cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Livšic theorems for non-commutative groups including diffeomorphism groups and results on the existence of conformal structures for Anosov systems

The celebrated Livsic theorem [A. N. Livsic, Certain properties of the homology of Y-systems, Mat. Zametki 10 (1971), 555–564; A. N. Livsic, Cohomology of dynamical systems, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Mat. 36 (1972), 1296–1320] states that given a manifold M, a Lie group G, a transitive Anosov diffeomorphism f on M and a Holder function η:M↦G whose range is sufficiently close to the identity, it is sufficient for the existence of ϕ:M↦G satisfying η(x)=ϕ(f(x))ϕ(x)−1 that a condition—obviously necessary—on the cocycle generated by η restricted to periodic orbits is satisfied. In this paper we present a new proof of the main result. These methods allow us to treat cocycles taking values in the group of diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold. This has applications to rigidity theory. The localization procedure we develop can be applied to obtain some new results on the existence of conformal structures for Anosov systems.
Cytotoxic Sesquiterpenoid Quinones and Quinols, and an 11-Membered Heterocycle, Kauamide, from the Hawaiian Marine Sponge Dactylospongia elegans.

Several known sesquiterpenoid quinones and quinols (1–9), and kauamide (10), a new polyketide-peptide containing an 11-membered heterocycle, were isolated from the extracts of the Hawaiian marine sponge Dactylospongia elegans. The planar structure of 10 was determined from spectroscopic analyses, and its relative and absolute configurations were established from density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the GIAO NMR shielding tensors, and advanced Marfey’s analysis of the N-MeLeu residue, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 showed moderate inhibition of β-secretase 1 (BACE1), whereas 1–9 exhibited moderate to potent inhibition of growth of human glioma (U251) cells. Compounds 1–2 and 4–7 were also active against human pancreatic carcinoma (Panc-1) cells.
Advances in fertility-preservation surgery: navigating new frontiers

For female patients facing fertility-impairing treatment for select cancers and other medical conditions, fertility-preserving surgeries have evolved to meet the needs of those who desire fertility preservation. Over the last 70 years, advances in surgical options for fertility preservation have vastly increased in scope and availability. Major breakthroughs in fertility-preservation surgeries include the development of ovarian transposition procedures as well as uterine fixation; both procedures move these vital reproductive organs away from radiation fields to help protect and preserve future fertility. Since the first transplantation of thawed cryopreserved ovarian tissue 20 years ago, there have been major advances in techniques to optimize outcomes. Additionally, surgeries specific for gynecologic malignancies, including radical trachelectomy, have allowed for the preservation of vital reproductive organs. This juncture between innovation and technology resulting in fertility-sparing surgical options for cancer patients illustrates both surgical creativity and continued commitment to develop new techniques, while improving those already in practice. This review explores current advancements in fertility-preserving reproductive surgery, highlighting significant historical landmarks and recent major developments.
A Robust, One-step FRET Assay for Human Heparanase

Heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, cleaves cell surface and extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) chains at distinct sites and plays important biological roles including modulation of cell growth and metastasis. Although a number of different types of heparanase assays have been reported to date, most are labor intensive, complex and/or expensive to carry out. We reasoned that a simpler heparanase assay could be developed using heparin labeled with Dabcyl and EDANS as donor and acceptor fluorophores so as to generate a FRET signal. Our results show that a more robust heparanase assay could be developed based on the principle studied herein and more homogeneous preparation of heparin. Yet, the assay in its current form could be used for routine screening of potential inhibitors in a high-throughput manner as well as for studying heparanase activity expressed in tumors as well as biological fluids like plasma.
Rooted in Recognition: Indigenous Environmental Justice and the Genetically Engineered American Chestnut Tree

The restoration plan for the American chestnut tree includes the potential wild release of a genetically engineered tree in close proximity to the sovereign Haudenosaunee communities of Central and...
Re-examination of a Bioinformatics Database Course: Engaging Blockchain Technology

Abstract Seven years have passed since publication of our original paper on the development of a database course in bioinformatics curriculum. In this paper, we re-examine this course for its offering during 2005-2017. The course has been developed around ontologies, and student projects have been a very important component in conducting the course. Although this course has made valuable contribution to our bioinformatics program, a lot of improvements can be made. A critical examination of our past experience suggests the need for emphasizing the importance of “think big” at big data era. In particular, it would be beneficial to incorporate blockchain technology to enrich the technical contents of this course. Since there is a close relationship between blockchain technology and ontologies (as enthusiastically emphasized by many researchers), engaging blockchain technology in this course should strengthen ontology-centered bioinformatics database education.
(4R,5R)‐4,5‐Diphenyl­imidazolidin‐2‐one

The title compound, C15H14N2O, is a chiral cyclic urea with an approximate local C2 axis. Adjacent mol­ecules are linked into chains through pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in R22(8) loops.
Variation of eye-lens dose with variation of the location of the beam isocenter in the head during neuro-interventional fluoroscopic procedures

The lens of the eye can receive a substantial amount of radiation during neuro-interventional fluoroscopic procedures, increasing the risk of cataractogenesis for the patient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the variation of eye lens dose with a variation of the location of the beam isocenter in the head. The primary x-ray beam of a Toshiba (Canon) Infinix fluoroscopy machine was modeled using EGSnrc Monte Carlo code and the lens dose was calculated using 2 × 1010 photons incident on the anthropomorphic Zubal computational head phantom for each simulation. The Zubal phantom is derived from a CT scan of an average adult male and has internal organs, including the lenses, segmented for dose calculation. Computations were performed with the head shifted vertically +/- 4 cm and in the cranial-caudal and lateral directions incrementally up to 6 cm in either direction. At each position, the gantry was rotated to various LAO/RAO and CAU/CRA angles, both 5 cm × 5 cm and 10 cm x 10 cm entrance field sizes were used and the kVp was varied. The results show that substantial changes in lens dose occur when the head is shifted and can result in a dose difference between eyes of over 6 times at certain beam angles for the 5 cm × 5 cm field size. The results of this study should provide increased accuracy in lens dose estimation during neuro interventional procedures and, when incorporated into our real-time dose-tracking system, help interventionalists manage patient lens dose during the procedure to minimize risk.
External beam radiotherapy versus vaginal brachytherapy in patients with stage II endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective The choice of adjuvant treatment for women with stage II endometrial cancer is challenging, given the known increase in morbidity with external beam radiation compared with vaginal brachytherapy, and the lack of consensus on its benefits. We summarized the evidence on survival and recurrence for stage II endometrial cancer, defined as cervical stromal invasion, after adjuvant postoperative external beam radiotherapy and vaginal brachytherapy. Methods We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Scopus databases from inception to January 2019 to identify studies that compared adjuvant postoperative external beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy and vaginal brachytherapy alone in stage II endometrial cancer. Our primary outcome was the locoregional recurrence rate, defined as recurrence in the pelvis or vagina. Secondary outcomes included the rate of recurrence at any site, distant recurrence rate, vaginal recurrence rate, pelvic recurrence rate, and 5 year overall survival. Study selection, assessment, and data abstraction were performed by an independent set of reviewers. Random effects models were used to synthesize quantitative data. Results We included 15 cohort studies reporting data on 1070 women. Most women with stage II endometrial cancer (848/1070, 79.3%) were treated with external beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy. Subgroup analysis was stratified by whether >90% of the women included underwent pelvic lymph node assessment (sampling or full dissection). Locoregional recurrence (pelvic and vaginal recurrence) was significantly reduced with external beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy compared with vaginal brachytherapy alone (14 studies (n=1057); odds ratio (OR) 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 0.68); I2=5%) regardless of pelvic lymph node assessment. Most women (81.8%) who recurred locoregionally had a least one uterine risk factor (grade 3 tumor, myometrial invasion >50%, or lymphovascular invasion). There was no difference in overall survival with external beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy compared with vaginal brachytherapy alone (five studies (n=463); OR 0.78 (95% CI 0.34 to 1.80); I2=48%). Conclusions External beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy decreased the locoregional recurrence threefold for stage II endometrial cancer, regardless of pelvic lymph node assessment. Most women who suffered recurrence locoregionally had a least one high risk factor. Vaginal brachytherapy alone may be sufficient therapy for node negative stage II endometrial cancer without uterine risk factors, while those with uterine risk factors should be considered for external beam radiotherapy with or without vaginal brachytherapy to improve locoregional control.
Densely Connected Neural Network with Dilated Convolutions for Real-Time Speech Enhancement in The Time Domain

In this work, we propose a fully convolutional neural network for real-time speech enhancement in the time domain. The proposed network is an encoder-decoder based architecture with skip connections. The layers in the encoder and the decoder are followed by densely connected blocks comprising of dilated and causal convolutions. The dilated convolutions help in context aggregation at different resolutions. The causal convolutions are used to avoid information flow from future frames, hence making the network suitable for real-time applications. We also propose to use sub-pixel convolutional layers in the decoder for upsampling. Further, the model is trained using a loss function with two components; a time-domain loss and a frequency-domain loss. The proposed loss function outperforms the time-domain loss. Experimental results show that the proposed model significantly outperforms other real-time state-of-the-art models in terms of objective intelligibility and quality scores.
Krukenberg's Spindles Strongly Suggest Long Anterior Zonule Associated Pigment Dispersion Mechanism in Older Patients.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to further investigate factors associated with Krukenberg's spindle (KS) presence in a primary eye care setting. Methods As part of a larger investigation, several practitioners in an academic eye care facility in Chicago, IL, USA evaluated patients for the long anterior zonule (LAZ) trait during 2011 to 2018, and data were collected on ocular/systemic health, lifestyle, and demographic variables, including the presence of a KS. Multivariate regression was used to assess relationships to KS presence. Results Analysis included 3501 subjects with mean age of 51 ± 15 years (18-98 years; 65% women; and 84% African American). Among the right eyes, 57 (1.6%) had a KS, with this group having a mean age of 62 ± 13 years (25-86 years; 75% women; and 82% African American). There were 120 subjects (3.4%) with right eye LAZ, with mean age of 64 ± 11 years (36-91 years; 77% women; and 92% African American). There were 19 of 57 (33.3%) KS eyes that also had LAZ. Controlling for other factors, variables with the strongest relationship to KS presence were the LAZ trait (odds ratio [OR] = 12.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.5 to 22.8, P < 0.0001) and advancing age (OR = 1.3 per decade, 95% CI = 1.3 to 1.9, P < 0.0001). Conclusions In the population studied, KS presence had its strongest relationship to the LAZ trait and advancing age. The KS-LAZ relationship may not be well-known, but these data strongly suggest that pigment dispersion signs, such as a KS, should prompt the clinician to consider the LAZ trait as a potential etiology, especially because LAZ is associated with higher IOP and possibly glaucoma.
Wisdom teeth, periodontal disease, and C-reactive protein in US adults.

Abstract Objectives The study aim was to evaluate the associations among the presence of wisdom teeth (third molars, M3), periodontal disease, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in the US adult population, thus to generate population-based evidence to inform heart disease prevention and dental care. Study design We performed secondary data analysis of the 2009–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and included 3752 people aged 30 years and older who participated in the periodontal examination. Methods Descriptive analyses were performed to determine the prevalence of M3 presence, periodontal disease, and elevated CRP. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to determine the association between M3 presence, periodontal disease, and elevated CRP. Results The prevalence of M3 presence, periodontal disease (probing periodontal pockets depth (PPD)≥ 4 mm), and elevated serum C-reactive protein level (≥5 mg/L) was 39%, 41%, and 19% respectively. M3 presence was highest among men, younger adults, Blacks and Hispanics compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, those who did not attend college, and people with low incomes (P Conclusions We observed expected associations between M3 presence and periodontal disease, and periodontal disease and elevated CRP. However, M3 presence alone is not associated with elevated CRP. Further research into cardiovascular health hazards related to the retention of wisdom teeth is needed, including examining possible relationships with other inflammatory factors.
Community and Commons

There are crucial differences between a political community and an organization, and between Aristotle’s polis and a modern liberal state. Rawls sees a just state as one that accommodates a variety of ideologies. Aristotle, who takes good citizenship to be crucial to virtue, advocates greater homogeneity in a polis. A good organization involves at least enough homogeneity to preserve it as a commons. The right kind of corporate culture facilitates the process. It calls for a style of management closer to Burns’s transformational, as opposed to transactional, leadership, though in recent years there have developed more sophisticated conceptions of leadership that go beyond transaction and are more like Aristotle’s views. The organization’s culture should affect its members’ second- or higher-order motivations, so that in the best cases they all want to be moved by the success of the good organization and by the interests of their fellow employees. It will also affect the local vocabulary, and how people frame. I have come to see the importance for this process of what Aristotle offers as a form of friendship that is more than transactional. That form of friendship is a good thing in itself, one of the benefits of a good life.
International Law and the War on Terrorism: The Road Ahead

With the victory over the Taliban and Al Qaeda in Afghanistan, it is time to give some thought to possible future challenges to international law and institutions posed by the "war on terrorism." Since any effort at "futurism" necessarily involves an analysis of present trends, this paper attempts to identify the most salient trends in international terrorism and their impact on efforts to combat terrorism. Next it turns to two kinds of responses that have been employed in combating terrorism: the so-called antiterrorism conventions, at both the global and the regional levels, and the use of coercive measures, i.e., economic sanctions and the use of armed force. As to these measures, there is an effort to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses, especially in light of current trends, and to set forth some tentative proposals for improvement.
Predicting Baseline for Analysis of Electricity Pricing

To understand the impact of a new pricing structure on residential electricity peak demands, we need a baseline model that captures every factor other than the new price. The gold standard baseline is a randomised control trial, however, control trials are hard to design. The alternative to learn a baseline model from the past measurements fails to make reliable predictions about the daily peak usage values next summer. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose several new methods. Among these methods, the one named LTAP is particularly promising. It accurately predicts future usages of the control group. It also predicts the reductions of the peak demands to remain the same, while previous studies have found the reduction to be diminishing over time. We believe that LTAP is capturing the self-selection bias of the treatment groups better than techniques used in previous studies and are looking for opportunities to confirm this feature.
Positive cross-correlated shot noise and quasibound states in an NSNSN geometry

Solid-state superconducting heterostructures can provide a possible source of entangled electrons for the purpose of quantum-information processing, and shot noise can indicate when this occurs. Shot noise cross-correlations in a ballistic NSNSN (normal-superconductor-normal-superconductor-normal) is normally negative for electron currents, but becomes positive for entangled electrons that result from the breakup of Cooper pairs. A one-to-one correspondence is found between the energies of the quasibound states and regions of positivity in the cross-correlated shot noise. The quasibound states of the NSNSN system are associated with poles of the NSNSN scattering matrix. We find that regions of positive cross-correlated shot noise distributions, and the associated emission of entangled electrons, exist over a wide range of system sizes and in the presence of multiple quasibound states. We also find that, at the quasibound-state energies, the Andreev approximation is not adequate to describe the key physical processes in the NSNSN device.
Essential yet Ill-defined: leadership roles to support fourth-year medical students in pediatrics.

Background: Few studies have been published about specialty-specific fourth-year medical student leadership in any discipline. This paper provides insight from pediatric educators about the current...
Pseudomyxoma peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a rare condition that develops following rupture of a mucocele of the appendix or the ovary. Twelve cases have been reviewed. Early diagnosis and aggressive surgery offer the best chance for survival of the patient. Recurrent intestinal obstruction is a part of the natural course of the disease, and should be treated surgically by lysis of adhesions and removal of peritoneal implants when they arise. Radiation and systemic chemotherapy do not affect the natural course of the disease or the prognosis.
The Missing Components in Teaching Science

Many students, especially non-science majors, graduate from high school or college with a view of science that embraces only the narrower list of components of the scientific method: making observations, formulating hypotheses, and conducting experiments. This view largely results from the way we teach science in the classroom, how textbooks present what scientists do, and how the media depict science and the work of scientists. Some recent textbooks have started to present a more comprehensive view by going beyond the narrower components of the scientific method to include communication : the ways in which scientists share their tested results, identify implications and applications of their findings, and generate new sets of research questions and better explanations. Thus, presentations of the scientific method as a series of steps that starts with observations and ends with experimentation must be amended to recognize that scientific findings are also shared with scientific communities, often through publications and presentations to stimulate wider discussion and inquiry and lead to refinements and additional research efforts. These are all components of the scientific approach of discovering the truths of nature and the world around us, and they make the scientific approach “the most powerful and reliable guide to truth about the world that human beings have devised” (Easton, 2002, p. xiv). Because the scientific method includes the expectation that findings or …
Abstract A12: Establishing in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) utilizing both acinar and ductal lineages

As it seems that both acinar and ductal cells can give rise to PDA and that the developmental pathways for these two lineages differ, it is essential that we have models to study the biology of these cells both in vitro and in vivo. To facilitate this, we have developed in vitro organoid models using both acinoductal and ductal cells. These models involve isolation of primary acinar or ductal cells from the mouse pancreas and subsequent 3D culture in Matrigel. Importantly, these models allow us to study both WT, KRAS transformed, or otherwise manipulated primary cells in a physiologically relevant context. We have gone on to perform orthotopic allografts using these cells to study their behavior in vivo . KRAS transformed acinoductal and ductal cells exhibit markedly different phenotypes within these allografts. Ductal cells form large cystic lesions, while acinoductal cells form small, well differentiated ductal lesions within the context of a residual Matrigel plug. Preliminary data suggest that these differences may be due to differential activation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Citation Format: Jesse Handler, Dafna Bar-Sagi. Establishing in vitro and in vivo models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) utilizing both acinar and ductal lineages. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A12.
Selective leviathans : explaining state strategies of counterinsurgency and consolidation

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Political Science, 2014.
The Doctor's White Coat--an Historical Perspective

Traditional physicians' garb changed from black to white at the time that antiseptic practices became common in medicine. White coats gained symbolic value, and Arnold P. Gold, MD, instituted annual ceremony for medical students. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
A Human Resources Dilemma? Emergent Themes in the Experiences of Part-Time Librarians

ABSTRACTAlthough many newly-graduated librarians are applying for and accepting part-time library employment after graduation, little research has been done into what working part-time means for these early career librarians. This article, based on a survey of recent LIS graduates who have worked part-time, provides a snapshot of part-time library employment and the advantages and disadvantages it affords to new librarians. This information is particularly relevant in light of the difficult job market for entry-level librarians. All of the surveyed librarians have worked in at least one part-time professional or paraprofessional position in a library after receiving their degree. Many of these respondents describe holding multiple part-time positions and receiving low salaries and few, if any, employment benefits. The themes documented in the open-ended short answers of these part-time librarians will help to guide further research into the professional and personal impact of part-time employment.
Antimicrobial activity of tio2 nanoparticles against microbial isolates causing dental plaques

The mouth is a favorable habitat for a great variety of bacteria due to presence of nutrients, epithelial debris and secretions. Dental plaque is a soft deposit that accumulates on the teeth. The buildup of dental plaque on teeth is a normal physiologic process, occurring in both healthy mouths with cavities or gum disease. A study was carried out to isolate microorganisms from patients with dental problems. 40 samples were collected from Savitha dental clinic, Hyderabad, indicated the presence of both bacteria and fungi. The antimicrobial activity of Titanium dioxide nanoparticle was checked against all these organisms responsible for plaque formation and among these 40 dental isolates titanium dioxide nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against 18 isolates and comparatively high zone of inhibition against isolates like D2, D5, D14, D19, D23. The antimicrobial activity of Isopropanol as control, Titanium dioxide, and Titanium dioxide nanoparticle was comparatively analyzed and results shows that TiO 2 nanoparticles showed highest activity and the Minimum inhibitory concentration was found to be 15 mg /ml.
Bovine kidney beta-mannosidase: purification and characterization.

Lysosomal beta-mannosidase was purified 160,000-fold in 24% yield from bovine kidney by a four-step purification procedure, which included concanavalin A-Sepharose, immunoaffinity, TSK-butyl and h.p.l.c. cation-exchange chromatography. When analysed by SDS/PAGE and detected by Coomassie Blue or silver staining, the purified enzyme preparation consists of two prominent peptides (100 and 110 kDa) and a third minor peptide (84 kDa). These three peptides are immunologically related and are consistently associated with beta-mannosidase activity in all chromatographic steps. Removal of N-linked carbohydrate from the 84, 100 and 110 kDa peptides decreases their molecular sizes to 75, 86 and 91 kDa respectively. Bovine kidneys lacking beta-mannosidase, activity, acquired from calves affected with beta-mannosidosis, do not contain detectable quantities of the three beta-mannosidase peptides, as judged by monoclonal- and polyclonal-antibody reactivity.
Preliminary observations on free amino acids in cow and calf plasma in prolonged gestation.

Abstract Preliminary observations have been made on the free amino acids in maternal and fetal plasma in prolonged gestation in the Guernsey cow, with the following findings: (1) Jugular venous plasma amino acid levels were the same in normal cows-and those with postterm dysmature calves. (2) Amino acid levels in umbilical vein plasma were higher than maternal in both normal and postterm fetuses: these differences were most marked in the normal calf plasma. (3) The low levels of some of the amino acids in the postterm fetal plasma suggest a degree of placental insufficiency during prolonged gestation and support previous evidence of impaired placental function.
Multiagent Competitions and Research: Lessons from RoboCup and TAC

This paper compares and contrasts two recent series of competitions in which multiple agents compete directly against one another: the robot soccer world cup (RoboCup) and the trading agent competition (TAC). Both of these competitions have attracted large numbers of competitors and have motivated important research results in artificial intelligence. Based on extensive personal experiences, both as a participant and as an organizer, this paper reflects upon and characterizes both the benefits and the hazards of competitions with respect to academic research.
Use of Hamsters for Potency Assay of Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Vaccines

An antigen extinction test in hamsters is described. Comparative potency assays with guinea pigs and hamsters showed the latter to be a suitable, advantageous replacement animal in these assays.
THOMAS REID ON ACQUIRED PERCEPTION

Thomas Reid's distinction between original and acquired perception is not merely metaphysical; it has psychological and phenomenological stories to tell. Psychologically, acquired perception provides increased sensitivity to features in the environment. Phenomenologically, Reid's theory resists the notion that original perception is exhaustive of perceptual experience. James Van Cleve has argued that most cases of acquired perception do not count as perception and so do not pose a threat to Reid's direct realism. I argue that acquired perception is genuine perception and as direct as original perception. Perception is grounded in a productive and developing relationship between the mind and world.
The Hallowed Hope: The School Prayer Cases and Social Change

The academic debate surrounding the United States Supreme Court’s capacity to implement significant social change through the exercise of judicial power can be divided roughly been the Constrained Court model, which emphasizes the Court’s institutional constraints and denies its ability to influence policy without substantial assistance from the elected branches, and the Dynamic Court model, which views the Court’s institutional constraints as less restrictive and its ability to effect policy change as concomitantly more robust. Both models agree that the Court’s ability to implement social change is weakest when its decisions 1) lack the active support of the elected branches; and 2) confront significant public opposition. This paper will examine the impact of the Court’s rulings on prayer in public schools — Engel v. Vitale (1962), Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), Wallace v. Jaffree (1985), Lee v. Weisman (1992), and Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000). These cases provide a useful case study because they have been consistently unpopular and the Court has enjoyed little support from the elected branches in enforcing them. Both the Constrained and Dynamic Court models would therefore predict that the school prayer decisions would be largely ineffective in altering entrenched practices of religious observance in public classrooms, yet an examination of the available empirical evidence reveals a more complicated picture. Although compliance with the school prayer decisions has been far from perfect, the Court has nevertheless enjoyed more success in imposing its preferences upon a hostile public than either model would predict. Using insights from our study of the school prayer decisions, we propose a number of potential mechanisms of judicial power that both the Constrained and Dynamic Court models ignore. These include the legitimacy of the legal system, the manner in which the threat of litigation itself provides a motivation for compliance, and the potential for structural alternatives to compliance to diffuse resistance. Our goal is not to articulate an entirely new model of judicial power, but rather to demonstrate that the failure of existing models to account for the patterns of public compliance with school prayer cases requires reconceptualizing our approach to the study of courts and social change.
1‐Chloro‐2‐iodoethylene

(E) [28540-81-0] C2H2ClI (MW 188.40) InChI = 1S/C2H2ClI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1+ InChIKey = TUZSMRBYSARKAL-OWOJBTEDSA-N (Z) [31952-74-6] InChI = 1S/C2H2ClI/c3-1-2-4/h1-2H/b2-1- InChIKey = TUZSMRBYSARKAL-UPHRSURJSA-N (cross-coupling reagent used as a precursor of chloroenynes, terminal, and unsymmetrical internal diynes) Alternate Names: 1-chloro-2-iodoethene. Physical Data: 1 (E), bp 113–114 °C; mp −41.0 °C, d 2.10 g cm−3, bp of n-propanol azeotrope 87.5–88.5 °C. (Z), bp 116–117 °C; mp −36.4 °C, d 2.21 g cm−3, bp of n-propanol azeotrope 93.6–94.0 °C. Preparative Methods: 1-chloro-2-iodoethylene can be prepared by either chloromercuration of Acetylene2 followed by iodinolysis3 or electrophilic addition of Iodine Monochloride to acetylene (eq 1).1 The chloromercuration reaction is highly stereoselective and gives exclusively the (E) isomer, while the electrophilic addition of ICl has been reported to give a diastereomeric mixture (however, this reaction has also been reported to be stereoselective4). The (E)-alkenyl mercury intermediate can be isomerized5 to an (E)/(Z) mixture by treatment with a catalytic amount of Dibenzoyl Peroxide at 100 °C in p-xylene. Its iodinolysis gives an (E) and (Z) mixture of 1-chloro-2-iodoethylenes. (1) Purification: stereoisomerically pure (Z)-1-chloro-2-iodoethylene can be obtained by azeotropic fractional distillation of stereoisomeric mixtures with n-propanol. Stereoisomerically pure samples can be isomerized to give a mixture of (Z) and (E) isomers upon long exposure to sunlight and should be stored accordingly. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: use in a fume hood.
The crystal structure of methyl[hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borato]carbonylplatinum(II)

Abstract The crystal structure of methyl[hydrotris(pyrazol-1-yl)borato]carbonylplatinum(II) has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Crystals of (CH3)[HB(C3N2H3)3]Pt(CO) are monoclinic, P21/c,a = 14.416(1), b = 7.951(1), c = 12.990(1) A, β = 104.35(1)°. The observed density (2.04 g cm−3) agrees favorably with that calculated (2.08 g cm−3) on the basis of four molecules per unit cell. The structure was solved by the Patterson method and has been refined by full-matrix least squares techniques to a final R1 value of 0.041 (R2 = 0.039) for 2124 reflections. The compound is square-planar with only two of the three pyrazolyl groups coordinated to the platinum atom. The platinum atom is located 0.015(1) A above the plane defined by the four donor atoms. The uncoordinated pyrazolyl group is disordered with the shortest intramolecular distance involving platinum and any non-hydrogen atom of that ring being 3.30(1) A. The PtN distances are 2.036(9) and 2.064(9) A; PtC(methyl) and PtC(carbonyl) distances are 2.070(12) and 1.798(16) A, respectively.
Glucose tolerance factor: an essential dietary agent

Abstract Glucose tolerance factor (GTF), the biologically active form of chromium, is an essential dietary agent that potentiates the action of insulin and thereby functions in regulating carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary trends that show increased consumption of more highly processed foods may be leading to deficiencies of'GTF and chromium in man.
Developmental aspects of renal pharmacology

At birth many functions of the kidney are less than would be predicted on the basis of size alone. This does not mean that the kidneys are inadequate in the newborn. Renal function in the perinatal period is adequate to maintain normal homeostasis; however, under conditions of stress such as dehydration, infection, marked changes in plasma pH or drug therapy, this immaturity may become manifest as a lack of functional reserve. Of interest to the pharmacologist and toxicologist is the influence of this limited reserve in renal function in the context of exposure of the newborn to drugs and chemicals. Immaturity of renal processes for excretion and metabolism of foreign compounds (or endogenous substrates) may be reflected as a prolonged time of elimination of these compounds from the body. Additionally, because of its relative immature size and function the response of the kidney as a target organ for drugs may be quantitatively different from that of adults. Renal pharmacology in the newborn is concerned with two aspects of the interaction between drugs and the kidney. The first is the effect of drugs on the kidney. Here we are concerned primarily with diuretic agents and other drugs that may directly influence salt and water metabolism, We are also concerned with drugs that influence the kidney indirectly via the cardiovascular system. Secondly, we are concerned with the effect of the kidney on drugs in the newborn, that is, the role of the kidney in the excretion and metabolism of drugs. In this review, we will first discuss those aspects of anatomical development which relate closely to functional maturation. Then, following a discussion of how the newborn kidney affects drugs, we will refer to those factors that might influence the action of drugs on the newborn kidney.
Environmental Response Management Application

ABSTRACT The Coastal Response Research Center (CRRC), a partnership between the University of New Hampshire (UNH) and NOAA'S Office of Response and Restoration (ORR), is leading an effort to develop a data platform capable of intefacing both static and real-time data sets accessible simultaneously to a command post and assets in the field with an open source internet mapping server. The Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA™) is designed to give responders and decision makers ready access to geographically specific data useful during spill planning/drills, incident response, damage assessment and site restoration. In addition to oil spill and chemical release response, this website can be relevant to other environmental incidents and natural disasters, responses and regional planning efforts. The platform is easy to operate, without the assistance of Information Technology or Geographic Information Systems (GIS) specialists. It allows users to access individual data layer values, overlay rel...
Optical Radiation Measurements And Their Use In Hazard Evaluation

Optical radiation hazard evaluation for broad band sources must usually be performed by a highly trained specialist with the use of sophisticated instrumentation. While some direct reading ultraviolet radiation hazard evaluation instruments have been developed, no similar instrumentation for retinal hazard evaluation is available. The general principles of optical radiation hazard evaluation are reviewed along with the quantities, units, and measurement systems used. A new prototype ultraviolet radiation hazard monitor utilizing a spectrograph and spectral weighting mechanical mask, which provides a direct reading of the effective irradiance according to the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values, has recently been developed. The sensitivity for this prototype instrument is 10 -7 W/cm 2 (effective irradiance) with an uncertainty of less than 30%.
Mixed chloride–phosphine complexes of the dirhenium core. Part 11. Reactions of [Re2Cl8]2− with secondary phosphines, PCy2H and PPh2H

Abstract The reaction between the dirhenium(III,III) anion, [Re2Cl8]2−, and the secondary phosphine, PCy2H, yields a mixture of products as a result of disproportionation, namely, a dirhenium(II,III) chloride–phosphine complex 1,3,6-Re2Cl5(PCy2H)3 (1) and a dirhenium(IV) face-sharing bioctahedral compound with bridging phosphido groups, [Bun 4N][Re2(μ-PCy2)3Cl6] (2). The diphenylphosphine analogue of 2, [Bun 4N][Re2(μ-PPh2)3Cl6] (3) has been similarly prepared from the reaction of [Re2Cl8]2− with PPh2H. An interesting dirhenium(III,III) complex, [Bun 4N]2[Re2(μ-PPh2)2(PPh2H)2Cl6] (4) having both neutral terminal phosphines and anionic phosphido bridges, has also been isolated as an intermediate in the latter system. Crystal structures of 1–4 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The compounds were also characterized by cyclic voltammetry, IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Effects of the Y‐U Pyloroplasty on Gastric Emptying and Duodenogastric Reflux in the Dog

A Y-U pyloroplasty was performed on five healthy adult dogs. Gastric emptying half times (t 1/2 GE) of a canned food meal were measured by scintigraphy three times before surgery and three times from 6 to 8 weeks after surgery. Fluoroscopic studies of gastric and duodenal motility were made before surgery and 3, 7, and 35 days after surgery. Clinical observations were made daily throughout the study. Gross and histologic evaluations of the gastroesophageal and pyloric regions were performed at the termination of the study. The t 1/2 GE was significantly decreased after surgery. By positive contrast fluoroscopy, the vigor of antral contractions was seen to be decreased in three of the five dogs. On days 7 and 35, fluoroscopic findings were comparable to preoperative studies. Duodenogastric reflux was recognized fluoroscopically in three dogs on four different occasions. This may reflect normal reflux patterns in the dog. No gastrointestinal problems were evident after surgery in four dogs. Reflux esophagitis developed in one dog after surgery, which resolved with therapy. Studies of the Y-U pyloroplasty after 2 months indicated that it decreased gastric emptying time of solid food. Results of postmortem examination showed no abnormal gross or histopathologic changes of esophageal, gastric, or proximal duodenal tissues.
Electrophoretic mobility and conformational changes of DNA in agarose gels

We present observations of time-dependent electrophoretic mobility and conformational changes of a polyelectrolyte DNA in agarose gels under an applied electric field. The short-time averaged electrophoretic mobility can be measured by means of movement of fluorescence pattern after photobleaching (MOFPAP) while the average conformational change of an assembly of polyelectrolyte chains can be revealed by means of transient electric birefringence (TEB) which measures the rise and fall of the time-dependent optical anisotropy of the polyelectrolyte chains under an applied electric field. The results from a combination of the two techniques (MOFPAP and TEB) are discussed in terms of its implications on the mechanisms responsible for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. 1.
Efficient and compact green laser for micro‐projector applications

— Efficient and compact green lasers are keystone components for micro-projector applications in mobile devices. An architecture that consists of an infrared-producing DBR (distributed Bragg reflector) laser with a frequency-doubling crystal is used to synthesize a green laser that has high electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency and can be modulated at speeds required for scanner-based projectors. The design and performance of a green-laser package that uses adaptive optics to overcome the challenge of maintaining alignment between the waveguides of the DBR laser and the frequency-doubling crystal over temperature and lifetime is described. The adaptive optics technology that is employed uses the piezo-based smooth impact drive mechanism (SIDM) actuators that offer a very small step size and a range of travel adequate for the alignment operation. The laser is shown to be compact (0.7 cm3 in volume) and capable of a wall-plug efficiency approaching 10% (at 100-mW green power). It was demonstrated that the adaptive optics enables operation over a wide temperature range (10–60°C) and provides the capability for low-cost assembly of the device.
A Novel Method to Determine the Resistance of Biotemplated Nanowires

Genetically engineered Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) was coated with uniform layers of palladium metal particles in aqueous solution without the aid of an external reducing agent while producing nanowires of 300 nm in length and 30–60 nm in diameter. By combining a gold nanogap approach and electron beam assisted Pt deposition approach, an innovative electrical characterization technique has been developed in order to determine the resistance of a single Pallidium-Tobacco Mosaic Virus (Pd-TMV) nanorod. The preliminary results showed that these nanoparticles are indeed electrically conductive and that this technique can provide resistance measurements of these types of biotemplated nanoparticles.
The mechanism of the electrolytic evolution and dissolution of chlorine on graphite

Abstract The electrolytic evolution and dissolution of chlorine at graphite electrodes in molten lithium chloride were studied by the galvanostatic transients method. A cell of especially low inductance permitted the use of cds up to 200 A/cm 2 provided by an electronic switching circuit with a rise time of less than 100 ns. The anodic evolution results are consistent with a fast discharge of chloride ions followed by a rate-determining step that involves combination of chlorine atoms on a surface appreciably covered under Temkin conditions. At high cds, the cathodic dissolution reaction is limited by diffusion of chlorine in the melt to the electrode surface; at low cds the slow step, the dissociation of the chlorine on the surface, is followed by charge transfer.
Digital demodulation algorithm for the interferometric characterization of RF MEMS structures

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are under development as radio-frequency (RF) switches for a broad range of applications, where active and passive components can be switched into or out of RF circuits. Optical interferometry is well-suited to the characterization of MEMS structures due to its wide dynamic range, its fine resolution, and its non-invasive qualities. However, RF MEMS operate at frequencies ranging from a few megahertz to tens of gigahertz. These high operating frequencies offer challenges in the demodulation of the interferometric system. Our demodulation system consists of photodetecting the optical interferometric signal, converting the analog electronic signal to a digital signal, and digitally processing the signal to compute the MEMS structure's vibration amplitude. In this paper, we present a digital signal processing algorithm for demodulating an interferometer developed for characterizing RF MEMS. Our algorithm is based on a phase-generated carrier modulation system and assumes that the target structure is oscillating at a fixed frequency. A key feature of our algorithm is that it permits determination of a structure’s vibration amplitude, where the structure's vibration frequency is greater than the analog-to-digital converter's (ADC's) sample frequency. Therefore, commercially-available low-cost ADCs and microprocessor systems may be used for real-time demodulation. Both simulation and experimental results will be presented.
Back to the Faculty: Transition from University Department Leadership

This study examined the perceptions and concerns of current academic department chairs as they consider the transition to full responsibilities as a faculty member after the completion of a term in this leadership role. Currently, little research has focused on the dynamics of this transition process. Findings indicated that most department chairs planned to return to faculty positions and that a primary concern was reconstructing research agendas with minimal support. The discussion proposes ways in which institutions can support the return of former chairs to a faculty position that demands and rewards achievement in teaching, research, and service. These findings have implications for influencing policies and procedures relative to securing and continuing quality leadership and faculty productivity at the departmental level.
Rotationally resolved overtone spectroscopy of the NO–Ar complex

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum of the NO–Ar complex is measured in the region of the first NO overtone band using a new type of IR–UV double resonance technique which combines IR excitation with (2+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization detection. The long lifetime of the complex (⩾30 ns) allows the sensitive detection of the vibrationally excited complex itself. Two bands corresponding to ΔP=0 and ΔP=+1 transitions are observed at 3723.4 and 3727.4 cm−1. The rotational analysis is based on a rigid rotor model Hamiltonian and yields the rotational constants A′=1.795(5) cm−1, B′=0.0785(2) cm−1, and C′=0.0615(1) cm−1. The observed splitting of rotational lines is consistent with an increased quenching constant ζ′=4.0(5) cm−1.