cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Impact of Dental Service Utilization by Older Adults

A total of 747 general dental practitioners—in Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, and Minnesota—responded to a questionnaire in 1988 by completing a detailed productivity report of patient services performed during a specified period. The results, based on 11,909 patient visits and 22,712 dental procedures, indicated that stereotypes of older adults as underutilizers of dental care are incorrect. This finding and others, detailed within this article, indicate that older adults make up a substantial portion of regular patients and that their utilization of dental services should increase throughout 1990.
The failure of some patients to respond to token programs

Abstract The increasing use of token economies has been warranted by its impressive results in altering a wide range of behaviors with diverse treatment populations. However, a close examination of the literature reveals a relatively consistent percentage of treatment failures. Evidence is reviewed which demonstrates that the failure of some patients to respond to the token economy has laboratory precedents. Possible explanations for unresponsiveness of patients to token reinforcement are entertained. The implications for the operant paradigm represented by these failures are discussed. Finally, several solutions are suggested to decrease the number of patients who fail to respond.
Alteration of a learned response of the squirrel monkey by hallucinogens

Abstract The relative effectiveness of N,N-dimethyltryptamine derivatives and amphetamine derivatives was evaluated in seven squirrel monkeys, trained to discriminate between two black discs of different sizes. After the animals learned the task, they were injected intraperitoneally with the test compounds and then retested. The dose-response curves showed that debilitating effects of the compounds were a function of dose. The median effective doses ( ED 50 ) that disrupted their performance were calculated according to the graphic logarithmic probit method. The descending rank order of effectiveness of the compounds, according to the ED 50 was: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-amphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine; psilocybin; 4-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; N,N-dimethyltryptamine; and 6-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
Overload management in real-time control applications using (m, k)-firm guarantee

Tasks in a real-time control application are usually periodic and they have deadline constraints by which each instance of a task is expected to complete its computation, even in the adverse circumstances caused by component failures. Techniques to recover from processor failures often involve a reconfiguration in which all tasks are assigned to fault-free processors. This reconfiguration may result in processor overload where it is no longer possible to meet the deadlines of all tasks. In this paper, we discuss an overload management technique which discards selected task instances in such a way that the performance of the control loops in the system remain satisfactory even after a failure. The technique is based on the rationale that real-time control applications can tolerate occasional misses of the control law updates, especially if the control law is modified to account for these missed updates. The paper devises a scheduling policy which deterministically guarantees when and where the misses will occur. The paper also proposes a methodology for modifying the control law to minimize the deterioration in the control system behavior as a result of these missed control law updates.
Effects Of Current And Future Information Technologies On The Health Care Workforce

Information technologies have the potential to affect the types and distribution of jobs in the health care workforce. Against a background of an explosively growing body of knowledge in the health sciences, current models of clinical decision making by autonomous practitioners, relying upon their memory and personal experience, will be inadequate for effective twenty-first-century health care delivery. The growth of consumerism and the proliferation of Internet-accessible sources of health-related information will modify the traditional roles of provider and patient and will provide opportunities for new kinds of employment in health-related professions.
Channel preemptive EDCA for emergency medium access in distributed wireless networks

The foray of wireless networks into time-sensitive applications demands support for emergency services, with guaranteed QoS bounds. The IEEE 802.11e technology could be an attractive option for emergency networking, if the protocol design is enhanced to achieve deterministic QoS for emergency traffic during distributed network operation. We propose channel preemptive EDCA scheme, an in-channel service preemption methodology for the 802.11e EDCA framework where emergency traffic incorporates the privileges to preempt the services of lower priority traffic for better QoS guarantees. The CP-EDCA results for emergency frames depict up to 50% decrease in medium access delays and insensitivity to routine traffic competition.
Fabricating electronics with rapid prototyping tools

This studio will combine familiar rapid prototyping tools with unfamiliar materials to demonstrate how to fabricate electronic devices. Participants will design and fabricate a laser cut capacitive touch pad and a printed organic light emitting diode (OLED) display that can be combined to create a unique custom game.
The Electrotonic Transformation: a Tool for Relating Neuronal Form to Function

The spatial distribution and time course of electrical signals in neurons have important theoretical and practical consequences. Because it is difficult to infer how neuronal form affects electrical signaling, we have developed a quantitative yet intuitive approach to the analysis of electrotonus. This approach transforms the architecture of the cell from anatomical to electrotonic space, using the logarithm of voltage attenuation as the distance metric. We describe the theory behind this approach and illustrate its use.
Uniformity of Current Density Distribution at Pattern Scale during Electrochemical Micromachining by Porous-Type Anodization

Porous-type anodization of patterned Al-0.5%Cu films and subsequent chemical etching of porous Al 2 O 3 can be considered as a sub-category of electrochemical micromachining. This method results in metallic pillars separated by micro-grooves, whose dimensions are defined by the design of anodization masks and a degree of anisotropy of porous-type anodization. The pillars have a trapezoidal shape with concave slopes due to undercutting, which results from the lateral pore growth under the anodization mask. In addition, the shape of metallic pillars is affected by the distribution of current density at the pattern scale during porous-type anodization. The areas with a low coverage of anodization mask of barrier Al 2 O 3 attract a high current density and develop thick layers of porous Al 2 O 3 . Chemical etching of porous Al 2 O 3 reveals deep micro-grooves formed in these areas. These experimental results are explained by the nonuniform distribution of current density at the pattern scale, which results from the nonuniform coverage of patterned features. During porous-type anodization of patterned films the current is limited by the rate of ion migration through the scalloped layer of barrier Al 2 O 3 and follows the pathway of least resistance, as defined by the anodization mask coverage.
Comparison of the VERSANT™ HCV RNA qualitative assay (transcription-mediated amplification) and the COBAS AMPLICOR™ hepatitis C virus test, version 2.0, in patients undergoing interferon-ribavirin therapy

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients were tested for the presence of HCV RNA using two qualitative assays at various time points during interferon-ribavirin therapy. Among patients treated for 48 weeks, transcription-mediated amplification and the COBAS AMPLICOR Hepatitis C Virus Test results at Week 24 predicted subsequent virologic non-response or virologic relapse in 12/15 (80%) and 8/15 (53%) patients, respectively.
SAVEUS: SAving Victims in Earthquakes through Unified Systems

Natural disasters such as earthquakes damage the systems that are designed to confine the damage they cause. Many schemes have been suggested to minimise the damage but there is no single scheme that is equally effective in all types of natural disasters. Our hypothesis is that if relevant information about the event during and after it ends is gathered and disseminated in a timely manner, then we can significantly minimise the damage. We envision a system to deal with earthquakes in real-time that is called SAVEUS and has three main innovative components. The first component, called the rescue social network RSN, gathers useful information from the general public and first responders and deposits it to the second component called agile knowledge base AKB that stores and processes information. The third component is called the rescue sensor network RSeN that discovers victims survivors and saves the information in the AKB.
Predicting Evolutionary Potential: In Vitro Evolution Accurately Reproduces Natural Evolution of the TEM β-Lactamase

To evaluate the validity of our in vitro evolution method as a model for natural evolutionary processes, the TEM-1 β-lactamase gene was evolved in vitro and was selected for increased resistance to cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ceftazadime, and aztreonam, i.e. , the “extended-spectrum” phenotype. The amino acid substitutions recovered in 10 independent in vitro evolvants were compared with the amino acid substitutions in the naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM alleles. Of the nine substitutions that have arisen multiple times in naturally occurring extended-spectrum TEM alleles, seven were recovered multiple times in vitro . We take this result as evidence that our in vitro evolution technique accurately mimics natural evolution and can therefore be used to predict the results of natural evolutionary processes. Additionally, our results predict that a phenotype not yet observed among TEM β-lactamases in nature—resistance to cefepime—is likely to arise in nature.
Democracy, a Way of Organizing in a Knowledge Economy

This essay expands on the theme of the 2003 Academy of Management conference in Seattle: Democracy in a Knowledge Economy. A central concern is the disconnection between the expansion of democratic...
Fabrication of patterned arrays with alternating regions of aluminum and porous aluminum oxide

Fabrication of patterned anodic aluminum oxide arrays using a dense layer of barrier aluminum oxide as the anodization mask is described. This fabrication process includes patterning of the aluminum film with a photoresist and brief anodization at a high voltage. The photoresist is then removed and the aluminum film is again anodized at a low voltage to grow porous aluminum oxide. Using this procedure, we are able to fabricate anodic aluminum oxide arrays on silicon wafers consisting of alternating regions of porous aluminum oxide and aluminum metal perpendicular to the silicon substrate.
Instructor Time and Effort in Online and Face-to-Face Teaching: Lessons Learned

Results in past studies comparing teaching time and effort in online and face-to-face (FTF) teaching environments have been inconsistent. This research study compares the instructional time and effort it took the authors to teach the same course online and FTF in their respective universities. The authors hypothesize that it takes more time to teach online courses. The results of the two-semester study show that both authors spent more time per student, approximately 20% more, in the online courses. In the total time spent per student online compared to the total time spent per student FTF, the paired-samples t-test showed a statistically significant difference (t(3)=6.163 , p=0.009). The authors speculate a number of factors contributed to this difference and the perception that teaching in an online environment takes more time and effort than teaching in a FTF environment.
Deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic patients

Abstract Previous studies have reported that a proportion of younger schizophrenic patients have the “deficit syndrome,” with persistent “negative” symptoms not secondary to factors other than the disease process (e.g., depression). Yet, there is scant information on the deficit syndrome in older schizophrenic patients. We studied 46 schizophrenic patients over age 45. Seventeen met the criteria for the deficit syndrome as described by Carpenter et al. (1988), 20 were considered definite nondeficit patients, and 9 could not be classified. The deficit schizophrenic patients had a significantly higher total score on the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms but similar scores on scales for positive symptoms, depressive symptoms, and overall psychopathology as compared with nondeficit patients. The deficit patients also had a nonsignificantly greater impairment on the Halstead-Reitan Battery. One notable difference between our results and those of Carpenter et al. was in the prevalence of deficit syndrome. We found the prevalence (37%) to be significantly higher than that reported in younger patients (15%). Pending confirmation using larger sample sizes, the increased frequency of the deficit syndrome in our study could possibly be attributed to aging or a longer duration of illness in our subjects.
Convincing the Recruiter: A Comparison of Resume Formats

Abstract A national study was conducted to measure differences in recruiters' views of business students' employability depending on resume format. Resume formats varied by the amount of detail provided about educational experiences, work-related experiences, and extracurricular campus activities. As expected, when more detail was provided about work-related experiences, recruiters considered the candidate more employable than when more detail was provided about education or campus activities. However, differences that appeared relating to gender and resume format suggest biases in the way recruiters view resumes.
Novel telomere-anchored PCR approach for studying sexual stage telomeres in Aspergillus nidulans.

Telomere length varies between germline and somatic cells of the same organism, leading to the hypothesis that telomeres are lengthened during meiosis. However, little is known about the meiotic telomere length in many organisms. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, the telomere lengths in hyphae and asexual spores are invariant. No study using existing techniques has determined the telomere length of the sexual ascospores due to the relatively low abundance of pure meiotic cells in A. nidulans and the small quantity of DNA present. To address this, we developed a simple and sensitive PCR strategy to measure the telomere length of A. nidulans meiotic cells. This novel technique, termed “telomere-anchored PCR,” measures the length of the telomere on chromosome II-L using a small fraction of the DNA required for the traditional terminal restriction fragment (TRF) Southern analysis. Using this approach, we determined that the A. nidulans ascospore telomere length is virtually identical to telomeres of other cell types from this organism, approximately 110 bp, indicating that a surprisingly strict telomere length regulation exists in the major cell types of A. nidulans. When the hyphal telomeres were measured in a telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) knockout strain, small decreases in length were readily detected. Thus, this technique can detect telomeres in relatively rare cell types and is particularly sensitive in measuring exceptionally short telomeres. This rapid and inexpensive telomere-anchored PCR method potentially can be utilized in other filamentous fungi and types of organisms.
Electromagnetic scattering by and transmission through a three-dimensional slot in a thick conducting plane

A hybrid numerical technique for a characterization of the scattering and transmission properties of a three-dimensional slot in a thick conducting plane is presented. The technique combines the finite element and boundary integral methods to formulate a system for the solution of the aperture fields and by virtue of the finite element method, it is applicable to inhomogeneously filled slots of arbitrary shape. The numerical implementation is described for the edge-based expansion functions associated with rectangular brick elements, and examples are presented demonstrating the validity, versatility, and capability of the technique. These also provide some understanding of the slots scattering and transmission properties as a function of its geometry and material filling. >
Relationship between California mastitis test reaction and composition of milk from opposite quarters.

Abstract The composition of the milk from opposite quarters showed highly significant decreases in total solids, fat, nonfat solids, and lactose, due to subclinical mastitis as measured by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). For the comparison between negative CMT reactions and those judged to be three, the average decreases amounted to 1.07% T. S., 0.45% fat, 0.57% SNF, 0.77% lactose. Less significance could be attributed to the differences observed for protein. Loss in casein was offset by increases in the serum proteins. Chlorides showed significant increases along with the pH of the milk as the CMT reaction became more severe. The variability of the SNF measured by a density method (bead test) from the gravimetric method, used as a standard, increased with the CMT reaction. When the reduced level in milk production was combined with the decreased fat test, an average loss of 48% in total fat production was found for opposite quarters showing CMT three vs. negative reactions.
Quantifying ADHD classroom inattentiveness, its moderators, and variability: a meta‐analytic review

Background: Most classroom observation studies have documented significant deficiencies in the classroom attention of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to their typically developing peers. The magnitude of these differences, however, varies considerably and may be influenced by contextual, sampling, diagnostic, and observational differences. Methods: Meta-analysis of 23 between-group classroom observation studies using weighted regression, publication bias, goodness of fit, best case, and original metric analyses. Results: Across studies, a large effect size (ES ¼ .73) was found prior to consideration of potential moderators. Weighted regression, best case, and original metric estimation indicate that this effect may be an underestimation of the classroom visual attention deficits of children with ADHD. Several methodological factors‐classroom environment, sample characteristics, diagnostic procedures, and observational coding schema‐differentially affect observed rates of classroom attentive behavior for children with ADHD and typically developing children. After accounting for these factors, children with ADHD were on-task approximately 75% of the time compared to 88% for their classroom peers (ES ¼ 1.40). Children with ADHD were also more variable in their attentive behavior across studies. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that children with ADHD exhibit deficient and more variable visual attending to required stimuli in classroom settings and provided an aggregate estimation of the magnitude of these deficits at the group level. It also demonstrated the impact of situational, sampling, diagnostic, and observational variables on observed rates of on-task behavior. Keywords: ADHD, classroom observation, attention, on-task, meta-analysis. Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ES, effect size; MTA, Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic and disabling condition that affects an estimated 3‐7% of school-age children (APA, 2000). Inattention‐one of three hypothesized core deficits of ADHD‐has been studied extensively over the past several decades following the seminal work by Douglas and colleagues (Douglas, 1972; Sykes, Douglas, Weiss, & Minde, 1971).
Of genes and genomes and the origin of maize

The crop plant maize (corn) is remarkably dissimilar to its recent wild ancestor, teosinte, making it an extremely interesting model for the study of evolution. Investigations into the evolution of maize are currently being performed at the molecular and morphological levels. Three independent lines of research are poised to shed light on the molecular basis of this spectacular transformation: (1) determining the structure and origin of the maize genome; (2) understanding the role of transposable elements in maize evolution; and (3) elucidating the genetic basis for morphological differences between maize and its wild ancestor teosinte.
Psychometric Testing of the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale Among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study

This study provided the first examination of the psychometric properties of the 6-item Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale (DSES) in a large African American sample, the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). The JHS included measures of spiritual (DSES) and religious practices. Internal reliability, dimensionality, fit indices, and correlation were assessed. DSES scores reflected frequent daily spiritual experiences (12.84 ± 4.72) and reliability scores were high (α = 0.85; 95% CI 0.84–0.86). The DSES loaded on a single factor, with significant goodness-of-fit scores (RMSEA = 0.094, P < 0.01). Moderate significant correlations were noted among DSES items. Our findings confirm that the 6-item DSES had excellent psychometric properties in this sample.
1H-NMR Study of the Impact of High Pressure and Thermal Processing on Cell Membrane Integrity of Onions

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) relaxometry was used to study the effects of high pressure and thermal processing on membrane permeability and cell compartmentalization, important components of plant tissue texture. High pressure treated onions were subjected to pressure levels from 20 to 200 MPa at 5 min hold time at initial temperatures of 5 and 20 °C. Thermally treated onions were exposed for 30 min at temperatures from 40 to 90 °C. Loss of membrane integrity was clearly shown by changes in transverse relaxation time (T(2)) of water at temperatures of 60 °C and above. Destabilization effects on membranes exposed to high pressure were observed at 200 MPa as indicated by T(2) measurements and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM). T(2) relaxation successfully discriminated different degrees of membrane damage based on the T(2) shift of the vacuolar component. Analyses of the average water self-diffusion coefficient indicated less restricted diffusion after membrane rupture occurred in cases of severe thermal treatments. Milder processing treatments yielded lower average diffusion coefficients than the controls. ¹H-NMR proved to be an effective method for quantification of cell membrane damage in onions and allowed for the comparison of different food processes based on their impact on tissue integrity.
Evaluating Sucralfate as a Phosphate Binder in Normal Cats and Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease

Control of hyperphosphatemia is an important part of the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of sucralfate as a phosphate binder in normal cats and normophosphatemic CKD cats. A 500 mg sucralfate slurry was administered orally q 8 hr for 2 wk, and serum phosphorus, urine fractional excretion of phosphorus, and fecal phosphorus concentrations were measured. In normal cats treated with sucralfate, significant changes in serum phosphorus concentration or urinary excretion of phosphorus were not detected, and vomiting occurred after 14.7% of administrations. Of the five normophosphatemic cats with CKD treated with sucralfate, three experienced clinical decompensation, including vomiting, anorexia, constipation, and increased azotemia. Administration of sucralfate did not result in significant changes in fecal phosphorus concentration in these cats. The effects of sucralfate administration on serum phosphorus concentration and urinary excretion of phosphorus in CKD cats was difficult to determine because of dehydration and worsening azotemia associated with decompensation. Due to side effects and the apparent lack of efficacy of the medication, the study was discontinued. This study was unable to confirm efficacy of this sucralfate formulation as a phosphate binder, and side effects were problematic during the study.
Russian Banks in July 2014

In July, revocations of banking licenses continued. Asset growth was significantly slowed down as a result of shrinkage of their principal sources – corporate funds and foreign liabilities, as well as a very slow movement of individual deposits. Growth of interest rates has so far produced little positive effect on changes in the banking sector’s resource base, but it is nevertheless a factor that further pushes down the level of current lending activity.
Disseminated cat-scratch disease in an adult with selective IgA deficiency

A 51-year-old man with history of undiagnosed pulmonary nodules 4 years prior, presented with right-sided chest pain. Acute cardiac workup was negative, and a chest computed tomography examination demonstrated marked improvement in bilateral pulmonary nodules. A concordant abdominal computed tomography examination showed new subcentimeter hypodense lesions throughout the liver and spleen, mild progressive abdominopelvic lymphadenopathy, and new small lytic lesions of T11 and L4 vertebrae. A positron emission tomography examination demonstrated hypermetabolic activity of these abdominopelvic lesions suggesting metastatic disease. Extensive laboratory workup was negative, aside from IgA deficiency. Eventually, biopsy of a hepatic lesion was performed and compatible with Bartonella species. An elevated Bartonella IgG titer was noted, consistent with Bartonella Hensalae infection, or “cat-scratch disease.” Radiographic findings showed marked improvement after clinically appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Changes of Prostacyclin and Thromboxane B_2 in Lung Tissue of Newborn Rats with Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Objective To observe the changes of thromboxane B2(TXB2)and 6-keto-prostaglandin(6-k-PG)in the lungs of the newborn rats with pulmonary hemorrhage and explore the pathogenesis of pulmonary hemorrhage in newborn infants.Methods Forty newborn rats were divided randomly into 4 groups:3 experimental groups(experiment 1 group,experiment 2 group,experiment 3 group)and a normal control group(n=10 each group).The rats in experiment 1 group,experiment 2 group,experiment 3 group were given subcutaneous injection of 1 g/L epinephrine at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg and were put into a refrigerator of 4 ℃.The rats in experiment 1 group were taken out of the refrigerator after 1 h and were killed.The rats in experiment 2 group and experiment 3 group were taken out after 4 h.The rats in experiment 2 group were killed.The rats in experiment 3 group were rewarmed and were given epinephrine at an equal dose and were given epinephrine again after 1 h at a dose of 1.0 mL/kg,after 1 h,they were killed.Gross anatomical findings of the lungs were divided into 5 grades:grade Ⅰ(normal lung),grade Ⅱ(pulmonary edema),grade Ⅲ(spotty pulmonary hemorrhage),grade Ⅳ(local pulmonary hemorrhage)and grade Ⅴ(diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage).TXB2 and 6-k-PG in the lungs were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results 1.The pathologic changes of the lungs were revealed in 9 cases of grade Ⅱ and 1 case of grade Ⅴ in experiment 1 group;6 cases of grade Ⅱ and 4 cases of grade Ⅴ in experiment 2 group;4 cases of grade Ⅲ,1 case of grade Ⅳ and 5 cases of grade Ⅴ in expriment 3 group;10 cases of grade Ⅰ in coutrol group.By the RIDIT analysis significant difference was found(P0.01).Electron microscopy exam showed erythrocytes in the alveoli and blurred structure of part blood-gas barrier for grad Ⅴ.2.The level of TXB2 was significantly lower in experiment 1 group than that in experimnet 2 group,experimnet 3 group and control group(Pa0.05).The rate of 6-k-PG /TXB2 was higher significantly in experimnet 1 group than those in experimnet 2 group,experimnet 3 group and control group(Pa0.05).Conclusions During the formation of pulmonary hemorrhage the effect of prostacyclin increased transiently.Prostacyclin can increase permeability of vessels and take part in formation of pulmonary hemorrhage.
A NEW ANTI-RUST AGENT WITH COMBINED FONCTION OF REMOVING AND PREVETING RUST FOR IRON AND STEEL

A new and efficient antirust agent was developed.The agent was characterized with combined functions of simultaneously removing the existed rust and preventing further rusting for diversified produces of iron and steel.The application results proved that the agent was effective and economical.
Leakage Analysis on Waterwall Tube of Ultra Supercritical Unit Boiler

By macroscopical examination,metallurgical analysis,test of micro-penetration hardness and equivalent temperature calculation,the paper analyzes causes for leakage of waterwall tube of ultra supercritical unit boiler.The analysis result shows that the leakage results from partial overheat of waterwall tube.It is found through examination that there are many creeping crack at the burst area while there is no crack at place far from sharp points,back side and fire-facing side afar from burst.Meanwhile,the swelling travels to fire-facing side along waterwall tube,which dues to overheat of fire-facing side and free expansion is by any possibility along fire-facing side.
Distal Femoral Osteotomy for the Valgus Knee: Medial Closing Wedge Versus Lateral Opening Wedge: A Systematic Review

Purpose (1) To determine the radiographic correction/healing rate, patient-reported outcomes, reoperation rate, and complication rate after distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) for the valgus knee with lateral compartment pathology. (2) To summarize the reported results of medial closing wedge and lateral opening wedge DFO. Methods We conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, and CINAHL to identify studies reporting outcomes of DFOs for the valgus knee. Keywords included "distal femoral osteotomy," "chondral," "cartilage," "valgus," "joint restoration," "joint preservation," "arthritis," and "gonarthrosis." Two authors first reviewed the articles; our study exclusion criteria were then applied, and the articles were included on the basis relevance defined by the aforementioned criteria. The Methodological Index for Nonrandomized Studies scale judged the quality of the literature. Sixteen studies were relevant to the research questions out of 191 studies identified by the original search. Results Sixteen studies were identified reporting on 372 osteotomies with mean follow-up of 45 to 180 months. All studies reported mean radiographic correction to a near neutral mechanical axis, with 3.2% nonunion and 3.8% delayed union rates. There was a 9% complication rate and a 34% reoperation rate, of which 15% were converted to arthroplasty. There were similar results reported for medial closing wedge and lateral opening wedge techniques, with a higher conversion to arthroplasty in the medial closing wedge that was confounded by longer mean follow-up in this group (mean follow-up 100 v 58 months). Conclusions DFOs for the valgus knee with lateral compartment disease provide improvements in patient-reported knee health–related quality of life at midterm follow-up but have high rates of reoperation. No evidence exists proving better results of either the lateral opening wedge or medial closing wedge techniques. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
Memory Binding Test Predicts Incident Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment

Background The Memory Binding Test (MBT), previously known as Memory Capacity Test, has demonstrated discriminative validity for distinguishing persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and dementia from cognitively normal elderly. Objective We aimed to assess the predictive validity of the MBT for incident aMCI. Methods In a longitudinal, community-based study of adults aged 70+, we administered the MBT to 246 cognitively normal elderly adults at baseline and followed them annually. Based on previous work, a subtle reduction in memory binding at baseline was defined by a Total Items in the Paired (TIP) condition score of ≤22 on the MBT. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the predictive validity of the MBT for incident aMCI accounting for the effects of covariates. The hazard ratio of incident aMCI was also assessed for different prediction time windows ranging from 4 to 7 years of follow-up, separately. Results Among 246 controls who were cognitively normal at baseline, 48 developed incident aMCI during follow-up. A baseline MBT reduction was associated with an increased risk for developing incident aMCI (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.44, 95% confidence interval: 1.30-4.56, p = 0.005). When varying the prediction window from 4-7 years, the MBT reduction remained significant for predicting incident aMCI (HR range: 2.33-3.12, p: 0.0007-0.04). Conclusion Persons with poor performance on the MBT are at significantly greater risk for developing incident aMCI. High hazard ratios up to seven years of follow-up suggest that the MBT is sensitive to early disease.
Determination of the absolute orientation of langatate crystals using X-ray diffraction

Acoustic wave propagation in piezoelectric crystals with point group 32 symmetry is strongly dependent on the specific crystal orientation. This paper reports an X-ray diffraction (XRD) method using pole figures and in-plane scattering measurements to precisely define the absolute orientation of crystal planes in langatate (LGT). XRD measurements were conducted on Z-cut and plusmn45deg Y-rotated LGT wafers whose absolute orientation had previously been determined by ultrasonic measurements. A large inequality in XRD intensity from certain LGT planes allows {hk middot l} crystal orientations to be distinguished from {hk middot lmacr} orientations. Specific Miller planes useful for LGT crystal alignment and absolute orientation by XRD are reported, along with the measured intensity ratios I{hk middot l}/I{hk middot lmacr}.
Molecular Basis of PARP Inhibition and Future Opportunities in Ovarian Cancer Therapy

Advanced ovarian cancer is a catastrophic disease and a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in US women as it presents late and has a high recurrence rate. In 2014 bevacizumab and olaparib were approved by the Food and Drug Administration, the first new drugs since 2006. Olaparib (Lynparza) is the first-in-class polyadenosine 5′-diphosphoribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor for recurrent ovarian cancer in women with gBRCAmut. This chapter reviews the translational science behind the development of PARP inhibitors and the opportunities and inherent limitations of therapy targeting tumors with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD). After the proven benefit of this drug in BRCA-mutated patients, the molecular understanding of ovarian cancer may lead to a broader exploitation of this treatment approach. Promising clinical data suggests a role in DNA scarred high-grade serous ovarian cancer, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) low-expressing gastric cancer, and prostate cancer with disrupted DNA-repair genes. The very mutations that increase the cancer risk in patients are now seen as the key to fighting their disease and other tumors with HRD.
Disorders of Male External Genitalia: Undescended Testis

Three percent of term male infants have cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, while approximately 17% of premature males are affected.1 The rate of spontaneous descent is debatable, with incidence ranges of 10–70% reported.1,2 The testis may be abdominal, inguinal, scrotal or ectopic.
Biokinetics of engineered nano-TiO2 in rats administered by different exposure routes: implications for human health.

Over the past decade, nanotechnology has matured from an emerging discipline to a mainstream technology with hundreds of high-volume materials, products, or high-frequency applications currently on...
Rationally Engineered AAV Capsids Improve Transduction and Volumetric Spread in the CNS

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the most common vector for clinical gene therapy of the CNS. This popularity originates from a high safety record and the longevity of transgene expression in neurons. Nevertheless, clinical efficacy for CNS indications is lacking, and one reason for this is the relatively limited spread and transduction efficacy in large regions of the human brain. Using rationally designed modifications of the capsid, novel AAV capsids have been generated that improve intracellular processing and result in increased transgene expression. Here, we sought to improve AAV-mediated neuronal transduction to minimize the existing limitations of CNS gene therapy. We investigated the efficacy of CNS transduction using a variety of tyrosine and threonine capsid mutants based on AAV2, AAV5, and AAV8 capsids, as well as AAV2 mutants incapable of binding heparan sulfate (HS). We found that mutating several tyrosine residues on the AAV2 capsid significantly enhanced neuronal transduction in the striatum and hippocampus, and the ablation of HS binding also increased the volumetric spread of the vector. Interestingly, the analogous tyrosine substitutions on AAV5 and AAV8 capsids did not improve the efficacy of these serotypes. Our results demonstrate that the efficacy of CNS gene transfer can be significantly improved with minor changes to the AAV capsid and that the effect is serotype specific.
Design Representation and Perception in Virtual Environments

Two important cognitive activities involved in designing in virtual environments are explored in this chapter. The first activity is design representation that is mentally created during the design processes. In virtual environments, particularly the full-scale immersive virtual reality settings, the nature of representation applied to design generation is different from the one applied in the conventional design environments such as pencil-and-paper or physical model-making mode. The second activity relates to human perception, which has not been changed by high-tech developments. Perception in virtual environments provides information to allow designers to understand the environmental impact generated from design. Additional knowledge of media applications and their corresponding representations has created new definitions of identity and privacy, which also has created interesting design impacts, subtle cultural effects, and social interactions. These phenomena are described through examples in this chapter.
Undergraduate Research and the Academic Librarian: Case Studies and Best Practices. Merinda Kaye Hensley and Stephanie Davis-Kahl, eds. Chicago, Ill.: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2017. 348p. $65.00 (ISBN 978-083898908-1).

In this new volume, the editors’ “hope is that with this collection of case studies, librarians come away with not only a better understanding of what undergraduate research entails but also with a clear vision of the potential connections and contributions they can make to support undergraduate research” (xxiv). The book contains 25 short case studies on topics having to do with undergraduate research in various forms. Each chapter contains the following sections: Introduction, Background, Partnerships, Reflection, Assessment, Recommendations/Best Practices, and Conclusion.
Magnitude of benefit for adjuvant radiotherapy following minimally invasive surgery in intermediate to high risk HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objective To determine the outcomes and toxicities of minimally-invasive surgery with adjuvant intensity-modulated radiotherapy +/− chemotherapy (AT) compared to definitive surgical therapy (ST) in a contemporary cohort of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Methods From 2005 to 2013, a consecutive cohort of 190 HPV-positive OPSCC patients was retrospectively reviewed from multi-institutional databases maintained by the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Radiation Oncology. A total of 116 AT patients and 42 ST patients with intermediate or high risk pathologic features were included in the final analysis. All patients received minimally invasive surgery. Time to recurrence and time to death from the onset of surgery were evaluated. Toxicity data collected included dysphagia or xerostomia requiring feeding tube placement >6 months, or mandibular osteonecrosis requiring surgery or hyperbaric oxygen. Results All AT patients received IMRT to a median dose of 60 Gy. Chemotherapy delivered to 67.2% of AT patients. AT group included more high-risk patients given higher nodal classification (p = 0.005) and extracapsular extension (p = 0.0005). AT improved disease-free survival (HR 2.77, CI 1.22–6.28; p = 0.02) and local-regional control (HR 14.83, CI 3.240–67.839; p = 0.001). Disease-free survival with AT and tumor extracapsular extension was improved when compared to ST (HR of 4.34, CI 1.540–12.213; p = 0.006). Dysphagia or mandibular osteonecrosis toxicity after AT vs. ST of 19.0% vs. 2.4%. Conclusions AT improved local-regional control and disease-free survival but was associated with greater toxicity. The recurrence benefit was most pronounced in tumors with extracapsular extension.
The Climate-Change Challenge to Human-Drawn Boundaries

The plights of climate-change migrants raise serious questions about human-drawn territorial boundaries, among nation states, among political subdivisions, and indeed between and among private property owners. These questions go beyond matters of social justice and individual rights to include matters relating to the abilities of local people everywhere to live in ways that keep them, and their lands and waters, healthy. The challenges of migrants thus are usefully considered as part of a larger inquiry into how we live in nature and what it will take for us and our natural homes to thrive over time. That larger inquiry needs to pay particular attention to the root causes of our misuses of nature, including (but hardly limited to) our behaviors that stimulate climate change. Good policies would help people everywhere succeed at this foundational task of living on land without degrading it, and they would help migrants through means that respect local efforts to live rightly in nature. Wisely drawn and understood, human-drawn boundaries of all types could help make this overall goal possible, likely giving rise to political and proprietary boundaries that are, in various ways, both more and less permeable than those we have today.
THE EFFECTS OF CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION ON POLITICAL ATTITUDES

Participatory democratic theorists have long claimed that political participation improves citizens and helps to integrate them into the political community. In recent years political participation has been advocated as a way of reducing alienation, particularly among the young. This experimental study assesses the effects of campaign participation on the attitudes and opinions of a group of young people, particularly attitudes of alienation. Employing Q methodology, this study examines the attitudinal impact of campaign participation on 57 subjects through the use of precampaign and postcampaign Q sorts. By comparing the results with a control group it was determined that campaign participation does result in greater attitudinal shift for participants than for nonparticipants; however, the changes that occurred resulted in shifts away from alienation (as democratic theorists predict) and shifts in the direction of greater alienation (contrary to predictions).
Computed tomography: the revolution in computer based medical imaging.

The same people who gave us The Yellow Submarine gave us CT: The EMI Corporation of London, England gave us the CT scanner. While they were discovering and promoting the Beatles, they were searching for a sharper image.
Arteriovenous Malformations: Intracranial

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are among the most important vascular anomalies in the nervous system of children; they are relatively common and usually require treatment. They consist of direct arterial-to-venous connections without intervening capillaries and occur in the cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, and spinal cord (Friedlander, N Engl J Med 356:2704–12, 2007). AVMs can present with hemorrhage, seizure, headache, progressive ischemia (“steal”), or can be found incidentally. Treatment is predicated on obliteration of the lesion, which can be achieved by surgery, radiation, embolization, or a combination of therapies.
The Search for Rapid Acting Antidepressants: Research Synthesis and Perspectives

Abstract There is a clear unmet need for both more effective and more rapidly acting treatments for major depressive episodes. The discovery of ketamine's rapid onset of robust antidepressant action has reinvigorated a search for such treatments over the past two decades. The following chapter outlines the history and ongoing attempts to identify more rapidly acting treatments for depressive disorders and the factors that contributed to the discovery of ketamine's effects. The chapter also discusses the currently existing data emerging from preclinical studies and clinical trials attempting to understand the mechanism(s) of rapid-onset antidepressant action, and the controversies that have arisen based on the conflicting findings. The goal of this chapter is to highlight the recent advances in this area and also make the reader aware of the complexities and complicating factors involved in the development of rapidly acting antidepressant treatments.
Semantics-Aware Image to Image Translation and Domain Transfer.

Image to image translation is the problem of transferring an image from a source domain to a target domain. We present a new method to transfer the underlying semantics of an image even when there are geometric changes across the two domains. Specifically, we present a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that can transfer semantic information presented as segmentation masks. Our main technical contribution is an encoder-decoder based generator architecture that jointly encodes the image and its underlying semantics and translates both simultaneously to the target domain. Additionally, we propose object transfiguration and cross-domain semantic consistency losses that preserve the underlying semantic labels maps. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in multiple object transfiguration and domain transfer tasks through qualitative and quantitative experiments. The results show that our method is better at transferring image semantics than state of the art image to image translation methods.
Socializing via a Scarf: Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Explore Smart Textiles

Smart textiles, a subset of wearable technologies, inspire novel human-interactions that leverage people's physical and cognitive actions. However, people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have different communication, social, and sensory experiences than non-disabled people. We empirically investigate how adults with IDD determine the functionality of smart textiles and which smart textile qualities impact comfort. We demonstrate a research design method that elicits social interaction among adults with IDD. We found that smart textiles facilitate embodied and social interactions among adults with IDD. We also present an emerging design space based on smart textile capabilities and user needs.