cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Identification and Simulation of the Manduca Sexta Forewing

The dynamic forced response of the forewing of the Manduca Sexta under a variety of loading conditions is determined through analytical and experimental methods. This work is a continuation of efforts to better model and simulate the biological system to garner a better understanding of the critical structural features of the wing for using in future bio-inspired designs. This work furthers previous efforts by providing a simple and intuitive way to capture critical geometry, material properties, and dynamic response from the forewing of the Manduca Sexta species. Modal analysis simulations are performed analytically and tested using experimental techniques in both air and vacuum.
Laboratory Bioassay for Sex Pheromone of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana

Female sex pheromone of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermuller) was bioassayed by observing the number of males displaying a directed upwind orientation in an airstream containing the pheromone. The incidence and type of male sexual responses depended on pheromone quantity and the length of time males were conditioned at a high illumination prior to the bioassay. A pheromone quantity equivalent to 0.005–0.01 females was necessary to induce directed orientation by males. Repeated exposure to the pheromone caused a rapid decrease in male response. Male bioassay responses indicate that, in addition and subsequent to the pheromone stimulus, a positive anemotactic stimulus and a shortrange visual stimulus may be involved in the mate-finding process.
Structural Authority and Market Distortion: A Comparison of Mediated Markets

Abstract Increasingly, intermediaries act as brokers and arbiters of quality judgments. Intermediaries such as college rankings and review aggregators provide metaknowledge, or a reduced form infor...
The influence of calcium absorption and accumulation on the growth of excised cotton roots

Excised cotton roots were grown for 14 days in a complete nutrient solution in which CaCl2 was varied from 6.25×10−3 to 3.0 mM. Growth, as measured by root length, increased in a curvilinear fashion with increasing Ca to 0.2 mM. Further increase in Ca did not cause any significant changes in root length. There was a discontinuous association between Ca accumulation and substrate level. The lowest levels of substrate Ca were related to accumulation by a hyperbolic isotherm. The intermediate (0.25–1.0 mM Ca) and high (1.5–3.0 mM Ca) levels of Ca were associated with accumulation by two plateaus. These relationships were linear and within their respective concentration ranges, independent of substrate level. The tissue Ca data indicate the presence of multiple systems in the absorption and accumulation of Ca by excised cotton roots. Only the low concentration mechanism for Ca accumulation was associated with growth. Absorption of Ca at substrate levels above saturation for the low concentration mechanism represents luxury accumulation and has no effect on growth.
More than a paycheck: nannies, work, and identity

AbstractNannies are paid childcare providers employed in private households. In Northeastern cities, they vary by many personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, immigrant status, and education. This study compares the identity work of two groups of nannies: one composed of immigrant women of color and the other composed mainly of US-born white women. Building upon existing research on the difference between precarious work and precarious working conditions in domestic work, this study finds that immigrant women of color respond to disrespect and discrimination by defending the respectability of their work and their personal dignity. In contrast, US-born and white women respond to the stigma of doing socially devalued work by distancing themselves from their work. The implications of workers’ agency and identity on organizing and social movements are considered.
Estimation of breast dose saving potential using a breast positioning technique for organ-based tube current modulated CT

In thoracic CT, organ-based tube current modulation (OTCM) reduces breast dose by lowering the tube current in the 120° anterior dose reduction zone of patients. However, in practice the breasts usually expand to an angle larger than the dose reduction zone. This work aims to simulate a breast positioning technique (BPT) to constrain the breast tissue to within the dose reduction zone for OTCM and to evaluate the corresponding potential reduction in breast dose. Thirteen female anthropomorphic computational phantoms were studied (age range: 27-65 y.o., weight range: 52-105.8 kg). Each phantom was modeled in the supine position with and without application of the BPT. Attenuation-based tube current (ATCM, reference mA) was generated by a ray-tracing program, taking into account the patient attenuation change in the longitudinal and angular plane (CAREDose4D, Siemens Healthcare). OTCM was generated by reducing the mA to 20% between ± 60° anterior of the patient and increasing the mA in the remaining projections correspondingly (X-CARE, Siemens Healthcare) to maintain the mean tube current. Breast tissue dose was estimated using a validated Monte Carlo program for a commercial scanner (SOMATOM Definition Flash, Siemens Healthcare). Compared to standard tube current modulation, breast dose was significantly reduced using OTCM by 19.8±4.7%. With the BPT, breast dose was reduced by an additional 20.4±6.5% to 37.1±6.9%, using the same CTDIvol. BPT was more effective for phantoms simulating women with larger breasts with the average breast dose reduction of 30.2%, 39.2%, and 49.2% from OTCMBP to ATCM, using the same CTDIvol for phantoms with 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 kg breasts, respectively. This study shows that a specially designed BPT improves the effectiveness of OTCM.
Evaluation and the Administrator: How Decisions are Made

The investigator describes how principals, supervisors, and central office personnel made decisions in public school reading programs. The study compares the actual decision-making processes with a theoretical model of rational decision making. Typical decisions for administering and supervising a school reading program were obtained from job descriptions and from literature in reading education. Test subjects identified their respective decisions. Through interviews, these administrators and supervisors described the processes by which their identified decisions had been made and compared the descriptions with a representative rational model of decision-making in order to determine how real life decision-making processes approximated a theoretical model. Regardless of staff position, there appeared to be no difference in group ability to identify respective administrative decisions. Analysis of the actual decision-making processes employed by administrators indicated an incomplete awareness of a rational decision-making prescription. Past experience and intuition, rather than attempts to identify alternative actions and to weigh these for relative merit, were the basis of the greatest number of decisions.
The cytokine modulation of acute graft-versus-host disease

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), significantly limits the application of this important therapy. Advances in basic immunobiology, and particularly in the dissection of the complex networks of cytokines that affect the function of immune cells, have increased our understanding of the effector mechanisms of acute GVHD. Data from both experimental and clinical studies suggest that inflammatory cytokines are critical components of acute GVHD that can be modulated by a number of proteins, including anti-inflammatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists.
Designing Public Health Policies to Mitigate the Adverse Consequences of Rural-Urban Migration via Meta-Population Modeling

This study extends the model considered in [3] (Chap. 8 in this volume) by incorporating spatially explicit migration of individuals. A three-patch meta-population model is used to explore vaccination strategies for a vaccine-preventable disease. Spatial movements of individuals between patches are mainly migration from rural to urban and peri-urban for greater economic opportunities. Stochastic simulations evaluate the effects of alternative vaccination strategies on preventing disease outbreaks, examine the distribution of possible outcomes, and compare the likelihood of outbreak mitigation and prevention across immunization policies. Two types of vaccine coverage are compared. One is homogeneous coverage, in which relevant sub-populations receive vaccination with equal probability; and the other is heterogeneous coverage, in which sub-populations can receive vaccination with different probabilities. Results suggest that when sub-populations differ in density (which may affect contact rates), heterogeneous vaccination coverage among migrants is most effective according to measures such as final epidemic size, peak size, number of vaccine doses needed to prevent outbreaks, and likelihood of containing an outbreak. This suggests that public health efforts to mitigate vaccine-preventable diseases must consider migration.
The Competing Visions

Upon his return from Europe Jefferson assumed his responsibilities as Secretary of State, helping to shape the foreign policy of the young republic. He could now influence the formation of a national position on commerce which would complement his ideal vision of an agrarian republic. But by the time he took office in the Washington administration, Jefferson had altered the virtuous republican model set up in Notes on Virginia. He recognized that this ideal was to be diluted by the natural flow of commercial exchange between the United States and Europe and its colonies. As a prime leader of the opposition to the Hamiltonian system, he was now less concerned with the evils of trade than with developing a vision which took account of the relationship among commerce, agriculture and manufacturing. American commercial development might be so directed as to benefit all sectors — agriculture in particular — while at the same time stabilizing American society and reinforcing its independence.
US Traffic Fatalities, 1985–2014, and Their Relationship to Medical Marijuana Laws

Objectives. To determine the association of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) with traffic fatality rates.Methods. Using data from the 1985–2014 Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we examined the association between MMLs and traffic fatalities in multilevel regression models while controlling for contemporaneous secular trends. We examined this association separately for each state enacting MMLs. We also evaluated the association between marijuana dispensaries and traffic fatalities.Results. On average, MML states had lower traffic fatality rates than non-MML states. Medical marijuana laws were associated with immediate reductions in traffic fatalities in those aged 15 to 24 and 25 to 44 years, and with additional yearly gradual reductions in those aged 25 to 44 years. However, state-specific results showed that only 7 states experienced post-MML reductions. Dispensaries were also associated with traffic fatality reductions in those aged 25 to 44 years.Conclusions. Both MMLs and dispensaries were associated ...
Values and Valuations

Before knowledge — if there is any — of absolute values can be discussed, one must give careful attention to the epistemology of relative or personal values. For these are accessible to experience. The following is taken from Chapter Thirteen, “Personal Value and Impersonal Value,” of On Emotional Presentation. That an objectum A has the impersonal value N is, under favorable circumstances, derived from the fact that A has the personal value N. That means the A-idea evokes a feeling which presents the value N. This presentation, by induction, may lead to a starting point of the search for absolute values. If the emotional presentation and the accompanying value judgment has any evidence, then the value experience is an indication of an impersonal value. Before knowledge- if there is any- of absolute values can be discussed, one must give careful attention to the epistemology of relative or personal values. For these are accesible to experience. The following is taken from Chapter Thirteen, “Personal Value and Impersonal Value.” of On Emotional Presentation. That an objectum A has the impersonal value N is, under favorable circumstances, derived from the fact that A has the personal value N. That means the A-idea evokes a feeling which presents the value N. This presentation, By induction,may lead to a starting point of the search for absolute values. If the emotional presentation and the accompanying value judgment has any evidence, then the value experience is an indication of impersonal value. If emotional value experiences are related to values as intellectual experiences are related to objecta and facts, then the personal aspect of values almost disapperas1. Evidence for certainty is absent. It were there, doubt would not be possible. There is only presumptive evidence. Knowledge which has evidence for certainty is apriori and immediate.
Health behaviors among testicular cancer survivors.

9145 Background: Testicular cancer survivors (TCS) experience elevated risk for cardiovascular issues including coronary artery disease that present a greater threat to their long-term health than recurrence of cancer. These risks may be moderated by health behaviors (HBs), yet little is known about HBs or their barriers in this population. This is unfortunate, as these barriers may serve as intervention targets. This study examined HBs and their barriers in a population-based sample of TCS. Methods: TCS were recruited through the PA Cancer Registry. Eligible individuals were diagnosed with testicular cancer between 1990 - 2007 and provided informed consent. Participants completed measures of tobacco use, alcohol use, dietary habits, physical activity, BMI, quality of life (QOL), and barriers to performing HBs, as well as self-reported disease and treatment information. Results: 189 participants provided data. Participants were middle-aged (M=44 yrs. R=19-59), predominately white (95%), married (72%), par...
Taxonomic delimitation among Pennsylvanian marattialian fructifications

A new species of Scolecopteris is described from an extensive collection of compressed pecopterid foliage from the Upper Pennsylvanian of southeastern Ohio. The sporangial cavities of some specimens are infiltrated with iron pyrite preserving three-dimensional structure and allowing comparison with permineralized Scolecopteris and Acaulangium, as well as with compressed Asterotheca. Examination of synangial symmetry, attachment and construction shows Acaulangium to fall within the range of variation exhibited by currently recognized species of Scolecopteris. Partially permineralized specimens demonstrate the importance of basing taxa on a number of different features in order to include biologically related material and minimize the influence of variation due to preservation.--Modified journal abstract.
The equality cases of the Ehrhard–Borell inequality

Abstract The Ehrhard–Borell inequality is a far-reaching refinement of the classical Brunn–Minkowski inequality that captures the sharp convexity and isoperimetric properties of Gaussian measures. Unlike in the classical Brunn–Minkowski theory, the equality cases in this inequality are far from evident from the known proofs. The equality cases are settled systematically in this paper. An essential ingredient of the proofs are the geometric and probabilistic properties of certain degenerate parabolic equations. The method developed here serves as a model for the investigation of equality cases in a broader class of geometric inequalities that are obtained by means of a maximum principle.
Abstract TP10: Clinical and Imaging Outcomes of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Mild Nihss Treated with Endovascular Therapy

Background: The minimal stroke severity justifying endovascular intervention remains elusive; however, a significant proportion of patients presenting with large vessel occlusions and mild symptoms subsequently decline and have poor outcomes. We evaluated clinical outcomes of patients presenting with mild symptoms (NIHSS≤8) undergoing endovascular therapy. Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected ET database between September/2010-March/2016. Patients with mild symptoms (baseline NIHSS≤8) were included in the analysis. Primary and secondary efficacy outcomes were defined as the rates of good outcome (90-day mRS 0-2) and successful reperfusion (mTICI 2b-3), respectively. Safety outcome was accessed by rates of any parenchymal hematoma (PH-1 and PH-2) and 90-day mortality. Results: 72 patients with baseline NIHSS≤8 we included in the analysis. Mean age in the overall cohort was 63.3 years (range, 56-69) and 39 patients were men (54%). The mean baseline NIHSS, CTP core volumes, and ASPECTS were 6.3±1.5, 7.5±16.1cc, and 8.5±1.3 respectively. A total of 28 patients (38%) received intravenous tPA. The occlusions were located as follows: proximal MCA-M1 in 29 (40%), MCA-M2 in 20 (27%), ICA terminus in 6 (8%) and vertebrobasilar in 9 patients (12%). Tandem occlusion was documented in 7 patients (9%). Successful reperfusion (TICI 2b-3) was achieved in 67 patients (93%) and 90-day good outcome in 52 (72%). The mean final infarct volume was 32.2±59.9 cc. Any parenchymal hematoma occurred in 4 patients (5%). The 90-day mortality was 9% (n=7). Logistic regression showed that only successful reperfusion (OR 27.7; 95%CI [1.1-655.5]; p=0.04) was an independent predictor of good outcomes. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate a good safety profile for endovascular therapy in patients presenting with low NIHSS and proximal arterial occlusions. Future prospective controlled studies are warranted.
Chronic cold-stress suppresses chemokine production and CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TUM7P.1024)

Recently it was reported that maintenance of mice at thermoneutral temperatures (TT, the temperature at which basal metabolism is sufficient to maintain body temperature, 30 o C) enhanced antitumor immune responses and reduced tumor growth, relative to standard vivarium temperatures (ST, 22 o C). We hypothesized that mice maintained at ST may have impaired production of T cell chemoattractant cytokines and subsequent T cell infiltration. In mice bearing breast tumors or solid or metastatic-like melanomas, intratumoral expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 (CXCR3-cognate chemokines) was enhanced by maintenance of hosts in TT conditions. Further, tumors of TT-housed mice contained increased numbers of CD8 + T cells. We further hypothesized that the effect of temperature on T cell chemokine pathways may be a result of chronic cold stress, which may induce norepinephrine (NE) production and subsequent activation of β-adrenergic signaling pathways. We observed that pharmacologic blockade of β-adrenergic receptors in mice bearing solid or metastatic-like melanomas recapitulated the increased intratumoral expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 and increased CD8 + T cell numbers. Because melanoma cells express β-adrenergic receptors, we suggest that chronic cold stress may induce systemic NE production, leading to tumor local activation of receptors and inhibition of tumor-derived chemokine production. These studies suggest potential interventions to improve existing T cell-based immunotherapies.
Active Surveillance in African-Americans

Preferential adoption of AS as an alternative to immediate treatment for most men with low-risk disease is a critical component of contemporary “smarter screening” approaches to prostate cancer early detection. While AA men were essentially unrepresented in the screening randomized trials, recent modeling studies do support the concept that AA men should receive particular attention in screening programs and potentially should start screening at an earlier age. An in-depth analysis from the CISNET group aimed to identify factors contributing to the disparity in prostate cancer mortality. AA men at all ages were noted to have a higher cumulative incidence of clinically significant disease despite observed disparities in PSA screening which increased with older ages. Multiple mathematical models predicted an increased risk of preclinical disease in AA men, contributing in turn to an increased risk of clinical diagnosis and of metastatic disease before diagnosis. On the other hand, risk of clinical disease after onset was similar between AA and the general population. These findings led the authors to conclude that AA men were at higher risk of preclinical and progressive prostate cancer, more likely to develop disease at younger ages and progress to metastasis before diagnosis. From these findings, the authors support earlier screening for AA men. The SEER study described above likewise concluded that if AA men are at risk of more aggressive disease, they may benefit more from screening compared to white men.
Physical Growth, Body Scale, and Perceptual-Motor Development.

Abstract In this chapter we consider from the theoretical framework of the ecological approach to perception and action, the relations between physical growth and body scale in the context of children's perceptual-motor development. Body scale and the timescale of its change through growth are shown to relate to the emergence and dissolution of the fundamental skills in infancy, the perception of what an environment affords functionally for action, together with the emergent pattern of movement coordination. A central issue in typical and atypical motor development is the mapping of the timescale of adaptive change in the acquisition of perceptual-motor skill to the accompanying timescale of change in physical growth.
Case Studies of Regional Anesthesia

This chapter presents some of the known complications of regional anesthetics through illustrative case reports. Although the case reports are not those of actual patients, they are representative of real cases and incorporate features from actual reports or clinical experiences. Care has been taken to make certain that the depiction of presenting signs and symptoms are true to those actually reported in the literature. Reports are followed by relevant discussion, which includes our present understanding of underlying mechanisms and etiologic factors that are believed to contribute to the development of the complications. Diagnosis and management of complications are briefly covered as well. It is not possible to discuss all known regional anesthetic complications here. Therefore, five clinically important, well-recognized syndromes complicating routine regional anesthetics have been chosen. These should be appreciated and understood by all practitioners in this subspecialty.
Communicative Informatics: A Social Media Perspective for Online Communities

Individuals are active audience members that use Internet-based social media technologies to create and negotiate social action in online spaces. Communicative informatics is the key to constructing, describing or critiquing social media. Communicative informatics is the discovery of the audience, text/image, technology, negotiated place relationships that create symbolic meaning. Four propositions focus on the communication of the audience: 1) the audience is active; 2) the audience is creative; 3) the audience interacts with technology and 4) place is negotiated in online communication.
Effects of Rotation

The rotation of the Earth has an important dynamical effect on the fluid environment and we begin our discussion by studying the role of large-scale rotation in simple cases. In this chapter, the Rossby number is defined as a nondimensional measure of the importance of rotation. The usefulness of a rotating frame of reference is outlined.
Adverse events as a cause of unscheduled hospitalizations for solid tumor oncology patients receiving chemotherapy.

e18815Background: Developing strategies to prevent or minimize cancer treatment-related adverse events (AEs) is a priority for value and patient safety. To develop a strategy for easier identificat...
Cost per Case Mix Index-Adjusted Hospital Day as a Measure of Effective Laboratory Utilization Efforts in a Growing Academic Medical Center.

OBJECTIVES Traditional laboratory utilization measures are unable to detect the results of small-scale utilization improvement efforts in a background of rising patient volumes and acuity. However, accurate assessment is necessary to document effectiveness of these efforts. METHODS Test menu changes, physician education, and laboratory utilization feedback were used to address costs and overused tests. Effectiveness was evaluated using cost/case mix index (CMI)-adjusted hospital day and inpatient tests/CMI-adjusted discharge. These metrics were compared with the more traditional measures of cost/test and inpatient tests/discharge. RESULTS Cost/CMI-adjusted hospital day and inpatient tests/CMI-adjusted discharge better demonstrated the impact of utilization improvement efforts compared with more traditional measures because they account for changes in patient volume and acuity. CONCLUSIONS Cost/CMI-adjusted hospital day and tests/CMI-adjusted discharge show the effectiveness of laboratory utilization efforts despite increasing patient volume and acuity.
Space-time focusing using a dispersive axicon

A dispersive axicon is proposed as a means of generating pulses that are localized in both space and time. The axicon's frequency-dependent dielectric constant allows the generation of Bessel beams with varying group velocities, which is exploited to compress pulses propagating in free space. The spatial localization inherent to Bessel beams combined with this temporal localization results in simultaneous space-time focusing.
Abstract 114: A Role for Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Duchenne Cardiomyopathy

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) harbor cardioprotective qualities that may attenuate CM. In a small cohort of DMD patients we found t...
The impact of AIDS on the health care system in New Jersey.

The goal of the New Jersey State Department of Health (NJSDH) with regard to an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) health care delivery system is to “develop an integrated network of AIDS health services that will provide for acute care and cost-effective, post-hospitalization, community-based care for AIDS/ARC patients, families and significant others.” This is a lofty goal which will require much more effort before it is reached.
The Promise and the Reality of Genomics to Guide Precision Medicine in Pediatric Oncology: The Decade Ahead

Much has been written about the promise of "precision medicine," especially in oncology, where somatic mutations can influence the response of cancer cells to "targeted therapy." There have been successful examples of targeted therapy improving the outcome of some childhood cancers, such as the addition of an ABL class tyrosine kinase inhibitor to conventional chemotherapy substantially improving the cure rate for patients with BCR-ABL1 positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although there are other mutations serving as putative targets in various childhood leukemias and solid tumors, effective targeted therapy has yet to be established for them in prospective clinical trials. There are also uncertainties about which "targeted therapy" to use when patients have multiple targetable genomic lesions in their cancer cells, given the paucity of data upon which to develop evidence-based guidelines for selecting and integrating targeted agents for individual patients. There are also multiple examples of inherited germline variants for which evidence-based guidelines have been developed by the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium to guide the selection and dosing of medications in children with cancer. Clinical pharmacology is poised to play a critical role in both the discovery and development of new targeted anticancer agents and their evidence-based translation into better treatment for children with cancer. To embrace these challenges and opportunities of "precision medicine," clinical and basic pharmacologists must expand the depth of our science and the bandwidth of our translational capacity if we are to optimize precision medicine and advance the treatment of cancer in children and adults.
Implementing Diverse Instructional Strategies in Adapted physical Education Program: A case study of a child with autism

The number of individual with autism has been increased past decades. Along with the prevalence, diverse instruction strategies were introduced and implemented in the field of adapted physical education/activity. The purpose of this case study is investigating the effectiveness of the instructional strategies for children with disabilities. A student, nine years old boy with autism, participated in this study. Four different teaching strategies, reproductive teaching style, video modeling, system of least prompts, and chaining strategy, were implemented to teach a target skill, overhand throw. Task analysis were implemented to measure the skill performance weekly for three weeks. The result indicated that the participant showed improvement in on a skill component, T position. The participant did not showed notable improvement on overall skill performance.
Use of Bladder Sparing Surgery for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer by Life Expectancy at Diagnosis

AbstractIntroduction:Patients who are older and sicker are ideal candidates for bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer given risks of treatment related morbidity with radical cy...
The Discovery and Development of Binimetinib for the Treatment of Melanoma

Binimetinib is an uncompetitive, small-molecule inhibitor of selective mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK1/2) and was recently approved in 2018 in combination with encorafenib for the treatment ...
“There’s Not One Way to Do It:”: Latina Mothers’ Discipline Techniques:

Discipline is one of the most challenging tasks for parents of young children. Parental choices of discipline can vary greatly by race and ethnicity (Coley et al., 2014). Research on Latino familie...
Brain-responsive neurostimulation in adult-onset rasmussen's encephalitis.

Abstract Epilepsy associated with Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is highly resistant to standard therapy and continues to present a therapeutic challenge. While epilepsy surgery remains the most effective management for patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy and RE, hemispherotomy may debilitating consequences on adult patients. Here we present the outcome of a 32-year-old woman with adult-onset Rasmussen’s, who was treated with brain-responsive neurostimulation (RNS) after failure of several immunotherapeutic and anti-seizure medications.
Robust Bounds for Welfare Analysis

Economists routinely make functional form assumptions about consumer demand to obtain welfare estimates—often for convenience, tractability, or both. How sensitive are welfare estimates to these assumptions? In this paper, we answer this question by providing bounds on welfare that hold for families of demand curves commonly considered in different literatures. We show that typical functional forms—such as linear, exponential and CES demand—are extremal in different families: they yield either the highest or lowest welfare estimate among all demand curves in those families. To illustrate the flexibility of our approach, we apply our results to the welfare analysis of trade tariffs, income taxation, and surge pricing.
Freezing of few nanometers water droplets.

Water-ice transformation of few nm nanodroplets plays a critical role in nature including climate change, microphysics of clouds, survival mechanism of animals in cold environments, and a broad spectrum of technologies. In most of these scenarios, water-ice transformation occurs in a heterogenous mode where nanodroplets are in contact with another medium. Despite computational efforts, experimental probing of this transformation at few nm scales remains unresolved. Here, we report direct probing of water-ice transformation down to 2 nm scale and the length-scale dependence of transformation temperature through two independent metrologies. The transformation temperature shows a sharp length dependence in nanodroplets smaller than 10 nm and for 2 nm droplet, this temperature falls below the homogenous bulk nucleation limit. Contrary to nucleation on curved rigid solid surfaces, ice formation on soft interfaces (omnipresent in nature) can deform the interface leading to suppression of ice nucleation. For soft interfaces, ice nucleation temperature depends on surface modulus. Considering the interfacial deformation, the findings are in good agreement with predictions of classical nucleation theory. This understanding contributes to a greater knowledge of natural phenomena and rational design of anti-icing systems for aviation, wind energy and infrastructures and even cryopreservation systems. Ice nucleation in confined geometries is a ubiquitous phenomenon, but difficult to characterize. Here the authors investigate experimentally the freezing of water nanodroplets surrounded by octane in nanopores down to 2 nm, and demonstrate that the soft curved oil-water interface suppresses heterogeneous ice nucleation, which occurs at a lower temperature than homogenous bulk nucleation.
Chapter 3 Cultural Triggering of Psychological Reversals

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cultural triggering of psychological reversals. It describes ways in which structural ethnological analysis combined with psychological examination of motivation might prove beneficial both to social psychology and to structural anthropology. In anthropology, reversal theory refers to the analysis of behavioral forms, normally socially unacceptable or taboo, that are enacted in ritual settings. The reversal tends to de-emphasize, or reject, culture in favor of a simulation of nature, in which physiological functions are unhampered by social rules or sanctions. Reversals may be token and minimal, or elaborate and extreme. They play an integral part in determining individual behavior and are also essential to the structure of culture as a system underlying human social interaction. The degree of the violation of normalcy is an indication of the degree of sanctity. Cultural reversals typically trigger either awe or levity, or often a combination of the two. Cultural time is marked by the alternation of everyday activities with temporally ordered, often festival, events during which “people dress up in uniform, or in funny clothes—they eat special food, or they fast—they behave in a solemn restrained manner, or they indulge in license.”
Iptycenes : Extended triptycenes

Properties of iptycenes and particular structural features of several iptycenes are briefly discussed, as are certain extensions beyond the compounds presented here. Methods for preparing useful synthons are described. Three new, much improved syntheses of triptycene, itself a useful iptycene synthon, are presented. In addition, improved syntheses of pentiptycenes and heptiptycene are described.
Diagnosis and acute management of patients with advanced clostridial sepsis complicating abortion

Abstract Seven of 430 patients with septic abortion treated from 1960 through 1969 were diagnosed as having advanced clostridial infections representing an incidence of 1 in 60. Two patients treated primarily by medical means prior to 1964, neither of whom survived, are contrasted with 5 patients treated since incorporation of prompt diagnosis and early surgical intervention. Four of the latter group survived. A rapid, simple “screen” incorporating observation of the serum and urine for evidence of hemolysis, abdominal x-rays for the presence of gas, and a Gram stain of the direct cervical smear for the detection of the large gram-positive rod is described. Rapid correction of fluid and electrolyte balance, initiation of antibiotic therapy and prompt abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are urged.
Inhibition of myosin light‐chain phosphorylation inverts the birefringence response of porcine airway smooth muscle

Muscle birefringence, caused mainly by parallel thick filaments, increases in smooth muscle during stimulation, signalling thick filament formation upon activation. The reverse occurs in skeletal muscle, where a decrease in birefringence has been correlated with crossbridge movement away from the thick filaments. When force generation by trachealis muscle was inhibited with wortmannin, which inhibits myosin light-chain phosphorylation and thick-filament formation, but not the calcium increase caused by stimulation, the birefringence response inverted, suggesting crossbridge movement similar to that of skeletal muscle. Resistance to quick stretches was much greater in stimulated muscle than in unstimulated muscle before wortmannin treatment and no different in stimulated and unstimulated muscle after force inhibition by wortmannin. Before wortmannin treatment, stimulation reduced thick-filament cross-sectional areas in electron micrographs by 44%. After force inhibition by wortmannin, filament areas were not significantly different in stimulated and unstimulated muscle and not significantly different from those of relaxed muscle without wortmannin treatment. These results suggest that myofibrillar-space calcium causes crossbridges to move away from the thick filaments without firmly attaching to thin filaments.
Quasi-Additive Euclidean Functionals

Euclidean functionals having a certain “quasi-additivity” property are shown to provide a general approach to the limit theory of a broad class of random processes which arise in stochastic matching problems. Via the theory of quasi-additive functionals, we obtain a Beardwood-Halton-Hammersley type of limit theorem for the TSP, MST, minimal matching, Steiner tree, and Euclidean semi-matching functionals. One minor but technically useful consequence of the theory is that it often shows that the asymptotic behavior of functionals on the d-dimensional cube coincides with the behavior of the same functional defined on the d-dimensional torus. A more pointed consequence of the theory is that it leads in a natural way to a result on rates of convergence. Finally, we show that the quasi-additive functionals may be approximated by a heuristic with polynomial mean execution time.
Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis: a comparison of boreal and temperate tree species along a latitudinal transect

Common gardens were established along a approximately 900 km latitudinal transect to examine factors limiting geographical distributions of boreal and temperate tree species in eastern North America. Boreal representatives were trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), while temperate species were eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr ex. Marsh var. deltoides) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.). The species were compared with respect to adjustments of leaf photosynthetic metabolism along the transect, with emphasis on temperature sensitivities of the maximum rate of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation (E(V)) and regeneration (E(J)). During leaf development, the average air temperature (T(growth)) differed between the coolest and warmest gardens by 12 degrees C. Evidence of photosynthetic thermal acclimation (metabolic shifts compensating for differences in T(growth)) was generally lacking in all species. Namely, neither E(V) nor E(J) was positively related to T(growth). Correspondingly, the optimum temperature (T(opt)) of ambient photosynthesis (A(sat)) did not vary significantly with T(growth). Modest variation in T(opt) was explained by the combination of E(V) plus the slope and curvature of the parabolic temperature response of mesophyll conductance (g(m)). All in all, species differed little in photosynthetic responses to climate. Furthermore, the adaptive importance of photosynthetic thermal acclimation was overshadowed by g(m)'s influence on A(sat)'s temperature response.
Two-Phase Equilibrium for a van der Waals Fluid

The van der Waals model of a fluid exhibits a liquid-vapor phase transition. Isotherms in the volume-pressure plane depend on a parameter accounting for the finite size of molecules and another for molecular interactions. Below a critical temperature, the pressure of an isotherm is not monotonic. The locus of its maximum and minimum has an inverted U-shape and is called the spinodal curve. Volumes inside the spinodal curve represent unstable fluid. For volumes just outside the spinodal the fluid becomes metastable. For volumes beyond another inverted U-shaped curve there are two stable phases, a liquid and a vapor, separated by a miscibility gap. The Helmholtz free energy as a function of volume is investigated by the chord and common tangent constructions to calculate the miscibility gap. Isotherms of the Gibbs free energy as a function of pressure can be multiple-valued and display cusps. The miscibility gap obeys an equal-area construction due to Maxwell.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carboxylative Coupling of Allylstannanes and Allyl Halides

A three-component carboxylative coupling between allyl halides, allylstannanes, and CO2 to produce allyl esters is catalyzed by Pd and Pt phosphine complexes. Tentative mechanistic pathways for the catalytic reaction are proposed.
Projective Functional Tensors and Other Allied Functionals.

Introduction. - Some time ago I discovered a sequence of functionals (1) that is the correspondent in function space (2) of Weyl's projective curvature tensor in n dimensions (3). Since then, I have succeeded in finding a sequence of non-tensor functionals (4) with the property that each functional of the sequence remains unaltered under an arbitrary projective functional transformation (1) of the functional affine connection. It is the object of this note to outline briefly the results obtained in the above studies. A detailed presentation with proofs as well as an account of numerous results and theorems that flow out of the ideas and methods of the present note is reserved for a series of papers to be published elsewhere.
Research Needs to Supply Milk Protein in the Human Diet

Abstract Emergence of government action to define a national policy on food and nutrition implies increased emphasis on programs for food production and marketing. Optimal policy will rely upon information from targeted basic and applied research. Dairy cattle are discussed in the context of their comparative advantage among livestock species for providing high quality protein in the human diet Research needs are suggested to supply economical milk protein by improving biomass efficiency, economic efficiency, milk pricing, and aggregate analyses of systems of dairy production.
Selective transport and packaging of the major yolk protein in the sea urchin

The major yolk protein of sea urchins is an iron-binding, transferrin-like molecule that is made in the adult gut. Its final destination though is the developing oocytes that are embedded in somatic accessory cells and encompassed by two epithelial layers of the ovary. In this study, we address the dynamics of yolk transport, endocytosis, and packaging during the vitellogenic phase of oogenesis in the sea urchin by use of fluorescently labeled major yolk protein (MYP). Incorporation of MYP into the accessory cells of the ovary and its packaging into yolk platelets of developing oocytes is visualized in isolated oocytes, ovary explants, and in whole animals. When MYP is introduced into the coelom of adult females, it is first accumulated by the somatic cells of the ovarian capsule and is then transported to the oocytes and packaged into yolk platelets. This phenomenon is specific for MYP and accurately reflects the endogenous MYP packaging. We find that oocytes cultured in isolation are endocytically active and capable of selectively packaging MYP into yolk platelets. Furthermore, oocytes that packaged exogenous MYP are capable of in vitro maturation, fertilization, and early development, enabling an in vivo documentation of MYP utilization and yolk platelet dynamics. These results demonstrate that the endocytic uptake of yolk proteins in sea urchins does not require a signal from their surrounding epithelial cells and can occur autonomous of the ovary. In addition, these results demonstrate that the entire population of yolk platelets is competent to receive new yolk protein input, suggesting that they are all made simultaneously during oogenesis.
Fluorescence and Multiphoton Imaging Resolve Unique Structural Forms of Sterol in Membranes of Living Cells

Although cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian membranes, resolution of cholesterol organization in membranes and organelles (i.e. lysosomes) of living cells is hampered by the paucity of nondestructive, nonperturbing methods providing real time structural information. Advantage was taken of the fact that the emission maxima of a naturally occurring fluorescent sterol (dehydroergosterol) were resolvable into two structural forms, monomeric (356 and 375 nm) and crystalline (403 and 426 nm). Model membranes (sterol:phospholipid ratios in the physiological range,e.g. 0.5–1.0), subcellular membrane fractions (plasma membranes, lysosomal membranes, microsomes, and mitochondrial membranes), and lipid rafts/caveolae (plasma membrane cholesterol-rich microdomain purified by a nondetergent method) contained primarily monomeric sterol and only small quantities (i.e. 1–5%) of the crystalline form. In contrast, the majority of sterol in isolated lysosomes was crystalline. However, addition of sterol carrier protein-2 in vitro significantly reduced the proportion of crystalline dehydroergosterol in the isolated lysosomes. Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) of living L-cell fibroblasts cultured with dehydroergosterol for the first time provided real time images showing the presence of monomeric sterol in plasma membranes, as well as other intracellular membrane structures of living cells. Furthermore, MPLSM confirmed that crystalline sterol colocalized in highest amounts with LysoTracker Green, a lysosomal marker dye. Although crystalline sterol was also detected in the cytoplasm, the extralysosomal crystalline sterol did not colocalize with BODIPY FL C5-ceramide, a Golgi marker, and crystals were not associated with the cell surface membrane. These noninvasive, nonperturbing methods demonstrated for the first time that multiple structural forms of sterol normally occurred within membranes, membrane microdomains (lipid rafts/caveolae), and intracellular organelles of living cells, both in vitro and visualized in real time by MPLSM.
HIGH IMPACT SHOCK TEST OF A GENERAL ELECTRIC LM2500 PROPULSION GAS TURBINE MODULE

This paper discusses the high impact shock testing of a General Electric Propulsion Gas Turbine Module to the requirements of Military Specification MIL-S-901C. This shock qualification is just one of a comprehensive program of tests to be, performed to fully qualify the LM2500 Gas Turbine and the DD-963 Propulsion System components specifically for the Spruance (DD-963) Class Destroyers. The description of the gas turbine and the preparation for, and the conduct of the shock test, and a review of the shock test results are presented.Copyright © 1973 by ASME