cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Body Composition and Diabetes Risk in South Asians: Findings From the MASALA and MESA Studies

OBJECTIVE South Asians have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes compared with other race/ethnic groups. Body composition is associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes. Differences in body composition between South Asians and other race/ethnic groups are one hypothesized mechanism to explain the disproportionate prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study used data from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) cohorts to determine whether body composition mediated the elevated prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in South Asians. Participants (n = 2,615) with complete body composition data were included. Ordinal logistic regression models were calculated to determine the odds for glycemic impairment in South Asians compared with the MESA cohort. RESULTS In multivariate models, South Asians had a significantly higher prevalence of glycemic impairment and type 2 diabetes compared with all four race/ethnic groups included in the MESA (P CONCLUSIONS We did not identify strong evidence that accounting for body composition explains differences in the risk for type 2 diabetes. Future prospective studies of the MESA and MASALA cohorts are needed to understand how adipose tissue impacts the risk for type 2 diabetes and how to best assess this risk.
N-Dimensional Distributed Network Localization with Noisy Range Measurements and Arbitrary Anchor Placement

This work presents a distributed algorithm for node localization problems in static sensor networks in n- dimensions. We focus on networks in which n + 1 nodes with known locations (anchors) are arbitrarily placed among all other nodes with unknown locations. In the noiseless case, barycentric coordinates computed from range measurements are used to transform the non-convex node localization problem into a standard linear system of equations. Meanwhile, adding independent zero mean Gaussian noise to range measurements turns all barycentric coordinates to dependent random variables with no known standard distribution which may not even be identically distributed. Relying on online optimization methods, we provide a distributed online gradient descent algorithm to solve the noisy range-only localization problem. Finally, comparisons among simple barycentric coordinate averaging, a centralized gradient descent formulation and our distributed algorithm are provided.
Kinematic Analysis of the Bio-inspired Design of a Wearable Compliant Gait Rehabilitation Robotic System for Smart and Connected Health

The design of a novel actuator VIC-SEATS (Variable Impedance Compliant Series Elastic Actuator with Two Springs) is introduced and the static and kinematic characteristics of the soft actuator for a targeted application of actuating the knee joint of a gait rehabilitation robot is presented. Targeted novelties of the actuator design are that it is designed with only one motor and two sets of springs in series that can adjust the stiffness for low, medium and high force situations without any change in the springs, it is light in weight, compact in size but enough strong due to proposed fabrication with advanced materials, and it has competitive advantages such as high force controllability, force bandwidths, back-drivability, efficiency, safety, power/mass and force/mass ratios and output torque, and low friction, inertia and impedance. The electro-mechanical design, prospective fabrication materials and working mechanisms of the novel actuator design are summarized. Based on simulation results, the design parameters are optimized to determine desired static and kinematic features such as torque trajectory, torque-displacement relationship, velocity profile and required power/energy for actuating the knee joint of a gait rehabilitation robot through comparing these characteristics with the human characteristics. Then, applications of hand-held gaming interface to display key rehabilitation performance and the tele-rehabilitation facility for connected health are analyzed. Finally, social and technical motivations for stroke patients towards utilizing robotic rehabilitation devices are analyzed.
Characterization of slag and metal from uranium bomb reduction: Morphology, speciation, and the search for thorium

Abstract Metallic uranium is an important material for many applications, especially nuclear energy for low enriched metallic fuel forms and new reactor concepts. Due to the its high electropositivity, production pathways to the metallic form are limited. One of the historically most common synthesis routes involves the heating of a uranium (IV) halide, in this study UF4, with a highly electropositive metal like calcium. This synthesis is referred to as “bomb reduction” due to the temperatures and pressures released by the resulting exothermic reaction. This synthesis route is important for production, but it has also been shown to separate a decay product, thorium, from the parent uranium. This fractionation could be important for purification, but also presents the opportunity for radiochronometric dating of the reduction date. Unfortunately, little characterization has been performed on the products of this reaction. The present study performed bomb reduction on ∼10 g of thorium-doped (2000 ppm) UF4 followed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. This characterization revealed morphological features of the metal product and slag, the latter of which displayed a wide range of features that indicates a complex reaction in which many variables are involved. Initial characterizations also identified thorium-rich particles, which were extracted and analyzed via transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. These characterizations identified a new thorium-bearing phase, Al9-xFe7+xTh2Si
The Serologist’s Approach to the Problem

The problem of antibody diversity was of great concern to immunologists, and therefore it was appropriate that they study this problem with the serologic methods with which they were familiar. In retrospect, this was a fortuitous circumstance that allowed a rapid initial burst of information on this subject. At the time these serologic studies were begun, techniques for protein structure determination were not sufficiently developed to handle large complex molecules, nor were there available procedures for protein isolation suitable for the mixtures of molecules contained in most antibody populations. Indeed, the concept that a single molecule might have multiple, disulfide-linked subunits was years away. Even more remote was the idea of directly studying the genes encoding antibodies. Serology, on the other hand, was highly developed by the early 1950s. The fact that antibodies with exquisite specificity could be produced by immunization was fully appreciated. An impressive list of scientific pioneers including Pasteur, Koch, Von Behring, Erhlich, and Landsteiner had already contributed to this area.
Effect of low contrast medium-dose CTA on device sizing and access vessel assessment for TAVR.

Abstract Purpose Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is prevalent in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) candidates, leading to concerns regarding contrast medium (CM) safety. We evaluated (a) the impact of low-CM imaging on pre-TAVR measurements and (b) postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) prevalence after dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) in TAVR candidates. Methods All TAVR candidates with CKD (SCr≥1.5 mg/dL) who underwent weight-based low-CM, low-pitch helical 3rd-generation DSCT in a one-year period were included, and matched to standard-CM, non-CKD controls (N = 50). Image quality (IQ) and pre-TAVR measurement interobserver variability were evaluated. Renal function change and PC-AKI were studied in the entire TAVR cohort, irrespective of scan mode (N = 153). Results Low-CM in CKD (N = 25) was performed with median 68 mL CM [52–87], 90 kV [80–90] and SCr 1.6 mg/dL [1.5–1.9], and standard-CM without CKD with median 116 mL CM [96–134], 100 kV [90–110] and SCr 1.0 mg/dL [0.9–1.1](P 0.85). Interobserver-agreement was lower in low-CM, causing prosthesis size disagreement in 5/25 (kappa-0.73) versus 0/25 with standard-CM (kappa-1.00), and transfemoral eligibility disagreement in 4/25 (kappa-0.68) versus 2/25 (kappa-0.84), respectively. Mean 1-month SCr-change in the low-CM TAVR cohort (N = 35) was −1 % [−12 to +7 %] and in standard-CM (N = 118) 0 % [−8 to +10 %](P > 0.3). PC-AKI occurred in none. Conclusion Low-CM third-generation-DSCT achieves good IQ in TAVR candidates with CKD, and seems safe, with no apparent renal function deterioration or prevalence of PC-AKI. However, standard-CM protocols in non-CKD patients provide higher measurement reproducibility. Low-CM protocols should therefore be reserved for patients at high risk for PC-AKI.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Interactions of the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane Proton Pump Revealed Using a Mass Spectrometry Cleavable Cross-Linker

In plants and fungi, the plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase) establishes an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane, which serves as the driving force for the secondary transport of ions and nutrients across the cell membrane. This is an essential enzyme that functions in many important processes including stomatal movement, cell elongation, and cellular responses to stimuli from hormones, light, and other environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding how the activity of the H+-ATPase is regulated is important to understand how plants adapt to different growth conditions. The autoinhibitory effect of the C-terminal regulatory domain of H+-ATPase is well-established and is thought to be mediated by interactions with the catalytic domains. Here, using the lysine reactive mass spectrometry cleavable cross-linker DSSO, we found that the C-terminal domain of the Arabidopsis H+-ATPase 2 (AHA2) cross-linked extensively with the actuator, nucleotide-binding, and phosphorylation domains, suggesting that the C-terminal domain regulates the catalytic cycle by modulating the relative positions of these domains. Interestingly, several C-terminal cross-links occurred near a predicted proton binding site (Asp-684 in TM6), suggesting that the C-terminal domain may regulate proton efflux. Additionally, cross-links between the C-terminal domain and other domains of AHA2 were detected in a monomeric protein resolved on SDS-PAGE, suggesting that intramolecular interactions may also be involved in the regulation of enzyme activity. Finally, we observed mixed-isotope cross-linking between the C-terminal domain and other domains of 14N-AHA2 (unlabeled) and 15N-AHA2 (labeled), supporting our model that oligomeric H+-ATPase may autoinhibit the neighboring monomer in a "head-to-tail" configuration.
Semiautomated social media analytics for sensing societal impacts due to community disruptions during disasters

Abstract Understanding the societal impacts caused by community disruptions (e.g., power outages and road closures), particularly during the response stage, with timeliness and sufficient detail is...
Green infrastructure in comprehensive plans in coastal Texas

By guiding where, how, and when development occurs, comprehensive plans are an important vehicle to implement green infrastructure. To examine how green infrastructure is incorporated into local co...
Change in vibrational entropy with change in protein volume estimated with mode Grüneisen parameters

For a small adjustment in average volume, due to a change in state of a protein or other macromolecule at constant temperature, the change in vibrational entropy is related to the mode Gruneisen parameters, which relate shifts in frequency to a small volume change. We report here values of mode Gruneisen parameters computed for two hydrated proteins, cytochrome c and myoglobin, which exhibit trends with mode frequency resembling those of glassy systems. We use the mode Gruneisen parameters to relate volumetric thermal expansion to previously computed values of the isothermal compressibility for several proteins. We also estimate changes in vibrational entropy resulting from the change in volume upon ligand bonding of myoglobin and the homodimeric hemoglobin from Scapharca inaequivalvis (HbI). We compare estimates of the change in entropy upon ligation obtained in terms of mode Gruneisen parameters with the results of normal mode analysis for myoglobin and earlier molecular dynamics simulations of HbI. The results illustrate how small changes in average volume can yield changes in entropy that contribute to ligand binding and allostery.
Effective Therapy Targeting Cytochrome bc1 Prevents Babesia Erythrocytic Development and Protects from Lethal Infection

Abstract Targeting conserved metabolic processes that are essential for viability of pathogens, such as Plasmodium and Babesia that cause blood-borne diseases, is an effective strategy to eliminate malaria and babesiosis infections with no recrudescence. One interesting target is the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex, which could be inhibited by drugs such as endochin-like quinolones (ELQ) and atovaquone. We used the tick-transmitted and culturable blood-borne pathogen Babesia duncani to evaluate the structure-activity relationship, safety, efficacy and mode of action of ELQs. We identified a potent and highly selective ELQ prodrug (ELQ-502), which alone or in combination with atovaquone eliminates B. microti and B. duncani infections in vitro and in mouse models of parasitemia and lethal infection. The strong efficacy at low dose, excellent safety, bioavailability and long half-life of this experimental therapy makes it an ideal clinical candidate for the treatment of human infections caused by Babesia and its closely related apicomplexan parasites.
College as a Developmental Context for Emerging Adulthood in Autism: A Systematic Review of What We Know and Where We Go from Here

Autistic individuals often struggle to successfully navigate emerging adulthood (EA). College is an increasingly common context in which individuals learn and hone the necessary skills for adulthood. The goal of this paper is to systematically review and assess the existing research on college as a context of EA development in autistic individuals, particularly in terms of understanding whether and how this context might be critically different for those who are typically developing or developing with other disabilities. Our findings indicate that ASD college students report feeling prepared academically, but exhibit weaknesses in daily living and social skills. Interventions largely focus on social skills, and rarely evaluate outcomes relevant to college success or longer-term emerging adulthood independence. We conclude with hypotheses and recommendations for future work that are essential for understanding and supporting ASD students as they navigate potentially unique challenges in college and their transition to independence during EA.
Impact of Knowledge Acquisition on Technology Assimilation

The knowledge-based view of the firm has motivated a rich stream of research on how social factors impact knowledge acquisition by firms. More recently, information systems research has seen an increasing interest in the effect of social influences on software assimilation. This paper combines these two streams to examine the impact of social influences on software assimilation within the firm, using knowledge acquisition as a mediating variable. A structural equation model using formative constructs is developed. In this study of small and medium firms, we investigate the assimilation of three different software systems that support manufacturing. The study finds that the research model is statistically significant and provides evidence that social influences from a firm's peers, vendors, and suppliers promote knowledge acquisition and software assimilation. The study recommends a proactive role on the part of technology and enterprise intermediaries to design SME-appropriate solutions to promote softwar...
Identification and biochemical characterization of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from an insect, Manduca sexta (772.1)

Hemolymph (blood) of insects contains serine proteases and serine protease inhibitors that function in innate immune responses. The objective for this research was to investigate low molecular weig...
Dendritic Spikes and Their Influence on Extracellular Calcium Signaling

Extracellular calcium is critical for many neural functions, including neurotransmission, cell adhesion, and neural plasticity. Experiments have shown that normal neural activity is associated with...
Mayan language revitalization, hip hop, and ethnic identity in Guatemala

Abstract This paper analyzes the language ideologies and linguistic practices of Mayan-language hip hop in Guatemala, focusing on the work of the group B'alam Ajpu. The members of B'alam Ajpu use a mix of Spanish and Mayan languages in their music and run a school that combines lessons in hip hop (rapping, break-dancing, etc.) with efforts to promote the use of Mayan languages among children. The language ideologies associated with B'alam Ajpu intersect and challenge the ideologies associated with both language revitalization and with hip hop. The linguistic practices of B'alam Ajpu also challenge hegemonic assumptions regarding ethnic identity in Guatemala.
A Unified Framework for Salient Curves, Regions, and Junctions Inference

We present a unified computational framework to generate descriptions in terms of regions, curves, and labelled junctions, from sparse, noisy, binary data in 2-D. Each input site can be a point, a point with an associated tangent direction, a point with an associated tangent vector, or any combination of the above. The methodology is grounded on two elements: tensor calculus for representation, and non-linear voting for communication. Each input site communicates its information (a tensor) to its neighborhood through a predefined (tensor) field, and therefore casts a (tensor) vote. Each site collects all the votes cast at its location and encodes them into a new tensor. A local, parallel routine then simultaneously detects junctions, curves and region boundaries. The proposed approach is non-iterative, and the only free parameter is the size of the neighborhood, related to the scale. We illustrate the approach with results on a variety of images, then outline further applications.
Non-equilibrium critical behaviour on fractal lattices

A simple one-component surface reaction model exhibiting a critical point has been studied on deterministic fractal lattices with fractal dimension 1(Df(2. Results from time-dependent simulations show a change in the value of the critical exponents with Df. Two of the exponents interpolate very nicely between the values in one and two dimensions.
Clinical neurological aspects of familial dysautonomia.

Abstract Dysautonomia is a disease with widespread neurological manifestations involving not only the autonomic nervous system (labile hypertension, vascular instability, abnormal sweating, hypolacrima, etc.) but also the sensory and motor systems. The clinical findings with particular reference to the nervous system are described in 48 patients and 6 patients are described in some detail. On the basis of these findings and of the genetic, neuropathological and physiological characteristics of the disorder it is suggested that the defect in this syndrome involves a deficiency or modification of a neurohumoral transmitter substance, possibly acetylcholine itself.
The effect of metal ions on the decomposition of N-nitrosamides: A reexamination

Abstract The kinetic data of R. Preussman, R. Deutsch-Wenzel, and G. Eisenbrand (Z. Krebsforsch., 84, 75(1975)) showing the effect of metal ions on the decomposition of N-nitrosamides have been reexamined, a rate equation determined, and a mechanism proposed for the decomposition
Growth of murine cytomegalovirus in murine and heterologous brain cell cultures.

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) produced a cytopathic effect in mouse brain, guinea pig embryonic brain, human brain and fibroblast cells. Virus-specific antigen was detected by immunofluorescence in these cells after primary infection with MCMV. MCMV also replicated in mouse embryo brain and guinea pig brain cells. Although definite evidence of MCMV replication could not be demonstrated in human cells, MCMV infectivity was maintained for 12 days in human cell cultures.
Some generalizations involving the polar derivative for an inequality of Paul Turán

Let p(z) be a polynomial of degree n and for a complex number α, let D α p(z) = np(z) + (α-z)p'(z) denote the polar derivative of the polynomial p(z) with respect to α. In this paper, we obtain inequalities for the polar derivative of a polynomial having all its zeros in |z| ≤ K. Our results generalize and sharpen a famous inequality of Turan and some other known results in this direction.
Progress and directions in olfactory development.

The meeting was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health DC05807-1 and the National Science Foundation IBN-0222427. Thanks also to the trainees that helped to record all of the sessions, including M. Akins, K. Fernandez, N. Fox, P. Han, K. Hillier, J. Hudson, C. Iwema, S. Larimer, B. Lipscomb, S. Kawauchi, G. Matthews, and S. Sachse.
The consumption of fuels during prolonged starvation

Abstract Studies on fasted man have shown an adaptation of brain to ketoacid utilization. This is accompanied by a diminished rate of gluconeogenesis by liver. Kidney contributes a significant proportion of the diminished glucose synthesis, and this moiety is related to the rate of ammoniagenesis. The overall decreased nitrogen excretion and brain adaptation permits survival during prolonged periods of deprivation.
Provider communication on perinatal depression: a population-based study.

Women’s lack of knowledge on symptoms of perinatal depression and treatment resources is a barrier to receiving care. We sought to estimate the prevalence and predictors of discussing depression with a prenatal care provider. We used the 2011 population-based data from 24 sites participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 32,827 women with recent live births) to examine associations between maternal characteristics and report that a prenatal care provider discussed with her what to do if feeling depressed during or after pregnancy. Overall, 71.9 % of women reported discussing perinatal depression with their prenatal care provider (range 60.7 % in New York City to 85.6 % in Maine). Women were more likely to report a discussion on perinatal depression with their provider if they they were 18-29years of age than over 35 years of age compared to older (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 18 to 19 y = 1.08, 20 to 24 y = 1.10, 25 to 29 y = 1.09), unmarried (aPR = 1.07) compared to married, had 12 years, and had no previous live births (aPR = 1.03) compared to ≥1 live births. Research is needed on effective ways to educate women about perinatal depression and whether increased knowledge on perinatal depression results in higher rates of treatment and shorter duration of symptoms.
Water, hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, carbon-13, and oxygen-18 content of selected lunar material.

The water content of the breccia is 150 to 455 ppm, with a δD from—580 to —870 per mil. Hydrogen gas content is 40 to 53 ppm with a δD of —830 to —970 per mil. The CO2 is 290 to 418 ppm with δ 13C = + 2.3 to + 5.1 per mil and δ18O = 14.2 to 19.1 per mil. Non-CO2 carbon is 22 to 100 ppm, δ13C = —6.4 to —23.2 per mil. Lunar dust is 810 ppm H2O (D = 80 ppm) and 188 ppm total carbon(δ13C = —17.6 per mil). The 18O analyses of whole rocks range from 5.8 to 6.2 per mil. The temperature of crystallization of type B rocks is 1100° to 1300°C, based on the oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting plagioclase and ilmenite.
Foliar Penetration and Phytotoxicity of Paraquat as Influenced by Peanut Cultivar1

Abstract Field studies were conducted over a three year period to examine the sensitivity of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Florunner, Sunrunner, Southern runner, and NC 7) to foliar applications of paraquat (1, 1′-dimethyl-4, 4′-bipyridinium ion). Treatments included an untreated control and four herbicide treatments: paraquat applied alone at 0.14 and 0.28 kg/ha, or tank mixed with alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] at 4.40 kg/ha. Weeds were hand-removed so that only herbicidal treatments were variables. Paraquat phytotoxicity did not differ between cultivars. No cultivar evaluated was abnormally sensitive nor tolerant to any paraquat-containing treatment. Laboratory studies utilizing radio labelled paraquat revealed that foliar absorption and translocation of paraquat did not vary between peanut cultivars. Yield differences were attributed to differences in yield potential between cultivars.
The Molecular Determinants of the Increased Reduction Potential of the Rubredoxin Domain of Rubrerythrin Relative to Rubredoxin

Based on the crystal structures, three possible sequence determinants have been suggested as the cause of a 285 mV increase in reduction potential of the rubredoxin domain of rubrerythrin over rubredoxin by modulating the polar environment around the redox site. Here, electrostatic calculations of crystal structures of rubredoxin and rubrerythrin and molecular dynamics simulations of rubredoxin wild-type and mutants are used to elucidate the contributions to the increased reduction potential. Asn160 and His179 in rubrerythrin versus valines in rubredoxins are predicted to be the major contributors, as the polar side chains contribute significantly to the electrostatic potential in the redox site region. The mutant simulations show both side chains rotating on a nanosecond timescale between two conformations with different electrostatic contributions. Reduction also causes a change in the reduction energy that is consistent with a linear response due to the interesting mechanism of shifting the relative populations of the two conformations. In addition to this, a simulation of a triple mutant indicates the side-chain rotations are approximately anticorrelated so whereas one is in the high potential conformation, the other is in the low potential conformation. However, Ala176 in rubrerythrin versus a leucine in rubredoxin is not predicted to be a large contributor, because the solvent accessibility increases only slightly in mutant simulations and because it is buried in the interface of the rubrerythrin homodimer.
Familial influences on the adrenal androgen excretion rate during the adrenarche

The regulation of adrenal androgen (AA) production in both children and adults has not been defined. We report here on two different studies that examined familial influences on AA production early in life when such production is accelerated, a period known as the adrenarche. AA production was estimated from measurements of excretion of AA in urine samples collected overnight. The first study used a twin model where genetic and environmental components to the variance in AA excretion were determined in white monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. The intraclass correlation coefficient for weight-adjusted AA excretion was .730 (P < .0001) in MZ twins and .511 (P = .007) in DZ twins. There was a significant genetic component to the weight-adjusted AA excretion rate, with a heritability of 58%. Environmental effects accounted for 17% of the variation. Black children were previously shown to have higher AA levels than white children. Therefore, in the second study we looked for evidence that race affected familial influences on AA excretion. To estimate familial aggregation of AA excretion, intraclass correlations were determined in siblings from black and white families. AA excretion rates were measured twice-yearly for up to 4.5 years, and an individual's average excretion rate was used in the analysis. The intraclass correlation coefficient for the weight-adjusted AA excretion in black siblings was .492 (P = .0021), and for white siblings it was .372 (P = .0003). Intraclass correlation coefficients for AA excretion rates were not significantly different in the two racial groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Resonance Raman spectroscopic study of an iodine-doped pseudo-interpenetrating polymer network of natural rubber-poly(carbonate urethane)

Abstract The resonance Raman (r.R.) spectra of two highly conducting, but distinct, iodine-doped rubber samples, natural rubber (NR) and pseudo-interpenetrating polymer (PIPN) (NR with crosslinked polyurethane) have been investigated. Both systems with excessive iodine exhibit nearly indistinguishable r.R. spectra, with well-resolved iodine modes in the low-frequency region, −1 , and a nearly featureless spectrum in the region of the polymer modes, > 1000 cm −1 . When the excess iodine is washed, the r.R. spectrum in the low-frequency range remains unchanged, but the high-frequency region becomes distinct. NR exhibits enhanced polymer backbone modes, but the PIPNs retain featureless spectra. These findings suggest that energy transfer from iodine to the polymer backbone in the case of NR is evident, but no such path exists in the PIPN samples, i.e. different energy transfer paths are operational.
Following the Motions of Water Molecules in Aqueous Solutions

Water molecules in an aqueous solution constantly translate and rotate in an intricate and beautiful dance that underlies essential processes in areas ranging from biology to atmospheric chemistry. Recent experimental advances are letting us see some steps of this dance for water molecules interacting with simple molecules and ions. These studies are now possible because of the invention of infrared lasers that fire pulses on ultrashort time scales. In this issue, two examples at the forefront of this new field, involving the dynamics of water around anions and cations, are reported by Ji et al. on page 1003 ( 1 ) and Tielrooij et al. on page 1006 ( 2 ).
A logical approach to knowledge based control

Future increase in industrial productivity will stem, in large measure, from the effective utilization of automation technologies in the manufacturing environment. Although many tools exist for process automation in both hardware capabilities and software techniques, they have been applied to date only in restricted environments and for limited applications. To fully reap the benefits of the technological state of the art, isolated capabilities must be integrated into a synergistic whole. This paper demonstrates how a logic-based approach can provide both a practical and a theoretical foundation for such integration. From a theoretical standpoint, a coherent framework build on logic-based techniques is indicated. A promising structure within this arena is modal logic, which serves to integrate other methodologies such as temporal logic. Further, the power of this approach as a formalizing tool is shown. In particular, the formalization can provide a rigorous structure for investigating the theoretical limits as well as efficiency issues. From a practical standpoint, the methods of logic can serve as a substrate for integrating diverse representation techniques. More specifically, the integration of qualitative and quantitative knowledge is studied. Previous work in qualitative physics as well as concepts such as the superinterval, which effectively combines point-based and interval-based temporal reasoning techniques, can be utilized. The major advantage of an integrated approach is the feasibility of developing model-based control systems. As a result, various activities such as process planning, error diagnosis, and fault management can proceed through a chain of causal inferences rather than merely stand as a superficial set of decision rules. In this way, the control system can check for internal consistency and even reason about some eventualities which were not necessarily envisioned by the original developers. The utility of this integrated, model-based approach is investigated using case studies.
The ‘Digital Divide’: Are we becoming a world of technological ‘haves’ and ‘have‐nots?’

The printing press, steam engine, Winchester repeating rifle, automobile, and cable television are all technological advancements which commentators claimed would revolutionize society and dramatically alter the direction of civilization. The most recent technological development which has received similar adulation is known by a variety of labels including ‘Cyberspace,’ ‘the Information Superhighway, or simply ‘the Net.’ Increasingly, one hears that this latest innovation, heralded as the ‘Great Equalizer,’ will be the remedy for the world's social ills; especially those associated with the need for universal access to information and educational opportunities. However, like its predecessors, information technology is neither magic dust nor some kinetic elixir. Information technology is merely a tool, like so many others, that can be used at society's pleasure, in any number of ways, with no assurance that the outcome will be positive. In the 1990s, we are yet again confronted with what United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower referred to as ‘the recurring temptation’ to assume that ‘some spectacular and costly action will become the miraculous solution to all current social and economic difficulties.’
Synthesis and excited state dynamics of μ-oxo group IV metal phthalocyanine oligomers: Trimers and tetramers

Two μ-oxo silicon phthalocyanines have been synthesized and subjected to photophysical examination. The results have been compared to the monomeric and dimeric systems published previously. The Q-bands in the ground state absorption spectra undergo a blue shift with respect to the monomer due to an excitonic interaction of the transition dipoles of the coplanar silicon phthalocyanine units having central symmetry along the Si−O−Si axis, with no significant molecular orbital overlap. This excitonic interaction generates a new set of excited states. The Q-band shift (with respect to the monomer) is greater as the number of phthalocyanine rings is increased consistent with the molecular exciton model of a linear polymer. On suprananosecond time scales, photoexcitation generated optical absorptions of triplet states that decayed with intrinsic lifetimes in the tens of microseconds region. These were quenched in the presence of O2 with bimolecular rate constants for the trimer and tetramer of near 2 × 106 M-1 ...
Photonics on a Silicon Chip

Photonics on a silicon chip could enable a platform for monolithic integration of optics and microelectronics for applications of optical interconnects in which high data streams are required in a small footprint. In this talk I will review the challenges and achievement in the field of silicon photonics. Using highly confined photonic structures one can enhance the electro-optical and non-linearities properties of Silicon and enable ultra-compact and low power photonic components with very low loss. We have recently demonstrated several active components including GHz electro-optic low power switches and modulators, all-optical amplifiers and wavelength converters on silicon.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
HPLC separation of different generations of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers modified with various terminal groups.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers of different generations with various terminal groups were analyzed, for the first time, using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) techniques. Separation of amine-terminated dendrimers from generation 1 through generation 9 (G1NH2−G9NH2) was achieved using reversed-phase HPLC with elution time increasing gradually as the density of terminal amine groups increases as a function of generation. Furthermore, separation of dendrimers with terminal amino, acetamide, hydroxyl, and carboxylate groups was obtained. It has also been shown that HPLC can be used to separate dendrimers based on some structural defects inherent during the syntheses of PAMAM dendrimers. MALDI-TOF mass spectra of G1NH2 identify the major imperfections present during typical synthesis processes. The absolute molar masses (Mn) and molar mass distributions of the dendri...
Controversy about Treatment of Growth Hormone–Deficient Adults: A Commentary

In this issue, Isley and Cook provide strong arguments for diametrically opposed positions concerning growth hormone treatment for adult growth hormone deficiency. For those searching for a positio...
Physician Quality Reporting System: 2013 Update

PQRS : Physician Quality Reporting System The Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) is intended to promote the reporting of quality metrics for covered Physician Fee Schedule services provided to Medicare Part B beneficiaries. The program began in 2007 and uses a combination of incentive
Experimental and theoretical study of orientation effects on flow boiling CHF

Abstract The effects of orientation on flow boiling critical heat flux (CHF) were investigated using high-speed video and microphotographic techniques. Interfacial features were measured just prior to CHF and statistically analyzed. A dominant wavy vapor layer regime was observed for all relatively high-velocities and most orientations, while several other regimes were encountered at low velocities, in downflow and/or downward-facing heated wall orientations. The interfacial lift-off model was modified and used to predict the orientation effects on CHF for the dominant wavy vapor layer regime. The photographic study revealed a fairly continuous wavy vapor layer travelling along the heated wall while permitting liquid contact only in wetting fronts, located in the troughs of the interfacial waves. The waves, which were generated at an upstream location, had a tendency to preserve a curvature ratio as they propagated along the heated wall. CHF commenced when wetting fronts near the outlet were lifted off the wall. This occurred when the momentum of vapor normal to the wall exceeded the pressure force associated with interfacial curvature. The interfacial lift-off model is shown to be very effective at capturing the overall dependence of CHF on orientation.
Nuclear Cross Sections for 95 Mev Neutrons

The total cross sections of twelve different elements were measured using the neutron beam from the 184-inch cyclotron operating with deuterons. Bismuth fission ionization chambers were employed as both monitor and detector in conventional "good geometry" attenuation measurements in the neutron flux emerging from the three-inch diameter collimating port in the 10-foot thick concrete shielding. The mean energy of detection of the neutrons in this experiment is estimated to be 95 Mev.Measurements were also made with a monitor and detector placed inside the concrete shielding where we could obtain an intense neutron flux over a large area. Attenuators of four different elements were placed in front of the detector in a "poor geometry" arrangement so that attenuation was due essentially to inelastic collisions which degrade the neutron energy below the fission threshold. A second detector was placed outside the concrete shielding in the collimated neutron beam in line with the neutron source, absorber, and first detector. Attenuation in it is caused by both inelastic and elastic scattering. By this arrangement the ratio of inelastic to total cross section can be determined directly in one experiment.The nuclear radii as calculated from the observed cross sections using the theory of the transparent nucleus vary as 1.38\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ A\textonehalf{} cm. In this energy range the ratios of the inelastic to total cross sections are all less than one-half.
HEAD AND NECK INJURIES IN YOUNG ATHLETES

Careful study of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of sports-related spine injuries brings to light many common features. The incidence increases as the sport becomes increasingly violent and aggressive. Poor conditioning and lack of knowledge of the proper techniques of the sport put the athlete at significant risk for head and spine injury. Improper helmet fit and the use of the head as an offensive weapon also are common features of injury. Although recognition of these features has resulted in a dramatic reduction in catastrophic neurological injury, the athlete remains at risk for less severe head and spine injury, and concussion remains at epidemic proportions at high school, university, and professional levels. It is hoped that careful recognition of the signs of concussion and knowledge of return-to-play criteria will prevent catastrophic complications from minor head injuries, although the long-term effects of multiple concussions on cognition may be problematic.
SU-D-18A-03: Markerless Motion Tracking of Lung Tumors Using Dual-Energy Fluoroscopy

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of dual energy (DE) vs. single energy (SE) fluoroscopic imaging in lung tumors using a markerless template-based tracking algorithm. Methods: Ten representative patient breathing patterns were programmed into a Quasar™ motion phantom. The phantom was modified by affixing pork ribs to the surface, and a cedar insert with a small spherical volume was used to simulate lung and tumor, respectively. Gated 60kVp(6mA) and 120kVp(1.5mA) fluoroscopic sequences were acquired using the Varian TrueBeam Integrated Imaging Solution. These high and low energy frames were subsequently aligned by phase and amplitude. Frame-by-frame weighted logarithmic subtraction was performed resulting in a DE fluoroscopic image sequence that highlighted soft tissue structures. A template-based algorithm was then used to track tumor motion throughout the sequence for DE and SE images (120kVp). Tracking coordinates were evaluated against ground truth tumor locations as identified by a physician. A displacement of greater than 3 mm was considered a non-successful track. The same process was also repeated for images obtained from 3 SBRT lung patients, none of which had implanted fiducials. Results: For phantom imaging, a total of 1925 frames were analyzed. The algorithm successfully tracked the target on 91.6%(1763/1925) of DE frames vs. 74.9%(1441/1923) SE images (p<0.001). The displacement between tracking coordinates and ground truth for the phantom was 1.1mm+/−0.7mm for DE and 1.5mm+/− 0.6mm for SE (p<0.001). Images from 3 patients were analyzed with the tumor tracked on 84.9%(478/563) of frames for DE vs. 53.5%(301/563) for SE (p<0.001). The average difference to ground truth for successfully tracked DE frames was 0.6mm+/−0.6mm vs. 1.7mm+/−0.7mm SE (p<0.001). Conclusion: This work indicates the potential for markerless tumor tracking utilizing DE fluoroscopy. With DE imaging, the algorithm showed improved detectability vs. SE fluoroscopy and was able to accurately track the tumor in a majority of cases. This work was supported by Varian Medical Systems
Explaining ethnic bloc voting in Africa

What explains bloc voting among ethnic groups in Africa? Using the Herfindahl Hirschman Index of Concentration on partisan preference data from the Afrobarometer, this article tests several hypotheses regarding the explanation as to why some ethnic groups: (1) express voting preferences as a bloc; (2) express voting preferences as a bloc for the governing party or the opposition. This article found that the geographic concentration of the group best explained general bloc voting. In terms of the direction of support, the degree to which a group is discriminated against and politically mobilized explains bloc voting against the governing party, whereas bloc voting for the governing party is explained by the extent to which the governing party is politically dominant. This suggests that the prospects for patronage helps explain voting as a bloc for most all groups, except those that face discrimination and are politically mobilized.
Ambulatory pathway laser prostate surgery in severely ill patients--feasibility and short-term outcomes.

Objective To assess readmissions, complications, and outcomes of a rapid ambulatory discharge pathway (RADP) in high anesthetic risk patients who have undergone laser prostate surgery. Methods Medical records of patients who underwent holmium laser ablation of the prostate between 2007 and 2012 by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists category ≥3 (“severe systemic disease”) were included. All patients were scheduled for a rapid ambulatory discharge pathway, which involved discharge on the day of surgery with a urethral catheter, with a voiding trial on postoperative day 3. Results Fifty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria. Fifty patients (88%) were successfully discharged on rapid ambulatory discharge pathway. Six patients (11%) were later readmitted for hematuria (3), urinary retention (1), or cardiac events (2). Two patients (4%) had emergency department visits for catheter-related problems. Increasing length of surgery, increasing amount of laser energy used, and a surgical indication indicative of more advanced disease were associated with postoperative hospitalization and readmissions on univariate analysis. No patient operated on for lower urinary tract symptoms was hospitalized or needed a readmission. The mean change in International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life at 3 months were −12.5 ± 8.2 (P <.001) and −2.6 ± 1.7 (P <.001), respectively. Conclusion It is safe to use a rapid ambulatory discharge pathway for laser prostatectomy in high anesthetic risk patients with good short-term outcomes, especially in men operated on for lower urinary tract symptoms.
Repair analysis of mitomycin C-induced DNA crosslinking in ribosomal RNA genes in lymphoblastoid cells from Fanconi's anemia patients.

Abstract The repair of mitomycin C (MMC)-induced DNA crosslinking was analyzed by denaturation-renaturation gel electrophoresis in ribosomal RNA genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines from 4 patients with Fanconi's anemia (FA). In comparison to normal lymphoblastoid cell lines, 2 lines of FA cells belonging to complementation group A clearly exhibited higher sensitivity to MMC and an almost identical deficiency in the removal of DNA crosslinking. A complementation group B cell line, HSC 62, exhibited a lower sensitivity than group A cells and a lesser deficiency in crosslink repair. Another ‘non-A’ group cell line, HSC 230, reproducibly exhibited even higher sensitivity to MMC than group A cells. The results on MMC crosslinkage removal at the molecular level correlated well with cell survival. The observed subtle differences of repair among the 4 FA cell lines might represent possible genetic differences in the respective FA complementation groups.