cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossing the Digital Divide: Is Access to the Internet an Economic Right?

The impact of Information Communications Technology (ICT), especially the Internet and mobile phones, on the poor is of increasing concern within the development community. Recent empirical studies suggest the impact of ICT is 'Janus faced' — in some cases emergent ICTs create new opportunities for the poor, while in others they seem to exacerbate the challenges the poor face (Kenny 2006; Huerta, Esperanza, and Sandoval-Almazan 2007; Hanson 2008). Growing literature on the digital divide purports debilitating effects on the poor caused by lack of access to information, leading to social, political and economic exclusion. Recently, the framework of human rights has been increasingly employed in the call for Internet access to be formally considered a human right. This emerging framework is almost exclusively in the domain of political rights, usually claimed under the right to information in the UDHR. Yet, I argue that access to the Internet should especially be conceptualized as an instrumental economic right. This is because the Internet is increasingly instrumental to the provision of basic economic rights, especially the right to work. No published academic studies have put forth such a theoretical claim. Thus, this paper attempts to fill that void by: (1) investigating where the ICT and development literature, especially studies addressing the Internet, and the economic rights literature can be brought closer together; (2) a practical explanation of the impact that a lack of Internet access has on economic, political, and social exclusion; and an exploration of how great disparities of Internet access lowers equality of opportunity in the realm of work, particularly affecting the right to work; (3) a theoretical case for why Internet access can now be conceptualized as an instrumental economic right; (4) I conclude by identifying potentially productive avenues for theoretical and practical research in this emerging inquiry. Also, the primary theoretical explanatory example provided in this paper to is the right to work, as codified in the ICESCR. Finally, nowhere in the ICESCR is it stated that access to the Internet, is an economic right of any kind. Despite the current omission in codified human rights, I argue that in the modern world, access to the Internet should be considered an instrumental economic right.
Evidence-Based Practice with Children and Adolescents Experiencing Educational Problem

This chapter provides a generally negative view of the American educational system and its failure with boys, students of color and the economically disadvantaged. A case of cognitive therapy with an underachiever is presented along with a personal discussion of why children underachieve and some thoughts on reforming the American educational system. The continuing educational disparity between the genders raises the issue of an economic imbalance which could create, “societal upheavals, altering family finances, social policies, and work–family practices.” As the decrease in men with comparable credentials and earning power continues, increasing numbers of women will, in all probability, never marry. Currently, 30% of all African American women 40–44 years of age have never been married. As women pull further ahead of men, the lack of availability of suitable men will reduce the probability of forming families. Because boys are often considered behavioral problems in schools, many more boys than girls are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in Association with Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare diffuse lung disease in the pediatric population. There are currently few cases documenting hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis as a cause for secondary PAP. We describe an ex-preterm child with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, complicated by PAP and hypoxemic respiratory failure.
Basic Concepts in Ergodic Theory

Ergodicity, freeness, and Poincare recurrence are the three most basic properties in ergodic theory, and not coincidentally they can all be motivated in analogy with the simple picture that describes arbitrary group actions on ordinary sets.
Fluid approximations and control of queues in emergency departments

Abstract Long queues in emergency departments (EDs) lead to overcrowding, a phenomenon that can potentially compromise patient care when medical interventions are delayed. There are several causes of this problem, one of which is inadequate resource allocation. In this paper, we propose using a modified version of the square root staffing (SRS) rule to satisfy the probability of delay target. We use the concepts of kinetics and biological modeling to approximate the fluid behavior of the queueing process. We are then able to estimate the offered load and the appropriate service grade necessary to construct a staffing policy that meets the target. Additionally, we show how to utilize Pontryagin’s maximum principle to find the optimal number of providers that minimizes delay and staffing costs. Finally, we demonstrate the implementation of our model using data from a hospital in upstate New York.
Social Media and Peer-Reviewed Medical Journal Readership: A Randomized Prospective Controlled Trial.

Abstract Objective To prospectively evaluate the impact of increasing levels of social media engagement on page visits and web-link clicks for content published in the Journal of the American College of Radiology . Methods A three-arm prospective trial was designed using a control group, a basic Twitter intervention group (using only the Journal's @JACRJournal Twitter account), and an enhanced Twitter intervention group (using the personal Twitter accounts of editorial board members and trainees). Overall, 428 articles published between June 2013 and July 2015 were randomly assigned to the three groups. Article-specific tweets for both intervention arms were sent between September 14, 2015, and October 28, 2015. Primary end points included article-specific weekly and monthly page visits on the journal's Elsevier website (Amsterdam, Netherlands). For the two intervention groups, additional end points included 7-day and 30-day Twitter link clicks. Results Weekly page visits for the enhanced Twitter arm (mean 18.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.6-20.7) were significantly higher when compared with the weekly page visits for the control arm (mean 7.6; 95% CI 1.7-13.6). However, there was no demonstrable increase in weekly page visits (mean 9.4; 95% CI 7.4-11.5) for the basic Twitter arm compared with the control arm. No intervention effects over control, regardless of Twitter arm assignment, were demonstrated for monthly page visits. The enhanced Twitter intervention resulted in a statistically significant increase in both 7-day and 30-day Twitter link clicks compared with the basic Twitter intervention group. Conclusions An organized social media strategy, with focused social media activity from editorial board members, increased engagement with content published in a peer-reviewed radiology journal.
Janus Kinase 3, a Novel Regulator for Smooth Muscle Proliferation and Vascular Remodeling.

Objective— Vascular remodeling because of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation is a common process occurring in several vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, post-transplant vasculopathy, restenosis after angioplasty, etc. The molecular mechanism underlying SMC proliferation, however, is not completely understood. The objective of this study is to determine the role and mechanism of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) in vascular remodeling and SMC proliferation. Approach and Results— Platelet-derived growth factor-BB, an SMC mitogen, induces JAK3 expression and phosphorylation while stimulating SMC proliferation. Janex-1, a specific inhibitor of JAK3, or knockdown of JAK3 by short hairpin RNA, inhibits the SMC proliferation. Conversely, ectopic expression of JAK3 promotes SMC proliferation. Mechanistically, JAK3 promotes the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in SMC, 2 signaling pathways known to be critical for SMC proliferation and vascular remodeling. Blockade of these 2 signaling pathways by their inhibitors impeded the JAK3-mediated SMC proliferation. In vivo, knockdown of JAK3 attenuates injury-induced neointima formation with attenuated neointimal SMC proliferation. Knockdown of JAK3 also induces neointimal SMC apoptosis in rat carotid artery balloon injury model. Conclusions— Our results demonstrate that JAK3 mediates SMC proliferation and survival during injury-induced vascular remodeling, which provides a potential therapeutic target for preventing neointimal hyperplasia in proliferative vascular diseases.
Case Study A: Internal Flow Control Protocol Applied to Unreliable Production Lines

Production lines can be described as IRNs of a supply network agent, consisting of interconnected processes and storages that transform raw materials into finished products. In almost every case, their objective involves maintaining constant throughput to match demand with minimum WIP. Nonetheless, resources are subject to random failures, creating local downtimes (i.e., at resource level) that can spread through the IRN affecting other non-failed resources and, ultimately, the QoS an agent provides to its successors in the SN. As pointed out by Hudson et al. (2014), the problem of unbalanced production lines with unreliable equipment has received significant attention for over half a century. Nevertheless, despite advances in modeling and control of these systems, modern high speed production systems are still challenged by the succession of process failures that lead to line downtimes and, consequently, throughput reduction. This problem is becoming ubiquitous, as production systems become “leaner” and are increasingly required to process a more diverse mix of products with higher speeds and performance.
Physical Retrievals of Over-Ocean Rain Rate from Multichannel Microwave Imagery

Microwave rain rate retrieval algorithms have most often been formulated in terms of the raw brightness temperatures observed by one or more channels of a satellite radiometer. Taken individually, single-channel brightness temperatures generally represent a near-arbitrary combination of positive contributions due to liquid water emission and negative contributions due to scattering by ice and/or visibility of the radiometrically cold ocean surface. Unfortunately, for a given rain rate, emission by liquid water below the freezing level and scattering by ice particles above the freezing level are rather loosely coupled in both a physical and statistical sense. Furthermore, microwave brightness temperatures may vary significantly (approx. 30-70 K) in response to geophysical parameters other than liquid water and precipitation. Because of these complications, physical algorithms which attempt to directly invert observed brightness temperatures have typically relied on the iterative adjustment of detailed micro-physical profiles or cloud models, guided by explicit forward microwave radiative transfer calculations. In support of an effort to develop a significantly simpler and more efficient inversion-type rain rate algorithm, the physical information content of two linear transformations of single-frequency, dual-polarization brightness temperatures is studied: the normalized polarization difference P of Petty and Katsaros (1990, 1992), which is intended as a measure of footprint-averaged rain cloud transmittance for a given frequency; and a scattering index S (similar to the polarization corrected temperature of Spencer et al.,1989) which is sensitive almost exclusively to ice. A reverse Monte Carlo radiative transfer model is used to elucidate the qualitative response of these physically distinct single-frequency indices to idealized 3-dimensional rain clouds and to demonstrate their advantages over raw brightness temperatures both as stand-alone indices of precipitation activity and as primary variables in physical, multichannel rain rate retrieval schemes. As a byproduct of the present analysis, it is shown that conventional plane-parallel analyses of the well-known foot-print-filling problem for emission-based algorithms may in some cases give seriously misleading results.
Nonlinear Optics with Ghost Waves

Transparent anisotropic dielectrics support ghost waves that combine properties of propagating and evanescent fields. Similarly to negative index media, these modes can grow exponentially through the anisotropic material, leading to dramatic enhancement of effective nonlinearity.
Full-dimensional multi-state simulation of the photodissociation of thioanisole

The photodissociation of thioanisole is very interesting because the experiments of Lim and Kim provide evidence for mode-specific effects on the product distribution. They showed that, with a specific S–CH3 stretching mode being excited as the reagent is excited to the S1 electronic state, there is a sharp increase in the proportion of the ground-state product to the excited-state product. In the present work, we report 78 011 full-dimensional semiclassical multi-state trajectories of the photodissociation process using the coherent switching with decay of mixing dynamics method. The potential surfaces and couplings are based on electronic structure calculations that include dynamic correlation through second order perturbation theory. We report results for four sets of initial conditions, one corresponding roughly to 0–0 excitation and three corresponding to exciting one vibrational mode, to look for mode-specific effects. The simulations show no significant mode-specific effect on the product energy di...
A review of tofacitinib efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis patients who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate

Introduction: Tofacitinib is a pan JAK inhibitor with specificity for JAK3 over JAK1 over JAK2, which is approved in many countries for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including the Uni...
Trauma to the bladder neck, trigone and vagina in children.

Abstract Although rare, injury to the bladder neck can occur in children following blunt lower abdominal trauma. Anterior disruption at the bladder neck (vesicoprostatic junction) may occur in boys, while rupture through the vesicovaginal septum may occur with or without vesicourethral avulsion in girls. Immediate evaluation, including excretory urography, voiding cystography, cystovaginoscopy (with a high index of suspicion of vaginal injury in girls) and retrograde urethrography (in boys), is indicated to delineate the extent of injury. Early surgical intervention is necessary to achieve realignment of the vesicourethral junction, repair a vesicovaginal injury, if present, and help assure the best chance of subsequent continence.
Audiometric Testing With Pulsed, Steady, and Warble Tones in Listeners With Tinnitus and Hearing Loss

Purpose This study evaluated the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association's recommendation that audiometric testing for patients with tinnitus should use pulsed or warble tones. Using listeners...
SAVED THROUGH CHILDBEARING: VIRTUES AS CHILDREN IN 1 TIMOTHY 2:11-15

1 Timothy 2:11-15 is an allegory in which the virtues faith, love, holiness, and temperance are portrayed as the children of those women in Ephesus who will be saved.1 A major part of our argument will expose a metaphorical use of the term "childbearing" and related concepts in the environment of 1 Timothy. However, preliminary discussion will center on our use of the term "allegory" as a description of 1 Tim 2:11-15. We will also show why the passage is ostensibly focused on a context-specific rather than a general relationship between women and men. Our goal is nothing less than to justify an entirely new reading of the phrase "saved through childbearing" in 1 Tim 2:15.
Autoradiographic Localization of Drug and Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Olfactory Bulb

Olfaction plays a dominant role in most vertebrate species in mediating behaviors such as mating, feeding, maternal care, and social organization. The olfactory bulb is the first synaptic relay in the olfactory pathway; thus, it provides the first region for integration of stimuli generated at the olfactory mucosa receptor cell before progression of the stimulus to the cortical centers (Shepherd, 1977). The olfactory bulb has been shown to be a cornucopia of neuroactive substances that mediate action at this relay between sensory input and projections from the olfactory bulb to central limbic structures, which are thought to modulate behavior (Macrides and Davis, 1983). In addition to containing a wide variety of neuroactive substances, the olfactory bulb is well organized into layers. The distinct lamination is comparable to the level of organization found in the cerebellum and retina. The neurons and synaptic contacts that make up these laminae have been identified and well characterized. The cell types and their relationship to the various laminae are reviewed in Fig. 1.
Tailoring electrical and optical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films grown at room temperature by reactive magnetron co-sputtering: From band gap to near infrared

Abstract Al-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited at room temperature (RT) using reactive magnetron co-sputtering of two metallic Zn and Al targets in the presence of oxygen. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the AZO thin films were tailored by varying the Al content through changing Al sputtering power from 0 to 30 W. The AZO thin films deposited at the optimal deposition conditions with Al power of 26–28 W exhibited high transparency in the visible range, shorter plasma wavelength, lower electrical resistivity, lower transmittance and higher reflectance in the near IR range. The results domenstrate that the Al-doping content is strongly correlated to the band gap, electrical and near infrared optical properties using various characterization techniques. Tailoring the infrared optical properties of AZO films can be achieved and applied for desired optical coating applications.
Truncation and variance in scale mixtures

Let X be a continuous nonnegative random variable with density f, mean µ, and finite variance σ 2. Mullooly (1988), hereafter simply Mullooly, has shown that if f is positive on the interior of its support, \(\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f(x) >0\frac{\sigma }{\mu } > 1\), and \(\frac{\sigma }{\mu } >1\), then σ 2 may be increased by truncation. Denote by σ 2(t), the variance of the truncated random variable X t ≡ I(t, ∞)(X), where I A is an indicator on the set A. Specifically, Mullooly demonstrates that for densities satisfying these conditions, there exists a real number T > 0 such that σ 2(t) > σ 2 for all t∈ (0,T). We shall call T the variance inflation boundary for X t . When σ 2(t) > σ 2 for all t ∈ (0, ∞), we say that T = ∞.
Teaching Goal-Setting for Weight-Gain Prevention in a College Population: Insights from the CHOICES Study

Purpose This article describes the effectiveness of goal setting instruction in the CHOICES (Choosing Healthy Options in College Environments and Settings) study, an intervention evaluating the effectiveness of weight gain prevention strategies for 2-year college students. Methods Four hundred and forty-one participants from three community colleges were recruited. Participants randomized into the intervention (n=224) enrolled in a course that taught strategies to help maintain or achieve a healthy weight. Participants were instructed in SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-based) and behavioral goal-setting practices. Throughout the course, participants set goals related to improving their sleep, stress-management, exercise, and nutrition." Results Intervention participants set four hundred eighteen goals. Each goal was carefully evaluated. The efforts to teach behavioral goal-setting strategies were largely successful; however efforts to convey the intricacies of SMART goal-setting were not as successful. Conclusions Implications for effective teaching of skills in setting SMART behavioral goals were realized in this study. The insights gained from the goal-setting activities of this study could be used to guide educators who utilize goals to achieve health behavior change. Recommendations Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that very clear and directed instruction be provided in addition to multiple opportunities for goal-setting practice. Implications for future interventions involving education about goal-setting activities are discussed.
Infinitely generated modules

In this section we wish to discuss some of the problems involved with extending some of the results to the category kG Mod of all left kG-modules. Let kG stMod denote the stable category of all left kG-modules (even infinitely generated ones) modulo projectives. The main thing we want in this section is to show that kG stMod is a triangulated category. We should recall that the triangulated structure of kG stMod depended very much on the fact that injective modules are projective and vice versa. This result can be proved for large classes of rings using various sorts of sophisticated machinery. For group algebras, however, we can stick to reasonably elementary methods.
Non-Uniform Combustion based Mode Switching Control for a Passive SCR System

Lean combustion is a promising technology for gasoline engines to achieve high engine efficiency due to reduced pumping loss during part-load operations. Cost-effective NOx emission control solutions are required for successfully commercialization of lean burn gasoline engines in the U. S. market. Passive selective catalytic reduction (SCR), which utilizes a close-coupled three-way catalyst (TWC) for on-board ammonia (NH3) production during rich engine operation, has demonstrated high NO x reduction efficiency without significant fuel penalty. However, passive SCR requires intermittent rich mode operation for NH3 generation. The mode switching transition may cause excessive noise, misfire, torque fluctuations, and NOx emission spikes. The main purpose of this study is to reduce the mode switching events and fuel penalty incurred by passive SCR operation using an innovative nonuniform cylinder-to-cylinder combustion (NUCCC) strategy. Model-predictive control (MPC) method is applied for optimizing the mode switching timing of individual cylinders to minimize the fuel penalty associated with passive SCR operation. Simulation results over a simplified UDDS cycle demonstrate that the MPC-based NUCCC strategy can reduce the number of switching events and the fuel penalty by 41.18% and 3.40%, respectively, compared to a uniform cylinder-to-cylinder combustion (UCCC) strategy. Such a novel engine combustion strategy can be very instrumental in improving the engine combustion quality, drivability, fuel efficiency and emissions for passenger vehicles equipped with passive SCR systems.
A systematic literature review to examine the potential for social media to impact HPV vaccine uptake and awareness, knowledge, and attitudes about HPV and HPV vaccination

This article summarizes the findings from a systematic literature review to examine how social media may impact HPV vaccine uptake and HPV and HPV vaccine related awareness, knowledge, and attitude...
Large time-varying inductance load for studying power flow on the Z machine

Interest in studying power flow dynamics has grown in recent years, with new power flow diagnostics being developed at Sandia National Laboratories for the $Z$ Pulsed Power Facility. Presently, the only power flow loads that have been studied are cylindrical static or imploding loads that are driven by synchronous short pulse (100 ns rise time). Presented is a design that utilizes the dynamic materials properties program's stripline geometry in a high voltage pulsed shaped (asymmetric asynchronous) driving mode. This design has exhibited repeatable current loss with a large time-varying inductance that is well matched to the machine at pulse initialization but which triples to high inductance in 800 ns. Evidence is presented that plasma not captured in the magnetohydrodynamic approximation and ill represented by any of our existing predictive pulsed power codes is adversely affecting load current delivery. The authors believe this design could be of great interest to the experimental and modeling communities for studying power flow dynamics.
Adjustable Flat Layouts for Two-Failure Tolerant Storage Systems

Systems suffer component failure at sometimes un-predictable rates. Storage systems are no exception; they add redundancy in order to deal with various types of failures. The additional storage constitutes an important capital and operational cost and needs to be dimensioned appropriately. Unfortunately, storage device failure rates are difficult to predict and change over the lifetime of the system. Large disk-based storage centers provide protection against failure at the level of objects. However, this abstraction makes it difficult to adjust to a batch of devices that fail at a higher than anticipated rate. We propose here a solution that uses large pods of storage devices of the same kind, but that can re-organize in response to an increased number of failures of components seen elsewhere in the system or to an anticipated higher failure rate such as infant mortality or end-of-life fragility. Here, I present ways of organizing user data and parity data that allow us to move from three-failure tolerance to two-tolerance and back. A storage system using disk drives that might be suffering from infant mortality can switch from an initially three-failure-tolerant layout to a two-failure-tolerant one when disks have been burnt in. It gains capacity by shedding failure tolerance that have become unnecessary. A storage system using Flash can sacrifice capacity for reliability as its components have undergone many write-erase cycles and thereby become less reliable. Adjustable reliability is easy to achieve using a standard layout based on RAID Level 6 stripes where it is easy to convert components containing user data to ones containing parity data. Here, we present layouts that unlike the RAID layout use only exclusive-or operations, and do not depend on sophisticated, but power-hungry processors. There main advantage is a noticeable increase in reliability over RAID Level 6.
The General Purpose Work Station, A Spacious Microgravity Workbench

The General Purpose Work Station (GPWS) is a laboratory multiuse facility, as demonstrated during the Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS-1) flight. The unit provided particulate containment under varying conditions, served as an effective work space for manipulating live animals, e.g., rats, served as a containment facility for fixatives, and was proposed for use to conduct in-flight maintenance during connector pin repair. The cabinet has a front door large enough to allow installation of a full-size microscope in-flight and is outfitted with a side window to allow delivery of items into the cabinet without exposure to the spacelab atmosphere. Additional support subsystems include inside cabinet mounting, surgical glove fine manipulations capability, and ac or dc power supply for experiment equipment, as will be demonstrated during Spacelab J. The GPWS, integrated and maintained in a double flight-rack, interfaces to spacelab systems including water cooling, avionics and cabin air, and power. Verification has been completed for multiple spacelab scenarios including SLS-2, SL-J, and SLS-3.
Is a Mexican Pine Species Better Adapted to the Warming Climate of the Southwestern USA

Pinus leiophylla, or Chihuahua pine, (PILE) and P. ponderosa, or ponderosa pine, (PIPO) are two wide-ranging North American species with distributions that overlap in Arizona, USA. We compared the growth of fifty-eight trees from three study sites over an elevation gradient at the northernmost point of PILE occurrence. Because the PILE trees were growing at the extreme edge of the species´ range, we expected that PILE sensitivity to climate would be higher and growth performance would be reduced compared to PIPO. From 1918 to 2017, the study area became drier and warmer with precipitation declining by approximately 9% while temperature rose by approximately 5%. We found that PILE tree-ring indices were more sensitive in terms of average year-to-year percent variation than those of PIPO and had higher variability in tree-ring variation in the ten wettest vs. the ten driest years. But PILE displayed higher absolute diameter growth rates as measured by basal area index (BAI) and was less negatively correlated with warm monthly temperatures. Within species, low-elevation trees of both species tended to have greater sensitivity to climate over all variables assessed, but the differences were not statistically significant. The overall assessment of growth of paired trees of the two species showed the locally rare species PILE to perform approximately equally as well as the dominant species PIPO. Species migration is reshaping global forests but species found predominantly in Mexico with distributions coinciding closely with national boundaries have received insufficient research attention in the USA. We recommend cross-border, climate-focused, comprehensive studies on PILE and other species likely to migrate northward to provide critical information for conservation and management of forest resources.
Animal models used in hepatitis C virus research

The narrow range of species permissive to infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents a unique challenge to the development of useful animal models for studying HCV, as well as host immune responses and development of chronic infection and disease. Following earlier studies in chimpanzees, several unique approaches have been pursued to develop useful animal models for research while avoiding the important ethical concerns and costs inherent in research with chimpanzees. Genetically related hepatotropic viruses that infect animals are being used as surrogates for HCV in research studies; chimeras of these surrogate viruses harboring specific regions of the HCV genome are being developed to improve their utility for vaccine testing. Concurrently, genetically humanized mice are being developed and continually advanced using human factors known to be involved in virus entry and replication. Further, xenotransplantation of human hepatocytes into mice allows for the direct study of HCV infection in human liver tissue in a small animal model. The current advances in each of these approaches are discussed in the present review.
More than Words (Review of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's 'My Own Words')

This is a glowing review of Justice Ginsburg's "My Own Words," which is a collection of the Justice's writings with commentaries and remembrances.
Recommendations in School Psychological Evaluation Reports for Academic Deficits: Frequency, Types, and Consistency with Student Data

School psychological reports of evaluation results have the potential to provide data that are timely, synthesized, and interpreted and could include recommendations for evidence-based interventions and accommodations for improving student outcomes. The current study examined 130 school psychological reports from 13 school districts and found that 61.5% of the reports included recommendations, most of which were related to interventions or accommodations. There were no differences in the frequency or types of recommendations between reports that did and did not identify a specific learning disability (SLD), but recommendations were more frequently based on assessment data for students that were identified with SLD, as compared with those who were not. Only 48.5% of the recommendations were rated as related to a difficulty or strength identified in the report.
Comparison of Agar Dilution to Broth Microdilution for Testing In Vitro Activity of Cefiderocol against Gram-Negative Bacilli.

ABSTRACT Cefiderocol (CFDC) is a siderophore cephalosporin with activity against Gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to carbapenems and other drugs. The MICs of CFDC were determined for 610 Gram-negative bacilli, including 302 multinational Enterobacterales isolates with characterized mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance, 180 clinical isolates from the Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic Laboratories not characterized for specific resistance mechanisms, and 128 isolates with CFDC MICs of ≥8 μg/ml obtained from International Health Management Associates, Inc. (IHMA, Schaumburg, IL). Broth microdilution using standard cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (BMD) and iron-depleted cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth (ID-BMD), and agar dilution (AD) using standard Mueller-Hinton agar were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. MICs were interpreted according to the investigational CLSI, FDA, and EUCAST breakpoints, and results were compared. MICs inhibiting 50 and 90% of organisms (MIC50 and MIC90, respectively), essential agreement (EA), categorical agreement (CA), and error of different types were determined. Results showed considerable discordance between AD and ID-BMD. CFDC showed low EA and CA rates and high error rates for AD in comparison to ID-BMD. Overall, this study does not support use of standard AD for determining CFDC MICs.
Does Timing of Diagnosis and Management of Iatrogenic Ureter Injuries Affect Outcomes? Experience From a Tertiary Center.

Objective To report urologic outcomes from a series of IUIs, sustained during nonurologic procedures, with regards to timing of diagnosis and management of the injury. Iatrogenic ureteral injury (IUI) is the most common mechanism of ureteral trauma. Injuries can be intraoperatively diagnosed (IOD) or postoperatively diagnosed (POD). Methods This was a retrospective chart review of adult patients at a single institution who sustained an IUI from a non-urologic procedure between 2008 and 2019. Primary outcome was tube-dependence (ureter stent or nephrostomy tube) and nephrectomy rates at last follow-up. Secondary outcome was the number of additional urologic procedures required to manage subsequent complications of IUI. Results There were 30 patients with IOD and 57 patients with POD. In the IOD group, at mean follow up of 6.3 months, 4 patients (14.3%) were tube dependent. In the POD group, at mean follow up of 13.1 months, 5 patients (10%) were tube dependent (P = .570). Rate of nephrectomy was higher in POD group compared to IOD, but the difference was not statistically significant (12.3% vs 6% respectively, P = .414). Additionally, in the POD group, 56% and 19.3% required a secondary and tertiary procedure to manage IUI complications, respectively. These rates were 16.7% (P Conclusion Delayed diagnosis of IUI was significantly associated with increased number of procedures needed to manage the injury. The rate of nephrectomy and tube dependence in this group was higher but not statistically significant. Delayed diagnosis of IUI is associated with higher treatment burden.
Hospital Mergers and Acquisitions: Does Market Consolidation Harm Patients?

Debate continues on whether consolidation in health care markets enhances efficiency and quality or instead facilitates collusion and market power. We address this issue by comparing the quality of patient care in hospitals before and after mergers and acquisitions which occurred in California between 1992 and 1995. We analyze inpatient mortality and length of stay for heart attack and stroke patients, 90-day readmission for heart attack patients, and discharge within 48 hours for normal newborn babies. The analysis indicates that recent mergers and acquisitions have not had a detrimental impact on inpatient mortality. Hospital consolidation has reduced length of stay and increased readmission rates in some cases, but not all. Concerns regarding the adverse consequences of increased market power on patient care require further substantiation.
Recent Advances in Stem Cell Therapies to Address Neuroinflammation, Stem Cell Survival, and the Need for Rehabilitative Therapies to Treat Traumatic Brain Injuries

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a significant health problem both in the United States and worldwide with over 27 million cases being reported globally every year. TBIs can vary significantly from a mild TBI with short-term symptoms to a moderate or severe TBI that can result in long-term or life-long detrimental effects. In the case of a moderate to severe TBI, the primary injury causes immediate damage to structural tissue and cellular components. This may be followed by secondary injuries that can be the cause of chronic and debilitating neurodegenerative effects. At present, there are no standard treatments that effectively target the primary or secondary TBI injuries themselves. Current treatment strategies often focus on addressing post-injury symptoms, including the trauma itself as well as the development of cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric impairment. Additional therapies such as pharmacological, stem cell, and rehabilitative have in some cases shown little to no improvement on their own, but when applied in combination have given encouraging results. In this review, we will abridge and discuss some of the most recent research advances in stem cell therapies, advanced engineered biomaterials used to support stem transplantation, and the role of rehabilitative therapies in TBI treatment. These research examples are intended to form a multi-tiered perspective for stem-cell therapies used to treat TBIs; stem cells and stem cell products to mitigate neuroinflammation and provide neuroprotective effects, biomaterials to support the survival, migration, and integration of transplanted stem cells, and finally rehabilitative therapies to support stem cell integration and compensatory and restorative plasticity.
Deploying Prerecorded Audio Description for Musical Theater Using Live Performance Tracking

Audio description, an accessibility service used by blind or visually impaired individuals, provides spoken descriptions of visual content. This alternative format allows those with low or no vision the ability to access information that sighted people obtain visually. In this paper a method for deploying prerecorded audio description in a live musical theater environment is presented. This method uses a reference audio recording and an online time warping algorithm to align tracks of audio description with live performances. A software implementation that is integrated into an existing theatrical workflow is also described. This system is used in two evaluation experiments that show the method successfully aligns multiple recordings of works of musical theater in order to automatically trigger prerecorded, descriptive audio in real time.
Spatially defined optimization of FEA using nodal surrogate models

Optimization of the structural response for a part relies upon computationally expensive simulations such as finite element analysis (FEA). Surrogate models are able to make cheap predictions of the results; however, traditionally they can only predict a single value (SV) such as a maximum stress or weight value. Recently, a surrogate modeling method has been developed for predicting the full field (FF) of nodal responses in an FEA simulation. This research applies FF surrogate models to optimization, and explores various techniques that are uniquely enabled by these cheap—yet detailed—predictions. Because the FF surrogate models predict the response at every node, constraints and objectives can be spatially defined on a part rather than act on a single value. Regional constraints allow for control over a subset of the nodes in areas of interest on the part. Location-based objectives find designs that either draw a response closer to or drive a response away from a particular node. Pattern-matching objectives find designs in the design space that have a response pattern across the part surface that is as similar as possible to a pre-defined response pattern. These techniques extend the usefulness of FF surrogate models as well as optimization of FEA results for exploring a design space and improving a design.
The role of EBV in hematolymphoid proliferations: Emerging concepts relevant to diagnosis and treatment

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus with >90% of the adult population worldwide harboring latent infection. A small subset of those infected develop EBV-associated neoplasms including a range of lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD). The diagnostic distinction of these entities appears increasingly relevant as our understanding of EBV-host interactions and mechanisms of EBV-driven lymphomagenesis improves. EBV may lower the mutational threshold for malignant transformation, create potential vulnerabilities related to viral alteration of cell metabolism and allow for improved immune targeting. However, these tumors may escape immune surveillance by affecting their immune microenvironment, limiting viral gene expression or potential loss of the viral episome. Methods to manipulate the latency state of the virus to enhance immunogenicity are emerging as well as the potential to detect so-called "hit and run" cases where EBV has been lost. Finally, measurement of EBV DNA remains an important biomarker for screening and monitoring of LPD. Methods to distinguish EBV DNA derived from virions during lytic activation from latent, methylated EBV DNA present in EBV-associated neoplasms may broaden the utility of this testing, particularly in patients with compromised immune function. We will highlight some of these emerging areas relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of EBV-associated LPD with potential applicability to other EBV-associated neoplasms.
Enhancing data pipelines for forecasting student performance: integrating feature selection with cross-validation.

Educators seek to harness knowledge from educational corpora to improve student performance outcomes. Although prior studies have compared the efficacy of data mining methods (DMMs) in pipelines for forecasting student success, less work has focused on identifying a set of relevant features prior to model development and quantifying the stability of feature selection techniques. Pinpointing a subset of pertinent features can (1) reduce the number of variables that need to be managed by stakeholders, (2) make “black-box” algorithms more interpretable, and (3) provide greater guidance for faculty to implement targeted interventions. To that end, we introduce a methodology integrating feature selection with cross-validation and rank each feature on subsets of the training corpus. This modified pipeline was applied to forecast the performance of 3225 students in a baccalaureate science course using a set of 57 features, four DMMs, and four filter feature selection techniques. Correlation Attribute Evaluation (CAE) and Fisher’s Scoring Algorithm (FSA) achieved significantly higher Area Under the Curve (AUC) values for logistic regression (LR) and elastic net regression (GLMNET), compared to when this pipeline step was omitted. Relief Attribute Evaluation (RAE) was highly unstable and produced models with the poorest prediction performance. Borda’s method identified grade point average, number of credits taken, and performance on concept inventory assessments as the primary factors impacting predictions of student performance. We discuss the benefits of this approach when developing data pipelines for predictive modeling in undergraduate settings that are more interpretable and actionable for faculty and stakeholders.
Organ donor management goals and delayed graft function in adult kidney transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND Delayed graft function (DGF) after kidney transplantation is a common occurrence and correlates with poor graft and patient outcomes. Donor characteristics and care are known to impact DGF. We attempted to show the relationship between achievement of specific donor management goals (DMG) and DGF. METHODS This is a retrospective case-control study using data from 14 046 adult kidney donations after brain death from hospitals in 18 organ procurement organizations (OPOs) which were transplanted to adult recipients between 2012 and 2018. Data on DMG compliance and donor, recipient, and ischemia-related factors were used to create multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS The overall rate of DGF was 29.4%. Meeting DMGs for urine output and vasopressor use were associated with decreased risk of DGF. Sensitivity analyses performed with different imputation methods, omitting recipient factors, and analyzing multiple time points yielded largely consistent results. CONCLUSIONS The development of DMGs continues to show promise in improving outcomes in the kidney transplant recipient population. Studies have already shown increased kidney utilization in smaller cohorts, as well as other organs, and shown decreased rates of DGF. Additional research and analysis are required to assess interactions between meeting DMGs and correlation versus causality in DMGs and DGF.
Deconvoluting Sources of Failure in Lithium Metal Batteries Containing NMC and PEO-Based Electrolytes

Abstract Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) containing polyethylene oxide (PEO)-derived polymer electrolytes and high-voltage (> 4 V vs. Li/Li+) cathode materials suffer from three sources of failure: (1) instability between the polymer electrolyte and cathode at high voltage, (2) instability of the polymer electrolyte with Li metal, and (3) poorly-designed cathodes. In this study, these three sources of failure are deconvoluted by studying Ni-rich LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 (NMC, x ≥ 0.6) cathodes and a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) derived from PEO. Initial cycling data reveals that rapid capacity fade occurs regardless of whether soft short circuits form due to Li dendrites. Cyclic voltammetry scans on cells featuring a Li metal electrode, GPE, and a NMC811 electrode free of additives suggest that there are no runaway reactions between the GPE and NMC811 up to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Cathode/cathode symmetric cell cycling demonstrates that Li metal reactivity is a prime source of failure, though a poorly-designed cathode leads to subpar performance. A cathode with single-crystal NMC particles was demonstrated to achieve better initial capacity and longer cycle life, indicating room for improvement in SSLMB cathode design. Therefore, the sources of failure as enumerated may be ranked as follows from most to least concerning: 2 > 3 > 1.
Chemical Analysis of Major Outer Membrane Proteins of Neisseria meningitidis: Comparison of Serotypes 2 and 11

Abstract Most of the 15 protein serotypes found in group B Neisseria meningitidis have distinct major outer membrane protein patterns when examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) by the Weber-Osborn system. Both serotypes 2 and 11 contain major outer membrane proteins with apparent molecular weights of 41,000 and 28,000 (41K and 28K). The 41K and 28K proteins were purified from the prototype strains of these two serotypes (M986 type 2 and M136 type 11) by preparative slab SDS-PAGE and were chemically characterized. No hexosamine was found in the purified 41K and 28K proteins. Although the two 41K proteins had similar amino acid compositions, their mobilities in Laemmli SDS-PAGE and their fragmentation patterns on SDS-PAGE after cyanogen bromide cleavage were different. The two 28K proteins differed in their amino acid composition, mobilities in Laemmli SDS-PAGE, and cyanogen bromide cleavage products. Peptide maps following chymotrypsin digestion of radioiodinated 41K and 28K proteins revealed distinct peptide maps for all four proteins. Comparison of the peptide maps of two 41K or two 28K proteins indicated that most of the unique peptides were hydrophilic, whereas most of the common peptides were hydrophobic. These results indicated that both of the 41K proteins and the 28K proteins from serotypes 2 and 11 were chemically different, although the proteins having the same molecular weights appeared to share common peptides.