cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preference mapping of Cheddar cheese with varying maturity levels.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the flavor profile and acceptability of 7 Cheddar cheeses of varying maturity using descriptive analysis and consumer acceptance tests. Cheddar cheeses (n = 7) ranging in age from 1 to 19 mo were selected based on age, geographic region, and flavor profile. Descriptive sensory profiles of selected cheeses were determined using a trained panel (n = 14) and an established cheese flavor sensory language. Cheeses were evaluated for consumer acceptability in two demographic locations: North Carolina and Oregon. Consumers (n = 100 at each location) assessed the cheeses for overall liking and other consumer attributes. Cheddar cheeses demonstrated distinct differences in descriptive sensory profiles. Average consumer responses between the two locations were not different. Six distinct consumer clusters were identified, and the number of consumers in these clusters differed between the two locations. Consumers differentiated “young” and “aged” cheese flavor, but both young and mature cheeses were perceived by consumers as exhibiting intense Cheddar cheese flavors. Cheddar cheese acceptance varies widely among consumers and is related to consumer preferences for distinct cheese flavor profiles.
Silicone Catheters May Be Superior to Latex Catheters in Difficult Urethral Catheterization After Urethral Dilation

Abstract Background and Purpose: Urethral dilation in the setting of difficult urethral catheterization is sometimes necessary to avoid suprapubic catheterization. Anecdotally, we have observed that less dilation is needed when advancing a silicone catheter over a Glidewire compared with a latex catheter of the same size. Our aim was to quantify the difference in the resistance to buckling between silicone and latex catheters. Materials and Methods: A BOSE Electroforce load testing device was used to test 12F and 16F silicone and latex catheters under tensile and compressive forces. This information was used to characterize the buckling (kinking) behavior of the catheters. Results: Silicone catheters showed more than 50% greater resistance to kinking when compared with regular latex or coude latex catheters. Conclusions: In the setting of the difficult urethral catheterization, silicone catheters should be used after urethral dilation, advanced through a Glidewire, because they offer more resistance to bu...
Recent modifications, enhancements, and measurements with an airborne lidar system

The NASA Langley Research Center's 14-inch airborne aerosol lidar system, which is routinely flown on several NASA aircraft including the DC-8 and the P-3, has been upgraded with several modifications to enhance its measurement capabilities. A new 900 mJ, 10 pps Nd:YAG laser was added with the capability of producing 5 watts of power at 1064 nm, 2.5 watts at 532 nm and 1.5 watts at 355 nm. The existing detector package has been modified to accommodate the three wavelengths and to permit cross-polarization measurements at 532 nm. New software was developed for on- line data visualization and analysis, and computer- controlled laser alignment is being incorporated. The system is now capable of producing real-time color modulated backscatter plots. Other additions include a Pentium/90 processor, GPS (Global Positioning System) and ARINC (Aeronautical Radio Inc.) receivers for acquiring accurate aircraft position data. In 1992 and 1993 this system was flown on several airborne missions to map and characterize the stratospheric aerosol cloud produced by the 1991 eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano. Efforts to map the global distribution of Pinatubo were made on both daytime as well as nighttime flights from Moffett Field in California to the South Pacific, to Central and South America, to Australia and to Alaska. In September 1994, the system (aboard NASA's P-3) made correlative measurements along shuttle orbit ground tracks in support of the Lidar In-space Technology Experiment flown on the Space Shuttle. In this paper the system upgrades will be discussed and selected data obtained during these recent airborne campaigns will be presented.
Sprouty1 and Sprouty2 limit both the size of the otic placode and hindbrain Wnt8a by antagonizing FGF signaling.

Multiple signaling molecules, including Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) and Wnt, induce two patches of ectoderm on either side of the hindbrain to form the progenitor cell population for the inner ear, or otic placode. Here we report that in Spry1, Spry2 compound mutant embryos (Spry1−/−; Spry2−/− embryos), the otic placode is increased in size. We demonstrate that the otic placode is larger due to the recruitment of cells, normally destined to become cranial epidermis, into the otic domain. The enlargement of the otic placode observed in Spry1−/−; Spry2−/− embryos is preceded by an expansion of a Wnt8a expression domain in the adjacent hindbrain. We demonstrate that both the enlargement of the otic placode and the expansion of the Wnt8a expression domain can be rescued in Spry1−/−; Spry2−/− embryos by reducing the gene dosage of Fgf10. Our results define a FGF-responsive window during which cells can be continually recruited into the otic domain and uncover SPRY regulation of the size of a putative Wnt inductive center.
Adverse high temperature effects on pollen viability, seed-set, seed yield and harvest index of grain-sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) are more severe at elevated carbon dioxide due to higher tissue temperatures

Global climate change, especially, increases in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and the associated increases in temperature willhavesignificantimpact onthecropproduction.Grain-sorghum[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]cultivarDeKalb28Ewasgrown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum temperature regimes of 32/22, 36/26, 40/30 and 44/34 8C at ambient (350 mmol CO2 mol � 1 ) and elevated (700 mmol CO2 mol � 1 )C O2 from emergence to maturity in controlled environments to quantify the effects of temperature and CO2 on the reproductive processes and yield. Growth temperatures of 40/30 and 44/34 8C inhibited panicle emergence. Growth temperatures � 36/26 8C significantly decreased pollen production, pollenviability, seed-set, seed yield and harvestindexwhen compared to 32/22 8C. Percentage decreases inpollenviability,seed-set, seedyield and harvestindexdue to elevated temperature were greater at elevated CO2 when compared with ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 increased seed yield (26%) at 32/22 8C, but decreased seed yield (10%) at 36/26 8C. At high temperatures, elevated CO2 increased vegetative growth but not seed yield, thus, leading to decreased harvest index. We conclude that the adverse effects of elevated temperature on reproductive processes and yield of grain-sorghum were more severe at elevated CO2 than at ambient CO2; and the beneficial effects of elevated CO2 decreased with increasing temperature. The adverse temperature sensitivity of reproductive processes and yield at elevated CO2 was attributed to higher canopy foliage and seed temperatures. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The chemisorption of O2 and NO on reduced and sulfided molybdena-alumina catalysts

Abstract The chemisorptions of O2 and NO were investigated at −78 °C and at room temperature using pulse-flow and volumetric techniques. The oxygen chemisorption was fast and irreversible while the NO chemisorption, after a fast initial process, increased slowly with time. This latter portion could be removed by evacuation and readsorbed or replaced with O2. The strong NO chemisorption was approximately four times larger than that of O2. Infrared spectra showed that the strongly chemisorbed NO was present in pairs, suggesting that the oxygen chemisorption was as atoms. The interference of one chemisorption by the other was studied. The introduction of O2 did not affect the strongly chemisorbed NO whereas approximately one NO molecule was chemisorbed per oxygen atom on the oxygen saturated surface. This process was also observable in the infrared spectra. A characteristic pair of bands at 1817 and 1713 cm−1 which appeared on chemisorption of NO on the reduced catalyst (and at 1795 and 1704 cm−1 on the sulfided catalyst) have been assigned to a dinitrosyl species or NO dimer. These bands were unaffected when O2 was admitted to the system. On the other hand, when the NO was admitted to an oxygen-covered surface the same bands appeared but with much lower intensities. As previously reported, both chemisorptions were correlatable with the anion vacancy concentration. The results could be rationalized by assuming that these chemisorptions took place on Mo2+ centers (two anion vacancies on the same Mo). Sulfided catalysts produced nearly identical results.
Nationalist Sources of International Economic Integration

Most scholars of international relations and nationalism presume that nationalist ideology acts uniformly to hinder international economic integration, globalization, and free trade. This article challenges the conventional wisdom by developing an analytical framework of the incentives majority and minority nationalists face in the realm of foreign economic relations. Defining nationalism as the promotion of the autonomy, unity, and identity of the nation, it argues that nationalists have strong possible motivations both for and against close economic ties with foreign nations and states. As a result, oftentimes nationalists must make trade-offs among their goals of autonomy, unity, and identity when developing foreign economic policy preferences. Case studies of nationalist organizations in Quebec, India, and Ukraine that favor a high degree of international economic integration are presented to show the usefulness of the analytical framework.
Study of the F′ Center in Several Alkali Halides

The F' hand has been produced and measured in the following alkali halides: NaCl, KCl, KBr, KI, RbCl, Rbl, CsBr, and Csl. The spectra consisted of a single main peak and either a shoulder or a distinct second peak to the high energy side of it. The main peak in NaCl had a syrrnrrietric bell shape, whereas in the remainder of the salts it showed some structure The potassium and rubidium salts showed a shoulder located on "Che high energy side of the main peak. .The cesium halides showed a more complex structure. The structure in the main peak may be attributed to difference in band structure between the sodium halides and the other alkali halides. The shoulder, or second peak, to the high energy side of the main peak has been assigned tentatively to F'"center absorption where the F center is left in an excited 2p state. A semicontinuum model variational calculation has also been carried out using a correlated Hylleraas wave function. The F' binding energies * were calculated in a self-consistent priori fashion for m m and O.om . (m" is the conduction band effective mass.) Generally good agreement with experimental binding energies was achieved for the * m = O.om case. Also the potential well was adjusted to force agreement * with experimental binding energies for the m = m case. The resulting wave functions were used to calculate the absorption coefficients for the F' centers. Generally good agreement was obtained concerning the position and sizes of the main peaks and their half-widths. The second absorption edges, corresponding to leaving the F center in an excited 2p state, were calculated. Good agreement with the experimental second edges was
First Adult Return of Pink Salmon Tagged as Emergents with Binary-Coded Wires

Abstract In April 1981, 9,338 emergent pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha were nose-tagged with half-length (0.5 × 0.25 mm) binary-coded wires. Their adipose fins were removed and they were released unfed on May 1 from Salmon Creek Hatchery, Juneau, Alaska. Mortality during tagging was low (0.15%) and a group of 199 fish held for 2 weeks all retained tags. Seventeen adults with coded-wire tags were recovered in August 1982. The estimate of return (0.4%) was similar to that for other local untagged stocks in 1982. This technique allows the unique identification of many groups of emergent salmonids without removal of bony fins. Received January 31, 1984 Accepted August 21, 1984
FasTLInC: a constraint-based tracing approach

In an approach to software monitoring called Dynamic Monitoring with Integrity Constraints (DynaMICs), integrity constraints are used to monitor program behavior at runtime. The constraints capture domain knowledge, limitations imposed by the design, and assumptions made by programmers. This paper introduces Fast Tracing with Links using Integrity Constraints (FasTLInC), a component of DynaMICs, that manages integrity-constraint specifications, software artifacts, and program state information, permitting tracing of constraints and artifacts, specifically requirements and source code. Because DynaMICs verifies that a program behaves in accordance to constraints, the traceability provided by FasTLInC is significant since the monitor targets the detection of faults that result from ambiguity and changes in requirements, conflicts among requirements, and change in program use. The automated identification of bi-directional links between constraints and code eliminates the laborious task of managing links, which can be problematic because of the evolutionary nature of code.
Conformational Dynamics and Structural Plasticity Play Critical Roles in the Ubiquitin Recognition of a UIM Domain

Abstract Ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) are an important class of protein domains that interact with ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins. These approximately 20-residue-long domains are found in a variety of ubiquitin receptor proteins and serve as recognition modules towards intracellular targets, which may be individual ubiquitin subunits or polyubiquitin chains attached to a variety of proteins. Previous structural studies of interactions between UIMs and ubiquitin have shown that UIMs adopt an extended structure of a single α-helix, containing a hydrophobic surface with a conserved sequence pattern that interacts with key hydrophobic residues on ubiquitin. In light of this large body of structural studies, details regarding the presence and the roles of structural dynamics and plasticity are surprisingly lacking. In order to better understand the structural basis of ubiquitin–UIM recognition, we have characterized changes in the structure and dynamics of ubiquitin upon binding of a UIM domain from the yeast Vps27 protein. The solution structure of a ubiquitin–UIM fusion protein designed to study these interactions is reported here and found to consist of a well-defined ubiquitin core and a bipartite UIM helix. Moreover, we have studied the plasticity of the docking interface, as well as global changes in ubiquitin due to UIM binding at the picoseconds-to-nanoseconds and microseconds-to-milliseconds protein motions by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation. Changes in generalized-order parameters of amide groups show a distinct trend towards increased structural rigidity at the UIM–ubiquitin interface relative to values determined in unbound ubiquitin. Analysis of 15N Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill relaxation dispersion measurements suggests the presence of two types of motions: one directly related to the UIM-binding interface and the other induced to distal parts of the protein. This study demonstrates a case where localized interactions among protein domains have global effects on protein motions at timescales ranging from picoseconds to milliseconds.
Competition Of Trading Volume Among Markets: Evidence From Stocks With Multiple Cross-Listing Destinations

Abstract In constructing a comprehensive dataset of firms simultaneously cross-listed on multiple foreign markets between 1990 and 2012, we document the cross-sectional and chronological distribution of the trading volume of global cross-listings and examine the dynamics of competition for order flows among rival host markets. Our sample includes a total of 1118 cross-listings. Among them, 304 equity issues are cross-listed on multiple host markets. We find that host markets are more successful in attracting order flows from rival hosts markets when they have lower trading cost, better legal protection for investors, higher market liquidity, more advanced financial development, English common law origin, and firms with longer listing history. Surprisingly, information-based variables such as information factor and time zone difference have minimal impact on the distribution of order flows.
The 14C Record of Late Pleistocene Ice Advance and Retreat in the Central Ross Sea, Antarctica

Twenty-three AMS radiocarbon dates obtained from central Ross Sea sediment cores constrain the timing of ice advance across the continental shelf and highlight the difficulties of determining a chronology of ice-sheet retreat in this region. Ages derived from till and postglacial sediments are bimodally distributed and the majority of dates are >20 14C ka. The dates obtained from the acid-insoluble organic fraction of till indicate that grounded ice advanced across the inner central Ross Sea continental shelf 17.8 ? 1 14C ka. Benthic foraminifera from till on the outer shelf indicate that grounded ice reached its maximum position after 13.8 14C ka indicating that the Ross Sea sector of the Antarctic ice sheet was advancing as eustatic sea level was on the rise. Postglacial sediment sequences in the central Ross Sea are up to 70 cm thick, and the ages are older than those from the western Ross Sea. These postglacial sediments produced ages >20 14C ka (uncorrected) that are apparently inconsistent with the timing of ice advance and preclude development of a high-resolution chronology of ice-sheet retreat. Surface sediments deposited under open-marine conditions in the central Ross Sea typically range from 4000 to 6000 14C yr BP. Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements for the dated sediments in this study reveal no significant relationship between TOC content and reported 14C age.
Evolutionary Advantage of Control of a Biosynthetic Pathway

BECAUSE uncontrolled production of metabolites is rare in nature it has been concluded that the ability to regulate biosynthetic pathways confers an evolutionary advantage on a species. The advantage has been interpreted as arising from a more efficient use of energy which leads to more rapid growth in a competitive environment. The advantage gained by control of a pathway can thus be estimated by comparing the relative growth rates of two strains which are isogenic, except that one lacks control of the pathway.
Recording of multilevel run-length-limited modulation signals

We discuss the use of pulse length modulated recording of run-length-limited sequences of p-ary digits p i ∈ {0, 1,..., p-1}; p ≥ 3, to effect the physical representation of digital data on a storage medium that supports three or more distinct recording levels, or types of marks. p-ary run-length-limited modulation codes that facilitate the implementation of the modulation technique are also described. We also introduce a novel error correction coding technique that enables detecting/correcting errors in the values of the non-'zero' digits in the p-ary run-length limited sequence recovered from the storage medium.
Stereoselective syntheses of 1,2-cis- and 1,2-trans-d-mannopyranosides

Abstract 3,4,6-Tri- O -allyl-β- d -mannose 1,2-(methyl orthoacetate) has been prepared from the corresponding tri- O -acetyl derivative and used as a precursor for stereo-controlled synthesis of both the 1,2- cis - and trans - d -mannopyranosides. The allyl groups were selected and tested as temporary blocking groups which allow suitable deprotection under mild conditions following glycosidation. Hydrolysis of the orthoester ring afforded 3,4,6-tri- O -allyl- d -mannose. The latter was converted into 3,4,6-tri- O -allyl-2- O -mesyl-α- d -mannopyranosyl chloride, whose coupling with methanol and cyclohexanol afforded stereoselectively the β anomers as the major products. Methanolysis of the orthoester afforded the α anomer as the major product. The determination of the anomeric configuration is discussed and the 1 H-n.m.r. and 13 C-n.m.r. spectral data are correlated.
Minimum Self-Repairing Graphs

A graph is self-repairing if it is 2-connected and such that the removal of any single vertex results in no increase in distance between any pair of remaining vertices of the graph. We completely characterize the class of minimum self-repairing graphs, which have the fewest edges for a given number of vertices.
Oral antibiotic adverse reactions after penicillin skin testing: multi-year follow-up.

Background: Long-term follow-up data on adverse drug reactions after oral antibiotic use in penicillin allergy history positive individuals with penicillin skin test done in advance of need are rare. Methods: Oral antibiotic associated adverse drug reactions in 83 penicillin skin test positive individuals were compared to a sex, age, and length of follow-up matched sample of 166 penicillin skin test negative individuals, all of whom had at least one post penicillin skin test oral antibiotic. The mean post penicillin skin test follow-up interval was 34.5 ± 16.6 months. There were 1655 total oral antibiotic exposures. Results: In penicillin skin test positive individuals, the adverse drug reaction rate was not significantly different with cephalosporin or non-beta-lactam use (P = 0.12). In penicillin skin test negative individuals the adverse drug reaction rate was significantly lower with cephalosporin vs. non-beta-lactam use (P = 0.005). Penicillin was safely used in penicillin skin test negative individuals. Overall cephalosporins caused fewer adverse drug reactions independent of penicillin skin test status (P = 0.005). Conclusions: Penicillin skin testing was only able to predict penicillin associated adverse drug reactions in penicillin skin test positive individuals. Excluding accidental penicillin exposure in penicillin skin test positive individuals, non-beta-lactams were associated with adverse drug reactions more often than penicillins or cephalosporins, independent of the penicillin skin test result. Cephalosporins were used as or more safely than non-beta-lactams in both penicillin skin test positive and negative individuals.
Convergence and approximation results for non-cooperative Bayesian games: Learning theorems

LetT denote a continuous time horizon and {G t :t∈T} be a net (generalized sequence) of Bayesian games. We show that: (i) if {x t : t∈T} is a net of Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) strategies for Gt we can extract a subsequence which converges to a limit full information BNE strategy for a one shot limit full information Bayesian game, (ii) If {x t : t∈T} is a net of approximate or et-BNE strategies for the game Gt we can still extract a subsequence which converges to the one shot limit full information equilibrium BNE strategy, (iii) Given a limit full information BNE strategy of a one shot limit full information Bayesian game, we can find a net of et-BNE strategies {x t : t∈T} in {G t :t∈T} which converges to the limit full information BNE strategy of the one shot game.
Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Resistance to Fall Armyworm and Southwestern Corn Borer Leaf Feeding Damage

Southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella Dyar) and fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] damage ratings were measured on an F2-derived maize (Zea mays L.) population segregating for leaf feeding resistance following artificial infestation with neonates. Damage ratings for each insect were recorded in replicated trials at three locations and used in conjunction with a genetic linkage map to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance. Significant QTL and their interactions were estimated by multiple interval mapping analysis. Resistance to southwestern corn borer leaf feeding was fit to a model containing eight QTL and two interactions explaining 20% of the phenotypic variation. A model containing seven QTL and one interaction best fit resistance to fall armyworm leaf feeding damage, and it explained approximately 14% of the phenotypic variation. Three QTL located on chromosomes 6, 9, and 10 affect leaf feeding damage ratings of both insects with similar effects and gene action. Minor interaction effects were observed. The QTL on chromosomes 1, 5, and 9 correspond to previously identified regions affecting resistance to southwestern corn borer. Insect resistance genes including the mir family of genes located on chromosome 6 and the glossylS locus on chromosome 9 fall within Chromosomal regions of QTL predicted in this study. This study confirms that resistance to fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer involves many of the same QTL and candidate genes for insect resistance include the glossy 15 candidate locus on chromosome 9.
Diversity in the School Problems of Economically Disadvantaged Adolescents: Dual Pathways of Reading and Externalizing Problems

This study of economically disadvantaged 13-year-olds examined the relations between serious reading difficulties and clinical levels of externalizing behaviors in school. The variable-centered results showed that family variables, adolescent verbal ability, and negative emotion patterns differed in uniquely predicting reading achievement and externalizing behaviors. The person-centered analyses established robust groups of adolescents showing problems in a single domain, both domains, or neither domain, and that family and adolescent variables distinguished the adolescent groups in predictable ways. Longitudinal results available for a subsample showed that high problem levels for the groups were stable across elementary school and associated with first-grade characteristics. The results provide evidence for relatively independent pathways of reading and externalizing difficulties for young disadvantaged adolescents.
Infrared refractive indices of Pb1−xSnxTe alloys at room temperature

Abstract The refractive indices of Pb 1− x Sn x Te layers deposited on silicon and germanium substrates were determined for x between 0 and 0,42 in a wavelength region between 4 and 15 μm on the basis of the interference oscillations in the IR transmission spectra. Sample preparation is described. Evaluation procedures of the spectra and layer thickness measurements are treated in detail. We find an increase in the refractive index with x of about 0.013 per mole per cent SnTe. The influence of layer strains is discussed.
Induction of apoptosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in MCF-7 Vitamin D3-resistant variant can be sensitized by TPA ☆

Vitamin D(3) compounds offer an alternative approach to anti-hormonal therapies for human breast cancer. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)) acts through the nuclear Vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR), a phosphoprotein and ligand-dependent transcription factor. Our lab has shown that 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by disruption of mitochondrial function which is associated with Bax translocation to mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TPA, a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, does not induce cytochrome c release or Bax translocation, thus demonstrating that it has no effect on mitochondria and apoptosis on its own. However, when the MCF-7(D(3)Res) cells (a Vitamin D(3)-resistant variant) are treated with 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) in the presence of TPA, the cells displayed apoptotic morphology and redistribution of both cytochrome c and Bax. TPA pretreatment greatly enhances 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) stimulated 24-hydroxylase luciferase activity and VDR protein expression, although transactivation is lower in the MCF-7(D(3)Res) cells compared to the parental cell line. The observation that the phorbol ester TPA sensitizes the Vitamin D(3)-resistant variant to the effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) suggests an important role for phosphorylation in dictating sensitivity to Vitamin D(3)-mediated apoptosis. This study demonstrates that the effects of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) on mitochondrial disruption might be sensitized through activators of PKC.
A Minimally Arbitrary Numerical Method for the Separation of Faradaic and Background Currents of Interest

Various self-limiting adsorptive processes occur that modify the electrode―electrolyte interface in a well-defined way. A few of these processes include reductive desorption of self-assembled monolayers, underpotential deposition of metals, and oxidation of adsorbed CO. The characterization of these systems requires determining the adsorbate coverage. The most common electrochemical technique for this is to perform voltammetry on the adlayer, which is integrated to obtain the charge. However, to obtain accurate coverages, it is necessary to subtract background currents due to unrelated processes. The development and application of a minimally arbitrary numerical background subtraction scheme is the subject of this article.
Helicobacter pylori-induced Sonic Hedgehog Expression is Regulated by NFκB Pathway Activation: The Use of a Novel In vitro Model to Study Epithelial Response to Infection

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to acute induction of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) in the stomach that is associated with the initiation of gastritis. The mechanism by which H. pylori induces Shh is unknown. Shh is a target gene of transcription factor Nuclear Factor-κB (NFκB). We hypothesize that NFκB mediates H. pylori-induced Shh.
Detecting Malicious Packet Dropping in the Presence of Collisions and Channel Errors in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Detecting malicious packet dropping is important in ad hoc networks to combat a variety of security attacks such as blackhole, greyhole, and wormhole attacks. We consider the detection of malicious packet drops in the presence of collisions and channel errors and describe a method to distinguish between these types. We present a simple analytical model for packet loss that helps a monitoring node to detect malicious packet dropping attacks. The model is analyzed and evaluated using simulations. The results show that it is possible to detect malicious packet drops in the presence of collisions and channel errors.
A high-sensitivity silicon accelerometer with a folded-electrode structure

A high-sensitivity capacitive silicon accelerometer with a new device structure is presented in this paper. The structure uses a fixed rigid electrode suspended between a proof mass and a stiff moving electrode to provide differential capacitance measurement and force rebalancing. High sensitivity is achieved by forming a thick silicon proof mass and a narrow uniform air gap over a large area. The mechanical noise floor is reduced by incorporating damping holes in the electrodes. The accelerometer structure is all silicon and is fabricated on a single silicon wafer. The measured sensitivity for a device with 2.6 mm /spl times/ 1 mm proof mass and 1.4 /spl mu/m air gap is /spl ap/11 pF/g per electrode. The calculated mechanical noise floor for the same device is 0.18 /spl mu/g//spl radic/Hz at atmosphere.
Efficient computation of outage probabilities due to polarization effects in a WDM system using a reduced Stokes model and importance sampling

We propose a technique that uses Monte Carlo simulations with importance sampling and a reduced Stokes model to compute the probability density function of the Q factor and the outage probability for a channel in a long-haul wavelength-division-multiplexed optical-fiber transmission system due to the combination of polarization mode dispersion, polarization dependent loss, and polarization dependent gain. This technique allows us to compute outage probabilities as small as 10/sup -6/ at a fraction of the computational cost required by standard Monte Carlo simulations.
An I/O subnet for the APS control system-the BITBUS universal gateway

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) control system is based on a distributed topology of microprocessor-based Input/Output Controllers (IOCs). Since the cost effectiveness of placing an IOC near every point where an interface to the control system is required may be prohibitive, I/O subnets implemented via message passing network protocols are utilized. For greatest flexibility, such a subnet must support connections to equipment via discrete I/O points, connections to standard interfaces such as GPIB and RS232, and be a practical network for custom-designed interfaces to intelligent equipment. This paper describes the BITBUS Universal Gateway (BUG), a device which supports the different interfaces mentioned above with a connection to a single BITBUS distributed subnet. The BUG utilizes an interchangeable set of circuit boards, which allow for a commonality among interface points, and the ability to use commercially available modules for I/O. This approach also circumvents several limitations of GPIB and RS232, which restrict their use in industrial, electrically harsh environments, via an implementation of the BITBUS protocol over optical fibers. >
Autoinflammation: translating mechanism to therapy

Autoinflammatory syndromes are a clinically heterogeneous collection of diseases characterized by dysregulation of the innate immune system. The hereditary recurrent fever disorders were the first to be defined as autoinflammatory. Several of the responsible genes are now known to encode proteins forming multimeric complexes called inflammasomes, which are intracellular “danger sensors” that respond to a variety of different signals by activating caspase-1, responsible for cleavage and subsequent release of bioactive IL-1β. This discovery of the causative link between autoinflammation and IL-1β maturation has led to a significantly improved understanding of the mechanisms of innate immunity, as well as life-altering treatments for patients. Targeting IL-1β for the treatment of autoinflammatory syndromes is an excellent example of the power of translational research. Given the central role of inflammation in many complex multigenic diseases, these treatments may benefit larger numbers of patients in the future. Here, we review current treatment strategies of autoinflammatory diseases with a focus on IL-1 antagonism.
Resolving the Paradoxes of and Barriers to Patient-Centered Culturally Sensitive Health Care Lessons From the History of Counseling and Community Psychology

The three reviews of the Major Contribution in this issue of The Counseling Psychologist provide thought-provoking critiques of counseling psychology's role in patient-centered culturally sensitive health care. In this rejoinder, the authors situate these critiques within the historical context of enduring paradoxes and barriers confronting counseling psychologists' entry into health care settings. The primary themes of this discussion focus on the imprecision of health care terms, the paradox of empowerment, and the challenges of overcoming the status quo.
Activated carbon catalyzes reactions of phenolics during liquid‐phase adsorption

Various phenolic compounds in aqueous buffer solutions were contacted batchwise with powdered activated carbon. Relatively slow, but continual, decreases in the solution phenolic concentrations were measured over a period of several weeks. The decreases were due to oxidative coupling reactions of the phenolics which occurred on the carbon surface subsequent to adsorption. The effects of time, pH, dissolved oxygen, and the molecular nature of the phenolic were determined.
An adaptation layer for real-time interoperability between legacy 100MbE and 40Gb/s (and beyond) optical label switched networks

We present a method, scalable to 1Tb/s transmission systems, of performing electronic lookup on asynchronous 40Gb/s burst mode channels to facilitate real-time end-to-end interoperability between legacy 100MbE networks and 40Gb/s optical label switched networks.
System identification for wireless propagation channels in tunnels

Wireless communication channels in large tunnels at microwave frequencies involve a large number of guided wave modes. It has been reported that spatial records of field strength versus axial distance in such tunnels can be divided into two zones. Close to the transmitting source, the field consists of many modes interacting in such a way as to produce rapid decay and strong local variations. For greater distances, the field appears dominated by only a few principal modes, or a single mode, with less rapid decay and smoother variations. We apply methods of system identification to estimate parameters in a model that includes these characteristics in the two regions. We validate our model with theoretical data from a circular tunnel with lossy walls.
A fast and sensitive method for detecting specific viral RNA in mammalian cells.

A quick and sensitive method to quantitate viral RNA synthesis has been developed. Utilizing glutaraldehyde to fix infected cells onto nitrocellulose paper, viral RNA can be probed directly in situ. Viral message can be detected from as few as 10(4) infected cells. This technique can be used to study viral gene expression and can be adapted to screen the activity of antiviral agents such as interferon. Images
Responsiveness of patient-reported breathlessness during exercise in persistent asthma.

Abstract Background: The purpose of the study was to examine the responsiveness of a computerized system whereby the patient reports spontaneously any change in the intensity of breathlessness during exercise. The hypotheses were that hypercapnia would increase and hyperoxia would decrease the slope of power production-breathlessness ratings compared with a control condition during cycle ergometry. Methods: Thirty adult subjects (15 women and 15 men) with persistent asthma (mean [± SD] FEV 1 /FVC ratio, 57 ± 10%) completed an initial familiarization visit and three study visits. All subjects inhaled two puffs of albuterol (180 μg) in order to standardize lung function prior to exercise. At visits 2 to 4, subjects breathed one of the three gas mixtures administered in a random order while performing a ramp exercise test. The experimental conditions were as follows: hypercapnia (5% carbon dioxide); hyperoxia (40% oxygen); and control (room air). Results: Lung function was the same before and after exercise with the three experimental conditions. With hypercapnia, peak ventilation was increased, peak oxygen consumption, and power production were reduced, the slope of power-breathlessness was increased, and 25 patients (83%) reported breathlessness as the limiting symptom. With hyperoxia, peak ventilation was decreased, peak power production and the slope of power-breathlessness were unchanged, and 16 patients (53%) reported leg discomfort as the limiting symptom. Conclusions: Breathing 5% carbon dioxide altered physiologic responses and the slope of power production-breathlessness during exercise. The responses to hyperoxia were inconsistent. The continuous method for patient-reported breathlessness was responsive to hypercapnia, but not to hyperoxia, during incremental exercise.
The Politics of Building Alternative Agro-food Networks in the Belly of Agro-industry

Alternative food production and provisioning efforts are variable and their success also varies across regions. In particular, rural areas characterized by large-scale, agro-industrial forms face challenges in reconnecting resident consumers with local producers that are less apparent in urban and ex-urban areas. Our case study situates these challenges in two globalized, agro-industrial counties in rural, central Washington State. In order to understand the contemporary viability of alternative agro-food networks, we suggest attention to regional agro-political discourse and agro-industrial history. With a focus on organic production, direct marketing, and community-supported agriculture (CSA), we investigate how regional politics can hamper or hasten the growth of alternatives in terms of food provisioning. Using archival, interview, and survey data, we find that the transformative capacity of alternative food networks is locally contingent, shaped by political ideologies and consumer acceptance of exis...
Monopoles, vortices and confinement in SU(3) lattice gauge theory☆

Abstract We present results for the heavy quark potential computed in SU(3) from magnetic monopoles and from center vortices. The monopoles are identified after fixing SU(3) lattice configurations to the maximal abelian gauge. The center vortices are identified after using an indirect center gauge fixing scheme which we describe for SU(3). Z(3) center vortices are extracted and used to compute the potential. The values of the string tensions from monopoles and vortices are compared to the full SU(3) string tension.
Computational Complexity and the Scope of Software Patents

Recent developments in patent law, most notably the effective nullification of the Supreme Court's 1972 Benson decision excluding mathematical algorithms from patentable subject matter, have attempted to reflect an increasingly sophisticated approach to computer science and technology. Despite this, the patent system has continued to disregard computational complexity, an issue of central concern to computer scientists and of strategic importance to U.S. information technology policy. This Article proposes a development of patent scope doctrine that would introduce the issue of computational complexity into patent infringement analysis, thereby encouraging more efficient algorithm design, enhancing public benefits from complementary improvements in computer hardware, and strengthening the institutional competence of the patent system.
Instant of vascular occlusion defined with laser-Doppler flowmetry

Derivation of capillary pressure from tracings postarterial (AO) or -venous (VO) occlusion requires back extrapolation to an instant near the time of occlusion. This instant is difficult to identify because of pressure artifacts created by the occlusion maneuver. Theoretically, when the flow in the main artery (or veins) is stopped instantaneously, the flow in the arterioles (or venule) will stop after a short time delay (perhaps less than 100 ms). When flow had stopped in the main artery and in the arteriole, the pressure in the main artery at that instant would equal the pressure in the arterioles. We sought to identify the instant when flow stops in the arterioles and venules after AO and VO, respectively. In an isolated perfused dog left lower lobe preparation flow in the main vessels were monitored with inline flow probes, whereas flow in the microcirculation was monitored with laser-Doppler flow (LDF) probe placed on the lung surface. A sudden decline in arterial flow was detected by the LDF probe after 54 ms, while a sudden decline in venous flow was detected in the venules after 35 ms. These time delays were used as wave transmission time across the arterial and venous trees. Consequently, it was concluded that after AO, flow in the arterioles would stop 54 ms after it had become zero in the main artery, while after VO flow in the venules would stop 35 ms after it had become zero in the main vein. The pressure post-AO and post-VO was read at these instants (54 and 35 ms after flow in the main vessel reached zero).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sediment supply versus local hydraulic controls on sediment transport and storage in a river with large sediment loads

The Rio Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, USA, and Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico, undergoes rapid geomorphic changes as a result of its large sediment supply and variable hydrology; thus, it is a useful natural laboratory to investigate the relative importance of flow strength and sediment supply in controlling alluvial channel change. We analyzed a suite of sediment transport and geomorphic data to determine the cumulative influence of different flood types on changing channel form. In this study, physically based analyses suggest that channel change in the Rio Grande is controlled by both changes in flow strength and sediment supply over different spatial and temporal scales. Channel narrowing is primarily caused by substantial deposition of sediment supplied to the Rio Grande during tributary-sourced flash floods. Tributary floods have large suspended-sediment concentrations, occur for short durations, and attenuate rapidly downstream in the Rio Grande, depositing much of their sediment in downstream reaches. Long-duration floods on the mainstem have the capacity to enlarge the Rio Grande, and these floods, released from upstream dams, can either erode or deposit sediment in the Rio Grande depending upon the antecedent in-channel sediment supply and the magnitude and duration of the flood. Geomorphic and sediment transport analyses show that the locations and rates of sand erosion and deposition during long-duration floods are most strongly controlled by spatial changes in flow strength, largely through changes in channel slope. However, spatial differences in the in-channel sediment supply regulate sediment evacuation or accumulation over time in long reaches (greater than a kilometer).
Electrochemical detection of Pseudomonas in wound exudate samples from patients with chronic wounds

In clinical practice, point-of-care diagnostic testing has progressed rapidly in the last decade. For the field of wound care, there is a compelling need to develop rapid alternatives for bacterial identification in the clinical setting, where it generally takes over 24 hours to receive a positive identification. Even new molecular and biochemical identification methods require an initial incubation period of several hours to obtain a sufficient number of cells prior to performing the analysis. Here we report the use of an inexpensive, disposable electrochemical sensor to detect pyocyanin, a unique, redox-active quorum sensing molecule released by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in wound fluid from patients with chronic wounds enrolled in the WE-HEAL Study. By measuring the metabolite excreted by the cells, this electrochemical detection strategy eliminates sample preparation, takes less than a minute to complete, and requires only 7.5 μL of sample to complete the analysis. The electrochemical results were compared against 16S rRNA profiling using 454 pyrosequencing. Blind identification yielded 9 correct matches, 2 false negatives, and 3 false positives giving a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 57% for detection of Pseudomonas. Ongoing enhancement and development of this approach with a view to develop a rapid point-of-care diagnostic tool is planned.
21-Year-Old Male Trauma Patient With Skin and Liver Lesions, Hepatitis, and Coagulopathy

A 21-year-old African-American male suffered multiple injuries from an improvised explosive device while deployed in Afghanistan. His trauma resulted in severe soft tissue injuries involving the posterior upper arms and left shoulder, as well as the left flank, which communicates with the abdominal cavity. A splenectomy was required due to the splenic lacerations that he received. During his hospital course, the complication of polymicrobial wound infection occurred, which required repeated debridements with wound vacuum (WV) placement and broad spectrum antibiotic coverage. Ten days after his injury, he developed coagulopathy with persistently bloody WV output that required multiple transfusions of packed red blood cells, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. The patient had no known prior medical problems, and there was no report of unusual exposures to pathogens during his 8 months of deployment. On examination, the patient was febrile, hypotensive, tachycardic, intubated, and sedated. Two weeks after his injury and during surgical intervention for wound debridement and wound hemostasis, his surgeon noted several yellow, soft, slightly raised, pustular lesions on the surface of his liver, 1 of which was biopsied. The patient also developed pustular skin lesions on his forehead, right axilla, and right thorax, 1 of which was also biopsied (Figure 1). His laboratory test results during this episode were as follows: white blood cell count 20.6 × 10(3)/μL with 23% bands; hemoglobin 11.5 g/dL; hematocrit 22.2%; platelet count 47 × 10 (3)/μL; prothrombin time 17 seconds; partial thromboplastin time 33 seconds; international normalized ratio 1.3; aspartate aminotransferase 873 U/L; alanine aminotransferase 470 U/L; total bilirubin 7.1 mg/dL, and direct bilirubin 6.9 mg/dL. His liver biopsy showed multifocal coagulative necrosis without zonation. His skin biopsy was diagnostic (Figure 2). What is your diagnosis?