cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Construction and Experimental Validation of a Quantitative Kinetic Model of Nitric Oxide Stress in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for large outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis, which can progress to life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) due to the release of Shiga-like toxins (Stx). The presence of a functional nitric oxide (NO·) reductase (NorV), which protects EHEC from NO· produced by immune cells, was previously found to correlate with high HUS incidence, and it was shown that NorV activity enabled prolonged EHEC survival and increased Stx production within macrophages. To enable quantitative study of EHEC NO· defenses and facilitate the development of NO·-potentiating therapeutics, we translated an existing kinetic model of the E. coli K-12 NO· response to an EHEC O157:H7 strain. To do this, we trained uncertain model parameters on measurements of [NO·] and [O2] in EHEC cultures, assessed parametric and prediction uncertainty with the use of a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, and confirmed the predictive accuracy of the model with experimental data from genetic mutants lacking NorV or Hmp (NO· dioxygenase). Collectively, these results establish a methodology for the translation of quantitative models of NO· stress in model organisms to pathogenic sub-species, which is a critical step toward the application of these models for the study of infectious disease.
How the Bomb Saved Soviet Physics

(1994). How the Bomb Saved Soviet Physics. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 46-55.
Predicting First Graders' Social Competence from Their Preschool Classroom Interpersonal Context.

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This study investigates contributions of the preschool classroom interpersonal environment to students’ social competence in 1st grade. Participants were 862 ethnically/racially diverse children who attended public preschool classrooms serving low-income families. Systematic observations of 60 classrooms occurred across the preschool year and quantified teacher and student behaviors. Preschool and 1st-grade teachers provided reports of children’s social behavior. First-grade teachers also assessed children’s problem behaviors. Multilevel analyses indicated that at the end of 1st grade, students who experienced preschool settings with teachers who displayed more approving behavior, less disapproving behavior, and more positive emotional tone showed significant gains in positive social behavior and lower rates of problem behavior, even after students’ social skills at preschool entry were controlled. Greater gains in positive social behavior and fewer problem behaviors in 1st grad...
Strain Engineering for Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Based Field Effect Transistors

Using electrical characteristics from three-terminal field-effect transistors (FETs), we demonstrate substantial strain induced band gap tunability in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in line with theoretical predictions and optical experiments. Devices were fabricated on flexible substrates, and a cantilever sample holder was used to apply uniaxial tensile strain to the various multilayer TMD FETs. Analyzing in particular transfer characteristics, we argue that the modified device characteristics under strain are clear evidence of a band gap reduction of 100 meV in WSe2 under 1.35% uniaxial tensile strain at room temperature. Furthermore, the obtained device characteristics imply that the band gap does not shrink uniformly under strain relative to a reference potential defined by the source/drain contacts. Instead, the band gap change is only related to a change of the conduction band edge of WSe2, resulting in a decrease in the Schottky barrier (SB) for electrons without any change for hole injec...
Effect of methyldopa treatment on cardiac function and myocardial blood flow in mongrel dogs.

ConclusionsAdministration of methyl-dopa (100 mg/kg, orally twice daily for a period of 3 days) to mongrel dogs produced significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate. The hypotensive effect of the drug was due to a reduction in peripheral resistance. Methyldopa treatment also produced a significant decrease in coronary vascular resistance. Studies on the left ventricular function indicated that treatment with methyldopa does not compromise the ability of the myocardium to respond to an increased work load. Thus, the beneficial effect of this agent on the myocardial circulation, together with its lack of any detrimental effect on the cardiac function suggest that methyldopa may be an effective agent for the control of hypertension.The generous supply of methyldopa by Dr. C. A. Stone of the Merck Institute of Therapeutic Research, West Point, Pennsylvania, is greatly appreciated. The authors wish to thank Dr. Regis R. Vollmer for his help; and Ms. Barbara Lewis for excellent preparation of this m...
Surface plasmon mediated chemical solution deposition of gold nanoparticles on a nanostructured silver surface at room temperature.

Sub-15 nm Au nanoparticles have been fabricated on a nanostructured Ag surface at room temperature via a liquid-phase chemical deposition upon excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Measurement of the SPR-mediated photothermal local heating of the substrate surface by a molecular thermometry strategy indicated the temperature to be above 230 °C, which led to an efficient decomposition of CH3AuPPh3 to form Au nanoparticles on the Ag surface. Particle sizes were tunable between 3 and 10 nm by adjusting the deposition time. A surface-limited growth model for Au nanoparticles on Ag is consistent with the deposition kinetics.
Falconer’s Cryptology

Cryptomenysis Patefacta by John Falconer is only the second text written in English on the subject of cryptology. We will examine what types of ciphers Falconer addressed, and pay particular attention to some of the math he used. We will also look at what can or can’t be said about John Falconer himself.
Investigation on HIV and STI Infections among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Nanning City during 2006—2008

[Objective]To understand the prevalence of HIV and STI among men who have sex with men(MSM) so as to promote the control of it.[Methods]During 2006—2008,1,316 MSM participated in the study and were tested for HBsAg,anti-HBs,anti-HCV,anti-HIV,syphilis antibody by blood samples and chlamydia by urethral swab. [Results]During 2006—2008,the self-report consistent use of condom for anal sex in the last six months was 35.26% in 2006,43.23% in 2007,34.83% (the first half of 2008) and 45.07% (the second half of 2008),respectively; in the period,HIV infection among MSM was 0.00%,0.88%,1.99% and 2.43%; and syphilis infection among MSM was 10.81%,I0.62%,8.85% and 11.70% respectively.[Conclusion] MSM is a high-risk group for STI infections. Efforts should be made to strengthen health promotion to control the HIV infection at a low level.
Efficient selection of critical paths for delay defects in the presence of process variations

This paper presents a method to select critical paths that target spot delay defects in the presence of process variations. The number of critical paths |C| selected are restricted to a test budget. The method uses heuristics that quickly identify the most critical path based on dynamic programming approach. The method considers the established linear parameterized model where gate delays are probability density functions. Experimental results on publicly available benchmarks demonstrate the efficiency of the approach.
Biomechanics of Age-Related Fractures

Publisher Summary This chapter emphasizes the concept that age-related fractures represent a structural failure, whereby the forces applied to the bone exceed its load-bearing capacity. Viewing fractures in this manner, it is clear that studies of their etiology must include factors that influence skeletal fragility or its load-bearing capacity, as well as those that influence the forces that are applied to the skeleton. The load-bearing capacity of a skeletal structure is determined by its intrinsic material properties as well as the total amount and spatial distribution of the bone tissue. Considerable evidence indicates that the material properties, particularly the elastic modulus and ultimate strength, of both cortical and trabecular bone decrease with increasing age in both men and women. This decrease in material properties is likely due, in part, to age-related reductions in bone mass, as the elastic modulus and strength of trabecular bone are related to density by a non-linear relationship. Therefore, small changes in bone density can dramatically influence bone material properties. These decrements in bone density and material properties may be partially offset by geometric rearrangement of the bone tissue, particularly in the long bones, that helps preserve the bone's ability to resist bending and torsional loads. Clinical investigations have confirmed that skeletal status and fall severity are both significant and independent risk factors for hip fracture. Estimates of the forces applied to the proximal femur during a sideways fall range from 2900 to 4260 N for the 5th to 95th percentile woman based on height and weight. Factors that influence the load applied to the femur include, but are not limited to, fall height, fall direction, body habitus, muscle activity, trochanteric soft tissue thickness, and the intrinsic stiffness of the hip and knee joints. Discussion concludes that future studies should incorporate assessments of fall severity in order to determine the characteristics of falls associated with vertebral fracture. In addition, models to estimate the loads applied to the spine during a fall should be developed.
A Utilitarian Defense of Non-Monogamy

This paper provides a critique of normative monogamy and offers non-monogamy as a viable, even encouraged, alternative when partners agree to its features. It examines the pleasure non-monogamy can provide, case studies featuring polyamorous relationships, and the problems which can arise when members of a relationship begin to objectify others.
Teacher Transformations in Developing Computational Thinking: Gaming and Robotics Use in After-School Settings

The challenges of addressing increasing calls for the inclusion of computational thinking skills in K-12 education in the midst of crowded school curricula can be mitigated, in part, by promoting STEM learning in after-school settings. The Visualization Basics: Using Gaming to Improve Computational Thinking project provided opportunities for middle school students to participate in after-school clubs focused on game development and LEGO robotics in an effort to increase computational thinking skills. Club leaders and teachers, however, first needed to develop proficiency with the computational tools and their understanding of computational thinking. To achieve these goals, teachers participated in two online professional development courses. After participating in the courses, teachers’ understanding of and attitudes toward computational thinking skills were mostly positive. Observations of club sessions revealed that teachers provided a mix of structured and open-ended instruction. Guided instruction, such as using detailed tutorials for initial exposure to a concept or process, was most commonly observed. One area identified for improvement was the duration of the courses, which provided limited time for teachers to develop deep and robust computational thinking skills. Despite this limitation, the data collected thus far suggest that teachers’ understanding of and attitudes toward computational thinking skills improved.
TrxR1- and Gsr-double-null mouse livers reveal unexpected mechanisms of redox homeostasis, oxidative damage defense, and long-term survival

NADPH-dependent reduction of Trx1-disulfide and GSSG by TrxR1 and Gsr, respectively, fuels ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) and antioxidant systems. Bacteria or yeast die if both TrxR and Gsr activities are disrupted. Mammalian liver, having high metabolic, biosynthetic, respiratory, and detoxification activities, places high demands on its disulfide reductase systems yet, unlike microbes, it can sustain essential functions without TrxR1 and Gsr. These TrxR1/Gsr-null livers maintain GSH pools using an NADPH-independent Met-consuming system. Paradoxically, co-disruption of Trx1, TrxR1, and Gsr, causes a 100-fold increase in hepatocyte proliferation, indicating that S phase replication can be supported without Trx1 and without using NADPH-dependent pathways to fuel RNR. In disulfide reductase-deficient livers, like in many cancers, RNR places a critical yet low-volume demand on cytosolic reducing power, thereby favoring high hepatocyte turnover over sustained hepatocyte quality. In the liver, alternative sources of disulfide reducing power, cross-trafficking of reducing power between pathways, re-allocation of reducing power to high priority activities, damage tolerance, and altered proliferative strategies contribute to organ survival and function under diverse adverse exposures.
Seeing the Invisible: How Mathematical Models Uncover Tumor Dormancy, Reconstruct the Natural History of Cancer, and Assess the Effects of Treatment

The hypothesis of early metastasis was debated for several decades. Dormant cancer cells and surgery-induced acceleration of metastatic growth were first observed in clinical studies and animal experiments conducted more than a century ago; later, these findings were confirmed in numerous modern studies.
The effectiveness of QPR suicide prevention training

Objective:The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Question, Persuade, Refer (QPR) gatekeeper suicide prevention training on individuals’ ability to recognise the warning signs of s...
Radiobiology of Stereotactic Radiosurgery in the Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has been defined as the use of concentrated ionizing radiation delivered to a stereotactically defined point in space [1, 2]. SRS was used to treat patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) as early as the 1970s [1]. As many as 500,000 people in North America have AVMs [3]. With SRS, angiographic cures fall between 60 and 90% [3–5]. A consideration of the radiobiology of SRS will explain why tumors and vascular lesions respond to radiation differently, and why patients with AVMs are ideal candidates for radiosurgery.
Single Crystal Growth of Millimeter-Sized Monoisotopic Hexagonal Boron Nitride

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with a single boron isotope have many enhanced physical, thermal and optical properties compared to the most common hBN with the natural distribution of boron (19.9 at. % 10B and 80.1 at. % 11B). These property differences can significantly improve the device performance in applications, such as neutron detectors, nanoscale electronics, and optical components. In this study, a new method for the growth of large-scale, high-quality monoisotopic hBN single crystals, i.e., h10BN and h11BN, was developed. hBN single crystals were grown using a nickel–chromium solvent and pure boron and nitrogen sources at atmospheric pressure. The clear and colorless crystals have a maximum domain size of around 1 mm. Raman measurements demonstrate that the crystals produced with this method are pure hBN phase with low defect density, and the spectral peaks vary with the boron isotope concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra show that the B–N bond in h11BN is slightly stronger tha...
Distinctively Dysfunctional: ‘State Capitalism 2.0’ and the Indian Power Sector

State intervention in India has persisted but has proved far from immune to critiques of traditional dirigisme. An examination of the power sector shows that waves of reforms since 1991 have together created a hybrid and regionally differentiated state–market system. Blurring the public–private boundary, this reinvented ‘state capitalism 2.0’ displays both refurbished modes of intervention and new governance arrangements with private players. Nonetheless, as the power sector’s continually dismal condition suggests, this state–capitalist hybrid has not (yet) provided a coherent alternative to older dirigisme or the Anglo-American mode of ‘deregulatory’ liberalization. Instead, between 1991 and 2014 its ad hoc, layered emergence generated distinctive forms of dysfunction. Coupled with competitive politics, its ever-increasing institutional complexity rendered it internally incoherent and vulnerable to rent-seeking on multiple fronts. Power sector evidence suggests that state intervention in India has remained simultaneously indispensable and dogged by persistent administrative and financial difficulties. This helps to explain the apparently contradictory nature of the contemporary Indian state: at once business-friendly, populist and often underperforming.
Design of a Single Controller for Multiple Paralleled Inverters

Paralleling power electronics inverters is an effective way to increase dc-ac system power level. Accurately synchronized switching action and independent closed-loop regulator are necessary to prevent circulating current in paralleled inverters. There are many challenges for the controller design, when the number of paralleled inverters is large, and control period gets short for high switching frequency applications. This paper presents a single controller design based on DSP + FPGA that is suitable for paralleling multiple inverters. A simple synchronization scheme between DSP and FPGA based on universal parallel port (UPP) is proposed to eliminate the synchronization delay among inverters, and independent control of each converter can also be implemented. The controller is built for a system consisting of 4 paralleled three-level, three-phase high frequency ANPC inverters using space vector modulation, and it can be easily adopted to other topologies and modulations. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of this controller.
Out-diffusion of Pd as a potential degradation mechanism in GaN HEMTs with Ni-Pd-Au Schottky contacts

GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on SiC substrates are produced for both commercial and defense applications that require high voltage, high power, and high efficiency operation. Although leading GaN HEMT manufacturers have reported excellent RF power characteristics and encouraging reliability, long-term reliability in the space environment remains a major concern due to unknown degradation mechanisms. For the present study, we investigated stressed/degraded RF GaN HEMTs using micro-analytical techniques. Our RF AlGaN-GaN devices grown on SiC substrate had a Ni-Pd-Au Schottky gate length of 0.25 μm, a total gate width of 6 × 150 μm periphery, and a field plate. First, we performed DC bias-temperature stress tests on GaN HEMTs and some GaN HEMTs were thermally stressed as monitor samples. Second, we employed focused ion beam (FIB) to prepare TEM cross sections from degraded and monitor devices for defect analysis using a high resolution TEM. Defects containing highly Pd-enriched features were found at the edge of the drain side of the gate. We present our detailed analysis results including our understanding on the out-diffusion of Pd as a potential degradation mechanism in our RF devices.
Distinct rhythmic abilities align with phonological awareness and rapid naming in school-age children

Difficulty in performing rhythmic tasks often co-occurs with literacy difficulties. Motivated by evidence showing that people can vary in their performance across different rhythmic tasks, we asked whether two rhythmic skills identified as distinct in school-age children and young adults would reveal similar or different relationships with two literacy skills known to be important for successful reading development. We addressed our question by focusing on 55 typically developing children (ages 5-8). Results show that drumming to a beat predicted the variability of rapid naming but not of phonological awareness, whereas tapping rhythmic patterns predicted phonological awareness, but not rapid naming. Our finding suggests that rhythmic interventions can be tailored to address PA and RAN deficits specifically in reading disabled children.
Augmented immersive telemedicine through camera view manipulation controlled by head motions

Teleoperated robotic technology has a great potential in delivering healthcare in alternative ways from in-person encounters such as surgery, diagnosis, and nursing with specialists remotely controlled. Most teleoperated procedures heavily rely on visual feedback from cameras to observe the situation. While ideally, the camera position and orientation should be optimized adaptively depending on the task and circumstance, the view adjustment by the operator is required either by dedicating concentration on camera control or pausing during the adjustment. Then, there is the demand for a more intuitive telepresence method to improve the efficiency and performance of the remote operation. This paper proposes a hands-free approach to control the camera view for an improved telepresence experience. The system comprises an RGBD camera mounted on a robotic arm and a motion tracking virtual reality (VR) head mount display (HMD) maps the human head and upper-body motion to the robotic arm for the immersive teleoperation task. Based on this setup, an Augmented Head Motion Mapping (AHMM) mode is introduced. Wherein this mode, the user can decide to control the camera following the head motion directly or following the remote center of motion (RCM) to the target location so that the reachable visual field can be expanded. Through the user study with seven subjects, we evaluated the proposed method compared with other conventional methods in terms of the reachable visual field, control intuitiveness, and task efficiency. The possibility of further enlarging the reachable visual field by introducing the motion scaling factor is investigated through the simulation. The result successfully demonstrated that an operator using the proposed system could examine a larger area on the given object within a similar amount of time with limited training.
Deep learning for the prediction of early on-treatment response in metastatic colorectal cancer from serial medical imaging.

In current clinical practice, tumor response assessment is usually based on tumor size change on serial computerized tomography (CT) scan images. However, evaluation of tumor response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is limited because morphological change in tumor may occur earlier than tumor size change. Here we present an analysis utilizing a deep learning (DL) network to characterize tumor morphological change for response assessment in mCRC patients. We retrospectively analyzed 1,028 mCRC patients who were prospectively included in the VELOUR trial (NCT00561470). We found that DL network was able to predict early on-treatment response in mCRC and showed better performance than its size-based counterpart with C-Index: 0.649 (95% CI: 0.619,0.679) vs. 0.627 (95% CI: 0.567,0.638), p = 0.009, z-test. The integration of DL network with size-based methodology could further improve the prediction performance to C-Index: 0.694 (95% CI: 0.661,0.720), which was superior to size/DL-based-only models (all p < 0.001, z-test). Our study suggests that DL network could provide a noninvasive mean for quantitative and comprehensive characterization of tumor morphological change, which may potentially benefit personalized early on-treatment decision making. Evaluation of tumor response to antivascular endothelial growth factor therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is limited because morphological change in tumor may occur earlier or be more critical than tumor size change. Here, the authors present an analysis utilizing a deep learning network to characterize tumor morphological change as well as tumor size changes for response assessment in mCRC patients.
Pathogenesis of Vascular Catheter Infection

The pathogenesis of vascular catheter infections has recently been extensively reviewed. This chapter summarizes existing understandings and presents details of new work published on vascular catheter infections since the recent reviews. Many factors have been shown to affect the risk of catheters becoming infected. These include the unique abilities of certain organisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, to cause catheter-related infections. Molecular typing studies increasingly are improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis/CoNS catheter-related infection. Recent studies with isogenic S. epidermidis mutants increasingly suggest that production of a polysaccharide adhesin is crucial to the pathogenesis of foreign-body infection. This polysaccharide, first named PS/A, was initially described as a virulence factor in association with work examining the pathogenesis of endocarditis. Two additional findings of relevance to the pathogenesis of endocarditis and possibly vascular catheter infections are that binding to platelets facilitates endocarditis and S. aureus strains causing endocarditis are much more likely to be resistant to platelet microbicidal proteins. The pathogenesis of catheter-related thrombosis has been studied in greater depth in recent years. With peripheral catheters, ultrasonographic imaging has shown that early thrombus formation ( 24 h after insertion) occurs near the catheter tip. Recent in vitro studies have shown that surface manipulations of polyurethane can lead to differences in protein and platelet deposition with associated differences in bacterial adherence.
Environmental Policies in Transition

Representatives of the Danube countries in transition presented information about their respective water quality monitoring and data-sharing policies and programmes. Some reported general satisfaction with the support programmes were providing government decision makers. Others saw the need to improve the quality of monitoring as well as the use of electronic databases and network to facilitate improved environmental management. The presentations by the eastern Danube countries generated a discussion about current monitoring databases.
Dominant and digenic mutations in the peripherin/RDS and ROM1 genes in retinitis pigmentosa.

Purpose To measure the proportion of cases of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) caused by mutations in the peripherin/RDS (RDS) and ROM1 genes. Methods The single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method was used to analyze 227 unrelated patients with dominant or recessive RP for mutations in the RDS gene and an overlapping set of 315 unrelated patients for mutations in the ROM1 gene (excluding patients with other known RP genes). Variant bands revealed by SSCP were studied further by polymerase chain reaction-based, direct genomic sequencing and, where possible, by cosegregation analysis in the families of the index cases. Results Four index patients were found to have RP as a result of one of four dominant mutations in the RDS gene, two of which are novel. Four other index patients were found to have digenic RP as a result of the combination of heterozygous mutations in both the RDS and the ROM1 gene, with one of the ROM1 mutations being novel. The digenic cases all had the same RDS mutation (the missense change Leu185Pro), but each had one of three different ROM1 mutations. The authors were unable to determine through cosegregation analysis whether three other changes encountered in the RDS gene and five in the ROM1 gene were pathogenic. Conclusions The authors found mutations in the RDS gene as a cause of dominant or digenic RP and mutations in the ROM1 gene as a cause of digenic RP. No cases of RP caused by ROM1 mutations alone have been discovered thus far. Mutations in the RDS and ROM1 genes are infrequent causes of RP, together accounting for only a few percent of patients in the United States and Canada.
New Jersey Partnership Filing Fees

This paper discusses the New jersey filing fee of $150 for each partner in a partnership. The fee is not to exceed $250,000. It discusses the impact of this fee on a partnership doing business in New Jersey.
Current Status of the SUIF Research Project

This paper presents an overview of the SUIF (Stanford University Intermediate Format) research project and its current status. SUIF is a fully-functional research compiler that includes algorithms to analyze pointer aliases, find parallelism in outer loops across procedure calls, and optimize for parallelism and locality.
Did Marxism Make a Difference? Marxist Rebellions and National Liberation Movements

Were rebel movements that adopted a Marxist ideological agenda different from those that did not? We find that a Marxist profile made a difference, both in civil wars featuring Marxist rebels (compared to those with non-Marxist ones), but also (and maybe more surprisingly) for nationalist or ethnic insurgents that adopted a Marxist political agenda, often known as national liberation movements. More specifically, we find that civil wars where insurgents sported a Marxist outlook were longer, more lethal, and more likely to end in a negotiated compromise, compared to non-Marxist ones. We also find that, for the most, civil wars featuring Marxist National Liberation movements resemble civil wars with Marxist non-ethnic rebels much closer compared to wars with non-Marxist ethnic rebels, i.e. ethnic civil wars. Theoretically, our findings call for both a rethinking of the role of Marxism in civil wars and of the category of “ethnic war.” From a policy perspective, our findings provide a measure of optimism, insofar as the disappearance of Marxist ideology is associated with shorter and less severe conflicts, but also of pessimism given the demise of highly disciplined Marxist insurgents who were more likely to compromise (or perhaps stick by it) appears to lower the likelihood of negotiated agreements. More generally, our paper contributes to the historicization of the study of civil wars.
Comparison of Filament-Core Spun Yarns Produced by New and Conventional Methods:

In recent years, we have been reporting our research on composite yarns of mostly cotton content produced on a modified ring spinning system. Recently, we reported an improved method of producing a...
The development of room temperature phosphorescence into a new technique for chemical determinations : Part 1. Physical Aspects of Room Temperature Phosphorescence

Abstract The development and physical aspects of room temperature phosphorescence are reviewed in this first part of a two-part series. Certain fundamental aspects of phosphorescence are presented. The novel phenomenon of room temperature phosphorescence (strong phosphorescence for organic compounds adsorbed on appropriate substrates) is then treated in detail. Specific attention is given to the nature of the support-phosphor interaction and the quenching effects of moisture and oxygen on room temperature phosphorescence. Thorough coverage is also given to the heavy-atom effect. The effects of the sample matrix on certain phosphorescent properties, such as lifetime, intensity and spectral characteristics, are mentioned.
Energy Supply and Cell Yield in Aerobically Grown Microorganisms

Cell yields of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aerobacter cloacae UW-C83, Escherichia coli K-12, Candida utilis UW-3, and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis UW-110 grown aerobically on several carbon sources are reported. The Yatp concept is discussed in relation to the yields on oxygen and to assumed P to O ratios for bacteria and reported P to O ratios for yeast.
Laboratory characterization of a swine influenza virus isolated from a fatal case of human influenza.

A swine influenza virus-like type A (H1N1) virus, designated A/Wisconsin/3523/88, was isolated in September 1988 from a Wisconsin woman who had died with primary viral pneumonia. Antigenic analyses with hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibodies and postinfection ferret serum indicated that the hemagglutinin of A/Wisconsin/3523/88 was antigenically closely related to viruses currently circulating in swine. Genetic analysis of the A/Wisconsin/3523/88 virus by RNA fingerprinting and partial RNA sequence analysis of seven of the eight segments indicated that the genome of the human isolate was similar to that of enzootic swine viruses. These laboratory data supported the epidemiologic findings that this human infection occurred by transmission of an enzootic swine influenza virus and that the virus showed no major genetic changes potentially related to increased pathogenesis. Images
Insulin resistance, hepatitis c, and liver transplantation

have published a prospective study of livertransplant recipients that evaluated the relationshipbetween insulin resistance and hepatitis C. During theﬁrst posttransplant year, liver transplant recipientswith hepatitis C had signiﬁcantly higher insulin resis-tance compared to those without hepatitis C, and thisrelationship apparently could not be explained by dif-ferences in usual confounders such as body mass in-dex, medications used, and degree of liver ﬁbrosis.
Evaluation of physical growth of children in a rainforest community of northwestern Ecuador.

The physical growth of children under 5 years of age was studied in relation to patterns of nutrition, morbidity, and health care utilization in three remote villages of tropical Ecuador. Age-specific comparisons of height and weight to growth curves from reference populations (US National Child Health Survey) indicated moderate to severe stunting in the population of male and female children. Examination of height-weight relationships as a measure of recent nutritional status provided little evidence that male children were underweight for their height. However, the observation that female children fell between the 3rd and 50th centile channels of the reference population in their height-weight relationship suggested moderate wasting in addition to substantial stunting. Endemic parasitism and a high rate of diarrheal illnesses were detected in the study population and were likely contributing agents to the stunting observed in male and female children. No dichotomy in the incidence of diarrhea was detected between male and female children, and if the episode was mild it was typical not to treat the illness, regardless of sex. In more severe cases, female children were more frequently taken to traditional healers. However, when familial self-treatment or local clinics were used, male children were more likely to be the beneficiary. Thus it seems possible that this advantage, along with the cultural practice of investing more of the family's resources in male children, may be responsible for the wasting detected in young females. Tropical conditions, chronic undernutrition, compromised cellular immunity, and inadequate health care services were likely causes of the high morbidity and mortality of children under age 5. Community-based programs of health promotion and disease prevention appear to offer the best potential as intervention strategies in these villages.
Canopy structure and cloud water deposition in subalpine coniferous forests

The relationship between canopy structure and cloud water deposition is explored using a modelling approach applied to subalpine conifer forests in the northeastern US. The zero plane displacement height was found to decrease monotonically with stand thinning, while the roughness length showed a unimodal pattern, peaking at a value of total surface area index (SAI) of about 5. The cloud water deposition velocity also was unimodal, increasing from 28 to 34 cm s -1 as the simulated stand was thinned from SAI = 13 to SAI = 6, and then decreasing with further thinning. The calculated resistance to cloud water deposition was greater than the resistance to momentum transfer except at very low values of SAI. Evaporation rate also showed a unimodal pattern as a function of SAI, but the pattern was less pronounced than that of cloud water deposition. These results suggest that agents which moderately reduce the SAI of closed forest stands may increase the deposition of cloud water. If some aspect of cloud water deposition causes canopy deterioration in subalpine forests, a positive feedback could occur between the canopy thinning and the cloud water deposition. A calculation of potential deposition on the lee side of gaps in the forest indicates a maximum possible deposition velocity approaching 200 cm s -1 , illustrating the expected heterogeneity of deposition rates across the subalpine landscape. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1986.tb00257.x
Distinguishing Nursing Art: Patient, Researcher, and Student Views: Nursing Is an Art “Frances's Story”: Student Response

In this response to research, the author likens the art of nursing to a work of art: abstract with blurred lines but lots of opportunity for interpretation. Frances, a patient interviewed by Dr. Kathryn Gramling as part of her research into patients' perception of nursing care, along with her family, felt comforted by her nurse, who devoted some of his own time to ensuring that Frances understood the procedure she needed and spent time meeting her need for human contact. The author experienced something similar during a hospital stay: She too had a nurse who spent time and gave comfort. The result is that the author understands the art of nursing as it relates to an extra effort to be human and demonstrate empathy. The poem written by Dr. Gramling in response to Frances confirms the patient's view of the art of nursing.
Multiculturalism, universalism, and science education: In search of common ground

Multiculturalism's proper place in science education has been the subject of considerable controversy in the recent science education literature. It is the theme of a recent symposium in this journal, which raises and treats a wide range of issues with important ramifications for science education. A key issue—and the one on which I focus—is whether (and if so to what extent) a multicultural approach to science education is compatible with a “universalist” conception of science. My main aim is to show that there is actually much more agreement between “universalists” and multicultural “localists” concerning that compatibility than might be apparent at first glance. A second aim is to defend the former from criticisms made in the symposium papers. I first attempt to make clear what “universalism” does, and does not, involve. I then explore the justification of multicultural science education, and suggest both that that justification is moral (rather than epistemological) in nature; and that if science education is indeed obliged to embrace multiculturalism, that obligation must itself be understood to be a culturally transcendent one. Finally, I address several curricular issues treated in the symposium papers. The overall conclusion is that the most defensible conception of science education is one in which it is conceived to be both multicultural and universal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:803–820, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.1052
New approaches to the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in children

Sleep-disordered breathing in general and particularly, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) are highly prevalent conditions in children. Current diagnostic approaches range from exclusively using clinical presentation and physical examination to the current "Gold Standard" of overnight polysomnography (NPSG). But while it is clear that the former is fraught with major limitations, the latter is also associated with significant obstacles, such as relative unavailability of appropriately equipped sleep laboratories and trained personnel, the labor intensive nature of NPSG and its inconvenience, and, of course, the high cost of the procedure. These limitations are detrimental to timely diagnosis and treatment. Novel approaches to the evaluation of community-based and clinically referred pediatric populations are discussed and should stimulate the field in the search for improved diagnostic technologies and delineation of a more pragmatic and reliable diagnostic approach for pediatric SDB.
Effect of modification of all loop regions in the α- and β-subunits of human choriogonadotropin on its signal transduction activity

Abstract Human choriogonadotropin (hCG), according to its three dimensional structure as determined by X-ray diffraction, has three β-hairpin loops each in the α and β subunit designated as α 1 , α 2 α 3 and β 1 β 2 and β 3 , respectively. Since similar β-hairpin loops in NGF and TNFβ have been implicated in their direct interaction with the receptor, it prompted the present investigation to determine the role of such loops in receptor binding and post-receptor signaling events in hCG. Based on the three dimensional structure of hCG, radical mutations were introduced in the α loops by replacing hydrophobic α18Phe and α74Phe by hydrophilic Thr residues in the α 1 and α 3 loops, respectively, and positively charged α45Lys by negatively charged Asp in the helical segment in the α 2 loop. The β loops were mutated by replacement of the β 1 , β 2 and β 3 sequences with the corresponding hFSH sequences. These replacements included β22Gly, β24Pro and β25Val with Glu, Arg and Phe in β 1 , 45 Leu Gln Gly Val Leu Pro Ala Leu Pro 53 with Tyr Lys Asn Pro Ala Arg Pro Leu Ile in β 2 and 73 Pro Arg Gly with Ala His His in the β 3 loop. Six mutants, hCGα 1 β, hCGα 2 β and hCGα 3 β and hCGαβ 1 , hCGαβ 2 and hCGαβ 3 , were obtained by co-infection of the insect High-Five cells with baculovirus containing mutant α or β cDNAs and that containing complimentary wild type β or α cDNAs. The mutants were almost completely secreted in the culture medium and were over expressed at levels ranging between 4.5 to 29 μg/ml indicating that mutations had no effect on the secretion or subunit assembly of hCG. In order to remove any contaminating β-subunit, the culture medium was passed through a column of a hCGβ-specific monoclonal antibody, B158. The receptor binding activity of the mutant hCGα 1 β, in which α18Phe was replaced with Thr, increased almost 200% relative to rehCG. Similarly, increase in the cAMP and progesterone stimulation by the mutant ranged between 150 to 200%. This increase is believed to be due to a short range conformational change in the mutant as a result of the mutation rather than direct involvement of α18Phe in the receptor binding. The evidence in support of this was derived from the fact that the affinity or interaction between the two subunits was impaired as indicated by the first order rate constant of hCGα 1 β ( k m = 4.1 × 10 −2 min −1 ) at pH 3.0 at 23°C which is one order of magnitude greater relative to rehCG ( k w = 4.6 × 10 −3 min −1 ). All other mutations had no effect on the receptor binding or signal transduction of hCG indicating that, unlike NGF or TNFβ, β-hairpin loops in hCG were not directly involved in rec binding or post-receptor signaling events. However, since the mutation in the α 1 loop affects the receptor binding site, its presence in the vicinity of the α 1 loop is highly likely.
Petrogenesis of the Apollo 14 high-alumina basalts: Implications from ion microprobe analyses

Abstract In this study, ion microprobe analyses of individual minerals are used to investigate the petrogenesis of the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts. We use trace element concentrations from individual minerals in the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts to evaluate both endogenic and exogenic models. The data show that if the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts were produced by melting within the lunar mantle, these basalts cannot be related to one another by closed-system fractional crystallization of a single basaltic melt. Rather, the trace element data show that variable amounts of a KREEP component were added to the basalts by either assimilation, mixing into mantle sources, or impact melting. Single-stage assimilation–fractional crystallization models can only explain the data from this study if an excessively large mass of urKREEP is assimilated into the parent magma before olivine crystallization. Alternatively, the trace element data can be explained if the Apollo 14 high-Al basalts were produced by melting multiple Al-rich mantle sources that contain different amounts of urKREEP. Finally, for impact melting to be a relevant process, the data require that multiple large impact melts be formed from mixed KREEP-rich target lithologies. The resulting impact melts must then crystallize to produce basalts with igneous textures, high Al2O3 concentrations, uniform major element compositions, and a wide range of incompatible trace element concentrations.
Drinking to cope in socially anxious individuals: a controlled study.

Background: Several hypotheses exist to account for the higher than normal rate of alcoholism in individuals with high trait anxiety (or anxiety disorders). Most of these suggest that the practice of drinking alcohol to reduce anxiety leads to an increased risk of alcoholism in vulnerable individuals. The first assumption of the hypothesis is that anxious individuals use alcohol to cope with their anxiety. Few studies have examined this issue systematically, and none have used a nonanxious matched control group. Methods: Twenty-three individuals with high social anxiety and 23 nonsocially anxious matched controls were included in the study. Groups were similar on demographic variables and alcohol use. All participants were queried regarding the use of alcohol to cope, the practice of avoiding social situations if alcohol was not available, and the degree of relief attained by alcohol. Participants also were asked about using alcohol in 11 specific situations. Results: The socially anxious group was significantly more likely than controls to report using alcohol to feel more comfortable in social situations and to avoid social situations if alcohol was unavailable. They also reported a greater degree of relief of anxiety from alcohol. Exploratory analyses revealed that socially anxious individuals reported using alcohol more to cope with social interactions than with social performance situations. Conclusions: Individuals high in social anxiety deliberately drink alcohol to cope with their social fears. They report that alcohol is moderately effective at reducing their anxiety, which is seemingly sufficient to allow them to endure social situations. The data support the first assumption of the self-medication hypothesis—that alcohol is used to reduce social discomfort in socially anxious individuals; however, the study was not designed to address the veracity of the self-medication hypothesis as a whole. Results can help guide future studies that examine the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol.
Varicocele in childhood and adolescence: implication in adulthood infertility?☆

Abstract Thirty boys eight to eighteen years of age had a clearly palpable left varicocele. The presenting complaint usually was either an asymptomatic scrotal mass or a scrotal ache after physical exercise. In 77 per cent of the patients the left testis was smaller than its mate. All but one of the 17 boys between ages eight and fifteen had a smaller left testis. When the varicocele is symptomatic, presents as a prominent mass, or where growth of the left testicle lags behind that of its mate, surgical correction of the varicocele is recommended.
Quantifying global marine isoprene fluxes using MODIS chlorophyll observations

[1] We report global distributions of marine isoprene flux, whose source is estimated by combining an empirical relationship for isoprene production rate with MODIS satellite chlorophyll observations from 2001. We use a steady-state water column model including losses to chemistry, bacteria, and air-sea exchange. Physical mixing is a negligible sink. Flux estimates range from 107–109 molecules cm−2s−1, with considerable spatial and temporal variability, resulting in a global annual total of 0.1 Tg C/yr. Air-sea exchange is the dominant isoprene sink in the surface oceans, with bacteria the second largest, but much less important, sink. The reported fluxes represent a small loss of OH in the remote marine boundary layer (MBL) compared to other oxidants. Application of our approach to other reactive compounds may improve a priori flux estimates for coupled atmosphere-ocean biogeochemistry inverse model studies.