cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Imaging of Influenza and Other Emerging Respiratory Viral Infections

Research on the pathogenesis and therapy of influenza and other emerging respiratory viral infections would be aided by methods that directly visualize pathophysiologic processes in patients and laboratory animals. At present, imaging of diseases, such as swine-origin H1N1 influenza, is largely restricted to chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT), which can detect pulmonary structural changes in severely ill patients but are more limited in characterizing the early stages of illness, differentiating inflammation from infection or tracking immune responses. In contrast, imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, single photon emission CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging, which have become useful tools for investigating the pathogenesis of a range of disease processes, could be used to advance in vivo studies of respiratory viral infections in patients and animals. Molecular techniques might also be used to identify novel biomarkers of disease progression and to evaluate new therapies.
Late Mortality After Dexrazoxane Treatment: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group

Purpose Given concerns that dexrazoxane may reduce treatment efficacy, induce second cancers, and thus compromise overall survival among children, we examined long-term overall and cause-specific mortality and disease relapse rates from three randomized clinical trials. Patients and Methods Children's Oncology Group trials P9404 (T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma; n = 537), P9425 (intermediate/high-risk Hodgkin lymphoma; n = 216), and P9426 (low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma; n = 255) were conducted between 1996 and 2001. Each trial randomly assigned patients to doxorubicin with or without dexrazoxane. The dexrazoxane:doxorubicin dose ratio was 10:1, and the cumulative protocol-specified doxorubicin dose was 100 to 360 mg/m2. Dexrazoxane was given as an intravenous bolus before each doxorubicin dose. Data from all three trials were linked with the National Death Index to determine overall and cause-specific mortality by dexrazoxane status. Results Among 1,008 patients (507 received dexrazoxane) with a ...
Limitations of DNA Histogram Analysis by Flow Cytometry as a Method of Predicting Chemosensitivity in a Rat Renal Cancer Model

Analysis of DNA histograms obtained from rat renal cancer cells stained with propidium iodide and submitted to flow cytometry revealed a tumor cell population with prominent 2C and 4C peaks and with usually less than 10% each of S-phase or hyper-4C cells. The presence of an increased proportion of 4C cells was found to depend on the age and size of the tumor nodule. Sampling replicate portions of the same tumor or different tumors of the same size and age frequently revealed highly variable 4C:2C ratios. Treatment of animals bearing this tumor with a single i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide (CY), under conditions known to reduce the tumor burden by 80% within 1 week, or with 5-fluorouracil (FUra), which is ineffective against this tumor, in many cases did not yield changes in DNA histograms that permitted one to distinguish the effective drug. Either no marked difference in histogram shape occurred after therapy, or FUra induced more striking differences in cell cycle position than did CY. In tumor generations with greater than 15% S-phase cells, treatment with CY resulted in multiple effects on DNA histograms. These included detecting increased numbers of moribund cells (hypo-2C), a decrease in 4C cells, and an increase in hyper-4C cells. These changes did not occur with the ineffective agent FUra. The tumors grown in vitro show no evidence of replication of 4C cells. The DNA histograms of late-log-phase cultures have a major 2C peak and a minor S plus G2 hump. Since neither the untreated tumor in vivo nor that grown in vitro has a major hyper-4C cell population, it is probable that the tumor stem cells are chiefly 2C (diploid-hyperdiploid). Treatment in vitro of late-log-phase cultures with CY or FUra produces DNA histograms which permit identification of the effective agent. After CY, a major part of the cell population was hypo-2C (moribund) cells.
Trophic cycling and carbon export relationships in the California Current Ecosystem

We constructed a simple non–steady-state model of trophic cycling relationships in the California Current Ecosystem and tested its predictions of mesozooplankton fecal-pellet export against vertical carbon-flux measurements by the 234Th method taken during Lagrangian experiments. To assess trophic relationships, we simultaneously measured 14C-primary production and chlorophyll-based rate estimates of phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, mesozooplankton grazing, and net phytoplankton growth. Study locations ranged from coastal upwelling to offshore oligotrophic conditions. E-ratios (carbon export: 14C-primary production) predicted by the model ranged from 0.08 to 0.14, in good agreement with both the magnitude and the variability found in contemporaneous measurements of 234Th export and C: 234Th-ratios of sinking particles. E-ratios were strongly decoupled from new production estimates. The lowest measured and predicted e-ratios were associated with higher nutrient chlorophyll parcels with net accumulating phytoplankton in the inshore region. For our study sites, variability in export efficiency was determined by the local net balance of growth and grazing and the relative strengths of grazing pathways to microzooplankton and mesozooplankton. Despite very different plankton assemblages studied, the consistently good agreement between independently measured productiongrazing processes and biogeochemical rates suggest that zooplankton are the major drivers of vertical carbon-flux in this system during springtime. The vertical export of particulate carbon from the surface to the deep ocean is a critical component of the ocean’s carbon cycle. Although much is known about the general patterns of export and their relationships to ecosystem properties over large regions of the open ocean (Buesseler 1998), our understanding of such fluxes in coastal regions and mechanisms controlling these is relatively limited. Because coastal regions typically have high rates of new and primary production on an areal basis, they likely play disproportionate roles in global carbon
Theory of quantized systems: formal basis for DEVS/HLA distributed simulation environment

In the context of a DARPA ASTT project, we are developing an HLA-compliant distributed simulation environment based on the DEVS formalism. This environment will provide a user- friendly, high-level tool-set for developing interoperable discrete and continuous simulation models. One application is the study of contract-based predictive filtering. This paper presents a new approach to predictive filtering based on a process called 'quantization' to reduce state update transmission. Quantization, which generates state updates only at quantum level crossings, abstracts a sender model into a DEVS representation. This affords an alternative, efficient approach to embedding continuous models within distributed discrete event simulations. Applications of quantization to message traffic reduction are discussed. The theory has been validated by DEVSJAVA simulations of test cases. It will be subject to further test in actual distributed simulations using the DEVS/HLA modeling and simulation environment.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pertussis Toxin and Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Provide a One-Two Punch for Establishment of Bordetella pertussis Infection of the Respiratory Tract

Previously we found that pertussis toxin (PT), an exotoxin virulence factor produced by Bordetella pertussis, plays an important early role in colonization of the respiratory tract by this pathogen, using a mouse intranasal infection model. In this study, we examined the early role played by another exotoxin produced by this pathogen, adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT). By comparing a wild-type strain to a mutant strain (ΔCYA) with an in-frame deletion of the cyaA gene encoding ACT, we found that the lack of ACT confers a significant peak (day 7) colonization defect (1 to 2 log10). In mixed-infection experiments, the ΔCYA strain was significantly outcompeted by the wild-type strain, and intranasal administration of purified ACT did not increase colonization by ΔCYA. These data suggest that ACT benefits the bacterial cells that produce it and, unlike PT, does not act as a soluble factor benefiting the entire infecting bacterial population. Comparison of lower respiratory tract infections over the first 4 days after inoculation revealed that the colonization defect of the PT deletion strain was apparent earlier than that of ΔCYA, suggesting that PT plays an earlier role than ACT in the establishment of B. pertussis infection. Examination of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of infected mice revealed that, unlike PT, ACT does not appear to inhibit neutrophil influx to the respiratory tract early after infection but may combat neutrophil activity once influx has occurred.
Desmodium genetic resources for improving flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions

Several Desmodium species are adapted to the environment of Griffin, Georgia, USA. The determination of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions of 25 Desmodium accessions representing five species (D. discolor Vogel, D. incanum (G.Mey.) DC., D. intortum (Mill.) Urb., D. sandwicense E. Mey. and D. tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) would add value to the members of the genus Desmodium for possible use as livestock health supplements. In this study, the seeds of these 25 accessions were evaluated for flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions using high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography, respectively. Several accessions exhibited significantly greater values for all the traits than the controls. The Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of quercetin and kaempferol than the best control accession (D. incanum, PI 477072). However, all the Desmodium accessions produced significantly greater concentrations of isorhamnetin and luteolin than the control accessions. All the Desmodium accessions had greater linoleic (18:2) and behenic (22:0) acid content than a couple of D. incanum control accessions in 2010 and 2011. Significant correlations were observed between several traits. The concentration of quercetin was significantly correlated with that of kaempferol (r 2= 0.69***); however, the concentration of quercetin exhibited a significantly negative correlation (r 2= − 0.41*) with that of isorhamnetin. Oil content was significantly correlated with palmitic acid (r 2= 0.61**), stearic acid (r 2= 0.81***), linolenic acid (r 2= 0.58**) and lignoceric acid (r 2= 0.80***) content. This information will assist breeders and other scientists in developing superior cultivars with optimum levels of flavonoid concentrations, oil content and fatty acid compositions for many of these Desmodium species.
Food Chemical Discrimination by the Omnivorous Lizard Leiolepis belliana

The omnivorous acrodont lizard Leiolepis belliana was shown experimentally to respond more strongly to chemical cues from prey and plant food than from control stimuli, as indicated by tongue-flicking and biting responses. These results extend previous findings that prey and plant chemical discrimination is widespread among omnivorous iguanians.
Ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm

Abstract A right flank mass, in a patient with fever of unknown origin, pain, and superiorly displaced right kidney on excretory urogram, was explored through a subcostal incision. Finding of a retroperitoneal abscess was anticipated; instead a ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysm was encountered. An awareness that entities such as this may exist is imperative in the differential diagnosis of flank masses. Treatment through a flank incision presents an elusive if not impossible feat. Because of the gravity of the underlying disease, misdiagnosis almost always results in death.
Reliability and validity of clinical assessments of malocclusion

The purpose of this research was to determine the reliability and validity of selected clinical judgments of malocclusion, including general evaluations of occlusal status and more specific aspects of dentofacial malrelations. Study casts of twenty-one adolescents planning orthodontic treatment and twenty-nine not planning treatment were examined and rated. The examiners were five dentists in an orthodontic specialty-training program. They completed ratings on six dimensions: (1) need for treatment, (2) degree of malocclusion, (3) potential for tissue loss, (4) negative effect on occlusal stability, (5) negative effect on dental-facial attractiveness, and (6) negative effect on masticatory function. Six weeks later the same five rates scored the fifty casts, using the standardized Treatment Priority Index (TPI). Three weeks later, or 9 weeks after the initial ratings, the casts were again rated on the two general dimensions: need for treatment and degree of malocclusion. Correlations among all the measures were examined. Inter-rater reliability was highest for the ratings of impact on dental-facial attractiveness (r = 0.88). The two general assessments also yielded relatively high rater reliabilities, and the second rating yielded stability coefficients of 0.84 for both of these ratings. Correlations with total TPI scores were 0.70 for the dental-facial attractiveness measure and 0.65 and 0.64, respectively, for assessments of need for treatment and degree of malocclusion. The data indicate that clinical evaluations of the severity of malocclusions are comparable to objective measures in terms of inter-rater reliability. Clinical evaluations are also relatively stable over time. Correlations with the TPI scores also provide evidence of the concurrent validity of clinical judgments.
Fragmentation and AES Encryption Overhead in Very High-Speed Wireless LANs

In this paper, we study the overhead introduced by the advanced encryption standard cipher in the context of wireless LANs, specifically at the medium access control layer, as described in the 802.11 standard developed by the 802.11n task group. We compute the maximum throughput, optimal frame, and fragment sizes which can be achieved in this context and compare them to the optimal values when encryption is not used.
Temporal watermarking invertible only through source separation

This paper presents an application of blind signal separation to the field of digital signatures and watermarking of audio signals. The second-order blind identification (SOBI) algorithm presented by Belouchrani et al. can be used to retrieve a watermark or to identify a signature. [1]. Multiple source signals (one of which acts as a digital signature) are arbitrarily mixed with grossly different proportions and transmitted. Only the linear mixtures are observed and no information is known about the prior mixing. This process allows for digital verification of the original message, as well as the ability to transmit hidden, buried messages.
Influence of age, gender, and allergy status on nasal reactivity to inhaled chlorine.

Upper-respiratory-tract symptoms (nasal irritation, congestion and rhinorrhea) are prevalent complaints in so-called “problem buildings.” In epidemiologic studies, symptom reporting is associated with selected subject characteristics, including younger age, female gender, and the presence of allergic rhinitis. The physiologic correlates of these differential reporting patterns, however, are largely unknown. Using dilute chlorine gas as a model upper-respiratory-tract irritant, we studied 52 otherwise healthy volunteers in a sample stratified on age (18–69 yr), gender, and allergy status. In a single-blinded crossover study, subjects had their nasal airway resistance measured preexposure, immediately postexposure, and 15 min postexposure to both filtered air and chlorine (1.0 ppm in air) for 15 min. Allergic rhinitic subjects showed a significantly greater net (chlorine minus air) congestive response at 15 min postexposure than did nonrhinitic controls (p < .01). Advancing age also predicted a greater response immediately post-exposure (p < .01). No gender effect was observed. Significant interindividual variability was evident in the nasal congestive response to irritant (chlorine) provocation. The rhinitis effect was consistent with prior observations, whereas the effect of advancing age was opposite to that hypothesized.
Immunological Assays for Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

Several immunological assays for the determination of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma have been developed since the demonstration of a specific antibody to PAP. Some of these assays have demonstrated increased specificity and a moderate degree of increased sensitivity over standard biochemical assays. The data presented should be used as routine screening tests for the early detection of prostatic carcinoma.
“'Cause That's What Girls Do” The Making of a Feminized Gym

While both men and women work out in contemporary gyms, popular conceptions of the gym as a masculine institution continue. The authors examine organizational processes within a chain of women-only gyms to explore whether and how these processes have feminized the historically masculine gym. They examine the physical setting and equipment, the established procedures for customers’ use of machines, and the interactional styles of employees as components of the organization’s structure. They argue that the organization’s use of technology and labor mobilizes customers’ participation in a feminized organizational culture of nonjudgmental and noncompetitive sociability. Organizational processes create a context that fosters gendered interactions and identities among customers. The organizational context calls gendered behavior into play such that the performance is naturalized. The processes outlined may occur in other cases of organizational recoding and suggest ways that transposable gender practices may change the gender coding of an institution yet leave gender hierarchies intact.
Relationship of birth weight with congenital cardiovascular malformations in a population-based study.

Introduction: A known comorbidity of congenital cardiovascular malformations is low birth weight, but the reasons for this association remain obscure. This retrospective study examines the relationship between congenital cardiovascular malformations and the birth weight of singletons, taking into account differences in gestational age and other factors. Methods: Using data from the retrospective, population-based Baltimore–Washington Infant Study, six types of congenital cardiovascular malformations were investigated in comparison with controls (n=3519) through linear regression: d-transposition of the great arteries (n=187), other conotruncal heart defects (n=361), endocardial cushion defects (n=281), left heart obstructive lesions (n=507), atrial septal defects (n=281), and membranous ventricular septal defects (n=622). Results: Infants with conotruncal heart defects (−218 g), endocardial cushion defects with Down syndrome (−265 g), endocardial cushion defects without Down syndrome (−194 g), left heart obstructive lesions (−143 g), atrial septal defects (−150 g), and membranous ventricular septal defects (−127 g) showed significant birth weight deficits, adjusting for gestational age, and other covariates. Infants with d-transposition of the great arteries (−67 g) did not show significant birth weight deficits compared with the control group. Discussion: The degree of birth weight decrement appears to be highly related to the specific type of congenital cardiovascular malformation. As a whole, these infants do not exhibit low birth weights solely because of being premature, and thus other mechanisms must underlie these associations.
Symposium Long-term weed management studies in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract The winter wheat production system of the Pacific Northwest is characterized by severe wind and water erosion and winter annual grass weeds requiring high herbicide input. Since 1985, numerous multi- and interdisciplinary, long-term, large-scale, integrated cropping systems studies have been or are currently being conducted. The primary focus of these studies was on weed biology, ecology, and management, whereas secondary evaluations were on alternative cropping systems, conservation tillage, and fertilizer or herbicide inputs. The 6-yr integrated pest management project, conducted in the high-rainfall zone (> 400 mm), showed for the first time that when weeds were adequately managed, conservation production systems were more profitable than conventional systems. In the intermediate rainfall zone (350 to 400 mm), a recently concluded 6-yr, three-state study integrated single-component research results into a multifaceted approach to managing jointed goatgrass. This project has been used as a mode...
Pesticides and Energy Utilization

For almost anyone working in agriculture, mention of the words pesticides and energy frequently causes a defensive mindset. A review of the literature gives a reason for that posture. Article after article points out how these important farm inputs have dramatically increased the productivity of American agriculture. In fact, the same case is made for world agriculture. Yet other authors have documented the environmental costs associated with residues from pesticide use and the possibly unwise dependence agriculture has placed on energy.
Pain sensitivity following loss of cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons in the rat

Flexion/withdrawal reflexes are attenuated by spinal, intracerebroventricular (ICV) and systemic delivery of cholinergic agonists. In contrast, some affective reactions to pain are suppressed by systemic cholinergic antagonism. Attention to aversive stimulation can be impaired, as is classical conditioning of fear and anxiety to aversive stimuli and psychological activation of stress reactions that exacerbate pain. Thus, in contrast to the suppressive effects of cholinergic agonism on reflexes, pain sensitivity and affective reactions to pain could be attenuated by reduced cerebral cholinergic activation. This possibility was evaluated in the present study, using an operant test of escape from nociceptive thermal stimulation (10 °C and 44.5 °C) before and after destruction of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. ICV injection of 192 IgG-saporin produced widespread loss of basal forebrain cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Post-injection, escape from thermal stimulation was decreased with no indication of recovery for upto 19 weeks. Also, the normal hyperalgesic effect of sound stress was absent after ICV 192-sap. Effects of cerebral cholinergic denervation or stress on nociceptive licking and guarding reflexes were not consistent with the effects on operant escape, highlighting the importance of evaluating pain sensitivity of laboratory animals with an operant behavioral test. These results reveal that basal forebrain cholinergic transmission participates in the cerebral processing of pain, which may be relevant to the pain sensitivity of patients with Alzheimer's disease who have prominent degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.
Changed Academic Relationship Between Professors and Students at Uni Potsdam: Impact of Bologna 2011–2012

The University of Potsdam (Uni Potsdam), a research-intensive university situated in former East Germany, is no stranger to the major German and European policy reforms that have transformed the German higher education system over the past decade and a half. Uni Potsdam’s rich regional past, young institutional history, and low state funding present a remarkable context of reform. This case study analyzes the perceptions of 25 professors amid Bologna and national reforms and found significant changes to the structure of faculty work, teaching and learning, and interaction between professors and students. This paper focuses on one thread of these findings: the ways in which the Bologna Process has changed the academic relationships between students and professors at Uni Potsdam 2011–12.
Combination of NOAA16/ATOVS Brightness Temperatures and the CHAMP Data to get Temperature and Humidity Profiles

This paper examines whether the radio occultation (RO) measurements of the tropopause region are able to improve radiometric tropospheric profile retrievals, as represented by the ATOVS (Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) temperature and humidity soundings from the NOAA16 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) satellite. First, a simulation study is presented wherein a statistical regression was used to infer temperature and humidity retrievals from ATOVS brightness temperatures and GPS (Global Positioning System) refractivity data. The ATOVS and GPS combination yields improved tropospheric profiles when compared to those inferred from either system alone. A sensitivity test was also performed to investigate how large GPS refractivity error can be and still improve the radiometric retrievals; even tripling the GPS refractivity observation errors yields improved retrievals. Second, the preparations to repeat the same study with real GPS (CHAMP) and ATOVS data are described. Collocations of GPS and CHAMP data were collected and the CHAMP data were evaluated against NWP profiles. CHAMP GPS validation suggested that CHAMP data would be able to improve the ATOVS retrievals as simulations with comparable GPS errors had showed positive retrieval impact. Future work will include application of regression approach for inferring retrievals after a statistically adequate number of collocations have been collected.
Electrophoretically‐Deposited Metal‐Decorated CNT Nanoforests with High Thermal/Electric Conductivity and Wettability Tunable from Hydrophilic to Superhydrophobic

A single-step, room-temperature, and scalable electrophoretic deposition process is reported to form nanocomposites on any electrically conductive surface with metal nanoparticle decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The contact angles (CAs) can be easily tuned from ≈60° to 168° by varying the deposition voltage, while hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity surprisingly arise from the hydrophilic CNTs being deposited. The relatively high voltage tends to vertically align CNTs during deposition, leading to architectural micro/nanoscale roughness on the surface. The combination of the multiscale roughness along with the low surface energy of hydrocarbon functional groups on the CNT surface has enabled facile wettability control, including the Petal and Lotus effects. Further, the relatively vertical orientation of the CNTs, without any coating, allows for current and heat transfer along their axis with superior conductivity. Similar behavior in terms of CA control is seen for all three divalent metal ions in the deposition solution (i.e., Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+) that are used to charge the CNTs while eventually getting co-deposited. This implies that this method could possibly be extended to other metals by selecting appropriate charging salt. A patterning technique is also demonstrated for facile fabrication of superhydrophobic CNT-metal islands surrounded by hydrophilic CNT coating.
Tertiary structural effects on protein picosecond dynamics: terahertz dielectric response

Terahertz time domain spectroscopy reveals hydration and temperature dependent “dynamical transitions” in both native and denatured proteins. These transitions may arise from hydration dependent side chain motion with these picosecond transitions subsequently influencing tertiary dynamics.
A reversible and highly selective inhibitor of the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor rpn13 is toxic to multiple myeloma cells.

The proteasome is a multisubunit complex responsible for most nonlysosomal turnover of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Proteasome inhibitors are of great interest clinically, particularly for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Unfortunately, resistance arises almost inevitably to these active site-targeted drugs. One strategy to overcome this resistance is to inhibit other steps in the protein turnover cascade mediated by the proteasome. Previously, Anchoori et al. identified Rpn13 as the target of an electrophilic compound (RA-190) that was selectively toxic to MM cells (Cancer Cell 2013, 24, 791–805), suggesting that this subunit of the proteasome is also a viable cancer drug target. Here we describe the discovery of the first highly selective, reversible Rpn13 ligands and show that they are also selectively toxic to MM cells. These data strongly support the hypothesis that Rpn13 is a viable target for the development of drugs to treat MM and other cancers.
Performance characteristics of various types of MELLAPAK packings (productivity, pressure differential, and deficiency)

The productivity, pressure differential, and efficiency of four types of MELLAPAK packings were investigated in an experimental distillation column 1 m in diameter for chlorine-/ethyl benzene and trans-/cis-decalin in the complete-reflux-recovery mode: 125.Y, 250.Y, 350.Y, and 500.Y. Approaches to the development of correlations for the calculation of these packing characteristics on the basis of the experimental data obtained are described.
CSIG-02GBM STEM CELL MIGRATION AND THE HYPOXIC MICROENVIRONMENT

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and carries a poor prognosis due to its infiltrative nature. GBM stem cells are a small tumor-initiating population found in GBM and are enriched by hypoxia, which supports their self-renewal and tumorigenicity. In particular, CD133 cells have been found in hypoxic/necrotic microenvironments such as the pseudopalisades of the GBM tumor; however, the source of these stem cells is not well understood. We have shown that there is a migrating population of cells at the pseudopalisades. As proliferation and migrating immune cells do not account for the increased cellularity at the pseudopalisade, we hypothesized that there is a GBM stem cell subpopulation that migrates towards hypoxia. Understanding GBM stem cell homing and hypoxic microenvironments would enable us to therapeutically target a cell subpopulation. GBM stem cells were treated with hypoxia in vitro, and probed for hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and stem cell markers. Hypoxia-ischemia was induced in NOD/SCID mice via middle cerebral artery occlusion to model pseudopalisade conditions. GBM stem cells in PBS were delivered intranasally to test migration preference for microenvironment. Coronal sections of brain tissue were analyzed 24h after intranasal delivery. Human GBM tissues were stained with H&E for pseudopalisade identification. Hypoxia-treated GBM cells showed a trend of increased HIF-1α and c-Myc expression. In vivo, we demonstrated that hypoxic-ischemic tissue models certain aspects of pseudopalisades including necrosis, and the presence of HIF-1α, MMP2, and MMP9. Further, CD133-sorted cells delivered intranasally can migrate into the brain parenchyma. These data demonstrate that GBM cells upregulate stem cell markers after hypoxia. The pseudopalisade microenvironment can be modeled in mice with vaso-occlusion, and GBM stem cells can migrate into the brain through intranasal delivery. Understanding the migration directionality of GBM stem cells relative to the microenvironment has implications for treatment by targeting certain subpopulations.
Crime Modeling1

as the director of that taskforce in 1966, one year after the Commission began andabout 18 months before we were to ﬁnish our work. Thisbroughtmynaturalproclivitiesformodelingperspectivestothe work of the Task Force and to the work of the Commis-sion more generally. Among my recruits for the Task Forcewere Richard Larson, then just completing his undergradu-ate work in electrical engineering at MIT (at the suggestionof Alvin Drake, who Ihad hoped would bring some of hisown modeling skills to bear); Ron Christensen, a nuclearengineering graduate of Cal Tech, who was then a Ph.D.student in physics at Berkeley, but who had a law degreefrom the Harvard Law School; Sue Johnson, who had con-siderable experience in consulting; Joe Navarro, a statisti-cian, and Jean Taylor of the Institute for Defense Analy-ses (where Iwas working at the time, and where the TaskForce was based), who had previously developed a varietyof simulation models; and a variety of other folks who weremore oriented to issues of technology than to modeling.SIMULATION MODELINGOne of the important contributions from the Task Force wasto introduce the notion of simulation modeling to the crim-inal justice system. A paper by Navarro and Taylor (1967)in the Task Force report developed a simulation of the DCCourt operations. Blumstein and Larson (1969) developed amodel that generated considerable enthusiasm by the then-editor of
Analysis of octenylsuccinate rice and tapioca starches: Distribution of octenylsuccinic anhydride groups in starch granules

Characterization of the fine structure of octenylsuccinic anhydride (OSA) starch would lead to a better understanding of functional properties. OSA rice and tapioca starches were analyzed using microscopy, liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Chain length distribution of amylopectin changed significantly (P<0.05) after OSA esterification. Weight averaged degree of polymerization (DPw) decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 16.47 to 13.29 and from 14.87 to 12.47 in native and OSA rice and tapioca starches, respectively. The chain length distribution of pure amylopectin fractions suggested that OSA groups were not present in the amylopectin portion of the starch. (1)H NMR analysis of pure amylose and amylopectin fractions indicated that OSA substitution was present only in amylose fractions of rice and tapioca starches. Esterification with 3% OSA results in starch that has OSA substituted mainly on amylose chains or possibly on amylopectin chains that have been hydrolyzed from the amylopectin molecules during esterification.
Improved mating efficiency inAcetabularia acetabulum: recovery of 48–100% of the expected zygotes

We have improved zygote recovery 11–1,000 fold by optimizing the physiology of gamete release and mating inAcetabularia acetabulum. Gamete release was affected by agar purity, concentration, and volume/gametangial pair. Cold pre-treatment of gametangia (14–30 d at 10°C in the dark) synchronized subsequent gamete release at 21°C in the light. Cold pre-treatment was nearly twice as effective in synchronizing subsequent gamete release when intact, gametangia-bearing caps rather than isolated gametangia were pretreated. Synchronizing gamete release doubled mating efficiency. In a wild-type laboratory strain ofA. acetabulum, there were 1,561±207 gametes/gametangium which had half-lives of 14.5 d in 0.1% seawater-agar. We recovered 48–93% of the expected numbers of zygotes from a mass mating of 8 to 1,226 gametangia and 11–128% of the expected numbers of zygotes from mating single gametangial pairs: the large range in the calculated mating efficiency may be attributable to the variation in the numbers of gametes made per gametangium. Zygote recovery from single gametangial pairs was highly dependent on the volume of mating matrix. In addition, most zygotes recovered were unattached to any other zygotes in the subsequent generation (> 95% single cells from matings of 1–500 gametangial pairs). Our improvements in mating conditions and zygote recovery (1) have facilitated cell manipulation and culture ofA. acetabulum in the laboratory; and (2) have made controlled crosses for selection and genetic analysis of mutants feasible. These advances have removed a major barrier to genetic analysis of development inAcetabularia.
Risk Planning, Takeover, and Stabilizing Performance in Transition Economies†

The tunneling effect of multicriteria analysis is highly significant for all shades of capital.
MR ARTHROGRAPHY OF THE ANKLE

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging permits visualization of both osseous and soft tissues and is ideally suited to the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. The major joints of the body, including the ankle, have been studied using MRI. The presence of joint fluid is widely known to improve the identification of intraarticular structures (Yulish et al. 1987). This is helpful in the acute setting, but joint fluid may be absent in chronic conditions. MR arthrography of the ankle employs contrast-enhanced joint fluid to facilitate discrimination between tissues within the ankle joint, simulating the ‘arthrogram effect.’ Primary signs, such as discontinuity of a ligament, and secondary signs, such as extravasation of contrast material, are both used in MR arthrography. This chapter describes the techniques and applications of MR arthrography of the ankle.
Orientational Dynamics of a Functionalized Alkyl Planar Monolayer Probed by Polarization-selective Angle-resolved Infrared Pump-probe Spectroscopy.

Polarization-selective angle-resolved infrared pump–probe spectroscopy was developed and used to study the orientational dynamics of a planar alkylsiloxane monolayer functionalized with a rhenium metal carbonyl headgroup on an SiO2 surface. The technique, together with a time-averaged infrared linear dichroism measurement, characterized picosecond orientational relaxation of the headgroup occurring at the monolayer–air interface by employing several sets of incident angles of the infrared pulses relative to the sample surface. By application of this method and using a recently developed theory, it was possible to extract both the out-of-plane and “mainly”-in-plane orientational correlation functions in a model-independent manner. The observed correlation functions were compared with theoretically derived correlation functions based on several dynamical models. The out-of-plane correlation function reveals the highly restricted out-of-plane motions of the head groups and also suggests that the angular dist...
Young Adult Perspectives on a Successful Transition from Pediatric to Adult Care in Sickle Cell Disease.

Objective This qualitative study sought to learn from young adults with sickle cell disease (SCD) about their experience leaving pediatric care and perspective on what makes a successful transition. Methods Fifteen young adults with SCD who had left pediatric care within the previous five years participated in focus groups led by a trained moderator. Transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory. Results Four main themes emerged from the analysis: facilitators of transition (meeting the adult provider prior to transfer, knowing what to expect, gradually taking over disease self-management and starting the process early), barriers to transition (negative perceived attitude of adult staff, lack of SCD specific knowledge by both patients and staff, and competing priorities interfering with transition preparation), what young adults wished for in a transition program (opportunities to meet more staff prior to transfer, more information about the differences between pediatric and adult care, learning from a peer who has been through the process, more SCD teaching, and flexibility in transition preparation) and how they define a successful transition (gradually assuming responsibility for self-management of their SCD). Conclusion Our findings present unique opportunities to learn from young adults with SCD about ways to improve current transition programs.
Alberoni and the First Stirrings of Reform, 1713–1721

Although the Utrecht Treaties confirmed his Spanish inheritance, Philip V entered the postwar years of his reign a troubled monarch, ruling a divided and exhausted nation. The settlement denied him his rights to Spanish possessions in the Netherlands and Italy, and it recognized the British conquests of Gibraltar and Menorca. While his claim to the American empire was affirmed, Spain had to concede to the British demand for legal entry into colonial commerce through the slave trade monopoly, with damaging attendant codicils. And in February 1714, Philip lost his beloved Savoyard queen, Marie Louise, to tuberculosis. While he soon found solace in an Italian bride, Elizabeth Farnese, the king was plagued by chronic emotional instability, leading him to rely heavily on his wives. Abad Julio Alberoni, the favorite of the new queen, emerged as the unlikely strong man of Madrid, although he held no public office and relied solely on his connections to the monarchs to maintain power. Neither contemporaries nor later historians have been kind to Alberoni, regarding him as a political neophyte who dazzled both young Italian queens with his mastery of their country’s cooking, a welcome alternative to the uninspiring Spanish fare served at court previously. Although in his portrait, shown in Figure 1.1, the cardinal strikes a very dignified pose, Alberoni was actually a diminutive and rotund man, perhaps too fond of his own cooking. One contemporary observer dismissively described Alberoni as a mere “pygmy whom fortune made a colossus.” His protege, Jose Patino, was probably closer to understanding the Italian cardinal when he remarked that Alberoni “turned impossibilities into mere difficulties.” Alberoni recognized that that the keys to reviving Spain and restoring it to greatness were improving royal finances, rebuilding the navy, and reviving trade with the Indies. Although his economic policies resembled those of Colbert and his financial innovations drew some inspiration from Jean Orry, Alberoni was essentially a political pragmatist, not an intellectual. Despite the adversity confronting Spain, in the postwar years, the Italian would oversee a time of impressive innovation in the administration of Spain and the American empire, although accomplishments arrived piecemeal, unevenly, and often painfully.
Opportunity knocks for atomic interferometers

Optical interference is proof of the wave nature of light and matter–wave interferometers have also been shown to work for electrons and neutrons (by exploiting the de Broglie wavelength of the particles). Now a working interferometer for atoms has been demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) for the first time, in the sense that it uses "atomic beam splitters" to separate and recombine atomic beams (David W Keith et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (1991) 66 2693). A simpler experiment at Konstanz University, Germany (O Carnal and J Mlynek Phys. Rev. Lett. (1991) 66 2689) has also demonstrated interference phenomena in atomic beams but a detailed description of the apparatus is not yet published. Atom interferometers will some day be useful in precision metrology, mass tomography, precision gyroscopes, general relativity, fundamental quantum mechanics and atomic physics.
Ditopic Salt-Binding Receptors for Potential Use in Anion Separation Processes

Two potentially useful anion-separation methods are liquid extraction and liquid-membrane transport. These two related methods employ an organic-soluble receptor molecule to selectively extract an otherwise insoluble target anion into an organic phase. If the receptor is a neutral compound, then a cation must accompany the extracted anion, which means that the anion-separation problem is actually a salt-separation problem. Over the past ten years, a large number of neutral receptors have been prepared and evaluated for their ability to associate with inorganic anions in organic solvents.1 Almost all of these binding studies have used guest anions with noncompeting tetralkylammonium counter-cations. However, in many anion-separation situations, the luxury of noncompeting counter-cations is not available, and ion-pairing of the target anion with its counter-cation can become problematic. In particular, NMR titration experiments show that the presence of alkali cations can reduce receptor/anion association constants. For example, titration of N-phenyl-N’ -octyl urea, 1 (Scheme 1), in DMSO-d6 with tetrabutylammonium acetate leads to K acetate=310 M−1. 2 Repeating the titration experiment in the presence of one molar equivalent of metal tetraphenylborate changes K acetate in the following way: Cs+ (340 M−1); K+ (200 M−1 Na+(90 M−1). A more dramatic example is reflected by the 1H NMR titration curves shown in Figure 1. Titration of 1 with tetrabutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate in CD3CN results in the expected 1:1 binding isotherm, and an association constant of 400 M−1 can be extracted by curve-fitting methods.2
Graphene-based near-field optical microscopy: high-resolution imaging using reconfigurable gratings.

High-resolution and fast-paced optical microscopy is a requirement for current trends in biotechnology and materials industry. The most reliable and adaptable technique so far to obtain higher resolution than conventional microscopy is near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), which suffers from a slow-paced nature. Stemming from the principles of diffraction imaging, we present fast-paced graphene-based scanning-free wide-field optical microscopy that provides image resolution that competes with NSOM. Instead of spatial scanning of a sharp tip, we utilize the active reconfigurable nature of graphene’s surface conductivity to vary the diffraction properties of a planar digitized atomically thin graphene sheet placed in the near field of an object. Scattered light through various realizations of gratings is collected at the far-field distance and postprocessed using a transmission function of surface gratings developed on the principles of rigorous coupled wave analysis. We demonstrate image resolutions of the order of λ0/16 using computational measurements through binary graphene gratings and numerical postprocessing. We also present an optimization scheme based on the genetic algorithm to predesign the unit cell structure of the gratings to minimize the complexity of postprocessing methods. We present and compare the imaging performance and noise tolerance of both grating types. While the results presented in this article are at terahertz frequencies (λ0=10 μm), where graphene is highly plasmonic, the proposed microscopy principle can be readily extended to any frequency regime subject to the availability of tunable materials.
Unmagnetized fireballs in the hollow cathode geometry

Fireballs in the hollow cathode geometry are studied using the self-consistent two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo collision model. The generation of two fireballs located inside and outside the cathode is obtained. These two fireballs have different parameters and are supported by different physical mechanisms. Namely, the fireball inside the cathode is supported by the hollow cathode effect, while the fireball outside the cathode is supported by the electron beam injected through the cathode orifice and accelerated in the sheath separating two fireballs. The influence of the cathode voltage on the discharge parameters is analyzed. The saturation of the discharge current at high voltages is obtained, which is attributed to the influence of the discharge voltage on the electron beam energy relaxation length.
Medication Errors and Trainees: Advice for Learners and Organizations:

Limited information exists regarding medication errors and trainees (students or residents). Yet during the experiential education component of their training, learners are expected to assume significant responsibilities in the medication use process. This commentary addresses both trainees and organization leaders on medication safety practices and the incorporation of learners into the organization's medication safety culture.