forms of glaucoma. In this chapter, we describe how the results of various epidemiologic studies, particularly as they relate to race and ethnicity, maybe used in the evaluation of the individual patient.
Same-Sex Couples’ Construction of Census Categories

As mandated in Article 1, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, those residing in the United States are asked to fill out a census questionnaire every 10 years for the purpose of enumeration of the population. Over time, the U.S. Census Bureau has needed to target particular demographic groups in order to encourage their completion of the census questionnaire. In 2000, a multiple group collaboration of some LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) groups implemented an educational campaign which was informally coordinated with the Census Bureau (Williams Institute 2010). The purpose of this campaign was to encourage those who are living in a romantic relationship with someone of the same sex to “be counted” on the census via the “unmarried partner” category which is used to measure cohabitation.
Emotions: Structure and Adaptive Functions

The dual psychological and physiological nature of emotion has focused health research on both direct (emotion physiology to disease physiology) and indirect (emotion to risky behavior to disease) pathways from emotions to disease. The identification of both types of pathway and their interactions promises new insights into disease processes and mortality.
An explanation for nonimmunologic adsorption of proteins onto red blood cells: Schiff's base reactions

During a phase I evaluation of diglycoaldehyde (INOX), an intravenous chemotherapeutic agent used to treat children with malignancies, all of eight patients tested developed a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in vivo. The DAT became positive within one to seven days after the first administration of the drug and remained positive for up to 12 days following the last dose. The indirect antiglobulin tests were negative. None of the patients showed clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolysis at the time the DAT became positive or during follow-up. Eluates made from the red cells of two of the eight patients were both negative by indirect antihuman globulin testing. In vitro studies with INOX and glutaraldehyde, both dialdehyde compounds, showed nonimmunologic adsorption of protein onto red cells, probably by the condensation of aldehyde groups of these compounds to form Schiff's bases with amino acids of serum proteins and red cell membrane proteins. This reaction provides an explanation for the globulin detected on the red cells of patients treated with INOX.
Genetic and pharmacological inactivation of apical Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 in choroid plexus epithelial cells reveals the physiological function of the cotransporter.

Choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). They express Na+-K+-ATPase and Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) on their apical membrane, deviating from typical basola...
Craniopharyngioma: Radiation Toxicities

Abstract Definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) is associated with multiple toxicities, though the modality helps avoid the morbidity of extensive surgical reaction. Acute effects include cyst expansion and alopecia, which may become permanent. Sub-acute effects include somnolence syndrome, a transient period of extreme fatigue. Late effects include cognitive decline due to RT impairment of white matter growth in the developing cerebrum. The development of endocrinopathies is nearly universal as a result of the suprasellar location of craniopharyngioma and may occur from tumor, surgery, or radiation. Optic neuropathy is an uncommon but irreversible complication, rare at doses currently used for treatment. Second malignancies may develop in the radiation field, though the risk of this complication is under 5% among survivors of craniopharyngioma. The likelihood of all non-endocrinopathy toxicities may be minimized by very conformal RT modalities, including proton RT.
The 2001 Society for Community Research and Action Award for Distinguished Contributions to Theory and Research in Community Psychology: Rhona S. Weinstein.

Editor’s Note: Rhona S. Weinstein was honored at the 109th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in San Francisco, California, August 2001. Dr Weinstein received the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Theory and Research in Community Psychology, a career award given annually by the Society for Community Research and Action, the Division of Community Psychology of the American Psychological
Experimental Demyelination of the Lateral Olfactory Tract and Anterior Commissure

Abstract Demyelination significantly affects brain function. Several experimental methods, each inducing varying levels of myelin and neuronal damage, have been developed to understand the process of myelin loss and to find new therapies to promote remyelination. The present work investigates the effect of one such method, lysolecithin administration, on the white matter tracts in the olfactory system. The olfactory forebrain contains two distinct tracts with differing developmental histories, axonal composition, and function: the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), which carries ipsilateral olfactory information from the olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex, and the anterior commissure (AC), which interconnects olfactory regions across hemispheres. The effects of lysolecithin injections were assessed in two ways: (1) the expression of myelin basic protein, a component of compacted myelin sheaths, was quantified using immunohistochemistry and (2) electron microscopy was used to obtain measurements of myelin thickness of individual axons as well as qualitative descriptions of the extent of damage to myelin and surrounding tissue. Data were collected at 7, 14, 21, and 30 days post-injection (dpi). While both the LOT and AC exhibited significant demyelination at 7 dpi and had returned to control levels by 30 dpi, the process differed between the two tracts. Remyelination occurred more rapidly in the LOT: substantial recovery was observed in the LOT by 14 dpi, but not in the AC until 21 dpi. The findings indicate that (a) the LOT and AC are indeed suitable tracts for studying lysolecithin-induced de- and remyelination and (b) experimental demyelination proceeds differently between the two tracts.
Using Zoning as a Public Health Tool to Reduce Alcohol Outlet Oversaturation, Promote Compliance, and Guide Future Enforcement: a Preliminary Analysis of Transform Baltimore

Alcohol outlet oversaturation often exacerbates negative public health outcomes. Recently, Baltimore City passed an extensive zoning rewrite (“TransForm Baltimore”) that sought to give local government and residents a tool to reduce alcohol outlet oversaturation through land use regulation. The present investigation evaluated the outlet and neighborhood characteristics of stores impacted by two components of TransForm Baltimore: (1) a requirement that taverns licensed for on-premise consumption in addition to off-premise, carryout sales generate at least 50% of their business from on-premise sales, and (2) a requirement to close, repurpose, or relocate all package stores (i.e., off-premise alcohol outlets) that have been operating as “non-conforming” in residential zones since 1971. Research assistants visited every off-premise alcohol outlet in the city (n = 685) to complete an observational assessment. Approximately 77% (n = 530) of these off-premise alcohol outlets were open, including 292 taverns and 238 package stores. t tests and chi-square tests were used to compare neighborhood characteristics (neighborhood disadvantage, median household income, and racial segregation) of sham taverns (i.e., taverns with less than 50% space dedicated for on-premise sales that were primarily operating as a package store) and non-conforming package stores. Of the 292 taverns accessible during the study, the remainder were chronically closed (n = 130); 24 (8.2%) were deemed sham taverns. Sham taverns were more likely to be located in communities with more economic disadvantage and lower median household income (t test; p < 0.05). Compared to taverns, a lower proportion of sham taverns had visible dance floor space, patrons drinking, and menus available (chi-square test; p < 0.001). There were 80 residentially zoned, non-conforming alcohol outlets. These non-conforming alcohol outlets were disproportionately distributed in predominately poor and African American communities (t test; p < 0.05). As compared to conforming alcohol outlets, more non-conforming alcohol outlets sold sex paraphernalia and healthy foods (chi-square test; p < 0.05). With active enforcement, TransForm Baltimore offers the opportunity for local government and residents to improve public health and increase health equity in vulnerable and marginalized neighborhoods.
Situating Chicana/o/x Studies Programs on Community College Campuses

The study evaluates the location and prominence of Chicana/o/x Studies courses on community college campuses nationally according to their websites and public-facing resources through content analy...
Abstract TP469: Impact of Multiparity on Retinal Vascular Structure in Middle-Aged Mice

Objective: Parity is associated with protection from cardiovascular disease mortality. In a pre-clinical study, multiparous mice had smaller stroke-induced infarcts, pointing to a neuro-protective ...
Sowing the seeds: Sociocultural resistance in the psychological sciences.

Objective: This article problematizes the use of resilience as a psychological and developmental indication of well-being. We base our argument on the possibility that resilience theories internalize responsibility for survival within the individual, and that survival is dependent on the ability to assimilate to injustice. Resistance, on the other hand, represents acts of intentional, active, and often collective survival which can expose and oppose social injustice. Method: Bringing together transdisciplinary scholarship on resistance, we propose a conceptual framework of sociocultural resistance. This framework seeks to forward studies of health that acknowledge the complexity of relationships, culture, and power constitutive of the human condition. Results: We provide examples of sociocultural resistance in the psychological and developmental sciences and suggest the use of diverse theory and methods in the study of resistance. Conclusions: Resistance research is a timely, necessary, and critical turning point in the social sciences with the potential to change unjust systems and promote a nuanced view of health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Treading Water: Tire Wear Particle Leachate Recreates an Urban Runoff Mortality Syndrome in Coho but Not Chum Salmon

Tire tread wear particles (TWP) are increasingly recognized as a global pollutant of surface waters, but their impact on biota in receiving waters is rarely addressed. In the developed U.S. Pacific Northwest, acute mortality of adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) follows rain events and is correlated with roadway density. Roadway runoff experimentally triggers behavioral symptoms and associated changes in blood indicative of cardiorespiratory distress prior to death. Closely related chum salmon (O. keta) lack an equivalent response. Acute mortality of juvenile coho was recently experimentally linked to a transformation product of a tire-derived chemical. We evaluated whether TWP leachate is sufficient to trigger the acute mortality syndrome in adult coho salmon. We characterized the acute response of adult coho and chum salmon to TWP leachate (survival, behavior, blood physiology) and compared it with that caused by roadway runoff. TWP leachate was acutely lethal to coho at concentrations similar to roadway runoff, with the same behaviors and blood parameters impacted. As with runoff, chum salmon appeared insensitive to TWP leachate at concentrations lethal to coho. Our results confirm that environmentally relevant TWP exposures cause acute mortalities of a keystone aquatic species.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2 (IGF-2) Does Not Improve Memory in the Chronic Stage of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Persistent cognitive impairment(s) can be a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can markedly compromise quality of life. Unfortunately, identifying effective treatments to a...
"A Tiny and Closed Fraternity of Privileged Men”: The Nixon-Agnew Anti-Media Campaign and the Liberal Roots of the U.S. Conservative “Liberal Media” Critique

The Nixon administration’s antimedia campaign of the late 1960s and early 1970s, led by Vice President Spiro Agnew, is often cited as a foundational moment for the conservative critique of liberal media bias in U.S. politics. Drawing on analysis of Agnew’s speeches and contemporary conservative writing on the media, this article argues that Agnew and his supporters drew substantially on arguments from liberal media reform traditions in their attacks on a liberal media elite. Conservatives’ reworking of traditionally progressive rhetoric that opposed monopoly power in media and touted the public’s rights in the media system aided in the development of an enduring populist conservative media critique that identified liberal journalists with privilege and power and conservatives with the people.
Out on Assignment: Newspaper Women and the Making of Modern Public Space by Alice Fahs Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011,376 Pp.

(2012). Out on Assignment: Newspaper Women and the Making of Modern Public Space by Alice Fahs Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011,376 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 116-118.
The evolutionary state of zeta Aurigae

Ultraviolet studies, originally undertaken to ascertain the state of the atmosphere of the K-supergiant component of the zeta Aurigae system, have been sidetracked by the discovery of significant accretion effects. An analysis of the phase dependence of the profiles of resonance lines in Mg II and C IV has led to a qualitative model of the wind flow from the K star. At the position of the B star, the flow velocity is about 100 km/sec and the density is 3 × 10−6 cm−3, leading to a mass loss rate of 2 × 10−8 solar masses per year. This wind interacts with the B star in a shock, which will be described, leading to accretion on the B star at a rate of 4 × 10−10 solar masses per year.
AN INDIVIDUALIZED LEVELS SYSTEM TO INCREASE INDEPENDENT MEALTIME BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN WITH FOOD REFUSAL

An individualized levels system was implemented to increase independent eating in two children with food refusal. Participants earned access to different status levels associated with varying availability of preferred items/activities outside of meals according to criteria based on low levels of prompting throughout the meal. A reversal design was implemented to evaluate the effects of the intervention on independent mealtime behavior. Results demonstrated that the levels system was effective in increasing independent eating and in decreasing prompted bites for both participants. Although the effectiveness of an individualized levels system has been previously demonstrated in the treatment of severe problem behavior, it has not been empirically evaluated in the context of increasing appropriate behavior or with children with food refusal. These findings provide support for such a treatment to promote mealtime independence during an intensive feeding program and at two months follow-up. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.