cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphogenesis of enteric lesions induced by group D rotavirus in ringneck pheasant chicks (Phasianus colchicus).

Eight day-old male and female ringneck pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were inoculated with group D rotavirus and necropsied at 4, 7, and 11 days post-inoculation. The intestinal tracts were examined by light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. By 4 days post-inoculation, 213 (66%) inoculated birds were stunted and had diarrhea and dilated intestines. Intestinal villi were shortened, and many villous enterocytes were partially detached from the lamina propria. Crypts were hyperplastic, and the lamina propria contained a diffuse infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Immunoreactivity to rotaviral antigen was localized to enterocytes on the tips of villi in the duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum. By 7 days post-inoculation, 3/3 (1 00%) inoculated birds had clinical signs and gross and microscopic changes similar to those at 4 days post-inoculation but more severe. Immunoreactivity was localized in enterocytes scattered along the sides of villi, in occasional crypt enterocytes, and within macrophages in the villous lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, infected enterocytes contained cytoplasmic aggregates of viroplasm with multiple viral core particles. Numerous mature virions (60-75 nm in diameter) were present within dilated components of the cytocavitary network. Macrophages within the lamina propria contained phagocytosed remnants of necrotic virus-infected cells. By 11 days post-inoculation, birds did not have gross lesions, but 1/2 (50%) had mild crypt hyperplasia and an infiltrate of leukocytes in the lamina propria. Occasional enterocytes along the sides of villi and macrophages in the lamina propria were immunoreactive for viral antigen. Group D rotavirus is an enteropathogen in pheasants and causes intestinal lesions similar to those caused by enteric rotaviral infections in other species. Kqv words; Enteritis; immunohistochemistry; intestine; pheasants: rotavirus.
A new species of Leccinum (Basidiomycota, Boletales) from Belize

Leccinum viscosum is described, illustrated, and compared with similar taxa. Morphological characters indicate that this taxon represents a new species.
Antisense inhibition of cyclin D1 expression is equivalent to flavopiridol for radiosensitization of zebrafish embryos

Purpose: Flavopiridol, a small molecule pan-cyclin inhibitor, has been shown to enhance the radiation response of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo . The clinical utility of flavopiridol, however, is limited by toxicity, previously attributed to pleiotropic inhibitory effects on several targets affecting multiple signal transduction pathways. Here we used zebrafish embryos to investigate radiosensitizing effects of flavopiridol in normal tissues. Methods and Materials: Zebrafish embryos at the 1- to 4-cell stage were treated with 500 nM flavopiridol or injected with 0.5 pmol antisense hydroxylprolyl-phosphono nucleic acid oligomers to reduce cyclin D1 expression, then subjected to ionizing radiation (IR) or no radiation. Results: Flavopiridol-treated embryos demonstrated a twofold increase in mortality after exposure to 40 Gy by 96 hpf and developed distinct radiation-induced defects in midline development (designated as the “curly up” phenotype) at higher rates when compared with embryos receiving IR only. Cyclin D1–deficient embryos had virtually identical IR sensitivity profiles when compared with embryos treated with flavopiridol. This was particularly evident for the IR-induced curly up phenotype, which was greatly exacerbated by both flavopriridol and cyclin D1 downregulation. Conclusions: Treatment of zebrafish embryos with flavopiridol enhanced radiation sensitivity of zebrafish embryos to a degree that was very similar to that associated with downregulation of cyclin D1 expression. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of cyclin D1 is sufficient to account for the radiosensitizing action of flavopiridol in the zebrafish embryo vertebrate model.
Response to Intervention for Reading Difficulties in the Primary Grades Some Answers and Lingering Questions

The purpose of this article is to describe the current research base and identify research needs related to response to intervention (RTI) frameworks in primary-grade reading. Research is reviewed on early reading instruction and intervention, the implementation of multitiered reading interventions, and the determination of intervention responsiveness. Areas identified as in need of research include (a) the conditions under which early reading interventions are most effective in RTI contexts, (b) multitiered interventions for students with limited English proficiency, (c) reading instruction for students who make limited progress in Tier 3 intensive interventions, (d) criteria for determining intervention responsiveness, and (e) the effects of fully implemented RTI frameworks. Although RTI research may be expensive and difficult to implement, it may contribute to improved reading outcomes for many students who are otherwise at risk of serious negative life consequences.
Conceptual and procedural knowledge of mathematics: Does one lead to the other?

ages understand and what they struggle to learn, and examine how instruction influences children's acquisition of both concepts and procedures. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge in children learning the principle that the two sides of an equation represent the same quantity. Specifically, the study investigated how instruction about the concept of mathematical equivalence influences children's problem-solving procedures and how instruction about a problem-solving procedure influences children's conceptual understanding of equivalence. In addressing these issues, we also identified what aspects of equivalence fourth- and fifth-grade students understand, what aspects they do not understand but can easily learn, and what aspects they have difficulty learning.
Effect of arginine vasopressin on the canine epicardial coronary artery: experiments on V1-receptor-mediated production of nitric oxide

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether arginine vasopressin releases endothelium-derived nitric oxide (EDNO) from the epicardial coronary artery. METHODS: We studied segments of canine left circumflex coronary arteries suspended in organ chambers to measure isometric force. The coronary artery segments were contracted with prostaglandin F2a (2 x 10-6M) and exposed to a unique, strong arginine vasopressin concentration (10-6M) or titrated concentrations (10-9 a 10-5 M). RESULTS: The unique dose of arginine vasopressin concentration (10-6M) induced transient, but significant (p<0.05), relaxation in arterial segments with endothelium, and an increase, not significant, in tension in arteries without endothelium. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to arginine vasopressin was inhibited by Ng-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 10-5M) or NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) (10-4M), 2 inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis from L-arginine. Exogenous L-arginine (10-4M), but not D-arginine (10-4M), reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NMMA on vasopressin-mediated vasorelaxation. Endothelium dependent relaxation to vasopressin was also reversibly inhibited by the vasopressin V1-receptor blocker d(CH2)5Try(Me) arginine vasopressin (10-6M) (n=6, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Vasopressin acts through V1 endothelial receptors to stimulate nitric oxide release from L-arginine.
National trends in thyroid surgery and the effect of volume on short-term outcomes

Objectives/Hypothesis To characterize contemporary patterns of thyroid surgical care and the effect of volume status on surgical care and short-term outcomes. Study Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 871,644 patients who underwent surgery for thyroid disease in 1993 through 2008 were analyzed using cross-tabulations and multivariate regression modeling. Results Surgical cases increased from 364,288 in 1993 through 2000 to 507,356 in 2001 through 2008, with an increase in thyroid cancer surgical cases from 28% to 34%. Cases performed by high-volume surgeons increased from 12% in 1993 through 2000 to 25% in 2001 through 2008, whereas cases performed by very-low volume surgeons decreased from 51% to 34% (P < .001). Cases performed at high-volume hospitals increased from 14% in 1993 through 2000 to 29% in 2001 through 2008, whereas cases performed at very-low volume hospitals decreased from 46% to 33% (P < .001). High-volume surgeons were significantly more likely to perform total thyroidectomy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4, P < .001) and had a lower incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (OR = 0.7, P = .024), hypocalcemia (OR = 0.7, P = .002), and in-hospital death (OR = 0.3, P = .004). High-volume hospital care was not associated with extent of surgery, postoperative morbidity, or mortality after adjusting for surgeon volume. After controlling for other variables, thyroid surgery in 2001 through 2008 was associated with an increase in cases performed by low-volume (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.5, P < .001), intermediate-volume (RRR = 1.7, P < .001), and high-volume surgeons (RRR = 2.1, P < .001), high-volume hospitals (RRR = 2.0, P = .008), total thyroidectomy (RRR = 2.1, P < .001), and neck dissection (RRR = 1.3, P = .016). Conclusions These data reflect changing trends in the surgical management of thyroid disease, with meaningful differences in the type of surgical care provided by high-volume surgeons. Level of Evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 123:2056–2063, 2013
Effects of Two Sources of Male Capital on Female and Male Rates of Violence: Men in Families and Old Heads

Drawing on recent advances in community-ecological research, emerging scholarship within family sociology on the importance of men, and current research on gender stratification, this article lays out a theoretical framework and offers evidence of the importance of two forms of male capital, men in families and old heads, for lessening female and male violence rates across communities. Using arrest and ecological data from more than 1,600 counties and seemingly unrelated regression techniques, the author finds that the presence of men in families is integral to community efforts to reduce both female and male violence levels, net controls for ecological variables; old heads are moderately effective in reducing male violence levels. Men in families have robust effects on both female and male violence rates, though male homicide is somewhat more responsive to shifts in the presence of men in families and old heads. Gender differences across other ecological variables are minimal.
Predicting Foot Positions for Manual Materials Handling Tasks

For many industrial tasks (push, pull, lift, carry, etc.), restrictions on grip locations and visibility constrain the hand and head positions and help to define feasible postures. In contrast, often the foot locations are minimally constrained and an ergonomics analyst can choose several different stances in selecting a posture to analyze. Also, because stance can be a critical determinant of a biomechanical assessment of the work posture, the lack of a valid method for placing the feet of a manikin with respect to the task compromises the accuracy of the analysis. To address this issue, foot locations and orientations were captured in a laboratory study of sagittal plane and asymmetric manual load transfers. A pilot study with four volunteers of varying anthropometry approached a load located on one of three shelves and transferred the load to one of six shelves. The data illustrate foot placements and behaviors that depend on pickup heights, the use of one or two hands to grasp the object, and the participantsʼ body dimensions. Two distinct pickup and delivery strategies were observed. Split stance, with one foot in front of the other, was markedly more frequent than parallel stance with the feet side by side. A statistical model was developed to predict foot placements at load pickup. This study confirms the importance of this topic and provides the basis for the much more comprehensive study that is now underway.
Incontinence severity and QOL scales for fecal incontinence.

This article reviews self-reporting instruments to measure severity and quality of life in fecal incontinence. Severity instruments assess the frequency, type, and amount of stool loss and the impact of fecal incontinence on coping mechanisms and lifestyle/behavioral change. Non-weighted instruments use simple numerical totals to gauge severity; however, the use of vague quantifiers to describe severity can make the results highly subjective. In weighted surveys, every possible response (indicating the frequency of each type of incontinence) is multiplied by a weight that reflects the average severity assigned by a representative group of patients (or physicians), and the weighted responses are added to compile a total score. When variables such as coping mechanisms and lifestyle changes are included in severity questionnaires, the results tend to reflect patient functioning more than severity and should be interpreted cautiously. Quality-of-life scales assess variables that are not directly observable and are highly subjective. Quality-of-life scales are divided into 3 categories: (1) generic scales permit the measurement of gross change and compare the experience of the target population to other populations; (2) specialized scales are most useful in trying to isolate effects of specific variables, such as depression; and (3) condition-specific quality-of-life scales measure the relationship between specific medical conditions or treatments, and quality of life outcomes. Future research should focus on the need for weighting, further evaluation of the use of coping mechanisms as an indicator of severity, and how to integrate measures of urgency. In the area of quality of life, “modules” are needed that can be appended to established instruments to help assess and compare the experience of specific populations.
Caring ethics and a Somali reproductive dilemma

The use of traditional ethical methodologies is inadequate in addressing a constructed maternal–fetal rights conflict in a multicultural obstetrical setting. The use of caring ethics and a relational approach is better suited to address multicultural conceptualizations of autonomy and moral distress. The way power differentials, authoritative knowledge, and informed consent are intertwined in this dilemma will be illuminated by contrasting traditional bioethics and a caring ethics approach. Cultural safety is suggested as a way to develop a relational ontology. Using caring ethics and a relational approach can alleviate moral distress in health-care providers, while promoting collaboration and trust between providers and their patients and ultimately decreasing reproductive disparities. This article examines how a relational approach can be applied to a cross-cultural reproductive dilemma.
Somatic Hybridization of Medicinal Plants in the Family Solanaceae

Recent increase in the interest in secondary metabolite production has given new impetus to the use of cell genetic and molecular genetic approaches for metabolic engineering of medicinal plants. Although the exploitation of modern genetic technologies are still in their infancy, their potential has already been proved in the production of pharmaceutical compounds (Fett-Neto et al. 1992; Yun et al. 1992). Among the large variety of medicinal plants, the alkaloid-producing solanaceous species are particularly attractive candidates for cell/molecular genetic manipulations, primarily because tissue culture, including plant regeneration from protoplasts, has been optimized for many of these species. Therefore, it is not surprising that a great wealth of our knowledge on somatic hybridization and gene transformation derives from experiments with various medicinal plants of Solanaceae family.
Recent advances in silicon carbide MOSFET power devices

Emerging silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET power devices promise to displace silicon IGBTs from the majority of challenging power electronics applications by enabling superior efficiency and power density, as well as capability to operate at higher temperatures. This paper reports on the recent progress in development of 1200V SiC power MOSFETs. Two different chip sizes were fabricated and tested: 15A (0.225cm×0.45cm) and 30A (0.45cm×0.45cm) devices. First, the 30A MOSFETs were packaged as discrete components and static and switching measurements were performed. The device blocking voltage was 1200V and typical on-resistance was less than 50 mΩ with gate-source voltages of 0V and 20V, respectively. The total switching losses were 0.6 mJ, over five times lower than the competing devices. Next, a buck converter was built for evaluating long-term stability of the MOSFETs and typical switching waveforms are presented. Finally, the 15A MOSFETs were used for fabrication of 150A all-SiC modules. The module on-resistance values were in the range of 10 mQ, resulting in the best-in-class on-state voltage values of 1.5V at nominal current. The module switching losses were 2.3 mJ during turn-on and 1 mJ during turn-off, also significantly better than competing designs. The results validate performance advantages of the SiC MOSFETs, moving them a step closer to power electronics applications.
Oncologic outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy with minimum 5-year follow-up: the Roswell Park cancer institute experience.

Abstract Background Long-term oncologic outcomes following robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) remain scarce. Objective To report long-term oncologic outcomes following RARC at a single institution. Design, settings, and participants Retrospective review of 99 patients who underwent RARC for urothelial carcinoma of bladder between 2005 and 2009. Intervention RARC was performed. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Primary outcomes included recurrence-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS), measured by the Kaplan-Meier method. The association between primary outcomes and perioperative and pathologic factors was assessed using a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Results and limitations Fifty-one (52%) patients had stage pT3 or higher disease. Eight (8%) patients had positive margins and 30 (30%) had positive lymph nodes (LNs), with a median of 21 LNs removed. Median follow-up for patients alive was 74 mo. The 5-yr RFS, CSS, and OS rates were 52.5%, 67.8%, and 42.4%, respectively. Tumor stage, LN stage, and margin status were each significantly associated with RFS, CSS, and OS. On multivariable analysis, tumor and LN stage were independent predictors of RFS, CSS, and OS, while positive margin status and Charlson comorbidity index predicted worse OS and CSS. Adjuvant chemotherapy predicted RFS only. Retrospective design and lack of open comparison are main limitations of this study. Conclusions Long-term oncologic outcomes following RARC demonstrate RFS and CSS estimates similar to those reported in literature for open radical cystectomy. Randomized controlled trials can better define outcomes of any alternative technique. Patient summary Survival data 5 yr after RARC for bladder cancer demonstrate that survival outcomes are dependent on the same oncologic parameters as previously reported for open surgery.
The development of field-emission scanning electron microscopy for imaging biological surfaces

This article traces the important milestones in the development of high-resolution, field-emission, scanning electron microscopes (SEM). Such instruments are now capable of producing images of the surfaces of biological specimens that rival, in terms of resolution and contrast, those produced by conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Even though one of the first instruments to produce a useful transmission electron microscope image was, in fact, an early scanning microscope, TEM reached its full potential for biological imaging almost 30 years sooner than did SEM. The main reason for this slow rate of development is the dependence of any scanning technique on source brightness. The only suitable electron source was the field-emission source, originally developed in the 1930's. Making this into a stable and reliable electron source for microscopy required many technical barriers to be overcome. An additional delay may have been caused by the great success that attended the introduction of early SEM instruments. These instruments which employed heated, tungsten hairpin cathodes, were inexpensive and reliable, but they that were also far from optimal in terms of optical performance. Their market success may have engendered the sense of inertia and complacency that further delayed the introduction of low aberrations objective lenses and field-emission sources for almost 20 years after they were first introduced to electron microscopy. In addition, the fact that these early SEMs accustomed users to operating with a much higher beam voltage than was either necessary or wise, lead many to assume that the SEM was incapable of producing high-resolution images of biological surfaces. This left them open to fascination with newer ahd slower techniques that, on balance, were less suitable than optimized SEM for most of their imaging needs. In parallel to these developments in instrumentation, major improvements were also made in the way that the specimen surface was prepared before placing it into the vacuum and radiation environment of the microscope.
Rare niches and the ecological equivalence of species

Debate remains on the contributions of niche and neutral processes in structuring biological communities. Temporal variation in the extent to which these two processes may jointly operate makes the problem of resolving their roles even more daunting. Here, we gain insight into this problem by using deterministic and stochastic models of competitors to investigate how the occurrence of rare niches, in what is usually a neutrally structured community, affects species diversity. Rare niches are modeled by allowing each species access to unique resources, which occur with temporal variability. While results from the deterministic model are clear (rare niches provide stable coexistence to otherwise neutral competitors), demographic stochasticity complicates this picture. Stochastic rare niche models show parameter regimes where increases in rare niches actually increase extinction risk by amplifying the variance in population counts. We also use our stochastic model to evaluate the effectiveness of current empirical methods in resolving the difference between rare niche and neutral systems. We find that in many cases, stochastic variation makes niche and neutral systems indistinguishable, allowing for the possibility of niche systems to masquerade as neutral ones. These results highlight the need to better understand how demographic stochasticity and environmental variation can affect the maintenance of species diversity.
Deficiência visual e a apropriação do conhecimento no Ensino Fundamental: possibilidades e desafios

Este estudo objetivou entender os modos de apropriacao da lingua inglesa por uma aluna cega matriculada nas salas comuns do ensino fundamental na rede estadual de ensino no municipio de Colatina. Estudo qualitativo na perspectiva do estudo de caso envolvendo a aluna cega, a professora de ingles e a professora do atendimento educacional especializado, a partir dos pressupostos teorico-filosoficos da abordagem socio historica. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de analise documental, entrevistas semiestruturadas, observacao das aulas de ingles e do contexto escolar, os quais revelaram que a escola tem conhecimento das diferencas existentes no contexto escolar, entretanto, no que refere as acoes curriculares, constatou-se um curriculo pouco flexivel as necessidades dos alunos com e sem deficiencia; no que refere-se a pratica pedagogica para as aulas de lingua inglesa, esta ainda privilegia a apresentacao de conteudos descontextualizados com foco gramatical, exercicios mecânicos e avaliacoes escritas; quanto a apropriacao dos conhecimentos em lingua inglesa pela aluna cega esta decorre em meio a dificuldades que vao desde a falta de materiais adequados ate os sentidos atribuidos pelos sujeitos desse processo acerca da cegueira e da lingua inglesa, ou seja, os desafios que existem nesse processo estao muito mais determinados pelo contexto social do que pelas caracteristicas biologicas da aluna cega.
EEG in Clinical Diagnosis and Its Relationship to Other Neurological Tests

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented development in techniques for diagnosis of neurologic disorders. Notable among them are computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neurosonography, positron-emission tomography (PET), brain electrical activity mapping, and averaged evoked potentials. Most of these procedures are imaging techniques in which an image or map of the brain is constructed that reveals structural and, in some cases, functional details. These procedures have virtually revolutionized neurologic diagnosis and management. It may be said without reservation that the practice of neurology and neurosurgery has drastically changed with the advent of the CT scan, the first practical brain-imaging technique to become available to the clinician. It may even be impossible for a current neurology trainee to imagine how one could have practiced neurology or neurosurgery without the help of CT scans and relying purely on clinical judgment and certain “indirect” investigations such as pneumoencephalogram or ventriculogram to arrive at the diagnosis.
2-Methyl­aspartic acid monohydrate

The title compound, C5H9NO4·H2O, is an isomer of the α-amino acid glutamic acid that crystallizes from water in its zwitterionic form as a monohydrate. It is not one of the 20 proteinogenic α-amino acids that are used in living systems and differs from the natural amino acids in that it has an α-methyl group rather than an α-H atom. In the crystal, an O—H⋯O hydrogen bond is present between the acid and water mol­ecules while extensive N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the components into a three-dimensional array.
Historical context and the roots of Jenner's discovery

May 2016 marks the 220th anniversary of Edward Jenner's first experimental vaccination using cowpox to protect against smallpox. Jenner's discovery, and its rapid adoption around the world, launched a medical revolution that continues to shape how we approach disease prevention. The historical roots of vaccination are found in the popularization of smallpox inoculation during the 18th century, part of an Enlightenment culture that fostered scientific inquiry and the global circulation of knowledge. Jenner was part of that culture and his study of cowpox stemmed from his varied interests as a natural historian, his contacts with leading savants in London, and his medical practice in a flourishing dairy area of England. The amazingly quick spread of vaccination resulted from organized hospital trials in major cities, the severe smallpox epidemic at the turn of the century, disease environment, and policies of European colonial powers.
Titania-Catalyzed Radiofluorination of Tosylated Precursors in Highly Aqueous Medium

Nucleophilic radiofluorination is an efficient synthetic route to many positron-emission tomography (PET) probes, but removal of water to activate the cyclotron-produced [18F]fluoride has to be performed prior to reaction, which significantly increases overall radiolabeling time and causes radioactivity loss. In this report, we demonstrate the possibility of 18F-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium. The method utilizes titania nanoparticles, 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile–thexyl alcohol solvent mixture, and tetra-n-butylammonium bicarbonate as a phase-transfer agent. Efficient radiolabeling is directly performed with aqueous [18F]fluoride without the need for a drying/azeotroping step to significantly reduce radiosynthesis time. High radiochemical purity of the target compound is also achieved. The substrate scope of the synthetic strategy is demonstrated with a range of aromatic, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic tosylated precursors.
Endless Ripples: A Growing Interactive Donation Device

Interactive art Endless Ripples is a growing participatory pond. This consists of a huge amount of white LED lights under the tiled painting canvases and a disposable cup with some water in the middle of the pond. When visitors come in the dark space, LEDs under the cup emit dim lights to attract them to throw their coin into the cup. If they are successful, ambient noises from speakers disappear. Instead, they can see bright ripples through the canvases. The coins will be donated to the nearest public facilities from the exhibition. The coins outside the cup that they failed to put in will be used for growing and duplicating the project to provide more opportunities for audiences to take part in. Both outcomes will contribute them to helping local areas. This interactive project explores how to coexist between art and life.
Analysis of Measles Epidemiology and Evaluation of Surveillance System in Jixi County in 1998～2006

Objective This paper was to study the measles epidemiological characteristics in Jixi county in 1998~2006 and the working status of "measles surveillance system" so as to provide basis for measles control.Methods Data from the case report system and measles surveillance system were analyzed.Result Totally 57 suspected measles cases were reported from the two report system.30 were confirmed cases.Of them,25 were confirmed by laboratory,accounted for 83.33%.Positive rate of IgM antibody of suspected measles cases was 48.08%.Consistent rate of the two report system was 87.72%.Ratio of adult cases over 25 years old in confirmed by laboratory was the highest,with the rate of 32% and ratio of infant cases less than 8 month was 12%.Conclusion "measles surveillance system" had been carried into execution in jixi.It had a good effect in preventing measles.Improving immunity of general population is needed for speeding up eliminating measles in the future.
Resistance of Culex pipiens pallens larvae to commonly used insecticides in Changchun city

Objective To survey the resistance status of Culex pipiens pallens to common used insecticides in Changchun city.Methods Larva immersion method.Results Comparing with the sensitive strain,Culex pipiens pallens larvae collected in two district of Changchun held low resistance to temephos,deltamethrin,beta cypermethrin,remained sensitive to fenobucarb.Conclusion Culex pipiens pallens in Changchun city has developed different degrees of resistance to the commonly used chemical insecticides.It is necessary to take integrated pest management.
Reverse two-hybrid screening to analyze protein-protein interaction of HIV-1 viral and cellular proteins

HIV-1 replication involves a complex network of multiple protein-protein interactions. HIV-1 viral proteins exhibit both homomeric interactions among themselves and heteromeric interactions with other viral or cellular proteins. Identification and characterization of these protein-protein interactions have provided a wealth of information about the biology of the virus. Precise information about the residues involved in interaction is valuable in understanding the functional significance of these interactions, and can be determined relatively easily for proteins whose three-dimensional structure is known. However, the lack of three-dimensional structural information for several host proteins makes it harder to carry out detailed biochemical and functional studies. Reverse-two-hybrid system, a variation of the yeast-two-hybrid system can be used to genetically isolate mutants of a protein that are defective for specific protein-protein interactions. The strategy is to create a library of random mutations in one of the interacting partners and from among this library, screen for those that are defective for interaction using yeast two-hybrid system. In this review, we will describe a method to efficiently generate a library of random mutations and to further screen this library using the simple color scheme of using LacZ as a reporter gene. Once the mutants are isolated, they are tested in other biochemical systems and can be subjected to further functional and virological studies.
Behavior of 78 pesticides and pesticide metabolites on four different Ultra-Bond gas chromatographic columns

The gas chromatographic (GC) elution order and relative retention time data (compared to aldrin) are presented for 78 pesticides and pesticide metabolites on 4 different types of commercially available 2 mm id Ultra-Bond columns including Ultra-Bond 20M (20M), Ultra-Bond 20SE (20SE), Ultra-Bond 20M coated with 1% OV-210 (OV-210), and Ultra-Bond 20M coated with 0.5% OV-210 + 0.65% OV-17 (mixed phase). Relative retention time data (compared to parathion) are also represented for 19 organophosphorus insecticides on the 4 Ultra-Bond columns evaluated. Corresponding 4 mm id Ultra-Bond columns were evaluated at the same time as the 2 mm id columns, and results and comparisons for these larger-diameter columns are discussed. These data indicate that, with aldrin as a reference peak, a complement of the mixed-phase column and either the 20M, the 20SE, or the OV-210 column represents a useful chromatographic tool for dual-column analysis of pesticide residues. The 2 mm id columns were more useful in chromatographing later-eluting pesticides whereas the corresponding 4 mm id columns were more useful in chromatographing earlier-eluting pesticides.
Ecosystem fluxes of hydrogen in a mid-latitude forest driven by soil microorganisms and plants.

Molecular hydrogen (H2 ) is an atmospheric trace gas with a large microbe-mediated soil sink, yet cycling of this compound throughout ecosystems is poorly understood. Measurements of the sources and sinks of H2 in various ecosystems are sparse, resulting in large uncertainties in the global H2 budget. Constraining the H2 cycle is critical to understanding its role in atmospheric chemistry and climate. We measured H2 fluxes at high frequency in a temperate mixed deciduous forest for 15 months using a tower-based flux-gradient approach to determine both the soil-atmosphere and the net ecosystem flux of H2 . We found that Harvard Forest is a net H2 sink (-1.4 ± 1.1 kg H2 ha-1 ) with soils as the dominant H2 sink (-2.0 ± 1.0 kg H2 ha-1 ) and aboveground canopy emissions as the dominant H2 source (+0.6 ± 0.8 kg H2 ha-1 ). Aboveground emissions of H2 were an unexpected and substantial component of the ecosystem H2 flux, reducing net ecosystem uptake by 30% of that calculated from soil uptake alone. Soil uptake was highly seasonal (July maximum, February minimum), positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively correlated with environmental variables relevant to diffusion into soils (i.e., soil moisture, snow depth, snow density). Soil microbial H2 uptake was correlated with rhizosphere respiration rates (r = 0.8, P < 0.001), and H2 metabolism yielded up to 2% of the energy gleaned by microbes from carbon substrate respiration. Here, we elucidate key processes controlling the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of H2 and raise new questions regarding the role of aboveground biomass as a source of atmospheric H2 and mechanisms linking soil H2 and carbon cycling. Results from this study should be incorporated into modeling efforts to predict the response of the H2 soil sink to changes in anthropogenic H2 emissions and shifting soil conditions with climate and land-use change.
Motion capture of chest and abdominal markers using a flexible multi-camera motion-tracking system for correcting motion-induced artifacts in cardiac SPECT

Patient motion is inevitable in SPECT and PET due to the lengthy period of time patients are imaged. Motion of only 2 pixels (~13 mm) is enough to create minor to moderate defects in SPECT studies. The use of external tracking devices provides additional information independent of SPECT data that should result in a more robust correction. We have been investigating the use of stereo-imaging of retro-reflective markers on stretchy bands wrapped about the chest and abdomen of patients to provide 6-DOF tracking of the patient during cardiac SPECT. Herein we summarize the performance of a motion-capture system (Vicon MX) which utilizes 5 near-infrared (NIR) cameras to track markers via stereo-imaging. Tracking with the 5 cameras is integrated such that only 2 of the 5 camera views are required, at any instant, to track a given marker in 3D. The ability of the Vicon system to track 6 DOF motion with sub- millimeter and sub-degree accuracy was established with a Tc99m labeled 7-sphere phantom. We also established temporal synchronization between motion-tracking data and list-mode SPECT acquisitions. In addition, we were able to track 3 retro-reflective markers on an anthropomorphic phantom with a precision that allowed us to correct motion such that no loss in visual quality was noted in motion-corrected images relative to motion-free images. Finally with months of clinical usage of the system tracking chest and abdomen markers, we have looked at various combinations of cameras to determine optimal placement and number required for robust tracking in our clinic.
Academic Freedom, Religion and Social Science: Stories from the Front

Drawing on personal stories, this chapter illustrates the conflicts and resistances religious scholars face in the social sciences when they try to speak or analyze from that perspective. While the social sciences have been welcoming of analyses from women’s or other minorities’ perspectives—from queer perspectives, for example—anything too suggestive of a religious or spiritual perspective remains an academic Other, not to be countenanced. Although often funny, the stories cited in the chapter illustrate how this particular closure, far from being value-neutral, actually compromises the objectivity of social science.
Intramode encoding of continuous-variable quantum information in a single optical parametric oscillator (Conference Presentation)

Quantum information can be encoded in a scalable manner over the continuous variables (CV) that are the canonically conjugate quantum amplitudes of the electromagnetic field, which are mathematical equivalents of the position and momentum of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Previous results in our group in Charlottesville and the groups of Akira Furusawa in Tokyo, of Nicolas Treps in Paris, and of Ping-Koy Lam in Canberra, have shown that CV quantum information is massively scalable. In addition, Nicolas Menicucci in Melbourne has shown that there exists a fault tolerance threshold for CV quantum computing with the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill qubit error encoding. Here, we report on our exploration of the extension of scalable CV encoding by way of intramode, rather than intermode, squeezing and entanglement. As is well known, single-mode squeezing can only be considered along with the "quasi-mode" approximation which assimilates the modes of the optical parametric oscillator cavity used in the experiment to delta functions. As Hans Bachor and Tim Ralph noted, when one ambles beyond this approximation, single-mode squeezing can be described as intramode two-mode squeezing. Here, we aim at generalizing this situation to the case of multipartite entangled cluster states.
Data-driven Weld Nugget Width Prediction with Decision Tree Algorithm

Abstract This paper presents the capability of a decision tree algorithm to realize a data-driven resistance spot welding (RSW) weldability prediction. Although RSW provides commendable advantages, such as low cost and high speed/high volume operations, the RSW processes are often inconsistent and these significant inconsistencies are a well-known reliability issue. RSW process and data challenges including inconsistency often hinder the utilization of the data-driven weldability prediction. In this paper, we apply a decision tree algorithm on the RSW dataset collected from an automotive OEM to plot regression trees and to extract decision rules for the weld nugget width prediction. With three RSW test datasets, we conclude that the decision trees help in predicting the nugget width and in determining the impact of design and process parameters to the nugget width response variable.
Athletic Trainers' Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Exertional Heat Stroke Before and After an Educational Intervention

Context: Death from exertional heat stroke (EHS) is preventable when evidence-based guidelines are followed. The assessment of core body temperature using rectal thermometry and the treatment of cold-water immersion for EHS has been established as the standard of care; however, rectal thermometry is still controversial. Athletic trainers (ATs) may lack knowledge and comfort with this skill, which could impact implementation. Objective: Examine ATs' current practices, attitudes, and perceptions regarding EHS before and after an educational intervention. Design: Prequantitative/postquantitative experimental. Setting: Classroom. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five ATs in various athletic training settings. Intervention(s): Educational intervention designed to increase knowledge and address negative attitudes and perceptions regarding EHS evaluation and treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s): Attitude and perception scores. Results: Prior to the educational intervention, most ATs (86.9%, 20/23) reported t...
Adverse perinatal outcomes: Is physician specialty a risk factor?

An investigation was conducted in a community hospital to determine whether physician specialty (obstetrics vs family medicine) is a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes. Over a three-year period, there were 6,856 deliveries, of which 713 (10.4 percent) were attended by family physicians. Overall, there were 301 (4.4 percent) cases with adverse outcomes, of which 32 (10.6 percent) were attended by family physicians. The charts of a weighted random sample of 117 cases with adverse outcomes and 468 controls were reviewed to determine potential risk factors, including prenatal risk status, race, insurance, and specialty of the attending physician. The risk ratio for family physician as attending was 0.99 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.69 to 1.42) after multivariate adjustment for the other risk factors. Only high prenatal risk status was found to be an independent predictor (risk ratio 1.75, 95 percent confidence interval, 1.23 to 2.49). A chart review of a random sample of 146 patients (73 each of family physicians and obstetricians) revealed no difference in the proportion of high-risk patients in each specialty. It is concluded that in the setting studied, specialty is not a risk factor for adverse perinatal outcomes, and that this finding is not confounded by the patient's prenatal risk status.
High-pressure supply of metalworking fluids

Abstract: This chapter presents the physical foundations and detailed explanation of high-pressure metalworking fluid (MWF) application techniques in metal cutting. Covering the external (single-point cutting tools) and internal (drills and reamers) applications, it argues that the MWF flow rather than its pressure defines the efficiency of high-pressure MWF applications. Using gun drilling as a simple example, the chapter reveals major issues that should be considered in the design of hole-making tools with an internal high-pressure MWF supply.
The Hair Follicle Stem Cell as the Paradigm Multipotent Adult Stem Cell

Our laboratory has discovered that the hair follicle is an abundant, easily accessible source of actively growing multipotent adult stem cells that can form non-follicular cell types. We observed that nestin, a protein marker for neural stem cells, is also expressed in follicle stem cells and their immediate, differentiated progeny. The green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is driven by the nestin regulatory element in transgenic mice (ND-GFP mice), served to mark hair follicle stem cells and could be used to trace their fate. The ND-GFP hair-follicle stem cells are positive for the stem cell marker CD34 but negative for keratinocyte marker keratin 15, suggesting their relatively undifferentiated state. We have shown that these hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into neurons, glia, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells and melanocvytes in vitro. In vivo studies show the hair follicle stem cells can differentiate into blood vessels and neural tissue after transplantation to the subcutis of nude mice. Hair follicle stem cells implanted into the gap region of severed sciatic or tibial nerves greatly enhance the rate of nerve regeneration and the restoration of nerve function. When transplanted to the severed nerves of the mice, the follicle cells transdifferentiate largely into Schwann cells, which are known to support neuron regrowth. The transplanted mice regain the ability to walk normally. Thus, hair follicle stem cells are multipotent and provide an effective, accessible, autologous source of stem cells for treatment of peripheral nerve injury and appear to be a paradigm for adult stem cells.
Transradial Mechanical Thrombectomy for Proximal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in a First Trimester Pregnancy: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Acute ischemic stroke in pregnancy is a cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. Optimal treatment strategies for stroke in this population are undefined. Thrombolysis is recommended by guidelines should the benefit outweigh uterine bleeding risk. Alternately, data regarding mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is extremely limited. We present a 37-year-old woman in the first trimester that developed recurrent proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion after previous thrombolysis and underwent MT via transradial access. This report of transradial MT represents the first case performed through an extrafemoral route for large vessel occlusion in early pregnancy found in the literature. Case Description A 37-year-old gravida 8 para 7 at 9 weeks' gestation presented with left-sided hemiplegia and right gaze preference and underwent successful thrombolysis for a right MCA occlusion. Two days later, she exhibited the same symptoms, and a reoccluded right MCA was identified. Because thrombolysis was unavailable given the recent stroke, the patient underwent emergent MT via radial access (to minimize fetal radiation exposure) and achieved thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b revascularization without complication to her or her child. At 2-month follow-up, the patient is on anticoagulation and has a healthy pregnancy with only minor left-sided facial weakness. Conclusions When thrombolysis is contraindicated, thrombectomy should be considered and weighed against risks of fetal radiation exposure and contrast load, especially in early pregnancy. Transradial MT is safe, feasible, and mitigates pelvic radiation. A multidisciplinary approach with obstetrics, stroke teams, and neurointerventionalists is vital for successful therapy.