cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isotropic turbulence apparatus with a large vertical extent

An experimental flow facility for sustaining a column of nearly isotropic turbulence in air has been developed. Four arrays of synthetic jet actuators are arranged along the walls of a vertical tower, producing a homogeneous region spanning 13 integral length scales in the vertical direction. The isotropy, homogeneity, and various turbulence properties are quantified using optical measurement techniques. At the highest jet power setting, a root-mean-square velocity of 0.73 m/s and a Reynolds number $$Re_\lambda$$ of 240 are attained. Although the mean flows are not negligible, their contribution to the turbulence kinetic energy production is insignificant, given the small magnitude of the measured Reynolds stress. The flow exhibits a high degree of isotropy when comparing the longitudinal autocorrelation functions, although some anisotropy is observed in the large scales according to the rms velocity ratio, which ranges from 0.90 to 1.33 over the measured regions. Despite these deviations from ideal isotropic turbulence, the experimental design is well-suited for the study of inertial particle agglomeration during gravitational settling.
Behavioral Willingness, Descriptive Normative Perceptions, and Prescription Stimulant Misuse among Young Adults 18-20.

Objective: It is critical to gain further understanding of etiologic factors, such as descriptive normative perceptions and behavioral willingness, that are associated with prescription stimulant misuse (PSM) among young adults. Our primary hypotheses were that descriptive normative perceptions for PSM (i.e., perceptions of how much and how often others engage in PSM) and perceived peer willingness (i.e., perceptions of how open others are to PSM under certain circumstances) would be positively associated with higher willingness to engage in PSM, which in turn would account for significant shared variance with self-reported PSM. Method: Data were collected from a U.S. sample of 18-20-year-olds (N = 1,065; 54.5% females; 70.5% White) recruited for a larger study on alcohol-related risky sexual behavior. Results: Findings indicated higher descriptive normative perceptions and higher perceived peer willingness were associated with higher participants' willingness to engage in PSM. Participants' own willingness was positively associated with PSM. Finally, participants' own willingness to use, descriptive normative perceptions, and perceived peer willingness were associated with higher willingness to engage in PSM, which accounted for significant shared variance with self-reported PSM. Conclusions: Findings suggest the potential utility of personalized feedback interventions for PSM that focus on constructs such as descriptive normative perceptions and behavioral willingness.
The Role of Stem Cell Genomic Instability in Aging

Organismal aging is characterized by a progressive loss of tissue homeostasis and impaired function over time. Multi-cellular organisms activate stem and progenitor cells to replace damaged cells in order to continuously meet the functional demands of tissues. Along with tissue dysfunction, stem cell self-renewal and differentiation capacities diminish with age in concert with the accumulation of genomic damage, suggesting a potential link between genetic instability and aging. Here, we focus on the types of DNA damage found in aged stem cells, and discuss emerging mechanisms by which genomic instability may contribute to stem cell impairments and organismal aging, with particular emphasis on insights obtained from progeroid mouse models. Additionally, we discuss how age-related systemic changes may impact stem cell genomic integrity and function.
Psychological Aspects of Childhood Cancer

Advances in biomedical science have resulted in a dramatically improved long-term prognosis for children and adolescents who are diagnosed as having cancer. As childhood cancer has gradually evolved into a life-threatening chronic illness, psychological factors have progressively assumed a more prominent role. This article presents a review of selected data-based psychological studies published during the past five years, delineated into four primary areas: psychosocial functioning of the child and his or her family, adherence to therapeutic regimens, nausea and vomiting, and pain from diagnostic and treatment procedures. The authors suggest that future research should involve large-scale prospective longitudinal studies, based on the collaboration of many cancer centers, that utilize multivariate statistical procedures.
Technology, Education and the Search for Truth, Beauty and Love.

In her Parade Magazine column, Marilyn vos Savant identified in the Guinness Book of World Records as holder of the world’s highest IQ, responded to a letter writer’s earnest question, ‘Is there anything in the world not affected by technology?’ Her answer was ‘Yes. There’s truth, beauty, love and the hiccups’ (vos Savant, 1996, p. 18). Leaving the hiccups for later, here I would like to suggest that technology actually embodies and actively promotes specific versions of ‘truth, beauty and love’ (Chandrasekhar, 1987; Mitcham, 1994).1 Technology education at the secondary and post-secondary levels should be the venue for ongoing conversations about the diverse, yet infinite quest for ‘truth, beauty and love’ within the very real limits of Spaceship Earth. No other part of our educational system so personally and explicitly connects individual values and actions with social and ecological consequences. With convincing authenticity rooted in its combination of theory and praxis, technology education could provide the critical forum for developing a much-needed twenty-first century technological integrity. Integrity, after all, is what artists and parents, as well as engineers and architects, want in their progeny. Technology is one of the main ways in which humans impress their ideas and values, their world view, on the world at large, both natural and social. Through technology humans constantly remake the natural environment and human interactions in response to their ideas of what is truth, beauty and love. In the USA technological concerns have, in Neil Postman’s words, transformed culture into a ‘technopoly’ where we draw our frames of reference and symbols from the technological realm and spend an inordinate amount of time trying to cope with technological issues rather than employing technology to cope with human issues (Postman, 1992). Like it or not, this situation makes it all the more important that we all become more literate in the symbolism of technology, more expansive in our perspectives on technology and more creative, as well as critical, in our reflections on technology (Schuurman, 1995). This is precisely why students should be learning technology:
Techniques for automatic memoization with applications to context-free parsing

It is shown that a process similar to Earley's algorithm can be generated by a simple top-down backtracking parser, when augmented by automatic memoization. The memoized parser has the same complexity as Earley's algorithm, but parses constituents in a different order. Techniques for deriving memo functions are described, with a complete implementation in Common Lisp, and an outline of a macro-based approach for other languages.
Inference of crystallite orientation distribution function from the velocity of ultrasonic plate modes

Techniques have recently been reported for the ultrasonic measurement of stress.1–3 In these, the effects of texture are suppressed by comparing the velocity of two shear waves whose directions of propagation and polarization have been interchanged. Here, an alternate goal is described. It is desired to enhance, rather than suppress, the textural effects so that the preferred orientation of crystallites can be determined.
Cellular Automata in an Artificial Life perspective

Artificial Life (AL; [1]) studies all kinds of biological phenomena as they occur in artificial organisms. Neural Networks (NNs; [2]) are commonly used in AL research as computational models of nervous systems that control organisms’ behavior. However, organisms do not only possess nervous systems and other phenotypic traits but also genetic information stored in the nucleus of their cells (genotype). The nervous system is part of the phenotype which is derived from this genotype through a process called development. The information specified in the genotype determines aspects of the nervous system which are expressed as innate behavioral tendencies and predisposition to learn. As a consequence, in AL models NNs tend to be accompanied by genotypes (i.e., genetic algorithms; [3]) and to become members of evolving populations of networks in which genotypes are inherited from parents to offspring.
Automatic Abstraction of Equations in a Logic of Equality

The paper presents a method to automatically abstract equations when translating formulas with equality to equivalent Boolean formulas, allowing the use of a SAT-checker to determine the validity of the original formula. The equations are abstracted with a special interpreted predicate that satisfies the properties of symmetry, reflexivity, transitivity, and functional consistency. This abstraction is both sound and complete. In contrast to previous methods that encode only low-level equations between term variables, the presented abstraction directly encodes top-level equations where the arguments can be nested-ite expressions that select term variables. The automatic abstraction was used to formally verifying the safety of pipelined, superscalar, and VLIW processors, and reduced the CNF clauses by up to 50%, while speeding up the formal verification by up to an order of magnitude relative to the e ij method where a new Boolean variable is used to encode each unique low-level equation between term variables. A heuristic for partial transitivity resulted in additional speedup for correct benchmarks that require transitivity.
Type-II, variable overlap, and indirect narrow-gap superlattices for LWIR nonlinear optical applications

We report the first long-wave infrared (LWIR) nonlinear optical (NLO) investigation of semiconductor superlattices with indirect energy gaps, where the indirectness may be in either real space or momentum space. These bandstructure-engineered materials uniquely combine the properties needed for LWIR limiters, switches and modulators. >
Ultraviolet Light Induced Mutation and Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication in Bacteria.

Through a concurrent investigation of the nonlinearity of the UV-induced mutation curve in strain WP2 and the recovery of DNA synthesis in E. coli following various ievels of exposure to UV, evidence has been obtained to support. the hypothesis that two basic radiation effects are involved in UV- induced mutation. These effects are blockage. of DNA synthesis by UV causing a requirement of RNA and protein synthesis in repair of the UV-damaged DNA synthetic system and the establishment of the photochemical modification (the mutation lesion) which results in mutation with DNA replication. The kinetic examination of recovery of DNA synthesis following UV exposure allowed the measurement of the relative increase in RNA required for recovery of DNA synthesis. The assumption is made that the amount of RNA synthesis required for recovery of DNA synthesis is directly related to the amount of damage blocking DNA synthesis and thus is a measure of the probability that the genetic region under study wili be damaged in this way. By multiplying the probability of damage of this type to the WP2 genetic region by the estimated number of mutation lesions more » (based on a projection to lower doses of the linear portion of the mutation frequency response curve at higher UV doses) a theoretical expression could be developed to account for the nonlinear mutation frequency response at lower UV doses. The measured mutation frequency response at lower UV doses coincided with this theoretically constructed curve, thus supporting the basic premises of the hypothesis. By means of study of the distribution of subunits of DNA obtained from growing, UV-exposed bacteria using the cesium chloride density gradient technique, it was possible to demonstrate that DNA replication is semiconservative after UV exposure, eliminatlng from consideration those hypotheses for UV-induced mutation which demand a conservative type of DNA replication. In view of the above findinigs, certain modifications in the general model for UV-induced mutation previously described by Doudney (1961) are presented and discussed. (auth) « less
The significance of measurement of human placental lactogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, and carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Human placental lactogen (HPL or HCS), the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in plasma of 65 patients with ovarian cancer. Fifty-one patients had epithelial tumors, while 14 had germ cell tumors. It was found that 47 patients (72 per cent) had high levels of plasma HPL, 29 patients (45 per cent) had high levels of plasma β-HCG, and 34 patients (52 per cent) had high levels of plasma CEA, but there was no correlation between these protein marker levels in different patients. Twenty of these patients were studied before and after operation and during chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. There was no consistent correlation between these marker levels and the course of the disease. These data suggest that measurement of HPL, β-HCG, and CEA in sera of patients with ovarian cancer is not of value in assessing the clinical status of the patients or in determining the effect of therapy.
Evolving Treatment Options for Locally Advanced Unresectable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

The best treatment strategy for patients with locally advanced unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains the subject of considerable debate. This report presents a case of a 58-year-old woman with locally advanced unresectable PDAC who was treated with sequential FOLFIRINOX for 8 cycles followed by chemoradiation, and continues to show durable disease control 18 months later. The respective roles of systemic therapy and chemoradiation for locally advanced PDAC are discussed, including optimal sequencing of these modalities, recent improvements in chemotherapy, and the question of whether radiotherapy improves survival outcomes in this disease context.
Learning needs of hospitalized and recently discharged patients

Patients' perceptions about the importance of health information they receive during hospitalization and their satisfaction with this information was investigated in a study of hospitalized and recently discharged patients. Results show that information about medications, treatment and complications, and enhancing quality of life are most valued by hospitalized patients followed by information concerning activities of living, community follow-up, skin care, and feelings about condition. For recently discharged patients, the importance of most health information increases, rather than diminishes. These recently discharged patients show high levels of satisfaction with the information they received during hospitalization. These results suggest that hospital-based nurses prioritize patient learning needs and diversify teaching strategies to address patient knowledge deficits both in the hospital and immediately post-discharge.
Trimodality management of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma and review of the literature.

Objective:Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with optimal management remains unclear. We performed a review of the impact of trimodality approach on SNUC outcome.Methods:This is a single-institution retrospective study of 18 patients, who were managed bet
Requirement for Transforming Growth Factor β1 in Controlling T Cell Apoptosis

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, a potent immunoregulatory molecule, was found to control the life and death decisions of T lymphocytes. Both thymic and peripheral T cell apoptosis was increased in mice lacking TGF-β1 (TGF-β1−/−) compared with wild-type littermates. Engagement of the T cell receptor enhanced this aberrant T cell apoptosis, as did signaling through either the death receptor Fas or the tumor necrosis factor α receptor in peripheral T cells. Strikingly, TGF-β was localized within the mitochondria of normal T cells, and the absence of TGF-β1 resulted in disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), which marks the point of no return in a cell condemned to die. This TGF-β–dependent regulation of viability appears dissociable from the TGF-β1 membrane receptor–Smad3 signaling pathway, but associated with a mitochondrial antiapoptotic protein Bcl–XL. Thus, TGF-β1 may protect T cells at multiple sites in the death pathway, particularly by maintaining the essential integrity of mitochondria. These findings may have broad implications not only for T cell selection and death in immune responses and in the generation of tolerance, but also for defining the mechanisms of programmed cell death in general.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BANKING IN NEVADA

THE PURPOSE OF THIS DISSERTATION was to make an economic analysis of commercial banking in Nevada from the time of its first bank in 1859 until 1950. The basic pattern of analysis used in approaching this study involved an integration of (1) institutional aspects of the problem, (2) the general economic environment in which the institutions existed, and (3) banking legislation. Due to the nature of the problem and the absence of secondary sources of information relating to it, much of the data used was the result of primary research. Three main periods of analysis composed the main body of the dissertation: (1) the early period, 1859-1907, (2) the intermediate period, 1908-33, and (3) the modern period, 1934-50. The early period of banking in Nevada was characterized by a highly unstable and immature economic environment based almost entirely on early mining ventures. The record of institutional changes for the early period reflects accurately the degree of risk to which the Nevada banking system was subjected. Contributing to the instability manifested from that cause was the complete lack, during the entire early period, of legislation pertaining to the operation and regulation of state banks. The Nevada economy during the intermediate period became more balanced with the development of the agricultural and service trade industries. This factor, in addition to the enactment of the first significant bodies of state banking legislation, provided a much more favorable basis of operation for Nevada banks. While it responded to the demands of an expanding economy during the intermediate period, the Nevada banking system was reduced, in 1932, from a field of thirty-one institutions to eleven. The modern period of banking was introduced by a change in hands of monopoly control from the George Wingfield group to the First National Bank of Nevada, a subsidiary of the Trans-America Corporation. Commensurate with this change came new state banking legislation and the positive influence of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Fibrous Umbilical Polyp: A Distinct Fasciitis-Like Proliferation of Early Childhood With a Marked Male Predominance

Benign fibrous lesions of the umbilicus have not been previously studied in a formal series. Clinical and pathologic findings were reviewed in all patients under age 19 with lesions resected from the umbilical region at Children's Hospital (Boston, MA, USA) during an 8-year period. Fourteen lesions were characterized by a well-circumscribed dome-shaped or pedunculated dermal proliferation of moderately cellular fibrous tissue without significant inflammation. Fibroblastic cells were plump to elongate with abundant pale pink cytoplasm. In a subset of lesions, some cells showed atypia or ganglion cell-like morphology. Collagen ranged from sparse to long narrow bundles. Vascularity was sparse and the lesions were nonencapsulated. Loss of rete ridges and basket-weave hyperkeratosis was common in the overlying epidermis. Immunostaining showed focal staining for muscle-specific actin and desmin in a subset of cases and no staining for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, CD34, or S-100. Age ranged from 3 to 18 months (mean 9 months, median 8 months). Thirteen (93%) patients were boys. Recurrence was not observed. In conclusion, the "fibrous umbilical polyp" is a distinctive lesion of early childhood with an uncertain pathogenesis. It shows a marked predilection for boys, is not rare, and appears to represent a clinicopathologic entity. Perhaps the umbilicus, a midline defect that is normally filled by dense scar tissue after birth, contains unique fibrogenic factors responsible for the development of this distinct lesion.
GLYCOPROTEIN C(gC) of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) TYPE 1 BINDS TWO DISTINCT POLYSACCHARIDE POPULATIONS WITHIN HEPARIN. † 704

GLYCOPROTEIN C(gC) of HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV) TYPE 1 BINDS TWO DISTINCT POLYSACCHARIDE POPULATIONS WITHIN HEPARIN. † 704
The effect of matching and mismatching cognitive style and science instruction

This study examined the effect of matching learners' cognitive styles with science learning activities on science knowledge and attitudes. Fifty-six elementary education majors who were identified as Sensing Feeling types on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator participated in this study. The Sensing Feeling type is predominant among elementary school educators. The subjects participated in either nine science activities matched to the learning preferences of Sensing Feelers or nine science activities mismatched to their learning preferences. These mismatched activities were geared toward the learning preferences of Intuitive Thinkers, the dominant type among scientists. Results revealed no significant differences between matched and mismatched groups in knowledge of the material presented or overall attitude toward science and toward science teaching. Comparisons made subsequent to the hypothesized analyses did suggest that cognitive style may affect reactions to certain specific learning activities. The immediate reactions of forty non-Sensing Feeling types who also experienced the treatments were compared to those of the 56 Sensing Feeling subjects. Certain activities which were rated by judges prior to the onset of treatment as being particularly well-matched to the Sensing Feeling style did receive significantly more favorable ratings by the Sensing Feeling subjects than by other types. Conversely, the Sensing Feelers gave significantly lower ratings than other types to certain activities which, according to independent judges, were strongly mismatched to the Sensing Feeling style.
Ibrutinib, Obinutuzumab, Idelalisib, and Beyond: Review of Novel and Evolving Therapies for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a neoplasm resulting from the progressive accumulation of functionally incompetent monoclonal B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. It is the most common leukemia in Western countries and typically occurs in elderly patients. Initial treatment of CLL often includes a first-generation anti-CD20 antibody (rituximab) with chemotherapy and is the current standard of treatment for “younger” old adults (< 70 yrs of age) or older, clinically fit patients. However, because disease progression and drug resistance are inevitable, patients typically die from their disease or treatment-related complications. Improved understanding of the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, which is essential for normal B-cell growth and tumorigenesis, has led to the development of targeted therapies, with improved short-term clinical outcomes. Ibrutinib, obinutuzumab, and idelalisib, three novel agents recently approved by the U.S. Food and Administration for CLL, all have the potential to change the treatment paradigm. In this article, we describe the pathogenesis of CLL and some of its prognostic factors. Emphasis is on the pharmacology, dosing, clinical efficacy, safety, and place of therapy of ibrutinib, obinutuzumab, and idelalisib. Investigational agents that target different parts of the CLL pathogenic pathway are also described.
Entropy differential metric, distance and divergence measures in probability spaces: A unified approach

The paper is devoted to metrization of probability spaces through the introduction of a quadratic differential metric in the parameter space of the probability distributions. For this purpose, a φ-entropy functional is defined on the probability space and its Hessian along a direction of the tangent space of the parameter space is taken as the metric. The distance between two probability distributions is computed as the geodesic distance induced by the metric. The paper also deals with three measures of divergence between probability distributions and their interrelationships.
Meeting the challenge of a peer-to-peer network: an SNA management services infrastructure for APPN

Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is no longer a strictly hierarchical networking environment. The introduction of advanced peer-to-peer networking (APPN) provides for more flexibility: end user systems attaching to an SNA network are no longer controlled by a mainframe host. This new flexibility creates challenges for SNA/Management Services (SNA/MS), however, since the previous hierarchical relationship provided a vehicle for network management as well as network control. The SNA/MS architecture has been extended to meet the needs of this peer-to-peer environment, providing a management infrastructure which replaces the previous SSCP to PU relationship, and at the same time provides for much greater flexibility. This new infrastructure provides a mechanism for negotiating manager and agent (referred to as focal point and entry point in SNA/MS) roles between systems, and a transport technique for management services data which exploits advanced program-to-program communication (APPC).
The Ki-67 index and survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a review and relevance to positron emission tomography.

PURPOSE We reviewed the current literature to discover the range of studies covering tissue-based and noninvasive methods for determining tumor stage and the prognostic value of staging in non-small cell lung cancer. DESIGN Despite refinements in staging of non-small cell lung cancer, each stage remains heterogeneous because each stage contains patients who are at higher risk for recurrence than other patients within the same stage. Tissue-based and noninvasive methods have been investigated to complement tumor stage in assessing non-small cell lung cancer prognosis. The prognostic significance of tumor proliferation assessed by Ki-67 protein expression has been demonstrated in non-small cell lung cancer. RESULT Recent positron emission tomography studies have also shown both prognostic value in non-small cell lung cancer uptake of [F-18] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and correlation between non-small cell lung cancer FDG uptake and tumor proliferation. DISCUSSION We reviewed the prognostic significance of Ki-67 expression in non-small cell lung cancer and related it to positron emission tomography.
Effect of increased water vapor levels on TBC lifetime with Pt-containing bond coatings

Abstract To investigate the effect of increased water vapor levels on thermal barrier coating (TBC) lifetime, furnace cycle tests were performed at 1150 °C in air with 10 vol.% water vapor (similar to natural gas combustion) and 90 vol.%. Either Pt diffusion or Pt-modified aluminide bond coatings were applied to specimens from the same batch of a commercial second-generation single-crystal superalloy and commercial vapor-deposited yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coats were applied. Three coatings of each type were furnace cycled to failure to compare the average lifetimes obtained in dry O2, using the same superalloy batch and coating types. Average lifetimes with Pt diffusion coatings were unaffected by the addition of water vapor. In contrast, the average lifetime of Pt-modified aluminide coatings was reduced by more than 50% with 10% water vapor but only slightly reduced by 90% water vapor. Based on roughness measurements from similar specimens without a YSZ coating, the addition of 10% water vapor increased the rate of coating roughening more than 90% water vapor. Qualitatively, the amount of β-phase depletion in the coatings exposed in 10% water vapor did not appear to be accelerated.
Sudden coronary death: Comparison of patients with to those without coronary thrombus at necropsy

Among 70 victims of sudden coronary death (SCD), certain clinical and morphologic findings in the 13 with a coronary thrombus are compared with the findings in 57 victims without a coronary thrombus. The 13 with a thrombus were younger than those without (mean age 43 vs 51 years, p
Networks: teasing out the missing links.

Focusing on the hierarchical structure inherent in social and biological networks might provide a smart way to find missing connections that are not revealed in the raw data — which could be useful in a range of contexts. Networks are now a ubiquitous tool for representing the structure of complex systems, including the Internet, social networks, food webs, and protein and genetic networks. Unfortunately, the data describing these networks are in many cases incomplete or biased. A new study provides a general technique to divide network vertices into groups and sub-groups. Revealing such underlying hierarchies makes it possible to predict missing links from partial data with higher accuracy than previous methods.
Meaning making: What reflective essays reveal about biology students’ conceptions about natural selection

The process of reflective writing can play a central role in making meaning as learners process new information and connect it to prior knowledge. An examination of the written discourse can therefore be revealing of learners’ cognitive understanding and affective (beliefs, feelings, motivation to learn) responses to concepts. Despite reflective writing being an important learning tool, the role of this genre in upper-division college biology courses has not been well studied. This paper examines how nineteen physiological ecology students wrote about their understanding of natural selection and adaptations in ten reflective essays and describes how a model of student meaning making was developed. Qualitative essay analysis (through a triangulation of data: class observations; essays; and transcribed interviews) revealed that students could be classified into four categories of writers: subjective (personal, affective connections); objective (conceptual, cognitive connections); authentic (both affective and cognitive connections); and superficial (no supportive connections or claims). In-depth case studies illustrating these four categories are presented. Implications for college science instruction are discussed.
Using tests as an incentive to motivate procrastinators to study

Abstract The purposes of this study were to compare two approaches for enhancing the recall and understanding of text and to compare the effectiveness of the two approaches for students differing in procrastination tendency. The first approach was to provide incentive motivation by giving a test on each text chapter; the second approach was to provide a learning strategy by requiring students to outline each chapter as a homework assignment. Eighty-two students were classified by level of procrastination based on scores on the Procrastination Scale. Half of the students experienced the test condition; the other half experienced the homework condition. Although the test condition produced significantly higher scores overall on a final achievement examination than the outline condition did, a significant interaction between condition and student procrastination level reflected an almost 12% advantage for the test condition among high procrastinators. There was virtually no difference between conditions for ...
True Durability: HIV Virologic Suppression in an Urban Clinic and Implications for Timing of Intensive Adherence Efforts and Viral Load Monitoring

Although the majority of HIV-infected patients who begin potent antiretroviral therapy should expect long-term virologic suppression, the realities in practice are less certain. Durability of viral suppression was examined to define the best timing of targeted adherence strategies and intensive viral load monitoring in an urban clinic population with multiple challenges to ART adherence. We examined the risk of viral rebound for patients who achieved two consecutive viral loads lower than the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) within 390 days. For 791 patients with two viral loads below the LLOQ, viral rebound >LLOQ from the first viral load was 36.9 % (95 % CI 32.2–41.6) in the first year, 26.9 % (95 % CI 21.7–32.1) in the year following one year of viral suppression, and 24.6 % (95 % CI 18.4–30.9) in the year following 2 years of viral suppression. However, for patients with CD4 ≥300 cells/µl who had 3–6 years of virologic suppression, the risk of viral rebound was very low. At the population level, the risk of viral rebound in a complex urban clinic population is surprisingly high even out to 3 years. Intensified monitoring and adherence efforts should target this high risk period. Thereafter, confidence in truly durable virologic suppression is improved.
A fluorochrome-staining technique for counting bacteria in saline, organically enriched, alkaline lakes

A procedure is described for epifluorescence direct-counting of planktonic bacteria in an alkaline, hypersaline, organically enriched lake. To preclude precipitation and staining of dissolved organic material (DOM), the procedure involved isotonic dilution of unfixed samples at in situ pH and filtration before fluorochrome staining. Fluorochrome-DOM complexes remaining on the filter were removed by sequential rinses with isotonic 0.1 M citrate (pH 6.6). With the modified procedure, the dye acridine orange (AO) yielded better specimen-background contrast and higher overall cell counts than did ethidium bromide, Hoechst dye No. 33258, or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
In situ Van der Pauw measurements of the Ni/YSZ anode during exposure to syngas with phosphine contaminant

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) represent an option to provide a bridging technology for energy conversion (coal syngas) as well as a long-term technology (hydrogen from biomass). Whether the fuel is coal syngas or hydrogen from biomass, the effect of impurities on the performance of the anode is a vital question. The anode resistivity during SOFC operation with phosphine-contaminated syngas was studied using the in situ Van der Pauw method. Commercial anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (Ni/YSZ composite anodes, YSZ electrolytes) were exposed to a synthetic coal syngas mixture (H 2 , H 2 O, CO, and CO 2 ) at a constant current and their performance evaluated periodically with electrochemical methods (cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and polarization curves). In one test, after 170 h of phosphine exposure, a significant degradation of cell performance (loss of cell voltage, increase of series resistance and increase of polarization resistance) was evident. The rate of voltage loss was 1.4 mV h −1 . The resistivity measurements on Ni/YSZ anode by the in situ Van der Pauw method showed that there were no significant changes in anode resistivity both under clean syngas and syngas with 10 ppm PH 3 . XRD analysis suggested that Ni 5 P 2 and P 2 O 5 are two compounds accumulated on the anode. XPS studies provided support for the presence of two phosphorus phases with different oxidation states on the external anode surface. Phosphorus, in a positive oxidation state, was observed in the anode active layer. Based on these observations, the effect of 10 ppm phosphine impurity (or its reaction products with coal syngas) is assigned to the loss of performance of the Ni/YSZ active layer next to the electrolyte, and not to any changes in the thick Ni/YSZ support layer.
Use of self-reported height and weight biases the body mass index-mortality association

Many large-scale epidemiological data sources used to evaluate the body mass index (BMI: kg/m2) mortality association have relied on BMI derived from self-reported height and weight. Although measured BMI (BMIM) and self-reported BMI (BMISR) correlate highly, self-reports are systematically biased. To rigorously examine how self-reporting bias influences the association between BMI and mortality rate. Samples representing the US non-institutionalized civilian population. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (NHANES II: 1976–80; NHANES III: 1988–94) contain BMIM and BMISR. We applied Cox regression to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for BMIM and BMISR categories, respectively, and compared results. We similarly analyzed subgroups of ostensibly healthy never-smokers. Misclassification by BMISR among the underweight and obesity ranged from 30–40% despite high correlations between BMIM and BMISR (r>0.9). The reporting bias was moderately correlated with BMIM (r>0.35), but not BMISR (r<0.15). Analyses using BMISR failed to detect six of eight significant mortality HRs detected by BMIM. Significantly biased HRs were detected in the NHANES II full data set (χ2=12.49; P=0.01) and healthy subgroup (χ2=9.93; P=0.04), but not in the NHANES III full data set (χ2=5.63; P=0.23) or healthy subgroup (χ2=1.52; P=0.82). BMISR should not be treated as interchangeable with BMIM in BMI mortality analyses. Bias and inconsistency introduced by using BMISR in place of BMIM in BMI mortality estimation and hypothesis tests may account for important discrepancies in published findings.
Inhaled Treprostinil in Group-3 Pulmonary Hypertension

s S343 Conclusion: Our study failed to show correlation of global RVLS to established echocardiographic parameters of RV dysfunction in a cohort of patients with severe PH. However, RVGS is a developing quantitative, non-invasive parameter that requires more study to define the relationship of RVGS to mortality and morbidity in PH.
Kink-induced Catastrophe in a Coronal Eruption

We investigate the kinking motion and its role in the eruption of a filament/cavity system that occurred on 2002 October 31. The evolution of the eruptive filament consists of four distinct phases. After an initial slow upward acceleration, the filament experiences a quasi-static phase exhibiting kinking motions of the filament axis. The kinking phase is followed by a sudden jump, coincident with the onset of the unkinking of the filament. The loss of equilibrium initiates a gradual relaxation phase at the end of which the filament reattains a similar unkinked configuration as its initial state. The filament/cavity structure, evident in the white-light observations, interacts with a large-scale coronal helmet streamer to the north, and material is observed to eject outward, aligned with a preexisting, low-density, dark channel that originally separated the northern helmet streamer from the southern streamer, where the dark cavity resides. The bulk of the filament, however, remains confined in the lower corona throughout the eruption along the channel. This suggests a partial eruption of the filament/cavity structure. The observations presented here manifest a catastrophic loss of equilibrium in response to the evolution of kinking motions in the filament activation.
Inhibition of allergen-induced lung eosinophilia by type-III and combined type III- and IV-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors in brown-Norway rats.

We examined the effect of a type IV (rolipram) and a combined type III and IV (Org 20421) isoenzymeselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor upon allergeninduced pulmonary eosinophil recruitment in sensitised Brown Norway rats. Rats were sensitised with ovalbumin intraperitoneally and later challenged with ovalbumin aerosol which induced a significant increase in the total eosinophil and neutrophil count in bronchovalveolar lavage fluid at 24 hours (from 0.38 ± 0.12 to 1.36 ± 0.18 × 106,p < 0.01 and from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.33 ± 0.07 × 106,p < 0.01) respectively. Pretreatment with rolipram (30 µmol/kg) and Org 20421 (30 µmol/kg) abolished the eosinophilia and neutrophilia evoked by ovalbumin. We conclude that type IV and possibly type III isozyme phosphodiesterase inhibitors may regulate, directly or indirectly, eosinophil and neutrophil activity and/or those cells responsible for attracting them into the lung.
Industry note: Market simulation for teaching commodity trading skills

A Grain Market Simulator provided private traders in the Russian grain industry with an opportunity to develop marketing strategies and skills. Players were assigned a role as farmer, country elevator, merchandiser, or miller with appropriate inventories, costs, and capacities. Players were challenged with frequent changes in market information, requiring new strategies for risk management and profit maximization. Lecture|discussion periods were keyed to problems encountered by the market participants as trading became increasingly complex. The record of daily transactions provided information on which to base refinements in the computer program and rules of the game. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Two Phase Flow Study in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

A three dimensional, two-phase, multi-component model has been developed for a liquid-fed DMFC. Both liquid and gas phases are considered in the entire anode, including the channel, the diffusion layer and the catalyst layer; while at the cathode, two-phases are considered in the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer but single gas phase is considered in the channel. For the electrochemical kinetics, the Tafel equation incorporating the effects of two phases is used at both the cathode and anode sides. At the anode side, the presence of gas phase reduces the active catalyst areas; at the cathode side, the presence of liquid reduces the active catalyst areas. The mixed potential effects due to methanol crossover are also included in the model. The modeling results showed that the porosity of the anode diffusion layer played a very important role in the DMFC performance. With a low porosity, the produced carbon dioxide cannot be removed effectively from the catalyst layer, thus reducing the active catalyst area as well as blocking methanol from reaching the reaction zone. A similar effect exits in the cathode for the liquid water. The modeling results also show that the single-phase flow models over-predict methanol cross-over.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Grammatically relevant and grammatically irrelevant features of verb meaning can be independently impaired

According to the 'grammatically relevant semantic subsystem' hypothesis proposed by Pinker (1989), the meanings of verbs contain two different types of information: (1) a restricted set of semantic features that are visible to grammar and that influence the syntactic argument structure possibilities of verbs; and (2) an open - ended set of idiosyncratic perceptual and conceptual features that are not visible to grammar and that enable verbs to encode all kinds of subtle distinctions involving manner of motion, change of state, and so forth. If these two components of verb meaning reside at different levels of mental representation, as the hypothesis maintains, then it is possible that they could be independently disrupted by brain damage. This paper reports a series of experiments that confirmed this prediction. Three brain - damaged subjects exhibited different performance profiles on two tests that evaluated their knowledge of grammatically relevant and grammatically irrelevant components of verb meanin...
Reinforcing properties of lorazepam in normal volunteers

These experiments were designed to test the positive reinforcing property of a benzodiazepine in normal volunteer subjects. A choice procedure was used to measure preference for lorazepam, a benzodiazepine with a relatively short plasma half-life, over placebo. In separate experiments, subjects were given a choice between three doses of lorazepam (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg, p.o.) and placebo, and in a fourth experiment subjects were given a choice between lorazepam (1.0 mg) and a therapeutically equipotent dose of diazepam (5 mg). Subjective effects of the drugs were monitored using an experimental version of the Profile of Mood States and a shortened version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. Subjects showed no preference for 0.5 mg lorazepam over placebo (49% drug choice) or for 1.0 mg lorazepam over diazepam (46% lorazepam choice). However, subjects preferred placebo to both 1.0 and 2.0 mg lorazepam (32% and 16% drug choice for 1.0 and 2.0 mg, respectively). Subjective effects were consistent with the drug's known sedative and anxiolytic properties. Relative to diazepam, lorazepam had a longer duration of effect than might be expected from its plasma half-life. Differences in the pharmacokinetic properties of the two drugs account for the results. The results showed that lorazepam is not an effective positive reinforcer in these subjects, suggesting that it also does not have high dependence potential in this population.
Castrate-resistant prostate cancer: postdocetaxel management.

Purpose of review Prior to 2010, docetaxel was the only treatment shown to prolong survival in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the past 3 years, several therapeutic agents have demonstrated survival improvements for CRPC after the receipt of prior docetaxel, leading to multiple approvals by the US Food and Drug Administration. Recent findings The development of these novel agents, each with a distinct mechanism of action, is the fruition of sedulous preclinical research and well designed clinical trials. Cabazitaxel, a next generation taxane, was the first Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the postdocetaxel setting. The recognition of sustained androgen dependence of CRPC has led to the identification of more potent and selective inhibitors of androgen synthesis and androgen-receptor signaling, such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, respectively. Radium-223, an α-emitting radionuclide still under regulatory review, recently showed a significant survival benefit for CRPC. Finally, sipuleucel-T, a form of immunotherapy, may benefit a subset of patients in the postdocetaxel setting. Summary Post-docetaxel management of CRPC has undergone a dramatic yet welcome paradigm change in the past 3 years. With multiple life-prolonging agents available, it now becomes imperative to coordinate how and when these new therapies should be used and sequenced to achieve optimal patient outcomes.
Advances in industrial lighting practise

The better types of industrial lighting installations today are characterized especially by two things; much higher levels of intensity, and reflecting equipment better suited to individual lighting problems so that glare is practically eliminated.