cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Privacy and Trust

In this age of computers, the Internet, and massive data bases that never lose or forget anything, it is no wonder that we feel we are losing our privacy and we get very concerned about it. The reason for this loss can be found in the phrase “once something is released into the Internet, it can never be completely deleted.” We give away bits and pieces of personal information all the time, but we give them to different entities, at different times, and through different media such as paper or verbally. We therefore expect these pieces of information to disappear or at least to stay separate. The nature of the online world, however, is such that individual pieces of information tend to gravitate toward one another and coalesce into solid objects called personal records.
Noninvasive Ultrasound Mediated Transdermal Transport of Insulin Across Ex Vivo Human Skin

The purpose of this research was to improve low frequency (20 kHz) ultrasound methods for enhancing the transport of insulin across ex vivo human skin. The feasibility of using ultrasound produced by small, lightweight novel transducers was explored for enhancing the transport of insulin across skin. Previous investigators have used ultrasound devices such as large, heavy sonicators or commercially obtained transducers for this type of research. These experiments used two low-profile novel ultrasound transducer arrays, the stack and standard array, for improved transport of insulin. The stack array was driven with a spatial peak temporal peak intensity (Isptp ) of 15.5 ± 2.0 mW/cm2 while the standard array had an Isptp of 173.7 ± 9.1 mW/cm2 . Spectrophotometeric absorption techniques were used for determining insulin transport across ex vivo human skin. Compared to passive transmission (6.3 ± 14.0 U/hr), the standard array facilitated a 6-fold increase in the noninvasive transdermal transport of Humulin® insulin (39.6 ± 11.7 U/hr). These promising results indicate that low frequency ultrasound can be used in a practical device for enhanced transport across the stratum corneum.© 2002 ASME
Understanding the mechanics of the bladder through experiments and theoretical models: Where we started and where we are heading

Bladder control problems affect both men and women and range from an overactive bladder, to urinary incontinence, to bladder obstruction and cancer. These disorders affect more than 200 million people worldwide. Loss of bladder function significantly affects the quality of life, both physically and psychologically, and also has a large impact on the healthcare system, i.e., the incurring costs related to diagnosis, treatment and medical/nursing care. Improvements in diagnostic capabilities and disease management are essential to improve patient care and quality of life and reduce the economic burden associated with bladder disorders. This paper summarizes some of the key contributions to understanding the mechanics of the bladder ranging from work conducted in the 1970s through the present time with a focus on material testing and theoretical modeling. Advancements have been made in these areas and a significant contribution to these changes was related to technological improvements.
Towards Trustworthy Cryptographic Protection of Airplane Information Assets

Digital signatures are emerging as accepted solutions for protecting aircraft assets during their storage and distribution over computer networks in aviation information systems (AIS). However, the design of trustworthy signature protocols that can address the unique challenges of AIS is an open problem. This paper presents candidate signature schemes that are able to address some of the major challenges, such as recovering from unanticipated loss of secrecy of signing keys and accommodating delegation of signing authority at ground entities interacting with aircraft. These schemes are shown to be computationally secure. Specifically, the paper proposes a generic construct for making standard signature schemes to be forward secure, ensuring that any exposure of the signing key does not lead to forgery and repudiation of signatures produced. Further, an extension of this construct is given for building forward secure proxy signature schemes that enable multiple authorized entities to assume the role of asset signer on behalf of, for example, an airline.
Analyzing Incremental Sales from a Direct Mail Coupon Promotion

Several authors have noted that the profitability of a coupon promotion depends on the incremental sales generated by the coupon. However, most prior research on coupon promotions has focused on re...
Biotic invasion, niche stability, and the assembly of regional biotas in deep time: comparison between faunal provinces

Biotic invasions in the fossil record provide natural experiments for testing hypotheses of niche stability, speciation, and the assembly and diversity of regional biotas. We compare ecological parameters (preferred environment, occupancy, median abundance, rank abundance) of genera shared between faunal provinces during the Richmondian Invasion in the Late Ordovician on the Laurentian continent. Genera that spread from one faunal province to the other during the invasion (invading shared genera) have high Spearman rank correlations (>0.5) in three of four ecological parameters, suggesting a high level of niche stability among invaders. Genera that existed in both regions prior to and following the invasion (noninvading shared genera) have low correlations (<0.3) and suggest niche shift between lineages that diverged at least 8 Myr earlier. Niche shift did not accumulate gradually over this time interval but appears to have occurred in a pulse associated with the onset of the Taconic orogeny and the switch from warm-water to cool-water carbonates in southern Laurentia.
Interactive Effects of Return Policy Leniency and Recommendations on Post-Consumption Evaluation of Products with Mixed Outcomes

This research investigates interactive effects of return policy leniency and recommendations on consumers’ post-consumption evaluations of product with mixed outcomes. A theoretical account of a post-consumption evaluation process based on counterfactual thinking is advanced. Then, two empirical studies show that consumers’ post-consumption evaluations of products with mixed outcomes tend to be more favorable under lenient return policies than under restricted return policies if recommendations are given during a pre-purchase decision-making process, but tend to be more favorable under restricted return policies than under lenient return policies when no recommendation is given during a pre-purchase decision-making process.
Breast cancer screening practices for hospitalized women

The increasing prevalence of breast cancer and the demonstrated benefits of routine breast screening activities have prompted considerable attention to the use of screening procedures. In addition to public education efforts, physicians have been encouraged to incorporate breast screening guidelines into their daily practice. This study was undertaken to examine the current practice of breast screening activities for women hospitalized on a general medical or surgical unit at a university medical center. A retrospective chart review of 159 women hospitalized during a six-month period demonstrated that breast screening activity in the sample was similar to national rates of breast cancer screening. Within the year, 43% of these women had had a clinical breast examination and 21% had had mammography. This suggests that the period of hospitalization had not been used by practitioners as an opportunity to initiate breast screening activities in the patient's care.
Divertor Target Design for the UWTOR-M Modular Stellarator Power Reactor

Modular stellarators offer a unique opportunity for innovative divertor target design by virtue of the discreteness of their diverted flux bundles. Well focused flux bundles leave the separatrix at...
Control design for planar model of a core-located actuation walker

From movement analysis literature, such as the work of Bartenieff, and motion capture and anatomical evidence, it is known that the core of human body plays an important role in walking motion. Motivated by these findings, a biped robot with core-located actuation, which causes the center of mass to change, has been proposed. In this paper, a planar model of the core-located actuation platform and its simulation results are presented. This simple model utilizes actuation near its center of mass in order to achieve forward progress. A stable walking gait is derived using the method of feedback linearization and virtual constraints to define desired walking behavior. The results of this modeling and control analysis are presented here. This initial work lays the framework for a humanoid platform that utilizes actuation strategies more closely akin to those employed by virtuosic movers, who focus on core training and initiation, allowing biped robotic platforms to achieve more robust and stylistically adjustable gaits.
Multiple choice: How public school leaders in New Orleans's saturated market view private school competitors

School choice policies, such as charter schools and vouchers, are in part designed to induce competition between schools. While several studies have examined the impact of private school competition on public schools, few studies have explored school leaders’ perceptions of private school competitors. This study examines the extent to which public school leaders in New Orleans, which already has a robust public school choice system, perceived competition with private schools, and the characteristics that predicted competition between the two types of schools. We find that while over half of principals reported competing with private schools for students, there was a wide range of the number and percentage of possible competitors reported. Furthermore, the results suggest that school voucher policies did not play a major role in influencing why schools competed with private schools. In addition, public school leaders who did lose students to private schools through the voucher program reported that they often recouped those losses, when parents returned to public schools unsatisfied or facing additional unexpected costs.
Highly-stretchable 3D-architected Mechanical Metamaterials.

Soft materials featuring both 3D free-form architectures and high stretchability are highly desirable for a number of engineering applications ranging from cushion modulators, soft robots to stretchable electronics; however, both the manufacturing and fundamental mechanics are largely elusive. Here, we overcome the manufacturing difficulties and report a class of mechanical metamaterials that not only features 3D free-form lattice architectures but also poses ultrahigh reversible stretchability (strain > 414%), 4 times higher than that of the existing counterparts with the similar complexity of 3D architectures. The microarchitected metamaterials, made of highly stretchable elastomers, are realized through an additive manufacturing technique, projection microstereolithography and its postprocessing. With the fabricated metamaterials, we reveal their exotic mechanical behaviors: Under large-strain tension, their moduli follow a linear scaling relationship with their densities regardless of architecture types, in sharp contrast to the architecture-dependent modulus power-law of the existing engineering materials; under large-strain compression, they present tunable negative-stiffness that enables ultrahigh energy absorption efficiencies. To harness their extraordinary stretchability and microstructures, we demonstrate that the metamaterials open a number of application avenues in lightweight and flexible structure connectors, ultraefficient dampers, 3D meshed rehabilitation structures and stretchable electronics with designed 3D anisotropic conductivity.
The effect of “sunshine” on policy deliberation: The case of the Federal Open Market Committee

Abstract How does an increase in transparency affect policy deliberation? Increased government transparency is commonly advocated as beneficial to democracy. Others argue that transparency can undermine democratic deliberation by, for example, causing poorer reasoning. We analyze the effect of increased transparency in the case of a rare natural experiment involving the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). In 1994 the FOMC began the delayed public release of verbatim meeting transcripts and announced it would release all transcripts of earlier, secret, meetings back into the 1970s. To assess the effect of this change in transparency on deliberation, we develop a measure of an essential aspect of deliberation, the use of reasoned arguments. Our contributions are twofold: we demonstrate a method for measuring deliberative reasoning and we assess how a particular form of transparency affected ongoing deliberation. In a regression model with a variety of controls, we find increased transparency had no independent effect on the use of deliberative reasoning in the FOMC. Of particular interest to deliberative scholars, our model also demonstrates a powerful role for leaders in facilitating deliberation. Further, both increasing participant equality and more frequent expressions of disagreement were associated with greater use of deliberative language.
One-step selective formation of silver nanoparticles on atomic layered MoS2 by laser-induced defect engineering and photoreduction

Two dimensional (2D) materials decorated with noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted wide attention due to their appealing chemical and physical properties. Herein, we have developed a novel approach to controllable and selective decoration of silver NPs on atomic layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by using one-step laser-induced defect engineering and photoreduction. By employing a focused micro-power laser beam, silver NPs can be rapidly (in seconds) anchored onto the irradiated area of MoS2 flakes, forming 0D/2D AgNPs@MoS2 heterostructures. The mechanism for silver growth on MoS2 flakes was based on laser-induced defect creation in a silver ion environment and silver nucleation on laser-excited MoS2 flake surfaces, as evidenced by a combination of techniques including Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and second-harmonic generation. We also found that the morphology and the growth rate of silver NPs are highly dependent on the layer thickness of MoS2 and the laser irradiation power; while the size and number density of silver NPs could be precisely controlled by varying the irradiation time as well as the silver ion concentration. Finally, AgNPs@MoS2 heterostructure micro-patterns have been successfully demonstrated via a programmed low-power laser scan, which shows great potential to be used as an efficient surface enhanced Raman scattering platform for chemical sensing.
EMERGENT CHEMO-HYDRO-MECHANICAL PHENOMENA IN CARBON GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

The combustion of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon capture and geological storage (CCS) has been proposed to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The properties of CO2 depend on pressure and temperature: it can be found as a gas, liquid, or supercritical, and it reacts with water to produce carbonic acid lowering the water pH and can form a solid hydrate mass. These characteristics give rise to complex chemo-hydro-thermo-mechanical coupled processes and emergent phenomena that can condition the long-term geological storage of CO2. Processes include wettability, leakage, mineral dissolution, and CH4-CO2 replacement in hydrate-bearing sediments.
On the improvement of classifying EEG recordings using neural networks

This paper presents improved results on classifying electroencephalography (EEG) recordings using deep learning. The task is to classify movements that the subject is thinking about (motor imagery), using only the recorded electrical activities on the scalp. The challenges are: poor signal-to-noise ratio; interference from numerous sources such as electrical line noise, muscle activity, and eye movements; considerable variability between individuals and even recording sessions. Traditional signal processing techniques such as frequency band analysis, common spatial pattern (CSP) algorithm or independent component analysis (ICA) fall short due to their limited capacity. Thanks to the rise of big data in healthcare, medical recordings now come in abundance. Therefore deep learning which relies on large amounts of training data is becoming the new cutting edge tool. We present a significant improvement of classification accuracy on the Brain-Computer Interfaces Competition IV dataset (2a), and compare the results of various state of the art neural network structures.
Background Due to Stored Electrons Following Nuclear Decays

previously underestimated background source, first being discovered at the pre-spectrometer.
New prescriptions: how well do patients remember important information?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients receiving more information about a new prescription are more adherent to their medication regimens and have better treatment outcomes. Yet it is unclear how much information patients retain when they receive a new prescription. This study aims to describe patient recall of information about new medication prescriptions after an outpatient visit. METHODS: We used a cross-sectional study of 117 adult outpatient visits to six family physicians. Direct observation of physicianpatient encounters by medical students was used to document discussion of information about new prescriptions. Patient recall of specific prescription information was assessed by interviewing patients immediately after the visit. RESULTS: When prescribing a new medication, physicians most frequently discussed the medication purpose (all visits), how often to take the medication (82%), and how much to take (76%). On average, patients recalled 86% (± 23%) of the information provided, and 64% recalled all information discussed during their visit. Of the 42 patients who failed to recall all of the information, 47% forgot how much to take and 42% forgot potential side effects, but only 24% forgot directions about when to take their medication. Complete recall of information about a new prescription was not associated with the amount of information provided, patient education, race, or duration of relationship with their physician. CONCLUSIONS: Almost two thirds of patients remember all of the basic information they are given when a new medication is prescribed. Providers should work on improving patient education when prescribing new medications and should not be deterred by worries about poor patient recall.
Phrenic nerve pacing of the quadriplegic patient

Phrenic nerve pacing can be used to free a quadriplegic patient from ventilatory dependency. During a 6-year period (1982 to 1988), 23 patients with an age range of 17 to 63 years (mean 31 years) underwent implantation of a phrenic nerve pacemaker because of ventilatory dependency resulting from quadriplegia. Fourteen patients had a unilateral phrenic nerve implant and nine had a bilateral implant. The time from injury to implantation was 12 to 16 weeks. The site of implantation was the cervical phrenic nerve in 13 patients and the thoracic phrenic nerve in 10 patients. During the past 24 months, only a transthoracic approach has been used. The indication for pacing was failure to be weaned from ventilatory support in all patients. Failure to stimulate the phrenic nerve at implantation was noted in three patients, despite preoperative testing indicating an acceptable response. There were no deaths, and minor complications developed in three patients. Follow-up is available in all patients: Eight patients are completely free from the ventilator; nine patients are in markedly improved condition but require the ventilator at night; three patients are in moderately improved condition; and three patients had no response. Three patients required reexploration for component failure from 6 weeks to 18 months after implantation.
Feasibility of an intensive outpatient Perception-Action Approach intervention for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this pilot study was (1) to evaluate feasibility of attendance and parent satisfaction with an intensive outpatient physical and occupational therapy program for you...
The undergraduate that could: Crafting a collaborative student training program

AbstractSince the mid-nineteenth century, student worker programs have been an integral component of academic libraries, and the evolution of the profession has put more students, even undergraduat...
On a question of Zhang

AbstractWhen studying the conjugacy class version of the Huppert’s ρ-σ conjecture, Jiping Zhang raised a number theory question. In this article, we provide examples to show that the question raise...
Experimental and numerical study on a novel energy efficient variable aperture mechanism for a solar receiver

Abstract A novel energy efficient variable aperture mechanism for a cavity-type solar receiver is presented. A 10 kWe solar simulator was used to experimentally test the receiver with and without the aperture mechanism and while the mechanism’s blades were uncooled and water-cooled. An in-house model of the system was developed by coupling a Monte Carlo ray tracing to a two-dimensional heat transfer analysis, which was then experimentally validated at three different solar simulator power levels, four different feedstock gas flow rates, and eight different aperture sizes. Using the validated model, it was determined that approximately 60% of the receiver’s input power is lost through radiation, which was mitigated by optimizing the receiver’s fixed aperture size. It was observed that the receiver’s temperature non-uniformity decreases as the aperture size reduces and its temperatures peak at a certain optimum aperture size, which decreases as the input power level increases. As for the aperture mechanism, water-cooling the aperture mechanism had no apparent impact on the receiver’s temperature distribution. Furthermore, the aperture mechanism did not demonstrate the same desirable behaviors as varying the receiver’s fixed aperture size, such as obtaining peak temperatures at certain smaller sizes. Nevertheless, the aperture mechanism was shown to be a very promising technique to regulate a solar receiver’s temperature and compensate for intermittent solar irradiance since the results showed that the aperture mechanism can regulate the average temperature within the range of 475–800 °C and while capturing and recovering 54% of any surplus power it intercepts.
The origin, application, validity, and potential misuse of rule 10b5-1

The SEC adopted Rule 10b5-l to define what it means to trade securities "on the basis of material nonpublic information. This was to address decisions and commentary that found no insider trading violation oj Rule 10b-5 where the defendant did not "use" inside information in deciding to trade, even if one "possessed" the information when the decision was made. Rule 10b5-l specifies exclusive affirmative defenses for one charged with trading on the basis of material nonpublic information, the essence of which are that there is no violation if the trade was made pursuant to a pre-arranged plan, even if the seller or buyer later became aware of the information before the trade was made. There is, however, a substantial argument that the SEC exceeded its powers in adopting exclusive criteria for what it means to trade "on the basis of material nonpublic information, rather than creating a safe harbor. Non-use of inside information in deciding to trade remains a defense even if the trade was not made pursuant to a Rule 10b5-l plan. Although the SEC abandoned a proposal to require detailed disclosure of some Rule 10b5-l plans, other SEC rules require disclosure of a plan in some circumstances, although compliance may be deficient. Irrespective of mandated disclosure, there are reasons both for and against voluntary disclosure of a Rule 10b5-l plan. Some have suggested that Rule 10b5-l is being misused in that executives establish such plans, know when a trade will occur under the plan and then, in order to maximize their profits when the trade is made, delay or accelerate disclosure of corporate news that would affect the stock price. In most situations, any such timing of corporate disclosure would not violate the securities laws.
Diabetic nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in a 28-year-old woman, or is it?

A 28-year-old Hispanic woman presented to the emergency department with pneumonia and bilateral pulmonary oedema, requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Additional history included type 1 diabetes mellitus, End Stage Renal Disease on haemodialysis and Hashimoto’s disease. On further diagnostic evaluation, she was found to have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with overlap syndrome. The goal of this case report was twofold: to share our holistic investigative processes and to explore how racial identity and experiences play a role in health disparities present in SLE. The diagnostic process was difficult because of language and socioeconomic barriers our patient experienced. Additionally, SLE in the Hispanic population has only recently been researched, limiting specifics about presentation and disease course. In the Hispanic population, SLE has increased morbidity and mortality when compared with the Caucasian population. Thus, our patient’s case highlights the need for holistic practices when diagnosing patients, particularly in historically and presently marginalised identities.
NONSTATIONARY RESPONSE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

This paper presents a procedure for calculating the nonstationary mean square response of multidegree-of-freedom linearly elastic structural systems to multiple segmented nonstationary random forcing functions. Each forcing function is a stochastic process generated by adding a series of covariance stationary zero mean random forcing functions which are each shared by deterministic functions that do not overlap in the time domain. The procedure is used to compare the transient and stationary aspects of the response of structural systems to forcing functions that are time-variant in intensity and frequency content. The magnitudes of the modal displacement autocorrelation functions are studied in comparison with the cross-correlation functions between any two normal modes.
Probing Beyond the Cosmic Horizon

There are reasons to believe that the region of uniform curvature that we observe within our horizon is perhaps a tiny patch, much smaller than the length scales of inhomogeneity and global connectivity of an extremely complicated manifold. However, the recent supernova (SN) results suggest that the horizon scale could be comparable to or even much larger than curvature radius. Non trivial global structure too tends to be of the order of the local curvature scale. Probing (slightly) beyond the cosmic horizon can potentially reveal nontrivial global structure lurking around or just beyond the horizon scale. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy is a sensitive probe of the universe on length scales up to and somewhats beyond the horizon scale and is perhaps poised to detect or put interesting limits on non trivial features the global structure. This point is exemplified by high CMB anisotropy signal of the Elliptical topology in a large fraction of the revised parameter space of the closed FRW universe (spherical geometry) currently preferred by SN observations.
Transient Performance of a Prereacted, Fully Impregnated Multifilamentary Nb3Sn Coil

As part of a program to develop a lightweight high performance superconducting generator for transient duty, a development program has been carried out to prove the capability of multifilamentary Nb3Sn conductor in coils suitable for generators. This paper describes the outcome of the coil development program.
Evolving Sound Systems

Human languages use an amazing variety of subtly different speech sounds to convey meaning. With the exception of sign languages that are used and developed by communities of deaf people, all human languages use sound as the primary signal. The sounds, or more accurately the differences between sounds, that humans use for distinguishing meanings can be very subtle. Two different sounds that would be perceived as identical by a speaker of one language might make an important distinction in meaning in another. For example, in the Bahing language of East Nepal, the word /m● r● / means “monkey”, while the word /m● r● means “man”. Speakers of neighboring and European languages alike are generally not able to perceive this distinction, an unlimited source of fun to the Bahing people.
Structure and Composition of White Dwarf Atmospheres and Convection Zones

We present a brief review of the basic properties of white dwarf atmospheres) convection zones and corona models emphasizing qualitative and intuitive aspects. 1. Atmospheres: We restrict our discussion essentially to very hot and very cool atmospheres since these are especially interesting. With regard to the first type of objects we study the fundamental differences between DA and non-DA models and between their surface fluxes. We discuss the important role of electron scattering in determining the EUV spectra of these objects. The differences between DAs and non-DAs with regard to backwarming effect and surface cooling are summarized. In our discussion of very cool non-DA atmospheres we emphasize the importance of the additional energy transport mechanisms convection and conduction which should both be very effective for Teff < 4000K and which lead to a very flat temperature gradient. This small gradient must lead to a rather featureless surface flux. 2. Convection Zones. After a survey of the basic numerical results in this field we investigate the question whether convection in white dwarfs has the same basic properties as convection in other stars. We find that contrary to intuitive expectations the Rayleigh number in very cool non-DAs is higher than in the sun (indicating very turbulent convection). The Prandtl number in these objects is 6 to 7 orders of magnitude higher than in the sun. 3. Coronae. The basic methods of the calculation of coronae for white dwarfs are very briefly discussed. We present some results for DA and non-DA stars from unpublished work by D.O. Muchmore and the author. It uses revised values for the emissivities. Only non-DA coronae are of practical interest. DA coronae have much lower densities and temperatures. White dwarf coronae do not generate a stellar wind.
The Complexity of Set Constraints

Set constraints are relations between sets of terms. They have been used extensively in various applications in program analysis and type inference. We present several results on the computational complexity of solving systems of set constraints. The systems we study form a natural complexity hierarchy depending on the form of the constraint language.
Statistical theory of transport of electrolytes across a charged membrane

Abstract The statistical mechanical theory of transport of multicomponent electrolyte mixture across a charged membrane is presented. Mobile ion-localized ion interaction pertuzbations are obtained in the spirit of Debye-Huckel formalism. The influence of localized charges on the direction of flux of a specific kind of ion is demonstrated. Brief reference to Kedem's criteria of active transport is included.
A longitudinal study of the effects of dual-earner couples' utilization of family-friendly workplace supports on work and family outcomes

Little research exists on the effects of the utilization of workplace supports on work-family conflict and job satisfaction. With family systems theory as a framework, 2 waves of national survey data were collected from 234 couples (N = 468) caring for children and for aging parents. Data were analyzed with structural equation modeling techniques. Longitudinal results indicate that individuals' use of workplace supports was related to work-family conflict in the direction opposite to expectations and was related to job satisfaction in the direction consistent with expectations. Differential effects for wives versus husbands were found. In addition, couples' use of workplace supports was only minimally related to wives' outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences, family systems theory, and methodological and measurement issues related to the longitudinal study of utilization of workplace supports.
Primary deuterium isotope effect in the oxidation of an iminium ion by aldehyde oxidase

Studies of the rates of aldehyde oxidase-mediated oxidation of iminium ion (I) and its specifically labeled counterpart containing deuterium at the methine and methylene carbons of its seven-membered ring (I-d3), are reported. In separate incubations, the isotope effect (kH/kD) on Vmax was 3.3 and that on Km was 1.5. Co-incubation of equimolar amounts of I and I-d3 with aldehyde oxidase resulted in an isotope effect of 2.2 on product ratio. These results support hydrogen transfer from the methine carbon of the seven-membered ring to the molybdenum center of the enzyme as the rate-determining step in the conversion of I to its lactam metabolite (II).
Quantitative electrophoretic transfer of DNA from polyacrylamide or agarose gels to nitrocellulose

A method for efficient electrophoretic transfer of DNA fragments from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets was developed. Hybridization to these fragments can be performed by standard techniques. The method is also applicable to agarose gels, allowing this transfer method to be used for DNA ranging from 40 to at least 23,000 bp.
Rules of thumb for comparing multinomial logit and multinomial probit coefficients

Abstract A rule of thumb is suggested for comparing multinomial logit coefficients with multinomial probit coefficients in the special case where the normal errors are distributed N(0,1). The rule is a generalization of the ‘1.6’ rule for comparing logit and probit coefficients.
Some thoughts about a scientist-practitioner approach to assessment training in counselling psychology

Abstract Training effective scientist-practitioners has long been an issue of concern in counselling psychology. In a recent paper, Friedlander (1992) developed a useful prototype to foster science-practice integration in a counselling seminar. Drawing on Friedlander's prototype, the question of “how to foster science-practice integration in assessment” is considered. Some assessment reading lists and class exercises designed to illustrate such integration are proposed. These teaching materials are presented: (a) in hopes that they might prove useful for some assessment instruction purposes; and (6) in hopes that they might stimulate further thinking about how to best foster science-practice integration in counselling psychology assessment courses.
Phencyclidine (PCP) injected in the nucleus accumbens increases extracellular dopamine and serotonin as measured by microdialysis.

Abstract Phencyclidine (PCP; 20 μg in 0.5 μl) was tested by local brain injection for neurochemical effects in the nucleus accumbens and striatum of rats. Changes in dopamine turnover could not be detected in postmortem tissue assays. In contrast, extracellular levels of dopamine significantly increased as measured by microdialysis in freely moving animals. PCP also increased extracellular levels of serotonin and decreased 3,4-dihydroxyphenlacetic acid (DOPAC), but did not change homovanillic acid (HVA) or 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA). Microdialysis suggests that PCP acts in some dopamine terminal regions to increase extracellular dopamine and serotonin.
Prostate cancer stem cells, telomerase biology, epigenetic modifiers, and molecular systemic therapy for the androgen-independent lethal phenotype.

Abstract Numerous, relatively well-characterized androgen-independent osteotropic prostate cancer cell lines are now available to interrogate clinically relevant fundamental questions of prostate cancer metastasis and lethal progression systematically. Mounting basic and translational science efforts reveal that, very likely, the currently incurable form of androgen independent osseous prostate cancer originates from a more undifferentiated or “stem cell” like component, coexisting within a heterogeneous tumor mass containing more differentiated epithelial cancer subtypes. Current therapeutic preclinical investigations point toward the use of epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, to abrogate the continued survival of prostate cancer cells and likely can be used relatively chronically, with little morbidity. Telomere maintenance is critical in the immortalization of prostate cancer cells, and all known androgen independent cell line variants invariably express telomerase, and, thus, an argument can be made that these aggressive cells are likened to immature, progenitor variants. The arena of telomere biology has evolved enough to provide precise, nontoxic small molecule inhibitors of telomerase that limit viability of androgen-independent cell lines, yielding apoptosis. Both epigenetic modifiers and telomerase-directed small molecule inhibitors have enhanced efficacy when given in combination with conventional and novel cytotoxic drugs. Better knowledge of the “stem cell” nature of prostate cancer will help direct the molecularly targeted therapies of the near future.
Stimulation of rat hepatic amino acid transport by burn injury.

Abstract Burn injury accelerates hepatic amino acid metabolism, but the role of transmembrane substrate delivery in this response has not been investigated. We therefore studied the effects of cutaneous scald injury on the Na + -dependent transport of glutamine and alanine in isolated rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. Scald injury resulted in liver damage and a 1.4- to 2.3-fold and 1.5- to 2.8-fold stimulation of hepatic transport rates for glutamine and alanine, respectively, proportional to the total burned surface area (TBSA) after 24 hours. Enhanced uptake of glutamine and alanine was attributable to increases in the maximum velocity (V max ) of system N and system A activities, respectively. Hepatic amino acid transport activity remained elevated in vesicles from burned animals after 72 hours, but the degree of stimulation (1.3- to 1.7-fold for glutamine and 1.3- to 1.6-fold for alanine) was less than that observed 24 hours after thermal injury. Liver function tests returned to control values after 72 hours as well, indicating rectification of hepatic damage. In contrast to the induction of hepatic system A and system N activity in catabolic states such as cancer and endotoxemia, further studies showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) failed to play a significant role in burn-stimulated amino acid transport rates. When combined with plasma liver enzyme profiles, early transient hepatic amino acid transporter stimulation may support amino acid—dependent pathways involved in the repair of burn-dependent hepatic damage.
Deliberating Global Environmental Politics

1. Environmental Cooperation Global environmental and resource concerns like hunger, population growth, loss of biological diversity, deforestation, and the so-called 'greenhouse effect' are now emerging on the peace and security research agendas (see Brock, 1991; Levy, 1995). In part, this is because of the alleged relationship between 'ecological scarcity' and violent conflict (Homer-Dixon, 1991). Another explanation is the significant global threat thought to be posed by environmental degradation. The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED, 1987, p. 23) has warned that 'the security, well-being, and very survival of the planet' are at stake. Because of these perils, the WCED recommends that states pursue 'sustainable development'. In practice, meeting the needs of today without threatening the needs of tomorrow would seem to require unprecedented global collaboration. The Commission's Chair, Gro Harlem Brundtland, wrote (in WCED, 1987, p. x) that perhaps the 'most urgent task today is to persuade nations of the need to return to multilateralism'. Since calls for united global action by UN-affiliated groups can sound suspiciously like self-serving platitudes, it is worthwhile to explain the need for environmental cooperation. The simplest rationale is ecological. Resources like the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere are shared and must be jointly managed. Other considerations are political and economic. Some form of cooperation will be required to solve problems of global proportions. In the words of the neorealist Kenneth N. Waltz (1979, pp. 209f.), serious concerns like 'poverty, population, [and] pollution,' will 'never be solved by one nation unaided ... no one will deny that collective efforts are needed if common problems are to be solved or somehow managed'. Because of wide gaps in the global distribution of power and wealth, environmental problems related to this disparity can only be addressed collectively. In the developing world, hundreds of millions of people already live in abject poverty, and tax their limited resource base. Some of the least affluent nations have suffered virtual ecological collapse as forests or fisheries have disappeared from years of unsustainable economic activity. Developing states must gain long-term access to global material and economic resources, or else their poverty will lead them to exhaust limited resources or irrevocably sully the environment. The world's poor and weak states will probably not be able to resolve their environmental and resource problems without the cooperation and assistance of the richer, more powerful states and vice versa. Indeed, Ken Conca (1993, p. 319) claims that, because of interdependence, 'the South appears to hold an effective veto over ... international environmental protection merely by staying on its current course'.
Society for French Historical Studies

The 1986 meeting of the Society for French Historical Studies in Quebec, March 21-22, featured several sessions concerned with labor and working class issues. Claire G. Moses (University of Maryland) chaired one of the most intel lectually coherent sessions, "Nineteenth-Century Social Legislation and Ur ban Women: Cultures in Conflict.,, The intended focus of the papers in this session was working-class women. As commentators Leslie Page Moch (Uni versity of Michigan-Flint) and Patricia O'Brien (University of California Irvine) pointed out, all three papers revealed the centrality of the state as an agency for the imposition of a particular set of values. In a paper titled "Women's Proper Roles: Women Textile Workers and Reform Legislation," Gay L. Gullickson (University of Maryland) examined the role of women and children in the textile industry in Rouen, Le Harve, and Dieppe through an 1837 survey which was commissioned to establish guide lines for legislation to regulate the labor of women and children in the mills. Gullickson had little to say about women but provided much information on ages (as young as four years old), wages (as low as two francs per week for children under seven years of age and not higher than eight francs per week for adolescent girls), and hours (fifteen hours per day) of child laborers. The rea son Gullickson had little to tell us about women working in the mills is related to her focus on reform legislation; she concluded that no one was opposed to female labor in 1837 on moral or any other grounds but argued that there was a consensus on the need for an established minimum age and regulated hours for child and adolescent workers. Thus the law that was adopted in 1841 estab lished regulations regarding child laborers. Women were added to the group of those considered in need of protective legislation by an 1874 law. As for wom en's proper roles, Gullickson's paper suggested that clear formulation of the domestic ideal was not yet achieved by 1841 and that we must look to the peri od 1840-70 for the development of that ideal.
Three-dimensional elastic-plastic j-integral calculations for semielliptical surface cracks in a tensile plate

Abstract Using a finite element method, in conjunction with an equivalent domain integral approach, the elastic-plastic crack-tip J- integral is computed for semielliptical surface flaws in a plate under a remote tensile load. The computed elastic-plastic values of the J- integral are compared to the elastic ones. It is concluded that a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach can be used for semielliptical cracks of relative depth of a/t = 0.25 and aspect ratio of c/a ≦ 3 , up to load levels of 0.9δ y with an error of no more than 10% in the (equivalent) elastic-plastic stress intensity factor. A simple empirical equation for evaluating the elastic-plastic J- integral for surface flaws is proposed.
Gibberellins and Nodulation

RECENTLY, Fletcher, Alcorn and Raymond1 presented evidence that gibberellins had no effect on the nodulation of white clover (Trifolium repens) grown either in aseptic agar or in soil. In concentrations from 1 to 1,000 p.p.m., gibberellic acid was also without effect on the growth of the nodule-forming organism Rhizobium trifolii. These combined results seemed to contradict a previous report of Thurber, Douglas and Galston2, who had found a marked depressive effect of potassium gibberellate on nodulation in dwarf beans (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Cavopulmonary connection in repair of atrioventricular septal defect with small right ventricle

Between February 1991 and May 1992, 9 patients with a nonrestrictive inlet ventricular septal defect or complete atrioventricular septal defect and hypoplasia of the right ventricle underwent successful two-ventricle correction incorporating a bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Despite a satisfactory early postoperative course, large serous pleural effusions developed in 5 of them between 2 and 6 weeks after operation. Serial echocardiography showed an evolution of flow patterns in the superior vena cava from marked systolic reversal immediately after operation to nearly continuous forward flow into both pulmonary arteries about 6 weeks later. This pattern was consistent with the transition from cardiac-dependent to respiratory-dependent caval flow. The development of pleural effusions appeared to coincide with the loss of systolic caval flow reversal and resolved after establishment of a predominantly respiratory-dependent flow pattern.
Role of a Distal Enhancer Containing a Functional NF-κ B-binding Site in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Expression of a Novel α1-Antitrypsin Gene

α1-Antitrypsin (α1-AT) is one of the major proteinase inhibitors in serum. Its primary physiological function is to inhibit neutrophil elastase activity in lung, but it also inhibits other serine proteases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, thrombin, and cathepsin. We have previously reported a novel α1-AT, S-2 isoform, from rabbit that is induced up to 100-fold in the liver during acute inflammatory condition (Ray, B. K., Gao, X., and Ray, A.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 22080-22086). Here, we present evidence that the expression of this α1-AT S-2 gene is also induced in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peripheral blood monocytes. From the cloned genomic DNA, we have identified a distal LPS-responsive enhancer located between -2438 and -1990 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. In vitro DNA-binding studies demonstrated an interaction of an LPS-inducible NF-κB-like nuclear factor with a κB-element present in this enhancer region. Antibodies against p65 and p50 subunits of NF-κB supershifted the DNA-protein complex. A mutation of the NF-κB-binding element virtually abolished the LPS-responsive induction of the chimeric promoter in monocytic cells. Furthermore, overexpression of NF-κB induced the wild-type promoter activity. Taken together, these results demonstrated that during LPS-mediated inflammation, NF-κB/Rel family of transcription factors play a crucial role in the transcriptional induction of the inflammation responsive α1-AT gene.