cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of the type 1 inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor with 4.1N protein in neurons

Abstract The type 1 inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate receptor (InsP 3 R1) is an intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) release channel that plays an important role in neuronal function. In yeast two-hybrid screen of rat brain cDNA library with the InsP 3 R1 carboxy-terminal bait we isolated multiple clones of neuronal cytoskeletal protein 4.1N. We mapped the 4.1N-interaction site to a short fragment (50 amino acids) within the carboxy-terminal tail of the InsP 3 R1 and the InsP 3 R1-interaction site to the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of 4.1N. We established that InsP 3 R1 carboxy-terminal binds selectively to the CTDΔ alternatively spliced form of the 4.1N protein. In biochemical experiments we demonstrated that 4.1N and InsP 3 R1 specifically associate in vitro. We showed that both 4.1N and InsP 3 R1 were enriched in synaptic locations and immunoprecipitated the 4.1N–InsP 3 R1 complex from rat brain synaptosomes. In biochemical experiments we demonstrated a possibility of InsP 3 R1–4.1N–CASK–syndecan-2 quaternary complex formation. From our findings we hypothesize that InsP 3 R1–4.1N association may play a role in InsP 3 R1 localization or Ca 2+ signaling in neurons.
Requirement of the DEAD-Box Protein Ded1p for Messenger RNA Translation

The DED1 gene, which encodes a putative RNA helicase, has been implicated in nuclear pre-messenger RNA splicing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is shown here by genetic and biochemical analysis that translation, rather than splicing, is severely impaired in two newly isolated ded1 conditional mutants. Preliminary evidence suggests that the protein Ded1p may be required for the initiation step of translation, as is the distinct DEAD-box protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). The DED1 gene could be functionally replaced by a mouse homolog, PL10, which suggests that the function of Ded1p in translation is evolutionarily conserved.
A Novel Turbomachinery Air-Brake Concept for Quiet Aircraft

A novel air-brake concept for next generation, low-noise civil aircraft is introduced. Deployment of such devices in clean airframe configuration reduces aircraft source noise and noise propagation to the ground. The generation of swirling outflow from a duct, such as an aircraft engine, is demonstrated to have high drag and low noise. The simplest configuration is a ram pressure driven duct with stationary swirl vanes, a so-called swirl tube. A detailed aerodynamic design is performed using first principles based modeling and high-fidelity numerical simulations. The swirl-drag-noise relationship is quantified through scale-model aerodynamic and aeroacoustic wind tunnel tests. The maximum measured stable flow drag coefficient is 0.83 at exit swirl angles close to 50 degrees. The acoustic signature, extrapolated to full-scale, is found to be well below the background noise of a well populated area. Vortex breakdown is found to be the aerodynamically and acoustically limiting physical phenomenon, generating a white-noise signature that is about 15 dB louder than a stable swirling flow.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Meet the New Hybrid Designers

Many of them have changed careers, or the focus of their careers, and have arrived at graduate design programs from a background very different from that of traditional designers. They're likely to add a different flavor to the design mix—and bring a considerable amount of business acumen, as well.
A computer simulation of employee vaccination to mitigate an influenza epidemic.

Background Better understanding the possible effects of vaccinating employees is important and can help policymakers and businesses plan vaccine distribution and administration logistics, especially with the current H1N1 influenza vaccine in short supply. Purpose This article aims to determine the effects of varying vaccine coverage, compliance, administration rates, prioritization, and timing among employees during an influenza pandemic. Methods As part of the H1N1 influenza planning efforts of the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study network, an agent-based computer simulation model was developed for the Washington DC metropolitan region, encompassing five metropolitan statistical areas. Each simulation run involved introducing 100 infectious individuals to initiate a 1.3 reproductive-rate (R 0 ) epidemic, consistent with H1N1 parameters to date. Another set of scenarios represented a R 0 =1.6 epidemic. Results An unmitigated epidemic resulted in substantial productivity losses (a mean of $112.6 million for a serologic 15% attack rate and $193.8 million for a serologic 25% attack rate), even with the relatively low estimated mortality impact of H1N1. Although vaccinating Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices–defined priority groups resulted in the largest savings, vaccinating all remaining workers captured additional savings and, in fact, reduced healthcare workers' and critical infrastructure workers' chances of infection. Moreover, although employee vaccination compliance affected the epidemic, once 20% compliance was achieved, additional increases in compliance provided less incremental benefit. Even though a vast majority of the workplaces in the DC metropolitan region had fewer than 100 employees, focusing on vaccinating only those in larger firms (≥100 employees) was just as effective in mitigating the epidemic as trying to vaccinate employees in all workplaces. Conclusions Timely vaccination of at least 20% of the large-company workforce can play an important role in epidemic mitigation.
Effect of incubation time on the generation of defective-interfering particles during undiluted serial passage of sindbis virus in Aedes albopictus and chick cells.

Abstract Increasing the length of the incubation period enhances the generation of Sindbis virus (SV) defective-interfering (DI) particles and other genetic variants in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. SV DI particles were also generated by serial undiluted passage in Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells at 48-hr intervals. The cyclic variation in SV titer characteristic of DI particles began in passage 5. The presence of DI particles in certain virus stocks was confirmed by demonstrating that virus from these passages interfered with the replication of plaque-purified virus and caused the appearance of abnormally small intracellular, SV-specified RNAs. SV DIs generated in A. albopictus cells did not interfere with the replication of SV in chick cells, nor did SV DIs generated in chick cells interfere in A. albopictus cells. In addition to DI particles, certain of the serially passaged Sindbis virus stocks contained temperature-sensitive (ts) and small and medium plaque variants.
Treatment of Late-Life Depression Complicated by Alcohol Dependence

Objectives Among elderly patients, mental and physical illness are often present along with alcohol dependence. The interaction between alcohol use and concurrent physical or mental disabilities is complex and complicates treatment planning. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of naltrexone combined with sertraline for the treatment of older adults with major depression and alcohol dependence. Methods The sample was 74 subjects, age 55 and older, who met criteria for a depressive disorder along with alcohol dependence. All subjects were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of naltrexone 50 mg/day or placebo. Also, all subjects received sertraline 100 mg/day and individual weekly psychosocial support. Treatment response for alcohol consumption and depression was measured during the 12 weeks of treatment. Results At baseline, the average age of subjects was 63.4, and subjects were drinking an average of 10.7 drinks per drinking day. The overall results are encouraging; 42% of the subjects had a remission of their depression and had no drinking relapses during the trial. There was no evidence for an added benefit of naltrexone in combination with sertraline, but there was significant correlation between any alcohol relapse during the trial and poor response to depression treatment. Conclusions Patients with concurrent mental disorders, such as major depression and alcohol dependence, are increasingly prevalent in clinical practice and have been demonstrated to show poorer treatment response and higher treatment costs. The results of this trial underscore the importance of addressing alcohol use in the context of treating late-life depression.
Parkinson's psychosis.

Psychosis is a leading reason for nursing home placement of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). It may also be the single greatest stressor for caregivers of PD patients, it is generally persistent, and its presence markedly increases the risk of mortality. For these reasons, it is essential to recognize and appropriately treat psychosis in PD. Treatment of psychotic symptoms should be initiated after potential medical and environmental causes of delirium (eg, infection) have been eliminated or addressed. Initial pharmacologic changes should include limiting the patient’s anti-PD medications to those that are necessary to preserve motor function (ie, eliminating adjunctive agents). Should that fail, an atypical antipsychotic agent is the treatment of choice. Clozapine is presently the gold standard, and quetiapine represents another option because of its ease of use and good tolerability profile. Emerging treatment options include the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants, and cognitive behavioral therapy. This article reviews what is currently known about treatment strategies in PD psychosis.
Executive Succession, Strategic Reorientation and Performance Growth: A Longitudinal Study in the U.S. Cement Industry

This research explores the performance consequences of CEO succession, executive team change, and strategic reorientation in different contexts. Based on team demography and organization learning ideas, we argue that CEO succession or executive team change enhances incremental organization change, while either strategic reorientation or the combination of CEO succession with executive team change triggers discontinuous organization change. We hypothesize that these contrasting intervention modes are appropriate in different contexts. A longitudinal study of the U.S. cement industry from 1918-1986 demonstrates that simple CEO succession is positively associated with subsequent performance when context is stable, but significantly more negatively associated with subsequent performance in turbulent contexts. Executive team change has significant effects on organization adaptation in both stable and turbulent contexts. Strategic reorientations are negatively associated with subsequent performance in stable contexts, but significantly more positively associated with subsequent performance in turbulent contexts. As a set, these results reinforce a demographic approach to succession research and indicate that CEO succession, executive team change, and reorientation are each distinct and important levers shaping organization adaptation. The impacts of these levers are contingent on organization context.
Can Islamists Become Moderates?: Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis

Recent years have seen a surge of studies that examine the inclusion-moderation hypothesis with reference to political Islam: the idea that political groups and individuals may become more moderate as a result of their inclusion in pluralist political processes. Most of these interventions adopt one of three foci: (1) the behavioral moderation of groups; (2) the ideological moderation of groups; and (3) the ideological moderation of individuals. After a discussion of various definitions of moderate and radical, the concept of moderation, and the centrality of moderation to studies of democratization, the author examines the scholarship on political Islam that falls within each approach. She then examines several studies that raise questions about sequencing: how mechanisms linking inclusion and moderation are posited and how other approaches might better explain Islamist moderation. Finally, she offers a critical analysis of the behavior-ideology binary that animates many of these models and suggests some fruitful paths for future research.
Extracellular production of superoxide by marine diatoms: Contrasting effects on iron redox chemistry and bioavailability

We report the extracellular production of superoxide in cultures of the marine diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. In EDTA-buffered media with ;45 pmol L 21 iron (Fe)(III)9, over half the Fe(III) reduction is mediated by extracellular O production. Surprisingly, even though we saw a consistent inhibition of 2 2 Fe reduction by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and enhancement of Fe reduction due to superoxide production using the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system (X-XO), we observed no effect of SOD or X-XO on Fe uptake in these cultures. We also observed no effect of SOD on the uptake of Fe from either ferrihydrite, an Felabeled porphyrin, or as regenerated by metazoan grazers. Our data reveal that Fe(II)9 is formed by O via the 2 2 reduction of Fe(III)9 rather than by the reduction and dissociation of FeEDTA complexes in EDTA-buffered media. This bulk-phase reduction of Fe(III)9 by O is a ‘‘futile’’ reductive step, as the Fe(II) 9 formed is rapidly reoxidized 2 2 to Fe(III)9 in pH 8 oxygenated seawater.
Latent variable modeling.

Funding: Part of this research is supported by the Institute of Education Sciences (R305B080016 and R305D100039) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA026943 and R01DA030466). The views expressed here belong to the author and do not reflect the views or policies of the funding agencies.
PARAS: system-level concurrent partitioning and scheduling

Partitioning for the ASIC designs is examined and the interaction between high-level synthesis and partitioning is studied and incorporated in the solution. Four algorithms (called PARAS) which can exploit this interaction by solving the scheduling and partitioning problems concurrently are presented. PARAS maximizes the overall performance of the final design and considers different chip configurations and communication structures. Experiments, conducted with specifications ranging in size from few to hundreds of operations, demonstrate the success of this approach.
The Share Economy with Efficiency Wages

This paper examines the cyclical implications of share contracts in an efficiency wage model, with wage and share economy firms facing a common labor market constraint. In the efficiency wage context, I find that the share economy will no longer remain at full employment in the face of modest-sized demand shocks. But suitably amended, Weitzman's (1983, 1984, 1985, 1986) conclusions regarding the cyclical employment benefits of share arrangements extend to an efficiency wage model.
Parasitism of Greenbugs (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Grain Sorghum: Implications for Augmentative Biological Control

Field cage studies were conducted to describe the relationship between the per­ centage of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) parasitism (as measured by aphid mummies) and densities of greenbug, Schizaphis graminumRondani, on grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. In 1993 and 1994, a biotype E-susceptible grain sorghum hybrid was grown in field cages and L. testaceipes adults were released after each plant was infested with 20 biotype E greenbugs. The release rates were 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 wasps per plant in 1993, and 0, 0.16, 0.33, and 0.5 wasps per plant in 1994. Greenbugs and mummies were counted 1-2 times a week on all leaves of 2-4 randomly selected plants per cage. A release rate of0.33- 0.5 wasps per plant infested with 20 greenbugs maximized the number of mummies produced and prevented the greenbugs from reaching an economic threshold of 1,000 greenbugs per plant. Peak numbers of mummies occurred =400 -500 DD (10°C base) after the initial wasp release. Regression analyses showed that the greenbug population started decreasing when the percentage of parasitism (as measured by mummies) reached 20-30 %. Greenbugs in the absence of wasps significantly reduced yield in 1994, but not in 1993.
In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought

In his historical perspective on the changes in scientific thought over the last 100 years, Carl N. Degler explores the study of social evolution and the ongoing search for human nature. In Search of Human Nature provides a detailed perspective on the reasons behind the shifting emphasis in social thought from biology, to culture, and again to biology. Degler examines why these changes took place, the evidence and people fostering these changes and why students of human nature decided to accept this momentous change in thought. He suggests varying ideologies as the underlying force behind this shift in the study of social science. From Darwin's theory that human social behaviour has drastically evolved from animals, to the belief that human experience serves as the basic differentiating factor in humans, Degler provides a thorough and captivating examination of the roots of human behaviour.
Identification of single gate delay fault redundancies

Gate delay faults can represent the effects of common point faults in logic circuits. A gate delay fault model based on the analysis of these effects in the normal operation of logic circuits is developed. The fault model allows for delay faults of both bounded and unbounded size. Techniques have been developed to identify single gate delay faults that do not have any effect on the normal operation of logic circuits. These techniques are applied to various benchmark circuits and indicate the existence of a surprisingly large number of such redundancies. >
Epidemiology of Multiligament Knee Reconstruction

Background The multiple-ligament-injured knee represents a special challenge, being an uncommon injury that is both severe and complicated to treat. Many studies have evaluated patients treated for this injury, but most are limited in their scope. The evaluation of this injury and its treatment using an administrative database might provide a different perspective.
Heralding the Authoritarian? Orientation Toward Authority in Early Childhood

In the research reported here, we examined whether individual differences in authoritarianism have expressions in early childhood. We expected that young children would be more responsive to cues of deviance and status to the extent that their parents endorsed authoritarian values. Using a sample of 43 preschoolers and their parents, we found support for both expectations. Children of parents high in authoritarianism trusted adults who adhered to convention (vs. adults who did not) more than did children of parents low in authoritarianism. Furthermore, compared with children of parents low in authoritarianism, children of parents high in authoritarianism gave greater weight to a status-based "adult = reliable" heuristic in trusting an ambiguously conventional adult. Findings were consistent using two different measures of parents' authoritarian values. These findings demonstrate that children's trust-related behaviors vary reliably with their parents' orientations toward authority and convention, and suggest that individual differences in authoritarianism express themselves well before early adulthood.
Hindlimb unloading and female gender attenuate baroreflex-mediated sympathoexcitation

Exposure to a period of microgravity or bed rest produces several physiological adaptations. These changes, which include an increased incidence of orthostatic intolerance, have an impact when peop...
Semiconductor crystal growth by sputter deposition

Recently, understanding of the physics of ion–surface interactions has progressed sufficiently to allow sputter deposition to be used as a crystal growth technique for depositing a wide variety of single crystal elemental, compound, alloy, and superlattice semiconductors. In many cases, films with essentially bulk values of carrier concentrations and mobilities have been obtained. The controlled use of low energy particle bombardment of the growing film during sputter deposition has been shown to affect all stages of crystal growth ranging from adatom mobilities and nucleation kinetics to elemental incorporation probabilities. Such effects provide inherent advantages for sputter deposition over other vapor phase techniques for the low temperature growth of compound and alloy semiconductors and are essential in allowing the growth of new and unique single crystal metastable semiconductors. This review includes sections on the physics of sputtering, experimental techniques, and ion bombardment effects on film growth as well as a discussion of recent results in the growth of elemental, III–V, II–VI, IV–VI, metastable, and other compound semiconductors.
The strange case of Laetesia raveni n. sp., a green linyphiid spider from Eastern Australia with a preference for thorny plants (Araneae, Linyphiidae)

Laetesia raveni n. sp. (Araneae, Linyphiidae), is described based on specimens collected in New South Wales and Queensland (Australia). This new linyphiid species is of bright green colour, and it seems to have a preference to build its webs almost exclusively on two plant species, namely Calamus muelleri Wendland (Arecaceae) and Solanum inaequilaterum Domin, (Solanaceae), both of them densely covered with thorns. The epigynal morphology of Laetesia raveni n. sp. varies intraspecifically. Live individuals and several of their dome-shaped sheet webs are illustrated.
The cost of multiple sclerosis drugs in the US and the pharmaceutical industry Too big to fail

Objective: To examine the pricing trajectories in the United States of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) over the last 20 years and assess the influences on rising prices. Methods: We estimated the trend in annual drug costs for 9 DMTs using published drug pricing data from 1993 to 2013. We compared changes in DMT costs to general and prescription drug inflation during the same period. We also compared the cost trajectories for first-generation MS DMTs interferon (IFN)–b-1b, IFN-b-1a IM, and glatiramer acetate with contemporaneously approved biologic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors. Results: First-generation DMTs, originally costing $8,000 to $11,000, now cost about $60,000 per year. Costs for these agents have increased annually at rates 5 to 7 times higher than prescription drug inflation. Newer DMTs commonly entered the market with a cost 25%–60% higher than existing DMTs. Significant increases in the cost trajectory of the first-generation DMTs occurred following the Food and Drug Administration approvals of IFN-b-1a SC (2002) and natalizumab (reintroduced 2006) and remained high following introduction of fingolimod (2010). Similar changes did not occur withTNF inhibitorbiologics during these time intervals.DMT costs inthe United States currently are 2 to 3 times higher than in other comparable countries. Conclusions: MS DMT costs have accelerated at rates well beyond inflation and substantially above rates observed for drugs in a similar biologic class. There is an urgent need for clinicians, payers, and manufacturers in the United States to confront the soaring costs of DMTs. Neurology® 2015;84:1–8
Changes in characteristics of veterans using the VHA health care system between 1996 and 1999

Background The Department of Veterans Affairs' Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides a health care safety net to veterans. This study examined changes in characteristics of veterans using the VHA health care system between 1996 and 1999 when VHA implemented major organizational changes to improve access of ambulatory care and to provide care to more veterans.
Differences in the importance of work outcomes between full‐time and part‐time hospital employees

This study examined differences in the importance of work outcomes between full-time and part-time hospital employees in a sample drawn from five western hospitals (N = 1,876). Work status was operationalized by classifying respondents into four categories based on hours worked per week. Exploratory factor analysis showed that work outcomes may be classified as extrinsic (pay and fringe benefits) and instrinsic (being informed about the job, participating in decision-making, and doing the job well). Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that this two-factor structure fits the data well for all four work status categories although the factor loadings differed across categories. Multivariate analyses of variance and covariance indicated that statistically significant differences in the importance of extrinsic and intrinsic outcomes exist for full-time and part-time employees and that these differences persist when various social and demographic variables are held constant. Employees who work fewer hours per week tend to assign less importance to the work outcomes measured in this study. The results suggest that theoretical models of variables such as job satisfaction should take into account work status differences in the importance of work-related outcomes. In addition, managers may find that workers respond to different reward structures depending on the degree of their involvement in the organization.
Surgery and radiotherapy: complementary tools in the management of benign intracranial tumors.

Historically, radiation therapy has been used extensively in the treatment of malignant and aggressive intracranial tumors, and the importance of its role has been repeatedly verified by prolonged patient survival rates and increased tumor control. As more modern capabilities are employed in surgery and radiotherapy, attention is being directed to the utility of radiation as either primary or secondary treatment of benign tumors. Specifically, primary treatment encompasses irradiation of small benign tumors without biopsy confirmation of tumor type; secondary treatment involves postoperative radiation therapy, with the possibility that less-aggressive tumor resection may be performed in areas that have a higher probability of resultant neurological deficit. Current literature suggests that this is not only a possible treatment strategy, but that it may be superior to more radical resection in some cases, for example, in vestibular schwannomas and meningiomas. This article provides an overview of factors to consider in the use of radiation therapy and reviews the relationships between radiation and surgery, notably the unique complementary role each plays in the treatment of benign intracranial tumors. (DOI: 10.3171/FOC/2008/24/5/E2)
The impact of auditory distraction on retrieval of visual memories.

Recent research has revealed that the presence of irrelevant visual information during retrieval of long-term memories diminishes recollection of task-relevant visual details. Here, we explored the impact of irrelevant auditory information on remembering task-relevant visual details by probing recall of the same previously viewed images while participants were in complete silence, exposed to white noise, or exposed to ambient sounds recorded at a busy cafe. The presence of auditory distraction diminished objective recollection of goal-relevant details, relative to the silence and white noise conditions. Critically, a comparison with results from a previous study using visual distractors showed equivalent effects for auditory and visual distraction. These findings suggest that disruption of recollection by external stimuli is a domain-general phenomenon produced by interference between resource-limited, top-down mechanisms that guide the selection of mnemonic details and control processes that mediate our interactions with external distractors.
Urban Textural Analysis from Remote Sensor Data: Lacunarity Measurements Based on the Differential Box Counting Method

Lacunarity is related to the spatial distribution of gap or hole sizes. For low lacunarity, all gap sizes are the same and geometric objects are deemed homogeneous; conversely, for high lacunarity, gap sizes are variable and objects are therefore heterogeneous. Textures that are homogeneous at small scales can be quite heterogeneous at large scales and vice versa, and hence, lacunarity can be considered a scale-dependent measure of heterogeneity or texture. In this article, we use a lacunarity method based on a differential box counting approach to identify urban land-use and land-cover classes from satellite sensor data. Our methodology focuses on two different gliding box methods to compute lacunarity values and demonstrate a mirror extension approach for a local moving window. The extension approach overcomes, or at least minimizes, the boundary problem. The results from our study suggest that the overlapping box approach is more effective than the skipping box approach, but that there is no significant difference between window sizes. Our work represents a contribution to not only advances in textural and spatial metrics as used in remote-sensing pattern interpretation but also for broadening understanding of the computational geometry of nonlinear shape models of which lacunarity is the reciprocal of fractal theory.
Induction of sister chromatid exchanges in chromosomes of rat kangaroo cells by tritium incorporated into DNA

Abstract The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges increases with increasing amounts of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the chromosomes of a line of rat kangaroo cells. The relation only holds over a range of very low levels of incorporated radioactivity. Increases in the incorporated radioactivity above the amount necessary to produce about 0.4 grains/day along the length of the chromosome in autoradiographs does not result in any further increase in the frequency of exchanges. Sister chromatid exchanges therefore appear to be induced by the tritium that must be incorporated in order to detect the exchanges. The data suggest that all exchanges are radiation-induced, and that no exchanges occur spontaneously.
CPW oscillator configuration for an electro-optic modulator

A CPW 2 GHz 3-port MESFET oscillator was designed with an electro-optic modulator application in mind. The oscillator has a self-biased gate. The source or drain ports can be used for external injection-locking. The frequency of oscillation, as well as the output power at the fundamental and first two harmonics were analyzed using a nonlinear device model and a harmonic balance technique. Comparison with measured results on a hybrid CPW oscillator fabricated on a Duroid substrate are presented. >
Supported Iron Catalysts: Particle Size Dependence of Catalytic and Chemisorptive Properties

Chemisorption of CO, H 2 , and N 2 , and the rates of NH 3 synthesis have been investigated on MgO supported iron particles of varying particle size. Data on a few unsupported catalysts are also included for comparison. For all the processes strong size dependencies are observed. Infrared and microcalorimetric investigations show that the amount of weakly bound CO increases with increasing dispersion; at the same time the fraction of the surface that can chemisorb CO strongly and dissociate N 2 decreases. Furthermore, the chemisorption of H 2 , depends on iron particle size, becoming an activated process for small iron particles. The turnover frequency for the NH 3 synthesis reaction is found to decrease with increasing dispersion. The structure sensitivity is explained by a change in the fraction of active sites on the surface, whereas the nature of the active sites and the reaction mechanism remains unchanged.
Relationship between H1N1 induced asthmatic symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness in children

Purpose: H1N1 infection is known as an important aggravating factor of asthma. However, there is no report about airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in patients who developed H1N1 induced acute asthmatic symptoms without previous asthma. The aim of this study was to investigate whether moderate to severe asthmatic symptoms induced by H1N1 were related with AHR in patients without previous asthma. Methods: We studied children less than 15 years old visited for H1N1 infection in Severance Children9s Hospital from August in 2009 to February in 2010. H1N1 infection was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analyzing the products of nasopharyngeal swab when the patients had fever and acute respiratory symptoms like cough, rhinorrhea, and sore throat. Among the infected children, patients hospitalized due to acute asthmatic symptoms like dyspnea or wheezing sound were enrolled. We performed methacholine challenge test one month after discharge. AHR was defined as PC 20 below 16 mg/mL. Results: Total number of H1N1-infected children was 4,362 (age of 6.95±3.75). Male to female ratio was 56.88%. Two hundred eighty seven patients (6.58%, age of 5.83±3.75) were hospitalized due to respiratory complications. Among them, 76 patients without previous asthma showed acute asthmatic symptoms (26.48%). Forty six patients were performed methacholine challenge test. Only 17 (36.96%) patients presented AHR. Conclusion: H1N1 infection induced acute asthmatic symptoms not only in patients with asthma, but also in patients without previous asthma. H1N1 induced moderate to severe asthmatic symptoms might tend to be temporary and would not contribute to AHR.
Improving Forecasting Accuracy Using Bayesian Network Decomposition in Prediction Markets

We propose to improve the accuracy of prediction market forecasts by using Bayesian networks to constrain probabilities among related questions. Prediction markets are already known to increase forecast accuracy compared to single best estimates. Our own flat prediction market substantially beat a baseline linear opinion pool during the first year. One way to improve performance is by expressing relationships among the questions. Elsewhere we describe work on combinatorial markets. Here we show how to use Bayesian networks within a flat market. The general approach is to decompose a target question (hypothesis) into a set of related variables (causal factors and evidence), when the relationship among the variables is known with some confidence. Then the marginal probabilities for the variables in the Bayes net are updated using the market estimates, with the Bayes net enforcing coherence. This paper describes the overall concept, shows the results for a particular model of the potential Greek exit from the European Union, and describes the team’s future research plan.
Observation of aerosol-cloud interaction over New York City using synergetic ground-based remote sensing systems

Using UV Raman Lidar for aerosol extinction (αext), and combining microwave radiometer-derived liquid water path (LWP) with multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer-derived cloud optical depth (τcod) to retrieve cloud droplet effective radius (Reff), we observe clear signatures of the Twomey aerosol indirect effect (IE) under certain specialized conditions. The aerosol–cloud index (ACI) or IE slope relating cloud droplet radius to aerosol loading is calculated and shown to be quantitatively consistent with theoretical constraints. To demonstrate consistency, we use both a neural network multiband (default) approach and a dual-channel (DC) approach for the LWP and observe that the DC approach is generally more robust with more successful retrievals leading to a reduction of error in our regression analysis. We also perform an uncertainty analysis of the IE regression slope taking into account the major sources of error in cloud property retrieval and demonstrate that only sufficiently high values of the IE slope should be observable. Finally, based on the results of multiple cases, we observe the importance of vertical wind uptake on the IE signature.
The Effect of Lygus and Hyaline Grass Bugs on Lettuce Seed Production

Field cage experiments with the lygus bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, showed that these bugs probably cause no significant injury to lettuce seed plants. Under the conditions of these experiments one to four adult female lygus bugs per plant did not result in any significant decrease in lettuce seed yield or germination over that obtained in the checks, The lygus bugs did not cause any increase in the number of abnormal lettuce seedlings, and they did not cause any reduction in the weight or size of lettuce seeds. No nymphs developed in the lygus bug cages, although female bugs were used. It was determined that the bugs present in maturing lettuce seed fields were hyaline grass bugs, Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fab.). These bugs had been mistakenly called lygus bugs by seeds men in the Sacramento Valley. McKinney's experiments from 1939 through 1942 in Arizona revealed that the hyaline grass bug is a lettuce-seed-feeding insect. He reported that it took large numbers of the hyaline grass bug per plant (400 and more) to reduce lettuce seed yields seriously, and to eliminate viable seeds. McKinney's investigations indicated that 35 to 50 adult bugs per seed plant plus some nymphs were capable of instituting economic damage (especially to seed viability). The first lettuce seed to mature was not damaged by these bugs during an average season, but the later maturing seed was seriously damaged or destroyed.
Restoring cortical control of functional movement in a human with quadriplegia

Millions of people worldwide suffer from diseases that lead to paralysis through disruption of signal pathways between the brain and the muscles. Neuroprosthetic devices are designed to restore lost function and could be used to form an electronic 'neural bypass' to circumvent disconnected pathways in the nervous system. It has previously been shown that intracortically recorded signals can be decoded to extract information related to motion, allowing non-human primates and paralysed humans to control computers and robotic arms through imagined movements. In non-human primates, these types of signal have also been used to drive activation of chemically paralysed arm muscles. Here we show that intracortically recorded signals can be linked in real-time to muscle activation to restore movement in a paralysed human. We used a chronically implanted intracortical microelectrode array to record multiunit activity from the motor cortex in a study participant with quadriplegia from cervical spinal cord injury. We applied machine-learning algorithms to decode the neuronal activity and control activation of the participant's forearm muscles through a custom-built high-resolution neuromuscular electrical stimulation system. The system provided isolated finger movements and the participant achieved continuous cortical control of six different wrist and hand motions. Furthermore, he was able to use the system to complete functional tasks relevant to daily living. Clinical assessment showed that, when using the system, his motor impairment improved from the fifth to the sixth cervical (C5-C6) to the seventh cervical to first thoracic (C7-T1) level unilaterally, conferring on him the critical abilities to grasp, manipulate, and release objects. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of successful control of muscle activation using intracortically recorded signals in a paralysed human. These results have significant implications in advancing neuroprosthetic technology for people worldwide living with the effects of paralysis.
Are U.S. growth and value stocks similarly integrated with the world markets? A test across business cycles

ABSTRACTUtilizing the bivariate GARCH-in-mean methodology, this study examines the strength of global risk premia using 10 major foreign stock markets with two style-based, large-cap U.S. index funds and SP in contrast, the value stocks demand more premiums during expansions. The growth and value linkages with foreign countries also vary quite substantially over the business cycles. A possible sign of convergence is the decreasing difference between value and growth foreign risk prem...
Thinking about the Hospital Libraries Service to Key Discipline Construction

Key discipline construction in hospital has become the comprehensive developmental direction of medical science,education and research.Based on the request to key discipline construction of the hospital,the author proposes the importance that hospital library participate the construction of key discipline.Hospital library should provide all-round and multi-layer literature information guarantee and service for key discipline construction.
How Do Cancer Patients Learn About Fertility Preservation? Five Trajectories of Experience

Several organizations—including the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)—have developed guidelines for physicians and cancer care centers so they may more effectively educate patients regarding cancer-related fertility impairment as well as available treatment options. Despite this, studies of both cancer patients and oncologists reveal an information gap where many patients are not being informed of potential impairment or what can be done. Moreover, there is a lack of understanding of how these discussions between patients and oncologists unfold, what information is discussed, and what factors shape these conversations. Our aim in this chapter is to describe our efforts to gain a nuanced understanding of how women of reproductive age with cancer learn about the potential threats to their fertility and available fertility preservation options. Drawing on interviews with women diagnosed with breast cancer prior to 40 years of age, we identify five trajectories of experience among the respondents in our sample. These trajectories differentiate across respondents by whether or not the topic was discussed with their oncologist, who initiated the topic (patient or oncologist), and whether or not fertility preservation treatment options were discussed. We also examine barriers/facilitators to the exchange of this information, including patient knowledge and empowerment and an oncologist’s network with fertility specialists. We suggest future research directions and considerations for best-practice guidelines, including greater examination of the networks between oncologists and fertility specialists, determinants of patient empowerment, and potential sources of inequality in the exchange of fertility-related information.
A cooperative receding horizon controller for multi-target interception with Obstacle Avoidance

Most of the proposed methods in literature on multi-target interception and related problems such as pursuit-evasion still suffer from a major drawback: They do not account for the uncertainties inherited in the environment in many applications. In the authors' previous work, multi-target interception problem was investigated where uncertainties in the environment stem from the fact that targets were assumed to be moving objects with a priori unknown arrival times, positions and trajectories. In this paper, in addition to these uncertainties, the mission space is also assumed to contain obstacles. The problem is formulated as a reward collection mission, and subsequently, a cooperative receding horizon controller is utilized toward maximizing the total collected reward. Inspired by the urban areas, the cases with polygonal obstacles are discussed. The introduced scheme is then adapted to improve the computational efficacy of algorithm. Analytical aspects of problem are discussed. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated via numerical simulations.
Comparing Cancellous Bone Volume of the Manubrium to Iliac Crest in Fresh Cadavers

Objective The iliac crest is the gold standard for cancellous bone grafting. This site is distant from head and neck reconstruction and may lead to significant postoperative morbidity. We propose an alternative harvest site within the head and neck with potentially less mobility deficits, the manubrium. Study Design Fresh-frozen cadaveric study. Setting Gross anatomy laboratory. Subjects and Methods Access to 18 cadavers was granted from the Medical Education and Research Institute in Memphis, Tennessee. The anterior iliac crests were exposed and H-type osteotomies performed. The manubrium was accessed through a substernal notch incision and a cortical window created through the anterior manubrium. Cancellous bone was harvested from these sites. Cadaveric demographics and noncompressed and compressed volumes were recorded with statistical comparisons. Results The population was predominantly male (12/18) with a mean age of 69.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 64.0-75.3) years. The mean body mass index was 22.9 (95% CI, 18.8-27.1) kg/m2 with no sex propensity. Uncompressed volumes did not vary, ranging from 6.4 to 7.5 mL. Compressed volumes (mL) for the right iliac crest (4.3; 95% CI, 3.0-5.6), left iliac crest (3.5; 95% CI, 2.7-4.2), and manubrium (2.4; 95% CI, 1.8-3.0) varied (1-way analysis of variance: F(2, 51) = 4.63; P < .02). Furthermore, there was correlation between compressed volumes taken from either area ( r = 0.58; P < .02). Conclusions The manubrium can be used for cancellous bone grafting. This site affords a proximity to the head and neck rather than the distant iliac crest but with slightly lower yields. Potential applications include reconstructing small mandibular defects, mandible nonunion, or alveolar bone grafting.
Coordination and fine motor control depend on Drosophila TRPγ

Perception of mechanical tension is important for coordinated locomotion, and in Drosophila, mutations in stretch-sensitive TRPV channels grossly impair locomotor behaviour. Akitake et al. show that the Drosophila TRPC channel TRPγ is, in contrast, specifically required for fine motor control.
Enhanced thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids. Part 2: Experimental verification

Abstract This paper provides a critical review of an experimental study measuring viscosity and thermal conductivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluids. The review reveals an inconsistency among theoretical data and experimentally reported results for thermal conductivity enhancement of CNT nanofluids through the development of a transient hot wire device used to verify the literature data. The experimentally collected data on thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement of CNT nanofluids are compared to the available experimental and theoretical data in the literature and presented in a general map for a visual comparison. The new data follows reasonably close to the prediction by Maxwell's theory when compared at room temperature; however, the effect of temperature is completely ignored in the theory. Results of the current paper disclose that the measurement techniques used by researchers in the area of nanofluids should be standardized for a consistency in measurements. Suggestions are made for developing accurate models for thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement of CNT nanofluids.
Myth 12: The Government Caused the Crash of 2007–08

Myth: The devastating crash of 2007–08 was caused by government, not the financial industry. Most of the blame should be assigned to government agencies Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Wishing to promote home ownership they practically gave away money to people who would not be able to pay their mortgage. Home owners’ erroneous investment decisions also played a part; so why blame the banks?