cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of artificial light on the community structure of reef-associated fishes at oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) contains almost 2300 oil and gas platforms. While some of these platforms are actively lit, allowing for normal working conditions throughout the night, many are unlit, illuminated only by small navigation beacons to warn vessels of their presence. In addition to producing oil and gas, these structures inadvertently serve as artificial reef habitat for a variety of GOM fish and invertebrate species. Though many fish species have been reported aggregating near these structures, this study is the first to examine changes in fish community structure in response to the structures’ artificial light regimes. Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) surveys were conducted at two lit and three unlit oil and gas platforms off the coast of Louisiana to examine the effect of platform artificial lighting on fish community structure during the day, at night, and during crepuscular periods. Seventeen recreationally harvested species were observed, with red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) being the most abundant. Statistical analysis indicated that fish community varied significantly with depth, season, type, and season by type interactions. More fish were seen at lit platforms than at unlit platforms, with the majority of individuals identified near the surface. While fish abundance at the surface remained high during the day, the numbers declined at night. This suggests that though fishes are attracted to the vertical relief of the structure, they may be avoiding the artificial light field at the surface either to escape nocturnal predation or to forage away from the platform.
Rethinking Universal Suspension for Severe Student Behavior.

ABSTRACTDriven by a combination of concern for historically high suspension rates and substantial disproportionalities in suspension use, a recent wave of education reforms encourages schools to reduce their use of suspensions for student behavior management. Both academic and political discourse has focused on the extensive use of suspension for relatively minor behavioral infractions, with an implicit assumption or explicit articulation that suspension could still be used for severe infractions. This article tests that assumption, providing evidence that reductions in suspensions for severe infractions may produce positive impacts without harming school safety.Using data from high schools in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), 2007–2014, we examine how declines in school reliance on suspensions for severe infractions are associated with changes in academic performance, attendance, and student reports of school climate for all students in the school. Recognizing the substantial methodological difficulty in...
Lives in Limbo: Undocumented and Coming of Age in America, by R. G. Gonzales

In his life-course ethnographic study of 150 undocumented Latinx youths, Gonzales highlights the far-reaching and devastating effects of illegality. Through its simultaneous focus on both college-g...
Canonical Equation K7 for Gram Random Matrices

In this chapter, we consider Gram random matrices \( {\Xi _{{m_n}\;{\rm{x}}\;n}}\Xi _{{m_n}\,{\rm{x}}\;n}^T \) and establish their basic properties under the assumption of independence of the entries of the matrix \( {\Xi _{{m_n}\;{\rm{x}}\;n}} \) and the other assumptions used in the previous chapters.
Assessment of New Fever in the Non-neutropenic Intensive Care Unit Patient

Fever is a common problem in ICU patients. The presence of a fever frequently results in the performance of diagnostic tests and procedures that significantly increase medical costs and expose the patient to unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures and the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The main diagnostic dilemma is to exclude noninfectious causes of fever and then to determine the site and likely pathogens of those with infections. It should be recalled that antibiotics are not antipyretic agents and that antibiotics should be used only in patients likely to havea bacterial infection. Furthermore, it is important to appreciate that not all patients with infections are febrile. Approximately 10% of septic patients are hypothermic and 35% are normothermic at presentation. Septic patients who fail to develop a temperature have a significantly higher mortality than febrile septic patients.
To Dare be an Inspired, Satiated, Soulful Teacher

Why do we teach? Our profession is not entirely a unique one. Many other professions have a teaching component to them. Other professions, whether they focus on medical, holistic, technical, artistic, religious, or community based practices, inspire ‘learners’ to grow, become more confident, and build themselves with greater depth, purpose, and fulfillment. As teachers, these qualities can be at the heart of our work continuously
Functional connections in the human temporal lobe. I. Analysis of limbic system pathways using neuronal responses evoked by electrical stimulation.

Connections in the human mesial temporal lobe were investigated using brief, single pulses of electrical stimulation to evoke field potential responses in limbic structures of 74 epileptic patients. Eight specific areas within these structures were stereotactically targeted for study, including amygdala, entorhinal cortex, presubiculum, the anterior, middle and posterior levels of hippocampus and the middle and posterior levels of parahippocampal gyrus. These sites were studied systematically in order to quantitatively assess the response characteristics and reliability of responses evoked during stimulation of pathways connecting the areas. Specific measures included response probability, amplitude, latency and conduction velocities. The results are assumed to be representative of typical human limbic pathways since all recordings were made interictally and response probabilities across sites were not found to differ significantly between non-epileptogenic vs. identified epileptogenic regions. Field potentials ranging in amplitude from less than 0.1 to greater than 6.0 mV were evoked ipsilaterally, with mean onset latencies and conduction velocities ranging from 4.4 ms and 3.64 m/s in the perforant pathway connecting entorhinal cortex to anterior hippocampus to 24.8 ms and 0.88 m/s in the pathway connecting the amygdala and middle hippocampus. Stimulation of presubiculum and entorhinal cortex were most effective in evoking widespread responses in adjacent limbic recording sites, whereas posterior parahippocampal gyrus appeared functionally separated from other limbic sites since its probability of influencing ipsilateral sites was significantly lower than any other area. It was particularly noteworthy that stimulation did not evoke responses in any sites in contralateral hippocampal formation; even though a large number of sites were tested with bilateral implantation of homotopic electrodes. The absence of evidence for a functional contralateral limbic projection in the human brain stands in marked contrast to the anatomical and physiological evidence in lower animals for strong contralateral connections between subfields of the hippocampus via the hippocampal commissure. In addition, it correlates well with anatomical evidence for reduced hippocampal commissural connections in lower primates.
Peptide–dendron hybrids that adopt sequence-encoded β-sheet conformations

Rational design rules for programming hierarchical organization and function through mutations of monomers in sequence-defined polymers can accelerate the development of novel polymeric and supramolecular materials. Our strategy for designing peptide–dendron hybrids that adopt predictable secondary and quaternary structures in bulk is based on patterning the sites at which dendrons are conjugated to short peptides. To validate this approach, we have designed and characterized a series of β-sheet-forming peptide–dendron hybrids. Spectroscopic studies of the hybrids in films reveal that the peptide portion of the hybrids adopts the intended secondary structure.
Correcting a Policy Mistake

The debate regarding producing another shuttle orbiter to replace Challenger continued through most of summer 1986, as did the conflict over the future role of the shuttle. If the shuttle were to be removed from its role in launching commercial and foreign payloads, after losing its planned monopoly in 1985 on national security launches, the basic premise upon which the shuttle program had been approved and carried out before the Challenger accident—that the vehicle could provide regular and affordable access to space for a wide variety of payloads, not only for the U.S. government but also for commercial and foreign users—would be abandoned. The decision to make the shuttle the sole U.S. means of access to space would have been recognized as a very significant policy mistake. The result of the post-Challenger debate was a set of decisions embodied in a December 1986 directive on “United States Space Launch Strategy.” That directive set out a new pathway for assuring U.S. access to space, and changed the role of the space shuttle, from being the primary means of access to space for all U.S. government payloads and an active participant in the global competition for commercial launch contracts, to being a system devoted to launching almost exclusively NASA payloads, carrying out various operations in orbit, and eventually launching, assembling, and servicing elements of the space station.
New voyages to explore the natural product galaxy

Natural products are a large family of diverse and complex chemical molecules that have roles in both primary and secondary metabolism, and over 210,000 natural products have been described. Secondary metabolite natural products are of high commercial and societal value with therapeutic uses as antibiotics, antifungals, antitumor and antiparasitic products and in agriculture as products for crop protection and animal health. There is a resurgence of activity in exploring natural products for a wide range of applications, due to not only increasing antibiotic resistance, but the advent of next-generation genome sequencing and new technologies to interrogate and investigate natural product biosynthesis. Genome mining has revealed a previously undiscovered richness of biosynthetic potential in novel biosynthetic gene clusters for natural products. Complementing these computational processes are new experimental platforms that are being developed and deployed to access new natural products.
Surrogate modeling for fluid flows based on physics-constrained deep learning without simulation data

Abstract Numerical simulations on fluid dynamics problems primarily rely on spatially or/and temporally discretization of the governing equation using polynomials into a finite-dimensional algebraic system. Due to the multi-scale nature of the physics and sensitivity from meshing a complicated geometry, such process can be computational prohibitive for most real-time applications (e.g., clinical diagnosis and surgery planning) and many-query analyses (e.g., optimization design and uncertainty quantification). Therefore, developing a cost-effective surrogate model is of great practical significance. Deep learning (DL) has shown new promises for surrogate modeling due to its capability of handling strong nonlinearity and high dimensionality. However, the off-the-shelf DL architectures, success of which heavily relies on the large amount of training data and interpolatory nature of the problem, fail to operate when the data becomes sparse. Unfortunately, data is often insufficient in most parametric fluid dynamics problems since each data point in the parameter space requires an expensive numerical simulation based on the first principle, e.g., Navier–Stokes equations. In this paper, we provide a physics-constrained DL approach for surrogate modeling of fluid flows without relying on any simulation data. Specifically, a structured deep neural network (DNN) architecture is devised to enforce the initial and boundary conditions, and the governing partial differential equations (i.e., Navier–Stokes equations) are incorporated into the loss of the DNN to drive the training. Numerical experiments are conducted on a number of internal flows relevant to hemodynamics applications, and the forward propagation of uncertainties in fluid properties and domain geometry is studied as well. The results show excellent agreement on the flow field and forward-propagated uncertainties between the DL surrogate approximations and the first-principle numerical simulations.
Revised models for the underlying physics and mitigations of laser induced filamentation damage in large aperture laser optics

The necessity for durable optics for higher laser fluences and intensities grows as new technological advancements allow for increased peak powers of laser systems. This has motivated a substantial effort in the last decades to better understand laser induced damage mechanisms and their mitigation. One major damage mechanism limitation to laser systems at high peak intensities is filamentation in fused silica glass, due to Kerr self-focusing of the light [1], that has been motivating an on-going effort for the last few decades [2]. The past studies had led to a set of simplified rules that allows for the operation of laser system below the onset point for this mechanism to take place, namely what is known as the IL rule (intensity times the collapse distance before filamenting equals some empirical constant) and the Bespalov-Talanov (BT) perturbation growth theory [3-6]. The need to increase the laser beam intensities and optimize the throughput, closer to the point where the optical propagation length in the material is comparable to the predicted filamentation distance, requires revisiting and improving our understanding of the current rule set. This is especially emphasized by the shortcomings of these two highly useful yet under-justified models for the relevant situations of large aperture beams where the contrast perturbations on the beam are the seed for the filamentations (i.e., and not whole beam collapse).
Evolution of new enzymes by gene duplication and divergence

Thousands of new metabolic and regulatory enzymes have evolved by gene duplication and divergence since the dawn of life. New enzyme activities often originate from promiscuous secondary activities that have become important for fitness due to a change in the environment or a mutation. Mutations that make a promiscuous activity physiologically relevant can occur in the gene encoding the promiscuous enzyme itself, but can also occur elsewhere, resulting in increased expression of the enzyme or decreased competition between the native and novel substrates for the active site. If a newly useful activity is inefficient, gene duplication/amplification will set the stage for divergence of a new enzyme. Even a few mutations can increase the efficiency of a new activity by orders of magnitude. As efficiency increases, amplified gene arrays will shrink to provide two alleles, one encoding the original enzyme and one encoding the new enzyme. Ultimately, genomic rearrangements eliminate co-amplified genes and move newly evolved paralogs to a distant region of the genome.
Good Neighbor House: Reimagining Settlement Houses for 21st Century Communities

Scholars have documented many challenges facing communities in the 21st century including increasing inter-group conflict, declining levels of social trust, growing skepticism of institutions, and diminishing public resources. Such challenges threaten to weaken social ties and undermine relationships at the local level. We contend there is a significant opportunity and a need for the development of innovative models of community practice which emphasize bringing residents together and strengthening mutually beneficial relationships in neighborhoods and communities. Moreover, we believe Christian community practitioners and faith-based organizations have unique contributions to make. In this paper, we propose one faith-based model, a reimagining for 21st century communities the settlement house model that first emerged in the late 19th century. Drawing on the history of the settlement house movement and the experiences of one faith-based house in Texas, the Good Neighbor House, we explore and suggest strategies for Christian community practitioners in 21st century communities.
Proteomic and functional analyses of the periodic membrane skeleton in neurons

Actin, spectrin, and associated molecules form a membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) in neurons. The molecular composition and functions of the MPS remain incompletely understood. Here, using co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we identified hundreds of candidate MPS-interacting proteins that span diverse functional categories. We validated representative proteins in several of these categories, including previously unknown MPS structural components, as well as motor proteins, cell adhesion molecules, ion channels, and signaling proteins, demonstrating periodic distributions of ~20 proteins in neurons using super-resolution imaging. Genetic perturbations of the MPS and its interacting proteins further suggested functional roles of the MPS in axon-axon and axon-dendrite interactions and in axon diameter regulation, and implicated the involvement of MPS interactions with cell adhesion molecules and non-muscle myosin in these roles. These results provide new insights into the interactome of the MPS, and suggest new functions of the MPS in neurons.
Restorative and Transformative Justice Responses to Sexual Violence

Background: #MeToo movement raised the profiles of restorative justice (RJ) and transformative justice (TJ) in the United States (US) as approaches to repairing harm resulting from sexual violence that center survivors’ needs and emphasize meaningful accountability for persons responsible for harm. This focus on RJ and TJ as viable approaches to sexual violence represents a departure from carceral interventions, which has dominated the US public discourse for decades. Given the shift, mapping the current state of knowledge is critical for practice, policy and research. This scoping review aims to map the available literature to provide an overview of RJ and TJ as responses to sexual violence. Methods/Design: The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with the Joana Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews (Peters, Godfrey-Smith, & Mcinerney, 2017). The concept of interest is the use of RJ and TJ as responses to sexual violence. This scoping review will include both peer-reviewed and grey literature. We will employ a standardized extraction form and represent the data using a descriptive summary, charts and tables that align with the stated objectives. Discussion: Since the #MeToo movement emerged in 2017, public interest in RJ and TJ as meaningful responses to sexual violence has grown. This comprehensive scoping review will systematically organize the literature in order to understand the current landscape of evidence related to these approaches. Given the transformative potential of these interventions, past controversies, and current public interest in the approaches, understanding the current state of knowledge is critical for practice, policy and research.
The population of near-earth asteroids revisited and updated

Abstract In this paper we update, extend, and improve upon the recent paper on Near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) population by Harris and D'Abramo (2015). We update the population estimate taking into account discoveries to August 3, 2020. Shortly after the previous paper was published, we identified a problem in our previous studies due to rounding off of absolute magnitude H by the Minor Planet Center to 0.1 magnitude that implicitly shifted our bin boundaries by 0.05 magnitude. Here we correct the problem by choosing H bin boundaries at 0.25–0.75 magnitude, rather than 0.00–0.50 magnitude thereby eliminating the round-off shift. We also introduce an updated model distribution of NEA orbits (Granvik et al. 2018) in our survey simulations. This new population model includes orbital distributions as a function of size, allowing us to test our presumption that distributions are homologous with respect to size. The change in distribution of orbits between that used by Harris and D'Abramo (2015) and the newer Granvik et al. (2018) distributions was substantially greater than the range over size given in the latter, but made almost no difference in population estimates, suggesting that the re-detection algorithm is robust and does not depend strongly on the detailed orbit distribution, and also validates our presumption of homologous distribution over size. For the current analysis, we have added ATLAS and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) to our analysis. We have separately analyzed the re-detection ratio versus size (H magnitude) for each of four surveys (Catalina + Mt. Lemmon, Pan-STARRS, ATLAS and ZTF) to investigate any differences between the various systems and cadences, and found none of significance, thus again, the re-detection algorithm appears very robust and mostly independent of survey parameters. With these changes and more recent discovery statistics to 2020, we estimate the number of NEAs of absolute magnitude H 1 km) to be 940 ± 10. Following the updated population estimate, we examine more closely the rates of discovery of the largest NEAs (absolute magnitude H 1 km) to make a more detailed estimate of the numbers of these large objects that remain undiscovered. Lastly we use the distribution of albedos of NEAs from NEOWISE observations (Mainzer et al. 2011) to transform our population estimate from number versus H, N( D). Unfortunately this transformation depends substantially on only minor uncertainties in the albedo distribution, so N(>D) remains much less certain than N(
Current status of intratumoral therapy for glioblastoma

With emerging drug delivery technologies becoming accessible, more options are expected to become available to patients with glioblastoma (GBM) in the near future. It is important for clinicians to be familiar with the underlying mechanisms and limitations of intratumoral drug delivery, and direction of recent research efforts. Tumor-adjacent brain is an extremely complex living matrix that creates challenges with normal tissue intertwining with tumor cells. For convection-enhanced delivery (CED), the role of tissue anisotropy for better predicting the biodistribution of the infusate has recently been studied. Computational predictive methods are now available to better plan CED therapy. Catheter design and placement—in addition to the agent being used—are critical components of any protocol. This paper overviews intratumoral therapies for GBM, highlighting key anatomic and physiologic perspectives, selected agents (especially immunotoxins), and some new developments such as the description of the glymphatic system.
Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes of the Lower Extremity

Patients affected by peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes generally complain of paresthesias, pain, and/or motor weakness in the territory supplied by the involved nerve. Clinical manifestations can be divided into three stages [8]: 1. Stage I: Rest pain and intermittent paresthesias that are worse at night. 2. Stage II: Constant paresthesias and numbness that can occasionally be associated with muscle weakness. 3. Stage III: Constant pain, muscle atrophy, and permanent sensory loss.
Using Wheelchair Sports to Complement Disability Awareness Curriculum among College Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a campus-wide intramural wheelchair sports program on attitudes toward people with disabilities. The sample consisted of 126 participants at ...
Three-dimensional computer animated graphics: A tool for spatial skill instruction

Spatial skills necessary to design and analyze orthographic drawings are sometimes lacking in students. This study investigated whether computer animated graphics which replicate mental images of rotation and dimensional transformation would be useful in the development of spatial skills. Subjects viewed films of three architectural types of graphic representations. In both color and wire frame form, rotating to top and side views, and changing from three to two dimensions. Results indicated that viewing the animated images did have a significant effect on increasing orthographic but not mental rotation test scores. The order in which subjects viewed the films significantly affected their orthographic scores. Furthermore, viewing wire frame images first had a significantly negative effect on subjects’ first mental rotation score.
Using fluorescent sphingolipid analogs to study intracellular lipid trafficking.

Sphingolipids (SLs), including glycosphingolipids, are found on the plasma membrane where they play important roles in a wide variety of cell functions, including cell-cell communication, cell growth and differentiation, host-pathogen interactions, and cell-signaling events. This unit illustrates the use of fluorescent SL analogs to identify the mechanisms underlying SL endocytosis and subsequent intracellular trafficking. Techniques used to study SL domain formation at the plasma membrane, endocytic mechanisms and intracellular transport steps are highlighted. The use of biochemical treatments and dominant-negative protein expression to block specific steps in lipid trafficking are also discussed. Keywords: lipid; sphingolipid; lipid trafficking
In situ Formation of Thermoplastic Composites: Ultem/Vectra

This paper is concerned with the development of films of an engineering thermoplastic, polyetherimide (Ultem), reinforced with a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (Vectra). In particular the processing conditions for which fibrils of Vectra can be formed are established. The upper processing temperature is established by the point at which the polymers degrade while the lower is that at which G‘ equals G“ of the blend. The morphology, molecular orientation and mechanical properties of the in situ reinforced composite films were investigated as a function of the draw ratio in various drawing zones. With 30 wt% Vectra an increase in the dynamic modulus (both in torsion and tension) of 6–10 times over that of pure Ultem was achieved. In general, the higher the degree of orientation in the liquid crystalline Vectra phase, as determined by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), the higher the modulus of the composite.
Letter: The Gravitational Energy of a Black Hole

An exact energy expression for a physical black hole is derived by considering the escape of a photon from the black hole. The mass of the black hole within its horizon is found to be twice its mass as observed at infinity. This result is important in understanding gravitational waves in black hole collisions.
Dynamic load balancing of an iterative eigensolver on networks of heterogeneous clusters

Clusters of homogeneous workstations built around fast networks have become popular means of solving scientific problems, and users often have access to several such clusters. Harnessing the collective power of these clusters to solve a single, challenging problem is desirable, but is often impeded by large inter-cluster network latencies and heterogeneity of different clusters. The complexity of these environments requires commensurate advances in parallel algorithm design. We support this thesis by utilizing two techniques: 1) multigrain, a novel algorithmic technique that induces coarse granularity to parallel iterative methods, providing tolerance for large communication latencies, and 2) an application-level load balancing technique applicable to a specific but important class of iterative methods. We implement both algorithmic techniques on the popular Jacobi-Davidson eigenvalue iterative solver. Our experiments on a cluster environment show that the combination of the two techniques enables effective use of heterogeneous, possibly distributed resources, that cannot be achieved by traditional implementations of the method.
Pharmacokinetics of calcium absorption from two commercial calcium supplements.

This study was conducted to compare pharmacokinetic indices of calcium absorption after a single oral (500 mg calcium) load of Citracal (calcium citrate) and Os-Cal (calcium carbonate). In 18 postmenopausal normal women, venous blood samples were obtained for the measurement of calcium before and hourly for 6 hours after an oral ingestion of Citracal, Os-Cal, or placebo with a breakfast meal. The change in area under the curve (ΔAUC) in serum calcium from preload was 2.5-fold greater for Citracal than Os-Cal, and the peak-basal variation in serum calcium was 76% higher for Citracal than Os-Cal. The increment in serum calcium from preload after Citracal administration was significantly higher than that obtained after placebo load during most time periods and significantly higher than that of Os-Cal at 1, 4, and 5 hours after load. In contrast, ΔAUC and peak basal variation of Os-Cal did not differ significantly from placebo, and increment in serum calcium was significantly increased from placebo only at 6 hours. In conclusion, Citracal is much more bioavailable than Os-Cal.
Racial disparity: Substance dependency and psychological health problems among welfare recipients

This study explored the racial disparity of substance dependency and psychological health among White, African American, and Hispanic Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) recipients as well as the relationship between substance dependency and psychological health. It analyzed 1,286 TANF recipients from the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data. Analysis of variance indicated that Whites were experiencing more nicotine and alcohol dependency and psychological distress than others, but African Americans and Hispanics were experiencing more cocaine dependency than Whites. Ordinary least squares regression revealed that nicotine dependency is significantly related to the psychological distress of Whites. Alcohol dependency is significantly associated with the psychological distress of three groups. Culturally competent programs are suggested.
Bioactive constituents of Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke)

Abstract In a cytotoxicity-guided study using the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line, nine known compounds, ent-17-oxokaur-15(16)-en-19-oic acid (1), ent-17-hydroxykaur-15(16)-en-19-oic acid (2), ent-15β-hydroxykaur-16(17)-en-19-oic acid methyl ester (3), ent-15-nor-14-oxolabda-8(17),12E-dien-18-oic acid (4), 4,15-isoatriplicolide angelate (5), 4,15-isoatriplicolide methylacrylate (6), (+)-pinoresinol (7), (−)-loliolide (8), and vanillin (9) were isolated from the chloroform-soluble subfraction of a methanol extract of the whole plant of Helianthus tuberosus collected in Ohio, USA. This is the first time that diterpenes have been isolated and identified from this economically important plant. The bioactivities of all isolates were evaluated using the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line as well as a soybean isoflavonoid defense activation bioassay. The results showed that two germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones, 5 and 6, are cytotoxic agents. While compounds 2, 3, 5 and 6 blocked isoflavone accumulation in the soybean, the norisoprenoid (−)-loliolide (8) was somewhat stimulatory of these defense metabolites.
Plesiomiacis, a New Creodont from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California.

The creodont described in this paper was found recently at Calif. Inst. Tech. Vert. Pale. Locality 207 in the Brea Canyon section of the Sespe deposits north of the Simi Valley, California. The faunal stage occurring here has a stratigraphic position approximately 675 feet lower in the section than Locality 150, and is unquestionably more closely related in age to that found at Locality 180 approximately 3 miles to the east along the strike of the Sespe deposits. These lower faunal horizons in the Sespe are now regarded as belonging to the Upper Eocene, while the stage recorded at Locality 150 has been assigned to the uppermost Eocene.
Biologic Effects And Safety Of Stavudine: Overview Of Phase I And Ii Clinical Trials

Data on the biologic effects and safety of stavudine in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex represent results of two phase I trials (n = 84), another phase I study of patients with hematologic intolerance to zidovudine (n = 23), and a phase II trial (n = 152). The daily doses of stavudine ranged from 0.1 to 12.0 mg/kg. Increases in CD4 cell count, declines in serum p24 antigen, and weight gain were all related to the dose of stavudine. Doses of or = 48 weeks in the phase I studies and > or = 79 weeks in the phase II study. The predominant dose-limiting toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, which was related to both the dose and duration of treatment with stavudine. Elevations of liver enzymes were seen in some patients but appeared to be related to underlying disease rather than treatment. There was no evidence of dose-related hematologic toxicity.
Due Process Orientation Does Not Always Mean Political Liberalism

Based on a factor analysis, a distinction is made between Procedural Due Process and Due Process/Crime Control attitudes. Factor scores were developed to classify survey respondents on each dimension. Only Due Process/Crime Control scores correlated significantly with political self-definition and Witherspoon Exclusion criteria. In response to a description of a criminal case, student mock jurors with relatively high scores on the Due Process/Crime Control (or politically correlated) dimension made verdict determinations that violated due process by (a) being more likely to convict a White police officer than an Hispanic janitor defendant given identical evidence, and (b) increasing their conviction rate when exposed to illegal evidence. In contrast, student jurors relatively high in Procedural Due Process made verdict determinations consistent with due process by (a) judging the two defendants equivalently in terms of conviction rate and (b) following instructions to disregard illegal evidence. Student jurors low in either form of due process exhibited illegal evidence bias, but no defendant bias. Implications of a two-factor model of due process attitudes are discussed within the broader framework of a society's legal system.
Solution structure of omega-conotoxin MVIIC, a high affinity ligand of P-type calcium channels, using 1H NMR spectroscopy and complete relaxation matrix analysis.

Abstract We have determined the solution structure of the ω-conotoxin MVIIC fromConus magusby1H NMR. This conopeptide preferentially blocks P and Q type Ca2+currents by binding with high affinity to voltage-sensitive Ca2+channels in neurons. This 26 residue peptide with three disulfide bonds was chemically synthesized and refolded for NMR structural studies. The1H NMR NOESY spectrum of this peptide was completely assigned, with stereospecific assignments made for 12 of the β prochiral centers. Complete relaxation matrix analysis using MARDIGRAS was used to obtain initial interproton distances from peak intensities. The correlation time necessary for these calculations was determined by measuring13C relaxation times using inversely detected natural abundance spectra. Distances were input to DG, which provided 15 starting structures which were then subjected to restrained molecular dynamics calculations using SANDER with the AMBER 91 force fieldin vacuo.1H-1H vicinal coupling constants were obtained using a combination of line fitting of both E. COSY and NOESY spectra and used to generate angle restraints that were included explicitly in the restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The final set of the 15 best structures had a backbone rmsd of 0.84 A. The ensembleR1/6factor calculated by CORMA for the final 15 structures was 11%. The final structure consists of an anti-parallel, triple-stranded β-sheet, with four turns. In spite of significant differences in amino acid sequence and affinities for calcium channel subtypes, the backbone structure of ω-conotoxin MVIIC is very similar to the previously reported structure of ω-conotoxin GVIA.
Effect of Milfoil (Myriophyllum Spicatum L.) on Phosphorus Movement Between Sediment and Water

Abstract Milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.), grown in 10-liter battery jars and rooted in pond sediment, showed no leakage of P from the shoots into the surrounding water, even when P concentration in the water was 5 μg/L but 1000 μg/L in sediment water around the roots. P added to the water dropped to concentrations of about 10 μg/L in both planted and sediment only jars, but fell somewhat faster when milfoil was growing in the jars. This particular type of milfoil in its rapidly growing stage absorbed P through its leaves and stems and did not show any signs of acting as a conduit for increased movement of soluble P from enriched sediment water to overlying water, compared to sediment-water jars with no plants. When dissolved P levels were maintained at low levels (10 μg/L in the water), root absorption could not supply enough P to maintain plant tissues at their initial P content of about 0.80 percent, dry wt. No changes in sediment P over the course of the experiment could be assigned to the plants’ presence.
Successful twin pregnancy in a 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis.

The karyotypes of the normal human males and females are 46,XY and XX, respectively. Women with the 46,XY genotype represent a very heterogeneous group. Swyer syndrome, also known as pure gonadal d...
Orthogonal predictions: follow‐up questions for suggestive data

When a biological hypothesis of causal effect can be inferred, the hypothesis can sometimes be tested in the selfsame database that gave rise to the study data from which the hypothesis grew. Valid testing happens when the inferred biological hypothesis has scientific implications that predict new relations between observations already recorded. Testing for the existence of the new relations is a valid assessment of the biological hypothesis, so long as the newly predicted relations are not a logical correlate of the observations that stimulated the hypothesis in the first place. These predictions that lead to valid tests might be called 'orthogonal' predictions in the data, and stand in marked contrast to 'scrawny' hypotheses with no biological content, which predict simply that the same data relations will be seen in a new database. The Universal Data Warehouse will shortly render moot searches for new databases in which to test.
Ethanol and Diethyl Phthalate: Vehicle Effects in the Local Lymph Node Assay

The vehicle in which an allergen is presented to the skin has been recognized to have an effect on the skin-sensitizing potency of the allergen. Typical vehicles used to evaluate the skin sensitization potential of fragrance materials include ethanol, diethyl phthalate, or a combination of the two. The authors conducted a series of studies to evaluate each of these vehicles for their utility in the murine local lymph node assay and to investigate the potential differences in skin sensitization resulting from their use. Four fragrance materials were tested in four different vehicles. The test materials were p-t-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde, geraniol, eugenol, and hydroxycitronellal. The vehicles were diethyl phthalate, 1:3 ethanol:diethyl phthalate, 3:1 ethanol:diethyl phthalate, and ethanol. Each of the fragrance materials was tested at five dose levels ranging from 0.3% to 50% w/v. In all four vehicles, each material tested elicited positive responses, exhibiting weak to moderate skin sensitization potential. Overall, p-t-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde exhibited the most potency, followed by eugenol, geraniol, and hydroxycitronellal. The sensitization potential of both p-t-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde and geraniol was greatest when the vehicle was ethanol. The sensitization potential of eugenol was greatest in 3:1 ethanol:diethyl phthalate, but the sensitization potential for hydroxycitronellal was greatest in 1:3 ethanol:diethyl phthalate. The strength of the sensitization response was observed to vary with the vehicle; however, the results did not show any clear pattern of one vehicle over another regarding skin sensitization.
Experimental test of Selleri's variable photodetection-probability model

Selleri's model of photodetection based on variable detection probability is analyzed. The results of an experiment that discriminates between the predictions of Selleri's model and quantum mechanics are presented [Bell's Theorem and the Foundations of Modern Physics, edited by A. van der Merwe, F. Selleri, and G. Tarozzi (World Scientific, Singapore, 1992); in Wave-Particle Duality, edited by F. Selleri (Plenum, New York, 1992)]. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Glycosidase inhibitors: inhibitors of N-linked oligosaccharide processing.

The biosynthesis of the various types of N-linked oligosaccharide structures involves two series of reactions: 1) the formation of the lipid-linked saccharide precursor, Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol, by the stepwise addition of GlcNAc, mannose and glucose to dolichyl-P, and 2) the removal of glucose and mannose by membrane-bound glycosidases and the addition of GlcNAc, galactose, sialic acid, and fucose by Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases to produce different complex oligosaccharide structures. For most glycoproteins, the precise role of the carbohydrate is still not known, but specific N-linked oligosaccharide structures are key players in targeting of lysosomal hydrolases to the lysosomes, in the clearance of asialoglycoproteins from the serum, and in some cases of cell:cell adhesion. Furthermore, many glycoproteins have more than one N-linked oligosaccharide, and these oligosaccharides on the same protein frequently have different structures. Thus, one oligosaccharide may be of the hig...
Role of Sex Hormones in Albumen Secretion by the Oviduct of Chickens

Abstract WHILE it is generally known that the sex steroids can greatly increase the size of the oviduct of immature female chickens it is not clear whether size alone is indicative of physiological maturity and ability of the oviduct to secrete albumen. To determine the role of the steroids in the growth of the duct system and in getting it ready for later albumen secretion was the object of the present paper. Three steroid hormones were used in this study, two of which, estrogen and androgen, are known to be avian hormones with well established physiological and morphological effects on their target tissues. The third steroid used, progesterone, is not usually considered to be a hormone typical of birds, although it is known to have certain physiological effects when injected into chickens. One of the objectives of this study was to determine the role, if any, played by progesterone in stimulating …
Imaging and X-ray Microanalysis of a Poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) Ionomer Melt Neutralized with Sodium

The ionic aggregates in an as-extruded and a recrystallized poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) ionomer melt neutralized with sodium have been imaged using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The recrystallized sample exhibits a macrophase-separated structure with three phases with distinct boundaries. Phase I does not contain aggregates > 1 nm, phase II contains small spherical aggregates of ∼2−15 nm in diameter, and phase III contains large aggregates with diameters ranging from ∼20 to 160 nm. Contrast reversal between bright field and annular dark field STEM images indicates that the aggregates are Na-rich. In contrast, the as-extruded sample is featureless on the STEM length scale. This study shows that thermal history has a major impact on ionomer morphology. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) using a 1 nm probe confirms higher Na contents in the ionic aggregates and detects Na in the matrix. XEDS also finds a significant amount of C in the ion-rich aggregates due to the incorp...
Component and system reliability-based topology optimization using a single-loop method

We perform reliability-based topology optimization by combining reliability analysis and material distribution topology design methods to design linear elastic structures subject to random inputs, such as random loadings. Both component reliability and system reliability are considered. In component reliability, we satisfy numerous probabilistic constraints which quantify the failure of different events. In system reliability, we satisfy a single probabilistic constraint which encompasses the component events. We adopt the first-order reliability method to approximate the component reliabilities and the inclusion-exclusion rule to approximate the system reliability. To solve the probabilistic optimization problem, we use a variant of the single loop method, which eliminates the need for an inner reliability analysis loop. The proposed method is amenable to implementation with existing deterministic topology optimization software, and hence suitable for practical applications. Designs obtained from component and system reliability-based topology optimization are compared to those obtained from traditional deterministic topology optimization and validated via Monte Carlo simulation.
Adult Hemoglobin Synthesis by Reticulocytes from the Human Fetus at Midtrimester

The synthesis of adult-type hemoglobin was measured in small samples of peripheral blood cells from 9- to 18-week human fetuses. Hemoglobin indistinguishable from hemoglobin A was identified by ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis at p H 8.6, tryptic peptide analysis, and the insensitivity of its synthesis to the action of O-methylthreonine. Synthesis of hemoglobin A accounted for 8 to 14 percent of total hemoglobin synthesis and was demonstrated in as little as 10 microliters of fetal blood. These studies provide sensitive methods for the detection of β chain types in hemoglobin synthesized by the human fetus at midtrimester. If methods to obtain small quantities of fetal blood at midtrimester become available, these techniques should be applicable to the antenatal detection of sickle cell anemia and related hemoglobinopathies.
Spiritual Distress in Bereavement: Evolution of a Research Program

Many mourners turn to their spiritual beliefs and traditions when confronted by the death of a loved one. However, prior studies have either focused primarily on the benefits of faith following loss or studied spiritual struggle outside the context of bereavement. Moreover, scales to measure bereavement-related crises of faith and interventions specifically designed for spiritually inclined, distressed grievers are virtually non-existent. Our program of research, which to date has consisted of working with Christian grievers and is outlined below, elucidates complicated spiritual grief (CSG)—a spiritual crisis following the loss of a loved one. For example, our longitudinal examination of 46 African American homicide survivors established the relation between positive religious coping, CSG, and complicated grief (CG), to clarify whether religious coping more strongly predicted bereavement distress or vice versa, with a follow-up study that determined the relation between religious coping and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We replicated and expanded these findings with a diverse sample of 150 grievers to explore the complex relation between CSG, CG, and meaning making in a comparison study of mourners who had experienced traumatic-versus natural death losses. In a companion study, we qualitatively analyzed 84 grievers’ narratives and interviewed a 5-member focus group to capture and learn from their firsthand experiences of spiritual distress. To close the gap in terms of CSG assessment, we also developed and validated the Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG). Currently, our ongoing CSG investigation extends in several directions: first, to a sample of family members anticipating the loss of their hospice-eligible loved one in palliative care; and, second, to the development and testing of a writing-intensive intervention for newly bereaved, spiritually inclined grievers.