cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching high-speed photography and photo-instrumentation

As the tools available to the high speed photographer have become more powerful the underlying technology has increased in complexity and often is beyond the reach of most practitioners in terms of in-the-field troubleshooting or adaptation and this specialization has also driven many systems beyond the reach of high school, community college and undergraduate, non-research funded, universities. In spite of this and with the belief that fundamental techniques, reasoning and approaches have not changed much over the years, several courses in photo-instrumentation at the Imaging and Photographic Technology program at the Rochester Institute of Technology present to a couple dozen undergraduate students a year the principles associated with a various imaging systems and techniques for visualization and data analysis of high speed or "invisible" phenomena. This paper reviews the objectives and philosophy of these courses in the context of a total imaging technology education. It describes and illustrates current topics included in the program. In brief, calibration and time measurement concepts, instantaneous and repetitive time sampling equipment, various visualization technologies, strip and streak cameras and applications using film and improvised digital recorders, basic velocimetry techniques including sensitometric velocimetry and synchro-ballistic photography plus other related techniques are introduced to undergraduate students.
Colonoscopic features of eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

This report describes the colonoscopic findings in a patient with eosinophilic gastroenteritis and the effect of treatment upon the course of the disease. Clinical manifestations and treatment depend upon the site of bowel involvement. The patient had mucosal involvement of stomach and small intestine, but colonoscopy demonstrated extensive colorectal involvement, most severe distally. We suggest fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy as an alternative diagnostic modality.
Multi-user dynamic proofs of data possession using trusted hardware

In storage outsourcing services, clients store their data on a potentially untrusted server, which has more computational power and storage capacity than the individual clients. In this model, security properties such as integrity, authenticity, and freshness of stored data ought to be provided, while minimizing computational costs at the client, and communication costs between the client and the server. Using trusted computing technology on the server's side, we propose practical constructions in the provable data possession model that provide integrity and freshness in a dynamic, multi-user setting, where groups of users can update their shared files on the remote, untrusted server. Unlike previous solutions based on a single-user, single-device model, we consider a multi-user, multi-device model. Using trusted hardware on the server helps us to eliminate some of the previously known challenges with this model, such as forking and rollback attacks by the server. We logically separate bulk storage and data authentication issues to different untrusted remote services, which can be implemented either on the same or different physical servers. With only minor modifications to existing services, the bulk storage component can be provided by large-scale storage providers such as Google, CloudDrive, DropBox, and a smaller specialized server equipped with a trusted hardware chip can be used for providing data authentication. Our constructions eliminate client-side storage costs (clients do not need to maintain persistent state), and are suitable for situations in which multiple clients work collaboratively on remotely stored, outsourced data.
Regulation of the monovalent cation permeability of brain mitochondria

Abstract The Na+ and K+ conductances of rat brain mitochondria were estimated from rates of metabolically dependent swelling and uncoupling of respiration. These were maximal in the presence of EDTA plus Pi. Pi could not be replaced with acetate. Na+ conductance was greater than that of K+ and was therefore examined in greater detail. According to the influences of N-ethylmaleimide, internal Pi (exogenous and perhaps endogenous) promoted Na+ permeability. Treatment with the ionophore A23187 obviated the Pi requirement although EDTA was still necessary. The stimulation by EDTA with Pi or A23187 and inhibition by exogenous Mg2+ suggested endogenous polyvalent cations could also regulate Na+ conductance. The influence of these substances upon endogenous Mg2+ (and Ca2+) levels is consistent with such a role of membrane-bound Mg2+. Low levels of ruthenium red (150 pmol/mg) inhibit Na+ permeation, indicating that the number of ‘sites’ or ‘channels’ involved may be small. The Ca2+ uniport is not directly involved in Na+ flow according to its greater sensitivity to inhibition by ruthenium red.
Theory of luminescence and optical refrigeration in p-doped semiconductors

We present a microscopic many-body theory of optical refrigeration of p-doped semiconductors. Conceptually, the refrigeration mechanism is the upconversion of pump photons through absorption and subsequent luminescence by electron-hole pairs. The electron-hole pair can be an unbound pair, a pair bound by the attractive Coulomb interation (exciton), or a pair in which the hole is located at an acceptor site. Assuming the electron-hole pairs to be in quasi-thermal equilibrium, our theory calculates its absorption and luminescence spectra within a diagrammatic (real-time) Green's function approach at the self-consistent T-matrix level. The strong on-site Coulomb repulsion of holes at acceptor sites is taken into account via a truncation of the acceptor Fock space, which excludes states with higher than single-hole occupation. The resulting absorption and luminescence spectra are used in a cooling threshold analysis for GaAs that also takes into account other losses into heat. We compare the present results for p-doped GaAs with previous ones obtained for undoped GaAs.
Cohen-Kaplansky domains: Integral domains with a finite number of irreducible elements

We define an integral domain R to be a Cohen-Kaplansky domain (CK domain) if every element of R is a finite product of irreducible elements and R has only finitely many nonassociate irreducible elements. The purpose of this paper is to investigate CK domains. Many conditions equivalent to R being a CK domain are given, for example, R is a CK domain if and only if R is a one-dimensional semi-local domain and for each nonprincipal maximal ideal M of R, RM is finite and RM is analytically irreducible, or, if and only if G(R), the group of divisibility of R, is finitely generated and rank G(R)= ¦Max(R)¦. We show that a CK domain is a certain special type of composite or pullback of a subring of a finite homomorphic image of a semilocal PID. Noetherian domains with G(R) finitely generated are also investigated.
The Relationship between Cocaine Use and Human Papillomavirus Infections in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Women

Objective. Animal data suggest that cocaine has an immunosuppressive effect, but no human studies have been conducted to assess the relation of cocaine use with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the viral cause of cervical cancer. Since both cocaine use and HPV infection are common among HIV-positive women, we sought to determine whether use of cocaine and/or crack influences the natural history of HPV among women with or at high risk of HIV. Methods. Women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (2278 HIV-seropositive and 826 high-risk seronegative women) were examined every six months for up to 9.5 years with Pap smear, collection of cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) samples, and detailed questionnaires regarding health and behavior, including use of crack and cocaine (crack/cocaine). CVLs were tested for HPV DNA by PCR, with genotyping for over forty HPV types. Results. In multivariate logistic regression models, censoring women treated for cervical neoplasia, crack/cocaine use within the last six months was associated with prevalent detection of oncogenic HPV DNA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30 (1.09–1.55)), and with oncogenic HPV-positive squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) (OR = 1.70 (1.27–2.27)), following adjustment for age, race, HIV-serostatus, and CD4
Brief treatment with heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, but not with EGF, is sufficient to accelerate epithelial wound healing.

Background Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) contains, in contrast to EGF, a domain that binds to negatively charged glycans on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrix. We speculated that a short exposure to HB-EGF induces prolonged biological effects such as healing of wounds after immobilization in tissues.
Coacervation and ion-binding studies on aortic elastin.

Abstract CD studies were carried out on porcine aortic elastin in solution and as the coacervate. As with elastin from bovine ligamentum nuchae, coacervation results in a marked conformational change; addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate to an aqueous solution of aortic elastin mimics the effect of coacervation; dissolution in trifluoroethanol most closely reproduces the coacervate CD pattern, and addition of CaCl 2 to the trifluoroethanol solution causes a conformational change demonstrating ion binding. The inverse temperature transition which is responsible for coacervate formation at body temperatures and the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate and trifluoroethanol in producing the coacervate CD pattern in solution suggests that hydrophobic interactions are important in the ordered association of α-elastin molecules to form the coacervate.
The role of surveillance in the hierarchy of prevention

Surveillance is the collection, analysis, and dissemination of results for the purpose of prevention. Surveillance tells us what our problems are, how big they are, where the solutions should be directed, how well (or poorly) our solutions have worked, and if, over time, there is improvement or deterioration. Surveillance is essential to successful sustained public health intervention for the purposes of prevention. Surveillance systems must be tailored to the specific disease or injury that is to be prevented. Surveillance should not be limited to the occurrence of death, disease, or disability. Public health is a multilevel cascade of activities involving recognition, evaluation, and intervention. Public health should include elements of experimentation as well as field implementation with evaluation. Surveillance is the mechanism to modify any element in the cascade based upon that element's contribution to prevention or lack thereof. Any element in the causal or intervention pathway is appropriate for surveillance as long as the monitoring of the element is useful in improving the prevention system. These elements include the occurrence of hazard and intervention as well as disease, death, or disability. Examples will be provided that demonstrate the roles of surveillance in the recognition of new diseases, the evaluation of the persistence of recognized problems, the estimation of the magnitude and trends of public health problems, and the provision of information to motivate intervention.
Tumor Necrosis Factor α Stimulates MUC1 Synthesis and Ectodomain Release in a Human Uterine Epithelial Cell Line

Regulation of MUC1 expression and removal is a salient feature of embryo implantation, bacterial clearance, and tumor progression. In some species, embryo implantation is accompanied by a transcriptional decline in uterine epithelial expression of MUC1. In other species, MUC1 is locally removed at blastocyst attachment sites, suggesting a proteolytic activity. Previously, we demonstrated that MUC1 is proteolytically released from the surface of a human uterine epithelial cell line, HES, and identified TNFα converting enzyme/a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 as a constitutive and phorbol ester-stimulated MUC1 sheddase. The aims of the current study were to test the ability of soluble factors elevated during the periimplantation interval in vivo to stimulate ectodomain shedding of MUC1 from HES uterine epithelial cells and to characterize the nature of this proteolytic activity(ies). We identified TNFα as a prospective endogenous stimulus of MUC1 ectodomain release and of MUC1 and TNFα converting enzyme/...
Gonadotropic and ovarian hormone response in dairy cows treated with norgestomet and estradiol valerate.

Injection of estradiol valerate in conjunction with receiving a norgestomet ear implant (Syncro-Mate-B) reduced plasma progesterone (P<.001) and FSH (P<.02) and increased estradiol (P<.01) in postpartum cows during the treatment period. Occurrence of LH and FSH peaks (P<.05) varied between 12 and 48 hr follwing removal of SMB implants and estrous behavior was minimal. FSH was strongly correlated to LH and was inversely related to progesterone in untreated cows and to estradiol in treated cattle. Syncro-Mate-B suppressed luteal activity and peak gonadotropin release during treatment and elicited variable endocrine and behavioral response following treatment.
Uterine sarcoma 2008

Uterine sarcomas are a group of rare and usually aggressive soft tissue cancers. They have a wide range of histologic appearances, from myomatous to osteous to stromal. The three major subtypes of uterine sarcomas (listed in decreasing order of incidence) are carcinosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Most patients with uterine sarcomas are middle- to older-aged women who present with abnormal uterine bleeding or pelvic mass, which may be confused with leiomyoma. Surgery--including hysterectomy and resection of disease--serves as the main treatment modality. Adjuvant therapies, including radiation, chemotherapy, and/or hormonal therapy, have limited benefit on overall survival; however, this may be due to the lack of good randomized controlled trials of sufficient size because of uterine sarcomas' rare and aggressive nature. For patients with metastatic recurrent disease, aggressive therapy is limited by low response rates and limited duration of response. For patients with uterine sarcomas, enrollment in clinical trials is strongly encouraged.
Systemic Mastocytosis: Retrospective Review of a Decade's Clinical Experience at the Brigham and Women's Hospital

The clinical experience with a group of 21 patients with systemic mastocytosis followed at our institution is summarized. Cutaneous and gastrointestinal symptoms and findings were the most prominent chronic manifestations; episodic vascular collapse was the most dramatic acute event. All patients had indolent mastocytosis. There was no mortality.
Elucidation of Solution State Complexation in Wet-Granulated Oven-Dried Ibuprofen and β-Cyclodextrin: FT-IR and 1H-NMR Studies

The effect of oven-dried wet granulation on the complexation of β-cyclodextrin with ibuprofen (IBU) in solution was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and molecular modeling. Granulation was carried out using 5 mL of three different granulating solvents; water, ethanol (95% v/v), and isopropanol and the granules were oven-dried at 60°C for 2 h. The granules were compared to oven-dried physical mixture and conventionally prepared complex. Phase solubility study was performed to investigate the stability of the granulation-formed complexes in solution. FT-IR was used to examine the complexation in the granules while 1H NMR, and molecular modeling studies were carried out to determine the mechanism of complexation in the water-prepared granules. The solubility studies suggested a 1:1 complex between IBU and βCD. It also showed that the stability of the complex in solution was in the following order with respect to the granulating so...
42nd Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics

The 45th Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics was held in Snowbird, Utah from 4 January to 8 January, 2015. As in the past meetings, this conference continued the long tradition ...
Finite Temperature Transitions in 2D Dipolar Systems with Uniaxial Anisotropy

We discuss the finite temperature transitions of 2D dipoles with short range exchange ( $J$), long range dipolar ( $g$), and $z$-axis anisotropy ( $K$) interactions. Under some conditions there can be three transitions so that at low temperatures only the $z$ magnetization ${M}_{z}$ is nonzero. As the temperature is increased, (1) ${M}_{x}$ becomes nonzero. Eventually, (2) ${M}_{z}$ becomes zero and then (3) ${M}_{x}$ becomes zero. We discuss renormalization group, mean field, and Monte Carlo calculations for this system. Possible relevance of this to recent experimental results on ultrathin magnetic films is discussed.
A Comparison of the Nutritive Value of Opaque-2, Floury-2 and Normal Corn for the Chick

Abstract THE opaque-2 and floury-2 mutant genes of corn cause a marked alteration in the amino acid pattern of corn protein, including an increase in the lysine content of opaque-2 corn (Mertz, 1963; Mertz et al., 1964; Nelson et al., 1965) and an increase in the lysine and methionine content of floury-2 corn (Nelson et al., 1965). These differences have been partially attributed to a reduction in the zein to glutelin ratio (Mertz, 1963; Mertz et al., 1964; Mosse, 1966; Jimenez, 1966). Recent studies have suggested that the mode of action of the opaque-2 gene may be mediated through an increase in ribonuclease activity, particularly during the stage of greatest zein synthesis (Dalby and Davies, 1967; Wilson and Alexander, 1967). Nutritional studies with opaque-2 corn have shown it to be superior to normal corn for the rat (Mertz et al., 1965; Nelson, 1966), the pig (Beeson et al., 1966; Pickett, 1966; . . .
HCC and angiogenesis: possible targets and future directions

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common primary liver tumor, is notoriously resistant to systemic therapies, and often recurs even after aggressive local therapies. HCCs rely on the formation of new blood vessels for growth, and VEGF is critical in this process. A hallmark of new vessel formation in tumors is their structural and functional abnormality. This leads to an abnormal tumor microenvironment characterized by low oxygen tension. The liver is perfused by both arterial and venous blood and the resulting abnormal microenvironment selects for more-aggressive malignancies. Anti-VEGF therapy with sorafenib was the first systemic therapy to demonstrate improved survival in patients with advanced-stage HCC. This important development in the treatment of HCC raises hope as well as critical questions on the future development of targeted agents including other antiangiogenic agents, which hold promise to further increase survival in this aggressive disease.
Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in the US is not clearly established

Original Article Scheifele C, Reichart PA, Dietrich T. Low prevalence of oral leukoplakia in a representative sample of the US population. Oral Oncol 2003 Sep;39(6):619-25. Level of Evidence None Purpose To ascertain the prevalence of oral leukoplakia in a nationally representative sample of the adult US population 20 years of age and older Source of Funding Information not available Design Cross sectional
Compressibility of 22 elemental solids to 45 KB

Abstract The compressibility of 22 elemental solids has been measured by static methods in a piston cylinder apparatus to 45 kb. In most cases agreement with the data derived by reduction of shock wave data is extremely good. In a few cases, low pressure phase changes makes the agreement less good. In general, our new measurements of compressibility are in closer agreement with the results from shock data than they are with Bridgman's earlier results. The bulk moduli and some pressure derivatives have been estimated by fitting a Murnaghan equation and a modified Murnaghan equation to our data points, and these results are intercompared with the results from ultrasonic measurements, from shock measurements and from prior results of Bridgman.
The Na+Ca2+ exchange system in vascular smooth muscle cell membrane vesicles isolated from cultured cells and from tissue is similar

The existence of a Na+-Ca2+ exchange system was investigated in sarcolemmal vesicles isolated from cultured cells of dog mesenteric artery. When Na+-loaded membrane vesicles were suspended in a Na+-free KCl medium to create an outwardly directed Na+ concentration gradient across the membrane, a time-dependent uptake of Ca2+ was observed. This uptake of Ca2+ was drastically reduced when the vesicles were suspended in NaCl medium to eliminate the Na+ concentration gradient across the membrane. Monensin also decreased Ca2+ uptake in Na+-loaded vesicles. The apparent Km for Ca2+ was 2.97 microM and the apparent maximum velocity was 4.27 nmol/min per mg protein. The data indicate that a Na+-Ca2+ exchange system exists in sarcolemmal membranes isolated from cultured cells and that it is similar to the system in membranes isolated from the tissue.
Mingling with Students Before Class: What to Ask

When I was an undergraduate student enrolled in large-lecture classes, I recall feeling oddly isolated, having little to no interaction with my “sage on the stage.” I sensed an invisible wall separ...
Striatal adenosine A(2A) receptor-mediated positron emission tomographic imaging in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats using [(18)F]-MRS5425.

Abstract Introduction A 2A receptors are expressed in the basal ganglia, specifically in striatopallidal GABAergic neurons in the striatum (caudate–putamen). This brain region undergoes degeneration of presynaptic dopamine projections and depletion of dopamine in Parkinson's disease. We developed an 18 F-labeled A 2A analog radiotracer ([ 18 F]-MRS5425) for A 2A receptor imaging using positron emission tomography (PET). We hypothesized that this tracer could image A 2A receptor changes in the rat model for Parkinson's disease, which is created following unilateral injection of the monoaminergic toxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra. Methods [ 18 F]-MRS5425 was injected intravenously in anesthetized rats, and PET imaging data were collected. Image-derived percentage injected doses per gram (%ID/g) in regions of interest was measured in the striatum of normal rats and in rats unilaterally lesioned with 6-OHDA after intravenous administration of saline (baseline), D 2 agonist quinpirole (1.0 mg/kg) or D 2 antagonist raclopride (6.0 mg/kg). Results Baseline %ID/g reached a maximum at 90 s and maintained plateau for 3.5 min, and then declined slowly thereafter. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, %ID/g was significantly higher in the lesioned side compared to the intact side, and the baseline total %ID/g (data from both hemispheres were combined) was significantly higher compared to quinpirole stimulation starting from 4.5 min until the end of acquisition at 30 min. Raclopride did not produce any change in uptake compared to baseline or between the hemispheres. Conclusion Thus, increase of A 2A receptor-mediated uptake of radioactive MRS5425 could be a superior molecular target for Parkinson's imaging.
Neural tube defects and maternal intake of micronutrients related to one-carbon metabolism or antioxidant activity†‡

Background Maternal nutritional status has been evaluated to clarify its role in development of neural tube defects (NTDs). Maternal folate intake during pregnancy has been closely evaluated for its association with NTDs. The study objective was to examine associations between NTDs and other dietary periconceptional micronutrient intake, particularly nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism or antioxidant activity. Methods Using data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2005, logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk of NTDs based on maternal micronutrient intake. Results Results were stratified according to folic acid supplement use, race/ethnicity, and maternal body mass index. Analyses included 954 cases (300 with anencephaly, 654 with spina bifida) and 6268 controls. Higher intakes of folate, thiamin, betaine, iron, and vitamin A were associated with decreased risk of anencephaly among some ethnic and clinical groups. In some groups, higher intakes of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B(6) , vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin, and retinol were associated with decreased risk of spina bifida. Conclusion In addition to folic acid, other micronutrients, including thiamin, betaine, riboflavin, vitamin B(6) , vitamin C, vitamin E, niacin, iron, retinol, and vitamin A, may decrease the risk of NTD occurrence. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vibrational Spectra, Ab Initio Calculations, and Ring-Puckering Potential Energy Function for γ-Crotonolactone

The infrared and Raman spectra of liquid and vapor gamma-crotonolactone have been collected. Both the experimental data and ab initio calculations show that the molecule is rigidly planar in its electronic ground state. This conclusion agrees with the previously reported microwave studies and is attributed to the conjugation between the C=C and C=O double bonds of the ring. The ring-puckering potential energy function was generated from ab initio calculations and was confirmed by the vapor-phase Raman spectra to be nearly harmonic. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict a harmonic ring-puckering frequency of 203 cm(-1) as compared to the observed vapor-phase Raman value of 208 cm(-1). The DFT calculations were also used to compute the infrared and Raman spectra of gamma-crotonolactone, and these agree very well with the experimental spectra.
A Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase-Dependent Signal Transition Regulates ARF1 and ARF6 during Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis

Fcγ receptor (FcγR)–mediated phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles is regulated by 3′-phosphoinositides (3′PIs) and several classes of small GTPases, including ARF6 from the ADP Ribosylation Factor subfamily. The insensitivity of phagocytosis to brefeldin A (BFA), an inhibitor of certain ARF guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), previously indicated that ARF1 did not participate in phagocytosis. In this study, we show that ARF1 was activated during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and that blocking normal ARF1 cycling inhibited phagosome closure. We examined the distributions and activation patterns of ARF6 and ARF1 during FcγR-mediated phagocytosis using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) stoichiometric microscopy of macrophages expressing CFP- or YFP-chimeras of ARF1, ARF6, and a GTP-ARF-binding protein domain. Both GTPases were activated by BFA-insensitive factors at sites of phagocytosis. ARF6 activation was restricted to the leading edge of the phagocytic cup, while ARF1 activation was delayed and delocalized over the phagosome. Phagocytic cups formed after inhibition of PI 3-kinase (PI-3K) contained persistently activated ARF6 and minimally activated ARF1. This indicates that a PI-3K-dependent signal transition defines the sequence of ARF GTPase activation during phagocytosis and that ARF6 and ARF1 coordinate different functions at the forming phagosome.
Tuning the selectivity of methanol-to-hydrocarbons conversion on H-ZSM-5 by co-processing olefin or aromatic compounds

Abstract The product selectivity of dimethyl ether (DME) conversion to hydrocarbons on H-ZSM-5 was systematically tuned by co-feeding small amounts of 13 C-propene and 13 C-toluene (4 kPa) with 12 C-DME (70 kPa) under isoconversion conditions (20.8–22.7 C%) at 548 K. The selectivity to ethene (14.5–18 C%) and aromatics (7.1–33.7 C%) increased while selectivity to C 4 –C 7 aliphatics (42.8–16.9 C%) decreased with increasing amounts of toluene (0–4 kPa) in the co-feed. Similar trends were also observed at lower conversions (4.6–5.1 C%) at 548 K and at higher temperatures (623 K), showing that the olefin-to-aromatic ratio can be used as a parameter to propagate the olefin- and aromatic-based carbon pools to varying extents within the range of conditions studied in this work. The co-reaction of 13 C-propene with 12 C-DME showed that C 5 –C 7 olefins are formed almost exclusively from methylation reactions while butenes are formed from both olefin cracking and methylation reactions. The high fraction of propene (55.1%) with at least one 12 C indicated that a large fraction of propene is a product of olefin cracking reactions. Under conditions in which the aromatic-based cycle is dominant (increasing amounts of toluene in the co-feed), both ethene and propene contained approximately 10% 13 C atoms, showing that when the olefin-based cycle is suppressed, these light olefins primarily originate from the aromatic-based cycle. The 13 C content of toluene in the effluent was unchanged compared to that in the 13 C-toluene feed, implying that toluene is not formed as a significant product. Additionally, at least 9.8% of p -xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene isotopomers were entirely 12 C-labeled, while less than 2% of toluene and o -xylene isotopomers were entirely 12 C-labeled, showing that under the conditions studied in this work, cyclization reactions occur predominantly for C 8+ aliphatics to form p -xylene and larger aromatics. Because the olefin- and aromatic-based cycles are not isolated from one another, understanding communication between the two cycles is an important step in controlling selectivity of MTH on H-ZSM-5.
Sugar barons: Formation of a native planter class in the colonial Philippines

(1992). Sugar barons: Formation of a native planter class in the colonial Philippines. The Journal of Peasant Studies: Vol. 19, Plantations, Proletarians and Peasants in Colonial Asia, pp. 106-141.
Developmental and Behavior Problems Predict Parenting Stress in Young Children With Global Delay

To identify parent-reported symptoms that predict parenting stress in preschoolers with global developmental delay, 201 parents/guardians of 142 boys and 59 girls with global delay, mean age 39.1 months (range, 18 to 63 months) were studied retrospectively. Parents completed the following: (a) a semistructured interview; (b) the Child Development Inventory, (c) Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5, and the (d) Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. Forty-two percent of parents described clinically significant parenting stress (≥ 85th percentile). The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form subscales Difficult Child and Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interactions were elevated. Parental stress increased with higher gross motor development and decreased as social and fine-motor ratios increased. Furthermore, stress increased when parents reported higher levels on the Emotionally Reactive and Withdrawn scale scores and when parents reported Pervasive Developmental and Oppositional Defiant Problems. In mobile children with global...
Accurate real-time relative localization using single-frequency GPS

For outdoor navigation, GPS provides the most widely-used means of node localization; however, the level of accuracy provided by low-cost receivers is typically insufficient for use in high-precision applications. Additionally, many of these applications do not require precise absolute Earth coordinates, but rather rely on relative positioning to infer information about the geometric configuration of the constituent nodes in a system. This paper presents a novel approach that uses GPS to derive relative location information for a scalable network of single-frequency receivers. Networked nodes share their raw satellite observations, enabling each node to localize its neighbors in a pairwise fashion as opposed to computing its own standalone position. Random and systematic errors are mitigated in novel ways, challenging long-standing beliefs that precision GPS systems require extensive stationary calibration times or complex equipment configurations. In addition to presenting the mathematical basis for our technique, a working prototype is developed, enabling experimental evaluation of several real-world test scenarios. The results of these experiments indicate sub-meter relative positioning accuracy under various conditions and in varying environments. This represents up to order of magnitude increase in precision over existing absolute positioning techniques or other unimodal GPS-based solutions.
A behavior therapy approach to pervasive anxiety

Abstract The treatment of pervasive anxiety has been a problem for behavior therapy as well as for other types of therapy. The author has successfully treated a number of cases of pervasive anxiety. The nature of pervasive anxiety is discussed. A method for its treatment is presented which combines the following four procedures: (1) reassurance; (2) relaxation combined with implicit verbal behavior; (3) a modification of Wolpe's desensitization technique and (4) assertive training. A rationale for the method and three cases illustrating its application are also presented.
Synthesis of VA RNA in productive and abortive infections with adenovirus type 12

Abstract Synthesis of VA RNA was studied in cells infected with adenovirus type 12 (Ad12). In productively infected KB cells the VA RNA is synthesized in quantities similar to those reported for Ad2 VA RNA. Its synthesis can be detected at 2–4 hr after infection (h.p.i.) and increases markedly late in the Ad12 replication cycle. The base composition of Ad12 VA RNA is C 26%, A 22.4%, G 31.5% and U 20.1%. The T 1 ribonuclease oligonucleotide map of Ad12 VA RNA is different from that of Ad2 VA RNA. The composition of T 1 oligonucleotides was determined by secondary digestion with pancreatic ribonuclease. Only two of the major oligonucleotides in Ad12 VA RNA yielded products identical to those obtained from oligonucleotides of Ad2 VA RNA. In Ad12-infected BHK 21 cells, where no replication of Ad12 DNA occurs, no significant amounts of VA RNA were detected.
A homeobox gene of the Antennapedia class is required for human adult erythropoiesis.

Abstract In this report we investigate the role of homeobox genes of the Antennapedia class in adult erythropoiesis, the process by which erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow. We initially identified Hox genes expressed in mouse erythroleukemia cells by a PCR technique using degenerate primers capable of detecting most of the known genes in Hox clusters 1-4. Four different transcripts, Hox-3.3, -3.5, -3.6, and -4.3 were identified. An antisense oligonucleotide directed against HOX3C (human homologue of Hox-3.3) was used to study the effect of the colony formation by human erythroid progenitor cells. The oligonucleotide inhibited the formation of colony-forming unit erythroid-derived colonies but did not affect the size or degree of hemoglobinization. The more primitive erythroid burst-forming unit colonies or myeloid colonies were not affected. These results show that Hox-3.3 is involved in an early step in the proliferation of the erythroid colony-forming unit subset of progenitor cells.
An epidemiological model of spatial coupling for trips longer than the infectious period

One of the standard methods of accounting for inter-population disease spread in equation-based epidemiology models is through a transportation operator. Implicit in the use of the transportation operator, however, is an assumption that daily travel volumes are small compared to overall population sizes, an assumption that can break down for modern rates of international travel or local commuter traffic. Alternative types of coupling have been proposed in the limit that trip durations are much shorter than the infectious period. We present an extension of these phenomenological models that relaxes both assumptions. We show that the approach produces more accurate results when assessing the impact of mitigative actions using modern travel volumes.
Atrial fibrillation: From cell to bedside

Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained tachyarrhythmia and, as such, has become the recent focus of intense clinical and experimental interest. Because of its associated morbidity and mortality, there is a multidisciplinary effort to understand the pathophysiology that may ultimately lead to improved therapeutic options. This review concentrates on three aspects of atrial fibrillation that influence contemporary choices for treatment: an electrophysiologic basis for initiation of atrial fibrillation, anatomic and electrophysiologic remodeling, and concepts regarding its termination or prevention.
STUDIES OF POLYMER SURFACES BY SUM FREQUENCY GENERATION VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY

Recently, sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been developed into a powerful technique to study surfaces of polymer materials. This review summarizes the significant achievements in understanding surface molecular chemical structures of polymer materials obtained by SFG. It reviews in situ detection at the molecular level of surface structures of some common polymers in air, surface segregation of small end groups, polymer surface restructuring in water, and step-wise changed polymer blend surfaces. Studies of surface glass transition and surface structures modified by rubbing, plasma deposition, UV light irradiation, oxygen ion and radical irradiation, and wet etching are also discussed. SFG probing of polymer surfaces provides valuable insights into the relations between polymer surface structures and surface properties, which will assist in the design of polymer materials with desired surface properties.
A diverse view of protein dynamics from NMR studies of HIV-1 protease flaps.

Internal motion in proteins fulfills a multitude of roles in biological processes. NMR spectroscopy has been applied to elucidate protein dynamics at the atomic level, albeit at a low resolution, and is often complemented by molecular dynamics simulation. However, it is critical to justify the consistency between simulation results and conclusions often drawn from multiple experiments in which uncertainties arising from assumed motional models may not be explicitly evaluated. To understand the role of the flaps of HIV-1 protease dimer in substrate recognition and protease function, many molecular dynamics simulations have been performed. The simulations have resulted in various proposed models of the flap dynamics, some of which are more consistent than others with our working model previously derived from experiments. However, using the working model to discriminate among the simulation results is not straightforward because the working model was derived from a combination of NMR experiments and crystal structure data. In this study, we use the NMR chemical shifts and relaxation data of the protease “monomer” rather than structural data to narrow down the possible conformations of the flaps of the “dimer”. For the first time, we show that the tips of the flaps in the unliganded protease dimer interact with each other in solution. Accordingly, we discuss the consistency of the simulations with the model derived from all experimental data. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of lower extremity arterial duplex mapping

We performed lower extremity arterial duplex mapping from the aortic bifurcation to the ankle in 150 consecutive patients evaluated for aortic and lower extremity arterial reconstruction and compared lower extremity arterial duplex mapping in a blinded fashion to angiography. On the basis of history, physical examination, and four-cuff segmental Doppler pressures individual lower extremities were classified as normal, isolated aortoiliac disease, infrainguinal disease, and multilevel inflow and outflow disease. For vessels proximal to the tibial arteries, lower extremity arterial duplex mapping was analyzed for its ability to insonate individual arterial segments, detect a 50% or greater stenosis, and distinguish stenosis from occlusion. In the tibial arteries lower extremity arterial duplex mapping was evaluated for its ability to visualize tibial vessels and to predict interruption of tibial artery patency from origin to ankle. Lower extremity arterial duplex mapping visualized 99% of arterial segments proximal to the tibial vessels, with overall sensitivities for detecting a 50% or greater lesion ranging from 89% in the iliac vessels to 67% at the popliteal artery. Stenosis was successfully distinguished from occlusion in 98% of cases. In the tibial vessels lower extremity arterial duplex mapping was better at visualizing anterior tibial and posterior tibial artery segments (94% and 96%) than peroneal artery segments (83%), (p less than 0.001). Overall sensitivities for predicting interruption of tibial artery patency were 90% for the anterior tibial, 90% for the posterior tibial, and 82% for the peroneal. Clinical disease category did not influence in a major way the accuracy of lower extremity arterial duplex mapping in either above-knee or below-knee vessels.
Expression of a celery mannose 6‐phosphate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances salt tolerance and induces biosynthesis of both mannitol and a glucosyl‐mannitol dimer

Mannitol, a sugar alcohol that may serve as a compatible solute to cope with salt stress, is synthesized via the action of a mannose-6-phosphate reductase (M6PR) in celery ( Apium graveolens L) . In contrast to previous approaches that have used a bacterial gene to engineer mannitol biosynthesis in plants and other organisms, Arabidopsis thaliana , a non-mannitol producer, was transformed with the celery leaf M6PR gene under control of the CaMV 35S promotor. In all independent Arabidopsis M6PR transformants, mannitol accumulated throughout the plants in amounts ranging from 0·5 to 6 m mol g - 1 fresh weight. A novel compound, not found in either celery or Arabidopsis ,
Competition, Contractibility, and the Market for Donors to Nonprofits

This article investigates theoretically and empirically the effects of competition for donors on the behavior of nonprofit organizations. Theoretically, we consider a situation in which nonprofit organizations use donations to produce some commodity, but the use of donations is only partially contractible. The main results of the model indicate that an increase in competition (i) decreases the fraction of donations allocated to perquisite consumption and (ii) increases the fraction of donations allocated to promotional expenditures. Moreover, the effects of competition are magnified by the ability to contract on the use of donations. These hypotheses are tested with data on the expenditures of nonprofit organizations in a number of subsectors where competition is primarily local. We use across-metropolitan statistical areas' variation to measure differences in competition and proxy contractibility by the importance of tangible assets, which are more easily observed by donors. The estimated effects of competition and contractibility are consistent with our model.
Febrile Urinary Tract Infections in Children With an Early Negative Voiding Cystourethrogram After Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux With Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid

Purpose: Children in whom nonsurgical management for vesicoureteral reflux fails are considered candidates for surgical intervention. An option is endoscopic treatment with Deflux®. We reviewed our experience with febrile urinary tract infections in children following initial successful treatment of vesicoureteral reflux with Deflux and identified factors predictive of post-Deflux urinary tract infections. We also analyzed the incidence of delayed vesicoureteral reflux recurrence in these patients.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of all children from 2002 to 2006 diagnosed with grades I to IV vesicoureteral reflux who were treated with Deflux and who had a negative initial followup voiding cystourethrogram at 2 to 5 months. Patients were categorized into post-Deflux infection and infection-free groups. Predictive factors, including the number of preoperative febrile urinary tract infections, dysfunctional elimination and renal cortical defects on dimercapto-succinic acid sc...
A robust adaptive servocompensator for nanopositioning control

Scanning probe microscopes, used in a diverse range of fields, are commonly actuated by piezoelectric nanopositioners. Because of coupling between hysteresis and fast dynamics, precise control of piezo-actuated systems is a difficult task. To solve this problem, we propose the use of an adaptive servocompensator. First, we present an adaptive law augmented with parameter projection, and establish its robustness to matched disturbances. Next, we show that with well designed hysteresis inversion, there exists an asymptoticly stable periodic solution to the closed-loop system. This facilitates the treatment of the error in hysteresis inversion as an exogenous periodic disturbance. Using adaptation, we can modify the parameters of the servocompensator to track the reference signal and reduce the effect of hysteresis on the tracking error. We confirm our theoretical results through experimentation on a commercial nanopositioner, in which we test tracking and adaptation performance for different input signals. Tracking performance of the proposed adaptive servocompensator is comparable to that of an iterative control algorithm, yet without requiring any knowledge about the spectrum or period of the reference. In addition, we demonstrate robustness of the controller to varying loading conditions.
In Situ Ocean Acidification Environmental Observations: MBARI's Cabled Observatory Technology for Controlled Studies of Changing Ocean pH

This poster explores modifications to the design, fabrication and implementation of the field tested prototype Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) system. The proof of concept prototype system was able in the field to control pH perturbations from acid release simulating CO2 induced pH changes in specific habitat experiments. The acidified flow was pumped so as to maintain a constant delta pH under varying environmental conditions. The modified FOCE system concept is to be powered and supplied by a cable and pipe system from shore, and to move towards CO2-rich water rather than acid releases. Discussion of the FOCE test results to date indicates paths to improved performance, with a primary problem being system design to accommodate the slow kinetics of the CO2 hydration reaction in sea water. This paper discloses current MBARI science and engineering efforts and concepts towards an ocean observing system solution by integrating the chemical kinematics of the CO2 -water reaction and the next step in FOCE development for in situ science.
Mercury in king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, and Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus, from waters of the south-eastern USA: regional and historical trends

Mackerels and other piscivorous marine fishes can contain significant levels of mercury. To monitor and better understand mercury levels in mackerel populations, total mercury concentrations were analysed in dorsal muscle tissue from 279 king mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, and from 580 Spanish mackerel, S. maculatus, collected from offshore and coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico in the south-eastern USA. Mercury levels in king mackerel ranged from 0.19 to 3.6 ppm (mean = 0.94 ppm; median = 0.65 ppm) on the Atlantic coast and from 0.18 to 4.0 ppm (mean = 1.51 ppm; median = 1.3 ppm) on the gulf coast. Total mercury levels for Spanish mackerel ranged from 0.04 to 1.3 ppm (mean = 0.32 ppm; median = 0.27 ppm) on the Atlantic coast and from 0.09 to 3.2 ppm (mean = 0.53 ppm; median = 0.44 ppm) on the gulf coast. Data from the present study suggest that Gulf of Mexico king and Spanish mackerel contain significantly higher levels of mercury than those from the Atlantic coast. Total mercury levels and fish length were positively related in both species and in both regions. A positive relationship between total mercury levels and king mackerel age was also detected. No differences in mercury levels were observed between males and females within either species. Comparisons of pre- and post-1996 mercury levels indicated a short-term historical decline in total mercury levels of Spanish mackerel from gulf-coast waters between 1990 and 2002. Further, mercury levels of these species were higher than those recorded in the 1970s.