cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reframing "Conversation" as an Editorial Responsibility

As many of our readers know, Journal of Management Education (JME) coeditors and associate editors spend significant amounts of time interacting with the management education and development (MED) community at conferences and via invited talks at universities. So far this year, someone in this group has done so in New Zealand, Spain, China, Ireland, France, England, and the United States. We also meet regularly as a group, often with members of our SAGE team, via videoconference or in person, to discuss current issues and evolving best practices. JME’s author, editorial, and reviewer base increasingly represents a global audience, so we regard these activities both as essential to JME’s future and consistent with our personal values as management educators. As co-editors, we have recently paused to consider how we are engaged in conversation with an increasingly diverse set of JME stakeholders (not just where). We have taken this opportunity to reflect on what JME’s role is and should be in fostering conversations about teaching and learning, and more specifically, what our role is as JME editors to foster such conversations. At root in this reflection are a series of questions we have asked ourselves: What is a “conversation?” Who starts a conversation? How do we engage diverse voices in conversation? What is our responsibility as editors to invite discussion about topics and controversies, and how do we decide what topics and controversies merit our attention? As we have considered how “conversation” happens and enriches our MED community, a framework by Groysberg and Slind (2012) has
See, Say, Do, Write, Connect: A Framework for Laban-Based Learning

ABSTRACTIn 2012, the authors undertook a collaborative teaching process to gain insight into parallels between Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and Language of Dance (LOD). Specifically, the authors were interested in how aspects of the two systems working in tandem could provide useful and practical content and application ideas for dance educators and others who are interested in a clear framework (concepts, principles, categories, and symbols) for movement description and analysis to apply to teaching and creative contexts. The See, Say, Do, Write, Connect (SSDWC) Framework for Laban-Based Learning developed out of that process. Although the SSDWC framework was designed for those who have experience with LOD and LMA, the concepts can be adapted by those less fluent with the originating frameworks.
Abstract 1509: Leptin drives mammary stem cell self-renewal via the mTOR pathway

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Normal tissue stem cells exist in either a quiescent or proliferating/self-renewing phenotypic state with different patterns of gene expression. In the breast, the CD44+/CD24− cells are retained in a quiescent state, while the ALDH+ stem cells are actively self-renewing cells; the quiescent CD44+/CD24− cells must transition through a self-renewing ALDH+ state in order to differentiate into mature mammary cells. The adipose-rich stroma that makes up the stem cell niche in the human breast is a source of leptin that may alter stem cell phenotype in a paracrine manner. A larger population of proliferating breast stem cells could, in turn, increase the risk of breast cancer. We previously demonstrated that the increased local leptin/adiponectin ratio that commonly occurs in breast tissue of obese women promotes increased breast stem cell self-renewal leading to a larger population of stem cells in vivo, and that the mTOR pathway is activated in normal human mammary stem cells by physiologic concentrations of adipokines, including leptin. There was a physiologic dose response, with a measurable increase in mTOR activity over baseline with 31.25 ng/ml leptin, and a near maximal effect with 125 ng/ml. Here, we isolated the quiescent and proliferating stem cell fractions from human reduction mammoplasty samples and measured basal mTOR activity by ELISA for phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein (pS6/tS6 ratio), which was greater in the proliferating ALDH+ cells. The quiescent stem cell fraction was treated with physiologic concentrations of leptin prior to resorting with FACS to measure a transition from a CD44+/CD24− to an ALDH+ proliferating phenotype. Parallel quiescent stem cells treated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus simultaneously with leptin demonstrated that mTOR activity is necessary for this phenotypic switch. If inflammatory adipokines promote stem cell symmetric self-renewal by activating mTOR, targeted interventions may maintain potential tumor-initiating cells in a quiescent state and reduce cancer incidence. Citation Format: Ray Esper, Michael Dame, Shannon McClintock, Becky Simon, Max Wicha, Dean Brenner. Leptin drives mammary stem cell self-renewal via the mTOR pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1509
Increasing package robustness with palladium coated copper wire

Alternative solutions to gold wire are being sought as a for lower cost packages. Palladium coated copper (PCC) wires serve as a potential alternative to increase package robustness and lower package cost particularly in the automotive industry. Palladium on the surface of the wire promotes better adhesion of the wire to the surface where it is bonded. In effect, this may result to elimination of broken wire at heel and lifted ball. This paper discusses the material considerations involved in shifting to PCC wire. In this paper, the benefits of coating bare Cu wire with Pd are discussed. These improvements include enhancements in material properties, wirebond responses, intermetallic compound (IMC) formation and reliability that Pd coating imparts on Cu wire. Palladium coating on Cu wire results to better first and second bond reliability hence, improving package robustness.
Fertility Preservation in Patients with Gender Dysphoria

In 2009 the Endocrine Society’s clinical practice guidelines for care of transsexual persons were published. Since that time society and the medical community have experienced increased acceptance of gender transition in persons with gender dysphoria. The hormone treatment of transindividuals may render them infertile, and thus the guidelines recommend that individuals starting cross-sex hormones be counseled about their effects on fertility and possible fertility preservation options. In this chapter we examine the hormonal treatment for individuals with gender dysphoria, their effects on fertility, as well as fertility preservation options.
Targeting aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with a novel small molecule inhibitor

// Jeewon Kim 1 , June Ho Shin 1, 2 , Che-Hong Chen 3 , Leslie Cruz 3 , Lovisa Farnebo 2, 4 , Jieying Yang 1 , Paula Borges 2 , Gugene Kang 5 , Daria Mochly-Rosen 3 and John B. Sunwoo 1, 2 1 Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 2 Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 3 Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 4 Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-58185, Linkoping, Sweden 5 Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA Correspondence to: John B. Sunwoo, email: sunwoo@stanford.edu Keywords: aldehyde dehydrogenase, chemoresistance, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, small molecule inhibitors Received: September 28, 2015 Accepted: March 30, 2017 Published: April 10, 2017 ABSTRACT Chemoresistant cancer cells express high levels of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), particularly in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The ALDH family of enzymes detoxify both exogenous and endogenous aldehydes. Since many chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, result in the generation of cytotoxic aldehydes and oxidative stress, we hypothesized that cells expressing high levels of ALDH may be more chemoresistant due to their increased detoxifying capacity and that inhibitors of ALDHs may sensitize them to these drugs. Here, we show that overall ALDH activity is increased with cisplatin treatment of HNSCC and that ALDH3A1 protein expression is particularly enriched in cells treated with cisplatin. Activation of ALDH3A1 by a small molecule activator (Alda-89) increased survival of HNSCC cells treated with cisplatin. Conversely, treatment with a novel small molecule ALDH inhibitor (Aldi-6) resulted in a marked decrease in cell viability, and the combination of Aldi-6 and cisplatin resulted in a more pronounced reduction of cell viability and a greater reduction in tumor burden in vivo than what was observed with cisplatin alone. These data indicate that ALDH3A1 contributes to cisplatin resistance in HNSCC and that the targeting of ALDH, specifically, ALDH3A1, appears to be a promising strategy in this disease.
Uplink power control for CDMA cellular systems

In cellular wireless communication systems, transmitted power is regulated to provide each user an acceptable connection by limiting the interference caused by other users. Several models have been considered including: (1) fixed base station assignment where the assignment of users to base stations is fixed, (2) minimum power assignment where a user is iteratively assigned to the base station at which its signal to interference ratio is highest, and (3) diversity reception where a users signal is combined from several or perhaps all base stations.
Abstract 1705: Arginase Stimulates Cell Cycle Progression and Neointima Formation in Rat Injured Carotid Arteries

Arginase is the central enzyme of the urea cycle hydrolyzing L-arginine to L-ornithine which is subsequently metabolized to growth-stimulatory polyamines. Although arginase has been demonstrated to stimulate the proliferation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the underlying mechanisms have not been fully characterized. Moreover, the involvement of arginase in governing vascular growth in vivo is not known. Accordingly, the present study investigated the role of arginase on cell cycle progression and neointima formation in a rat carotid artery injury model. Balloon injury resulted in an increase in vessel arginase activity that was first detected 2 days after injury, peaked after 7 days, and persisted for 14 days. The induction of arginase activity correlated with a 2-fold increase in arginase I protein which was observed in both the media and intima of injured vessels. Perivascular application of the potent and selective arginase inhibitors S-(2-boronoethyl)-L-cysteine (BEC; 1mg) or N-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (L-OHNA; 1mg) via a pluronic gel immediately following injury markedly attenuated neointima formation after 2 weeks by ~65%. Furthermore, PCNA-staining indicated that BEC or L-OHNA inhibited both medial and neointimal DNA synthesis by ~80%. In contrast, arginase inhibition had no effect on VSMC apoptosis or endothelial regrowth after injury. Finally, cultured rat aortic VSMCs selectively expressed arginase I protein, and inhibition of arginase activity with BEC or L-OHNA blocked polyamines synthesis. BEC and L-OHNA also inhibited VSMC proliferation in vitro and arrested these cells in the G 0 /G 1 phase of the cell cycle. This antiproliferative effect did not involve alterations in cell viability or p27, cyclin D1, E or A protein expression but was associated with a 2-fold increase in p21 and p53 expression, and was reversed by the exogenous administration of the polyamine, putrescine. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that arginase is essential for VSMCs to enter the cell cycle and that arginase contributes to the remodeling response following arterial injury. Arginase I represents a potentially novel therapeutic target for the treatment of occlusive vascular disorders.
Effects of dexamethasone in vivo and in vitro on hexose transport in brain microvasculature.

Glucocorticoids induce hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and depress glucose transport by aortic endothelium. High glucocorticoid doses are used for many diseases, but with unknown effects on brain glucose transport or metabolism. This study tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids affect glucose transport or metabolism by brain microvascular endothelium. Male rats received dexamethasone (DEX) s.c. with sucrose feeding for up to seven days. Cerebral microvessels from rats treated with DEX/sucrose demonstrated increased GLUT1 and brain glucose extraction compared to controls. Glucose transport in vivo correlated with hyperinsulinemia. Pre-treatment with low doses of streptozotocin blunted hyperinsulinemia and prevented increased glucose extraction induced by DEX. In contrast, isolated brain microvessels exposed to DEX in vitro demonstrated suppression of 2-deoxyglucose uptake and glucose oxidation. We conclude that DEX/sucrose treatment in vivo increases blood-brain glucose transport in a manner that requires the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia. These effects override any direct inhibitory effects of either hyperglycemia or DEX.
Bglbrick strategy for the construction of single domain antibody fusions.

Abstract Single domain antibodies, recombinantly expressed variable domains derived from camelid heavy chain antibodies, are often expressed as multimers for detection and therapeutic applications. Constructs in which several single domain antibodies are genetically fused serially, as well as those in which single domain antibodies are genetically linked with domains that naturally form multimers, yield improvement in apparent binding affinity due to avidity. Here, using a single domain antibody that binds envelope protein from the Dengue virus, we demonstrated the construction of single domain antibody dimers using the Bglbrick cloning strategy. Constructing single domain antibodies and multimerization domains as Bglbrick parts enables the easy mixing and matching of parts. The dimeric constructs provided enhanced fluorescent signal in assays for detection of Dengue virus like particles over the monomeric single domain antibody.
Poly(alkylene Phosphates): Synthetic Strategies

Poly(alkylene phosphate)s are an interesting class of polymers because both the polymer chain and the polymer substituents can be readily varied. Several synthetic methods are available for the preparation of these polymers. The most versatile involve poly(alkylene phosphonate) s as intermediates. Two of the most promising methods for the preparation of poly(alkylene phosphonate)s are the ring opening polymerizations of cyclic phosphonates and the condensation polymerizations of dimethyl phosphite and dialcohols. The ring opening polymerizations of the cyclic phosphonates catalyzed by triisobutylaluminum are very sentitive to the nature of the alkylene group. With R = −(CH2)3−, the polymerization gives a monomer: polymer mole ratio of 1:1. The polymer can be readily separated from the monomer using fractional precipitation, and the polymer only very slowly reeuilibrates to form monomer. In contrast, with R = −(CH2)2− the polymerization occurs without catalyst to give a monomer: polymer mole ratio of 1:9. The polymer is of very low molecular weight and cannot be separated from the monomer by fractional crystallization due to rapid reequilibration. With R = −(CH2CH(CH2OMe))−, no polymerization occurs in the absence of a catalyst, and the polymerization gives a monomer: polymer mole ratio of 1:1. Attempts to purify the polymer by fractional crystallization gave poor yields of the polymer. Reaction of the −(CH2)2− or −(CH2CH(CH2OMe))− monomer-polymer mixtures with chlorine and then with either imidazole and methanol or with excess diethylamine gives poly(alkylene phosphate)s that are readily separated from the monomeric impurities by fractional precipitation. The condensation polymerizations of dimethyl phosphite with triethylene glycol and 1,12-dodecanediol have been carried out and followed by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. These studies indicate that, under the reaction conditions used in these polymerizations, the polymers form at a much lower temperatures than are reported in the literature, and that the first step in the polymerization appears to be displacement of one of the methoxy groups from the phosphite by one mole of the diol. Attempts to generate higher molecular weight polymers by heating the reaction mixture to 180 – 200 °C for long periods of time caused decomposition of the polymers.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

ESWL has proven over time to be a major breakthrough in urology. It is the procedure by which shockwaves are generated at a point external to the body (F1 point) and are focused on a kidney stone in the body (F2 point) (Figure 28.1). The shockwaves themselves are relatively weak at their source and can thus traverse the body without any untoward effects. However, at the point at which they are focused, they are sufficiently powerful to fragment a kidney stone. This is guided by fluoroscopy in most instances, though ultrasound-guided techniques have been described. Fragmenting almost any stone can be attempted with this technique, but the success varies greatly depending on the size and location of the stone. Generally speaking, for stones in the upper and interpolar calyces, and the renal pelvis, the size limit is 2 cm, and for stones in the lower pole, the size limit is 1 cm. Most stones in the upper ureter can be fragmented as well. The larger the stone, the higher the likelihood there will be a need for a second procedure. Contraindications to this procedure include active urinary tract infection, uncontrolled bleeding diathesis, poorly controlled hypertension, and pregnancy. Relative considerations that may prohibit use of ESWL are obesity, deformity of body habitus, suspected anatomic obstruction, stones in a calyceal diverticulum, and renal failure. Open image in new window Figure 28.1. F1 and F2 Points.
Abstract 5133: Lipids and suppressive functions of MDSC in cancer

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in the regulation of anti-tumor responses and their presence in cancer patients correlates with a poor prognosis. MDSC contribute to the failure of cancer therapies and favor tumor progression and metastasis. However, despite the recent advances in understanding the biology of MDSC, the mechanisms driving their expansion and suppressive function are not yet well defined. Polymorphonuclear, PMN-MDSC is by far the largest population of MDSC. Here, we found that PMN-MDSC from tumor bearing mice and from cancer patients have higher amount of lipids than their counterpart (neutrophils) in tumor free mice and healthy donors, respectively. The content of lipids in PMN-MDSC was much higher in MDSC infiltrating the tumor, and the accumulation of lipids in PMN-MDSC was caused by the uptake of extracellular lipids. Lipid profile of PMN-MDSC demonstrated accumulation of oxidized fatty acids as part of triglycerides and phospholipids. We demonstrated that fatty acids accumulated by PMN-MDSC are oxidized by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by Nox2. Genetic ablation of MPO or ROS in MDSC results in a drastic reduction of lipid oxidation and in an impaired ability of MDSC to suppress CD8 T cell responses. In line with these findings, unsaturated fatty acids, highly susceptible to oxidation, favor the expansion of highly suppressive MDSC from hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, contrary to non-oxidizable saturated fatty acids. Together, our data suggest that MDSC have increased ability to pick up lipids from the microenvironment and to oxidize them via their potent oxidative machinery. In turn oxygenated lipids contribute to the suppressive activity of MDSC. In conclusion, the regulation of the oxidation of lipids in MDSC could be an attractive therapeutic strategy in cancer. Citation Format: Filippo Veglia, Vladimir A. Tyurin, Valerian E. Kagan, Dmitry Gabrilovich. Lipids and suppressive functions of MDSC in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5133.
Specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators in experimental periodontitis: A systematic review

Recently, several studies demonstrated the potential of using specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), as a novel approach, in treating periodontitis in pre-clinical models. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the biological actions of SPMs on periodontal tissues in animals with experimentally induced periodontitis. This systematic review was performed by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were searched in three databases. Meta-analysis was not performed because of the data heterogeneity. Study quality was assessed using Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) Risk of Bias tool. Six studies using an experimental periodontitis model to test the efficacy of SPMs were selected. Resolvin E1 and lipoxins were topically applied to treat experimental periodontitis. Alveolar bone loss could be significantly prevented and regenerated by applying SPMs, when compared to the control group. The dosages of SPMs and the periods of disease induction varied based on the pre-clinical model employed. Two studies further demonstrated the positive shift in microbial composition, in line with positive shift in inflammatory status, that are regulated by SPMs. Clinical studies are needed to optimize the application of SPMs in treating periodontal diseases in humans.
Markovian transport processes in a heterogeneous, variably saturated watershed: A multi-domain spatial Markov model

Abstract Transport processes in watersheds remain challenging to describe accurately with upscaled models because of their intricate complexities at multiple scales that can lead to multi-modal, non-Fickian breakthrough curves. One of the recent advances in solute transport modeling has been the Lagrangian spatial Markov model (SMM), which describes transport using velocity increments and models the correlated transitions between them. The approach has been applied previously to saturated porous media and fractured media, but these successful applications suggest it may be useful for describing watershed scale processes as well. An existing, 3-D, heterogeneous variably saturated model of a headwaters catchment and classical random walk particle tracking were used to generate a forward simulation and the resulting transport was analyzed with a spatial Markov framework. Existing SMM methods were used to analyze the transport paths through the complex, unconfined domain and we found that the vadose zone plays an important role in the correlation structure. As such, a new kind of SMM is proposed, termed a multi-domain SMM (MD-SMM), that uses separate correlation models for auto-transitions in the vadose zone and the saturated zone, and for the cross-transitions between them. The MD-SMM improves representation of transport relative to the single domain model and can naturally delineate times when a particle is in the vadose zone or the saturated zone, adding an additional degree of realism to the upscaled model. Finally, we show that the transition probability matrix for transport in the saturated portion of this unconfined system is approximately Markovian, which is an important validation of the proposed framework.
Nature in Built Space in Latin America and the Caribbean

The Latin America and Caribbean region contains countries of different sizes that have, without exception, experienced European colonial domination. Most of the countries had since gained independence. However, a few, located mainly in the Caribbean remain dependencies of European countries. Examples of these include Guadeloupe and Martinique, which are administrative divisions of France, and Aruba, a dependency of the Netherlands. Therefore, efforts to create and maintain nature in built space in these countries are, or have been, typically influenced by both endogenous and exogenous factors. While this fact may be indisputable, the exact impact of these factors remains unclear. This chapter sheds light on the nature of the factors.
Schistidium agassizii Confirmed in Pennsylvania

Schistidium agassizii is confirmed for Pennsylvania, after an earlier report of the species from the commonwealth was found to be misdetermined. The new collection was made from rocks within and along a stream in Fayette County, southwestern Pennsylvania.
Mass mortality in freshwater mussels ( Actinonaias pectorosa ) in the Clinch River, USA, linked to a novel densovirus

Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) are among the world's most biodiverse but imperiled taxa. Recent unionid mass mortality events around the world threaten ecosystem services such as water filtration, nutrient cycling, habitat stabilization, and food web enhancement, but causes have remained elusive. To examine potential infectious causes of these declines, we studied mussels in Clinch River, Virginia and Tennessee, USA, where the endemic and once-predominant pheasantshell (Actinonaias pectorosa) has suffered precipitous declines since approximately 2016. Using metagenomics, we identified 17 novel viruses in Clinch River pheasantshells. However, only one virus, a novel densovirus (Parvoviridae; Densovirinae), was epidemiologically linked to morbidity. Clinch densovirus 1 was 11.2 times more likely to be found in cases (moribund mussels) than controls (apparently healthy mussels from the same or matched sites), and cases had 2.7 (log10) times higher viral loads than controls. Densoviruses cause lethal epidemic disease in invertebrates, including shrimp, cockroaches, crickets, moths, crayfish, and sea stars. Viral infection warrants consideration as a factor in unionid mass mortality events either as a direct cause, an indirect consequence of physiological compromise, or a factor interacting with other biological and ecological stressors to precipitate mortality.
Organizing Twenty-First-Century Activism: From Structure to Strategy in Latin American Social Movements

This article examines how the organizational structure of a social movement affects the tactics it is likely to adopt. Hybrid movements gained prominence at the start of the twenty-first century. Like movements of the past, they protested on the streets; but unlike the movements of the past, they also acted like interest groups by lobbying government over policy. Considered through the lens of traditional scholarship, this phenomenon presents a puzzle. Loose networks of activists are thought to be good at contentious politics but incapable of negotiating with government. By contrast, federations of interest groups are seen to be good at insider lobbying but subject to co-optation. This article theorizes the middle ground between social movements and interest groups by proposing a third structure for social movement organizing, the federative coalition, which incorporates some of the advantages of hierarchy while avoiding some of its pitfalls. The article illustrates this argument through a case study of Brazil’s AIDS movement. Resumo Este artigo analisa o papel da estrutura organizacional de um movimento social em determinar as taticas que ele adota. Movimentos “hibridos” surgiram na America Latina na virada do seculo XXI. Parecidos aos movimentos do passado, eles protestavam na rua; mas diferente dos movimentos do passado, eles tambem se portavam como grupos de interesse por negociar com oficiais do governo acerca de politicas. No olhar das teorias tradicionais de movimentos sociais, este fenomeno apresenta um paradoxo. Redes soltas de ativistas sao apresentadas na literatura como movimentos com alta capacidade para fazer protestos, mas tem pouca capacidade de fazer lobby. Por contraste, federacoes de grupos de interesse sao vistas como capazes de negociacao, mas sujeitas a cooptacao. Este artigo teoriza o meio-termo entre movimentos sociais e grupos de interesse, propondo uma terceira estrutura para organizar movimentos sociais—a coalizao federativa—que incorpora algumas das vantagens da hierarquia ao mesmo tempo em que evita algumas das armadilhas. O artigo ilustra o argumento com um estudo de caso do movimento brasileiro de combate a HIV/AIDS.
Patterns of Sedentary Time in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Youth.

BACKGROUND Total sedentary time and prolonged sedentary patterns can negatively impact health. This study investigated rates of various sedentary pattern variables in Hispanic/Latino youth. METHODS Participants were 956 youths (50.9% female) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Youth, a population-based cohort study of Hispanic/Latino 8- to 16-year-olds from 4 geographic regions in the United States (2012-2014). Total sedentary time and 10 sedentary pattern variables were measured through 1 week of accelerometer wear. Differences were examined by sociodemographic characteristics, geographic location, weekdays versus weekends, and season. RESULTS On average, youth were sedentary during 67.3% of their accelerometer wear time, spent 24.2% engaged in 10- to 29-minute sedentary bouts, and 7.2% in ≥60-minute bouts. 8- to 12-year-olds had more favorable sedentary patterns (less time in extended bouts and more breaks) than 13- to 16-year-olds across all sedentary variables. Sedentary patterns also differed by Hispanic/Latino background, with few differences across sex, household income, season, and place of birth, and none between weekdays versus weekends. CONCLUSIONS Variables representing prolonged sedentary time were high among Hispanic/Latino youth. Adolescents in this group appear to be at especially high risk for unhealthy sedentary patterns. Population-based efforts are needed to prevent youth from engaging in increasingly prolonged sedentary patterns.
Using Classroom Clickers to Increase Academic Engagement for Elementary School–Aged Students With Disabilities:

Student engagement is a critical feature to the teaching and learning dynamic that takes place in the classroom. Technology is often used as a means for increasing student engagement, and Student R...
The Norwegian Constitutional Right to a Healthy Environment in Global Context

This chapter examines how Article 112 of the Constitution of Norway applies to climate change, here in the context of Nature and Youth (Young friends of the Earth Norway) and Greenpeace Nordic v. Norway (hereinafter, the “Arctic Oil” case) in which the plaintiffs challenge the government’s decision to open parts of the Arctic Barents Sea to new oil and gas exploration (the so-called “23rd licensing Round”). The Arctic Oil case is undoubtedly worth watching, as it tests both the justiciability of what is fairly characterized as a fundamental right under the Norwegian Constitution, and if justiciable, whether and if so how it applies to climate change policies. The case is important for two primary reasons. First is how it impacts Norwegian constitutional law. The case contains multiple issues surrounding Article 112’s text, purpose, enforceability and implementation in the backdrop of international obligations under the Paris Agreement. Second is how it invokes and involves constitutional environmental rights – which is to say a right to a healthy environment – and jurisprudence elsewhere, against the backdrop of global environmental constitutionalism, especially in the context of climate change.
Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2001 Pages: ix + 351 Publisher: New York University Press Prices: $24.95
The use of new veratrum preparations in the treatment of toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract The present widespread interest in the use of veratrum derivatives in the treatment of hypertensive diseases, especially toxemia of pregnancy, has resulted in a number of new and improved veratrum preparations on the market. The inadequacies of previously used extracts, i.e., lack of sterilization, instability, complexity, and disagreeable side reactions, have to a certain extent been over-come. The ultimate pharmacologic achievement, that of a pure single alkaloid with minimal side effects that can be synthesized, has not become a reality as yet, although purified alkaloids such as protoveratrine have recently been obtained in a limited quantity. It was to ascertain what advantages, if any, were present in the extracts Verenteral and Veraflex that the present study was undertaken. Verenteral, a sterile propylene glycolaqueous tincture of the crude drug veratrum viride, is standardized in rabbits and dogs. The end point of the assay has been that dose required to produce a 30 per cent reduction in the mean control blood pressure. It is stable in undiluted form for at least one year and is intended for intravenous use. Its companion drug, Veraflex, which is for intramuscular use, is prepared in much the same manner except that it is a more concentrated extract in order to permit the injection of a smaller quantity with the same hypotensive effects.
Dosimetric Comparison of Treatment Techniques: Brachytherapy, Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, and Proton Beam in Partial Breast Irradiation

Abstract Purpose: To perform a dosimetric comparison of 3 accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques: catheter-based brachytherapy (BT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and proton beam therapy (PBT). Patients and Methods: Twelve patients with left-sided breast cancer treated with SAVI (Strut-Adjusted Volume Implant) were selected in this study. The original BT plans were compared with optimum plans using IMRT and PBT for 34 Gy (RBE) with 1.1 RBE in 10 fractions using identical parameters for target and organs at risk. Results: Significant reduction in maximum dose to the ipsilateral breast was observed with PBT and IMRT (mean 108.58% [PBT] versus 107.78% [IMRT] versus 2194.43% [BT], P = .001 for both PBT and IMRT compared to BT). The mean dose to the heart was 0%, 1.38%, and 3.85%, for PBT, IMRT, and BT, respectively (P < .001 and P = .026). The chest wall mean dose was 10.07%, 14.65%, and 29.44% for PBT, IMRT, and BT, respectively (P = .001 and .013 compared to BT). The PBT was super...
Polymer-Clad Silicon on Insulator Slot Modulator

A commercially fabricated slot waveguide is postprocessed with FIB deposited electrodes and polymer coating to function as a modulator. A model for modulation based on transmission measurements is used to optimize it within commercial rules.
A Computer Tutorial on Consequences in Operant Learning

This article describes a computer tutorial that teaches the fundamentals of consequences and contingencies in operant learning. The tutorial content is appropriate for courses in general psychology, learning, and behavioral programming. Applications to animal and human situations are emphasized. The software repeats questions until the student is able to provide the correct answer, but spaces its repetitions to maximize retention. It saves student records as a basis for assignment of course credit. Student reaction to this form of presentation was very favorable. Questionnaire data showed that the students perceived the tutor as more useful in preparing for a test than a text or study guide would have been.
Transbronchial Fine Needle Aspiration of Bronchogenic Cysts

Transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBFNA) was used to confirm the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst in two asymptomatic patients with mediastinal masses who declined surgical exploration. Both masses were located subcarinally but differed in computed tomographic density (7 and 59 Hounsfield units). Aspirate cytology demonstrated predominately bronchial columnar epithelial cells in mucus, without the lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes normally seen in intrabronchial secretions. The denser cyst additionally contained some alveolar macrophages with ingested surfactant. While benignity cannot be absolutely assured, it is corroborated by serial evaluation of these patients, which has revealed no interval change in symptoms or roentgenographic size for two and three years, respectively. Under selected circumstances, it appears that TBFNA can be used to extend bronchoscopic diagnosis to benign mediastinal masses if the cytologic features of such aspirates are unique.
Reactions of [Ir(COD)(PMe3)3]Cl with heteroaromatic compounds: Formation of an iridathiacycle, an iridaselenacycle and iridaazathiacycles

Abstract Reactions between [Ir(COD)(PMe3)3]Cl, 1, and the heteroaromatic compounds thiophene, selenophene and thiazole (and substituted thiazoles) are reported. Compound 1 acts as a convenient source of the very electron-rich “Ir(PMe3)3Cl” which is very active for oxidative addition reactions. All of the heteroaromatic compounds mentioned add via C–S or C–Se oxidative addition resulting in the insertion of the iridium forming 6-membered thia- or selena-iridacycles. Download : Download full-size image
Implementation of a professional enrichment program to enhance medical school experience

Medical students experience stress during medical education that can negatively impact performance. Typical curricula in U.S. medical schools are rigorously intense and provide little or no time off between courses in the first two years of training. This intensity contributes to increased stress for students accustomed to performing academically near the top of the class prior to matriculating in medical school. We describe an innovative new academic calendar that was modified to create a Professional Enrichment Program. Students can step back from the rigors of coursework and engage in several types of activities in order to decompress from recent studying and examinations. These activities include electives, service opportunities, independent study, and clinical experiences that are self-selected by students. Students and faculty complete surveys about the activities they completed and the usefulness of their choices. Results show broad approval of the program with the greatest results supporting an appreciation of time to decompress and an increase in time for family and personal activities.
The epistemological status of interpersonal simulations: A reply to Jones, Linder, Kiesler, Zanna, and Brehm

Abstract Jones, Linder, Kiesler, Zanna, and Brehm commit two basic errors in their critique of the interpersonal replications reported by Bem, one theoretical and one metatheoretical. First, they are incorrect in supposing that their alternative interpretation of the replications differs from the original one advanced by Bem, or that their further confirmation of that interpretation constitutes a refutation of the original hypothesis that the same interpretation can be applied to the original dissonance experiments. Second, they have misunderstood the epistemological status of the interpersonal replications, with the consequence that they adhere to the very methodology whose truth value they are attempting to infirm and whose failure to infirm itself should have been anticipated on their own a priori grounds.
Interactions of the Borna Disease Virus P, N, and X Proteins and Their Functional Implications

Borna disease virus (BDV) causes persistent central nervous system infection and behavioral disturbances in warm-blooded animals. Protein interaction studies were pursued to gain insight into the functions of the putative nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), atypical glycoprotein (gp18), and X protein (X) of BDV. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that N and P, and P and X, form complexes in infected cells. Two-hybrid analyses confirmed interactions between P and P, P and X, and P and N, but not between P and gp18, N and gp18, X and gp18, or X and N. Analysis of P truncation mutants identified three nonoverlapping regions important for oligomerization (amino acids (aa) 135–172), and binding to X (aa 33–115) or N (aa 197–201). Coexpression of X stimulated oligomerization of P but decreased N-P complex formation. Immunocytochemistry of transfected noninfected CHO cells demonstrated that the distribution of X is dependent upon the presence of P-X expressed alone was found predominantly in the cytoplasm whereas coexpression of X and P resulted in nuclear localization. Immunocytochemistry of infected cells revealed nuclear colocalization of P and X. Interactions of P, N, and X may have implications for regulation of BDV transcription/replication and ribonucleoprotein assembly.
Creating a multi disciplinary digital library in the 5S framework

This study identifies (1) the steps involved in framing a multi disciplinary digital library to the 5S Model, a formal model for digital libraries. (2) the major benefits the 5S Model delivers toward simplifying a digital library's resource info structure; including the creation of simplified resource classification trees and development of a user interface which interacts with such trees to enable the best in browse ability.This poster presents a graphical mapping of how individual naming functions of the spatial temporal organization (Fnodes) are mapped to the user interface. More so, the poser will display the importance of the examples of how the spaces element is used to create "HTML HELPERS" which eventually result in the ultimate in ease of usability on the user end. The blending of these components to suffice for all disciplines of a digital library are the fundamental ingredients to creating an established online repository.
Detection of the Sanfilippo type B syndrome using radiolabelled oligosaccharides as substrates for the estimation of α-N-acetylglucosaminidase

Abstract 1. 1. The following radiolabelled disaccharides were prepared from heparin and evaluated as substrates for α-N-acetylglucosaminidase present in cultured skin fibroblasts: O-(α-2- acetamido -2- deoxy- d -glucopyranosyl )-(l → 4)- l -[6, 3 H]idose (GlcNAc-Ido), O-(α-2- acetamido -2- deoxy - d -glucopyranosyl )-(l '→ 4)-1,6 anhydro- l -6,3H] idose (GlcNAc-anldo), O-(α-2- acetamido -2- deoxy - d -glucopyranosyl )-(1→ 4)-L-[6, 3 H ] idose 2-sulfate (GlcNAc-Ido(OS)), O-(α-2- acetamido -2- deoxy - d -glucopyranosyl )-(l → 3)- l -[6, 3 H ] idonic acid (GlcNAc-IdOA). 2. 2. α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity assessed with GlcNAc-IdOA was 12 times higher than the values obtained using GlcNAc-Ido, GlcNAc-anldo and GlcNAc-Ido(OS). Less than 5% of normal activity resulted when these substrates were incubated with fibroblasts from Sanfilippo B patients. These results demonstrate that a C6 carboxyl group on the adjacent residue to the N-acetylglucosaminide moiety is an important structural requirement in the mechanism of action or binding of α-N-acetylglucosaminidase toward α-linked N-acetylglucosaminide residues. The presence of a C2 sulfate group on the adjacent residue had no effect on enzyme activity. 3. 3. α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity in leucocyte and fibroblast homogenates assayed using GlcNAc-IdOA as substrate clearly distinguished Sanfilippo B patients from normal controls, and Sanfilippo A, C and D patients.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of 5‘-S-Aminoethyl-N6- azidobenzyl-5‘-thioadenosine Biotin Conjugate: A Bifunctional Photoaffinity Probe for the es Nucleoside Transporter

A bifunctional biotinylated photoaffinity label for the nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR)-sensitive (es) nucleoside transporter (ENT1) has been synthesized and evaluated. This new probe, 5...
Isolation and characterization of six heat shock transcription factor cDNA clones from soybean

Thermal stress in soybean seedlings causes the activation of pre-existing heat shock transcription factor proteins (HSFs). Activation results in the induction of DNA binding activity which leads to the transcription of heat shock genes. From a soybean cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to six HSF genes. Two HSF genes are expressed constitutively at the transcriptional level, and the remaining four are heat-inducible. Two of the heat inducible genes are also responsive to cadmium stress. Comparative analysis of HSF sequences indicated higher conservation of the DNA binding domain among plant HSFs than those from yeast or other higher eukaryotes. The putative plant HSF oligomerization domain contains hydrophobic heptapeptide repeats characteristic of coiled coils and seems to exist in two structural variants. The carboxy-terminal domains are reduced in size and the C-terminal heptad repeat is degenerate.
Simultaneous character convergence and divergence in Western Australian land snails

Three distantly related genera of land snails, Amplirhagada Iredale, 1933, Quistrachia Iredale, 1939, and Westraltrachia Iredale, 1933, overlap in distributions only in the Napier and Oscar Ranges, east of Derby, Western Australia. The first two remain allopatric, Quistrachia having a more eastern range, while Westraltrachia overlaps both ranges. In the zone of sympatry, with changes proceeding from east to west, Westraltrachia diverges in feeding, and there is massive, gradual convergence in shell size, shape and colour between Amplirhagada and Westraltrachia. Shells of both genera depart markedly from their distinctive allopatric appearances to form a new morphotype in the north-west Napier Ranges. The species there are so similar in appearance that the two genera cannot be identified at a distance of 0.5 m. Thirteen species-level taxa are involved in these changes, four allopatric Amplirhagada, seven allopatric Westraltrachia, Quistrachia monogramma and Rhagada basedowana. Westraltrachia species, the only large land snails in their main area of distribution (south-east Kimberlcy), are pre-adapted to graze on an occasionally present food resource, algal-fungal blooms on limestone seepage faces. They entered the Oscar and Napier Ranges, where this food resource is more abundant, and large land snails that are generalized feeders, Amplirhagada or Quistrachia, were already present and abundant. Hence feeding divergence occurred. Such specialization by Westraltrachia to minimize competition is readily understandable. The selective pressures that led to the striking convergence in shell features in north-west Napier taxa are unknown.
Compared to what? Finding controls for case-control studies

Use of control (comparison) groups is a powerful research tool. In case-control studies, controls estimate the frequency of an exposure in the population under study. Controls can be taken from known or unknown study populations. A known group consists of a defined population observed over a period, such as passengers on a cruise ship. When the study group is known, a sample of the population can be used as controls. If no population roster exists, then techniques such as random-digit dialling can be used. Sometimes, however, the study group is unknown, for example, motor-vehicle crash victims brought to an emergency department, who may come from far away. In this situation, hospital controls, neighbourhood controls, and friend, associate, or relative controls can be used. In general, one well-selected control group is better than two or more. When the number of cases is small, the ratio of controls to cases can be raised to improve the ability to find important differences. Although no ideal control group exists, readers need to think carefully about how representative the controls are. Poor choice of controls can lead to both wrong results and possible medical harm.
Dancing Within Your Range of Motion: A Guide to Improve Ballet Technique An article for students ages 12 and up

Dancers have relatively short careers. Therefore, they strive to reach technical perfection as quickly as they can. Ballet is about the formation of shape and line, transitioning seamlessly between...