cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Studies Teaching for Learners Who Engage

This chapter informs, applies, and integrates theories with national standards (including Career and College Readiness and the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS), specific, content rich activity modules, and developmentally appropriate classroom strategies that offer teacher education candidates, university students, practitioners and teacher educators, practical, proven, and cost- effective methods that they can replicate in their Kdg-8 classrooms.
Convergence of linear acceleration and yaw rotation signals on non-eye movement neurons in the vestibular nucleus of macaques

This is the first study to systematically explore the interaction of rotational and translational signals in the vestibular nuclei through independent manipulation. The results of this study demons...
Simple relationship of maximum. delta. k due to compaction of unmoderated fissile materials

A simple formulation was developed that permits a quick and accurate estimate of the maximum increase in reactivity that an unmoderated fissile system can experience if subjected to high compaction forces. The k/sub eff/ estimates from the proposed model are compared with Monte Carlo and transport theory values and indicate that for low-density fissile systems and realistic compressions, there is excellent agreement. Good agreement is achieved for denser systems up to approx. 20% compression. Some practical areas of application and extension of the model are indicated in which large uniform external pressures may exist.
Regional Aspects of Neuronal Glycoprotein and Glycolipid Synthesis

The neuron is a highly differentiated cell consisting of distinct regions—cell body, axon, terminal—that differ in structure and function. It is likely that characteristic differences in macromolecular composition underlie regional differentiation. Because synthesis of macromolecules occurs primarily, if not exclusively, in the cell body, there are constraints on how regional biochemical differences might be established. We can think of three mechanisms: (1) differential export of macromolecules from the cell body and subsequent selective axonal transport to terminals; (2) selective import from enveloping glial cells; and (3) specific modifications of macromolecules in the axon or at terminals. There is much evidence to support the first mechanism (Ambron et al., 1974a; Dahlstrom, 1971; Ochs, 1972). As for the second, transfer of materials between glial cells and neurons has frequently been postulated (Singer, 1968), but only recently was it convincingly demonstrated (Lasek et al., 1977). Finally, there is some evidence for modification of macromolecules by glycosylation at synapses in mouse brain (Dutton et al., 1973) and in Aplysia axons (Ambron and Treistman, 1977) (also see below).
Utilization of a biomedical device (VeinViewer® ) to assist with peripheral intravenous catheter (PIV) insertion for pediatric nurses.

Purpose Vascular access in pediatric patients can be challenging even with the currently available technological resources. This nurse-driven research study explored time, cost, and resources for intravenous access to determine if a biomedical device, VeinViewer® Vision, would facilitate improvements in pediatric access. In addition, this study looked at nurse perceptions of skills and confidence around intravenous insertion and if the use of the VeinViewer® impacted these perceptions. Literature examining pediatric intravenous access success rates compared with nurse perceived skills and confidence is lacking. Design Nonblinded randomized control trial of pediatric nurses working in an acute care hospital setting. Methods A preliminary needs assessment solicited feedback from nurses regarding their practice, perceived skills, and confidence with placing peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVs). Due to the results of the preliminary needs assessment, a research study was designed and 40 nurses were recruited to participate. The nurses were randomized into either a VeinViewer® or standard practice group. Nurse participants placed intravenous catheters on hospitalized pediatric patients using established procedures while tracking data for the study. Results Needs assessment showed a majority of nurses felt a biomedical device would be helpful in building their intravenous insertion skills and their confidence. The study results did not demonstrate any clinically significant differences between VeinViewer® use and standard practice for intravenous catheter insertion in pediatric patients for success of placement, number of attempts, or overall cost. In addition, no difference was noted between nurses in either group on perceived skills or confidence with insertion of PIVs. Practice implications The ongoing need for resources focused on building nurse skills and confidence for PIV insertion was highlighted and organizations should continue to direct efforts toward developing skills and competency for staff that are responsible for pediatric vascular access. This study illustrates the importance of data-driven decision-making for expensive hospital-funded equipment purchases. This nursing led research study highlights how perceptions do not always align with outcomes. The lessons gleaned from this study may aid in decision-making around pediatric intravenous access practice.
Human monocyte transcriptional profiling identifies IL-18 receptor accessory protein and lactoferrin as novel immune targets in hypertension.

Background and purpose Monocytes play a critical role in hypertension. The purpose of our study was to use an unbiased approach to determine whether hypertensive individuals on conventional therapy exhibit an altered monocyte gene expression profile and to perform validation studies of selected genes to identify novel therapeutic targets for hypertension. Experimental approach Next generation RNA sequencing identified differentially expressed genes in a small discovery cohort of normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Several of these genes were further investigated for association with hypertension in multiple validation cohorts using qRT-PCR, regression analysis, phenome-wide association study and case-control analysis of a missense polymorphism. Key results We identified 60 genes that were significantly differentially expressed in hypertensive monocytes, many of which are related to IL-1β. Uni- and multivariate regression analyses of the expression of these genes with mean arterial pressure (MAP) revealed four genes that significantly correlated with MAP in normotensive and/or hypertensive individuals. Of these, lactoferrin (LTF), peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 and IL-18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP) remained significantly elevated in peripheral monocytes of hypertensive individuals in a separate validation cohort. Interestingly, IL18RAP expression associated with MAP in a cohort of African Americans. Furthermore, homozygosity for a missense single nucleotide polymorphism in LTF that decreases antimicrobial function and increases protein levels (rs1126478) was over-represented in patients with hypertension relative to controls (odds ratio 1.16). Conclusions and implications These data demonstrate that monocytes exhibit enhanced pro-inflammatory gene expression in hypertensive individuals and identify IL18RAP and LTF as potential novel mediators of human hypertension. Linked articles This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
Anesthesia for Epidermolysis Bullosa

Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of mechanobullous disorders of the skin. EB is caused by 1 of 13 genes responsible for mechanical adhesion between the epidermis and the dermis. EB can have far-reaching effects, involving multiple organ systems in addition to the skin. Although more than 20 phenotypes have been identified, there are three major types of EB: epidermolysis bullosa simplex; junctional epidermolysis bullosa; and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. While they all have cutaneous features in common, the systemic manifestations vary. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, anesthesia in these patients can be challenging. A comprehensive and multi-disciplinary plan is necessary to ensure safe and effective perioperative anesthetic care. From transferring the patient to the operating room table, to placing patient monitors, to vascular access, to airway management, each step requires meticulous attention to detail. While airway management can present a significant risk in the perioperative setting, with careful preoperative evaluation and a thoughtful approach, it can be performed safely. Understanding the different types, pathophysiology, and anesthetic considerations EB patients enables better long-term outcomes for these patients who require repeated gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and airway interventions throughout their lives.
Immunological Injury to the Intestine and Liver in Human Marrow Transplant Recipients

Over 3000 marrow transplants are now carried out yearly, a number that will surely increase as long-term survival after marrow grafting improves. Patients are returning to their community physicians having been “cured” of their original diseases but suffering the sequelae of the marrow transplant procedure. On another plane, it is of great interest that marrow Transplantation creates intestinal and liver diseases that are similar to several puzzling, naturally occurring human illnesses. For example, acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) causes a form of inflammatory bowel disease that is most prominent in the ileocecal region. Chronic graft-versus-host disease in the liver looks much like primary biliary cirrhosis, and in the esophagus, like epidermolysis bullosa. This chapter will summarize the clinical presentation and pathophysiology of intestinal and liver injury after Transplantation, especially that mediated by the immune system.
The effect of oscillatory combustion on the formation of atmospheric pollutants

The difference between the relaxation times of the mechanical and thermal transport processes which occur in flow combustors often leads to a coupling phenomenor, which may result in severe acoustical oscillations. Previously reported experiments have indicated that the concentrations of certain chemical species may be significantly affected by these pressure-temperature oscillations. Some chemical species, such as the oxides of nitrogen, which are apparently enhanced, are directly involved in the formation of atmospheric pollutants and chemical smog. Because oscillatory combustion occurs in many industrial applications, an understanding of the complex chemical thermodynamics of combustion systems is very important. In this work approximate integration techniques have been employed to solve the set of simultaneous kinetic rate equations which describe the oscillatory combustion of certain hydrocarbons. The dynamic concentrations for each chemical species have been calculated as a function of time and position in a model flow combustor. Three chemical systems were investigated: the combustion of carbon monoxide in oxygen, the combustion of carbon monoxide in air, and the products of the combustion of methane in air. In addition, calculations of the point-to-point equilibrium concentrations for the chemical systems investigated were made for comparison. Some major conclusions reached as a result of this analytical study were as follows: 1. Pressure-temperature oscillations significantly affect the concentrations of several “trace” components which contribute to air pollution. 2. The amplitude of the temperature oscillations seems to be of more importance than the frequency of the oscillations for the particular combustor model chosen for this study. The effects due to amplitude become more significant with increased temperature. 3. Deviation from equilibrium in flow combustors is very significant for important trace components such as monatomic oxygen and nitric oxide.
The growing teratoma syndrome after subtotal resection of an intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumor in an adult: Case report

Objective and importance We report a rare complication after resection of a recurrent intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumor in an adult. The growing teratoma syndrome, as originally described with pediatric germ cell neoplasms, represents tumor recurrence, often cystic, that sometimes is observed after partial response to multimodality therapy and despite decreasing tumor serum markers. The enlarging tumor consists of elements of a mature teratoma that presumably are refractory to chemotherapy or radiation. To our knowledge, this is only the third case of the growing teratoma syndrome in an adult patient with nongerminomatous germ cell tumor. Clinical presentation A 26-year-old man had signs of recurrent obstructive hydrocephalus 6 months after multimodality treatment of a diencephalic yolk sac tumor and endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Imaging studies revealed large multilocular cystic masses originating from the tumor bed and partially obstructing the ventriculostomy. Intervention Near total tumor resection and fenestration was performed. Histopathological analysis demonstrated a mature teratoma. Conclusion Surgical resection, if feasible, is the treatment of choice for the growing teratoma syndrome to establish the correct diagnosis and prevent complications.
The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs.

We argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.
Private practice outpatient fine needle aspiration clinic: A 2018 update

This review updates a 2008 report on the establishment of a pathologist-directed ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (USGFNA) biopsy clinic in a private practice setting. During this time, ultrasound evaluation of the thyroid has evolved from simply sampling a nodule to a reliable cancer risk assessment (CRA). Because of perceived poor reliability in many local radiology thyroid ultrasound reports, first endocrinologists and then pathologists began performing their own ultrasound evaluations, cancer risk assessments, and USGFNAs. The present review covers a wide range of topics, including incorporating ultrasound data into a report, the uniqueness of the thyroid as an USGFNA target, artifact pseudocomplexity mimicking neoplasia, the pathologist's ability to acquire thyroid cancer risk assessment expertise, and distinguishing a true thyroid nodule from a pseudonodule with appropriate documentation. The use of ultrasound does not change the core need for high-level biopsy and smear-making techniques. Two national courses offer advanced training and certification. Selection of mission-appropriate ultrasound machines is discussed along with the pitfalls of purchase. Determining the location of a USGFNA clinic requires several considerations, as does the layout detail of the clinic interior for optimal patient comfort and experience. Ultrasound does not obviate the pathologist's anticipation of patient concerns or of providing information, including revealing a cancer diagnosis. The goal of this review is to help guide the reader to successfully and beneficially bring the science of USGFNA to patients in an understandable and caring way.
Acid reflux induced laryngospasm as a potential mechanism of sudden death in epilepsy.

Abstract Objective Recent research suggests that obstructive laryngospasm and consequent respiratory arrest may be a mechanism in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We sought to test a new hypothesis that this laryngospasm is caused by seizures driving reflux of stomach acid into the larynx, rather than spontaneous pathological activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Approach We used an acute kainic acid model under urethane anesthesia to observe seizure activity in Long−Evans rats. We measured the pH in the esophagus and respiratory activity. In a subset of experiments, we blocked acid movement up the esophagus with a balloon catheter. Main results In all cases of sudden death, terminal apnea was preceded by a large pH drop from 7 to 2 in the esophagus. In several animals we observed acidic fluid exiting the mouth, sometimes in large quantities. In animals where acid movement was blocked, sudden deaths did not occur. No acid was detected in controls. Significance The results suggest that acid movement up the esophagus is a trigger for sudden death in KA induced seizures. The fact that blocking acid also eliminates sudden death implies causation. These results may provide insight to the mechanism of SUDEP in humans.
Emtricitabine triphosphate in dried blood spots is a predictor of viral suppression in HIV infection and reflects short-term adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND Emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP), the phosphorylated anabolite of emtricitabine, can be quantified in dried blood spots (DBS). We evaluated FTC-TP in DBS as a predictor of viral suppression and evaluated self-reported adherence as a predictor of FTC-TP. METHODS Persons living with HIV (PLWH) on an FTC-containing regimen were prospectively recruited. A DBS and HIV viral load were obtained during routine clinical visits. Self-reported adherence for 3 days, 30 days and 3 months was captured. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of viral suppression for quantifiable FTC-TP versus below the limit of quantification (BLQ). The utility of self-reported adherence to predict quantifiable FTC-TP was assessed by calculating the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS One thousand one hundred and fifty-four person-visits from 514 participants who had DBS assayed for FTC-TP were included in the analysis. After adjusting for age, gender, race, BMI, ART class, ART duration, estimated glomerular filtration rate and CD4+ T cell count, the aOR (95% CI) for viral suppression for quantifiable FTC-TP versus BLQ was 7.2 (4.3-12.0; P < 0.0001). After further adjusting for tenofovir diphosphate, the aOR was 2.1 (1.2-4.0; P < 0.015). The area under the ROC curve for 3 day self-reported adherence was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.88) compared with 0.70 (95% CI 0.62-0.77, P = 0.004) and 0.79 (95% CI 0.71-0.86, P = 0.32) for 3 month and 30 day self-reported adherence, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In PLWH, FTC-TP from DBS is a strong predictor of viral suppression, even after adjusting for tenofovir diphosphate, and was best predicted by 3 day self-reported adherence.
Direct Blameworthiness for Non-conduct?

Peter Graham (2017) argues against the prima facie plausible thesis that one can be directly blameworthy only for one’s conduct—that is, only for one’s actions or omissions to act. Because this thesis serves as a premise in a challenging recent argument for the revisionist conclusion that we’re at most rarely directly blameworthy for anything, Graham’s argument holds out a promise of contributing to a defense of a wide range of commonsense ascriptions of blameworthiness. After reconstructing Graham’s argument for the possibility of direct blameworthiness for non-conduct, I develop the following objection to it: in light of a clear counterexample, one of Graham’s two premises must be weakened, which in turn requires that Graham’s other premise be strengthened; unfortunately, the resulting strengthened premise is implausible on balance.
A First-principles-based Model for Crack Formation in a Pressurized Tank Following an MMOD Impact

Abstract Most robotic spacecraft have at least one pressurized vessel on board, usually a liquid propellant tank. One of the design considerations of such spacecraft is the anticipation and mitigation of the possible damage that might occur from on-orbit impacts by micro-meteoroids or orbital debris (MMOD). While considerable effort has been expended in the study of the response of non-pressurized spacecraft components to MMOD impacts, relatively few studies have been conducted on the pressurized elements of such spacecraft. In particular, since it was first proposed nearly 45 years ago, NASA's current evaluation methodology for determining impact-induced failure of pressurized tanks has undergone little scrutiny. This paper presents a first-principles based model that has been developed to predict whether or not cracking might start or a through-crack might be created under an impact crater in a thin plate. This model was used to examine the effect of penetration depth on crack formation and whether or not the crack might grow through the tank wall thickness. The predictions of the model are compared to experimental data with encouraging results. The paper also develops some suggestions for future work in this area, including the extension of the first-principles model to include 3-D crack initiation modelling.
The Petersson Scalar Product

We first define the Riemann surface obtained by taking the quotient of the upper half plane by a subgroup Г of SL2(Z), of finite index, and we show how to complete it to a compact Riemann surface X Г . We then define modular forms and cusp forms for such subgroups. In a sense, these generalize the notion of differential form of the first kind on the Riemann surface defined above. Just as one can define a scalar product for differentials of the first kind on X Г , one can extend the definition of this product to arbitrary cusp forms. The Hecke operators act essentially as a trace mapping, from one level to another. They act as Hermitian operators with respect to this scalar product.
Methods of Mass-Producing Hydrogen

If hydrogen is to be the most important energy medium for transport over long distances, as discussed in the previous chapters, we must find out how to produce it on a massive scale. The cost of the production process we choose will have to be low enough so that the energy from the system will be affordable. Two large-scale methods of preparing hydrogen have been developed. The first is called the cylinder thermal method and the second is called the electrochemical method.
Prognosticating brain tumor patient survival after laser thermotherapy: Comparison between neuroradiological reading and semi-quantitative analysis of MRI data.

Abstract Background and purpose Given increasing interest in laser interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) to treat brain tumor patients, we explored if examining multiple MRI contrasts per brain tumor patient undergoing surgery can impact predictive accuracy of survival post-LITT. Materials and methods MRI contrasts included fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T1 pre-gadolinium (T1pre), T1 post-gadolinium (T1Gd), T2, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), susceptibility weighted images (SWI), and magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (MPRAGE). The latter was used for MRI data registration across preoperative to postoperative scans. Two ROIs were identified by thresholding preoperative FLAIR (large ROI) and T1Gd (small ROI) images. For each MRI contrast, a numerical score was assigned based on changing image intensity of both ROIs (vs. a normal ROI) from preoperative to postoperative stages. The fully-quantitative method was based on changing image intensity across scans at different stages without any human intervention, whereas the semi-quantitative method was based on subjective criteria of cumulative trends across scans at different stages. A fully-quantitative/semi-quantitative score per patient was obtained by averaging scores for each MRI contrast. A standard neuroradiological reading score per patient was obtained from radiological interpretation of MRI data. Scores from all 3 methods per patient were compared against patient survival, and re-examined for comorbidity and pathology effects. Results Patient survival correlated best with semi-quantitative scores obtained from T1Gd, ADC, and T2 data, and these correlations improved when biopsy and comorbidity were included. Conclusion These results suggest interfacing neuroradiological readings with semi-quantitative image analysis can improve predictive accuracy of patient survival.
Energy and emissions implications of automated vehicles in the U.S. energy system.

Abstract Vehicle automation has the potential to drastically transform transportation, with important implications for energy and the environment. There is considerable uncertainty regarding the impact of automation on travel demand and vehicle efficiency. We utilize the MARKet ALlocation (MARKAL) energy system model to examine four previously published scenarios that consider different effects of automation on efficiency and demand. We do not replicate detailed estimation of individual mechanisms but apply key outcomes from prior studies within a broader energy system framework. Our analysis adds insights on fuel switching, upstream impacts, and air emissions. MARKAL dynamically captures interactions between transportation and non-transportation sectors, which is important given that the revolutionary shifts from automation may invalidate static assumptions. Model results suggest that increasing travel demands from automation may boost fuel use and petroleum-based fuel prices, potentially increasing the market penetration of alternative-fuel vehicles. In contrast, dramatic efficiency improvements from automation could drive fuel prices lower, greatly reducing the competitiveness of alternative-fueled vehicles. Furthermore, these shifts could yield positive or negative environmental impacts. Some automation scenarios even resulted in counterintuitive results. For example, if high levels of efficiency improvement drive out alternative-fuel vehicles, such as battery electric and hybrids, a net worsening of air quality relative to the other scenarios could result. We also found system-level dynamics to be key. For example, reductions in liquid fuel prices led to increased consumption, and the resulting increase in air pollutant emissions offset a portion of the potential air quality benefits of automation.
Ranking of environmental heat stressors for dairy cows using machine learning algorithms

Abstract Heat stress is harmful to the health and productivity of dairy cows. While several models have been developed to assess heat stress conditions for dairy cows, many of these models assume a particular relationship, chosen by the researcher, between environmental conditions and their physiological responses to heat stress. These assumptions may not accurately represent the underlying effects. This study uses machine learning algorithms to evaluate how environmental heat stressors (air temperature, AT; relative humidity, RH; solar radiation, SR; and wind speed, U) influence physiological responses (respiration rate, RR; skin temperature, ST; and vaginal temperature, VT) of dairy cows. The advantage of this approach is that many machine learning algorithms automatically consider nonlinearity in data, which removes subjectivity from researchers choosing the relationship between the predictor and response variables. Four algorithms were considered in this study: penalized linear regression, random forests, gradient boosted machines, and neural networks. Nonlinear machine learning algorithms (random forests and neural networks) were consistently the most accurate in predicting the three physiological responses. The root mean squared error, RMSE, for RR was 9.695 respirations per minute, which was obtained with a random forest model; RMSE for ST was 0.334 °C, which was obtained with a random forest model; and RMSE for VT was 0.434 °C, which was obtained with a neural network model. Air temperature had the highest ranking for effect on RR, ST, and VT. Wind speed and its interaction terms displayed much lower effects as environmental heat stressors. Ranking of environmental heat stressors could help farmers make evidence-based interventions before anticipated stressful environmental conditions occur. Early intervention could improve animal health, which would increase production and reduce the costs associated with treating heat stressed livestock.
Instrumental and chemometric analysis of opiates via gas chromatography–vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC-VUV)

Since its introduction, gas chromatography (GC) coupled to vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (VUV) has been shown to complement mass spectrometry (MS) for materials such as petrochemicals, explosives, pesticides, and drugs. In forensic chemistry, opioids are commonly encountered but rarely are the samples pure. This work focuses on GC-VUV analysis applied to naturally occurring (e.g., morphine), semi-synthetic (e.g., heroin), and synthetic (fentanyl) opioids as well as common adulterants and diluents (e.g., lidocaine and quinine). The specificity of the VUV spectra were examined visually as well as via descriptive statistical methods (e.g., correlation coefficients and sums of square residuals). Multivariate pattern recognition techniques (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis (DA)) were used to prove the opioid spectra can be reliably differentiated. The accuracy of the DA model was 100% for a test set of VUV spectra. Finally, three “street” heroin samples were analyzed to show “real-world” performance for forensic analyses. These samples contained adulterants such as caffeine, as well as by-products of heroin manufacture.
A thermodynamic study of phase transitions and electrocaloric properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single crystals

Lead-free ferroelectrics K1−xNaxNbO3 are promising candidates for sensors and electromechanical and cooling devices. Here, we study the thermodynamics of phase transitions and electrocaloric (EC) properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single crystals subject to electric, thermal, and mechanical stimuli, from which we establish the temperature–pressure and temperature-electric field phase diagrams. The focus is on understanding the pressure effect on the ferroelectric properties of K1−xNaxNbO3, which is critical to develop chemical doping strategies to achieve targeted performances via chemical strain engineering. Under pressure-free conditions, the K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single crystal has a Curie temperature of around 673 K, which is the optimal operating temperature for the EC effect. We show that a hydrostatic pressure of around 7 GPa can reduce the optimal operating temperature to near room temperature, 300 K, at the expense of decreasing the EC temperature change ΔTEC from 5.4 K to 2.4 K when the applied electric field is 10 MV/m. The present work provides a fundamental understanding of the pressure-induced phase transitions and ferroelectric properties and can be employed to guide the future design of K1−xNaxNbO3-based materials.Lead-free ferroelectrics K1−xNaxNbO3 are promising candidates for sensors and electromechanical and cooling devices. Here, we study the thermodynamics of phase transitions and electrocaloric (EC) properties of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single crystals subject to electric, thermal, and mechanical stimuli, from which we establish the temperature–pressure and temperature-electric field phase diagrams. The focus is on understanding the pressure effect on the ferroelectric properties of K1−xNaxNbO3, which is critical to develop chemical doping strategies to achieve targeted performances via chemical strain engineering. Under pressure-free conditions, the K0.5Na0.5NbO3 single crystal has a Curie temperature of around 673 K, which is the optimal operating temperature for the EC effect. We show that a hydrostatic pressure of around 7 GPa can reduce the optimal operating temperature to near room temperature, 300 K, at the expense of decreasing the EC temperature change ΔTEC from 5.4 K to 2.4 K when the applied electric field ...
Chapter 11 – Optical Properties of Nonmetallic Solids for Photon Energies below the Fundamental Band Gap

Publisher Summary There are two chief sources of absorption in a pure solid—namely, lattice vibrations and electronic transitions. For most materials, a sufficiently wide spectral of window exists between these two limits, where the material is transparent. However, this transparent regime displays residual absorption because of multiphonon processes, defects and impurities, phonon assisted electronic transitions in the long-wavelength tail of the fundamental absorption edge, and multiphoton electronic transitions in the case of high-photon flux. This chapter discusses the optical properties of solids in the infrared spectral region that are caused by interaction of electromagnetic radiation with lattice vibrations. In specific, the chapter presents optical interactions in crystals resulting from one-phonon processes and multiphonon interactions both at energies higher and lower than the fundamental one-phonon processes. The chapter also describes phonon processes induced by defects and impurities and their interaction with infrared radiation. Photon-phonon interaction in crystals that have substantial amount of charge carriers is also explored.
Diversity begets diversity in human cultures and mammal species

Abstract A key feature of the distribution of life on Earth is the positive correlation between environmental productivity and biodiversity. This correlation also characterizes the distribution of human cultural diversity, which is highest near the equator and decreases exponentially toward the poles. Moreover, it is now understood that the tropics house more biodiversity than would be expected from energy availability alone suggesting “diversity begets diversity”. Here we show the same is also true for human cultural diversity. This convergence is particularly striking because while the dynamics of biological and cultural evolution may be similar in principle the mechanisms and time scales involved are very different. However, a common currency underlying all forms of diversity is ecological kinetics; the temperature-dependent fluxes of energy and biotic interactions that sustain life at all levels of biological and social organization. Using macroecological theory and the analysis of global databases we show both mammal diversity and cultural diversity scale superlinearly with environmental productivity at rates predicted by the ecological kinetics of environmental productivity. Diversity begets diversity in human cultures and mammal species because the kinetics of energy availability and biotic interactions result in superlinear scaling with environmental productivity.
A Web-Based, Positive Emotion Skills Intervention for Enhancing Posttreatment Psychological Well-Being in Young Adult Cancer Survivors (EMPOWER): Protocol for a Single-Arm Feasibility Trial

Background: Adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (AYAs) experience clinically significant distress and have limited access to supportive care services. Interventions to enhance psychological well-being have improved positive affect and reduced depression in clinical and healthy populations but have not been routinely tested in AYAs. Objective: The aim of this protocol is to (1) test the feasibility and acceptability of a Web-based positive emotion skills intervention for posttreatment AYAs called Enhancing Management of Psychological Outcomes With Emotion Regulation (EMPOWER) and (2) examine proof of concept for reducing psychological distress and enhancing psychological well-being. Methods: The intervention development and testing are taking place in 3 phases. In phase 1, we adapted the content of an existing, Web-based positive emotion intervention so that it would be suitable for AYAs. EMPOWER targets 8 skills (noticing positive events, capitalizing, gratitude, mindfulness, positive reappraisal, goal setting, personal strengths, and acts of kindness) and is delivered remotely as a 5-week, Web-based intervention. Phase 2 consisted of a pilot test of EMPOWER in a single-arm trial to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, retention, and adherence and to collect data on psychosocial outcomes for proof of concept. In phase 3, we are refining study procedures and conducting a second pilot test. Results: The project was part of a career development award. Pilot work began in June 2015, and data collection was completed in March 2019. The analysis is ongoing, and results will be submitted for publication by May 2020. Conclusions: If this intervention proves feasible and acceptable, EMPOWER will be primed for a subsequent large, multisite randomized controlled trial. As a scalable intervention, it will be ideally suited for AYA survivors who would otherwise not have access to supportive care interventions to help manage posttreatment distress and enhance well-being. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02832154, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02832154.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients initiating chemotherapy: A cost-effectiveness analysis.

7074Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among cancer patients. The Apixaban for the Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in High-Risk Ambulatory Can...
Dating and Sexual Violence Victimization among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Youth: Considering the Importance of Gender and Sexual Orientation

Violence and victimization among LGBTQ youth and adults is a growing topic of concern due to overwhelming disparities in victimization rates and the continued lack of understanding and education on...
Congenital and Developmental Causes of Cystic Lung Disease

Neonates and young children are likely to present early in life with cystic lung disease that is developmental in origin. Distinguishing focal malformations from diffuse lung disease is essential given the implications for prognosis and treatment. A multidisciplinary approach to these disorders, with clinical, radiographical, pathological, and frequently molecular evaluations, is required to arrive at a specific diagnosis. This chapter reviews the spectrum of congenital and developmental entities presenting as cystic lung disease in children including discussion of proposed pathogenesis as well as genetic and neoplastic implications.
From Environmental Justice Activist to Agency Staff: Implications for Agencies, Movement Organizations, and These Insider Allies

Background: The environmental justice (EJ) movement has struggled for several decades to transform public agencies to be more responsive to the needs and voices of disadvantaged communities. Recent...
Metabolic specialization in fast and slow muscle fibers of the developing rat.

Individual fibers of prospective fast (extensor digitorum longus; EDL) and slow (soleus) muscles of rats have been analyzed to determine the profiles of key energy-generating enzymes at successive stages of postnatal development. Mean activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenylokinase (AK), 2 enzymes associated with contractile function, are significantly different in the 2 fiber populations at birth; furthermore, wide variations in enzyme activities exist among the individual fibers. There is a progressive refinement of enzyme levels in the soleus into a more uniform fiber population, while the fibers in the EDL progressively diverge into 2 distinct phenotypes. Changes in EDL and soleus are punctuated by periods of rapid change, with the period between 10 and 21 d being most eventful. Generally, the maturation profiles of LDH and AK coincide with the transition from neonatal to adult fast myosins and closely reflect the timing of energy demands imposed by contractile activity patterns. In contrast, activities of the oxidative enzymes malate dehydrogenase and beta- hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase are similar in both muscles at birth and steadily increase during the first 3 weeks, suggesting a progressive adaptation to the aerobic extrauterine environment. After 30 d, there are differential changes in the oxidative profiles of enzymes for fatty acid and glucose metabolism. The profiles follow dietary changes associated with weaning, which suggests a phenotypic dependence of neonatal muscle on the particular available energy substrate. All enzymes are low in all fibers of EDL and soleus at birth, indicating their modest metabolic capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Structural Studies on Human Erythrocyte Glycoproteins ALKALI-LABILE OLIGOSACCHARIDES

Abstract Treatment of M- or N-active sialoglycopeptides, derived from human erythrocytes, with alkaline borohydride (0.1 m NaOH-0.4 m NaBH4, room temperature, 26 hours) released 25 to 30% of the carbohydrate as low molecular weight oligosaccharides. No difference was found in the composition of oligosaccharides obtained from M- or N-active erythrocytes. The most complex oligosaccharide (Component I) was a tetrasaccharide, N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 → 3)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3) [N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 → 6)]-d-N-acetylgalactosaminitol. In addition, the following compounds were identified: N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 → 3)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-d-N-acetylgalactosaminitol (Component II); N-acetylneuraminyl-(2 → 3)-β-d-galactitol (Component III); β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-d-N-acetylgalactosaminitol, together with free sialic acid, galactitol, N-acetylgalactosaminitol, 3-deoxy-d-glucitol, and the "reduced Kuhn chromogen." It is concluded that the major, alkali-labile oligosaccharide of sialoglycopeptides is a tetrasaccharide and that other components are degradation products thereof.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an uncommon, almost ­universally lethal thoracic malignancy. It is closely associated with prior inhalational asbestos exposure. Despite some recent progress the diagnosis, staging and therapy of patients with MPM remain very difficult to the treating physicians. Herein we discuss some of these challenges based on the cases of two MPM patients.
Plenary talk: images on the path to the digital museum

Summary form only given, as follows. At first glance, a museum may appear to be a nice place to visit a painting or some dinosaur bones. However, museums are much more than warehouses of vaduables. Museums typically present their holdings as collections or exhibits, supported by a common narrative, in an aesthetically pleasing environment. It is this integrated presentartion of holdings that provides us with the museum experience that we expect. To support the creation of these presentations, museums engage m the gathering, creation, and organization of information about their holdings. In this talk, I will discuss how imaging technology has been used, primarily in IBM related projects, to help museums organize and present their holdings. Indeed, some current computer systerrs may be. envisioned as imperfectly presenting digital exhibits. Is the digital museum far behind? The companion talk will feature example images that have served museums in various ways.
Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Control: Explicit Adaptive Control with Lyapunov Stability and Learning Capability

The objective of this paper is to introduce an adaptive fuzzy logic control system based on Lyapunov stability criteria. We consider the feedback control system in the crisp domain, and then, obtain the fuzzy control laws under the identification-control principle. The design is based on stability and hierarchy of identification and control. The fuzzy rulebase is stored in a fuzzy hypercube and the fuzzy control action is computed via a fuzzy inference mechanism. Initial conditions for the elements of a fuzzy hypercube are obtained by an off-line fuzzy clustering mechanism with large-grain uncertainty. Two fuzzy algorithms are developed: The first one is called a fuzzy identification-learning algorithm and the second is a fuzzy control-inferencing algorithm. The fuzzy identification learning algorithm updates the membership functions on the action side of the rules and the fuzzy control-inferencing algorithm calculate fuzzy control data. This approach guarantees stability, convergence and robustness of the closed-loop feedback system.
Cinema and the Mediation of Everyday Life in 1940s and 1950s Spain

This essay discusses the AHRB-funded collaborative project ‘An Oral History of Cinema-going in 1940s and 1950s Spain’ undertaken by the author with co-researchers in Spain and the US. It argues a case for studying popular cinema – neglected by film historians in Spain – and popular audiences in particular, stressing the need to be attentive to the agency of spectators and to the ways in which cinema-going intersects with everyday life. The essay is particularly interested in the positive meanings of escapism for Spanish spectators of Hollywood cinema in the first two decades after the Spanish Civil War, at a time of severe political repression and economic hardship under the Franco Dictatorship; and in how, at the same time, watching Hollywood movies introduced consumerist values in anticipation of the regime’s later overt adoption of capitalist modernization. The role of women spectators becomes particularly important here, given that, as home-makers, they felt the effects of economic hardship particularly keenly, while at the same time they were the principal targets of the consumerist values disseminated by Hollywood.
Packet arrival scheduling at a exponential server for min-max blocking

Consider a source using a high speed data link to transmit packets to a downstream buffer. It is argued that allocating finite buffer space to each source using the link encourages each source to regulate its packet arrival process to avoid packet blocking downstream. For bursty sources using high speed links, an entire burst might be transmitted to the downstream buffer before any feedback would be received. Regulating the packet transmission process to minimize packet blocking at the downstream link is formulated as a stochastic scheduling problem. For an exponential service facility with a service rate that is a nondecreasing function of queue occupancy, it is found that a type of threshold schedule minimizes the maximum packet blocking probability. Under light loading, these optimal threshold schedules exhibit a form of burstiness. In addition, these threshold schedules are then compared to a leaky bucket regulator.
An experience with transseptal left heart catheterization

Abstract The safety and value of the transseptal technique of left heart catheterization previously reported from the National Heart Institute has been confirmed in 55 patients studied at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Keeping Order While Moving Fast: Ergosterol Pairs Lead to Dynamic Networks in Lipid Membranes

We analyze the dynamic structure in lipid-ergosterol membranes by means of time-dependent pair-correlation functions obtained from molecular dynamics simulations. We observe that ergosterol molecules form transient pairs with lifetimes in the nanosecond-microsecond range. These sterol pairs are sufficiently long-lived to form linear sterol clusters (> 4 molecules) as the ergosterol concentration increases, and at high enough concentrations (> 30 mol %) these linear clusters turn into larger networks. Because of the high mobility of the sterols, as well as the dynamic nature of their pair interaction, these sterol networks are constantly reshaping.
Radio pulsar/supernova remnant associations

Abstract Radio pulsar/supernova remnant associations are reviewed. Recent highlights are summarized, including searches for young radio pulsars, searches for remnants, studies of previously proposed associations, and attempts at pulsar/remnant association syntheses. We argue that most proposed associations require additional investigation before they can be considered secure. Existing evidence from secure associations implies young pulsars have large magnetic fields and short periods, however the evidence for large space velocities from pulsar/supernova remnant associations is inconclusive. Recently proposed isolated “radio-quiet” neutron star/supernova remnant associations are briefly discussed in the context of this review. Future proper motion and multi-wavelength studies are important for determining the veracity of most proposed associations.