cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postnatal expression of myosin heavy chains in muscle spindles of the rat

The immunocytochemical expression of two myosin isoforms in intrafusal muscle fibers was examined in soleus muscles of neonatal (zero to six days postpartum) and adult rats. Monoclonal antibodies specific for myosin heavy chains of the slow-tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD58) and fast-twitch pectoralis (MF30) muscles of the chicken were used. In adults ALD58 bound to the intracapsular regions of bag1 and bag2 fibers and MF30 bound to the intracapsular regions of bag2 and chain fibers. The extracapsular regions of intrafusal fibers and all extrafusal fibers did not react to ALD58 or MF30. Bag1 and bag2 fibers of neonatal rats expressed immature myosin patterns but chain fibers did not. The adult pattern of immunoreactivity of intrafusal fibers developed by the fourth postnatal day, when the patterns of motor but not sensory innervation in the spindle are still immature. Data suggest that the expression and maintenance of the specific anti-myosin immunoreactivity of intrafusal fibers during postnatal development of rat spindles is dependent upon sensory but not motor innervation. Moreover, afferents might regulate the gene expression responsible for synthesis of myosins isoforms specific to intrafusal fibers only in those myonuclei located within the capsule, but not in the myonuclei in extracapsular regions of intrafusal fibers.
The Philosophical and Religious Thought of Arthur James Balfour (1848-1930)

Alec R. Vidler recently remarked that “It is because he was at least two men that Balfour is the most interesting Prime Minister of this century.” He was both a man of political action and a philosopher. In the opinion of Sir Austen Chamberlain, Balfour had “the finest brain that has been applied to politics in our time.” Blanche Dugdale adds that “No one can understand Arthur Balfour who forgets that interest in speculative thinking was part of the fabric of his everyday existence, wherever he was, whatever he was doing.” But no matter that Balfour's involvement in philosophy, theology, science, and psychical research often superseded his active involvement in the affairs of state. The image of a dilettante persists in most biographical studies. One of the reasons for this historiographical problem was stated well in an early biographical sketch:… Balfour's real achievement as a metaphysician is not easy to determine, and none the more that his fame as a statesman tended to advertise his work with the vulgar and depreciate it with the elect. The former took him at his word and proclaimed him without further ado a philosopher; the latter dismissed him without too much consideration as an amateur.Whether “vulgar” or “elect,” the public was slow to appreciate the mind of Arthur Balfour. It was not until the publication of his second book, The Foundations of Belief (1895), that Balfour received critical attention as a thinker.
Resolution in near-field optical microscopy

Abstract A discussion of the relationship between the spatial resolution in near-field and far-field microscopy is presented in the context of linear optical transfer function theory. The results of a simplified theory of near-field optical beam formation are compared with experimental measurements of the near-field probe profile using visible light and subwavelength probes. The radial intensity profile of a near-field light beam is shown to be describable to a first approximation by a simple Gaussian function.
Synchronization of Wind Trubine Generators Against an Infinite Bus Under Gusting Wind Conditions

Studies of synchronizing a wind turbine generator against an infinite bus are performed on a digital computer. In the digital simulation, wind gusts ofdifferent magnitudes and durations are hypothesized. Prior to the synchronization, differences of the frequency and phase position between voltages of the alternator and the bus are also included in the simulation, Solutions for rotor speed, generator power angle, electromagnetic torque, wind turbine torque, wind turbine blade pitch angle, and armature current are simulated and presented graphically. The ERDA-NASA 100-kw wind turbine is used as a case study. The results so obtained will thus have immediate applications.
Sex-biased gene expression at homomorphic sex chromosomes in emus and its implication for sex chromosome evolution

Sex chromosomes originate from autosomes. The accumulation of sexually antagonistic mutations on protosex chromosomes selects for a loss of recombination and sets in motion the evolutionary processes generating heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Recombination suppression and differentiation are generally viewed as the default path of sex chromosome evolution, and the occurrence of old, homomorphic sex chromosomes, such as those of ratite birds, has remained a mystery. Here, we analyze the genome and transcriptome of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) and confirm that most genes on the sex chromosome are shared between the Z and W. Surprisingly, however, levels of gene expression are generally sex-biased for all sex-linked genes relative to autosomes, including those in the pseudoautosomal region, and the male-bias increases after gonad formation. This expression bias suggests that the emu sex chromosomes have become masculinized, even in the absence of ZW differentiation. Thus, birds may have taken different evolutionary solutions to minimize the deleterious effects imposed by sexually antagonistic mutations: some lineages eliminate recombination along the protosex chromosomes to physically restrict sexually antagonistic alleles to one sex, whereas ratites evolved sex-biased expression to confine the product of a sexually antagonistic allele to the sex it benefits. This difference in conflict resolution may explain the preservation of recombining, homomorphic sex chromosomes in other lineages and illustrates the importance of sexually antagonistic mutations driving the evolution of sex chromosomes.
Three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging of subcutaneous microvasculature in vivo

Three-dimensional photoacoustic imaging of subcutaneous microvasculature in small animals is realized in vivo using photoacoustic microscopy. Previously, degraded lateral resolution in the out-of-focus region made three-dimensional visualization impractical. With the help of a virtual-detector synthetic aperture focusing technique, depth-independent lateral resolution is achieved. Therefore, volumetric imaging of the vessels is realized with a lateral resolution of 45 μm and an axial resolution of 15 μm. Detailed structural information, such as vessel depth and spatial orientation, are revealed with new clarity.
Dynamic Optimization of Dehydration Processes: Minimizing Browning in Dehydration of Potatoes

A simulation-optimization procedure based on the complex method was used to determine optimal drying schemes for minimizing browning during dehydration of white potatoes. Browning kinetics were obtained from the literature, and the heat and mass transfer characteristics of the potatoes were based on experimental data obtained previously. The optimal dryer temperature control path reduced the temperature while the sample disk moisture content was in the range 0.1–0.2 g/g-solids, where the browning rate is maximal. Excellent agreement was obtained between optimal dryer temperatures based on local moisture and those based on average moisture contents.
Grades of Evidence Variability in Quality of Findings in Effectiveness Studies of Complex Field Interventions

This article argues with a literature review that a simplistic distinction between strong and weak evidence hinged on the use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the federal “gold standard” for generating rigorous evidence on social programs and policies, is not tenable with evaluative studies of complex, field interventions such as those found in education. It introduces instead the concept of grades of evidence, illustrating how the choice of research designs coupled with the rigor with which they can be executed under field conditions, affects evidence quality progressively. It argues that evidence from effectiveness research should be graded on different design dimensions, accounting for conceptualization and execution aspects of a study. Well-implemented, phased designs using multiple research methods carry the highest potential to yield the best grade of evidence on effects of complex, field interventions.
C−H Bond Activation Reactions with Ligand Adducts of a β-Diiminate Iridium Dihydride

Addition of neutral ligands to the trigonal prismatic iridium tetrahydride (iPrBDI)IrH4 (BDI = ArNC(Me)CH(Me)CNAr, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) induces reductive elimination of dihydrogen to afford (iPrBDI)I...
Prothymosin α and parathymosin: amino acid sequences deduced from the cloned rat spleen cDNAs

Abstract A rat spleen cDNA library was screened for clones carrying the cDNAs for prothymosin α and parathymosin. Sequence analysis of a clone carrying the entire coding region for prothymosin α confirmed and completed the amino acid sequence for this polypeptide and established the number of amino acid residues as 111. Rat prothymosin α differs from human prothymosin α at six positions, including four substitutions and two insertions. The nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs for the rat and human polypeptides are more than 90% identical in the open reading frames, with significant homology extending into the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions. From the same library, we also isolated a clone carrying 80% of the coding region for rat parathymosin. The number of amino acid residues in rat parathymosin is 101, based on the sequence deduced from the cDNA insert and earlier information on the sequence in the amino-terminal portion of this polypeptide. Despite their similarity in size and amino acid composition, rat prothymosin α and rat parathymosin show only limited sequence homology, primarily in the segment including residues 14 through 25, where 10 of 12 positions are identical in the two polypeptides. This is also the region of significant sequence similarity to a 12-amino-acid segment in the p17 protein of the human immunodeficiency disease associated virus (HTLV-IIIB).
Calcium‐Alginate Nanoparticles Formed by Reverse Microemulsion as Gene Carriers

Natural biopolymers are widely used in the field of drug and gene delivery. In this study, alginate nanoparticles were prepared using water-in-oil microemulsion as a template followed by calcium crosslinking of guluronic acid units of alginate polymer. After collected by ultracentrifugation, alginate nanoparticles were analyzed by electron microscopy to obtain the size and morphology which were varied with the ratio of water, oil, and surfactant used. To examine the potency of Ca-alginate nanoparticles as carriers for gene delivery, GFP-encoding plasmids were encapsulated in these nanoparticles to investigate the degree of endocytosis by NIH 3T3 cells and ensuing transfection rate. Our results showed that Ca-alginate nanoparticles with an average size around 80 nm in diameter are very efficient gene carriers, in comparison with plasmid DNA condensed by polyethyleneimine (PEI).
Environment and physical activity dynamics: The role of residential self-selection

Abstract Objectives Within the socio-ecologic framework, diet and physical activity are influenced by individual, inter-personal, organizational, community, and public policy factors. A basic principle underlying this framework is that environments can influence an individual's behavior. However, in the vast majority of cross-sectional and even the few longitudinal studies of this relationship, the question of whether individuals select their area of residence based on physical activity-related amenities is ignored. In this paper, we address a critical methodological issue: self-selection of residential location, which is generally not accounted for, and can significantly compromise research on the relationship between environmental factors and physical activity behaviors. Method We define and discuss the problem of residential self-selection in the study of neighborhood influences on health and health behavior, review methods used to control for residential self-selection in the literature, and present our strategy for addressing this potentially important source of bias. Conclusion Existing research has built our understanding of residential self-selection bias, but important gaps remain. Our strategy uses data from a longitudinal cohort study linked to contemporaneous environmental measures to create a multi-equation model system to simultaneously estimate residential choice, environmental influences on physical activity, and downstream health outcomes such as obesity and clinical cardiovascular disease risk factor measures.
Gastric teratoma with intramural extension

Gastric teratoma is an extremely rare neoplasm which accounts for less than two percent of all teratomas. Unlike other teratomas, gastric teratomas are all benign and predominantly occur in males. As gastric teratomas generally present as a palpable abdominal mass, more aggressive solid masses of childhood must be excluded. In this case, CT imaging delineates both cystic and fatty components characteristic of teratoma and displays the rare gastric origin of the lesion.
Hospital activation: towards a process model

Activation is the process of preparing people, equipment and facilities for moving and start‐up. It is little understood, but integral to the success of facility. It starts well before and extends beyond the phases of commissioning and start‐up. Activation is described in six stages as it interacts with the traditional facility delivery cycle: long‐range planning; prioritization/budgeting; facility planning/design; facility completion; Operation; and criteria update/post‐occupancy evaluation. The outcome was a two‐volume, “user‐friendly” Activation Guide that describes activation for large complex projects in a straightforward way, and which is being used by the 172 major hospitals of the Department of Veterans Affairs in the USA. The process is generic and it could be adapted for use in activations of complex facilities in Europe.
GENERIC RESPONSE CLASSES AND RELATIONAL FRAME THEORY: RESPONSE TO HAYES AND BARNES‐HOLMES

Hayes and Barnes-Holmes (2004) assert that the concept of a topographically unconstrained response class, the concept that carries the explanatory burden of relational frame theory, appeals to no new principles. Operants are properly defined functionally. I argue that they have stretched the concept of the generic response class beyond its appropriate limits. Skinner conceived of response classes as empirically defined units, mutually interchangeable in quantitative functions. The notion of overarching, generalized operants is an uncritical, analogical extension of this concept. I hold that the conceptual work of relational frame theory is incomplete, that a statement of principle is necessary, even if not new. Finally, I distinguish a supposed commitment to a philosophical “mediationism” from a valid inquiry about mediating behavior; that is, behavior with stimulus products that participate in the control of the behavior of primary interest.
Electron spin-lattice relaxation processes of radicals in irradiated crystalline organic compounds

Electron spin-lattice relaxation times (T1e) for the major radicals in γ-irradiated polycrystalline samples of glycylglycine, l-alanine, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-phenol, and 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol were measured as a function of temperature using pulsed EPR. CW-saturation recovery (CW-SR) were obtained at X-band (9.1 GHz) and S-band (3.0 GHz) between about 10 and 295 K. Inversion recovery, echo-detected saturation recovery (ED-SR), and pulsed electron−electron double resonance (ELDOR) curves were obtained at X-band between 77 and about 295 K. For 2,4,6-tri-tert-butyl-phenoxy radical, which has a single-line EPR spectrum, the recovery times obtained by the three methods were in good agreement and were assigned as T1e. For the three radicals with resolved hyperfine splitting, spectral diffusion caused the recovery times observed by inversion recovery or ED-SR to be significantly shorter than T1e obtained by CW-SR or ELDOR. Spectral diffusion processes were observed directly by pulsed ELDOR experiments...
Growth and biochemical characteristics of a detachment variant of CHO cells.

A variant subline of Chinese hamster cells (line CHO) was isolated that had increased resistance to detachment from the substratum. Comparisons between parental and variant cells of the complex carbohydrates liberated during trypsin detachment showed that the variant cells synthesized little or no hyaluronic acid. These cells also had reduced amounts of other complex carbohydrates in the cell periphery. However, parental and variant cells did not differ in morphology, growth control, or cyclic AMP concentration. Profound changes in the physical and chemical nature of the cell periphery, in themselves, evidently are insufficient to cause changes in many aspects of cell behavior.
Physics of Superpulses in Storage Ring Free-Electron Lasers

Contradictory to the widespread perception, storage ring free-electron lasers with substantial net gain can generate peak lasing power reaching GW levels in the so-called superpulse mode. This power level is sufficient for studies of nonlinear processes and efficient intracavity harmonic generation. This letter describes the physics of the superpulses and a phase-space refreshment in the electron beam responsible for this phenomenon.
Production of tanoor bread with hard white and other U.S. wheats

Abstract A small-scale test baking procedure and a scoring system were developed to evaluate the suitability of U.S. wheats for the production of tanoor bread (a single-layered, flat bread). Eleven wheat samples (hard white winter, hard red winter and soft white winter) were milled to 85% extraction and made into tanoor bread. The data for flour quality and bread scores were subjected to correlation and stepwise regression analyses. Flour protein quality and starch relative viscosity measured by the rapid visco-analyser were highly correlated with many aspects of bread quality. The quadratic function of the valorimeter value and relative viscosity on the bread quality indicated that extremes in dough strength and starch relative viscosity adversely influence the quality of tanoor bread. The results of this study indicated that optimum tanoor bread was produced from flour (85% extraction) of 11.0 to 13.0 g/100 g protein.
Nrf2 and c-Jun regulation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated expression and induction of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene

gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of glutathione, a known scavenger of electrophiles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The gamma-GCS gene is expressed ubiquitously and induced coordinately with NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase(1) (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase Ya (GST Ya) in response to xenobiotics and antioxidants. The antioxidant response element (ARE) is required for expression and induction of these genes. In the current report, we demonstrated that ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression and induction is regulated by similar Nrf and Jun factors as reported earlier for the NQO1 and GST Ya genes. The gamma-GCS gene ARE competed with the binding of nuclear proteins (Nrf + Jun) to the NQO1 gene ARE (hARE). In addition, the overexpression of Nrf2 and Nrf1 with c-Jun significantly up-regulated gamma-GCS ARE-mediated basal expression and beta-naphthoflavone induction of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in transfected HepG2 cells. Interestingly, Nrf2 + c-Jun was more effective than Nrf1 + c-Jun in the regulation of ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression. Further experiments demonstrated that the c-Jun level within the cells is an important determinant of the level of ARE-mediated gamma-GCS gene expression. Therefore, at higher concentrations of c-Jun, gamma-GCS gene expression is repressed, presumably due to generation of a sufficient amount of c-Jun + c-Fos complex that interferes with the binding of Nrf2 + c-Jun complex to the ARE.
The Dentition of Papio anubis

The dentition of Papio anubis was studied in 50 male and female animals; gross observation, study casts, radiographs, and histologic preparations were used. An overall general similarity to the dentition of human beings was observed in size, morphology, and occlusion. Notable differences in the baboon dentition were a more elongate arch form, prominent maxillary canine crowns, and second and third molar crowns of greater size than first molar crowns.
Correlogram template matching for time-delay estimation

We propose a correlogram-based time delay estimation method using signals modeled as the output of the cochlea, where the low-level signal processing happens in the human auditory system. With a normalized correlogram that preserves time-delay patterns that are invariant to speech features such as formants, we employ two-dimensional template matching for time-delay estimation. Experimental results show that our method outperforms a traditional correlogram-based method as well as the GCC-PHAT, especially for short analysis windows in a moderately reverberant environment.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy for the Treatment of Stalking Offenders

The need for effective mental health interventions for specific offender populations has become clear in recent decades. In particular, individuals who engage in stalking and harassment have increasingly attracted the attention of the public and mental health and criminal justice professionals, however no evidence-based treatment currently exists for this population. We adapted Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) for the treatment of this offender group, in part because of the high prevalence of personality disorders. This study describes the application of a 6-month treatment program to a sample of 29 individuals, 14 of whom completed treatment. Treated offenders were significantly less likely to re-offend with another stalking offense (0 of 14) compared to treatment drop-outs (26.7%) or to published recidivism data (47%). Measures intended to help determine the nature of changes revealed increased thought suppression, but are qualified by the high degree of defensive responding. These preliminary data su...
Keratoprosthesis: Procedure of Choice for Corneal Opacities in Children?

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to review the current literature on keratoprosthesis and its use in the pediatric population.Methods: Case report and review of recent literature on outcomes of pediatric keratoplasty and keratoprosthesis.Results: Penetrating keratoplasty in children is fraught with shortcomings, including difficulty maintaining a clear graft (as low as 44% at 50 months), poor visual acuity outcomes (only 30-34% achieving 20/400 or better), and a high rate of allograft rejection (40-50%). Placement of the Boston type I keratoprosthesis has the advantage of achieving a clear visual axis and stable refractive error within days of surgery without risk of rejection. However, life-long care is required, including topical steroids and antibiotic prophylaxis, as well as bandage contact lens wear and a frequent a need for further interventions for retroprosthetic membranes and glaucoma.Conclusions: With motivated parents, a successful anatomic and functional outcome can be achieved with the B...
Separation of Aromatic Acids, DOPA, and Methyl-DOPA by Capillary Electrophoresis with Dendrimers as Buffer Additives

Polyamidoamine starburst dendrimers with terminal carboxylate groups are used as a pseudo-stationary phase in electrokinetic chromatography for separating the selected aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, phenylglycine, homophenylalanine, and tyrosine and the catecholamines 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methylalanine at different pH levels. A significant difference in analyte selectivity is observed between dendrimers of different generations and at different pH levels. At pH 7.0, the utility of the dendrimers for separating these analytes is limited by relatively low selectivity and a noisy baseline. However, good separation and selectivity are obtained with low generation dendrimers (G0.5 and G1.5) at low pH. Strong association of the solute with dendrimers is observed for high generations (G2.5, G3.5, and G5.5).
The Strategic Use of Download Limits by a Monopoly Platform

We consider a heretofore unexplored explanation for why platforms, such as Internet service providers and mobile-phone networks, offer plans with download limits: through one of two mechanisms, doing so causes the providers of the content consumer purchase to either reduce their prices or increase their quality. This, in turn, generates greater surplus for consumers. A platform captures this increased surplus by charging consumers higher access fees. Even accounting for congestion externalities, we show that a platform will tend to restrict downloads more than would be welfare-maximizing; indeed, in some instances, by so much that a complete prohibition on such behavior is welfare superior to the practices the platform would pursue. Somewhat paradoxically, we show that a platform will install more bandwidth when allowed to restrict downloads than when prevented from doing so. Other related phenomena are explored.
Vascular crossing patterns in patients with systemic arterial hypertension

Aim To identify the relationship of retinal arteries in a population with systemic arterial hypertension. Methods High resolution, dilated, digitised, fundus photographs of consecutive patients with a history of hypertension requiring pharmacologic therapy seen on the Wills Eye Hospital Retina Service were analysed. Included were photographs of the temporal retinal vascular arcades in which media clarity permitted good visualisation of third-order retinal vascular bifurcations. Each first- and second-order arteriovenous (AV) crossing was then examined to identify anatomic patterns at the sites where veins and arteries crossed. Eyes in patients without a history of hypertension were used as controls. Results Among the 71 patients (134 eyes), there were 430 first-order and second-order AV crossings, in which AV nicking was present at 126 sites. A retinal artery was located anterior to the retinal vein in 122 of the 126 sites (96.8%) at which AV nicking was noted, while nicking associated with the vein located anteriorly to the artery occurred in only 4 of 126 (3.2%) of AV crossings (p Conclusions In patients with systemic arterial hypertension and hypertensive retinopathy, AV nicking of the retinal vein at the site of AV crossing is seen predominantly when the retinal artery lies anterior to the vein, but generally not when the vein lies anterior to the artery. The clinician should realise that when a retinal vein lies anterior to a retinal artery, the absence of AV nicking does not rule out more severe, chronic, retinopathic changes than observed with retinal arterial straightening only.
Effect of rosiglitazone on capillary density and angiogenesis in adipose tissue of normoglycaemic humans in a randomised controlled trial.

Aims/hypothesis Recent reports of decreased capillary density in the adipose tissue of obese individuals suggest that an imbalance of angiogenesis and adipogenesis may, in part, underlie insulin resistance. This study aimed to determine whether the insulin-sensitising peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activator rosiglitazone affects adipose tissue vascularisation in normal humans.
Methods for Implementing and Reporting Patient-reported Outcome (PRO) Measures of Symptomatic Adverse Events in Cancer Clinical Trials.

Abstract Purpose There is increasing interest to use patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to evaluate symptomatic adverse events (AEs) in cancer treatment trials. However, there are currently no standard recommended approaches for integrating patient-reported AE measures into trials. Methods Approaches are identified from previous trials for selecting AEs for solicited patient reporting, administering patient-reported AE measures, and analyzing and reporting results. Findings Approaches for integrating patient-reported AE measures into cancer trials generally combine current standard methods for clinician-reported AEs and established best practices for using PRO measures. Specific AEs can be selected for a PRO questionnaire based on common and expected reactions in a given trial context, derived from literature review and qualitative/mixed-methods evaluations and should be the same set administered across all arms of a trial. A mechanism for collecting unsolicited patient-reported AEs will also ideally be included. Patients will preferably report at baseline and at the end of active treatment as well as on a frequent standardized schedule during active treatment, such as weekly from home, with a recall period corresponding to the frequency of reporting (eg, past 7 days). Less frequent reporting may be considered after an initial intensive monitoring period for trials of prolonged treatments and during long-term follow-up. Electronic PRO data collection is preferred. Backup data collection for missed PRO reports is advisable to boost response rates. Analysis can use a combination of approaches to AE and PRO data. If a high proportion of patients is experiencing baseline symptoms, systematic subtraction of these from on-study AEs should be considered to improve reporting of symptoms related to treatment. More granular longitudinal analyses of individual symptoms can also be useful. Implications Methods are evolving for integrating patient-reported symptomatic AEs into cancer trials. These methods are expected to further evolve as more data from trials become available.
Sephardic political identity: Jewish and cuban Interaction in miami beach

Sephardic political identity is compared with Ashkenazic political identity in Miami Beach. Overall, Sephardim are slightly less likely to be Democrats than are Ashkenazim; but both Cuban Sephardim and Ashkenazim are much less likely to be Democrats than are non Cuban Jewish voters. In Miami Beach, Sephardic identity especially has been influenced by the Cuban experience.
A theoretical analysis of congestion in a two-lane freeway

To current workers in the mathematical theory of road traffic, one of the most challenging and important problems is to describe and analyze the congestion suffered by motorists on freeways. While there is, as yet, no satisfactory unified theory, several different models have been suggested, each of which is reasonable for a limited class of situations. These approaches fall largely into two categories. The first may be described as looking at traffic "in the large" and its principal exponents were Lighthill and Whitham (1955) and Prigogine (1961). The theory of Lighthill and Whitham involves treating the system of vehicles as a fluid subject to a rule of conservation of mass (that is, vehicles) and an assumed relation between the flow and concentration at each point. This theory is completely deterministic. Prigogine's approach is to regard the system of vehicles as behaving like the particles in a gas and subject to the laws of statistical mechanics. An alternative approach involves looking at the behaviour of the individual vehicles and their interactions with neighbouring vehicles on the freeway. Here one of the following three theories is appropriate depending on the degree of congestion of the traffic. (a) The no-interaction theory. Here the traffic flow is so light that there are no delays suffered by vehicles when overtaking. The main result, obtained first by Weiss and Herman (1962), is that for any continuous distribution of vehicle speeds the instants at which vehicles pass a given point tend to constitute a Poisson process as the time elapsed from any initial configuration tends to infinity. (b) Queueing models. Here it is assumed that the traffic flow is not sufficiently light for theory (a) to apply but not so heavy that no overtaking is possible. One is, therefore, interested in studying the growth and dissipation of the queues which form behind the slower vehicles and also in the interaction between these queues. By considering only "first-order" interactions, i.e., queues of no more than two vehicles, Newell (1966) obtained an interesting generalization to the result of Weiss and Herman (1962). In addition several authors (for example,
An Intelligent Numerical Simulation Environment on Component-Based Models: Part I

This paper mainly discusses numerical simulation on a component-based model, in which a large complex dynamic system is presumably partitioned into and modeled by a number of interconnected components, which often corresponds to the physical nature in the real world. An independent component computation (ICC) method is proposed to deal numerically with component-based models. With ICC method, each component model is numerically solved independently of, and concurrently with others. This method, combined with the object-oriented methodology and expert system technology, leads to an intelligent numerical simulation environment, which is presented in detail in Part II.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Erratum: External-Field Shifts of the (199)Hg(+) Optical Frequency Standard.

[J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Volume 105, Number 6, November-December 2000, p. 829] The right-hand sides of Eqs. (16)–(19) should be divided by 4πe0 in order to make them correct in SI units. In Eq. (52), the spherical harmonic Y2,0 should be multiplied by r2. None of other results of the paper are affected by these errors.
Defending information-free genocentrism.

Genocentrism, the thesis that the genes play a special role in the causation of development is often rejected in favor of a 'causal democracy thesis' to the effect that all causally necessary conditions for development democracy thesis' to the argue that genes play distinct causal role owing to their informational content and that this content enables them to program the embryo. I show that the special causal role of the genome hinges not on its informational status - it has none, or at least no more than computer programs have independent of our interpretations of them - but on its power literally to program the embryo, a power nicely illustrated in the use of polynucleotide sequences to compute solutions to NP hard problems in mathematics. ynucleotlde.
Heavy Gasoline Consumers and Their Preferences for Alternative Public Policies Designed to Promote Gasoline Conservation

In this study, the heaviest users of gasoline, those consuming over thirty gallons a week, were compared to average consumers both in terms of demographics and in terms of preferences for alternative conservation measures.
Chemistry: The Hidden War

Paul A. Lombardo applauds a shocking study detailing the Allies' Second World War experimentation with chemical weapons on their own troops.
Community Libraries in Ghana: The Struggle, Survival, and Collapse

There are many community libraries in Ghana. Most of these libraries are established by non-governmental agencies, district assemblies, affluent or well-to-do individuals, and individuals with high...
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor in human RPE cells: implications in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE. To determine whether hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor (HGFR) is expressed in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and to test whether RPE cells are responsive to HGF. To evaluate expression of HGFR in human donor eyes and in several epiretinal membranes associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and idiopathic epiretinal membranes. METHODS. HGF-dependent migration and proliferation in primary and simian virus (SV) 40-transformed human RPE cells was studied using a Boyden chamber and [ 3 H]thymidine uptake, respectively. The expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of HGFR protein was evaluated in RPE cells by immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis. Expression of HGFR in human donor eyes and in several epiretinal membranes associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and idiopathic epiretinal membranes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS. HGFR was expressed in RPE cells and was tyrosine-phosphorylate in response to HGF. Whereas HGF was a potent motogen for RPE cells, it induced only a modest, dose-dependent uptake of [ 3 H]thymidine. Evaluation of human donor eyes showed that the RPE monolayer was the major cell type that was strongly positive for HGFR. HGFR was uniformly and readily detected in the cellular component of epiretinal membranes associated with PVR, whereas little or no HGFR was found in idiopathic epiretinal membranes. CONCLUSIONS. HGFR is expressed in cultured RPE cells, in the RPE monolayer in human donor eyes, and in epiretinal membranes obtained from patients with PVR. Furthermore, HGF is a potent chemoattractant for cultured human RPE cells. These observations suggest a role for HGF and HGFR in normal function of RPE cells and in RPE-related disease such as PVR.
Assessing Emotional Availability in Early Development

It is not difficult to designate high-risk groups for infants and young children likely to have emotional and social problems in their development. Such groups can be designated according to (a) handicapping and health factors in the child (e. g., prematurity, major sensory motoric deficits, malformations, disfigurements, and multiple hospitalizations); (b) handicapping and health factors in the parent (e. g., major mental illness, such as severe depression, sociopathy, or schizophrenia); and (c) general social and economic factors (e. g., low socioeconomic status, but also including factors such as infants and young children with teenage parents, single parents, and parents with poor marital adjustment) (see Markman & Jones Leonard, Chapter 4). When one is planning intervention, however, designating high-risk groups is an inefficient way of screening. As Frankenburg points out in this volume, there are too many individuals in high-risk groups who do not require intervention— that is, who are not disordered and who are not in the process of becoming disordered. The problem for screening, therefore, is the early identification of those individuals (including those within high-risk groups) who are needing of intervention.
Diplomacy, Trade, and South Korea’s Rise to International Influence

The story of South Korea’s post-armistice economic ascendance has been well documented, but its parallel rise as an influential international actor is just beginning to receive the scholarly attention it deserves. Moreover, in the work that has been produced thus far, scholars have assumed that it was its remarkable economic growth that drove South Korea’s rise to international influence. This assumption misses the important fact that South Korea was elevating itself internationally while it was still a poor nation. As we demonstrate in this paper, what is missing in existing work is that it was the diplomatic efforts of South Korean presidents early in the post-armistice period that put the country on the path to its current international influence both directly and indirectly. They did this directly by removing it from the diplomatic isolation it inherited after the Korean War, and they accomplished this indirectly by using the tools of diplomacy to expand South Korea’s trading relations, without which ...
An examination of the relationships between acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, and eating disorder symptoms among ethnic minority college students.

Abstract Empirical evidence suggests the importance of considering acculturative stress and perceived discrimination in understanding the mental health of ethnic minority groups, including their eating behaviors and associated psychopathology. The current study examined the effect of acculturative stress and perceived discrimination on eating disorder symptoms among ethnic minority undergraduate students. A total of 187 ethnic minority undergraduate students (41.2% men) completed this cross-sectional study by completing self-report questionnaires on a secure online system. Regression analyses revealed a main effect of acculturative stress on eating concern, shape concern, weight concern, drive for thinness, and bulimia but not restraint or body dissatisfaction. Gender moderated the effect of acculturative stress on drive for muscularity, suggesting that this effect was only significant in women, but not men. The main effect of perceived discrimination was significant for restraint, eating concern, shape concern, weight concern, and drive for muscularity but not drive for thinness, bulimia, or body dissatisfaction. Acculturative stress and perceived discrimination are important factors to consider in understanding the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms among ethnic minority populations. Targeting these two factors may improve the effectiveness of intervention programs for eating disorder symptoms among ethnic minority undergraduate students.
Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion: Carole M. Cusack and Pavol Kosnáč (Eds.). London: Routledge, 2017. 299 pp. Hardback. $149.95. ISBN 978-1-4724-6302-9.

In Fiction, Invention and Hyper-reality: From Popular Culture to Religion, Carole Cusack and Pavol Kosnac seek to address emergent topics facing multiple disciplines of study in connection with how...
Patent and Alliance Portfolio Flow Signals: Evidence from the US Biopharmaceutical Industry

Intentionally or not, firms’ patent and alliance portfolios send flow signals to market observers. Flow signals infuse a temporal dimension into portfolio research since they delineate a firm’s pat...
Pared-down Poker: Cutting to the Core of Command and Control.

Poker poses cognitive challenges like those of warfare, business and other real world domains. This makes poker a good test bed for basic research on how people make Command and Control decisions and for applied research on how systems might help people make better decisions. In this paper, I compare the cognitive challenges of poker and warfare, and present a new suite of “Pared-down Poker” games that cut to the core of Command and Control. Compared to full-scale poker, Pared-down Poker is more tractable to normative analyses in the lab and more relevant to cognitive challenges in the world. The games have been programmed in Java along with various “animal archetypes” that simulate poker personalities. One game has been used to study the computational effectiveness of cognitive style against normative skill, and the findings from this study highlight questions for further research.
Timing and Physiological Arousal: Implications for Human Performance:

The estimation of time intervals is crucial in the performance of any motoric task, such as hitting a baseball. The timing of the swing is arguably the most important part of the swing, but what if...
Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder

Background and Objectives: Poor sleep is prevalent among individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and may affect treatment outcome. We examined whether: (1) individuals with SAD differed from healthy controls (HCs) in sleep quality, (2) baseline sleep quality moderated the effects of treatment (Cognitive-behavioral group therapy [CBGT] vs. mindfulness-based stress reduction [MBSR] vs. waitlist [WL]) on social anxiety, (3) sleep quality changed over treatment, and (4) changes in sleep quality predicted anxiety 12-months post-treatment. Design: Participants were 108 adults with SAD from a randomized controlled trial of CBGT vs. MBSR vs. WL and 38 HCs. Methods: SAD and sleep quality were assessed pre-treatment and post-treatment; SAD was assessed again 12-months post-treatment. Results: Participants with SAD reported poorer sleep quality than HCs. The effect of treatment condition on post-treatment social anxiety did not differ as a function of baseline sleep quality. Sleep quality improved in MBSR, significantly more than WL, but not CBGT. Sleep quality change from pre- to post-treatment in CBGT or MBSR did not predict later social anxiety. Conclusions: MBSR, and not CBGT, improved sleep quality among participants. Other results were inconsistent with prior research; possible explanations, limitations, and implications for future research are discussed. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02036658.
The Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones

The pancreas is an exocrine and an endocrine organ. The acinar cells secrete proteolytic, lipolytic and amylytic enzymes in the pancreatic juice that flows through a ductal network to the duodenum. These enzymes are important for digestion. The pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete hormones into the blood that are essential for maintenance of normal blood glucose levels or euglycemia. Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine pancreas. Type 1 diabetes is characterized as an absolute lack of insulin in the B-cells of the pancreatic islet. Insulin must be replaced for optimal control of blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a relative insufficiency of insulin secretion and peripheral insulin resistance. Oral hypoglycemic agents, injectable incretins and insulin are used to control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes. Oral hypoglycemic agents can target insulin secretion, hepatic glucose release, kidney glucose transporters, and glucose uptake and metabolism in insulin target tissues. Carbohydrate metabolism in the GI tract is also a target for reducing prandial glucose levels in blood. Maintaining euglycemia often requires combination pharmacologic therapy.
Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail

Life chaos, the perceived inability to plan for and anticipate the future, may be a barrier to the HIV care continuum for people living with HIV who experience incarceration. Between December 2012 and June 2015, we interviewed 356 adult cisgender men and transgender women living with HIV in Los Angeles County Jail. We assessed life chaos using the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS) and conducted regression analyses to estimate the association between life chaos and care continuum. Forty-eight percent were diagnosed with HIV while incarcerated, 14% were engaged in care 12 months prior to incarceration, mean antiretroviral adherence was 65%, and 68% were virologically suppressed. Adjusting for sociodemographics, HIV-related stigma, and social support, higher life chaos was associated with greater likelihood of diagnosis while incarcerated, lower likelihood of engagement in care, and lower adherence. There was no statistically significant association between life chaos and virologic suppression. Identifying life chaos in criminal-justice involved populations and intervening on it may improve continuum outcomes.
Modeling Complex Interactions

In this chapter we present a number of partial differential equation models to describe complex interactions among users in online social networks. We discuss an information diffusion model initiated from several sources and extend spatial cooperation systems for population dynamics to information diffusion where two or more pieces of information promote each other. We adopt the spatial Lotka–Volterra competition model to information diffusion and discuss its application in modeling the market share competition of smartphone operating systems. Finally, we extend epidemiological models to information diffusion where spatial arrangement is present.