cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors that Influence Underrepresented in Medicine (UIM) Medical Students to Pursue a Career in Academic Pediatrics.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of medical students who are underrepresented in medicine (UIM) from two urban medical centers with an interest in pursuing academic pediatrics. Methods Focus groups were conducted at Children's National Hospital (CN) at three different times with UIM medical students from two urban medical centers. The investigator team was comprised of both junior and senior UIM and non-UIM pediatric academic faculty with experience in qualitative research. Twenty medical students UIM from Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM) and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (GWSMHS) participated in the focus groups. The medical students targeted were first, second and fourth years to review experiences pre-and post-third year clerkships. Results Eighteen of the 20 students completed the demographic data of which 16 identified as Black/African-American. Fifteen of the participants were female and 3 were male. Findings indicated that mentorship, serving as role models, working with children and seeing UIM academic pediatricians positively influenced the students to pursue academic pediatrics. Family had a major influence on students’ interest to pursue medicine. A barrier to pursuing academic pediatrics for UIM medical students included educational debt and lack of knowledge about the field. The students felt that there were fewer expectations of them during secondary school years which affected them throughout their journey to medical school. Conclusions Early mentorship for UIM medical students is important to increase exposure to academic pediatrics. Future study on the experience of UIM medical students and their pursuit of academic roles could help produce a more diverse workforce. Also, pipeline programs for students to be exposed to academic pediatrics early in their education career would be beneficial.
Treatment Factors Associated With Overall Survival in Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: An Institutional Review.

IntroductionRetroperitoneal sarcoma (RPS) is a rare malignancy, and curative resection is considered the main therapy. Use of chemotherapy and/or radiation in addition to surgery (multimodality the...
Effects of legalization and wildlife farming on conservation

Abstract Many wildlife species are impacted by unsustainable consumption. Wildlife is consumed for such diverse purposes as food, medicine, ornamentation, entertainment, and social status. However, it is still debated whether legalization and wildlife farming can saturate demand and thus reduce poaching, or if these policies increase demand, and subsequently poaching of vulnerable wildlife. This paper used an experimental vignette survey in Mainland China (N = 1002) to explore empirically how legalization, wildlife farming, and possible changes in consumptive acceptability affect demand for wildlife products. Each respondent read a vignette about the consumption of a wildlife product from one of four species (bears, tigers, snakes, or turtles), for one of two uses (medicinal or non-medicinal), in one of three legal situations (product is illegal, product is legal and from farmed animal, or product is legal and from wild animal). All respondents were asked about the acceptability of wildlife consumption, the social stigma around consumption, and the perceived legal consequences of consumption for eight products: bear bile, bear paws, tiger bone, tiger skin, snake bile, snake leather, turtle shells, and turtle meat. Data was analyzed using linear regression models that included interaction effects and controlled for age, gender, education, income, and attitudes towards specific species, towards wildlife consumption, and towards Traditional Chinese Medicine. Wildlife product bans decreased the acceptability and social approval of wildlife consumption and increased estimations of legal punishments. The type of ban that produced these effects depended upon the wildlife product and the measurement of wildlife consumption. The effects of wildlife farming on demand for wildlife products were particularly prominent for mammals. Bear farming increased the acceptability and perceived social approval of bear bile; it also decreased perceived legal sanctions for bear consumption. Tiger farming diminished perceived legal sanctions for tiger consumption and farming tigers for medicinal use increased the acceptability of tiger consumption. Overall, these results indicate that bans on wildlife consumption and decreased wildlife farming of mammals can have conservation benefits.
Economically advantageous pathways for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial hydrogen under common, current economic conditions

Hydrogen is a major industrial chemical whose manufacture is responsible for ∼3% of global carbon dioxide emissions. >95% of hydrogen is made via reforming fossil fuels which typically co-produces hydrogen and waste carbon dioxide. Nearly all other hydrogen is co-produced with other commodity chemicals. Unfortunately, many alternative, clean hydrogen production processes are small-scale because they require major reductions in capital cost or energy prices to be economical enough for industry. Because the climate problem is urgent, and the economics of future energy is uncertain, this paper seeks to expand the options for producing industrial-scale, clean hydrogen under common, present-day economic conditions. First, we build a model to understand the economic and carbon dioxide emissions constraints of sulfur electrolysis which is an emerging process that cogenerates hydrogen and co-salable sulfuric acid and has the potential to produce up to 36% of the world's current hydrogen demand under present-day, average US economic conditions. We also use our model to evaluate water electrolysis, which cogenerates hydrogen and waste oxygen, but is not economical under present-day average US economic conditions. We then propose criteria for identifying clean hydrogen production chemistries. Using these criteria, we find enough reactions to have the combined potential to make over 150% of the world's industrial hydrogen needs under present-day, average US economic conditions while reducing cost and reducing or eliminating CO2 emissions. Given the urgency of the climate problem, we believe that an economic analysis, such as this is crucial to near-term CO2 emissions reductions.
Obstetrics and Gynecology

Gynecologic imaging presents some unique challenges and diagnostic pitfalls. The challenges differ depending on the imaging modality used. Ultrasound imaging is the most readily available and commonly used modality in gynecologic imaging. It serves as an adjunct to clinical examination and is often the only imaging modality necessary. There are, however, a number of technical challenges that the operator should be aware of; for example, its limited field of view in comparison to other cross-sectional imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, obscuration of structures by bowel gas, and operator dependence. Apart from the technical aspects of imaging, clinical information is essential to avoid pitfalls. The operator should have information about the clinical presentation, past medical history, hormonal status, and medication. Cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus must be considered when evaluating any finding. Certain anomalies may look alike, such as exophytic fibroids with cystic degeneration mimicking ovarian cystic neoplasms. In obstetrical imaging, the pitfalls involve visualization and assessment of both the pelvic structures and fetus. The challenges differ depending on the stage of pregnancy. In early pregnancy, locating the pregnancy, assessment of viability, and dating of the pregnancy are the main aims of an ultrasound examination. In subsequent stages of pregnancy, assessment of fetal anomaly, growth, and well-being become the primary objectives of imaging.
What is merit, that it can be transferred?

A concept of merit is used for spiritual accounting in many religious traditions, seemingly a substantial point of connection between religion and ordinary morality. Teachings of “merit transfer” (as in Buddhism and Roman Catholicism) might make us doubt this connection since they violate the principle that merit must be earned. If we examine the structure of ordinary schemes of desert, however, we find that personal worth is posited for a variety of reasons; the basic requirement in this realm is not earning by individuals but rather a community’s program for cultivating desirable collaboration among its members. There are strong enough parallels between religiously envisioned merit transfer and socially normal conferrals and sharings of worth that we can conclude that the religious posits of transferred merit are indeed comprehensible as merit, whatever other problems of comprehensibility they pose.
Determining the Impact of Cybersecurity Failures During and Attributable to Pandemics and Other Emergency Situations

In emergency situations, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, less immediate concerns such as cybersecurity and long-term economic impact can fall by the wayside. This paper presents a discussion of the impact of cybersecurity issues that occur during and are attributable to pandemics and other emergency situations. This discussion is facilitated by a simulation tool, the Disaster Vulnerability Threat and Impact Simulator System (DVTISS). DVTISS simulates the network structure, security measures, user characteristics and demographics, data, and devices of an organization or region’s computing infrastructure. The system is provided input parameters and performs analysis to identify the combined results of numerous different decisions, which are made in concert, to identify the types of vulnerabilities that may be present and the impact of their exploitation. The impacts of system unavailability are considered. This can aid businesses, governments and others in determining the level of prioritization that should be given to cybersecurity considerations. The simulator can also be used for disaster preparedness and planning, evaluating particular response strategies and the evaluation of laws and policies that impact IT decision making during emergencies. This paper uses the DVTISS tool to consider organizational responses to several example emergency situations. It demonstrates the utility of the tool as well as its efficacy for decision making support. Based on the example emergencies, the paper also discusses key areas of vulnerability during emergency situations and their financial, data and system outage impacts.
Relations between impulsive personality traits, alcohol and cannabis co-use, and negative alcohol consequences: A test of cognitive and behavioral mediators.

Abstract Objective Alcohol and cannabis co-users experience more negative alcohol consequences, but distal and mediating mechanisms of this association remain largely unstudied. Considering research suggests that individuals high in impulsivity and sensation seeking are more likely to be co-users, it is possible that co-users have more positive expectancies and become heavier drinkers, which confer risk for future negative consequences. Therefore, the current study tested prospective mediation models in which impulsive personality traits indirectly predicted negative consequences through co-use, heavier drinking, and expectancies. Methods The current study used data from a study of familial AUD spanning 3 waves (1995–2010). Participants (N = 567) reported on impulsivity (via the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Sensation Seeking Scale) alcohol and cannabis use, alcohol expectancies, and negative consequences. Models tested the factor structure of impulsive personality traits and whether these traits predicted future negative consequences through past-year co-use and drinking/expectancies. Results Factor analysis suggested two factors, sensation seeking and lack of premeditation. Sensation seeking was associated with future negative consequences indirectly through co-use and both drinking quantity and positive expectancies. Lack of premeditation was not associated with co-use, but indirectly predicted negative consequences through positive expectancies, above and beyond co-use. Sensation seeking directly predicted negative expectancies, but negative expectancies did not predict negative consequences. Conclusions Impulsive personality traits in co-users, particularly sensation seeking, explained variance in future negative alcohol consequences via heavier drinking (behavior) and positive expectancies (cognition). Personalized interventions targeting a lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking in co-users, may interrupt a developmental trajectory toward problem drinking.
Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate

Introduction to Pesticide Profiles and Basic Concept Papers Introduction and Profile Description Pesticide Profiles Pyrethroids and Other Botanicals Carbamates Thio- and Dithiocarbamates Organophosphates Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Phenoxy and Benzoic Acid Herbicides Triazines and Triazoles Ureas Other Pesticides Basic Concepts in Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry General Concepts Human Health Effects Ecological and Environmental Effects Appendices Index of Trade Names U.S. System-Metric Conversions Glossary Index
THE LAST TERM PROBLEM: SHIRKING, REPUTATIONS, AND SELF-POLICING

The last term problem is potentially particularly acute for term limited state legislatures, such as Oklahoma, as a large number of representatives are likely to be serving their last term at any given time. Empirical evidence regarding shirking in the last term is mixed. This article suggests that applying branding theory to the last term problem provides a theoretical basis to better understand whether and how the last term problem might actually be a problem. Evidence, from the first application of term limits to the Oklahoma legislature, suggests that representatives in their last term are more likely to miss votes than those earlier in their careers. But, effects are not universal. Further evidence demonstrates that legislators concerned about their brand (reputation), or at least those who parlay their reputation into a prestigious post-legislative appointment, do not shirk, but that those who have no such concerns often shirk quite substantially. It concludes by offering suggestions for the theoretical application of the last term problem to legislators leaving office.
The Global Public Service: Taking on the Challenges of the 21st Century

This paper's first goal is to evaluate the evolution and state of scholarship in public administration. It begins with a question: How far have public administration theory and research advanced since 1940, when the self-aware study of public administration, as a field if not a discipline, took root in the United States? This paper argues that scholars of public administration in the U.S. and abroad continuously advance the scientific rigor of research and are cognizant of the real-world challenges faced by policymakers and public servants of all sorts. Nonetheless, it is further argued, there remains room for improving our scientific understanding of the public service in the twenty-first century. Turning to practice, the second section identifies how we might better link our scientific findings to the lessons we provide in the classroom. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on preparing the public service of the twenty-first century and beyond to manage some of the considerable challenges it will encounter.
The Effect of a Five‐Part Intervention to Decrease Omitted Medications

Problem. Nursing administrators reported that medication administration errors had continued despite the use of bar code medication administration, especially in terms of omitted medications. Nurse administrators within the study hospital identified a need to add back up safety systems in order to reduce the number of omitted medications. Interruptions and distractions were identified as leading constraints to accurate medication administration. Methods. This pre-post quality improvement study used a convenience sample of nurses on one medical surgical unit to observe the effect of specific protocols to decrease interruptions and distractions during medication administration. Nurses′ were observed during medication administration cycles, and the medication time was measured in hours and minutes using a stop watch. The number of distractions and interruptions was counted by category. A participant survey was used to determine nurses perceptions of distractions and interruptions experienced. Findings. The five-part intervention decreased nurses interruptions and distractions by 84% compared with the control group. The results indicated the type of distractions and interruptions nurses typically experience during medication administration was highest from conversation in the environment (M = 5.0 ± 3.4) and by other personnel (M = 6.38 ± 2.6). Conclusion. This process improvement project determined that a five-part protocol would reduce distractions and interruptions for nurses, save time in the process, and reduce omitted medications. Other visible symbols such as a vest with wording may show different results when combined with the other elements of the protocol. Anecdotal comments from nurses during and after observations divulged workplace issues surrounding medication delivery that may need investigation.
Electron Emission from Nanometer-Size Metallic Clusters: Electronic States and Structural Stability of Supported Au Clusters

Techniques developed to measure the thermodynamic and electronic properties of a single metallic cluster with nanometer-size dimensions are described. Using these techniques, experiments that resolve the quantized energy spectrum of electrons in a nanometer-size cluster of metallic atoms at room temperature have been performed. Studies on the stability of the electron emission current from an individual nanometer-size cluster supported on a tungsten tip have been performed to learn more about the intrinsic stability of these nanometer-size objects. The data show abrupt jumps between different emission states that are revisited as time progresses. This phenomenon is attributed to a rearrangement of the cluster structure and/or orientation on the substrate and provides new evidence of multiple ‘isomeric’ structures for small clusters of metallic atoms.
Intermittent torsion : association with horizontal lie of the testicle

The importance of making an early diagnosis of intermittent testicular torsion cannot be over-emphasized. We report on 3 patients with recurrent episodes of severe testicular pain but who were pain-free at evaluation. All 3 patients were found to have a horizontal lie of the symptomatic testicle and a normal vertical axis in the contralateral asymptomatic testicle. Scrotal exploration revealed a bell-clapper deformity in all 3 patients. A history of recurrent scrotal pain and horizontal testicular lie, even in the absence of pain at the time of physical examination, is a strong indication for exploration and bilateral testicular fixation.
Estimation of Dynamic Panel Data Models with Cross-Sectional Dependence: Using Cluster Dependence for Efficiency

Summary This paper considers the estimation of dynamic panel data models when data are suspected to exhibit cross-sectional dependence. A new estimator is defined that uses cross-sectional dependence for efficiency while being robust to the misspecification of the form of the cross-sectional dependence. We show that using cross-sectional dependence for estimation is important to obtain an estimator that is more efficient than existing estimators. This new estimator also uses nuisance parameters parsimoniously so that it exhibits good small- and large-sample properties even when the number of time periods is large. As an empirical application, we estimate the effect of attending private school on student achievement using a value-added model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeology as a Process: Processualism and Its Progeny

Archaeology as. Process: Processualism and Its Progeny. Michael J. O'Brien, R. Lee Lyman, and Michael Brian Schiffer. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005. 350 pp.
Optimal contact forces to minimize cardiac perforations before, during, and/or after radiofrequency or cryothermal ablations

Background Catheter perforations remain a major clinical concern during ablation procedures for treatment of atrial arrhythmias and may lead to life-threatening cardiac tamponade. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation alters the biomechanical properties of cardiac tissue, ultimately allowing for perforation to occur more readily. Studies on the effects of cryoablation on perforation force as well as studies defining the perforation force of human tissue are limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the required force to elicit perforation of cardiac atrial tissue after or during ablation procedures. Methods Effects of RF or cryothermal ablations on catheter perforation forces for both swine (n = 83 animals, 530 treatments) and human (n = 8 specimens, 136 treatments) cardiac tissue were investigated. Results Overall average forces resulting in perforation of healthy unablated tissue were 406g ± 170g for swine and 591g ± 240g for humans. Post-RF ablation applications considerably reduced these forces to 246g ± 118g for swine and 362 ± 185g for humans (P Conclusion The swine model likely underestimates the required perforation forces relative to those of human tissues. We provide novel insights related to the comparative effects of RF and cryothermal ablations on the potential for inducing undesired punctures, with RF ablation reducing perforation force significantly. These data are insightful for physicians performing ablation procedures as well as for medical device designers.
Providing decision support in complex missions such as responding to a metropolitan IED attack

Responding to a terrorist attack is extraordinarily complex due to the unpredictability as well as the resulting devastation, confusion, and apprehension. Further complications arise from the enormity of available data as well as the participation of multiple agencies and organizations, which often hinders the discovery and assimilation of pertinent information in a timely fashion. A solution to these problems must be scalable, maintainable, extensible, and adaptable. Increasingly, decision-makers need an integrated, intelligent system that can seamlessly acquire, fuse, reason about, distribute, and protect information to provide enhanced, individualized decision support and situational understanding as well as foster effective collaboration. To meet this need, Raytheon is developing an intelligent system called Confluence™, which consists of an ontological framework, domain independent knowledge generation, integration, and reasoning agents, a massively scalable knowledge store, as well as various visualization components. Confluence™ can be applied to any mission by creating a mission ontology that extends the common framework, and which explicitly defines a semantic model of the physical, information, cognitive, and social domains for the mission. This paper will describe and demonstrate an application of Confluence™ to the mission of recovering from an IED attack in a crowded metropolitan area, such as Providence RI.
A study of best-fit memory allocators

Dynamic memory allocation often makes up a large part of program execution time. Different variants of the best-fit allocator are implemented and their space and time costs measured and compared. We found variants of this algorithm that are 3-33% faster than the Doug Lea 2.7.0 allocator.
CRISPR Interference Can Prevent Natural Transformation and Virulence Acquisition during In Vivo Bacterial Infection

Pathogenic bacterial strains emerge largely due to transfer of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes between bacteria, a process known as horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) loci of bacteria and archaea encode a sequence-specific defense mechanism against bacteriophages and constitute a programmable barrier to HGT. However, the impact of CRISPRs on the emergence of virulence is unknown. We programmed the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae with CRISPR sequences that target capsule genes, an essential pneumococcal virulence factor, and show that CRISPR interference can prevent transformation of nonencapsulated, avirulent pneumococci into capsulated, virulent strains during infection in mice. Further, at low frequencies bacteria can lose CRISPR function, acquire capsule genes, and mount a successful infection. These results demonstrate that CRISPR interference can prevent the emergence of virulence in vivo and that strong selective pressure for virulence or antibiotic resistance can lead to CRISPR loss in bacterial pathogens.
Interactions of silica nanoparticles with therapeutics for oxidative stress attenuation in neurons

ABSTRACT Oxidative stress plays a major role in many disease pathologies, notably in the central nervous system (CNS). For instance, after initial spinal cord injury, the injury site tends to increase during a secondary chemical injury process based on oxidative stress from necrotic cells and the inflammatory response. Prevention of this secondary chemical injury would represent a major advance in the treatment of people with spinal cord injuries. Few therapeutics are useful in combating such stress in the CNS due to side effects, low efficacy, or half-life. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles show promise for delivering therapeutics based on the formation of a porous network during synthesis. Ideally, they increase the circulation time of loaded therapeutics to increase the half-life while reducing overall concentrations to avoid side effects. The current study explored the use of silica nanopar ticles for therapeutic delivery of anti-oxidants, in particular, the neutralization of acrolein which can lead to extensive tissue damage due to its ability to generate more and more copies of itself when it interacts with normal tissue. Both an FDA-approved therapeu tic, hydralazine, and natural product, epigallocatechin gallate, were explored as anti-oxidants for acrolein with nanoparticles for increased efficacy and stability in ne uronal cell cultures. Not only were the nanoparticles explored in neuronal cells, but also in a co-cultured in vitro model with microglial cells to study potential immune responses to near-infrared (NIRF)-labeled nanoparticles and uptake. Studies included nanoparticle toxicity, uptake, and therapeutic response using fluorescence-based techniques with both dormant and activated immune microglia co-cultured with neuronal cells. Keywords: Silica nanoparticles, NIRF, nanom edicine, nanotoxicity, ROS, inflammation, spinal cord injury
The wavelength dependence of the photo-oxidation of CH2O

Abstract The photo-oxidation of CH2O in excess O2 was studied at 253.7, 280.3, 312.8 and 326.1 nm at 25 °C. At all wavelengths except 253.7 nm, Φ(CO) = 1.0. At 253.7 nm, Φ(CO) = 0.77. The molecular photodecomposition is given by Φ(H2), which is 0.28, 0.28, 0.16 and 0.40 respectively at the four wavelengths.
Pencil Beam Interferometer For Aspherical Optical Surfaces

An interferometer which provides for the precise figure measurement of optical surfaces through the interference of two pencil beams, reflected off the optical surface. Since reference surfaces are not required, the interferometer is also capable of analysing aspheric optical surfaces like axicons. The accuracy of the figure measurement is ± 2 nm.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Direct observation of the two-photon generation of free excitonic molecules in CuCl☆

Abstract Two-photon absorption spectra due to excitonic molecule generation in thin CuCl samples at 4.2°K are directly measured using the intense light from a pulsed, frequency tunable dye laser. One narrow induced absorption peak is observed at 3893 A. This peak exhibits a Fano interference line profile at low laser light intensities. High laser light flux densities result in a saturation, broadening, and blue shift of the induced absorption peak. The maximum value of the two-photon absorption cross section is directly measured to be 2 x 10 -43 cm 4 sec, and the binding energy of the molecule is found to be 39 meV.
Parenting and Cultural Socialization as Predictors of African American Children’s Science and Social Studies Achievement

This study examined predictive relations between early parenting and African American children’s science and social studies achievement in kindergarten (n = 2,461). Early parenting was defined as parents’ participation in home learning stimulation (e.g., shared book reading) and cultural socialization (e.g., discussing cultural heritage). Hierarchical regression analyses including early parenting and demographic characteristics explained nearly a quarter (i.e., 23 %) of the variance in African American children’s science and social studies achievement in kindergarten. Mother age, education, and family income positively predicted achievement while single-parent status and more siblings in the home negatively predicted achievement. Notably, even after these demographic controls were entered into the regression equations, parenting and cultural socialization also predicted achievement. African American parents who engaged in more frequent home learning stimulation and cultural socialization had children with more advanced science and social studies scores in kindergarten.
Enacting power through networks

Abstract We argue here that processes of political centralization and hierarchy building can be profitably explored by focusing on how resources were strategically manipulated in search of power by people organized in social networks of varying sizes and spatial extents. Adopting this perspective encourages reconsideration of the ways in which such core concepts as structure, agency, and society can be redefined to cast new light on ancient power contests. In addition, we suggest that a network approach complements traditional emphases on processes of domination and resistance by drawing attention to the importance of alliances in shaping political formations. The potential utility of these precepts is illustrated in an example drawn from our research on Terminal Classic (800–1000 AD) political struggles in the Naco valley of northwestern Honduras. Special attention in this case centers on the manner in which craft products were manipulated by people of varying ranks to define and achieve goals as well as to control the actions of others. The study’s broader implications for the analysis of ancient political relations are highlighted at the essay’s conclusion.
Mutations changing the kinetics of class II MHC peptide exchange.

Abstract IE/DR MHC class II molecules have an extensive H-bonding network under the bound peptide. In IE k , two α chain acidic amino acids in the core of this network were mutated to amides. At low pH, the mutant molecule exchanged peptide much more rapidly than the wild-type. The crystal structure of the mutant IE k revealed the loss of a single buried water molecule and a reorganization of the predicted H-bonding network. We suggest that these mutations enhance the transition of MHC class II to an open conformation at low pH allowing the bound peptide to escape. In wild-type IE k , the need to protonate these amino acids also may be a bottleneck in the return to a closed conformation after peptide binding.
Mid-tropospheric cyclones of the summer monsoon

Mid-tropospheric cyclones are often observed on daily and monthly mean maps over southern Asia during the summer southwest monsoon season. Although they are important activators of monsoon rains over certain regions, only a few observational studies are available, and even fewer theoretical and numerical studies have been performed. This article attempts to summarize the present observational knowledge about mid-tropospheric cyclones and reviews current ideas on the formation, maintenance and dissipation of these systems. A recent numerical simulation of a mid-tropospheric cyclone is described. In general, latent heat release plays the dominant role in the dynamics of the cyclone. Much is still to be learned about mid-tropospheric cyclones and several promising areas of future research are suggested.
Specific protein synthesis regulated by estrogen in human breast cancer

Abstract We have measured, by double-label SDS-elecirophoresis, the effect of estradiol on the relative rates of specific protein synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Two specific proteins, a 24,000 molecular weight (24k) cytosol protein and a 54,000 molecular weight (54k) protein located in nuclei, were found to be preferentially stimulated by estradiol. Estrogen stimulation of the 24k protein has been characterized under various experimental conditions. Synthesis was found to increase with time of estrogen incubation, reaching maximum stimulation between 4 and 6 days, was estrogen dose-dependent within the physiological range of hormone concentration and stimulation required specifically those steroids which bind to the estrogen receptor. Moreover, the magnitude of increased 24k synthesis parallels nuclear estrogen receptor processing, an event correlated with another estrogen response in MCF-7, induction of progesterone receptor. Double-label cytosols were further resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis, which revealed two estrogen stimulated proteins in the 24k region with isoelectric points in the range of 6.7–6.9 and 6.4–6.7. The more acidic species was determined to represent a major fraction (1.6%) of newly synthesized protein. Increased 54k synthesis is detected only in nuclei and this response to estrogen has not yet been fully characterized. A 24k and a 54k protein have been synthesized in a rabbit reticulocyte translation system with MCF-7 mRNA. Adapting the double-label electrophoresis technique to this cell-free system, estradiol was found also to preferentially stimulate translatable 24k and 54k mRNA activity, suggesting that estradiol effects 24k and 54k synthesis at the transcriptional level.
Resistance to threat

Threat (T) produced somewhat more resistance to yielding than a Control (C) Treatment and significantly (p <.01) more resistance than a Promise (P) Treatment in a two-person gaming study where kind of influence attempt was manipulated and resulting available outcomes were held constant.
Photonic crystal fiber designs for power scaling of single-polarization amplifiers

Photonic crystal fiber designs for power scaling of single-polarization amplifiers are presented. These fibers incorporate a core with a refractive index slightly lower than that of pure silica and borosilicate stress rods embedded within the photonic crystal lattice. They are realizable as rod-type as well as conventional photonic crystal fibers. The core index change results in a fundamental mode profile that is flattened relative to that of standard photonic crystal fibers. A continuum of mode profiles ranging from approximately Gaussian to approximately top-hat can be achieved in this manner. The optimal parameters of these designs depend on the desired coiling radius, birefringence, and mode area. Preliminary experimental results are presented.
Effect of emulsifier type, droplet size, and oil concentration on lipid oxidation in structured lipid-based oil-in-water emulsions

Abstract The effect of emulsifier type, droplet size, and oil concentration on lipid oxidation was determined for caprylic acid/canola oil structured lipid-based emulsions. Oil-in-water emulsion samples were prepared with sucrose fatty acid ester or whey protein isolate and 10 or 30% oil, and then homogenized at 1000 or 10,000 psi to form different particle sizes. The peroxide values, anisidine values, and TOTOX values of emulsions stored at 50 °C were measured over time. Decreasing oil concentrations led to an increase in total oxidation. Whey protein isolate had a significant antioxidant effect on the oxidation rates compared to sucrose fatty acid esters. Particles size had no effect on lipid oxidation in structured lipid-based oil-in-water emulsions.
Initiation of crack growth in linearly viscoelastic materials

Abstract The numerical scheme used in the determination of critical time for crack initiation in an infinite solid of linearly viscoelastic material subjected to remote monotonically increasing tensile stress is discussed. It is assumed that there exists a fracture process zone in front of the crack tip. The material property of the fracture process zone is regarded as linearly viscoelastic. The size of the fracture process zone is therefore time-dependent. A criterion of critical energy release rate for material fracture is used for the determination of critical time for crack initiation. Integral equations are formulated for the growth of the fracture process zone. Numerical solutions are found by means of Lee and Rogers' technique. In the computation, three-element solids are employed to represent the viscoelastic properties outside and within the fracture process zone. Examples are given to demonstrate the effects of the involved physical parameters.
Transient local injury current in right ventricular electrogram after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock predicts heart failure progression.

Objectives This study aimed to identify an early marker of functional impairment after an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shock as a predictor of heart failure progression. Background The ICD population has substantial risk of death due to progressive pump failure. Methods Near-field (NF) bipolar right ventricular (RV) electrograms (EGMs) during induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and 10 s after rescue ICD shock were analyzed in 310 patients (mean age 59 ± 14.5 years, 219 men [71%]) with structural heart disease, New York Heart Association functional class I to III, and implanted with a single- or dual-chamber Medtronic (Minneapolis, Minnesota) ICD for primary (245 patients, 79%) or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest. A local injury current (LIC) on NF RV EGM was defined as a deviation of EGM potential ≥1 mV or ≥15% of the preceding R-wave peak-to-peak amplitude. Results During mean follow-up of 29.3 ± 15.0 months, the combined end point of death or hospitalization due to congestive heart failure (CHF) exacerbation was documented in 40 patients (12.9%, or 5.3% per person-year of follow-up). LIC was observed in 106 patients. In multivariate risk analysis, after adjustment for baseline prognostic factors (ejection fraction, history of atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus) and appropriate ICD shocks during follow-up, patients with observed LIC after induced VF rescue ICD shock at ICD implantation were more likely to die or to be hospitalized (hazard ratio: 2.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.41 to 5.14; p = 0.003). Conclusions Transient LIC on bipolar NF RV EGM after induced VF rescue ICD shock is associated with increased risk of CHF progression, future hospitalizations due to CHF exacerbation, and subsequent heart failure death.
Cyclic AMP-induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells: Changes in total nucleic acid and protein contents

The total DNA contents of neuroblastoma cells “differentiated” by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, prostaglandin E1 and 4-(-3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone treatment was about 50 percent that of control cells, indicating that cells were accumulated in the G1-phase of the cell cycle. Sodium butyrate-treated cells were also accumulated in the G1-phase; however, the expression of “differentiated” phenotype did not occur indicating that inhibition of cell division is not sufficient for morphological differentiation. A marked increase in RNA and protein contents of cyclic AMP-induced “differentiated” cells is consistent with an increase in the size of soma and nucleus.
Invited Paper A C-testability approach for two dimensional iterative arrays†

Abstract This paper presents a new technique for testing a two dimensional array independently of the number of cells (C-testability). This technique is based on a cellular automata characterization of a cell. Additional states are included in the original state transition table to permit the test input to be regenerated internally to the array. Faulty states are propagated to the output. A single faulty cell is assumed. It is proved that the proposed technique requires a lower number of test vectors than published approaches to C-testability.
Use of Agar Diffusion and Fluorescent Antibody

THE agar diffusion technique is very useful and has made a significant contribution in the analysis of antigenic materials. However, the difficulty encountered when trying to observe some of the precipitation zones is known to anyone who has used this method. Successful photography of the zones can be especially difficult to achieve.
LAPAROSCOPIC COLON RESECTION

Laparoscopic colon resection represents a spectrum of procedures done using videotelescopic assistance to remove a portion of the colon. The majority of these are technically laparoscopy-assisted procedures, with a portion of the operation, most frequently the anastomosis, being done extracorporeally. 1,6,22,24 , 33 However, some surgeons do perform the procedures completely laparoscopically. 5 The relative benefit of this latter approach is as yet unclear. 22 Where otherwise unspecified, the use of laparoscopic colon resection in this article refers to both types of procedures.
LIGHT CURVES OF 32 LARGE TRANSNEPTUNIAN OBJECTS

We present observations of 32 primarily bright, newly discovered Transneptunian objects (TNOs) observable from the Southern Hemisphere during 39 nights of observation with the Irenee du Pont 2.5 m telescope at Las Campanas Observatory. Our dataset includes objects in all dynamical classes, but is weighted toward scattered objects. We find 15 objects for which we can fit periods and amplitudes to the data, and place light curve amplitude upper limits on the other 17 objects. Combining our sample with the larger light curve sample in the literature, we find a 3σ correlation between light curve amplitude and absolute magnitude with fainter objects having larger light curve amplitudes. We looked for correlations between light curve and individual orbital properties, but did not find any statistically significant results. However, if we consider light curve properties with respect to object dynamical classification, we find statistically different distributions between the classical-scattered and classical-resonant populations at the 95.60% and 94.64% level, respectively, with the classical objects having larger amplitude light curves. The significance is 97.05% if the scattered and resonant populations are combined. The properties of binary light curves are largely consistent with the greater TNO population except in the case of tidally locked systems. All the Haumea family objects measured so far have light curve amplitudes and rotation periods ≤10 hr, suggesting that they are not significantly different from the larger TNO population. We expect multiple factors are influencing object rotations: object size dominates light curve properties except in the case of tidal, or proportionally large collisional interactions with other TNOs, the influence of the latter being different for each TNO sub-population. We also present phase curves and colors for some of our objects.
Vibrational spectra of bromocyclopropane

Fourier transform infrared spectra of bromocyclopropane at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 have been recorded as well as liquid phase infrared spectra of this molecule from 4000–400 cm−1. For the first time, gas phase Raman spectra and solid phase infrared spectra of bromocyclopropane have been obtained. By combining all of the spectral data available it has been possible to assign all 21 normal modes of vibration of bromocyclopropane (as well as several overtones and combination bands) with a high degree of confidence. This proposed assignment is in excellent agreement with assignments for similar molecules and with anticipated cyclopropyl group frequencies.
Treatment of fractures of the zygoma and floor of the orbit

Abstract Fractures in the malar area and floor of the orbit can be divided into five groups. Treatment for each of these categories is discussed. The five divisions include (1) uncomminuted fractures less than a week old, (2) uncomminuted fractures more than a week old, (3) comminuted fractures in the malar region, (4) blowout fractures of the floor of the orbit, and (5) deformities due to old fractures in the malar region.
A rat model of radiofrequency ablation of trigeminal innervation via a ventral approach with stereotaxic surgery

Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), a consequence of sensory denervation of the cornea, must be better understood in order to develop new approaches to therapy. The purpose of this study was to create a rat model for neurotrophic keratopathy by denervating the trigeminal nerve through a ventral approach with stereotaxic surgery. Stereotaxic coordinates were measured in 46 male Sprague Dawley rat cadavers for localization of V1. After further refining the coordinates in nine live animals, radiofrequency ablation was chosen as an effective method of disrupting the innervation to the cornea. Fifty-two live rats were treated with radiofrequency ablation to define the anatomical localization of the lesion by utilizing gross and histopathological studies. A gross lesion of the trigeminal nerve and/or ganglion was observed in 47 (90%) of the 52 animals. Histopathological studies revealed that all 52 animals had anatomical damage of the trigeminal innervation to the eye. Low mortality and little morbidity were observed in these animals. We have developed a rat model for neurotrophic keratopathy that is simple to produce, accurate in creating a lesion by utilizing stereotaxic techniques combined with radiofrequency ablation, and successful in decreasing morbidity and mortality.
DISSOCIATION OF PERFORMANCE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES OF WORKLOAD

A theory is presented to identify sources that produce dissociations between performance and subjective measures of workload. The theory states that performance is determined by (1) amount of resources invested, (2) resource efficiency, and (3) degree of competition for common resources in a multidimensional space described in the multiple-resources model. Subjective perception of workload, multidimensional in nature, increases with greater amounts of resource investment and with greater demands on working memory. Performance and subjective workload measures dissociate when greater resources are invested to improve performance of a resource-limited task; when demands on working memory are increased by time-sharing between concurrent tasks or between display elements; and when performance is sensitive to resource competition and subjective measures are more sensitive to total investment. These dissociation findings and their implications are discussed and directions for future research are suggested.
Boundary operators in 2D gravity

Abstract We study boundary operators (open string vertices) in two-dimensional gravity and identify them as redundant operators in the matrix model. In the ( p , q ) minimal model coupled to 2D gravity there is always one relevant boundary operator, which measures the Z 2 -odd or Z 2 -even boundary length depending on whether q is odd or even. Our analysis also leads to new operators which exist in Liouville theory and in the matrix model but are not obvious in the KP description nor in the topological interpretation of these theories.