cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing child welfare agencies: What do we know about what works?

Abstract Child welfare agency caseworkers play a pivotal role in ensuring these children's safety and well-being, conducting initial investigations, making placement decisions and service referrals, and monitoring children's situations while cases are active. At this point, the empirical literature provides little guidance about how child welfare agency managers can best support caseworkers in these challenging functions. This article draws on available empirical literature to describe how agency management may affect children's experiences in the child welfare system and their resultant outcomes. The author notes what we may currently conclude from available literature as well as what knowledge gaps remain to be addressed. At this point the most robust evidence basis for agency management relates to human resource practices, but even these findings derive mostly from other settings and need to be tested directly in child welfare contexts. There is virtually no empirical evidence about how child welfare agency management affects children's outcomes over time.
Eating attitudes, dieting, and bulimia among junior high school students.

Students in a western New England (U.S.) junior high school (ages 11-15) were surveyed in 1986 to identify attitudes and behaviors about eating and dieting which might foster disordered eating habits. Although few students met official criteria for disordered eating habits, at least 12 percent did practice dieting and 28 percent were frequently preoccupied with the desire to be thinner and/or were terrified of being overweight. One-quarter of girls (vs. only 3.2% of boys) mistakenly classified themselves overweight. Perception of one's own weight seems to be more highly correlated with measures of eating attitude and behavior than does actual weight. Differences also were found in how males and females viewed their own weight although both dieted to about the same extent. Females also were more interested in having school classes on eating and dieting. Recommendations were made for prevention and education regarding eating disorders among this age group.
Multiple testing in genome-wide association studies via hidden Markov models

Motivation: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) interrogate common genetic variation across the entire human genome in an unbiased manner and hold promise in identifying genetic variants with moderate or weak effect sizes. However, conventional testing procedures, which are mostly P-value based, ignore the dependency and therefore suffer from loss of efficiency. The goal of this article is to exploit the dependency information among adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to improve the screening efficiency in GWAS. Results: We propose to model the linear block dependency in the SNP data using hidden Markov models (HMMs). A compound decision–theoretic framework for testing HMM-dependent hypotheses is developed. We propose a powerful data-driven procedure [pooled local index of significance (PLIS)] that controls the false discovery rate (FDR) at the nominal level. PLIS is shown to be optimal in the sense that it has the smallest false negative rate (FNR) among all valid FDR procedures. By re-ranking significance for all SNPs with dependency considered, PLIS gains higher power than conventional P-value based methods. Simulation results demonstrate that PLIS dominates conventional FDR procedures in detecting disease-associated SNPs. Our method is applied to analysis of the SNP data from a GWAS of type 1 diabetes. Compared with the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure, PLIS yields more accurate results and has better reproducibility of findings. Conclusion: The genomic rankings based on our procedure are substantially different from the rankings based on the P-values. By integrating information from adjacent locations, the PLIS rankings benefit from the increased signal-to-noise ratio, hence our procedure often has higher statistical power and better reproducibility. It provides a promising direction in large-scale GWAS. Availability: An R package PLIS has been developed to implement the PLIS procedure. Source codes are available upon request and will be available on CRAN ( http://cran.r-project.org/). Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Health Literacy and Injury Prevention Behaviors Among Caregivers of Infants

BACKGROUND: Unintentional injury is a leading cause of infant mortality. PURPOSE: To examine the role of caregiver health literacy in infant injury prevention behaviors. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data collected in 2010-2012 from a randomized trial at four pediatric clinics was performed in 2012-2013. Caregiver health literacy was assessed with the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults. Caregiver-reported adherence to American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended injury prevention behaviors was assessed across seven domains: (1) car seat position; (2) car seat use; (3) sleeping safety; (4) fire safety; (5) hot water safety; (6) fall prevention; and (7) firearm safety. RESULTS: Data were analyzed from 844 English- and Spanish-speaking caregivers of 2-month-old children. Many caregivers were non-adherent with injury prevention guidelines, regardless of health literacy. Notably, 42.6% inappropriately placed their children in the prone position to sleep, and 88.6% did not have their hot water heater set CONCLUSIONS: Non-adherence to injury prevention guidelines was common. Low caregiver health literacy was significantly associated with some injury prevention behaviors. Future interventions should consider the role of health literacy in promoting injury prevention. Language: en
Inhibitor development in haemophilia B: an orphan disease in need of attention

Factor IX (FIX) inhibitors develop in 1.5-3% of haemophilia B patients. Due to its low incidence compared with that in haemophilia A, few comparable data exist on host and treatment-related risk factors, and immunological processes associated with FIX inhibitor development. Moreover, the safety and efficacy of bypass therapy as well as the outcome predictors of successful inhibitor eradication have been poorly characterised. The lack of a useful evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of FIX inhibitors complicates their significant morbidity due to the frequency of allergic reactions that often herald antibody development. This review discusses what is currently known about the epidemiology, natural history and immunology of anti-FIX antibody development. It addresses several special considerations in the approach to the treatment of bleeding and inhibitor eradication. A case is made for moving forward with an integrated international collaboration for the further study of the nature and treatment of this problem.
Remarkable stability of unmodified GaAs photocathodes during hydrogen evolution in acidic electrolyte

We report on the remarkable stability of unmodified, epitaxially grown GaAs photocathodes during hydrogen evolution at −15 mA cm−2 in 3 M sulfuric acid electrolyte. Contrary to the perception regarding instability of III–V photoelectrodes, results here show virtually no performance degradation and minimal etching after 120 hours.
Using Soil Health Indicators to Follow Carbon Dynamics in Disturbed Urban Environments – A Case Study of Gas Pipeline Right-of-Way Construction

Intense use of urban soils causes perturbations in soil ecosystem functioning. Construction activities often involve soil removal, compaction by heavy equipment, mixing of topsoil and subsoil materials, etc. Urban soil environments share many of the same properties of soils found in other areas of managed and natural systems. The Cornell Soil Health Test (CSHT) can be used as a tool to evaluate these negative impacts through a holistic soil assessment framework which provides an evaluation of indicators of soil physical and biological and chemical processes. The suite of soil tests in the CSHT measures key soil processes. Land managers use the CSHT to first identify the soil quality functional constraints and then adapt soil management to address identified limitations.
Six Degrees of Cass Sunstein: Collaboration Networks in Legal Scholarship

Degrees of separation is a concept that is intuitive and appealing in popular culture as well as academic discourse: It tells us something about the connectedness of a particular field. It also reveals paths of influence and access. Paul Erdős was the Kevin Bacon of his field - math - coauthoring with a large number of scholars from many institutions and across subfields. Moreover, his work was highly cited and important. Mathematicians talk about their Erdős number (i.e., numbers of degrees of separation) as a sign of their connection to the hub of mathematics: An Erdős number of 2 means a scholar did not co-author with Erdős but did collaborate with someone who did (i.e., an Erdős 1). In this study, we examine collaboration networks in law, searching for the Legal Erdős. We crown Sunstein as the Legal Erdős and name a complete (as possible) list of Sunstein 1s and 2s.
Scarcity and Frontiers: The Age of Dislocation (from 1914 to 1950)

In November 1918 the first world war terminated; in September 1939 the second world war began … It was an age of dislocation and experiment … The dislocation stands out clearly. In all of these twenty-one years there were not more than five, the five which ended the twenties, that men felt to be years of normal prosperity. (Lewis 1949, pp. 11–12) Introduction As the above quote indicates, the economist W. A. Lewis dubbed the twenty-one-year period from 1918 to 1939 as the “age of dislocation and experiment.” However, as the Latin American economic historian Rosemary Thorp has suggested, Lewis’s description could easily be extended to 1945 or 1950, and thus also encompasses the three “international shocks” experienced by the world economy: World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. Certainly, the years 1914 to 1950 witnessed dramatic disruptions to the global economy. As the previous three chapters have suggested, since 1500 the world had embarked on an unprecedented phase of Global Frontier expansion, which reached its apex with the remarkable forty-year “Golden Age” of global resource-based development from 1870 to 1914. But the outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought the latter period of global growth in trade, resource exploitation and new economic opportunities to a close. The ensuing thirty-five-year period, which included the Great Depression and World War II, further added to global economic disruptions during the “Age of Dislocation.”
Inverted metamorphism within the Tibetan slab of Bhutan; evidence for a tectonically transported heat-source

Within the central portion of the Tibetan slab of Bhutan, early mineral assemblages that formed at model conditions of about 480 - 500'C and 7 kbar were overprinted by a high-temperature penetrative fabric. This fabric, which probably formed during convergence of India with Asia, was' later overprinted by mineral assemblages that formed at temperatures up to about 640'C, at about 6 kbar. Above the central ponion, in the upper part of the Tibetan slab, syn- to postdeformational mineral assemblages equilibrated at 4 kbar and 620'C after cooling from temperatures of about 700oC. Reaction textures and geothermobarometry indicate high-temperature decompression of the upper portion of the Tibetan slab to about 4 kbar from a higher pressure. The upper portion contains leucogranites that intruded into rocks that previously had been heated past the second sillimanite isograd and had been penetratively deformed. The leucogranites therefore were not the source of heat for the high-temperature upper portion of the slab. Our data from Bhutan suggest that the central portion of the slab was heated by the migmatitic upper portion, We propose that this migmatite was uplified from lower crustal depths and thrust over the central portion. The proposed thrust-shear probably predates motion on the Main Central thrust. The entire hot package, including the central and upper portions of the Tibetan slab, was rapidly exhumed during and after thrusting.
Genome-wide Annotation, Identification, and Global Transcriptomic Analysis of Regulatory or Small RNA Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT In Staphylococcus aureus, hundreds of small regulatory or small RNAs (sRNAs) have been identified, yet this class of molecule remains poorly understood and severely understudied. sRNA genes are typically absent from genome annotation files, and as a consequence, their existence is often overlooked, particularly in global transcriptomic studies. To facilitate improved detection and analysis of sRNAs in S. aureus, we generated updated GenBank files for three commonly used S. aureus strains (MRSA252, NCTC 8325, and USA300), in which we added annotations for >260 previously identified sRNAs. These files, the first to include genome-wide annotation of sRNAs in S. aureus, were then used as a foundation to identify novel sRNAs in the community-associated methicillin-resistant strain USA300. This analysis led to the discovery of 39 previously unidentified sRNAs. Investigating the genomic loci of the newly identified sRNAs revealed a surprising degree of inconsistency in genome annotation in S. aureus, which may be hindering the analysis and functional exploration of these elements. Finally, using our newly created annotation files as a reference, we perform a global analysis of sRNA gene expression in S. aureus and demonstrate that the newly identified tsr25 is the most highly upregulated sRNA in human serum. This study provides an invaluable resource to the S. aureus research community in the form of our newly generated annotation files, while at the same time presenting the first examination of differential sRNA expression in pathophysiologically relevant conditions. IMPORTANCE Despite a large number of studies identifying regulatory or small RNA (sRNA) genes in Staphylococcus aureus, their annotation is notably lacking in available genome files. In addition to this, there has been a considerable lack of cross-referencing in the wealth of studies identifying these elements, often leading to the same sRNA being identified multiple times and bearing multiple names. In this work, we have consolidated and curated known sRNA genes from the literature and mapped them to their position on the S. aureus genome, creating new genome annotation files. These files can now be used by the scientific community at large in experiments to search for previously undiscovered sRNA genes and to monitor sRNA gene expression by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). We demonstrate this application, identifying 39 new sRNAs and studying their expression during S. aureus growth in human serum.
Mapping motor neuron activity to overt behavior in the leech. I. Passive biomechanical properties of the body wall.

As an initial step in constructing a quantitative biomechanical model of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis), we determined the passive properties of its body wall over the physiological range of dimensions. The major results of this study were: 1. The ellipsoidal cross section of resting leeches is maintained by tonic muscle activation as well as forces inherent in the structure of the body wall (i.e., residual stress). 2. The forces required for longitudinal and circumferential stretch to maximum physiological dimensions were similar in magnitude. Cutting out pieces of body wall did not affect the passive longitudinal or circumferential properties of body wall away from the edges of the cut. 3. The strain (i.e., the percentage change in dimension) of different body segments when subject to the same force was identical, despite differences in muscle crosssections. 4. Serotonin, a known modulator of tension in leech muscles, affected passive forces at all physiological muscle lengths. This suggests that the longitudinal muscle is responsible for at least part of the passive tension of the body wall. 5. We propose a simple viscoelastic model of the body wall. This model captures the dynamics of the passive responses of the leech body wall to imposed step changes in length. Using steady-state passive tensions predicted by the viscoelastic model we estimate the forces required to maintain the leech at any given length over the physiological range.
Absence of superfluidity in4He adsorbed in zeolite

We present the results of a torsion-oscillator experiment which has searched for the superfluid transition in4He adsorbed in chabazite. A novel non-destructive dehydration technique has been used to make the 10 A pores of the crystal accessible to4He. No superfluid transition has been observed to within our resolution for4He coverages ranging from 50% of the full pore to complete saturation at temperatures above 130 mK.
Which SPECT for today, which SPECT for tomorrow?

For over 50 years, the choice of equipment for cardiac SPECT imaging was simple: the Na-I Anger camera was the only game in town. You had many more manufactures to choose from, you could choose a single, dual, or even triple head SPECT camera. More recently, you could add one of the attenuation correction technologies: either scanning line sources or CT. Since there was and there is no reimbursement for attenuation correction, only larger or hospital-based laboratories opted for the additional costs associated with this valuable new technology, and as a result, there has not been meaningful market penetration of attenuation correction despite its clear advantages. Starting with the second decade of the 21st century, the purchase decisions are less straightforward than they have been for several decades. New high-efficiency cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) solid-state cameras are now commercially available and provide a new fundamental question for a potential buyer: Should we embrace the new technology (CZT) or opt for improved and time-tested (Na-I) technology? And while it may seem that finances are again the driving force behind not adopting new and improved technology like they were with attenuation correction, there are other facts to be considered. In this issue of the Journal, Drs. Gaemperli, Buechel, and DePuey summarized exhaustively the pluses and minuses of both technologies. High-efficiency CZT cameras were designed specifically for cardiac imaging and have a number of advantages. Their solid-state detectors and novel cardiocentric collimation first and foremost results in higher count sensitivity which dramatically shortens acquisition time and/or markedly lowers radiation dose (both to the patients and employees). They are also less bulky, offer better image quality, and provide improved spatial. Additionally, the new technology opens up the possibility of new ‘‘disruptive’’ advances in SPECT as well. On the horizon is possible simultaneous dual isotope acquisition (e.g., Tl-201-Tc-99m, I-123-Tc-99m), and most excitingly availability of dynamic acquisition which may allow calculation of absolute coronary flow or at least determination of coronary flow reserve. First results of gated blood pool SPECT imaging using CZT cameras with low tracer doses and short imaging times were recently published. ‘‘Traditionalists’’ point to a number of real advantages of Na-I SPECT along with incremental technological improvements. Newer processing software applied to conventional SPECT cameras allows for routine use of time or dose acquisition, thus diminishing the time and dose gap with the solid-state cameras. Na-I-based cameras better accommodate large patients and have superior versatility (CZT cameras are organ-specific, only the myocardium can be imaged, and therefore cannot be used for general nuclear medicine procedures). The most glaring omissions of the new CZT cameras are inferior detection of motion and the lack of built-in attenuation correction. And perhaps the most daunting in the current medical economic climate is the perception of higher purchase prices of CZT technology.
Determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Feibining granule by HPLC

Objective: To establish an HPLC method for determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Feibining granule.Methods: RP-HPLC method was used with Shim-pack VP-ODS C18 column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).The mobile phase was consisted of acetonitrile-water-H3PO4-triethylamine(3:97:0.1:0.2).The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1.The detection wawelength was at 213 nm.Results: The linear range of ephedrine hydrochloride was 0.456～1.596 μg.The average recovery was 99.49%,and RSD was 1.73%.The linear range of pesudoephedrine hydrochloride was 0.356～1.246 μg;The average recovery was 98.56%,and RSD was 1.12%.Conclusion: This method is simple.The result is accurate and the reproducibility is good.Theremothods can be used as the quality control of Feibining granules.
Neurosurgical considerations of cranial base surgery

The surgical considerations in low anterior and pterional approaches to common intracranial pathologic conditions are discussed. Transfrontal sinus, orbitozy goma tic, and pterional approaches are featured.
Epo-Independent Proliferation and Differentiation of Genetically Modified Erythroid Progenitor Cells Using a Chemical Inducer of Dimerization.

Recombinant human erythropoietin (Epo) revolutionized the care of anemia in cancer. In light of emerging (albeit controversial) roles for Epo in supporting tumor growth, it may be useful to develop Epo-independent methods for regulating red blood cell production. Previous studies in this laboratory established that marrow transduced with conditional derivatives of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (F36VFGFR1) and the thrombopoietin receptor (F36VMpl) can support the chemical inducer of dimerization (CID)-dependent production of erythroid cells in transplanted mice. In the current study, we used human CD34 + cord blood (CB) cells to test whether CID-regulated red cell production might require collaboration between CID-initiated signals and those provided by Epo. CD34 + CB cells cultured in the absence of Epo did not proliferate and retained expression of the myeloid marker CD33. Epo (5U/mL) promoted proliferative expansion (66.2-fold in 12 days) and CD33 expression was lost as the cells differentiated to mature, glycophorin A + erythroid cells (92.9 +/− 1.8%, n=3). Addition of a soluble human Epo receptor extracellular domain (shEpoR) at a concentration of 3ug/mL completely blocked Epo-dependent proliferation and similar to cells cultured without Epo, they retained expression of CD33. Addition of CID (100nM AP20187) to F36VMpl-transduced CD34 + CB cells in the absence of Epo promoted proliferative expansion (89.8-fold in 12 days) and differentiation as glycophorin A + erythroid cells (77.2 +/− 4.8%, n=3). These CID responses were not significantly affected by the addition of shEpoR, as CID induced both mitogenic expansion (84.5 fold in 12 days) and differentiation as glycophorin A + erythroid cells (74.2 +/− 6.7%, n=3) in the presence of concentrations of shEpoR that blocked Epo responses. These data suggest that F36VMpl does not require Epo signaling to support the proliferation and differentiation of human erythroid progenitor cells, and further define an Epo-independent method of erythroid cell production.
Pulmonary Infiltrates in a Patient With Advanced Melanoma.

Abstract The Oncology Grand Rounds series is designed to place original reports published in the Journal into clinical context. A case presentation is followed by a description of diagnostic and management challenges, a review of the relevant literature, and a summary of the authors' suggested management approaches. The goal of this series is to help readers better understand how to apply the results of key studies, including those published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, to patients seen in their own clinical practice. A 60-year-old former smoker with metastatic melanoma presented with the chief complaint of pulmonary infiltrates. Five years ago, he was diagnosed with a left chest wall melanoma. He underwent surgery but received no additional therapy for an American Joint Committee on Cancer stage T3a N0 M0 tumor that was 2.7 mm in depth with no ulceration of the epidermal surface. Resection margins were free of tumor. Four years later, he underwent excision of a raised pigmented skin lesion on his left calf that proved to be melanoma with positive margins. He underwent re-excision of melanoma but 2 months later developed a new left hip soft tissue nodule. Positron emission tomography (PET) -computed tomography showed multiple hypermetabolic lesions involving subcutaneous tissue, muscle osseous structures, and bone marrow, consistent with advanced melanoma. He began systemic therapy with ipilimumab and nivolumab. After four cycles of immunotherapy, he developed a nonproductive cough and mild dyspnea on exertion (Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale score of 2 [ie, he had to stop for breath when walking at his own pace on level ground]). A chest x-ray showed bilateral hilar enlargement, thickening of the right paratracheal stripe, and scattered patchy increased interstitial markings bilaterally. PET and chest computed tomography images showed enlarged mediastinal adenopathy with increased [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on PET and scattered diffuse 1- to 2-mm pulmonary nodules with ground-glass opacities ( Fig 1 ). The patient was referred for pulmonary input. The patient had smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for 35 years; he quit 6 years ago. He had no history of pneumonia, childhood asthma, or tuberculosis. His mother had asthma, but there was no other family history of asthma or other lung disease.
Plant Operating Efficiency in the Market Milk Industry

stabilization in this field and has met with general favor among producers. The success of any program of public control depends to a large degree upon the personnel chosen to administer it. On this score the Agricultural Adjustment Administration is to be highly commended. It has selected as its personnel men qualified by training and experience in the field of milk marketing and with tact and ability in the handling of the difficult problem of getting men to work together. There is a pressing demand for reasonable stabilization of prices and protection to those engaged in the production and marketing of fluid milk. If the industry fails to bring this about, attempts to accomplish the same ends through legislation will continue. It is a well settled policy that the marketing of milk shall be safeguarded and protected by social control.
The Venezuela Awards: Tribunals Should Not Rule Out Expropriation Risk

This paper is a commentary to Marcos Garcia Dominguez, Calculating Damages in Investment Arbitration: Should Tribunals Take Country Risk into Account? 34 ARIZ. J. INT’L & COMP. L. 93 (2017), where the author reached the conclusion that arbitral tribunals in investor-state arbitrations should include the country risk premium discount as part of the equation for determining the quantum of damages but should never include the risk of expropriation sub-component of country risk. This commentary agrees with the first part but argues that there is little legal or doctrinal support for the second and most radical assertion. At the root of the problem are a number of awards from the late part of 2014, all involving expropriations in Venezuela (the “Venezuela Awards”), where the tribunals adopted seemingly dissimilar approaches regarding the issue of inclusion/exclusion of expropriation risk from country risk analysis. For some in the arbitration community, the different conclusions reached in the Venezuela Awards regarding the allocation of expropriation risk are simply irreconcilable because the factual similarity present in the three cases should have led to similar outcomes. While this commentary agrees that the tribunals missed the opportunity to provide clear reasoning in support of their conclusions on the issue of expropriation risk, I argue that the holdings in the Venezuela Awards, if read in conjunction with the specific facts of each case, can indeed shed some light over the tribunals’ lines of reasoning.
Russian and Post-Soviet Studies: Education

Soviet education both shaped and constrained the building of Soviet socialism and of modern Russian and other societies in what is now referred to as the ‘post-Soviet space.’ While Soviet and international studies of Soviet education diverged sharply on some points of interpretation, almost all agreed that the Soviet educational system as launched in the 1920s, expanded in the 1930s, and consolidated in the 1940s and 1950s was fundamentally functional and conducive to modernization. Despite post-Stalinist and postwar reforms, many of the fundamental features of this system endured until the more radical attempted reforms of the late 1980s, and in many ways even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. While later Russian and international authors have expressed greater skepticism about the viability and functionality of some aspects of the Soviet educational system, it did undeniably contribute, if in complex and inefficient ways, to the development of modern and literate mass societies in Russia and Eurasia.
Viewer discretion advised: is YouTube a friend or foe in surgical education?

In the current era, trainees frequently use unvetted online resources for their own education, including viewing surgical videos on YouTube. While operative videos are an important resource in surgical education, YouTube content is not selected or organized by quality but instead is ranked by popularity and other factors. This creates a potential for videos that feature poor technique or critical safety violations to become the most viewed for a given procedure. A YouTube search for “Laparoscopic cholecystectomy” was performed. Search results were screened to exclude animations and lectures; the top ten operative videos were evaluated. Three reviewers independently analyzed each of the 10 videos. Technical skill was rated using the GOALS score. Establishment of a critical view of safety (CVS) was scored according to CVS “doublet view” score, where a score of ≥5 points (out of 6) is considered satisfactory. Videos were also screened for safety concerns not listed by the previous tools. Median competence score was 8 (±1.76) and difficulty was 2 (±1.8). GOALS score median was 18 (±3.4). Only one video achieved adequate critical view of safety; median CVS score was 2 (range 0–6). Five videos were noted to have other potentially dangerous safety violations, including placing hot ultrasonic shears on the duodenum, non-clipping of the cystic artery, blind dissection in the hepatocystic triangle, and damage to the liver capsule. Top ranked laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos on YouTube show suboptimal technique with half of videos demonstrating concerning maneuvers and only one in ten having an adequate critical view of safety. While observing operative videos can be an important learning tool, surgical educators should be aware of the low quality of popular videos on YouTube. Dissemination of high-quality content on video sharing platforms should be a priority for surgical societies.
Focused cardiovascular ultrasound for the perioperative patient

Abstract Focused cardiovascular ultrasound (FoCUS) is limited bedside transthoracic echocardiography that the perioperative physician can use to evaluate broad categories of cardiac dysfunction and to improve patient management. This review outlines the equipment needed, general transthoracic ultrasound nomenclature and technique, indications, limitations and a ‘how-to' for obtaining the 5 FoCUS views. The clinician interested in integrating FoCUS into their practice will use this review as a basis of understanding for pursuing formalized, hands-on instruction.
The response of BHK21 cells to infection with type 12 adenovirus: II. Relationship of virus-stimulated DNA synthesis to other viral functions☆

Abstract BHK21 cells were shown by autoradiography to be arrested in G 1 after growth in 0.2% fetal calf serum. Infection with Ad12 at high multiplicity resulted in the initiation of DNA synthesis in over 90% of the cells, beginning at 10–12 hours after infection. Quantitative correlations revealed that one infecting particle was sufficient to stimulate DNA synthesis, and did so with an efficiency equal to that of the initiation of T antigen (T Ag) synthesis. Simultaneous study of the same cells by autoradiography and immunofluorescence after low multiplicity infection demonstrated that DNA synthesis was initiated only in cells in which T Ag had also been synthesized. This fact implicated the transcription of a viral gene or genes in the initiation of DNA synthesis. Chromosome preparations showed that the infection was followed, beginning at 22 hours, by a sharp increase in mitotic activity. Initially, all resulting metaphase figures were intact except for a small number of chromatid breaks. Starting at 30 hours after infection such relatively “normal” metaphase figures disappeared, to be replaced by a continuing accumulation of cells which were in what appeared to be a highly disorganized mitosis with extensively fragmented or overcondensed chromosomes. By 48 hours after infection, 25% of the cells in the culture were in this condition. These results are taken to indicate that the virus initiates chromosomal DNA synthesis but that infection eventually results in extensive destruction of the cell genome, and thus the death of the cell.
The historical outline of Vilnius pathological anatomy in the first half of the 19th century.

The first post mortem examination was performed in Vilnius by a priest Stefan Bisio in 1770. At the end of the 18th century, Jakub Briotet, a surgeon and anatomist, founded a modest anatomical (surgery) study. In 1804, Jan Piotr Frank and his son Jozef arrived to Vilnius and became professors of the University. Jan Piotr Frank took charge of the University Teaching Hospital and Jozef of the Chair of Pathology. When, in 1805, Jozef Frank took charge, after his father, of the University Hospital, he founded the first anatomopathological examination room there. The samples were obtained mainly from post mortem studies--autopsies. Most of the samples kept in spirit in the Frank's room were eaten by the starving French soldiers during the retreat of Napoleon's army. Getting dead bodies for the Universities was easy thanks to Tsar's decrees from the years 1793-1809 which ordered to open dead bodies and collect monsters. Moreover, a permission to transfer dead bodies from military hospitals to the University was issued in 1810. These decrees did not stop the cases of students digging out dead bodies from the graves, which still happened in 1810 and 1817. Jozef Frank acknowledged great role of post mortem in medicine teaching. He wrote: an author describing a disease with lethal outcome, who does not mention pathological changes found through autopsy is backward. Beside Frank's study, there was still a study founded by Briotet at the Vilnius University, at the Chair of Anatomy. In 1808, Tsar Alexander I designed ruins of Spaska Orthodox Church for an anatomic theater. After seven year redecoration works, it was opened. Beside the theater, dissection room and Veterinary Institute, the building included zoological, veterinary and anatomical museum. The growing anatomical museum had, in 1841, 2895 preparations including 1239 anatomopathological preparations. After closing down Vilnius University and opening Medical and Surgery Academy, pathological anatomy classes were introduced for the 5th year students in 1834. The first lecturer of pathological anatomy, as an individual subject, was Ludwik Siewruk. He started the classes in 1840 when he took charge of the Chair of Anatomy at the Moscow University. Jan Leonow continued the classes till the closing down of Medical and Surgery Academy by the tsar in 1842. The classes performed by Siewruk and Leonow were limited to lectures. Practical knowledge, autopsies were a part of pathology classes and specific therapy (3rd and 4th years of studies). After the Academy had been closed down, all the exhibits of the Vilnius anatomical museum, including anatomopathological preparations were moved to the anatomical museum of Kiev University. Few of them remained in the Vilnius Medical Society.
Wind-Wave Breaking

Abstract Rational models of wind-wave growth were proposed in the 1950s (Miles 1957, Phillips 1957), theories of wave-wave interactions (Phillips 1960, Hasselmann 1962, Zakharov 1968) and wave-action conservation for waves in fluids (Whitham 1965, Bretherton and Garrett 1969) in the 1960s, but it was not until the 1980s that laboratory experiments (Duncan 1981, Melville and Rapp 1985) and a seminal paper by Owen Phillips in 1985 on a model of the equilibrium range in wind-wave spectra, and a formulation of breaking, began a rational program of research into the role of breaking in surface wave kinematics and dynamics. Two important features of Phillips’ 1985 paper were the introduction of Λ(c)dc, the average total length of breaking fronts per unit area of ocean moving with velocities in the range (c, c + dc) and the statement that the average rate of energy loss per unit area by breakers in the same velocity range was given by ɛ b ( c ) d c = b ( c ) ρ g − 1 c 5 Λ ( c ) d c where b is a dimensionless breaking strength and g is gravity. The energy loss per unit length of breaker, bρg-1c5, was based on Duncan’s work, but anticipated in part by Lighthill (1978). Lower order moments of Λ(c) describe kinematical features of breaking up to the third moment, with the fourth moment describing the momentum flux from waves to currents. The structure of the dissipation equation imposes a combination of different approaches to quantifying it. Estimates of b have depended on arguments based on Taylor’s (1935) inertial scaling of turbulence dissipation, supported by laboratory experiments and recent DNS and LES numerical experiments, while Λ(c) over any significant dynamical range can only be measured in the field. The success of the early attempts to follow this approach has led to recent work on air entrainment for gas transfer, and theoretical uses of fundamental vortex dynamics to develop our knowledge of the role of breaking in air-sea interaction. In this paper I will review the material from the laboratory, through scaling arguments, modeling and field measurements.
A PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO RESEARCH INTO DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS

Abstract Reversal of depression in hospitalized bipolar and unipolar endogenously depressed patients treated with imipramine was annulled when they were concomitantly treated with PCPA but not with α-MPT (Shopsin et al., 1975). In another group of hospitalized bipolar and unipolar endogenously depressed patients who showed an antidepressant response to the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, tranylcypromine sulfate, relapse (i.e. depression returned) occurred when relatively small doses of PCPA were added for brief periods (Shopsin et al., 1976). Our collective findings that PCPA similarly reversed the antidepressant effects of both the tricyclic drug, imipramine hydrochloride, and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine, suggest that (1) serotonergic mechanisms are likely involved in the antidepressant effects of both the tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors in man and (2) this indolamine may also play a role in the endogenous clinical state of depression.
Process modeling and supply chain design for advanced biofuel production based on bio-oil gasification

viii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 References 5 CHAPTER 2 TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ADVANCED BIOFUEL PRODUCTION BASED ON BIO-OIL GASIFICATION 6 Abstract 6 2.
HTML 5 programming: conference tutorial

HTML5 will soon become the new international HTML standard replacing XHTML and earlier versions of HTML. It will be the main web programming tool not only for traditional devices such as PC's and laptops but also for emerging mobile devices such as iPhone and Android smartphones. It may also displace proprietary software such as Flash and Silverlight for rich web media presentations. Key web industry players are quickly adopting HTML5 and incorporating it into their browsers and applications. As a result, students are showing keen interest in this new HTML platform and CS/IT/IS instructors should soon be redesigning their web courses accordingly.
Place-based Learning

Place-based learning grew out of environmental education and requires students tounderstand the local community (its unique history, environment, culture, problems, economy, etc.) on a deeper level. This could include the students’ own school, neighborhood, town, community, or region (Sobel, 2003).
Operating Characteristics of a Bernas Ion Source for the Varian E220/500 Ion Implanter

A Bernas ion source has been developed for the Varian E220/500 medium current ion implanter. The source provides a longer lifetime and improved multiply charged beam output versus the standard Freeman ion source. The Bernas source is compatible with existing hardware, except for a new source magnet which produces an increased magnetic field.
Assessment of demographic and perinatal predictors of non-response and impact of non-response on measures of association in a population-based case control study: findings from the Georgia Study to Explore Early Development.

Participation in epidemiologic studies has declined, raising concerns about selection bias. While estimates derived from epidemiologic studies have been shown to be robust under a wide range of scenarios, additional empiric study is needed. The Georgia Study to Explore Early Development (GA SEED), a population-based case–control study of risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), provided an opportunity to explore factors associated with non-participation and potential impacts of non-participation on association studies. GA SEED recruited preschool-aged children residing in metropolitan-Atlanta during 2007–2012. Children with ASD were identified from multiple schools and healthcare providers serving children with disabilities; children from the general population (POP) were randomly sampled from birth records. Recruitment was via mailed invitation letter with follow-up phone calls. Eligibility criteria included birth and current residence in study area and an English-speaking caregiver. Many children identified for potential inclusion could not be contacted. We used data from birth certificates to examine demographic and perinatal factors associated with participation in GA SEED and completion of the data collection protocol. We also compared ASD-risk factor associations for the final sample of children who completed the study with the initial sample of all likely ASD and POP children invited to potentially participate in the study, had they been eligible. Finally, we derived post-stratification sampling weights for participants who completed the study and compared weighted and unweighted associations between ASD and two factors collected via post-enrollment maternal interview: infertility and reproductive stoppage. Maternal age and education were independently associated with participation in the POP group. Maternal education was independently associated with participation in the ASD group. Numerous other demographic and perinatal factors were not associated with participation. Moreover, unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for associations between ASD and several demographic and perinatal factors were similar between the final sample of study completers and the total invited sample. Odds ratios for associations between ASD and infertility and reproductive stoppage were also similar in unweighted and weighted analyses of the study completion sample. These findings suggest that effect estimates from SEED risk factor analyses, particularly those of non-demographic factors, are likely robust.
Bag of local features for person re-identification on large-scale datasets

In recent years, large-scale person re-identification has attracted a lot of attention from video surveillance. Usual approaches addressing this task either learn the effective feature embeddings or design the learning architectures to obtain discriminative metrics. Most of them only focus on improving the accuracy of recognition but neglect retrieval efficiency. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of person re-identification simultaneously, an accurate and fast method is proposed based on the bag of visual words (BoVW) model, which has widely been applied in image retrieval. A bag of local features is developed to simplify feature representation for person re-identification. Cross-view dictionary learning is used to eliminate the redundancy of these local features. These local features consist of scale invariant feature transform and local maximal occurrence representation (LOMO) that are invariant in scale and color, respectively. Finally, integrated BoVW histograms are obtained, which encode the images by k-means clustering. Experiments conducted on the CUHK03, Market1501, and MARS datasets show that the proposed method performs favorably against existing approaches.
The case for ambient sensing for human activity detection

Human activity detection using various sources of data is an important problem due to its application in various domains, such as health-care, elderly care, security/safety, etc. Traditionally, this activity detection is carried out using multimedia data, including audio and video resources. Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to highly-improved computation and communication capabilities even within the smallest devices, giving rise to wearable devices. These devices can collect useful data about movements and thus enable detecting human activities. However, both traditional methods (multimedia) and wearable device-based methods completely expose users, resulting in severe privacy issues. Thus, it is crucial to be able to still detect these activities without compromising the user's privacy. In this paper, we make a case where ambient sensing (sensors that collect data representing only environmental changes, such as temperature, lighting, etc.) can be used to detect human activities. Since the available data corresponds to only the status of the surrounding environment, the user privacy can be preserved. We demonstrate which aspects of ambient sensing methods are desirable and what types of applications can benefit from them.
Constructing a Minoritized Approach: Racialized Readers and Reading Locations

This chapter suggests that the ideology of white invisibility can be detected in constructive efforts to diversify contemporary biblical scholarship. The point of departure for this critique is an important article by Jeffrey Siker. The primary focus of his essay is the interaction between the quest for the historical Jesus and two minoritized and racialized representations of Jesus: James Cone’s black Jesus and Virgilio Elizondo’s mestizo Jesus. Siker helpfully frames the thorny problematic of competing representations of the white, black, brown, red, and yellow Jesuses. Nevertheless, his critique succumbs to a deracializing logic that unwittingly reinscribes the ideology of white invisibility. Identifying the strengths and limitations of Siker’s analysis not only renders visible the ideology of white invisibility, but also points to ways of moving beyond the impasse of competing representations. This critique sets the stage for an alternative reading of Jesus’ crucifixion as a racialized-other in Matthew’s passion narrative.