cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biocomplexity from the Ground Up: Vegetation Patterns in a West African Savanna Landscape

Most studies of vegetation in African savannas have adopted reductionist approaches to research, mostly by looking at only “natural” or “anthropogenic” spaces in focal landscapes. Few have considered how social and biophysical factors interact to create vegetation patterns across landscapes. More holistic understanding of pattern–process relationships across savanna landscapes as wholes is needed to manage the ecological connections of global and local change. To understand how process interactions create vegetation patterns in a savanna landscape, I sampled vegetation in 217 sites in southwestern Mali, where conditions are similar to many parts of West Africa. For each site, I collected site-specific data on several biophysical factors as well as histories of settlement or cultivation, based on ethnographic interviews. Hierarchical clustering, indicator species analysis, multiresponse permutation procedures, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed patterns of floristic variation across the landsc...
Role of urinary supersaturation in the evaluation of children with urolithiasis

Timed urine collections are a standard part of the evaluation for predisposition to stone formation in children with urolithiasis. Supersaturation is defined as the ratio of the concentration of dissolved salt to its solubility in urine. The purpose of the present study was to determine if adding supersaturation to the standard timed urine collection increased the ability to detect a metabolic predisposition to stone formation. Thirty-two children with urolithiasis had 24-hour urine measurements of calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, and cystine (the “traditional” evaluation), as well as supersaturation for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid, on the same urine sample. Nine (28%) of the 32 were hypercalciuric, 2 (6%) hyperoxaluric, and 4 (12%) hypocitraturic. In total, 14 (44%) had a metabolic predisposition that was detected by the traditional evaluation. Supersaturation was elevated in 18 (56%), including nine who did not have metabolic predisposition detected by traditional evaluation. Urine volume was low in 17 (53%) of 32 children, including eight of nine children with abnormal supersaturation but normal traditional evaluation. Only one child with normal traditional evaluation and normal urine volume had elevated supersaturation. These results show that the benefit of adding supersaturation to the traditional evaluation was largely negated by consideration of urine volume.
Using dynamic geometry to explore non-traditional theorems

The purpose of this article is to provide examples of 'non-traditional' theorems that can be explored in a dynamic geometry environment by university and high school students. These theorems were encountered in the dynamic geometry environment. The author believes that teachers can ask their students to construct proofs for these theorems. The Appendix contains proof outlines for each theorem.
Misplaced Devices in the Chest, Abdomen, and Pelvis: Part II

Numerous medical devices are used in the chest and fewer in the abdomen and pelvis. They are frequently seen on various radiological studies in daily practice. Knowing the specific name of the device is not important. However, knowing the proper positioning and function of the device is necessary. It is a duty of the reporting radiologist to recognize the malpositioning or breakage of a medical device and to inform the responsible physician promptly, since these complications can have undesirable consequences and sometimes a fatal outcome.
[FeII(MeCN)4]2+(ClO4−)2 and [FeIIICl33] as Mimics for the Catalytic Centers of Peroxidase, Catalase and Cvtochrome P‐450

Addition of [FeII(MeCN)24+(ClO−4)2 to solutions of hydrogen peroxide in dry acetonitrile (MeCN) catalyzes a rapid disproportionation of H2O2 via the initial formation of an adduct, [FeII(HOOH)Fe(O)(OH2)]2+, which oxidizes a second H2O2 to dioxygen. This intermediate also cleanly oxidizes substituted hydrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, and thioethers by a two-electron process. The products for these H2O2 oxidations are consistent with those that result from catalase- and some peroxidase-catalyzed processes. In the same aprotic medium (MeCN) anhydrous FeIIICl3 catalyzes the demethylation of N,N-dimethylaniline, the epoxidation of olefins, and the oxidative cleavage of 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (and other 1,2-diols) by hydrogen peroxide. A mechanism is proposed in which an initial Lewis acid-base interaction of FeIIICl3 with H2O2 generates a highly electrophilic FeIII-oxene species as the reactive intermediate. For each class of substrate the products closely parallel those that result from their enzymatic oxidation by cytochrome P-450. Because of (a) the close congruence of products, (b) the catalytic nature of the FeIIICl3/H2O2 reaction mimic, and (c) the similarity of the dipolar aprotic solvent (acetonitrile) to the proteinaceous lipid matrix of the biomembrane, the form of the reactive intermediate may be the same in each case. This is in contrast to the prevailing view that cytochrome P-450 acts as a redox catalyst to generate an Fe(V)-oxo species or an Fe(IV)-oxo cation radical as the reactive intermediate.
The Evolution of the Property Tax: A Study of the Relation between Public Finance and Political Theory

The property tax has perplexed and frustrated economists for decades, and for most of this century it has been denounced as an unjustifiable relic of the Middle Ages, which has unaccountably survived into modern times. The property tax is in fact the oldest tax in any modern system of public finance, and because of its age it has been associated with both modern and premodern tax philosophies. This essay explores the political context of the property tax in its medieval and modern settings--i.e., before and after the seventeenth-century revolution in political philosophy that gave birth to liberalism and "political economy." That revolution altered our understanding of the purpose of the state, bringing corresponding changes to our understanding of public finance. The modern property tax is a legacy of that revolution. But the modern property tax is mostly a legal facade, concealing a very different tax behind it. The de facto property tax, made possible by decentralized administration and by informal and...
Dependency of permeability-surface area product upon solute concentration, and its significance in the interpretation of lymph flux data

Abstract The assessment of permeability-surface products ( PS ) and reflection coefficients (σ) for macromolecules crossing capillary walls into neighboring lymphatics has until now assumed PS to be independent of solute concentration for homoporous membranes. When serum proteins are used as transport markers, the concentrations are high enough to make PS , and therefore σ, dependent upon protein concentration. Therefore, description of protein flux by the standard homoporous global nonlinear transport equation (GNT) would result in erroneous values for PS and σ. The current study employs a concentration-dependent diffusivity equation (CDDT) to describe the transport by standard irreversible thermodynamics. Results from the literature using the GNT are reinterpreted by the CDDT to show the magnitude of and the qualitative changes in interpretation. PS for albumin is shown to be reduced up to 10% and to be a complex monotonically increasing function across the membrane depending on solute concentration and lymph flow rate. σ is reduced up to 8%, and fractional permeative transport is decreased up to 9%. It is suggested that the CDDT replace the GNT where possible for descriptions of protein transport, especially in situations of low lymph flow and high protein concentration. Although the CDDT is derived for homoporous membranes, it is applicable to several types of heteroporous membranes with acceptable error and in some instances no error. When these equations do not explain transport data, it is an indication either that the experimental design has led to changes in the transport parameters, or that a more complex heteroporous equation is needed.
National Study of Behavioral and Life Changes Since September 11

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9-11), terrorism poses a continuous threat to those living in the United States. A substantial number of people may have experienced behavioral and life changes since the attacks, with possible implications for public health. This study investigated behavioral and life changes American people have experienced since the attacks. Using random-digit dialing that included unpublished numbers and new listings, a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of 807 U.S. adults ages 18 or older was interviewed. Logistic regression analyses indicated that gender, age, race/ethnicity, and employment status were significant predictors for experiencing different outcome variables. The qualitative data obtained from an open-ended question regarding life changes were analyzed and synthesized. The 9-11 events have considerably affected Americans’ lifestyles and behavior, which may have various implications for public health policy makers and educators.
Effects of metoclopramide and quipazine on serum molactin concentrations in steers

The dopamine antagonist metoclopramide monohydrochloride (MC) and the serotonin agonist quipazine maleate (Q were administered to steers by both the oral and intravenous (i.v.) routes. Dose-response studies were designed to determine the effects of these drugs on serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations. Parameters subjected to analysis included maximal serum PRL concentrations within 1 h and the areas under the PRL response curves over time. At 1,4, and 8 mg/kg i.v., and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg orally, MC increased (P < 0.05) serum PRL concentrations (difference between maximal and basal serum PRL concentrations) and increased (P < 0.05) areas under the PRL response curves except for 1.0 mg/kg i.v. Doses of MC greater than 60 mg/kg and Q at all dosage rates were considered toxic. These studies determined a dose-response to MC in terms of serum PRL concentration and indicate that MC is well tolerated and effective for elevating serum PRL concentrations in steers. Furthermore, 4 mg/kg i.v. and 15 mg/kg orally could be considered the preferred dosage rates due to a plateau in the response above those rates.
Renormalizability, gauge invariance and vμve scattering in Weinberg-Salam model

Abstract The amplitude for v μ v e elastic scattering has been calculated to fourth order in R gz gauge in the framework of the Weinberg-Salam model to verify renormalizability and gauge invariance. Regularization and renormalization of two-point spinor loop contributions are explicitly carried out and it is shown that the relevant WT-identities are satisfied. Comparative comments on ζ-limiting procedure, R ζ - and U-gauge calculations are made.
The direction of glycan chain elongation by peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases

Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGTs) are highly conserved enzymes that catalyze the polymerization of Lipid II to form the glycan strands of bacterial murein. Because they play a key role in bacterial cell wall synthesis, these enzymes are potentially important antibiotic targets; however, their mechanisms are not yet understood. One longstanding question about these enzymes is whether they elongate glycan chains by adding subunits to the anomeric (reducing) end or to the 4-hydroxyl (non-reducing) end. We have developed an approach to test the direction of chain elongation that involves the use of nascent peptidoglycan chains which are blocked at their non-reducing ends. In the presence of the PGT domains of Staphylococcus aureus PBP2, Aquifex aeolicus PBP1A, Escherichia coli PBP1A or Escherichia coli PBP1B, these blocked substrates react with Lipid II to form longer glycan chains. These results establish that PGTs elongate nascent peptidoglycan chains by the addition of disaccharide subunits to the anomeric (reducing) end of the growing polymer.
Evolution of crystal morphologies to equilibrium by surface diffusion with anisotropic surface free energy in three dimensions

We present a mathematical model for the evolution of finite crystal surface by surface diffusion with smooth anisotropic surface free energy. Employing this model we study the entire evolution path of a single crystal to equilibrium. We examine examples of simple cubic crystals with different levels of anisotropic surface free energy and different initial crystal configurations. We find that with a mildly anisotropic surface free energy, the crystal morphology is smooth in evolution and evolves to a unique equilibrium crystal shape. There are rapid reductions of the total surface energy and fast changes in the crystal morphology in the early evolution. In the early evolution, the amount of energy reduction with time follows closely to a power law with the exponent 14 when the initial surface is piecewise planar. With a severely anisotropic surface free energy, depending on the initial crystal configuration and surface free energy, edges, corners and faceting by hill-and-valley structures on crystal surface may occur. The equilibrium crystal shape approaches a polyhedron Wulff shape as the anisotropy in the surface free energy becomes more severe.
Copper-transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B: cousins, not twins

Copper plays an essential role in human physiology and is indispensable for normal growth and development. Enzymes that are involved in connective tissue formation, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, iron transport, and others essential physiological processes require copper as a cofactor to mediate their reactions. The biosynthetic incorporation of copper into these enzymes takes places within the secretory pathway and is critically dependent on the activity of copper-transporting ATPases ATP7A or ATP7B. In addition, ATP7A and ATP7B regulate intracellular copper concentration by removing excess copper from the cell. These two transporters belong to the family of P1-type ATPases, share significant sequence similarity, utilize the same general mechanism for their function, and show partial colocalization in some cells. However, the distinct biochemical characteristics and dissimilar trafficking properties of ATP7A and ATP7B in cells, in which they are co-expressed, indicate that specific functions of these two copper-transporting ATPases are not identical. Immuno-detection studies in cells and tissues have begun to suggest specific roles for ATP7A and ATP7B. These experiments also revealed technical challenges associated with quantitative detection of copper-transporting ATPases in tissues, as illustrated here by comparing the results of ATP7A and ATP7B immunodetection in mouse cerebellum.
Extraordinarily high drive currents in asymmetrical double-gate MOSFETs

Abstract Numerical simulation results derived from a Schrodinger–Poisson tool applied to scaled double-gate (DG) MOSFETs, supplemented by analytical characterizations of the pertinent physics, are presented to give insight concerning the near-ideal features of DG devices and to explain how the low-voltage drive current of the asymmetrical DG MOSFET, having only one predominant channel, can be comparable to, and even higher than, that of the symmetrical-gate counterpart designed to have the same off-state current.
A Parametric Radiation Detector Preamplifier

A charge-sensitive preamplifier has been built employing a pair of varactor diodes in a novel parametric amplifier configuration as the first amplifying element. The circuit consists of a parametric subharmonic oscillator, pumped at about 130 Mc included in a negative feedback loop. Input charge signals perturb the oscillator tuning. The feedback circuit prevents significant change in the oscillator amplitude by supplying an approximately equal, opposite charge to the input circuit through a small feedback capacitor. The following noise performance, referred to germanium detectors, has been obtained. Temperature FWHM Slope 300°K 1.40 keV 20 ev/pF 77°K 0.64 keV 13 ev/pF
A. W. Goodman: research mathematician and educator

The paper contains a biographical profile of A. W. Goodman, a review of his main results and the complete list of his published research papers and books.
Immunocytochemical mapping of FMRFamide-like peptides in the argasid tick Ornithodoros parkeri and the ixodid tick Dermacentor variabilis

FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity was studied in the argasid tick Ornithodoros parkeri and the ixodid tick Dermacentor variabilis using immunocytochemistry based on the peroxidase-antigeroxidase method. FMRFamide-like immunoreactive cells are widely distributed in various regions of the tick synganglion including protocerebral, cheliceral, stomodeal, palpal, pedal I–IV, and opisthosomal regions in both species. However, there is one layer of immunoreactive cells located on the dorsal surface of the postoesophageal part of the synganglion that is found only in D. variabilis. Besides the immunoreactivity within the cell body and its axons, the neuropile and the neural lamella (the extracellular sheath of the synganglion) are rich in immunoreactive materials. Some coxal muscles are innervated by the FMRFamide-like immunoreactive processes of the nerve from the pedal ganglion.
Characterization of the Human Protease Nexin-1 Promoter and Its Regulation by Sp1 Through a G/C-Rich Activation Domain†

: Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a potent inhibitor of serine proteases in the extracellular environment. It is abundantly expressed in the nervous system, where it is thought to participate in local injury and repair processes. Although some information has been obtained regarding PN-1 gene structure, relatively little is known about the cis- and trans-acting factors that regulate its expression. Elucidation of these factors should provide a better understanding of PN-1 function during development and wound repair. In this report we describe the characterization of the human PN-1 promoter and identify regulatory domains and a transactivator mediating its transcriptional activity. The promoter is highly G/C rich proximal to the transcriptional start site. It exhibits tissue specificity and is negatively regulated by a silencer element upstream of position −480. A positive regulatory element was mapped between −199 and −45, which contains multiple putative Sp1 consensus binding sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis confirmed that Sp1 specifically binds this region of the PN-1 promoter. DNase I foot-printing revealed six potential Sp1 binding sites between −103 and −56 that were protected by recombinant Sp1. Cotransfection experiments into the Sp1-deficient Drosophila SL2 cell line also showed that Sp1 activates PN-1 promoter activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Thus, our analysis demonstrates that activation of PN-1 transcription is regulated by Sp1 through G/C-rich cis-acting elements in the 5′ proximal promoter region.
Phenazopyridine-induced hemolytic anemia

An elderly man was seen with hemolytic anemia due to the urinary tract analgesic, phenazopyridine hydrochloride. The mechanisms underlying this toxic reaction are presented. Cautious use of this drug in elderly patients and in those with renal insufficiency is emphasized.
Maternal Electrical Seizures Are Associated with an Increase in Perinatal Death in Rat Pups

Relatively few investigators have examined the effect of pregnancy on seizure susceptibility. The present study was designed to determine whether there are any changes in hippocampal seizure thresholds during different stages of pregnancy. Second, we examined the effect of maternal seizures on perinatal mortality.Sixteen female rats were surgically anesthetized and a bipolar electrode stereotaxically implanted into the dorsal hippocampus. Following 1-week recovery, baseline values for seizure threshold were obtained for all rats. Seizure thresholds were then re-determined on days 7, 14, and 21 from baseline. Rats were then mated, and seizure thresholds again re-determined at days 7, 14, and 21 of pregnancy. Vaginal smears were taken 3 times weekly to determine stage of estrus on days stimulated during nonpregnancy. The amount of electrical current required to initiate a hippocampal seizure significantly decreased across each of the three stimulations before pregnancy (P <. 01). Vaginal smears indicated th...
The mere association effect and brand evaluations

Abstract The associative network model of memory proposes that each node (construct) belongs to specific networks of associations. These networks include nodes that share associations with a third (common) construct but are not themselves directly associated ( merely associated nodes ). The present research proposes that automatic associations between such indirectly related nodes can be primed in a single exposure and this may be sufficient to alter subsequent concept evaluations. An implicit cognition measure is used to demonstrate the automatic transfer of properties (both cognitive evaluations and affective responses) from a common associative node to seemingly unrelated objects. The effect is driven by individuals' inability to ignore activated but irrelevant associations. Results also show that the mere association effect and the underlying property transfer process (1) are more likely for consumers familiar with the concepts involved, (2) involve both cognitive and affective information, and (3) counterintuitively, occur more often for concepts from different categories rather than the same category.
Thoracic fraction of inhaled fiber aerosol.

Size-selective sampling is a health-related method to collect airborne particles based on penetration of inhaled particles into different regions of the human respiratory tract; thus, it is the most relevant sampling method to correlate health risks with occupational exposure. The current practice of sampling asbestos and other fibers is not a size-selective method. The thoracic size fraction, defined as the portion of inhaled particles that can penetrate through the larynx, has been suggested as the most relevant size-selective sampling method for fiber aerosol. The thoracic fraction is based on 1-deposition of inhaled spherical particles in the human extrathoracic airways for mouth breathing and corrected for the particle inhalability. There is no comparable information for fiber aerosols; therefore, there is no technical basis to ascertain whether the current thoracic fraction definition is suitable for fiber aerosols. No human data are available from controlled experiments of inhaled fiber aerosols fo...
Surface and colloid properties of cyclic amides II. phase separation, surface activity and micellization in mixtures of N-hexyl-2-pyrrolidone and water

N-hexyl-2-pyrrolidone (HP) and water are partially miscible above a lower consolute temperature (LCT) of 19.1°C. The interfacial tension of the two phase system was measured as a function of temperature. HP is surface active at the air/solution interface and forms micelles in solution at all temperatures from the freezing point up to the LCT and up to 25°C in the water-rich phase above the LCT. At low water contents, water is positively adsorbed at the air/solution interface.
Nuciruptor rubricae, a new Pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia

A new genus and species of platyrrhine primate, Nuciruptor rubricae, are added to the increasingly diverse primate fauna from the middle Miocene of La Venta, Columbia. This species displays a number of dental and gnathic features indicating that it is related to living and extinct Pitheciinae (extant Callicebus, Pithecia, Chiropotes, Cacajao, and the Colombian middle Miocene Cebupithecia sarmientoi). Nuciruptor is markedly more derived than Callicebus but possesses a less derived mandibular form and incisor-canine complex than extant and extinct pitheciins (Cebupithecia, Pithecia, Chiropotes, and Cacajao), suggesting that it is a primitive member of the tribe Pitheciini within the larger monophyletic Pitheciinae. Nuciruptor has procumbent and moderately elongate lower incisors and low-crowned molars, suggesting that is was a seed predator, as are living pitheciins. Its estimated body size of approximately 2.0 kg places it within the size range of extant pitheciines. The dental and gnathic morphology of Nuciruptor clarifies several aspects of dental character evolution in Pitheciinae and makes it less likely that the enigmatic Mohanamico hershkovitzi (m. Miocene, Columbia) is a pitheciin.
On nonlinear K-l and K-ε models of turbulence

The commonly used linear K-l and K-e models of turbulence are shown to be incapable of accurately predicting turbulent flows where the normal Reynolds stresses play an important role. By means of an asymptotic expansion, nonlinear K-l and K-e models are obtained which, unlike all such previous nonlinear models, satisfy both realizability and the necessary invariance requirements. Calculations are presented which demonstrate that this nonlinear model is able to predict the normal Reynolds stresses in turbulent channel flow much more accurately than the linear model. Furthermore, the nonlinear model is shown to be capable of predicting turbulent secondary flows in non-circular ducts - a phenomenon which the linear models are fundamentally unable to describe. An additional application of this model to the improved prediction of separated flows is discussed briefly along with other possible avenues of future research.
Octakis(trimethylsilylmethyl)dioxotetramolybdenum. A novel tetranuclear compound with two localized metalmetal triple bonds

Abstract 1,2-Mo2Br2(CH2SiMe3)4 reacts with water (two equivalents) in hexane solution in the presence of HNPri2 (four equivalents) to give the dark red crystalline compound Mo4O2(CH2SiMe3)8 which has been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography in the solid-state and by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Two ethane-like OC2MoMoC2O units are held together by the agency of a pair of oxo bridges: Mo–Mo=2.20(1) A (ave), MoO=1.89(1) A (ave), MoC=2.11(2) A (ave), MoMoC=101(1)° (ave), MoMoO=105(1)° (ave) and MoOMo=133(1)° (ave).
Metal vapor synthesis of trifluoromethyl-Group III compounds

Abstract Tris(trifluoromethyl)thallium, Tl(CF3)3, as well as other less defined trifluoromethyl-Group III compounds have been prepared for the first time by condensing metal atoms with trifluoromethyl radicals on a cryogenic surface. The unusually reactive nature of several of the products necessitated that a very unique and elaborate metal-atom reactor be designed and constructed which would allow the isolation of the products at sub-ambient conditions.
Motion and Strain Along the Musculotendon Junction of the Biceps Femoris: Shortening vs. Lengthening Contractions

Acute muscle strain injuries typically occur during active lengthening contractions, and tend to present along or near a musculotendon junction (MTJ) [1]. For example, among sprinters, the majority of hamstring strain injuries involve the proximal MTJ of the biceps femoris long head [1,2]. We have previously shown that post-injury scarring at the MTJ can persist for many months after return to sport [2], which may contribute to the high risk for re-injury associated with these injuries. Thus, it is pertinent to understand why the MTJ is susceptible to injury, and ultimately how post-injury remodeling may alter in-vivo mechanics. The purpose of the current study was to use dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to visualize muscle tissue displacements and mechanical strains during active lengthening contractions in the biceps femoris. We hypothesized that active lengthening contractions would induce greater mechanical strain along the proximal MTJ, when compared to shortening contractions of similar loads and ranges of motion.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Phase equilibria in the system CaO-cobalt oxide in air

Abstract Phase relations in the system CaO-cobalt oxide in air have been determined in the temperature range of approximately 800–1500°C. The only crystalline phases existing in equilibrium with liquids in the system are lime solid solution and CoO solid solution; the eutectic temperature in air is 1350°C. At temperatures well below the solidus, two previously unknown compounds are present. One of these compounds has the composition 3 CaO·2Co2O3 and is stable in air up to 926°C, where it decomposes to CoO solid solution and a phase of composition 3CaO·Co2O3. The latter phase is stable to 1026° in air, where it decomposes to lime solid solution and CoO solid solution.
Hourly and daytime evapotranspiration from grassland using radiometric surface temperatures

Determination of evapotranspiration (E ) is needed for many applications in agriculture, hydrology, and meteorology. The spatial variability of leaf area index (LAI) and soil water availability makes it impractical to model E over heterogeneous lands using ground-based techniques. Remote sensing can be a good source for both LAI and radiometric surface temperature (T s ) estimates. However, remotely sensed soil moisture content is not suitable for E prediction. In this study, we propose a procedure to estimate E using T,. The method uses a dimensionless temperature Δ T , defined as (T s - T a )/(T max - T a ), where T, is the air temperature and T max is the surface temperature that would occur if all the net radiation (R a ) was converted to sensible heat flux and no evaporation occurred. This approach has been tested on data from two grassland sites in Oklahoma and Kansas. Root mean square differences between hourly predicted and measured E ranged from 30 to 50 W m -2 . The slope and r 2 for the zero-intercept linear regression between hourly estimated and measured E ranged from 1.01 to 1.37 and 78 to 0.94, respectively. Daytime conservation of evaporative fraction (EF = EIR,) was used to extrapolate from hourly to daytime E. The slope and r 2 of the linear regression between daytime estimated and measured E ranged from 0.89 to 1.07 and 0.69 to 0.9, respectively. These results demonstrate that, for grassland, the model may give good estimates of E when T a and T s are available.
Dietary fiber affects the onset of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters.

Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults. The infection is usually initiated after antibiotics perturb the colonic microecology. The treatment of severe disease is a course of vancomycin or metronidazole, but non-antibiotic modalities to help in disease prevention and treatment are needed. Four fiber supplements used by humans were tested in ampicillin treated hamsters and their influence on Clostridium difficile disease was determined. After ampicillin dosing and inoculation of C. difficile, cellulose fiber and polycarbophil (both at p<0.03) lengthened time to disease onset, while psyllium (p<0.01) and soy fiber (p<0.02) decreased disease onset time. Several mechanisms of fiber action were examined, including changes in the number or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora, number of C. difficile toxin A receptors, and post-dose levels of antibiotic in the cecum. Although the tested fiber supplements did not prevent C. difficile disease, this study shows that the dietary fibers can modulate C. difficile disease onset times in this hamster model by different mechanisms.
Statistical-mechanical selection of the shapes of disk galaxies

A new method is proposed for selecting steady state shapes of disk galaxies as 'most probable states' of a large number of stars, given only the total energy and total angular momentum. A partial differential equation is derived for the mean gravitational potential; it is closely related to the 'sinh-Poisson' equation for the mean-field description of a line vortex system or electrostatic guiding-center plasma. A 'water bag' approximation to the distribution function for bound stars renders the equation analytically tractable, but accurate solution of it may require numerical integration, in view of its general nonlinearity.
Recent Development of Terahertz Wave Time-Domain Technology

Terahertz (THz) radiation, which occupies a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the infrared and microwave bands, offers innovative imaging and sensing technologies that can provide information, which is not available through conventional methods (i.e. microwave and X-ray techniques.) Recently, governmental supported THz wave related fundamental research in science and application emphasized technology development has increased substantially. As THz wave (T-ray) technology improves, we believe new T-ray capabilities will impact a range of interdisciplinary fields, including: communications, imaging, medical diagnosis, health monitoring, environmental control, and chemical and biological identification. This is particularly crucial for identifying terrorist threats in homeland security (three to five years), and medical diagnosis or even clinical treatment in biomedical applications (five to ten years)
Cloning and characterization of an equine cutaneous papillomavirus.

Abstract Equine papillomaviruses (EgPV) from naturally occurring cases of cutaneous papillomatosis in several ponies and one horse were isolated, cloned, and characterized. Group specific papillomavirus structural antigens were detected in sections of the papillomas by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique, and virions were observed in the nuclei of cells in the stratum granulosum and corneum. Negatively stained virions purified from papilloma homogenates by isopycnic CsCl centrifugation were 55 nm in diameter and had typical papillomavirus morphology. The entire viral genomes of two separate isolates were cloned at a single BamHl site into pBR322. A detailed restriction map of the viral genome is presented. Using nick-translated subgenomic fragments of BPV-1 as probes in Southern blot hybridizations, the organization of the EgPV genome was established. Southern blot analysis under various conditions of stringency revealed that EgPV shares relatively more homology with the late region of the BPV-1 genome and with the E2 region of the HPV-1 genome than with other parts of the same viral DNAs. Papillomavirus-specific sequences were found in papillomas from other anatomic sites using the EgPV DNA as a probe in Southern blot hybridizations. Genomes detected in DNA from penile papillomas had a different restriction pattern and hybridized to the EgPV probe only under nonstringent conditions.
Transient Radiation-Induced Response of MOS Field Effect Transistors

It was found that the radiation-induced leakage current across the gate-to-substrate and the drain-to-substrate semiconductor junction dominates the behavior of MOS field effect transistors for small gate impedances. The smaller radiation-induced gate leakage current consists, to a large extent, of components due to secondary emission and air ionization effects. For large gate impedances, the gate leakage current can be important because of a modulation of the gate bias. The voltage dependence of this leakage current is also discussed. Based upon these findings and the physical structure of the device, an equivalent circuit model has been developed to predict the behavior of devices of this type in a transient radiation environment. The model consists of a standard nonradiation equivalent circuit modified by the inclusion of elements to describe the substrate junctions and the addition of current generators in parallel with the gate-to-substrate and the drain-to-substrate capacitances to account for transient radiation effects. A voltage dependent gate-to-channel current generator can also be included to describe the gate leakage current. The utility of the model was confirmed by comparing the predicted behavior of radiation-induced responses with responses observed at a flash X-ray. The equivalent circuit model developed is suitable for use with existing automated circuit prediction techniques and contains parameters measurable with standard instrumentation procedures.
Effect of part symmetry on manual assembly times

Abstract The effect of symmetry of parts on the time taken to handle parts during manual assembly is studied. It is experimentally shown that part symmetry can be classified into four categories; in each category, the parts require significantly different orientation times. This information can be used by product designers when considering design for ease of assembly.
Deformation mechanism maps based on grain size

A new form of deformation mechanism map is introduced based on grain size. Maps are developed for pure aluminum at two different homologous temperatures, and the relative contributions of the various deformation processes are estimated as a function of stress at different grain sizes. A simple method of constructing these maps is presented, requiring only a knowledge of the relevant constitutive equations for the various mechanisms and a minimum of calculation.
Temperature effects on oxygen consumption in genic/MDH variants of red shiner (Notropis lutrensis) populations

Abstract o 1. RoutineV0307O 2 were determined for six MDH-B genotypes of red shiner, Notropis lutrensis (0.24–1.42 g) at 10 and 30°C. 2. V0307O 2 were significantly correlated with fish weight at 10, but not at 30°C. 3. V0307O 2 were significantly higher at 30 than at 10°C and the mean Q 10 from combined data was 2.04. 4. Variations in MDH-B genotype were not significantly reflected inV0307O 2 of this species.
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in AIDS: A prospective evaluation of clinical response to ganciclovir therapy, relapse rate, and long-term outcome

Purpose Although cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis is an important complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, there has been little study specifically addressing the response to currently available antiviral therapy, relapse rate without maintenance therapy, and long-term outcome. Patients and methods Over a 45-month period, 44 patients with CMV esophagitis established endoscopically and histopathologically were prospectively identified from among all human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected patients undergoing endoscopy. Induction therapy consisted of intravenous ganciclovir at 10 mg/kg per day for approximately 14 days. Foscarnet was given at 60 mg/kg every 8 hours for nonresponders to ganciclovir. Results Of these patients, 35 completed induction ganciclovir therapy, resulting in a complete response in 17 (49%) and a partial response in 10 (29%), yielding a 77% overall response rate. Seven of 8 nonresponders were subsequently treated with foscarnet, with a clinical response seen in 5 patients. In the 18 eventual complete responders to ganciclovir or foscarnet followed up without maintenance therapy, 7 (39%) relapsed at a median of 4 months (range 2 to 18 months). In all cases, relapse was manifested by recurrent odynophagia. Reinduction ganciclovir therapy yielded a complete response in 1 patient and a partial response in 2, and induction foscarnet treatment resulted in a complete response in the other treated patients. During long-term followup, 1 complete responder developed CMV colitis with concurrent retinitis, and 4 other patients developed retinitis. The median survival after diagnosis was 8.2 months, although survival for greater than 1 year was seen in 4 patients. No patient died as a direct result of esophageal disease, although ulcer-related bleeding may have contributed to death in 2 patients with endstage liver diseases and hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions CMV esophagitis has a favorable response te induction ganciclovir therapy, and a long-term remission may occur after induction therapy alone. Despite the favorable response to ganciclovir therapy, the long-term survival is poor, reflecting the severe immunodeficiency of these patients.
The Effect of Mismatching on the Measurement of Response Errors

Abstract When response errors are studied by means of record checks, the possibility exists that matching errors are made in relating responses to the corresponding record data. Two simple models are developed for matching errors, and the implications of such matching errors on various measures of response errors are studied. The models are applied to the data from a record check study, and it is found that relatively small imperfections in the matching process can lead to substantial bias in estimating the relationship between response errors and “true” values.
Gauge symmetry and non-Abelian topological sectors in a geometrically constrained model on the honeycomb lattice

We study a constrained statistical-mechanical model in two dimensions that has three useful descriptions. They are (i) the Ising model on the honeycomb lattice, constrained to have three up spins and three down spins on every hexagon, (ii) the three-color and fully packed loop model on the links of the honeycomb lattice, with loops around a single hexagon forbidden, and (iii) three Ising models on interleaved triangular lattices, with domain walls of the different Ising models not allowed to cross. Unlike the three-color model, the configuration space on the sphere or plane is connected under local moves. On higher-genus surfaces there are infinitely many dynamical sectors, labeled by a noncontractible set of nonintersecting loops. We demonstrate that at infinite temperature the transfer matrix admits an unusual structure related to a gauge symmetry for the same model on an anisotropic lattice. This enables us to diagonalize the original transfer matrix for up to 36 sites, finding an entropy per plaquette $S∕{k}_{B}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3661\ensuremath{\cdots}$ and substantial evidence that the model is not critical. We also find the striking property that the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix on an anisotropic lattice are given in terms of Fibonacci numbers. We comment on the possibility of a topological phase, with infinite topological degeneracy, in an associated two-dimensional quantum model.
Evaluation of heats and entropies of polymerization from measurements of equilibrium monomer concentration in solution

Formulas are derived for the evaluation of heats and entropies of polymerization from measurements of equilibrium monomer concentrations in solution. In contrast to previous work, the heats of mixing of monomer, solvent and polymer are taken into account. The effect of the glass transition in the polymer is considered. The derived relationships successfully predict the observed differences in equilibrium concentration of styrene monomer in different solvents. The effect of varying amounts of solvent and polymer on the equilibrium concentration of α-methylstyrene is also accounted for, at least semi-quantitatively. Aus Messungen der Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen des Monomeren in Losung werden Formeln zur Berechnung der Polymerisationswarme und -entropie hergeleitet. Im Gegensatz zu vorhergehenden Untersuchungen werden nunmehr die Mischungswerte vom Monomeren, vom Losungsmittel und vom Polymeren in Rechnung gesetzt. Der Ubergang des Polymeren von der Schmelze in den Glaszustand wird betrachtet. Die neu abgeleiteten Beziehungen geben die beobachteten Unterschiede der Gleichgewichtskonzentration des Styrol-Monomeren in verschiedenen Losungsmitteln gut wieder. Schlieslich wird die Wirkung verschiedener Anteile von Losungsmittel und Polymerem auf die Gleichgewichtskonzentration von α-Methylstyrol wenigstens annaherungsweise erklart.
In vitro comparison of output fluid temperatures for room temperature and prewarmed fluids.

Objective To determine if prewarmed intravenous fluids produce superior fluid output temperatures compared with room temperature fluids at common anaesthetic fluid rates for small animal patients. Methods A prospective, randomised, in vitro fluid line test-vein study was performed. Nine flow rates were analysed (10, 20, 60, 100, 140, 180, 220, 260 and 300 mL/hour) for room temperature fluids (21°C) and for five prewarmed fluids (40, 45, 50, 55 and 60°C). Results For each flow rate tested, room temperature fluids never exceeded 25°C at any time point for each trial (range 18 to 25°C). For each flow rate tested, prewarmed fluids never exceeded 25 · 5°C at any time point for each trial (range 18 to 25 · 5°C). The mean output fluid temperature of prewarmed fluids was significantly warmer than room temperature fluids only at 300 mL/hour for 40°C (P = 0 · 0012), 45°C (P = 0 · 004), 50°C (P = 0 · 0002), 55°C (P = 0 · 0001) and 60°C (P < 0 · 0001). Clinical Significance There was no thermodynamic benefit to utilising prewarmed intravenous fluids (up to 60°C) compared with room temperature intravenous fluids at common anaesthetic fluid rates for small animals.
The Changing Gender Ideology of Contemporary Hong Kong

Chapter 5 explains why higher earning wives cannot or do not get a similarly substantial reduction in their household burden like male breadwinners. In this chapter, I contend that the gendered backdrop is the major reason for the dysfunction of economic logic. Based on the interviews, I discussed the role of gender ideology in terms of marital power, with the expectation on men and women’s production role and expectation on emotional labor in explaining the household division of labor. First, the gender ideology provides a repertoire for couples to “do gender.” Second, the conflicts of gender ideologies between couples results in the creation of gender strategies for housework negotiation.
Parametrization of general seismic potency and moment tensors for source inversion of seismic waveform data

SUMMARY We decompose a general seismic potency tensor into isotropic tensor, double-couple tensor and compensated linear vector dipole using the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the full tensor. Two dimensionless parameters are used to quantify the size of the isotropic and compensated linear vector dipole components. The parameters have well-defined finite ranges and are suited for non-linear inversions of source tensors from seismic waveform data. The decomposition and parametrization for the potency tensor are used to obtain corresponding results for a general seismic moment tensor. The relations between different parameters of the potency and moment tensors in isotropic media are derived. We also discuss appropriate specification of the relative size of different source components in inversions of seismic data.
Developing a Knowledge-Based Organizational Performance Model for Discontinuous Participatory Enterprises

Our research seeks to understand how to extend established organization theory and emerging knowledge-flow theory to inform the design of organizations with discontinuous participation. Because knowledge flows enable workflows, and work determines performance, theory suggests the organization of knowledge-particularly tacit knowledge-is critical for competitive advantage. However, tacit knowledge does not flow well through the enterprise, and it attenuates particularly quickly in organizations that experience discontinuous participation. In this paper we build upon an ethnographic study and computational organization theory (COT) to model and analyze discontinuous participation in the domain of facility development. We find organizational design characteristics such as task interdependency affect flows of tacit knowledge and hence work performance in the enterprise. Computational and analytical results suggest how we can extend organization theory to address the dynamics of knowledge flows when designing organizations with discontinuous participation.
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Due to Dove Antigens in an Adolescent

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is infrequently reported in children. This article describes a 15-year-old girl who presented with insidious onset of dyspnea and weight loss. A hamster and doves were housed in her bedroom. Chest radiographs showed bilateral nodular infiltrates. Pulmonary function tests showed a restrictive pattern with O2 desaturation at rest. The diagnosis was substantiated by the presence of precipitating antibody to dove serum and droppings and by clinical improvement, along with marked improvement in pulmonary function test, after the doves were removed from her environment. The importance of making an early diagnosis to prevent debilitating fibrotic lung disease is emphasized. A detailed environmental history is essential.