cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gδ‐topology, Light Compactness, and Pseudocompleteness

Baire category arguments generally support far stronger properties. In particular, these properties, such as Oxtoby's pseudocompleteness, are generally productive, whereas the Baire property is not. We show in the main theorem that the Gδ-expansion of a regular lightly compact space is pseudocomplete. This leads to intrinsic proofs of some cardinality results of Comfort and Robertson for pseudocompact topological groups—they had noted and used the fact that the Gδ-expansion of such a group topology is Baire. In particular, these new proofs avoid the Weyl completion, which, in this context, is the Stone-Cech compactification. The paper also contains an example of a topological group of smallest cardinality whose Gδ-expansion is not Baire, as well as some related questions.
The biology and treatment of acute progranulocytic leukemia.

Acute progranulocytic leukemia (APL) is one of the most curable of all human cancers. Combination treatment with retinoic acid (RA) and anthracycline-based chemotherapy is safe and effective for the vast majority of patients, and several novel treatment approaches are under investigation for high-ri
Diffraction by Two Long, Parallel Strips. Vertical Polarization

Fraunhofer diffraction by two long, thin, parallel, conducting strips is investigated for the case in which the radiation incident upon the strips is polarized with the electric field vector parallel to the strip axes. The strip faces are inclined with respect to each other and the incident radiation. Experimental results using 5-mm microwaves are compared with theoretical diffraction patterns predicted by scalar Kirchhoff theory and Keller’s geometrical theory of diffraction. The latter is carried out to second order in an attempt to account for some interactions between the strips in the form of doubly diffracted radiation. It is found that the geometrical theory, even to first order, is better able to describe the results obtained experimentally.
Keratosis lichenoides chronica.

Keratosis lichenoides chronica (KLC) is a rare chronic disorder of keratinization, characterized by the progressive development of erythematosquamous plaques and violaceous lichenoid hyperkeratotic papules, nodules and ridges. These lesions are most commonly found in a symmetrical distribution on the trunk and extremities and display a unique linear and/or reticulate pattern. The etiology of KLC remains unknown and the eruptions tend to be refractory to treatment. We describe a case of keratosis lichenoides chronica that improved with systemic retinoids.
Semilinear Schrödinger flows on hyperbolic spaces: scattering in H 1

We prove global well-posedness and scattering in H 1 for the defocusing nonlinear Schrodinger equations $$\left\{\begin{array}{ll}(i\partial_t+\Delta_g)u=u|u|^{2\sigma};\\u(0)=\phi,\end{array}\right.$$ on the hyperbolic spaces $${\mathbb{H}^d}$$ , d ≥ 2, for exponents $${\sigma \in (0, 2/(d-2))}$$ . The main unexpected conclusion is scattering to linear solutions in the case of small exponents σ; for comparison, on Euclidean spaces scattering in H 1 is not known for any exponent $${\sigma \in (1/d, 2/d]}$$ and is known to fail for $${\sigma \in (0, 1/d]}$$ . Our main ingredients are certain noneuclidean global in time Strichartz estimates and noneuclidean Morawetz inequalities.
Processing Relationships in YBa2Cu3O7−x Superconductors

Samples of YBa2Cu3O7−x were prepared by solid state reaction of Y2O3, BaO2, and CuO powders mixed in stoichiometric proportions. Powders reacted at 900°C-925°C in air were pressed at 35 MPa into rectangular bars and sintered at 950°C in air for six hours. Slow cooling at 50°C/hour promoted complete transformation to the orthorhombic structure. The effects of subsequent oxidation processing on superconducting properties were also investigated. Oxidation anneals at one atmosphere pressure in flowing O2over the temperature range from 300 to 550°C were performed. Results indicate that oxidation at 450°C optimized the superconducting transition temperature at 91K with a 2-degree transition width. Subsequent high-pressure oxidation (2000 psi O2) at 200°C for one week significantly degraded the superconducting characteristics. Results based on i udometric titration, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggest that the copper valency is about 2.3 and oxygen stoi chiometry is 6.94 (x = 0.06) in samples processed to optimize superconducting properties.
Capacity benefits of GPRS coding schemes CS-3 and CS-4

In this paper, the system level performance of deploying GPRS coding schemes CS-1 to CS-4 is evaluated against that of deploying only the two lower data rate schemes, CS-1 and CS-2. In this manner, the substantial benefits of deploying all four coding schemes are demonstrated. The evaluation is performed using both link level performance statistics and a simulator that is specifically designed to evaluate the peer-to-peer performance of the RLC/MAC layer. Throughput and delay statistics are used as the main basis of comparing the results presented in this paper.
Holding plastic-embedded specimens for sectioning in a rotary microtome

Three methods are evaluated for holding capsules of plastic-embedded tissue for rotary microtomy. Use of a V-block is rapid but deforms the capsule. Gluing the capsule to a supporting block is useful for reorientation of the capsule but otherwise time consuming. A metal adapter is easy to use, does not deform the tissue, and is the preferred method for routine microtomy.
c-Fos Induction in the Rat Nucleus of the Solitary Tract by Intraoral Quinine Infusion Depends on Prior Contingent Pairing of Quinine and Lithium Chloride

Intraoral infusions of sucrose or saccharin induce c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (c-FLI) in the intermediate nucleus of the solitary tract (iNTS) of rats after acquisition of a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). The induction of c-FLI in the iNTS may be a consequence of the shift in behavioral response from ingestive to aversive behaviors that characterize acquisition and expression of a CTA. To test this hypothesis, rats were intraorally infused with 0.3 mM quinine sulfate, an aversive taste, 1. prior to conditioning, 2. after 3 noncontingent (unpaired) infusions of quinine and toxic lithium chloride (LiCl) injections, 3. after conditioning with 3 contingent pairings of quinine and LiCl, and 4. after extinction with repeated unpaired infusions of quinine. Intraoral infusions of quinine induced c-FLI in the iNTS only after acquisition of a CTA against quinine; quinine failed to induce c-FLI in the iNTS of unconditioned, noncontingently treated, or extinguished rats. The pattern of c-FLI in the iNTS induced by expression of a CTA against quinine was quantitatively and anatomically similar to that elicited by sucrose in rats expressing a CTA against sucrose. We conclude that aversive responses per se are not sufficient to induce c-FLI in the iNTS. Furthermore, contingent pairing of quinine and LiCl does not cause a shift in behavioral response from palatable, ingestive behaviors to aversive behaviors as in acquisition of a CTA against sucrose. Thus, we also conclude that a shift in behavior from ingestive to aversive responses is not required for increased c-FLI expression in the iNTS during CTA expression. Therefore, the induction of c-FLI in the iNTS during expression of a CTA may be correlated with neuronal processes specific to acquisition and expression of a CTA.
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6) and the protein C pathway.

This topic letter concenrns two recent studies reporting that the level of plasma GAS6 was elevated and correlated with disease severity in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock and fruther discusses a possible link between GAS6 and the protein C pathway.
Precipitation in LiF crystals doped with MgF2

X-ray, and optical and electron microscopy studies have been made of precipitation in single crystals of LiF doped with MgF2. MgF2 was found to nucleate only with difficulty, which probably accounts for the large MgF2 precipitates that were observed. However, a metastable phase was discovered which readily nucleated, and, at low concentrations (e.g. 0.045 mol % MgF2), it formed even on slow cooling. Its structure appears to be similar to that proposed by Suzuki for the NaCl/CdCl2 system. The morphology of the metastable phase was seen by electron microscopy to be intersecting {100} platelets. On holding crystals containing the metastable phase at temperatures of about 300° C, particles of MgF2 nucleated at, and grew at, the expense of the metastable phase. The observation of precipitation of the metastable phase at low Mg++ ion concentrations is notable, for precipitation has almost certainly occurred during other studies of ionic conductivity, dielectric loss, and colour centres, etc., where crystals have been held at temperatures below 250° C. Solid-solubility measurements have been made to establish the MgF2 solvus line at concentrations up to 6.5 mol % MgF2 and the metastable phase solvus line up to 0.225 mol % MgF2. Kinetic measurements indicate that the growth of the metastable phase is controlled by bulk diffusion of Mg++ ions, whereas the growth of MgF2 appears to be controlled by the motion of vacancy pairs.
Does Maternal Fatigue Influence Maternal Verbal Control in a Stressful Parenting Task with Toddlers

Research has found that maternal fatigue can negatively impact mother–child interactional patterns. In this study, it was hypothesized that a mother with more fatigue would have fewer positive verbal strategies and more negative verbal strategies while guiding her child’s behavior. The participants were 34 mother-toddler dyads. The Patience Task, a task where mothers were told that their toddlers could not touch a desirable toy for 8 min, was used to observe how mothers verbally guided their toddlers’ behavior. Using a coding scheme developed by Koenig et al. (Child Dev 71:1018–1032, 2000), the frequency of positive verbal control strategies included requesting the child perform or stop performing a behavior (polite do); hinting to the child that they should stop a behavior (hint do); praising the child in order for a behavior to continue (positive evaluation); requesting the child behave a certain way in exchange for something (bargaining); and sympathizing with the child to show an understanding of the child’s feelings (empathy) was coded. The frequency of negative verbal control strategies included chastising the child for not following directions (negative evaluation) was also coded. Higher levels of maternal fatigue were associated with mothers using fewer polite dos (r = −.32, p = .07), hint dos (r = −.37, p = .04), and positive evaluations (r = −.31, p = .08) during the Patience Task. Sleep deprivation was associated with polite dos (r = −.52, p = .00), hint dos (r = −.46, p = .00), and bargaining (r = −.39, p = .03). Using hierarchical linear regression, fatigue and child temperament covariates were associated with polite dos (F (2,29) = 3.23, p = .05) and positive evaluation (F (2,28) = 3.53, p = .04). Sleep and child temperament covariates were also associated with polite dos (F (2,30) = 7.51, p = .00) and hint dos (F (2,28) = 6.61, p = .00). This study contributes to our understanding of maternal fatigue and child factors that influence maternal verbal control strategies used to get toddlers to follow maternal directions.
Synthesis of lipoprotein lipase in cultured avian granulosa cells.

Abstract Avian granulosa cells cultured as a homogeneous parenchymal population contain lipolytic activity. This activity is stimulated 2–5-fold by serum, inhibited 90% by 1 M NaCl and inhibited 80% by specific anti-lipoprotein lipase immunoglobulins. 85% of the activity binds to heparin-Sepharose 4B, and 70% of bound activity is eluted with 1.5 M NaCl. Thus, the lipolytic activity of cultured granulosa cells is lipoprotein lipase. Granulosa cells were shown to synthesize lipoprotein lipase in culture by incorporating [3H]leucine into the enzyme protein, as measured with an immunoadsorption technique. Finally, colchicine was shown to increase intracellular lipolytic activity, suggesting an inhibition of secretion of this enzyme by cultured granulosa cells.
The thermolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of phenyltin chlorides PhxSnCl4−x (x = 1–3)

Abstract The thermal degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of the three phenyltin chlorides, PhSnCl 3 , Ph 2 SnCl 2 , and Ph 3 SnCl, has been studied and a complete mechanistic interpretation of the reaction is provided. Only a little monomeric methyl methacrylate is produced in the reaction and a significant amount of the starting polymer is converted to a non-volatile, cross-linked tin ester.
Two-dimensional differential scanning calorimetry: simultaneous resolution of intrinsic protein structural energetics and ligand binding interactions by global linkage analysis.

A general theoretical development for the design and analysis of two-dimensional thermal stability surfaces of proteins is presented. The surfaces are generated from multiple excess heat capacity profiles ( vs T) obtained at varying concentrations of an interacting ligand. The energetics of both the intrinsic protein stability and the protein-ligand interaction are simultaneously resolved by employing statistical thermodynamic models in global linkage analysis. This formalism allows resolution of the intrinsic protein folding-unfolding parameters (enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes) as well as the ligand interaction parameters (binding stoichiometry, enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity changes). The theory has been applied to the case of ribonuclease A and its interaction with cytidine-2'-monophosphate. The accuracy of the thermodynamic parameters obtained by this approach compares within error with those parameters that can be obtained by direct measurements.
Implementing jalapeño in Java

Jalapeno is a virtual machine for Java™ servers written in Java.A running Java program involves four layers of functionality: the user code, the virtual-machine, the operating system, and the hardware. By drawing the Java / non-Java boundary below the virtual machine rather than above it, Jalapeno reduces the boundary-crossing overhead and opens up more opportunities for optimization.To get Jalapeno started, a boot image of a working Jalapeno virtual machine is concocted and written to a file. Later, this file can be loaded into memory and executed. Because the boot image consists entirely of Java objects, it can be concocted by a Java program that runs in any JVM. This program uses reflection to convert the boot image into Jalapeno's object format.A special MAGIC class allows unsafe casts and direct access to the hardware. Methods of this class are recognized by Jalapeno's three compilers, which ignore their bytecodes and emit special-purpose machine code. User code will not be allowed to call MAGIC methods so Java's integrity is preserved.A small non-Java program is used to start up a boot image and as an interface to the operating system.Java's programming features — object orientation, type safety, automatic memory management — greatly facilitated development of Jalapeno. However, we also discovered some of the language's limitations.
Structural mechanism of ligand activation in human GABA(B) receptor.

Human GABAB receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor central to inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. It functions as an obligatory heterodimer of GBR1 and GBR2 subunits. Here we present the first crystal structures of a heterodimeric complex between the extracellular domains of GBR1 and GBR2 in the apo, agonist-bound, and antagonist-bound forms. The apo and antagonist-bound structures represent the resting state of the receptor; the agonist-bound complex corresponds to the active state. Both subunits adopt an open conformation at rest, and only GBR1 closes upon agonist-induced receptor activation. The agonists and antagonists are anchored in the interdomain crevice of GBR1 by an overlapping set of residues. An antagonist confines GBR1 to the open conformation of the inactive state, while an agonist induces its domain closure for activation. Our data reveals a unique activation mechanism for GABAB receptor that involves the formation of a novel heterodimer interface between subunits.
VALUE OF HOLODIASTOLIC FLOW REVERSAL IN THE DESCENDING AORTA IN PATIENTS WITH POST-PROCEDUAL AORTIC REGURGITATION AFTER TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT: AN INTRAOPERATIVE TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY STUDY

The assessment of post-procedual aortic regurgitation (PAR) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is not established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Holodiastolic flow reversal (HDFR) in the descending aorta in patients with PAR after TAVR using
De fracaso y frustración en el trabajo de campo: cómo asumir la ética de la representación en la investigación participativa

Resumen es: La investigacion participativa ha vuelto a la agenda por estos dias. Sin duda en la academia convencional ha cobrado mayor aceptacion que por alla en la ...
Criseyde: The first capitulation

(1990). Criseyde: The first capitulation. Studia Neophilologica: Vol. 62, No. 1, pp. 37-42.
Backscattering effects in the elastic scattering of p-polarized light from a large-amplitude random metallic grating

We study the scattering of a p-polarized beam incident onto a random grating whose grooves are perpendicular to the plane of incidence. The scattered field is expressed in terms of the total magnetic field and its normal derivative on the surface of the grating. The integral equations satisfied by these functions are solved numerically for each of several hundred realizations of the surface profile possessing a Gaussian spectrum. The diffuse component of the differential reflection coefficient averaged over these realizations displays a well-defined peak in the retroreflection direction for metallic and perfectly conducting random gratings but not for random gratings on dielectric surfaces.
SAMPLING EFFECTS AND THE ESTIMATION OF FOOD‐WEB PROPERTIES

If the observed properties of food webs vary with the completeness of the data on which they are based, then the incompleteness of most collected webs may mislead us about their actual properties. Using a large, moderately well-known web, we simulated ecologists' efforts to detect member species and links between them at a variety of sampling intensities, and then we analyzed the effects of sampling intensity on a large number of properties of the resulting webs. Four striking points emerged. First, the properties of this single web vary markedly with the intensity of sampling: incompleteness of data can strongly bias estimates of food-web properties. Second, the original values are reached only after a high level of sampling, much higher than is typical for many studies. Third, the properties of most webs in the ECOWeB database lie at the poorly sampled end of the ranges. Fourth, the detection of trophic links systematically lags behind the detection and inclusion of species, which may render the accurate measurement of many web properties inherently problematic. These results suggest that both the incompleteness of the existing data and our focus on properties that are sensitive to that incompleteness may be giving us a misleading picture of the trophic structure of ecological communities.
Hepatocyte-specific Bid depletion reduces tumor development by suppressing inflammation-related compensatory proliferation.

Liver cancer is a major health-care concern and its oncogenic mechanisms are still largely unclear. Persistent hepatocyte cell death is a common feature among various chronic liver diseases, the blocking of which presents as logical treatment. Therefore, we aimed at investigating tumor development in mice with hepatocyte-specific Bid depletion – a BH3-only Bcl-2 family member that amplifies apoptotic death signals. Hepatocyte-specific conditional Bid-knockout mice (BidΔhep) were injected with 25 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at 14 days of age, and liver tumorigenesis was investigated 9 months later. Additionally, different models of acute liver injury were used including: acute high-dose DEN challenge, 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) diet and carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injection. BidΔhep mice developed significantly fewer tumors, showed smaller maximal and average tumor size and reduced tumor incidence. In the acute DEN model, 48 h post injection we observed a significant reduction in liver injury in BidΔhep animals, assessed via serum transaminases and liver histopathology. Furthermore, TNF-α, IL-1s, cJUN and IL-6 mRNA expression was reduced. These findings were accompanied by reduced compensatory hepatocyte proliferation in BidΔhep mice when compared with controls by immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen 48 h after DEN injection. In the acute CCL4 model, BidΔhep mice displayed reductions in liver injury and inflammation when compared with controls. No differences in liver injury and serum bilirubin levels were detected in BidΔhep and Bidflo/flo mice fed with DDC, which induces bile duct injury and a ductular reaction. Our study demonstrates that in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, the inhibition of hepatocyte death pathways through Bid deletion protects animals from tumorigenesis. These results suggest that reducing hepatocyte cell death, liver inflammation and compensatory proliferation has a stronger beneficial effect than the potential side effect of enhancing tumor cell survival.
On error estimation in atmospheric CO2 inversions

[1] This paper explores various sources of error in atmospheric CO2 synthesis inversions using global circulation models. The estimation of prior, observation, model transport, and representation errors is described, and the latter two error sources are explored in more detail. Not accounting for these errors will act as a hard constraint on the inversion and will produce incorrect solutions to the problem as is shown in some example inversions. The magnitude of these errors falls generally between about 10% and 100% in the retrieved fluxes but can be even larger. This makes it highly desirable to avoid hard constraints and apply any prior information we have about the surface fluxes as a weak constraint to the inversion problem.
Corticosterone is a preferable ligand for measuring rat brain corticosteroid receptors: competition by RU 28362 and RU 26752 for dexamethasone binding in rat hippocampal cytosol.

Abstract It is unclear whether in vitro corticosteroid receptor binding assays have used inappropriately high concentrations of synthetic corticosteroid competitors, thereby potentially introducing error into estimates of type I (mineralocorticoid) and type II (glucocorticoid) receptor binding. To determine more accurately the concentration of blockers necessary to discriminate between these two sites, we have derivedKi values for the competition of dexamethasone, RU 28362 and RU 26752 for [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding in rat hippocampus. Non-specific binding of both radioligands was defined with unlabeled dexamethasone to exclude transcortin. The type II agonist RU 28362 competed for only a portion of [3H]corticosterone binding, exhibiting aKi of 0.5 nM for this binding. In contrast, RU 28362 fully competed all binding of a saturating concentration of [3H]dexamethasone, even though [3H]dexamethasone also recognized type I receptors, defined as specific [3H]corticosterone binding in the presence of 80 nM RU 28362. RU 28362 competition for [3H]dexamethasone binding exhibited characteristics of a 2-site interaction, withKis of 0.3 and 194 nM. The type I receptor antagonist RU 26752 competed less effectively for [3H]corticosterone and [3H]dexamethasone binding, but nonetheless competed fully within a 1000-fold concentration range. Even at a level less than 125 × itsKi for type I binding, RU 26752 still inhibited virtually all type II receptor binding by [3H]corticosterone. We conclude that type I and II receptors in rat brain are best distinguished using [3H]corticosterone as the labelling ligand, with cold RU 28362 and dexamethasone to eliminate binding to type II and transcortin sites, respectively. RU 26752 discriminates poorly between rat brain type I and type II receptors, at least in vitro, while the competition of RU 28362 for all [3H]dexamethasone binding suggests that, without careful adjustment of RU 28362 concentrations, this latter combination of ligands may underestimate type I receptor levels.
Accelerated Immunodeficiency by Anti-CCR5 Treatment in HIV Infection

In 50% of progressing HIV-1 patients, CXCR4-tropic (X4) virus emerges late in infection, often overtaking CCR5-tropic (R5) virus as the dominant viral strain. This "phenotypic switch" is strongly associated with rapidly declining CD4(+) T cell counts and AIDS onset, yet its causes remain unknown. Here, we analyze a mathematical model for the mechanism of X4 emergence in late-stage HIV infection and use this analysis to evaluate the utility of a promising new class of antiretroviral drugs -- CCR5 inhibitors -- in dual R5, X4 infection. The model shows that the R5-to-X4 switch occurs as CD4(+) T cell activation levels increase above a threshold and as CD4(+) T cell counts decrease below a threshold during late-stage HIV infection. Importantly, the model also shows that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can inhibit X4 emergence but that monotherapy with CCR5 blockers can accelerate X4 onset and immunodeficiency if X4 infection of memory CD4(+) T cells occurs at a high rate. Fortunately, when CXCR4 blockers or HAART are used in conjunction with CCR5 blockers, this risk of accelerated immunodeficiency is eliminated. The results suggest that CCR5 blockers will be more effective when used in combination with CXCR4 blockers and caution against CCR5 blockers in the absence of an effective HAART regimen or during HAART failure.
Formation of nitric oxide hemoglobin in erythrocytes co-cultured with alveolar macrophages taken from bleomycin treated rats.

Summary Alveolar macrophages, taken from rats treated with a single intratracheal dose of bleomycin, release reactive nitrogen intermediates in the form of nitric oxide which are cytostatic to murine leukemia L1210 cells. When cultured in the presence of erythrocytes the cytostatic activity of alveolar macrophages was inhibited which corresponded with an increase in nitrosylated hemoglobin content when compared with erythrocytes cultured alone. These results suggest that erythrocytes inhibit alveolar macrophage cytostatic activity by preventing reactive nitrogen intermediates from reaching target cells because the hemoglobin serves as a sink for reactive nitrogen intermediates in the form of nitric oxide.
THE THERMAL FRACTURABILITY LOSS OF EDIBLE PLANT TISSUE: PATTERN AND WITHIN-SPECIES VARIATION1

The pattern of fracturability loss of 11 selected fruits and vegetables during thermal processing was studied. In general, the first-order kinetic model is adequate in describing such changes during heating of edible plant tissue before reaching equilibrium texture. However, textural changes are less predictable by the first-order kinetic model in tissues having thick cell walls (such as those derived from stems and roots) than in tissues having thin cell walls (such as those derived from fruits). For a given species (potato), the first-order model can be applied regardless of sample dimension, morphological origin of the sample, heating temperature, variety, prior storage conditions, maturity and minor agronomic variation.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene) Films

Thin films of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) have been deposited on amorphous (7059 Corning Glass) and silicon(l00) substrates at various temperatures by the Pulsed Laser Deposition technique. The deposition was carried out at high vacuum (˜10-6 torr)at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 350°C. The mechanical properties of these films at the varying process temperatures have been evaluated by nano-indentation techniques and compositional properties of the films have been characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. The deposition parameters have been optimized in order to produce good quality films.
Identity in Early Adolescence: A Developmental Perspective

Ego identity status definitions with examples are elaborated upon with particular reference to early adolescents. Patterns of potential identity status change for this age group are discussed withi...
On Explicit Congestion Notification for Stream Control Transmission Protocol in Lossy Networks

As a congestion avoidance mechanism, Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is designed to inform a data source to react to potential congestion early. Currently, the new transport protocol, Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), is not ECN-capable. An ECN-capable SCTP is proposed in this paper, which is bandwidth-efficient and robust to non-congestion losses. An SCTP source needs to adjust its congestion window when receiving ECN messages. We find the optimal value of the congestion window for an SCTP source in response to ECN messages, and develop a simple and practical method to achieve this optimal congestion window. Both simulation results and analysis are provided to support the effectiveness of the proposed ECN mechanism for SCTP. The simplified method in achieving the optimal congestion window is attractive because the total goodput performance of SCTP associations or the bottleneck link utilization is not sensitive to the window reduction policies when the network load is heavy. Using complicated methods to fine-tune SCTP or TCP's congestion window in response to congestion indications may not be worth the increase in complexity of the protocol.
Phantom Maps and Purity in Modular Representation Theory, III

Abstract In the third installment of this paper, we exhibit two phantom maps between kG-modules, whose composite is not projective, whenever k is an uncountable field of characteristic p and G is a finite group of p-rank at least 2.
Morning Sympathetic Nerve Activity Is Not Increased in Humans Implications for Mechanisms Underlying the Circadian Pattern of Cardiac Risk

Background The sympathetic nervous system has been implicated in the circadian pattern of myocardial infarction and sudden death. It has been postulated that sympathetic nerve activity is higher in the morning than at other times of the day and that this increase reflects an endogenous circadian pattern or is triggered by changes in posture and the onset of morning activities. Methods and Results To test these two concepts, we made microneurographic recordings of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in the morning (6:30 to 8:30 am) and afternoon (2:00 to 4:00 pm) in eight healthy subjects (mean age, 42±4 years), and intraindividual comparisons (paired t tests) were made during (1) supine rest, (2) postural changes simulated by lower body negative pressure (LBNP), and (3) activity produced by sustained handgrip. Plasma cortisol, known to follow a circadian pattern, was measured to assess whether normal circadian patterns were present under experimental conditions. Plasma cortisol exhibited a robust circadian variability (plasma cortisol [mean±SEM], am versus pm: 17±1 versus 9±1 μg/dL, P =.008). In contrast, basal muscle sympathetic nerve activity was not higher in the morning compared with the afternoon (group mean sympathetic nerve activity, am versus pm: 38±6 versus 38±6 bursts per minute, P =NS). Similarly, plasma norepinephrine levels were not higher in the morning compared with the afternoon (plasma norepinephrine, am versus pm: 157±17 versus 173±14 pg/mL, P =NS). During postural stress simulated by LBNP, the magnitude of change in sympathetic nerve activity was not higher in the morning compared with the afternoon (LBNP −20 mm Hg, am versus pm: 103±34% versus 157±31%, P =NS). Finally, the magnitude of change in muscle sympathetic nerve activity during the first minute of handgrip exercise (am versus pm: 11±17% versus 8±11%, P =NS) or the second minute of handgrip exercise (am versus pm: 59±34% versus 60±15%, P =NS) was not higher in the morning compared with the afternoon. Conclusions These findings challenge the concept that sympathetic nerve activity is higher in the morning either during supine rest or during postural changes and activity. We speculate that if the sympathetic nervous system is involved in the circadian pattern of sudden death, this involvement must reflect exaggerated morning end-organ responsiveness to norepinephrine, not enhanced morning sympathetic outflow.
The effects of reduced agent-area insecticide treatments for rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) control on bird densities.

The effects of insecticidal control programs for grasshoppers on the population density of birds were assessed under operational conditions in two rangeland sites in Wyoming during an outbreak (19 to 56 grasshoppers m(-2) on >1,500 ha). Malathion, carbaryl, and fipronil were evaluated using large-scale (>/=260 ha) reduced agent-area treatments (RAAT), in which these chemicals were applied at 50% of the standard rate (except fipronil, for which there is no standard in North America) to 80, 50, and 33% of the areas (alternating treated and untreated swaths), respectively. Grasshopper population densities were reduced by 73 to 99%, at 14 and 28 days after treatment. Significant differences among treatments within the sites were apparent, and despite disparities in the vegetation, topography, and grasshopper populations between sites, some consistent patterns of response by bird populations were found. Relative to pretreatment densities and untreated plots, at 14 days after treatment, bird densities were enhanced at one site and suppressed at the other; at 28 days after treatment bird populations were generally suppressed at both sites. However, absolute densities increased in some plots, indicating that birds still had adequate food. There appeared to be no relationship between posttreatment grasshopper and bird densities, perhaps due to the large initial insect populations. Fipronil plots generally had higher avian population densities (nongregarious insectivores and total birds) than carbaryl plots, which had bird densities greater than or equal to malathion plots. These differences were probably a function of both the toxicological properties of the compounds and the proportion of the infested land that was treated. Based on these findings, we must consider the possibility that compounds with relatively high toxicity to birds and long residual effects applied to widely spaced swaths may cause no more (or perhaps less) environmental impact than less toxic and persistent insecticides that must be applied to large proportions of infested rangeland. http://link.springer-ny. com/link/service/journals/00244/bibs/37n4p519.html</++ +HEA
Probabilistic parse scoring based on prosodic phrasing

The relative size and location of prosodic phrase boundaries provides an important cue for resolving syntactic ambiguity. In previous work, we have introduced an analysis/synthesis formalism for scoring parses in terms of the similarity between prosodic patterns recognized from a given utterance and synthesized for the hypothesized parse. This paper describes a new approach to the synthesis problem, as well as an alternative scoring criterion. Specifically, a decision tree is designed to predict prosodic phrase structure for a given syntactic parse, and the tree is used to compute a parse score, which now is the probability of the recognized break sequence. Unlike the rule-based synthesis algorithm used in the previous work, the decision tree can be automatically trained and can therefore be designed specifically for different speaking styles or task domains. In experiments with a corpus of ambiguous sentences spoken by FM radio announcers, we have achieved disambiguation performance similar to the rule-based algorithm, which is close to the performance of human subjects in perceptual experiments using the scoring algorithm with hand labeled breaks.
Empirical Stress Intensity Factors for Surface Cracks under Rolling Contact Fatigue

This article contains empirical equations for the K I , K II , and K III stress intensity factors (SIFs) for semi-elliptical surface cracks for brittle materials subjected to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) as a function of the contact patch diameter, angle of crack to the surface, max pressure, position along the crack front, and aspect ratio of the crack. The equations were developed from SIFs calculated by parametric three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) for a range of contact patch radii (1b, 2b, and 3b) and angles of the crack to the surface (0°, 45°, and 60°). Calculating mixed-mode SIFs for surface cracks subject to RCF using 3D FEA is computationally complex because of extreme mesh refinement required at multiple levels to capture steep stress gradients. The comprehensive empirical curve fits presented are accurate to within 0.5% of FE simulations and are useful for component design where contact-initiated surface fatigue damage is important such as in gears, roller bearings, and rail...
Development of a stereoscopic three-dimensional drawing application

With recent advances in 3-D technology, computer users have the opportunity to work within a natural 3-D environment; a flat panel LCD computer display of this type, the DTI-100M made by Dimension Technologies, Inc., recently went on the market. In a joint venture between DTI and NCSU, an object-oriented 3-D drawing application, 3-D Draw, was developed to address some issues of human interface design for interactive stereo drawing applications. The focus of this paper is to determine some of the procedures a user would naturally expect to follow while working within a true 3-D environment. The paper discusses (1) the interface between the Macintosh II and DTI-100M during implementation of 3-D Draw, including stereo cursor development and presentation of current 2-D systems, with an additional `depth'' parameter, in the 3-D world, (2) problems in general for human interface into the 3-D environment, and (3) necessary functions and/or problems in developing future stereoscopic 3-D operating systems/tools.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effect of recombinant human growth hormone on wound healing in normal individuals.

Growth hormone therapy has been suggested to speed wound healing in postoperative patients and in patients with severe burns. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the rate of wound healing in normal individuals. Twenty-three healthy males were evaluated in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Each subject received a split-thickness wound (Davol-Keratome) on one buttock and a full-thickness wound (3-mm punch biopsy) on the other. The full-thickness wound healed significantly more slowly in the recombinant human growth hormone-treated group as compared with the placebo control group (t-test, P = .001). No statistically significant difference was noted in the healing of the split-thickness wounds. It is concluded that recombinant human growth hormone may impede healing in normal patients with full-thickness wounds as compared with treatment with placebo. We cannot rule out, however, that the recombinant human growth hormone affected the quality of the scab in full-thickness wounds and thereby only appeared to alter the wound-healing process.
Jaw muscles of new world squirrels

The jaw, suprahyoid, and extrinsic tongue muscles are described for eight species of New World squirrels, spanning more than an order of magnitude in body mass. Anatomical differences are discussed in the light of body size, natural history, and phylogeny. The relative sizes of different muscles, their orientations, and the shapes and positions of their areas of attachment vary but show few trends in relation to body size. The anatomical differences are likewise not readily explained by the mechanical requirements of the animals' diets, which are similar. The most marked anatomical differences occur in Sciurillus (the pygmy tree squirrel), as well as those genera--Glaucomys (the flying squirrel) and Tamias (the chipmunk)--that are taxonomically most distinct from the tree squirrels. Sciurillus is noteworthy for its unusually small temporalis and an anterior deep masseter that is oriented to assist in retraction of the jaw. Tamias has a more vertically oriented temporalis and greater inclination in the anterior masseter muscles than the other squirrels, features that may be associated with its large diastema and relatively posteriorly situated cheek teeth, which in turn may relate to its having cheek pouches. Our results form a valuable database of information to be used in further studies of functional morphology and phylogeny.
FORUM STORAGE WARS Solving the Archaeological Curation Crisis

Whether sponsored by academic institutions, governments, international agencies, or private landowners, the results of archaeological investigations are the same: the production of knowledge and an accumulation of things . The material manifestations (artifacts and samples) and the accompanying daily notes, digital records, maps, photographs, and plans together comprise a comprehensive record of the past. Once these items have been amassed, they are deposited in dig houses, magazines, museums, repositories, storage containers, and sometimes in personal basements and garages to be held in perpetuity. Across the globe, storage (here implying curation and permanent care) is one of the most pressing issues facing archaeology today. The following examines the curation crisis and some of the traditional and innovative solutions to the storage wars, arguing that rather than something that is viewed as a time-consuming, costly afterthought; curation should be an integral part of archaeological praxis.
Expanding the search for digital preservation solutions: adopting PREMIS in cultural heritage institutions

This paper will present some preliminary result on factors that affect the adoption of PREMIS (Preservation Metadata Implementation Strategies) in cultural heritage institutions. The study employed a web-based survey to collect data from 123 participants in 20 countries as well as a semi-structured, follow-up telephone interview with a smaller sample of the survey respondents. Roger's diffusion of innovation theory was used as a theoretical framework. The main constructs considered for the study were relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability, and institution readiness. The study yielded both qualitative and quantitative data, and preliminary analysis showed that all six factors influence the adoption of PREMIS in varying degrees.
Control strategies for multistage solar collector systems

A comparative study of the yearly performance of multistage solar collectors systems, (comprised of more than one collector type) with a single on/off flow control strategy for al the collectors and separate on/off controls for each collector stage, is performed. Detailed numerical simulations under a range of climatic conditions showed that there is little advantage in using individual collector controls over a single on/off control strategy when the systems operate at low collector thresholds, but differences in system performance can be quite significant at high threshold values. In addition, the choice of the single control strategy (i.e., which collector the strategy is based on) at low thresholds is not critical in terms of system performance.
Modeling approach to analyze bonding stress in UHF quartz resonators

We have observed a phenomenon of high precision MEMS quartz resonators to change their frequency-temperature characteristics when they are mounted or bonded onto a substrate. This is due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficients between the quartz and substrate. When the temperature is changed, the mounting points between the quartz resonator and substrate become a source of mounting stress/strain in the resonator. We have defined a zero-stress temperature as the temperature at which the mounting stress is zero. We could determine the zero-stress temperature from the aging data of the resonator. We have derived a set of incremental equations for small vibrations superposed on mounting stress/strain that included the zero-stress temperature. The equations were employed in a COMSOL model of a UHF quartz resonator. The resonator frequency versus temperature profile was calculated by the change in eigenfrequency of the thickness shear mode as a function of the temperature. The eigenvalue problem of the resonator was modeled in COMSOL. The frequency-temperature curve of the resonator was shown to rotate counter-clockwise with the mounting stiffness and zero-stress temperature with respect to the frequency-temperature curve of the same resonator with no bonding stress. Furthermore the frequency-temperature curve of a bonded resonator will intersect the frequency-temperature curve of the same resonator without bonding stress at the zero-stress temperature.
Influences of Demographic Characteristics of Community Network Users on Their Perceptions and Use of the Network.

This study attempted to identify the generally unknown demographic profiles of current community network users. The study also attempted to examine how an individual's demographic characteristics affect use when perceptions and attitudes are taken into account. Data were collected from 417 randomly selected current and former users of a community network in a Midwestern U.S. community, using both mail and Web survey questionnaires. The study findings showed that community network services seem to have reached a broad range of the population, in contrast to the earlier perception of typical Internet or community network users as highly educated young males with high incomes. The study also showed that demographic variables were not effective predictors of use. These findings would help to assess the degree to which a community network's primary goal, providing equal access to the Internet for local residents, is being achieved. The study findings would also help community network providers to redesign their services according to the changing demographic characteristics of their targeted users.
Explanation of high-foreign-gas-pressure effects on resonant light scattering in I 2 vapor

We demonstrate that at all pressures, the resonant scattering emission in ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ vapor as excited by a 501.7-nm Ar-ion laser line is dominated by the combined effects of discrete-state resonant fluorescence and dissociative-state continuum resonant Raman scattering (RRS). The changes in the emission upon increased pressures, such as relative and absolute intensities of Stokes overtones, and the variation in depolarization ratios are demonstrated to be due to the gradual quenching of the resonance fluorescence at high pressure, while the dissociative-state RRS contribution remains unaltered.