cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonidentity of Some Simian Virus 40-induced Enzymes with Tumor Antigen

Abstract The complement-fixing tumor (T) antigen induced by simian virus 40 (SV40) has been prepared from SV40-infected cell cultures, from infected cell cultures treated at the time of infection with 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), and from SV40-transformed cells. Upon partial purification, the T antigen exhibited the following properties: it was tightly adsorbed by calcium phosphate gel, it was precipitated by acetic acid at pH 5 or by ammonium sulfate at about 20 to 32% saturation, and it had a molecular weight greater than 250,000, as estimated by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. In contrast, deoxycytidylate (dCMP) deaminase, thymidylate (dTMP) kinase, and thymidine (dT) kinase were less strongly bound to calcium phosphate and were not precipitated at pH 5; these enzymes also had much lower molecular weights than the T antigen, as did dihydrofolic (FH2) reductase. Furthermore, higher ammonium sulfate concentrations were required to precipitate dCMP deaminase, dTMP kinase, and FH2 reductase activities than to precipitate the T antigen. Another difference was that the T antigen was not stabilized, but dCMP deaminase, dTMP kinase, and dT kinase, were stabilized, respectively, by dCTP, dTMP, and dT or dTTP. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase activity resembled the T antigen in adsorption to calcium phosphate, in precipitation by ammonium sulfate or at pH 5, and in the rate of inactivation when incubated at 38 C. However, the polymerase activity could be partly separated from the T antigen by Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography. The cell fraction containing partially purified T antigen also contained a soluble complement-fixing antigen (presumably a subunit of the viral capsid) which reacted with hyperimmune monkey sera. The latter antigen was present in very low titers or absent from cell extracts prepared from SV40-infected monkey kidney cell cultures which had been treated with ara-C at the time of infection, or from SV40-transformed mouse kidney (mKS) or hamster tumor (H-50) cells. The T antigen, however, was present in usual amounts in SV40-transformed cells or ara-C treated, infected cells.
Assessment of Silicone Encapsulation Materials: Screening Techniques

Silicone encapsulants have been investigated under conditions for forming migrative resistive shorts (MGRS). The kinetics of moisture penetration and general techniques for assessing hybrid package susceptibility to MGRS failures have been determined. Using a temperature cycle of -10°C to +100°C, MGRS formation was observed at moisture levels of .9 to 1.2% V/V for Cl-, I-, K+ and Na+ ion contaminated environments. Dendritic growth has been found to occur when threshold water and ion levels were exceeded. A technique for measuring the kinetics of moisture penetration through encapsulants is described. The method consists of utilizing moisture microsensors bonded within the candidate hybrid package; followed by micro-spot AES, EDXA analysis of ionic contamination. The test results from the hybrid moisture microsensors are compared with kinetics data obtained by measuring surface currents on thermal SiO2. Measured moisture and ionic contamination levels and the formation of MGRS in the presence of Na, I, Br, Cl, S ion are summarized.
Computation of transition and molecular diffusivities in fibrous media

The tortuosities of fibrous media in the heretofore unexplored transition and ordinary regimes are computed using a Monte Carlo scheme based on the Einstein equation for random walkers. The model structure is that of fully penetrable cylinders (FPC) in a unit simulation volume. The mean square displacement technique is combined with the first passage time distribution to accelerate the progress of the walkers at low Knudsen number. The results include the computation of transition regime transport coefficients for the first time. The calculated ordinary tortuosities are approximately equal to the reciprocal of the porosity over a wide range, while the transition tortuosities are shown to deviate from the reciprocal porosity with a simple dependence on Knudsen number. The limits of the transition regime are shown to correspond roughly to Knudsen numbers of 0.50 and 100, respectively. The calculated Knudsen tortuosities are shown to improve on earlier results obtained by the authors using a flux-based technique.
Optimal cache-based route repair for real-time traffic

Real-time applications in ad hoc networks require fast route repair mechanisms to minimize the interruptions to their communications. Cache-based route repair schemes are popular choices since they can quickly resume communications using cached backup paths after a route break. In this paper, through thorough theoretical modeling of the cache-based route repair process, we derive the optimal cache-based route repair policy. This optimal policy considers both the overhead of the route repair schemes and the promptness of the repair action. The correctness and advantages of our optimal policy are validated by extensive simulations.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Alpha, Beta, and Gamma mRNA and Protein Expression in Human Fetal Tissues

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate lipid and glucose homeostasis, are targets of pharmaceuticals, and are also activated by environmental contaminants. Almost nothing is known about expression of PPARs during human fetal development. This study examines expression of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma mRNA and protein in human fetal tissues. With increasing fetal age, mRNA expression of PPARalpha and beta increased in liver, but PPARbeta decreased in heart and intestine, and PPARgamma decreased in adrenal. Adult and fetal mean expression of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma mRNA did not differ in intestine, but expression was lower in fetal stomach and heart. PPARalpha and beta mRNA in kidney and spleen, and PPARgamma mRNA in lung and adrenal were lower in fetal versus adult. PPARgamma in liver and PPARbeta mRNA in thymus were higher in fetal versus adult. PPARalpha protein increased with fetal age in intestine and decreased in lung, kidney, and adrenal. PPARbeta protein in adrenal and PPARgamma in kidney decreased with fetal age. This study provides new information on expression of PPAR subtypes during human development and will be important in evaluating the potential for the developing human to respond to PPAR environmental or pharmaceutical agonists.
Imaging capabilities and dose considerations of different mammographic units.

Physicians who are planning to buy a new mammographie unit often find the selection difficult because the units from different manufacturers differ in important features which, theoretically, could affect image quality and patient dose. Moreover, there is a considerable range in the price of equipment from different manufacturers. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic quality and patient dose for some state-of-the-art (1984) dedicated mammographie units.
Infrared Absorption of Chromium‐Rich CrFe, CrCo, and CrNi Alloys at 4.2 K

The absorptivity of dilute Cr-based alloys with Fe, Co, Ni, and Ru has been measured at 4.2 K in the range of 0.08 to 1 eV (to 4.5 eV for some samples). Peaks indicating the occurrence of the incommensurate and commensurate antiferromagnetic phases are used to compare these alloys with those having Mn and V as solutes. Except for Cr-Ru, the peaks are much broader than when Mn is used as solute. As expected from neutron scattering and magnetic data on incommensurately ordered alloys, Fe and Co behave like Mn except that the formation of a virtual bound state makes them less effective than Mn in raising the Fermi level; Ni probably behaves like V. When 2 to 7% Fe or 4% Co is present, the order is commensurate with the lattice, but the details of the absorptivity depend on the solute and its concentration. More than 7% Fe alters the Cr band structure sufficiently that the infrared peak characteristic of antiferromagnetic ordering is not present. Such band structure changes make the interpretation of magnetic data difficult. Das Absorptionsvermogen von verdunnten Legierungen auf Cr-Basis mit Fe, Co, Ni und Ru wurde bei 4,2 K im Gebiet von 0,08 bis 1 eV (bis 4,5 eV fur einige Proben) gemessen. Maxima, die das Auftreten von nicht mesbaren und mesbaren antiferromagnetischen Phasen zeigen, werden benutzt, um diese Legierungen mit denen zu vergleichen, die Mn und V als gelostes Element haben. Mit Ausnahme von Cr-Ru sind die Maxima viel breiter als wenn Mn benutzt wird. Wie von Neutronenstreuung und magnetischen Werten an nicht mesbar geordneten Legierungen erwartet, verhalten sich Fe und Co wie Mn, auser, das die Bildung eines virtuellen gebundenen Zustandes weniger effektiv als bei Mn fur das Anheben des Ferminiveaus ist; Ni verhalt sich wahrscheinlich wie V. Wenn 2 bis 7% Fe oder 4% Co anwesend sind, ist die Ordnung mit dem Gitter mesbar, jedoch hangen die Einzelheiten des Absorptionsvermogens von dem gelosten Element und seiner Konzentration ab. Mehr als 7% Fe andert die Cr-Bandstruktur wesentlich, so das die Infrarot-Maximumcharakteristik der antiferromagnetischen Ordnung nicht mehr vorhanden ist. Derartige Bandstrukturanderungen machen die Interpretation von magnetischen Daten schwierig.
Extremely fine-pitch printing with a 10X Schwarzschild optic at extreme-ultraviolet wavelengths

We demonstrate the use of a 13.4-nm wavelength, 10× -demagnification Schwarzschild optical system to expose highresolution test patterns, extending well beyond the conventional resolution limit to dense feature sizes of 50 nm and below. We have successfully used a spatial frequency doubling technique to print equal line and space patterns with line widths as small as 30 nm. Simulations show that by using the fully extended numerical aperture, the system may achieve line widths as small as 12 nm. This configuration shows great potential for use in evaluating the ultimate performance and extendibility of resist materials for EUV lithography.
Does Positive Affect Influence Health

This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.
Neuronal Migration Dynamics in the Developing Ferret Cortex.

During mammalian neocortical development, newborn excitatory and inhibitory neurons must migrate over long distances to reach their final positions within the cortical plate. In the lissencephalic rodent brain, pyramidal neurons are born in the ventricular and subventricular zones of the pallium and migrate along radial glia fibers to reach the appropriate cortical layer. Although much less is known about neuronal migration in species with a gyrencephalic cortex, retroviral studies in the ferret and primate suggest that, unlike the rodent, pyramidal neurons do not follow strict radial pathways and instead can disperse horizontally. However, the means by which pyramidal neurons laterally disperse remain unknown. In this study, we identified a viral labeling technique for visualizing neuronal migration in the ferret, a gyrencephalic carnivore, and found that migration was predominantly radial at early postnatal ages. In contrast, neurons displayed more tortuous migration routes with a decreased frequency of cortical plate-directed migration at later stages of neurogenesis concomitant with the start of brain folding. This was accompanied by neurons migrating sequentially along several different radial glial fibers, suggesting a mode by which pyramidal neurons may laterally disperse in a folded cortex. These findings provide insight into the migratory behavior of neurons in gyrencephalic species and provide a framework for using nonrodent model systems for studying neuronal migration disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elucidating neuronal migration dynamics in the gyrencephalic, or folded, cortex is important for understanding neurodevelopmental disorders. Similar to the rodent, we found that neuronal migration was predominantly radial at early postnatal ages in the gyrencephalic ferret cortex. Interestingly, ferret neurons displayed more tortuous migration routes and a decreased frequency of radial migration at later ages coincident with the start of cortical folding. We found that ferret neurons use several different radial glial fibers as migratory guides, including those belonging to the recently described outer radial glia, suggesting a mechanism by which ferret neurons disperse laterally. It is likely that excitatory neurons horizontally disperse in other gyrencephalic mammals, including the primate, suggesting an important modification to the current model deduced primarily from the rodent.
Phase I Study of Alternate-Week Administration of Tipifarnib in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Purpose: To determine the safety and describe the antitumor activity of tipifarnib in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) using an alternate-week schedule. Experimental Design: Patients with MDS were given tipifarnib, escalating from 100 mg orally twice daily until the maximum tolerated dose for 8 weeks followed by maintenance therapy (same dose/schedule) for patients with stable disease or better. Results: Sixty-three patients were treated. The most common toxicity was myelosuppression (60% of patients). Twenty percent of patients had no side effects. Nonhematologic toxicities included fatigue (20%), skin rash (9%), diarrhea (16%), increase in liver transaminases (14%) and bilirubin (11%), and nausea (11%). Dose-limiting toxicities of ataxia ( n = 1), fatigue ( n = 1), nausea ( n = 1), and neutropenic fever ( n = 2) occurred at tipifarnib doses above 1,200 mg/d. Sixteen of 61 (26%) evaluable patients responded (3 complete remissions and 13 hematologic improvements) with major platelet responses being most common (11 of 16 responders). There was no obvious dose-response relationship. Four of the 16 responders (25%; including a complete responder) were treated at the lowest dose level (100 mg twice daily). Only one responder had a Ras mutation. Giving tipifarnib resulted in potent inhibition of farnesyl transferase (usually more than 75%) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells regardless of dose. Partial farnesyl transferase inhibition persisted during the week off. Conclusions: Alternate-week tipifarnib is active and well tolerated in patients with MDS at doses up to and including 600 mg orally twice daily. The biological activity of tipifarnib is not dependent on dose.
Sensor planning for object pose estimation and identification

This paper proposes a novel approach to sensor planning for simultaneous object identification and 3D pose estimation. We consider the problem of determining the next-best-view for a movable sensor (or an autonomous agent) to identify an unknown object from among a database of known object models. We use an information theoretic approach to define a metric (based on the difference between the current and expected model entropy) that guides the selection of the optimal control action. We present a generalized algorithm that can be used in sensor planning for object identification and pose estimation. Experimental results are also presented to validate the proposed algorithm.
Who Surfs, Who Manipulates? The Determinants of Opportunistic Election Timing and Electorally Motivated Economic Intervention

In this paper, I develop a career concerns model of government policy choice within a dynamic optimal stopping framework to predict the degree of surfing (opportunistic timing) and manipulation (politically motivated economic intervention) under alternate institutional structures and voter characteristics. Among other results, I find that the likelihood of opportunistic elections rises with exogenous economic performance, with longer maximum term lengths, with future electoral uncertainty, and with economic volatility but diminishes in the value of office-holding; manipulation increases with the maximum term length and with the value of office-holding but decreases with exogenous economic performance and with economic volatility. The model suggests that single-party governments should be highly opportunistic in calling elections and that countries that allow opportunistic election timing should experience less economically distortionary political intervention than their fixed-timing counterparts.
Optical Characterization of Window Materials for Aerospace Applications

An optical metrology laboratory has been developed to characterize the optical properties of optical window materials to be used for aerospace applications. Several optical measurement systems have been selected and developed to measure spectral transmittance, haze, clarity, birefringence, striae, wavefront quality, and wedge. In addition to silica based glasses, several optical lightweight polymer materials and transparent ceramics have been investigated in the laboratory. The measurement systems and selected empirical results for non-silica materials are described. These measurements will be used to form the basis of acceptance criteria for selection of window materials for future aerospace vehicle and habitat designs.
Structural systems identification of genetic regulatory networks

Motivation: Reverse engineering of genetic regulatory networks from experimental data is the first step toward the modeling of genetic networks. Linear state-space models, also known as linear dynamical models, have been applied to model genetic networks from gene expression time series data, but existing works have not taken into account available structural information. Without structural constraints, estimated models may contradict biological knowledge and estimation methods may over-fit. Results: In this report, we extended expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms to incorporate prior network structure and to estimate genetic regulatory networks that can track and predict gene expression profiles. We applied our method to synthetic data and to SOS data and showed that our method significantly outperforms the regular EM without structural constraints. Availability: The Matlab code is available upon request and the SOS data can be downloaded from http://www.weizmann.ac.il/mcb/UriAlon/Papers/SOSData/, courtesy of Uri Alon. Zak's data is available from his website, http://www.che.udel.edu/systems/people/zak Contact: hxiong@cs.tamu.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Energy metabolism, testosterone and corticosterone in white-crowned sparrows

The influence of the steroid hormones testosterone and corticosterone on energy metabolism and activity of birds is largely enigmatic. We measured resting metabolic rate during night and day in 12 long-term castrated and 12 intact male white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) under short-day (8:16 SD), long-day (20:4 LD), LD+testosterone implant and LD−testosterone implant conditions. Each male was sequentially measured under all four conditions. Photostimulation increased testosterone, resting metabolic rate, food intake, hopping activity and body mass in castrates and intact males. Surprisingly, testosterone levels and metabolic rates did not differ between intact and castrated males. Testosterone implantation increased activity and food intake, but decreased body mass and resting metabolic rate in both groups. Removing testosterone implants reversed the effects on resting metabolic rate, activity and food intake. Corticosterone levels, measured immediately at the end of metabolism measurements, showed birds were not stressed. Corticosterone had no apparent relationship with resting metabolic rate and there was no interaction between corticosterone and testosterone. Overall, positive changes in testosterone levels resulted in a decrease of resting metabolic rate. We speculate that testosterone increases activity, and birds compensate for increased activity metabolism by reducing resting metabolic rate.
An adaptive density-weighted contrast enhancement filter for mammographic breast mass detection

Presents a novel approach for segmentation of suspicious mass regions in digitized mammograms using a new adaptive density-weighted contrast enhancement (DWCE) filter in conjunction with Laplacian-Gaussian (LG) edge detection. The DWCE enhances structures within the digitized mammogram so that a simple edge detection algorithm can be used to define the boundaries of the objects. Once the object boundaries are known, morphological features are extracted and used by a classification algorithm to differentiate regions within the image. This paper introduces the DWCE algorithm and presents results of a preliminary study based on 25 digitized mammograms with biopsy proven masses. It also compares morphological feature classification based on sequential thresholding, linear discriminant analysis, and neural network classifiers for reduction of false-positive detections.
Frequency Control Concerns In The North American Electric Power System

This paper examines the relationship between system frequency, reliability and markets. It was prompted by the frequency deviations recently experienced at 2200 hours daily but is more generally concerned with the question of what frequency control is necessary. The paper does not provide new information or document new research. Nor is it intended to educate readers concerning power system engineering. Instead, the purpose is to reexamine well known truths concerning the power system and to freshly explore the basic relationship between frequency, reliability and markets: stepping back, if you will, to see if we are collectively missing something. The concern of this paper is with frequency and reliability. Off-nominal frequency can impact reliability and markets efficiency (as we are using the term here) in four ways. It could damage equipment (generation, transmission, or load). It could degrade the quality of the product being delivered to end users (too low and lights would flicker unacceptably, for example). It could result in the collapse of the power system itself (by triggering protective system actions, for example). Or it could result in overloading transmission lines as various generators try to restore system frequency impacting markets efficiency. Often these causes operate in concert. Generator protective systems take action to prevent generator damage, for example, but exacerbate the overall generation/load imbalance. The paper is divided into two sections. The Introduction is followed by a section titled ''A Perspective on Frequency Control'' which addresses the physical requirements of the power system and how market transactions interact with the physical system. The ''Frequency Standards and Control Performance'' section discusses the various NERC and regional reliability council policies that govern utility performance and how these relate to frequency and reliability. Finally, Conclusions are provided.
NKX3.1 is expressed in ER-positive and AR-positive primary breast carcinomas

Aims NKX3.1 is an androgen-regulated tumour suppressor gene that is downregulated in prostate carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry for NKX3.1 is primarily specific for prostatic-derived tumours and tissue but is reported in a small number of breast carcinomas. NKX3.1 is also shown to inhibit estrogen receptor (ER) signalling in breast carcinoma models. Here, we investigate labelling of NKX3.1 in invasive ductal (IDC) and lobular (ILC) carcinomas of the breast with full characterisation of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR) and Her2 status. Methods Tissue microarrays of 86 primary IDC and 37 ILC were labelled for NKX3.1. The IDC consisted of 20 luminal A, 7 luminal B, 14 Her2, and 45 triple negative carcinomas. The ILC consisted of 34 luminal A and 3 luminal B cases. NKX3.1 expression was scored as percentage nuclear labelling and labelling intensity. Results Nuclear NKX3.1 labelling was seen in 2 IDC (2%) and 10 ILCs (27%). labelling intensity was weak in all cases (1–100% nuclear positivity). Positive NKX3.1 labelling was significantly associated with ILC (p Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate NKX3.1 expression in breast carcinomas with known ER, PR, AR and Her2 status. Further studies are needed to evaluate what potential role NKX3.1 plays in ER and AR signalling and hormonal treatment response in breast carcinomas.
Conical faults apparent in a 3D seismic image

AbstractMap-scale geologic faults with a conical shape are apparent in a public-domain 3D seismic image of block F3 in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. These cone-shaped normal faults exist among many polygonal normal faults in fine-grained clay sediments. The conical faults were discovered using new algorithms for seismic image processing, but they are apparent without that processing. They appear circular in horizontal image slices and have an inverted-V shape in vertical sections for any azimuth through their vertical axes of symmetry. They form horsts bounded by planar strata above and below, with maximum throws of about 35 m roughly halfway between their bases and tops. The bases are up to 1 km wide, and dips of the conical faults are in the range 35o–38o. Because polygonal faults exist elsewhere at or near the seafloor with dips of about 60o, most such faults likely formed close to the depositional interface; the much lower dips of deeply buried faults, such as the faults observed here, are likely...
Early prediction in acute pancreatitis: the contribution of amylase and lipase levels in peritoneal fluid.

Context Predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis early in the course of the disease is still difficult. Objective The value of amylase and lipase levels in serum and peritoneal fluid might be of value in predicting the course of acute pancreatitis. Design Prospective study. Patients One-hundred and sixty-seven patients with acute pancreatitis as confirmed by computed tomography scan within 24 hours of admission were studied. Main outcome measures Each patient was given an enzymatic score which reflected the predominance of serum or peritoneal levels of amylase and/or lipase. Enzymatic score was 0 if neither enzyme was predominant in the peritoneal fluid, 1 if amylase or lipase alone were predominant and 2 if both enzymes were predominant. The predictive value of the enzymatic score or computed tomography scan for a severe attack was determined. Results One-hundred and thirty-three attacks were graded as mild (79.6%) and 34 were considered as severe (20.4%). The frequency of severe acute pancreatitis significantly increased as the enzymatic score increased (5.4%, 12.5%, and 31.7% in 0, 1, and 2 enzymatic score patients, respectively; P<0.001). An enzymatic score greater than 0 predicted a severe outcome in 32 of 34 patients (sensitivity 94.1%, specificity 26.3%), whereas an enzymatic score of 2 predicted a severe attack in 26 of 34 patients (sensitivity 76.5%, specificity 57.9%). Edema on computed tomography scan was found in 97 of 129 mild attacks (specificity 75.2%) and necrosis in 25 of 33 severe attacks (sensitivity 75.8%), whereas all patients with severe attacks exhibited extrapancreatic acute fluid collection (sensitivity 100%, specificity 34.9%). Conclusions Peritoneal dialysis is less predictive and more cumbersome than a computed tomography scan in the early prediction of acute pancreatitis. Image: Ribbon diagram of human salivary alpha-amylase. ( Wikimedia Commons )
Optical Mapping of Ventricular Fibrillation Dynamics

There is very limited information regarding the dynamic patterns of the electrical activity during ventricular fibrillation (VF) in humans. Most of the data used to generate and test hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of VF come from animal models and computer simulations and the quantification of VF patterns is non-trivial. Many of the experimental recordings of the dynamic spatial patterns of VF have been obtained from mammals using “optical mapping” or “video imaging” technology in which “phase maps” are derived from high-resolution transmembrane recordings from the heart surface. The surface manifestation of the unstable reentrant waves sustaining VF can be identified as “phase singularities” and their number and location provide one measure of VF complexity. After providing a brief history of optical mapping of VF, we compare and contrast a quantitative analysis of VF patterns from the heart surface for four different animal models, hence providing physiological insight into the variety of VF dynamics among species. We found that in all four animal models the action potential duration restitution slope was actually negative during VF and that the spatial dispersion of electrophysiological parameters were not different during the first second of VF compared to pacing immediately before VF initiation. Surprisingly, our results suggest that APD restitution and spatial dispersion may not be essential causes of VF dynamics. Analyses of electrophysiological quantities in the four animal models are consistent with the idea that VF is essentially a two-dimensional phenomenon in small rabbit hearts whose size are near the boundary of the “critical mass” required to sustain VF, while VF in large pig hearts is three-dimensional and exhibits the maximal theoretical phase singularity density, and thus will not terminate spontaneously.
Directional emittance of a one-dimensional absorbing-scattering slab with reflecting boundaries

The three primary optical properties that affect the emittance characteristics of a coating namely, refractive index, optical thickness, and scattering albedo -are considered in this study. The refractive index varied from l.U to 1.8, optical thicknesses varied from 1.0 to 6.0, and the two scattering albedos were 0.95 and 0.99The scattering was assumed to be isotropic, the effects of multiple scattering are included, and Fresnel reflections are calculated at the boundaries. All solutions were obtained by Monte Carlo random-walk methods. The results showed that the emittance increased with an increase in optical thickness and with an increase in refractive index for both scattering albedos, and the emittance for a scattering albedo of 0.95 was higher than the emittance for a scattering albedo of 0.99 for similar optical conditions. The results are presented in the form of generalized graphs from which the directional emittance may be obtained for the range of optical conditions considered in the study. Presented as Paper 72-309 at the AIAA 7th Thermophysics Conference, San Antonio, Texas, April 1012, 1972. ^Assistant Professor of General Engineering. ^Professor and Director, Aerospace, Mechanical, and Nuclear Engineering. 389 Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Plasma free hydroxyproline, growth, and sexual maturity in the scoliotic chicken.

AbstractAn animal model for experimental study of idiopathic scoliosis is suggested. Chickens were selected and bred for scoliosis. The scoliotic chickens were found to grow more slowly and mature sexually later than a normal control line of chickens. All chickens from the scoliotic strain had some degree of scoliosis, but the curves were more severe in the homogametic sex (male). Plasma free hydroxyproline concentrations of the scoliotic chicken were found to be twice normal values and most likely reflect an abnormality in collagen metabolism.
Surveys of Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Pear and Peach Orchards and the Spread of Peach Yellow Leaf Roll Disease

Leafhoppers in peach orchards and adjacent pear orchards in an area of epidemic spread of peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) disease in northern California were surveyed in 1980 and 1981 to search for faunal differences that might explain why PYLR in peaches is so closely related to the proximity of pear orchards. The leafhopper, Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee), was not common in either peach or pear orchards but was the most frequently trapped insect known to be an X-disease vector. There were no correlations between the number of leafhoppers caught on sticky traps and subsequent PYLR, but adequate statistical analysis was not possible because of the low numbers of known vector leafhoppers trapped and the uncertainties in relating catches in sticky traps to absolute estimates. There was a significant correlation between catches or limb-jarring samples of pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, in peaches and the subsequent incidence of PYLR. Pear psylla were not detected in peaches until September, after which they dispersed in large numbers from pear into adjacent peach orchards.
Plume-Induced Flow Separation over a Cone-Cylinder Flare Body

The extent of boundary-layer separation due to the presence of a jet plume was studied for a cone-cylinder-flare configuration using the Overset Navier-Stokes CFD code, OVERFLOW. Simulations were made at a free-stream Mach number of 4.65 for nozzle exit pressure to free-stream pressure ratios ranging from jet off to 168. CFD results were obtained assuming a fully laminar boundary layer, fully turbulent boundary layer, and a laminar-turbulent transitional boundary layer. The one-equation Spalart-Allmaras (SA) and the two-equation SST model were compared for the turbulent cases. The effect of wall boundary conditions was studied by comparing the isothermal wall to the adiabatic wall conditions. CFD results were compared to existing experimental data obtained from the Langley Unitary Plan wind tunnel. The results indicate strong plume-induced flow separation when modeled as fully laminar and weak separation, if at all, when modeled as fully turbulent. The best agreement with experimental results was achieved when the trip location was placed near the end of the flare. The adiabatic wall boundary condition best suited the wind tunnel experiment. However predicting the extent of the plume induced flow separation with numerical simulations is still unreliable due to the extreme sensitivity of the flow field to turbulence models, boundary conditions, and nozzle pressure ratios.
Effects of Sintering Temperature on C Band Dielectric Properties of CaCu_3Ti_4O_(12) Ceramics

CaCu3Ti4O12(CCTO) ceramic was prepared via solid state synthesis methods.The effects of sintering temperature on the crystalline phase,microstructure,density and dielectric properties of CCTO at C band(3.95 GHz～5.85 GHz) was studied.The results show that for the sample sintered at 1040 ℃,there are some un-reacted TiO2 existing,which disappear as the sintering temperature increases.The grain size of the sample sintered at 1080 ℃ is larger and more uniform than that sintered at 1040 ℃ and 1060 ℃.Obvious melting is observed in the sample sintered at 1100 ℃.The density of the samples increases as the sintering temperature increases,and reaches maximum at 1080℃.The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of all the samples change little as the frequency increasing.With the increase of sintering temperature from 1040℃ to 1080℃,the dielectric constant of the samples obviously increases,and then decreases when the sintering temperature increases from 1080 ℃ to 1100 ℃.The CCTO ceramics sintered at 1080 ℃ have the highest dielectric constant but the lowest dielectric loss.
Application of balloon dilatation of urethra in urethrovaginoplasty for female children with points anus

Objective To explore feasibility of urethral continuous expansion by balloon in urethroviginoplasty for those female children with points anus.Methods Common tube of the patient was expanded by Foly catheter(with two lumens),length inserted and width expanded of the common tube were observed dynamically under CT scanning.The common tube was expanded to 2.0~3.9 cm according to age of the patient,then urethroviginoplasty was performed.Results After operation,the children could control their urination and defecation better,and perineal appearance is satisfactory.Moreover reconstructed vagina would grow with body growth.Conclusion Urethroviginoplasty with urethral continuous expansion for those female children with points anus is worthy to be popularized because structures of urethra and vagina reach physiological ones and perineal appearance of the patients after operation is satisfactory.
Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome : a disorder occurring in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection that may present as a sicca syndrome

Certain adults and children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-1 developed a disorder termed diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) that, although having certain similarities to classic Sjogren's syndrome, manifests distinctive clinical, serologic, immunologic, and immunogenetic characteristics. DILS is characterized by circulating CD8 lymphocytosis and apparently antigen-driven CD8 T-cell infiltration of salivary and lacrimal gland, pulmonary, renal, gastrointestinal, and breast tissues. The disproportionately greater degree of salivary gland enlargement and extraglandular disease, as well as the low frequency of autoantibodies and differing HLA associations, serve to distinguish DILS from classic Sjogren's syndrome.
Die Informationskapazität einzelner Nervenzellen für die Signalübermittlung im Zentralnervensystem

1. Information received by the sense organs is transmitted into the central nervous system by means of different discharge patterns of the neurons in the afferent pathways. As demonstrated in a previous paper these discharge patterns show in the visual system a remarkable random fluctuation in response to peripheral stimuli of constant characteristic. 2. The information capacity of a single nerve cell in an afferent sensory pathway is assumed to be $$I = \frac{1}{{t_i }}ld(t_i \cdot F_{max} ) bit \cdot sec^{ - 1} .$$ t i is the “summation interval” determined by the time constant of the central integrating process (15–80 msec), Fmax is the maximal impulse rate (per sec) of a given nerve cell within the interval t i . 3. The consequences of this equation are discussed and a three dimensional graphical representation of the equation is given. It is believed that Fmax and t i are different in different populations of neurons. 4. t i probably depends upon chemical processes in the CNS related to the synaptic transmission. A change of t i results in a change of the amount of information which can be transmitted by a nerve cell without changing the maximal impulse rate of the nerve cell.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Effects of Insufficient Justification on Intrinsic Motivation

In 1957, Festinger proposed a theory of cognitive dissonance which has probably generated more research than any other theory in social psychology. Briefly, cognitive dissonance theory asserts that if a person holds two cognitions which are discrepant, he will experience discomfort and be motivated to do something which will reduce the dissonance.
The Role of Capacity and Problem Severity in Adopting Voluntary Intergovernmental Partnerships: The Case of Tribes, States, and Local Governments

Literature on intergovernmental partnerships suggests the importance of several factors including organizational resources, capacity, and problem severity in understanding the adoption of these partnerships. This research improves our understanding about the adoption of intergovernmental partnerships by examining tribal and nontribal governments that adopted voluntary agreements to improve the administration of justice. Using data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, this research examines how socioeconomic conditions, problem severity, and law enforcement authority influence the adoption of partnership agreements between tribal and nontribal law enforcement. The results suggest that tribes that adopt partnerships have better socioeconomic conditions; nontribal actors have lower levels of authority and higher occurrences of violent crime. The presence of Indian gaming also increases the likelihood of adopting cooperative agreements. The results of this study provide an important insight into understandi...
Spontaneous emission, nonlinear optical coupling, and noise in laser diodes

External optical injection1 and noise2 in semiconductor laser diodes can both be modeled by using the coupled-complex-oscillating-field and carrier-density approach. The noise spectra generated by spontaneous emission into the oscillating mode will have the same shape as the combined regenerative-amplification and four-wave mixing spectra induced by optical injection. Using our previous results on the phase and amplitude properties of the modulation induced by optical injection,1 we observe a significant deviation of the noise spectra from the combined spectra. Figure 1 shows data and modeling of the optical noise spectra of a nearly-single-mode quantum-well laser diode. Figure 2 shows the noise power spectra. Data are shown for both the overall optical output and the optical output of only the principal mode. The deviations of the data from the spectra expected from spontaneous emission can be modeled by adding a colored-noise-source term to the carrier-density equation.
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular metabolism

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in every eukaryotic cell. They are widely known as terminal catabolic stations that rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation. In recent years, this classical view has been dramatically expanded by the discovery of new roles of the lysosome in nutrient sensing, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic homeostasis. These discoveries have elevated the lysosome to a decision-making center involved in the control of cellular growth and survival. Here we review these recently discovered properties of the lysosome, with a focus on how lysosomal signaling pathways respond to external and internal cues and how they ultimately enable metabolic homeostasis and cellular adaptation.
Communal management as a strategy for restoring cloud forest landscapes in Andean Ecuador

Abstract Engaging smallholders in restoring forests can be challenging, but is essential if landscape-level projects are to succeed in many populated regions. Compared to other competing land uses (agriculture, pasture, and even other tree-based systems such as plantations) the benefits of restoration are often dispersed, less obvious, unproven in the local context, and require large areas to be realized, making restoration risky or difficult for an individual landholder. This study in the Ecuadorian Andes showed that introducing communally owned and managed reserves created a space for people to learn about the practice and benefits of planting trees. Because communal reserves provided a relatively low-risk, low-cost environment to restore forests, key barriers to participation were lifted. In the process, farmers learned about tree planting and its benefits, knowledge they could (and did) apply on private farms. Introducing communal land-tenure thus changed local norms and practices around forest cultivation and clearing, and produced diverse forests across the landscape.
High built-in potential and V oc of monocrystalline CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructure solar cells with p-type a-Si:H hole-contacts

High quasi-Fermi-level splitting in monocrystalline n-type CdTe/MgCdTe double-heterostructures can be effectively extracted using p-type a-Si:H contacts, achieving V oc over 1 V. We show high-efficiency monocrystalline CdTe with V oc around 1V, evidencing a built-in voltage between p-type a-Si:H and n-CdTe of 1.1 V using capacitance-voltage measurements.
MUNICIPAL REGULATION OF ENTERTAINMENT IN INTERWAR BELGRADE

Between the two World Wars, and especially after 1929, the state’s Belgrade City Authority was held to the task of policing the Yugoslav capital. Entertainment was an easy target of surveillance because popular imagination linked it with a slew of illegal activities such as gambling and prostitution. I argue that the urban administration played a significant role in defining and redefining the place of entertainment in Yugoslavia and its capital though the management of time, movement, and spatial use. The City Authority interpreted and implemented state agendas through the management of closing times, entertainers’ residence permits, and public behavior. Regulation, however, did not succeed in controlling proprietors, performers, or patrons in the city; instead, it was oftentimes only successful at tempering the visibility of entertainment itself. I demonstrate that municipal regulation of entertainment in interwar Belgrade was largely ineffective due to its inconsistent implementation and resistance from the urban classes.
Mental Excess and the Constitution View of Persons

Constitution theorists have argued that due to a difference in persistence conditions, persons are not identical with the animals or the bodies that constitute them. A popular line of objection to ...
Transcriptional changes in mesenteric and subcutaneous adipose tissue from Holstein cows in response to plane of dietary energy

Dairy cows can readily overconsume dietary energy during most of the prepartum period, often leading to higher prepartal concentrations of insulin and glucose and excessive body fat deposition. The end result of these physiologic changes is greater adipose tissue lipolysis post-partum coupled with excessive hepatic lipid accumulation and compromised health. Although transcriptional regulation of the adipose response to energy availability is well established in non-ruminants, such regulation in cow adipose tissue depots remains poorly characterized. Effects of ad-libitum access to high [HIGH; 1.62 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)] or adequate (CON; 1.35 Mcal/kg of DM) dietary energy for 8 wk on mesenteric (MAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue transcript profiles were assessed in non-pregnant non-lactating Holstein dairy cows using a 13,000-sequence annotated bovine oligonucleotide microarray. Statistical analysis revealed 409 and 310 differentially expressed genes (DEG) due to tissue and diet. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using the Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) with the KEGG pathway database. Compared with SAT, MAT had more active biological processes related to adipose tissue accumulation (adiponectin secretion) and signs of pro-inflammatory processes due to adipose tissue expansion and macrophage infiltration (generation of ceramides). Feeding the HIGH diet led to changes in mRNA expression of genes associated with cell hypertrophy (regucalcin), activation of adipogenesis (phospholipid phosphatase 1), insulin signaling activation (neuraminidase 1) and angiogenesis (semaphorin 4G, plexin B1). Further, inflammation due to HIGH was underscored by mRNA expression changes associated with oxidative stress response (coenzyme Q3, methyltransferase), ceramide synthesis (N-acylsphingosine amidohydrolase 1), and insulin signaling (interferon regulatory factor 1, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, retinoic acid receptor alpha). Activation of ribosome in cows fed HIGH indicated the existence of greater adipocyte growth rate (M-phase phosphoprotein 10, NMD3 ribosome export adaptor). The data indicate that long-term ad-libitum access to a higher-energy diet led to transcriptional changes in adipose tissue that stimulated hypertrophy and the activity of pathways associated with a slight but chronic inflammatory response. Further studies would be helpful in determining the extent to which mRNA results also occur at the protein level.
The Pitanguy Technique for the Surgical Treatment of Breast Hypertrophy

The Pitanguy technique for the surgical treatment of breast hypertrophies and ptosis is presented from its very beginnings. The main and basic principles are considered along with the results obtained by this procedure.