cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of indices of biotic integrity for high-gradient wadeable rivers and headwater streams in New Jersey

Abstract The New Jersey Bureau of Freshwater and Biological Monitoring (BFBM) has been conducting Fish Index of Biotic Integrity (FIBI) monitoring on rivers and streams (with drainage area >12.95 km2) in the Northern part of the state since 2000 using Karr’s original IBI format with several regional modifications. In an effort to increase the overall performance of the IBI and to assess smaller headwater streams, a new design and approach to metric development was evaluated on approximately 230 high gradient streams. This design, developed by Thomas Whittier and Robert Hughes, has been implemented for numerous Western U.S. studies, as well as the Connecticut multi-metric indices (MMI). Analysis resulted in two distinct stream classes; a coldwater community (Headwaters IBI) with drainage area 10.36 km2. Over 140 metrics from ten ecological classes were tested for signal to noise, range, responsiveness, and redundancy. A total of eight metrics representing seven ecological classes were selected for the Northern FIBI and six metrics representing five ecological classes were selected for the Headwaters IBI. These two indices provide the Bureau with an effective and sensitive biological tool to monitor and assess all non-tidal, wadeable streams in the Piedmont, Highlands, and Ridge and Valley physiographic ecoregions.
Usability testing games for prosthetic training

Prosthetic Arms can cost in the tens of thousands of dollars each. Insurance companies will often only pay for 1 lifetime arm and often will not provide them for children. So, more often than not children go without them. Fortunately, as 3D printing has come into the fold a new generation of 3D printed, and creatively expressive, low cost prosthetics have become available for kids. At the same time the arms can have a steep learning curve. In an effort to teach users how their prosthetics function and strengthen muscles prior to receiving a prosthetic arm a video game training system is being developed. The video game system combines custom hardware and custom video games to provide various ways for a prosthetics user to engage. This paper is the result of usability testing these five games.
The Contours of the Unconscionabilty Defense in Missouri

This paper provides a brief overview of Missouri law on the defense of unconscionability to the enforcement of contractual obligations. It surveys selected modern case-law and provides a brief synthesis.
Mental profile mapping: A psychological single-candidate authorship attribution method.

Modern authorship attribution methods are often comprised of powerful yet opaque machine learning algorithms. While much of this work lends itself to concrete outcomes in the form of probability scores, advanced approaches typically preclude deeper insights in the form of psychological interpretation. Additionally, few attribution methods exist for single-candidate authorship problems, most of which require large amounts of supplemental data to perform and none of which rely upon explicitly psychological measures. The current study introduces Mental Profile Mapping, a new authorship attribution technique for single-candidate authorship questions that is founded on previous scientific research pertaining to the nature of language and psychology. In the current study, baseline expectations for results and performance are set using an advanced technique known as “unmasking” on the test case of Aphra Behn, a 17th century English playwright. Following this, Mental Profile Mapping is introduced and tested for its psychometric properties, tested using a “bogus insertion” method, and then applied to canonical Aphra Behn plays. Results from both attribution methods suggest that 2 of 5 questioned plays are likely to have been authored by Behn, with the remaining 3 plays exhibiting a poor fit for Behn’s psychological fingerprint. Mental Profile Mapping results are then decomposed into deeper psychological interpretation, a quality unique to this new method.
Towards Accurate and Wideband In Vivo Measurement of Skin Dielectric Properties

In this paper, we first review the most common measurement methods, previously used, for assessing the complex permittivity of human skin, namely, open-ended coaxial and waveguide probe reflectometry methods. We then outline and emphasize their useful features and shortcomings that can adversely affect the measurements. Then, an approach utilizing an open-ended waveguide probe with an engineered ground plane and a thin dielectric layer in front of the aperture to prevent skin protrusion is proposed. This approach utilizes a full-wave electromagnetic model that accurately describes the interaction of a layered skin with this probe. Furthermore, comprehensive analyses were performed to investigate the important sources of modeling and measurement errors and their influences on the calculated skin complex permittivity. The results of these analyses have shown that the proposed method can achieve ~85% and ~95% calculation accuracy for skin relative (to free space) dielectric constant and relative dielectric loss factor, respectively. Finally, a series of in vivo measurement was performed in the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) on several different locations of three human subjects using this proposed method. In addition, it is demonstrated that the homogeneous skin model cannot be used for areas of the body where the stratum corneum (SC) layer is relatively thick (e.g., palm). Finally, the effect of a thick SC layer on the relative complex permittivity calculation was discussed, and a modified method to determine the relative complex permittivity of the layered skin was proposed and verified by simulations.
Doped Barrier Al 0.65 Ga 0.35 N/Al 0.40 Ga 0.60 N MOSHFET With SiO 2 Gate-Insulator and Zr-Based Ohmic Contacts

This letter reports an Al0.65Ga0.35N-Al0.4Ga0.6N metal–oxide–semiconductor–heterojunction–field–effect–transistor (MOSHFET) with an SiO2 gate-insulator. For this first demonstration of an AlGaN channel MOSHFET, a new doped barrier epilayer design led to linear source–drain ohmic-contacts formed by Zr-based metal stack with a contact resistance as low as $1.64~\Omega \cdot \textsf {mm}$ . For a device with 6- $\mu \text{m}$ source–drain opening a record saturation current of 0.6 A/mm (at gate bias of 6V) was measured. In contrast to a conventional Schottky-gate HFET, the gate-oxide from the pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition decreased the MOSHFET gate leakage current by a factor of 104 with only a 1.5-V shift in the threshold voltage. A drift mobility of 430 cm $^{2}/\textsf {V}\cdot \textsf {s}$ is measured at zero-gate bias, which increases to 800 cm $^{2}/\textsf {V}\cdot \textsf {s}$ close to the threshold voltage. The device characteristics up to 250°C are used to calculate the temperature dependence of the drift mobility.
Variation in the administration of early chemotherapy for indolent lymphomas: Analysis of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB).

e18005Background: Guidelines recommend watchful waiting for the initial management of asymptomatic, low-burden follicular lymphoma (FL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or Waldenstrom’s macroglo...
Racial/Ethnic Residential Segregation and Mental Health Outcomes

Racial/ethnic residential segregation is widely considered a spatial manifestation of institutionalized racism and plays a significant role in the well-being and health of African Americans and Latinos in the USA and immigrant groups in the UK. This chapter highlights residential segregation as a key factor influencing symptom onset, service utilization, management of mental health outcomes, and perpetuation of mental health inequities. The number of studies testing the association of residential segregation with mental health outcomes and service utilization has grown; however, the findings from this body of research are largely mixed, with a majority of the studies demonstrating a beneficial association and several reporting adverse or no associations. A brief summary of the empirical literature and patterns of population mental health outcomes by race/ethnicity is provided. Differential exposure to neighborhood economic, physical, and social stressors—as well as the health-promoting resources that are cultivated in segregated neighborhoods to promote resilience and buffer against material disadvantage—are discussed. The chapter concludes with remarks on future directions for research, clinical practice, and population-based approaches that have an important role to play in stimulating meaningful efforts to reduce the burden of mental health and sustaining action toward achieving mental health equity.
Facilitators and barriers to HIV testing among Asians in the United States: a systematic review.

Asians have the highest rate of undiagnosed HIV in the United States. Limited research on factors implicated in HIV testing among this population presents a barrier to monitoring and addressing HIV...
The selenocyanate dimer radical anion in water: Transient Raman spectra, structure, and reaction dynamics

The selenocyanate dimer radical anion (SeCN)2•−, prepared by electron pulse irradiation of selenocyanate anion (SeCN)− in water, has been examined by transient absorption, time-resolved Raman spectra, and range-separated hybrid density functional (ωB97x and LC-ωPBE) theory. The Raman spectrum, excited in resonance with the 450 nm (λmax) absorption of the radical, is dominated by a very strong band at 140.5 cm−1, associated with the Se–Se stretching vibration, its overtones and combinations. A striking feature of the (SeCN)2•− Raman spectrum is the relative sharpness of the 140.5 cm−1 band compared to the S–S band at 220 cm−1 in thiocyanate radical anion (SCN)2•−, the difference of which is explained in terms of a time-averaged site effect. Calculations, which reproduce experimental frequencies fairly well, predict a molecular geometry with the SeSe bond length of 2.917 (±0.04) A, the SeC bond length of 1.819 (±0.004) A, and the CN bond length of 1.155 (±0.002) A. An anharmonicity of 0.44 cm−1 has been determined for the 140.5 cm−1 Se–Se vibration which led to a dissociation energy of ∼1.4 eV for the SeSe bond, using the Morse potential in a diatomic approximation. This value, estimated for the radical confined in a solvent cage, compares well with the calculated gas-phase energy, 1.32 ± 0.04 eV, required for the radical to dissociate into (SeCN)• and (SeCN)− fragments. The enthalpy of dissociation in water has been measured (0.36 eV) and compared with the value estimated by accounting for the solvent dielectric effects in structural calculations.The selenocyanate dimer radical anion (SeCN)2•−, prepared by electron pulse irradiation of selenocyanate anion (SeCN)− in water, has been examined by transient absorption, time-resolved Raman spectra, and range-separated hybrid density functional (ωB97x and LC-ωPBE) theory. The Raman spectrum, excited in resonance with the 450 nm (λmax) absorption of the radical, is dominated by a very strong band at 140.5 cm−1, associated with the Se–Se stretching vibration, its overtones and combinations. A striking feature of the (SeCN)2•− Raman spectrum is the relative sharpness of the 140.5 cm−1 band compared to the S–S band at 220 cm−1 in thiocyanate radical anion (SCN)2•−, the difference of which is explained in terms of a time-averaged site effect. Calculations, which reproduce experimental frequencies fairly well, predict a molecular geometry with the SeSe bond length of 2.917 (±0.04) A, the SeC bond length of 1.819 (±0.004) A, and the CN bond length of 1.155 (±0.002) A. An anharmonicity of 0.44 cm−1 has been det...
Problem Behaviors and Response to Reading Intervention for Upper Elementary Students With Reading Difficulties.

This study investigated the extent to which problem behaviors were factors associated with response to a year-long multicomponent reading intervention for fourth- and fifth-grade students with read...
On the Approximation Properties of Random ReLU Features

We study the approximation properties of random ReLU features through their reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). We first prove a universality theorem for the RKHS induced by random features whose feature maps are of the form of nodes in neural networks. The universality result implies that the random ReLU features method is a universally consistent learning algorithm. We prove that despite the universality of the RKHS induced by the random ReLU features, composition of functions in it generates substantially more complicated functions that are harder to approximate than those functions simply in the RKHS. We also prove that such composite functions can be efficiently approximated by multi-layer ReLU networks with bounded weights. This depth separation result shows that the random ReLU features models suffer from the same weakness as that of shallow models. We show in experiments that the performance of random ReLU features is comparable to that of random Fourier features and, in general, has a lower computational cost. We also demonstrate that when the target function is the composite function as described in the depth separation theorem, 3-layer neural networks indeed outperform both random ReLU features and 2-layer neural networks.
On the conflation of purpose and meaning in life: A qualitative study of high school and college student conceptions

AbstractA minimal amount of information is known about how adolescents and emerging adults construe purpose and meaning in life, leaving many researchers to assume youth think about these construct...
Abstract 702: Fusion of Cardiac Progenitor Cell and Cardiomyocyte Induces Cardiomyocyte Division

Recent evidence has shown that cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) can fuse with existing cardiomyocytes (CMs). The fusion frequency significantly increases during heart injury or drug treatment, but t...
Nepal: A Global Hotspot for Medicinal Orchids

Floristic diversity of family Orchidaceae in Nepal (area 147,181 sq. km) is impressive, as 517 species under 105 genera have been reported so far. Orchidaceae is one of the largest families in plant kingdom with abundant scientific studies carried out on their phytochemistry, and available bioactive compounds but with insufficient potential medicinal research and applications. Since the ancient Vedic period dating back to 2500 BCE, orchids have been mentioned widely for their medicinal use in traditional medical system of Ayurveda. Ancient scripts like Rig-Veda contain the preparation methods of formulations using orchids in combination with other herbs and their healing powers. Some of the compounds identified for their bioactivity are alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, phlobatanins, quercetin, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. There are numerous studies on ethnobotanical uses of orchids found in Nepal. In this chapter, medicinal properties of a total of 130 species are discussed; several of these species have been tested for their chemical constituents, in vitro properties and in vivo clinical efficacy. Unfortunately, orchids in their natural habitats are disappearing at an alarming rate. There is an immediate need to conserve orchids in their natural habitats at local, national, and international levels. This situation coupled with climate change poses grave challenges to the efforts to understand their medicinal properties.
Forest Measurement and Biometrics in Forest Management: Status and Future Needs of the Pacific Northwest USA

plies mathematics and statistics to efficiently analyze and quantify past, present, and future attributes at all three levels. FMB offers valuable information for decisionmaking because it provides quantitative measures of current resources, means to compare differences between alternative experimental resource treatments, and methods to project future outcomes of management practices. This essay provides a brief overview of the current diversity of FMB applications using examples from business, policy analysis, and ecosystems studies. The second section gives our views on the most critical challenges facing FMB researchers and practitioners based on resource decisionmaking needs. A third section offers comments on how we think FMB professionals and academic forestry programs might cooperate in meeting these challenges. Some State-of-the-Art Applications of FMB in Forestry To illustrate the sophistication and complexity of current FMB applications in modern forestry practice, we consider three examples: large-scale inventory and monitoring issues in corporate forestry, public policy analysis, and ecosystem and landscape
Situating video as context for teacher learning

Abstract In this paper we contrast two locally situated models of supporting teacher learning using video reflection: a one-on-one coaching model that was implemented to support teachers in a wide-spread rural school district where in-person meetings were challenging, and a video club model that was implemented in a large, centrally organized school district. In both contexts our goal was to help elementary teachers learn about how they can support students in using representations to learn about science in their classrooms. We take a sociocultural approach to examining how the locally situated professional development models helped mediate the teachers' engagement with the video. Findings show that in both models, collaborative review of video cases helped the teachers to see new patterns and opportunities. We highlight how each was supported by the different models and offer suggestions for how future work can benefit from these opportunities.
Large-Scale Layer-by-Layer Synthesis of Borophene on Ru(0001)

Borophene, a two-dimensional (2D) layer of elemental boron, has attracted attention as a metallic 2D material with rich polymorphism, as well as potentially interesting electronic, optical, chemica...
Liquidity, Bank Runs, and Bailouts: Spillover Effects During the Northern Rock Episode

In September 2007, Northern Rock—the fifth largest mortgage lender in the United Kingdom—experienced an old-fashioned bank run, the first bank run in the U.K. since the collapse of City of Glasgow Bank in 1878. The run had been contained by the government’s announcement that it would guarantee all deposits in Northern Rock. This paper analyzes spillover effects during the Northern Rock episode and shows that both the bank run and the subsequent bailout announcement had significant effects on the rest of the U.K. banking system, as measured by abnormal returns on the stock prices of banks. The paper also shows that the effects were a rational response by investors to market news about the liability side of banks’ balance sheets. In particular, banks that rely on funding from wholesale markets were significantly affected, a result consistent with the drying up of liquidity in wholesale markets and the record-high levels of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) during the crisis.
Humidification in Intensive Care Medicine: General Approach to Selected Humidification Devices and Complications of Mechanical Ventilation

When the tracheal mucosa is bypassed via endotracheal tube (ETT) intubation or from a surgically placed tracheostomy, humidification is essential to preserve tracheobronchial mucosal integrity [1]. Without humidification, the tracheal mucosa will lose ciliary function, develop inspissated secretions, and the underlying connective tissue will undergo structural changes [2–5]. Williams et al. performed a meta-analysis evaluating the relationship between the humidity and temperature of inspired gas and airway mucosal function [6]. They developed a model suggesting above or below optimal temperature, and humidity conditions can lead to impaired airway mucosal dysfunction, or, vice versa, that adequate mucociliary function is an indicator of ideal humidification. Oostdam et al. showed animals that inspired dried air demonstrated a significant reduction of extravascular water of the loose connective tissue of the airways and an increase in airways resistance to histamine [2]. ETT occlusion secondary to thickened or dried secretions is also strongly linked to suboptimal humidification [5, 7]. The most common way to avoid these and other potential complications (Box 1) is accomplished by applying humidification from non-­heated-wire humidifiers, heated-wire humidifiers, or a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) [4, 8]. The goal of each of these humidification devices is to provide tracheal humidification consisting of heat and moisture to the inspired gas with a minimum of 30 mgH2O/l or 100% relative humidity with a delivered gas at 30°C [4, 5].
Optimizing the location deployment of dynamic mobile base stations

In this paper, we address the issue of optimizing the location deployment of dynamic mobile base stations. Particularly, we propose a low-cost, dynamic deployment protocol to locate mobile base stations, which is capable of meeting the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements necessary for applications. Unlike other deployment techniques, our proposed protocol can find an optimal schedule to relocate mobile base stations based on fluctuating population and traffic densities in an incident area. Through simulations, we demonstrate that our proposed technique can increase network throughput and reduce end-to-end delay, jitter, and packet loss rate.
Familial aspects of male homosexuality.

Research has generally supported the existence of familial–genetic factors for male sexual orientation, but has not shed much light on the specific nature of those influences. Gay men with gay brothers provide the opportunity to examine several hypotheses. Sixty-six men, representing 37 gay male sibling pairs, completed questionnaires assessing behavior on various measures including childhood and adult gender nonconformity, timing of awareness of homosexual feelings, self-acceptance, and the quality of family relationships. Consistent with prior findings using twins, gay brothers were similar in their degree of childhood gender nonconformity, suggesting that this variable may distinguish etiologically (e.g., genetically) heterogeneous subtypes. The large majority of gay men with brothers knew about their own homosexual feelings before they learned about their brothers' homosexual feelings, suggesting that discovery of brothers' homosexuality is not an important cause of male homosexuality.
Nonpharmacologic validation of the intrinsic heart rate in cardiac transplant recipients.

Background: The maximum sinus rate during exertion in humans is inversely related to age. However, the sinus rate at rest is quite variable. The intrinsic heart (IHR) following pharmacologic blockade of autonomic tone with propranolol and atropine has been proposed as a test of sinus node function and is related to age by the linear regression equation: IHR = 118.1 − (0.57 × age). Whether this relationship exists for transplanted hearts for which the donor sinus node is denervated has not been determined. Methods: The relationship between the resting heart rate and the age of the donor heart was examined in 103 patients 1 year following orthotopic cardiac transplantation in the absence of rejection or intercurrent illness. Patients receiving beta-blockers, calcium blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, digitalis, theophylline, or with biopsy evidence of rejection or abnormal coronary arteriograms were excluded from analysis. Results: The recipient age, left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary capillary pressure, cardiac index, donor heart ischemic time and cardiopulmonary bypass time did not correlate with the rate of the resting donor sinus node. The resting heart rate was inversely related to age of the donor heart by the linear regression equation: HR = 112.0 − (046 × age). Conclusion: The resting rate of the denervated sinus node is related to donor age with a regression equation that is similar, though slightly slower, than that predicted after pharmacologic autonomic blockade.
Modified spontaneous emission in nanophotonic structures

Nanophotonic systems, including photonic crystal microcavities and plasmonic metal nanoparticles, that are capable of changing the rate of spontaneous emission are reviewed and compared.
Recognizing and raising spiritual and religious issues in therapy: Guidelines for the timid

Religious and spiritual experiences and practices comprise some of the most important aspects of many people's lives. Yet, for various reasons, mental health practitioners have been hesitant to bring these issues into overt discussions in therapy. This article proposes a four-part framework to assist therapists in addressing religion and spirituality in therapy. The four areas include spiritual issues raised by either the client or therapist, and religious issues raised by either the client or therapist. Guidelines for therapeutic conversation and clinical examples are offered for each of the four areas.
Use of Distance Education in Dental Hygiene Programs

The prevalence of distance education is steadily increasing in institutions of higher education in the United States and abroad. Colleges and universities are seeking new avenues to deliver curricula to students in remote areas and/or to nontraditional students. Distance education is a relatively new venture for dental hygiene education. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and use of distance education in dental hygiene educational programs nationally. Dental hygiene directors of all associate degree and baccalaureate degree dental hygiene programs in the United States (N = 255) were mailed a fifteen-item survey regarding their use of distance education. Results of the study indicated that 22 percent of dental hygiene programs have implemented distance education. In addition, a large variety of courses are being offered by several distance education delivery methods. Thirty of the thirty-eight dental hygiene programs that responded to the survey reported that they were satisfied with their distance education initiatives. The length of time that distance education was offered by the dental hygiene program was not related to satisfaction level (p = .0795), and there was no relationship between the type of distance education used and satisfaction level (p > .05). Considering all factors involved in this study, we can conclude that distance education is being used in a substantial number of dental hygiene programs and that the majority of these programs are satisfied that distance education is an adequate alternative to traditional "brick and mortar" approaches.
Whose Culture Matters? Near-Market Knowledge and Its Impact on Foreign Market Entry Timing

Abstract Market entry decisions are some of a firm’s most important strategic choices. Although some recent studies have begun to consider the impact of learning and experience on foreign market entry, no study has examined the impact of a firm’s own operations in similar markets on subsequent entry decisions. In this study, the authors introduce the concept of near-market knowledge to reflect the knowledge firms generate by operating in markets that are culturally and economically similar. The authors compile extensive data on the complete foreign market entries of 19 multinational firms. They use a hazard model on 722 entry observations to evaluate the impact of the dynamic near-market knowledge measures and other economic and cultural variables on foreign market entry timing. In contrast with much previous research, the authors find that cultural distance from the domestic market is not a significant factor. However, the authors find significant effects for the new measures of near-market cultural and ...
Centrifugal gastric vagal afferent unit activities: another source of gastric "efferent" control.

Abstract Our previous studies indicated that in rats about 10% of ventral gastric vagal efferent discharges do not originate from supracervical neural elements. To determine the origin of these efferent activities, an in vitro subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve-esophagus preparation was used. Action potentials with the same amplitude and waveform, and behaving ‘all or none’ characteristic are considered to be recorded from a nerve fiber and defined as an unit activity. Because these centrifugal unit activities were recorded from the proximal cut end of the ventral gastric vagal strands, they are ostensibly considered to be efferent activities. However, about 50% of unit action potential samples (21 out of 40) behave like unit activities recorded from mechanoreceptive afferent fibers. They have spot-like or diffuse mechanoreceptive fields on the subdiaphragmatic esophagus. When these receptive fields were stimulated the sensory nerve terminals in the fields generate afferent unit action potentials. These afferent potentials not only propagate orthodromically to the central nerve system, but also can be transmitted centrifugally to the gastric branches of the same vagal afferent neuron. Together with the efferent discharges of gastric vagal motor neurons, these centrifugal sensory potentials can be intercepted from the proximal cut end of gastric vagal nerve strands at gastroesophageal junction. Three types of mechanoresponsive centrifugal afferent unit activities were observed: rapidly adapting ( n = 8), with or without after-discharge; slowly adapting ( n = 8), with or without after-discharge, and initial high frequency followed by a plateau, with long-lasting after-discharge ( n = 5). Of the tested units ( n = 24), 25% were either activated or inhibited by esophageal inflation and 23% ( n = 22) by esophageal deflation. It is evident that not all centrifugal unit action potentials recorded from the proximal cut end of gastric vagal nerve strands are generated from the vagal motor neurons, the recorded centrifugal unit activities may contain antidromic unit action potentials generated from the esophageal collateral branches of the gastric vagal afferent nerve fibers. These results suggest that gastric vagal afferent neurons possess collateral branches innervating the esophagus, activation of esophageal terminals may exert an effect on the gastric terminals via collateral reflex, analogous to the ‘axon reflex’ mechanism.
Pleasantly Plump: Offsetting Negative Obesity Stereotypes for Frontline Service Employees ☆

Obesity is described as the fastest growing public health challenge facing developed nations (Prentice, 2006). This research introduces the topic of obesity to the retailing literature by examining the interplay between obesity in frontline employees and customer evaluations of service transactions. Baseline effects are established that show customers evaluate employees and firms more negatively if the frontline worker is obese compared to average weight. Two follow-up studies identify means by which firms may offset the negative obesity effects. Specifically, signaling theory is drawn upon in Study 1 to justify the introduction of observable quality cues as a means to offset negative stereotypes. Results indicate that the presence of unambiguous quality cues attenuate unfavorable judgments of the obese employee and the affiliated retail store. In Study 2, a countervailing, jovial stereotype is primed as a means to offset the more prominent negative ones. Retail managers can use this research as a means to understand an important caveat to frontline service evaluations and as the basis for managing a prominent negative stereotype.
Maternal dietary NaCl intake influences weanling rats' salt preferences without affecting taste nerve responsiveness

The present study examined the relationship between maternal dietary NaCl intake during the period from conception through weaning and weanling rats' elective consumption of salt; the study asked whether or not changes in offsprings' salt intake was mediated by altered taste responsiveness. The subjects were the 21-day-old offspring of 24 adult female rats fed diets containing .08% (low), 1% (mid), or 4% (high) NaCl from conception through weaning. Maternal dietary salt levels influenced offsprings' salt intake. In long-term food choice tests, the mid and high salt rats ate more salted food and had higher salt preferences than the low salt animals; in long-term solution choice tests, the mid and high salt rats drank more saline and less water and had higher saline preferences than the low salt rats. Nevertheless, the group differences in salt preference were not due to changes in taste responsiveness. There were no differences between the groups in saline preferences in short-term tests or in the amplitudes of chorda tympani nerve responses to concentration series of several salts. The implications of these data for understanding the physiological basis for group differences in salt preference are discussed.
Modeling forced convection in the thermal simulation of laser cladding processes

A comprehensive methodology for the implementation of thermal convection into the finite element (FE) analysis of laser direct energy deposition (DED) cladding is developed and validated. Improved convection modeling will produce improved thermal simulations, which will in turn yield more accurate results from subsequent models seeking to predict microstructural changes, deformation, or residual stresses. Two common convection implementations, considering no convection or free convection only, are compared to three novel forced convection methods: forced convection from heat transfer literature, forced convection from lumped capacitance experiments, and forced convection from hot-film anemometry measurements. During the cladding process, the exposed surface, the surface roughness, and total surface area change due to material deposition. The necessity of accounting for the evolution of the mesh surface in the FE convection model is investigated. Quantified error analysis shows that using any of the three forced convection methodologies improves the accuracy of the numerical simulations. Using surface-dependent hot-film anemometry measured convection yields the most accurate temperature history, with L 2 norm errors of 6.25−22.1 ∘C and time-averaged percent errors of 2.80–12.4 %. Using a physically representative convection model applied to a continually evolving mesh surface is shown to be necessary for accuracy in the FE simulation of laser cladding processes.
Obsessions and compulsions: psychometric properties of the Padua inventory with an American college population

The psychometric properties of the Padua inventory, a self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive behaviors, were examined in a sample of 678 American college students. Results showed good internal consistency as well as convergent and divergent validity with the subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised and the Maudsley Obsessional-Compulsive Inventory. A principal components analysis suggested a four factor solution (i.e. 'impaired control of mental activities', 'checking', 'urges and worries of losing control of motor behaviors', and 'being contaminated'). The factor structure was very similar to that found in the original Italian study of the inventory. Suggestions are made for the use of the Padua Inventory in the study of obsessions and compulsions in nonclinical samples.
Minimum background plasma density for plasma‐grounded e‐beam targets

A density criterion is derived for background plasmas intended to carry return current from an e‐beam heated target. The criterion arises due to the depletion of the ions near the target and resultant potential change of the target. It is concluded that plasma densities near the target need to be about 1020 cm−3 for breakeven fusion systems.
Theory and experimental validation of cross-flow micro-channel heat exchanger module with reference to high Mach aircraft gas turbine engines

Abstract This study explores the design, analysis, and performance assessment of a new class of heat exchangers intended for high Mach aircraft gas turbine engines. Because the compressor air that is used to cool turbine blades and other components in a high Mach engine is itself too hot, aircraft fuel is needed to precool the compressor air, cooling is achieved with a new heat exchanger. The heat exchanger consists of a large number of miniature, closely-spaced modules. Within each module, the fuel flows through a series of parallel micro-channels, while the air flows externally over rows of short, straight fins perpendicular to the direction of fuel flow. A theoretical model was developed to predict the thermal performance of the module for various operating conditions. To confirm the accuracy of the model, a single module was constructed and tested using water to simulate the aircraft fuel. The theoretical model was used to predict the air temperature drop, water temperature rise, and heat transfer rate for each fluid stream. Comparisons between theory and experiment show good overall agreement in exit temperatures and heat transfer rates. This study shows the theoretical model is a reliable tool for predicting the performance of heat exchanger modules under actual fuel and air turbine engine conditions and for the design of aircraft heat exchangers of different sizes and design envelopes.
Bioterrorism preparedness for local health departments.

Bioterrorism preparedness has not traditionally been an everyday concern of local public health departments. The likely first responders to a biological bioterrorism event will be local public health personnel. The events of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax crisis that followed tested the capabilities of the public health system and demonstrated its fragility. Little federal funding has trickled down to local health departments, and they have not been included in planning or training for bioterrorism preparedness. Now local health departments must develop detailed bioterrorism response plans. Effective plans will involve internal assessment of strengths and weaknesses and strategizing with other local community agencies. Our health department is a suburban county agency that serves a population of over 250,000. We have started this self-assessment and planning process. This bioterrorism guide has provided some structure for us and may be helpful for other local health departments as they begin this pro...
Nanoindentation on soft film/hard substrate and hard film/soft substrate material systems with finite element analysis

In this paper, the cone nanoindentation on soft film/hard substrate and hard film/soft substrate material systems was systematically investigated with the FE method. Based on the elastic–perfectly plastic material model, two typical sets of mechanical parameters (i.e., Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) and initial yield stress were configured in such a way that the piling-up and sinking-in phenomena during nanoindentation can be observed. The mechanical responses of soft film/hard substrate and hard film/soft substrate material systems to the indenter’s maximum displacement were obtained by changing the ratio between the indenter’s maximum displacement and thin-film thickness, hmax/t, from 0.05 to 0.45 (at 0.05 increments) and by comparing FE analysis results with the corresponding bulk materials’ mechanical responses. Finally, the effect of substrate properties on the calculated mechanical properties of thin films and the piling-up and sinking-in phenomena were studied. It was found that, when Young’s modulus of a thin film was smaller than that of its substrate, the calculated Young’s modulus of the thin film increased with the indenter’s maximum displacement; and that, when Young’s modulus of a thin film was larger than that of its substrate, the calculated value decreased with the indenter’s maximum displacement. For the configured hard film/soft substrate material system, the calculated hardness of the thin film started to decrease only when hmax/t was equal to 0.40. It is concluded that the calculated Young’s modulus of thin films responds more sensitively to the mechanical properties of substrates than does the calculated hardness. Also, the relationship of the indenter’s contact depth and its maximum displacement deviates from the linear relationship noted for thin-film materials. The piling-up of the soft film/hard substrate material and the sinking-in of the hard film/soft substrate material are more severe than those of the corresponding soft and hard bulk materials.
The development of the imaginal eye in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster

A study has been made of the growth of the eye anlage, and of the increase in number of the elements of the dioptric system of larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. In newly hatched larvae the eye rudiment grows fast, but slows down later and becomes nearly stationary during the second half of larval life. The increase in number of elements in the eye disc parallels the growth of the whole anlage and reaches a maximum about 70 hours after hatching. The imaginal disc cells increase in number but not in size, in contrast to other larval cells which increase in size but not in number.
A comparison of 12C(p, n)12N and 12C(p, p')12C∗ cross-section measurements to analog states as a test of Monte-Carlo calculated efficiencies for large-volume neutron counters

Abstract Cross sections for the 12 C(p, n) reaction to the ground and 0.96 MeV states of 12 N at proton energies of 61.9 MeV and 119.8 MeV amd compared with 12 C(p, p') cross sections to the analog states in 12 C at proton energies of 61.8 MeV and 122 MeV. The (p, n) cross sections were measured with large-volume (viz., 13 and 261) plastic scintillation counters with detection efficiencies calculated from a Monte-Carlo computer code. The observed ratios of the (p, n) to (p, p') cross sections indicate that the efficiency calculations are accurate to at least ±10% and that the amount of isospin mixing in the 15.11 MeV analog state in 12 C is small. These comparisons extend the range of validity of the Monte-Carlo efficiency calculations for thresholds up to about 30 MeV equivalent-electron energy and demonstrate that the code is reliable for a plastic scintillation detector with a volume of about 261.
Abstinence-only education policies and programs: a position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

Abstinence from sexual intercourse represents a healthy choice for teenagers as teenagers face considerable risk to their reproductive health from unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Remaining abstinent at least through high school is strongly supported by parents and even by adolescents themselves. However few Americans remain abstinent until marriage many do not or cannot marry and most initiate sexual intercourse and other sexual behaviors as adolescents. Abstinence as a behavioral goal is not the same as abstinence-only education programs. Abstinence from sexual intercourse while theoretically fully protective often fails to protect against pregnancy and disease in actual practice because abstinence is not maintained. (excerpt)
Simulation Jr: - using modified problem-based learning in technical communication undergraduate courses

Teaching technical communication concepts and skills to undergraduate students is enhanced by the presence of simulated experiences. While pure simulation is impossible to achieve, problem-based learning (PBL) is a reliable method by which students can practice their evolving technical communication skills in situations that seem realistic. Although PBL is not simulation, it does provide the ability for students to be immersed into pseudo-real world scenarios, thus encouraging them to take more responsibility for their own learning and apply their knowledge at successively higher levels. This paper describes the implementation of a modified PBL instructional strategy within an undergraduate technical communication course and how PBL provides some of the benefits of simple simulation.
DyP O 4 : A Three-Dimensional Ising Antiferromagnet

The magnetic susceptibility, heat capacity, and optical-absorption spectrum of Dy P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have been measured as a function of temperature and magnetic field. The optical-absorption spectrum indicates that the magnetic interactions in Dy P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ have the form of the Ising interaction and occur primarily between nearest neighbors. The magnetic-susceptibility and heat-capacity measurements have been compared with exact series expansions for a diamond lattice assuming an Ising system with nearest-neighbor interactions. The theoretical calculations are in agreement with the measurements. The nature of the divergence of the heat capacity at the critical point is examined. Our data do not permit us to distinguish between the applicability of the logarithmic and power-law divergencies since they are indistinguishable in the region of our measurements. The temperature dependence of the critical field for the metamagnetic phase transition has also been determined and compared with the calculated value for the critical field at 0 K obtained from the spectroscopic measurements.
The value centric information and intelligence sharing scheme

The information in the network has been increasing, and it is dominated by a few heavy users. This imbalance is an insignificant problem if there is an abundance of network resources. Unfortunately, the available resources are not infinite. Thus we have to develop a future network architecture that considers resource starvation. We present Value-Centric Networking (VCN) which is based on Information Value. The main purpose of VCN is to maximize Information Value in the network, and thus support the entire society. We implement the VCN architecture concept in the form of a proxy server and confirmed that VCN operation forwarded the high information value streams passing through the proxy server faster than ordinary FIFO operation. In addition, we discuss the controversial issues of VCN, value definition and feasibility.
Absence of juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys of elasmobranch fishes

Abstract 1. 1. The renal histology of six elasmobranch species from different environmental salinities was examined in an attempt to discover juxtaglomerular cells. 2. 2. Juxtaglomerular cells could not be detected by the three histochemical procedures used.
An Integrated Framework Toward Defect-Tolerant Logic Implementation Onto Nanocrossbars

Nanoelectronics are inherently defect prone, and defect-tolerant logic implementation has emerged as a new foundation to form reliable systems. Crossbar-based architectures have been shown to be promising in future nanoelectronic systems, with most of the existing defect tolerance approaches based on logic mapping. Essentially, mapping-based schemes exploit the freedom of choosing which variables/products (in a logic function) to map to which of the vertical/horizontal wires (in a crossbar). In this paper, we expand the realm of defecting tolerant logic implementation by introducing two approaches orthogonal to mapping-based schemes, namely, logic morphing and fine-grained fine-tuned logic hardening. Logic morphing exploits the various equivalent forms of a logic function to tolerate defects, while calculated logic hardening adds redundancies to make the hardened logic function inherently defect tolerable. A new integrated framework is proposed to utilize the two new schemes while not sacrificing existing mapping-based techniques. The algorithms in the framework can efficiently search for a successful logic implementation in the combined solution space. Simulation results show that the proposed integrated framework boost defect tolerance capability significantly with 2-10 yield improvement, while adding no runtime overhead on top of the basic mapping algorithm.