cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update and Review: State-of-the-Art Management of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease Following Thoracic Organ Transplantation

Abstract Purpose Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is among the most important viral pathogens affecting solid organ recipients. The direct effects of CMV (eg, infection and its sequela; tissue invasive disease) are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. In addition, CMV is associated with numerous indirect effects, including immunomodulatory effects, acute and chronic rejection, and opportunistic infections. Due to the potentially devastating effects of CMV, transplant surgeons and physicians have been challenged to fully understand this infectious complication and find the best ways to prevent and treat it to ensure optimal patient outcomes. Summary Lung, heart, and heart-lung recipients are at considerably high risk of CMV infection. Both direct and indirect effects of CMV in these populations have potentially lethal consequences. The use of available treatment options depend on the level of risk of each patient population for CMV infection and disease. Those at the highest risk are CMV negative recipients of CMV positive organs (D+/R−), followed by D+/R+, and D−/R+. More than 1 guideline exists delineating prevention and treatment options for CMV, and new guidelines are being developed. It is hoped that new treatment algorithms will provide further guidance to the transplantation community. The first part describes the overall effects of CMV, both direct and indirect; risk factors for CMV infection and disease; methods of diagnosis; and currently available therapies for prevention and treatment. Part 2 similarly addresses antiviral-resistant CMV, summarizing incidence, risk factors, methods of diagnosis, and treatment options. Parts 3 and 4 present cases to illustrate issues surrounding CMV in heart and lung transplantation, respectively. Part 3 discusses the possible mechanisms by which CMV can cause damage to the coronary allograft and potential techniques of avoiding such damage, with emphasis on fostering strong CMV-specific immunity. Part 4 highlights the increased incidence of CMV infection and disease among lung transplant recipients and its detrimental effect on survival. The possible benefits of extended-duration anti-CMV prophylaxis are explored, as are those of combination prophylaxis with valganciclovir and CMVIG. Conclusion Through improved utilization of information regarding optimized antiviral therapy for heart and lung transplant recipients to prevent and treat CMV infection and disease and through increased understanding of clinical strategies to assess, treat, and monitor patients at high risk for CMV recurrence and resistance, the health care team will be able to provide the coordinated effort needed to improve patient outcomes.
Learning misinformation from fictional sources: Understanding the contributions of transportation and item-specific processing

People often pick up incorrect information about the world from movies, novels and other fictional sources. The question asked here is whether such sources are a particularly potent source of misinformation. On the one hand, story-reading involves transportation into a fictional world, with a possible reduction in access to one's prior knowledge (likely reducing the chances that the reader will notice errors). On the other hand, stories encourage relational processing as readers create mental models, decreasing the likelihood that they will encode and remember more peripheral details like erroneous facts. To test these ideas, we examined suggestibility after readers were exposed to misleading references embedded in stories and lists that were matched on a number of dimensions. In two experiments, suggestibility was greater following exposure to misinformation in a list of sentences rather than a coherent story, even though the story was rated as more engaging than the list. Furthermore, processing the sto...
Randomized Clinical Trials in Oncology Commentary

In this article the author addresses the major questions and problems that arrise while analyzing randomized clinical trials. A brief description is given of three problems, which are how to bring the derived information into broad applicability, when are the results of a trial significant enough to make it a standard for care and the issue of quality control.
Brown carbon: a significant atmospheric absorber of solar radiation?

Abstract. Several recent observational studies have shown organic carbon aerosols to be a significant source of absorption of solar radiation. The absorbing part of organic aerosols is referred to as "brown" carbon (BrC). Using a global chemical transport model and a radiative transfer model, we estimate for the first time the enhanced absorption of solar radiation due to BrC in a global model. The simulated wavelength dependence of aerosol absorption, as measured by the absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE), increases from 0.9 for non-absorbing organic carbon to 1.2 (1.0) for strongly (moderately) absorbing BrC. The calculated AAE for the strongly absorbing BrC agrees with AERONET spectral observations at 440–870 nm over most regions but overpredicts for the biomass burning-dominated South America and southern Africa, in which the inclusion of moderately absorbing BrC has better agreement. The resulting aerosol absorption optical depth increases by 18% (3%) at 550 nm and 56% (38%) at 380 nm for strongly (moderately) absorbing BrC. The global simulations suggest that the strongly absorbing BrC contributes up to +0.25 W m−2 or 19% of the absorption by anthropogenic aerosols, while 72% is attributed to black carbon, and 9% is due to sulfate and non-absorbing organic aerosols coated on black carbon. Like black carbon, the absorption of BrC (moderately to strongly) inserts a warming effect at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) (0.04 to 0.11 W m−2), while the effect at the surface is a reduction (−0.06 to −0.14 W m−2). Inclusion of the strongly absorption of BrC in our model causes the direct radiative forcing (global mean) of organic carbon aerosols at the TOA to change from cooling (−0.08 W m−2) to warming (+0.025 W m−2). Over source regions and above clouds, the absorption of BrC is higher and thus can play an important role in photochemistry and the hydrologic cycle.
Photon-driven nanomechanical cyclic motion

Microcantilevers modified by a monolayer of azobenzene molecules bend up and down periodically, switched by a 365 nm UV light, as a result of the conversion of the two configurations of azobenzene molecules in the monolayer.
The Extent and Rate of Divorce in Plateau State, Nigeria, 1980 to 1988

The major issue for this research was to investigate the extent and rate of divorce, its causes and attitudes toward divorce laws. This study surveyed 3500 people from the selected local government areas. The findings show high divorce rate, and 71.2% of the husbands had their divorce in courts as opposed lo 76.6% of the wives who had their marriages annulled in courts. Adultery ranked the highest among the reasons for divorce, while the wives were more likely than their husbands to have negative attitudes toward divorce laws because they are always the victims of divorce not protected by the law.
Additives Affect Deoxynivalenol (Vomi toxin) Flour during Breadbaking

The effects of oxidizing (potassium bromate and L-ascorbic acid) and reducing (sodium bisulfite and L-cysteine) agents, and ammonium phosphate, at varying levels, on deoxynivalenol (DON; vomitoxin: 3,7,15-trihydroxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9 en-8 one) in whole wheat flour were investigated during breadbaking. Baking of flour containing 3.13 micrograms/g DON brought about 7.0% toxin reduction in bread. Sodium bisulfite (25 and 50 micrograms/g) and L-cysteine (10, 40, and 90 micrograms/g) and ammonium phosphate (1,000 micrograms/g) were moderately effective in reducing DON level in bread (38.0 to 46.0%). Potassium bromate (25 and 75 micrograms/g) and L-ascorbic acid (50 micrograms/g) had no effect.
Damage incidents from improper land disposal

Abstract The hazardous waste disposal problem has assumed particularly significant proportions lately because of the progressive implementation of air and water pollution control programs, ocean dumping bans, and cancellation of pesticide registrations. The net result has been an increased tonnage of land-disposed wastes, with adverse impact on public health and the environment. The problem is manifested in groundwater contamination via leachate, surface water contamination via runoff, air pollution via open burning, evaporation, sublimation and wind erosion, poisonings, via direct contact and through the food chain, and fires and explosions at land disposal sites. The subject presentation cites case studies that are associated with these various mechanisms of damage.
The Importance of Gene—Environment Interaction Implications for Social Scientists

Given recent genetic advances, it is not surprising that genetics information is increasingly being used to improve health care. Thousands of conditions caused by single genes (Mendelian diseases) have been identified over the last century. However, Mendelian diseases are rare; thus, few individuals directly benefit from gene identification. In contrast, common complex diseases, such as obesity, breast cancer, and depression, directly affect many more individuals. Common complex diseases are caused by multiple genes, environmental factors, and/or interaction of genetic and environmental factors. This article provides a framework for the successful conduct of gene—environment studies. To accomplish this goal, the basic study designs and procedures of implementation for gene—environment interaction are described. Next, examples of gene—environment interaction in obesity epidemiology are reviewed. Last, the authors review reasons why epidemiological studies that incorporate gene—environment interaction have ...
A comparison of biological and calorimetric analyses of multivalent glycodendrimer ligands for concanavalin A

Abstract The cluster glycoside effect — the observation that multivalent glycosides bind to their polyvalent protein receptors with apparent affinities greater than those that can be rationalized solely on the basis of valency — is by now a well established phenomenon. As part of a continuing effort to provide a molecular basis for the cluster glycoside effect, we report here the synthesis of two series of mannosylated dendritic ligands and their performance in a range of competitive and non-competitive binding assays, including hemeagglutination inhibition (HIA), enzyme-linked lectin assays (ELLA) and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC). The first series of ligands contained a semi-rigid glycylglycine spacer and showed no significant performance enhancement in any binding studies. The second series of ligands contained a flexible tetraethylene glycol spacer; these ligands showed marked enhancements at tetravalent and hexavalent levels in both HIA (IC 50 =3 and A =6.2×10 4 and 1.5×10 6 M −1 , respectively) studies. In all cases, the thermodynamic parameters of association are consistent with non-specific aggregation rather than enhanced lectin–ligand affinity. This conclusion is reinforced by the lack of enhancements in ligand activity observed in ELLA studies.
Calcium ion-dependent signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction: mitochondrial calcium uptake during hormonal stimulation in intact liver cells and its implication for the mitochondrial permeability transition

Abstract Hormones that elevate cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]cyt) often use Ca2+ as a messenger to activate intramitochondrial metabolic processes. However, the mitochondrial Ca2+ level also regulates the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a process that involves the assembly of a high conductance proteinaceous pore across the inner and outer membrane. Studies on intact liver cells indicate that the MPT is a critical step in the cell killing induced by anoxia or respiratory inhibitors. In this study, we used freshly isolated hepatocytes to investigate to what extent the elevation of [Ca2+]cyt by vasopressin or other agonists causes Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria and how this treatment affects the mitochondrial susceptibility to undergo the MPT. Hepatocytes were incubated with vasopressin, glucagon, or with thapsigargin (an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump) prior to permeabilization with digitonin. Mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation was determined by following the ionomycin-induced Ca2+ release in permeabilized cells and mitochondrial swelling was studied by following cyclosporin A-sensitive light scattering changes induced by phenylarsenoxide and rotenone. The results indicate that agents that elevate [Ca2+]cyt cause a significant Ca2+ accumulation in the mitochondria. Excessive Ca2+ accumulation (> 10-fold increase over basal levels) was obtained with the combination of vasopressin and glucagon or with incubations containing thapsigargin. These conditions were also associated with a marked increase in rotenone-induced mitochondrial swelling. However, the more modest increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ content after treating cells with vasopressin alone did not enhance the swelling response; instead, vasopressin suppressed mitochondrial swelling compared to control incubations. Vasopressin also partly suppressed the swelling associated with thapsigargin treatment, although it did not significantly affect the Ca2+ accumulation under these conditions. This effect of vasopressin was mimicked by phorbol ester, suggesting a role for protein kinase C. The data indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation following elevation of [Ca2+]cyt enhances the susceptibility for activation of the MPT, a response that may increase cell injury during anoxia or in response to other challenges. However, hormones also activate protective responses in the cell that suppress the MPT.
Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptors by Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides. EFFECTS ON CELL GROWTH AND EVIDENCE THAT SENSE TARGETING AT THE ATG SITE INCREASES RECEPTOR EXPRESSION

We have recently shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) is a mediator of angiotensin II-induced mitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells (Delafontaine, P., and Lou H.(1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16866-16870). To study the role of the IGF I receptor in vascular smooth muscle cell growth, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were used to modulate IGF I receptors. An antisense oligonucleotide targeting the ATG site inhibited basal and serum-induced DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Mismatch oligonucleotide had no effect, while surprisingly sense oligonucleotide increased IGF I receptor number and basal and serum-induced DNA synthesis. A 51% reduction in IGF I receptor number following exposure to 5 μM antisense oligonucleotide markedly inhibited angiotensin II-induced mitogenesis. A 70% increase in IGF I receptor number following exposure to 5 μM sense oligonucleotide resulted in a 4-fold increase in basal [3H]thymidine incorporation, and angiotensin II (1-1000 nM) had no additive stimulatory effect. An antisense oligonucleotide targeting a sequence starting at +109 base pairs (relative to ATG) also reduced IGF I receptor number, however, the corresponding sense oligonucleotide was without effect. These findings demonstrate that alterations in vascular smooth muscle cell IGF I receptor density play a critical role in the proliferative response of vascular smooth muscle cells to serum and to angiotensin II. In addition, the surprising observation that an ATG-directed sense oligonucleotide up-regulates IGF I receptors identifies a novel effect of oligonucleotides on gene expression.
Integrating U.S. Federal Efforts to Address the Multifaceted Problems of Children: A Historical Perspective on National Education and Child Mental Health Policies

This review examines the U.S. federal response to the crisis in child mental health in relation to its efforts to address the crisis in public education. By presenting side-by-side federal responses to these two seemingly unrelated crises, this review highlights the co-occurring nature of the problems. The interconnectedness of these crises explains in part why the federal initiatives that have dealt with these problems separately, in isolation, have been minimal in their effectiveness. It is concluded, therefore, that federal efforts in improving children’s mental health and academic performance should be integrated to achieve optimal outcomes. From a national policy perspective, we recommend that children’s social-emotional development be incorporated into reauthorization of the No Child Left Behind Act. This policy enhancement could effectuate (a) a broader accountability system for both academic performance and social-emotional development, and (b) a greater system of care for child mental health with schools as the focal point.
An Approximation for the Intrinsic Viscosity of Brush-Shaped Polymers

Abstract The dependence of the intrinsic viscosity [η] on molecular weight and side-chain length for brush-shaped polymers is analyzed using a simplified expression for [η], in which a brush-shaped polymer is modeled as a linear chain with a contour length equal to that of the backbone of the brush-shaped chain and a repeat unit molar mass that includes the molar mass of the side chain. The treatment is used to estimate the ratio â/âref of the persistence length â of the brush-shaped chain relative to a reference chain as a function of side-chain molecular weight. Values of â/âref deduced for data on a series of brush-shaped polymers are found to be in good accord with values derived in a more complete treatment of the dependence of [η] on M based on the wormlike chain model. Estimates of â/âref are also given for a series of poly(alkyl methacrylate) chains as a function of the alkyl chain length, and the approximate expression is applied to the evaluation of the true molecular weight from the apparent mo...
ald of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Encodes both the Alanine Dehydrogenase and the Putative Glycine Dehydrogenase

The putative glycine dehydrogenase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalyzes the reductive amination of glyoxylate to glycine but not the reverse reaction. The enzyme was purified and identified as the previously characterized alanine dehydrogenase. The Ald enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli and had both pyruvate and glyoxylate aminating activities. The gene, ald, was inactivated in M. tuberculosis, which resulted in the loss of all activities. Both enzyme activities were found associated with the cell and were not detected in the extracellular filtrate. By using an anti-Ald antibody, the protein was localized to the cell membrane, with a smaller fraction in the cytosol. None was detected in the extracellular medium. The ald knockout strain grew without alanine or glycine and was able to utilize glycine but not alanine as a nitrogen source. Transcription of ald was induced when alanine was the sole nitrogen source, and higher levels of Ald enzyme were measured. Ald is proposed to have several functions, including ammonium incorporation and alanine breakdown.
Engendering everyday resistance: Gender, patronage and production politics in rural Malaysia

Labour relations, forms of resistance, and class consciousness in the Muda region of Malaysia have become increasingly differentiated along gender lines: women have come to define and prosecute their interests as workers, whereas men continue to adopt a far more deferential stance vis‐a‐vis their employers. To explain these patterns, this article shows how struggles within the labour process intersect with those in the local community and the household, and how gender meanings shape the struggles on these interconnected sites. This gendered analysis of class formation calls for a major rethinking of James Scott's notion of ‘everyday forms of peasant resistance’.
The Utility of the Post-concussive Symptom Questionnaire

The Post-concussive Symptom Questionnaire (PCSQ) and its short forms were evaluated to determine their utility in measuring symptom validity as brief self-report measures in 112 individuals referred for a neuropsychological evaluation. First, the relationships between the PCSQ forms and measures of cognitive performance (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition Full-Scale IQ, California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition Trials 1-5 Total T-score, Trails B, FAS), general distress (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI]-2 M8), and self-report symptom validity (MMPI-2 FBS Symptom Validity Scale [FBS] and Response Bias Scale [RBS]) were investigated to determine construct validity. Measures of self-report symptom validity explained the greatest amount of variance. Second, receiver operating characteristics curve analyses were conducted to determine the predictive value of the PCSQ forms in detecting over reporting on the FBS and the RBS in addition to establishing optimal cutoff scores. On the basis of the proposed cutoff scores, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive power, negative predictive power, and hit rates were calculated.
Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use.

Abstract This paper reports on prospective studies of the effects of psychological and social variables measured in first grade on the use of various drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes by teenagers 10 years later. The population consisted of all of the 1966–1967 first graders of Woodlawn, a poor, black, Chicago neighborhood. In a 10-year follow-up, the population, which had been studied three times in first grade and once in third grade, was reassessed for family, psychological, and social data, in addition to drug, alcohol and cigarette use. The former Woodlawn first graders, now aged 16–17, used beer or wine, hard liquor, marijuana or hashish, and cigarettes with considerable frequency. Psychedelics, amphetamines, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opiates, cocaine, inhalants, and cough syrup or codeine were used with much lower frequency. Three separate kinds of characteristics observable in first grade were associated with drug use by adolescents ten years later. (1) Higher first-grade IQ test scores or school readiness test scores predicted more frequent drug use for both sexes. (2) Males used drugs and alcohol (not cigarettes) more often than females, and, antecedents of later drug use by males were more clear than those for females. (3) Those children whose first-grade teachers rated them as shy used drugs least often 10 years later; first graders rated as aggressive used drugs most often 10 years later; adapting first graders and those with learning problems only were found to be moderate drug, alcohol and cigarette users. These results were much more clear for males. Among females, higher levels of psychiatric symptoms in first grade predicted, to some extent, lower teenage drug use. Teenage antisocial behavior was an important mediator of teenage drug use for first-grade shy-aggressive males and somewhat less important for first-grade aggressive males.
Molecular Determinants Controlling NMDA Receptor Synaptic Incorporation

Synaptic incorporation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) is regulated by GluN2 subunits with different rules controlling GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors; whereas GluN2B-containing receptors are constitutively incorporated into synapses, GluN2A incorporation is activity-dependent. We expressed electrophysiologically tagged NMDARs in rat hippocampal slices to identify the molecular determinants controlling the mode of synaptic incorporation of NMDARs. Expressing chimeric GluN2 subunits, we identified a putative N-glycosylation site present in GluN2B, but not in GluN2A, as necessary and sufficient to drive NMDARs into synapses in an activity-independent manner. This suggests a novel mechanism for regulating activity-driven changes and trafficking of NMDARs to the synapse.
Agency through Development: Hausa Women's NGOs and CBOs in Kano, Nigeria

ABSTRACTAnalyzing the participation of Hausa women in religiously influenced nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) devoted to development work provides critical insights into the complex intersection of gender, religion, class, culture, and politics and economics. Based on interviews with leaders and employees of various NGOs, including community-based organizations (CBOs), in Kano, Nigeria, in 2010–11, this in-depth case study provides important examples of how various types of NGOs navigate political pressures when it comes to funding; it recognizes the understudied importance of women's labor contributions in the context of the development apparatus in Africa; it highlights the role of women as progenitors rather than benefactors of economic development; and it illustrates the unique role that faith-based organizations (FBOs) can and do play in terms of reaching certain marginalized segments of the population.
Primary CNS angiitis presenting as short-term memory loss: A case report and literature review

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is an idiopathic vasculitis of the small to medium vessels that often eludes diagnosis because of its variable signs and symptoms. A 36-year-old woman presented with a 4-week history of progressive memory loss. Neurological examination revealed only severe cognitive deficits including anterograde amnesia. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multiple ring-enhancing lesions involving the left frontal lobe and uncus and bilateral thalami. Stereotactic biopsy showed findings consistent with CNS angiitis. Further workup revealed no evidence of systemic disease. We report the first case of biopsy-proven PACNS presenting as profound isolated anterograde amnesia.
Investment climate, foreign networks and exporting – evidence from Africa

This paper investigates the impact of investment climate variables and foreign networks on the exporting decisions of African firms. We use data from the World Bank Investment Climate Surveys for over 7000 firms in 24 Sub-Saharan African countries. The results highlight the crucial role of the access to, and the quality of, investment climate characteristics – infrastructure, external finance and telecommunications for Sub-Saharan African firms’ exporting propensities. Our results show that improving the investment climate to the level of best performers in the sample will considerably increase the propensity of domestic firms to export. The paper also finds that foreign networks have a significantly positive impact on firms’ export propensities.
Cis-stilbene photochemistry: direct observation of product formation and relaxation through two-color UV pump-probe Raman spectroscopy

Abstract The formation of hot trans-stilbene by photoisomerization of cis-stilbene, and its subsequent vibrational cooling, have been monitored by picosecond two-color UV pump-probe anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. Pairs of pump (295 nm) and probe (278 nm) pulses at a 500 Hz repetition rate interrogate flowing samples of cis-stilbene in cyclohexane or methanol, and the anti-Stokes Raman scattering due mainly to the trans-stilbene product is detected. Hot ground-state trans-stilbene appears promptly within our 10 ps experimental time resolution, and the anti-Stokes intensity decays with a time constant of 39 ± 10 ps in cyclohexane and 17 ± 5 ps in methanol. The decay of the anti-Stokes intensity is accompanied by a shift of the C=C stretching vibrations by about 20 cm−1 to higher frequencies. The question of whether or not the initial vibrational distribution is statistical is addressed, but the present data do not allow firm conclusions to be drawn.
Does an Observed Sequence of Numbers Follow a Simple Rule? (Another Look at Bode's Law)

Abstract In a recent article I. J. Good has used Bayesian methods to conclude that there is strong evidence in favor of the validity of Bode's law. Here we reanalyze the observed planetary distances using non-Bayesian significance testing procedures, and reach the opposite conclusion. The three purposes of this article are (1) to reexamine the validity of Bode's law; (2) to develop some insight into the more general problem of testing whether or not an observed sequence of numbers follows some simple rule; and (3) to discuss the philosophical basis of Fisherian significance testing. It is not intended to provide an example of disagreement between Bayesian and non-Bayesian methods. Rather the two analyses are seen to be similar in execution, the different conclusions arising from different choices of the statistical models.
Natural Language interfaces to "layered" domains: Duke University

The Natural Language Computer [3,4] provides users with a domain of one or more matrices, displayed on a CRT screen, and interactively operated on by typing a sequence of English commands. Performance studies with NLC have been favorable [5]. However, users are required to formulate all inputs in terms of only matrix operations. Thus, when subjects solving a Gradebook problem (illustrated below) wanted to refer to "Jack's quiz scores", they had to type (say) #entries in the row named Jack and in columns 1 and 2".
Seeking transparency: the production of an inclusive classroom community

The successful participation of students with disabilities in a general education classroom is generally presumed to be contingent on the creation of classroom communities that can nurture the qualities of equity and care and where different forms of diversity are valued. However, there has been less scholarship that documents the production of such communities. This paper reports on an ethnographic study that was conducted in an urban first-grade classroom which included several students with disabilities, including one student with significant multiple disabilities. Situated within the disability studies in education tradition, the study adopts a sociocultural perspective to understand the expressed commitment of the teachers within this classroom to transparency. The paper describes the sites of tensions and possibilities that emanated from the confluence of such commitment with other teacher priorities for students. Data from this study showed that overall transparency in the classroom was weakened by...
Plasma testosterone-binding affinity and testosterone in umbilical cord plasma, late pregnancy, prepubertal children, and adults.

ABSTRACT The plasma concentration of testosterone, measured by a competitive protein binding radioassay, and the plasma testosteronebinding affinity (TBA) were determined in male and female prepubertal children, adult males and females, females on oral contraceptives, pregnant females at term, and in umbilical cord blood. The TBA expressed as 1/S (an arbitrary unit: the reciprocal of the quantity of plasma needed to bind 50% of the 3H-testosterone tracer) of umbilical vein plasma was 19±5 (sd), 3-day-old infants 54±17 (sd), adult males 61±21 (sd), adult females 90±18.5 (sd), prepubertal males 110±13 (sd), prepubertal females 133±22 (sd), females on oral contraceptives 153±21 (sd), and pregnant females at term 212±37 (sd). All values differed significantly, with the exception of the comparison between 3-day-old infants and adult males and between adult females on oral contraceptives and prepubertal females. The plasma testosterone concentration of umbilical vein blood was 56 ng/100 ml ±15 (sd), of adult fe...
Imprinted polymer sensors for contamination detection

Molecular imprinting is a useful technique for making a chemically selective binding site. The method involves building a synthetic polymeric scaffold of molecular complements containing the target molecule with subsequent removal of the target to leave a cavity with a structural "memory" of the target. Molecularly imprinted polymers can be employed as selective adsorbents of specific molecules or molecular functional groups. The imprinted polymers can be fashioned into membranes that can be used to form ion selective electrodes for an imprinted ion. By incorporating molecules or metal ions with useful optical properties in the binding sites of imprinted polymers, spectroscopic sensors for the imprinted molecule may be made. A variety of metal ion selective electrodes and a Pb2+ ion optrode based on imprinted polymers have been fabricated and tested.1-4 Additionally, a sensor for the hydrolysis product of the nerve agent Soman has been developed using a luminescent lanthanide ion, Eu(III), as optical transducer.5 Our research continues to explore other means to employ electrochemical and optical transduction.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tolerance analysis of parallel assemblies using Tolerance-Maps® and a functional Map derived from induced deformations

This paper concerns about modeling tolerance accumulation in parallel assemblies using a spatial math model, the T-Map. In this paper, a specific case in 3D is discussed where an Accumulation Tolerance-Map is modeled when two parts arranged in parallel support a target part between the datum and the functional target feature. By understanding how much of variation from the supporting parts contribute to variations of the target feature, a designer can better utilize the tolerance budget when assigning values to individual tolerances.When the parts are flexible, deformations are induced when parts in parallel are clamped together during assembly. The amount of deformations on the target part depends on the geometric manufacturing variations on the support parts in parallel assemblies. When parts are clamped stresses are induced in more than one direction depending on the type and amount of geometric variation on the supports. The next part of this paper relates the limit on the largest von Mises stress in the target part to the functional limits in tolerance allocation that must be set at the beginning of a tolerance analysis of parts in such an assembly by the designer. The last part of the paper shows the construction of a Functional Tolerance Map from the tolerance limits obtained from the relationship between von Mises stresses and tolerances on individual parts.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Development of conceptions of prosocial behavior: Information affecting rewards given for altruism and kindness.

Adults and 6-year-old and 11-year-old children were presented with information about situations in which one child either helped someone (kindness) or gave something to someone (altruism), with subjects allocating rewards for different actors. Younger children used an additive principle by allocating greater rewards for behavior which led to positive consequences for the actor or avoided negative consequences. Older children and adults utilized a discounting principle by allocating greater rewards for behavior which initially led to no reward or which occurred under the threat of harm. Younger and older children allocated greater rewards for altruistic behavior following a previous obligation (facilitory obligation) to the recipient of the act, whereas adults allocated greater rewards for behavior toward a recipient who previously denied a favor to the actor (inhibitory obligation). Subjects at all ages allocated greater rewards for actors whose previous behavior was consistently kind or altruistic (high consistency) or who were kind or altruistic to persons other than the recipient described in the stories (low distinctiveness). These results were discussed in terms of causal schemes underlying preconventional and conventional moral judgments and the use of covariation principles in inferences of causality.
Towards a new model for the mechanism of action of steroids

Abstract The classical model for the mechanism of action of steroids holds that unbound receptors for steroids reside exclusively in the cytoplasmic compartment and that they undergo translocation to the nucleus when bound to steroids in a process which is temperature sensitive. In the present study we looked at the localization of the estradiol receptor using autoradiography and biochemical procedures. Uteri from ovariectomized, and/or ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats, as well as several cell lines [with estrogen receptors (ER+)] were incubated with [ 3 H]-estradiol or [ 3 H]-R2858 (methoxy-17-ethinylestradiol) for 5 min to 2 h at different concentrations of ligands (0.1–10 nM) at 4 C. When the tissue or cells were processed for autoradiography the localization of steroid was nuclear and cytoplasmic. In contrast when the tissue or cells were processed using the usual biochemical procedures, all binding activity appeared in the cytosolic fraction. In addition, when concentrated preparations of homogenized uteri as well as several nuclear preparation from cell lines were made. free receptor could be demonstrated in the crude nuclear preparations. In the present study, data are presented which suggest that there are unbound receptors for estrogen in nuclei of the smooth muscle cells of myometrium as well as in nuclei of the several cell lines (ER+). We propose a new model for the distribution of estrogen receptors in which unbound receptors are in equilibrium, partitioned between nucleus and cytoplasm according to the free water content of these intracellular compartments.
Preparation for Interpersonal Communication.

This paper describes three methods used by engineers and scientists to enrich their understanding of a technical subject prior to an interpersonal communication. Professionals may: (a) store the information need in hopes of an accidental or working encounter with the required information (piggybacking), and/or (b) verify and extend their background by contact with friendly associates (friendly consultation), and/or (c) review the literature of the field which is peripheral to their own (professional peripheration). Factors which determine the methods used are proposed: the opportunity cost of time, the extent to which similar needs have been encountered before, and the breadth of the user's (problem). Implications for the management of R & D organizations concern the provision of peripheral literature, the development of skills involved in consultation, and the clarification of the organization's technical goals.
GISolve toolkit: advancing GIS through cyberinfrastructure

Cyberinfrastructure integrates information and communication technologies to enable high-performance, distributed, and collaborative knowledge discovery, and promises to revolutionize the way that science and engineering are conducted in the 21st century. This paper demonstrates the GISolve Toolkit that enhances Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with respect to geospatial problem-solving based on cyberinfrastructure. GISolve is developed as a high-performance, distributed, and collaborative Web GIS powered by cyberinfrastructure capabilities, including high-performance and Grid computing, data management and visualization, and virtual organization support. GISolve architecture is service-oriented that enables interoperable and scalable integration between spatial analysis and basic cyberinfrastructure services. Currently, GISolve is deployed on the National Science Foundation TeraGrid -- arguably the most advanced cyberinfrastructure project worldwide. A suite of spatial analyses is employed to demonstrate GISolve functions.
Training Children to Make Accurate Self-Evaluations: Effects on Behavior and the Quality of Self-Ratings

Research has shown that self-evaluation can have positive effects on children's behavior and academic performance. Components of self-evaluation that have not been fully examined include the accuracy and sensitivity of students' ratings before and after training, as well as the effects of accuracy training on performance. Four students exhibiting behavior consistent with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) participated in the study. The students' behavior during academic activities and accuracy of self-evaluations were examined before and after accuracy training in comparison to direct observations of behavior. None of the students accurately rated his behavior prior to training. Self-evaluation alone decreased disruptive behavior for only one student, whereas self-evaluation plus accuracy training decreased the disruptive behavior of all four students. Once accuracy training was withdrawn, the level of disruptive behavior increased for three of the four students. Implications of these results for the quality and utility of self-evaluation measures and the role of accuracy training in self-evaluation effects are discussed.
A generative theory of textbook design : using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text

In three experiments, college students read a text explaining how lightning works and then took problem-solving transfer tests. Some students (integrated group) also viewed illustrations depicting the major stages in the formation of lightning that (a) were placed adjacent to corresponding text paragraphs and (b) contained annotations repeating the verbal cause-and-effect information from the text. Other students (separated group) viewed the same illustrations (a) on a separate page and (b) without annotations, after they had finished reading the text. The integrated group generated approximately 50% more creative solutions on transfer problems than the separated group, and this pattern was stronger for students who lacked experience in meteorology than for high-experience students. The positive effects of integrated illustrations depended on incorporating annotations (i.e., captions and labels) into the illustrations rather than placing illustrations close to corresponding paragraphs. Results were interpreted in light of a generative theory of multimedia learning which posits that meaningful learning requires constructing connections between visual and verbal representations of a system.
The two-point correlation function of the seismic moment tensor

Summary. We use the invariants of the two-point correlation function of the seismic moment to investigate the degree of irregularity of an earthquake fault, i.e. to study the rapidity with which a complex fault changes its direction of orientation. The two-point correlation function is a fourth-order tensor which has three scalar invariants in the isotropic case. Although the accuracy of present-day catalogues of fault plane solutions is rather low for our purpose, nevertheless the invariants of these correlation tensors confirm the generally
Cancer and mastery: do age and cohort matter?

The prevailing lay and medical views of cancer as an uncontrollable and unpredictable disease raise a question about the effect of cancer on personal mastery. Does cancer undermine individuals’ beliefs? Are cancer survivors more likely than persons without cancer to feel that life is beyond their control? Using data from the 1994–1995 and 2004–2006 waves of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, I compared cancer survivors and individuals without cancer to examine the association between cancer and personal mastery. According to the stress process perspective, cancer may be detrimental to personal mastery, whereas the positive catalyst perspective suggests that cancer can enhance mastery. When changes in personal mastery are placed in the joint context of developmental aging processes and socio-cultural transformations reflected in the experiences of birth cohorts, support is found for both perspectives. In the three oldest cohorts born between 1920s and 1940s, personal mastery declines with age for all participants regardless of their cancer status. Yet, this age-related decline is steeper among cancer survivors than their peers without cancer. In the two youngest cohorts born in the 1950s and 1960s, individuals without cancer have a higher level of personal mastery than cancer survivors, yet cancer survivors exhibit a more pronounced increase in mastery with age than persons without cancer. This study suggests that a life course framework can enhance our understanding of cancer-related changes in personal mastery because the life course perspective integrates a psychological focus on adult development and aging with a sociological focus on socio-historical and cultural contexts.
Effects of coherence and polarization changes on the heterodyne detection of stochastic beams propagating in free space

We evaluate the heterodyne efficiency of a heterodyne (coherent) detection system for partially polarized, partially coherent, quasi-monochromatic beams. The beam-coherence-polarization (BCP) matrix is used for the description of the statistical ensemble of this class of stochastic beams. We investigate the dependence of the efficiency of the detection process on the beams parameters as the beams propagate in free space. We discuss how the optimization of the detection system can be performed for received beams with different coherence and polarization properties by adjusting the corresponding properties of the local oscillator beam. The dependence of the mixing efficiency on the size of the receiving aperture is emphasized. We derive an analytical expression for the heterodyne efficiency in the case when both the received beam and the local oscillator beam belong to a broad class of so-called electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams. Our analysis is illustrated by numerical examples.
Resistance of Some Species of Clostridium to Clindamycin

Ten strains each of 18 clinically important species of Clostridium were tested for susceptibility to clindamycin. Of the 180 strains tested, 56 (31%) were resistant to more than 1.6 mug/ml.
Current concepts in the management of cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock most commonly results from myocardial infarction and is associated with mortality rates ranging from 40% to 50%. Early revascularization improves mortality. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction require surgical intervention. Medical, device and mechanical therapies may improve hemodynamics, but are not associated with improvement in short term survival. Massive pulmonary embolism may also result in cardiogenic shock. Prevention of fatal RV failure requires treatment that will result in rapid restoration of flow through the occluded pulmonary arteries. This review summarizes these and other clinical entities that may result in cardiogenic shock with an emphasis placed on a guideline-based approach to their management.
A simple Remez exchange algorithm to design IIR filters with zeros on the unit circle

The Martinez-Parks (1978) approach to the design of IIR (infinite impulse response) filters with zeros on the unit circle is modified to provide linear equations at each step of the associated Remez exchange algorithm, greatly simplifying and accelerating the algorithm. Arbitrary upper and lower constraints can be specified on the magnitude response, with equiripple designs including elliptic and Chebyshev (type I) filters as special cases. Examples are given to demonstrate the design method. >
Algorithms for Graphic Polymatroids and Parametrics-Sets

We present efficient algorithms for finding the covering number, finding a base, and finding the packing number, all in graphic polymatroids. The integral covering number is the arboricity of an undirected graph; computing it is suggested as an open problem by Galloet al.(G. Gallo, M. D. Grigoriadis, and R. E. Tarjan,SIAM J. Comput.18(1) (1989), 30?55). We compute the arboricity in timeO(nmlog(n2/m)), the same bound as the other parametric flow algorithms of Galloet al.(nandmdenote the number of vertices and edges of the given graph, respectively). For graphs with integral capacities that areO(1) the time improves toO(m3/2log(n2/m)). Finding a minimum-cost base solves problems like optimal reinforcement of a network. We find a base in timeO(n2mlog(n2/m)), improving the previous bound ofmmaximum flow computations. The fractional packing number is known as the strength of a network. We compute it in timeO(n2mlog(n2/m)) and spaceO(m), improving the best previous result by a factornin space. Our algorithms are based on a new characterization of the vectors in a graphic polymatroid, and also on an extension of parametric flow techniques to a problem concerning global minimum cuts, called parametric augmentation fors-sets.