cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
But It is Only a Theory

On 16 July 1945, a team of scientists assembled near Alamogordo, New Mexico to watch the first test of the atomic bomb. Given the research that had gone into the atomic bomb’s production, most of the scientists probably expected the test to go off as planned, but nobody really knew for certain. Some worried that absolutely nothing would happen; others feared that an earth-destroying series of cataclysmic explosions would be touched off. To that time, nobody had ever seen an atom. Its existence was entirely theoretical. That must have been of enormous comfort to the citizens of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, upon whom, on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively, atom bombs were dropped. Those were the only times atomic energy was used in warfare, and debate over whether or not it was justifiable continues to this day. Since then the atom has been put to more constructive use. It is commonly used today to generate electricity and to drive battleships. Nobody doubts the existence of the atom, and scientists work with them and with subatomic particles all the time. But to date, still nobody has seen an atom, and scientists still speak routinely about the atomic theory.
Nutrition and Bone Health in Adolescent Female Athletes vs. Non-athletes.

Bone health is influenced by stress or physical activity, hormonal milieu, and nutrition. The objective of this study was to compare nutrient intake and bone mineral density (BMD) of young female a...
Non-Indigenous Species and Ecological Explanation

Within the last 20 years, the US has mounted amassive campaign against invasions bynon-indigenous species (NIS) such as zebramussels, kudzu, water hyacinths, and brown treesnakes. NIS have disrupted native ecosystemsand caused hundreds of billions of dollars ofannual damage. Many in the scientificcommunity say the problem of NIS is primarilypolitical and economic: getting governments toregulate powerful vested interests thatintroduce species through such vehicles asships' ballast water. This paper argues that,although politics and economics play a role,the problem is primarily one of scientificmethod. Even if commercial interests werewilling to spend the necessary funds to controlNIS, and even if government were willing toregulate them, ecological theory is notadequate to provide clear direction for eithereffort. The paper argues there is nocomprehensive, predictive “theory ofinvasibility,” as part of a larger theory ofcommunity structure, that might guideecological decision making regarding NIS, andfor at least three reasons. (1) There is nofirm definition of “NIS,” “native,” “exotic,”and so on, and ecologists do not use the termsconsistently; as a result, biologists debatingvarious accounts of community structure andecological explanation often do not even makelogical contact with each other. (2) Thedominant theory used to understandinvasibility, island biogeography, has noprecise predictive power and is unable toclarify when NIS might promote biodiversity andwhen they might hinder it. (3) There are nofirm, empirical generalizations that revealwhen a colonizer or a NIS might be likely totake over a new environment, and when it mightnot succeed in doing so. As a result,scientists have only rough “rules of thumb” toshore up their arguments against NIS. Given theincompleteness of current ecological theory,the paper closes with several suggestions forways that study of NIS might enhanceunderstanding of basic commmunity structuresand vice versa.
Alternative Protein Scaffolds for Molecular Imaging and Therapy

Molecular targeting has tremendous potential to enhance the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostics and the safety and potency of therapeutics, as well as to induce unique and precise biological responses. Effective targeting requires specific binding of appropriate affinity, conjugation of effectors (e.g., toxins, radioisotopes, or fusion proteins) as needed, stable maintenance of activity, and effective delivery physiologically. Ideally, solutions to these challenges will be efficiently implemented for a multitude of molecular targets unique to the relevant pathophysiology. Protein scaffolds, molecular frameworks amenable to local diversity to introduce specific binding while retaining favorable biophysical characteristics, offer an intriguing general solution. While antibodies and their derivatives offer viable options, a host of alternative topologies prove superior in stability, size, production, and/or conjugation. Validated scaffolds include the fibronectin domain, knottin, designed ankyrin repeat protein, anticalin, and affibody among others. These scaffolds have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical animal models and, in some cases, clinical trials in therapy or imaging. These translational developments will be reviewed here. The future is bright for both antibodies and their alternatives. Research should be undertaken to identify the most efficacious scaffold for each individual clinical indication and application.
Neuropeptides: Food Intake

Feeding behavior and body weight are controlled by a rich network of interrelated factors. These include the orexigenic peptides in the hypothalamus and forebrain, which stimulate feeding and are regulated by neurohumoral signals and dietary nutrients such as triglycerides and glucose. They are inhibited by signals of energy abundance to prevent further consummatory behavior or are stimulated by signals of energy deficiency to promote feeding. These orexigenic systems exhibit considerable diversity and redundancy in their actions. In addition to the stimulation of food intake, these involve effects on more intricate behavioral, endocrine, and metabolic processes. These may be related to the circadian rhythm of meals, arousal of food-seeking behavior, and diet palatability, in addition to energy expenditure, nutrient metabolism, and adiposity.
Assessment of subgrid scale mixing models used in LES at high pressures

ABSTRACTMolecular mixing models for conditional scalar diffusion (CSD) in the filtered mass density function (FMDF) transport equation used in Large Eddy Simulations are evaluated against direct numerical simulation (DNS) of spatially evolving jets. A database of DNS of turbulent mixing slot jets of and is developed. The formulation includes compressible form of the governing equations, a generalized diffusion model, a real gas equation of state and realistic property models. Simulations are conducted at initial pressures between 1-100 atm and Reynolds numbers of 850, 1300. The CSD term in the FMDF transport equation is calculated from the DNS. An a priori analysis of Interaction by Exchange of Mean, Modified Curl and Mapping Closure models for CSD is conducted. At high pressures, significant deviations are observed between the CSD measured from the DNS and those predicted by the models. The source of the deviations is determined to be the mixing frequency used in the models. The significance of this term...
Increasing clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in pediatric Staphylococcus aureus infections.

The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in children is dynamic. We conducted a retrospective observational study on pediatric clinical cultures, performed between 2005 and 2017, that grew S aureus to determine temporal trends in antibiotic resistance. Although methicillin resistance declined, clindamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance increased significantly, especially among community-onset isolates.
Foraging time and spatial patterns of predation in experimental populations : A comparative study of three mite predator-prey systems (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae).

Responses of the predaceous mites Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromus (=Metaseiulus) occidentalis, and Amblyseius andersoni to spatial variation in egg density of the phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae, were studied in the laboratory.The oligophagous predator P. persimilis showed initially a direct density dependent foraging time allocation and variation in foraging time increased with prey density. With changes in prey density due to predation, predator foraging rates (per hour) decreased with time and density dependent foraging gradually became density independence, because P. persimilis continued to respond to initial prey density, instead of the changing prey density and distribution. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by P. persimilis was density independent, although slopes of predation rate-prey density regressions increased with time.Compared with P. persimilis, the narrowly polyphagous predator T. occidentalis responded relatively slowly to the the presence or absence of prey eggs but not to prey density: the mean and variation of foraging time spent in patches with prey did not differ with prey density, but was significantly greater in patches with prey eggs than in patches without eggs. Prey density and distribution changed only slightly due to predation and overall foraging rates remained more or less constant. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by T. occidentalis was inversely density dependent. As with P. persimilis, slopes of predation rate-prey density regressions increased with time (i.e. the inverse density dependence in T. occidentalis became weaker through time).The broadly polyphagous predator A. andersoni showed density independent foraging time allocation with variation independent of prey density. With changes in prey density over time due to prey depletion, overall foraging rates decreased. The consequent spatial pattern of predation by A. andersoni also changed through time; it initially was inversely density dependent, but soon became density independent.Overall, P. persimilis and T. occidentalis spent more time in prey patches than A. andersoni, suggesting that A. andersoni tended to spend more time moving outside patches. The overall predation rates and searching efficiency were higher in P. persimilis than in A. andersoni and T. occidentalis. Predator reproduction was highest in P. persimilis, lower in T. occidentalis and the lowest A. andersoni.The differences in response to prey distribution among the three predaceous species probably reflect the evolution of these species in environments with different patterns of prey distribution. The degree of polyphagy is a major determinant of the aggregative response, but other attributes such as handling time are also important in other aspects of phytoseiid foraging behavior (e.g. searching efficiency or predation rate).
Discovery of cancer driver genes based on nucleotide context

Many cancer genomes contain large numbers of somatic mutations, but few of these mutations drive tumor development. Current approaches to identify cancer driver genes are largely based on mutational recurrence, i.e. they search for genes with an increased number of nonsynonymous mutations relative to the local background mutation rate. Multiple studies have noted that the sensitivity of recurrence-based methods is limited in tumors with high background mutation rates, because passenger mutations dilute their statistical power. Here, we observe that passenger mutations tend to occur in characteristic nucleotide sequence contexts, while driver mutations follow a different distribution pattern determined by the location of functionally relevant genomic positions along the protein-coding sequence. To discover new cancer genes, we searched for genes with an excess of mutations in unusual nucleotide contexts that deviate from the characteristic context around passenger mutations. By applying this statistical framework to whole-exome sequencing data from 12,004 tumors, we discovered a long tail of novel candidate cancer genes with mutation frequencies as low as 1% and functional supporting evidence. Our results show that considering both the number and the nucleotide context around mutations helps identify novel cancer driver genes, particularly in tumors with high background mutation rates.
Textual Factors: A Scalable, Interpretable, and Data-driven Approach to Analyzing Unstructured Information

We introduce a general framework for analyzing large-scale text-based data, combining the strengths of neural-network language processing and generative statistical modeling. Our methodology generates textual factors by (i) representing texts using vector word embedding, (ii) clustering words using locality-sensitive hashing, and (iii) identifying spanning vector clusters through topic modeling. Our data-driven approach captures complex linguistic structures while ensuring computational scalability and economic interpretability. We also discuss applications of textual factors in (i) prediction and inference, (ii) interpreting (non-text-based) models and variables, and (iii) constructing new text-based metrics and explanatory variables, with illustrations using topics in finance and economics such as macroeconomic forecasting and factor asset pricing.
The Limitations of Collagen/CPP Hybrid Peptides as Carriers for Cancer Drugs to FaDu Cells

The in vitro efficacy of cancer prodrugs varies significantly between malignant cell lines. The most commonly identified problems relate to delivery: uptake mechanism, endosomal entrapment, and drug release. Here we present the study of collagen/cell penetrating hybrid (COL/CPP) peptide carriers intended to deliver paclitaxel to the hypopharyngeal carcinoma (FaDu) cells. Confocal microscopy imaging revealed the surprising response of FaDu cell to COL/CPP in comparison to previously studied cancer cell lines: hybrid peptides that carry both COL and CPP domain adsorb on the FaDu cell surface. While the CPP domain was design to facilitate the cellular uptake, in the case of FaDu cells, it also induced detrimental interactions with the cell membrane. Despite surface adsorption, the colocalization study with endosomal markers EEA1 and LAMP1 reveals that COL/CPP is internalized via endosomal pathway, peptides are able to escape before lysosome formation and release paclitaxel. Therefore, the main obstacle for paclitaxel delivery to FaDu cells appears to be related to cell surface properties. This behavior seems specific to FaDu cells, and could be linked to previously reported overexpression of T5, heparanase splice variants that produces protein lacking enzymatic activity of heparanase. This results in increased concentration of HSPG on FaDu cell surface, and possibly creates a barrier for cellular uptake of highly charged COL/CPP.
Obesity in the Older Adult: Special Issue.

Adiposity is associated with adverse effects across the lifespan, including an increased risk of morbidity, mortality (1), diminished quality of life (2), and physical function (3). Recent National...
Finite Element Model of a High-Stature Male Pedestrian for Simulating Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions

Among road traffic deaths, pedestrian accounted for 22 % of all fatalities in the world, 26 % in Europe, and 22 % in the U.S. To investigate the injury risk of the high-stature population, a Finite Element (FE) model corresponding to a male 95th percentile (M95) pedestrian was developed and validated in this study. The model mesh was obtained by morphing the Global Human Body Models Consortium male 50th percentile pedestrian model to the reconstructed geometry of a recruited high-stature human subject. The lower extremity, shoulder, and upper body of the FE model were validated against the Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) test data recorded in valgus bending, lateral, and anterior-lateral blunt impact tests. Then, a vehicle-pedestrian impact simulation was performed using the whole-body model. In the component validations, the M95 pedestrian model showed higher stiffness than the PMHS test corridors developed for 50th percentile male. The kinematic trajectories predicted by the FE model were well-correlated to the corresponding PMHS test data in whole-body validation. Therefore, the model could be used to investigate various pedestrian accidents and/or to improve safety regulations and vehicle front-end design for high-stature pedestrian protection.
Evaluating rotational inertia as a component of grid reliability with high penetrations of variable renewable energy

Abstract Growth of electricity generation from variable renewable resources like wind and solar has raised questions about future grid stability. This paper used several renewable energy penetration scenarios to determine when an electric grid might be more vulnerable to frequency contingencies, such as a generator outage. Unit commitment and dispatch modeling was used to quantify system inertia, an established proxy for grid stability. A case study of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas grid was used to illustrate the method. Results from the modeled scenarios showed that the Texas grid is resilient to major grid changes, even with relatively high penetrations ( ∼ 30% of annual energy generation compared to 18% in 2017) of renewable energy. However, retiring nuclear power plants and private-use networks in the model led to unstable inertia levels in our results. When the system inertia was constrained to meet a minimum threshold in our model, multiple coal and natural gas combined-cycle plants were dispatched at part-load or at their minimum operating level to maintain stable system inertia levels. This behavior is expected to expand with higher renewable energy penetrations and could occur on other electric grids that are reliant on synchronous generators for inertia support.
A system safety approach for tomographic treatment

Abstract In recent years, technology in the medical industry has been advancing to provide safe and systematic medical care. However, medical technologies and treatments have also become more complicated, presenting new challenges for the traditional approaches used to engineer safety-critical systems. This research compares one of the most popular approaches in the medical device industry, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), with a relatively new method, System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), in the context of a tomographic treatment system. STPA is found to be an effective means to ensure the quality of TomoTherapy and to conduct a holistic hazard analysis including both human and technical factors. A comparison of STPA and FMEA results found that STPA can identify a larger set of causal scenarios. The interactions of humans, hardware, and software were highlighted through the new STPA approach.
An Extension of Tychonoff Fixed Point Theorem.

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of weaknorm, quasi-weaknorm on real vector spaces. By these concepts, we introduce the concept of quasi-locally convex topological vector spaces, which include locally convex topological vector spaces as special cases. By the Fan-KKM theorem, we prove a fixed point theorem in quasi-locally convex topological vector spaces, that is a natural extension of Tychonoff fixed point theorem in locally convex topological vector spaces. Then we provide an example to show that this extension is a proper extension.
Persistence of aerially applied mosquito-pesticide, Naled, in fresh and marine waters.

Abstract Naled, an organophosphate pesticide, received considerable attention during 2016 as it was applied aerially to control the first mosquito-borne Zika virus outbreak in the continental United States. Stakeholders living in affected areas raised concerns about its environmental impacts. One factor influencing environmental impacts is the persistence of the chemical applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the persistence of naled – and its degradation bi-product, dichlorvos – in natural waters. Initial naled concentrations were measured at ground level after full-scale aerial spray activities. Laboratory experiments were designed to evaluate factors (fresh versus marine water chemistry, temperature, and sunlight) that may promote the degradation of naled and dichlorvos in the environment. Results show that natural fresh and marine water chemistry promoted naled degradation as experiments with de-ionized water resulted in half-lives greater than 6 days. The half-life in natural waters without light ranged from 5 to 20 h with lower half lives at higher temperatures. Under light exposure, degradation was accelerated and yielded more dichlorvos. Detectable levels (0.05 μM for naled and 0.10 μM for dichlorvos) were measured in water samples collected from the field during aerial spray events. Results can be used in risk assessments that consider both naled and dichlorvos to better understand ecological impacts and to develop improved public health recommendations.
Chapter 1 – Signaling Systems

It is essential for cells to know where they are and what the environment around them is like. Single-celled organisms may have to detect changes in nutrients, temperature, mechanical pressure, electromagnetic fields, light, and the metabolic products of other cells of the same or different species, and make appropriate responses. This process becomes more critical for the cells of multicellular organisms, because beginning a few moments after the fertilized egg cell first divides, the individual cells must begin communicating with each other to coordinate their activities. As development proceeds, cells not only need to respond to changing conditions but also to exchange information that will determine their specialized identity and the positions they will assume in the mature organism. The information from the outside of the cell must be translated and converted to specific cellular responses in a series of steps referred to as signal transduction pathways.
Vestibular cognition: building a framework.

Ferre and Haggard (this issue) provide a conceptual framework for understanding vestibular cognition, and articulate a clear research programme to substantially advance this field. Vestibular cogni...
Partner-Specific Communication Deficits in Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease.

Purpose Speakers adjust referential expressions to the listeners' knowledge while communicating, a phenomenon called "audience design." While individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show difficulties in discourse production, it is unclear whether they exhibit preserved partner-specific audience design. The current study examined if individuals with AD demonstrate partner-specific audience design skills. Method Ten adults with mild-to-moderate AD and 12 healthy older adults performed a referential communication task with two experimenters (E1 and E2). At first, E1 and participants completed an image-sorting task, allowing them to establish shared labels. Then, during testing, both experimenters were present in the room, and participants described images to either E1 or E2 (randomly alternating). Analyses focused on the number of words participants used to describe each image and whether they reused shared labels. Results During testing, participants in both groups produced shorter descriptions when describing familiar images versus new images, demonstrating their ability to learn novel knowledge. When they described familiar images, healthy older adults modified their expressions depending on the current partner's knowledge, producing shorter expressions and more established labels for the knowledgeable partner (E1) versus the naive partner (E2), but individuals with AD were less likely to do so. Conclusions The current study revealed that both individuals with AD and the control participants were able to acquire novel knowledge, but individuals with AD tended not to flexibly adjust expressions depending on the partner's knowledge state. Conversational inefficiency and difficulties observed in AD may, in part, stem from disrupted audience design skills.
The Rise and Fall of Natrecor for Congestive Heart Failure: Implications for Drug Policy

Recent revelations of unexpected side effects of widely prescribed medications have raised questions about several aspects of U.S. drug policy, from initial FDA approval to promotion by manufacturers and subsequent prescribing by physicians. One prominent example is nesiritide (Natrecor), a new treatment for congestive heart failure. We use nesiritide as a case study to assess how FDA standards for drug approval, marketing practices by drug manufacturers, and physician prescribing choices can shape the risk-benefit relationship of new drugs. Based on the nesiritide experience, we suggest several policy changes to improve policies for drug approval, post-marketing surveillance process, and drug utilization.
Engels’s Legacy to Anthropology

This chapter explores the legacy of four of Engels’s contributions to contemporary anthropological inquiry. In chronological order, they are: (1) The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), which can justifiably be claimed to have laid the foundations for urban anthropological studies a century later; (2) “The Part Played by Labor in the Transition from Ape to Man” (1876), which asserted a view of human evolution that the hand, manual dexterity, and toolmaking preceded any significant enlargement of the human brain—an idea that only became established in the mid-twentieth century; (3) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), which explored the differences between class- and state-based societies (civilizations) and primitive (kin-based) societies and the developmental stages of human history—topics that were hotly debated with the resurgence of social and cultural evolutionism after World War II; and (4) “On the History of Prussian Peasants” and “The Peasant Question in France and Germany” (1894), which examined the trajectory of the peasantry’s historical development in East Prussia; the differences between peasant social formations in France and Germany; and the interplay between political-economic, social, and cultural processes and history in social transformation.
Investigating the impact of stochasticity in microgrid energy management

Various stochastic programming methods have been used to account for penetration of uncertain renewable energy generation in microgrids. However, these stochastic methods may be unnecessary. Energy storage combined with rescheduling based on a rolling time horizon gives a microgrid powerful tools to adapt to any unexpected events. Add to that the natural tendency to over-engineer new systems and one begins to wonder how much value can be gained by stochastic optimization over deterministic methods. We investigated this question by looking at an existing residential microgrid in Hoover, AL. We compare various stochastic approaches for scheduling with deterministic approaches and show that there is little value of using stochastic programming. Instead, we find that considering longer time horizons is a better use of computational resources.
Structural motifs and bonding in two families of boron structures predicted at megabar pressures

The complex crystal chemistry of elemental boron has led to numerous proposed structures with distinctive motifs as well as contradictory findings. Herein, evolutionary structure searches performed at 100 GPa have uncovered a series of metastable phases of boron, and bonding analyses were carried out to elucidate their electronic structure. These polymorphs, dynamically stable at 100 GPa, were grouped into two families. The first was derived from the thermodynamic minimum at these conditions, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ga, whereas channels comprised the second. Two additional intergrowth structures were uncovered, and it was shown they could be constructed by stacking layers of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ga-like and channel-like allotropes on top of each other. A detailed bonding analysis revealed networks of four-center $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-bonding functions linked by two-center B-B bonds in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Ga based structures, and networks that were largely composed of three-center $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-bonding functions in the channel-based structures. Seven of these high-pressure phases were found to be metastable at atmospheric conditions, and their Vickers hardnesses were estimated to be $\ensuremath{\approx}36$ GPa.
Action Potential: Ionic Mechanisms

The generation and propagation of the action potential requires sodium influx via voltage-dependent sodium channels that drives the upstroke of the action potential. This positive feedback cycle is terminated by sodium channel inactivation that shuts down the channel at depolarized membrane potentials. The reduced sodium influx along with increased potassium efflux permits rapid action potential repolarization. The enhanced potassium efflux is mediated by the activity of both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent potassium channels. The recovery of sodium channels from inactivation and the slow closing of potassium channels following the action potential determine the refractory period, which is a period of increased action potential threshold. Thus, the kinetics of sodium and potassium channel gating determine not only the action potential shape and duration, but also the threshold for action potential generation. Key concepts: Sodium influx via voltage-dependent sodium channels depolarizes the membrane to activate more sodium channels in a positive feedback mechanism that generates the ballistic rising phase of the action potential. This positive feedback cycle is terminated by a separate gating process called inactivation, which shuts down sodium flux even though the membrane is still depolarized. The reduction of sodium influx resulting from inactivation combined with potassium efflux from the cell via both voltage-dependent and voltage-independent potassium channels drive the repolarization phase of the action potential. The voltage-dependent potassium channels often remain active following the action potential (slow to close) to generate an after-hyperpolarizing potential (AHP). The AHP can speed sodium channel recovery from inactivation, which is faster at more hyperpolarized voltages, so that the channels are more rapidly reset to participate in generating the next action potential. Action potential threshold is determined by the relative activity of sodium versus potassium channels with an action potential being generated if the sodium influx is larger than the potassium efflux. Insulating the axon with myelin increases the speed of action potential propagation by limiting action potential generation to small unmyelinated gaps called nodes of Ranvier. High-density clustering of sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier ensures sufficient current is generated to exceed threshold at the next node so that the action potential is faithfully propagated along the axon. Keywords: sodium channels; potassium channels; threshold; inactivation; saltatory conduction
The Uncertain Future of School Desegregation and the Importance of Good Will, Good Sense, and a Misguided Decision

The article was part of a symposium on the jurisprudence of Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor. First, the article analyzed whether the Court’s decision in Parents Involved v. Seattle Schools was consistent with Justice O’Connor’s majority opinion in Grutter v. Bollinger. The article concludes that Parents Involved narrowly construed the holding in Grutter and limited its effect. Second, the article assessed the practical import of the decision in Parents Involved. It found that the opinion made voluntary desegregation more difficult than it otherwise would be and, thus, would discourage many school districts from taking progressive action. Unfortunately, the article also points out that only a limited number of schools were pursuing voluntary desegregation prior to Parents Involved and that even among these districts, the plans were not aggressive. Thus, the decision might change little in terms of current practices, but would serve as a disincentive in the future.
Twilight of Organizational Form of Charity: Musings on Normal I. Silber, A Corporate Form of Freedom: The Emergence of the Modern Non Profit Sector

Norman Silber's exploration of a near-century of jurisprudential subjectivity reveals an extraordinary hunger for uniformity in the conception of the public good. In 1961, the New York Court of Appeals effectively ended the practice of substantive judicial review of nonprofit charters when it ordered the lower court to approve the articles of a white supremacist group. In the end, judicial discretion over charity incorporation fell during the general social rebellion against orthodoxy, the rise of advocacy and identity groups (notably the NAACP), the legal-process reform against ad-hoc judicial rulings in favor of administrative deliberation and consistency, and the reconception of property rights to include government licenses. The great irony that Professor Silber observes is that the corporate form no longer was the bane of liberals, but rather their salvation: as his book is titled, a 'corporate form of freedom.' As Professor Silber's study shows, we can add the act of obtaining nonprofit corporate status to the list of once-hotly-debated legal issues that no longer trouble us, but whose ghostly outlines remain. To the perplexity of law students, corporate statutes continue to explicitly grant perpetual life, the right to acquire and alienate property, and the power to sue and be sued. Going forward, the legal system will concern itself more with the harder questions of regulating charitable activity, and less with how charitable activity is organized.
Electrolysis-induced myocardial dysfunction. A novel method for the study of free radical mediated tissue injury.

Oxygen-derived free radicals and other oxidizing species are thought to be involved in inflammation and ischemic tissue injuries. Recently, oxygen-derived free radicals also have been implicated in tissue injury of the myocardium subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if electrolysis of a physiological buffer would serve as a source of free radicals, and if these radicals would lead to alterations in myocardial function. Isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts perfused with buffer subjected to a 20 mA D.C. current for 2 min demonstrated significant increases in coronary perfusion pressure (37 + 6 mmHg), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (41 k 7 mmHg), and loss in left ventricular developed pressure (35 2 5%). The free radical scavengers, superoxide dismutase and a combination of tryptophan plus glycine, were effective in protecting the hearts from the effects of electrolysis. The presence of free radicals was semiquantitated with a radical-luminol chemiluminescent assay. In this assay a variety of radical scavengers and antioxidants were effective (i.e., dimethyl sulfoxide, nitro blue tetrazolium, ascorbate, superoxide dismutase, ‘1, 3-diphenyisobenzofuran, and glycine, catalase), whereas mannitol and tryptophan were not effective. The data indicate that electrolysis of a physiological buffer produces a milieu containing several reactive oxygen species or free radicals that have the potential to produce alterations in a biological system. This method has the advantage over existing protocols for the generation of radicals in that it is a blood-free and an enzyme-free system.
The Use of Numerical Heat Transfer Techniques to Analyze Thermal Comparator Conductivity Measurements

In the comparative conductivity measurement technique, a uniform axial heat flow is assumed to exist in a stack composed of two reference disks with a sample disk sandwiched between them. The sample conductivity is found from measured temperature drops across and thicknesses of the stack elements. In practice, the heat flow in the stack is non-uniform and corrections must be made for this effect. We have made a detailed numerical heat transfer analysis of the commercially available Dynatech TCFCM comparator with the aid of a finite difference numerical heat transfer code (SINDA). The goal of this study has been to determine the effect of non-uniform axial heat flux on the measured conductivity and to define the magnitude of the errors likely to be observed in various experimental situations. Correction factors are given for correcting the measured conductivities of samples with true conductivities in the range ≈0.05–1 W/m-K when measured against Pyrex or Pyroceram. Estimated errors are given for measurements with various combinations of Pyrex and Pyroceram references and samples. Results are also given to show the utility of numerical calculations in situations where the sample diameter is significantly less than the reference diameter. Various approximate methods of correcting for nonuniform heat flow are compared to the numerical predictions for selected cases.
Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity on the Dynamics of a Dissipating Supercell Thunderstorm

AbstractOn 9 June 2009, the Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) sampled a supercell as it traversed through an increasingly stable environment with decreasing bulk shear and storm-relative helicity. To investigate the impacts of the observed environmental heterogeneity on storm morphology, a series of idealized simulations were conducted. Utilizing the base-state substitution modeling technique, the separate effects of the changing wind profile and the increasingly stable boundary layer were evaluated. The varying base-state environment in each experiment elevated the mean source region of updraft parcels. These elevated parcels were drier (with less instability), and more negatively impacted by entrainment. Thus, as the updraft ingested a larger fraction of elevated parcels, its buoyancy was depleted, leading to demise. Unsurprisingly, the increasingly stable low-level environment played a dominant role in this process; however, wind profile modifications also...
The determination of charge behavior at a liquid-solid interface

A methodology has been developed to provide information on the way in which charges distribute and relax on cellulose surfaces and on their impact on the breakdown of oil-cellulose insulation. Using this approach, not only can the charge be monitored in time, but its spatial distribution can be ascertained. The method has further been extended to apply an interrogating impulse voltage across a charged surface which permits the impact of surface charge on creep breakdown to be determined. Field plots which allow the calculation of a power frequency (capacitive) distribution in the presence of a static charge reveal that the impact of accumulated surface charge on the dielectric integrity of transformer structures is significant and should be considered in design criteria. >
Multidimensional hermite interpolation and Padé approximation

The paper considers the construction of multidimensional Pade approximation and estimates of the remainder function using the global Grothendieck residue symbol. The introduction of Grothendieck residu symbol provides the possibility of constructing effectively multidimensional Pade approximations.
A biological method for the evaluation of the nonnarcotic analgesics

Abstract A procedure is described for the biological evaluation of nonnarcotic analgesics in rats. The apparatus employed consisted of a contact rectal electrode, and a copper sheet electrode in contact with all four feet, and a graded electrical stimulus. The minimal effective doses and their relative analgesic potencies as compared to acetylsalicylic acid are as follows: acetylsalicylic acid, 450 mg./Kg., 1.0; acetopheneti‐din, 750 mg./Kg., 0.6; sodium salicylate, 600 mg./Kg., 0.75; aminopyrine, 450 mg./Kg., 1.0; sodium acetylsalicylate, 150 mg./Kg. (dose calculated on the basis of acetylsalicylic acid), 3.0; acetanilid, 150 mg./Kg., 3.0; salicylamide, 75 mg./Kg., 6.0; antipyrine, 75 mg./Kg., 6.0, all administered orally, and morphine sulfate, sub‐cutaneously, 5 mg./Kg., 90.
Effect of Demographic Variables on Children and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) Scores

Abstract The Michigan Wraparound Evaluat ion Program provides children/yout h wit h comprehensive prevent ion, direct services, indirect services, and access t o community -based services and support s. A t wo -level Hierarchical Linear Model was conduct ed over 11 count ies and 335 children/youth bet ween ages 6 and 18 to underst and the relat ionship bet ween Child and Adolescent Funct ional Assessment Scale (CAFA S) score at the init ial t ime of enrollment in t he Wraparound Program and t he demographic variables such as a ge, gen der, race, geographic locat ion of children/yout h. There was no significant relat ionship bet ween t he CAFAS score and demographic variables, suggest ing t hat a unified programming model may be possible across all count ies.
Temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 defective in transcriptional and post-transcriptional functions required for viral DNA synthesis.

Abstract DNA- temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in four complementation groups (A, B, C, and D) were examined in temperature shift-down experiments to determine whether viral DNA synthesis was inhibited at the level of transcription or translation at the nonpermissive temperature. The mutant in group D synthesized viral DNA following shift-down in the presence of actinomycin D, whereas mutants in groups A, B, and C did not. These results demonstrate that mutants in the latter three groups are defective in transcriptional functions, whereas the group D mutant is defective in a post-transcriptional function required for viral DNA synthesis. The time required for recovery of DNA synthetic capabilities following shift-down for mutants in groups B and C was found to be approximately 2 hr. Transcripts specifying the D gene product were shown to be synthesized at the nonpermissive temperature by 2 hr postinfection. Polypeptide synthesis by all four mutants following shift-down in the presence of inhibitor was similar to that observed in mutant-infected cells maintained continuously at the nonpermissive temperature in the absence of inhibitor. Restoration of the wild-type pattern of viral polypeptide synthesis following shift-down in the presence of inhibitor was greater for the A, C, and D mutants than for mutants in group B.
Inducing Order from Disordered Copolymers: On Demand Generation of Triblock Morphologies Including Networks

Disordered block copolymers are generally impractical in nanopatterning applications due to their inability to self-assemble into well-defined nanostructures. However, inducing order in low molecular weight disordered systems permits the design of periodic structures with smaller characteristic sizes. Here, we have induced nanoscale phase separation from disordered triblock copolymer melts to form well-ordered lamellae, hexagonally packed cylinders, and a triply periodic gyroid network structure, using a copolymer/homopolymer blending approach, which incorporates constituent homopolymers into selective block domains. This versatile blending approach allows one to precisely target multiple nanostructures from a single disordered material and can be applied to a wide variety of triblock copolymer systems for nanotemplating and nanoscale separation applications requiring nanoscale feature sizes and/or high areal feature densities.
A community-based trial of vocational problem-solving to increase employment among methadone patients

Abstract Unemployment remains a common problem among methadone patients. This study examined the effectiveness of the Vocational Problem-Solving Skills (VPSS) intervention to help unemployed methadone patients obtain employment. Methods: 109 patients were randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of either VPSS (n =62) or Interpersonal Problem-Solving (IPS) ( n =47). Fourteen counselors from two methadone programs were trained to deliver both the VPSS and IPS counseling sessions. Results: Overall, 93% (101/109) of the patients completed a 6-month follow-up assessment which revealed that 58.6% (34/58) of patients in the VPSS condition were employed, whereas 37.2% (16/43) in the comparison condition worked (chi-square=4.53, 1 df, p
DNA methylation analysis: a powerful new tool for lung cancer diagnosis

Carcinoma of the lung is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The estimated 5-year survival ranges from 6-16%, depending on the cell type. The best opportunity for improving survival of lung cancer patients is through early detection, when curative surgical resection is possible. Although the subjects at increased risk for developing carcinoma of the lung (long-term smokers) can be identified, only 10-20% of this group will ultimately develop the disease. Screening tests of long-term smokers employed to date (radiography and sputum cytology) have not been successful in reducing lung cancer mortality. The application of molecular markers specific for lung cancer offers new possibilities for early detection. Hypermethylation of CpG islands in the promoter regions of genes is a common phenomenon in lung cancer, as demonstrated by the analysis of the methylation status of over 40 genes from lung cancer tumors, cell lines, patient sputum and/or serum. Determination of the methylation patterns of multiple genes to obtain complex DNA methylation signatures promises to provide a highly sensitive and specific tool for lung cancer diagnosis. When combined with the development of non-invasive methods to detect such signatures, this may provide a viable method to screen subjects at risk for lung cancer.
The 70 kDa Heat Shock Protein Assists during the Repair of Chilling Injury in the Insect, Pyrrhocoris apterus

Background The Pyrrhocoris apterus (Insecta: Heteroptera) adults attain high levels of cold tolerance during their overwintering diapause. Non-diapause reproducing adults, however, lack the capacity to express a whole array of cold-tolerance adaptations and show relatively low survival when exposed to sub-zero temperatures. We assessed the competence of non-diapause males of P. apterus for responding to heat- and cold-stresses by up-regulation of 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsps) and the role of Hsps during repair of heat- and cold-induced injury. Principal Findings The fragments of P. apterus homologues of Hsp70 inducible (PaHsp70) and cognate forms (PaHsc70) were cloned and sequenced. The abundance of mRNA transcripts for the inducible form (qPCR) and corresponding protein (Western blotting) were significantly up-regulated in response to high and low temperature stimuli. In the cognate form, mRNA was slightly up-regulated in response to both stressors but very low or no up-regulation of protein was apparent after heat- or cold-stress, respectively. Injection of 695 bp-long Pahsp70 dsRNA (RNAi) caused drastic suppression of the heat- and cold-stress-induced Pahsp70 mRNA response and the up-regulation of corresponding protein was practically eliminated. Our RNAi predictably prevented recovery from heat shock and, in addition, negatively influenced repair of chilling injuries caused by cold stress. Cold tolerance increased when the insects were first exposed to a mild heat shock, in order to trigger the up-regulation of PaHsp70, and subsequently exposed to cold stress. Conclusion Our results suggest that accumulation of PaHsp70 belongs to a complex cold tolerance adaptation in the insect Pyrrhocoris apterus.
Growth Hormone Abnormalities in Huntington's Chorea: Effect of l-Dopa Administration*

ABSTRACT Fourteen patients with documented Huntington's chorea had circulating growth hormone levels measured during an oral glucose tolerance test before and after a three day period of l-dopa administration. In the baseline test there was failure of suppression of hGH release after oral glucose, and/or a late rise to abnormally high levels. After l-dopa priming, mean fasting growth hormone levels rose considerably in these patients (from 3.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml to 17.9 ± 2.3 ng/ml), but showed a lesser rise in control subjects (from 2.5 ± 0.4 ng/ml to 6.4 ± 1.3 ng/ml). Although there was a sharp rise of growth hormone after oral glucose plus l-dopa ir control subjects, the patients with Huntington's chorea had a paradoxical and complete suppression of their elevated fasting growth hormone levels under these conditions. Although these observations may not be specific for Huntington's chorea, they may be explained by pathologic involvement of the hypothalamus or by a possible increased sensitivity to intracerebra...