cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypersensitivity reactions and the utility of oral and intravenous desensitization in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Objectives. The aims of this study were to characterize hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy in patients with gynecologic malignancies and to determine the utility of oral and intravenous desensitization. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed patients with hypersensitivity reactions identified by direct physician query and by review of charts with ICD9 code E933.1 (Adverse Effect Anti-Neoplastic). Results. Thirty-two patients were identified: 27 with ovarian cancer, 4 with primary peritoneal cancer, and 1 with cervical cancer. Nine patients experienced hypersensitivity reactions during the primary regimen and 23 during chemotherapy for recurrent disease. Hypersensitivity occurred following an average of nine courses. Hypersensitivity occurred secondary to paclitaxel (10) carboplatin (16), cisplatin (4), bleomycin (1), and paclitaxel/carboplatin combination therapy (1). Patients had previously received the agent in 93.8% of carboplatin reactions, in 54.5% of paclitaxel reactions, and in all other agent reactions. Hypersensitivity reactions most commonly included flushing, dyspnea/bronchospasm, back pain, chest discomfort, pruritus, erythema, and nausea and occasionally included alterations in blood pressure or pulse rate. Reactions were successfully treated in 96.9% of patients by interrupting the infusion and administering steroids, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, nebulized β-agonists, and/or pressors. Seventeen patients underwent desensitization, one to two agents, with 94% success. Nine of ten patients had successful iv desensitization, and 8/10 patients had successful oral desensitization. One failure on the oral regimen had previous successful iv desensitization. Conclusions. Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic agents do not necessarily require exclusion of a compound from the treatment regimen. Intravenous and oral desensitization protocols are useful for successful and safe administration of paclitaxel and platinum compounds in patients with prior hypersensitivity reactions.
Strategic corporate philanthropy : Addressing frontline talent needs through an educational giving program

Corporate philanthropy describes the action when a corporation voluntarily donates a portion of its resources to a societal cause. Although the thought of philanthropy invokes feelings of altruism, there are many objectives for corporate giving beyond altruism. Meeting strategic corporate objectives can be an important if not primary goal of philanthropy. The purpose of this paper is to share insights from a strategic corporate philanthropic initiative aimed at increasing the pool of frontline customer contact employees who are performance-ready, while supporting curriculum development and infrastructure improvement for selected university business programs, creating a win-win situation for the company and the universities. This paper will address three objectives. First, we will examine the evolution of strategic philanthropy from the traditional view to its current position as a strategic option. Second, we will address the recruitment of front line talent needs (customer facing jobs in sales, customer service, and marketing) based on the profit maximization model of strategic philanthropy. Finally, we will offer conclusions and issues for future research.
Cognitive deficits in long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors

Improvements in survival for patients who had childhood brain tumors has led to an increasing emphasis on the quality of life for these long-term survivors. Initial survival studies relied on global descriptions of functional abilities to assess cognitive deficits and reported that from 20% to 40% of long-term survivors had obvious partial disability and <10% were severely disabled. Formal neuropsychological testing has revealed that from 40% to 100% of long-term survivors have some form of cognitive deficit in various intelligence quotients, visual/perceptual skills, learning abilities, and adaptive behavior. Prospective, controlled studies have found a younger age at diagnosis, radiotherapy, methotrexate chemotherapy, tumor location and time interval to testing to be important (alone or in combination) and related to a high risk of subsequent cognitive deficits. Some variables play an as yet unresolved role. However, despite the progress of the last decade, future prospective studies are needed to define the role of certain variables in the development of cognitive deficits that maximize survival while minimizing cognitive deficits.
The Problem of Experience in the Study of Organizations

This paper deals with the fact that we cannot experience large organizations directly, in the same way as we can experience individuals or small groups, and that this non-experientiability has certain implications for our scientific theories of organizations. Whereas a science is animated by a constructive interplay of theory concepts and experience concepts, the study of organizations has been confined to theory concepts alone. Implications of this analysis for developing a science of organizations are considered.
Induction of HIV-1 latency and reactivation in primary memory CD4+ T cells

The use of antiretroviral therapy in HIV type 1 (HIV-1)–infected patients does not lead to virus eradication. This is due, to a significant degree, to the fact that HIV-1 can establish a highly stable reservoir of latently infected cells. In this work, we describe an ex vivo experimental system that generates high levels of HIV-1 latently infected memory cells using primary CD4+ T cells. Using this model, we were able to dissect the T cell–signaling pathways and to characterize the long terminal repeat (LTR) cis-acting elements involved in reactivation of HIV-1 in memory CD4+ T cells. We conclude that Lck and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), but not NF-κB, are required for optimal latent virus reactivation in memory T cells. We also found that the cis-acting elements which are critical toward HIV-1 reactivation are the Sp1 and κB/NFAT transcription factor binding sites.
Maximum likelihood estimation: Logic and practice.

Introduction The Logic of Maximum Likelihood A General Modeling Framework Using Maximum Likelihood Methods An Introduction to Basic Estimation Techniques Further Empirical Examples Additional Likelihoods Conclusions
Evaluation of a technique of nitrogen insufflation to decrease plastic endotracheal tube cuff flammability during carbon dioxide laser surgery.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether nitrogen insufflation reduces the laser-induced combustibility of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tube cuffs. Setting: Research laboratory of a metropolitan, university-affiliated medical center. Design and Interventions: A plastic catheter was fastened along the shafts of 10 PVC endotracheal tubes with self-adhesive copper foil tape down to a level just above the cuff. The modified endotracheal tubes were inserted into graduated cylinders and flushed with oxygen. The cuffs were then inflated with air, and a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser was aimed at them. Five of the modified endotracheal tubes had 10 L/min of nitrogen insuffated via the plastic tube. Measurements and Main Results: The laser ignited only 1 of the cuffs insufflated with nitrogen; however, all 5 of the modified endotracheal tubes that were not insufflated burned ( p Conclusion: Nitrogen insufflation decreases CO 2 laser-induced PVC endotracheal tube cuff combustibility. However, clinical applications of this technique should be undertaken with caution, as the administration of a hypoxic mixture may be possible.
Emergence of the concept of acute renal failure.

Acute renal failure (ARF) is an ailment that has afflicted humans from time immemorial. Its recognition, however, was slow to emerge, hampered initially by the failure to consider it a diagnosis and, subsequently, by the disparity of its nomenclature in the different conditions in which it was observed and described. Further delay was due to the late recognition of the physiology of urine formation and the pathophysiology of acute injury to the kidney, which was to allow the final identification of the entity in the past century. The definition of ‘ischuria’ as the suppression or retention of urine, and its classification to include ‘ischuria renalis’ in the 17th century was a fundamental step that allowed diseases of the kidney to be grouped, studied and described. By the 18th century, the clinical course of ARF was well described, and by the 19th century its microscopic structural features were clearly detailed but continued to be given disparate names by various authors. During World War I, acute failure of kidney function due to trauma was reported as ‘war nephritis’, which with the end of the war became a forgotten entity. In the interval between the two world wars, increased emphasis on experimental studies allowed major advances in the understanding of the hemodynamics of shock, volume homeostasis, kidney function and tubular epithelial cell injury and regeneration. As such, the reports of acute kidney failure in crush victims of the London air raids in 1941 prompted a series of clinical, pathological and experimental studies over the ensuing decade that were to lead to the full emergence of the concept of ARF in 1951.
Variability in recruitment of Balanus glandula (Darwin, 1854) along the central California coast

The interpretation of recruitment limitation in marine benthic species depends upon the spatial and temporal scales of the underlying observations. Examination of recruitment patterns in the intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula (Darwin, 1854) at two localities (a wave-swept rocky coast site and a nearby wave-protected harbor) along the central California coast shows the variability in recruitment along several scales simultaneously. During the study period, temporal variability in recruitment rates ranged over five orders of magnitude on the open coast and nearly four orders of magnitude inside the harbor. Dissynchronous recruitment over the largest spatial scale (several kilometers) produced large differences on particular sample dates, but no differences in overall recruitment rates over a period of 7 months despite dissimilarities in environmental conditions and experimental protocol. Intermediate spatial scales (tens of meters) yielded mixed results; sampling sites inside the harbor, selected as homogenously as possible, displayed much greater variability than those on the open coast, which were placed within cages along a gradient of exposure to wave action. Recruitment was at least as variable on the smallest spatial scale (centimeters) as on the larger scales.
Mission Intolerable: Harrison Salisbury's Trip to Hanoi and the Limits of Dissent against the Vietnam War

Recent scholarship has shown that U.S. policymakers went to war in Vietnam despite full knowledge of problems they would find there. Why then did policymakers set aside their worries and head down a highly uncertain road? This article proposes examining why institutions that criticized U.S. policymaking did not do so as forcefully as they might have. Specifically, it explores constraints that operated within the news media by investigating the controversy that swirled around a series of stories written by Harrison Salisbury and published by the New York Times in 1966 and 1967. These stories, written during and after Salisbury's extraordinary trip to North Vietnam, directly challenged several of the Johnson administration's claims about the war. Predictably, administration officials criticized the series. More surprisingly, Salisbury encountered condemnation from other publications and even his own paper. The article describes these critiques and discusses constraints on independent, critical reporting within the media.
The Bagshot Beds

IN reply to the letter from Mr. Irving in NATURE of July 8 (p. 217), I beg to state that a mere abstract of the paper on the Bagshot Beds by Mr. Herries and myself was read at the meeting of the Geological Society on June 9, on which occasion Mr. Irving was not present; that the report of our remarks in NATURE of July 1 (p. 210) only purports to give the conclusions at which we arrive, and not the evidence by which they are supported. We trust therefore that your readers will reserve their judgment until the entire paper is published.
Novel biobased nanocomposites from functionalized vegetable oil and organically-modified layered silicate clay

The new biobased nanocomposites are processed from anhydride-cured epoxidized linseed oil (ELO)/ or octyl epoxide linseedate (OEL)/diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy matrix and organomontmorillonite clay. The selection of anhydride curing agent and biobased epoxy resulted in an excellent combination to provide an epoxy matrix having high elastic modulus, high glass transition temperature, and high heat distortion temperature (HDT), with higher amounts of functionalized vegetable oil (FVO), compared with amine-cured biobased epoxy. The sonication technique was utilized to process the organically-modified clay nanoplatelets in the glassy biobased epoxy network resulting in nanocomposites where the clay nanoplatelets are almost completely exfoliated and homogeneously dispersed in the epoxy network. The processed exfoliated clay nanocomposites showed higher storage modulus compared with the neat epoxy containing the same amount of FVO. Therefore, the lost storage modulus with larger amount of FVO can be regained with exfoliated clay nanoreinforcement.
Thyroid dysfunction in primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background/Aims: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is frequently associated with autoimmune diseases, including thyroid disease, although it is uncertain that this association is higher than in other liver diseases. Methods: We compared the prevalence and incidence of thyroid dysfunction (TD) in a series of patients with PBC (n=67) with patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) (n=79) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (n=97) seen in a tertiary referral centre who had previously participated in clinical trials. Results: At initial evaluation, prevalence of TD in PBC was 13% compared with 11% in PSC (P=0.71) and 25% in NAFLD (P=0.08). Incidence of TD was 2.9 patients per 100 person-years in PBC compared with 2.1 patients per 100 person-years in PSC (P=0.57) and 1.8 patients per 100 person-years in non-alcoholic liver disease (P=0.45). Older age, female gender, biochemical abnormalities and concurrent autoimmune disorders were not predictive of the development of TD. Conclusions: TD was unexpectedly as common in patients with PBC as in patients with PSC and NAFLD, yet significantly more common than expected in the general population. Further investigation of thyroid disease in PSC and NAFLD is warranted.
c-Fos transcriptional activity stimulated by H-Ras-activated protein kinase distinct from JNK and ERK

RAS proteins exert their mitogenic and oncogenic effects through activation of downstream protein kinases1. An important question is how Ras-generated signals reach the nucleus to activate down-stream target genes. AP-1, a heterodimeric complex of Jun and Fos proteins, which activates mitogen-inducible genes2, is a major nuclear target of Ras3. Ras can stimulate AP-1 activity by inducing c-fos transcription2,3, a process which is probably mediated by the ERK1 and -2 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases4, which phosphorylate the transcription factor Elk-1/TCF5,6. Besides inducing transcription from fos and jun genes, mitogens and Ras proteins enhance AP-1 activity through phosphorylation of c-Jun7,8. Phosphorylation of the c-Jun activation domain leads to c-jun induction through an autoregulatory loop2. Ras- and ultra-violet-responsive protein kinases that phosphorylate c-Jun on ser-ine residues at positions 63 and 73 and stimulate its transcriptional activity have been identified9. These proline-directed kinases, termed JNKs, are novel MAP kinases10. It is not clear, however, whether c-Jun is the only recipient and JNK the only transducer of the Ras signal to AP-1 proteins. A short sequence surrounding the major JNK phosphorylation site of c-Jun is conserved in c-Fos and is part of its activation domain11, suggesting that c-Fos may be similarly regulated. Here we show that Ras does indeed augment the transcriptional activity of c-Fos through phosphoryla-tion at Thr 232, the homologue of Ser 73 of c-Jun. However, this is mediated by a novel Ras- and mitogen-responsive proline-directed protein kinase that is different from JNKs and ERKs. Therefore, at least three types of proline-directed kinases4 transmit Ras- and mitogen-generated signals to the transcriptional machinery.
THE C2 DOMAIN CALCIUM-BINDING MOTIF : STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY

The C2 domain is a Ca(2+)-binding motif of approximately 130 residues in length originally identified in the Ca(2+)-dependent isoforms of protein kinase C. Single and multiple copies of C2 domains have been identified in a growing number of eukaryotic signalling proteins that interact with cellular membranes and mediate a broad array of critical intracellular processes, including membrane trafficking, the generation of lipid-second messengers, activation of GTPases, and the control of protein phosphorylation. As a group, C2 domains display the remarkable property of binding a variety of different ligands and substrates, including Ca2+, phospholipids, inositol polyphosphates, and intracellular proteins. Expanding this functional diversity is the fact that not all proteins containing C2 domains are regulated by Ca2+, suggesting that some C2 domains may play a purely structural role or may have lost the ability to bind Ca2+. The present review summarizes the information currently available regarding the structure and function of the C2 domain and provides a novel sequence alignment of 65 C2 domain primary structures. This alignment predicts that C2 domains form two distinct topological folds, illustrated by the recent crystal structures of C2 domains from synaptotagmin 1 and phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C-delta 1, respectively. The alignment highlights residues that may be critical to the C2 domain fold or required for Ca2+ binding and regulation.
Assessment of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity by medical record review compared with direct standardized evaluation

Objective. Clinical studies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often necessitate assessment of previous disease activity, which is sometimes only possible by retrospective evaluation of information from the medical record. Using the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), the present study compared an assessment of disease activity obtained by chart abstraction with a direct clinical assessment. Methods. A chart SLAM was obtained using information abstracted from the clinic notes of 46 patients with SLE who were being followed up at a referral center. Chart SLAM scores were compared with SLAM scores derived from an independent assessor's direct clinical evaluation. Results. Direct SLAM and chart SLAM scores were correlated (r = 0.67 by Spearman's rank correlation, P = 0.0001). Chart review scores for disease activity tended to be lower, but to an inconsistent degree, reflecting both under- and overestimation of disease activity. The overall misclassification rate on a 3-category scale (mild, moderate, or severe activity) was 59%. Conclusion. Although chart SLAM scores were highly correlated with direct SLAM scores, misclassification of disease activity by chart review cannot be rectified. Thus, in research, medical record review should not be used as a proxy for the direct SLAM, nor should it be considered comparable with clinical assessments in the analysis of disease activity.
Dramatic response to dabrafenib and trametinib combination in a BRAF V600E-mutated cholangiocarcinoma: implementation of a molecular tumour board and next-generation sequencing for personalized medicine

This is the case of a 47-year-old woman diagnosed with chemotherapy and radiation-refractory BRAF V600E mutant, poorly differentiated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), with multiple metastatic lesions within the liver, lungs, pleura, and bone, stage IV. Discussion of her malignancy’s next-generation sequencing genomic information at a multidisciplinary molecular tumour board took place. The patient was considered a suitable candidate for dual BRAF and MEK inhibition, with the intent to prolong her survival and optimize the quality of life. We report her excellent tolerance and exceptional response to dual therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib, including symptomatic and sustained near-complete radiological improvement. We also briefly review the current knowledge of the genomics of cholangiocarcinoma with a focus on BRAF mutations, and make a point of the importance of the establishment of a molecular tumour board for personalized genomic medicine approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of the use of personalized genomic information for the successful management of a patient with ICC, and it is also the first description of dual BRAF and MEK targeted therapy in this malignancy, leading to what is considered an exceptional response.
Identification of Listeria innocua Surrogates for Listeria monocytogenes in Hamburger Patties

Listeria innocua M1 has been used by many researchers as a nonpathogenic thermal processing surrogate for Listeria monocytogenes. However, L. innocua M1 has been criticized because its thermal survivability characteristics are not as closely parallel to L. monocytogenes as some would like in a variety of foods and processing conditions. The present study was conducted to compare multiple L. innocua and L. monocytogenes strains to validate L. innocua M1 as the ideal surrogate under high-temperature thermal processing conditions for L. monocytogenes. The D- and z-values of L. innocua M1, L. innocua strain SLCC 5639 serotype (6a), SLCC 5640 (6b), SLCC 2745 (4ab), and L. monocytogenes F4243 (4b) were calculated for raw hamburger patties. Hamburger patties were inoculated with 10(7-8) CFU/g of L. monocytogenes or L. innocua. Samples were heat treated at 4 temperatures (62.5 to 70 degrees C). At each temperature, the decimal reduction time (D-value) was obtained by linear regression of survival curves. The D- and z-values were determined for each bacterium. The D-values of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes serotypes ranged from 3.17 to 0.13 min at 62.5 to 70 degrees C, and the z-values of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes were 7.44 to 7.73 degrees C. Two of the 4 L. innocua serotypes used in this experiment have the potential for use as surrogates in hamburger meat with varying margins of safety. L. innocua M1 should serve as the primary nonpathogenic surrogate with the greatest margin of safety in verifying a new thermal process to destroy L. monocytogenes.
Performance of Disposable Respirators

An experimental study of the filtration performance of several commercially available, NIOSH-approved, disposable respirators was conducted using monodisperse DOP and NaCl particles with diameters in the 0.035 to 4 μm range. The aerosol penetration through the respirators were measured at flow rates of 16, 28 and 48 L/m using a condensation nucleus counter, an aerodynamic particle sizer, and a laser optical particle counter for purposes of comparison. The results obtained by these instruments were found to be in good agreement with each other in the overlapping region of particle size of the instruments. The peak penetration through the respirator filters was found to range from approximately 1.2% to 30% at 16 L/m, 3.5% to 37% at 28 L/m, and 6% to 45% at 48 L/m. The most penetrating particle size was found to lie in the 0.1 to 0.4 μm diameter range. Further, no significant difference in penetration for NaCl and DOP particles was found, suggesting that the particlebounce effect was not important in the present study.
Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure Near a Single Wraparound Fin

The  ow structure near a single wraparound  n on a wall-mounted semicylindrical model was experimentally investigated at Mach 2.8 (Re/l = 18 106 m 1). Detailed mean  ow and turbulence measurements were obtained using conventional pressure probes and cross-wire hot- lm anemometry at a series of stations near the  n. Large  ow eld asymmetries were observed in both mean  ow and turbulence measurements aft of the shock/boundarylayer interaction. Measured turbulence intensities in the fuselage boundary layer were far greater on the concave side of the  n than on the convex side. On the convex side of the  n, the turbulence intensity levels were 30% lower than the preinteraction values, and on the concave side a 50% increase was observed. Similarly, the Reynolds shear stress levels aft of the  n bow shock decreased on the convex side of the  n while increasing dramatically on the concave side. These results are consistent with the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of pressure gradient distortion on supersonic boundary layers.
Acclimation to successive short term salinity changes by the bivalve Modiolus demissus. I. Changes in hemolymph osmotic concentration, hemolymph ion concentration and tissue water content

The response of Modiolus demissus to successive short term osmotic stress, such as may be experienced on a daily basis during normal tidal fluctuations, was investigated. Results indicate that if M. demissus uses valve closure as a means of avoiding temporary salinity change, the period of time during which it does so must be very short. Animals were found to be essentially in osmotic equilibrium with their environments within three hours of exposure to new salinity regimes.
Nanoparticle-detained toxins for safe and effective vaccination

Toxoid vaccines--vaccines based on inactivated bacterial toxins--are routinely used to promote antitoxin immunity for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. Following chemical or heat denaturation, inactivated toxins can be administered to mount toxin-specific immune responses. However, retaining faithful antigenic presentation while removing toxin virulence remains a major challenge and presents a trade-off between efficacy and safety in toxoid development. Here, we show a nanoparticle-based toxin-detainment strategy that safely delivers non-disrupted pore-forming toxins for immune processing. Using erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles and staphylococcal α-haemolysin, we demonstrate effective virulence neutralization via spontaneous particle entrapment. Compared with vaccination with heat-denatured toxin, mice vaccinated with the nanoparticle-detained toxin showed superior protective immunity against toxin-mediated adverse effects. We find that the non-disruptive detoxification approach benefited the immunogenicity and efficacy of toxoid vaccines. We anticipate that this study will open new possibilities in the preparation of antitoxin vaccines against the many virulence factors that threaten public health.
Effect of Three Row Covers and Black Plastic Mulch on the Growth and Yield of ‘Clemson Spineless’ Okra

ABSTRACT Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus ‘Clemson Spineless’) was grown on a sandy loam soil at the E.V. Smith Research Center, Shorter, Alabama. Okra was direct seeded in single rows spaced 2.1 m apart. Treatments were: (1) black plastic mulch (BPM), (2) BPM + clear, slitted plastic (CSP) row tunnel, (3) BPM + Kimberly Farms row cover (KFRC), (4) bare soil (BS), and (5) BPM + white, tinted, slitted plastic (WTSP) row tunnel. BPM and BPM + WTSP treatments induced the highest yields, an increase of 112% and 90%, respectively, over those produced on BS.
Bilateral maculopathy associated with Pierre Robin sequence.

Pierre Robin sequence has been associated with a number of ocular complications, including myopia, strabismus, Mobius syndrome, nasolacrimal duct obstruction, glaucoma, cataract, microphthalmos, coloboma of choroid, and retinal detachment. We report a 10-day-old boy who presented with micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate as well as multiple congenital anomalies. Ophthalmic examination was notable for bilateral maculopathy, with focal areas of retinal and retinal pigment epithelial atrophy. The association of Pierre Robin sequence and maculopathy has been reported only twice previously.
Estimating quenching errors in ƒB and BB

We use quenched chiral perturbation theory to estimate the quenching errors in ƒB, ƒBS, BB and BBS.
Associations among race/ethnicity, ApoC-III genotypes, and lipids in HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy.

Background Protease inhibitors (PIs) are associated with hypertriglyceridemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Identifying HIV-1-infected individuals who are at increased risk of PI-related dyslipidemia will facilitate therapeutic choices that maintain viral suppression while reducing risk of atherosclerotic diseases. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) gene variants, which vary by race/ethnicity, have been associated with a lipid profile that resembles PI-induced dyslipidemia. However, the association of race/ethnicity, or candidate gene effects across race/ethnicity, with plasma lipid levels in HIV-1-infected individuals, has not been reported. Methods and Findings A cross-sectional analysis of race/ethnicity, apoC-III/apoA-I genotypes, and PI exposure on plasma lipids was performed in AIDS Clinical Trial Group studies (n = 626). Race/ethnicity was a highly significant predictor of plasma lipids in fully adjusted models. Furthermore, in stratified analyses, the effect of PI exposure appeared to differ across race/ethnicity. Black/non-Hispanic, compared with White/non-Hispanics and Hispanics, had lower plasma triglyceride (TG) levels overall, but the greatest increase in TG levels when exposed to PIs. In Hispanics, current PI antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure was associated with a significantly smaller increase in TGs among patients with variant alleles at apoC-III-482, −455, and Intron 1, or at a composite apoC-III genotype, compared with patients with the wild-type genotypes. Conclusions In the first pharmacogenetic study of its kind in HIV-1 disease, we found race/ethnic-specific differences in plasma lipid levels on ART, as well as differences in the influence of the apoC-III gene on the development of PI-related hypertriglyceridemia. Given the multi-ethnic distribution of HIV-1 infection, our findings underscore the need for future studies of metabolic and cardiovascular complications of ART that specifically account for racial/ethnic heterogeneity, particularly when assessing candidate gene effects.
The Hamiltonian formulation of the Euler equation and subsequent constraints on the properties of randomly stirred fluids

Abstract It is shown that the existence of a new integral of the motion for inviscid flow, evident in the hamiltonian formulation of the Euler equation, results in some important constraints on the properties of randomly stirred fluids.
Distributed control design to regulate grid frequency and reduce drivetrain stress in wind systems using battery storage

Control designs to facilitate increased utilization of wind powered electric generation face challenges from two directions. From the “system” perspective of the grid, increased wind penetration carries responsibility for greater participation in grid frequency regulation, a function historically provided by traditional synchronous generators. From the “component” perspective of the individual turbine, requirements for long mechanical life and low maintenance translate to a need for control imposing low stress on the drivetrain/gearbox. Recent literature has tended to treat these two separately, while the work here proposes and analyzes a distributed control design that jointly addresses both. To achieve the required flexibility, available actuation is assumed to be augmented by modest amounts of controllable power from battery storage, along with industry-standard power controls at the wind turbines themselves (i.e., the new control design focus is on the batteries, to supplement standard, existing controls on wind turbines). Novel features of the methodology include: (i) adoption of an “exosystem” state model representing wind speed disturbances; (ii) assurance that actuators remain within saturation limits for modeled disturbances (e.g., batteries within their maximum power capability); (iii) use of a modest number of phasor unit measurements at the distributed controllers to enhance observability in relevant modal subspaces.
The PHD Domain of MEKK1 Acts as an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase and Mediates Ubiquitination and Degradation of ERK1/2

ERK1/2 MAP kinases are important regulators in cellular signaling, whose activity is normally reversibly regulated by threonine-tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, we have found that stress-induced ERK1/2 activity is downregulated by ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of ERK1/2. The PHD domain of MEKK1, a RING finger-like structure, exhibited E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward ERK2 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, both MEKK1 kinase activity and the docking motif on ERK1/2 were involved in ERK1/2 ubiquitination. Significantly, cells expressing ERK2 with the docking motif mutation were resistant to sorbitol-induced apoptosis. Therefore, MEKK1 functions not only as an upstream activator of the ERK and JNK through its kinase domain, but also as an E3 ligase through its PHD domain, providing a negative regulatory mechanism for decreasing ERK1/2 activity.
Education and Advance Care Planning in Nursing Homes: The Impact of Ownership Type.

The study examined the association between ownership type and community benefit as measured by organizational approaches to patient, family, and community education. As a case study of the broader class of educational efforts, the inquiry focused on educational efforts regarding a central patient care issue for nursing homes: the use of life-sustaining medical treatment. Results indicated that nonprofit and for-profit nursing homes were equally likely to conduct educational efforts concerning advance care planning. However, nonprofit nursing homes were more likely than for-profit nursing homes to have ongoing, rather than sporadic, discussions about advance care planning; to broaden such discussions beyond life-support wishes; and to have ethics committees to support advance care planning. Other empirical research has demonstrated ownership differences in both cost and quality of care. This study offers new evidence regarding additional ways in which nonprofit long-term care facilities may be distinguishe...
Living donor transplant education for African American patients with end-stage renal disease.

Context—Despite numerous benefits of live donor kidney transplant (LDKT), patient-level barriers often prevent African Americans from considering LDKT. Educational interventions designed to address patient-level barriers may increase willingness among African American patients with end-stage renal disease to explore LDKT as a treatment option.Objective—To assess the effectiveness of a culturally sensitive educational intervention called Living ACTS (About Choices in Transplantation and Sharing) that was designed to address patient-level barriers to LDKT among African American patients with end-stage renal disease.Design/Participants—Patients were randomized to intervention (n = 136) or control (n = 132) groups. They completed baseline measures and then viewed either the Living ACTS or control video. Both groups then completed an immediate follow-up measure and a 6-month assessment administered via telephone.Main Outcome Measures—Self-reported knowledge about LDKT, willingness to talk to the patient's fami...
Periodic patterning in materials deposition by self-regulating diffusion-reaction processes

A mechanism is proposed and validated through numerical simulations to explain periodic patterning of materials as a result of self-organization caused via Turing instability. The proposed model includes autocatalytic chemistry of the activator–inhibitor type to form a precursor followed by nucleation and growth. Critical parameters affecting deposit pattern formation and sharpness include the critical concentration for nucleation, the growth rate, and the diffusion of the growth precursor. The proposed mechanism offers a possible explanation for the recently observed periodicity of TiO2 bands formed in microporous Vycor™ glass. Conditions for the spontaneous self-organization of materials, such as semiconductor quantum dots and photocatalytic materials, are discussed.
Master of disguise: Eating disorders in the emergency department☆

Abstract Children with eating disorders rarely present to the emergency department with a chief complaint of eating disorder symptoms. Much more frequently, children present with the co-morbid psychiatric illness or the medical sequelae of their eating disorder. This article will review the common eating disorders across three different age ranges. It will review the common co-morbid psychiatric presentations and the medical sequelae of starvation and medical symptoms specific to each eating disorder. Emergency department clinicians must include eating disorders in their differential for a variety of medical and psychiatric presentations to avoid missing an important and treatable illness of childhood.
Stability of solutions to parameterized nonlinear complementarity problems

such that x≥0, F(x,u)-v≥0 , and F(x,u)-v T·x=0 where these are vector inequalities. We characterize the local upper Lipschitz continuity of the (possibly set-valued) solution mapping which assigns solutions x to each parameter pair (v,u). We also characterize when this solution mapping is locally a single-valued Lipschitzian mapping (so solutions exist, are unique, and depend Lipschitz continuously on the parameters). These characterizations are automatically sufficient conditions for the more general (and usual) case where v=0. Finally, we study the differentiability properties of the solution mapping in both the single-valued and set-valued cases, in particular obtaining a new characterization of B-differentiability in the single-valued case, along with a formula for the B-derivative. Though these results cover a broad range of stability properties, they are all derived from similar fundamental principles of variational analysis.
Documentary Film: Towards a Research Agenda on Forms, Functions, and Impacts

Recent films such as Fahrenheit 9/11, Supersize Me, An Inconvenient Truth, Food Inc., and Sicko have generated attention to how documentaries can shape debates over social issues and policy questio...
Accuracy of the linear gradient approximation for diffusion-controlled growth of iron sulfide scales

The growth of a defective scale is analyzed in terms of an idealized, singlelayer, moving-boundary problem with constant diffusivity. The form of the solution is chosen to emphasize the magnitude of the departure from a linear concentration gradient of the diffusing species in the growing scale. The departure is shown to be a function of the k p /D ratio (where kp is the parabolic rate constant, and D is the chemical diffusivity), and thus is directly related to the defect concentration. For iron sulfide under most conditions, and for other compound scales with defect concentrations less than about 10%, the linear gradient assumption is shown to be reasonable.
Gender Differences in Partner Violence in Context: Deconstructing Johnson's (2001) Control-Based Typology of Violent Couples

We examined the variables comprising Johnson's (2001) typology of violent couples dimensionally and in the context of the relationship as they relate to injury and observed behavior. A community sample of couples (N = 281) reported on self- and partner-perpetrated violence, control, and injury, and engaged in a conflict discussion. Women reported engaging in more violent acts and as much control as their partners and were more hostile than men during the conflict discussion. Twelve percent of women reported being the sole aggressor. For women, controlling but not violent behavior predicted observed, hostile behavior. For men, violence and control predicted hostility during the discussion. Clinically, both genders may benefit from treatments aimed at reducing violence and control.
An interview with W. H. Hutt

W. H. Hutt is 85 years old and is one of the most important economists of this century. That this is too little appreciated is largely because his academic career did not take place in his native England. Instead, in 1928, after a short career in publishing, the graduate of the London School of Economics set sail for South Africa and the University of Cape Town. During his 37 years there, Professor Hutt produced an impressive body of work, some of which have become classics among his devotees, includingThe Theory of Collective Bargaining (1930),Economists and the Public (1936),The Theory of Idle Resources (1939),Plan for Reconstruction (1943),Keynesianism — Retrospect & Prospect (1963), andThe Economics of the Colour Bar (1964). Hutt came to the United States in December 1965 to serve as a visiting professor at the University of Virginia, and has served in a similar capacity at many American universities. While in the United States Hutt has produced such works asThe Strike-Threat System (1973),A Rehabilitation of Say’s Law (1975), andThe Keynesian Episode (1979). Professor Hutt currently is Emeritus Visiting Professor of Economics at the University of Dallas and he continues to work on an autobiography and a new book, tentatively titledLabor’s Disadvantage.
A method for the preparation of skeletal muscle sarcolemma.

Abstract A new procedure is described for obtaining the sarcolemma of striated muscle. In essence the technique utilizes: (a) shredding and shearing of striated muscle fibers in a reverse-bladed Waring blendor in a solution of 50 mM CaCl2 at 0°, (b) filtration through plastic screening at 0° to remove the fibrous connective tissue, (c) incubation at 37° in dilute salt solutions designed to disrupt internal structure, (d) washing procedures designed to evacuate the intracellular components and separate them from the sarcolemma (Figs. 1, 2), and (e) dissolution of the actomyosin gel, resulting from the breakdown of the myofibrils (Fig. 4), by treating the gel with ATP and then quickly washing in aqueous solutions. This procedure releases the trapped sarcolemmae from the gel and simultaneously liberates the remaining intracellular contents.
Spontaneous slow modulation of flicker-evoked response in human brain.

Abstract 1. 1. Specific frequency components of the flicker-evoked response of the visual cortex were recorded by means of narrow pass-band filters. 2. 2. During presentation of photic stimulation, all subjects showed an augmented cortical output at the frequency of stimulation with waxing and waning of amplitude envelope of the filtered output. 3. 3. Analysis of inter-trough durations in the amplitude envelope of the filtered cortical output revealed a systematic distribution of activity cycles. Under the resting condition, cycles of activity ranged from 1 to 5 sec, with 1 sec dominant. Under the stimulus condition, cycles of activity at the frequency of stimulation ranged from 1 to 7 sec with 2 sec dominant. 4. 4. The rise and fall in amplitude of various concurrent frequency components of the EEG either at rest or under flicker stimulation was neither synchronous nor reciprocal. 5. 5. It is considered unlikely that the reported spontaneous cycles of filtered cortical output are the result of either a process exercising general modulatory control of the visual system or of beats between frequencies of flicker-evoked activity and endogenous activity.
Placental 11-Beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Methylation Is Associated with Newborn Growth and a Measure of Neurobehavioral Outcome

Background There is growing evidence that the intrauterine environment can impact the neurodevelopment of the fetus through alterations in the functional epigenome of the placenta. In the placenta, the HSD11B2 gene encoding the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme, which is responsible for the inactivation of maternal cortisol, is regulated by DNA methylation, and has been shown to be susceptible to stressors from the maternal environment.
Transmission of primary nocturnal enuresis and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) is a prevalent disorder among children with a complex mode of inheritance. Family, twin, and linkage studies have provided evidence that genetic factors underlie the familiality of PNE. Linkage investigations support the hypothesis that PNE is heterogeneous, and the genetic heterogeneity may be reflected in co-morbid clinical conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study used a family study method and examined the transmission of PNE in relatives of PNE and control probands with and without ADHD, to determine if these disorders co-occur due to common genetic susceptibilities or other, i.e. non-genetic, reasons. This study concluded that the pattern of inheritance found is consistent with the independent transmission of PNE and ADHD.
Social Relationship of Dairy Cows in a Feed Lot

Twenty-four Holstein cows, divided into two equal groups, were observed in a feed lot for five consecutive days, eight hours each day. Each group was observed for a second five-day period approximately one month later. Three observers recorded the social interactions of the cows in the lot. Size, milk production, ingestive and eliminative behavior, and acts of servitude were tabulated for each cow. Agonistic behavior was recorded in the following categories; contact, bunting, forceful, nonforceful, and pushing. From the 3,463 contests observed, dominance values were computed by a least-squares procedure for each of the five categories. A social order was established within groups, combining all observations in all categories. Estimates of repeatability for dominance value were .97 from day to day in the same week, and .95 from day to day in different weeks. Partial correlation coefficients calculated indicated the highest relationship observed was between dominance value and weight. There appeared to be no correlation between dominance value and milk production. The data indicated the existence of at least three social structures within an established herd of dairy cattle - a milking order, a leadership-followership pattern, and a dominance hierarchy. The dominance hierarchy appeared to remain stable over a period of time. If animals are given sufficient opportunity for social contact, one day's observations can determine this social order.
Australian Macroeconomic Policy Experience

This paper looks at Australian macroeconomic experience from approximately 1912 to 1985. The whole period is divided into five episodes. The idea in preparing this paper was to try to answer three questions namely: how did Australian experience differ from that of other OECD countries, what policy lessons could be learnt, and finally, what light could be shed on the relevance of various macroeconomic theories notably rational expectations. In fact. the questions have by no means been adequately answered though the paper goes furthest in dealing with the first question. I hope it will encourage further discussion and research1 Anticipating some of the conclusions, the historical review suggests that Australian experiences have been fairly similar to those of other OECD countries. notably European countries. But the timing has sometimes differed the Australian wages explosions have been (more or less) exceptional and recently Australia has been special in having on incomes policy, It also appears that the theory of rational expectations does not get much support from Australian was behaviour, that policy from 1916 to 1981 was not really monetarist, and that fiscal expansions since 1982 have been made possible by the availability of the international capital market.
Plasma composition in the nephrotic syndrome

The nephrotic syndrome is a consequence of urinary loss of intermediate sized plasma proteins and the resulting homeostatic responses to those losses. Plasma protein composition is changed greatly. In