cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Healthy default beverage policies for kids’ meals: A statewide baseline assessment of restaurant managers’ perceptions and knowledge in Delaware

Abstract The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to obesity, diabetes, and other negative health outcomes among children. In response, many government entities have enacted healthy default beverage policies that require restaurants offering bundled kids’ meals—food and drink items combined and sold as a single unit—to include only healthier drinks. Despite growing interest in these policies, little is known about their potential reach, restaurant management perceptions, and possible implementation challenges. This study evaluated restaurant managers’ knowledge and support of a policy in Delaware that had passed, but not yet gone into effect. We conducted structured in-person interviews with managers (n = 50) from full-service and quick-service chain and non-chain restaurants (QSRs) using a stratified random sample. Managers were interviewed about the number of bundled meals sold, beverage sales with those meals, and awareness and perceptions of the policy. On average, QSRs sold significantly more bundled kids’ meals per week (281) compared to full-service restaurants (111), and managers from chain restaurants reported selling significantly more bundled kids’ meals per week (233) compared to non-chain restaurants (91). Managers reported 72.5% of those meals were sold with a healthier beverage (water, milk, or 100% juice), consistent with the forthcoming policy, while 28% were sold with SSBs. Furthermore, although only three managers (6%) reported knowing about the policy, the majority supported it when it was explained. Our findings indicate general support for the intent of the policy, but suggest the need for tailored implementation approaches and additional education for restaurant manager’s and staff.
Concentrated Epinephrine Use in the Operating Room

A 16-year-old male with history of nasal obstruction secondary to acquired traumatic deformity was scheduled for outpatient external approach septorhinoplasty and inferior turbinate reduction. Preoperative exam was unremarkable, and the case was cleared to proceed by both the surgical and anesthesia teams. Following routine induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, the surgeon was handed an unlabeled syringe for local anesthetic infiltration of the external nose, turbinates, and septum. This syringe contained only 3 mL of clear fluid which the surgeon noted at the time, commenting that the team would eventually require more local anesthetic. After preoperative timeout was performed, the anesthesia team was notified that “lidocaine with epinephrine” was being injected locally. Following a brief delay, the scrub tech exclaimed that they had accidentally given the surgeon the incorrect syringe – instead of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, the surgeon had been given a syringe containing 1:1000 epinephrine. The injection was immediately discontinued after an estimated 0.8 mL had been injected into the right inferior turbinate. The anesthesia team was quickly notified of the situation and the head of the turbinate was incised with a 15-blade in an attempt to express any residual epinephrine before it was absorbed systemically.
Teaching Methods in Undergraduate Intermediate Theory, Statistics and Econometrics, and Other Upper-Division Economics Courses: Results From a Sixth National Quinquennial Survey:

This article is an extension of a recent article published in The American Economist (Asarta et al., 2021) and presents the second report of basic findings from the 2020 online administration of th...
K-pop beyond the lockdown: Fandom, participation, and experiencing community online

In the year of a global pandemic that brought activity to a halt for musicians around the globe, the K-pop industry proved to be an illuminating case study in how to remain vibrant despite being distanced. As a music that thrives on the Internet with its highly visual nature, K-pop has been well positioned to maintain lively audiences through diverse and innovative content amidst the lockdown environment. Indeed, high-profile group BTS flourished in the time of COVID-19, garnering the Guinness record for most viewers of a music concert live stream. At the heart of this success is an engagement with fans that continues to drive BTS’s, and K-pop’s, rise to mainstream visibility, revealing a participatory nature that remains its strength. This essay reflects on K-pop fandom at the intersection of social media activity intensified in the COVID-19 era, focusing on the case of BTS and the group’s success in building community online. © Equinox Publishing Ltd 2021, Office 415, The Workstation, 15 Paternoster Row, Sheffield S1 2BX.
Drug Delivery and Drug Transport

Drug delivery is a key problem in the treatment of cancer. Most of the differences between tumor and host are quantitative, not qualitative. Therefore, untransformed cells have some sensitivity to many anti-cancer drugs. In particular, the conventional chemotherapy agents have high toxicity toward all proliferating cells, so it is essential that drug delivery maximize the drug concentration in the cancerous tissue while keeping it low in the rest of the body. Critical factors in this regard are route of administration and drug transport, both of which can be affected by a diversity of factors. Many anti-cancer agents that cannot be given orally are typically injected intravenously. Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis may result from direct contact of the drug with the intima of the injected vein. It is important to avoid high concentration and prolonged contact with these drugs, especially in cases of elevated pressure in the antebrachial vein, as is the case in mediastinal tumor compression from severe vena cava syndrome.
Shared and Distinct Cognitive/Affective Mechanisms in Intrusive Cognition: An Examination of Worry and Obsessions

Generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder are defined by chronic intrusive thoughts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between cognitive (attentional control) and motivational (negative urgency) mechanisms potentially underlying worry and obsessions. Participants (N = 526) completed an online questionnaire battery consisting of self-report measures of worry, OCD symptoms, attentional control (AC), negative urgency (NU), and trait negative affect. After controlling for trait negative affect, self-reported AC was negatively related to worry, repugnant obsessions, and ordering symptoms. Greater NU was associated with increased worry and repugnant obsessions. Further, self-reported AC and NU interacted such that greater NU was associated with greater worry at high but not low levels of AC. AC and NU were independently associated with repugnant obsessions. Perceived executive functioning impairments may confer risk for intrusive thoughts, particularly worries, whereas distress-driven impulsivity may contribute to the involuntary, ego-dystonic features of intrusions.
Print and Pageantry in Baroque Rome

Printed descriptions of ceremonies, festivities, and pageants were a growth sector of publishing in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Giving particular attention to the publishing format of such works, this article analyzes 110 examples produced in Rome between 1623 and 1655.The vast majority are quarto pamphlets of no more than sixteen pages. Political, devotional, and commercial motives were driving this type of publication, which participated in the general increase of cheap printed sub-book genres in the seventeenth century. In Baroque Rome ceremonial publications reflected the responsiveness of Catholic monarchs and religious orders to the new possibilities of cheap print as well as the growing commodification of news in these decades.
Analysis of code division random multiple access systems with packet combining

A reverse link random access system is considered where CDMA with random spreading is used for reset separation. The receiver consists of either a matched filter (MF) or a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) detector followed by autonomous forward error correction (FEC) decoders for each user. The random access strategy combines slotted ALOHA with incremental redundancy (IR). Such a system is defined as a code division random multiple access (CDRMA) system. Two types of IR, namely code combining and maximal ratio combining (MRC) are considered. Bounds on the throughput of a CDRMA system are obtained for different detectors and IR schemes, when the number of users K and the spreading factor N, are both large (K,N/spl rarr//spl infin/, K/N=/spl alpha/). These bounds are derived using known results on the information theoretic capacity for a user within a slot. The bound on the throughput of a CDRMA system is shown to be equal to the bound on the throughput of an equivalent fixed access (conventional) CDMA system.
Judicial Enforcement of Educational Safety & Security: The American Experience

While education is an American constitutional value, the opportunity to pursue an education - particularly to pursue a quality education - is meaningless unless the student is able to pursue his/her educational rights in an environment that is both safe and secure. If students are subjected to sexual and racial harassment, to physical violence, to bullying and intimidation, to a culture of illegal drugs, and/or other dangers, then learning cannot take place. Outstanding instructors, state of the art equipment, newly issued textbooks, small classes, and large financial expenditures are irrelevant to the child who is terror stricken by attending school. Thus, if the American constitutional value of education is to have any substantive meaning, the government must insure that there is a safe and secure learning environment. This Essay focuses focus on the role of the American courts in enforcing educational safety and security. That is, this Essay explores the role of the judiciary in insuring that all children have a safe and secure environment in which to learn. Its central thesis is that the American courts - particularly the Supreme Court of the United States - have a mixed record in this regard.
Propofol restores TRPV1 sensitivity via a TRPA1‐, nitric oxide synthase‐dependent activation of PKCε

We previously demonstrated that the intravenous anesthetic, propofol, restores the sensitivity of transient receptor potential vanilloid channel subtype-1 (TRPV1) receptors via a protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe)-dependent and transient receptor potential ankyrin channel subtype-1 (TRPA1)-dependent pathway in sensory neurons. The extent to which the two pathways are directly linked or operating in parallel has not been determined. Using a molecular approach, our objectives of the current study were to confirm that TRPA1 activation directly results in PKCe activation and to elucidate the cellular mechanism by which this occurs. F-11 cells were transfected with complimentary DNA (cDNA) for TRPV1 only or both TRPV1 and TRPA1. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration was measured in individual cells via fluorescence microscopy. An immunoblot analysis of the total and phosphorylated forms of PKCe, nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and TRPV1 was also performed. In F-11 cells containing both channels, PKCe inhibition prevented the propofol- and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC)-induced restoration of TRPV1 sensitivity to agonist stimulation as well as increased phosphorylation of PKCe and TRPV1. In cells containing TRPV1 only, neither agonist induced PKCe or TRPV1 phosphorylation. Moreover, NOS inhibition blocked propofol-and AITC-induced restoration of TRPV1 sensitivity and PKCe phosphorylation, and PKCe inhibition prevented the nitric oxide donor, SNAP, from restoring TRPV1 sensitivity. Also, propofol-and AITC-induced phosphorylation of nNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production were blocked with the TRPA1-antagonist, HC-030031. These data indicate that the AITC- and propofol-induced restoration of TRPV1 sensitivity is mediated by a TRPA1-dependent, nitric oxide synthase-dependent activation of PKCe.
A Simple Proof of Mind-Body Dualism

This paper provides an elegant proof of mind-body dualism. I show, first, that all properties known to humankind, aside from qualitative properties of consciousness (and perhaps numerical properties), are fundamentally relational in nature. I then show that relational properties are, at least in principle, always fully describable in language. Finally, I point out that qualitative properties of consciousness are clearly not fully describable in ordinary language. Thus, qualitative properties of consciousness are fundamentally different than all other properties known to humankind: they are fundamentally intrinsic properties that stand outside of the realm of scientific inquiry.
Autoregulation of Escherichia coli purR requires two control sites downstream of the promoter.

Abstract The expression of Escherichia coli purR, which encodes the pur regulon repressor protein, is autoregulated. Autoregulation at the level of transcription requires two operator sites, designated purRo1 and purRo2 (O1 and O2). Operator O1 is in the region of DNA between the transcription start site and the site for translation initiation, and O2 is in the protein-coding region. The repressor protein binds noncooperatively to O1 with a sixfold-higher affinity than to O2, and saturation of O1 by the repressor precedes saturation of O2. Both O1 and O2 function in the two- to threefold autoregulation in vivo, as determined by measurement of beta-galactosidase and mRNA from purR-lacZ translational fusions. Of all the genes thus far known to be regulated by the Pur repressor, only purR employs a two-operator mechanism.
Microstructure and thermodynamics of zirconolite- and pyrochlore-dominated synroc samples: HRTEM and AEM investigation

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) studies have been conducted on samples crystallized from melts with a composition of zirconolite {(Ca0.9Gd0.1)Zr(Ti1.9Al0.1)2O7} and CaCeTi2O7. The formation of a whole suite of Synroc phases (zirconia, ZrTiO4, zirconolite, perovskite, and rutile) has been observed.
A pilot study comparing in-person and web-based motivational interviewing among adults with a first-time DUI offense

Background Driving under the influence (DUI) is a significant problem, and there is a pressing need to develop interventions that reduce future risk.
Interferon-γ in the treatment of the chronic granulomatous diseases of childhood

The bactericidal activity of phagocytic cells depends largely on the production of highly reactive metabolites from the metabolism of oxygen. A lesion anywhere in the biochemical pathway of hydrogen peroxide production has the potential to cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Recent findings have shown that CGD results from distinct abnormalities in the NADPH oxidase system, which includes the membrane-associated proteins, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome b-558, and several cytosolic proteins. Specific genetic markers have been identified for the most common biochemical variants of CGD. Pharmacologic alteration of phagocyte oxidative metabolism is now possible through the use of recombinant interferon-γ. In vitro studies have shown that neutrophils and monocytes derived from patients with autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive CGD respond to interferon-γ with an enhanced respiratory burst (superoxide production) and increased bactericidal activity. Furthermore, subcutaneous interferon-γ administration improves bactericidal activity in neutrophils and monocytes derived from patients with X-linked, cytochrome b-negative CGD, despite the lack of effect on superoxide production. This suggests that interferon-γ also stimulates nonoxidative bactericidal pathways. Data from a multicenter clinical trial indicate sustained administration of interferon-γ is effective in the management of CGD. In addition, related studies indicate that modern molecular and genetic technologies offer the possibility of improved management or cure for CGD.
Low temperature magnetic properties of the geometrically frustrated pyrochlores Tb2Ti2O7, Gd2Ti2O7, and Gd2Sn2O7

Abstract The low temperature static magnetic susceptibility of the magnetically frustrated pyrochlore Tb 2 Ti 2 O 7 exhibits an ordering feature at approximately 70 mK, with substantial history dependence below that temperature, suggestive of a spin glass ground state. Static susceptibilities of the isostructural but magnetically more isotropic compounds Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 and Gd 2 Sn 2 O 7 show no observable history dependence below their ordering features, both in the vicinity of 1 K, consistent with long range magnetic order.
Flaring up All Over—Radio Activity in Rapidly Rotating Late M and L Dwarfs

We present Very Large Array observations of 12 late M and L dwarfs in the solar neighborhood. The observed sources were chosen to cover a wide range of physical characteristics—spectral type, rotation, age, binarity, and X-ray and Hα activity—to determine the role of these properties in the production of radio emission and hence magnetic fields. Three of the 12 sources, TVLM 513-46546, 2MASS J0036159+182110, and BRI 0021-0214, were observed to flare and also exhibit persistent emission, indicating that magnetic activity is not quenched at the bottom of the main sequence. The radio emission extends to spectral type L3.5, and there is no apparent decrease in the ratio of flaring luminosities to bolometric luminosities between M8 and L3.5. Moreover, contrary to the significant drop in persistent Hα activity beyond spectral type M7, the persistent radio activity appears to steadily increase between M3 and L3.5. Similarly, the radio emission from BRI 0021-0214 violates the phenomenological relations between the radio and X-ray luminosities of coronally active stars, hinting that radio and X-ray activity are also uncorrelated at the bottom of the main sequence; an even stronger violation was found for the brown dwarf LP 944-20. The radio-active sources that have measured rotational velocities are rapid rotators, v sin i > 30 km s-1, while the upper limits on radio activity in slowly rotating late M dwarfs (v sin i < 10 km s-1) from this survey and from the literature are lower than these detections. These observations provide tantalizing evidence that rapidly rotating late M and L dwarfs are more likely to be radio active. This possible correlation is puzzling given that the observed radio emission requires sustained magnetic fields of ~10-103 G and densities of ~1012 cm-3, indicating that the active sources should have slowed down considerably as a result of magnetic braking.
Frog Skeletal Muscle Fibers: Changes in Electrical Properties after Disruption of Transverse Tubular System

In muscle fibers which have been exposed for 1 hour to a Ringer solution containing 400 millimolar glycerol and then returned to plain Ringer solution, the transverse tubular system is disrupted. At the same time the membrane capacitance is markedly reduced and hyperpolarizing current pulses no longer produce a slow, progressive increase in potential (creep). The large capacitance of muscle and the phenomenon of "creep" must both depend on an intact transverse tubular system.
Introduction of a Rabbit Carotid Artery Model for Sonothrombolysis Research

The goal of this study was to develop an in vivo sonothrombolysis model for stroke research. The rabbit carotid artery has average vessel diameters similar to human M1/M2 segments and allows generation of a thrombotic occlusion using various kinds of thrombus material as well as thrombus placement under visual control. It further allows real-time monitoring of flow and clot mechanics during the sonothrombolysis procedure using high-frequency diagnostic ultrasound. In the present study, the model will be introduced and first results to show feasibility using diagnostic as well as high-intensity focused ultrasound will be presented.
Multiple Substrate and Domain Binding in Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are enzymatic systems that synthesize important natural products in bacteria and fungi, often with pharmaceutical applications (antibiotics, antitumor agents or immunosuppressants). NRPSs use a series of domains, organized in contiguous modules, to covalently load substrates and condense those loaded on adjacent modules in an assembly line fashion. The substrates may be further modified by tailoring domains. Such multiple catalytic steps require a series of transient, sequential domain/domain and domain/substrate interactions, which are currently poorly understood. We have used NMR to probe and characterize binding sites for several NRPS domains. We show that chemical substrates do interact with NRPS domains and may be involved in modulating domain interactions. We also present the solution structures of hitherto uncharacterized domains and discuss the role of protein dynamics. We introduce novel NMR approaches necessary for such challenging systems (53 kDa domains, dynamic proteins). Understanding NRPS domain communication is a prerequisite to understand the biosynthesis of many natural products and offers prospect for reprogramming NRPS assembly lines.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The Declining Value of Subscription-based Abstracting and Indexing Services in the New Knowledge Dissemination Era

The author uses systematic random sampling to test the hypothesis that all scholarly journals have tables of contents and possibly abstracts and keywords posted on the Internet. This free bibliographic data allows users to browse and search articles and form the base for free interactive services, such as email alerts, RSS (Really Simple Syndication) and API (application programming interface). Free abstracting and indexing services (A&I) around the world are growing both in numbers and in depth and breadth of coverage. With so many free alternatives for article search and retrieval, librarians may want to shift some of their budgets from commercial A&I services to other resources that do not have strong, free alternatives.
Acceptance of the Howland Award: (From the American Pediatric Society, April 28, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri)

Acceptance of the Howland Award: (From the American Pediatric Society, April 28, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri)
Interaction of Eye Protein Kinase C and INAD inDrosophila LOCALIZATION OF BINDING DOMAINS AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A LOSS OF ASSOCIATION IN TRANSGENIC FLIES

Drosophila eye-specific protein kinase C (eye-PKC) is involved in light adaptation and deactivation. eye-PKC, NORPA (phospholipase Cβ), and transient-receptor-potential (TRP) (calcium channel) are integral components of a signal transduction complex organized by INAD, a protein containing five PDZ domains. We previously demonstrated the direct association between the third PDZ domain of INAD with TRP in addition to the carboxyl-terminal half of INAD with the last three residues of NORPA. In this work, the molecular interaction between eye-PKC and INAD is defined via the yeast two-hybrid and ligand overlay assays. We show that the second PDZ domain of INAD interacts with the last three residues in the carboxyl-terminal tail of eye-PKC, Thr-Ile-Ile. The association between eye-PKC and INAD is disrupted by an amino acid substitution (Ile-700 to Asp) at the final residue of eye-PKC. In flies lacking endogenous eye-PKC (inaCp215), normal visual physiology is restored upon expression of wild-type eye-PKC, whereas the eye-PKCI700D mutant is completely inactive. Flies homozygous for inaCp209 andInaDp215, a mutation that causes a loss of the INAD-TRP association, were generated. These double mutants display a more severe response inactivation than either of the single mutants. Based on these findings, we conclude that the in vivoactivity of eye-PKC depends on its association with INAD and that the sensitivity of photoreceptors is cooperatively regulated by the presence of both eye-PKC and TRP in the signaling complex.
Photophysics of chlorobenzene in cyclohexane

Abstract The photophysical parameters of chlorobenzene in cyclohexane were determined. The fluorescence quantum yield was found to be 0.007 ± 0.0005 and the fluorescence lifetime was 0.74 ± 0.09 ns independent of the chlorobenzene concentration. The triplet state properties were studied by laser flash photolysis at an excitation wavelength of 265 or 248.8 nm. The triplet—triplet absorption spectrum with λmax = 300 nm (ϵ300 = (6250 ± 300) M−1 cm−1) was obtained. The triplet decay was found to be a function of the laser intensity and a rate constant of (7.8 ± 1.5) × 109 M−1 s−1 was obtained for a triplet—triplet annihilation process. The triplet lifetime extrapolated at zero triplet concentration was 1.6 ± 0.1 μs independent of the chlorobenzene concentration within the experimental error. At low laser intensities and high chlorobenzene concentrations a second maximum appears at 365 nm in the transient absorption spectrum. The species responsible for this band is present immediately after the laser pulse and is very much longer lived than the triplet state. The implications of these results for the continuous photolysis mechanism of chlorobenzene are discussed.
Evolution of attitudes at U.S. transplant centers toward kidney donation by friends and altruistic strangers.

A severe shortage of organs is one of the major barriers facing transplantation today. One of the proposals designed to overcome this serious problem is to increase the use of genetically unrelated living kidney donors. Excellent results have been achieved with these volunteers and cogent arguments have been made that this practice is ethically acceptable. These considerations have encouraged many transplant centers to break with tradition and accept spousal donors. To see if there has been a similar change in attitudes toward other types of unrelated living donors, a survey was mailed to 208 U.S. renal transplant centers; 129 (62%) were returned. Ninety-three percent of responding centers said they would accept a close friend as a kidney donor. Although the majority of centers would not consider an altruistic stranger, a sizeable minority (38%) would. When compared with the results of previous surveys, these data show that attitudes toward unrelated living kidney donors have gradually become much more liberal.
Genetic‐algorithm/neural‐network approach to seismic attribute selection for well‐log prediction

Neural‐network prediction of well‐log data using seismic attributes is an important reservoir characterization technique because it allows extrapolation of log properties throughout a seismic volume. The strength of neural‐networks in the area of pattern recognition is key in its success for delineating the complex nonlinear relationship between seismic attributes and log properties. We have found that good neural‐network generalization of well‐log properties can be accomplished using a small number of seismic attributes. This study presents a new method for seismic attribute selection using a genetic‐algorithm approach. The genetic algorithm attribute selection uses neural‐network training results to choose the optimal number and type of seismic attributes for porosity prediction.We apply the genetic‐algorithm attribute‐selection method to the C38 reservoir in the Stratton field 3D seismic data set. Eleven wells with porosity logs are used to train a neural network using genetic‐algorithm selected‐attrib...
Null space imaging: Nonlinear magnetic encoding fields designed complementary to receiver coil sensitivities for improved acceleration in parallel imaging

To increase image acquisition efficiency, we develop alternative gradient encoding strategies designed to provide spatial encoding complementary to the spatial encoding provided by the multiple receiver coil elements in parallel image acquisitions. Intuitively, complementary encoding is achieved when the magnetic field encoding gradients are designed to encode spatial information where receiver spatial encoding is ambiguous, for example, along sensitivity isocontours. Specifically, the method generates a basis set for the null space of the coil sensitivities with the singular value decomposition (SVD) and calculates encoding fields from the null space vectors. A set of nonlinear gradients is used as projection imaging readout magnetic fields, replacing the conventional linear readout field and phase encoding. Multiple encoding fields are used as projections to capture the null space information, hence the term Null Space Imaging (NSI). The method is compared to conventional Cartesian SENSitivity Encoding (SENSE) as evaluated by mean squared error and robustness to noise. Strategies for developments in the area of nonlinear encoding schemes are discussed. The NSI approach yields a parallel imaging method that provides high acceleration factors with a limited number of receiver coil array elements through increased time efficiency in spatial encoding.
Carrier-envelope phase stabilization and control of 1 kHz, 6 mJ, 30 fs laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier.

Carrier-envelope (CE) phase stabilization of a two-stage chirped pulse amplifier laser system with regenerative amplification as the preamplifier is demonstrated. The CE phase stability of this laser system is found to have a 90 mrad rms error averaged over 50 laser shots for a locking period of 4.5 h. The CE phase locking was confirmed unambiguously by experimental observation of the 2π periodicity of the high-order harmonic spectrum generated by double optical gating.
Analysis of Carbon Loss from a Pulverized Coal-Fired Boiler

Despite the large body of excellent work that has been done on the quantitative description of char combustion, our ability to specify the conditions to be met in order to maintain the carbon loss from pulverized coal-fired boilers below a desired value is still limited. The problems arise, in part, from the large number of fuel, combustion, and equipment characteristics that may influence carbon burnout. Measurements of the concentration and size distribution of carbon in fly ash from a 30 MW (electric) utility boiler have been used to test assumptions regarding the factors controlling carbon conversion. The principal explanation for unexpectedly high carbon losses under the conditions investigated was air leakage into the furnace and convection sections, which caused the furnace gas to be richer than expected from the flue gas analysis. Assuming that the inleaking air made no contribution to combustion, a calculation of carbon burnout, using the mean char combustion rate of Hurt and Mitchell [Twenty-Fou...
A Nonprocessive Class V Myosin Drives Cargo Processively When a Kinesin- Related Protein Is a Passenger

During secretory events, kinesin transports cargo along microtubules and then shifts control to myosin V for delivery on actin filaments to the cell membrane [1]. When kinesin and myosin V are present on the same cargo, kinesin interacts electrostatically with actin to enhance myosin V-based transport in vitro [2]. The relevance of this observation within the cell was questioned. In budding yeast, overexpression of a kinesin-family protein (Smy1p) suppressed a transport defect in a strain with a mutant class V myosin (Myo2p) [3]. We postulate that this is a cellular manifestation of the in vitro observation. We demonstrate that Smy1p binds electrostatically to actin bundles. Although a single Myo2p cannot transport cargo along actin bundles, addition of Smy1p causes the complex to undergo long-range, continuous movement. We propose that the kinesin-family protein acts as a tether that prevents cargo dissociation from actin, allowing the myosin to take many steps before dissociating. We demonstrate that both the tether and the motor reside on moving secretory vesicles in yeast cells, a necessary feature for this mechanism to apply in vivo. The presence of both kinesin and myosin on the same cargo may be a general mechanism to enhance cellular transport in yeast and higher organisms.
Logical design of relational database schemes

We define extended conflict free dependencies in the context of functional and multivalued dependencies, and prove that there exists an acyclic, dependency preserving, 4NF database scheme if and only if the given set of dependencies has an extended conflict free cover. This condition can be checked in polynomial time. A polynomial time algorithm to obtain such a scheme for a given extended conflict free set of dependencies is also presented. The result is also applicable when the data dependencies consists of only functional dependencies, giving the necessary and sufficient condition for an acyclic, dependency preserving BCNF database scheme
Simultaneous absorbance, fluorescence and refractive index (SAFRIN) detection for Micro LC

Abstract Absorbance, fluorescence and refractive index detection are simultaneously accomplished in a Micro LC system. A unique double eccentric-bend fused silica capillary is employed with axial illumination to achieve a long path length, multisensing flow cell. Two different optical sources, one that excites fluorescence through absorption and one that is not absorbed by eluting analytes, are imaged into the bends with optical fibers, placed within the capillary lumen in separate legs of the device. Axially-propagating light exits at each bend where photodetectors simultaneously collect attenuated light, one signal based on absorption and the other signal based on refractive index. A nearby cylindrical lens, optical filter and photomultiplier tube collect fluorescence in the ‘absorption’ leg of the capillary. Thus, trifunctional detection is achieved in microscale liquid chromatography.
Soil and periphyton indicators of anthropogenic water-quality changes in a rainfall-driven wetland

Surface soils and periphyton communities were sampled across an oligotrophic, soft-water wetland to document changes associated with pulsed inputs of nutrient- and mineral-rich canal drainage waters. A gradient of canal-water influence was indicated by the surface-water specific conductance, which ranged between 743 and 963 μS cm−1 in the canals to as low as 60 μS cm−1 in the rainfall-driven wetland interior. Changes in soil chemistry and periphyton taxonomic composition across this gradient were described using piecewise regressions models. The greatest increase in soil phosphorus (P) concentration occurred at sites closest to the canal while soil mineral (sulfur, calcium) concentrations increased most rapidly at the lower end of the gradient. Multiple periphyton shifts occurred at the lower end of the gradient and included; (1) a decline in desmids and non-desmid filamentous chlorophytes, and their replacement by a diatom-dominated community; (2) the loss of soft-water diatom indicator species and their replacement by hard-water species. Increased dominance by cyanobacteria and eutrophic diatom indicators occurred closer to the canals. Soil and periphyton changes indicated four zones of increasing canal influence across the wetland: (1) a zone of increasing mineral concentrations where soft-water taxa remained dominant; (2) a transition towards hard-water, oligotrophic diatoms as mineral concentrations increased further; (3) a zone of dominance by these hard-water species; (4) a zone of rapidly increasing P concentrations and dominance by eutrophic taxa. In contrast to conclusions drawn from routine water-chemistry monitoring, measures of chemical and biological change presented here indicate that most of this rainfall-driven peatland receives some influence from canal discharges. These changes are multifaceted and induced by shifts in multiple chemical constituents.
Moral perception, situatedness, and learning to listen

This article examines the moral dimensions of listening, paying special attention to the ways in which individuals’ particular situation bears on their perception. Listening, on the account offered here, is a moral endeavor, with consequences for the listener, as well as for those listened to.
Interactive refinement of supervised and semi-supervised sound source separation estimates

We propose an interactive refinement method for supervised and semi-supervised single-channel source separation. The refinement method allows end-users to provide feedback to the separation process by painting on spectrogram displays of intermediate output results. The time-frequency annotations are then used to update the separation estimates and iteratively refine the results. The initial separation is performed using probabilistic latent component analysis and is then extended to incorporate the painting annotations using linear grouping expectation constraints via the framework of posterior regularization. Using a prototype user-interface, we show that the method is able to perform high-quality separation with minimal user-interaction.
Need for self-evaluation, perceived similarity and comparison choice☆

Abstract This experiment examined preferences for choice of Others under conditions in which the available Others differed in similarity to the subjects. The relationship between performance similarity and perceived ability similarity was also examined. In a condition in which one Other concurred and two Others disagreed with the subject, the concurring Other was over-chosen; no systematic preferences were observed in a condition in which two Others concurred and one Other disagreed with the subject. It was suggested that lower need for self-evaluation among the subjects in the latter condition accounted for this finding. It was shown that perceived ability similarity was a direct function of experimentally controlled performance similarity. However, a striking tendency for the subjects to attribute lower ability levels to all Others in all conditions was also noted.
Multiple Bone Morphogenetic Protein 1-related Mammalian Metalloproteinases Process Pro-lysyl Oxidase at the Correct Physiological Site and Control Lysyl Oxidase Activation in Mouse Embryo Fibroblast Cultures

Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the final enzymatic step required for collagen and elastin cross-linking in extracellular matrix biosynthesis. Pro-lysyl oxidase is processed by procollagen C-proteinase activity, which also removes the C-propeptides of procollagens I–III. The Bmp1 gene encodes two procollagen C-proteinases: bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) and mammalian Tolloid (mTLD). Mammalian Tolloid-like (mTLL)-1 and -2 are two genetically distinct BMP-1-related proteinases, and mTLL-1 has been shown to have procollagen C-proteinase activity. The present study is the first to directly compare pro-lysyl oxidase processing by these four related proteinases. In vitro assays with purified recombinant enzymes show that all four proteinases productively cleave pro-lysyl oxidase at the correct physiological site but that BMP-1 is 3-, 15-, and 20-fold more efficient than mTLL-1, mTLL-2, and mTLD, respectively. To more directly assess the roles of BMP-1 and mTLL-1 in lysyl oxidase activation by connective tissue cells, fibroblasts cultured from Bmp1-null,Tll1-null, and Bmp1/Tll1 double null mouse embryos, thus lacking BMP-1/mTLD, mTLL-1, or all three enzymes, respectively, were assayed for lysyl oxidase enzyme activity and for accumulation of pro-lysyl oxidase and mature ∼30-kDa lysyl oxidase. Wild type cells or cells singly null for Bmp1 orTll1 all produced both pro-lysyl oxidase and processed lysyl oxidase at similar levels, indicating apparently normal levels of processing, consistent with enzyme activity data. In contrast, double null Bmp1/Tll1 cells produced predominantly unprocessed 50-kDa pro-lysyl oxidase and had lysyl oxidase enzyme activity diminished by 70% compared with wild type, Bmp1-null, andTll1-null cells. Thus, the combination of BMP-1/mTLD and mTLL-1 is shown to be responsible for the majority of processing leading to activation of lysyl oxidase by murine embryonic fibroblasts, whereas in vitro studies identify pro-lysyl oxidase as the first known substrate for mTLL-2.
Suggestions for improving the derivation of winds from geosynchronous satellites

Abstract For more than the past two decades and for the foreseeable future measurements from geosynchronous satellites will be a major contributor to the determination of winds, especially over oceanic areas. The winds can be determined from features (e.g. clouds) that closely follow the air motion, and from the thermal wind relationship poleward of the tropics. Major improvements in accuracy and coverage should be possible during the coming decades through the combination of better sensors and their operation and the increased use of interactive systems. These data could contribute significantly to a long-term wind data base associated with global change studies.
Dynamic Characteristics of Flow Separation From a Low Reynolds Number Airfoil

This study examines the generation of large scale vortices caused by flow separation from a flat wing at various angles of attack. Time-resolved particle image velocimetry is used to determine the evolution and convective characteristics of the large scale structures. A rectangular airfoil with aspect ratio of 0.5 is used and data are collected at a Reynolds number of 23,500, for angles of attack from 0° to 20°. Data consists of two dimensional velocity fields obtained at 500 Hz located at the airfoil centerline. The region of interest is near the separation point but fields of view extend over approximately one half of the chord length from the leading edge to document the downstream progression of the large scale vortical flow elements. The velocity data were processed to identify the vorticity field dynamics in terms of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability occurring near the leading edge. The vortical structures are identified using vortex detection based on local circulation. The convective nature of the vortex elements are shown to consist of merging, stalling and convecting, with convective velocities on the order of 20% of the freestream velocity with an associated Stouhal number based on chord length and freestream velocity of approximately 1.0.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
DASH: a Recipe for a Flash-based Data Intensive Supercomputer

Data intensive computing can be defined as computation involving large datasets and complicated I/O patterns. Data intensive computing is challenging because there is a five-orders-of-magnitude latency gap between main memory DRAM and spinning hard disks; the result is that an inordinate amount of time in data intensive computing is spent accessing data on disk. To address this problem we designed and built a prototype data intensive supercomputer named DASH that exploits flash-based Solid State Drive (SSD) technology and also virtually aggregated DRAM to fill the latency gap . DASH uses commodity parts including Intel® X25-E flash drives and distributed shared memory (DSM) software from ScaleMP®. The system is highly competitive with several commercial offerings by several metrics including achieved IOPS (input output operations per second), IOPS per dollar of system acquisition cost, IOPS per watt during operation, and IOPS per gigabyte (GB) of available storage. We present here an overview of the design of DASH, an analysis of its cost efficiency, then a detailed recipe for how we designed and tuned it for high data-performance, lastly show that running data-intensive scientific applications from graph theory, biology, and astronomy, we achieved as much as two orders-of- magnitude speedup compared to the same applications run on traditional architectures.
Physician practice change I: a critical review and description of an Integrated Systems Model

The long lag time between medical discovery and when Americans benefit from that discovery has a huge cost in terms of morbidity and mortality. Medicine needs more effective methods for moving discovery to practice. In this article, the authors first offer a critical review of the models of structure and change process gleaned from the physician change literature. Next, they describe the Integrated Systems Model (ISM) that they derive from this review. The ISM has four major components: superstructure, change motivators, change process, and functional interactions. The ISM considers the physician practice to operate as a complex adaptive system requiring diversion of resources from reserves to make a change. In the ISM, resource return is a function of improved quality of care and reimbursement for services. Changes decreasing the resources of the system (parasitic) will be harder to make than those that increase resources (symbiotic) because of resistance to resource loss. The authors extend the ISM to the individual level and describe the need to consider whether individuals within the practice have sufficient reserves to fulfill their part in making the change. Any given change is generally competing with other changes for adoption. Finally, the authors consider the strengths and weaknesses of their model, concluding that by keeping patient welfare, quality care, and finances in the forefront, the ISM provides a more complete picture of forces affecting medical practice change.
FEL performance with two waveguide modes

Abstract Motivated by the LLNL/LBL FEL experiment (ELF) we have developed a theory of small signal FEL performance including high gain, space charge, multiple waveguide modes, and beam emittance. A comparison is made between the theoretically predicted and experimentally observed exponential growth rates. These two rates are seen to agree well in the amplifier configurations for which detailed experimental measurements have been performed. It is observed, through numerical simulation, that the nonlinear shift in wave number produced by the FEL can slow the rate of particle detrapping when two modes overlap. Also, it is found that the operation in a higher order mode is degraded by the presence of a lower order mode.
Measuring problem solving in computer environments: current and future states☆

The first part of this article will review the status of technology and educational reform; the second will treat traditional approaches to problem-solving measurement common today in technological settings; and the third will propose how problem-solving assessment may change and, in particular, the role that authoring strategies may play in measuring problem-solving performance successfully in computer environments. We will suggest four areas that must be considered in which computers would increase the fidelity and validity of measures of complex problem solving: (1) the intentions and skills of assessment designers; (2) the range of performance that counts as problem solving; (3) the ways in which validity evidence can be sought; and (4) the degree to which the measurement produces results that generalize across tasks and contexts.
Structural analysis of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films from electron energy loss spectroscopy

Electron energy loss spectral analysis of the π and (π + σ) electron plasma resonances are used to analyze the structure of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (a–C: H) films. Energy loss peaks associated with the resonances of the π and (π + σ) plasmons in a–C: H are identified by comparison with reference spectra taken on natural diamond and on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The decrease in energy of the π plasmon with increasing hydrogen atom fraction provides direct experimental evidence that addition of hydrogen serves to reduce the density of π bonds in a–C: H. Under several important assumptions, the mass density, the sp3/sp2 site ratio, and the average coordination number are related to the resonance energies of the π and (Π + σ) plasmons. The mass density of a–C: H samples inferred from the energy of (Π + σ) electron plasma resonance is in the range from 1.46 to 1.69 g/cm3, which is in general agreement with an independent sink-float measurement. The ratio of sp3 (tetrahedral) to sp2 (trigonal) carbon sites increases from 0.29 to 0.75 and the average coordination number of each atomic site decreases from 2.6 to 2.3 as the hydrogen increases from 28 to 44 at. %. The fully constrained covalent network model is used to discuss the experimental results. The measured ratio of sp3/sp2 carbon sites and the average coordination numbers are in agreement with the predictions of the model, particularly at high hydrogen concentration.