cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adolescent rules for social exclusion: when is it fair to exclude someone else?

This study identified and described adolescents’ exclusion rules and how they were related to their real world exclusionary behaviours. Adolescents (N5682) were asked to provide (a) an account and rationale for excluding a peer who wanted to join their group; and (b) general rules for when exclusion was fair. A content analysis of the narratives suggested seven rejection rules that were somewhat consistent with adolescents’ reported acts of social exclusion: (a) unattractive; (b) punishment; (c) dangerous; (d) group loyalty; (e) benevolent protection; (f) unqualified; and (g) never. The data demonstrated that adolescent peer groups provide fertile soil for cultivating and performing moral exclusion. Both theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.
Manipulating the L-valley electron g factor in Si-Ge heterostructures

The Zeeman effect for the L valley conduction band electrons in SiGe heterostructures is considered. A detailed calculation of the electron g tensor is performed in the framework of a relevant $\mathit{k}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathit{p}$ model, developed specifically for the L point of the Brillouin zone. Electrons at the L point are considered under the influence of the different crystallographic orientations, alloy composition, quantum confinement, strain, and electric field, whose interplay causes a considerable deviation of the g tensor components from their bulk values. Our result strongly suggests that the SiGe-based quantum wells are a promising choice for the g tensor engineering for spin manipulation.
Improvements in Shortwave Bulk Scattering and Absorption Models for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds

AbstractThis study summarizes recent improvements in the development of bulk scattering/absorption models at solar wavelengths. The approach combines microphysical measurements from various field campaigns with single-scattering properties for nine habits including droxtals, plates, solid/hollow columns, solid/hollow bullet rosettes, and several types of aggregates. Microphysical measurements are incorporated from a number of recent field campaigns in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. A set of 12 815 particle size distributions is used for which Tcld ≤ −40°C. The ice water content in the microphysical data spans six orders of magnitude. For evaluation, a library of ice-particle single-scattering properties is employed for 101 wavelengths between 0.4 and 2.24 μm. The library includes the full phase matrix as well as properties for smooth, moderately roughened, and severely roughened particles. Habit mixtures are developed for generalized cirrus, midlatitude cirrus, and deep tropical convection. Th...
The transformation of an EBM curriculum: A 10-year experience

Background: Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an essential tool for students across the medical education continuum. Incorporation of EBM skills into core competencies by national educational organizations denotes their vital role.Aim: The main purpose is to describe the transformation of an EBM curriculum in an Internal Medicine clerkship and the educational principles that influenced changes over ten years.Methods: The EBM curriculum over ten years was reviewed. This retrospective review was divided into four phases, based on the educational interventions used. Associated outcomes of the curriculum, student skills, and satisfaction with the course and faculty involvement were assessed.Results: A majority of the 493 students felt they received adequate and appropriate exposure to EBM. The curriculum evolved from a teacher-centered approach using computer-based case scenarios to a learner-centered, and patient centric approach. Student skills in EBM improved, as was evidenced by the pre- and post-tests and...
Effect of Sorghum-Based Diets Subjected to Various Manufacturing Procedures on Broiler Performance

ABSTRACT Two experiments evaluated the effect of expanding sorghum-based diets prior to pelleting on 0-to-3-wk (experiment 1) and 3-to-6-wk (experiment 2) broiler performance. In experiment 1, three forms (mash, standard crumbles, and expanded crumbles) of the same sorghum-based starter diet were each fed to 14 replicate pens of 1-d-old male chicks (8 per pen). Expansion conditioning resulted in improved pellet durability and lower fines production; however, processing differences did not affect chick live weight gain, feed intake, or feed efficiency. In experiment 2, standard pellets or expanded pellets were fed to 13 replicate pens of 3-wk-old male broilers (20 per pen). Similar to experiment 1, expansion conditioning resulted in improved pellet durability and decreased fines production, yet processing differences did not affect broiler performance.
Spatial Statistical Methods

While adjustment for spatial dependence has long been mandated in different fields, spatial statistical models refer to modeling and data analysis of processes displaying spatial dependence. This article reviews the basics of spatial random processes, compares different aspects of spatial statistical models, and investigates several topics of spatial prediction (kriging, trend models, and multivariate methods). Bayesian spatial statistics and spatial point processes are also discussed. This article concludes with recent advances in spatial statistics, including spatial–temporal statistics, dimension reduction, and nonparametric methods.
Tamoxifen-induced Antitumorigenic/Antiestrogenic Action Synergized by a Selective Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulator

Tamoxifen (TAM) is a highly effective selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator used extensively for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. However, prolonged treatment of women with TAM may be a risk factor for endometrial cancer, and research in our laboratory is focused on the development of selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators that can be used in combination with TAM to improve its efficacy in the breast and inhibit TAM-induced endometrial effects. This study investigated the effects of the selective aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators 6-methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran (6-MCDF) alone and in combination with TAM in the carcinogen-induced mammary tumor model and in the ovariectomized uterotropic assay using female Sprague Dawley rats. The lowest effective dose of 6-MCDF that inhibited tumor growth was 50 microg/kg/day, and TAM was antitumorigenic at a dose of 100 microg/kg/day. In animals cotreated with TAM + 6-MCDF at doses of 100, 50, or 25 microg/kg/day of each compound, complete inhibition of mammary tumor growth was observed at all doses, and the results are consistent with a more than additive antitumorigenic response for the low dose group (25 + 25 microg/kg) and additive interactions at the 50 and 100 microg/kg doses. In a separate experiment, 6-MCDF (800 microg/kg) inhibited TAM-induced peroxidase activity and progesterone receptor binding in the ovariectomized rat uterus but did not affect TAM-induced bone growth in ovariectomized rats. This study also investigated the effects of TAM and 6-MCDF alone and in combination on ERalpha protein levels in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as a model for studying interactions between these compounds. The results show that 6-MCDF decreased TAM-induced ERalpha levels in the absence or presence of 17beta-estradiol through proteasome activation, and these interactions may contribute to the observed combined antitumorigenic effects of these compounds.
Determination of the primary structure and carboxyl pKAs of heparin-derived oligosaccharides by band-selective homonuclear-decoupled two-dimensional 1H NMR

Determination of the structure of heparin-derived oligosaccharides by 1H NMR is challenging because resonances for all but the anomeric protons cover less than 2 ppm. By taking advantage of increased dispersion of resonances for the anomeric H1 protons at low pD and the superior resolution of band-selective, homonuclear-decoupled (BASHD) two-dimensional 1H NMR, the primary structure of the heparin-derived octasaccharide ∆UA(2S)-[(1 → 4)-GlcNS(6S)-(1 → 4)-IdoA(2S)-]3-(1 → 4)-GlcNS(6S) has been determined, where ∆UA(2S) is 2-O-sulfated ∆4,5-unsaturated uronic acid, GlcNS(6S) is 6-O-sulfated, N-sulfated β-d-glucosamine and IdoA(2S) is 2-O-sulfated α-l-iduronic acid. The spectrum was assigned, and the sites of N- and O-sulfation and the conformation of each uronic acid residue were established, with chemical shift data obtained from BASHD-TOCSY spectra, while the sequence of the monosaccharide residues in the octasaccharide was determined from inter-residue NOEs in BASHD-NOESY spectra. Acid dissociation constants were determined for each carboxylic acid group of the octasaccharide, as well as for related tetra- and hexasaccharides, from chemical shift–pD titration curves. Chemical shift–pD titration curves were obtained for each carboxylic acid group from sub-spectra taken from BASHD-TOCSY spectra that were measured as a function of pD. The pK As of the carboxylic acid groups of the ∆UA(2S) residues are less than those of the IdoA(2S) residues, and the pK As of the carboxylic acid groups of the IdoA(2S) residues for a given oligosaccharide are similar in magnitude. Relative acidities of the carboxylic acid groups of each oligosaccharide were calculated from chemical shift data by a pH-independent method.
SAFETY OF A NOVEL INSECTICIDE, SUCROSE OCTANOATE, TO BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN FLORIDA CITRUS

Laboratory trials were used to estimate the toxicity of sucrose octanoate to beneficial insects representing four insect orders of importance in biological control in Florida citrus. First instars of the ladybeetles Cycloneda sanguinea L., Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, Harmonia axyridis Pallas and Olla v-nigrum Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the lacewing Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) survived topical sprays of sucrose octanoate at 8,000 ppm without significant mortality, a concentration corresponding to twice the recommended field rate required to kill aphids and other soft bodied pests. Similarly, adults of the red scale parasitoid, Aphytis melinus De Bach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and second instars of the predatory bug Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) survived 24 h exposures to residues of 8,000 ppm sucrose octanoate on leaf disks without significant mortality. The efficacy of sucrose octanoate as a contact insecticide against various homopteran pests of citrus, combined with its low toxicity to key beneficial insects in the citrus ecosystem, suggest that it may be a valuable material for incorporation into IPM programs for Florida citrus.
Sudden Death, Sudden Friend: Exploring the Role of Friendship in Continuing Bonds with the Deceased

Challenging the dominant paradigm that relationships with the deceased must be terminated, our goal in this article is to exemplify how these relationships can be maintained. We demonstrate, in particular, how friends with a similar loss can help one another continue bonds with their deceased loved ones. Having both lost our mothers as young adults, we provide personal insight about this process and the ways in which our friendship has been influential in maintaining strong, posthumous connections with our mothers. By sharing our personal experiences, we illustrate that continuing bonds with the deceased is not a pathological choice, but rather a mechanism through which we can enrich our lives, open spaces for emotional growth, and understand ourselves as well as our deceased loved ones better.
Context-based Natural Language Processing for GIS-based Vague Region Visualization

Vernacular regions such as central Ohio are popularly used in everyday language; but their vague and indeterministic boundaries affect the clarity of communicating them over the geographic space. This paper introduced a context-based natural language processing approach to retrieve geographic entities. Geographic entities extracted from news articles were used as location-based behavioral samples to map out the vague region of central Ohio. Particularly, part of speech tagging and parse tree generation were employed to filter out candidate entities from English sentences. Propositional logic of context (PLC) was introduced and adapted to build the contextual model for deciding the membership of named entities. Results were automatically generated and visualized in GIS using both symbol and density mapping. Final maps were consistent with our intuition and common sense knowledge of the vague region.
Buckling of Three-Legged Columns with Batten Bracing

Equations available in the literature for the elastic buckling load of built-up prismatic members are critically evaluated. It is found that the choice of equation markedly influences the results in cases of practical interest (three-legged compression members with battens for bracing). An experimental and analytical investigation suggests a revised formula for the buckling load. A modification for existing formulas to extend their use to three-legged towers and columns is developed.
From Goswami rajas to Goswami caste in Hyderabad

Much has been written about Goswamis or Gosains as ascetics, but little has been written about their evolution into a caste, an endogamous marriage network with women and children. Coming from nort...
Feature Presence/Absence Modifies the Event Rate Effect and Cerebral Hemovelocity in Vigilance Performance:

Observers monitored displays of five circles for the presence or absence of a line in one of the circles during a 40-min vigil. Displays were updated 6, 12, or 24 times/min (event rate). Signal det...
Widths and asymmetries of the K α 1 and K α 2 x-ray lines and the L 2 and L 3 fluorescence yields of the transition elements

The $K {\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}$ and $K {\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ x-ray lines of the transition elements $23\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}32$ were measured using an improved version of a single-crystal high-angle goniometer in conjunction with a NaI scintillation detector. The x-ray spectrum of these elements was produced by bombarding them with an electron beam of constant energy and flux. A computer program was devised and used to unfold the physical widths and the asymmetries of these lines. Previous experimental results on both linewidths and asymmetries are included for comparison. The interpretation of the asymmetries as the result of a simple exchange interaction is only partially satisfactory. Values of ${L}_{2}$ and ${L}_{3}$ fluorescence yields were extracted from the measured linewidths and compared with theory.
A Biased Random Walk with Symmetry

Let us consider a random walk on an equilateral array of points and connecting segments such as that shown in FIGURE 1. In the triangular array, which we denote by its vertices as AV1V2V3, each interior point Q has six adjacent points Ai and each boundary point B (which is not a vertex) has two adjacent points on its side, C1, C2. We wish to find the prWobability of reaching a particular vertex, which we may as well take to be V1, from any starting point X. That is, we set for ourselves the problem of computing p(X), the probability of reaching V1 from starting point X subject to the conditions to follow. First, suppose that X = Q, an interior point of the array. That situation is illustrated in FIGURE 2, where we also see that A4A111V1V2, A5A212VlV3, and A6A311V2V3. Then imagine that the walk drifts toward V1 in a manner symmetric with respect to motions toward sides V1V2 and V1V3. Letting Pk be the probability of moving from Q to Ak, we take p4 = p5 =s/3 (< S < 1), P1 = P2 = (1 s)/3, and p3 = P6. (Ifs = 2, we would be back to a simpler random walk that we have previously discussed [1].) Our aim is to produce a solution in convex (or barycentric) coordinates. The original impetus for our work was provided by the development of random walks on rectangular networks given by Doyle and Snell [2]. We can write
Measurement of wavelength-dependent polarization character in the absorption anisotropies of ensembles of CdSe nanorods

Transient absorption (TA) and photolumines- cence excitation (PLE) anisotropy measurements were used to investigate the polarization of band-edge and above-band-edge excitonic states in ensembles of CdSe nanocrystals with aspect ratios of 1:1, 3:1, and 10:1, dispersed in hexanes. The 1:1 nanocrystals (quantum dots) are isotropic absorbers and emitters. The 10:1 nanorods have a nonzero but featureless anisotropy spectrum above the band edge due to heterogeneity in the crystal structure and, therefore, electronic structure within single nanorods. The nanocrystals with an aspect ratio of 3:1, which are largely single crystals, have PLE and TA anisotropy spectra with features that correspond to those in the absorption spectrum. Direct measurement of the TA anisotropy spectrum of the nanorods and comparison with the PLE anisotropy spectrum reveal that the band-edge absorptive and emissive transitions contain both linear (z) and planar (xy) character. The degree of planar character at the band-edge states, modulated by classical local field effects arising from the dielectric contrast between the nanorod and the solvent, limits the degree of photoselection at this wavelength. The variation in the magnitude of the xy projection of the absorptive transitions within states above the band edge is responsible for the wavelength dependence of the absorption and emission anisotropies.
Perceived Attribute Importance in China: An Empirical Investigation of Consumption-Oriented Personal Values

This study investigated Chinese consumption-oriented personal values using a new measure, consumers' Perceived Attribute Importance (PAI), along four product categories: clothing, household appliances, household supplies, and food. Results suggested that Chinese consumption values, using the PAI, displayed differences along the four product categories studied. The findings also showed that, in general, the PAI displayed validity in predicting consumer shopping and consumption behavior. The predictive power of the PAI, however, did seem to vary across the four product categories. Specifically, consumption values measured by the PAI for household appliances, clothing, and supplies appeared to have greater predictive power than those for food.
Weakening security assumptions and oblivious transfer

Our work is motivated by a recent trend in cryptographic research. Protocol problems that have previously been solved subject to intractability assumptions are now being solved without these assumptions. Examples of this trend include a new completeness theorem for multiparty protocols [BGW,CCD], and a protocol for byzantine agreement using private channels [FM]. These breakthroughs illustrate both the strengths and the weaknesses of using the cryptographic model. Devising first a protocol that uses cryptographic assumptions can give powerful intuition that later allows one to create a protocol that works without assumptions. However, there is a danger that the cryptographic assumptions one uses can become inextricably bound up in the protocol. It may take years before these assumptions can be ironed out of the final protocol.
Distal Vacuolar Myopathy in Cystinosis

Distal vacuolar myopathy in 13 post-renal-transplant cystinosis patients, ages 17 to 27 years, and studied at multiple centers, is reported from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
Additive value of non-contrast MRA in the preoperative evaluation of potential liver donors

The purpose of this study is to compare diagnostic quality, inter-observer variability and agreement of non-contrast enhanced MRA (NC-MRA) with contrast-enhanced MRA (CE-MRA) in the evaluation of hepatic arterial anatomy. 20 potential liver donors were included in this retrospective study. NC-MRA, CE-MRA and combined data sets were randomized and reviewed by two readers. Reference standard was consensus by two senior radiologists using all data including CTA. There was no difference in IQ or diagnostic confidence between NC-MRA, CE-MRA or combined data for either reader but the arterial origin of segment IV was successfully identified on NC-MRA when CE-MRA was suboptimal.
UPON THE PREVALENCE OF ENGLISH ON BILLBOARD ADVERTISEMENTS: ANALYZING THE ROLE OF ENGLISH IN INDONESIAN CONTEXTS

Looking at the frequently used English words on billboard ads in Jakarta main streets, one may have a presumptive thought that English will dominate Indonesian language. The assumption, though, has led to the analysis of the role of both languages on billboard ads and the possibility of English control over Indonesian. The study presented purposive language uses. English, regardless of its incorrect use, was associated with the Indonesian modern, urban and youth’s lifestyle, hence the prestigious status of English. On the other hand, Indonesian and its dialects, particularly the Betawi-Indonesian, are employed to cover wider and broader range of audience. Indonesian language is a national identity of Indonesians, and has historically gained highest status among hundreds of local languages in Indonesia. Thus, in spite of the presence of English in Indonesian language use, the former will not diminish the latter. As a matter of fact, the two languages serve different types of readers.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy for insomnia is effective, safe and highly deployable

Commentary on: Alessi C , Martin JL , Fiorentino L , et al . Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in older veterans using nonclinician sleep coaches: randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016;64:1830–8.[OpenUrl][1] Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in older adults, is often chronic … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ%2BAm%2BGeriatr%2BSoc%26rft.volume%253D64%26rft.spage%253D1830%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
Matrix inversion in spatial frequency analysis of electromagnetic scattering and radiation

The spatial frequency technique (SFT) was developed for solving the integral equation (IE) in electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems and shown to work faster than many existing solution methods. In this paper, the new formulation, which is based on the efficient FFT algorithm, is analyzed further for analytically solving the IE for certain types scattering and radiation problems. It is shown that the SFT description of the symmetric matrix which represents the Green's function may be decomposed into an orthogonal basis using Takagi factorization. Transforming the Green's function into this orthogonal basis has the potential to invert the Green's function analytically. The SFT is also compared with the Fast Multipole Method (FMM) and shown to have similar underlying properties which may also be utilized to analytically invert the Green's function using FMM.
THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF MORPHOGENESIS OF A LEPIDOPTERAN EPIDERMAL CELL

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the hormonal control of molting and metamorphosis in a lepidopteran epidermal cell. As in all insects, ecdysone release from the prothoracic glands initiates the molting process in Lepidoptera. Ecdysone is converted to 20-hydroxyecdysone by the peripheral tissues, most notably the fat body. This latter hormone directs the epidermis to produce a new cuticle. Because most of the general body epidermal cells successively make several larval cuticles, juvenile hormone from the corpora allata regulates the progressive read-out of this information. Metamorphosis in the Lepidoptera entails a change in body form that is affected by utilization of imaginal anlage and discs for completely new structures such as the adult eyes, wings, and genitalia as well as by a reprogramming of the general body epidermis. Therefore, during the final larval instar, a complex series of endocrine events occur.
Bis[(methyl-sulfan-yl)carbon-yl]disulfane.

The title compound, C4H6O2S4, was prepared by repeating, with subtle improvements, a multi-step route originally described by Mott & Barany [J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 (1984), pp. 2615–2621]. The title compound was obtained for the first time as a crystalline material. The two [(methyl­sulfan­yl)carbon­yl]sulfenyl moieties are essentially perpendic­ular to each other, each approximately planar (r.m.s. deviations of 0.02 and 0.01 A) and with a C—S—S—C torsion angle = 90.99 (6)°, which compares well with the theoretical value of 90°.
Cell Fusion Studies and Biochemical Analysis of DNA Synthesis in Werner and Non-Werner Cultured Cells

Cell fusion has been used extensively to determine whether DNA synthesis can be reinitiated (“rescued”) in senescent human diploid fibroblast-like (HDFL) cells. These experiments have shown that temporary resumption of DNA synthesis can occur after fusion of senescent cells to some, but not all, continuously propagated cell lines. In contrast, fusion of senescent HDFL cells to early passage HDFL cells, never results in rescue. In this monograph, the literature describing these experiments is reviewed. In addition, we propose a model which predicts that DNA synthesis is initiated in heterokaryons between senescent HDFL cells and other cell types only when the proliferating parental cell types donate enough DNA replication factors to the common pool to exceed the threshold concentration required for initiation of DNA synthesis. Evidence is presented indicating that senescent HDFL cells cultured from patients with Werner syndrome (referred to here as Werner cells) possess an increased requirement for these replication factors. However, we will describe studies indicating that DNA polymerase alpha remains inducible following mitogen stimulation senescent cultures derived from both normal and Werner donors. Thus, senescent HDFL cells may be in a metabolic state distinct from other quiescent cell types.
Application Codesign of Near-Data Processing for Similarity Search

Similarity search is key to a variety of applications including content-based search for images and video, recommendation systems, data deduplication, natural language processing, computer vision, databases, computational biology, and computer graphics. At its core, similarity search manifests as k-nearest neighbors (kNN), a computationally simple primitive consisting of highly parallel distance calculations and a global top-k sort. However, kNN is poorly supported by today's architectures because of its high memory bandwidth requirements. This paper proposes an application codesign of a near-data processing accelerator for similarity search: the Similarity Search Associative Memory (SSAM). By instantiating compute units close to memory, SSAM benefits from the higher memory bandwidth and density exposed by emerging memory technologies. We evaluate the SSAM design down to layout on top of the Micron hybrid memory cube (HMC), and show that SSAM can achieve up to two orders of magnitude area-normalized throughput and energy efficiency improvement over multicore CPUs. We also show SSAM has higher throughput and is more energy efficient than competing GPUs and FPGAs.
Efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF therapy in metastatic unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis.

e15632Background:Conventional chemotherapy has limited role in metastatic unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib is currently approved for metastatic unresectable HCC. We wanted to ...
Cardiac Surgery in the Modern Hospital

This chapter discusses three things that characterize the modern hospital and cardiac services: the incorporation of enabling technologies, the adoption of databases, and the coalescence of institutions into networks. Each of these has impacted current cardiac surgical programs, as they matured from coronary bypass franchises to “full service stations.” Technological advances have given rise to entirely new treatment modalities, such as mechanical assist devices for heart failure, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, and endovascular approaches to structural heart disease. Internal and national cardiac surgical databases have been adopted that monitor, analyze, and disperse outcome data, to provide transparency and improve results. The coalescence of institutions into networks has given rise to efficiencies, allowing more support for primary care physicians in the community and the centralization of high-risk, resource-intense services, such as cardiac surgery.
Perinatal diazinon exposure compromises the development of acetylcholine and serotonin systems.

Abstract Organophosphate pesticides are developmental neurotoxicants. We gave diazinon via osmotic minipumps implanted into dams prior to conception, with exposure continued into the second postnatal week, at doses (0.5 or 1 mg/kg/day) that did not produce detectable brain cholinesterase inhibition. We evaluated the impact on acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) systems in brain regions from adolescence through full adulthood. Diazinon produced deficits in presynaptic ACh activity with regional and sex selectivity: cerebrocortical regions and the hippocampus were affected to a greater extent than were the striatum, midbrain or brainstem, and females were more sensitive than males. Diazinon also reduced nicotinic ACh receptors and 5HT1A receptors, with the same regional and sex preferences. These patterns were similar to those of diazinon given in a much more restricted period (postnatal day 1–4) but were of greater magnitude and consistency; this suggests that the brain is vulnerable to diazinon over a wide developmental window. Diazinon’s effects differed from those of the related organophosphate, chlorpyrifos, with regard to regional and sex selectivity, and more importantly, to the effects on receptors: chlorpyrifos upregulates nicotinic ACh receptors and 5HT receptors, effects that compensate for the presynaptic ACh deficits. Diazinon can thus be expected to have worse neurodevelopmental outcomes than chlorpyrifos. Further, the disparities between diazinon and chlorpyrifos indicate the problems of predicting the developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphates based on a single compound, and emphasize the inadequacy of cholinesterase inhibition as an index of safety.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and bloodstream infection in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

To characterize the risk of bloodstream (BSI) and urinary tract infection (UTI) and describe antibiotic use in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The Children’s Hospitals Neonatal Database was queried for infants with CDH and ECMO treatment from 2010 to 2016. The outcomes included BSI, UTI, and antimicrobial medication. Member institutions completed a survey on infection practices. Eighteen of the 338 patients identified (5.3%) had ≥1 BSI during their ECMO course. The likelihood of BSI increased with time: 1.2/1000 ECMO days; 0.6% (2/315) in the first week and rising to 14.6/1000; 8.6% (5/58) after 21 days (p = 0.002). More than 95% of patients received antibiotics each week on ECMO. Confirmed BSI is rare in infants with CDH treated with ECMO in the first week, but increases with the duration of ECMO. Use of antibiotics was extensive and did not correspond to infection frequency.
How the States Stand on IV Administration by Nurses

(1962). How the States Stand on IV Administration by Nurses. Hospital Topics: Vol. 40, No. 7, pp. 41-43.
The Genes, Proteins, and the Cell Biological Processes Underlying Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy

Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD) is a type of muscular dystrophy characterized by contractures, or shortening of muscles or joints in the elbows and Achilles tendons, muscle wasting and weakness as well as cardiomyopathy. There are two main forms of inherited EDMD, X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant. There is also a rarer form of autosomal recessive inheritance with only a few cases ever reported. The X-linked form of EDMD is caused by mutation of the STA gene that encodes the protein emerin, while the autosomal dominant form is caused by a missense mutation on the LMNA gene, which encodes lamin A/C proteins. Both emerin and lamin A/C are nuclear envelope proteins that interact with other proteins to create a connective network that attaches the nuclear lamina to the cytoskeleton. These nuclear envelope proteins interact via accessory proteins to chromatin and also thereby stimulate gene expression. The exact mechanism of how mutations in these genes lead to muscular dystrophy is not well understood. The “structural hypothesis,” states that the absence of these envelope proteins result in a weakened cell and would eventually end in nuclear disruption. The “gene regulatory hypothesis” states that emerin and lamin may be transcription factors whose absence results in tissue-specific effects. This review will addresses these hypotheses, describes what is known about the cell and molecular biology underlying EDMD and considers recent as advances in therapeutics.
Bilateral internal iliac artery embolization for pelvic trauma: Effectiveness and safety.

Abstract Introduction Bilateral internal iliac artery embolization (BIIAE) with temporary embolic materials epitomizes damage-control principles in the treatment of exsanguinating hemorrhage from pelvic trauma. However, instances of ischemic complications have been reported. The aim of our study was to assess safety and effectiveness of BIIAE. Methods All patients who received BIIAE for pelvic trauma at a Level I Trauma Center between 1998 and 2018 were reviewed. Effectiveness was assessed by radiographic bleeding control and clinical bleeding control, i.e. stabilization of vital signs and reduction in blood transfusion. Safety was assessed by any evidence for ischemic damage of pelvic organs or tissues. Results Of 61 patients undergoing BIIAE, bleeding control was confirmed radiographically in 60 (98%) and clinically in 55 (90%), including 4 (7%) patients who required repeat embolization. Six (10%) patients died due to insufficient pelvic bleeding control. No BIIAE-related complications were identified. Conclusion The overall clinical effectiveness and safety rates of BIIAE for pelvic bleeding control, when combined with other methods of hemostasis, were 90% and 100% respectively.
Stressful life events and gambling: The roles of coping and impulsivity among college students

Abstract Substantial research has found a robust relationship between stressful life events and increased negative health outcomes and a greater predisposition to various forms of substance use and gambling behavior; however, less is known about the individual factors that explain this relationship. The present study examines the moderating factors of gambling to cope and individual impulsivity factors (e.g., perseverance, premeditation, and negative urgency) on the relationship between stressful life events over the past year and gambling problems among a sample of college students. Participants included 653 total students (48.57% female; M = 26.31 years old; SD = 8.35 years) enrolled in universities across the United States who scored three or higher on the South Oaks Gambling Screen, an indicator of risk for problematic gambling. We found a positive relationship between stressful life events and gambling problems. Gambling to cope moderated the link between stressful life events and gambling problems such that for those higher in gambling to cope, stressful life events had little impact on gambling problems while those at lower to moderate levels of gambling to cope saw a positive relationship between stressful life events and gambling problems. Moreover, we found two significant three-way interactions between stressful life events, gambling to cope, and impulsivity factors of perseverance and premeditation in predicting problems. These findings suggest that prevention and/or treatment strategies should consider how gambling to cope and impulsivity factors in conjunction with an individual’s report of stressful life events relate to problematic gambling and associated consequences.
Childhood as a solution to explore-exploit tensions.

I argue that the evolution of our life history, with its distinctively long, protected human childhood, allows an early period of broad hypothesis search and exploration, before the demands of goal...
Puerto Ricans One Year After Hurricane Maria: Secondary Analysis of Factors Affecting Stress Due to Hurricane Effects

Introduction: The aftereffects of Hurricane Maria have been devastating to Puerto Ricans already overburdened by environmental fluctuations due to climate change, poverty, and government infrastruc...
Projekt Bank für Gemeinwohl: Wie die Gründungsidee einer Bank für Gemeinwohl in Österreich Genossenschaft und Gemeinwohl zu verbinden versucht hat

Many banks came into economic difficulties during the financial market’s crisis. An attempt started 2010 to create an alternative bank in Austria. The article describes this project and those having involved, refers to the cooperative structure and discusses the project and its orientation on the common good with respect to policy.
Role of lycopene in mitochondrial protection during differential levels of oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a major contributor to intracellular organelle damage in neurons. ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is highly associated with impaired energy metabolism that occurs during neurodegeneration. Therefore, the use of antioxidants may be beneficial in protecting the brain from injury caused by ROS. Lycopene is a carotenoid that exhibits neuroprotective properties via its antioxidant capacity. In this study, we hypothesize that treatment with lycopene attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in primary cortical neurons. We further tested if lycopene reverses mitochondrial dysfunction caused by ROS. Primary rat cortical neurons were treated with lycopene, hydrogen peroxide, or a combination of both. We used two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (25 and 100 μM) to examine a moderate or a high ROS challenge. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide significantly increased intracellular ROS, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and depleted neuronal ATP. When neurons were co-treated with lycopene and 25 μM hydrogen peroxide, lycopene attenuated hydrogen peroxide-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, neuroprotective properties of lycopene were only found during exposure to 25 μM hydrogen peroxide, but not in a 100 μM treated group. We further found that lycopene prevents accumulation of the cleaved form of B-cell lymphoma-extra large, ΔN-Bcl-xL. Since ΔN-Bcl-xL causes loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential which impairs energy metabolism and leads to neuronal death, prevention of ΔN-Bcl-xL accumulation may be an important mechanism explaining lycopene-mediated neuroprotection. Our study suggests that mitochondria are a key target during lycopene-mediated neuroprotection but that the efficacy of lycopene as a neuroprotectant may vary under different levels of ROS.
VO2-based micro-electro-mechanical tunable optical shutter and modulator.

VO2-based MEMS tunable optical shutters are demonstrated. The design consists of a VO2-based cantilever attached to a VO2-based optical window with integrated resistive heaters for individual mechanical actuation of the cantilever structure, tuning of the optical properties of the window, or both. Optical transmittance measurements as a function of current for both heaters demonstrates that the developed devices can be used as analog optical shutters, where the intensity of a light beam can be tuned to any value within the range of VO2 phase transition. A transmittance drop off 30% is shown for the optical window, with tuning capabilities greater than 30% upon actuation of the cantilever. Unlike typical mechanical shutters, these devices are not restricted to binary optical states. Optical modulation of the optical window is demonstrated with an oscillating electrical input. This produces a transmittance signal that oscillates around an average value within the range off VO2’s phase transition. For an input current signal with fixed amplitude (fel= 0.28 Hz), tuned to be at the onset of the phase transition, a transmittance modulation of 14% is shown. Similarly, by modulating the DC-offset, a transmittance modulation of VO2 along the hysteresis is obtained.
“We Were Taught English Using Nepali”: Bhutanese-Nepali Youths Reflecting on Their Prior Literacy Experiences in Negotiating Academic Literacies in a US University

While UNHCR estimates there are approximately 26 million refugees globally, only 1% of them have access to higher education. In US higher education, number of refugee-background students is often not tracked as they tend to be lumped together with other domestic students. While we do have some studies that explore transition and acculturation issues, studies that focus on academic literacy experiences of students with refugee-backgrounds are still low. As part of a bigger longitudinal study, which explored literacy challenges and negotiations of such students, this chapter discusses the need for understanding students’ prior views and literacy experiences in designing effective pedagogical practices so that such academically underprepared students also can succeed in higher education.
Abstract MP58: Tissue And Sex Specific Effects Of Gstm1 Deletion In Mouse Models

The glutathione S-transferase (Gst) gene family encodes antioxidant enzymes. In humans, a common null allele deletion variant of GST μ-1 (GSTM1) is highly prevalent across populations and is associ...
Overview on Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Optical Networks

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad logical control that empowers PC frameworks to take care of issues by copying complex organic cycles, such as learning, thinking, and self-amendment. This paper presents a far-reaching survey of the use of AI procedures for improving the execution of optical correspondence frameworks and networks. The utilization of AI-based procedures is first concentrated in quite a while identified with the optical transmission, going from the portrayal and activity of organization segments to execution checking, moderation of nonlinearities, and nature of transmission assessment. At that point, applications identified with optical organization control and the executives are likewise assessed, including subjects like optical organization arranging and activity in both transport and access networks. Finally, the paper also presents a synopsis of changes and difficulties in optical systems administration where AI is relied upon to assume an essential function soon.
Resistance of Bacterial Spores

This chapter discusses the resistance of spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales, with focus Bacillus species, in which spore resistance mechanisms are best understood, with most specific knowledge from work with B. subtilis spores. The spore coat plays a major role in spore resistance. First, some protective enzymes that are loosely associated with or integral components of the coat can inactivate toxic chemicals; two such enzymes are superoxide dismutase and catalase. Second, coat protein appears to act like ‘’reactive armor’’ detoxifying damaging chemicals before they can react with components in the spore’s interior. Spore structure is important in spore resistance and because spore structure is different than that of growing cells, the major features of spore structure and how these features contribute to spore resistance is outlined in the chapter. Spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales are more resistant than growing cells to stress factors and studies have attempted to correlate differences in spore resistance with differences in spore structural or biochemical properties. It is reasonable to ask whether conclusions from work on one or two species are applicable to spores of other species, available evidence indicates that basic mechanisms of spore resistance are similar in spores of all Bacillales and Clostridiales. Some resistance of core proteins to damage, in particular to chemicals, is likely because of mechanisms that also protect DNA, including detoxification of reactive chemicals by enzymes in the coat/exosporium, inactivation of toxic chemicals by reaction with coat components, and the low permeability of the inner membrane.
Agricultural Market Liberalization and Household Food Security in Rural China

In the 1990s, prior to its accession to the World Trade Organization, China dramatically reduced market distortions in agriculture. We use a panel of 6,770 rural households from 1989 to 2000 to ask whether agricultural market liberalization affected rural household food security as measured by the share of calories from non-staples. Given that not all households may be able to take advantage of new market opportunities, we focus on the distributional effect of market liberalization. Unlike most previous research on the effects of liberalization, we consider the effects of liberalization on both farm and off-farm income. We find that liberalization primarily improves household food security by increasing off-farm income, and the effects vary greatly by initial food security status and producer types. While many households benefit from liberalization, some food-insecure households producing import-competing products have lower food security as a result of agricultural market liberalization.
Amide and Urea‐Based Receptors

The chemistry, binding, and structure of amide- and urea-based receptors, as well as its thioamide- and thiourea-based corollaries are described. The chapter begins with a short historical introduction of these hosts as ligands for anions, followed by a description of their chemical properties, including similarities and differences in bonding. The remainder of the chapter provides examples of the two types of receptors, the monodentate amides/thioamides, and the chelating ureas/thioureas, in order of increasing dimensionality, that is, acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic and higher order hosts. Features such as common (and different) structural motifs, preorganization, and the unique chemistry of some of these hosts and their guests are described. Keywords: anion coordination; urea hosts; thiourea hosts; amide hosts; thioamide hosts; hydrogen bonding; structure
Materials Comparison and Potential Applications of Magnesium in Automobiles

In this paper, the material properties, structural performance, mass saving potential, design and manufacturing characteristics of magnesium are compared with various competing materials such as cast iron, steel sheet, aluminum alloys and polymers. The current and potential automotive applications of magnesium are reviewed, and the technical challenges for these applications are also discussed. Recent alloy development for powertrain applications and the creep resistance of several experimental magnesium alloys are reviewed.
Active Learning and Crowd-Sourcing for Machine Translation

Large scale parallel data generation for new language pairs requires intensive human effort and availability of experts. It becomes immensely difficult and costly to provide Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems for most languages due to the paucity of expert translators to provide parallel data. Even if experts are present, it appears infeasible due to the impending costs. In this paper we propose Active Crowd Translation (ACT), a new paradigm where active learning and crowd-sourcing come together to enable automatic translation for low-resource language pairs. Active learning aims at reducing cost of label acquisition by prioritizing the most informative data for annotation, while crowd-sourcing reduces cost by using the power of the crowds to make do for the lack of expensive language experts. We experiment and compare our active learning strategies with strong baselines and see significant improvements in translation quality. Similarly, our experiments with crowd-sourcing on Mechanical Turk have shown that it is possible to create parallel corpora using non-experts and with sufficient quality assurance, a translation system that is trained using this corpus approaches expert quality.