cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pore Pressure and Drying of Concrete at High Temperature

A mathematical model for water transfer in concrete above 100°C is developed. Drying tests of heated concrete are reported and material parameters of the model are identified from these tests as well as other test data available in the literature. It is found that water transfer is governed principally by the gradient of pore pressure, which represents the pressure in vapor if concrete is not saturated. Permeability is found to increase about 200 times as temperature passes 100°C, which could be explained by a loss of necks on migration passages. The pore volume available to free water increases as dehydration due to heating progresses and as the pore pressure is increased. The temperature effect on pressure-water content (sorption) relations is determined. Thermodynamic properties of water are used to calculate pore pressures. A finite element program for coupled water and heat transfer is developed and validated by fitting test data.
Partnerships for health and wellbeing

Purpose – This article aims to consider the transfer of public health responsibilities to Local Authorities, and implications for promotion of health and wellbeing through partnership. The article describes findings of interviews with stakeholders in one London borough.Design/methodology/approach – Elements of the Partnership Assessment Tool (PAT) provided a framework for semi‐structured interviews.Findings – A limited history of successful partnership between health and social care was attributed to a focus on partnership structures over behaviours. Transfer of public health responsibilities to the Local Authority was seen as an opportunity to address the wider determinants of health, but a shared vision for health and wellbeing had not been articulated. There appeared to be an expectation that the public health team would operate in a network partnership model.Research limitations/implications – While the PAT is presented as a complete tool, this project isolated elements of the tool to support developm...
Obese patients undergoing cystectomy: a population-based, propensity score matched analysis.

Objective To examine the impact of body mass index, as a measure of obesity, on the surgical outcomes of cystectomy. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was used to acquire data on 1293 cystectomies carried out from 2005 to 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: body mass index <30 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2. A propensity score-matched analysis of perioperative outcomes was carried out. Results A total of 869 patients had a body mass index <30, whereas 424 had a body mass index ≥30. Unadjusted comparisons showed higher rates of superficial surgical site infections (8.7% vs 5.3%, P = 0.04), renal insufficiency (4.0% vs 1.7%, P = 0.01) and increased operative times (365.7 min vs 338.6 min, P = 0.0004) in the obese patients, but interestingly lower rates of pneumonia (2.4% vs 4.8, P = 0.03) and cerebral vascular accidents (0.0% vs 0.9%, P = 0.05). However, the latter two observations might be explained by more tobacco use among non-obese patients (26.6 mean pack-years vs 20.0 mean pack-years, P = 0.004). Notably, no differences in 30-day mortality were noted. After adjusting for preoperative demographic and clinical data using propensity score-matching methods, there were no observed differences between the two cohorts except for operative time (P = 0.04). Conclusions Obesity is not independently associated with an increased risk of perioperative complications or 30-day mortality after cystectomy.
Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te solar cells with 1.6 eV band gap

A pathway for fabricating high efficiency thin-film Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te solar cells with band gap /spl sim/1.6 eV is demonstrated. Using successful CdTe/CdS thin film solar cell processing as a starting point, obtaining high efficiency Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te/CdS cells with the desired Zn content is accomplished by managing Zn loss mechanisms during post-deposition treatments. Specifically, treatment in CdCI/sub 2/ removes Zn via chemical exchange while O/sub 2/ promotes ZnO formation. Interdiffusion at the Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te-CdS interface converts the CdS film to Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/S. Cells with >11% efficiency at x = 0.05 were obtained using vapor transport deposited Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/Te treated in ZnCl/sub 2/ vapor at low O/sub 2/ ambient concentration. Cells with ITO contacts with >70% sub band gap transmission are demonstrated.
A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States.

Objectives.Backyard poultry ownership is increasingly common in U.S. cities and is regulated at the local level. Human contact with live poultry is a well-known risk for infection with zoonotic pathogens, notably Salmonella, yet the ability of local jurisdictions to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission from poultry to humans is unstudied. We reviewed urban poultry ordinances in the United States and reported Salmonella outbreaks from backyard poultry to identify regulatory gaps in preventing zoonotic pathogen transmission. Based on this analysis, we propose regulatory guidelines for U.S. cities to reduce infectious disease risk from backyard poultry ownership.Methods.We assessed local ordinances in the 150 most populous U.S. jurisdictions for content related to noncommercial poultry ownership using online resources and communications with government officials. We also performed a literature review using publicly available data sources to identify human infectious disease outbreaks caused by ...
Pricing and Inventory Control Policies for Perishable Products

The supply chain of a retailer selling a perishable product with a shelf life of two periods is modeled over an infinite horizon. In each period, the retailer has the option to sell old (leftover inventory from previous period) and new (produced fresh at the beginning of the period) products. The consumer preference for old and new products is modeled through a multinomial logit (MNL) model. Demand substitution is also modeled. We analyze different classes of inventory and pricing control policies, and find the optimal policy and retailer's profit per period in each case. What is the extra benefit that the retailer gets from offering old products? What is the benefit that she gets by having her decisions - quantity to produce, prices for old and new products - depend on the inventory of old products? We attempt to answer these questions in the paper.
An Economic Assessment of Market-Based Approaches to Regulating the Municipal Solid Waste Stream

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was widely reported that the United States faced a solid waste crisis. Existing landfills were reaching capacity or being shut down because of more stringent regulations while waste volumes were continuing to rise. At the time, several market-oriented policy analysts advocated the adoption of variable rate charges for mixed refuse in conjunction with curbside pick-up of recyclables (without charge) as a means of reducing waste volumes and diverting recyclable material to more valuable uses. During the course of the past decade, such policies have been adopted widely throughout the United States - approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population now face variable rate charges for mixed refuse collection. Even more have curbside collection of recyclable materials. This article collects and reviews empirical studies evaluating the effects of variable rate pricing. It finds that these policies have been quite effective as a means of boosting diversion rates beyond the levels that can be achieved through curbside collection of recyclables alone. The overall cost-benefit analysis of such programs is modestly favorable. Since many states and communities have committed to achieving specified waste diversion targets, variable rate policies have been a cost effective policy tool. The experience with variable rate policies represents a promising example of non-coercive, information-oriented government intervention. With a relatively small budget and no authority to impose household solid waste policy on local governments, EPA has been remarkably successful at developing and diffusing effective solid waste management policies. The economic theory underlying variable rate pricing has proven, after some tinkering at the implementation stage, to be quite workable in practice. In fact, the practical realities of implementing charges have shown that theoretical perfection in terms of getting the prices right is less important in the grand scheme than keeping the transaction costs manageable. Looking forward, variable rate pricing can be expected to become even more economically advantageous as recycling markets continue to mature, landfill tipping fees rise, and improved technologies for curbside collection, monitoring, billing, and measuring waste develop.
Representation of women in postsecondary computing 1990–2013: Disciplines, institutional, and individual characteristics matter

This paper reports the results of an in-depth study of two decades of data from the IPEDS database, to examine trends in the participation of women in postsecondary academic computing programs at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral level. Emphasis is placed on determining differences among the various disciplines within the computing field, and differences based on institutional and citizenship/ ethnicity characteristics.
Adaptive biasing technique to convert pseudo-class AB amplifier to class AB

An essential modification to a conventional four-stage pseudo class AB amplifier results in a true class AB amplifier. As opposed to the conventional pseudo class AB scheme, which uses a current mirror in the third stage, this work uses an adaptive biasing circuit in the third stage to drastically reduce quiescent current. The pseudo class AB and new class AB amplifiers are designed in a 0.5 µm process with power supplies of ±1.5 V for a phase margin of 67° while driving a load of 32 Ω ‖ 500 pF. At a maximum negative load current of −12.5 mA, simulations show that both amplifiers consume 43.9 µA of quiescent current. However, at a maximum positive load current of +12.5 mA, the pseudo class AB consumes 1.22 mA of quiescent current, while the new class AB amplifier consumes only 140 µA: a reduction in quiescent current by more than a factor of eight at maximum positive load.
Does the Association between Prescription Copayment Increases and Medication Adherence Differ by Race

Previous studies have shown prescription copayment increases are associated with decreases in adherence to diabetes and hypertension medications, but have not investigated whether these associations differ by race. Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data were used to analyze medication adherence before and after an increase in prescription copayments from $2 to $7 for a 30-day supply in February 2002. Applying a difference-in-difference approach, we compared adherence changes among White and Black veterans who were exempt from or required to pay medication copayments. The likelihood patients were adherent to diabetes or hypertension medications decreased after the copayment increase for both White and Black veterans. However, differences in medication adherence reductions between White and Black veterans were small and statistically insignificant. Despite barriers faced by minority patients related to lower perceived value of medications, the impact of a copayment increase on adherence was similar across the two largest racial groups in the VA.
Asking Only “Did You Use a Condom?” Underestimates the Prevalence of Unprotected Sex Among Perinatally HIV Infected and Perinatally Exposed But Uninfected Youth

Among young adults who use condoms, incomplete condom use (putting a condom on after beginning or taking a condom off before finishing sex) and condom failure (condom breaking or slipping off during sex) are common. Therefore, sexual behavior surveys that ask only if a condom was used are likely to underestimate the actual prevalence of unprotected sex. This study examined data from 135 sexually active perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) youth and perinatally exposed but uninfected (PHIV−) youth, ages 13 to 24. Participants were asked whether they used a condom on their first and their most recent occasion of vaginal sex. Youth who reported using a condom were asked a follow-up question about whether there was any time during that occasion when sex was not protected by a condom. This follow-up question identified additional participants— almost double the proportions who initially said they did not use a condom—who had unprotected sex. Incomplete condom use was similar among PHIV+ and PHIV−youth, boys and gi...
LASER ASTROMETRIC TEST OF RELATIVITY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MISSION DESIGN

The Laser Astrometric Test of Relativity (LATOR) experiment is designed to explore the general theory of relativity in close proximity to the Sun — the most intense gravitational environment in the solar system. Using independent time series of highly accurate measurements of the Shapiro time delay (interplanetary laser ranging accurate to 3 mm at ~2 AU) and interferometric astrometry (accurate to 0.01 picoradian), LATOR will measure gravitational deflection of light by the solar gravity with an accuracy of one part in a billion — a factor of ~30,000 better than what is currently available. LATOR will perform a series of highly accurate tests in its search for cosmological remnants of the scalar field in the solar system. We present the science, technology and mission design for the LATOR mission.
Comparison of viscometer geometries for non-steady shear flows

Suitability of cone- and-plate, parallel disk and concentric cylinder viscometric geometries for nonsteady shear flow of non-Newtonian fluids was analyzed. Both the cone- and plate and the parallel disk viscometers possess the undesirable property that the equations of motion do not permit “simple” solutions, i. e., solutions for which only one pair of components of the shear stress tensor is non-zero. No such difficulty appears in the analysis of the concentric cylinder viscometer, and therefore this instrument is to be preferred for this type of study.
The α5 gene product assembles with multiple acetylcholine receptor subunits to form distinctive receptor subtypes in brain

The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha 5 gene has been classified as a member of the AChR gene family based on sequence homology. Expression studies, however, have yet to identify a function for the alpha 5 gene product or even to demonstrate an interaction with known AChR subunits. We report here that the alpha 5 gene product is identical to the 49 kd protein previously found on immunoblots of AChRs purified from brain and ciliary ganglia. In brain the alpha 5 gene product is present both in alpha 3- and in alpha 4-based receptor subtypes, while in the ganglion it is found in an alpha 3-based receptor subtype concentrated in postsynaptic membrane. Immunoprecipitation experiments with subunit-specific monoclonal antibodies indicate that some native AChRs are likely to have at least three kinds of subunits, with two being of the alpha type. These findings support new views about the construction of AChRs in neurons.
Onboard SVM analysis of Hyperion data to detect sulfur deposits in Arctic regions

Onboard classification of remote sensing data can permit autonomous, intelligent scheduling decisions without ground interaction. In this study, we observe the sulfur-rich Borup-Fiord glacial springs in Canada with the Hyperion instrument aboard the EO-1 spacecraft. This system offers an analog to far more exotic locales such as Europa where remote sensing of biogenic indicators is of considerable interest. Previous work has been performed in the generation and execution of an onboard SVM (support vector machine) classifier to autonomously identify the presence of sulfur compounds associated with the activity of microbial life. However, those results were severely limited in the number of positive examples available to be labeled. In this paper we extend the sample size from 1 to 7 example scenes between 2006 and 2008, corresponding to a change from 18 to 235 positive labels. We also explore nonlinear SVM kernels as an extension of our onboard capability.
Monovalent Cations Partially Repair a Conformational Defect in a Mutant Tryptophan Synthase α2β2 Complex (β-E109A)

We are using the tryptophan synthase α2β2 complex as a model system to investigate how ligands, protein-protein interaction, and mutations regulate enzyme activity, reaction specificity, and substrate specificity. The rate of conversion of L-serine and indole to L-tryptophan by the β2 subunit alone is quite low, but is activated by certain monovalent cations or by association with α subunit to form an α2β2 complex. Since monovalent cations and α subunit appear to stabilize an active conformation of the β2 subunit, we have investigated the effects of monovalent cations on the activities and spectroscopic properties of a mutant form of α2β2 complex having β2 subunit glutamic acid 109 replaced by alanine (E109A). The E109A α2β2 complex is inactive in reactions with L-serine but active in reactions with β-chloro-L-alanine. Parallel experiments show effects of monovalent cations on the properties of wild type β2 subunit and α2β2 complex. We find that CsCl stimulates the activity of the E109A α2β2 complex and of wild type β2 subunit with L-serine and indole and alters the equilibrium distribution of L-serine reaction intermediates. The results indicate that CsCl partially repairs the deleterious effects of the E109A mutation on the activity of the α2β2 complex by stabilizing a conformation with catalytic properties more similar to those of the wild type α2β2 complex. This conclusion is consistent with observations that monovalent cations alter the catalytic and spectroscopic properties of several pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes by stabilizing alternative conformations.
Violence Breeds Violence: Childhood Exposure and Adolescent Conduct Problems

The relationships between childhood exposure to violence and adolescent conduct problems were investigated in a sample of 88 primiparous adolescent mothers and their children. Regression analyses revealed that witnessing violence and victimization prior to age 10 predicted delinquency and violent behaviors, even after controlling for prenatal maternal and early childhood externalizing problems. Social competency and depression during middle childhood moderated the relationship between victimization and violent behaviors for girls, but not boys: Lower levels of social competency and depression served as risk factors for delinquency among teenage girls who experienced victimization during childhood. These findings have important implications for youth violence prevention programs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgical Complications of Choyce-Type Implants

The development of various intraocular lenses will be described and implantation of anterior chamber-type lenses will be discussed.
Effects of stirring and sparging on cultured hybridoma cells

The response of hybridoma cells to fluid shear caused by stirring and sparging has been investigated in a 2-L turbine-agitated bioreactor. Viable cell count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and antibody secretion were measured over the course of batch culture experiments under varied conditions of stirring and gas sparging. The effectiveness of Pluronic F68 as a protective agent in sparged cultures was also studied. Growth was found to be unaffected by stirring of the culture under surface aerated conditions, but gas sparging had a significant detrimental effect on growth and antibody production. The effect of sparging was reduced when cultures were supplemented with Pluronic at a level of 0.4% (w/v). Experimental data were analyzed through formulation of models for LDH release and antibody production. Rates of cell lysis could be estimated by correlating extracellular LDH levels through the model for LDH release. The lysis rate estimated for sparged conditions was sufficiently large to approximately account for the observed decrease in the specific growth rate of the culture. The presence of Pluronic apparently interfered with the LDH release mechanism, so precise estimation of lysis rates under these conditions was not possible. Sparging was found not to have a detrimental effect on antibody production in cultures without Pluronic added. Specific antibody production rates in cultures supplemented with Pluronic were about 25% higher than in sparged cultures without Pluronic added.
Surgical treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy: Is it ever too late?

Abstract The question posed in the title of this report can be answered both “yes” and “no.” For most patients with severe congestive heart failure due to end-stage ischemic heart disease, however, conventional surgical treatment by myocardial revascularization or unconventional treatment by cardiac transplantation can offer genuine therapeutic benefit by ameliorating symptoms and extending survival. Although the results of standard coronary artery bypass operations in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy are limited by the magnitude of preexistent left ventricular damage, retrospective analysis of medical and surgical treatment at our institution has shown that most patients with predominant angina pectoris preoperatively can be expected to be alive and free of limiting angina 5 years postoperatively. However, relief of symptoms in patients with predominant congestive heart failure preoperatively was considerably less impressive. Nevertheless, long-term survival rates for surgically treated patients were significantly superior to those for medically treated patients, due possibly to the prevention of fatal myocardial infarction. When the severity of left ventricular dysfunction and clinically evident congestive heart failure preclude a reasonable expectation of benefit from myocardial revascularization, carefully selected candidates with ischemic cardiomyopathy may undergo cardiac transplantation with expectation of survival rates of 59 ± 7 percent at 1 year and 49 ± 7 percent at 3 years, in conjunction with highly satisfactory symptomatic benefit and rehabilitation. Furthermore, the quality of results after cardiac transplantation is highly likely to improve in the near future because of more effective and less toxic immunosuppression. This development should expand the applicability of cardiac transplantation and render even more uncommon the designation of a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy as inoperable because it is “too late.”
Nonlinear minimum-time control with pre- and post-actuation

This article studies the time-optimal output transition problem to change the system output, from an initial value y(t)=y@? (for all time t@?0) to a final value y(t)=y@? (for all time t>=T), for invertible nonlinear systems. The main contribution of the article is to show that the use of pre- and post-actuation input outside the transition interval I"T=[0,T] can reduce the transition time T beyond the standard bang-bang-type inputs for optimal state transition. The advantage of using pre- and post-actuation is demonstrated with an illustrative nonlinear example.
Unexpected Hofmann Elimination in the Benzophenone−(Phenylthio)acetic Tetrabutylammonium Salt Photoredox System

The triplet state of benzophenone was quenched by the tetrabutylammonium salt of (phenylthio)acetic acid in acetonitrile solutions. The quenching event, following laser flash photolysis, resulted in the formation of a transient ion pair consisting of the benzophenone radical anion and the tetrabutylammonium cation. Subsequently this ion pair decays with the quaternary ammonium cation undergoing a Hofmann elimination to form butane-1 and tributylamine, which were detected in steady-state irradiation. This appears to be the first report of an ion pair consisting of a benzophenone radical anion and an organic cation (nonradical), in addition to the first report of a photoinduced Hofmann elimination in quaternary ammonium ions.
Raman imaging of bone mineral and matrix: composition and function

We discuss the use of Raman microprobe spectroscopy and Raman imaging to study the chemical composition of fresh, unmounted bone at a microscopic level. A specimen of human cortical bone was analyzed and evidence for the presence of amorphous-type calcium phosphate, a theoretical precursor in the bone formation process, was found. In general the amorphous4ype calcium phosphate appears away from osteons, in the interstitial tissue. This finding calls into question the role of amorphous-type calcium phosphate as a precursor to apatitic phosphate, since it was not found in the recently remodeled bone near the osteon center, but rather in older bone tissue. Some reasons for the presence of amorphous calcium phosphate are proposed. Possible relations ofthe amorphous mineral to bone damage and bone remodeling are discussed.
Quantifying Nanoparticle Adhesion Mediated by Specific Molecular Interactions

Receptor-mediated targeting of nanometric contrast agents or drug carriers holds great potential for treating cardiovascular and vascular-associated diseases. However, predicting the ability of these vectors to adhere to diseased cells under dynamic conditions is complex due to the interplay of transport, hydrodynamic force, and multivalent bond formation dynamics. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of adhesion molecule density and flow rate on adhesion of 210 nm particles, with the goal of identifying criteria to optimize binding efficiency and selectivity. Our system employed a physiologically relevant ligand, the vascular adhesion molecule ICAM-1, and an ICAM-1 specific antibody tethered to the nanoparticle using avidin-biotin chemistry. We measured binding and dissociation of these particles in a flow chamber as a function of antibody density, ligand density, and flow rate, and using a transport-reaction model we distilled overall kinetic rate constants for adhesion and detachment from the binding data. We demonstrate that both attachment and detachment of 210 nm particles can be correlated with receptor and ligand valency and are minimally affected by shear rate. Furthermore, we uncovered a time-dependent mechanism governing particle detachment, in which the rate of detachment decreases with contact time according to a power law. Finally, we use our results to illustrate how to engineer adhesion selectivity for specific molecular targeting applications. These results establish basic principles dictating nanoparticle adhesion and dissociation and can be used as a framework for the rational design of targeted nanoparticle therapeutics that possess optimum adhesive characteristics.
Value of the agar plate method for the diagnosis of intestinal strongyloidiasis

An agar plate method for the diagnosis of intestinal strongyloidiasis was compared to the standard formalin-ethyl acetate concentration method. A total of 13 of 225 patients with eosinophilia had positive stools for strongyloides larva by agar plate compared to six of 225 by the formalin-ethyl acetate method (P = .0455). Nine positive stool specimens by the agar plate method were tested by the Baermann technique, and five were positive. The agar plate method is a sensitive and efficient technique for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.
Fragmentation in General Surgery: The Case of Head and Neck Surgery

Fragmentation of the specialty of general surgery has become a source of serious concern and alarm for the community of general surgeons. Part of the fragmentation stems from the burgeoning of technological interventionists, usually based in the nonsurgical specialties. Radiologists, gastroenterologists, and cardiologists, among others, have been aggressively pushing their specialties into surgical realms. Another part of the problem, however, is based on schisms between and among surgical disciplines. A particular case in point is the controversy that has been swirling around the attempts of the specialty of otolaryngology to become designated as otolaryngology–head and neck surgery. These attempts have caused serious conflicts at the board and residency review committee levels of the two specialties. The outcome of the conflicts is not clear. What is clear is that there are enormous implications for clinical practice, board certification, and residency training in both fields, no matter what the outcome may
Sodium-calcium exchange in heart: membrane currents and changes in [Ca2+]i

Recordings have been made of changes in intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) that can be attributed to the operation of an electrogenic, voltage-dependent sodium-calcium (Na-Ca) exchanger in mammalian heart cells. Guinea pig ventricular myocytes under voltage clamp were perfused internally with fura-2, a fluorescent Ca2+-indicator, and changes in [Ca2+]i and membrane current that resulted from Na-Ca exchange were identified through the use of various organic channel blockers and impermeant ions. Depolarization of cells elicited slow increases in [Ca2+]i, with the maximum increase depending on internal [Na+], external [Ca2+], and membrane voltage. Repolarization was associated with net Ca2+ efflux and a decline in the inward current that developed instantaneously upon repolarization. The relation between [Ca2+]i and current was linear, and the slope was made steeper by hyperpolarization.
Electron microscopy of fission fragment damage in aluminium-uranium fuel element

An electron micrograph was made on an irradiated BNL Graphite Reactor fuel element core. The core was coldrolled and electrolytically thinned before irradiation to 2.8 x 10/sup 15/ nvt. The micrograph shows large numbers of light-colored straight tracks, most of which emanate from the dark round areas which are probably UAl/sub 4/ in Al matrix. (D.L.C.)
Mössbauer Line Broadening in Powdered Crystals

The line broadening of recoilless radiation has recently become an important tool for studying isomer shifts and nuclear magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole interactions with crystalline fields. When the line shape is not well resolved, it is not always possible to obtain the desired information from experimental velocity spectra. It is pointed out that the use of moment theorems can sometimes give access to quantitative information which would not otherwise be available. The results given apply only to powdered samples, and then only in the absence of any anisotropy of the recoilless radiation or absorption being analyzed.
Effects of suppressing arm swing on kinematics, kinetics, and energetics of human walking.

Abstract Human walking is characterized by pronounced arm movement, yet computer simulation models of walking usually lump the mass of the arms with the head and torso. The implications of this simplification have not been thoroughly documented in the literature. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish the dependence of several biomechanical and energetic variables on suppressing arm swing (AS) in walking. Eight healthy adult subjects walked with and without normal AS, with speed and stride frequency/length matched between trials. Metabolic data were collected during walking on a treadmill, while kinematic and kinetic data were collected during overground walking. Gross and net energy expenditure were significantly higher during walking without AS, with the mean differences being less than 10%. Joint angles, angular velocities, and ground reaction forces were nearly identical for walking with and without AS. Most joint moments and powers were also similar between AS conditions; however, some kinetic variables (e.g., knee joint power) exhibited larger differences, primarily during the stance phase. The variable that differed most between walking with and without AS was the free vertical moment between the foot and ground. In summary, most variables differed by less than 10% and were highly correlated ( r ⩾0.90) between walking with and without normal AS. Thus, researchers may be justified in using walking models without articulated arms. However, a few variables exhibited larger differences, which might be of relevance based on the specific research question being addressed.
After Venus, mercury: syphilis treatment in the UK before Salvarsan.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the treatment of syphilis varied substantially in the UK. Two of the commonly used treatments—mercury and bismuth—were often used for long durations, which prompted the public health warning, ‘two minutes with Venus, two years with mercury’.1 Beyond this variation in treatment, venereology itself was a topic taught to generalists rather than specialists.2 Moral condemnation attached to those with syphilis, whose illness was often considered self-inflicted. Patients themselves, fearful of public scrutiny and stigma, often turned …
Altered Macrophage Intracellular Signaling Induced by Protein–Calorie Malnutrition

Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality through impairment of host defense mechanisms and reduced macrophage function. The present study examined alterations in macrophage intracellular signaling associated with the impairment in host defense capabilities. Mice were randomized to either control (regular diet) or protein-free diets (PCM) and pair-fed for 1 week. Following endotoxin stimulation, peritoneal macrophages from PCM mice produce significantly less TNF-alpha and IL-6 product and had significantly less cell-associated IL-6 when compared to macrophages from control mice. Similarly, macrophages from PCM mice had a significant reduction in mRNA levels for both TNF-alpha and IL-6. Other macrophage intracellular signaling mechanisms, such as calcium flux and tyrosine kinase phosphorylation were also altered by PCM. The etiology of PCM-induced defects in macrophage function and intracellular signaling remain unknown but may be related to the neuroendocrine response to PCM.
Policy enforcement and compliance proofs for Xen virtual machines

We address the problem of integrity management in a virtualized environment. We introduce a formal integrity model for managing the integrity of arbitrary aspects of a virtualized system. Based on the model, we describe an architecture called PEV, which stands for protection, enforcement, and verification. The architecture generalizes the integrity management functions of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) to cover not just software binaries, but also VMs, virtual devices, and a wide range of security policies. The architecture enables the verification of security compliance and enforcement of security policies. We describe a prototype implementation of the architecture based on the Xen hypervisor. We demonstrate the policy enforcement and compliance checking capabilities of our prototype through multiple use cases.
Defence spending and economic performance in the United States: Some structural var evidence

The causal relationship between defense spending and economic performance is reinvestigated using structural vector autoregressive model (SVAR). A specified structural VAR model is not affected by the ordering of variables. Two possible macro structural models are proposed. The price level and unemployment innovations in the structural models explain more of the fluctuations of the defense variable than in the unstructured recursive models (URVAR). The effect of output on defense spending is exaggerated in the recursive model when compared to the structural model for one ordering of variables. An interesting finding is that the impact on defense spending by shocks in the price level is increased significantly with postwar data in SVAR as well as URVAR.
γ-Herpesvirus Kinase Actively Initiates a DNA Damage Response by Inducing Phosphorylation of H2AX to Foster Viral Replication

DNA virus infection can elicit the DNA damage response in host cells, including ATM kinase activation and H2AX phosphorylation. This is considered to be the host cell response to replicating viral DNA. In contrast, we show that during infection of macrophages murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (gammaHV68) actively induces H2AX phosphorylation by expressing a viral kinase (orf36). GammaHV68-encoded orf36 kinase and its EBV homolog, BGLF4, induce H2AX phosphorylation independently of other viral genes. The process requires the kinase domain of Orf36 and is enhanced by ATM. Orf36 is important for gammaHV68 replication in infected animals, and orf36, H2AX, and ATM are all critical for efficient gammaHV68 replication in primary macrophages. Thus, activation of proximal components of the DNA damage signaling response is an active viral kinase-driven strategy required for efficient gamma-herpesvirus replication.
“So Much Technology, So Little Talent”? Skills for Harnessing Technology for Leadership Outcomes

Advanced information and communication technologies are impacting the ways groups and individuals collaborate, communicate, and engage. Such changes also have impacts on the leadership process. By reviewing the literature on e-leadership and technology-centered fields, the current article provides recommendations and implications for leading in online environments.
Hyperactivity in preschoolers: Correlates and prognostic implications

Abstract Hyperactivity typically is apparent in early childhood, although it rarely comes to professional attention prior to school entry. However, an understanding of its early manifestations and developmental course has obvious theoretical and clinical importance. A clinical description of the hyperactive preschooler is provided, followed by a discussion of the definitional and diagnostic problems involved in determining when overactivity, impulsivity, and inattention reflect an exaggeration of age-appropriate behavior or a clinically significant disorder. Studies that contribute to a description of the early history, family correlates, and cognitive and social behavior of hyperactive preschoolers are then reviewed; treatment and follow-up studies are also examined. In view of the paucity of studies that specifically consider hyperactivity in preschoolers, it is necessary to extrapolate from studies of nonclinical samples of preschoolers, from studies of less specifically defined clinical groups, and from studies of school-aged hyperactive children. Finally, several directions for research on hyperactive preschoolers are proposed.
Studies of wakes of support-free spheres at m equal 16 in helium

12 Freeman, N. C., "Non-equilibrium flow of an ideal dissociating gas," J. Fluid Mech. 4, 407-425 (1958). 13 Wray, K. L., "Chemical kinetics of high temperature air," Avco Research Rept. 104 (June 1961). 14 Lin, S. C., Fyfe, W. I., and Neal, R. A., "Rate of ionization behind shock waves in air," Avco Research Rept. 105 (September 1960). 15 Alien, R, A., Keck, J. C., and Camm, J. C., "Non-equilibrium radiation from shock heated nitrogen and a determination of the recombination rate," Avco Research Rept. 110 (June 1961). 16 Teare, J. D., Georgiev, S., and Alien, R. A., "Radiation from the non-equilibrium shock front," Avco Research Rept. 112 (October 1961). 17 Wick, B. H., "Radiative heating of vehicles entering the earth's atmosphere/' The High Temperature Aspects of Hypersonic Flow, edited by W. C. Nelson (Pergamon Press, New York, 1963), pp. 607-627. 18 Lobb, R. K., "Experimental measurement of shock detachment distance on spheres fired in air at hypervelocities," Ref. 17, pp. 519-527. 19 Shin, W. C. L. and Baron, J. R., "Nonequilibrium bluntbody flow using the method of integral relations," AIAA J. 2, 1062-1071(1964). 20 Alien, H. J., Seiff, A., and Winovich, W., "Aerodynamic heating of conical entry vehicles at speeds in excess of earth parabolic speed," NASA TR R-185 (1963).
Offshore outsourcing decision making: A policy-maker's perspective

This research aims at finding the best governing policy for offshore outsourcing of business activities. We use Analytical Network Process, a multicriteria decision making methodology, to create the evaluation framework. From the perspective of decision makers, stakeholders, and influence groups, four policy options are evaluated with respect to approximately 50 economic, political, technological and other factors. The model provides both long-term and short-term views of the outsourcing issue concerned to all parties. The all-inclusive approach helps policy makers to decide on the best policy and has the potential to ease tension between proponents and opponents of offshore outsourcing.
Formation of intermediates in the replication of phage lambda DNA

After induction of Escherichia coli K12(λ) by ultraviolet light, a large part of the newly synthesized DNA is present as intermediate forms which are clearly distinguishable from mature λ DNA. One of the new DNA species is very sensitive to shearing and shows a relatively high sedimentation rate when compared to normal λ DNA. Its properties are consistent with those of a long, linear, concatenated structure. The intermediate forms of λ DNA are apparently formed from smaller DNA molecules the size of mature λ DNA. In the latter part of the latent period just before cell lysis, these large intermediates are broken down to DNA of the size found in the normal phage particle. λsusA and λsusD mutants have been found to accumulate large amounts of the intermediate during λ DNA synthesis and are unable to convert them to mature phage DNA.
Comparison of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced and ferumoxides-enhanced MRI of the liver on high- and low-field scanners.

Purpose To compare the performance of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced and ferumoxides-enhanced MRI in the detection and characterization of hepatic lesions, on 1.5-T and 0.2-T magnets Materials and Methods In 41 patients (23 men, 18 women), 52 hepatic MR examinations were performed and retrospectively analyzed; 39 and 13 examinations were performed on 1.5-T and 0.2-T magnets, respectively. A total of 33 of 41 patients had known malignancies, and 31 of 33 patients had biopsy of at least one lesion. First, a combination of unenhanced T2-weighted sequences and gradient-echo T1-weighted sequences were performed. Then, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced (0.1 mmol/kg) T1 GRE sequences were obtained, followed by intravenous drip infusion of ferumoxides (10 μmol/kg). The T2-weighted sequences were then repeated. The unenhanced and gadolinium-enhanced images (the Gd set) were reviewed separately from the unenhanced and ferumoxides-enhanced images (the ferumoxides set) by two abdominal imagers. The reviewers were blinded to clinical history and reviewed the individual studies in each set randomly. Each detected lesion was scored on a five-point scale for characterization scores: nonsolid (1 or 2), indeterminate (3), or solid (4 or 5). A consensus review was then performed correlating all available pathology, imaging, clinical findings, and follow-up to act as a gold standard. Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves were generated and both area-under-the-curve (Az values) and sensitivity values were calculated. Significance of Az and sensitivity differences was assessed using standard Z-test and chi-square. Results Of 270 lesions detected by consensus, 211 were on 1.5-T and 59 were on 0.2-T scanners. The accuracy (Az values) of lesion detection overall, of both readers, was greater for the ferumoxides set than for the Gd set (reader 1: 0.95 vs. 0.89 (P < 0.05); reader 2: 0.91 vs. 0.78 (P < 0.05)). Az values for both readers were greater on the ferumoxides set for both the 1.5-T scans and the 0.2-T scans. Out of 270 lesions detected, 231 were characterized by consensus review as solid (185) or nonsolid (46). There was a significant improvement in lesion characterization for both readers on the GD set compared with the ferumoxides set on both high and low field scanners (Az reader 1: 0.99 vs. 0.96 (P < 0.05); Az reader 2: 0.99 vs. 0.95 (P < 0.05)), respectively. Conclusion At both 1.5-T and 0.2-T, ferumoxides-enhanced sequences were better for lesion detection, while gadolinium-enhanced sequences were better for lesion characterization, respectively. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;20:640–647. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EXTRACTION OF RESONANCES VIA WAVE PACKET PROPAGATION IN CHEBYSHEV ORDER DOMAIN : COLLINEAR H + H2 SCATTERING

Abstract We show that resonance positions can be determined by propagating a wave packet in the order domain of the Chebyshev operator. The Hermitian Hamiltonian is used in the Chebyshev propagation so that the instability associated with a complex Chebyshev operator is avoided. The outgoing boundary conditions are imposed in a window function in the Chebyshev order domain, which allows accurate determination of the resonance positions. A numerical example is given for the collinear scattering of H + H 2 . The relationship of the present approach with existing methods is also explored.
Introduction to Asian language researches

This article provides an introduction to aspects of emergent literacy and bilingualism that will orient readers to the importance of innovative and varied classroom activities with young children, so that teachers can promote competence and enjoyment of language learning, particularly for those young children learning English as a second language. This article also introduces a set of researches in this Special Issue on how teachers and principals respond to legislative requirements in some Asian countries, that is, laws that impact on how and when teachers can introduce bilingual and even trilingual efforts in Asian classrooms. Some of the research papers reveal how urgent the need for teacher training is when adults (responsible for the care of very young children) have not been required or helped to understand the importance of providing early positive responses and effective interactions to promote rich language development from infancy onward. Other researches in this Special Issue provide specific d...
Long chain fatty acid utilization of T-cells from autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that T-cells which exhibit abnormal immunological behavior manifest derangements in the de novo synthesis of phospholipids, the utilization of [3H]palmitic acid in B220+ T-cells from autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice was investigated. The rate of incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into membrane phospolipids was markedly increased in intact B220+ T-cells compared to that in T-cells from immunologically normal mice. The activities of two key enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis of palmitoyl-phospholipids, acyl-coenzyme (CoA) ligase and acyl-CoA: sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase, were significantly higher in homgenates from B220+ T-cell membranes compared with those in controls. Depsite these findings, the molar concentration of individual palmitoyl glycerolipids was equivalent in the membranes of B220+ T-cells and control lymph node T-cells. The results indicate that T-cells from lupus mice exhibit complex defects in the biosynthesis and turnover of membrane phospholipids and suggest the possibility that these aberrations contribute to T-cell dysfunction in autoimmune diseases.
Elastic behaviour of coals studied by mercury porosimetry

Abstract Mercury porosimetry has been widely used to study the pore structures of coals. One of the difficulties in using this approach for characterizing pore size distributions involves the ‘correction’ of the apparent intrusion volumes for coal compressibility. This paper presents results which use the mercury porosimetry technique to draw conclusions concerning the elastic properties of coals. Both dry and moist coals and lignites are observed to have apparent compressibilities between about 2.6 and 8.5 GPa, typical of glassy solids. Hysteresis behaviour is observed on repeated compression-decompression cycles and suggests that coal behaves like a macromolecular material under dynamic stressing conditions. This means that the compressibility is an apparent quantity, and depends on the method used to obtain it. The magnitude of the observed hysteresis effect also suggests that the coal dissipates a large fraction of the mechanical energy input during compression. It is believed that most of the dissipation results from frictional processes associated with the steric difficulty of reorganizing the network structure.