cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic gauge fields for ultracold atoms

Ultracold gases are remarkably versatile and controllable systems with untapped potential to emulate a variety of quantum phenomena [1]. Atoms are, however, electrically neutral and therefore it is highly desirable to make them behave as charged particles. This capability has recently been demonstrated in a series of recent experiments [2–4]. Although many challenges remain ahead, atoms exposed to synthetic gauge field offer great opportunities for the realization of new classes of quantum materials with custom-designed properties, and with unforeseen applications. The first implementation of an effective magnetic field was accomplished by rotating an atomic cloud [5]. In the rotating frame of reference, an atom experiences theCoriolis force that emulates the Lorentz force experienced by a charged particle in a uniformmagnetic field. Large vortex lattices have been created in this way, however, so far the strength of the effective magnetic field achieved by rotation is too weak to lead to new physics. An alternative approach invokes the vector potential, A, that induces a geometric phase as a charged particle moves around a closed loop. This notion of geometric phase can be adapted to a neutral atom that slowly moves in the presence of laser fields. If the lasers are chosen to ‘dress’ the internal atomic levels, so that the dressed eigenstates become position dependent, the center of mass adiabatically evolves according the operator p-A, instead of just p = −i ∇ . The atom thus effectively moves as a charged particle in a magnetic field B = ∇ × A (see Fig. 1a). Exploiting this Figure 1. Light induced synthetic gauge fields: (a) A gas of neural atoms (green oval) can behave as a gas of charged particles when it is illuminated by a pair of laser beams (red arrows) that imparts momentum to the atoms and couples their internal ( |↑ 〉 , |↓ 〉) and motional degrees of freedom. The Raman beams that induce transitions between internal states also transfer two units of their linear momentum 2kL. This leads to the formation of dressed states (superpositions of states with different internal levels and center of mass momenta) which experience a modified kinetic energy, with an effective vector potential. If the effective vector potential has nonzero curl, the atomsmove as charged particles in amagnetic field. (b) In the presence of an optical lattice potential, Raman beams can also induce an effective vector potential. In this case, the lattice is engineered so that along one direction atoms can tunnel between adjacent lattice sites (Jlight) only by absorbing and emitting photons from the beams. The imparted momentum from the lasers produces pathdependent phases that resemble the magnetic flux accumulated by a charged particle as it moves in a closed loop. The flux accumulated by the atoms when they move around a single unit cell, φ, can be significant (equivalent to the one generated by a real magnetic field of thousands tesla in an electronic system) and induce a fractal energy spectrum.
Scuba Divers' Rinse Tanks Harbor Many Microorganisms

Over the years, we have heard some people complain of various illnesses after scuba diving trips. On such trips, gear (including wet suits, booties, buoyancy control devices, regulators with mouthpieces, etc.) is typically rinsed in large, “communal” tanks. We wondered if these communal rinse tanks could harbor microorganisms that could be passed among divers during equipment rinses. Literature searches did not identify any studies investigating this topic.
Estimation of Skewness, Heavy Tails, and Music Success in a Performance Rights Organization

This chapter examines the economic accomplishments of individual members in a performing rights organization (PRO), sometimes referred to as a performing rights society. Skewness and heavy tail of returns in the form of member royalty payments are estimated using the skew-normal and skew-t distributions in a parametric approach . We found strong evidence of the so-called ‘superstar effect’ in which the average royalty payment made by a PRO is still dominated by extreme outcomes in which a few members earned a substantial share of royalty payments from blockbuster hits that have endured over time. There is little evidence of smaller niche members dominating or replacing the ‘superstars’. Economists and others will benefit from this empirical study which emphasizes a new understanding of the music industry from a PRO, member royalty payment and performance copyright perspective.
The Anatomy of Stagnation in a Modern Economy

In 2008, the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression launched a deep contraction of the US economy. Output fell quickly to a level 10% below trend. Unemployment reached 10% of the labour force. Seven years after the crisis, unemployment was back to normal, but output was 15% below trend. Stagnation had set in. The most important source of the stagnation was a sharp decline in productivity growth. A decline in R&D and other productivity-enhancing investment was at least partially responsible. That decline began before the crisis, but the financial events of 2008 worsened the cutback. A second major source of stagnated output and income was capital depletion. Investment in business equipment fell in half immediately after the crisis. Cumulatively, the effect of below-trend investment accounted for 5 of the 15 percentage points of the shortfall in output. The third major development accounting for stagnation in output was a decline in the labour force that remained after unemployment had returned to normal. This development accounted for more than 3 percentage points of the shortfall in output. As a general matter, the direct decline in labour input and in output associated with the rise in unemployment was not important by 2015, but the follow-on stagnation operating through the effects on the two types of capital formation was substantial.
Programmable semantic fragments: the design and implementation of typy

This paper introduces typy, a statically typed programming language embedded by reflection into Python. typy features a fragmentary semantics, i.e. it delegates semantic control over each term, drawn from Python's fixed concrete and abstract syntax, to some contextually relevant user-defined semantic fragment. The delegated fragment programmatically 1) typechecks the term (following a bidirectional protocol); and 2) assigns dynamic meaning to the term by computing a translation to Python. We argue that this design is expressive with examples of fragments that express the static and dynamic semantics of 1) functional records; 2) labeled sums (with nested pattern matching a la ML); 3) a variation on JavaScript's prototypal object system; and 4) typed foreign interfaces to Python and OpenCL. These semantic structures are, or would need to be, defined primitively in conventionally structured languages. We further argue that this design is compositionally well-behaved. It avoids the expression problem and the problems of grammar composition because the syntax is fixed. Moreover, programs are semantically stable under fragment composition (i.e. defining a new fragment will not change the meaning of existing program components.)
Pseudo geometric broadcast protocols in wireless sensor networks

With increasingly popular wireless and low-power sensors/devices, broadcast is one of essential operations to enhance information accessibility and availability. Due to the lack of centralized coordination and limited resources, however, designing an efficient broadcast protocol is challenging in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Although on-board Global Positioning System (GPS) based broadcast protocols that heavily rely on the geographical information and its accuracy have been proposed, the positional inaccuracy and non-negligible deployment cost may become an issue. Thus, we investigate a pseudo geometric broadcast problem and propose its corresponding protocols, called pseudo geometric broadcast protocols, in resource constrained WSNs: (i) Approximating Neighbor Nodes based Broadcast Protocol (Approx), (ii) Enhanced Ad Hoc Broadcast Protocol (AHBP) with Target Forwarding Nodes (EBP(|Nf|)), and (iii) Node Distribution Sensitive Broadcast (NDS). The basic idea is that a packet sender approximates the locations of its neighbor nodes and searches a set of forwarding nodes located close to the strategic positions without the support of GPS in a heuristic manner. We develop a customized discrete-event driven simulator using OMNeT++ to conduct our experiments by varying the key simulation parameters, and analyze the performance of broadcast protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, number of broadcasts, propagation delay, and computational overhead. Extensive simulation results indicate that the proposed broadcast protocols achieve competitive performance and become viable approaches in WSNs.
Get out of the way!: applying compression to internal data structures

As the amount of memory per core decreases in post-petascale machines, the memory footprint of any libraries and middleware used by HPC applications must be reduced. While scientific data can contain a great deal of entropy and require specialized compression techniques, the descriptions of scientific data layouts, as opposed to contents, turn out to be highly compressible. In this paper we present two approaches to compressing scientific data layout descriptions. We also describe two data structures for managing the compressed data. We incorporated our approach into the ROMIO MPI-IO implementation to reduce the memory consumption, observing an 89× reduction in memory overhead with a 25% increase in CPU overhead.
Improving on Nature: James Travis' Work on Recombinant Human α1-Proteinase Inhibitor

In 1985, when recombinant DNA technology was still in its infancy, James Travis at the University of Georgia and colleagues developed a nonoxidizable form of a protein critical for preventing emphysema. Emphysema is an obstructive lung disease caused by progressive destruction of the lung tissue. The researchers synthesized the natural and variant forms of the protein through a partnership with the biotechnology firm Chiron and then tested it in rabbits to see if it could be used to supplement the protein in patients. They described their results in a Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) paper in 1985, which is now considered to be a JBC Classic.
Focusing on frequent ASXL1 mutations in myeloid neoplasms, and considering rarer ASXL2 and ASXL3 mutations.

In humans, additional sex combs-like (ASXL) genes consist of three family members which are involved in epigenetic regulation. Mutations in the family of ASXL proteins have been identified in incre...
Comparison of Posttransplant Dermatologic Diseases by Race.

Importance The risk for skin cancer has been well characterized in white organ transplant recipients (OTRs); however, most patients on the waiting list for organ transplant in the United States are nonwhite. Little is known about cutaneous disease and skin cancer risk in this OTR population. Objective To compare the incidence of cutaneous disease between white and nonwhite OTRs. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective review of medical records included 412 OTRs treated from November 1, 2011, through April 22, 2016, at an academic referral center. Prevalence and characteristics of cutaneous disease were compared in 154 white and 258 nonwhite (ie, Asian, Hispanic, and black) OTRs. Clinical factors of cutaneous disease and other common diagnoses assessed in OTRs included demographic characteristics, frequency and type of cancer, anatomical location, time course, sun exposure, risk awareness, and preventive behavior. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary diagnosis of malignant or premalignant, infectious, and inflammatory disease. Results The 412 patients undergoing analysis included 264 men (64.1%) and 148 women (35.9%), with a mean age of 60.1 years (range, 32.1-94.3 years). White OTRs more commonly had malignant disease at their first visit (82 [67.8%]), whereas nonwhite OTRs presented more commonly with infectious (63 [37.5%]) and inflammatory (82 [48.8%]) conditions. Skin cancer was diagnosed in 64 (41.6%) white OTRs and 15 (5.8%) nonwhite OTRs. Most lesions in white (294 of 370 [79.5%]) and Asian (5 of 6 [83.3%]) OTRs occurred in sun-exposed areas. Among black OTRs, 6 of 9 lesions (66.7%) occurred in sun-protected areas, specifically the genitals. Fewer nonwhite than white OTRs reported having regular dermatologic examinations (5 [11.4%] vs 8 [36.4%]) and knowing the signs of skin cancer (11 [25.0%] vs 10 [45.4%]). Conclusions and Relevance Early treatment of nonwhite OTRs should focus on inflammatory and infectious diseases. Sun protection should continue to be emphasized in white, Asian, and Hispanic OTRs. Black OTRs should be counseled to recognize the signs of genital human papillomavirus infection. Optimal posttransplant dermatologic care may be determined based on the race or ethnicity of the patients, but a baseline full-skin assessment should be performed in all patients. All nonwhite OTRs should be counseled more effectively on the signs of skin cancer, with focused discussion points contingent on skin type and race or ethnicity.
Evaluation of dietary taurine concentrations in microparticulate diets provided to larval California yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) postlarvae

Taurine is an important amino acid derivative for marine and freshwater fish, especially during early development. We investigated the range of taurine concentrations that influence the growth and survival rates of California yellowtail (CYT; Seriola dorsalis) during transition from live feeds to microparticulate diets, as well as the extent to which nutrient leaching from the microparticulate diets affects these ranges. We tested particle-assisted rotationally agglomerated (PARA) particles with four levels of taurine: 4 (low taurine; LT), 45 (medium taurine; MT), 93 (high taurine; HT) and 122 g/kg (very high taurine; VHT). Our results showed that CYT postlarvae had no significant differences in growth, survival and feed consumption rates between the MT, HT and VHT treatments. However, it should be noted that the PARA particles containing 122 g/kg (VHT) taurine were especially prone to leaching and may have had taurine concentrations as low as 34.9 g/kg before they settled on the bottom of the tank. Therefore, the actual dietary taurine concentrations experienced by the larvae were likely lower than the initial dietary concentrations. More research is needed to evaluate the potential nutrient toxicity of elevated dietary taurine concentrations for marine fish larvae and juveniles.
Application of systematic adaptive cluster sampling for the assessment of black sea bass Centropristis striata abundance

In this study, we applied systematic adaptive cluster sampling (SACS) to assess the abundance of black sea bass Centropristis striata on hard bottom habitats in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MBA; USA). We used a remote underwater video system to obtain video recordings of black sea bass from 25 June to 6 August 2013 within a 25-square nautical mile (nmi2) sampling region. Data in the form of fish counts were collected from video recordings and used to estimate parameters including sample means and population totals of black sea bass for two adaptive cluster sampling estimators and a single systematic sampling estimator. The precision and relative efficiencies of the parameter estimates were also calculated and compared. In total, two adaptive cluster samples were encountered within the sampling region. Sample means and population totals were largest for the systematic sampling (SS) estimator while the adaptive sampling estimators produced parameter estimates with the lowest variances and highest precision. Our results indicated that SACS was more efficient and advantageous with respect to sampling costs [i.e., sampling time (hours) and travel distance (kilometers)] than SS alone for assessing the abundance of clustered populations of C. striata on hard bottom habitats in the MBA.
Sexual Orientation as a Peripheral Cue in Advertising: Effects of Models' Sexual Orientation, Argument Strength, and Involvement on Responses to Magazine Ads.

This study examines how sexual orientation of couples featured in magazine advertisements affects heterosexual viewers’ responses using the elaboration likelihood model as a framework. A 3 × 2 × 2 × 3 experiment tested effects of sexual orientation, argument strength, involvement, and attitudes toward homosexuality on heterosexuals’ attitudes toward the couple, advertisement, brand, and product, purchase intentions, and recall. Results indicate that consumers were accepting of ads with lesbian portrayals. Participants showed more negative attitudes toward gay male portrayals, but attitudes toward heterosexual and lesbian ads were similar. This effect was moderated by participants’ attitudes toward homosexuals. Low-involvement consumers showed more negative attitudes toward homosexual portrayals than toward heterosexual portrayals, indicating that sexual orientation may have served as a peripheral cue negatively impacting attitudes toward the couple and ad under low elaboration. These effects were ...
Who Benefits from Diagrams and Illustrations in Math Problems? Ability and Attitudes Matter

Summary: How do diagrams and illustrations affect mathematical problem solving? Past research suggests that diagrams should promote correct performance. However, illustrations may provide a supportive context for problem solving, or they may distract students with seductive details. Moreover, effects may not be uniform across student subgroups. This study assessed the effects of diagrams and illustrations on undergraduates' trigonometry problem solving. We used a 2 (Diagram Presence) × 2 (Illustration Presence) within-subjects design, and our analysis considered students' mathematics ability and attitudes towards mathematics. Participants solved problems more accurately when they included diagrams. This effect was stronger for students who had more positive mathematics attitudes, especially when there was an illustration present. Illustrations were beneficial for students with high mathematics ability but detrimental for students with lower ability. Considering individual differences in ability and attitude is essential for understanding the effects of different types of visual representations on problem solving.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Army Diplomacy: American Military Occupation and Foreign Policy After World War II. By Walter M. Hudson. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Pp. 395. $50.00.)

Army Diplomacy is not an exciting title, and this book goes deeply into the weeds of army bureaucracy and field manuals. But it is an important study of the US Army occupations of Germany, Austria,...
Effect of Body Position on Pharyngeal Swallowing Pressures Using High-Resolution Manometry.

The effect of body position and gravitational pull on the complex pressure-driven process of pharyngeal swallowing remains unknown. Using high-resolution manometry (HRM), this study aims to identify positional adaptations of pharyngeal physiology by evaluating swallowing pressure patterns in a series of inverted body positions. Ten healthy adults each underwent swallowing tasks with pharyngeal HRM at six body positions using an inversion table (0°[upright], 45°, 90°[supine], 110°, 135°, and 180°[fully inverted]). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess impact of position on pressure parameters, and pharyngeal-UES pressure gradients translate. Velopharyngeal pressures varied by position (P 90° compared to upright and 45°. Mechanisms of deglutition may differ with position and relative direction of gravity, particularly when at > 45° inclination. Increased palatal pressure is generated in the upside-down position to achieve nasopharyngeal closure and prevent regurgitation. While other classically measured pressures may not consistently differ with positioning, many individuals exhibit adaptations in pressure gradients when inverted, likely due to a combination of changes in pharyngeal driving force and UES opening mechanisms. Identification of these changes, relative to position, further builds on our understanding of the adaptability of the pharyngeal swallowing system.
Chapter 12 – The Use of Questionnaires and Surveys

Clinical and laboratory data can be enhanced by the patient's perspective of a disease condition or state of health. Assessing patient-centered outcomes such as health status, quality of life, symptoms, treatment-related side effects, and patient satisfaction often involves observing or asking patients how they feel and function. This chapter will introduce and describe methods for using questionnaires and surveys when undertaking clinical investigations such as clinical trials and comparative effectiveness research. First, it will give an historical overview of the role of psychometrics. Next, practical issues for choosing the appropriate type of questionnaire or survey instrument will be discussed in the context of scale performance metrics including reliability, validity, sensitivity, and responsiveness. Recent applications of item response theory and computer adaptive testing will be introduced. Finally, two important issues for analysis and interpretation, namely use of multiple, hierarchical, and correlated scales and determining minimal clinically important differences, will be discussed.
No man is an island: globalisation and resilience in the Fez zillīj tradition

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the ‘island’ construct by focusing on one case study of cultural production: zillīj tile work in Morocco. This artisanal craft form is a hallmark of Moroccan identity, y...
WHEN IS FACIAL PAIN TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA

The pain of trigeminal neuralgia can be excruciating and debilitating. Fortunately, effective medical and surgical therapies for the disorder exist. Successful treatment hinges on thorough history taking and accurate diagnosis. Diagnostic evaluation of patients with orofacial pain should include complete head and neck, dental, and neurologic examinations combined with radiologic imaging of the head and appropriate laboratory tests.
Sidney Riegelman — Contributions at the Clinical Interface

Although it may seem presumptuous to say, I think Sidney Riegelman would have been delighted to attend most of the Symposium upon which this book is based. It deals with his science and is representative of his life interests. He’d probably have been sitting toward the back of the room, a mass of papers on his lap — half scanning, half listening — using every minute to the fullest.
Cytology smears for DNA extraction: Practical approach for selecting the best slide.

BACKGROUND Next generation sequencing (NGS) to detect actionable genetic abnormalities is standard of care in advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma. Many studies have shown that the molecular results obtained from fine needle aspiration cytology material are comparable to those obtained from formalin-fixed tissue samples. We undertook this study to validate DNA extraction from cytology material for molecular studies and to find any correlation between DNA yield, pattern of tumour cells and tumour fraction. METHODS DNA was extracted from 34 cytology slides of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cases with predetermined EGFR mutation status. Cytology slides were reviewed for pattern of tumour distribution and tumour fraction. NGS was performed on five slides with variable DNA and compared with original results. RESULTS There were 14 alcohol-fixed and 20 air-dried smears. The mean DNA yield was 1.74 μg and median of 0.4 μg (range, 0.02-21 μg). Tumour fractions varied from 10% to 90%. No correlation was found between tumour fraction and DNA yield (P = 0.14). The mean DNA yield was high in slides with tumour throughout the slide (sheets or scattered clusters) as compared to rare scattered clusters and/or single cells. EGFR mutation was found in four of the five cases sent for NGS lung panel while one case revealed BRAF mutation. CONCLUSIONS DNA with good quantity and quality can be extracted from the cytology slides for NGS irrespective of type of fixation. DNA yield has better correlation with distribution pattern of tumour cells on the slides rather than tumour fraction.
Improved Performance of Point-of-Care Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Pregnancy Device.

To the Editor: We have previously described false-negative point-of-care (POC)1 human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) pregnancy test results caused by high concentrations of hCG β core fragment (hCGβcf) (1, 2). At high concentrations, hCGβcf can saturate the antibodies used in some POC devices, resulting in diminished signal. Importantly, urine hCGβcf concentrations can be increased during normal pregnancy, making the use of such devices dangerous because they may lead to administration of inappropriate treatment (3, 4). Furthermore, it is impossible to predict which women are likely to produce urine with high hCGβcf concentrations and at what point in pregnancy the increased concentrations will be encountered. We previously evaluated 11 POC hCG devices for susceptibility to false-negative findings owing to high hCGβcf (2). Among these, the OSOM hCG Combo device was the most susceptible to false-negative results. Recently, it came to our attention that the manufacturer of the OSOM hCG Combo pregnancy test has 2 new pregnancy tests on its website—the OSOM Card and the OSOM Ultra hCG—in addition to the original OSOM Combo. We were hopeful that the manufacturer had reformulated its devices to avoid false-negative results like other manufacturers have done (5). Here, we have tested all 3 OSOM devices for susceptibility to false-negative findings. We used our previously described screening method …
Management of a Patient with RBD

As patients with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are at high risk of sleep-related injury, the first step in management is to promote safety in the sleeping environment. Subsequently, a physician should identify and treat any comorbid sleep disorder, in particular sleep-disordered breathing that could exacerbate REM-related arousals. Medications, such as serotonergic antidepressant medications, which have been noted to induce (or possibly unmask) RBD, should be minimized or have the patient be switched to another medication. If potentially injurious dream enactment behavior persists despite these measures, then it is reasonable to consider therapy with either melatonin (up to 18 mg) or clonazepam (0.25–1.0 mg). Since RBD is often a prodromal neurodegenerative syndrome, patients should be serially evaluated for the symptoms and signs of Parkinsonism and cognitive impairment on a routine basis. Finally, physicians should labor to demonstrate empathy and develop rapport with patients and family members, as a diagnosis of RBD is often anxiety-provoking.
Improving Health Outcomes for Immigrant Families Through IPV Screening: Resources and Recommendations for Pediatric Health Care Providers

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant yet preventable public health problem affecting 1 in 15 children annually. Children exposed to IPV exhibit lifelong consequences including increased risks of social, emotional, psychological and behavioral problems (mood and anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, substance abuse, and school-related problems). Limited research exists in identifying and assessing gaps in IPV screening and surveillance techniques for vulnerable populations such as immigrants, refugees, or in families where English is not spoken in the home. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends IPV screening and counseling as part of pediatric office visits, without providing culturally appropriate tools for use. The nature of the patient-physician relationship and opportunities for intervention occurring during well child visits uniquely positions pediatric health care providers to identify and provide support for IPV victims and children. IPV screening should be routine, culturally appropriate, administered to all caregivers and all providers should be trained in surveilling and screening for IPV in immigrant and vulnerable populations.
Ambient temperature and preterm birth: A retrospective study of 32 million US singleton births.

Abstract Background Days of extreme temperature may be associated with transiently higher risk of preterm birth, but prior studies have been limited and results have been heterogeneous. Objectives To evaluate the association between days of extreme heat and cold and risk of preterm birth among ~32 million live singleton births between 1989 and 2002 across 403 counties in the contiguous United States (US). Methods We used a distributed lag nonlinear model to estimate the association between population-weighted daily mean temperature and risk of preterm birth in each county and then pooled results across geographic regions and climate zones. We defined extreme heat and cold as the 95th and 5th percentile of the county-specific temperatures, respectively. Results Preterm birth accounted for 9.3% of deliveries. There was a monotonic association between ambient temperature and risk of preterm birth. Days of extreme heat and cold were associated with a relative risk of preterm birth of 1.025 (95% CI: 1.015, 1.036) and 0.985 (95% CI: 0.976, 0.993) over the subsequent four days, respectively, relative to the county-specific median temperature. If causal, the fraction of preterm births attributable to extreme heat was 0.17% (empirical 95% CI: 0.14%, 0.19%), corresponding to 154 (empirical 95% CI: 127, 173) preterm births per million births. Extreme heat was more strongly associated with preterm birth in regions with colder and drier climates, and among younger women. Days of extreme cold temperature were associated with lower rather than higher risk of preterm birth. Conclusions Days of extreme heat, but not extreme cold, are associated with higher risk of preterm birth in the contiguous US. If causal, these results may have important implications for the management of pregnant women during forecasted periods of extreme heat.
Multi-angle projection imaging of short-wave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence for small animal optical tomography

Short-wave infrared imaging in tissue in the 1000-2000 nm range is characterized by reduced photon scatter and comparable or higher absorption compared to the NIR-I regime. These characteristics have implications for the performance of fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) techniques, potentially improving the resolution of sub-surface structure, possibly at the expense of depth sensitivity. To examine these questions, we have developed a SWIR small animal fluorescence tomography system. This instrument acquires multi-angle SWIR projection images of a stationary platform through a rotating gantry technique. These images are then processed for tomographic reconstruction of the SWIR fluorescence activity. Herein, we describe the development of this system and show multi-angle images from a mouse carcass containing a SWIR-specific fluorophore inclusion.
Morphological and genetic analysis of Milnesium cf. granulatum (Tardigrada: Milnesiidae) from Northeastern North America‡.

Specimens of a limnoterrestrial tardigrade collected from moss in New Hampshire, USA and Newfoundland, Canada were identified as belonging to the genus Milnesium. Morphometric data and genetic analysis of the COI gene demonstrated that animals collected from these sites represent the same species. Specimens most closely resemble Milnesium granulatum, a South American species that has been reported also from Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), USA. New Hampshire and Newfoundland animals have the same adult claw configuration and cuticular granulation pattern as M. granulatum. Theira* (i.e., normalized to correct for allometric effects) pt values differ from GSMNP M. granulatum in having a more posterior stylet support insertion point. However, all their morphometric values overlap in range with GSMNP specimens. Unlike some other species in the genus, the claw configuration of New Hampshire Milnesium cf. granulatum shows no ontogenetic change in claw configuration. A short (269 bp on average) fragment of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS-2) was sequenced for 20 New Hampshire adults and from siblings hatched in the laboratory from 8 egg clutches. Genetic diversity among New Hampshire adults was 0.0-3.7%. Multiple haplotypes were found between siblings in a single clutch.
Abstract 808: Aggregation alters the metabolism of serous ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer is typically diagnosed at late stages with a poor prognosis due to high recurrence. Exfoliation from the primary tumor results in aggregation of ovarian cancer cells into spheroids in the peritoneal cavity, which may increase survival of cancer and metastasis to other tissues. We have previously reported metabolic changes in adherent ovarian cancer cells to rely more heavily on glycolysis. However, metabolic changes in cancer cell aggregates are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated differences in spheroid metabolism in normoxic and hypoxic conditions as compared to adherent cells. We examined late-stage and tumor-initiating murine ovarian cancer monolayers and spheroids. Using a Seahorse XF extracellular flux analyzer, we investigated changes in metabolism over time in the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors (oligomycin and rotenone) or uncouplers (FCCP). Data show a reduction in basal respiration, maximal oxygen consumption rate, and spare respiratory capacity of spheroids compared to adherent monolayers. This suggests a reduction in energetic demand and metabolic flexibility in spheroids, which may confer increased survival capabilities. The identification of these metabolic changes that may increase survival and metastasis of spheroids provide targets for treatment to control the ability of spheroids to survive in the peritoneal cavity. Citation Format: Stephanie Edwards, Emily Pyne, Lu Lui, Jack Guinan, Madlyn Frisard, Eva Schmelz. Aggregation alters the metabolism of serous ovarian cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 808.
Abstract 107: Depletion of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Inhibits Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) manifest histologic features consistent with other chronic inflammatory diseases. Infiltrating mural myeloid cells (e.g. macrophages) are already reco...
Using the Cigarette Purchase Task to examine the relative reinforcing value of cigarettes among mothers with versus without opioid dependence.

The Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT), in which participants estimate the number of cigarettes they would smoke across increasing cigarette prices, measures the relative reinforcing value of cigarettes. Although opioid-dependent individuals are particularly vulnerable to tobacco addiction, more research is needed to elucidate whether and to what extent their motivation to smoke differs from not-opioid-dependent smokers controlling for potential sociodemographic differences. Participants were 173 women (65 opioid-dependent) in an ongoing clinical trial for smoking cessation. Baseline CPT responses were compared between opioid-dependent and not-opioid-dependent women using five demand indices: Demand Intensity; Omax; Pmax; Breakpoint (BP); and α, and two latent factors: Amplitude and Persistence. Final regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics differing between the two groups. Opioid-dependent women had greater demand Intensity (i.e., number of cigarettes they would smoke if they were free) than not-opioid dependent women in the adjusted model, F(1, 156) = 6.93, p = .016. No other demand indices differed significantly. Regarding latent factors, demand Amplitude (i.e., volumetric consumption), but not Persistence (i.e., price insensitivity), was greater for opioid-dependent women in the adjusted model, F(1, 146) = 4.04, p = .046. These results further demonstrate that the CPT is a highly sensitive task that can illuminate potentially important individual and population differences in the relative reinforcing value of smoking. Greater demand Intensity and Amplitude differentiated smokers with comorbid opioid dependence; thus, decreasing smoking prevalence among opioid-dependent populations may require policies and interventions that can decrease cigarette demand Intensity and Amplitude. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Modeling the Recovery of W' in the Moderate to Heavy Exercise Intensity Domain.

Purpose This study (i) investigates the effect of recovery power (Prec) and duration (trec) on the recovery of the curvature constant (W') of the power-duration relationship, (ii) compares the experimentally measured W' balance to that predicted (W'bal) by two models (SK2 and BAR), and (iii) presents a case of real-time performance optimization using the critical power (CP) concept. Methods Seven competitive amateur cyclists performed a ramp test to determine their V˙O2peak and gas exchange threshold, two to four 3-min all-out tests to determine CP and W', and nine intermittent cycling tests to investigate W' recovery. The intermittent cycling tests involved a 2-min constant work-rate interval above CP, followed by a constant work-rate recovery interval below CP (Prec and trec were varied), followed by a 3-min all-out interval. Results There was a significant two-way interaction between Prec and trec on W' recovery, P = 0.004 (η = 0.52). Simple main effects were present only with respect to Prec at each trec. The actual W' balance at the end of the recovery interval was less than the W'bal predicted by both SK2 (P = 0.035) and BAR (P = 0.015) models. The optimal strategy derived from the subject-specific recovery model reduced the race time by 55 s as compared with the self-strategy. Conclusions This study has shown that in a recovery interval, Prec has a greater influence than trec on W' recovery. The overprediction of W'bal from SK2 and BAR suggests the need for individualized recovery parameters or models for sub-CP exercise. Finally, the optimal strategy results provide encouraging signs for real-time, model-based performance optimization.
Azaindole therapeutic agents.

Abstract Azaindole structural framework is an integral part of several biologically active natural and synthetic organic molecules; and several FDA approved drugs for various diseases. In the last decade, quite a number of literature reports appeared describing the pharmacology, biological activity and therapeutic applications of a variety of azaindole molecules. This prompted the organic and medicinal chemistry community to develop novel synthetic methods for various azaindoles and test them for a bioactivity against a variety of biological targets. Herein, we have summarized the biological activity of therapeutically advanced clinical candidates and several preclinical candidate drugs that contain azaindole structural moiety.
Scale performance and composition in a small Amazonian armored catfish, Corydoras trilineatus.

Abstract The cory catfishes (Callichthyidae) are small, South American armored catfishes with a series of dermal scutes that run the length of the fish from posterior to the parieto-supraoccipital down to the caudal peduncle. In this study, we explore the anatomy and functional performance of the armored scutes in the three-striped cory catfish, Corydoras trilineatus. The lateral surface has a dorsal and a ventral row of scutes that interact at the horizontal septum. The scutes have little overlap with sequential posterior scutes (~33% overlap) and a deep ridge in the internal surface that connects to the underlying soft tissue. The internal surface of C. trilineatus scutes is stiffer than the external surface, contrary to the findings in a related species of cory catfish, C. aeneus, which documented a hypermineralized, enamel-like, non-collagenous, hyaloine layer along the external surface of the scute. Clearing and staining of C. trilineatus scutes revealed that the scutes have highly mineralized (~50% mineralization) regions embedded in between areas of low mineralization along the posterior margin. Puncture tests showed that posterior scutes were weaker than both anterior and middle scutes, and scutes attached to the body required 50% more energy to puncture than isolated scutes. Corydoras trilineatus has the strongest armor in areas critical for protecting vital organs and the external armored scute receives synergistic benefits from interactions to the soft underlying tissue, which combine to provide a tough protective armor that still allows for flexible mobility.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Type 2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors and Ketogenesis: the Good and the Bad.

The micro/macrovascular complications of diabetes cause considerable morbidity and premature mortality. The SGLT2 inhibitors are the first diabetes medications with significant benefits on microvascular disease (nephropathy) and macrovascular cardiovascular disease. In this review, we evaluate one of the potential mechanisms for these cardiorenal benefits—the production of ketones, their benefits, and risks. In recent cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs), the SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrated significant cardiorenal benefits and they are now approved to reduce CV events/death, heart failure hospitalization, and progression to end-stage renal disease. Glucosuria induced by the SGLT2 inhibitors leads to increased ketone production. Ketones are an efficient fuel source and can improve myocardial and renal function. Further, the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate exhibits anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidative actions, which favorably impact myocardial and renal remodeling/fibrosis. Uncontrolled ketogenesis leads to ketoacidosis, especially during conditions of acute illness and excessive insulin dose reductions. The SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated significant cardiorenal benefits in large CVOTs. Studies are in progress to elucidate whether SGLT2 inhibitor–induced low-grade hyperketonemia contributes to these benefits.
Coronary artery compression during intervention on dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts

Background: Interventions on dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts (RVOT) with stent implantation and/or percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI) can cause coronary artery compression (CAC). Coronary angiography during simultaneous test balloon dilation of the RVOT is recommended to diagnose CAC prior to stent placement or PPVI. This study aimed to evaluate a single-institution experience with CAC during RVOT interventions. Methods: This was a retrospective review of all patients referred for intervention on a dysfunctional RVOT (obstruction and/or regurgitation), who had simultaneous balloon dilation and coronary angiography …
Independent Set on $\mathrm{P}_{k}$ -Free Graphs in Quasi-Polynomial Time

We present an algorithm that takes as input a graph $G$ with weights on the vertices, and computes a maximum weight independent set $S$ of $G$ . If the input graph $G$ excludes a path $P_{k}$ on $k$ vertices as an induced subgraph, the algorithm runs in time $n^{O(k^{2}\log^{3}n)}$ . Hence, for every fixed $k$ our algorithm runs in quasi-polynomial time. This resolves in the affirmative an open problem of [Thomasse, SODA'20 invited presentation]. Previous to this work, polynomial time algorithms were only known for $P_{4}$ -free graphs [Corneil et al., DAM'81], $P_{5}$ -free graphs [Lokshtanov et al., SODA'14], and $P_{6}$ -free graphs [Grzesik et al., SODA'19]. For larger values of $t$ , only $2^{O(\sqrt{kn\log n})}$ time algorithms [Bacso et al., Algorithmica'19] and quasipolynomial time approximation schemes [Chudnovsky et al., SODA'20] were known. Thus, our work is the first to offer conclusive evidence that Independent Set on $P_{k}$ - free graphs is not NP-complete for any integer $k$ . Additionally we show that for every graph $H$ , if there exists a quasi-polynomial time algorithm for Independent Seton $C$ -free graphs for every connected component $C$ of $H$ , then there also exists a quasi-polynomial time algorithm for Independent Set on $H$ -free graphs. This lifts our quasi-polynomial time algorithm to $T_{k}$ -free graphs, where $T_{k}$ has one component that is a $P_{k}$ , and $k-1$ components isomorphic to a fork (the unique 5-vertex tree with a degree 3 vertex).
Rare presentation of bilateral thumb psoriatic arthritis treated with arthrodesis: a case report

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a seronegative inflammatory arthritis that occurs concomitantly with cutaneous manifestations and tendinous pathology that affects up to 1% of the general population. While the majority of cases are mild, nearly 20% of PsA patients will progress to severe disease manifesting as debilitating polyarticular inflammation and joint destruction. PsA is most commonly asymmetric and bilateral severe disease involving the same joints in each hand has rarely been reported in the literature. It is estimated that PsA only presents bilaterally in a quarter of patients. The recent increase in popularity and efficacy of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) has led to increasing rarity of such severe disease progression. We present a case of a 47-year-old male with PsA who had a unique pattern of bilateral first metacarpophalangeal (MP) and interphalangeal (IP) involvement with minimal erosion leading to significant joint pain, instability, dislocation, and loss of function. After failure of conservative treatment that included both DMARDs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the patient opted for surgical management. The purpose of this report is to identify a rare presentation of PsA and consider the significance of MP joint arthrodesis as a viable treatment to restore functional status and improve quality of life.
Achieving Rigor in Qualitative Analysis: The Role of Active Categorization in Theory Building

Scholars have long debated how rigor can be achieved in qualitative analysis. To answer this question, we need to better understand how theory is generated from data. Qualitative analysis is, at its core, a categorization process. Nevertheless, despite a surge of interest in categorization within the social sciences, insights from categorization theory have not yet been applied to our understanding of qualitative analysis. Drawing from categorization theory, we argue that the movement from data to theory is an active process in which researchers choose between multiple moves that help them to make sense of their data. In addition, we develop a framework of the main moves that people use when they categorize data and demonstrate that evidence of these moves can also be found in past qualitative scholarship. Our framework emphasizes that if we are not sufficiently reflexive and explicit about the active analytical processes that generate theoretical insights, we cannot be transparent and, thus, rigorous about how we analyze data. We discuss the implications of our framework for increasing rigor in qualitative analysis, for actively constructing categories from data, and for spurring more methodological plurality within qualitative theory building.