cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Alternative Cultures in Planning Research—From Extending Scientific Frontiers to Exploring Enduring Questions

As academic planning has grown and evolved, it has developed different ways of doing planning
Optical correlator guidance and tracking field tests

A demonstration of the capabilities and limitations of an optical correlator in a realistic environment has been undertaken. The testing is divided into several phases from laboratory-type data gathering to a fully functional helicopter-delivered demonstration missile. The basic research performed has led to three fully fieldable test units which have proved to be rugged and dependable under normal test range conditions. The units were transportable and required no realignment of the optics. Two of the test systems were modular in construction while the third was a 'solid optic' design having optical paths and components contained within a solid glass construction. >
Flux considerations in the coupling of Monte Carlo plasma sheath simulations with feature evolution models

The evolution of two features, a 2-d trench and a circular via exposed to a 3-v ion flux is calculated. The surface flux is calculated using the particle distribution function, obtained from a Monte Carlo sheath simulation. While Monte Carlo sheath simulations are 1-d/2-v (axisymmetric), shadowing on a substrate surface due to topography breaks the axisymmetry and necessitates a 2-d/3-v surface flux calculation. The authors show a methodology for the flux calculation in long trenches and circular vias which adds very little to computational expense over that incurred for a 2-d/2-v flux calculation. Comparison between the trench and the via shows that, as expected, the geometry of a via blocks out more ion trajectories than that of a trench leading to a smaller etch rate in a via. If the flux is calculated in 2-d/2-v phase space, the resulting feature shape is shown to be an artifact of the calculation method. It is also shown that the angular distribution of the particle as well as energy fluxes and the resulting shape of the feature are largely insensitive to the electric field profile assumed for a given sheath voltage. >
Compiling Quantum Circuits using the Palindrome Transform

The design and optimization of quantum circuits is central to quantum computation. This paper presents new algorithms for compiling arbitrary 2 n ×2 n unitary matrices into efficient circuits of ( 1)controlled single-qubit and (n 1)-controlled-NOT gates. We first present a general algebraic optimization technique, which we call the Palindrome Transform, that can be used to minimize the number of selfinverting gates in quantum circuits consisting of concatenations of palindromic subcircuits. For a fixed column ordering of two-level decomposition, we then give an enumerative algorithm for minimal (n 1)controlled-NOT circuit construction, which we call the Palindromic Optimization Algorithm. Our work dramatically reduces the number of gates generated by the conventional two-level decomposition method for constructing quantum circuits of (n 1)-controlled single-qubit and (n 1)-controlled-NOT gates.
Support vector machines in HTS data mining: Type I MetAPs inhibition study.

This article reports a successful application of support vector machines (SVMs) in mining high-throughput screening (HTS) data of a type I methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs) inhibition study. A library with 43,736 small organic molecules was used in the study, and 1355 compounds in the library with 40% or higher inhibition activity were considered as active. The data set was randomly split into a training set and a test set (3:1 ratio). The authors were able to rank compounds in the test set using their decision values predicted by SVM models that were built on the training set. They defined a novel score PT50 ,t he percentage of the test set needed to be screened to recover 50% of the actives, to measure the performance of the models. With carefully selected parameters, SVM models increased the hit rates significantly, and 50% of the active compounds could be recovered by screening just 7% of the test set. The authors found that the size of the training set played a significant role in the performance of the models. A training set with 10,000 member compounds is likely the minimum size required to build a model with reasonable predictive power. (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2006:138-144)
Window Query Processing in Linear Quadtrees

The linear quadtree is a spatial access method that is built by decomposing the spatial objects in a database into quadtree blocks and storing these quadtree blocks in a B-tree. The linear quadtree is very useful for geographic information systems because it provides good query performance while using existing B-tree implementations. An algorithm and a cost model are presented for processing window queries in linear quadtrees. The algorithm can handle query windows of any shape in the general case of spatial databases with overlapping objects. The algorithm recursively decomposes the space into quadtree blocks, and uses the quadtree blocks overlapping the query window to search the B-tree. The cost model estimates the I/O cost of processing window queries using the algorithm. The cost model is also based on a recursive decomposition of the space, and it uses very simple parameters that can easily be maintained in the database catalog. Experiments with real and synthetic data sets verify the accuracy of the cost model.
An ECA-P policy-based framework for managing ubiquitous computing environments

Ubiquitous computing environments feature massively distributed systems containing a large number of devices, services and applications that help end-users perform various kinds of tasks. One way by which administrators and end-users can manage these environments is through the use of policies. In particular, obligation policies are used to specify what actions must or must not be performed by the environment on the occurrence of certain events. Obligation policies are often specified as event-condition-action (ECA) rules. However an important problem in ubiquitous computing systems is that different users and administrators may have conflicting policies for managing the system. Hence, a key challenge in policy-based management is detecting and resolving conflicts between multiple policy rules that get activated by a single event. Existing approaches are limited in power and scope mainly because they do not have semantic information about the effects of policy actions; hence, they cannot infer that two actions may conflict unless they are explicitly stated to be conflicting. In this paper, we propose an extended model of ECA called event-condition-action-post-condition (ECA-P), where developers and administrators can annotate actions with their effects. The ECA-P model allows inferring that actions may conflict based on conflicting post-conditions. Detected conflicts are resolved using meta-rules that specify preferred system states. The ECA-P framework also detects failures in policy execution by using postconditions to verify successful completion of policy actions. We present the details of the framework.
v-myb blocks granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced myeloid cell differentiation but not proliferation

Abstract To understand the effects of v-myb expression on mammalian hematopoietic cell differentiation, we have constructed a retroviral vector which can efficiently express v-myb gene product in mammalian cells. Infection of interleukin-3-dependent murine progenitor cell line 32D Cl3, which undergoes terminal differentiation to mature granulocytes in the presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), with this recombinant retrovirus does not abrogate its requirement of interleukin-3 for growth. However, expression of v-myb in these cells blocks their ability to differentiate in response to GCSF. Instead, the v-myb-infected cells proliferate indefinitely in the presence of GCSF. 32D Cl3 cells infected with empty vector carrying only the neomycin resistance gene responded to the addition of GCSF in a manner identical to that of the uninfected cells and underwent terminal differentiation into granulocytes. These results suggest that oncogenic forms of myb gene bring about transformation by blocking the differentiation signal derived by cytokines while promoting the proliferative signal transduction pathways.
Evaluation of the Utility of the "Revised Get Ready to Read!" For Spanish-Speaking English-Language Learners through Differential Item Functioning Analysis.

Children who are Spanish-speaking English-language learners (ELLs) comprise a rapidly growing percentage of the population in U.S. schools. To determine which of these children have weaker emergent literacy skills and are in need of intervention, it is necessary to assess emergent literacy skills accurately and reliably. In this study, 1,318 preschool children were administered the Revised Get Ready to Read! (GRTR-R), and item-response theory analyses were used to evaluate and compare the item-level characteristics of the measure. Results of differential item functioning (DIF) analysis identified significant DIF for seven items. Correlational analysis demonstrated that ELL children’s scores on the GRTR-R were more strongly related to oral language skills than were non-ELL children’s scores. These results support the use of the GRTR-R as a screening tool for identifying ELL children who are at risk for developing reading problems.
Antarctic mass balance and sea level change

The Antarctic ice, remote as it is, has the potential to affect coastal communities and habitats around the world, because any change in its mass will directly affect mean sea level. Despite all the study of the ice sheet in the last several decades, however, it is still uncertain whether the ice sheet is growing, shrinking, or unchanging in mass. The most recent studies are contradictory—glaciological evidence from the continent suggests that the ice sheet is slowly growing, oceanographic evidence around the continent suggests that it is shrinking, and indirect satellite evidence relating to changes in mass distribution over the surface of the globe suggests that changes of either sign must be small. The glaciological evidence has most recently been summarized by Bentley and Giovinetto [1991]. By analyzing all available measurements on the rate of snow accumulation on the ice sheet (the mass input) and the mass flux across the boundary between the land-based and floating margins of the ice sheet (the mass output), they came to the conclusion that there is a net gain of about 200 Gt yr−1, that is, a sea-level lowering of about 0.5 mm yr−1. The data cover the large drainage systems that encompass the vast interior plateaus where the mass input rates are small. Much less is known about more limited coastal systems characterized by higher specific mass input rates. Nevertheless, it seems unlikely that these smaller regions could be losing mass rapidly enough to make up for the mass gain over the majority of the continent.
Overestimating Neuroprotection in Congenital Heart Disease: Problems With Bayley III Outcomes

Major advances in the care of children with congenital heart disease include prenatal diagnosis, prompt and often prenatal referral to pediatric cardiology centers of excellence, early stabilization of abnormal physiology with single-stage corrective repair before 6 weeks of age, and attention to medical and environmental stressors that affect the vulnerability of a child's immature central nervous system.1,–,3 In this issue of Pediatrics , Acton et al4 describe the developmental outcomes of surviving children from a large prospective Canadian cohort after early congenital surgical heart repair at a regional center of excellence. The children had surgery at a mean age of 14 days and underwent assessments at a mean age of 21 months by using 2 versions of the well-standardized Bayley scales (Bayley II and III).5,6 These scales were used to assess gross and fine motor skills and verbal and nonverbal cognitive performance during structured evaluations. First, among these critically ill … Address correspondence to Michael E. Msall, MD, Kennedy Research Center on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Section of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital, 950 E 61st St, SSC Room 207, Chicago, IL 60637. E-mail: mmsall{at}peds.bsd.uchicago.edu
REFRIGERATORS FOR SUPERCONDUCTING ACCELERATORS AND AUXILIARY EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT.

The Stanford Linear Accelerator is two miles long and operates at a temperature of 318°K. At 360 pps @ 1.5 µsec its duty cycle is 0.0005. Electron beam energies of up to 23 GeV have been obtained. If converted to superconducting operation at temperatures from 1.0 to 1.85°K, it has been estimated that its duty cycle would be 1.0 at 20 GeV and 0.06 at 100 GeV [1]. To do this would require new modulators, new klystrons, a new 2-mile-long accelerator disk-loaded wave guide of superconducting material located within heat-shielded dewars capable of imparting 33 MeV/m to electron beams, and sixteen refrigerators to intercept heat leakage from ambient and remove radio-frequency and electron beam heat losses from the liquid helium in the accelerator dewars [2].
L1, β1 integrin, and cadherins mediate axonal regeneration in the embryonic spinal cord

Embryonic birds and mammals are capable of axon regeneration after spinal cord injury, but this ability is lost during a discrete developmental transition. We recently showed that changes within maturing neurons, as opposed to changes solely in the spinal cord environment, significantly restrict axon regeneration during development. The developmental changes within neurons that limit axon regeneration remain unclear. One gap in knowledge is the identity of the adhesive receptors that embryonic neurons use to extend axons in the spinal cord. Here we test the roles of L1/NgCAM, β1 integrin, and cadherins, using a coculture system in which embryonic chick brainstem neurons regenerate axons into an explant of embryonic spinal cord. By in vivo and in vitro methods, we found that brainstem neurons reduce axonal expression of L1 as they mature. Disrupting either L1 or β1 integrin function individually in our coculture system partially inhibited growth of brainstem axons in spinal cords, while disrupting cadherin function alone had no effect. However, when all three adhesive receptors were blocked simultaneously, axon growth in the spinal cord was reduced by 90%. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization we show that during the period when neurons lose their regenerative capacity they reduce expression of mRNA for N-cadherin, and reduce axonal L1/NgCAM protein through a post-transcriptional mechanism. These data show that embryonic neurons use L1/NgCAM, β1 integrin, and cadherin receptors for axon regeneration in the embryonic spinal cord, and raise the possibility that a reduced expression of these essential receptors may contribute to the low-regenerative capacity of older neurons. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Cardiovascular Reactivity, Stress, and Physical Activity

Psychological stress has been proposed as a major contributor to the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Acute mental stress can activate the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis, eliciting the release of catecholamines (NE and EPI) resulting in the elevation of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Combined stress (psychological and physical) can exacerbate these cardiovascular responses, which may partially contribute to the elevated risk of CVD and increased proportionate mortality risks experienced by some occupations (e.g., firefighting and law enforcement). Studies have supported the benefits of physical activity on physiological and psychological health, including the cardiovascular response to acute stress. Aerobically trained individuals exhibit lower sympathetic nervous system (e.g., HR) reactivity and enhanced cardiovascular efficiency (e.g., lower vascular reactivity and decreased recovery time) in response to physical and/or psychological stress. In addition, resistance training has been demonstrated to attenuate cardiovascular responses and improve mental health. This review will examine stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and plausible explanations for how exercise training and physical fitness (aerobic and resistance exercise) can attenuate cardiovascular responses to stress. This enhanced functionality may facilitate a reduction in the incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction. Finally, this review will also address the interaction of obesity and physical activity on cardiovascular reactivity and CVD.
Spectral factorizaton using analytic interpolation theory

In this paper, we present a novel spectral factorization algorithm based on linear fractional transformations and the Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation theory. The algorithm is recursive and depends on a choice of points (zk, k=1, 2, ...), inside the unit disk. A mild condition on the distribution of the zk's ensures convergence of the algorithm. The algorithm is quite flexible and convergence can be controlled by the selection of zK's.
Geomagnetically-Trapped Corpuscular Radiation

Inasmuch as the substance of the author’s Royal Society paper of November 1958 (communicated to the Meeting by Professor S. Chapman) has meanwhile been published elsewhere (reference 27 below) it appears that the most useful contribution which he can make at present is an up-to-date bibliography of work in the field of the trapped radiation as a guide for those who wish to gain an understanding of the current status of the subject. Such a bibliography follows. The references cited are only those known to exist in written form in books, in regular journals or in reports which are available on request.
Emotional labor in librarianship: A research agenda

Abstract Many occupations, including librarianship, require emotional labor, which can be defined as the awareness of the emotional expressions required of a job, and the strategies used to express those emotions. To date, little research has examined emotional labor in library work, even though strong evidence exists to suggest emotional labor is a key component of many library jobs. Research on emotional labor shows that there can be positive and negative effects on individuals such as job satisfaction and job burnout. Research also shows that the negative outcomes from emotional labor may be buffered to some extent by factors such as support from the organization, or job autonomy. Individual differences such as personality traits and attitudes toward customers also impact the effects of emotional labor on employees. Because emotional labor is a critical issue in library work, and because evidence suggests positive outcomes can be fostered, there is a need to study how emotional labor is carried out in libraries, and to identify management techniques for emotional labor that will yield positive outcomes for both employees and organizations. Empirical research on emotional labor is reviewed, and a research agenda for exploration of this important construct in the field of librarianship is presented.
Interactive Effects of HIV/AIDS, Body Mass, and Substance Abuse on the Frontal Brain: A P300 Study

Abstract In view of the rising prevalence of an overweight body mass among patients living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), clinicians must now be mindful of possible adverse outcomes resulting from the co-occurrence. The present study was designed to examine the additive and interactive effects of HIV/AIDS and an excess body mass, as well as the additional contributions of substance abuse or dependence. The dependent variable was brain function estimated by the measurement of P300 electroencephalographic potentials. P300 potentials were recorded during a task designed to elicit subcomponents with frontal (P300a) and both frontal and non-frontal (P300b) generators. Analyses revealed greater frontal P300a latencies among the 102 HIV-1 seropositive versus the 68 seronegative participants. In addition, frontal P300a latency was further increased by a synergistic interaction of HIV-1 serostatus with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m 2 . A history of substance abuse/dependence did not alter these changes. However, it did combine with HIV/AIDS to produce a smaller P300a amplitude than was seen in participants with neither disorder. The findings suggest that white matter changes accompanying an excess BMI may exacerbate those that attend HIV/AIDS and thereby slow down frontal brain function. Substance abuse, likewise, interacts with HIV/AIDS but may impair frontal brain function via a different mechanism.
Expression and Capping of a Proliferation‐Associated Surface Membrane p34 kDa Antigen on Different Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines

A novel surface membrane nonglycosylated acidic polypeptide (34 kDa), encoded by a structural gene on chromosome 11, has been identified using murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 53.6 (IgG2a). MoAb 53.6, raised against uninduced cells of a human erythroleukemia line (HEL), recognizes a surface membrane antigen that is displayed on proliferating (cell cycle phase G1, S, and M + G2 phase) human leukocytes. The expression and redistribution (i.e., patching and capping) of the p34 kDa antigen on 27 different long-term human hematopoietic cell (HHC) lines was defined by fluorescence microscopy. These lines had been established from patients with leukemia or healthy donors and included phenotypically defined populations of T cells, B cells, and myelomonocytic cells. Almost all (greater than 95%) of the leukocytes of the 27 lines reacted strongly with MoAb 53.6. The majority of the leukocytes displayed p34 kDa antigen patching (26/27 lines; patched cells, 96-100%); moreover, 20 of 27 lines exhibited p34 kDa antigen capping (capped cells, 8-96%). Presentation of the p34 kDa antigen on surface membrane ultrastructures, imaged with immunogold using an indirect antibody labeling procedure, was illustrated by scanning electron microscopy, and endocytosis of the gold-tagged antigen-antibody complex was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The HHC lines are thought to represent immortalized populations of different human leukocyte subsets that are in different stages of maturation and/or differentiation; thus these lines should prove useful as models for further characterizing this unique p34 kDa proliferation-associated antigen and for defining the mechanisms and significance of surface membrane antigen redistribution and modulation that has been associated with leukocyte activation and propagation.
Indomethacin impairs water diuresis in the DI rat: role of prostaglandins independent of ADH

The mechanisms by which endogenous renal prostaglandins regulate water excretion were investigated in these studies. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis slowed water diuresis in water-loaded unanesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats and in Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus owing to absence of endogenous vasopressin. In both strains, treatment with indomethacin or meclofenamate increased the osmolality of the renal papilla by raising sodium and urea content, and also increased the osmolality of the urine. Endogenous creatinine clearance and solute excretion were unchanged. The data are consistent with an effect of prostaglandins on solute transport by renal tubules and demonstrate that endogenous prostaglandins influence water excretion by a mechanism independent of the presence of antidiuretic hormone.
Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles Affects Fatty Acid Composition of Beef

Abstract Sixteen steers (BW = 394.7 - 20.7 kg) were allotted by weight to 1 of 2 treatments to test the effects of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on the fatty acid profile of muscle tissue. Treatments consisted of a whole shelled corn, soybean hulls, and alfalfa hay based finishing diet with DDGS included at 16% of DM or soybean meal and cracked corn (control), which were fed for approximately 77 d. Diets were formulated to be isocaloric at 1.44 and 1.45 Mcal of NEg/kg of DM for DDGS and control treatments, respectively. At slaughter, a 2.5 cm thick cross section of the LM was taken between the 11th and 12th rib; all external fat around the cut was removed, and the cut was stored at -80°C for later analysis. The chemical composition of LM (i.e., moisture, crude fat, CP, and ash) did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatments. Fat tissue extracted from LM samples was separated into triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions and analyzed for fatty acid composition. There was no effect of treatment on the fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol fraction. However, in the phospholipid fraction, DDGS increased (P
Survey on the immunization status of poliomyelitis among Burmese wives in Baoshan

Objective To evaluate the immunization status of poliomyelitis among Burmese wives in town of Baoshan,Yunnan province, and to provide a reasonable intervention strategy. Method The level of poliomyelitis neutralizing antibody was measured in 20 Burmese wives who were randomly selected from the list of 50 Burmese wives provided by the local rural doctor. Result The positive rates and geometric mean titers (GMT) of poliomyelitis neutralizing type-I, II and Ⅲ antibody were 60.0%, 80.0%, 75.0% and 1∶22.6,1∶41.5,1∶12.7, respectively. Conclusion The status of poliomyelitis immunization is an important influence factor which help to maintain the poliomyelitis-free status.
The Alternative Pathway of Complement and the Evolving Clinical-Pathophysiological Spectrum of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Complement-mediated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) comprises approximately 90% of cases of aHUS, and results from dysregulation of endothelial-anchored complement activation with resultant endothelial damage. The discovery of biomarker ADAMTS13 has enabled a more accurate diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and an appreciation of overlapping clinical features of TTP and aHUS. Given our present understanding of the pathogenic pathways involved in aHUS, it is unlikely that a specific test will be developed. Rather the use of biomarker data, complement functional analyses, genomic analyses and clinical presentation will be required to diagnose aHUS. This approach would serve to clarify whether a thrombotic microangiopathy present in a complement-amplifying condition arises from the unmasking of a genetically driven aHUS versus a time-limited complement storm-mediated aHUS due to direct endothelial damage in which no genetic predisposition is present. Although both scenarios result in the phenotypic expression of aHUS and involve the alternate pathway of complement activation, long-term management would differ.
Mikrosondenanalysen von Ansätzen in Überströmkanälen von Kalkschachtöfen

Kalkschachtofen, die im Wechselbetrieb gefahren werden, sind aus warmewirtschaftlichen Grunden durch Uberstromkanale verbunden. Unter bestimmten Betriebsbedingungen, gekennzeichnet durch Ofenatmosphare, Temperatur und Zustellung, treten in den Kanalen vorzugsweise im Windschatten Ansatze auf, die mit der Mikrosonde untersucht wurden.
Towards the End of Waste

All wastes can be conceived as potential resources for reuse. There are many ways in which recovery could be achieved for the multitude of wastes generated in industrial economies. A framework for characterising recovery and reuse strategies which takes account of environmental and money costs, and political acceptability is proposed. This suggests that waste recovery should be considered in product design, recovery of a greater range of materials should be enhanced, that wastes which are not recovered for direct reuse should be concentrated for future use, and that stress should be placed on reducing fugitive emissions from future industrial ecosystems. A metals case study showing high materials productivity is presented.
Towards Feature Selection for Appearance Models in Solar Event Tracking

Classification of solar event detections into two classes, of either the same object at a later time or an entirely different object, plays a significant role in multiple hypothesis solar event tracking. Many features for this task are produced when images from multiple wavelengths are used and compounded when multiple image parameters are extracted from each of these observations coming from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. Furthermore, each different event type may require different sets of features to accurately accomplish this task. A feature selection algorithm is required to identify important features extracted from the available images and that can do so without a high computational cost. This work investigates the use of a simple feature subset selection method based on the ANOVA F-Statistic measure as a means of ranking the extracted image parameters in various wavelengths. We show that the feature subsets that are obtained through selecting the top K features ranked in this manner produce classification results as good or better than more complicated methods based on searching the feature subset space for maximum-relevance and minimum-redundancy. We intend for the results of this work to lay the foundations of future work towards a robust model of appearance to be used in the tracking of solar phenomena.
Information Integration Theory: Unified Psychology based on three mathematical laws

Psychology is unique among the sciences in its joint concern with dual worlds: (a) internal world of feeling and thought, and (b) external world of stimulus and response. The first major movement in psychology, the introspectionist movement of the late 1800s, took the inviting direct attack of studying the internal world with conscious report. Introspective methods, however, led to disarray. They were replaced by an intolerant behaviorism that allowed only observables of the external world. Many important results were thus obtained as with animal conditioning and rote learning.
Observed differences of triple-frequency radar signatures between snowflakes in stratiform and convective clouds

Abstract Observed triple-frequency signatures of snowflakes are investigated using a coincident dataset of the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) over ocean. A clear difference is noticed in the triple-frequency signatures between stratiform and convective clouds. Analyzing modeled backscattering properties of various snow particles, it is shown that this difference is likely to be a result of prevalent particle modes occurring in stratiform and convective clouds. Namely, snowflakes in stratiform clouds are mainly large unrimed particles (type B), while convective clouds contain abundant considerably aggregated and/or rimed particles(type C). Those very small particles with similarly weak triple-frequency signatures (type A) are less observed in both cloud types. Based on 2-year combined CPR and DPR data, the relation between snowflake types as defined above and air temperature is investigated. Results show that in stratiform clouds, type B particles dominate in warm temperature regions, while type C particles are frequently populated in cold temperature regions. In convective clouds, type B particles take up a large portion at warmer temperature regions, and type C particles are dominant across regions of a broad temperature range. This work demonstrates the potential of triple-frequency radar measurements in improving the understanding of snowflake microphysics and the modeling of snowflake single scattering properties.
Broadband 2D electronic spectrometer using white light and pulse shaping: noise and signal evaluation at 1 and 100 kHz

We have developed a broad bandwidth two-dimensional electronic spectrometer that operates shot-to-shot at repetition rates up to 100 kHz using an acousto-optic pulse shaper. It is called a two-dimensional white-light (2D-WL) spectrometer because the input is white-light supercontinuum. Methods for 100 kHz data collection are studied to understand how laser noise is incorporated into 2D spectra during measurement. At 100 kHz, shot-to-shot scanning of the delays and phases of the pulses in the pulse sequence produces a 2D spectrum 13-times faster and with the same signal-to-noise as using mechanical stages and a chopper. Comparing 100 to 1 kHz repetition rates, data acquisition time is decreased by a factor of 200, which is beyond the improvement expected by the repetition rates alone due to reduction in 1/f noise. These improvements arise because shot-to-shot readout and modulation of the pulse train at 100 kHz enables the electronic coherences to be measured faster than the decay in correlation between laser intensities. Using white light supercontinuum for the pump and probe pulses produces high signal-to-noise spectra on samples with optical densities 200 nm bandwidth.
Health Literacy Deficits

Health literacy is defined as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.” Inherent to this concept are the attributes of the health care system; how to access information and understand prevention, screening and self-management of conditions, and participation in clinical trials. Limited health literacy disproportionately affects lower socioeconomic and racial/ethnic minority groups and contributes to health disparities.
Proteomic analyses of nucleus laminaris identified candidate targets of the fragile X mental retardation protein

The avian nucleus laminaris (NL) is a brainstem nucleus necessary for binaural processing, analogous in structure and function to the mammalian medial superior olive. In chickens (Gallus gallus), NL is a well-studied model system for activity-dependent neural plasticity. Its neurons have bipolar extension of dendrites, which receive segregated inputs from two ears and display rapid and compartment-specific reorganization in response to unilateral changes in auditory input. More recently, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that regulates local protein translation, has been shown to be enriched in NL dendrites, suggesting its potential role in the structural dynamics of these dendrites. To explore the molecular role of FMRP in this nucleus, we performed proteomic analysis of NL, using micro laser capture and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 657 proteins, greatly represented in pathways involved in mitochondria, translation and metabolism, consistent with high levels of activity of NL neurons. Of these, 94 are potential FMRP targets, by comparative analysis with previously proposed FMRP targets in mammals. These proteins are enriched in pathways involved in cellular growth, cellular trafficking and transmembrane transport. Immunocytochemistry verified the dendritic localization of several proteins in NL. Furthermore, we confirmed the direct interaction of FMRP with one candidate, RhoC, by in vitro RNA binding assays. In summary, we provide a database of highly expressed proteins in NL and in particular a list of potential FMRP targets, with the goal of facilitating molecular characterization of FMRP signaling in future studies.
Developmental Associations between Bilingual Experience and Inhibitory Control Trajectories in Head Start Children.

Children from lower socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds tend to be at-risk for executive function (EF) impairments by the time they are in preschool, placing them at an early disadvantage for academic success. The present study examined the potentially protective role of bilingual experience on the development of inhibitory control (IC) in 1146 Head Start preschoolers who were followed for an 18-month period during the transition to kindergarten as part of the longitudinal Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) 2009 study. Using three waves of data, we predicted individual variation in developmental trajectories of IC for three groups that differed in bilingual experience—English monolinguals, Spanish-English bilinguals, and a group of children who transitioned from being Spanish monolingual to Spanish-English bilinguals during the course of the study. Compared to their English monolingual peers, bilingual children from Spanish-speaking homes showed higher IC performance at Head Start entry, as well as steeper IC growth over time. Children who were Spanish monolingual at the beginning of Head Start showed the lowest IC performance at baseline. However, their rate of IC growth exceeded that of children who remained English monolingual and did not differ from that of their peers who entered Head Start being bilingual. These results suggest that acquiring bilingualism and continued bilingual experience are associated with more rapid IC development during the transition from preschool to kindergarten in children from lower SES backgrounds.
Self-assembly pathways and polymorphism in peptide-based nanostructures

Dipeptide derivative molecules can self-assemble into space-filling nanofiber networks at low volume fractions (<1%), allowing the formation of molecular gels with tunable mechanical properties. The self-assembly of dipeptide-based molecules is reminiscent of pathological amyloid fibril formation by naturally occurring polypeptides. Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) is the most widely studied such molecule, but the thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena giving rise to Fmoc-FF gel formation remain poorly understood. We have previously presented evidence that the gelation process is a first order phase transition characterized by low energy barriers to nucleation, short induction times, and rapid quasi-one-dimensional crystal growth, stemming from solvent–solute interactions and highly specific molecular packing. Here, we discuss the phase behavior of Fmoc-FF in different solvents. We find that Fmoc-FF gel formation can be induced in apolar solvents, in addition to previously established pathways in aqueous systems. We further show that in certain solvent systems anisotropic crystals (nanofibers) are an initial metastable state, after which macroscopic crystal aggregates with no preferred axis of growth are formed. The molecular conformation is sensitive to solvent composition during assembly, indicating that Fmoc-FF may be a simple model system to study complex thermodynamic and kinetic phenomena involved in peptide self-assembly.
Public Trial in the Age of Internet

The Judicial Conference of the United States has a longstanding policy prohibiting television and other electronic media coverage of federal district court proceedings. The public is losing a great deal from being deprived of easy access to the proceedings in its courts. Despite the top-down command to ban cameras, bottom-up resistance seems to be gaining momentum in the district and circuit courts. Internet access to gavel-to-gavel digital recording of public court proceedings would allow all who are interested to follow the proceedings. Those who would deny the public that access ought at least to bear the burden of rationally explaining why the public should be excluded from what purport to be public trials.
Discrimination and Ethnic-Racial Socialization Among Youth Adopted From South Korea Into White American Families.

The current study examined how discrimination relates to adjustment outcomes in a sample of internationally, transracially adopted Korean Americans from the Minnesota Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (N = 456 adoptees; Mage at T1 = 14.9, Mage at T2 = 18.3, Mage at T3 = 22.3). The moderating roles of ethnic socialization and preparation for bias by parents (i.e., ethnic-racial socialization) were also examined. Results indicated that discrimination predicted higher levels of depressive and externalizing symptoms in youth who reported less preparation for bias. In those experiencing more preparation for bias, associations were not significantly different from zero. Ethnic socialization did not moderate these associations. Such findings provide important information for adoptive parents regarding how to prepare their children to cope with discrimination.
Who let the cats out? A global meta-analysis on risk of parasitic infection in indoor versus outdoor domestic cats (Felis catus)

Parasitic infection risks in domestic animals may increase as a result of outdoor activities, often leading to transmission events to and from owners, other domestic animals and wildlife. Furthermore, outdoor access has not been quantified in domestic animals as a risk factor with respect to latitude or parasite transmission pathway. Cats are an ideal model to test parasitic infection risk in outdoor animals because there have been many studies analysing this risk factor in this species; and there is a useful dichotomy in cat ownership between indoor-only cats and those with outdoor access. Thus, we used meta-analysis to determine whether outdoor access is a significant risk factor for parasitic infection in domestic pet cats across 19 different pathogens including many relevant to human, domestic animal and wildlife health, such as Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara cati. Cats with outdoor access were 2.77 times more likely to be infected with parasites than indoor-only cats. Furthermore, absolute latitude trended towards significance such that each degree increase in absolute latitude increased infection likelihood by 4%. Thus, restricting outdoor access can reduce the risk of parasitic infection in cats and reduce the risk of zoonotic parasite transmission, spillover to sympatric wildlife and negative impacts on feline health.
Glacier recession since the Little Ice Age: Implications for water storage in a Rocky Mountain landscape

Glaciers have significant influence on hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife in mountainous regions, and are receding globally. To quantify the impacts of sustained glacier loss, we mapped a complete...
Pre-Service Teachers Making Sense of Fraction Division with Remainders.

This study reports an analysis of how pre-service teachers (n=34) made sense of fraction division with remainders using pictorial modeling strategies, and how small-group and whole-class discussion helped them develop conceptual understanding. One and a half class sessions were video recorded, and 12 interviews were conducted. Results indicate that pre-service teachers can develop a conceptual understanding of fraction division with remainders using modeling strategies, and their understanding emerges in three levels: a) level one: ignoring the remainder or labeling it incorrectly; b) level two: interpreting the remainder in the original unit but not relating it to the new unit; and c) level three: interpreting the remainder both in the original unit and the new unit flexibly.
Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy.

Summary Our data tend to show a higher incidence of recurrence, exacerbation and onset of ulcerative colitis in the first trimester, and also following parturition. Conversely, the second and the third trimester show the lowest incidence of complications. It is tempting to postulate some correlation between the rise in hormone titers in the second and third trimesters and the relatively low incidence of complications in ulcerative colitis at that time. No such exact correlation seems to exist, except for the rise of estrogen and progesterone values. However, there is no clinical or experimental evidence on hand to demonstrate any effect of these gonadotropic hormones, administered therapeutically, to cases of ulcerative colitis. The beneficial results of steroid hormones (particularly ACTH) in ulcerative colitis are well known and generally accepted. That adreno-cortical insufficiency is etiologically related to ulcerative colitis any more than to other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, acute rheumatic fever, disseminated lupus, etc., has never been demonstrated. It should be noted that the data collected in this study represent a group of patients seen in private practice of one of us (B. B. C.) over a period of some 20 or more years. Many if not most of the protocols precede the modern era of antibiotics and steroid hormones. Hence the treatment and prognosis of ulcerative colitis originating in or affected by pregnancy in the year 1955 may be more favorable than our data would suggest. In drawing inferences from our statistics it would seem logical, if therapeutic abortion is to be advised, that it be carried out as early as possible in the first trimester—particularly for the patients in group IT, since it is in the first trimester that the greatest number of exacerbations of the colitis occur. The whole question of therapeutic abortion early in pregnancy will have to be re-evaluated in the light of recent results with steroids. In the management of groups I and II the combination of experience and effective drugs (antibiotics and steroids) may lead to a rational plan for prophylaxis and early treatment of the colitis patient where pregnancy constitutes a complicating factor.
Tools for Mathematical Ludology.

We propose the study of mathematical ludology, which aims to formally interrogate questions of interest to game studies and game design in particular. The goal is to extend our mathematical understanding of complex games beyond decision-making---the typical focus of game theory and artificial intelligence efforts---to explore other aspects such as game mechanics, structure, relationships between games, and connections between game rules and user-interfaces, as well as exploring related gameplay phenomena and typical player behavior. In this paper, we build a basic foundation for this line of study by developing a hierarchy of game descriptions, mathematical formalism to compactly describe complex discrete games, and equivalence relations on the space of game systems.
Chapter 10 – Scaffolding

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the scaffolding, which is the creation of a design that promotes autonomous learning by employing actions that encourage users to develop their own cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills. Scaffolding is a powerful approach for creating rich NUI applications that are a pleasure to learn and use. Like many powerful approaches, it requires a deft design touch and a sophisticated understanding. It involves an in-depth understanding of the context of use and users' expectations. It also necessitates a clear vision of skilled performance. The temptation to put reference information in the help system or use of videos or extensive tutorials should be resisted. By focusing on learning by doing and using a step-by-step approach, users can attain skilled performance enjoyably and feel a sense of accomplishment throughout the learning process.
Brazil’s Amazon Soy Moratorium reduced deforestation

Between 2004 and 2012, multiple policies contributed to one of the great conservation successes of the twenty-first century—an 84% decrease in the rate of Brazilian Amazon deforestation. Among the most prominent of these policies is the Amazon Soy Moratorium (ASM), an agreement by grain traders not to purchase soy grown on recently deforested land. The ASM inspired widespread adoption of similar zero-deforestation commitments, but its impact is poorly understood due to its overlap with other conservation policies. Here, we apply an econometric triple-differences model to remotely sensed deforestation data to isolate the ASM’s impact within Brazil’s Arc of Deforestation. We show that the ASM reduced deforestation in soy-suitable locations in the Amazon by 0.66 ± 0.32 percentage points relative to a counterfactual control, preventing 18,000 ± 9,000 km2 of deforestation over its first decade (2006–2016). Although these results highlight potential benefits of private conservation policies, the ASM’s success was dependent on complementarities with public property registries and deforestation monitoring. Disentangling the impacts of anti-deforestation interventions from other conservation efforts remains a challenge. An econometric analysis of remotely sensed data reveals the efficacy of the Soy Moratorium in the Brazilian Arc of Deforestation and the extent to which its success relies on complementary policies.