cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the October 2005 Microearthquake Swarm and Reactivation of Similar Event Seismic Swarms over Decadal Time Periods near Socorro, New Mexico

Seismicity in the Rio Grande rift in central New Mexico, southwestern United States, has been dominated by microearthquakes occurring above the midcrustal Socorro magma body (SMB) for at least the past century. The SMB is a sill-like feature ≥3400 km2 in area, with a top surface at 19-km depth and centered below the inner rift half-graben system. A recent swarm of microearthquakes above the magma body began on 20 October 2005. The activity intensified toward 30 October 2005, with the largest event being a shallow felt local magnitude ( M L) 2.4 earthquake at 02:57:35 (UTC). Seismicity increased in the region following this event, with over 1600 earthquakes detectable at a minimum of one local seismic station during the subsequent month. Seismic waveforms for the earthquakes in this sequence are remarkably similar, implying consistently similar location and faulting geometry. The time–space distribution of earthquakes indicates that this sequence is highly swarmlike, in contrast to tectonic mainshock–aftershock sequences. Given the local tectonic setting and shallow (<8 km) depth of individual events above the SMB, a likely explanation for the Socorro earthquake sequence is fluid flow- or pressure-induced triggering associated with the evolution of the SMB. Swarms such as the 2005 sequence are not uncommon in this area (e.g., prominent previous sequences occurred in May and July of 1983). Here we characterize the 2005 earthquake sequence by presenting composite focal mechanisms, magnitude estimates, and high-precision relative locations based on waveform cross-correlation techniques that capitalize on the similar waveforms. A new waveform scanning technique identifies over 1600 small similar earthquakes during this period from continuous seismic records. Waveforms and locations are also observed to be similar between the 2005 and 1983 sequences, suggesting consistency in source location, geometry, and thus mechanism over decadal time scales.
Nosocomial infection control in the United States of America.

Nosocomial infections provide the health care system of the USA with one of its greatest challenges. There have been many estimates of the magnitude of this problem, but the most reliable comes from the Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) Study on the E’cacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) (Haley et al., 1985a). This monumental study was initiated in 1974, but the results have only recently been published, unfortunately in a journal that is read by few American physicians. Based on a random sample of hospitals and hospitalized patients in the USA in 1975-76, 4.5% of patients admitted to the hospital were found to have acquired a nosocomial infection, and the overall nosocomial infection rate was 5.7 infections per 100 admissions. Over 2 million infections were estimated to have occurred in the 12-month study period. Thus, there were substantially more nosocomial infections than hospital admissions for cancer, accidents, or myocardial infarction. Urinary tract infections comprised 42% of the total, surgical wound infections 24%, pneumonias lo%, bacteraemias 5%, and infections at other sites 19%. As alarming as these figures are, they do not include the estimated 1.5 million infections that occur annually in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities (Haley et al., 1985a). In addition to the morbidity and mortality associated with these nosocomial infections, it is now clear that their economic consequences are serious. In today’s dollars, the cost of extended hospitalization attributable to nosocomial infections probably exceeds US $4 billion. While nearly 10 years have passed since the SENIC data were collected, it is unlikely that the nosocomial infection problem has become less serious
To be or not to be is not the question — On Beckett's Film

I Samuel Beckett wrote just once for the cinema. Film was written in 1963 and first shown publicly in 1965, forty years ago (Beckett 1986, 321–334). Film was shot in New York in 1964, with the opening external shots in Lower Manhattan close to Brooklyn Bridge and the rest in Greenwich Village, and it was the occasion of Beckett’s one and only trip to the United States. The movie was the idea of Barney Rosset, Beckett’s New York publisher and legendary editor of the Grove Press in its long heyday from the 1950s to the 1970s. Film was the movie debut of Alan Schneider, Beckett’s most trusted, longserving and long-suffering theatre director in the United States. It stars Buster Keaton in one of his last movie appearances – he made several B-movie beach movies before his death in February 1966. Beckett said of Keaton that ‘he had a poker mind as well as a poker face’ and their relationship did not get off to a good start. Schneider tells a story of their first meeting in Keaton’s hotel room, where Beckett awkwardly tried to engage in conversation with Keaton while the latter replied in monosyllables, drank a beer and watched the baseball game on TV. Beckett was a huge sports fan and considerable sportsman himself – the only winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature to be mentioned in Wisden’s Cricketers’ Almanack, playing first-class cricket for Trinity College Dublin – and went to see the New York Mets at Shea Stadium during his trip to New York and apparently thoroughly enjoyed the game. A little sadly perhaps, Keaton was the fourth
Semantic decomposition of computer programs: An aid to program testing

Semantic decomposition results in a hierarchy of partitions which are small enough to be easily understood, and large enough to be meaningful to a program tester. Each partition results in the elimination of at least one local variable from consideration during error analysis, which further simplifies the testing process. Semantic decomposition reduces the complexity of the testing process, enhances the understandability of the program for the tester, and thus abstracts a program to a higher level. The decomposition yields a plan for hierarchical testing which, if followed conscientiously, should result in faster and more thorough testing for large or poorly structured programs. By reorganizing poorly structured programs into the modules indicated by semantic decomposition, an improved source level representation of the programs may be obtained.
The Global Restoration Initiative

Abstract A global analysis indicates that more than 2 billion ha of cleared and degraded forest lands—an area twice the size of China—are not in productive agriculture or human habitation. Restoring these lands represents an immense opportunity to improve food security, human livelihoods, water supplies, climate stability, and natural resource management demonstrated through successful examples of restoration in Niger, Nepal, Brazil, India, and Ethiopia. However, challenges remain. It is essential to assess the motivation for restoration, the enabling conditions, and the factors that make implementation possible. Before rushing into restoration decisions, it is important to recognize that returning a landscape to its former ecosystem may not be possible (or even desirable) in some places. In order to create resilient landscapes for the 21st century, we need to simultaneously restore forests and increase the productivity of existing agricultural lands, which support human livelihoods and well-being.
Integrated urban hydrologic and hydraulic modelling in Chicago, Illinois

With rapidly growing urbanization, urban flooding and water quality control are becoming a vital component of sustainable urban infrastructure. Integrated urban hydrologic and hydraulic modelling represents a potential framework for capturing system interactivity and optimizing the design, operation, and engineering of urban systems. This work describes how a widely-used hydrodynamic model, the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), was made compliant with the Open Modelling Interface (OpenMI) standard. The new version of the EFDC has potential to be coupled with any OpenMI-compliant model for various studies. As an example, this paper presents an application of the OpenMI version of EFDC coupled with InfoWorks-CS for a representative highly urbanized area in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The integrated modelling simulates the two-way linkage between the sewer network and the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS). This interaction between the river and sewer pipe systems can not be described by decoupled models. By coupling the models, it is possible to observe the interaction between the sewer system overflow discharge and the hydraulic head in the pipe network. This is particularly important since higher water levels in the pipe system increase the potential for flooding. Display Omitted
New American Relief and Development Organizations: Voluntarizing Global Aid

International aid has seen a trend towards decentralization and voluntary action in the last two decades. Relief and development non-governmental organizations (NGOs) registered with the IRS ballooned from about 1,000 in 1990 to over 11,000 in 2010, and most of these are small organizations run on a voluntary basis. These NGOs are headquartered in one-third of all U.S. counties, representing every state in the United States. How can we explain the distribution and the growth of these organizations over time? I use a multilevel model with county means to show that higher per-county income, education, percent of residents born abroad, and higher numbers of religious congregations and Rotary Clubs explain between-county differences, although only education and number of congregations retain positive within-county, over-time effects. The article aims to inject a globalized perspective into theories of nonprofits and voluntarism and to demonstrate that the decentralization of aid to voluntary actors is a phenomenon that must be taken up by scholars of globalization and development.
Into the black and back: the ecology of brain investment in Neotropical army ants (Formicidae: Dorylinae)

Shifts to new ecological settings can drive evolutionary changes in animal sensory systems and in the brain structures that process sensory information. We took advantage of the diverse habitat ecology of Neotropical army ants to test whether evolutionary transitions from below- to above-ground activity were associated with changes in brain structure. Our estimates of genus-typical frequencies of above-ground activity suggested a high degree of evolutionary plasticity in habitat use among Neotropical army ants. Brain structure consistently corresponded to degree of above-ground activity among genera and among species within genera. The most above-ground genera (and species) invested relatively more in visual processing brain tissues; the most subterranean species invested relatively less in central processing higher-brain centers (mushroom body calyces). These patterns suggest a strong role of sensory ecology (e.g., light levels) in selecting for army ant brain investment evolution and further suggest that the subterranean environment poses reduced cognitive challenges to workers. The highly above-ground active genus Eciton was exceptional in having relatively large brains and particularly large and structurally complex optic lobes. These patterns suggest that the transition to above-ground activity from ancestors that were largely subterranean for approximately 60 million years was followed by re-emergence of enhanced visual function in workers.
Associations of ethnic discrimination with symptoms of anxiety and depression among Hispanic emerging adults: a moderated mediation model

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Emerging adulthood is often marked with elevated symptoms of anxiety and depression. Hispanic emerging adults may face cultural stressors such as ethnic discrimination that further increase levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. The study aims were to examine if (a) self-esteem mediated effects of ethnic discrimination on symptoms of anxiety and depression, and (b) if gender moderated the indirect effects of discrimination. Design: The study design was cross-sectional self-report. Method: Two moderated mediation models were tested, with 1084 Hispanic emerging adults (ages 18–25) enrolled in institutions of post-secondary in the United States. Results: Results indicated that (a) higher ethnic discrimination was associated with higher anxiety symptoms (β = .05, p = .04), higher depression symptoms (β = .06, p = .02), and lower self-esteem (β = −.30, p < .001); (b) self-esteem mediated the associations of ethnic discrimination with anxiety and depression symptoms; and (...
SSC Costs and Plans for Industrial Involvement

The objective of this presentation is to indicate the potential role for industry in various areas of the SSC construction program. In order to accomplish this goal, we will review and utilize the projected construction cost estimates that were developed for the SSC Conceptual Design Report (CDR) of 1986.
Payment by Results in the UK: Progress to date and future directions for evaluation:

In the UK, Payment by Results (PbR) is a central element in public service reform. This policy intention is being translated into practice through programmes of varying designs and scale, operating...
Administering antiretroviral medication through enteral tubes.

The excellent review by Prohaska and King[1][1] on the administration of antiretroviral drugs via enteral tubes addresses a common challenge faced by inpatient practitioners when HIV-positive patients are admitted to the intensive care unit. Readers should be aware that new oral liquid formulations
Host-guest interactions derived multilayer perylene diimide thin film constructed on a scaffolding porphyrin monolayer.

The development of methods to grow well-ordered chromophore thin films on solid substrates is of importance because such surface-associated arrays have potential applications in the generation of functional electronic and optical materials and devices. In this article, we demonstrate a straightforward layer-by-layer (LBL) supramolecular deposition strategy to prepare numerous layers (up to 19) of functionalized perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores built upon a covalent scaffolding multivalent porphyrin monolayer. Our thin film formation strategy employs water as the immersion solvent and exploits the β-cyclodextrin–adamantane host–guest couple in addition to PDI based aromatic stacking. Within the resultant film the porphyrin scaffold is oriented close to parallel to the glass substrate while the PDI chromophores are aligned closer to the surface normal. Together, the porphyrin monolayer and the multi-PDI layers exhibit a large absorption bandwidth in the visible spectrum. Importantly, because a self-assem...
131. The gut microbiota modulates stress-induced cytokine concentrations in healthy, non-obese white adipose tissue

Acute stressor exposure induces a sterile inflammatory response marked by shifts in circulating and white adipose tissue (WAT) cytokines. Although the sterile inflammatory response occurs in healthy/non-obese WAT and varies in magnitude relative to the WAT depot, the mechanisms which regulate stress-induced WAT cytokines remain unclear. Because the gut microbiota modulates visceral WAT inflammation and stress-induced systemic cytokines, we hypothesized that changes to the normal microbiota environment would also affect stress-induced WAT cytokines. To test this hypothesis 8 week old male Fischer 344 rats were treated for four days with antibiotics (4 mg/mL streptomycin and 2 mg/mL penicillin G) administered via drinking water prior to receiving 100 tail-shocks (1.5 mA, 5s, every 60 s ± 25 s). Immediately before or following stress rats were sacrificed and subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, epididymal, omental, and mesenteric WAT were harvested for cytokine analyses via ELISA. Stress differentially increased interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) in all WAT depots, decreased interleukin-10 (IL-10) in subcutaneous and mesenteric WAT and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in omental WAT. Antibiotic treatment reduced fecal colony forming units, dampened the stress-induced increase in IL-1beta in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal WAT and the stress-induced decrease in IL-10 in subcutaneous and mesenteric WAT. These data demonstrate that the gut microbiota directly affects stress-induced shifts in WAT cytokine concentrations in a depot specific manner suggesting a novel mechanism through which pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations are regulated in healthy, stressed non-obese WAT. NSF-1022451.
History of the National Office

The society has changed greatly since the first meeting in 1889 of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. When President C. V. Riley called that group to order in Washington, D.C., the association numbered 105 members. By 1908, one year after the founding of the old Entomological Society of America by J. H. Comstock, AAEE had about 350 members and ESA had some 500 members.
Study on the relationship between body weight and healthy lifestyle in Nantong City

Objective To understand the relationship between body weight of the residents and healthy life style in Nantong city. Methods Multistage sampling was used for this study. Information was obtained by conducting a face-toface questionnaire survey among 500 residents aged 18 to 69. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity were37. 8% and 6. 8%,respectively. Age,fresh vegetables consumption,limited oil spoon every time and weight control could be the independent factors of overweight and obesity. Conclusions Overweight and obesity prevalence are high among residents in Nantong city. An unhealthy lifestyle and age are risk factors for overweight and obesity,effective measures to control and intervene should be taken especially in middle aged and elderly people.
Enhancing Student Nurse Learning through Participation in a Community-Based Educational Program for Children and Families.

ABSTRACTHealth disparities, especially among minorities, persist; obesity is a national concern; and the combined effect can be significant for families and populations. In an effort to address obesity at an early age, the National Association of Hispanic Nurses (NAHN), developed the Muevete USA™ project. Muevete USA™ (from the Spanish verb for “to move”) features five lesson plans on healthy lifestyles for children and their families. This article describes Muevete USA™, the partnership with a local school of nursing, the implementation of the program at the local level and the emerging program and student outcomes of a successful partnership.
Phylogenetic context determines the role of competition in adaptive radiation

Understanding ecological mechanisms regulating the evolution of biodiversity is of much interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. Adaptive radiation constitutes an important evolutionary process that generates biodiversity. Competition has long been thought to influence adaptive radiation, but the directionality of its effect and associated mechanisms remain ambiguous. Here, we report a rigorous experimental test of the role of competition on adaptive radiation using the rapidly evolving bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 interacting with multiple bacterial species that differed in their phylogenetic distance to the diversifying bacterium. We showed that the inhibitive effect of competitors on the adaptive radiation of P. fluorescens decreased as their phylogenetic distance increased. To explain this phylogenetic dependency of adaptive radiation, we linked the phylogenetic distance between P. fluorescens and its competitors to their niche and competitive fitness differences. Competitive fitness differences, which showed weak phylogenetic signal, reduced P. fluorescens abundance and thus diversification, whereas phylogenetically conserved niche differences promoted diversification. These results demonstrate the context dependency of competitive effects on adaptive radiation, and highlight the importance of past evolutionary history for ongoing evolutionary processes.
Class, ideology, and severe weather: how the interaction of social and physical factors shape climate change threat perceptions among coastal US residents

In recent years, researchers in the field of environmental sociology have broadened their methodological scope to include indicators of physical phenomena in order to more fully understand societal–environmental interactions, especially in the investigation of public views about climate change. While efforts to integrate social and physical data have been fruitful, there have been relatively few studies which examine the multiplicative effects of social and physical variables on views about climate change. Here, I combine survey data of coastal US residents from the Communities and Environment in Rural America (CERA) project with severe weather events data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Storm Events Database in order to investigate whether and how individual-level factors interact with county-level biophysical factors to influence public perceptions of the threat of climate change. I find that household income, political party affiliation, beliefs about climate change, a...
Randomized controlled trial of the Resilience and Coping Intervention (RCI) with undergraduate university students

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the Resilience and Coping Intervention (RCI) with college students. Participants: College students (aged 18–23) from a large Midwest US university who volunteered for a randomized controlled trial during the 2015 spring semester. Methods: College students were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 64) or a control (n = 65) group. Intervention participants received three 45-minute RCI sessions over subsequent weeks. All participants completed pre- and post-intervention assessments at the beginning of Week 1 and end of Week 3. Student resilience, coping, hope, stress, depression, and anxiety were assessed. Results. RCI participants reported significantly more hope and less stress and depression from Week 1 to Week 3 compared with control participants. Results for resilience also approached statistical significance. Effect sizes were small to moderate. Conclusions: This study found preliminary evidence that RCI is an effective resilience ...
Brain Imaging Indications for Headaches

Charts of all children referred to the pediatric neurology clinic, Schneider Children’s Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY, for evaluation of headaches over a 2-year period were reviewed retrospectively for headache characteristics, indications for performing CT and MRI studies, and imaging results.
Observation of inertial frequency response of main power grids worldwide using FNET/GridEye

Frequency monitoring network (FNET/GridEye), a wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) at distribution level, is known to be able to reveal many insights of power grid dynamics through the real time phasor measurement collected by frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs). A large number of FDR units are currently deployed in several power grids worldwide. This paper focuses on the inertial frequency responses of various bulk power grids over the world based on the observation of FNET/GridEye. It is the first time this kind of research is extended to main power grids worldwide. This paper discloses the frequency response characteristics for different sizes of power grids.
Excited States of Li2 and the Ground Electronic State of Li2

Because the Li2 dimer is the least complex stable homo-nuclear diatomic molecule besides hydrogen, it is an Interesting and important testing ground for comparison between theory and experiment. In particular, the elucidation of the excited state structure of Li2 has strongly benefitted from the close interaction between the experimental and ab initio theoretical investigations. In this work the experimental and theoretical results are reviewed and compared. Recent results for the very Interesting 31Σ g + double minimum potential state are presented.
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) Principles in Inpatient Psychiatry

For the patient with severe personality disorder pathology, an inpatient psychiatric hospitalization can be of benefit, but can also be associated with significant risk. The transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP) contracting process will explore in advance a number of contingencies related to psychiatric hospitalization. The TFP approach to hospitalization will often focus on the goal of having the patient return to treatment, if possible. In general, the TFP therapist will not automatically consider a psychiatric hospitalization a positive or negative development in the treatment. Risks associated with hospitalization can include: regression, derailment from activities including work and social life, staff splitting, and aggressive polypharmacy. Potential benefits can include: exploration of suicidal ideation or actions, adjustment of medications if indicated, an opportunity for family involvement, and psychoeducation and consultation with inpatient clinicians.
Ectomycorrhizal community composition and structure of a mature red alder (Alnus rubra) stand

Abstract Regional and global studies of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities associated with Alnus have made progress in determining the key factors that influence EMF diversity and biogeography. Smaller scale studies provide a valuable complement by relating EMF to environmental gradients and describing how community composition is influenced by competition and niche partitioning. We examined controls on EMF community composition in an 80 y-old Alnus rubra stand. EMF species were identified using root tip morphology and DNA sequencing, and related to soil variables (soil moisture, total C, total N, C:N ratio, PO4-P, soil pH) and to Frankia nodulation using Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis (TITAN) and multivariate techniques. Twenty-two EMF species were identified, including 14 that are new associates of A. rubra. EMF community composition varied temporally and was influenced by Frankia nodulation and soil chemistry. Species co-occurrence patterns suggest niche partitioning and competitive exclusion interact with subtle differences in the soil environment to influence EMF community composition.
Robust Lateral Control of Heavy Duty Vehicles for Automated Highway Systems

Abstract This paper is concerned with the automated lane following of heavy-duty vehicles in the context of automated highway systems. The problem is formulated in the road reference coordinate frame for a tractor-semitrailer system. Two robust control schemes are studied: one is based on the sliding mode control (SMC) and the other is adaptive robust control (ARC) which is an enhanced version of SMC with parameter adaptation. ARC achieves smaller tracking errors and better performances under both modeling and parametric uncertainties. The concept of virtual look ahead distance is discussed and it is shown that larger look ahead distances render smoother system dynamics while sacrificing trajectory tracking accuracy.
Polymer Waveguide-Based Reservoir Computing

Polymer waveguide optical interconnect technology, in which VCSEL and photodiode chip arrays are flip-mounted on an organic carrier to fabricate optical multi-chip modules, has been intensively developed over the last 15 years for data transfer applications in high performance computers. In that application, multiple-channel data signals transmitted to and from CPU and memory components in a system are converted into optical signals for short range, high density, high speed, low power and low cost digital communication. In this work we explore how these efforts could be leveraged to fabricate a compact, fully integrated photonic reservoir computing module with several devices potentially operating in parallel. We present experimental results of low optical loss in a crossing structure as well as good performance simulated with realistic parameters of a time-multiplexed reservoir performing a signal recovery task.
A comparison of dictionary building methods for sentiment analysis in software engineering text

Sentiment Analysis (SA) in Software Engineering (SE) texts suffers from low accuracies primarily due to the lack of an effective dictionary. The use of a domain-specific dictionary can improve the accuracy of SA in a particular domain. Building a domain dictionary is not a trivial task. The performance of lexical SA also varies based on the method applied to develop the dictionary. This paper includes a quantitative comparison of four dictionaries representing distinct dictionary building methods to identify which methods have higher/lower potential to perform well in constructing a domain dictionary for SA in SE texts.
Advanced 2D Graphics

In this chapter, rather than create a new game, you will learn two techniques for incorporating sophisticated graphics into your projects. The first section will introduce particle systems, which can create special effects such as explosions, which will be incorporated into the Space Rocks game in place of the spritesheet-based animation. The second section will introduce shader programs, which manipulate the pixels of the rendered image to create effects such as blurring or glowing, which will be incorporated into the Starfish Collector game.
Thermal Depolymerization of Biomass with Emphasis on Gasifier Design and Best Method for Catalytic Hot Gas Conditioning

This paper reviews ways that biomass can be converted by thermal depolymerization to make synthetic gas, i.e. syngas. Biomass, being carbon neutral, is considered as a form of solar energy stored during the growing season by photosynthesis. An effective biomass is one with low moisture and ash content, high lignin content, high calorific value, and small particle size. Woody biomass with low ash content (<1%), nut shells with high lignin content (30 to 40%), and municipal solid waste with synthetic polymers are effective at creating value-added synthetic gases. An allothermal downdraft gasifier produces a low tar syngas (99.9% tar conversion) at 850 oC and provides a simple and low-cost process. Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) improves thermodynamic efficiency. To avoid thermal loss, a hot gas filtration system uses trona sorption material for sulfur and halogen compounds. Secondary systems can use multiple cyclones followed by reactors employing calcined dolomite, olivine, and others for adsorption or reaction with residual sulfur, ammonia, metals, and halogens. Reforming of residual tar to syngas can take place within chambers with ceramic tubes doped with nano-nickel particles. Syngas can then be used in boilers, gas turbines for production of electricity or production of chemicals by Fischer-Tropsch conversion.
Effects of isolation, logging and dispersal on woody-species richness of islands

Isolation effects on species richness of woody plants were investigated in a system of islands that were created by the filling of the Clarks Hill Reservoir, Georgia. This reservoir was built between 1946–1954. Some islands were logged and cleared of woody plants prior to the filling of the reservoir and others were not logged. The presence of logged versus unlogged islands in the same system allowed us to test whether and how geographical isolation interacts with island history and species-specific dispersal properties in determining patterns of among-island variation in species number. Thirty-six years after the islands were created, logged islands had significantly fewer species of woody plants than unlogged ones. On logged islands, total number of woody species was negatively correlated with distance to the closest mainland (r=−0.95). On unlogged islands, variation in species number was very low (CV=4.9%) and was not correlated with distance to the mainland. These results indicate that the studied system as a whole has not yet reached equilibrium. However, the mean number of species on unlogged islands was very close to the intercept of the regression obtained for logged islands, suggesting that islands close to the mainland have already reached their equilibrium species richness. This conclusion is consistent with predictions of island biogeography theory. When species representing different dispersal properties were analyzed separately, statistically significant distance effects were obtained for bird-dispersed species (r=0.88) and for species with no adaptations to bird or wind dispersal (r=0.81). Wind-dispersed species did not show a decrease in species number with increasing isolation, but their relative frequency was positively and significantly correlated with distance to the mainland (r=0.94). Historical factors, as well as differences among species in dispersal properties, are important in explaining patterns of among-island variation in species number.
Progressive Testicular Atrophy in the Varicocele Patient

AbstractWe examined 82 healthy volunteers, 61 subfertile men with varicoceles and 27 subfertile men without varicoceles for testicular size and semen quality. In 13 volunteers we found unsuspected varicoceles and a left testicle significantly smaller than the other 69 volunteers. The size of the right testicle and the sperm density in these patient groups were similar. Both testicles of subfertile male subjects with varicoceles were significantly smaller than the testicles of subfertile male subjects without varicoceles. However, the sperm densities of these 2 groups were similar. Finally, although subfertile male subjects with varicoceles had obviously statistically lower sperm densities than volunteers with varicoceles, the testicular sizes were similar. Perhaps varicocele ligations should beperformed on all male subjects with this lesion at an early age to prevent progressive testicular atrophy and decreased fertility potential.
The Regulation of Myosin-Light-Chain Synthesis in Heterokaryons between Differentiated and Undifferentiated Myogenic Cells

Embryonic myoblasts from a variety of species are able to undergo a process of terminal differentiation in vitro. Freshly isolated myoblasts are morphologically and biochemically undifferentiated. After dividing several times, they become postmitotic, spontaneously fuse to form multinucleated myotubes, and initiate the synthesis of a variety of muscle-specific proteins. The synthesis of these proteins is coordinately controlled (Devlin and Emerson, 1978; Garrels, 1979), and although some translational regulation may be involved (Buckingham et al., 1976; Bag and Sarkar, 1976), the major control appears to be primarily transcriptional (John et al., 1977; Strohman et al., 1977; Perriard, 1979). Little is known concerning the mechanisms by which the myoblasts shift from a program of cell division to one of terminal differentiation. In the study reported herein, polyethylene-glycol-induced fusion products (heterokaryons) between terminally differentiated skeletal myocytes and undifferentiated myoblasts were used to determine whether the formation of muscle-specific protein is under positive or negative control. Our results suggest that the synthesis of myosin is under positive inductive regulation, since undifferentiated rat myoblasts were observed to synthesize rat skeletal-myosin light chains when fused to differentiated chick myocytes.
Bayesian estimation of stable CARMA spot models for electricity prices

Abstract We develop a Bayesian estimation procedure for the electricity spot price model in Benth et al. (2014). This model incorporates a trend and seasonality component, a stable CARMA process for the price spikes, and an additional Levy process for mid-range price level changes. Our MCMC algorithm has two advantages over the existing stepwise estimation procedure presented in Benth et al. (2014): First, since our algorithm produces samples from the full posterior distribution over all parameters, we can estimate the parameters much more accurately, which is shown in simulation studies. Second, we can provide accuracy measures as credibility intervals in addition to the point estimates. The approach is quite general, so that it can be adapted also to other similar pricing models. For illustration, we analyse spot and future prices from the EEX using the new Bayesian method and provide estimates for the risk premium together with credibility regions.
Alternative reproductive strategies of a gregarious ground-nesting bee, Dieunomia triangulifera (Hymenoptera : Halictidae)

I studied reproductive behavior of females of the gregarious ground-nesting bee Dieunomia triangulifera (Halictidae). During peak bloom of the host plant, Helianthus annuus, some females consistently brought pollen to one nest (provisioning bees), whereas others visited many nests without taking pollen to any (searching bees). Searching bees were more likely to have two or more developed oocytes and crops full of pollen. The ingested pollen probably provided protein for egg production. The differing behavior of provisioning and searching bees combined with contrasting internal morphology, indicated that these two sets of behaviors were alternative reproductive strategies. Three possible explanations for the searching bees' behavior included: usurpation, floating, or intraspecific cleptoparasitism. Each of these is evaluated as a possible function of searching behavior. Given the evidence I conclude that intraspecific cleptoparasitism is the most likely explanation.
Intermetallic Hydrides as Zintl Phases: A3TtH2 Compounds (A = Ca, Yb; Tt = Sn, Pb) and Their Structural Relationship to the Corresponding Oxides

Shiny crystals of the isotypic title compounds are obtained in high yield from suitable proportions of AH2, metal A, and Sn or Pb in welded Ta containers slowly cooled from 1100 °C. These were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction for Ca3SnH2 and Ca3PbH2 (orthorhombic, Cmcm (No. 63), Z = 4, a = 8.866(1), 8.937(1) A, b = 11.371(2), 11.470(2) A, c = 5.220(1), 5.2551(7) A, respectively). The structure contains distorted hcp layers of Ca3Tt between which hydrogen occupies all tetrahedral voids formed by Ca atoms. These tetrahedra share three edges to form double chains along the c axis that are separated by Tt atoms. Both calcium compounds are diamagnetic semiconductors, and the family can all be formulated in terms of oxidation states as Zintl phases (A+2)3Tt-4(H-)2. Their structure may be derived from the hexagonal version of the cubic perovskitic Ca3SnO by distortions that split the octahedral site in the oxide into edge-sharing tetrahedral pairs.
Duration of antibiotics for penetrating spine trauma: a systematic review

Penetrating trauma to the spine with resultant spinal and paraspinal infection represents a potentially devastating injury for which there is little consensus regarding management. The duration, route and type of antibiotics required to prevent infections such as epidural abscess, vertebral osteomyelitis, and discitis is remain controversial. Several studies support standard prophylactic antimicrobial treatment for 48 hours following penetrating spinal trauma while others demonstrate that extended therapy for one week or greater is necessary to reduce risk of infection. However, there is no established protocol or consensus for management. Our systematic review aims to determine the ideal duration of antibiotics following penetrating spine trauma. Three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Ovid) were queried using the following keywords: penetrating spine trauma, spine infection, spine trauma antibiotics. Nine articles were found to meet the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. The majority of studies included in final analysis discussed penetrating spinal trauma in the form of gunshot wounds. 459 patients were included in total across all studies and 21 patients developed spinal or paraspinal infection (4.58%). Five studies demonstrated an infection rate below 5% with antibiotic therapy for 5 days or longer while 2 more recent studies demonstrated a similar infection rate in their cohort with only 48 hours of antimicrobial prophylaxis. Our systematic review finds a low rate of paraspinal and spinal infections following penetrating spine trauma. As all studies included are retrospective in nature, no definitive recommendations can be made regarding duration of therapy. Forty-eight hours of antimicrobial prophylaxis may be sufficient for most patients except for those with trans-colonic injuries as these are associated with a greater contamination and risk for spinal infection.
Is Not Knowing the Same as Being Incorrect? An Examination of ‘Don’t Know’ Responses to Questions about Immigrant Population Size

The phenomenon of immigrant population innumeracy has drawn considerable attention from social researchers over the past 15 years. This tendency to overestimate the size of foreign born populations has understandably generated concern about the consequences of faultily perceiving demographic realities. Indeed this ignorance is often associated with anti-immigrant policy positions related to the halting of immigration, the deportation of foreigners, or the rescinding of immigrants’ rights. However, largely omitted from the innumeracy research is consideration of those who do not provide an estimate. Like overestimators and underestimators, those responding with “don’t know” also display ignorance about a demographic reality. But is this ignorance meaningful? The current study considers this possibility through a detailed examination “don’t know” responses. Four general questions guide the analysis. First, what is the extent of “don’t know” regarding immigrant population size estimates across nations? The analysis combines data from four international surveys with similar size estimate prompts to document the extent across Europe and North America. Second, how can we characterize the “don’t knows”? The analysis examines data from the 2014 European Social Survey (ESS) to determine what factors make respondents more or less likely to provide no estimate across 14 countries. These multivariate models include several independent variables related to cognitive availability, negative affect, survey satisficing, and demographic factors, which are hypothesized to predict “don’t know” responses. The results reveal that providing no estimate is much more than simple random ignorance. Third, are there any consequences to “don’t know” responses? This multivariate analysis considers whether providing no estimate makes one more likely to support hypothetical policies limiting the flow of immigrants into their country. Fourth, what should future researchers do with the “don’t knows”? This final analysis re-estimates the previous results using two common strategies for handling missing observations—listwise deletion and multiple imputation—with the goal of determining how the results would differ if the “don’t know” responses are treated as a nuisance. This study concludes with recommendations for future research.
Polishing Your Golden Laparoscope: Tips for Laparoscopic Videography Success in & out of the Operation Room

Study Objective Discuss the necessity of high-quality laparoscopic videography for education of trainees, practicing surgeons, and patients. Discuss the advantages of surgical videography education. Demonstrate tips and tricks for successful laparoscopic videography in and out of the operation room. Design 6-minute educational video demonstrating tips and tricks for successful laparoscopic videography in and out of the operation room. Setting N/A Patients or Participants Surgical videography education for medical students, residents, practicing surgeons, and patients. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results N/A Conclusion Key editing techniques of highlighting anatomy and anatomical relationships in addition to shape and symbol insertion has the ability to produces high quality surgical videos for the education of trainees, practicing surgeons, and patients. The absolutely necessity of surgical videography education has become vitally apparent due to recent social-distancing precautions.
Patient-reported symptom burden and functioning in patients with advanced esophageal, gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and gastric cancer undergoing chemotherapy.

183Background: For advanced upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, patient-reported symptoms are driven by both disease and treatment toxicities. This real-world longitudinal study was designed to ev...
Imiquimod treatment of vulvar melanoma in situ invading the urethra

Abstract The primary treatment of both in situ and invasive vulvar melanoma is wide local excision of the primary neoplasm. However, this can be a surgical challenge for size, multifocal presentation with proximity to urethra or anus and tendency for local recurrence. The data on adjuvant therapy for vulvar MIS is very limited. A 69-year-old patient with melanoma of the vulva underwent a simple vulvectomy with positive margins in peri-clitoral area, followed by modified radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinofemoral sentinel lymph node dissection with negative margins. She was later diagnosed with MIS of the vulva on different locations and had multiple wide local excisions over several years. One lesion was close to the urethra and a complete excision was difficult. Topical imiquimod × 16 weeks (5% cream) was given. The regimen was augmented from 3 to 5 times weekly. Complete resolution was found at 16 weeks and patient was disease free for 4 years. Recently however, a vaginal melanoma was detected. Imiquimod appeared to be beneficial in the treatment of melanoma in situ of the vulva/ vagina when surgical options were not feasible producing local control of disease with the remaining risk for local and distant metastasis. Metastasis can appear years later, therefore long-term follow-up of patients treated with topical imiquimod is needed.
Another Perspective on Vocabulary Richness

This article examines the usefulness of vocabulary richness for authorship attribution and tests the assumption that appropriate measures of vocabulary richness can capture an author's distinctive style or identity. After briefly discussing perceived and actual vocabulary richness, I show that doubling and combining texts affects some measures in computationally predictable but concep- tually surprising ways. I discuss some theoretical and empirical problems with some measures and develop simple methods to test how well vocabulary richness distinguishes texts by different authors. These methods show that vocabulary richness is ineffective for large groups of texts because of the extreme variability within and among them. I conclude that vocabulary richness is of marginal value in stylistic and authorship studies because the basic assumption that it constitutes a wordprint for authors is false.
Nozzle Effect on High Pressure Diesel Injection

Studies of transient diesel spray characteristics at high injection pressures were conducted in a constant volume chamber by utilizing a high speed photography and light extinction optical diagnostic technique. Two different types of nozzle hole entrances were investigated: a sharp-edged and a round-edged nozzle. The experimental results show that for the same injection delivery, the sharp-edged inlet injector needed a higher injection pressure to overcome the higher friction loss, but it produced longer spray tip penetration length, larger spray angle, smaller droplet sizes, and also lower particulate emission from a parallel engine test. For the round-edged and smooth edged tips at the same injection pressure, the sharp-edged inlet tip took a longer injection duration to deliver a fixed mass of fuel and produced larger overall average Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) droplets. The sharp-edged inlet also produced shorter penetration, but almost the same spray angle for both high and low fuel delivery cases.