cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiologic effects of acute myocardial ischemia: a theoretical study of altered cell excitability and action potential duration.

Objective : To study the ionic mechanisms of electrophysiologic changes in cell excitability and action potential duration during the acute phase of myocardial ischemia. Methods : Using an ionic-based theoretical model of the cardiac ventricular cell, the dynamic LRd model, we have simulated the three major component conditions of acute ischemia (elevated [K]o, acidosis and anoxia) at the level of individual ionic currents and ionic concentrations. The conditions were applied individually and in combination to identify ionic mechanisms responsible for reduced excitability at rest potentials, delayed recovery of excitability, and shortened action potential duration. Results: Increased extracellular potassium ([K]o) had the major effect on cell excitability by depolarizing resting membrane potential ( V rest), causing reduction in sodium channel availability. Acidosis caused a [K]o-independent reduction in maximum upstroke velocity, (d V m/d t )max. A transition from sodium-current dominated to calcium-current dominated upstroke occurred, and calcium current alone was able to sustain the upstroke, but only after sodium channels were almost completely (97%) inactivated. Acidic conditions prevented the transition to calcium dominated upstroke by acidic reduction of both sodium and calcium currents. Anoxia, simulated by lowering [ATP]i and activating the ATP-dependent potassium current, I K(ATP), was the only process that could decrease action potential duration by more than 50% and reproduce AP shape changes that are observed experimentally. Acidic or anoxic depression of the L-type calcium current could not reproduce the observed action potential shape changes and APD shortening. Delayed recovery of excitability, known as ‘post-repolarization refractoriness’, was determined by the voltage-dependent kinetics of sodium channel recovery; V rest depolarization caused by elevated [K]o increased the time constant of (d V m/d t )max recovery from τ = 10.3 ms at [K]o=4.5 mM to τ = 81.4 ms at [K]o=12 mM, reflecting major slowing of sodium-channel recovery. Anoxia and acidosis had little affect on τ . Conclusions : The major conditions of acute ischemia, namely elevated [K]o, acidosis and anoxia, applied at the ionic channel level are sufficient to simulate the major electrical changes associated with ischemia. Depression of membrane excitability and delayed recovery of excitability in the single, unloaded cell are caused by elevated [K]o with additional excitability depression by acidosis. Major changes in action potential duration and shape can only be accounted for by anoxia-dependent opening of I K(ATP).
Relation between birth condition and neuro-behavioral organization in the neonate.

Extract: The neuro-behavioral organization of three groups of infants who differed in their condition at birth as determined by their Apgar score was examined during the first week of life. At the time of testing, all infants, regardless of birth status, were in good condition according to clinical evaluation. Testing consisted of the presentation of 30 lateralized somesthetic stimuli to the perioral region of each infant (15 to each side). The response measure used was the lateral direction of the first head turn. As a group, normal infants (Apgar scores of 9–10) were found to be more responsive to stimulation of the right than of the left, and to make more ipsilateral responses to stimulation of the right than of the left. Infants whose condition at birth was poor (Apgar scores 1–6) did not show these patterns of response but were equally likely to be preponderantly responsive to stimulation at either side. The degree of lateral differentiation was atypically small even for those infants of poor birth status who exhibited the typical direction of differentiation, i.e., who made more ipsilateral responses to stimulation of the right than of the left. Furthermore, the proportion of infants of poor birth status who made any contralateral responses was higher than the proportion of normal infants who made such responses. Results from a group of infants whose condition at birth was questionable (Apgar scores 7–8) fell between those from the extreme groups with respect to all of the analyses. Speculation: Poor condition at birth has persistent effects on behavioral organization even in babies who, in clinical judgment, have recovered normal functioning. To the extent that early behavioral organization may be relevant to the subsequent development of lateral differentiation, these effects could be related to the association between a variety of disabilities and disturbances in lateral differentiation which has been found in older children and adults.
SPHINGOSINE INDUCES PHOSPHOLIPASE D AND MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS

The enzymes phospholipase D and diacylglycerol kinase generate phosphatidic acid which is considered to be a mitogen. Here we report that sphingosine produced a significant amount of phosphatidic acid in vascular smooth muscle cells from the rat aorta. The diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor R59 949 partially depressed sphingosine induced phosphatidic acid formation, suggesting that activation of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol kinase can not account for the bulk of phosphatidic acid produced and that additional pathways such as phospholipase D may contribute to this. Further, we have shown that phosphatidylethanol was produced by sphingosine when vascular smooth muscle cells were stimulated in the presence of ethanol. Finally, as previously shown for other cell types, sphingosine stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Autonomy and Interdependence in Native Movements: Towards a Pragmatic Politics in the Ecuadorian Andes

Ecuador strikingly illustrates two contradictory forces of the global cultural economy: the pressures of market integration that erode economic independence and the pursuit of "autonomy" that has motivated native movements. Examining here how Quichua communities practice self-determination during enactments of popular justice and negotiations for urban market access, the article shows the political limitations and economic risks of autonomy defined in the context of bounded indigenous territories. It also argues against the practicality and even desirability of autonomy formulas that assume new, unified multicultural identities as a means of framing relations among autonomous peoples. Instead, the author contends that Quichua peoples have been working towards a "relational autonomy" linked to the geographic mobility of peasant careers. It manifests itself not through zonal separation and new pluricultural identities, but rather through strengthening and restricting relations with others. The autonomy that...
The sudden infant death syndrome: Repetitions in families

REPORTS on repetition of s~udden infant death syndrome in families have, for th~ most part, been anecdotal? Available information, therefore, is insufficient for either counseling parents or for addressing questions about heritability. In the United States the incidence rate of SIDS ranges between two and three per 1,000 live births per year. The incidence rate of repetitions would necessarily be some fraction of the total. To study events which occur this seldom would require a population based investigation on an immense scale. We elected, therefore, to conduct a study which would permit an estimation of the risk of repetition of SIDS among subsequently born children of families who had experienced at least one episode. To accomplish this objective we sought assistance from officers and staff members of the National Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Foundation and the Guild for Infant Survival, as well as from representatives of Regional SIDS Centers, who informed SIDS parents within their purview about the project and distributed questionnaires to those who wished to participate. Parents sent completed questionnaires directly to the project office at the University of Washington. This data collection scheme, which was dictated by necessity, precluded estimation of a response rate. However, representativeness of the subjects with respect to familial aggregations, with overestimation a major consideration, constitutes a more relevant concern than the sample fraction per se. Despite the obvious limitations of this avenue of investigation, Similar studies have helped to assess familial aggregation in a variety of diseases. We could not conceive of a practical alternative to this approach that would yield a sufficient number of families with systematically collected information concernmg each family member. The nationwide solicitation of SIDS parents for information, initiated in April, 1976, has now produced sufficient data to warrant analysis.
Do Juries Deliberate? A Study of Deliberation, Individual Difference, and Group Member Satisfaction at a Municipal Courthouse

Despite long-standing interest in juries and a growing body of work on public deliberation, we have a limited understanding of how often everyday juries actually engage in meaningful deliberation. This study uses deliberative theory and small group research to develop a set of research questions and hypotheses regarding how juror characteristics promote deliberation as well as how deliberation influences juror satisfaction. Examination of 267 jurors’ accounts of their experiences deliberating on municipal criminal juries suggests that juries do, indeed, deliberate at a remarkably high level of competence. Results show complex relationships between juror characteristics and their levels of deliberation as well as a direct link between the quality of deliberation and juror satisfaction.
The Relationship Between Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Prostate Cancer: Critical Issues

AbstractPurpose: Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is often considered to be a premalignant lesion and the main precursor of invasive carcinoma of the prostate. We evaluated the evidence for and against PIN as a premalignant lesion and determined guidelines for the clinical management of PIN.Materials and Methods: Literature analysis of histopathological, morphometric, phenotypic and molecular genetic evidence of progression and of clinical findings regarding PIN was done. Literature searches were performed on MEDLINE with relevant key words.Results: PIN, like prostate cancer, occurs most frequently in the peripheral zone of the prostate and is usually located in close proximity to prostate cancer. The relative PIN and prostate cancer volumes vary inversely. Prostate specific antigen in cases of PIN appears to be intermediate between prostate cancer and normal levels, although this elevation may be explained by concomitant prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploi...
Identification of a new 110Rh isotope

Abstract Irradiation of enriched 110 Pd was found to produce a new radioactive nucleide which was assigned to 110 Rh. The following radiation characteristics were observed to belong to the decay of the 110 Rh activity: half-life 34±4 sec; β-ray end-point energy 5.50±0.30 MeV; γ-ray energies 282±2, 374±1, 399±1, 440±1, 547±1, 584±1, 653±1, 688±1, 814±2, 838±1 and 905±1 keV and relative intensities 3.9±0.5, 100.0, 15.5±1.5, 27.6±2.5, 39.3±3.6, 11.9±1.5, 11.9±1.6, 29.1±3.2, ≈ 2.0, 18.0±2.5 and 20.3±2.8 respectively.
Collagen as a biomaterial: Modulus jump and degradation of collagen gels

The effect of temperature on the storage modulus G′ of UV crosslinked collagen has been investigated. Collagen solutions, 0.5%, at pH 2.2 were irradiated at 4°C to a maximum modulus, after which they were stored at 4°C. In order to study the effect of temperatures above 4°C, the gels were placed in a constant-temperature bath and the change in modulus with time was recorded using a torsion pendulum. The temperatures studied ranged from 25° to 60°C. The results show an initial jump in modulus immediately on heating presumably due to the helix-coil transition. The modulus goes through a maximum value. There is then a decay of modulus with time which is linear on a semilog plot. This could indicate a first-order chain-scission reaction, since the storage modulus is directly proportional to the number of crosslinks. A simple kinetic expression can be written for which the value of the rate constant can be determined from the data.
Targeted Intestinal Delivery of Supersaturated Itraconazole for Improved Oral Absorption

To investigate the use of Carbopol® 974P as a stabilizing agent for supersaturated levels of itraconazole (ITZ) in neutral pH aqueous media and the resultant effects on oral absorption of ITZ. Carbopol® 974P was incorporated into an EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 carrier matrix at concentrations of 20% and 40% based on polymer weight with the aim of prolonging supersaturated ITZ release from the enteric matrix. Amorphous solid dispersions of ITZ in EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 containing either 20% or 40% Carbopol® 974P were produced by hot-melt extrusion (HME). Solid state analysis of these compositions was performed using differential scanning calorimetry and qualitative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Dissolution analysis was conducted using a pH change method. Oral absorption of ITZ was evaluated in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Solid state analysis demonstrated that the extruded compositions were entirely amorphous and homogenous with respect to drug distribution in the polymer matrix. Dissolution analysis revealed that the addition of Carbopol® 974P to the EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 carrier system functioned to prolong the release of supersaturated levels of ITZ from the EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 matrix following an acidic-to-neutral pH transition. In vivo evaluation of ITZ absorption revealed that the addition of Carbopol® 974P substantially reduced the absorption variability seen with the EUDRAGIT® L 100-55 carrier system. In addition, the 20% Carbopol® 974P formulation exhibited a five-fold improvement in absorption over our initially reported ITZ particulate dispersion compositions that limited supersaturation of ITZ primarily to the stomach. The results of this study strongly suggest that substantial improvements in oral antifungal therapy with ITZ can be achieved via intestinal targeting and polymeric stabilization of supersaturation.
Main problems and issues in neural networks application

Summary form only given. Some of the specific problems that have been faced by the author in using neural networks in different application areas are outlined. They concern justifying the use of neural nets: the apparent ad hoc nature of the method; the lack of sufficient training data; the lack of an acceptable validation procedure; the need to relate network weights to physical parameters; the widespread disparities in training times (learning times) while solving apparently simple problems; the need for progress in the hardware implementation area; the need to develop adaptive control systems based on biological prototypes, and the need for a synthesis procedure in neural network research. >
Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research

Valid measures of macro-level gun levels are essential to assessing the impact of gun levels on crime and violence rates, yet almost all prior research on this topic uses proxies that are either invalid or whose validity has been assumed rather than demonstrated. The present study uses city, state, cross-national, and time series data to assess the criterion validity of over two dozen gun indicators. The criterion measures used are primarily direct survey measures of household gun prevalence. The results indicate that (1) most measures used in past research have poor validity, making past findings uninterpretable, (2) the best measure for cross-sectional research is the percentage of suicides committed with guns, and (3) there are no known measures that are valid indicators of trends in gun levels, making credible longitudinal research on the subject impossible at present.
Characterization of homologs of the small RNA SgrS reveals diversity in function

SgrS is a small RNA (sRNA) that requires the RNA chaperone Hfq for its function. SgrS is a unique dual-function sRNA with a base pairing function that regulates mRNA targets and an mRNA function that allows production of the 43-amino-acid protein SgrT. SgrS is expressed when non-metabolizable sugars accumulate intracellularly (glucose-phosphate stress) and is required to allow Escherichia coli cells to recover from stress. In this study, homologs of SgrS were used to complement an E. coli sgrS mutant in order elucidate the physiological relevance of differences among homologs. These analyses revealed that the base pairing function of E. coli and Yersinia pestis SgrS homologs is critical for rescue from glucose-phosphate stress. In contrast, base pairing-deficient SgrS homologs from Salmonella typhimurium, Erwinia carotovora and Klebsiella pneumoniae rescue E. coli cells from stress despite their failure to regulate target mRNAs. Compared with E. coli SgrS, S. typhimurium SgrS produces more SgrT and this rescues cell growth even when the base pairing function is inactivated. Genetic evidence suggests that a secondary structure in the E. coli SgrS 5' region inhibits sgrT translation. This structure is not present in S. typhimurium SgrS, which explains its higher level of SgrT production.
A semi-analytical method to predict printed circuit board package temperatures

A fast, easy-to-use method is developed to predict steady state temperatures on printed circuit boards subjected to heating by a single heat source or multiple heat sources. The method includes separate analytical solutions for the circuit board and for the chips to be mounted on the board. The board solution is developed using the Green's function method for solving the heat diffusion equation in the board. For the chip, the solution of the heat diffusion equation is obtained using the method of separation of variables. The temperature solution for the package is determined using an iterative procedure between the chip model and the board model. The method is verified by comparison with detailed finite element techniques. The agreement between the temperature distributions predicted by the two methods is very good. >
Combining Bayesian methods and aircraft observations to constrain the HO . + NO 2 reaction rate

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is the third strongest greenhouse gas, and has the highest uncertainty in radiative forcing of the top five greenhouse gases. Throughout the troposphere, ozone is produced by radical oxidation of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2). In the upper troposphere (8–10 km), current chemical transport models under-estimate nitrogen dioxide (NO2) observations. Improvements to simulated NOx production from lightning have increased NO2 predictions, but the predictions in the upper troposphere remain biased low. The upper troposphere has low temperatures (T
Persistent Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism in a Horse

A 27-year-old, American Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated for anorexia, lethargy, a swelling on the right, cranial aspect of the neck, and signs of esophageal obstruction. Serum biochemical analyses revealed hypophosphatemia, total and ionized hypercalcemia, and hemoconcentration. Sonographic examination of the neck revealed a 1.7 cm diameter mass within the right lobe of the thyroid. The serum concentration of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was increased. The right lobe of the thyroid was excised with the horse sedated. The mass within that lobe was determined, by histological examination, to be a parathyroid adenoma. Despite excision of the mass, serial blood analyses revealed persistent hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and increased iPTH. Anorexia and lethargy resolved, and follow-up communication with the owner and referring veterinarian one year later indicated that the horse was clinically stable.
CD8 + T cells in systemic sclerosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a progressive and highly debilitating autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular damage of the connective tissue. T cell-derived cytokines have been implicated in the induction of fibrosis. We found that high levels of the profibrotic type-2 cytokine IL-13 are produced by peripheral blood effector CD8+ T cells from SSc patients compared to normal controls. This abnormality correlates with increased expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 and the extent of skin fibrosis. Together, the data provide new insights into SSc pathogenesis and identify a specific T cell phenotype that can be used as a biomarker of immune dysfunction in patients with SSc and as a novel therapeutic target for this currently incurable disease.
A Qualitative Inquiry into the Experiences of High-Potential Hispanic English Language Learners in Midwestern Schools.

The underrepresentation of English language learners (ELLs) in gifted programs remains a severe and pervasive problem; however, few studies exist concerning the educational experiences of high-pote...
Ethical Issues in Professional Development: Case Studies regarding Behaviour at Conferences.

Health education professionals are often called upon to be role models of professional conduct as well as mentors to their students. Part of that mentoring, particularly of graduate students, involves preparing students to conduct research, and publish and present results of their work at state and national conference venues. Health educators often urge students to attend and present at professional conferences, but little preparation is given regarding behavioural expectations of the students who attend. Likewise, faculty was not mentored about conference behaviour expectations during their own professional preparation, and may not appropriately behave. Some view conference attendance merely as a chance to get away from academic responsibilities, visit a desirable location, or time to have fun with friends. This article presents scenarios of potential professional conference behaviours of health education faculty and students. A series of discussion questions relating to the values, morals, and ethics of...
Optimization of error recovery in syntax-directed Parsing algorithms

The syntactic error recovery of automatically generated recognizers is considered with two related systems for automatically generating syntactic error recovery presented, one for a Floyd production language recognizer, the other for a recursive descent recognizer. The two systems have been implemented for a small language consisting of a subset of ALGOL. When compared with each other and with a commercial ALGOL compiler, the results indicate that automatically generated syntactic error recovery can exceed the performance of reasonable hand-coded error recovery.
AIM1 promoter hypermethylation as a predictor of decreased risk of recurrence following radical prostatectomy.

Purpose To evaluate the prognostic significance of six epigenetic biomarkers (AIM1, CDH1, KIF1A, MT1G, PAK3 and RBM6 promoter hypermethlation) in a homogeneous group of prostate cancer patients, following radical prostatectomy.
A three-way parallel ICA approach to analyze links among genetics, brain structure and brain function

Multi-modal data analysis techniques, such as the Parallel Independent Component Analysis (pICA), are essential in neuroscience, medical imaging and genetic studies. The pICA algorithm allows the simultaneous decomposition of up to two data modalities achieving better performance than separate ICA decompositions and enabling the discovery of links between modalities. However, advances in data acquisition techniques facilitate the collection of more than two data modalities from each subject. Examples of commonly measured modalities include genetic information, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI. In order to take full advantage of the available data, this work extends the pICA approach to incorporate three modalities in one comprehensive analysis. Simulations demonstrate the three-way pICA performance in identifying pairwise links between modalities and estimating independent components which more closely resemble the true sources than components found by pICA or separate ICA analyses. In addition, the three-way pICA algorithm is applied to real experimental data obtained from a study that investigate genetic effects on alcohol dependence. Considered data modalities include functional MRI (contrast images during alcohol exposure paradigm), gray matter concentration images from structural MRI and genetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The three-way pICA approach identified links between a SNP component (pointing to brain function and mental disorder associated genes, including BDNF, GRIN2B and NRG1), a functional component related to increased activation in the precuneus area, and a gray matter component comprising part of the default mode network and the caudate. Although such findings need further verification, the simulation and in-vivo results validate the three-way pICA algorithm presented here as a useful tool in biomedical data fusion applications.
Multiple model-based control of robotic manipulators: theory and simulation

The multiple-model-based control (MMBC) technique utilizes knowledge of nominal plant dynamics and principles of Bayesian estimation to provide parameter-independent trajectory tracking accuracy. The MMBC algorithm is formed by augmenting a model-based controller with a closed-loop form of multiple-model adaptive estimation ( Delta MMAE). The Delta MMAE uses perturbation models of the combined plant and feedback control system, along with measurements of tracking error, to provide an estimate of the plant parameters. When MMBC is applied to the robotic manipulator control problem the Delta MMAE provides a payload estimate. The model-based controller combines the a priori knowledge of robot structure with the payload estimate to produce the multiple models of the manipulator dynamics required to maintain controller accuracy. MMBC provides a unique solution to the problem of maintaining trajectory tracking accuracy in uncertain payload environments. >
I Will Speak, Therefore, of a Graph: A Chinese Metalanguage.

This article describes the acquisition and use of a Chinese metalanguage with which ambiguous spoken words are graphically contextualized. The metalanguage is composed of strategies that range from the actual writing of the Chinese graph (character) to those where the graph is accommodated in a verbal presentation. The nature of the Chinese script and the cultural significance of the graphs have lent weight to this metalanguage such that it comments not only on the language in use but also on the users of the language and on the situation in which it is used. The article is accompanied by a number of anecdotal asides and graphic illustrations. (Chinese, metalanguage, script, graphic contextualization, signature, calligraphy)
Performance and microarchitecture of the i486 processor

The i486 microprocessor includes a carefully tuned, five-stage pipeline with an integrated 8-kB cache. A variety of techniques previously associated only with RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) processors are used to execute the average instruction in 1.8 clocks. This represents a 2.5* reduction from its predecessor, the 386 microprocessor. The pipeline and clock count comparisons are described in detail. In addition, an onchip floating-point unit is included which yields a 4* clock count reduction from the 387 numeric coprocessor. The microarchitecture enhancements and optimizations used to achieve this goal, most of which are non-silicon-intensive, are discussed. All instructions of the 386 microprocessor and the 387 numeric coprocessor are implemented in a completely compatible fashion. >
Why the Sky Didn't Fall: Mobilizing Anger in Reaction to Voter ID Laws

Since 2002, 26 U.S. states have passed laws that enhance restrictions on voters who intend to register and vote. Most have been sponsored by Republican legislators and passed by states with large Republican majorities. Proponents of such identification requirements argue that they are necessary to ensure the integrity of the electoral system by reducing voter fraud. Many Democrats have cried foul, arguing these laws are motivated by crass partisanship at best, and racial bias at worst, because they disproportionately disenfranchise minorities. Surprisingly, empirical evidence for significant demobilization, either in the aggregate or among Democrats specifically, has thus far failed to materialize. We suspect strong emotional reactions to the public debate about these laws may mobilize Democrats, counterbalancing the disenfranchising effect. We find support for this conjecture in a nationally representative survey and an experiment where news frames about voter identification (ID) laws are carefully manipulated.
The use of enzymes in the conservation treatment of a 17th-century wall map of America

A rare wall map of North and South America, published by the French mapmaker Nicholas de Fer in 1698, required restoration before being photographed for publication. The map had paper strips glued to the recto of its four borders. These paper strips had to be removed as they covered the original printed title across the top and panels of text describing the geography of America pasted along the bottom and side margins. The paper supports for both the printed text and the strips were extremely fragile and disintegrated easily when moistened. Whole areas of text were still attached to the verso of the paper strips after they were removed from the map. This paper outlines the problems encountered during the 1991-1992 conservation treatment of the map and describes the role of an amylase (isolated from Bacillus species) in the intricate task of returning the missing areas of text to their original positions. The enzyme poultice treatment was found to be an effective method for separating the two layers of extremely fragile and closely bound paper supports. -- CAL
Pelleting Viruses and Virus-Infected Cells for Thin-Section Electron Microscopy

SummaryA method is described which permits cell-free virus or virus-infected cells to be pelleted into the tips of polyethylene tubes in such a way that the pellets can be fixed, plastic-embedded and sectioned in place. This permits successful sectioning of pellets so small that they can not be visualized with the unaided eye. Thus thin-section electron microscopy is possible on specimens containing small concentrations of virus or virus-infected cells.
THE EFFECT OF INFLORESCENCE SIZE ON MALE FITNESS: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS IN THE ANDROMONOECIOUS LILY, ZIGADENUS PANICULATUS.

We studied the relationship between inflorescence size and male fitness in the andromonoecious lily Zigadenus paniculatus, using experimentally manipulated inflorescences to eliminate possible correlations between flower number, resource availability, and other floral traits. Allozyme markers were used to determine the siring success of large versus small plants in 14 arrays of plants, each array containing five large and five small plants. The inflorescence size of small plants was held constant both within and among arrays; the size of large plants was held constant within an array but was varied among arrays. Large plants sired more than half the seeds in 12 of the 14 arrays, and significantly more than half in six of these 12. However, in eight of the arrays, large plants sired significantly fewer seeds than expected on the basis of their size advantage. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between relative size and relative siring success in comparisons among arrays. A maximum-likelihood model estimated that 28% of seeds were sired by imported pollen, with 95% confidence limits of 13% and 50%. Within these limits, high import rates tended to mask the relative success of large plants in several arrays. These results suggest that the evolution of inflorescence size in Z. paniculatus is at least partly driven by selection for increased male success, assuming genetic variation for flower number. However, the data also support a growing body of evidence that estimates of male fitness in plants can be highly variable. We discuss the sources of this variability and the possible effects of inflorescence design on the relationship between inflorescence size and fitness.
Glycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis in N-nitroso-N-methylurethane induced pulmonary fibrosis.

SummaryGlycosaminoglycan and collagen synthesis were studied in a hamster model of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, induced by weekly subcutaneous injections of N-nitroso-N-methylurethane (NNNMU) for up to 16 weeks. Experimental and control animals were injected intraperitoneally with 35S or [3H]proline to label glycos-aminoglycans and collagen, respectively. The labeling studies were performed at 1 and at 3 months following completion of NNNMU treatment. Uptake of 35S into lung glycosaminoglycans was higher in diseased animals than in controls at both 1 and 3 months post-NNNMU. The experimental lungs had a significantly increased percentage of labeled dermatan sulfate and/or chondroitin 4-sulfate compared to controls at both time intervals. Additional studies performed only on the 1-month samples showed that this increase in percentage labeling was primarily in dermatan sulfate. NNNMU-treated lungs also had a significantly lower percentage of labeled heparin and/or heparan sulfate than did controls at 1 ...
High-Energy pp Scattering and Proton Substructure. IV

Results of a systematic analysis of high-energy $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic-scattering data in terms of a proton-substructure model are presented. The model satisfactorily describes differential cross sections over the entire momentum range 5-31 GeV/c and over the whole angular interval 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}-90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic differential cross sections at future accelerator energies (70, 200, and 1600 GeV) are also predicted. The model indicates that the proton has two hadronic core distributions, which interact via exchange of vector mesons $\ensuremath{\omega}(\ensuremath{\sim}800 \mathrm{MeV})$ and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\ensuremath{\sim}2200 \mathrm{MeV})$. The rms radii of these distributions are 0.44 and 0.20 F.
Experience with Measurement of Bladder Electrical Activity

AbstractA series of patients is presented in whom the recording of bladder electrical activity was performed. There was a significant difference in frequency of the spike activity between patients with upper and lower motor neuron injury. This technique would seem to offer greater clinical application in areas of bladder dysfunction and evaluation of drugs on the bladder.
Isolation and characterization of RNA-binding proteins from Drosophila melanogaster.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses biochemical approaches that can be used to isolate, purify, and characterize RNA-binding proteins in Drosophila melanogaster . The same procedures are also applicable to the isolation of proteins from other tissues, other organisms, and from cultured cells. The most common affinity chromatography procedure used for the isolation of RNA-binding proteins from D. melanogaster is single stranded (ssDNA)-cellulose chromatography. Overall, purification can be accomplished rapidly and on a large scale. It does not depend on the integrity of RNA and does not require protein denaturing conditions. Individual RNA-binding proteins can be separated from one another on the same column, owing to their different affinities for ssDNA. This procedure is used to isolate and characterize heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) proteins from human HeLa cells. Proteins not related to RNA metabolism may also bind to ssDNA-cellulose and conversely, not all RNAbinding proteins will necessarily bind to ssDNA. Therefore, binding to ssDNA is not by itself an absolute diagnostic criterion for RNA-binding proteins, and the identification of genuine RNA-binding proteins must be supported by complimentary data.
Food Law in the United States

As the modern food system continues to transform food - its composition, taste, availability, value, and appearance - consumers are increasingly confronted by legal and regulatory issues that affect us all on a daily basis. In Food Law in the United States, Michael T. Roberts addresses these issues in a comprehensive, systematic manner that lays out the national legal framework for the regulation of food and the legal tools that fill gaps in this framework, including litigation, state law, and private standards. Covering a broad expanse of topics including commerce, food safety, marketing, nutrition, and emerging food-systems issues such as local food, sustainability, security, urban agriculture, and equity, this book is an essential reference for lawyers, students, non-law professionals, and consumer advocates who must understand food law to advance their respective interests.
At the Play

After his family moved to Moscow, Chekhov the schoolboy became an inveterate spectator at the Taganrog Civic Theatre, in company with his enthusiastic uncle Mitrofan. At this very time, the Taganrog management had completely refurbished the repertory to suit a new building constructed in 1865. Formerly, the local company had played an outworn stock of Kotzebue and Pixerecourt, Lensky’s vaudevilles and the grandiloquent patriotic dramas of Polevoy. The new management endeavoured to introduce the Taganrog public to more ambitious fare, enabling them to see Italian opera, along with Gogol’s Inspector General and Getting Married, and the ‘new drama’ of Ostrovsky, Potekhin, Dyachenko, and Shpazhinsky. The newness now seems tenuous as Dyachenko’s society dramas are one step away from Lady Audley’s Secret, but as an impressionable adolescent, Chekhov observed what was taken to be the latest thing — problem plays, peasant dramas, and comedies of byt or everyday life, full of brutish merchants, virtuous muzhiks and improvident nobles.
A quantitative energy and systems analysis framework for airborne wind energy conversion using autorotation

The principle of autorotation could potentially be utilized for harvesting energy from strong wind fields. Autorotation is a well-known phenomenon where a rotor in a strong wind field experiences significant lift force and aerodynamic torque. With recent works indicating immense, persistent availability of wind energy at high altitudes, autorotation could be used for harvesting wind energy from such altitudes. In this paper, we build upon our previous work and implement a more detailed model of autorotation from one of the seminal works on this topic. The model is computationally challenging but yields steady operating conditions. We enhance this model by incorporating power generation in a manner that is consistent with the governing aerodynamics. This modification helps in quantifying the effects of energy harvesting on the characteristics of autorotation, a study that is not present in the literature. Furthermore, the high spatial resolution of this refined model will help in design-optimization and in control-actuation.
Clinical Impact of Accurate Point-of-Care Glucose Monitoring for Tight Glycemic Control in Severely Burned Children.

OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical impact of an accurate autocorrecting blood glucose monitoring system in children with severe burns. Blood glucose monitoring system accuracy is essential for providing appropriate intensive insulin therapy and achieving tight glycemic control in critically ill patients. Unfortunately, few comparison studies have been performed to evaluate the clinical impact of accurate blood glucose monitoring system monitoring in the high-risk pediatric burn population. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of an electronic health record system. SETTING Pediatric burn ICU at an academic medical center. PATIENTS Children (aged < 18 yr) with severe burns (≥ 20% total body surface area) receiving intensive insulin therapy guided by either a noncorrecting (blood glucose monitoring system-1) or an autocorrecting blood glucose monitoring system (blood glucose monitoring system-2). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient demographics, insulin rates, and blood glucose monitoring system measurements were collected. The frequency of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability was compared between the two blood glucose monitoring system groups. A total of 122 patient charts from 2001 to 2014 were reviewed. Sixty-three patients received intensive insulin therapy using blood glucose monitoring system-1 and 59 via blood glucose monitoring system-2. Patient demographics were similar between the two groups. Mean insulin infusion rates (5.1 ± 3.8 U/hr; n = 535 paired measurements vs 2.4 ± 1.3 U/hr; n = 511 paired measurements; p < 0.001), glycemic variability, and frequency of hypoglycemic events (90 vs 12; p < 0.001) were significantly higher in blood glucose monitoring system-1-treated patients. Compared with laboratory measurements, blood glucose monitoring system-2 yielded the most accurate results (mean ± SD bias: -1.7 ± 6.9 mg/dL [-0.09 ± 0.4 mmol/L] vs 7.4 ± 13.5 mg/dL [0.4 ± 0.7 mmol/L]). Blood glucose monitoring system-2 patients achieve glycemic control more quickly (5.7 ± 4.3 vs 13.1 ± 6.9 hr; p< 0.001) and stayed within the target glycemic control range longer compared with blood glucose monitoring system-1 patients (85.2% ± 13.9% vs 57.9% ± 29.1%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Accurate autocorrecting blood glucose monitoring system optimizes intensive insulin therapy, improves tight glycemic control, and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability. The use of an autocorrecting blood glucose monitoring system for intensive insulin therapy may improve glycemic control in severely burned children.
First experimental demonstration of optically-connected SDRAM across a transparent optical network test-bed

We experimentally demonstrate SDRAM-based memory nodes connected to an emulated microprocessor across a 4×4 optical interconnection network utilizing 4×2.5-Gb/s wavelength-striped WDM payloads. Error-free performance is verified by a series of SDRAM write and read transactions.
Coinductive $\aleph_0$-Categorical Theories

Let L be a countable language which contains only constant and relation symbols but no function symbols. All theories considered here will be L -theories. A theory is coinductive if it can be axiomatized by a set of ∃∀ sentences, and a structure is coinductive if its theory is. The object of this paper is to show that coinductive ℵ 0 -categorical structures are especially simple. First, they are ω -stable with Morley rank ≤ 1; and second, they have simple algebraic closures, by which is meant that the algebraic closure of the union of two sets is the union of their algebraic closures. While these two properties do not characterize coinductive ℵ 0 -categorical structures, they do characterize those structures which are cellular. We will say that a countable structure is cellular if there is a finite subset A 0 ⊆ A and there are equivalence relations E and F on A∖A 0 such that the following hold: (1) There are only finitely many E -classes. (2) If C is an E -class and D an F -class, then ∣ C ∩ D ∣ = 1. (3) If a 0 , a 1 , …, a k − 1 , b 0 , b 1 , …, b k − 1 Є A , then 〈 a 0 , a 1 , …, a k − 1 〉 and 〈 b 0 , b 1 , …, b k − 1 〉, satisfy the same quantifier-free formulas provided that: (a) if i k and either a i Є A 0 or b i Є A 0 , then a i = b i ; (b) if i k , then a i ; and b i are E -equivalent; and (c) if i, j k , then a i ; is F -equivalent to a j if b j is F -equivalent to b j . The main result of this paper is the following theorem. Theorem 1. If is coinductive and ℵ 0 - categorical, then is cellular . The results of this paper were obtained independently of similar results obtained by Lachlan which can be found in [4] and [5]. The proofs here are quite different.
Calibration-free wireless indoor localization (CAFLOC)

Indoor localization is a very promising field in the era of Internet of things (IoT) and has a large number of potential applications. Due to the popularity of mobile devices in recent years, using the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of Wi-Fi signals and a fingerprint database (a.k.a radio map) for indoor localization becomes quite attractive. One obstacle is that the RSS values on the reference device (the one used to build the radio map) and the target device (the one whose location needs to be determined) are not identical, resulting in localization errors. To reduce the errors, a costly and time consuming calibration process is often used. In this paper, we propose a novel CAlibration Free LOCalization (CAFLOC) approach that utilizes relative RSS information to locate target devices and does not require any calibration. Our method relies on the linear relationship between the RSS values on the reference and target devices, which has been reported by many papers in the literature and also verified in our LAB. We first show mathematically why such a linear relationship exists. We then present CAFLOC and prove that in ideal situations, it is able to precisely identify locations without errors. To verify its performance in real-world scenarios, we run extensive localization tests on CAFLOC and the Nearest Neighbor (NN) approach. Our results consistently show that CAFLOC is much more accurate than NN.
Reversal of aberrant PI3K/Akt signaling by Salubrinal in a GalT-deficient mouse model

Classic Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deleterious mutations in the GALT gene, which encodes galactose-1 phosphate uridylyltransferase enzyme (GALT: EC 2.7.7.12). Recent studies of primary skin fibroblasts isolated from the GalT-deficient mice demonstrated a slower growth rate, a higher level of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and down-regulation of the Phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway. In this study, we compared the expression levels of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in normal and GalT-deficient mouse tissues. In mutant mouse ovaries, phospho-Akt [pAkt (Ser473)] and pGsk3β were reduced by 62.5% and 93.5%, respectively (p<0.05 versus normal controls). In mutant cerebella, pAkt (Ser473) and pGsk3β were reduced by 62%, 50%, respectively (p<0.05). To assess the role of ER stress in the down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling, we examined if administration of Salubrinal, a chemical compound that alleviates ER stress, to GalT-deficient fibroblasts and animals could normalize the pathway. Our results demonstrated that Salubrinal effectively reversed the down-regulated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the mutant cells and animals to levels close to those of their normal counterparts. Moreover, we revealed that Salubrinal can significantly slow down the loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebella, as well as the premature loss of primordial ovarian follicles in young mutant mice. These results open the door for a new therapeutic approach for the patients with Classic Galactosemia.
“What to Eat in War Time”: Thrift and the Great War

This chapter looks at home front feminist discourse, particularly the language circulating around food scarcity in Sylvia Pankhurst’s paper the Woman’s Dreadnought and in the Pethick Lawrence paper Votes for Women, in order to uncover efforts to reimagine the everyday during wartime. Though an exploration of explicitly feminist interrogations of a domestic sphere ravaged by food scarcity, its privacy shattered by governmental inspection and regulation, this chapter shows how feminist journalists used documentary forms such as interviews, budgets, and recipes, to register the details of that experience.
Outcomes of Adolescent and Young Adults Receiving High Ligation and Mesh Repairs: A 16-Year Experience

Abstract Introduction: Interestingly, the pediatric and adult surgeons perform vastly different operations in similar patient populations. Little is known about long-term recurrence and quality of ...