cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The two-dimensional laminar wake with initial asymmetry

References ^Zaroodny, S. J. and Greenberg, M. D., "On a Vortex Sheet Approach to the Numerical Calculation of Water Waves," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 11, March 1973, pp. 440-446. Zalosh, R. C., "Discretized Simulation of Vortex Sheet Evolution with Buoyancy and Surface Tension Effects," AIAA Journal, Vol. 14, Nov. 1976, pp. 1517-1523. Daly, B. J., "A Technique for Including Surface Tension Effects in Hydrodynamic Calculations," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol.4, 1969, pp. 97-117. Baker, G. R., Meiron, D. I., and Orszag, S. A., "Vortex Simulations of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability," Physics of Fluids, Vol. 23, Aug. 1980, pp. 1485-1490. Clements, R. R. and Maull, D. J., "The Representation of Sheets of Vorticity by Discrete Vortices," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 16, 1975, pp. 129-146. Bromilow, I. G. and Clements, R. R., "Some Techniques for Extending the Application of the Discrete Vortex Method of Flow Simulation," Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. 33, May 1982, pp. 73-89. Rosenhead, L., "The Formation of Vortices from a Surface of Discontinuity," Proceedings of the Royal Society, Ser. A, Vol. 134, 1931, pp. 170-192. Hama, F. R. and Burke, E. R., "On the Rolling up of a Vortex Sheet," University of Maryland Technical Note BN-220, 1960. Chandrasekhar, S., Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability, Oxford University Press, 1961, pp. 428-435. Drazin, P. G., "Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability of Finite Amplitude," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 42, June 1970, pp. 321335.
A novel 3D resolution measure for optical microscopes with applications to single molecule imaging

The advent of single molecule microscopy has generated significant interest in imaging single biomolecular interactions within a cellular environment in three dimensions. It is widely believed that the classical 2D (3D) resolution limit of optical microscopes precludes the study of single molecular interactions at distances of less than 200 nm (1 micron). However, it is well known that the classical resolution limit is based on heuristic notions. In fact, recent single molecule experiments have shown that the 2D resolution limit, i.e. Rayleigh's criterion, can be surpassed in an optical microscope setup. This illustrates that Rayleigh's criterion is inadequate for modern imaging approaches, thereby necessitating a re-assessment of the resolution limits of optical microscopes. Recently, we proposed a new modern resolution measure that overcomes the limitations of Rayleigh's criterion. Known as the fundamental resolution measure FREM, the new result predicts that distances well below the classical 2D resolution limit can be resolved in an optical microscope. By imaging closely spaced single molecules, it was experimentally verified that the new resolution measure can be attained in an optical microscope setup. In the present work, we extend this result to the 3D case and propose a 3D fundamental resolution measure 3D FREM that overcomes the limitations of the classical 3D resolution limit. We obtain an analytical expression for the 3D FREM. We show how the photon count of the single molecules affects the 3D FREM. We also investigate the effect of deteriorating experimental factors such as pixelation of the detector and extraneous noise sources on the new resolution measure. In contrast to the classical 3D resolution criteria, our new result predicts that distances well below the classical limit can be resolved. We expect that our results would provide novel tools for the design and analysis of 3D single molecule imaging experiments.
572 WHICH ELEMENTS OF PRENATAL SOCIAL SUPPORT IMPROVE NEONATAL MORBIDITY

Though prenatal psychosocial factors influence pregnancy outcome, the specific components of prenatal social support which improve neonatal morbidity have not been delineated. To define those elements of social support which alter neonatal morbidity, we studied 201 mothers seen consecutively by a social worker in a community hospital based obstetrical clinic. About 80% were receiving welfare and 20% had ]ow paying jobs. We assessed the availability of help with daily tasks, a communicative male and other adults, emergency child care as well as community involvement. Factor analysis generated a factor consisting of help with daily tasks and a communicative male support figure. The median of the combined score for these two items was used to divide the sample into “low” and “high” social support subgroups. About 20% (14/73) of infants from low support multigravida mothers were admitted to an NICU compared to 6% (4/66) of babies born to high support multigravida mothers (risk ratio=3.18, p=0.02) These differences were not present in primigravida mothers. Compared to infants of high support multigravida mothers, infants of low support mothers were smaller (3402±60gm vs. 3114±79gm, p=.005; 51.8±.34cm vs. 49.8±.49cm, p=.001) and born earlier(39.4±.17 weeks vs. 38.6±.29 weeks, p=.02). There were no differences between low and hip support multigravida mothers age, education, income or race. (p>0.2). These data suggest that providing prenatal help with daily tasks and a communicative male support figure may improve neonatal morbidity for infants of indigent, urban multigravida mothers.
Mechanical control of tissue growth: Function follows form

Early biologists sought to identify vital life forces they believed responsible for the exquisite intricacy of tissue pattern and functional control. Later forms of ‘‘vitalism’’ downplayed the role of mystical powers and focused more on the importance of internal forces that emerged from the specific arrangement of tissue components, with particular emphasis on the role of reciprocal mechanical interactions among the material elements that constitute living systems. Many of
Intersubjectivity and the conceptualization of communication

Even the most cursory glance at the wide range of literature using the concept of ' 'communication" demonstrates that there is little agreement on how to define the term, or on its relationship to other categories of human action and experience. Within the discipline of communication study, it is by now commonly acknowl? edged that there are fundamentally different ways of describing and accounting for communication. While such discussions most often have focused on the differ? ences between particular theories or on epistemological issues, there has been some interest in identifying different philosophical attitudes animating signifi? cantly different theories of communication.1 The task, however, has not yet been approached systematically. In the present article, I will seek to identify a number of significantly distinct ways of describing communication which have, to varying degrees, entered into and affected our theoretical positions. Often, the failure to see these differences has meant that important similarities and differences among research programs have gone unnoticed. In order to talk about alternative views of communication, I must operate with a framework which captures actual theories of communication, yet which pro? vides analytical distance from those positions. The schema I will employ toward this end is built upon the concept of "intersubjectivity." Treating views of com? munication through consideration of contrasting conceptions of intersubjectivity is possible and fruitful precisely because the two domains?intersubjectivity and communication?are articulated in different terms, and at the same time, closely identified. The terms of this identification may vary but, at the very least, both are taken to be addressing similar fundamental questions. For example, in a recent
Case-control study of plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B12, and cysteine as markers of cervical dysplasia.

BACKGROUND An association between B-complex vitamins and related compounds with the development of cervical neoplasia is biologically plausible, yet to the authors' knowledge epidemiologic investigations of these potential biomarkers are limited. METHODS A case-control study was designed to examine the relation between plasma folate, homocysteine, vitamin B12, and cysteine and early, premalignant changes in cervical epithelial cells among women identified from several clinics on Oahu, Hawaii, between 1992 and 1996. Fasting blood samples for plasma nutrient analysis, cervical smears for cytologic diagnosis, exfoliated cervical cells for human papillomavirus DNA testing by polymerase chain reaction, and a personal interview were obtained from 185 women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) of the cervix, 147 women with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), and 191 women with cytologically normal (Papanicolaou) smears. RESULTS Age-adjusted and ethnicity-adjusted mean plasma concentrations of cysteine, but not other nutrients, were significantly lower among ASCUS cases (P = 0.006) and SIL cases (P = 0.01) than controls. A positive trend in the odds ratio for SIL but not ASCUS was found for increased plasma homocysteine concentrations, but this finding was not statistically significant. High plasma levels of cysteine were associated with a reduced risk of ASCUS (P value for trend = 0.006), with an odds ratio of 0.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.2–0.7) for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of cysteine concentration. A weak, negative relation between cysteine and the development of low grade SIL (LSIL) but not high grade SIL (HSIL) also was found. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study do not support the hypothesis that folate, homocysteine, or B12 are markers of cervical dysplasia risk. A possible inverse association between plasma cysteine concentrations and the risk of cervical dysplasia needs further study. Cancer 2000;89:376–82. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
The type of group measure space von Neumann algebras

LetG be a countable discrete group acting by measure-preserving automorphisms of a finite measure space (M, μ) and let $$\mathfrak{N}$$ (G,M) be the corresponding group measure space von Neumann algebra, which will be a finite von Neumann algebra. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for $$\mathfrak{N}$$ (G,M) to have a non-zero type I part, and the projection on the type I part is explicitly described.
Effects of Allspice, Cinnamon, and Clove Bud Essential Oils in Edible Apple Films on Physical Properties and Antimicrobial Activities

Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants are rich sources of volatile terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Such compounds have the potential to inactivate pathogenic bacteria on contact and in the vapor phase. Edible films made from fruits or vegetables containing EOs can be used commercially to protect food against contamination by pathogenic bacteria. EOs from cinnamon, allspice, and clove bud plants are compatible with the sensory characteristics of apple-based edible films. These films could extend product shelf life and reduce risk of pathogen growth on food surfaces. This study evaluated physical properties (water vapor permeability, color, tensile properties) and antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes of allspice, cinnamon, and clove bud oils in apple puree film-forming solutions formulated into edible films at 0.5% to 3% (w/w) concentrations. Antimicrobial activities were determined by 2 independent methods: overlay of the film on top of the bacteria and vapor phase diffusion of the antimicrobial from the film to the bacteria. The antimicrobial activities against the 3 pathogens were in the following order: cinnamon oil > clove bud oil > allspice oil. The antimicrobial films were more effective against L. monocytogenes than against the S. enterica. The oils reduced the viscosity of the apple solutions and increased elongation and darkened the colors of the films. They did not affect water vapor permeability. The results show that apple-based films with allspice, cinnamon, or clove bud oils were active against 3 foodborne pathogens by both direct contact with the bacteria and indirectly by vapors emanating from the films.
Iron overload manifesting as apparent exacerbation of hepatic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Abstract Iron overload presenting as exacerbation of hepatic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has not been previously described. We report 6 patients with established hepatic GVHD in whom iron overload (median serum ferritin, 7231 μg/dL; median transferrin saturation, 77%) resulting from a lifetime median of 20 units of packed red blood cell transfusions was manifested by worsening of liver function. Liver biopsies performed in 4 patients confirmed severe iron overload and also hepatic GVHD. Analysis for the C282Y and H63D hemochromatosis gene mutation was negative for the homozygous state in all 6 patients. Erythropoietin-assisted phlebotomy resulted in normalization of liver function at a median of 7 months and of serum ferritin at a median of 11 months. Immunosuppressive therapy was successfully tapered in all 4 patients who completed the phlebotomy program, and this supported the impression that iron overload, rather than GVHD, was the principal cause of liver dysfunction. At a median follow-up of 50 months (range, 18-76 months) from the transplantation and 25 months (range, 5-36 months) from ferritin normalization, all 4 patients require maintenance phlebotomy. We conclude that iron overload can mimic GVHD exacerbation, thus resulting in unnecessary continuation or intensification of immunosuppressive therapy for GVHD, and that maintenance phlebotomy is necessary after successful iron-reduction therapy.
Spinal Cord Injury and Time to Instability in Seated Posture

Objective: To investigate seated postural control in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared with age-matched controls. Design: Cohort. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Adults (NZ36; mean ageSD, 22.5�3.2y): 7 persons with high SCI (HI group; injury level greater than T10), 11 persons with low SCI (LI group; injury level between T10 and L4), and 18 persons with non-SCI. Intervention: Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measures: Participants sat on a force platform on a custom-built wooden box with their arms by their side. Postural control was quantified in several ways. Participants completed a functional reach test. The amount of postural sway was quantified by characterizing the center of pressure (COP) trajectory by determining median velocity and root mean square of the signal. In addition, the virtual time to contact to the functional boundary was quantified. Last, the instability index was determined as the ratio of the COP area to the functional boundary. Results: There were no group differences in COP-based metrics (P>.05). There was no difference between SCI groups in functional reach (P>.05). The HI group had a smaller virtual time to contact (VTC) than the control group (.50� .20s vs .98�.24s, P<.05). Both SCI groups had a greater instability index than the control group, with the HI group having the largest amount of instability (P<.05). Conclusions: The observations suggest that VTC analysis is appropriate to investigate seated postural control. It is proposed that including VTC of seated postural control as an outcome measure will provide novel information concerning the effectiveness of various rehabilitation approaches and/or technologies aimed at improving seated postural control in persons with SCI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94:1615-20 a 2013 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
EEG patterns during ‘cognitive’ tasks. II. Analysis of controlled tasks

Abstract This experiment was designed to distinguish possible EEG correlates of the cognitive components of tasks from EEG patterns associated with stimulus characteristics, limb and eye movements, and performance-related factors such as subjects' ability and effort. Thirty-two right-handed adults each performed 30 trials, lasting 6–15 sec each, of four simplified, controlled tasks: mental rotation of geometric forms, serial addition of a column of signed digits, substitution of letters with subsequent word recognition and visual fixation. The first three tasks could not be differentiated from each other. Each of these tasks could be differentiated from visual fixation by approximately 10% generalized reductions in alpha and beta band intensities, and slight increases in theta band intensities frontally and occipitally. We conclude that the EEG patterns which differentiated the complex tasks described in Part I were due to inter-task differences in stimulus characteristics, efferent activities and/or performance-related factors, rather than to cognitive differences. With these controls, no evidence for lateralization of different types of cognitive activity was found in the EEG.
Anticholinergic medications: An additional contributor to cognitive impairment in the heart failure population?

Background/Objectives Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have a high prevalence of cognitive impairment and the association is multifactorial. In general, the burden of anticholinergic drugs has consistently been shown to be a risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly. The aim of this study was to assess the cognitive burden of medications in patients with CHF.
Layoffs and duration dependence in a model of turnover

Abstract A semi-Markov model of turnover, resulting from optimizing behavior on the part of workers, is developed. Duration dependence in the transition out of employment is modelled as resulting from a layoff probability which decreases with tenure. Some preliminary results, based on DIME data, are presented. These indicate that a declining hazard rate in the transition out of employment is a significant feature of the data.
Simulation of the 1976/77 Climate Transition over the North Pacific: Sensitivity to Tropical Forcing

Abstract This study examines the contribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to the 1976/77 climate transition of the winter atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific using a combined observational and modeling approach. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) simulates approximately 75% of the observed 4-hPa deepening of the wintertime Aleutian low from 1950–76 to 1977–2000 when forced with the observed evolution of tropical SSTs in a 10-member ensemble average. This response is driven by precipitation increases over the western half of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In contrast, the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3), the predecessor to CAM3, simulates no significant change in the strength of the Aleutian low when forced with the same tropical SSTs in a 12-member ensemble average. The lack of response in CCM3 is traced to an erroneously large precipitation increase over the tropical Indian Ocean whose dynamical im...
Balanced Security Controls for 21st Century Libraries

Managerial security control, technical security control, and physical security control are three types of security controls. To have balanced security, all three security controls must be considered. Without balanced and ordered security controls, libraries may not be fully protected. This study investigates security studies for libraries and a library security status to recommend library security guidelines to secure physical and electronic library collection, patrons, and physical building.
Comparison of the detectability and annoyance value of embedded MPEG-2 artifacts of different type, size, and duration

One fundamental problem in predicating the subject5ive quality of a degraded video is that the perceived quality depends on the properties of the video itself, or the context of the degradation. In this paper, we present the result for a series of experiments designed to measure the detection thresholds and annoyance values of small regions of MPEG-2 artifacts inserted into mostly uncorrupted video sequences. In previous work, we found that the detection threshold contains much, but not all, of the information needed to remove the dependence of quality on the context. In this paper, we report the result of two experiments. In one experiment, we varied the type of MPEG-2 artifacts inserted into the test sequences. In the other experiment, we varied the location , size, and duration of the corrupted regions in the test sequences. From each set of dat, we estimated detection thresholds and fitted the parameters of a quality function. The experimental results demonstrated that, under a wide set of test conditions, the detection threshold is still very useful for the estimation of quality as context varies. In fact, the detection threshold was the only factor necessary to model the changes in the quality function parameters with artifact type. The experimental data showed that the detection threshold and the quality function parameters do depend on the size and duration of the degraded region. However, the effects of size and duration are minor relative to the effect of artifact location.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Role of Research in Academic Psychiatric Departments: A Case Study

Objective The authors demonstrate the role that research can play in the development of an academic department of psychiatry.
Investigation of Nuclear Effects in Paramagnetic Single Crystals at Very Low Temperatures

The hyperfine structure coupling of the magnetic moment of the nucleus with the magnetic moment of the electronic cloud of a paramagnetic ion gives rise to a Schottky specific heat anomaly at an appropriate temperature. For the cobaltous ion in a single crystal of cobalt ammonium sulfate this temperature is about 0.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the region where the specific heat goes as $\frac{A}{{T}^{2}}$ and where the Curie law $\ensuremath{\chi}=\frac{C}{T}$ holds, one can make measurements of $A$ by means of an ac mutual inductance bridge which measures the susceptibility of the paramagnetic salt. The method of measurement consists in superposing a dc magnetic field on the salt already in the ac field of the bridge. This dc field depresses the susceptibility an amount depending on the parameter $\frac{C}{A}$ which is therefore a constant of the material being investigated. If one knows the Curie constant, then one has $A$ immediately. This measured $A$, however, is made up of two contributions: (a) that arising from the nuclear-electronic coupling and (b) that arising from the dipole interaction of neighboring paramagnetic ions. The (b) contribution is a function of concentration of the ions, so that by making measurements of $A$ at various dilutions and plotting $A$ as a function of dilution, one obtains an intercept by extrapolation to infinite dilution which is the part of $A$ due to nuclear specific heat. The thermodynamic measurements made thus give a nuclear specific heat of ${C}_{v}{T}^{2}=16.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}R$, where $R$ is the gas constant, which is in excellent agreement with ${C}_{v}{T}^{2}=16\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}R$ calculated from microwave data. It is observed that pure cobalt ammonium sulfate has a Curie point at \ensuremath{\sim}0.125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, while the diluted salts do not possess one in the same temperature region.
Personalizing Immigrant Sacrifices Internalization of Sense of Indebtedness Toward Parents Among Korean American Young Adults

This research explored Korean American (KA) young adults’ experiences related to their sense of indebtedness toward their parents and perceptions of how indebtedness affected their behavior toward parents. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 KA young adults from immigrant families. Most respondents narrated their sense of indebtedness to parents, verbally acknowledging appreciation for parents’ hardship and sacrifice; however, they differed in how much they internalized indebtedness, varying in level of personalization and perception of salience of indebtedness. Similarly, youth did not differ in how they described the role of their felt indebtedness in shaping their behavior toward parents (including filial responsibility, desire for success, and promoting positive interactions) but their motivations and interpretations of these behaviors differed depending on the degree of internalization of sense of indebtedness. Taken as a whole, findings suggest within-group variations in how KA young ad...
The mechanism of particle formation in polymer hydrosols. I. Kinetics of Aqueous Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate

The polymerization of an aqueous solution of methyl methacrylate has been shown to obey classical steady-state homogeneous kinetics at low initiator concentrations ([I] 0.925 mM) classical heterogeneous kinetics are found. Particle formation, observed by Tyndall scattering, occurs when the polymer concentration reaches approximately 0.03 g/100 ml regardless of the rate of polymerization. This is taken as evidence that in this system particle formation is thermodynamically controlled. The particles are formed during the earliest stages of the polymerization when nonsteady-state kinetics obtain. In this region the molecular weight of the polymer increases rapidly. After the steady-state is attained, the average molecular weight remains constant until the Norrish-Trommsdorff “gel effect” becomes important.
Direct Synthesis of Thermally Responsive DMA/NIPAM Diblock and DMA/NIPAM/DMA Triblock Copolymers via Aqueous, Room Temperature RAFT Polymerization†

We report aqueous, room temperature RAFT polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and, subsequently, its block copolymerization utilizing a poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) macro-CTA. A series of thermally responsive AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers have been prepared. These polymers contain hydrophilic N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) A blocks of fixed molecular weight and temperature-responsive NIPAM B blocks of varied chain length. Using a combination of 1H NMR spectroscopy, T2 relaxation measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and static light scattering (SLS), we demonstrate that these block copolymers are indeed capable of reversibly forming micelles in response to changes in solution temperature and that the micellar size and transition temperature are dependent on both the NIPAM block length and the polymer architecture (diblock vs triblock).
Synthesis of the C17–C25 subunit of lasonolide A utilizing a Tsuchihashi–Yamamoto type rearrangement

Abstract An efficient synthesis of the C17–C25 subunit resident in (−)-lasonolide A is reported herein. The key reaction features that were utilized include a Tsuchihashi–Yamamoto type rearrangement and Molander–Reformatsky SmI2 mediated intramolecular aldol reaction sequence. Lastly, a diastereoselective target oriented β-C-glycoside formation sequence via an oxocarbenium reduction completed the stereochemistry required for the completion of the C17–C25 segment of (−)-lasonolide A.
Oxidation of Indole Substrates by Oxodiperoxomolybdenum·Trialkyl(aryl)- phosphine Oxide Complexes

A series of oxodiperoxo molybdenum complexes MoO(5).O=PR(3).L, where R = Me, Et, Pr, Bu, or Ph, have been synthesized. The X-ray crystal structures for the complexes with triethylphosphine oxide and tripropylphosphine oxide as ligands were obtained. These complexes oxidize indoles to various indolone products depending on the substitution pattern of the indole substrate.
Training Adults with Brain Injury How to Help-seek when Lost: A Pilot Study

There is no research on the assessment or treatment of help-seeking behaviours for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). This paper describes the development of a protocol, NICE ( N oticing you have a problem, I dentifying the information you need for help, C ompensatory strategies, E valuating progress) to train help-seeking for adults with TBI when lost. Theoretical and treatment components from three empirically validated interventions that target social problem-solving and communication skills were adapted to develop NICE: the Group Interactive Structured Treatment for Social Competence (GIST), the Problem Solving Group Protocol (PSG) and Interpersonal Recall (IPR). Preliminary pilot data evaluating the efficacy are presented for three adult persons with TBI. All three participants improved on the Executive Function Route Finding Task (EFRT) and help-seeking behaviours when wayfinding. Help-seeking is a constitutive factor in the wayfinding process capable of improvement. Preliminary evidence supports further investigation of this group intervention.
Renal preservation utilizing neodymium: Yag laser

Abstract Six patients with malignancies in a solitary kidney were treated with conservative renal parenchymal-sparing surgery utilizing the Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd: YAG) laser. Three patients had transitional cell carcinoma in an upper pole calyx of a solitary kidney. The transitional cell carcinoma was treated definitively by the Nd: YAG laser through a nephroscope prior to partial nephrectomy. The 3 patients have been followed up for twenty-eight, eighteen, and six months, respectively. None of the patients has shown evidence of recurrent cancer on follow-up retrograde ureterograms or on urine cytology obtained from the renal pelves. Three patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney had the tumor surgically excised utilizing the Nd: YAG laser in conjunction with standard surgical techniques. All the patients were elderly with compromised renal vasculature that prevented bench surgery with auto transplantation or occlusion of the renal artery. At sixteen, fourteen, and three months, respectively, there is no evidence of recurrent cancer on CAT scans obtained on these patients.
Calcium fortification of breakfast cereal enhances calcium absorption in children without affecting iron absorption

Abstract Objectives: Provision of calcium-fortified foods may represent an important component of improving the calcium intake of children. We sought to determine whether the addition of calcium to cereal would have a net positive effect on calcium absorption without decreasing iron absorption. Methods: Twenty-seven children, 6 to 9 years of age, were provided two servings per day (30 g of cereal per serving) of either a low (39 mg/serving) or fortified (156 mg/serving) calcium-containing cereal product for 14 days. Calcium absorption was measured by using stable isotopes added to milk (extrinsically labeled) and to the calcium-fortified cereal (intrinsically labeled). Results: Fractional calcium absorption from the fortified cereal was virtually identical to that from milk. Fractional absorption of calcium from milk did not differ significantly when given with enriched or low-calcium-containing cereal. Total calcium absorption increased from 215 ± 45 mg/d to 269 ± 45 mg/d with the addition of the calcium-fortified cereal ( P Conclusions: The addition of a moderate amount of calcium to a cereal product was beneficial to calcium absorption and did not interfere with iron absorption. Use of calcium-fortified food products may be considered a practical approach to increasing the calcium intake of children. (J Pediatr 2001;139:522-6)
Poly-ICLC preconditioning protects the blood–brain barrier against ischemic injury in vitro through type I interferon signaling

Preconditioning with a low dose of harmful stimulus prior to injury induces tolerance to a subsequent ischemic challenge resulting in neuroprotection against stroke. Experimental models of preconditioning primarily focus on neurons as the cellular target of cerebral protection, while less attention has been paid to the cerebrovascular compartment, whose role in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury is crucial. We have shown that preconditioning with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) protects against cerebral ischemic damage. To delineate the mechanism of poly-ICLC protection, we investigated whether poly-ICLC preconditioning preserves the function of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in response to ischemic injury. Using an in vitro BBB model, we found that poly-ICLC treatment prior to exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation maintained the paracellular and transcellular transport across the endothelium and attenuated the drop in transendothelial electric resistance. We found that poly-ICLC treatment induced interferon (IFN) β mRNA expression in astrocytes and microglia and that type I IFN signaling in brain microvascular endothelial cells was required for protection. Importantly, this implicates a potential mechanism underlying neuroprotection in our in vivo experimental stroke model, where type I IFN signaling is required for poly-ICLC-induced neuroprotection against ischemic injury. In conclusion, we are the first to show that preconditioning with poly-ICLC attenuates ischemia-induced BBB dysfunction. This mechanism is likely an important feature of poly-ICLC-mediated neuroprotection and highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting BBB signaling pathways to protect the brain against stroke.
Work in progress — How do engineering students misunderstand number representations?

It is often taken for granted that students who pursue engineering in college are “numbers people” who excel at mathematics. We believe that there is reason to doubt this assumption based on our studies of student misconceptions in first and second year engineering students. We interviewed and tested undergraduates in electrical and computer engineering or in computer science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who had just completed a first course in digital logic. These interviews and tests required students to solve problems relating to binary arithmetic and number base conversions. We present our early findings from these interviews and assessment tools.
Harry Potter and the end of the road: Parallels with addiction

The term addiction involves aspects of salience, withdrawal, and conflict or interference with everyday functioning. The present series of studies examined whether high levels of engagement with the Harry Potter (HP) phenomenon could qualify as an addiction. Through use of three surveys posted online, we established that a sizeable portion (though not a majority) of self-described HP fans demonstrated craving for the release of the final book in the series, and experienced some withdrawal symptoms upon finishing the book. HP fandom also produced a disruptive influence on day to day functioning of some fans in a 6 month follow-up. In sum, we found parallels between criteria used to diagnose traditional forms of addiction or dependence and some people's attachment to a phenomenon in popular culture.
Early auditory and visual function in normal and hyperthyroid rats.

The development of auditory sensitivity and visual acuity was studied in both normal rat pups and their developmentally accelerated hyperthyroid littermates utilizing unconditioned behavioral responses to carefully controlled stimulation. Hyperthyroidism was induced by injections of l -thyroxine sodium solution (1 μg/g body wt) on postnatal Days 1–4. Auditory development was assessed by observing startle reactions to discrete pure-tone stimuli. One and four kHz tones (98–99 dB) elicited initial behavioral responses in subjects from both groups 1–2 days prior to ear opening. Responsiveness to 16 kHz tones (108 dB) emerged on the day of ear opening. Normal pups exhibited reactions to 40 kHz tones (111 dB) 1–2 days after ear opening but the high-frequency sensitivity of the hyperthyroid subjects developed much more slowly. By 18 days postpartum, subjects in both groups exhibited similar auditory abilities. The optomotor reflex (optokinetic nystagmus) was employed to measure the development of visual acuity. Normal and hyperthyroid subjects were tested at the time of eye-opening (Days 14–15 and Days 12–13, respectively) and at equal chronological ages. Hormone-treated subjects had finer visual acuity than normal subjects on postnatal Day 12. However, when matched for eye-opening, the acuity of normal subjects was superior. No differences were encountered when subjects in both groups were tested at 19 days of age. The results in discussion indicate that hyperthyroidism accelerates the development of auditory and visual function, but suggests that the ears and eyes of hyperthyroid subjects open to reveal sensory-perceptual apparatus which is less mature than that of somatically matched normal littermates.
Compressive X-ray Phase Tomography based Intensity Transpart

We develop a compressive reconstruction method for tomographic reconstruction of refractive index distribution of weakly attenuating objects using the transport of intensity imaging in a microfocus X-ray system.
Mass spectrometry of the fifth nucleoside: a review of the identification of pseudouridine in nucleic acids.

Pseudouridine, the so-called fifth nucleoside due to its ubiquitous presence in ribonucleic acids (RNAs), remains among the most challenging modified nucleosides to characterize. As an isomer of the major nucleoside uridine, pseudouridine cannot be detected by standard reverse-transcriptase-based DNA sequencing or RNase mapping approaches. Thus, over the past 15 years, investigators have focused on the unique structural properties of pseudouridine to develop selective derivatization or fragmentation strategies for its determination. While the N-cyclohexyl-N′-β-(4-methylmorpholinium)ethylcarbodiimide p-tosylate (CMCT)-reverse transcriptase assay remains both a popular and powerful approach to screen for pseudouridine in larger RNAs, mass-spectrometry-based approaches are poised to play an increasingly important role in either confirming the findings of the CMCT-reverse transcriptase assay or in characterizing pseudouridine sequence placement and abundance in smaller RNAs. This review includes a brief discussion of pseudouridine including a summary of its biosynthesis and known importance within various RNAs. The review then focuses on chemical derivatization approaches that can be used to selectively modify pseudouridine to improve its detection, and the development of mass-spectrometry-based assays for the identification and sequencing of pseudouridine in various RNAs.
The preparation and characterization of a radioiodinated bacterial lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Radioiodinated LPS† from E. coli 0111 :B4 has been prepared by reacting p -OH methylbenzimidate with 0111: B4 LPS at alkaline pH. The resulting LPS derivative has been radiolabeled with Na 125 I. Specific activities of up to 5 μCi/μg LPS may be obtained by this technique and significantly the preparation of the radioiodinated LPS does not alter the biophysical, immunologic or biologic properties of 0111:B4 LPS. The methods described here are applicable to any ‘protein free’ LPS preparation containing primary amino groups.
Crossing the Border: Molecular Control of Motor Axon Exit

Living organisms heavily rely on the function of motor circuits for their survival and for adapting to ever-changing environments. Unique among central nervous system (CNS) neurons, motor neurons (MNs) project their axons out of the CNS. Once in the periphery, motor axons navigate along highly stereotyped trajectories, often at considerable distances from their cell bodies, to innervate appropriate muscle targets. A key decision made by pathfinding motor axons is whether to exit the CNS through dorsal or ventral motor exit points (MEPs). In contrast to the major advances made in understanding the mechanisms that regulate the specification of MN subtypes and the innervation of limb muscles, remarkably little is known about how MN axons project out of the CNS. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies, mainly in Drosophila, have identified transcription factors, and in some cases candidate downstream effector molecules, that are required for motor axons to exit the spinal cord. Notably, specialized neural crest cell derivatives, referred to as Boundary Cap (BC) cells, pre-figure and demarcate MEPs in vertebrates. Surprisingly, however, BC cells are not required for MN axon exit, but rather restrict MN cell bodies from ectopically migrating along their axons out of the CNS. Here, we describe the small set of studies that have addressed motor axon exit in Drosophila and vertebrates, and discuss our fragmentary knowledge of the mechanisms, which guide motor axons out of the CNS.
Syntheis of vaccinia virus “early” and “late” messenger RNA in vitro with nucleoprotein structures isolated from infected cells

Abstract Complexes containing vaccinia DNA, isolated from the cytoplasm of infected cells, synthesize messenger RNA in vitro with an endogenous RNA-polymerase. The vaccinia DNA complex isolated at 3 hours post-infection synthesized both “early” and “late” classes of vaccinia messenger RNA in vitro .
Maximizing influence in a competitive social network: a follower's perspective

We consider the problem faced by a company that wants to use viral marketing to introduce a new product into a market where a competing product is already being introduced. We assume that consumers will use only one of the two products and will influence their friends in their decision of which product to use. We propose two models for the spread of influence of competing technologies through a social network and consider the influence maximization problem from the follower's perspective. In particular we assume the follower has a fixed budget available that can be used to target a subset of consumers and show that, although it is NP-hard to select the most influential subset to target, it is possible to give an efficient algorithm that is within 63% of optimal. Our computational experiments show that by using knowledge of the social network and the set of consumers targeted by the competitor, the follower may in fact capture a majority of the market by targeting a relatively small set of the right consumers.
Do Pregnant Women Benefit from Hemoglobinopathy Carrier Detection

A 45% sample of all pregnancies in Rochester, N.Y. over a five-year period showed that 4.2% of pregnant women had a hemoglobinopathy. Sixty-six percent of these women did not know they had such an abnormality, and 80% did not understand its reproductive significance. Sixty-eight percent of women informed they were positive came for counseling. Fifty-seven percent of counseled women had the baby's father tested. Forty-seven percent of couples at risk offered amniocentesis wanted it. (table; see text) A woman was more likely to want her partner tested if she had a more thorough knowledge of the disease or viewed having an affected child as more burdensome. The partner was more likely to come for testing if the couple were living together than if living apart. Prenatal hemoglobinopathy screening is accepted by providers and pregnant women, at least when expert services are provided at no charge to either. Women and couples use the information provided to pursue their reproductive goals.
The Evolutionary Indeterminism Thesis

Abstract Evolutionary indeterminists argue that, in addition to any indeterminism introduced by quantum events, at least some evolutionary processes are themselves fundamentally indeterministic. That is, they maintain that the chance element in evolutionary processes results from indeterminism in the processes themselves, rather than simply from our cognitive limitations. Not everyone has been persuaded. A number of philosophers have argued that claims for evolutionary indeterminism are premature at best and deeply confused at worst. They maintain that evolutionary processes can and should be understood as deterministic processes. According to them, “chance” is merely a word denoting our ignorance of causes. This controversy is now one of the liveliest topics in the philosophy of biology. This article reviews the main arguments on each side, showing how the issues at stake in this debate raise fundamental questions about the nature of science as an explanatory enterprise and of the world it seeks to explain.
Reversed calcite morphologies induced by microscopic growth kinetics: Insight into biomineralization

Abstract This experimental investigation of calcite growth quantifies relationships between solution supersaturation and the rates of step advancement. Using in situ fluid cell atomic force microscopy (AFM), we show that the movement of monomolecular steps comprising growth hillocks on {10 1 4} faces during the growth of this anisotropic material is specific to crystallographic direction. By quantifying the sensitivity of step growth kinetics to supersaturation, we can produce spiral hillocks with unique geometries. These forms are caused by a complex dependence of step migration rates, vs+ and vs−, upon small differences in solution chemistry as they grow normal to the conventional fast ([ 4 41]+ and [48 1 ]+) and slow ([ 4 41]− and [48 1 ]−) crystallographic directions. As solute activity, a, decreases, vs+ and vs− converge and growth hillocks express a pseudo-isotropic form. At still lower supersaturations where a approaches its equilibrium value, ae, an inversion in the rates of step advancement produces hillocks with unusual reversed geometries. Comparisons of the kinetic data with classical theoretical models suggest that the observed behavior may be due to minute impurities that impact the kinetics of growth through blocking and incorporation mechanisms. These findings demonstrate the control of crystallographic structure on the local-scale kinetics of growth to stabilize the formation of unusual hillock morphologies at the near-equilibrium conditions found in natural environments.
ELIJAH MUHAMMAD AND THE QUR'ĀN: THE EVOLUTION OF HIS TAFS?R1

Elijah Muhammad, chef de l'Islam du milieu des annees 1930 au milieu des annees 1970, fut l'un des hommes les plus influents de ce siecle en Amerique et probablement le musulman le plus influent. Pour suivre son itineraire exegetique, l'A. etudie ses articles de plusieurs annees dans le Pittsgurgh Courier, le Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch, et son propre journal Muhammad Speaks. Ces informations etant trop riches, l'A. se limite a Supreme Wisdom (Supreme Sagesse), volumes 1 et 2, qui sont un premier et un deuxieme resumes des enseignements de Muhammad parus en 1957 et 65 et permettent de distinguer les traits principaux de l'utilisation et de l'interpretation du Coran chez Elijah Muhammad.
Digital X-ray stereophotogrammetry for cochlear implantation

Multielectrode, intracochlear implant systems are effective treatment for profound sensorineural hearing loss. In some cases, these systems do not perform well, which may be partially due to variations in implant location within the cochlea. Determination of each electrode's position in a patient's inner ear provides an in vivo basis for both the cochlear modeling of electrical fields and the future design of electrode arrays that deliver electrical stimulation to surviving auditory neurons, and may improve speech processor programming for better speech recognition. The authors developed an X-ray stereophotogrammetric approach to localize implanted electrodes in three dimensions. Stereophotogrammetry of implanted electrodes is formulated in weak perspective geometry, with knowledge of a three-dimensional (3-D) reference structure and electrode positions in each of two digital stereo-images. The localization error is theoretically, numerically, and experimentally quantified. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the technique.