cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taming Cross-Layer Attacks in Wireless Networks: A Bayesian Learning Approach

Wireless networks are extremely vulnerable to a plethora of security threats, including eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing, to name a few. Recently, a number of next-generation cross-layer attacks have been unveiled, which leverage small changes on one network layer to stealthily and significantly compromise another target layer. Since cross-layer attacks are stealthy, dynamic, and unpredictable in nature, novel security techniques are needed. Since models of the environment and attacker's behavior may be hard to obtain in practical scenarios, machine learning techniques become the ideal choice to tackle cross-layer attacks. In this paper, we propose FORMAT, a novel framework to tackle cross-layer security attacks in wireless networks. FORMAT is based on Bayesian learning and made up by a detection and a mitigation component. On one hand, the attack detection component constructs a model of observed evidence to identify stealthy attack activities. On the other hand, the mitigation component uses optimization theory to achieve the desired trade-off between security and performance. The proposed FORMAT framework has been extensively evaluated and compared with existing work by simulations and experiments obtained with a real-world testbed made up by Ettus Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) radios. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology as FORMAT is able to effectively detect and mitigate the considered cross-layer attacks.
Low temperature decreases bone mass in mice: Implications for humans

Objectives: Humans exhibit significant ecogeographic variation in bone size and shape. However, it is unclear how significantly environmental temperature influences cortical and trabecular bone, making it difficult to recognize adaptation versus acclimatization in past populations. There is some evidence that cold-induced bone loss results from sympathetic nervous system activation and can be reduced by nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) via uncoupling protein (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Here we test two hypotheses: (1) low temperature induces impaired cortical and trabecular bone acquisition and (2) UCP1, a marker of NST in BAT, increases in proportion to degree of low-temperature exposure. Methods: We housed wildtype C57BL/6J male mice in pairs at 26 °C (thermoneutrality), 22 °C (standard), and 20 °C (cool) from 3 weeks to 6 or 12 weeks of age with access to food and water ad libitum (N = 8/group). Results: Cool housed mice ate more but had lower body fat at 20 °C versus 26 °C. Mice at 20 °C had markedly lower distal femur trabecular bone volume fraction, thickness, and connectivity density and lower midshaft femur cortical bone area fraction versus mice at 26 °C (p < .05 for all). UCP1 expression in BAT was inversely related to temperature. Discussion: These results support the hypothesis that low temperature was detrimental to bone mass acquisition. Nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue increased in proportion to low-temperature exposure but was insufficient to prevent bone loss. These data show that chronic exposure to low temperature impairs bone architecture, suggesting climate may contribute to phenotypic variation in humans and other hominins.
Benchtop-compatible sample processing workflow for proteome profiling of < 100 mammalian cells

Extending proteomics to smaller samples can enable the mapping of protein expression across tissues with high spatial resolution and can reveal sub-group heterogeneity. However, despite the continually improving sensitivity of LC-MS instrumentation, in-depth profiling of samples containing low-nanogram amounts of protein has remained challenging due to analyte losses incurred during preparation and analysis. To address this, we recently developed nanodroplet processing in one pot for trace samples (nanoPOTS), a robotic/microfluidic platform that generates ready-to-analyze peptides from cellular material in ~200 nL droplets with greatly reduced sample losses. In combination with ultrasensitive LC-MS, nanoPOTS has enabled >3000 proteins to be confidently identified from as few as 10 cultured human cells and ~700 proteins from single cells. However, the nanoPOTS platform requires a highly skilled operator and a costly in-house-built robotic nanopipetting instrument. In this work, we sought to evaluate the extent to which the benefits of nanodroplet processing could be preserved when upscaling reagent dispensing volumes by a factor of 10 to those addressable by commercial micropipette. We characterized the resulting platform, termed microdroplet processing in one pot for trace samples (μPOTS), for the analysis of as few as ~25 cultured HeLa cells (4 ng total protein) or 50 μm square mouse liver tissue thin sections and found that ~1800 and ~1200 unique proteins were respectively identified with high reproducibility. The reduced equipment requirements should facilitate broad dissemination of nanoproteomics workflows by obviating the need for a capital-intensive custom liquid handling system.
Use of a Smartphone Application for Spine Surgery Improves Patient Adherence with Preoperative Instructions and Decreases Last-minute Surgery Cancellations.

Background: Smartphone applications (apps) are being increasingly utilized in the health care arena to improve patient care and outcomes. Objective: To further demonstrate the ability of a smartphone app to improve patient compliance with preoperative instructions and to decrease the number of last-minute surgery cancellations. Methods: Patients undergoing spine surgery were prospectively accrued. Smartphone app users were compared to non-app users. Patient adherence with preoperative instructions as well as last-minute surgery cancellations were analyzed. Results: All 85 app users adhered to preoperative instructions according to the acknowledgements sent to the web portal, and there were no cancelled surgeries. Among the 89 non-app users, there were five cancelled surgeries (5.6%). Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability of a smartphone application to improve patient adherence with preoperative instructions and decrease last-minute surgery cancellations.
A machine learning approach to knee osteoarthritis phenotyping: data from the FNIH Biomarkers Consortium.

Summary Objective Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a heterogeneous condition representing a variety of potentially distinct phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to apply innovative machine learning approaches to KOA phenotyping in order to define progression phenotypes that are potentially more responsive to interventions. Design We used publicly available data from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) osteoarthritis (OA) Biomarkers Consortium, where radiographic (medial joint space narrowing of ≥0.7 mm), and pain progression (increase of ≥9 Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] points) were defined at 48 months, as four mutually exclusive outcome groups (none, both, pain only, radiographic only), along with an extensive set of covariates. We applied distance weighted discrimination (DWD), direction-projection-permutation (DiProPerm) testing, and clustering methods to focus on the contrast (z-scores) between those progressing by both criteria ("progressors") and those progressing by neither ("non-progressors"). Results Using all observations (597 individuals, 59% women, mean age 62 years and BMI 31 kg/m2) and all 73 baseline variables available in the dataset, there was a clear separation among progressors and non-progressors (z = 10.1). Higher z-scores were seen for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based variables than for demographic/clinical variables or biochemical markers. Baseline variables with the greatest contribution to non-progression at 48 months included WOMAC pain, lateral meniscal extrusion, and serum N-terminal pro-peptide of collagen IIA (PIIANP), while those contributing to progression included bone marrow lesions, osteophytes, medial meniscal extrusion, and urine C-terminal crosslinked telopeptide type II collagen (CTX-II). Conclusions Using methods that provide a way to assess numerous variables of different types and scalings simultaneously in relation to an outcome of interest enabled a data-driven approach that identified key variables associated with a progression phenotype.
Syntheses of novel chiral 2,5-dialkyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and 2,5-dialkyl-7-thiobicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes

Abstract New C 2 -symmetric chiral amines with a rigid bicyclic framework have been synthesized via hydrogenation of monoazides catalyzed by 5% Pd/C in methanol. Enantiomerically pure 2,5-dialkyl-7-thiobicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes were made from readily available materials.
Entanglement for quantum Hall states and a generalized Chern-Simons form

We analyze some features of the entanglement entropy for an integer quantum Hall state ($\ensuremath{\nu}=1$) in comparison with ideas from relativistic field theory and noncommutative geometry. The spectrum of the modular operator, for a restricted class of states, is shown to be similar to the case of field theory or a type ${\mathrm{III}}_{1}$ von Neumann algebra. We present arguments that the main part of the dependence of the entanglement entropy on background fields and geometric data such as the spin connection is given by a generalized Chern-Simons form. Implications of this result for bringing together ideas of noncommutative geometry, entropy and gravity are briefly commented upon.
Design of Novel Deep Ultra-Violet ac-Driven Electroluminescence Devices Based on Boron Nitride nano-Materials

The hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a wide bandgap semiconductor is an attractive material for deep ultraviolet (DUV) generation. In this paper we study the prospect of using the stacking hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS) for generating DUV emission by impact excitation in alternating current driven thin electroluminescence devices (ACTEL) based on BN phosphors having different morphologies. A theoretical approach considered is based on the impact excitation model for generating DUV from stacking h-BNNS under a high electric field. It was found that in the h-BNNS with a thickness of 90 nm biased at 3.33×109 V/m, the quantum yield can reach to 86.8%, and the power conversion efficiency of 1.68%. To achieve the same quantum yield and power conversion efficiency for the ACTEL based on h-BN single crystal, the active phosphor layer should be 2 μm thick when biased at 1.5×108 V/m.
China, an Emergent Innovator? A Competence Misplaced, Capability Regained

China is often regarded as an arena that deploys “borrowed innovation.” This chapter attempts to explain the challenges it faces and its responses to existential factors as it attempts to meet its aspirations. What we find are some ruthless practices as well as some explanations as to why its image is out of step with its achievements as a source of innovation.
The Potassium Cycle and Its Relationship to Recommendation Development

Nutrient recommendation frameworks are underpinned by scientific understanding of how nutrients cycle within timespans relevant to management decision-making. A trusted potassium (K) recommendation is comprehensive enough in its components to represent important differences in biophysical and socioeconomic contexts but simple and transparent enough for logical, practical use. Here we examine a novel six soil-pool representation of the K cycle and explore the extent to which existing recommendation frameworks represent key plant, soil, input, and loss pools and the flux processes among these pools. Past limitations identified include inconsistent use of terminology, misperceptions of the universal importance and broad application of a single soil testing diagnostic, and insufficient correlation/calibration research to robustly characterize the probability and magnitude of crop response to fertilizer additions across agroecozones. Important opportunities to advance K fertility science range from developing a better understanding of the mode of action of diagnostics through use in multivariate field trials to the use of mechanistic models and systematic reviews to rigorously synthesize disparate field studies and identify knowledge gaps and/or novel targets for diagnostic development. Finally, advancing evidence-based K management requires better use of legacy and newly collected data and harnessing emerging data science tools and e-infrastructure to expand global collaborations and accelerate innovation.
Corticosteroid dosing and opioid use are high in patients with SLE and remain elevated after belimumab initiation: a retrospective claims database analysis.

Objectives To investigate corticosteroid and opioid use among patients with SLE and to examine the impact of belimumab initiation on the use of other SLE therapies. Methods We identified adult patients with SLE (International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision/10th Revision 710.0 and M32) between 1 January 2012 and 31 May 2018 (earliest SLE diagnosis=index date) within MarketScan administrative claims data. Patients were followed from index date for a minimum of 12 months and until the earlier of disenrolment in their health plan or study end (31 May 2018). Corticosteroid utilisation, corticosteroid dose (in prednisone equivalents) and opioid utilisation (overall, by strength (weak, strong) and by duration (chronic use defined as >90 days of cumulative drug supply)) were measured during follow-up. Oral corticosteroid and opioid use were compared in the 6 months before and after initiation of belimumab. Results There were 49 413 patients with SLE eligible for analysis (mean (SD) age: 50.1 (14.0) years, 90.2% female). Of these, 68.5% received corticosteroids, and the average number of prescriptions was 4.59 (4.11) over the first 12 months of follow-up. Among patients with oral corticosteroids, average daily dose was 19.4 (14.2) mg and 59.6% had an average daily dose of ≥15 mg. Half (52.6%) had at least one opioid prescription and of these, 34.6% had chronic use over the first 12 months of follow-up. Among patients initiating belimumab during follow-up (n=1710), oral corticosteroid use decreased by 9.1% (p=0.001), and average daily dose decreased from 14.5 (18.4) mg to 11.9 (18.0) mg (p Conclusions A high proportion of patients with SLE are treated with corticosteroids to control SLE and opioid therapy to manage chronic pain. While there was no change in opioid use, oral corticosteroid use and dose intensity decreased following initiation of belimumab.
Sharia Compliant: A User’s Guide to Hacking Islamic Law: by Rumee Ahmed, Stanford, Stanford UP, 2018, 247 pp., $22.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-5036-0570-1

Rumee Ahmed offers a lively and readable account of how Islamic law can (and in the assessment of some, should) be changed, adapted, and reformed. The author grapples with complex issues embedded i...
Is video gambling terminal placement and spending in Illinois correlated with neighborhood characteristics

The operation of video gambling terminals (VGTs) in Illinois has been increasing since they were legalized in 2009, then implemented in 2012. Past research has found that while gambling expenditures are positively correlated with income, they are also regressive in that, as a proportion of individual income, they are negatively correlated with income. Very little research has focused on the effects of VGTs, particularly those located in non-casino establishments. Unlike the state lottery, another form of widespread gambling outside of casinos, VGTs, also known as slot machines, are a form of gambling where substantial amounts of money can be lost quickly. We seek to provide evidence on how their proliferation and revenues relate to income and other neighborhood characteristics. Using detailed VGT revenue data from the Illinois Gaming Board from 2017 and demographic data from the 2016 5-year American Community Survey, this study investigates the relationships of the number of VGTs in operation, and the expenditures on VGTs with the local poverty rate and other socioeconomic variables at the zip code level. Our results indicate that a 1 percentage point higher poverty rate is associated with 1.47% higher VGT expenditures per capita, and 1.17% more VGTs per 10,000 population. The OLS results are not significantly biased by sample selection or spatial auto-correlation. These findings suggest that VGT gambling is negatively correlated with neighborhood income which implies that the taxation of VGT revenue is a regressive tax policy.
Frequency of sodium channel genotypes and association with pyrethrum knockdown time in populations of Californian Aedes aegypti.

Since their detection in 2013, Aedes aegypti has become a widespread urban pest in California. The availability of cryptic larval breeding sites in residential areas and resistance to insecticides pose significant challenges to control efforts. Resistance to pyrethroids is largely attributed to mutations in the voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC), the pyrethroid site of action. However, past studies have indicated that VGSC mutations may not be entirely predictive of the observed resistance phenotype. To investigate the frequencies of VGSC mutations and the relationship with pyrethroid insecticide resistance in California, we sampled Ae. aegypti from four locations in the Central Valley, and the Greater Los Angeles area. Mosquitoes from each location were subjected to an individual pyrethrum bottle bioassay to determine knockdown times. A subset of assayed mosquitoes from each location was then analyzed to determine the composition of 5 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci within the VGSC gene. The distribution of knockdown times for each of the five Californian populations sampled was non-parametric with potentially bimodal distributions. One group succumbs to insecticidal effects around 35–45 min and the second group lasts up to and beyond the termination of the assay (120+ min). We detected 5 polymorphic VGSC SNPs within the sampled California populations. One is potentially new and alternatively spliced (I915K), and four are documented and associated with resistance: F1534C, V1016I, V410L and S723T. The Central Valley populations (Clovis, Dinuba, Sanger and Kingsburg) are fairly homogenous with only 5% of the mosquitoes showing heterozygosity at any given position. In the Greater LA mosquitoes, 55% had at least one susceptible allele at any of the five SNP loci. The known resistance allele F1534C was detected in almost all sampled mosquitoes (99.4%). We also observe significant heterogeneity in the knockdown phenotypes of individuals with the identical VGSC haplotypes suggesting the presence of additional undefined resistance mechanisms. Resistance associated VGSC SNPs are prevalent, particularly in the Central Valley. Interestingly, among mosquitoes carrying all 4 resistance associated SNPs, we observe significant heterogeneity in bottle bioassay profiles suggesting that other mechanisms are important to the individual resistance of Ae. aegypti in California. Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Resistance, Pyrethroid, IPLEX genotyping, Voltage gated sodium channel, California.
Using an invertebrate model to investigate the mechanisms of short-term memory deficits induced by food deprivation

Abstract Although prolonged food deprivation is known to cause memory deficits, the underlying mechanisms are only partially understood. In this study, we began to investigate the cellular substrates of food deprivation-induced memory impairments in the invertebrate Aplysia. Following a single trial of noxious stimuli, Aplysia concurrently express short-term sensitization (an elementary form of learning in which withdrawal reflexes are enhanced) and short-term feeding suppression for at least 15 min. Cellular correlates of sensitization and feeding suppression include increased excitability of the tail sensory neurons (TSNs) controlling the withdrawal reflexes, and decreased excitability of feeding decision-making neuron B51, respectively. Recently, 14 days of food deprivation (14DFD) was reported to break the co-expression of sensitization and feeding suppression in Aplysia without health deterioration. Specifically, under 14DFD, sensitization was completely prevented while feeding suppression was present albeit attenuated. This study explored the cellular mechanisms underlying the absent sensitization and reduced feeding suppression under 14DFD. A reduced preparation was used to evaluate the short-term cellular modifications induced by delivering an aversive training protocol in vitro. TSN excitability failed to increase following in vitro training under 14DFD, suggesting that the lack of sensitization may be a consequence of the fact that TSNs excitability failed to increase. B51 excitability also failed to decrease following in vitro training, indicating that additional neurons may contribute to the conserved albeit reduced feeding suppression in 14DFD animals. This study lays the foundations for the future use of the Aplysia model system to investigate the mechanisms underlying the memory impairments induced by prolonged food deprivation.
Targeted mutagenesis of enterococcal genes

A series of methods was developed for targeted mutagenesis in enterococci. First, a transposon mutagenesis system, miniγδ-200 (mγδ), which was used previously to make insertion mutants in streptococci, was shown to be useful for generation of mutants in enterococci. After mutagenesis of cosmid clones carrying enterococcal DNA inserts in Escherichia coli with mγδ, we were able to isolate the mutants by phenotype or to screen for them by immunoblotting or comparison of restriction diges­tion patterns. Clones with mγδ insertions in targeted enterococcal genes were then introduced into enterococci by electroporation to generate targeted disruption mutations. Allelic replacement en masse, that is, electroporation of enterococci with DNA from a pool of mutagenized cosmid clones, was shown to be an efficient method to obtain mutations in genes with detectable phenotypes in enterococci. We next constructed a vector for mutagenesis using small intragenic fragments of enterococcal genes to disrupt targeted genes. This vector was modified from pBluescript SK (—) by cloning the kanamycin resis­tance determinant from mγδ into the ScaI site internal to the ampicillin resistance gene. It was then used to generate insertion mutants in Enterococcus faecalis with an intragenic fragment as small as about 500 bp. A third method, based on the conjugation system reported by Trieu-Cuot et al. [1], was devel­oped in order to circumvent difficulties in the elec­troporation of some enterococcal strains and to improve the efficiency with which targeted mutations can be generated in enterococci. This system was capable of mobilizing both small plasmids and large cosmids into enterococci by conjugation, and produced disruption mutations by homologous recombination.
The Role of Virtual Communities in the English Premier Football League

Virtual communities exist within many football web sites to enable them to interact with fans, conduct business, develop relationships and participate in virtual activities. This paper describes the application of the Hagel & Armstrong (1997) Virtual Community Business Model to the English Premier Football League. The investigation considered the functionality of virtual communities in the English Premier League and also in some lower divisions. The findings suggest that most football clubs are yet to realise the full potential of member-to-member interaction and collaboration, and have only just begun to exploit the various business opportunities that are offered. In order to improve on current activities the football club web sites need to have dedicated sections that cater for the different types of virtual community, and allow members to actively communicate with each other. The paper will outline the trends and suggest strategies for developing football club virtual communities within the wider business and sporting context.
Phenomenological linear theory of gravitation : Part II. Interaction with the maxwell field

Abstract The theory of Part I is applied to the interaction of gravity, matter, and electromagnetism. Maxwell's equations are valid with an apparent electric and magnetic susceptibility of space due to the gravitational field. One effect of this susceptibility is a refraction of light rays by a gravitational field, from which the bending of light rays passing the sun can be derived. The result is the same as found in Part I for the deviation of particles traveling at the speed of light. The equivalence principle is shown to be valid in our linear theory as in Einstein's theory, notwithstanding the velocity dependence of the gravitational acceleration of free particles. For bound particles, the dependence of the gravitational forces on the relative velocities of parts of a system with respect to the system's center of gravity is neutralized by gravitational effects on the binding forces. We have shown this only for a special case, and the calculation is performed only in electrostatic approximation. As the errors thus introduced cancel in Einstein's theory, it is assumed that they cancel also here. The parallelism with the corresponding derivations in Einstein's theory are apparent at each step of the calculation, and remains, with altered numerical coefficients in the formulas, for any values assigned to the constants of our linear theory of gravitation. It is, however, possible that in higher approximations our linear theory would violate the equivalence principle. This question is worth further theoretical investigation, and, if such effects theoretically would follow from our theory, Eotvos's experiments on the equivalence principle should be pushed from 10 −8 to 10 −11 in order to discover such effects and to make an experimental decision between the linear and the general-relativistic theories of gravitation.
2n-Periodic Binary Sequences with Fixed k-Error Linear Complexity for k = 2 or 3

The linear complexity of sequences is an important measure to gauge the cryptographic strength of key streams used in stream ciphers. The instability of linear complexity caused by changing a few symbols of sequences can be measured using k-error linear complexity. In their SETA 2006 paper, Fu, Niederreiter, and Su [3] studied linear complexity and 1-error linear complexity of 2n-periodic binary sequences to characterize such sequences with fixed 1-error linear complexity. In this paper we study the linear complexity and the k-error linear complexity of 2n-periodic binary sequences in a more general setting using a combination of algebraic, combinatorial, and algorithmic methods. This approach allows us to characterize 2n-periodic binary sequences with fixed 2-error or 3-error linear complexity L, when the Hamming weight of the binary representation of 2ni¾? Lis $w_H(2^n-L) \neq 2$. Using this characterization we obtain the counting function for the number of 2n-periodic binary sequences with fixed k-error linear complexity Lfor k= 2 and 3 when $w_H(2^n-L) \neq 2$.
Magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity of transition-metal platinum oxides: Evidence for one-dimensional electronic interactions

Abstract Bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements have been made on the orthorhombic compounds CoPt 3 O 6 , MnPt 3 O 6 , and NiPt 3 O 6 , and the structurally related cubic phase Co 0.37 Na 0.14 Pt 3 O 4 , in the temperature range 300-4 K. These compounds, which are rather unusual in that they contain first-row transition metals in eight coordination, are all paramagnetic above 25 K and show Curie-Weiss behavior with effective magnetic moments μ eff (Co) = 4.8 ± 0.2μ B ,μ eff (Mn) = 5.8 ± 0.1 μ B , μ eff (Ni) = 3.9 ± 0.2 μ B , and μ eff (Co) = 4.2 ± 0.5 μ B , respectively. The inverse susceptibilities of CoPt 3 O 6 and MnPt 3 O 6 exhibit deviations from Curie-Weiss behavior below 25 K, and a minimum is observed for CoPt 3 O 6 at about 8K. Single-crystal electrical conductivity measurements along the c -axis (σ ∥ ) in CoPt 3 O 6 and MnPt 3 O 6 show these materials to be semiconducting, but with relatively high conductivities and low activation energies σ ∥ (294 K) = 40 Ω −1 -cm −1 and E a = 0.07 eV for CoPt 3 O 6 and σ ∥ (303 K) = 111Ω −1 cm −1 and E a = 0.02 eV for CoPt 3 O 6 . The results for CoPt 3 O 6 . MnPt 3 O 6 , and NiPt 3 O 6 are discussed in terms of their anisotropic structures, which favor magnetic coupling in one-dimension along linear arrays of eight-coordinated paramagnetic ions and one-dimensional electrical conduction along columnar stacks of planar PtO 4 groups containing partially oxidized linear chains of platinum. One-dimensional electronic interactions in MPt 3 O 6 compounds are suggested by metal-metal distances along the c -axis of 3.1 A for both the platinum and the 3 d transition metal ions, compared to a distance of 6.1 A between the chains in the perpendicular plane. These materials and their electronic properties are compared with systems with well characterized examples of one-dimensional magnetic coupling and electrical conductivity.
Waste Reduction Practices at Two Chromated Copper Arsenate Wood-Treating Plants

Abstract Two chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood-treating plants were assessed for their waste reduction practices. The objectives of this study were to estimate the amount of hazardous wastes that a well-designed and well-maintained CCA treatment facility would generate and to identify waste reduction opportunities. These practices have been reflected in several areas, including facility designs, process controls, and management practices. The facility designs included enclosed treatment buildings, covered drip pads, a drip pan, an automatic lumber handling system, power rollers, computerized chemical mixing systems, spill containments, and air ventilation systems to minimize mist or droplet emissions from cylinders and work tanks. Management practices have included pretreatment quality control, improved housekeeping, resource recovery and recycling, and operator training.
The kallikrein–kinin system in diabetic nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Although the renin–angiotensin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors have a beneficial effect on diabetic nephropathy independently of their effects on blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II levels. This suggests that the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) is also involved in the disease. To study the role of the KKS in diabetic nephropathy, mice lacking either the bradykinin B1 receptor (B1R) or the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) have been commonly used. However, because absence of either receptor causes enhanced expression of the other, it is difficult to determine the precise functions of each receptor. This difficulty has recently been overcome by comparing mice lacking both receptors with mice lacking each receptor. Deletion of both B1R and B2R reduces nitric oxide (NO) production and aggravates renal diabetic phenotypes, relevant to either lack of B1R or B2R, demonstrating that both B1R and B2R exert protective effects on diabetic nephropathy presumably via NO. Here, we review previous epidemiological and experimental studies, and discuss novel insights regarding the therapeutic implications of the importance of the KKS in averting diabetic nephropathy.
Anticoagulation: is there still a role in atherothrombotic stroke?

While evidence from recent studies has not shown a distinct benefit of anticoagulation following acute stroke, the designs of these studies may not have distinguished important differences in stroke types adequately. Before judging anticoagulation, we will review the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic stroke and consider the historical role of anticoagulation in its treatment by analyzing early and recent treatment trials
Quality of life and symptoms in male breast cancer survivors.

Abstract Introduction Little is known about quality of life and symptoms of male breast cancer survivors. Patients and methods We recruited men with stage 0–4 breast cancer for an on-line survey through www.outoftheshadowofpink.com, www.malebreastcancer.org, and www.malebreastcancer.ca. Surveys included Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) Hormonal/Sexual Scales, Hospitalized Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast (FACT-B), sociodemographic/disease-related, genetic, and fertility-related items. Results Forty-two responded. Mean EPIC Sexual and Hormonal scores were 44.5 and 81.3, respectively, suggesting symptom burden. Mean FACT-B score was 111.1, consistent with impaired overall quality of life. Conclusions Male survivors experience substantial sexual and hormonal symptoms.
MO‐D‐141‐06: Multiscale PET/Cerenkov Image‐Guided Surgery: Demonstration in An Invasive Mouse Tumor Model

Purpose: Real‐time biological imaging is being investigated to delineate positive tumor margins which during oncological surgery. We investigated the ability of Cerenkov optical emission from Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to resect neoplastic tissue, as guided by Positron Emission Tomography (PET). This technique was demonstrated in a TRAMP mouse model, where prostate cancer that had invaded beyond the capsule of the prostate was identified intra‐operatively. Methods: Studies were performed in vivo in a tumor mouse model. PET imaging was performed with a Siemens Inveon scanner; Cerenkov images were collected with a commercial optical imaging system (Perkin‐Elmer). A transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model was used to investigate the feasibility of imaging local invasion of the cancer beyond the prostate capsule. Four mice with ∼1cm prostate tumors with questionable invasion as determined by T2‐W MRI were injected with ∼1 mCi of FDG. The injection was followed by PET/CT after 75 minutes, and subsequent sacrifice; surgery commenced immediately after. PET/CT was used to identify tissues pre‐operatively. Resected tissues were analyzed with histology to identify tissues that contained tumor cells for correlation to Cerenkov imaging. Results: All four TRAMP mice exhibited extensive tumor invasion in the prostate with subsequent invasion into the seminal vesicles. No tumor tissue was identified in the other tissues, as confirmed by pathology. Cerenkov imaging was able to significantly differentiate between tissues involved with tumor and those with no tumor (P<0.01). Conclusion: The multiscale strategy, where PET helped to guide surgical resection of Cerenkov‐enhancing tissues, proved to significantly delineate tumor from non‐tumor tissue. This study demonstrates a potentially powerful technique to surgical resection of tumors. We acknowledge the NCI R01 CA128908, NIH ICMIC P50CA114747, DOD Breast Cancer Fellowship W81XWH‐10‐1‐0506, and the Center for Biomedical Imaging at Stanford (CBIS).
Incidental Catch of Chinook Salmon in Commercial Bottom Trawls off the U.S. West Coast

Abstract Data on chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha caught during commercial bottom trawl operations off the U.S. west coast were collected during 1985–1987 and 1988–1990. Almost no salmon were encountered in depths exceeding 482 m. Chinook salmon were caught most frequently and in greatest quantity during winter months, when catches were dispersed throughout a depth range of 100–482 m. Catches were relatively low during summer and occurred primarily in shallow water (at depths less than 220 m). Chinook salmon catch rates were higher off the south-central Oregon coast (Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission [PSMFC] area 2B) than in more northerly coastal areas sampled during the 1985–1987 study. The 1988–1990 study, however, indicated higher catch rates off northern California (PSMFC area IC), south-central Oregon (area 2B), and northern Washington (areas 3B–C) than in other coastal areas. Chinook salmon catch estimates by bottom groundfish trawls during 1987 totaled 7,761 fish for areas 2B, 2C, ...
Dynamics of Viscous Droplets Falling Towards Micro-Patterned Solid Surfaces

The interaction between droplets and solid surfaces is of great importance in industrial applications, biochemical processes, and fundamental material research on surface wettability. In this work, a three-dimensional spectral boundary element method has been employed to investigate the dynamics of a viscous droplet falling under gravity influence to micro-patterned solid surfaces. The dynamics of the droplet are investigated under the influence of the Bond number and the topological features of the substrate.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Increased expression of endogenous biotin, but not BDNF, in telencephalic song regions during zebra finch vocal learning

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is thought to regulate multiple aspects of brain development and neural plasticity in vertebrates. We have examined BDNF expression in two telencephalic nuclei (RA and HVC) in the zebra finch brain that control song learning by juvenile males and the production of already-learned song by adults. Using two different antibody-labeling techniques (avidin-biotin complex and horseradish peroxidase), we were unable to detect BDNF-like immunoreactivity in RA of juvenile or adult birds. BDNF-like immunoreactive labeling of somata was detected in HVC, but the density of labeled cells was not different between juvenile and adult birds. Immunocytochemical findings were confirmed by RT-PCR for BDNF mRNA. Thus, in contrast to a previous report (Akutagawa and Konishi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 11429-11434), we did not observe elevated levels of BDNF immunoreactivity in RA and HVC of juvenile birds that were learning to sing. However, RA and HVC of juvenile birds were found to express elevated levels of endogenous biotin (as detected by avidin peroxidase), suggesting a possible role for biotin-regulated mechanisms in songbird vocal learning.
Complete Operational Equations of State for Hydrocode

Abstract Operational equations of state (EOS) can be defined as the EOS that have the form of different operators. For the shock wave and high- pressure communities, the classical example of the operational EOS is the famous Mie-Gruneisen equation. With all its valuable features, the Mie-Gruneisen EOS suffers serious weaknesses as well. In particular, it is thermodynamically inconsistent with various widespread models of the heat capacity functions. In many applications, the heat capacity is assumed constant. This assumption is thermodynamically consistent with the Mie-Gruneisen EOS; however, it does not always provide sufficient flexibility in modeling physical phenomena, e.g., when dealing with polymers. In this paper, we discuss the concept of operational EOS, distinguishing between the complete and incomplete EOS, as well as distinguishing between thermodynamically consistent and inconsistent models. We also suggest some simple examples of the operational EOS that are thermodynamically complete and consistent and can be recommended for modeling shock and blast phenomena.
Microstructural and corrosive interactions in phosphorus ion implanted 304L stainless steel—II. Alterations in corrosion resistance by implantation

Abstract The optimum fluences for homogeneous amorphous phase production were determined in Part I of this work for accelerating potentials of 50, 100, 150, 175 and 200 kV. Polarization measurements of these amorphous specimens in room temperature 1.0 N H2SO4 at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1 in the present work show a decrease in the critical anodic and passive current densities by factors between 2 and 10 when compared to corresponding values for unimplanted, electropolished specimens. These decreases become less pronounced with increasing implantation energy. The presence of crystalline phases, especially b.c.c. phase, within the surface region of the amorphous phase degrades the observed amorphous phase improvements. Recrystallization of the amorphous structure removes all corrosion resistance improvements obtained from the P+ implantation. As discussed herein, the cause of the electrochemical improvements is a combination of a microstructural effect imparted by the amorphous phase and a chemical effect derived from the implanted phosphorus when present in quantities of ⋍40% within ⋍25 A of the surface. Chromium depletion at the specimen surface during implantation, as well as during annealing, also degrades the electrochemical properties and acts in competition with improvements caused by the added phosphorus.
Inhibition of cellular proliferation by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA cyclin

The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA or cyclin) is a nuclear protein recently identified as a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. When exponentially growing Balb/c3T3 cells are exposed to antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA, both DNA synthesis and mitosis are completely suppressed. A corresponding sense oligodeoxynucleotide has no inhibitory effects. These experiments indicate that PCNA (cyclin) is important in cellular DNA synthesis and in cell cycle progression.
Intraoperative irradiation for locally recurrent colorectal cancer in previously irradiated patients.

Abstract Purpose: Information in the literature regarding salvage treatment for patients with locally recurrent colorectal cancer who have previously been treated with high or moderate dose external beam irradiation (EBRT) is scarce. A retrospective review was therefore performed in our institution to determine disease control, survival, and tolerance in patients treated aggressively with surgical resection and intraoperative electron irradiation (IOERT) ± additional EBRT and chemotherapy. Methods and Materials: From 1981 through 1994, 51 previously irradiated patients with recurrent locally advanced colorectal cancer without evidence of distant metastatic disease were treated at Mayo Clinic Rochester with surgical resection and IOERT ± additional EBRT. An attempt was made to achieve a gross total resection before IOERT if it could be safely accomplished. The median IOERT dose was 20 Gy (range, 10–30 Gy). Thirty-seven patients received additional EBRT either pre- or postoperatively with doses ranging from 5 to 50.4 Gy (median 25.2 Gy). Twenty patients received 5-fluorouracil ± leucovorin during EBRT. Three patients received additional cycles of 5-fluorouracil ± leucovorin as maintenance chemotherapy. Results: Thirty males and 21 females with a median age of 55 years (range 31–73 years) were treated. Thirty-four patients have died; the median follow-up in surviving patients is 21 months. The median, 2-yr, and 5-yr actuarial overall survivals are 23 months, 48% and 12%, respectively. The 2-yr actuarial central control (within IOERT field) is 72%. Local control at 2 years has been maintained in 60% of patients. There is a trend toward improved local control in patients who received ≥30 Gy EBRT in addition to IOERT as compared to those who received no EBRT or Conclusion: Long-term local control can be obtained in a substantial proportion of patients with aggressive combined modality therapy, but long-term survival is poor due to the high rate of distant metastasis. Re-irradiation with EBRT in addition to IOERT appears to improve local control. Strategies to improve survival in these poor-risk patients may include the more routine use of conventional systemic chemotherapy or the addition of novel systemic therapies.
Actigraphy as a measure of physical activity for wheelchair users with spinal cord injury.

" Background: Research has indicated that actigraphy is valid and reliable for measuring low levels of physical activity among ambulatory individuals, and that it may be a valid indicator of energy expenditure for wheelchair users in laboratory conditions, but there are no reports of its evaluation in free-living conditions. " Objective: To assess the suitability and validity of actigraphy as a measure of free-living physical activity for wheelchair users with spinal cord injury. " Methods: In a methodologic descriptive correlational study, measures of physical activity by an actigraph and a self-report physical activity record were obtained for six individuals in laboratory conditions and 22 individuals in free-living conditions during a 4-day period. At the completion of the home monitoring trial, all the participants completed a questionnaire about their experience wearing the monitor and maintaining the record. " Results: Mean activity counts by actigraphy during active tasks were significantly different from the counts during inactive tasks (p =.003). During home monitoring, the participants wore the monitor, on the average, 95% of the prescribed wearing time, rated it as very comfortable, and were willing to wear it again. Pearson correlation coefficients of activity counts with self-reported activity intensity varied from.30 to.77 (p < .01) for individual participants. The mean correlation across the sample was.60 (p < .01). Activity counts varied with reported activity, indicating concurrence between the two activity measurement methods. " Conclusions: Actigraphy is suitable as a measurement of activity for people with spinal cord injury. This initial investigation suggests that it has concurrent validity with a self-report measure of activity intensity and frequency, as evidenced in this sample of wheelchair users in free-living conditions.
Dose Intensification of Busulfan in the Preparative Regimen is Associated with Improved Survival: A Phase I/II Controlled, Randomized Study

Abstract Dose intensity is important for disease control in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We conducted a phase I/II controlled, adoptive, randomized study to determine the optimal dosing schedule of i.v. busulfan. Patients aged ≤75 years with advanced hematologic malignancies with human leukocyte antigen–compatible donor were eligible. All patients received fludarabine at 30 mg/m2/d for 4 days, and busulfan was administered in different doses in oral or i.v. formulations. As determined by the phase I trial, i.v. busulfan at a dose of 11.2 mg/kg/d was used for the phase II expansion cohort. Altogether, 80 patients with a median age of 56 years were enrolled. Forty percent had active disease at the time of transplantation. Engraftment occurred in 91%, and a complete response was achieved in 79% of patients posttransplantation. At a median follow-up of 91 months in the surviving patients, the outcomes for i.v. busulfan dose of 11.2 mg/kg/d versus other doses were as follows: nonrelapse mortality, 34% versus 23% (P = .4); cumulative incidence of relapse, 43% versus 68% (P = .02); relapse-free survival, 25% versus 9% (P = .017); and overall survival, 27% versus 9% (P = .02). We conclude that optimizing i.v. busulfan dose intensity in the preparative regimen may overcome disease-associated poor prognostic factors.
Emergency treatment, transportation and early management of fractures

T HIS discussion refers to the care of the fracture from the time it is sustained unti1 definite treatment is given, usuahy in a hospita1. It thus incIudes first aid at the pIace of the accident, spIinting for transportation and the early maneuvers in handling the patient in the hospita1, incIuding making the diagnosis, x-ray studies, treatment of compounding, etc. Fractures of shafts of Iong bones differ from joint fractures and those of smaI1 bones. The former have much more tendency to dispIacement, shortening and avoidabIe Ioss of function. Weight-bearing bones take Ionger to hea and require more perfect reduction and retention to give good function. Above a11, the question of infection in compound fractures inff uences the immediate and subsequent treatment fundamentaIIy. AIthough emergency therapy of these injuries is reaIIy a part of the definitive management, we shaI1 attempt to discuss it chronoIogicaIIy by taking the patient at the site of the accident and tracing him unti1 the fracture is actuaIIy reduced, heId and functiona restoration begun. These are the cardina1 steps in any fracture treatment: