cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Televised and Aural Materials for Mathematics Teachers.

In-service education offerings in math ematics have not been completely suc cessful because of the great number of teachers needing such offerings. An obser vation made in 1963 is no less true now: "The demand?the need?for inservice education far exceeds the supply. ... If all teachers of mathematics were to enroll in organized inservice courses, there would not be enough qualified instructors to teach them." (Schult and Abel 1963, p. 31.) In the same report an observa tion was made that many college mathe matics courses have remained largely traditional. These fail to provide ade quately for teachers in schools where the curricula have incorporated a more mod ern type of mathematics. The report con cludes with an appeal for new approaches to in-service education. One of the ways in which in-service training of mathematics teachers may be accomplished is through the use of tele vision. The medium of television reaches teachers in their home towns. Televised presentations, often given by a master teacher, can be supplemented by text books or other materials. Many studies have been made of the use of instructional
Prevalence of Maculopathy Associated with Long-Term Pentosan Polysulfate Therapy.

Abstract A significant number of Kaiser Permanente Northern California patients who had a cumulative exposure to 500 grams or more of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) developed a pigmentary maculopathy.
Fabrication of aspherical polymeric lenses using tunable ferrogel molds

The majority of optical lenses have spherical surface profiles because they are convenient to fabricate. Replacing spherical optics with aspheric optics leads to smaller size, lighter weight, and less complicated optical systems with a superior imaging quality. However, fabrication of aspheric lenses is expensive and time-consuming. Here, we introduce a straightforward and low-cost casting method to fabricate polymeric aspheric lenses. An elastomeric ferrogel was formed into an aspherical profile by using a designed magnetic field and then was used as a mold. Different types of aspherical profiles from parabola to hyperbola can be formed with this method by tuning the magnetic field. A home-built Shack–Hartmann sensor was employed to characterize the cast polymeric lenses. The effects of magnetic field intensity, gradient of the magnetic field, and magnetic susceptibility of the ferrogel on the lens profiles were investigated. This technique can be used for rapid-forming polymeric aspherical lenses with different sizes and shapes.
The paraveinal mesophyll of soybean leaves in relation to assimilate transfer and compartmentation : I. Ultrastructure and histochemistry during vegetative development.

The paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) is a unique and specialized, one-cell-thick tissue spanning the vascular bundles at the level of the phloem in soybean (Glycine max) (L.) Merr.) leaves. Its position within the leaf dictates that all photosynthate produced in the palisade and spongy mesophyll must pass through this specialized layer enroute to the phloem. Symplastic continuity, via plasmodesmata, exists between the PVM and bundle sheath, palisade parenchyma and spongy mesophyll. During leaf ontogeny the PVM is the first tissue to differentiate and at maturity these cells are six to eight times larger than other mesophyll cells, are highly vacuolate, and are interconnected by tubular arms. The PVM undergoes several unique structural and metabolic modifications during leaf development. The PVM cytoplasm, in vegetative plants, is dense, enriched in rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes, but contains few, small starch-free chloroplasts and few microbodies. Unlike the tonoplast of mesophyll cells, the tonoplast of the PVM is unusually thick and dense-staining. During leaf development the vacuoles of PVM cells accumulate a glycoprotein derived from the dictyosomes which reacts with the protein staining reagents, mercuric bromophenol blue and sulfaflavine, and is degraded by Pronase. Both the vacuolar material and tonoplast are also stained by phosphotungstic acid, which at low pH is relatively selective for glycoprotein. A unique role of the PVM in the transport and compartmentation of nitrogen reserves in soybeans is discussed.
Study of Picture Archiving and Communications System for application of orbital disease

Objective To study of Picture Archiving and Communications System for application in orbital disease.Methods Picture Archiving and Communications System was performed on orbital disease of 70 cases.Results The orbital disease included blow-out fracture in 70 cases,blow-out fracture 38 cases,venous angioma 4 cases,dermoid cyst 3 cases,orbital foreign body 2 case and others 14 cases.Conclusions Picture Archiving and Communications System can provide accurate diagnosis for orbital disease and instruct operate scheme. Key words: Picture Archiving and Communications System; Orbital disease
Hyperglycaemia in cystic fibrosis adversely affects BK channel function critical for mucus clearance.

Large-conductance, Ca2+-activated, voltage-dependent K+ (BK) channel function is critical for adequate airway hydration and mucociliary function. In airway epithelia, BK function is regulated by its γ-subunit, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 26 (LRRC26). Since patients with cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD) have worse lung function outcomes, this study determined the effects of hyperglycaemia on BK function in CF bronchial epithelial (CFBE) cells in vitro and evaluated the correlation between glycaemic excursions and mRNA expression of LRRC26 in the upper airways of CF and CFRD patients. CFBE cells were redifferentiated at the air–liquid interface (ALI) in media containing either 5.5 mM or 12.5 mM glucose. BK activity was measured in an Ussing chamber. Airway surface liquid (ASL) volume was estimated by meniscus scanning and inflammatory marker expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CF patients were assessed by 7 days of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). LRRC26 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR from nasal cells obtained at the end of glucose monitoring. BK currents were significantly decreased in CFBE cells cultured under high glucose. These cells revealed significantly lower ASL volumes and increased inflammation, including the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), compared to cells cultured in normal glucose. In vivo, nasal cell expression of LRRC26 mRNA was inversely correlated with hyperglycaemic excursions, consistent with the in vitro results. Our findings demonstrate that hyperglycaemia induces inflammation and impairs BK channel function in CFBE cells in vitro. These data suggest that declining lung function in CFRD patients may be related to BK channel dysfunction.
On a strong maximum principle for fully nonlinear subelliptic equations with Hörmander condition

We investigate a strong maximum principle of Vazquez type for viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear and degenerate elliptic equations involving Hormander vector fields. We also give a strong comparison principle for such equations.
Matrimonio, estrategia y conflicto (ss. XVI-XIX)

Esta obra colectiva surge con la idea de volver a tratar el tema de la institucion social del matrimonio, cuyo analisis cobra especial significado a partir del tratamiento y definicion que la Iglesia catolica le confirio en el Concilio de Trento. El caracter sacramental otorgado al vinculo entre hombre y mujer y, por tanto, la sacralizacion de esta union, es el origen de que haya sido abordado con interes y desde multiples perspectivas. Aqui lo hacemos, en las diferentes aportaciones, desde el conflico, sirviendonos de las fuentes que se generan en los archivos de la justicia ya fuese real, eclesiastica o inquisitorial. Las estrategias familiares en torno a los casamientos, los problemas que originan las dotes cuando una hija ha de tomar estado, los disensos en la pareja, las trasgresiones como la bigamia, el adulterio/amancebamiento o el divorcio son objeto de este estudio de historia social, en la que las mujeres tienen una presencia protagonista. Mujeres que conocen el patron modelico y la identidad que se les ha atribuido por la iglesia y la sociedad, como se plasma en los tribunales, pero que no dudan, si quieren y pueden, en dejar a un lado este patron y vivir de una forma trasgresora, si por eso entendemos no acomodarse a la identidad asignada. Por ello, esta monografia tambien examina el papel de las casadas, contribuyendo a sacarlas de los estereotipos literarios y ayudando a conocerlas en su realidad vital en los tiempos pasados.
Abstract MP32: Machine Learning Models Identify Predictors of Poor Outcome in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Predicting outcome after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for ischemic stroke due to LVO can inform prognosis and guide early management. Prior studies report heterogeneity in risk factor...
Superhard high-entropy AlB2-type diboride ceramics

Abstract Hardness was measured for six different nominally pure and single-phase high-entropy diboride ceramics with the AlB2 structure that were produced by a two-step process. Most of the ceramics had relative densities greater than 99.5%. Vickers hardness average values ranged from 21.0 GPa to 25.4 GPa at a load of 9.81 N, while values increased to the range of 33.1 GPa to 48.3 GPa at a load of 0.49 N. Among the compositions, the highest hardness values at a load of 0.49 N were 48.3±2.3 GPa for (Cr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)B2 and 45.8±5.3 GPa for (Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2W0.2Zr0.2)B2, both of which are high enough to be considered superhard. The present study demonstrated that high-entropy diboride ceramics are a new class of superhard materials.
“I’m just here to enjoy the Ponies”: My Little Pony, Bronies and the limits of feminist intent

The unexpected adult, primarily male, audience of the children’s series My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, known as Bronies, has been the subject of extensive commentary for their apparent violat...
Customized Corneal Cross-Linking

Eyes with keratoconus suffer from a focal weakening of the cornea, so why should the entire cornea be treated by cross-linking and not only the pathologic part? This chapter is focusing on the theory, technical requirements, and clinical results of customized CXL showing an improved outcome compared to standard treatment regimes.
"The Economy, Stupid”: Notes on a Continuing Conversation

Roberto Gargarella has always placed distribution of access to political and economic power at the center of the analysis. This article focuses on his argument that participation might be able to improve material inequality. It argues that inequality can be confronted directly or indirectly, and that sometimes, participation is not the best mechanism for addressing inequality. The article draws on case studies from Japan and the Philippines to illustrate its argument.
Body Composition of Common Bottlenose Dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida

Common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) body composition is influenced by variations in blubber thickness resulting from changes in temperature, prey availability, health, and life-history traits. We examined how environmental, ontogenetic, and reproductive variables influenced the body composition of bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay using data collected from a long-term monitoring project by the Sarasota Dolphin Research Program (SDRP). We found that both sea surface temperature (SST) and catch per unit effort (CPUE), used as a proxy for prey availability, influenced body composition. There was a high degree of seasonality in body composition, with higher values occurring in winter when SST and CPUE were both low. Ontogeny also greatly influenced body composition, as younger dolphins typically had thicker blubber than mature individuals. Interestingly, young females allocated more energy to allometric growth than deposition of blubber for body composition when compared to young males. However, as females matured and their growth slowed, they invested more in body composition. We found no significant difference in body composition of females of varying reproductive states, providing further evidence of their status as true income breeders. Our work highlights that changes in body composition result from fluctuations in environmental variables and that energy allocation to body composition changes with ontogeny.
GEM: scalable and flexible gene-environment interaction analysis in millions of samples.

MOTIVATION Gene-environment interaction (GEI) studies are a general framework that can be used to identify genetic variants that modify the effects of environmental, physiological, lifestyle or treatment effects on complex traits. Moreover, accounting for GEIs can enhance our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex diseases and traits. However, commonly used statistical software programs for GEI studies are either not applicable to testing certain types of GEI hypotheses or have not been optimized for use in large samples. RESULTS Here, we develop a new software program, GEM (Gene-Environment interaction analysis in Millions of samples), which supports the inclusion of multiple GEI terms, adjustment for GEI covariates and robust inference, while allowing multi-threading to reduce computation time. GEM can conduct GEI tests as well as joint tests of genetic main and interaction effects for both continuous and binary phenotypes. Through simulations, we demonstrate that GEM scales to millions of samples while addressing limitations of existing software programs. We additionally conduct a gene-sex interaction analysis on waist-hip ratio in 352 768 unrelated individuals from the UK Biobank, identifying 24 novel loci in the joint test that have not previously been reported in combined or sex-specific analyses. Our results demonstrate that GEM can facilitate the next generation of large-scale GEI studies and help advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of complex diseases and traits. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION GEM is freely available as an open source project at https://github.com/large-scale-gxe-methods/GEM. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The cost-effectiveness of genotyping versus sequencing for prenatal cystic fibrosis carrier screening.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the cost-effectiveness of three sequential prenatal cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier screening strategies: genotyping both partners, genotyping one partner then sequencing the second, and sequencing both partners. METHOD A decision-analytic model compared the strategies in a theoretical cohort of four million pregnant couples in the US population and five racial/ethnic sub-populations. Inputs were obtained from literature and varied in sensitivity analysis. Outcomes included cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), missed carrier couples, affected newborns, missed prenatal diagnoses, terminations, and procedure-related losses. The cost-effectiveness threshold was $100,000/QALY. RESULTS Sequencing both partners identified 1099 carrier couples that were missed by genotyping both partners, leading to 273 fewer missed prenatal diagnoses, 152 more terminations, and 152 fewer affected newborns. A similar trend was observed in the genotyping followed by sequencing strategy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of genotyping followed by sequencing compared to genotyping both partners was $180,004/QALY and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of sequencing both partners compared to genotyping followed by sequencing was $17.6 million/QALY. Sequencing both partners was cost-effective below $339 per test, genotyping/sequencing between $340 and $1837, and genotyping both partners above $1838. Sequencing was not cost-effective among five racial/ethnic sub-populations. CONCLUSION Despite improved outcomes, sequencing for prenatal CF carrier screening was not cost-effective compared to genotyping. The clinical significance of the incremental cost-effectiveness of CF carrier screening is a matter of deliberation for public policy debate.
Pancreatic Fluid Collection Procedures

This chapter reviews Pancreatic Fluid Collection Procedures and the diseases treated along with the goals of treatment. The equipment and supplies needed along with procedure setup are reviewed and laid out in step-by-step instructions. Pre-, intra-, and post-procedure nursing considerations along with patient discharge instructions and follow-up are reviewed.
Polydopamine Nanobottles with Photothermal Capability for Controlled Release and Related Applications

Nanobottles refer to colloidal particles featuring a hollow body connected to a single opening on the surface. This unique feature makes them ideal carriers for the encapsulation and controlled release of various types of cargos. Here a facile route to the fabrication of uniform nanobottles made of polydopamine by leveraging swelling-induced pressure is reported. When polystyrene spheres are coated with polydopamine and then incubated with a toluene/water emulsion, the polystyrene will be swollen to automatically poke a single hole in the shell because of the pressure inside the shell. After quenching the swelling with ethanol and then removing all the polystyrene with tetrahydrofuran, polydopamine nanobottles are obtained. The dimensions of the hollow body are determined by the polystyrene template, while the size of the opening can be tuned by varying the shell thickness. Through the opening, different types of cargos, including small molecules and biomacromolecules, can be easily loaded with a thermoresponsive material into the cavity. The cargos can be released in a controllable manner through direct heating or polydopamine-enabled photothermal heating. In a proof-of-concept experiment, the polydopamine nanobottles are used for temperature-controlled release of thrombin to trigger the formation of fibrin gels in situ.
Being-with as being-against: Heidegger meets Hegel in the second sex

In this paper I attempt to further the case, made in recent years by Eva Gothlin, that readers interested in a philosophical return to Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex have good reason to heed Beauvoir's appropriation of central concepts from Heidegger's Being and Time. I speculate about why readers have been hesitant to acknowledge Heidegger's influence on Beauvoir and show that her infrequent though, I argue, important use of the Heideggarian neologism Mitsein in The Second Sex makes inadequate sense apart from an appreciation of the fundamental role played by her appropriation of Hegel's “master-slave dialectic” in that book. I suggest a way to square Beauvoir's Hegelian claim that human beings are fundamentally at odds with one another with her Heideggerian view that we are also all ontologically “with” one another. Finally, I sketch out a way of interpreting Beauvoir's employment of certain concepts from Hegel and Heidegger in the service of understanding, hence beginning to overcome, women's oppression.
naked cuticle encodes an inducible antagonist of Wnt signalling.

During animal development, cells have to respond appropriately to localized secreted signals. Proper responses to Hedgehog, transforming growth factor-β, epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor/Ras signals require cognate inducible antagonists such as Patched, Dad, Argos and Sprouty1. Wnt signals are crucial in development and neoplasia2. Here we show that naked cuticle (nkd), a Drosophila segment-polarity gene, encodes an inducible antagonist for the Wnt signal Wingless (Wg). In fly embryos and imaginal discs nkd transcription is induced by Wg. In embryos, decreased nkd function has an effect similar to excess Wg; at later stages such a decrease appears to have no effect. Conversely, overproduction of Nkd in Drosophila and misexpression of Nkd in the vertebrate Xenopus laevis result in phenotypes resembling those of loss of Wg/Wnt function. nkd encodes a protein with a single EF hand (a calcium-binding motif) that is most similar to the recoverin family of myristoyl switch proteins. Nkd may therefore link ion fluxes to the regulation of the potency, duration or distribution of Wnt signals. Signal-inducible feedback antagonists such as nkd may limit the effects of Wnt proteins in development and disease.
Creating a Population of 12-Digit Headwater Basins within the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System

Ecological research within the US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has recently changed its focus to quantifying and mapping ecosystem services provided to humans. Our local research group has been charged to develop a regional assessment of several ecosystem services in the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuary System (APES). Time, data, and funding constraints precluded explicit modeling of the entire APES, so in Phase 1 of our research plan we chose to model ecosystem services in a random sample of headwater catchments. After observing numerous inconsistencies between the National Hydrography Dataset-Plus (NHDPlus) stream network and the Virginia/North Carolina Watershed Boundary Dataset 12-digit HUC coverage, we began by creating modified 12-digit hydrologic units (HUCs) by aggregating smaller catchments delineated within the NHDPlus. In defining our population of interest (headwater 12-digit HUCs with perennial, natural, wadeable pour points), we generally excluded HUCs that had multiple pour points, no pour points, or whose pour points were intermittent streams, artificial segments, ditches/canals, or lentic systems (lakes and reservoirs). After taking these actions, 318 HUCs remained and a stratified random sample (Omnerik ecoregions as strata) of 50 HUCs was chosen from this population.
Abstract 16448: Matricellular Activation of CD47 Promotes Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Regulating Cellular Homolog of the V-Myconcogene

Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) remains progressive and incurable. There is currently a deficit in understanding the mechanisms that drive PAH. Recently, we reported that the matricellular protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) is induced in pre-clinical models of PAH and human disease. However, the role of its receptor, CD47, in PAH is unknown. Methods: Age-matched male wild type (WT) and CD47-/- mice were challenged with chronic hypoxia (10% FiO2 for 3 weeks). Age-matched Sprague Dawley rats received monocrotaline for 2 weeks followed by CD47 blocking or isotype control antibody. At the end of treatment all animals underwent cardio-pulmonary and biomolecular analysis. Human, and murine WT and CD47-/- pulmonary endothelial and vascular cells were also studied. Results: Mice lacking CD47 are resistant to hypoxia-mediated PAH with minimal evidence of pulmonary arterial overgrowth and no right ventricular hypertrophy compared to controls. Hypoxic CD47-/- mice demonstrated increased stroke volum...
On the Structure of Rationalizability for Arbitrary Spaces of Uncertainty, Second Version

This note characterizes the set Ai∞ of actions of player i that are uniquely rationalizable for some hierarchy of beliefs on an arbitrary space of uncertainty. It is proved that for any rationalizable action ai for the type ti, if ai belongs to Ai∞ and is justified by conjectures concentrated on A-i∞, then there exists a sequence of types converging to ti for which ai is uniquely rationalizable.
Shifting our focus: communicating science to a new, nontechnical culture

The US Congress's decision to close down the $11 billion Superconducting Supercollider is spreading anxiety throughout the scientific community. As funding for the nation's research laboratories becomes increasingly scarce, technical communicators in these organizations must focus much of their communications efforts on a new culture: Congress and the public. We discuss how to characterize this new audience and the importance of evaluating communication products, and we highlight some strategies for interpreting science to nonscientists more effectively. >
Neutrophils release extracellular DNA traps during storage of red blood cell units.

Background Blood transfusion is associated with an increased risk of organ damage, infection, and alloimmunity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular chromatin fibers decorated with neutrophil granular proteins that have been linked to cytotoxicity, thrombosis, and autoimmunity. We questioned whether neutrophils in blood products release NETs during storage and thus could contribute to adverse reactions from blood transfusions. Study Design and Methods We analyzed supernatants and blood smears of human red blood cell (RBC) units that either were or were not leukoreduced before storage for markers of NETs. Results We identified extracellular DNA, which was associated with histones and myeloperoxidase, a marker of neutrophil granules, in supernatants and blood smears of nonleukoreduced RBC units. These markers of NETs were absent in leukoreduced RBC units. Importantly, NETs passed through blood transfusion filters and could therefore potentially be infused into patients. Conclusions Our studies indicate that NETs are liberated during storage of nonleukoreduced RBC units. Future studies should address whether NETs in RBC units could potentially contribute to transfusion-associated complications.
Ionospheric total electron contents (TECs) as indicators of solar EUV changes during the last two solar minima

During the extended solar minimum from 2007 to 2009 anomalously low densities were observed in the Earth's thermosphere. Solar activity for the minimum of Solar Cycles 23 and 24 was lower than for Solar Cycles 22 and 23. However, a comparison of global daily averaged Total Electron Content (TEC) for these two solar minima does not show any significant difference. Why these significant changes between the 2008 and 1996 minima were observed in the He II EUV absolute irradiance and not in the global TEC for which EUV irradiance is one of the primary drivers is not well understood and may be interpreted as an effect of EUV instrument degradation. In this study, we analyze TEC data from 1995 to 2013 from the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) database and compare global daily averaged TEC signal with TEC sectorial spherical harmonics which reflect a narrower temporal and spatial integration of the TEC in the Earth's ionosphere. Our analyses of both TEC data and errors show significant decreases of sectorial TECs for the 2008 and 2009 minimum compared to the minimum of 1996. We also compare the most recent version of Solar and Heliospheric Observatory/Solar EUV Monitor (SOHO/SEM) He II absolute EUV irradiance with the measurements from the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment channels. This comparison shows that the EUV He II irradiance was about 12 ± 4% lower for the minimum of 2008 and 2009 compared to the minimum of 1996 when a low-pass filter with a 365 day window was used.
Transvaginal ultrasound findings in women with chronic pelvic pain

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of anatomic abnormalities as diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography in women with chronic pelvic pain whose pelvic examination did not demonstrate an anatomic abnormality. Methods: Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed in premenopausal women who were diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain, had a speculum and bimanual pelvic examination that revealed no evidence of gynecologic pathology, and were subsequently referred to the gynecologic ultrasound unit for pelvic ultrasonography. Women with known chronic medical or gynecologic diseases that are associated with lower abdominal pain were excluded from the study. The overall prevalence of abnormal ultrasound findings was recorded. The abnormal findings were further categorized into uterine, adnexal, and other. Results: Ultrasonography was performed on 50 women who met the entry criteria for the study. Four women (8%) had at least one abnormal anatomic finding demonstrated by pelvic ultrasonography. Of these four women, three had uterine pathology only and one had both uterine and adnexal pathology. The abnormal uterine findings were all either intramural or subserosal myomas. The only adnexal abnormality was a single unilocular fluid-filled ovarian cyst. Conclusions: Women with chronic pelvic pain who have no anatomic abnormalities as assessed by a routine gynecologic examination also are unlikely to have pelvic pathology when evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography.
Breast cancer intratumor genetic heterogeneity: causes and implications

There is burgeoning evidence to suggest that tumor evolution follows the laws of Darwinian evolution, whereby individual tumor cell clones harbor private genetic aberrations in addition to the founder mutations, and that these distinct populations of cancer cells interact in competitive and mutualistic manners. The combined effect of genetic and epigenetic instability, and differential selective pressures according to the microenvironment and therapeutic interventions, create many different evolutionary routes such that intratumor heterogeneity is inevitable. Numerous cytogenetic, comparative genomic hybridization and, more recently, massively parallel sequencing studies have generated indisputable evidence of this phenomenon. The impact of intratumor heterogeneity on response and resistance to therapy is beginning to be understood; this information may prove crucial for the potentials of personalized medicine to be realized. In this review, the evidence of intratumor heterogeneity in breast cancer, its potential causes and implications for the clinical management of breast cancer patients are discussed.
Winter North Atlantic low cloud anomalies associated with the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode

Ship observations of low cloud anomalies over the Atlantic Ocean from Jan. 1956 through Mar. 1995 are linearly related to the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) and to the corresponding anomalies of surface pressure, surface wind and sea surface temperature (SST). Positive NAM anomalies are associated with coherent cloud anomaly patterns: a band of increased bad weather stratiform cloud along the storm track between 40°N and 50°N, positive anomalies of precipitating stratiform and convective clouds together with negative anomalies of fair weather stratiform clouds north of this band, and negative anomalies of cumulonimbus with weak increases in fair weather stratiform clouds south of this band. Near 10°N, positive NAM anomalies are associated with increased trade winds and increases in both fair weather and bad weather stratiform clouds, resulting in an increase of total low cloud amount. Low cloud anomalies are also related to anomalies in SST and surface wind divergence.
Pancytopenia in a patient with methylmalonic acidemia

![Figure][1] A 4-year-old girl with a known history of methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) complicated by acquired hypothyroidism, failure to thrive, and developmental delay developed pancytopenia during an admission for emesis and metabolic acidosis. She had no symptoms of a viral infection, and
Substance P signaling mediates BMP-dependent heterotopic ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a disabling condition associated with neurologic injury, inflammation, and overactive bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The inductive factors involved in lesion formation are unknown. We found that the expression of the neuro-inflammatory factor Substance P (SP) is dramatically increased in early lesional tissue in patients who have either fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) or acquired HO, and in three independent mouse models of HO. In Nse-BMP4, a mouse model of HO, robust HO forms in response to tissue injury; however, null mutations of the preprotachykinin (PPT) gene encoding SP prevent HO. Importantly, ablation of SP(+) sensory neurons, treatment with an antagonist of SP receptor NK1r, deletion of NK1r gene, or genetic down-regulation of NK1r-expressing mast cells also profoundly inhibit injury-induced HO. These observations establish a potent neuro-inflammatory induction and amplification circuit for BMP-dependent HO lesion formation, and identify novel molecular targets for prevention of HO.
Effects of (8β)-8-[(Methylthio)methyl]-6-propylergoline on dopaminergic function and brain dopamine turnover in rats

Abstract (8β)-8-[(Methylthio)methyl]-6-propylergoline induced contralateral turning in rats with nigrostriatal lesions, lowered serum prolactin in reserpinized rats, and caused stereotyped hyperactivity. In addition to these functional effects typical of dopaminergic agonists, (8β)-8-[(methylthio)methyl]-6-propylergoline decreased dopamine turnover in rat brain. Decreased turnover was indicated by a diminished depletion of dopamine content after inhibition of its synthesis by α-methyltyrosine and by a decreased steady state concentration of the dopamine metabolite, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). DOPAC concentration in whole brain was decreased after doses of (8β)-8-[(methylthio)methyl]-6-propylergoline as low as 0.003 mg/kg, and the lowering of DOPAC persisted for up to 16 hrs. after a 0.3 mg/kg dose. (8β)-8-[(Methylthio)-methyl]-6-propylergoline had less effect than a structurally-related compound, lergotrile, on 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenyl-ethyleneglycol sulfate levels in whole brain and did not affect 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid levels over a dose range from .01–10 mg/kg. The behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of this new ergoline compound and its reduction of dopamine turnover in rat brain indicate that it is a potent dopamine receptor agonist in vivo .
Instrument-dependent cadherin monolayer interactions.

We introduce two theoretical models for predicting forces between cadherin-coated sphere and plane. The first model is based on a continuum theory previously developed for the interaction of large objects embedded in liquids. The second model takes into account size effects, which are relevant in the cadherin measurements, as the size of the tip is frequently comparable to the size of geometrical features of the cadherin. We use the models to compare force–separation curves in atomic force microscopy and surface force apparatus.
Effects of predators on sea urchin density and habitat use in a southern California kelp forest

Grazing sea urchins can reduce kelp abundance and therefore strongly affect kelp forest community structure. Despite the ecological importance of sea urchins, direct field studies on the role that urchin predators play in shaping urchin populations are rare for southern California. We conducted surveys and manipulative experiments within kelp forests near San Diego, CA, (32–51′28″N, 117–16′00″W) from 2006 to 2009 to determine whether predators such as sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) and spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus) may be linked to purple urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and red urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) distribution and habitat use, as well as purple urchin density-dependent mortality. Purple urchins were less dense and more cryptic inside a local marine protected area (MPA) that contained high predator abundance than in nearby heavily fished areas, whereas red urchins rarely were found outside the MPA. Urchin proportional mortality was inversely density dependent during the day when sheephead were active, despite fish aggregations in plots of high urchin density, but was density independent during the night when lobsters were active. Urchin mortality was reduced under understory algal cover during the day, but not during the night. Examining whether urchin mortality from predation is density dependent and how habitat complexity influences this relationship is imperative because behavioral changes and increases in urchin populations can have vast ecological and economic consequences in kelp forest communities.
THE KINETICS OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF PEROXIDE BY CATALASE

It has been shown that the experimental results obtained by Morgulis in a study of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by liver catalase at 20 degrees C. and in the presence of an excess of a relatively high concentration of peroxide are quantitatively accounted for by the following mechanisms. 1. The rate of formation of oxygen is independent of the peroxide concentration provided this is greater than about 0.10 M. 2. The rate of decomposition of the peroxide is proportional at any time to the concentration of catalase present. 3. The catalase undergoes spontaneous monomolecular decomposition during the reaction. This inactivation is independent of the concentration of catalase and inversely proportional to the original concentration of peroxide up to 0.4 M. In very high concentrations of peroxide the inactivation rate increases. 4. The following equation can be derived from the above assumptions and has been found to fit the experiments accurately. See PDF for Equation in which x is the amount of oxygen liberated at the time t, A is the total amount of oxygen liberated (not the total amount available), and K is the inactivation constant of the enzyme.
Synthesis and Properties of Disulfide-Bond Containing Eight-Membered Rings.

The cyclocystine ring structure (CRS, 3), which results from a disulfide-bond between adjacent cysteine residues, is a rare motif in protein structures and is functionally important to those few proteins that posses it. This letter will focus on the construction of CRS mimics and the determination of their respective redox potentials.
In vitro Model for Stretch-Induced Hypertrophy of Skeletal Muscle

Mechanical stretch of embryonic chicken skeletal myotubes developed in vitro leads to many of the biochemical changes seen in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. These include increased amino acid accumulation, increased incorporation of amino acids into general cellular proteins and myosin heavy chains, and increased accumulation of total protein and myosin heavy chains. This model system should aid in understanding how the growth rate of skeletal muscle is regulated by its activity.
Interleukin-2 Infusions and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome The Perspective of a Doctor and Patient

Warren Roston, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist in Los Angeles. He is a voluntary staff member at a major teaching hospital and practices inpatient medicine with a mixed hospitalist- and intensive-care focus. In this profile, he was interviewed regarding his experience as a patient who experienced systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the context of treatment for melanoma with interleukin-2.
Virial Masses of Black Holes from Single Epoch Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei

We describe the general problem of estimating black hole masses of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) by calculating the conditional probability distribution of MBH given some set of observables. Special attention is given to the case where one uses the AGN continuum luminosity and emission line widths to estimate MBH, and we outline how to set up the conditional probability distribution of MBH given the observed luminosity, line width, and redshift. We show how to combine the broad-line estimates of MBH with information from an intrinsic correlation between MBH and L, and from the intrinsic distribution of MBH, in a manner that improves the estimates of MBH. Simulation was used to assess how the distribution of MBH inferred from the broad-line mass estimates differs from the intrinsic distribution, and we find that this can lead to an inferred distribution that is too broad. We use these results and a sample of 25 sources that have recent reverberation mapping estimates of AGN black hole masses to investigate the effectiveness of using the C IV emission line to estimate MBH and to indirectly probe the C IV region size-luminosity (R-L) relationship. A linear regression of log Lλ (1549 A) on log MBH found that L1549 ∝ M. A linear regression also found that MBH ∝ LFWHM, implying a C IV R-L relationship of the form R ∝ L. Including the C IV line FWHM resulted in a reduction of a factor of ~1/3 in the error in the estimates of MBH over simply using the continuum luminosity, statistically justifying its use. We estimated MBH from both C IV and Hβ for a sample of 100 sources, including new spectra of 29 quasars. We find that the two emission lines give consistent estimates if one assumes R ∝ L for both lines.
THE MATERNAL LIFESTYLES STUDY (MLS): MECONIUM TOXICOLOGY ASSAY, WHAT DOES IT ADD? 1611

As part of a multicenter longitudinal study on prenatal cocaine and/or opiate (COC-OP) exposure and child outcome, 4 clinical centers (Brown Univ., Univ. of Miami, Univ. of Tennessee, Memphis, Wayne State Univ.) screened 19,079 mothers between 5/93 and 5/95. 11,810 were eligible and consented. The cohort was 50% Black and 24% <2500 gms. Meconium was collected and centrally assayed for 72% of the cohort. Exposure status for COC-OP was based on maternal report or GC/MS confirmation. After initial EIA (EMIT) screening, positive samples were confirmed with GC/MS. Four metabolites of COC (cocaine(A), benzoylecgonine (B), cocaethylene (C), m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (D, added midway through study)) and 5 of OP (morphine (A), codeine (B), 6-monoacetylmorphine (C), hydromorphone (D), hydrocodone (E)) were assayed as were THC, amphetamines and PCP. 70% of EIA screens for COC-OP were confirmed by GC/MS. Compared to maternal self-report GC/MS confirmation for COC showed 66.2% sensitivity and 97.6% specificity. Positive screens and GC/MS confirmation respectively were 7.2% and 36.9% for THC, 1.5% and 0% for amphetamines and.6% and 6% for PCP. For mothers who denied use of COC-OP 1.3-5.1% (clinic range) were GC/MS positive. Mothers who denied use but were GC/MS positive accounted for 21% of the exposed sample. Screening without GC/MS may overestimate exposure status. GC/MS is important in identifying subjects whose mothers denied use but showed positive meconium.Table
Polygonal surface remeshing with Delaunay refinement

Polygonal meshes are used to model smooth surfaces in many applications. Often these meshes need to be remeshed for improving the quality, density or gradedness. We apply the Delaunay refinement paradigm to design a provable algorithm for isotropic remeshing of a polygonal mesh that approximates a smooth surface. The proofs provide new insights and our experimental results corroborate the theory.
Amino Acid Age Estimates, Quaternary Atlantic Coastal Plain: Comparison with U-Series Dates, Biostratigraphy, and Paleomagnetic Control

Amino acid enantiomeric (DL) ratios in the mollusk Mercenaria are compared with recently published biostratigraphic and/or U-series solitary coral data from 22 Quaternary localities on the central and southern Atlantic Coastal Plain. In all cases, local relative aminostratigraphic sequences are consistent with relative ages inferred from U-series or biostratigraphic data, although occasionally more depositional events are recognized by aminostratigraphic than biostratigraphic methods. However, if the U-series data are used as age calibrations for the DL values, latitudinal trends of “isochronous” DL values are highly variable and conflict with trends expected from the present temperature gradient, which is smooth and nearly linear between 45° and 25° N. Age estimation can be performed independently of the U-series data using a kinetic model that relies on the assumption that Pleistocene temperature gradients have also been smooth functions of latitude, although significantly steeper than the present temperature gradient. Within the uncertainties of this assumption, kinetic model age estimates for localities in the coastal plain fall into the following groups: 70,000–130,000 yr, 200–250,000 yr, 300,000–400,000 yr, 500,000–600,000 yr, 700,000–800,000 yr, and > 1,000,000 yr. Major conflicts between these model age estimates are observed for localities near Charleston, South Carolina and in central Virginia. These conflicts could indicate that the basic temperature assumptions of aminostratigraphy are incorrect, and that apparent local aminostratigraphic sequences (clusters of different DL values) could be due to factors other than age difference. Alternatively, some of the U-series dates may be only minimum ages for these localities.
PALYNOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS OF CUPHEA (LYTHRACEAE). I. MORPHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE POLLEN WALL

A B S T R A C T A survey of pollen from 153 species of Cuphea has revealed a remarkable array of morphological forms. The survey involved light and electron microscope investigations of C. crassiflora, jorullensis, and koehneana to determine details of exine morphology, and a more general study of pollen from an additional 150 species. Comparison of pollen types within a single morphological category and within taxonomic groups (i.e., sections or subsections) indicates considerable variation at subgeneric levels. The genus is distinctly eurypalynous, and the extent to which pollen varies among the sections, subsections, species and varieties is probably exceeded by few genera of comparable size. The pollen is also variable within each taxon, but size studies of singleanther lactic acid preparations demonstrate the genus is not polymorphic, as in Lythrum, where pollen polymorphism is associated with heterostyly. The latter phenomenon is as yet unknown in Cuphea. These results reveal that pollen morphology constitutes an important and useful character for taxonomic studies of Cuphea.
Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm Rupture: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract Background Ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm, a type of visceral artery aneurysm, is a rare condition that is life threatening if not diagnosed and treated rapidly in the emergency department (ED). Patients presenting with this condition require aggressive resuscitation. Endovascular embolization is the first-line treatment option. Objectives We present a case of spontaneously ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm and provide a review of the current literature on this topic, focusing on appropriate ED management. Case Report A 41-year-old woman with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple hepatic bilomas presented to the ED in critical condition with sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability. She was found to have a ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm with marked hemoperitoneum on computed tomography angiography. She was aggressively resuscitated and successfully managed via endovascular embolization. Conclusion Ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm is a life-threatening condition that must be rapidly diagnosed and managed in the ED. Visceral artery aneurysm rupture is a diagnosis that should be considered in any patient presenting to the ED with hemodynamic instability and abdominal pain. Definitive management is with endovascular embolization.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 141

Abstract Nuclear structure data for A = 141 isobars are compiled, and adopted level properties and decay schemes are presented. All data available through May 1973 have been considered for the present compilation. The first section consistst of drawings summarizing essentially all of the available reaction and radioactivity data. These are followed by “Summary Sheets” giving adopted level properties, including bases for Jπ assignments and normalization factors used in constructing decay schemes, and adopted gamma-ray properties. The third section, “Data Sheets,” lists all data used in obtaining the adopted values.