cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the second international workshop on Emerging computational methods for the life sciences

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 3rd International Emerging Computational Methods for the Life Sciences Workshop -- ECMLS'12. This year's workshop follows up our successful first meetings in this series at HPDC'11 and HPDC'10, which are well documented at ECMLS'11 and ECMLS'10. The basic motivation is as before with the dramatic importance of next generation sequencers in biology leading to a big data deluge and a corresponding increase in new algorithms and new computing systems growing more apparent. Computing systems are rapidly changing with multicore, GPUs, clusters, volunteer systems, clouds, and grids offering an array of opportunities. New programming paradigms such as MapReduce and Many Task Computing have joined the traditional repertoire of workflow and parallel computing for the highest performance systems. Meanwhile the Life Sciences are continuing to expand in data generated with continuing improvement in the instruments for high throughput analysis. This "fourth paradigm" (data driven science) is joined by complex systems or biocomplexity that can build phenomenological models of biological systems and processes. This workshop juxtaposes these trends seeking those computational methods that will enhance scientific discovery in the life sciences arena. The call for papers attracted 13 submissions from Europe and the United States. The program committee accepted 7 papers that cover a variety of topics, including biomedical grid workflows, biomedical simulation environment for Grid middleware and Cloud, a million compounds virtual screening using a Petascale supercomputer, molecular evolution computation using GPUs, an iterative parameter estimation for biological systems, accelerating protein database search using OpenCL, and hybrid MapReduce workflow. In addition, the program includes a panel on "The Challenges at the Interface of Life Sciences and Cyberinfrastructure and how should we tackle them?", keynote speeches by Chris Johnson on "Image-Based Biomedical Modeling, Simulation and Visualization" and Eugene Kolker on "Biomed Data at Work". We hope that these proceedings will serve as a valuable reference for novel "computational thinking" for (Systems) Biology, Bioinformatics, Biocomplexity and Cheminformatics, so that future activities and collaborations will be initiated, as well as fostering discussions about the utilization of HPDC systems in their respective research initiatives.
Increasing Processor Utilization During Parallel Computation Rundown

Some parallel processing environments provide for asynchronous execution and completion of general purpose parallel computations from a single computational phase. When all the computations from such a phase are complete, a new parallel computational phase is begun. Depending upon the granularity of the parallel computations to be performed, there may be a shortage of available work as a particular computational phase draws to a close (computational rundown). This can result in the waste of computing resources and the delay of the overall problem. In many practical instances, strict sequential ordering of phases of parallel computation is not totally required. In such cases, the beginning of one phase can be correctly computed before the end of a previous phase is completed. This allows additional work to be generated somewhat earlier to keep computing resources busy during each computational rundown. The conditions under which this can occur are identified and the frequency of occurrence of such overlapping in an actual parallel Navier-Stokes code is reported. A language construct is suggested and possible control strategies for the management of such computational phase overlapping are discussed.
Certainty of Title: Perspectives after the Mortgage Foreclosure Crisis on the Essential Role of Effective Recording Systems

Recording systems for property play a pivotal, market-facilitating role for the players engaged in any transaction, the judiciary that must resolve disputes between the players, and others members of the general public by informing each about the true nature of ownership of the real property things in the world. This symposium article explores the essential character of such systems in providing certainty of title, and takes a tour through the mortgage foreclosure crisis to see where adherence to and respect for these systems’ roles broke down.Leading up to the crisis, as securitization became vogue and the housing boom blurred priorities, market participants found every way to avoid using the recording systems unless absolutely necessary. The market substitute to traditional recording, MERS, was well-intentioned but poorly operated. The article explores some of the ways that recording failures contributed to, and concurrently were exacerbated by, the crisis. Most importantly, this article is a defense of the institution of recording and an examination of the utility of certainty of title. Recording creates a network of information supporting a network of transactions. If we understand that one can transfer only as much property as one has, we should equally understand that such a rule is only useful if we have the means to figure out what one has in the first place – in some authoritative and certain way (including knowing that the courts will come to the same conclusion) such that we can adjust our behavior and arrange our interactions with that property around that knowledge. These truths lie at the heart of the importance of certainty of title and at the core of the justification for the existence of market-facilitating registries or recording systems that document property ownership in society.
The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression

Abstract A model of the characteristics of sexually aggressive men is described which emphasizes the convergence of several interrelated factors. After enumerating the major factors included in the model and the way we have assessed each, we present data showing that these factors form two largely independent constellations, labeled hostile masculinity and impersonal sexual orientation. The development of the model is considered in the context of theory and research emphasizing the role of sexual and/or power motives underlying rape and other forms of sexual aggression. We compare some aspects of our model to the influential work of Donald Mosher and his associates in assessing the links between a “macho personality” and sexual aggression. Finally, we describe a “risk” analysis which illustrates the potential relevance of our model to clinical prediction.
The Oligopolistic Gatekeeper: The U.S. Accounting Profession

The accounting and financial scandals the last few years not only produced the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, but have prompted a good deal of debate what forces led to so many dramatic reporting failures. This article is the only work to examine how the competitive structure of the accounting industry contributed to its movement from being a profession to a business that performed auditing. In the article we find not only documentation that the accounting profession is an oligopoly but a sound explanation of how its poor structure contributes significantly to negative social welfare. Throughout the article provides rich support of data to support explanations of the forces that have impacted the accounting profession as well as financial reporting. Most importantly, the article connects how the accounting profession's poor competitive structure likely contributed to the financial and accounting scandals of 2001 and 2002 by making it possible for the mangers of their audit clients to trade off better audits for consulting services. The article also provides insight into weaknesses that continue even after reforms such as those introduced by Sarbanes-Oxley. Several steps to strengthen the accounting industry so that it can return to being a zealous gatekeeper are also proposed in the article.
Introduction: Three Approaches to Moral Issues in Law Office Counseling

Cochran served as moderator and presented an introduction to this symposium titled "Client Counseling and Moral Responsibility". It is based on papers and discussion presented at the Professional Responsibility Section panel at the annual meeting of the American Association of Law Schools in Washington, D.C., on January 4, 2003. Members of the panel, Professors Deborah Rhode, Paul Tremblay, and Thomas Shaffer presented three different approaches to moral issues that arise in the client counseling relationship: the directive approach, client-centered counseling and the collaborative model. Under the directive model, a lawyer asserts control of moral issues that arise during legal representation. Client-centered counseling is designed to craft legal solutions which satisfy client interests. Under the collaborative model, the lawyer and client resolve moral issues together through moral discourse. Each provides a different combination of answers to the following questions: 1) Who controls the important decisions in the relationship? and 2) Are the interests of people other than the client taken into consideration in making those decisions?
Thermal Modeling and Analysis of a Double-Stator Switched Reluctance Motor

In this paper, thermal modeling and analysis of a 10 kW double-stator switched reluctance machine (DSSRM) is presented. Thermal management is an essential step of the machine design, since overheated windings and cores might destroy the insulation and lead to failure of the machine. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element method (FEM) has been used to numerically calculate the temperature distribution in different parts of the machine. Furthermore, to include the use of water as coolant, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been utilized. Thermal performance of the prototype is then analyzed at various load conditions. A 10 kW prototype of the DSSRM has been built and the results have been experimentally verified.
Base Motives The Political Economy of Okinawa’s Antimilitarism

The Japanese prefecture of Okinawa has witnessed a great deal of protest activity against the U.S. military bases on the island. Antibase sentiment is regularly expressed by the local press and the...
Solution of linear first-order equations without matrix inversion

The need to solve linear first-order equations frequently occurs in several areas of analytical chemistry. Several numerical methods are available to solve these systems of equations but are cumbersome and time-consuming when the number of unknowns becomes greater than three. A simple matrix method is presented that avoids the need to calculate determinants or to invert matrices.
Catalytic three-dimensional protein architectures.

We demonstrate a strategy for microfabricating catalytically active, three-dimensional matrixes composed of cross-linked protein in cellular and microfluidic environments. In this approach, a pulse...
Quantitative assessment of intrinsic regional myocardial deformation by Doppler strain rate echocardiography in humans. Validation against three-dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging

Tissue Doppler echocardiography-derived strain rate and strain measurements (SDE) are new quantitative indices of intrinsic cardiac deformation. The aim of this study was to validate and compare these new indices of regional cardiac function to measurements of 3-dimensional myocardial strain by tagged MRI.
Comparative in Vitro Spermicidal Activity of Chelating Agents and Synergistic Effect with Nonoxynol-9 on Human Sperm Functionality

Nonoxynol-9 (N-9), a nonionic surfactant, exerts both spermicidal and anti-viral activities and is the most widely used spermicide. Although N-9 has been regarded as an efficient spermicidal agent for barrier contraception, it has been reported to cause vaginal irritation and allergic vaginitis, and its spermicidal action in the vaginal mucus may be limited. To address these problems, the spermicidal activity of several chelating agents against human semen and their synergistic effect on the spermicidal activity of N-9 were evaluated using computer-assisted semen analysis and a cervical mucus penetration test. Carbopol 934P, chosen as a polymer base for dispersion of N-9 and chelating agent, was also evaluated for its potential spermicidal activity. Chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylene bis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid, and gramicidin, had spermicidal activity against human sperm at the tested concentration range and exerted spermicidal activity within mucus, impeding sperm penetration to the extended cervical space. A synergistic effect was shown between N-9 and EDTA on sperm motility. In dose-response curves, 0.1% EDTA significantly increased binding affinity constant and spermicidal potency of N-9 and reduced the concentration of N-9 at which 50% of the maximum response was observed from 144.5 to 66.4 (micrograms/mL). A synergistic effect was also shown between EDTA and carbopol 934P polymer on inhibition of sperm penetration through the cervical mucus. Therefore, EDTA can be used as a supplementary agent and potentiator for N-9. Development of a carbopol 934P-based drug delivery system for dual controlled release of N-9 in combination with chelating agents seems to be a promising approach for increasing the efficacy of fertility control.
The Biochemical Development of Surface Activity in Mammalian Lung: I. The Surface-Active Phospholipids; the Separation and Distribution of Surface-Active Lecithin in the Lung of the Developing Rabbit Fetus

Extract: A simple technique, precipitation with acetone, was described to separate the surface-active lecithin fraction from the nonsurface-active fraction. Surface activity in lung phospholipids was found in the acetone-precipitated fractions of lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol. Normal surface activity of saline extract of pooled fetal rabbit lung was observed from 28 days of gestation. It was possible to isolate surface-active lecithin from lung parenchyma long before the 29th day of gestation when surface-active lecithin first is found in the alveolar wash. During the nonbreathing fetal state, even at term, only 11% of lecithin from alveolar wash is surface-active increasing after one hour's breathing to approximately 50% of the total lecithin. The rabbits delivered prematurely after 28 full days of gestation clinically had respiratory distress and their percentage of surface-active lecithin in alveolar wash increased at a slow rate compared to full-term animals. Good temporal correlation was seen between intracellular storage of surface-active lecithin during the fetal state and the findings with electron microscopy of increasing numbers of osmiophilic inclusion bodies as gestation progresses. Speculation: Surface activity is shared by several phospholipids in lung but is related principally to lecithin. During fetal development there is production of intracellular surface-active lecithin with storage possibly in osmiophilic lamellar inclusion bodies until near term when some (11%) begins to appear in alveolar wash. After breathing, a great release of surface-active lecithin into alveolar wash occurs, with 50% of alveolar lecithin being surface active throughout the life of the animal. Prematurely delivered rabbits take much longer to increase their surface-active alveolar lecithin.
Records Management and Information Culture: Tackling the People Problem

Without question, one of the biggest challenges faced by the recordkeeping profession is how to instil good practices into organisations and ensure these practices are sustained. Too often we find ...
Motivations to eat are related to diet quality and food intake in overweight and obese, low-income women in early postpartum

Healthful dietary practices and a return to prepregnancy weight are of significant importance in the prevention of obesity for women. The Eating Stimulus Index (ESI) was used to determine the relationship between motivations to eat and diet quality and food intake in 115 overweight/obese, low-income women in early postpartum. In this cross-sectional design, participants completed the ESI and food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was assessed using the Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index. Diet quality was related to greater fruit and vegetable availability, convenience eating resistance, and vegetable taste preference. Women with high fruit and vegetable availability consumed more vegetables, as compared to those with low availability. High convenience eating resistance was associated with lower discretionary energy intakes. High taste preference for vegetables was related to greater intakes of these foods. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that convenience eating resistance was the strongest predictor of diet quality followed by vegetable taste preference, and fruit and vegetable availability. Convenience eating resistance was also the strongest predictor of discretionary energy intake. In conclusion, women who were less vulnerable to environmental eating cues, had greater fruit and vegetable availability, and preferred the taste of vegetables consumed a more healthful diet. Thus, the ESI may be a useful screening tool for the design of personalized weight loss messages in the treatment of obesity.
Robust adaptive control of revolute flexible-joint manipulators using sliding technique

Abstract In this paper, we present a 3-step procedure to robustly control the revolute flexible-joint manipulator in the presence of parameter variations and bounded input disturbances such as torque ripples. By treating the difference of motor angle and link angle as the input to the rigid link part of the manipulator dynamics, our first step is to design a smooth adaptive reference signal for this input to globally stabilize the rigid subsystem. The second step is to drive the difference of motor and link angles to this desired reference signal exponentially by using sliding control. In the third step we exploit the model reduction capability of sliding control to perform the stability analysis. It is well-known that sliding control can reduce the system order by n if the number of control inputs is n . The exploitation of this property of sliding control makes our stability analysis a lot simpler than other approaches. Global stability in the sense of Lyapunov can be guaranteed and errors in link position and velocity are driven to zero when the system is in sliding mode. No weak elasticity assumption is needed.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Somatostatin and Neuropeptide Y: Concentrations in Aging and in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type With and Without Extrapyramidal Signs

• Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations were measured in 26 healthy normal subjects, 27 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and seven patients with DAT with extrapyramidal signs (EDAT). In healthy normal subjects, there was no significant correlation between age and either somatostatin or neuropeptide Y concentration. However, the concentrations of both peptides correlated significantly with each other. In patients with DAT and EDAT, the concentrations of somatostatin (17.5 ± 5.0 and 16.4 ± 5.0 pg/mL, respectively) were significantly reduced relative to age-matched control subjects (23.1 ± 8.2 pg/mL) but were unrelated to dementia severity and did not change significantly during the progression of the disease. Neuropeptide Y concentrations did not differ significantly between the age-matched control, DAT, and EDAT groups (38.2 ± 12.8, 37.0 ± 12.3, and 30.3 ± 7.8 pg/mL, respectively). These results suggest that in DAT, dysfunction of cortical somatostatin but not neuropeptide Y transmitter systems is reflected by reduced cerebrospinal fluid concentrations.
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Role‐taking Accuracy

An attempt is made to point out and clear up some of the major conceptual and methodological issues in the study of role-taking accuracy. Three conceptual issues are discussed: the relationship between roles and role-taking, the distinction between role-taking and related concepts such as empathy and sympathy, and the distinction between role-taking accuracy and role-taking ability. Methodological criticisms by Cronbach and others of the type of measure that is typically used to measure role-taking accuracy are reviewed and evaluated. It is concluded that these criticisms pertain mainly to the measurement of role-taking ability and empathy, and not to the measurement of role-taking accuracy.
Ontogeny and adult behavior of mice with congenital neural tube defects.

Effects of abnormal neural tube development were studied in immature and adult mice. The behavior of affected adult mice was found to resemble that of mice that exhibit the “waltzer syndrome.” Behavioral ontogenetic studies indicate that affected mice are deficient in labyrinthine responses as shown by the late development or lack of negative geotaxic behaviors and the delayed loss of pivoting behavior. Retarded maturation of neural responses was indicated by a delay in the appearance of the startle response. Evidence that circling behavior in adult mice of the “waltzer syndrome” may be a result of central nervous system disorders alone, or in concert with abnormalities of the inner ear, was provided by the fact that open field activity was increased in affected mice that exhibit circling behavior as adults.
Social Workers' Roles in Addressing the Complex End-Of-Life Care Needs of Elders with Advanced Chronic Disease

This study examined social workers' roles in caring for low-income elders with advanced chronic disease in an innovative, community-based managed care program, from the perspective of elders, family, team members, and social workers. The results are drawn from a larger longitudinal, multimethod case study. Sources of data include survey reports of needs addressed by social workers for 120 deceased elders, five focus groups with interdisciplinary team members, and in-depth interviews with 14 elders and 10 of their family caregivers. A thematic conceptual matrix was developed to detail 32 distinctive social work roles that address divergent needs of elders, family, and team members. Distinctive perceptions of social workers' roles were identified for the different stakeholder groups (i.e., elders, family caregivers, team members, and social workers). Findings from this study may inform supervisors and educators regarding training needs of those preparing to enter the rapidly growing workforce of gerontological social workers who may be called upon to care for elders at the end of life. Training is particularly warranted to help social workers gain the skills needed to more successfully treat symptom management, depression, anxiety, agitation, grief, funeral planning, and spiritual needs that are common to the end of life.
Development of miscibility in four-component CO2 floods

A rigorous tie-line extension criterion for the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is derived for dispersion-free, 1D displacements in four-component systems in which CO 2 displaces oil containing dissolved methane. The key tie-lines required for application of the MMP criterion are obtained by a simple graphical construction. A simplified technique for construction of solutions is demonstrated for the CO 2 /methane/butane/decane system. The new technique makes solution of certain four-component problems not much more difficult than solution of a Buckley-Leverett displacement of oil by water
Differences in the primary structure of the phase-1 flagellins of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, LT 2 and SW 1061, were found to produce Phase-1 flagellar proteins which differed in at least 5 amino acid sites in the polypeptide chain and in the presence of 1 soluble tryptic peptide.
A Stability Analysis of Divergence Damping on a Latitude–Longitude Grid

AbstractThe dynamical core of an atmospheric general circulation model is engineered to satisfy a delicate balance between numerical stability, computational cost, and an accurate representation of the equations of motion. It generally contains either explicitly added or inherent numerical diffusion mechanisms to control the buildup of energy or enstrophy at the smallest scales. The diffusion fosters computational stability and is sometimes also viewed as a substitute for unresolved subgrid-scale processes. A particular form of explicitly added diffusion is horizontal divergence damping.In this paper a von Neumann stability analysis of horizontal divergence damping on a latitude–longitude grid is performed. Stability restrictions are derived for the damping coefficients of both second- and fourth-order divergence damping. The accuracy of the theoretical analysis is verified through the use of idealized dynamical core test cases that include the simulation of gravity waves and a baroclinic wave. The tests ...
RECEPTORS ON IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS : IV. DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF AVIDITY OF CELL RECEPTORS AND COOPERATIVE BINDING OF MULTIVALENT LIGANDS

The interaction of antigen with specific, cell-associated receptors was measured in thermodynamic terms. The binding of (125)I-labeled 2,4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig albumin (DNP(16)GPA-(125)I) to lymphocytes from guinea pigs immunized to DNP(16)GPA is a temperature-dependent, reversible process. Measurement of association and dissociation rates of antigen-receptor complexes permits calculation of antigen-cell binding constants. These may also be calculated by equilibrium-binding techniques. Although differences in the constants calculated in these two ways exist, a clear increase in avidity of cell receptor for antigen occurs in the course of the immune response. This change in receptor avidity provides evidence that the time-dependent change in affinity of serum antibody (maturation) indeed has a cellular basis. The magnitude of the equilibrium constant is, in part, due to binding of more than one DNP group per molecule of antigen. Thus, multivalent ligands bind more effectively to cell receptors than univalent or paucivalent ligands when measured by the number of antigen molecules bound, the dissociation rate of antigen-receptor complexes, and in the relative capacity to inhibit a standard multivalent ligand (DNP(16)GPA-(125)I) from binding.
Good and bad structure in simple paragraphs: Effects on apparent theme, reading time, and recal

Conventional paragraph structure requires that the topic sentence be presented first, followed by connected, coherent sentences. The processing role of these rules was investigated by comparing performance on reading simple passages that conformed to or violated conventional paragraph organization. In three experiments, subjects read such passages, presented one sentence at a time; data collected were a choice of “best title,” which provided a measure of apparent theme, the reading time on each sentence, and gist recall scores. The results were that bad paragraph structure produced (a) fewer choices of the topical proposition as the best title; (b) longer reading times, mainly on the initial incoherent sentences, which can not be immediately integrated; and (c) lower recall of passage content, especially of the initially unintegrable sentences. These results suggest that unintegrable input must be held in immediate memory pending integration, leading to a greater processing load. The role of the paragraph structure conventions is thus to minimize memory load.
Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Index of Biotic Integrity in Three Midwestern Streams

Abstract The index of biotic integrity (IBI) has been used to assess the biological quality of flowing water systems in areas throughout the United States. Yet, only rarely has biotic integrity been related to independent measures of water or habitat quality. We show that the IBI ranks sites similarly in two Illinois watersheds where conditions remained relatively stable during 3 years of sampling. Further, rankings among sites conform to prior assessments of site quality based on habitat and water quality. Neither a species diversity index (H') nor any of the individual metrics that constitute IBI performed as consistently at ranking sites as did the IBI. Sampling should be conducted during early summer to reduce variation due to seasonal fish migration and fall recruitment of young-of-the-year fish. In an Indiana watershed subject to extensive conservation planning, the IBI reflects known habitat and water quality perturbations of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Little or no improvement in biotic...
Acid-base accounting to predict post-mining drainage quality on surface mines.

Acid-base accounting (ABA) is an analytical procedure that provides values to help assess the acid-producing and acid-neutralizing potential of overburden rocks prior to coal mining and other large-scale excavations. This procedure was developed by West Virginia University scientists during the 1960s. After the passage of laws requiring an assessment of surface mining on water quality, ABA became a preferred method to predict post-mining water quality, and permitting decisions for surface mines are largely based on the values determined by ABA. To predict the post-mining water quality, the amount of acid-producing rock is compared with the amount of acid-neutralizing rock, and a prediction of the water quality at the site (whether acid or alkaline) is obtained. We gathered geologic and geographic data for 56 mined sites in West Virginia, which allowed us to estimate total overburden amounts, and values were determined for maximum potential acidity (MPA), neutralization potential (NP), net neutralization potential (NNP), and NP to MPA ratios for each site based on ABA. These values were correlated to post-mining water quality from springs or seeps on the mined property. Overburden mass was determined by three methods, with the method used by Pennsylvania researchers showing the most accurate results for overburden mass. A poor relationship existed between MPA and post-mining water quality, NP was intermediate, and NNP and the NP to MPA ratio showed the best prediction accuracy. In this study, NNP and the NP to MPA ratio gave identical water quality prediction results. Therefore, with NP to MPA ratios, values were separated into categories: 2 should produce alkaline water. On our 56 surface mined sites, NP to MPA ratios varied from 0.1 to 31, and six sites (11%) did not fit the expected pattern using this category approach. Two sites with ratios 2 produced acid drainage when they should not have. These latter four sites were either mined very slowly, had nonrepresentative ABA data, received water from an adjacent underground mine, or had a surface mining practice that degraded the water. In general, an NP to MPA ratio of 2 produced alkaline drainage with a few exceptions. Using these values, ABA is a good tool to assess overburden quality before surface mining and to predict post-mining drainage quality after mining. The interpretation from ABA values was correct in 50 out of 52 cases (96%), excluding the four anomalous sites, which had acid water for reasons other than overburden quality.
Older adolescents' engagement in casual sex: Impact of risk perception and psychosocial motivations

The relationship between attitudes for casual sex and casual sex behavior was investigated for a group of older adolescents between the ages of 17 and 19. In addition, factors that influence casual sex orientations were studied. Models of behavior that emphasize disease issues as a primary determinant of casual sex behavior were compared with models that emphasize a broader range of social-psychological motivations. Results showed that the relationship between attitudes and behavior was stronger for females than males. In addition, disease-related variables were found to be correlated with behavior in a direction opposite to what traditional disease models would predict. The results were interpreted in the context of a behavioral inference model. It was found that casual sex behavior is more heavily influenced by a broad range of social-psychological motivations as compared to disease-based variables. Implications for educational interventions were developed.
Protein phosphatase PP1γ2 in sperm morphogenesis and epididymal initiation of sperm motility

The serine/threonine phosphatase (PP1) isoform PP1 gamma 2, predominantly expressed in the testis, is a key enzyme in spermatozoa. High PP1 gamma 2 catalytic activity holds motility in check in immature spermatozoa. Inhibition of PP1 gamma 2 causes motility initiation in immature spermatozoa and motility stimulation and changes in flagellar beat parameters in mature spermatozoa. The PP1 gamma 2 isoform is present in all mammalian spermatozoa studied: mouse, rat, hamster, bovine, non-human primate and man. We have now identified at least four of its regulatory proteins that regulate distinct pools of PP1 gamma 2 within spermatozoa. Our studies provide new insights into biochemical mechanisms underlying development and regulation of sperm motility. We hypothesize that changes in sperm PP1 gamma 2 activity as a result of phosphorylation and reversible binding of the regulatory proteins to the catalytic subunit are critical in the development and regulation of motility and the ability of sperm to fertilize eggs. Targeted disruption of the Ppp1cc gene, which encodes the PP1 gamma 1 or PP1 gamma 2 isoforms, causes male infertility in mice as a result of impaired spermiogenesis. Our observations suggest that, in addition to motility, the protein phosphatase PP1 gamma 2 might play an isoform-specific function in the development of specialized flagellar structures of mammalian spermatozoa.
The population consequences of territorial behaviour

Many organisms compete for space, or for resource that are linked to space. Territorial behavior in animals is one expression of competition for space. Models of competition for space seek to predict how the arrangement of individuals in a population changes as new individuals appear, others die, and neighbors interact with each other; studies of territorial behaviour examine how neighbor interactions lead animals to establish and maintain their use of space. In recent work on compition for space and on territorial behaviour, there has been a shift from simple, general models to ones that incorporate heterogeneity in the spatial and temporal distribution of resources, and in the ways individuals use resources.
The Abernathy Salmon Diet

(1971). The Abernathy Salmon Diet. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 67-75.
Zhang Ruifang: Modelling the Socialist Red Star

AbstractAdopting a historical approach, this essay uses the concept of Red Star to examine the construction of the star in Chinese socialist cinema. Through a case study of Zhang Ruifang, this essay argues that a theoretical paradigm of modelling is crucial to comprehending the Red Star, one who embodies the ideal socialist person both on screen and off screen. As Zhang Ruifang's film stardom illustrates, the Red Star served as a model for the masses and was subject to remodelling by the socialist ideology.
Brain tissue oxygen tension in clinical brain death: a case series.

Abstract Objectives: Brain death is a clinical diagnosis often confirmed with supplementary tests. In this study, we examined the relationship between brain death and the partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2). We hypothesized that a sustained PbtO2 of 0 is associated with brain death. Methods: One hundred and twenty-six patients (Glasgow coma scale ≤ 8, median age: 50 years) who underwent PbtO2 monitoring were studied prospectively during a 2 year period in the neurointensive care unit at a university-based level I trauma center. PbtO2, intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and brain temperature (BT) were compared before and after the diagnosis of brain death. Results: Six patients (median age: 52 years) experienced brain death. In these patients, PbtO2 decreased toward 0 mmHg as ICP increased and CPP decreased. PbtO2 reached 0 only when there was clinical evidence for brain death. During the subsequent 12 hours until the second brain death ...
Future hard disk drive systems

Abstract This paper briefly reviews the evolution of today's hard disk drive with the additional intention of orienting the reader to the overall mechanical and electrical architecture. The modern hard disk drive is a miracle of storage capacity and function together with remarkable economy of design. This paper presents a personal view of future customer requirements and the anticipated design evolution of the components. There are critical decisions and great challenges ahead for the key technologies of heads, media, head–disk interface, mechanics, and electronics.
How is the instrumental color of meat measured

Peer-reviewed journal articles (n=1068) were used to gather instrumental color measurement information in meat science research. The majority of articles, published in 10 peer-reviewed journals, originated from European countries (44.8%) and North America (38.5%). The predominant species was pork (44.2%), and most researchers used Minolta (60.0%) over Hunter (31.6%) colorimeters. Much of the research was done using illuminant D65 (32.3%); nevertheless, almost half (48.9%) of the articles did not report the illuminant. Moreover, a majority of the articles did not report aperture size (73.6%) or the number of readings per sample (52.4%). Many factors influence meat color, and a considerable proportion of the peer-reviewed, published research articles failed to include information necessary to replicate and/or interpret instrumental color results; therefore, a standardized set of minimum reportable parameters for meat color evaluation should be identified.
Review of Manual Therapy Techniques in Equine Practice

Abstract The realm of manual therapy includes diverse techniques such as chiropractic, osteopathy, physical therapy, massage therapy, and touch therapies, which have been developed for use in human beings and the techniques transferred to horses. All forms of manual therapy have reported levels of effectiveness for treating musculoskeletal issues in human beings, but mostly only anecdotally evidence exists in horses. The purpose of this review is to explore the scientific literature for potential common mechanisms of action and evidence of efficacy and safety for different forms of manual therapies, with a specific focus on joint mobilization and manipulation techniques. A description of a detailed musculoskeletal and spinal examination using manual therapy techniques is also presented. In humans, there is an extensive published data base for most forms of manual therapies; however, the methodological quality of most studies is poor, which often prevents definitive conclusions and recommendations. In horses, there are too few controlled studies to support most anecdotal claims of effectiveness. However, there is limited evidence suggesting effectiveness of spinal manipulation in reducing pain and muscle hypertonicity and increasing joint range-of-motion. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of specific manual therapy techniques or combined treatments for management of documented back problems and specific lameness conditions in horses. Additional studies are also needed to define specific treatment parameters required for optimal management of select disease processes, such as the amount of force applied, and the frequency and duration of treatment.
Various types of hemipelvectomy for soft tissue sarcomas: complications, survival and prognostic factors

Fifty-three hemipelvectomies were performed for primary or recurrent soft tissue sarcomas with fixation to the pelvis or peripelvic tissues. Resection was carried out in the absence of distant metastases in 70% of the cases. The hemipelvectomy was posterior in 66%, anterior in 6% and internal in 28%. Post-operative complications included wound edge necrosis in 19% and infection in 43% of cases. The mortality rate was 5.7%. Margins were macroscopically clear in 76% and marginal in 24% of cases. Tumours were high grade in 92%; their mean diameter was 16.5 cm. Local recurrence occurred in 19% and distant recurrence in 66% of patients. Overall survival was 39% at 2 years and 10% at 5 years. Pelvic soft tissue sarcomas have a poor prognosis. However, in the absence of other effective therapy, hemipelvectomy provides local control with acceptable morbidity in the majority of patients, with a small percentage (10%) surviving 5 years or longer.
Program of F-actin in the follicular epithelium during oogenesis of the german cockroach, Blattella germanica

Abstract Extensive programmed structural and functional changes of insect follicular epithelium during oogenesis provide a model to study modulation of cytoskeletal organization during morphogenesis in a non-dividing cell population. Rhodamine-phalloidin staining of whole mounted and cryosectioned oogenic follicles reveal changing F-actin filament organization from pre- to post-vitellogenic stages consistent with the presumptive dorsal-ventral orientation of the future embryo. Filaments are not abundant in pre-vitellogenic follicle cells up to day 2. Differences between dorsal and ventral follicle cells appear first on day 3. Obviously patent follicle cells are seen only on the ventral follicle surface which exhibits stronger F-actin fluorescence than the dorsal non-patent epithelium. On the presumptive ventral side of midvitellogenic follicles morphologically distinct bundles of actin filaments orient peripherally into projections connecting adjacent follicle cells and from the center of follicle cells apically into macrovillar projections extending toward the oocyte surface. The mid-vitellogenic dorsal follicle cell layer also possesses macrovillar extensions containing F-actin which reach and appear to penetrate the oolema. During chorion deposition major reorganization of actin of follicle cells takes place. After chorion deposition all F-actin filaments within a given follicle cell are arranged into large parallel bundles with semi-regular cross-striations which exclude fluorescent label. The parallel orientation of actin striated filament bundles within each follicle cell appears to be random with respect to the orientation of bundles in neighboring follicle cells over much of the mid-latitude of the follicle epithelium. At anterior and posterior follicle poles a more axial orientation of striated bundles is evident. This muscle-like tissue arrangement is appropriate for cooperation in ovulating the chorionated oocyte from the follicle into the oviduct.
Observation of acoustic-gravity wave effects showing geomagnetic field dependence

Abstract Effects of the three high-altitude nuclear tests conducted by the United States on 9 July, 20 October, and 1 November 1962 were monitored at 24 locations within a range of 4500 km by vertical- and oblique-incidence ionosondes, with measurements taken at 1-min intervals. This density of observations in the test area and the frequency of the measurements taken provide data on the effects produced by acoustic-gravity waves in a detail not previously available. Measurements of the vertical-incidenco critical frequency of the F -layer show that the initial phase of an acoustic-gravity wave caused an increase in critical frequency when the wave was propagating in a direction of increasing magnetic dip angle, with concurrent reduction in the height of the F -layer. For wave propagation in a direction of decreasing magnetic dip angle, the initial phase of the wave caused a reduction in critical frequency and an increase in layer height. The magnitude of ionospheric effect is shown to be dependent on the orientation of the wave normal with respect to the Earth's magnetic field. The measurements are presented as plots of time of occurrence of the traveling ionospheric disturbance as a function of distance. Velocities of the onsets and of the peaks of the disturbances are obtained.
Heterogeneous GABAA receptor subunit expression in pediatric epilepsy patients.

Abstract The γ-amino-butyric acid type A receptors (GABA A R) are a heteropentameric receptor complex, composed of 16 possible subunits in various combinations, forming a ligand-gated ion channel. Subunit composition is the primary determinant of GABA A R physiology and pharmacology. Here we have measured mRNA levels for 16 GABA A R subunits in isolated dentate granule neurons (DGN) from eight pediatric patients undergoing resective surgery for intractable epilepsy. We found tightly correlated expression of a subset of GABA A R subunit mRNAs within a single DGN (α1, γ1, and γ2; α4, α5, and β2; α4 and β3). Analysis of inter-patient variability (ANOVA) of eleven highly expressed GABA A R subunit mRNAs found seven of the subunits varied between patients, as did whole cell GABA A R currents. Due to inter-patient differences, there is heterogeneity in DGN GABA A R subunit mRNA and physiology within pediatric epilepsy patients. Patient-specific GABA A R expression might contribute to variability in anti-epileptic drug efficacy, side-effect profiles, and seizure susceptibility.
Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following cardiac catheterization

We report 4 cases of deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism after diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Two of these cases followed left heart catheterization alone.© 1993 Wlley-Liss, Inc
The In Vitro Antibacterial Action of Dialkylaminoalkyl Ethers of Stilbestrol and Hexylresorcinol

Directions are given for the preparation of stilbestryl‐bis (diethylaminoethyl) ether dihydrochloride, and hexylresorcinol‐bis (diethylaminoethyl) ether. In vitro tests showed that the stilbestrol derivative is bactericidal against Mycobacterium tuberculosis var, hominis i n concentration of 1:50,000; against cultures of the M. tuberculosis which had been pretreated with alkali, 1:50,000; against Eberthella typhosa, 1:5000 and against Staphylococcus aureus, 1: 5000. The corresponding minimum effective concentrations of the hexylresorcinol derivative were 1:50,000 (M. tuberculosis); 1:100,000 (M. tuberculosis pretreated with alkali); 1:50,000 (E. typhosa; and 1:10,000 (S. aureus). The compounds appeared to be bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic against all three organisms. Preliminary tests indicated that the stilbestrol derivative, administered intraperitoneally to castrated female rats, was neither estrogenic nor toxic in doses of 10, 50, or 100 micrograms.
Effect of methyl substitution on the intramolecular exchange of hydrogen-bonded protons

Abstract Of the two possible monomethyl naphthazarins only the 2-methyl derivative has been encountered. Efforts to obtain the 7-methyl derivative always lead to the 2-methyl tautomer. Previous studies suggested a near symmetric double minimum potential for the intramolecular proton exchange with a high barrier and 0.9 kcal mol −1 difference between the 2- and 7-tautomers. If there were fast exchange, the two tautomers would have been detected. Now, with a much larger and better basis set and better algorithms for finding stationary points, a new study finds a barrier of 29 kcal mol −1 . Two more (intermediate) minima were found, corresponding to structures in which the protons are on different rings. However, the energy difference between the absolute minima and the intermediates is so large that the latter do not contribute to the exchange process. In monomethylnaphthazarin, the difference between the two lowest minima was found to be 1.09 to 1.79 kcal mol −1 . The rotation of the methyl group changes the energy difference between the minima, but the minimum of the 2-methyl isomer is always below that of the 7-methyl isomer, thus maintaining the asymmetry of the double minimum potential, without accidental degeneracy, in contrast to dimethylnaphthazarins and 6-methyl-9-hydroxyphenalen-1-one, as already reported. The exchange process is described by two quantities: the fraction of the proton emerging into the other well (2.7 × 10 −11 ) and the frequency with which it leaks (6 × 10 12 ). This will make the 7-methyl derivative undetectable by NMR. The product of the two factors suggests that the equivalent of a full proton is exchanging every six milliseconds.