cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Romanticism, Spectacle, and a Critique of Wilhelmine Consumer Capitalism

Many elements were woven into this rather sneering assertion by Ferdinand Avenarius, founder and editor of the leading cultural journal of Wilhelmine Germany, Der Kunstwart . Toys, by then thoroughly commercialized consumer goods, had “true value.” By extension, consumer goods could have value. Unfortunately for Avenarius, that value stands in “inverse ratio to its dazzle.” Dazzle did not simply obscure or even eliminate value, but rather maintained a complicated link. “Value” was the mirror image of “dazzle,” varying in equal and opposite proportion. That “inverse ratio” was also connected to the power that dazzle had over “weak minds.” The values and assumptions that informed and united Avenarius' broadside represent the subject of this essay. For Avenarius was not piecing together ideas at random, nor were they applicable to toys alone. Rather, this outburst was but one example of a persistent effort by German cultural elites to assess the problems as well as the possibilities of an increasingly commercial, even consumerist society. In that effort, Avenarius and others would mobilize the Romantic suspicion of vision and reemphasize the central importance of creativity and autonomous self-expression in the construction of genuine subjectivity. In this way, important elements of the Romantic tradition worked to authorize, even promote, certain types of consumer items while stigmatizing others, suggesting a nuanced and historically specific response to the challenges of modern consumerism.
Reply to Th. Sexl's Criticism of R. A. Millikan's Method of Computation of the Elementary Electrical Charge on Mercury Droplets

It is shown that Sexl's test method is in error because it is based upon the assumption that the droplets remain of the same size throughout the observations. Data are given which prove that because of evaporation such is not the case. Errors, also, are shown in his computations, which, when corrected give results approximating those by the Millikan method, with the difference in favor of the Millikan method.
Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Diel-Cycling Hypoxia in Estuarine Tributaries

The distribution and intensity of hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) in estuaries is increasing worldwide due to cultural eutrophication. This study quantifies the strength of associations between the duration of diel-cycling severe hypoxia (≤2 mg O2 l−1) in bottom water (∼15 cm above bottom) of a shallow (<2 m) coastal lagoon estuary (Delaware, USA) and abiotic environmental variables (water temperature, insolation, tide, streamflow, and wind) and predicts the duration of severe hypoxia given different combinations of these variables. The intensity and spatial extent and dynamics of diel-cycling severe hypoxia events were defined. Vertical variability in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration during the daytime was also determined. During the summers of 2001–2005, bottom DO data were collected for periods of weeks to months at multiple sites using automated sondes. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and regression tree analysis (RTA) were used to determine the relative importance of the environmental variables in predicting the number of hours of severe hypoxia per day. Key findings of the study were that severe hypoxia events of minutes to hours in duration occurred frequently in all four tributaries sampled, primarily between 0200 and 1000 hours. Severe hypoxia duration and diel-cycling amplitudes of DO concentration increased in the up-tributary direction. Hierarchically, the duration of severe hypoxia was influenced mostly by the mean daily water temperature, then by preceding days’ total insolation, percentage of morning hours (02:00 to 10:00 a.m.) ebb tide, and daily streamflow. Collectively, the variables examined by the MLR and the RTA approaches accounted for 62% and 65% of the variability in the duration of severe hypoxia, respectively. RTA demonstrated that daily mean water temperature above 26.3°C and previous day’s total insolation below 13.6 kW m−2 were associated with the longest lasting severe hypoxic events (9.56 h). The environmental variables and combinations of conditions that modulate or augment diel-cycling hypoxia presented in this paper enhance understanding of this widespread and growing phenomenon and provide additional insight regarding the extent to which it can impact food webs in very shallow estuarine waters that often serve as nursery habitat.
Distribution of a class of divide and conquer recurrences arising from the computation of the Walsh-Hadamard transform

This paper explores the performance of a family of algorithms for computing the Walsh-Hadamard transform, a useful computation in signal and image processing. Recent empirical work has shown that the family of algorithms exhibit a wide range of performance and that it is non-trivial to determine which algorithm is optimal on a given computer. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the performance distribution. Performance is modeled by a family of recurrence relations that determine the number of instructions required to execute a given algorithm, and the recurrence relations can be used to explore the performance of the space of algorithms. The recurrence relations are related to standard divide and conquer recurrences, however, there are a variable number of recursive parts which can grow to infinity as the input size increases. Thus standard approaches to solving such recurrences cannot be used and new techniques must be developed. In this paper, the minimum, maximum, expected values, and variances are calculated and the limiting distribution is obtained.
Matryoshka: strengthening software protection via nested virtual machines

The use of virtual machine technology has become a popular approach for defending software applications from attacks by adversaries that wish to compromise the integrity and confidentiality of an application. In addition to providing some inherent obfuscation of the execution of the software application, the use of virtual machine technology can make both static and dynamic analysis more difficult for the adversary. However, a major point of concern is the protection of the virtual machine itself. The major weakness is that the virtual machine presents a inviting target for the adversary. If an adversary can render the virtual machine ineffective, they can focus their energy and attention on the software application. One possible approach is to protect the virtual machine by composing or nesting virtualization layers to impart virtual machine protection techniques to the inner virtual machines "closest" to the software application. This paper explores the concept and feasibility of nested virtualization for software protection using a high-performance software dynamic translation system. Using two metrics for measuring the strength of protection, the preliminary results show that nesting virtual machines can strengthen protection of the software application. While the nesting of virtual machines does increase run-time overhead, initial results indicate that with careful application of the technique, run-time overhead could be reduced to reasonable levels.
Regional and long-term variability of fundus measurements made with computer-image analysis.

We studied the variability of optic disk and peripapillary nerve fiber layer surface contour measurements made by use of computer-image analysis. Six hundred twenty-five measurements of surface contour were made on each eye by use of simultaneous stereoscopic videography. Regional differences in short-term measurement variability were studied in 12 eyes (six normal and six glaucomatous), each imaged nine times over several days. The widths of the 95% confidence interval for the measurements averaged 82 μm for the juxtapapillary surface and 132 μm for the disk surface. Measurements of peripapillary surface contour were significantly less variable than were measurements of the disk surface (P = .000). The greatest variability was detected along large blood vessels and at steep contours. Long-term variability was studied in a separate group of 30 clinically stable patients with glaucoma, each imaged three to six times over a period of more than one year. The widths of the 95% confidence intervals were 132 μm for the peripapillary surface and 217 μm for the disk surface. The long-term variability was significantly greater than the short-term variability (P = .000). The peripapillary nerve fiber layer surface, located away from the margins of large vessels, may provide the most dependable measurements of contour. These estimates of long-term variability of optic disk and peripapillary contour measurements provide clinically relevant confidence intervals with which to detect progressive glaucomatous nerve fiber damage.
Suppression of psychotic hallucinations through time-out

In an own-control replication paradigm, time-out (isolation in a small room for 10 min) was administered for the hallucinatory behavior of a chronic hospitalized schizophrenic patient. Hallucinations were defined as verbal responses independent of external environmental stimuli. It was not possible to identify environmental contingencies maintaining the hallucinatory behaviors. The application of time-out contingencies resulted in a marked decrease in the rate of these behaviors. The results suggest that time-out (brief isolation) can function as a punishing stimulus for the hallucinatory behaviors of psychotic adults.
An fMRI study of imagined self-rotation.

In the present study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the neural mechanisms involved in the imagined spatial transformation of one’s body. The task required subjects to update the position of one of four external objects from memory after they had performed an imagined self-rotation to a new position. Activation in the rotation condition was compared with that in a control condition in which subjects located the positions of objects without imagining a change in selfposition. The results indicated similar networks of activation to other egocentric transformation tasks involving decisions about body parts. The most significant area of activation was in the left posterior parietal cortex. Other regions of activation common among several of the subjects were secondary visual, premotor, and frontal lobe regions. These results are discussed relative to motor and visual imagery processes as well as to the distinctions between the present task and other imagined egocentric transformation tasks.
The Relationship between Fear of Failure and Learning Disabilities

The Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC) and the Lie Scale for Children (LSC) were administered to 60 children, half of whom were defined by schools as learning disabled. An analysis of covarianc...
Characterization of N‐(6‐methoxy‐8‐quinolyl)‐p‐toluenesulfonamide for the detection of zinc in living sperm cells

Zinc stabilizes membranes and DNA and inhibits respiration in somatic cells. It is present in high concentrations in the male reproductive tract and may stabilize spermatozoa prior to fertilization. Herein, we evaluate N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ) for analysis of Zn2+ in phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles and living spermatozoa using spectrofluorometry and flow cytometry. TSQ: Zn fluorescence in decanol or PC vesicles was compared to that in aqueous buffer. Evaluation of cation specificity, kinetics of TSQ: Zn binding, quenching of TSQ by dithionite and Zn2+ chelation by D-penicillamine established that TSQ is more fluorescent in decanol or PC vesiles than in aqueous buffer, has a high affinity for lipid bilayers and is specific for Zn2+ compared to Mg2+ and Ca2+. Fluorescence measurement of vesicles with and without pretreatment with Zn2+ indicated that, in the absence of Zn2+, 90% of the residual TSQ fluorescence was destroyed by dithionite but >50% was protected by the presence of Zn2+. When D-penicillamine was added the remaining fluorescence was quenched (T1/2 = 10 s) indicating that TSQ remains in/on the membrane. These results established that TSQ can be used to effectively evaluate Zn2+ in artificial membranes and sperm cells. Additional experiments will be necessary to explain the dynamics of TSQ: Zn: membrane interactions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Univariate genetic analysis of blood pressure in children (The Medical College of Virginia Twin Study)

The relative contributions of genetic, individual environmental and shared environmental effects on resting blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were studied in prepubescent twins. The study population consisted of 251 caucasian 11-year-old twin pairs. Correlations were higher for all variables in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins; this is consistent with a significant genetic effect. Path analysis revealed that the model of additive genetic and individual environmental effects fit systolic BP, diastolic BP and HR. In boys and girls, sex-specific genetic effects controlled systolic BP. The magnitudes of the sex-specific genetic effects on systolic BP were similar in both boys and girls and accounted for 66% of the variance. In boys, for diastolic BP, genetic effects accounted for 64% of the variance while in girls they accounted for 51%. These results provide no evidence for different genetic effects on HR in boys or girls. No shared environmental effects were detected. The large sample size and design, using different-sex dizygotic twins of the same age, establish that genes play an important role in the influence of resting BP and HR and that there are sex-specific genetic contributions in early pubertal children.
Optimization of photosynthetic hydrogen yield from platinized photosystem I complexes using response surface methodology

Abstract Light-dependent hydrogen production by platinized Photosystem I isolated from the cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The process parameters studied included temperature, light intensity and wavelength, and platinum salt concentration. Application of RSM generated a model that agrees well with the data for H2 yield (R2 = 0.99 and p
Reference Ethics: Theological Librarianship in Conversation with ALA Reference Ethics Guidelines

This particular article will look at one ethical concern that is likely to be very familiar to most theological reference librarians. This question is what the theological reference librarian's ethical responsibilities are when the American Library Association's Code of Ethics seems to conflict with an institution's expectations for an employee of that institution. In order to adequately solve this question, the article will first summarize the basic elements of the American Library Association's Code of Ethics that relate to the reference interview. Next, the special nature of theological reference librarianship will be discussed. Third, the Association of Theological Schools accreditation guidelines will be examined to determine the relationships that theological librarians have to their religious institutions. Fourth, in light of the theological librarian reference ethics that emerge from the proposed investigation, possible ethical solutions will be suggested. The article will conclude that the articl...
A NEW SPECIES OF ANELPISTINA (NICOELTIIDAE: ZYGENTOMA) FROM SUMIDERO CANYON NATIONAL PARK, IN CHIAPAS, MEXICO

Abstract. Anelpistina nandalumii, new species, a nicoletiid insect, is described from Chiapas, Southeastern Mexico. Molecular and morphological data appears to indicate that the new species has close affinities with species of the Grenadine islands and Aruba, in the Caribbean.
Age, Alzheimer disease, and brain structure

Background: Lack of clear understanding remains on the overlapping atrophy patterns of aging and early Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology in gray matter (GM) of the brain in vivo. Objective: To evaluate the independent and overlapping patterns of GM atrophy in normal aging and AD. Methods: A total of 169 cognitively normal subjects and 33 persons with probable AD enrolled in the longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study–Cognition Study underwent 3-dimensional volumetric MRI scans. Controls remained cognitively normal for at least 5 years after their MRI scans and the probable AD subjects were relatively early in their clinical course with an average modified Mini-Mental State Examination score of 76/100. The scans were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry adjusting for total intracranial volume, gender, education, and race. Results: With older age, GM volume was lower in the sensorimotor and heteromodal association areas in frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes, as well as in the cerebellum (false discovery rate p = 0.05). Additional atrophy was observed in the posterior hippocampus, thalamus, and middle cingulate gyrus. By contrast, atrophy was seen in subjects with AD in the anterior hippocampal/parahippocampal regions and the precuneus. Normal aging and AD overlapped in the hippocampal body and the entorhinal cortex. Conclusion: Brain atrophy with aging was observed in supratentorial and infratentorial areas, as well in primary motor, sensory, and heteromodal association regions. Age and Alzheimer disease exert independent gray matter atrophy patterns but these effects overlapped substantially in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
Microelectromechanics, nanomechanisms, and tips

Summary form only given. The MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) technology has been scaled down to submicron dimensions, and has been integrated with nanometer-scale tips and deep submicron moving transistors. Integrated nanostructure mechanisms add a new dimension to mesoscopic physics, microinstruments, microsensors, and microactuators. The fabrication and operation of movable, integrated nanostructure mechanisms that produce nm-scale, precision motion are examined. Self-supporting, movable using single-crystal silicon springs and electric-field drive structures with integrated, movable field emission and tunneling tips are discussed. Movable mechanical structures with cross-sectional dimensions of 150 nm*1000 nm have been fabricated using single-crystal silicon. The nanofabrication process includes high-resolution e-beam and optical lithographies, anisotropic reactive ion etching, and selective oxidation of silicon. Large, dense arrays of 10-20-nm-diameter tips for field emission electron microscopes or scanned-probe applications have been fabricated using these processes. >
Resisting Whiteness: Mexican American Studies and Rhetorical Struggles for Visibility

In late 2012, Santino J. Rivera published a collection of Chicana/o literature as a cultural and political response to the closure of Mexican American Studies in the Tucson Unified School District. This essay argues that Rivera's text invites critical interrogation of the whiteness ideologies underlying critiques of MAS in an attempt to make spaces for Chicana/o sensibilities. Such sensibilities, this essay argues, include In Lak'ech and mestiza rhetorics, which emphasize cultural empowerment, identification, spiritual love, and humanization.
Mouse BAZ1A (ACF1) Is Dispensable for Double-Strand Break Repair but Is Essential for Averting Improper Gene Expression during Spermatogenesis

ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers control DNA access for transcription, recombination, and other processes. Acf1 (also known as BAZ1A in mammals) is a defining subunit of the conserved ISWI-family chromatin remodelers ACF and CHRAC, first purified over 15 years ago from Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Much is known about biochemical properties of ACF and CHRAC, which move nucleosomes in vitro and in vivo to establish ordered chromatin arrays. Genetic studies in yeast, flies and cultured human cells clearly implicate these complexes in transcriptional repression via control of chromatin structures. RNAi experiments in transformed mammalian cells in culture also implicate ACF and CHRAC in DNA damage checkpoints and double-strand break repair. However, their essential in vivo roles in mammals are unknown. Here, we show that Baz1a-knockout mice are viable and able to repair developmentally programmed DNA double-strand breaks in the immune system and germ line, I-SceI endonuclease-induced breaks in primary fibroblasts via homologous recombination, and DNA damage from mitomycin C exposure in vivo. However, Baz1a deficiency causes male-specific sterility in accord with its high expression in male germ cells, where it displays dynamic, stage-specific patterns of chromosomal localization. Sterility is caused by pronounced defects in sperm development, most likely a consequence of massively perturbed gene expression in spermatocytes and round spermatids in the absence of BAZ1A: the normal spermiogenic transcription program is largely intact but more than 900 other genes are mis-regulated, primarily reflecting inappropriate up-regulation. We propose that large-scale changes in chromatin composition that occur during spermatogenesis create a window of vulnerability to promiscuous transcription changes, with an essential function of ACF and/or CHRAC chromatin remodeling activities being to safeguard against these alterations.
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) participates in the transcriptional repression of the p16INK4a gene in mammary gland of the female rat offspring exposed to an early-life high-fat diet

Maternal exposure to environmental agents throughout pregnancy and lactation may affect offspring’s mammary gland growth and alter the epigenome. This may predispose the offspring’s mammary glands ...
Yield Improvement and Stability for Soybean Cultivars with Resistance to Heterodera Glycines Ichinohe

Cultivar selection is the most important management decision soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] producers can make to achieve high yield. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the contributions to genetic gain and yield stability made by cultivar resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heteroderaglycines Ichinohe, SCN). Studies were established at three locations in Iowa during 2005 and 2006 in fields where SCN population densities ranged from 100 to 12,500 eggs 100-cm -3 soil of various Hg-Types. Twenty-three cultivars that varied by year of release and resistance to SCN were evaluated. Yield variability among environments was less for new SCN-resistant cultivars. Genetic gain was 14.9 kg ha -1 yr -1 greater for SCN-resistant cultivars compared with SCN-susceptible cultivars. Estimated genetic gain was similar for both high and low-yielding environments. Yield potential was greater for new cultivars but yield stability was similar to old cultivars. There was no evidence of a negative relationship between yield and yield stability. Cultivars resistant to SCN had greater yields in both high- and low-yielding environments and provided greater yield stability. These data support the selection of new cultivars that yield well at multiple locations and specifically cultivars with resistance to SCN for fields infested with SCN as a method to increase yield and yield stability.
A Numerical Model of Coastal Upwelling

Abstract A wind-driven model of coastal upwelling induced into a stratified, rotating ocean is solved numerically. The circulation is on an f plane and longshore variations are neglected. A multilevel model is derived, but only solutions for a two-layer model are discussed. A longshore baroclinic surface jet is discovered. The time-dependent geostrophic jet is dynamically explained by conservation of potential vorticity. The existence of the jet depends critically on stratification and non-zero wind stress at the coast. Coastal upwelling is confined to within 30 km of the shore. The model exhibits no deep countercurrent during active coastal upwelling. A time scale of the order of 10 days or longer is required for a pycnocline at 50 m depth to penetrate the surface. Solutions for a wide (>300 km) coastal shelf, an irregular shallow shelf, and a continental slope region are illustrated. A secondary upwelling region is found offshore at sharp breaks in the shelf topography. In all cases, the offshore flow i...
SINGLE SPIN FLIP IN THE INFINITE U HUBBARD MODEL: HUBBARD OPERATORS, THREE-BODY FADEEV EQUATIONS AND GUTZWILLER WAVE FUNCTIONS

We investigate a recently proposed many-body theory for composite (Hubbard) operators (A.E. Ruckenstein and S. Schmitt-Rink, Phys. Rev. B38, 7188 (1988)) in the context of the problem of a single spin flip in the saturated ferromagnetic state of the infinite U Hubbard model. We prove that the suitably defined strong coupling Hartree-Fock mean field theory leads to results identical to those obtained from the Gutzwiller wave function through exact evaluation of the kinetic energy. Most interestingly, we also show how exactly the same results can be obtained starting from the weak coupling limit by solving analytically the three-body t-matrix (Fadeev) equations in the infinite U limit. This work also sheds light on the physical content of slave boson approximations to which our approach was previously shown to be equivalent in the limit of large spin or orbital degeneracy. For the single spin flip problem we compare our results with those obtained by Bethe-Goldstone perturbation theory, Bethe Ansatz in one dimension, and exact diagonalization studies.
Loss of phenolic compounds from leaf litter of creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (Sess. & Moc. ex DC.) Cov.] and tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.)

Abstract We examined loss of organic matter (OM) and phenolics from leaf litter of two shrubs that are invasive in the Chihuahuan Desert. Fiberglass bags (1-mm mesh) containing creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (Sess. & Moc. ex DC.) Cov.] or tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) leaf litter were placed below shrubs in two positions (soil surface and 5 cm below-ground) and removed at several intervals up to 90 days during winter (creosotebush and tarbush) and spring (creosotebush). Over the 90-day sampling interval, OM loss from creosotebush and tarbush during the winter sampling period was low for both surface and buried litter, ranging from 1.7% to 5.2%. Losses of OM from creosotebush litter during the spring were much greater (75.1% and 33.5% for buried and surface samples, respectively). Total phenolic losses after 90 days were 1.6%, 4.8%, 21.6%, 13.5%, 87.1%, and 43.5% for winter buried creosotebush, winter surface creosotebush, winter buried tarbush, winter surface tarbush, spring buried creosotebush, and spring surface creosotebush litter, respectively, while losses of condensed tannins for the same samples were 45.8%, 56.1%, −34.0%, −41.8%, 91.1%, and 67.4%. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid loss from creosotebush litter was 25.4%, 18.3%, 95.2%, and 66.7% for winter buried, winter surface, spring buried, and spring surface samples, respectively, over the 90-day interval. Losses of OM and phenolics were generally greater in buried vs. surface and spring vs. winter samples, and losses typically occurred during the last 30–45 days.
Tribute to Melanie Klein

The Western Historical Manuscript Collection, at the University of Missouri-Columbia, houses the Stephenson Collection-over 70 document cartons the size of standard file-drawers. Among this material is Tribute to Melanie Klein which, from evidence in the text, appears to have been drafted for The Journal of the Melanie Klein Society in about 1988. While it is evidently not a finished piece, I have elected to leave the manuscript essentially intact. It provides strong indication that, near the end of his life, Stephenson was actively revisiting his unpublished books, Intimations of Self and Psychoanalysis and Q-methodology. In a 1985 note accompanying a gift of 10 unpublished book manuscripts to the Journalism School library at Columbia, Stephenson indicated that these two were not yet ready for readers. Stephenson envisaged that Tribute to Melanie Klein would include 10 "segments," five of which are reproduced here: Segments I-IV for the first time, and Segment X, 'Intentionality: or how to buy a loaf of bread', which is reprinted from Operant Subjectivity, 16(3/4), pp. 69-90.
The structure of financial strategy: Patterns in financial decision making

A corporation's financial strategy has substantial potential to influence shareholder value creation. Financial strategy is the product of the corporation's investment, financing, and dividend decisions. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how corporations coordinate these decisions and how the resulting financial strategies are related to performance and other key operating characteristics. To accomplish this, we cluster S&P Industrial 400 firms on 2 measures of each of the three financial strategy decisions. A number of strategic and descriptive variables are also used to help in identifying and interpreting the clusters. We discuss the financial, strategic, and performance characteristics on the seven strategy archetypes that we find and offer suggestions for future research.
Bovine Enamel Organ Cells Express Tissue Non-specific Alkaline Phosphatase mRNA:

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is expressed at high levels in all mineralizing tissues, and the isoform identified in developing enamel has biochemical properties similar to that found in bone. While the bone AP is referred to as the liver/bone/kidney or tissue non-specific (TNS) form, other APs are highly specific for tissue of expression. To determine unequivocally the AP isoform made by enamel organ cells, we constructed a fetal bovine enamel organ cDNA library, which yielded eight AP cDNA clones. In each case, the DNA sequence was homologous to the partial cDNA reported for bovine kidney AP (Garattini et al., 1987). It is concluded that enamel organ cells express the TNS-AP isoform. The extended 3' untranslated region of the cDNA has considerable homology to human TNS-AP, and the conservation of sequence suggests that the 3' end may have a role in post-transcriptional regulation of expression.
Summary of the Function of Sn in Iron and Steel

In the steel industry Sn is always regarded as harmful impurity element, one of "Five harmful elements", which affects the welding property and equality of steel product especially the equality of continuously cast bloom and causes hot brittleness, temper brittleness, crack and fracture. While Sn element also has a vital influence on free-cutting steel, electrical sheet, cast iron and stainless steel. NSSC developed ferritic stainless steel containing low Sn and Ni content improving the corrosion resistance performance and the workability significantly. So the Sn element, as cheap alternative adding element, can substitute for Cr and Ni. It's helpful to study the effect of tin in the iron and steel and develop new stainless steel products of high equality conserving chromium resources. In this way it will promote the variety and technique of stainless steel, ensure the independence on resources and conserve resources remarkably.
Creep deformation behavior of Sn-3.5Ag solder at small length scales

To adequately characterize the behavior of solder spheres in electronic packaging, their mechanical behavior needs to be studied at small-length scales. The creep behavior of single Sn-3.5Ag solder spheres on a copper substrate was studied between 25°C and 130°C using a microforce testing system. In the low-stress regime, the creep stress exponent changed from 6 at lower temperatures to 4 at higher temperatures, indicating creep by dislocation climb. The activation energy for creep was also found to be temperature dependent, and correlated with values for dislocation core diffusion and lattice diffusion in pure tin. A change in the stress exponent with increasing stress was also observed and explained in terms of a threshold stress for dislocation motion, due to the presence of obstacles in the form of Ag3Sn particles.
Prediction and Analysis of the Protein Interactome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Enable Network-Based Drug Target Selection

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that is capable of causing highly problematic, chronic infections in cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. With the increased prevalence of multi-drug resistant PA, the conventional “one gene, one drug, one disease” paradigm is losing effectiveness. Network pharmacology, on the other hand, may hold the promise of discovering new drug targets to treat a variety of PA infections. However, given the urgent need for novel drug target discovery, a PA protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of high accuracy and coverage, has not yet been constructed. In this study, we predicted a genome-scale PPI network of PA by integrating various genomic features of PA proteins/genes by a machine learning-based approach. A total of 54,107 interactions covering 4,181 proteins in PA were predicted. A high-confidence network combining predicted high-confidence interactions, a reference set and verified interactions that consist of 3,343 proteins and 19,416 potential interactions was further assembled and analyzed. The predicted interactome network from this study is the first large-scale PPI network in PA with significant coverage and high accuracy. Subsequent analysis, including validations based on existing small-scale PPI data and the network structure comparison with other model organisms, shows the validity of the predicted PPI network. Potential drug targets were identified and prioritized based on their essentiality and topological importance in the high-confidence network. Host-pathogen protein interactions between human and PA were further extracted and analyzed. In addition, case studies were performed on protein interactions regarding anti-sigma factor MucA, negative periplasmic alginate regulator MucB, and the transcriptional regulator RhlR. A web server to access the predicted PPI dataset is available at http://research.cchmc.org/PPIdatabase/.
Calculations involving ion beam source

Abstract A convergent numerical model for the calculation of the optical properties of an ion beam is given. The ion beam is formed by extracting ions from a plasma and subsequently accelerating these ions with an electrode system. The model includes the effects of space-charge of the ions and an equilibrium distribution of electrons. Methods are given for determining the existence of the solution to the nonlinear difference equations, and a convergent iterative numerical procedure is described. Comparisons are made with a procedure that previously has been used to solve such a model.
Closed Queuing Systems with Exponential Servers

The results contained herein pertain to the problem of determining the equilibrium distribution of customers in closed queuing systems composed of M interconnected stages of service. The number of customers, N, in a closed queuing system is fixed since customers pass repeatedly through the M stages with neither entrances nor exits permitted. At the ith stage there are ri parallel exponential servers all of which have the same mean service rate µi. When service is completed at stage i, a customer proceeds directly to stage j with probability pij. Such closed systems are shown to be stochastically equivalent to open systems in which the number of customers cannot exceed N. The equilibrium equations for the joint probability distribution of customers are solved by a separation of variables technique. In the limit of N â ∞ it is found that the distribution of customers in the system is regulated by the stage or stages with the slowest effective service rate. Asymptotic expressions are given for the marginal distributions of customers in such systems. Then, an asymptotic analysis is carried out for systems with a large number of stages i.e., M â« 1 all of which have comparable effective service rates. Approximate expressions are obtained for the marginal probability distributions. The details of the analysis are illustrated by an example.
Structure and Stability of Sulfur Trioxide−Ammonia Clusters with Water: Implications on Atmospheric Nucleation and Condensation

The structure and stability of the molecular clusters NH3·SO3···(H2O)n, n = 1−6, 9, 12, are studied using density functional theory. The results show that the electron donor/acceptor complex NH3·SO3 is stable with water and has an unusually high affinity for incoming water molecules. The complex itself is progressively stabilized by the addition of water molecules, as indicated by the shortening of the N−S bond distance with an increasing number of water molecules. The binding energy of the cluster to each H2O molecule is about 12 kcal mol-1, two to three times the binding energy of a pure water dimer, and it remains approximately constant as the cluster increases in size with an increasing number of H2O molecules. The N−S distance decreases monotonically with the addition of each H2O molecule, indicating that the NH3·SO3 unit in the clusters is stabilized by the introduced H2O. The calculated group charge on SO3 (or NH3) increases as the N−S distance successively decreases, which reveals that the stabili...
Metabolic requirements for differentiation of embryonic sympathetic ganglia cultured in the absence of exogenous nerve growth factor

The embryonic mouse superior cervical ganglion (SCG) in culture was employed to define the role of ongoing metabolic processes in morphological and biochemical development. The 14 gestational day SCG does not require added nerve growth factor (NGF) for differentiation in vitro. Consequently, its use allows study of intraganglionic regulation of neuronal growth in the absence of complicating, exogenous growth factors. Ganglia were cultured without added NGF, in medium containing various metabolic inhibitors; neurite elaboration and development of tyrosine hydroxylase (T-OH) activity, a biochemical marker of adrenergic maturation, were evaluated. Neurite elaboration proceeded normally with inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, or of protein synthesis by cycloheximide or puromycin. In contrast, inhibition of RNA or protein synthesis prevented normal development of T-OH activity. However, neurites and T-OH developed normally in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibition by cytosine arabinoside, which markedly reduced the nonneuronal cell population. These observations suggest that neurite elaboration and the ontogenetic increase in T-OH activity are regulated differently in ganglia cultured in the absence of exogenous NGF. Moreover, the initial outgrowth of neurites and increase in T-OH activity may occur independent of peripherally migrating support cells in this embryonic ganglion.
A study of low and middle socioeconomic status mothers’ expectations of developmental milestones in language acquisition

It has been reported that differences between low- and middle-SES children's language may be due to differences in the linguistic socialization patterns between the parents and their children. It has recently been suggested that these different interaction patterns may be due to differences in the SES groups' expectancies as to when certain developmental milestones should emerge. In the present study a comparison of 20 low and 20 middle-SES mothers was undertaken to determine (a) howfarthe groups deviatedfrom the norm in predicting the emergence of 14 language developmental milestones, and (b) how far groups deviated from each other on the same milestones? Analyses revealed that both groups of mothers deviated significantly from the norm on the majority of items on the survey. Further analyses revealed that there were differences between the groups on 6 out of the 14 items, with the middle-SES mothers receiving scores closer to the norm. Findings are discussed in terms of SES differences in the relationsh...
Effect of light intensity on macromolecular synthesis in cyanobacteria.

The light-dependent incorporation of NaH(14)CO3 into low molecular weight compounds, polysaccharide, or protein was determined in cultures of the cyanobacteriumMerismopedia tenuissima incubated at a series of light intensities. There was an inverse relationship between incorporation into polysaccharide and protein. At light intensities of 90 μE/m(2)/sec or above, relative incorporation of radioisotope into polysaccharide was greatest and relative incorporation into protein was lowest. Optimal relative protein accumulation occurred in samples incubated at 20 μE/m(2)/sec. A broader optimum of light intensity for maximal protein accumulation was found if ammonia rather than nitrate was the nitrogen source. Physiological adaptation of cultures to growth at a particular light intensity did not alter the pattern of macromolecular incorporation when those cultures were tested over the series of light intensities. The response of cultures ofOscillatoria rubescens to light intensity was similar to that ofM. tenuissima, although incorporation into low molecular weight compounds was significantly greater.The effect of light intensity on macromolecular synthesis in a natural population ofOscillatoria rubescens was also determined. A pattern similar to that observed in batch cultures ofO. rubescens was occasionally found, but in other experiments there was no increase in relative protein incorporation when light intensity was decreased.
Left-right Confusion and the Perception of Bilateral Symmetry

The present study investigates the relationship between the perception of bilateral symmetry and left-right disorientation in neurologically-intact adults. Using tachistoscopic presentation of stimuli and a choice reaction-time procedure, we found a small but consistent trend toward quicker symmetry judgements in left-right confused subjects. Possible neuropsychological mechanisms underlying this curious finding are discussed.
Endothelial damage in perfused dog kidney and cold sensitivity of vascular NaK-ATPase

Abstract After prolonged perfusion of canine kidneys with cryoprecipitated plasma at 10 °C, endothelial damage begins between the fourth and sixth day. When aortic intimal strips were used as a model of the renal vascular endothelium, the ATPase activity of the intima was completely inhibited at 10 °C, but was 100% active at 37 °C. Because of the difficulty in isolating viable endothelial cells, strips of aortic intima were used, since this tissue is probably representative of renal vascular endothelium. The difference in cold sensitivity of the renal vasculature as compared to the renal parenchymal cells is probably an important factor in the inability to store kidneys consistently for 7 days or more by hypothermic perfusion.
Patterns of late gadolinium enhancement in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Patterns of Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Chronic Hemodialysis PatientsBrian J. Schietinger, Glenn M. Brammer, Hongkun Wang, John M. Christopher, Katherine W. Kwon, Amy J. Mangrum, J. Michael Mang...
Abnormalities of platelet aggregation in the vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle-cell anemia.

An impairment in the rate and per cent of first phase platelet aggregation with ADP was present in 10 patients with sickle-cell anemia during vaso-occlusive crises, when compared to their own base-line values and those of 20 normal control subjects. ADP released from erythrocytes or platelets could have been the mediator of this platelet “refractory state” since a concomitant decrease in platelet adhesiveness during the vaso-occlusive crises was also demonstrable. The effect of the platelet on the production or maintenance of the vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle-cell anemia requires further elucidation.
Expression and Purification of the Myxoma Virus Leukemia Associated Protein Zinc Finger Domain

Myxoma Virus Leukemia Associated Protein (MV-LAP) is a protein encoded by Myxoma virus, a poxvirus responsible for the lethal disease, myxomatosis in the European Rabbit. MV-LAP has developed a “stealth” mechanism to evade the host immune system by reducing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1 molecules, responsible for identifying self vs. non-self antigens. In order to help understand this stealth mechanism, the N-terminal domain (NTD; 94 residues) of MV-LAP will be characterized structurally using NMR. The current project builds upon the purification of the MV-LAP-Maltose Binding Protein fusion protein system and the purification of MV-LAP NTD. Purification of the fusion protein occurred via the use of a Co2+ Immobilized Metal ion Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) column. Several buffer systems allow for the purification of a soluble fusion protein. In addition, several buffer systems were evaluated for the use in the purification of MV-LAP NTD. The purification of a soluble form of MV-LAP NTD and the preparation of a sample for NMR analysis is currently underway.
Consideration of clinical variables for choosing new anticoagulant alternatives to warfarin for the management of non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Summary What is known and objective Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) are at risk for stroke and systemic embolism (SSE), and this risk can be decreased with adjusted-dose warfarin. Warfarin, however, is cumbersome to use and requires at least monthly laboratory monitoring. Three new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) that are less cumbersome have been approved as alternatives to warfarin for SSE prevention in NVAF. Selecting a patient-specific alternative to warfarin can be confusing for pharmacists and clinicians. This review details clinical parameters to consider when choosing an alternative to warfarin for a specific patient and summarizes them in a Comparison Table. Methods Using available clinical evidence from pivotal trials, US FDA- and Health Canada-approved prescribing information and post-marketing observations, this review provides a summary of important clinical variables for clinicians to consider when choosing patient-centred anticoagulant alternatives to warfarin for prevention of SSE in NVAF. Results and discussion Dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban are approved alternatives to warfarin for primary and secondary prevention of SSE in patients with NVAF. Additionally, apixaban has also been compared to aspirin in patients with NVAF that were considered unsuitable for vitamin K antagonist therapy. Prospective consideration of age, weight, hepatic function, renal function and drug interactions are important clinical parameters to consider when selecting patient-centred alternatives to adjusted-dose warfarin. What is new and conclusion Several NOACs are now alternatives to warfarin for SSE prevention in NVAF but require providers to make a shift in strategy from tailoring anticoagulant dose based on anticoagulant effect to selection of the anticoagulant based on clinical variables that affect anticoagulant exposure. These variables and their interactions should be considered in choosing an alternative to warfarin and are summarized in a simple table comparing the new anticoagulants.
Topology of the gauge condition and new confinement phases in non-abelian gauge theories

Abstract The gauge-fixing constraint in a gauge field theory is crucial for understanding both short-distance and long-distance behavior of non-abelian gauge field theories. We define what we call “non-propagating” gauge conditions such as the unitary gauge and “approximately non-propagating” or renormalizable gauge conditions, and study their topological properties. By first fixing the non-abelian part of the gauge ambiguity we find that SU( N ) gauge theories can be written in the form of abelian gauge theories with N − 1 fold multiplicity enriched with magnetic monopoles with certain magnetic charge combinations. Their electric chargesare governed by the instanton angle θ. If θ is continuously varied from 0 to 2π and a confinement mode is assumed for some θ, then at least one phase-transition must occur. We speculate on the possibility of new phases: e.g., “oblique confinement,” where θ ⋍ π , and explain some peculiar features of this mode. In principle there may be infinitely many such modes, all separated by phase transition boundaries.