cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of programmed ventricular stimulation in predicting future arrhythmic events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

The utility of programmed ventricular stimulation to predict future arrhythmic events in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis is unknown. Similarly, the long-term benefit of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) in cardiac sarcoidosis has not been established. Thirty-two consecutive patients with cardiac sarcoidosis underwent programmed ventricular stimulation. Patients with spontaneous or inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias (n = 12) underwent ICD insertion. All study patients were followed for the combined arrhythmic event end point of appropriate ICD therapies or sudden death. Mean length of follow-up to sustained ventricular arrhythmia or sudden death was 32 ± 30 months. Five of 6 patients (83%) with spontaneous sustained ventricular arrhythmias and 4 of 6 patients (67%) without spontaneous but with inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias received appropriate ICD therapy. Two of 20 patients (10%) with neither spontaneous nor inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias experienced sustained ventricular arrhythmias or sudden death. Programmed ventricular stimulation predicted subsequent arrhythmic events in the entire population (relative hazard 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30 to 15.39) and in patients who presented without spontaneous sustained ventricular arrhythmias (relative hazard 6.97, 95% CI 1.27 to 38.27). No patient with an ICD died of a primary arrhythmic event. In patients with spontaneous or inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias, mean survival from first appropriate ICD therapy to death or cardiac transplant was 60 ± 46 months, with only 2 patients dying or reaching transplant at study end. In conclusion, programmed ventricular stimulation identifies patients with cardiac sarcoidosis at high risk for future arrhythmic events. ICDs effectively terminate life-threatening arrhythmias in high-risk patients, with significant survival after first appropriate therapy.
Recurrence of Pain After Usual Nonoperative Care for Symptomatic Lumbar Disk Herniation: Analysis of Data From the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial

Abstract Objective To determine risks and predictors of recurrent leg and low back pain (LBP) after unstructured, usual nonoperative care for subacute/chronic symptomatic lumbar disk herniation (LDH). Design Secondary analysis of data from a concurrent randomized trial and observational cohort study. Setting Thirteen outpatient spine practices. Participants A total of 199 participants with resolution of leg pain and 142 participants with resolution of LBP from among 478 participants receiving usual nonoperative care for symptomatic LDH. Assessment of Risk Factors Potential predictors of recurrence included time to initial symptom resolution, sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, work-related factors, imaging-detected herniation characteristics, and baseline pain bothersomeness. Main Outcome Measurements Leg pain and LBP bothersomeness were assessed by the use of a 0-6 numerical scale at up to 4 years of follow-up. For individuals with initial resolution of leg pain, we defined recurrent leg pain as having leg pain, receiving lumbar epidural steroid injections, or undergoing lumbar surgery subsequent to initial leg pain resolution. We calculated cumulative risks of recurrence by using Kaplan-Meier survival plots and examined predictors of recurrence using Cox proportional hazards models. We used similar definitions for LBP recurrence. Results One- and 3-year cumulative recurrence risks were 23% and 51% for leg pain, and 28% and 70% for LBP, respectively. Early leg pain resolution did not predict future leg pain recurrence. Complete leg pain resolution (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.72) and posterolateral herniation location (aHR 0.61; 95% CI 0.39-0.97) predicted a lower risk of leg pain recurrence, and joint problems (aHR 1.89; 95% CI 1.16-3.05) and smoking (aHR 1.81; 95% CI 1.07-3.05) predicted a greater risk of leg pain recurrence. For participants with complete initial resolution of pain, recurrence risks at 1 and 3 years were 16% and 41% for leg pain and 24% and 59% for LBP, respectively. Conclusions Recurrence of pain is common after unstructured, usual nonsurgical care for LDH. These risk estimates depend on the specific definitions applied, and the predictors identified require replication in future studies.
Management of Closed Head Injury

Closed head injury (CHI) remains a devastating problem throughout the world, disproportionately affecting young people. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with more than 50,000 deaths in the United States annually.1 Each year, an estimated 1.5 million Americans sustain a TBI. As a result of these injuries, 230,000 people are hospitalized and survive, and an estimated 80,000–90,000 people experience the onset of long-term disability.2 Motor vehicle accidents remain the leading cause of death among people younger than 40 years of age.3 While the fate of the injured is often decided at the moment of impact, timely medical intervention can frequently prevent further secondary injury and improve outcome. This chapter will focus on the medical and surgical management of patients with severe head injury, with an emphasis on the role of the critical care team.
Total synthesis of (°^)-N-acetylcolchinol

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the colchicine degradation product N-acetylcolchinol 3 is described featuring a thallium(III)-mediated intramolecular non-phenolic biaryl oxidative coupling reaction of intermediate 12 as the key step. Both the synthetic sample and that obtained from the degradation of colchicine were found to exist in solution as a 3:1 mixture fo conformational isomers at room temperature.
Effects of a Single, Daily Alcoholic Beverage on Lipid and Hemostatic Markers of Cardiovascular Risk

There is substantial epidemiologic data, but limited experimental data, supporting the mortality benefit of low-dose alcohol consumption. A regimen of a single, daily alcoholic beverage was sufficient to increase both high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (4.4%, p = 0.03) and HDL2 (7.7%, p = 0.04) in men and women, but did not significantly affect hemostatic markers of cardiovascular risk.
Zoosporogenesis In Trebouxia Gelatinosa: Ultrastructure Potential For Zoospore Release And Implications For The Lichen Association

Zoosporogenesis was observed in the algal symbiont (Trebouxia gelatinosa) of Parmelia caperata. This is the first detailed report of this phenomenon in a Trebouxia species and, more importantly, in lichens, where zoosporogenesis in this alga is usually suppressed and the arrested zoospores form aplanospores. Observations of zoospore formation by algal cells within the natural thallus and in thallus fragments incubated on a mineral medium suggest that zoospores are released within thalli and may escape from the thallus to form free-living microcolonies. These colonies potentially could unite with hyphae derived from spores of either the same, or genetically different mycobionts (fungal symbionts) to establish new lichen associations, as has been shown in laboratory studies. Such natural resyntheses could be one cause for the observed heterogeneity characterizing fungi in many lichen populations. Other implications of free-living Trebouxia populations are discussed.
Evidence for the role of highly leukotoxic Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the pathogenesis of localized juvenile and other forms of early-onset periodontitis

Background: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin is thought to be an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of localized juvenile and other forms of early-onset periodontitis. Some highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains produce 10 to 20 times more leukotoxin than other minimally leukotoxic strains. The distribution, clonality, and intrafamilial transmission of highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans were examined in order to determine the importance of leukotoxin in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to differentiate highly leukotoxic from minimally leukotoxic strains in examining 1,023 fresh A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates and strains from our culture collection. These were obtained from 146 subjects including 71 with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP), 4 with early-onset periodontitis, 11 with post-localized juvenile periodontitis, 41 with adult periodontitis, and 19 periodontally normal subjects. The arbitrari...
Detection of Varicella-Zoster Virus DNA in the Oropharynx and Blood of Patients with Varicella

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA in respiratory epithelial cells and in peripheral blood leukocytes from adults with varicella. VZV DNA was detected in oropharyngeal epithelium in 62% of patients early in the course of varicella; the amount of VZV DNA declined with time and was detectable in only 22% of patients for greater than 6 days. VZV DNA was also detected in peripheral blood leukocytes in 74% of patients early in disease and was detected in both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes. PCR demonstrated the presence of VZV DNA in the oropharynx and blood of most patients during varicella, in contrast to the ability to detect VZV in these tissues by viral culture.
High temperature in combination with UV irradiation enhances horizontal transfer of stx2 gene from E. coli O157:H7 to non-pathogenic E. coli

Background Shiga toxin (stx) genes have been transferred to numerous bacteria, one of which is E. coli O157:H7. It is a common belief that stx gene is transferred by bacteriophages, because stx genes are located on lambdoid prophages in the E. coli O157:H7 genome. Both E. coli O157:H7 and non-pathogenic E. coli are highly enriched in cattle feedlots. We hypothesized that strong UV radiation in combination with high temperature accelerates stx gene transfer into non-pathogenic E. coli in feedlots. Methodology/principal findings E. coli O157:H7 EDL933 strain were subjected to different UV irradiation (0 or 0.5 kJ/m(2)) combination with different temperature (22, 28, 30, 32, and 37 °C) treatments, and the activation of lambdoid prophages was analyzed by plaque forming unit while induction of Stx2 prophages was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR. Data showed that lambdoid prophages in E. coli O157:H7, including phages carrying stx2, were activated under UV radiation, a process enhanced by elevated temperature. Consistently, western blotting analysis indicated that the production of Shiga toxin 2 was also dramatically increased by UV irradiation and high temperature. In situ colony hybridization screening indicated that these activated Stx2 prophages were capable of converting laboratory strain of E. coli K12 into new Shiga toxigenic E. coli, which were further confirmed by PCR and ELISA analysis. Conclusions/significance These data implicate that high environmental temperature in combination with UV irradiation accelerates the spread of stx genes through enhancing Stx prophage induction and Stx phage mediated gene transfer. Cattle feedlot sludge are teemed with E. coli O157:H7 and non-pathogenic E. coli, and is frequently exposed to UV radiation via sunlight, which may contribute to the rapid spread of stx gene to non-pathogenic E. coli and diversity of shiga toxin producing E. coli.
Evaluation of Study Patients with Lyme Disease, 10–20-Year Follow-up

To determine the long-term impact of Lyme disease, we evaluated 84 randomly selected, original study patients from the Lyme, Connecticut, region who had erythema migrans, facial palsy, or Lyme arthritis 10-20 years ago and 30 uninfected control subjects. The patients in the 3 study groups and the control group did not differ significantly in current symptoms or neuropsychological test results. However, patients with facial palsy, who frequently had more widespread nervous system involvement, more often had residual facial or peripheral nerve deficits. Moreover, patients with facial palsy who did not receive antibiotics for acute neuroborreliosis more often now had joint pain and sleep difficulty and lower scores on the body pain index and standardized physical component sections of the Short-Form 36 Health Assessment Questionnaire than did antibiotic-treated patients with facial palsy. Thus, the overall current health status of each patient group was good, but sequelae were apparent primarily among patients with facial palsy who did not receive antibiotics for acute neuroborreliosis.
Hippocampal inputs to identified neurons in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat nucleus accumbens: evidence for feed-forward inhibition.

The aim of the present study was to analyze responses of nucleus accumbens neurons to stimulation of the fornix. The recorded neurons were labeled with biocytin and identified as medium spiny neurons. A large majority of cells generated a depolarizing postsynaptic potential in response to stimulation of the fornix. Using intracellular current injection, this depolarizing response was dissociated into an EPSP reversing at -6 -+ 6 mV and an IPSP reversing at -71 + 4 mV. Both the EPSP and IPSP were abolished by 6-cyano-7nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. In addition, the IPSP was blocked by bicuculline and picrotoxin. The onset latency of the EPSP was constant in spite of varying stimulus intensities. In contrast, the onset latency of the IPSP increased with decreasing stimulus intensity. Notably, the stimulus threshold for evoking IPSPs was generally lower than for EPSPs. At stimulus intensities well above threshold, the IPSP onset was only slightly delayed with respect to the EPSP onset. These results indicate that the EPSP can be characterized as a monosynaptic and glutamate-mediated synaptic response. The IPSP, however, appears to be mediated by a disynaptic feed-forward pathway involving both glutamate and GABA, receptors. Recurrent and lateral inhibitory interactions have previously been proposed to be predominant organizational principles in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens. This study indicates that feed-forward inhibition is an additional principle governing the activities of striatal neural networks.
Multiple Equilibria of a Double-Gyre Ocean Model with Super-Slip Boundary Conditions

Abstract The steady-state solutions of a barotropic double-gyre ocean model in which the wind stress curl input of vorticity is balanced primarily by bottom friction are studied. The bifurcations away from a unique and stable steady state are mapped as a function of two nondimensional parameters (δI, δS), which can be thought of as measuring respectively the relative importance of the nonlinear advection and bottom damping of relative vorticity to the advection of planetary vorticity. A highly inertial branch characterized by a circulation with transports far in excess of those predicted by Sverdrup balance is present over a wide range of parameters including regions of parameter space where other solutions give more realistic flows. For the range of parameters investigated, in the limit of a large Reynolds number, δI/δS → ∞, the inertial branch is stable and appears to be unique. This branch is antisymmetric with respect to the midbasin latitude like the prescribed wind stress curl. For intermediate valu...
Persistent Auditory Hallucinations That Are Unresponsive to Antipsychotic Drugs

ccording to DSM-IV-TR, a hallucination is “a sensoryperception that has a compelling sense of reality of a trueperception, but occurs without external stimulation of therelevant sensory organ.” Thus, an auditory hallucination is afalse perception of sound. These are the most commonforms of hallucinations (1). Auditory hallucinations arefound most often in patients withschizophrenia, with a prevalence of75% in that population (2). However,auditory hallucinations have been de-scribed in conjunction with many lifecircumstances and diseases, includingreligious phenomena, bereavement,drug intoxication, sensory deprivation,and near-death experiences, as well aspsychiatric or neurological disorders.Auditory hallucinations have been esti-mated to occur in 10%–15% of thosewithout neuropsychiatric illness (3).Auditory hallucinations have beenlinked to left-brain alterations in imag-ing studies, more specifically Broca’sarea, the anterior cingulate, the supe-rior temporal lobe, and the primary au-ditory cortex (4). Many historical fig-ures, from Socrates and Caesar toDescartes and Joan of Arc, have beenreported to “hear voices” (5). Although the meaning, signifi-cance, and etiology of these voices depend on their context,auditory hallucinations are most often a symptom of severe,disabling psychiatric or neurological illness. This article re-counts the treatment course of a patient with new-onset au-ditory hallucinations. To highlight the importance of taking athorough history, we present the relevant data longitudinally,in the same manner in which it was obtained.
RCT comparing minimally with moderately rough implants. Part 2: microbial observations

Background Most current implants have a moderately rough surface (compared with older minimally rough “turned” implants) to facilitate osseointegration. This randomized controlled trial (RCT), with split-mouth design, examined whether this increased surface roughness influenced the initial subgingival plaque formation. Material and methods Ten fully edentulous and eight partially edentulous patients, all with a history of severe periodontitis, received 4–6 implants (mandible or maxilla). Per jaw, both minimally (turned) and moderately rough (TiUnite) implants (MKIII; Nobel Biocare) were alternated. Also, the healing and final abutments had similar surface characteristics. Subgingival biofilm formation was followed up for 1 year, and samples were analyzed by culture technique, qPCR and checkerboard Results Over the entire period, no statistically significant differences could be detected in subgingival microbiota between the minimally and moderately rough surfaces. In partially edentulous patients, the biofilm matured to a higher concentration of pathogens when compared with fully edentulous patients. The subgingival implant composition and concentration in partially edentulous patients were comparable to the subgingival microbiota along teeth. Conclusion The roughness of the more modern implants did not influence the biofilm formation during the first year of implant loading.
Tooth jewelry in an 8 year old child: case report.

Purpose: The number of perioral/oral body modifications has been increasing over the previous 30 years. The dental impact upon adults and adolescents has been documented previously. The purpose of this case study was to report the dental impact of a child9s self-reported tooth decoration. The study is a case report of an 8-year old child who reported for dental care with discomfort in the mandibular left second primary molar. She embedded a stick-on rhinestone stud into the tooth for aesthetics. It fractured the tooth and led to its loss. Anticipatory guidance about perioral/oral body modification risks to children, as well as to adolescents and adults, should be included in the discussion of interventions that influence oral wellness. This study supports the NDHRA priority area, Health Promotion/Disease Prevention: Identify optimal time periods for interventions that influence pathology, function and oral wellness.
Genital burns from home use of podophyllin.

A 50-year-old male, without any significant past medical history, presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with complaint of scrotal burns. The patient was seen in clinic 1 week prior to the ED visit and given a topical treatment for genital warts. The preparation was a 25% suspension of podophyllin in benzoin. The patient applied the solution once daily for 3 days by using the dropper that came with the bottle. The patient had difficulty containing the solution when applying it to the affected area and the solution would often spread over his scrotal area and upper legs. The patient first noticed the burns 5 days after the first application of podophyllin (2 days following discontinuation of use). Physical exam revealed an apparently healthy male. Vital signs were blood pressure 150/100, heart rate 117, respiratory rate 16, and temperature 36.8 C. His HEENT, heart, and lung exam were unremarkable. His genitourinary exam revealed partial thickness burns to his penis, scrotum and upper legs with near total skin denudation (Fig. 1). He also had bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. The following are his laboratory values: WBC 5900 hemoglobin 17.2 g, platelets 292,000, sodium 139 meq./L, potassium 4.2 meq./ L, chloride 102 meq./L, bicarbonate 29 BUN 8 mg/dL, creatinine 1.0 mg/dL glucose 79 mg/dL AST 20 IU/L, ALT 19IU/L, PT 10.7 INR 1.0 PTT 27.6. The patient was evaluated by the burn team and discharged home with local wound care.
Observations from the CDC: CDC Contributions to Women's Health: Focusing on Prevention in Midlife

201 MANY NOTABLE PUBLIC HEALTH achievements occurred during the 1900s. Two of the great public health achievements for the 20th century specifically focused on women—healthier mothers and babies and family planning. During the 20th century, the health and life expectancy of people residing in the United States improved dramatically.1 Prevention played a significant role then, and it continues to plays a significant role today. Although the health and safety of women have improved, much remains to be done. For women in their midlife, 45–64 years of age, the leading causes of death include cancer, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The challenges lie in reducing some of the risk factors responsible for many chronic diseases, such as obesity, smoking, and lack of physical activity. Chronic diseases account for 70% of all deaths in the United States. The medical care costs of people with chronic diseases account for more than 60% of the nation’s medical care costs, and chronic diseases account for one third of the years of potential life lost before age 65. Women comprise more than half the people who die each year of cardiovascular disease.2 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) protects people’s health and safety by preventing and controlling diseases and injuries, enhances health decisions by providing credible information on critical health issues, and promotes healthy living through strong partnerships with local, national, and international organizations. With a diverse array of programs and activities that focus on women at every stage of life, CDC makes contributions to better understand and use prevention to reduce illness, disability, and death and to improve the quality of life. Much of this is possible because of the vital partnerships with public and private entities, such as state and local public health agencies, practicing health professionals, schools and universities, community organizations, industry and labor, foundations, and international organizations. Partnerships between CDC and women’s health advocacy groups, minority organizations, professional associations, and others have helped increase the number and type of prevention programs available to women. They have increased the understanding of the challenges, gaps, and opportunities and helped to develop innovative solutions to address some of these issues. Such partnerships have also enhanced policy development and fueled agencies, organizations, and individuals to take action. For CDC, the focus of the research and programs is prevention. Although some of the research and programs are well established, others are small, and still others are new. The expectation is that each has or will contribute to the science, understanding, policy, program design, quality of service, decision making, or action taken to improve the health and safety of women.
Regulation of cell proliferation by hypoxia-inducible factors

Hypoxia is a physiological cue that impacts diverse physiological processes, including energy metabolism, autophagy, cell motility, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. One of the key cell-autonomous effects of hypoxia is as a modulator of cell proliferation. For most cell types, hypoxia induces decreased cell proliferation, since an increased number of cells, with a consequent increase in O2 demand, would only exacerbate hypoxic stress. However, certain cell populations maintain cell proliferation in the face of hypoxia. This is a common pathological hallmark of cancers, but can also serve a physiological function, as in the maintenance of stem cell populations that reside in a hypoxic niche. This review will discuss major molecular mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates cell proliferation in different cell populations, with a particular focus on the role of hypoxia-inducible factors.
Aid Programs' Unintended Effects: The Case of Progresa and Migration

This paper analyzes the effect of aid on international and domestic migration and explores the causal effect of income on migration. The theoretical model predicts that the effect of aid on migration is ambiguous, depending on both the size and type of transfers. For some household types, e.g., those that are credit constrained, conditional transfers, where the potential recipient has to comply with some requirement in order to qualify for eligibility, may decrease contemporaneous migration but increase future migration. In contrast, unconditional grants may increase the level of migration at all times. Randomized data from a Mexican development program, Progresa, are used to test these hypotheses. The empirical analysis verifies that unconditional transfers increase current migration, while conditional transfers reduce it. Overall, the program generates an increase in international migration but no change in domestic migration.
Knowing the subterranean: Land grabbing, oil palm, and divergent expertise in Indonesia’s peat soil

So-called global land grabbing is not only a response to socio-ecological shifts but can also generate substantial subterranean and atmospheric biogeochemical changes. As land acquisitions for agricultural development play out in Indonesia, the country’s peatlands have been a key to rapid and expansive oil palm development. Oil palm production in tropical peatlands, however, requires soil drainage through hydrological engineering, which stimulates carbon dioxide emissions. Research on the quantities and mechanisms of those carbon emissions has been central to generating scientific consensus stipulating peatland conservation and rehabilitation, rather than agricultural development. Yet, alternate scientific knowledge networks have generated what I call divergent expertise, which supports a peatland management strategy of continued development despite ecological risk. This divergent expertise raises questions of how land is made suitable for large-scale acquisition and investment for agricultural developmen...
Alteration of growth and gravitropic response of maize roots by lithium.

Lithium modifies thigmotropic responses through its effects on ethylene metabolism; lithium inhibits conversion of ACC ((1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) to ethylene. Lithium modifies second messenger systems in animal by inhibiting resynthesis of PIP2 and inhibiting inositol-1-phosphate phosphatase. Work in our laboratory has implicated auxin-induced ethylene production and intermediates in the second messenger system in the growth and gravitropic response of primary roots of maize. Li ions at concentrations greater than 0.1 mM promote the elongation rate of primary roots of maize; this may be due to inhibition of auxin induced ethylene. Further support for this hypothesis is provided by ssymmetric application of Li to graviresponding roots; application of Li ions to the lower surface of roots delays positive gravicurvature or results in negative gravicurvature. This may be due to inhibition of auxin-induced ethylene production during the motor response of the roots. Lithium ions enhance the phosphorylation of specific protein species while suppressing the phosphorylation of other protein species. The pattern of phosphorylation that is observed as a result of lithium treatment is similar to the pattern observed upon treatment of maize roots with promotive concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) when ethylene biosynthesis has been inhibited using AVG (aminoethoxyvinyl glycine). Distinct phosphorylation patterns obtained from cytoplasmic and membrane fractions of roots which are exposed to inhibitory concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid can be suppressed by pretreatment of root tissue with 0.1 mM lithium; the resulting phosphorylation profile exhibited by these Li/inhibitory-IAA concentration treated roots are almost identical to the phosphorylation profile of IAA-stimulated root tissues.
Spin squeezing and cavity-aided nondemolition measurements

Quantum nondemolition measurements are used to prepare an entangled ensemble of nearly a million atoms with 3.4(6) dB enhancement in spectroscopic sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit, and may lead to improved quantum sensors.
Computation of Aerodynamic Flows over Bluff Bodies Using an Overset-Grid Approach

Flows over bluff bodies are commonly encountered in directed energy integrations with air vehicles. In this work, the fully three-dimensional, overset-grid based Navier-Stokes solver OVERFLOW is used to simulate the flow over two representative bluff-body geometries; a circular cylinder at ReD = 3, 900 and a half sphere-on-cylinder conformal window turret configuration at ReD = 2.4 × 10. The simulations performed here were done using the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation capability of OVERFLOW with various solution algorithms, including the third-order HLLC scheme and the fifth-order WENO and mapped WENO schemes. The results compared favorably to experimental data as well as previous computational results obtained on identical grids using the high-order, structured overset solver FDL3DI developed in the Air Vehicles Directorate.
Psychosocial Aspects of Youth Physical Activity

Two articles that contribute to the literature on psychosocial predictors of youths' physical activity motivation and behavior were chosen for commentary. The first article by Fenner and colleagues showed that a family-based intervention was effective at increasing overweight adolescents' self-determined motivation for physical activity and healthy eating and their quality of life. Significant study contributions include a multidisciplinary team of researchers, multiple pre and post intervention assessments, and a longitudinal test of mechanisms of change. Findings contribute to understanding how to provide overweight adolescents with support and choices at a critical developmental period to ultimately foster lifelong healthy behaviors. The second article by Garn and colleagues examined longitudinal relationships between physical self-perceptions and physical activity among children. Important study contributions include use of accelerometers to assess physical activity and tests of bidirectional relationships. The sample of young children aged 8-11 years also contributes to the literature. Results highlight body acceptance as an important mechanism of focus to foster children's physical activity behavior. Overall, the highlighted studies show that parental support and positive self-perceptions are important to consider in supporting youths' active lifestyles.
Innate immune mechanisms in transplant allograft vasculopathy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allograft vasculopathy is the leading cause of late allograft loss following solid organ transplantation. Ischemia reperfusion injury and donor-specific antibody-induced complement activation confer heightened risk for allograft vasculopathy via numerous innate immune mechanisms, including MyD88, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and complement-induced noncanonical nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling. RECENT FINDINGS The role of MyD88, a signal adaptor downstream of the Toll-like receptors (TLR), has been defined in an experimental heart transplant model, which demonstrated that recipient MyD88 enhanced allograft vasculopathy. Importantly, triggering receptor on myeloid receptor 1, a MyD88 amplifying signal, was present in rejecting human cardiac transplant biopsies and enhanced the development of allograft vasculopathy in mice. HMGB1, a nuclear protein that activates Toll-like receptors, also enhanced the development of allograft vasculopathy. Complement activation elicits assembly of membrane attack complexes on endothelial cells which activate noncanonical NF-κB signaling, a novel complement effector pathway that induces proinflammatory genes and potentiates endothelial cell-mediated alloimmune T-cell activation, processes which enhance allograft vasculopathy. SUMMARY Innate immune mediators, including HMGB1, MyD88, and noncanonical NF-κB signaling via complement activation contribute to allograft vasculopathy. These pathways represent potential therapeutic targets to reduce allograft vasculopathy after solid organ transplantation.
Depoliticization of the language of social justice, multiculturalism, and multicultural education

This article discusses the depoliticization of the language of social justice, multiculturalism, and multicultural education in this moment of neoliberalism and multiculturalism, and in each section includes both national and international examples of depolicizaton to point out the pervasiveness of depolicization throughout the world. Additionally, the article argues that depolicization operates when words and phrases such as “more for less” are constructed to imply justice for the least among us and when economic competitiveness is represented as serving the common good.
Application of RoF Wireless Broadband Access Technology in Hydropower Automation Control

RoF technology combines the advantages of optical fiber communication and wireless mobile communication. It can solve the problems in bandwidth, flexibility and electromagnetic interference. With the development of smart grid in China, the automation control system of hydropower plant makes more and more requirements on communication bandwidth, stability and access reliability. Because of decentralized distribution of hydropower plants and lack of wired communication channel, the EPON-based RoF broadband access technology can be used to provide air interface service for end-users. This technology use existing EPON network and can effectively reduce costs to meet the communication demand of hydropower automation control system. The practical tests prove that this technology is feasible.
Position Auctions with Externalities

This paper presents models for predicted click-through rates in position auctions that take into account the externalities ads shown in other positions may impose on the probability that an ad in a particular position receives a click. We present a general axiomatic methodology for how click probabilities are affected by the qualities of the ads in the other positions, and illustrate that using these axioms will increase revenue as long as higher quality ads tend to be ranked ahead of lower quality ads. We also present appropriate algorithms for selecting the optimal allocation of ads when predicted click-through rates are governed by a natural special case of this axiomatic model of externalities.
Home-School Dissonance and Student-Teacher Interaction as Predictors of School Attachment among Urban Middle Level Students

AbstractThe middle level years continue to be of significant concern to educational stakeholders, policymakers, theorists, and researchers. Chief among this concern is the degree to which middle level students adapt to the middle level climate and eventually begin to feel attached to or a sense of belonging at their school. The research literature has identified student-teacher interactions as a leading factor that promotes school attachment and corresponding adaptive behaviors, including academic success. The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations between middle level students’ perceptions of home-school dissonance and reports of school attachment. Seven hundred and seventy-six middle level students participated in the research. Using the Questionnaire of Teacher Interaction (Brekelmans, Wubbels, & Creton, 1990) and a measure of home-school dissonance (Arunkumar, Midgley, & Urdan, 1999), results show that both were significant predictors of school attachment, as measured by the School A...
The Unexpected Effects of Criminal Violence along the Mexico-Texas Border

ABSTRACTThe violence and insecurity that Mexico suffered during former President Calderon’s war on the Mexican drug cartels have come at a grave economic cost to many cities. The criminal violence had an impact on interdependent borderlands, which are geographic areas that have a symbiotic link between cities and communities of adjoining territories. Mexican business people and consumers that live in cities along the shared border with the United States have the ability to shift their economic transactions away from their insecure environments and to US border communities. In addition, US residents that would normally travel south for economic transactions would decide to avoid violent areas and therefore conduct business on the northern side. This research demonstrates that increased violence in Mexico produced a positive economic effect on the US side of the Mexico–Texas interdependent borderlands. Specifically, our time series analysis (2002–2014) shows that increased homicides, kidnappings and extorti...
Abstract P143: Activation of GPR30 Attenuates Diastolic Dysfunction and LV Remodeling in Oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis Rats

The incidence of diastolic dysfunction increases in women after menopause but the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. GPR30 is a novel estrogen receptor expressed in various tissues ...
An Analysis of Instructional Facilitators' Relationships with Teachers and Principals.

This study examines the perspectives of Wyoming instructional facilitators, concerning three coaching constructs—namely, their instructional leadership roles, teachers’ instructional practices, and...
Digital Upconversion and Downconversion

Digital upconversion is the process of moving the frequency content of a baseband signal to a much high frequency. Digital downconversion is the opposite process. The process is described intuitively as well as mathematically using previously developed concepts. In addition, the role of analog-to-digital convertor and digital-to-analog convertor in this process is discussed.
Congestion avoidance and control

In October of '86, the Internet had the first of what became a series of 'congestion collapses'. During this period, the data throughput from LBL to UC Berkeley (sites separated by 400 yards and three IMP hops) dropped from 32 Kbps to 40 bps. Mike Karels1 and I were fascinated by this sudden factor-of-thousand drop in bandwidth and embarked on an investigation of why things had gotten so bad. We wondered, in particular, if the 4.3BSD (Berkeley UNIX) TCP was mis-behaving or if it could be tuned to work better under abysmal network conditions. The answer to both of these questions was “yes”.Since that time, we have put seven new algorithms into the 4BSD TCP: round-trip-time variance estimationexponential retransmit timer backoffslow-startmore aggressive receiver ack policydynamic window sizing on congestionKarn's clamped retransmit backofffast retransmit Our measurements and the reports of beta testers suggest that the final product is fairly good at dealing with congested conditions on the Internet.This paper is a brief description of (i) - (v) and the rationale behind them. (vi) is an algorithm recently developed by Phil Karn of Bell Communications Research, described in [KP87]. (viii) is described in a soon-to-be-published RFC.Algorithms (i) - (v) spring from one observation: The flow on a TCP connection (or ISO TP-4 or Xerox NS SPP connection) should obey a 'conservation of packets' principle. And, if this principle were obeyed, congestion collapse would become the exception rather than the rule. Thus congestion control involves finding places that violate conservation and fixing them.By 'conservation of packets' I mean that for a connection 'in equilibrium', i.e., running stably with a full window of data in transit, the packet flow is what a physicist would call 'conservative': A new packet isn't put into the network until an old packet leaves. The physics of flow predicts that systems with this property should be robust in the face of congestion. Observation of the Internet suggests that it was not particularly robust. Why the discrepancy?There are only three ways for packet conservation to fail: The connection doesn't get to equilibrium, orA sender injects a new packet before an old packet has exited, orThe equilibrium can't be reached because of resource limits along the path. In the following sections, we treat each of these in turn.
A two-point diagnostic for the H II galaxy Hubble diagram

Chinese Academy of Sciences [2012T1J0011]; Chinese State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs [GDJ20120491013]
An Experimental Approach to Systematically Probe Charge Inversion in Nanofluidic Channels

Charge inversion of the surfaces of nanofluidic channels occurs in systems with high-surface charge and/or highly charged ions and is of particular interest because of applications in biological and energy conversion systems. However, the details of such charge inversion have not been clearly elucidated. Specifically, although we can experimentally and theoretically show charge inversion, understanding at what conditions charge inversion occurs, as well how much the charge-inverting ions change the surface, are not known. Here, we show a novel experimental approach for uniquely finding both the ζ-potential and adsorption time of charge inverting ions in aqueous nanofluidic systems.
Role of sensitivity analysis in load model parameter estimation

Parameter estimation plays a crucial role in load modeling. The aggregated nature of the load model and the large number of tunable parameter makes the task of parameter estimation challenging. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the estimation process is required. Sensitivity analysis provides useful insight into the parameter estimation process, which can make the process more efficient and systematic. The importance of sensitivity analysis in load model parameter estimation is highlighted in this paper through an example.
Observations on the Microdispersion of Drosophila melanogaster

Natural populations live for the most part in unbounded areas. The effective population size of a local population of any species, then, is related to the movement of individuals and to their mating habits. Either limited dispersal or predispersal mating would tend to reduce the effective size of the population and to promote inbreeding. Dispersal over extended distances, the systematic dispersion of large segments of the population, and the postponement of mating until dispersion has occurred would tend to diminish inbreeding and to increase the effective size of the local population.
Cryopreservation of animal germplasm resources

Spermatozoa were first frozen and thawed successfully in 1949. Since then, semen-freezing procedures have been developed for almost all agriculturally important mammalian and avian species. In addition, semen has been frozen with varying degrees of success from more than 50 species of non-domestic mammals, from more than 25 species offish, and from several endangered species of birds and mammals.
The Management of Psoriatic Arthritis

The management of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) begins with education. Each consultation provides an opportunity for the physician to counsel the patient and family about the disease and its clinical course that is unique to that individual. It is a chance for the patient and family to learn and adapt. There are also a variety of further ways for instruction to occur. In addition to regional educational symposia, there exists an international network of service organizations, focused on education and advocacy for patients with psoriasis and PsA, which are accessible by phone, mail, and the internet. Examples include the National Psoriasis Foundation and Arthritis Foundation in the USA, and a variety of similar organizations in other parts of the world.
Physiology of the Microcirculation

Functional integrity of the blood vessels is an essential ingredient of a normal circulatory system. In its simplest terms, physiological “normality” of the microcirculation includes the capacity to bring about dynamic changes in the function of the arterioles, the precapillary sphincters, the muscular venules, and the veins, so as to ensure appropriate perfusion of the relatively passive capillaries under the variable conditions of daily life. Arteriolar contraction and relaxation serve both to maintain an adequate diastolic blood pressure for the organism as a whole and to redistribute blood flow to different vascular beds as metabolic requirements dictate. In most circumstances requiring increased tissue perfusion—say, to the muscles during vigorous exercise—dilatation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters increases the flow of blood into an expanded capillary bed. After perfusion of the tissues, the return of blood to the heart is enhanced by tonic contraction of the muscular venules. Venous return is further facilitated by the negative intrathoracic pressure and by the massaging action of skeletal muscular contraction on venous flow directed centrally by venous valves.
Designing of Domain Modeling for Mobile Applications Development

The term domain modeling has been considered as one of the important activities in systematic reuse. Is an activity that develops a generic model of a family of systems. It frames can be used to enable design layers, allowing the construction of complex structures and the reuse of development information. In this paper, we analyze the domain modeling support tool that retrieves objects from the candidate domain model to create frameworks from domain descriptions in a typical text format.
Office-Selling, Corruption, and Long-Term Development in Peru

The paper uses a unique hand-collected dataset of the prices at which the Spanish Crown sold colonial provincial governorships in seventeenth and eighteenth century Peru to examine the impact of colonial officials on long-run development. Combining provincial characteristics with exogenous variation in appointment criteria due to the timing of European wars, I first show that provinces with greater extraction potential tended to fetch higher prices and attract worse buyers. In the long run, these high-priced provinces have lower household consumption, schooling, and public good provision. The type of governors ruling these provinces likely exacerbated political conflict, ethnic segregation, and undermined institutional trust among the population.
Eviscerating the Voting Rights Act and Moral Authority: Freedom to Discriminate Comes with a Price

World power shifted after World War II. Europe, the former epicenter of world power had suffered severe economic trauma, with many countries finding both their infrastructures and financial institutions in dire straits.1 The powerful nations of the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union suffered tremendous human and economic devastation.2 However, in spite of the loss of lives on the battlefield, one nation seemed to emerge unscathed from the war and that was the United States of America. Post World War II found an America where business was booming. Both science and technology were on the rise, and the developing nation was on its way to becoming a world super power.3 Spreading democracy and the freedoms implicit therein,