cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capillary morphogenesis during healing of full-thickness skin grafts : An ultrastructural study

Biologic mechanisms by which skin grafts become revascularized after transplantation are poorly understood. To investigate graft revascularization, we examined the pattern of capillary growth in full-thickness skin grafts at serial time points. Full-thickness skin (2 × 2 cm) was excised to muscle fascia from the bilateral hind limbs of adult male Lewis rats. The graft/wound base boundary was identified by placement of a polypropylene mesh on the wound beneath the graft. Excised skin was replaced in its original orientation and secured with silk sutures tied over a gauze bolster dressing. After 3, 5, 7, and 10 days, animals were killed, and their aortas were cannulated and infused with an acrylic polymer to generate vascular casts. Grafts were excised, tissues were digested, and casts were examined with the use of scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was performed on tissues infused with the acrylic polymer that were not digested. At day 3, an immature lobular pattern was observed extending from the neovascular plexi on the graft side of the polypropylene mesh. At day 5, defined vessels with lobular ends occurred with high frequency. At day 7, the number of observed lobular structures was greatly reduced, and high frequencies of depressions in acrylic casts suggested protrusion of endothelial cell nuclei. By day 10, lobular structures were rare, well-defined microvascular plexi were contiguous with larger vessels, and depressions from endothelial cell nuclei appeared more shallow and less frequent. These findings suggest that (1) an immature lobular pattern representing either capillary outgrowth or extracapillary leakage occurs at day 3; (2) these immature lobules decrease, and more discrete capillaries increase by day 5; (3) vascular integrity is reestablished by day 7; (4) vascular plexi has regained full continuity, and there are suggestions that endothelial cell proliferation has subsided by day 10.
Intestinal Obstruction in the Newborn

Obstruction of an infant9s gastrointestinal (GI) tract can occur anywhere from the esophagus to the anus. For purposes of this review, the newborn infant will be defined as an infant from birth to 30 days of age. Both congenital and acquired obstructions will be addressed. In each instance, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and management of the disorder will be considered. Esophageal Atresia EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Esophageal atresia, or interruption of the esophagus, generally occurs in association with a tracheoesophageal fistula (EA - TEF). The most common anatomic arrangement is a blind proximal esophageal pouch that has a distal tracheoesophageal fistula (Figure 1). This is seen in 85% to 90% of infants who have this anomaly. Seen less commonly is pure esophageal atresia that does not have a tracheoesophageal fistula and tracheoesophageal fistula that does not have an esophageal atresia (H-type tracheoesophageal fistula). These latter two conditions occur in approximately 10% of newborns who have these types of anomalies. Other anatomic arrangements, such as an esophageal atresia that has a fistula between the upper pouch and trachea or esophageal atresia that has a fistula to both pouches, are seen in only a tiny fraction of these infants. EA - TEF occurs in approximately 1 in 4000 live births.
An exploration of ranking heuristics in mobile local search

Users increasingly rely on their mobile devices to search local entities, typically businesses, while on the go. Even though recent work has recognized that the ranking signals in mobile local search (e.g., distance and customer rating score of a business) are quite different from general Web search, they have mostly treated these signals as a black-box to extract very basic features (e.g., raw distance values and rating scores) without going inside the signals to understand how exactly they affect the relevance of a business. However, as it has been demonstrated in the development of general information retrieval models, it is critical to explore the underlying behaviors/heuristics of a ranking signal to design more effective ranking features.In this paper, we follow a data-driven methodology to study the behavior of these ranking signals in mobile local search using a large-scale query log. Our analysis reveals interesting heuristics that can be used to guide the exploitation of different signals. For example, users often take the mean value of a signal (e.g., rating) from the business result list as a "pivot" score, and tend to demonstrate different click behaviors on businesses with lower and higher signal values than the pivot; the clickrate of a business generally is sublinearly decreasing with its distance to the user, etc. Inspired by the understanding of these heuristics, we further propose different transformation methods to generate more effective ranking features. We quantify the improvement of the proposed new features using real mobile local search logs over a period of 14 months and show that the mean average precision can be improved by over 7%.
Short Paper: Lightweight VNF manager solution for virtual functions

We present a creative lightweight solution to package any existing VNF (Virtualized Network Function) to support ETSI NfV (Network Function Virtualization) architecture quickly and easily. The preconditions of existing VNF are quite straightforward and simple, such as running on VM and OS support SSH. With our solution, the new VNF (Virtualized Network Function) will have the additional functions required to integrate with ETSI NFV architecture, without redesigning the existing Element Manager. This will include VNF Descriptor, lifecycle management benefits such as deploy within minutes, scale out/in on demand, etc.
Age-related differences in heparin sensitivity and heparin-protamine interactions in cardiac surgery patients*

Abstract Objective: The present study was conducted to determine how children and adults differ (if at all) with respect to sensitivity to heparin activity and heparin—protamine interactions during cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Design: A prospective study of both children and adults undergoing CPB. Setting: A tertiary care academic medical center between July 1992 and October 1994. Participants: Ninety patients who had cardiac or aortic arch surgery using CPB. The median age of the entire study sample was 15.8 years (range 2 months to 72 years). Intervention: Data were obtained using the Medtronic Hemotec Hepcon Hemostasis Management System (Englewood, CO). An ex vivo heparin dose-response (HDR) curve was generated for each patient before skin incision to determine the target heparin concentration (THC) needed to achieve an activated coagulation time (ACT) of at least 480 seconds. Protamine dose was determined on the basis of whole blood heparin concentration estimated by means of a heparin-protamine titration. Measurements and Main Results: The study population was divided into four groups based on age: infants ( 14 years). The mean ± SD THC for the preschool group was 4.0 ± 1.1; for infants, 3.3 ± 0.7; for school-age, 3.1 ± 0.7; and for adults, 3.4 ± 0.7. The initial dose of heparin needed to achieve this THC (mean ± SD) was significantly higher in infants (578 ± 220 U/kg) and preschool children (477 ± 159 U/kg) than in school-age children (327 ± 57 U/kg) and adults (332 ± 64 U/kg). The ratio of protamine to heparin was significantly higher in adults (1.4 ± 0.5) and school-age children (1.3 ± 0.6) than in infants (1.1 ± 0.7) and preschool children (1.1 ± 0.4). Conclusions: Pre-school children are less sensitive to heparin but also display a wider range of sensitivity. The data in this study support the use of 300 U/kg of heparin before CPB in patients ≥5 years but suggest that heparin requirements may be greater in the younger patient who may require as much as 500 U/kg to achieve what is believed to be an appropriate target heparin concentration for initiating CPB.
Vitamin D–binding protein and pancreatic cancer: a nested case-control study

Background: Vitamin D–binding protein (DBP) is the primary carrier of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the circulation. One prospective study in male smokers found a protective association between DBP and pancreatic cancer, particularly among men with higher 25(OH)D concentrations. Objective: The objective was to examine the association between DBP and pancreatic cancer risk in an American population. Design: We conducted a nested case-control study in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer screening trial cohort of men and women aged 55–74 y at baseline. Between 1993 and 2010, 295 incident pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases were reported (follow-up to 15.1 y). Two controls (n = 590) were matched to each case by age, race, sex, and month of blood draw. We calculated smokingand diabetes-adjusted ORs and 95% CIs with the use of conditional logistic regression. Results: DBP concentration was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer overall [highest ($7149.4 nmol/L) vs. lowest (,3670.4 nmol/L) quintile; OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 0.91, 3.37; P-trend = 0.25]. For serum 25(OH)D compared with the referent (50 to ,75 nmol/L), individuals in the highest group had a significantly higher risk ($100 nmol/L; OR: 3.23; 95% CI: 1.24, 8.44), whereas those in the lowest group had no significant association (,25 nmol/L; OR: 2.50; 95% CI: 0.92, 6.81). Further adjustment for DBP did not alter this association. Conclusion: Our results do not support the hypothesis that serum DBP or 25(OH)D plays a protective role in pancreatic cancer. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00339495. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101:1206–15.
Chan Is Missing: The Asian Eye Examines Cultural Studies

A critical reading of the Oriental sleuth in Hollywood films, focusing on the Charlie Chan series, is offered. The Chan series is contrasted to the 1981 Wayne Wang film, Chan Is Missing. These texts are fitted into a cultural studies perspective which criticizes the voyeuristic, investigative project of the traditional Asian eye.
Conformational and noncovalent complexation changes in proteins during electrospray ionization.

Electrospray ion sources efficiently produce gas-phase ions from proteins and their noncovalent complexes. Charge-state distributions of these ions are increasingly used to gauge their conformations in the solution phase. Here we investigate how this correlation is affected by the spraying conditions at the early stage of droplet generation, prior to the ionization process. We followed the folding behavior of model proteins cytochrome c and ubiquitin and the dissociation of the noncovalent holomyoglobin complex. Spray current measurements, fast Taylor cone imaging, and mass analysis of the generated ions indicated that the protein structure experienced conformational or complexation changes upon variations in the spraying mode of the electrospray ionization source. These effects resulted in a departure from the original secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, possibly introducing artifacts in related studies. Therefore, if a particular gas-phase ion conformation is required or correlati...
Pseudononlinear bending analysis of an orthotropic multicell shell structure.

end problem of hollow cylinders," J. Appl. Mech., Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eiigr. (to be published). 13 Timoshenko, S. and Goodier, J. N., Theory of Elasticity (McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York, 1951), 2nd ed., p. 343. 14 Yogananda, C. V. "Studies in the elastic stress analysis of hollow circular cylinders," Ph.D. Thesis, Indian Institute of Science (1965). 15 McMahon, J., "On the roots of the Bessel and certain related functions," Ann. Maths. 9, 23 (1894-95). 16 "Bessel functions, Part I," British Association Tables (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1937).
A-DRAFT: an adaptive QoS mechanism to support absolute and relative throughput in 802.11 wireless LANs

Several distributed QoS mechanisms have been proposed to augment the existing distributed coordination function of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol to provide QoS support for QoS-sensitive applications. These mechanisms use well-known QoS enabling techniques such as priority assignment and fair scheduling within existing 802.11 MAC parameters. Although these mechanisms provide differentiated throughput for different classes of traffic, they cannot provide both relative and absolute throughput support simultaneously.In this paper, we propose a new mechanism called A-DRAFT that supports both absolute and relative throughput in an adaptive and a fully distributed manner. This paper describes an adaptive mechanism that supports absolute throughput as long as the total demand from this class is below the effective channel capacity. The proposed mechanism also provides relative or fair throughput support with low variation and a high degree of fairness even in a saturated network with a large number of MSs. We make use of deficit round robin scheduling with different levels of quantum rate to provide fairness, and different weights to provide absolute and relative throughput. We evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism via mathematical analysis and confirm this analysis with simulations.
Jupiter's Ionosphere: Prospects for Pioneer 10.

Model Jovian ionospheres are constructed for comparison with Pioneer 10 results. Electron density maxima are predicted at a level approximately 220 kilometers above an assumed reference height where the hydrogen density is 10 to the 16-th power molecules per cubic centimeter. It may be possible to use observations of the electron density to locate the turbopause. Attention is drawn to a possible strong source of ionized sodium from Io which might lead to large electron densities at low altitudes.
Theology and communication

(1985). Theology and communication. Critical Studies in Mass Communication: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 295-299.
Leadership in an Egalitarian Society

Leadership is instrumental to resolution of collective action dilemmas, particularly in large, heterogeneous groups. Less is known about the characteristics or effectiveness of leadership in small-scale, homogeneous, and relatively egalitarian societies, in which humans have spent most of our existence. Among Tsimane’ forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia, we (1) assess traits of elected leaders under experimental and naturalistic conditions and (2) test whether leaders impact or differentially benefit from collective action outcomes. We find that elected leaders are physically strong and have more kin and other exchange partners. Their ranks on physical dominance, kin support, and trustworthiness predict how well their groups perform, but only where group members have a history of collaborative interaction. Leaders do not take more of the spoils. We discuss why physically strong leaders can be compatible with egalitarianism, and we suggest that leaders in egalitarian societies may be more motivated by maintaining an altruistic reputation than by short-term rewards of collective action.
On electron attachment to HBO2: A comment

Abstract It has been pointed out that the attachment reaction e + HBO2 → BO−2 + H is close to or at equilibrium throughout large regions of the high temperature test flames in which its rate coefficient was determined. This is indeed the case but only in the later stages of the flames; the rate constant is derived from species concentration measurements in the early parts of the flames prior to the attainment of equilibrium.
87. T cell malfunction and a pro-inflammatory skew in autism spectrum disorders

Immune dysfunction is evident in many cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory molecules, a deficiency and malfunction of T cells, and activated microglia in brain were detected in ASD. Whether a pro-inflammatory skew can cause ASD is unclear, but mounting evidence suggests that maternal immune activation (MIA) may contribute to the development of autistic features. MIA causes autistic-like behavioral deficits in offspring that can be prevented in mice by replacing their immune systems via bone marrow transplantation. We have identified that meningeal T cells, surrounding the brain, are necessary for normal brain function. Here we tested if malfunctioning T cells underlie behavioral dysfunction in ASD. We used multiple approaches to first deplete T cells in adult mice, and then assessed their behavior. We found that mice deficient or depleted of T cells have autistic-like dysfunction in multiple cognitive and social behavioral assays as well as an overall pro-inflammatory skew of their innate compartment (myeloid cells in the meninges and microglia). These data demonstrate that T cell malfunction in mice may be used to model behavioral abnormalities associated with ASD. We propose that in some cases of ASD, T cell malfunction leads to an unregulated pool of meningeal myeloid cells and microglia. This unleashes a pro-inflammatory environment that results in neuronal dysfunction and ultimately behavioral deficits in autism.
Determination of the Number of Cells in Preimplantation Embryos by Using Noninvasive Optical Quadrature Microscopy in Conjunction with Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

The number of cells in a preimplantation embryo is directly correlated to the health and viability of the embryo. There are currently no methods to count the number of cells in late-stage preimplantation embryos noninvasively. We assessed the ability of optical quadrature microscopy (OQM) to count the number of cells in mouse preimplantation embryos noninvasively. First, to test for possible light toxicity, we exposed two-cell mouse embryos to OQM and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and assessed their ability to develop to the blastocyst stage. We found no inhibition of development from either mode of microscopy for up to 2 h of light exposure. We also imaged eight-cell to morula stage mouse preimplantation embryos by OQM nd developed two methods for counting the number of cells. The contour signature method (CSM) used OQM images alone and the phase subtraction method (PSM) used both OQM and DIC images. We compared both methods to standard cell counting techniques and found that the PSM was superior to all other noninvasive cell counting methods. Our work on mouse embryos should be applicable to human embryos. The ability to correctly count the number of cells in human preimplantation embryos could lead to the transfer of fewer embryos in in vitro fertilization (IVF)clinics and consequently a lower rate of high-risk multiple-infant births.
Catalytic reduction in the synthesis of tritiated (6R) and (6S) 5, 10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate

[3H] 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, DDATHF, was obtained by a two step process. First, 2n[3H2O] was produced in the reaction flask containing m[1HAc] by the reduction of n[PtO2] with 3H2, so that a 1[3H+]:18[3H+ + 1H+] ratio of solvent protic species in theory resulted. Secondly, subsequently added diethyl-2-acetyl-5,10-dideaza-9,10-didehydrofolate was reduced in this tritium labeled solvent with the pre-reduced Adams catalyst and additional carrier free tritium gas which was introduced to a pressure of 722 torr. The resulting (6R) and (6S) [3H] diastereomers were individually isolated. Each had a specific activity of 11.2 Ci/mmol, and the locations of the incorporated tritium atoms were completely determined by 1H decoupled 320 MHz 3H NMR by comparison with the 300 and 500 MHz 1H NMR spectra of [1H] (6S) DDATHF, [1H] (6R) DDATHF, and [5-2H (50% 2H), 6-2H (100% 2H), 7-2H (50% 2H), 9-2H (50% 2H), 10-2H (50% 2H)] (6RS) DDATHF.
Quantitative gadopentetate-enhanced MRI of breast tumors: Testing of different analytic methods

This study assessed several proposed imaging strategies and analytic methods based on gadopentetate-enhanced MRI to differentiate benign from malignant breast tumors in a blinded experimental animal study. Steady-state dynamic MRI and first-pass imaging, performed with either T1- or T*2- weighted sequences, were compared. Semiquantitative and quantitative analysis methods, based on empirical measures of the data or physiological models, were subsequently applied to the imaging datasets. Comparative measures provided pathologic distinction of benign from malignant tumors, tumor grading, and histologic determination of microvascular density. Of the eight tested methods, only one, an estimate of first-pass perfusion using T *2-weighted imaging, showed an almost significant (P = 0.05) difference between benign and malignant tumors and correlated almost significantly (r = .3, P = 0.06) with the tumor grade. All other tests, performed either with steady-state imaging or with T1-weighted first-pass imaging, failed to differentiate benign from malignant tumors. In addition, they yielded poor correlations with tumor grade and microvascular density. Magn Reson Med 44:915–924, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry of biotransformation products of dynorphin a in vitro.

The utility of matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry for characterizing products of in vitro processing of synthetic dynorphin A (Dyn A) peptides in biologic matrices is described. A series of laser desorption matrices were tested for their response to Dyn A (1–6), Dyn A (1–7), Dyn A (1–8), Dyn A (1–9), Dyn A (1–l0), Dyn A (1–13), Dyn A (2-17), and Dyn A (1–17). α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid was chosen as a suitable matrix for subsequent studies. Mass spectra of dynorphin peptides indicated a good signal-to-noise response down to (1) 10 fmole of Dyn A (1–10) amide standard in aqueous acidic solution and (2) a concentration of 10-7 M for seven dynorphin peptides spiked into human plasma. Two examples of the mass spectrometric analysis of the products of in vitro processing are presented: Dyn A (1–13) and Dyn A (1–17) in human blood. The presence and identity of processed peptides can be simply inferred from the molecular masses provided by the mass spectrometric measurement without extensive sample purification. A comparison of matrixassisted laser desorption mass spectrometry is made with high-performance liquid chromatography.
Risk of Mortality Associated With QT and JT Intervals at Different Levels of QRS Duration (from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).

QT prolongation in the setting of QRS >120 ms is believed to be triggered by prolonged depolarization rather than repolarization. Hence, JT interval is suggested as an alternative to QT interval when QRS duration is prolonged. It is unclear, however, if JT and QT intervals portend similar risk of mortality for different durations of QRS. We examined the association between QT and JT, separately, with all-cause mortality across different levels of QRS duration in 8,025 participants (60 ± 13 years, 41% white and 54% women) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. At baseline (1986 to 1994), 486 participants (6%) had QRS duration ≥120 ms. During a follow-up of up to 18 years, 3,045 deaths (38%) occurred. There were significant nonlinear relations of QT and JT intervals with mortality (p 95th percentile), shortened ( 120 ms supporting the use of JT interval in patients with prolonged QRS.
Eosinophilic keratitis in 46 eyes of 27 horses in the Mid‐Atlantic United States (2008–2012)

Objective To review the signalment, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of equine EK cases in the Mid-Atlantic United States; to evaluate the effects of topical or systemic corticosteroid treatment, oral cetirizine treatment and secondary corneal infection on disease duration; and to evaluate the association between corticosteroid and cetirizine treatment and likelihood of recurrence. Animals Twenty-seven horses (47 eyes) diagnosed with EK from 2008 to 2012. Procedure Retrospective medical record review followed by phone interview to obtain recurrence data. Results Average age of affected horses was 8.2 years, SD 5.8 years. Eleven of 27 horses (41%) were diagnosed with EK in July. Twelve horses (44%) had been affected in previous years. Time to resolution averaged 3.7 months, SD 2.3 months. Ten horses (18 eyes) were treated with systemic dexamethasone, with a significantly shorter time to resolution, P = 0.03, averaging 2.23 months, SD 1.13 months, relative to horses not so treated, averaging 4.20 months, SD 1.47 months. Secondary infection led to a significant increase in time to resolution, P = 0.03, average 4.1 months, SD 1.7 months, relative to horses without secondary infection, average 3.0 months, SD 1.5 months. All eyes were visual at resolution. Horses treated with cetirizine were less likely to have recurrence during the follow-up period (1/13, or 8%) relative to horses not so treated (8/14, or 57%). Conclusions Eosinophilic keratitis has a seasonal occurrence in summer in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Systemic but not topical corticosteroid treatment may decrease therapy duration. Treatment with cetirizine may be associated with a decreased risk of recurrence.
Flux creep in high-Tc superconductors: melting or thermal depinning?

Abstract A number of different theories have been advanced to account for the low critical currents found experimentally in the various copper oxide superconductors, particularly the layered compounds based on Bi and Tl at temperatures above 40 K ( T ⪡ T c ). This paper reviews and critiques the various theoretical approaches. It is suggested that, whereas a thermally-activated flux flow theory can qualitatively describe the experimental observations, the rapid temperature variation of the effective pinning potential is probably due to a melting of the flux lattice.
Shareholder existence: on the turn to numbers in recent French theory

This essay takes stock of recent tendencies in French theory (from Alain Badiou and Quentin Meillassoux to Bruno Latour, Frederic Gros, and Luc Boltanski) that focus on the metaphysics of financialisation. The notion of shareholder existence, drafted from Gros' book on ‘the security principle', emphasises how experience has become comparable to an investment, stock option, or credit swap. This condition exceeds the familiar notion of the self-interested individual who is constantly on the lookout to extract money, social capital, or power through political manoeuvring. The shareholder exceeds the character of the Machiavellian schemer, a la Frank Underwood in House of Cards, who, by dint of cunning and calculated risk, becomes lethally adept at turning political setbacks to personal advantage. Shareholder existence is modelled on the well-managed investment portfolio, in which the subject is at once the resource to be invested and the accounts manager of the resource. By way of Meillassoux's reading of Ma...
Rorschach responding in traumatized children and adolescents

At this time there are no published articles which would allow an interpreter to determine if children or adolescents have been traumatized on the basis of responses on the Rorschach. It is important to identify these children when planning counseling interventions and academic programs since information concerning victimization experiences of children is often withheld by parents or guardians. In a preliminary study, ten Rorschach variables were investigated and results show significant differences between the traumatized group and the Exner Comprehensive System normative data for children and adolescents for the following variables: space, texture, W Sum C, D Score, passive movement, X+%, and 3r+2/R. Hypothesized significant differences in active movement, and morbid or aggressive responses were not found.
Extreme flood sensitivity to snow and forest harvest, western Cascades, Oregon, United States

floods using >1000 peak discharge events from 1953 to 2006 from three small ( 800 m) snow zones in the western Cascades of Oregon. Retrospectively classified rain‐on‐snow events delivered 75% more water to soils than rain events. Peak discharges of >10 year rain‐on‐snow events were almost twice as high as rain peaks in large basins but only slightly higher in small basins. Peak discharges of >1 year rain‐on‐snow events increased slightly (10%–20%) after logging in small basins, but small basin peaks do not account for the magnitudes of large basin rain‐on‐snow peak discharges during >1 year floods. In extreme floods, despite very high infiltration capacity, high soil porosity, and steep hillslope gradients, prolonged precipitation and synchronous snowmelt produce rapid, synchronized hydrograph responses to small variations in maximum precipitation intensity. At the large basin scale, forest harvest may increase the area of snowpack and simultaneous snowmelt, especially in elevation zones normally dominated by rain and transient snow, thereby increasing large basin peaks without producing very large percent increases in small basin peaks. Further work is needed to describe water flow paths in melting snowpack, snow cover and the area experiencing snowmelt, synoptic peak discharges, and routing of flood peaks through the stream network during extreme rain‐on‐snow floods. The evolving structure of the forest on the landscape is a potentially very important factor influencing extreme rain‐on‐snow floods.
Placental transfer of diphenylhydantoin: effects of species, gestational age, and route of administration.

Significant quantitative differences occurred in the placental transfer of diphenylhydantoin (DPH), which were dependent on gestational age. Administration iv of [14C] DPH to pregnant rats, mice, and hamsters at various stages of gestation resulted in significantly higher concentrations of 14C in fetal tissues during early and during late gestation, around parturition, than in between, during the period of fetal morphogenesis. 14C concentration in fetal and placental tissues also varied greatly among rats, mice, rabbits, and hamsters when compared at similar developmental stages. The highest fetal concentration was found in the mice and the lowest in the rats, with no apparent correlation with maternal plasma levels in these species. Significant extraplacental transfer of 14C to fetal and placental tissues and amniotic fluid occurred in the ligated rat uterus after ip administration of [14C] DPH. Thus placental transfer of DPH varied significantly between species and with gestational age and route of administration.
Impact of Acute Cocaine Use on Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose—Acute cocaine use has been temporally associated with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). This study analyzes the impact of cocaine use on patient presentation, complications, and outcomes. Methods—Data of patients admitted with aSAH between 1991 and 2009 were reviewed to determine impact of acute cocaine use (C). These patients were compared with aSAH patients without recent cocaine exposure (NC) in relation to their presentation, complications such as aneurysmal rerupture and delayed cerebral ischemia, and outcomes including hospital mortality and functional outcome. Results—Data of 1134 aSAH patients were reviewed; 142 patients (12.5%) had associated cocaine use. Cocaine users were more likely to be younger (mean age: C, 49±11; NC, 53±14; P 0.05), associated intraventricular hemorrhage (C, 56%; NC, 51%; P>0.05), or hydrocephalus on admission Head CT (C, 49%; NC, 52%; P>0.05). ...
Criteria for Placing Older Adults in Public Conservatorship: Age as Proxy for Need

This study was conducted on a sample of 589 adult public conservatees in Los Angeles County, California, to determine whether the process used to assign them into conservatorship is age-blind, as California law suggests. Findings indicate that age is not associated with the amount of time spent evaluating adults for conservatorship but that increasing age, rather than need, is associated with assignment into Probate conservatorship. The association of age with Probate conservatorship appears to result from the vagueness of the criteria for Probate conservatorship-unable to manage-resulting in the use of age as a proxy for need in the case of decisionally impaired older adults.
Multipath Channel Model for Over-Water Aeronautical Telemetry

A multipath propagation model for aeronautical telemetry over water at 8.0 GHz is presented. Data recorded during channel sounding experiments, conducted over the Pacific Ocean near Point Mugu, CA was used to model the multipath propagation. The modeling results show that a three-ray model consisting of line-of-sight propagation and two reflected propagation paths is a good fit for the measured channel frequency responses. One of the reflected propagation paths is a strong specular reflection determined by the geometry defined by the airborne transmitter, the ground-based receiver, and the sea surface. For the flight profiles used, the delay of this path is between 10 and 50 ns. The other propagation path is a more diffuse, random reflection whose amplitude is significantly smaller than the amplitude of the specular reflection and whose mean excess delay is 57 ns with an rms delay spread of 25 ns.
Reality-based interaction: unifying the new generation of interaction styles

We are in the midst of an explosion of emerging human-computer interaction techniques that have redefined our understanding of both computers and interaction. We propose the notion of Reality-Based Interaction (RBI) as a unifying concept that ties together a large subset of these emerging interaction styles. Through RBI we are attempting to provide a framework that can be used to understand, compare, and relate current paths of HCI research. Viewing interaction through the lens of RBI can provide insights for designers and allows us to find gaps or opportunities for future development. Furthermore, we are using RBI to develop new evaluation techniques for features of emerging interfaces that are currently unquantifiable.
Social program evaluation: Six models

Misinterpretation of evaluation results can be avoided if evaluation models are analyzed for their treatment of values and style of empirical inquiry.
An object model for genome information at all levels of resolution

An object model for genome data at all levels of resolution is described. The model was derived by considering the requirements for representing genome related objects in three application domains: genome maps, large-scale DNA sequencing, and exploring functional information in gene and protein sequences. The methodology used for the object-oriented analysis is also described. >
On the precision and accuracy of IGS orbits

In order to explore the precision and accuracy of International GNSS Service (IGS) orbits, we difference geocentric satellite positions midway between successive daily Final orbits for the period starting 5 November 2006, when the IGS switched its method of antenna calibration, through 31 December 2007. This yields a time series of orbit repeatabilities analogous to the classical geodetic test for position determinations. If we compare our average positional discontinuities to the official IGS accuracy codes, root-sum-squared (RSS) for each pair of days, we find the discontinuities are not well correlated with the predicted performance values. If instead the IGS weighted root-mean-square (WRMS) values from the Final combination long-arc analyses are taken as the measure of IGS accuracy, we find the position differences and long-arc values are correlated, but the long-arc values are exaggerated, particularly around eclipses, despite the fact that our day-boundary position differences apply to a single epoch each day and the long-arc analyses consider variations over a week. Our method is not well suited to probe the extent to which systematic effects dominate over random orbit errors, as indicated by satellite laser ranging residuals, but eclipsing satellites often display the most problematic behavior. A better metric than the current IGS orbit accuracy codes would probably be one based on the orbit discontinuities between successive days.
Sex Differences in the Response to Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 Deletion and Caspase Inhibition After Stroke

Background and Purpose—Emerging data suggest that the molecular cell death pathways triggered by ischemic insults differ in the male and female brain. Cell death in males is initiated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation; however, manipulation of this pathway paradoxically increases ischemic damage in females. In contrast, females are exquisitely sensitive to caspase-mediated cell death. The effect of caspase inhibition in PARP-1 knockout mice was evaluated to determine if the detrimental effects of PARP deletion in females were secondary to increased caspase activation. Methods—-Focal stroke was induced by transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in wild-type (WT) and PARP-1−/− mice of both sexes. The pan-caspase inhibitor, quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy (Q-VD-OPh), was administered 90 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct size and neurological sores were assessed. Separate cohorts were used for protein analysis for PAR, Apoptosis inducing fac...
A Novel HARQ Scheme Utilizing the Iterative Soft-information Feedback in MIMO System

In this document, a novel MIMO HARQ scheme is proposed, which jointly utilizes both chase combining and MLD. By utilizing the bit-wise soft-information (BWSI) derived from channel decoder iteratively for next retransmission's MLD effectively, the performances, such as PER and throughout seen from simulation results, outperforms conventional HARQ scheme.
Direct evidence of a biophysical retention mechanism for coral reef fish larvae

We examine the hypothesis that reef fish larvae have some direct influence on their own dispersal and ability to recruit to their natal reef by tracking cohorts of bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) from hatching to settlement onto the reef, about 30 d later. We conducted high-resolution sampling during two consecutive years in a small area (15 km 3 20 km) off the west coast of Barbados, extending from depths of 0 to 100 m. Observations of discrete stage-specific larval patches of mean size of 29.4 and 13.2 km 2 for preflexion (1‐5-d old) and flexion/postflexion (.5-d old) stages extending ca. 30 m in the vertical indicated that larvae initially dispersing as patches tend to stay in coherent patches throughout their pelagic duration. Highest concentrations of preflexion larvae within a patch were in the upper 20 m, while those of older larvae were always deeper. Downward migration of about 60 m throughout ontogeny within stratified currents represented a retention mechanism for locally spawned larvae. Most of the variability in estimated retention rates between daily cohorts occurred during the earliest stages as a result of the dynamic nature of surface currents experienced by larvae prior to the onset of vertical migration. Differences in residence time between experiments were consistent with observed intermonthly variability in recruitment strength, implying that pelagic processes can explain recruitment rates. These results provide empirical evidence for larval retention of coral reef fishes and stress the role of active behavior in larval transport.
Harvest schedule to fill storage for year-round delivery of grasses to biorefinery

Abstract Number of annual harvest days is a critical variable in the scheduling of year-round delivery of grasses to a biorefinery. It defines the number of harvest machines required and the size of satellite storage capacity. An increase in both these parameters increases capital cost and thus the average delivered cost of biomass for year-round operation. The objective of this study was to determine the impact (number of harvest machines required and storage capacity required) of several harvest scenarios for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Calculations were done for a database of potential production fields within a 48-km radius of Gretna, Virginia. Four harvest scenarios were chosen ranging from short, October–December to extended, July–March. The extended harvest required only 33 round balers while the short (October–December) harvest required 64; consequently, capital cost for extended-harvest balers was only 51% of the baler capital cost for the short season. Maximum required storage capacity was 75% of the total annual harvest for the short season and 44% for the extended season. Capital cost to build storage was reduced by 41% by selecting the extended harvest season.
Modeling the Benefits of Storage Technologies to Wind Power

Rapid expansion of wind power in the electricity sector is raising questions about how wind resource variability might affect the capacity value of wind farms at high levels of penetration. Electricity storage, with the capability to shift wind energy from periods of low demand to peak times and to smooth fluctuations in output, may have a role in bolstering the value of wind power at levels of penetration envisioned by a new Department of Energy report ('20% Wind by 2030, Increasing Wind Energy's Contribution to U.S. Electricity Supply'). This paper quantifies the value storage can add to wind. The analysis was done employing the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model, formerly known as the Wind Deployment System (WinDS) model. ReEDS was used to estimate the cost and development path associated with 20% penetration of wind in the report. ReEDS differs from the WinDS model primarily in that the model has been modified to include the capability to build and use three storage technologies: pumped-hydroelectric storage (PHS), compressed-air energy storage (CAES), and batteries. To assess the value of these storage technologies, two pairs of scenarios were run: business-as-usual, with and without storage; 20% wind energy by 2030, with and without storage. This paper presents the results from those model runs.
Space-Based Space Surveillance with the Space-Based Visible

Space surveillance is the activity of keeping a current catalog of information on manufactured, Earth-bound resident space objects. Some necessary functions to perform this task are search and detection, acquisition and tracking, tasking and scheduling, and data reduction and processing. The Midcourse Space Experiment satellite, launched 24April 1996, carries the Space-Based Visible sensor packagedesigned for conducting space surveillance froma spaceplatform.Other contributionsto this issue discuss Space-BasedVisible operations,data reduction, and accuracy. The Space-Based Visible provides high-accuracy angle measurements (right ascension and declination). Based on these data, space-based space surveillance catalog maintenance can be demonstrated. To this end, orbits are calculated based on ground-based data, space-based data, and various combinations of these data. From these results a number of surveillance functions can be demonstrated, for example, compatibility and fusion of space-based and ground-based metric (position) data. When an independent, high-accuracy orbit is available, an assessment of the orbit accuracy is made. In other cases, differences between the orbits are computed. In addition, access to the complete geosynchronous belt and catalog maintenance for geosynchronous satellites will be demonstrated. Effectiveness of space-based space surveillance data is assessed.
The redesign of the medical intern assignment mechanism in Israel

A collaboration of medical professionals with economists and computer scientists involved in “market design” had led to the redesign of the clearinghouse assigning medical students to internships in Israel. The new mechanism presents significant efficiency gains relative to the previous one, and almost all students get a better chance of getting what they want. Continued monitoring of the new mechanism is required to verify that it is not abused, and explore whether it can be improved. Other organizations in Israel may also be able to profit from the experience that accumulates from market design, both in Israel and abroad.
Replication of Heterochromatin and Structure of Polytene Chromosomes

Heterochromatin is characteristically the last portion of the genome to be replicated. In polytene cells, heterochromatic sequences are underreplicated because S phase ends before replication of heterochromatin is completed. Truncated heterochromatic DNAs have been identified in polytene cells of Drosophila and may be the discontinuous molecules that form between fully replicated euchromatic and underreplicated heterochromatic regions of the chromosome. In this report, we characterize the temporal pattern of heterochromatic DNA truncation during development of polytene cells. Underreplication occurred during the first polytene S phase, yet DNA truncation, which was found within heterochromatic sequences of all four Drosophila chromosomes, did not occur until the second polytene S phase. DNA truncation was correlated with underreplication, since increasing the replication of satellite sequences with the cycE1672 mutation caused decreased production of truncated DNAs. Finally, truncation of heterochromatic DNAs was neither quantitatively nor qualitatively affected by modifiers of position effect variegation including the Y chromosome, Su(var)2052, parental origin, or temperature. We propose that heterochromatic satellite sequences present a barrier to DNA replication and that replication forks that transiently stall at such barriers in late S phase of diploid cells are left unresolved in the shortened S phase of polytene cells. DNA truncation then occurs in the second polytene S phase, when new replication forks extend to the position of forks left unresolved in the first polytene S phase.
Genetics of Entamoeba: Characterization of Two New Parasitic Strains which Grow at Room Temperature (and at 37°C)*

SYNOPSIS. Of set-era1 strains of Eiztarnocha isolated from human patients diagnosed to have mild. chronic amebiasis, two strains (AG and JA) Were found to have the ability to grow well at room temperature, in addition to growing at 37°C. Subsequent genetic analysis has shown these two strains to be very closely related to the well-known “Laredo strain of Entamoeba histolytica.” The implications of the marked differences from “true”E. histolitica are discussed.
A fast and stable maximum a posteriori conjugate gradient reconstruction algorithm

We have derived a maximum a posteriori (MAP) approach for iterative reconstruction based on a weighted least‐squares conjugate gradient (WLS‐CG) algorithm. The WLS‐CG algorithm has been shown to have initial convergence rates up to 10× faster than the maximum‐likelihood expectation maximization (ML‐EM) algorithm, but WLS‐CG suffers from rapidly increasing image noise at higher iteration numbers. In our MAP‐CG algorithm, the increasing noise is controlled by a Gibbs smoothing prior, resulting in stable, convergent solutions. Our formulation assumes a Gaussian noise model for the likelihood function. When a linear transformation of the pixel space is performed (the ‘‘relaxation’’ acceleration method), the MAP‐CG algorithm obtains a low‐noise, stable solution (one that does not change with further iterations) in 10–30 iterations, compared to 100–200 iterations for MAP‐EM. Each iteration of MAP‐CG requires approximately the same amount of processing time as one iteration of ML‐EM or MAP‐EM. We show that the use of an initial image estimate obtained from a single iteration of the Chang method helps the algorithm to converge faster when acceleration is not used, but does not help when acceleration is applied. While both the WLS‐CG and MAP‐CG methods suffer from the potential for obtaining negative pixel values in the iterated image estimates, the use of the Gibbs prior substantially reduces the number of pixels with negative values and restricts them to regions of little or no activity. We use SPECT data from simulated hot‐sphere phantoms and from patient studies to demonstrate the advantages of the MAP‐CG algorithm. We conclude that the MAP‐CG algorithm requires 10%–25% of the processing time of EM techniques, and provides images of comparable or superior quality.