cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of imperfections on the creep behavior of woven polymer composites at elevated temperatures

Abstract The dynamic behavior of compression molded polymer/woven graphite fiber composites at elevated temperatures is investigated analytically. This is performed with the objective of predicting the initiation of catastrophic failure that may occur after prolonged usage of the material at these temperatures. Special attention is paid to the behavior of the voids present in them where the failure may occur. The polymer matrix is modeled as a 4-parameter model (Maxwell-Voigt combination) (Govindarajan et al., in: Advances in Computer-Aided Engineering, ASME, 1994) while the composite structure is modeled using the fiber undulation model (Ishikawa and Chou, J. Mater. Sci. 17, pp. 3211–3220, 1982). The relation between the polymer properties and the ambient temperature is modeled after Arhenius' relation (Govindarajan et al., 1994; Ferry, Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, Wiley, New York, 1961). The multiple phases in the matrix are taken into account through Eshelby's theory (Proc. Royal Soc. London A 241, pp. 376–396, 1957) and its extension for multiple occurrences of the same phase (Tanden and Weng, Polymer Composites 5, pp. 327–333, 1984; Weng, Internat. J. Eng. Sci. 22 (7), pp. 845–856, 1984) which assumes an ellipsoidal shape for inclusions. The resulting elastic equations are transformed into the time domain using Laplace transformation and the correspondence principle (Govindarajan et al., 1994; Wang and Weng, ASME J. Appl. Mech, 1992). All the voids are considered to be prolate ellipsoids with the 1-axis being the axis of symmetry. The distribution of voids is assumed to be of a Gaussian form with respect to the aspect ratio. The response of the composite under creep condition (constant load) has been simulated. Relations between the applied stress and the stresses in the matrix/void phase are also supplied, so that the influence of the voids may be characterized. The model is then applied to simulate the behavior of an epoxy/woven graphite composite to obtain the numerical results.
Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics: Institutions and Democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia

How do formal constitutions impact the prospects for democratization in hybrid regimes, where corruption is typically high and rule of law weak? It is often assumed either that they set “rules of the game,” having effects by being followed, or that they do not matter, being overwhelmed by informal politics. In fact, a logic of collective action reveals that constitutions do matter, but as much by shaping informal political arrangements as by being obeyed. Presidentialist constitutions, through an information effect and a focal effect, generate expectations of future informal power that encourage clientelistic networks to coordinate law-disregarding practices around a “single pyramid” of power led by the president. The information and focal effects of divided-executive constitutions, by contrast, create expectations that complicate the coordination of clientelistic networks around a single patron, promoting “competing-pyramid” politics. To isolate the impact of formal constitutional design and rule out other causes, a tightly controlled process-tracing paired comparison is employed using Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan during 2005–10, explaining why Ukraine's Orange Revolution produced a true democratic opening (even if short lived) while Kyrgyzstan's Tulip Revolution did not.
Repair of neonates and young infants with Ebstein's anomaly and related disorders.

Background Severely symptomatic neonates and young infants with Ebstein's anomaly usually die without surgical intervention. The relative risks and benefits of single-ventricle palliation versus a two-ventricle repair are uncertain. In a recent series, 69% early survival with single-ventricle palliation was reported in 16 neonates with Ebstein's anomaly. Our institutional bias has been to do a two-ventricle repair in all such patients. Methods We reviewed our entire surgical experience with a two-ventricle repair in the severely symptomatic neonate (n = 22) and young infant (n = 5). The indications for operation were ventilator dependence, severe cardiac failure, prostaglandin-dependent circulation, and gross cardiomegaly. Results Between 1994 and 2006, 27 consecutive patients with Ebstein's anomaly underwent operation. Associated comorbidities included anatomic or functional pulmonary atresia (n = 18), ventricular septal defects (n = 3), small left ventricle (n = 3), hypoplastic branch pulmonary arteries (n = 3), previous cardiac surgery (n = 4), significant intracranial hemorrhage (n = 3), hepatic necrosis and renal insufficiency (n = 3), and malignant tachyarrhythmias (n = 4). Operations consisted of tricuspid valve repair (n = 23) or valve replacement (n = 2), Blalock-Taussig shunt only (n = 1), and bilateral pulmonary arterioplasty with bidirectional Glenn (n = 1). Hospital survival was 74%, and there have been no late deaths during a median follow-up period of 5.4 years (range, 0.2 to 12 years). Three patients required tricuspid valve replacement during the follow-up period. Late arrhythmia requiring medication is present in 1 patient. All patients are currently in New York Heart Association functional class I. Conclusions Two-ventricle repair currently has similar early survival compared with single-ventricle palliation. The advantages of a better physiologic repair can be anticipated for a longer follow-up period.
Effect of handling-induced seizures on passive avoidance learning in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).

The effect of handling-induced seizures on passive avoidance behavior was investigated in the gerbil. In the first experiment, ictal activity immediately before Day 1 training significantly impaired retention on Day 2; after additional training on Day 2, retention was normal on Day 3. In the second experiment, a 24-hr interval was allowed between seizure testing and passive avoidance training. No difference between seizing and nonseizing groups was seen during the Day 2 training or Day 3 retention trials. Therefore, the Day 2 impairment in the first experiment was attributed to the immediate effect of the seizure on Day 1 learning. It was suggested that the poor performance of some gerbils in passive avoidance may be attributed to pretraining ictal activity.
Using Systematic Analysis to Promote Teaching Skills in Physical Education Theme

Metzler describes the theoretical bases and a general model for integrating teacher effectiveness research with sys tematic observation to evaluate physical education teaching. The ability to de lineate desirable teaching skills and to monitor preservice teachers' acquisition of those skills represents a new potential for improving theteaching of motor play and fitness. The author argues against holding physical educators accountable for student achievement until some per vasive instructional constraints are eased. The suggestion is made, how ever, that physical educators should be able to "account for" their pedagogical practices.
Are the principles of behavior of "exceptional children" exceptional?

The thesis was presented that behavioral differences in groups of “exceptional” children do not imply different principles of behavior are applicable to each group, as is often suggested, but inste...
Interpretation of the influence of temperature on the solvation properties of gas chromatographic stationary phases using Abraham's solvation parameter model

Abraham's solvation parameter model is used to interpret the influence of temperature on the contribution of cavity formation and solute—solvent intermolecular interactions to the solvation of a varied group of 62 solutes on ten representative stationary phases used in gas chromatography. It was observed that the magnitude of polar interactions increased at lower temperatures and that the change in the characteristic phase constants deduced from Abraham's model as a function of temperature could be described by a second-order polynomial function. Since the susceptibility of a solvent for a particular intermolecular interaction changes in a phase-specific manner as a function of temperature the observed ranking of phases for a particular intermolecular interaction at one temperature cannot be used to predict phase rankings at another temperature for the same interaction. A comparison of Abraham's model with an alternative cavity model proposed by Poole for the sum of the cavity and dispersion contributions to solvation shows similar trends as a function of temperature but differences in the magnitude of the contribution of the cavity—dispersion term to the overall free energy change for the solvation process. Agreement for the contribution of polar interactions to the solvation process is only qualitative for the two models unless a correction is made for the difference in magnitude for the cavity—dispersion contribution. A correction can be made by dividing the c term in Abraham's model into two contributions; a constant term independent of temperature which is assigned to the cavity-dispersion contribution to solvation and a temperature dependent term which is assigned to the polar interaction contribution to solvation. With this construct the two solvation models agree within experimental error for the relative contribution made by the cavity—dispersion term and solute—solvent polar interaction forces to the solvation process.
Drinking identity as a mediator of the relationship between drinking motives and weekly alcohol consumption among heavy drinking undergraduate students

Objectives The present study assessed relationships among social, coping, enhancement, and conformity drinking motives and weekly alcohol consumption by considering drinking identity as a mediator of this relationship.
The age of necrotizing enterocolitis onset: an application of Sartwell's incubation period model

The age of necrotizing enterocolitis onset: an application of Sartwell's incubation period model
Ziegler polymerization of olefins without added metal alkyls

Ethylene has been polymerized under mild conditions by (1) transition metals plus alkyl halides, (2) transition metal hydrides, (3) certain transition metals alone, and (4) certain divalent transition metal halides and oxides. Propylene has been polymerized to mixtures of amorphous and crystalline polymer in low conversions by (1) transition metals plus alkyl halides and (2) certain divalent transition metal halides. A vibratory ball mill was used as the polymerization vessel to provide a continuous supply of fresh catalyst surface during the polymerizations. The transient existence of transition metal alkyls is postulated to account for the observed catalysis. This work provides one of the most direct proofs that polymerization occurs on the transition metal, rather than on aluminum, zinc, or other metals usually associated with it in typical Ziegler catalysts.
Geometry Synthesis on Surfaces Using Field-Guided Shape Grammars

We show how to model geometric patterns on surfaces. We build on the concept of shape grammars to allow the grammars to be guided by a vector or tensor field. Our approach affords greater artistic freedom in design and enables the use of grammars to create patterns on manifold surfaces. We show several application examples in visualization, anisotropic tiling of mosaics, and geometry synthesis on surfaces. In contrast to previous work, we can create patterns that adapt to the underlying surface rather than distorting the geometry with a texture parameterization. Additionally, we are the first to model patterns with a global structure thanks to the ability to derive field-guided shape grammars on surfaces.
Pineal-adrenal interactions: The effect of acute pharmacological blockade of nocturnal melatonin secretion

The pineal gland is a complex neuroendocrine organ which is under photoneuroendocrine control. Previous studies in animals and humans have suggested reciprocal variations in pineal melatonin biosynthesis and adrenal glucocorticoid output; it remains unclear, however, whether a causal relationship exists between these two systems. To address this question, we examined the overnight secretory activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in conjunction with acute pharmacological suppression of pineal melatonin biosynthesis in 11 healthy volunteers. Results of the current study are consistent with the hypothesis that melatonin does not function as a tonic inhibitor of the HPA axis on an acute basis.
U.S. trade preferences and economic development: The case of Southeast Asia

This study investigates the impact of the U.S. Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) program on the exports of several countries that are members of the ASEAN Group and those of the Republic of Korea. One ASEAN Group member, the Philippines, was omitted from the research because politicat turbulence and other crises during recent years dictate that it would have to be treated as a special case. (Brunei, another ASEAN Group member, is not included in this study.) Thus, all references to the ASEAN countries apply only to the other four nations in the group (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand). The economic development of the ASEAN and Korean economies over the last two decades is summarized in the second section of this article. The third section briefly explains the nature and regulations of the U.S. GSP program, and the fourth section examines statistical evidence regarding the impact of the program on the exports of the ASEAN countries and Korea. In the final section the results of this study are compared with those of previous studies, and some possible explanations for the various results are presented along with our conclusions.
On the Dynamic Response of a Beam to a Randomly Moving Load

The problem considered is that of an infinitely long elastic beam subject to a moving concentrated force whose position is a stochastic function of time, X(t). The expected deflection and expected bending moment are analyzed, with special attention being given to the case of a stationary process X(t) and to the case in which X(t) is a Wiener process.
Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: a prospective study.

Background Emotion regulation deficits have been consistently linked to psychopathology in cross-sectional studies. However, the direction of the relationship between emotion regulation and psychopathology is unclear. This study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal relationships between emotion regulation deficits and psychopathology in adolescents.
A method for finding the inverse of a matrix

The problem of solving simultaneous linear equations is one that frequently confronts the scientist. Whenever it is desired to state the parameters as expressions of the constant terms of these equations, the problem resolves itself into the discovery of the inverse of the matrix of coefficients. The method here described gives a routine for the solution of this problem.
China's Struggle for Status: The Realignment of International Relations

1. Introduction 2. International status and Chinese foreign policy 3. Negotiating the human rights standard 4. Reacting to the 'China threat theories' 5. Strategic partnerships with Russia, the European Union, and India 6. Independent rivalry with Japan 7. Rediscovering Asia and Africa: the multilateral turn 8. Taiwan and China's rise 9. China's foreign relations and the emerging great-power politics.
Mechanical properties of thermally cycled CuIn alloys

Abstract A thermal processing technique of refining the grain size of CuIn alloys has been developed. The process consists of annealing transformed alloys in the α phase field. The grain size dependence of the yield strength of thermally processed alloys can be conveniently represented by the Hall-Petch relationship. Values of the Hall-Petch constants, σ 0 and k y , are found to fall in the range of values reported for f.c.c. Cu-base alloys. During multi-cycle thermal processing, the mechanical properties are found to be improved due to the contribution to strengthening from transformation-induced dislocations. Reverse transformation during precipitate dissolution follows three distinct stages, namely, precipitate coarsening, the formation of microduplex structure and, finally, the formation of fine grained structure.
Observations on the osmoregulation in Aplysia juliana Pease (Aplysiidae, Mollusca)

1. When Aplysia julianaPease is kept up till 6 hours in 80% sea water, it shows an increase in oxygen consumption of about 438%, as compared with the normal respiration, during the first 30 minutes. After this time it decreases rapidly at first, more slowly later. When transferred to 100% sea water after a stay of about 6 hours in diluted sea water, the oxygen consumption continues to decrease. The weight- and blood-salinity curves show a course more or less comparable to those found by Bethe in Aplysia. However, since the animals do not recover in 100% sea water after being subjected to 80% sea water for 6 hours, it is concluded that the results obtained are those from irreparably damaged animals and hence conclusions as to osmoadjustment or osmoregulation cannot be drawn. 2. The same experiments performed with animals subjected to a stay in 95% sea water, show that here there occurs a definite, be it rather weak, osmoregulation. Aplysia juliana is therefore certainly not a “pure” osmoadjustor. 3. Review of the pertinent literature shows that (weak) osmoregulation seems to be more wide-spread in marine molluscs than was thought to be.
POSTER: Protecting Against Data Exfiltration Insider Attacks Through Application Programs

In this paper, we describe a system that distinguishes between legitimate and malicious database transactions performed by application programs. Our system is particularly useful for protecting against code-modification attacks performed by insiders who have access to and can change the programs' source code to make them execute different queries than those they are expected to execute. Our system works with any type of DBMS and requires minimum modification to application programs.
De Zwarte Dood In De Tand

In tanden gevonden in een Londense begraafplaats zaten de geheimen van de Zwarte Dood van de veertiende eeuw – en de verwantschap met de builenpest die in onze tijd nog steeds veel levens eist.
Contrasting pattern of cytokines in antigen- versus mitogen-stimulated splenocyte cultures from chemically denervated mice.

Abstract Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of immune function has been studied by ablating the SNS with a peripheral injection of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Our previous data indicate that sympathectomy of mice results in enhanced antibody production and in vitro levels of antigen-specific IL-2 and IFN-γ. Other investigators have observed either increased or decreased immune function following sympathectomy. Here we present data showing that culture supernatants from spleen cells from the same denervated animals contain increased IL-2 and IFN-γ levels in response to antigen-specific (keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)) stimulation, but decreased cytokines levels in response to the T cell mitogen Con A compared to vehicle control mice. KLH-induced type 2 cytokines were also increased; no decrease in Con A-stimulated type 2 cytokines was observed. We evaluated whether the antigen presenting cell (APC) or the T cell might be the main target of the observed sympathectomy effects. Cell separation and mixing experiments suggest that the sympathectomy-induced alterations of antigen-specific and mitogen-induced type 1 cytokines are mediated primarily via the T cell. These data directly address some apparent discrepancies in the literature, and highlight potential regulatory sites to be further investigated in pathways of neural-immune communication.
Earth Science Mission Concept Design System

Knowledge about the Earth system (i.e., the physical-chemical processes that describe its evolution) is generated from global measurements of geophysical parameters taken at appropriate mission observation scenarios. Any given instrument transforms the incoming signal into an instrument-dependent output, from which the scientific observable of interest, say a chemical constituent, is eventually retrieved. The ability to simulate high-fidelity incoming geophysical signals, instrument transformations, and retrievals is currently project specific, and this ability is developed after a particular instrument design has been chosen. This seriously limits the process of conceiving the next-generation missions starting from the science questions to be answered, and choosing the appropriate measurement strategy based on the expected accuracy and precision. To enable science-driven mission concept formulation and design validation, the atmospheric scientists at JPL developed a set of parameters for defining the measurement requirements that are verifiable and traceable and a set of metrics for evaluating the mission concepts that are quantifiable and tradable. This paper presents a global atmospheric science mission concept design system that allows scientists to explore a large range of mission concepts integrating the measurement requirement parameters and evaluation metrics.
Enhancing laboratory report contents to improve outpatient management of test results

In today’s environment, providers are extremely timeconstrained. Assembling relevant contextual data to make decisions on laboratory results can take a significant amount of time from the day. The Regenstrief Institute has created a system which leverages data within Indiana Health Information Exchange’s (IHIE’s) repository, the Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC), to provide well-organized and contextual information on returning laboratory results to outpatient providers. The system described here uses data extracted from INPC to add historical test results, medication-dispensing events, visit information, and clinical reminders to traditional laboratory result reports. These “Enhanced Laboratory Reports” (ELRs) are seamlessly delivered to outpatient practices connected through IHIE via the DOCS4DOCS clinical messaging service. All practices, including those without electronic medical record systems, can receive ELRs. In this paper, the design and implementation issues in creating this system are discussed, and generally favorable preliminary results of attitudes by providers towards ELRs are reported.
The concepts of aggression and substance dependence

This paper presents a literature review of the measurement of the concepts of aggression and substance dependence. The related intervening variables of personality disorder, co-morbidity, genetic disposition, gender, ethnicity, locus of control, environmental factors, stress coping styles and support systems suggest a direct, but noncausal, relationship exists between the two concepts. A research based, conceptual model is proposed. Further research is needed to explicate the relationship, develop the model and put it into effective practice.
Peircean Index in the Naming Process: Nouns, Pronouns and Proper Names

This analysis identifies semiotic differences between pronouns, proper names and count and mass nouns. It showcases the work of Peirce’s Index in the process of individuation, capitalizing upon the ontological and epistemological effects of employing pronouns (particularly demonstratives) as individuals, as opposed to their use as singulars. Peirce’s individual versus singular distinction highlights the contrast between unique separateness, on the one hand, and similarity among entities (i.e., object classification) on the other. The argument is likewise made that while pronouns are often used as individuals, nouns and most proper names have a singular function. Rationale supports the fact that this difference results from the prominence of Peirce’s Dynamical Object in the work of embodied schemas which underlie and permeate new experiences. Dynamical Objects of demonstrative pronouns ground the triad, while Interpretants ground triads for nouns and proper names.
Clonotypic Antibodies which Stimulate T Cell Clone Proliferation

We have prepared a variety of antisera which recognize the T cell receptors on both alloreactive and antigen-specific functional clones. The antisera specifically stimulate the immunizing T cell clones to proliferate without cross-stimulating a variety of other clones and are thus clonotypic. The antisera specifically precipitate an 82k molecular weight complex unique to the immunizing clone and an independent common component present on all the helper T cell clones tested. The 82k molecular weight complex consists of a heterodimer, which can be resolved into an acidic (a) chain and a more basic (beta) chain. The beta subunit differs in its isoelectric focusing pattern when isolated from two A derived clones which recognize and respond to different alloantigens. Thus, the functional specificity of the antibodies is reflected in identifiable changes in molecules at the biochemical level.
Experimental Results on the Reactions π − p → π π N in the c.m. Energy Range 1400-2000 MeV

Cross sections and representative distributions are given for the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}n$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ based on 85 000 inelastic events in the c.m. energy region 1400-2000 MeV. The angular distributions of beam, defined with respect to the final-state particles are given in terms of their moments as a function of Dalitz plot position and c.m. energy.
Nuclear heating in critical components of alternative ITER first wall attachment mechanism

A nuclear analysis was performed for an alternate ITER first wall attachment scheme to estimate the nuclear heating in critical components. With a variety of components near the first wall without direct cooling, there is concern that the operating temperatures will be above engineering limits. Using DAG-MCNP5, a 1-D analysis framework was used to estimate the nuclear heating in a detailed 3-D model of the first wall and shield attachment mechanism. The parts of the stainless steel hinge at the base of system experience nuclear heating between 1.85 and 5.07 W/cm3. The copper yoke and Inconel-718 yoke pin experience a heat rate of 2.44 W/cm3. If stainless steel bolts are used, the bolt heads will experience 2.9 W/cm3, with only a small reduction from plugging the bolt access holes. If molybdenum bolts are used, the bolt head heating is increased to 3.4 W/cm3. The heating in the hinge parts and stainless steel bolts is expected to lead to temperatures higher than engineering limits. Due to a higher thermal conductivity and melting temperature, the Mo bolts are expected to operate at acceptable temperatures.
Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) Fledge a Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) Chick: Successful Waterbird Adoption Across Taxonomic Families

Abstract. This paper describes the interspecific fostering of two Ring-billed Gull chicks (Larus delawarensis) following natural adoption by a pair of Caspian Terns (Hydroprogne caspia) at Gull Island, Presqu'ile Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada, in 2011. Naturally-occurring, interspecific adoptions among waterbirds are rare and those between distantly-related species have not been confirmed to produce fledglings. The observation of one Ring-billed Gull chick being raised by Caspian Terns beyond fledging (approximately 46 days of age) appears to be the first record of successful adoption between different taxonomic families of waterbirds. Behavior, provisioning rate, and growth of chicks were recorded to document this adoption. During linear growth, the mass of the adopted Ring-billed Gull chicks were close to, or even exceeding, maximum mass of Ring-billed Gull chicks raised by their natural parents. After this period, however, the adoptive Caspian Tern parents reduced provisioning rates below those reco...
STAGGER: Periodicity Mining of Data Streams Using Expanding Sliding Windows

Sensor devices are becoming ubiquitous, especially in measurement and monitoring applications. Because of the real-time, append-only and semi-infinite natures of the generated sensor data streams, an online incremental approach is a necessity for mining stream data types. In this paper, we propose STAGGER: a one-pass, online and incremental algorithm for mining periodic patterns in data streams. STAGGER does not require that the user pre-specify the periodicity rate of the data. Instead, STAGGER discovers the potential periodicity rates. STAGGER maintains multiple expanding sliding windows staggered over the stream, where computations are shared among the multiple overlapping windows. Small-length sliding windows are imperative for early and real-time output, yet are limited to discover short periodicity rates. As streamed data arrives continuously, the sliding windows expand in length in order to cover the whole stream. Larger-length sliding windows are able to discover longer periodicity rates. STAGGER incrementally maintains a tree-like data structure for the frequent periodic patterns of each discovered potential periodicity rate. In contrast to the Fourier/Wavelet-based approaches used for discovering periodicity rates, STAGGER not only discovers a wider, more accurate set of periodicities, but also discovers the periodic patterns themselves. In fact, experimental results with real and synthetic data sets show that STAGGER outperforms Fourier/Wavelet-based approaches by an order of magnitude in terms of the accuracy of the discovered periodicity rates. Moreover, real-data experiments demonstrate the practicality of the discovered periodic patterns.
Toward fMRI Group Identification Based on Brain Lateralization

This research presents a novel application of Lateralization Index (LI) in support of a decision making process for the classification of subjects based on their brain activation patterns using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) datasets. The decision process considers the subject grouping based on additional spatial information provided by the LI behavior for each individual when calculated for specific Broca's and Wernicke's language areas. The presented results were obtained applying the LI concept to assess the activation pattern on both control and Localization-related epilepsy (LRE) subjects obtained during the execution of the language network oriented paradigm referred to as the "auditory description decision task" (ADDT). Upon assessing 114 datasets, activation was observed on 103 (90%) of them, while 11 (10%) showed no activation. Among these 103 datasets, 64 (62%) datasets were presumed as control data and 39 (38%) were presumed as LRE data. The data was obtained from 5 different hospitals using the online web-based repository site (mri-cate.fiu.edu). Masks were used for temporal and lateral brain areas for the normal brain, and individual masks were used for 48 Brodmann areas (BA). A t-test yielded a P-value of 0.0151, which indicates a statistically significant difference in the mean of both groups. The LI was also calculated using both native and normal spaces for each subject, and in this case, no statistically significant difference between the two spaces was found. It is observed that the average brain activation intensity on the LRE subjects was higher than the one observed on the control population. On contrasting the LI percentages between control and LRE data (c%, e%), the following groups were identified: a) strong right lateralization: (0%, 18%), b) right lateralization: (2%, 10%), c) bilateral: (20%, 15%), d) left lateralization: (42%, 26%), e) strong left lateralization: (36%, 31%).
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in WAGR syndrome

Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (WAGR) syndrome is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving the Wilms tumor 1 gene (WT1), the paired box gene 6 (PAX6), and possibly other genes on chromosome 11p13. WT1 is required for normal formation of the genitourinary system and the high incidence of Wilms tumor and genitourinary anomalies found in patients with WAGR are attributed to haploinsufficiency of this gene. It has been hypothesized that WT1 also plays an important role in the development of the diaphragm. During mammalian embryonic development, WT1 is expressed in the pleural and abdominal mesothelium that forms part of the diaphragm. Furthermore, mice that are homozygous for a deletion in the mouse homolog of WT1 have diaphragmatic hernias. Case reports describing congenital diaphragmatic hernias in infants with Denys-Drash and Frasier syndromes, both of which can be caused by mutations in WT1, provide additional support for this hypothesis. We report an infant with aniridia, bilateral cryptorchidism, vesicoureteral reflux, and a right-sided Morgagni-type diaphragmatic hernia. G-banded chromosome analysis revealed a deletion of 11p12-p15.1. Breakpoint regions were refined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and deletion of the WAGR critical region, including WT1, was confirmed. A review of the medical literature identified a second patient with a deletion of 11p13, a left-sided Bochdalek-type diaphragmatic hernia, and anomalies that suggest a diagnosis of WAGR including bilateral microphthalmia, a small penis, bilateral cryptorchidism, and a hypoplastic scrotum. These cases demonstrate that congenital diaphragmatic hernia can be associated with WAGR syndrome and suggest that deletions of WT1 may predispose individuals to develop congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Where can we find justice

Jecker makes three major points in her article, “A Broader View of Justice” (2008). First, she argues that justice in healthcare relates to justice in the broader social conditions of society as th...
Disturbed subsurface microbial communities follow equivalent trajectories despite different structural starting points.

Microbial community structure, and niche and neutral processes can all influence response to disturbance. Here, we provide experimental evidence for niche versus neutral and founding community effects during a bioremediation-related organic carbon disturbance. Subsurface sediment, partitioned into 22 flow-through columns, was stimulated in situ by the addition of acetate as a carbon and electron donor source. This drove the system into a new transient biogeochemical state characterized by iron reduction and enriched Desulfuromonadales, Comamonadaceae and Bacteroidetes lineages. After approximately 1 month conditions favoured sulfate reduction, and were accompanied by a substantial increase in the relative abundance of Desulfobulbus, Desulfosporosinus, Desulfitobacterium and Desulfotomaculum. Two subsets of four to five columns each were switched from acetate to lactate amendment during either iron (earlier) or sulfate (later) reduction. Hence, subsets had significantly different founding communities. All lactate treatments exhibited lower relative abundances of Desulfotomaculum and Bacteroidetes, enrichments of Clostridiales and Psychrosinus species, and a temporal succession from highly abundant Clostridium sensu stricto to Psychrosinus. Regardless of starting point, lactate-switch communities followed comparable structural trajectories, whereby convergence was evident 9 to 16 days after each switch, and significant after 29 to 34 days of lactate addition. Results imply that neither the founding community nor neutral processes influenced succession following perturbation.
An Ayurvedic theory of cancer.

Ayurveda is a healing system widely practiced throughout South Asia. It is founded upon a set of Sanskrit texts composed two thousand years ago which describe in detail a theory of humoral balance within the body. The name Ayurveda means “that which has been seen to be true about long life.” In 1975 in southern Tamil Nadu, an aged practitioner of Ayurveda conducted for the author's benefit a series of lectures about cancer, in which he propounded his own idiosyncratic theory regarding the nature of this disease. The doctor's lectures were a linguistic and topical pastiche, melding Indian and Western biologies, psychologies, and sociologies. The lectures were fascinating for they demonstrated many lines of kinship between ideas expressed in the ancient Sanskrit texts and ideas afloat still in the modern world. But for all their richness Mahadeva Iyer's lectures were seemingly unfocused, and his motives for developing them were unclear to the author. Only when the author was able to see these lectures, not ...
The Effect of Instructor-created Video Programs to Teach Students with Disabilities: A Literature Review

This paper summarizes the results of a review of the empirical literature (1999–2003) focusing on the use of instructor-created video recording incorporating personalized video to teach individuals...
Electrophysiological study of neural activity in penile nerve of the rat

Electrophysiological techniques were used to examine the axonal composition and reflex activity of the penile nerve of the rat. Stimulation of either the pelvic nerve, hypogastric nerve, or sympathetic chain elicited synaptic and axonal volleys in the penile nerve. Synaptic responses were suppressed by nicotinic ganglionic blockade, indicating that they were mediated by cholinergic transmission in peripheral ganglia. Axonal volleys represented in part afferent pathways from receptors in the pelvic muscles, perineum, and anus. Stimulation of the penile or pelvic nerves increased intracavernous pressure. Stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis elicited central reflexes (50- to 150-ms latencies) in the penile nerve. Those reflexes were not eliminated by acute or chronic spinalization (T8) but were abolished by transection of preganglionic nerves, indicating an origin in the lumbosacral spinal cord. Thus the penile nerves are composed of a heterogenous population of afferent and efferent axons. Reflex activity elicited in these nerves by stimulation of pathways from the penis is probably involved in the initiation of penile erection.
The office of the future: a unified approach to image-based modeling and spatially immersive displays

We introduce ideas, proposed technologies, and initial results for an office of the future that is based on a unified application of computer vision and computer graphics in a system that combines and builds upon the notions of the CAVE™, tiled display systems, and image-based modeling . The basic idea is to use real-time computer vision techniques to dynamically extract per-pixel depth and reflectance information for the visible surfaces in the office including walls, furniture, objects, and people, and then to either project images on the surfaces, render images of the surfaces , or interpret changes in the surfaces. In the first case, one could designate every-day (potentially irregular) real surfaces in the office to be used as spatially immersive display surfaces, and then project high-resolution graphics and text onto those surfaces. In the second case, one could transmit the dynamic image-based models over a network for display at a remote site. Finally, one could interpret dynamic changes in the surfaces for the purposes of tracking, interaction, or augmented reality applications. To accomplish the simultaneous capture and display we envision an office of the future where the ceiling lights are replaced by computer controlled cameras and “smart” projectors that are used to capture dynamic image-based models with imperceptible structured light techniques, and to display high-resolution images on designated display surfaces. By doing both simultaneously on the designated display surfaces, one can dynamically adjust or autocalibrate for geometric, intensity, and resolution variations resulting from irregular or changing display surfaces, or overlapped projector images. Our current approach to dynamic image-based modeling is to use an optimized structured light scheme that can capture per-pixel depth and reflectance at interactive rates. Our system implementation is not yet imperceptible, but we can demonstrate the approach in the laboratory. Our approach to rendering on the designated (potentially irregular) display surfaces is to employ a two-pass projective texture scheme to generate images that when projected onto the surfaces appear correct to a moving headtracked observer. We present here an initial implementation of the overall vision, in an office-like setting, and preliminary demonstrations of our dynamic modeling and display techniques.
Jokes inviting more than laughter…Joan Rivers' political-rhetorical world view

ABSTRACTThis article examines the worldview of comedian Joan Rivers. I conducted a close examination of her Live at the Apollo transcript through systematic discourse analysis. I found several distinct clusters emerging in Rivers' act, involving rhetorics of optimism, uncertainty, egocentricity and realism. In using such language, Rivers invites her audiences to ingest and adopt certain structures of thinking and choices of interpretation characterized by both positive and negative features. I conclude that these communicative themes give us reason to be ambivalent about the comedian's stand-up as a contribution to public discourse. Several implications are drawn regarding the possibilities and limitations of comedy as a pervasive mode of public communication.
Management of recurrent hernia after components separation: 10-year experience with abdominal wall reconstruction at an academic medical center.

Purpose: Separation of the components has become the standard of care for abdominal wall reconstruction, especially in the setting of infected, previously infected, or contaminated wounds. Although the safety and efficacy of this technique have been established, less is known about long-term outcomes. This article focuses on the management of recurrent hernia after components separation for abdominal wall reconstruction. Methods: We performed a retrospective, institutional review board-approved study of components separation for abdominal wall reconstruction at an academic medical center, over a 10-year period. Results: Between 2000 and 2009, we performed components separation in 136 patients (mean follow-up, 4.4 years). Twenty-six patients (19.1%) developed recurrent hernia (mean age, 49.8 years; body mass index, 30.7; previous abdominal operations, 3.5; hernia size, 342 cm 2 ; length of stay, 9.1 days). Mean time to recurrence was 319 days. Of the 16/26 patients who underwent repair of recurrence, 15 had successful repair, leaving 11/136 patients (8.1%) with persistent hernia. Of the 26 recurrences, 22 (85%) occurred within the first half of the study. Repair of recurrent hernias was accomplished by placement of additional mesh in 14/15 patients. Conclusions: Recurrent hernia after components separation may be related to procedural learning curves and can be successfully treated through repeat repair, yielding high rates of successful abdominal wall reconstruction.
A Brief Marketing History of the Jewel Tea Company

Many businesses appear on the American marketing scene every year, to help the consumer in the fulfillment of his needs, wants, and desires. Most eventually fail, or at best survive in a marginal f...
Songbird community composition and nesting success in grazed and ungrazed pinyon-juniper woodlands

Livestock grazing is a dominant land use of pinyon-juniper habitats in the western United States, yet the effects of grazing on breeding bird communities in this habitat have been poorly studied. We compared habitat structure, songbird abundance, and nesting productivity within pinyon-juniper woodlands on an actively grazed site and a site experiencing long-term relief from livestock grazing in northeastem New Mexico. From 1992 to 1995, we performed vegetation sampling, conducted songbird point counts, and located and monitored nests on 8 35-ha study plots. Four of these plots experienced moderate cattle grazing and 4 were ungrazed since 1973. We found no differences in habitat or vegetation features between grazed and ungrazed plots. Bird communities were similar, with only 1 of the 11 species we tested more abundant on the ungrazed treatment (western scrub-jay; Aphelocoma californicus). We detected no differences in nesting success or cause-specific rates of nest failure for 7 common bird species (P < 0.05), and we detected no differences in brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism rates for the major hosts between grazed and ungrazed areas. Greater than 75% of the nests of the solitary vireo (Vireo solitarius), western tanager (Piranga ludoviciana), and blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) were parasitized on both treatments. These high parasitism rates may be the result of high densities of local cowbirds because of abundant feeding sites (i.e., livestock), the high mobility of cowbirds, and the close proximity of ungrazed plots to grazed areas (all <4 km). Our results suggest that 20 years of relief from grazing had little influence on the habitat structure or bird species composition of the pinyon-juniper woodlands on our study site. However, livestock grazing has indirectly affected the nesting success of some songbird species via the influence of grazing on cowbird abundance. Our findings highlight the need for studies that incorporate nest monitoring and landscape-scale approaches to better understand the relation between cowbirds, livestock, and songbirds, and the time required for recovery from grazing effects.
Searching for the face of neoplasia.

Modifications of blood group antigens are known to occur in neoplastic tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. We had used lectins, naturally occurring proteins used as molecular probes of carbohydrate structure, to identify a marker of premalignant epithelium in the colon. We used a similar approach to study metaplastic and neoplastic epithelium in the upper gastrointestinal tract, with an emphasis on Barrett's esophagus. The carbohydrate structures (i.e., the glycoconjugates) present faithfully reflected the morphological features, rather than the anatomical location, of each tissue. Of note, only minor modifications in carbohydrate structure were seen in low-grade dysplasia, whereas more distinct changes were seen in high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. This approach provides insight into the biochemistry and metabolism occurring with disordered maturation of the epithelial cell. The aim of this type of investigation is to develop sensitive markers of earlier neoplasia in the gastrointestinal tract.
Neuromuscular blockade by use of atracurium in anesthetized llamas

Anesthesia was induced in 8 healthy llamas by administration of guaifenesin and ketamine, and was maintained with halothane in oxygen. On 2 separate experimental days, atracurium was given to induce 95 to 99% reduction of evoked hind limb digital extensor tension (twitch). For the first part of the study, atracurium was given IV as repeat boluses, with muscle twitch strength being allowed to return without intervention to 75% of baseline after each bolus before the subsequent bolus was given. A total of 5 bolus doses of atracurium was given. For the first bolus, 0.15 mg/kg of body weight IV, and for subsequent boluses, 0.08 mg/kg, induced desired relaxation. Onset of relaxation was slightly more rapid for repeat, compared with initial, bolus. Duration of relaxation and recovery time were similar to initial and repeat doses. Maximal twitch reduction was observed in 4 +/- 0.2 minutes (mean +/- SEM). Duration from maximal twitch reduction to 10% recovery was 6.3 +/- 0.4 minutes. Twitch recovery from 10 to 50% of baseline took 11.6 +/- 0.6 minutes. Twitch recovery from 10 to 75% recovery took 19.5 +/- 1.1 minutes. Recovery from 10% twitch to 50% fade took 12.8 +/- 0.5 minutes. Fade at 50% recovery of twitch was 39 +/- 0.02%. Significant (P < 0.05) animal-to-animal variation was observed in twitch recovery times. For the second part of the study, atracurium was initially given IV as a 0.15-mg/kg bolus, followed by infusion for 1 to 2 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)