cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Arrests

Perhaps the most stringent restrictions on the potential for selective incapacitation are caused by the inability of the police to solve crimes and arrest the perpetrators. Low rates of arrest cause a variety of problems for the rest of the criminal justice system. Only partial information is available as to the criminal activities of most offenders, because they can only be tied to a fraction of the crimes they commit. Even if a group of offenders can definitely be labeled as habitual, criminal justice agencies will be unable to incapacitate them if they cannot find them. And, at least partly because arrest rates are so low, police have been unable to determine whether their activities are more or less likely to lead to arrest of habitual offenders: If the most experienced criminals are consistently able to evade the authorities, even the most selective prosecution policies, bail-setting and sentencing guidelines, and parole regulations are unlikely to reduce crime by much.
Unreliable Error Correction in Dynamic Systems

This chapter focuses on constructing reliable dynamic systems exclusively out of unreliable components, including unreliable components in the error-correcting mechanism. At each time step, a particular component can suffer a transient fault with a probability that is bounded by a constant. Faults between different components and between different time steps are treated as independent. Essentially, the chapter considers an extension of the techniques described in Chapter 2 to a dynamic system setting. Since dynamic systems evolve in time according to their internal state, the major task is to effectively deal with the effects of error propagation, i.e., the effects of errors that corrupt the system state.
Modulation of the Inflammatory Response by the Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase System

The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)† is a highly specialized cell geared to the destruction of ingested microorganisms through the concentration of toxic agents within phagocytic vacuoles. Among the microbicidal systems of the PMN is one comprised of the granule enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), the product of oxygen metabolism hydrogen peroxide, and a halide cofactor such as chloride (1,2). During phagocytosis or on exposure to certain soluble activating agents, the components of the MPO system are secreted into the extracellular fluid where they exert such biologic functions as the lysis of mammalian cells (3–5), the killing of hyphal forms of invasive fungal pathogens (6), and the oxidative inactivation of humoral mediators of inflammation (7,8). I will review some of our work on the inactivation of chemotactic factors and protease inhibitors by the isolated MPO system by stimulated human PMN.
Structural Interpretation of NMR Data in the Presence of Motion

Proteins exhibit a variety of internal motions that are, in many cases, necessary for function. Yet, most approaches used to convert NMR data into a three dimensional structure assume a rigid model in translating cross-relaxation data into proton-proton distance constraints. For some types of motion this can lead to substantial errors in the final structure determined. Means of recognizing the presence of significant internal motions and means of minimizing the impact on the structures determined are discussed. Data on a small protein important in fatty acid biosynthesis, acyl carrier protein from spinach, are used to illustrate the procedures.
Increasing residential solar installations in California: Have local permitting processes historically driven differences between cities?

Abstract Local governments are agile policy makers expected to make significant contributions to climate change mitigation through local legislation. One mitigation mechanism available to local governments is to make it easier for households to install solar photovoltaic (PV) panels that generate emission-free electricity. Streamlining PV permitting policies is currently being promoted in states such as California as a way to boost rates of residential solar installation. Fixed effects modelling is used to examine whether streamlining permitting for PV increased rates of PV installations in California prior to 2013. To fill a gap in longitudinal data on implementation dates of local policies to support PV, a combination of surveys, partial databases, and publicly available city-level information is utilized to build a complete picture of changes in relevant policies from 2005 to 2013. Modelling results are unable to reject the null hypothesis that the implementation of streamlined permitting has no effect on residential PV installation rates. This highlights the limitations of what can be assessed given the current sparsity of data on city-level policy changes even employing significant original data collection and compilation.
Progressive impairment of directional and spatially precise trajectories by TgF344-Alzheimer’s disease rats in the Morris Water Task

Spatial navigation is impaired in early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, and may be a defining behavioral marker of preclinical AD. A new rat model (TgF344-AD) of AD overcomes many limitations of other rodent models, though spatial navigation has not been comprehensively assessed. Using the hidden and cued platform variants of the Morris water task, a longitudinal assessment of spatial navigation was conducted on TgF344-AD (n = 16) and Fischer 344 (n = 12) male and female rats at three age ranges: 4 to 5 months, 7 to 8, and 10 to 11 months of age. TgF344-AD rats exhibited largely intact navigation at 4–5 months, with deficits in the hidden platform task emerging at 7–8 months and becoming significantly pronounced at 10–11 months of age. In general, TgF344-AD rats displayed less accurate swim trajectories to the platform and searched a wider area around the platform region compared to wildtype rats. Impaired navigation occurred in the absence of deficits in acquiring the procedural task demands or navigation to the cued platform location. Together, the results indicate that TgF344-AD rats exhibit comparable navigational deficits to those found in individuals with preclinical-AD.
Efficacy of common reagents for killing ticks in the ear canal.

Objective To determine if widely available solutions can effectively kill ticks that may be found in the human ear canal. Methods This study was prospective, controlled and blinded animal study. Lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum), both nymphal and adult, were submerged in one of four preparations (acetone, isopropyl alcohol 70%, ethanol 95%, or 4% lidocaine) in test tubes (n = 20 per group) for 20 minutes. Ticks were agitated by intermittent probing. Activity of the nymphal ticks was directly observed while those of the adult ticks was video-recorded during the exposure period. Two blinded investigators viewed the videos of adult ticks and during the exposure period to determine the time until death (ie, movement cessation). Mortality was assessed immediately after exposure, and confirmed 24 and 48 hours after exposure. Results Acetone killed ticks most rapidly (nymph mean time = 185.1 s; adult mean time = 562.9 s). Isopropyl alcohol 70% (nymphs, 328.9 s; adults, 1128.4 s) and ethanol 95% (nymphs, 294 s; adults, 1129.4 s) took longer to kill the ticks. All ticks treated with 4% lidocaine survived. These differences were significant (nymphs, P < .0001; adults, P < .0001). Conclusions Acetone was the fastest acting and most effective reagent, followed by ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. These solutions may prove useful in otoacariasis with an intact tympanic membrane. Level of Evidence N/A.
Behavioral Intervention for Procedural Desensitization for Polysomnography

This chapter reviews the relevant literature and presents behavioral methods for preparing children with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDD) to cooperate with medical procedures, focusing particularly on polysomnography (PSG). A case example of a 6-year-old boy, “Marco,” with NDD and sleep disturbance is used to illustrate the challenges faced by health-care providers when working with children with NDD. The available empirical support is summarized, followed by a detailed description of the behavioral approach we have developed to help children like Marco learn to cope and cooperate with PSG without sedation or restraint. The strategies and techniques used with Marco and described in detail in this chapter have broad and growing empirical support in the behavioral and pediatric psychology literature; however, their specific applications in the sleep laboratory and with PSG are just beginning to be demonstrated in the literature. While the results of this research literature and of cumulative clinical experience in our setting are quite positive and encouraging, there are many unknowns, particularly concerning whether or not all of these procedures are necessary for successful behavioral desensitization and training. Therefore, this chapter concludes with a discussion of these limitations, highlighting the need for controlled single-subject studies and randomized clinical trials to refine and validate these behavioral intervention procedures.
Efficacy of Ablation Lesion Sets in Addition to Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Findings From the SMASH - AF Meta-Analysis Study Cohort.

Background The objective was to explore the efficacy of ablation lesion sets in addition to pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The optimal strategy for catheter abla...
Sentinel Lymph Node Evaluation: What the Radiologist Needs to Know

Axillary lymph node status is the single most important prognostic indicator in patients with breast cancer. Axillary lymph node dissection, the traditional method of staging breast cancer, is associated with significant morbidity. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has become standard in patients being treated for breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. There is considerable variation in the medical literature regarding technical approaches to sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer. The purpose of this article is to describe our preferred approaches to sentinel lymph node biopsy with a review of the literature.
Editorial for May 2014 Issue

This issue of the IEEE TEM includes 14 research articles. The authors of the articles have summarized the relevance and usefulness of their articles; these summaries are provided here. Also presented is an overview of current society and chapter news and events.
Intending to Leave But No Place to Go: An Examination of the Behaviors of Reluctant Stayers

ABSTRACTWe extend recent conceptual work on withdrawal states and develop a framework to examine behavioral tendencies of reluctant stayers (i.e., employees who desire to leave but cannot). Althoug...
Mechanical Properties of Composites

Determination of macroscopic mechanical properties of heterogeneous media from the properties of their constituents is a problem of long standing in the mechanics of solids. Current activity in the field includes many areas of applications, such as particulate and fibrous composites, polycrystals, concrete, and geological materials. This lecture first presents a survey of constitutive theories of elastic, anisotropic heterogeneous media, which have been useful in these applications. The second part reviews our recent results in the area of elastic-plastic deformation of laminated metal matrix composite plates. Finally, fracture and fatigue in fibrous composites are briefly discussed.
Higher Order Plasma-Based Tunable Absorber Using Magneto-Dielectric Substrates

This paper presents a multilayer absorber based on the technique previously developed for the design of a thickness customizable high-order bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS). Lossy substrates are used to absorb the electromagnetic energy in the FSS backed by a ground plane. Such technique allows simple integration of the tuning elements, while simultaneously providing the design option to realize the absorber with specific/desired thicknesses. The lossy substrates are perforated to host discrete electrically tunable ceramic gas-encapsulating chambers (plasma-shells). These plasma-shells enable dynamic control of the absorption spectral band. To demonstrate the design flexibility and performance, a second order frequency selective absorber operating at the C-band (center frequency at f 0 = 6 GHz with 17% fractional bandwidth) is designed with different thickness configurations. Then the plasma-shells are strategically integrated in the design in order to control the location of both absorption resonant frequencies by applying different plasma frequencies. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations are carried out to validate the proposed concepts.
When equitable is not equal: experimental evidence on the division of marital assets in divorce

Upon divorce, marital assets in most U.S. states are divided equitably, often with the underlying legal purpose of equalizing outcomes. To examine whether decisionmakers value economic considerations, such as opportunity cost, specialization, and bargaining power, we conducted a vignette study in which we asked subjects to divide marital assets equitably between an employed husband and a wife without labor market income in a wealthy household. Subjects award less than 50 percent of assets to the wife, regardless of her education or the level of marital assets. Men award lower shares but, unlike women, award a larger share to a more educated wife. Equitable division can lead to unequal outcomes for wives who opt out of the labor force. These findings imply that the objective of equalizing post-divorce outcomes would be better accomplished through legal directives that nudge towards equal asset division and assign greater weight to nonmonetary contributions.
Internationally Acquired Severe Systemic Infections in Febrile Pediatric Travelers Presenting to the Emergency Department.

Objectives Most children in the United States who visit the emergency department (ED) with fever have minor illnesses not requiring treatment or hospitalization. However, when a child has recently immigrated or traveled abroad, internationally acquired severe systemic infections (ISSIs) must be considered. We sought to describe children who have traveled internationally and present to the ED with a complaint of fever and to determine risk factors associated with ISSIs in these patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of children younger than 18 years who presented to 2 pediatric EDs in Bronx, NY (June 2007 to May 2017). Patients were included if they had both fever within 24 hours and international travel within 30 days. We compared groups using bivariate analyses and created a prediction model for ISSIs using multivariable logistic regression. Results Of the 353 children included, 44 (12%) had ISSI: 25 (57%), malaria; 6 (14%), dengue; and 13 (30%), bacteremia. Eight (18%) of those with ISSI presented with fever to another medical provider in the week prior but did not receive bloodwork. Four variables were independently associated with ISSIs: headache (odds ratio [OR], 21.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8-69.3), travel to Africa or Asia (OR, 18.8; 95% CI, 4.8-73.2), platelets of 150,000/μL or less (OR, 15.1; 95% CI, 4.7-48.6), and alanine aminotransferase level of 30 IU/L or greater (OR, 8.9; 95% CI, 3.1-25.3). Conclusions Children who travel internationally and present with fever upon return are at substantial risk for developing ISSIs. The diagnosis of ISSIs is often overlooked, but certain risk factors have the potential to aid clinicians.
Cone Photoreceptor Integrity assessed with Adaptive Optics Imaging after Laser-Pointer-Induced Retinal Injury.

PURPOSE To examine the three-dimensional foveal cone photoreceptor structure in a patient who had suffered laser pointer induced retinal injury. METHODS Patient underwent standard fundus photography and clinical spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging. High-resolution imaging was performed using an Adaptive Optics-OCT-Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AO-OCT-SLO). RESULTS AO imaging revealed loss of inner and outer segments of cone photoreceptors while the anterior retinal layers appeared healthy. Analysis of cone topology showed an increase in Voronoi domain area and a less regular hexagonal packing structure closer to the lesion site. CONCLUSION Exposure to laser pointer radiation, however brief, can result in damage to the retina. Here, repeated imaging nine months later showed a decrease in the size of the lesions (ranging from 3.7 to 23.9%) compared to the first time point. However, the longer-term prognosis is likely permanent scarring.
Abstract TMP93: Carotid Stiffness and Parahippocampal Volume Over a 20-Year Period: A Secondary Analysis of the ARIC Study

Introduction: Arterial stiffness is associated with dementia, however, the relationship between carotid stiffness and parahippocampal volume (PHV) is less established. Decreased PHV is a validated ...
A study of transient and steady-state regions from single-track deposition in laser powder bed fusion

Abstract The surface morphology of parts made by the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process is governed by the flow of the melt pool. The nature of the molten metal flow depends on the material properties, process parameters, and powder-bed particles, etc., and may result in potentially significant variations along a laser scanning path. This study investigates the formation of transient and steady-state zones through a single-track l -PBF experiment using Inconel 625 powder. Single tracks with lengths of 1 mm and 2 mm were fabricated using 195 W laser power and scan speeds of 400 mm/s or 800 mm/s. The surface morphology of the track was analyzed using a white light interferometer (WLI), and an individual single track can be divided into three distinct zones based on the track width and height. The initial transient region has a wider and taller solidified track geometry, the region near the end of a scan has a tapered profile with a decreasing track width and height, while the steady-state region in the middle has a smaller variation in the width and height. A mesoscale numerical model was further developed using FLOW-3D to examine the formation of the transient and steady-state zones. At the start of a scan, strong flow occurs outward and backward, leading to the formation of a wider track with a bump. As the scan continues, the thermal gradient stabilizes, leading to a steady state, which resulted in a very small fluctuation in the width. Furthermore, the tapered end of the scan track is due to the half-lemniscate shape of the melt pool during laser scanning.
Engineering Quick- and Long-acting Naloxone Delivery Systems for Treating Opioid Overdose.

Opioids have been the main factor for drug overdose deaths in the United States. Current naloxone delivery systems are effective in mitigating the opioid effects only for hours. Naloxone-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles were prepared as quick- and long-acting naloxone delivery systems to extend the naloxone effect as an opioid antidote. The naloxone-PLGA microparticles were made using an emulsification solvent extraction approach with different formulation and processing parameters. Two PLGA polymers with the lactide:glycolide (L:G) ratios of 50:50 and 75:25 were used, and the drug loading was varied from 21% to 51%. Two different microparticles of different sizes with the average diameters of 23 μm and 50 μm were produced using two homogenization-sieving conditions. All the microparticles were critically characterized, and three of them were evaluated with β-arrestin recruitment assays. The naloxone encapsulation efficiency (EE) was in the range of 70–85%. The EE was enhanced when the theoretical naloxone loading was increased from 30% to 60%, the L:G ratio was changed from 50:50 to 75:25, and the average size of the particles was reduced from 50 μm to 23 μm. The in vitro naloxone release duration ranged from 4 to 35 days. Reducing the average size of the microparticles from 50 μm to 23 μm helped eliminate the lag phase and obtain the steady-state drug release profile. The cellular pharmacodynamics of three selected formulations were evaluated by applying DAMGO, a synthetic opioid peptide agonist to a μ-opioid receptor, to recruit β-arrestin 2. Naloxone released from the three selected formulations could inhibit DAMGO-induced β-arrestin 2 recruitment. This indicates that the proposed naloxone delivery system is adequate for opioid reversal during the naloxone release duration.
What is true community engagement and why it matters (now more than ever)

There is no power for change greater than a community discovering what it cares about. [1] – Margaret J. WheatleyCOVID-19 has changed our world in many ways. Among others, the pandemic and its disp...
Predictive econometric modeling of the United States farmland market: an empirical test of the rational expectations hypothesis

Farmland values play a major role in the health of the U.S. agricultural economy. In order to better understand the forces affecting land prices, a simultaneous demand and supply model of the agricultural real estate market is constructed;Price and quantity are jointly dependent variables. Independent variables include anticipations about future land prices, or simply expected capital gains. Three different formulations are used to represent these expectations; naive, adaptive, and rational expectations;Under naive expectations, anticipated land values are simply the last observed value. Under adaptive expectations, land value expectations are a weighted average of past levels. The rational expectations hypothesis (REH) asserts that all relevant information is used when forecasts are made. Thus, expected land values are derived from the anticipated values of the independent variables;Two-stage least squares estimation of the model without capital gains provided good results. Correct hypothesized signs and high significance levels for current price (or quantity) in each equation suggest simultaneity is in fact appropriate for the farmland market. Demand was found to be responsive to farmers' debt/equity ratio and off-farm income, average farm size, the Federal Land Bank interest rate, the percentage of rented land, and population. The income return to land was insignificant. Supply was influenced by farmers' income from the farm and debt/equity ratio, the number of farm foreclosures, and yield on preferred stocks, and positively related to the income return to farmland. Ex post simulation of this model provided good results;The addition of capital gains expectations provided the empirical test of the REH. Naive expectations appeared to be the best specification for expected capital gains. Price simulation, the main purpose of the model, was best in this case. Adaptive expectations entered with less disruption, but also less significance. Little if any support was garnered for the validity of the REH as applied to the farm real estate market. The variables showed little statistical significance, often were of incorrect expected sign, and severely altered the other coefficients. An ex ante forecast was run and impact multipliers calculated for the naive expectations model.
Formation and Drop of Metal Droplets in Slag Bath of Electroslag Remelting Processes

A mathematical model of two-phase flows of molten metal/slag in electroslag remelting (ESR) processes has been developed to analyze the formation and drop of liquid metal droplet in slag bath. The finite volume method with the VOF technique is used to solve the flow equations. Numerical results show that the molten metal film at consumable electrode tip is converged into droplets, and fall from the electrode tip via the slag bath into liquid metal pool. The fall droplets cause the wave of interface of slag/metal pool, the frequency of interface wave of slag/metal depends on the quantity of droplets, and the amplitude of wave depends on the size of droplets.
Key Issues of FED/INTOR Impurity Control System

A key part of the FED/INTOR activity over the past year has focused on examining the critical issues and developing credible physics and engineering solutions for the impurity control system. The primary emphasis of the work was on the edge-region physics, plasma-wall interaction, materials, engineering and magnetic considerations of the poloidal divertor and pump limiter.
Cosmological gamma-ray bursts

The distribution in angle and flux of gamma-ray bursts indicates that the majority of gamma-ray bursters are at cosmological distances, i.e., at z of about 1. The rate is then about 10 exp -8/yr in a galaxy like the Milky Way, i.e., orders of magnitude lower than the estimated rate for collisions between neutron stars in close binary systems. The energy per burst is about 10 exp 51 ergs, assuming isotropic emission. The events appear to be less energetic and more frequent if their emission is strongly beamed. Some tests for the distance scale are discussed: a correlation between the burst's strength and its spectrum; the absorption by the Galactic gas below about 2 keV; the X-ray tails caused by forward scattering by the Galactic dust; about 1 month recurrence of some bursts caused by gravitational lensing by foreground galaxies; and a search for gamma-ray bursts in M31. The bursts appear to be a manifestation of something exotic, but conventional compact objects can provide an explanation. The best possibility is offered by a decay of a bindary composed of a spinning-stellar-mass black-hole primary and a neutron or a strange-quark star secondary. In the final phase the secondary is tidally disrupted, forms an accretion disk, and up to 10 exp 54 ergs are released. A very small fraction of this energy powers the gamma-ray burst.
Capacity of frequency selective fading channels

We derive a formula for the capacity of frequency selective fading channels, described by stationary ergodic processes. We express the capacity as an integral w.r.t. the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of a particular channel matrix. We show that this distribution, and the capacity depend on the channel impulse response statistics only.
Idiomatic usages of some common verbs

The instances in which two Dutch verbs are both translated in English by the same verb are particularly troublesome, since here just as in the case of any other parts of speech we must train ourselves to recognize distinctions that are not made in our own language. First let us review a few of these:
Gun Violence Restraining Orders: Alternative or Adjunct to Mental Health‐Based Restrictions on Firearms?

The gun violence restraining order (GVRO) is a new tool for preventing gun violence. Unlike traditional approaches to prohibiting gun purchase and possession, which rely on a high threshold (adjudication by criminal justice or mental health systems) before intervening, the GVRO allows family members and intimate partners who observe a relative's dangerous behavior and believe it may be a precursor to violence to request a GVRO through the civil justice system. Once issued by the court, a GVRO authorizes law enforcement to remove any guns in the respondent's possession and prohibits the respondent from purchasing new guns. In September 2014, California's governor signed AB1014 into law, making California the first U.S. state to enact a GVRO law. This article describes the GVRO and the rationale behind the concept, considers case examples to assess the potential impact of the GVRO as a strategy for preventing gun violence, and reviews the content of the California law.
Fate of trace organics during rapid infiltration of primary wastewater at Fort Devens, Massachusetts

Abstract Transport and fate of trace organics were studied during rapid infiltration of primary wastewater at a land application facility in Fort Devens, Massachusetts. A preliminary sampling trip was made to compare trace organic concentrations in the infiltrating wastewater and in ground water samples from three monitoring wells around the site. Trace organic concentrations were reduced by the rapid infiltration process. However, significant concentrations of specific compounds could be detected in ground water down-gradient of the site. Therefore, a field study was undertaken to determine the primary region where trace organics were removed in the system. Teflon monitoring wells were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in one of the basins at the site prior to flooding. Flooding was initiated and samples of the raw wastewater, the wastewater entering the basin, the infiltrate at 1.2-m depth and the ground water down-gradient of the site were analyzed for six compounds selected for the study. Results from replicate samples during the 6-day flooding period demonstrated that most of the removal for the six compounds occurred in the top meter of the soil, although concentrations of each compound increased substantially in the basin infiltrate from two of the sample points after the fourth day of flooding. No removal of p -dichlorobenzene, p -(I,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol and 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole was apparent in the aquifer itself, as indicated by relatively high concentrations of these compounds in the contaminated monitoring well down-gradient of the site. These data indicate that trace organic concentrations in primary effluent can be reduced by rapid infiltration and that most of the removal occurs in the top meter of the soil during the early phase of the flooding cycle. This removal capability can rapidly diminish, however, and result in ground water contamination by trace organics above background levels.
Comparative studies of surface topography and mechanical properties of a new, photo-switchable PEG-based hydrogel

Abstract We have recently synthesized a novel nitrocinnamate-modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel, further referred to as PEG–NC hydrogel, via photo-crosslinking of the nitrocinnamoyl groups. The practical advantage of photo-gelation is that it allows facile control of the gelation process and thereby properties of formed hydrogel in situ. In this paper, we present an investigation of the physico-chemical properties of the photo-sensitive PEG–NC hydrogel. Using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and atomic force scans (AFM force scans) techniques, we explored the changes in surface topography and mechanical properties of this new photo-switchable hydrogel in its different stages, i.e. photo-crosslinked and photo-cleaved, and a hydrogel created by crosslinking of the previously photo-cleaved one. We have observed distinct differences in both the surface topography and the mechanical properties between the photo-crosslinked and photo-cleaved stages of the hydrogel, and have demonstrated this to be a reversible process. NMR experiments were also carried out to illustrate the photochemical process. We believe that this novel, potentially biocompatible hydrogel could have biomedical applications, especially in the areas of wound healing, surgical implants, tissue engineering and artificial muscles.
Flow Properties of Selected Food Gums

Abstract The flow properties of aqueous solutions of the food gums furcellaran, guar and xanthan were studied. The study was conducted with a concentric cylinder viscometer over the approximate shear rate range of 50 to 700 s-1, and the temperature range of 25 to 45°C. The ranges of concentrations (w/w, %) employed for the gums were: furcellaran, 0.5 to 1.6%; guar, 0.5 to 2.0%; and xanthan, 0.5 to 1.2%. Time-dependent shear thinning (thixotropic) behavior was noted in the case of furcellaran solutions (0.8 and 1.2%), and shear thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior alone with xanthan and guar solutions. The power law model τ = kγ n and the general Casson flow model τ A -τ 0 A = kγ A ,A were employed to describe the flow behavior. For furcellaran solutions, both the power law and the Casson models were satisfactory for describing the flow behavior. For xanthan and guar gum solutions, the power law model described the flow model over a wide but not the entire range of shear rates, while the general Casson model was satisfactory for the lower concentration solutions. Except at low concentrations* the effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity (at 100 and 500 s-1) was found to be small for all the gums.
Contact stresses between cylindrical shafts and sleeves

Abstract Numerical methods are used to find the contact stresses and deformations between circular cylindrical shafts and sleeves. The first class of problems treated concerns the circular cylinder onto which a rigid sleeve is press-fitted or shrunk. Individual cases are worked out in which, (a) the contact is frictionless and (b) sufficient friction occurs to cause complete adherence of the surfaces in contact. The intermediate case is also discussed where Coulomb's law of friction holds between normal and shearing contact stresses. In this case, certain portions of the contacting surfaces adhere, whereas others slide over one another. The problem of a cylinder loaded axially through rigid collars is then worked out. Finally, solutions are obtained for the case of a cylindrical shaft of finite length twisted by means of flexible concentric sleeves. In all cases, numerical values of the contact stresses and deformations are given for various cylinder and sleeve parameters.
Three-dimensional radiative transfer for anisotropic scattering medium with refractive index greater than unity

Abstract An exact mathematical formulation is developed for three-dimensional radiative transfer in a finite medium which scatters anisotropically. The scattering medium is finite in the z -direction and infinite in both the x - and y -directions. The scattering phase function is expressed as a finite series of Legendre polynomials, and the refractive index of the medium is greater than unity. The upper boundary is exposed to radiation for which the directional variation and the spatial distribution are separable, while the lower boundary is not exposed to radiation. A double Fourier transform is used to reduce the transport equation to a one-dimensional form. Using superposition, a two-dimensional linear integral equation is developed for the back-scattered intensity. The kernel for this integral equation consists of the bidirectional reflectance for a medium with refractive index of unity and the interface reflectance. The bidirectional reflectance is related to the back-scattered intensity from a two-dimensional rectangular medium subject to cosine varying collimated radiation, and the interface reflectance is found from Fresnel's relations. The situation of a medium exposed to a cylindrically symmetric laser beam is also studied. The Gaussian beam is collimated and normal to the upper boundary. Again, the results are expressed in terms of a two-dimensional rectangular medium with refractive index of unity.
Memory-search and rehearsal processes and the word length effect in immediate recall: a synthesis in reply to service.

Wewould like to begin by offering a new theoretical account of the duration-based part of the word length effect, inspired partly by the recent literature and partly by Service’s comments (this issue). Baddeley (1986) suggested that recall depends on the speed of a covert verbal rehearsal process. Cowan and colleagues have argued that it may, but that recall also depends on the speed of some sort of short-termmemory search process. Both of these processes could serve to refresh a short-termmemory representation of list items. The memory search process would differ from rehearsal in that search would not require covert articulation and would proceed at the same rate regardless of the word length, perhaps based on a lexical representation. The main evidence for this is that the duration of silent pauses within correct spoken responses in memory span tasks depends upon the number of verbal items in the list but not upon the durations of those items (Cowan et al., 1994; Hulme, Newton, Cowan, Stuart, & Brown, 1999). Subjects may have to search through the list after each word in order to determine which word to recall next, and that search process would take longer when the list includes more words. This pattern of pauses in spoken recall resembles what is found in memory search tasks with a recognition probe, in which the reaction time depends upon the list length but not upon the word length (Chase, 1977; Clifton & Tash, 1973). Cowan et al. (1998) found that memory search and rapid speaking rates both were moderately related to memory span but were unrelated to each other. We would suggest that either memory search or rehearsal processes (or both) can be used to refresh items in a list. Search processes would tend to be used when there is a strong lexical representation of each word, so that recall of the word is an all-or-none event. In contrast, when the lexical representation is weak, as when the items are pseudowords, verbal rehearsal would have to be used because recall of one part of a pseudoword does not ensure recall of its remainder and rehearsal activates each part of the item separately, in turn. This type of rehearsal requires covert articulation of the list items and takes longer when the items are longer. These suggestions are supported to some
Amplitude-dependent decrement to modulus defect ratio in breakaway models of dislocation hysteresis

Abstract The ratio r of the amplitude-dependent decrement δ h to the amplitude-dependent modulus defect ΔM/M has been analysed within the framework of theories of dislocation hysteresis based on the Granat-Lucke string model. For all variations of this model, two conclusions have been made: firstly, in the general case, r is a function of the vibrational amplitude σ0, but the value of r should not exceed two; secondly, the amplitude independence of r is the specific case of a power law with the same exponent n for both the decrement and the modulus defect: δh = r(ΔM/M) ∝ γn 0. In this case, r is a function of n only. A relationship between r and n has been derived. For n l while l < n < 4. The reasons for such disagreement are discussed.
A Large‐Scale Retrospective Ground Water Monitoring Study for Metolachlor

A large-scale retrospective ground water monitoring study'for metolachlor, 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)- N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl) acetamide, was conducted. The study consisted of the collection and analysis of ground water samples from 240 existing wells (203 domestic farm wells and 37 monitoring wells) in selected areas of four states: the Dougherty Plains, Georgia; McLean County, Illinois; Floyd and Mitchell counties, Iowa; and the Central Sands area of Wisconsin. These locations were selected on the basis of high metolachlor use and hydrogeological vulnerability. The wells selected were all screened in the uppermost aquifer, were relatively shallow, and were located close to fields where metolachlor has historically been used. Pesticide handling and storage practices on the farms where the wells were located were documented, and wells were selected to avoid obvious point sources. The wells selected for monitoring included drinking water, irrigation and monitoring wells. Monitoring was at quarterly intervals for a one-year period. Metolachlor was detected in 89 of 920 samples (9.7 percent) from 39 of 240 wells (16.3 percent) with a screening level (quantitation level) of 0.1 ppb. Ten out of 240 wells sampled (4.2 percent) showed detections in all sampling rounds. Of the samples analyzed, 5.1 percent had detections in the range between 0.1 and 0.5 ppb. Thus, non-detections plus detections below 0.5 ppb accounted for 95.4 percent of all samples, and detections below 0.5 ppb represented more than half of all the detections found in the study (47 out of 89 detections). In the 31 samples where metolachlor was detected above 1.0 ppb, every detection could be related to a known or suspected point source. Based on the frequency and magnitude of metolachlor detections in this study, there appears to be no significant measurable field leaching of metolachlor to ground water under conditions of high product use and high ground water vulnerability. Instead, measurable detections of metolachlor, particularly those exceeding 1.0 ppb, appear to be associated with point sources.
Lithium-induced delirium with therapeutic serum lithium levels: a case report.

Lithium-induced delirium occurring in geriatric patients with serum lithium levels that are within the “therapeutic” range (less than 1.5 mEq/L) has been described in the literature. We present a case that illustrates three major issues regarding this syndrome: (1) differentiating lithium-induced delirium from a recurrence of a chronic psychiatric disorder; (2) the use of the electroencephalogram in supporting this diagnosis; and (3) factors that may increase a patient's vulnerability to delirium while on lithium. A brief review of the most relevant literature is then presented. We conclude that lithium-induced neurotoxicity should be suspected in any patient receiving lithium who develops delirium, regardless of the serum level, and that immediate discontinuation of the medication be considered. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:53–55).
Stability of 2-D periodic state-space filters

The stability of two-dimensional (2-D) periodically shift varying (PSV) filters formulated as the Givone-Roesser (GR) model is considered. The GR model is embedded into the 2nd model of Fornasini-Marchesisni (FM) and the stability of this embedded model is then studied. Several sufficient conditions and one necessary condition are obtained.
Pond Fertilization Does Not Affect Nutritional Value of Zooplankton in Channel Catfish Nursery Ponds

Abstract We determined the nutritional value of large zooplankton (500–1,000 μm) from fertilized and nonfertilized channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus nursery ponds. Proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and assimilated algal pigments were statistically compared between pond groups. Analyses of vitamin and mineral composite samples of zooplankton from fertilized and nonfertilized ponds are presented. Treatment and control pond zooplankton were similar in nutritional value. Only two fatty acids (16:0 and 20:4[n-6]) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds, but total n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids were not different. The zooplankton in this study met or exceeded all nutritional requirements of channel catfish fry except that zooplankton in nonfertilized ponds appeared to contain less -than the required levels of pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. However, no statistical comparison of vitamins was made between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds. ...
Partial recovery of Newark Bay, NJ, following pollution abatement

Abstract For the seven months terminating on 17 August 1980, primary sewage effluent was discharged into Newark Bay. From 22 July to 6 October 1980, we collected physical, chemical and biological data in the Newark Bay estuary from the lower Passaic River to New York Harbor. During the period of maximum discharge, the Passaic River and much of Newark Bay were anoxic or nearly so. Recovery of the Newark Bay water following sewage abatement took approximately 30 days. During most of the study period, a bloom of blue-green algae characterized the ‘Passaic River water’. This water was also characterized by chlorophyll-a values as high as 73 mg m −3 . Chlorophyll concentration almost always increased up the bay, along with decreasing salinity, increasing temperature, increasing phosphate-P and decreasing nitrate-N. The decrease in nitrate, however, was associated with an increase in ammonia-N and total N during the period of sewage discharge.
The impact of government intervention on technology adoption and diffusion: the example of wireless location technology

Wireless Cellular Technology (WCT) has advanced rapidly in both the USA and the European Union; however, the two are pursuing different public policy and business market approaches in developing, adopting and deploying the technology. Efforts to promote the commercialisation of the technology to further wireless enhanced emergency call services policy also differ. We explore existing mandates and the current state of cellular technology. Factors influencing WCT's development are modelled, illustrating how government intervention has affected the technology.
Fluorescent cationic probes of mitochondria. Metrics and mechanism of interaction.

Mitochondria strongly accumulate amphiphilic cations. We report here a study of the association of respiring rat liver mitochondria with several fluorescent cationic dyes from differing structural classes. Using gravimetric and fluorometric analysis of dye partition, we find that dyes and mitochondria interact in three ways: (a) uptake with fluorescence quenching, (b) uptake without change in fluorescence intensity, and (c) lack of uptake. For dyes that quench upon uptake, the extent of quenching correlates with the degree of aggregation of the dye to dimers, as predicted by theory (Tomov, T.C. 1986. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 13:29–38). Also predicted is the relationship observed between quenching and the mitochondria concentration when constant dye is titrated with mitochondria. Not predicted is the relationship observed between quenching and dye concentration when constant mitochondria are titrated with dye. Because a limit to dye uptake exists, in this case, the degree of quenching decreases as dye is added. A Langmuir isotherm analysis gives phenomenological parameters that predict quenching when it is observed as a function of dye concentration. By allowing for a decrease in membrane potential, caused by incorporation of cationic dye into the lipid bilayer, a modification of the Tomov theory predicts the dye titration data. We present a model of cationic dye-mitochondria interaction and discuss the use of these as probes of mitochondrial membrane potential.
Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of chlortetracycline degradation in swine manure

An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed capable of simultaneously measuring chlortetracycline (CTC), epi-chlortetracycline, and isochlortetracycline (ICTC), as well as other structurally related tetracyclines in swine manure. A simple sample preparation was used consisting of extraction, dilution, centrifugation, and ultrafiltration. The concentrations of analyte were calculated using d6-tetracycline as an internal standard in the matrix-matched standard curve. A solvent gradient resolved the compounds in 3.5 min with an additional 1.5 min of re-equilibration allowing the analyses of a large number of samples in a short period of time. MS/MS was used as the detection method giving analyte confirmation in addition to a large dynamic range and low detection limit. The UHPLC-MS/MS method successfully resolved multiple degradation products of CTC from the complex manure matrix. The method detection limits ranged from 1.9 pg/μL for CTC to 7.3 pg/μL for ICTC, and the calibration curve was linear from 1 to 10,000 pg/μL. The method was tested by measuring CTC and its degradation products as a function of time in incurred swine manure that had been incubated at three different temperatures (22 °C, 38 °C, and 55 °C). CTC concentration at 22 °C decreased 44% after 25 days; greater percentage decreases were observed when the manure was stored at elevated temperatures (96% and 98% for 38 °C and 55 °C, respectively). The concentration of the microbiologically inactivate isomer, ICTC, increased over the incubation period. At 22 °C, ICTC continued to increase through 25 days of incubation; at 38 °C, ICTC concentration plateaued on day 14 while at 55 °C ICTC concentration plateaued on day 7, with concentration increases of 198%, 374%, and 282% for 22 °C, 38 °C, and 55 °C, respectively.
On Estimating Costs for Economic Evaluation in Failure Time Studies

Only recently have attempts been made to adjust for the bias censoring can impart on economic estimates based on data obtained during a clinical trial. This article reviews a suggested approach that adopts techniques developed for adjusting for the effect of censoring on estimation of failure time. The authors show that this approach does not provide unbiased estimation and explain the reason why this is the case.