cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A further theoretical exploration of the surface-aligned photo-initiated H+CO2 reaction: Surface motion and temperature dependence

We report a further theoretical investigation of a model surface-aligned photoreaction with a moving surface approximation. The reaction is initiated by the photodissociation of a well-aligned HBr adsorbed on the LiF(001) surface. The collision of the dissociating H fragment with a coadsorbed CO2 leads to the OH and CO products. In an earlier theoretical study with a static surface model, it has been shown that the reactivity can be significantly enhanced relative to the corresponding gas phase reaction for some adsorption alignments. In this work, we address the roles played by surface motion and temperature. Our results indicate that some (∼0.3 eV) energy can be lost to the surface either from the adsorbed HOCO complex or from one of the products when it collides with the surface during the final disintegration of the HOCO complex. However, the energy transfer has a minor effect on the reactivity. The final state distributions of the products are found to be similar to those produced with the static sur...
Diffraction by small crystals on a single crystal substrate

Abstract Diffraction pattern intensities are calculated for a simple model of an overgrowth of small crystals on the surface of a single-crystal substrate when the lattice constants of the overgrowth and substrate differ but the centers of the overgrowth crystals lie at particular positions with respect to the substrate lattice. Estimates are made of the effects of the multiple scattering processes which are likely to occur in transmission and reflection electron diffraction. It is suggested that application of the usual methods of interpretation of these diffraction patterns would lead to false conclusions suggesting that pseudomorphic growth had occurred to modify the lattice constant of the overgrowth crystals to fit that of the substrate.
Esophageal speaker articulation of /s,z/: a dynamic palatometric assessment.

Abstract Esophageal talker linguapalatal contact patterns and durations during /s/ and /z/ productions were examined using dynamic palometry instrumentation. It was found that sibilant groove narrowing is a physiologic compensation for a reduced air supply in esophageal speech. The place of esophageal /s, z/ articulation was on the anterior portion of the alveolar ridge as seen in normal speakers. Average medial groove width for esophageal /s/ was narrower than the 5–7-mm groove characteristics of normal speakers. Groove widths averaged 3 mm for /s/ and 4 mm for /z/. Systematic changes in groove widths across speech sounds, syllable position, and vowel context were also observed. Use of a narrower lingual groove was interpreted as a significant articulatory maneuver to meter out a limited intraoral air supply and effect more normal fricative durations.
Nonlinear wave scattering by small barrier potentials

We consider the nonlinear scattering of a plane wave by a small barrier potential (cylindrical anti-waveguide). We experimentally demonstrate that self-defocusing nonlinearity can greatly enhance transmission, suppress scatter, and generate phase singularities.
Visualizations of sound energy across coupled rooms using a diffusion equation model

Visualizations, based on a diffusion equation model, are presented for both steady-state and transient sound energy. For steady-state sound-pressure level distributions, animations created by scanning from the primary room to the secondary room reveal discontinuous transitions of sound energy caused by a location change from the wall area to the aperture area. Animations of time-dependent energy flow directions visualize the energy flows across coupled spaces. This study also reveals a “reversal” characteristic of energy flow directions which seems to be dependent on the size and location of the aperture.
Relationship between religious characteristics and responses to vigilantism

Abstract Religious characteristics are often related to attitudes about legal issues (e.g., death penalty). This study investigated whether U.S. university students’ religious beliefs (i.e., fundamentalism, devotionalism, evangelism) and religious motivations (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic religiosity) were associated with responses to vigilantism (i.e., whether the vigilante is justified, should be legally responsible, should receive a lighter sentence). Participants read three scenarios describing vigilantism in response to different crimes (murder, drug dealing, child molestation). More punitive responses to vigilantism were associated with being low in fundamentalism, extrinsic religiosity, and evangelism, and with being high in devotionalism and intrinsic religiosity. Motivations were more frequent predictors of responses to vigilantism than beliefs. Results are the first step in explaining relationships between religious characteristics and responses to vigilantism.
Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults : The cardiovascular health study

Background Prospective studies indicate that a single self-report of high depressive symptoms is associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods We tested whether a single report of high depressive symptoms, an increase in depressive symptoms, or persistently high depressive symptoms over time were associated with the development of diabetes in adults 65 years and older. Participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study completed the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale (CES-D) annually from 1989 to 1999. A single report of high depressive symptoms (CES-D score, ≥8), an increase in symptoms during follow-up (≥5 from baseline), and persistently high symptoms (2 consecutive scores ≥8) were each studied in relation to incident diabetes, defined by initiation of diabetes control medications among participants who were free from diabetes at baseline (n = 4681). Results The mean CES-D score at baseline was 4.5 (SD, 4.5). The incidence rate of diabetes was 4.4 per 1000 person-years. Following adjustment for baseline demographic characteristics and measures of physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, body mass index, and C-reactive protein during follow-up, each measure of depressive symptoms was significantly associated with incident diabetes (high baseline CES-D score: hazard ratio, 1.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3]; CES-D score increase: hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.2]; and persistently high symptoms: hazard ratio, 1.5 [95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.3]). Conclusion Older adults who reported higher depressive symptoms were more likely to develop diabetes than their counterparts; this association was not fully explained by risk factors for diabetes.
Shelf-ready: A cost-benefit analysis

Brigham Young University's Harold B. Lee Library conducted a time-task cost study to compare the cost and processing time of shelf-ready books to non-shelf-ready books to determine if it could better use its human resources and if it should expand the use of shelf-ready to include its approval books. The results showed that shelf-ready was, on average, 5.7% cheaper, took 47% less processing time, and arrived on the shelves 33 sooner than books processed in-house. Based on the results of the study, the library moved its approval books to the shelf-ready program and was able to reallocate catalogers tasks.
Optical functions of silicon between 1.7 and 4.7 eV at elevated temperatures

Polarization modulation ellipsometry has been used to determine the optical functions of silicon at elevated temperatures up to 1000 K. The ${E}_{1}$, ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${E}_{2}$ features move monotonically to lower energies as the temperature is increased. A fit of the ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${E}_{2}$ peak positions to the empirical formulation of Varshni is obtained; it is found that the critical points of the joint density of states for the ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${E}_{2}$ gaps move somewhat differently from the indirect gap, although the difference is not large.
Three immunologically similar atrial natriuretic factor receptors.

One of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) receptors is a 180 kDa protein (180 kDa mGC) which possesses the extraordinary characteristic of being bifunctional: it is both a receptor and a guanylate cyclase. In addition to the 180 kDa mGC, there exists another 120–130 kDa protein which is also bifunctional and a 120 kDa disulfide-linked dimeric cell surface protein that is an ANF receptor, but is not a part of guanylate cyclase. A fundamental question that needs to be resolved is: Are these three apparently biochemically distinct ANF receptors structurally similar? With the aid of affinity crosslinking techniques, a highly specific antibody to the 180 kDa mGC, and GTP-affinity techniques, we now demonstrate the presence of three immunologically similar proteins in rat adrenal gland and testes. These proteins migrate as 180 kDa, 130 kDa and 65 kDa under denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and specifically bind ANF, raising one or more of the following possibilities about their relationships: 1) Degradation of 180 kDa to 130 kDa and 65 kDa occurs during purification; 2) 180 kDa bears a precursor-product relationship with 130 kDa and 65 kDa, suggesting the role of a protease in the processing procedure; 3) these proteins are a result of gene splicing; or 4) they are the products of three separate, but very closely related genes.
Lung cancer in elderly patients.

Lung cancer is the most deadly malignancy in men and women in the United States [1]. The incidence of new cases rose steadily throughout much of the 1900s after the development of the commercial cigarette market. Only recently has the incidence of new cases in men begun to fall [1]. This trend has not been seen in women because their increased cigarette use came much later than that in men. The cause of most lung cancer is long-term exposure to cigarette smoke; therefore, this is a disease in adults. The risk of developing lung cancer rises with age and, although there may be a rising incidence of adenocarcinoma in younger adults, most patients with lung cancer are older than 50 years and more than one third are older than 65 years [2]. Physicians caring for elderly patients with lung cancer are often faced with difficult decisions.The difficulties arisefor atleast two reasons. First, lung cancer that is clinically apparent is not indolent. Prostate cancer is much more common than lung cancer in the elderly male population but is less likely to be the cause of death in a given patient [1]. Thus, there is more impetus to offer treatment to the patient with lung cancer than with some other malignancies. Second, the treatments are all associated with significant morbidity. Thoracic surgery with pulmonary resection, systemic chemotherapy, and even localized radiation therapy all have the potential to cause significant morbidity and even mortality. These points are made to underscore the importance of a careful, thorough approach to the lung cancer patient, not to advocate withholding treatments. There is much literature citing the ability of appropriately selected elderly patients to tolerate surgical and nonsurgical treatments for lung cancer. These treatments are known to improve survival and quality oflifeandshouldbeofferedwheneverpossible.Thedetailsregardingrisksoftreatments in elderly patients are discussed later. The general approach to diagnosis, staging, and treatment of lung cancer does not vary based on age and the following discussion is applicable to all patients. Risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis are performed in every case. Most patients with lung cancer have some amount of
Brain metastases as the only manifestation of an undetected primary tumor

BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with brain metastasis as the only manifestation of an undetected primary tumor generally is considered to be poor. Therefore, most treatment is palliative. The authors reviewed the clinical outcomes and treatment results of patients presenting with brain metastasis from an undetected primary tumor at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. METHODS Between 1977-1996, 220 patients were referred to the study department for the treatment of brain metastasis from an undetected primary tumor. The patients' records were reviewed to identify those for whom brain metastasis was the only manifestation of the primary tumor. The majority of patients were excluded from the current analysis because extracranial metastasis also were present. Thirty-nine patients qualified for this retrospective review. The level of neurosurgical excision varied, but all patients received radiotherapy. Tumor control in the brain and survival were analyzed by various tumor-related and treatment-related factors. RESULTS In 31 patients, the brain metastasis were adenocarcinomas, whereas the remaining patients had tumors of various other histologies. In 12 patients, the primary tumor eventually was found, most commonly in the lung. The median survival time for all patients was 13.4 months. Overall survival rates (OS) at 1, 3, and 5 years were 56%, 19%, and 15%, respectively. Intracranial disease control was 72% at 5 years. Patients who received gross total resection (GTR) and radiotherapy had significantly better OS than patients who received radiotherapy alone. The OS of patients whose primary tumor was identified was similar to that of patients in whom the primary tumor remained occult. CONCLUSIONS Brain metastasis as the only manifestation of an unknown primary tumor is a distinct clinical entity. The prognosis for patients with this presentation is better than that of patients with brain metastasis in general. Although the majority of patients die of extracranial disease, a few will achieve long term survival. Treatment to the brain is effective in controlling local disease; aggressive treatment with GTR and radiotherapy is recommended. Cancer 1998;83:2181-2184. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Preparation of Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fibers by the Diffusion-Assisted Coextrusion Process

A poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) base gradient-index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF) was fabricated by the diffusion-assisted coextrusion process using diphenyl sulfide (DPS) as a refractive index modifying dopant. In the diffusion-assisted coextrusion process, PMMA containing DPS and pure PMMA were coextruded concentrically as the core and cladding, respectively. Subsequently, DPS contained in the core was allowed to diffuse in the diffusion zone of a coextrusion die forming a gradually varying concentration gradient in the radial direction. Thereby, a refractive index profile was created. The refractive index profile was then characterized by measuring the concentration profile of DPS using FT-IR spectroscopy. The measured profiles showed a good agreement with the predictions of the theoretical model reported previously (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2001, 40, 3740). Because the concentration profile of the dopant is strongly affected by its diffusivity, the refractive index profile could be controlled by adjus...
Correlations Between the Microstructure and Fatigue Life of Near-Eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu Pb-Free Solders

Relationships between the microstructure of near-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu Pb-free solder joints and room-temperature fatigue lifetimes were studied. Correlations between the lifetimes of single Sn grained, SAC205 solder joints with the orientation of the Sn grain, and with differences in Ag3Sn and Cu6Sn5 precipitate microstructures were sought. Correlations between the number of Sn grains and fatigue life were observed. Surprisingly, it was found that Ag3Sn precipitates were highly segregated from Cu6Sn5 precipitates on a length scale of approximately 20 μm. Furthermore, large (factor of two) variations of the Sn dendrite arm size were observed within given samples. Such variations in values of dendrite arm size within a single sample were much larger than observed variations of this parameter between individual samples. Few significant differences were observed in the average size of precipitates in different samples. Although effects of average precipitate microstructure on lifetimes were not clearly delineated, one sample showed an anomalously high number of the smallest size (30 nm to 50 nm) Ag3Sn precipitates, and this sample also exhibited a much longer lifetime than all the other samples. Thus, some evidence was presented that samples of particular orientations and precipitate microstructures can exhibit anomalous fatigue lifetimes.
Teleseismic investigation of the January 22, 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquakes

The three January 22, 1988, earthquakes are the largest to occur within the Australian continent in 20 years and produced two colinear but discontinuous WNW trending scarps enclosing a shorter ENE trending scarp. Teleseismic long period P and SH and short period P waves are used to constrain the locations and source parameters for the three events. The third earthquake has a seismic moment (1019Nm) equal to that of the 1968 Meckering event and most likely ruptured the southern of the WNW trending faults. Relative relocations suggest that the two smaller earthquakes initiated north or NW of the third event. Centroid depths are less than 6 km, but most likely 3 to 4 km, and source durations are 4 to 6s so it is probable that each event broke the surface. All three earthquakes have predominantly thrust mechanisms and nodal planes that strike west to WNW, consistent with faults dipping southward at 30° to 40°. Only the first has a nodal plane that could support a north dip for the ENE trending fault, as proposed by other researchers on the basis of ground deformation and preliminary aftershock locations. However, source directivity evident in the short period P waves and relocations are interpreted better if this event, like the others, ruptured a SW dipping fault plane. The ENE trending scarp is interpreted to be a tear fault in the hanging wall that may have acted as a barrier to slip on a single continuous SW dipping fault, resulting in this unusual, at least for Australia, sequence of three large similar earthquakes.
Formation of TiO2-WO3 nanotubular composite via single-step anodization and its application in photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation

Abstract A nanotubular composite of TiO 2 –WO 3 was synthesized via anodic oxidation of titanium in a single-step process using phosphotungstic acid as the tungsten source. The composite material was evaluated for photoelectrochemical water splitting and demonstrated a 46% increase in conversion efficiency by incorporating WO 3 compared to TiO 2 nanotubes prepared under similar conditions.
Marking Otoliths by Immersion of Marine Fish Larvae in Tetracycline

Abstract Otoliths of the larvae of spot Leiostomus xanthurus and pinfish Lagodon rhomboides were marked with a band that fluoresced in ultraviolet (UV) light after live larvae had been immersed for 1–2 hours in tris-buffered, 100–500-mg/liter solutions of tetracycline in a 1% NaCl solution. Dimethyl sulfoxide did not significantly increase tetracycline uptake. After otoliths were marked, their radii increased approximately 18% in 8 days for spot and 15% for pinfish, but distinct daily growth increments could not be detected even though diel periodicities in feeding and photoperiod were provided in the laboratory. Received October 31, 1983 Accepted March 19, 1984
The Role of Carbohydrates in Appetite, Hunger and Obesity

Appetite and hunger may be functions of dietary carbohydrate content. Preabsorptive insulin-induced hypoglycemia probably explains how the anticipation, sight, smell or taste of palatable high-carbohydrate foods can stimulate appetite; and postabsorptive insulin-induced hypoglycemia may explain how the ingestion of a high-carbohydrate meal stimulates hunger. Rather than increasing appetite and hunger in general, however, insulin-induced hypoglycemia may specifically increase appetite and hunger for more carbohydrates, especially sugar. All carbohydrates are probably not equally important in the prevention and treatment of obesity: diets high in simple-sugar content may produce greater appetite and hunger than most high-starch diets.
Crystal data for rare earth orthophosphates of the monazite structure-type

Abstract Unit cell constants for REPO4 (RE = La to Gd) have been re-determined. Nine-fold coordinated ionic radii for Pu3+, Am3+, and Cm3+ in the monazite structure-type have been calculated.
A novel biomimetic orthodontic bonding agent helps prevent white spot lesions adjacent to brackets

Objective: To compare changes in enamel microhardness adjacent to orthodontic brackets after using bonding agents containing various compositions of bioactive glass compared to a traditional resin adhesive following a simulated caries challenge. Materials and Methods: Extracted human third molars (n 5 10 per group) had orthodontic brackets bonded using one of four novel bioactive glass (BAG)-containing orthodontic bonding agents (BAG-Bonds) or commercially available Transbond-XT. The four new adhesives contained BAG in varying percentages incorporated into a traditional resin monomer mixture. Teeth were cycled through low-pH demineralizing and physiologic-pH remineralizing solutions once each day over 14 days. Microhardness was measured on longitudinal sections of the teeth 100, 200, and 300 mm from the bracket edge and beneath the brackets, at depths of 25 to 200 mm from the enamel surface. Normalized hardness values were compared using three-way analysis of variance. Results: Significantly less reduction in enamel microhardness was found with the experimental adhesives at depths of 25 and 50 mm at all distances from the bracket edge. In all groups, there were no significant changes in enamel microhardness past 125-mm depth. Results varied with the different BAG-Bonds, with 81BAG-Bond showing the smallest decrease in enamel microhardness. Conclusions: The BAG-Bonds tested in this study showed a reduction in the amount of superficial enamel softening surrounding orthodontic brackets compared to a traditional bonding agent. The results indicate that clinically, BAG-Bonds may aid in maintaining enamel surface hardness, therefore helping prevent white spot lesions adjacent to orthodontic brackets. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:97–103.)
The hidden curriculum

The opportunity to work directly with cadavers to learn the complicated intricacies of the human body was one of the things I looked forward to most about medical school. We were so fortunate for the chance to learn from those generous individuals who donated their bodies to this noble cause. Some
Development of behavioral competence in young Drosophila melanogaster adults.

We have monitored the ontogeny of several behaviors performed by young Drosophila melanogasteradults. Very young flies are less active than older flies and are less responsive to gravity, light, an odorant, and sucrose applied to their tarsi. In addition, very young males do not consume sucrose or perform any courtship behaviors in response to virgin females, which provide chemical and visual stimuli to courting males. The rate at which flies become maximally competent to respond to stimuli is a function of the behavior. Sensory and motor deficits are not solely responsible for young flies' inability to respond to the stimuli, which suggests that the central nervous system continues to develop after eclosion.
THE EFFECT OF WHISKEY AND LOW-PROTEIN DIETS ON HEPATIC ENZYMES IN RATS.

Chronic administration of whiskey to adult female rats reduced hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Isocitric dehydrogenase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities were also decreased.
Similarity solutions for jet breakup for various models of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract We study the existence of similarity solutions for surface tension driven jet breakup without inertia in viscoelastic fluids. A variety of models are analyzed. It is found that there are major qualitative differences between different kinds of models, even where the elongational viscosities are similar.
Maintenance and consolidation strategies in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: A review of the data.

Results of treatment for patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas have significantly improved over the last decade, especially following the discovery that anti-CD20 antibody therapy can significantly change the outlook for patients with both aggressive and indolent lymphomas. Although investigators have previously attempted to prevent relapses by intensifying chemotherapy programs for patients with poor-risk disease, further improvements in treatment will require development of biologic agents that can be added to current programs and exploitation of currently available drugs that can prevent recurrence of these diseases with good tolerability. This review analyzes currently available plans that can be used to maintain responses or “consolidate” initial responses to therapy, programs that may prevent relapse and potentially cure more patients with lymphomas, with a review of current ongoing trials designed along these lines.
Fibrolipomatous hamartoma: MR imaging findings.

To analyze the MR imaging features of fibrolipomatous hamartoma (FLH) of nerves. MR imaging studies from six patients (three men and three women) were retrospectively reviewed by three musculo-skeletal radiologists. In four patients, a biopsy of the nerve lesion was performed. In two patients, biopsy data were unavailable and the diagnosis was based on the clinical history combined with the MR imaging findings. MR imaging demonstrated fusiform nerve enlargement that was caused by fatty proliferation and thickening of nerve bundles. Nerve bundles appeared as serpentine tubular structures, hypoin-tense on both T1- and T2-weighted images. The degree of fatty proliferation varied among patients. In addition, significant variation in the distribution of fat along the course of the nerves was noted. In three patients, FLH followed the branching pattern of the nerves, a characteristic pathologic finding. In two patients, intramuscular fat deposition (biceps and tibialis posterior muscles) was present. MR imaging findings of FLH are typical, allowing a confident diagnosis. The variation of fatty proliferation among patients and involved nerves as well as the tendency of the abnormalities to follow the branching pattern of the nerves is well demonstrated with MR imaging. FLH may present as an isolated nerve lesion, may be associated with intramuscular fat deposition, or may occur as a feature of macrodystrophia lipomatosa (MDL).
A Low-Cost AM-FM Radio Employing an Integrated Circuit

This paper demonstrates the possibility of reducing circuit complexity in an AM-FM radio by replacing the FM-IF amplifier limiter and detector as well as the audio preamplifier, with a monolithic linear integrated circuit, the ?A717. The unconventional circuitry of the FM detector and low-voltage power supply and the elimination of audio switching between FM and AM operation are discussed in detail. The performance figures of the complete radio are given.
The hydrogen atom channel in the photodissociation of HNCO

Abstract In the photodissociation of HNCO at 193.3 and 212.6 nm the main channel is NH(a 1 Δ) + CO but the channel H + NCO has also been observed with a yield of 0.050±0.006 at 193.3 nm and 0.13±0.01 at 212.6 nm. The average kinetic energy of the H atoms at 193.3 and 212.6 nm is 10.7±1.5 and 11.4±0.6 kcal/mol respectively. Results are compared with similar data recently reported for HN 3 .
Pediatric peripheral vascular injuries: a review of our experience.

Background This study evaluated peripheral vascular injuries in a pediatric trauma population to identify injury patterns, to identify diagnostic and therapeutic modalities used, and to understand the role of pediatric surgical subspecialists. Methods A retrospective review of children treated for trauma between 2000 and 2006 at a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center was performed. Patients with vascular injury were identified through an institutional trauma registry. Results There were 42 vascular injuries identified during the study period. The average age was 9.8 years, with 64% occurring in males. The mechanism of injury was almost equally distributed between penetrating (55%) and blunt (45%) trauma. Forty-eight percent of patients had an associated fracture. Seventeen diagnostic angiograms were performed. Ninety-eight percent of patients were taken to the operating room for definitive management of one or more of their trauma injuries. Sixty-seven percent underwent operative management specifically for their vascular injury. Twenty-six percent of patients were diagnosed with vasospasm, and all were conservatively managed. Of the 42 patients, 23% were managed by pediatric surgeons, 43% by extremity specialists (orthopedic or plastic surgeons), and 29% by adult vascular surgeons. Conclusions Pediatric traumatic vascular injuries are associated with a higher rate of penetrating trauma than other pediatric trauma and have a relatively high rate of operative intervention. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric vascular injuries can be made difficult by a high rate of vasospasm. Additionally, traumatic vascular injuries in the pediatric population present a unique challenge in the overlap of their management by many different surgical subspecialists.
The optics of photomasks: from shadowy past to scattered future

From an optical imaging perspective, photomask design and topography have evolved over the past 10 years from optically thin, light-blocking apertures to optically thick, volumetric scattering elements. The reduction in mask feature size to the sub-wavelength regime coupled with increases in exposure system numerical aperture will continue to push the optics of a photomask toward a more complex and detailed physical model. Moreover, aggressive implementation of resolution enhancement methods in state of the art lithography create mask layouts that resemble diffractive optical elements rather than the electronic circuit patterns the mask is intended to reproduce. In this paper, we address some of the optical characteristics of photomasks for current lithographic technologies as well as new trends driven by a continued reduction in mask feature size and increased numerical aperture enabled by immersion lithography. As a general conclusion, we find the photomask is best treated and characterized as a true and integrated optical component of the imaging system. By considering the mask from this vantage point, many imaging related issues in advanced lithography may be anticipated and potentially optimized.
Parenteral ofloxacin in treatment of pyelonephritis

The interim findings of two studies of intravenous ofloxacin for the treatment of pyelonephritis are presented. The findings are from one center of a multicenter trial. In the first study intravenous (IV) ofloxacin was given to 34 patients with urine-culture-positive pyelonephritis. After three days of intravenous therapy patients could be switched to oral ofloxacin. Microbiologic eradication occurred in 97 percent and clinical cures in 97 percent of the patients treated with ofloxacin. There were three probable drug-related adverse events. In the second comparative study 38 patients with pyelonephritis were randomized to receive IV ofloxacin with the option of switching to oral ofloxacin after three days. IV ceftazidime was given to 30 patients with pyelonephritis with the option of switching to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) after three days. Microbiologic cures were experienced by 97 percent of the ofloxacin patients and by 100 percent of the ceftazidime patients. Probable drug-related adverse reactions were experienced by 3/28 ofloxacin patients and by none of the ceftazidime patients. These interim study findings indicate that the intravenous preparation of ofloxacin is efficacious in the treatment of pyelonephritis and that it is safe. In addition, IV ofloxacin is as efficacious as IV ceftazidime for the treatment of pyelonephritis.
Fresnel zone plate imaging of gamma rays; theory

The use of a Fresnel zone plate as a coded aperture for imaging incoherent radiation such as gamma rays has been previously reported. The coded image is in many respects similar to a hologram and can be decoded or reconstructed with a coherent optical system. In this paper, the general theory of coded-aperture imaging is presented, first for an arbitrary code and then for an on-axis zone plate, an off-axis zone plate, and a one-dimensional zone plate (or linear chirp). With the on-axis plate, a matched imaging condition is suggested as a guide to optimizing image contrast. With the off-axis zone plate and the linear chirp, it is necessary to use a half-tone screen to spatially heterodyne the object spectrum into the passband of the aperture. In all three cases, expressions for the resolution, depth of field, field of view, and relative efficiency are derived. A simplified noise analysis is presented, and some practical system constraints are discussed.
A single-precision compressive sensing signal reconstruction engine on FPGAs

Compressive sensing (CS) is a promising technology for the low-power and cost-effective data acquisition in wireless healthcare systems. However, its efficient realtime signal reconstruction is still challenging, and there is a clear demand for hardware acceleration. In this paper, we present the first single-precision floating-point CS reconstruction engine implemented a Kintex-7 FPGA using the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm. In order to achieve high performance with maximum hardware utilization, we propose a highly parallel architecture that shares the computing resources among different tasks of OMP by using configurable processing elements (PEs). By fully utilizing the FPGA recourses, our implementation has 128 PEs in parallel and operates at 53.7 MHz. In addition, it can support 2x larger problem size and 10x more sparse coefficients than prior work, which enables higher reconstruction accuracy by adding finer details to the recovered signal. Hardware results from the ECG reconstruction tests show the same level of accuracy as the double-precision C program. Compared to the execution time of a 2.27 GHz CPU, the FPGA reconstruction achieves an average speed-up of 41x.
Medical aid as protest: acts of citizenship for unauthorized im/migrants and refugees

This article examines organized efforts by citizens to provide medical aid to unauthorized migrants in Germany. A case study of an activist organization in Berlin highlights how prevailing forms of governance through citizenship are disrupted. Three major themes are explored. First, historical contingencies and policy realities explain why, given examples of grassroots protest by migrants in other settings, efforts in Germany have been driven primarily by citizens. Second, migrants' biolegitimacy shapes specific ideas of relative deservingness. As a result, advocacy for some groups, such as survivors of torture or refugees from specific geopolitical settings, is more highly valued than that which addresses needs of unauthorized labor migrants. Finally, although their sustained efforts have resulted in challenges to policy and called into question prevailing notions of citizenship, medical activist organizations have become increasingly institutionalized, which may jeopardize their goals. As this case illu...
Truck Trip Generation Models for Seaports with Container and Trailer Operation

Freight movement throughout the United States continues to evolve as a significant challenge to the transportation industry. Seaport operations dominated by container and trailer movements will require operational and infrastructure changes to maintain the growth of international cargo operations. Transportation planning models can be used to determine the needs of port and street network modifications. Described is the research and initial development process of models for predicting the levels of cargo truck traffic moving inbound and outbound at the Port of Miami. The models were restricted to container and trailer truck configurations that transport virtually all of the Port of Miami's freight. Consequently, this associated truck traffic moves through the nearby street network within downtown Miami. The purpose of the trip generation models is to predict volumes of large inbound and outbound trucks for specified time frames. The concern is to know how many large cargo vehicles are traveling on the onl...
Monopolistic Competition with Experience Goods

This paper constructs a model of monopolistic competition where consumers cannot directly verify product quality prior to an initial purchase. Instead, consumers base initial purchases on observed prices, which perfectly signal firms' qualities both in and out of equilibrium. Equilibrium quality is less than efficient, but generally bounded away from the minimum quality. With free entry, observable product variety exceeds what would prevail with perfect information. As repeat purchases become large relative to initial purchases, or as firms become small relative to the size of the market, equilibrium product quality rises, and the market converges to the full information equilibrium.
Determination of Alkaloid Exposure in a Model Ruminant (Goat) Using a Multiresidue Screening Method

A new multiresidue analytical screen for estimating alkaloid exposure in livestock has been evaluated on biological samples from goats dosed with sublethal amounts of five plants known to cause acute poisoning in animals. The plant species selected were Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco), Delphinium barbeyi (larkspur), Datura wrightii (jimsonweed), and Taxus baccata (English yew). Animals were euthanized when toxic signs developed or when 3−7 hours had passed after the dose. The liver, kidney, rumen contents, abomasal contents, urine, and serum from each animal were examined for the presence of alkaloids. Alkaloid contents were determined by GC with nitrogen−phosphorus detection, GC/MS, and a modified commercial thin layer chromatography system. Alkaloids from the plants were detected at levels greater than 1 μg/g in samples of rumen and abomasal contents and in most urine, kidney and liver samples. No alkaloids were detected in serum samples at concentrations greater than ...
Outcomes of pregnancy in women with tetralogy of fallot

Abstract Objectives We sought to determine pregnancy outcomes in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Background Pregnancy outcomes in patients with TOF are incompletely defined. Methods Clinical, hemodynamic, and obstetric data were reviewed for women with TOF and prior pregnancy. Results Of 72 respondents, 43 (mean age, 26 years) had 112 pregnancies (range, 1 to 5); 82 pregnancies were successful. Eight women had unrepaired TOF at the time of their 20 successful pregnancies. At first assessment (age ≥18 years), six patients had pulmonary hypertension, three had moderate or severe right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction, and 13 had severe RV dilation due to pulmonic regurgitation. Sixteen patients had 30 miscarriages (27%) and one term stillbirth. Mean overall birth weight was 3.2 kg (range, 2.1 to 4.2 kg). Unrepaired TOF (p = 0.05) and morphologic pulmonary artery abnormality (p = 0.03) were independently predictive of infant birth weight. Six patients had cardiovascular complications during pregnancy: supraventricular tachycardia in two, heart failure in two, pulmonary embolism in a patient with pulmonary hypertension, and progressive RV dilation in a patient with severe pulmonic regurgitation. Five infants (6%) had congenital anomalies. Conclusions Patients with TOF have an increased risk of fetal loss, and their offspring are more likely to have congenital anomalies than offspring in the general population. Adverse maternal events, although rare, may be associated with left ventricular dysfunction, severe pulmonary hypertension, and severe pulmonic regurgitation with RV dysfunction.
Off-flavors of whey protein concentrates: A literature review

Abstract Considerable progress has been made in technology development for manufacturing whey protein concentrates (WPC) that contain up to 75% protein. However, these products also contain variable amounts of residual lactose and 3–7% lipid materials that are susceptible to chemical reactions resulting in the development of typical stale and aged off-flavors in the product. New technologies including chemical pretreatment, microfiltration and ultrafiltration/diafiltration are now available for removing these materials more effectively from whey; this should enable the industry to manufacture WPCs with improved flavor stability and functionality. This paper considers the chemistry of off-flavor formation in WPC products in comparison to milk and whey by Maillard reaction, lipid oxidation, and riboflavin decomposition during storage and suggests whey pretreatment processing technology to improve the flavor stability of WPC.
Moisture effects on the magnetic state in polyaniline

Through magnetic-susceptibility measurements on samples of thermally aged polyaniline in the emeraldine-base form, Pauli and Curie susceptibilities are shown to depend sensitively on the presence of moisture. It is suggested that the same spin can contribute either to the Pauli susceptibility or Curie susceptibility depending upon its environment, or temperature, and that the presence of water even in trace amounts may determine the dynamical behavior of the spins.
A zonal approach to solution of the Euler equations

A technique for the solution of the one- and two-dimensional Euler equations in a partitioned flow field is presented. The field is divided into distinct 'zones', each of which is computed separately. An implicit boundary procedure based on the characteristic propagaion of information and flux splitting methods is applied at the zonal interfaces. Numerical results are presented for both quasi-one-dimensional nozzle flows with shock waves and the unsteady shock-tube problem. These calculations demonstrate the capability of shock propagation through arbitrarily located zonal boundaries in a stable, conservative, and accurate manner. Two-dimensional results include the zonal computation of flows over blunt bodies and airfoils.
Brief announcement: exploring the consistency problem space

We study formally the consistency problem, for replicated shared data, in the Action-Constraint framework (ACF). ACF can describe a large range of application semantics and replication protocols, including optimistic and/or partial replication. ACF is used to decompose the consistency problem into simpler sub-problems. Each is easily understood. Existing algorithms from the literature can be explained as combinations of concrete sub-problem implementations. Using ACF, we design a new serialisation algorithm that does not cause aborts and only needs pairwise agreement (not global consensus).
Annular film-flow boiling of liquids in a partially heated, vertical channel with offset strip fins

Abstract Flow visualization photographs and measured local heat transfer data are presented for annular film-flow boiling of saturated liquids in a vertical channel with offset strip fins. A special test section was used in this study which permitted direct visual observation of the boiling process while simultaneously measuring local heat transfer coefficients at several locations along the channel. One wall of the channel was heated while the opposite and lateral walls were adiabatic. Measured local heat transfer coefficients on the heated portion of the channel wall were obtained for convective boiling of water, methanol and n -butanol at atmospheric pressure over wide ranges of mass flux and quality. Photographs of the flow indicate that virtually no nucleate boiling is present when the flow is in the film-flow regime. For the fin matrix studied here, complete dryout of the film on the heated surface was not observed to occur at a single downstream location. Instead, dry patches are observed to form at specific locations in the matrix, with the patches increasing in size with downstream distance until the entire film is gone. An approximate analytical model of transport in the liquid film is also presented. A closed-form correlation for the boiling heat transfer coefficient is derived from this model which is in good agreement with our measured data.
Treatment of gender in basal readers

Abstract Nominal level gender and gender‐related information in four, well‐known basal reading series was gathered and analyzed. For each of 746 stories, the number of male and female main characters in text and illustrations was determined. Employment status, job title and estimated yearly salary were obtained for employed adult, human, main characters. The total number of male main characters in text and illustrations was significantly greater than the total number of female main characters. The proportion of adult, human, male main characters who were employed was significantly greater than the analogous proportion of female main characters. It is asserted that given the developmental status of children who use basal readers, and in the absence of explanation, it remains objectionable for significantly more basal reader main characters to be male. The finding in the current data that adult male characters, beyond their greater number, were also disproportionately more likely to be employed is seen to p...
Optimal braking and steering control for active safety

The paper summarizes the development of an optimal braking and steering control for collision avoidance maneuver. The goal is to minimize the distance to the target vehicle ahead of the host vehicle subject to vehicle and environment constraints. Comparative study of standalone steering versus braking in a collision avoidance maneuver is given and results are discussed. The collision avoidance steering maneuver is effective only when the forward velocity is above a certain limit dictated by the surface friction coefficient and vehicle/tire characteristics. The algorithms were implemented in Simulink and verified in CarSim. The results indicate that there is an optimal braking and steering control resulting in minimal distance needed for collision avoidance maneuvers.
Private Predecision Information, Performance Measure Congruity, and the Value of Delegation*

We use a linear contracting framework to study how the relation between performance measures used in an agent's incentive contract and the agent's private predecision information affects the value of delegating decision rights to the agent. The analysis relies on the idea that available performance measures are often imperfect representations of the economic consequences of managerial actions and decisions, and this, along with gaming possibilities provided to the agent by access to private predecision information, may overwhelm any benefits associated with delegation. Our analytical framework allows us to derive intuitive conditions under which delegation does and does not have value, and to provide new insights into the linkage between imperfections in performance measurement and agency costs.
Using knowledge maps and scripted cooperation to inform college students about patterns of behavior related to recurring abuse of alcohol.

Objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of using a specific information format--graphic representations called knowledge maps--and an information processing strategy--scripted cooperation--in teaching college students about behavior patterns that underlie recurring abuse of alcohol. Participants in this three-session, 6-hour study were 111 Texas Christian University students recruited from undergraduate psychology classes. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two materials format conditions (map vs. text format) and to one of two processing strategy conditions (individual processing vs. scripted interaction with a partner). Results indicate that map format facilitated recall of the pattern information; processing with a partner appeared to enhance perception of the multidimensional nature of behavior that supports alcohol use.