cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation in susceptibility to windthrow in young Douglas-fir

Abstract The genetic component in susceptibility to windthrow was estimated among F2 full-sib families of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) at an experimental forest site in western Oregon that was severely damaged by a storm on 7 January 1990. Progeny from half-diallel and factorial crosses had been planted in a randomized block design in two sets of three replications, one from seed sown in 1983 and another from seed sown in 1984. The proportion of trees within five-tree row family plots that were wind-thrown (PROP) and the proportion adjusted to remove the effect of mean plot height at 5 years (ADJPROP) were analyzed, the latter to test whether susceptibility to windthrow was primarily a function of wind resistance estimated from relative tree size. Trees in the 1983 set were 7 years old, averaging 2.1 m in height, and were produced from 87 crosses among 19 parent trees from four relatively low elevation seed sources in western Oregon and Washington. Trees in the 1984 set were 6 years old, averaging 1.6 m tall, and were produced from 51 crosses among 13 parent trees from one relatively high elevation seed source in western Oregon. Susceptibility or resistance to windthrow among parents was indicated by significant differences in proportion of windthrow in their progeny. In both sets, there was significant genetic variation in PROP and ADJPROP. The estimated total genetic component in the 1983 set, the sum of general combining ability (GCA) plus specific combining ability (SCA), accounted for 21.4% of the total variance in PROP and 18.6% of the total variance in ADJPROP (GCA percentage nearly equal to SCA percentage for both PROP and ADJPROP). In the 1984 set, GCA and SCA together accounted for 33.8% of the total variance in PROP (GCA percentage nearly equal to SCA percentage) and 22.6% of the total variance in ADJPROP. Results indicated that susceptibility to windthrow differed by family, and was significantly related to family height, but that height accounted for less than a third of the genetic component of variation. These data suggest that breeding for resistance to windthrow in Douglas-fir could be successful but would be expensive and probably reduce genetic gains in growth per generation.
Loss of D2 Receptor Binding With Age in Rhesus Monkeys: Importance of Correction for Differences in Striatal Size

The relation between striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding and aging was investigated in rhesus monkeys with PET. Monkeys (n = 18, 39 to 360 months of age) were scanned with 11C-raclopride; binding potential in the striatum was estimated graphically. Because our magnetic resonance imaging analysis revealed a concomitant relation between size of striatum and age, the dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data were corrected for possible partial volume (PV) artifacts before parameter estimation. The age-related decline in binding potential was 1% per year and was smaller than the apparent effect if the age-related change in size was ignored. This is the first in vivo demonstration of a decline in dopamine receptor binding in nonhuman primates. The rate of decline in binding potential is consistent with in vitro findings in monkeys but smaller than what has been measured previously in humans using PET. Previous PET studies in humans, however, have not corrected for PV error, although a decline in striatal size with age has been demonstrated. The results of this study suggest that PV correction must be applied to PET data to accurately detect small changes in receptor binding that may occur in parallel with structural changes in the brain.
Response Persistence of Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells to the Temporally Discrete Presentation of Sinewave Gratings

The neural basis of visible persistence is not well understood. In the present study the initial onset responses of cat retinal ganglion cells to the abrupt onset and offset of sinewave gratings were examined to determine if ganglion cells display a degree of response persistence that might account for the phenomenon of visible persistence. The responses of X and Y ganglion cell axons were tested using single-unit extracellular recording techniques. Both cell types displayed some degree of response persistence and over a limited range of short stimulus durations response persistence was inversely related to stimulus duration. These data suggest that neural persistence at the ganglion cell level may be the initial physiological basis for some types of visible persistence.
A new interpretation of isotropic pressure and normal stress in the cone-and-plate, with application to the Oldroyd model

Abstract An analysis of the steady cone-and-plate shear of a visco-elastic non-Newtonian liquid is presented to show how the isotropic pressure p is related to the elastic normal stresses and inertia of the sample. Critical to the development is a boundary condition of mass conservation, but no rheological model is used and no undetermined constants are necessary. A consequence is the possibility of finding τψψ alone, in addition to the function χ  τφφ + τψψ − 2τrr always obtained in cone-and plate work. The ratio W  − τψψ/χ is evaluated from normal stress data on eight polymer solutions over a shear-rate of 7–1000 sec−1, and found to be approximately 1 6 for highly structure liquids. The parameter W is used to normalize an Oldroyd model, which then has quantitative success in predicting relations between steady-shear and oscillatory-shear stress parameters. This suggest that p  pm may not be the most useful normalizing condition.
Guideline-Concordant Antimicrobial Therapy for Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of the 2005 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy (GCAT) on mortality following healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP).
Executive Functioning Characteristics Associated with ADHD Comorbidity in Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders

The nature of executive dysfunction in youth with disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) remains unclear, despite extensive research in samples of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). To determine the relationship between DBD, ADHD, and executive function deficits in aggressive teens, adolescents with DBD and comorbid ADHD (DBD + ADHD; n = 25), DBD without ADHD (DBD-ADHD; n = 23), and healthy controls (HC; n = 25) were compared on neurocognitive tests and questionnaires measuring executive functioning. Teens with DBD + ADHD performed worse on both neurocognitive and questionnaire measures of executive function than the DBD-ADHD and HC groups. Results suggest that subgroups of DBD may exist depending on the presence or absence of comorbid ADHD, which may have implications for the selection and efficacy of treatment strategies.
Macrodebugging with MDB

Macroprogramming abstractions provide abstract distributed data structures to simplify the programming of wireless embedded networks. However, none of the current macroprogramming systems provide debugging support for application development. We have developed MDB, a GDB-like post-mortem debugger for the MacroLab macroprogramming abstraction. In this demonstration, we show how MDB enables application development and debugging at a single level of abstraction. MDB eliminates the need for a programmer to reason about low-level event traces and message passing protocols, instead allowing debugging in terms of abstract data types. We expect MDB to fill a crucial link in the development cycle as a macroprogram progresses from the drawing board to real deployment.
HPC++ and the Europa call reification model

HPC++ is a set of parallel programming tools that have been designed by the High Performance C++ Consortium. It consists of a modest set of compiler directives and a parallel extension to the C++ Standard Template Library (STL). In this short note we consider the problem of mixing the parallel STL model with the call reification style of parallel programming proposed by the Europa Consortium.
Queer Women's Perspectives on Sexualization of Women in Media

This study explored the perspectives of lesbian, bisexual, and queer women on the sexualization of women in media. Three focus groups at a Northeast university were attended by 12 sexual minority women who talked about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences related to sexualization. An interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed themes related to (1) how women and queer people are treated by the mainstream media; (2) the ways in which media compromises women's relationships to their own bodies and to other women; and (3) unique insights that queer sensibility contributes to the discourse of sexualization, including possibilities of empowering, transgressive female sexuality.
Bayesian decisions with ambiguous belief aversion

This study provides an empirical perspective on the effect of ambiguous environmental risk information on lottery preferences using a sample of 646 adults. The learning process follows a Bayesian expected utility model in terms of the overall magnitude and sign of the weights that respondents place on the risk information. Significant ambiguous belief aversion that is consistent with the Ellsberg paradox is also evident. The extent of this aversion increases with the size of the risk spread, but at a decreasing rate. These results are consistent with both probability-based and preference-based models of ambiguous probabilities. The findings also indicate the presence of cognitive limitations in the processing of risk information, but lead to rejection of more extreme models in which individuals respond in alarmist fashion or do not learn at all.
Word Buffering Models for Improved Speech Repair Parsing

This paper describes a time-series model for parsing transcribed speech containing disfluencies. This model differs from previous parsers in its explicit modeling of a buffer of recent words, which allows it to recognize repairs more easily due to the frequent overlap in words between errors and their repairs. The parser implementing this model is evaluated on the standard Switchboard transcribed speech parsing task for overall parsing accuracy and edited word detection.
Different temperature sensitivity and kinetics of soil enzymes indicate seasonal shifts in C, N and P nutrient stoichiometry in acid forest soil

Acid forest soils in the Bohemian Forest in Central Europe are biogeochemically imbalanced in organic C, N and P processing. We hypothesized that these imbalances can be due to different temperature sensitivities of soil enzyme activities and their affinities to substrate in litter and organic soil horizons. We measured potential activities of five main soil enzymes (β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, Leu-aminopeptidase, Ala-aminopeptidase, and phosphatase) responsible for organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition. We also modeled potential in situ enzyme activities and nutrient release based on continuous in situ temperature measurements. We determined basic kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax), enzyme efficiencies (kcat) and temperature sensitivities (Ea and Q10) according to Michaelis–Menten kinetic and modified Arrhenius models. Our results showed significant differences in substrate affinities between the litter and organic soil horizons. Higher aminopeptidase affinity (lower Km) in the litter soil horizon can lead to leaching of peptidic compounds to lower soil horizons. β-Glucosidase and phosphatase showed high temperature response following the Arrhenius model. However, both aminopeptidases showed no or even decreased activity with increasing temperature. The aminopeptidase temperature insensitivity means that peptidic compounds are degraded at the same or even lower rate in warmer and colder periods of the year in acid forest soils. This imbalance results in different release of available nutrients from plant litter and soil organic matter which may affect bacterial and fungal community composition and nutrient leaching from these ecosystems.
Inhibition of phenobarbital and dietary choline deficiency promoted preneoplastic lesions in rat liver by environmental contaminant di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Abstract The effect of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer and environmental contaminant, on the emergence of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase positive (GGT+) preneoplastic foci in the liver of rats fed promoting diets was studied. GGT+ foci were initiated in the liver of Sprague—Dawley male rats with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) following partial hepatectomy. One series of control rats received saline vehicle alone. Promotion of foci was commenced by feeding: (1) a choline-deficient diet (CD); (2) a choline-supplemented diet (CS) containing 0.06% phenobarbital (CS + PHB); or (3) a CD diet containing 0.06% phenobarbital (CD + PHB). In the absence of initiation by DEN, dietary treatments did not increase the number of GGT + foci. In rats receiving DEN, each promoting regimen effectively increased the number of GGT+ foci above levels in control rats fed only the choline-supplemented diet. Inclusion of the plasticizer at a level of 2% in each of the dietary promotion treatments, however, effectively inhibited the appearance of the foci.
Editorial: Reviewer merits and review control in an age of electronic manuscript management systems

Peer review is an important resource of scholarly communities and must be managed and nurtured carefully. Electronic manuscript management systems have begun to improve some aspects of workflow for conferences and journals but also raise issues related to reviewer roles and reputations and the control of reviews over time. Professional societies should make their policies related to reviews and reviewer histories clear to authors and reviewers, develop strategies and tools to facilitate good and timely reviews, and facilitate the training of new reviewers.
Water Management Effects on Mineralization of Soil Organic Matter and Corn Residue

Water table control is being used on large areas of poorly drained Atlantic Coastal Plain soils during the winter to reduce N losses to surface waters. This study was conducted to determine the effect of water table depth (WTD) and control on N mineralization of added corn (Zea mays L.) residue. Soil columns (15-cm-diam.) were extracted to 70-cm depth from a Portsmouth loam (fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, thermic Typic Umbraquult), placed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water table columns, and buried even with the surrounding soil surface. Labeled corn residue (18.01 atom % excess 15 N was incorporated in the upper 15 cm of the PVC columns and WTDs of 0, 15, 30, and 45 cm maintained. Soil microsamples were taken over time for N analyses. After 209 d, approximately 8 to 13% of the inorganic N came from the N added as plant residue, even though the added N was only 1.1% of the total soil N. Although the 0- and 15-cm WTD treatments accumulated little 15 NO 3 -N, they contained appreciable 15 NH 4 -N. In contrast, the 30- and 45-cm WTD treatments accumulated primarily 15 NO 3 -N as inorganic N accumulation increased with time and rising soil temperatures. It was concluded that WTD control could be used during the winter to promote denitrification of available NO 3 -N and thus to minimize NO 3 -N lost to drainage water.
BULGUR ‐ SHELF LIFE STUDIES1

Cereal grains are the major source of both protein and calories in the world. In this regard bulgur is an ancient wheat food of Near Eastern origin. USDA engineers in the Agricultural Research Service have developed it as part of a national effort to increase the use of wheat domestically and in foreign lands under the Foods for Peace Program. Reportedly, bulgur cereal keeps well, but there are few systemized storage studies available which relate sensory testing with storage life to this product The aim of this study, sponsored by the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, was to perform this task using as products a 100% bulgur wheat cereal and an 85% bulgur/15% soy grits, defatted, toasted blend. These were air and nitrogen packaged in 401 × 411 cans, stored for 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months at 38° C, withdrawn, and evaluated at these designated times. Studies indicate that these products are very stable, even when stored in air packs. In a presoaked, uncooked bulgur cereal served at 21° C sweetening with a minimum of 6% sugar raised its acceptance significantly to a more desirable level, nearly comparable to its cooked counterpart. Other product data are discussed including a low cost presweetened bulgur wheat product formulation.
Design of a next generation surface-piercing propeller test stand

In order to explore the open water characteristics of surface piercing propellers, a test stand was designed to perform towing tank experiments. The test apparatus will have automated control of propeller speed and depth of immersion as well as angles of inclination and yaw. The design methods and final design of the system are presented in this paper.
Kupffer cell autoregulation of IL-1 production by PGE2 during hepatic regeneration

The mammalian liver possesses the ability to regenerate to its original size after a 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx). The capacity of rat Kupffer cells (KC) isolated at specific intervals following PHx to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to endotoxin (LPS) was evaluated in standard RPMI-1640 (1200 microM L-arginine) and arginine-depleted RPMI-1640 (10 microM L-arginine) media. Regenerating liver KC 48-120 hr following PHx responded to LPS with a significantly greater (p less than 0.05) production of IL-1 in standard RPMI-1640. When 10 microM L-arginine RPMI-1640 was used to simulate the high arginase activity low L-arginine levels of the hepatic microenvironment, regenerating liver KC production of IL-1 was further increased (p less than 0.05). During the same time period, regenerating liver KC also produced significantly (p less than 0.01) more PGE2 than sham KC in both high and low arginine media. When the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 microM) was added to low arginine cultures, the PGE2 production was inhibited, and IL-1 production was upregulated (p less than 0.05). We conclude that during hepatic regeneration KC IL-1 production is elevated but controlled in an autoregulatory fashion by KC PGE2 production.
Two Transistor Current Mode Active Pixel Sensor

A novel current mode active pixel sensor for high resolution imaging is presented. The photo pixel is composed of a photodiode and two transistors: reset and transconductance amplifier transistor. The switch transistor is moved outside the pixel, allowing for lower pixel pitch and increased linearity of the output photocurrent. The increased linearity of the image sensor has greatly reduced spatial variations across the image after correlated double sampling and the column fix pattern noise is 0.35% of the saturated current. A discussion on theoretical temporal noise limitations of this design is also presented.
Color image encryption using multiple reference joint transform correlation

The objective of this paper is to propose a novel encryption technique for color information using a modified joint transform correlation (JTC) scheme. The color image is first split into three components, namely, red, green and blue. Individual color components are encrypted employing the proposed JTC technique and then fused together to form the encoded information. The proposed JTC technique feeds the encryption key to four parallel processing channels after phase shifting by different amount. The image to be encrypted is introduced to each channel and then the combined image is Fourier transformed. The magnitude spectrum of each channel is recorded and combined to form a modified spectrum. Inverse Fourier transform of the spectrum yields the encoded image. For decryption purpose, the received encrypted image is first Fourier transformed and multiplied by the encryption key. A fringe-adjusted filter is also developed to enhance the decryption performance. Inverse Fourier transform of the filtered signal retrieves the original information. The proposed system offers a strong security through incorporation of nonlinear encryption without requiring a complex architecture and an enhanced performance by using color information. Performance of the proposed technique is investigated through computer simulation employing real-life images in various practical non-cooperating environments.
An Initial Investigation of Nitrogen Doping of Wide-Bandgap HgCdTe During Molecular-Beam Epitaxy Using Ar/N Plasmas

An initial investigation of the use of atomic nitrogen for controlled p-type doping of wide-bandgap Hg 0.3 Cd 0.7 Te (x = 0.7) is reported. Mixtures of argon and nitrogen, ranging in nitrogen concentration from 0.1% to 100%, have been utilized to demonstrate well-controlled nitrogen incorporation in the 10 16 cm -3 to 10 20 cm -3 range using total gas flow rates of 0.3 seem to 4.0 sccm and radiofrequency (RF) powers of 100 W to 400 W. Nitrogen doping exhibits several desirable attributes including abrupt turn-on and turn-off and minimal sensitivity to variations in growth temperature and HgCdTe composition, with no negative effects on HgCdTe dislocation density and morphology. Preliminary electrical measurements indicate primarily n-type behavior in the 10 14 cm -3 to 10 15 cm -3 range in as-grown x = 0.7 HgCdTe and CdTe films doped with nitrogen at 10 18 cm -3 to 10 20 cm -3 concentrations, while ZnTe films have exhibited p-type electrical activity with hole concentrations approaching 10 20 cm -3 .
Cattle Ranching in the Venezuelan Llanos and the Florida Flatwoods: A Problem in Comparative History

By 1860, Cuba had become Spain's leading plantation colony in the New World, producing cash crops such as sugar, coffee, and tobacco for export. Cuba devoted so much effort to cash crops that the colony found it necessary to import foodstuffs to feed its slave and free populations. Among the essential foodstuffs that Cuba imported were dried beef from Venezuela and beef cattle from Florida. Venezuela, a Spanish colony that achieved its independence in 1821, and Florida, a Spanish colony acquired by the United States in 1821, had become Cuba's leading beef suppliers by the mid-nineteenth century.
A circuit disassembly technique for synthesizing symbolic layouts from mask descriptions

A technique, called circuit disassembly, for transforming a mask-level description into an equivalent symbolic layout is described. This technique has been implemented in a program that can handle physical layouts containing arbitrary Manhattan geometry. Circuits designed using mask-level layout systems can be disassembled automatically, independent of the circuit technology, into a symbolic environment. Once converted, the disassembled layout can be manipulated further by existing symbolic design or verification tools. A key motivation for symbolic representation is the relative ease of retargeting designs for new process technologies. Industrial symbolic compaction systems can be used for this purpose. The formulation of the problem consists of two major steps: device extraction and net decomposition. The first step involves extracting transistors and contacts from the layout. New symbolic primitives are generated if available library elements are insufficient. The second step aims at synthesizing symbolic wires from the remaining mask geometry for interconnecting the circuit primitives. >
Maternal recognition of pregnancy and embryonic loss

Abstract This review discusses the hypothesis that conceptuses, otherwise normal except lagging slightly in development, might fail to signal their presence in time to prevent regression of the corpus luteum. The principle signals for maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle have been identified as proteins released by the trophectoderm for a limited period around the time of blastocyst elongation. They are known as oTP-1 and bTP-1, but more recently have been identified as functionally active interferons (IFN) in the IFN-αII subfamily. Because of its availability a somewhat related recombinant bovine IFN (rboIFN-αI1) has been tested for its effects on fertility in ewes. Preliminary experiments indicate that intramuscular injection of rboIFN-αI1 during the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy can improve pregnancy success.
Reconciliation after Genocide, Mass Killing, or Intractable Conflict: Understanding the Roots of Violence, Psychological Recovery, and Steps toward a General Theory

This article explores psychological avenues to reconciliation between groups. It describes the psychological changes in survivors, perpetrators, and passive bystanders in the course of the evolution of increasing violence and points to healing from the psychological wounds created as an essential component of reconciliation. It also explores the role of understanding the roots of genocide, and of violence between groups in general, in contributing to healing, to the creation of a shared history in place of the usually contradictory histories held by groups that have been in violent conflict, and to reconciliation in general. The role of processes that have been emphasized in the literature on reconciliation, such as truth, justice, and contact between groups are discussed. Bottom up approaches focusing on the population and top down approaches involving leaders and the media, and the importance of changes in institutions and structures are discussed. The article exemplifies many of the issues and processes by a discussion of the genocide in Rwanda, and by the description of interventions, ranging from work with small groups, including leaders and the media, to radio programs that aimed to further reconciliation, as well as research evaluating an intervention.
Continental fens in western Canada as effective carbon sinks during the Holocene

Here, we present results of Holocene carbon accumulation from seven new peat cores at four fen sites from Alberta, western Canada. Along with two other published fen records in the same region, we ...
Schwann Cell Proliferation In Vitro Is under Negative Autocrine Control

In healthy adult peripheral nerve, Schwann cells are believed to be generally quiescent. Similarly, cultures of isolated rat sciatic nerve Schwann cells hardly proliferate in serum-supplemented medium. The possibility that Schwann cells negatively regulate their own proliferation was supported by the demonstration that conditioned media from Schwann cell cultures inhibited the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated test cultures. The inhibition could be complete, was dose dependent, and was exhibited when the test Schwann cells were under the influence of different types of mitogens such as cholera toxin, laminin, and living neurons. The inhibition of proliferation was completely reversible and a rapid doubling of cell number resulted when treatment with conditioned medium was withdrawn from mitogen-stimulated Schwann cells. Conditioned medium from cholera toxin-stimulated and immortalized Schwann cell cultures contained less antiproliferative activity than that found in medium from quiescent Schwann cell cultures. However, media conditioned by two actively proliferating rat Schwannoma cell lines were rich sources of antiproliferative activity for Schwann cells. Unlike the mitogen-stimulated Schwann cells, whose proliferation could be inhibited completely, the immortalized and transformed Schwann cell types were nearly unresponsive to the antiproliferative activity. The antiproliferative activity in Schwann and Schwannoma cell conditioned media was submitted to gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. The activity exists in at least two distinct forms: (a) a high molecular weight complex with an apparent molecular mass greater than 1,000 kD, and (b) a lower molecular weight form having a molecular mass of 55 kD. The active 55-kD form could be derived from the high molecular weight form by gel filtration performed under dissociating conditions. The 55-kD form was further purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. These results suggest that Schwann cells produce an autocrine factor, which we designate as a "neural antiproliferative protein," which completely inhibits the in vitro proliferation of Schwann cells but not that of immortalized Schwann cells or Schwannoma lines.
The first forty years: A brief history of the modern photovoltaic age

This brief history of the modern photovoltaic (PV) age is divided into four major periods: the beginning in 1953-1954; the next steps, 1954-1956; the space PV period, 1956-1970; and the terrestrial PV period, 1970 onwards. the author began his participation in photovoltaics in 1953 and has been a participant in, or a witness to, the events that he describes.
Effects of selected physical and chemical treatments of Colorado potato beetle eggs on host acceptance and development of the parasitic wasp, Edovum puttleri

Effects of various physical and chemical treatments of Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] eggs on parasitization and development of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were investigated. UV irradiation did not affect host acceptance but reduced host suitability for UV exposure times greater than or equal to 90 min. Susceptibility of host eggs to UV irradiation varied with host age; eggs were most vulnerable to damage from irradiation at 12, 18, and 24 h post-oviposition. The rate of parasitization also was influenced by host age. Percent parasitization was greatest in freshly laid eggs and 24-30 h old eggs. Seventy-seven percent of host eggs frozen at -20 degrees C (5 min) were parasitized by E. puttleri, but extended exposure of eggs to -20 degrees C reduced both acceptance and suitability. Host eggs that had been washed with hexane (removal of kairomone and sticky layer) also were parasitized. After 5 min of washing, application of kairomone significantly increased the rate of parasitism (from 74.7% to 88.2%), but with longer periods of washing, kairomone application had no significant effect on percent parasitism. Thus, the sticky material(s) coating the egg did not appear to be essential for parasitization to occur. Our results provide effective methods and times for treating Colorado potato beetle eggs to maximize parasitization and development of E. puttleri.
EMPIRICAL VALIDATION OF A METHOD FOR UMBRELLA SPECIES SELECTION

Empirical validation that putative umbrella species protect many co-occur- ring species is rare. Using 10 sets of data, representing two taxonomic groups and three ecoregions, we tested the effectiveness of a recently developed index for selection of umbrella species. We also tested whether species identified with the index were more effective umbrellas than species selected at random, evaluated whether sample size and intensity affect selection of umbrella species, and examined whether the index could identify cross-taxonomic umbrellas in a single ecoregion. Conserving all locations with at least one umbrella species would protect the vast majority of each assemblage. A more realistic scenario, conservation of subsets of locations with relatively high numbers of umbrella species, generally would protect '0.75 of each assemblage. Randomly selected sets of species often required that more locations be designated for protection than did sets selected using the umbrella index. The umbrella index tended to identify fewer locations that offered an equivalent level of species protection. Sampling intensity affected which species were identified as umbrellas, but not the proportion of species that would be protected. Umbrella species were no more effective than randomly selected species for cross-taxonomic appli- cations; nonetheless, neither group was significantly less effective than same-taxon um- brellas. Particularly when selection of protected areas is not highly constrained, it may indeed be feasible to identify effective umbrella species. Unqualified utility of the umbrella index or umbrella species concept, however, is not supported by this study.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS OF TROPICAL MUSSEL LARVAE

Two species of tropical mussels of the genus Perna are presently being cultured as food resources. The brown mussel of Venezuela (Perna perna) is raft cultured while the Philippine green mussel (P. viridis = Mytilus smaragdinus) is harvested from submerged bamboo poles. For this study, I imported, quarantined and spawned adults of both species in my laboratory and reared the larvae beyond metamorphosis (24 days) in replicate cultures at 40 different combinations of temperature and salinity. Response surface analyses of data collected at intervals show significant changes in the temperature and salinity optima for growth and survival during the planktonic stages preceding metamorphosis. However, analyses of the data taken only at the termination of the experiment predict quite different optimum conditions. These data amount to a biological summation of the varying temperature and salinity requirements of the larvae throughout the experimental culture. I have developed a generalized model for the growth responses of tropical mussel larvae which is presented as a motion picture study of the changing responses to temperature and salinity.
Nutrient demand interacts with forage family to affect nitrogen digestion and utilization responses in dairy cows

The effect of preliminary feed intake on responses to diets containing alfalfa silage or orchardgrass silage was evaluated using 8 ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in a crossover design experiment with a 14-d preliminary period and two 15-d treatment periods. Responses measured were intake, digestion, and utilization of N. Cows were 139 ± 83 (mean ± standard deviation) days in milk at the beginning of the preliminary period. During the 14-d preliminary period, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield ranged from 23.9 to 47.6 kg/d (mean = 36.9 kg/d) and preliminary voluntary dry matter intake (pVDMI) ranged from 14.2 to 21.3 kg/d (mean = 18.6 kg/d). Treatments were a diet with alfalfa silage as the sole forage (AL) and a diet with orchardgrass silage as the sole forage (OG). Alfalfa silage contained 20.5% crude protein (CP; dry matter basis) and orchardgrass silage contained 20.4% CP; AL contained 18.3% CP and 5.6% estimated rumen-undegraded CP, and OG contained 18.8% CP and 6.3% estimated rumen-undegraded CP. Mean N intake was similar between treatments, ruminal N digestibility was greater for AL (30.4%) than for OG (17.7%), and whole-tract N digestibility did not differ between treatments. Intake and duodenal flow of N depended on a treatment x pVDMI interaction; both N intake and duodenal flow increased more for AL than for OG as pVDMI increased. Duodenal flow of microbial N and the efficiency of microbial N production from OM also depended on a treatment x pVDMI interaction in a manner similar to N intake and duodenal flow. However, treatment x pVDMI interactions also indicate that as pVDMI increased and N intake increased for AL compared with OG, a decreasing proportion of the additional N consumed from AL was digested and used for increased milk protein production or body tissue gain. Therefore, when feeding less-filling diets, such as those containing large proportions of legume forage, to high-producing cows, reducing dietary N concentration could increase the efficiency of N utilization and reduce the extent to which greater DMI leads to greater N excretion.
The Application of Iterative Metacognitive Theory in Electrical Engineering Experiment Teaching

Graduates not only need to learn, but needed to learn how to learn efficiently and effectively, specially in experiment course. Therefore, the well-known and widely accepted concept, metacognition, is revisited for use in a power systems experiment course. For conflict between continuous studying proceed and isolated cognitive way, the iterative metacognition is put forward. The new metacognition may accelerate the studying efficiency, especially in experiment couse. A combination of improved metacognition and the appropriate use of innovated experiment learning model may be one solution for addressing this issue. The study examined the current use of iterative metacognitive strategies in a innovated experiment unit at Northeastern University and how these strategies could be adopted to increase learning effectiveness. The study investigates how iterative way can support the metacognitive aspects of learning.
Visualization of Early APC/T Cell Interactions in the Mouse Lung Following Intranasal Challenge

We have used fluorescent latex beads, with or without covalently conjugated OVA, to facilitate study of Ag trafficking in the mouse lung and draining peribronchial lymph node (LN). At 6 h, and up to 48 h after intranasal administration, beads were observed as intracellular clusters in the tissue parenchyma. Flow cytometry of bead-positive (bead + ) cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated that a majority of these cells are CD11c + , F4/80 + , and CD11b − . Furthermore, fluorescent microscopy confirmed that a major subset of bead + cells in the lung tissue was also CD11c + . In the draining peribronchial LNs, small numbers of beads were present in the subcapsular sinus as early as 6 h after inhalation. By 12 h and beyond, bead + cells had localized exclusively to the LN T zone. OVA-conjugated latex beads, in addition to stimulating brisk proliferation of naive, OVA-specific DO11.10 transgenic T cells in vitro, could also recruit OVA-specific T cells in vivo. In some cases, bead + APCs and CD4 + Th1 cells were found adjacently localized in the lung tissue 6 h after airway challenge. Thus, interactions of bead + APCs with Ag-specific CD4 + T cells occurred earlier in the peripheral airways than these same interactions occurred in the draining peribronchial LN. Lastly, after adoptive transfer, in vitro differentiated Th1 cells accumulated at peripheral sites in the lung tissue and airways before Ag challenge and therefore were ideally positioned to influence subsequent immune reactions of the airway.
Personal values and expert testimony.

This paper explores challenges to personal values which are inherent in the situation that any expert witness with a scientific background finds himself or herself in when working in the legal context. Case histories are relied on to make the point that time is needed for psychologists and lawyers to develop an effective and ethically sound working relationship. The paper takes issue with the notion that the experts should be constrained in their behavior and their testimony by new rules and guidelines for testimony content. It further argues that the model of going public with psychological knowledge is a time-honored function of members of the American Psychological Association.
NAD(+)/NADH and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations to exercise.

The pyridine nucleotides, NAD+ and NADH, are coenzymes that provide oxidoreductive power for the generation of ATP by mitochondria. In skeletal muscle, exercise perturbs the levels of NAD+, NADH, and consequently, the NAD+/NADH ratio, and initial research in this area focused on the contribution of redox control to ATP production. More recently, numerous signaling pathways that are sensitive to perturbations in NAD+(H) have come to the fore, as has an appreciation for the potential importance of compartmentation of NAD+(H) metabolism and its subsequent effects on various signaling pathways. These pathways, which include the sirtuin (SIRT) proteins SIRT1 and SIRT3, the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) proteins PARP1 and PARP2, and COOH-terminal binding protein (CtBP), are of particular interest because they potentially link changes in cellular redox state to both immediate, metabolic-related changes and transcriptional adaptations to exercise. In this review, we discuss what is known, and not known, about the contribution of NAD+(H) metabolism and these aforementioned proteins to mitochondrial adaptations to acute and chronic endurance exercise.
Comparative analysis of T cell imaging with human nuclear reporter genes

Monitoring genetically altered T cells is an important component of adoptive T cell therapy in patients, and the ability to visualize their trafficking/targeting, proliferation/expansion, and retention/death using highly sensitive reporter systems that do not induce an immunologic response would provide useful information. Therefore, we focused on human reporter gene systems that have the potential for translation to clinical studies. The objective of the in vivo imaging studies was to determine the minimum number of T cells that could be visualized with the different nuclear reporter systems. We determined the imaging sensitivity (lower limit of T cell detection) of each reporter using appropriate radiolabeled probes for PET or SPECT imaging. Methods: Human T cells were transduced with retroviral vectors encoding for the human norepinephrine transporter (hNET), human sodium-iodide symporter (hNIS), a human deoxycytidine kinase double mutant (hdCKDM), and herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (hsvTK) reporter genes. After viability and growth were assessed, 10 5 to 3 · 10 6 reporter T cells were injected subcutaneously on the shoulder area. The corresponding radiolabeled probe was injected intravenously 30 min later, followed by sequential PET or SPECT imaging. Radioactivity at the T cell injection sites and in the thigh (background) was measured. Results: The viability and growth of experimental cells were unaffected by transduction. The hNET/ meta-18F-fluorobenzylguanidine (18F-MFBG) reporter system could detect less than 1 · 105 T cells because of its high uptake in the transduced T cells and low background activity. The hNIS/124Iiodide reporter system could detect approximately 1 · 106 T cells; 124I-iodide uptake at the T cell injection site was time-dependent and associated with high background. The hdCKDM/2′-18F-fluoro5-ethyl-1-b-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (18F-FEAU) and hsvTK/18FFEAU reporter systems detected approximately 3 · 105 T cells, respectively. 18F-FEAU was a more efficient probe (higher uptake, lower background) than 124 I-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil for both hdCKDM and hsvTK. Conclusion: Ac omparison of different reporter gene–reporter probe systems for imaging of T cell number was performed, and the hNET/ 18 F-MFBG PET reporter system was found to be the most sensitive and capable of detecting approximately 35–40 · 10 3 T cells at the site of T cell injection in the animal model.
Reversal of morphine-induced cell-type–specific synaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens shell blocks reinstatement

Drug-evoked plasticity at excitatory synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) drives behavioral adaptations in addiction. MSNs expressing dopamine D1 (D1R-MSN) vs. D2 receptors (D2R-MSN) can exert antagonistic effects in drug-related behaviors, and display distinct alterations in glutamate signaling following repeated exposure to psychostimulants; however, little is known of cell-type–specific plasticity induced by opiates. Here, we find that repeated morphine potentiates excitatory transmission and increases GluA2-lacking AMPA receptor expression in D1R-MSNs, while reducing signaling in D2-MSNs following 10–14 d of forced abstinence. In vivo reversal of this pathophysiology with optogenetic stimulation of infralimbic cortex-accumbens shell (ILC-NAc shell) inputs or treatment with the antibiotic, ceftriaxone, blocked reinstatement of morphine-evoked conditioned place preference. These findings confirm the presence of overlapping and distinct plasticity produced by classes of abused drugs within subpopulations of MSNs that may provide targetable molecular mechanisms for future pharmacotherapies.
Purification and characterization of human erythrocyte phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate 4-kinase are distinct enzymes

PtdIns 4-kinase has been purified 83,000-fold from human erythrocyte membranes. The major protein detected by SDS/PAGE is of molecular mass 56 kDa, and enzymic activity can be renatured from this band of the gel. The characteristics of this enzyme are similar to other type II PtdIns kinases previously described: PtdIns presented in Triton X-100 micelles is preferred as a substrate over PtdIns vesicles, the enzyme possesses a relatively low Km for ATP (20 microM), and adenosine is an effective inhibitor. A monoclonal antibody raised against bovine brain type II PtdIns 4-kinase is an effective inhibitor of the purified enzyme. PtdIns(4,5)P2 inhibits by approx. 50% when added in equimolar amounts with PtdIns; PtdIns4P has little effect on activity. A PtdIns3P 4-kinase activity has also been detected in erythrocyte lysates. Approximately two-thirds of this activity is in the cytosolic fraction and one-third in the membrane fraction. No PtdIns3P 4-kinase activity could be detected in the purified type II PtdIns 4-kinase preparation, nor could this activity be detected in a bovine brain type III PtdIns 4-kinase preparation. The monoclonal antibody that inhibits the type II PtdIns 4-kinase does not affect the PtdIns3P 4-kinase activity in the membrane fraction. The cytosolic PtdIns3P 4-kinase can be efficiently recovered from a 60%-satd.-(NH4)2SO4 precipitate that is virtually free of PtdIns 4-kinase activity. We conclude that PtdIns3P 4-kinase is a new enzyme distinct from previously characterized PtdIns 4-kinases, and that this enzyme prefers PtdIns3P over PtdIns as a substrate.
Mystery and Secrecy in The Secret Revelation of John

The Secret Revelation of John (SRJ) offers many opportunities to explore the topic of tmystery and secrecy.t The entire work is titled an apocryphon -a "secret revelation" - and one version begins by explicitly proclaiming itself to contain the revelation of mysteries and secrets hidden in silence. This chapter identifies specific uses of the themes of mystery and secrecy: to characterize the narrative revelation given by Christ as well as its theophanic mode of disclosure; to "theorize" the Savior's revelatory hermeneutics and inculcate a reading strategy alert to the hidden meaning of scripture, tradition, and "history"; to expose the deception and ignorance of the world rulers. It takes up contemporary discussions of mystery and secrecy to inquire about what the diverse representation of these themes in SRJ might imply socially, historically, or rhetorically. Keywords: apocryphon ; Christianity; mystery; secrecy; The Secret Revelation of John (SRJ)
Aging Effects in Ni-36% Al Shape Memory Alloy

Samples of Ni-36 at% Al which were hot rolled, then solutionized at 1230°C and quenched, exhibited reversible transformations between the low-temperature, martensitic phase and the high temperature, austenitic phase. The initial peak transformation temperatures on heating (AP), cooling (MP), and the heats of transformation (ΔH) determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were ∼121°C, 119°C and 4 J/g, respectively for the as-solutionized material. Decreases in transformation temperatures and heats after aging at 350°C were also determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and microhardness testing (DPH). The DPH values plotted against age time showed two distinct peaks, a result similar to precipitation hardening in other Al alloys.