cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Measurement Approaches to Internal Control in At‐Risk Older Adults

Perceived control and similar concepts are of central importance in studies of coping, adjustment, and well-being; research suggests that these concepts might be usefully considered in a transactional, person-environment framework. The studies reported here assessed internal-external control and personal mastery in samples of at-risk older adults coping with the major life stressors of recent physical disability or conjugal bereavement. These studies assessed the latent factor structure of control perceptions, and examined the role that dependency on other people and social networks plays in internal beliefs. The findings indicated that belief in one's ability to control the events of one's life is influenced by the life events one is experiencing, and that people who do not endorse internality beliefs (“low internals”) show significant positive mental health gains from dependency and reliance on other people. The social policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Adaptive modulation in time and space for space time codes

Existing space time codes (STC) for multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) systems employ fixed modulation in time and the same modulation in space at all transmit (TX) antenna elements. Even existing adaptive modulation schemes use the same modulation in space at all TX elements. However, in practice, the fading channel coefficients are typically independent in both time and space. This is the motivation for this study, and the objective of this paper is to present a novel and simple STC trellis structure so that STC MIMO systems can employ adaptive modulation in both time and space at each TX element. The goal of our study is an improved spectral efficiency in bits/s/Hz. As typical adaptive modulation schemes, this paper assumes that channel state information (CSI) is available at each TX element. But, this paper considers a simple case, i.e., "good", "fair" or "bad" CSI, the corresponding modulation like 8PSK, QPSK or BPSK, and two TX and one receive (RX) element systems. Then, this paper verifies through simulation that the proposed scheme can improve spectral efficiency.
Parallel BLAST on split databases.

BLAST programs often run on large SMP machines where multiple threads can work simultaneously and there is enough memory to cache the databases between program runs. A group of programs is described which allows comparable performance to be achieved with a Beowulf configuration in which no node has enough memory to cache a database but the cluster as an aggregate does. To achieve this result, databases are split into equal sized pieces and stored locally on each node. Each query is run on all nodes in parallel and the resultant BLAST output files from all nodes merged to yield the final output.
Understanding the Value of Software Engineering Technologies

When AI search methods are applied to software process models, then appropriate technologies can be discovered for a software project. We show that those recommendations are greatly affected by the business context of its use. For example, the automatic defect reduction tools explored by the ASE community are only relevant to a subset of software projects, and only according to certain value criteria. Therefore, when arguing for the value of a particular technology, that argument should include a description of the value function of the target user community.
Electrochemical Identification and Categorization of the Protective Quality of Intact and Damaged Coatings

Defective polymeric coatings that are particularly relevant in the conservation of outdoor metalwork, are analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), validated by KramersKronig transformations, and modeled using electrical equivalent circuit models (EECs). Using twenty different coated panels of five different coating types, ten mathematical methods for categorizing the protective qualities of coatings are explored as simpler and faster alternatives to circuit modeling; three methods gave a perfect correlation with the category determined by circuit modeling. Our findings highlight the need for fitting data to EECs before relying upon purely mathematical parameters for evaluating protective coating quality.
Linguistic Content Analysis: A Method to Measure Science as Inquiry in Textbooks.

A method using linguistic content analysis was developed to assess the degree to which science was portrayed as a process of inquiry within a high school biology textbook series. Linguistic content analysis is a method of encoding textual data by categorizing key words and identifying the relationships among these words. The encoded textual data were analyzed using logistic regression techniques. The measure developed for the study was shown to be highly reliable and valid. In the textbook series studied, the frequency of the portrayal of science as a process of inquiry increased from 1956 to 1965, then showed a pattern of decline in 1977 and 1985. The results further indicate that the frequency of portrayal of science as a process of inquiry was higher in introductory chapters of the textbooks and in chapters dealing with the topic of genetics and lower in chapters dealing with leaf structure. The frequency of the portrayal of science as a process inquiry was also higher at the beginning of chapters and at the beginning of paragraphs.
Does America Need Public Housing

Does Twenty-First Century America Need Publicly-Owned Housing? This question was being asked in 2011, as an era of sharply-curtailed discretionary government spending dawned in the aftermath of the debt limitation crisis. From its inception in 1937 to the present, public housing remains the housing program with the deepest subsidy, designed for households who cannot compete effectively in the private housing market and, since the 1950s, the program that reaches the lowest income quadrant of society. Questions posed in 2011 center around the future of the 1.1 million public housing units in existence (down from 1.4 million two decades ago), all of which are at least 45 years old and most of which are in need of substantial repairs and renovation. Three successive Administrations (two Democratic and one Republican) have sought to move the Federal government away from ownership and management of housing, arguing that these responsibilities can be handled better by the private sector. For fifteen years Congress has resisted efforts to give up on the public housing model while acknowledging with the HOPE VI program that the original urban high-rise model fostered isolation rather than integration and helped trigger serious declines in the quality of urban life. This article will discuss current Obama Administration proposals to preserve existing public and assisted housing units by enabling housing authorities to borrow from private investors, and integrating those units into surrounding neighborhoods which will be “transform[ed from]... extreme poverty into sustainable mixed-income communities.” Through its Choice Neighborhoods Initiative, HUD provides competitive planning and implementation grants to enable grantees to focus not only on the condition of severely distressed public and assisted housing units, but also on the social, educational and physicals needs of residents in the surrounding neighborhoods. The 1969 public housing rent strike in St. Louis, which led to passage of the first Brooke Amendment, will offer a perspective from which to evaluate current approaches. With poverty levels increasing sharply as a result of the Great Recession, and discretionary funds being cut, preservation of existing public and assisted housing becomes a critical issue. Public and assisted housing are valuable community assets and should be recognized as such. What has been missing is full integration of such housing and their occupants into surrounding neighborhoods. Initiatives such as Choice Neighborhoods appear to have the potential for accomplishing that goal so long as the interests of current residents are kept in the forefront.
The "Heart Sign": An Early Indicator of Dose-Dependent Doxycycline-Induced Phototoxicity

Oral doxycycline is an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory acne in adolescents. Dose-dependent phototoxicity, unrelated to dose duration, is a well-known complication of its use. We present three adolescents who developed bilateral phototoxic rashes on the dorsal thenar spaces of their hands while taking doxycycline for their acne. Identification of the "heart sign" rash as a specific doxycycline-related phototoxic reaction should alert clinicians to the need for prompt intervention, including sun protection counseling and a possible change in antibiotics, in the uniquely vulnerable adolescent population. Early recognition may allow patients to avoid future, more widespread phototoxic drug reactions.
Courts of Military Review – Rules of Practice and Procedure

1) Amends Rule 21 with regard to the procedure and time limits for the filing of government appeals of trial judge rulings. 2) This revision, in conformity with the Military Justice Act of 1983 and Manual for Courts-Martial 1984, changes past practice and procedures in several significant areas, and alters other procedures and terminology to conform to federal practice; 3) Rule 21 establishes procedures for government appeals; 4) Rule 14 provides for waiver or withdrawal of appellate review; 5) Rule 10, 11 and 12 consolidate and rearrange former Rules 10, 11, 12 an 15; 6) Rule 13 permits notice to he filed with the court instead of The Judge Advocate General; 7) Rule 19 extends time for reconsideration of a decision from 10 to 20 days, but permits time to begin running upon service on counsel instead of the accused; 8) Rule 20 details requirements for extraordinary writs; 9) Rule 15 conforms terminology concerning briefs to federal practice; 10) Rule 17 styles enbanc request as suggestions instead of motions.
Observed asymmetry of amplitudes from a high explosive source

Frequency analysis of seismic magnetic tape records from a 500-ton high-explosive source shows a pronounced variation of amplitude with frequency for two different azimuths from the source. This amplitude variation is attributed, at least in part, to diffraction effects produced by the geologic structure in the vicinity of the source. The possibility of generating both SV and SH waves from P waves within this structure seems very probable.
Chapter 1 – Fungal Diversity

The Fungi are an ancient and diverse group of eukaryotic microoganisms. Molecular experiments suggest that the common ancestor of the fungi lived in the Precambrian. The earliest fungi were probably aquatic species whose zoospores propelled themselves through water using single flagella. Fungi called chytrids that are found in aquatic habitats and soils today may resemble these ancestral microbes. The exploration of the evolutionary relationships between different groups of fungi using molecular phylogenetic methods has produced a rich natural classification that embraces six phyla. These modern approaches to fungal classification have built upon a rich tradition of observational research that began in the eighteenth century. In this opening chapter, we consider the structural characteristics and life cycles of the major groups of fungi. This serves as an introduction to the examination of the great sweep of specific topics in fungal biology in subsequent chapters.
Decentralized Bayesian detection with feedback

A decentralized detection system with feedback and memory using the Bayesian formulation is investigated. The optimization of this system results in a likelihood ratio test at the local detectors for statistically independent observations. In addition, local detector thresholds and the system probability of error are shown to be a function of the fed back global decision. The issue of data transmission between local detectors and the fusion center is addressed. Two protocols are proposed and studied to reduce data transmissions. Numerical examples are also presented for illustration.
Relation of Age of Dams to Their Reproductive Ability and to the Egg Production and Viability of Their Daughters

Abstract CONSIDERABLE attention has been given to the breeding value of females of various ages in a closed flock. Their value depends primarily on their reproductive ability and upon the character of daughters that they produce. Common experience indicates that with random matings pullet mothers are likely to lay more eggs during the hatching season, and therefore contribute more chicks than older mothers. In a closed pedigreed flock, however, the effects of selection are likely to modify results because older breeding females that were used for breeding in the pullet year have already been selected for such specific characteristics as high fertility and high hatchability. As a breeding procedure in this flock, only a limited number of pullet breeders were used, and a significant proportion of yearling breeders were not tested as pullets. A full year production record on a female and her sisters along with viability records without culling should …
Effect of Outer-Sphere Side Chain Substitutions on the Fate of the trans Iron-Nitrosyl Dimer in Heme/Nonheme Engineered Myoglobins (FeBMbs): Insights into the Mechanism of Denitrifying NO Reductases

Denitrifying NO reductases are transmembrane protein complexes that utilize a heme/nonheme diiron center at their active sites to reduce two NO molecules to the innocuous gas N2O. FeBMb proteins, with their nonheme iron sites engineered into the heme distal pocket of sperm whale myoglobin, are attractive models for studying the molecular details of the NO reduction reaction. Spectroscopic and structural studies of FeBMb constructs have confirmed that they reproduce the metal coordination spheres observed at the active site of the cytochrome c-dependent NO reductase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Exposure of FeBMb to excess NO, as examined by analytical and spectroscopic techniques, results primarily in the formation of a five-coordinate heme–nitrosyl complex without N2O production. However, substitution of the outer-sphere residue Ile107 with a glutamic acid (i.e., I107E) decreases the formation rate of the five-coordinate heme–nitrosyl complex and allows for the substoichiometric production of N2O. Here, w...
Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde over Titania, Hydroxyapatite, and Magnesia

The kinetics of aldol condensation of acetaldehyde were studied over anatase titania (TiO2), hydroxyapatite (HAP), and magnesia (MgO). Reactions were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with a total system pressure of 220 kPa at temperatures between 533 and 633 K and acetaldehyde partial pressures between 0.05 and 50 kPa. Crotonaldehyde was the only product observed over all three catalysts, and severe catalyst deactivation occurred at acetaldehyde partial pressures of 5 kPa or greater. The aldol condensation reaction over all three catalysts was first order at low acetaldehyde partial pressure and approached zero order at high acetaldehyde partial pressure. No kinetic isotope effect (KIE) was observed with fully deuterated acetaldehyde reacting over TiO2 or HAP, implying that C–H bond activation is not kinetically relevant. These measurements are consistent with a mechanism in which adsorption and desorption steps are kinetically significant during the reaction. Characterization of the catalysts by adsorp...
Bayesian Inversion of TIV Anisotropic CSEM Data

The ability of the marine controlled source electromagnetic method to resolve anisotropy in the sediment conductivity is not very well understood. In this study, we address the resolvability of anisotropy using a Bayesian approach. Two markedly different methods, slice sampling and reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo have been used for the Bayesian inversion of a synthetic model of a resistive oil reservoir trapped beneath the seabed. We use this to identify which components of data can provide the strongest constraints on anisotropy in the overburden, reservoir and underlying sediments.
COMMON CAUSE FAILURE ANALYSIS AND DISCRETELY MODELING FOR SYSTEM PROBABILITY PREDICTION

Through a thoroughly analysis to system-level load-strength interference relationship, the problems of information loss in the process of conventional component reliability analysis and modeling are discussed, as well as the reason why it is impossible to construct dependent system reliability model simply by means of component reliability parameter. Further more, the mechanism of common cause failure (CCF) of k/n(F) system is discussed. It is shown that the randomness of environment load is the "root cause" of common cause failures. CCF involves concepts, such as "root cause" and "coupling mechanism" which are interpreted mathematically from the viewpoint of random environment load bringing about failure dependency. Opinions about "inherent dependency", "additional dependency", "absolute CCF" and "relative CCF" are presented and discussed. At last, an approach is presented to develop discrete common cause failure probabilities model based on the loadstrength interference analysis of system-level.
Biomass bale stack and field outlet locations assessment for efficient infield logistics

Harvested hay or biomass are traditionally baled for better handling and they are transported to the outlet for final utilization. For better management of bale logistics, producers often aggregate bales into stacks so that bale-hauling equipment can haul multiple bales for improved efficiency. Objectives of this research include simulation of bale collection logistics after forming subfield stacks, evaluation of location effects of bale stack and field outlet, the number of stacks, transported bales/trip, and other field parameters on logistics distances (aggregation, transportation, and total). The software ‘R’ performed the simulation, statistical analysis, and data visualization. Formation of bale stacks decoupled aggregation and transportation components. Stacks formation thus allows for aggregation and transportation to be performed at different times. Increasing the number of subfield stacks and the number of transported bales/trip significantly reduced the total logistics distances. The order for the best bale stack and outlet locations was: middle, near middle, mid-edge along the length, mid-edge along the width, and finally, corners. Except for swath and windrow variation, the studied field variables had a highly significant influence on the logistics distances. Increased bales/trip (≥6) reduced the variations of outlet locations. Locating the field outlet at or near the center of the field along with an appropriate number of square subfields with stacks at the middle, and increased bales/trip will be the most efficient infield logistics strategy.
Associations Between Cigarette Print Advertising and Smoking Initiation Among African Americans

The objective of this study was to examine changes in the annual number of cigarette advertisements in magazines with a predominantly African-American audience following the broadcast ban on tobacco, and whether fluctuations in cigarette print advertising targeting African Americans during the late-1970s until the mid-1980s were associated with declines in smoking initiation. We tabulated the annual number of cigarette advertisements from magazines with large African-American readerships (Ebony, Essence, and Jet) from 1960 to 1990. Advertisements were coded depending on whether they featured African-American models. We calculated the incidence rate of regular smoking initiation from 1975 to 1990 for African-American 14–25 years old using data from the 1992–1993, 1995–1996, 1998–1999, and 2001–2002 Tobacco Use Supplements of the Current Population Survey. We examined whether trends in smoking initiation coincided with trends in cigarette advertising practices among African Americans. The annual aggregated number of printed cigarette advertisements in Ebony, Essence, and Jet magazines increased at least five-fold starting in 1971, following the broadcast ban on cigarette advertising. A decrease in the percentage of ads by Brown & Williamson that showed African-American models was positively correlated (r = 0.30) with declines in the incidence rate of smoking initiation among African Americans from the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. The tobacco industry adapted quickly following the broadcast ban on cigarettes by increasing print advertising in African-American magazines. However, changes in print advertising practices by were associated with declines in smoking initiation among African Americans from the late-1970s to mid-1980s.
A new era of nonviolence. The power of civil society over war

The notion of nonviolent resistance is most readily associated with the names of Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, three personalities who dedicated their lives towards ach...
Leveraging food to achieve 100% student retention in an intro CS course

This paper examines how food-focused activities have influenced African American female students' development of algorithmic thinking. We have developed the It's All in the Mix food module as part of an introductory Computer Science (CS) course at an all-female liberal arts college. It's All in the Mix currently consists of a set of integrated food activities that expose students to algorithmic thinking --- the ability to design, implement, adapt and assess algorithms. Utilizing recipes as exemplars of algorithms, It's All in the Mix bridges the gap between African American female students' enactment of algorithms in everyday settings and algorithms in an introductory CS course. Consequently, we achieve 100% retention of African American female students enrolled in the introductory CS course.
Effects of Alkali Species and H2s on the co Hydrogenation Over Rh/SiO2

Abstract The effect of lithium, potassium, cesium, and sulfur on CO hydrogenation over Rh/SiO 2 was studied in a differential reactor at 300°C and 10 atm. Small quantities of ethylene were added to the CO/H 2 reactant stream to delineate the various additive effect on CO insertion and hydrogenation steps during CO hydrogenation. H 2 S was found to strongly inhibit CO hydrogenation but had little effect on the CO insertion step. The most obvious effect of alkali additives was the suppression of hydrogenation. The suppression of hydrogenation on Rh/SiO 2 led to enhancement of C 2+ hydrocarbon selectivity in CO hydrogenation.
Predicting Terrain Traversability from Thermal Diffusivity

This paper presents a method to predict soil traversability by estimating the thermal diffusivity of terrain using a moving, continuous-wave laser. This method differentiates between different densities of the samematerial, which visionbased methods alone cannot achieve. The bulk density of a granular material has a significant effect on both its mechanical behavior and its thermal properties. This approach fits the thermal response as effected by a laser to an analytical model that is dependent on thermal diffusivity. Experimental soil strength measurements validate that thermal diffusivity is a predictor of traversability for a given material.
Gastrostomy techniques and devices.

Gastrostomies play an important role in the management of a wide variety of surgical and nonsurgical conditions of childhood. Multiple techniques and gastrostomy devices presently are available. In the author's experience, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has proved to be safe and effective, and the gastrostomy “button” has eliminated most of the catheter-related problems.
Exploring perceptions of creativity and walkability in Omaha, NE

Abstract It has been suggested that vibrant, walkable urban spaces may contribute to enhanced creativity and innovation by facilitating social interaction and physical activity, and serving as a source of inspiration. Using a survey and participant mapping exercise, this paper examines the potential spatial association between walkability and creativity in Omaha, Nebraska. Randomly selected participants were mailed a survey and map, requesting that they identify either three walkable or three creative locations within the Omaha area. The spatial correlation between the two variables was assessed in part using a newly developed spatial point pattern test. In addition to using perceptions of walkability, an objective measure provided by Walk Score® was employed to further evaluate potential associations. The overall correlation between the two variables was strong; with few exceptions, hotspots of walkability and creativity frequently overlapped. Potential differences in resident perceptions by age, income, education, and residential location were also examined.
Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of curved frame structures

Abstract The curve geometry in structures constitutes the tool for their optimization, since for designing a modern and cost consuming arch structure is necessary to decrease the material used, whereas the frame structure can simultaneously attain a sufficient flexure capacity. This is possible by transforming all stresses inside the structure material to mainly compression ones exhausting them to the compressive strength of the constituent material. The experimental results obtained in this paper concern cement mortar arches under external bending with variously distributed loadings. The results revealed that the failure ultimate capacity of thin arches attain values close to those prevailed for axial compression strength of mortar used. In addition, numerical simulation by non-linear analysis using finite shell elements verified well the experimental findings for these cement curved frames.
Rejecting representation? Party systems and popular support for referendums in Europe

Abstract Under what conditions do citizens favor deciding political issues by popular vote? Models of support for popular vote processes usually consider the influence of individual attitudes such as political trust and interest in politics. But much less is known about the effect of institutional variables on support for popular vote processes. This article builds on research showing that disaffection with elected officials shapes support for referendums by considering the influence of the party system. First, an analysis of multilevel data from twenty-four European democracies indicates that individuals are more supportive of referendums in countries with fewer effective political parties. Second, a mediation analysis provides evidence that the number of parties influences referendum support through individual-level political trust and external efficacy. Where there are fewer viable parties, feelings that elected officials are unresponsive tend to increase popular support for referendums. These findings suggest a trade-off between available representation by political parties and support for direct influence over public policy.
Estimated Prevalence of Masked Asleep Hypertension in US Adults.

Importance High blood pressure (BP) during sleep (asleep blood pressure) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but a national prevalence estimate of masked asleep hypertension (high BP while sleeping but without high BP measured in the clinic [clinic BP]) for the United States is lacking. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of masked asleep hypertension among US adults by using BP thresholds from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) and the 2017 American College of Cardiology-American Heart Association (ACC-AHA) BP guidelines. Design, setting, and participants This cohort analysis pooled data from 3000 participants in 4 US population-based studies that conducted 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and 17 969 participants in the 2011-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) without ABPM. Masked asleep hypertension status in NHANES was imputed using a 2-stage multiple imputation process. Data were collected from 2000 to 2016 and analyzed from March 4, 2019, to June 29, 2020. Main outcomes and measures High clinic BP was defined as clinic systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) of at least 140/90 mm Hg using JNC7 and at least 130/80 mm Hg using 2017 ACC-AHA guidelines. High asleep BP was defined as mean asleep SBP/DBP of at least 120/70 mm Hg for JNC7 and at least 110/65 mm Hg for the 2017 ACC-AHA guidelines. Masked asleep hypertension was defined as high asleep BP without high clinic BP. Results For the 3000 pooled cohort participants, the mean (SD) age was 52.0 (12.0) years, and 62.6% were women. For the 17 969 NHANES participants, the mean (SD) age was 46.7 (17.5) years, and 51.8% (weighted) were women. The estimated prevalence of masked asleep hypertension among US adults was 18.8% (95% CI, 16.7%-20.8%; 44.4 million US adults) using the JNC7 guideline and 22.7% (95% CI, 20.6%-24.8%; 53.7 million US adults) using the 2017 ACC-AHA guideline criteria. The prevalence of masked asleep hypertension was higher among older adults (aged ≥65 years, 24.4% [95% CI, 20.7%-28.0%]), men (27.0% [95% CI, 24.1%-29.9%]), non-Hispanic Black individuals (28.7% [95% CI, 25.4%-32.0%]), those who were taking antihypertensives (24.4% [95% CI, 21.1%-27.8%]), those who had masked daytime hypertension (44.7% [95% CI, 40.1%-49.3%]), and those with diabetes (27.6% [95% CI, 23.5%-31.8%]), obesity (24.3% [95% CI, 21.8%-26.9%]), or chronic kidney disease (21.5% [95% CI, 17.3%-25.6%]) using the 2017 ACC-AHA guideline. An estimated 11.9% of US adults (28.2 million) had isolated masked asleep hypertension (masked asleep hypertension but without high awake BP) using JNC7 guideline criteria, as did an estimated 13.3% (31.5 million) using 2017 ACC-AHA guideline criteria. Conclusions and relevance These findings suggest that the prevalence of masked asleep hypertension is high among US adults. Data are needed on the cardiovascular risk reduction benefits of treating asleep hypertension.
Are IPOs Really Underpriced

While IPOs have been underpriced by more than 10% during the past two decades, we find that in a sample of more than 2,000 IPOs from 1980 to 1997, the median IPO was significantly overvalued at the offer price relative to valuations based on industry peer price multiples. This overvaluation ranges from 14% to 50% depending on the peer matching criteria. Cross-sectional regressions show that "overvalued" IPOs provide high first-day returns, but low long-run risk-adjusted returns. These overvalued IPOs have lower profitability, higher accruals, and higher analyst growth forecasts than "undervalued" IPOs. Ex post, the projected high growth of overvalued IPOs fails to materialize, while their profitability declines from pre-IPO levels. These results suggest IPO investors are deceived by optimistic growth forecasts and pay insufficient attention to profitability in valuing IPOs. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Bile formation and Secretion: An update

Summary Bile formation is a fundamental physiological process that is vital to the survival of all vertebrates. However, little was known about the mechanisms of this secretion until after World War II. Initial studies involved classic physiologic studies in animal models and humans, which progressed to include studies in isolated cells and membrane vesicles. The advent of molecular biology then led to the identification of specific transport systems that are the determinants of this secretion. Progress in this field was reviewed in the American Physiologic Society’s series on “Comprehensive Physiology” in 2013. Herein, we provide an in-depth update of progress since that time.
The Demography of Race and Ethnicity in the United States

The 2008 election of Barack Obama, the nation‘s first non-white president, brought forth a barrage of attempts to identify the root causes of the election. Were we moving into a―post-racial phase of American race relationships? Or was this a demographic phenomenon, driven by the infusion of new, largely young voters who were more racially and ethnically diverse than voting populations had been in the past. One indicator that this was a by-product of demographic changes was the fact that while Obama had won handedly, he had done so with only 55 % of the White vote. Indeed, the voting population had―changed color in demographic terms, suggesting a new social significance of an increasingly diverse population. This chapter aims to bring into focus some of the core themes of the United States race/ethnic demography. Since 2000, there has been a veritable explosion of edited volumes, books, and articles that provide comprehensive overviews of race/ethnicity. Trends from the 2010 Census are likely to produce as many volumes to document the changes. This chapter aims to provide an overview of much of that work and provide a few key updates in those trends. Therefore race/ethnic demography is centered on understanding three thematic issues, the ever-changing population composition by race/ethnicity, indicators of racial inequality, the complexity of race/ethnic identity.
Evolution and application of the competencies and educational milestones in physician graduate education in the United States

More than 15 years ago, the organization that accredits physician education in the United States introduced 6 competencies relevant to medical practice. The next phase of this effort resulted in the development of educational milestones based on the competencies to focus the assessment of physicians in training on dimensions of performance critical to good medical practice. This article summarizes the competency-based approach to the education and assessment of US physicians in training, and the shift in the accreditation of physician training programs from a focus on structure and process to an emphasis on educational outcomes. The milestones were developed through expert consensus in each specialty that established a set of competencies, and a 5-level developmental framework that described the developmental steps in their acquisition from novice to expert/master. The work was informed by the literature, specialty curricula, stakeholder review, and initial testing. By basing learner assessment on dimensions of performance relevant in the practice of medicine, the milestones produce feedback that is more meaningful to learners, and concurrently base the accreditation of programs on real educational outcomes, contrasted with other attributes that are less directly related to the performance capabilities of graduates. The development of the milestones and initial testing by communities of practice in internal medicine, pediatrics, surgery, emergency medicine, neurological surgery and urology establishes the initial validity argument for the milestones. Further validity evidence will require study of the value of the milestones in assessment and accreditation, and linking educational outcomes to the performance and clinical outcomes of physicians in practice.
The Serendipitous Shoemaker: Creativity and Passion in Participant Selection

The purpose of this article is to offer a particular perspective on creativity and to relate this perspective to how a participant was selected for a qualitative study. However, it is also hoped that this perspective on creativity and participant selection can be transferred to different contexts based on this description. The difference between problem finding and problem solving is also discussed with an emphasis on trying to raise awareness of the importance of problem finding. Additionally, heuristic thinking as opposed to analogic thinking is highlighted. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1303113
Survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on salad vegetables

The influence of modified-atmosphere packaging, storage temperature, and time on survival and growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated onto shredded lettuce, sliced cucumber, and shredded carrot was determined. Growth of psychotrophic and mesophilic microorganisms and changes in pH and sensory qualities of vegetables, as judged by subjective evaluation, were also monitored. Packaging under an atmosphere containing 3% oxygen and 97% nitrogen had no apparent effect on populations of E. coli O157:H7, psychotrophs, or mesophiles. Populations of viable E. coli O157:H7 declined on vegetables stored at 5 degrees C and increased on vegetables stored at 12 and 21 degrees C for up to 14 days. The most rapid increases in populations of E. coli O157:H7 occurred on lettuce and cucumbers stored at 21 degrees C. These results suggest that an unknown factor(s) associated with carrots may inhibit the growth of E. coli O157:H7. The reduction in pH of vegetables was correlated with initial increases in populations of E. coli O157:H7 and naturally occurring microfloras. Eventual decreases in E. coli O157:H7 in some samples, e.g., those stored at 21 degrees C, are attributed to the toxic effect of accumulated acids. Changes in visual appearance of vegetables were not influenced substantially by growth of E. coli O157:H7. The ability of E. coli O157:H7 to growth on raw salad vegetables subjected to processing and storage conditions simulating those routinely used in commercial practice has been demonstrated.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Background and Purpose Depression affects a significant number of adolescents and requires creative treatment planning. Physical activity (PA) as a treatment option for depression has moderate support through repeated systematic reviews in adults, but not in adolescents. The purpose of this work is to present a systematic review of the evidence within the past 5 years regarding the relationship between PA and depressive symptoms (DS) in adolescents, and to determine if the evidence supports PA as a viable treatment option for this age group. Methods An extensive search was conducted through MEDLINE (i.e., Ovid and PubMed), CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. Ten primary articles were ultimately selected and reviewed for their quality and contributions to the subject. The SORT tool was utilized to grade individual works and the body of evidence as a whole. Findings As of the writing of this review, the author finds only one randomized controlled trial that explores the interaction between PA and DS in the adolescent age group. However, the body of evidence generated from this review indicates a strong inverse correlation between the two variables. Linking Evidence to Action Further research must be conducted to determine causation. However, healthcare providers can and must provide both health education and health promotion surrounding the relationship between PA and DS in the adolescent age group to enhance wellness and prevent disease.
Abstract IA11: Functional genomics and KRAS-driven cancers.

The targeting of oncogenes has led to the development of several molecularly targeted therapies. However, most known oncogenes such as KRAS and tumor suppressors have proven to be challenging therapeutic targets. An alternative approach to direct targeting of known cancer alleles is to exploit the genetic concept of synthetic lethality, in which gene products are identified that, when suppressed or inhibited, result in cell death only in the presence of another nonlethal mutation. Over the past several years, we have developed genome scale RNAi libraries that permit a systematic evaluation of genes involved in cancer initiation and maintenance. Using these libraries, we have now performed screens in a panel of human cancer cell lines to systematically identify cancer vulnerabilities. By combining these functional approaches with information derived from mapping the structural abnormalities present in cancer genomes, we have identified several genes that act as synthetic lethal partners to KRAS including the serine-threonine kinase TBK1. In recent work, we have solved the structure of TBK1 in complex with a nanomolar TBK1 inhibitor and explored the activity of TBK1 inhibitors on KRAS dependent cancers. TBK1 is regulated by K63 ubiquitination and has multiple substrates that contribute to KRAS synthetic lethality. These observations confirm the role of TBK1 and NF-kB signaling in KRAS-dependent cancers and provide a foundation for translational studies. Citation Format: William C. Hahn. Functional genomics and KRAS-driven cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Progress and Challenges; Jun 18-21, 2012; Lake Tahoe, NV. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
Inhibition of Interleukin 2 Driven Proliferation of Mouse Ctll2 Cells, By Selected Carbamate and Organophosphate Insecticides and Congeners of Carbaryl

The anticholinesterase (antiCHE) insecticides, a large family of pesticides used extensively throughout the world, inhibit serine hydrolases by carbamylating or phosphorylating a serine residue at the catalytic site. These insecticides are viewed as potential inhibitors of serine hydrolase-dependent immune functions including interleukin 2 (IL2) signalling. Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that carbaryl (an antiCHE insecticide) produces a marked concentration-dependent inhibition of IL2 driven 1) proliferation of mouse CTLL2 cells, 2) proliferation of human natural killer (NK) cells, and 3) enhancement of target cell killing by human NK cells. In the present study, we examined the potential of 8 antiCHE insecticides (4 carbamates and 4 organophosphates) to inhibit IL2-dependent proliferation of mouse CTLL2 cells. The order of potency for T cell inhibition was carbaryl = dichlorvos > methiocarb > carbofuran > paraoxon > mevinphos > aldicarb = monocrotophos. In view of the relatively high inhibitory potency of carbaryl (a carbamate with low cholinergic toxicity), 3 metabolites and 5 congeners of carbaryl were tested for potency to inhibit CTLL2 proliferation. The data indicate a significant contribution of the 1-naphthol leaving group to inhibition of T cell proliferation by carbaryl, and are consistent with inhibition of a serine hydrolase(s) as a mechanism contributing to the observed inhibition of IL2-dependent proliferation.
Variation in estimated Medicare prescription drug plan costs and affordability for beneficiaries living in different states.

Medicare Part D prescription drug plans (PDPs) implemented in January 2006 are designed to improve beneficiaries’ access to pharmaceuticals and use market competition to yield affordable drug costs. Variations in estimated PDP costs for beneficiaries living in different states have not previously been characterized. To describe variations in the estimated costs of PDPs (plan premium, copays, and coinsurance) within and across states. To estimate PDP costs based on 4 actual patient cases that exemplify common conditions and prescription drug combinations for Medicare beneficiaries, we used the online tool provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Principal study outcomes included (a) variation across states in the estimated annual cost of the lowest-cost PDP for each case and (b) variation in the estimated affordability of the lowest-cost PDPs across states, based on cost-of-living-adjusted median income for zero-earner households. For all 4 patient cases, we found substantive within-state and between-state differences in the estimated costs of Medicare PDPs incurred by beneficiaries. The estimated annual costs to beneficiaries of the lowest-cost PDPs varied across states by as much as $320 for medications in the least expensive scenario, and by as much as $13,000 for the most expensive scenario. On average across states, a beneficiary with cost-of-living-adjusted median income would expect to spend 3%–28% of annual income to pay for medications in the lowest-cost PDPs in the 4 patient cases. The affordability of the lowest-cost plans varied across states, and for 2 of the 4 cases the lowest-cost PDP estimates were negatively correlated with cost-of-living-adjusted median income. Substantive differences in estimated PDP costs are evident across states for patients with common Medicare conditions. Importantly, the lowest-cost plans were not proportionally affordable with respect to state-specific cost-of-living-adjusted median income. Refinement of the Medicare drug program may be needed to improve national balance in PDP affordability for beneficiaries living in different states.
Locomotor and stress responses to nicotine differ in adolescent and adult rats.

Abstract Since adolescence is a critical period for the initiation of tobacco use, we have systematically compared behavioral and endocrine responses to nicotine in Sprague–Dawley rats of both sexes at early adolescence (postnatal day (P) 28), mid- adolescence (P38) and adulthood (P90). Locomotion and center time in a novel open field were evaluated for 30 min following intravenous injection of saline or nicotine (60 μg/kg), followed by measurement of plasma corticosterone. Complex age and sex differences in behavioral and endocrine response were observed, which were dependent on the functional endpoint examined. Whereas there were age differences in nicotine effects on all functional measures, sex differences were largely restricted to adult stress-related corticosterone and center-time responses. Although significant drug effects were detected at P28 and P90, there was no effect of nicotine at P38 on any measure examined. In saline-treated males, but not females, there were significant positive correlations across age between initial ambulatory counts and both initial vertical counts and total center time. Nicotine treatment increased correlations in both sexes, and yielded a significant negative interaction between initial ambulatory counts and plasma corticosterone. The unique responses of adolescents to nicotine are consistent with an immature function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at this age.
Outcome and cost implications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the medical intensive care unit of a comprehensive cancer center

Intensive care unit (ICU) resources are frequently utilized in the supportive care of hospitalized patients with cancer. Patients with cancer reportedly have poor outcomes from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and patient care costs of CPR applied to patients already receiving life support in an ICU. The medical records of patients who developed cardiac arrest and underwent CPR in the ICU of a comprehensive cancer center between 1993 and 2000 were reviewed. ICU charges after the first episode of CPR were analyzed. There were 5,196 admissions to the ICU during this time; 406 (8%) of the patients underwent CPR; 67% had hematologic malignancies or had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 256 patients (63%) died at the time of the arrest, and in 150 (37%) spontaneous circulation was restored. There were 104 patients (26%) who survived more than 24 hours but ultimately died during their hospitalization; their mean time to death was 4.3 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9-5.6), and mean ICU charges were $45,877 (95% CI $24,802-$66,952). Seven patients (2%) survived to be discharged. Patients who survived after CPR and were discharged from the hospital were those who had acute ventricular dysrhythmias and were resuscitated promptly. The application of CPR to cancer patients receiving life support is costly and typically does not lead to long-term survival. Cancer patients requiring admission to an ICU should receive full supportive care short of resuscitation. Providing assurances that care will remain appropriate, aggressive, and in accordance with the patient's and family's wishes can optimize compassionate care while avoiding futile life-sustaining interventions.