cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rupert's glass drops: Residual-stress measurements and calculations and hypotheses for explaining disintegrating fracture

Abstract Tear-shaped drops of glass known as Prince Rupert's drops, formed by quenching molten glass, have been an object of scientific curiosity ever since they were introduced into the English King Charles II's court in the mid-seventeenth century. These drops exhibit some unusual characteristics, the most prominent of these being that they shatter into powder when moderate finger pressure, sufficient to initiate a local fracture, is applied to the tail of the tear-drop. Density, temperature and residual-stress measurements have been made on Rupert's drops made of three glasses - flint, Pyrex and 80% silica; the temperature measurements have also been used to calculate the residual-stress distribution in these drops. These elements of information have been used to provide an explanation for the “unusual” disintegration of these drops when damaged; the explanation involves stress-wave generation and propagation with associated fracturing.
Advances in cancer gene therapy

It is well established that most cancers result from a series of accumulated, acquired genetic lesions in somatic cells that are faithfully reproduced until a malignant clone is created, which is ultimately able to destroy the host. To a larger and larger extent, the genetic lesions associated with malignant transformation and progression in a wide variety of human cancers are being identified. Armed with this knowledge of the molecular anatomy of the cancer cell, gene therapy has emerged as a new method of therapeutic and possibly preventive intervention against cancer targeted at the level of cellular gene expression. This review highlights current strategies and significant developments being employed in gene therapy for neoplastic diseases. Three main approaches currently being investigated are mutation compensation, molecular chemotherapy, and genetic immunotherapy. Mutation compensation relies on strategies to ablate activated oncogenes at the level of DNA (triplex), messenger RNA (antisense or ribo...
Linking children's social worlds: Perspective-taking in parent-child and peer contexts

Parental use of victim-centered discipline (VCD) (Hoffman, 1975) was examined as it related to children's perspective-taking, social behavior, and peer acceptance. Participants were 93 (50 girls, 43 boys) primarily Caucasian (87%) school-age children. Perspective-taking was assessed via Selman's (1979) interpersonal understanding interview. Peers, parents, and teachers assessed social behavior. Nominations and play ratings determined peer acceptance. Results indicated that VCD was positively related to children's perspective-taking. Perspective-taking was negatively related to aggression and positively related to prosocial behavior. Results suggested perspective-taking mediates the previous relationship established between VCD and social behavior. Peer acceptance was negatively related to aggression and positively related to prosocial behavior. Age and socioeconomic status also were related to the pattern of relationships between VCD, perspective-taking, and social behavior.
Statistical power and parameter stability when subjects are few and tests are many: comment on Peterson, Smith, Martorana, and Owens (2003)

Comments on the original article "The impact of chief executive officer personality on top management team dynamics: One mechanism by which leadership affects organizational performance", by R. S. Peterson et al.. This comment illustrates how small sample sizes, when combined with many statistical tests, can generate unstable parameter estimates and invalid inferences. Although statistical power for 1 test in a small-sample context is too low, the experimentwise power is often high when many tests are conducted, thus leading to Type I errors that will not replicate when retested. This comment's results show how radically the specific conclusions and inferences in R. S. Peterson, D. B. Smith, P. V. Martorana, and P. D. Owens's (2003) study changed with the inclusion or exclusion of 1 data point. When a more appropriate experimentwise statistical test was applied, the instability in the inferences was eliminated, but all the inferences become nonsignificant, thus changing the positive conclusions.
The role of attention in automatization: does attention operate at encoding, or retrieval, or both?

In this research, we investigated whether attention operates in the encoding of automatized information, the retrieval of automatized information, or in both cases. Subjects searched two-word displays for members of a target category in focused-attention or divided-attention conditions that were crossed with block (training vs. transfer). To see whether subjects encoded all available items or only attended items, we compared performance for subjects in different training conditions but in the same transfer condition. Subjects encoded attended items. To see whether subjects retrieved all the items they had in memory, or only items associated with that to which they were attending at retrieval, we compared performance for subjects in the same training conditions but in different transfer conditions. Subjects retrieved attended items. Attention was found to operate at both encoding and retrieval. These findings support the instance theory of automaticity, which predicts the role of attention at encoding and retrieval
Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Social Work Perspective on Misidentification, Victims, Buyers, Traffickers, Treatment, and Reform of Current Practice

Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) has been steadily on the rise in the United States, with estimates between 15,000 and 50,000 victims per year. Actual estimates of DMST victims are difficult to determine based on misidentification, conflicts between state and federal laws about age of consent and charges, perceptions of the victim, as well as lack of knowledge regarding the prevalence and dynamics of sex trafficking of minors. Oftentimes, child victims come from multi-problem homes and have already experienced abuse and neglect, which further complicates treatment and services. This article explores the emerging literature and defines the problem and identifies laws, statues, and definitions of the problem. It also reviews the literature on victim, buyer, and trafficker characteristics. Organized crime's role in this growing epidemic is explained as well as treatment options and recommendations for future social work practice at the micro-, mezzo-, and macro-levels.
Trivalent cation binding of acid mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract The “outer sphere” association of Co(NH 3 ) 6 +3 with acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue has been investigated by a spectrophotometric procedure. The data fit a linear form of the LANGMUIR adsorption isotherm and allow calculation of parameters characterizing the binding affinity and the number of binding sites. A similar equation, based upon competition between trivalent cation and Na + for binding sites, was derived and accounts approximately for the dependence of association on Na + concentration. The method distinguishes specific site-binding, or ion-pair formation, from non-localized retention of microions in the potential field of the macroion. It is suggested that the binding affinities depend largely on electrostatic interactions between neighboring charged groups on the polyion. In this manner, the high affinities of heparin preparations may be accounted for, and differences between isomeric chondroitin sulfates related to structural differences between the respective repeating disaccharide periods.
Factors influencing participants' selection of individual REU sites

This study seeks to elucidate factors influencing undergraduate engineering student intent to participate in research assistantships offered through National Science Foundation (NSF) research experiences for undergraduates (REU) site programs. Understanding participant decision criteria could increase targeting of specific student populations, improve program outcomes, and increase efficiency of site directors. This ongoing study builds off previous work by the NSF [1] on REU programs to answer the following questions: (1) are participant selection criteria uniform for all STEM REU programs or do they vary by program primary discipline, (2) do additional factors not previously considered, such as geography and other offers they receive, significantly impact REU selection, and (3) do factors significantly vary by each successive student cohort. To collect data, a survey was sent to REU participants through nine participating National Science Foundation (NSF) site administrators. Geographic distributions of applications were classified based on distance and spread with respect to hometown and indicated applicant divisions. Initial results showed that twenty five percent of these participants were offered multiple positions and seven percent of respondents declined another offer before accepting their current position.
EVALUATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIBER REINFORCED CEMENT PASTES

Abstract Type III Portland cement samples reinforced with 0.01 volume fraction of chopped steel fibers were subjected to cyclic loading in tension with zero minimum stress and maximum stress amplitudes varying from 0.72 to 1.38 of the first crack strength of the composite. The number of cycles-to-fracture at different stress amplitudes (S-N curve) indicated good fatigue resistance in stress amplitudes representing up to 80% of the range between first crack and ultimate composite strengths. A number of specimens cycled at a stress amplitude 38% above the first crack strength were monotonically fractured in tension following different levels of prior fatigue damage. Pre-cycled specimens exhibited a rapid drop in Young's modulus, substantial increase in ultrasonic attenuation, but insignificant decay in composite strength and post-cracking ductility. It was concluded that fatigue damages, short of propagating interface cracks to the ends of the fibers, would not adversely affect the composite strength and post-cracking fiber pull-out behavior.
Incidence of liver toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with methotrexate: A meta‐analysis of clinical trials

Background: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic debilitating diseases for which there are multiple treatment options. There are limited data on methotrexate's efficacy and safety profile. Our aim was to estimate the hepatotoxicity associated with its use in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Methods: We systematically searched the Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases and manually examined references in selected articles for trials that used methotrexate as a treatment for IBDs. Thirteen trials that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Information on trial and patient characteristics, use of methotrexate as well as other treatments or placebo, and levels of hepatic aminotransferase enzymes were abstracted by two independent investigators using a standardized form. A random effects model was used to pool the incidence rates of reported abnormalities in hepatic aminotransferases. Results: The pooled incidence rate of abnormal hepatic aminotransferase levels (defined as up to a 2-fold increase over the upper limit of the normal range) in patients treated with methotrexate for IBD was 1.4 per 100 person-months, while the rate of hepatotoxicity (defined as greater than a 2-fold over the upper limit of the normal range) was 0.9 per 100 person-months. The rate of withdrawal from treatment due to these abnormalities was 0.8 per 100 person-months. Conclusions: The incidence of methotrexate-related hepatotoxicity as measured by elevation in transaminases and drug withdrawal secondary to elevated transaminases is relatively low. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Eye and hand preference in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

The extent of eye and hand preference and their correlation was tested, first in 19 naive, immature Ss and then in seven experienced adolescent-to mature animals. There was no significant correlation between the two functions in either group. Hand preference, but not eye preference, was significantly greater in the older than in the younger monkeys.
Estimation of circumferential fiber shortening velocity by echocardiography.

The M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms of 40 young patients were analyzed to compare the mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity (Vcf) of the left ventricle calculated separately by two methods. The mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity was derived from the M-mode echocardiogram as minor axis shortening/ ejection time and derived from the two-dimensional echocardiogram as actual circumference change/ejection time. With computer assistance, circumference was determined from the short-axis two-dimensional echocardiography images during end-diastole and end-systole. Good correlations were obtained between the left ventricular diameter derived by M-mode echocardiography and the vertical axis during end-diastole (r = 0.79) and end-systole (r = 0.88) derived by two-dimensional echocardiography. Likewise, high correlations were noted between diameter and circumference in end-diastole (r = 0.89) and end-systole (r = 0.88). However, comparison of Vcf obtained by M-mode echocardiography with that obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography showed only fair correlation (r = 0.68). Moreover, the diameter/circumference ratio determined in end-diastole and end-systole differed significantly (p
The Importance of Trivial Streets: Residential Streets and Residential Segregation1

Previous models of urban residential segregation have virtually ignored the affects of tertiary, or small, residential–type streets, despite the intuition that they are where “neighborly” relations...
AI re-emerging as research in complex systems

The history and the future of Artificial Intelligence could be summarized into three distinctive phases: embryonic, embedded and embodied. We briefly describe early efforts in AI aiming to mimic intelligent behavior, evolving later into a set of the useful, embedded and practical technologies. We project the possible future of embodied intelligent systems, able to model and understand the environment and learn from interactions, while learning and evolving in constantly changing circumstances. We conclude with the (heretical) thought that in the future, AI should re-emerge as research in complex systems. One particular embodiment of a complex system is the Intelligent Enterprise.
Diffraction study of the influences of bonding type and misorientation angle on the structure of [001] twist boundaries along the direction normal to the interface

Abstract The influences of bonding type and misorientation angle on the structure of [001] twist grain boundaries along the direction normal to the interface have been studied using an electron diffraction approach in which ′streaks′ of diffuse scattering are recorded from the grain boundary core region. The boundaries studied were in NiO (with largely ionic bonding), Au (metallic bonding) and Ge (covalent bonding), in some cases with varying misorientation angles. The electron diffraction patterns have been analysed in terms of changes of plane spacing normal to the interface using the theoretical analysis in the preceding paper (Vaudin, Burkel and Sass 1986). Qualitative conclusions are drawn on the influence of bonding type and misorientation angle on the structure of [001] twist grain boundaries. The results are discussed with particular reference to the limitations of the experimental technique, dynamical diffraction effects, grain boundary segregation and reconstruction of the grain boundary core.
Insight into Role of Clay-Fluid Molecular Interactions on Permeability and Consolidation Behavior of Na-Montmorillonite Swelling Clay

Swelling clays, also known as expansive clays, are encountered extensively all over the world. These clays are problematic for geotechnical engineering applications because of distress caused to structures and infrastructure as a result of swelling and swelling pressure. These clays are also often used in geoenvironmental engineering applications because of their effective barrier properties as liner materials, e.g., in landfills, ponds, and cutoff trenches. In this study, we report the effect of dielectric constant of fluid on the permeability and consolidation characteristics of Na-montmorillonite swelling clay to investigate the role of clay-fluid molecular interactions on the macroscale properties of the clay. A new “porous rigid wall, flexible wall” permeability device specifically designed for swelling clays that allows for accurate measurement of permeability, swelling pressure and consolidation characteristics, and evaluation of microstructure of swelling clays with fluids with different polaritie...
Some multiple stage estimators of the mean using prior knowledge

This paper extends previous work with double-stage shrinkage estimators. A new region for these estimators is found and used with a previous region in a dual shrinkage procedure. A triple-stage estimator is presented which uses Thompson's shrinkage estimator. Finally these two procedures are combined to form a triple sample dual shrinkage estimator.
Computation of locally parallel structure

A Moire-like effect can be observed in dot patterns consisting of two superimposed copies of a random dot pattern where one copy has been expanded, translated, or rotated. One perceives in these patterns a structure that is locally parallel. Our ability to perceive this structure is shown by experiment to be limited by the local geometry of the pattern, independent of the overall structure or the dot density. A simple representation of locally parallel structure is proposed, and it is found to be computable by a noniterative, parallel algorithm. An implementation of this algorithm is demonstrated. Its performance parallels that observed experimentally, providing a potential explanation for human performance. Advantages are discussed for the early description of locally parallel structure in the course of visual processing.
Kinetics of aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons: Pt/Al2O3 and Sn-modified Ni catalysts

Reaction kinetics studies were conducted on the aqueous-phase reforming of ethylene glycol to produce hydrogen at temperatures near 500 K over Pt/Al2O3 and Raney NiSn catalysts. Ethylene glycol reforming proceeds through similar mechanisms over Pt and NiSn catalysts, involving initial dehydrogenation of ethylene glycol, followed by C−C bond cleavage and water−gas shift. The initial dehydrogenation of ethylene glycol appears to be kinetically significant over Pt/Al2O3, whereas the subsequent rate of C−C cleavage appears to be kinetically significant over R−Ni14Sn. The reforming reaction is fractional order in the ethylene glycol concentration, because of the strong adsorption of the oxygenated reactant, and negative order in the system pressure, through product inhibition by adsorption of H2 and/or CO at high pressures. High selectivity for hydrogen production is achieved for gas-phase products over Pt/Al2O3, whereas the addition of Sn is necessary to avoid alkane formation by methanation over Ni-based cat...
An exact dynamical solution to a linear chain doublet exciton with exponential memory

An exact analytic solution to the non-Markoffian spin one-half exciton linear chain system is found by diagonalising and Laplace transforming the coupled space and spin equations. As a particular example, numerical calculations of the time evolution of the two-site exciton system are presented for several realistic values of space and spin memory times. The unimportance of the cross-channel non-Markoffian behaviour for the cases where the space and spin memory times differ by at least a factor of ten is illustrated by comparison with the traditional Pauli master equation solutions. The memory can lead to oscillating populations which, on time scales shorter than or comparable with the relevant memory time, look like coherent transfer. Coherent motion can be observed, for certain values of the parameters, in the slower channel long after the more normal channel has become Markoffian. Interference regimes are possible, but require similar values of space and spin transfer integrals; this is improbable for organics.
Therapeutic uses of vitamin D analogues

The vitamin D endocrine system has been implicated in numerous biological activities throughout the body. The breadth and magnitude of vitamin D activity suggest potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of several diseases and disorders, including hyperproliferative diseases, immune dysfunction, endocrine disorders, and metabolic bone diseases. However, therapy using natural vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25[OH](2)D(3)) has been precluded in most cases because of the potent calcemic activity shown by this hormone. Newly developed vitamin D analogues with lower calcemic activity have been shown to retain many therapeutic properties of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Molecular studies discussed in this article provide insights into the unique target cell specificity afforded by these analogues. In particular, the importance of the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), serum vitamin D-binding protein, 24-hydroxylase, and membrane receptor is noted because analogue selectivity, specificity, and potency are afforded through their molecular interactions. The nuclear VDR has been isolated from a variety of target cells and tissues, suggesting that vitamin D compounds may have therapeutic potential throughout several body systems. Five vitamin D analogues have been approved for use in patients: calcipotriol (Dovonex; Leo Pharmaceuticals, Copenhagen, Denmark) for the treatment of psoriasis, 19-nor-1,25(OH)(2)D(2) (Zemplar; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL) for secondary hyperparathyroidism, doxercalciferol (Hectorol; Bone Care Int, Madison, WI) for reduction of elevated parathyroid hormone levels, 22-oxacalcitriol (Maxacalcitol; Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo, Japan), and alfacalcidol. Several other analogues are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical trials for the treatment of various types of cancer and osteoporosis, as well as immunosuppression. Understanding how analogues exert their selective actions may allow for the design of more effective and safer vitamin D compounds for the treatment of a wide range of clinical disorders.
Recovery of orientation after electroconvulsive therapy.

Studies which provide quantitative analyses of postictal disorientation following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are reviewed with emphasis on the variable of time since seizure induction as it relates to recovery of orientation. The studies make it clear that separable components of orientation (person, place, and time) recover at different rates following ECT. The length of disorientation tends to increase with increasing treatment number, but modifications of electrode placement (nondominant unilateral ECT) and electrical stimulus waveform (brief-pulse ECT) result in a decrease in disorientation when compared to standard bilateral sinusoidal ECT. Bilateral ECT may produce more disorientation than dominant unilateral ECT if more generalized seizures occur with the former than the latter treatment modality. Practical implications of these issues are discussed.
Adenylyl cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in GH-Strains of rat pituitary cells.

The properties of adenylyl cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases from GHstrains of rat pituitary tumor cells have been investigated. Adenylyl cyclase was inhibited by calcium ion and stimulated by fluoride ion, 5’-guanylylimidodiphosphate and by prior treatment of intact GH-cells with cholera enterotoxin. Thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates prolactin release and synthesis in GH-cells, did not cause a significant stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity under a wide variety of assay conditions; under the same conditions, [3H]TRH bound to a previously characterized membrane receptor. GHcells contain phosphodiesterase activity catalyzing the hydrolysis of cAMP which gives nonlinear Lineweaver-Burk plots with apparent Km's for cAMP of 1.5 μM and 4 mM. TRH did not affect the activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase at high or low cAMP concentrations when added to broken cell preparations. Treatment of intact cells with TRH caused no changes in the total adenylyl cyclase and c...
The validity of mobley's (1977) model of employee turnover

Unlike earlier tests of an oversimplified version of this model, the validity of W. Mobley's (1977, Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 237-240) original turnover model was fully investigated. Constructs that were neglected in prior studies were assessed and previously examined constructs were operationalized with more reliable measures. Measures of all constructs in Mobley's model were obtained from a survey of 192 hospital employees. Turnover data were collected a year following survey administration. Following the theoretical causal ordering of Mobley's constructs, each construct was regressed on all causally prior constructs. In general, each construct was accurately predicted by the linear combination of predictors representing its causal determinants. In the majority of instances, the best predictor of a model construct was the construct's immediate causal antecedent. Further, an alternative model was evaluated and compared with Mobley's model using path analysis.
Hypoxia, Global Warming, and Terrestrial Late Permian Extinctions

A catastrophic extinction occurred at the end of the Permian Period. However, baseline extinction rates appear to have been elevated even before the final catastrophe, suggesting sustained environmental degradation. For terrestrial vertebrates during the Late Permian, the combination of a drop in atmospheric oxygen plus climate warming would have induced hypoxic stress and consequently compressed altitudinal ranges to near sea level. Our simulations suggest that the magnitude of altitudinal compression would have forced extinctions by reducing habitat diversity, fragmenting and isolating populations, and inducing a species-area effect. It also might have delayed ecosystem recovery after the mass extinction.
Quality of life concerns and depression among hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors

Purpose This study examined quality of life, transplant-related concerns, and depressive symptoms and their demographic and medical correlates at 1 to 3 years following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Evaluation of the Energize Your Life! Social Marketing Campaign Pilot Study to Increase Fruit Intake Among Community College Students

In this study, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of the Energize Your Life! social-marketing campaign pilot study to improve knowledge, attitudes, and fruit intake among community college students. The authors used a cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, pre- and posttest design. They randomly selected community college students (N = 1,367) and exposed the intervention campus to fruit fairs to distribute fresh fruit, 100% fruit juice, and fruit smoothie samples and information about fruit to students. The authors also addressed policy change to increase the accessibility of fruit on campus. There was a significant increase in fruit intake between pre- and posttest at the intervention campus. Although students had positive attitudes toward intake, most did not achieve the minimum recommended daily 2 servings of fruit. Approximately 25% of the students had insufficient funds, which affected their food intake. Longer-term social marketing interventions may be an effective means of improving the dietary quality of community college students.
Tau as a therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disease

Tau is a microtubule-associated protein thought to help modulate the stability of neuronal microtubules. In tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease and several frontotemporal dementias, tau is abnormally modified and misfolded resulting in its disassociation from microtubules and the generation of pathological lesions characteristic for each disease. A recent surge in the population of people with neurodegenerative tauopathies has highlighted the immense need for disease-modifying therapies for these conditions, and new attention has focused on tau as a potential target for intervention. In the current work we summarize evidence linking tau to disease pathogenesis and review recent therapeutic approaches aimed at ameliorating tau dysfunction. The primary therapeutic tactics considered include kinase inhibitors and phosphatase activators, immunotherapies, small molecule inhibitors of protein aggregation, and microtubule-stabilizing agents. Although the evidence for tau-based treatments is encouraging, additional work is undoubtedly needed to optimize each treatment strategy for the successful development of safe and effective therapeutics.
Localization of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in middle ear cholesteatoma

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) may have a role in acquired cholesteatoma, which is usually associated with an inflammatory reaction occurring in the middle ear cavity. The presence of ICAM-1 in human cholesteatomas was demonstrated by an immunoblotting assay using a specific monoclonal anti-ICAM-1 antibody after protein extraction. Distribution of ICAM-1 in the cholesteatoma tissues was then studied by avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex staining. ICAM-1 appeared to be localized on keratinocytes in all layers of the epithelium and on Langerhans cells in both the epithelium and granulation tissue of cholesteatoma. ICAM-1 was not found in the epidermis of normal external ear canal skin, normal tympanic membrane or normal facial skin, but significant staining was seen on keratinocytes of hair follicles and glands in the facial skin. The present study is the first to demonstrate ICAM-1 in cholesteatoma and suggests that it may have an important role in the clinical development of cholesteatoma, including migration, adhesion and proliferation of lymphocytes, Langerhans cells and keratinocytes.
The Diagnosis of Delirium and DSM-IV

This paper reviews the history of the development of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) using the diagnostic category of delirium as an example. It also attempts to show how clinical practice and experience has molded the current conceptualization of delirium in DSM-IV. The paper presents the process and options the DSM-IV Work Group on Organic Disorders pursued in developing the DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of delirium, particularly in relation to ICD-10.
Breaststroker's knee: pathology, etiology, and treatment

Twenty-three breaststroke swimmers (ranging in age from 6 to 30 years old) with painful knees were examined. Underwater movies of these swimmers were taken. Eighteen swimmers had tenderness under the medial facet of the patella and over the medial femoral intercondylar ridge. Five of these 18 swimmers also had tenderness along the tibial collateral ligament. Five swimmers had tenderness just along the tibial collateral ligament. The onset of knee pain usually occurred within 3 years of the swimmers' beginning the breaststroke. Initially, the knees were only symptomatic when the swimmers performed the whipkick. As the swimmer continued the breaststroke, in spite of discomfort, the knees became symptomatic during other athletic and nonathletic activity. Breaststroke who had been using the whipkick for more than 8 years had clinical evidence of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. The site of pain in the knee was related to the way in which the whipkick was performed. Breaststroke without knee pain used a whipkick with characteristics that were consistently different than those of the symptomatic swimmers. Treatment of breaststroke's knee should be directed toward correcting the swimmer's whipkick. This approach is most likely to be successful if applied as soon as the swimmer becomes symptomatic.
Examining the Achievement Gap with a Psychodynamic Lens: Implications for Practice

It is not uncommon for clinicians to receive referrals for children and adolescents who are framed within the context of schooling. This phenomenon is amplified for African American and Latino clients due to the existence of a significant gap in performance and discipline referrals between White students and their peers of color (Aspen, 2005; Darling-Hammond, 2010; Ladson Billings, 2006). Commonly known as the achievement gap, this phenomenon has significant societal and clinical implications. Unfortunately there is a paucity of literature regarding the role of psychologists in general and those practicing psychodynamically in particular with respect to helping to close this gap. It is imperative that psychologists with an understanding of psychodynamic principles and practices be a part of the solution. Driven by the need for a more comprehensive approach to the achievement gap that incorporates psychological and psychodynamic principles, a case example is used to address the achievement gap and suggest ...
Stem cell plasticity: Recapping the decade, mapping the future

In slightly more than a decade of stem cell plasticity research, 24 peer-reviewed articles have demonstrated plasticity across organ and/or embryonic lineage boundaries at the single-cell level, with only 1 article showing negative results. These data, taken together with data about reversibility of gene restrictions that have also accumulated during the same period, indicate that postnatal cells, even "terminally differentiated" ones, have a degree of plasticity not appreciated previously. This review looks back at the four known pathways of cell plasticity and at previously described "plasticity principles" of Genomic Completeness, Cellular Uncertainty, Stochasticity of Cell Origin and Fate, relating these to issues of experimental design and discourse that are key to understanding and evaluating plasticity data. Although the physiologic roles played by such plasticity may still be debated, the manipulations of these phenomena for therapeutic or industrial purposes should finally be considered ripe for exploration. For the future, plasticity, indeed all stem cell biology, must be considered as part of a larger web of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions that function fully only at the tissue level; thus, the success of stem cell biology necessarily must involve assembling data from cell and molecular biology research into systems of interactions that might be reasonably called "tissue biology." Interdisciplinary collaborations with complexity and chaos theorists, using mathematical/computer modeling of cell behaviors, will be vital to fully exploring stem cell behaviors in the coming decades.
Inertial Manifolds for a Smoluchowski Equation on the Unit Sphere

The existence of inertial manifolds for a Smoluchowski equation—a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation on the unit sphere which arises in modeling of colloidal suspensions—is investigated. A nonlinear and nonlocal transformation is used to eliminate the gradient from the nonlinear term.
Characterization of a pathway for ciliary neurotrophic factor signaling to the nucleus

Components of a signaling pathway that couples the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor to induction of transcription were identified. CNTF stimulated the tyrosine phosphorylation of p91, a protein implicated in interferon signaling pathways, and of two proteins that are distinct but related to p91. Tyrosine-phosphorylated p91 translocated to the nucleus, where p91 and p91-related proteins bound to a DNA sequence found in promoters of genes responsive to CNTF. This DNA sequence, when inserted upstream of a reporter gene, conferred a transcriptional response to CNTF. A pathway that transduces interferon signals may therefore have a more general function in the propagation of responses to certain neurotrophic factors.
Chromosomal breaks with attachments to the nucleolus.

Among over 2,000 chromosomal aberrations produced by a cytoplasmic chromosome-breakage factor in Drosophila robusta, 28 have been unique in that the broken chromosome has become attached to the nucleolus. These have taken three forms according to the origin of the broken pieces. Particularly interesting are three aberrations of form 3 in which the chromosome attached to the nucleolus is an interstitial deletion. The data suggest that the nucleolus contains material with chromosome-like properties, particularly in possessing a centromere.
Anesthésie de la parturiente obèse

Resume Du fait de l’augmentation de l’incidence de l’obesite morbide, les anesthesistes sont de plus en plus confrontes a la prise en charge de parturientes obeses. L’obesite augmente le risque maternel, fœtal et neonatal. Les parturientes obeses ont un risque accru de prolongation de la duree du travail, de complications de l’accouchement par voie basse et de cesarienne. Les procedures anesthesiques elles-memes representent souvent un defi technique et sont associees a un risque supplementaire de complication. Il existe un consensus pour penser que l’anesthesie locoregionale est la meilleure technique pour les cesariennes et que la mise en place de l’analgesie peridurale doit etre optimisee et securisee en debut de travail de facon a eviter une anesthesie generale lorsqu’une cesarienne doit etre effectuee en urgence. Cette mise au point rappelle les modifications physiologiques de la grossesse et leurs perturbations chez les parturientes obeses ; elle apporte au clinicien une vue d’ensemble sur la physiopathologie, l’epidemiologie et les aspects cliniques de la prise en charge anesthesique des parturientes obeses.
Results of an informal survey on the use of linear algebra in industry and government

Active research involving linear algebra and utilization of matrix methods currently permeates disciplines such as mathematical optimization, statistics, engineering, control theory and systems theory, operations research, combinatorics, mlmerical analysis and computer science, and the social and economic sciences. Use of matrix theory has not only led to developments within the above mentioned areas, but has also provided a stimulus and a sense of direction for the theoretical advancement of the subject. Developments in linear algebra relative to specific disciplines and specialized applications have spawned general techniques and have led to global results which have cut across several diverse areas of mathematics. Unfortunately, interdisciplinary communications between individuals in these diverse groups has always been somewhat tenuous. There have been several instances where the same idea has been rediscovered or developed independently by researchers who were unaware of developments outside of their own sphere. The evolution of the theory and applications of M-matrices, which has taken place in the last few decades, is an outstanding example of this phenomena. The concepts related to M-matrices, although not always known by that name, were independently studied and developed, to one extent or another, by mathematical economists studying input-output models, statisticians studying discrete Markov processes, engineers and munerical analysts studying finite difference methods for partial differential equations, and pure mathematicians interested only in theoretical considerations. In an attempt to increase the communication between these groups, there will be a SIAM sponsored International Conference on Applied Linear Algebra held on the campus of North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina from 26 to 29 April 1982. The conference will bring together mathematical scientists from industry, government, and the academic community who are concerned with problems relating to the applied aspects of
RECONSTRUCTING PLANT ROOT AREA AND WATER UPTAKE PROFILES

A major challenge in plant ecology is quantifying how roots obtain water and nutrients from the soil. Stable-isotope analysis of hydrogen and oxygen in plant and soil water is one of the best and least destructive methods for elucidating plant–soil interactions. Plant roots obtain water from various depths in the soil and the isotopic signature of plant stem water reflects the soil water sources. Current methods for inferring plant water sources based on stable isotopes (“simple linear mixing models”) are limited. First, their formulation restricts the number of water sources to a maximum of three (e.g., surface, intermediate, deep-soil water); estimation of additional sources leads to an identifiability problem. Second, simple linear mixing models do not appropriately reflect uncertainty, and most importantly, they cannot be employed to elucidate behavior of the root system itself, such as root activity for water uptake. This study introduces the RAPID (root area profile and isotope deconvolution) algori...
Incorporation of π-conjugated Molecular Wires into Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive for High-performance Interconnection Applications

Due to restricted contact area and poor interfacial bonding between anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACAs) and metal bond pads, ACA joints have lower electrical conductivity and poorer current carrying capability than solders. Interfacial property between ACA and metal bond pads is the key to improve the electrical properties of the resulting ACA joints. In this study, we have investigated the electrical properties of ACA joints using submicron-sized (˜500 nm in diameter) silver (Ag) particle as conductive filler with the effect of π-conjugated molecular wires (MWs). The ACAs with submicron-sized Ag particles have higher current carrying capability (˜3400 mA) than those with Ag nanoparticles (˜2500 mA) and micro-sized Au-coated polymer particles (˜2000 mA). More importantly, by construction of π-conjugated molecular wire junctions between conductive particles and an integrated circuit (IC)/substrate, the electrical conductivity has increased by one order of magnitude and the current carrying capability of ACAs has improved by 600 mA. The crucial factors that govern the improved electrical properties are discussed based on the study of alignments and thermal stability of molecules on the submicron-sized Ag particle surface with Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), providing a fundamental understanding of the conduction mechanism in ACA joints and guidelines for the formulation of high-performance ACAs in electronic packaging industry.
Dynamic Properties of Filaments, Yarns, and Cords at Sonic Frequencies

A brief description of the stretch-vibrometer developed at the Firestone Research Laboratories is given, and the theory of its operation is outlined. Described are new measurements made on the instrument verifying the previous conclusion that loss of energy to the apparatus is immeasur ably small. Values of the dynamic stretch moduli E, coefficients of internal friction μ, and hyster etic energy losses of 15 samples of natural and synthetic textile materials, Fiberglas, and steel wire are given. Corresponding static values of moduli and energy losses are also given. The latter, it is shown, do not correlate with dynamic values, and hence cannot be regarded as predictive of dynamic behavior. The resonant frequencies at which measurements were made on these samples ranged from 65 to 360 cycles per second.The significance of the various measures which have been employed with the present data to express hysteretic losses is discussed, and it is shown that the quantity μω 0/E, while not rigidly constant, is co...
Cross-Racial Relationships on Family-Themed Television Shows: An Indicator for Larger Race Relations in the United States

This research sought to examine portrayals of cross-racial relationships on popular family-themed television shows, focusing on three dimensions of human interactions; 1) interdependence, 2) individuation, and 3) romantic involvement. The units of analysis for this study were relationship interactions between European Americans and minority (e.g., African American and Hispanic) group members. Content analysis was used for this exploratory study to examine the extent that mainstream ideologies regarding race are embedded into the scripts of these popular shows. Findings from the study reveal that patterns of cross-racial relationships on television are very similar to some real world experiences. Analyzing scripted broadcast portrayals may provide a means for understanding larger race relations in society.
Development of novel chemotherapeutic agents to evade the mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR)

A number of novel microtubule-targeting agents are currently under investigation. These agents can potentially evade the mechanisms underlying the development of the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype commonly associated with recurrent breast cancer. Epothilones are among the most advanced of the new agents in clinical development. Structurally unrelated to taxanes, epothilones may be poor substrates for MDR, and the expression of MDR proteins is not altered in epothilone-resistant in vitro models. Cross resistance between epothilones and taxanes is not observed in vitro or in vivo. Ixabepilone (BMS-247550) is a semisynthetic analog of epothilone B that has shown antitumor activity both in vitro and in vivo, including taxane-resistant human tumor xenograft models. Ixabepilone is currently being studied in phase III trials in patients with metastatic breast cancer as monotherapy and in combination with capecitabine. Activity has also been observed in other solid tumors. Patupilone (EPO906, epothilone B) and epothilone D (KOS-862) are in early phase I/II clinical studies in patients with a variety of solid tumors. The development of these novel agents may evade MDR and may improve the outcome of patients with breast cancer.
Three-Dimensional Model of the Melt-Blowing Process

A model has been developed that can predict the three-dimensional motion of a fiber as it is being formed below a melt-blowing die. The model involves the simultaneous solution of the momentum, energy, and continuity equations. The model equations are solved numerically with both Newtonian and viscoelastic constitutive equations. Predicted parameters include fiber attenuation, vibration frequency, vibration amplitude, temperature, and stress. The predicted results compare favorably with previously published experimental data.
Flow of supersonic jets across flat plates: Implications for ground-level flow from volcanic blasts

We report on laboratory experiments examining the interaction of a jet from an overpressurized reservoir with a canonical ground surface to simulate lateral blasts at volcanoes such as the 1980 blast at Mount St. Helens. These benchmark experiments test the application of supersonic jet models to simulate the flow of volcanic jets over a lateral topography. The internal shock structure of the free jet is modified such that the Mach disk shock is elevated above the surface. In elevation view, the width of the shock is reduced in comparison with a free jet, while in map view the dimensions are comparable. The distance of the Mach disk shock from the vent is in good agreement with free jet data and can be predicted with existing theory. The internal shock structures can interact with and penetrate the boundary layer. In the shock-boundary layer interaction, an oblique shock foot is present in the schlieren images and a distinctive ground signature is evident in surface measurements. The location of the oblique shock foot and the surface demarcation are closely correlated with the Mach disk shock location during reservoir depletion, and therefore, estimates of a ground signature in a zone devastated by a blast can be based on the calculated shock location from free jet theory. These experiments, combined with scaling arguments, suggest that the imprint of the Mach disk shock on the ground should be within the range of 4–9 km at Mount St. Helens depending on assumed reservoir pressure and vent dimensions.