cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
nev (cyfip2) is required for retinal lamination and axon guidance in the zebrafish retinotectal system

In the zebrafish retinotectal system, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project topographically along anterior-posterior (A-P) and dorsal-ventral (D-V) axes to innervate their primary target, the optic tectum. In the nevermind (nev) mutant, D-V positional information is not maintained by dorsonasal retinal axons as they project through the optic tract to the tectum. Here we present a detailed phenotypic analysis of the retinotectal projection in nev and show that dorsonasal axons do eventually find their correct location on the tectum, albeit after taking a circuitous path. Interestingly, nev seems to be specifically required for retinal axons but not for several non-retinal axon tracts. In addition, we find that nev is required both cell autonomously and cell nonautonomously for proper lamination of the retina. We show that nev encodes Cyfip2 (Cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein 2) and is thus the first known mutation in a vertebrate Cyfip family member. Finally, we show that CYFIP2 acts cell autonomously in the D-V sorting of dorsonasal RGC axons in the optic tract. CYFIP2 is a highly conserved protein that lacks known domains or structural motifs but has been shown to interact with Rac and the fragile-X mental retardation protein, suggesting intriguing links to cytoskeletal dynamics and RNA regulation.
ADHD and Health Services Utilization in the National Health Interview Survey

Objective: Describe the general health, comorbidities and health service use among U.S. children with ADHD. Method: The 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) contained the Strengths and Diff...
Expanding the therapeutic use of androgens via selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs).

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a novel class of androgen receptor (AR) ligands that might change the future of androgen therapy dramatically. With improved pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue-selective pharmacological activities, SARMs are expected to greatly extend the clinical applications of androgens to osteoporosis, muscle wasting, male contraception and diseases of the prostate. Mechanistic studies with currently available SARMs will help to define the contributions of differential tissue distribution, tissue-specific expression of 5α-reductase, ligand-specific regulation of gene expression and AR interactions with tissue-specific coactivators to their observed tissue selectivity, and lead to even greater expansion of selective anabolic therapies.
Gluonic excitations in the hadronic spectrum

QCD at low energy features a gluonic field that is strongly coupled to itself and to quarks. I will present a summary of what we know about the role that excitations of the gluonic field play in determining the spectrum of meson resonances. Recent studies using lattice techniques have suggested a phenomenology of gluonic excitations within QCD that leads to hybrid mesons with both exotic and non-exotic quantum numbers. I will discuss these calculations and describe their relationship to current experimental knowledge and to forthcoming experiments at Jefferson Lab and elsewhere.
Can a sphere scatter light producing rectangular intensity patterns

Random stationary media of a spherical shape, having well-chosen refractive index correlation properties are shown to scatter light to far fields with intensity patterns that possess rectangular symmetry. The analysis is valid under the first Born approximation.
A classification-based assessment of the optimal spectral and spatial resolutions for Great Lakes coastal wetland imagery

Abstract We analyzed hyperspectral airborne imagery (CASI 2 with 46 contiguous VIS/NIR bands) that was acquired over a Lake Huron coastal wetland. To support detailed Great Lakes coastal wetland mapping, the optimal spatial resolution of imagery was determined to be less than 2 m. There was a 23% change in classification resiliency using the SAM classifier upon resampling the original 1-meter, 18-band imagery to 2-meter pixels, and further classifications with larger pixels (4 and 8 m) increased overall classification change to 35% and 50%, respectively. We performed a series of image classification experiments incorporating three independent band selection methodologies (derivative magnitude, fixed interval and derivative histogram), in order to explore the effects of spectral resampling on classification resiliency. This research verified that a minimum of seven, strategically located bands in the VIS–NIR wavelength region (425.4 nm, 514.9 nm, 560.1 nm, 685.5 nm, 731.5 nm, 812.3 nm and 916.7 nm) are necessary to maintain a classification resiliency above the 85% threshold. Significantly, these seven bands produced the highest classification resiliency using the fewest number of bands of any of the 63 band-reduction strategies that were tested. Analyzing only derivative magnitudes proved to be an unreliable tool to identify optimal bands. The fixed interval method was adversely influenced by the starting band location, making its implementation problematic. The combined use of derivative magnitude and frequency of occurrence appears to be the best method to determine the “optimal” bands for a wetland mapping hyperspectral application.
Behavior patterns and personality characteristics related to prevalence rates of coronary heart disease in American monks.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to assess the degree to which groups which differ in dietary patterns might also differ in certain personality and behavioral characteristics theoretically related to CHD. Four groups were studied: Benedictine Priests; Benedictine Brothers; Trappist Priests; and Trappist Brothers. The Benedictine monks are omnivorous, while Trappists are lacto-vegetarian. Information was obtained by Rosenman-Friedman interviews, superior and peer ratings of the Type-A pattern, a sociological inventory, and a personality inventory. Benedictine Priests had the highest rate of myocardial infarction. Benedictine Priests manifested more of the Rosenman-Friedman Type-A behavior pattern than the Benedictine Brothers, but Trappist Priests were also high on the Type-A pattern. Discriminant function analysis showed that the four groups of monks could be reliably discriminated by variables related to a Type-A factor and a Responsibility factor. Benedictine Priests were highest on both factors. On the Cattell 16-PF test the Benedictine Priests were significantly different from all other monks on 9 of 12 first-order factors and 2 second-order factors postulated to be related to CHD. The monks as a group were described by 16-PF scores as “anxious introverts” relative to a standard population. Relative to the rest of the monks the Benedictine Priests were described by the 16-PF as “sensitive extroverts”. The results are in keeping with the general theory that some intrapersonal conflict between emotional and rational elements may be important in the etiology of CHD.
Accurate Estimates of Free Energy Changes in Charge Mutations

The ability to determine the effect of charge changes on the free energy is necessary for fundamental studies of the electrostatic contribution to protein binding and stability. Currently, calculations of differences in free energy for charge mutations carried out in systems with periodic boundary conditions must include an approximate self-energy correction that can be on the same order of magnitude as the calculated free energy change. Here, a new method for accurately calculating the free energy change associated with any alchemical mutation, regardless of charge, is presented. In this method, paired mutations of opposite charge exactly cancel the self-energy term because of its quadratic charge dependence. Since the self-energy term implicitly cancels within the method, a correction never needs to be applied, and the statistical uncertainty associated is thereby removed. An implementation procedure is described and applied to the free energy of ionic hydration and a charged amino acid mutation.
Using a Probabilistic Syllable Model to Improve Scene Text Recognition

This paper presents a new language model for text recognition in natural images. Many existing techniques incorporate n-gram information as an additional source of information. One problem is that some n-grams are very uncommon, but will still appear in a word across a syllable boundary. These words are given a low probability under an n-gram model. To overcome this problem, we introduce a probabilistic syllable model that uses a probabilistic context-free grammar to generate recognized word labels that are consistent with syllables. In other words, labels generated by this model are pronounceable. This is important for scene text recognition where text often includes proper nouns and standard dictionary information cannot be a useful resource. We show that this language model leads to increased recognition accuracy over a big ram model and discuss the benefits over a dictionary model.
Improved depth resolution in Auger depth profiling of multilayered thin films by reactive ion sputtering

Reactive ion sputtering (N) is shown to improve depth resolution significantly in conventional Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling of multilayered metallic thin film samples as compared to standard argon ion bombardment. Layer modulations on the order of the escape depth of the Auger electrons are shown to be discernible by conventional Auger depth profiling in a texturing-prone situation (microscopically modulated thin film samples) when N is used as the sputtering species. Oxygen ion sputtering was observed to give greater improvement in depth resolution than nitrogen, but was also observed to have a deleterious influence on instrument performance. Increasing the N ion energy from 2 to 5 Ke V was found to degrade depth resolution slightly.
A New Type of Organo-Iron Compound

NUMEROUS investigators have studied the reaction of Grignard reagents with anhydrous ferric chloride, but have failed to isolate any organo-iron compounds or to produce any definite evidence for their formation in such reactions.
The molecular biology of platelet-derived growth factor

PDGF is a connective tissue mitogen that has been associated with clotted blood serum for at least 300 million years. It regulates the expression of cell cycle "early genes" in normal fibroblasts. Induction of early genes is preceded by stimulation of a tyrosine-specific kinase. The putative structural gene for PDGF has been acquired by an acutely transforming retrovirus and is expressed in many connective tissue tumors. Further work is needed to determine whether (i) production of PDGF by tumor cells confers a proliferative advantage on these cells, (ii) tyrosine-specific phosphorylations mediate the induction of cell cycle early genes by PDGF, and (iii) products of cell cycle early genes play any functional role in the 10-12 hr chain of events that culminates in replicative DNA synthesis and cell division. In the meantime, these very issues represent candidate functions for other viral oncogenes and their cellular homologs. Some of these genes could act at the onset of the mitogenic cascade by causing the production of automitogenic growth factors. Others may function in the interior of the cascade by promoting tyrosine-specific phosphorylations. Still others may be mutated or rearranged homologs of cell cycle early genes whose expression is normally modulated by extracellular growth factors.
Devices and architectures for large-scale integrated silicon photonics circuits

We present DWDM nanophotonics architectures based on microring resonator modulators and detectors. We focus on two implementations: an on chip interconnect for multicore processor (Corona) and a high radix network switch (HyperX). Based on the requirements of these applications we discuss the key constraints on the photonic circuits' devices and fabrication techniques as well as strategies to improve their performance.
Vaginal ring hormone delivery systems in contraception and menopause.

This paper provides a historical review of the vaginal ring hormone delivery systems in contraception and menopause among American women. Since the early 1900s the vagina has been identified as a drug absorption area. In 1970 Duncan at Upjohn pharmaceutical first patented a vaginal delivery of sex steroids. Since then more than a dozen other patents for vaginal contraceptive rings have been filed. These contraceptive rings were formulated out of polysiloxane and contain either progestin alone or progesterone. In 1989 the first report was published describing ethylene vinyl acetate rings which release 15 or 30 mcg of etonogestrel per day. Eventually further studies documented the effectiveness of other synthetic progestins the effectiveness of combining estrogen and progestin and use of the vaginal rings for menopausal symptoms. Overall results of these studies indicated that for both contraception and menopause therapy the constant hormone release rates after the first 24-48 hours provide excellent patient compliance with therapy.
Quasi-Static Simulation of Percutaneous Aortic Valve Leaflet Deformation

Aortic valve stenosis (AS) — an abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve — is the most common valvular heart disease in western world. The current standard treatment for severe AS remains the open-heart valve surgery to replace the stenotic aortic valve with a prosthetic device. However, for high-risk patients with advanced age and/or other diseases, this very invasive surgery is considered to be excessively risky. It is reported that 30% of such patients with symptomatic AS are not referred for surgery because of the high perioperative mortality rate. Recently, minimally invasive percutaneous aortic valve (PAV) replacement has been developed and tested in patients. Although significant experience has been gained through multicenter clinical trials, PAV therapy is clearly in its infancy. Various adverse effects such as device dysfunction, myocardial infarction, peripheral embolism, aortic injury, and perivalvular leakage have been reported. Furthermore, durability and safety of PAV devices need to be evaluated and studied carefully.© 2009 ASME
Are poorer states worse at targeting their poor

Abstract As a rule, the governments of poor states (provinces or countries) do not seem to be very good at targeting public spending to their poor. Yet anti-poverty programs often target poor states, in the hope of reaching poor people. Should this change?
The effect of flurprimidol on bud flush, shoot growth, and on endogenous gibberellins and abscisic acid of Douglas-Fir seedlings

For 4-month-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings under 17-h photoperiods in controlled environment conditions, flurprimidol (α-(1-methlyethyl-α-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol) decreased incidence of second flushing from 81 to 54% and significantly reduced height growth in the second year following low-temperature treatment, in comparison to untreated controls. For seedlings under 15-h photoperiods, flurprimidol had only limited early effects, but after a period of bud dormancy, shoot growth was reduced to one-third that of the untreated controls. Under both photoperiods flurprimidol significantly depressed abscisic acid levels and gibberellin-like bioactivity. These results suggest that growth reduction in this conifer by flurprimidol may well involve inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis.
Resonance Raman scattering from molecules with vibronically coupled excited states

Abstract Resonance Raman scattering (RRS) from molecules with an excited state perturbed by a nontotally symmetric vibration is theoretically studied in the adiabatic basis set. Analytical expressions for the RRS cross section and for depolarization ratio are derived in a displaced harmonic potential model.
The ecology of freshwater wrack along natural and engineered Hudson River shorelines

Organic matter that is washed onto shore, or “wrack,” is an important component of shoreline ecosystems, providing habitat for macroinvertebrates and organic matter and nutrients to both the upland terrestrial communities and aquatic ecosystems. While marine wrack has been studied extensively, wrack along freshwater shorelines has received less attention. In this article, we report on the standing stocks, mobility, decomposition rates, and macroinvertebrate communities of wrack on different types of Hudson River shorelines (natural: sand, rock, bedrock; and engineered: riprap, cribbing, and bulkhead). Standing stocks of wrack sometimes exceeded 1 kg dry mass/m2, and were the highest on shorelines having flat slopes. Artificial wrack (hay) placed below the high tide mark was rarely retained for more than a few tidal cycles, particularly on highly exposed shores. Wrack on cribbing shorelines decayed significantly faster than on other shoreline types. Macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity were significantly different among shoreline types, with the lowest abundance found on cribbing, along with significantly lower diversity. Consequently, if managers use structures such as cribbing and bulkheads to rebuild or reinforce shorelines, then certain ecological functions may be lost.
Optimal Design and Simulation on the Major Linkage Parameters of a Harvesting Manipulator

A general optimization methodology for the optimal design of robotic manipulators is presented and illustrated by its application to a harvesting manipulator. The optimization design of the manipulator framework and structure is made according to the tomato' s growth circumstance and distribution space.The workspace of the manipulator is carried out and simulated through the Monte Carlo method. Simulation results show that the manipulator with 4 degree- of- freedoms meets the expectations for picking tomato in greenhouse. The rationality of the structure and frame is validated.
The effect of water on the secondary dielectric relaxations in nylon 66

Dielectric data were taken on nylon 66 at several moisture levels at frequencies from 10 to 105 Hz and temperatures from −70°C to room temperature. Moisture increases the frequency and the peak height for the β relaxation and reduces its activation energy. The peak height of the γ relaxation is reduced by moisture and shifts to slightly higher frequencies with little change in activation energy. The β relaxation follows the pattern of Jonscher and Ngai for a cooperative many-body process. The γ relaxation is slightly broader than a Debye relaxation and approaches that model quite closely as the temperature is increased. The high-frequency end of the β relaxation overlaps the γ relaxation.
Bureaucratic privilege as an issue in Chinese politics

Abstract Since December 1978, social policy in China has followed a more openly elitist direction than in any period since 1949. The conservative drift in many policies is unmistakable, but in one respect there is concern — Party opposition to the rapid growth of bureaucratic privilege and abuse of political position. Mao had struck harshly at non-Party intellectuals, urban entrepreneurs, scientists and politically inactive youth. These groups are part of the social base for the new top leadership. A set of demobilizing reforms and purges aimed to route the radical leaders have been ordered by the Deng faction to intimidate their followers, as well as to discredit the mass-campaign style of work in order to replace it with orthodox Party-state structures. Some resistance has followed, but the increasing privatization of the economy created an absolutely larger petty-bourgeoisie which formed a new social layer supporting Deng. Generous back-pay and compensation for those weeded out by the Cultural Revolution gave a material basis for new inequalities. Upper-class communists were once again able to organize privileged, elitist education for their progeny. Finally, economic policy, including the new tolerance of patriotic Hong Kong capitalists, gave a new lease of life to entrepreneurs, some with foreign ties. A coalition of Party bureaucrats, civil servants, academics and businessmen has little time for socialist egalitarianism and Mao's radicalism.
Regulation of CYP3A genes by glucocorticoids in human lung cells

Inhaled glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for patients with persistent asthma. However, approximately thirty percent of patients exhibit glucocorticoid insensitivity, which may involve excess metabolic clearance of the glucocorticoids by CYP3A enzymes in the lung. CYP3A4, 3A5, and 3A7 enzymes metabolize glucocorticoids, which in turn induce CYP3A genes. However, the mechanism of CYP3A5 mRNA regulation by glucocorticoids in lung cells has not been determined. In hepatocytes, glucocorticoids bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which induces the expression of the constitutive androstane receptor or pregnane X receptor; both of which bind to the retinoid X receptor alpha, leading to the induction of CYP3A4, 3A5, and 3A7. There is also evidence to suggest a direct induction of CYP3A5 by GR activation in liver cells. In this study, these pathways were evaluated as the mechanism for CYP3A5 mRNA induction by glucocorticoids in freshly isolated primary tracheal epithelial, adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial (A549), immortalized bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B), primary normal human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE), primary small airway epithelial (SAEC), and primary lobar epithelial lung cells. In A549 cells, beclomethasone 17-monopropionate ([M1]) induced CYP3A5 mRNA through the glucocorticoid receptor. CYP3A5 mRNA induction by five different glucocorticoids was attenuated by inhibiting the glucocorticoid receptor using ketoconazole, and for beclomethasone dipropionate, using siRNA-mediated knock-down of the glucocorticoid receptor. The constitutive androstane receptor was not expressed in lung cells. SAEC cells, a primary lung cell line, expressed CYP3A5, but CYP3A5 mRNA was not induced by glucocorticoid treatment despite evaluating a multitude of cell culture conditions. None of the other lung cells expressed CYP3A4, 3A5 or 3A7 mRNA. These studies demonstrate that CYP3A5 mRNA is induced by glucocorticoids in A549 cells via the glucocorticoid receptor, but that additional undefined regulatory processes exist in primary lung cells.
The highly conserved methionine of subunit I of the heme-copper oxidases is not at the heme-copper dinuclear center: mutagenesis of M110 in subunit I of cytochrome bo3-type ubiquinol oxidase from Escherichia coli.

Abstract A common feature within the heme-copper oxidase superfamily is the dinuclear heme-copper center. Analysis via extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) has led to the proposal that sulfur may be bound to CU B , a component of the dinuclear center, and a highly conserved methionine (M110 in the E. coli oxidase) in subunit I has been proposed as the ligand. Recent models of subunit I, however, suggest that this residue is unlikely to be near CU B , but is predicted to be near the low spin heme component of the heme-copper oxidases. In this paper, the role of M110 is examined by spectroscopic analyses of site-directed mutants of the bo 3 -type oxidase from Escherichia coli . The results show that M110 is a non-essential residue and suggest that it is probably not near the heme-copper dinuclear center.
Using Computerized Provider Order Entry and Clinical Decision Support to Improve Prescribing in Patients With Decreased GFR

Giventhehighrateofadverse drug events among patients with de-creased GFR, and the demonstrated ability ofcomputerized physician order entry and clinicaldecision support to reduce adverse drug events,there is a great opportunity to improve patientcare by applying these tools in this context. Inthis issue of the
Blood Clotting Times of Five Avian Species

Abstract DIDISHEIM et al. (1959) and Soulier et al. (1959) reported Lee-White clotting times of chicken blood varying from 9 to 16 min. However, Delezenne (1897) and Howell (1909) earlier had reported much longer times. More recent work by Bigland and Triantaphyllopoulos (1960) confirmed the longer clotting times, recording a mean time of 69 min. at 42 °C. for 37 laying hens. This led to the hypothesis that the chicken relies for hemostasis on tissue thromboplastin present rather than on the generation of plasma thromboplastin. The basis being, that humans and mammals with comparable clotting times have hemorrhagic tendencies, whereas no such manifestation was seen in the apparently normal chickens examined. The present paper reports on a study of clotting times of five avian species at various temperatures, to confirm the lengthy clotting time of blood from chickens and determine if this is common to other avian species. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass: Techniques, Pitfalls, and Results

In an attempt to advance the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease, surgeons sought a way to offer the proven benefits of coronary revascularization and avoid the side effects of cardiopulmonary bypass by performing revascularization in the beating heart (off-pump coronary artery bypass). This review will describe the development and refinement of the technique, pitfalls to its widespread adoption, and an up-to-date assessment of current results.
Use of laser capture microdissection, cDNA microarrays, and tissue microarrays in advancing our understanding of prostate cancer.

One difficulty in studying epithelial tumors has been the inability to isolate pure samples for DNA and RNA analysis. Prostate cancer, with its infiltrative nature, is particularly challenging. The Combination of several new technologies should help overcome these hurdles. Laser capture microdissection uses a laser beam to achieve transfer of pure cell populations for isolation of DNA, RNA, and protein. High-throughput analysis of these samples can be achieved by using cDNA expression microarrays. High-density tissue microarrays should allow for validation of differentially expressed genes. This review will concentrate on the application of laser capture microdissection, cDNA microarrays, and tissue microarrays in the area of prostate cancer research.
Impact of "Standard" Earmold on RECD

Output from a moderate-gain behind-the-ear hearing aid was measured in HA-1 and HA-2 couplers. For the HA-1 coupling, a standard full-shell earmold with #13 tubing throughout was used. The results ...
Alkyl Rearrangement Processes in Organozirconium Complexes. Observation of Internal Alkyl Complexes during Hydrozirconation

Isotopically labeled alkyl zirconocene complexes of the form (CpRn)2Zr(CH2CDR‘2)(X) (CpRn = alkyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl; R‘ = H, alkyl group; X = H, D, Me) undergo isomerization of the alkyl ligand as well as exchange with free olefin in solution under ambient conditions. Increasing the substitution on the Cp ring results in slower isomerization reactions, but these steric effects are small. In contrast, changing X has a very large effect on the rate of isomerization. Pure σ-bonding ligands such as methyl and hydride promote rapid isomerization, whereas π-donor ligands inhibit β-H elimination and hence alkyl isomerization. For (η5-C5H5)2Zr(R)(Cl), internal alkyl complexes have been observed for the first time. The rate of isomerization depends on the length of the alkyl group: longer alkyl chains (heptyl, hexyl) isomerize faster than shorter chains (butyl). The transient intermediate species have been identified by a combination of isotopic labeling and 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR experiments. The solid-s...
Direct Measurement of Denitrification Using 15N‐labeled Fertilizer Applied to Turfgrass

Denitrification losses are a possibility from turfgrass because of frequent irrigation, multiple applications of N fertilizers, and an abundance of readily decomposable organic C in thatch and verdure. Field experiments were conducted to directly measure N 2 and N 2 O evolved from a Flanagan silt loam soil under Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Mass spectrometric procedures were used to analyze atmospheric samples collected from replicated 15 N fertilized turf (49 kg ha -1 ). Data showed that labeled fertilizer N (LFN) losses ranged from 2.1 to 7.3% for N 2 and from 0.4 to 3.9% for N 2 O; that large N 2 and N 2 O fluxes occurred after heavy rainfall events; and that more N 2 was evolved than N 2 O. Emission of gas was detected while standing water was visible within cylinders, suggesting the transfer of gases from the flooded soil to the atmosphere through the turfgrass plants. Evolution of N 2 and N 2 O was greater from creeping bentgrass treated with KNO 3 than urea through the first 3 wk of the experiment, whereas N 2 emission was greater for urea during the last 2 wk of the experiment, presumably because of NO 3 production through nitrification. Nitrous oxide was detected on the day of fertilization with the KNO 3 treatment, and the mole fraction of N 2 O decreased from 0.44 to 0.11 with each weekly application of N.
Patterns of Intimate Partner Violence in Mothers At-Risk for Child Maltreatment

Using three interviews spanning 3 years, we identified intimate partner violence (IPV) classes and determined how class membership changed over time amongst a sample of 217 mothers at-risk for child maltreatment that were enrolled in an early childhood home visitation evaluation study. Data on perpetration/victimization, IPV type (verbal, physical, and sexual abuse and injury) and severity were used to conduct latent class analyses at each time point. Latent transition analyses established the proportion of mothers who changed classes over time. A three-class solution (minimal, moderate, and high IPV) was indicated at each time point. All classes included mutual IPV. Partners used minor verbal abuse in the minimal class, minor and severe verbal abuse and minor physical abuse in the moderate class, and all IPV categories in the high class. At each transition, 40 % or more women moved from minimal to moderate or high IPV. This movement emphasizes the need to screen women frequently and develop interventions recognizing the dynamic nature of IPV.
Heat, mortality, and level of urbanization: Measuring vulnerability across Ohio, USA

Few studies have examined heat vulnerability on a sub-metropolitan area level. This paper presents an analysis of heat vulnerability across Ohio (USA) on a county level. Each county is classified as ‘urban’, ‘suburban’, or ‘rural’. Four different criteria defining what is meteorologically ‘oppressive’ are evaluated individually. Each of these criteria is associated with an increase in mortality of several percent statewide. Absolute increases in mortality are greatest across urban counties, as expected. When these values are evaluated as a percentage increase in mortality, rural and suburban counties actually show a greater response. The differences among the 3 groups are not statistically significant. This research thus suggests that merely being an urban resident does not make one more vulnerable to heat.
A measurement of high-pT correlations in 340 GeV/c pp and 280 GeV/c π−p reactions

We have measured correlations between single high-pT(1.5<pT<3.5 GeV/c) trigger particles on one side of the beam line and groups of particles entering a calorimeter on the opposite side of the beam line. The mean transverse momentum measured in the calorimeter is found to increase with the trigger-particle transverse momentum. The coplanarity of the events increases with trigger-particle transverse momentum. We have compared our data with the predictions of a phenomenological four-jet model. To fit our data we find that we must give large (0.9 GeV/c) mean transverse momenta to the constituents of the initial hadrons.
A Printed Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on a Sinusoidally-Modulated Reactance Surface

A simple procedure for designing a sinusoidally-modulated reactance surface (SMRS) that radiates at an arbitrary off-broadside angle is outlined. The procedure allows for nearly independent control of the leakage and phase constants along the surface. Printing an array of metallic strips over a grounded dielectric substrate is discussed as a way to practically implement the theoretical SMRS. A method of mapping the gaps between metallic strips to a desired surface impedance is presented as an efficient alternative to mapping methods used in the past. A printed leaky-wave antenna with a sinusoidally-modulated surface reactance is designed using the procedure mentioned above. The TM-polarized antenna radiates at 30° from broadside at 10 GHz, and exhibits an experimental gain of 18.4 dB. Theoretical, simulated, and experimental results are presented.
Aberrant right subclavian artery occlusion from insertion of a transesophageal echocardiographic probe in an asymptomatic adult.

r t r g t t b f r c s t c INTRAOPERATIVE USE of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is essential in monitoring valve and congenital heart disease repairs and in evaluating life-threatening and unexpected hemodynamic disturbances that are associated with cardiac and noncardiac surgery. The incidence of TEE-associated complications is in the range of 0% to 0.5%.1 Case reports of the pediatric population have described occlusion of an aberrant right subclavian artery during cardiac surgery.2,3 This literature review did not reveal any cases in the adult population.
Long-term Follow Up of Patients with Congenital Absence of the Vagina and Uterus- Pyschosexual Development

Background Lack of muellerian development (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome) with resultant absence of the vagina occurs in one of 4000 female births. There are currently two methods for the creation of a neovagina; dilator therapy or surgical vaginoplasty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term satisfaction and psychosexual development of individuals who have undergone either procedure Methods Nine patients, ages eighteen or older, who were referred to Washington University with congenilal absence ot the vagina and uterus (CAVU) and who underwent neovagina creation were retrospectively contacted and gave consent to participate in this study. Subjects were interviewed utilizing two questionnaires. Each subject was asked information about the neovagina procedure they selected, and their current level of satisfaction with their neovagina. A second instrument, assessing self-esteem, was administered and evaluated independently. Results Five of the nine patients underwent dilator therapy to create a neovagina, four underwent surgical vaginoplasty. The average age at diagnosis was 17.2 years. Ability to have orgasm by partner or self-stimulation was always (4/9), occasional (4/9), never (1/9). Seven of the nine patients had experienced vaginal intercourse (4/5 dilator patients, 3/4 vaginoplasty patients), with the number of life time sexual partners ranging from I to 10 (average # of life time partners for sexually active dilator patients = 2.75, sexually active vaginoplasty patients = 5.6). Among these women, satisfaction with current sex life was completely satisfied (4/7), satisfied (2/7), and dissatisfied (1/7). Three of the nine subjects were married. Six of the nine patients were currently sexually active (3/5 dilator patients, 314 vaginoplasty patients). One dilator patient experienced a coitally related vaginal laceration which required emergency treatment and a blood transfusion. Follow up ranged from 1 to 12 years since treatment (average 4.2 years for dilator patients, 8.25 years for vaginoplasty patients). During the post-treaunent interval all subjects have learned to accept their diagnosis of infertility, and 8 of 9 would consider adoption. As measured by the self-reported psychiatric instrument, no personality disorders were identified, all patients scored high in self-directed and cooperative behavior, and patients choosing vaginoplasty scored low in persistence compared to the dilator patients. Conclusion Based on our long term follow up of patients with CAVU in this study, we conclude that patients diagnosed in their late teens adapt to either method of neovagina creation, and are very likely to enter into satisfying sexual relationships. This information is very reassuring and should be included when counseling patients with CAVU.
Air-water oxygen exchange in a large whitewater river

Air – water gas exchange governs fluxes of gas into and out of aquatic ecosystems. Knowing this flux is necessary to calculate gas budgets (i.e., O2) to estimate whole-ecosystem metabolism and basin-scale carbon budgets. Empirical data on rates of gas exchange for streams, estuaries, and oceans are readily available. However, there are few data from large rivers and no data from whitewater rapids. We measured gas transfer velocity in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon, as decline in O2 saturation deficit, 7 times in a 28-km segment spanning 7 rapids. The O2 saturation deficit exists because of hypolimnetic discharge from Glen Canyon Dam, located 25 km upriver from Lees Ferry. Gas transfer velocity (k600) increased with slope of the immediate reach. k600 was , 10 cm h -1 in flat reaches, while k600 for the steepest rapid ranged 3600 – 7700 cm h -1 , an extremely high value ofk600. Using the rate of gas exchange per unit length of water surface elevation (Kdrop ,m -1 ), segment-integrated k600 varied between 74 and 101 cm h -1 . Using Kdrop we scaled k600 to the remainder of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. At the scale corresponding to the segment length where 80% of the O2 exchanged with the atmosphere (mean length ¼ 26.1 km), k600 varied 4.5-fold between 56 and 272 cm h -1 with a mean of 113 cm h -1 . Gas transfer velocity for the Colorado River was higher than those from other aquatic ecosystems because of large rapids. Our approach of scalingk600 based onKdrop allows comparing gas transfer velocity across rivers with spatially heterogeneous morphology.
Three-dimensional metal scaffold supported bicontinuous silicon battery anodes.

Silicon-based lithium ion battery anodes are attracting significant attention because of silicon’s exceptionally high lithium capacity. However, silicon’s large volume change during cycling generally leads to anode pulverization unless the silicon is dispersed throughout a matrix in nanoparticulate form. Because pulverization results in a loss of electric connectivity, the reversible capacity of most silicon anodes dramatically decays within a few cycles. Here we report a three-dimensional (3D) bicontinuous silicon anode formed by depositing a layer of silicon on the surface of a colloidal crystal templated porous nickel metal scaffold, which maintains electrical connectivity during cycling due to the scaffold. The porous metal framework serves to both impart electrical conductivity to the anode and accommodate the large volume change of silicon upon lithiation and delithiation. The initial capacity of the bicontinuous silicon anode is 3568 (silicon basis) and 1450 mAh g–1 (including the metal framework) ...
Rehabilitation of Balance in Two Patients With Cerebellar Dysfunction

The treatment of two patients with cerebellar dysfunction is described. One patient was a 36-year-old woman with a 7-month history of dizziness and unsteadiness following surgical resection of a recurrent pilocystic astrocytoma located in the cerebellar vermis. The other patient was a 48-year-old man with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and diffuse cerebellar atrophy, and a 10-year history of progressive gait and balance difficulties. Each patient was treated with a 6-week course of physical therapy that emphasized the practice of activities that challenged stability. The patient with the cerebellar tumor resection also performed eye-head coordination exercises. Each patient had weekly therapy and performed selected balance retraining exercises on a daily basis at home. Measurements taken before and after treatment for each patient included self-perception of symptoms, clinical balance tests, and stability during selected standing and gait activities; for the patient with the cerebellar tumor resection, vestibular function tests and posturography were also performed. Both patients reported improvements in symptoms and demonstrated similar improvements on several kinematic indicators of stability during gait. The patient with the cerebellar tumor resection improved on posturography following treatment, whereas the patient with CTX improved on clinical balance tests. This case report describes two individualized treatment programs and documents functional improvements in two patients with different etiologies, durations, and clinical presentations of cerebellar dysfunction. The outcomes suggest that patients with cerebellar lesions, acute or chronic, may be able to learn to improve their postural stability.
Problems in Stabilization of Multidimensional Filters via Hilbert Transform

The limitations of a stabilizing scheme for multidimensional filters via Hilbert transform are discussed. The source of trouble is linked to a multivariable factorization problem.
Daily injections alter spine density in rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex are reorganized after chronic corticosterone treatment. In this study, we assessed the effects of chronic corticosterone administration on dendritic spines. Adult male rats received sc injections of either corticosterone or vehicle daily for 3 weeks or were left untreated. Layer II–III neurons in medial prefrontal cortex were stained using a Golgi–Cox procedure and spines were counted on the portions of apical dendrites where maximal corticosterone-induced dendritic changes occur. In vehicle- and corticosterone-treated rats, spine density proximal to the soma was increased relative to untreated rats, while spine density in the distal portion of the apical arbor was unchanged, suggesting that daily handling alone altered spine density. This stress-induced change in spine density likely reflects important functional changes in excitatory synaptic inputs in prefrontal cortex.
A systems theory approach to modelling of cutting temperature with experimental identification

A parametric model of the thermal process generated in metal cutting is developed in a theoretical system approach. A family of transfer functions of a piecewise linear system is provided for analysing both the transient and the steady-state response of the cutting temperature to inputs of cutting speeds. The influence of tool wear on the raising of the cutting temperature is incorporated in the global sensitivity of the model parameters towards the working conditions. A standard thermocouple embedded in the tool holder is used to monitor the thermal process in continuous and interrupted turning experiments. A model assessment based on an analysis of parameter estimates is obtained after an extensive identification procedure. The model can be referred to for implementing real-time control of the cutting process.
Contribution of the intercalated adenosine at the helical junction to the stability of the gag-pro frameshifting pseudoknot from mouse mammary tumor virus.

The mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) gag-pro frameshifting pseudoknot is an H-type RNA pseudoknot that contains an unpaired adenosine (A14) at the junction of the two helical stems required for efficient frameshifting activity. The thermodynamics of folding of the MMTV vpk pseudoknot have been compared with a structurally homologous mutant RNA containing a GU to G-C substitution at the helical junction (U13C RNA), and an A14 deletion mutation in that context (U13CDA14 RNA). Dual wavelength optical melting and differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the unpaired adenosine contributes 0.7 (60.2) kcal mol -1 at low salt and 1.4 (60.2) kcal mol -1 to the stability (DG837) at 1 M NaCl. This stability increment derives from a favorable enthalpy contribution to the stability DDH 5 6.6 (62.1) kcal mol -1 with DDG837 comparable to that predicted for the stacking of a dangling 39 unpaired adenosine on a G-C or GU base pair. Group 1A monovalent ions, NH 4 1 ,M g 2 1 , and Co(NH3)6 31 ions stabilize the A14 and DA14 pseudoknots to largely identical extents, revealing that the observed differences in stability in these molecules do not derive from a differential or specific accumulation of ions in the A14 versus DA14 pseudoknots. Knowledge of this free energy contribution may facilitate the prediction of RNA pseudoknot formation from primary nucleotide sequence (Gultyaev et al., 1999, RNA 5:609-617).
ELISA analysis of β‐secretase cleavage of the Swedish amyloid precursor protein in the secretory and endocytic pathways

Limiting beta amyloid (Ab) production could become an important therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Ab is derived by the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by b- and c-secretases. A double missense mutation in APP found in a Swedish pedigree (APPsw) elevates Ab40 and Ab42 production. Ab production and, therefore, b-secretase cleavage of APPsw reportedly occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi and endocytic compartments. However, the relative contribution of b-secretase cleavage occurring in each compartment has not been determined. Experiments described here use a novel ELISA to measure the b-cleaved product, APPswb. Using this ELISA, we provide new information regarding the relative amount of b-secretase cleavage of APPsw that occurs in secretory and endocytic pathways. Using a dilysine retrieval motif to retain APPsw in the ER, we discovered that less than 15% of the b-secretase cleavage was still detected. Experiments utilizing endocytosis-impaired mutants of APPsw revealed that little or no b-secretase cleavage of APPsw appears to take place through endocytosis. Surprisingly, deletion of the entire cytoplasmic tail increased both APPswb and Ab secretion, suggesting that protein interactions with this region normally impede b-secretase cleavage. These results suggest that APPsw is cleaved by b-secretase late in the secretory path
Phosphorus runoff from two water sources on a calcareous soil.

Phosphorus (P) in irrigation runoff may enrich offsite water bodies and streams and be influenced by irrigation water quality and antecedent soil surface conditions. Runoff, soil loss, and P fractions in runoff using reverse osmosis (RO) water or mixed RO and well water (RO/ Tap) were studied in a laboratory sprinkler study to evaluate water source effects on P transport. A top- or subsoil Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid), either amended or not amended with manure and/or with cheese whey, with Olsen P from 20 to 141 mg kg-' and lime from 108 to 243 g kr', was placed in L5 x 1.2 X 0.2-m-deep containers with 2.4% slope and irrigated three times from a 3-m height for 15 min, applying 20 mm of water. The first irrigation was on a dry loose surface, the second on a wet surface, and the third on a dry crusted surface. Surface (ca. 2 cm) soil samples, prior to the first irrigation, were analyzed for Olsen P, water-soluble P (P„,), and iron-oxide impregnated paperextractable P (FeO-P) analyses. Following each irrigation we determined runoff, sediment, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-pm filtered sample, and Fe0-P and total P in unfiltered samples. Soil surface conditions had no effect on P runoff relationships. Water source bad no significant effect on the relationship between DRP or FeO-P runoff and soil test P, except for DRP in RO runoff versus water-soluble soil P (r 2 = 0.90). Total P in RO runoff versus soil P were not related; but weakly correlated for Rd/ Tap (r z < 0.50). Water source and soil surface conditions had little or no effect on P runoff from this calcareous soil.