cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 3 – Typed Tables

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes a new type of Structured Query Language (SQL) table, called a typed table that is based on a structured type. During the process of creation of typed table, the person can create a table in which each row stored in the table is an instance, or a value, of the associated structured user defined type. A typed table has one column for each attribute of its associated structured type. The name and data type of that column is the same as the name and data type of the attribute. If the data type of an attribute is a complex attribute—an ARRAY, perhaps, or another structured type, then the column of the typed table has that same complex type. A typed table is, in many ways, an ordinary SQL table. That is, one can insert rows into the table, delete rows from the table, update rows in the table, retrieve rows from the table, and so forth. One can define referential constraints and triggers on the table, and the referential constraints can be given referential actions. In fact, the only way in which the data can be stored in typed tables is through ordinary INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements.
DNMT3A and TET2 mutations reshape hematopoiesis in opposing ways.

TET2 and DNMT3A mutations lead to similar long-term outcomes in blood cancers despite the antagonistic biochemical functions of their encoded proteins. A new study highlights the opposing effects of TET2 and DNMT3A mutations in shaping the early erythroid or myeloid bias of hematopoietic progenitors.
Nutritional Optimization for Athletes with Stress Fractures

The occurrence of stress fractures is likely multifactorial and can include inadequate nutrition over an extended period of time. Assessing the dietary needs of an athlete and correcting inadequate energy intake may help prevent negative consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) including future recurrences or new stress fractures. In addition to consuming adequate energy, athletes need to consider the macronutrient and micronutrient composition of their diet and the recommendations set specific to athletes by the American College of Sports Medicine in collaboration with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics and Dietitians of Canada. Although current evidence suggests calcium, vitamin D, and iron play a significant role in general health, other micronutrients such as vitamins K and A, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium are also known to be involved in bone metabolism. However, most studies on the latter micronutrients have been carried out in postmenopausal women and have not been considered in stress fracture athletes. It is crucial that athletes follow the recommended adequate intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients for their specific activity level without exceeding the tolerable upper intake levels. Maintaining this balance optimizes nutrition for athletes with stress fractures as well as helps to limit stress fracture recurrence.
Spacecraft survivability in the natural debris environment near the stable Earth-Moon Lagrange points

Abstract The theoretical analysis of the motion of natural space debris near the stable Earth-Moon Lagrange Points, L 4 and L 5 , is presented with a focus on the potential debris risks to spacecraft operating near these points. Specifically, the research formulates a debris propagation model using four-body dynamics, then applies candidate probabilistic survivability models to a notional spacecraft operating at the L 4 and L 5 Lagrange points to quantify the collision risks to the spacecraft from natural debris particles. Of the survivability models implemented, the natural debris collision risks to spacecraft survivability are found to be incredibly low, but mitigation strategies to reduce the risk further are identified in this study. Overall, research into stable Lagrange point natural debris propagation improves understanding of the collision risks posed by the naturally occurring Kordylewski clouds and enhances operational planning for Lagrange point space missions.
Examining the impacts of neighborhood poverty on bodyweight across the BMI distribution: a quantile and MSM modeling approach.

ABSTRACT Purpose Given that the relationships between higher BMI and adverse health outcomes are nonconstant and most pronounced at either ends of the BMI distribution, we assess the association between neighborhood poverty and BMI at multiple points along the BMI distribution. Methods Using data from the 1999 to 2015 Panel Study of Income Dynamics of Black and White adults in the United States, we estimate quantile regression models while jointly applying a marginal structural modeling approach to account for time-varying individual-level factors that may be simultaneously mediators as well as confounders. Results Neighborhood poverty was not found to be associated with bodyweight at any point along the BMI distribution for Black or White males. However, high neighborhood poverty, compared to low neighborhood poverty, predicted increases in bodyweight for Black females at the lower end of the BMI distribution and for White females at the higher end of the BMI distribution. No association was found between neighborhood poverty and BMI at the mean. Conclusions Results identify the most vulnerable subgroups, suggesting that White females at the higher end of the BMI distribution as well as Black females at the lower end of the BMI distribution are particularly sensitive to obesogenic environments.
Atom Probe Tomography and Field Ion Microscopy

Atom probe tomography is a characterization technique for the analysis of the microstructure of materials at the atomic level. The basic concepts of atom probe tomography and field ion microscopy, the implementations of a field ion microscope and a three-dimensional atom probe, including the state-of-the-art local electrode atom probe, and laser and voltage pulsing methods of field evaporation are outlined in this chapter. Methods of atom probe tomography specimen preparation by electropolishing and focused ion beam methods are described. An overview of data visualization and analysis as well as data mining techniques is presented. Keywords: field ion microscopy (FIM); atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM); atom probe tomography (APT); three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP); local electrode atom probe (LEAP); field evaporation
Doubling the number of active users in a 2-D t-/spl lambda/ O-CDMA network using a hard limiting receiver

We analytically show that using a receiver in a 2-D time-wavelength asynchronous O-CDMA system, can double the numbers of active users by reducing multiple-access-interference. Utilizing our results we generate design rules for O-CDMA code-sets in hard-limiting-receiver.
Neural networks in control systems

Some of the problems that arise in the control of nonlinear systems in the presence of uncertainty are considered. Multilayer neural networks and radial basis function networks are used in the design of identifiers and controllers, and gradient methods are used to adjust their parameters. For a restricted class of nonlinear systems, it is shown that globally stable adaptive controllers can be determined. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that the methods presented can be used for the effective control of complex nonlinear systems. >
Analysis of swimming motions.

This paper presents an analysis of swimming motion with specific attention given to the flutter kick, the breast-stroke kick, and the breast stroke. The analysis is completely theoretical. It employs a mathematical model of the human body consisting of frustrums of elliptical cones. Dynamical equations are written for this model including both viscous and inertia forces. These equations are then applied with approximated swimming strokes and solved numerically using a digital computer. The procedure is to specify the input of the swimming motion. The computer solution then provides the output displacement, velocity, and rotation or body roll of the swimmer.
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus with LJP 394.

OBJECTIVE: LJP 394 is a novel therapy under development for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated the optimal LJP 394 dosing regimen required to maximally reduce serum dsDNA antibodies. We also evaluated the safety and tolerability of repeated doses of LJP 394 as well as the effects of therapy on SLE related disease activity and health related quality of life. METHODS: This was a multicenter, partially randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, dose-ranging trial. Study drug or placebo was administered at weekly, biweekly, or monthly intervals for a total of 17, 9, or 5 doses, respectively. Fifty-eight patients were randomly assigned to receive 1, 10, or 50 mg LJP 394 or placebo. After a 2 month pretreatment period, dosing visits continued for 16 weeks, after which there was a 2 month posttreatment period. RESULTS: The greatest reductions in mean dsDNA antibody titers were observed in the group of patients who received 50 mg LJP 394 weekly (38.1% and 37.1 % at Weeks 16 and 24, respectively). A reduction (29.3%) in dsDNA antibody titers was also observed at Week 24 in the group of patients who received 10 mg LJP 394 weekly. The frequencies of adverse events were comparable in the placebo and active treatment groups. CONCLUSION: This clinical trial, in which a large number of patients with SLE were treated with LJP 394, expanded the safety profile of LJP 394 and demonstrated its capacity to reduce dsDNA antibodies.
Exploring the SCOAP3 model for high energy physics : a new innovation in open access

A new model for funding high energy physics (HEP) journals has emerged and is drawing concerted interest and questions from the library community—SCOAP3, the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access in Particle Physics Publishing....This initiative redirects institutional journal subscription dollars through an international consortium to pay for peer-review management, editing and formatting services, and ensures author rights for open reuse and sharing of published papers, as well as instituting a bidding process to establish the price of these services.
Low prevalence of varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 2 in saliva from human immunodeficiency virus–infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Objectives Human herpesviruses, e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, appear in saliva at greater frequency in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in healthy individuals. However, it is not known if varicella zoster virus (VZV) and HSV-2 appear simultaneously during HIV infection at greater frequency in saliva in this era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and amounts of VZV and HSV-2 in the saliva of HIV-infected orally asymptomatic patients. Study design Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the prevalence, quantity, risk, and correlations of salivary VZV and HSV-2 from 59 HIV-seropositive individuals and 53 healthy control subjects in a case-control cross-sectional study. Seventy-eight percent of the HIV-seropositive patients (46 out of 59) were taking HAART. Results VZV DNA was detected in the saliva of 5.1% (3 out of 59) of the HIV-positive group and in only 1 healthy control 1.9% (1 out of 53; P = .62). The amount of VZV DNA in the expressors was low, generally P = 1.0). HSV-2 DNA was not detected in either group. In the HIV-infected group, VZV shedding occurred in those on HAART, but was not associated with oral lesions, specific CD4 + or CD8 + T-cell levels, or demographic factors. Conclusions Varicella zoster virus was detected at low prevalence in the saliva of HIV-infected persons, whereas HSV-2 was not detected in the saliva of this cohort. HAART does not appear to diminish the risk for asymptomatic VZV shedding.
Growth Kinetics of Single Crystal sII Hydrates: Elimination of Mass and Heat Transfer Effects

: This work presents the results from experiments and modeling of tetrahydrofuran single crystal hydrate growth. The purpose was to study growth kinetics, independent of mass transfer and heat transfer. We used a single crystal apparatus, at stoichiometric concentrations of tetrahydrofuran and water, varying the fluid shear to decrease the boundary layer at the crystal surface. We found that with extreme precautions to totally eliminate mass transfer and to minimize heat transfer via high shear, it is very difficult to obtain reliable kinetic constants for the single hydrate crystal growth system. We eliminated mass transfer, but were only able to reduce the heat transfer resistance to a value of about 10% of the total resistance (i.e., 90% kinetic resistance) at the lowest value of subcooling. We found that growth rate increased with the driving force (i.e., subcooling) and established that the growth process occurred by a step mechanism. We only measured the fluid phases in order to obtain hydrate phase kinetics. The results of this work suggest that assessment of heat transfer, previously ignored in crystal growth kinetic studies is vital for accurate hydrate kinetics.
Pyeloduodenal fistula: A previously undescribed complication of stamm gastrostomy

Abstract A variety of complications have been described after placement of a Stamm gastrostomy in infants and children, including gastric volvulus, pancreatitis, jaundice, gastroduodenal mucosal intussusception with gastric outlet obstruction, and even aortogastric fistula. However, this is the first report of pyeloduodenal fistula after Stamm gastrostomy in a 4 1 2 - month-old boy. The child successfully underwent nonoperative therapy; he was treated by withdrawing the gastrostomy tube (Foley catheter) from the renal pelvis, bowel rest, and total parenteral nutrition. After the case presentation is a brief review of this rare entity, with its clinical presentation and pathophysiological differences between adult and pediatric cases. Various treatment options, both operative and nonoperative, are also described.
Residents as teachers in the emergency department

Abstract [Kaji A, Moorhead JC. Residents as teachers in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. March 2002;39:316-318.]
Well-posedness for a transport equation with nonlocal velocity

Abstract We study a one-dimensional transport equation with nonlocal velocity which was recently considered in the work of Cordoba, Cordoba and Fontelos [A. Cordoba, D. Cordoba, M.A. Fontelos, Formation of singularities for a transport equation with nonlocal velocity, Ann. of Math. (2) 162 (3) (2005) 1377–1389]. We show that in the subcritical and critical cases the problem is globally well-posed with arbitrary initial data in H max { 3 / 2 − γ , 0 } . While in the supercritical case, the problem is locally well-posed with initial data in H 3 / 2 − γ , and is globally well-posed under a smallness assumption. Some polynomial-in-time decay estimates are also discussed. These results improve some previous results in [A. Cordoba, D. Cordoba, M.A. Fontelos, Formation of singularities for a transport equation with nonlocal velocity, Ann. of Math. (2) 162 (3) (2005) 1377–1389].
Total body sodium and chlorine in normal adults

Absolute levels of total body sodium (TBNa) and total body chlorine (TBCl) were determined in 81 normal adults (39 males, 42 females) by means of total body neutron activation analysis (TBNAA). The ages of the subjects ranged from 30 to 90 yr. The mean values for both TBNa and TBCl remained relatively constant throughout the age span studied for males, but decreased slightly for females over 60 yr of age. In order for the absolute measurements of Na and Cl to be of clinical value, the values must be compared to a predicted value based on the sex and body habitus of the individual. Normalization of TBNa values relative to body dimensions (weight, height, body surface area) were evaluated. In addition, TBNa was related to total body calcium (TBCa), which reflects skeletal mass, and TBK, which reflects muscle, or lean body mass. Normalization in terms of a linear combination of the TBCa and TBK was found to be the most satisfactory of all those studied. Sodium excess, NaES, defined as the amount of body sodium (mEq) in excess of body chlorine (mEq) was determined. Sodium excess correlated well with total body calcium. Values for total body sodium and chlorine obtained in the present study were compared with values previously reported in the literature.
Host defensive response against an egg parasitoid involves cellular encapsulation and melanization

The egg parasitoid Avetianella longoi Siscaro attacks two species of eucalyptus longhorned borers (Phoracantha semipunctata F. and P. recurva Newman) in southern California. During the past decade, P. recurva has replaced P. semipunctata as the dominant borer species, apparently due to differential rates of parasitism. The present study reveals that this replacement is due in part to a physiological defensive response mounted by one species (P. recurva) against parasitoid eggs and larvae, similar to the encapsulation/melanization immune response observed in larval host/parasitoid systems. Fluorescence microscopy and vital dyes confirmed that the defensive response was cellular in nature. Both Phoracantha species exhibited a cellular wound-healing response around the wasp egg pedicel, but the encapsulation of the wasp eggs/larvae was elicited only in eggs of P. recurva. This is the first conclusive evidence that hosts in the egg stage can mount a cellular immune response against a metazoan parasitoid, and may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the host specificity of many egg parasitoids.
Peripheral blood flow in the neonate; 1. Changes in total, skin, and muscle blood flow with gestational and postnatal age.

Peripheral Blood Flow in the Neonate. 1. Changes in Total, Skin, and Muscle Blood Flow with Gestational and Postnatal Age
Repeated electromagnetic induction surveys for determining subsurface hydrologic dynamics in an agricultural landscape

Repeated electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys have merits of revealing temporal changes in heterogeneous soilscapes such as subsurface hydrologic dynamics. We conducted eight repeated EMI surveys from 1997 to 2009 over a 19.5-ha agricultural field that revealed soil and water patterns. The first two surveys were done in 1997 and 2006 and compared different EMI meters (EM38, EM31, and Dualem-2), dipole orientations, and geometries. Another six surveys were conducted in different seasons in 2008 to 2009 using the EM38 operated in vertical dipole orientation. Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) collected during the wetter periods (>10-mm antecedent precipitation during the previous 7 d) showed greater spatial variability (greater sills and shorter spatial correlation lengths), indicating the influence of soil water distribution on soil ECa. During a relatively short time period, most soil properties controlling ECa (e.g., texture, organic matter, and depth to bedrock) remain unchanged. Thus, repeated EMI surveys can capture the dynamics of soil moisture change and related subsurface flow paths in the landscape. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher ECa was detected in areas close to simulated subsurface flow paths, especially during the wetter periods; however, such flow paths could not be pinpointed directly from the ECa maps because of the limitation in ECa spatial resolution. In wetter areas, significant correlation between the relative difference in ECa and that in measured soil moisture was observed (r 2 = 0.59-0.77), but not in drier areas. During drier periods or at drier locations, the influences of soil moisture and flow path on ECa were masked by terrain and other soil properties. Thus, the optimal use of EMI for detecting subsurface hydrologic dynamics would be during wet periods or in wet areas across the landscape in this study.
Size distribution of cartilage proteoglycans determined by sedimentation field flow fractionation

Abstract Sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF), a new, gentle, high-resolution separation method, rapidly separates cartilage proteoglycan subunits and aggregates within 1–2 h with recoveries of greater than 80%. Transmission electron micrographs of SFFF fractions from cartilage proteoglycans showed that subunits and aggregates are effectively separated; the characteristic morphology of these materials is preserved. In addition, the molecular weights of components in these fractions were accurately determined without standards. Separations performed in this study showed that SFFF has the sensitivity to detect small variations in proteoglycan size distribution resulting from differences in animal species, cartilage type, and cartilage treatment. Advantages of SFFF include small sample requirements, high resolution, rapid separations, and high component recovery. Significant potential is indicated for SFFF in proteoglycan research.
Racial and Gender Differences in Expressed Emotion and Interpersonal Control in Families of Persons with Schizophrenia

Expressed Emotion (EE) has been shown to be predictive of course or severity in many illnesses, but the studies have been largely of white middle-class patients. This study examined gender and racial differences in parental EE level and communication patterns between the parent and patient with schizophrenia, using data from the NIMH Treatment Strategies in Schizophrenia study. Dialogues (n = 140) from 54 patient-parent dyads were coded into the Relational Control Coding System. Resultant data (n = 13,605 sequences) were analyzed with log-linear models. Results show that the relationship between control and EE level was stronger in African American families compared to Caucasians. Gender differences were as expected, with daughters less competitive and more deferential to their parents. Although the total number of high-EE parents with daughters was small, patterns in these families showed parents who responded submissively in contrast to the competitive symmetry in families with male patients.
Roman Terracotta Lamps: the Organization of an Industry

It should be plain that important progress is to be made in the economic and social history of the Greco-Roman world through more systematic studies of the material remains. In the field of ancient manufacture and commerce, M. I. Finley has called for ‘a more sophisticated effort to approach quantification and pattern-construction’, and other historians too are well aware of what needs to be done. Doing it, however, can be difficult, for such projects, if approached with a scholarly desire for precision, bristle with complications, and the results can often be no more than tentative. Such is the case with this study of the terracotta lamp industry. For their part, the archaeologists who have studied groups of terracotta lamps, whether from particular sites or particular museums, have not altogether succeeded in fitting the material into the known framework of Roman life (this is not to suggest a primacy of written over material sources, simply that both are indispensable in economic history).
Effects of Thermal Treatment on Halogenated Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water

The influence of heating or boiling on the formation and behavior of disinfection by-products (DBPs) was investigated in DBP-spiked reagent water, municipal tap water, and synthetic water containing chlorinated aquatic humic substances. Thermal cleavage of larger halogenated species leads to both formation of smaller chlorinated molecules (including THMs and HAAs) and dechlorination of organics. In parallel with their formation from larger molecules, THMs can be volatilized, and this latter process dominates the change in their concentration when water is boiled. HAAs are not volatile, but they can be destroyed by chemical reactions at elevated temperatures, with the net effect being loss of trihalogenated HAAs and either formation or loss of less chlorinated HAAs. Although other identifiable DBPs can be generated at slightly elevated temperatures, in most cases their concentrations decline dramatically when the solution is heated.
Efficacy of 2′-C-Methylcytidine Against Yellow Fever Virus in Cell Culture and in a Hamster Model

Abstract Yellow fever virus (YFV) continues to cause outbreaks of disease in endemic areas where vaccine is underutilized. Due to the effectiveness of the vaccine, antiviral development solely for the treatment of YFV is not feasible, but antivirals that are effective in the treatment of related viral diseases may be characterized for potential use against YFV as a secondary indication disease. 2′-C-methylcytidine (2′-C-MeC), a compound active against hepatitis C virus, was found to have activity against the 17D vaccine strain of YFV in cell culture (EC 90 = 0.32 μg/ml, SI = 141). This compound was effective when added as late as 16 h after virus challenge of Vero cells. When administered to YFV-infected hamsters 4 h prior to virus challenge at a dose as low as 80 mg/kg/d, 2′-C-MeC was effective in significantly improving survival and other disease parameters (weight change, serum ALT, and liver virus titers). Disease was improved when compound was administered beginning as late as 3 d post-virus infection. Broadly active antiviral compounds, such as 2′-C-MeC, represent potential for the development of compounds active against related viruses for the treatment of YFV.
Comparing GIS-Based Measures in Access to Mammography and Their Validity in Predicting Neighborhood Risk of Late-Stage Breast Cancer

Background: Assessing neighborhood environment in access to mammography remains a challenge when investigating its contextual effect on breast cancer-related outcomes. Studies using different Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based measures reported inconsistent findings. Methods: We compared GIS-based measures (travel time, service density, and a two-Step Floating Catchment Area method [2SFCA]) of access to FDA-accredited mammography facilities in terms of their Spearman correlation, agreement (Kappa) and spatial patterns. As an indicator of predictive validity, we examined their association with the odds of late-stage breast cancer using cancer registry data. Results: The accessibility measures indicated considerable variation in correlation, Kappa and spatial pattern. Measures using shortest travel time (or average) and service density showed low correlations, no agreement, and different spatial patterns. Both types of measures showed low correlations and little agreement with the 2SFCA measures. Of all measures, only the two measures using 6-timezone-weighted 2SFCA method were associated with increased odds of late-stage breast cancer (quick-distance-decay: odds ratio [OR]=1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01–1.32; slow-distance-decay: OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.03–1.37) after controlling for demographics and neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation. Conclusions: Various GIS-based measures of access to mammography facilities exist and are not identical in principle and their association with late-stage breast cancer risk. Only the two measures using the 2SFCA method with 6-timezone weighting were associated with increased odds of late-stage breast cancer. These measures incorporate both travel barriers and service competition. Studies may observe different results depending on the measure of accessibility used.
CRYOGENIC TANK STRUCTURE SIZING WITH STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION METHOD

Structural optimization methods in MSC /NASTRAN are used to size substructures and to reduce the weight of a composite sandwich cryogenic tank for future launch vehicles. Because the feasible design space of this problem is non-convex, many local minima are found. This non-convex problem is investigated in detail by conducting a series of analyses along a design line connecting two feasible designs. Strain constraint violations occur for some design points along the design line. Since MSC/NASTRAN uses gradient-based optimization procedures. it does not guarantee that the lowest weight design can be found. In this study, a simple procedure is introduced to create a new starting point based on design variable values from previous optimization analyses. Optimization analysis using this new starting point can produce a lower weight design. Detailed inputs for setting up the MSC/NASTRAN optimization analysis and final tank design results are presented in this paper. Approaches for obtaining further weight reductions are also discussed.
Point defect complexes and their association energies in acceptor-doped oxides

Abstract Data available in the literature can be analyzed to determine the association energies of point defect complexes in acceptor-doped oxides. Data for very small amounts of acceptor-dopants in n-type, oxygen deficient oxides have been analyzed and defect association energies of the acceptor impurity and its compensating oxygen vacancy have been determined. Defect binding energies of approximately 1 eV are typical.
Regional and temporal changes in prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 concentrations after spinal cord injury.

Abstract Background context: Inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid likely play a significant role in secondary injury after spinal cord trauma. Purpose: We sought to characterize the regional and temporal alterations in prostaglandin concentrations after injury in a rat model. Study design/setting: Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ) concentrations were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in different parts of the injured spinal cord at various time points after spinal cord injury. Outcome measures: PGE 2 and TxB 2 levels were measured by means of an enzyme immune assay. Methods: Forty-six adult Long Evans rats were subject to spinal cord injury using the NYU impactor. Animals were divided into three groups. Fourteen animals were used in a pilot study to determine the timing and location of PGE 2 production after spinal cord injury. These animals were sacrificed, and samples of injured cord, rostral cord and CSF were assayed for PGE 2 concentration. The remaining 32 animals were used to establish the time course of prostaglandin production. Twenty-eight animals were subjected to a spinal cord injury, and four animals served as sham-operated controls. These animals were sacrificed at predetermined time points 2 to 72 hours after injury, and the injured segments of spinal cord were harvested. Results: Both PGE 2 and TxB 2 concentrations increased immediately after injury in the injured segment. PGE 2 concentrations increased faster and more dramatically in the injured segment of spinal cord than in CSF or noninjured segments. Elevations in PGE 2 and TXB 2 concentrations were persistent for 72 hours after injury. Conclusion: Elevated concentrations of arachidonic acid metabolites can be detected in the injured segment of the spinal cord for at least 72 hours after injury. Concentration changes are detected earlier and are more dramatic in the injured cord segment than in rostral segments or the CSF.
Dimerization of terminal alkynes catalyzed by chloro(η5-pentadienyl) bis(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II) and kinetics of phosphine substitution

Abstract Exchange of PMe 2 Ph for PPh 3 in (η 5 -pentadienyl)ruthenium{bis(triphenylphosphine)}chloride, (η 5 -C 5 H 7 )Ru(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl ( 1 ) under first order conditions proceeds rapidly in THF at room temperature. A pseudo-first order rate constant of 17 ± 2 × 10 −4 s −1 is obtained for the reaction at 21 °C. The rate constant is essentially independent of the phosphine concentration. The activation parameters, Δ H † = 16.1 ± 0.4 kcal mol −1 and Δ S † = −16 ± 1 cal K −1 mol −1 differ from those reported for phosphine exchange in CpRu(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl ( 2 ) and (η 5 -indenyl)Ru(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl ( 3 ). The reaction of 1 with PMe 2 Ph is about 70 times faster than the reaction of 2 at 30 °C and some 40 times faster than the reaction of 3 at 20 °C. (η 5 -C 5 H 7 )Ru(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl( 1 ) is more active than the ruthenium(II) complexes 2 , 3 , and TpRu(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl ( 4 ) in the catalytic dimerization of terminal alkynes with nearly quantitative conversion of PhCCH and FcCCH at ambient temperature in 24 h. The enhanced substitution rate is accompanied by >50% conversion of phenylacetylene to oligomeric products. Reaction of 1 with NaPF 6 in acetonitrile yields the cationic ruthenium(II) complex [(η 5 -C 5 H 7 )Ru(PPh 3 ) 2 (CH 3 CN)][PF 6 ] ( 7 ). The latter complex is much less active in reactions with phenylacetylene than 1 but avoids the formation of oligomeric products.
Antipyretic effect of centrally administered CRF

CRF injected into the third cerebral ventricle (0.5-2.5 micrograms) caused dose-related reductions in fever induced in rabbits by IV administration of leukocytic pyrogen. Control injections of CRF when the same animals were afebrile did not alter normal body temperature. Intravenous injections of 5 and 20 micrograms CRF, doses known to release ACTH and corticosteroids into the bloodstream in other species, did not reduce fever. CRF injected into the cerebral ventricles may be antipyretic per se, or it may reduce fever by virtue of central release of the antipyretic peptides ACTH and alpha-MSH.
1451 A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE DETERMINATION IN THE NICU

Careful monitoring of blood glucose levels in an especially high risk neonatal population is essential to the critical care of the newborn. It is often necessary to determine a blood glucose value expediently to provide immediate therapy. This study compares the laboratory blood glucose value with the Dextrostix and four commercially available glucose meters. Blood glucose values were determined on 111 heel stick samples from neonates in the NICU. Each sample was evaluated by the following methods: Laboratory (Beckman-Astra); Dextrostix (Ames Co.) Glucometer, Accucheck; Glucocheck and Glucoscan. Correlation co-efficients and regression equations were obtained for reach meter-laboratory relationship and the Dextrostix-laboratory relationship. All of the r values obtained were significant at the .01 level. The values were: Dextrostix-.60; Glucometer-.72; Accucheck-.80; Glucocheck-.73; Glucoscan-.67. The Accucheck and Glucocheck were correlated with the laboratory glucose value over the entire range. The Glucoscan and. Glucometer showed best correlation at lower glucose values. The Dextrostix gave the poorest indication of the true laboratory value. Since the ability to determine an instantaneous glucose value using a commercially available meter is readily available, it seems prudent for nursery staff to utilize the Accucheck or Glucocheck meter for bedside clinical determination of blood glucose.
New guidelines for diagnosis and management of asthma.

In an effort to improve healthcare and quality of life for every asthmatic, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has recently revised its guidelines for diagnosis and management of asthma. Initially published in 1991, these guidelin
Pattern discrimination thresholds after partial inferior temporal or lateral striate lesions in monkeys

Abstract Ablation of inferior temporal (IT) cortex, particularly of the posterior region, produces severe impairment in pattern discrimination learning. The present study examined whether this impairment is associated with raised pattern discrimination thresholds. Groups of three monkeys each were given either anterior IT, posterior IT, or foveal striate lesions, or kept as controls. They were trained after surgery on a threshold task in which a 90° white angle on a gray ground was the standard, and 15 angles ranging from 10° through 88.5° were the comparisons. As expected, monkeys with posterior IT lesions were the most severely impaired in learning the initial discrimination (90° vs. 10°). However, only the monkeys with foveal striate lesions showed significant impairment on the subsequent threshold determinations. The results indicate that raised pattern discrimination thresholds are not the cause of the pattern discrimination learning deficits produced by inferior temporal lesions. Data from additional visual discriminations presented after threshold testing was completed point, instead, to a loss of attention to stimulus features as the explanation for the learning deficit.
Case report: a case review of Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome and low back pain

The following is a case report which reviews the essential aspects of Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) in a patient with long standing back pain and gait dysfunction. The patient was referred to our electrodiagnostics laboratory for a 9-month history of low back pain and difficulty walking following a charity breast cancer walk. A workup including magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, entire spine, and EMG/NCS at another institution were reportedly normal. A detailed history revealed symptoms of proximal weakness and autonomic dysfunction. Physical findings were consistent with proximal weakness, a bilateral gluteus medius gait, and diffusely absent reflexes obtainable in the biceps after 3 s of contraction. Electrical testing revealed an initial low compound muscle action potential amplitude in the deep peroneal nerve recording from the extensor digitorum brevis. Repetitive stimulation at 2 Hz revealed a decremental response of 42% from the 1st response to the 4th response. Following 3 s of exercise, the amplitude increased by 300%. After 30 s of exercise followed by 1 min of rest, there was a return of the decremental response. The history, physical examination, and electrical findings were illustrative of a presynaptic neuromuscular junction disorder, specifically LEMS.
Partial purification and characterization of a gelatin-specific protease from the culture media of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages.

Abstract A gelatin-specific protease from the culture media of human pulmonary alveolar macrophages has been partially purified by gel filtration and characterized. The macrophages were obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage from the lungs of disease-free smoking volunteers. The gelatin-specific protease initially requires trypsin activation. After chromatographing the culture media on a Sephadex G-200 column, trypsin is no longer required for activation. The gelatin-specific protease reported here shares many properties of previously reported gelatinases. It is inhibited by EDTA, cysteine, dithiothreitol and serum. It is unaffected by other protease inhibitors: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, tosyllysine chloromethyl ketone and p -chloromercuribenzoate. Of all substrates tested, activity was observed only with gelatin. It was inactive toward collagen, elastin and methemoglobin. This enzyme may have a role in the digestion of collagen which has been cleaved by a mammalian collagenase.
Pulmonary circulation—vertebral venous interconnections in the chicken†

Injections of India ink colored blood, latex, and plastic followed by study of corrosion casts and dissections were used to determine the interconnections of the vertebral venous system and pulmonary circulation in the chicken. Multiple, minute connections are found to the intercostal veins, small mesenteric veins and others connected to the vertebral venous system. Thus, blood can flow in quantities between the vertebral venous system and the pulmonary circulation depending upon pressure gradients.
Summer Hibernation Induced by Cryogenically Preserved Blood "Trigger"

Summer hibernation induced by transfusions of blood (serum, cells, or whole blood) from hibernating ground squirrels and woodchucks demonstrates that (i) this "trigger effect" can be preserved cryogenically in vitro for at least 5 months, (ii) it cross-reacts between these species of hibernators, and (iii) its effectiveness relates to the donor's previous hibernation history.
Analyses of nucleation rates from molecular dynamics simulations. II. Weight functions, generation of stochastic times, and realistic uncertainties

In paper I of this series it was shown how to take transient nucleation into account in the spontaneous freezing of large clusters when deriving nucleation rates and time lags from sets of nucleation times. This required an estimate of the "reduced moment" characterizing the period of transient nucleation. Also, a procedure was sketched for constructing sets of stochastic times simulating nucleation times, for purposes of determining statistical uncertainties in the derived kinetic parameters of nucleation rates. In the present paper, a considerably more precise method for generating stochastic nucleation times is presented and an optimum weighting scheme for least squares analyses of nucleation rates and time lags is formulated. In the prior literature no suitable means had been established for estimating the reduced moment. Alternative ways to estimate this moment from nucleation data are discussed. It is found that the true expectation values of uncertainties, σ,, in rates and time lags are significantly larger than the uncertainties, σ l s , derived from residuals in least squares analyses of individual sets of nucleation times. Although the elements of the least squares error matrix are lower for the optimum weight function than for the unit weights and arctangent weights used in prior analyses, the actual uncertainties do not depend strongly upon which weighting scheme is employed. The derived kinetic parameters do, however, depend appreciably upon the weighting, and results of the optimum weighting are preferred. A virtue of the analysis of simulated stochastic nucleation times is that it provides a valid measure of the actual uncertainties in derived nucleation parameters as well as the smaller, and therefore misleading, uncertainties inferred from a conventional error matrix. The analysis presented leads to guidelines conveying how large a set of nucleation times must be in order to provide meaningful determinations of nucleation rates and time lags. The new procedure also provides the first estimates of the uncertainty in reduced moments derived from sets of nucleation times, including their dependence on sample size.
Biosynthesis of collagen

During the biosynthesis and assembly of collagen structures, disulfide links can serve several functions. During biosynthesis they successively stabilize intra-peptide folding and associations of three chains into one molecule. Studies on the refolding and reassociation of reduced and denatured carboxyl propeptides of procollagen I showed that successive interactions of folding and assembly are successively weaker. Disulfide bridges were reestablished within correctly refolded carboxyl propeptides. Rearrangements of disulfide bridges may occur during the processing of type V procollagen molecules as these collagens become incorporated into extracellular matrix. The basement membrane procollagen IV molecules become disulfide linked at each end into networks, and there are indications that further rearrangements of disulfide links may allow additional modulation.
Ruminations on the Claim of Inenarrability

notion of space, and the fateful consequences of this displacement for personal existence. See William H. Poteat, "Persons and Places: Paradigms in Communication," in Art and Religion as Communication, ed. James Waddell and F. W. Dillistone (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1974), pp. 175-95. The work of Stephen Crites represents a somewhat parallel effort. For example, in "Myth, Story, History," p. 68, he contrasts the ways in which story on the one hand and theory on the other succeed in disclosing a coherent pattern in a sequence of events and explains how theorizing accomplishes this by ignoring our sense of the specific detail of the total scene of these events as well as our sense of time, that the future must await the outcome of the present. See also Crites' essay, "The Narrative Quality of Experience," Journal of the American Academy of Religion 39 (September 1971), pp. 308ff. 21See Erich Kahler, The Tower and the Abyss: An Inquiry into the Transformation of Man (New York: The Viking Press, 1967), chaps. 4 and 5. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.132 on Thu, 15 Sep 2016 05:44:28 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RUMINATIONS ON THE CLAIM OF INENARRABILITY 573 communication with the world, will then seem as powerless to order and comprehend as would an unknown tongue. Because of the mind-set with which many modern thinkers have gone into such an experience, it has registered with them not as the hallucination one would ordinarily take it to be, but as a disillusioning confrontation with the bedrock of reality. In consequence, commonsense understandings become suspect and ordinary appearances equivocal and unreal. However overwhelming such an experience may be, it remains artificially induced, a distortion of the means by which reality makes itself known to us. That it should nevertheless be taken as alone trustworthy is an indication of how far modern thought can drift from reality as it is concretely given.
Web-based modules for programmable logic controller education

This study describes the Virtual Programmable Logic Controller (Virtual PLC), a web-based system for PLC education that consists of (1) educational simulations to help students visualize abstract concepts, practice programming and device interfacing skills, and understand problem-solving processes; and (2) a simple intelligent tutoring system. Results from two preliminary evaluations are also presented. Index Terms—PLC, intelligent tutoring system, simulation, manufacturing engineering education. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 266–279, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20052
Strategies for optimizing targeting and delivery of mucosal HIV vaccines.

Effective frontline defenses against HIV-1 will require targeting vaccines to mucosal tissue in order to induce αβ CD8+ lymphocytes in mucosal effector sites (lamina propria and intraepithelial compartment) as well as antibody secreting plasma cells that can neutralize and limit free virus. A concerted second wave of assault against the virus will require the activation and recruitment of antigen specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes and distal secondary lymphoid organs. New delivery strategies targeting the “right” DC subsets in combination with delivery of mucosal adjuvants and innate signals for activating DC will be essential for mucosal vaccines in order to circumvent the naturally tolerogenic environment and the induction of Tregs. Mucosal delivery of antigen in combination with inflammatory signals has been shown to empower systemic immunization by directing responses to mucosal sites for imprinting optimum mucosal memory. Here, we discuss novel vaccine strategies and adjuvants for optimizing mucosal delivery of HIV vaccines.
Thoracic duct-to-pulmonary vein shunt in the treatment of experimental right heart failure

Elevated venous pressure in right heart failure leads not only to an increase in lymph formation but also to progressive resistance in the neck to the return of lymph to the circulation via the thoracic duct. Sequestration of fluid behind the failing heart tends to protect the circulation but at the same time leads to the clinical manifestations of heart failure. The present study was performed on 40 dogs with combined tricuspid insufficiency and pulmonary stenosis. Thoracic duct lymph flow was greatly increased. Pressure was considerably greater in the systemic veins than in the pulmonary vein beyond the right heart obstruction. Lymph flow was substantially enhanced when the thoracic duct was connected to the lower pressure pulmonary veins. Furthermore, direct anastomosis of the thoracic duct to the pulmonary vein resulted in fall in systemic venous pressure, increase in renal excretion of salt and water, and reduction in ascites. These results indicate that alterations in the flow of thoracic duct lymph...
Review of "A Guide for Selecting Computers and Software for Small Businesses, by Enockson, Paul G.", Reston Publishing Company, 1983

This little book (109 pages) is excellent for the company considering the small computer and its software. The material is requirements-based and walks through an example of acquisition. The Appendices are the key to the book and provide checklists for hardware/software purchases. The content is based on determining requirements for the organization then going through a step-by-step process in solving those needs.