cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Velocity Scaled Aeroelastic Testing of Advanced Turboprops

An innovative experimental procedure for the sub-velocity scale testing of anisotropic aeroelastic models is developed and applied to the Advanced Turboprop. The scaling laws for an anisotropic, rotating model are developed. These scaling laws indicate that by proper choice of model geometry, stiffness, and density, all of the important aeroelastic similarity parameters can be satisfied in a full-velocity scaled test. In a sub-velocity scaled test, all the similarity parameters except for the Mach number can be matched. The development of the model building technology to construct reduced stiffness anisotropic models for sub-velocity scaled testing is then reviewed. In order to experimentally verify the sub-velocity scaled procedure, a propeller model was constructed based on the G.E. UDF MPS model, and the aeroelastic and performance data are favorably compared. Finally, as an illustration of the versatility of the sub-velocity scaled approach, the model is used to demonstrate the sensitivity of ATP blade flutter to mass distribution.Copyright © 1987 by ASME
The 1986 Midterm Elections for Governor and State Legislatures: A Modest Departure From Past Patterns

The 1986 midterm election results departed from the normal pattern in which the president's party loses governorships and control of a significant number of state legislative chambers. For the first time since World War II, the presidential party scored a net gain in governors. At the same time, it sustained only minor losses in the legislatures. The election was unusual in the degree to which national forces, which normally work to the disadvantage of the president's party, were neutralized. The exposure/base year variable and the large number of open-seat contests worked to produce a high level of partisan change among the governorships. The absence of a strong national trend, coupled with the increasing institutionalization of state legislatures, worked against partisan change in the legislatures. National party involvement in state elections increased and is resulting in more integrated party structures.
Molly Deaths and The Failed War on Drugs

Sociologist Tammy L. Anderson proposes that the 2003 RAVE Act may endanger ravers more than protect them. Today’s popularity of huge commercial raves—and the incidence of health complications at th...
Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers

This volume complements two highly successful previously published volumes of Richard Rorty's philosophical papers: Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth, and Essays on Heidegger and Others. The essays in the volume engage with the work of many of today's most innovative thinkers including Robert Brandom, Donald Davidson, Daniel Dennett, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas, John McDowell, Hilary Putnam, John Searle, and Charles Taylor. The collection also touches on problems in contemporary feminism raised by Annette Baier, Marilyn Frye, and Catherine MacKinnon, and considers issues connected with human rights and cultural differences. Anyone with a serious interest in contemporary philosophy and what it can do for us in the modern world will enjoy this invaluable collection.
Race and Sex Differences in the Association between Food Insecurity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: To examine whether the relationship between food insecurity (FI) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) varies by race/ethnicity and sex. Methods: We analyzed data from low-income adults participating in the 2009 and 2011 waves of the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) (N=22,596). We used logistic regression models to estimate the sex and race-specific associations between FI and T2D. Results : We observed positive associations between low food security and T2D for White men (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.2), and between very low food security and T2D for White women (AOR: 1.6 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5). In Latinas, we observed positive associations between both low food security (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 2.2) and very low food security (AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.6) and T2D. We did not observe any associations between FI and T2D in Latino men, or African American women and men. Conclusion : The relationship between FI and T2D may be moderated by race and sex. For African Americans and Latino men, other distal factors may modify the effect of FI on rates of T2D. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(3):427-434; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.3.427
The influence of coordinated defects on inhomogeneous broadening in cubic lattices

The joint probability distribution function (JPDF) of electric field gradient (EFG) tensor components in cubic materials is dominated by coordinated pairings of defects in shells near probe nuclei. The contributions from these inner shell combinations and their surrounding structures contain the essential physics that determine the PAC-relevant quantities derived from them. The JPDF can be used to predict the nature of inhomogeneous broadening (IHB) in perturbed angular correlation (PAC) experiments by modeling the G2 spectrum and finding expectation values for Vzz and η. The ease with which this can be done depends upon the representation of the JPDF. Expanding on an earlier work by Czjzek et al. (Hyperfine Interact. 14, 189–194, 1983), Evenson et al. (Hyperfine Interact. 237, 119, 2016) provide a set of coordinates constructed from the EFG tensor invariants they named W1 and W2. Using this parameterization, the JPDF in cubic structures was constructed using a point charge model in which a single trapped defect (TD) is the nearest neighbor to a probe nucleus. Individual defects on nearby lattice sites pair with the TD to provide a locus of points in the W1−W2 plane around which an amorphous-like distribution of probability density grows. Interestingly, however, marginal, separable PDFs appear adequate to model IHB relevant cases. We present cases from simulations in cubic materials illustrating the importance of these near-shell coordinations.
A data-rich agent-based decision support model for hospital consolidation

ABSTRACTIn the complex space of the healthcare system, we need tools that help decision makers to interactively and inexpensively eliminate infeasible approaches prior to executing expensive changes, and focus on only the most promising strategies. A data-rich agent-based decision support model in the context of hospital consolidation is introduced to address a variety of scenarios. By “rich,” we mean extensive rule sets and information sources: these include agents' financial statements, operational performance, as well as a detailed set of strategic objectives. An application of this model is to analyze hospitals' merger and acquisition activities in New York City based on overarching characteristics for the 5,000+ hospitals nationwide. The model is accompanied by a large-scale interactive visualization, where an array of seven 8′ × 20′, 180 degree touch-screen monitors are installed. This unique approach enables non-technically oriented stakeholders an immersive experience that enables asking many “wha...
Enhancement of Folate Levels in Lettuce via a Methylotrophic Symbiont

Pink-Pigmented Facultatively Methylotrophic (PPFM) bacteria are distributed ubiquitously in the phyllosphere of plants where they participate in a unique symbiotic relationship. By utilizing methan...
Neoadjuvant bevacizumab: Surgical complications of mastectomy with and without reconstruction.

1100 Background: Neoadjuvant therapy is commonly used in operable breast cancer. We prospectively evaluated the surgical complications in a cohort of patients who underwent mastectomy following neo...
Current and emerging factor VIII replacement products for hemophilia A

Hemophilia A is a congenital X-linked bleeding disorder caused by coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency. Routine infusion of factor replacement products is the current standard of care; howeve...
My Journey to Becoming an Author

Abstract This chapter shares the experience of Ellen Abramson, a development officer at University of Michigan Health System, in her journey to become the author of a book of stories of patients who underwent esophagectomy surgery. The book, Esophageal Cancer: Real-Life Stories From Patients and Families, became a resource for those facing this surgery. The experience of becoming an author provided a new mode of self-expression for Abramson and her patient-authors.
Synergistic Integration of Laboratory and Numerical Approaches in Studies of the Biomechanics of Diseased Red Blood Cells

In red blood cell (RBC) disorders, such as sickle cell disease, hereditary spherocytosis, and diabetes, alterations to the size and shape of RBCs due to either mutations of RBC proteins or changes to the extracellular environment, lead to compromised cell deformability, impaired cell stability, and increased propensity to aggregate. Numerous laboratory approaches have been implemented to elucidate the pathogenesis of RBC disorders. Concurrently, computational RBC models have been developed to simulate the dynamics of RBCs under physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we review recent laboratory and computational studies of disordered RBCs. Distinguished from previous reviews, we emphasize how experimental techniques and computational modeling can be synergically integrated to improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of hematological disorders.
Relaxing leaf‐motion restrictions in dynamic multileaf collimator leaf sequencing

PURPOSE Traditionally, unidirectional leaf-sweeping schemes have been employed to deliver IMRT plans using the dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) technique. The goal of this research is to investigate the potential impact of relaxing the leaf-motion restrictions in DMLC IMRT on the beam-modulation quality and the delivery efficiency. METHODS This research relaxes the initial and final leaf-position constraints as well as the unidirectional leaf-motion restriction that have been traditionally imposed on DMLC leaf sequencing and develops exact and heuristic solution approaches to allow for an unconstrained and bidirectional leaf motion. The exact approach employs mixed-integer programming (MIP) techniques and the proposed heuristic method uses stochastic search algorithms while utilizing the special structure of the problem. The trade-off between beam-modulation quality and delivery efficiency is quantified and compared to that of unidirectional leaf-sweeping schemes. RESULTS The performance of the developed approaches is tested on liver and head-and-neck cancer cases. Results validate that unconstrained leaf trajectories can significantly improve the beam-modulation quality at small beam-on time values. However, this gain reduces as the available beam-on time increases. Additionally, the proposed heuristic approach can achieve near-optimal solutions with significantly smaller computational effort compared to the MIP solution approach. CONCLUSIONS Unconstrained leaf trajectories have the potential to enhance the fluence-modulation quality for cases in which the available beam-on time is limited. This gain is primarily attributed to the relaxation of the initial and final leaf positions. The unidirectionality restriction alone does not appear to be a limiting factor.
Abstract 116: Loss of T-type Ca2+ Channels Alters the Cardiac Response to Myocardial Infarction

Rationale: Cav3.1 T-type calcium channels are expressed during development and then re-expressed in ventricular myocytes after pathological stress such as myocardial infarction (MI). Our lab has pr...
Toxicity testing of "eco-friendly" de-icing formulations using Chironomus dilutus.

Abstract An influx of chloride ions from road de-icing solutions can result in toxicological effects to organisms in terrestrial and aquatic environments. As such, “eco-friendly” de-icing alternatives are sought to mitigate environmental impacts of de-icing impervious surfaces, while maintaining human safety. While many alternative de-icers are economically impractical for municipal use, the residential commercial market is flooded with de-icing formulations claiming to be “eco-friendly”. Given the little regulation and guidance that surrounds eco-labeling, the meaning of “eco-friendly” remains unclear in the context of biological systems. The objective of the current study was to determine the toxicity of three “eco-friendly” de-icing formulations to Chironomus dilutus using 10 d toxicity tests. The toxicity of these three formulations was compared to a traditional formulation composed entirely of chloride salts. Two of the “eco-friendly” de-icers demonstrated LC50s of 6.61 and 6.32 g/L, which were similar in toxicity to the traditional sodium chloride formulation with a LC50 6.29 g/L. The comparable toxicities of these formulations is likely due to the presence of chloride salts in each of the “eco-friendly” de-icers. The third “eco-friendly” formulation, a urea-based de-icer, demonstrated toxicity an order of magnitude higher than that of the traditional formulation with an LC50 of 0.63 g/L. While C. dilutus may not have been the intended endpoint in consideration when marketing these products as “eco-friendly”, consideration of how eco-labeling is utilized and the role of environmental scientists in determining the meaning of such claims must be considered to ensure continued and future protection of the environment.
Gravitational Waves from Stellar Mass Black Holes Around SgrA

We consider the detectability of the gravitational wave (GW) signal from an orbiting stellar-mass black hole (BH) with a mass of order 40 $M_{\odot}$ around Sgr A* at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. We simulate the sinking BHs to the center through dynamical friction and GW emission. We predict that LISA will detect of order 10 BHs at any given time with a signal-to-noise ratio $S/N > 10$.
Right ventricular function and residual mitral regurgitation after left ventricular assist device implantation determines the incidence of right heart failure.

Abstract Background The effect of significant mitral regurgitation (MR) on outcomes after continuous flow left ventricular assist device (cfLVAD) implantation remains unclear. Methods We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 159 patients with preoperative severe MR who underwent cfLVAD implantation (2003-2017). Two-step cluster analysis using the log-likelihood distance for post-cfLVAD implantation parameters, which included right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, MR severity, and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) severity. Post-cfLVAD implantation echocardiographic parameters were obtained within the first month. Results Cluster analysis resulted in 3 groups. Group 1 (n = 67) had mild or less MR with moderate-severe RV dysfunction (RVD). Group 2 (n = 43) had moderate-severe MR with moderate-severe RVD. Group 3 (n = 49) had moderate MR with mild RVD. Group 2 had the largest proportion with Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support score of 1 (30.2%) and 2 (41.9%). They were more likely to undergo temporary mechanical circulatory support (18.6%) and tricuspid valve procedure (62.8%). Group 2 had the highest rate of stroke (30.2%; P = .02), hemolysis (39.5%; P = .01), device thrombosis (30%; P = .01), and worst survival (46.5%; P = .01). Survival at 5 years for groups 1, 2, and 3 were 56.0%, 17.6%, and 55.8%. Regression analysis of the entire population showed that greater MR severity after cfLVAD was associated with RV failure (P Conclusions After cfLVAD implantation, moderate-severe MR and RVD predicted RV failure. Patients with preoperative moderate-severe MR and TR coupled with moderate-severe RVD might benefit the most from mitral and tricuspid valve intervention.
Age of First Exposure to American Football and Behavioral, Cognitive, Psychological, and Physical Outcomes in High School and Collegiate Football Players.

Background:Although some studies have observed a relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to American football and long-term outcomes, recent findings in collegiate athletes did not observe...
CANOMAD and other chronic ataxic neuropathies with disialosyl antibodies (CANDA) (P5.075)

Objective: To describe the clinical features, laboratory data, electrodiagnostic and sonographic features, histopathology, treatment, and patient outcomes in chronic ataxic neuropathy with ophthalmoplegia, monoclonal gammopathy, cold agglutinins, and disialosyl antibodies (CANOMAD) syndrome and other CANDA. Background: CANOMAD is a rare syndrome characterized by the presence of ataxic neuropathy, ophthalmoplegia, monoclonal gammopathy, cold agglutitins and disialosyl antibodies. The natural history of the disorder, incuding its responsiveness to immunomodulatory therapy, is not well characterized. Design/Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients seen at our institution over a ten year period that met clinical and laboratory criteria for CANOMAD/CANDA syndrome. Results: Eleven patients were identified, nine were male. Median age at onset was 56 years, and median disease duration was 6 years. All 11 patients had sensory ataxia and gait disorders ranged from mild (ambulating independently) to severe (wheelchair bound). Nine patients had ocular motility abnormalities. Paraproteins included IgM kappa or lambda (8), IgG kappa (1), and a free Mu heavy chain (1). One patient without a paraprotein had elevated IgM titers. Serum IgM was elevated in all patients. All 3 patients tested for cold agglutinins were positive. All patients had GD1b antibodies (range 6000–1,000,000). Electrodiagnostic studies were available in 10 patients and showed a mixed axonal/demyelinating pattern (6), an axonal pattern (3), and a pure demyelinating pattern (1). Nerve ultrasounds were obtained in four patients and all showed features consistent with acquired demyelination. A nerve biopsy showed near complete loss of myelinated axons with preservation of smaller axons. All patients received immunotherapy with a variable amount of improvement: IVIG (9); rituximab (8); cyclophosphamide (4); corticosteroids (3); azathioprine (1); and plasmapheresis (1). Conclusions: CANOMAD and other CANDA are rare and debilitating disorders with characteristic clinical and diagnostic findings. The syndrome has a protracted course with a variable response to even the most aggressive forms of immunotherapy. Disclosure: Dr. Garcia-Santibanez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pestronk has received personal compensation for activities with Athena as a speaker and revenue for patents. Dr. Bucelli has nothing to disclose.
The burning rate of a pool fire increased by bubble behaviors during nucleate boiling

Abstract Burning behavior of an ethanol pool fire, increased by bubble behavior during sub-cooled nucleate boiling regime is investigated in this study. Different from traditional pool fires, a metal element - which consists of a thin cylindrical collector in the flame zone and a cylindrical disk immersed in the pool is used to further increase the heat transfer. During burning, heat is transferred from the cylindrical collector to the disk immersed in ethanol. The immersed element quickly exceeds the saturation temperature of ethanol and bubbles begin to form on its surface. This bubble behavior is carefully examined and bubble size, departure frequency, and overall dynamics are presented in this study. The behavior of bubbles changes with the initial immersion depth l of the element and similarly the overall mass burning rate of the ethanol pool also varies. Results show a nonlinear variation of mass loss rate with the increase of l, and regimes based on the bubble dynamics during the burning are identified for the first time.
Effects of hydroxy trace mineral supplementation on gain and reproductive performance in beef heifers

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare hydroxy to sulfate sources of Cu and Zn, on growth and reproduction in Angus-based beef heifers. Over a 2 year period, 200 Angus-based, spring-born heifers were stratified by previous winter development treatment and BW to pens and fed either hydroxy (HD, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) or sulfate (SULF; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ) to provide 7.2 Mg Cu/kg and 12.3 mg Zn/kg of diet for 68 d Each year there were 4 pens per treatment. The ration consisted of 5.5 kg grass hay, 2.1 kg wet corn gluten feed, and 0.41 kg of a pelleted mineral supplement (DM basis). At the end of the feeding period heifers were synchronized, comingled, and artificially inseminated based on heat detection over a 3 day period. Following this period heifers were exposed to bulls for 60 days while grazing native range. The initial liver Cu and Zn did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) among sources. However, the SULF heifers (208 mg/kg) had greater (P
Increasing Transparency in Investment Facilitation: Focused Support Is Needed

A review of 60 countries from all regions suggests that the transparency of key aspects of investment-facilitation measures is uneven across country groups. Developing countries - and especially the least developed among them - will require substantial technical assistance to increase transparency.
Nonlinear optics for radiative heat control

We show that nonlinear optics can enable unique fundamental and practical functionalities in thermal science by summarizing our recent findings published in a series of works. Our work connects the field of nonlinear optics and the field of thermal radiation. (e-mail: ckhandek@stanford.edu).
Politics, Pandemic, and Racial Justice Through the Lens of Medicaid.

Medicaid is the largest health care coverage program in the United States and serves as a core institution that shapes-and is shaped by-public health crises, racial injustice, and electoral politics. As such, Medicaid played a central role in 2020-a monumental year in American history-when COVID, extraordinary uprisings against racial violence, and a historic presidential election all strikingly converged. Examining Medicaid's pivotal positioning at this nexus of politics, pandemic, and racial justice highlights fundamental constraints and possibilities in US health policy and underscores potentially fruitful directions for change under the incoming Biden administration. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 28, 2021: e1-e4. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306126).
Time‐reversal techniques for MISO and MIMO wireless communication systems

[1] We consider the application of different time-reversal (TR) signal processing and beamforming techniques to multiple-input single-output (MISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. Conventional TR beamforming provides spatial focusing at the intended receiver; however, it does not yield perfect channel equalization. Time-reversed pilot can be normalized to provide perfect equalization at the expense of power level. This equalization is particularly important for high data rates where the bit error rate performance is dominated by internal noise due to intersymbol interference. To increase physical layer covertness, TR beamforming is combined with the multiple-signal-classification (MUSIC) technique to produce null fields at eavesdroppers. This technique is also applied to MIMO setups to eliminate interuser interference and hence increase system capacity. Differential TR is used to obtain and update pilot signals for passive moving receivers, i.e., those that cannot (or do not) transmit pilot signals. Time-reversed differential backscattered signal is able to provide satisfactory spatial and temporal focusing at the moving receiver.
The lack of a role for protein kinase C in neurite extension and in the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells.

Nerve growth factor (NGF) causes pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) to undergo a number of physiological changes which mimic the differentiated neuronal cell, including neurite extension. We have examined protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) as a potential signaling mechanism in NGF-stimulated neurite outgrowth and induction of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) can activate protein kinase C and induce ornithine decarboxylase in PC12 cells with kinetics which are similar to those of NGF induction, but only to levels about 10-fold lower. The induction of ornithine decarboxylase by both NGF and PMA is inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D suggesting that both agents increase enzyme activity by increasing gene transcription. The evidence presented here, however, shows that the induction produced by the two agents is through two different pathways. First, maximal induction by NGF is increased when PMA is included in the media showing that the two effects are synergistic. Second, NGF does not cause induction of ornithine decarboxylase in the mutant PC12nnr5 cell line (Green, S.H., Rydel, R.E., Connolly, J.L., and Greene, L.A. (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 1967-1978) while added PMA does produce an induction of the enzyme. Finally, when protein kinase C is down-regulated by incubating PC12 cells with PMA in serum-containing or serum-free medium for 24 h, the induction by PMA is completely inhibited, while the NGF induction is not affected. A recent study (Hall, F.L., Fernyhough, P., Ishii, D.N., and Vulliet, P.R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4460-4466) using sphingosine inhibition concluded that protein kinase C was required for NGF-stimulated neuritogenesis. In contrast, results presented here show that down-regulation of protein kinase C also has no effect on NGF-mediated neurite extension in PC12 cells grown in serum-free medium. Our data demonstrate that induction of ornithine decarboxylase and formation of neurites in PC12 cells by NGF does not require a protein kinase C-mediated pathway.
Studies on the Regulation of Tyrosine Aminotransferase in Rats

Abstract The kinetics of tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase induction and subsequent inactivation has been studied in individual animals by a serial liver biopsy technique. A 15-fold increase in enzyme activity followed the administration of cortisol (30 mg per kg) to adrenalectomized rats. Peak levels occurred about 6 to 7 hours after hormone injection. The induced tyrosine aminotransferase activity then rapidly subsided to basal levels, with a half-time of 1.7 hours. During this inactivation phase the liver was not refractory to further cortisol stimulation, since a second dose of hormone at this time was capable of initiating another induction cycle. Puromycin inhibited enzyme synthesis when it was given during the initial phase of induction. However, it unexpectedly caused a rapid reappearance of enzyme activity following its administration during the inactivation phase. This potentiated response is consistent with other observations which lead to the idea that a repressor is formed about 4 hours after hormone administration and that inhibition of repressor synthesis allows, at least temporarily, continued synthesis of enzyme. Puromycin had little effect on basal tyrosine aminotransferase levels, and these findings suggest that the turnover of the enzyme under basal conditions may be much slower than the rate of inactivation of the induced enzyme. Administration of actinomycin during the early stages of induction (1 to 3 hours after hormone injection) curtailed further enzyme synthesis and prevented inactivation of the enzyme already induced. However, administration of actinomycin during the latter phase of induction (inactivation phase) had little effect and did not prevent the disappearance of induced tyrosine aminotransferase activity. From these data it appears that an inactivating system is formed during the induction cycle which is responsible for the removal of the induced enzyme. This suggestion is supported by the finding that the enzyme is stable when liver slices are prepared early in the induction cycle, but disappears rapidly from slices removed during the latter phase of induction. Although the nature of the inactivator is not known, its effects are dependent on pituitary function, since adrenalectomized and hypophysectomized animals showed little or no inactivation phase following hormone administration.
Explaining Electrostatic Charging and Flow of Surface‐Modified Acetaminophen Powders as a Function of Relative Humidity Through Surface Energetics

Powder flow involves particle-particle and particle-vessel contacts and separation resulting in electrostatic charging. This important phenomenon was studied for uncoated and dry-coated micronized acetaminophen (MAPAP) as a function of relative humidity. The main hypothesis is that by modifying powder surface energy via dry coating of MAPAP performed using magnetically assisted impaction coating, its charging tendency, flow can be controlled. The examination of the relationship between electrostatic charging, powder flow, and the surface energies of the powders revealed that an improvement in flow because of dry coating corresponded to a decrease in the charging of the particles. A general trend of reduction in both electrostatic charging and dispersive surface energy with dry coating and relative humidity were also observed, except that a divergent behavior was observed at higher relative humidities (≥55% RH). The uncoated powder was found to have strong electron acceptor characteristic as compared with the dry coated. The adhesion energy between the particles and the tubes used for the electrostatic charging qualitatively predicted the decreasing trend in electrostatic charging from plastic tubes to stainless steel. In summary, the surface energies of the powders and the vessel could explain the electrostatic charging behavior and charge reduction because of dry coating.
A Functional Hitchhiker's Guide to Hereditarily Finite Sets, Ackermann Encodings and Pairing Functions

The paper is organized as a self-contained literate Haskell program that implements elements of an executable finite set theory with focus on combinatorial generation and arithmetic encodings. The code, tested under GHC 6.6.1, is available at this http URL . We introduce ranking and unranking functions generalizing Ackermann's encoding to the universe of Hereditarily Finite Sets with Urelements. Then we build a lazy enumerator for Hereditarily Finite Sets with Urelements that matches the unranking function provided by the inverse of Ackermann's encoding and we describe functors between them resulting in arithmetic encodings for powersets, hypergraphs, ordinals and choice functions. After implementing a digraph representation of Hereditarily Finite Sets we define {\em decoration functions} that can recover well-founded sets from encodings of their associated acyclic digraphs. We conclude with an encoding of arbitrary digraphs and discuss a concept of duality induced by the set membership relation. Keywords: hereditarily finite sets, ranking and unranking functions, executable set theory, arithmetic encodings, Haskell data representations, functional programming and computational mathematics
A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 11,12-DIMETHOXYDIBENZO[def,p]CHRYSENE, A PREFERRED PRECURSOR FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF THE PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CARCINOGENS OF DIBENZO[def,p]CHRYSENE (DBC)

A concise, convergent synthesis of 11,12-dimethoxydibenzo[def,p]chrysene (5), a preferred precursor for the synthesis of the carcinogenic metabolites of a highly potent carcinogen dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC, 1) has been described. Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-2-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-formyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborinane (6a) with 7-bromo-5,6-dihydro-4H-benz[de]anthracene (7) afforded 7-(2-formyl-3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- 5,6-dihydro-4H-benz[de]anthracene (9). Treatment of 9 with an excess of potassium tert-butoxide produced 11,12-dimethoxydibenzo[def,p]chrysene (5) in overall 51% yield based on 6a.
Numerical modelling of damage development and viscoplasticity in metal matrix composites

Abstract Metal matrix composites can exhibit inelastic response due to matrix viscoplasticity as well as fiber/matrix interfacial damage. This paper presents a numerical procedure that can be used to implement a micromechanical model based on a periodic array of continuous fibers embedded in a metallic matrix. The model incorporates elastic-viscoplastic constitutive equations for the matrix and non-linear interfacial traction-displacement relations for the fiber/matrix interface. Generalized plane strain finite elements are formulated in such a way to allow the application of multiaxial loadings while only having to discretize a generic transverse plane. Non-linear lamination theory provides the link between the micro- and macro-level responses of laminated composites subjected to thermomechanical loading. Numerical results indicate that a relatively small number of elements are required to achieve mesh convergence. Also, the axial tensile response is independent of the condition of the fiber/matrix interface, while debonding significantly influences the transverse tensile and axial shear responses.
Inaction of saxitoxin-oximes on the sodium channel of frog skeletal muscle fibers

Three oximes of saxitoxin, saxitoxin oxime, saxitoxin methyloxime, and saxitoxin carboxymethyloxime, were synthesized in which the oxime functions replaced the ketone function on C-12 of saxitoxin. On the voltage-clamped single frog muscle fibers these oximes were very weak or inactive in blocking the sodium channel. The results indicate that the hydrated ketone function in saxitoxin is essential for blockade of the sodium channel, probably through a hydrogen bonding mechanism with some receptor groups.
Frontal observations of the Delaware Coastal Current source region

Abstract The Delaware Coastal Current is formed by the outflow of buoyant estuarine water from Delaware Bay. Its source region is concentrated near the Delaware coast at the estuary mouth in a narrow region typically only 4–6 km in width. We used a combination of moored current, temperature, and conductivity records together with CTD profiles, underway surface thermosalinograph records, and repeated acoustic Doppler profiling to study the source region hydrographic and current fields with emphasis on its frontal boundaries and their tidal frequency variability. Our central finding is that twin frontal boundaries exist for the source region over much of the tidal period, that is, both its offshore and onshore boundaries are fronts. Between the twin fronts lies the buoyant water of the source region, a conduit for the net seaward transport of buoyancy. These frontal boundaries are strongly modulated in horizontal density gradient at theM2 tidal frequency. Maximum gradients occur during early flood current phase. Weaker gradients characterize the ebb current phase. The density gradient modulation is partly explained at both fronts by the occurrence of the lowest salinity and density water in the source region near the time of slack water before flood. Near the offshore front, furthermore, horizontal convergence of the flood tidal currents provides subsequent frontogenesis, so that peak frontal density gradients are reached there during the flood current phase.
Readability of hospice materials to prepare families for caregiving at the time of death

Many health care materials are not written at levels that can be understood by most lay people. In this descriptive study, we examined the readability of documents used by hospices to prepare families for caregiving at the time of death. We used two common formulae to examine the documents. The mean Flesch�Kincaid grade level was 8.95 (SD 1.80). The mean Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade level was 11.06 (SD 1.36). When we used the Colors Label Ease for Adult Readers instrument, it became evident that medical terminology was the primary reason for the high-grade levels. Most documents (78%) included medical terms that were directly (46.2%) or indirectly (25.6%) explained in the text. Modification of hospice materials could improve families' comprehension of information important for optimal end-of-life care.
Effects of chemical modifications on photophysics and exciton dynamics of π-conjugation attenuated and metal-chelated photoconducting polymers

Abstract Effects of two types of chemical modifications on photoconducting polymers consisting of polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) derivatives are studied by static and ultrafast transient optical spectroscopy as well as semi-empirical ZINDO calculations. The first type of modification inserts 2,2′-bipyridyl-5-vinylene (bpyV) units in the PPV backbone, and the second type involves metal-chelation with the bpy sites. Photoluminescence (PL) and exciton dynamics of polymers 1 and 2 with PV:bpyV ratios of 1 and 3 were examined in solution, and compared with those of the homo-polymer, poly(2,5-bis(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (BEH-PPV). Similar studies were carried out for several metal-chelated polymers. These results can be explained by changes in π-conjugation throughout the polymer backbone. The attenuation in π-conjugation by the chemical modifications transforms a conducting polymer from one-dimensional semiconductor to molecular aggregates.
Estimation of dislocation density from precession electron diffraction data using the Nye tensor

The Nye tensor offers a means to estimate the geometrically necessary dislocation density of a crystalline sample based on measurements of the orientation changes within individual crystal grains. In this paper, the Nye tensor theory is applied to precession electron diffraction automated crystallographic orientation mapping (PED-ACOM) data acquired using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The resulting dislocation density values are mapped in order to visualize the dislocation structures present in a quantitative manner. These density maps are compared with other related methods of approximating local strain dependencies in dislocation-based microstructural transitions from orientation data. The effect of acquisition parameters on density measurements is examined. By decreasing the step size and spot size during data acquisition, an increasing fraction of the dislocation content becomes accessible. Finally, the method described herein is applied to the measurement of dislocation emission during in situ annealing of Cu in TEM in order to demonstrate the utility of the technique for characterizing microstructural dynamics.
Computing Dense Displacement Fields With Confidence Measures In Scenes Containing Occlusion

Matching successive frames of a dynamic image sequence using area correlation has been studied for many years by researchers in machine vision. Most of these efforts have gone into improving the speed and the accuracy of correlation matching algorithms. Yet, the displacement fields produced by these algorithms are often incorrect in homogeneous areas of the image and in areas which are visible in one frame, but are occluded in the succeeding frames. Further, these displacement fields are often incorrect even at non-occluded areas that border occlusion boundaries. In this paper, we present a confidence measure which indicates the reliability of each displacement vector computed by a specific hierarchical correlation matching algorithm. We also provide an improved hierarchical matching algorithm which performs particularly well near occlusion boundaries. We demonstrate these with experiments performed on real image sequences taken in our robotics labaratory. A more detailed version of this work appears in (Anan84).
Materials aspects of age-forming of Al–xCu alloys

Abstract The age-forming technique has been utilized in the manufacturing process of integrally stiffened structures to improve performance and to significantly reduce fabrication costs of aerospace structures. To better evaluate the technique and to simulate the overall mechanical behavior of the manufacturing parts, using Al–xCu alloys as model materials, we studied the associated materials aspects — age hardening during the age-forming process, particularly the stress-aging effects on precipitation and on the resulting yield strength of aluminum alloys. We found that a relatively high stress, e.g. >100 MPa or >YS (yield strength of the material prior to aging treatment) in Al–4Cu alloy, was required to generate significant plastic deformation. While the kinetics of the stress-age-hardening was not much different than that of the conventional one, there were some special features of the process. Different from the situation of the plastic deformation prior to the aging (the T8 temper) when precipitates are formed heterogeneously on dislocations, application of an elastic stress during aging may significantly affect the orientation distribution of plate-shaped precipitates. We examined the aging conditions (stress, temperature and alloy concentration) for the formation of the aligned precipitate structures in single crystal and cube-textured polycrystalline Al–xCu alloys. These observations were, more or less, reflected in the results of our computer simulations of the concomitant precipitation processes under unidirectional stresses. Both mechanical testing of Al–xCu alloys and computer simulations of dislocation-slip processes through unshearable particles indicated that the alignment of the plate-shaped precipitates led to lower yield stresses of the stress-aged specimens when compared with the free-stress-aged specimens where randomly oriented plates (on their habit planes) were formed.
A Response to Four Readings of A Theory of the Trial

My goal in A Theory of the Trial was a "rational reconstruction" of the American trial. I began with the conviction that the trial is, in some sense, a successful enterprise. The evidence for this proposition is spread throughout the book and is basically of three sorts-testimony of those who are experienced participant observers, social scientific findings, and the very account of the trial provided in the book. The latter contributes an argument that the trial's "consciously structured hybrid" of languages and practices is consistent with, indeed effectively realizes, intellectual and moral resources that interpret "our considered judgments of justice" (Rawls 1971, 19-20). All of us, even social scientists, always already affirm most of those considered judgments of justice when we think practically, as we must. Not that they are beyond criticism, but we have no Archimedian point or principle from which to criticize them all at once. Since modem people know that we are responsible for our public institutions, we need a mode of practical discourse (at the "metalevel") by which to understand and evaluate institutions and the practices that occur within them. My book is an attempt at such discourse, and more than one reader has noticed that the argument has a reflexive quality. The book's method itself parallels at a higher level of abstraction the intensely practical discourse that occurs at trial. First, a word about Marianne Constable's generous introduction. She notes that though my method is primarily interpretive, I sometimes invoke empirical findings even while suggesting their limits. This is consistent with a conviction I draw from Richard Bernstein, that an "adequate, comprehen-
Academic Integrity and Social Structure: A Study of Cheating Among College Students

Without norms of academic integrity, the stability and continuity of the academic system could not be maintained. Educators view any violation of the norms of academic integrity both as an ethical problem and as a negation of one of the objectives of education, i.e., the development of independent critical thinking. Students themselves regard cheating as morally wrong. Yet cheating is a common phenomenon on American college campuses as a number of studies have shown. In 1952 a study conducted in eleven colleges found that nearly twofifths of the students polled admitted cheating. A recently completed nationwide study reports that 49 per cent of the students cheat. Another study reveals the following incidence of cheating reported by seniors: 26 per cent at Columbia, 30 per cent at Cornell, 52 per cent at Fordham, and 54 per cent at Notre Dame.1 Colleges vary in the formal and informal means they use to communicate the norms of academic integrity and th associated sanctions. It is quite p ssibl that the norms may be vague and variously interpreted in regard to specific items of behavior. Furthermore, the norms of academic integrity do not have the same salience for all
Strong CP solution with SU(5)xSU(5)

An SU(5)xSU(5) model is presented which solves the strong CP and axion problems in a natural manner, and which reduces to three families with SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1) symmetry at low energies. The model also provides Majorana neutrino masses in an observable range.
Thieves of virtue: When bioethics stole medicine

‘Bioethics isn't about ethics or philosophy … but … money and power’, wrote Tom Koch (2012a) in a scathing Huffington Post blog post meant to promote his latest book Thieves of Virtue: When Bioethi...
Forced Convection in a Porous Channel With Localized Heat Sources

A numerical study is performed to analyze steady laminar forced convection in a channel filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium and containing discrete heat sources on the bottom wall. Hydrodynamic and heat transfer results are reported for two configurations: (1) a fully porous channel, and (2) a partially porous channel, which contains porous layers above the heat sources and is nonporous elsewhere. The flow in the porous medium is modeled using the Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy model. Heat transfer rates and pressure drop are evaluated for wide ranges of Darcy and Reynolds numbers. Detailed results of the evolution of the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers are also provided
Influence of indoor transport and mixing time scales on the performance of sensor systems for characterizing contaminant releases

Optimizing real-time sensor systems to detect and identify relevant characteristics of an indoor contaminant event is a challenging task. The interpretation of incoming sensor data is confounded by uncertainties in building operation, in the forces driving contaminant transport, and in the physical parameters governing transport. In addition, simulation tools used by the sensor interpretation algorithm introduce modeling uncertainties. This paper explores how the time scales inherent in contaminant transport influence the information that can be extracted from real-time sensor data. In particular, we identify three time scales (within room mixing, room-to-room transport, and removal from the building) and study how they affect the ability of a Bayesian Monte Carlo (BMC) sensor interpretation algorithm to identify the release location and release mass from a set of experimental data, recorded in a multi-floor building. The research shows that some limitations in the BMC approach do not depend on details of the models or the algorithmic implementation, but rather on the physics of contaminant transport. These inherent constraints have implications for the design of sensor systems.
Epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of systolic and diastolic heart failure in elderly patients.

American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association class I recommendations for treating patients with heart failure (HF) and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction are diuretics in patients with fluid retention, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor unless contraindicated, a β
Metrization of Fpp-spaces

Abstract A Hausdorff space each subspace of which is a paracompact p -space is an F pp -space. A space X is a closed hereditary Baire space if each closed subspace of X is a Baire space. Using a delicate theorem of Z. Balogh it is shown that a first-countable F pp -space that is a closed hereditary Baire space is metrizable.