cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflections on frequency dependence in earthquake-source inversions

The corner frequency of the spectrum of particle acceleration in a seismic wave radiated by an earthquake source marks the transition between the low-frequency band, in which the spectrum rises as frequency squared, and the high-frequency band, in which the spectrum is flat. These two distinct bands are controlled by different characteristics of faulting. The low-frequency range is governed by the value of slip alone, while the high-frequency range is controlled by both the total slip and slip velocity. This distinction explains why inversions of geodetic and shorter-period seismic data sense different characteristics of source process and are not generally comparable. Neglect of the sensitivity of seismic data to both slip and its rate may lead to false images of the inverted slip on the fault, as these characteristics trade off with each other. A recent example of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki, Japan, earthquake demonstrates that the observed “frequency-dependent” variations in the rupture process over the fault plane should not be considered unique to this particular event but rather a natural consequence of the frequency-dependent inversion.
The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership: developing CO2 sequestration opportunities for the central interior of North America

Abstract The Plains CO 2 (PCOR) Reduction Partnership is demonstrating the efficacy of CO 2 sequestration in the central interior of North America through regional characterization and multiple validation and demonstration activities. Four CO 2 sequestration field validation tests are at various stages of implementation: three that will store CO 2 in the deep subsurface and one that will store carbon in the near-surface soils and sediments of wetlands and associated grasslands. The PCOR Partnership is initiating two demonstration projects focusing on full-scale injection of CO 2 into deep saline geologic formations for CO 2 sequestration. Public outreach is addressed in part through the creation of several 30-minute documentaries.
A study of factors regulating RNA synthesis in HeLa cells using MPB, a reversible inhibitor of RNA synthesis.

Abstract 2-Mercapto-1-(β-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole (MPB) was recently shown to inhibit nucleic acid synthesis strikingly in a number of mammalian cells while affecting protein synthesis only minimally ( Bucknall and Carter, 1967 ). The agent is particularly useful for temporary limitations of RNA synthesis since its action in living cells is readily reversed on medium change. The present experiments show that nuclei isolated from MPB treated HeLa cells also resume RNA synthesis when supplied with the four ribonucleoside triphosphates. The RNA polymerase activity of such nuclei is equal to that of nuclei from control cells even though RNA synthesis had been blocked for extended periods. This agent has also been found to protect cells against the loss of RNA polymerase activity which attends the inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or puromycin ( Summers, Noteboom, and Mueller, 1966 ). Accordingly MPB provides a useful tool for studying factors which regulate RNA polymerase activity in living cells.
ANTIPORCINE RELAXIN (ANTIPRLX540) TREATMENT DECREASES RELAXIN PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND DISRUPTS DELIVERY IN LATE PREGNANT PIGS

Abstract Antibody against porcine relaxin (antipRLX540; 1:950 000) was produced in sheep and used to determine the effect on relaxin and progesterone secretion, and on parturition in late pregnant pigs. In group 1, Yorkshire gilts with normal estrous cycles were bred on the second observed estrus and fitted with an indwelling jugular cannula and an intraperitoneal cannula on day 100 of pregnancy. Gilts were infused at 6-h intervals with antipRLX540 (n=10) or PBS (n=10) beginning on day 103 until parturition. From days 103 to 120, daily blood samples (10 ml) were collected for RIA of relaxin, progesterone, and prolactin. In group 2, bred gilts were randomly assigned to antipRLX540 (n=11), relaxin (n=5), and PBS (n=8) treatment on days 111, 113, and 115. Blood was collected twice daily from day 108 to 120, and every 20 min on days 111, 113, and 115 beginning 60 min before treatment and continuing 180 min. Parturition in gilts given antipRLX540 occurred on day 112.7 compared with day 114.0 in relaxin-treated gilts and day 114.3 in PBS controls (P
The Voluntary Sector and the Future of the Welfare State

Several critical factors, including demographic trends and shifts in public policy, promise to alter the balance between public, nonprofit, and proprietary provision of human services in the years ...
Inhibition of red cell Ca2+-ATPase by vanadate.

1. 1. The Mg2+- plus Ca2+-dependent ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) in human red cell membranes is susceptible to inhibition by low concentrations of vanadate. 2. 2. Several natural activators of Ca2+-ATPase (Mg2+, K+, Na+ and calmodulin) modify inhibition by increasing the apparent affinity of the enzyme for vanadate. 3. 3. Among the ligands tested, K+, in combination with Mg2+, had the most pronounced effect on inhibition by vanadate. 4. 4. Under conditions optimal for inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase, the K12 for vanadate was 1.5 μM and inhibition was nearly complete at saturating vanadate concentrations. 5. 5. There are similarities between the kinetics of inhibition of red cell Ca2+-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase prepared from a variety of sources; however, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is approx. 3 times more sensitive to inhibition by vanadate.
Polyanhydride nanovaccine platform enhances antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell responses

Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (or nanovaccines) stabilize protein antigens, provide sustained antigen release leading to prolonged antigen presence, enhance activation of antigen presenting cells, and elicit protective immunity against respiratory infections upon challenge. However, induction of cell-mediated immunity when mice are immunized with polyanhydride nanovaccines has not been evaluated. Using a transgenic ovalbumin-specific T cell adoptive transfer model, we report the induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells expressing an effector memory phenotype by seven days after immunization with nanovaccine formulations. Furthermore, mice immunized with polyanhydride nanovaccines demonstrated enhanced recall responses after antigen re-exposure 35 days post-immunization indicating the activation and recruitment of antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells to the site of antigen deposition.
Modulation of kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 metabolism by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats

Abstract Vitamin D depleted rats which are given 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 and fed a high calcium-low phosphorus diet produce 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin- 3 H-D 3 from the precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin- 3 H-D 3 . Supplementation of these rats with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 results in an induced synthesis of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin- 3 H-D 3 and a nearly total suppression of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin- 3 H-D 3 synthesis. The inductive action of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 can be effected in approximately 3 hours, occurs in the absence of thyroid and parathyroid tissue and is inhibited by actinomycin D. It appears that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 effects its action via a transcriptional process which can occur independently of parathyroid hormone's and calcitonin's influence on kidney 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 metabolism.
Chemical biology: Dressed-up proteins

Proteins aren't just defined by their constituent amino acids — structural modifications can yield complex mixtures of protein forms. An approach that controls the addition of such modifications may help to define their role.
Mapping prehistoric social fields on the Sepik coast of Papua New Guinea: ceramic compositional analysis using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

Abstract The Sepik coast of northern Papua New Guinea is one of the most linguistically diverse places on earth despite communities there currently being connected into wide-reaching social and economic networks that cross language boundaries. One possible explanation for observed human diversity is that social connections were substantially less intensive prior to colonial pacification. As a proxy for human interaction, we compositionally analyzed 287 ceramic sherds from archaeological contexts using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to determine their place of production. Our results indicate that ceramics produced on Tumleo Island—currently the most important regional ceramic producer—were transported to other places on the Sepik coast after ∼1000 BP, suggesting that linguistic diversity on the coast has been maintained in an interactive environment for at least a millennium.
Liquid‐Crystalline Phase Behavior in a Zwitterionic Tetraazapentacene

A 5,7-dioctadecylquinoxalinophenazine zwitterion 1 has been investigated to determine its thermal phase behavior. A combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), variable temperature low- and high-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and deuterium solid-state NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the different phases of the tetraazapentacene 1. This molecule is found to exist in a variety of crystalline solid phases between room temperature and 167 °C, with different room-temperature phases resulting from crystallization from solution compared with cooling from the melt. Interestingly, the molecule exhibits liquid-crystalline behavior at high temperatures, between 167 °C and 186 °C, above which it becomes an isotropic fluid. The presence of liquid-crystalline behavior in a zwitterionic system opens up the potential for the use of these or related molecules in optoelectronic switching.
A test for rupture of the tendo achillis.

(1962). A Test for Rupture of the Tendo Achillis. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica: Vol. 32, No. 1-4, pp. 461-465.
On determination of fibre fraction in continuous fibre composite materials

It is pointed out that the fiber volume fraction is probably the most important parameter influencing the properties of fibrous composite materials. The present investigation is concerned with questions regarding the accurate determination of this parameter. It is found that an estimate of the fiber volume fraction based on determinations from several coupons taken from different regions of a laminate is not accurate. At present fiber volume fractions are not directly measured but rather are calculated from the fiber weight fraction and densities of the composite and fiber. Image analysis techniques can and should be applied to determine fiber volume fraction. However, several factors have to be considered in this connection. It is necessary to make many measurements of the local fiber area fractions, and the preparation of representative planar cross sections parallel to the fiber axis may be difficult.
Buckling of vibrations of shear-flexible orthotropic plates subjected to mixed boundary conditions

Abstract An approximate technique is presented for the analysis of buckling and vibrations of free-form, orthotropic, shear-flexible (‘Mindlin’) plates subject to mixed boundary conditions. The method falls into the category of Rayleigh/ Ritz-techniques; however, by using Lagrangian multipliers to ‘relax’ the geometric boundary conditions, the selection of appropriate trial functions is made considerably simpler. Accuracy and reliability of the proposed technique is demonstrated on the basisof several sample problems.
Surface Structure of KIO3 Grown by Heterogeneous Reaction of Ozone with KI (001)

The crystal structure of KIO3 grown by heterogeneous surface oxidation of KI (001) with ozone is reported. Under ambient reaction conditions (RH ∼35%, room temperature) a thick layer of KIO3 grows at the gas−solid interface. Two doublets are present in the I(4d) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy structure measurements, characteristic of unreacted KI (I−) from the substrate and the oxidized KIO3 (I5+) reaction product. X-ray diffraction measurements confirm the presence at the interface of randomly oriented polycrystalline-triclinic KIO3 with an average particle diameter of 15 nm. KIO3 particle diameters determined from the X-ray diffraction peak widths are consistent with the results of atomic force microscopy. There is no X-ray powder diffraction evidence to suggest that the underlying KI substrate is altered in any manner during this heterogeneous interfacial reaction.
The influence of number series range, mean, and context upon numerical prediction

Numerical prediction was examined with two-digit number series as stimuli. Three series means (20, 40, 80) were combined factorially with three series ranges (±5%, ±10%, ±20%), and subjects’ task was to predict future values of the series representing each treatment combination by examining a portion of the series. When subjects were told that the numbers represented the price of an object, reliable within subject differences were produced, with optimism being greatest when series volatility (range) was highest at two of the three levels of average absolute value (mean). The results were viewed as supporting a prediction by representativeness theory and were consistent with studies employing categorical prediction in which subjects demand larger payoffs when variance is higher.
Restoring a reputation: The Duke University lacrosse scandal

Abstract Duke University was thrust into a crisis situation when three members of its lacrosse team were indicted on charges of first-degree rape and sexual assault. As the story received extensive media coverage and while the prosecution and defense were making their legal arguments, the reputation of Duke University was called into question and it too was in need of appropriate public relations communication strategies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the actions and public relations communication emanating from Duke in its attempt to frame the story and restore its reputation. Public relations theories that focus on image restoration as articulated by Benoit [Benoit, W. L. (1995). Accounts, excuses, and apologies: A theory of image restoration strategies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press; Benoit, W. L. (2000). Another visit to the theory of image restoration strategies. Communication Quarterly, 48(1), 40–44] and Coombs [Coombs, W. T. (1995). Choosing the right words: The development of guidelines for the selection of the “appropriate” crisis response strategies. Management Communication Quarterly, 8, 447–476; Coombs, W. T. (2006). Crisis management: A communicative approach. In C. H. Botan & V. Hazleton (Eds.). Public relations theory II (pp. 171–197). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] as well as the concept of message framing are presented and used to analyze Duke's communication response. Studying the Duke case provides an example of an organization executing theoretical concepts in a practical situation.
Antigenic structure of myoglobin: the complete immunochemical anatomy of a protein and conclusions relating to antigenic structures of proteins.

Abstract Intensive research in the author's laboratory over an 11-yr period has now completed the first mapping out of all the antigenic reactive regions of a native protein.
Lectin-ferritin binding on spontaneously diabetic and control rat retinal microvasculature.

We previously reported, in the spontaneously diabetic Bio-Breeding (BB) rat, an increase in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) uptake that was associated with reduction and patching of cationized ferritin (CF) binding to anionic sites on the luminal plasma membrane of the retinal capillary endothelium (1). To see whether alterations in the negatively charged terminal sugar residues, N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) and sialic acid (SA), might contribute to these changes in the diabetic rat retina, we used lectin-ferritin (Fe) conjugates to study the distribution of these sugars on the retinal endothelial luminal membranes. Wheat germ agglutin (WGA, binds to NAG and SA) and Limax flavius (LFA, binds only SA) were used. Plasma membrane WGA-Fe binding was dense and uniform in control animals. Binding sites were also found in coated luminal vesicles, within some uncoated luminal vesicles and on their diaphragms. Unlabeled uncoated luminal vesicles were also seen, suggesting two populations of uncoated vesicles. In diabet...
The maximal frequency of breathing of man at various tidal volumes

Maximal breathing frequency of man determined from relation between breathing cycle period and tidal volume, noting effect of varying gas mixture density
Therapeutic cytapheresis: Continuous flow versus intermittent flow apheresis systems

In this retrospective study, we compared two systems, continuous flow (CF) (COBE Spectra) versus intermittent flow (IF) (Haemonetics V-50, M-30), in performance of therapeutic plateletapheresis (TP: N = 49 each) and therapeutic leukapheresis (TL: N = 29 each). Pre- and post-procedure cell reductions, specificity of removal, volumes removed, and incidence of adverse reactions were compared. Standard procedures with minor modifications, starch with IF only, and 180 minutes blood processing time were used. The CF system had a significantly lower percent reduction of platelets during TP at 43 +/- 17% than IF at 53 +/- 19%. However, no significant difference was found between CF and IF in percent reduction of white blood cells during TL with 49 +/- 16% and 42 +/- 14%, respectively. The CF system had significantly less hemoglobin reduction (5 +/- 4% vs. 19 +/- 9%, respectively) and white blood cell reduction (13 +/- 15% vs. 27 +/- 17%, respectively) for TP than IF and lower (not significant) hemoglobin reduction (9 +/- 8% vs. 12.4 +/- 8.2%, respectively) as well as platelet reduction (27 +/- 18% vs. 35 +/- 19%, respectively) for TL. CF also had significantly less volume removed than IF during TP (559 +/- 97 vs. 883 +/- 304, respectively) and TL (710 +/- 134 vs. 1405 +/- 421 ml, respectively). Incidence of reactions was lower for CF than IF during TP (8% vs. 10%, respectively) and during TL (14% vs. 21%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Shot Heard Around the World Wide Web: Who Heard What Where About Osama bin Laden's Death

This study investigated what sources were relied on to find out about Osama bin Laden's death and whether perceptions of credibility and political party affiliation influenced these media choices. The most striking difference in media reliance for bin Laden news was that whatever sources Tea Partiers relied on and thought credible were those that Democrats did not rely on or see as credible. Despite the clamor about how quickly news flows through social network sites and Twitter, only about 5% of respondents first heard about bin Laden through these sources and a slightly larger percentage spread the news via these tools. Moreover, social network sites and Twitter were the least relied on about the aftermath of bin Laden's death.
Can AST/ALT ratio indicate recovery after acute paracetamol poisoning?

AbstractContext. Paracetamol (acetaminophen or APAP) is the most common pharmaceutical exposure in the US. Elevations in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels indicate hepatic toxicity. AST and ALT levels rise in similar proportions but later decline at different rates, with AST falling more rapidly than ALT. Objective. To determine whether the AST/ALT ratio can indicate that a patient has passed the time of peak AST concentration. Methods. We retrospectively identified cases of patients hospitalized for acute APAP poisoning by querying the pharmacy database of all patients treated with acetylcysteine (NAC) from January 1, 2001 to March 19, 2013. We included all patients with severe APAP poisoning, defined as AST or ALT greater than 1000 IU/L. Patients who were given NAC for other indications, those without APAP poisoning, and those receiving liver transplantation were excluded. We then recorded paired AST and ALT concentrations from each patient's hospital course. We ...
Interaction of the polyene antibiotics with lipid bilayer vesicles containing cholesterol.

Abstract The interaction of the polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B, nystatin and filipin with cholesterol-containing single bilayer lipid vesicles has been characterized using gel permeation chromatography and proton magnetic resonance. All three antibiotics bind to vesicles at low concentrations without causing a large amount of vesicle destruction. The strength of binding as determined by gel permeation studies is greater for filipin and amphotericin than for nystatin. Nystatin and amphotericin B at these low concentrations induce a rapid loss of internal vesicle contents consistent with pore formation. Filipin induces no leakage beyond that expected from partial vesicle destruction or general detergent action. At antibiotic levels above 1 : 1 antibiotic : cholesterol ratios the NMR results show all three antibiotics to cause extensive vesicle destruction. The onset of this behavior, which appears to be independent of the total antibiotic concentration, indicates a well defined antibiotic : cholesterol interaction stoichiometry. Despite the fact that cholesterol is required for antibiotic activity, the NMR spectra prior to vesicle destruction show no changes indicative of an antibiotic-induced reversal of cholesterol restriction of phosphatidylcholine mobility. The contrast with polyene antibiotic behavior in more extended bilayers is discussed.
Lidar for expendable launch vehicles

A lidar wind measurement system is described which can be used as an alternative to the current Jimsphere/Rawinsonde method. The decrease in wind measurement time provides significant benefits to launch vehicle operations. The faster acquisition time associated with the lidar system provides better estimates of wind persistency and gust prediction.
Noise filtering techniques for photon-counting ladar data

Many of the recent small, low power ladar systems provide detection sensitivities on the photon(s) level for altimetry applications. These "photon-counting" instruments, many times, are the operational solution to high altitude or space based platforms where low signal strength and size limitations must be accommodated. Despite the many existing algorithms for lidar data product generation, there remains a void in techniques available for handling the increased noise level in the photon-counting measurements as the larger analog systems do not exhibit such low SNR. Solar background noise poses a significant challenge to accurately extract surface features from the data. Thus, filtering is required prior to implementation of other post-processing efforts. This paper presents several methodologies for noise filtering photoncounting data. Techniques include modified Canny Edge Detection, PDF-based signal extraction, and localized statistical analysis. The Canny Edge detection identifies features in a rasterized data product using a Gaussian filter and gradient calculation to extract signal photons. PDF-based analysis matches local probability density functions with the aggregate, thereby extracting probable signal points. The localized statistical method assigns thresholding values based on a weighted local mean of angular variances. These approaches have demonstrated the ability to remove noise and subsequently provide accurate surface (ground/canopy) determination. The results presented here are based on analysis of multiple data sets acquired with the high altitude NASA MABEL system and photon-counting data supplied by Sigma Space Inc. configured to simulate the NASA upcoming ICESat-2 mission instrument expected data product.
Photodissociative production of O(1S) and N(2D) from N2O in an argon matrix at 4 K

Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of N 2 O isolated in Ar matrices at 4 K gives direct luminescent evidence for the photodissociative production of both O( 1 S) and N( 2 D). The matrix results are compared to relative atomic quantum yields measured in the gas phase.
The transcriptomes of the cattle parasitic nematode Ostertagia ostartagi

Ostertagia ostertagi is a gastrointestinal parasitic nematode that affects cattle and leads to a loss of production. In this study, we present the first large-scale genomic survey of O. ostertagi by the analysis of expressed transcripts from three stages of the parasite: third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae and adult worms. Using an in silico approach, 2284 genes were identified from over 7000 expressed sequence tags and abundant transcripts were analyzed and characterized by their functional profile. Of the 2284 genes, 66% had similarity to other known or predicted genes while the rest were novel and potentially represent genes specific to the species and/or stages. Furthermore, a subset of the novel proteins were structurally annotated and assigned putative function based on orthologs in Caenorhabditis elegans and corresponding RNA interference phenotypes. Hence, over 70% of the genes were annotated using protein sequences, domains and pathway databases. Differentially expressed transcripts from the two larval stages and their functional profiles were also studied leading to a more detailed understanding of the parasite's life-cycle. The identified transcripts are a valuable resource for genomic studies of O. ostertagi and can facilitate the design of control strategies and vaccine programs.
Genetic analysis of protoplast culturability in Solanum phureja

Abstract Protoplast culturability, defined as the ability of a genotype to develop calli from cultured protoplasts, was studied in the diploid potato species, Solanum phureja Juz. and Buk. A protoplast non-culturable, androgenetically derived homozygous line, AM3-8, was crossed with a protoplast culturable selection, NBP2. Seven F 1 plants were randomly selected and tested for protoplast culturability. All these F 1 plants were capable of forming abundant protoplast calli (p-calli). F 2 progeny was produced by crossing two randomly selected F 1 individuals (F 1 21 × F 1 37). Segregation for protoplast culturability occurred in the F 2 generation: among twenty randomly selected F 2 plants, twelve were protoplast culturable, and eight non-culturable. Backcrossing F 1 37 to both AM3-8 and NBP2 generated BCA and BCN populations. Eight plants from each backcross were randomly chosen and tested for protoplast culturability. All eight plants from the backcross to NBP2 were protoplast-culturable, whereas only two plants from the backcross to AM3-8 were culturable. Variation (3–31%) in protoplast plating efficiency, estimated 7 days after protoplast isolation, was observed among culturable genotypes. Based upon chi-square analyses for segregation in the F 2 as well as upon the data from F 1 and the backcrosses, it was proposed that protoplast culturability in these diploid potato plants is controlled by two independent loci with complete dominance.
Architecture of selected wrist flexor and extensor muscles

The architectural features of 25 wrist flexor and extensor muscles were studied. Muscles included the flexor carpi ulnaris, the flexor carpi radialis, the extensor carpi ulnaris, the extensor capri radialis brevis, and the extensor carpi radialis longus. Muscle length, mass, fiber pennation angle, fiber length, and sarcomere length (by use of laser diffraction techniques) were determined. In addition, physiological cross-sectional area and fiber length/muscle length ratio were calculated. The muscles were found to be highly specialized, with architectural features of same muscles very similar. The fiber length/muscle length ratio, muscle length, and pennation angle represented the major differences between muscles. Thus using these parameters in discriminant analysis permitted correct identification of each of the 25 muscles. In terms of size and intrinsic design, these individual muscles were highly specialized for their function.
DENYING SOCIAL HARM: STUDENTS' RESISTANCE TO LESSONS ABOUT INEQUALITY*

Students share folk beliefs that make it difficult for them to understand inequality, especially the harmful consequences of social practices they routinely engage in, are attached to, and take for granted. Four of these beliefs include: (a) harm is direct, extreme, and the product of an individual's intentions; (2) harm is the product of the psyche; (3) for harm to occur, there must be an individual to blame; (4) beliefs and practices that students cherish or enjoy cannot be harmful. We offer sociological ideas that counter students' individualistic understanding of social harm.
Assessing Curve Severity and Design Consistency Using Energy- and Friction-Based Measures

Numerous published models can be used to predict curve speed based on geometric and operational characteristics like radius, super-elevation rate, and approach tangent speed. Speed-based design consistency measures have also been developed to help identify which curves on a roadway are the most severe. However, the use of speed reduction alone can result in improper assessment of curve severity because drivers are more reluctant to reduce speed on roadways with higher speeds and thus accept speeds associated with higher crash risk. New measures of curve severity are suggested, based on considerations of side friction demand and kinetic energy. The increase in side friction demand above drivers' comfort thresholds is shown to be roughly proportional to the kinetic energy reduction associated with speed reduction. Agencies can use these curve severity measures to assist in identifying curves in their jurisdictions that would most likely benefit from safety improvements.
Effect of intraventricular norepinephrine on neuron activity in the medial forebrain bundle during self-stimulation behavior

Abstract The effect of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine and serotonin were studied on self-stimulation behavior and on the unit activity in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) correlated with this behavior. Cumulative doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg of each substance were tested. The drugs were dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and were injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain. The duration of the injection was 15 min for 10 μg of the substance, and an additional 15 min for each increment of 10 μg until a total of 40 μg had been injected. Effects of these 4 doses on behavior and on neuronal activity were determined after each 10 μg. It was found that all 4 substances facilitated self-stimulation behavior, but to different degrees and at different doses. L -NE was the most effective of the substances tested because it facilitated behavioral responding in a majority of the animals at each dose; D -NE was the least effective. The effects of dopamine and serotonin were facilitatory in some animals but not in others. Excitatory neuronal activity occurring during self-stimulation behavior in the MFB was reduced by L -NE, whereas inhibitory neuronal activity in the same pathway was potentiated. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of the view that NE could be one of the transmitters in the MFB and that its synaptic action there is likely to be inhibitory.
Outcome results of transurethral collagen injection for female stress incontinence: assessment by urinary incontinence score.

Purpose: We assessed the results of collagen injection for female sphincteric incontinence using strict subjective and objective criteria.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 63 consecutive women with sphincteric incontinence who underwent a total of 131 transurethral collagen injections. Sphincteric incontinence was confirmed by urodynamics. All patients were treated with 1 to 5 transurethral collagen injections and treatment outcome was classified according to a new outcome score. Cure was defined as no urinary loss due to urge or stress incontinence documented by a 24-hour diary and pad test, and patient assessment that cure was achieved. Failure was defined as poor objective results and patient assessment that treatment failed. Cases that did not fulfill these cure and failure criteria were considered improved and further classified as a good, fair or poor response.Results: Mean patient age plus or minus standard deviation was 67.7 ± 12.8 years. All women had a long history of severe stress urinary inc...
Delay discounting by depressed and non-depressed adolescent smokers and non-smokers.

Abstract Background Both delay discounting and depression are risk factors for cigarette smoking during adolescence. However, very little research has explored associations between these variables in adolescent smokers and non-smokers. Methods Eighty adolescents were recruited based on depression status (depressed and non-depressed) and smoking status (smokers and non-smokers) to form four groups ( n = 20 per group). All participants completed a computerized monetary delay discounting task and a measure of depression. Results Delay discounting and depression were significantly correlated. Also, smokers (both depressed and non-depressed) and depressed non-smokers all discounted significantly more than non-smokers who were not depressed. Depressed non-smokers and both groups of smokers did not differ in rate of delay discounting. Conclusions Adolescent non-smokers who are depressed discount similarly to adolescents who smoke and more than non-smokers who are not depressed. Future research should explore the unique versus shared roles of delay discounting and depression as risk factors for smoking during adolescence.
Voyager color photometry of Saturn's main rings: a correction

We correct a calibration error in our earlier analysis of Voyager color observations of Saturn's main rings at 14° phase angle (Estrada and Cuzzi, 1996, Icarus 122, 251) and present thoroughly revised and reanalyzed radial profiles of the brightness of the main rings in the Voyager green, violet, and ultraviolet filters and the ratios of these brightnesses. These results are consistent with more recent HST results at 6° phase angle, once allowance is made for plausible phase reddening of the rings (Cuzzi et al., 2002, Icarus 158, 199). Unfortunately, the Voyager camera calibration factors are simply not sufficiently well known for a combination of the Voyager and HST data to be used to constrain the phase reddening quantitatively. However, some interesting radial variations in reddening between 6 and 14° phase angles are hinted at. We update a ring-and-satellite color vs albedo plot from Cuzzi and Estrada (1998, Icarus 132, 1) in several ways. The A and B rings are still found to be in a significantly redder part of color-albedo space than Saturn's icy satellites.
Incremental deployment strategies for router-assisted reliable multicast

Incremental deployment of a new network service or protocol is typically a hard problem, especially when it has to be deployed at the routers. First, an incrementally deployable version of the protocol may be needed. Second, a systematic study of the performance impact of incremental deployment is needed to evaluate potential deployment strategies. Choosing the wrong strategy can be disastrous, as it may inhibit reaping the benefits of an otherwise robust service and prevent widespread adoption.We focus on two router-assisted reliable multicast protocols, namely PGM and LMS. Our evaluation consists of three parts: 1) selection and classification of deployment strategies; 2) definition of performance metrics; and 3) systematic evaluation of deployment strategies. Our study yields several interesting results: 1) the performance of different deployment strategies varies widely, for example, with some strategies, both PGM and LMS approach full deployment performance with as little as 5% of the routers deployed; other strategies require up to 80% deployment to approach the same level; 2) our sensitivity analysis reveals relatively small variation in the results in most cases; and 3) the impact associated with partial deployment is different for each of these protocols; PGM tends to impact the network, whereas LMS the endpoints. Our study clearly demonstrates that the choice of a strategy has a substantial impact on performance.
Factors influencing distance-education graduate students' use of information sources: A user study

A survey of a group of distance graduate students showed their strong preference for easy and fast information retrieval and a significant association between motivation for using information and field of study. Motivation and field of study also explained differences in primary information source selection and use of home institution libraries.
Babel: a machine transliteration workbench

Machine Transliteration deals with the conversion of text strings from one orthography to another, while preserving the phonetics of the strings in the two languages. Transliteration is an important problem in machine translation or cross-lingual information retrieval, as most proper names and generic iconic terms are out-of-vocabulary words, and therefore need to be transliterated. In this demo, we present Babel, a transliteration workbench, with generic statistical learning algorithms and a scripting engine to model the transliteration process. We demonstrate quick assembly of necessary components – algorithmic modules and training scripts – for systematic experimentation of transliteration tasks in a given pair of languages.
Large-signal modeling and study of power saturation mechanisms in heterojunction bipolar transistors

A harmonic-balance-based large-signal model of the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) suitable for microwave circuit design and simulation has been developed. Equivalent circuits were extracted from measured small-signal S-parameters by equivalent circuit fitting and used in a harmonic-balance-based simulator. Modeled power and gain results were in good agreement with directly measured characteristics. The power saturation mechanisms have been established in terms of current/voltage amplitudes and power-dependent equivalent circuit elements. Saturation has been shown to be due to the signal-voltage swing entering the cutoff or saturation regions with the resulting loss of current gain. It is pointed out that the model can accurately predict experimentally measured AlGaAs/GaAs HBT power characteristics. >
Emergent Literacy in an Early Childhood Classroom: Center Learning to Support the Child with Special Needs

A child with special needs will flourish and benefit from an early childhood environment that empowers learning. Center learning empowers a child to be actively engaged in self-directed learning based on strength, ability, and interest. Center learning can enhance interactive language, story response, art, reading and writing-like behavior, collaboration, buddy activity, and independence. All of these empowering areas of development are strongly related to the child's emergent literacy development. The variety of center learning experiences is limited only by the imagination; this article provides a selection of start-up ideas for the early childhood educator.
The interplay between theory and method

This special issue contains six papers that address a variety of practical research process questions. The papers explore how theory and method inevitably interact in particular organization and management studies. Here we offer an overview of how theory and method have been treated to date by organization researchers and suggest that respecting both the primacy of theory and the primacy of evidence is no easy task but a necessary balancing practice that characterizes high-quality research.
Print-to-pattern dry film photoresist lithography

Here we present facile microfabrication processes, referred to as print-to-pattern dry film photoresist (DFP) lithography, that utilize the combined advantages of wax printing and DFP to produce micropatterned substrates with high resolution over a large surface area in a non-cleanroom setting. The print-to-pattern methods can be performed in an out-of-cleanroom environment making microfabrication much more accessible to minimally equipped laboratories. Two different approaches employing either wax photomasks or wax etchmasks from a solid ink desktop printer have been demonstrated that allow the DFP to be processed in a negative tone or positive tone fashion, respectively, with resolutions of 100 µm. The effect of wax melting on resolution and as a bonding material was also characterized. In addition, solid ink printers have the capacity to pattern large areas with high resolution, which was demonstrated by stacking DFP layers in a 50 mm × 50 mm woven pattern with 1 mm features. By using an office printer to generate the masking patterns, the mask designs can be easily altered in a graphic user interface to enable rapid prototyping.
Recall of Television Commercials as a Function of Viewing Context: The Impact of Program-Commercial Congruity on Commercial Messages

Abstract The effect of the congruity between the involvement types of advertising commercial and a television program on the effectiveness of the commercial was studied. Participants (N = 103) viewed either a cognitive or an affective commercial for a product, which was embedded in either a cognitive or an affective television program. The results showed that the effects of the congruence influence the impact on memory. Free recall and cued recall were significantly influenced by the program-commercial congruity. Free recall and cued recall were significantly higher for the cognitively involving commercial in the cognitively involving program context than in the affectively involving program context. Similarly, free recall and cued recall were significantly higher for the affectively involving commercial in the affectively involving program context than in the cognitively involving program context.
Expectations and substance abuse: does basic research benefit clinical assessment and therapy?

Abstract Implications of two bodies of literature on expectations and behavior change for the treatment of substance abuse disorders are discussed. Findings from studies that have used the balanced placebo design in demonstrating that expectation can influence the use and effects of alcohol have not had a direct impact on clinical practice. It is suggested that these laboratory studies and the recent emphasis on cognitive factors in behavior therapy are correlated coeffects of a more fundamental shift in psychological thinking. However, the balanced placebo design has important implications for the evaluation of therapeutic techniques. Bandura's self-efficacy theory is an example of how laboratory research can benefit the treatment of clinical disorders that bear little resemblance to the conditions under which the theory was originally formulated. Finally, it is argued that appropriate clinical research is needed to bridge the gap between laboratory studies and clinical practice. Reasons for the relative paucity of controlled clinical outcome studies are suggested.
The frame/content theory of evolution of speech production.

The species-specific organizational property of speech is a continual mouth open-close alternation, the two phases of which are subject to continual articulatory modulation. The cycle constitutes the syllable, and the open and closed phases are segments - vow- els and consonants, respectively. The fact that segmental serial ordering errors in normal adults obey syllable structure constraints sug- gests that syllabic "frames" and segmental "content" elements are separately controlled in the speech production process. The frames may derive from cycles of mandibular oscillation present in humans from babbling onset, which are responsible for the open-close al- ternation. These communication-related frames perhaps first evolved when the ingestion-related cyclicities of mandibular oscillation (as- sociated with mastication (chewing) sucking and licking) took on communicative significance as lipsmacks, tonguesmacks, and teeth chat- ters - displays that are prominent in many nonhuman primates. The new role of Broca's area and its surround in human vocal communication may have derived from its evolutionary history as the main cortical center for the control of ingestive processes. The frame and content components of speech may have subsequently evolved separate realizations within two general purpose primate mo- tor control systems: (1) a motivation-related medial "intrinsic" system, including anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area, for self-generated behavior, formerly responsible for ancestral vocalization control and now also responsible for frames, and (2) a lateral "extrinsic" system, including Broca's area and surround, and Wernicke's area, specialized for response to external input (and there- fore the emergent vocal learning capacity) and more responsible for content.
Molecular imaging reveals a role for AKT in resistance to cisplatin for ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma.

Purpose: Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among American women. Platinum-based chemotherapy, such as cisplatin, represents the standard-of-care for ovarian cancer. However, toxicity and acquired resistance to cisplatin have proven challenging in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer. Experimental Design: Using a genetically engineered mouse model of ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma (OEA) in combination with molecular-imaging technologies, we studied the activation of the AKT serine/threonine kinase in response to long-term cisplatin therapy. Results: Treatment of cells in culture and tumor-bearing animals with cisplatin resulted in activation of AKT, a key mediator of cell survival. On the basis of these results, we investigated the therapeutic use of AKT inhibition in combination with cisplatin, which resulted in enhanced and prolonged induction of apoptosis and in significantly improved tumor control as compared with either agent alone. Conclusion: These results provide an impetus for clinical trials using combination therapy. To facilitate these trials, we also show the use of diffusion-weighted MRI as an imaging biomarker for evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in OEA. Clin Cancer Res; 19(1); 158–69. ©2012 AACR .
High-selectivity pattern transfer processes for self-assembled monolayer electron beam resists

Novel processes have been developed for transferring patterns using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) electron beam resists. Because the SAMs are very thin, high-selectivity processes are required for effective substrate modification. Two separate techniques have been studied for patterning intermediate layers for use as reactive ion etch (RIE) masks. A bilayer process using the native oxide as an intermediate etch mask has been used to etch into both crystalline and polycrystalline silicon. The native oxide is patterned with the SAM resist and the oxide is then used as a mask in an electron cyclotron resonance RIE. This process has been used to produce ∼25 nm etched features in silicon. Instead of its selective removal, an alternative technique for forming the intermediate etch mask layer is the selective deposition of the layer. Thin nickel layers have been formed with an electroless plating technique on silicon. The electroless deposition is highly selective for producing nickel plating on silicon as opposed to the silicon oxide. These novel high-selectivity techniques demonstrate the ability for ultrathin SAM resist layers to pattern silicon and other materials.