cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-Low-Power Wideband High Gain InAs/AlSb HEMT Low-Noise Amplifiers

Two antimonide-based compound semiconductor (ABCS) microstrip MMICs, single-stage and three-stage ultra-low-power wideband 0.01-11 GHz low-noise amplifiers using 0.1-mum gate length InAs/AlSb metamorphic HEMTs, have been fabricated and characterized on a GaAs substrate. From 0.3-11 GHz, the single-stage wideband LNA demonstrated a typical associated gain of 16 dB with less than 1.7 dB noise figure (2-11 GHz) at 5mW DC power dissipation, and the three-stage wideband LNA demonstrated a typical associated gain of 30 dB with less than 2.6 dB noise figure (2-11 GHz) at 7.5mW DC power dissipation. We believe these low noise amplifier MMICs demonstrate the lowest DC power consumption with the highest gain-bandwidth product of any MMIC to date. These results demonstrate the outstanding potential of ABCS HEMT technology for ultra-low-power wideband applications
On the origin of the β cell

The major forms of diabetes are characterized by pancreatic islet β-cell dysfunction and decreased β-cell numbers, raising hope for cell replacement therapy. Although human islet transplantation is a cell-based therapy under clinical investigation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes, the limited availability of human cadaveric islets for transplantation will preclude its widespread therapeutic application. The result has been an intense focus on the development of alternate sources of β cells, such as through the guided differentiation of stem or precursor cell populations or the transdifferentiation of more plentiful mature cell populations. Realizing the potential for cell-based therapies, however, requires a thorough understanding of pancreas development and β-cell formation. Pancreas development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and transcription factors that determine early pancreatic specification as well as the later differentiation of exocrine and endocrine lineages. This review describes the current knowledge of these factors as they relate specifically to the emergence of endocrine β cells from pancreatic endoderm. Current therapeutic efforts to generate insulin-producing β-like cells from embryonic stem cells have already capitalized on recent advances in our understanding of the embryonic signals and transcription factors that dictate lineage specification and will most certainly be further enhanced by a continuing emphasis on the identification of novel factors and regulatory relationships.
EFFECT OF SPIN CHILLING AND FREEZING ON BACTERIA ON COMMERCIALLY PROCESSED TURKEYS

A study was made of the effect of spin chilling and later freezing on possible spread of salmonellae and other bacteria on commercially processed turkeys in a federally inspected plant. Sixty-one turkeys were examined before and after spin chilling, after being “shell-frozen” in brine, after blast freezing and after being held in a freezer storage room. After spin chilling, levels of all organisms tested were reduced, and no salmonellae were recovered. Coagulase positive staphylococci persisted on turkeys during processing and after freezing. As expected, freezing caused further decreases in bacterial populations, but the spin chilling operation itself was highly effective in reducing counts. No undue health hazard was observed from chilling procedures.
A Functional Basis for Engineering Design: Reconciling and Evolving Previous Efforts

In engineering design, all products and artifacts have some intended reason behind their existence: the product or artifact function. Functional modeling provides an abstract, yet direct, method for understanding and representing an overall product or artifact function. Functional modeling also strategically guides design activities such as problem decomposition, physical modeling, product architecting, concept generation, and team organization. A formal function representation is needed to support functional modeling, and a standardized set of function-related terminology leads to repeatable and meaningful results from such a representation. We refer to this representation as a functional basis; in this paper, we seek to reconcile and integrate two independent research efforts into a significantly evolved functional basis. These efforts include research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and two US universities, and their industrial partners. The overall approach for integrating the functional representations and the final results are presented. This approach also provides a mechanism for evaluating whether future revisions are needed to the functional basis and, if so, how to proceed. The integration process is discussed relative to differences, similarities, insights into the representations, and product validation. Based on the results, a more versatile and comprehensive design vocabulary emerges. This vocabulary will greatly enhance and expand the frontiers of research in design repositories, product architecture, design synthesis, and general product modeling.
Quest for the Molecular Mechanism of Chromium Action and Its Relationship to Diabetes

Despite forty years of research on the potential role of chromium in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, significant progress has only recently been made regarding the mode of action of chromium at a molecular level. The oligopeptide low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr) may function as part of a novel insulin-signaling autoamplification mechanism. The proposed mechanism of action also sheds some light on the potential of chromium-containing compounds as nutritional supplements or in the treatment of adult-onset diabetes and other conditions. The potential relationship between the results of recent studies on diabetic patients and the proposed mode of action of LMWCr are discussed.
SM6: A Density Functional Theory Continuum Solvation Model for Calculating Aqueous Solvation Free Energies of Neutrals, Ions, and Solute-Water Clusters.

A new charge model, called Charge Model 4 (CM4), and a new continuum solvent model, called Solvation Model 6 (SM6), are presented. Using a database of aqueous solvation free energies for 273 neutrals, 112 ions, and 31 ion−water clusters, parameter sets for the mPW0 hybrid density functional of Adamo and Barone (Adamo, C.; Barone, V. J. Chem. Phys. 1998, 108, 664−675) were optimized for use with the following four basis sets: MIDI!6D, 6-31G(d), 6-31+G(d), and 6-31+G(d,p). SM6 separates the observable aqueous solvation free energy into two different components: one arising from long-range bulk electrostatic effects and a second from short-range interactions between the solute and solvent molecules in the first solvation shell. This partition of the observable solvation free energy allows SM6 to effectively model a wide range of solutes. For the 273 neutral solutes in the test set, SM6 achieves an average error of ∼0.50 kcal/mol in the aqueous solvation free energies. For solutes, especially ions, that hav...
Russian linguistics in the United States

L'A. retrace l'evolution de la linguistique slave aux USA, et plus particulierement celle de la linguistique russe depuis son expansion dans les annees 60, liee a des facteurs externes. Il examine les differentes tendances theoriques ayant influence la recherche et souligne notamment l'importance de l'arrivee de Jakobson en Amerique avec lequel l'orientation philologique de la linguistique russe s'est inscrite dans une perspective structuraliste
Basis Vector Quantification of Flutter Analysis Structural Modes

Amethodto conciselyquantify, compare, andidentify mode shapesfor flutter analysisusingorthogonalized basis vectors is developed. The procedure numerically describes wing structural mode shapes as scalar projections onto a reduced set of basis vectors. The basis vectors are baseline wing shapes derived from the mode shapes of a reference wing model, and mode shapes from other wing models are concisely related to the basis vectors using the scalar projections. The resulting quantifier describes the wing modes in terms of the physical wing shapes from the reference model. The technique is demonstrated on a simple wing model from which the basis vectors are derived. Masselementsareaddedtothewinginfourdifferentconfigurationstoproducevariousmodeshapesforcomparison tothebasisset.Thesemodeshapesarequantifiedinterms ofbasisvectorcomponentsthatareexpressedconciselyin matrixform.Visualcomparisonsofthemodeshapestothebasisvectorsshowthatthenumericcharacterizationsare consistent with the visual interpretations. Comparison of the four configurations to one another indicates that the numeric components distinguish subtle differences in wing deformation as well as differences in the overall shape of the deformed wing.
International Migration as a Dynamic Process

Structures a model of the macrodynamics of international migration using a differential equation to capture the push‐pull forces that propel the migratory current. The model’s architecture is based on the functioning of information feedback between settled friends and family at the destination (migrant stock) and a pool of potential emigrants created by socioeconomic conditions prevailing at the origin. The intensity of the ensuing migratory flow is determined by a nexus of mediators functioning in either society and comprising: (a) legal imperatives such as migration laws; (b) economic imperatives measured by the ratio of income‐per‐capita between destination and origin; (c) political imperatives such as war or other forms of compulsion; (d) natural stimulants such as epidemics and climatic extremes; (e) societal conditions such as job‐hierarchy differences and migration network characteristics; and (f) causes other than the ones motivating the pool members, such as the reasons of the so called “brain drain”. The mathematical function representing the collective of these causes is named the mediating factor, and comprises both steady‐state and transient components. While the model’s architecture is independent of any geographic or temporal specificity, the model is capable of portraying the migration flow between any given origin/destination pair, and over any designated historical period: this through the numerical values of the model parameters derived from the historical, demographic, and economic data of the case. Two specific paradigms serve to demonstrate the model’s tenets and pertinence.
Effort control and judgments

This study examined the interrelationships among judgments of task effort, performance, and difficulty. Sixty subjects provided judgments in the form of ratings of 28 hypothetical tasks in which they might have engaged. Performance level judgments were expressed as subjective probabilities of success at the tasks. The subjective relationship between effort and performance at a task was characterized by the way such probabilities of success changed as a function of effort devoted to the task. Contrary to the hypothesis suggested by the inverted-U Yerkes-Dodson (1908) relationship, subjects generally believed performance level to increase monotonically with effort. Subjects' perceived effort-performance relationships were examined for two characteristics: (a) the maximum achievable levels of performance and (b) the degree to which performance level was seen as a positively or negatively accelerated function of effort. It is argued that these two characteristics of effort-performance functions capture important and distinct aspects of task difficulty. Indexes of these characteristics derived from subjective effort-performance functions jointly accounted for 60% of the variance in overall task difficulty ratings. Implications of the approach and results of the study for effort control and current models of motivation are discussed. Why do we devote more effort to one activity than to another? The flow diagram model of Fig. 1 suggests a useful way of thinking about this focal motivation problem. The model, similar to that proposed by Kahneman (1973), distinguishes two interrelated systems that are responsible for action, a "performance system" and an "effort control system." Productivity at a task is construed as the material output of the person's performance system, comprised of his mental and physical characteristics. The functioning of that performance system in turn depends on several inputs. First, it is limited by the availability of external resources that might be applied to the task at hand, e.g., tools and energy sources. The quality of performance also depends on the nature of the task itself. Performance at one task might be poorer than performance at another because the tasks require operations differing in complexity. Finally, performance level depends on the extent to which available resources are actually applied to
Considering dependence among genes and markers for false discovery control in eQTL mapping

Motivation: Multiple comparison adjustment is a significant and challenging statistical issue in large-scale biological studies. In previous studies, dependence among genes is largely ignored. However, such dependence may be strong for some genomic-scale studies such as genetical genomics [also called expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping] in which thousands of genes are treated as quantitative traits and mapped to different genetical markers. Besides the dependence among markers, the dependence among the expression levels of genes can also have a significant impact on data analysis and interpretation. Results: In this article, we propose to consider both the mean as well as the variance of false discovery number for multiple comparison adjustment to handle dependence among hypotheses. This is achieved by developing a variance estimator for false discovery number, and using the upper bound of false discovery proportion (uFDP) for false discovery control. More importantly, we introduce a weighted version of uFDP (wuFDP) control to improve the statistical power of eQTL identification. In addition, the wuFDP approach can better control false positives than false discovery rate (FDR) and uFDP approaches when markers are in linkage disequilibrium. The relative performance of uFDP control and wuFDP control is illustrated through simulation studies and real data analysis. Contacts:liang.chen@usc.edu; hongyu.zhao@yale.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary figures, tables and appendices are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tercentenary of Ars Conjectandi (1713) Jacob Bernoulli and the Founding of Mathematical Probability

Jacob Bernoulli worked for many years on the manuscript of his book Ars Conjectandi, but it was incomplete when he died in 1705 at age 50. Only in 1713 was it published as he had left it. By then Pierre Remond de Montmort had published his Essay d’analyse sur les jeux de hazard (1708), Jacob’s nephew, Nicholas Bernoulli, had written a master’s thesis on the use of the art of conjecture in law (1709), and Abraham De Moivre had published “De Mensura Sortis, seu de Probabilitate Eventuum in Ludis a Casu Fortuito Pendentibus” (1712). Nevertheless, Ars Conjectandi deserves to be considered the founding document of mathematical probability, for reasons explained in this paper. By the “art of conjecturing” Bernoulli meant an approach by which one could choose more appropriate, safer, more carefully considered, and, in a word, more probable actions in matters in which complete certainty is impossible. He believed that his proof of a new fundamental theorem – later called the weak law of large numbers – showed that the mathematics of games of chance could be extended to a wide range civil, moral, and economic problems. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz boasted that Bernoulli had taken up the mathematics of probability at his urging. Abraham De Moivre pursued the project that Bernoulli had begun, at the same time shifting the central meaning of probability to relative frequency.
A METHODOLOGY FOR APPLYING ENERGY HARVESTING TO EXTEND WILDLIFE TAG LIFETIME

Wildlife monitoring tags are a widely used technique for studying animals in their natural habitats. At present, these devices are energy limited, based on the mass of the electrochemical battery that can be carried by the animal. Flying animals are particularly restricted, based on a requirement for minimal excess loading. This requirement causes tag lifetimes to be far shorter than would be useful from an ecological perspective, particularly for smaller animals. Energy harvesting is being widely adopted in applications where access to permanent power is limited. If applied to wildlife tags, this approach offers the possibility of extending functional lifetimes indefinitely; however, it presents unique challenges. Practical applications on flying animals are extremely mass limited, subject to environmental stress, and operate at very low frequencies. This paper is meant to address the critical issues in the design task, and makes attempts to place bounds on unknown design parameters, based on literature research where applicable, and on experiment when no data exists. We discuss candidate harvester materials, novel data acquisition tools, and a prototype harvester design.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mind, Brain, and the Symbolic Consciousness

The relation between the concepts of mind and brain has been the subject of philosophical analysis for a very long time, and many theories concerning the nature of that relation have been propounded. The problem dates back at least to the time of Plato, and in recent years philosophers seem increasingly compelled to attack it. In the 20th century a particularly strong approach has been along the lines of linguistic analysis, so that the manner in which language relates to the formulation of the problem in the first place is dealt with analytically, “therapeutically,” and imaginatively. Approaches have been “common sensical” (Moore), “logistic or analytic” (Russell), grammatical (Wittgenstein), linguistic (Austin), and conceptual (J. L. Wisdom). The rewards of this approach have been considerable, particularly with respect to delimiting these various sorts of boundaries of our capacities for, and limitations with respect to, knowing.
THE AFFECTIVE COMPONENT: EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH READING AND RELATED LEARNING DISORDERS

Reading and related learning disorders are examined, with particular focus on the affective components. It is argued that the attempt to differentiate psychogenic etiology and neurologic etiology may be ill advised. A dynamic‐developmental‐interaction approach is suggested. This allows for the comprehensive integration of constitutional, developmental, and environmental factors. Parental dynamics, intrapsychic and interpersonal factors, and the emotional concomitants to learning disabilities are considered in this context.
Staying Smart: How Today's Graduates Continue to Learn Once They Complete College

This report presents findings about the information-seeking behavior of relatively recent college graduates used for lifelong learning in personal life, the workplace, and the local communities where they lived. Included are results from online surveys of 1,651 respondents and telephone interviews with 126 study participants who graduated from one of 10 US colleges and universities between 2007 and 2012. Findings indicated that most graduates needed to learn a combination of basic and complex life skills during the past year, such as money-management, how to make household repairs, and how to advance in their careers and communicate better on the job. They consulted friends, family, and coworkers almost as much as the Web. Graduates preferred information sources that had currency, utility, and interactivity. They also placed a high premium on curated information systems that were organized and kept up-to-date, such as libraries, museums, and bookstores. A model of shared utility is introduced for explaining graduates’ use of contemporary social media technologies as well as personal connections they had established with trusted allies. Graduates reported four barriers to their continued learning efforts: lack of time, finding affordable learning sources, staying on top of everything they needed to know, and staying motivated to keep learning after college. As a whole, graduates prided themselves on their ability to search, evaluate, and present information, skills they honed during college. Yet, far fewer said that their college experience had helped them develop the critical thinking skill of framing and asking questions of their own, which is a skill they inevitably needed in their post-college lives. Ten recommendations are presented for improving educational strategies, resources, and services that foster lifelong learning.
Chemical ecology of rotifers

One of the primary channels of sensory input for zooplankton are chemical signals. Much zooplankton behavior is triggered by chemical stimuli, including feeding, predator defense, mating, and migration. Chemically regulated zooplankton behavior affects larger scale ecosystem processes like grazing, recruitment and secondary production. Knowledge of how chemicals transmit information about location, food quality, conspecifics, competitors, and predators is critical for understanding how aquatic ecosystems function. This paper reviews the behavioral evidence that planktonic rotifers respond to a variety of chemical stimuli. Although a rich variety of rotifer behaviors are regulated by chemical signals, little progress has been made to isolate and characterize these stimuli. If aquatic ecology is to become a predictive science, knowledge of the mechanisms causing the observed interactions is necessary. Chemical signals need to be isolated, purified, and characterized, and their causal role in regulating population and community processes needs to be demonstrated. Rotifers have chemosensory neurons in their corona and electron microscopy has revealed chemoreceptive pores in the anterior integument of several species. Some rotifers use these chemoreceptors to discriminate food particles based on the flavors on the cell surface. In Asplanchna, prey are discriminated by contact chemoreception. Asplanchna releases a waterborne signal that induces spine formation in several Brachionus species, Keratella cochlearis, K. slacki, and Filinia longisecta. The colonial Sinatherina socialis is defended against fish predation by warts containing unpalatable chemicals that have yet to be identified. Larval settlement in Collotheca gracillipes is determined by the chemistry of aquatic plant surfaces. Larvae prefer the undersurface of leaves where there is a low Ca{++} microhabitat due to photosynthesis. Oviposition in Euchlanis dilatata is restricted to plant surfaces familiar to the maternal female. Hydrogen peroxide and certain prostaglandins stimulate resting egg hatching even in the dark. Sexual reproduction and polymorphism in Asplanchna sieboldi is regulated by dietary tocopherol. A chemical signal that allows assessment of conspecific population density is detected in conditioned media by several rotifer species. Water soluble extracts of Brachionus plicatilis increase mictic female production 1.7 times more than controls. Unknown compounds produced by certain bacteria also increase mixis 4–10 fold over controls. Mate recognition in B. plicatilis is determined by a 29 kD surface glycoprotein called the mate recognition pheromone (MRP). The MRP has been isolated, purified, and a polyclonal antibody against it has been prepared. The structure of the oligosaccharide and protein components of the MRP are currently being characterized. Elucidation of the chemicals regulating rotifer life cycles will make important contributions to the understanding of ecological processes in aquatic communities.
Bootstrapping in Choice of Law After the Class Action Fairness Act

This article will appear in a larger symposium on the twentieth anniversary of the Supreme Court's decision in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts. There, the Court famously overturned the application of Kansas substantive law to a nationwide class action brought in Kansas state court concerning a contractual dispute over royalties associated with natural gas leases. In overturning the choice of Kansas law on due process grounds, the Court voiced two concerns: first, concern about potential arbitrariness in the choice made and, second, resistance to what the Court deemed "something of a 'bootstrap' argument" - the invocation by the Kansas court of the class-wide nature of the litigation as a consideration in the choice-of-law analysis. Part I of this article situates the anti-bootstrapping stricture in Shutts as the intellectual precursor for the Court's later encounters with the class action as an engine for law reform in both Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor and Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp. Amchem and Ortiz contain within them a significant, though largely unarticulated, theory about the limited authority of the class action to achieve law reform. Both decisions embody the proposition that the class action device enjoys no freestanding authority to alter preexisting rights as delineated by substantive law. Part I shows how the anti-bootstrapping stricture in Shutts both anticipates and fits within this broader account of the institutional position occupied by the class action vis-a-vis public legislation. Part II observes that the impulse to use choice of law to drive the certification of nationwide class actions has not ended with Shutts. A small but consequential minority of courts in recent years have certified nationwide classes in consumer litigation based upon the choice to apply a single body of law - this time, the law of the defendant's principal place of business. Part II focuses on what may well emerge as the trickiest scenario for application of the anti-bootstrapping stricture in the legal world since the enactment of the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) in 2005: a nationwide class brought in, or removed to, a federal court sitting in a state where the highest state court has clearly established bootstrapping as part of its choice-of-law principles for consumer class actions. The Court's 1941 decision in Klaxon v. Stentor Manufacturing Co. directs a federal court in a diversity case to apply the choice-of-law principles of the state in which that court sits. The CAFA, however, offers grounds to deviate from this approach where the applicable state choice-of-law principles encompass bootstrapping. The article develops an argument along these lines grounded in existing Court precedent on the parameters of the Erie doctrine - specifically, the notion of the CAFA as an "affirmative countervailing consideration" that should trump the ordinary application of Klaxon where it would lead to bootstrapping.
Structural basis for DNA cleavage by the potent antiproliferative agent (-)-lomaiviticin A.

(–)-Lomaiviticin A (1) is a complex antiproliferative metabolite that inhibits the growth of many cultured cancer cell lines at low nanomolar–picomolar concentrations. (–)-Lomaiviticin A (1) possesses a C2-symmetric structure that contains two unusual diazotetrahydrobenzo[b]fluorene (diazofluorene) functional groups. Nucleophilic activation of each diazofluorene within 1 produces vinyl radical intermediates that affect hydrogen atom abstraction from DNA, leading to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Certain DNA DSB repair-deficient cell lines are sensitized toward 1, and 1 is under evaluation in preclinical models of these tumor types. However, the mode of binding of 1 to DNA had not been determined. Here we elucidate the structure of a 1:1 complex between 1 and the duplex d(GCTATAGC)2 by NMR spectroscopy and computational modeling. Unexpectedly, we show that both diazofluorene residues of 1 penetrate the duplex. This binding disrupts base pairing leading to ejection of the central AT bases, while placing the proreactive centers of 1 in close proximity to each strand. DNA binding may also enhance the reactivity of 1 toward nucleophilic activation through steric compression and conformational restriction (an example of shape-dependent catalysis). This study provides a structural basis for the DNA cleavage activity of 1, will guide the design of synthetic DNA-activated DNA cleavage agents, and underscores the utility of natural products to reveal novel modes of small molecule–DNA association.
MLL1 Inhibition Reprograms Epiblast Stem Cells to Naive Pluripotency

The interconversion between naive and primed pluripotent states is accompanied by drastic epigenetic rearrangements. However, it is unclear whether intrinsic epigenetic events can drive reprogramming to naive pluripotency or if distinct chromatin states are instead simply a reflection of discrete pluripotent states. Here, we show that blocking histone H3K4 methyltransferase MLL1 activity with the small-molecule inhibitor MM-401 reprograms mouse epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs) to naive pluripotency. This reversion is highly efficient and synchronized, with more than 50% of treated EpiSCs exhibiting features of naive embryonic stem cells (ESCs) within 3 days. Reverted ESCs reactivate the silenced X chromosome and contribute to embryos following blastocyst injection, generating germline-competent chimeras. Importantly, blocking MLL1 leads to global redistribution of H3K4me1 at enhancers and represses lineage determinant factors and EpiSC markers, which indirectly regulate ESC transcription circuitry. These findings show that discrete perturbation of H3K4 methylation is sufficient to drive reprogramming to naive pluripotency.
Did summer weather factors affect gastrointestinal infection hospitalizations in New York State

Abstract Background Gastrointestinal infections, a substantial public health problem worldwide, have been associated with single weather factors but the joint effect of multiple weather factors on gastrointestinal infections remains unclear. Methods We conducted a retrospective time-series analysis to investigate effects of weather conditions on hospitalizations for gastrointestinal infections (GIH) in New York State in July and August from 1991 to 2004. Applying generalized additive model (GAM), we evaluated the associations between daily GIH count and multiple weather factors including temperature, humidity, and precipitation (0–10 lag days), adjusting for long term trend, seasonality, and calendar effects. Results Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum universal apparent temperature (UAT) showed that each °C increase in temperature was significantly associated with an increase (0.70–0.96%) in daily GIH count, with the greatest impacts observed at lag 1. Extreme heat (EH: > 90th percentile) (3.68% at lag 1) and precipitation (0.31% at lag 4) showed larger impacts on increases of GIH and a clear dose–response relationship for EH. Stratified analyses showed that the impacts of extreme heat on GIH tend to be greater among Hispanics, blacks, females, and those with bacterial infections. Conclusion We found that high maximum and minimum temperature, UAT, precipitation, and extreme heat in summer significantly increased the risks of GIH in NYS. Our findings also suggest that bacteria might be a significant cause for GIH in the summer, and minority, female and those with bacterial infection may be more vulnerable to heat's effects on GIH.
Host-seeking behavior of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) toward the European corn borer and the role of chemical stimuli

Newly designed T trap and wind tunnel bioassays demonstrated that attraction of female Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst) to larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), was elicited by odors of host plant complex (HPC), frass, corn plants, host larvae, feces, and oral secretion. Female experience had a fundamental influence on behavior, and green and yellow colors were attractive to females in the wind tunnel. Antennation, intensive examination, and probing-oviposition behavior of the parasitoid were readily stimulated in contact bioassays by HPC, host larva silk, frass, oral secretion, and cuticle. Serine and certain other amino acids elicited intensive examination and occasional probing. Volatile and contact chemicals mediating behavior were extractable with hexane, acetone, chloroform, and methanol. The role of vision and the possibility of multiple chemical cues involved in both long- and close-range host-seeking behaviors are discussed.
Notes on the Biology of Mormidea lugens and Euschistus politus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Southern Illinois

A study of the biologies of Mormidea lugens (F.) and Euschistus politus Uhler was conducted May 1972-August 1974 and included field observations and laboratory rearing. Adults of both species emerged from overwintering sites in late April. Notes are presented on their life cycles: M. lugens was bivoltine, E. politus possibly bivoltine. Egg and 1st instar development of M. lugens in the laboratory averaged 7.6 and 3.9 days, respectively. Lengths of the 2nd-5th stadia for nymphs reared on Carex shortiana averaged 5.7, 5.6, 6.3, and 10.9 days, respectively, and the 2nd-3rd stadia for nymphs reared on P. clandestinum, 6.1 and 6.3 days, respectively. Egg and 1st instar development of E. politus averaged 9.3 and 5.4 days, respectively. Lengths of the 2nd-5th stadia for nymphs reared on green beans averaged 8.8, 8.7, 10.7, and 15.9 days, respectively.
Study on the antioxidant effect of grape seed powder in natural aging rats

Objective:To study the antioxidant effect of grape seed powder in natural aging rats.Methods:48 male aging SD rats were randomly divided into 3 dosage group and 1 negative group according to the malonaldehyde(MDA) content in serum.Each group consisted of 12 rats.The test doses were 200 mg/kg BW,100 mg/kg BW,50 mg/kg BW,while the negative group was given deionized water.The rats were orally given test sample respectively for 90 days,once a day.At the end of test,the content of MDA and lipofuscin(Lip),the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) were determined.Results:Grape seed powder can significantly enhance the activity of SOD and GSH-Px and reduce the content of MDA in rats.The Lip content was not affected significantly.Conclusion:Grape seed powder has antioxidant function.
Presenting: The Big Show

THE MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS almost always comes down to a single, pivotal meeting, where the marketing manager stands up in front of a group of senior executives and, with her team, presents the marketing plan and answers questions. This is a critical moment.
Exploring Federal Diversity Jurisdiction

Good morning Chairman Franks, Ranking Member Cohen and members of the Subcommittee. My name is Ronald Weich and I am the dean of the University of Baltimore School of Law. Thank you for the opportunity to testify at this hearing entitled “Exploring Federal Diversity Jurisdiction.”The subject of today’s hearing is technical, complex, little-understood by the general public, and yet fundamental to the administration of justice in this country. Federal diversity jurisdiction touches on profound questions of federalism, state sovereignty and the proper functioning of the federal courts.
Halophiles in Nanotechnology

Halophiles are salt loving organisms that flourish in saline environments such as marine and estuarine environments, solar salterns, salt lakes, brines and saline soils. They offer potential applications in various fields of biotechnology. They can be used as a source of metabolites, compatible solutes and other compounds of industrial value. The biodegradation of organic pollutants in hypersaline environments and treatment of saline effluents contaminated with organic by halophiles have been investigated. Some halophiles are a potential source of extracellular hydrolases like proteases with a wide array of industrial applications. These enzymes exhibit stability over a range of saline conditions and harsh conditions of pH or/and ionic strength. Recently, they are being explored as potential sources of metal tolerant microorganisms with the ability to synthesize metallic nanoparticles. This chapter covers the various halophilic organisms and their by-products that have been exploited for nanomaterial synthesis, the mechanisms that may be involved in the nanomaterial fabrication and the possible applications of the fabricated nanoparticles.
Exploring the effects of group therapy for the visually impaired

Individuals with visual impairments may experience varying levels of stress due to their vision loss. This study investigated the effectiveness of a brief stress management group therapy intervention for visually impaired individuals. The measure for evaluating participants’ stress levels was the Calgary Symptoms of Stress Inventory (C-SOSI), and overall well-being was measured via the Outcome Rating Scale (ORS). The study evaluated 36 participants, all experiencing varying levels of vision loss, recruited from a regional vision rehabilitation center. Approximately half of the participants were men (16) and half were women (20). The mean age of participants was 48.2 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.9 years). This was a predominately African American sample (72%). The C-SOSI was administered before and after participation in an 8-week stress management group. The ORS was administered at every session. Well-being was significantly increased during the first round of the intervention (p = .02). No statist...
Variables Affecting the Internal Energy of Peptide Ions During Separation by Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) devices separate ions on the basis of differences in ion mobility in low and high electric fields, and can be used as a stand-alone analytical method or as a separation step before further analysis. As with other ion mobility separation techniques, the ability of DIMS separations to retain the structural characteristics of analytes has been of concern. For DIMS separations, this potential loss of ion structure originates from the fact that the separations occur at atmospheric pressure and the ions, during their transit through the device, undergo repeated collisions with the DIMS carrier gas while being accelerated by the electric field. These collisions have the ability to increase the internal energy distribution of the ions, which can cause isomerization or fragmentation. The increase in internal energy of the ions is based on a number of variables, including the dispersion field and characteristics of the carrier gas such as temperature and composition. The effects of these parameters on the intra-DIMS fragmentation of multiply charged ions of the peptides bradykinin (RPPGFSPFR) and GLISH are discussed herein. Furthermore, similarities and differences in the internal energy deposition that occur during collisional activation in tandem mass spectrometry experiments are discussed, as the fragmentation pathways accessed by both are similar.
Deferral and Exemption of the Income of Foreign Subsidiaries: A Review of the Basic Analytics

Current proposals to replace the U.S. foreign tax credit with an exemption for the income of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies make timely a review of the basic analytics of taxation under the two systems. This brief note reviews the key relationships, highlighting some that are not always fully appreciated in policy discussions.
Probability and Statistics

Few subjects in mathematics and science are more widely used, feared, and scorned than probability and its derivative discipline statistics. Defining probabilities is a fundamental process in the observation of state space and forms the basis for much of modern scientific theory and experimentation. We will use probability functions throughout this book, and we will review most of the concepts and distributions needed for the consideration of most of these areas of study in this section.
Cephalic vein transposition is a durable approach to managing cephalic arch stenosis.

IntroductionThe proximal cephalic vein that enters the axillary vein (cephalic arch) is a common site of stenosis in patients with upper extremity arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis (HD). In t...
LOW DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IS ASSOCIATED WITH GREATER ODDS OF ANGINA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Low diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is associated with increased risk of subclinical myocardial damage, but it is unclear if lower DBP is associated with angina in patients with stable coronary disease (CAD). As many antianginal medications also lower BP, understanding this relationship could impact
Working on learning: how the institutional rules of environmental governance matter

Learning among actors engaged in environmental governance can be a critical pathway toward institutional change. Learning, however, is often unintentional or idiosyncratic in environmental governance. This paper considers how the rules structuring an environmental governance process can enable or constrain the institutional work of learning. We draw insights from theories of learning and from the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework's rule typology to identify how particular types of rules matter in learning. We examine how these insights can help uncover lessons from five empirical studies of learning in the environmental governance literature. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our analysis for devising rules of environmental governance to intentionally foster learning.
Evaluating the Fault Tolerance Performance of HDFS and Ceph

Large-scale distributed systems are a collection of loosely coupled computers interconnected by a communication network. They are now an integral part of everyday life with the development of large web applications, social networks, peer-to-peer systems, wireless sensor networks and many more. Because each disk by itself is prone to failure, one key challenge in designing such systems is their ability to tolerate faults. Hence, fault tolerance mechanisms such as replication are widely used to provide data availability at all times. On the other hand, many systems now are increasingly supporting new mechanism called erasure coding (EC), claiming that using EC provides high reliability at lower storage cost than replication. However, this comes at the cost of performance. Our goal in this paper is to compare the performance and storage requirements of these two data reliability techniques for two open source systems: HDFS and Ceph especially that the Apache Software Foundation had released a new version of Hadoop, Apache Hadoop 3.0.0, which now supports EC. In addition, with the Firefly release (May 2014) Ceph added support for EC as well. We tested replication vs. EC in both systems using several benchmarks shipped with these systems. Results show that there are trade-offs between replication and EC in terms of performance and storage requirements.
Dynamic CoAP Mode Control in Real Time Wireless IoT Networks

IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the preferred mechanisms to provide modulation and media access control in wireless Internet of Things networks. With the goal of preserving battery life, IEEE 802.15.4 is characterized by low power consumption that results in low signal-to-noise ratios responsible of low transmission rates and high bit error rates. In these low rate lossy networks, and from the application layer perspective, the constrained application protocol provides lightweight session management and control with two modes of operation: 1) a reliable mode where retransmissions guarantee packet delivery at a cost of increased latency, power consumption, and throughput and 2) an unreliable mode that provides packet loss-prone delivery of packets with lower battery use. In this paper, we present a dynamic mode selection mechanism that extends battery life while minimizing latency as well as transmission rates and improving overall quality of service.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy Detects Alterations in Corneal Endothelial Cell Morphology in Patients Admitted with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background The major risk factors for stroke include diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia 1 and metabolic syndrome 2. Endothelial dysfunction is central to promoting vasoconstriction and thrombosis and limited angiogenesis 3 and may also contribute to enhanced plaque vulnerability, triggering plaque rupture, and thrombus formation. There are many methods to assess endothelial dysfunction including brachial flow-mediated dilation, cerebrovascular reactivity to L-arginine and alterations in endothelium dependent dilatation using laser Doppler. We have previously shown significant abnormalities in gluteal resistance vessel endothelium dependent dilatation in patients with obesity 4, diabetes and hypertension 5. Patients admitted with an acute ischemic stroke had reduced forearm flow mediated dilatation and increased circulating levels of P-selectin, a marker of endothelial dysfunction, suggesting widespread vascular abnormalities 6. These measures of endothelial dysfunction are evaluated in vascular...
Transmission coefficients in compound-nucleus reaction theory

A recent article [D. A. Brown, G. P. A. Nobre, and M. W. Herman, Phys. Rev. C 98, 024616 (2018)] proposed a modification of the cross section formula used in practical calculations of compound nucleus reactions. We discuss the main concepts and approximations of statistical reaction theory and conclude that the standard practical implementations of the cross section formula remain the preferred choice.
Sputtering of lithium and lithium compound films under deuterium and helium ion bombardment

Abstract Conditioning of plasma facing components (PFCs) using lithium (Li) evaporation has shown to improve plasma performance in fusion devices by imposing low recycling boundary conditions. It is important to understand the retention and sputtering dynamics of deuterium (D) in Li and Li compound (Li O and Li C O) films to most efficiently make predictions on plasma performance. Energetic D2+ incident on thin Li films is shown to readily form LiD leading to a lower Li sputtering yield than the sputtering yield of pure Li. Measured sputtering yields for thin LiD films agree with previous simulations and bulk erosion measurements. The He+ sputtering yield of pure Li was 2–3 times higher than the sputtering yield of D2+ on LiD. Incident 1000–1200 eV/D2+ sputtered Li O films at a slower rate than D2+ on LiD and Li C O films.
Why do people produce pronouns? Pragmatic selection vs. rational models

ABSTRACTModels of language production must account for how speakers select referential expressions, a process that is complicated by the range of options available to speakers (e.g. he, Pim, Dr. Le...
Strong Orbital Polarization in a Cobaltate-Titanate Oxide Heterostructure

Through a combination of experimental measurements and theoretical modeling, we describe a strongly orbital-polarized insulating ground state in an ${({\mathrm{LaTiO}}_{3})}_{2}/{({\mathrm{LaCoO}}_{3})}_{2}$ oxide heterostructure. X-ray absorption spectra and ab initio calculations show that an electron is transferred from the titanate to the cobaltate layers. The charge transfer, accompanied by a large octahedral distortion, induces a substantial orbital polarization in the cobaltate layer of a size unattainable via epitaxial strain alone. The asymmetry between in-plane and out-of-plane orbital occupancies in the high-spin cobaltate layer is predicted by theory and observed through x-ray linear dichroism experiments. Manipulating orbital configurations using interfacial coupling within heterostructures promises exciting ground-state engineering for realizing new emergent electronic phases in metal oxide superlattices.