cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Pot High-Throughput Synthesis of β-Turn Cyclic Peptidomimetics via “Volatilizable” Supports

A promising method for the high-throughput synthesis of linear C-hydroxyalkylamido peptidomimetics and beta-turn cyclic peptidomimetics via "volatilizable" aminoalkyl functionalized silica gels is presented. Boc amino acids and carboxylic acids were coupled on functionalized aminoalkyl silica gels using a standard DIC/HOBt coupling protocol. After peptide synthesis, the resin bound peptide was cleaved using a two-step process to obtain the linear C-hydroxyalkylamido peptidomimetics. Beta-turn cyclic peptidomimetics were generated by intramolecular S(N)Ar cyclization in an aqueous solution. Both the linear and the cyclic peptidomimetics were obtained with good to excellent yields and purities through a "one-pot" reaction.
Discrimination and the Stress Response: Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Anticipating Prejudice in Interethnic Interactions

Objectives. We sought to demonstrate that individuals who anticipate interacting with a prejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner show an exacerbated stress response, as measured through both self-report and hemodynamic and vascular responses, compared with individuals anticipating interacting with a nonprejudiced cross-race/ethnicity partner.Methods. Through a questionnaire exchange with a White interaction partner (a confederate) Latina participants learned that their partner had racial/ethnic biased or egalitarian attitudes. Latina participants reported their cognitive and emotional states, and cardiovascular responses were measured while participants prepared and delivered a speech to the White confederate.Results. Participants who believed that their interaction partner held prejudiced attitudes reported greater concern and more threat emotions before the interaction, and more stress after the interaction, and showed greater cardiovascular response than did participants who believed that their partner ...
Mechanism of selenium sorption by activated carbon

Selenium, along with mercury and halides, represents one of the most volatile trace metallic emissions from coal-fired combustors and utility boilers. This study investigates the potential of activated carbon in capturing gas phase selenium species in the low temperature range (125°C to 250°C) and elucidates the mechanism of interaction between selenium species and activated carbon. Selenium dioxide is chosen as the representative selenium species and experimental investigations are carried out in a differential bed reactor to illustrate the mechanism of SeO2 and carbon Interaction, Activated carbons with different structural properties are studied as adsorbents for selenium dioxide capture at low temperature. The capture mechanism is found to involve both physical and chemical adsorption in the low temperature range. At 125°C, about 1.5 wt% of selenium is captured at equillbrium. Carbon surface analyses and XPS studies confirm the presence of both elemental and oxide forms of selenium on the surface suggesting partial reduction of selenium dioxide to elemental selenium at carbon surface. Le selenium, avec le mercure et les halides, represente l'une des emessions metalliques a l'etat de traces les plus volatlles emanant des centrales au charbon et des chaudieres d'usines. On etudie dans ce travail le potential du charbon actif dans la capture d'especes de selenium en phase gazeuse dans une gamme de temperatures basses (125°C a 250°C) et on tente d'elucider le mecanisme d'interaction entre les especes de selenium et le charbon actif. Le dioxyde de selenium est choisi comme l'espece de selenium representative et des recherches experimentales sont menees dans un reacteur a lit differentiel afin d'illustrer le mecanisme d'interaction du SeO2 et du carbone. Des carbones actives aux proprietes structurelles differentes sont etudies comme adsorbants pour la capture de dioxyde de selenium a basse temperature. On a trouve que le mecanisme de capture falsalt intervenir l'adsorption a la fois physique et chimique dans la gamme des temperatures basses. A 125°C, environ 1.5% en poids du selenium est capture a l'equillbre. Des analyses de surface du carbone et des etudes de XPS confirment la presence de formes elementaires et oxydees de selenium a la surface, ce qui suggere la reduction partielle du dioxyde de selenium en selenium elementare a la surface du carbone.
Spermatozoa in rouleaux in the female guinea pig genital tract

Single spermatozoa and spermatozoa in rouleaux were found throughout the genital tract of 21 female guinea pigs killed 15 minutes to 24 hours after copulation. Three females killed three to five minutes postcopulation had single spermatozoa and spermatozoa in rouleaux in the vagini, cervix, and uterus but not in the oviduct. The number of rouleaux and the number of spermatozoa in individual rouleaux decreased after copulation in all parts of the female genital tract with time while a corresponding increase in single spermatozoa was evident. The rate of rouleaux dissociation was faster in uteri than in oviducts. Only single spermatozoa were found near ova in the oviducts. The uterotubal junction appeared to act as a barrier to multitudes of spermatozoa passing from the uterus to the oviducts. However, some single spermatozoa and some rouleaux passed this barrier. Unusually large rouleaux were observed up to 12 hours after copulation in the pockets of the uterotubal junction. Single spermatozoa and few rouleaux of two spermatozoa in the uteri of females killed 8 to 24 hours postcopulation were phagocytised. No phagocytosis of spermatozoa was observed at any time in the oviduct.
The occurrence and possible role of 80-100 A filaments in PtKl cells.

Abstract PtKl cells were examined by surface scanning and transmission electron microscopy to determine the mechanism responsible for the ability of these cells to remain flat during mitosis. Bundles of tightly packed 80–100 A filaments were seen to radiate from synthesis-and-organizing centers, and to terminate in desmosomes at the plasma membrane. In the presence of Colcemid or colchicine, cells beginning mitosis rounded up and the synthesis-and-organizing centers could no longer be found. In contrast, the occurrence of these structures in interphase cells treated with Colcemid or colchicine was increased. A cytoskeletal role for the 80–100 A filaments is proposed.
The quality of organic matter mediates the response of heterotrophic biofilms to phosphorus enrichment of the water column and substratum

Summary 1. Heterotrophic biofilms are important drivers of community respiration, nutrient cycling and decomposition of organic matter in stream ecosystems. Both organic matter quality and nutrient levels have been shown to affect biofilm biomass and activity individually, but both factors have rarely been manipulated simultaneously. 2. To experimentally manipulate the organic matter quality and phosphorus (P) levels of both the substratum and water column, we first used cellulose cloth as a low-quality organic material and enhanced its quality and P-content by amending the underlying agar with maltose and P, respectively (Experiment I). To manipulate water column P, artificial substrata were incubated in low- and high-P sites of a whole-stream P-enrichment in lowland Costa Rica. 3. Results from Experiment I suggest that heterotrophic biofilm respiration on cellulose cloth is co-limited by carbon (C) and P. Biofilm respiration responded in an additive manner to combined effects of maltose and P-enrichment of water column and synergistically to maltose and high-P in substrata. 4. As decomposing organic matter that supports heterotrophic biofilms varies naturally in its labile C content along with other physical and chemical properties, we conducted a second experiment (Experiment II) in which we amended leaf discs from two species (Trema integerrima, a labile C source and Zygia longifolia, a recalcitrant C source) with maltose. We incubated the substrata in low- and high-P sites of the P-enrichment stream. 5. Results from Experiment II indicate that biofilm respiration on a labile C source (Trema) was not C-limited, while biofilm respiration on a recalcitrant C source (Zygia) was C-limited. Phosphorus stimulated the biofilm respiration and breakdown rate on Trema, but not on Zygia, supporting the hypothesis that the stimulatory effect of P-enrichment is dependent on the availability of labile C in decomposing leaves. 6. Our results suggest that the interactive effects of organic matter quality and nutrient loading of streams can significantly increase microbial biofilm activity, potentially altering the trophic base of stream food webs. Researchers should consider both the organic matter quality and the enrichment of both water column and substrata to better predict the effects of anthropogenic nutrient loading to stream the ecosystems.
Unroofing of the Himalayas: A view from apatite fission‐track analysis of Bengal fan sediments

Apatite fission-track analysis of Early Miocene to Quaternary distal Bengal Fan sediments from ODP Leg 116 provides a unique perspective on denudation processes associated with the Tertiary Himalayan orogeny. These sediments yield pooled apatite fission-track ages that are 0- to 10-m.y. older than depositional ages. Mean track lengths range from 13.2 to 14.8 [mu]m. These young ages and long track lengths indicate that rocks in the upper crust of Bengal Fan source areas cooled rapidly ([ge]15[degrees]C/m.y.), implying denudation rates of several hundreds of meters per million years. These observations support the hypothesis that nearly continuous unroofing of a large source area, similar to the dimensions of the present Himalayan and southern Tibetan Plateau deformation front, and an efficient transport system, similar to the present Himalaya-Ganges-Brahmaputra system, supplied sediment to the Bengal Fan since the Early Miocene.
Leaf development and senescence in Panicum miliaceum L., a cereal with a short seed-to-seed cycle

Abstract Leaf development and senescence in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) has been investigated for leaves from intact plants, for excised leaf segments induced to senesce by dark treatment, and for leaves on water-stressed plants. For well-watered plants, the amount of leaf chlorophyll, soluble protein, and α-NH2 nitrogen increased after emergence, and then indicated no appreciable changes due to senescence through the time of seed filling in the main panicle. Total chlorophyll and soluble protein decreased and α-NH2 nitrogen increased during dark-induced senescence of detached segments, while all three of these constituents decreased with drought-accelerated senescence of intact leaves. As either dark-induced or drought-accelerated senescence proceeded, chlorophyll a and b levels decreased steadily, with the a/b ratio decreasing significantly only after the total chlorophyll concentration had been reduced by more than 85%. As measured after extraction directly from leaf tissue, total carotenoid levels were nearly stable throughout senescence. As measured after extraction from thylakoid preparations, however, carotenoid levels did decrease with senescence, although not as sharply as the decrease in chlorophyll levels. These results are consistent with carotenoid loading into the plastoglobuli during senescence. Seed-to-seed cycles as short as 32 days were observed when proso millet was grown in a greenhouse. The rapid development of this plant makes it a convenient model system for additional studies of senescence and other physiological or genetic phenomena.
Radiation blistering in inconel-625 due to 100 keV helium ion irradiation

The objective of this study was to determine whether the change of angle of incidence of an ion beam impinging on surface blisters during their growth phase (before exfoliation) could influence the blister skin thickness and the blister crater depth. Polished, polycrystalline Inconel-625 samples were irradiated at room temperature and at normal incidence to the major sample surface with 100 keV helium ions to a total dose of 6.24 × 1018 ions/cm2. The results revealed that many exfoliated blisters leave craters which have two or three concentric pits. The blister skin thickness near the center of the blister was found to agree well with the calculated projected range of 100 keV He ions in nickel. However, the blister skin thickness of some exfoliated blisters along the edge of the fracture surface showed different thicknesses. A model is proposed to explain the observed blister crater/blister skin fracture features in terms of a change of angle of incidence of the incident ions to the surface during the growth phase of surface blisters.
Expression Profiling of GABAergic Motor Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neurons constitute the most diverse cell types and acquire their identity by the activity of particular genetic programs . The GABAergic nervous system in C. elegans consists of 26 neurons that fall into six classes . Animals that are defective in GABAergic neuron function and development display "shrinker" movement , abnormal foraging and defecation . Among the known shrinker genes, unc-25 and unc-47 encode the GABA biosynthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and vesicular transporter, respectively . unc-30 encodes a homeodomain protein of the Pitx family and regulates the differentiation of the D-type GABAergic neurons . unc-46 probably functions in presynaptic GABA release , but its identity has not been reported. By cell-based microarray analysis, we identified over 250 genes with enriched expression in GABAergic neurons. The highly enriched gene set included all known genes. In vivo expression study with computational predictions further identified six new genes that are potential transcriptional targets of UNC-30. Behavioral studies of a deletion mutant implicate a function of a nicotinic receptor subunit in D-type neurons. Our analysis demonstrates the utility of neuron-specific genomics in identifying cell-specific genes and regulatory networks.
Greening Citizenship: Sustainable Development, the State and Ideology

Andy Scerri situates his book, Greening Citizenship: Sustainable Development, the State and Ideology, at the intersection of two interrelated themes in normative, environmental political theory. Th...
The Medical Risks of Obesity

Obesity is associated with a number of medical conditions that lead to increased morbidity and increased mortality. Both the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization define obesity as a body mass index (BMI) > or = 30 kg/m2 and overweight as a BMI 25-30. The most common conditions associated with obesity are insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, gallstones and cholecystitis, sleep apnea and other respiratory dysfunction, and the increased incidence of certain cancers. These are discussed below.
An extension of the composite nomenclature scheme

Abstract An expanded version of composite nomenclature is presented. This nomenclature is based on the principles of connectivity, property type, tensor rank, size scale, and orientation. Families of connectivity patterns for diphasic and triphasic composites are listed. These families adequately reflect the possibilities of composite connectivities. The concept of quasi-composites is introduced in order to clarify the relations among constituent phases in a composite. An extension of the nomenclature to encompass dependence of the connectivity on external variables is also included. The nomenclature scheme conforms to intuitive ideas of importance; however, it is based on rigorous application of rules of precedence.
On a test of equality of two-parameter exponential distributions

Abstract In this paper, an asymptotic expansion of the distribution of the statistic for testing the equality of p two-parameter exponential distributions is obtained upto the order n −4 with the second term of the order n −3 where n is the size of the sample drawn from the i th exponential population. The asymptotic expansion can therefore be used to obtain accurate approximations to the critical values of the test statistic even for comparatively small values of n . Also we have shown that F -tables can be used to test the hypothesis when the sample size is moderately large.
Insulin-like Growth Factor II Intron Sequences Support the Hominoid Rate-Slowdown Hypothesis

Abstract Nucleotide sequences were obtained from the approximately 1.7 kb intron 7 of the insulin-like growth factor II gene in human and representatives of both Old World and New World monkeys and analyzed with additional published noncoding regions (both introns and flanking regions) that differ substantially in base composition (GC content). Relative rate tests, utilized to examine differential rates of molecular evolution between humans and Old World monkeys, support the hypothesis that the rate of nucleotide substitution is slower in humans than in Old World monkeys. Comparisons of approximately 4,300 nucleotide positions revealed a significantly higher evolutionary rate in the Old World monkey lineage than in the human lineage for both intron sequences and flanking regions. The data indicate that the molecular clock hypothesis is not applicable to the human and Old World monkey lineages and that the hominoid rate slowdown is a general phenomenon - it is not unique to a particular gene region and is not influenced by regional differences in base composition.
A Comparison of Three Methods of Pasteurizing Milk for Cheddar Cheese-Making

Summary 1. Milk pasteurized by any of the three heat treatments described produced higher scoring cheese than identical milk not pasteurized. 2. No calcium chloride or hydrochloric acid was necessary to stimulate rennet coagulation. 3. The Flash method of pasteurizing was not so effective as the other heat treatments. 4. The yield of cheese from pasteurized milk was increased from 2.5 to 4 per cent in excess of the yield obtained from identical milk not pasteurized, due to the retention of more moisture.
Efficient band-structure calculations of strained quantum wells.

The effective-mass equations using the Luttinger-Kohn Hamiltonian taking into account the strain effects are solved exactly by making a unitary transformation. Using this method, we need to solve two 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 matrices instead of the original 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 matrix. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the heavy hole and the light hole can be expressed analytically. When applied to heterojunctions such as quantum wells, the reduction in the number of unknowns makes the method a more efficient approach to the calculations of valence-band structures, which takes into account the valence-band mixing and the strain effects with proper boundary conditions. Detailed numerical results and significant features for strained ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As grown on an ${\mathrm{In}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{P}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ lattice matched to InP are presented. For a Ga mole fraction x less than 0.468 (compression), the top subband is heavy-hole-like. For x greater than 0.468 (tension strain), the top band can be either a heavy-hole or a light-hole subband, depending on the well width and the shear deformation potential. Interesting subband structures, which show a negative effective mass in the top subband, are discussed.
Beyond design basis accidents in spent-fuel pools — Generic Issue 82

Abstract Nuclear reactor plants include storage facilities for the wet storage of spent-fuel assemblies. The safety function of the spent-fuel pool (SFP) and storage racks is to cool the spent-fuel assemblies and maintain them in a subcritical array during all credible storage conditions and to provide safe means of loading the assemblies into shipping casks. Generic Issue 82 (GI-82) relates to the concern that for a postulated accident sequence that results in the loss of water from a light-water reactor (LWR) spent-fuel storage pool, a Zircaloy cladding fire could occur and propagate to older stored fuel. This issue was identified during hearings concerning SFP reracking amendments in the late 1970s when licensees were starting to use high-density storage racks. High-density racks are used to accommodate the storage of spent fuel in SFPs at reactor sites until such time as the Department of Energy (DOE) repository is available and spent fuel can be removed from the reactor sites. Maintaining a low-density storage configuration for recently discharged spent fuel would reduce the Zircaloy cladding fire probability by an order of magnitude, but at a greater cost for additional onsite storage space. The accident sequences that could result in water loss from the SFP, including beyond design basis earthquakes, various types of seal failures and dropped shipping casks, and the Zircaloy cladding fire issues have been studied by the NRC staff. The results of these studies are provided in NUREG-1353, “Regulatory Analysis for the Resolution of Generic Issue 82, Beyond Design Basis Accidents in Spent-Fuel Pools”. Although these studies conclude that most of the spent-fuel pool risk is derived from beyond design basis earthquakes, this risk is not greater than the risk from core damage accidents due to these beyond design basis earthquakes. Therefore, reducing the risk from spent-fuel pools due to events beyond the safe shutdown earthquake would still leave a comparable risk due to core damage accidents. The risk due to beyond design basis accidents in spent-fuel pools, while not negligible, is sufficiently low that the added cost involved with further risk reduction is not warranted.
A BASIC INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT

We provide an overview of some of the issues that need to be considered in the context of quantitative seismic hazard assessment. To begin with, one needs to inventory and characterize the major faults that could produce earthquakes that would impact the region of interest. Next, one needs a seismographic network that continually records ground motion throughout the region. Data from this network may be used to assess and locate seismicity, calibrate ground motion simulations, and to conduct seismic early-warning experiments. To assess the response of engineered structures to strong ground motion, seismographs should also be installed at various locations within such engineered structures, e.g., on bridges, overpasses, dams and in tall buildings. The ultimate goal would be to perform 'end-to-end' simulations, starting with the rupture on an earthquake fault, followed by the propagation of the resulting seismic waves from the fault to an engineered structure of interest, and concluding with an assessment of the response of this structure to the imposed ground motion. To facilitate accurate ground motion and end-to-end simulations, one needs to construct a detailed three-dimensional (3D) seismic model of the region of interest. In particular, one needs to assess the slowest shear-wave speeds within the sediments underlying the metropolitan area. Geological information, and, in particular, seismic reaction and refraction surveys are critical in this regard. In the context of end-to-end simulations, detailed numerical models of engineered structures of interest need to be constructed as well. Data recorded by the seismographic network and in engineered structures after small to moderate earthquakes may be used to assess and calibrate the seismic and engineering models based upon numerical simulations. Once the seismic and engineering models produce synthetic ground motion that match the observed ground motion reasonably well, one can perform simulations of hypothetical large earthquakes to assess anticipated strong ground motion and potential damage. Throughout this article we will use the Los Angeles and Taipei metropolitan areas as examples of how to approach quantitative seismic hazard assessment.
Grade Point Averages and the Central Limit Theorem.

(1979). Grade Point Averages and the Central Limit Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 773-777.
Identification and functional clustering of global gene expression differences between age-related cataract and clear human lenses and aged human lenses

We have examined the gene expression profiles of young, old and cataractous human lenses in order to differentiate those gene expression changes specific for cataract from those also associated with lens aging. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified by oligonucleotide microarray analysis and clustered according to their known functions. Four hundred and twelve transcripts that are increased and 919 transcripts that are decreased were identified at the 2-fold or greater level between epithelia isolated from cataract relative to clear lenses while 182 transcripts that are increased and 547 transcripts that are decreased were identified at the 2-fold or greater level between young and old lens epithelia. Comparison of the cataract gene expression changes with those detected in lens aging revealed that only 3 transcripts exhibited similar trends in gene expression. These data suggest that cataract- and age-specific changes in gene expression do not overlap and provide evidence for multiple cataract- and age-specific gene expression changes in the human lens.
Fast frequency-domain acoustic channel estimation with interference cancellation

We consider a training based acoustic channel estimation technique for the purpose of audio dereverberation. A transmitting device that generates a low power (for minimal disturbance) controlled periodic pseudo-random binary probing signal is placed near the sound source, and the convolved probing and desired signals are collected. By a coherent integration of multiple periods of the received signal, a SINR enhanced training signal is obtained for channel estimation. Due to the periodic nature of the training signal, the channel can be efficiently estimated in the frequency-domain without any edge effects. The frequency-domain estimation dramatically reduces the computational load from matrix multiplications and inversions in the time-domain to that of scalar multiplications. Computer simulations and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of this algorithm.
Evaluation of internal lung motion for respiratory-gated radiotherapy using MRI: Part I-Correlating internal lung motion with skin fiducial motion

Abstract Purpose To measure the internal lung motion due to respiration using magnetic resonance images (MRIs); to evaluate the correlation between lung motion and skin surface motion and the reliability of tracking lung motion with external fiducials. Methods and materials An MRI protocol using fast gradient-echo sequences was developed to acquire dynamic cine images of the thoracoabdominal region along the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. The subjects (3 healthy volunteers and 4 lung cancer patients) were instructed to perform normal or altered breathing during MRI. Lung vessels identified on MRI were used as anatomic landmarks for internal lung structures. From sagittal cine MRI scans, the positions of the lung vessels and skin surface were tracked and their movements measured. Correlation between the movements of the external markers and internal structures was then calculated and analyzed. Results Lung vessel motion in the superior–inferior (SI) direction correlated best with mid-upper abdominal skin surface movement (correlation coefficient, 0.89 ± 0.09 and 0.87 ± 0.23 for volunteers and patients, respectively). The anterior-posterior (AP) vessel motion generally correlated poorly with the skin surface movement, with marker placement on the upper chest yielding the strongest results (correlation coefficient, 0.72 ± 0.23 and 0.44 ± 0.27 for volunteers and patients, respectively). The strength of the correlation depended on the locations of the tracked vessels, locations of the skin surface, and subjects' breathing patterns. The best correlation was seen between the motion of an abdominal fiducial and SI lung motion. Significant intersubject variability was also observed. Conclusion Movement of an external fiducial may not correlate fully with, or predict, internal lung motion. Effective monitoring of respiration may have to rely on a combination of multiple fiducials and other physiologic parameters, such as lung volume and/or air flow.
Degradation of proteins with blocked amino groups by cytoplasmic proteases

The effect of blocking amino groups on the susceptibility of BSA and calmodulin to high molecular weight protease (HMP) and calpain, the two major cytosolic proteases, was studied. Both proteases hydrolyzed methylated vs. unmodified BSA more slowly. Methylation of BSA resulted in the accumulation of proteolytic intermediates, especially of larger sizes. However, similar fragments were generated from unmodified BSA indicating that rates of hydrolysis rather that sites of proteolytic cleavage were altered. Calmodulin from Dictyostelium discoideum was hydrolyzed rapidly by HMP whereas brain and muscle calmodulins which have a epsilon-N-trimethyl residue on the single surface lysine were relatively stable.
Effectiveness of nutritional supplements for reducing symptoms in autism-spectrum disorder: a case report.

Abstract Objective: This report presents a case of a 9-year-old boy with autism that responded positively to nutritional supplements. Methods: The supplements were dimethylglycine and a combination of a large dose of vitamin B6 (pyridoxal HCl) and magnesium. The Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) was used for outcome assessment and administered by 2 of his family members both before the nutritional supplements and 5 months into the supplements, thereby referred to as pretest and post-test, respectively. Two (2) assessors independently performed evaluations. The ATEC evaluates four areas: communication, sociability, sensory/cognitive awareness, and behavior. The lower the scores are, the less severe the symptoms are. Results: The ATEC evaluations by 2 independent assessors showed that the changes in total ATEC were from 63 at pretest to 33 at post-test, and from 64 at pretest to 30 at post-test, respectively. These changes represented reductions of 47.6% and 53.1%. A strong inter-rater reliabilit...
Exploring Research Potentials and Applications for Multi-stakeholder Learning Dialogues

Varying conceptions of and purposes for dialogue exist. Recent dialogic theorists and advocates urge exploration of forms of dialogue for learning and applying relational responsibilities within stakeholder networks. A related phenomenon has been the recent emergence of multi-stakeholder dialogues that involve parties significantly affected by major issues or concerns, such as environmental sustainability, that have complex and wide-spread implications. The extent to which these recent multi-stakeholder dialogues assume anything resembling the relationship or caring and the learning potentials of dialogic goals and processes suggested by recent advocates, however, can certainly be questioned. This article explores potential directions for research on enhanced forms of multi-stakeholder dialogues that emphasize goals of dialogic learning, relationship building, and business social responsiveness within a more reflective practice of corporate citizenship. Many issues and questions concerning appropriate antecedents, processes, and outcomes for these enhanced multi-stakeholder dialogues are raised and discussed.
Selecting New Right Materials: A Case Study

In the March 1983 issue of the Moral Majority Report, Jerry Falwell, one of the leaders of the new right movement, leveled a very serious charge at librarians: they are failing to include “conservative” materials in their collections. According to him,
Use of Cognitive Versus Perceptual Heading During Imagined Locomotion Depends on the Response Mode

Three experiments investigated whether the systematic errors previously observed in a triangle-completion task were caused by failures to form and update a cognitive heading or by use of perceived heading (even though an updated cognitive heading was available) during the response. These errors were replicated when participants indicated the origin of triangular paths they had imagined walking by turning their bodies toward the origin, but not when they responded verbally. The results indicate that participants are capable of updating their cognitive heading using imagined movements and suggest that the systematic errors previously observed were a result of the strong attachment of responses such as turns to a perceptual representation of the physical body.
Near-bandgap infrared absorption properties of HgCdTe

We report temperature-dependent absorption measurements from 300 K to 4.2 K for molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown Hg1−xCdxTe samples with different alloy compositions. The infrared absorption coefficients near the energy gap were obtained using an interference matrix method. Photoconductive spectra were simultaneously measured at the same points on the samples to precisely determine the energy gaps. The Urbach tail energies are extracted from the absorption coefficients, and their temperature dependence is analyzed using a theoretical model. The contribution from static disorder, including structural and alloy disorder, is found to be much larger than the phonon-related dynamic disorder.
NEONATAL ASPHYXIA IN THE RAT: GREATER VULNERABILITY OF MALES AND PERSISTENT EFFECTS ON BRAIN MONOAMINE SYNTHESIS

— In the rat, neonatal asphyxia produced by suffocation did not leave permanent visible lesions in thc brain, nor did it result in permanent motor impairment, although a delay in the development of some reflexes was observed. A transient retardation of body and brain growth, which was more pronounced in males, was found. By 5-6 weeks of age, body and brain weights of asphyxiated rats were no longer significantly different from control animals. However, an increase in brain norepinephrine synthesis was found to persist after maturation. An alteration of serotonin metabolism was found after maturation only in asphyxiated males. The possibility that neonatal asphyxia in the rat is a model for abnormal development of monoamine metabolism, relevant to early childhood behavior disorders such as infantile autism or the syndrome of minimal brain dysfunction, is discussed.
The effects of calcium in mediating the inducible morphological defenses of a freshwater snail, Physa acuta

Predation risk is known to induce numerous, often adaptive, plastic changes in the morphology, life history, and behavior of prey. However, little is known about how abiotic factors such as environmental nutrient availability affect these responses. In this experiment, a freshwater pulmonate snail (Physa acuta) was used to determine how predator-induced shell morphology was affected by the availability of an abiotic nutrient important for shell growth (calcium). Each snail was reared individually in a factorial experiment consisting of two predator treatments (chemical cues from crayfish present or absent) and three calcium concentrations (20, 45, or 70 mg/L). Calcium induced larger, heavier, and thicker shells, while predator cues induced heavier and thicker shells. Importantly, the magnitude of the predator effect on shell thickness (i.e., the inducible defense) increased with additional calcium availability. Our results demonstrate the importance of nutrient availability in mediating and limiting the amount of adaptive predator-induced plasticity.
387 Thyronine Metabolism in Fetal Pulmonary type II Cells

The importance of thyroid hormone in fetal lung development and surfactant production is well known. Yet, triiodothyronine (T3), the active hormone, is present in low concentrations in fetal rat serum. We therefore studied metabolism of 125I T4 in surfactant-producing type II cells maintained in organotypic culture (Douglas, W.H.J. et al. In Vitro 12:373-381, 1976). The type II cells were obtained from fetal rat lungs at 16 and 19 days of gestation (term, 22-23 days). Cultures were incubated for 36 hrs. in medium enriched with 125I T4 at 37°C. Products of 125I T4 metabolism in medium, cell homogenate and a subcellular fraction enriched with nuclear material were assayed by chromatography. Confirmation by radioautography was performed. The distribution of radioactive compounds expressed as % of 125I T4 added to 108 day 19 cells and corrected for spontaneous degradation, follows: The results obtained from day 16 cells were similar. This suggests that fetal type II cells can deiodinate T4. The high percentage of 125I T3 present in the cells suggests intracellular T3 generation. There is a total net gain of 125Iodide in the system. This excess iodide formation suggests pathways of thyronine metabolism which could result in formation and degradation of r2T3T SuchTphenolic ring deiodination may terminate in 3,3′-T2 3′-T or T0.
Adsorption of arsenite and arsenate on amorphous iron hydroxide

Adsorption isotherms in solutions with ionic strengths of 0.01 at 25°C were measured over the arsenite and arsenate concentration range 10−7−10−3 M and the pH range 4–10. At low concentrations, these isotherms obeyed equations of the Langmuir type. At higher concentrations the adsorption isotherms were linear, indicating the existence of more than one type of surface site on the amorphous iron hydroxide adsorbent. Removal of arsenite and arsenate by amorphous iron hydroxide throughout the concentration range were determined as a function of pH. By careful selection of the relative concentration of arsenic and amorphous iron hydroxide and pH, removals on the order of 92% can be achieved.
Attentional activation of the cerebellum independent of motor involvement

The cerebellum traditionally has been viewed as a neural device dedicated to motor control. Although recent evidence shows that it is involved in nonmotor operations as well, an important question is whether this involvement is independent of motor control and motor guidance. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to demonstrate that attention and motor performance independently activate distinct cerebellar regions. These findings support a broader concept of cerebellar function, in which the cerebellum is involved in diverse cognitive and noncognitive neurobehavioral systems, including the attention and motor systems, in order to anticipate imminent information acquisition, analysis, or action.
Cognitive Bibliotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis.

Do you want to use bibliotherapy with clients but wonder about the size and mechanism of effectiveness? The authors report a meta-analysis of 29 outcome studies of cognitive forms of bibliotherapy for depression. Seventeen studies with stronger research designs (pretest-posttest waiting list control group) yielded a respectable effect size of 0.77, considered the best estimate of effect size from this study. This result compares favorably with outcomes from individual psychotherapy. In light of the substantial positive effects associated with bibliotherapy for depression, the authors discuss clinically relevant questions related to the use of cognitive bibliotherapy. These include why practitioners might consider the use of this technique, which individuals can benefit from this approach, and how professionals can structure care.
The effect of spatial variability on the sensitivity of passive microwave measurements to snow water equivalent

Abstract Passive microwave (PM) remote sensing measurements are routinely utilized to estimate snow depth and water equivalent (SWE). Both vegetation and physical snowpack variables including snowpack grain size, snow depth, and stratigraphy influence the observed brightness temperature. The natural heterogeneity of snowpack and vegetation states within the microwave footprint occurs at spatial scales shorter than PM observation scales. In this study, we analyze the relationship between PM brightness temperature measurements and the heterogeneity of snowpack and vegetation. Specifically, we explore the question of whether PM observations are sensitive to changes in snow depth even given sub-pixel variability in snow and vegetation. To examine this question, densely sampled, spatially distributed in situ snow properties from multiple study areas made during the NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) are employed in a forward modeling scheme to study the effect of highly variable snow and vegetation properties on the observed PM measurement. In all test cases, this study finds that there exists sensitivity of microwave brightness temperature ( T b ) to total snow depth contained within the measurement footprint, regardless of the heterogeneous nature of snow pack properties. Across three study areas, T b decreases by 23–35 K as depth increased up to the signal saturation depth, which ranged from 70 to 120 cm. With regard to vegetation sensitivity, forest fractions (F) as little as 0.2 can modify the PM measurement by up to 10 K, and F greater than 0.6 mask virtually all of the microwave signal attributable to snow. Finally, with respect to the measurement scale, our results indicate that the scale at which the PM measurement is made does not affect the sensitivity of the T b to mean snow depth, to the scale (1 km) examined herein.
Report of a hürthle cell neoplasm in a peripubertal girl.

Thyroid nodules are rare in children compared to adults. Although most thyroid nodules are benign, the risk of malignancy is greater in pediatric patients. Papillary and follicular cell tumors account for the majority of thyroid neoplasms; Hurthle cell tumors account for less than 5%. Despite being uncommon, malignant Hurthle cell tumors are potentially more aggressive than papillary and follicular cell tumors. Therefore, distinguishing between types of thyroid neoplasms in a timely fashion has implications for prognosis and therapy. We describe a 12-year-old peripubertal girl who presented with a large right-sided thyroid nodule that was subsequently diagnosed as a Hurthle cell adenoma. To our knowledge, she represents the youngest patient with a Hurthle cell neoplasm.
Relationships of personal needs to managers' perceptions of compensation

This study relates managers' ratings of pay satisfaction, internal and external equity and performance contingency to differences in needs. While risk-takers saw their pay as less externally equitable than their more security-seeking counterparts, risk-takers were more prone to relate pay satisfaction to external comparisons. Security-seekers tended to relate their satisfaction more to internal comparisons. The results are discussed in the context of published models of the determinants of pay satisfaction and suggest a larger role for personally-oriented issues. Results are also discussed from the standpoint of compensation policy and administration.
Reproducibility of 24-Hour Intraesophageal pH Monitoring in Pediatric Patients

Objective. Despite the widespread use of 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring for evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children, there is little published information regarding the reproducibility of ambulatory pH studies in this patient population. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the reproducibility of 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in pediatric patients. Methods. We prospectively investigated 26 patients with symptoms suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux (14 females and 12 males) ranging in age from 1 month to 18 years (mean, 9.2 years). The patients underwent extended intraesophageal pH monitoring over two consecutive 24-hour periods. Results. Data analysis revealed that the overall reproducibility of ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring is only 69% (r = 0.32). Eight of 26 patients had conflicting results on day 1 compared with results on day 2. Of the 8 patients with conflicting results on day 1 versus day 2, 5 had normal studies on day 1, but demonstrated pathologic reflux on day 2. Thus, the false-negative rate for day 1 was 19.2%. The κ statistic calculated for the total time the pH was abnormal was 0.32, with values Conclusion. The reproducibility of 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in the pediatric population is suboptimal. The investigation should be extended or repeated if the result does not correlate with the patient9s clinical history.
Radioiodination of nonionic detergents of the alkyl-phenol class: Triton X-100

Abstract A method is described by which nonionic detergents of the alkyl-phenol class can be labeled with 125 I. The detergent is labeled to a high specific activity, which provides a sensitive method for the detection of detergent molecules bound to proteins, and, in addition, may provide a method by which proteins may be labeled indirectly.
Approaches to proving there are general anesthetic sites on ligand gated ion channels

(1) There are at least two broad classes of general anesthetic action on the anesthetic-sensitive ligand gated superfamily of ion channels. (2) First, some channels may be inhibited upon opening. Pharmacology, kinetics and site directed mutagenesis all suggest that inhibition is mediated by a site on the acetylcholine receptor probably located in the channel lumen. (3) Second, the agonist's concentration response curve may be shifted to the left without affecting the maximum response. (4) This effect does not saturate with anesthetic concentration and might involve partial occupancy of many low affinity sites, mechanism consistent with the observation that the conformation changes accompanying channel gating involve most structural features of the receptor and its surrounding environment.
Mössbauer tests of time reversal invariance

Abstract A detailed analysis is given of the Mossbauer absorption experiments designed to test T -invariance. We discuss in particular how the effects of a T -violation can be separated from the initial- and final-state atomic radiative interactions which simulate T -non-invariance.
Effects of Flushing Spencer Hydro on Water Quality, Fish, and Insect Fauna in the Niobrara River, Nebraska

Abstract Hydroelectric facilities with a low generating capacity (approximately one megawatt) such as Spencer Hydro on the Niobrara River in Nebraska are important, as referenced by the renewed interest in the revival of many that were deactivated with the advent of large fossil fuel and nuclear generating stations. The water reservoir impounded by the Spencer Dam is shallow and entrapped sediment quickly fills the pond, reducing power generating potential and threatening the internal components of the hydro station. This action requires periodic flushings to allow settled sediment to move past the station, resulting in adverse impacts on water quality, fish, and fish-food organisms in the 63.3 km of Niobrara River downstream from the dam. Investigations in 1979 revealed unacceptable low levels of DO (3.5-4.0 mg/liter), pronounced increases in turbidity (>400%) and suspended solids (4-fold), and a doubling of dissolved solids. Thirty species of fish were affected, with a conservative count of 22,471 dead ...
Determination of Forage Quality by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy: Efficacy of Broad-Based Calibration Equations, , ,

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) if statistical clustering of near infrared spectra would aid in selection of samples to establish calibration equations, and 2) if broad-based calibration equations were capable of accurately determining forage quality. In Experiment 1, clustering of spectra did not have any advantage over random selection as a means to select samples. In Experiment 2, 990 hay samples representing a large diversity of species, maturity, cutting, and chemical composition, were collected from 31 states. Approximately 50% of the samples were used in this study. Samples were separated into calibration and validation sets, either on a random basis or by subset of samples from individual states into validation sets. Based on randomly selected samples, the standard error of validation and bias were dry matter (.47, −.05%); CP (.84, .06% dry matter); ADF (2.24, .18% dry matter); NDF (2.16, 17% dry matter); in vitro dry matter digestibility (30.3, −.40%). There was a trend toward increased bias for ADF, NDF, and in vitro dry matter digestibility when samples from particular states, rather than randomly selected samples, were used as validation sets.