cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Titanium mesh and particulate cancellous bone and marrow grafts to augment the maxillary alveolar ridge

Abstract A detailed explanation of a surgical technique for grafting of deficient maxillary alveolar ridges is presented. In addition, a technical modification, for use where a fibrous hypermobile soft tissue ridge exists over the deficient maxilla is outlined. Results to date have been excellent as has been the follow-up (12–48 months); continued used of this technique and its modification is encouraged.
Genetic testing and health insurance: can they coexist?

Many people are ambivalent about genetic testing, but the issues are fundamentally the same with any test, including a low-tech history and physical examination.
Size and shape changes during late fetal growth (137-157 gestational days) in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) craniofacial complex: an application using three-dimensional coordinate data and finite element scaling analysis.

Form changes within the fetal pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) craniofacial complex was documented using finite element scaling analysis (FESA) and three-dimensional (3D) coordinate data for 35 craniofacial landmarks. Coordinate data were digitized from 3D reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) images and 2D axial slices. Twenty-two fetal pigtailed macaques ranging in age from 137 to 157 gestational days were included (in this species, birth is estimated at 170 gestational days). The null hypothesis that the craniofacial complex grows with isometry during late fetal growth of the craniofacial complex was tested (P < 0.05), and the prediction that morphological change along an anteroposterior axis dominates late fetal growth was also investigated. The null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that allometric growth is present during late fetal growth. Growth along an anteroposterior axis is localized in the palate and mandible. The neurocranium grows along a superoinferior axis, while the neurofacial junction displays growth along both the anteroposterior and superoinferior axes. Mediolateral changes are localized between asterions, the external auditory meati, and maxillary and mandibular alveolar points. Finally, a 3D model of craniofacial growth for this species was created, localizing size and shape changes that occur during late fetal growth for each of the 35 craniofacial landmarks defined in this study.
The caricature effect in drawing: evidence for the use of categorical relations when drawing abstract pictures.

Five experiments were conducted to determine how novice and expert drawers represent relative size for the purposes of drawing. Participants were shown images of two-part or three-part geometric figures composed of two spatially separated shapes. In each picture there was a small but noticeable relative-size difference between the constituent shapes (one part of the picture was always 25% larger than another part). Participants later drew the pictures from memory. The results showed that novice and expert drawers consistently exaggerated the relative size relationship between the shapes in the picture when attempting to draw it from memory and when copying (the ‘caricature effect’), although the effect was reduced for the experts. The results are consistent with the idea that people represent size in memory using categorical descriptors (eg ‘smaller than’, ‘larger than’) rather than as precise metrics. Further, the results suggest that the process of becoming a skilled drawer may involve overcoming this c...
Genotoxicity of the cooked‐food mutagens IQ and MeIQ in primary cultures of rat, hamster, and guinea pig hepatocytes

To investigate possible interspecies differences in the hepatocellular genotoxicity of the food-borne mutagens 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-3,4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), primary cultures of rat, hamster, and guinea pig hepatocytes were established. The induction of DNA repair activity in cultures exposed to various concentrations of IQ and MeIQ was determined by liquid scintillation spectrometry. DNA repair responses to MeIQ were, in general, greater than those elicited by IQ. In all three preparations of rat and hamster hepatocytes and in two of three preparations of guinea pig cells, MeIQ produced statistically significant (p less than 0.05) repair responses. IQ stimulated significant levels of repair in all three rat hepatocyte preparations and in two of three hamster cell preparations. In guinea pig cells exposed to IQ, no significant repair activity was observed. These results indicate that the genotoxicity of IQ and MeIQ in hepatic cells in species-dependent.
Sniff, smell, and stuff

Most philosophers consider olfactory experiences to be very poor in comparison to other sense modalities. And because olfactory experiences seem to lack the spatial content necessary to object perception, philosophers tend to maintain that smell is purely sensational or abstract. I argue in this paper that the apparent poverty and spatial indeterminateness of odor experiences does not reflect the “subjective” or “abstract” nature of smell, but only that smell is not directed to particular things. According to the view defended in this paper, odors are properties of stuffs. This view, motivated by several arguments grounded in the phenomenology of olfactory experience, explains in particular why odors appear to be located both in the air around our nose and in the objects from which they emanate. It also explains the power of smell in the task of discriminating chemical compounds.
Conduction-Electron Spin Resonance in a Lithium Film

The use of a linear resonator instead of a microwave resonant cavity increases the sensitivity of any resonance spectrometer when studying electron resonance in metals. This technique is used to study the temperature dependence of the line shape of the conduction-electron spin resonance in a lithium film for thicknesses ranging from 0.3 to 30 skin depths. Dyson's theory is found to apply at high temperatures. Deviations below 120 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K due to the anomalous skin effect provide a method of determining the microwave surface impedance in the alkali metals.
Global inventory of methane clathrate: sensitivity to changes in the deep ocean

We present a mechanistic model for the distribution of methane clathrate in marine sediments, and use it to predict the sensitivity of the steady-state methane inventory to changes in the deep ocean. The methane inventory is determined by binning the seafloor area according to water depth, temperature, and O2 concentration. Organic carbon rain to the seafloor is treated as a simple function of water depth, and carbon burial for each bin is estimated using a sediment diagenesis model called Muds [Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 16 (2002)]. The predicted concentration of organic carbon is fed into a clathrate model [J. Geophys. Res. 108 (2003)] to calculate steady-state profiles of dissolved, frozen, and gaseous methane. We estimate the amount of methane in ocean sediments by multiplying the sediment column inventories by the corresponding binned seafloor areas. Our estimate of the methane inventory is sensitive to the efficiency of methane production from organic matter and to the rate of fluid flow within the sediment column. Preferred values for these parameters are taken from previous studies of both passive and active margins, yielding a global estimate of 3×1018 g of carbon (3000 Gton C) in clathrate and 2×1018 g (2000 Gton C) in methane bubbles. The predicted methane inventory decreases by 85% in response to 3 °C of warming. Conversely, the methane inventory increases by a factor of 2 if the O2 concentration of the deep ocean decreases by 40 μM or carbon rain increases by 50% (due to an increase in primary production). Changes in sea level have a small effect. We use these sensitivities to assess the past and future state of the methane clathrate reservoir.
Sulfite in plant virus inoculations.

Abstract The addition of 0.1% K2SO3 to plant virus inoculum before grinding, increased the transmission of eight viruses tested under certain conditions. The greatest increase (670-fold in 7 tests) resulted in the transfer of cucumber mosaic virus from beet to cowpea when the 0.5% inoculum also contained 1% K2HPO4, 0.3% charcoal, and 3% Celite added after grinding. The increase in virus transmission due to sulfite was greater from beet than from most other donor plants, greater for bean and cowpea than other indicator plants, greater for inoculum which had stood several hours before use than when used fresh, greater for inoculum from old rather than from young donor plants, and greater in the presence of adenosine triphosphate than in its absence.
Marianne Moore’s Depression Collectives

The Great Depression engendered a special kind of first-person plural, which drove fundamental changes in Marianne Moore's quoting practice during the period. She moved toward a quotation practice that was less dense, drawn increasingly from mottoes and collective speech, and couched as words "we" said rather than words put in the mouths of others. Subtle changes in Moore's well-known poem "Silence" show her questioning the kind of artistic superiority displayed in the act of quotation, while her letters to various correspondents allow us to connect her changing notion of quotation with her attempt to steer between the alternate dangers of artistic solipsism and artistic toadyism. Finally, in "The Frigate Pelican," mottoes, quotation, and the first-person plural all participate in a nuanced description of the limitations of artistic expertise, in which Moore maintains her admiration for aesthetic excellence but opts to place the poem's lyric speaker not aloft with the solitary and expert artist but below with a set of well-meaning but inept creatures. This shift in Moore's artistic priorities provides a lens for understanding the topicality and fond humor of her later poetry as a principled commitment to a wider, less perspicacious public.
Characterization of 13 microsatellite loci for the deep-sea coral, Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758), from the western North Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

A suite of 13 polymorphic tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the ahermatypic deep-sea coral, Lophelia pertusa. Among 51 individuals collected from three disjunct oceanic regions, allelic diversity ranged from six to 38 alleles and averaged 9.1 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 9.1 to 96.8% and averaged 62.3% in the Gulf of Mexico population. For some loci, amplification success varied among collections, suggesting regional variation in priming site sequences. Four loci showed departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in certain collections which may reflect nonrandom mating.
Effect of infants on adult social relations in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri Sciureus).

7 groups of squirrel monkeys were observed to assess the effect of infants on social interactions and interanimal distances among adult members of their natal groups. Each group contained one or two infants, 5 to 7 months of age at the start of the study. Infants initiated affiliative and playful interactions with all adults, whereas adults directed few, mostly antagonistic, interactions toward infants. Following the removal of infants from groups, distances between adults decreased and adult affiliative interactions increased more than 100%. The results indicate that infants within the age-range examined can have a pervasive, primarily inhibitory, influence on adult social relationships.
Components of interference control predict depressive symptoms and rumination cross-sectionally and at six months follow-up

Recent research has shown that depression is characterized by difficulties inhibiting irrelevant emotional material and that these difficulties are linked to rumination. The present study examined the relation among tasks that assess different aspects of interference control, depressive symptoms, and rumination, cross-sectionally and in a 6-months follow-up. 111 participants completed an emotional flanker task to assess individual differences in resolving interference from simultaneously presented irrelevant stimuli. In addition, participants completed two negative affective priming tasks using word and face stimuli to assess difficulty controlling interference from internal representations of previously rejected material. Six months after the initial session, depressive symptoms and rumination were re-assessed. Depressive symptoms at time 1 were related to individual differences in negative priming for verbal as well as pictorial material, but not to individual differences in interference resolution from simultaneously presented external stimuli in the flanker task. Individual differences in negative priming at time 1 further predicted depressive symptoms and rumination at time 2. These results suggest that depressive symptoms are related to impaired interference control for verbal and pictorial information and provide first evidence that individual differences in interference control predict the maintenance of depressive symptoms and rumination over a period of six months.
Surface characterization of weathered low-iron float glass

Abstract The weathering of low-iron float glass under accelerated testing has been studied by a variety of surface characterization techniques including optical spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, dye penetration testing, surface profile measurements, and resonant nuclear reaction profiling. The results indicate that the weathering process results from the formation of a low density film on the glass surface by the interdiffusion of mobile ions from the glass and protons from the water. The rate of formation of this film was found to be a strong function of the near-surface composition of the glass.
Empirical Models of the Loop Current Eddy Detachment/Separation Time in the Gulf of Mexico

AbstractEddies pinching off the Loop Current can have a significant impact on offshore exploration and production activities in the Gulf of Mexico. Advance knowledge of an eddy shedding event would be of considerable value to the offshore industry and coastal and ocean engineering community that serves the offshore industry. However, imperfect understanding of the dynamics of the Loop Current eddy pinch-off has made reliable forecasting of such events elusive. Two empirical, phenomenological models are presented of the Loop Current eddy detachment/separation times based on the retreat latitude of the Loop Current and its rate of intrusion prior to eddy shedding, and the volume flow rate of the outflow in the Yucatan Channel. The models do a fairly good job of hindcasting past separation and detachment events for which observational data are available. The models also showed some skill when applied to forecasting the detachment of eddy Franklin in early June 2010, which occurred not long after the Deepwate...
Scanning fiber-optic nonlinear endomicroscopy with miniature aspherical compound lens and multimode fiber collector

A flexible scanning fiber-optic endomicroscope using a miniature compound lens and a multimode-fiber (MMF) collector was developed for two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging. The compound lens consisted of a pair of aspherical lenses and exhibited reduced chromatic aberration compared with gradient-index lenses, thus increasing the TPF/SHG collection efficiency. The introduction of a short MMF collector at the distal end of the double-clad fiber of the endomicroscope further mitigated the adverse influence of chromatic aberration of the lens and enhanced the TPF/SHG collection efficiency. Both ray-tracing simulations and experiments on TPF imaging of fluorescent beads and SHG imaging of rattail tendon demonstrated approximately nine (approximately four) times improved collection efficiency for TPF (SHG) with the new endomicroscope design that utilized a compound lens and an MMF collector.
Secondary prevention of small subcortical strokes (SPS3)

Abstract Small subcortical strokes are frequent, generally share a common pathophysiology, and have not been adequately studied in randomized trials aimed at prevention. The Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) phase III NIH-NINDS funded trial will enroll 2,500 with symptomatic lacunar strokes attributed to cerebral small artery disease. Patients will be randomized in a factorial design to two interventions; (1) Antiplatelet therapy: (a) aspirin 325 mg/day or (b) aspirin + clopidogrel 75 mg/day; and (2) Systolic targets of blood pressure control: (a) “intensive”
Proof of Concept: Firn Air Facility Cooling at Summit Station, Greenland

AbstractA firn air cooling system that utilized the natural reservoir of cool air at depth in polar ice sheets was tested at Summit Station, Greenland during the summer of 2010. Cooling is required on station to meet the requirements for food safety and scientific core storage. Firn air cooling is a potential replacement for traditional mechanical cooling systems. The system design, installation, and results of several experiments are presented. The system cooled a 27 m3 enclosed, insulated structure from −20 to −25°C using a 10-m borehole and a fan pumping the naturally cool air. The system was easy to install in a short time frame and was low cost from an equipment and operating perspective.
Electric discharge-induced oxidation of hydrogen cyanide

The AC high-voltage discharge-induced decomposition chemistry of trace levels of hydrogen cyanide in helium has been studied. In the absence of oxygen only low levels of molecular nitrogen were evolved. With oxygen added, the principal products were CO, CO2, and N2. No significant concentrations of NO or N2O were observed. The response of a commercial NOx analyzer to HCN and C2N2, in the NOx mode, was determined to be linear through three decades in concentration. The oxidation chemistry of HCN and C2N2 in the stainless steel converter of the analyzer was studied as a function of the amount of added oxygen.
Bone marrow-derived angiogenic cells restore lung alveolar and vascular structure after neonatal hyperoxia in infant mice.

Neonatal hyperoxia impairs vascular and alveolar growth in mice and decreases endothelial progenitor cells. To determine the role of bone marrow-derived cells in restoration of neonatal lung structure after injury, we studied a novel bone marrow myeloid progenitor cell population from Tie2-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice (bone marrow-derived angiogenic cells; BMDAC). We hypothesized that treatment with BMDAC would restore normal lung structure in infant mice during recovery from neonatal hyperoxia. Neonatal mice (1-day-old) were exposed to 80% oxygen for 10 days. BMDACs (1 × 105), embryonic endothelial progenitor cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (control), or saline were then injected into the pulmonary circulation. At 21 days of age, saline-treated mice had enlarged alveoli, reduced septation, and a reduction in vascular density. In contrast, mice treated with BMDAC had complete restoration of lung structure that was indistinguishable from room air controls. BMDAC comprised 12% of distal lung cells localized to pulmonary vessels or alveolar type II (AT2) cells and persist (8.8%) for 8 wk postinjection. Coculture of AT2 cells or lung endothelial cells (luEC) with BMDAC augmented AT2 and luEC cell growth in vitro. We conclude that treatment with BMDAC after neonatal hyperoxia restores lung structure in this model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Comment on "Electromagnetic effects near the superconductor-to-ferromagnet transition"

A physically acceptable order parameter is identified for the description of magnetic superconductors. Then, in a physically transparent manner, a correct Ginzburg-Landau free-energy functional is derived for electromagnetic effects in magnetic superconductors. In particular, the effect of the spatial variation of the magnetization is consistently included as well as the effect of the sample shape.
Britain and the Middle East: New Historical Perspectives on the Eastern Question

Recent work on Britain and the Middle East promises to reinvigorate the field by introducing a new set of questions and archival sources. This essay reviews current scholarship by looking back at the historiography of the Eastern Question. First defined as a field in the wake of WWI, the study of British foreign and domestic policy in the Ottoman Empire inspired generations of historical work on the region. This early wave of historiography provokingly demonstrated that the contest for the Middle East largely happened at home and helped shape the priorities of modern liberal democratic political culture. Contemporary events, including the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, coupled with the emergence of new methodologies have contributed to a shift in historical writing from the ‘Eastern Question’ to more regionally focused studies of the ‘Middle East.’ This shift has recast the field as an important new frontier of the New Imperial History.
Ideological Adaptation? The Survival Instinct of Threatened Legislators

Do legislators remain at one point on the ideological spectrum for their entire careers, or do they update their ideological positions in response to the demands of constituents? Although theories of the electoral connection predict that legislators should adapt to voter demands, most empirical studies instead show that they maintain consistent positions in the face of changing political conditions. This article takes advantage of the natural experiment provided by California's 2003 recall election—held at the midpoint of the state's legislative session—to investigate the impact of a strong electoral signal that is isolated from other political changes. We show that after the results of the recall signaled a surge in support for the Republican Party, Democratic legislators, particularly those in the most competitive districts, moderated their voting behavior in an apparent case of ideological adaptation.
Evolution of distributed computing theory: from concurrency to networks and beyond

Nancy Lynch has written over 400 scientific papers in a career spanning nearly four decades. She is best known for her seminal and continuing work in theory of distributed computing, a field that did not exist in 1971 when she wrote her first paper. Her first distributed computing paper was presented eight years later after she had already written 21 papers on other topics.This talk looks at the early years of theoretical research in distributed computing, tracing its roots to recursive function theory, computational complexity, formal semantics, and concurrency theory. Especially interesting is the role that notions of mathematical rigor and formalisms played in this development. The level of rigor commonplace in recursive function theory was just beginning to be applied to the analysis of sequential algorithms, and few formal tools existed for describing and analyzing concurrent processes, which were mostly understood by ad-hoc means. Nancy was well aware that this situation would need to be remedied before the field could progress. Upper bound results require unambiguous means for expressing algorithms as well as precise complexity measures. Lower bounds require careful problem statements and specifications of solution spaces. Nancy's early papers on concurrency reveal first attempts to deal with these issues; they later became a central focus of her work.The evolution of the notion of distributed system as distinct from parallel or concurrent system resulted from making precise many notions that we now understand as fundamental to distributed systems: communication mechanisms, synchrony properties, fairness, autonomy, reliability, non-determinism, and fault-tolerance. Later work added real-time, processor identity, randomness, recoverability, and many other properties to this list. Formalisms not only gave rigor to these notions; they also exposed heretofore hidden assumptions that had limited previous work.Nancy is remarkable for her ability to see the importance of a notion while it is still only a vague intuition, to articulate it in precise mathematical terms, and to lead others in the field. Given her great achievements, it is most fitting that the PODC and CONCUR communities should honor her with this celebration.
Utility of functional imaging in prediction or assessment of treatment response and prognosis following thermotherapy

The purpose of this review is to examine the roles that functional imaging may play in prediction of treatment response and determination of overall prognosis in patients who are enrolled in thermotherapy trials, either in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or both. Most of the historical work that has been done in this field has focused on magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) methods, so the emphasis will be there, although some discussion of the role that positron emission tomography (PET) might play will also be examined. New optical technologies also hold promise for obtaining low cost, yet valuable physiological data from optically accessible sites. The review is organised by traditional outcome parameters: local response, local control and progression-free or overall survival. Included in the review is a discussion of future directions for this type of translational work.
Decreased Activity of the l-Arginine–Nitric Oxide Metabolic Pathway in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

Background —Impaired endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide (NO)–mediated vasodilation may contribute to increased vasomotor tone in patients with heart failure. Whether decreased endothelium-dependent, NO-mediated vasodilation in patients with heart failure is due to decreased synthesis or increased degradation of NO is unknown. Methods and Results —To specifically assess the synthetic activity of the l-arginine–NO metabolic pathway, urinary excretion of [15N]nitrates and [15N]urea was determined after a primed continuous intravenous infusion of l-[15N]arginine (40 μmol/kg) in 16 patients with congestive heart failure and 9 age-matched normal control subjects at rest and during submaximal treadmill exercise. After infusion of l-[15N]arginine, 24-hour urinary excretion of [15N]nitrates was decreased in patients with congestive heart failure at rest (2.2±0.5 versus 8.0±2.3 μmol/24 h) and during submaximal exercise (2.4±1.2 versus 11.4±4.0 μmol/24 h) compared with control subjects (both P 0.20). Conclusions —A specific decrease in synthetic activity of the l-arginine–NO metabolic pathway contributes to decreased endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with congestive heart failure.
The σ1 protein determines the extent of spread of reovirus from the gastrointestinal tract of mice

Abstract After intragastric inoculation of adult mice, type 1 reovirus was initially concentrated in Peyer's patches over the first 4 hr after inoculation, then spread sequentially to the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen. For type 3 reovirus, however, initial entry into Peyer's patches in adult mice was followed by loss of viral infectivity so that by 4 hr after inoculation virtually no infectious virus was detected in the intestine, and spread to extraintestinal tissues did not occur. In 10-day-old mice, type 3 was capable of spread to the mesenteric lymph nodes but not the spleen. Thus, as animals aged there was a greater restriction of the spread of type 3 from the intestine. Studies using a field isolate of type 3 reovirus that is resistant to intestinal proteases, and genetic studies utilizing type 1 × type 3 viral reassortants, revealed that the viral σ1 protein determined the capacity of reovirus to spread from the intestine in both adult and 10-day-old mice. Thus, the interaction of reovirus with host defense mechanisms, and the age-dependent restriction of spread of type 3 reovirus from the intestine are mediated by the viral σ1 protein.
Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial.

Objective The Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial (ADAPT) was a randomized, single-blind clinical trial lasting 18 months that was designed to determine whether long-term exercise and dietary weight loss are more effective, either separately or in combination, than usual care in improving physical function, pain, and mobility in older overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Three hundred sixteen community-dwelling overweight and obese adults ages 60 years and older, with a body mass index of ≥28 kg/m2, knee pain, radiographic evidence of knee OA, and self-reported physical disability, were randomized into healthy lifestyle (control), diet only, exercise only, and diet plus exercise groups. The primary outcome was self-reported physical function as measured with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes included weight loss, 6-minute walk distance, stair-climb time, WOMAC pain and stiffness scores, and joint space width. Results Of the 316 randomized participants, 252 (80%) completed the study. Adherence was as follows: for healthy lifestyle, 73%; for diet only, 72%; for exercise only, 60%; and for diet plus exercise, 64%. In the diet plus exercise group, significant improvements in self-reported physical function (P < 0.05), 6-minute walk distance (P < 0.05), stair-climb time (P < 0.05), and knee pain (P < 0.05) relative to the healthy lifestyle group were observed. In the exercise group, a significant improvement in the 6-minute walk distance (P < 0.05) was observed. The diet-only group was not significantly different from the healthy lifestyle group for any of the functional or mobility measures. The weight-loss groups lost significantly (P < 0.05) more body weight (for diet, 4.9%; for diet plus exercise, 5.7%) than did the healthy lifestyle group (1.2%). Finally, changes in joint space width were not different between the groups. Conclusion The combination of modest weight loss plus moderate exercise provides better overall improvements in self-reported measures of function and pain and in performance measures of mobility in older overweight and obese adults with knee OA compared with either intervention alone.
Investigation of cation environment and framework changes in silicotitanate exchange materials using solid-state 23Na, 29Si, and 133Cs MAS NMR

Abstract Crystalline silicotitanate (CST), HNa3Ti4Si2O14·4H2O and the Nb-substituted CST (Nb-CST), HNa2Ti3NbSi2O14·4H2O, are highly selective Cs+ sorbents, which makes them attractive materials for the selective removal of radioactive species from nuclear waste solutions. The structural basis for the improved Cs+ selectivity in the niobium analogs was investigated through a series of solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR experiments. Changes in the local environment of the Na+ and Cs+ cations in both CST and Nb-CST materials as a function of weight percent cesium exchange were investigated using 23Na and 133Cs MAS NMR. Framework changes induced by Cs+ loading and hydration state were investigated with 29Si MAS NMR. Multiple Cs+ environments were observed in the CST and Nb-CST material. The relative population of these different Cs+ environments varies with the extent of Cs+ loading. Marked changes in the framework Si environment were noted with the initial incorporation of Cs+, however with increased Cs+ loading the impact to the Si environment becomes less pronounced. The Cs+ environment and Si framework structure were influenced by the Nb-substitution and were greatly affected by the amount of water present in the materials. The increased Cs+ selectivity of the Nb-CST materials arises from both the chemistry and geometry of the tunnels and pores.
The Song of Roland: How the Middle Ages Aren’t Old

“The Song of Roland: How the Middle Ages Aren’t Old” describes how a medieval epic can illuminate not only oppressive imperial histories but also contain resistance and critique. By highlighting the tension between hegemonic claims and hybrid practices, students become attuned to the ongoing circulation of divisive discourses and also learn ways to identify openings for mutuality. I propose several ways for instructors to expand their engagement with unfamiliar literatures: How can we embrace translation and the spirit of the curious amateur to grow our own knowledge and that of our students? Finally, I describe teaching techniques that foster pluralistic social dynamics in the classroom. Social learning increases students’ ability to engage sincerely across differences without the pressure to reach agreement. By providing platforms for students to safely self-disclose personal and academic backgrounds, and then connecting them to the course materials, instructors can amplify the social impact of learning itself.
Differences in expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, Toll-like receptor genes and secretion of IL-12 by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from susceptible and resistant mouse strains in response to Coccidioides posadasii.

Abstract Coccidioides posadasii is a soil fungus that causes coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever in the endemic regions of the southwestern US and Central America. Persons with decreased T cells reactivity and immune deficiency are at increased risk of developing severe disseminated infection. Among different mouse strains, DBA/2 mice are relatively resistant to C. posadasii whereas BALB/c mice are highly susceptible, and this discrepancy has been attributed to the difference in the development and expression of their Th1 cellular response. Dendritic cells (DC) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells that are activated after taking up pathogens or pathogens-derived antigens and regulate the immune response in the host, including Th1 cellular response. However, the DC responses against C. posadasii are not characterized. In the present study, we cultured bone-marrow derived DC (BMDC) from BALB/c and DBA/2 mice and infected with C. posadasii arthroconidia. The activation of BMDC was characterized by studying expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules (CD11c, MHC class II, CD40, CD80, and CD86), expression of genes encoding Toll-like receptors and release of IL-12. We found that the BMDC from DBA/2 mice showed significant upregulation of Toll-like receptor-2 and 4 genes expression, secretion of IL-12 ( p C. posadasii .
CHRISTIAN REALISM FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY

Christian realism has provided a theological understanding of politics that identifies the limits within which all political choices are made. Those limits are set by a theological understanding of judgment, which reserves the ultimate meaning of history to divine judgment, and by a theological understanding of responsibility, which gives proximate meaning to the choices between greater and lesser goods that are available to human politics. The assessments of global politics offered by Reinhold Niebuhr and other Christian realists during the Second World War and the Cold War which followed owe their influence partly to an astute and historically informed reading of events, but primarily, their influence is due to this basic theological understanding of politics. While the world has changed in ways that clearly reveal limitations in the original formulations of Christian realism, the theological principles of judgment and responsibility continue to provide an understanding of global politics adequate to the new realities of the twenty-first century.
OBSERVATIONS, SIMULATIONS, AND MODELING OF SPACE PLASMA WAVES: A PERSPECTIVE ON SPACE WEATHER

Changes in solar activity lead to adverse conditions within the upper atmosphere which may cause disruption of satellite operations, communications, navigation, and electric power grid. The term space weather is used to refer to changes in the Earth’s space environment. This paper reviews plasma waves, found in all parts of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, in the context of space weather. Generated by energetic particles within the magnetosphere, these waves in turn cause particle accelerations, heating, and precipitation, taking an active part in determining space weather. Terrestrial lightning is an important source of plasma waves and forms a link between the lower and the upper atmosphere. Though many aspects of plasma waves such as their morphology and association with energetic particles and geomagnetic phenomena are well established, their generation mechanisms in most cases remain elusive. Current research involving active and passive, ground and space borne experiments, modeling, and simulation is providing better understanding of plasma wave generation mechanisms and the relation of plasma waves to other space weather parameters such as variations in geomagnetic field and energetic particle fluxes resulting from solar storms. Potentially, plasma waves could serve as one of the key indicators of space weather.
C-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonding in formic acid dimer structures: A QM/MM study confirms the common origin of their different spectroscopic behavior

Our previous analysis of the effect of a constant (Onsager reaction) electric field on a formic acid molecule showed that it produced an elongating force on the O−H bond resulting from the parallelism of field and dipole derivative, leading to a red-shifting of the frequency and an increase in infrared band intensity with the field, and a contracting force on the C−H bond resulting from the antiparallelism in the above quantities, leading to a blue-shifting of frequency and an initial decrease, followed by an increase, in band intensity with the field. In this paper we extend this analysis to the characterization of the O−H···O and C−H···O hydrogen bonds in the nonconstant fields present in the formic acid dimer. We use a QM/MM treatment that incorporates exchange-repulsive forces and we also include forces generated by intramolecular cross-term interactions. The excellent agreement with the ab initio bond length changes as a function mainly of the balance of the electrical and repulsive forces demonstrat...
The clinical importance of dosimetry in radioimmunotherapy with tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab.

Abstract Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a promising emerging therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and may ultimately prove useful in the treatment of other tumors. The most extensively investigated RIT agent is tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab (Bexxar; Corixa Corp, South San Francisco, CA, and GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA) which has been administered to over 1,000 patients during the past 9 years. As with most drugs, there is considerable interpatient variability in the clearance rate (or total body residence time) of radioimmunoconjugates. The clearance rate of iodine I 131 tositumomab in clinical trials has varied by as much as five-fold. The advantage of RIT with iodine-131, which emits both gamma photons and beta particles, is that by scanning it allows for the determination of the patient-specific total body residence time by the administration of a trace-labeled dose of the radionuclide (ie, dosimetric dose). By administration of the dosimetric (trace-labeled) dose, and determination of the patient's residence time (a measure of how long the radionuclide is retained in the body), the therapeutic dose can be precisely adjusted to maximize the therapeutic effect and minimize toxicity. Tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab is a specific therapeutic at two levels: first, it specifically targets the tumor, delivering a log or more radiation to tumor compared with the rest of the body; and second, the administered dose of radioactivity is patient-specific. The paradigm of a targeted drug with a patient-specific dose may become more routine as targeted therapies are further developed along with better assays to directly measure drug levels. For the present, whole-body dosimetry is routinely applied for RIT with tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab and has proven to be a reliable method to determine the patient-specific maximally tolerated therapeutic radiation dose to maximize efficacy while minimizing organ and bone marrow toxicity. Semin Oncol 30 (suppl 4):31-38. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery

This article presents a fair and balanced review of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery. The article chronicles the history and technical aspects of natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery with particular emphasis on its application in urology. It is hoped that this article serves as a straightforward and pragmatic reference for practicing and academic urologists.
A thermogravimetric study of alakanethiolate monolayer-capped gold nanoparticle catalysts

The application of molecularly-capped gold nanoparticles (1–5 nm) in catalysis (e.g., electrocatalytic oxidation of CO and methanol) requires a thorough understanding of the surface composition and structural properties. Gold nanoparticles consisting of metallic or alloy cores and organic encapsulating shells serve as an intriguing model system. One of the challenges for the catalytic application is the ability to manipulate the core and the shell properties in controllable ways. There is a need to understand the relative core-shell composition and the ability to remove the shell component under thermal treatment conditions. In this paper, we report results of a thermogravimetric analysis of the alkanethiolate monolayer-capped gold nanoparticles. This investigation is aimed at enhancing our understanding of the relative core-shell composition and thermal profiles.
Mining discriminative adjectives and prepositions for natural scene recognition

This paper presents a method that considers not only patch appearances, but also patch relationships in the form of adjectives and prepositions for natural scene recognition. Most of the existing scene categorization approaches only use patch appearances or co-occurrence of patch appearances to determine the scene categories, but the relationships among patches remain ignored. Those relationships are, however, critical for recognition and understanding. For example, a `beach' scene can be characterized by a `sky' region above `sand', and a `water' region between `sky' and `sand'. We believe that exploiting such relations between image regions can improve scene recognition. In our approach, each image is represented as a spatial pyramid, from which we obtain a collection of patch appearances with spatial layout information. We apply a feature mining approach to get discriminative patch combinations. The mined patch combinations can be interpreted as adjectives or prepositions, which are used for scene understanding and recognition. Experimental results on a fifteen class scene dataset show that our approach achieves competitive state-of-the-art recognition accuracy, while providing a rich description of the scene classes in terms of the mined adjectives and prepositions.
TIME MATTERS IN TEAM PERFORMANCE: EFFECTS OF MEMBER FAMILIARITY, ENTRAINMENT, AND TASK DISCONTINUITY ON SPEED AND QUALITY

We compared the speed and quality of performance for familiar, initially unfamiliar but continuing, and one-shot (single session) teams. We also proposed and observed entrainment effects for task time limits. Over the course of weekly sessions with changing tasks, continuing teams reached speed levels of the initially familiar teams, but the one-shot teams were consistently slower. Continuing teams also tended to have higher-quality output than the one-shot teams. There were no differences in how quickly each type of group entrained to time limits on the tasks. Entrainment was not robust to task discontinuity (Task A, then B). However, entrainment on repeated trials of a task persisted even when a different type of task “interrupted” those repeated trials (Task A, then B, then A again). Results compel a richer incorporation of time as a medium for complex task sequences, and time-based constructs as a feature of team membership in the study of group effectiveness.
On the Linkages between the Tropospheric Isentropic Slope and Eddy Fluxes of Heat during Northern Hemisphere Winter

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated the key role of baroclinicity and thus the isentropic slope in determining the climatological-mean distribution of the tropospheric eddy fluxes of heat. Here the authors examine the role of variability in the isentropic slope in driving variations in the tropospheric eddy fluxes of heat about their long-term mean during Northern Hemisphere winter.On month-to-month time scales, the lower-tropospheric isentropic slope and eddy fluxes of heat are not significantly correlated when all eddies are included in the analysis. But the isentropic slope and heat fluxes are closely linked when the data are filtered to isolate the fluxes due to synoptic ( 10 days) time scale waves. Anomalously steep isentropic slopes are characterized by anomalously poleward heat fluxes by synoptic eddies but anomalously equatorward heat fluxes by low-frequency eddies. Lag regressions based on daily data reveal that 1) variations in the isentropic slope precede by ...
Rethinking the Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America

Does it matter that working-class citizens are numerically underrepresented in political offices throughout the world? For decades, the conventional wisdom in comparative politics has been that it does not, that lawmakers from different classes think and behave roughly the same in office. In this article, we argue that this conclusion is misguided. Past research relied on inappropriate measures of officeholders� class backgrounds, attitudes, and choices. Using data on 18 Latin American legislatures, we show that lawmakers from different classes bring different economic attitudes to the legislative process. Using data on one least likely case, we also show that pre-voting decisions like sponsoring legislation often differ dramatically along social class lines, even when political parties control higher-visibility decisions like roll-call votes. The unequal numerical or descriptive representation of social classes in the world's legislatures has important consequences for the substantive representation of different class interests.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Thrombocytopenic Cancer: Outcomes Associated With Reduced-Dose, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin During Hospitalization

Background:Guidelines are discordant concerning management of patients having thrombocytopenia with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT).Methods:Hospitalized adults with CAT and platelets ≤50 × 109 cells/L were managed with dalteparin 100 units/kg subcutaneously once daily. Comparator patients with CAT and platelets >50 × 109 cells/L were managed with dalteparin 200 units/kg/d.Results:Outcomes of 35 patients with thrombocytopenia (mean platelet count 26 ± 8.3 × 109 cells/L) and 58 comparator patients (mean platelet count 155 ± 75 × 109 cells/L) were evaluated. In all, 2 (5.7%) patients in the thrombocytopenia group and 1 patient (1.9%) in the comparator group experienced new-onset venous thromboembolism (odds ratio 3.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-37.90, P = .556). The incidence of bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia (8.6%) was similar to that in comparator patients (9.4%; risk ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.37-2.39, P = .607).Conclusion:In hospitalized patients having thrombocytopenia with CAT, reduced...