cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Lean 5S to Optimize MLS Laboratory Work Space

The Medical Laboratory Science prep room had over time collected obsolete equipment and outdated reagents that were no longer used. There were 2 extra refrigerators and an extra freezer, in addition to the large refrigerator and freezer already storing lab specimens. Objects were abandoned by former instructors when the courses they taught were completed. With multiple refrigerators and freezers running, excessive heat was generated which made working in the prep room uncomfortable not to mention the amount of energy being wasted. In order to create a more pleasant and efficient work space, a LEAN 5S was performed. The purpose of using LEAN methodology was to identify waste and non-value added activities. The 5S, which included sorting (removing items no longer valuable), setting in order (arranging items so they are easy to access), shining (cleaning), standardizing (how the work is done), and sustaining (to prevent the work area from deteriorating back to its previous condition) was performed at the request of the Dean of the College of Health Sciences. The 5S required establishing a cross functional team which comprised the champion of the project (the Dean), the key stakeholders (the faculty members and Director of Laboratory Resources), and two additional team members (graduate students with “fresh eyes”). The team worked together to identify types of waste which included the waste of motion due to people having to search for lab materials, the waste of energy as a result of running the extra refrigerators and freezers, and the waste of defective equipment and expired reagents. The outcome of the 5S project resulted in a more efficient and productive laboratory prep room with an added benefit of creating 35% more work space.
12 – An Axial-Flow Porous Plug Apparatus II

The design and calibration of an axial-flow porous plug was described in a paper recently presented before the ASME. Joule-Thomson coefficients for gaseous nitrogen were measured. The present paper describes an experimental investigation of the effects of heat heat transfer in the axial porous plug. The effectiveness of the guard ring is demonstrated in terms of the surface temperature profiles along the radii of the plug.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized as a disorder of excessive worry that is experienced as uncontrollable, chronic, and leading to significant impairments. Historically, GAD has been the least clearly defined of the anxiety disorders, which has led to problems with clinical conceptualization and diagnostic reliability. Much research has been conducted to clarify the nature, etiology, and maintaining mechanisms of GAD. This entry reviews current conceptualizations of GAD, including underlying genetic, environmental, interpersonal, cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological factors that may lead to or maintain pathological worry symptoms. Research suggests that emotional hyperreactivity and emotional contrast avoidance may reinforce worry patterns. Current treatments, including pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, are also presented, and areas for future research are discussed. Keywords: psychopharmacology; cognitive behavior therapy; emotion; etiology; generalized anxiety disorder; mechanisms; worry
Racial differences in weight perception among breast cancer patients.

e12623 Background: Black women are more likely than white women to be obese, and obesity is associated with worse breast cancer outcomes. Black women are more likely to be satisfied with their body...
Too Many Hats? Conflicts of Interest in Learning Community Faculty Roles

Purpose:Many US medical schools have adopted learning communities to provide a framework for advising and teaching functions. Faculty who participate in learning communities often have additional e...
The effects of omega-3 fatty acids on neuropsychological functioning and brain morphology in mid-life adults: a randomized clinical trial.

Background The diet of most adults is low in fish and, therefore, provides limited quantities of the long-chain, omega-3 fatty acids (LCn-3FAs), eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA, DHA). Since these compounds serve important roles in the brain, we sought to determine if healthy adults with low-LCn-3FA consumption would exhibit improvements in neuropsychological performance and parallel changes in brain morphology following repletion through fish oil supplementation. Methods In a randomized, controlled trial, 271 mid-life adults (30–54 years of age, 118 men, 153 women) consuming ⩽300 mg/day of LCn-3FAs received 18 weeks of supplementation with fish oil capsules (1400 mg/day of EPA and DHA) or matching placebo. All participants completed a neuropsychological test battery examining four cognitive domains: psychomotor speed, executive function, learning/episodic memory, and fluid intelligence. A subset of 122 underwent neuroimaging before and after supplementation to measure whole-brain and subcortical tissue volumes. Results Capsule adherence was over 95%, participant blinding was verified, and red blood cell EPA and DHA levels increased as expected. Supplementation did not affect performance in any of the four cognitive domains. Exploratory analyses revealed that, compared to placebo, fish oil supplementation improved executive function in participants with low-baseline DHA levels. No changes were observed in any indicator of brain morphology. Conclusions In healthy mid-life adults reporting low-dietary intake, supplementation with LCn-3FAs in moderate dose for moderate duration did not affect neuropsychological performance or brain morphology. Whether salutary effects occur in individuals with particularly low-DHA exposure requires further study.
Sociopolitical Externalities Impacting Worker Health in Washington State's Cannabis Industry.

Objectives The legalization of the production, sale, and possession of cannabis in Washington State in 2012 not only created the framework for a new legal industry, but also for a new regulated labor sector. In addition to typical occupational health and safety hazards associated with chemical and physical exposures, the transition from an illicit to a regulated workplace, the inconsistency between state and federal law, and the production of a unique psychoactive commodity crop that maintains value in the illicit marketplace creates a unique work environment with workplace concerns that are political, economic, and social in nature. Methods We conducted a combination of semistructured key informant interviews targeted toward employers, focus groups that engaged employees, and an online survey with cannabis business owners and employees to identify concerns relating to worker health and safety. Results In addition to physical and chemical hazards related to their workplace, workers described health concerns that were a result of social, economic, and political forces facing the transitioning cannabis industry and resulting from an inconsistency between state and federal law. Important themes that emerged from these data included the legal and regulatory environment that the cannabis industry faces, cannabis as an agricultural good, crime, gender, cannabis consumption in the workplace, changing worker demographics, and emerging technologies in this rapidly evolving industry. Conclusions The unique sociopolitical challenges for occupational health and safety that we identified among cannabis workers in Washington State are especially relevant as other states and nations follow the example of Washington State in legalizing the widespread commercial cultivation, sale, and use of cannabis. As other states and nations legalize, it will be important for employers, public health practitioners, and regulators to recognize how transitioning from an illicit to a legal marketplace impacts worker health. Further, understanding the challenges that result in transitioning a cannabis workforce may be extrapolated in the future to better understand how transitioning other goods and services from an unregulated to a regulated marketplace may impact worker health.
A novel approach to improve detection of somatic DNA variants in solid tumors by next-generation sequencing from FFPE samples.

e22177 Background: Low frequency variant detection by sequencing is a highly desired goal for therapy selection in cancer especially the detection of actionable targets. The lower limit of detectio...
Polysaccharide-based films for the prevention of unwanted postoperative adhesions at biological interfaces

Postoperative adhesions protect, repair, and supply nutrients to injured tissues; however, such adhesions often remain permanent and complicate otherwise successful surgeries by tethering tissues together that are normally separated. An ideal adhesion barrier should not only effectively prevent unwanted adhesions but should be easy to use, however, those that are currently available have inconsistent efficacy and are difficult to handle or to apply. A robust hydrogel film composed of alginate and a photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid (HA) derivative (glycidyl methacrylate functionalized hyaluronic acid (GMHA)) represents a solution to this problem. A sacrificial porogen (urea) was used in the film manufacture process to impart macropores that yield films that are more malleable and tougher than equivalent films produced without the sacrificial porogen. The robust mechanical behavior of these templated alginate/GMHA films directly facilitated handling characteristics of the barrier film. In a rat peritoneal abrasion model for adhesion formation, the polysaccharide films successfully prevented adhesions with statistical equivalence to the leading anti-adhesion technology on the market, Seprafilm®. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Postoperative adhesions often remain permanent and complicate otherwise successful surgeries by tethering tissues together that are normally separated and pose potentially significant challenges to patients. Therefore, the generation of adhesion barriers that are easy to deploy during surgery and effectively prevent unwanted adhesions is a big challenge. In this study robust hydrogel films composed of alginate and a photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid (HA) derivative (glycidyl methacrylate functionalized HA, GMHA) were fabricated and investigated for their potential to act as a solution to this problem using a rat peritoneal abrasion model for adhesion formation. We observed the polysaccharide films successfully prevented adhesions with statistical equivalence to the leading anti-adhesion technology on the market, Seprafilm®, suggesting that such films represent a promising strategy for the prevention of postoperative adhesions.
High-pressure behavior of a linear chain alkane, tricosane

Exploring the behavior of hydrocarbon under pressure is important for understanding its role in planetary sciences and also for exploring novel organic chemistry. In this study, we explored the high-pressure behavior of a linear-chain hydrocarbon, tricosane (C23H48), using Raman spectroscopy. We compressed tricosane up to 23 GPa and did not find any evidence for pressure-induced amorphization within the conditions explored in this study. Upon compression, we observe new modes in the low energy region 100–300 cm−1. In order to understand the appearance of these new modes at high pressures, we used complementary ab initio calculations and explored the effect of chain configurations (linear and bent) on the predicted Raman spectra. We find that these new modes observed at higher pressures are better explained by bent configuration of tricosane chains. Thus, based on high-pressure Raman spectra, it is very likely that a linear chain of tricosane is bent under pressure, i.e., it undergoes a pressure-induced trans-gauche transformation. It is also likely that such bent regions (i.e., kinks) will act as sites along which large chain hydrocarbons could dissociate into smaller chain lengths at extreme conditions relevant to the interiors of Jovian planets.
2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines: Methods for Risk Estimation, Recommended Management, and Validation.

Objective To manage cervical screening abnormalities, the 2019 ASCCP management consensus guidelines will recommend clinical action on the basis of risk of cervical precancer and cancer. This article details the methods used to estimate risk, to determine the risk-based management, and to validate that the risk-based recommendations are of general use in different settings. Methods Based on 1.5 million patients undergoing triennial cervical screening by cotesting at the Kaiser Permanente Northern California from 2003 to 2017, we estimated risk profiles for different clinical scenarios and combinations of past and current human papillomavirus and cytology test results. We validated the recommended management by comparing with the estimated risks in several external data sources. Results Risk and management tables are presented separately by Egemen et al. and Demarco et al. Risk-based management derived from the Kaiser Permanente Northern California largely agreed with the management implied from the estimated risks of the other data sources. Conclusions The new risk-based guidelines present management of abnormal cervical screening results. By describing the steps used to develop these guidelines, the methods presented in this article can provide a basis for future extensions of the risk-based guidelines.
CHAPTER 36 – Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

The delivery of antineoplastic agents directly into the peritoneal cavity as treatment of malignancies principally confined to this body compartment (e.g., ovarian cancer) is based on sound pharmacokinetic and anatomic principles. Over the past two decades investigators have defined both the potential benefits, and limitations, associated with this unique method of drug delivery in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Recently, two large well-designed and conducted randomized phase III trials have confirmed a survival advantage associated with the administration of cisplatin by the intraperitoneal route in the initial treatment of advanced small volume residual advanced ovarian cancer, compared to the systemic delivery of the same cytotoxic drug. In several clinical settings involving patients with ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer, or primary peritoneal carcinoma it is appropriate to consider intraperitoneal treatment (generally with either cisplatin or carboplatin) as a rationale management option. These include: (1) patients who achieve a major response following therapy with systemic platinum-based treatment, but who persist in having microscopic or very small volume residual macroscopic disease (largest tumor nodule < 0.5–1 cm in maximal diameter) at the time of a secondlook laparotomy/laparoscopy; (2) patients with large volume intraperitoneal disease, or those with grade 3 tumors, who achieve a surgically-documented complete response following systemic chemotherapy (“consolidation therapy”); and (3) previously untreated patients with stage 3A (microscopic disease only in the upper abdomen) or those with stages 3B or 3C disease who have no visible macroscopic cancer following initial surgical cytoreduction.
Estimating intracranial pressure via low-dimensional models: toward a practical tool for clinical decision support at multi-hour timescales

Broad clinical application of non-invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring using computational models requires a method of modeling ICP on the basis of easily measured patient data such as radial or brachial arterial blood pressure (ABP). These models may be highly complex, rendering them too slow for clinical and operational use, or may rely on data that is not consistently available. Coupling these models to an upstream vasculature component model decreases data requirements. For the purposes of clinical decision support at multi-hour timescales, two natural choices for model development are to increase intracranial model complexity or to include feedback mechanisms between ICP and vascular model components. We compare the performance of these two approaches by evaluating model estimates against observed ICP in the case of a slow hypertensive event from a publically available dataset. The simpler model with bi-directional feedback requires minimal identifiability and is sufficiently accurate over these timescales, while a more complex is difficult and expensive to identify well enough to be accurate. Furthermore, the bi-directional simple model operates orders of magnitude faster than the more anatomically accurate model when driven by high-resolution ABP. It may also be configured to use lower resolution ABP summary data that is consistently clinically available. The simpler models are fast enough to support future developments such as patient-specific parametrization and assimilation of other clinical data streams which are illustrated during the case of a complex ICP regime for a different patient. We present model comparisons to highlight the advantages of the incorporated simple model and its possible predictive power with further optimization.
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with COVID-19 disease

Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are known to be variable with growing evidence of nervous system involvement. In this case report, we describe the symptoms of a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 whose clinical course was complicated with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). We present a case of a 58-year-old woman who was initially diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia due to symptoms of fever and cough. Two weeks later, after the resolution of upper respiratory tract symptoms, she developed symmetric ascending quadriparesis and paresthesias. The diagnosis of GBS was made through cerebrospinal fluid analysis and she was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin administration.
Distal Splenorenal Shunt

The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) is widely known as the Warren shunt, and was introduced in 1966 by W. Dean Warren when he worked in Miami. Its development in conjunction with Drs. Zeppa and Foman brought together expertise in decompression of varices and devascularization procedures. The concept of selective decompression of the gastroesophageal segment to control variceal bleeding was combined with maintenance of portal hypertension in the portal vein to keep portal perfusion to the liver. The principle of the procedure is, therefore, that the shunt will control variceal bleeding, and maintenance of portal perfusion will preserve hepatic function.
Structural interpretation of the effects of threo-nucleotides on nonenzymatic template-directed polymerization

The prebiotic synthesis of ribonucleotides is likely to have been accompanied by the synthesis of noncanonical nucleotides including the threo-nucleotide building blocks of TNA. Here we examine the ability of activated threo-nucleotides to participate in nonenzymatic template-directed polymerization. We find that primer extension by multiple sequential threo-nucleotide monomers can occur but is strongly disfavored relative to ribo-nucleotides. Kinetic, NMR and crystallographic studies suggest that this is due in part to the slow formation of the imidazolium-bridged TNA intermediate in primer extension, and in part because of the greater distance between the attacking RNA primer 3′-hydroxyl and the phosphate of the incoming threo-nucleotide intermediate. Even a single activated threo-nucleotide in the presence of an activated downstream RNA oligonucleotide is added to the primer ten-fold more slowly than an activated ribonucleotide. In contrast, a single activated threo-nucleotide at the end of an RNA primer or in an RNA template results in only a modest decrease in the rate of primer extension, consistent with the minor and local structural distortions revealed by crystal structures. Our results are consistent with a model in which heterogeneous primordial oligonucleotides would, through cycles of replication, have given rise to increasingly homogeneous RNA strands.
Locating Scattering Centers using Single Channel Complex ICA

Single channel complex Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is used to locate and extract scattering centers from the frequency response data of a target illuminated using a stepped-frequency radar system. The proposed method is first tested on synthetic targets and then tested on real commercial aircraft models. The extracted scattering centers can be used for target classification. The approach used in this paper does not require an antenna array and can be applied to a single channel of radar returns.
Efficacy evaluation and mechanical study of short- and long-term antithrombotic therapy for Kawasaki disease.

Background Antithrombotic therapy was commonly applied in treating Kawasaki disease (KD) children; however, the effects and mechanisms of different plans were not fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate different antithrombotic drugs. Methods Eighty-two children diagnosed with KD in Hebei Children's Hospital from January 2017 to January 2020 were recruited. For cohort study, KD children were divided into a series of groups according to whether they were complicated with coronary artery lesions (CAL), drug therapy plan, and the presence of liver damage. The thromboelastogram (TEG) indexes [clotting time (R), clot formation time (K), clot formation angle (α), maximum amplitude of the clot (MA), arachidonic acid (AA), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)] were employed to evaluate the relationship between disease state and drug treatment efficacy. Meanwhile, children were divided into different therapy groups according to their degree of CAL, the treatment efficiency was evaluated by TEG indexes, and the bleeding ratio was recorded. In addition, the warfarin metabolic gene was detected to explain the changes of coagulation parameters in children treated with warfarin. Results The R value and coagulation index (CoI) were significantly lower (P<0.05) and MA value was significantly higher (P<0.05) in CAL group than those in non-coronary artery lesion (NCAL) group. There were significant individual differences in platelet inhibition between aspirin and dipyridamole groups. The AA% in aspirin group was 64% [95% confidence interval (CI): 49% to 74.3%] and the ADP% was 28.5% (95% CI: 26.2% to 37.2%) in dipyridamole group, and were significantly between groups. Warfarin and aspirin had a synergistic effect in anticoagulation. Warfarin metabolic gene detection was shown to be helpful for adjusting warfarin treatment dose, and shortening the initial attainment time of standard international normalized ratio (INR) index. The R value was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the liver injury group than that in the control group. Conclusions KD Children complicated with CAL presented a hypercoagulable state, and the CAL was predictable with the R value. Warfarin metabolic gene detection and TEG can effectively evaluate and guide short- and long-term antithrombotic therapy in KD children.
Erratum to: “F0 timing in Luganda: Effects of phrase position and tone category” [J. Phonet. 85 (2021) 101027]

Abstract In Luganda (Bantu, Uganda), there is a contrast between high and falling tone, differing in the timing of the f0 peak relative to the consonant and vowel intervals of the associated syllable. According to the extensive transcription-based literature on the language, this contrast is limited to “long” syllables (those with a long vowel or coda), and to short word-final syllables. In this study, these claims are tested in two production studies. As in other languages, the timing of f0 peaks was found to be sensitive to the duration of the onset-vowel interval in the high-toned syllable, with longer onset-vowel duration associated with a later f0 peak. The high tones were found to have a significantly greater peak delay than falling tone, but only in long syllables with a long vowel or diphthong. High tones had an earlier f0 peak in phrase-final words than in nonfinal words, but word position had no effect. The results suggest that the phenomenon that previous studies have described in terms of the distribution of falling tones is better seen as a phonetic effect of phrasal position on f0 peak timing, as has been observed in languages such as English, Spanish, and Serbian.
How does the convergence of prematurity and congenital heart disease impact the developing brain

Abstract Prematurity and congenital heart disease (CHD) are individually associated with increased risk of brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Delayed brain development in newborns with CHD has been documented to begin in utero and predisposes newborns with CHD to brain injury. Little is known about the combined risks when prematurity and CHD co-occur. The purpose of this review is to highlight the unique vulnerability of preterm newborns with CHD to brain dysmaturation and brain injury, and the urgent need for prospective research.
Compact, longitudinal KD*P Q-switch for a 40-W average power solid-state laser

Although diode-pumped solid-state laser oscillators can deliver very high average powers in free-running mode, operation in a storage (i.e., electro-optically Q-switched) mode has been constrained by the limited power handling capability' of commercial Q- switching technology. At average powers above 20 W, laser designers have resorted either to multiplexing several lower power oscillators or to utilizing a low-power master oscillator followed by one or more power amplifiers, although this greatly increases system size and complexity.
Suburban Poverty in America

This is a book review of Confronting Suburban Poverty in America (2013, Elizabeth Kneebone and Alan Berube). More than any other research, this book and its updated companion website have launched national and regional dialogues on suburban decline and poverty. The book has been successful in bringing suburban poverty to the attention of both leaders and the broader public The Brookings Institution’s project on suburban poverty, of which the book is only a part, has become not only the main source for information about suburban poverty, but also the main source for policy proposals to address the problem at the local, metropolitan, and national scale.
The Deposition of Sulfur and Nitrogen from the Remote Atmosphere Background Paper

S and N species are deposited from the atmosphere by both wet and dry processes. The magnitudes of these processes have been estimated for over a century. As time goes by, past estimates are refined and estimates for species previously unknown are determined.
Direct microwave joining of reaction bonded silicon carbide

A single-mode rectangular resonant cavity operating at 2.45 GHz was used to join, without any interlayer or applied pressure, specimens of reaction bonded silicon carbide. Specimens of 0.95 cm diameter and 0.5 cm height were joined at temperatures 1400-1450 C in 10 to 15 minutes. Specimens of arbitrary shapes and practical sizes were joined in a commercially available 900 watt multi-mode oven with hybrid heating. The joined specimens were sectioned and examined. The joint was not detectable even by scanning electron microscope observation. On heating silicon bleeds out of reaction bonded silicon carbide. The apparent density of the heated reaction bonded silicon carbide was 3.01 gm/cc as compared to 3.05 gm/cc for the as received material. However, the only difference in microstructure was some grain growth of the microwave heated reaction bonded silicon carbide, compared to the as received material. 10 refs.
Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active vs. sedentary healthy women

Tanaka, Hirofumi, Christopher A. DeSouza, Pamela P. Jones, Edith T. Stevenson, Kevin P. Davy, and Douglas R. Seals. Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in physically active...
Identification and activation of tumor‐reactive cells for adoptive immunotherapy

The use of adoptive immunotherapy to treat cancer has several potential advantages. Although extensive evaluation has been undertaken, issues regarding the source of cells and methods of ex vivo activation continue to be controversial. A number of potential effector cells, including natural killer cells, monocytes/macrophages, cytolytic T cells and helper T cells, are exploitable and are the focus of clinical trials. A number of methods of activating these cells, including the use of recombinant cytokines, tumor cells, monoclonal antibodies, and gene insertion, have been developed. Varying specificities, trafficking and lytic potentials have been observed. In addition, the logistics of activating and expanding the various effectors ex vivo vary considerably. Although the optimal methods of identifying and activating cells have not been established, adoptive therapy with immuno-logically active cells can effect clinically significant responses in selected patients. Efforts to build upon the initial preclinical and clinical observations are in progress.
A Multisymplectic Approach to the KdV Equation

A canonical multisymplectic formulation of the KdV equation is presented which, when space + time decomposed, gives rise to the usual symplectic description of dynamics on the appropriate space of Cauchy data. In addition to allowing one to treat the KdV equation covariantly, this formalism enables one to derive the Gardner symplectic structure for the KdV equation in a completely systematic way.
Sunlight controls water column processing of carbon in arctic fresh waters

Carbon in thawing permafrost soils may have global impacts on climate change; however, the factors that control its processing and fate are poorly understood. The dominant fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) released from soils to inland waters is either complete oxidation to CO2 or partial oxidation and river export to oceans. Although both processes are most often attributed to bacterial respiration, we found that photochemical oxidation exceeds rates of respiration and accounts for 70 to 95% of total DOC processed in the water column of arctic lakes and rivers. At the basin scale, photochemical processing of DOC is about one-third of the total CO2 released from surface waters and is thus an important component of the arctic carbon budget.
Synergistic temperature and energy management in GALS processor architectures

We propose a synergistic temperature and energy management scheme for GALS processors. Localized DVS is applied in domains that contain hotspots, permitting other critical domains to run unabated, thereby reducing performance cost relative to global DVS, and also creating execution slack in peripheral cooler domains that can be exploited to save energy. The reduction in energy in turn creates a steeper temperature gradient between the domains, permitting heat to flow more easily out of the hotspot domain. This symbiotic cyclical relationship between temperature and energy management leads to both significantly better performance, and lower energy, than the use of DTM alone.
On the Solution of the Convolution Equation with Two Kernels

We suggest a constructive method for solving a nonsingular convolution equation with two kernels whose kernel functions are integrable on the entire line. The right-hand side is assumed to be integrable with power p ⩾ 1.
Measurement of Taste Intensity and Degree of Liking of Beverages by Graphic Scales and Magnitude Estimation

Graphic scaling (GS) and magnitude estimation (ME) of hedonic and intensity responses to 4–30% sucrose in lemonade and 0–16% fat in milk gave similar conclusions about the beverages, but GS was simpler to perform and responses were influenced less by numerical and contextural effects. More restricted ranges were used for ME than for GS, and for hedonic than for intensity responses. Good reproducibility was obtained, except for GS of hedonic responses to lemonade, which were bimodally distributed. Use of a higher sucrose reference (R) in lemonade decreased ME values, and increased the intensity exponent from 0.651 when R was 4% sucrose to 0.973 when R was 10% sucrose. Individual intensity exponents varied from 0.068–0.372 for milk, and from 0.146–1.075 for lemonade when R was 4% sucrose, and from 0.373–2.635 when R was 10% sucrose.
Flow stresses in metal laminates and pure metals during high temperature extrusion

Abstract The flow stresses developed during elevated temperature extrusion in laminated metal composites are analyzed. The laminates consist either of ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCSs) or NiAl jacketed in a mild steel can. Flow stresses in the individual components of the laminate were determined by utilizing an isostrain model and by establishing the true coefficient of friction during extrusion. The average coefficient of friction was found equal to about 0.38 for UHCSs and 0.32 for NiAl. The results reveal that plastic flow of the UHCSs is a diffusion-controlled dislocation creep process. An increase in carbon content leads to a decrease in the flow stress because iron atom mobility is increased. An increase in substitutional solid solution alloy additions leads to an increase in the flow stress because of a decrease in the stacking fault energy. The influence of strain rate sensitivity of each component on the extrusion of laminated composites is modeled. It is shown that striking differences in extrusion response are achieved by altering the volume fraction and strain rate sensitivity of the component materials. The analysis of extrusion is extended to interpret Pearson and Smythe's 1931 data on extrusion of lead, tin and cadmium. These data are also shown to be well characterized by a diffusion-controlled dislocation creep process. Coefficients of friction for extrusion were determined for these three metals. These results, together with those for the UHCSs and NiAl, indicate that the friction coefficient is a function of the flow stress of the metal during extrusion, increasing in value as the flow stress decreases. It is proposed that this trend is principally related to microstructural changes that are unique to the process of extrusion.
High-density lipoprotein subfractions: current views and clinical practice applications

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is astonishingly complex, but the de facto standard for its measurement has been remarkably simple: total cholesterol content. It is time to prioritize higher-resolution HDL measurement techniques that capture better the biologically and clinically important characteristics of HDL. Scientific advances have ushered in a new era in which we view HDL in terms of its subfractions, particle structure, metabolism, and functional integration of its proteome and lipidome. HDL subfractions appear to be associated with function. In general, smaller, denser HDL3 is more tightly linked to favorable atheroprotective functions and clinical outcomes. Techniques to measure the cholesterol content or particle concentrations of HDL subfractions are available clinically. In the future, we anticipate subfractionating HDL based on its functional properties.
Implementation of Full-Field Digital Mammography: A Technologist’s Perspective

Full-field digital mammography (FFDM) is affecting the way breast imaging centers work. The reports of gained efficiencies in workflow by operating in a cassetteless and filmless environment are intriguing and taunt analog users. The gained efficiencies, however, do not come without a price. The price is not only the increased cost of equipment, but also the added stress of the implementation process. Being prepared for the experience is important to avoid unexpected problems and undue stress. The purpose of this article is to help the reader understand what to expect during the implementation of an FFDM unit. The key factors for a smooth transition from analog to digital are preplanning with a team approach, mapping out workflow to completely understand each step in the process, and fully understanding the benefits and limitations of the system.
Uncivil society, capitalism and the state in Africa

State and society do not stand apart in Africa ‐ or anywhere else. Neither do they exist in precarious balance. This article explores the ways in which elements of the state are connected to civil society, and how elements of civil society are not merely affected by the state, but are seated in the state. Privileged place is given to capitalist phenomena. An examination of clashing theoretical views of civil society is followed by critical evaluations of contemporary Africanists and concludes with a brief discussion of the Senegalese‐Mauritanian conflict and its bearing on the evolution of capitalism and democracy in Africa.
Comparative teratogenic study of various corticoid ophthalmics.

Abstract Young primiparous New Zealand white rabbitswere mated, and pregnancy was confirmed by palpation on day 14 and obvious weight gain after 18 days of gestation. Pregnant rabbits were divided into 8 groups comprising 5 animals per group. One group of 10 rabbits was treated with physiological saline. All the experimental groups received corticosteroids via the conjunctival sac on days 6 through 18 of gestation. Groups A and B (hydrocortisone) showed an incidence of fetal anomalies of 8.1 and 15.8%, respectively. In these groups anomalies were confined primarily to the brain. Groups C and D (dexamethasone) showed a 32.3 and 15.6% incidence of anomalies, respectively. Anomalies in this groups were confined to the abdominal cavities. Groups E and F (cortisone) showed an incidence of fetal anomalies of 12.6 and 33.3%, respectively. These anomalies were found in the cardiac and cerebral regions. Groups G, H (untreated controls), and I (physiological saline) responded with no appreciable incidence of anomalies.
RNA and DNA in developing retinae: comparison of a normal with the degenerating retinae of C3H mice.

— The Nucleic acids were measured in developing retinae of normal (DBA) mice and those afflicted with an inherited degenerative disease (C3H). The content of RNA in normal and C3H retinae increased to a maximum at 5 days of postnatal age. Thereafter, that of C3H retinae declined to a value lower than the normal. The content of DNA in normal and C3H retinae was maximal at 10 and 5 days of postnatal age, respectively. By 20 days, it declined in both retinae to nearly adult values. The DNA/RNA ratio of normal adult retinae was about 3, while that of C3H adult retinae was nearly 1–5. It is proposed that the photoreceptor cells possess a smaller cytoplasmic volume and a larger DNA/RNA ratio than the cells of the inner retina. The loss of DNA in developing normal and C3H retinae appears to result from cellular death. It was calculated that approximately 1 million cells in normal and 6 million cells in C3H retinae disappear during development. Cellular death in C3H retinae may not be restricted to the photoreceptor population.
Treatment of depression in primary care: where we are, where we can go.

Depressive and anxiety disorders are major public health problems affecting approximately 16 and 20 million Americans respectively.' Two of the most prevalent disorders, major depression and panic disorder, have been shown to be associated with medically unexplained physical symptoms2'3 (ie, pain and fatigue), decrements in functioning and quality of life,3,4 and increased medical utilization and costs.3'5 Patients with chronic medical illnesses have higher rates of depression and anxiety and these comorbid psychiatric disorders are associated with poor adherence to medical regimens and adverse medical outcomes.6
Antibiotic prophylaxis for presumptive group B streptococcal infection in preterm premature rupture of the membranes: effect on neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if the prevalence of neonatal and maternal infectious morbidity in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) who received ampicillin prophylaxis for presemptive group B streptococcal colonization is increased compared to those who received no prophylaxis.
Co-evolutionary analysis reveals insights into protein-protein interactions.

Abstract Protein–protein interactions play crucial roles in biological processes. Experimental methods have been developed to survey the proteome for interacting partners and some computational approaches have been developed to extend the impact of these experimental methods. Computational methods are routinely applied to newly discovered genes to infer protein function and plausible protein–protein interactions. Here, we develop and extend a quantitative method that identifies interacting proteins based upon the correlated behavior of the evolutionary histories of protein ligands and their receptors. We have studied six families of ligand–receptor pairs including: the syntaxin/Unc-18 family, the GPCR/G-α's, the TGF-β/TGF-β receptor system, the immunity/colicin domain collection from bacteria, the chemokine/chemokine receptors, and the VEGF/VEGF receptor family. For correlation scores above a defined threshold, we were able to find an average of 79% of all known binding partners. We then applied this method to find plausible binding partners for proteins with uncharacterized binding specificities in the syntaxin/Unc-18 protein and TGF-β/TGF-β receptor families. Analysis of the results shows that co-evolutionary analysis of interacting protein families can reduce the search space for identifying binding partners by not only finding binding partners for uncharacterized proteins but also recognizing potentially new binding partners for previously characterized proteins. We believe that correlated evolutionary histories provide a route to exploit the wealth of whole genome sequences and recent systematic proteomic results to extend the impact of these studies and focus experimental efforts to categorize physiologically or pathologically relevant protein–protein interactions.
Percutaneous absorption of anthracene in the rat: comparison of in vivo and in vitro results.

Percutaneous absorption of 14C-labeled benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was studied in five-day in vivo and in vitro experiments with female Sprague- Dawley rats following single topical doses of 9-10 μg/cm2. The in vivo percutaneous absorption was measured by the presence of 14C radioactivity in urine, feces and tissues. In vitro percutaneous absorp tion was measured with excised (non-viable) skin in Franz-type diffusion cells. Several modifications of standard diffusion cell techniques which are known to enhance the transport of lipophilic compounds were evaluated. In vitro penetration was determined by directly measuring the level of 14C radioactivity in the receptorfluid. BaP was observed to readily penetrate in vivo with a total of 46.2% (n = 4, SD = 3.4%) of the applied dose being absorbed over five days. In in vitro experi ments using a ∼350 μm-thick skin section and normal saline receptor solution, only 2.1 % of the applied BaP diffused into the receptor fluid over five days. In in vitro experiments usingfull...
Children as authors and actors: literacy development through 'basic activities'

Storytelling and dramatization activities are described for language- learning-disabled children which highly motivate them to write, listen to, and dramatize stories. The work of the Soviet psychologist L. S. Vygotsky, and other recent research in mediated learning, demonstrates that when children participate in such activities that challenge them, they gradually become aware of the skills necessary to carry out the tasks, and internalize the means for doing so based on the help they are receiving from teachers and peers. Thus children become literate by mastering skills in the context of an activity that has a purpose which makes sense to them.
Solutions of a steady state free surface seepage problem on a Hypercube concurrent computer

The advantages of using a multi‐CPU concurrent computer in solving a steady state free surface seepage problem are studied. The underlying computational task is the solution of a large set of linear equations with a projection operation numerous times. In the study, both Jacobi and SOR iteration methods with projection in a modified alternating iteration scheme are used to solve the problem with varied number of nodes (CPUs) and the timing results are compared between a 32 node Hypercube Concurrent Computer and a VAX 11/780 (single CPU). In addition, the performance and the feasibility of the Hypercube Concurrent Computer are discussed by comparing with the number of nodes used and with the VAX 11/780.
Core Biopsy of the Breast Lesions: Review of Technical Problems and Solutions: A Pictorial Review

Understanding and proper application of biopsy techniques are essential for patient care in imaging-guided breast intervention.
Model Updating of Railway Bridge Using In Situ Dynamic Displacement Measurement under Trainloads

To address the need for monitoring aging railway bridges, this paper presents a finite-element (FE) model updating approach using time-domain optimization based on in situ measurement of the bridge’s dynamic displacement histories under trainloads. Field tests are performed on a short-span plate girder railway bridge to measure its displacement response to freight trainloads with different speeds using a low-cost remote vision sensor recently developed by the authors’ group. A FE model of the bridge is developed considering train–track–bridge dynamic interactions. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to investigate the intrinsic effects of parameters of the train, track, and bridge subsystems on the dynamic response of the bridge. It is found that the bridge displacement response is primarily sensitive to the stiffness of the bridge, whereas the acceleration response is affected by many other parameters. This justifies that the bridge dynamic displacement is more suited than acceleration for updating the railway bridge stiffness. Consequently, a model updating approach is proposed using the measurement of bridge displacement response to trainloads. This approach is applied to the short-span bridge to first identify the train speed, followed by the bridge stiffness by minimizing the error between the measured and computed displacement time histories. Furthermore, this paper investigates the frequency characteristics from both the measured and computed displacements. The analysis shows that the trainload does not excite the bridge’s natural modes of vibration because the frequency is much lower than the bridge’s natural frequencies. Therefore, it is difficult to use the modal identification-based FE model updating methods based on the dynamic response measurement. This is commonly the case for short-span railway bridges, which tend to have high natural frequencies. The proposed periodic displacement measurement and time-domain FE model updating can be developed into an effective tool for long-term structural health monitoring of short-span railway bridges.