cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children are our Hope for the Future

I write on behalf of Maria Montessori.1 I don’t claim to channel her directly but I share her deep love of children and her faith that they represent our hope for a future that is more peaceful and harmonious. She was Italian, through-and-through, and I am from the country that first embraced her whole-heartedly, and then rejected her—the United States.
Measuring Quality in Pay-for-Performance Programs From 'One-Size-Fits-All' Measures to Individual Patient Risk-Reduction Scores

‘Pay for performance’ is a strategy to improve the quality of healthcare by rewarding physicians who deliver higher-quality service. Pay for performance appears to be a simple and logical solution to address both healthcare quality and cost problems. However, pay for performance in action is often neither simple nor logical. Pay-for-performance programs grade and reward physicians based on whether their patients receive particular healthcare services and achieve certain treatment goals.
Gastric/Small Bowel Manometry

Manometry of the antrum and small bowel has been performed for several decades with the same technologies used for esophageal manometry. However, the patterns of contractions in these segments are more complex than those of the esophagus, and the advantages of high-resolution manometry (HRM) over other recording techniques are best highlighted in this segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Bicarbonate-induced phosphaturia: Dependence upon the magnitude of phosphate reabsorption.

The acute effect of bicarbonate infusion on inorganic phosphate (Pi) reabsorption was determined in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats stabilized on a high phosphorus diet. In the normophosphatemic state, bicarbonate did not affect Pi reabsorption significantly. On the other hand, after hyperphosphatemia was induced by phosphate loading, bicarbonate inhibited Pi reabsorption. In order to determine if the absolute level of plasma or filtered Pi was an important determinant of this phosphaturic action of bicarbonate during hyperphosphatemia, equivalent rates of Pi reabsorption were achieved after phosphate infusion in TPTX rats previously stabilized on a low dietary phosphorus intake, but at significantly lower plasma Pi concentrations and filtered Pi loads than in their high dietary phosphorus counterparts. Bicarbonate inhibited Pi reabsorption equivalently in both hyperphosphatemic groups, indicating that the magnitude of Pi transport itself was of importance in determining the inhibitory response to bicarbonate. In addition, the results suggest that transport mechanisms for bicarbonate and Pi may interact competitively.
Model Performance Assessment

In previous chapters, we used prediction accuracy to evaluate classification models. However, having accurate predictions in one dataset does not necessarily imply that the model is perfect or that it will reproduce when tested on external data. We need additional metrics to evaluate the model performance and to make sure it is robust, reproducible, reliable, and unbiased.
INDEPENDENT PROGNOSTIC VALUES OF CLINICAL RISK SCORES, RIGHT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC PRESSURE, AND N-TERMINAL PRO-B-TYPE PEPTIDE IN HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION: INSIGHTS FROM SUPERVISED AND UNSUPERVISED MODELS

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for one half of patients with heart failure (HF). To better risk stratify patients hospitalized with HFpEF, we sought to determine the incremental value of echocardiography parameters and
Richard McKeon in the Pragmatist Tradition

Richard McKeon (1900–1985) was a towering intellectual figure whose vast corpus of work is, outside a handful of essays, little read today. In the context of this volume, McKeon is noteworthy as someone who developed theories of both rhetoric and communication—explicitly so named—within a framework that his student Douglas Mitchell describes as “Pragmatism in a new key.” My overall aim in the essay is to draw together and extend the small but important body of commentary on McKeon’s “new key” of pragmatism and his theories of both rhetoric and communication. I will show how they constitute a problem-oriented, pragmatist rhetorical philosophy for a historically evolving, pluralistic world marked by traditional and emergent communication practices and media technologies. In so doing, I intend to draw readers’ attention to the fuller range of McKeon’s writings on rhetoric and communication and offer overarching characterizations that make them more available than they have been to this point.
How to close the vocabulary gap

The best way to tackle the disadvantage gap in the early years and throughout primary school is to improve children' literacy and language skills. Matt Bromley offers some practical strategies and ...
Sweetening the Therapeutic Pot for Type 2 Diabetes with Long Noncoding RNAs.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as essential cellular regulators and potential disease targets. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Shi et al. (2019) identify a cyclic peptide that results in restored glucose processing in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patient derived adipocytes through stabilization of lncRNA GAS5.
New insights into larval lake sturgeon daytime drift dynamics

Abstract Drifting post yolk-sac (PYS) lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens larvae were believed to seek refuge in substrate during daytime although there were no data to support this theory. There is growing scientific literature on important habitat, such as for adults and where eggs are spawned and hatch, however a gap remains in understanding duration of drift for PYS larvae, especially during daytime. This study was undertaken to find drifting PYS lake sturgeon larvae during the day in the Sturgeon River, Michigan, a clear yet tannin-rich river with a well-studied self-sustaining population. River substrates were mapped, and light, velocity, and depth data gathered to describe ‘believed’ refuge for larvae during daylight. From 2013 through 2016 nighttime drift samples (n = 463) for PYS lake sturgeon larvae were complemented with 143 daytime kick net samples and 43 daytime drift sets. No drifting larvae were collected in the daytime kick nets covering a variety of substrate types while over 1,600 PYS larvae were captured in drift nets at night, and 34 were captured in daytime drift sets. These 34 PYS larvae were in the previously unsampled thalweg in ~5% of surface light and at velocities of 0.24 to 0.57 m/s. Data suggest that drifting PYS lake sturgeon larvae do not stop and seek refuge during daylight but rather drift quickly and continuously downstream until suitable habitat is encountered. Measures of light, depth, velocity and thalweg presence combined with LiDar and Sonar mapping will be critical to understanding river suitability and restoration success for this species.
Assessing DER network cybersecurity defences in a power-communication co-simulation environment

Increasing penetrations of interoperable distributed energy resources (DER) in the electric power system are expanding the power system attack surface. Maloperation or malicious control of DER equipment can now cause substantial disturbances to grid operations. Fortunately, many options exist to defend and limit adversary impact on these newly-created DER communication networks, which typically traverse the public internet. However, implementing these security features will increase communication latency, thereby adversely impacting real-time DER grid support service effectiveness. In this work, a collection of software tools called SCEPTRE was used to create a co-simulation environment where SunSpec-compliant photovoltaic inverters were deployed as virtual machines and interconnected to simulated communication network equipment. Network segmentation, encryption, and moving target defence security features were deployed on the control network to evaluate their influence on cybersecurity metrics and power system performance. The results indicated that adding these security features did not impact DER-based grid control systems but improved the cybersecurity posture of the network when implemented appropriately.
The Struggle For Voice: Narrative, Literacy, and Consciousness in an East Harlem School.

Writing and thinking are intimately connected. But the connection is neither simple nor direct. Many variables intervene to shape that connection in ways specific to the social, political, economic...
Employment and Patient Satisfaction after Liver Transplantation.

Background and Aims: This study serves to revisit the effects of liver transplantation (LT) on employment in an era of improving survival outcomes post-transplant, and to identify areas of improvement in the transplant process to better optimize post-LT employment and patient satisfaction.
Maximizing the microwave absorption performance of polypyrrole by data-driven discovery

Abstract Microwave-absorbing materials (MAMs) have played critical roles in many civil and military applications, such as coating materials on stealth fighters to avoid radar detections. The efficacy of MAMs is evaluated with the reflection loss (RL) and the bandwidth (Δf10, which refers to the band where ≥90% microwave irradiation is lost), along with the peak's position (fmax) and the thickness of the coating. Large RL and Δf10 are frequency targeted for optimized performance. In this study, we demonstrate a data-driven discovery approach to reveal the maximized RL and Δf10, using a polypyrrole/paraffin composite as an example, and found that record-setting RL of −62.6 dB and Δf10 of 7.7 GHz, are obtained, as the best values that have been reported for polypyrrole. We believe that this data-driven approach can be widely applied to other composite systems, to allow more exciting discoveries in the future.
Adjunctive endovascular balloon fracture fenestration for chronic aortic dissection.

Abstract Objective Positive remodeling after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for chronic thoracic aortic dissection is variable due to incomplete distal seal and retrograde false lumen perfusion. We assessed the outcomes of adjunctive balloon fracture fenestration (BFF) during TEVAR in patients with chronic aortic dissection complicated by negative remodeling. Methods From June 2013 to January 2016, 49 patients with chronic aortic dissection complicated by aneurysm due to negative remodeling underwent TEVAR with BFF. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography was performed before discharge, at 3 to 6 months, and annually. Results Intraoperatively, endovascular stent graft expansion was achieved in all patients. There was 1 hospital death due to visceral malperfusion related to acute-on-chronic dissection noted before planned BFF. There were no occurrences of paraplegia, 3 patients had stroke, and 3 had acute renal failure. Survival at 1 year was 91%. Late reintervention for incomplete false lumen exclusion was required in 16 patients and freedom from reintervention was 75% at 1 year. Thirty-six patients (73.5%) had complete false lumen thrombosis through the treated segment. True lumen area increased following TEVAR with BFF and continued to incrementally expand with subsequent aortic remodeling at 1-year follow-up. Thirteen patients had positive remodeling, defined as thrombosis of false lumen, ≥10% decrease in aortic dimension, and ≥10% increase in true lumen diameter. Patients with positive remodeling had an average decrease of 11 mm in maximal aortic diameter at final follow-up. Conclusions BFF of chronic dissection membrane is a beneficial adjunct to TEVAR during short-term follow-up and may promote positive aortic remodeling and is worthy of further study.
3D Bioprinting of Neural Tissues

The human nervous system is a remarkably complex physiological network that is inherently challenging to study because of obstacles to acquiring primary samples. Animal models offer powerful alternatives to study nervous system development, diseases, and regenerative processes, however, they are unable to address some species-specific features of the human nervous system. In vitro models of the human nervous system have expanded in prevalence and sophistication, but still require further advances to better recapitulate microenvironmental and cellular features. The field of neural tissue engineering (TE) is rapidly adopting new technologies that enable scientists to precisely control in vitro culture conditions and to better model nervous system formation, function, and repair. 3D bioprinting is one of the major TE technologies that utilizes biocompatible hydrogels to create precisely patterned scaffolds, designed to enhance cellular responses. This review focuses on the applications of 3D bioprinting in the field of neural TE. Important design parameters are considered when bioprinting neural stem cells are discussed. The emergence of various bioprinted in vitro platforms are also reviewed for developmental and disease modeling and drug screening applications within the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as their use as implants for in vivo regenerative therapies.
Missing Immigrants in the Rhetoric of Sanctuary

The idea of sanctuary for undocumented immigrants started among activists and was soon adopted by governments. In this process, the idea changed. This Article follows sanctuary’s changing moral content by studying the reasons that states and localities give when they adopt “sanctuary” policies limiting their cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. One might expect policymakers’ statements to imply concern for the well-being of noncitizens, particularly those who face deportation. We might even expect sanctuaries’ rhetoric to imply that undocumented people should be welcomed as members of the communities in which they reside. In fact, many jurisdictions carefully avoid saying either of those things. This Article examines the implications of these unexpected silences.
Understanding and finding opportunities for inclusive mentorship and sponsorships in vascular surgery

Deliberate efforts are needed to address the lack of diversity in the vascular surgery workforce and to correct the current scarcity of diversity in vascular surgery leadership. Effective mentorship and sponsorship are crucial for success in academic surgery. In the present report, we have explained the importance of mentorship and sponsorship relationships for surgeons historically underrepresented in medicine, discussed the unique challenges faced by them in academic surgery, and provided a practical framework for fostering intentional and thoughtful mentor and sponsor relationships to nurture their careers.
Against relativism

Recent years have brought relativistic accounts of knowledge, first-person belief, and future contingents to prominence. I discuss these views, distinguish non-trivial from trivial forms of relativism, and then argue against relativism in all of its substantive varieties.
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD): A Clinical Review and Case Series in Support of Multidisciplinary Management.

Abstract Introduction: Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is an uncommon condition resulting in intrusive, unwanted and distressing symptoms of genital arousal. Presentation can vary and most cases do not have an immediately identifiable etiology. Objectives To present evaluation and treatment recommendations for PGAD from a multidisciplinary perspective and provide case examples. Methods A focused review of the literature on diagnosis, workup, and treatment of PGAD was completed. A case series of 3 varying presentations of PGAD is offered. Results PGAD results in high levels of patient distress and is best managed with a multidisciplinary treatment approach. Identification and management of co-occurring symptoms or disease states is imperative, particularly psychologic and psychiatric comorbidities. With appropriate intervention, patients may achieve improvement of their physical symptoms and a decrease in associated psychological distress. Conclusion PGAD is an uncommon and highly distressing condition that requires thoughtful evaluation for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Multidisciplinary treatment approaches provide the best opportunity to address the needs of patients and optimizing treatment response. Pease ER, Ziegelmann M, Vencill JA, et al. Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PGAD): A Clinical Review and Case Series in Support of Multidisciplinary Management. Sex Med Rev 2021;XX:XXX–XXX.
Compact Piezoelectric Transformer X-ray Source

A compact, lightweight, battery powered x-ray source using a piezoelectric transformer (PT) will be presented. The x-ray source will be used in a back-scatter detector designed for imaging plant root systems in order to determine phenotypical information. Piezoelectric transformers step up an input ac voltage much like their magnetic cousins, in a very compact and power efficient package. Voltage input to the PT induces mechanical strain which couples with a vibrational resonance in the crystal. The resonating piezoelectric crystal can in turn produce large voltage gain across the device. These transformers enable compact high voltage systems to be developed. The PT will feed into a Cockcroft- Walton multiplier (CW) which will step up the voltage output additionally for x-ray production. Two PT driven CW DC high voltage sources in a bi-polar configuration will double the maximum x-ray energy. The x-ray tube is under development with both field emitters and thermionic emitters being considered. Tests will be presented using a needle plane field emission cathode-anode configuration. Designs for a battery powered driver circuit for the PT and a CW driven compact xray source will be presented. $\mathrm{L}$ aboratory test results of these devices will also be presented.
Research methods in occupational health psychology : measurement, design, and data analysis

Part I: Measurement 1. Measurement of Immune System Functioning Bengt B. Arnetz, Matthew Ventimiglia 2. Measurement of Musculoskeletal Functioning Robert J. Gatchel, Emily Brede, Yunhee Choi, Krista Howard, Whitney E. Worzer 3. Measurement Issues in Work-Family Research Gloria Gonzalez-Morales, Lois E. Tetrick, Ryan Ginter 4. Measurement of Sleep and Sleepiness June J. Pilcher, Michelle, L. Burnett, James A. McCubbin 5. Measurement of Emotions Seth Kaplan, Reeshad S. Dalal, Joseph N. Luchman 6. How to Think About and Measure Psychological Well-being Peter Warr 7. Measurement of Interpersonal Mistreatment in Organizations Lilia M. Cortina, Lisa A. Marchiondo 8. The Measurement of Depression and Anxiety in Occupational Health Psychology Jay C. Thomas, Bjorn Bergstrom, Johan Rosqvist 9. Measurement of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in an Occupational Health Context Amy Adler, Terence M. Keane, Paul Bliese 10. The Measurement of Work Engagement Wilmar B. Schaufeli 11. Cognitive Assessment: Implications for Occupational Health Psychology Gerald Matthews, April Rose Panganiban, Kirby Gilliland Part II: Design and Analysis 12. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs in Occupational Health Psychology Peter Y. Chen, Konstantin P. Cigularov, Lauren M. Menger 13. Event-Sampling Methods in Occupational Health Psychology Sabine Sonnentag, Carmen Binnewies, Sandra Ohly 14.Sampling in Occupational Health Psychology: An Epidemiological Perspective Sue Ann Sarpy, Felicia Rabito, Nancy Goldstein 15. Quantitative Self-report Methods in Occupational Health Psychology Research Paul Spector, Erin M. Eatough 16. Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative Approaches to Research in Occupational Health Psychology Irvin Sam Schonfeld, Joseph J. Mazzola 17. Use of Archival Data in Occupational Health Psychology Research Gwenith G. Fisher, Janet L. Barnes-Farrell 18. An Overview of Multilevel Modeling in Occupational Health Psychology Lisa M. Kath, Scott C. Roesch, Mark G. Ehrhart 19. Person-Centered Analysis: Methods, Applications, and Implications for Occupational Health Psychology Mo Wang, Robert R. Sinclair, Le Zhou, Lindsay E. Sear 20. Longitudinal Research and Data Analysis E. Kevin Kelloway, Lori Francis 21. Looking Toward the Future of OHP Research Robert R. Sinclair, Mo Wang, Lois E. Tetrick
The Inverse of a Compartmental Matrix

In the last section we saw that under the condition of a constant input vector b, the compartmental model $$ {\dot x(t) = Ax(t) + b} $$ (13.1) comes to a natural resting spot or equilibrium provided A-1 exists. A constant vector xe is an equilibrium point of model (13.1) provided it has the property that once the state vector is equal to x it remains equal to that vector for all future time [153]. For the system (13.1), an equilibrium point xe satisfies the equation $$ {\text{0 = Ax}}_{\text{e}} {\text{ + b}}.{\text{ }} $$ (13.2)
The kinetics of irreversible yeast cell damage caused by amphotericin B.

Little is known of the kinetics of yeast cell killing by amphotericin B. This is important in intermittent topical therapies using the polyene antibiotics. Our studies demonstrated that higher concentrations of amphotericin B gave higher killing rates for one strain ofCandida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, and two strains ofCryptococcus neoformans. Washing the amphotericin B-treated yeast cells numerous times did not nullify the effects of the drug. Morphological changes were not demonstrated by electron microscopy when most of the cells were nonviable and efflux of essential nutrients from the yeast cells had occurred. These observations explain the success of intermittent topical treatment of yeasts with the polyene antibiotics, situations where brief exposure of the yeast cells to high concentrations of the drug can be effective.
Working Together: The Workplace in Civil Society

The burgeoning literature on democratic civil society, civic engagement, and associational life has focused largely on voluntary civic organizations in which citizens choose to associate on the basis of what they already share. Those groups serve important functions in a democratic society. But those groups, by definition voluntary and largely beyond the scope of antidiscrimination law, cannot be relied upon to bring individuals together across social cleavages of ethnicity and identity. In a diverse but still-too-divided society, that is an important mediating function, and it is one that the workplace is uniquely situated to serve. The antidiscrimination laws have had a significant impact on the workplace; for most adults, it is likely to be the most racially diverse place in which they spend much time. At work, individuals cooperate and converse day after day, and form ties of familiarity and empathy with individuals from different groups. Social science research confirms the tendency of this kind of cooperative interaction to foster more positive intergroup attitudes and relations. The workplace is thus a uniquely important locus of associational life in a diverse democratic society. This article makes the case for this proposition, links it to contemporary discussions of social capital, public discourse, and social integration, and contends with the problems of hierarchy and economic compulsion that might seem to disqualify the workplace from the domain of civil society, but that prove to be more ambiguous in their significance for the distinct mediating function of the workplace.
Strict Liability for Medical Injuries? The Impact of Increasing Malpractice Liability on Obstetrician Behavior: Evidence from Taiwan

Policy makers and academics have long debated the existence and extent of defensive medicine in the face of medical malpractice liability pressure. In this paper, I investigate how physicians’ test-ordering behavior and propensity to perform cesarean sections were affected first by a series of court rulings in Taiwan that increased physicians’ liability risks, and then by a subsequent amendment to the law that reversed the courts’ rulings. I find that physicians faced with higher malpractice pressure increased laboratory tests as expected but unexpectedly reduced cesarean sections. The reduction in cesarean deliveries may be due to the fact that liability risks were more closely aligned with physicians’ standard of care after the court rulings. After the law was amended to negate the court decisions, physicians reversed their previous behavior, reducing laboratory tests and increasing cesarean deliveries. This pattern of behavior strongly suggests that physicians in Taiwan practice defensive medicine.
A Multifaceted Approach: Examining the Plight of Education in Wisconsin Under No Child Left Behind

An in-depth look at the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and its implementation and effects on test scores. This study will further understanding of the law and its requirements, as well as its effects on students, schools, districts, and effects on future public and education policy.
What Criteria Should Policymakers Use for Assisting Households with Educational Expenditure? The Case of Urban Bangladesh

Low household expenditure on education compromises the learning and future labor market prospects of children. This study provides an empirical framework for determining the criteria that South Asian policymakers can use for assisting households with educational expenditure. A case study of urban Bangladesh using tobit and hurdle regression models indicate that households in the bottom two per-capita quartiles should receive priority as recipients of policy assistance. Other criteria include households with parents who have not completed primary schooling, and households with boys, older children, and multiple children of school-going age.
Soft Phonons of Ni(100) Surface

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the soft phonons of Ni(100) surface. The structure and dynamics of c(2x2) overlayers on Ni(l00) surface have been studied. The chapter proposes a general adsorbate surface coupling and a simpler interpretation for the S 1 soft mode driven surface reconstruction. The model discussed in the chapter, requires no drastic reduction in the force constant k 12 . The role of the c(2x2) overlayer is to provide a potential that couple the two modes and removes the degeneracy. The resultant frequencies can be analyzed simply with a standard two level theory. Preliminary calculation has indicated that beyond nearest neighbor, couplings can also substantially lower the frequency of the S 4 mode without drastic reduction in the value of k 12 .
Forces impacting the production of organic foods

Roughly 20 percent of organic cropland wasdevoted to produce compared to only 3 percent forconventional agriculture in 1995. At the otherextreme, only 6 percent of organic cropland was incorn production while 25 percent of all croplandproduced corn. Only 30 percent of all organicfarmland was in pasture and rangeland compared to 66percent of all farmland. Clearly, these differencesreflect the greater importance of meat and dairyproduction in agriculture overall than in the organicsubsector. In recent years, the organic industry hasgrown not only in volume but in products offered,moving well beyond fresh produce into dairy, snacks,and frozen foods. The estimated growth in retail salesof organic foods averaged over 20 percent a year forthe last eight years compared to only two percent inthe food industry overall, reaching an estimated $4.5billion in 1998. The mix of commodities produced atthe farm level have and will continue to change inresponse to several dynamic forces, including consumerdemand, regulation, and consolidations, mergers, andmainstream entrants at the farm, manufacturing, andretail levels. Consumer demand for organic foods hasbeen spurred by a number of factors including concernsover pesticide residues on foods, food produced usinggenetically modified organisms (GMOs), and hormones indairy and meat products. These concerns coupled withthe overall increase in demand for convenience foodsexplain the phenomenal recent growth of over 70 percent in sales of organic snacks, candy, and frozenfoods. The result has been increased demand forGMO-free grains for snacks, cereals, soy products, andfeed for dairy cows. The recent allowance by USDA forthe labeling of meat and poultry as organic willaccelerate already heightened demand for organic grainand feed from the organic dairy industry. Although thefastest growth in organic foods has been in categoriesother than produce, clearly produce plays an importantrole in the consumers decision on where to shop, anddemand should increase with the overall increase inthe number of organic consumers. Market outlets nowinclude sophisticated natural food store chains,gourmet specialty stores, and e-commerce, allowing fora broadened array of products. Mainstream agriculturalproducers, manufacturers, and supermarket chains haveentered the organic marketplace at a time of lowprices for commodities at the farm gate, fiercecompetition for retail shelf space, and increasinglysophisticated targeting of consumers. Inevitably,these changes in food products offered and in retailoutlets will lead to an organic agriculture thatincreasingly resembles the conventional foodindustry.
Surgical Revascularization in North American Adults with Moyamoya Phenomenon: Long-Term Angiographic Follow-up

Background North American and Asian forms of moyamoya have distinct clinical characteristics. Asian adults with moyamoya are known to respond better to direct versus indirect revascularization. It is unclear whether North American adults with moyamoya have a similar long-term angiographic response to direct versus indirect bypass. Methods A retrospective review of surgical revascularization for adult moyamoya phenomenon was performed. Preoperative and postoperative cerebral angiograms underwent consensus review, with degree of revascularization quantified as extent of new middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory filling. Results Late angiographic follow-up was available in 15 symptomatic patients who underwent 20 surgical revascularization procedures. In 10 hemispheres treated solely with indirect arterial bypass, 3 had 2/3 revascularization, 4 had 1/3 revascularization, and 3 had no revascularization of the MCA territory. In the 10 hemispheres treated with direct arterial bypass (8 as a stand-alone procedure and 2 in combination with an indirect procedure), 2 had complete revascularization, 7 had 2/3 revascularization, and 1 had 1/3 revascularization. Direct bypass provided a higher rate of "good" angiographic outcome (complete or 2/3 revascularization) when compared with indirect techniques ( P = .0198). Conclusions Direct bypass provides a statistically significant, more consistent, and complete cerebral revascularization than indirect techniques in this patient population. This is similar to that reported in the Asian literature, which suggests that the manner of presentation (ischemia in North American adults versus hemorrhage in Asian adults) is likely not a contributor to the extent of revascularization achieved after surgical intervention.
Policies and politics in urban forestry: involving citizens in municipal urban forestry initiatives

v Chapter One: Introduction 1 Chapter Two: Survey of Literature 6 Chapter Three: Data and Methods 12 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 16 Chapter Five: Conclusion 32
The Potential and Application of the Synthetic Radioactive Isotope in Vacuum Research and Technology

A brief outline of the uses, to date, of the radioactive nuclide in basic vacuum research and routine technological application, illustrates that the tracer tool's initial emphasis, in vacuum work, has been predominately in the realm of the distillation phenomena. Some examples of the radiotracer system applied to vacuum evaporation of nuclides, are given. The modes of availability for synthetic radioactive isotopes are reviewed, along with the restrictions imposed on their use in vacuum study by their characteristics of half-life, radiation type, specific activity, etc. The methodology and some examples of health-physics procedures, vacuum system alteration, and essential techniques of radiotracer work are dealt with, along with usefulness of ancillary techniques, such as the autoradiographic method. A brief critique is made for the potential of the radiotracer technic, and its attendant sensitivity, for specific vacuum studies.
Some Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Alloys at Low Temperatures

Magnesium alloys are approximately 1/5 as heavy as stainless steels, copper alloys, and nickel alloys, and 2/3 as heavy as aluminum alloys. Because they are light, it is desirable that some magnesium alloys be added to the growing list of cryogenic construction materials. For this reason, the mechanical properties in tension and impact of six representative magnesium alloys were tested at four temperatures: 300, 195, 76, and 20°K. The six alloys were sheet AZ31B-0, ZE10A-H11 and H10, HM21A-T8, and HK31A-0; sand cast HK31A-T6; and extruded HM31A-F. Both macrophotographs and microphotographs were taken to indicate fracture characteristics.
Hyperbolic groups have finite asymptotic dimension

We detail a proof of a result of Gromov, that hyperbolic groups (and metric spaces) have finite asymptotic dimension. This fact has become important in recent work on the Novikov conjecture.
Walnut-caching behavior of American Crows

Abstract Each autumn, American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) in the Central Valley of California, USA, forage heavily on walnut trees (Juglans regia) planted along residential streets. Some of these nuts are dropped onto roads and cracked for immediate consumption, but others are carried away from foraging sites to be cached. I quantified caching behavior to understand its importance in corvid natural history and the potential for corvids to disperse large tree seeds. Crows cached an estimated 2000 walnuts/km2/yr in agricultural fields 1–2 km away. Most (73%) crows that found a walnut left the foraging site with it, and most (77%) of these crows cached their nuts. Some crows carried walnuts long distances (e.g., 5% of nuts foraged from trees were carried >2 km) and buried them in unforested habitat; this indicates that crows may be agents of tree seed dispersal. Transporting and caching a nut required approximately 10 min and increased the likelihood of it being stolen, relative to a nut eaten immediately...
Low-cost electro-optical package for use with PCB-embedded waveguides

We present a novel approach for packaging high-speed opto-electronic 12x-array devices in a compact, low-cost package for waveguide-based intra-system links. In order to avoid optical signal loss and crosstalk, the mutual alignment between PCB-embedded multimode waveguides and the opto-electronic components needs to be in the order of 5-10 micrometer, which is an order of magnitude tighter than standard PCB manufacturing tolerances. Our packaging concept uses a combination of passive alignment steps, tolerance stackup reduction and a misalignment-tolerant coupling scheme in order to bridge this gap in a cost competitive way. Using flip-chip technology, the opto-electronic components are placed onto a very thin substrate with holes for the light path. The top side of the 25 μm liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate not only provides fast and low-loss electrical connections, but also serves as alignment reference plane for the entire module, avoiding alignment tolerance accumulation over different assembly steps. Openings for the laser beams, passive lens alignment features, centering holes for mechanical alignment pins between module and board and optional MT-guide receptacles are all laser-cut within one single process step, with a precision better than 5 μm. A similar approach is used for the PCB-side optics, and a lens-pair coupling scheme provides for a sufficiently large misalignment tolerance between the package and the PCB. Mechanical rigidity of the package and thermal protection are provided by an epoxy filled aluminum frame. We will present our design considerations, the basic package concept, the actual experimental implementation and characterization results of our first prototype package.
Interatrial conduction (activation) times

Abstract Left atrial electrograms were recorded simultaneously from sites located in the coronary sinus, right pulmonary artery and esophagus in order to determine and correlate the interatrial conduction times obtained from these locations. Ten patients with normal-sized atria and 16 patients with isolated left atrial enlargement were studied. A high correlation existed between the P wave duration and the interatrial conduction times obtained from the coronary sinus and pulmonary artery; good correlations were also found for the interatrial conduction times in the esophageal recordings. Interatrial conduction times recorded from the pulmonary artery and esophagus correlated well with those recorded from the distal coronary sinus (the generally accepted standard for the indirect interatrial conduction time measurements). In addition to providing information on the mechanisms of atrial arrhythmias, the electrograms obtained from the various indirect left atrial recording sites provide satisfactory quantification of interatrial conduction.
Polyphosphate goes from pedestrian to prominent in the marine P-cycle.

Phosphorus plays a key role in all life (1), from providing the energy that runs the cell machinery, linking nucleotides in RNA and DNA that form the “blueprint” of life, to being an integral part of the cell membrane lipid bilayer, making life possible by compartmentalizing biochemical processes. Polyphosphates (poly-P) are linear or cyclical polymers of a few to many hundreds of phosphate molecules linked with the same type of high-energy bond found in ATP, the key molecule in energy transactions within living cells, and poly-P may in fact act as a substitute for ATP in some enzymatic reactions (2). Poly-P was most likely present in prebiological times of the Earth’s history as these polymers spontaneously form during volcanic, or hydrothermal vent, activity (3). Additionally, it has been speculated that poly-P may have played a role in the origins of life on our planet (4). Although, poly-P appears to be ubiquitous throughout the natural world (5) and has long been recognized as a storage molecule for phosphate, relatively little has been known about its role and function in cells until quite recently (6). As a result, poly-P has sometimes been called a molecular “fossil” (7) due to its obscure and presumably pedestrian role in cell metabolism and hence has not garnered much scientific interest in the past. Nevertheless, over the last decades, it has become increasingly clear that poly-P may in fact be essential for a multitude of cellular functions, including, but not limited to, gene expression regulation, energy storage, motility, and ultimately the survival of the cell (4). However, the presence, distribution, and significance of poly-P in the marine environment and to its microbial inhabitants have been largely lacking, although recent metagenomic studies have suggested their potential importance to microorganisms in the oligotrophic oceans (8). Here, Martin et al. (9) present, to date, the most comprehensive study of poly-P content and distribution in particulate material in the marine environment. Their study transects the temperate western North Atlantic (TWNA) Ocean, which is relatively rich in nutrients, across the Gulf Stream and into the severely phosphorus-limited subtropical Sargasso Sea. Along this transect, which provides a natural gradient in nutrient regimes, they measure the poly-P content, among other phosphorus-relevant parameters, of the microbial communities in the upper water column, as well as the amount of poly-P in particles sinking out of the upper ocean into its deep interior.
An oligosaccharide at the C-terminus of the F-specific domain in the stalk of the human parainfluenza virus 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase modulates fusion

The promotion of membrane fusion by the fusion (F) protein of human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV3) is dependent on a virus-specific contribution from the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein. By evaluation of chimeric hPIV3-Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN proteins, we have previously shown that hPIV3-F-specificity is determined by a domain that extends from the middle of the membrane anchor to the 82nd residue in the ectodomain [Virology 209, (1995) 457; Arch. Virol. 13 (1997) 115]. If the corresponding NDV-derived residues replace the two C-terminal residues in this domain, no fusion is detected. However, these substitutions restore a glycosylation site present in NDV HN, but not in hPIV3 HN. Deletion of this site from a nested set of chimeras with hPIV3-derived N-terminal portions of decreasing length partially restores fusion, suggesting that an oligosaccharide near the top of hPIV3 HN stalk modulates fusion. In addition, further mutational analyses show that a chimera with only 125 N-terminal hPIV3-derived residues (72 in the stalk) actually promotes fusion more efficiently than the wt protein. These findings localize the C-terminus of the F-specific domain in hPIV3 HN a full 10 residues closer to the membrane than previously shown.
Further studies on alterations in male rat copulatory behavior induced by the dopamine-receptor agonist RDS-127

Abstract Pharmacologic dopamine receptor stimulation by RDS-127 (2-N,N- di - n -propylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindane) resulted in qualitatively different changes in the mating pattern depending on the dose administered and time elapsed between treatment and behavioral observation. A low dose (0.25 mg/kg) selectively increased the latency to ejaculation whereas a high dose (3.0 mg/kg) decreased ejaculation latency and intromission frequency (both indicators of ejaculatory efficiency) when behavioral observations were begun 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration. Intermediate doses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) did not alter the time required to achieve ejaculation but did lower the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. These dose-dependent actions resemble the effects of dopaminomimetics (reported by others) on locomotor activity. When mating tests were concluded shortly (less than five minutes) after drug administration, the induction of ejaculation by the high dose was enhanced. At this time, as well after a prolonged delay (two hours), signs of decreased arousal (longer intromission latencies) were also observed. However, the postejaculatory refractory period was altered in a time-dependent fashion, viz: it was shortened closest to the injection time, not altered 30 minutes after treatment, and increased two hours after RDS-127 administration. Finally, RDS-127 induced seminal emission (excopula) in 2.9±0.9 (S.E.) minutes, and these emissions did not differ in weight from normal spontaneous (diurnal) seminal emissions. The RDS-127-induced seminal emission was not followed by a refractory period of similar magnitude to that seen after ejaculation in copula. The data are interpreted in terms of the involvement of dopamine receptor subtypes in the modulation of masculine sexual behavior.
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy: is it dose-dependent?

Alcohol is a known myocardial depressant. In a dose-dependent fashion, one can show progressive decline in left ventricular systolic function. This observation has been used to implicate alcohol as a major cause of up to 30% of all dilated cardiomyopathies. However, it is not well recognized that there appears to be a biphasic cardiovascular effect based on the chronic dose of alcohol ingested. At low to moderate doses, studies suggest that alcohol has a favorable impact on cardiovascular outcomes. In other words, patients who have one to two glasses of alcohol per day have fewer myocardial infarctions and an improved survival. Large trials, such as the Physician Health Study, indicate that this benefit may be over wide ranges of doses, from one to seven glasses per week. When this is looked at in higher-risk diabetic patients, the benefit of low to moderate doses of alcohol persists. Together, this information suggests that low to moderate doses of alcohol improve cardiovascular risk, and this benefit may exceed the risk of hypertension or heart failure. It is equally important to recognize the serious down side to alcohol ingestion. At chronic high-dose intake of alcohol, there is a direct relationship to elevated blood pressure. Also, prolonged exposure to alcohol increases the likelihood of developing congestive heart failure. Combining the negative cardiovascular effects with potential danger to other organs, such as the liver, underscores the risk for high-dose alcohol. Therefore, there is a biphasic dose response to alcohol. At low to moderate doses, patients experience an overall cardiovascular benefit; it is only when a critical threshold is reached by high-dose alcohol that one observes the toxic effects. Patients on low to moderate ingestion of alcohol should be reassured, but those on high doses should be strongly encouraged to abstain due to potential toxic effects of alcohol.
Crystal structure of naturally occurring mercury(II) amidonitrate

A naturally-occurring mercuroammonium compound from F’itkin County, Colorado, is shown to be the natural analog of synthetic HgNH,N03. The crystals are isometric, P4132 orP$32, with a = 10.254( 1) A and twelve formula weights per cell. Using 437 symmetry-independent reflections, the crystal structure was partially determined and refined to a residual of 0.090. The positions of the Hg atoms and the N and 0 atoms of the nitrate group were determined, but the amide ion could not be located, probably due to positional disorder. The structure contains mercury atoms arranged in equilateral triangles 3.421(l) 8, on a side. These triangles are linked through shared vertices into helical chains wound around the fourfold screw axes. Similar triangular units occur in other inorganic Hg(II) compounds. The distortion of the nitrate ion from trigonal planar symmetry is also discussed.
Elastic Geodesic Paths in Shape Space of Parameterized Surfaces

This paper presents a novel Riemannian framework for shape analysis of parameterized surfaces. In particular, it provides efficient algorithms for computing geodesic paths which, in turn, are important for comparing, matching, and deforming surfaces. The novelty of this framework is that geodesics are invariant to the parameterizations of surfaces and other shape-preserving transformations of surfaces. The basic idea is to formulate a space of embedded surfaces (surfaces seen as embeddings of a unit sphere in IR3) and impose a Riemannian metric on it in such a way that the reparameterization group acts on this space by isometries. Under this framework, we solve two optimization problems. One, given any two surfaces at arbitrary rotations and parameterizations, we use a path-straightening approach to find a geodesic path between them under the chosen metric. Second, by modifying a technique presented in [25], we solve for the optimal rotation and parameterization (registration) between surfaces. Their combined solution provides an efficient mechanism for computing geodesic paths in shape spaces of parameterized surfaces. We illustrate these ideas using examples from shape analysis of anatomical structures and other general surfaces.
Improved Sensitivity Mass Spectrometric Detection of Eicosanoids by Charge Reversal Derivatization

Combined liquid chromatography−electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC−ESI-MS/MS) is a powerful method for the analysis of oxygenated metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids including eicosanoids. Here we describe the synthesis of a new derivatization reagent N-(4-aminomethylphenyl)pyridinium (AMPP) that can be coupled to eicosanoids via an amide linkage in quantitative yield. Conversion of the carboxylic acid of eicosanoids to a cationic AMPP amide improves sensitivity of detection by 10- to 20-fold compared to negative mode electrospray ionization detection of underivatized analytes. This charge reversal derivatization allows detection of cations rather than anions in the electrospray ionization mass spectrometer, which enhances sensitivity. Another factor is that AMPP amides undergo considerable collision-induced dissociation in the analyte portion rather than exclusively in the cationic tag portion, which allows isobaric derivatives to be distinguished by tandem mass spectrometry, and ...