cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Legal Education at a Generational Crossroads: X Marks the Spot

Clinical legal education is at a crossroads. Three distinct generations – Baby Boomers, Generation-Xers, and Millennials – with incredibly varied life experiences and expectations will determine the path forward by the way they relate to each other. This essay discusses the current state of clinical legal education as created and led by the Baby Boomers who were typically movement lawyers from the 1960s and 1970s. Written from the perspective of a Gen-Xer, the essay challenges the norms of social justice and law reform as the primary drivers behind clinical education and argues for a greater ideological neutrality in determining the path forward. The essay goes on to articulate some of the challenges that impede Gen-X from fully engaging in the leadership and strategy of clinical legal education. It also describes thoughts on teaching to the Millennials and ultimately bringing together all three generations to forge a unified path forward for clinical education.
Beta-glucuronidase activity, and levels of protein and protein fractions in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with distemper associated demyelinating encephalopathy.

β-Glucuronidase activity in CSF was significantly elevated in dogs with distemper encephalitis compared with controls. Furthermore, there appeared to be a positive correlation between the degree of brain tissue destruction and the level of enzyme in the CSF. β-Glucuronidase may be an index of inflammation while albumin may be an index of alteration of the blood-brain barrier. There was a high degree of correlation between the β-glucuronidase and total protein, albumin and globulin values in the CSF.
The immunoenhancing effects of humor on secretory IgA and resistance to respiratory infections

Abstract In three different studies involving exposun to two differcot humorous and comparison videotapes, it was demonstrated that humor arousal signiticantly increases S-IgA in college students. Furthermore significantly more of the subjects exposed to the humor films showed an increese in S-IgA than the subjects exposed to the comparison films. A good sense of humor, measured as a trait, was associated with higher baseline concentrations of S-IgA and with greater increases in S-IgA in response to a humor arousing film. Higher bascline kvels and gains in S-IgA in respoase to humor were associated with lower reported severity of colds in the past twelve months and in the three months following assessment. However, a good sense of humor was related to lesser cold incidence and severity only if it involved appreciation rather than production of humor. While those who actively tell jokes also show higher S-IgA levels, they show greater susceptibility to colds than those who only appreciate humor probably be...
InAs/GaSb Type-II Superlattice Detectors

InAs/(In,Ga)Sb type-II strained layer superlattices (T2SLs) have made significant progress since they were first proposed as an infrared (IR) sensing material more than three decades ago. Numerous theoretically predicted advantages that T2SL offers over present-day detection technologies, heterojunction engineering capabilities, and technological preferences make T2SL technology promising candidate for the realization of high performance IR imagers. Despite concentrated efforts of many research groups, the T2SLs have not revealed full potential yet. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the current status of T2SL detectors and discusses origins of T2SL device performance degradation, in particular, surface and bulk dark-current components. Various approaches of dark current reduction with their pros and cons are presented.
Use of higher-protein diets for body composition improvement in non-obese, active individuals

Background A significant amount of weight loss research has been performed on obese, overweight and/or sedentary individuals. There is little research available looking at the same weight loss techniques in athletes, even though this population is continually attempting to lose weight and/or alter body composition. It is hypothesized that a higher-protein diet will result in greater weight loss and a decrease in percent body fat in lean individuals when compared to similar individuals on a low-fat, highcarbohydrate diet.
Human CD14hi monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells provide a cell contact-dependent costimulatory signal for early CD40 ligand expression.

CD40L on CD4+ T cells plays a vital role in the activation of antigen-presenting cells, thus catalyzing a positive feedback loop for T-cell activation. Despite the pivotal juxtaposition of CD40L between antigen-presenting cells and T-cell activation, only a T-cell receptor stimulus is thought to be required for early CD40L surface expression. We show, for the first time, that CD40L expression on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells is highly dependent on a cell-cell interaction with CD14hiCD16− monocytes. Interactions with ICAM-1, LFA-3, and to a lesser extent CD80/CD86 contribute to this enhancement of CD40L expression but are not themselves sufficient. The contact-mediated increase in CD40L expression is dependent on new mRNA and protein synthesis. Circulating myeloid dendritic cells also possess this costimulatory activity. By contrast, CD14loCD16+ monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, B-cell lymphoma lines, and resting, activated, and Epstein-Barr virus–immortalized primary B cells all lack the capacity to up-regulate early CD40L. The latter indicates that a human B cell cannot activate its cognate T cell to deliver CD40L-mediated help. This finding has functional implications for the role of biphasic CD40L expression, suggesting that the early phase is associated with antigen-presenting cell activation, whereas the late phase is related to B-cell activation.
Biolistic augmentation of impaired wound healing in steroid treated rats

Abstract Introduction: Systemic corticosteroid treatment has effects on wound healing. Biolistic delivery of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) mRNA's to acute midline abdominal wounds in normal and steroid treated rats has been shown to augment wound healing. This study investigates the efficacy of the combined delivery of these agents. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (300–350 grams)were used, intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (16mg / kg / day) beginning two days prior to acute wounding and continuing daily until sacrifice. Midline abdominal wounds were created through the abdominal skin, fascia and muscle, then fascia was sutured. The Gene Gun was used to biolistically deliver mRNA treatment of EGF and eIF4E along the full length of the wounds. At seven and fourteen days animals were euthanized and wound strip of abdominal wall harvested, sectioned into 1 x 4cm strips for wound bursting strength (WBS) analysis via a tensiometer. Results: Steroid treatment produced a significant decrease in WBS when compared to control animals at 7 or 14 days. Treatment of steroid exposed rats with biolistically delivered EGF or eIF4E alone produced a modest increase in WBS which was not statistically significant. Combination therapy of EGF and eIF4E significantly increased WBS at 14 days. Conclusions: At fourteen days, treatment with EGF + 4E produced synergic effect in WBS. Western blot studies of wounds treated with EGF+4E demonstrated dramatically increased type I collagen expression compared to control.
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in hemispheric intraparenchymal hemorrhage.

Introduction Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a hyperadrenergic syndrome that may follow acute brain injury characterized by episodic, hyperadrenergic alterations in vital signs. Identifying commonality in lesion localization in patients with PSH is challenging, but intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) represents a focal injury that might provide insight. We describe a series of patients with IPH that developed PSH, and review the literature. Methods Patients with IPH who developed PSH were identified from OHSU hospital records. A literature review was conducted to identify similar cases through PUBMED, OVID, and Google Scholar. Results Three cases meeting criteria for PSH were identified. Hemorrhage volume ranged from 70 to 128 mL, and intracranial hemorrhage score ranged from 2 to 3. The laterality of the hemorrhage and significant volume of hemorrhage was similar in each of the patients, specifically all hemorrhages were large, subcortical, and right-sided. A literature search identified six additional cases, half of whom reported a right hemisphere hemorrhage and the majority also had subcortical localization. Conclusions Our literature review identified six cases of IPH associated with PSH with five cases having subcortical lesion locations, echoing the areas of disruption in our three cases. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that injuries along the pathway from the insular cortex to downstream sympathetic centers may remove tonic inhibition leading to unchecked sympathetic outflow. Prospective investigations of lesion location in patients with IPH and PSH are warranted to test this hypothesis, especially with advanced neuroimaging techniques.
Inhibition of mitochondrial p53 abolishes the detrimental effects of social isolation on ischemic brain injury

Background and Purpose—Social isolation (SI) increases stroke incidence and delays poststroke recovery. Women may be at greater risk from the negative consequences of SI, but few studies have examined both sexes in experimental models, and none have evaluated the effects of isolation initiated after stroke. The effects of poststroke SI in men and women were examined, and the role of mitochondrial P53 was evaluated. Methods—C57Bl6 mice were pair-housed (PH; male and ovariectomized female) for 2 weeks, subjected to stroke and then assigned to a housing condition (isolated or PH). The effects of housing on infarct volume and recovery were examined. Changes in Bcl-2 and mitochondrial p53 were assessed by Western blot. A mitochondrial p53 inhibitor (pifithrin-μ) was given to mice of both sexes. Results—Compared with pair-housed mice, poststroke SI significantly increased infarct size in both sexes; SI mice also had worse neurological deficits. The detrimental effects of SI paralleled increases in mitochondrial...
The upgraded Pegasus Toroidal Experiment

The Pegasus Toroidal Experiment was developed to explore the physics limits of plasma operation as the aspect ratio (A) approaches unity. Initial experiments on the device found that access to high normalized current and toroidal beta was limited by the presence of large-scale tearing modes. Major upgrades have been conducted of the facility to provide the control tools necessary to mitigate these resistive modes. The upgrades include new programmable power supplies, new poloidal field coils and increased, time-variable toroidal field. First ohmic operations with the upgraded system demonstrated position and current ramp-rate control, as well as improvement in ohmic flux consumption from 2.9 MA Wb−1 to 4.2 MA Wb−1. The upgraded experiment will be used to address three areas of physics interest. First, the kink and ballooning stability boundaries at low A and high normalized current will be investigated. Second, clean, high-current plasma sources will be studied as a helicity injection tool. Experiments with two such sources have produced toroidal currents three times greater than predicted by geometric field line following. Finally, the use of electron Bernstein waves to heat and drive current locally will be studied at the 1 MW level; initial modelling indicates that these experiments are feasible at a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
RESULTS OF TAPERED URETERAL REIMPLANTATION FOR PRIMARY MEGAURETER: EXTRAVESICAL VERSUS INTRAVESICAL APPROACH

ABSTRACT Purpose: Extravesical ureteroneocystostomy is an accepted technique for the surgical treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. However, many surgeons continue to use an intravesical technique when extensive ureteral tailoring is required in the case of primary megaureter. We present our experience and outcomes with these techniques. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients who underwent tapered ureteral reimplantation between 1990 and 2002. Patient demographics, surgical technique and outcomes were recorded. Patients with ureteral dilatation secondary to bladder or urethral pathology were excluded from study. A successful postoperative outcome was defined as improved hydronephrosis and no vesicoureteral reflux. Results: A total of 53 patients with 65 megaureters were identified. Mean patient age at surgery was 4.9 years and mean followup was 3.8 years. Primary obstructive megaureter was present in 31 renal units, while refluxing megaureter was present in 34. An excisional tapering technique was performed in all cases. An extravesical reimplantation was performed in 29 renal units and an intravesical reimplantation in 36. The success rate was 86% for intravesical and 76% for extravesical reimplantation. The success rate was 90% for obstructive megaureters and 74% for refluxing megaureters. Success rate for patients with voiding dysfunction was 93% with an intravesical approach but only 50% with an extravesical approach. Conclusions: Extensive ureteral tailoring with an extravesical ureteral reimplantation may be performed safely and effectively for primary obstructive megaureter. Patients with voiding dysfunction or preoperative vesicoureteral reflux may benefit from an intravesical ureteral reimplantation.
Synthesis of diphosphoinositide by a soluble fraction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The conversion of [ 32 P] phosphatidylinositol to diphosphoinositide can be catalysed by the soluble fraction of a yeast cell homogenate; little activity could be demonstrated by the sedimentable fraction. A kinase appeared responsible for the reaction since the reaction required ATP and Mg 2+ and since the γ-phosphate of [γ- 32 P] ATP appeared in the product. The activity could be precipitated with (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and redissolved in a fully soluble form.
An NMR study of 1H, 31P, and 23Na relaxation and molecular dynamics in the polycrystalline sodium salt of adenosine monophosphate

Proton spin-lattice relaxation times in the laboratory frame,T1(H),have been measured as a function of frequency and temperature (333K>T > 80 K). The spin-lattice relaxation times in the rotating frame, T1ϱ(H), have been measured at two different rotating fields while M2(H), the proton second moment, has been extracted from the shape of the FID. In addition, T1(31P) and T1(23Na) have been measured as functions of temperature at 81 and 50 MHz, respectively. The results demonstrate clearly that the water content of the compounds influences the results to a large extent. It seems that water molecules at some of the lattice sites can be removed from the structure by evacuation, while others are more tightly bound to the ADP and ATP molecules. The more loosely bound water molecules are very mobile and dominate the relaxation results in the high-temperature region via the spin-rotation and dipolar mechanisms. The more tightly bound water molecules rotate about their twofold axes and this motion, characterized by a distribution of correlation times, results in a T1(H) minimum in the low-temperature region. The results have been interpreted in terms of a Fuoss-Kirkwood distribution function. The 23Na spin-lattice relaxation rates are dominated by the quadrupolar interactions, which provide a dominating relaxation mechanism for the proton spins in the rotating frame. In the case of Na2ATP, T1(P) is independent of the degree of hydration of the sample, but the NaADP T1(H), values are influenced strongly by a change in the water content. An X-ray determination of the lengths of the a axes of the unit cells has provided supporting evidence for the interpretation of the NMR results.
Fully parallel superconducting analog-to-digital converter

The authors present measurements that follow up on a design of a 3-b wideband analog-to-digital converter (ADC) given by E. Fang et al. (IEEE Trans. Magn., vol.27, no.3, p.2891-4, 1991). The original design has been modified, and some circuit parameters have been changed to optimize the margins. Based on this modified design, the authors have fabricated and were able to demonstrate the functionality not only of simple logic gates, including inverters, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, and XOR, but also of much more complicated combinations, including a complete 2-b ADC and a complete 3-b binary encoder. After a brief description of the design and modifications, low-speed tests of these circuits are presented and discussed. Simulations have shown that the complete 3-b ADC can work up to 5 GHz. >
Novel vaccine vectors for HIV-1

The ultimate solution to the global HIV-1 epidemic will probably require the development of a safe and effective vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials, but given the disappointing results of clinical efficacy studies so far, novel vaccine approaches are needed. In this Opinion article, we discuss the scientific basis and clinical potential of novel adenovirus and cytomegalovirus vaccine vectors for HIV-1 as two contrasting but potentially complementary vector approaches. Both of these vector platforms have demonstrated partial protection against stringent simian immunodeficiency virus challenges in rhesus monkeys using different immunological mechanisms.
The fine structure of monkey Sertoli cells in the transitional zone at the junction of the seminiferous tubules with the tubuli recti.

The monkey testis contains an axial rete in a highly vascular central core of loose connective tissue. Seminiferous tubules join the rete along its entire length. The short terminal segments of the tubules are lined mainly by Sertoli cells. There is then a transition from Sertoli cell epithelium to the simple cuboidal epithelium of tubuli recti, which connect the seminiferous tubules to the rete testis. Electron microscopic observations of the Sertoli cell in the terminal regions of the seminiferous tubules reveal a highly lobulated nucleus, a unique nucleolus and a columnar cell body with an irregular free surface bearing processes of varied form projecting into the tubule lumen. The cytoplasm is characterized by a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid droplets, and an extraordinary abundance of 70 A filaments. Occasionally these latter are so densely packed that other organelles are excluded from large areas of the cytoplasm. Profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are few in marked contrast to the usual condition of Sertoli cells elsewhere in the seminiferous tubules. Many of the Sertoli cells in the terminal regions of the seminiferous tubules contain spermatozoa in various stages of degradation. Small lymphocytes, never observed in normal seminiferous tubules, are distributed in small numbers among the Sertoli cells of the transitional zone. No desmosomes or other junctional specializations are observed at the interface of lymphocytes with the surrounding Sertoli cells. The cytology of the terminal region of the seminiferous tubules is discussed in relationship to exit of sperm from the tubules, the blood-testis barrier, and the pathogenesis of immune orchitis.
Evaluation of Small-Sample Statistics That Test Whether Variables Measure the Same Trait

This study investigated the performance of five small-sample statistics (Lord's, Kristof's, McNemar's, Forsyth and Feldt's, and Braden's) that test whether two variables measure the same trait except for mea surement error. The conservative Type I error rates of the Lord and Kristof procedures and the liberal error rates of the McNemar, Forsyth and Feldt, and Braden procedures were corrected by determining appropriate critical values. Power comparisons were then made at the fixed α levels. In general, the McNemar statistic was shown to be the most powerful. Finally, the ef fects of non-normality were investigated, and it was demonstrated that the Braden technique became very liberal, whereas the other statistics tended to be some what liberal at the .01 significance level and reasona bly robust at the .05 level. Index terms: Disatten uated measures, Measurement error, Monte carlo simulation, Non-normality, Small-sample statistics, Type I error and power rates.
The influence of cellulose nanocrystal additions on the performance of cement paste

Abstract The influence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) addition on the performance of cement paste was investigated. Our mechanical tests show an increase in the flexural strength of approximately 30% with only 0.2% volume of CNCs with respect to cement. Isothermal calorimetry (IC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) show that the degree of hydration (DOH) of the cement paste is increased when CNCs are used. The first mechanism that may explain the increased hydration is the steric stabilization, which is the same mechanism by which many water reducing agents (WRAs) disperse the cement particles. Rheological, heat flow rate measurements, and microscopic imaging support this mechanism. A second mechanism also appears to support the increased hydration. The second mechanism that is proposed is referred to as short circuit diffusion. Short circuit diffusion appears to increase cement hydration by increasing the transport of water from outside the hydration product shell (i.e., through the high density CSH) on a cement grain to the unhydrated cement cores. The DOH and flexural strength were measured for cement paste with WRA and CNC to evaluate this hypothesis. Our results indicate that short circuit diffusion is more dominant than steric stabilization.
Salicylic acid inhibition of ethylene production by apple discs and other plant tissues

Ethylene production by apple discs is effectively inhibited by salicylic acid. Inhibition is pH dependent, being greatest from pH 3.5–4.5 and minimal at pH 6.5 and above. With 100 μM salicylic acid maximal inhibition, approximately 90%, is achieved in 3 h with an apparent Ki of 40 μM. At somewhat higher concentrations salicylic acid also inhibits the conversion of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid to ethylene by pear discs and mung bean hypocotyls. Salicylic acid interferes with action of the putative ethylene-forming enzyme and in this respect is somewhat more effective than cobalt ion. The inhibitory effects of salicylic acid and cobalt ion are not additive. Implications for the limits and locus of salicylic acid inhibition are discussed.
The denial-of-service dance

By understanding the types of attacks available to an adversary, we can develop more effective defenses against them. A taxonomy of denial-of-service attacks based on a dance-hall metaphor is a step toward gaining such an understanding. This article presents a metaphor for DoS-the dance hall-that helps us toward a comprehensive view of DoS attacks. In this article, "DoS" refers to the set of remote DoS attacks that depend on a network's presence. The article and the taxonomy it presents are the results of a short-term study aiming to explore avenues for defense.
An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Hedge Contracts on Bidding Behavior in a Competitive Electricity Market

A major concern in the design of wholesale electricity markets is the potential for the exercise of market power by generating unit owners. To better understand the determinants of generating unit owner market power and how it is exercised, this paper derives a model of bidding behavior in a competitive electricity market which incorporates various sources of uncertainty and the impact of the electricity generator's position in the financial hedge contract market on its expected profit-maximizing bidding behavior. The model is first used to characterize the profit-maximizing market price that a generator would like set by its bidding strategy for several hedge contract and spot sales combinations. This model is applied to bid and contract data obtained from the first three months of operation of the National Electricity Market (NEM1) in Australia. This analysis illustrates the sensitivity of expected profit-maximizing bidding strategies to the amount of financial hedge contracts held by the generating uni...
Nonleptonic charm decay and u-s symmetry

In the standard model, the 6 component of the nonleptonic charm-decay interaction is even under the exchange of u and s quarks, while the 15 is odd. We use this property to find those predictions that result when one of these representations dominates the other.
Angiotensin-(1-7) in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy.

Angiotensin-(1–7) (Ang-[1–7]) is a bioactive component of the renin-angiotensin system, which has depressor, vasodilatory, and antihypertensive actions. In normal pregnancy, we questioned whether the known rise in plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) is counterbalanced by an increase in plasma Ang-(1–7) and whether Ang-(1–7) levels are decreased in preeclampsia and may thus be a factor involved in the development of hypertension. Nulliparous preeclamptic subjects, third-trimester normotensive pregnant subjects, and a nonpregnant group were enrolled (n=15/group). Preeclamptic subjects had no previous history of hypertension or renal, connective-tissue, or metabolic disease, but at the time of delivery had significant hypertension (159±3/98±3 mmHg) and ≥3+ proteinuria. Plasma Ang-(1–7) was increased by 51% in normal pregnancy (p<0.05). Plasma Ang I, Ang II, and renin activity were also significantly elevated in normal pregnancy. In preeclamptic subjects, Ang-(1–7) was significantly decreased (p<0.01) compared with normal pregnant subjects. All other components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, except serum angiotensin-converting enzyme, were reduced in preeclamptic subjects compared with normal pregnant subjects; only plasma Ang II remained elevated in preeclamptic compared with nonpregnant subjects. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, increased plasma Ang-(1–7) in normal pregnant subjects compared with nonpregnant subjects and decreased Ang-(1–7) in preeclamptic subjects compared with normal pregnant subjects. In preeclampsia the decreased plasma Ang-(1–7) in the presence of elevated Ang II is consistent with the development of hypertension.
A practical interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm

A new interprocedural data flow analysis algorithm is presented and analyzed. The algorithm associates with each procedure in a program information about which variables may be modified, which may be used, and which are possibly preserved by a call on the procedure, and all of its subcalls. The algorithm is sufficiently powerful to be used on recursive programs and to deal with the sharing of variables which arises through reference parameters. The algorithm is unique in that it can compute all of this information in a single pass, not requiring a prepass to compute calling relationships or sharing patterns. The algorithm is asymptotically optimal in time complexity. It has been implemented and is practical even on programs which are quite large.
Research and career development opportunities for meeting the challenges presented by the Human Genome project

This paper describes research and career development programs supported by the National Human Genome Research Institute. These programs focus on training the next generation of scientists who have degrees in computer sciences, mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering or related quantitative sciences and who wish to make a significant contribution to the Human Genome Project or to broader areas of genomic science.
A genetic algorithm for circulant Euclidean distance matrices

This paper presents a fast genetic algorithm to determine three-dimensional configurations of points that generate circulant Euclidean Distance Matrices (EDMs). A parallel implementation is possible by using the message passing interface (MPI) standard. In addition, theoretical results about the polyhedral structure of both the cone of circulant symmetric positive semidefinite matrices and the cone of circulant EDMs are introduced.
Renal Efficiency and Information Theory

THE low thermodynamic efficiency of the kidney is a long-standing paradox in renal physiology. The conventional calculations equating renal output with osmotic work arrive at a power output of about 0.5 calories per min for man1–3. A comparison of this value with the renal power input (about 100 calories per min) gives an efficiency of less than 1 per cent, an extravagance out of proportion to the efficiency of other organs and out of keeping with the general economy of the body. Homer Smith has stated that a solution to this paradox must come from some approach other than thermodynamics4.
DIRECT-SIMULATION MONTE CARLO MODELING ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL RAYLEIGH-BÉNARD INSTABILITIES OF RAREFIED GAS

ABSTRACT This study investigates numerically the convective instabilities of rarefied gas in two-dimensional enclosures by the direct-simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. A simulation using an enclosure with length-to-height aspect ratio AS = 2.016 is conducted to validate the value of the critical Rayleigh number on the onset of convection. Enclosures of AS = 2 and 4 are chosen to explore the influences of the Knudsen number Kn and initial wall temperatures on the flow. The results indicate that the different initial conditions may cause multiple solutions for the convection rolls and the Boussinesq approximation is no longer valid for rarefied gases of high Kn.
Does butchering fish leave cut marks

Despite the fact that fish are a common component of coastal and other aquatic archaeological sites, cut marks are rarely reported on archaeological fish remains. To assess whether butchering practices leave cut marks on fish bones, we butchered 37 fish using stone tools and a metal knife following methods provided in ethnographic accounts and by modern fish processors. In contrast to archaeological analyses, our research demonstrates that butchering commonly produces cut marks on fish bones, with 4019 cut marks and 2167 cut mark clusters identified on the bones of 30 fish. Cut marks occurred frequently on vertebral neural and haemal spines, vertebral transverse processes, pterygiophores, ribs, and other bones not generally identified to low taxonomic categories by zooarchaeologists (e.g., family, genus, or species). To test our experimental data, we also analyzed 9391 archaeological fish remains from a Late Holocene shell midden on the California Coast, noting 33 previously undocumented cut marks. We hypothesize that the scarcity of cut marks reported on archaeological fish bones is the result of researchers overlooking cut marks because they occur primarily on undiagnostic bones, taphonomic factors such as root etching that may destroy or obscure cut marks, differences between fish, mammal, and bird anatomy, or ancient butchering strategies that relied on limited cutting of fishes.
Solution of nonlinear optimal control problems using modified Hopfield neural networks

Solution of nonlinear optimal control problems on analog parallel networks is proposed. Recurrent neural networks whose dynamic equations have a Lyapunov function are developed. Such circuits relax to an equilibrium which is the minimum of the Lyapunov function. Nonlinear optimal control problems are formulated in terms of a Lyapunov function and thus are solved using the recurrent networks. Convergence for linear and nonlinear classes of problems is considered. The method is demonstrated by developing and simulating a network to solve a nonlinear vibration problem. Simulation results demonstrate solution times are accurate and extremely fast. Solution times are shown to be independent of the size of the problem.
The effect of a quality improvement program on paramedic on-scene times for patients with penetrating trauma.

Objective: To decrease paramedic onscene times (OSTs) for major trauma patients through a focused quality improvement (QI) program. Methods: A prospective study was conducted from 1993 through 1997 to determine the impact of a QI program on paramedic OSTs. All penetrating trauma patients transported by paramedics to Los Angeles County/USC Medical Center, a Level-1 trauma center, were included, and all cases with OSTs > 20 minutes were reviewed in detail for extenuating circumstances. Cases including multiple victims or unsecured scenes were considered “acceptable deviations.” All others were considered “fallouts,” which prompted extensive review with the paramedics and their field supervisors. Results: Prior to the inception of the QI project there was a 4.1% fallout rate of penetrating trauma patients with OSTs > 20 minutes. This fallout rate fell to 1.5% in 1997 (p < 0.01). Mortality rates among these fallouts decreased from 5.1% to 0.8% during the study period (p < 0.01). Conclusions: An intensive QI program can have a significant, positive impact on paramedic OSTs among patients with penetrating trauma.
Warding Off the Attacker: Self-Defense in Theory and in Practice

Whereas men and women predict that they will have similar responses to a physical attack, women's actual self-defense behaviors are less effective than are men's. In Study 1, male and female students expected to respond equally quickly and aggressively to a hypothetical attack by a stranger. Women also considered themselves to be more knowledgeable about self-defense, more physically fit, and less likely to become assault victims than the "average woman," and both men and women underestimated their victimization risk. In Study 2, a simulated attack situation showed strong gender differences, with men defending themselves more effectively than women. These findings suggest a disparity between beliefs and abilities among young women at risk of violence.
Organizational change in law enforcement

Abstract A major problem in identifying and understanding change in law enforcement organizations is in specifying the object of intended change and the process by which change is to be implemented. The study focuses on organizational-structural change in police organizations and examines factors which have influenced the implementation of saturation patrol units, covert surveillance units, and regionalized detective bureaus. The results indicate that factors such as domain consensus, dependence and influence relationships, and perceptions of threat affect both the acceptance and use of these organizational changes.
Mixer, a homeobox gene required for endoderm development.

An expression cloning strategy in Xenopus laevis was used to isolate a homeobox-containing gene, Mixer, that can cause embryonic cells to form endoderm. Mixer transcripts are found specifically in the prospective endoderm of gastrula, which coincides with the time and place that endodermal cells become histologically distinct and irreversibly determined. Loss-of-function studies with a dominant inhibitory mutant demonstrate thatMixer activity is required for endoderm development. In particular, the expression of Sox17α andSox17β, two previously identified endodermal determinants, require Mixer function. Together, these data suggest that Mixer is an embryonic transcription factor involved in specifying the endodermal germ layer.
Nephrotic syndrome in association with renal vein thrombosis in infancy

A 10-week-old girl with nephrotic syndrome was found at autopsy to have bilateral renal vein thrombosis. The association of RVT with nephrotic syndrome in infancy is extremely uncommon, except in congenital (familial) nephrosis. RVT with nephrosis occurring in adults with membranous nephropathy is a well-recognized entity. Whether the thrombosis or the nephrosis is the primary disorder remains controversial. The findings in the present patient suggest that the RVT may be the initiating event in some patients. This may represent a reversible cause of infantile nephrosis.
Composition and temperature dependence of the optical properties of Zn 1 x Cd x Se (0 x 0.34) below the fundamental bandgap

The II–VI ternary semiconductor alloy system Zn1−xCdxSe with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2 has important applications as the active material in blue-green light-emitting diodes and lasers. For the wavelength and temperature ranges over which these devices are designed to operate, a knowledge of the optical properties of the alloys is important. We report the results of spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements of the real part of the dielectric function e1 for Zn-rich Zn1−xCdxSe layers deposited epitaxially on (100) GaAs. We derive compact expressions that allow one to calculate accurate e1 spectra from 1.5 eV, the low-energy limit of our ellipsometer, to E0 - 0.05 eV, where E0 is the fundamental bandgap energy, for any composition and temperature within the ranges 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.34 and 25 ≤ T < 260 °C. Furthermore, we expect that the results can also be extrapolated to cover the substrate temperature range typically used for the growth of these films (250–300 °C). Hence the results presented here are also useful in future real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of Zn1−xCdxSe film growth.
The 1.5 Å Crystal Structure of Human Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) Ectodomains Reveals Unique Features Determining Ligand Binding

Interaction of the pattern recognition receptor, RAGE with key ligands such as advanced glycation end products (AGE), S100 proteins, amyloid β, and HMGB1 has been linked to diabetic complications, inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. To help answer the question of how a single receptor can recognize and respond to a diverse set of ligands we have investigated the structure and binding properties of the first two extracellular domains of human RAGE, which are implicated in various ligand binding and subsequent signaling events. The 1.5-Å crystal structure reveals an elongated molecule with a large basic patch and a large hydrophobic patch, both highly conserved. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and deletion experiments indicate S100B recognition by RAGE is an entropically driven process involving hydrophobic interaction that is dependent on Ca2+ and on residues in the C′D loop (residues 54–67) of domain 1. In contrast, competition experiments using gel shift assays suggest that RAGE interaction with AGE is driven by the recognition of negative charges on AGE-proteins. We also demonstrate that RAGE can bind to dsDNA and dsRNA. These findings reveal versatile structural features of RAGE that help explain its ability to recognize of multiple ligands.
Size Effect on Chemical Tuning of Spin−Lattice Relaxation Dynamics in Superparamagnetic Nanocrystals

The size-dependent chemical tunability of spin−lattice relaxation rate in magnetic nanocrystals has been investigated in size and composition-controlled colloidal superparamagnetic CoxFe3−xO4 nanocrystals employing pump−probe Faraday rotation measurements. With the increase of cobalt content in CoxFe3−xO4 nanocrystals, spin−lattice relaxation rate increased due to the increasing spin−orbit coupling strength regardless of the particle size. However, the range of the chemical tunability of spin−lattice relaxation was narrower in the smaller nanocrystals and the size dependence of spin−lattice relaxation rate became weaker with increasing cobalt content. These observations were explained in terms of weaker chemical tunability of spin−orbit coupling on the surface than in the interior of the nanocrystals using a simple model for spin−lattice relaxation rate that has both surface and interior contributions.
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (propionicacidemia): A cause of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency is now thought to be the primary enzyme defect in the disease previously called “ketotic hyperglycinemia”. In a 10 month old girl with mental retardation and seizures, who never showed clinical attacks of ketoacidosis while eating a usual infant diet, we found hyperglyinuria, modest hyperglycinemia (2.4–2.9 mg%; normal 1.6 ± 0.3 mg%), and an impaired plasma clearance of glycine after an oral load. Studies of glycine catabolism by leukocytes in vitro were normal but a sever defect in propionate oxidation was present. In addition, propionyl-CoA carboxylase activity in extracts of cultured fibroblasts was less than 1% of normal. To investigate propionate metabolism in vivo, oral amino acid loads were given. Isoleucine, a propionyl-CoA precursor, led to vomiting, lethargy, ketonuria, hyperlactatemia, and hyperammonemia within 1 day. Valine, which is metabolized to methylmalonyl-CoA, the product of the deficient enzyme, caused hyperammonemia within 1 day. VAline, which is metabolized to methylmalonyl-CoA, the product of the deficient enzyme, caused hyperammonemia but no symptoms, no ketonuria, and no increase in lactate over a five day period. Plasma glycine remained between 3.1 and 5.1 mg% during the oral isoleucine and valine loads. Thus, propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency need not cause clinical attacks of ketoacidosis and must be considered in any infant with even slightly evelvated plasma and urine glycine concentrations.
Toward a Policy on a Sustainable Transportation System

As the world's population increases and its resources remain constant, there is a need to address the sustainability of transportation systems. A sustainable transportation system is defined as one in which fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, safety, congestion, and social and economic access are of such levels that they can be sustained into the indefinite future without causing great or irreparable harm to future generations of people throughout the world. A wide range of factors influencing the conditions of sustainability is identified. These factors include, for example, market forces, low-price fuel, and vehicle-dependent land use patterns. Opportunities for policy intervention are identifiable through the influence diagrams developed. Participants in the transportation-use decision process and their possible actions and resultant consequences are discussed.
Interfacial energy between carbon nanotubes and polymers measured from nanoscale peel tests in the atomic force microscope

Abstract The future development of polymer composite materials with nanotubes or nanoscale fibers requires the ability to understand and improve the interfacial bonding at the nanotube–polymer matrix interface. In recent work [Strus MC, Zalamea L, Raman A, Pipes RB, Nguyen CV, Stach EA. Peeling force spectroscopy: exposing the adhesive nanomechanics of one-dimensional nanostructures. Nano Lett 2008;8(2):544–50], it has been shown that a new mode in the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), peeling force spectroscopy, can be used to understand the adhesive mechanics of carbon nanotubes peeled from a surface. In the present work, we demonstrate how AFM peeling force spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between elastic and interfacial components during a nanoscale peel test, thus enabling the direct measurement of interfacial energy between an individual nanotube or nanofiber and a given material surface. The proposed method provides a convenient experimental framework to quickly screen different combinations of polymers and functionalized nanotubes for optimal interfacial strength.
Prediction of Effective Stiffness in [τm/90n]s Laminates due to Transverse Cracking

A theoretical model is proposed to evaluate effective stiffness in general symmetric composite laminates due to transverse cracking. In the model, the crack shape is assumed to be a function of crack density. The original contribution of this article is that crack geometries are not constrained to the forms of assumed shape functions. Instead, the natural forms of the crack shape functions are shown to have forms containing hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosines based on elastic analysis. Displacement fields and stress components satisfy the boundary and continuity conditions. The change in stiffness reduction is examined theoretically. Predicted results are compared with experimental data for [θ m /90 n ] s glass/epoxy laminates and [θ m /90 n ] s AS4/epoxy laminates.
The marginal rate of corruption in public programs: Evidence from India

Abstract Optimal fiscal policy depends on the marginal benefits of public spending. In developing countries corrupt officials often embezzle funds, so optimal policy should reflect marginal corruption. We analyze marginal corruption in the context of a statutory wage increase in India's employment guarantee scheme. Strikingly, workers received none of the increase even though initially they were on average overpaid. The data are inconsistent with theories of “voice” in which the threat of complaints limits corruption, but consistent with theories of “exit” in which outside options in the private sector limit how much rent officials can extract.
Small-bowel obstruction associated with Crohn's enterolith.

One of the lesser known clinical manifestations of Crohn’s disease is the formation of small-bowel enteroliths. These concretions precipitate in the setting of small-bowel stasis within the alimentary tract and are associated with a variety of disease states causing strictures or diverticula. In the acute setting, patients typically present with signs of intestinal obstruction due to stone impaction. The case we report involves a 67-year-old female with long-standing Crohn’s disease who presented with a 6-day history of worsening abdominal pain. Plain abdominal radiographs demonstrated dilated bowel loops consistent with intestinal obstruction. Computed tomography revealed a 2.5-cm calcified density at the transition point in the distal ileum, and two additional stones were present in the proximal ileum. At surgery, multiple ileal strictures were found, and ileocolic resection with primary anastomoses was performed. The accurate diagnosis of enterolithiasis in the setting of Crohn’s disease has significant clinical implications for management and is a harbinger of underlying bowel stenosis.
Theoretical studies of nonenzymatic reaction pathways for the three reaction stages of the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

Alternative reaction pathways of the nonenzymatic carboxylation of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) have been theoretically deduced by carrying out a series of first-principle calculations on two model systems. Several favorable competing reaction pathways have been found. The optimized geometries of the transition states and intermediates and the calculated relative energies are employed to explore the nature of transition-state stabilizing factors. It has been shown that hydrogen bonding plays a key role in the transition state stabilization in the competing reaction pathways for addition of CO2 and H2O. Substituent effects on the calculated energy barriers are also very large for the addition of CO2, but less important for the subsequent reaction stages. Including solvent effects, the energy barriers calculated for the addition of CO2 become significantly lower, while the energy barriers calculated for the addition of H2O and for the C–C bond cleavage step become significantly and slightly higher, respectively.
ELECTRONIC AND SOLVENT RELAXATION DYNAMICS OF A PHOTOEXCITED AQUEOUS HALIDE

The details of the electronic and solvent relaxation dynamics following two-photon excitation of an aqueous halide ion are studied via nonadiabatic quantum molecular dynamics simulation. It is found that the branching ratio at very early times (<50 fs) between two channels, a minor channel involving direct electron detachment to a spatially separated solvent void and a dominant channel characterized by delayed adiabatic detachment following a cascade through excited electronic states of the ion, is determined by the effect of solvent dynamics on the values of the ionic and void electronic energies, as well as the relative small matrix elements for tunneling into void states. Solvent dynamics is also found to be important in controlling the rate of electron transfer which leads to geminate recombination of proximal electron−halogen atom pairs. The sensitivity of this recombination rate to the relative energy levels of the unoccupied valence electron hole on the solvated halogen and that of the hydrated ele...