cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tennessee Slave Code

Abstract Numerous studies have found evidence of racial discrimination in the imposition of the death penalty, particularly in the South. In this article, the authors posit that the legal antecedents of modern discrimination in capital cases are found in the codified rules that governed slavery. Using the capital punishment provisions of the 1858 Slave Code of Tennessee, the biases inherent in the laws of the Old South are documented. The discriminatory practices that blacks faced both as victims and offenders under the slave codes are linked through historical analysis and conflict theory to the current discriminatory practices documented by modern death penalty research.
An Analysis of Cold and Lukewarm Fusion

Experimental reports continue to suggest that the crystalline solid state may present a unique environment for deuteron-deuteron (d-d) fusion at ambient temperature (cold fusion). The analysis here...
Evolutionary sequence analysis of complete eukaryote genomes

Gene duplication and gene loss during the evolution of eukaryotes have hindered attempts to estimate phylogenies and divergence times of species. Although current methods that identify clusters of orthologous genes in complete genomes have helped to investigate gene function and gene content, they have not been optimized for evolutionary sequence analyses requiring strict orthology and complete gene matrices. Here we adopt a relatively simple and fast genome comparison approach designed to assemble orthologs for evolutionary analysis. Our approach identifies single-copy genes representing only species divergences (panorthologs) in order to minimize potential errors caused by gene duplication. We apply this approach to complete sets of proteins from published eukaryote genomes specifically for phylogeny and time estimation. Despite the conservative criterion used, 753 panorthologs (proteins) were identified for evolutionary analysis with four genomes, resulting in a single alignment of 287,000 amino acids. With this data set, we estimate that the divergence between deuterostomes and arthropods took place in the Precambrian, approximately 400 million years before the first appearance of animals in the fossil record. Additional analyses were performed with seven, 12, and 15 eukaryote genomes resulting in similar divergence time estimates and phylogenies. Our results with available eukaryote genomes agree with previous results using conventional methods of sequence data assembly from genomes. They show that large sequence data sets can be generated relatively quickly and efficiently for evolutionary analyses of complete genomes.
Endogenous sialylation of the lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) 3F11 and 06B4 recognize epitopes that are conserved on gonococcal lipooligosaccharides (LOS), present on some meningococcal LOS, and conserved on human erythrocytes. LOS of some group B and C prototype meningococcal LOS strains (LOS serotypes L1 to L8) treated with neuraminidase showed increased expression of the 3F11 and 06B4 MAb-defined epitopes. Neuraminidase-treated LOS separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver stained showed a shift in migration from a component with a mass of approximately 4.8 kDa to a component with a mass of between 4.5 and 4.6 kDa. The same strains grown in medium with excess CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid had LOS that shifted in migration to a slightly higher component (mass, approximately 4.8 kDa). Chemical analysis of the neuraminidase-digested products from one LOS indicated it contained approximately 1.5% sialic acid. Covalent linkage between sialic acid and the LOS was confirmed by analysis of de-O-acylated and dephosphorylated LOS by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. Three studies show that some meningococci contain sialic acid in their LOS, that the sialic acid is cleaved and lost in conventional acetic acid hydrolysis, and that the sialic acid alters the expression of MAb-defined epitopes.
Narcissia ahearnae , a new species of sea star from the Western Atlantic (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Valvatida)

Narcissia ahearnae , new species, is described from off the east coast of Florida and the Bahamas, in depths of 53–135 m. It is distinctive in having conspicuous undulating carinal ridges extending from the center of the disc along the upper surfaces of the arms.
Is Graduate Social Work Education Promoting a Critical Approach to Mental Health Practice

A sample of 71 psychopathology course syllabi from 58 different graduate schools of social work was analyzed to determine whether different viewpoints and the concomitant empirical evidence were presented regarding 4 significant mental health topics: concepts of mental disorder, reliability and validity of psychiatric diagnoses, biological etiology, and drug treatment. There is little evidence that graduate psychopathology courses cover viewpoints other than the most conventional and institutional—that of biomedical psychiatry. A small handful of secondary (textbooks) rather than primary (research articles) sources provide the majority of the mental health content in these courses. Implications are discussed. The article includes an overview of both the relevant conventional and critical literature.
Pion Loops in Chiral Perturbation Theory and Light-Front Dynamics

From the approximate chiral symmetry of QCD, it is known that the pion loops in chiral perturbation theory play a vital role in understanding the nucleon’s long-range structure. We demonstrate the equivalence of the light-front, equal-time and covariant formulations for the interactions of nucleons with pions in chiral perturbation theory. In particular, we discuss the self-energy Σ of a nucleon dressed by pion loops with the pseudovector πNN coupling. It is shown that the leading nonanalytic behavior of Σ is equivalent whichever formulations are used for the derivation. We also discuss the relation between the mass shift and the wavefunction renormalization as well as the difference between the pseudovector and pseudoscalar theories.
Characterization of binding proteins that recognize oligoglucoside elicitors of phytoalexin synthesis in soybean

We are studying the cellular signaling pathway leading to pterocarpan phytoalexin biosynthesis in soybean that is induced by a branched hepta-β-glucoside originally isolated from the mycelial walls of the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae. Our research has focused on the specific recognition of the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor by binding proteins in soybean cells. Elicitor-binding proteins with properties expected of physiological receptors for the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor have been identified in soybean root membranes. These elicitor-binding proteins co-migrate with a plasma membrane marker (vanadate-sensitive H + -ATPase) on linear sucrose density gradients. Binding of a radio-iodinated derivative of the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor by membrane-localized elicitor-binding proteins is specific, reversible, saturable, and of high affinity (K d 1 mM). After solubilization with the nonionic detergent, n-dodecylsucrose, the elicitor-binding proteins retain their high affinity (K d =1.8 nM) for the radiolabeled elicitor and their binding specificity for elicitor-active oligoglucosides. A direct correlation is observed between the ability of oligoglucosides to displace labeled elicitor from the elicitor-binding proteins and the elicitor activity of the oligosaccharides. Thus, the elicitor-binding proteins recognize the same structural elements of the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor that are essential for its phytoalexin-inducing activity, suggesting that the binding proteins are physiological receptors for the elicitor. Current research is directed toward the purification of the hepta-β-glucoside elicitor-binding proteins by using ligand affinity chromatography. Purification and characterization of the hepta-β-glucoside binding proteins are among the first steps toward elucidating how the hepta-β-glucoside ellicitor triggers the signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to the synthesis of phytoalexins in soybean
Effects of an autocorrelated stochastic environment and fisheries on the age at maturity of Chinook salmon

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) reproduce only once in their lifetime, and their age at reproduction varies among individuals (indeterminate semelparous). However, the factors that determine their spawning age still remain uncertain. Evidence from recent studies suggests that individual growth and reproduction of Chinook salmon are affected by the rate of coastal upwelling, which is shown to be positively autocorrelated between years. Therefore, the serially autocorrelated environmental is expected to play an important role in determining their spawning age. In the present study, I demonstrate the advantage of an indeterminate maturation strategy under a stochastic environment. I then present theoretical evidence for the advantage of adjusting the maturation probability based on the environment they experienced and demonstrate that fisheries reduce the fitness of the strategy to delay maturation. The results presented herein emphasize the importance of incorporating detailed life-history strategies of organisms when undertaking population management.
Compound interactions: effects of plant antioxidants in combination with carbaryl on performance of Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper).

Plant chemicals naturally exist in complex mixtures, which can interact either additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. We investigated the potential interactions of three naturally occurring antioxidants— nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), safrole, and α-tocopherol—with the general insecticide carbarayl to affect the performance of cabbage looper larvae (Trichoplusia ni). The cabbage looper is known to produce a mixed-function oxidase enzyme system in response to the presence of carbaryl. We proposed that plant antioxidants would interfere with enzymatic oxidation, enhancing the susceptibility of this insect to carbaryl. Insects were fed artificial diets containing each antioxidant alone or in pairwise combinations with the insecticide carbaryl to test for their effects on the insect's nutritional measurement indices. The three antioxidants tested were not equally effective individually against insect survivorship and interacted differentially in combination with the insecticide. The nutritional indices were measured on insects fed diets containing the chemicals at nonlethal doses. Insects fed 0.001 % wet wt NDGA diets grew 1.62 times less, and had gross and net conversion efficiencies reduced 3.20 and 3.63 times, respectively, compared to the control larvae. Carbaryl (0.002% wet wt) in combination with NDGA acts as an antagonist to the effects mentioned above, while safrole (1 × 10−4 wet wt) had an additive effect when combined with the insecticide, reducing 1.76 times larval relative growth rate and efficiency of conversion of ingested food in respect to the control. The larvae fed significantly more (1.2 times) on both insecticide and safrole diets than on the controls or their combined diets. Larvae fed α-tocopherol alone or in combination with carbaryl had similar growth and conversion efficiencies as controls. We conclude that the effects of different combinations of compounds cannot be predicted a priori and must be determined experimentally.
A Model for Antiplasticization in Polystyrene

Antiplasticization can occur when small quantities of a known «plasticizer» have been blended into a glassy polymer. Commonly, the T g of the polymer and its free volume decrease. However, the mechanical properties of the antiplasticized polymer are altered signifcantly, causing the polymer to become stiffer and more brittle. Experimental results from flexural tests of polystyrene/mineral oil blends conducted at room temperature showed that antiplasticization is molecular weight dependent, thus supporting a hypothesis that the phenomenon can be attributed to a chain-end effect. A high molecular weight polystyrene (M w =270 000 D) exhibited plasticization only, whereas a low molecular weight (M w =40 000 D) exhibited both antiplasticization and plasticization effects. The 40 000 MW sample showed a 2-fold increase in flexural moduli and flexural strengths as mineral oil concentration increased up to 6 vol%. These moduli and strengths decreased rapidly at higher concentrations of mineral oil. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) data showed a 10% decrease in fractional free volume up to 6% mineral oil. 13 C NMR experiments showed that there was no change in the polymer backbone dynamics during antiplasticization. 1 H NMR Goldman-Shen experiments showed that antiplasticization occurs when the average diameter of the mineral oil domains is less than the average size of the free volume voids. It was determined that one mineral oil molecule was associated with a polystyrene chain end during antiplasticization. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that antiplasticization is due to a decrease in fractional free volume at the chain ends
Prophylaxis versus treatment of acetylstrophanthidin intoxication

Abstract Treatment and pretreatment of acetylstrophanthidin-induced ventricular tachycardia was studied in awake pigs. The pharmacologic agents employed were diphenylhydantoin and 2 beta-adrenergic blocking agents, MJ 1999 and propranolol. These agents when administered intravenously at the onset of the arrhythmia significantly shortened the duration of acetylstrophanthidin-induced ventricular tachycardia. Pretreatment with diphenylhydantoin in doses ranging from 5 to 30 mg. per kilogram failed to increase acetylstrophanthidin intoxicating doses. Pretreatment with MJ 1999 and propranolol, likewise, showed no prophylactic effect on acetylstrophanthidin intoxication. Animals pretreated with MJ 1999 had a shorter duration of tachycardia, whereas animals pretreated with propranolol exhibited a high mortality rate. This increased mortality rate from propranolol pretreatment possibly resulted from more profound blockade of beta receptors or severe myocardial depression. These findings indicate that diphenylhydantoin and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, agents which are effective in the acute therapy of digitalis arrhythmias, do not protect against acetylstrophanthidin toxicity in awake pigs. MJ 1999, previously considered specific for catecholamine-induced arrhythmias, was found to antagonize acetylstrophanthidin toxicity by decreasing the duration of ventricular tachycardia. The high mortality rate with propranolol pretreatment may be relevant to clinical situations where digitalization is undertaken in patients receiving certain beta blocking agents.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Impact, and Intervention

Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem for the 1990s. The etiology of gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomonas, and bacterial vaginitis are presented, along with their treatment, pregnancy-related factors, intrapartum and neonatal factors, and follow-up. The incidence of sexually transmitted diseases has increased, and health care professionals must teach not only about disease impact but also about lifestyle and behavioral changes.
Restoration of floodplain topography by sand-splay complex formation in response to intentional levee breaches, Lower Cosumnes River, California

Restoration of sustainable geomorphic processes that create floodplain topography through development of sand-splay complexes at intentional breaches is one method to promote variability in physical structure needed for habitat restoration. The topography of splay complexes provides a range of floodplain elevations that creates local variability in (i) inundation duration and frequency and depth to ground water that influence riparian vegetation establishment; and (ii) flow depth and velocity that create refuge for fish. Two intentional levee breaches along the lowland Cosumnes River, Central Valley, CA, were evaluated during water years 1999 and 2000 in order to document changes in morphology and relief associated with deposition of sandsplay complexes. During the study period, annual peak-flow recurrence intervals ranged from 1 to 3 years, and water flowed through the breaches for a minimum of 55 days during water year 1999 and 53 days during water year 2000. At the two study sites, rapid vertical accretion and scour occurred within the first several years after intentionally breaching the levee at the Accidental Forest floodplain (constructed in 1995) and at the Corps Breach floodplain (constructed in 1997). Splay complexes are organized into a variety of landforms, including lateral levees and lobes separated by new floodplain channels. Maximum deposition measured on the splay surface is 0.36 m/year, while maximum scour in channels is 0.27 m/year. Juxtaposition of floodplain splay deposition and adjacent channel scour creates relief ranging from 1.6 to 0.25 m that decreases with distance from the breach and that becomes more pronounced over time as higher magnitude floods scour channels in the old floodplain sediment and deposit new sand and silt onto the surface of the splay. The ratio of splay complex height to depth of formative flow is estimated as 0.4. Progradation of main and secondary splay channels takes place by down-floodplain sand transport (25 m/ year maximum). Large wood recruited onto the floodplain through the breach promotes local scour and deposition that enhances topographic variability. At one of the study sites, initial grading of a low setback berm prior to opening the breach forced a change in floodplain flow direction and the geometry of the splay complex. Additionally, progradation of the complex is arrested by an excavated pond that creates a sediment trap. We present a conceptual model that describes the importance of floods in constructing and modifying sand-splay complexes that create floodplain topography. The potential habitat variability created as floodplain topography evolves is the linkage between physical and ecological processes that are critical for restoration. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Defect-induced dissociation of H2 in silicon

Ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of intrinsic defects and hydrogen in crystalline silicon reveal an unexpected process with considerable implications. The vacancy $(V)$ and the self-interstitial $(I),$ both rapid diffusers in $c\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Si},$ dissociate interstitial ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules with a substantial gain in energy: $V+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{V,\mathrm{H},\mathrm{H}}+4.0\mathrm{eV}$ and $I+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{I,\mathrm{H},\mathrm{H}}+1.7\mathrm{eV}.$ The dissociation of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ is caused by the lattice strain associated with the defect, and occurs whenever ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules are in the vicinity of strained Si-Si bonds. After the dissociation, the two H's may either bind to the defect that caused the strain or diffuse away from it. The calculated Frenkel pair formation energy is 8.2 eV. The reaction ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}{+\mathrm{H}}_{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{V,{\mathrm{H}}_{4}}+I$ releases less than 0.1 eV, suggesting that ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$'s in otherwise perfect Si will not generate intrinsic defects.
Finite-difference computation of the wave motion generated in a gas by a rapid increase in the bounding temperature

Abstract Rapid heating of a solid surface bounding a region of gas generates a slightly supersonic wave with a positive amplitude in pressure, temperature, density, and mass velocity. Computed results are presented for both a discrete step in wall temperature and a bounded exponential rate of increase. The numerical predictions are in good qualitative agreement with prior experimental measurements of the shape, amplitude, and rate of decay of the wave in terms of pressure. Quantitative comparisons are not possible because the greatest times and distances that were feasible computationally are less than the least times and distances that were feasible experimentally. A value for the time constant for the exponential heating was identified, below which the behavior differs negligibly from that for a discrete step in temperature. The computations encompass a range of gases, imposed temperature differences, initial pressures, and initial temperatures. The absence of spurious oscillations and the absence of a time of induction for the onset of the wave were found to be satisfactory criteria for convergence with respect to grid size and time step. All prior finite-difference computations, with one exception, were found to be in significant error owing to the use of insufficient discretization by factors of about 10 4 in both distance and time. The false prediction of an infinite rate of heat transfer by the Fourier equation is shown to be due to the postulate of incompressibility. The hyperbolic equation for conduction avoids the prediction of an infinite rate of heat transfer but is in error fundamentally and in all of its predictions because of the incompatible postulates of incompressibility and of a wave motion. On the other hand, the asymptotic, analytical solution of Trilling is found to provide reasonable predictions for most but not all aspects of the wave motion.
Bibenzyl- and stilbene-core compounds with non-polar linker atom substituents as selective ligands for estrogen receptor beta.

A series of structurally simple bibenzyl-diol and stilbene-diol core molecules, structural analogs of the well-known hexestrol and diethylstilbestrol non-steroidal estrogens, were prepared and evaluated as estrogen receptor (ER) subtype-selective ligands. Analysis of their ERα and ERβ binding showed that certain substitution patterns engendered binding affinities that were >100-fold selective for ERβ. When further investigated in cell-based gene transcription assays, some molecules showed similarly high relative transcriptional potency selectivity in favor of ERβ. Interestingly, the most ERβ-selective molecules were those bearing non-polar substituents on one of the internal carbon atoms. These compounds should be useful probes for determining the physiological roles of ERβ, and they might lead to the development of more selective and thus safer pharmaceuticals.
Measurement of leaf relative water content by infrared reflectance

From basic considerations and Beer's law, a leaf water content index incorporating reflectances of wavelengths from 0.76 to 0.90 microns and from 1.55 to 1.75 microns was developed that relates leaf reflectance to leaf relative water content. For the leaf succulent, Agave deserti, the leaf water content index was not significantly different from the relative water content for either individual leaves or an entire plant. Also, the relative water contents of intact plants of Encelia farinosa and Hilaria rigida in the field were estimated by the leaf water content index; variations in the proportion of living to dead leaf area could cause large errors in the estimate of relative water content. Thus, the leaf water content index may be able to estimate average relative water content of canopies when TM4 and TM5 are measured at a known relative water content and fraction of dead leaf material.
Activity of voriconazole against Candida albicans and Candida krusei isolated since 1984

Abstract With the recent dramatic rise in fluconazole use, there has been an increase in Candida species resistant to that agent. This has led to the clinical development of newer triazoles such as voriconazole that have greater potency and a broader spectrum of activity. We therefore hypothesized that fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans and Candida krusei would be susceptible to voriconazole. Susceptibility testing was performed on 205 isolates of C. albicans collected from 1984 to 1995, and on C. albicans and C. krusei that were identified as fluconazole resistant since 1995. The anti fungal agents used were amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole and voriconazole. Three C. albicans and 26 C. krusei isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥20 mg/l and were defined as fluconazole resistant. Of these, 28 isolates were susceptible to ≤2.5 mg/l voriconazole, with a mean MIC of 0.78 mg/l. The mean amphotericin B MIC for these same strains was 0.98 mg/l. Only one isolate of C. krusei was relatively resistant to voriconazole with a MIC of 5 mg/l. Of these 29 isolates, there were ten amphotericin-resistant strains of C. krusei (MIC>2 mg/l) but all were susceptible to ≤2.5 mg/l voriconazole. The higher potency of voriconazole may be useful in the treatment of fluconazole- and amphotericin-resistant C. albicans and C. krusei .
Small repeated sequences in the chloroplast genome of chlamydomonas reinhardi

Chloroplast DNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardi contains many inverted repeated sequences. Analysis by hydroxyapatite binding, S1 nuclease digestion, and electron microscopy indicates that these sequences are 0.1–0.3 kilobase pairs in length, are widely distributed in the chloroplast genome, and make up 4–7% of the chloroplast DNA.
pharmacologic and reinforcing properties of phencyclidine and the enantiomers of N-allylnormetazocine in the dog ☆

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the degree of phencyclidine (PCP)-like activity associated with the dextro and levo enantiomers of the sigma agonist N-allylnormetazocine (NANM). In chronic spinal dogs, d- and l-NANM generally produced similar physiologic and gross animal behavior effects which included miosis, tachycardia, hyperthermia, increased secretory activity (lacrimation, rhinorrhea and salivation), nystagmus and stereotyped head movements. For these effects, d- and l-NANM were generally equal in potency and both were about 1/10th as potent as PCP. However, the NANM enantiomers could be differentiated on the basis of their effects on nociceptive reflexes. Comparisons of dose-response curves and efficacies demonstrated that d-NANM was more similar to PCP in its effectiveness in depressing the flexor and skin twitch reflexes than was l-NANM. In addition, naltrexone selectively antagonized or reduced only the effects of l-NANM on reflex activity. In intact dogs, d-NANM and PCP, but not l-NANM maintained self-administration behavior under FR15 or FI900 (FR10:S) schedules of reinforcement. This represented the most stereospecific action of the NANM enantiomers. Additionally, l-NANM failed to maintain self-administration behavior, even following pretreatment with naltrexone, thus suggesting that the opiate activity of l-NANM was not responsible for its lack of reinforcing efficacy. Taken together, the data demonstrate that both d- and l-NANM have PCP-like properties, but d-NANM is pharmacologically more equivalent than l-NANM to PCP and l-NANM has additional activity which is not PCP-like.
Systemic Administration of Antiretrovirals Prior to Exposure Prevents Rectal and Intravenous HIV-1 Transmission in Humanized BLT Mice

Successful antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for mucosal and intravenous HIV-1 transmission could reduce new infections among targeted high-risk populations including discordant couples, injection drug users, high-risk women and men who have sex with men. Targeted antiretroviral PrEP could be particularly effective at slowing the spread of HIV-1 if a single antiretroviral combination were found to be broadly protective across multiple routes of transmission. Therefore, we designed our in vivo preclinical study to systematically investigate whether rectal and intravenous HIV-1 transmission can be blocked by antiretrovirals administered systemically prior to HIV-1 exposure. We performed these studies using a highly relevant in vivo model of mucosal HIV-1 transmission, humanized Bone marrow/Liver/Thymus mice (BLT). BLT mice are susceptible to HIV-1 infection via three major physiological routes of viral transmission: vaginal, rectal and intravenous. Our results show that BLT mice given systemic antiretroviral PrEP are efficiently protected from HIV-1 infection regardless of the route of exposure. Specifically, systemic antiretroviral PrEP with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate prevented both rectal (Chi square = 8.6, df = 1, p = 0.003) and intravenous (Chi square = 13, df = 1, p = 0.0003) HIV-1 transmission. Our results indicate that antiretroviral PrEP has the potential to be broadly effective at preventing new rectal or intravenous HIV transmissions in targeted high risk individuals. These in vivo preclinical findings provide strong experimental evidence supporting the potential clinical implementation of antiretroviral based pre-exposure prophylactic measures to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
First-Order Disordered-to-Lamellar Phase Transition in Lithium Salt-Doped Block Copolymers

We study the microphase separation of block copolymer electrolytes containing lithium salts. Taking poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene (PEO-b-PS) as an example, we show that in the presence of lithium salts the disordered-to-lamellar phase transition becomes first-order even at the level of mean-field theory, with a moderate range of temperature in which both the disordered and lamellar phases coexist, and different salt concentration in the coexisting phases. The coexistence arises from the different partitioning of the salt ions between the disordered phase and the lamellar phase, driven primarily by the solvation energy of anions. A striking consequence of the coexistence is that heating a lamellar phase into the coexistence region leads to increased order in the remaining lamellar phase.
Chemical Etching of Dislocations in Forsterite

Chemical etching of pure melt-grown forsterite crystals is reported here for the first time. Cleaved forsterite crystals of known purity, and polished sections of the same crystals have been successfully etched revealing dislocations, subgrain boundaries, inclusions and growth imperfections.
Epidermal growth factor‐urogastrone receptors in normal human liver and primary hepatoma

Epidermal growth factor-urogastrone (EGF-URO) receptors have been demonstrated in rodent liver and modulation of ligand binding during transformation has been shown in a variety of study systems. A patient presented with a resectable primary hepatoma arising in a histologically normal liver. We carried out ligand binding studies using 125I-EGF and homogenates or plasma membrane preparations of normal and hepatoma tissues. EGF-URO receptors were demonstrated in normal human liver; half-maximal binding occurred at 2.5 X 10(-9) M 125I-EGF. Binding decreased in association with hepatoma formation. These results provide initial evidence that EGF-URO receptors exist in human liver and that ligand binding changes accompany hepatoma formation in man.
Blood pressure and the weather

Abstract The results of paired blood pressure observations taken 40 to 80 hours apart on 483 adult residents of a southern community are reported in relation to weather changes over this interval. No evidence could be found to indicate that changes in barometric pressure, air temperature, or relative humidity were associated with changes in blood pressure. The passage of a cold front was not associated with changes in blood pressure, but there was a suggestion that the passage of a stationary front might be related to an increase in systolic blood pressure.
Teachers’ unions, productivity, and minority student achievement

I estimate the unionlnonunion productivity differential for minority students attending public high schools. Education production functions are estimated for minority students attending union schools and for minority students attending nonunion schools using achievement scores as the measure of output and the individual student as the unit of observation. The union/nonunion productivity differential for average minority students is positive. However, the productivity differential is negative for minority students attending schools where the majority of students are nonminority, but the productivity differential is positive for minority students attending schools where the majority of students are minorities.
Occupational Training, Unions, and Internal Labor Markets

A large majority of U.S. establishments provide formal job training programs, according to the 1991 National Organizations Survey. Most training is directed at core employees (who produce the company's main product or service) and their managers. But contrary to previous research, blue-collar core occupations receive as much company training as white-collar core workers. The more extensive an organization's internal labor market, the more likely it is to use formal training programs as mechanisms for enabling workers to advance to positions of higher prestige, pay, and responsibility. The presence of a labor union representing core workers in wage negotiations not only is associated with greater firm-provided training effort, but unions also seem to offset the adverse effects of an absent or poorly developed internal labor market for all types of workers. Unionized establishments are more likely than nonunionized workplaces to provide training to core workers recruited from outside the organization.
The financial implications of availability and quality of a usual source of care for children with special health care needs.

Objective To examine the relationship of availability and quality of a usual source of care (USC) to medical expenditures overall and for various types of health care services for children with special health care needs (CSHCN), as a group and by four diagnostic subgroups (asthma, non-asthmatic physical conditions, mental retardation, other mental illnesses).
Nickel-plating for active metal dissolution resistance in molten fluoride salts

Abstract Ni electroplating of Incoloy-800H was investigated with the goal of mitigating Cr dissolution from this alloy into molten 46.5%LiF–11.5%NaF–42%KF eutectic salt, commonly referred to as FLiNaK. Tests were conducted in graphite crucibles at a molten salt temperature of 850 °C. The crucible material graphite accelerates the corrosion process due to the large activity difference between the graphite and the alloy. For the purposes of providing a baseline for this study, un-plated Incoloy-800H and a nearly pure Ni-alloy, Ni-201 were also tested. Results indicate that Ni-plating has the potential to significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Incoloy-800H in molten fluoride salts. Diffusion of Cr from the alloy through the Ni-plating does occur and if the Ni-plating is thin enough this Cr eventually dissolves into the molten salt. The post-corrosion test microstructure of the Ni-plating, particularly void formation was also observed to depend on the plating thickness. Diffusion anneals in a helium environment of Ni-plated Incoloy-800H and an Fe–Ni–Cr model alloy were also investigated to understand Cr diffusion through the Ni-plating. Further enhancements in the efficacy of the Ni-plating as a protective barrier against Cr dissolution from the alloy into molten fluoride salts can be achieved by thermally forming a Cr 2 O 3 barrier film on the surface of the alloy prior to Ni electroplating.
Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels.

Micropatterning of surfaces with several chemicals at different spatial locations usually requires multiple stamping and registration steps. Here, we describe an experimental method based on reaction–diffusion phenomena that allows for simultaneous micropatterning of a substrate with several coloured chemicals. In this method, called wet stamping (WETS), aqueous solutions of two or more inorganic salts are delivered onto a film of dry, ionically doped gelatin from an agarose stamp patterned in bas relief. Once in conformal contact, these salts diffuse into the gelatin, where they react to give deeply coloured precipitates. Separation of colours in the plane of the surface is the consequence of the differences in the diffusion coefficients, the solubility products, and the amounts of different salts delivered from the stamp, and is faithfully reproduced by a theoretical model based on a system of reaction–diffusion partial differential equations. The multicolour micropatterns are useful as non-binary optical elements, and could potentially form the basis of new applications in microseparations and in controlled delivery.
Ghrelin Acts as an Interface between Physiological State and Phasic Dopamine Signaling

Brief, high-concentration (phasic) spikes in nucleus accumbens dopamine critically participate in aspects of food reward. Although physiological state (e.g., hunger, satiety) and associated hormones are known to affect dopamine tone in general, whether they modulate food-evoked, phasic dopamine specifically is unknown. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in awake, behaving rats to record dopamine spikes evoked by delivery of sugar pellets while pharmacologically manipulating central receptors for the gut “hunger” hormone ghrelin. Lateral ventricular (LV) ghrelin increased, while LV ghrelin receptor antagonism suppressed the magnitude of dopamine spikes evoked by food. Ghrelin was effective when infused directly into the lateral hypothalamus (LH), but not the ventral tegmental area (VTA). LH infusions were made in close proximity to orexin neurons, which are regulated by ghrelin and project to the VTA. Thus, we also investigated and found potentiation of food-evoked dopamine spikes by intra-VTA orexin-A. Importantly, intra-VTA blockade of orexin receptors attenuated food intake induced by LV ghrelin, thus establishing a behaviorally relevant connection between central ghrelin and VTA orexin. Further analysis revealed that food restriction increased the magnitude of dopamine spikes evoked by food independent of any pharmacological manipulations. The results support the regulation of food-evoked dopamine spikes by physiological state with endogenous fluctuations in ghrelin as a key contributor. Our data highlight a novel mechanism by which signals relating physiological state could influence food reinforcement and food-directed behavior.
HIV-associated biliary tract disease

Disorders of the biliary tree in patients with human immunodeficiency virus are well recognized. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), bile duct disease, termed "AIDS Cholangiopathy," is often infectious in etiology. These disorders typically manifest as abnormal liver tests, primarily alkaline phosphatase, and right upper quadrant pain. Abdominal imaging may suggest the diagnosis when biliary dilatation is observed. Recognition of these disorders is important as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be both diagnostic and therapeutic.
Body Image Disturbance as a Factor in the Crisis Situation of Pregnancy A Review

Pregnancy has been viewed as a period of increased susceptibility to crisis. In our society, the female body continues to be a measure of a woman's worth. From a developmental perspective of body image, the reason for the suffering of body image disturbance in pregnant women becomes clear. The time during which a woman must prepare to take on the role of mother is greatly complicated by her struggle to adapt to her rapidly changing body. The nurse is the ideal person to explain, to both the woman and her partner, the reasons for and normal nature of these insecurities. It is felt that this anticipatory counseling can help make pregnancy less of a crisis.
Feasibility and limitations of nanolevel high gradient magnetic separation

Abstract This work proposes a new separation concept denoted as nanolevel high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) or magnetic adsorption. A magnetic heteroflocculation model describes the magnetic forces between two spherical particles with different sizes and magnetic properties, and reveals the feasibilities and limitations of nanolevel HGMS. The adsorbent particles, composed of antiferromagnetic magnetite, are modeled as large, immobile spheres on the order of 100–500 nm in radius. The adsorbate, paramagnetic colloidal Fe(OH)2 particles, are treated as freely diffusing small spheres on the order of 20–80 nm in radius. The model assumes that the magnetite particles are dispersed throughout a porous, nonmagnetic, solid matrix and that they are free of convective forces. The model also assumes that magnetic forces alone act on the Fe(OH)2 particles, opposed only by Brownian motion. When the magnetic force is attractive and overwhelms the randomizing Brownian force, adsorption occurs. The results from this model show the importance of the external field strength, the sizes of the adsorbent and adsorbate particles, and their magnetic properties in developing a practical nanolevel HGMS process.
The dodecahedral N20 molecule. Some theoretical predictions

Abstract Ab initio quantum mechanical methods have been applied to the Ih point group isomer of N20. Dodecahedral N20 is predicted to be a relative minimum on its potential energy hypersurface, lying above separated nitrogen molecules by about 50 kcal per mol of nitrogen atoms. Vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and ionization potentials are also predicted.
Unexpected Anti-αGaINAc Antibodies in α-Galactosyl Transferase-Deficient Mice: Complex Relationship Between Genotype and the Natural Antibody Repertoire

Abstract Mice lacking the α-galactosyl transferase gene {GalT(-/-) mice} have been used extensively as a model for xenotransplantation.Unlike wild type (WT) mice, GalT(-/-) mice do not produce Galαl-3Gal and are known to produce natural IgM specific for Galαl-3Gal, as do humans and higher primates.In addition to natural anti-Galal-3Gal IgM in GalT(-/-) mice, we identified natural IgM which bound α-N-acetylgalactosamine (αGalNAc) but not Galα1-3Gal or blood group A.Although unexpected, these antibodies were expressed at 10-fold greater concentrations in GalT(-/-) mice than in WT mice.One explanation for this unexpected observation is that the production of natural antibodies is affected by self-antigen(s) that are similar but not identical to targets recognized by the natural antibody.Thus, the natural humoral immune system may be unresponsive to “near-self” antigens even though the individual is not tolerant to those antigens.Another explanation for the unexpected results is that there may be unanticipated and uncharacterized differences between GalT(-/-) mice and WT mice.These studies underscore the need to extensively characterize phenotypes in KO mice and indicate that the relationship between genotype and the natural immune repertoire can be complex.
From Claiming Credit to Avoiding Blame: The Evolution of Congressional Strategy for Asbestos Management

This paper develops a theory synthesizing credit-claiming and blameavoidance explanations of congressional behavior and evaluates it against asbestos policy in the United States from the 1920s through the 1980s. Public policy is viewed as shaped by officeholders' ability to achieve political ends through augmenting information costs and other transaction costs facing the public. Public perceptions are seen both as the endogenous product of congressional information-cost manipulation and as an exogenous constraint that changes in identifiable ways over time. Different policy stances - open credit claiming, concealed credit claiming, early-stage blame avoidance, and full-scale blame avoidance – are predicted to emerge in response to specified conditions, yielding implications about the expected timing of public policy changes. Specific types of transaction-cost manipulation are predicted to accompany the identified policy stances. The US asbestos policy experience is shown to be consistent with the predictions of the model.
Bike Braking Vibration Modelling and Measurement

Modern bicycle disk-brake systems often induce vibration and noise in bike components such as brake rotors, wheels, and even bike frames. When the vibration or noise are excessive, brake performance can be perceived as unsatisfactory. Previous research incorporating bike frame structural dynamics and brake friction modeling has shown that stick-slip friction is likely the cause of much of this vibration and noise. Bicycle design parameters such as brake friction behavior and bike component structural properties are central in producing and/or sustaining these vibrations. The predicted dynamics of these models has correlated reasonably well with the testing of braking systems. This research extends the modelling of previous efforts to improve correspondence with brake noise/vibration testing and gain further understanding into the contributors and possible cures of this unwanted vibration. Specifically, the extended model incorporates torsional wheel dynamics (including rotor/hub, rim, and tire inertias, and spoke, rotor, and tire stiffnesses) into previous models. This new model allows the dynamics of the bike frame and wheel to couple through braking application. To support and validate the modelling, motion/vibration measurements are recorded during noisy braking with a non-contact laser vibrometer in the laboratory and with an accelerometer in field tests. Vibration measurements are studied along with model predictions toward the goal of connecting unwanted noise/vibration with specific design parameters of the bicycle brake-frame-wheel system.
Use of pavement markings to reduce rear-end conflicts at commercial driveway locations

Rear-end collisions are a substantial source of injuries and property damage. Some rear-end crashes occur when a moving vehicle slows to execute a turning maneuver and the driver of a trailing vehicle does not react appropriately. To explore the possibility of reducing the likelihood of collisions in these situations, an experiment was conducted by using a pavement marking designed to prompt drivers of through vehicles to watch for turning vehicles in the same lane. These were placed several hundred feet in advance of commercial driveways, at four intersections. Potential conflicts between turning vehicles and through vehicles were measured before and after installation of markings. Conflicts were reduced at three sites, although at one site that had unusual geometry, conflicts increased.
Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by Black parents.

The present study focused on the content and practice of racial socialization by black parents. Sociodemographic correlates of patterns of racial socialization were examined using data from a national probability sample of 2,107 respondents (National Study of Black Americans). Multivariate analysis revealed that gender, age, marital status, region, and racial composition of neighborhood predicted whether or not black parents imparted racial socialization messages to their children. Black parents envision racial socialization as involving several components, including messages regarding their experience as minority group members, themes emphasizing individual character and goals, and information related to black cultural heritage. The findings highlighted the critical importance of sociodemographic and environmental influences on the socialization process. Implications for future research on racial socialization are discussed.
An Investigation on the Impact of a Guided Reflection Technique in Service-Learning Courses to Prepare Special Educators:

Service-learning continues to be utilized in teacher education programs. A salient feature of this form of pedagogy is the use of reflection. Many instructors and students struggle with the reflection process. Particularly, instructors are challenged to assess students' reflection entries. This article describes a guided reflection rubric that was used as a learning and teaching tool for service-learning experiences in special education courses. A quantitative analysis revealed significant improvement in reflection entries of students' journals. Teacher educators socially validated the rubric as a teaching and assessment tool.