cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavity construction by reintroduced populations of Red‐cockaded Woodpeckers (Dryobates borealis)

Although species reintroduction attempts are now common, monitoring of reintroduction attempts rarely extends beyond initial population establishment. This short timespan likely fails to document long‐term population stability, subtle changes in behavior, and the potentially larger effects that some reintroduced species may have on other species. The Red‐cockaded Woodpecker (RCW; Dryobates borealis) is an important habitat specialist and ecosystem engineer that excavates cavities in living trees. Excavation of natural RCW cavities can take years to complete, but they also persist for many years and are used by many other species. We quantified characteristics of cavity trees excavated by RCWs (n = 44) in two populations that were reintroduced to unoccupied areas more than 10 years earlier. We measured features associated with heartwood rot and used generalized linear mixed effects regression to determine whether these features differed for trees selected for cavity excavation compared with random neighboring trees. We also assessed population trends for cavity‐nesting species that commonly used RCW cavities on one of the sites. Height of first live limb was the only factor distinguishing natural RCW cavity trees from control trees. Four of six cavity‐nesting species monitored increased significantly following RCW establishment. The increases may relate to the many natural and artificial cavities created during the reintroduction effort. Future reintroductions of the RCW should lead to successful natural cavity excavation if sufficiently large trees with smaller live crowns are present. Future efforts may also benefit the broader community of cavity‐nesting birds.
Practical and theoretical considerations for the use of bacteriophages in food systems.

Bacteriophages represent a promising antibacterial technology that may be useful in the control of a wide variety of nuisance and pathogenic bacteria. One area that is garnering increasing interest is the use of phages for the control of bacteria—particularly food-borne pathogens—in food systems. This chapter discusses factors such as the stability of the phages, the state of the bacteria, or the ability of phages to access their hosts, in the context of theory, as well as empirical data from model phage-host systems and from trials of phage biocontrol in foods. The phage adsorption rate constant plays a major role in the rate at which phage adsorb to susceptible bacteria. In the case of the control of food-borne pathogens, phages present a viable option, as the diversity of pathogens requiring control is limited to relatively few bacterial species. In contrast, the use of phages as a general antimicrobial strategy in foods is severely restricted simply by the diversity of potential target bacteria in a given open environment. Biofilms are a topic of perennial concern in the food industry, as they can cause problems in food production facilities ranging from equipment fouling to the shedding of pathogenic microbes into food products. Minimally processed foods which are considered to be at risk from contamination by a narrow spectrum of food-borne pathogens, and which are also intrinsically conducive to bacterial and phage survival, could be the most promising initial candidates for phage-based biocontrol.
Continuous Vital Signs Acquisition Improves Prehospital Trauma Triage

Introduction:Vital signs (VS) data collected in prehospital care and recorded in trauma registries are often missing or unreliable as it is difficult to record dynamic changes while performing resuscitation and stabilization. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that analysis of continuous vital signs improves data quality, and predicts life-saving interventions (LSI) better than use of retrospectively compiled Trauma Registry (TR) data.Methods:After Institutional Review Board approval, six emergency medical services helicopters were equipped with a Vital Signs Data Recorder (VSDR) to capture continuous VS from the patient onto a handheld personal digital assistant (PDA). Prehospital LSIs (fluid bolus, cardiopul-monary resuscitation, drugs, intubation, etc.) and those performed within two hours after arrival in the trauma resuscitation unit were considered outcome variables. The VSDR and TR data were compared using Bland-Altman method. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine which VS variable best predicted LSIs using the values in the TR and the VSDR.Results:Prehospital VSDR data were collected from 177 patients. There was a significant difference between the highest and lowest heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and oxygen saturation between the VSDR and the TR data (p <0.001).The VSDR highest heart rate and lowest oxygen saturation recorded predicted LSIs while none of the TR vital signs did so in a multivariate model. The SBP was not an independent predictor of LSI.Conclusions:The VSDR data increased the odds of predicting LSIs compared to the TR data. Using continuous vital signs in prehospital care may lead to the development of better trauma prognostic models.
Picture Archiving and Communications Systems: Progress and Current Problems

The need to provide more interactive clinical consultations as well as retrieve images quickly (preventing image loss) and control the flow of image information has promoted the idea of incorporating a local area network (LAN) into imaging departments. This need was fueled by the observation that the full capabilities of digital image-producing modalities were rarely utilized routinely and by the proliferation of imaging techniques and clinical specialists participating in the generation and interpretation of them. This development is basically office automation for workers who deal with images in addition to text.
Results of early alignment of congenital esotropia.

Abstract Objective To determine the long-term motor and sensory results after early surgical correction of patients with congenital esotropia. Design Noncomparative interventional case series. Participants Ten infants with congenital esotropia. Intervention Patients had bimedial rectus recession between 83 and 159 days of age; were re-examined in a regular follow-up program; and were retreated when required for strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors. Main outcome measures Final alignment, stereo acuity, variations in vision, alignment, refraction, and number and types of retreatments required during the period of observation. Results All patients were aligned initially with bimedial rectus recession of 8.0 to 10.0 mm measured from the limbus. A total of 11 additional surgical procedures were performed on 7 patients to maintain alignment. Four patients required hyperopic spectacle correction to maintain alignment, and two patients required short periods of patching. Visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 19 eyes at the most recent examination, which was between 8.3 and 11.8 years after initial surgery. All patients had final alignment to within 10 prism diopters (PD) of orthotropia at either distance or near. Nine of ten patients had dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), and four of ten patients had latent nystagmus. Four patients had measurable stereo acuity at their last visit, with two achieving a stereo acuity of 3000 seconds (the Titmus fly), one 400 seconds, and one 140 seconds. Conclusion Surgical alignment of congenital esotropia can be achieved in the 4-month-old with bimedial rectus recession, but this does not ensure continued alignment. At least one additional surgical procedure is required on average to maintain alignment in the first 10 years after initial successful surgery. These patients can also be expected to have one or more of the following: DVD, latent nystagmus, refractive component, or latent strabismus. Regardless of outcome, patients with congenital esotropia have optokinetic asymmetry. Attainment of stereo acuity, including high-grade stereo acuity, may be enhanced by attainment of orthotropia or small-angle esotropia but is likely to be ultimately dependent on constitutional factors rather than age of alignment.
Electromyography in the detection of mechanically induced spinal motor tract injury: observations in diverse porcine models.

Object Porcine spinal cords were mechanically injured at the thoracic level while recording muscle-derived electrically stimulated transcranial motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs) and electromyography (EMG) readings from the same electrode derivations. The authors postulated that midthoracic spinal cord injury caused by diverse methods can trigger hindlimb EMG activity. Early detection of hindlimb EMG activity may permit avoidance of motor conduction block (TcMEP loss). Methods Twelve pigs underwent midthoracic spinal cord exposure. Spinal cord sectioning was performed to define dorsal column versus lateral spinal cord contribution to muscle-derived electrically stimulated spinal cord motor evoked potentials (SC MEPs) and TcMEPs (in 2 pigs). A bipolar needle stimulator was placed within intramedullary sites to 1) acquire electrically stimulated motor evoked potentials in the hindlimbs, and 2) induce mechanically stimulated hindlimb EMG activity at sites responsive to electrical stimulation (in 2 pigs). Trans...
Rule Interaction, Blocking and Derivation in Pāṇini

Pāṇini ’s grammar is a class of rules formulated based on generalization abstracted from usage, so that the vast oceans of words could be properly understood. This class of rules will consist of general (utsarga) and their related particulars (viśeṣa ). A general rule, since it is to be formulated with certain generalizations made about its scope of application, must yield to its related particulars which would necessarily require delineation of their own particular scope of application. A particular rule is thus formulated with particular properties relative to generalized properties. A general rule is supposed to pervade its scope of application in its entirety. It is in this sense that it is called vyāpaka (pervader). Since a particular rule is formulated with particular properties relative to the general, the scope of application of a particular must then be extracted from within the scope of its general counterpart. A related particular is called pervaded (vyāpya), since its scope of application is to be carved out from within the general scope of its corresponding utsarga, the pervader (vyāpaka). Rules whose application cannot be captured within the related class of general and particular have been classed as residual (śeṣa). A residual would thus fall outside of the applicational scope of its general and particular counterparts. For, it refers to a proposal which is yet to be made, close to its context (upayuktād anyaḥ śeṣaḥ).
Past perfect, future tense

AbstractLibraries have always been valued for and measured by their collections. The process of collection development has undergone many changes in the past few decades. This article examines those changes while concluding that the core values remain the same.
Kelo Six Years Later: State Responses, Ramifications, and Solutions for the Future

In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of eminent domain takings that benefit private developers in Kelo v. City of New London. The case led to public outcry on both the right and the left and the revision of many state eminent domain laws to curtail such takings. However, most of the new laws have been ineffective. In many states, the burden of the takings falls largely onto poor, minority communities while, in others, revitalization projects by private developers are prohibited entirely. This Note examines the negative implications of current approaches to takings on inner-city, minority communities and concludes that states should adopt an approach that allows revitalization of blighted areas by private developers but also provides effective limits such as a narrow definition of blight, enhanced compensation for the displaced, and procedural provisions such as Community Benefits Agreements.
Resident memory γδ T cells orchestrate response to secondary oral Lm infection (MUC4P.829)

Intestinal mucosa shapes the immune system by interacting with commensal bacteria while preventing the invasion of bacterial pathogens. In a physiological model of oral Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) infection, we have previously reported the generation of Lm-elicited protective memory Vγ4 Vδ1 T cells that reside in lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes (mln). Here we tested the hypothesis that Lm-elicited γδ T cells drive the accelerated secondary immune response to oral Lm infection in the mln. We show that memory γδ T cells secreted IL-17A and IFNγ in vivo and formed clusters with neutrophils that surrounded Lm aggregates in the mln 1 day after secondary oral Lm infection (d.p.r.). Neutralizing IL-17A disrupted cluster formation and neutrophil recruitment leading to delayed bacterial clearance. Cluster formation was also abrogated by forced gamma delta TCR downregulation. Together, these observations demonstrate that IL-17A, secreted by Lm-elicited memory γδ T cells, was essential for both recruitment of neutrophils to the mln, and for cluster formation to contain Lm during a secondary oral infection. In addition, we observed the induction of CXCL9 in areas surrounding the clusters, which has been shown to mediate rapid mobilization of memory αβ T cells to prevent further spread of bacterial infection. We believe these observations support an exciting new role for memory gamma delta T cells in the containment of intestinal pathogens.
Putting the parkin into Parkinson's.

Parkinson's disease is characterized by parkinsonism — rigidity, resting tremor and slowness in initiating and carrying out movement. The gene for a rare autosomal recessive form of parkinsonism (AR-JP) has now been cloned and, although AR-JP differs in some respects from Parkinson's disease, the new gene could help to shed light on the causes of Parkinson's. Termedparkin, the gene has a ubiquitin homology domain, indicating that a defect in proteasome function could be involved in Parkinson's disease.
Performance of mismatched Viterbi receiver on satellite channels

This paper presents an analysis of a satellite communication system using a Viterbi receiver. Here we have a bandlimited nonlinear channel where both uplink and downlink are taken into account as well as the effect of Intersymbol Interference, phase and time synchronization errors. In order that ISI can be combatted effectively, we use a Viterbi demodulator which is designed for the satellite channel when there is no uplink noise. The Viterbi demodulator for the channels with large memory is too complex to be implemented. To reduce the complexity, a Viterbi demodulator with memory shorter than the true channel memory is used. The objective of this paper is to analyze the performance degradation of this 'Mismatched Viterbi Receiver' due to the uplink noise and memory truncation, and to understand how the time and phase synchronization errors influence the performance.
The use of adaptive mechanisms for selection of search strategies in document retrival systems

A document retrieval system can incorporate many types of flexibility. One example of this is the ability to choose a search strategy that is appropriate for a particular user and query. This paper investigates the use of adaptive mechanisms to control the selection of search strategies. The experimental results indicate that, although an adaptive mechanism is capable of learning the appropriate response in simple situations, there are serious problems with using them to make complex decisions in a document retrieval system.
Measuring caregiver activation for health care: Validation of PBH-LCI:D.

Abstract Improving the quality of health care for individuals living with dementia is a central goal of the National Alzheimer's Plan, and requires the participation of informed family caregivers as active members of the patient's health care team. “Caregiver activation” is an emerging concept for which dementia-specific measures are lacking. We developed and validated a new self-report index of caregiver activation, Partnering for Better Health – Living with Chronic Illness: Dementia (PBH-LCI:D). PBH-LCI:D has high content validity and good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, with 32 items and a strong six-factor structure reflecting all major health care domains of dementia caregiving. Comparisons with measures of related constructs and potential caregiver and patient predictors of activation indicate that PBH-LCI:D measures a unique construct and therefore should be useful as a marker of caregiver needs for education and behavioral change coaching, and as the foundation for developing interventions to enhance caregiver activation and successful partnership with clinicians.
Illness, injuries, and deaths from pesticide exposures in California 1949-1988.

For more than 40 years, California has maintained an extensive and expensive data gathering system to identify acute toxic effects of persons exposed to pesticides. The state has used this information in its registration, education, and regulatory programs to attempt to minimize or eliminate such adverse effects. Other states, countries, and persons use various parts of these data to estimate the extent of their possible problems. The major purpose of developing this paper was to identify the diverse characteristics of the data bases in existence so that future comparisons and extrapolations will have more validity than some of those made in the past. Most of these data can be found in numerous state government reports and not in published scientific literature.
Maximally random jamming of one-component and binary hard-disk fluids in two dimensions.

We report calculations of the density of maximally random jamming of one-component and binary hard-disk fluids. The theoretical structure used provides a common framework for description of the hard-disk liquid-to-hexatic, the liquid-to-hexagonal crystal, and the liquid to maximally random jammed state transitions. Our analysis is based on locating a particular bifurcation of the solutions of the integral equation for the inhomogeneous single-particle density at the transition between different spatial structures. The bifurcation of solutions we study is initiated from the dense metastable fluid, and we associate it with the limit of stability of the fluid, which we identify with the transition from the metastable fluid to a maximally random jammed state. For the one-component hard-disk fluid the predicted packing fraction at which the metastable fluid to maximally random jammed state transition occurs is 0.84, in excellent agreement with the experimental value 0.84 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02. The corresponding analysis of the limit of stability of a binary hard-disk fluid with specified disk-diameter ratio and disk composition requires extra approximations in the representations of the direct correlation function, the equation of state, and the number of order parameters accounted for. Keeping only the order parameter identified with the largest peak in the structure factor of the highest-density regular lattice with the same disk- diameter ratio and disk composition as the binary fluid, the predicted density of maximally random jamming is found to be 0.84--0.87, depending on the equation of state used, and very weakly dependent on the ratio of disk diameters and the fluid composition, in agreement with both experimental data and computer simulation data.
Natural pH gradients in buffer mixtures: formation in the absence of strongly acidic and basic anolyte and catholyte, gradient steepening by sucrose, and stabilization by high buffer concentrations in the electrolyte chambers.

Abstract Natural pH gradients can be formed in buffer electrofocusing when the strongly acidic and basic anolyte and catholyte are replaced by the “leading” and “trailing” buffers (possessing the lowest and highest pK2 values) of the buffer mixture. High concentrations of sucrose (50%) in the anolyte and catholyte steepen the pH gradient. High concentrations of anolyte and catholyte buffer (0.75 m ) stabilize the pH gradient in buffer electrofocusing as a function of time.
A note of Pearlman's state-space equivalence theorem

Using Carleman linearization and known results on state-affine systems, a simplified proof of Pearlman's [3] state-space equivalence theorem is given.
Cycloaddition reaction versus dimer cleavage at the Si(001):C 5 H 8 interface

The interface formed between an ordered monolayer of cyclopentene and silicon is studied by first-principles density-functional calculations. Several different structural models of the interface are considered and their reflectance anisotropy spectra are calculated. The spectra turn out to be highly structure dependent and can therefore be used to monitor the interface formation. We also find that coadsorption of hydrogen, which leads to dimer cleavage, can stabilize the interface by saturating the dangling bonds and releasing the high strain energy.
Restricted repair of aflatoxin B1 Induced damage In α DNA of monkey cells

We have investigated the processing of adducts formed by covalent binding of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to DNA in confluent cultures of African green monkey cells. Repair synthesis elicited by AFB1 adducts was deficient in alpha DNA sequences compared to that in bulk DNA, although the initial levels of modification were the same for these DNAs. The removal of the primary initial adduct, AFB1-N7-Guanine, was deficient in alpha DNA and the kinetics of its loss resembled those previously reported for removal from total DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum cells of complementation group A. Spontaneous loss of the AFB1 moiety or the concomitant loss of the guanine to yield an apurinic site account for these results. The formation of the more chemically stable secondary product, AFB1-triamino-Pyrimidine, occurred more rapidly and to a greater extent in alpha DNA than in bulk DNA, probably because of slower removal of the primary product. The excision repair patch size for AFB1 adducts in alpha DNA was only 10 nucleotides compared to 20 nucleotides for repair of AFB1 adducts in bulk DNA. Irradiation of cells with low doses of UV prior to or immediately after treatment with AFB1 increased the rate and extent of removal of AFB1 adducts from alpha DNA to the levels found in the bulk DNA, indicating that the formation of pyrimidine dimers or their repair may alter the chromatin structure of alpha DNA sufficiently to facilitate its repair.
Is the southeast Coast Plutonic Complex the consequence of accretion of the Insular superterrane? Evidence from U-Pb zircon geochronometry in the northern Washington Cascades

Zircon U-Pb geochronometry of orthogneisses and plutons in the southwestern crystalline core of the North Cascades, coupled with fabric and textural studies of the orthogneisses, plutons, and their metamorphic host rocks, indicates extensive synmetamorphic plutonism at 89-96 Ma. Metamorphic mineral assemblages define a culmination composed of an axial kyanite-sillimanite zone rimmed by lower grade zones. High-grade index minerals are typically syntectonic to posttectonic. Metamorphic fabrics are characterized by an orogen-parallel, northwest-striking, steep foliation that contains a subhorizontal stretching and mineral lineation interpreted to be the product of ductile strike-slip deformation. This fabric is crosscut by 96-92 Ma plutons yet is imprinted on 92-89 Ma orthogneisses, suggesting spatially diachronous fabric development during orogeny. Documentation of the spatial and temporal coincidence of magmatism with the peak of orogeny, together with the kinematic significance of the metamorphic fabric, precludes generation of the metamorphic fabric and plutons in response to thrust loading. The authors suggest that this part of the Coast Plutonic Complex evolved as a transpressional magmatic arc.
Size-resolved, real-time measurement of water-insoluble aerosols in metropolitan Atlanta during the summer of 2004

During the month of August 2004, the size-resolved number concentration of water-insoluble aerosols (WIA) from 0.25 to 2.0 μm was measured in real-time in the urban center of Atlanta, GA. Simultaneous measurements were performed for the total aerosol size distribution from 0.1 to 2.0 μm, the elemental and organic carbon mass concentration, the aerosol absorption coefficient, and the aerosol scattering coefficient at a dry (RH=30%) humidity. The mean aerosol number concentration in the size range 0.1–2.0 μm was found to be 360±175 cm−3, but this quantity fluctuated significantly on time scales of less than one hour and ranged from 25 to 1400 cm−3 during the sample period. The mean WIA concentration (0.25–2.0 μm) was 13±7 cm−3 and ranged from 1 to 60 cm−3. The average insoluble fraction in the size range 0.25–2.0 μm was found to be 4±2.5% with a range of 0.3–38%. The WIA population was found to follow a consistent diurnal pattern throughout the month with concentration maxima concurring with peaks in vehicular traffic flow. WIA concentration also responded to changes in meteorological conditions such as boundary layer depth and precipitation events. The temporal variability of the absorption coefficient followed an identical pattern to that of WIA and ranged from below the detection limit to 55 Mm−1 with a mean of 8±6 Mm−1. The WIA concentration was highly correlated with both the absorption coefficient and the elemental carbon mass concentration, suggesting that WIA measurements are dominated by fresh emissions of elemental carbon. For both the total aerosol and the WIA size distributions, the maximum number concentration was observed at the smallest sizes; however the WIA size distribution also exhibited a peak at 0.45 μm which was not observed in the total population. Over 60% of the particles greater than 1.0 μm were observed to be insoluble in the water sampling stream used by this instrumentation. Due to the refractive properties of black carbon, it is highly unlikely that these particles could be composed of elemental carbon, suggesting a crustal source for super-micron WIA.
Experimental evaluation of artillery projectile impact errors induced by principal axis misalignment

Analytic studies and experiments have shown that the pressure of a small (less than 1 deg) principal axis misalignment in an artillery projectile produces a proportionately large initial total transient angle of attack. It was further predicted by 6-DOF trajectory simulations that this initial transient would cause significant projectile range degradation and drift perturbation. A flight test program was conducted to investigate these transient and trajectory perturbation effects; the resulting data are presented. Confirmation of the analytical predictions of these induced trajectory disturbances was obtained. These data provide a concrete basis for illustrating the undesirable effects on ballistic similitude that can result from small differences in the principal axis misalignment between otherwise similar projectiles.
The clinical significance of Stage 2 meniscal abnormalities on magnetic resonance knee images

Abstract The Stage 2 meniscal abnormality was subdivided into Stage 2A—linear abnormal signal not contacting an articular surface, Stage 2B—abnormal signal in contact with the articular surface on a single image, Stage 2C—extensive wedge-shaped signal abnormality not in contact with an articular surface. Arthroscopy showed tears in 2A 3%, 2B 0%, 2C 50%. Complete tears should only be diagnosed if contact is seen on more than one image. Many Stage 2C menisci may have tears.
Environment matting and compositing

This paper introduces a new process, environment matting, which captures not just a foreground object and its traditional opacity matte from a real-world scene, but also a description of how that object refracts and reflects light, which we call an environment matte. The foreground object can then be placed in a new environment, using environment compositing, where it will refract and reflect light from that scene. Objects captured in this way exhibit not only specular but glossy and translucent effects, as well as selective attenuation and scattering of light according to wavelength. Moreover, the environment compositing process, which can be performed largely with texture mapping operations, is fast enough to run at interactive speeds on a desktop PC. We compare our results to photos of the same objects in real scenes. Applications of this work include the relighting of objects for virtual and augmented reality, more realistic 3D clip art, and interactive lighting design. CR Categories: I.2.10 [Artificial Intelligence]: Vision and Scene Understanding – modeling and recovery of physical attributes; I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation – display algorithms; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: ThreeDimensional Graphics and Realism – color, shading, shadowing, and texture Additional
The Golgi apparatus, zoosporogenesis, and development of the zoospore discharge apparatus ofChytridium confervae

Abstract C. confervae is a eucarpic, monocentric chytrid that has been cultured synchronously ( L. P. Gauriloff and M. S. Fuller, 1979 , Exp. Mycol. 3 : 3–5). In this study we use light and electron microscopy to examine the development of zoospores and the discharge apparatus, focusing on the multiple roles of the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus produces, in succession, vesicles with electron-opaque cores that may function in cell wall formation, secretory vesicles that form the extracellular lenticular deposit of the discharge apparatus, cleavage vesicles that fuse to form the plasma membranes of the developing zoospores, and vesicles that contain cell coat material for the zoospores. The discharge apparatus consists of the operculum (a circle of sporangial wall delimited from the rest of the wall), the lenticular deposit, and an outer layer found between the lens and the operculum. At discharge, the operculum dehisces, the outer layer ruptures, and the lenticular deposit expands to form a vesicle that constrains the zoospores. The outer layer provides the mechanical connection between the wall and the vesicle. Comparison of discharge apparatus development with other Chytridiomycetes suggests that the order of the developmental steps leading to discharge may be as important to chytrid taxonomy as the steps themselves.
Cholinergic modulation of sensory representations in the olfactory bulb

We present a computational model of the mammalian olfactory bulb (OB) designed to investigate how cholinergic inputs modulate olfactory sensory representations. The model integrates experimental data derived from diverse physiological studies of cholinergic modulation of OB circuitry into a simulation of bulbar responses to realistic odorants. Experimentally-observed responses to a homologous series of odorants (unbranched aliphatic aldehydes) were simulated; realistic cholinergic inputs to the OB model served to increase the discriminability of the bulbar responses generated to very similar odorants. This simulation predicted, correctly, that missing cholinergic inputs to the OB would result in greater generalization between similar aliphatic aldehydes. Based on the assumption that the overlap between the neural representations of two sensory stimuli is predictive of their perceptual similarity, we tested this prediction in a behavioral experiments with rats. We show that, indeed, rats with selective lesions of cholinergic neurons that project to the OB and cortex discriminate less well between aliphatic aldehydes with similar carbon chain lengths than do rats that received sham lesions.
Photoperiod effects on hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase activity in the pineal gland of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

Abstract Juvenile chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytsch ) were acclimated to photoperiods of 12L:12D, 0L:24D, or 24L:0D. Fish were sampled over a 24-hr period and pineal glands were analyzed for hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity and total protein. HIOMT specific activity (pmoles melatonin/hr/μg protein) exhibited a diel cycle in fish acclimated to 12L:12D and 0L:24D, with a peak at approximately 2400 hr and a low at approximately 1700 hr. The cycle was not apparent in fish acclimated to 24L:0D or in fish acclimated to 12L:12D but sampled with 18L:6D. In all cases where a cycle in HIOMT specific activity occurred, pineal protein content was found to cycle opposite in phase to that of specific activity. No significant change was seen in HIOMT activity (pmoles melatonin produced/hr/pineal gland) at any of the sampling times. Thus, we conclude that the cycles observed in HIOMT specific activity reflect changes in pineal gland protein content and not changes in HIOMT activity.
Genomic analysis of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Southeastern Michigan.

Abstract Objective . The emergence of multidrug resistance within Streptococcus pneumoniae population was analysed, correlating penicillin resistance Pen(R) with secondary antibiotic resistance, capsular serotype, and genetic diversity among isolates. Methods . DNA fingerprinting, following macro-restriction enzyme digestion and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and restriction fragment analysis of the PBP 2b gene, following PCR amplification, were performed on the Pen(R) S. pneumoniae , among 377 clinical isolates obtained from the clinical microbiology laboratory (University of Michigan Medical Center). Results . Overall 35% of the isolates were Pen(R) of which 45% demonstrated high-level penicillin (Pen(R)-R, MIC>1). Respiratory isolates were more likely to be Pen(R) ( p p Conclusion . The emergence of multidrug resistance in the S. pneumoniae population in SE Michigan is not due to expansion of a single or limited number of resistant clones, is occurring most frequently in the paediatric population and is associated with a decreased susceptibility to penicillin.
Heterogeneous Mixtures as NLO Christiansen Filters for Optical Limiting

Mixtures of two non-absorbing and index-matched materials with contrasting nonlinear optical response have been shown to optically limit above a critical fluence of pulsed nanosecond laser light. Under these conditions, index mismatch is induced between the disparate phases leading to strong Tyndall scattering. The effect has been demonstrated previously by the authors in both solid-liquid mixtures (hexadecane and calcium fluoride), and surfactant-stabilized liquid-liquid emulsions consisting of dichloroethane as the organic phase and a concentrated aqueous phase of sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). Materials used in these studies exhibit low absorption coefficients over extended wavelength regions allowing for a broadband response of the limiter. Recently, limiting has been observed at 532 nm in a polymer composite consisting of barium fluoride and poly-(n-butyl acrylate). A modified open-aperture z-scan method was used to quantify optical limiter performance in this system. Modeling studies provide the basis for designing optical limiters based upon this light scattering mechanism and show the importance of size resonance and constituent optical properties on limiter performance.
Properties of poly(p-phenylene)s and the perdeuterated analog

ESR data for poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) prepared from benzene and catalyst-oxidant systems were compared with data for PPP obtained by a variety of other methods. The results were similar, except for the Yamamoto preparation, and comparable to the spin densities for heterocyclic polymers of thiophene, pyrrole, and selenophene. Deuterated PPP from C6D6 showed significant differences in properties, in comparison to ordinary PPP, in relation to molecular weight, color, solubility, and spins/g in electron spin resonance (ESR). The implications are discussed with regard to the mechanism of benzene polymerization by AlCl3-CuCl2.
Growth at elevated CO2 delays the adverse effects of drought stress on leaf photosynthesis of the C4 sugarcane.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. CP72-2086) was grown in sunlit greenhouses at daytime [CO(2)] of 360 (ambient) and 720 (elevated)mumolmol(-1). Drought stress was imposed for 13d when plants were 4 months old, and various photosynthetic parameters and levels of nonstructural carbohydrates were determined for uppermost fully expanded leaves of well-watered (control) and drought stress plants. Control plants at elevated [CO(2)] were 34% and 25% lower in leaf stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration rate (E) and 35% greater in leaf water-use efficiency (WUE) than their counterparts at ambient [CO(2)]. Leaf CO(2) exchange rate (CER) and activities of Rubisco, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, NADP-malic enzyme and pyruvate P(i) dikinase were marginally affected by elevated [CO(2)], but were reduced by drought, whereas activity of PEP carboxylase was reduced by elevated [CO(2)], but not by drought. At severe drought developed at day 12, leaf g(s) and WUE of ambient-[CO(2)] stress plants declined to 5% and 7%, while elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants still maintained g(s) and WUE at 20% and 74% of their controls. In control plants, elevated [CO(2)] did not enhance the midday levels of starch, sucrose, or reducing sugars. For both ambient- and elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants, severe drought did not affect the midday level of sucrose but substantially reduced that of starch. Nighttime starch decomposition in control plants was 55% for ambient [CO(2)] and 59% for elevated [CO(2)], but was negligible for stress plants of both [CO(2)] treatments. For both ambient-[CO(2)] control and stress plants, midday sucrose level at day 12 was similar to the predawn value at day 13. In contrast, sucrose levels of elevated-[CO(2)] control and stress plants at predawn of day 13 were 61-65% of the midday values of day 12. Levels of reducing sugars were much greater for both ambient- and elevated-[CO(2)] stress plants, implying an adaptation to drought stress. Sugarcane grown at elevated [CO(2)] had lower leaf g(s) and E and greater leaf WUE, which helped to delay the adverse effects of drought and, thus, allowed the stress plants to continue photosynthesis for at least an extra day during episodic drought cycles.
Dynamic Optimization for Batch Design and Scheduling with Process Model Uncertainty

Design and planning for multiproduct batch plants involves decisions from facility design, product scheduling, inventory planning, etc. These have been addressed for recipe-based processes with fixed stage processing times, although there is significant benefit in incorporating detailed dynamic process models while planning and addressing the overall problem simultaneously (Bhatia, T.; Biegler, L. T. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1996, 35 (7), 2234−2246). However, incorporating processing decisions adequately requires sufficiently accurate nonlinear process models and methods that deal with process model uncertainty. This work simultaneously addresses dynamic processing and planning decisions for multiproduct batch plants, with uncertainty in process parameters. Instances of uncertain parameters are used to construct planning scenarios that are addressed through a multiperiod formulation. In addition, dynamic processing under uncertainty is addressed via a closed loop state feedback correction strategy. In additio...
3-Terminal pMTJ reduces critical current and switching time

Abstract To realize the potential of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for high-density non-volatile memory and non-volatile logic, the critical current to switch the magnetization must be lowered. This paper presents a simulation study of a new structure of perpendicular MTJs (pMTJs) which divides the fixed layer into two coupling parts. We investigate the TMR and the critical current density of this new pMTJ by micromagnetic simulation using OOMMF for various cases. The simulation results show that this new structure pMTJ has lower critical current and shorter switching time compared to the conventional three-layer MTJs.
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Prefrontal Cortical Function in Nondeprived Smokers Performing the Stroop Task

Some reports indicate that cigarette smoking can help smokers focus attention, even when they have not abstained from smoking for a substantial period of time (eg, >1 h). Understanding the mechanisms by which smoking affects attention may help in designing smoking cessation treatments. Thirteen nonsmokers and nine smokers participated in two tests of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). During fMRI, the participants performed the Stroop Task. There was a 15-min break between the two tests. During the break, each smoker smoked one cigarette. For smokers, the first test began 45-60 min after the last cigarette of ad libitum smoking. The differences in BOLD signal changes between Stroop conditions (ie, incongruent minus congruent) showed a group x test interaction in the right precentral sulcus, including the putative human frontal eye field (FEF). Smokers, but not nonsmokers, showed greater changes (relative to rest) in BOLD signal in the incongruent than in the congruent condition in the first fMRI test but not in the second. Even after brief abstinence from smoking, therefore, smokers exhibit compromised functional efficiency in the right FEF and adjacent precentral sulcus in a test of selective attention; and smoking ameliorates this condition.
Unusual atrial-paced tachycardia after pacemaker implantation: What is the mechanism?

i b v v p T t t u a t t n i i f ase summary n 81-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and oronary artery disease (CAD) was admitted to the hospital ith substernal chest pressure. He had a history of sick sinus yndrome and had undergone implantation of a dual-chamer pacemaker (Identity ADx DR model 5380, St. Jude edical, Sylmar, CA, USA) 7 days prior to admission. On resentation, the patient complained of palpitations and alaise that started after pacemaker implantation. Given the atient’s substernal chest pain, coronary angiography was erformed, which revealed no new lesions to explain his ymptoms. During hospitalization, while the patient was ying in bed, he experienced an episode of chest pain similar o his symptoms as an outpatient. Simultaneous ECG reealed an atrial-paced, narrow QRS complex rhythm at a apid rate of 110 bpm (Figure 1). A subsequent ECG reealed an atrial-paced rhythm at 60 bpm, with pacing stimli seen at the peak of the T wave and an intermittent trial-paced, ventricular-sensed rhythm once again at 110 pm (Figure 2). What is the mechanism of the rhythm? Is he pacemaker functioning appropriately?
Toward the Validation of Ba

HPT practitioners have found knowledge management concepts a useful way of thinking about information “root causes” in analyzing performance deficits. Nonaka and Konno (1998) have offered their theory of “ba,” or “space,” suggesting that particular environments facilitate the “conversion” of particular types of knowledge. Constructing environments where particular forms of knowledge are transferred among groups of individuals is naturally appealing as it offers the HPT consultant the opportunity to create interventions to disseminate social or group understandings. In this study we argue that the validity of the theory needs to be tested in natural settings in order to give credence to its utility and bring more precision to the prescriptions. This study focuses on the conversion of tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, or “interacting ba.” Three corporate groups were observed as they collaborated to develop instructional, Web-based stories intended to capture their tacit organizational understandings. The investigators used a comparative case study method to investigate three design retreats. A reasonable level of support was created for the theory.
An algorithm to solve the proportional network flow problem

The proportional network flow problem is a generalization of the equal flow problem on a generalized network in which the flow on arcs in given sets must all be proportional. This problem appears in several natural contexts, including processing networks and manufacturing networks. This paper describes a transformation on the underlying network that reduces the problem to the equal flow problem; this transformation is used to show that algorithms that solve the equal flow problem can be directly applied to the proportional network flow problem as well, with no increase in asymptotic running time. Additionally, computational results are presented for the proportional network flow problem demonstrating equivalent performance to the same algorithm for the equal flow problem.
Characterizing the Networks of Digital Information that Support Collaborative Adaptive Forest Management in Sierra Nevada Forests.

Some of the factors that can contribute to the success of collaborative adaptive management—such as social learning, open communication, and trust—are built upon a foundation of the open exchange of information about science and management between participants and the public. Despite the importance of information transparency, the use and flow of information in collaborative adaptive management has not been characterized in detail in the literature, and currently there exist opportunities to develop strategies for increasing the exchange of information, as well as to track information flow in such contexts. As digital information channels and networks have been increased over the last decade, powerful new information monitoring tools have also been evolved allowing for the complete characterization of information products through their production, transport, use, and monitoring. This study uses these tools to investigate the use of various science and management information products in a case study—the Sierra Nevada Adaptive Management Project—using a mixed method (citation analysis, web analytics, and content analysis) research approach borrowed from the information processing and management field. The results from our case study show that information technologies greatly facilitate the flow and use of digital information, leading to multiparty collaborations such as knowledge transfer and public participation in science research. We conclude with recommendations for expanding information exchange in collaborative adaptive management by taking advantage of available information technologies and networks.
22 again: IL-22 as a risk gene and important mediator in psoriasis

IL-22 targets our external epithelial barriers, bolstering our defenses, and has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Nikamo and colleagues (2014) identify a haplotype in the IL22 promoter with a strong association to juvenile-onset psoriasis and demonstrate that this risk variant is associated with increased IL-22 production by T cells. We explore the implications of this work.
Miles Davis in the Classroom: Using the Jazz Ensemble Metaphor for Enhancing Team Learning:

This article reveals how the jazz ensemble is a useful metaphor that does not suppress individual creativity yet also demands high degrees of interpersonal sensitivity and group cooperation. The utility of the jazz ensemble metaphor for teams is demon-strated through the application of a novel experiential exercise that involves students listening to a cut from the Miles Davis jazz sextet. This experiential learning exercise provides an opportunity for students to simulate the conditions facilitative of dialogue. By enacting the behavioral and attitudinal qualities of jazz ensemble musicians, students leam how to temporarily suspend their assumptions and opinions, thereby reducing defensive and self-oriented behaviors in their teams.