cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurologic Complications of Mechanical Ventilation

A. The developing brain of the newborn, and in particular the premature infant, is at increased risk for hemorrhagic and/or ischemic injury (Table 76.1 ). B. The most frequent lesions noted are periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage (PV-IVH) and injury to white matter, often referred to as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). C. These lesions are most likely to occur in the premature infant with respiratory distress syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. D. The etiology of both lesions is likely multifactorial including the following:
Conquering testability problems by combining in-circuit and functional techniques

This paper will describe common testability problems encountered in writing in-circuit test programs and functional test programs for modern microprocessor-based boards. It will show how combining the two test approaches offers solutions for boards previously considered to be untestable.
Outcomes in Peritoneal Dissemination from Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of the Appendix Treated with Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.

Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is standard treatment for peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal cancer (AC); however, its role in high-grade histopathologic subtypes (high-grade mucinous carcinoma peritonei [HGMCP] and HGMCP with signet ring cells [HGMCP-S]) is controversial due to their aggressive behavior. This study analyzed clinical outcomes of high-grade AC after CRS/HIPEC. A prospective database of CRS/HIPEC procedures for HGMCP performed from 1998–2017 was reviewed. Perioperative variables and survival were analyzed. Eighty-six HGMCP and 65 HGMCP-S were identified. HGMCP had more positive tumor markers (TM) (CEA/CA-125/CA-19-9) than HGMCP-S (63% vs 40%, p = 0.005). HGMCP had higher Peritoneal Cancer Index (32 vs 26, p = 0.097) and was less likely to have positive lymph nodes (LN) than HGMCP-S (28% vs 69%, p = < 0.001). Complete cytoreduction was achieved in 84% and 83%, respectively. PFS at 3- and 5-years was 59% and 48% for HGMCP vs 31% and 14% for HGMCP-S. Median PFS was 4.3 and 1.6 years, respectively (p < 0.001). OS at 3- and 5-years was 84% and 64% in HGMCP vs 38% and 25% in HGMCP-S. Median OS was 7.5 and 2.2 years, respectively (p < 0.001). LN negative HGMCP-S had longer median PFS and OS than LN positive HGMCP-S (PFS: 3.4 vs 1.5 years, p = 0.03; OS: 5.6 vs 2.1 months, p = 0.021). The aggressive histology of HGMCP-S is associated with poor OS, has fewer abnormal TM, and is more likely to have positive LN. However, CRS/HIPEC can achieve a 5-year survival of 25%, which may improve to 51% with negative LN.
The initial growth of sidebranches in ammonium chloride dendrites

Abstract We report measurements for the initial stages of sidebranching during the dendritic growth of ammonium chloride from supersaturated aqueous solution. The earliest sidebranches are approximately periodic; they are first evident about 36 ρ behind the tip, where ρ is the tip radius, and have an average initial spacing of about 5 ρ , though both values show considerable variation. The initial sidebranch amplitude grows approximately exponentially, but quickly saturates as sidebranches compete and coarsening sets in. This initial sidebranch growth is reasonably consistent with what would be expected for noise-driven sidebranches, though there are some quantitative differences.
In Situ PM-IRRAS at the Air/Electrolyte/Solid Interface Reveals Oxidation of Iron to Distinct Minerals.

Iron interfaces undergo redox and catalytic processes in various environments, on the surface of soils, dust, minerals, and materials that comprise industrial infrastructure. Measuring reactions at...
Biosensors—Recent Advances and Future Challenges

Biosensors are analytical devices that are able to convert a biological response into an electrical signal [...].
Natural IgA and TNFRSF13B polymorphism: a double edged sword fueling balancing selection

TNFRSF13B encodes the "transmembrane-activator and CAML-interactor" (TACI) receptor, which drives plasma cell differentiation. Although TNFRSF13B supports host defense, dominant-negative TNFRSF13B alleles are common in humans and other species and only rarely associate with disease. We reasoned the high frequency of disruptive TNFRSF13B alleles reflects balancing selection, the loss of function conferring advantage in some settings. Testing that concept, we asked whether and how a common human dominant negative variant, TNFRSF13B A181E, imparts resistance to enteric pathogens. Mice engineered to express mono-allelic or bi-allelic A144E variants of tnrsf13B, corresponding to A181E exhibited striking resistance to pathogenicity and transmission of C. rodentium, a murine pathogen that models enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and resistance was principally owed to deficiency of natural IgA in the intestine. In wild type mice with gut IgA and in mutant mice fed IgA, binding of Ig induces expression of LEE encoded virulence genes, which confer pathogenicity and transmission. C. rodentium and probably some other enteric organisms thus appropriated binding of otherwise protective antibodies to signal induction of the virulence program and the high prevalence of TNFRSF13B dominant negative variants thus reflects balancing selection.
Chemogenomic approach to identifying nematode chemoreceptor drug targets in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora.

Abstract Parasitic nematodes constitute one of the major threats to human health, causing diseases of major socioeconomic importance worldwide. Recent estimates indicate that more than 1 billion people are infected with parasitic nematodes around the world. Current measures to combat parasitic nematode infections include anthelmintic drugs. However, heavy exposure to anthelmintics has selected populations of livestock parasitic nematodes that are no longer susceptible to the drugs, rendering several anthelmintics useless for parasitic nematode control in many areas of the world. The rapidity with which anthelmintic resistance developed in response to these drugs suggests that increasing the selective pressure on human parasitic nematodes will also rapidly generate resistant worm populations. Therefore, development of new anthelmintics is of major importance before resistance becomes widespread in human parasitic nematode populations. G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) represent an important target for many pharmacological interventions due to their ubiquitous expression in various cell types. GPCRs contribute to numerous physiological processes, and their ligand binding sites located on cell surfaces make them accessible targets and attractive substrates in terms of druggability. In fact, ∼35 % of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved drugs target GPCRs and their associated proteins, with over 300 additional drugs targeting GPCRs at the clinical trial stage. Nematode Chemosensory GPCRs (NemChRs) are unique to nematodes, and therefore represent ideal substrates for target-based drug discovery. Here we set out to identify NemChRs that are transcriptionally active inside the host, and to use these NemChRs in a reverse pharmacological screen to impede parasitic development. Our data identified several NemChRs, and we focused on one that was expressed in neuronal cells and exhibited the highest fold change in transcription after host activation. Next, we performed homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations of this NemChR in order to conduct a virtual screening campaign to identify candidate drug targets which were ranked and selected for experimental testing in bioassays. Taken together, our results identify and characterize a candidate NemChR drug target, and provide a chemogenomic pipeline for identifying nematicide substrates.
Adolescent Boys and Pornography: Notes on a Complex System

Adolescent boys’ engagement with pornography serves multiple developmental functions. Like other external supports of developent it can contribute to problematic development. Understanding these mu...
Can Multimodal Invasive Imaging Be Used to Predict Periprocedural Myocardial Infarctions

More than 1 million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are performed per year in the United States. Although technological advances have significantly improved outcomes following PCI, 5% to 44% of PCI patients still experience periprocedural myocardial infarction (PMI). PMI can be either
Do Your Hard-Spheres Have Tails? A Molecular Dynamics Integration Algorithm for Systems with Mixed Hard-Core/Continuous Potentials

Integration algorithms for molecular-dynamics simulation generally fall into two mutually exclusive classes: those for purely collosional systems, such as hard spheres, and those for continous potentials. However, there exist theoretically important model systems, such as the restricted primative model for electolytes, that have both collisional and continuous potential components and for which no satisfatory molecular dynamics algorithm has been developed. For this reason simulation studies of such systems have been limited to Monte Carlo studies, which give no information as to dynamical properties. we present a new molcular-dynamics algorithm for integrating the equations of motion for a system of particles interacting with mixed continuous/impulsive forces. This method, which we call Collision Verlet, is constructed using operator splitting techniques similar to those that have been used successfully to generate a variety molecular-dynamics integrators. In numercial experiments, the Collision Verlet method is shown to be superior to previous methods with respect to stability and energy conservation in long simulations.
Translating textbooks: Russian, German, and the language of chemistry.

ABSTRACTUsing the cases of three Russian chemistry textbooks from the 1860s—authored by Freidrich Beilstein, A. M. Butlerov, and D. I. Mendeleev—this essay analyzes their contemporary translation into German and the implications of their divergent histories for scholars' understanding of the processes of credit accrual and the choices of languages of science.
Decentralized Event-Triggered Broadcasts over Networked Control Systems

This paper examines event-triggered broadcasting of state information in distributed networked systems. Event-triggering has the agent broadcast its state information when its local "error" signal exceeds a given threshold. We present a decentralized approach for determining event-triggering thresholds for nonlinear subsystems with the assumption that each agent only has access to its local state. The main results of this paper show that our decentralized event triggering scheme guarantees the asymptotic stability of the entire networked control system.
First-generation instrumentation for the Discovery Channel Telescope

The 4.3m Discovery Channel Telescope (DCT) has been conducting part-time science operations since January 2013. The f/6.1, 0.5° field-of-view at the RC focus is accessible through the Cassegrain instrument cube assembly, which can support 5 co-mounted instruments with rapid feed selection via deployable fold mirrors. Lowell Observatory has developed the Large Monolithic Imager (LMI), a 12.3' FOV 6K x 6K single CCD camera with a dual filter wheel, and installed at the straight-through, field-corrected RC focal station, which has served as the primary early science DCT instrument. Two low-resolution facility spectrographs are currently under development with first light for each anticipated by early 2015: the upgraded DeVeny Spectrograph, to be utilized for single object optical spectroscopy, and the unique Near-Infrared High-Throughput Spectrograph (NIHTS), optimized for single-shot JHK spectroscopy of faint solar system objects. These spectrographs will be mounted at folded RC ports, and the NIHTS installation will feature simultaneous optical imaging with LMI through use of a dichroic fold mirror. We report on the design, construction, commissioning, and progress of these 3 instruments in detail. We also discuss plans for installation of additional facility instrumentation on the DCT.
Characterization, application and potential uses of biotin-tagged inhibitors for lymphocyte serine proteases (granzymes)

Cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells are able to kill their target cells in minutes. The death of the target cell occurs after the release of cytoplasmic granules from the effector cell. These granules contain the pore-forming protein perforin and serine proteases (granzymes). To date 10 genes encoding lymphocyte granzymes have been discovered; of these only four have been purified and characterized for their substrate specificity. Several are predicted to have a common chymase, like specificity which is found in the granule extracts. Others may need to be enriched as active enzymes before they can be evaluated for substrate hydrolysis. Due to the limitations of detection by substrate hydrolysis, a more sensitive method for the detection of dilute granules was needed. We report the differing reactivities of seven biotin (Bi)-tagged isocoumarin (IC) inhibitors for Asp-ase, chymase, tryptase and Met-ase granzymes. The inhibitors contained different substituents at their no. 3 position: methoxy (OMe), ethoxy (OEt), propoxy (OPr) or 2-phenylethoxy (OEtPh) groups. The OMe group conferred general reactivity, whereas the OEtPh group conferred selective reactivity with chymase granzymes. The inhibitors that contained the longest aminocaproyl (Aca) spacers between the biotin-tag and the isocoumarin ring mediated the most stable granzyme inactivation. These inhibitors were the most effective at blocking lysis of red blood cells by the granule extracts. The inhibitors were used in protein blotting experiments where the biotin was detected with an avidin-enzyme complex. Over 10 granzymes were labelled by the inhibitor Bi-Aca-Aca-IC-OMe. The inhibitors detected granzymes when they were not readily detected by substrate hydrolysis.
Heteromerous interactions among glycolytic enzymes and of glycolytic enzymes with F-actin: effects of poly(ethylene glycol)

Interactions of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.9), aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate lyase, EC 4.1.2.13), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12), triose-phosphate isomerase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.1), phosphoglycerate mutase (D-phosphoglycerate 2,3-phosphomutase, EC 5.4.2.1), phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3), enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.11), pyruvate kinase (ATP:Pyruvate O2-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) and lactate dehydrogenase [S)-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) with F-actin, among the glycolytic enzymes listed above, and with phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) were studied in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol). Both purified rabbit muscle enzymes and rabbit muscle myogen, a high-speed supernatant fraction containing the glycolytic enzymes, were used to study enzyme-F-actin interactions. Following ultracentrifugation, F-actin and poly(ethylene glycol) tended to increase and KCl to decrease the pelleting of enzymes. In general, the greater part of the pelleting occurred in the presence of both F-actin and poly(ethylene glycol) and the absence of KCl. Enzymes that pelleted more in myogen preparations than as individual purified enzymes in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) and the absence of F-actin were tested for specific enzyme-enzyme associations, several of which were observed. Such interactions support the view that the internal cell structure is composed of proteins that interact with one another to form the microtrabecular lattice.
Occurrence and Characterization of Bean common mosaic virus Strain NL1 in Iowa

A legume survey in Story County was conducted to characterize legume viruses present in Iowa and potentially problematic to soybeans. Symptomatic (chlorosis, leaf curl, or vein banding) and non-symptomic leaves were selected from Apios americana, Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Desmodium spp., Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lotus japonicus, Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Vigna ungulculata, and Chenopodium quinoa (an indicator species), and sent to Agdia Inc. for their Crop Screen: “Bean (Soybean)” tests. Cowpea mosaic virus (in L. purpureus), Southern bean mosaic virus (in A. americana), Soybean dwarf virus (in L. purpureus), and Tobacco streak virus (in Desmodium spp.) were identified. In addition, P. vulgaris was found positive in the serological Potyvirus group test, and was further characterized using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using total RNA (Qiagen RNeasy extraction kit) from symptomatic leaves. A ~1-kb fragment of virus genome was amplified using degenerate primers, forward: 5′...
Estimation of Object Parameters by a Quantum-Limited Optical System

By means of the quantum-mechanical form of the Cramer-Rao inequality, a lower bound is set to the mean-square error in an unbiased estimate of a parameter of an incoherently radiating object observed in the presence of thermal background light by an optical system collecting light through a finite aperture. Estimates of absolute radiance, frequency, and position of the object are specifically analyzed. The bounds reduce in the classical limit to those previously obtained, but are valid in the quantum limit as well. When the background vanishes, the bounds depend only weakly on the effective number of independent spatial and temporal degrees of freedom of the object light at the aperture.
Receptors for complement components and xenogeneic erythrocytes on human T- and B-lymphoid cells

Biological and molecular properties of receptors specific for human T- and B-lymphoid cells are discussed. Sensitive, simple and reproducible methods to enumerate B- and T-lymphocytes are described: their possible application in clinical immunology is indicated. A new method to obtain enriched populations of human T- and B-lymphocytes from peripheral blood is described. This method appears to be suitable to investigate the properties of antigens specific for B- and T- lymphoid cells.
Periprostatic abscess Unusual complication of transurethral prostatecomy

Many large series analyzing the results and complications of transurethral prostatectomy have failed to mention the occurrence of periprostatic abscess. A case is described which followed perforation of the posterior capsule at the time of transurethral prostatic resection. This complication was successfully managed by transperineal needle aspiration and high-dosage antibiotic therapy.
Further results on Geršgorin Discs

Abstract This paper extends the work on Gersgorin Discs in the two articles “Geometric Multiplicities and Gersgorin Discs”, The American Mathematical Monthly , to appear, by R. Marsli and F. Hall, and “Gersgorin Discs Revisited”, Linear Algebra Appl. 438 (2013) 598–603, by M. Fiedler, F. Hall, and R. Marsli. The new results involve the algebraic multiplicity, the index of an eigenvalue, powers of matrices, and matrices in a given similarity class.
Academic Elite in Law, 1987–1997

Of the top-ranked law schools in 1987 as rated by U.S. News and World Report ( 3 ) , 76.9% of their faculty members had obtained their inltlal law degrees from one of these same nine top-ranked schools (2). This suggested these law schools had maintained and enhanced their reputations by hiring their own and one another's graduates. Here, law schools, ranked ten years later by U.S. News and World Report (4) were examined for (a) which of the nine law schools ranked highest in 1987 retained their high rankings in 1997 and (b) which persisted in hiring their own and one another's graduates. The law schools and their respective ranks in 1987 and 1997 are Yale 1 and 1, Harvard 1 and 2, Michigan 3 and 7, Stanford 4 and 4, Columbia 4 and 5, Chicago 6 and 3 , Cahfornia at Berkeley 7 and 8, Virginia 8 and 9, and New York University 9 and 6. Each of the nine schools ranked highest in 1987 was ranked among the top nine schools in 1997 ( p = .71). The names and alma maters of the full-time faculty in these nine schools in 1987 and 1997 were obtained from the 1989 and 1995 editions of The AALS Directory of Law Teachers (1). The median percentage of faculty who had obtained their degrees from their own school or from one of the other eight top-ranked schools in 1997 was 77.1% (range, 66.7%-88.1%); cf. 82.5% (range, 55.0%-90.4%) in 1987.
Laparoscopic repair of congenital bilateral Morgagni hernia

Morgagni hernia is a rare type of congenital diaphragmatic hernia found in the anterior aspect of the diaphragm. It typically presents in the pediatric population and rarely is diagnosed in adults. Only 3% of diaphragmatic hernias are the Morgagni type, and only 4% of these are found to present bilaterally. Surgical repair of Morgagni hernia has been performed through various approaches including open, laparoscopic, thoracotomy, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), all with and without mesh. The optimal method of surgical repair is not known due to the rarity of this condition and the limitations of setting up a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate the different methods. Laparoscopic repair with mesh has been described with good short-term results. Few case reports exist in the world literature describing laparoscopic repair of a bilateral Morgagni hernia with mesh. At the University of Washington, the authors present a video showing their technique for laparoscopic repair of a congenital, bilateral Morgagni type hernia with mesh.
Noncredit to credit transitioning matters for adult ESL learners in a California community college

This chapter raises awareness of the role that educational and socioeconomic background plays in the perceived sense of marginality and the decision-making process for adult immigrant learners who are preparing to transition from the highest levels of noncredit ESL to credit programs and postsecondary degree pathways.
Strengthening Universal Primary Education in Uganda: The potential role of an asset-based development policy

Abstract This paper is divided into three complementary parts. First, we examine the challenges to the Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy in Uganda, including insufficient instructional materials and family-level poverty. Second, guided by asset theory, and based on a systematic review of studies on asset-based development programs and interventions, we assess the potential of these programs in addressing the challenges of UPE, and improving access to UPE. Third, we conclude with a discussion of the implication of using asset-based development as one structural-level approach that may strengthen the UPE policy.
On the McLafferty and Double Hydrogen Rearrangements in Cycloalkylacetones

In the electron impact mass spectra of a series of cycloalkylacetones with ring sizes varying from cyclopropane to cycloheptane, the intensity of the McLafferty rearrangement ion at m/z 58 increases with the larger, less strained rings. The larger ring ketones give surprisingly intense “McLafferty plus one” ions at m/z 59, which is the base peak in the mass spectrum of cyclohexylacetone. This double hydrogen McLafferty rearrangement is favored over the single hydrogen rearrangement at both high (70 eV) and low (14 eV) ionizing voltages. Deuterium labelling confirms the expected considerable hydrogen migration in the cycloalkyl ring, occurring following hydrogen transfer to the carbonyl oxygen and prior to C-C bond cleavage.
Adaptive Design Space as an Integrated Component of Quality by Design

The US Food and Drug Administration requires pharmaceutical companies to develop extensive process understanding prior to routine manufacturing of drug products. Through development and validation, drug manufacturers enhance their process understanding and identify an acceptable range of process parameters for each unit operation; this is referred to as the design space. Typically, limited work is done to study the effect of long-term raw material variations on the robustness of the design space. In the present study, the development of a design space for a tablet formulation containing two APIs (acetaminophen, caffeine) through a direct compression process was investigated. A design of experiment including different excipient ratios of microcrystalline cellulose and lactose, two croscarmellose sodium levels, four tablet compression forces, and four blend parameters was created using an industrial-size press to define a knowledge space. Quality attributes (disintegration time, dissolution, radial tensile strength, and friability) were measured and a design space derived. In order to test the robustness of the design space, raw material properties, specifically particle size of acetaminophen and ratio of lactose anhydrous to monohydrate, were modified. Also, compression parameters were varied. Tablets were analyzed for relevant critical quality attributes (CQAs) to investigate how variability in raw materials can change the design space. The modification of the process parameters was used as a means of compensating for raw material variability to produce tablets that met CQA requirements. An adaptive design space approach based on the adaptation of critical process parameters is proposed to facilitate the creation of tablets meeting specifications despite variation in raw material properties.
A Matrix Isolation, Laser Flash Photolysis, and Computational Study of Adamantene

Photolysis (350 nm) of 3-noradamantyldiazirine (5) in argon at 14 K produces adamantene (1) (λmax = 320 nm; IR, ν = 1478 cm-1) and protoadamant-3-ene (8) (λmax = 220 nm); IR, ν = 1580 cm-1). Strained alkenes 1 and 8 can be interconverted photochemically in argon at 14 K. Laser flash photolysis (351 nm) of 5 in benzene solution produces 1. The decay of 1 is monitored at 325 nm. Absolute rate constants of reaction of 1 with methanol, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, acetic acid, and oxygen are reported.
Cardiac binding in experimental heart failure.

Abstract Background . Cardiomyoplasty is a potential therapy for heart failure. Its benefits are attributed to systolic augmentation (dynamic cardiomyoplasty) and prevention of cardiac dilatation (static cardiomyoplasty). To evaluate the static component, we used an artificial membrane for cardiac binding in a canine model of heart failure. Methods . Intracoronary doxorubicin was administered weekly for 4 weeks to induce heart failure in 10 dogs, each of which was assigned to one of two treatment groups: (1) no treatment, or (2) cardiac binding. Hemodynamic data were obtained at operation and at 7 weeks after operation. Echocardiography was performed weekly. Results . Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and diameter, and right ventricular end-diastolic diameter increased in group 1 (from 9.6 ± 6.1 to 19.6 ± 2.3 mm Hg, p = 0.009; from 3.9 ± 0.4 to 5 ± 0.3 cm, p = 0.0013; and from 1.6 ± 0.2 to 1.9 ± 0.3 cm, p = 0.0036, respectively). Ejection fraction fell in group 1 from 0.60 ± 0.10 to 0.40 ± 0.04 ( p = 0.0009) and in group 2 from 0.56 ± 0.02 to 0.40 ± 0.04 ( p = 0.0001), but the difference between groups was not significant. Conclusion . Cardiac binding reduces the ventricular dilatation associated with heart failure without exacerbating left ventricular dysfunction.
In Situ Roman Studies of Graphite Surface Structures during Lithium Electrochemical Intercalation

Surface structural changes were investigated using in situ Raman microspectroscopy during lithium intercalation into Lonza KS‐44 and KS‐6 graphite materials in solutions of ethylene carbonate (EC)/dimethyl carbonate (DMC) or EC/1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME). In the 1 M EC/DMC solution, the Raman spectral changes indicate that graphite undergoes a series of transitions during the electrochemical lithium intercalation process from initial formation of the dilute stage 1 GIC (graphite intercalation compound) to a stage 4 GIC, then through a stage 3 to stage 2 and finally to a stage 1 GIC. The reversibility of the Raman spectral changes indicates that the top layers of the graphite are not damaged during the first charge and discharge cycle. Intercalation‐induced strain causes the E2g2 (i) mode of the unbound graphite layers to shift toward lower frequency in the stage 4 and stage 3 GICs. In the 1 M EC/DME solution, the Raman spectra changed dramatically in the high‐potential range (0.9–0.5 V) during the discharge and charge processes, indicating that the graphite surface structure is altered even at the high potentials where major lithium intercalation is not expected to occur. Irreversible spectral changes in the E2g2 band shoulders suggest that the surface structural changes are also irreversible. Raman spectral changes of the E2g2 band in the potential range 0.9–0.5 V are attributed to extensive surface graphite exfoliation caused by solvent cointercalation with lithium ions. This is in accordance with the large irreversible capacity consumption in the potential range 0.9–0.5 V observed during the first discharge process. In the low‐potential range, the Raman spectral changes of the graphite in EC/DME solutions are similar to those in EC/DMC solution.
Value of arm exercise testing in detecting coronary artery disease.

Abstract Alternative methods of exercise testing are needed for patients with vascular, orthopedic or neurologic conditions who cannot perform leg exercise. To determine the sensitivity of arm exercise in detecting coronary artery disease (CAD), 30 patients with angina pectoris performed both arm ergometry and treadmill testing before coronary angiography. All patients had at least 70% diameter reduction in 1 or more major coronary arteries. Ischemic ST depression (≥1 mm) or angina occurred more frequently (86%, 26 patients) with leg exercise than with arm exercise (40%, 12 patients). There was no significant difference in peak rate-pressure product achieved with either test, although the peak oxygen consumption was greater during leg exercise than during arm exercise (18 vs 13 ml/kg/min, respectively, p
The Perceived Duration of Gratings

Since visible persistence of grating patterns increases with spatial frequency, it is often inferred that the perceived duration of a grating is also longer at higher spatial frequencies. However, other work has demonstrated that the perceived onset of a grating is also delayed at higher spatial frequencies. Thus it is impossible to infer the subjective duration from the results of visible persistence studies alone. In order to estimate perceived duration in the present study, reaction times (RTs) to grating onsets and offsets were measured for a range of spatial frequencies. The results indicate that although the perceived duration (ie the difference between offset and onset RTs) was consistently longer than the physical duration, the estimates of perceived duration did not vary with changes in spatial frequency. Differences between the present results and earlier findings are interpreted in the context of the different methods used to measure perceived offset.
Simulating visit probability distributions within planar space-time prisms

The space-time prism is key concept in time geography and moving objects databases; it demarcates all locations that a mobile object can occupy given anchor locations and times and a maximum velocity for travel. Although the prism’s spatial and temporal extent is widely applied as a measure of accessibility and object locational uncertainty, until recently little attention has been paid to the properties of the prism interior such as the probabilities of the object visiting different locations within the prism. Better understanding of the visit probability distribution within the prism can improve theoretical understanding as well as refine the prism as a practical measure of space-time accessibility and object uncertainty. This paper presents two methods for modeling the distribution of visit probabilities within planar space-time prisms: 1 a directed Random Walk method for discrete space and time, and 2 a truncated Brownian Bridges method for continuous space and time. We illustrate these methods and demonstrate the effect of prism and mobility parameters on the visit probability distributions within the prism.
Duplication and amplification of toxin genes in Vibrio cholerae.

Abstract Vibrio cholerae strains of the classical biotype all contain two widely separated copies of the cholera toxin operon ctxAB . In contrast, El Tor strains containing multiple copies of ctx have their copies arranged on large tandem repeats which are either 7 or 9.7 kb in length. The variation in size among these large tandem duplications was due to a difference in the copy number of a smaller, 2.7 kb, tandemly repeated sequence (RS1) that is located at the novel joint of these duplications, as well as upstream and downstream of ctx . Southern blot hybridization analysis indicated that amplification of a DNA region carrying ctx and flanked by direct repeats of RS1 may be responsible for the hypertoxinogenic phenotype of El Tor variants selected by intraintestinal growth in rabbits.
Ribonuclease activity of isolated nucleoli of livers of thioacetamide-treated rats.

Abstract The ribonuclease activity of isolated nucleoli of liver cells increased 8–9 fold over control values 24 and 48 h after administration of thioactamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. As indicated by its earlier occurrence, the increase in ribonuclease activity was independent of the increase in nucleolar volume. These experiments, along with others previously reported 9 , indicate that both nucleolar RNA polymerase and nucleolar ribonucleases are enzymes that are insoluble in sucrose media used to prepare nucleoli.
The SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM)

Abstract The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) has been operationally generating sea surface temperature (SST) products (TS) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) onboard NOAA and MetOp-A satellites since the early 1980s. Customarily, TS are validated against in situ SSTs. However, in situ data are sparse and are not available globally in near–real time (NRT). This study describes a complementary SST Quality Monitor (SQUAM), which employs global level 4 (L4) SST fields as a reference standard (TR) and performs statistical analyses of the differences ΔTS = TS − TR. The results are posted online in NRT. The TS data that are analyzed are the heritage National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) SST products from NOAA-16, -17, -18, and -19 and MetOp-A from 2001 to the present. The TR fields include daily Reynolds, real-time global (RTG), Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA), and Ocean Data Analy...
Possible Luminescence Effects on Mercury

A GROWING body of evidence leads to the conclusion that luminescence effects occur on the lunar surface. Large intensity fluctuations on the Moon have been observed photographically by Kopal and Rackham1, spectroscopically by Spinrad2, and photometrically and polarimetrically by Gehrels et al.3. If the luminescence phenomena are induced by the solar wind (see Nash4), we might do well to look to other bodies in the solar system, which are similarly unprotected by an atmosphere, for evidence of luminescence.
Modified Polyethersulfone (PES) Ultrafiltration Membranes for Enhanced Filtration of Whey Proteins

Abstract Application of membrane technology to whey protein separation is an interesting development that has seen growth in recent years. In particular, modification of existing membranes to impart charge properties on the membrane surface or in the pores has been shown to improve membrane selectivity, product purity, and throughput of protein solutions. This paper focuses on exploring the effects of membrane charge and solution pH on filtration of the major whey proteins α‐lactalbumin (14.1 kDa) and β‐lactoglobulin (18.4 kDa) using functionalized PES membranes. The membranes have an open pore structure containing charged sulfonated grafted polymer chains that allows for greater protein retention. The modified membranes were synthesized by polymerization of styrene in the membrane pores followed by sulfuric acid treatment of the resulting polystyrene grafts. The charged membrane gave a calculated selectivity of five times better than the raw membrane at pH 7.2 based on data from single protein transmissi...
Extending the Broadcast: Streaming Culture and the Problems of Digital Geographies

This article examines the recent move by many television sports broadcasters of streaming their content online behind geographically restricted “geofences.” Despite the increasing use of this distr...
Analyzing Hyperspectral and Hypertemporal Data by Decoupling Feature Redundancy and Feature Relevance

The high information redundancy in hyperspectral and hypertemporal Earth observation data can limit the performance of supervised learning algorithms. Traditional sequential feature selection approaches start the search on the full set of correlated features, which is a computationally expensive task and impedes the search and discovery of spectral or temporal segments relevant for classification or regression tasks. We therefore propose to decouple the reduction of redundancy from the ranking of features. This is achieved by: 1) an unsupervised clustering of spectrally or temporally correlating neighboring features; 2) the definition of cluster representatives; and 3) the determination of the representatives' relevance by an support vector machine-based feature forward selection. Exemplified by two data sets for solving both, a hyperspectral and a hypertemporal classification problem, we show that our approach leads to well-interpretable spectral and temporal clusters, with comparable accuracies to more processing extensive traditional sequential feature selection.
Influence of the Ethylhexyl Side-Chain Content on the Open-Circuit Voltage in rr-Poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene) Copolymers

Although recently considerable attention has been paid to the impact of polymer alkyl side chains on conjugated-polymer:fullerene solar cell performance, and especially the Voc and Jsc, a clear and comprehensive picture of the effect of side-chain positioning, length, and branching has yet to evolve. In order to address some of these questions, we designed a simple and modular model system of random copolymers based on rr-P3HT. The influence of increasing amounts of branched 2-ethylhexyl side chains (10, 25, and 50%) in rr-poly(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene) copolymers on properties such as UV–vis absorption, polymer crystallinity, HOMO energy levels, polymer:PC61BM solar cell performance, and especially the Voc was studied and compared to the corresponding homopolymers P3HT and poly(3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene) (P3EHT). Polymers with 50% or less 2-ethylhexyl side chains (P3HT90-co-EHT10, P3HT75-co-EHT25, P3HT50-co-EHT50) have the same band gap and similar absorption properties and also reta...
Ignacio : the diary of a Maya Indian of Guatemala

Central America from the eyes of a peasant illuminates the complex problems of the region: the nature of the social, personal, economic, medical, and religious matters as well as the political issues related to the great masses of Latin America's poor.
Solvent-Free Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Amorphous and Crystalline ortho-Terphenyl

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of amorphous and crystalline ortho-terphenyl (OTP) in the absence of glass forming agents is presented in order to gauge the feasibility of applying DNP to pharmaceutical solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance experiments and to study the effect of intermolecular structure, or lack thereof, on the DNP enhancement. By way of 1H–13C cross-polarization, we obtained a DNP enhancement (e) of 58 for 95% deuterated OTP in the amorphous state using the biradical bis-TEMPO terephthalate (bTtereph) and e of 36 in the crystalline state. Measurements of the 1H T1 and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments showed the crystallization process led to phase separation of the polarization agent, creating an inhomogeneous distribution of radicals within the sample. Consequently, the effective radical concentration was decreased in the bulk OTP phase, and long-range 1H–1H spin diffusion was the main polarization propagation mechanism. Preliminary DNP experiments with the glass-forming ...
Policy Analysis: Neither Institutional Research nor Planning.

Institutional researchers and planners inform policy analysis through their data analyses, methodologies, and comparative institutional data.
Multicell tumor spheroids in photodynamic therapy

Background and Objectives: Multicell spheroids (MCSs) represent a simple in vitro system ideally suited for studying the effects of a wide variety of investigational treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). Study Design/Materials and Methods: In the first section of this review study, an overview of the current literature on MCS in PDT will be presented. Knowledge of basic PDT parameters has been gained from numerous MCS studies, in particular, the mechanisms of sensitizer photobleaching have been elucidated. MCSs have also proven useful for the study of complex PDT treatment regimens including multiple treatments and combined therapies involving PDT and ionizing radiation or hyperthermia. The purpose of the second part of this review is to present results from recent studies in our laboratory aimed at developing MCS models suitable for investigating tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis— processes characteristic of high-grade gliomas. Results and Conclusion: To that end, progress has recently been made to develop a more accurate in vivo brain tumor model consisting of biopsy-derived human tumor spheroids implanted into the brains of immunodeficient rats. Finally, recent work suggests that computer simulations may prove useful to describe the growth of MCS and predict the effects of investigational therapies including PDT. Such in silico models have made a number of counterintuitive predictions that have been verified in vitro and, as such, could guide the development of improved therapeutics. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:555–564, 2006. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Risks and Management of Prolonged Suspension in an Alpine Harness

Suspension trauma is a state of shock induced by passive hanging. Those who survive passive suspension are at risk for rhabdomyolysis. In a wilderness setting, one can see this in cases of persons suspended on rope by their harness. In a conscious person, leg movements work the venous pump to return blood to the central circulation. In the person passively hanging, blood pools in the legs leading to hypoperfusion of vital organs. In the experimental setting, passive hanging has led to unconsciousness in a matter of minutes. Based on a previous series of deaths on rope that included 7 after rescue, many authors have recommended nonstandard treatment for shock including keeping rescued patients upright or squatting for 30 minutes prior to laying them down. This recommendation assumes that sudden death is a risk from acute volume overload or exposure to waste products in the returning blood. This suggestion is not supported by the original series that demonstrated sudden deaths after rescue nor by modern understandings of physiology. Search and rescue teams and party members assisting a colleague suspended unconscious on rope should follow standard resuscitation measures to restore circulation to vital organs immediately.
Mitral valve repair for congenital mitral valve stenosis in the pediatric population

Background Mitral valve repair is the preferred approach for congenital mitral valve stenosis in children. However, repairs in this population remain challenging. Methods From 2001 to 2009, mitral valve repair was attempted in 20 consecutive congenital mitral valve stenosis patients. The median age and body weight at operation were 1.4 ± 1.9 years and 7.4 ± 4.1 kg, respectively. Multiple level left-side heart obstruction was present in 14 patients (70%). Moderate or more mitral insufficiency was present in 5 patients. Results The main etiology of the stenosis was valvular in 5 patients, supravalvular mitral ring in 4, single or predominant papillary muscle in 9, and hammock mitral valve in 2. Freedom from hospital death or transplantation was 85% (17 of 20). Two patients required replacement before discharge. In the 15 successfully repaired patients, mean mitral valve inflow pressure gradient improved from 13.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg to 5.5 ± 1.6 mm Hg ( p Conclusions Mitral valve repair for congenital mitral valve stenosis can be performed in this challenging population of patients with good early survival and freedom from transplantation. Conditional follow-up for successfully repaired patients demonstrates preserved mitral valve function without need for replacement.
Two components of the Myb complex, DMyb and Mip130, are specifically associated with euchromatin and degraded during prometaphase throughout development

The Drosophila Myb protein, DMyb, is a transcription factor important for cell proliferation and development. Unlike the mRNAs produced by mammalian myb genes, Drosophila myb transcripts do not fluctuate substantially during the cell cycle. A comprehensive analysis of the localization and degradation of the DMyb protein has now revealed that DMyb is present in nuclei during S phase of all mitotically active tissues throughout embryogenesis and larval development. However, DMyb and Mip130, another member of the Myb complex, are not uniformly distributed throughout the nucleus. Instead, both proteins, which colocalize, appear to be specifically excluded from heterochromatic regions of chromosomes. Furthermore, DMyb and Mip130 are unstable proteins that are degraded during prometaphase of mitosis. The timing of their degradation is reminiscent of Cyclin A, but at least for DMyb, the mechanism differs; although DMyb degradation is dependent on core APC/C components, it does not depend on the Fizzy or Fizzy-related adaptor proteins. DMyb levels are also high in actively endoreplicating polyploid cells, but there is no indication of cyclical degradation. We conclude that cell cycle specific degradation of DMyb and Mip130 is likely to be utilized as a key regulatory mechanism in down-regulating their levels and the activity of the Myb complex.
Convection in a low prandtl number fluid with internal heating

Abstract This paper studies the problem of non-linear thermal convection in a horizontal layer of a low Prandtl number fluid with nearly insulating boundaries and in the presence of horizontally uniform internal heat sources. Two-dimensional rolls and hexagonal cells are found to be the only possible stable convection cells. Subcritical instability associated with the hexagons can occur for a range of the amplitude of convection. It is found that non-uniform internal heating can affect various flow features and the stability of the convective motion. A new subcritical instability which exists even in a symmetric layer with arbitrary Prandtl number is also found for the case where the variations of the internal heating with respect to the vertical variable is sufficiently high.
Avoidance of Complications in Lower Lid Blepharoplasty

The most common complication of lower lid blepharoplasty is lower lid malposition either lower lid retraction or frank ectropion. This is caused by the vertical pull of skin shortage or shrinkage on a lax tarso-ligamentous sling. A method of tightening the tarso-ligamentous sling combined with a lower lid blepharoplasty is presented. An alternate method of lower lid fat removal through the fornix without skin incision is presented to be used in patients with taut lower lid skin.