cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of volatile spoilage metabolites in fermented cucumbers using nontargeted, comprehensive 2-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS).

: A nontargeted, comprehensive 2-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) method was developed for the analysis of fermented cucumber volatiles before and after anaerobic spoilage. Volatile compounds extracted by solid-phase microextraction were separated on a polyethylene glycol 1st-dimension column and 14% cyanopropylphenyl 2nd-dimension column. Among 314 components detected in fermented cucumber brine, 199 had peak areas with coefficients of variation below 30%. Peak identifications established by mass spectral library matching were 92% accurate based on 63 authentic standards. Analysis of variance of analytes’ log peak areas revealed 33 metabolites changed in concentration after spoilage (P < 0.05), including increases in acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids, n-propyl acetate, several alcohols, and a decrease in furfural. GC×GC-TOFMS with a nontargeted, semi-automated approach to data analysis made possible the separation, identification, and determination of differences in polar volatile components, facilitating the discovery of several metabolites related to fermented cucumber spoilage. Practical Application: An optimized method for the chemical analysis of volatile food components is described and applied to the profiling of volatile compounds in fermented cucumbers, resulting in the identification of 137 components, many of which are being reported for the first time in fermented cucumbers. This nontargeted GC×GC-TOFMS method and inclusive data analysis platform facilitated the discovery of several metabolites that were formed or utilized during anaerobic spoilage of fermented cucumbers. Further study of these metabolites will enhance our ability to understand and potentially control the metabolism of spoilage bacteria that can degrade lactic acid under the restrictive environmental conditions present in fermented cucumbers.
Seduce Me: Kagan, Power, the US and Europe

As man and woman ‘are supposed to be different’, one being from Mars and the other from Venus as Gray put it, so it is important to recognize that Europe and the United States are supposed to be different. While there are many connectors between the two, these are not sufficient to bridge the gap that has developed between them. Kagan argues that Europe is weak — that because it lacks force (what he calls power) it comes with the arguments and rhetoric of the weak. Yet reading Kagan's argument more closely, one finds that it is not one of power, but of force. This article takes issue with this understanding of power, and attempts to clarify the language on power and force.
Continuous spectroscopic measurements of photo-stimulated release of molecules by nanomachines in a single living cell

The first continuous, real-time spectroscopic monitoring of a photo-driven cargo delivery event from a mesoporous silica-based nanocarrier inside a single living cell is reported. By chemically attaching azobenzene molecules inside the 3 nm pore channels of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (∼70 nm diameter), the escape of the cargo molecule [propidium iodide (PI)] from the pore is prevented in the dark but is facilitated by the light-driven isomerization motion. Real-time spectroscopic measurements of a single cell uncover intermediate processes that occur during this intracellular delivery event, from nanomachine activation to the release of PI into the cytosol and to PI's eventual intercalation with nuclear DNA. Changes in PI's fluorescence intensity and the hypsochromic shift of the band maxima are used to identify the local environment of the fluorophore that is being observed in the cell. The ability to precisely initiate a chemical event inside an individual cell and continuously monitor the subsequent biological responses will enhance our understanding of intracellular process upon drug, protein and nucleic acid delivery.
A nanoscale mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement in metals

Abstract The embrittlement of metallic systems by hydrogen is a widespread phenomenon but the precise role of hydrogen in this process is not well understood and predictive mechanisms are not available. Here, a new model is proposed wherein hydrogen accumulation around a microcrack tip prevents crack-tip dislocation emission or absorption, and thus suppresses crack-tip blunting and ductile fracture while promoting cleavage fracture. The conceptual model is demonstrated via atomistic simulations of the evolution of equilibrium hydrogen distributions around a crack tip in Ni under increasing applied load, followed by measurement of dislocation emission and/or cleavage. These analyses are performed in single crystal Ni and for several tilt grain boundaries and several initial crack notch radii, using molecular statics and embedded-atom-method interatomic potentials. A kinetic analysis is used to calculate the size of the “nanohydride” formed at the crack tip as a function of hydrogen chemical potential, temperature, H diffusion rate, load level, and loading rate. Combining the kinetic analysis with the deformation/fracture analysis generates a mechanism map that predicts a ductile-to-brittle transition as a function of material and loading parameters. The mechanism map is applied to predict H embrittlement of unnotched tensile specimens of Ni, and the predictions and experiments match well for material parameter values expected to be pertinent in these materials. The mechanism proposed and validated here directly identifies the role of H in driving a change in fracture mode and toughness as a function of material and loading parameters.
Unmasking of a protective tumor necrosis factor receptor I-mediated signal in the collagen-induced arthritis model.

Objective To examine the relative importance of tumor necrosis factor receptor I (TNFRI) signaling in the hematopoietic tissue compartment in the progression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods DBA/1 mice were administered a lethal radiation dose and were then rescued with bone marrow derived from either DBA/1 or TNFRI−/− mice. CIA was then induced, and disease progression was characterized. Results Surprisingly, mice with CIA that received TNFRI−/− donor marrow developed increased disease severity as compared with control mice with CIA. This could not be attributed to an increased primary response to collagen or to the contribution of a non-DBA genetic background. In mice that received TNFRI−/− bone marrow, histologic markers of advanced disease were evident shortly after initiation of the immune response to collagen and long before clinical evidence of disease. Serum TNFα was undetectable, whereas serum interleukin-12 p40 levels were increased, at the end point of the study in mice that received TNFRI−/− bone marrow. Conclusion These data raise the intriguing possibility of the existence of an antiinflammatory, TNFRI-mediated circuit in the hematopoietic compartment. This circuit bears a resemblance to the switch in TNFα function that has been observed during the resolution of bacterial infections. These data suggest that TNFRI-mediated signals in the radioresistant tissues contribute to disease progression, whereas TNFRI-mediated signals in the radiosensitive tissues can contribute to protection from disease. We thus put forward the hypothesis that the degree of response to TNFα blockade in RA is dependent in part on the relative genetic strengths of these 2 pathways.
On sensitivity and competition for preformed ions in FAB

Abstract The ionisation processes in FAB for alkali ions and for tetramethyl ammonium ions (TMA), here used as a model for tertiary alkyl ammonium ions, were investigated using glycerol as a matrix. The alkali ions all have similar sensitivities. Compared with the alkali ions, the sensitivity for TMA is about double whereas the sensitivities for non-surface active amine bases are about 1.5 times smaller. No competition between alkali ions, i.e. the suppression of one by the other in the FAB spectrum, or between alkali ions and TMA was found. In contrast, TMA, as well as the alkali ions, has a strongly suppressing effect on the ion signal from amine bases. This can be understood as a result of proton transfer reactions. Additional understanding of the ionisation processes come from low-temperature studies. The most significant finding is a strong enhancement of the Cs+ ion signal at a low matrix temperature. Finally, it was found that the mixed alkali chloride clusters are formed with a statistical distribution.
Remote Sensing of Ocean Internal Waves: An Overview

Abstract KLEMAS, V., 2012. Remote sensing of ocean internal waves: an overview. The oceans are density stratified because of vertical variations in temperature and salinity. Oceanic internal waves can form at the interface (pycnocline) between layers of different water density and propagate long distances along the pycnocline. Internal waves on continental shelves are important because they can attain large amplitudes and affect acoustic wave propagation, submarine navigation, nutrient mixing in the euphotic zone, sediment resuspension, cross-shore pollutant transport, coastal engineering, and oil exploration. Internal waves induce local currents that modulate surface wavelets and slicks, causing patterns of alternating brighter and darker bands to appear on the surface. The surface patterns can be mapped by satellites using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) or visible imagers. The objectives of this article are to discuss methods for remotely studying and mapping ocean internal waves and to present examples...
Isolation and initial characterization of human basement membrane collagens

Abstract Neutral solutions of pepsin extracted human collagens derived from glomeruli, kidney, aorta, lung, heart, bowel, spleen, skeletal muscle and skin were subjected to heat gelation at 37°C. Centrifugation of the gel provided two fractions: gelled pellet and non-gelled supernatant. Analysis of these two fractions by gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography, and amino acid and carbohydrate determinations indicated that the non-gelled supernatant contained a substantial enrichment of basement membrane like collagen. The initial characterization of lung derived basement membrane collagen indicated close similarities with those derived from glomeruli and whole kidney and differences with that obtained from the spleen.
Moving toward maturity: research in technical communication

Research in technical communication in 1989 is assessed. The analysis indicates that systematic research in technical communication is still in a limited stage of development. One major problem is the lack of a clear distinction between an illustrative case and a case study in the empirical sense. In the few articles presenting systematic research, the most frequently used methodology is survey/questionnaire. Problems include sample selection and generalizability. In several studies, however, surveys were just one of several tools in a qualitative approach. While some projects were carefully designed, overall, the quality of the methodology is uneven. A comparison of the areas being researched with those designated by technical communicators as needing research revealed that more research is needed in management. Also needed is more systematic research into visual aspects of technical communication. >
A brief scientific biography of Prof. Alan J. Hunt

Alan Hunt was a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michigan, and an Associate Editor of Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, until his death on October 28, 2012. Here we give a brief account of Alan’s scientific career, from his doctoral studies at the U. of Washington with Joe Howard, through his postdoctoral work at the U. of Colorado with Dick McIntosh, and finally his faculty research at the U. of Michigan, part of which was conducted in collaboration with David Odde (U. of Minnesota).
An immunoassay for human transferrin

The laboratory measurement of serum transferrin is a valuable adjunct in the assessment of both iron and protein nutritional status. Conventional assays based on the Fe-binding properties of this protein are tedious to perform, susceptible to Fe contamination, and require volumes of serum that can only be obtained by venous sampling. We describe in this report a two-site enzyme immunoassay (EIA) developed with the use of monoclonal antibodies. Ten microliters serum is diluted 1:20,000 before assay, reflecting a high degree of sensitivity. The variability of this EIA is comparable to conventional colorimetric assays for total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and excellent correspondence was observed between these methods over a range in TIBC of 150-500 micrograms/dL (27-90 mumol/L). No consistent difference was observed with the EIA when performed on venous and capillary specimens obtained simultaneously. This method will facilitate the evaluation of Fe and protein status in nutritional surveys.
Recent retrotransposon insertions are methylated and phylogenetically clustered in japonica rice (Oryza sativa spp. japonica)

In plants, the genome of the host responds to the amplification of transposable elements (TEs) with DNA methylation. However, neither the factors involved in TE methylation nor the dynamics of the host-TE interaction are well resolved. Here, we identify 5,522 long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTR-RT) in the genome of Oryza sativa ssp. japonica and then assess methylation for individual elements. Our analyses uncover three strong trends: long LTR-RTs are more highly methylated, the insertion times of LTR-RTs are negatively correlated with methylation, and young LTR-RTs tend to be closer to genes than older insertions. Additionally, a phylogenetic examination of the gypsy-like LTR-RT superfamily revealed that methylation is phylogenetically correlated. Given these observations, we present a model suggesting that the phylogenetic correlation among related LTR-RTs is a primary mechanism driving methylation. In this model, bursts of transposition produce new elements with high sequence similarity. The host machinery identifies proliferating elements as well as closely related LTR-RTs through cross-homology. In addition, our data are consistent with previous hypotheses that methylated LTR-RT elements are removed preferentially from regions near genes, explaining some of the observed age distribution.
NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation Projects Propulsion Technology Phase I Overview and Highlights of Accomplishments

The NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) Project is focused on developing and demonstrating integrated systems technologies to TRL 4-6 by 2020 that enable reduced fuel burn, emissions, and noise for futuristic air vehicles. The specific goals aim to simultaneously reduce fuel burn by 50%, reduce Landing and Take-off Nitrous Oxides emissions by 75% relative to the CAEP 6 guidelines, and reduce cumulative noise by 42 Decibels relative to the Stage 4 guidelines. These goals apply to the integrated vehicle and propulsion system and are based on a reference mission of 3000nm flight of a Boeing 777-200 with GE90 engines. This paper will focus primarily on the ERA propulsion technology portfolio, which consists of advanced combustion, propulsor, and core technologies to enable these integrated air vehicle systems goals. An overview of the ERA propulsion technologies will be described and highlights of the results obtained during the first phase of ERA will be presented.
Daily wind, pressure, and temperature variation up to 30 km over the tropical western Pacific

The diurnal and semi-diurnal variations of wind, pressure and temperature at 23 levels between 1,000 and 10 mb over eight stations in the tropical western Pacific are obtained by combining six-hourly soundings taken at different times in April-July 1956 and 1958. Results of all stations are combined according to local time. The prevalence of the semi-diurnal pressure wave in the lower layers gradually yields to the first harmonic in the upper troposphere and stratosphere, as a consequence of the predominantly diurnal variation of temperature. The semi-diurnal variation of temperature is found to increase slightly with height. Increase of the second harmonic amplitude of the u and v wind components with height is roughly proportional to the decrease of air density, with the phase remaining nearly constant, except for the lower layers. The phase relationship between the semi-diurnal variations of pressure, and eastward and northward directed wind components is discussed in terms of a model based on a linearized form of the equations of motion, frictionless flow, and the assumption that the oscillations are simple progressive waves.
Using Whole Exome Sequencing to Walk From Clinical Practice to Research and Back Again

Whole exome sequencing (WES) is currently used to identify the genetic causes of many diseases, especially monogenic disorders. Ng et al,1 in 2009, completed the first proof-of-principle study demonstrating the feasibility of using exome sequencing to identify causal variants for diseases, specifically Freeman-Sheldon syndrome. Within 2 years, there was a marked increase in publications presenting WES data, and the pace continues to accelerate (Figure). In 2010, WES began to be used for clinical diagnoses, particularly for mendelian disorders. In early 2011, Worthey et al2 used exome sequencing to facilitate clinical diagnosis and modify treatment in a single case. Despite many of the successes resulting from exome sequencing, more than half of the approximately 7000 known or suspected mendelian disorders have not yet been discovered,3 which highlights the need for more genetic, mechanistic, and clinical studies, particularly if the data are to be used clinically. Moreover, as our knowledge of the genome increases, examples of some of the complexities associated with genotypic-phenotypic relationships further substantiate the need for both additional genomic annotation and many more sequenced genomes with phenotypic information. Some of these complexities include the following: (1) Variants in the same genes may lead to different clinical manifestations or phenotypes; (2) what appear to be similar phenotypic observations may result from different causal disease variants operating through distinct pathophysiological mechanisms; and (3) the recent ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) papers, which suggest that up to 80% of the human genome is functional.4 Figure. Number of exome sequencing publications by year. “Human exome sequencing” and “human patient exome sequencing” were searched in PubMed. Reviews, perspectives, and methodology papers were excluded. Article see p 1009 In this issue of Circulation , Crotti and colleagues5 use a …
Study of gene function based on spatial co-expression in a high-resolution mouse brain atlas

The Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) project systematically profiles three-dimensional high-resolution gene expression in postnatal mouse brains for thousands of genes. By unveiling gene behaviors at both the cellular and molecular levels, ABA is becoming a unique and comprehensive neuroscience data source for decoding enigmatic biological processes in the brain. Given the unprecedented volume and complexity of the in situ hybridization image data, data mining in this area is extremely challenging. Currently, the ABA database mainly serves as an online reference for visual inspection of individual genes; the underlying rich information of this large data set is yet to be explored by novel computational tools. In this proof-of-concept study, we studied the hypothesis that genes sharing similar three-dimensional expression profiles in the mouse brain are likely to share similar biological functions. In order to address the pattern comparison challenge when analyzing the ABA database, we developed a robust image filtering method, dubbed histogram-row-column (HRC) algorithm. We demonstrated how the HRC algorithm offers the sensitivity of identifying a manageable number of gene pairs based on automatic pattern searching from an original large brain image collection. This tool enables us to quickly identify genes of similar in situ hybridization patterns in a semi-automatic fashion and consequently allows us to discover several gene expression patterns with expression neighborhoods containing genes of similar functional categories. Given a query brain image, HRC is a fully automated algorithm that is able to quickly mine vast number of brain images and identify a manageable subset of genes that potentially shares similar spatial co-distribution patterns for further visual inspection. A three-dimensional in situ hybridization pattern, if statistically significant, could serve as a fingerprint of certain gene function. Databases such as ABA provide valuable data source for characterizing brain-related gene functions when armed with powerful image querying tools like HRC.
Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor action blocks estrogen-induced uterine edema and implantation in rodents.

Estrogen induces a rapid increase in microvascular permeability in the rodent uterus, leading to stromal edema and a marked increase in uterine wet weight. This edema is believed to create an environment optimal for the growth and remodeling of the endometrium in preparation for implantation and pregnancy. Increased endometrial microvascular permeability also occurs in conjunction with implantation. Estrogen-induced uterine edema is immediately preceded by an increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent stimulator of microvascular permeability. The objective of this study was to determine to what degree immunoneutralization of VEGF would interfere with a) estradiol-induced uterine edema and b) pregnancy. In the first set of experiments, immature female rats were injected with either VEGF antiserum or normal rabbit serum (NRS) prior to 17β-estradiol treatment. Rats treated with estradiol alone showed a 57% increase in uterine wet weight at 6 h compared with controls. Injection of 200 or 300 μl of VEGF antiserum reduced the response to only 20% and 10% above controls, respectively. In the second set of experiments, young adult female mice were treated with 100 μl of either VEGF antiserum or NRS at 1200 h on the fourth day after mating. NRS-treated mice had normal pregnancies. VEGF antiserum, however, completely blocked pregnancy. When VEGF antiserum-treated females were examined on Day 5 for the presence of implantation sites, none were found. These results show that a) VEGF is the major mediator of estrogen-induced increase in uterine vascular permeability and b) VEGF-induced edema is absolutely essential for implantation to take place.
Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust

We propose the following model for the origin of "hot-spot" volcanism: Oceanic crust is returned to the mantle during subduction. It is separated from the surrounding peridotite, it sinks into the deeper mantle and accumulates at some level of density compensation, possibly the core-mantle boundary. The accumulated layer locally reaches thicknesses exceeding 100 km. Eventually, it becomes unstable as a consequence of internal heating, and the resulting diapirs become the source plumes of ocean island basalts (OIB) and other hot-spot volcanism. This mechanism may trigger upper mantle convection as suggested by Morgan [1]. Our model provides possible explanations for (I) the high trace element concentrations of OIB, (2) the seemingly contradictory isotopic evidence for both enrichment and depletion of magmaphile elements in OIB sources, (3) the phenomenon of apparent mantle isochrons in oceanic basalts, and (4) the apparently episodic nature of continental igneous activity. The model can be tested further, as more knowledge accumulates about the actual bulk composition of the oceanic crust, including its alteration products and sediment cover.
Hypoxia silences the neural activities in the early phase of the phrenic neurogram of eupnea in the piglet.

Objective We investigated phrenic neurogram patterns during eupnea (normal breathing) and severe hypoxia (gasping) during early maturation in the piglet.
Investigation of two-step precursor formation in multi-planar wire arrays on the 1MA Zebra generator

Summary form only given. The double-planar wire array (DPWA) is the most promising Z-pinch load studied on the Zebra generator for application to radiation physics and inertial confinement fusion studies. These loads radiate powers and energies up to ~1 TW and ~25 kJ, respectively, in a versatile pulse shape on the 1 MA Zebra generator. Recent studies show that radiation yields of this load scale near-quadratically with currents ranging 0.8-1.4 MA, and that maximum powers were obtained with the Mo DPWA at the minimum inter-planar gap studied: 1.5 mm (6 mm width). This scalability with current and dimension, along with superior yields, make the DPWA attractive for future studies on larger, pulsed-power generators. Initial investigation of this load revealed unique implosion dynamics: each plane implodes independently into two off-axis columns before coalescing into the final pinch. New results are presented exploring the formation of these off-axis plasma columns with laser shadowgraphy and time-gated X-ray imaging, each fielded along the radial line of symmetry. The wire ablation dynamics model (WADM) is used to show new details about the precursor formation and implosion of DPWA loads composed of Al, SS, and W. The WADM was used with combined-material nested cylindrical wire arrays to show an ablation dominated implosion regime. This technique is applied to combined Al/SS and Al/W DPWA to study ablation effects on the formation of the precursor and implosion. This analysis is then applied to the triple-planar wire array and the new, skewed-wire, DPWA with axial magnetic field. Finally, results from the analysis of Al/SS DPWA time-gated spectra are presented.
Improvements to the standard theory for photoreceiver noise

The standard theory for photoreceiver noise unrealistically defines the system transfer function solely in terms of the input and output pulse shapes, based on the assumption that equalization is provided at the receiver output. Most photoreceivers reported in the literature, however, are only front ends and do not include equalizers, making direct application of the conventional noise expressions inappropriate. Even if equalization is provided, a signal-dependent definition of the transfer function will be accurate only under certain limited conditions. Furthermore, it is unrealistic to assume a given pulse shape at the input. In this paper we consider the effect of incorporating a more realistic transfer function into the conventional noise theory. We choose the transimpedance amplifier for our analysis due to its widespread popularity; however, our approach is general and can he applied to a broad class of photoreceivers. Since our transfer function is based on a physical circuit, our results can be used to estimate photoreceiver noise performance without making any assumptions on the input or output pulse shapes. >
Isolation, characterization, and developmental expression of the rat peptide-YY gene.

In the present study we describe the isolation, structural characterization, and developmental expression of the gene encoding the intestinal hormone peptide-YY. Examination of the nucleotide sequence of the peptide-YY gene reveals that each of the four exons encodes a functional domain of its mRNA that is analogous to the corresponding exons of the genes encoding two closely related peptides neuropeptide-Y and pancreatic polypeptide. The highly conserved structural organization of the genes encoding this family of three peptides suggests that each gene arose from the duplication of a common ancestral gene. Developmental studies reveal that the peptide-YY gene exhibits a complex pattern of tissue-specific expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike many gastrointestinal hormones, peptide-YY mRNA levels are highest before birth. The pancreas appears to be the major site of peptide-YY gene expression in the fetus, exceeding colonic expression by 7-fold. The abundance of peptide-YY mRNA in the pancreas ...
Late Quaternary History of the Snake River in the American Falls Region, Idaho

While mapping the American Falls region, we found evidence that contributes to the middle Pleistocene to Recent history of the Snake River, and indirectly to the history of overflow of Lake Bonneville. Middle Pleistocene to recent rocks in the valley are mainly lacustrine and fluvial silts and clays, with some sand, gravel, basalt, and a few thin tuff beds. The formation of terraces can be correlated with events both up- and downstream. The Snake River was at least once, and possibly twice, dammed and diverted by eruptions of basalt, resulting in the formation of lakes and deposition of lacustrine beds. A rather flat-lying, thin, but persistent gravel at the base of one lake bed formation may represent a glacial period, possibly Illinoian, during which the Snake River had a large volume. Overflow of water from Lake Bonneville into the Snake River system, by way of the Marsh Creek-Portneuf valley, laid down a deltaic-fluvial deposit here named the Michaud Gravel. At this time the Snake River, greatly augmented by Lake Bonneville overflow, began to cut channels through and around a lava dam. Terraces between Aberdeen, American Falls, and Pocatello were formed during the existence of the lake in which the Michaud Gravel was deposited and by fluvial processes after drainage of the lake. At one stage in the downcutting, bars of huge basalt boulders were built across the mouths of abandoned spillways. Radiocarbon dating and geologic evidence from the area between Preston and Soda Springs, Idaho, suggest that basalt flows diverted the Bear River into Lake Bonneville, perhaps causing it to overflow. This diversion probably occurred about 33,000 years ago. This dating accords with events in the American Falls region.
Whig history, periodization, and international cooperation in the southern cone

This paper analyzes the development of cooperation between Argentina and Brazil from their initial rapprochement of 1979 to the construction of Mercosur in 1991. It presents an account of cooperation that emphasizes the power and organizational interests of the armed forces and that challenges the prevailing emphases on democratization and neoliberalism. In doing so, it addresses a methodological problem for qualitative research in international relations: What can be done if our theories of why cooperation occurs affect our perceptions of when it begins? Conventional explanations of Argentine–Brazilian cooperation may be biased toward what historian Herbert Butterfield called “Whig history,” which sees in past events associations that exist only in the present. These tendencies can alter our periodization of cases, omit or falsely reject important causal variables, and too readily confirm our preferred hypotheses, but they can also be corrected.
Temporal, Environmental, and Social Constraints of Word-Referent Learning in Young Infants: A Neurorobotic Model of Multimodal Habituation

Infants are able to adaptively associate auditory stimuli with visual stimuli even in their first year of life, as demonstrated by multimodal habituation studies. Different from language acquisition during later developmental stages, this adaptive learning in young infants is temporary and still very much stimulus-driven. Hence, temporal aspects of environmental and social factors figure crucially in the formation of prelexical multimodal associations. Study of these associations can offer important clues regarding how semantics are bootstrapped in real-world embodied infants. In this paper, we present a neuroanatomically based embodied computational model of multimodal habituation to explore the temporal and social constraints on the learning observed in very young infants. In particular, the model is able to explain empirical results showing that auditory word stimuli must be presented synchronously with visual stimulus movement for the two to be associated.
Associations of occupation, job control and job demands with intima-media thickness: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Objectives Occupation has been linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality, but few studies have investigated occupation in relation to early atherosclerotic disease. This study examined associations between various occupational characteristics and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in a multi-ethnic sample. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) recruited 6814 adults aged 45–84 years and free of clinical CVD (response rate 60%, 51% female). Questionnaire data were used to determine occupational group (managerial/professional, sales/office, service, blue-collar), psychosocial job characteristics (ie, job demands, job control) and other sociodemographic information. Results Common carotid artery (CCA)-IMT was greater for blue-collar jobs than for management/professional jobs (mean difference=0.012 mm, p=0.049) after adjustment for age, sex, race, place of birth (US or foreign born) and CVD risk factors. Compared to management/professional jobs, internal carotid artery (ICA)-IMT was greater for sales/office, service and blue-collar jobs (mean difference=0.071 mm, p Conclusions Blue-collar jobs and low levels of job control were associated with the development of subclinical atherosclerosis.
Spilling Outside the Box: The Effects of Individuals’ Creative Behaviors at Work on Time Spent with their Spouses at Home

Most research on creativity describes it as a net positive: producing new products for the organization and satisfaction and positive affect for creative workers. However, a host of anecdotal and h...
Advances in anxiety management.

Recent developments in neurobiology, diagnostic classification, and drug/psychotherapy trials have increased our ability to manage patients with anxiety disorders. These recent developments, along with epidemiologic surveys showing the high frequency of anxiety disorders in the general population as well as in the primary care population, have reemphasized the importance of anxiety disorders in family practice. This review presents treatment recommendations, including dosage, products, guidelines for monitoring, and discontinuation. Advances in the neurobiology of anxiety are also included. (J Am Bd Fam Pract 1989; 2:37-42.)
Brief paper: Composite system controllability and observability

A differential operator approach to modeling the dynamical behavior of linear, time-invariant, multivariable systems is employed in order to develop some new techniques for determining the controllability and observability properties of series, parallel, and feedback composite systems. The tests outlined involve polynomial matrix manipulations and rely on some recent results which deal with the controllability and observability of systems in differential operator form.
The Structure of Title VII Individual Treatment Litigation: Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, Inferences of Discrimination, and Burdens of Proof

The structure for the litigation of individual disparate treatment cases brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has evolved through an extended series of cases. Originally, McDonnell Douglas was interpreted as suggesting that that the question of discrimination was to be decided through the application of formulaic rules of law. That has proven wrong, and Anderson v. City of Bessemer City has now clarified that discrimination is a question of fact, not law. As a question of fact, the critical issues for a plaintiff involve the production of evidence that will sustain inferences of intent, burdens of proof, and credibility at trial.
Single-molecule imaging of non-equilibrium molecular ensembles on the millisecond timescale

Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is uniquely suited for detecting transient molecular recognition events, yet achieving the time resolution and statistics needed to realize this potential has proven challenging. Here we present a single-molecule imaging and analysis platform using scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) detectors that enables imaging of 15,000 individual molecules simultaneously at millisecond rates. This system enabled the detection of previously obscured processes relevant to the fidelity mechanism in protein synthesis.
Effect of Intragastric Temperature Changes upon Gastric Blood Flow.

SummaryA method has been described for estimating changes in gastric blood flow by direct measurement of gastric venous return through the splenic vein. Blood flow, attending depression of gastric wall temperature to 15–16°C was decreased by a mean value of 66.2% in those animals where some venous collateral was retained and by 68% where total venous isolation was achieved. Flows increased to 48°C. Return of gastric wall temperature to 38°C was followed by restitution of flows to approximately control levels.
Efficient and stable orbital-searching algorithm for the configuration interaction method and its application to quantum impurity problems

The configuration interaction (CI) method can be regarded as a generalization of the Hartree-Fock theory. The CI method includes multiple determinantal states to approximate the full many-body ground state, as opposed to just one in Hartree-Fock theory. In this work, we introduce an efficient and stable algorithm to obtain the optimal single-particle basis by formulating orbital searching in terms of a multivariable minimization problem. The algorithm is iterative and is based on imaginary-time dynamics. It is numerically efficient as the Hessian (second derivative of the energy with respect to the orbital variables) is not required; it is also stable as a reasonable initial orbital choice is not necessary. The algorithm can deal with Hamiltonians with complex coefficients. We demonstrate the power of the proposed algorithm by applying it to impurity problems, with the most complicated one including multiple correlated orbitals and spin-orbit coupling. Energies and spectral functions are computed to demonstrate the convergence of the CI method.
Vocalizations of Grasshopper Mice (Genus Onychomys)

The sonic portion of the vocal repertoire of Onychomys (0–16 kHz) consists of two basic neonatal and four basic adult vocalization types. Two of these vocalization types, one neonatal and one adult, show major ultrasonic elements within the 20–64 kHz audio spectrum. An unusually loud and pure-tone adult call (9.5–13.5 kHz) is examined for geographic, non-geographic, and individual variation. Using six characters of the call in both univariate and multivariate analyses, we could discriminate between species, sexes, and individuals. There is, presently, no evidence for large-scale geographic patterning in call characteristics. However, closely related individuals appear to have similar, though distinguishable calls, and there is some evidence suggesting an inverse relationship between body size and call frequency (larger animals have deeper voices). The call may function as a means of maintaining inter-individual contact over long distances and, as such, contains a large amount of information of potential use to other grasshopper mice including: 1) direction of the caller; 2) distance; 3) species of the caller; 4) caller's sex; 5) age (whether adult or juvenile); 6) caller's size. This vocalization has a high potential for use in remote censusing of natural Onychomys populations, and will, in addition, function as a natural marker for the monitoring of individual grasshopper mice in future field studies.
STATIC AND GROWTH ALLOMETRY OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS IN RANDOMBRED HOUSE MICE.

It is a common observation that individuals within a given species tend to develop differences in form or shape during ontogeny, these resulting chiefly from varied rates of growth in a host of morphometric characters (Katz, 1980). Documentation of these differences is important for some aspects of animal and plant breeding as well as for our understanding of evolutionary processes such as selection and adaptation. Quantification of relative growth generally has been accomplished through the use of the simple allometric equation, Y = aXk, or more commonly, its logarithmic equivalent: log Y = k log X + log a. Here Y is the value for a character, X is the value for another character, log a is the Y-intercept, and k is the allometric coefficient. K is known as a static allometric coefficient when it is estimated from the variation in size and shape among individuals all of the same age, as distinguished from a growth k estimated from variation among separate age groups. Whether applied to static or to growth data, the two parameters of the allometric equation have proven to be quite effective empirical descriptors of the variation in growth and form in a wide variety of organisms (Cock, 1966; Gould, 1966; 1971). The very volume of the allometric literature itself, however, has resulted in some confusion both among the rather numerous methods of estimating allometric coefficients, as well as the various kinds or levels of allometry which can be assessed. Although various studies have tended to show that no single allometric estimator is generally the best (Kidwell and Chase, 1967), certain estimators may be preferable in specific applications (Manaster and Manaster, 1975; Smith, 1980). General congruence is probably to be expected among allometric coefficients calculated by various methods if all are derived from the same suite of characters in the same population, but with such an approach, differences might be apparent as well. Studies comparing the congruence of different types of allometry, especially static versus growth, perhaps are even more critical, for our knowledge of the relationship among such types is still rather superficial. Static and growth allometry, for example, have long been assumed to yield parallel results (Simpson et al., 1960), but in spite of the general positive association often found between these two types of allometry (Cochard, 1981; Cheverud, 1982), there seems no reason to expect them to be perfectly associated (Cock, 1966). The principal purpose of this paper is to present and compare various estimates of both static and growth allometric coefficients for a battery of morphometric characters in house mice of three separate ages. Comparisons are made among the different allometric estimators, as well as between the actual patterns of static and growth allometry for these characters. Statistically significant congruence is found for both sets of comparisons, but the extent and reasons for the differences are particularly stressed.
Stability and Disturbance Attenuation for Markov Jump Linear Systems with Time-Varying Transition Probabilities

We address stability and disturbance attenuation for Markov jump linear systems where transition probabilities vary in a finite set. The time variation of the transition probabilities may be a priori known or unknown. Necessary and sufficient conditions for uniform stochastic stability and uniform stochastic disturbance attenuation are reported. In both cases, conditions are expressed as a set of finite-dimensional linear matrix inequalities that can be solved efficiently.
Research on Web-based Enterprise Integrated Risk Management Information System

The Enterprise Integrated Risk Management(EIRM) information system is researched on the Web direction.The framework of the EIRM information system is expounded based on the system.The risk information inte￣lligent mature model is indicated and the five critical stages of risk data processing using the model are presented.
Influence of gas impurity on SF_6 gas decomposed products

The influence of gas impurity including N2,H2O,O2 and CF4 on SF6 gas decomposed products was studied by detailed experiment.The results show that the content of N2 or CF4 has limited influence on the formation of SF6 decomposed products,but H2O or O2 has great influence on making SF6 decomposed products,in the case of low-energy discharge.The results will provide reference for fault diagnosis of GIS equipments through SF6 decomposed products.
Echocardiogram done early in neonatal sepsis: what does it add?

Background One of the major organs affected in neonatal sepsis is the heart. Echocardiogram provides real-time information on the cardiovascular performance rather than dependence on the clinical signs alone, which might lead to misjudgment. Aim of the Work To assess left ventricular (LV) functions in septic neonates early after admission using transthoracic color Doppler Echocardiography. Patients and Methods Echocardiography was done to 30 septic and 30 nonseptic newborns who were divided among 4 groups (septic full-term, 14; septic preterm, 16; nonseptic full-term, 21; and nonseptic preterm, 9). Comparisons were made among the 4 groups using analysis of variance and post hoc test regarding the systolic function (using ejection fraction and fractional shortening), the diastolic function (using the early patrial peak/atrial peak flow velocity ratio), and the global LV function (using myocardial performance index). Results The E-wave and the early peak flow velocity/atrial peak flow velocity ratio were significantly lower in the septic neonates, whether full-term or premature, compared to their corresponding age groups in the nonseptic newborns, suggesting LV diastolic dysfunction (P Conclusion Neonatal sepsis is associated with LV diastolic dysfunction.
WHAT AFFECTS OUR ABILITY TO MONITOR

SUMMARY A variety of factors can negatively affect the ability of anesthesiologists to monitor their patients. Even the best monitoring equipment is of no assistance if the user does not understand its function or is too fatigued to care. Each anesthesiologist must be aware of the issues that affect his or her ability to monitor to minimize the impact of these factors on the delivery of safe anesthetic care.
Magazine influence on body dissatisfaction: Fashion vs. health?

Fashion magazines have been shown to have a negative relationship with body dissatisfaction and psychological health, while the effects of health magazines on body dissatisfaction and psychological...
Perceptions of Disability and Special Education Among East Asian Parents:U.S. Immigrants and Non-Immigrants

Abstract The purpose of the current literature review is to understand how East Asian American (EAA) parents of students with disabilities perceive disabilities and special education. These parenta...
Pathogenesis of Hereditary Angioedema: The Role of the Bradykinin-Forming Cascade

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal-dominant disorder owing to mutations in the C1 inhibitor gene. Type I is characterized by a low C1 inhibitor protein level and diminished functional activity, whereas type II has a normal (or elevated) protein level but diminished function. When functional levels drop beyond 40% of normal, attacks of swelling are likely to occur due to overproduction of bradykinin. Angioedema can be peripheral, abdominal, or laryngeal. The typical duration of episodes is 3 days. Therapies include C1 inhibitor replacement for prophylaxis or acute therapy, whereas inhibition of kallikrein or blockade at the bradykinin receptor level can interrupt acute episodes of swelling.
Opioid Therapy in Acute and Chronic Pain

This is an article in the Core Entrustables in Clinical Pharmacology series that describes opioid therapy in acute and chronic pain. Opioid use during surgical procedures or anesthesia is not discussed. Basic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of opioids are reviewed. The safe and effective use of opioids, including clinical assessment and treatment plan, equianalgesic dosing, opioid rotation, opioid risks and side effects, and clinical adherence monitoring are discussed. Individualized opioid use can be a safe and effective component of a patient-specific multimodal treatment plan for acute or chronic pain. Adverse effects and risks can be prevented or effectively managed when anticipated and recognized. The article is followed by 4 clinical vignettes with discussions.