cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of Corrosion Resistant Alloys Using Density Functional Theory: Part I. O and Cl Adsorption Energy

Oxidation and repassivation are key processes that control the performance of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs). To fully understand the mechanism of repassivation, it is useful to obtain some fundamental parameters that describe the atomistic processes involved. Here, O and Cl adsorption energies were systematically calculated ab initio for Ni-22Cr alloys with seven different solute elements Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ru and W. It was found that, except for Cu, all other elements tend to increase the adsorption of both O and Cl to alloy surfaces and Cr has the strongest effect among these elements. It was also found that surface configurations that give stronger O adsorption energy also tend to give stronger Cl adsorption energy. While this makes it difficult to tell the effect of these solute elements on oxidation/repassivation property of alloys, these fundamental properties provide the foundation for higher scale models that could be used to study the oxidation process during corrosion and to instruct the design of CRAs. The Bader charges of the adatoms were analyzed, and it was found that there is a strong relationship between the adatom adsorption energy and the Bader charge of adatom for both O and Cl adatom. Work function analysis shows that the work function of alloy surfaces tends to be increased by O adsorption while decreased by Cl adsorption, which suggests that Cl adsorption can have an intrinsic negative impact on corrosion resistance of CRAs by decreasing the barrier to electron transfer.
Change Management Strategy in Action: Independent Evaluation for Learning

Informed by trends and citing predictions about the future of evaluation, this precis lays out requirements, considerations, and steps for planning and delivering change that would support the recalibration of independent evaluation so it might better serve learning.
Genetic basis of body shape variation along the benthic-pelagic axis in cichlid fishes

Divergence along the benthic-pelagic axis is one of the most widespread and repeated patterns of morphological variation in fishes, producing body shape diversity associated with ecology and swimming mechanics. This ecological shift is also the first stage of the explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in the East African Rift Lakes. We use two hybrid crosses of cichlids (Metriaclima sp. x Aulonocara sp. and Labidochromis sp. x Labeotropheus sp., >975 animals total) along the benthic-pelagic ecomorphological axis to determine the genetic basis of body shape diversification. Using a series of both linear and geometric shape measurements, we identify 55 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that underlie various aspects of body shape variation associated with benthic-pelagic divergence. These QTL are spread throughout the genome, each explain 3.0-7.2% of phenotypic variation, and are largely modular. Further, QTL are distinct both between these two crosses of Lake Malawi cichlids and compared to previously identified QTL for body shape in fishes such as sticklebacks. We find that body shape is controlled by many genes of small effects. In all, we find that convergent benthic and pelagic body phenotypes commonly observed across fish clades are most likely due to distinct genetic and molecular mechanisms.
Planning for Legality

What is law like? What can we compare it with in order to illuminate its character and suggest answers to some of the perennial questions of jurisprudence? Natural lawyers compare laws to moral propositions. A human law is an attempt by someone who has responsibility for a human community to replicate, publicize, and enforce a proposition of objective morality such as "Killing is wrong." Law is like moral reasoning, say the natural lawyers, and laws should be regarded as principles of right reason (principles that reason dictates as answers to the moral questions that need to be addressed in human society).1 However, in recent times legal philosophers have looked for illumination in the domain of social fact rather than in the realm of value.
Don’t Disrespect Me: Affect in an Urban Math Class

We use a models and modeling approach to analyze affect as it occurs in several urban classrooms in New Jersey. We propose the concept of an “archetypal affective structure” based upon our observations and interviews with students and teachers. An archetypal affective structure refers to a recurring pattern that is a kind of behavioral/affective/social constellation. Such structures include typical patterns of behavior, indicative of affective pathways that have important cognitive interpretations and implications by students. In this chapter, we document a particular archetypal affective structure that underscores our hypothesis that, at times, the motivation to maintain “face” can become stronger than the motivation to engage in mathematical inquiry. We underscore the implications of this for teachers as well as for students.
Star-Cap: Cluster Power Management Using Software-Only Models

Star-Cap is a high-fidelity, real-time power management system for clusters. Star-Cap's cluster power management module uses software-only power models to implement a proactive power capping mechanism with the ability to distribute a cluster's power budget non-uniformly across nodes. We evaluated Star-Cap on a variety of MapReduce-style workloads running on a low-power cluster. Depending on application and platform, Star-Cap improves cluster throughput by 14 -- 43% compared to using a uniform power cap distribution policy with a purely reactive power capping mechanism, even one based on real physical measurements. Furthermore, Star-Cap maintains cluster throughput while reducing overall cluster power budget by 14% with no additional capital or operating cost. Star-Cap's proactive power capping mechanism also improves response time to power cap violations by a factor of 2 to 10. Star-Cap's overhead for collecting, computing, and reporting data is less than 1% CPU utilization.
The New Economic History.: I. ITS FINDINGS AND METHODS

T he 'new economic history', sometimes called econometric history or cliometrics, is not often practised in Europe. However, it is fair to say that efforts to apply statistical and mathematical models currently occupy the centre of the stage in American economic history. The influence of this type of research in the United States is illustrated by the proceedings of the twentyfifth annual meeting of the Economic History Association, published in the last number of the Journal of Economic History.2 Of the ten major papers included in the issue, three practise the new economic history and a fourth is devoted to a discussion of it. Moreover, if the dissertations presented to the annual meeting are an index of the intellectual direction of the youngest generation of economic historians, then it is worth noting that six of these seven studies are cast in the new mode, and the seventh is a computer analysis (of a large sample of commercial papers) aimed at revealing the motivation for the colonization of the Americas.3 Econometric history gained its present eminence with extraordinary rapidity. Perhaps the first definitely formulated expression of the new approach is contained in a pair of essays written by Alfred H. Conrad and John R. Meyer in 1957, less than a decade ago.4 It was not until three years later that work in cliometrics had gone far enough to warrant a conference devoted to it. In December of i96o Purdue University sponsored a Seminar on Quantitative Methods in Economic History. Although the organizers of the meeting had difficulty in finding a score of scholars interested enough to attend, the Purdue Seminar did much to stimulate further research in the application of the mathematical and statistical models of economics to the study of history. So successful was the first meeting that the Purdue Seminar has become an annual event. The sixth meeting was held last January. This time the problem was
South Asia Bond Markets South Aisa Bond Markets: Bangladesh

The paper first analyzes the current situation of the bond markets in Bangladesh: The bond market has played a limited role in the Bangladesh economy. The Bangladesh bond market is also rather shallow compared to the neighboring countries. Then, the paper analyzes the main impediments to the Bangladesh debt market include (i) the weak regulatory framework; (ii) supply-side constraints such as a lack of the benchmark bonds; (iii) demand-side constraints such as the limited investor base; (iv) a lack of intermediaries with expertise in debt products; (v) a lack of confidence in corporate borrowers; (vi) market distortions which are caused by the National Savings Scheme (NSS) offering above-market returns; and (vii) a lack of interest from private companies, including financial intermediaries and large business, in launching new debt products due to high fees. Finally, the paper offers a roadmap for the development of the Bangladesh bond market: 1. Strengthen the development of the government securities market by (i) improving the efficiency and transparency of the government securities primary market, (ii) gradually increasing the volume of the marketable government securities and reducing the volume of the non-marketable securities, and (iii) strengthening the liquidity of the secondary market in the government securities. 2. Promote the corporate bond market development by (i) developing a comprehensive set of guidelines on issuing bonds and debentures under the direction of the Securities and Exchange Commission, (ii) further reducing issuing costs, and (iii) creating an enabling environment for the development of asset backed securitization. 3. Broaden the investor base by (i) promoting the pension sector reform, (ii) strengthening the insurance sector development, and (iii) adopting reforms to attract foreign investors.
Phase 2 randomized study of p53 antisense oligonucleotide (cenersen) plus idarubicin with or without cytarabine in refractory and relapsed acute myeloid leukemia

BACKGROUND: The p53 antisense oligonucleotide cenersen has been shown to sensitize acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells to DNA damaging agents. METHODS: To determine whether cenersen merits testing in larger efficacy studies, an exploratory study of cenersen in combination with idarubicin either alone or with 1 of 2 doses of cytarabine was performed in first-salvage AML patients. Patients who either had failed to respond to a single induction course or had responded to induction but relapsed within 12 months were enrolled. Stopping rules based on an expected 14% complete response (CR) rate were applied to each treatment arm. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were treated, and none of the arms was terminated for lack of activity. Nearly all patients received a single course unless they responded. Ten of the 53 (19%) patients responded (8 CR and 2 CR with incomplete platelet recovery). There was a positive trend for a better response rate with increasing intensity of chemotherapy in the patients refractory to front-line treatment compared with those who had relapsed previously. One-third (17/53) of the patients received cenersen inhibitors (acetaminophen and/or high dose antioxidants) during treatment, and none of these responded to treatment. No unique toxicity was attributed to cenersen. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggested that the combination of cenersen with chemotherapy may have clinical efficacy, and additional studies are warranted to explore its full potential. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
What Happened at Citigroup? (A)

What when wrong at Citigroup? Was it the "financial supermarket" model? Was it too large and unwieldy to manage? Poor leadership? Questionable business practices? Bad luck? Or something else entirely? In 1998, the Travelers Group and Citicorp merged to create Citigroup Inc., considered the first true global "financial supermarket," and a business model to be envied, feared and emulated. By year-end 2006 the firm had a market capitalization of $274 billion, with $1.9 trillion in assets and $24.6 billion in earnings. But ten years after the merger it ended in tears. In July of 2009, the firm was effectively nationalized, with billions of dollars in bailout money converted into a 34% ownership stake for the U.S. government. Citigroup was worth less than $16 billion, having lost more than $250 billion in value from its peak. This case examines Citi's business model, challenges it faced, its leadership and key decisions to better understand what contributed to the failure of one of the most powerful financial firms in the world.
First Comes Social Networking, Then Comes Marriage? Characteristics of Americans Married 2005–2012 Who Met Through Social Networking Sites

Abstract Although social networking sites (SNS) have become increasingly prevalent and integrated into the lives of users, the role of SNS in courtship is relatively unknown. The present manuscript reports on the characteristics of Americans married between 2005 and 2012 who met through SNS drawn from a weighted national sample (N=18,527). Compared to other online meetings (i.e., dating sites, online communities, one-on-one communication), individuals who met through SNS were younger, married more recently, and were more likely to be African American. Compared with offline meetings, individuals who met through SNS were more likely to be younger, male, African American and Hispanic, married more recently, and frequent Internet users with higher incomes. Trends suggest an increasing proportion of individuals are meeting using SNS, necessitating further research on factors that influence romantic relational development through SNS.
Constructing Peace: Helping Youth Cope in the Aftermath of 9/11

The 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York City represented a new strain on already fractured communities with low collective efficacy. Like the majority of citizens in the greater metropolitan area, researchers at the Community Research Group of Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health wanted to "do" something to help in the aftermath of the attacks. The group proposed to promote collective recovery, that is, rebuilding social connections in the city as the foundation for individual and group recovery. After several months of organizing, New York City RECOVERS (NYCR)--a network of organizations formed to promote trauma recovery post 9/11--in conjunction with the New York University's International Trauma Studies Program, persuaded the New York City Department of Health and Mental Health and the FEMA-funded Project Liberty to sponsor a conference on collective recovery, with a focus on the first anniversary of the tragedy. Utilizing participant observation, the research team documented the outreach and dissemination efforts of NYCR, the partners' organizational engagement in collective recovery, and the recovery activities they pursued. This paper describes the work of the conference and the specific efforts for youth violence prevention that followed. In this circumstance, engaging community partners helped shift the research agenda from one driven by funders and researchers to one co-driven by the organizations and populations they aimed to influence.
Multiple criteria mathematical programming: an updated overview and several approaches

Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) refers to making decisions in the presence of multiple, usually conflicting, objectives. Multiple criteria decision problems pervade all that we do and include such public policy tasks as determining a country’s policy developing a national energy plan, as well as planning national defense expenditures, in addition to such private enterprise tasks as new product development, pricing decisions, and research project selection. For an individual, the purchase of an automobile or a home exemplifies a multiple criteria problem. Even such routine decisions as the choice of a lunch from a menu, or the assignment of job crews to jobs constitute multiple criteria problems. All have a common thread--multiple conflicting objectives.
Contestation and Enregisterment in Ohio’s Imagined Dialects

This article examines the contestation of a partially enregistered variety, namely, the “Cleveland accent” or “northern accent” in Ohio. Speaker perceptions of language variation within Ohio were c...
Characterization of Streptomyces MITKK-103, a newly isolated actinomycin X2-producer

A new actinomycete strain designated MITKK-103 was isolated from the soil of a flowerpot using a humic acid agar medium. The newly isolated strain was able to produce a large amount of actinomycin X2 even under nonoptimized growing conditions and serves as a promising source of this antibiotic. Actinomycin X2 has higher cytotoxicity toward cultured human leukemia (HL-60) cells than does actinomycin D, and it induces cell death via apoptosis. A nearly complete 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence from the isolate was determined and found to have high identity (98.5–100%) with Streptomyces galbus, Streptomyces griseofuscus, and Streptomyces padanus, indicating that MITKK-103 belongs to the genus Streptomyces. The isolate clustered with species belonging to the S. padanus clade in a 16S-rDNA-based phylogenetic tree and showed 75% overall homology to S. padanus ATCC 25646 in DNA–DNA relatedness analysis. Although the growth of the isolate was somewhat different from the three species mentioned, the strain MITKK-103 most closely resembles S. padanus on the basis of the morphological and phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis, and genotypic data. As such, this is the first report of a strain of S. padanus capable of producing actinomycins.
Nanostructured metal oxides for printed electrochromic displays

Abstract Electrochromic devices are able to change their optical properties reversibly under the action of applied voltages. The conventional method of fabricating electrochromic devices utilizes a ‘sandwich’ configuration of electrodes. We developed a ‘side-by-side’ design for fabricating electrochromic display devices without the use of conductive, transparent electrodes. A simple printing technology can be used to produce commercial scale, flexible electrochromic displays. We have also discovered that tin oxide nanocrystallites heavily doped with antimony exhibit a high level of electrochromism. The high contrast ratio of nanostructured antimony–tin oxide (ATO) electrochromic displays is attributed to an accessible antimony energy state in the band gap of the mixed oxide. The fast switching rate can be attributed to the high surface area of, and high number density of grain boundaries in, the nanophase ATO materials. The interfacial regions between ATO nanocrystallites facilitate the transport of ions in and out of the electrochromic layer. The dynamics of the electrochromic displays is critically dependent on the nanostructure of the electrochromic layer. The design strategy for commercial production of printed, flexible electrochromic displays will be discussed.
Sign reversal of resonances via isotropic mixing in NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The evolution of in-phase magnetization under the influence of a Hamiltonian dominated by the isotropic scalar coupling terms has been examined via computer simulations. The isotropic mixing process in most cases is complex, and can lead to a reversal in sign of resonances in the NMR spectrum, depending on the mixing time, coupling topology and scalar couplings.
Estimating the Number of Bound Waters in Gd(III) Complexes Revisited. Improved Methods for the Prediction of Q-Values

Two literature computational methods for the prediction of the number of inner-sphere aqua ligands, q, have been applied to a test set of seven Gd(aminocarboxylate) complexes. The first method is based on the hypothesis that q should be proportional to the solvent-accessible surface area of the ligand-complexed Gd ion (Castonguay, L. A., Treasurywala, A. M., Caulfield, T. J., Jaeger, E. P., and Kellar, K. E. (1999) Prediction of q-Values and Conformations of Gadolinium Chelates for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjugate Chem. 10, 958). The second method is based on the hypothesis that q-values can be deduced by examining series of steric energy versus ionic radii plots as a function of coordination number (Reichert, D. E., Hancock, R. D., and Welch, M. J. (1996) Molecular Mechanics Investigation of Gadolinium(III) Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 35, 7013). This study identifies deficiencies in these methods and, with respect to the first method, describes some apparent errors. Although neither method was reliable at predicting q, two alternate approaches based on either molecular mechanics strain thresholds or exposed Gd surface area thresholds are shown to predict observed q-values for all Gd aminocarboxylate complexes in the test set.
Performance evaluation of silicon nanowire arrays based thermoelectric generators

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can improve the net power consumption of electronic packages by generating power from the chip waste heat. In this study, a 3D computational model of electronic package with silicon nanowire (Si-NW) based embedded TEGs has been developed and the effect of crucial geometric parameters, contact resistances and thermal properties such as pitch length and length of Si-NWs, the electrical contact resistivity at Si-NW interface, thermal contact resistivity at TEG-package interface, and filling material thermal-conductivity on power generation has been evaluated. The analysis has shown how modifying some crucial parameters from their current values in different experimental studies affect power generation, e.g., decreasing the pitch length from 400 nm to 200 nm double the power generation, increasing the Si-NW length from 1 μm to 8 μm increases power generation by a factor of three and decreasing contact resistivity by one order of magnitude from 1.0×10 -11 Ω-m 2 enhances the power generation by a factor of two. This study has estimated the energy conversion efficiency of 0.02 % for 8 μm long Si-NWs using the best thermo-electric properties available from different experimental studies. Finally, the analysis provides insights into the crucial parameters of Si-NW TEGs which should be focus of the future studies.
Gene therapy in cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene and is the most common life-shortening genetic defect in Caucasians. Life expectancy in CF has improved substantially over the last 75 years because of treatments aimed at end-organ complications. Since the CFTR gene was discovered in 1989 more than 1900 mutations have been reported to cause CF and significant effort has been put forth into gene therapy to find a mutation independent "cure" for CF. Gene-based approaches have not yet led to a viable therapy but have provided insights into hurdles that limit the efficacy of gene therapy. This review will address the nomenclature of CFTR mutations, attempts at viral and nonviral gene therapy, and recent advances in mutation-specific molecules.
Long‐term evolution of the cold point tropical tropopause: Simulation results and attribution analysis

The height, pressure, and temperature of the cold point tropical tropopause areexamined in three 140 year simulations of a coupled chemistry climate model.Tropopause height increases approximately steadily in the simulations at a mean rate of63 ± 3 m/decade (2s confidence interval). The pressure trend changes near the year2000 from 1.03 ± 0.30 hPa/decade in the past to 0.55 ± 0.06 hPa/decade for thefuture. The trend in tropopause temperature changes even more markedly from 0.13 ±0.07 K/decade in the past to +0.254 ± 0.014 K/decade in the future. The tropopause datawere fit using regression by terms representing total column ozone, tropical mean seasurface temperatures, and tropical mass upwelling. Tropopause height and pressureclosely follow the upwelling term, whereas tropopause temperature is primarily relatedto sea surface temperature and ozone. The change in tropopause temperature trend near theyear 2000 is related to the change in the sign of the ozone trend with the sea surfacetemperature having an increased role after 2040. A conceptual model is used to estimatetropopause changes. The results confirm the regression analysis in showing theimportance of upper tropospheric warming (connected with sea surface temperature)and stratospheric cooling (connected with CO
Intercultural Communication and Anthropology: Understanding Their Common History

The thriving field of study called intercultural communication appears closely related to anthropology in content, but it currently has few links with the discipline of anthropology. Rather, its home is within the discipline of communication, which defines it as the study of communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. This can be interpreted as meaning subcultural groups within America but more generally is interpreted as interaction between people from different countries. Although most anthropologists have little to do with intercultural communication at present, and some may not even know that it exists, the situation was once different.
Test-Accuracy and Base-Rate Information in the Prediction of Medical Disease Occurrence

This study investigated how people integrate base-rate information with information about the accuracy of a diagnostic test when making judgments about the probability a person will develop a disease. Participants were presented nine vignettes of medical cases with three base-rate levels crossed with three levels of the accuracy of the diagnostic test. Supporting our hypotheses, we found that both the base-rate and test-accuracy information influenced the probability judgments. Moreover, the test accuracy by base-rate interaction indicated that the influence of the accuracy of the test on judgments was conditioned by the level of the base-rate information. In contrast to previous research in which participants tended to neglect base-rate information in favor of case-specific information, this study demonstrates that if the baserate information is seen as relevant to the case, it can have considerable and even greater influence than case-specific information on judgments.
Effect of pH on the bioaccumulation of low level, dissolved methylmercury by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An inverse relationship has been observed between pH and McHg concentration in freshwater fish. Many hypotheses exist regarding the mechanisms which lead to elevated levels of organic Hg in fish from low pH lakes. To determine if pH has a direct effect on the rate of McHg bioaccumulation in fish, rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a low concentration of aqueous methylmercuric chloride (1.38 ± 0.49 ng·L−1) at four pH-levels (8.2, 7.0, 6.3, 5.8) for eight weeks. McHg and total Hg were specifically determined on whole fish homogenates and water samples. The pH was found to have a significant: inverse effect on the rate of McHg bioaccumulation in the fish only in the lowest exposure level. Fish held at pH 5.8 had an uptake rate of 1.11 ± 0.07 ng·g−1·d−1, while those at pH ≥ 6.3 had a MeHg tissue uptake rate of ≤ 0.64 ± 0.07 ng·g−1·d−1. Total body burden of MeHg in the fish held at pH 5.8 also showed an elevated level of MeHg when compared with fish held at higher pH-levels, but the difference was less dramatic. These results suggest that a portion of the Hg burden in fish from low pH systems may be due to the direct effects of low pH on bioaccumulation, but that a threshold may exist above which pH does not play a significant role.
Reducing bias through process inventory dataset normalization

This paper explores a computational method to resolve some of the problems of external normalization in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) process of midpoint characterized impacts. Problems inherent to external normalization (per capita per year for a defined region) that reduce the ability to accurately calculate the most significant impact categories include This paper demonstrates a method called Process Inventory Dataset (PID) normalization. PID normalization modifies the normalized impact value by a normalizing factor which puts a probability distribution on average normalized impact categories for an entire process inventory dataset. PID normalization allows for significant variation of normalized impact ratio impact values among impact categories and among materials and processes. PID normalization works with incomplete process inventory and normalization data to deliver normalized impact ratio values that more accurately identify the impact categories with the most significant impacts in the LCIA process. Although PID normalization does not eliminate all of the bias that can occur from midpoint characterization and external normalization and may not reduce all uncertainties, it substantially trims the effects of normalization bias and eliminates inverse proportionality within one normalization dataset. It allows for a more accurate interpretation of normalized and weighted life cycle assessment results.
Acute Decompressive Hemicraniectomy to Control High Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Malignant MCA Ischemic Strokes

Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction occurs in about 10% of all patients with supratentorial ischemic strokes. The infarction involves the entire MCA territory. Due to the consequences of severe brain edema, brain herniation, elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), and midline shift, these events carry a mortality rate of up to 80%. No clinical trials have been conducted to study the efficacy of the osmotic agents such as mannitol or hypertonic saline. Furthermore, aggressive use of such treatments may be detrimental. Surgical decompression has previously been proposed as a way to relieve the vicious cycle of malignant cerebral edema and reduced cerebral perfusion. Its use in relieving ICP is also controversial. Recently, a pooled analysis of three independent European trials has shown that decompressive hemicraniectomy is clearly beneficial in reducing mortality from large hemispheric infarctions. Although controversies still exist on its indications, surgical decompression can effectively reduce ICP, reduce mortality, and improve neurologic outcomes in selected patients with a malignant MCA stroke syndrome.
316 HYPERTRIIODOTHYRONINEMIA WITH THYROGLOBULIN THERAPY

Hypertriiodothyroninemia (hyper-T3) was noted in 2 hypothyroid children treated with desiccated thyroid (Abbassi and Aldige, J. Ped. 90:298, 1977). We have also observed this in 6 hypothyroid patients receiving thyroglobulin (Proloidr). T3 by RIA and T4 by RIA or CPB were measured in 2 boys and a girl with goitrous hypothyroidism (ages 7, 16 and 12 years), in a cryptothyroid boy (age 15), in a woman with congenital athyreosis (age 23) and in a girl with hypothyroidism secondary to thyroiditis. Therapy had been in progress at least 3 months, and in 3 cases for as long as 7 years when hyper-T3 was observed. Four patients showed above normal levels of serum T3 when T4 values were below normal. A value of T3 in excess of 400 ng/dl (beyond range of highest standard, with N=97-217) was found in the woman with congenital athyreosis; serum T4 was normal. Clinical evaluation revealed no findings attributable to excess of thyroid hormones except slight nervousness or transitory heat intolerance. In 2 patients substitution of levothyroxine for thyroglobulin therapy has been associated with a fall of serum T3 values to normal. It has been established that serum T3 levels in children are higher than in adults (Fisher et al., JCEM 45:191, 1977), but the hyper-T3 values we have observed are above this range. It is as yet unknown if the hyper-T3 of these patients is due to T3 load from the thyroglobulin medication or is an endogenous peripheral monodeiodination of T4.
Resolution of absorption spectra of rhodamine 6G aggregates in aqueous solution using the law of mass action

Abstract There is striking dissimilarity among the absorption spectra of rhodamine dimers reported by different authors. To address this issue, we measured the absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of rhodamine 6G over a wide range of concentrations. The lack of an isosbestic point near 508 nm indicates the presence of at least three species. Data analysis using the program spectrabind described in [D. Toptygin, L. Brand, Anal. Biochem. 222 (1995) 330] confirms the presence of trimers and tetramers in addition to dimers and monomers. The absorption peaks of the monomer, dimer, trimer, and tetramer are at 526, 498, 485, and 475 nm, respectively.
Optimal feedback control laws using nonlinear programming

A procedure of parametrizing feedback controls when solving the optimal control problem using nonlinear programming is considered. The maximum principle is utilized to determine the forms of the parametrized feedback control. Applications are demonstrated by numerical examples.
Ureteral fibroepithelial polyps in children

Fibroepithelial polyps of the ureter presenting as pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction in two boys are reported. These neoplasms are uncommon, especially in children. Surgical excision of the PUJ with the polyp and dismembered pyeloplasty was performed in each case. Postoperative recoveries were uneventful.
Spectral coherent emission of thermal radiation in the far-field from a truncated resonator

The spectral radiative properties of coherent thermal emission in the mid- and far-IR from two metal-semiconductor resonating structures were demonstrated experimentally. Using an efficient implementation of Rigorous Coupled-Wave Analysis, a truncated resonator was designed to selectively emit at mid-IR and far-IR wavelengths. A High Impulse Power Magnetron Sputtering deposition technique was used to fabricate two Ag-Ge-Ag resonating structures with layer thicknesses of 6-240-160 nm for one sample and 6-700-200 nm for the other. Reflectance measurements demonstrated spectrally selective absorption at the designed mid- and far-IR wavelengths whose general behavior was largely unaffected by a wide range of incident angles. Further, radiance measurements were taken at various high temperatures, up to 601 K, where spectrally selective emission was achieved through wave interference effects due to thermally excited surface waves. From these radiance measurements, spectral emittance was directly derived and compared to the emittance inferred from reflectance measurements. It was established that inferring emittance through Kirchhoff’s law can help to approximate the expected emission from a structure, but it is not an exact method of determining the actual emittance of a thermal source at higher temperatures due to the temperature dependence of material parameters.
60Fe in eucrites

Additional evidence for the existence in the early solar system of live60Fe has been found in the basaltic achondrite Juvinas. The relative abundance of 60Fe/56Fe of x0223C; 4 × 10−10 at the time of meteorite solidification is one order of magnitude lower than that previously observed for the eucrite Chervony Kut. This difference corresponds to a ∼ 4.7 Ma time interval between closure of the60Fe-60Ni isotopic system in the two meteorites. The factor two higher initial 60Ni/58Ni ratio in Juvinas is consistent with this time difference and a common bulk Fe/Ni ratio in the two meteorites. Using the60Fe-60Ni isotope system as a chronometer various models for the evolution of the eucrite parent body of different degrees of complexity are discussed. Regardless of the detailed differences between these models a short time interval of only a few million years between planetary differentiation and basaltic crust formation is indicated.
Multidimensional modeling and analysis of wireless users online activity and mobility: a neural-networks map approach

User online behavior and interests will play a central role in future mobile networks. We introduce a systematic method for large-scale multi-dimensional modeling and analysis of online activity and mobility for thousands of mobile users across 79 buildings over a variety of web domains. We propose a modeling approach based on kind of neural-networks, called self-organizing maps (SOM), for discovering, organizing and visualizing different mobile users' trends from billions of WLAN records. We find surprisingly that users' trends based on domains and locations can be accurately modeled using a self-organizing map with clearly distinct characteristics. We also find many non-trivial correlations between different types of web domains and locations.
How transitions from nonrewarded to rewarded trials regulate responding in Pavlovian and instrumental learning following extensive acquisition training

Abstract In both discrimination learning and partial reinforcement, transitions may occur from nonrewarded to rewarded trials (NR transition). In discrimination learning, NR transitions may occur in two different stimulus alternatives (NR different transitions). In partial reward, NR transitions may occur in a single stimulus alternative (NR same transitions). Available instrumental learning data indicate that resistance to extinction is increased by both types of NR transitions following limited acquisition training. Following more extensive acquisition training, resistance to extinction appears to be increased by NR same transitions but not by NR different transitions. In Experiment 1, it was shown for the first time that following extensive acquisition training the effects of the two types of transitions are the same in the Pavlovian situation as in the instrumental situation. This finding indicates that on the current trial the rat remembered the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) from the prior trial and those memories along with the CS on the current trial become the signal for the current US. Experiments 2 and 3, which tested hypotheses about instrumental learning, identified why NR different transitions lose their capacity to promote vigorous responding following extensive acquisition training. This is because cues occurring on the rewarded trials of NR different transitions more validly signal reward than other situational cues and thus overshadow them. Finally, some implications of the present findings for understanding the role of NR different transitions in discrimination learning situations were discussed.
Adolescent misconduct and the juvenile justice system

Societal response to non-criminal behavior of adolescent youth has been an area of great concern for more than a century. However, despite considerable legislative and judicial action at state and federal levels, the problem has not abated, and, in fact, it may be more serious today than it has been in the past. For nearly two decades, this society has sought to constrain and limit the jurisdiction of the juvenile court over misconduct that was once a primary concern of that institution, namely that behavior which is illegal only for juveniles. Ever since the President’s Commission on Criminal Justice convened in 1967, a national effort has been underway to limit the court’s jurisdiction. That effort culminated in the passage of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974. In that legislation the Congress stated that it would provide grants to states which modified their handling of juvenile status offenders. Since then, substantial progress has occurred in the majority of states, but the problem continues and is far from solution. This is not a new problem, and perhaps that is why alternative policies and programs are so difficult to implement. Ever since Colonial times, the state has authorized the court to intervene to support the authority of parents and the
Adjuvant Therapy Following Curative Resection of Metastases

Metastatic colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States with 20 % of the patients presenting with metastatic disease on initial presentation. Sites of metastases are usually to the liver and lung, and less commonly to the peritoneum. Oligometastatic disease may be treated with the combination of systemic chemotherapy, locoregional chemotherapy and surgery to improve survival rates. Thus, the unique setting of adjuvant chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer will be reviewed in this paper.
Reviving Leviathan: Fiscal Federalism and the Growth of Government

This article revisits the influential "Leviathan" hypothesis , which pos- its that tax competition limits the growth of government spending in decentralized countries+ I use panel data to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization over time within countries, attempting to distinguish between decentralization that is funded by intergovernmental transfers and local taxation+ First, I explore the logic whereby decentralization should restrict government spending if state and local governments have wide-ranging authority to set the tax base and rate, especially on mobile assets+ In countries where this is most clearly the case, decentralization is associated with smaller government+ Second, consistent with theoretical arguments drawn from wel- fare economics and positive political economy, I show that governments grow faster as they fund a greater portion of public expenditures through intergovernmental transfers+
Hereditarily indecomposable subcontinua of inverse limits of Souslin arcs are metric

We prove that if Si is a Souslin arc (a Hausdorff arc that is the compactification of a Souslin line) for each i and X=lim←{Si,fji}j<i, then every hereditarily indecomposable subcontinuum of X is metric. Since every non-degenerate hereditarily indecomposable continuum that is an inverse limit on metric arcs is a pseudo-arc, it follows that such an X would be a pseudo-arc or a point.
2,3-Dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-4H-benzopyran-4-one: A Nonphysiological Substrate for Fungal Melanin Biosynthetic Enzymes

Abstract We have synthesized an alternate substrate for trihydroxynaphthalene reductase (3HNR) and scytalone dehydratase (SD), two enzymes in the fungal melanin biosynthetic pathway. The oxidation of 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-4 H -benzopyran-4-one (DDBO) to 4,5-dihydroxy-2 H -benzopyran-2-one (DBO) with concomitant reduction of NADP + is catalyzed by 3HNR. DDBO is dehydrated by SD to 5-hydroxy-4 H -1-benzopyran-4-one (HBO). These reactions can be monitored using continuous spectrophotometric assays. DDBO racemizes rapidly, so chiral synthesis to mimic the natural substrate is not required. DDBO, DBO, and HBO are stable in aerated aqueous solution, in contrast to the rapidly autooxidizing trihydroxynaphthalene, a physiological substrate for 3HNR and product of SD. Unlike the natural substrates, DDBO, DBO, and HBO do not change protonation state between pH's 4 and 9. Oxidation of DDBO is effectively irreversible at pH 7, as DBO deprotonates with a p K a of 2.5. At pH 7.0 and 25°C, the k cat for 3HNR catalyzed DDBO oxidation is 14 s −1 and the K m is 5 μM; the k cat for SD catalyzed DDBO dehydration is 400 s −1 and the K m is 15 μM. Based on these kinetic constants, DDBO is a better substrate than the natural substrate scytalone for both 3HNR and SD at neutral pH. An explanation for the preference of DDBO over scytalone in the oxidation and dehydration reactions is offered.
Static electricity in polymers. I. Theory and measurement

A versatile instrument, The Static Propensity Tester, was constructed for the measurement of the rate of electrostatic charge build up and decay on polymer films and fabrics. The tester was used for measuring the rates of both positive and negative potentials in the voltage range of 1000–10,000 volts. From such studies it was observed that above a certain minimum potential, it always took longer for charge to build up on a sample than to decay. Also, the rate of charge decay was found to be dependent on the exposed surface area of a sample as well as its electrical resistance. The loss of charge from a given substance was postulated to occur by two processes, a conduction process through the substrate and a radiation process through the atmosphere. In addition, polymers were found to exhibit a charge selectivity for the sign of the applied voltage, i.e., wool had a faster negative charge decay rate whereas cellulose had a faster positive decay rate. The root-mean-square half life of charge decay for positive and negative voltages was found to follow an exponential type law with respect to magnitude of charge and relative humidity. A simple test was devised for characterizing the antistatic behavior of polymers.
Experimental and Numerical Methods for Exact Subpixel Shifting

An approach to quantifying the errors in digital image correlation (DIC) is presented using experimentally produced images. The challenge arises in creating exact subpixel shifted images in an experiment. This was accomplished via numerical binning of an ultra-high resolution image. The shifted images are then used for a preliminary analysis of 2D correlation software uncertainty and investigation of speckle pattern quality. Because it is often necessary to use numerically shifted images, for uncertainty quantification for instance, the optimum method of Fourier shifting is also presented.
Stunkardia minuta sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from the Malayan box-tortoise Cuora amboinensis

Stunkardia minuta sp. n. was recovered from the small intestine and rectum of 5 box-tortoises (Cuora amboinensis) in Malaysia. The average body size (L X W) is 11-42 X 2-35 mm; oral sucker 1-51 X 1.02; oral pouches 0-21 X 0.18; ventral sucker 1-67 X 1-43; oesophageal bulb 0-54 X 0-54; ant. testis 0-95 X 0-98; post. testis 0-94 X 0.94; seminal vesicle 0-82 X 0-24; ootype 0-21 X 0-41; ovary 0-41 X 0-34; and egg 121 X 83 micrometer. Although morphologically similar to S. dilymphosa, S. minuta is distinct from any other reported member of the Paramphistomidae.
Linear quadratic minimax controllers

Minimax methods are proposed for the analysis and design of controllers for the best controls with the worst initial conditions, worst parameter changes with specified quadratic norms, and worst disturbances with specified integral-square norms. The worst initial conditions are the only forcing functions; disturbances are regarded as an added set of feedback controls whose magnitudes are limited by negative weights in the performance index. The minimax value of the performance index is easily calculated as the maximum eigenvalue of a steady-state Lyapunov or Riccati matrix. There is a lower bound on the disturbance weights in the performance index; at this bound, the controller design is identical to the //<» controller design. There is also an upper bound on the norm of the parameter changes; at this value, the closed-loop system goes unstable, and the corresponding parameter change vector is almost the same as the corresponding vector obtained by "real /*" analysis—the only difference being the use of a quadratic norm instead of an infinity norm.
Muscarinic receptors in isolated guinea pig pancreatic ducts.

Abstract Biochemical and pharmacological characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in isolated guinea pig pancreatic ducts were determined in the present study. Duct homogenates bound 6.82 ± 69 fmol of [ 3 H] N -methylscopolamine ([ 3 H]NMS)/μg of DNA with a K d of 0.73 ± 0.05 nM. The density of [ 3 H]NMS binding sites in the excretory ducts was seven times greater than that in acini from the same pancreases. Competition binding studies with atropine, pirenzepine, 11-[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6 H -pyrido[2,3- b ] [1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one (AF-DX 116), and 4-diphenylacetoxy- N -methyl piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) indicated that both M2 and M3 subtypes of muscarinic receptors are present in these preparations of isolated pancreatic ducts. Electrophoretic analysis of [ 3 H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard-labeled unreduced and reduced duct muscarinic receptors provided molecular mass estimates of 62.6 ± 2.5 and 58.0 ± 1.6 kDa, respectively. Deglycosylation of ductal muscarinic receptors with N -glycanase decreased their apparent molecular mass by approximately 4 kDa. These results demonstrate that isolated pancreatic ducts express both M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, with the former subtype predominating.