cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory generation of aerosols

Abstract Laboratory methods for the preparation of aerosols are reviewed. Emphasis is placed upon techniques which are reproduceable and which result in a narrow size distribution so that the aerosols which are formed can be utilized in further laboratory investigations. Condensation generators have evolved from the Sinclair—La Mer generator. They are based upon controlled cooling of vapors and condensation nuclei in a flowing system. Although the design is usually quite empirical, a careful theoretical analysis has been carried out for the heat transfer and convective diffusion processes in the so-called falling film generator in which the evaporating liquid flows down the inner walls of a tube which is maintained at an elevated temperature. Aerosols comprised of solid particles have been prepared by similar techniques. These particles, which may vary over a very wide range of particle sizes, may consist of salts, metals, polymers or oil coated salts. Solid particles formed by quenching hot vapors are usually spherical and amorphous. A variety of metal oxide aerosols have been formed by burning metal chlorides and oxychlorides in specially designed burners. Dispersion methods include rotating disc and rotating cup sprayers, and vibrating orifice generators. These can yield highly monodisperse aerosols. The latter device is particularly advantageous since particle size can be calculated a priori from the operating conditions. On the other hand, compressed air nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers and electrical atomizers are more difficult to operate reproducibly and they give quite broad particle size distributions. Solid aerosols can be formed by any of the devices based upon a dispersion method by first forming an aerosol from either a solution of a non-volatile solute or a colloidal dispersion, and then evaporating the solvent. Dispersion of dry powders is not suitable for preparation of aerosols for laboratory investigations. Although gas phase reactions and photolysis are among the earliest techniques, they have not been utilized in recent years despite the advantages which they offer for formation of aerosols under well controlled conditions.
Current pathologic methods for measuring intratumoral microvessel density within breast carcinoma and other solid tumors.

Abundant evidence has shown that tumor growth and metastasis are dependent upon tumor angiogenesis (TA). TA refers to the growth of new vessels toward and within the tumor. Until TA occurs, tumors grow no larger than 2–4 mm in diameter. Also, TA is necessary at the beginning and at the end of the metastatic cascade of events. Thus, it seems reasonable that increasing intratumoral microvascular density (iMVD) might correlate with greater tumor aggressiveness, such as a higher frequency of metastases and/or decreased survival. Indeed, in 1991 my colleagues and I reported a statistically significant association between greater incidence of metastases in patients with breast carcinoma and increasing iMVD. Microvessel density was measured with a light microscope in a single area of invasive tumor (200x field or 0.74 mm2) representative of the highest microvessel density (neovascular “hot spot”). This was done after endothelial cells, lining the microvessels, had been highlighted with anti-factor VIII-related antigen/von Willebrand's factor (F8RA/vWF). Subsequent studies by other investigators, using either anti-F8RA/vWF or other relatively vessel-specific reagents such as anti-CD31, have shown that the association of greater tumor aggressiveness with increasing iMVD exists not only in breast carcinoma, but also in other solid tumors. This article reviews the methods of highlighting intratumoral vessels and describes the techniques for counting these vessels for assessing iMVD.
Step-down infusions of Gd-DTPA yield greater contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images of BBB damage in acute stroke than bolus injections.

Abstract A rat model of transient suture occlusion of one middle cerebral artery (MCA) was used to create a unilateral reperfused cerebral ischemic infarct with blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening. Opening of the BBB was visualized and quantitated by magnetic resonance (MR) contrast enhancement with a Look-Locker T 1 -weighted sequence either following an intravenous bolus injection ( n =7) or during a step-down infusion ( n =7) of gadolinium–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd–DTPA). Blood levels of Gd–DTPA after either input were monitored via changes in sagittal sinus relaxation rate. Blood-to-brain influx constants ( K i ) were calculated by Patlak plots. On the basis of the MRI parameters and lesion size, the ischemic injury was determined to be similar in the two groups. The bolus injection input produced a sharp rise in blood levels of Gd–DTPA that declined quickly, whereas the step-down infusion led to a sharp rise that was maintained relatively constant for the period of imaging. Visual contrast enhancement and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios were better with the step-down method (S/N=1.8) than with bolus injection (S/N=1.3). The K i values were not significantly different between the two groups ( P >.05) and were around 0.005 ml/(g min). The major reason for the better imaging of BBB opening by the step-down infusion was the higher amounts of Gd–DTPA in plasma and tissue during most of the experimental period. These results suggest that step-down MR contrast agent (MRCA) administration schedule may be more advantageous for detection and delineation of acute BBB injury than the usually used bolus injections.
Structured replacement policies for a Markov-modulated shock model

We establish the optimality of structured replacement policies for a periodically inspected system that fails silently whenever the cumulative number of shocks, or the magnitude of a single shock it has received, exceeds a corresponding threshold. Shocks arrive according to a Markov-modulated Poisson process which represents the (controllable or uncontrollable) environment.
Screen-parallel determination of intersection curves

It is sometimes desirable to highlight intersection curves in order to make the shapes of penetrating surfaces more visible. Highlighting the intersection is especially helpful when the surfaces become transparent, because transparency makes the intersections less evident. This paper discusses a technique for locating intersections in screen space using only the information locally available to a pixel. The technique is designed to exploit parallelism at the pixel level and has been implemented on the Pixel-Planes 5 graphics supercomputer.
Degradation of Paclitaxel and Related Compounds in Aqueous Solutions III: Degradation Under Acidic pH Conditions and Overall Kinetics

Paclitaxel and related taxanes are complex molecules with numerous hydrolysable ester groups, possible epimerization at the 7-position, and possessing a strained oxetane ring, a possible site for acid-catalyzed cleavage. Presented here is the stability of paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, baccatin III, and N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine ethyl ester in aqueous solution over a pH range of 1-5 at various temperatures. Analysis of various samples was by HPLC-UV and LC-MS. Baccatin III, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, and N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine ethyl ester were found to undergo acid catalysis since pH-rate profiles all followed a first-order dependency in hydrogen ion concentration. No evidence of any epimerization was noted at acidic pH values. Baccatin III and 10-deacetylbaccatin III showed similar degradation rates with possible products being possible dehydration around the 13-hydroxy group and cleavage of the oxetane ring. Cleavage of the 10-acetyl group of baccatin III was a minor initial pathway. N-Benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine ethyl ester degraded significantly slower than both 10-deacetylbaccatin III and baccatin III. At pH 2, paclitaxel degraded at a rate between that of N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine ethyl ester and 10-deacetylbaccatin III. The pH of maximum stability for all compounds appeared to be around pH 4.
Pedagogical grammar: on the interface of syntax and pragmatics

: The central theme of this paper is that pedagogical grammar must be a marriage of syntax and pragmatics. We illustrate this fact by showing how this marriage is necessary to an effective explanation of two different characteristics of yes/no questions: (1) the relationship between the function that the question serves and the short-answer forms that are appropriate responses to it, and (2) the interaction of assertive and nonassertive forms with the context in which a question occurs to generate what we perceive as the speaker's purpose in uttering the question and the nature of the answer that he or she expects. Without input from pragmatics these explanations cannot be developed at all. For reasons such as these, it is essential that we develop as thorough an integration of syntax and pragmatics as we can as the source of the pedagogical grammar we use in our classrooms.
Two cases of children of homosexuals.

The literature is reviewed with reference to parental attitudes related to homosexuality, sex role typing, and object choice. Two cases of children of opposite-sexed homosexual parents are presented with projective testing indicating difficulties with gender role identity. It is our impression that the manifestation of sexual conflict in these homosexual parents expressed in attitudes and behavior toward the child is not unique and does not differ significantly from that of the heterosexual parent who has sexual conflicts. More long-term data are necessary to help us understand the influences of parental homosexuality on the growing child.
Ancillary equipment for biomass gasification

Considerable research has been conducted in the past 20 years to advance gasification technology and adapt this technology for biomass applications. The gasification process itself is relatively well developed, and producer gas can be generated at fairly large scales from a variety of feedstocks. The largest impediments now facing the application of biomass gasification for energy production are the inabilities of the current ancillary systems to allow for economical production of a clean producer gas, free of contaminants. Ancillary systems are operations other than the actual gasification process and generally fall into two categories: fuel preparation and feeding of the feedstock (prior to gasification) and gas-cleaning systems (subsequent to gasification). Fuel preparation systems ensure proper feeding of biomass into a gasification vessel and the obtainment of good-quality gas, while gas-cleaning systems remove contaminants from the producer gas to allow reliable and efficient operation of internal combustion engines, gas turbines, or fuel cells. These ancillary systems, particularly the fuel preparation and feeding systems, generally designed specifically for a single gasification system, are often not mentioned when gasification systems are discussed. This paper attempts to collect this information together for a better understanding of overall gasification systems.
Cutting cycle and spacing effects on biomass production by a willow clone in New York

Abstract An experiment was established in central New York State in 1990 to determine cutting cycle and spacing effects on willow biomass production. Cutting cycles were annual, biennial and triennial, and spacings were 0.3 × 0.3, 0.3 × 0.9, and 0.6 × 1.1 m; biomass production and survival by willow clone SV1 (Salix dasyclados) were measured. Beginning in the second growing season, trees were fertilized with N, P and K, and irrigated. Willow clone SV1 harvested triennially with 0.3 × 0.9 m spacing yielded 71.3 odt ha−1, an average annual production of 23.8 odt ha−1 year−1. Spacing of 0.3 × 0.9 m yielded the most biomass, but spacing differences were not significant for biomass production. Triennial harvesting was significantly more productive than cumulative production after 3 years with annual harvesting (64.5 versus 39.2 odt ha−1). Cumulative production from two biennial harvests was significantly larger than cumulative production from four annual harvests (64.3 versus 50.1 odt ha−1). Tree survival was similar among cutting cycles after five growing seasons, averaging 75%. Statistically significant differences in survival were detected among spacings, averaging 88, 80 and 57% at 0.60 by 1.1, 0.3 × 0.9 and 0.3 × 0.3 m spacings, respectively during 1994.
A stroke scale for emergency triage

Objectives: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a widely used scale for managing acute ischemic stroke but may be too complicated for health care providers not focused on stroke care. We devised the Emergency Triage Stroke Scale (ETSS) to specifically predict the NIHSS when used by emergency medical service (EMS) providers and triage nurses, who do not have subspecialty training in the neurology of stroke. Methods: This scale was designed to match the maximum score in each of the 6 domains of the NIHSS, using information from the routine assessments performed by EMS providers. In all, 48 consecutive patients presenting with symptoms of acute ischemic stroke were assessed. Emergency department (ED) residents, ED nurses, and EMS personnel applied the ETSS while ED attendings and stroke team physicians performed the NIHSS. Scores were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance, linear regression analysis, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the K statistic for reproducibility, and post hoc reviews. Results: There was excellent agreement between residents and nurses using the ETSS and a strong correlation between the NIHSS and the ETSS performed by residents or nurses. EMS providers performed well but tended to overestimate the NIHSS of sicker patients. Domain scores followed the same general pattern. All ETSS raters showed excellent ability to predict candidacy for thrombolytic therapy based on a predicted NIHSS score of 4 to 23. Conclusions: The ETSS is a simplified prehospital stroke scale that correlates well with the NIHSS. Clearer instructions with a modest increase in education are likely to allow EMS personnel to achieve similar results.
Raceway design and simulation system (RDSS): An event-based program to simulate the day-to-day operations of multiple-tank raceways

Abstract A software program, called Raceway Design and Simulation System (RDSS), has been built using Visual Basic for Applications in Microsoft ® Excel. The purpose of the software is to allow users to manage their raceways more efficiently by providing a tool to simulate the operation of an existing raceway or to predict conditions in a raceway under a wide variety of operating conditions. The program simulates the conditions in a system of multiple tanks that may be arranged in sets of parallel raceways with serial water flow. The user may specify the use of overflow weirs or customized oxygen injection points in order to reoxygenate the water flow from succeeding tanks in each raceway. During the course of the simulation, the user may specify the size, number, location, and price of any new fish introduced into any raceway tank. Subsequent movement of fish between tanks or removal of part or all of a cohort is tracked by the program. Input data required include properties of the influent water such as temperature, flowrate, dissolved oxygen, pH, total ammonia nitrogen, and salinity. Fish growth is predicted using these input data and stocking information that is provided by the user. Fish mortality may be specified for each tank in a raceway. In addition, the costs of food, the purchase cost of fish, and the revenue from the sale of fish are also tracked. A comprehensive user manual is included with the software that provides information on the basic operation of the program, all the programming features, troubleshooting and, the various error messages that the user may encounter when using the program.
Fruit-seed disperser interactions: timely insights from a long-term perspective.

Arguably, the field of frugivory and seed dispersal is stuck. After a steep and almost continuous rise in the number of papers published per year between 1973 and 1994, interest in the field seems to have reached an asymptote (Fig. 1). Perhaps it has even started to decline.
User studies on the feasibility of oblique contouring

MRI and CT scanners have long been used to produce three-dimensional samplings of anatomy elements for use in medical visualization and analysis. Physicians often need to construct surfaces representing the anatomical shape in order to conduct treatment, such as radiating a tumor. Traditionally, this is done by a time-consuming process in which an experienced physician marks a series of parallel contours that outline the object of interest.
POSTER: SHAMROCK: self contained cryptography and key management processor

In this poster, we describe a one-size-fits-many Intellectual Property (IP) core which integrates advanced key management technology and streaming encryption into a single component to protect data in-transit.
Efficacy of novel monoclonal antibody belimumab in the treatment of lupus nephritis

Recently introduced into the market, belimumab (Benlysta) is a monoclonal antibody that has potential clinically efficacious applications for the treatment of lupus nephritis. Lupus nephritis is a major complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that can lead to significant illness or even death without proper intervention and treatment. With vast implications through a novel mechanism, belimumab offers a new standard of treatment for physicians in the complications associated with SLE, specifically lupus nephritis. By targeting B cell signaling and maturation, belimumab is able to mitigate the underlying pathological complications surrounding SLE. Phase 3 clinical trials with belimumab have depicted clinically efficacious applications, suggesting belimumab as a revolutionary breakthrough in the treatment armamentarium for practicing clinicians. This article explains the precise mechanism of action of belimumab on the soluble protein BlyS that plays a major role in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. In addition, the extensive pharmacokinetics and clinical implications are exemplified in this review with belimumab's comparison with standard therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of lupus nephritis.
Continuous infusion of naloxone: Effects on behavior and oxygen consumption

Twenty-eight hours of endorphin receptor blockade by subcutaneous naloxone infusion produced behavioral and respiratory symptoms resembling opiate abstinence syndrome. Rats were implanted subcutaneously with two Alzet osmotic minipumps delivering 0.7 mg/kg per hour naloxone or with two control minipumps containing distilled water only. They were observed for 10 minutes under blind conditions at 16 and 28 hours post-implantation. The naloxone-infused rats showed significantly more wet dog shakes, abdominal writhes and overall abstinence-like symptoms than did the control rats. These symptoms decreased after 28 hours despite continued naloxone infusion. Acute administration of naloxone failed to produce abstinece-like symptoms, even when combined with the trauma of carrying two implanted water-filled minipumps for 28 hours. In another experiment, naloxone-infused rats showed a highly significant 53.4% elevation of O2 consumption over water-infused control rats in a pure O2 atmosphere at 28 hours after implantation. This difference disappeared at 48 hours post-implantation. In contrast to the effect of naloxone infusion, acute administration of three different doses of naloxone failed to significantly increase O2 consumption.
A Descriptive Study of Sustainability Education in the Hospitality Curriculum

This paper focuses on sustainability education in the hospitality curriculum. A survey of 151 educators who were members of the International Council on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education provided data for the study during the spring of 2008. Results indicated that while sustainability is taught in a variety of ways in hospitality courses it does not appear to be central to the courses and programs of those sampled. Findings suggest that sustainability concepts do not carry great emphasis in hospitality education. Implications are discussed.
Intergroup processes: A micro-macro perspective

The article reviews the book “Intergroup Processes: A Micro Macro Perspective,” by Hubert M. Blalock, Jr. and Paul H. Wilken.
First Report of Chino del Tomate and Pepper Hausteco Geminivurses in Greenhouse-Grown Tomato in Sonora, Mexico

Tomato plants grown in commercial greenhouses in Sonora, Mexico, developed either yellow mosaic, leaf curling, and stunting (phenotype 1; 20 to 35%) or chlorosis and a feathery appearance of leaves (phenotype 2; 15 to 25%) in December 1997 and again in October 1998. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with diagnostic primers (prAV324 and prAC889) that amplify an approximately 576-bp fragment of the coat protein (CP) gene of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses indicated the presence of a begomovirus. Biolistic inoculation of tomato seedlings with RNase-treated extracts of three symptomatic tomato samples, each, resulted in reproduction of disease symptoms. With PCR primers prAV2644 and prAC1154 (1), the entire CP (approximately 776 bp) and its flanking sequences were amplified from extracts of symptomatic tomato, and amplicons were cloned and sequenced. Comparisons of a minimum of three CP gene sequences from each phenotype revealed the presence of at least two begomoviruses. The phenotype 1-associated CP gene ...
Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System

Because of a concern that in developing transitional energy systems the endpoint system requirements should be kept in mind, this paper focuses on storage in a renewable energy system that uses no fossil fuels. Based largely on the current seasonal patterns of consumption and wind and solar energy generated, it is estimated that the energy storage capacity that would be required to supply the electrical energy for the United States for a year given that the source of the electricity is from solar, wind, or a combination of the two, is in the order of 10%-20% of the total annual demand. While the uncertainty within and between published estimates of biomass availability is quite large, a partial review of the literature indicates that the global biomass primary energy potential could satisfy seasonal energy demands in a sustainable manner. The storage volumes required for biomass and hydrogen, another storage possibility, to meet seasonal storage needs are considerably smaller than that required for compressed air or elevated water.
Polarization-entangled photon generation in a standard polarization-maintaining fiber

We demonstrate the generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a standard polarization-maintaining fiber using a Sagnac interferometer. This source's spatial mode is well matched to fiber-based quantum information networks.
Enhanced metal loading in SBA-15-type catalysts facilitated by salt addition: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic epoxide alcoholysis activity of molybdenum incorporated porous silica

Abstract We report a novel method to increase the metal loading in SBA-15 silica matrix via direct synthesis. It was demonstrated through the synthesis and characterization of a series of molybdenum containing SBA-15 mesoporous silica catalysts prepared with and without diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DHP) as an additive. Catalysts prepared with DHP show a 2–3 times increase in incorporation of molybdenum in the silica matrix and pore size enlargement. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES). The catalytic activity of catalysts prepared with DHP for alcoholysis of epoxides was superior than the catalyst prepared without DHP. Alcoholysis of epoxides was demonstrated for a range of alcohols and epoxides under ambient conditions in as little as 30 min with high selectivity.
Weapon acquisition with target uncertainty

This article is concerned with choosing a mix of weapons, subject to constraints, when the targets to be attacked are known imprecisely. It is shown that the correct method for optimizing the mix of weapons involves a pair of nested optimization problems (two-stage optimization). Two methods for optimizing the expected utility of a mix are discussed. The first involves a simultaneous attack model, in which it is implicitly assumed that all weapons are used at once. The second involves a sequential attack model, in which targets appear in random order and are attacked one at a time. Particular attention is given to the question of the appropriate mix of general-purpose and special-purpose weapons.
Information content of near‐infrared spaceborne multiangular polarization measurements for aerosol retrievals

[1] The information content of near-infrared spectral multiangular polarization measurements, utilized in the POLDER operational aerosol algorithm, for retrieving aerosol microphysical and optical properties is assessed. It is found that spectral measurements contain just one unique piece of microphysical information, while multiangular measurements add a second and polarization observations permit the constraint of a third microphysical parameter. In addition, it is demonstrated that the relationship between the aerosol single scattering properties and the aerosol microphysical parameters is nonunique. The implications of these findings for aerosol microphysical retrievals are demonstrated through the development of a retrieval for the aerosol optical depth, the index of refraction and a parameter describing the ratio of the number concentration of accumulation mode aerosols to those in the coarse mode. Application of the technique centers on the explicit weighting of individual measurements by rigorous estimates of their uncertainties offering the benefit of a realistic, dynamic retrieval error estimate. The aerosol optical depth, refractive index and number concentration ratio can respectively be estimated to within 15%, 5% and one order of magnitude over oceans. Error estimates are shown to increase by 50% over a mixed forest land surface type. The results further highlight a possible limitation of the measurements at low optical depths below 0.1 where the retrieval errors approach 100% for the optical depth and index of refraction and several orders of magnitude for the number concentration ratio.
A new method for the detection of tissue-bound polysaccharides.

SUMMARY An alternative cytochemical procedure is described for the periodic acid-Schiff reaction (PAS) for adjacent glycol groups. This method appears to be as reliable as the PAS in its specificity and reproducibility, is simple to perform and its fully developed colour is more intense than the PAS reaction, although it fades after a few hours.
Wireless IoT Platform Based on SDR Technology

In this demo, we will show the wireless Internet of Things (IoT) platform based on software defined radio (SDR) technology, and demonstrate its interference mitigation capability through cognitive radio technology. Video surveillance and temperature sensing are integrated on this platform as typical applications. This wireless platform is composed of the wireless edge appliance (WEA) as the base station and the wireless access appliance (WAA) as customer premises equipment (CPE). The WEA is based on a general IT device with general purpose processor (GPP), such as a laptop. Through unique optimization techniques, the base band signal processing can be completed on it with high speed. The WAA is an embedded system for low power and low cost. The Ethernet based interface between RRU and BBU is the first design with industry level in the world. Because it's high flexibility, stability and reliability, the platform can be used as the basic communication infrastructure in IoT applications, such as smart grid, pipeline monitoring, etc.
Ultraviolet Photoluminescence Imaging of Stacking Fault Contraction in 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layers

Shockley stacking fault (SSF) contraction in 4H-SiC was investigated, in-situ, under varying temperature and ultraviolet (UV) intensity. Contraction of single SSFs at room temperature was observed for the first time under low power UV excitation of 0.04 W/cm2. At temperatures above 150 °C, complete SSF contraction occurred for UV power at 0.2 W/cm2. In contrast to expansion, SSF contraction occurred in discrete jumps between pinning sites along existing C-core partials. Luminescence from the pinning sites suggest they may be local concentrations of point defects. Additionally, a change in the line direction of the Si-core partials by ~25o off the direction was observed.
Correction: Expected values for pedometer-determined physical activity in older populations.

Correction to Tudor-Locke C, Hart TL, Washington TL: Expected values for pedometer-determined physical activity in older populations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009, 6:59
If Darwin wasn't the Beagle's Naturalist, why was he on Board?

PROFESSOR JACOB W. GRUBER has argued convincingly that Darwin was not the original Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle's second voyage to survey the coasts of South America.i The evidence, clearly marshalled by Gruber, shows that Robert McCormick, a Royal Navy surgeon, was appointed to the Beagle for the express purpose of making natural history collections, in addition to his primary duty as Ship's Surgeon. At first the two men got on well enough, going ashore together in the Azores to collect specimens. Then at the Beagle's second port of call in South America-Rio de Janeiro-Darwin moved into lodgings ashore. As a civilian, he had no duties on board ship, and he could further his collecting, since he wanted terrestrial rather than marine specimens, by staying in port while the ship sailed on its surveying mission in local waters. The preferential treatment of Darwin by the Beagle's Captain, Robert FitzRoy, was too much for McCormick to take. He chose to be invalided back to England, there to find another ship, rather than to accept the fact that his official collections would be inferior to Darwin's private ones. McCormick had to wait until I839, when he was appointed Surgeon and Zoologist to H.M.S. Erebus, for the long sea voyage that would give him the opportunity to make his reputation in natural history. McCormick sailed for the Antarctic with Captain James Clark Ross just after Darwin's journal of researches-the account of the Beagle's voyage that McCormick might have written had he been granted FitzRoy's favour-brought its author public acclaim as a worthy British follower of Humboldt. No wonder McCormick could not bring himself to mention either Beagle or Darwin in his autobiography! In the pitiless eye of history it seems absurd that McCormick could have felt himself to be the equal of the man who overturned the accepted view of living nature. Had McCormick been more capable, he would have done more, on Erebus's Antarctic cruise from I839 to I843, than merely support the researches of his Assistant Surgeon and Botanist, Joseph Hooker. Yet few men are prepared to allow to others a greater merit than they grant themselves; they prefer, as McCormick did, to blame their poor fortune on lack of influence. He must have felt that his glorious opportunity had been usurped by Charles Darwin. His voyage on board the Beagle transformed Charles Darwin fronm an
Failure of potassium canrenoate to alter experimentally induced digitalis arrhythmias.

Abstract The antiarrhythmic effects of potassium canrenoate were examined under in vivo and in vitro conditions. In the pentobarbital anesthetized dog, ventricular tachycardia was produced by the i.v. administration of ouabain, 64.4 ± 3.7 μ g/kg. Potassium canrenoate was administered in increments of 10 mg/kg until a total dose of 30 mg/kg had been achieved. 1 animal developed ventricular fibrillation and in the remaining 7 dogs, the ouabain-induced ectopic focus was not suppressed. However, in 3 dogs, a sinus or junctional tachycardia occured after potassium canrenoate was administered and the rates exceeded that of the ventricular focus. Stimulation of the distal right vagus, however, resulted in a suppression of the supraventricular rhythm and a reappearance of the ventricular ectopic focus. In the rabbit perfused isolated heart, potassium canrenoate (10 −3 M) failed to prevent or reverse acetylstrophanthidin-induced arrhythmias. It is concluded that potassium canrenoate fails to suppress or reverse the cardiotoxic effects of digitalis in the intact dog heart or in isolated heart muscle preparations. In addition, sodium canrenoate does not prevent the positive inotropic action of ouabain.
Transferring gas-turbine technologies to the former Soviet Union: Opportunities and problems

The new nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States are notoriously energy- inefficient. States like Russia and Ukraine seek technologies from the West that will improve efficient combustion of fossil fuels. Recently, scientists in the United States and the former Soviet Union have explored the idea of transferring technologies to Russia and Ukraine to develop and mass-produce aeroderivative gas turbines, which promise to quickly replace power lost front the shut- down of unsafe nuclear reactors in Russia, Ukraine and the former Soviet republics. Production of these turbines could promote defense conversion in Russia and Ukraine and could provide opportunities for American companies to trade and invest in emerging markets. Despite these clear advantages, formidable obstacles impede the immediate development, production, and commercialization of this technology by American firms in the former Soviet republics. Constraints include competition from European firms that are developing and marketing similar technologies, unfavorable business and economic conditions in the former Soviet republics, and official Russian- US differences concerning the closure of nuclear power plants and development of oil and gas reserves.
Immunization methods and materials.

Summary This report concerns materials and methods commonly employed in establishing immunity to diseases for which we can provide specific protection on a practical basis. Because of the recent introduction of new vaccines, a modification of the commonly accepted immunization schedule is proposed.
Toward a neuropsychopharmacology of habituation: A vertical integration

This essay is a cross-disciplinary exploration of desensitization and habituation processes in the nervous system. The point of view and conceptual development represent a major focus of the effort: a reconfiguration of several kinds of data into a common language that emphasizes organizational dynamics among constituent elements as reflected by their statistical behavior. Our goal is not a conflict with mechanistic hypotheses developed from mean values but movement toward the development of a syntax for vertically integrative discussion of brain function using data from many levels of experimental observation[445]. In the early 1850s, Claude Bernard found that curare acted on the nicotinic receptor system of skeletal muscle, and he noted its remarkable ability " to extinguish the nervous properties of the motor nerves while retaining those of the sensory ones"[44, 45, 46]. Curare's action was regarded as competitive antagonism because it induced a parallel shift of the acetylcholine (ACh) log-dose-response curve[329] and interfered with irreversible binding of an et-bungarotoxin to end-plate receptors[465]. The time-dependence of the development of inhibition was observed by Miledi and Potter[465], and Manalis[440] subsequently demonstrated a slowly developing '~noncompetitive" effect that was augmented at hyperpolarized levels of membrane potential and was associated with changes in the fluctuation pattern of membrane conductances[352]. This, in addition to other work, was suggestive of changes in what have been considered to be elementary values for single-channel conductances and rates of change of voltage-dependent channel lifetimes (twofold for each 100 mV)[646]. The inconstant quality of these elementary events is also suggested by their agonist-dependent diversity[118, 349], as well as by the early observation that the time-constant of end-plate current changes during desensitization[353]. Similar reports emerge from studies of the spectral properties of conductance variations after the administration of procaine[350], generally thought to mimic nicotinic cholinergic receptor desensitization[699]. To interpret variational data as statistical reflections of linear-deterministic mechanisms, as in the use of noise in the calculation of channel lifetimes, a number of assumptions are necessary: (1) the statistical independence of sequential molecular events; (2) relative stationarity and homogeneity in the population of their microstates; (3) an attendant deduction of ergodicity; and (4) application of a theorem relating fluctuations to relaxations in systems that are at or near equilibrium[385,488]. Indeed, the hypothesis of Onsager[504, 505], which underlies such linear interpretations of phenomenological coefficients, is based on those kinds of assumptions plus the assumption of microscopic reversibility, i.e. time invariance, and it states that the wavelength of a spontaneously fluctuating process or the average rate at which a perturbation-induced fluctuation decays has the same linear dependence on thermodynamic forces that is observed in macroscopic
Z-selective ring-opening metathesis polymerization of 3-substituted cyclooctenes by monoaryloxide pyrrolide imido alkylidene (MAP) catalysts of molybdenum and Tungsten

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a series of 3-substituted cyclooctenes (3-MeCOE, 3-HexCOE, and 3-PhCOE) initiated by various Mo and W MAP complexes leads to cis,HT-poly(3-RCOE) polymers. The apparent rate of polymerization of 3-HexCOE by W(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Pyr)(OHMT) (1c; Pyr = pyrrolide; OHMT = O-2,6-Mesityl2C6H3) is greater than the rate of polymerization by Mo(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Pyr)(OHMT) (1b), but both gave the same cis,HT polymer structures. Formation of HT-poly(3-RCOE) employing 1c takes place via propagating species in which the R group (methyl, hexyl, or phenyl) is on C2 of the propagating alkylidene chain, a type of intermediate that has been modeled through the preparation of W(N-t-Bu)(CHCHMeEt)(Pyr)(OHMT). The rate of ROMP is exceedingly sensitive to steric factors: e.g., W(N-t-Bu)(CH-t-Bu)(Me2Pyr)(OHMT), the dimethylpyrrolide analogue of 1c, essentially did not polymerize 3-HexCOE at 22 °C. When a sample of W(N-t-Bu)(CHCHMeEt)(Pyr)(OHMT) and 3-methyl-1-pentene in CDCl3 is cooled to −2...
Family history gets a boost.

In this issue, Qureshi and colleagues report on the value of adding systematic collection of family history data to routine cardiovascular risk assessment. The editorialist discusses the study's fi...
Anatomy of the anterior spinal artery in pigs

The anatomy of the anterior spinal artery in pigs was studied to determine whether or not the artery was continuous, as it is humans, or discontinuous. Six porcine carcasses were embalmed, and 24 hr later injected with pigmented latex through the thoracic aorta. The spinal column was removed, and the spinal cord was dissected with analysis of the anterior spinal artery. In all cases, the artery was continuous, and perfused by 18 ± 3 medullary arteries. The pig would thus be suitable as a model for the study of human diseases in which the anatomy of the anterior spinal artery is a factor. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An electrofocusing system for the analysis of proteins and their genetic variants.

Abstract The isoelectric points of proteins can be determined in acrylamide gels containing urea and neutral detergents. We report here a method which permits sereening of putative genetic variants for isoelectric point differences. The method requires only small quantities of material. The analyses are performed without prior fractionation of the starting material.
Time developing 3-D simulation of chemical oxygen-iodine lasers (COILs)

A theoretical model for the chemically reacting flow within a chemical laser is employed to conduct 3-D simulations of the laser flowfield for operational conditions. Issues regarding flow unsteadiness are explored in light of their impact on the optical field to gas coupling.
Preterm delivery after selective termination in twin pregnancies

Objective: To determine the effect of selective termination of an abnormal twin on the rate of preterm delivery. Methods: The study group consisted of 69 patients with twin pregnancies who underwent selective termination between 1987–1994. The comparison groups consisted of singleton (n = 42,362) and twin pregnancies (n = 825) delivered at our institution during the same period. The data were analyzed by χ2 and Fisher exact test, as appropriate. P Results: Terminating the presenting twin was associated with a significantly higher risk of delivery before 37 weeks (adjusted OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4–12.3) and low birth weight (adjusted OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3–11.4) compared with terminating the nonpresenting twin. When the termination was performed at or after 20 weeks' gestation, only the risk of preterm premature rupture of the membranes or preterm labor was significantly increased (adjusted OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2–11.5). Selective termination patients had a lower rate of preterm delivery than twin pregnancies (40 versus 58%, P Conclusion: Selective termination of the presenting twin at 20 weeks or later was associated with a worse perinatal outcome than terminating the nonpresenting twin or performing the procedure before 20 weeks.
NUCLEOLI OF DIPLOID CELL STRAINS Their Normal Ultrastructure and the Effects of Toyocamycin and Actinomycin D

Nucleoli of cultured Chinese hamster or mouse cells in early passages had a loosely reticular substructure. Within the reticulum small, irregularly shaped, light fibrillar zones occurred which were contiguous with denser fibrillar zones. These denser zones appeared to be connected in some places to the particulate material which composed the mass of the nucleolus. Generally, electron-transparent spaces separated the particulate zones from the fibrillar areas. Treatment with toyocamycin, an agent which is reported to cause a blockage in the processing of ribosomal RNA, greatly inhibited the accumulation of newly synthesized RNA in the cytoplasm, as monitored by radioautography. Toyocamycin treatment caused the gradual disappearance of the granules from the particulate region of the nucleoli, and resulted ultimately in the nucleoli appearing homogeneously fibrillar. Actinomycin D treatment, which inhibited virtually all RNA synthesis, caused a segregation, and finally a disaggregation, of nucleolar components.
Intentionally mistuned piezoelectric networks for the enhancement of bladed disk structures

Damage detection in engine bladed disks is an extremely important task. While current ultrasonic and eddy current damage detection techniques are reliable, they are also expensive in cost and cannot be used for in-situ monitoring. Although global vibration-based damage detection techniques can overcome these challenges, they may not be accurate due to its low sensitivity to damage. On the other hand, for a periodic structure such as the bladed disk, due to its unique dynamic characteristics, there is great potential in utilizing a vibration-response-based concept to effectively and accurately detect damage. The goal of this research is to advance the state-of-the-art of damage detection of bladed disks by exploring a piezoelectric circuitry network design methodology to enhance the structural vibration damage sensitivity, particularly through the introduction of intentional circuitry mistuning. Additionally, this research aims to investigate intentional circuitry mistuning as an alternative to intentional blade mistuning for forced response localization reduction so that a single design configuration can be adapted to both applications. The effectiveness of the network on inherently mistuned bladed disks is explored using Monte Carlo simulations, where promising results are illustrated.
DFM lessons learned from altPSM design

The design challenges associated with alternating phase shifted mask lithography are discussed, solutions which had been developed to address these challenges are reviewed, and parallels to current design for manufacturability implementation issues are identified. Leveraging these insights, the positive attributes of a well integrated design for manufacturability enhanced design flow are proposed. Specific topics covered in the paper are: the need to complement error-detection with streamlined layout-correction, the risk of providing too much unstable information too early in the design optimization flow, the efficiencies of prescriptive 'correct-by-construction' solutions, and the need for seamless integration into existing design flows. For the benefit of the non-lithographer, the discussion of these detailed topics is preceded by a brief review of alternating phase shifted mask lithography principles and benefits.
The Not-for-Profit Sector in Stable and Growing Metropolitan Regions

A regional focus on not-for-profit organizations leads to a better understanding of the not-for-profit (NFP) sector, adding to the insights coming from national studies. The research reported here, focusing on the Philadelphia, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Houston, and Los Angeles areas, shows major contrasts in funding and in certain structural features of the NFPs. For example, the NFP share of the service sector in Philadelphia is three times the share in Houston, pointing to the importance of an early start in determining NFP representation. The impact of the 1973-1974 recession provides some clues to the importance of a diversified funding base and the consequences of business cycles on NFP expenditures for program-related activities.
Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ Identify Distinct Regulatory Sites on Adenylyl Cyclase (AC) Types VI and VIII and Consolidate the Apposition of Capacitative Cation Entry Channels and Ca2+-sensitive ACs

Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclases may act as early integrators of the two major second messenger-signaling pathways mediated by Ca(2+) and cAMP. Ca(2+) stimulation of adenylyl cyclase type I (ACI) and adenylyl cyclase type VIII (ACVIII) is mediated by calmodulin and the site on these adenylyl cyclases that interacts with calmodulin has been defined. By contrast, the mechanism whereby Ca(2+) inhibits adenylyl cyclase type V (ACV) and adenylyl cyclase type VI (ACVI) is unknown. In this study, Ca(2+), Sr(2+), and Ba(2+) were compared to probe the involvement of E-F hand-like domains in both Ca(2+) stimulation and inhibition of ACVIII and ACVI, respectively. HEK 293 cells transfected with ACVIII cDNA and C6-2B glioma cells (where the endogenous adenylyl cyclases is predominantly ACVI) were used to compare the effects of these three cations in in vitro and in vivo measurements. The in vitro data identified two Ca(2+) regulatory sites for both ACVIII and ACVI. Strikingly different potency series for these cations at mediating high affinity stimulation and inhibition of ACVIII and ACVI, respectively, effectively rule out the possibility that calmodulin or proteins utilizing similar Ca(2+)-binding motifs mediate inhibition of ACVI. On the other hand, the low affinity inhibition that is common to both ACVIII and ACVI showed virtually identical potency profiles for the IIa cation series, indicating a common site of action. Remarkably, whereas Sr(2+) was rather ineffective at regulating these cyclases (particularly ACVI) in vitro, adequate concentrations accumulated in the vicinity of these enzymes as a consequence of capacitative cation entry to partially regulate both of these activities in vivo. This latter finding consolidates earlier observations that Ca(2+)-sensitive adenylyl cyclases detect and respond to capacitative cation entry rather than global cytosolic cation concentrations.