cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coagulation studies in the newborn infant. I. Normal infants.

Data on the whole blood clotting time, platelet count, prothrombin concentration, protamine titration and gross observation for clot lysis are presented on 21 normal newborn infants within six hours of birth, and on the third and fifth days of life. The whole blood clotting time within the first six hours of life ranged from 7 to 38 minutes with an average of 14 minutes. On the third day of life the range was from 10 to 60 minutes with an average of 25 minutes. On the fifth day of life the range was from 6 to 38 minutes with an average of 16 minutes. Protamine titration was increased as compared to normal adult values in 6 of 26 infants within the first six hours of life. On the third day 7 of 26 showed an increase. All titrations were normal on the fifth day. The prothrombin concentration showed all variations of patterns, the average pattern being high on the first day, lower on the third day, and high on the fifth day. Platelet values for the three days studied were all within normal limits, for adults. Further data on 35 normal newborn infants, studied in groups of five through the first seven days of life using the above technics with the addition of the heparin sensitivity test, are presented. The significance of the data is discussed.
Controls on sensible heat and latent energy fluxes from a short-hydroperiod Florida Everglades marsh

Little is known of energy balance in low latitude wetlands where there is a year-round growing season and a climate best defined by wet and dry seasons. The Florida Everglades is a highly managed and extensive subtropical wetland that exerts a substantial influence on the hydrology and climate of the south Florida region. However, the effects of seasonality and active water management on energy balance in the Everglades ecosystem are poorly understood. An eddy covariance and micrometeorological tower was established in a short-hydroperiod Everglades marsh to examine the dominant environmental controls on sensible heat (H) and latent energy (LE) fluxes, as well as the effects of seasonality on these parameters. Seasonality differentially affected H and LE fluxes in this marsh, such that H was principally dominant in the dry season and LE was strongly dominant in the wet season. The Bowen ratio was high for much of the dry season (1.5–2.4), but relatively low (<0.7) in the wet season. Net radiation strongly influenced H and LE fluxes across nearly all seasons and years (Radj2=0.48-0.79). However, the 2009 dry season LE data were not consistent with this relationship (Radj2=0.08) because of low seasonal variation in LE following a prolonged end to the previous wet season. In addition to net radiation, H and LE fluxes were significantly related to soil volumetric water content (VWC), water depth, air temperature, and occasionally vapor pressure deficit. Given that VWC and water depth were determined in part by water management decisions, it is clear that human actions have the ability to influence the mode of energy dissipation from this ecosystem. Impending modifications to water management under the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan may shift the dominant turbulent flux from this ecosystem further toward LE, and this change will likely affect local hydrology and climate.
The Cuban Missile Crisis and Politics as Usual

Allison's (1971) argument about the importance of bureaucratic politics was supported by his use of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 as a "least likely case" for their impact. For the same reasons, the crisis is a least likely case for domestic politics affecting foreign policy. Recent disclosures about the U.S. side during the crisis suggest that U.S. public opinion and interest group activity played a role in U.S. government policy choices that has not formerly been appreciated. Public opinion and interest group opinion were generally supportive of the blockade option. The discussion of the crisis by ExComm members shows awareness of and sensitivity to domestic political considerations in the selection of the initial U.S. response to the Soviet missiles. Evidence of events outside the ExComm supports the contention that domestic political concerns shaped Cuba decision making. If such considerations intruded upon decision making then, treating their importance as more general is reasonable.
How much tachycardia in infants can be attributed to fever

Abstract Study objectives We evaluate the hypothesis that pulse rate increases linearly with increased body temperature in infants and determine how much tachycardia in infants can be explained by a 1°C (1.8°F) increase in body temperature. Methods Infants younger than 1 year and presenting to a pediatric emergency department were prospectively enrolled. Rectal temperature and pulse rate were measured. Research personnel rated behavioral state as sleeping, awake and quiet, fussy, or crying. Patients were excluded if they were fussy or crying or if they had any medical condition expected to cause tachycardia. The remaining patients were divided into 6 age-based groups. Linear regression analysis of pulse rate and temperature was performed for each group. Results Four hundred ninety patients were enrolled. Pulse rate increased linearly with temperature in all age groups older than 2 months (adjusted r 2 =0.102 to 0.376) but not in infants younger than 2 months (adjusted r 2 =0.004). In infants aged 2 months or older, a multivariate linear regression model adjusted for age showed that pulse rate increased an average of 9.6 beats/min (95% confidence interval 7.7 to 11.5) per 1°C (1.8°F) increase in temperature (adjusted r 2 =0.225). At any given temperature, the prediction interval for an individual's pulse rate had a span of approximately 64 beats/min. Conclusion In infants 2 to 12 months of age, pulse rate increases linearly with body temperature, with a mean increase of 9.6 beats/min for each 1°C (1.8°F) increase in body temperature. Pulse rates of individual infants vary greatly, however, with a broad range of pulse rates observed at any given temperature.
Examining the Conditional Limits of Relational Governance: Specialized Assets, Performance Ambiguity, and Long-Standing Ties

Despite recognition of the benefits of relational governance in inter-organizational exchanges, factors that may erode its value have received little examination. We extend the literature by asking whether self-interested opportunities and long-standing ties erode the positive association between relational governance and performance. Consistent with transaction cost and moral hazard logics, exchange hazards, particularly asset specificity and difficult performance measurement, dampen the positive association of relational governance and performance. We further find, consistent with recent inquiries into the dark side of embedded ties that the performance benefits associated with relational governance decline when parties rely on repeated partnerships.
A Study of the Importance of Education and Cost Incentives on Individual Food Choices at the Harvard School of Public Health Cafeteria

Objectives: To investigate the importance of cost and awareness of health- or disease-promoting properties of foods and meals for choices by customers of a cafeteria.Design: A non-randomized intervention study.Setting: A medium size cafeteria in the Harvard School of Public Health.Participants: Customers of the cafeteria mainly consisting of public health students, faculty, and school staff and workers from the medical campus.Intervention: The purchase of healthy foods and dishes was subsidized and their prices reduced by 20%. This promotion was accompanied by the distribution of educational material.Main Outcome Measures: Change in consumption of healthy and less healthy foods.Analysis: The geometric mean was used to calculate the change in consumption.Results: During the intervention, we observed a 6% increase in the consumption of healthy foods (95% confidence interval [CI]; 5% to 8%), and a 2% decline in the consumption of less-healthy foods (95% CI; −1% to −4%). After the prices returned to their ori...
Pre-mRNA splicing in the new millennium

The past year has witnessed refinements in models of spliceosome assembly pathways and in the understanding of how splicing factors of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein family function. The role of splicing in human genetic diseases has also received a lot of attention recently as exonic splicing enhancers become better understood.
Engineering devices to treat epilepsy: a clinical perspective

25% of the world's 50 million people with epilepsy have seizures that cannot be controlled by medication or epilepsy surgery. The need for new therapeutic options is clear. Since the 1970's clinicians, neuroscientists and engineers have proposed technologies for treating seizures, with the ultimate goal of implanting stimulators or drug infusion devices in the brain to abort seizures before clinical onset. Interest in the field has exploded in recent years, due to evidence suggesting that seizures may be predictable. Device designs range from "blind" stimulators, which do not respond to physiological activity, to "intelligent" devices, which are triggered by detecting or predicting seizure onset. To gain acceptance, intracranial implants will need to demonstrate more than marginal efficacy to justify their invasiveness. Unlike their cardiology predecessors, intelligent implantable epilepsy devices will likely process, multiple channels of data, be tuned to individual patients and may need to predict events rather than detect them, for maximal effectiveness. Carefully designed clinical trials will be required to perfect and validate the efficacy of implantable devices for epilepsy, before clinical use becomes widespread.
Responding to Uncertainty: Individual Differences and Training Effects

Studies of decision making reveal individual differences, not just in perception, memory, categorization, and other cognitive skills that support judgment, but also in the metacognitive processes t...
Comparative Study of Population Based Techniques for Power System Stabilizer Design

Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) are used in interconnected power systems in order to mitigate low frequency oscillations. The comparison of the performances of four advanced population based techniques in tuning the parameters of PSS in a three-machine-nine-bus test system is presented in this paper. The algorithms considered in this paper are: a) Differential Evolution based Particle Swarm Optimization (DEPSO), b) Modified Clonal Selection Algorithm (MCSA), c) Small Population Based Particle Swarm Optimization (SPPSO) and d) Population Based Incremental Learning (PBIL). The comparative study is focused on the frequency domain performances. It is observed that MCSA is performing better than the other three algorithms. The performances of DEPSO and PBIL are quite similar whereas the SPPSO algorithm is not showing very good results compared to the other three.
Abstract T P356: Functional Outcomes of the Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient Population

Background: Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability and affects 795,000 in the U.S. each year. This study is conducted to enhance knowledge ofoutcomes after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Comprehensive Stroke Certification tasks hospitals with expanding knowledge of functional and quality of life outcomes for AIS patients through the early acute and post-acute phase of recovery and examining the effects of stroke severity, functional impairment,discharge destinations, functional independence, and quality of life post discharge. Researchable question: What are most common setbacks after AIS affetcing functional outcome & readmission? Methods: Looked at AIS patients from 12/2012 -12/ 2013 at Cedars-Sina. Of total of 709 patients 318 were contacted by phone. Measures collected by MedTel Outcomes LLC on all AIS patients one month after discharge. This included the Functional Independence Measure and standardized quality of life and participation measures.The median age was 65 years at the time of ...
Predictors of trajectories of epilepsy-specific quality of life among children newly diagnosed with epilepsy.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to identify two-year trajectories of epilepsy-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children newly diagnosed with epilepsy and to evaluate the predictive value of a comprehensive set of medical, psychosocial, and family factors. Methods Ninety-four children with epilepsy (8.14 ± 2.37 years of age and 63% male) and their caregivers participated in this study. Caregivers completed the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy Questionnaire (QOLCE) and measures of psychological and family functioning at one month postdiagnosis. The QOLCE was also given at eight additional time points during the subsequent two years as a part of a large observational study in children with epilepsy. Adherence data were collected via MEMS TrackCaps, and medical information was collected through chart review. Results Unique trajectories were identified for the overall QOLCE scale, as well as the subscales. Most trajectory models for the QOLCE subscales contained at least one at-risk trajectory for children, indicating that there is a subgroup of children experiencing poor long-term HRQOL. Health-related quality-of-life trajectories remained predominantly stable during the two-year period following treatment initiation. The number of AEDs, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems emerged as the most consistent predictors across the HRQOL domains. Significance Medical and psychosocial interventions, such as cognitive–behavioral strategies, should target modifiable factors (e.g., internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, number of AEDs trialed) shortly after diagnosis to improve HRQOL for children with epilepsy over the course of their disease.
Bait-preference Tests for the Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In choice feeding tests, Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr), workers preferred 25% honey water or sucrose water over granulated brown sugar or other solid foods with high protein content such as tuna meal. In the field in competition with the preferred natural food, honeydew, workers fed consistently on sucrose water and honey water over a period of 15 days and exhibited a significant preference for sucrose water. Various emulsifiers and ethanol used to suspend toxicants in the sucrose water did not by themselves significantly deter feeding. Workers readily fed upon, and were killed by, the sucrose water bait containing 10 or 100 ppm Avermectin.
Synthesis, structure, strain energy, and excess strain of a phospha[3]radialene

(7-Phenyl-7-phosphadispiro[2.0.2.1]heptane)pentacarbonyltungsten (8), a phospha[3]triangulane, was synthesized from bicyclopropylidene. Its single- crystal X-ray structure determination is reported. Comparison of the crystal structure data with those of the related phosphaspiropentane 7 and phosphirane 6 complexes suggests that the phosphirane ring tightens when the number of spiro atoms is increased. This is supported by the B3LYP and MP2/6- 31G* computed geometries of the uncomplexed parent systems. Ab initio calculated heats of formation and strain energies (SE) are reported for the parent phosphirane 11, phosphaspiropentane 12, and phospha[3]triangulane 13 using both G2MP2 theory and ring separation reactions. Our best estimates for the ΔH(f) of 11, 12, and 13 are 18.3, 48.4, and 78.2 kcal/mol, respectively, with corresponding SE values of 21.3, 54.7, and 87.9 kcal/mol. For comparison, the slightly modified G2MP2 method was also applied to cyclopropane 1, spiropentane 2, and [3]triangulane 3 to give respective ΔH(f) values of 12.6, 44.3, and 75.3 kcal/mol, with corresponding SEs of 28.0, 64.6, and 100.5 kcal/mol, all of which are in excellent agreement with reported experimental data. These strain energies suggest that the excess strain per spiro atom is 5.3 kcal/mol for phospha[n]triangulanes, which is smaller than the 8.6 kcal/mol determined from the heat of combustion measurements for the [n]triangulanes.
Transforming the care of atrial fibrillation with mobile health

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a multifaceted and highly variable disease that is often difficult to manage within the traditional health-care model. The conventional model of regular or pre-scheduled appointments with physicians or allied health professionals is poorly suited to the unpredictable and often urgent clinical needs of patients with AF. Mobile health (mHealth) has the potential to dramatically transform the delivery and quality of AF care. In this brief review, we summarize the current limitations and evidence gaps in treating patients with AF. We then describe the current mHealth landscape, changes in telehealth coverage and reimbursement, and recent technological advances of smartphones, mobile applications, and connected wearable devices. We also describe important barriers and challenges, such as clinical management of large volumes of data, application of predictive analytics/machine learning, and the need for high-quality randomized clinical trials.
New techniques in chest radiography.

Advances in film-screen radiography (e.g., InSight) and beam equalization radiography (e.g., AMBER) have improved the quality of standard chest radiographs. Despite the improved visibility of the mediastinum and retrocardiac and retrodiaphragmatic lung with AMBER, it is debatable whether this advantage outweighs its disadvantages, especially the increased cost of the unit and decreased reliability. The benefits of storage phosphor systems have largely been in the area of bedside radiography, where consistent image quality over a wide range of exposures and image processing compensate for the lower spatial resolution. More routine application of this technology to standard chest radiography is likely, especially as image processing techniques improve and digital units become more cost effective. Storage phosphor digital imaging may be the most appropriate technique for entry of images into a picture archiving and communication system in which images stored in image management systems can be displayed on high-resolution monitors in local or distant sites. Such systems have the potential of improving patient care by providing more rapid access to radiographic images, especially if the image is accompanied by an immediate report. Because of the significant expense of a picture archiving and communication system, their introduction is likely to be gradual, via networks in specific areas such as between intensive care units and radiology departments.
Small bowel augmentation in children with neurogenic bladder: an initial report of urodynamic findings.

AbstractAugmentation cystoplasty is a useful adjunct in the treatment of the neurogenic bladder. After preoperative urodynamic and clinical assessment, 10 children with neurogenic bladders underwent small bowel augmentation. Presenting clinical problems included incontinence and hydronephrosis.Urodynamic studies after small bowel augmentation demonstrated that bladder capacity increased an average of 184 per cent. Maximum intravesical pressures diminished considerably compared to preoperative values and no patient suffered significant uninhibited contractions. Nine children are totally dry and 1 has stress incontinence.Our initial findings demonstrate the efficacy of small bowel augmentation in the treatment of lower urinary tract neurogenic dysfunction owing primarily to alterations in detrusor function.
The Use of Clouds in Forecasting

A storm may be described as precipitation surrounded by clouds and usually accompanied by wind. The essence of forecasting is in telling when precipitation will occur and when it will not. Since rain or snow does not occur without advance notice in the form of clouds, we conclude that clouds are a prime element in forecasting.
Wearable Sensor Selection, Motion Representation and their Effect on Exercise Classification

Motion classification using accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer sensors have been an important area of exploration for the past decade. Mostly studied in the context of health related applications, the implications of accurate inertial-magnetic motion classification span from continuous daily activity monitoring and remote assessment of patients recovery to athlete optimization and entertainment applications. While much has been done to optimize classification and segmentation algorithms, very little is understood of the effect sensor selection and motion representation has on overall system performance. In this paper, three sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope, orientation), seven motion representations and six classification techniques (K Nearest Neighbor, Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forests, Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes) are compared. In addition to traditional time domain motion representations, a novel space domain representation is put forth which results in a two order of magnitude reduction in computational complexity. A case study dataset is created from 11 individuals performing 10 repetitions of 10 different upper body exercises. A single bicep mounted smart phone is used for data collection and both action classification and non-action rejection ability are studied.
The Economic Benefits of Commercial GPS Use in the U.S. and the Costs of Potential Disruption

The advent of the Global Positioning System and its subsequent commercialization has delivered enormous benefits to the U.S. economy. Productivity gains, input cost reductions, time savings, and environmental, health, and safety benefits are among the various fruits of GPS commercialization.
Fractal Concepts for Disordered Systems: The Interplay of Physics and Geometry

One purpose of these three talks is to address the question of how fractal concepts provide a natural framework within which to discuss a range of phenomena occurring in disordered systems. A second purpose is to exemplify the degree to which the language of fractals motivates one to translate physical phenomena into geometric terms, thereby rendering complex problems more tractable.
Immunotherapy for Cat Allergies: A Potential Strategy to Scratch Back:

Cat allergies are a common and costly problem in the United States. Various drug and nondrug therapies exist to alleviate and control symptoms once allergic disease has developed. However, these therapies are often ineffective or do not address the underlying condition itself. Immunotherapy is an option for patients when symptoms are not adequately controlled by medications and/or avoidance measures, when adverse effects of medications are unacceptable, or when the patient wants to reduce their long-term use of medication. The purpose of this article is to describe the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy when used to prevent or treat cat allergies.
Gain scheduling control strategy for a single-phase grid-connected inverter

Single-phase inverters are connected to the grid at the distribution system level. Because the grid impedance can be large at this level, it is important to consider the effect of the grid impedance on the control performance of the inverter. A PI controller is often adopted for current control in a single-phase inverter. With an increase in the grid impedance, the open loop cut-off frequency decreases, which affects the transient performance. Also, the phase margin of the system decreases, which deteriorates the system stability. In order to address this problem, a gain scheduling control strategy based on grid impedance estimation is used to adjust the controller parameters to make the system robust to grid impedance variations. An optimal gain is determined based on the controller bandwidth of the system and the phase margin of the system. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Abstract 268: Myofilament Tyrosine Phosphorylation by Src Kinase is upregulated in ErbB2 Transgenic Mice

Objectives: Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation of the myofilament is an emerging, and potentially important, post-translational modification in cardiomyopathy. ErbB2, a Tyr receptor kinase, was overexpressed in transgenic mice (ErbB2-Tg) resulting in significant cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesize that the development of cardiac hypertrophy in ErbB2-Tg is associated with increased myofilament Tyr phosphorylation and may implicate myofilament Tyr phosphorylation in cardiac hypertrophy. Methods: Proteins were isolated from ErbB2-Tg and Ntg heart homogenates ( n =4 per group). Reduction/alkylation was followed by trypsinization. Resulting peptides were desalted in C 18 columns and lyophilized. Phosphorylated Tyr (p-Tyr) enrichment was performed on 20 mg of peptides using a p-Tyr Mouse mAb kit (Cell Signaling). Immuno-precipitated and desalted peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Orbitrap Elite, Thermo). Raw data were searched with Mascot 2.3. Label-free quantification with MS1 extracted ion chromatograms was performed using Skyline. Western blot analysis for total and phosphorylated Src kinase was performed per manufacturer’s protocol (Cell Signaling). Results: We found a total of 286 p-Tyr modified peptides in ErbB2-Tg compared to 226 in control NTg mice. Over 70 p-Tyr sites on myofilament protein were up-regulated in ErbB2-Tg, including troponin I, myosin heavy chain, titin, α-tropomyosin, myosin-binding protein-C3, myosin regulatory light chain-2 and myosin light chain-1. We used PhosphoMotif Finder to search the potential responsible kinase. Most of the p-Tyr sites were consistent with Src kinase motifs. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that total, and phospho-Src (Y416) expression was increased in ErbB2-Tg mice. Conclusion: We concluded that these novel p-Tyr sites on myofilament proteins are increased in ErbB2-Tg mice and correlate with up-regulated Src kinase activity. Thus increased tyrosine myofilament phosphorylation may be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Since ErbB2 is a therapeutic target of trastuzumab therapy this may also have translational implications to ameliorate off target effects of cancer treatment.
Advancing perinatal patient safety through application of safety science principles using health IT.

The use of health information technology (IT) has been shown to promote patient safety in Labor and Delivery (LD thirty-two (70%) reported the use of health IT as an enabling strategy for their local implementation. Health IT was used to improve standardization of processes, use of independent checks, and to facilitate learning from defects. L&D units standardized care processes through use of electronic health record (EHR)-based order sets and use of smart pumps and other technology to improve medication safety. Units also standardized EHR documentation, particularly related to electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and shoulder dystocia. Cognitive aids and tools were integrated into EHR and care workflows to create independent checks such as checklists, risk assessments, and communication handoff tools. Units also used data from EHRs to monitor processes of care to learn from defects. Units experienced several challenges incorporating health IT, including obtaining organization approval, working with their busy IT departments, and retrieving standardized data from health IT systems. Use of health IT played an integral part in the planning and implementation of SPPC for participating L&D units. Use of health IT is an encouraging approach for incorporating safety science principles into care to improve perinatal safety and should be incorporated into materials to facilitate the implementation of perinatal safety initiatives.
Low-Complexity, Low-Regret Link Rate Selection in Rapidly-Varying Wireless Channels

We consider the problem of transmitting at the optimal rate over a rapidly-varying wireless channel with unknown statistics when the feedback about channel quality is very limited. One motivation for this problem is that, in emerging wireless networks, the use of mm Wave bands means that the channel quality can fluctuate rapidly and thus, one cannot rely on full channel-state feedback to make transmission rate decisions. Inspired by related problems in the context of multi-armed bandits, we consider a well-known algorithm called Thompson sampling to address this problem. However, unlike the traditional multi-armed bandit problem, a direct application of Thompson sampling results in a computational and storage complexity that grows exponentially with time. Therefore, we propose an algorithm called Modified Thompson sampling (MTS), whose computational and storage complexity is simply linear in the number of channel states and which achieves at most logarithmic regret as a function of time when compared to an optimal algorithm which knows the probability distribution of the channel states.
ICE CORES | History of Research, Greenland and Antarctica

Ice samples collected from polar ice sheets have been used to study past climate changes going almost as far back as 1 My. The first ice core projects in the 1960s identified major climate transitions. Subsequent projects have shown that abrupt climate changes have occurred many times in the past and that there is a close link between high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and warm climate conditions.
Moving from Rural to Urban: Urbanization and Its Implications for Educational Equality and Equity in China

Rapid urban growth in China threatens sustainable development because policies and infrastructure have not developed to ensure that the promised benefits of city life are shared equitably. In this vein, educational equality and equity in China are unavoidably influenced by urbanization and the broader pro-urban and pro-costal development model. This chapter places the debate on educational equality and equity within the context of rapid urbanization in China. The consequences of urbanization, such as rapid urban expansion and marginalization, together with the effects of the rural–urban dichotomy, have challenged equal and equitable educational opportunities and attainment. Through the lenses of educational investment, quality school enrolment, the examination system, and private tutoring in education, the chapter identifies and discusses multiple educational disparities. Amid rapid urbanization and demographic mobility, the lack of inclusive urban communities and quality schools are fundamental reasons for China’s educational disparities.
An Examination of Multicultural Awareness and Sensitivity of Recreation, Parks, and Tourism Educators

It is imperative that colleges and universities become increasingly responsive to cultural differences of students served and that diversity is valued by educators' efforts to meet the needs of cul...
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HERPES SIMPLEX KERATITIS.

Considerable information has been accumulated concerning the herpes virus and its relationship to man, its natural host (Table VI). It is evident that to control the diseases produced, by the virus it is essential that some means be found not only to control the acute manifestations but also to eliminate the harbored virus from the readily available supply in the numerous ubiquitous carriers. Attempts to date to increase the natural human resistance against the virus have not been helpful. -Lhe various factors and conditions that determine the frequencies and distributions of herpes simplex keratitis in the community have been reviewed by Scott 1 in 1957. In the intervening years, a new approach to antiherpes therapy has been introduced. Consideration of the epidemiology of herpes simplex keratitis may aid in the evaluation of this new group of antiviral compounds. It also may allow a forecast of the possible ways in which the new agent might be anticipated to influence the epidemiology of herpes simplex keratitis. Herpes simplex infection is an endemic disease with approximately 90 per cent of the infections being subclinical. However, epidemics due to the herpes simplex virus have occurred. These have been reported in families in which more than one member has been affected either at the same time or in sequence from a common source, in hospital wards, and in institutions. The recorded epidemics caused by the herpes simplex virus have been of the stomatitis or eczematous variety and not ocular.3 " 5 ' s
Complementary Use of Electrochemistry and Synthetic Redox Chemistry in the Oxidation of Decamethylferrocene: An Integrated Advanced Laboratory Experiment

An integrated pair of experiments has been developed to introduce undergraduate students to the ways in which electrochemistry can complement conventional synthetic chemistry involving redox reactions. Students first use cyclic voltammetry and linear scan voltammetry to characterize and quantify the products of the reaction between decamethylferrocene and the 4-nitrophenyldiazonium ion. In the following lab period, they synthesize the decamethylferrocenium ion as its tetrafluoroborate salt.
The Rise (and Refinement) of Moral Panic

This chapter provides an overview of the dominant approaches to understanding the impact of mediation on media consumers. Before approaching the topic regarding video games however, it is important to plot the trajectory of how people have understood moral panics from the media. The first video game subjected to moral panic was the 1976 driving simulator Death Race. The chapter covers five main areas of thought: a definition of moral panic, early accounts of media fears, the rise of moral panics as a result of mass communication, the refinement of media effects as individual processing, interactivity as a key igniter of moral panic debate. The chapter also covers a contemporary view of media effects as the interaction of messages and the idiosyncratic ways they are processed. As a social science, the study of media psychology aims to untangle the complex relationship between humans and the evolving digital environment.
SH3-class Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors are essential for Aspergillus fumigatus invasive growth

Proper hyphal morphogenesis is essential for the establishment and progression of invasive disease caused by filamentous fungi. In the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, signalling cascades driven by Ras and Ras-like proteins orchestrate a wide variety of cellular processes required for hyphal growth. For activation, these proteins require interactions with Ras-subfamily-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs). Although Ras-protein networks are essential for virulence in all pathogenic fungi, the importance of RasGEF proteins is largely unexplored. A. fumigatus encodes four putative RasGEFs that represent three separate classes of RasGEF proteins (SH3-, Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein [RasGRP]-, and LTE-class), each with fungus-specific attributes. Here, we show that the SH3-class and RasGRP-class RasGEFs are required for properly timed polarity establishment during early growth and branch emergence as well as for cell wall stability. Further, we show that SH3-class RasGEF activity is essential for polarity establishment and maintenance, a phenotype that is, at least, partially independent of the major A. fumigatus Ras proteins, RasA and RasB. Finally, loss of both SH3-class RasGEFs resulted in avirulence in multiple models of invasive aspergillosis. Together, our findings suggest that RasGEF activity is essential for the integration of multiple signalling networks to drive invasive growth in A. fumigatus.
Mnemonic Variable Names in Parsons Puzzles

In Parsons Puzzles, students are asked to arrange the lines of a program in their correct order. We investigated the effect of using mnemonic variable names in the program on the ease with which students solved the puzzles - whether students were able to solve puzzles containing mnemonic variable names with fewer actions or in less time than single-character variable names. We conducted a controlled study with cross-over design over four semesters. Much to our surprise, we found no statistically significant difference between students solving puzzles with mnemonic variable names versus single-character variable names - either in terms of the number of actions taken, the grade earned or the time spent per puzzle. In this paper, we will describe the experimental setup and data analysis and present the results of the study. We will discuss some hypotheses as to why the readability of the variable names did not impact students' ability to solve Parsons puzzles.
Reprehensible, Laughable: The Role of Contempt in Negative Campaigning

Negativity is common in political rhetoric and advertising, but its effects are variable. One important moderator may be the specific emotions communicated by the messages and potentially in recipi...
Optical Vortices in Fiber

Long lived orbital angular momentum (OAM) states of light in fibers have recently been enabled by a class of so-called ring-fiber designs. We review their potential applications in areas ranging from telecommunications to nanoscale microscopy.
The Nauvoo Legion in Illinois: A History of the Mormon Militia, 1841–1846

Review of: "The Nauvoo Legion in Illinois: A History of the Mormon Militia, 1841–1846," by Richard E. Bennett, Susan Easton Black, and Donald Q. Cannon.
Elastic stability of pierced square plates

The Ritz energy method is employed for the determination of the critical edge displacement of a simply supported square plate with a circular central hole subjected to uniform edge displacements. Displacement functions assumed for the three components of middle surface displacements are studied for hole diameters varying up to three-tenths of the plate dimension. The importance of singular terms is investigated and an approximate conversion is made from critical displacements to critical loads. The experimentally determined buckling load, defined as the inflection point on the load-deflection curve, verifies the theoretical predictions.
Performance of sweeping gas membrane distillation for treating produced water: Modeling and experiments

Abstract Membrane distillation (MD) has shown promise for desalination of produced water (PW), but there are very few studies reported on the performance of MD with real PW and the characteristics of the fouling and scaling in MD. Among different MD configurations, sweeping gas MD (SGMD) is the least studied configuration. Here we report the application of SGMD for treating high-salinity PW (123 g L−1). The SGMD operating conditions were first carefully optimized through pure water MD experiments by varying operating conditions. The flux evaluation was accompanied by a detailed Aspen Custom Modeler simulation based on the electrolyte-NRTL thermodynamic model to better understand the heat and mass transfer in the feed and permeate channel. Supported by experiments, modeling results confirmed the partial condensation of the vapor in the permeate channel. Additionally, it was concluded that the saturation of the sweeping gas is controlling the overall mass transfer through the membrane. Selected membranes and optimized conditions were then used to conduct short-term and long-term performance tests with PW. In long-term MD test, the concentration of the PW increased by a factor of two (50% water recovery), while the membrane exhibited small flux decline. Elemental analysis showed that strontium and sodium were the major scalant compounds.
The Michigan Retinal Degeneration Questionnaire: A Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument for Inherited Retinal Degenerations.

Purpose To create a psychometrically validated patient-reported outcome measure for inherited retinal degenerations. Design Qualitative and quantitative patient-reported outcome (PROs) questionnaire development using item response theory validation. Methods One hundred twenty-eight patients with a diagnosis of an inherited retinal degeneration at the Kellogg Eye Center (University of Michigan) were recruited and administered a 166-item questionnaire comprising 7 expert-defined domains. The questionnaire was re-administered 4-16 days later to a subset of 25 participants to assess test-retest variability. Graded response models were fit by Cai's Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro algorithm using the R (version 3.6.3) package mirt. Model data were fit to assess questionnaire dimensionality, to estimate item information, and to score participants. Poorly functioning items were removed, and the model was refit to create the final questionnaire. Results The psychometrically validated PROs measure was reduced to a 59-item questionnaire measuring 7 unidimesnional domains: central vision, color vision, contrast sensitivity, scotopic function, photopic peripheral vision, mesopic peripheral vision, and photosensitivity. A total of 39 items were removed because of poor factor loading, low item information, poor person-ability differentiation, or high item-level interdependence. This novel questionnaire produces a reliable domain score for person ability that does not show significant test-retest variability across repeated administration. Conclusions The final PRO questionnaire, known as the Michigan Retinal Degeneration Questionnaire, is psychometrically validated and available for use in the evaluation of patients with inherited retinal degenerations.
Quantifying and Incorporating the Benefits of Wicking Geotextile into Pavement Design

AbstractGeotextiles have been widely used in pavement systems for reinforcing base and subgrade layers. However, the capillary break effect minimizes the benefits of reinforcement due to excess por...
The Cancer Microbiome: Recent Highlights and Knowledge Gaps

Knowledge of the human microbiome, which is likely a critical factor in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of multiple forms of cancer, is rapidly expanding. In this review, we focus on recent investigations to discern putative, causative microbial species and the microbiome composition and structure currently associated with procarcinogenesis and tumorigenesis at select body sites. We specifically highlight forms of cancer, gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal, that have significant bacterial associations and well-defined experimental evidence with the aim of generating directions for future experimental and translational investigations to develop a clearer understanding of the multifaceted mechanisms by which microbiota affect cancer formation. SIGNIFICANCE: Emerging and, for some cancers, strong experimental and translational data support the contribution of the microbiome to cancer biology and disease progression. Disrupting microbiome features and pathways contributing to cancer may provide new approaches to improving cancer outcomes in patients.
Ultrasonic Detection of Cracks below Bolts in Aircraft Skins

The detection of cracks below fasteners in aircraft skin has been a longstanding challenge for the aviation industry. Among conventional NDE inspection methods, radiography is more suited to the detection of relatively large cracks, while eddy current techniques can achieve good probability of detection for small cracks [1], but requires the removal of the fasteners. Consequently, considerable effort has been focussed on the development of ultrasonic inspection methods [2]. Aircraft skins are constructed in various ways, and the possibility of ultrasonic inspection depends critically on the manner of construction. For example, many commercial aircraft skins are constructed with a thin outer layer of aluminum over a relatively thick inner layer. The two layers are fastened together with rivets and sealed to prevent moisture or fuel from penetrating. In this first case, the critical flaws occur in the inner layer. Ultrasonic inspection is hampered by reverberations in the outer skin and the need to penetrate the layer of sealant. On the other hand, some military aircraft have a thick structural outer skin fastened to an inner framework by bolts. Importantly, the critical cracks occur in the outer layer of metal. The possibility of ultrasonic inspection is greatly enhanced in this second case since there is no need to penetrate through a sealant to an inner layer. The possibility of inspecting skins of this second type with a high-angle, shear-wave pulse-echo technique is the subject of this progress report.
Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease of the pulmonary vasculature characterized by progressive vascular obliteration, right heart failure, and ultimately death. Basic science has focused for the past several decades on identification of underlying molecular causes of this disease, and multiple potential derangements have been identified and some have led to development of drugs to treat PAH. Unfortunately, however, there is no cure for PAH and research continues to identify common mechanisms of development of pulmonary vascular disease and to develop new, more effective therapies. This chapter highlights much of our understanding of the basic pathobiology underlying PAH including genetic underpinnings, vasoactive substances, alterations in cell proliferation and apoptosis, inflammation, thrombosis, and endocrine factors.
Psychological Conditions Associated with Motor Vehicle Collisions

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the wide range of psychological conditions associated with motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) and the resulting injuries and impairments. In the event of an extremely serious MVC, the survivor often must grapple with injuries to self; the loss of and/or injuries to significant others; and the cascade of events that occur as a part of the immediate medical management of injuries sustained in a traumatic MVC. Any and all aspects of such an MVC are considered sufficient to cause trauma. An event can be considered traumatic based on the individual's perception of the event as posing a significant threat of harm to the individual's physical and/or psychological integrity. The reverse is also true. An individual can be involved an MVC in which a fatality is witnessed, marked physical injuries are incurred, and functional limitations are experienced, and yet not experience clinically significant psychological distress. Being able to predict the psychological consequences of an MVC is a significant challenge for both the treating clinician and MVC researcher. Attention is paid to those psychological conditions that are frequently part of the MVC experience but are less represented among studies of psychological distress reactions occurring consequent to MVCs. Characteristic features and MVC context-specific prevalence data are provided for psychological conditions. These psychological conditions are discussed in terms of their relation to MVC-related injury and impairment, pain and suffering, lifestyle impairment, disability, and litigation.
A case for test-code generation in model-driven systems

A primary goal of generative programming and model-driven development is to raise the level of abstraction at which designers and developers interact with the software systems they are building. During initial development, the benefits of abstraction are clear. However, during testing and maintenance, increased distance from the implementation can be a disadvantage. We view test cases and test harnesses as an essential bridge between the high-level specifications and the implementation. As such, the generation of test cases for fully generated components and test harnesses for partially generated components is of fundamental importance to model-driven systems. In this paper we present our experience with test-case and test-harness generation for a family of model-driven, component-based distributed systems. We describe our development tool, MODEST, and motivate our decision to invest the extra effort needed to generate test code. We present our approach to test-case and test-harness generation and describe the benefits to developers and maintainers of generated systems. Furthermore, we quantify the relative cost of generating test code versus application code and find that the artifact templates for producing test code are simpler than those used for application code. Given the described benefits to developers and maintainers and the relatively low cost of test-code development, we argue that test-code generation should be a fundamental feature of model-driven development efforts.