cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimality: From Neural Networks to Universal Grammar

Can concepts from the theory of neural computation contribute to formal theories of the mind? Recent research has explored the implications of one principle of neural computation, optimization, for the theory of grammar. Optimization over symbolic linguistic structures provides the core of a new grammatical architecture, optimality theory. The proposition that grammaticality equals optimality sheds light on a wide range of phenomena, from the gulf between production and comprehension in child language, to language learnability, to the fundamental questions of linguistic theory: What is it that the grammars of all languages share, and how may they differ?
Thermochemical Analysis of the Silicon Carbide‐Alumina Reaction with Reference to Liquid‐Phase Sintering of Silicon Carbide

The stabilities of different phases in the Si-Al-C-O system are calculated from thermodynamic considerations with the objective of identifying the liquid phases formed during sintering of SiC in the presence of Al2O3. It is shown that a liquid phase can form at the sintering temperatures by the reaction of SiC with Al2O3. Depending on the carbon activity, the liquid can be either of the following: Al2O3 + Al4C3, SiC + Al4C3, or molten aluminum. The stability of the aluminosilicate melts that can form by the reaction of Al2O3 with the surface silica layer on SiC powders is also evaluated. Several factors that influence liquid-phase sintering, such as the solubility of SiC in the melts and the generation of gases during sintering, are discussed. The results of the thermodynamic analysis are compared with the observed sintering behavior for SiC.
Habitat use by a Midwestern U.S.A. riverine fish assemblage: effects of season, water temperature and river discharge

The hypothesis that temperate stream fishes alter habitat use in response to changing water temperature and stream discharge was evaluated over a 1 year period in the Neosho River, Kansas, U.S.A. at two spatial scales. Winter patterns differed from those of all other seasons, with shallower water used less frequently, and low-flow habitat more frequently, than at other times. Non-random habitat use was more frequent at the point scale (4·5 m 2 ) than at the larger reach scale (20-40 m), although patterns at both scales were similar. Relative to available habitats, assemblages used shallower, swifter-flowing water as temperature increased, and shallower, slower-flowing water as river discharge increased. River discharge had a stronger effect on assemblage habitat use than water temperature. Proportion of juveniles in the assemblage did not have a significant effect. This study suggests that many riverine fishes shift habitats in response to changing environmental conditions, and supports, at the assemblage level, the paradigm of lotic fishes switching from shallower, high-velocity habitats in summer to deeper, low-velocity habitats in winter, and of using shallower, low-velocity habitats during periods of high discharge. Results also indicate that different species within temperate river fish assemblages show similar habitat use patterns at multiple scales in response to environmental gradients, but that non-random use of available habitats is more frequent at small scales.
I Thought I Was the Kid

This essay uses the divergent experiences of the author, a middle-aged woman, at her home in Atlantic Canada and while visiting Florida to discuss how a woman learns to be old through interaction with others. It describes how her experiences in retirement-community laden south Florida, where she was 25 years younger than everyone else, made the better treatment that younger people receive obvious to her in a new way. At the same time she learned that the really old people are ignored in ways that are hard to overlook.
L-MYC allelotype in renal cell carcinoma

The L-MYC restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) revealed by EcoR1 has been suggested to be of prognostic significance in lung, breast, and kidney cancer. The presence of the smaller allele, in either the homozygotic (S-S) or heterozygotic form (L-S), is felt to convey a worse prognosis than the homozygotic form for the larger allele (L-L). The significance of this relationship in lung cancer has been questioned recently. The objective of the present study was to test the prognostic significance of the L-MYC allelotype in a group of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. Tumor and normal tissue were obtained from 59 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for RCC between 1986 and 1990. EcoR1 restriction digests were performed on isolated DNA and hybridized with the L-MYC probe. Allelotypes were correlated with pathologic parameters and clinical outcome using the chi 2 test. The L-MYC alleolotype (L-L versus L-S and S-S) did not correlate with any pathologic parameter or likelihood of disease recurrence and does not offer any clinical utility in patients with RCC.
Determinants of cell shape and orientation: A comparative Golgi analysis of cell‐axon interrelationships in the developing neocortex of normal and reeler mice

Patterns of dendritic development in the neocortex of normal and reeler E15-17 mouse embryos are studied in Golgi impregnations. Interactions between dendrites and axon-rich strata appear to be critical determinants of dendritic morphology in both genotypes. Firstly, axon-dendrite proximity appears to stimulate dendritic sprouting, elongation and branching. Secondly, the position of the axon-rich strata with respect to the differentiating cell appears to determine the direction of dendritic growth and thereby the ultimate configuration of the dendritic arbor. With regard to specific cell configurations, a multipolar form is generated when the cell is embedded in an axon-rich zone. A monopolar or bipolar configuration is achieved when the cell lies in the axon-poor cortical plate and addresses and axon-rich stratum with one or both radially extended migratory processes. Such variations in the configuration of neurons with polar dendritic systems may be observed uniquely in the mutant cortex because axon-rich zones are stratified anomalously at multiple levels in the cortical plate. As a consequence, polar dendritic systems develop from either the superior, the inferior or both somatic poles of postmigratory cells. Pyramidal cells may, therefore, develop a normal upright or an abnormal "upside-down" disposition. Regardless of the orientation of the polar dendritic system, the axon emerges from the inferior aspect of the cell suggesting that there has been no rotation of the original migratory axis of the cell.
Reproductive success and survivorship of the Galapagos Hawk Buteo galapagoensis: potential costs and benefits of cooperative polyandry

The Galapagos Hawk Buteo galapagoensis is one of few species showing cooperative polyandry. As many as four males may mate with one female and share a territory and nest, Such groups, on average, produce more young than monogamous pairs, but on a per male basis (assuming that each male of a group has an equal chance to fertilize each young) polyandrous males produce fewer young per year than monogamous males. Territorial breeding birds show higher yearly survivorship (90%) than non-territorial, non-breeding birds (50% or less). All territorial birds seem to remain on their territories for life, and monogamous pairs actually constitute the remnants of polyandrous groups. Some potential factors producing such an unusual system are discussed. Limited breeding space and high mortality among non-territorial birds seem to work in favour of group breeding in this and other cooperative species. Polyandry may be favoured because of the reduced value of extra females in hawk breeding behaviour. Equal-status males may occur because of the lack of kinship among cooperating males and the high potential genetic cost of being a helper in a long-lived, low fecundity species. Other possible factors favouring group breeding are territory acquisition and the variable nature of the Galapagos climate.
HD and D2 layers physisorbed on MgO studied by NMR

The D NMR spectra of HD and ortho D 2 are sensitive to the crystal fields from the MgO surface sites. At fractional coverages 0.6<x<0.9, beyond the limit of island growth, rapid motion among inequivalent sites occurs, even at 4.2 K. For 1<x<2, broad and narrow lines arise from the first and second layers, respectively. Isotopic bilayer mixtures show nearly complete separation, with the more massive specie in the first layer
Effect of danazol and ovariectomy on matrix metalloproteinases in rat uteri.

The experiments described in this report were designed to study the effects of danazol on matrix metalloproteinases in the rat uterus. Proteinases were analyzed by zymography in gels copolymerized with either gelatin or transferrin. There were no apparent effects of danazol on proteinases from rat uteri when analyzed in gelatin gels. However, in transferrin gels, not only did more bands appear in control samples but also there was a clear negative effect of danazol on the production of these proteinases. Similar results were obtained from uteri of ovariectomized rats. Again no differences were observed in gelatin gels but the control bands which appeared only on transferrin gels were missing in transferrin gels as a result of ovariectomy. These results indicate that there is an effect of estrogen on the synthesis of specific matrix metalloproteinases in the rat uterus and that these proteinases are only observed by zymography when gels are developed in transferrin but not collagen.
Creep and fatigue interaction in polycrystalline copper cycled under compressive mean stresses

Abstract In extension of previous work, in which cyclic creep fracture mechanisms were explored in fatigue with small tensile mean stresses, the same type of study has been conducted using small compressive mean stresses (−1≥R≥ −1.14). It was speculated that such mean stress might suppress observation of the two-stage Coffin-Manson plot. However, the two-stage plot persisted and the modes of failure were identified with the different stages—high cycle specimens fail by regular fatigue mechanisms; low cycle specimens fail by buckling. The transition between failure modes corresponds to a creep rate of −0.8×10 −6 cycle −1 , nearly the same absolute value as observed for the fracture transition with tensile mean stresses. An R ratio of −1.005 was found to prevent creep in either direction and thus to encourage regular fatigue failure.
Jobs, gender, and self‐efficacy in multiple contexts

This paper focuses on the social psychological correlates of being in an occupation that is sex‐typed against one's own gender‐i.e., cross‐sex incumbency in sex‐typed occupations. Male and female high school teachers and university professors are compared in terms of global self‐esteem as well as in three context‐specific dimensions of self‐efficacy. While no differences in global self‐esteem were revealed, a number of significant differences did emerge in comparisons of self‐efficacy in specific contexts. Our data reveal no uniform effects of cross‐sex incumbency. Male high school teachers, however, did exhibit signs of decreased occupational self‐efficacy, perhaps as a result of the previous female domination of that occupation. Female professors, on the other hand, reported high levels of self‐efficacy on all dimensions. The paper concludes with two hypotheses for further empirical examination, and suggests tht self‐esteem be conceptualized as a multidimensional construct.
A census of eddies observed in North Atlantic SOFAR float data

Abstract SOFAR floats that looped in discrete eddies were studied in order to map and describe the distribution and characteristics of eddies in the North Atlantic. One hundred eighteen individual looping float trajectories (loopers) were identified, each consisting of two or more consecutive loops. Each looper was interpreted to be in a discrete eddy, and its characteristics were estimated from the float trajectory. The highest percentage of loopers occured at 700m in the Newfoundland Basin, where roughly half of the float data were in loopers, mostly cyclones. In the Gulf Stream region, approximately 20% of the float data recorded at 700m were in loopers, again mostly cyclones. Overall, 21% of 700m data and 6% of 2000m data were in loopers. The fastest swirl speeds, >40cm s−1, were in cyclones south of the Gulf Stream (most of which were in Gulf Stream rings), but numerous swift ∼35cm s−1 anticyclones were found there too. Swirl velocity decreased with depth, to roughly half as swift at 2000m as at 700m for three eddies in the Sargasso Sea measured simultaneously with floats at these two depths. In the western North Atlantic, the average swirl velocity of cyclones and anticyclones was the same. Translation velocity of eddies was generally westward to southwestward at a few cm s−1. The mean translation velocity of 39 eddies in the Sargasso Sea was u bar = −2.8±0.4 cm s −1 , v bar = −0.4±0.4 cm s −1 . Many of these were located just south of the Gulf Stream in the region of its recirculation and were probably advected by a westward current there. Near the Gulf Stream and along its extension in the Newfoundland Basin, eddies were often advected downstream with speeds up to 15–20cm s−1 and eddy trajectories were often complicated. South of 30°N and near the western boundary, 700m eddies were advected northwestward and 1300m and 2000m eddies southeastward by boundary currents there. Numerous energetic anticyclones were observed south of the Gulf Stream; one was tracked for 430 days and its properties well measured. The formation of these eddies has not been documented, but they are inferred to have formed near and by the Gulf Stream and to consist of a thick layer of 18°C water lying above a depression in the thermocline. Analogous anticyclones were observed in the Newfoundland Basin seaward of the Gulf Stream extension there.
Non‐invasive multiphoton imaging of extracellular matrix structures

Multiphoton microscopy has become a powerful method for the artifact-free, nondestructive evaluation of deep-tissue cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) structures in their native environment. By interacting with highly non-centrosymmetric molecular assemblies such as fibrillar collagen, the non-linear process called second harmonic generation (SHG) has also proven to be an important diagnostic tool for the visualization of ECM compartments in situ with submicron resolution without the need for tissue processing. This review reports on applications of multiphoton-induced autofluorescence and SHG microscopy to identify collagen and elastic fiber orientation in native, tissue-engineered and processed, as well as healthy and diseased, tissues and organs. SHG signal profiling was used to quantify ECM damage in various cardiovascular and exocrine tissues, as well as cartilage. These novel imaging modalities open the general possibility of high-resolution in situ and more important in vivo imaging of ECM structures, cells and intracellular organelles in living intact tissues.
Heterogeneity in cytosolic calcium responses to hypoxia in carotid body cells

Abstract Previous investigators have reported that intracellular pH responds to hypoxia with a heterogenous pattern in individual glomus cells of the carotid body. The aim of the present study was to examine whether hypoxia had similar effects on cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in glomus cells, and if so, whether a heterogenous response pattern is also seen in other cell types. Experiments were performed on glomus cells from adult rat carotid bodies, rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) and vascular smooth muscle (A7r5) cells. Changes in [Ca 2+ ] i in individual cells were determined by fluorescence imaging using Fura-2. Glomus cells were identified by catecholamine fluorescence. [Ca 2+ ] i in glomus cells increased in response to hypoxia ( pO 2 = 35 ± 8mmHg ; 5 min), whereas hypoxia induced decreases in [Ca 2+ ] i were not seen. Increases in [Ca 2+ ] i were observed in 20% of the isolated cells and strings of cells, but clustered glomus cells never responded. The magnitude of the calcium change in responding cells was proportional to the hypoxic stimulus. Under a given hypoxic challenge, there were marked variations in the response pattern between glomus cells. The response pattern characteristic of any given cell was reproducible. At comparable levels of hypoxia, PC12 cells also responded with an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i with a heterogenous response pattern similar to that seen in glomus cells. In contrast, increases in [Ca 2+ ] i in A7r5 cells could be seen only with sustained hypoxia ( ∼ 20 min), and little heterogeneity in the response patterns was evident. These results demonstrate that: (a) hypoxia increases cytosolic calcium in glomus cells; (b) response patterns were heterogeneous in individual cells; and (c) the pattern of the hypoxia-induced changes in [Ca 2+ ] i is cell specific. These results suggest that hypoxia-induced increases in [Ca 2+ ] i are faster in secretory than in non-secretory cells.
Informing and Improving Retirement Saving Performance using Behavioral Economics Theory-driven User Interfaces

Can human-computer interaction help people make informed and effective decisions about their retirement savings? We applied the behavioral economic theories of endowment effect and loss aversion to the design of novel retirement saving user interfaces. To examine effectiveness, we conducted an experiment in which 487 participants were exposed to one of three experimental user interface designs of a retirement saving simulator, representing endowment effect, loss aversion and control. Users made 34 yearly asset allocation decisions. We found that designs informed by the endowment effect and loss aversion theories and which communicated to savers the long-term implications of their asset allocation choices, led users to adjust their behavior, make larger and more frequent asset allocation changes, and achieve their saving goals more effectively.
Representation of Global and National Conservation Priorities by Colombia's Protected Area Network

Background How do national-level actions overlap with global priorities for conservation? Answering this question is especially important in countries with high and unique biological diversity like Colombia. Global biodiversity schemes provide conservation guidance at a large scale, while national governments gazette land for protection based on a combination of criteria at regional or local scales. Information on how a protected area network represents global and national conservation priorities is crucial for finding gaps in coverage and for future expansion of the system.
Contrasting methods in determining a DL using two-point tactual stimuli: A TSD approach

A yes/no fixed-base matching signal detection (TSD) approach was employed to determine a tactual difference limen (DL) with signal stimuli presented symmetrically around a standard. Experiment 1 failed to generate consistent results, but in Experiments 2 and 3 signal stimuli were given unidirectionally and previous findings were extended by showing a two-point tactual DL (dorsal forearm) in excess of 6 mm. The problems encountered in Experiment 1 were considered in the light of the binary TSD model and it was concluded that the basic judgment task was more complex than that dictated by the model.
Design and implementation of an integrated information model for optimizing workflow in radiology practice

Efficiency is crucial to economic viability in the current climate of intense competition in the healthcare industry. The heterogeneity of the information systems, RIS, PACS, HIS, DDS, often found in radiology practices has made it difficult to fully leverage these costly investments in information technology into efficiency gains. An approach to integrating these heterogeneous systems that will make information technology more effective as an efficiency tool, while preserving the separate hardware and software environment of each system, is presented. Based on an integrated information model and automated message passing between the different systems, this approach can be used to support an automated, proactive sequencing of the radiology workflow.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Neuroscience Perspective of Emotions in the Formation of Shared Vision

We put forth a theory of visionary leadership that considers emotional qualities of both leaders and followers. A basic premise of our theory is that neuroscience phenomena can help provide a better understanding of how effective vision is formed, as well as how it is received on the part of followers. Specifically, we outline the neurological bases of leader emotional equanimity and empathy, and neurological processes that become activated as followers become engaged in vision formation. We further incorporate emotional contagion processes in our theory, and an important end result is the sharing of vision among leaders and followers.
SU‐FF‐T‐269: Intracranial Applications of IMRT Based Stereotactic Radiosurgery to Treat Multiple Or Large Irregular Lesions

Purpose: For multiple brain metastases, or large irregular lesions, the linac‐based multi‐arc stereotactic radiosurgery approach with circular collimators may not be feasible to provide conformal dose coverage, or to deliver treatment in a realistic time period tolerated by patient. We are reporting our experience using Intensity Modulated Radiosurgery (IMRS) to treat such intracranial lesions. Method and Materials: The frameless localization system was used for patient setup and target localization during treatment. The image fusion of MR and CT scans was used for better tumor definition. PTV margin was normally 1–3 mm. Critical structures, as well as the normal brain were delineated for optimization and plan evaluation. Fine tuned inverse optimization procedure gave satisfactory conformal PTV dose coverage and critical organ sparing. QA procedure included independent point dose calculation and planar dose verification, plus daily calibration of infrared camera vs. linac isocenter. The patient setup was guided by the infrared camera through the fine adjustment in three‐translational and three‐rotational degrees for isocenter localization. Orthogonal KV images were taken by on board imager (OBI) before treatment and the overlay of KV images with DRRs ensured the accuracy of IMRS treatment. Results: Ten patients were treated using IMRS. It was found that properly selected 8 to 12 fixed beams with a single isocenter were sufficient to achieve good dose coverage and organ sparing. Utilizing portal dosimetry and KV images provided excellent quality assurance for the IMRS plan and patient setup. The treatment time was less than 60 minutes to deliver dose of 16–18 Gy. Conclusion: IMRS treatment of multiple brain metastases or large irregular lesion enables saving of treatment time and gives the benefits of dose‐conformity and organ‐sparing, easy plan QA, and patient setup verification.
How to Differentiate Ejection Murmurs from Systolic Regurgitant Murmurs

Although it is not possible to distinguish the shape of a murmur as being crescendo-decrescendo as in ejection murmurs from a plateau-shaped regurgitant systolic murmur by hearing the murmur alone, it is possible to distinguish them by auscultation with the use of other characteristics that give clues to their shape or their origin. With the use of accompanying heart sounds, the peak of the crescendo-decrescendo effect of ejection murmurs makes a recognizable rhythm which is absent in the plateau-shaped regurgitant murmur. When no heart sounds are present, the increase in loudness after a sudden long diastole of only the ejection murmur can help to separate the two types of murmur. The term "midsystolic" as applied to the ejection murmur is misleading and should be avoided because it is based on controversial hemodynamics and it obstructs teaching the significance of early, mid, and late peaks to ejection murmurs.
Prediction of Buckling-Mode Interaction in Composite Columns

Pultruded structural shapes are often used as columns of intermediate length, for which the global and local buckling loads are close. Interaction between the two buckling modes is accounted for in design by an empirical interaction constant. Theoretical/numerical prediction of such a constant is presented in this article. Stability theory is used to demonstrate the existence of buckling-mode interaction. The continuation method is used to study the imperfection sensitivity of the columns. A relationship between column imperfection and the interaction constant is established. Experimental results are presented to support the analysis.
Limb regeneration and survival of prolactin treated hypophysectomized adult newts.

Hypophysectomized adult newts exhibited 98% survival and limb regeneration at 23 days post-hypophysectomy when injected intraperitoneally every other day with prolactin (0.015 U/newt) and kept continuously in aquaria with 1 × 10−7 concentration of thyroxine. Thyroxine alone was no more effective than saline injections. Prolactin (1.2 U/newt every other day) alone increased survival and limb regeneration, but less effectively than did the prolactin-thyroxine combination.
A DEFENSE OF IMPRECISE CREDENCES IN INFERENCE AND DECISION MAKING1

Some Bayesians have suggested that beliefs based on ambiguous or incomplete evidence are best represented by families of probability functions. I spend the first half of this essay outlining one version of this imprecise model of belief, and spend the second half defending the model against recent objections, raised by Roger White and others, which concern the phenomenon of probabilistic dilation. Dilation occurs when learning some definite fact forces a person‟s beliefs about an event to shift from a sharp, point-valued subjective probability to an imprecise spread of probabilities. Some commentators find dilation disturbing, both from an epistemic and a decision-theoretic perspective, and place the blame on the use of sets of probabilities to model opinion. These reactions are based on an overly narrow conception of imprecise belief states, which assumes that we know everything there is to know about a person‟s doxastic attitudes once we have identified the spreads of values for her imprecise credences. Once we recognize that the imprecise model has the resources to characterize a much richer family of doxastic attitudes than this, we will see that White‟s charges of epistemological and decision theoretic incoherence are unfounded.
Claudin-4 controls the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA2 pro-oncogenic switch through β-catenin.

The EphA2 receptor, which is expressed in many types of cancer, is activated by two different mechanisms. Activation by engagement with one of its ephrin ligands is anti-oncogenic whereas phosphorylation of S897 by AKT increases migration, invasion and metastasis. Down-regulation of claudin-4 (CLDN4) produces a loss of E-cadherin and increased ?-catenin signaling and a phenotype similar to that produced by oncogenic activation of EphA2, suggesting that CLDN4 may serve to restrain the pro-oncogenic signaling of EphA2. We found that constitutive knockdown of CLDN4 was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in EphA2 mRNA and a 2.5-fold increase in EphA2 protein which was reversible by re-expression of CLDN4. Knockdown of EphA2 blocked the migratory phenotype induced by loss of CLDN4. Knockdown of CLDN4 resulted in a 5.8-fold increase in pEphA(S897), the oncogenic form of the receptor, as well as partial mislocalization of the excess EphA2 to the interior of the cell. Forced expression of E-cadherin did not reduce total EphA2 or pEphA(S897) whereas re-expression of CLDN4 restored localization and reduced EphA2 and pEphA(S897) even in cells not expressing E-cadherin. Transient siRNA-mediated knockdown of EphA2 and ?-catenin, and inhibition of PI3K by LY294002, demonstrated that increased pEphA(S897) in the CLDN4 knockdown cells was attributable to an increase in the level of active dephospho-?-catenin upstream of PI3K and AKT. We conclude that CLDN4 serves to restrain pro-oncogenic signaling from EphA2 by limiting the activity of ?-catenin and PI3K and preventing phosphorylation of EphA2 on S897 by AKT. This suggests that interventions directed at enhancing the level or functional activity of CLDN4 may be of therapeutic interest.
A framework for model-based design of agent-oriented software

Agents are becoming one of the most important topics in distributed and autonomous decentralized systems, and there are increasing attempts to use agent technologies to develop large-scale commercial and industrial software systems. The complexity of such systems suggests a pressing need for system modeling techniques to support reliable, maintainable, and extensible design. G-nets are a type of Petri net defined to support system modeling in terms of a set of independent and loosely-coupled modules. In this paper, we customize the basic G-net model to define a so-called "agent-based G-net" that can serve as a generic model for agent design. Then, to progress from an agent-based design model to an agent-oriented model, new mechanisms to support inheritance modeling are introduced. To illustrate our formal modeling technique for multiagent systems, an example of an agent family in electronic commerce is provided. Finally, we demonstrate how we can use model checking to verify some key behavioral properties of our agent model. This is facilitated by the use of an existing Petri net tool.
Early starters: Which type of criminal onset matters most for delinquent careers?

article i nfo Available online xxxx Background: Across multiple conceptual models in the social and behavioral sciences, the onset of antisocial behavior is inversely related to the developmental course and severity of the delinquent career. Despite this relation, there is little agreement about the best way to measure early onset. Materials and methods: Data are derived from a non-probability sample of 252 boys and girls adjudicated and placed in private long-term residential placement facilities in Pennsylvania. Descriptive, negative binomial regression models, and t-tests were used to examine the effects of antisocial behavioral onset, police contact/arrest onset, and juvenile court referral onset on various aspects of the delinquent career. Results: Arrest onset was most consistently related to antisocial outcomes including two models for career arrests and two models for self-reported delinquency. Antisocial behavioral onset was associated with psy- chopathic personality in both models. Juvenile court referral onset was not significantly associated with any parameter of the delinquent careers. Youths with ADHD or CD diagnoses experienced earlier onset than their peers without these disordered, and the effects for more consistent for ADHD. Conclusion: Police contact/arrest onset emerged as the most consistent indicator of delinquent career severity.
Adaptive sampling using adaptive tolerance for mixed rate transmission

A system for adaptive sampling of biological waveforms has been developed. A significant feature of the design is that samples are selected at variable rates with the fan algorithm, but transmitted to the user at a fixed permanent rate the user specifies. This approach allows simple computers such as PCs to collect samples at a rate far below the peak sampling rate. Evidence collected with a prototype indicates that accurate measurements of cardiac signals can be obtained at low data rates. >
Robust stability design of PID controllers for arbitrary-order transfer functions with uncertain time delay

In this paper a graphical technique is introduced for finding all proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers that satisfy the robust stability constraint of a given single-input-single-output (SISO) linear time-invariant (LTI) system of any order system with time delay. This problem can be solved by finding all PID controllers that simultaneously stabilize the closed-loop characteristic polynomial and satisfy constraints defined by a set of related complex polynomials. A key advantage of this procedure is that it is only depends on the frequency response of the system and does not require the plant transfer function coefficients. The ability to include the time delay in the nominal model of the system will often allow for designs with reduced conservativeness in plant uncertainty and an increase in size of the set of all PID controllers that robustly stabilize the system.
Uncommon upper extremity compression neuropathies

Hand surgeons routinely treat carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, which are the most common upper extremity nerve compression syndromes. However, more infrequent nerve compression syndromes of the upper extremity may be encountered. Because they are unusual, the diagnosis of these nerve compression syndromes is often missed or delayed. This article reviews the causes, proposed treatments, and surgical outcomes for syndromes involving compression of the posterior interosseous nerve, the superficial branch of the radial nerve, the ulnar nerve at the wrist, and the median nerve proximal to the wrist.
Active probes for creating H-field probes for flat frequency response

This paper presents an approach to obtain a flat frequency response from the first order derivative behavior of an electrically small loop and electrically short electric field probe by using them in combination with active oscilloscope probes. An H-field probe made in flex circuit technology was designed to operate up to about 5 GHz. These probes have loop dimensions as small as 3 × 3 mil and trace widths in the order of 1.75 mils. The H-field probe terminals are connected to the differential amplifier of the active oscilloscope probe which functions as an integrator to achieve a flat frequency response. The integrator behavior compensates for the first order derivative response of the flex circuit probes. The E-field probe utilizes the high input impedance of the browser attached to the active probe for achieving a flat frequency response.
Lessons from the ring current injection during the September 24, 25, 1998 storm

Because the conditions in the solar wind that lead to the injection of energetic particles into the ring current simultaneously affect a variety of geomagnetic phenomena, it is often difficult to determine whether these magnetospheric processes are causally related or are simply contemporaneous. The sequence of interplanetary conditions leading up to the September 24–25, 1998 geomagnetic storm are particularly suited to illustrating what conditions lead to significant activity in the auroral zone as distinct from the injection into the ring current. This interval illustrates that the magnetosphere requires a period of strong, steady, not time-varying, convection for the buildup of the ring current, and that the AE index cannot be used to forecast the ring current buildup. Furthermore, when the ring current reached its peak strength, it contained 6 PJ and was dissipating energy at a rate of about 0.4 TW. The northern auroral regions and southern added another 1.2 TW of dissipation. This rate of dissipation could be maintained readily by the mechanical energy flux of the solar wind of about 40 TW but would require coupling to much of the incident solar-wind Poynting flux if that were the sole energy source.
Occurrence of Cancer Pain

Occurrence of cancer pain is highly variable and incompletely understood. Surveys are not population-based, are characterized by small heterogeneous samples, and provide sketchy data on etiology of pain, pain syndromes, and clinical or demographic factors. Moreover, the multiple dimensions of pain have not been thoroughly elucidated. Cancer-related pain is caused by the following: 1) direct tumor involvement, 2) diagnostic/therapeutic procedures, and 3) side effects or toxicities of treatment. Individuals may have more than one type of cancer-related pain simultaneously. Occurrence rates range from 14% to 100%, and between 33 and 50% of patients experience pain at some point in the cancer trajectory. Rates are higher (e.g., 70%-100%) in palliative care or pain management settings. Few researchers have focused solely on specific causes of pain in specific patient populations, and only a few included groups at higher risk for pain, such as the elderly or underserved. In general, researchers have not followed pain over time to determine its course, severity, effects on quality of life and functional status, and other related factors. Future researchers should aim to acquire specific information on occurrence of pain in a variety of cancer diagnoses, settings, and groups of people. Longitudinal designs, indepth exploration of dimensions of pain, and delineation of specific issues in groups such as the elderly, children, and vulnerable populations are essential. Addressing these critical areas will improve our understanding of the occurrence and effects of pain and enhance our ability to provide appropriate interventions, thereby increasing patients' quality of life.
Emission Characteristics and Interference Constraint of Overhead Medium-Voltage Broadband Power Line (BPL) Systems

We investigate the measurement, interference and capacity issues of the overhead medium-voltage (MV) broadband over power line (BPL) systems operating between 1.7 and 80 MHz. The MV power lines are modeled as a 3-phase set of parallel wires with infinite length and above a lossy earth. Electric field strength is calculated. Two important parameter settings are addressed for the measurement of BPL emission field, namely, the measurement height and the extrapolation factor. The latter is defined as the falloff of field strength, in dB/decade, with lateral distance from the power line. BPL interference is evaluated in terms of the 3-dB critical distance, i.e., the lateral distance at which the total noise into a radio receiver is increased by 3 dB. Using this metric, we explore the relationship between capacity and BPL interference potential.
Network periodic solutions: patterns of phase-shift synchrony

We prove the rigid phase conjecture of Stewart and Parker. It then follows from previous results (of Stewart and Parker and our own) that rigid phase-shifts in periodic solutions on a transitive network are produced by a cyclic symmetry on a quotient network. More precisely, let X(t) = (x1(t), ..., xn(t)) be a hyperbolic T-periodic solution of an admissible system on an n-node network. Two nodes c and d are phase-related if there exists a phase-shift θcd [0, 1) such that xd(t) = xc(t + θcdT). The conjecture states that if phase relations persist under all small admissible perturbations (that is, the phase relations are rigid), then for each pair of phase-related cells, their input signals are also phase-related to the same phase-shift. For a transitive network, rigid phase relations can also be described abstractly as a Zm permutation symmetry of a quotient network. We discuss how patterns of phase-shift synchrony lead to rigid synchrony, rigid phase synchrony, and rigid multirhythms, and we show that for each phase pattern there exists an admissible system with a periodic solution with that phase pattern. Finally, we generalize the results to nontransitive networks where we show that the symmetry that generates rigid phase-shifts occurs on an extension of a quotient network.
Understanding the impact of diverse streaming workloads on end-user quality of service

Streaming media has experienced explosive growth over the last few years and will continue to increase in popularity as individual users can easily produce digital images and video. Large scale streaming will require network operators to deploy and manage a larger number of streaming servers within their networks. In order to determine the number of servers needed, and to design the appropriate management policies for a particular workload, administrators will need to understand the performance characteristics of those servers, how to measure performance, and how different workloads can affect performance. In this paper we make the case for a more complete measurement methodology by showing that streaming server performance can vary substantially based on the type of streaming workload, and, as a result, affect the end-user quality of service.
Physiological responses to FNS exercise in SCI children

Maximal physiological responses during voluntary arm cranking exercise (ACE) are compared with responses for two modes of exercise elicited by functional neuromuscular stimulation of the paralyzed lower extremities (FNS-LE) of four T5-T7 paraplegic boys, aged 15 to 17 years. Simultaneous percutaneous stimulation of the gluteal and quadriceps muscles in combination with ACE yields a hybrid exercise modality which is compared with ACE and FNS-LE alone. Open circuit spirometry, electrocardiography, and auscultation are used to monitor metabolic and hemodynamic responses. The results show that FNS-LE and hybrid exercise both provide significant cardiopulmonary stress as compared to resting values. The hybrid modality places significantly greater demands than ACE or FNS-LE. >
BEYOND DOLLARS AND CENTS: EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF THE MOVE TO DIVISION I ON STUDENT-ATHLETES

Each university has established its academic philosophy guided by its mission statement. Similarly, within each university’s athletic department is also a mission statement. The scope of this philosophy varies from school to school and division to division. Schools in the National Collegiate Athletic Association’s (NCAA) Division III do not offer athletic scholarships to its athletes and simply do not place much emphasis on this facet of the university. On the other end of the spectrum is Division I. Division I schools offer many scholarships to its athletes and sometimes rely on their athletic departments for a significant source of revenue. Division II schools lie somewhere in the middle, offering some scholarships but generally not relying on revenue from their athletic events. When a school considers a move from one division to another, the effects are felt throughout the university. The most common situation involves a school moving up from Division II to Division I. In this situation, the balance between increased expenses and increased earnings potential becomes the critical issue. Current and future students are often asked to pay more money to make their school’s facilities on par with Division I standards through increased tuition and student fees. Further, most schools expect to see a significant deficit during their first few years as a Division I school due to an immediate rise in the number of scholarships, an increase in the number of sports (including coaches and equipment), and any necessary facility changes. This rapid increase in expenses can seriously impact the budgets of other departments throughout the university. The hope is that in the long run, these changes will lead to an increase in revenue for the athletic department from ticket sales, sponsorship sales, media rights fees, and alumni donations, an increase in public exposure for the university as well as its athletic department, and an increase in student enrollment (Orszag & Orszag, 2005). However, lost amidst all of these changes is the effect that this move has on the athletes at the university at the time of the transition. These athletes are often asked to compete against superior competition, risk injury against more physically-imposing athletes, spend more time traveling than they otherwise would have, and have increased expectations in terms of practice and athletic performance. The players who will generally see the most significant changes are the football players. Not only are they subject to the aforementioned changes, they are also subject to increased pressure to perform. The effects on these athletes have yet to be examined; however, the impact on these athletes cannot be overlooked. This study focused on one athlete’s experience playing college football for a university during a transition period from Division II to Division I.
Cognitive Strategies During Coincident Timing Tasks

Research findings suggest that experience and cognitive strategies contribute to successful performance during perceptual-motor tasks. This article critically reviews selected literature on the effects of information-processing skills, preferred movement time, experience, and task difficulty on performance during coincident timing tasks. Theoretical information and research findings are discussed, and their applications to clinical practice are considered. Clinical recommendations include assessment of coincident timing skills and use of functional activities that provide opportunities to explore and dynamically interact with the environment.
Influence of Store Selection in Household Buying

Results of controlled-store studies do not necessarily represent true consumer behavior. The controlled-store study reported here of sales of experimental beef cuts, shows that findings may be bias...
Changes in Protein and Nucleic Acid Content on HeLa Cells Infected with Equine Abortion Virus.

SummaryHeLa cell cultures aged 7 days were infected with equine abortion virus, incubated for 48 hours and compared with control cultures as to content of RNA, DNA and protein. DNA and protein were elevated significantly, whereas RNA was unchanged. The observation that cell protein is increased as a result of virus infection of a tissue culture system has not been reported previously.
Political Power and Political Economy of Media: Nicaragua and Bolivia

The apparent democratic shift unfolding in Latin America, from Venezuela and Bolivia to Ecuador and Nicaragua has been quite uneven. Public access to media provides one measurement of the extent to which social movements have been able to alter the relations of power. In nations where working classes, indigenous peoples, women, youth, and diverse ethnic groups have mobilized and organized constituent assemblies and other social and political organizations, political economies of radical democratic media have been introduced, communicating other progressive national policies for a new cultural hegemony of solidarity. Moments of rupture caused by social movements have introduced new social and political norms challenging capitalist cultural hegemony across the continent, with deep connections between media communication and social power revealed in every case. Public access to media production and distribution is a key indicator of democratic citizen participation and social transformation. Those societies that have advanced the farthest towards 21st century socialism and participatory democracy have also established the most extensive democratic and participatory media systems. These media reach far beyond community and alternative media forms to become central to an emerging hegemonic discourse advocating social transformation and working class power. Community media in Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Ecuador demonstrate how radical political power can encourage mass working class participation, including acquiring and using mass communication for social change and social justice.
Hepatic immune tolerance induced by hepatic stellate cells

The liver, which is a metabolic organ, plays a pivotal role in tolerance induction. Hepatic stellate cells (HpSCs), which are unique non-parenchymal cells, exert potent immunoregulatory activity during cotransplantation with allogeneic islets effectively protecting the islet allografts from rejection. Multiple mechanisms participate in the immune tolerance induced by HpSCs, including the marked expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), attenuation of effector T cell functions and augmentation of regulatory T cells. HpSC conditioned MDSC-based immunotherapy has been conducted in mice with autoimmune disease and the results show that this technique may be promising. This article demonstrates how HpSCs orchestrate both innate immunity and adaptive immunity to build a negative network that leads to immune tolerance.