cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic renal failure and hemodialysis on plasma glomerulopressin.

UNLABELLED Glomerulopressin (GP) is a small molecular weight hepatic hormone which increases glomerular capillary pressure and enhances glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in experimental animals. Protein ingestion, glucagon secretion and volume expansion raise plasma GP activity. Effects of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and hemodialysis (HD) on GP activity are unknown. We measured plasma levels and HD clearance of GP in eight ESRD patients and four normals. Predialysis plasma GP in the ESRD group was significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). Plasma GP activity was significantly lowered by HD (p < 0.01). GP activity of hemofiltrate averaged 38.1% of that in the predialysis plasma. Single passage through the dialyzer resulted in a significant fall in plasma GP activity (p < 0.001). Dialyzer clearance of GP was 143.8 +/- 73.4 ml/min, representing 75.4% of that of urea. CONCLUSIONS a) plasma GP activity is elevated in ESRD, due probably to increased production (volume expansion) and reduced renal elimination, b) GP is readily removed by HD and c) the fall in plasma GP postdialysis is due to removal by dialysis and possibly reduced hepatic release with the correction of hypervolemia.
PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LEARNING IN PRESCHOOL YEARS

The individuals continue to live with the achieved skills and behaviors. The inefficiencies in these skills affect the acquisition of new skills, learning and quality of life. Social-emotional learning skills are the skills that are necessary in various areas from social life to academic life. Social-emotional learning skills can be improved through teaching of the desirable behavioral patterns, and also through the prevention of undesirable behavioral patterns. In this study, available prevention programs for the development of social-emotional learning in preschool years were examined. The five prevention programs titled as Al’s Pals: Kids Making Healthy Choices, DARE to be You, High/Scope Perry Preschool Program, Second Step, and Zippy’s Friends were handled. The aims, contents, and effects of these programs were reviewed. The results of the review showed that Al’s Pals is a resiliency-based prevention program to risk factors such as violence and poverty, DARE to be You is a resiliency-based intervention program to later substance abuse while High/Scope Perry Preschool Program is an intervention program to abstain from school failure and other related problems. It was also revealed that Second Step is a violence-prevention program, and Zippy’s Friends is a suicide prevention program. It was found that all of these programs are valid and effective in improving behaviors that negatively affect social-emotional learning of preschool children. It is clear that these programs can be used by proficient teachers and educators to support children’s social-emotional learning skills as well as main objectives of the programs regarding prevention. Article visualizations:
Uranium adsorption behaviour of amidoximated fibers under coastal ocean conditions

Abstract Uranium is a naturally occurring trace element in seawater. Research has been on-going to develop selective adsorbents to bind uranium in seawater to harvest this element from the ocean as a sustainable source for nuclear power generation. This study tested amidoxime-based polymer AI8, currently one of the most promising adsorbents, in a variety of coastal ocean conditions. Also tested was the extraction of uranium from fibers with 3M KHCO3 and their subsequent adsorption capacity upon reuse. Overall, fibers were negatively affected by biofouling, where adsorption was reduced by up to 70% for fouled fibers; higher than laboratory predictions. Increasing temperature correlates positively with uranium adsorption as long as biofouling is not beyond 115% weight increase. Fiber reuse did not prove effective as it was found that total harvested uranium was analogous for single-use 56-day deployment fibers and for those used multiple times over 84 days, with KHCO3 extraction between uses. Reuse of the fibers is therefore not recommended and revised extraction methods are needed for reuse to become cost-effective.
Comparison of 3.5 cm and transcorporal cuffs in high-risk artificial urinary sphincter populations.

Background: The transcorporal (TC) artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) has traditionally been utilized in high-risk patients with urethral atrophy or prior urethral erosion. The 3.5 cm AUS cuff has been developed for use in a similar population. We compared the outcomes of TC AUS and 3.5 cm cuff patients to assess whether the TC approach was protective against urethral complications. Methods: We performed a retrospective review for all men who underwent TC AUS and 3.5 cm AUS implantation by a single surgeon from 2007 to 2018 at a tertiary medical center. Demographic and outcomes data were collected and analyzed after database review to evaluate for rates of urethral erosion. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify co-morbid factors associated with urethral erosion. Results: In our database of 625 AUS patients, we identified 59 (9%) men with TC AUS and 168 (27%) having a 3.5 cm cuff. Over a median follow-up time of 49 months, 28 (47%) men with TC cuffs developed urethral erosion compared with 25 (15%) men with a 3.5 cm cuff. On univariate analysis, a TC cuff was associated with increased odds of erosion (OR 6.65, 95% CI: 3.20–14.4, P Conclusions: With longer follow up, TC AUS may not be as protective against urethral complications as previously described.
Vasotocin and the origins of the vasopressin/oxytocin receptor gene family

We previously characterized the arginine vasotocin receptor sequences in the jawless vertebrate sea lamprey. These gene and protein sequences provide clues to the origins of the various arginine vasopressin and oxytocin receptor family members in jawed vertebrates. However, orthological relationships between the jawless and jawed receptors is unclear. The current work is a closer examination and comparison between these G protein-coupled receptor sequences of the lamprey, the early jawed vertebrate elephant shark, and the boned fish and tetrapods. Our objective was to gain more insight into the differentiation of key signaling domains, which may then aid in discerning the pattern and timing of whole genome duplication early in the vertebrate lineage. The lamprey receptors remain less differentiated than shark receptors, due in part to the single vasotocin ligand in the lamprey and the selection pressure of a second ligand, oxytocin, in the shark. However, variation in G proteins utilized among the V1A, V1B and oxytocin receptor types has also contributed to differentiation, as well as leading to a change in second-messenger signaling pathway in the V2-type receptors. Conservation of gene regulatory elements may provide additional evidence of receptor gene orthology. These molecular evolution studies can ultimately be informative in applications such as drug discovery and environmental toxicology to determine cross-species sensitivity to chemicals.
Surgical Management of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Surgical management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETS) is steadily evolving and is influenced by multiple factors. Sporadic PNETs are generally managed more aggressively than those occurring in the background of hereditary syndromes, and functioning PNETs are almost always resected if they are not metastatic. Localized nonfunctioning PNETs less than 2 cm can often be observed. Surgical resection for localized PNET greater than 2 cm comprises parenchymal sparing pancreas resections, such as enucleations, or formal anatomic resection, such as distal pancreatectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy. PNETs commonly metastasize to the liver, and several systemic and liver-directed options to treat hepatic metastases are available.
AppConnect NW: A Collaborative Network of Seven Community and Technical College Programs in Software Development

AppConnect NW is a network of seven community and technical colleges in the Puget Sound region offering applied baccalaureate degrees in software and application development. As the need for qualified developers continues to increase, the AppConnect NW colleges are preparing the next generation of the workforce with the most in-demand skills, technologies, and hands-on project experience. The network is engaging with the Washington Technology Industry Association, regional employers, local high schools, and graduate schools to increase the awareness of applied bachelor's degree pathways and support the local talent pipeline. Faculty collaborate across colleges on industry-driven curriculum that prepares students for careers in technology. The purpose of this lightning talk is to share some of the initial results of the project (year two, out of a four-year project) and to share opportunities for further work in developing similar regional collaboration networks.
Template for teaching and assessment of problem solving in introductory physics

Introductory physics students experience difficulties when solving problems: selecting and adapting predictive frameworks to fit the problem at hand and deciding upon a detailed solution plan.
Hope attenuates the negative impact of general psychological distress on goal progress

OBJECTIVE Symptoms of general psychological distress disrupt goal pursuit; however, not everyone is equally impacted by distress when pursuing goals. We tested whether hope, self-efficacy, and/or grit buffered the impact of symptoms of general psychological distress on longitudinal goal progress. METHOD Undergraduate students reported on these constructs and, 2 months later, their progress toward five personal goals (N = 117). RESULTS Although greater levels of baseline psychological distress predicted less goal progress, the impact of psychological distress on goal progress was moderated by hope, β = .20, SE = 0.07, p < .01. More specifically, at higher hope, participants reported similar goal progress regardless of baseline distress symptoms, while at lower hope, baseline distress was negatively associated with goal progress. CONCLUSION Hope may function as a buffer against the association between general psychological distress and impaired goal progress.
Coronavirus Liability: Lessons from the H1N1, Ebola and Zika Crises

As courts throughout the country decide coronavirus-related liability issues, judges can look to claims that arose out of three recent health crises: the H1N1 pandemic, the Ebola crisis, and the Zika crisis. This Article makes a novel contribution to this emerging legal literature on the coronavirus pandemic by analyzing the cases that rose out of these crises and how these past decisions may apply to fact patterns that arise out of the current coronavirus pandemic.
Teams vs. Crowds: A Field Test of the Relative Contribution of Incentives, Member Ability, and Emergent Collaboration to Crowd-Based Problem Solving Performance

Organizations are increasingly turning to crowdsourcing to solve difficult problems. This is often driven by the desire to find the best subject matter experts, strongly incentivize them, and engage them with as little coordination cost as possible. A growing number of authors, however, are calling for increased collaboration in crowdsourcing settings, hoping to draw upon the advantages of teamwork observed in traditional settings. The question is how to effectively incorporate team-based collaboration in a setting that has traditionally been individual-based. We report on a large-field experiment of team collaboration on an online platform, in which incentives and team membership were randomly assigned, to evaluate the influence of exogenous inputs (member skills and incentives) and emergent collaboration processes on performance of crowd-based teams. Building on advances in machine learning and complex systems theory, we leverage new measurement techniques to examine the content and timing of team colla...
Convergence of anti-bee pollination mechanisms in the Neotropical plant genus Drymonia (Gesneriaceae)

The neotropical plant genus Drymonia displays a remarkable variety of floral shapes and colors. One feature that is particularly important to coevolution with pollinators involves the variable shapes and widths of corolla tubes. To evaluate the evolutionary context for changes in corolla shape, we constructed a phylogeny of 50 of the 75 species of Drymonia using molecular markers from plastid (trnK-matK) and nuclear regions (ITS and ETS). Mapping tube shapes on the phylogeny supports open, bell-shaped (campanulate) corolla shape as the ancestral character state for Drymonia, with multiple independent origins of constriction in the corolla tube. Corollas with constrictions take one of three tube shapes: a constricted flower opening and throat with a large, expanded pouch on the lower surface (hypocyrtoid); a constricted flower opening and throat lacking an expanded pouch on the lower surface (urceolate); or a constricted opening and throat where the sides of the corolla appear laterally compressed. Fieldwork demonstrates euglossine bees (mostly Euglossa spp. and Epicharis spp.) visit campanulate corollas while hummingbirds visit corollas that are constricted. Results support eight independent origins of constricted corolla tubes from ancestors with campanulate corolla tubes: 3 hypocyrtoid clades, 3 laterally compressed clades, and 3 urceolate clades (one of which represents a shift from a hypocyrtoid ancestor). Constricted corollas are associated with shifts from the ancestral condition of poricidal anther dehiscence, which presents pollen to pollinators in multiple small doses, to the derived condition of longitudinal anther dehiscence, which presents all pollen to pollinators simultaneously. The association of hummingbird pollination with constricted corolla tubes suggests that narrowing evolved as a barrier mechanism that prohibits the visitation of flowers by bees.
Health effects - effects of cell-phone radiation on lymphoma-prone mice

Discusses the incidence of lymphomas in mice following long-term exposure to pulse-modulated microwave fields similar to those used in digital cellular mobile telephones. The mice are predisposed to developing lymphomas spontaneously.
On the Value of Public Predecision Information in Principal-Agent Models

We examine the principal's preference for a public predecision information system that produces a signal about a parameter of the firm's production function. We show that the discreteness of action space plays a crucial role in establishing the principal's preference for suppressing the release of public information. Without this discreteness, the principal strictly prefers to install the information system provided that the second best action policy is always interior. We use a numerical example to demonstrate that the negative result can obtain even with continuous action choice so long as the action choice is not interior for at least one of the information signals.
Predicting Law School Academic Performance from LSAT Scores and Undergraduate Grade Point Averages: A Comprehensive Study

The study reported in this article is partially intended to identify the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) predictive value for overall law school academic performance compared with first-year law school academic performance. The study also identifies and compares undergraduate grade-point average (GPA) predictive value in both settings. Finally, the study identifies and compares, in both settings, the predictive value of the GPA/LSAT combination used at the author's own law school, a combination usually referred to by the Law School Admission Council as the "index," and which is customized to each law school's admission patterns.Based on an analysis of twenty-seven years of admissions and academic records from Brigham Young University's J. Reuben Clark Law School (covering graduating classes 1976-2002), the author documents the following three conclusions:1. The predictive power of the LSAT score, undergraduate GPA and a combination of those two measures in an "index" is about the same, both for first-year and for overall academic performance.2. Although the differences may be small or statistically insignificant, the LSAT score is a better predictor than GPA of first-year law school performance, and GPA is a better predictor of overall law school performance. An index with a combination of LSAT score and GPA is substantially better than either LSAT score or GPA alone in predicting both first-year and overall law school performance.3. The predictive power of any of these measures is not strong, and only the most general patterns may be discerned. Entering law students should not feel that their future academic success is either unduly limited or assured by the quality of their academic credentials.Section II of this article describes the informational resources available for carrying out this study. Section III describes the methodology used, and Section IV displays the data generated by that methodology. In Section V the author analyzes the data for what they reveal about the power of LSAT and GPA credentials to predict law school academic performance, and Section VI contains a conclusion and summary.
Strong promoting effect of H2O on coal liquefaction using water-soluble and oil-soluble Mo catalyst precursors

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the unusual and strong promoting effect of water on low-severity catalytic liquefaction of Wyodak sub-bituminous coal. The primary drying effect on coal conversion at 350°C is due to water removal rather than physicochemical changes within coal structure caused by drying. Prompted by this observation, the effect of water on catalytic run finds that water can have strong promoting effect on catalytic coal liquefaction with a dispersed molybdenum (Mo) sulfide catalyst at 350°C. The chapter examines the water effect using dispersed Mo catalysts generated in situ from water-soluble precursor, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM), and an oil-soluble precursor. It describes new opportunities for developing low-severity catalytic processes for coal liquefaction that uses dispersed Mo sulfide catalysts from either water-soluble or oil-soluble precursor; adding a proper amount of water dramatically improve coal conversion at temperatures lower than the conventional processes.
MEASURING PRODUCTIVITY OF AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE IN IRAN: A DIFFERENT APPROACH

Two models are commonly made use to explain the behavior of insurance industries, namely: risk-pooling and the risk-absorbing models. Neither of the two models provides an acceptable definition of insurance output in the economies experiencing high inflation rate. To address the deficiencies of the present models, an alternative was proposed in the current study as based on the theory of index number. To verify the reliability of the suggested model, all the three models were tested using times series data from Agricultural Insurance Fund in Iran. The first two models failed to provide a meaningful indication of growth of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in insurance Fund over the period of study while, results of the productivity estimation in the context of the proposed model show more consistence with reality and demonstrate an acceptable trend. Thus, the proposed model seems to have the merit of being considered as an alternative one in evaluating the productivity improvement in Agricultural Insurance Fund in Iran and as well in other developing countries experiencing high inflation rate.
Mammalian phospholipase D – properties and regulation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties and regulation of mammalian phospholipase D. Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids to phosphatidic acid (PA) and the free head group. In mammalian cells, the substrate is almost exclusively phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the head group released is choline. Since choline levels in most mammalian cells are high, the signaling molecule produced by PLD is generally considered to be PA. PLD, widely distributed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is present in all mammalian tissues and almost all cell lines. In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bond of PC to release PA, PLD carries out the transphosphatidylation reaction. This is unique for this phospholipase and involves the transfer of the phosphatidyl moiety of PC to primary alcohols such as ethanol and 1-butanol. This reaction provides a specific assay for PLD and also a means for exploring the functions of PLD, because in the presence of high concentrations of primary alcohols, the production of PA is decreased. Further, the chapter describes regulation of PLD1 and PLD2.
Orthogonal subdivisions with low stabbing numbers

It is shown that for any orthogonal subdivision of size n in a d-dimensional Euclidean space, d ∈ℕ, d ≥ 2, there is an axis-parallel line that stabs at least Ω(log1/(d−1)n) boxes. For any integer k, 1≤ k<d, there is also an axis-aligned k-flat that stabs at least Ω(log$^{\rm 1/ \lfloor (d-1)/k \rfloor }$n) boxes of the subdivision. These bounds cannot be improved.
A Strategy for Incorporating Social Intelligence in the Design of Virtual Environments

Publisher Summary With increased speed and reliability of computer networks, new communication tools have emerged that allow human actors to enter virtual spaces to interact with one another and digitally rendered and programmed others. In the realm of worklife, virtual environments are emerging as a popular training tool. The question of the conditions under which interaction in a virtual environment approximates interaction in a face-to-face setting represents an issue that is becoming increasingly important across both work and leisure domains of social life. This chapter examines factors that affect the behavior of human actors in virtual environments. It addresses the question among researchers and users of virtual reality technologies and integrates elements of social psychological theories: affect control theory and identity theory with insights from a social risk framework to develop a theoretical framework that addresses this question. A critical element in this framework is the roles that affect plays in triggering socially appropriate responses in virtual actors. This framework provides a foundation for incorporating social intelligence in the design of virtual environments.
Successful Prevention Programs for Children and Adolescents

Basic Concepts in Prevention. Prevention of Behavioral and Social Problems. Prevention of Learning Problems. Drug Prevention. Programs to Improve Physical Health. Injury Prevention. Child Maltreatment. Is Prevention Cost-Effective/ Importance of Policy. Current Status and Future Directions. Appendix A: Characteristics of Effective Skill Training Programs. Appendix B: Helpful Resources on Prevention. Indexes.
Limits- some are more fundamental than others

The continued progress in miniaturization of semiconductor devices is pushing device dimensions to 0.1 /spl mu/m and beyond. Potential limits to device miniaturization are considered. It is concluded that for the 16 Gb DRAM technology level, limits are more practical than fundamental, and that even if technology progress were to slow dramatically or stop, system performance improvement could continue through improved design tools, circuit and chip design and system configurations.
Developing Business Education Infrastructure in Eastern Europe: Albanian Experience

Abstract Because of its unique characteristics, Albania is faced with severe challenges. Business education is no exception. The baggage of its tragic past, under a ruthless communist dictatorship, especially the isolation of its people from free thought for almost 50 years, still lingers in people's thinking and behaviors. Generally, the Albanian schools system is well developed and there is a tradition of sound education. However, Albanian institutions of higher education are ill prepared to provide modern business education to the future leaders. The University of Nebraska—Lincoln (UNL), under the leadership of the first author, has helped modernize business education infrastructure in Albania through multiyear funding from the United States Agency for International Development and Soros Foundation. This article reports several important initiatives for business education launched by UNL: (1) the first ever MBA and MPA (Master of Public Administration) programs in Albania at the University of Tirana; (...
Early experience, relative plasticity, and cognitive development

Abstract This paper examines the roles of early experience and relative plasticity in the cognitive development of animals and humans. It is concluded that: (a) long-term effects of early experience variables can be found in the animal and human literature; (b) there are age differences in the relative susceptibility to environmental influences during development; (c) despite qualitative differences in the mechanisms underlying the dependent variables studied in the early experience literature, there are generally applicable principles involving the intensity of environmental stimulation and the buffering ability of the organism which are crucial in affecting the outcome of organism-environment interactions; (d) a variety of models is required to adequately describe the mediation of environmental effects in the early experience literature.
Mechano-transduction mediated secretion and uptake of galectin-3 in breast carcinoma cells: Implications in the extracellular functions of the lectin

In the following experiments, we sought to understand the triggering mechanism which propels galectin-3 to be secreted into the extracellular compartment from its intracellular stores in breast carcinoma cells. We also wanted to analyze in greater details the role of galectin-3 in cellular adhesion and spreading. To do this, we made use of two pairs of breast carcinoma cell lines where one of the pair has high expression of galectin-3 and the other low expression of the lectin. We determined that galectin-3 secreted into the conditioned medium of sub-confluent and spread cells in culture was quite low, almost negligible. However, once the cells were detached and rounded up, a mechano-sensing mechanism triggered the rapid secretion of galectin-3 into the conditioned medium. The secretion was constitutive as long as the cells remained detached. Galectin-3 was shown to be actively taken up from the conditioned medium by spreading cells. The cells which express and secrete high levels of galectin-3 adhered and spread much faster on plastic than those with reduced expression. The uptake of galectin-3 according to our data was important in cell spreading because if this process was compromised significantly, cells failed to spread. The data suggested that galectin-3 uptake modulates the adhesion plaques in that cells which express high levels of galectin-3 have thin-dot like plaques that may be suited for rapid adhesion and spreading while cells in which galectin-3 expression is reduced or knocked-down, have thick and elongated plaques which may be suited for a firmer adhesion to the substratum. Recombinant galectin-3 added exogenously reduced the thickness of the adhesion plaques of tumor cells with reduced galectin-3 expression. Taken together, the present data suggest that galectin-3 once externalized, is a powerful modulator of cellular adhesion and spreading in breast carcinoma cells.
Transistorized communications receiver

The purpose of this project was to use silicon transistors in place of vacuum tubes in all sections following the mixer stage of a military type communication receiver. The hybrid receiver built, while keeping the desirable characteristics of the vacuum tube receiver also provided for an increase of audio power and a reduction of battery power drain.
Supervised Rank Aggregation for Predicting Influencers in Twitter

Much work in Social Network Analysis has focused on the identification of the most important actors in a social network. This has resulted in several measures of influence and authority. While most of such sociometrics (e.g., Page Rank) are driven by intuitions based on an actors location in a network, asking for the "most influential" actors in itself is an ill-posed question, unless it is put in context with a specific measurable task. Constructing a predictive task of interest in a given domain provides a mechanism to quantitatively compare different measures of influence. Furthermore, when we know what type of actionable insight to gather, we need not rely on a single network centrality measure. A combination of measures is more likely to capture various aspects of the social network that are predictive and beneficial for the task. Towards this end, we propose an approach to supervised rank aggregation, driven by techniques from Social Choice Theory. We illustrate the effectiveness of this method through experiments on a data set of 40 million Twitter users.
On the use of Pade approximants to represent unsteady aerodynamic loads for arbitrarily small motions of wings

The general behavior of unsteady airloads in the frequency domain is explained. Based on this, a systematic procedure is described whereby the airloads, produced by completely arbitrary, small, time-dependent motions of a thin lifting surface in an airstream, can be predicted. This scheme employs as raw materials any of the unsteady linearized theories that have been mechanized for simple harmonic oscillations. Each desired aerodynamic transfer function is approximated by means of an appropriate Pade approximant, that is, a rational function of finite degree polynomials in the Laplace transform variable. Although these approximations have many uses, they are proving especially valuable in the design of automatic control systems intended to modify aeroelastic behavior.
De novo synthesis of uracil nucleotides in mouse liver and intestine studied using [15N]alanine

The amount of newly synthesized uracil nucleotides in mouse liver and intestine was determined by analysis of 15N incorporation into the uracil nucleotide pool of these tissues after intraperitoneal infusion of 15N-labelled amino acids. The appearance of newly synthesized uracil nucleotides was linear with time, and essentially independent of the rate of infusion of l-[15N]alanine. Varying the amino acid used in the infusion could affect the enrichment in the uracil ring nitrogens, but had no significant effect on the calculated amount of de novo synthesis. These results demonstrate the utility of this method in measuring de novo uracil nucleotide synthesis in mouse liver and intestine in vivo. The method should be a valuable tool in the effort to understand the regulation and pharmacological manipulation of de novo uracil nucleotide synthesis.
The Optimal Rate of Inflation When Capital is Taxed

Abstract A simple ‘AK’ model of growth is developed in which consumers hold money to reduce transaction costs associated with their purchases of both consumption and investment goods. The government is constrained to choosing between an income tax and inflation as means of financing its expenditure. As a result, there is no presumption in favor of Friedman’s (1969) rule. Numerical simulations are conducted and generally find a low to moderate welfare maximizing rate of inflation.
Extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma of the chest.

Summary Two primary intrathoracic osteogenic sarcomas that simulated a mesothelioma are presented. The tumours arose either from pleura or from non-osseous chest-wall structures. The possibility of osteoblastic transformation of the mesothelial cell is discussed.
The Relative Mobility of Vehicles Improves the Performance of Information Flow in Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are receiving significant attention due to their potential to provide a wide range of benefits. One key distinguishing feature of VANET from other ad hoc networks is their relative vehicular mobility. Therefore, to fully understand the significant benefits of these systems, it is necessary to understand the interaction between traffic flow characteristics and information propagation in VANET. This research presents an analytical model to characterize information flow in VANET incorporating macroscopic traffic characteristics, such as traffic density, relative speed between adjacent lanes, and driver composition. The information flow in VANET is characterized using an information flow network (IFN). The analytical expressions for the expected degree of the individual nodes as well as the reachability of an IFN are provided. Moreover, a state of the art simulation model is developed to validate the analytical results. The proposed analytical results not only provide us significant insights to evaluate the performance of information propagation in VANET, but also provide theoretical basis for the design of algorithms for the efficient routing of information based on average end-to-end performance.
An ecological analysis of a preschool mastery climate physical education programme

Background: Previous studies of mastery motivational climates within physical education have reported that providing students with opportunities to become self-directed leads to a number of positive outcomes, including skill attainment and increased perceptions of ability. Nonetheless, within all of these studies, there has been no account of the teaching/learning process or the behaviour of the students and teachers within the various interventions.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a micro-analysis of life in a mastery climate which was grounded in the classroom ecology paradigm.Participants and setting: The participants in this study were 13 children (11 boys and 2 girls) all aged 4 years at the commencement of the programme. The children were attendees at a day-care centre that serves mostly African-American children from the local community who are environmentally at risk for developmental delay and poor health. The teacher in this study was a faculty member at the university where the...
The Role of Dispersion in Particle Deposition in Human Airways

Aerosol dispersion and deposition are processes that occur concurrently in human airways. However, dispersion has not been properly accounted for in most deposition models. In this paper we have incorporated the latest understanding of dispersion into a dosimetry model and study the influence of dispersion on particle deposition in the lung. We show that dispersion influences the total deposition of inhaled particles and in particular increases the pulmonary deposition of fine mode particles. We also discuss how dispersion can help elucidate a number of clinical and epidemiologic results associated with particle deposition in the lung.
Immunofractionation of chromatin regions associated with histone H1o.

Two monoclonal antibodies, which were elicited against histone H5, bind to purified rat liver chromatin and to rat liver H1° but not to rat liver H1. The monoclonal antibodies were immobilized on CNBr-Sepharose and the resulting immunoaffinity column was used to fractionate rat liver oligonucleosomes. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting experiments indicate that the nucleosomes bound to the column were tenfold enriched in their content of H1°. Oligonucleosomes, prepared from the livers of either untreated or 3-methylcholanthrene-treated adult rats, were fractionated on the anti-H1° affinity column. The DNA purified from the unfractionated nucleosomes, from the unbound nucleosomes and from the nucleosomes which were bound to the column was examined with various 32P-labeled probes. A slight enrichment in H1° was detected in the coding region of the rat albumin gene. In contrast DNA which was bound to the column was significantly depleted in sequences hybridizing with total cellular RNA (which contains mostly ribosomal RNA) and with sequences hybridizing to the 3′-terminal region of a cytochrome P-450 gene, which is inducible by the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene, regardless of whether isolated from control or from carcinogentreated rat livers. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that chromatin can be efficiently immunofractionated. The results suggest that the H1° content of chromatin regions containing genes which are constitutively transcribed is not necessarily different from that of regions containing non-transcribed genes and that highly inducible genes may be segregated into chromatin regions which are depleted of H1°.
Do etiological influences on aggression overlap with those on rule breaking? A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Although aggressive (AGG) and non-aggressive rule-breaking (RB) dimensions of antisocial behavior have been shown to be differentially heritable, available studies have disagreed on the extent to which the genetic and environmental factors influencing AGG also influence RB. The current meta-analysis sought to clarify the extent of etiological overlap between AGG and RB. Method Thirteen twin/sibling studies examining the covariation between AGG and RB were collected, of which 11 (with 12 independent samples) were ultimately included in the analyses (n=12923 twin/sibling pairs). Genetic and environmental correlations between AGG and RB served as study effect sizes. When squared, these correlations directly index the proportion of genetic and environmental overlap. Data were analyzed using mixed effect models. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that genetic influences on AGG were largely, but not entirely, distinct from those on RB: only 38.4% of the genetic influences on AGG overlapped with those on RB. Similarly, only 10.2% of the non-shared environmental influences on AGG overlapped with those on RB. Although the conclusion that etiological influences on AGG are partially distinct from those on RB persisted across several potential moderators, the age of the sample and the informant used were found to moderate the extent of overlap. CONCLUSIONS: The findings underscore the presence of meaningful etiological distinctions between AGG and RB, and imply that future conceptualizations of antisocial behavior should be organized (at least in part) around the dimensions of AGG and RB. Language: en
A Procedure to Determine Equilibrium Postural Configurations for Arbitrary Locations of the Feet

This research was directed toward predicting postural equilibrium configurations in normal humans for asymmetric locations of the feet. The objective of the study was to identify trends in the variation of the location of ground center of pressure (COP) with increasing levels of asymmetry in the foot placement. The procedure developed here minimized the muscular effort (active torques) in the lower extremities while maximizing postural stability margins for given foot locations. Minimizing muscular effort led to fully extended knees, and maximal stability margin led to the COP moving toward the rear foot in asymmetric stance. A combined analytical-numerical optimization scheme was used to avoid singularities that can arise due to the fact that at equilibrium postural configurations, the torso lies at or near the workspace boundary of the lower extremities. Experiments were conducted and the results obtained were in keeping with the model predictions. This basic understanding of asymmetric stance is important for studying asymmetric postural mechanics in the presence of external disturbances, and for extending the results from normal subjects to humans at both ends of the life span.
Behavioral and neurobiological alterations induced by the immunotoxin 192-IgG-saporin: cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects following i.c.v. injection.

192-IgG-Saporin is an anti-neuronal immunotoxin that combines the 192 monoclonal antibody to the p75 neurotrophin receptor found on terminals and cell bodies of neurons in the cholinergic basal forebrain with the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin. Bilateral intraventricular injection of the 192-saporin produced a variety of dose-related behavioral, neurochemical, and histological alterations in adult male rats. While both the 2 micrograms and 4 micrograms dose produced comparable cholinergic hypofunction only the high dose produced behavioral changes. Behavioral deficits induced by the 4 micrograms dose of 192-saporin induced alterations in rotorod performance and reactivity on the hot-plate which recovered over 8 weeks. In addition, the 4 micrograms dose produced a persistent impairment in the acquisition and performance of standard Morris water maze task as well as a cued version of the task. The neurobiological alterations induced by 192-saporin involved both cholinergic and non-cholinergic systems. Both doses of 192-saporin produced a 60-80% decrease in high affinity choline transport in the hippocampus and cortex without altering this parameter in the striatum. In addition, there was a significant dose-related decrease of norepinephrine in the hippocampus in the high dose group. 192-saporin did not alter the content of dopamine, serotonin, or their metabolites in any region examined. 192-saporin also produced a loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. This cell type also expresses the p75 receptor and appears to be a target for intraventricular 192-saporin. This complex interplay of factors makes the i.c.v. model of 192-saporin very problematic for studying the functional properties of the cholinergic basal forebrain. However, recent data suggest that injection of 192-saporin directly into components of the cholinergic basal forebrain can be used to further elaborate the function of this brain system and to model disorders of cholinergic hypofunction such as Alzheimer's disease.
Conversion of borehole Stoneley waves to channel waves in coal

Evidence for the mode conversion of borehole Stoneley waves to stratigraphically guided channel waves was discovered in data from a crosswell acoustic experiment conducted between wells penetrating thin coal strata located near Rifle, Colorado. Traveltime moveout observations show that borehole Stoneley waves, excited by a transmitter positioned at substantial distances in one well above and below a coal stratum at 2025 m depth, underwent partial conversion to a channel wave propagating away from the well through the coal. In an adjacent well the channel wave was detected at receiver locations within the coal, and borehole Stoneley waves, arising from a second partial conversion of channel waves, were detected at locations above and below the coal. The observed channel wave is inferred to be the third-higher Rayleigh mode based on comparison of the measured group velocity with theoretically derived dispersion curves. The identification of the mode conversion between borehole and stratigraphically guided waves is significant because coal penetrated by multiple wells may be detected without placing an acoustic transmitter or receiver within the waveguide. 13 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Theory of electrohydrodynamic instabilities in electrolytic cells

The paper develops the theory of the hydrodynamic stability of an electrolytic cell as a function of the imposed electric current. A new electrohydrodynamic instability is encountered when the current is forced to exceed the Nernst limit. The convection is driven by the volume force exerted by the electric field on space charges in the electrolyte. This intrinsic instability is found to be easily masked by extrinsic convection sources such as gravity or stirring. A linear stability analysis is performed and a dimensionless number Le is derived whose value determines the convection pattern.
Field equivalence theorems and their circuit analogues

Common misconceptions both in the theory and application of the field equivalence theorems have occurred due to a misunderstanding of the role of “impressed currents” as well as the lack of a sufficiently clear and elementary exposition of the theorems. “Both are discussed here together with terminating currents and circuit analogues.
A prospective randomized controlled trial that compared misoprostol, Foley catheter, and combination misoprostol-Foley catheter for labor induction.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of combination intravaginal misoprostol and intracervical Foley catheter for prelabor cervical ripening. Study design A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted. Women who were undergoing labor induction, with a singleton gestation ≥28 weeks and an unfavorable cervix (Bishop score ≤6), were assigned to one of three groups: (1) intravaginal misoprostol 25 μg every 3 hours, (2) intracervical 16F Foley catheter, or (3) combination misoprostol–Foley catheter. Results Among 146 patients, 49 patients were assigned to misoprostol, 54 patients were assigned to Foley catheter, and 43 patients were assigned to combination therapy. There was no difference in vaginal delivery rates (misoprostol, 63.3%; Foley, 57.4%; combination, 58.1%; P =.81). There were also no statistically significant differences in the interval between induction to active phase, active phase to delivery, or induction to delivery among the three groups. Conclusion Intravaginal misoprostol and intracervical Foley catheter are comparable for preinduction cervical ripening. The combination of the two methods did not provide additional efficacy.
Psychopharmacology and abuse potential of transnasal butorphanol

Abstract The effects of butorphanol administered by a nasal spray (transnasal, TN) and by intramuscular (IM) injection were compared to determine the onset of action, relative potency, profile of effects, and relative abuse liability of TN butorphanol. TN/IM placebo and TN and IM butorphanol (1, 2, and 4 mg) were tested in seven male opioid abusers not currently physically dependent on opioids using a double-blind, double-dummy, Latin square design. Measures of subjective, behavioral and physiological response were assessed. The onset and duration of action of butorphanol administered by the IM and TN routes were similar at low doses, but onset of TN butorphanol 4 mg was slower than that of 4 mg IM. IM butorphanol produced miosis, some opiate-like behavioral and subjective effects, and increasing dysphoric sedation and perceptual effects with increasing dose. TN and IM butorphanol 1 and 2 mg produced effects that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar; however, TN butorphanol 4 mg was less potent than 4 mg IM. Pharmacodynamic evidence suggests that the abuse potential of TN butorphanol is not different from that of IM butor-phanol.
NHERF-1 uniquely transduces the cAMP signals that inhibit sodium-hydrogen exchange in mouse renal apical membranes.

Sodium–hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor isoform-1 (NHERF-1) and NHERF-2 are two structurally related PDZ-domain-containing protein adapters that effectively transduce cyclic AMP (cAMP) signals that inhibit NHE3, the sodium–hydrogen exchanger isoform present at the apical surface of kidney and gut epithelia. The mouse renal proximal tubule expresses both NHERF isoforms, suggesting their redundant functions as regulators of renal electrolyte metabolism. To define the role of NHERF-1 in the physiological control of NHE3, we analyzed NHE3 activity in isolated brush border membrane (BBM) preparations from renal proximal tubules of wild-type (WT) and NHERF-1 (−/−) mice. Basal Na+–H+ exchange was indistinguishable in BBMs from WT and NHERF-1 (−/−) mice (0.96±0.08 and 0.95±0.10 nmol/mg protein/10 s, respectively). Activation of membrane bound cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by cAMP inhibited NHE3 activity in WT BBMs (0.55±0.07 nmol/mg protein/10 s or 40±9%, P<0.01) but had no discernible effect on Na+–H+ exchange in the NHERF-1 (−/−) BBM (0.97±0.07 nmol/mg protein/10 s; P=not significant). This was associated with a significant decrease in cAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of NHE3 immunoprecipitated from solubilized NHERF-1 (−/−) BBMs. As the protein levels for NHE3, NHERF-2, PKA and ezrin were not changed in the NHERF-1 (−/−) BBMs, the data suggest a unique role for NHERF-1 in cAMP-mediated inhibition of NHE3 activity in the renal proximal tubule of the mouse.