cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CeMux: Maximizing the Accuracy of Stochastic Mux Adders and an Application to Filter Design

Stochastic computing (SC) is a low-cost computational paradigm that has promising applications in digital filter design, image processing and neural networks. Fundamental to these applications is the weighted addition operation which is most often implemented by a multiplexer (mux) tree. Mux-based adders have very low area but typically require long bit-streams to reach practical accuracy thresholds when the number of summands is large. In this work, we first identify the main contributors to mux adder error. We then demonstrate with analysis and experiment that two new techniques, precise sampling and full correlation, can target and mitigate these error sources. Implementing these techniques in hardware leads to the design of CeMux (Correlation-enhanced Multiplexer), a stochastic mux adder that is significantly more accurate and uses much less area than traditional weighted adders. We compare CeMux to other SC and hybrid designs for an electrocardiogram filtering case study that employs a large digital filter. One major result is that CeMux is shown to be accurate even for large input sizes. CeMux's higher accuracy leads to a latency reduction of 4x to 16x over other designs. Further, CeMux uses about 35% less area than existing designs, and we demonstrate that a small amount of accuracy can be traded for a further 50% reduction in area. Finally, we compare CeMux to a conventional binary design and we show that CeMux can achieve a 50 to 73% area reduction for similar power and latency as the conventional design, but at a slightly higher level of error.
Revealing the fate of cell surface human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1): The lysosomal degradation pathway

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transports a variety of chemically dissimilar amphipathic compounds including anticancer drugs. Although mechanisms of P-gp drug transport are widely studied, the pathways involving its internalization are poorly understood. The present study is aimed at elucidating the pathways involved in degradation of cell surface P-gp. The fate of P-gp at the cell surface was determined by biotinylating cell surface proteins followed by flow cytometry and Western blotting. Our data shows that the half-life of endogenously expressed P-gp is 26.7±1.1 h in human colorectal cancer HCT-15 cells. Treatment of cells with Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) a vacuolar H+ ATPase inhibitor increased the half-life of P-gp at the cell surface to 36.1±0.5 h. Interestingly, treatment with the proteasomal inhibitors MG132, MG115 or lactacystin alone did not alter the half-life of the protein. When cells were treated with both lysosomal and proteasomal inhibitors (BafA1 and MG132), the half-life was further prolonged to 39-50 h. Functional assays done with rhodamine 123 or calcein-AM, fluorescent substrates of P-gp, indicated that the transport function of P-gp was not affected by either biotinylation or treatment with BafA1 or proteasomal inhibitors. Immunofluorescence studies done with the antibody against lysosomal marker LAMP1 and the P-gp-specific antibody UIC2 in permeabilized cells indicated that intracellular P-gp is primarily localized in the lysosomal compartment. Our results suggest that the lysosomal degradation system could be targeted to increase the sensitivity of P-gp- expressing cancer cells towards chemotherapeutic drugs.
CHARITY AUCTIONS: A FIELD EXPERIMENT*

Auctions are a popular way to raise money for charities, but relatively little is known, either theoretically or empirically, about the properties of charity auctions. We conduct field experiments to see which sealed bid format, first price, second price or all-pay, raises the most money. Our experiment suggests that both the all-pay and second price formats are dominated by the first price auction. Our design also allows us to identify differential participation as the source of the difference between existing theory and the field.
A distinct cellular profile is seen in the human endocervix during Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

Problem The endocervix is a major target of Chlamydia trachomatis infection, but little is known about the immune repertoire in this tissue, or its response to these common bacteria. Method of study Using a cytobrush, we isolated cells from the endocervix of 20 women during C. trachomatis infection, and post-antibiotic treatment. Endocervical swabs and blood were taken in parallel. Endocervical cells were enumerated, and endocervical and blood T cells immunophenotyped. Chlamydia trachomatis was genotyped by sequence analysis of the OmpA gene, and quantified by culture. Results Chlamydia trachomatis genotypes were D, E, F and Ia, and infectious burden varied considerably. Endocervical T cell and neutrophil numbers were highly elevated during infection, with both CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets accumulating. Regardless of the presence or absence of infection, the endocervical cell infiltrate was dominated by effector memory T cells, and the numbers of CCR5 and CD103 expressing T cells was significantly higher than in the blood. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR) expression by endocervical T cells was significantly increased during infection. Conclusion The human endocervix exhibits a distinct cellular response to C. trachomatis infection that can be longitudinally evaluated by cytobrush sampling. Infecting organisms can be sampled and analyzed in parallel.
International economics of dialysis: Lessons from the dopps

Outcomes andPractice Patterns Study.Kidney Int 64:1903–1910, 2003 3. Lopes AA, Albert JM, Young EW, Satayathum S, Pisoni RL, Andreucci VE, Mapes DL, Mason NA, Fukuhara S, Wikstrom B, Saito A, Port FK: Screening for depression in hemodialysis patients: associations with diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in theDOPPS.Kidney Int 66:2047–2053, 2004 4. Mapes DL, Lopes AA, Satayathum S, McCullough KP, Goodkin DA, Locatelli F, Fukuhara S, Young EW, Kurokawa K, Saito A, Bommer J, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK: Health-related quality of life as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).Kidney Int 64:339–349, 2003 5. Lopes AA, Bragg-Gresham JL, Satayathum S, McCullough K, Pifer T, Goodkin DA, Mapes DL, Young EW, Wolfe RA, Held PJ, Port FK: Health-related quality of life and associated outcomes among hemodialysis patients of different ethnicities in the United States: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).AmJKidneyDis 41:605–615, 2003 6. Lopes AA, Bragg J, Young E, Goodkin D, Mapes D, Combe C, Piera L, Held P, Gillespie B, Port FK: Depression as a predictor of mortality and hospitalization among hemodialysis patients in the United States and Europe.Kidney Int 62:199–207, 2002 7. Lopes AA, Bragg-Gresham JL, Goodkin DA, Fukuhara S, Mapes DL, Young EW, Gillespie BW, Akizawa T, Greenwood RN, Andreucci VE, Akiba T, Held PJ, Port FK: Factors associated with health-related quality of life among hemodialysis patients in the DOPPS. Qual Life Res 16:545– 557, 2007 8. Moist LM, Bragg-Gresham JL, Pisoni RL, SaranR,AkibaT, Jacobson SH, Fukuhara S,Mapes DL, Rayner HC, Saito A, Port FK: Travel time to dialysis as a predictor of health-related quality of life, adherence, and mortality: the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 51:641–650, 2008 9. Elder SJ, Pisoni RL, Akizawa T, Fissell R, Andreucci VE, Fukuhara S, KurokawaK,RaynerHC,FurnissAL, Port FK, SaranR: Sleep quality predicts quality of life andmortality risk in haemodialysis patients: results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 23:998–1004, 2008 10. Hays RD, Kallich JD, Mapes DL, Coons SJ, Carter WB: Development of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) instrument. Qual Life Res 3:329–338, 1994 11. Kimmel PL: Psychosocial factors in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 59:1599– 1613, 2001 12. Andresen EM,Malmgren JA, CarterWB, PatrickDL: Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center forEpidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).AmJPrevMed 10:77–84, 1994
Soluble guanylate cyclases in the retina

Soluble guanylate cyclase catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP using GTP as substrate. It is now well established that soluble guanylate cyclase is highly activated by nitric oxide, and that many of the effects of nitric oxide on various cells and tissues are mediated through increased production of cyclic GMP. This review discusses the evidence for the presence of soluble guanylate cyclases in different classes of cells in vertebrate retina and the role of these enzymes in retinal physiology. It is concluded that the enzyme is present in nearly every class of cells in the retina and that it may be involved in signal transmission between some cells and in the modulation of signal transmission between others.
Hemodynamic Effects of Intravenous Famotidine in Critically Ill Patients

Study Objective: To study the hemodynamic effects of famotidine administered undiluted intravenously over 2 minutes. Design: Nonblinded, nonrandomized. Setting: Medical/surgical intensive care unit in a university-affiliated, tertiary care, teaching hospital. Patients: Eleven consecutive critically ill patients receiving famotidine for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Seven of these patients were also receiving vasopressors or inotropes. Interventions: Famotidine 20 mg/2 ml was administered intravenously undiluted through a peripheral line over 2 minutes. All other medications, including vasopressors and inotropes, were field constant. Measurements and Main Results: No clinically important (>20 variations from baseline) or statistically significant (p<0.05) changes were seen in heart rate, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, or central venous pressure. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was elevated at 8 minutes following famotidine (91.2 mm Hg [22.4 SD]) versus baseline (86.7 mm Hg [19.6 SD]). Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) was elevated at 8 minutes (17.2 mm Hg [6 SD]), 12 minutes (17.9 mm Hg [S.68 SD]), and 16 minutes (17.8 mm Hg [6.08 SD]), versus baseline (14.8 mm Hg [7.14 SD]). These changes in MAP and PCWP achieved statistical significance, but were not thought to be of clinical significance. Conclusions: Famotidine given undiluted intravenously over 2 minutes produced no adverse hemodynamic effects in critically ill patients. Administration in this manner should be safe even in patients requiring supportive cardiovascular drug therapy
A 100 MHz, 5MBaud QAM decision-feedback equalizer for digital television applications

The single-chip 5Mbaud DFE-based adaptive equalizer for QAM receivers presented in this paper may be used with an A/D converter, demodulator and carrier and timing recovery loop to construct an all-digital general-purpose QAM receiver. The QAM adaptive equalizer chip accommodates 4-, 16-, 64-, and 256-QAM formats, and incorporates a 20-tap feed-forward equalizer (FFE) and a a 2O-tap decision-feedback equalizer (DFE). The FFE can perform either T-spaced or T/2-spaced equalization. The maximum clock rate of the chip is over 100MHz, where the equalizer operates at maximum symbol rate of 5Mbaud, corresponding to throughputs of 10, 20, 30, and 40Mb/s for 4-, 16-, 64-, and 256-QAM, respectively. The chip occupies 9.8x6.7mm/sup 2/ die area in a 1.O /spl mu/m CMOS process. >
Problems of Reforming Local Self-Governance: Structural and Financial Aspects

The paper considers territorial models of local selfgovernance that had emerged in Russian regions prior to the reform and their impact on various aspects of municipal establishments' activities. The authors evaluate the regional law in the area of local selfgovernance and interbudgetary relations and consider issues associated with the rise and emergence of territorial foundations of the institute in question until 2003. The authors also analyze reforms undertaken in RF regions in 2004 that addressed the problem of a new territorial structure of local selfgovernance. Individual chapters highlight on international experiences in the area of organization and financing of local administrations.
The Beta-Spectra of Cs 137 , Y 91 , Pm 147 , Ru 106 , Sm 151 , P 32 , and Tm 170

The beta-spectra of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$, ${\mathrm{Pm}}^{147}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$, ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{106}$, ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{170}$, and ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{151}$ have been investigated using a large double-magnetic lens spectrometer. The investigation of these materials was carried out with sources whose thicknesses were less than 0.1 mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The sources were mounted on thin foils in such a manner that they did not accumulate charge. ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$ were found to have distinctly non-linear Fermi plots. ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{106}$, ${\mathrm{Pm}}^{147}$, and ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{151}$ have linear Fermi plots, and the Fermi plot of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{170}$ is slightly curved. ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$ had an unusual Fermi plot at the low energy end. Auger electrons have been found associated with the ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{137}$ decay product of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$, and the internal conversion electrons have been found accompanying the continuous beta-radiation from ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{170}$. The energy of the gamma-ray giving rise to the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{170}$ conversion electrons is 85.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 kev. The end points of the continuous beta-spectra of these materials have been determined as follows: Low energy group of ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{137}$, 0.523\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 Mev; ${\mathrm{Y}}^{91}$, 1.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 Mev; ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{170}$, 0.990\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007 Mev; ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{151}$, 0.0755\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010 Mev; ${\mathrm{P}}^{32}$, 1.718\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 Mev; ${\mathrm{Pm}}^{147}$, 0.229\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 Mev; ${\mathrm{Ru}}^{106}$, 0.0392\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0003 Mev.
Internet Exchanges for Used Digital Goods

In spite of industry concerns, prior work has shown that Internet used book markets do not significantly cannibalize new book sales. In this research note we analyze similar data from markets for CDs and DVDs, goods that because of their digital characteristics may be more susceptible to cannibalization than books are. We find that the cross price elasticity of new product demand with respect to used product prices is far higher for CDs (0.157) and DVDs (0.514) than it is for books (0.088). These higher cross price elasticities translate into higher levels of cannibalization: 24% of used CDs and 86% of used DVDs directly cannibalize new product sales. This compares to a 16% cannibalization rate for used book sales. Cannibalization is a concern to the music and movie industries because used sales generate no direct revenue to studios or royalties to artists. From a managerial perspective, while the digital characteristics of these products may be driving increased levels of cannibalization in traditional channels, digital distribution may provide a solution to the cannibalization threat posed by secondary markets. While the first sale doctrine allows consumers to resell copyrighted physical media, the dominant legal view is that the first sale doctrine does not apply to products that are distributed digitally. Thus, one benefit of the transition from a physical to a digital distribution model is that it would also allow movie and music companies to transition away from secondary markets for used products, and the associated cannibalization effects.
Current treatment options for idiopathic angioedema.

Abstract Background Idiopathic angioedema is defined as localized swelling of the cutaneous and mucosal tissue that occurs in episodes without a clear etiology. It can be problematic to treat when the underlying pathophysiology is not well understood. Objective To identify successful treatments of idiopathic angioedema reported in the literature. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed. Published case reports and articles discussing treatment of idiopathic angioedema were used in the formulation of this review. In addition, 2 case reports are provided. Results Although there are no approved treatments for idiopathic angioedema, several medications used for the treatment of hereditary angioedema, such as bradykinin receptor antagonists (icatibant), kallikrein inhibitors (ecallantide), and C1 inhibitors, were successful in 10 patients. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) proved successful in 5 patients. The most widely used and successful medication was tranexamic acid (154 patients). Conclusion Despite an unknown etiology, this article highlights viable treatment options for idiopathic angioedema. More clinical trials and better markers identifying the cause of angioedema are needed.
Rate constants for the reaction of O(3P) atoms with CH2 = CHF, CH2 = CHCl, and CH2 = CHBr at 298 ± 2°K

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of O(3P) atoms with CH2 = CHF, CH2 = CHCl, and CH2 = CHBr have been obtained at 298 ± 2°K using a modulation phase shift technique. The rate constants (k2 × 10−8 l./mole · sec) obtained are: CH2 = CHF (1.61 ± 0.20), CH2 = CHCl (2.54 ± 0.26), and CH2 = CHBr (2.45 ± 0.25). These rate constants are lower than those determined by discharge flow techniques, but that for CH2 = CHF is in good agreement with relative rate measurements.
Ca 2+ - and calcineurin-dependent recycling of an integrin to the front of migrating neutrophils

CHEMOATTRACTANTS stimulate neutrophil migration by activating signalling pathways1 including repeated transient increases in intracellular free calcium, [Ca2+]i (refs 2, 3). A motile neutrophil sends out many pseudopods, some of which adhere to the substrate; to continue moving forward the cell must release these attachments4,5. Adhesion can be actively regulated, and neutrophils in which [Ca2+]i, transients are inhibited become stuck on fibronectin or vitronectin6,7, extracellular matrix proteins that neutrophils encounter in vivo. Function-blocking antibodies to β3 integrins or the αvβ3 heterodimer restore motility on vitronectin to [Ca2+]r buffered cells (B. Hendey, M.A.L., E. Marcantonio and F.R.M., manuscript submitted), indicating that an uvp3-like integrin is responsible for the [Ca2+]i-sensitive adhesion. We show that the density of αvβ3 integrins in the adherent membrane of neutrophils migrating on vitronectin is much higher at the leading edge than at the rear, but [Ca2+]i buffering or inhibition of Ca2+a¤-calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) leads to accumula-tion of αvβ3 on the adherent surface at the rear of the cell. We show that the polarized distribution of αvβ3 integrins in migrating neutrophils is maintained by [Ca2+]i-dependent release of adhesion followed by endocytosis of these integrins and recycling to the leading edge.
Parental Psychological Abuse and Control in the Personal and the Social Domains: Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Samples

The study cross-nationally examined to what degree parental psychological abuse (rejection, isolation, and emotional neglect) would be associated with control of adolescents' personal domain as opposed to prudential-conventional domain. Participants (ages 14–18) included 170 Americans, 125 Japanese from Akita Prefecture, and 320 from Tokyo. With all samples, abuse was linked to overcontrol. However, the link was domain specific, pertaining only to the personal domain (e.g., hairstyle) and not prudential (e.g., use of alcohol) or conventional (e.g., table manners) domains. Psychological abuse also predicted adolescents' desire of parental authority in different domains among cultures. U.S. adolescents, linked to abuse, desired more freedom within the overlap issues, whereas Akita adolescents desired greater parental authority for the personal. Tokyo adolescents' autonomous expression was in the middle between the U.S. and Akita samples. This study suggests control of the personal is a component of psycholo...
Life After Driving: A Community-Dwelling Senior's Experience

ABSTRACTDriving cessation may lead to sedentary lifestyles and isolation for seniors who are unprepared for the transition. This pilot study about cessation of driving used a case study design to explore the choices and adaptations of a 73-year-old nondriving senior, who lived alone. Interviews, a journal, and observations generated four themes: (a) when driving is no longer an option; (b) the value of others; (c) still active at home and in the community; and (d) difficulties with alternative transportation. The participant experienced inconveniences of driving cessation, but few negative consequences. She appeared to have a strong locus of control and felt fully responsible for her decision of not driving. She took responsibility for managing alternative transportation, had realistic expectations of the obstacles she might encounter with a plan in place for transitioning to nondriving, and the perception that her life had become less stressful and richer through her meaningful relationships with others.
An Improved Method for the Separation of Paclitaxel and Cephalomannine

Treatment of a mixture of paclitaxel and cephalomannine with bromine under mild conditions yields a readily separable mixture of paclitaxel and 2‘‘,3‘‘-dibromocephalomannine. Cephalomannine can be regenerated by treating 2‘‘,3‘‘-dibromocephalomannine with zinc in acetic acid.
Discussion of “intangible investment and the importance of firm-specific factors in the determination of earnings”

Brown and Kimbrough (Review of Accounting Studies, 2011, this issue) examine the effect of intangible assets on the “uniqueness” of a firm’s earnings. The paper represents an important link between the strategy literature on firm organization and the accounting literature on the drivers of firm performance. This discussion reviews the relevant strategy literature and its link to the accounting literature, discusses various aspects of Brown and Kimbrough, and explores implications of Brown and Kimbrough’s findings.
Mars surface and atmospheric temperature during the 2001 global dust storm

Abstract The dramatic growth and evolution of the 2001 martian global dust storm were captured using the Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS). While the lower and middle atmosphere (pressures greater than 50 μbar, up to ∼45 km altitude) showed rapid heating of up to 40 K, the average surface brightness temperature plummeted by ∼20 K at the peak of the storm. The storm appears to have had little impact on the global temperature structure at altitudes above ∼ 10 μbar (∼ 60 km).
Disruption of prosody after frontal lobe seizures in the non-dominant hemisphere

Abstract The perception and production of linguistic and affective prosody at the word, phrase, and sentence levels were examined to delineate the nature of a prosodic deficit evident in a 20-year-old female with a history of seizures in the non-dominant frontal lobe. Acoustic–perceptual analysis of conversational and elicited speech revealed that both perception and production of affective and linguistic prosody were impaired. Acoustic analysis further indicated that timing and intensity were impaired, whereas fundamental frequency (F 0) was relatively spared. Her prosodic profile indicated that disruption of F 0 in longer and more complex prosodic units was secondary to an underlying timing deficit. Findings are interpreted to support the view that prosody is a multifaceted process that is not adequately described by current models of hemispheric specialization for prosody. In addition, findings are brought to bear on issues concerning language and epilepsy, as well as psycholinguistic models of languag...
Crystallization and toxicology of T34: A major toxin from Florida's red tide organism (Ptychodiscus brevis)

Abstract The purification and crystallization of a major toxin from laboratory cultures of Florida's fed tide organism, Ptychodiscus brevis, is described. The crystalline toxin is soluble in acetone and chloroform, less soluble in ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol, and is slightly soluble in water. The crystalline toxin is stable when stored in a moisture-free environment. The toxin is lethal to fish and mice, inhibits growth in three in vitro cell culture systems, and inhibits the division of fertilized sea urchin eggs. It has no effect on the formation of antibodies directed against sheep red blood cells in mice, and does not inhibit the morphological transformation of rat glioma cells from a fibroblast-like to a glial-like cell.
Dynamics of demographic development and its impact on personal saving: case of Japan

Abstract A dynamic model of the demographic structure of Japan is summarized. It is capable of tracing the dynamic development of the Japanese population, including the distribution of families by age, sex, and marital status of the head, as well as by the number and age of children and other dependents. This model is combined with specification of the processes generating family income and consumption, and then used to generate the pattern of aggregate income, saving and asset accumulation for the period 1985–2050 under alternative fertility assumptions. The results suggest that the saving-income ratio for Japan will increase slightly in the immediate future as the number of children per family declines sharply, and then falls moderately as the proportion of older persons in the population increases. Qualitative results depend critically on the labour force participation rate of older persons and on the probability of older persons merging into younger households.
CART peptide following social novelty in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)

Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are monogamous rodents that display high levels of affiliative behaviors, including pair-bonding, biparental care, and cooperative breeding. Species differences in basal cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) mRNA and peptide expression have been found between prairie voles and polygamous meadow voles. Therefore, we hypothesized that the CART system may play a role in the regulation of social behavior in this species. Male and female adult prairie voles were placed in a cage either alone, or with a novel social partner of the same or opposite sex. After 45 min, subjects were sacrificed and CART peptide expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. We examined fifteen hypothalamic, limbic, and hindbrain regions of interest, focusing on areas that show species-specific patterns of expression. We found that subjects paired with a novel conspecific had lower levels of peptide in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) than isolated animals. This may reflect increased peptide release following increased dopaminergic activity in animals exposed to a novel conspecific. Additionally, CART peptide was higher in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of subjects paired with an opposite sex partner compared to those paired with a same-sex conspecific, although there was no difference between isolated subjects and either socially housed group. These findings suggest that CART in the NAc is differentially responsive to the sex of adult conspecifics and that the social environment influences CART expression in the prairie vole in a region- and stimulus-specific manner.
Teaching a balanced view of Germany to K-6 teacher candidates: Dispelling negative stereotypes and internationalizing the curriculum

Abstract National character stereotyping often hinders teachers' responses to an important 21st century educational theme, global awareness. While recognizing that educators have a responsibility to teach history, in remembrance of the people and events of the past and to help prevent societies from making the mistakes of their predecessors, it is also essential that teachers prepare our new generation of young students for global citizenship in a 21st century world. This research studied 114 teacher candidates in K-6 social studies methods classes at two universities. Qualitative methods were used to measure and describe teacher candidates' knowledge and beliefs about the country and people of Germany before and after experiencing a curricular intervention workshop focused on modern aspects of Germany. Pre-study data showed outdated or stereotypical views of Germany, frequently related to WWII and the Cold War. After the intervention, approximately 83% stated that their conceptions of Germany had changed, and about 12% admitted that they had actually replaced negative impressions. Teachers must adopt the pedagogies necessary to eradicate ignorance and dispel harmful national stereotypes that threaten cultural understanding and safe learning environments for all students, thus this research adds to the ongoing conversation concerning the preparation of teacher candidates in the area of global awareness.
Success factors in private clubs: A view from the stakeholders

Abstract Club managers and members show a remarkable level of agreement in their assessment of the factors that make clubs successful.
Simulating the All-Order Strong Coupling Expansion V: Ising Gauge Theory

Abstract We exactly rewrite the Z(2) lattice gauge theory with standard plaquette action as a random surface model equivalent to the untruncated set of its strong coupling graphs. We simulate such surfaces including Polyakov line defects that are moved by worm-type update steps. Our Monte Carlo algorithms for the graph ensemble are reasonably efficient but not free of critical slowing down. Polyakov line correlators can be measured in this approach with small relative errors that are independent of the separation. As a first application our results are confronted with effective string theory predictions. In addition, the excess free energy due to twisted boundary conditions becomes an easily accessible observable. Our numerical experiments are in three dimensions, but the method is expected to work in any dimension.
Skepticism Between Excessiveness and Idleness

: Skepticism seems to have excessive consequences: the impossibility of successful enquiry and differentiated judgment. Yet if skepticism could avoid these consequences, it would seem idle. I offer an account of moderate skepticism that avoids both problems. Moderate skepticism avoids excessiveness because skeptical reflection and ordinary enquiry are immune from one another: a skeptical hypothesis is out of place when raised with in an ordinary enquiry. Conversely, the result of an ordinary enquiry cannot be used to disprove skepticism. This ‘immunity’ can be explained by theories such as contextualism, or sensitive invariantism. Moderate skepticism avoids idleness, because it can eliminate dogmatic elements from our commitments. An analogy is used to illustrate this: Consider someone who is rootless—someone who doesn't have a home. She won't take this conclusion to undermine her judgment that she is flying home for the holidays—even if she is sleeping in the guest bedroom. Similarly, a skeptic won't take the skeptical conclusion to undermine ordinary claims to know. Yet concluding that one is rootless is significant: it can shape one's commitments; for instance it can check one's nationalism. Similarly, accepting the skeptical conclusion is significant; it can undermine dogmatic commitments and ultimately bring about intellectual catharsis.
Identification of HLA a*0201 Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Lines for Immunotherapy by PCR–SSP and DNA Sequencing

Most tumor specific antigens characterized to date are restricted by HLA a*0201, which is the major HLA subtype in many ethnic groups. Cancer cells that express tumor antigens in association with the HLA a*0201 subtype have been shown to be responsive to various immunotherapies. We therefore sought to identify glioma cell lines that also express this HLA subtype and determine whether they had the molecular properties needed for tumor-peptide presentation. The HLA a*0201 allele was identified with PCR using sequence-specific primers followed by DNA sequencing. With this method, we screened 15 glioma cell lines to determine if they were of the HLA a*0201 genotype. Glioma cell lines that express the HLA a*0201 subtype were further studied for the expression of MHC class I and beta-2-microglobulin (β2m) molecules by flow cytometry, and peptide presentation molecules TAP-1, TAP-2, and tapasin by RT-PCR. We identified six out of fifteen cell lines that were of the HLA a*0201 subtype. These cell lines are U87, T98, U373, U138, CRL2365 and UMN-4. All these six cell lines exhibited high levels of MHC class I and β2m molecules. In addition, these cell lines all expressed molecules required for peptide presentation as shown by the presence of peptide presentation-related molecules TAP-1, TAP-2 and tapasin. The identification of glioma cell lines that express the HLA a*0201 subtype along with the necessary molecules for peptide-presentation will enable their use in developing new immunotherapeutic approaches for treating brain tumors. The method used to identify HLA a*0201 glioma cells is rapid and inexpensive, and suitable for screening tumor cells.
Fluid state of malignant choroidal melanoma growth presenting as exudative retinal detachment.

The extension of a malignant choroidal melanoma of an epithelioid cell type all through the subretinal space exhibiting a change of its solid state with its own stroma and blood supply in the choroid into a fluid growth phase resembling a tissue culture in the subretinal space is demonstrated in this case. This fluid state is represented by free-floating malignant melanoma cells living without their own stroma or direct blood supply in subretinal exudate. The transitional interface between the solid and fluid neoplastic states of this choroidal melanoma is demonstrated. The development of the fluid state indicates a potential of choroidal melanomas for isolation and survival of its cells without stroma and is related to the processes of regional seeding and metastatic dispersion.
Applicability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Indexin Index-Based Crop Insurance Design

Index-insurance is becoming increasingly popular because of its ability to provide low-cost, relatively easy to implement agricultural insurance for vegetation types whose productivity has been notoriously difficult to measure and to farmers in less-developed nations where traditional crop insurance schemes are not reasonable to implement. This study examines if the remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can be an effective basis for index-based crop insurance over a diverse set of locations. To do this we compare AVHRR-NDVI values to cumulative precipitation, extreme heat, and crop yields for sixty locations across the United States for the years 1982-2003. We use simple OLS quadratic equations to explore these relationships. Our findings suggest that the relationship between NDVI, precipitation, extreme heat, and crop yields is highly variable and dependent on location-specific characteristics. Without site-specific calibration, NDVI should not be widely applied to index-based insurance product design. However, NDVI may still be a useful tool in insurance design under certain circumstances. Further research is needed to better characterize the factors affecting NDVI values and their relationships to crop yield.
A hybrid haptic guidance model for tank gunners in high precision and high speed motor skill training

Haptic-based paradigms for human motor skill training which include virtual fixture, record-play method, shared control scheme and haptic disturbance have been proposed and widely used for applications like surgery, assembly, rehabilitation, motor skill and so on. However, no haptic-based training scheme applies to all types of human motor skills that new ideas and new approaches should be explored for some special training tasks. For example, tank gunners have to be rigorously trained to be able to complete the most accurate manipulation in the shortest possible time. Accuracy and operating speed are both critical for them to grasp the skill; therefore, tank gunnery is defined as a type of high precision and high speed human motor skill. In this paper, a hybrid spring-damper model which fuses haptic fixture and record-play is presented to simultaneously train accuracy and operating speed. The training approach is suitable for novices at all levels since force feedback is decomposed into two components: one for training accuracy, the other for training speed. The virtual envelope depicting is chosen as the training task for novices to validate the effectiveness of the proposed haptic-based scheme in high precision and high speed skill training. Experimental results indicate that force feedback generated based on the hybrid model can benefit novices in fast improving performances on tank gunnery.
Mercuric chloride induces apoptosis in human T lymphocytes : Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction

Abstract The major objective of our study was to define the mechanism by which mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) induces human T-cell death. Human peripheral blood T-cells were exposed to 0–40 μ m HgCl 2 and then analyzed for biochemical and molecular features of T-cell apoptosis. HgCl 2 -treated cells exhibited increased Hoechst 33258 fluorescence while maintaining their ability to exclude the vital stain 7-aminoactinomycin D. To further evaluate cell death and distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis, translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer layer of the plasma membrane (annexin V binding), DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay), and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were assessed. In the presence of 20–40 μ m HgCl 2 , T-cells exhibited increased annexin V binding (28%) and DNA fragmentation (31%). HgCl 2 -dependent PARP cleavage was also observed by Western blot analysis. Because degradative changes associated with apoptosis are often preceded by disruption of mitochondrial function, HgCl 2 -treated cells were assessed for disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ m ) and development of the mitochondrial permeability transition state. Using DiOC 6 (3), we demonstrated that HgCl 2 exposure resulted in a decrease in the ΔΨ m . Because a decline in ΔΨ m can disturb the intracellular pH (pH i ), we used the fluorescent probe, SNARF-1, to assess intracellular acidification. Treatment of T-cells with HgCl 2 resulted in reduced pH i from 7.0 to 6.7. Concomitant with these observations, the fluorescent probe, hydroethidine, was utilized to demonstrate that uncoupled mitochondrial electron transport resulted in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Interestingly, in spite of these alterations to mitochondrial function, translocation of cytochrome c to the cytosol was not detected; this correlated with enhanced bcl-2 levels in HgCl 2 -treated cells. In conclusion, HgCl 2 exposure results in oxidative stress and activation of death signaling pathways leading to apoptosis. Collectively, our studies indicate that individual mercurial species are capable of inducing T-cell death by activating specific apoptotic cascades.
Phylogenetic distribution of the Ah receptor in non-mammalian species: implications for dioxin toxicity and Ah receptor evolution

The mammalian Ah receptor (AhR) controls the expression of the CYP1A1 gene and may also mediate the toxic effects of chlorinated dioxins and related compounds. Little is known about the presence and characteristics of the AhR in non-mammalian species. Recent studies have identified an AhR in fish, consistent with their sensitivity to dioxin toxicity. However, the AhR may be lacking in many species of marine invertebrates. Thus, invertebrate species may be less susceptible to dioxin effects, or may show different structure-activity relationships from those seen in vertebrates. The AhR may have evolved more than 450 million years ago in response to compounds present in the environment of early fishes, or to fulfill some physiologic role, as yet unidentified.
The generation and preservation of multiple hurricane beds in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract Cores collected from Mississippi Sound and the inner shelf of the northeast Gulf of Mexico have been examined using 210 Pb and 137 Cs geochronology, X-radiography, granulometry, and a multi-sensor core logger. The results indicate that widespread event layers were probably produced by an unnamed hurricane in 1947 and by Hurricane Camille in 1969. Physical and biological post-depositional processes have reworked the event layers, producing regional discontinuities and localized truncation, and resulting in an imperfect and biased record of sedimentary processes during the storms. The oceanographic and sedimentological processes that produced these event beds have been simulated using a suite of numerical models: (1) a parametric cyclone wind model; (2) the SWAN third-generation wave model; (3) the ADCIRC 2D finite-element hydrodynamic model; (4) the Princeton Ocean Model; (5) a coupled wave–current bottom boundary layer-sedimentation model; and (6) a model for bed preservation potential as a function of burial rate and bioturbation rate. Simulated cores from the Mississippi Sound region are consistent with the observed stratigraphy and geochronology on both the landward and seaward sides of the barrier islands.
Modeling electrochemical and metal-phase processes during alkaline aluminum corrosion

Abstract In stress corrosion cracking, the chemical pathways are not yet well-understood by which corrosion produces metal-phase defects responsible for degradation. Open-circuit dissolution of aluminum in alkaline solutions was investigated using a modeling approach, focusing on both electrochemical reactions and metal-phase processes. Pathways were identified leading to corrosion-induced tensile stress and formation of hydride, both of which can influence metal degradation processes. The model was based on the formation of vacancy–hydrogen defects during metal dissolution, and their subsequent aggregation in the metal to form hydride. Calculations successfully explained several transient measurements reported during dissolution, namely formation of subsurface voids and hydride, as well as open-circuit potential and stress.
Strategies for the Development of Vaccines for Typhoid Fever, Shigellosis, and Cholera

Enteric fevers and diarrheal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the developing world.1 Traditional approaches to the development of vaccines for bacterial diseases include the parenteral injection of purified components or killed organisms.2 These methods require technologically advanced preparation and are relatively expensive despite their proven benefits. Live oral vaccine strains have several advantages over parenteral vaccines: low cost, ease of administration, and simple preparation. The development of live vaccines has been limited by lack of understanding of the pathogenesis of disease on a molecular level. Candidate live vaccine strains require nonrevertable genetic alterations that affect the virulence of the organism, but not its induction of an immune response. Work defining the mechanisms of toxigenesis of Vibrio cholerae has made it possible to create live vaccine strains based on deletion of the toxin genes.3,4 We will discuss below recent studies that have begun to define the molecular basis of Salmonella typhimurium macrophage survival and virulence. This may lead to the development of a live oral Salmonella typhi vaccine that can be used as a carrier for heterologous antigens. This approach has the advantage that immunity to multiple diseases could be generated with a single vaccine strain. Attenuated Salmonella typhi would deliver heterologous antigens directly to the immune effector cell, the macrophage, and generate cell-mediated as well as humoral immune response.5
Femoral medullary infarction prevalence with the Zurich Cementless Canine Total Hip arthroplasty.

Objective— To document the prevalence of femoral medullary infarction associated with the Zurich Cementless Total Hip Replacement (ZCTHR) system in dogs. Study Design— Case series. Animals— Dogs (n=35) with 41 ZCTHR implants. Methods— Medical records (February 1999–December 2002) were reviewed for dogs that had ZCTHR and at least 1 year follow-up with radiographic evaluation. Thirty-five dogs (41 ZCTHR) met the inclusion criteria. Femoral morphologic data, implant to bone relationships, and medullary infarcts were recorded. Data were analyzed for associations between infarct occurrence and morphologic details and dog characteristics. Results— Eight of 41 femurs had radiographic evidence of infarcts (19.5%). Dogs with infarcts were significantly younger (mean [±SD] age, 18.5±5.2 months) compared with those without infarction (mean age, 44.4±5.6months; P=.027). None of the other variables were significantly different between dogs with and without infarcts. Three femurs with infarcts ultimately developed stem loosening. Conclusion— A higher prevalence of femoral medullary infarcts was identified with ZCTHR compared with incidence reported for other total hip systems. Younger dogs were more likely to develop infarction. Clinical Relevance— Femoral infarction appears to be associated with stem loosening. Adjustments in surgical technique or delaying surgery beyond 18 months of age may reduce incidence of infarction but needs further evaluation.
Monte Carlo calculation of the electron energy loss spectrum for gamma rays incident on an organic scintillator

Abstract Monte Carlo techniques have been applied to study the electron energy loss spectrum for gamma rays incident on an organic scintillator (NE213). The calculations include Compton scattering and pair production, as well as the Landau fluctuation effect for the electron ionization energy loss. Since the detector is only 5 cm × 5 cm and was placed in an anti-coincidence charged particle shield, the effect of escape electrons and the self-gating of the electrons were included. A comparison is shown between calculated and measured electron energy loss spectrum of the 5 cm × 5 cm cylindrical scintillator for 60Co gamma rays.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Assay for Bumetanide in Plasma and Urine

A new high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of bumetanide in plasma and urine. A reversed-phase column was fitted to the instrument and fluorescent (excitation λ = 338 nm, emission λ = 433 nm) and UV (254 nm) detectors were utilized to monitor simultaneously bumetanide and the internal standard, acetophenone, respectively. The assay is rapid, sensitive, and specific. Plasma bumetanide concentrations can be detected as low as 5 ng/ml using a 0.20-ml sample. Time-consuming extraction and/or derivatization steps are not required. The only clean-up procedure involved is the precipitation of plasma proteins with acetonitrile.