cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy: The con argument.

Abstract Background In some countries of the world, peanut allergy represents an important source of anaphylactic reactions. Traditionally treated with the avoidance of responsible allergens, this condition can also be targeted by oral peanut immunotherapy. Methods In this study, we review the beneficial and side effects of currently available forms of peanut oral immunotherapy (POIT). We report the discussions resulting from the publication of a meta-analysis that brought to light the downsides of oral immunotherapy for peanuts. Results In some clinical situations, the risk-benefit ratio can favor peanut oral immunotherapy over avoidance. In many other situations, this is not the case. The decision must be based on the values and preferences of clinicians and patients. Those not ready to accept serious adverse effects from POIT are likely to continue the elimination diet; those motivated to achieving desensitization, and prepared to accept serious adverse effects, may choose to undergo POIT. Conclusions Without being prejudiced against peanut oral immunotherapy, we indicate the possible evolution of treatment for this condition is in a rapidly evolving broader scenario. Among the future options, sublingual immunotherapy, parenteral immunotherapy with modified allergens, transcutaneous immunotherapy, and the use of biologics will become important options.
Synthesis of polymers in nanoreactors: A tool for manipulating polymer properties

Abstract The use of nanoreactors to confine monomers and synthesize polymers results in changes in the reaction kinetics and polymer properties making nanoconfinement a potential tool for manipulating and engineering polymer properties. In this perspective, we cover conventional nanoconfinement hosts, nanopore-confined free radical, step-growth, and ring-opening polymerizations, and changes in molecular weight, tacticity, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal stability, and electrical properties. We use examples from research in our laboratory, as well as comparisons of the work in the literature, to illustrate the competing forces that drive these changes, namely molecular layering or orientation at the nanopore surface, decreased molecular and segmental diffusion, and catalytic or inhibitory effects caused by chemical moieties on the native or surface-functionalized nanopore surface. The majority of nanoconfined polymerizations are found to be accelerated, and in the case of free radical polymerizations to generally yield higher molecular weights and higher isotacticity. Tgs for the nanoconfined polymers tend to increase if strong interactions exist between the polymer and the confinement surface, but depressions are observed for confined polycyanurates; the importance of removing unreacted monomer and comparing results to the bulk material of same molecular weight and structure is emphasized. Examples are also provided of enhanced thermal stability and conductivity of polymers synthesized under nanoconfinement.
Effectiveness of anterior subcutaneous internal fixation (INFIX) in the management of potentially infected pelvis fractures.

Abstract Background. Anterior plating is the treatment of choice in anterior pelvic ring fractures. In certain situations where pelvis fracture is associated with open wound, infection, abdominal injury or bladder injury - internal fixation with plate is contraindicated. Conventionally, external fixation is done in such cases. However, External Fixation is associated with pin tract infection, pin loosening, difficult wound care and less patient compliance. The present study was conducted to evaluate a possible ‘middle path’ between the two procedures. Methods. A prospective study was conducted from July 2017 to December 2019.18 adult patients with risk of infection were treated with INFIX. The patients’ data was collected on presentation, preoperatively, intra-operatively and post operatively. The patients were followed up with serial radiographs. Functional status was assessed using Iowa Pelvis Score. After radiological union, implant removal was performed. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 6 months after the removal surgery. Results. The average age of patients in present study was 39.55 years with a male predominance. 16 out of 18 patients were polytrauma cases with ISS more than 15.50% patients had Lateral Compression type of fracture. Radiological union was seen at an average of 3.5 months. After removal, 78% patients had excellent outcome and 22% patients had good outcome. The complications observed were LFCN irritation (27.78%) and asymptomatic heterotopic ossification (22%). Conclusion. Present study concludes that INFIX produces excellent outcome in pelvis fractures with risk of infection where anterior plating is contraindicated.
Update on the Inflammatory Hypothesis of Coronary Artery Disease

The pathogenesis and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD) is now known to be largely driven by inflammation on top of the well-accepted role for the disequilibrium between cholesterol deposition and removal from the arterial wall. Recent clinical trials have supported the inflammatory hypothesis of CAD and will be discussed in this review. The clinical trial Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) found that treatment with canakinumab, an anti-interleukin-1β agent, resulted in a reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or death. This provided evidence for the inflammatory hypothesis of CAD. However, canakinumab is not cost-effective for widespread therapy and more cost-effective treatments are warranted. The Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial (CIRT), Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT), and Low-Dose Colchicine 2 (LoDoCo2) are recent clinical trials that increased the understanding of the inflammatory hypothesis of CAD. Cost-effective therapies targeting inflammation are the future of preventative CAD treatment. Additional clinical trials with anti-inflammatory and anti-cytokine agents would help delineate the most beneficial target for CAD prevention.
Genetics of Nerve Tumors

Nerve sheath tumors may be benign or malignant and have a variable growth pattern. They may be sporadic or associated with autosomal dominantly inherited conditions, NF1 and NF2. The NF1 and NF2 genes were localized to their respective chromosomes approximately 30 years ago. Significant advancements in our understanding of the genetic processes associated with these and other genes in the development of nerve tumors have been made since that time. The pathways associated with these tumor suppressor genes and other genetic and epigenetic factors involved in nerve tumors and their associated disorders are discussed.
Josephson-Anderson Relation and the Classical D'Alembert Paradox

A quantum-inspired model explains why objects moving in a fluid experience drag even at high speeds where viscosity should be negligible.
Fuel economy improvement and emission reduction of 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicles with P0, P1, and P2 architectures with lithium battery cell experimental data:

This paper intends to provide design selections of hybrid powertrain architectures in 48 V mild hybrid electric vehicles. Based on the location of the electric machine in the driveline, the hybrid ...
A cryogenic test stand for full length SSC magnets with superfluid capability

The Fermilab Magnet Test Facility performs testing of full scale SSC magnets on test stands capable of simulating the cryogenic environment of the SSC main ring. One of these test stands, Stand 5, also has the ability to operate the magnet under test at temperatures from 1.8 K to 4.5 K with either supercritical helium or subcooled liquid, providing at least 25 W of refrigeration. At least 50 g/s flow is available from 2.3 K to 4.5 K, whereas superfluid operation occurs with zero flow. Among the special components designed to permit this variety of operating modes are heat exchangers for both forced flow of normal fluid and stagnant superfluid and special check valves which provide a thermal barrier at each large-diameter penetration to the superfluid space. Other unique features include 10000 A current leads mounted in a separate, removable can for easy lead replacement if necessary, and the room-temperature vacuum pumping system with a 2.5 g/s capacity at 12 Torr. Cooldown time from 4.5 K to 2.0 K is 1.5 hours. Instrumentation to monitor and control the cryogenic conditions is provided.
Toward a Programmatic Semantics of Natural Language

Natural language is imbued with a rich semantics but unfortunately its complex elegance is often mistaken for mere imprecision. Because complete parsers of English are not yet achievable, people assume that it is not feasible to use English directly as a means of instructing computers. However, in this paper, we show that English descriptions of procedures often contain programmatic semantics-linguistic features that can be easily mapped into programming language constructs. Some linguistic features can even inspire new ways of thinking about specifying programs. Far from being hopelessly ambiguous, natural languages exhibit important principles of communication that could be used to make human-computer communication more natural
Analysis of factors that may be essential in the decision to fly on fully autonomous passenger airliners

Summary This research investigates factors that influence opinion in the decision to fly on fully autonomous passenger airliners primarily from the perspective of aviation and technology professionals. Bayesian statistical inference and a two-level fractional factorial survey are used to sample passengers' views on fully autonomous airliners. Eight trust, safety, and cost factors are incorporated into a vignette set in the future. Factors include automation levels, safety records, liability guarantees, airline integrity, and service disruptions. Dependent variables exist in five post-vignette questions and essentially ask “Would you” or “Would you not” be willing to fly on a fully autonomous airliner? Sixteen versions of the vignette, each with unique trust, safety, and cost levels, present varying (unknown) degrees of influence to the survey respondents. For every demographic, the research shows a 99% statistically significant difference between the “prior” and “posterior” sampled population proportions willing to fly. The most significant positive influence involves integrity characteristics of the airline, while the most negative influence relates to life insurance liability guarantees. Research from 2003 suggested that this mode of travel would be acceptable to only 10.5% of respondents. When the 2003 research is used as a Bayesian prior probability, the resulting posterior probability for the demographics sampled can be modeled as a beta distribution, indicating 95% probability that the sampled proportion of the population willing to fly is between 33.2% and 36.4%. After adjusting for age and profession demographics to match the US population, the 95% probability bounds on the proportion willing to fly are 31.35% and 34.15%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoclonal antibody supernatant and ascites fluid production.

Procedures detailing the production of monoclonal antibody supernatants, including the production of larger amounts (liters), are presented here. The protocol for large-scale production of hybridomas or cells (e.g., for isolation of cellular proteins) involves a similar procedure. A method for producing and obtaining ascites fluid containing the monoclonal antibody is also presented. The unit ends with a set of recommendations developed by the Committee on Methods of Producing Monoclonal Antibodies (Institute of Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council). The recommendations are designed to foster the judicious use of animals for the production of monoclonal antibodies and to strongly encourage the use of in vitro methods whenever possible.
Why Is There So Much Depression Today? The Waxing of the Individual and the Waning of the Commons

The story that follows comes in three parts. First I will argue that there is, literally, an epidemic of depression today. Something has happened, roughly since world War II in America, so that depression is about ten times as common as it used to be. There are four independent lines of evidence suggesting that this is so. I will detail two well-done, large scale studies showing that the lifetime prevalence of depression in young people now exceeds by roughly a factor of ten the prevalence in young people 50 years ago. I will then look at two contemporary peoples who do not live in modern culture — the Kaluli of New Guinea and the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Neither of these pre-modern cultures has depression at anything like the prevalence we do.
Temporary Pacing through Permanent Myocardial Electrodes

Abstract A technique is presented for using a permanent myocardial electrode for temporary pacing with a lead extension. The permanent myocardial electrode may be attached to a permanent pulse generator after a few days if long-term pacing is required.
Mononeuritis Multiplex: The Yield of Evaluations for Occult Rheumatic Diseases

We identified 35 patients who had electrodiagnostic evidence of mononeuritis multiplex and did not have diabetes or multiple nerve compressions. Their charts were reviewed to determine the etiologies of the mononeuritis multiplex and to determine how often the laboratory examination revealed a rheumatic disease in patients whose initial history and physical examination did not suggest that a rheumatic disease was present. In 11/35 (31%; CI = 17-49) a disorder capable of causing mononeuritis multiplex was diagnosed before the symptoms of mononeuritis multiplex began. Ten had a rheumatic disease; 1 had lymphoma. Nine of the other patients were suspected, on the basis of the history and physical examination, of having new onset of a rheumatic disease. Subsequent laboratory evaluation showed that 5/9 (56%; CI = 21-86) had a rheumatic disease, and 4/9 (44%; CI = 14-79) were unknowns. In 15/35 (43%; CI = 26-61) patients with mononeuritis multiplex, no rheumatic disease was suspected on the basis of the initial history and physical examination. The subsequent laboratory examination revealed an underlying rheumatic disease in 0/15 (0%; CI = 0-18). Mean clinical follow-up of 16 +/- 16 months in the patients with mononeuritis multiplex of unknown cause also failed to identify a rheumatic disease. Overall 19/35 (54%; CI = 37-71) did not have a rheumatic disease or any other known cause. Of the 14 patients with mononeuritis multiplex associated with a rheumatic disease, 5/14 (36%; CI = 13-15) had systemic lupus erythematosus; an additional patient had both lupus and the CREST syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
America's wake-up call

Abstract In a historic first, the White House Conference on Travel and Tourism convened in Washington, DC on 30 to 31 October 1995, focusing the attention of the highest levels of government and business on pressing needs of travel to and within the United States and the industry that serves it. Douglas Frechtling sets out the background to the convening of the meeting and discusses the strategies that came out of it.
Towards development of an intravascular diagnostic catheter based on fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy: Study of an optimized blood flushing system

Fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy has demonstrated potential for characterization and diagnosis of arterial vessels pathologies. However, the intravascular application of such technique is hampered by the presence of blood hemoglobin that affects both the delivery of the excitation light to and the collection of the fluorescence light from the vessel wall. We report here a computational fluid dynamics model that allows for the optimization of blood flushing parameters in a manner that minimizes the amount of saline needed to clear the optical field of view. A 3D turbulence (k - ∈) model was employed to simulate the flow inside and around a side-viewing fiber-optic catheter. The influence of various infusion rates, blood flow rates and vessel diameters on the flow around the catheter tip and its effects on the wall shear stress (WSS) are studied. Current results suggest that low flushing rates in smaller-diameter vessels (e.g., stenotic vessels) can produce better flushing efficiency by removing the blood cells in the path of the fluorescence light and reducing wall shear stress. The comparison of the results for blood vessels with equal diameter but different flow rates suggests that the effect of systolic and diastolic conditions on the maximum wall shear stress is not substantial. The results from this study can be utilized in determining the optimal flushing rate depending on the diameter of the vessels, blood flow rate, and the maximum wall shear stress that vessel wall can sustain, which can be estimated from the feedback of the fluorescent light from the wall.© (2011) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Unified Microwave Radiative Transfer Model for General Planar Stratified Media: Slab Formulation

A unified microwave radiative transfer (UMRT) model is presented for computing the thermal radiation emitted from any geophysical medium composed of planar layers of either densely or tenuously distributed moderately sized spherical scatterers. UMRT employs the discrete-ordinate eigenanalysis (DOE) method with layer adding to solve the differential radiative transfer equation for such multilayer structures. UMRT inherits the symmetrization and analytical diagonalization and factorization techniques of symmetric and positive definite matrices from the discrete-ordinate tangent linear radiative transfer (DOTLRT) model presented by Voronovich These techniques ensure accuracy, numerical stability, and rapid computation for all matrix operations required for DOE along with a fast Jacobian calculation for radiance assimilation purposes. UMRT extends the applicability of DOTLRT by including both the Mie theory and the dense media radiative transfer (DMRT) theory. Other nontrivial extensions within UMRT are the following: 1) The vertical and horizontal radiation intensities are coupled within each layer by applying the reduced Mie or DMRT phase matrices, and 2) the physical temperature profile of a layer is allowed to be linear in height. The symmetry properties of both the reduced Mie and DMRT phase matrices are proved, and the associated scattering and absorption coefficients are compared and discussed. The UMRT slab formulation is validated by imposing energy conservation, and the numerical results for some nominal cases are produced and discussed.
Emergency assessment of severity in iron overdose by clinical and laboratory methods.

IN G E S T I O N o f iron containing compounds is a c o m m o n , potentially serious pediatric problem. Morbidity is related to the toxic effect of elemental iron on the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems, with severity of involvement directly correlating with serum iron concentrations. 1 ~ Because serum iron determinations are often difficult to obtain rapidly, appropriate disposition and treatment of patients with acute iron overdosage are often delayed. Several semiquantitative tests for estimating serum iron concentrations have been described, but their usefulness and accuracy have been questioned.:' The aim of this study was to determine what clinical signs and laboratory determinations, if any, would predict a serum iron concentration of greater than 300 /zg/dl, thereby defining the need for admission and therapy.
Property crime on college campuses: A case study using GIS and related tools

Crime on college campuses appears related to the physical characteristics and routines of the people occupying that space. Environmental criminology suggests that nodes – locations to and from which people routinely travel – help explain the distribution of crime in a given space. The current study examined the role of nodes in explaining the distribution of property crime on a college campus using 24 months of police incident data. More specifically, using GIS and related tools, we compared the distribution of property crime occurring at locations in a major medical center on the campus with locations in the non-medical side. Results revealed more property crime occurred on the medical side of campus and that differences existed in crime patterns for the two nodes based on time, location and season. We conclude by discussing the utility of GIS in allocating resources and crime prevention strategies for college campuses.
The prospective impact of sleep duration on depression and mania.

Objective: Many patients report sleeping less than 6 h per night during episodes of depression and mania. This type of sleep deficit may also be a risk factor for subsequent mood episodes; however, the long-term impact of sleep deficit remains unclear. The current study is among few longitudinal studies to assess the prospective effect of sleep deficit on depression and mania. Methods: A subsample of 54 individuals from a longitudinal study of bipolar I disorder was selected. Participants entered the study during a mood episode. Baseline symptom data were collected at month 4 to allow for recovery from the initial episode, sleep was assessed at month 6, and follow-up symptom data were obtained during months 7–12. Results: Sleep deficit predicted depressive symptoms across the 6-month follow-up but not mania. Conclusions: It is likely that the impact of sleep deficit on mania was probably missed because assessments covered a full month. Monitoring sleep duration may help predict depression in bipolar disorder and provide an opportunity for targeting intervention.
In vitro cytotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants (cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel) using established fish cell lines

The cytotoxicity of cadmium toward cultured bluegill fry (BF-2) cells was determined using several assay endpoints. The concentrations of cadmium causing a 50% decrease in colony formation, cell replication, uptake of neutral red, population growth (as determined by protein analysis), and uptake of [3H]uridine and 50% detachment of cells (as determined by protein analysis) were 0.03, 0.04, 0.08, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.21 mM cadmium, respectively. The neutral red assay was used to compare the relative sensitivities of bluegill BF-2 cells and RTG-2 cells, derived from the rainbow trout, toward four metals. The concentrations of cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel causing a 50% reduction in the uptake of neutral red were 0.08, 0.19, 0.55, and 2.0 mM, respectively, with the BF-2 cells and 0.18, 0.64, 1.45, and greater than 10.0 mM, respectively, with the RTG-2 cells. The RTG-2 cells were less sensitive to the metals, in particular to nickel. The less stringent temperature requirements for growth, their greater sensitivity to pollutants, and their markedly shorter doubling time in vitro make the BF-2 cells the preferable cell line for ecotoxicity screening of aquatic pollutants.
Morphological Changes in Thymus of Rats Following Whole-Body Exposure to Massive Doses of Radiation.∗

SummaryThe weight loss and degree of cytological alteration in the thymuses of rats was less whole-body exposure to quantities of X- or γ radiation above 10,000 r than after exposure to smaller dosages. Administration of 10,000 to 30,000 r of localized radiation to the thymic region, or to the body with the head shielded, was regularly followed by significantly greater cellular destruction and weight loss in the thymus than occurred after whole-body exposure to the same dose of radiation. Whole-body re-exposure to a massive dose of radiation within one hour after an initial total-body exposure to a small dose was regularly followed by less weight loss and cellular destruction in the thymus than occurred after total-body exposure to the small dose alone. The findings show that exposure of the head during massive whole-body irradiation markedly influences the cellular response in the thymus.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON THE SEMINAL VESICLES OF THE RAT

MANN and Lutwak-Mann (1951) have reviewed the literature dealing with the many functional as well as structural changes which are known to occur in the male accessory organs of reproduction in mammals when the source of the testicular androgen, testosterone, is removed. The manner in which this hormone functions or the exact site of the biochemical lesion induced by its absence are unknown. This investigation consists of a biochemical and physiological study of the normal development of one of the accessory organs, the seminal vesicles, of the rat as well as the effects of castration and hormone replacement on this organ of the castrate. methods Male rats of the Holtzman-Rolfsmeyer strain were used throughout this investigation. The animals were maintained in groups of four to eight in individual wire cages and were fed Purina Laboratory Chow with supplements of raw carrots and pork liver.
Homologous desensitization of ATP-stimulated mitogenesis: Mechanism involves desensitization of arachidonic acid release and cAMP elevation but not the activation of protein kinase A

Prolonged incubation of quiescent 3T3, 3T6, and A431 cells with the P2Y purinoceptor agonists ATP, ADP, or AMPPNP reduced the mitogenic responses of target cells to a further challenge by these agonists, as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The mitogenic desensitization was agonist-specific, for no effect was seen on DNA synthesis stimulated by epidermal growth factor, insulin, bombesin, 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-12 acetate (TPA), or adenosine. The desensitization was completely reversible, since after a 24 hr incubation in the absence of ATP, the cells responded fully to the mitogenic action of ATP. The presence of a low level of cycloheximide blocked recovery, suggesting that down-regulation of the P2Y receptor may have occurred during desensitization. In Swiss 3T3 cells, stimulation of DNA synthesis occurs predominantly by activation of arachidonic acid release, followed by its oxidation to prostaglandin E2 and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Interestingly, prolonged preincubation with ATP produced a similar degree of desensitization of DNA synthesis and of ATP-dependent arachidonic acid release and cAMP accumulation. Furthermore, this was true for both wild type cells and mutants with a defective cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We conclude that homologous desensitization is likely due to uncoupling of the P2Y purinoceptor from phospholipase A2, and this process does not require activation of protein kinase A. © 1995 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Serum bile salts as an aid to oral cholecystogram interpretation

A radioimmunoassay for glycocholate was used as an estimate of serum bile salts in patients with serum bilirubin levels less than 5 mg/dl undergoing oral cholecystography. Most subjects also had a percutaneous liver biopsy. Intravenous cholangiography was performed in most subjects who had a nonvisualized gallbladder after receiving single doses of iopanoic acid on two consecutive days. The pathologic status of nonvisualized gallbladders was ascertained by surgery, prospective follow-up, necropsy and/or ultrasound. In 20 subjects with well-visualized gallbladders, the serum cholate conjugates (CC) were lower than 3.5 μM in all but two subjects, both of whom had inflammatory liver disease (chronic active hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis). Those with faintly or poorly visualized gallbladders, but with no evidence of gallbladder or gallstone disease by other criteria, also had levels less than 3.5 μM, except for one subject with inflammatory liver disease. By contrast, 11 subjects with nonvisualized, although normal gallbladders by the above clinical criteria, exhibited serum CC greater than 3.5 μM. Six subjects had diminished gallbladder visualization, but normal gallbladders on clinicopathological grounds; all but one with chronic active hepatitis had serum CC greater than 3.5 μM. In conclusion, when the serum cholate conjugates are less than 3.5 μM, nonvisualization of the gallbladder with oral cholecystography supports a diagnosis of a diseased gallbladder. In addition, a serum CC level greater than 3.5 μM may predict insufficient hepatic capacity to secrete iopanoic acid adequate for gallbladder visualization in noninflammatory liver disease. The serum cholate conjugates appear to provide greater information on this hepatic function than the serum bilirubin or bromsulfophthalein retention.
An investigation of site-selective gas-phase reactions of amino alcohols with dimethyl ether ions.

The reactions of dimethyl ether ions with neutral amino alcohols were examined in both a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. These ion-molecule reactions produced two types of ions: the protonated species [M+l]+ and a more complex product at [M+13]+. The abundance of the [M+13]+ ions relative to that of the [M+1]+ ions decreases with increasing formal interfunctional distance. Multistage collision-activated dissociation techniques were used to characterize the [M+13]+ product ions, their reactivities, and the mechanisms for their formation and dissociation. In addition, molecular semiempirical calculation methods were used to probe the thermochemistry of these reactions. Reaction at the amino alcohol nitrogen site is favored, and the resulting [M+13]+ addition products may cyclize for additional stabilization. Comparisons were made among the behavior of related compounds, such as alcohols, diols, amines, and diamines. The alcohols reacted only to form the protonated species, but the diols, amines, and diamines all formed significant amounts of [M+13]+ ions or related dissociation products.
Femtosecond probe of structural analogies between chlorosomes and bacteriochlorophyll c aggregates

Bacteriochlorophyll c pigments extracted from light harvesting chlorosomes in green photosynthetic bacteria are known to self-assemble into aggregates whose electronic spectroscopy resembles that of intact chlorosomes. Femtosecond optical experiments reveal that the chlorosomes and their reconstituted aggregates exhibit closely analogous internal energy transfer kinetics and exciton state evolution. These comparisons furnish compelling new evidence that proteins do not exert a major local role in the BChl c antenna pigment organization of intact chlorosomes.
Ultra-low carrier concentration and surface-dominant transport in antimony-doped Bi 2 Se 3 topological insulator nanoribbons

The singular properties of topological insulators are defined by the topological nature of their metallic surface states. This study shows that by doping Bi2Se3 nanoribbons with antimony, the transport properties of these surface states are measurable and can be distinguished from the contributions due to the bulk of the samples.
OP21.03: Impact of prenatal diagnosis of complex congenital heart disease on mode of delivery and neonatal outcomes

Objective: The influence of prenatal congenital heart disease (CHD) detection on obstetric outcomes and the impact of mode of delivery on neonatal outcomes is unclear. We hypothesized that prenatal detection would increase the number of scheduled deliveries and would decrease time to neonatal surgery and hospital length of stay. Methods: A retrospective review of all infants who underwent surgical repair of CHD prior to NICU discharge from Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York (CHONY) from 1/04 −1/08 was conducted. Results: Of 439 neonates, 294 (67%) were diagnosed prenatally (PREdx), 244 (55.6%) were born at CHONY, 150 (34.2%) delivered by unscheduled vaginal delivery (VD), 123 (28.1%) by induced vaginal delivery (IVD), and 182 (41.5%) by Cesarean delivery (CD). Compared to postnatal diagnosis (POSTdx), PREdx increased odds of delivery at CHONY (81.6% vs 2.7%, OR 156.7; 95% CI 55.6–441.8, p < 0.001) and IVD (40.1% vs 3.5%, OR 18.7; 95% CI 7.5–47.2, p < 0.001) and decreased odds of a weekend birth (11.2% vs 19.3%, OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.3–0.9, p = 0.02) and VD (24.5% vs 54.2%, OR 0.28; 95%CI 0.18–0.42, p < 0.001). CD rate did not differ between groups (119/294 (40.4%)PREdx vs 63/144 (43.7%)POSTdx, p = 0.55), while PREdx decreased odds of conversion to CD from VD(8.8% vs 16%, OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.28–0.94, p < 0.036). Infants with PREdx had lower mean gestational age (GA) (37.9 ± 2 vs 38.6 ± 2 wk, p < 0.001) and birth weight (BW) (3.0 ± 0.62 vs 3.1 ± 0.63 kg, p = 0.002) than those with POSTdx. Neither mode of delivery nor PREdx impacted time to neonatal surgery or hospital length of stay. Conclusions: Fetal CHD diagnosis strongly influences peri-partum decisions but is not associated with an increased CD risk. Mode of delivery is associated with decreased GA and BW but does not impact neonatal time to surgery. Our next challenge is to translate prenatal CHD diagnosis into shortened time to surgery and length of stay.
Comparison between Conventional and Performance Demonstration UT Method by Round Robin Test

The results of ultrasonic testing performed during in-service inspection period for main components of nuclear power plant are affected by the performance of each inspector. To enhance the inspection reliability, the more restrictive qualification is required. KEPRI established Korean performance demonstration (KPD) system for the ultrasonic testing personnel, equipment and procedure which applied to the piping examination of nuclear power plant. A round robin test was conducted to evaluate the reliability of examination result by comparing conventional (DAC) UT and performance demonstration (PD) UT method. Participants took detection/length sizing test and depth sizing test using DAC method and PD method. The results showed that the PD method was preciser and more accurate than the conventional DAC method in length and depth sizing regardless of field experience and PD qualification status.
The Viability Primary Modeling Candidate Support before the Primaries

Public support before the primaries is the strongest predictor of presidential candidate attrition and of the aggregate primary vote. Yet little is known about the factors that drive candidate preferences before the primaries. This article examines pre-primary candidate support in national Gallup polls for open presidential nomination races from 1976 to 2004. The study finds that candidate background characteristics have marginal effects on mass partisan support during the earliest phase of the nomination campaign and that campaign-related factors significantly affect pre-primary candidate support once the campaign begins. Prior levels of support, network news coverage, and party elite endorsements are significant factors in explaining variation in mass partisan support for candidates throughout the nomination campaign. The decisions of well-known, party “heavyweights” to enter or not enter the race affect the choices available to partisan voters and the overall competitiveness of the nomination campaign.
From cold wars to star wars: Debate over defense

(1986). From cold wars to star wars: Debate over defense. Defense Analysis: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 69-84.
Health Care Costs: On the Rise Again

Since 1999, health care costs have been growing faster than national income. This rapid growth has occurred as the ability of private and public purchasers to reduce service utilization and bargain for lower prices has fallen, insurers have recouped lost profits through higher premiums, and new technologies have driven up costs throughout the sector. Private insurance market responses to these rising costs may lead to reductions in the number of people with insurance and to increased fragmentation of the insurance market. Over time, technological change in medicine both increases costs and improves the quality of care. The challenge for public policy is to maintain insurance and some degree of equity in the face of these rising costs.
Optimal Foraging and the Division of Labor

The introduction of optimal foraging models to anthropology represents a significant development in the study of human ecology. These models, derived from biological ecology (Charnov 1976; Pyke, Pulliam, and Charnov 1977; Schoener 1971), assume that natural selection has favored efficiency in foraging behavior. Although there have been debates about the currencies used, efficiency has proved to be a valuable proximate measure of fitness and a useful tool in analyzing food selection, habitat use, and group size among a variety of hunter-gatherers (Hawkes, Hill, and O'Connell 1982; Hawkes and O'Connell 1985; Smith 1983; Winterhalder and Smith 1981). This discussion will focus on models of
Determination of atmospheric properties for STS-1 aerothermodynamic investigations

A procedure for determining an approximation to the freestream atmospheric properties along the Shuttle entry trajectory is presented. Meteorological data as input is obtained by rawinsondes from surface to 70 km, and meteorological spheres from 60-90 km, launched from Hawaii and California. The Langley Atmospheric Information Retrieval System (LAIRS) developed to approximate the atmospheric freestream properties along the flight path, is outlined, noting temperature and wind data are interpolated in altitude, while gradients and diurnal and semidiurnal coefficients are taken from the COSPAR reference atmosphere. The data are input to a model to project temperature profiles for the Shuttle descent, and the input atmospheric parameters are listed. Efforts are continuing in order to correct discrepancies in the generated profiles for regions below 3 km.
Miniature protein ligands for EVH1 domains: interplay between affinity, specificity, and cell motility.

Dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton power cell motility in contexts ranging from intracellular microbial pathogenesis to axon guidance. The Ena/VASP family proteinsMena, VASP, and Evlare believed to control cell motility by serving as a direct link between signaling events and the actin cytoskeleton. It has previously been reported that a novel miniature protein, pGolemi, binds with high affinity to the EVH1 domain of Mena (Mena1-112) but not to those of VASP (VASP1-115) or Evl (Evl1-115) and also causes an unusual defect in actin-driven Listeria monocytogenes motility. Here, scanning mutagenesis was used to examine the effects of single amino acid changes within pGolemi on EVH1 domain affinity and specificity, miniature protein secondary structure, and L. monocytogenes motility. The data suggest that pGolemi contains the expected aPP-like fold and binds Mena1-112 in a manner highly analogous to the proline-rich repeat region of L. monocytogenes ActA protein. Residues throughout pGolemi contr...
Fully Implicit Kinetic Solution of Collisional Plasmas

In this paper we describe a numerical technique, matrix-free Newton?Krylov, for solving a single species, stationary, one spatial dimension, one velocity dimension, Vlasov?Fokker?Planck equation. This method is both deterministic and fully implicit and may not have been a viable option before recent developments in numerical methods. It is demonstrated that efficient steady-state solutions to the nonlinear integro-differential equation, can be achieved, obtaining quadratic convergence, but not incurring the large memory requirements of an integral operator. We present a model problem which simulates ion transport in the edge plasma of a tokamak fusion reactor and use this model problem to demonstrate the performance of the new solution method. We demonstrate that the solution algorithm is compatible with a higher-order, monotone, convective differencing scheme.
Charge Transfer Radiography Using Cadmium Sulfide

Electroradiographic methods offer a possible alternative to conventional silver halide x-ray film/screen combinations in terms of lower-cost x-ray radiographs and more rapid development techniques. In charge transfer radiography (CTR), a semiconductor solid material exploits a photoconductive mechanism to transfer a latent electrostatic image onto a dielectric surface. The latent electrostatic image is made visible by xerographic toning. The work reported here used a sintered CdS photoconductive layer to produce large-area image receptors for CTR. Measurements of the currents generated by the incident x-ray flux show that, unlike the case for optical radiation, copper/chlorine dopants do not significantly alter the sample sensitivities. However, the sensitivity of materials thus doped is affected by crystal size and binder material. Remarkably, the sensitivity is not strongly dependent on the thickness of the photoconductor. The charge generation energy is shown to be related to the inverse of the applied electric field for both Se and CdS. An empirical expression is derived from the data that relates the exposure to the surface charge available for transference to the dielectric. Examples of paper radiographs are given, and an exposure characteristic curve for the CdS shows that the sensitivity of the sintered CdS plate is similar to normal x-ray films, but less than that of film/screen combinations.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Load on resonant transfer filters

Based on experimental evidence and analytical derivations, it is shown that the overall transfer function of a resonant transfer system can be improved if the termination impedance is equal to the switching time interval T divided by twice the resonant transfer capacitor C p .
Nasal tip blood supply: An anatomic study validating the safety of the transcolumellar incision in rhinoplasty

The nasal tip blood supply was studied through anatomic dissections and microangiography in 31 fresh cadaver specimens. The lateral nasal artery was present in all specimens, bilaterally in 30 (97 percent) and unilaterally in one (3 percent) and was located in the subdermal plexus 2 to 3 mm superior to the alar groove. The columellar branch of the superior labial artery was visualized bilaterally in 3 specimens (9 percent) and unilaterally in 21 (68 percent), and was absent in 7 (23 percent). Transcolumellar (external rhinoplasty) incisions were performed in 11 of these cadavers prior to dye injection. A consistent crossover flow (100 percent) was seen from the lateral nasal artery arcades to the distal aspect of the transected columellar branches. We conclude that nasal tip blood supply is derived primarily from the lateral nasal arteries, with a variable contribution from the columellar arteries. Collateral flow to the nasal tip may be provided by branches of the ophthalmic artery. The external rhinoplasty transcolumellar incision does not compromise nasal tip blood supply unless extensive tip defatting or extended alar base resections (above the alar groove) are performed.
Censorship in Brown and White

In 2003, I published Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India, 1 James W. Laine, Hindu King in Islamic India (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). a book in which I reflected upon what I termed ‘u...
Isospectral points and edges in graph theory

The relationship of isospectral points to symmetrically equivalent points in a graph is described. Many isospectral points are related to symmetrically equivalent verticesvia an equivalence-preserving perturbation. A graph having isospectraledges is examined for clues to assist in finding other such graphs. Two families are found in this manner. Application of equivalence-preserving perturbations to edges that are initially symmetrically equivalent leads to an unlimited number of families of graphs, many with more than one pair of isospectral edges.
Underestimation of chronic toxicities of food additives and chemicals: The bias of a phantom rule

Abstract Long-term toxicity evaluations of food additives and other foreign chemicals (FCs) 1 1CIT — catalyst-inhibitor transition; DR — dose-response; DRMI — dose-response monotonicity inversion; FC — foreign chemical; MR — monotonicity rule. at low dosage often assume that the dosage and response must be correlated monotonically, i.e., that the direction of growth of the dose-response (DR) curve must never reverse. The assumption is of unknown origin, is invoked only implicitly, and as used is nameless, unverbalized and unproven for chronic DR. I am naming this assumption the monotonicity rule (MR). My literature survey reveals that nonmonotonic stimulus-response relationships abound in nature and that many are explained scientifically. Nonmonotonic DR curves are often produced in chronic toxicity tests. However, such nonmonotonic data, forbidden by the MR, are considered illegitimate and are usually disregarded. Seventy non-monotonic chronic-toxicity DR curves are reviewed from the literature for fifteen FC food additives including many metal-complexing agents and azo dyes. All the curves show toxicity peaks at low dosage, and in most cases, at the lowest dosage tested. The MR forbids such peaks a priori, thus resulting in the disregard of apparently elevated toxicities at low dosage. Therefore, FCs regulated on the premise of the MR may constitute a public health hazard. The MR demands scrutiny. An interpretation of inversions is proposed based on heavy metal-catalyzed biological autoxidation.
Thymine-Thymine Adduct as a Photoproduct of Thymine

A product isolated from thymine irradiated with ultraviolet light in frozen aqueous solution undergoes dehydration on heating with acids. As judged by elemental analysis, mass, ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, the most probable structures for this compound and its dehydration product, respectively, are 5-hydroxy-6-4'-[5''-methylpyrimidin-2'-one]-dihydrothymine and 6-4'-[5'-methylpyrimidin-2'-one]-thymine. Apparently, this compound is a thymine-thymine adduct and presumably is formed through the rearrangement of an initial photoproduct. Both compounds are closely related to 6-4'-[pyrimidin-2'-one]-thymine which has been isolated from acid hydrolyzates of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA and supposedly is derived from cytosine-thymine adduct. Formation of such adducts between pyrimidine bases is apparently a common photoreaction and may be important to the study of the photochemistry and photobiology of nucleic acids.
Preparation and properties of a cell-free, hormonally responsive adenylate cyclase from guinea pig brain.

—The accumulation of cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) was studied in cell-free homogenates of guinea pig brain. Homogenates, prepared in Krebs-Ringer buffer, responded markedly to the addition of neurohormones with an increased rate of cyclic AMP synthesis; preparations from cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus responded to a degree approximating that achieved with slices of these areas of guinea pig brain. Adenylatc cyclase activity was seen only when cyclic AMP was measured by a [3H]adenine prelabelling technique or when total cyclic AMP was measured by radioimmunoassay; [32P]ATP did not serve as a substrate for this preparation of the enzyme. The adenylate cyclase was paniculate and required a Krebs Ringer buffer; use of tris, or tris with Mg2+ and Ca2+, resulted in a preparation totally devoid of hormonal stimulation. Digestion by purified beef heart cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, Dowex chromatography, solubility in Ba(OH)2-ZnSO4 mixtures, and two thin layer chromatographic systems demonstrated that the product of the hormonally stimulated adenylate cyclase preparation was cyclic AMP. The selectivity of hormonal stimulation and the adrenergic character of the hormonal receptors from different brain areas were maintained in the cell-free preparation. However, simultaneous stimulation with two different neurohormones resulted in additive responses, rather than in the potentiation observed in preparations of slices of brain.
Detection of Low Energy Heavy Particles with Silicon Barrier Detectors

The performance characteristics of silicon surface barrier detectors have been investigated for detecting H+, He+, N+, Ne+ and Ar+ in the energy interval 6-100 keV. For a cryogenically cooled, 50 mm2, 1325? depletion depth detector the resolution for protons was 1.65 keV (FWHM). The resolution decreased as the particle mass increased being 6.5 keV for 40 keV Ar+. All particles exhibit pulse height linearity throughout the energy range.