cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMMERCIAL CODE Secured Transactions; Sales of Accounts and Chattel Paper: Refinements and Further Definitions of the Act Requiring Filing Statements and Central Indexing Among Conflicting Security Interests

The Act is principally aimed at fine-tuning the central indexing system for article 9 filings created by the General Assembly in 1993. It amends article 9 of title 11, relating to secured transactions, sales of accounts, and chattel paper, to define further what is required on a financing statement, amendment, continuance, assignment, release, or termination. It also provides for the transmission of that information to the central indexing system and specifies what information that system is to maintain. The act defines notice filing and renders ineffective terms in contracts which prohibit assignment, prohibits filing under a trade name if that filing would be misleading to those searching the central index, and strikes former provisions dealing with effective dates and the transition to the central indexing system.
Vibrational Spectroscopy Imaging of Agricultural Products

Chemical imaging based on near- and mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopy used for characterization of agricultural products is reviewed. The advantages of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy compared to traditional methods for characterization of in situ plant tissue are described. Microspectroscopic mapping and imaging measurement approaches are discussed. The impacts of diffraction on the spatial resolution, sample heterogeneity, and other optical effects on the quality of data are discussed. Results from measurements of microtomed plant tissue are reviewed. An example of FT-IR microspectroscopic images of the endosperm/aleurone/pericarb area of a mature corn kernel measured with a 64 × 64 mercury cadmium telluride focal-plane array (MCT FPA) detector is presented and discussed in detail. Strategies for converting the FT-IR hyperspectral data into chemical information are presented. Keywords: chemical imaging; in situ plant tissue; corn; FT-IR microspectroscopy; hyperspectral; FPA detector; univariate; multivariate
Linking Information, Knowledge and Evolutionary Growth: A Multilevel Interplay between Natural Selection and Informed Intervention

This article illustrates a formal link between economic growth and longstanding quantitative measures of information and knowledge. The link is found by relating two concepts from evolutionary theory, namely the Price equation and bet-hedging (stochastic switching). The first part of the article uses a Price-equation like evolutionary multilevel decomposition to conceptualize the fact that that uncertainty about the future environment is a main impediment for growth. The second part of the article illustrates how knowledge and information about the uncertain future environment can be used to overcome this constraint. Fisher’s-, Shannon’s-, Kolmogorov’s-, Massey’s- and Kullback-Leibler’s information metrics emerge naturally from our evolutionary equations. These longstanding, renowned and formal metrics allow us to turn the amount of information into a quantifiable ingredient of growth. The amount of information about the uncertain future is exactly equal to the achievable increase in the long term growth rate. The result is a Maxwell’s demon-like logic in which information about the environment can be used to extract fitness. A fourth-digit classification of international trade items of ten large exporting economies is employed to empirically quantify these notions on multiple levels of economic activity. It is shown how growth can be optimized through a mix of informed intervention (often on lower levels of multi-level populations) and blind natural selection (often on more uncertain higher levels).
Cyanide-insensitive respiration. II. Control of the alternate pathway.

The data on cyanide-insensitive respiration previously presented as well as additional results are discussed from the point of view of control of respiration in plant mitochondria. It is shown that the results are inconsistent with certain mechanisms for control of the alternate pathway rate. The control cannot be exerted through the oxidation-reduction state of the cytochromes or the mitochondrial energy state. If only irreversible reactions are considered, simple competition between the alternate pathway and the cytochrome pathway also fails to explain the data. The simplest explanation consistent with the known characteristics of the plant respiratory chain requires postulating a reversible equilibrium between two components in the flavoprotein region of the respiratory chain.
Website creation and resource management: developing collaborative strategies for asynchronous interaction with library users

Objective: To make electronic resources available to library users while effectively harnessing intellectual capital within the library, ultimately fostering the library’s use of technology to interact asynchronously with its patrons (users). Methods: The methods used in the project included: (1) developing a new library website to facilitate the creation, management, accessibility, maintenance and dissemination of library resources; and (2) establishing ownership by those who participated in the project, while creating effective work allocation strategies through the implementation of a content management system that allowed the library to manage cost, complexity and interoperability. Results: Preliminary results indicate that contributors to the system benefit from an increased understanding of the library’s resources and add content valuable to library patrons. These strategies have helped promote the manageable creation and maintenance of electronic content in accomplishing the library’s goal of interacting with its patrons. Conclusions: Establishment of a contributive system for adding to the library’s electronic resources and electronic content has been successful. Further work will look at improving asynchronous interaction, particularly highlighting accessibility of electronic content and resources.
Notes on the “Paradoxes of Confirmation”

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the word “confirmation” as a term of art; however, it is well established in the writings of English-speaking philosophers of science. It is intended to be a technical surrogate for the common notion that is referred to as “constituting empirical support” or, at least, some component of that notion. Now, that common notion is closely connected with the notion of what might be called a “deliberate investigation of a given hypothesis.” Anybody who becomes seriously interested in determining the truth value of some hypothesis, H , initiates a search for relevant empirical data that may reasonably be expected to establish H to refute it or, failing either of these results, alter the initial plausibility of H. The notion of empirical support as depicted in the chapter is thoroughly “pragmatic”; whether a given hypothesis has been supported (and in what degree) depends upon historical facts concerning the identity and competence of the investigators and the soundness of the procedures employed by them, as well as upon the character of the facts uncovered.
The Finnish drinking culture: change and continuity in the past 40 years.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS.: In the past 40 years, per capita consumption has increased dramatically in Finland. We study the core changes in drinking culture over this period by age and sex. DESIGN AND METHODS.: We used data from the Finnish Drinking Habit Surveys carried out every 8 years in 1968-2008 (n = 16385, response rates 74-97%). Central measures included share of abstainers, frequency of drinking, amounts drunk per occasion and contexts of drinking (location, company, timing). RESULTS.: Weekly drinking and the frequency of moderate drinking increased among both women and men but proportionately more among women and among respondents aged over 30 years. Amounts drunk per occasion and intoxication increased proportionately more among women and younger respondents. Drinking in home surroundings increased more than drinking in licensed premises, and home drinking increasingly occurred in the company of partners only. Drinking was in all periods heavily concentrated on the weekends and evenings. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.: Finland has become a wet and permissive drinking culture, and there has been a fundamental cultural shift in women's drinking in particular. Increases in women's drinking have meant that men's drinking has also increasingly been brought to homes, as a part of spouses' shared activities, and pubs have lost their property as masculine strongholds. Intoxication has maintained its important position in the drinking culture, and drinking still takes place primarily in the evenings and weekends. If drinking cultures in present-day low and middle income countries develop similarly, strong increases in alcohol-related harm will follow. Language: en
Factor V Leiden improves in vivo hemostasis in murine hemophilia models

The role of factor V Leiden (FVL) as a modifier of the severe hemophilia phenotype is still unclear. We used mice with hemophilia A or B crossed with FVL to elucidate in vivo parameters of hemostasis. Real-time thrombus formation in the microcirculation was monitored by deposition of labeled platelets upon laser-induced endothelial injury using widefield microscopy in living animals. No thrombi formed in hemophilic A or B mice following vascular injuries. However, hemophilic mice, either heterozygous or homozygous for FVL, formed clots at all injured sites. Injection of purified activated FV into hemophilic A or B mice could mimic the in vivo effect of FVL. In contrast to these responses to a laser injury in a microvascular bed, FVL did not provide sustained hemostasis following damage of large vessels in a ferric chloride carotid artery injury model, despite of the improvement of clotting times and high circulating thrombin levels. Together these data provide evidence that FVL has the ability to improve the hemophilia A or B phenotype, but this effect is principally evident at the microcirculation level following a particular vascular injury. Our observations may partly explain the heterogeneous clinical evidence of the beneficial role of FVL in hemophilia.
Bending of cross-ply laminated clamped plates using lagrange multipliers

Abstract The application of the Lagrange multiplier method to the bending analysis of laminated cross-ply clamped plates is described. Transverse shear deformation effects are incorporated in the energy functional. Boundary conditions not satisfied by the assumed series expressions are enforced by Lagrange multipliers. A variety of results are presented for symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply plates with clamped boundary conditions to demonstrate the effect of anisotropy, plate geometry and span-to-depth ratios on the deflections. Closed form solutions are not tractable for laminated clamped plates and the results of the present methodology can be used as a reference for other approximate solutions.
An In-Person Survey Investigating Public Perceptions of and Responses to Hurricane Rita Forecasts along the Texas Coast

Abstract Hurricane Rita made landfall near the Texas–Louisiana border in September 2005, causing major damage and disruption. As Rita approached the Gulf Coast, uncertainties in the storm’s track and intensity forecasts, combined with the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, led to major evacuations along the Texas coast and significant traffic jams in the broader Houston area. This study investigates the societal impacts of Hurricane Rita and its forecasts through a face-to-face survey with 120 Texas Gulf Coast residents. The survey explored respondents’ evacuation decisions prior to Hurricane Rita, their perceptions of hurricane risk, and their use of and opinions on Hurricane Rita forecasts. The vast majority of respondents evacuated from Hurricane Rita, and more than half stated that Hurricane Katrina affected their evacuation decision. Although some respondents said that their primary reason for evacuating was local officials’ evacuation order, many reported using information about the hurricane to evalua...
Optimal Combined Bidding of Vehicle-to-Grid Ancillary Services

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has the potential of reducing the cost of owning and operating electric vehicles (EVs) while increasing utility system flexibility. Unidirectional V2G is a logical first step because it can be implemented on standard J1772 chargers and it does not degrade EV batteries from cycling. In this work an optimal combined bidding formulation for regulation and spinning reserves is developed to be used by aggregators. This formulation takes into account unplanned departures by EV owners during contract periods and compensates accordingly. Optional load level and price constraints are also developed. These algorithms maximize profits to the aggregator while increasing the benefits the customers and utility. Simulations over a three month period on the ERCOT system show that implementation of these algorithms can provide significant benefits to customers, utilities, and aggregators. Comparisons with bidirectional V2G show that while the benefits of unidirectional V2G are significantly lower, so are the risks.
An interview with Rey Chow

An interview with Rey Chow was carried out for this special themed issue of Social Semiotics, which is concerned with asking Rey Chow about her past, present and future work. It is organized by questions related to her ongoing work in postcolonialism, cultural studies, cultural theory and comparative literature, as well as her work's connections to history, philosophy and cultural politics.
Adaptation as design: learning from an EMR deployment study

We conducted an observational study in an Emergency Department (ED) to examine the adaptation process after deploying an Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system. We investigated how EMR was adapted to the complex clinical work environment and how doctors and nurses engaged in the adaptation process. In this paper, we present three cases in which ED clinicians designed workarounds in order to adapt to the new work practice. Our findings reveal a rich picture of ED clinicians' active reinterpretation and modification of their work practice through their engagement with the system-in-use and its organizational and physical context. These findings call for the adaptation period in designing a socio-technical system in healthcare settings to be critically considered as an active end-user design process, a negotiating process, and a re-routinized process.
Effects of pitch accents in attachment ambiguity resolution.

Previous work has found that listeners prefer to attach ambiguous syntactic constituents to nouns produced with a pitch accent (Schafer, Carter, Clifton, & Frazier, 1996). This study examines what factors underlie previously established accent attachment effects by testing whether these effects are driven by a preference to attach syntactic constituents to new or important information (the Syntax Hypothesis) or whether there is a bias to respond to postsentence probe questions with an accented word (the Salience Hypothesis). One of the predictions of the Salience Hypothesis is that selection of accented words should be greater when a sentence is complex and processing resources are limited. The results from the experiments presented here show that the probability of listeners’ selecting accented words when asked about the interpretation of a relative clause varies with sentence type: listeners selected accented words more frequently in long sentences than in short sentences, consistent with the prediction...
Training of optomechanical engineers at the University of Rochester

The University of Rochester is well known for the Institute of Optics as well as a strong Mechanical Engineering program. In recent years, there has been collaboration between the two departments on a variety of topics, including a new joint faculty position. There are new cross-listed courses in Optomechanics and Precision Engineering (Spring 2012), which are described in this paper. As yet, there is no formal specialization in Optomechanics, but many students create their own program from available courses combining optics and mechanics with other disciplines. Students have the opportunity to participate in the several research areas which cross discipline boundaries. For example, a student design team is building a 16" telescope which they hope can become the basis of an intercollegiate design contest. In addition to full semester courses, there is a summer program of short courses available to working engineers as both refresher courses or as introductory courses on new topics.
The influence of pre-treatment on the oxidation behavior of Co coated SOFC interconnects

Abstract Cobalt coatings are candidates to inhibit high-temperature surface oxidation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stainless steel (SS) interconnects. This study investigates the influence of surface pre-treatment on the oxidation behavior of cobalt coated SS441. Metallic cobalt was deposited via DC magnetron sputtering on SS that had been pre-oxidized for 0, 10, and 100 hrs in 800 °C air. The samples were analyzed using FE-SEM/EDX, XRD, and XPS before and after 10 and 100 h of oxidation. Significant differences in oxidation behavior were observed. For example, the pre-oxidized samples exhibited combined coating/oxide scales that contained much less Fe and were significantly thinner compared to samples that were not pre-oxidized. The presence of a continuous chromium oxide layer (from pre-oxidation) may inhibit iron transport from the substrate and thus reduce the thickness of the oxide scale. Possible mechanisms for the observed oxidation behavior are presented and discussed.
Unstable angina pectoris: a comparison of the costs of medical and surgical treatment.

Abstract This study compares the inpatient costs of therapy of patients with unstable angina pectoris randomized to surgical or medical therapy at the University of Alabama in Birmingham as part of the National Cooperative Study Group. For 74 patients followed up for 2 years, the mean inpatient charges were $4,728 for 22 medically treated patients, $9,528 for 34 surgically treated patients and $20,215 for 18 patients who crossed over from medical to surgical therapy. Differences among the three groups were statistically significant ( P 2 value of 0.829 ( P
Effects of a leading-edge fillet on the flow past an appendage-body junction

Oil-flow visualizations and pressure and velocity measurements are presented to demonstrate the effects of a leading-edge fillet on the flow of a turbulent boundary layer past an idealized appendage-body function. The fillet, a large fairing in the corner between the appendage nose and body surface, modifies the flow in a way that is desirable in many applications. With the appendage at zero angle of attack, it eliminates leading-edge separation and thus the formation of a horseshoe vortex around the wing nose. It greatly improves the stability of the flow close to the junction and the nonuniformity of its wake
A focused crawler for Dark Web forums

The unprecedented growth of the Internet has given rise to the Dark Web, the problematic facet of the Web associated with cybercrime, hate, and extremism. Despite the need for tools to collect and analyze Dark Web forums, the covert nature of this part of the Internet makes traditional Web crawling techniques insufficient for capturing such content. In this study, we propose a novel crawling system designed to collect Dark Web forum content. The system uses a human-assisted accessibility approach to gain access to Dark Web forums. Several URL ordering features and techniques enable efficient extraction of forum postings. The system also includes an incremental crawler coupled with a recall-improvement mechanism intended to facilitate enhanced retrieval and updating of collected content. Experiments conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the human-assisted accessibility approach and the recall-improvement-based, incremental-update procedure yielded favorable results. The human-assisted approach significantly improved access to Dark Web forums while the incremental crawler with recall improvement also outperformed standard periodic- and incremental-update approaches. Using the system, we were able to collect over 100 Dark Web forums from three regions. A case study encompassing link and content analysis of collected forums was used to illustrate the value and importance of gathering and analyzing content from such online communities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of alkali-metal cations and seeds in the synthesis of silica-rich heulandite-type zeolites

Clinoptilolite, the silica-rich member (Si/Al>4) of the heulandite family of zeolites, crystallizes from pure Li, Na, K, and Rb ion-containing gel systems as well as mixed Li,K, Na,K and K,Rb gels. Crystallization occurs at temperatures between 140 and 190 °C and is relatively insensitive to the nature of the silica or alumina source. Members of this family are formed over a narrow range of gel Si/Al ratio (2.5–6) and OH/SiO2 ratio (0.3–0.4 in the Na,K system and 0.6–0.9 in the Li,K system). The nature of the alkali-metal cation does not have a critical structure determining role in the synthesis but does contribute to other properties of the material including the rate of crystallization, the Si/Al ratio of the resulting crystals, the crystal size and the morphology. Potassium ions greatly increase the rate of crystallization and decrease the nucleation time. The addition of other cations to the potassium ion-containing gels slows the rate of crystallization but increases the stability of the resulting clinoptilolite crystals in the mother liquor. Sodium ions increase the Si/Al ratio of the crystals while lithium ions increase their aluminium content. Seeds (1–10 mass%) promote crystallization in the Li-, Na-, Rb- and Rb,K- containing systems, but are not necessary in gels containing K, Na,K or Li,K. In the absence of seeds, other phases co-exist or are preferred, including mordenite, phillipsite, and analcime depending on the Si/Al ratio of the gel. Crystallization time is the key parameter in preparing high purity clinoptilolite materials.
SU‐FF‐J‐48: A Slice‐By‐Slice CT‐Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy Technique for Twisting Targets

Purpose: To investigate a CT-guided adaptive radiation therapy technique capable of correcting for complex shape changes, including twisting around the longitudinal axis, such as found when treating head and neck patients with a head rotation. Method and Materials: For co-planar beams, the dose in an axial plane is primarily associated with the positions of a single MLC pair. We start with a primary plan, and automatically generate several secondary plans with gantry angles offset by regular increments. MLC sequences for each plan are calculated keeping MUs and number of segments constant for a given beam (fluences are different). Bulk registration (3D) of planning and daily CT images gives global shifts. Slice-by-slice (2D) registration gives local shifts and rotations about the longitudinal axis for each axial slice. The daily MLC sequence is then created for each axial slice/MLC leaf pair combination, by taking the MLC positions from the pre-calculated plan with the nearest rotation, and shifting using a beams-eye-view calculation to account for local linear shifts. A planning study was carried out using two MR images of a healthy volunteer, contoured to simulate a base-of-tongue treatment: One with the head straight (used to simulate the plan image) and one with the head tilted to the left (the daily image). Results: On a slice-by-slice basis, local rotations in the daily image varied from 2 – 31degrees. Local shifts ranged from −0.2 – 0.5cm and −0.4 – 0.0cm in right-left and posterior-anterior directions, respectively. The adapted treatment gave good target coverage, and kept the daily cord dose below the limit used in the original plan (65%, equivalent to 46Gy over 35 fractions). Conclusion: This technique may be useful for adaptive radiation therapy of targets where twisting around the longitudinal axis is significant. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of combining MLC sequences from different pre-approved treatment plans.
THE EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE AND PLOIDY LEVEL ON POLLEN SURFACE SCULPTURING IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

Pollen exine sculpturing is a consistent feature of seed plant taxa, yet no mechanism for control of sculpturing pattern has been found. On grass pollen, exine sculpturing takes the form of closely packed spinules. Exine spinules on pollen grains from six maize populations representing all combinations of three genetic backgrounds (single cross hybrids W22 x W23, N6 x W23, R75 x W23) and two ploidy levels (2x, 4x) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Doubling ploidy levels from 2x to 4x increased pollen diameter (minor axis) with the magnitude of increase related to genetic background. For spinule density, only the effect of genetic background was statistically significant. Spinule density was altered by the genotype of the plant on which the pollen was produced but not by the ploidy level, including genome number and difference in surface area and cytoplasmic volume resulting from chromosome doubling. Sculpturing of pollen exines is among the most stable morphological traits expressed in plants. In seed plants, taxa of various ranks can often be distinguished on the basis of pollen morphology, yet no specific genes or epigenetic controls that determine exine sculpturing are known. Any correlation of genes with exine features would help to identify control of exine patterning. Surface sculpturing of pollen in the Poaceae consists of spinules dispersed singularly or grouped as island clusters (Rowley, 1960; Andersen and Bertelsen, 1972; Grant,
Starvation Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Reduces Juvenile Hormone Synthesis in Mosquitoes

Background The interactions between the insulin signaling pathway (ISP) and juvenile hormone (JH) controlling reproductive trade-offs are well documented in insects. JH and insulin regulate reproductive output in mosquitoes; both hormones are involved in a complex regulatory network, in which they influence each other and in which the mosquito's nutritional status is a crucial determinant of the network's output. Previous studies reported that the insulin-TOR (target of rapamacyn) signaling pathway is involved in the nutritional regulation of JH synthesis in female mosquitoes. The present studies further investigate the regulatory circuitry that controls both JH synthesis and reproductive output in response to nutrient availability. Methods We used a combination of diet restriction, RNA interference (RNAi) and insulin treatments to modify insulin signaling and study the cross-talk between insulin and JH in response to starvation. JH synthesis was analyzed using a newly developed assay utilizing fluorescent tags. Conclusions Our results reveal that starvation decreased JH synthesis via a decrease in insulin signaling in the corpora allata (CA). Paradoxically, starvation-induced up regulation of insulin receptor transcripts and therefore “primed” the gland to respond rapidly to increases in insulin levels. During this response to starvation the synthetic potential of the CA remained unaffected, and the gland rapidly and efficiently responded to insulin stimulation by increasing JH synthesis to rates similar to those of CA from non-starved females.
On the predictive capabilities of LES-actuator disk model in simulating turbulence past wind turbines and farms

In this paper, we validate an LES (large-eddy simulation)-actuator disk model by comparing the computed results with wind tunnel measurements for both stand-alone wind turbine case and wind farm case. In the actuator disk model, the forces are uniformly distributed. The effects of rotation and the effects of nacelle and tower are not taken into account. Dynamic subgrid scale model is employed in the LES. For the stand-alone wind turbine case, grid refinement studies with three different resolutions are performed. Discrepancies with the wind tunnel measurements are observed in the near wake locations (2D and 3D downstream). However, very good agreements with the wind tunnel measurements are obtained for further downstream locations. For the wind farm case, overall good agreements with the wind tunnel measurements are obtained for the streamwise variations of the streamwise mean velocity and the streamwise turbulence intensity at the bottom and top heights of wind turbines. Some discrepancies with the wind tunnel measurements are observed at the hub height of wind turbines.
Metal Dihydride (MH2) and Dimer (M2H4) Structures in Solid Argon, Neon, and Hydrogen (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba): Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Calculations

Laser-ablated Ca, Sr, and Ba atoms were co-deposited with H2 in excess argon, neon, and hydrogen to form alkaline-earth metal hydrides. The metal dihydrides (CaH2, SrH2, and BaH2) were identified i...
The MSFC large-area imaging multistep proportional counter

A large-area multistep imaging proportional counter that is being currently developed at the Marshall Space Flight Center is described. The device, known as a multistep fluorescence gated detector, consists of a multiwire proportional counter (MWPC) with a preamplification region. The MWCP features superior spatial resolution with a very high degree of background rejection. It is ideally suited for use in X-ray astronomy in 20-100 keV energy range. The paper includes the MWPC schematic and a list of instrument specifications.
Duration of Residence and Prospective Migration: The Evaluation of a Stochastic Model

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the empirical accuracy of the Cornell mobility model. Migration is formulated as a stochastic process governed by non-stationary probabilities: during a given interval of time, an individual is presumed to undergo a risk of migrating that decreases as he continues to reside in the same community. The major hypothesis, then, is that a person’s propensity to move declines as his duration of residence increases.
High Operating Temperature InAs Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector via Selective Capping Techniques

We report on the improvement in a quantum dot-in-a-well (DWELL) - based infrared photodetector's operating temperature with spectral response observable till 150 K. This improvement was achieved through addressing issues related with the growth conditions and subsequent capping of the quantum dots (QDs) by various overlying materials. The influence of these conditions was determined by examining the size and optical properties of the QDs as well as how it affected their function as the absorbing region in a DWELL IR photodetector. Photoluminescence of InAs QDs embedded in asymmetric InGaAs/GaAs quantum well or AlGaAs/InAlGaAs quantum well with different capping materials and different growth temperatures have been characterized as a function of the intermixing energies between the interface of the QDs and the capping materials. Through the improvement in QD confinement, the dark current can be decreased and the overall temperature of operation can be increased to 150 K.
A comparison of carbohydrates in a synthetic milk diet for the baby pig.

Abstract The nutritive value of dextrose, lactose, sucrose, dextrin, and corn starch for the newborn pig was studied using a synthetic milk diet. From 7 to 35 days of age dextrose, lactose, dextrin, and corn starch produced equal body-weight gains and survival. Likewise, the efficiency of feed conversion was similar, except for lactose which was superior. Lactose did not cause diarrhea, and the feeding of corn starch was characterized by a low incidence of diarrhea. About 40% of pigs fed sucrose perished from severe diarrhea, although the surviving animals gained efficiently and rapidly. A combination of lactose and corn starch yielded superior weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization to either one fed alone. The pig at 1–2 days of age responded to sucrose with severe diarrhea, rapid weight loss, unthriftiness, thinness, and death. Death usually followed 4 days of sucrose feeding. The evidence indicated that some pigs develop a marked ability to utilize sucrose by 7 days of age.
Carbon sequestration and private rangelands: Insights from Utah landowners and implications for policy development

The management of private rangelands is important to the overall potential of terrestrial carbon sequestration in the U.S. Previous research has focused on the adoption of innovative range management and conservation practices, but little is known about rangeland owner decision making with respect to carbon sequestration. This study examined Utah rangeland owners’ current management practices in relation to soil carbon management and explored factors influencing their likelihood of participating in a carbon sequestration program. Data were collected from a statewide survey of Utah rangeland owners to assess the relationships between their demographics, landownership characteristics, awareness of and attitudes toward carbon sequestration, beliefs about climate change, and reported likelihood to participate in a relevant program. Thirty-seven percent of respondents were considered potential participants. Higher likelihood of participation was associated with dependence on livestock production, considering it a moderately or very important management objective, having an interest in learning more about it, and valuing its potential economic and climate benefits. Although education and outreach are generally considered important policy tools for promoting conservation, special efforts are needed in the case of carbon sequestration to develop innovative strategies to communicate its concept and related processes with rangeland owners without politicizing the issue. One approach is to tailor education and outreach messages to focus on the ecological benefits of carbon sequestration that are valued by many rangeland owners. Instead of developing new programs, carbon sequestration can also be incorporated into existing conservation programs as a management objective at both federal and state levels. Research is needed to further examine the perceived differences between carbon sequestration and other conventional conservation practices in order to improve the carbon sequestration potential of existing conservation programs and attract wider participation among rangeland owners.
HICCUPS: health information collaborative collection using privacy and security

A recent national survey suggests that the HIPAA privacy rule has not only failed to preserve patient privacy adequately, but also has had a negative impact on clinical research. Our work suggests that researchers revisit the possibilities of homomorphic encryption and apply the techniques to secure aggregation of medical telemetry. A primary goal is to maintain the privacy of individual patient records while also allowing clinical researchers to have flexible access to aggregated information.We discuss the preliminary design of HICCUPS, a distributed system that uses homomorphic encryption to allow only the caregivers to have unrestricted access to patients' records and at the same time enable researchers to compute statistical values and aggregation functions across different patients and caregivers. In the context of processing medical telemetry, we advocate expressibility of aggregation functions more than fast computation as a primary metric of system quality.
Barium, strontium and calcium levels in the exoskeleton, hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio: Relation to molting and exposure to barite

Abstract 1. 1. The Ba, Sr and Ca levels in the exoskeletal and soft tissues of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio , were determined in relation to ecdysis, postecdysial mineralization of the cuticle and exposure to media containing barite. 2. 2. The exoskeletal tissues discriminated in favor of Ba and against Sr, relative to Ca. The hepatopancreas and abdominal muscle discriminated in favor of both Ba and Sr. 3. 3. The Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of the exoskeletal and soft tissues varied during the molt cycle. 4. 4. Long term (106 days) exposure of shrimp to either seawater (10% salinity) or seawater containing 500 mg barite/1 led to a decrease in the Ca concentration in the abdominal muscle and an increase in the Ca concentration in the exoskeleton. 5. 5. When exposed to media containing barite the shrimp ingested particulate barite. 6. 6. The shrimp exposed to barite media accumulated higher levels of Ba in their exoskeletal and soft tissues than control shrimp in seawater. The relative concentrations of the minerals in the exuvia of barite-exposed shrimp were Ca > Ba > Sr, while those of control shrimp were: Ca > Sr > Ba.
Distribution of 5-Carboxymethylhydantoinase

THE enzyme 5-carboxymethylhydantoinase, which reversibly cyclized carbamylaspartate to 5-carboxymethylhydantoin, was demonstrated in Zymobacterium oroticum by Lieberman and Kornberg1. No enzymatic activity was found in rat liver or in two corynebacterium strains2. In recent studies on pyrimidine metabolism in man this enzyme was found to be absent in erythrocytes and normal or leukaemic leukocytes3,4. The absence of this enzyme in mammalian cells and its presence in bacteria suggested the possibility that chemotherapeutic agents might be developed as competitive inhibitors of 5-carboxy-methylhydahtoinase. Inhibition of the growth of Lactobacillus casei by thiohydantoin-5-acetic acid has been reported5. A survey of the distribution of the enzyme in micro-organisms was therefore undertaken.
A study of the potential benefits of semi-transparent photovoltaics in commercial buildings

Abstract This study investigates the potential benefits of semi-transparent photovoltaic windows on the energy, daylighting and thermal performance of commercial buildings. A general simulation methodology is proposed and utilized, integrating thermal, electrical and daylighting analysis. The impact of various building design parameters on the selection of ideal optical properties of semi-transparent photovoltaics is examined. The potential performance of Poly-Si, a-Si/μc-Si and organic cell technologies is also studied. The selection of the module optical properties is shown to be sensitive on the daylight and lighting controls applied and photovoltaic cell technology utilized. The selection of a semi-transparent photovoltaic module with 10% visible effective transmittance resulted in the lowest annual end-use electricity consumption (as low as 5 kW h/m 2 /yr). Finally, simulation results suggest that high cell operating temperatures of up to 64 °C could occur that might cause accelerated degradation when organic thin film technologies are used.
The Validity of the GMAT for the Prediction of Grades in Doctoral Study in Business and Management: An Empirical Bayes Approach

A validity study was conducted to examine the degree to which GMAT scores and undergraduate grade-point average (UGPA) could predict first-year average (FYA) and final grade-point average in doctor...
Linear electromechanical responses of ferroelectric ceramics with inductive-resistive external load

Abstract We consider here the solution of the transient coupled problem corresponding to the responses of ferroelectric ceramics in the axial mode experiment for which the direction of wave propagation corresponds to the direction of remanent polarization. The external circuit of the problem consists of an inductor and a resistor connected in series. The coupled equations which result from balance of linear momentum and Kirchhoff's law of circuits are solved using Laplace transform techniques and the inverse transforms are obtained via a numerical method developed in a previous paper. The numerical solutions obtained are in qualitative agreement with available experimental results.
Sedimentation and dispersion of non-neutrally buoyant Brownian particles in cellular circulatory flows simulating local fluid agitation.

Spatially periodic fluid ''vortical'' velocity fields are utilized to model the role of microscale convection upon the sedimentation and dispersion of isolated spherical particles. In particular, generalized Taylor dispersion theory is employed to calculate the mean Stokes sedimentation velocity vector and dispersivity dyadic for a finite-size spherical Brownian particle settling in a laminar, spatially periodic fluid velocity field with zero mean flow (but nonzero ''circulation''). Surprisingly, such local cellular vortexlike motions are shown to have no effect whatsoever upon the long-time mean sedimentation velocity of the sphere, which is identical to its steady-state Stokes-law value occurring in a quiescent fluid. This conclusion is, inter alia, independent of the sphere size a relative to the spatial period l of the cellular flow (provided that a/l<<1), as well as of the ratio of the particle settling velocity to the magnitude of the cellular fluid velocity or circulation. On the other hand, local convection does affect particle dispersion relative to the mean particle velocity in these systems, consistent with recent calculations for a particular cellular velocity field (Mofatt (Rep. Prog. Phys. 46, 621 (1983)), Sagues and Horsthemke (Phys. Rev. A 34, 4136 (1986)), Rosenbluth et al. (Phys. Fluids 30, 2636 (1987))).
The use of diagnostic ultrasound in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Purpose Traditional evaluation of suspected carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) involves a thorough history, physical examination, and nerve conduction velocity studies (NCS). Ultrasound is used widely in Europe and has gained acceptance in the United States in the diagnosis of various musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to document the ultrasonographic measurement difference in median nerve size between patients with CTS and controls and to correlate these findings with NCS findings, thereby allowing us to test the validity of ultrasound as a diagnostic modality for CTS. Methods Forty-four wrists in 26 CTS patients and 86 wrists in 43 asymptomatic volunteers were imaged using a real-time ultrasound scanner with a 12/5 MHz linear-array transducer. The cross-sectional area of the median nerve was measured at the level of the distal wrist crease in both CTS patients and controls. All CTS patients had NCS. The ultrasonographic median nerve area was compared for the 2 groups and correlation analysis between ultrasonographic nerve sizes and NCS findings was performed. Results The average cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the distal wrist crease was 9 mm 2 in asymptomatic volunteers and 14 mm 2 in CTS patients. For the CTS patients the Pearson correlation coefficient between ultrasound nerve measurement and NCS values was 0.37, suggesting that higher values of ultrasound measurements are associated with abnormal NCS findings. Conclusions Our results indicate that high-resolution ultrasound is informative in the evaluation of CTS and shows enlargement of the median nerve at the distal wrist crease in symptomatic patients. Therefore it is a reliable modality for imaging the wrist in patients with CTS. In addition ultrasound is well tolerated and safe. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic, Level I.
Effect of exogenous arachidonic acid and enzyme inhibitors on placental prostanoid production

Prostanoids play an important role throughout pregnancy and during the initiation and progress of labor. The human placenta, at term, produces large quantities of prostanoids, yet little is known of the rate-limiting steps regulating their biosynthesis. In these studies, the effect of exogenous arachidonic acid and of enzyme inhibitors on the release of placental prostanoids was investigated. Basal prostaglandin E (PGE), prostaglandin F (PGF), thromboxane (TxB2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) increased from the fifth hour in culture, yet the increased PGF release did not result in further 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) production. Addition of varying doses of arachidonic acid (0.2-10 micrograms/ml) had no significant effect on PGFM, TxB2 or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, although the endogenous arachidonate was similar to or much less than the doses studied. Only at the 10 micrograms/ml dose was a delayed increase of PGE and PGF observed. Incubation with indomethacin resulted in an immediate inhibition of PGE, PGF, TxB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, with a delayed inhibition of PGFM. The phospholipase A2 inhibitor, quinacrine (10 microM), had no significant effect on PGE, PGFM, TxB2 or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. PGF was inhibited within the first hour of quinacrine exposure, but no significant inhibition was observed thereafter. Ca2+ chelator, EDTA, effected an inhibition of only 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a leukotriene inhibitor, reduced PGE release as well as 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. These data demonstrate the high biosynthetic competence of the human term placenta to produce prostanoids. This capacity does not appear to be rate-limited by arachidonic acid availability. However, the metabolism of PGF to PGFM appears to be saturated. In addition, the production of placenta prostacyclin may be affected by Ca2+ levels, as chelating agent inhibited the release of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha.
Role of the abdomen in the regulation of shell position in the hermit crabPagurus pollicarus

1. The hermit crab,Pagurus pollicarus, carries its shell at a relatively constant position above the substrate; this position is a linear function of the weight of the shell. Abdomen and right fifth pereiopod lift the shell with the abdomen providing about one-tenth the total lift. 2. In restrained animals with the abdomen suspended, the curvature to the right and flexion of the abdomen vary as a linear function of load; phasic mechanical stimulation of the abdomen increases its flexion and generates lift. 3. Abdominal tone is also influenced by the fourth and, to a lesser extent, the fifth pereiopods. Positioning the fourth pereiopods forward increases abdominal tone, positioning them posteriorly decreases it. 4. Intra-abdominal maintenance of shell position seems to be done by an open loop maintenance of a central excitatory state rather than homeostatic control of position or tension.
Use of adsorption entropy to choose between kinetic mechanisms and rate equations for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The criterion of adsorption entropy bounds is used, since the concept has the advantage of differentiating between 2 distinct reaction mechanisms that give rise to rate expressions with identical dependencies upon reactant partial pressures. The combined enolic/carbidic model for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis does not meet the adsorption entropy criterion and must be rejected. However, the carbidic type model does match this criterion and may lead to a possible explanation of the mechanism of the reaction.
The Earth Observing System (EOS) SAR ground data system

NASA, in association with ESA and NASDA, will launch the Space Station Freedom in 1993. As a complement to the Space Station, several unmanned Polar-Orbit Platforms (POPs) will be developed, built and launched with suites of instruments devoted to remote-sensing for earth surface and atmosphere observations or to planetary and deep-space studies. Attention is presently given to the POPs-associated Earth Observing System SAR Ground Data System, which encompasses a SAR processor, a postprocessing subsystem, a geophysical processor, and a data management and control subsystem.