cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired Theory of Mind and psychosocial functioning among pediatric patients with Type I versus Type II bipolar disorder

Deficits in Theory of Mind (ToM) have been documented among pediatric patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD). However, fewer studies have directly examined differences between type I and type II patients and whether or not ToM deficits are related to psychosocial difficulties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare type I versus type II pediatric bipolar patients and matched Healthy Controls (HC) on ToM and interpersonal functioning tasks. All participants completed the Revised Mind in the Eyes Task (MET), the Cognitive and Emotional Perspective Taking Task (CEPTT), and the Index of Peer Relations (IPR). Type I BD patients reported greater peer difficulties on the IPR compared to HC, and also performed more poorly on the MET and the cognitive condition of the CEPTT, but did not differ significantly on the emotional condition. There were no significant group differences between type II BD patients and HC. More impaired ToM performance was associated with poorer interpersonal functioning. Type I BD patients show deficits in the ability to understand another's mental state, irrespective of emotional valence. Deficits in understanding others' mental states could be an important treatment target for type I pediatric patients with BD.
Circulating and Placental Endoglin Concentrations in Pregnancies Complicated by Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Preeclampsia

Inadequate trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling leading to poor placental perfusion and hypoxia are believed to underlie preeclampsia (PE) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Recent studies implicate increased circulating endoglin as a contributor to the pathogenesis of PE. The objective of this study was to determine whether placental and circulating endoglin concentrations are altered in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) infants and to address the role of hypoxia on the regulation of placental endoglin. We analyzed 10 placentas each from normal pregnant (NP), PE, and IUGR subjects. Endoglin levels were 2.5-fold higher in preeclamptic placentas compared to NP (15.4 ± 2.6 versus 5.7 ± 1.0, p < 0.01). In contrast, endoglin levels were similar in NP and IUGR placentas (5.7 ± 1.0 vs 5.9 ± 1.1, p = NS). Placentas from pregnancies with both PE and IUGR exhibited endoglin levels comparable to the PE group and significantly different from normotensive pregnancies with and without IUGR pregnancies (mean 14.9 ± 4.0, n = 9, p = 0.013). Soluble endoglin concentrations in maternal plasma were comparable in NP and IUGR, but higher in women with PE (n = 10 per group, p < 0.05). Despite a 2-fold increase in hypoxia inducible factor, HIF-1α, we did not observe endoglin upregulation in NP, PE, or IUGR placental villous explants exposed to hypoxia (2% oxygen). In contrast to PE, placental or circulating endoglin is not increased in normotensive women delivering small, asymmetrically grown (IUGR) infants at term. The placentas of women with IUGR appear to be fundamentally different from PE women with respect to endoglin, despite the proposed common pathology of deficient trophoblast invasion/spiral artery remodeling and poor placental perfusion.
Coadsorption of CO and K on Ni(100): II. XPS, UPS, Δφ and ELS studies☆

Abstract The coadsorption of carbon monoxide and potassium on Ni(100) has been investigated using X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS and UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) and change-of-work-function measurement (Δφ). The binding energies (BE's) of C(1s) and O(1s) decrease with increasing potassium coverage (θK), while the CO orbital BE's 1 \ gp and 4 \ gs increase and the 5 \ gs remains fixed. With increasing θK the energy separation between the CO-Ni derived 2φ orbitals decreases. Δφ indicates a larger effective dipole moment for CO at low θK than on clean Ni(100). A model is suggested involving a CO buffering effect on K-K repulsion, resulting with a stabilization of the K adatoms and a polarization of CO valence orbitals. Enhanced Ni-to-CO(2 \ gp) charge transfer is induced by electrostatic field effects from the K adatoms shifting the CO(2 \ gp) level closer to the metal Fermi level.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome with supraglottic laryngeal obstruction.

• Patients with the Stevens-Johnson syndrome or erythema multiforme exudativum may present to the otolaryngologist because of involvement of the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a symptom complex of uncertain cause that affects the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes throughout the body. The epithelial lesions progress from macules to bullae that desquamate, form pseudomembranes, and finally heal. Generally there is a prodromal period with fever and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. The literature related to the otolaryngologic manifestations of the disease is reviewed and a case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome with early involvement of the supraglottic larynx is presented. The otolaryngologist should be aware of this syndrome and should be prepared to manage the possible airway compromise. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1989;115:1381-1383)
Offshore Financial Services and the Internet: Creating Confidence in the Use of Cyberspace?

Abstract The use of the Internet and World Wide Web (WWW) as a distributive medium is seen by many businesses as a legitimate way to cut costs of operation. Confidence is growing in the use of this medium to transact business because of the increasing sophistication of firewalls, encryption software, and digital key technology. This paper presents empirical evidence from one offshore financial center where the process of legislative and regulatory reform put in place to establish confidence in the traditional provision of offshore financial services is now being used to regulate and legitimize the online distribution of such services. The results show that all firms surveyed for this study use the Internet for routine brochure-ware purposes and the larger firms (particularly in the offshore life insurance sector) are developing more sophisticated customized transactional functions via extranet platforms. Tensions exist though with respect to “regulatory grasp” via the Internet, as offshore places are being put under increased pressure by supranational organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Financial Action Task Force (FATF) to require greater transparency in offshore financial transactions.
Comment on Searle

While appreciative of Searle's contributions, this commentary questions whether the core insights of The Construction of Social Reality advance all that much beyond the position staked out more than a century ago by Emile Durkheim. Durkheim, to be sure, was no analytic philosopher, but both Durkheim and Searle recognize the existence of something like collective representations, view a key feature of such representations as being that of imposing new statuses, powers, and meanings on objects, and accept that social institutions are composed of individual actors who act on the basis of this collective imposition of status functions. For this reason, some of the criticisms that may be levelled against Durkheim's approach to social ontology – for example, that it ignores situations where collective representations are intrinsically coercive in nature – may also apply to Searle.
Rigorous EUV mask simulator using 2D and 3D waveguide methods

EUV lithography at 13nm wavelengths will require the use of reflective multi-layer mask substrates with a patterned absorbing top layer. As the height of the absorber is many times the wavelength of the exposure radiation, EUV masks are true topographical entities. Therefore, scalar Frauenhofer diffraction simulations are not completely valid and accurate. Rigorous solution of Maxwell's equations in the topography is necessary to accurately predict many of the lithographic effects of these masks. Additionally, the interactions of the non-vertical radiation reflectance from the multilayer stack with the absorber causes further non-intuitive lithographic results which need to be understood and optimized. To further the rigorous understanding of EUV mask effects, we have extended existing 2D and 3D rigorous simulators to model EUV lithography diffraction. These simulators, METRO and METROPOLE-3D respectively, use the waveguide method for fast and accurate computation of topographical mask structures. Modifications of these simulators enable an order of magnitude speedup in the calculation of results containing large numbers of EUV multilayers, improve mask dimension modeling accuracy and enable accurate modeling of the non-normal EUV source illumination through a range of pitch values. Rigorous illumination and multilayer defect analysis results will also be shown. Additional comparisons to recently published rigorous EUV simulations results and impressive runtime results on standard desktop workstations are presented. The results show that for EUV lithography the best focus position and the symmetry of the aerial image intensity profile with respect to best focus is affected by the pattern pitch.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Background and the Utility of Ultrasound

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of hip joint abnormalities ranging from joint laxity to dislocation. If untreated, DDH may lead to early degenerative arthritis. Ultrasound (US) is the primary imaging for evaluation of DDH in the first months of life, however, there is no consensus on the optimal use of US for screening for DDH. We will address the background of DDH, including the controversy regarding screening, as well as US technique, anatomy and findings in a normal hip and a hip with developmental dysplasia.
Heterogeneous Ribonucleoprotein M Is a Splicing Regulatory Protein That Can Enhance or Silence Splicing of Alternatively Spliced Exons

Splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) alternative exons IIIb and IIIc is regulated by the auxiliary RNA cis-element ISE/ISS-3 that promotes splicing of exon IIIb and silencing of exon IIIc. Using RNA affinity chromatography, we have identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) as a splicing regulatory factor that binds to ISE/ISS-3 in a sequence-specific manner. Overexpression of hnRNP M promoted exon IIIc skipping in a cell line that normally includes it, and association of hnRNP M with ISE/ISS-3 was shown to contribute to this splicing regulatory function. Thus hnRNP M, along with other members of the hnRNP family of RNA-binding proteins, plays a combinatorial role in regulation of FGFR2 alternative splicing. We also determined that hnRNP M can affect the splicing of several other alternatively spliced exons. This activity of hnRNP M included the ability not only to induce exon skipping but also to promote exon inclusion. This is the first report demonstrating a role for this abundant hnRNP family member in alternative splicing in mammals and suggests that this protein may broadly contribute to the fidelity of splice site recognition and alternative splicing regulation.
Using Citizen Science beyond Teaching Science Content: A Strategy for Making Science Relevant to Students' Lives.

I respond to Pike and Dunne by exploring the utilization of citizen science in science education. Their results indicate that students fail to pursue science beyond the secondary level, in part, because of prior educational experiences with science education. Students lack motivation to pursue degrees and careers in science because they feel science is not relevant to their lives or they are simply not good at science. With this understanding, the science education community now needs to move beyond a discussion of the problem and move forward with continued discourse on possible solutions. Science educators need to focus on developing connections between students’ everyday lives and science so that they will have tangible reasons for continuing with the lifelong learning of science. In this response, I will show that citizen science as an educational context holds much promise, respectively. Participation in citizen science projects moves scientific content from the abstract to the tangible involving students in hands-on, active learning. In addition, if civic projects are centered within their own communities, then the science becomes relevant to their lives because it is focused on topics in their own backyards.
WHAT IS THE CATCH

1. The statement cited by Whiting and Savelsbergh regarding the similarities in information processing styles is not based on "putative" findings, but on sound data. Such rationale (qualitative versus quantitative relationships) are the foundation of much research in learning and dwelopmental psychology to name a few areas and need nor be defended here. The data speak for this issue more eloquently than we can. The experimental variables affected both skill levels in the same relative way. Graphing the data makes this relationship vety clear. 2. Whiting and Savelsbergh have an excellent point here, catching two of our editorial errors. Fischman and Schneider (1985) did not use a transparent screen, providing a precedent for our own des~gn. Also, Smyth and Marriott (1982) found a significant difference between opaque and transparent screen conditions. Our intent was to point out that the transparent screen condition showed little difference from the no-screen condition. And, although Smyth and Marriott found that this small difference was statistically significant, che Smyth and Marrion quotation that Whiting and Savelsbergh chose to cite indicates Smyth and Marriott's opinion of the importance of this difference: "This is not an effect of poscure or general interference from the screen" (p 150). Smyth has replicated this design in an unpublished study with Turton (personal communication with M. M. Smyth) and found no difference between transparent and no-screen conditions. In another unpublished study, Mummery and Smyth (personal communication) eliminated the transparent condition altogether, as we did. We feel the simple design of opaque screen versus nescreen conditions is justified and apologize for our lack of clarity on this issue. 3. Whiting and Savelsbergh's third point criticizes the use of external criteria for selection of subjects according to skill. There are many studies of motor behavior in which this design has been used. The precedent is dear and is intimately related to the desire to be able to generalize condusions to the broader case. A reference is made by Whiting and Savelsbergh to prior work with Whiting, Alderson, and Sanderson (1973) in which there was no main effect of skill on a catching task involving cricket players and noncricket players. In the latter portion of this article, Whiting, et d. use a
An adjoint-based scalable algorithm for time-parallel integration

Abstract As parallel architectures evolve the number of available cores continues to increase. Applications need to display a high degree of concurrency in order to effectively utilize the available resources. Large scale partial differential equations mainly rely on a spatial domain decomposition approach, where the number of parallel tasks is limited by the size of the spatial domain. Time parallelism offers a promising approach to increase the degree of concurrency. ‘Parareal’ is an iterative parallel in time algorithm that uses both low and high accuracy numerical solvers. Though the high accuracy solvers are computed in parallel, the low accuracy ones are in serial. This paper revisits the parallel in time algorithm [11] using a nonlinear optimization approach. Like in the traditional ‘Parareal’ method, the time interval is partitioned into subintervals, and local time integrations are carried out in parallel. The objective cost function quantifies the mismatch of local solutions between adjacent subintervals. The optimization problem is solved iteratively using gradient-based methods. All the computational steps – forward solutions, gradients, and Hessian-vector products – involve only ideally parallel computations and therefore are highly scalable. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is studied on three different model problems, namely, heat equation, Arenstorf's orbit, and the Lorenz model.
Local “Inverse Steal” Induced by Hyperventilation in Head Injury

Hyperventilation is used routinely to reduce intracranial pressure in victims of severe head injury. In the clinical setting, the effects of hyperventilation on regional cerebral blood flow usually are not known. We describe a case in which hyperventilation resulted in local, paradoxic increases in cerebral blood flow (i.e., "inverse steal") associated with a reduction in intracranial pressure. Although the reduced intracranial pressure was thought to be beneficial, serial computed tomographic scans suggested that the inverse steal response could have promoted cerebral edema, resulting in secondary brain injury.
Facile preparative route to alkanethiolate-coated Au38 nanoparticles: postsynthesis core size evolution.

A facile preparative route to alkanethiolate (Cn) Au38 nanoparticles, where n = 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, is described. Subnanometer-sized nanoparticles are initially produced by a modified Brust synthesis, which undergo core-size evolution upon removal of reaction impurities that have served as additional protecting layers. C4−C12 Au38 nanoparticles are prepared in ∼300 mg quantities by the selective removal of reaction impurities with dimethyl sulfoxide. The prepared nanoparticles are 1.1−1.2 nm in core size, and all exhibit optical and electrochemical characteristics of Au38 nanoparticles. Voltammetry of these Au38 nanoparticles reveals that the energy gap between the first one-electron oxidation and the first reduction is rather insensitive to the ligand employed. By contrast, the energy gaps between the first and second oxidations and between the second and third oxidations are ligand-dependent; both substantially increase with ligand thickness. The charging energetics of alkanethiolate-coated Au38 nanopa...
Synthesis of Iridium(III) Carboxamides via the Bimetallic Reaction between Cp*(PMe3)IrPh(OH) and [Cp*(PMe3)Ir(Ph)NCR]+

Reaction of Cp*(PMe3)IrPh(OH) (1) with nitriles is undetectably slow in benzene solution at room temperature. However, in the presence of Cp*(PMe3)IrPh(OTf) (2) (OTf = O3SCF3), the reaction is strongly catalyzed, leading to iridium(III) carboxamides Cp*(PMe3)IrPh[NHC(O)R] (6a−d) [R = C6H4CH3 (6a), C6H5 (6b), C6H4CF3 (6c), CH3 (6d)]. We propose that these transformations occur by initial displacement of the trifluoromethanesulfonate (“triflate”) anion of 2 by a molecule of nitrile, leading to a nitrile-substituted iridium cation, [Cp*(PMe3)IrPh(NCR)]+ (10). Following this, the nucleophilic hydroxide group of 1 attacks the (activated) nitrile molecule bound in 10, leading (after proton transfer) to the iridium carboxamide complex. In the case of nitriles possessing hydrogens α to the cyano group, competitive loss of one of these protons is observed, leading to iridium C-bound cyanoenolates such as Cp*(PMe3)(Ph)Ir(CH2CN) (7). Protonolysis of carboxamides 6a−d with HCl yields Cp*(PMe3)IrPh(Cl) (9) and the fre...
Live birth in a 46 year old using autologous oocytes cryopreserved for a duration of 3 years: a case report documenting fertility preservation at an advanced reproductive age

The first live birth following oocyte cryopreservation (OC) was documented by Chen et al. in 1986 [1]. OC has since emerged as a potential means to reduce the growing surplus of cryopreserved embryos and provide fertility preservation. In 2008 the Practice Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) labeled OC as experimental due to inferior pregnancy rates compared to fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) and lack of long term outcome data. Because of its experimental nature, OC was discouraged as a fertility preservation strategy for elective reasons [2]. Since 2008, improvements in oocyte vitrification techniques have led to enhanced oocyte survival and pregnancy rates. Vitrified oocytes have better survival during thaw-cycles than slow freeze protocols [3–5], and vitrified oocytes used in IVF/ intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have similar fertilization and pregnancy rates compared to fresh oocytes [6–10]. Furthermore, cryopreservation has not been associated with birth defects or developmental abnormalities [11, 12]. The Practice Committee of the ASRM in 2012 removed the experimental label on OC and supports its use for specific situations including fertility preservation among cancer survivors undergoing cytotoxic therapies, women undergoing risk-reducing bilateral salpingoophorectomy, genetic disorders associated with premature ovarian failure, insufficient sperm sample on the day of oocyte retrieval, or for couples unable to cryopreserve embryos [13]. Despite these improvements, the Practice Committee of the ASRM continues to discourage OC for elective fertility preservation due to insufficient evidence regarding efficacy and safety in this population, especially among patients of advanced reproductive age [13]. Observational studies have suggested that pregnancy rates after OC decline steadily with age [14–16]; however, few studies have compared pregnancy outcomes by age-group between OC cycles and fresh IVF/ICSI cycles. There are also few studies on the longevity of cryopreserved oocytes retrieved at an advanced reproductive age. This is a unique case of a live birth at the age of 46 after IVF using autologous ooctyes that were cryopreserved 3 years earlier.
Speech delay and autism spectrum behaviors are frequently associated with duplication of the 7q11.23 Williams-Beuren syndrome region

Purpose: Williams-Beuren syndrome is among the most well-characterized microdeletion syndromes, caused by recurrent de novo microdeletions at 7q11.23 mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between low copy repeats flanking this critical region. However, the clinical phenotype associated with reciprocal microduplication of this genomic region is less well described. We investigated the molecular, clinical, neurodevelopmental, and behavioral features of seven patients with dup(7)(q11.23), including two children who inherited the microduplication from one of their parents, to more fully characterize this emerging microduplication syndrome. Methods: Patients were identified by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Clinical examinations were performed on seven affected probands, and detailed cognitive and behavioral evaluations were carried out on four of the affected probands. Results: Our findings confirm initial reports of speech delay seen in patients with dup(7)(q11.23) and further delineate and expand the phenotypic spectrum of this condition to include communication, social interactions, and repetitive interests that are often observed in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Conclusions: Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is a powerful means of detecting genomic imbalances and identifying molecular etiologies in the clinic setting, including genomic disorders such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and dup(7)(q11.23). We propose that dup(7)(q11.23) syndrome may be as frequent as Williams-Beuren syndrome and a previously unrecognized cause of language delay and behavioral abnormalities. Indeed, these individuals may first be referred for evaluation of autism, even if they do not ultimately meet diagnostic criteria for an autism spectrum disorder.
The role of prior knowledge in error correction for younger and older adults

Previous work has demonstrated that, when given feedback, younger adults are more likely to correct high-confidence errors compared with low-confidence errors, a finding termed the hypercorrection effect. Research examining the hypercorrection effect in both older and younger adults has demonstrated that the relationship between confidence and error correction was stronger for younger adults compared with older adults. Their results demonstrated that the relationship between confidence and error correction was stronger for younger adults compared with older adults. However, recent work suggests that error correction is largely related to prior knowledge, while confidence may primarily serve as a proxy for prior knowledge. Prior knowledge generally remains stable or increases with age; thus, the current experiment explored how both confidence and prior knowledge contributed to error correction in younger and older adults. Participants answered general knowledge questions, rated how confident they were that...
Identification of a neurorestrictive suppressor element (NRSE) in the human μ-opioid receptor gene

Abstract Analysis of the DNA sequence of the human μ-opioid receptor gene (MOR) revealed that a region overlapping the start codon was substantially homologous to a DNA element named the neurorestrictive suppressor element (NRSE) or restrictive element 1 (RE-1). Transient transfection experiments in the L929 and HEK non-neural cell lines showed that expression of a MOR promoter/reporter gene construct was suppressed in non-neural cell lines by inclusion of this MOR NRSE. Expression from a thymidine kinase promoter was also suppressed when the MOR NRSE was inserted upstream or downstream of the reporter gene. The MOR NRSE did not suppress expression of the reporter gene in neural derived cell lines, IMR-32 and Neuro 2a. The transcription factor REST which binds NRSE thereby enacting the suppression of transcription, was encoded in a plasmid and co-transfected into the IMR-32 cells. The REST co-transfected neuronal derived (IMR-32) cells became sensitive to the MOR NRSE mediated suppression of reporter gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift experiments revealed that oligonucleotides containing the MOR NRSE were bound by a factor from nuclear extracts of non-neural cell lines, HeLa and Jurkat. This binding was specifically competed by oligonucleotides containing NRSE sequences previously shown to suppress transcription through REST. Thus an NRSE element overlapping the human MOR start codon suppresses gene expression in non-neural cell lines and may help direct neural tissue specific expression of MOR.
Injection current flow through thin insulator films

Abstract The equations and boundary conditions describing injection current flow through insulators are investigated for the case of thin insulator films. The carrier mobility is assumed to be constant and trapping is neglected. The thickness of the insulator film is taken to be small enough so that surface properties are significant. It is found that electrons flowing in from the metal contacts can increase the insulator conductivity by orders of magnitude. The diffusion term in the current equation is not neglected, and it is found that this enhances the quadratic Mott-Gurney current term. The theoretical results are compared with previous experimental results.
A programmable pulse generator with high output option.

A new puise generator, with a programmable high output option, was implanted m fifteen patients and studied for eight to ten months postoperatively. This feature is designed to combat exit bloch. Il was useful in one pati ent who developed a form of exil block following a silenl myocardial in-farction. Muscle stimulation was rare, even though the system is unipolar. The high output option seems to be a desirable feature and shouldprobabJy be available in all multiprogrammable puise generators, (PACE, Vol. 4, September-October, 1981)
SU-E-I-82: Improving CT Image Quality for Radiation Therapy Using Iterative Reconstruction Algorithms and Slightly Increasing Imaging Doses

Purpose: Iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithms are developed to improve CT image quality (IQ) by reducing noise without diminishing spatial resolution or contrast. For CT in radiation therapy (RT), slightly increasing imaging dose to improve IQ may be justified if it can substantially enhance structure delineation. The purpose of this study is to investigate and to quantify the IQ enhancement as a result of increasing imaging doses and using IR algorithms. Methods: CT images were acquired for phantoms, built to evaluate IQ metrics including spatial resolution, contrast and noise, with a variety of imaging protocols using a CT scanner (Definition AS Open, Siemens) installed inside a Linac room. Representative patients were scanned once the protocols were optimized. Both phantom and patient scans were reconstructed using the Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (SAFIRE) and the Filtered Back Projection (FBP) methods. IQ metrics of the obtained CTs were compared. Results: IR techniques are demonstrated to preserve spatial resolution as measured by the point spread function and reduce noise in comparison to traditional FBP. Driven by the reduction in noise, the contrast to noise ratio is doubled by adopting the highest SAFIRE strength. As expected, increasing imaging dose reduces noise for both SAFIRE and FBP reconstructions. The contrast to noise increases from 3 to 5 by increasing the dose by a factor of 4. Similar IQ improvement was observed on the CTs for selected patients with pancreas and prostrate cancers. Conclusion: The IR techniques produce a measurable enhancement to CT IQ by reducing the noise. Increasing imaging dose further reduces noise independent of the IR techniques. The improved CT enables more accurate delineation of tumors and/or organs at risk during RT planning and delivery guidance.
The distribution of sulfur in lunar rocks and its relationship to carbon content

A summary of total sulfur abundances representative of the Apollo Missions is presented. Lunar crystalline rocks range from 0 to 3100μg S g−1. Lunar soils range from 310 to 1300μg S g−1. Rock mixing models evaluate the distribution of sulfur and define indigenous rock components and extralunar contributions of sulfur in lunar soils. Extralunar sulfur shows a positive correlation with a CC-1 like meteoritic component and solar wind derived total carbon content in the Apollo 16 and 17 lunar soils.
Z2 gauge theory of electron fractionalization in the t, t'-J model with uniaxial anisotropy

We consider a strongly correlated spin model with a positive uniaxial anisotropy. We show that in 2+1 dimensions this model is equivalent to spinon and holon excitations coupled to a Z2 Ising gauge field. The Z2 gauge field represents the vortex monopole excitations of the X–Y model. As a function of the hole concentration the X–Y model has two phases: a spin wave phase and a free vortex monopole phase. In the spin wave phase the spinons and the holons are weakly interacting, giving rise to a spin–charge separated phase which at zero temperature is superconducting. When the hole concentration increases the Z2 excitations (the monopole currents) become free, giving rise to holon–spinon binding. The destruction of superconductivity at zero temperature coincides with the appearance of the free monopole currents.
Tell me a story: Crafting and publishing research in consumer psychology

Abstract This paper provides a narrative framework for writing empirical research papers in consumer psychology. The components of this framework include focusing on the research contribution, maintaining a consistent plot structure, creating a story with constructs and variables as the main characters, minimizing subplots, and polishing the writing. We assert that integrating a narrative within a research paper enhances the likelihood of publication.
Tributyltin Synergizes with 20-Hydroxyecdysone to Produce Endocrine Toxicity

One of the great challenges facing modern toxicology is in predicting the hazard associated with chemical mixtures. The development of effective means of predicting the toxicity of chemical mixtures requires an understanding of how chemicals interact to produce nonadditive outcomes (e.g., synergy). We hypothesized that tributyltin would elicit toxicity in daphnids (Daphnia magna) by exaggerating physiological responses to 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling via synergistic activation of the retinoid X receptor (RXR):ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) complex. Using reporter gene assays, we demonstrated that RXR, alone, is activated by a variety of ligands including tributyltin, whereas RXR:EcR heterodimers were not activated by tributyltin. However, tributyltin, in combination with the daphnid EcR ligand 20hydroxyecdysone, caused concentration-dependent, synergistic activation of the RXR:EcR reporter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that tributyltin did not enhance the activity of 20-hydroxyecdysone by increasing binding of the receptor complex to a DR-4 DNA-binding site. Exposure of daphnids to elevated concentrations of 20-hydroxyecdysone caused premature and incomplete ecdysis resulting in death. Tributyltin exaggerated this effect of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone. Further, exposure of daphnids to tributyltin enhanced the inductive effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on expression of the 20-hydroxyecdysoneinducible gene HR3. Continuous, prolonged exposure of maternal daphnids to concentrations of tributyltin resulted in mortality concurrent with molting. Taken together, these results demonstrate that xenobiotics, such as tributyltin, can interact with RXR to influence gene expression regulated by the heterodimeric partner to RXR. The result of such interactions can be toxicity due to inappropriate or exaggerated hormonal signaling. The application of the in vitro/in vivo approach used in this study is discussed in relation to modeling of nonadditive interactions among constituents of chemical mixtures.
Hyperoxaluria after modern bariatric surgery: case series and literature review

Introduction Two recent studies have shown that modern bariatric surgery leads to significant hyperoxaluria and risk of nephrolithiasis. However, neither report evaluates the use or effects of stone risk modifying agents in these patients. We sought to determine the impact of medical management on stone risk profile in patients who have undergone Roux-en-y gastric bypass.
Some remarks on the proton resonance spectra of poly‐α‐methylstyrenes

Abstract : Three different assignments have been given on the methyl signals of poly-alpha-methylstyrene but no conclusive evidence has been presented on this problem. Some experiments were carried on to obtain further evidence on the spectrum of poly-alpha-methylstyrene.
Oxidation and Substitution Reactions of 3-Phenyl-Δ5-1.2,3[sgrave]3-diazaphospholenes

Abstract The reaction of hydrazones with dichlorophenylphosphine in the presence of triethylamine leads to the elimination of 2 equivalents of hydrogen chloride forming the title compound(I). The oxidation of compound (I) has been examined with many oxidising agents under various experimental conditions. Mild oxidising agents like hydrogen peroxide and sulfur give the phospholene oxide and sulfide respectively, Reactions of compound (I) with oxidising agents like nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and dimethyl sulfoxide result in complex reaction mixtures, even under mild reaction conditions. The hydrogens at the 4 position in compound (I) can be metallated by using n-BuLi. Studies of the substitution reactions of the lithio derivatives of compound (I) with various electrophilic reagents are in progress.
MEMS-based dynamic cell-to-cell culture platforms using electrochemical surface modifications

MEMS-based biological platforms with the capability of both spatial placements and time releases of living cells for cell-to-cell culture experiments have been designed and demonstrated utilizing electrochemical surface modification effects. The spatial placement is accomplished by electrochemical surface modification of substrate surfaces to be either adhesive or non-adhesive for living cells. The time control is achieved by the electrical activation of the selective indium tin oxide co-culture electrode to allow the migration of living cells onto the electrode to start the cell-to-cell culture studies. Prototype devices have a three-electrode design with an electrode size of 50 ? 50 ?m2 and the separation gaps of 2 ?m between them. An electrical voltage of ?1.5 V has been used to activate the electrodes independently and sequentially to demonstrate the dynamic cell-to-cell culture experiments of NIH 3T3 fibroblast and Madin Darby canine kidney cells. As such, this MEMS platform could be a basic yet versatile tool to characterize transient cell-to-cell interactions.
Effect of Positioning on Oxygenation in Single-Lung Transplant Recipients

• BACKGROUND Many benefits and adverse effects of positioning are related to changes in ventilation and perfusion. A number of unique factors related to the allograft make the effects of positioning difficult to determine in single-lung transplant recipients. • OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of 3 body positions (supine, lateral with allograft lung down, and lateral with native lung down) on oxygenation and blood flow in single-lung transplant recipients in the 24 hours immediately after surgery. • METHODS A quasi-experimental repeated-measures design with stratified assignment to 1 of 3 different sequencing patterns for turning group was used to study 15 transplant recipients, 9 with emphysema and 6 with fibrosis. Oxygenation, ventilation, and blood flow measures (heart rate, blood pressure) were assessed after each turn. The effect of ischemic reperfusion injury was also explored. • RESULTS The oxygenation, ventilation, and blood flow variables did not differ significantly across group, diagnosis, or time. Oxygenation variables measured when the allograft lung was dependent did not differ significantly from such measurements obtained when the native lung was dependent. • CONCLUSIONS No single position maximizes oxygenation in the immediate postoperative period in single-lung transplant recipients. Although a single standard protocol for positioning cannot be supported, the study does support the idea that transplant recipients can be safely turned in the immediate postoperative period without compromising oxygenation or hemodynamic status. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:66-75)
A new method of constructing Lyapunov functions for power systems

The author describes a method of constructing Lyapunov functions for systems that satisfy certain assumptions on their structure. He introduces the term quasigradient to identify systems which have the desired structure, and shows by several examples that many existing power system models used for Lyapunov analysis do possess the quasigradient structure. An algorithm for ascertaining whether a system possesses quasigradient structure is described. The use of the proposed method to construct Lyapunov functions in power system models having additional control dynamics is discussed. >
An interactive algorithm for optimal control of a system with multiple criteria

An interactive approach is proposed for the optimization of deterministic systems with multiple criteria. This approach does not require an explicit knowledge of the decision maker's utility function, but it is assumed that the decision maker can provide local information about this function at each interation The use of this interactive approach is then illustrated by applying it to the satellite attitude control problem and results are presented
Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists - edited by Paul A. Samuelson and William A. Barnett

The article reviews the book "Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists," edited by Paul A. Samuelson and William A. Barnett.
Visualization of Wide-Area Frequency Measurement Information

Frequency is an important parameter in understanding the operation of power systems. Dynamic visualization of frequency measurements provides a quick and direct way to view the state of the system. Tools are being developed to help observe frequency behavior from both simulations and real-time field measurements. Frequency replay from simulation data provides some insights of how the frequency electromechanical waves propagate through the system in response to major events. Several examples are given to show some characteristics of the wave propagation. Visualization from frequency disturbance recorder (FDR) measurements provides a real-time view of the system's status.
Curricular and performance measurement challenges in cloud environments

As more applications move to the cloud, the operation and performance of the cloud comes under greater scrutiny. In addition, educational programs incorporate more desktop and server virtualization. In trying to understand and work with this architecture, it is important to understand not only the structural change but the impact on performance metrics as well. Traditional tools used to measure performance and capacity of these connections may not take into account the cloud infrastructure itself or the behavior of these increasingly software based systems. This paper explores the mechanisms typically used for evaluating typical connections established for coursework and the issues associated measurement in this environment.
Tunable band gaps of mono-layer hexagonal BNC heterostructures

We present an ab initio density functional theory (DFT)-based study of h-BN domain size effect on band gap of mono-layer h-BNC heterostructure modeled as (B3N3)x(C6)1� x. The atomic structures, electronic band structures, density of states and electron localization functions of h-BNC are examined as h-BN concentration ranged from 0% to 100%. We report that the electronic band gap energy of h-BNC can be continuously tuned in full range between that of two phases, graphene and h-BN, as a function of h-BN concentration. The origin of the tunable band gap in these heterostructures are due to the change in the electron localization with h-BN concentration.
Twenty years of RNA: then and now

This issue marks the 20th anniversary of publication of RNA (actually one month late). To celebrate this occasion, more than 200 RNA researchers (some of whom are pictured on the cover) were invited to submit short pieces describing their personal reflections of how the field has evolved over the past 20 years as well as outline what they believe to be the major questions left to be answered. A number of respondents questioned the value of having an issue filled with redundancy; many anticipated everyone would write about RNAi, microRNAs, lncRNAs, RNAseq, riboswitches, etc. Certainly, these fields are mentioned by several people, but I am amazed at the diversity of topics discussed in depth by over 130 contributors. Indeed, a thorough reading of this issue will provide the uninitiated with a scholarly introduction to almost every corner of the ever expanding universe of RNA research.
A Closed Form Solution for a Nonlinear Wiener Filter

In this paper a nonlinear extension to the Wiener filter is presented. A direct approach has been devised of replacing the autocorrelation function with a novel function called correntropy, derived from ideas on kernel-based learning theory and information theoretic learning. The linear Wiener filter, widely used because of its simplicity and optimality for linear systems and Gaussian distribution, is no longer effective when dealing with nonlinear time series data. The proposed method incorporates higher order moments in the general form of autocorrelation and improves upon the linear filter. Moreover, the computation cost is still lower than some kernel based methods and has a closed form solution to the problem unlike neural network based methods.
How to surprise a copepod: Strike kinematics reduce hydrodynamic disturbance and increase stealth of suction-feeding fish

To capture prey with suction, fish must get sufficiently close to their prey to allow the suction flow to overwhelm the prey and draw it into the mouth. Both swimming towards the prey and suction flow create a hydrodynamic disturbance, which can elicit an escape response by the prey. Using particle image velocimetry, we measured flow speeds and derived fluid deformation rates at the location of the prey as bluegill sunfish fed. In front of the mouth, flows had a composite time-dependent nature. First, the bow wave pushed water away from the fish, but when the mouth opened and suction commenced, flow reversed and water deformation rates increased rapidly. Our inferences indicate that, at the prey, the approaching bluegill is detected primarily based on its suction-induced disturbance, rather than its bow wave-induced disturbance. A comparison of suction-induced disturbance with the signal produced by active suspension feeders indicated that fish are able to produce a more subtle disturbance than expected based on their flow speeds and mouth size alone. Jaw protrusion and the rapid opening of the mouth during the strike both help to minimize the signal available to the prey. We propose that the temporally quick strikes and high jaw protrusion that are seen in many zooplanktivorous teleosts represent adaptations that minimize the time available to prey for executing an escape response.
Adaptive Estimation and Control of a Z-axis MEMS Gyroscope with Time-varying Rotation Rates

This paper presents a new adaptive control algorithm to control the sense axis of a Z-axis MEMS gyroscope. A force-to-rebalance mode of operation is applied to the sense axis. Under this mode, the output amplitude of sense axis is continuously monitored and driven to zero by the controller while an input rotation rate is measured. Adaptive laws are developed to estimate the rotation rate and a quadrature error term caused by mechanical imperfection. In the paper, we suppose the rotation rate of the gyroscope is an unknown time-varying piecewise continuous parameter, rather than a constant as in current literature. A Lyapunov approach is applied to obtain both control and adaptive laws.
Changes in crack aspect-ratio concentration from heat treatment: A comparison between velocity inversion and experimental data

We report petrophysical changes on a suite of Berea sandstones undergoing heat-cycling treatment. Crack concentrations from experimental data (e.g., nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], mercury injection, and thin sections) are compared with results from a modified Cheng-Toksoz velocity inversion model using a differential effective medium to investigate the physical significance of the inversion. We propose a deterministic methodology to estimate grain properties, pore-crack aspect-ratio spectrum, and consistent pore-crack insertion ordering for the inversion. Our inversion scheme reproduces velocity profiles to within ±5% . Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that velocity inversion can resolve the increase in concentrations of small cracks as rock samples are heat-treated. The crack concentration changes calculated from the inversion are consistent with other independent experimental data of porosity, density, thin-section observations, NMR spectra, and mercury injection spectra, lending credence ...