cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing student success on open-ended design problems

Open-ended design problems have become an important component in our educational landscape (Grubbs and Strimel in J STEM Teach Educ 50(1):77–90, 2015; Jonassen et al. in J Eng Educ 95:139–151, 2006; National Research Council in Education for life and work: developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st Century, National Academies Press, Washington, 2012; Strimel in Technol Eng Teach 73(7):8–18, 2014a). The ability of students to confront open-ended problem scenarios, think creatively, and produce novel designs have all been lauded as necessary skills for today’s twenty first century learners (Partnership for 21st Century Skills in P21 framework definitions, Author, Washington, 2016). This emphasis on open-ended design problems in problem-based learning scenarios has been tied to workforce and higher education preparation for students (National Academy of Engineering and National Research Council in STEM integration in K–12 education: status, prospects, and an agenda for research, National Academies Press, Washington, 2014; National Research Council in Engineering in K–12 education: understanding the status and improving the prospects, National Academies Press, Washington, 2009; Strimel in Technol Eng Teach 73(5):16–24, 2014b). However, little research has been conducted to identify the impact of potentially-influential factors on student success in such open-ended design scenarios. Therefore, the researchers examined data from 706 middle school students, working in small groups, as they completed an open-ended design challenge to determine the relationships between a variety of potentially-influential factors and student performance, as measured through adaptive comparative judgment. The analysis of the data revealed several relationships, significant and not significant, between identified variables and student success on open-ended design challenges.
After College: Navigating Transitions, Relationships, and Faith: , by Erica Young Reitz, Downers Grove, IL: IVP Books, 2016, 234 pp., $16.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-8308-4460-9.

Years ago, I came across a forum where participants were debating what was the greatest transition faced by the college student. Some suggested matriculation, others suggested changing academic dir...
Successful treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus purulent myopericarditis.

A previously healthy 48-year-old active duty man, who had been treated for an elbow abscess 3 weeks earlier, presented to an emergency department in Bahrain with tachycardia, pericardial friction rub and jugular venous distention. Cardiac tamponade was confirmed on transthoracic echocardiogram and he was taken for emergent pericardiocentesis. Pericardial fluid cultures grew community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . Despite ongoing treatment with intravenous vancomycin, he developed a recurrent fibrinous pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis requiring pericardiectomy. Though he initially did well postoperatively, he developed drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome in response to vancomycin. He was transitioned to ceftaroline and started on high-dose steroids. He recovered during a week-long admission and was discharged home. Several weeks later at follow-up he was doing well and had resumed moderate intensity exercise.
The dielectric constant model function and implications for remote sensing of salinity

Existing model functions for the dielectric constant of sea water produce viable retrievals of ocean salinity but with differences that are important for eventual optimization of the science product. Issues exist in cold water and the dependence on sea surface temperature. Additional accuracy is needed to resolve the behavior in cold water and a residual bias correlated with sea surface temperature. The model function developed from direct measurements of the dielectric constant highlights the issues and points to regimes where new measurements and accuracy are needed.
ChIP-seq and ChIP-exo profiling of Pol II, H2A.Z, and H3K4me3 in human K562 cells

The human K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cell line has long served as an experimental paradigm for functional genomic studies. To systematically and functionally annotate the human genome, the ENCODE consortium generated hundreds of functional genomic data sets, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to sequencing (ChIP-seq). While ChIP-seq analyses have provided tremendous insights into gene regulation, spatiotemporal insights were limited by a resolution of several hundred base pairs. ChIP-exonuclease (ChIP-exo) is a refined version of ChIP-seq that overcomes this limitation by providing higher precision mapping of protein-DNA interactions. To study the interplay of transcription initiation and chromatin, we profiled the genome-wide locations for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), the histone variant H2A.Z, and the histone modification H3K4me3 using ChIP-seq and ChIP-exo. In this Data Descriptor, we present detailed information on parallel experimental design, data generation, quality control analysis, and data validation. We discuss how these data lay the foundation for future analysis to understand the relationship between the occupancy of Pol II and nucleosome positions at near base pair resolution.
Experimental Models of Lymphoid Malignancies

Thomas Hodgkin (1832) identified lymphoid neoplasia as a disease entity in man 146 years ago. His description served to focus attention on disorders arising within the lymphoid tissue as distinguished from those beginning elsewhere and only secondarily involving these areas. A very mixed assortment of diseases were first grouped together. Some were true lymphoid malignancies, others were not. In retrospect, at least three of Hodgkin’s original patients had tuberculosis rather than tumors (Fox, 1926). Nonetheless, the process of identifying lymphoid malignancies was begun. The subsequent sorting, describing, and classifying continues today.
Seasonal and Interannual Variabilities in Antarctic Phytoplankton with Reference to Krill Distribution

The spatial and temporal variabilities in the distribution of Antarctic phytoplankton biomass, based primarily on data collected by the author and other investigators during the past 25 years, are summarized. Mesoscale seasonal and interannual variabilities in phytoplankton distribution and abundance in the Drake Passage/ Scotia Sea, the Bransfield Strait/Elephant Island, and the Ross Sea are examined. The general picture that emerges is one of great variability of the phytoplankton biomass and primary production. This spatial variability (up to two orders of magnitude) tends to overshadow the expression of seasonal differences. The time of peak phytoplankton abundance varies from year to year. Seasonal variability is much more pronounced than any interannual variability.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of a benzofuran: a case study in the development of a green chemistry laboratory experiment

Un buen reconocido principio de la Quimica Verde es el uso de la catalisis para llevar a cabo transformaciones quimicas. Resulta dificil encontrar alguna revista en la que no existan reacciones de metatesis u otras transformaciones catalizadas por paladio. No obstante es raro encontrar ejemplos de este tipo de reaccion en el curriculo de laboratorio en las licenciaturas. En este articulo se presenta un ejemplo de ello, desde su concepcion, pasando por su mejora hasta convertirlo en un procedimiento apropiado para el laboratorio de quimica organica. Se ha desarrollado entonces un ejemplo que ilustra los conceptos, principio y toma de decisiones relativos a la practica de la Quimica Verde.
Association Between Mother and Adolescent Reports for Assessing Relations Between Parent–Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Adjustment

An important research finding is that parent–adolescent communication is related to adolescent adjustment. However, when using self-report measures with multiple reporters, adolescent and parent reports do not correlate highly, and within-rater reports correlate higher than cross-rater reports. This limits the utility of traditional methods of aggregation across raters. The present study used canonical correlation to examine if and how mother and adolescent reports for communication and problem behaviors are related. With reports from 161 adolescents and their mothers, the results indicated that the relationship between mother and adolescent reports differed by problem behavior area. Within-rater reports dominated the dimensions for communication related to aggressive behaviors. For anxious/depressed behaviors, both mother and adolescent reports contributed to the dimensions, with 1 dimension reflecting opposite perceptions of communication and adjustment by mothers and adolescents.
Overlapping genetic effects between suicidal ideation and neurocognitive functioning.

Abstract Background Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults. Several studies have indicated significant genetic influences on suicide-related phenotypes and mounting evidence from neurobiological research has linked deficits in neurocognitive abilities to suicide phenotypes. The goal of the present study was to estimate the heritability of suicidal ideation (SI) in a large sample of adolescents and determine if SI is genetically correlated with neurocognitive functioning. Methods Genome-wide data (N = 3564 unrelated individuals of European Ancestry) were drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopment Cohort. Adolescents completed a psychiatric assessment, as well as a computerized neurocognitive battery to assess performance across four domains: memory, executive function, social cognition, and complex cognition. Genomic-relatedness-matrix restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) estimation was used to determine SNP-heritability (h2SNP) of SI and the genetic correlation (rG) between SI and neurocognitive domains. Results Nearly 17% of adolescents reported SI. The SNP-heritability estimate for SI was marginally significant (h2SNP = 11%, SE = 8%, p = 0.086). Bivariate analyses indicated a significant rG between SI and emotion identification (rG = 0.79, SE = 0.45, p = 0.006; phenotypic correlation r = 0.04, p = 0.017). Limitations It is possible that SI may represent a related, but differentially heritable construct from suicide attempts/completion and other comorbid psychopathology. Additionally, though genetic correlations point to shared genetic factors across traits, direct causal mechanisms cannot be deduced. Conclusions Common heritable factors contribute to variation in SI and neurocognitive functioning. Genetic factors influencing emotion identification have significant genetic overlap with SI.
Uniformly consistently estimating the proportion of false null hypotheses for composite null hypotheses via Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations

This is the second part of the series on constructing uniformly consistent estimators of the proportion of false null hypotheses via solutions to Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral equations. We consider estimating the proportion of random variables for two types of composite null hypotheses: (i) their means or medians belonging to a non-empty, bounded interval; (ii) their means or medians belonging to an unbounded interval that is not the whole real line. For each type of composite null hypotheses, uniform consistent estimators of the proportion of false null hypotheses are constructed respectively for random variable that follow Type I location-shift family of distributions and for random variables whose distributions form continuous natural exponential families with separable moments. Further, uniformly consistent estimators of the proportion induced by a function of bounded variation on a non-empty, bounded interval are provided for the two types of random variables mentioned earlier. For each proposed estimator, its uniform consistency class and speed of convergence are provided under independence.
Metabolomic networks connect host-microbiome processes to human Clostridioides difficile infections

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) accounts for a substantial proportion of deaths attributable to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the United States. Although C. difficile can be an asymptomatic colonizer, its pathogenic potential is most commonly manifested in patients with antibiotic-modified intestinal microbiomes. In a cohort of 186 hospitalized patients, we showed that host and microbe-associated shifts in fecal metabolomes had the potential to distinguish patients with CDI from those with non-C. difficile diarrhea and C. difficile colonization. Patients with CDI exhibited a chemical signature of Stickland amino acid fermentation that was distinct from those of uncolonized controls. This signature suggested that C. difficile preferentially catabolizes branched chain amino acids during CDI. Unexpectedly, we also identified a series of noncanonical, unsaturated bile acids that were depleted in patients with CDI. These bile acids may derive from an extended host-microbiome dehydroxylation network in uninfected patients. Bile acid composition and leucine fermentation defined a prototype metabolomic model with potential to distinguish clinical CDI from asymptomatic C. difficile colonization.
The influence of viewing a headline about ecstasy/Molly adulteration on future intentions to use

ABSTRACTBackground: Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine [MDMA]), commonly referred to as Molly in the US, is commonly adulterated with drugs potentially more dangerous than MDMA. Synthetic c...
An assessment of the immune costs associated with meiotic drive elements in Drosophila

Most organisms are constantly adapting to pathogens and parasites that exploit their host for their own benefit. Less studied, but perhaps more ubiquitous, are intragenomic parasites or selfish genetic elements. These include transposable elements, selfish B chromosomes and meiotic drivers that promote their own replication without regard to fitness effects on hosts. Therefore, intragenomic parasites are also a constant evolutionary pressure on hosts. Gamete-killing meiotic drive elements are often associated with large chromosomal inversions that reduce recombination between the drive and wild-type chromosomes. This reduced recombination is thought to reduce the efficacy of selection on the drive chromosome and allow for the accumulation of deleterious mutations. We tested whether gamete-killing meiotic drive chromosomes were associated with reduced immune defence against two bacterial pathogens in three species of Drosophila. We found little evidence of reduced immune defence in lines with meiotic drive. One line carrying the Drosophila melanogaster autosomal Segregation Distorter did show reduced defence, but we were unable to attribute that reduced defence to either genotype or immune gene expression differences. Our results suggest that though gamete-killing meiotic drive chromosomes probably accumulate deleterious mutations, those mutations do not result in reduced capacity for immune defence.
Medical Care is Not A Tourist Attraction: A Call for Global Standards and Governance

Short-term medical missions (STMMS) bring much needed medical care to some of the most underserved populations across the globe. They typically are staffed with well-meaning western medical professionals.
Data-driven design of B20 alloys with targeted magnetic properties guided by machine learning and density functional theory

Chiral magnets in the B20 crystal structure host a peculiar spin texture in the form of a topologically stable skyrmion lattice. However, the helical transition temperature (TC) of these compounds is below room temperature, which limits their potential in spintronics applications. Here, a data-driven approach is demonstrated, which integrates density functional theory (DFT) calculations with machine learning (ML) in search of alloying elements that will enhance the TC of known B20 compounds. Initial DFT screening led to the identification of chromium (Cr) and tin (Sn) as potential substituents for alloy design. Then, trained ML models predict Sn substitution to be more promising than Cr-substitution for tuning the TC of FeGe. The magnetic exchange energy calculated from DFT validates the promise of Sn as an effective alloying element for enhancing the TC in Fe(Ge,Sn) compounds. New B20 chiral magnets are recommended for experimental investigation.
Spatial Nanomechanical Communications Based on State Transitions

In this paper, we present a novel framework of a nanomechanical communication (NMC) system where nanomechanical (NM) systems can communicate using mechanical movements to encode and transfer information between a transmitter (TX) nanomachine and a receiver (RX) nanomachine. First, some unique features of the envisioned NMC system have been presented in contrast to traditional communications systems. It is demonstrated that the encoding of distinct repeatable movements or motions is the key to information transfer in an NMC system. Using a state transition framework, we identify rest states (RSs) and motional degrees of freedom (MDoF) as the two essential concepts that determine the transmission rate of an NMC system in the spatial domain in two different modes, namely, synchronous and asynchronous transmissions . While the synchronous transmission is found to achieve much higher transmission rate compared to the asynchronous transmission in the noise-free case, the asynchronous mode is less restrictive and may have wider applicability. A stochastic model is considered to incorporate the influence of thermal noise in the system. A closed-form expression of the symbol error rate (SER) and its bounds have been derived for a particular symbol of a synchronous sliding motion NMC system with MDoF = 2. Numerical results show a promising SER performance in support of developing an NMC system model for nanoscale communications networks.
Dynamics in Behavioral Response to Fuel-Cell Vehicle Fleet and Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure: An Exploratory Study

Transportation is a major contributor of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas emissions from human activity. It accounts for approximately 14% of total anthropogenic emissions globally and about 27% in the United States. Growing concern regarding the impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions has led to innovations in automotive and fueltechnology. However, behavioral response to the newest transportation technologies, such as hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and fueling infrastructure, is not well understood. This paper examines the results of an exploratory F-Cell hydrogen fuel vehicle fleet study, which focusedupon fleet drivers’ attitudes and perceptions over a seven-month period in 2006. The study employed a longitudinal survey design, with three phases and one focus group.There are limitations to the exploratory dataset generated from this study (e.g., small sample size, self-selection bias, and generalizability). However, the results of this study provide insights into participants’ response to the FCV and hydrogen infrastructure over time and canhelp to inform further inquiry. Higher levels of hydrogen exposure are correlated with increased comfort with hydrogen, especially among those who were less experienced. Early adopters generally felt safer driving the F-Cell than later adopters. Respondents mostly felt safe refueling the F-Cell. As experience with the F-Cell increased, participants felt increasingly safe with the FCell. Driving range was considered a limitation. Furthermore, over the course of the study, participant perception of vehicle range increased due to learning.
Spread externalities and the implications of heterogeneous ecological capacity constraints.

We develop a spatial-dynamic model of resource management in the presence of externalities, such as the spread of harmful invasive species, and show that ecological capacity constraints influence optimal management strategies across space. We use integer-programming methods to solve for optimal control strategies in both homogeneous and heterogeneous landscapes. Using the spread of gypsy moths as an application, our results show that optimal levels of control vary over space in landscapes with heterogeneous capacity constraints. Optimal outcomes depend on the marginal costs and damages associated with the externality and the emergence of spread externalities from relative differences in population levels between adjacent patches. In models with high degrees of heterogeneity, we show that a naive policy assuming homogeneous carrying capacity results in a significantly higher welfare losses from the externality.
Adapting and Expanding Home-Based Life-Saving Skills to Include Family Planning to Promote Maternal Health in South Sudanese Refugees

Uganda is home to many South Sudanese refugees who do not read or read little and who have inadequate family planning knowledge. The ADAPT-ITT (Assessment, Decisions, Administration, Production, To...
Sexual Assault and Carotid Plaque Among Midlife Women.

Background Sexual assault is a risk factor for poor mental health, yet its relationship to cardiovascular disease risk is not understood. We tested whether women with a sexual assault history had g...
Discontinuous perturbations

Perturbations of quantum systems ranging from oscillators to fields can be either continuous or discontinuous functions of the coupling. The system under consideration is the familiar harmonic oscillator in one degree of freedom. Previous studies have shown that when the harmonic oscillator is subjected to a perturbation with a power law singularity, a permanent change in the system characteristics is observed for a specific range of power law values. The introduction of a logarithmic singularity into the power law potential fine tunes the singularity power.
Progress towards comparison of quantum and classical vacuum standards

Abstract We present our progress towards a comparison of NIST's cold atom primary vacuum standard and a dynamic expansion vacuum standard. The cold atom vacuum standard (CAVS) converts the loss rate of atoms from a magnetic trap to a vacuum pressure using ab initio calculations of the quantum atom-molecule collision cross-section. To validate the CAVS, we have constructed a new flowmeter and dynamic expansion system that can produce low-uncertainty pressures in the ultra-high-vacuum range that is required for atom trapping. We discuss the operation and systematics of both the CAVS and flowmeter.
The biosynthesis of rat serum albumin. IV. Apparent passage of albumin through the Golgi apparatus during secretion.

Abstract The role of the Golgi apparatus in the secretion of serum albumin has been investigated by measurements on albumin isolated immunologically from rough microsomes, smooth microsomes, and Golgi-rich fractions prepared from rat liver. Albumin constituted 6% of the total protein of the Golgi-rich fraction, which was the highest level found among intracellular components. After intravenous injection of 14C-leucine the maximum radioactivity of albumin occurred at about 5 min in rough microsomes, 15 min in smooth microsomes, and 20 min in the Golgi-rich fractions. The results indicate the pathway of albumin secretion to be: rough membranes-smooth membranes-Golgi bodies-blood. On the basis of relative specific radioactivities rough and smooth membrane fractions may contain some albumin not normally in the process of active synthesis and secretion, which could represent albumin in temporarily quiescent membrane channels or in pinocytotic vesicles.
Effectiveness of Triple Superphosphate Amendments in Alleviating Soil Lead Accumulation in Missouri Alfisols

Modern mining technologies reduce the environmental impact; however, previous mining activities in Missouri have a legacy of soil contamination. This study focuses on resolving Pb-Cd-Zn soil contamination resulting from an abandoned Pb-Zn mine at St. Joe State Park in Missouri by amending the soil surface with triple superphosphate (TSP) to reduce the availability of lead. Surface Pb concentrations ranged from 224 to 589 mg Pb kg − 1 and the surface Cd concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 3.1 mg Cd kg − 1 . Two soils were amended with three rates of TSP for each soil series. Soils were evaluated using selective extractions and a biological assay involving soybean (Glycine max Merr.) cultured in the greenhouse, with the biomass and the Pb and Cd plant tissue concentrations determined. In general, soil exchangeable Pb concentrations and the Pb plant tissue concentrations did not support the premise that TSP treatment reduced the Pb biological availability. For the Caneyville series (Typic Hapludalfs) the TSP r...
The fine structure of ceratium tripos, a marine armored dinoflagellate: II. Cytokinesis and development of the characteristic cell shape

Cytokinesis and the subsequent development of the cell shape is examined in Ceratium tripos. Division is by binary fission with each daughter cell retaining approximately one-half of the parent theca. Separation of adjacent plates is along predetermined sutures. The cleavage furrow is bounded by the four unit membranes of the future cell covering which are continuous with those of the parent theca. Development of the cell shape proceeds concurrently with cytokinesis, and it is impossible to distinguish between the two processes. A distinct layer of microtubules located beneath the differentiating cell covering is apparently active in determining both the direction of division and pattern of development. The actual separation of daughter cells may occur subsequent to the completion of cell shape development. Formation of a new apical horn by one daughter cell, and the posterior horns by the other, is achieved in slightly different ways. Development of cell shape appears to result from an extension of the cell covering in a manner determined by the biogenesis of microtubules.
State Regulation of Open-Access, Common-Pool Resources

Open-access, common-pool resources, such as many fisheries, aquifers, oil pools, and the atmosphere, often require some type of regulation of private access and use to avoid wasteful exploitation. This paper summarizes the arguments and literature associated with this problem. The historical and contemporary record of open-access resources is not a happy one, and many of the problems persist, despite large aggregate gains from resolving them. The discussion here suggests why that is the case. The paper focuses on government responses to the common pool, the private and political negotiations underlying them, and the information and transaction costs that influence the design of property rights and regulatory policies. Understanding the type of institution that emerges and its effects on the commons depends upon identifying the key parties involved, their objectives, and their political influence. Further, it requires detailed analysis of the bargaining that occurs within and across groups. The paper summarizes the open-access problem and provides case analyses of regulation of common-pool fisheries, oil reservoirs, and the atmosphere. The final section summarizes the general themes and the advantages of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) approach to analyzing the common pool.
Controlled Markov Chains

The main computational techniques in this book require the approximation of an original controlled processes in continuous time by appropriately chosen controlled finite state Markov chains. In this chapter, we will define some of the canonical control problems for the Markov chain models which will be used in the sequel as “approximating processes.” The cost functions will be defined. The functional equations which are satisfied by these cost functions for fixed controls, as well as the functional equations satisfied by the optimal cost functions (the dynamic programming or Bellman equation), will be obtained by exploiting the Markov property and the uniqueness of their solutions is shown, under appropriate conditions. These are the equations which will have to be solved in order to get the required approximate solutions to the original control or optimal control problem. The simplest case, where there is no control or where the control is fixed, is dealt with in Section 2.1, and the recursive equations satisfied by the cost functional are obtained. A similar method is used to get the recursive equations for the optimal value functions for the controlled problems. The optimal stopping problem is treated in Section 2.2. This is a relatively simple control problem, because the only decision to be made is the choice of the moment at which the process is to be stopped. This problem will illustrate the basic ideas of dynamic programming for Markov chains and introduce the fundamental principle of optimality in a simple way. Section 2.3 concerns the general discounted cost problem. Section 2.4 deals with the optimization problem when the control stops at the first moment of reaching a target or stopping set. The basic concept of contraction map is introduced and its role in the solution of the functional equations for the costs is emphasized. Section 2.5 gives the results for the case where the process is of interest over a finite time only. The chapter contains only a brief outline. Further information concerning controlled or uncontrolled Markov chain models can be found in the standard references [11, 54, 84, 88, 126, 151, 155].
Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the vulva.

placenta covering the almost fully dilated cervix interference became necessary because of onset of hemorrhage (Table I). Spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred in all cases in which the uterus was large, both in the series with quinine drip and in the series with Pitocin or Syntocinon drip. All the 7 mothers with living fetuses were delivered spontaneously of mature infants, 6 of whom cried at birth. One infant was slightly asphyxiated. Although meconium was noted in the liquor amnii after rupture of the membranes, there was no evidence of fetal distress, as indicated by alteration of fetal heart rate or rhythm. Four infants have been followed for periods of between 6 months and 1% years and normal development has been demonstrated. External tocographic tracings showed almost identical curves when quinine was given as with Pitocin and Syntocinon. From the study of this small series it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the clinical effects of quinine bihydrochloride intravenous infusion for induction of labor or abortion are not inferior to Pitocin or Syntocinon, at least in cases of intrauterine deaths in the later months of pregnancy. In regard to its effect in the cases of living fetuses, our small experience indicates further study is necessary.
What Makes a Great Law School

This paper explains why weaknesses do not fully undermine great law schools. The paper is not about how to rank law schools, or how to climb the ranking ladder. It is not about short-term tactics or even about long-term strategy to achieve these objectives. It is about understanding the phenomenon, which should precede plans to achieve any of these objectives. Rather than define great law schools or what makes them great the Essay lists examples of great law schools, drawn from a fairly broad consensus, and discusses their salient features. I conclude that only one feature distinguishes great law schools from the rest of the crowd. These schools devote all their resources to preparing students for, and placing students in, leadership positions in this country and the world. I also list other factors that may help schools become or remain great, but they are not essential. Next I make some suggestions, seeking to stir ideas and perhaps break some molds. This is the main purpose of this paper.
Synaptic activity of the AFD neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans correlates with thermotactic memory.

Thermotactic behavior in Caenorhabditis elegans is sensitive to both a worm's ambient temperature ( T amb) and its memory of the temperature of its cultivation ( T cult). The AFD neuron is part of a neural circuit that underlies thermotactic behavior. By monitoring the fluorescence of pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein localized to synaptic vesicles, we measured the rate of the synaptic release of AFD in worms cultivated at temperatures between 15 and 25°C, and subjected to fixed, ambient temperatures in the same range. We found that the rate of AFD synaptic release is high if either T amb > T cult or T amb < T cult, but AFD synaptic release is low if T amb ≅ T cult. This suggests that AFD encodes a direct comparison between T amb and T cult.
Reaction of thrombins with human antithrombin III: II. Dependence of rate of inhibition on molecular form and origin of thrombin.

The rate of thrombin inhibition by AT III depends upon the molecular form (alpha, beta, gamma) and species origin of the enzyme. The following apparent second order rate constants (.1000/M.s) were established alpha human 11.24 +/- 0.8; alpha bovine 7.46 +/- 0.27; beta bovine 6.49 +/- 0.34 and gamma human thrombin 2.80 +/- 0.11, 25 degrees C, pH = 7.80, 0.01 M TRIS, 0.01 M HEPES buffer, 0.0025 M EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl, 1 mg/mL PEG 6000. Using these values, the concentration of active AT III in an unknown sample can be calculated from the measured apparent first order rate constant in moles/liter instead of relative units. In contrast to the reactions in the absence of heparin, in the presence of high affinity heparin, the differences between various forms of thrombin are more pronounced and the shape of the progress curves, as well as rates, are highly dependent on the ionic strength. In the presence of heparin, measurement of the rate of inhibition under pseudo first order conditions can be made only when the NaCl concentration is at least 0.3 M. The significance of the presented data for designing a functional assay of AT III is discussed.
Audit Committee Member Support for Proposed Audit Adjustments: A Source Credibility Perspective

This study reports the results of an experiment that investigates the effects of financial‐report timing, EPS proximity to analyst forecast, and external auditor argument consistency on audit committee members' support for a proposed audit adjustment. We use source credibility theory to predict greater support for the audit adjustment when the financial report is at year‐end rather than at interim, when unadjusted EPS is above rather than below forecast, and when the auditor consistently argues for adjustment rather than agrees with management's preference to avoid adjustment. One hundred thirty‐one audit committee members participated in a between‐subjects experiment. Consistent with theory, the participants were more likely to recommend adjustment for annual statements and for adjustments that the auditor consistently supported. Two significant interactions indicate that the effect of report timing holds only in the under forecast and inconsistent auditor conditions. Finally, audit committee members who...
Distributions of boulders ejected from lunar craters

We investigate the spatial distributions of boulders ejected from 18 lunar impact craters that are hundreds of meters in diameter. To accomplish this goal, we measured the diameters of 13,955 ejected boulders and the distance of each boulder from the crater center. Using the boulder distances, we calculated ejection velocities for the boulders. We compare these data with previously published data on larger craters and use this information to determine how boulder ejection velocity scales with crater diameter. We also measured regolith depths in the areas surrounding many of the craters, for comparison with the boulder distributions. These results contribute to understanding boulder ejection velocities, to determining whether there is a relationship between the quantity of ejected boulders and lunar regolith depths, and to understanding the distributions of secondary craters in the Solar System. Understanding distributions of blocky ejecta is an important consideration for landing site selection on both the Moon and Mars.
Synthesis and thermal rearrangement of a potential butalene-anthracene adduct

Abstract The synthesis of propellane 4 , a formal Diels-Alder adduct of 1,4-dehydrobenzene and anthracene, is reported. This material does not undergo a retro-Diels Alder reaction on pyrolysis, but instead rearranges to benzofluoranthene 5 .
Current knowledge of antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines regarding GI open-access endoscopic procedures is inadequate

Background The American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines from 2007 and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines from 2008 recommended against antibiotic prophylaxis before GI endoscopic procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis. Objective To determine physician knowledge regarding these guidelines and to identify physician subgroups for which knowledge was suboptimal. Design A survey questionnaire was developed based on AHA and ASGE guidelines regarding antibiotics before endoscopy. Physicians were queried about 10 theoretical scenarios as to whether or not they would recommend before-procedure antibiotics. Setting The survey was administered at 3 academic medical centers. Participants Attending physicians and trainees in primary care and subspecialties. Interventions Survey. Main Outcome Measurements Percentage of the survey questions answered correctly and predictors of correct response. Results The survey was administered to 941 participants of whom 12 declined to participate. Eighty percent (n = 740/929) of participants completed the survey. The median number of correct answers was 70% (interquartile range [IQR] 50%-90%) and was similar at each institution ( P = .6). A total of 7.3% (n = 54) of respondents answered all questions correctly. There was no significant difference in correct responses between attending physicians and trainees or between study centers (median 7, IQR 5-9; P = .75). Gastroenterologists were more likely to answer questions correctly than other subspecialists or primary care physicians ( P P = .002) and specialty (0.56; 95% CI, 0.30-0.82; P P = .005). Limitations Survey study that used theoretical scenarios. Conclusion Physician knowledge of guidelines regarding antibiotic use before endoscopy is suboptimal. Further interventions are needed to improve the knowledge of before-procedure guidelines.
The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS): what it tells us about niacin/colestipol therapy.

• Angiographic trials from the 1990s provide valuable information on the impact of LDL cholesterol reduction on atherosclerosis progression.
Facilitation of maze acquisition by mice with tricyanoaminopropene (TCAP) given during early postnatal development

Tricyanoaminopropene, a compound suggested as a stimulus to the synthesis of RNA in the brain, was administered to male neonate mice daily from 3 to 16 days of age. When drug-treated animals were compared with controls, given physiological saline during early development, the former showed significant facilitation in the acquisition of an escape response from a water maze.
Influences of Leadership Program Participation on Students' Capacities for Socially Responsible Leadership.

This study examined differential effects of various types of individual leadership experiences (e.g., retreats, academic minors) on college students’ capacities for socially responsible leadership using data from 8,961 seniors representing 99 colleges and universities. Participation in individual leadership experiences explained a significant, albeit minimal, portion of the variance in students’ outcome achievement suggesting that the type of leadership program matters much less than the degree to which high impact pedagogical strategies are embedded within it.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of divalent thallium in cadmium telluride

An analysis of EPR spectra from CdTe:Tl single crystals shows that ${\mathrm{Tl}}^{2+}$ goes into the CdTe lattice as a substitutional impurity at a cadmium site. The unpaired $s$ electron on the thallium ion has an isotropic hyperfine interaction of 53.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 and 53.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 GHz with the $^{203}\mathrm{Tl}$ and $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ isotopes, respectively, and a $g$ factor of -2.035 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.015. The sign of the hyperfine-interaction constant is inferred to be positive from the temperature dependence of the line intensities and the negative sign of the $g$ factor is assumed. A superhyperfine (shf) interaction with the nearest-neighbor tellurium ligand ions is observed whenever the sites are occupied by the 7% abundant $^{125}\mathrm{Te}$ nucleus. The shf-interaction tensor is axially symmetric about the bond direction with $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}|=375\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ G and $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}|=180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5$ G.
433 ADRENAL GLOMERULOSA FUNCTION IN DSH

Dexamethasone-suppressible hyperaldosteronism(DSH),a form of low renin hypertension,is a familial disorder of aldosterone secretion which is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene. With dexamethasone(DEX) administration there is a prompt suppression of aldosterone excretion to unmeasurable levels and return to normal blood pressure in young subjects. With prolonged ACTH administration, unlike normal subjects in whom aldosterone excretion decreases after an initial rise, the DSH patient demonstrates a sustained and continuous increase of aldosterone excretion.This unusual aldosterone response mimics that of cortisol(F). These findings suggest that in DSH, aldosterone may be a product of the adrenal fasciculata or that ACTH regulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glomerulosa. We studied adrenal glomerulosa function in ten patients with DSH treated continuously with DEX 2mg/d and studied on a regular Na+diet(87meq/m2)and on a 10meq Na+ diet. With DEX treatment all patients showed a prompt suppression of adrenal fasciculata function as evidenced by suppression of serum F,corticosterone,desoxycorticosterone and urinary 18-OH-desoxy-corticosterone. The complete suppression of urinary pH 1 aldosterone by DEX was paralleled by a prompt suppression of urinary 18-OH-corticosterone. With continued DEX administration plasma renin levels rose to the normal range. Dietary sodium restriction resulted in a further rise in plasma renin activity and a rise in urinary pH 1 aldosterone and 180Hcorticosterone. Thus, in DSH the adrenal glomerulosa is responsive to the stimulation of reninangiotensin II.
A Performance Modeling and OptimizationAnalysis Tool for Sparse Matrix-Vector Multiplication on GPUs

This paper presents a performance modeling and optimization analysis tool to predict and optimize the performance of sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV) on GPUs. We make the following contributions: 1) We present an integrated analytical and profile-based performance modeling to accurately predict the kernel execution times of CSR, ELL, COO, and HYB SpMV kernels. Our proposed approach is general, and neither limited by GPU programming languages nor restricted to specific GPU architectures. In this paper, we use CUDA-based SpMV kernels and NVIDIA Tesla C2050 for our performance modeling and experiments. According to our experiments, for 77 out of 82 test cases, the performance differences between the predicted and measured execution times are less than 9 percent; for the rest five test cases, the differences are between 9 and 10 percent. For CSR, ELL, COO, and HYB SpMV CUDA kernels, the average differences are 6.3, 4.4, 2.2, and 4.7 percent, respectively. 2) Based on the performance modeling, we design a dynamic-programming based SpMV optimal solution auto-selection algorithm to automatically report an optimal solution (i.e., optimal storage strategy, storage format(s), and execution time) for a target sparse matrix. In our experiments, the average performance improvements of the optimal solutions are 41.1, 49.8, and 37.9 percent, compared to NVIDIA's CSR, COO, and HYB CUDA kernels, respectively.
Synthesis of mesoporous carbon foams templated by organic colloids

Resorcinol/formaldehyde (RF) sols have useful similarities to silica sols in that both are anionic at high pH and capable of hydrogen bonding at low pH. These similarities can be exploited to prepare composite materials analogously to the synthesis of siliceous mesocellular foams (Si-MCFs). Microemulsion-polymerized polystyrene (PS) microspheres were used as templates to produce composite materials with RF polymer. Upon pyrolysis under argon, these PS/RF composites yielded mesoporous carbon foams (C-MCFs) in which the pore size was roughly two-thirds that of the template. Syntheses without the template did not produce mesoporous materials. These C-MCFs can be synthesized quickly and have properties similar to those of carbon aerogels with the same density.
A new chaos detector

This paper proposes a new detector for chaos. It is simpler and numerically less intensive than previous methods. It is more robust than previous methods. It works well even with short data sets (200 time scalar points), in the presence of noise (as low as 4 dB signal to noise ratio in stationary additive white Gaussian noise), and with severe data level quantization (data quantized to five bits). The theory behind the new detector is given, and examples of its application to the Logistic, Henon, and Lozi Maps are shown. The new chaos detector is briefly compared to existing methods such as the estimation of the largest Lyapunov exponent, the correlation or attractor dimension, and the entropy of the data set. Conventional electrical engineering signal analysis tools (such as the Discrete Fourier Transform) fail to help in the detection of chaos. This failure is explored. Sinusoids and several types of noise are input to the detector and the outputs are recorded. The basis for a binary signaling scheme which uses chaotic sequences and the new chaos detector is briefly described.
Kinetics of the self reaction of neopentyl radicals

Abstract The kinetics of the self reaction of neopentyl radicals ((CH 3 ) 3 CCH 2 ) was studied by laser photolysis/photoionization mass spectroscopy. Overall rate constants were obtained in direct real-time experiments in the temperature region 300–500 K and at bath gas densities of (3.00–12.0) × 10 16 molecule cm −3 . The observed overall neo -C 5 H 11 + neo -C 5 H 11 rate constants demonstrate negative temperature dependence: k 1 = 3.1 × 10 −12 exp(+506 K/T) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , with estimated uncertainty of 17% over the 300–500 K temperature range. Formation of C 10 H 22 (mass to charge ratio of 142, interpreted as 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane) as the primary product of neopentyl self reaction was observed.
Patient-Provider Concordance in the Prioritization of Health Conditions Among Hypertensive Diabetes Patients

BACKGROUND Many patients with diabetes have multiple other chronic conditions, but little is known about whether these patients and their primary care providers agree on the relative importance that they assign these comorbidities.
Performance of packed columns: V. Effect of solute concentration on gas‐phase mass transfer rates

In a determination of the effect of solute concentration on gas-phase mass transfer rates carbon tetrachloride was vaporized at three different concentration levels in a short 4.0-in.-diameter column packed with 0.5-in. Raschig rings. The experimental data indicate that previous mass transfer correlations should be modified to include a term (PBM/PT)2/3 and that the Schmidt number should be evaluated at average film conditions. The correlation found is suitable for predicting gas-phase mass transfer coefficients which can be combined with effective interfacial areas reported previously to obtain volumetric mass transfer coefficients for any gas-liquid-solute system.
AN ARITHMETICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FINITE ELEMENTARY 2-GROUPS

Beginning with Carlitz's well known characterization of algebraic number rings with class number two, arithmetical characterizations of divisor class groups have been a topic of interest in the literature. In this note we develop a characterization of Dedekind domains with finite elementary 2-group class group. The characterization is in terms of the asymptotic behavior of the number of distinct factorizations of powers of an irreducible element.