cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Psychiatry: What are the Boundaries?:

Objectifs: 1. Examiner les concepts qui sous-tendent la readaptation psychosociale et souligner sa relation essentielle avec la pratique de la psychiatrie. 2. Explorer et dissoudre les prejuges et mythes que vehiculent parfois les praticiens de chaque domaine quant a l'autre. Methode: Analyse documentaire et observation. Resultats. L'importance qu'accordent la psychiatrie et la readaptation sociale a la nature psychosociale de la maladie mentale constitue un argument convaincant pour encourager la cooperation. Conclusions: Les personnes atteintes de maladie mentale sont avantagees lorsque les disciplines de la psychiatrie et de la readaptation sociale font front commun.
Depression in the aged. An overview.

Depression in the aged, common and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, is a major public health problem. Diagnosis may be difficult because of often atypical or masked symptoms, intercurrent delusions, or cognitive disturbances, and interactions with somatic disorders. When recognized and accurately diagnosed, the depressions of late life tend to respond reasonably well to treatment, but medication doses are lower and side effects more troublesome.
Computer organization, design, and architecture

Introduction Computer System Organization Computer Evolution Organization versus Design versus Architecture Summary Problems Bibliography Number Systems and Codes Number Systems Conversion Arithmetic Sign-Magnitude System Complement Number System Floating-Point Numbers Binary Codes Data Storage and Register Transfer Representation of Numbers, Arrays, and Records Summary Problems Bibliography Combinational Logic Basic Operations and Terminology Boolean Algebra (Switching Algebra) Minimization of Boolean Functions Primitive Hardware Blocks Functional Analysis of Combinational Circuits Synthesis of Combinational Circuits Some Popular Combinational Circuits Integrated Circuits Loading and Timing Summary Problems Bibliography Synchronous Sequential Circuits Flip-Flops Timing Characteristics of Flip-Flops Flip-Flop ICs Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits Registers Register Transfer Logic Register Transfer Schemes Register Transfer Languages Designing Sequential Circuits with Integrated Circuits Programmable Logic Summary Problems Bibliography A Simple Computer A Simple Computer ASC Assembler Program Loading Subroutines Macros Linkers and Loaders Summary Problems Bibliography A Simple Computer Program Execution Data, Instruction, and Address Flow Bus Structure Arithmetic and Logic Unit Input/Output Control Unit Console Microprogrammed Control Unit (MCU) Summary Problems Bibliography Input/Output General I/O Model I/O Function Interrupts Direct-Memory Access Bus Architecture Channels I/O Processors Serial I/O Common I/O Devices Examples Summary Problems Bibliography Processor and Instruction-Set Architectures Types of Computer Systems Operand (Data) Types and Formats Registers Instruction Set Addressing Modes Instruction-Set Orthogonality RISC versus CISC Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Memory and Storage Types of Memory Memory System Parameters Memory Hierarchy Memory Devices and Organizations Memory System Design Using ICs Speed Enhancement Size Enhancement Address Extension Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Arithmetic/Logic Unit Enhancement Logical and Fixed-Point Binary Operations Decimal Arithmetic Pipelining ALU with Multiple Functional Units Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Control Unit Enhancement Speed Enhancement Hardwired versus Microprogrammed Control Units Pipeline Performance Issues Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Advanced Architectures MISD SIMD MIMD Cache Coherence Dataflow Architectures Systolic Architectures Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Embedded Systems Characteristics Software Architectures Example Systems Summary Problems Bibliography Mobile Processors and System on Chip Apple iPhone 4S ARM v7-A Application Profile Raspberry Pi Summary Problems Bibliography Computer Networks and Distributed Processing Computer Networks Distributed Processing Grid Computing Cloud Computing Summary Problems Bibliography Performance Evaluation Performance Measures Cost Factor Benchmarks Code Optimization Summary Problems Bibliography Appendix A Appendix B Index
CHO/HGPRT Mutation Assay: Evaluation of Gases and Volatile Liquids

Over the last several years, attention has been focused on the development and use of rapid and reliable assays to identify potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. These assays, if understood and properly evaluated, can be valuable tools for gathering information to aid in deciding whether chemicals may be hazardous to human health.
Experimental study of the astrophysically important 23 Na(α ,p ) 26 Mg and 23 Na(α ,n ) 26 Al reactions

The $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ reactions are important for our understanding of the $^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ abundance in massive stars. The aim of this work is to report on a direct and simultaneous measurement of these astrophysically important reactions using an active target system. The reactions were investigated in inverse kinematics using $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ as the active target gas in the detector. We measured the excitation functions in the energy range of about 2 to 6 MeV in the center of mass. We have found that the cross sections of the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p)^{26}\mathrm{Mg}$ and the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ reactions are in good agreement with previous experiments and with statistical-model calculations. The astrophysical reaction rate of the $^{23}\mathrm{Na}(\ensuremath{\alpha},n)^{26}\mathrm{Al}$ reaction has been reevaluated and it was found to be larger than the recommended rate.
Conflict of Interest and US University Technology Licensing

Since the early 1980s, US research universities have rapidly expanded their involvement with technology commercialization, the process by which university innovation is transferred to the marketplace via patenting and licensing activities. A considerable literature has developed around this phenomenon, which has explored its benefits for speeding innovation for societal benefit, others have raised concerns in regards to the implications of privatizing the intellectual commons that has long characterized the conduct of university-based research. This study explores conflict of interest issues as revealed through the study of university licensing documents. Utilizing the tool of content analysis, I investigated 306 licensing deals between 181 companies and 81 US universities. The findings revealed extensive use of exclusive licensing, equity arrangements with faculty and institutions, faculty in managerial positions, and contract language often with considerable firm control over publication or extensive rights to delay publication. Such practices suggest concern in regards to faculty distraction from their primary duties to the institution and individual or organizational interestedness in commercialization outcomes that may undermine the social contract for science.
Insights into the Evolution of Host Association through the Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Human Periodontal Pathobiont, Desulfobulbus oralis.

ABSTRACT The human oral microbiota encompasses representatives of many bacterial lineages that have not yet been cultured. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of previously uncultured Desulfobulbus oralis, the first human-associated representative of its genus. As mammalian-associated microbes rarely have free-living close relatives, D. oralis provides opportunities to study how bacteria adapt and evolve within a host. This sulfate-reducing deltaproteobacterium has adapted to the human oral subgingival niche by curtailing its physiological repertoire, losing some biosynthetic abilities and metabolic independence, and by dramatically reducing environmental sensing and signaling capabilities. The genes that enable free-living Desulfobulbus to synthesize the potent neurotoxin methylmercury were also lost by D. oralis, a notably positive outcome of host association. However, horizontal gene acquisitions from other members of the microbiota provided novel mechanisms of interaction with the human host, including toxins like leukotoxin and hemolysins. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that most of those factors are actively expressed, including in the subgingival environment, and some are secreted. Similar to other known oral pathobionts, D. oralis can trigger a proinflammatory response in oral epithelial cells, suggesting a direct role in the development of periodontal disease. IMPORTANCE Animal-associated microbiota likely assembled as a result of numerous independent colonization events by free-living microbes followed by coevolution with their host and other microbes. Through specific adaptation to various body sites and physiological niches, microbes have a wide range of contributions, from beneficial to disease causing. Desulfobulbus oralis provides insights into genomic and physiological transformations associated with transition from an open environment to a host-dependent lifestyle and the emergence of pathogenicity. Through a multifaceted mechanism triggering a proinflammatory response, D. oralis is a novel periodontal pathobiont. Even though culture-independent approaches can provide insights into the potential role of the human microbiome “dark matter,” cultivation and experimental characterization remain important to studying the roles of individual organisms in health and disease.
The 9 “C’s” of Pressure-Flow Urodynamics

Proper reading and interpretation of a pressure-flow urodynamic tracing should proceed in an orderly and organized fashion. Unfortunately, such a systematic approach to the interpretation of a pressure-flow urodynamic study does not currently exist. Using the functional classification of voiding dysfunction as a framework, the pressure-flow tracing can be dissected into a filling/storage portion and an emptying portion. Important aspects of the urodynamic study can be sub-classified within each of these phases. Conveniently, each of these aspects can be titled with a “C” thus providing the 9 “C’s” of pressure-flow urodynamics (PFUDs) interpretation. Such a scheme allows a complete and pragmatic approach to the interpretation of the urodynamic tracing.
Fiber Optics Applications

Applications of optical integrated circuits can be categorized into near term and long range applications. As an aid in assessing the long range engineering research and development goals it is often of value to be aware of the more current requirements and developments. An understanding of these requirements can provide a solid basis on which to define the long range device development goals.
Incontinentia pigmenti: clinicopathologic characteristics and differential diagnosis

A newborn girl had erythematous-based vesicles and pustules on her chest and extremities and eosinophilia. Within two weeks, she also showed linear verrucous plaques on her arms and legs. Pathologic evaluation of the skin lesions confirmed the clinically suspected diagnosis of incontinentia pigmenti. Results of subsequent neurologic, ophthalmologic, and pediatric evaluations have been normal without the detection of potential incontinentia pigmenti-associated systemic manifestations. The clinical and pathologic features of incontinentia pigmenti skin lesions are reviewed and the systemic manifestations summarized.
The Rising Physicians Program: A Novel Approach for Mentoring Medical Students.

Introduction The transition to medical school is a particularly challenging time for new students as they are faced with significant academic responsibilities. Moreover, for many students at the Uniformed Services University they are adjusting to being on active duty in the military. Mentoring has been considered a way to help with the transition and professional development. Prior to 2015, there was no formal mentoring program for new students at the Uniformed Services University. Materials and methods In order to address the demands and challenges facing matriculating medical students, the Rising Physicians Program was created. This student initiated program enabled pre-clerkship medical students to connect with residents at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center via a secure database with resident profiles. Residents were recruited and voluntarily agreed to serve as mentors. Students were then able to access the database and reach out to mentors based on their specific goals. The program was introduced to students during orientation and student participation was completely voluntary. A survey was designed using best survey practices and sent to the 175 students participating in the program for the 2015 academic (class of 2019) year to determine participation and characteristics of the program. Results Sixty-four percent (112/175) of the students from the class of 2019 participated in the post-implementation survey. Fifteen percent of the class (26/175) reported participating in the voluntary mentoring program. The three most commonly used communication methods with mentors in precedence were in-person, e-mail, and text messages. The majority of the students found their interactions in this program were beneficial and did not get in the way of their academic performance. The most common topics of discussion were academics (20%), mentor's past experience (22%), military lifestyle (7%), medical school pathways (23%), and specialty selections (23%). Limitations of the program included a lack of U.S. Air Force mentors and mentors within certain residency specialties. Conclusions The Rising Physician Program provides a near-peer mentoring model for new medical students. Students preferred to communicate with their mentors in person, but the flexibility of communication appears to be important. New students have a variety of academic and professional development concerns that could partially be addressed through mentoring by residents.
Oceanographic Activities of the Hydrographic Office and the United States Navy During 1938

In accordance with its policy of contributing to the advancement of oceanography whenever possible, the Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy, in connection with its regular activities, during 1938, has collected much data of value to oceanographers and scientists in general. During 1938 practically every unit of the United States Navy, equipped with sonic depth-finding apparatus, has done its part towards increasing the existing knowledge of submarine topography by obtaining sonic soundings while traversing areas previously unsounded whenever the opportunity permitted.
Veronica Butler: The Analyst of Manners, Money and Masks. August Lewald in the Vormärz. Bielefeld: Aisthesis 2017 (Vormärz Studien, XLI). 257 S. € 34,80.

August Lewald’s outsize role as an innovative editor and journalist has secured his status in Vormarz letters. Such journals as »Europa. Chronik der gebildeten Welt« (1835–1885) were ground-breaking for their blend of essays, verse, and literature, all of which promoted cross-cultural exchange in a liberal-minded register.
Optically Induced Effects in Photoluminescence Studies of Chalcogenide Glasses

Enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) by IR light with energy as low as half the band gap is demonstrated to be a restoration of the fatigued PL induced by inter-band excitation radiation. At 6K in glassy As2Se3, an increase in the absorption coefficient in the band tail region which accompanies fatiguing of the PL is observed throughout the spectral range of the enhancement band (≅0.6 – 1.5 eV). Subsequent irradiation by IR light in the 0.6 – 1.5 eV range restores both the IR transmission in this range and the PL to their initial cold-dark values.
Portraying the Aztec Past: The Codices Boturini, Azcatlan, and Aubin: Rajagopalan, Angela Herren, Austin: University of Texas Press, 198 pp., $29.95, ISBN 978-1-4773-169-2, Publication Date: December 2018

Portraying the Aztec Past makes a valuable contribution to understanding the production of Mexica history through a comparative analysis of the Boturini, Azcatlan, and Aubin Codices. “Portraying” r...
Abstract LB-326: The role of HER3 in HER2-amplified cancers other than breast cancers

Introduction: Although recent studies showed that HER3 plays a key role in the pathophysiology of HER2-amplified breast cancers, its role in other cancers driven by HER2 amplification remains unknown. This study aimed to define the importance of HER3 signaling in other types of HER2-amplified cancer. Method: The expression and signaling activity of HER2, HER3, and downstream pathway proteins were studied in cell panels representing HER2-amplified cancers of the breast, bladder, colon and rectal, stomach, esophagus, lung, tongue, and endometrium along with controls lacking HER2 amplification. The time-dependent compensatory upregulation of HER3 in response to HER2 inhibitor therapy was assayed by western blotting and the apoptotic effects of HER2 inhibition were assayed by flow cytometry. The functional significance of HER3 in promoting tumorigenic growth in xenograft assays was determined in selected HER2-amplified cancer cell types by shRNA knockdown. Results: Many HER2-amplified cancers of the breast (HCC1569, HCC1954, HCC1419, UACC732, SUM190), bladder (CLS-439), stomach (N87, OE19), esophagus (TE4, KYSE410), lung (Calu3), and endometrium (USPC-ARC1, USPC-ARC2) showed HER3 activation, whereas HER2-nonamplified cancers of the same organs did not. With some exceptions, all HER2-amplified cancer cells undergo apoptosis when HER2 signaling is inhibited by lapatinib. Lapatinib induced apoptosis correlated with HER3 activation. Tumor growth was reduced upon HER3 knockdown in HER2-amplified cancers other than breast cancers, particularly cancers with constitutive HER3 phosphorylation. Significance: These results suggest that HER3 plays a functionally significant role in HER2 amplified cancers other than breast cancers, and may underlie resistance to HER2-targeting in these cancers. Combined HER2-HER3 targeting may be of value across the spectrum of different types of cancers. Citation Format: Avisek Majumder, Veronica Steri, Fernando Salangsang, Mark Moasser. The role of HER3 in HER2-amplified cancers other than breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-326.
Black Box Approach to Active Impedance Characterization of Automotive Components

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) of automotive components is evaluated by testing in a test setup that emulates the vehicle environment. Nevertheless the real vehicle environment differs from the test setup. This results in a deviation of the component behavior during testing and in the target vehicle. To avoid redesign in late development stages the disturbance behavior of components must be characterized early on. A characterization can be obtained by modeling the component as a Thevenin equivalent disturbance source. A key aspect of this approach is the determination of the internal impedance of the component in active mode.
The Semantics and Collocations Relation in Food Reviews

Finding our favorite dishes have became a hard task since restaurants are providing more choices and va- rieties. On the other hand, comments and reviews of restaurants are a good place to look for the answer. The purpose of this study is to use computational linguistics and natural language processing to categorise and find semantic relation in various dishes based on reviewers’ comments and menus description. Our goal is to imple- ment a state-of-the-art computational linguistics meth- ods such as, word embedding model, word2vec, topic modeling, PCA, classification algorithm. For visualiza- tions, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t- SNE) was used to explore the relation within dishes and their reviews. We also aim to extract the common pat- terns between different dishes among restaurants and reviews comment, and in reverse, explore the dishes with a semantics relations. A dataset of articles related to restaurant and located dishes within articles used to find comment patterns. Then we applied t-SNE visual- izations to identify the root of each feature of the dishes. As a result, to find a dish our model is able to assist users by several words of description and their inter- est. Our dataset contains 1,000 articles from food re- views agency on a variety of dishes from different cul- tures: American, i.e. ’steak’, hamburger; Chinese, i.e. ’stir fry’, ’dumplings’; Japanese, i.e., ’sushi’.
The rapid destruction of toroidal magnetic surfaces

An ideal magnetic evolution can cause the development of an exponentially large variation between the distance of closest approach and greatest separation between neighboring pairs of magnetic field lines. When this occurs, a fast magnetic reconnection naturally arises on the evolution time scale of magnetic field times a factor that depends only logarithmically on the strength of the non-ideal effects. An obvious example arises when the magnetic evolution is driven by footpoint motion, as in the solar corona. A similar effect can be responsible for the sudden loss of magnetic surfaces during a tokamak disruption. In almost all magnetic surfaces in toroidal geometry, a magnetic field line never closes on itself as it is followed in the toroidal angle $\varphi$, and the line comes arbitrarily close to every point in the surface. When an arbitrary pair of magnetic field lines are separated by an infinitesimal distance $\delta_0$ in a surface at $\varphi=0$, then their separation can be written as $\delta_0 \exp(\gamma(\varphi))$. The Lyapunov exponent, $\lim_{\varphi\rightarrow\infty}\gamma(\varphi)/\varphi$, will be shown to vanish, but that does not preclude the variation in their exponentiation, $\gamma_v\equiv\gamma_{max}-\gamma_{min}$, from having an arbitrarily large value. When $\gamma_v$ is sufficiently large in a region of magnetic surfaces, rapid reconnection becomes inevitable. A $\gamma_v\approx5$ could explain the sudden loss of magnetic surfaces during a tokamak disruption.
SU-E-T-543: Measurement of Neutron Activation From Different High Energy Varian Linear Accelerators

Purpose: Linear accelerators producing photons above 10 MeV may induce photonuclear reactions in high Z components of the accelerator. These liberated neutrons can then activate the structural components of the accelerator and other materials in the beam path through neutron capture reactions. The induced activity within the accelerator may contribute to additional dose to both patients and personnel. This project seeks to determine the total activity and activity per activated isotope following irradiation in different Varian accelerators at energies above 10 MeV. Methods: A Varian 21IX accelerator was used to irradiate a 30 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm solid water phantom with 15 MV x-rays. The phantom was placed at an SSD of 100 cm and at the center of a 20 cm × 20 cm field. Activation induced gamma spectra were acquired over a 5 minute interval after 1 and 15 minutes from completion of the irradiation. All measurements were made using a CANBERRA Falcon 5000 Portable HPGe detector. The majority of measurements were made in scattering geometry with the detector situated at 90° to the incident beam, 30 cm from the side of the phantom and approximately 10 cm from the top. A 5 minute backgroundmore » count was acquired and automatically subtracted from all subsequent measurements. Photon spectra were acquired for both open and MLC fields. Results: Based on spectral signatures, nuclides have been identified and their activities calculated for both open and MLC fields. Preliminary analyses suggest that activities from the activation products in the microcurie range. Conclusion: Activation isotopes have been identified and their relative activities determined. These activities are only gross estimates since efficiencies have not been determined for this source-detector geometry. Current efforts are focused on accurate determination of detector efficiencies using Monte Carlo calculations.« less
Euthanasia, Necropsy Technique and Comparative Histology of Reptiles

There are occasions when a captive reptile must be euthanized. Safety for the operator, humane dispatch of the animal, and salvage of the specimen for pathologic examination and/or museum preservation are all valid considerations which may determine which method of euthanasia is selected; often the size of the animal dictates the choice.
You've got agreement: Negoti@ting via email

Astonishing amounts of negotiation are now conducted by e-mail - often with scant regard for underlying strategy, or even common courtesy. The authors unpack why this happens, and propose methods that will better prepare students for the realities of future business.
Robust Control Synthesis Examples with Real Parameter Uncertainty using the Popov Criterion

A recent approach to robust control design with real parameter uncertainty has been to use the analysis results from absolute stability theory. Current work has focused on the Popov stability criterion and its extensions because linearized forms of the parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions restrict the allowable time-variations of the parameter errors. This paper builds on recent analysis results, and presents a homotopy synthesis technique for robust controllers that minimise an overbound of an H 2 performance objective. The optimal compensator and multiplier are designed simultaneously, which avoids the need to iterate between controller design and optimal multiplier evaluation. The procedure is applied to two and four mass benchmark problems. The results of these examples illustrate the good guaranteed robust performance that can be achieved using this Popov controller synthesis (combined H 2 /real ?) algorithm.
Una teoría política sobre la ayuda exterior | A Political Theory Of Foreign Aid

En este fragmento el autor hace una reflexion sobre la ayuda exterior, su necesidad y oportunidad o no, su justificacion, y si tiene sentido en si misma o no. Define para ello seis tipos de ayuda exterior, asi como sus consecuencias y contenidos politicos, entre ellas entre ellas la humanitaria, la de desarrollo economico ―que hoy conoceriamos como de cooperacion al desarrollo―, la ayuda militar o la ayuda de prestigio. Su conclusion es que la politica exterior, como parte del arsenal politico de una nacion, debe caer en el dominio de la accion politica, criticando la preponderancia de los economistas y su papel principal en la gestion de la misma, en la medida en que los objetivos ultimos de dicha politica deben ser el refuerzo politico del pais donante. Para Hans Morgenthau, que duda de la eficacia en terminos de progreso y modernizacion de la ayuda economica, incluso en caso de exito, los resultados de esta ayuda son inciertos y podrian ser potencialmente contraproducentes, en la medida en que cambiarian necesariamente el statu quo ―incluso provocando una revolucion―, siendo preferible la ayuda al prestigio por sus efectos politicos inmediatos y beneficios para el donante. Along this work, the author reflects on the foreign aid, its necessity and opportunity ―or not―, and whether it has value by itself. With this purpose, he defines six modalities of foreign aid, as well as their respective consequences and political contents, among them the humanitarian, the foreign aid oriented to economic development ―equivalent currently to development cooperation―, the military or the prestige aid. One of his main conclusions is that the foreign aid, as part of the political weaponry of a nation, must fall into the domain of political action, criticizing the primacy of economists and their protagonist role regarding the management of this aid, to the extent that the ultimate goals of this policy must be the political reinforcement of the donor. In the view of Hans Morgenthau, who doubts about the efficacy in terms of progress and modernization of the economic aid, even being a successful one, the results of this aid are unforeseeable and could be potentially counterproductive, to the extent that they would change necessarily the statu quo ―even provoking a revolution―, being preferable then the prestige aid for its immediate political effects and benefits for the donor.
Toward the (nearly) complete elimination of solvent waste in Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) reactions

Abstract This short communication describes current efforts geared toward the development of solvent-free, Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) processes. It has been found that the preparation of homo and copolymers can be accomplished under solvent-free ROMP reaction conditions using both liquid and solid monomers under air. Typical reactions are operationally simple and can be run under air and the polymer products can be isolated using minimal amounts of organic solvents.
Transition from a singly vergent to doubly vergent wedge in a young orogen: The Greater Caucasus

The Greater Caucasus Mountains, due to their youth (~5 Ma), provide an opportunity for insight into the early stages of orogen development during continent-continent collision. However, their recent tectonic evolution and first-order architecture remain unclear. Here we investigate the evolution of the orogen by integrating new observations of the fluvial geomorphology and neotectonics of the range with prior work on seismicity, geodetic strain, bedrock geology, and foreland basin structure. We find that the range contains four zones along strike that differ in structural architecture, topography, and first-order tectonic history. In particular, two south directed, singly vergent zones at the western and eastern tips of the orogen are separated by both a central doubly vergent zone that is dominated by north directed deformation and an eastern doubly vergent zone in which south directed thrusting dominates. We hypothesize that the along-strike changes in vergence and locus of deformation reflects different stages in the development of a doubly vergent orogen, with the tips of the range preserving an early, singly vergent form and the center recording a more advanced orogen. The differences between the two doubly vergent zones seem to be driven by the initial stages of collision between the structurally thickened crust of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus orogens, which initiated at ~5 Ma.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection of Neural Stem Cells Alters Neurogenesis in the Developing Brain

Background Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) brain infection causes serious neuro-developmental sequelae including: mental retardation, cerebral palsy, and sensorineural hearing loss. But, the mechanisms of injury and pathogenesis to the fetal brain are not completely understood. The present study addresses potential pathogenic mechanisms by which this virus injures the CNS using a neonatal mouse model that mirrors congenital brain infection. This investigation focused on, analysis of cell types infected with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and the pattern of injury to the developing brain.
Seismic reliability analysis of flat-plate structures

Abstract This paper presents an extension of the reliability analysis method for a plane frame structure to a flat-plate structure. The flat-plate structure is modelled as a frame structure by using the effective beam approach proposed by Moehle and Diebold. The condensation technique in TABS77 is further utilized to transform the frame structure into a stick model. The earthquake ground acceleration is represented by a segment of stationary Gaussian random process with mean zero and a Kanai-Tajimi power spectrum. The power spectrum together with the dynamic characteristics of structure is utilized in the random vibration analysis to derive the probabilistic structural response. The limit analysis procedure proposed by Aoyama is modified to determine the failure mechanism and the corresponding storey shear capacity of the flat-plate structure. The reliability of the structure is measured in terms of the largest storey limit state probability. The fragility curve of the structure is generated by evaluating the limit state probabilities at various levels of peak ground acceleration. From the hazard curve for a site and the fragility curve for a structure, the annual limit state probability of the structure can also be evaluated. A five-storey flat-plate structure assumed to be located in New York City is used to illustrate the reliability analysis method.
Palaeontology: Wringing out the oldest sponges

Evidence from biomarkers and molecular clocks points to the existence of sponges tens of millions of years before their earliest fossil remains. Fossils from South Australia may narrow that gap.
On surface geometry coupled to morphogen

An expression is derived for both the Gauss and the Mean curvature of a surface, in terms of three simple cell parameters. The surface is thought of as composed of a single-cell thick sheet of cells joined laterally. The three cellular parameters involved are the ratios of (linear) basal to apical dimension in two orthogonal directions, s1 and s2, and the cell thickness “h”. These three parameters may be envisioned as functions of a morphogen or morphogens which vary from point to point over the (middle) surface. As an example, the “reaction-diffusion” equations which are often used to describe pattern-formation in early development can be seen as possible candidates for these morphogens, when the resultant surface deformations are given when the dependence of the three cellular parameters are specified as a function of morphogen concentration. The coupling back of the surface deformations to the set of reaction-diffusion equations is simply given, and is through the dependence on geometry of the Laplacian operator which enters these equations.
“I just Wikipedia it”: Information behavior of first-year writing students

First-year writing students are a very large, diverse, and ubiquitous information user group, as writing courses are typically required of all undergraduate students, regardless of major. While in their institution's writing program, students frequently must utilize research (information) in their writing assignments. While this formal, task-related information behavior is important for stakeholders in the fields of information science and the humanities to understand, little research has been done on this significant group of students. This study arrived at key exploratory findings by collecting data and context from first-year writing students through semi-structured interviews. The researchers found that students continue to be Google-dependent and fearful of using Wikipedia, though they use it anyway. Students appear to operate in comfort and convenience zones, and distinctly prefer secondary sources which they fail to read completely. People comprise a major part of students' information seeking behavior, but students tend only to consult friends and family members. This study offers practical implications of these behaviors which may be used to help students and inform further research.
Pharmacoeconomic studies of antidepressants: focus on venlafaxine.

Newer antidepressants are more expensive in terms of acquisition costs than older drugs. However, cost effectiveness simulations and retrospective analyses of administrative databases of newer antidepressants, including venlafaxine, suggest that the higher acquisition costs may be offset or more than offset by savings of other treatment costs. Because simulations and retrospective studies are vulnerable to multiple methodologic uncertainties, large scale randomized “real-world” cost effectiveness experiments are needed. If venlafaxine in actual practice is more effective or has a more rapid onset of action than SSRIs as suggested by efficacy studies and existing meta-analyses, these effects could translate into pharmacoeconomic advantages. Depression and Anxiety, Volume 12, Supplement 1:102–109, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Constructing secured cognitive wireless networks: experiences and challenges

Recent development in wireless communications has lead to the problem of growing spectrum shortage. Cognitive radio, as a novel technology, has been proposed in recent years to solve this problem by dynamically accessing the spectrum so as to enhance the spectrum utilization. Security in cognitive radio networks has become a challenging issue because there are more chances open to attackers by cognitive radio technology, compared to those from conventional wireless networks. These weaknesses and vulnerable aspects, introduced by the nature of cognitive radio, may cause serious impact on the security and quality of service (QoS) provisioning for the entire network. Unfortunately, at present, there is no specific secure protocol designed for cognitive radio networks. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct a high-level survey to review and reflect the state-of-the-art work on the security issues in cognitive networks. We focus on analyzing the security system at the macroscopic level, where both protection and detection are considered to be the most essential parts to ensure security in the whole network. Furthermore, we investigate special characteristics of cognitive networks at different protocol layers, including physical layer, link layer, network layer, transport layer and application layer. We recognize both the challenges and experiences, and focus on constructing the secured cognitive wireless networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Part of the preliminary work has been presented at the 2009 ACM International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC'09), Leipzig, 21-24 June 2009. In this paper, we focus on constructing secured cognitive wireless networks. We conduct a high-level survey to review and reflect the state-of-the-art work on the security issues in cognitive radio networks, recognizing both experiences and challenges. We maintain that both the protection and detection should be considered at each protocol layer to ensure security in the whole network.
Potential metabolism and cytotoxicity of N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide and its hepatic metabolites in isolated rat renal cortical tubule cells

N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) is an agricultural fungicide and antimicrobial agent that produces nephrotoxicity in rats. The contribution of the kidney, if any, to the mechanism of toxicity of NDPS is not known. Therefore, the ability of isolated renal cortical tubule cells to metabolize NDPS and some of its known hepatic metabolites was studied. The cytotoxic potential of these compounds was also assessed. Renal cortical tubule cells were isolated by collagenase digestion and were incubated with the test compounds (2 mM) for 3 h. Metabolite formation was monitored by reversed phase HPLC and cell viability was assessed using trypan blue exclusion. The isolated kidney cells do not appear to metabolize NDPS or any of its known hepatic metabolites. In addition, none of these compounds were directly cytotoxic to the renal cells. However, the cells were susceptible to mercuric chloride (1 mM) and chloroform (125 or 200 mM). Intracellular glutathione levels were unaltered by the presence of NDPS in the incubations. These results suggest that NDPS and its metabolites are not directly toxic to the kidney and are not converted into the ultimate nephrotoxic species by the kidney. Extrarenal metabolism may, therefore, be critical to the expression of NDPS-induced nephrotoxicity.
Regulatory sequences of SV40 variants isolated from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Abstract Variants of the simian polyomavirus SV40 have been associated in humans with a small number of cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Genomic regulatory regions of two independent isolates, SVPML-1 and -2 [L.P. Weiner et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 286, 385 (1972)], were analyzed to determine if they had acquired any sequences that are present in the genome of the human polyomavirus JC (JCV), the primary causative agent of PML. As compared to SV40 DNA, 83% of SVPML-1 and -2 cloned DNAs contained an apparent deletion of about 30 base pairs in the restriction fragment containing the regulatory region (type α); 17% had a deletion of about 60 base pairs (type β). The regulatory sequences were identical in all four clones representative of SVPML-1 and -2 type α grown in human and monkey cells. Thus the primary genomes of two isolates of SV40 from PML are identical in the region that is highly heterogeneous in JCV. The SVPML-α-DNAs have a net deletion of 30 base pairs and rearrangements within the transcriptional enhancer. The transcriptional promoter and origin of DNA replication is unaltered from that of SV40. Therefore the human neurotropism of SVPML appears to be a consequence of important rearrangements of SV40 sequences rather than acquisition of JCV-like sequences.
Market-based transmission planning model in PJM electricity market

In this paper, we describe an economic model of market-based transmission planning, employed at PJM Interconnection, the largest regional transmission organization (RTO) in the U.S. We call this model the “Market Efficiency Analysis” model. The salient feature of this model is that it is based on the forecasted congestion in the PJM system for future years, based on the best possible system topology and generation scenario, while meeting the current reliability criteria with minimum reliable reserve margin. We apply the Security-Constrained Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch (SCUC/ED) algorithm which is at the heart of determining Locational Marginal Price (LMP) and valuable congestion information. Required generations for future years are added into the system based on the current pattern of market-based generation expansion. We compare the benefits and costs of proposed transmission upgrade projects using reasonable estimate of discount rates and the Net Present Value (NPV) method to determine the economic viability of the transmission upgrades. We also do sensitivity analyses to determine the various key drivers for influencing the economic outcome. We illustrate the effectiveness and strength of this proposed market-based model with its application to a major transmission upgrade in the PJM system. We found that not only the proposed upgrade reduces potential congestion significantly but also is economically attractive. The proposed model can be applied in transmission planning analysis with relevant electricity markets.
Metabolic Risk with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized 8-Week Trial of Risperidone and Olanzapine

Background. The second-generation antipsychotics are effective for treating psychotic disorders and incur fewer motor side effects than are commonly experienced with the use of first-generation antipsychotics. However, their use is commonly associated with weight gain and metabolic disturbances. This study examined weight and metabolic changes with two widely used antipsychotics, risperidone and olanzapine; addressing the issue of early monitoring for metabolic side effects.Methods. This 8-week double blind randomized trial included patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N = 377) randomly assigned to risperidone (2–6 mg/day) or olanzapine (5–20 mg/day). Weight, BMI, HbA1C, total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were monitored.Results. Mean BMI increases were higher in the olanzapine group as compared to risperidone (1.3 kg/m2(SD = 0.13) vs. 0.7 kg/m2 (SD = 0.13)(p < 0.001). Increases in mean TC (13.5 mg/dl (SD 2.4), LDL-C (11.0 mg/dl (SD 2.2)) and TG (14.8 mg/dl (SD ...
A review of dioxins/furans and methyl mercury in fish from the Penobscot river, located near Lincoln, Maine

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) was requested to review the analytical results of tissue samples from fish caught in the Penobscot river in Maine, calculate fish consumption limits and provide a public health opinion regarding the health implications associated with eating the contaminated fish. Fish consumption limits were calculated to provide guidance on the amount of fish that a person may eat monthly that would probably not pose a public health threat. Earlier, in 1987, the Maine Bureau of Health (BOH) issued a fish consumption advisory for portions of the Penobscot river to protect the public from exposures to dioxins/furans and methyl mercury-contaminated fish. From 1988 to 2003 the state of Maine conducted fish surveys at four locations along the Penobscot river to monitor the levels of dioxins/furans and methyl mercury contamination. In 2005, ATSDR reviewed the sampling results for two fish species (i.e., bottom feeders and predators) collected from the Penobscot rive...
Opportunity, Subculture and the Economic Performance of Urban Ethnic Groups

. An attempt is made to account for age-specific differences in economic performance among 14 ethnic groups living in the nation's nine largest metropolitan areas, by regression analysis of 1950 U.S. Census data. A large proportion of the variance in occupational structure, income, unemployment, and labor force status is accounted for by variations in urban opportunities, relative group size and the members' educational attainment. With the specified economic factors held constant, ethnic factors—nationality and nativity—are associated with residual differences in economic performance. These residual ethnic influences as well as ethnic differences in marital, educational, and labor force status suggest that differences in ethnic subculture have important economic consequences.
ENTROPY AND AGING IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

The Second Law of Thermodynamics (which is often referred to as “times arrow” because it dictates the direction of increasing chronological time), should have a direct bearing on the aging process in biological systems. Basic aging related phenomena are discussed from the point of view of an entropy rate balance, and the known effects of body temperature, metabolic rate and food consumption rate on lifespan are considered. The problems of quantifying the rate of internal entropy production of complex systems is investigated using the fundamentals of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Entropy rate balance data over the lifespan of the annual fish Nothobranchius guentheri are used to illustrate basic aging phenomena.
Radiation transfer in an isotropically scattering homogeneous solid sphere

Abstract Radiative heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering sphere with a diffusively reflecting and emitting boundary is solved by the Galerkin method. By using the expressions given in this work, the radiation heat flux, the angular distribution of radiation intensity and the divergence of the radiation heat flux anywhere in the sphere can be determined with a high degree of accuracy for all values of the single scattering albedo, from small to moderately large optical radii. Results are presented for representative cases to illustrate the accuracy and the convergence of the method.
Simultaneous heating, forming and extruding of surimi-based products

Abstract The United States market for imitation seafood products made from surimi has grown significantly over the past eight years. To continue growth new processing technology is needed. A continuous forming and heat setting extrusion process would greatly increase the market for surimi-based products. The objective of this study was to gain information to be used to predict the effects of heat and flow rate on surimi-based products. Unheated surimi-based products showed Bingham-plastic-like behavior. Assuming unsteady-state conduction, it was shown that radial heat transfer could be predicted to within ±20%. The flow of heated surimi-based products was affected by replacing salt with certain phosphate blends. Texture, as measured by stress and strain at the breaking point of cooked surimi-based products, shows that the heated flow process used in this investigation produced products with greater gel strength than material not subjected to heated flow before cooking.