cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of syphilis on endocrine function of the fetoplacental unit.

Abstract Several pregnancy complications that are thought to cause chronic intrauterine stress have been found to lead to inappropriate fetal development and reductions in estrogen production. In the current study we sought to evaluate the fetoplacental unit in pregnancies complicated by maternal syphilis ( n = 37), with and without fetal infection. Maternal 17β-estradiol and estriol levels were reduced during the third trimester in women with syphilis when compared with those in women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Serum progesterone levels were within normal limits or else were increased in women with syphilis. When compared with data in age- and weight-matched control infants of women having no pregnancy complications, umbilical cord serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, the major fetal adrenal precursor of placental estrogens, were subnormal (897 ± 597 ng/ml, mean ± SD) in 12 newborn infants with congenital syphilis (33.9 ± 4.2 weeks' gestation, birth weight 2020 ± 719 gm); such infants also had excessive serum levels of cholesterol (103 ± 37 mg/dl). Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (1883 ± 907 ng/ml) and cholesterol (58.1 ± 13.9 mg/dl) levels were within normal limits in 19 uninfected infants of women with syphilis (38.6 ± 2.4 weeks' gestation, birth weight 2861 ± 660 gm). Cortisol levels were increased and estriol levels were decreased in both groups of neonates of women with syphilis compared with those in control neonates. These findings are suggestive that estrogen production often is reduced in pregnancies complicated by syphilis; the reduction in estriol appears to be largely due to reduced fetal adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production. The reduction in 17β-estradiol levels may be due to alterations in maternal precursor synthesis. Although placental progesterone formation appears to be normal in women with syphilis, a deficiency in placental aromatase activity also is possible.
Nanoparticles in the Environment

Nanoparticles are discrete nanometer (10−9 m)-scale assemblies of atoms. Thus, they have dimensions between those characteristic of ions (10−10 m) and those of macroscopic materials. They are interesting because the number of atoms in the particles is small enough, and a large enough fraction of them are at, or near surfaces, to significantly modify the particle’s atomic, electronic, and magnetic structures, physical and chemical properties, and reactivity relative to the bulk material. Nanoparticle surfaces themselves may be distinctive. Particles may be terminated by atomic planes or clusters that are not common, or not found, at surfaces of the bulk mineral. These, and other size-related effects will lead to modified phase stability and changes in reaction kinetics. What makes a nanoparticle a nanoparticle? Definitions of the size ranges for molecules, nanoparticles, and macroscopic solids must be compound specific. However, a useful upper limit for nanoparticles is the size at which one of its properties deviates from the value for the equivalent bulk material by an amount that is significantly larger than the error of the method used to make the measurement (a few percent). In practice, some characteristic will probably be different enough to warrant description as a “nanoparticle” if it is less than a few tens of nanometers in diameter, and perhaps less than a fraction of a micron in diameter. Because of the importance of size-dependent property changes to the materials sciences, size-property relationships have been studied in detail for some systems. For example, for semiconductors, size effects become important when the particle diameter is close to the Bohr diameter of excitons in the bulk phase. Generally, semiconductor size quantization effects (relevant for naturally occurring metal sulfides, for example) appear when particles are less than 10 nm in diameter (Vogel and Urban 1997). Definition of the …
Dynamic Annular Motion Effects on Mitral Valve Simulation

Characteristics of normal and pathologic mitral valves (MVs) are influenced by physiologic function and component interaction of the mitral apparatus which consists of the annulus, leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles (PMs) [1]. In particular, the shape, size, and motion of the mitral annulus are closely related to MV function [2]. Finite element (FE) analysis studies have demonstrated that alterations in the mitral annulus can affect MV motion. However, most of these computational studies have performed the simulations using geometrically simplified MV models created with representative geometric parameters using data collected from normal MVs [3,4]. These computational studies with simplified MV geometric models may not provide patient-specific biomechanical and functional information for clinical evaluation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Temperament and socio‐communicative orientation

This study investigated the relationship of scores on temperament dimensions for both three‐ (Eysenck, 1985) and five‐factor (McCrae & John, 1992) models with scores on two dimensions of socio‐commu‐nicative orientation (Richmond & McCroskey, 1990). The Eysenck Personality Inventory and the Five‐Factor Model measure have previously been validated as measuring genetically‐based dimensions of temperament. Substantial variance in scores of both assertiveness and responsiveness were predictable by each of the temperamental models. These results suggest that socio‐communicative orientation (self‐perceptions) is likely genetically based. There is a need for additional research employing twin designs, and ultimately direct genetic testing, to confirm these results.
928-79 Electrocardiographic Criteria for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Black Population

The electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) i.e., Romhilt-Estes (RE) score, Sokolow and Lyon (SL) and Cornell (C) have poor sensitivity in blacks necessitating the development of race-specific ECG criteria for LVH. Therefore, we studied 225 consecutive black patients (pts) requiring echocardiograms in order to develop a race-specific ECG criteria for LVH. Eighty ECG variables were tested. LVH was defined by left ventricular mass index (LVMI) ≥ 131 g/m 2 in men or ≥ 110 g/m 2 in women. There were equal number of men and women with a mean age of 57.6 ± 15.4. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, four ECG variables and their cut-off points (i.e., amplitude of R wave in L 3 ≥ 0.2 mV, amplitude of S wave in V 3 ≥ 1.5 mV, ST depression in V 6 ≥ 0.1 mV, negative P wave in V 1 ≥ 0.1 mV) were identified that best fit the model for LVH. A 14 point-score system was derived using the beta coefficient for each of the categorical variables. Comparison with established criteria was as follows: HC RE SL C Sen/Spec 49/86 33/90 25/66 27/91 PPV/NPV 62/44 69/65 56/62 68/64 HC-Harlem Criteria, PPV-Positive Predictive Value, NPV-Negative Predictive Value. We conclude that race-specific ECG criteria does not improve beyond established ECG standards for LVH detection. These data confirm that the ECG remains a poor screening tool for LVH in blacks.
A Plasminogen-Activating Protease Specifically Controls the Development of Primary Pneumonic Plague

Primary pneumonic plague is transmitted easily, progresses rapidly, and causes high mortality, but the mechanisms by which Yersinia pestis overwhelms the lungs are largely unknown. We show that the plasminogen activator Pla is essential for Y. pestis to cause primary pneumonic plague but is less important for dissemination during pneumonic plague than during bubonic plague. Experiments manipulating its temporal expression showed that Pla allows Y. pestis to replicate rapidly in the airways, causing a lethal fulminant pneumonia; if unexpressed, inflammation is aborted, and lung repair is activated. Inhibition of Pla expression prolonged the survival of animals with the disease, offering a therapeutic option to extend the period during which antibiotics are effective.
The Populist Chola: Cultural Mediation and the Political Imagination in Quillacollo, Bolivia

This argument situates the "image" of the popular woman in the emerging electoral context of Quillacollo, a Bolivian provincial capital. Even as "cholas" remain largely shut out from regional political power, their ubiquitous image culturally mediates political access to the popular sector for men. Hence authorities initiate token economic exchanges with cholas. both to participate intimately in the popular cultural milieu, and to solidify their claims to personal roots in this world. This argument examines the interrelated contexts of national structural adjustment, regional development, the domestic economy, agricultural fiestas, and sexual conduct, as these are "performed" within a regional folkloric calendar, that turn on the currency of the chola as a political "root metaphor." In turn, the role of the chola's image suggests limitations upon her status as historical actor.
A novel dinitrophenylglutathione-stimulated ATPase is present in human erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Vesicles prepared from human erythrocyte membranes were found to catalyze ATP hydrolysis that was stimulated by dinitrophenylglutathione (Dnp-SG). This activity was dependent on temperature and Me 2+ and independent of ion pump ATPases present in erythrocyte membranes. The activity was a linear function of protein and time up to 60 min. The K m values of ATPase for Dnp-SG and ATP were found to be 49 μM and 1.67 mM, respectively. This suggests that in erythrocytes, the transport of Dnp-SG requires direct enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP and both Dnp-SG-stimulated ATPase activity and the ATP-dependent efflux of Dnp-SG from erythrocytes represent different activities of the same protein.
Rapid distortion theory for mixing efficiency of a flow stratified by one or two scalars

Abstract The mixing efficiency of unsheared homogeneous turbulence in flows stratified by one or two active scalars was calculated with rapid distortion theory (RDT). For the case with one scalar the mixing efficiency η depends on the Schmidt number Sc = ν / D and the Grashof number Gr = NL 2 / ν , where ν is the kinematic viscosity, D is the molecular diffusivity, N is the buoyancy frequency, and L is a length scale representative of the large eddies. For the case with two scalars the efficiency also depends on the density ratio R ρ , which compares the density difference caused by temperature and the density difference caused by salt. In the one scalar case when Gr is large, η decreases as Sc increases. The mixing efficiency increases with Gr up to a maximum value, as in numerical simulations and experiments. The maximum mixing efficiency of approximately 30% for low Sc is consistent with simulations, while the maximum efficiency of 6% for heated water is consistent with laboratory measurements. However, RDT underpredicts the maximum efficiency for saltwater and also the value of Gr at which the efficiency becomes constant. The predicted behavior of the mixing efficiency for two active scalars is similar to that for one scalar, and the efficiency decreases as R ρ decreases, as in experiments and semi-empirical models. These calculations show that results from simulations with low Sc likely overestimate the efficiency of turbulence in strongly stratified flows in lakes and oceans.
Structural Behavior and Raman Spectra of Perovskite-Like Solid Solutions (1 − x)LaMg0.5Ti0.5O3-xLa2/3TiO3

Structural behavior and phase transitions in the A-cation deficient perovskite-like solid solutions (1 − x)LaMg0.5Ti0.5O3-xLa2/3TiO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were studied to reveal crystal-chemical factors as...
Detection, estimation, and prediction of an unknown signal in unknown noise: the correlation filter

There is no question to most that Gauss developed the concept of least-square estimation which was stimulated by his astronomical studies. This concept was discribed in Gausss book, Theoria Mows. This contribution and insight provided by Gauss has inspired many researchers in estimation theory over the past 200 years. These developments include the Weiner Filter, Kalman Filter, Stochastic Estimation, Bayesian Estimation, Maximu m Likehood Estimation, Auto-Regression and the Robust Filtering, just to name a few. However, during the recent decades, the need for detection and estimation of unknown signal in unknown noise background necessitated the development of correlation techniques for detection ( many correlation techniques were developed for identification). The problems in detection of unknown signals in unknown noise are common in anti-submarine warfare (ASW), automatic target recognition (ATR) and in Infrared search ands Tracking (IRST) of IR images and ocean environment. Author's research in target detection in JR images and ocean environments let to his development of the "Correlation Filter". Correlation Filter became a part of his doctoral dissertation on a Generalized Filter where he has shown that all filters, Weiner, Kalman and Correlation Filters, are related through a "Constrained Gain Matrix" and that the Correlation Filter is a special case of the Weiner Filter, reference 2. This paper presents the derivation of the Correlation Filter for detection and estimation of unknown signals in unknown noise backgrounds and some applications. Reference 1 included two algorithms of his classified DoD applications.
A class of projective transformations for linear programming

A class of projective transformations under which potential functions are invariant for linear programming is described. As a result, a new projective algorithm converging in $O(L\sqrt n)$ iterations is developed. The algorithm does not require centering conditions, and its convergence speed is improved by a factor $\sqrt n $ over Karmarkar’s projective algorithm and by a constant over the recent affine potential reduction algorithm.
Quantum Invariants of Templates

We define invariants for templates that appear in certain dynamical systems. Invariants are derived from certain bialgebras. Diagrammatic relations between projections of templates and the algebraic structures are used to define invariants. We also construct 3-manifolds via framed links associated to tamplate diagrams, so that any 3-manifold invariant can be used as a template invariant.
Hypotensive response toatrial natriuretic factor in conscious chronic pulmonary hypertensive rats

Abstract The hypotensive effects of anaritide (Wy-47,663), a 26 amino acid atrial natriuretic factor, were examined in conscious, monocrotaline-induced chronic pulmonary hypertensive rats. Anaritide (0.25–8 μg/kg per min i.v.) decreased systemic arterial pressure at 2–8 μg/kg per min by as much as −15.6±0.4 mm Hg. The pulmonary hypotensive response to anaritide was not different from vehicle treatment. We conclude that anaritide is more effective in decreasing systemic than pulmonary arterial pressures in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats.
The tonotopic map in the embryonic chicken cochlea

The purpose of the present study was to determine the tonotopic map in the chicken cochlea at 19 days of incubation (E19) by obtaining characteristic frequencies (CFs) for primary afferents, labeling the characterized neurons, and documenting their projections to the papilla. The lowest and highest CFs recorded were 188 and 1623 Hz respectively. The embryonic tonotopic map coincided with maps reported for post-hatch chicks. There were no evidence that neurons selective to low frequencies project inappropriately to more basal locations of the embryonic papilla. Linear regression was used to estimate the frequency gradient (b = 0.037 +/- 0.012 In Hz/% [b +/- SEb]) and intercept (In C, where C = 111 Hz) of the semilog plot of frequency versus cochlear position (in % distance from apex). From these estimates the octave distribution was calculated to be 18.7%/octave or 0.58 mm/octave. These quantities were not significantly different from those found in post hatch chickens. We conclude that the tonotopic map of the avian cochlea for CFs between 100 and 1700 Hz is stable and relatively mature from age E19 to post-hatch day 21 (P21). The most striking sign of immaturity in the E19 embryo is the limited range of high CFs. We offer the hypothesis that, between the ages of E19 and P21, improvements in middle ear admittance alone or in combination with functional maturation of the cochlear base may be the principal factors responsible for the appearance of adult-like high CF limits and not an apically shifting tonotopic map.
Non-exponential fluorescence decay of gas phase acetaldehyde

Abstract Non-exponential fluorescence decay with “fast” and “slow” components was observed for acetaldehyde samples in the pressure range 25–400 m Torr using laser excitation at 320.0 nm. Both fluorescence lifetimes and quantum yields for the “slow” component were found to obey Stern-Volmer relationships. Above 5 Torr, lifetimes and yields become independent of pressure. These data are interpreted in terms of intermediate-type, singlet-triplet coupling and reversible intersystem crossing.
Terahertz surface plasmon polariton generation with metallic gratings and silicon prisms

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is used to generate surface plasmon polaritons via metallic gratings and silicon prisms. Grating measurements indicate efficient, narrowband coupling. Prism measurements show broadband coupling with substantial promise for guided-wave spectroscopy applications.
Partisanship and the status quo

Individuals advancing the status quo in partisan conflict are more favorably evaluated compared to individuals advocating change (Keltner & Robinson, 1997). We explore two aspects of this intergroup bias: first, a target effect whereby groups who aim to change the status quo are judged more negatively than those favoring its preservation; and second, an observer effect whereby those favoring the status quo define the conflict in terms of the status quo versus change to a greater extent than those advancing change. We sought to extend our understanding of these partisan effects via a minimal-group induction of partisanship in the laboratory. In our study, participants viewed a negotiation between two group representatives, where half of the groups either defended the status quo or advocated change. As predicted, partisan observers: (a) favored the negotiator advancing the status quo (consistent with the target effect), (b) were more likely to attribute actions to the negotiators as stemming from their status quo versus change preference when they themselves were aligned with the status quo rather than change (consistent with the observer effect), and (c) when aligned with the status quo, expected a more effortful conflict than those seeking change (consistent with the observer effect). It is suggested that these biased perceptions are basic to intergroup, partisan processes involving change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survivors of child sexual abuse and dissociative coping: Relearning in a group context

Abstract A four-phase group plan is presented to help survivors of childhood sexual abuse move beyond dissociative coping to more effective coping strategies. A group format provides the opportunity for survivors to receive feedback about the extent to which they dissociate, help in understanding what triggers them to dissociate, and the impact dissociation has on relationships. Group members also learn active coping strategies and have the opportunity to practice new behaviors within the safety of the group. Outcomes include increased self-acceptance, awareness, and self-control.
The immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor in the mouse uterus during the initial stages of embryo implantation.

AbstractMammalian embryo implantation involves a series of complex interactions between maternal and embryonic cells. Uterine polypeptide growth factors may play critical roles in these cell interactions. Basic fibroblast growth factor (basic FGF) is a member of a family of growth factors. This growth factor may be potentially important for the process of embryo implantation because it (a) is stored within the extracellular matrix and is thus easily available during embryo invasion, (b) is a potent modulator of cell proliferation and differentiation and (c) stimulates angiogenesis. The immunolocalization of basic FGF in the uterus during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy is presented in this study. Uterine tissue samples were obtained on days 6–9 of pregnancy with day 1 of pregnancy being the day of a vaginal copulatory plug. Uterine samples were fixed in Bouin's fluid for no longer than 18 h. Following fixation and paraffin embedding, sections were exposed to primary antisera made in rabbits agai...
Environmental hazards, neighbourhood quality, and neighbourhood environmental activism

This article presents a study of the association of perceived neighbourhood hazards, neighbourhood quality, and resident behavioural responses in two New Jersey, USA, communities that contain multiple technological hazards and populations that are relatively poor and racially homogeneous. The number of neighbourhood problems was highest among residents who engaged in activities to protect their neighbourhood and perceived that their neighbourhood was of poor or fair quality. These respondents perceived three to five times as many hazards as their counterparts who were passive and perceived that their neighbourhood was of excellent or good quality. Respondents' age, education, gender, type of residential unit occupied, and length of residence in the neighbourhood, were not associated with their evaluation of neighbourhood hazards. The authors argue that multiple-hazard neighbourhoods are excellent environments to learn about perception of hazards.
Cardiac autonomic function associated with treatment adherence after a brief intervention in patients with chronic pain

The goal of this study was to investigate psychophysiological characteristics in chronic pain patients during a pain stressor (cold pressor test) and after a brief diaphragmatic breathing intervention. Laboratory procedures were designed to quantify the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training at six breaths per minute on cardiac autonomic reactivity as indexed by root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) and sequential baroreflex sensitivity (sBRS). Participants (n = 22) completed an initial laboratory assessment including the diaphragmatic breathing training session and were instructed to practice the technique for three ten-minute sessions daily. Self-monitoring of the use of the technique along with daily pain and fatigue scores was accomplished with hand-held computers. Participants returned to the lab for a second assessment after two-weeks. Participants demonstrating improved resting physiological status as indexed by change in RMSSD and sBRS after training (improvers) were compared to those not demonstrating any change in these variables (non-improvers). After two weeks of training, the improvers showed higher tolerance (p < .05) and lower blood pressure reactivity to the cold pressor test (p < .05) compared to the non-improvers. Time spent practicing the breathing technique was significantly different between the groups with the improvers maintaining daily practice close to the intervention recommendations. These results suggest the potential for significant improvements in autonomic functioning and inhibitory response to stress after a single intervention session and two weeks of practice.
Contributions of the Classical and Alternate Complement Pathways to the Biological Effects of Endotoxin

The interactions of endotoxin with sera from normal guinea pigs and sera from C4-deficient (C4D) guinea pigs that had a complete block in function of the classical complement sequence were examined. Endotoxin fixed the late components of complement (C3-C9) in both normal and C4D sera, demonstrating the existence of an alternate pathway that bypasses the early components of complement. Activation of the alternate pathway generates normal quantities of chemotactic factors, and the kinetics of chemotactic-factor generation is normal. The alternate pathway can opsonize bacteria and mediate the bactericidal reaction, although a difference in kinetics was observed. However, injection of endotoxin into normal and C4D animals revealed that activation of the classical pathway was an absolute requirement for thrombocytopenia and for induction of the hypercoagulable state.
FIRST PRINCIPLES CALCULATION OF THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILICON CLUSTERS

The thermodynamic properties of Si clusters are calculated using first principles quantum methods combined with molecular dynamics for simulating the trajectories of clusters. A plane wave basis is used with ab initio pseudo potentials and the local density approximation for determining the electronic energies and forces. Langevin molecular dynamics simulates thermal contact with a constant temperature reservoir. Vibrational spectra, moments of inertia, anharmonic corrections, and free energies are predicted for Si2 through Si5. The translational contribution is based on the ideal gas limit. The rotation contribution is approximated using a classical rigid rotator. Vibrational modes are determined from the dynamical matrix in the harmonic approximation. Corrections due to anharmonicity and coupling between rotational and vibrational modes are fit from the molecular dynamics simulations.
Introducing journal of biological engineering.

Welcome to Journal of Biological Engineering (JBE), the flagship publication of the Institute of Biological Engineering. Biological Engineering is a new and unique discipline that encompasses a wide range of engineering theory and practice connected to and derived from biology. This emerging science-based engineering discipline and related applications are experiencing rapid growth. Prior to publication of JBE there is no refereed publication that encompasses the breadth and depth of biological engineering as a science-based discipline, rather than a collection of applications. Our goal in publishing JBE is to provide a forum for topics that address the foundational questions that unify all applications of biological engineering. In this editorial, we aim to describe the field of biological engineering and how it continues to evolve into a unique discipline sprouting from a common core. The role and scope of JBE will also be discussed.
A modification of Warshall's algorithm for the transitive closure of binary relations

An algorithm is given for computing the transitive closure of a binary relation that is represented by a Boolean matrix. The algorithm is similar to Warshall's although it executes faster for sparse matrices on most computers, particularly in a paging environment.
Die-on-Wafer and Wafer-Level Three-Dimensional (3D) Integration of Heterogeneous IC Technologies for RF-Microwave-Millimeter Applications

Die-on-wafer and wafer-level three-dimensional (3D) integrations of heterogeneous IC technologies are briefly described, emphasizing a specific 3D hyper-integration platform using dielectric adhesive wafer bonding and Cu damascene inter-wafer interconnects to provide a perspective on wafer-level 3D technology processing. Wafer-level 3D partitioning of high Q passive components, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, RF transceivers, digital processors, and memory is discussed for high-performance RF-microwave-millimeter applications, especially where high manufacturing quantities are anticipated. Design and simulation results of 3D heterogeneous integration are presented. This 3D technology is applicable to smart wireless terminals, millimeter phased array radars, and smart imagers.
Bayesian estimation of exchange rate regime choice with spatial effect

Abstract Exchange rate arrangements and trade are inherently connected. Exchange rate volatility has a significant impact on trade volumes, and trading partners thus could affect each other’s exchange rate regime choice. This spatial effect among trading partners has been overlooked in empirical studies of countries’ exchange rate regime choices. This paper addresses this deficit by presenting a specifically designed ordered probit model with spatial effect. The model is estimated using a Bayesian method that utilizes data augmentation with Gibbs sampling. The results obtained here differ markedly from those presented in the existing literature.
Magnetic hysteresis model

A dynamical model is described which permits calculation of the excitation current I as a function of time in a laminated grain-oriented (G-O) steel transformer core. The independent variable is the magnetic flux density or, equivalently, the coil voltage less the IR drop associated with the resistance R of the windings. Recent observations on flux reversal mechanisms in GO steel indicate that, in the range of magnetic field intensities typically present in transformer cores, the important reversal processes are the motion of long 180° domain walls continuous across grain boundaries and the motion of 90° walls within individual grains. These processes are represented in the model by two subcircuits connected in series. Each subcircuit consists of an inductive element in parallel with a linear resistor which accounts for the eddy current losses accompanying the flux change. The properties of each inductive element (flux vs. current) reflect the two wall motion mechanisms, respectively, in the limit of zero frequency. This model is capable of faithfully simulating minor loop behavior as well as the response to complex waveforms; e.g., the superposition of two or more frequencies. The circuit equations are solved, and some results of computer calculations using a program that implements this model are presented.
Full envelope multivariable control law synthesis for a high-performance test aircraft

A full envelope multivariable flight control system is developed for the Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft (VISTA). Separate control laws are designed for the longitudinal and lateral directional axes. Output feedback controllers with integral error feedback are created using linear quadratic synthesis and simple linear transformations. Longitudinal stick inputs are used to generate an angle-of-attack command at low-dynamic pressure and a normal acceleration command at high-dynamic pressure. Lateral stick inputs are used to generate a stability axis roll rate command, and rudder pedal inputs are used to generate a sideslip command. Linear point designs are integrated into a gain schedule to create a full envelope nonlinear control system. Flying qualities are evaluated according to military standards and shown to be satisfactory for a wide operating envelope. Classical gain and phase margins and analysis of the structured singular value show robustness to be acceptable for a wide operating envelope.
Effect of inclusion size on mechanical properties of polymeric composites with micro and nano particles

Abstract The effect of the particle size on the mechanical properties of polymeric composites reinforced with spherical particles was investigated. The size of particles varied from macro (0.5 mm) to nano (15 nm) scale. It was found that particle sizes at micro scale have little influence on the Young’s modulus of the composite and that Young’s modulus increases as the size of particles decreases at nano scale. It was also observed that tensile strength of the composite is significantly dependent on particle size. At 1 vol% loading, the tensile strength increased as the particle size decreased. However, the trend for the composite with alumina nanoparticles of 3% volume fraction was found to be opposite. TEM and SEM micrographs showed higher likelihood of poor dispersions in the composite with 3 vol% nanoparticles than that with 1 vol%. To understand the effect of the particle size in micron scale on the failure process, finite element analyses showed that total strain energy release rate for particle/matrix debonding growth decreases as particle size decreases and that sliding fracture mode becomes dominant as the debonding grows. It was found that interfacial fracture toughness does not depend on particle size but increases substantially when the sliding fracture mode prevails.
Analytical versus clinical sensitivity and specificity in pregnancy testing

Abstract A typical urine pregnancy test with the enzyme-linked immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (Tandem Icon human chorionic gonadotropin) was performed as was a qualitative serum radioimmunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin when the positive cutoff for the latter was set at 30 IU/L. There was 99.5% concordance between the two methods when performed on 871 simultaneous urine and serum specimens. Although the serum radioimmunoassay can detect levels of human chorionic gonadotropin as low as 10 IU/L, in this study the majority of patients with serum levels between 10 and 30 IU/L were not pregnant on clinical follow-up. Of nine patients with adequate clinical follow-up, a negative urine pregnancy test result, and a serum human chorionic gonadotropin level between 10 and 30 IU/L, only one proved to be pregnant. The Tandem Icon human chorionic gonadotropin urine test is sufficient for routine pregnancy testing and to rule out the need for immediate intervention in cases of ectopic pregnancy
Control of Nitrogen Dissociation Degree in a Helicon Discharge Used for Plasma Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy of GaN

Summary form only given. Plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) of III/V-group nitrides is a potential alternative to metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for fabrication of high quality wide band gap semiconductor devices. The main advantage of PAMBE over MOCVD is the use of solid gallium evaporated in a Knudsen cell in conjunction with a pure nitrogen plasma source to generate the reactive nitrogen species. Consequently, elevated substrate temperatures are not needed and low temperature nitridation dramatically improves the optical and structural qualities of the GaN epitaxial layers. A helicon discharge could be an attractive alternative plasma source for reactive nitrogen species creation since it allows control of the population of specific reactive N2 species by modifying the electron energy distribution function through the resonant wave-particle interaction arising from electrons traveling at same velocity as the phase velocity of the helicon wave. The high plasma density (Gt1013 cm-3) and high ion exit flow speed (Mach 2.5 for argon) would yield significantly higher fluxes at the substrate surface and consequently an improved deposition rate over existing MBE plasma sources. Epilayer quality could also be improved by lowering kinetic energy of reactive species. The helicon source will also be less contaminating since, unlike conventional RF or other plasma sources, it does not require an antenna, a plasma filtering aperture or a nozzle inside the chamber. We report on control of nitrogen dissociation degree in a compact helicon plasma source by adjustment of the external working parameters such as the source magnetic field, gas pressure, driving frequency, and input power. The dissociation degree has been inferred from the ratio of nitrogen atomic line (746.8 nm) and the molecular transition (B3Pg, v'=4 fi A3Su +, v"=2 at 750.4 nm) by taking into account electron impact excitation rate coefficients
Safety of and compliance with community-based ivermectin therapy.

Abstract In a study of the safety, acceptability, and efficacy of ivermectin for community-based mass treatment of onchocerciasis, the drug was issued twice, one year apart, to the population of a rubber plantation (14000 people) in Liberia, where over 80% of the adults have Onchocerca volvulus infection. The plantation microfilarial load in a sample of adults was reduced by 86% 6 months after initial treatment and by 78% after 1 year. Compliance was 97% with each round of treatment. After the initial treatment of 7699 people, 101 (1·3%) had moderate adverse reactions. After re-treatment only 37 (0·5%) people had moderate adverse reactions. No ivermectin-related death or severe adverse reactions occurred. The data show that community-based treatment with ivermectin is well accepted and effective in reducing microfilarial loads. Ivermectin is likely to provide the first realistic means of chemotherapy-based control of onchocerciasis on a mass scale.
Museums and Festivals: Notes on the Poetics and Politics of Representation Conference, The Smithsonian Institution, September 26–28, 1988, Ivan Karp and Steven Levine, Organizers

The purposes, means, and consequences of cultural displays, enactments, and representations have again recently come under intense debate, perhaps partly due to the internal logic of cyclical academic fashion, but more fundamentally due to shifts in the demography and political economy of cultures both within the United States and globally. Challenges to established ways of representing culture affect all forms of presentation from anthropology and folklore, to the humanities curriculum in our universities, to films and the mass media, to museums. The Smithsonian conference is the first major effort to systematically focus on the meanings and social forces underlying this debate as they affect museums.' The conference alternated between more theoretical sessions and sessions
Gestonurse: a robotic surgical nurse for handling surgical instruments in the operating room

While surgeon–scrub nurse collaboration provides a fast, straightforward and inexpensive method of delivering surgical instruments to the surgeon, it often results in “mistakes” (e.g. missing information, ambiguity of instructions and delays). It has been shown that these errors can have a negative impact on the outcome of the surgery. These errors could potentially be reduced or eliminated by introducing robotics into the operating room. Gesture control is a natural and fundamentally sound alternative that allows interaction without disturbing the normal flow of surgery. This paper describes the development of a robotic scrub nurse Gestonurse to support surgeons by passing surgical instruments during surgery as required. The robot responds to recognized hand signals detected through sophisticated computer vision and pattern recognition techniques. Experimental results show that 95% of the gestures were recognized correctly. The gesture recognition algorithm presented is robust to changes in scale and rotation of the hand gestures. The system was compared to human task performance and was found to be only 0.83 s slower on average.
Observations on the mechanism of the oxygen/dialuric acid-induced hemolysis of vitamin e-deficient rat red blood cells and the protective roles of catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Abstract We have demonstrated that the hemolysis of vitamin E-deficient rat erythrocytes induced by ~1 m m levels of dialuric acid occurs in three distinct phases: (1) The red cell is modified in an unknown manner in the brief time (~2 min) during which dialuric acid is oxidized by O2 to alloxan and H2O2. (2) Lipid peroxidation subsequently occurs. (3) When lipid peroxidation approaches ~75% of its maximal value hemolysis begins to occur. As measured by low-temperature EPR spectroscopy, free radicals, if formed, did not accumulate to a concentration greater than 0.1 μ m . During the first phase, catalase or a mixture of catalase and superoxide dismutase (but not superoxide dismutase alone) offered considerable protection against hemolysis, while during the second phase external addition of these enzymes generally gave no protection against hemolysis and occasionally hemolysis was enhanced. Results are presented which strongly suggest that the species formed during the oxidation of dialuric acid which is active toward the cell is neither superoxide ion nor hydrogen peroxide nor a product of these substances. It is proposed that catalase reacts directly with the deleterious intermediate.
Class II major histocompatibility complex-peptide tetramer staining in relation to functional avidity and T cell receptor diversity in the mouse CD4(+) T cell response to a rheumatoid arthritis-associated antigen.

Objective Although studies have suggested that human cartilage (HC) gp-39 may be an antigen recognized by autoreactive CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis, we previously failed to identify specific CD4+ T cells in patients' synovial fluid or blood using a class II major histocompatibility complex–peptide tetramer composed of the immunodominant HC gp-39263–275 epitope covalently linked to DR4. We undertook this study to better understand the parameters for specific binding of this tetramer. Methods DR4-transgenic mice were immunized with the HC gp-39 peptide, and a set of peptide-responsive hybridomas was derived. Hybridomas were stained with the DR4–gp-39 tetramer and cultured with increasing amounts of peptide in the presence of DR4-expressing antigen-presenting cells to determine functional avidity. Results Great variability was apparent in the ability of the tetramer to stain the hybridomas, and there was a strong correlation between the intensity of tetramer staining and functional avidity. Importantly, nearly 30% of the hybridomas did not stain with tetramer, and these cells exhibited relatively low functional avidity. Although the addition of an anti–T cell receptor (anti-TCR) monoclonal antibody during the staining procedure enhanced binding of the tetramer to a number of the hybridomas, a significant percentage remained unstainable. Analysis of TCR expression showed that >90% of the hybridomas expressed the same TCR β-chain variable region (Vβ10), and sequencing of the TCR junctional regions showed diversity in the third complementarity-determining region. Conclusion These results suggest that immune responses dominated by relatively low-affinity TCR interactions, such as those that may occur in autoimmune disease, will be difficult to detect using standard tetramer techniques.
On Use of the Term Equilibrium In Reference to Magmatic Crystallization

Equilibration in the crystallization of deep-seated silicate melts is an idealized and often confusing concept. It is suggested that the petrologist9s term “equilibrium crystallization,” as applied to magmatic processes be replaced by “reversible crystallization,” and that “irreversible crystallization” be used in place of “disequilibrium crystallization.”
Copper oxide superconductors: A distinguishable thermodynamic state.

The temperature dependence of the resistivity and Seebeck coefficient for the two p-type systems ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$, 0\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}0.09, and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, 0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.3, are reported and interpreted in the context of overall phase diagrams. Above room temperature, the ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4+\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ system tends to lose oxygen at 1 atm ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$; superconductive samples exhibit a first-order loss of oxygen above 500 K to revert to the antiferromagnetic phase. Below a transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}300 K, compositions with 00.05 undergo phase segregation to an antiferromagnetic and a superconductive phase; the superconductive phase appears to undergo a further dynamic segregation into hole-rich and hole-poor domains in the interval ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}100 K. In the system ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, the holes move diffusively, with a \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{m}}$=0, above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{l}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}300 K for the compositions 0x\ensuremath{\le}0.21; the system undergoes a transition from a p-type two-dimensional conductor to an n-type three-dimensional conductor in the interval 0.22\ensuremath{\le}x0.35.Compositions with 0x\ensuremath{\le}0.12 are metastable in the range ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{l}}$ where the holes continue to move diffusively, but charge fluctuations appear in the range ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}$\ensuremath{\le}150 K. Compositions with 0.15\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.2 appear to undergo a transition from a polaronic gas to a polaronic (Luttinger) liquid on cooling through ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{l}}$; superconductive pairs are condensed from the homogeneous polaronic-liquid normal state at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The origin of the unusual electron-lattice interactions in the normal state of the superconductive compositions is attributed to a coexistence of ionic and covalent bonding at a transition from more ionic to covalent Cu:3${\mathit{d}}_{\mathit{x}}^{2}$-${\mathit{y}}^{2}$-O:2${\mathit{p}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}$ bonding in the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ sheets; through the transition the orbital hybridization and Hubbard U parameter vary sensitively with both the Cu-O bond length and the formal local oxidation state at a Cu atom.
Selected responses of hypertension-sensitive and resistant rats to inhaled acrolein

The Dahl selected rat lines, one susceptible to salt-induced hypertension (DS) and the other resistant to salt-induced hypertension (DR), were exposed to filtered air, 0.4, 1.4, or 4.0 ppm acrolein for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 62 days. All of the DS rats exposed to 4.0 ppm acrolein died within the first 11 days, while 60% of the DR animals survived the duration of the study. Neither dose dependent blood pressure changes nor altered behavioral characteristics were evident in either rat strain following acrolein exposure. Exposure to 4.0 ppm acrolein increased the level of several serum enzymes in the DR rats which survived. This concentration of acrolein also led to pulmonary edema and a significant increase in lung connective tissue in these animals. There was a marked difference in the pulmonary pathology observed in DS and DR rats exposed to 4.0 ppm acrolein. The lungs of moribund DS rats exhibited severe airway epithelial necrosis with edema and hemorrhage, while surviving DR rats primarily showed a proliferative change. Following exposure to 0.4 and 1.4 ppm acrolein, both rat lines displayed similar pathologic changes. Epithelial hyperplasia and/or clusters of macrophages were usually found near terminal bronchiolar areas. These findings suggest that further investigation of the physiopathologic sensitivity of the DS rat line may elucidate a model for investigating the underlying characteristics of stress susceptible populations.
A reactive acrylic adhesive for bonding polyolefins

An acrylic adhesive was developed for forming strong, water resistant structural joints with polyolefins. This two-component, lightly crosslinked, methyl methacrylate (MMA) based adhesive consisted of an anaerobic curing system in one part with a copper (II) salt catalyst in the other. Bonds formed with low density polyethylene (LDPE) resulted in substrate failure upon block shear testing throughout the open time of the adhesive (45 min). The interdiffusion of the monomers into the substrates, and their subsequent polymerization was followed using several infrared spectroscopy (IR) techniques. The interphase of mixed LDPE and adhesive was determined to be as thick as 1.7 mm using IR microscopy. It was concluded that the strong adhesion in the aforementioned joints was the result of the interpenetration of the adhesive into the substrates.