cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change blindness, Gibson, and the sensorimotor theory of vision

We suggest that the sensorimotor “theory” of vision is really an unstructured collection of separate ideas, and that much of the evidence cited in its favor at best supports only a subset of these ideas. As an example, we note that work on change blindness does not “vindicate” (or even speak to) much of the sensorimotor framework. Moreover, the ideas themselves are not always internally consistent. Finally, the proposed framework draws on ideas initially espoused by James Gibson, but does little to differentiate itself from those earlier views. For even part of this framework to become testable, it must specify which sources of evidence can support or contradict each of the component hypotheses.
Vitamin A Deficiency Alters Rat Neutrophil Function

Previous studies showed a higher percentage of neutrophils from vitamin A deficient rats are hypersegmented and contain lower levels of cathepsin G than the neutrophils from control rats. In this study chemotaxis, phagocytosis and oxidant generation were studied using either isolated neutrophils or neutrophils in whole blood from four dietary groups of rats: 1) vitamin A deficient rats; 2) vitamin A deficient rats that received vitamin A for 16, 8, 4 or 2 d prior to killing; 3) weight-matched rats pair-fed a vitamin A-complete diet; and 4) rats fed nonrestricted, vitamin A complete diet. Chemotaxis towards P. aeruginosa conditioned medium and formylated methinyl leucinyl phenylalanine was significantly lower for neutrophils from vitamin A-deficient rats than for neutrophils from weight-matched pair-fed rats, nonrestricted vitamin A sufficient rats and vitamin A deficient rats that received vitamin A for 16 d prior to killing. No differences in chemotaxis towards activated rat serum were noted among the neutrophils from the four groups of rats. Adhesion of P. aeruginosa organisms, phagocytosis of these organisms and generation of active oxidative molecules were significantly lower in the neutrophils from the vitamin A-deficient rats relative to these functions in the neutrophils from the vitamin A deficient rats that received vitamin A for 16 d, weight-matched rats pair-fed a vitamin A complete diet; and rats fed nonrestricted, vitamin A-complete diet. Eight days after vitamin A administration to vitamin A deficient rats, the ability of the neutrophils to phagocytose P. aeruginosa organisms and to generate active oxidant molecules was restored to the levels observed for weight-matched, pair-fed rats and rats fed nonrestricted, vitamin A complete diet. The elucidated alterations in neutrophil function in vitamin A deficient rats probably contribute to the altered ability of vitamin A deficient rats to fight infections.
Determination of the strengths of doubled lines by the method of equivalent widths

Abstract A technique for the measurement of line strengths of doubled lines using the equivalent width method is developed. The line profile is represented by the Voigt function and the prototype doubling is the lambda doubling in NO. The lambda doubling is incorporated into the algorithm for the theoretical calculations of the equivalent widths. The dependence of the equivalent width on the half width at half intensity, the line strength and splitting is demonstrated. Comparisons of the Voigt, Lorentz and Doppler function properties are included.
NOA: A Scalable Multi-Parent Clustering Hierarchy for WSNs

Abstract NOA is a multi-hop, multi-parent, N-tiered, hierarchical clustering algorithm that provides a scalable, robust and reliable solution for autonomous configuration of large-scale wireless sensor networks. The novel clustering hierarchy's inherent benefits can be utilized by in-network data processing techniques to provide a robust data processing solution capable of reducing the amount of data sent to data sinks. Utilizing a multi-parent framework, NOA reduces the cost of network configuration when compared to current hierarchical beaconing solutions by removing the r-hop fi (where r is the radius of the cluster). NOA instead utilizes common children to distribute information about the hierarchy's topology to siblings. NOA2, a two-parent clustering hierarchy solution, and NOA3, the three-parent variant, saw up to an 83% and 72% reduction in communication overhead, respectively, when compared to configuring the network using a one-parent hierarchical beaconing solution, as well as 92% and 88% less overhead when compared to two-and three-parent variants of hierarchical beaconing.
Empathy‐congruence‐caring are not singular

The conditions which are basic to constructive human relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting are explored as they are currently being expressed in the context of our larger society. The article's thesis is that various elements of our modern society are expressing single dimensions of these necessary conditions, and that these dimensions, when they occur separately, are insufficient for facilitative human interaction.
Degradation Studies on Erbium Dideuteride Thin Films

Rare earth metals are used as hydrogen isotope occluders and function as electrodes in neutron generator tubes. In this study, erbium dideuteride thin films have been quantitatively measured for purity in order to establish the deleterious effects resulting from film processing. These processes include deposition, hydriding, and neutron tube vacuum anneal. The data taken reveal that ~0.02 mg/cm2 erbium metal is unavailable as the hydride due to surface oxidation and interfacial interactions between occluder metal and substrate.
Monosynaptic activation of pyramidal cells in area 18 by optic radiation fibers

Abstract The initial waves of the optic cortex response to a brief stimulus in the optic radiation are analyzed. The first wave ( a ) has a short latency, follows rapid stimulation, and causes potential gradients (which are indicative of current flow) only in the lower half of the gray matter. Wave a is interpreted as the response of the optic radiation axons, and its large amplitude in area 18 is proof of a large projection to that area from the geniculate. Wave b follows wave a by approximately 0.3 msec. It can be seen following weak or repetitive stimulation, produces gradients mainly in the upper half of the cortex (maximum gradient is about 0.8 mm below the surface), and is maximally negative about 1 mm below the surface. Waves c (begins approximately 0.1 msec after b ) and d (comes to a peak 0.75 msec after the beginning of c ) are superimposed on b . Maximum gradient and negativity during c and d are as described for b . Wave b is interpreted as an EPSP in the pyramidal cells of layers 3 or 4, while waves c and d arise from the firing of the initial segment and soma of the same cells.
Modeling How Epidermal Homeostasis is Achieved

Homeostasis in skin epidermis, the first line of defense against potential damage due to environmental exposures and external stress, is the key element of epithelial tissue maintenance. It is known that cell proliferation in the basal layer of skin epidermis is balanced with cell loss of terminally differentiated cells in the outermost surface. It is fundamentally important to understand the dynamic characteristics of the epidermal homeostasis, because understanding the epidermal homeostasis is the first step toward unraveling the mechanisms on skin diseases and cancer. In this work, we develop a computational model to investigate how skin epidermal homeostasis is achieved through cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell loss. As a recent study showed, cell division, as well as cell loss events, is described as stochastic in our model. Important factors such as cell size changes during the differentiation are included in the model. Our results reveal that coupling effects are crucial in maintaining skin epidermal structure. In particular, coupling effects both on cell division and cell loss are required to maintain the epidermis. Our model also predicts that mechano-biological coupling in basal progenitor cell division has a dominant role in the epidermal homeostasis, as shown in a recent study where, upon disruption of cell-cell junctions in skin tissue, proliferation and apoptotic rates of epithelial cells are dramatically changed, leading to possible disease states. Strong coupling effect on cell division leads to stable epidermal structure with wider ranges of other parameters including cell loss rate and coupling parameters in this study. Our model also predicts aberrant situations that mimic skin diseases such as palmoplantar keratodermas (PPK) by varying model parameters, which in turn confirms the existence and importance of coupling effects. Hence consideration of mechano-biological coupling in the tissue would also have high clinical relevance.
Stimulation of Intestinal Calcium Transport and Bone Calcium Mobilization by Prolactin in Vitamin D--Deficient Rats

In vitamin D-deficient rats intestinal calcium transport increased significantly 4 hours after an injection of prolactin, reached a maximum after 8 hours, and declined to preinjection levels after 24 hours. Similarly, in vitamin D-deficient rats fed a diet low in calcium or phosphorus prolactin stimulated an increase in serum calcium in both groups and an increase in serum phosphorus in the rats fed the diet low in phosphorus. Thus it appears that prolactin affects organs involved in calcium regulation in a manner that is independent of the vitamin D endocrine system.
The origin of the anomalous superconducting properties of MgB 2

Magnesium diboride differs from ordinary metallic superconductors in several important ways, including the failure of conventional models to predict accurately its unusually high transition temperature, the effects of isotope substitution on the critical transition temperature, and its anomalous specific heat. A detailed examination of the energy associated with the formation of charge-carrying pairs, referred to as the 'superconducting energy gap', should clarify why MgB(2) is different. Some early experimental studies have indicated that MgB(2) has multiple gaps, but past theoretical studies have not explained from first principles the origin of these gaps and their effects. Here we report an ab initio calculation of the superconducting gaps in MgB(2) and their effects on measurable quantities. An important feature is that the electronic states dominated by orbitals in the boron plane couple strongly to specific phonon modes, making pair formation favourable. This explains the high transition temperature, the anomalous structure in the specific heat, and the existence of multiple gaps in this material. Our analysis suggests comparable or higher transition temperatures may result in layered materials based on B, C and N with partially filled planar orbitals.
Differences between inbred rat strains in the alteration of adrenal catecholamine synthesizing enzyme activities after immobilization stress.

Abstract The effect of repeated immobilization on adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activities was studied in male rats of several inbred strains. The activities of these enzymes increased in the adrenals of each strain, although there were quantitative differences between strains in the magnitude of the increases observed. The prerequisites of the response of adrenal enzymes to immobilization stress were studied in detail in two inbred strains (LEW and F344) using both surgical and pharmacological procedures. Surgical denervation of the adrenal gland does not affect the increases in enzyme activity observed in LEW male rats; hypophysectomy, however, results in the abolition of the changes in adrenal enzyme activity produced by immobilization. Conversely, adrenal denervation prevents the increase in activity of all three enzymes and hypophysectomy does not prevent the increased enzyme activities resulting from repeated immobilization in the F344 strain. These results suggest that distinct neuronal and pituitary-dependent mechanisms are responsible for increasing the activities of the enzymes of catecholamine synthesis in response to immobilization stress in the adrenal glands of these two inbred rat strains.
Biochemical stimuli for feeding in Acanthaster planci (L.)

Abstract The typical feeding response of the Crown of Thorns Starfish Acanthaster planci (L.) can be induced by mucoproteins of molecular weight greater than 200,000 daltons found in mucus obtained from corals of the genera Acropora and Fungia .
Hydrogen ionization and n=2 population for model spicules and prominences

Using slab model atmospheres that are irradiated from both sides by photospheric, chromospheric, and coronal radiation fields we have determined the ionization and excitation equilibrium for hydrogen. The model atom consists of two bound levels (n = 1 and n = 2) and a continuum. Ly-α was assumed to be optically thick with the transition in detailed radiative balance. The Balmer continuum was assumed to be optically thin with the associated radiative ionization dominated by the photospheric radiation field (T rad = 5940 K). The ionization equilibrium was determined from an exact treatment of the radiative transfer problem for the internally generated Ly-c field and the impressed chromospheric and coronal field (characterized by T rad = 6500K). Our calculations corroborate the hypothesis that N2, the n = 2 population density, is uniquely determined by the electron density 〈N e〉. We also present ionization curves for 6000K, 7500K, and 10000K models ranging in total hydrogen density from 1 × 1010/cm3 to 3 × 1012/cm3. Using these curves it is possible to obtain the total hydrogen density from the n = 2 population density in prominences and spicules.
Synthesis and evaluation of 3-aryloxymethyl-1,2-dimethylindole-4,7-diones as mechanism-based inhibitors of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activity.

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is a proposed target in pancreatic cancer. We describe the synthesis of a series of indolequinones, based on the 5- and 6-methoxy-1,2-dimethylindole-4,7-dione chromophores with a range of phenolic leaving groups at the (indol-3-yl)methyl position. The ability of these indolequinones to function as mechanism-based inhibitors of purified recombinant human NQO1 was evaluated, as was their ability to inhibit both NQO1 and cell growth in human pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 tumor cells. The inhibition of rhNQO1 was related to the pKa of the leaving group: compounds with poorer phenolic leaving groups were poor inhibitors whereas those with more acidic leaving groups were more efficient inhibitors. These inhibition data also correlated with the inhibition NQO1 in MIA PaCa-2 cells. However, the data demonstrate that NQO1 inhibition does not correlate with growth inhibitory activity, at least in the MIA PaCa-2 cell line, suggesting that targets in addition to NQO1 need to be considered to...
Synthesis of Monodispersed Tantalum(V) oxide Nanospheres by an Ethylene Glycol Mediated Route

Tantalum(V) oxide (Ta2O5) nanospheres have been synthesized by a very simple two-step process mediated via the formation of glycolate nanoparticles and their subsequent hydrolysis at room temperature in an acetone−water mixture and calcination at 700 °C. The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, and DLS for their phase, morphology, and particle size distribution. The particle sizes could be tailored from 50 to 500 nm or more by changing the reaction conditions. The larger particles are actually constituted by crystallites of around 15−16 nm that could be seen from the X-ray diffraction pattern as well as the TEM micrographs of the calcined samples. The particles obtained are highly dispersed under appropriate reaction conditions, and the process does not require any specific equipment or high vacuum technique for the production of the nanoparticles.
Internet-Based Share Dealing in the New Global Marketplace

Stock brokering services are available via the Internet and investors in many countries can currently experience the benefits of Web-based share trading. Internet-based share trading is far more than completing the same transaction over the Internet. The Internet contains a wealth of information and many sites provide sophisticated facilities that allow the investor to research and monitor investments. This paper examines how Internet-based share trading differs from more traditional forms of share trading. It then explores how Internet-based share trading is changing investment practices of private individuals and then goes on to discuss how (with reference to Michael Porterâ€™s work on competition) the global nature of the Internet based share trading will impact upon the players in the stock brokering competitive environment.
Molecular structures of three coordinate zinc and cadmium complexes that feature β-diketiminato and anilido-imine ligands

Abstract A series of zinc and cadmium complexes of the β-diketiminato and anilido-imine classes of ligands, namely [BDIAr], [AIAr] and [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ], have been synthesized and structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction. For example, the zinc and cadmium alkyl compounds [AIAr]ZnEt and [AIAr]CdMe have been synthesized via the reactions of [AIAr]H with Et2Zn and Me2Cd, respectively, while [AIAr]ZnN(SiMe3)2 has been obtained by treatment of [AIAr]H with Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies establish that the metal centers in each of these complexes are trigonal planar. Comparison of the molecular structures of [AIAr]CdMe and [BDIAr]CdMe demonstrates that the cadmium methyl moiety lies in the plane of the annulated [AIAr] ligand, whereas there is considerable displacement for [BDIAr]CdMe. [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]Li, an anilido-imine ligand that incorporates a CH 2 CH 2 NPr 2 i tether, has been synthesized via a sequence involving condensation of 2-fluorobenzaldehyde with H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 NPr 2 i , followed by treatment with ArNHLi. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the lithium has a T-shaped coordination environment which is supplemented by an agostic interaction with a C–H bond of one of the isopropyl groups of the NPr 2 i moiety. However, while the NPr 2 i group of the tether coordinates to lithium in [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]Li, it does not coordinate to the zinc center of [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnMe. The structure of [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnMe is also in marked contrast to that reported for [ AI Ar , NMe 2 ]ZnMe, in which the NMe2 group does coordinate to the zinc center. The M–C bonds of [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnMe, [BDIAr]ZnEt and [BDIAr]CdMe are cleaved by B(C6F5)3 to give the perfluorophenyl derivatives [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnC6F5, [BDIAr]ZnC6F5 and [BDIAr]CdC6F5. Interestingly, the C6F5 groups are almost orthogonal to the planes of the chelating ligands in the zinc complexes, [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnC6F5 and [BDIAr]ZnC6F5, whereas the C6F5 and [BDIAr] ligands of [BDIAr]CdC6F5 reside in the same plane. In addition to 1:1 [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]ZnX complexes, it is also possible to synthesize the 2:1 complex [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ]2Zn which is consistent with the [ AI Ar,NPr 2 i ] ligand being less sterically demanding than the [BDIAr] ligand.
Persulfated Molecular Umbrellas as Anti-HIV and Anti-HSV Agents

A series of persulfated molecular umbrellas have been synthesized from putrescine, spermidine, spermine, lysine, and cholic acid (1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a) and their anti-HIV and anti-HSV activities determined. Despite it size, the most active of these conjugates (5a) was able to cross phospholipid bilayers made from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG). The unique combination of anti-viral activity, an ability to cross hydrophobic barriers, a lack of cytotoxicity, and a simple three-step synthesis from biogenic starting material suggests that 5a and related conjugates may be exploitable as a novel class of anti-viral agents for systemic and topical applications.
Infarct Volume Is a Pivotal Biomarker After Intra-Arterial Stroke Therapy

Background and Purpose—Pretreatment infarct volume appears to predict clinical outcome after intra-arterial therapy. To confirm the importance of infarct size in patients undergoing intra-arterial therapy, we sought to characterize the relationship between final infarct volume (FIV) and long-term functional outcome in a prospective cohort of endovascularly treated patients. Methods—From our prospective intra-arterial therapy database, we identified 107 patients with acute ischemic stroke with anterior circulation proximal artery occlusions who underwent final infarct imaging and had 3-month modified Rankin Scale scores. Clinical, imaging, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed. Results—Mean age was 66.6 years. Median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 17. Reperfusion (Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction 2A–3) was achieved in 78 (72.9%) patients. Twenty-seven (25.2%) patients achieved a 3-month good outcome (modified Rankin Scale 0–2), and 30 (28.0%) died. Median FIV was 71.4...
The Occupational Hygiene Survey: Principles, Practice, Significance

Abstract The occupational hygiene survey is a technic for the evaluation of the working environment and its effects on the health of the workers. The three basic components of the vocational complex are basic environment, machine-process requirements, and biologic factors. The many facets of the survey and evaluation of the interrelations and effects of these components are discussed in detail.
Simulation of a Flapping Flexible Filament in a Flowing Soap Film by the Immersed Boundary Method

This paper reports the computer simulation of a flapping flexible filament in a flowing soap film using the immersed boundary method. Our mathematical formulation includes filament mass and elasticity, gravity, air resistance, and the two wires that bound the flowing soap film. The incompressible viscous Navier?Stokes equations, which are used to describe the motion of the soap film and filament in our formulation, are discretized on a fixed uniform Eulerian lattice while the filament equations are discretized on a moving Lagrangian array of points which do not necessarily coincide with the fixed Eulerian mesh points of the fluid computation. The interaction between the filament and the soap film is handled by a smoothed approximation to the Dirac delta function. This delta function approximation is used not only to interpolate the fluid velocity and to apply force to the fluid (as is commonly done in immersed boundary computations), but also to handle the mass of the filament, which is represented in our calculation as delta function layer of fluid mass density supported along the immersed filament. Because of this nonuniform density, we need to use a multigrid method for solving the discretized fluid equations. This replaces the FFT-based method that is commonly used in the uniform-density case. Our main results are as follows. (i) The sustained flapping of the filament only occurs when filament mass is included in the formulation of the model; within a certain range of mass, the more the mass of the filament, the bigger the amplitude of the flapping. (ii) When the length of filament is short enough (below some critical length), the filament always approaches its straight (rest) state, in which the filament points downstream; but when the length is larger, the system is bistable, which means that it can settle into either state (rest state or sustained flapping) depending on the initial conditions. This numerical result we observed in computer simulation is the same as that of the laboratory experiment even though the Reynolds number of the computations is lower than that of the laboratory experiment by two orders of magnitude.
Thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of energy systems

Abstract This article discusses the development, state-of-the-art and applications of exergy analysis and thermoeconomics (exergoeconomics). The latter is a relatively new method that combines exergy with conventional concepts from engineering economics to evaluate and optimize the design and performance of energy systems. This paper is written mainly for the person interested in applying thermoeconomics to an energy system. It reviews the history of exergy analysis and thermoeconomics, the performance evaluation of an energy system from the viewpoints of the second law of thermodynamics and thermoeconomics as well as applications of thermoeconomic optimization techniques.
Cloned DNA copies of cowpea severe mosaic virus genomic RNAs: infectious transcripts and complete nucleotide sequence of RNA 1.

Abstract Cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) is a member of the comovirus group of messenger-sense RNA viruses with bipartite genomes, of which cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) is the type member. Full-length copies of CPSMV RNA 1 were cloned in plasmids bearing a bacteriophage T7 promoter. Previously, similar clones of CPSMV RNA 2 had been obtained. A 5′-rUAUUAAAAUUUU sequence is common to RNA 1 and RNA 2. From two RNA 1 clones and four RNA 2 clones we excised non-CPSMV sequences so as to provide templates for in vitro transcripts that have only a single guanylate preceding CPSMV RNA sequences. Transcripts from the most active RNA 1 and RNA 2 clones, when mixed, showed about 5% of the infectivity of unfractionated CPSMV RNAs from virions. The longest, 1858 codon open reading frame of the 5957 nt CPSMV RNA 1 extends from an AUG at nt 257 to a UGA termination codon at nt 5831. The calculated molecular weight of the polyprotein is 208,000. Comparisons with the available amino acid residue (aa) sequence information from the complete CPMV RNA 1 sequence and the partial sequence of red clover mottle virus RNA 1 suggest that CPSMV RNA 1 specifies the expected set of five mature proteins: 32K proteinase cofactor, 58K presumed helicase, VPg 5′-linked protein of the genomic RNAs, 24K proteinase, and 87K presumed polymerase, separated by four cleavage sites. Of the determined and deduced cleavage sites of the three RNA 1 polyproteins, only that at the 24 K 87 K junction has a distinct as pair in the CPSMV polyprotein. Of the five proteins, VPg and 87K show the greatest similarity between CPSMV and CPMV, with identities of 68 and 55%, respectively. Published mutational analysis of the CPMV 24K proteinase and alignment of as sequences from three comoviruses suggest that cysteine-168, histidine-40 and glutamic acid-77 form the catalytic triad of the CPSMV 24K proteinase. Results are discussed in the context of the resistance that some cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) lines exhibit against CPMV but not against CPSMV.
Ongoing Dll4-Notch signaling is required for T-cell homeostasis in the adult thymus

The essential role of the Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4)-Notch signaling pathway in T-lymphocyte development is well established. It has been shown that specific inactivation of Dll4 on thymic stromal cells during early post-natal development leads to a deregulation in T-cell differentiation. However, whether ongoing Dll4-Notch signaling is required for T-cell development in the adult thymus is unknown. The use of anti-Dll4 Abs allowed us to confirm and expand previous studies by examining the kinetics and the reversibility of Dll4-Notch signaling blockade in T-cell development in adult mice. We found that anti-Dll4 treatment reduced thymic cellularity after 7 days, as a consequence of a developmental delay in T-cell maturation at the pro-T-cell double negative 1 (CD4(-) CD8(-) c-kit(+) CD44(+) CD25(-) ) stage, leading to decreased numbers of immature double-positive (CD4(+) CD8(+) ) T cells without affecting the frequency of mature single positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) thymocytes, while promoting alternative thymic B-cell expansion. This cellular phenotype was similarly observed in both young adult and aged mice (>1.5 years), extending our understanding of the ongoing role for Dll4-Notch signaling during T-cell development in the adult thymus. Finally, after cessation of Dll4 Ab treatment, thymic cellularity and thymocyte subset ratios returned to normal levels, indicating reversibility of this phenotype in both adult and aged mice, which has important implications for potential clinical use of Dll4-Notch inhibitors.
Recruitment of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in response to settlement cues and predation in North Carolina

Abstract We conducted two field experiments to test the hypothesis that recruitment of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, could be enhanced through the selective deployment of artificial settlement cues. For both experiments, either dead shell or live oysters were cemented to patio blocks. In the first experiment, half of the blocks received discs that diffused the tri-peptide Glycyl-Glycyl-Arginine (GGR), a potent analog for natural settlement inducers, and only blocks with dead shell received GGR in the second experiment. Recruitment was therefore monitored on substrata with settlement cues (live oyster or shell with GGR) and no settlement cues (dead shell only). In our preliminary experiment (Experiment 1), recruitment of oysters was lower to blocks with live oyster or GGR, counter to our expectation. We repeated the experiment with the addition of anti-predation cage treatments (with partial cage controls). Again, we found no enhancement of recruitment to blocks with live oysters or with cue added. However, recruitment was significantly higher on blocks shielded from predation. These results suggest both a strong predator control in this system and that adding chemical cues are not likely to be an effective restoration strategy.
Using an RNA secondary structure partition function to determine confidence in base pairs predicted by free energy minimization

A partition function calculation for RNA secondary structure is presented that uses a current set of nearest neighbor parameters for conformational free energy at 37 degrees C, including coaxial stacking. For a diverse database of RNA sequences, base pairs in the predicted minimum free energy structure that are predicted by the partition function to have high base pairing probability have a significantly higher positive predictive value for known base pairs. For example, the average positive predictive value, 65.8%, is increased to 91.0% when only base pairs with probability of 0.99 or above are considered. The quality of base pair predictions can also be increased by the addition of experimentally determined constraints, including enzymatic cleavage, flavin mono-nucleotide cleavage, and chemical modification. Predicted secondary structures can be color annotated to demonstrate pairs with high probability that are therefore well determined as compared to base pairs with lower probability of pairing.
Specialization in philosophy: a preliminary study

I examine the degree of specialization in various sub-fields of philosophy, drawing on data from the PhilPapers Survey. The following three sub-fields are highly specialized: Ancient philosophy, seventeenth/eighteenth century philosophy, and philosophy of physics. The following sub-fields have a low level of specialization: metaphilosophy, philosophy of religion, philosophy of probability, philosophy of the social sciences, decision theory, and philosophy of race and gender. Highly specialized sub-fields tend to require extensive knowledge in some area beyond the typical training of a philosopher, and outside of philosophy proper. In addition, there is a correlation between sub-field size and degree of specialization. Larger sub-fields tend to be more specialized.
Easily missed thoracolumbar spine fractures

Thoracolumbar spine fractures are common and can be difficult to diagnose. Many of these fractures are associated with extraspinal injuries and are subtle on imaging further contributing to diagnostic delay or misdiagnosis. Missed fractures are associated with increased neurologic injury and resulting morbidity. Careful and thorough workup of the multitrauma patient with dedicated spinal imaging is necessary to identify these injuries. This article reviews the major thoracolumbar spine fractures and imaging findings with attention drawn to subtle and easily overlooked features of these injuries.
Highly selective proton conductive networks based on chain-end functionalized polymers with perfluorosulfonate side groups

The copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and perfluoro(4-methyl-3,6-dioxane-7-ene) sulfonyl fluoride containing amino end-groups were synthesized for the first time. The prepared amino-terminated polymers underwent cross-linking reactions with 1,3,5-benzene triisocyanate to form proton conductive networks. The prepared membranes exhibited excellent thermal, hydrolytic and oxidative stabilities. The ion exchange capacity, water uptake, the state of absorbed water, and transport properties of the membranes were found to be highly dependent upon the chemical composition of the copolymers. The cross-linked membranes showed extremely low methanol permeability, while maintaining high proton conductivity at the same order of magnitude as Nafion. This unique transport feature gave rise to exceedingly higher electrochemical selectivity in relation to Nafion. The selectivity characteristics have been rationalized based on the formation of restrained ionic domains and the state of the absorbed water within the membranes.
Understanding and Informing Policy Implementation: A Case Study of the Domestic Violence Provisions of the Maryland Gun Violence Act.

The Maryland Gun Violence Act, enacted into law in 1996, explicitly authorized courts to order batterers to surrender their firearms through civil protective orders. It also vested law enforcement with the explicit authority to remove guns when responding to a domestic violence complaint. In order to assess how these laws were implemented, we designed a case study and collected data from in-depth, key informant interviews, court observations, and relevant documents. We present findings from this study and recommend how to increase the likelihood that policies designed to separate batterers and guns are implemented in a way that will result in greater protections for victims of domestic violence.
Impact of energy audits on home energy consumption

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of energy audits on home energy consumption rate, and to determine factors affecting participation in energy audit/weatherization programmes. Objectives included: (i) developing a linear model for predicting home energy consumption; (ii) examining the role of home energy audits in consumption rate; (iii) determining whether audit participation had increased over a two-year period; (iv) surveying reasons for non-participation, and (v) identifying sources of audit/conservation information which were most acceptable to consumers. The model expressed home energy consumption per square foot as a linear function of demographic, attitudinal and structural variables. The three most significant predictors in the model were adequacy of information, housing tenure and income. Eight out of 10 conservation measures studied were significantly more likely to exist in the homes of those who had had an audit. Three of these measures were also significant in the model. Study findings included a 7% increase in audit participation from 1981 to 1983. Lack of money and information were the two major factors inhibiting participation. Consumers indicated a need for conservation information from acceptable sources such as short courses or workshops, county extension agents, or skilled craftspeople.
Particle dynamics as controlled by the flow field of the eastern equatorial Pacific

Abstract Profiles made during the JGOFS EgPac October 1992 time series cruise to the equator with a Large Aggregate Profiling System (LAPS) recorded the concentration and size distribution of particles in the marine snow size range ( > 0.5 mm diameter). Profiles were made routinely at local midnight during the twenty day occupation of the time series station on the equator. The LAPS data set, when combined with the CTD/transmissometer data set from the EgPac program's intensive profiling operation, reveals a complex dynamic of particle production and aggregation driven by the equatorial flow field. During the cruise, the influence of the passage of a Tropical Instability Wave (TIW) was observed in the transmissometer/aggregate and temperature/salinity data sets. A peak in particle production rate occurred in conjunction with the maximum shoaling of the thermocline and a minimum in the aggregate volume concentration. Subsequently, the particle load in the surface water increased followed by an increase in the aggregate abundance. Quasi -oligotrophic conditions on the equator (subsurface particle and aggregate maxima and decreased particle production rates) toward the end of the time series corresponded to the appearance of stratified low salinity water characteristic of more northerly conditions. The variations in temperature and salinity fields are ascribed to the passage of a TIW; in sequence: the trailing edge, the northwestward-flowing cool cusp water and the convergent front. Current meters at the equator recorded a rotational flow at 80 m, with a shift from southeastward to northeastward flow during this sequence. A simple conceptual model of meridional flow field is presented in which poleward transport of the upwelled water from the equator returns at shallow depths to mix with the EUC. The signature of this return flow is reflected in the decrease in the vertical gradients of nutrients and oxygen at the equator with respect to the poleward gradients, and a subsurface particle maximum below the EUC. The flow field's effect on the distribution of particles is reflected in the meridional pattern of the sediment accumulation rate ( Murray and Leinen, 1996 ). The return flow of particles to the equator is reflected in the maximum in accumulation rate near the equator. The longterm influence of TIW's is reflected in the asymmetry of the accumulation rates across the equator as described by Murray and Leinen (1996) , with the maximum accumulation rate found south of the equator, a local minimum in accumulation rate at approximately 2°N, and a local maximum near 4°N.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of chemically modified and isotopically labelled purple membranes. I. A critical examination of the carbon-nitrogen vibrational modes.

Resonance Raman spectra of bacteriorhodopsin are compared to the spectra of this protein modified in the following ways: (1) selective deuteration at the C-15 carbon atom of retinal, (2) full deuteration of the retinal, (3) the addition of a conjugated double bond in the β-ionone ring (3-dehydroretinal), (4) full deuteration of the protein and lipid components, (5) 15N enrichment of the entire membrane and (6) deuteration of the entire membrane (including the retinal). A detailed comparison of the 15N-enriched membrane and naturally occurring purple membrane from 800 cm−1 to 1700 cm−1 reveals that 15N enrichment affects the frequency of only two vibrational modes. These occur at 1642 cm−1 and 1620 cm−1 in naturally occurring purple membrane and at 1628 cm−1 and 1615 cm−1 in the 15N-enriched samples. Therefore, this pair of bands reflects the states of protonation of the Schiff base. However, our data also indicate that neither of these modes are simple, localized C=−H or C=N stretching vibrations. In the case of the 1642 cm−1 band motions of the retinal chain beyond C-15 are not significantly involved. On the other hand, in the 1620 cm−1 band atomic motions in the isoprenoid chain beyond C-15 are involved.
Design and fabrication issues in the development of monolithic micro-optical systems

The micro-sensor field is presently proliferating with designs and approaches. We have recently been involved with several mini/micro optical systems which have pointed out several trends in design and fabrication that are somewhat more important to these smaller optical systems. These include; material choices, alignment strategies, fabrication methods, and freedom and complexity of the optical designs. Our recent experience indicates that since mini/micro optical systems are likely to be produced in much higher number, that traditional fabrication methods could prove exorbitantly expensive. Deterministic fabrication methods employing inherently self-aligning features are well worth investigating. This is particularly true for monolithic systems that fall into that `grey' area between mini and truly micro optical systems.
Mobilising Women: The Women’s Advisory Council, Resistance and Reconstruction during China’s War with Japan

This article uses the Women’s Advisory Council of the New Life Movement to show how educated women developed their own concepts of wartime responsibilities as they conducted resistance and social construction programmes. It particularly examines their work with rural women and efforts to improve education, production, life habits and national consciousness. In transferring their vision of China’s development to uneducated compatriots in the interior, the Council cadres attempted to bolster their social authority and prove their leadership abilities. Their work explicates another dimension of the lasting consequences to wartime relief provision.
Energy transfer between lead sulfide quantum dots in the liquid phase

Abstract Forster resonant energy transfer (FRET) from smaller sized PbS Quantum Dots (QDs) to larger sized ones occurs in the liquid phase when adjacent QDs are brought in close proximity by the bridging action of the two SH groups in aromatic or aliphatic dithiols. Signatures of FRET were observed by the lowering of the fluorescence peak corresponding to the smaller particle group and intensification of the peak corresponding to the larger particle group in a mixture of the two in the liquid phase. The suspensions of the two QDs size distributions were mixed in a ratio such that total surface area of the smaller QDs was equal to that of the larger QDs. A 10–13% size deviation in each PbS QDs group also allows this phenomenon to be observed in these samples and is manifested by red-shift and broadening of the fluorescence peak. The ratio of the absorption peak intensity corresponding to the two groups of PbS QDs in the mixture remains the same.
Conjugal transfer of a chromosomal gene determining production of enterotoxin in vibrio cholerae

Matings between strains of Vibrio cholerae differing in toxinogenicity, nutritional requirements, and antibiotic susceptibilities were performed in order to determine the location of the gene tox that controls production of cholera enterotoxin. Segregation analysis shows that tox is linked to a gene required for histidine biosynthesis. Our data indicate that the tox gene is located on the bacterial chromosome and not on a plasmid in the strains of V. cholerae studied.
Elevation Change of the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet

Seasat and Geosat satellite altimeter measurements for the Greenland ice sheet (south of 72 degreesN latitude) show that surface elevations above 2000 meters increased at an average rate of only 1. 5 +/- 0.5 centimeters per year from 1978 to 1988. In contrast, elevation changes varied regionally from -15 to +18 centimeters per year, seasonally by +/-15 centimeters, and interannually by +/-8 centimeters. The average growth rate is too small to determine if the Greenland ice sheet is undergoing a long-term change due to a warmer polar climate.
National Security Neuroscience and the Reverse Dual-Use Dilemma

Marks (2010) argues that national security applications of neuroscience are prone to both ethical concerns and hype. Perhaps, but we tend to overestimate the impacts of technologies in the short te...
Mastitis Control Practices: Differences Between Herds with High and Low Milk Somatic Cell Counts

Abstract Effects of differences in herd mastitis control management in maintaining low herd average SCC, was studied. Washington State DHI herds with Hotstein cattle and enrolled in the SCC program (n = 309) were ranked by percentage of cows in their herd with SCC less ≤283,000 cells/ml. "Low herds" (n = 28) were among the 56 herds with the highest percentage of cows with SCC ≤283,000 cells/ml and "high herds" (n = 31) were among the 75 with the lowest percentage of cows with SCC ≤283,000 cells/ml. Herds were visited annually for 2 yr by a technician who collected samples and recorded data. Geometric mean bulk tank SCC during the year between herd visits was 175,000 and 460,000 cells/ml for low and high herds. Milking time hygiene practices, teat dipping, and dry cow therapy were practiced with equal frequency on low and high herds. Differences in function and maintenance of milking equipment did not discriminate between herd groups. Differences in mastitis control management of low versus high SCC herds were that managers of excellent control herds more frequently had highest producers milked first and clinical cows milked last; had automatic milking unit detachers; kept moisture content of cow bedding lower; and had workers disinfect teat ends prior to intramammary antibiotic treatment. Managers of low herds were more likely to use computers and attend dairy informational meetings. Results suggest subtle differences in mastitis control strategies differentiate the low and high SCC herd groups.
Stress States and Interference in Double Adhesive Layer Scarf and Butt Joints

The stress interference effects adhesively bonded scarf and butt joints were investigated when an additional adhesive layer was incorporated in overall joint design. Finite element models were developed and analyzed to compare interfacial stress states and peak stresses on the double adhesive layer joints with those on the single adhesive layer joints with respect to the scarf angle, adhesive layer separation (ALS) and adhesive modulus. This comparison was done in terms of stress ratio calculated as a ratio of interfacial peak stress on double adhesive layer joint to that an single adhesive layer joint. The tensile task results were correlated with the finite element analysis (FEA) results in terms of load ratio calculated as a ratio of failure load on single adhesive layer joint to that on double adhesive layer joint. Six scarf angles (15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°), three ALS and adhesives were analyzed for this study.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Magnetic Logic for Machine Control: Its Present Capabilities and Limitations

Magnetic logic systems provide two outstanding advantages over semiconductor logic systems. They are a parts savings of eighty per cent and an improvement in reliability due to the use of the ultrareliable magnetic devices. These two advantages alone make the application of magnetic logic techniques to machine control very desirable. In addition, machine control affords a low speed application wherein magnetic logic operates optimally.
High speed clock recovery with phase locked loop based on LiNbO3 modulators

AbstractIn this paper, we present a scheme for recovering 1 0GHz clock from 40Gb/s and 80 Gb/s time division multiplexed (TDM) return to zero (RZ) data stream. Theproposed clock recovery is successfully demonstrated using an electrical phase locked ioop (PLL). The jitter of the recovered clock is estimated to be around 5Ofs. The key part in the proposed clock recovery circuit is a LiNbO3 Mach-Zehndermodulator which is shown to be highly effective in optical to electrical down conversion. Keywords: High speed transmission, LiNbO3 modulator, Clock recovery IntroductionThe continuing demand for higher data transmission capacity will fuel the need for higher speed optical transmission system than that installed today. Systems operating at single channel speeds of 1 0Gb/s are currently being deployed. For time division multiplexed (TDM) systems, signals at low data rate are multiplexed tocreate data at a higher rate. At the receiver end, the received optical TDM pulsetrain is then demultiplexed into each lower data rate channel using varioustechniques like nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) [1] and semiconductoroptical amplifier (SOA) [2] .