cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 – SOPHIE: from quantitative to qualitative simulation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the SOPHisticated Instructional Environment (SOPHIE) project, which is in many ways reminiscent of SCHOLAR and its subsequent developments. SOPHIE is also a milestone for the field, but whereas SCHOLAR was instrumental in setting the field's basic themes and goals, SOPHIE did much to establish it as a respectable subarea in the eyes of the AI community. Like SCHOLAR, SOPHIE generated a long and diverse line of research. While the SOPHIE project itself went through three successive phases spanning more than five years, its roots go back to the early seventies, and the research it spawned is still going on today. Both projects eventually led to similar research interests. In SOPHIE, the pedagogical purpose is different. It is not so much to imitate a dialogue with a human teacher as to provide a reactive learning environment in which the student can try his ideas, can have them critiqued, and can receive advice. This notion of a reactive learning environment is an important paradigm for the contributions of artificial intelligence to an open-ended use of computers in educational settings. SOPHIE's educational role is that of a lab where the student has a chance to apply his knowledge and receive informed feedback. The domain is the troubleshooting of electronic circuits.
Deflective Whiteness: White Rhetoric and Racial Fabrication

This article focuses on the ways that minority identity politics are co-opted, decontextualized, and used by those invested in white supremacy and white identity politics to further their own racial project in seemingly benign, everyday cross-media discourse. This pattern of discourse, which the author terms “deflective whiteness,” deflects the fear, discomfort, and aggression that those invested in white supremacy feel when confronted with systemic racism and inequity. This fear and discomfort are transposed onto individuals linked with identity-based social movements, who are then faulted for causing a social disruption. The vantage point of deflective whiteness deliberately avoids recognizing the mission or goals of the social movement, and the resulting decontextualized chastisement is categorized as “common sense.” In the process, the original protest against white supremacy and its effects is ignored and overshadowed by a colorblind critique of those invested in identity politics as weak, unpatriotic, and naive.
Network Scalability Comparison of IEEE 802.15.4 and Receiver-Assigned CDMA

Many future wireless sensor networks will feature very high node density and low data rates per node as well as the desire for low latency and high network dependability. Existing medium access control (MAC) layer protocols, namely IEEE 802.15.4, may not be suitable for these networks due to their reliance on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA-CA) contention processing. A modified IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol that supports a receiver-assigned code division multiple access (RA-CDMA) contention mechanism is modeled in this paper, and is shown to enable higher network scalability while improving network performance and contributing additional robustness against interferers. This paper focuses on a comparison of the contention mechanisms and the network scalability of IEEE 802.15.4 nonbeacon enabled mode and RA-CDMA, along with a MATLAB simulation framework used for end-to-end simulations of the protocols. Simulations suggest that IEEE 802.15.4 networks begin to break down in terms of throughput, latency, and delivery ratio at a relatively small overall network size compared to RA-CDMA networks. Results show that networks using the proposed RA-CDMA multiple access can support node densities approximately two to three times higher than IEEE 802.15.4 with minimal changes to the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, in addition to lower latencies and improved interference mitigation.
Impact of non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution functions on inferred plasma parameters in collective Thomson scattering

Optical collective Thomson scattering provides precise density and temperature measurements in numerous plasma-physics experiments. The accuracy of such measurements depends on the core assumption that the underlying electron distribution functions in under-dense laser-produced plasmas are Maxwellian. A statistically based, quantitative analysis of the errors in the measured electron density and temperature is presented when synthetic data calculated using a non-Maxwellian electron distribution function is fit assuming a Maxwellian electron distribution. Such analysis can lead to errors of up to 50% in temperature and 30% in density, in the specific case of super-Gaussian distributions characteristic of inverse bremsstrahlung heating. Including the proper family of non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions, as a fitting parameter, in Thomson-scattering analysis removes the model-dependent errors in the inferred parameters at a minimal cost to the statistical uncertainty.
Meta-learning of Bidding Agent with Knowledge Gradient in a Fully Agent-based Sponsored Search Auction Simulator

We take a practical approach on learning how to bid in sponsored search auctions, and model the problem of improving real world profit of advertisers in sponsored search auction as a meta-learning problem of configuring adaptive bidding agents. We construct a fully agent-based sponsored search auction simulator that 1) captures the dynamic nature of sponsored search auctions, 2) emulates the interface of Google AdWords platforms, and 3) can be customized and extended by modules. We then present Meta-LQKG algorithm, an agent-based meta-learning algorithm using knowledge gradient, and show the effect of meta-learning with Meta-LQKG on the performance of adaptive bidding agents.
The use of focused cardiac ultrasound to screen for occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats

Background Focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) helps detect occult heart disease in human patients. Hypothesis Focused cardiac ultrasound by a nonspecialist practitioner (NSP) will increase the detection of occult heart disease in asymptomatic cats compared with physical examination and ECG. Animals Three hundred forty-three client-owned cats: 54 excluded and 289 analyzed. Methods Multicenter prospective cohort study. Twenty-two NSPs were trained to perform FCU. Cats without clinical signs of heart disease were recruited, and NSPs performed the following in sequential order: physical examination, ECG, FCU, and point-of-care N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide assay (POC-BNP). After each step, NSPs indicated yes, no, or equivocal as to whether they believed heart disease was present. The level of agreement between the NSP diagnosis and a blinded cardiologist's diagnosis after echocardiogram was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test. Results Cardiologist diagnoses included 148 normal cats, 102 with heart disease, and 39 equivocal ones. Agreement between NSP and cardiologist was slight after physical examination (kappa 0.253 [95% CI, 0.172-0.340]), did not increase after ECG (0.256 [0.161-0.345]; P = .96), increased after FCU (0.468 [0.376-0.558]; P = .002), and the level of agreement was similar after POC-BNP (0.498 [0.419-0.580]; P = .67). In cats with mild, moderate, and marked occult heart disease, the proportion of cats having a NSP diagnosis of heart disease after FCU was 45.6%, 93.1%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusions and clinical importance Focused cardiac ultrasound performed by NSPs increased the detection of occult heart disease, especially in cats with moderate to marked disease. Focused cardiac ultrasound appears to be a feasible and useful tool to assist NSPs in the detection of heart disease in cats.
Semiconducting Enriched Carbon Nanotube Aligned Arrays of Tunable Density and Their Electrical Transport Properties

We demonstrate assembly of solution-processed semiconducting enriched (99%) single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) in an array with varying linear density via ac dielectrophoresis (DEP) and investigate detailed electronic transport properties of the fabricated devices. We show that (i) the quality of the alignment varies with frequency of the applied voltage and that (ii) by varying the frequency and concentration of the solution, we can control the linear density of the s-SWNTs in the array from 1/μm to 25/μm. The DEP assembled s-SWNT devices provide the opportunity to investigate the transport property of the arrays in the direct transport regime. Room temperature electron transport measurements of the fabricated devices show that with increasing nanotube density the device mobility increases while the current on–off ratio decreases dramatically. For the dense array, the device current density was 16 μA/μm, on-conductance was 390 μS, and sheet resistance was 30 kΩ/◻. These values are the best reported...
Growth of pulsed laser deposited few-layer WS2 films

X-ray photoelectron, Raman, and diffraction studies of few-layered pulsed laser deposited WS2 films were performed as a function of laser fluence and frequency to understand the impact on structure and properties. Supersaturation of the growth surface created by high fluence was conducive to nucleation and growth, but the obtained films were sulfur deficient. Sulfur desorption at high fluence is due to large kinetic energy transfer and energetic peening of the growing film from the impinging flux. Loss of sulfur was also observed at low frequency where the off period of the supply flux was relatively large. With improvement of the S/W ratio from 1.1 to 1.8, the mobility increased from 0.1 to 6.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, while the associated change in the electron sheet concentration followed the opposite trend. Annealing at high temperature under conditions that conserved stoichiometry dramatically improved the crystallinity and further improved the mobility from 6.5 to 19.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. The correlations between structure, Hall mobility, and Fermi level positions indicate that reducing chalcogen vacancies is critical for optimal mobility in all pulsed laser deposited transition metal dichalcogenide films.X-ray photoelectron, Raman, and diffraction studies of few-layered pulsed laser deposited WS2 films were performed as a function of laser fluence and frequency to understand the impact on structure and properties. Supersaturation of the growth surface created by high fluence was conducive to nucleation and growth, but the obtained films were sulfur deficient. Sulfur desorption at high fluence is due to large kinetic energy transfer and energetic peening of the growing film from the impinging flux. Loss of sulfur was also observed at low frequency where the off period of the supply flux was relatively large. With improvement of the S/W ratio from 1.1 to 1.8, the mobility increased from 0.1 to 6.5 cm2 V−1 s−1, while the associated change in the electron sheet concentration followed the opposite trend. Annealing at high temperature under conditions that conserved stoichiometry dramatically improved the crystallinity and further improved the mobility from 6.5 to 19.5 cm2 V−1 s−1. The correlations between stru...
CVMFS: Stratum 0 in Kubernetes

IceCube is a cubic kilometer neutrino detector located at the south pole. CVMFS is a key component to IceCube’s Distributed High Throughput Computing analytics workflow for sharing 500GB of software across datacenters worldwide. Building the IceCube software suite across multiple platforms and deploying it into CVMFS has until recently been a manual, time consuming task that doesn’t fit well within an agile continuous delivery framework. Within the last 2 years a plethora of tooling around microservices has created an opportunity to upgrade the IceCube software build and deploy pipeline. We present a framework using Kubernetes to deploy Buildbot. The Buildbot pipeline is a set of pods (docker containers) in the Kubernetes cluster that builds the IceCube software across multiple platforms, tests the new software for critical errors, syncs the software to a containerized CVMFS server, and finally executes a publish. The time from code commit to CVMFS publish has been greatly reduced and has enabled the capability of publishing nightly builds to CVMFS.
Investigation of variable storage conditions for cultivated northern wild rice and their effects on seed viability and dormancy

Cultivated northern wild rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L.) has been bred and studied since the 1950s. One challenge facing researchers is the lack of storage options, due to the seed's unorthodox behaviour. This study evaluated varying storage temperature and moisture conditions for the maintenance of seed viability and dormancy breaking in Minnesota-grown NWR. First, seeds were placed in non-submerged, freezing storage (NSFS) for 12–26 weeks, then in submerged, cold storage (SCS) for 2 weeks. The addition of SCS increased germination (%G) relative to NSFS alone (<0.1% NSFS, 15% NSFS and SCS), indicating that NSFS does not kill seeds but also does not break seed dormancy. Next, the required length of SCS was evaluated by placing seeds in NSFS for 12 weeks and then in SCS for 2–14 weeks. A longer SCS period increased %G from 3 to 79%, at 2 and 14 weeks of SCS, respectively. Lastly, seeds were placed in NSFS, followed by SCS, at varying intervals over a 29-week period. Across lines, germination increased from 20 to 76% between 4 and 7 weeks of SCS, respectively, then plateaued. The results of this study indicate that NSFS could be used to store NWR seeds, but at least 7 weeks in SCS is required to overcome dormancy. Additionally, while NSFS did not break seed dormancy, physiological changes related to stratification processes were occurring in non-submerged, freezing conditions. Results also suggest that the genotypic variation in NWR could be utilized for selection to improve germination and storage viability.
Beyond LOS Detection of Hypersonic Vehicles

RCS modeling of a typical hypersonic vehicle and its plasma sheath was investigated. The plasma parameters were analyzed to determine which were most dominant for accurate RCS prediction. HF was determined to provide BLOS detection and good conductivity of the plasma, for optimum RCS.
Political consequences of private authority : Promise Keepers and the transformation of hegemonic masculinity

L'A. porte son attention sur les «Promise Keepers» un mouvement americain a la fois social et religieux qui regroupent des hommes soucieux de reaffirmer leur masculinite, leur identite sexuelle. Il etudie le role de la masculinite dans les conceptions de l'ordre sexuel et au sein des mouvements moraux. Il analyse la dimension politique du mouvement des Promise Keepers. Il estime que l'on doit envisager la vision essentialiste de la masculinite defendue par les Promise Keepers comme liee a une strategie sexuelle. Il decrit de quelle maniere les Promise Keepers concoivent la sociabilite masculine, les roles domestiques et notamment le role educatif du pere.
THE MOSDEF SURVEY: ELECTRON DENSITY AND IONIZATION PARAMETER AT z ∼ 2.3*

Author(s): Sanders, RL; Shapley, AE; Kriek, M; Reddy, NA; Freeman, WR; Coil, AL; Siana, B; Mobasher, B; Shivaei, I; Price, SH; Groot, LD | Abstract: Using observations from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field survey, we investigate the physical conditions of star-forming regions in z ∼ 2.3 galaxies, specifically the electron density and ionization state. From measurements of the [O ii]λλ3726,3729 and [S ii]λλ6716,6731 doublets, we find a median electron density of ∼250 cm-3 at z ∼ 2.3, an increase of an order of magnitude compared to measurements of galaxies at z ∼ 0. While z ∼ 2.3 galaxies are offset toward significantly higher O32 values relative to local galaxies at fixed stellar mass, we find that the high-redshift sample follows a similar distribution to the low-metallicity tail of the local distribution in the O32 versus R23 and O3N2 diagrams. Based on these results, we propose that z ∼ 2.3 star-forming galaxies have the same ionization parameter as local galaxies at fixed metallicity. In combination with simple photoionization models, the position of local and z ∼ 2.3 galaxies in excitation diagrams suggests that there is no significant change in the hardness of the ionizing spectrum at fixed metallicity from z ∼ 0 to z ∼ 2.3. We find that z ∼ 2.3 galaxies show no offset compared to low-metallicity local galaxies in emission line ratio diagrams involving only lines of hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, but show a systematic offset in diagrams involving [N ii]λ6584. We conclude that the offset of z ∼ 2.3 galaxies from the local star-forming sequence in the [N ii] BPT diagram is primarily driven by elevated N/O at fixed O/H compared to local galaxies. These results suggest that the local gas-phase and stellar metallicity sets the ionization state of star-forming regions at z ∼ 0 and z ∼ 2.
Effect of incidence angle and wave mode conversion on transcranial ultrafast Doppler imaging

Real-time measurement of cerebral hemodynamics can provide valuable information for assessing neurovascular function in patients with acute brain injury or ischemic stroke. In transcranial ultrasound imaging, the skull supports both shear and compressional wave modes. Wave mode conversion occurs at the interface between the skull and the surrounding tissue. Since the incidence angle affects the wave mode conversion at the skull-brain interfaces, the quality of the transcranial Doppler image, including the resolution and the detectability of vessels, is also expected to be affected by the angle of incidence. In this study, we experimentally evaluate the effect of the angle of incidence on the image quality of ultrafast transcranial Doppler imaging. Results indicate that when imaging through the temporal bone window, a large angle of incidence could decrease the localization error. When imaging outside the temporal bone window, a normal angle of incidence could ensure a high rate of blood vessel detection.
Prophylactic versus therapeutic caffeine for apnea of prematurity: a randomized controlled trial.

Therapeutic initiation of methyxanthines for treatment of apnea in preterm infants was the standard policy. Caffeine therapy is beneficial for various outcomes of preterm infants. To evaluate the e...
Effects of topiramate on the association between affect, cannabis craving, and cannabis use in the daily life of youth during a randomized clinical trial

Topiramate is an anticonvulsant currently under study for treating substance use disorders. Topiramate is thought to reduce substance use by attenuating craving and the rewarding effects of acute substance use through its concurrent GABAergic agonism and glutamatergic antagonism. Importantly, topiramate also impacts mood states central to many models of substance use. Despite this, little previous research has examined whether topiramate attenuates the respective associations of affect and craving with substance use. We conducted a secondary analysis of 63 youths that exhibited heavy cannabis use, aged 15–24 years, who were randomized in a double-blinded 6-week clinical trial comparing the effects of topiramate (up to 200 mg/day) and placebo on cannabis use. Ecological momentary assessment data were leveraged to model the role positive affect, negative affect, and craving on use over the 6-week period and whether topiramate attenuated associations between these feeling states and cannabis use. Findings showed that craving was positively associated with use at the within-person level, while positive affect was negatively associated with use at the between-person level. Topiramate appears to attenuate the negative association of between-person positive affect (i.e., average) and cannabis use. Specifically, those in the placebo condition exhibited this inverse association between average positive affect and use while those in topiramate condition did not. No other significant affect or affect × medication condition interactions were observed. These findings implicate craving and low positive affect as important risk factors for cannabis use in youth in treatment. Topiramate may attenuate this association for positive affect.
Towards Disentangling Lockdown-Driven Air Quality Changes in the Northeastern U.S.

In the absence of preventive therapies or effective treatment for most cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), governments worldwide have sought to minimize person-to-person severe acute resp...
Leaching model of radionuclides in metal-organic framework particles

Abstract Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been used to sequester radionuclides and seal them inside of porous scaffolds using postsynthetic modification procedures. Experiments show that certain Zr-MOF with different capping linkers significantly affects the radionuclide release kinetics. In this work, we developed a leaching model of radionuclides in Zr-MOF particles. The model assumes that uranyl species occupy two energetically favored sites: the metal node and the MOF pores. For a given overall concentration of uranyl species, the partitions of uranyl species at the metal nodes and within the pores are determined by their chemical potentials. The model also considers the effect of particle surface and concentration on chemical potentials and diffusivity. The effects of spatial and structural dependent chemical potentials and diffusivity as well as particle sizes on leaching kinetics are investigated with the model. Predicted and measured uranyl leaching kinetics in Zr-MOF particles under batch experiments are compared. The results demonstrate the model’s capability for exploring the mechanisms of leaching and provide guidance for material design.
The biosynthesis of patulin. I. Related aromatic substances from Penicillium patulum, strain 2159A.

Abstract A non-pigmented mutant strain of Penicillium patulum excretes a variety of aromatic substances into the fermentation medium. In addition to gentisic acid, gentisaldehyde, 6-methylsalicylic acid, and patulin, already known in this species, this microorganism forms 6-formylsalicylic acid, 3-hydroxyphthalic acid and pyrogallol. Anthranilic acid and p -hydroxybenzoic acid were also detected chromatographically. The properties of several other isolated but as yet uncharacterized materials designated as “pre-patulin”, “292 mμ”, and “322 mμ” compounds have been described.
A method for characterizing complex permittivity and permeability of meta-materials

A hybrid measurement method is proposed for the accurate characterization of complex permittivity and permeability of low loss materials. A transmission/reflection method is considered for the characterization of the real parts of the permittivity and permeability of a low loss composite material. Then measured quality factors of a cavity loaded by a sample of composite material at two different locations are used to calculated the imaginary parts of the permittivity and permeability. Simulation indicates that the accuracy of the imaginary parts of the permittivity and permeability may be increased by employment of resonant cavity measurements.
Influence of Segmentation and Ambipolar diffusion on MHD Nonequilibrium Boundary Layers

The compressible laminar and turbulent boundary-layer equations representing the fiow of cesium seeded argon plasma over successive segments of the cathode wall of an MHD channel were investigated and solved for both finite and intinite rates of reaction. The equations solved include the electron energy and the electron continuity equations as well as the usual global boundary-layer equations. The effects of finite rates of reaction and ambipolar diffusion are considered, and the inner boundary conditions for both the electron energy and the electron continuity equations are obtained by investigating a sheath analysis. The governing equations are solved using a finite-difference scheme without introducing a local similarity assumption. The finite rate results are considerably different from the infinite rate ones. The main reason is the ambipolar diffusion which depletes the electrons near the wall. No special problems have been found in the solution of the turbulent flow equations. This is due to the high mobility of electrons. (auth)
Positron emission tomography radioligands for the opioid system

Opiate receptors are found in the brain, the spinal cord, some peripheral sensory neurons, and the gastrointestinal tract. Naturally occurring and synthetic opiate ligands exert their influence on a wide variety of processes including analgesia, euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and miosis and are frequently topics for discussions on addiction and physical dependence. This review looks at the history of positron emission tomography radioligands for probing this receptor system.
The City on a Hill and the Empire of Liberty: Two Civil Religious Visions of the United States and its Telos

For Americans born in the decades immediately following the Revolution, American identity was in a period of dynamic flux. At stake was the understanding of the Revolution itself and the nature of the state that it had founded, as well as its ideals and its role on the world stage. By the late 1830s, the language of Augustinian Christianity had replaced the conceptual lexicon of classical thought as the lingua franca of American politics, and political actors had begun to use theological justifications for their own programs of action, infusing American politics with the language and force of religion. Thus, the debate over the nature of the United States often took place within the terms of American civil religion. Though it had always been common to invoke the word and will of God in American politics, it was only at the disappearance of the revolutionary generation from the political stage that that the state itself began to be explicitly invested with divine favor and a religious function. As the children of the Revolution assumed the reigns of power, they contested to capture the legacy of the Founders and the Revolution as an event.
LETTER Note on Invariants of the Weyl Tensor

Algebraically special gravitational fields are described using algebraic and differential invariants of the Weyl tensor. A type III invariant is also given and calculated for Robinson-Trautman spaces.
A functional genomics screen identifies an Importin-α homolog as a regulator of stem cell function and tissue patterning during planarian regeneration

Planarians are renowned for their regenerative capacity and are an attractive model for the study of adult stem cells and tissue regeneration. In an effort to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying planarian regeneration, we performed a functional genomics screen aimed at identifying genes involved in this process in Schmidtea mediterranea. We used microarrays to detect changes in gene expression in regenerating and non-regenerating tissues in planarians regenerating one side of the head and followed this with high-throughput screening by in situ hybridization and RNAi to characterize the expression patterns and function of the differentially expressed genes. Along with five previously characterized genes (Smed-cycD, Smed-morf41/mrg-1, Smed-pdss2/dlp1, Smed-slbp, and Smed-tph), we identified 20 additional genes necessary for stem cell maintenance (Smed-sart3, Smed-smarcc-1, Smed-espl1, Smed-rrm2b-1, Smed-rrm2b-2, Smed-dkc1, Smed-emg1, Smed-lig1, Smed-prim2, Smed-mcm7, and a novel sequence) or general regenerative capability (Smed-rbap46/48-2, Smed-mcm2, Smed-ptbp1, and Smed-fen-1) or that caused tissue-specific defects upon knockdown (Smed-ddc, Smed-gas8, Smed-pgbd4, and Smed-b9d2). We also found that a homolog of the nuclear transport factor Importin-α plays a role in stem cell function and tissue patterning, suggesting that controlled nuclear import of proteins is important for regeneration. Through this work, we described the roles of several previously uncharacterized genes in planarian regeneration and implicated nuclear import in this process. We have additionally created an online database to house our in situ and RNAi data to make it accessible to the planarian research community.
The role of open and laparoscopic stone surgery in the modern era of endourology

Treatment options for kidney stones and ureteral stones have evolved considerably over the past several decades, to the point where almost any stone can now be considered for treatment with a noninvasive or a minimally invasive approach including shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The safety and morbidity associated with these techniques are favourable relative to traditional open surgical approaches to stone removal. However, they also require unique skillsets, access to instrumentation and relatively high maintenance costs, potentially limiting their use on a global scale. Coincident with the emergence of endourology have been considerable improvements in laparoscopic surgical techniques to the point that nearly any open surgery can be performed in a minimally invasive laparoscopic fashion. Such approaches, including those with robotic assistance, have potential application for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones, particularly in complex senarios as well as in areas where access to endourological instruments might be limited.
Early trends in serum phosphate and creatinine levels are associated with mortality following major hepatectomy

Abstract Background Mortality after major hepatectomy remains high and is frequently related to post‐hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). Other than pre‐existing liver disease and a small future liver remnant, few patient factors or early postoperative indicators identify patients at elevated risk for PHLF and mortality. Methods Data on demographics, comorbidities, operative procedures and postoperative laboratory trends were reviewed for patients submitted to major hepatectomy (at least three Couinaud segments) for malignancy during 1998–2013. These factors were compared among patients who died within 90 days, survivors who met the 50–50 criteria and all remaining survivors. Results A total of 1528 patients underwent major hepatectomy during the study period. Of these, 947 had metastatic colorectal cancer and underwent resection of a median of four segments. Overall, 49 patients (3.2%) died within 90 days of surgery and 48 patients (3.1%) met the 50–50 criteria for PHLF; 30 of these patients survived 90 days. Operative blood loss was higher in patients who died within 90 days compared with survivors (1.0 l versus 0.5 l; P P Conclusions Early trends in creatinine and phosphate (between the day of surgery and PoD 1) identify patients at risk for PHLF and mortality.
Response of the ionospheric convection reversal boundary at high latitudes to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field

In this paper we present a systematic study of the location of the convection reversal boundary for southward interplanetary magnetic field by using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F13 and F15 spacecraft measurements during local summer seasons from 2000 to 2007 for both hemispheres. All the convection reversal boundaries are identified pass bypass by locating the highest-latitude location where the plasma flow shows a large-scale two-cell pattern and reverses direction from sunward to antisunward. The location of the convection reversal boundaries are placed into 10 different categories based on By and the magnitude of southward Bz. Observations suggest that (1) the location of the boundary is well organized by the magnitude of Bz, being at lower latitudes for stronger negative Bz and also organized by the polarity of By, moving toward the dawnside/duskside when By changes from negative to positive in the northern/southern hemisphere; (2) the average latitudinal movement of the boundary associated with By changes is comparable to the average movement of the boundary with Bz changes; (3) an initial reconfiguration of the boundary near local noon is redistributed around the dawnside or duskside dependent on the direction of By; and (4) the boundary has a general spiral shape, which varies depending on Bz and By.
Kinetics of aspirin absorption following oral administration of six aqueous solutions with different buffer capacities

Fifteen volunteers each received two of six aspirin solutions in a balanced incomplete block design. The solutions contained 0, 3, 6, 10, 16, and 34 mEq of sodium bicarbonate-citric acid buffer and 650 mg of aspirin. Plasma aspirin levels were measured in blood samples collected frequently during the first 2.5 h, and the accumulation of aspirin, salicylic acid, and salicyluric acid were measured over 2 and 24 h. The most rapid absorption rates occurred with solutions which contained small quantities of the antacid buffer. The 3- and 6-mEq antacid buffers had mean maximal aspirin concentrations of 17.3 and 17.8 μg/mL, respectively. In the absence of the buffering agent, the 650 mg of aspirin failed to dissolve completely and gave a mean maximal plasma concentration of 13.4 μg/mL. With 34 mEq of a buffering agent, a delay in the onset of absorption occurred and the presystemic hydrolysis increased. This was probably because more aspirin was emptied into and absorbed from the small intestine with higher concentrations of the buffering agent.
An AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistor

An AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure-emitter bipolar transistor using separate carrier injection and confinement is discussed. A common-emitter current gain of 28 with BV/sub CEO/=15 V was obtained at a base doping level of 1*10/sup 19//cm/sup 3/. No spacer layer was inserted in the structure. This transistor combines the merits of homojunction transistors and regular heterostructure bipolar transistors (HBTs) and is simple to fabricate. >
Personality as a predictor of the value of voice.

Abstract The opportunity for workers to provide input, also known as voice, has received extensive study. The contrasting relational and instrumental theories of voice have stimulated research investigating why people value voice. However, researchers have yet to assess individual differences in the actual value that people place on voice. This consideration is particularly important because the effect of voice on perceived procedural fairness varies according to the value of voice. This laboratory study is an examination of the Big Five (extraversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, neuroticism, and conscientiousness; L. Goldberg, 1992) and core self-evaluations (neuroticism, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control; T. Judge, E. Locke, & C. Durham, 1997) as predictors of the value of voice for 96 undergraduates. Although both the Big Five and core self-evaluations accounted for significant variance in the value of voice, only 2 individual components (extraversion and self-efficacy) signif...
A variant of guided exposure to mourning for use with treatment resistant patients

Abstract We report a variant of “guided exposure to mourning,” designed for use with patients who have proved resistant to other treatments for unresolved, morbid grief. The work provides some indication as to when such behavioral techniques for resolution of morbid grief are likely to prove successful, and when not.
The public hospital in American medical education.

The importance of the public hospital system to medical education is often absent from the debate about its value. Best known as a core provider of services to the underserved, the safety net hospital system also plays a critical role in the education of future physicians. Particular strengths include its ability to imbue physicians in training with core professional values, to reveal through the enormous range of clinical experience provided many of the social forces shaping health, and to foster interest in and commitment to advancing population health. Faculty teaching in the public hospital system has unusual opportunities to reveal to learners the broader meanings of their diverse and rich experiences. Now, as an alarming array of pressures bearing down on the safety net system threaten its stability, the potential negative impact on medical education, were it to shrink or be forced to change its essential mission, must be considered. As advocates of the safety net system marshal forces to rationalize its funding and support, its tremendous contribution to the training of physicians and other health care professionals must be clearly set forth to ensure that support for the public hospital system’s health is appropriately broad based.
Relative efficacy of pharmacological, behavioral, and combination treatments for enhancing academic performance

Abstract The role of stimulant drugs in facilitating academic performance in hyperactive (HA), learning disabled (LD), and hyperactive-learning disabled (HA-LD) children has been a matter of controversy for over a decade. The findings from 16 studies that compared the effects of medication and behavioral interventions on academic performance are reviewed with consideration for methodological issues and clinical implications. It was concluded that certain academically oriented behavioral interventions were clearly superior to medication and that there was only limited support for the notion stimulant drugs markedly enhance the efficacy of the former. Suggestions on how the procedures in and the findings from these studies might apply to the clinical decision-making process are presented.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of α- and γ-carboxamide derivatives of 10-CF3CO-DDACTHF

Structurally-related, but non-polyglutamylatable, derivatives of 10-CF3CO-DDACTHF (1), which incorporate L-glutamine (2) and L-isoglutamine (3) in place of L-glutamate, were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of recombinant human (rh) GAR Tfase. While the L-glutamate alpha-carboxamide derivative 3 was much less effective as a rhGAR Tfase inhibitor (K(i) = 4.8 microM) and inactive in cellular functional assays, the gamma-carboxamide derivative 2 was found to be a potent and selective rhGAR Tfase inhibitor (K(i) = 0.056 microM) being only 4-fold less potent than 1 (K(i) = 0.015 microM). Moreover, 2 was effective in cellular functional assays exhibiting purine sensitive cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 300 nM, CCRF-CEM) only 20-fold less potent than 1 (IC50 = 16 nM), consistent with inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis via selective inhibition of GAR Tfase. Like 1, 2 is transported into the cell by the reduced folate carrier. Unlike 1, the functional activity of 2 is not dependent upon FPGS polyglutamylation.
Electrolytic destruction of urea in dilute chloride solution using DSA electrodes in a recycled batch cell.

Abstract The destruction of urea, its fate and influence on levels of active chlorine as well as formation of byproducts during electrolytic treatment of urea solutions was studied. Treated solutions designed to simulate typical concentrations in dairy manure lagoon water, contained initial concentrations of urea up to 750 ppm (mg L - 1 ), chloride from 100 to 400 ppm, and 2000 ppm NaHCO 3 . Current from 0.6 to 2.5 A (34–141 A m - 2 ) was applied using oxide-coated titanium electrodes in a bench scale electrolysis device. Current and energy efficiencies of urea destruction increased with temperature and initial concentrations of chloride and urea. These parameters also affected the concentrations of oxidized chlorine species during treatment. Residual nitrogen was comprised of a constant fraction (0.07) of urea nitrogen oxidized to nitrate over the temperature range studied (16–34.5 ∘ C). Chlorate was also formed as a byproduct of electrolysis.
An Astructural Analysis of National Forest Policy and Employment

Linkages between sector-specific policy and sector employment are explored using a nonstationary Markov chain analysis. When parameterization of transition probabilities between employment sectors includes policy variables, hypothesis tests can determine policy impact relative to other variables. This astructural approach eliminates bias inherent in structural models. Application of this technique to Oregon's forestry sector and national forest policy demonstrates that macroeconomic forces have statistically important effects on employment while national forest policy, measured as timber sold or timber cut, does not. This result raises questions about forest policy impact analysis and assumptions inherent in national forest policy implementation.
An education-service partnership: analysis of the development of a satellite baccalaureate nursing programme.

An education service partnership: analysis of the development of a satellite baccalaureate nursing programme¶The development of a satellite education partnership between the School of Nursing at the University of Wisconsin Eau Claire and St Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield, Wisconsin, is reported. The factors which were identified as key to this successful partnership are compared to the antecedent conditions and defining attributes of the concept of collaboration as described by Henneman, Lee and Cohen. These factors include: (a) enlisting organizational support; (b)␣identifying anticipated benefits to all parties; (c) scrutiny regarding the necessity of the project; (d) communication skills and trust among partners; (e)␣a␣contract including not only how to proceed but how to disband; and (f)␣assessment of the risks of failure and whether they can be endured. The defining attributes of collaboration were met in this satellite baccalaureate programme partnership. The consequences of this collaboration are discussed and support the conceptual literature. The success of this collaboration is evidence that partnerships between nursing service, education and research are not only worth the risks but necessary for our full participation in the health care system.
The effects of body size, aggression and nuptial coloration on competition for territories in male threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus

Abstract Reproductive male threespine sticklebacks differing in size were paired against each other in an aquarium large enough to accommodate a single territory. In these contests one male became dominant and nested while its opponent became subordinate and spent most of the time hiding on the bottom or hovering at the water surface. The larger male in each contest generally dominated and this tendency increased as size disparity between opponents increased. A weight difference of 15% was sufficient to provide a competitive advantage to the heavier male. The size distribution of males indicated that such disparity occurs commonly between opponents from this study population in nature. The study failed to confirm the association between nuptial coloration and dominance reported in a recent study of this species, but this is probably attributable to the similarity of coloration among males used in the present study. Opponents differed widely in the number of bites they directed to a live test male placed in their territory. There was no correlation, however, between this measure and the male's tendency to dominate in a contest.
Efficacy of Brassicaceous Seed Meal Formulations for the Control of Apple Replant Disease in Conventional and Organic Production Systems

Mazzola, M., and Brown, J. 2010. Efficacy of brassicaceous seed meal formulations for the control of apple replant disease in conventional and organic production systems. Plant Dis. 94:835-842. The efficacy of brassicaceous seed meals for the control of apple replant disease and the effects of such treatments on the causal pathogen complex were examined in conventional and organic production systems. When used in conjunction with a postplant application of mefenoxam, Brassica juncea and Sinapis alba seed meal soil amendments were as effective as preplant fumigation of soil with 1,3-dichloropropene-chloropicrin in terms of disease control, tree growth, and overall fruit yields of Gala/M26. Brassica napus seed meal amendment–mefenoxam soil drench also enhanced yields in a manner comparable to preplant fumigation, but vegetative growth was intermediate between the control and fumigation treatments. When applied alone, seed meal amendments failed to enhance tree growth or control disease to the level attained in response to soil fumigation. Postplant mefenoxam treatments revealed that failure of seed meal amendments to enhance tree growth and yield when used independently was due, at least in part, to increased apple root infection by Pythium spp. in B. napus and S. alba seed meal–amended soils, and by Phytophthora cambivora in B. juncea–amended soil. As mefenoxam treatment is not compatible with organic cropping systems, a seed meal blend was formulated which, based upon biological activity, was predicted to suppress known components of the target pathogen complex without need of additional treatment. Gala/M26 trees planted in soils treated with a 1:1 ratio of B. juncea:B. napus seed meal blend performed as well in terms of disease control and vegetative growth as trees cultivated in fumigated soil at an organic-certified orchard. Because these trials utilized the highly susceptible rootstock M26, the results demonstrate that these amendments are a viable alternative to soil fumigation for the control of apple replant disease in both conventional and organic systems.
Phase-stepped fractional moiré

Two computer-aided methods have been developed for analysis of in-plane and out-of-plane surface displacements of structures under load. Both methods are whole-field techniques which combine phase-stepped geometric moire with video and computer technologies. With these methods, a displacement field of interest is determined by computer-processing phase stepped, geometric moire image data with fringe ordering done automatically within the software. The theory of the techniques is described and results of accuracy tests and application problems are given. It is shown that very good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment for in-plane strain determinations. For out-of-plane displacement determinations errors are only a few percent over the entire field of view. The application problems discussed are: (1) the measurement of composite column buckling, and (2) the determination of the shape of a slightly distorted, thin aluminum plate.
Low temperature growth of ultrananocrystalline diamond on glass substrates for field emission applications.

Recent studies of field emission from diamond have focused on the feasibility of growing diamond films on glass substrates, which are the preferred choice for cost-effective, large area flat panel displays. However, diamond growth on glass requires temperatures {le} 500 C, which is much lower than the temperature needed for growing conventional microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films. In addition, it is desirable to minimize the deposition time for cost-effective processing. The authors have grown ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films using a unique microwave plasma technique that involves CH{sub 4}-Ar gas mixtures, as opposed to the conventional CH{sub 4}-H{sub 2} plasma CVD method. The growth species in the CH{sub 4}-Ar CVD method are C{sub 2} dimers, resulting in lower activation energies and consequently the ability to grow diamond at lower temperatures than conventional CVD diamond processes. For the work discussed here, the UNCD films were grown with plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at low temperatures on glass substrates coated with Ti thin films. The turn-on field was as low as 3 V/{mu}m for a film grown at 500 C with a gas chemistry of 1%CH{sub 4}/99%/Ar at 100 Torr, and 7 V/{mu}m for a film grown at 350 C. UV Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of high quality diamond in the films.
CAVORT: A Radar Pulse Train Optimum Processor for Accelerating Targets

The CAVORT analog radar signal processor for matched filtering of coherent pulse trains from targets displaying significant radial acceleration is described. CAVORT employs a scanning technique to search repeatedly through trial pairs of values for Doppler and Doppler rate. When a target appears, it is detected, and the best-fitting pair of values determined. The principle of operation is illustrated, using photographs of waveforms generated by the equipment. The resuilts of satellite observations are included. It is demonstrated that the experimental CAVORT which integrates half-second segments of signal gives satisfactory estimates of acceleration.