cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scholarly collaboration and productivity patterns in public administration: Analysing recent trends

Previous studies have confirmed the interdisciplinary nature of the field of public administration (Mosher 1956; Ventriss 1991; Forrester 1996; Rodgers and Rodgers 2000; Schroeder et al. 2004) and encouraged the exploration of one important indicator of interdisciplinarity: research collaboration. One way that collaboration patterns are explored is through the study of co-authorship among faculty members (Smart and Bayer 1986; Forrester 1996; Katz and Martin 1997). In the field of public administration, studies on co-authorship and productivity of scholars are sparse. In this article, we use bibliometric data to explore collaboration patterns as they relate to productivity levels and quality of publications within the field of public administration. Our study finds that more productive scholars, as well as those with the highest impact, are less likely to collaborate than their colleagues. Our results also indicate that there are gender differences in collaboration patterns and productivity within the field of public administration.
Pointfree Functorial Polar Functions

C denotes the category of compact regular frames with frame homomorphisms. A function \(\mathcal {X}\), which assigns to each C-object F a subalgebra of \(\mathcal {P}(F)\) that contains the complemented elements of F is said to be a polar function. An essential extension H of F is a \(\mathcal {X}\)-splitting frame of F if whenever \(p \in \mathcal {X}(F)\), then the polar generated by p in H is complemented. For F∈ C we examine the least \(\mathcal {X}\)-splitting extension and prove that every invariant polar function generates a C-hull class of frames. In addition, we define the concept of a functorial polar function and prove that each functorial polar function generates an epireflective subcategory of the category compact regular frames with skeletal maps.
Theoretical models for high-temperature superconductivity

A semi-phenomenological analysis is given of the effects of certain band structure features on the gap ratios 2Δ/k B T c for high-T c superconductors, including multigap systems. In addition to phonons other intermediate bosons (IB) mediating the superconducting interaction are considered. Interesting results emerge when the IB energy exceeds the widths of possible narrow peaks in the density of states associated with subbands presumably belonging to substructures such as stacked Cu−O planes. Comparison with experiment is made. In particular, data obtained by Warrenet al. via nuclear-spin relaxation on Ba2YCu3O7−δ can be interpreted within the present framework in terms of a model having an IB of energy ≳1 eV, which exceeds the predicted width (≲0.3 eV) of a peak in the density of states containing the normal-state Fermi level. This suggests that the IB is not a phonon.
Quantitative measurement by artificial vision of small bubbles in flowing mercury

At the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), an accelerator-based neutron source located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Tennessee, USA), the production of neutrons is obtained by accelerating protons against a mercury target. This self-cooling target, however, suffers rapid heat deposition by the beam pulse leading to large pressure changes and thus to cavitations that may be damaging to the container. In order to locally compensate for pressure increases, a small-bubble population is added to the mercury flow using gas bubblers. The geometry of the bubblers being unknown, we are testing several bubblers' configurations and are using machine vision techniques to characterize their efficiency by quantitative measurement of the created bubble population. In this paper we thoroughly detail the experimental setup and the image processing techniques used to quantitatively assess the bubble population. To support this approach we are comparing our preliminary results for different bubblers and operating modes, and discuss potential improvements.
A transient spherical source method to determine thermal conductivity of liquids and gels

Abstract A method developed for the measurement of tissue blood flow is modified to measure the thermal conductivity of liquids and silica gels. The method controls a thermistor temperature at a set point above the baseline and determines conductivity from the power as a function of time. Natural convection in the liquids is suppressed by reducing the measurement time to 10 s and by reducing the temperature step, thus decreasing the magnitude of buoyancy. Conductivities were measured in six aqueous liquids and in gels constituted from these liquids with various amounts of silica. The technique determined the conductivity with a 95% confidence interval to less than 1% in nearly all cases. It was found that conductivity varied 0.3% per 1% silica for gels made from a CuSO 4 solution and 1% per 1% silica for gels made from a Cu(BF 4 ) 2 solution.
Administration of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Vaccines through the Drinking Water

Abstract INTRODUCTION IMMUNIZATION of poultry against Newcastle disease (ND) and infectious bronchitis (IB) has become a common practice. There has been a definite trend toward mass immunization using techniques such as spraying and dusting (Crawley and Fahey, 1954; Hitchner and Reising, 1952; Johnson and Gross, 1951; Luginbuhl, 1952; Luginbuhl and Jungherr, 1952; Markham et al., 1954; Van Roekel et al., 1951). In vaccinating chickens by the intranasal route it was noted that considerable vaccine was swallowed. This observation stimulated a study of mass immunization through the drinking water. The ability of ND virus and IB virus to infect through the digestive tract was determined by placing gelatin capsules containing virus directly into the crop of chickens. The viability of these viruses at room temperature, in a practical dilution for water vaccination, was investigated as well as the effect of the viruses on chickens when administered in the drinking water. EXPERIMENTAL Experiment …
Ultra-High Precision Radial Velocity Spectrometer

We are developing a new instrument for McDonald Observatory designed to allow measurement of stellar radial velocity variations to a precision of ± 1 m/s. The prime scientific use of the instrument will be a search for planets around other stars, but it will also be extremely useful for studies of binary stars and for analysis of stellar atmospheric motions including the more complex modes of pulsation now being discovered in the sun and a few other stars. A pair of ultra stable Fabry-Perot etalons, used in reflection, will im-pose a set of fixed reference absorption lines on the stellar spectrum before it enters the coude spectrograph of the McDonald Observatory 2.7m telescope. The spectrum, covering 1500 〈 at 0.132 A resolution, will be recorded by the Octicon detector. The etalons and optical isolator system will be rigidly mounted in an evacuated, thermostated chamber to prevent movement of the interference orders exceeding the desired precision. A double cross-correlation technique will be used to measure the shift of stellar spectral lines will respect to the artifical absorption lines introduced by the Fabry-Perot orders. Calibration methods have been developed to measure any motion of the etalons which might occur.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
AT1a receptor knockout in mice impairs urine concentration by reducing basal vasopressin levels and its receptor signaling proteins in the inner medulla.

Angiotensin II plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, body salt and fluid balance, and urine concentration. Mice with deletion of the AT1a receptor develop polyuria and urine concentration defects. We studied the mechanisms of these urine concentration defects by treating wild-type and AT1a-knockout mice with arginine vasopressin (AVP) for 2 weeks, controlling their water intake, or giving them an osmotic diuretic (sucrose) in order to determine whether central or nephrogenic mechanisms were involved. Under basal conditions, AT1a-knockout mice were hypotensive, had lower plasma AVP, and excreted more urine with a markedly reduced osmolality compared with wild-type mice. However, basal glomerular filtration rates were similar in both strains of mice. We isolated total lysate and membrane proteins from the inner medulla of wild-type and mutant mouse kidneys, and found that the amounts of aquaporin 2 (AQP2), adenylyl cyclases III and V/VI, and phosphorylated MAP kinases ERK 1/2 proteins were all reduced in the inner medulla of the knockout mice. Infusion of AVP raised plasma levels and blood pressure proportionally in both strains, but polyuria persisted and urine osmolality remained significantly lower in the knockout mice. Although AVP increased urine osmolality slightly in water-deprived knockout mice, this was well below the basal osmolality of wild-type mice. The diuretic response to the hyperosmotic sucrose was also impaired in the knockout mice. Neither AVP nor water rationing restored the levels of the inner medullary signaling proteins and membrane AQP2 proteins in the knockout mice. We suggest that AT1a receptor deletion causes polyuria and urine concentration defects by decreasing basal AVP release and impairing AVP-induced receptor signaling in the inner medulla.
The Notch ligands Jagged2, Delta1, and Delta4 induce differentiation and expansion of functional human NK cells from CD34+ cord blood hematopoietic progenitor cells

Notch receptor signaling is required for T cell development, but its role in natural killer (NK) cell development is poorly understood. We compared the ability of the 5 mammalian Notch ligands (Jagged1, Jagged2, Delta1, Delta3, or Delta4) to induce NK cell development from human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). CD34+ HPCs were cultured with OP9 stromal cell lines transduced with 1 of the Notch ligands or with OP9 stromal cells alone, in the presence of IL-7, Flt3L, and IL-15. Differentiation and expansion of CD56+CD3− cells were greatly accelerated in the presence of Jagged2, Delta-1, or Delta-4, versus culture in the absence of ligand or in the presence of Jagged1 or Delta3. At 4 weeks, cultures containing Jagged2, Delta1, or Delta4 contained 80% to 90% NK cells, with the remaining cells being CD33+ myelogenous cells. Notch-induced NK (N-NK) cells resembled CD56bright NK cells in that they were CD16−, CD94−, CD117+, and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR−). They also expressed NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, 2B4, and DNAM-1, with partial expression of NKG2D. The N-NK cells displayed cytotoxic activity against the K562 and RPMI-8226 cell lines, at levels similar to activated peripheral blood (PB) NK cells, although killing of Daudi cells was not present. N-NK cells were also capable of interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. Thus, Notch ligands have differential ability to induce and expand immature, but functional, NK cells from CD34+ HPCs. The use of Notch ligands to generate functional NK cells in vitro may be significant for cellular therapy purposes.
Contact Between Birth and Adoptive Families During the First Year Post-Placement: Perspectives of Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Parents.

Despite growing visibility of lesbian- and gay-parent adoption, only one qualitative study has examined birth family contact among adoptive families with lesbian and gay parents (Goldberg, Kinkler, Richardson, & Downing, 2011). We studied adoptive parents’ (34 lesbian, 32 gay, and 37 heterosexual; N = 103 families) perspectives of birth family contact across the first year post-placement. Using questionnaire and interview data, we found few differences in openness dynamics by parental sexual orientation. Most reported some birth mother contact, most had legally finalized their adoption, and few described plans to withhold information from children. We discuss implications for clinical practice, policy, and research.
Aging of the lungs: Speculation on the role of oxidants and proteases

Abstract In most regards, aging of the human lungs mimics the development of emphysema. Various lines of evidence suggest that oxidants and proteases play an important role in the pathogenesis of emphysema. The disease seems to arise through a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. This paper explores the possibility that normal aging of the lungs, as it has been defined by various cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, is part of a pathological continuum ending with frank emphysema. It is not clear if these are “normal” aging effects or the result of the accumulation of disease.
Mitogenic Signaling and Inhibition of Apoptosis via the Erythropoietin Receptor Box-1 Domain *

Studies of proliferative signaling via type 1 cytokine receptors have revealed a three-step activation mechanism. Cytokine-induced receptor dimerization mediates the trans-phosphorylation of Jak kinases, Jaks phosphorylate receptors at tyrosine sites, and SH2 domain-encoding effectors then are recruited to these sites. Signaling factors that associate with activated erythropoietin (Epo) receptor complexes include phospholipase C-γ, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, SHIP, Shc, Grb2, Cbl, Crk-l, HCP, Syp, and STAT5. While at least certain of these factors modulate proliferative signaling, mutated Epo receptor forms lacking Tyr(P) sites retain substantial mitogenic activity. Presently we show that a highly truncated Epo receptor form that retains box-1, yet lacks the conserved box-2 domain (and all Tyr(P) sites) nonetheless effectively promotes mitogenesis, survival, and Myc and Pim-1 expression. In addition, mitogenesis and Myc expression are shown to be supported by a direct Epo receptor-Jak2 kinase domain chimera. Thus, Epo-dependent mitogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis each depend critically upon only the Epo receptor box-1 domain, with no essential role exerted in these response pathways by the box-2 domain.
Single-lens equivalent systems for Grin lenses

Abstract In this paper, one simple single-lens optical systems equivalent to Grin lens of various lengths, which are immersed in either homogeneous or inhomogeneous medium, are proposed. Basing on this equivalent system, the imaging properties of Grin lens rod in paraxial approximation have been thoroughly studied. The proposed plain optical system will lead to a straightforward optical analysis of complex optoelectronics systems employing Grin lens rod.
Effects of the somatomedins and insulin on myoblast differentiation in vitro.

Abstract The effects of insulin and the somatomedins on differentiation of rat myoblasts were investigated in experiments on cells cloned from Yaffe's L6 line. Incubation for 48 hr with either insulin or Temin's multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), a member of the somatomedin family, caused a dramatic increase in myoblast fusion. This stimulation of differentiation is not a simple consequence of the increased cell density resulting from the effects of these hormones on myoblast proliferation, and the increase in fusion is not an effect common to all mitogens (FGF inhibits the process). Other somatomedins (human somatomedin C and insulin-like growth factor I), were as effective as MSA in stimulating differentiation. The somatomedins were active at concentrations in the range of their levels in fetal blood, in contrast to insulin, which was inactive at concentrations below 10−7, M. Growth hormone (GH) had no effect on muscle differentiation. In serum-free medium MM-1 (in which myoblasts maintain apparently normal morphology and metabolic activity), the very high levels of insulin required to stimulate differentiation could be replaced entirely by physiological levels (1.0 μg/ml) of MSA, further supporting our view that insulin at high concentrations serves primarily as an analogue of the somatomedins in stimulating the growth and development of muscle cells.
Term pregnancy with intraperitoneal levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background The risk of adverse effects of fetal exposure to the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) has not been established. Study Design In this case report and literature review, we describe a pregnant patient with an intraperitoneal LNG-IUS and the subsequent maternal and neonatal outcomes. A systematic literature search was performed to identify similar clinical reports. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched from inception through March 2007. Results The pregnancy progressed uneventfully and culminated in the elective cesarean delivery of a full-term healthy boy. Of the 35 pregnancies identified in the literature review (34 pregnancies with intrauterine LNG-IUS and 1 term delivery with intraperitoneal LNG-IUS), congenital anomalies were reported in 2 infants (6%). Conclusions Fetal exposure to LNG-IUS is associated with a low frequency of congenital anomalies.
Book Review of "Debris Flows – Mechanics, Prediction and Countermeasures"

DEBRIS FLOWS – MECHANICS, PREDICTION AND COUNTERMEASURES, BY: TAMOTSU TAKAHASHI, TAYLOR & FRANCIS, LONDON, UK, 448 PAGES, ISBN 978-0-415-43552-9 (HARDBACK), ISBN 978-0-20394628-2 (E-BOOK), PRICE: £ 68.00, US$ 119.95, 2007. Debris flows are a common type of mass movement in mountain areas worldwide. A much diversified and still not fully understood hydraulic and geomorphological phenomenon, debris flows can be highly destructive. Some of the largest landslide catastrophes in the world have been caused by debris flow events. Due to the geological, morphological, and climatic setting, Japan is particularly prone to debris flows. It is therefore no surprise that Japanese scientists and engineers have long investigated debris flows. Professor Tamotsu Takahashi, a prominent scientist and research engineer, devoted his carrier to the investigation of debris flows and to the design of countermeasures to mitigate the risk posed by debris flows and related sediment transport phenomena. Some of his contributions to the field are considered fundamental by debris flow investigators, and are widely cited in the international literature. In this book, Professor Takahashi has not attempted a systematic or comprehensive review of the vast international literature on debris flows. Rather, he has presented the results of his own work and the work of his numerous collaborators, chiefly at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute of Kyoto University, over a period of more than 40 years. With this respect, the book distils the “Japanese approach” to the investigation, prediction and mitigation of debris flows. The book is organized into seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to debris flows and examines taxonomy, explaining the rationale for a mechanical classification of debris flows. Chapter 2 presents theoretical results and experimental data, and discusses models for the mechanics of
Tropical countryside bird assemblages: richness, composition, and foraging differ by landscape context

In tropical regions worldwide, large tracts of native rain forest have been replaced by agricultural systems. Appropriate management of these systems may contribute to biodiversity conservation, but we have limited knowledge of the effect of different management strategies on species persistence. We examined the capacity of tropical coun- tryside in southern Costa Rica to provide resources for avian frugivores. Bird assemblages visiting fruiting Miconia trees were recorded in five landscape contexts: sites near (<2 km from) a large (227-ha) rain forest remnant, split between high and low agricultural intensity; sites far (5-8 km) from the remnant, similarly split; and the remnant itself. Across all landscape contexts, 73 native bird species were observed taking fruit from Miconia. The composition of frugivore assemblages differed significantly among agricultural landscape contexts. Species richness was highest in near, low-intensity sites (21.5 ? 1.79, mean ? 1 SE) and lowest in far, high-intensity sites (14.1 ? 0.89). The visitation rates of frugivores did not differ among landscape contexts for all species combined, but there were significant differences in the frequency of visits for 10 individual species. Large, socially dominant frugivores were common visitors to trees in far, high-intensity agricultural sites, whereas the visitation rates of many smaller, subordinate frugivores (e.g., small tanagers) declined with distance from the large rain forest remnant or in high-intensity sites. Also, some forest- dependent species (e.g., White-ruffed Manakin, Corapipo altera) were infrequently re- corded at fruiting trees in high-intensity and far sites. However, trees in far sites provided resources to species that use both forest and agricultural habitats. Isolated fruiting trees in our study area appear to be an important resource for many avian frugivores. Use of these trees by a wide range of species is enhanced by their proximity to relatively large areas of native rain forest. Low-intensity agriculture that incorporates fruiting trees as part of live fences, windbreaks, or shade and allows for the preservation of rain forest remnants, would be beneficial to biodiversity conservation in the tropics and may facilitate the regeneration of bird-dispersed rain forest plants.
Gender Differences in Changes Over Time: Educations and Occupations of Adults With Hearing Losses, 1972-1991

Relative to men with disabilities, women with disabilities have been reported to be disadvantaged on variables such as education, laborforce participation rates, occupational status, and income. Most of the studies reporting disadvantages for women used old data. This paper asks if there have been changes since the 1970s. It analyzes gender differences in changes in educational attainment and occupational category from 1972 to 1991 for adults with hearing losses. Data are from the 1972 National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP), the 1991 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and other published sources. Results show that differences in educational attainment by hearing status for both sexes had decreased by 1991, especially for women. By this time occupational differences by hearing status still existed, but they had decreased enough so that they were not statistically significant for either sex. However, gender differences in occupational attainment for all three groups were large and statistically...
The Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Coatings: Influence of Solvent Type

The influence of solvent type on splat formation and coating microstructure using the Solution Precursor Plasma Spray process was studied. Droplet with a high surface tension and high boiling point solvent experiences incomplete solvent evaporation process in the plasma jet leading to a porous coating. Droplet created from a low surface tension and low boiling point solvent undergoes rapid solvent evaporation, solute precipitation, pyrolysis, melting process in the plasma jet and forms splat upon impacting on the substrate; the build-up of splats results in a dense coating.
Contrastive and Non-Contrastive Connectives Metadiscourse Functions in Argumentation

This article describes a set of metadiscourse functions arising from the use of contrastive and non-contrastive connective expressions in academic argumentation. Moving away from descriptions of co...
Male and female differences in variability with estimating body fat composition using skinfold calipers

Objective Obesity is a major health problem in the United States. Skinfold measurements are routinely used in assessing outcomes in the management of obesity. The purpose of this study was to determine if sex differences in skinfold measurements would be apparent in intraobserver and interobserver reliability as well as validity when compared with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements.
Voltage-Dependent C-Type Inactivation in a Constitutively Open K+ Channel

Most voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels undergo C-type inactivation during sustained depolarization. The voltage dependence and other mechanistic aspects of this process are debated, and difficult to elucidate because of concomitant voltage-dependent activation. Here, we demonstrate that MinK-KCNQ1 (I(Ks)) channels with an S6-domain mutation, F340W in KCNQ1, exhibit constitutive activation but voltage-dependent C-type inactivation. F340W-I(Ks) inactivation was sensitive to extracellular cation concentration and species, and it altered ion selectivity, suggestive of pore constriction. The rate and extent of F340W-I(Ks) inactivation and recovery from inactivation were voltage-dependent with physiologic intracellular ion concentrations, and in the absence or presence of external K(+), with an estimated gating charge, z(i), of approximately 1. Finally, double-mutant channels with a single S4 charge neutralization (R231A,F340W-I(Ks)) exhibited constitutive C-type inactivation. The results suggest that F340W-I(Ks) channels exhibit voltage-dependent C-type inactivation involving S4, without the necessity for voltage-dependent opening, allosteric coupling to voltage-dependent S6 transitions occurring during channel opening, or voltage-dependent changes in ion occupancy. The data also identify F340 as a critical hub for KCNQ1 gating processes and their modulation by MinK, and present a unique system for further mechanistic studies of the role of coupling of C-type inactivation to S4 movement, without contamination from voltage-dependent activation.
Effects of isoproterenol on hemodynamic alterations, myocardial metabolism, and coronary flow in experimental acute myocardial infarction with shock

Abstract Hemodynamic and cardiac metabolic effects were investigated in dogs given isoproterenol (2 to 6.6 μg per minute) and in those receiving no therapy, following production of acute myocardial infarction with shock by plastic sphere coronary embolization. Following coronary embolization, before therapy, there were significant declines in cardiac output, aortic pressure, coronary sinus flow, and left ventricular mechanical efficiency. Left ventricular “excess lactate” was produced in almost all animals. After 15 minutes of isoproterenol infusion, there were slight increases of cardiac output, heart rate, left ventricular work, coronary flow, and left ventricular oxygen consumption. Left atrial and aortic pressures, left ventricular mechanical efficiency, and “excess lactate” production were unchanged. Systemic and coronary vascular resistances declined moderately. With continued infusion, for one hour, cardiac output, aortic pressure, and coronary sinus flow declined to levels obtained prior to infusion and left ventricular “excess lactate” production increased further. There was progressive decline of arterial pH. In comparison to those receiving no therapy, isoproterenol-treated animals had significantly lower systemic and coronary vascular resistances and greater left ventricular “excess lactate” production. It is concluded that isoproterenol produces moderate initial hemodynamic improvement in acute myocardial infarction with shock, but this is not sustained and left ventricular “excess lactate” production is unfavorably affected. It is suggested that lack of significant sustained hemodynamic improvement and continued anaerobic metabolism with isoproterenol therapy in acute myocardial infarction with shock most probably results from failure to raise the critically low coronary perfusion pressure sufficiently to produce adequate oxygenation of the acutely ischemic left ventricle.
Mass transfer of supersaturated contaminants in cryogenic helium heat exchangers

Abstract A new experimental technique is developed to measure the distribution of frost accumulated inside the passage of a cryogenic helium heat exchanger. The frost is accumulated by condensation of a contaminant on the passage wall during steady-flow operation of the balanced counterflow heat exchanger. The distribution is measured by flushing the accumulated contaminant into a detector at the exit of the passage. A heat source is moved from the cold to the warm end to convert the spatial distribution of the contaminant to concentration as a function of time in the exiting helium stream. When the degree of supersaturation is small, the accumulation distribution agrees reasonably well with the analytical solution without snow formation. As the supersaturation increases, a clear secondary peak in the distribution is observed, which results from the formation of snow in the free stream and its subsequent deposition as frost on the wall. Based on the results, an onset condition is developed for the formation of snow of a supersaturated contaminant in helium.
Low-cost interstellar probe

Abstract For more than 20 years, an “Interstellar Precursor Mission” has been discussed as a high priority for science. Various schemes considered require massive propulsion systems and are inherently expensive. We reconsider an old approach in which a small probe obtains significant solar-system escape speeds by “dropping” deep into the Sun's gravitational potential well and then executing a Δ V maneuver at perihelion. This implementation requires a very robust and autonomous, yet low-mass spacecraft, as well as an advanced perihelion propulsion system that can be used while the probe is thermally protected from the near-Sun environment. Many of the engineering problems are driven by the need for reliable decades-long cruise in deep space and so are largely independent of the propulsion system. Such a long-lived probe could be queried at random over decades of otherwise hands-off operations and return data obtainable in no other known way on the conditions that exist in the space between the stars.
Hypersensitivity reaction to aspirin accompanied by severe eosinophilia in a child with history of Kawasaki disease

Drug hypersensitivity is one of drug adverse reactions that develop in susceptible patients following exposure to certain drugs and cannot be predicted from the known pharmacology of a drug. Severe hypersensitivity is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although the issue of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been largely investigated in adults, data related to NSAIDs hypersensitivity is insufficient in childhood. And in spite of the recommendation to avoid use of aspirin due to Reye syndrome in children, aspirin is one of major treatment along with intravenous immunoglobulin in Kawasaki disease. We report a case of a 10-month-old boy who underwent intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin treatment for Kawasaki disease, and subsequently revealed severe leukocytosis and eosinophilia. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reportsof aspirin-induced eosinophilia in Korea. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2014;2:142-145)
Evaluating the Relationship of Calcium and Vitamin D in the Prevention of Stress Fracture Injuries in the Young Athlete: A Review of the Literature

Calcium and vitamin D are recognized as 2 components of nutrition needed to achieve and maintain bone health. Calcium and vitamin D have been clearly shown to improve bone density and prevent fractures at all ages. However, the literature is conflicting as to the role of these nutrients in young athletes ages 18 to 35 years, both for bone development and for the prevention of bone overuse injuries. Differences in findings may relate to study design. Although retrospective and cross-sectional studies have had mixed results, the authors of prospective studies have consistently demonstrated a relationship of increased calcium intake with an improvement in bone density and a decrease in fracture risk. A randomized trial in female military recruits demonstrated that calcium/vitamin D supplementation reduced the incidence of stress fractures. A prospective study in young female runners demonstrated reduced incidence of stress fractures and increased bone mineral density with increased dietary calcium intake. Findings from both studies suggest female athletes and military recruits who consumed greater than 1500 mg of calcium daily exhibited the largest reduction in stress fracture injuries. To date, no prospective studies have been conducted in male athletes or in adolescent athletes. In most studies, males and nonwhite participants were poorly represented. Evidence regarding the relationship of vitamin D intake with the prevention of fractures in athletes is also limited. More prospective studies are needed to evaluate the role of calcium and vitamin D intake in prevention of stress fracture injuries in both male and female adolescent athletes, particularly those participating in sports with greater incidences of stress fracture injury.
Morphometry of Diabetic Conjunctival Blood Vessels

Photographs of the bulbar conjunctiva of 56 diabetic and 59 nondiabetic control patients were analyzed by newly developed morphometric techniques. When compared to controls diabetic patients showed: (1) decreased vascularity in the capillary bed but an increased vascularity of the venules with a volume shift in the distribution of blood into the venules; (2) an increased capillary pressure but comparable flow and, therefore, increased capillary resistance; (3) an increase in the range of background density suggesting either focal thickening of the interstitial tissue or variable amounts of fluid within the tissue; (4) a decrease in the percentage of the area occupied by microvessels; and (5) an increase in diffusion distance to all vessels.
A General Framework for Rigid Body Dynamics, Stability, and Control

Augmented state spaces for the representation of systems that include rigid bodies, actuators, controllers, and integrate mechanical, electrical, sensory, and computational subsystems, are proposed here. The formulation is based on the Newton-Euler point of view, and has many advantages in stability, control, simulation, and computational considerations. The formulation is developed here for a one- and two-link three-dimensional rigid body system. Three simulations are presented to study stability of the system and to demonstrate feasibility and application of the formulation. The formulation affords an embedding of the system in a larger state space. The rigid body system can be stabilized, in the sense of Lyapunov, in this larger space with very general and minimally restricted feedback structures. The formulation is modular to implementation and is computationally efficient. The method offers alternative states that are easier to control and measure than Euler angles. Thus, the formulation offers advantages from a sensory and instrumentation point of view. The formulation is versatile, and yields conveniently to applications in studies of human neuro-muscuto-skeletal systems, robotic systems, marionettes and humanoids for animation and simulation of crash and other injury prone maneuvers and sports. It offers a methodical and systematic procedure for formulation of large systems of interconnected rigid bodies.
Optical spectroscopy of the new laser materials, LiSrAlF6:Cr3+ and LiCaAlF6:Cr3+

Abstract We have obtained the absorption and emission spectra and the emission lifetimes, of Cr 3+ -doped LiCaAlF 6 and LiSrAlF 6 . The spectral observations can be understood by carefully accounting for the small non-octahedral components of the crystal potential field existing at the substitutional Al site. The polarization properties of the absorption spectra are due to a static t 2u -type component of the field, although the odd-parity dynamical component also contributes significantly to the oscillator strength. An analysis of the spin-orbit components of the 4 T 2 state reveals the importance of a Jahn-Teller distortion in the e g coordinate. Finally, the overall configurational displacement between the ground and excited states is found to be larger in LiSrAlF 6 , compared to LiCaAlF 6 .
Relational and Episodic Characteristics Associated with Conflict Tactics

This study sought to discover how select episodic and relational variables are functionally related to communication tactics in situations of interpersonal conflict. More precisely, this study examined how communication satisfaction and perceived communication competence of partner might mediate the link between partner's conflict messages and developing relationship features. Partner's use of integrative tactics produced communication satisfaction and the perception of partner's competence. Communication satisfaction and partner competence, in turn, contributed to the definition of the interpersonal relationship in terms of greater control mutuality, trust, intimacy and relational satisfaction. Distributive tactics of partner were inversely related to communication satisfaction and perceived partner competence, and directly affected the relational characteristics of trust, control mutuality and satisfaction. Avoidance was not associated with episodic or relational features when referencing the partner's ...
Cubic equations of state

Limitations and capabilities of a generic cubic equation of state are analyzed in light of observed real-fluid behavior, and criteria are presented for classification of specializations of the generic equation. An example is worked out which illustrates the application of these criteria to the development of new equations of state.
Running away to nowhere: Rural women's experiences of becoming alcohol dependent

The purpose of this study was to describe women's perspectives in becoming and being alcohol dependent. Part 1, "Alienation From Self and Others," on page 134 in this issue of Archives, describes the study methods, the sample, and the basic psychosocial problem faced by rural, alcoholic women. Part 2, "Running Away to Nowhere," focuses on the basic psychosocial process that women used to resolve the pain caused by their "Alienation From Self and Others." The article concludes with suggestions for nursing intervention.
Heat transfer due to buoyancy in a partially divided square box

Abstract The heat transfer and flow patterns in a partially divided square box have been studied numerically. The partial divider is thin, poorly conducting and projecting upwards from the floor of the enclosure. Three divider positions and divider heights (enclosure apertures) are considered. Results obtained are compared with published computational and experimental studies and provide a unifying picture of flow and heat transfer in partially divided enclosures. The thermal stratification between the divider and the cold wall is found to play a key role. At lower Rayleigh numbers (10 5 –10 6 ) the flow is weak in this stratified region and a tendency for flow separation behind the divider is noted. At higher Rayleigh numbers (> 10 9 ) the stratification is significant in this region and causes the flow to detach directly from the cold wall causing a separation in front of the divider. The enclosure heat transfer is strongly influenced by the aperture ratio A p (Nu ≈ A 0.462 p ). However, the divider position has a rather small effect on the overall heat transfer from the enclosure.
Immunological comparison of the usual and atypical human serum cholinesterase phenotypes

Antiserum prepared against highly purified usual human serum cholinesterase (the most common phenotype) cross-reacted identically with the atypical serum cholinesterase. The level of circulating atypical enzyme protein, determined immunologically, was about 30% lower when the enzyme came from an atypical rather than a usual phenotype, and the level of enzyme activity measured enzymatically at V max with either o-nitrophenylbutyrate or benzoylcholine as substrate showed approximately the same degree of reduction. The average specific activity (activity at V max per microgram of enzyme protein) in sera from 28 usual and 20 atypical individuals did not differ significantly. These findings suggest that the atypical enzyme not only has altered catalytic properties (K)mbut also might be synthesized more slowly, or cleared in vivo more rapidly, than the usual enzyme.
Evidence for millennial-scale climate change during marine isotope stages 2 and 3 at Little Lake, Western Oregon, U.S.A.

Pollen and geochemical data from Little Lake, western Oregon, suggest several patterns of millennial-scale environmental change during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 (14,100–27,600 cal yr B.P.) and the latter part of MIS 3 (27,600–42,500 cal yr B.P.). During MIS 3, a series of transitions between warm- and cold-adapted taxa indicate that temperatures oscillated by ca. 2°–4°C every 1000–3000 yr. Highs and lows in summer insolation during MIS 3 are generally associated with the warmest and coldest intervals. Warm periods at Little Lake correlate with warm sea-surface temperatures in the Santa Barbara Basin. Changes in the strength of the subtropical high and the jet stream may account for synchronous changes at the two sites. During MIS 2, shifts between mesic and xeric subalpine forests suggest changes in precipitation every 1000–3000 yr. Increases in Tsuga heterophylla pollen at 25,000 and 22,000 cal yr B.P. imply brief warmings. Minimum summer insolation and maximum global ice-volumes during MIS 2 correspond to cold and dry conditions. Fluctuations in precipitation at Little Lake do not correlate with changes in the Santa Barbara Basin and may be explained by variations in the strength of the glacial anticyclone and the position of the jet stream.
Secondary flows due to axial shearing of a third grade fluid between two eccentrically placed cylinders

Abstract In general, purely axial flows of non-Newtonian fluids are not possible in straight pipes of non-circular cross section. The secondary flow pattern for the flow of various non-Newtonian fluids in pipes of non-circular cross section has been studied by many authors. The method which is used is invariably a perturbation technique using either the driving force for the problem or one of the material constants as the parameter for the expansion. The former implies that the solution is a perturbation of the state of rest, while the latter implies that the null solution corresponds to the Newtonian solution. However, in many problems of practical relevance, flows of a particular non-Newtonian fluid, with specific values for the non-Newtonian parameters (not necessarily small), take place under a finite driving force, making such approaches of dubious value. For instance, as a consequence of perturbing in the driving force, the secondary flows appear only at the fourth order. In this paper we use a perturbation technique in which the perturbation parameter is a geometric measure of the departure from the geometry in which rectilinear flow is possible. Such an approach allows one to study perturbation of flows which are not the null state, and this, in turn, leads to secondary flows at first order.
OC16 The bilateral deficit phenomenon: bibliographic review

Several studies discuss about the difference in the amount of applied force from a simultaneous two homonymous limb contraction compared to the sum of individual one-limb contractions, this is known in the literature as bilateral deficit phenomenon. The purposes of our revision were 1) to examine and classify the main factors affecting to bilateral deficit, 2) to determine the influence of strength training on this, and, 3) to recommend strategies to improve performance of the neuromuscular system in different conditions (bilateral and unilateral). Cochrane, Ibecs, Lilacs, Medline, Pedro and Scielo databases were searched from 1991 to 2014. Studies must conform to the definition of bilateral deficit. A total of 45 studies were included. The underlying mechanisms of bilateral deficit are not fully clear, the physical fitness condition could be a high influence factor (Howard and Enoka, 1991, J Appl Physiol (1985), 70 (1), 306–16). Moreover the two-limb unilateral training increases the bilateral deficit (Weir et al. , 1997, J Orthop Sports Phys Ther , 25 (4), 264–70), but the two-limb bilateral training decreases this phenomenon (Janzen et al. , 2006, Eur J Appl Physiol , 97 (3), 253–60). Therefore, the main mechanisms responsible for the bilateral deficit were classified into biological and mechanical factors. Additionally, the plasticity of the bilateral deficit is mainly influenced by the execution (bilateral or unilateral) performed during the training protocol. Understanding the bilateral deficit and bilateral facilitation as two situations in which a subject can trigger a loss of strength when performing different tasks, took us to hypothesise the bilateral optimisation. The aim of this would be to achieve through strength training an optimal situation between bilateral and unilateral force relationship. Because numerous studies have shown relationships between force loss and increased risk of injury, this hypothesis could help to reduce these potential risk situations.
Towers of powers and Bruhat order

An A m e r i c a n M a t h e m a t i c a l M o n t h l y article by B. W. Brunson [3] deals with an interesting partial order on the symmetric group, ~ , , which arises f rom comparing permutat ions of i terated exponentials. In this note, we consider the relationship between this partial order and a well-known partial order on Sen known as Bruhat order (cf. [2]). Brunson essentially shows that his partial order is stronger than the dual of Bruhat order, i.e. if o T in his order. For n ~< 4, Brunson 's order turns out to be identical to Bruhat order. It is then natural to hope that this be true for general n. We show that this is not the case by giving a simple counter-example for n = 5. In fact, our counter-example also disproves Conjectures A and B in [3], and shows that Brunson's order does not satisfy the Jo rdan -Bedek ind chain condition (c.f. [1]). Our counter-example follows from Theorem 1 below which establishes, by elementary means, a fundamental proper ty of i terated exponentials. At about the same time that this paper was first written, J. R. Stembridge had independently shown that Brunson's order and Bruhat order differ by giving an illuminating characterization of Brunson's order (see [5]). For another t rea tment of Brunson 's order, see [4]. We begin by defining Brunson 's order, which is obtained by considering i terated exponentials
Brain-to-Blood and Saliva-to-Blood Mepivacaine Ratios in Rats

Mepivacaine hydrochloride, 25 and 50 mg/kg sc (with sacrifice at 15 min) produced higher (p < 0.005) drug levels in neonate (24-36-hr-old) rat brain and blood than in adult rat brain and blood; however, there was no significant difference in the brain-to-blood ratio of the drug between neonates and adults at either dose level. Intraarterial infusion of mepivacaine hydrochloride (20 μg/min) in adult rats resulted in measurable (GLC) mepivacaine base levels in pilocarpine-induced parotid salivary secretions collected throughout 30- and 45-min infusion periods. The saliva-to-blood ratios (±SEM) of mepivacaine base were 0.64 ± 0.13 after a 30-min infusion and 2.13 ± 0.48 after a 45-min infusion.
Christianity in 10 Minutes – Brian Mountford

Book reviewed: Christianity in 10 Minutes, Brian Mountford, O Books 2005 (1905047-09-6), xii + 51 pp., pb $8.95