cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability in higher order statistics of measured shallow-water shipping noise

Many underwater acoustic signal processing algorithms are designed for use in stationary and/or Gaussian noise. While these assumptions are often valid for applications in deep water ocean areas, they may not be appropriate for shallow water areas, especially in the presence of local shipping activity. Local shipping also produces spatial correlation in the noise and introduces additional complexity for multichannel processing. In this paper, two 30-minute sets of ambient ocean noise, recorded near the San Diego, California coast, are analyzed for stationarity and Gaussianity using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Since processing algorithms based on higher order statistics often assume Gaussianity, time-dependent fluctuations in the third and fourth order cumulants are also analyzed. The analysis reveals significant variability in the time lengths of stationary periods, and episodic periods of nonGaussianity that last for up to five minutes. Statistical fluctuations appear predominantly in the second and fourth order cumulants rather than the third order cumulant. The shipping noise is also shown to be correlated between pairs of hydrophones with the level of correlation varying over time and the correlation ranging from positive to negative with increasing channel separation.
Congenital bicuspid aortic valve: steps toward providing an answer to the question of antibiotic endocarditis prophylaxis

We report a case of congenital bicuspid aortic valve infective endocarditis in an 18-year-old male with no significant past medical history. He presented to the emergency department from an ophthalmology clinic with new right-eye vision changes. Initial EKG revealed sinus tachycardia and he was hemodynamically stable. Expedited diagnostic transesophageal echocardiography revealed vegetations on both aortic leaflets, an aortic root abscess, and a fistulous tract extending from the left ventricular outflow tract into the right ventricular outflow tract. Although he was evaluated by the cardiothoracic surgery team and scheduled for operative repair, he acutely became bradycardic, developed pulseless electrical activity, and was resuscitated on multiple occasions, but died suddenly from PEA arrest within 24 hours of presenting to the emergency department. This case demonstrates complications of acute bacterial endocarditis. We discuss the current debate surrounding the role of antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. Additionally, we suggest that patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, a common congenital defect with a known increased risk for bacterial endocarditis, might represent a unique cohort to prospectively study whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of bacterial endocarditis in patients at increased risk.
Treatment of prostatic carcinoma by pelvic lymphadenectomy, temporary Iridium-192 implant, and external irradiation

Forty patients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate have been treated by a combination of pelvic lymphadenectomy, temporary Iridium-192 implantation, and external irradiation with follow-up of one to five years. 192Ir implant delivers a minimum tumor dose of 3,000 rad to A2 and B1 lesions and 3,500 to B2 and C lesions. Two weeks later patients receive 4,000 rad of external irradiation to the prostate over four to five weeks. Patients with pelvic nodal metastases receive 5,000 rad to the pelvis with a midline block at 4,000 rad. All patients have had a complete local response as judged by clinical criteria. Prostate needle biopsies have been performed on 16 patients one year or less after treatment, with 15 biopsies benign. The technique appears to offer excellent local control of prostatic adenocarcinoma with acceptably low morbidity.
Innervation of a lizard auditory organ having gap junctions between most hair cells: a serial transmission electron microscopy study.

Two apical unidirectional and 16 basal bidirectional papillar hair cells of the yucca night lizard, Xantusia vigilis, were serially sectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the pattern of hair cell innervation. The 16 bidirectional hair cells (central group) were sectioned across the entire width of the papilla and consisted of four complete hair cells in each of the first three rows and the upper (or neural) half of the four hair cells in the fourth or last row. Both hair cell types were nonexclusively innervated, i.e., each afferent nerve fiber innervated two or more hair cells. The apical unidirectional hair cells were innervated by six or seven different afferent nerve fibers and five or six efferent fibers. The afferent nerve fibers made an average of 52.5 synapses/hair cell. In the central group of 16 bidirectional hair cells, 25 different afferent nerve fibers innervated an average of 4.5 hair cells. The average number of hair cells innervated by the eight afferent nerve fibers limited to the central group was 5.4. An unusual finding was the presence of gap junctions directly interconnecting more than half the hair cells in both papillar segments. In the bidirectional hair cell region, it was possible to count the number of gap junctions between 24 contiguous hair cells. The average number of gap junctions was four per hair cell, and all bidirectional hair cells were either directly or indirectly interconnected by gap junctions. The possible functions of a nonexclusive type of hair cell innervation and the presence of large numbers of gap junctions are discussed.
Expressive expression mapping with ratio images

Facial expressions exhibit not only facial feature motions, but also subtle changes in illumination and appearance (e.g., facial creases and wrinkles). These details are important visual cues, but they are difficult to synthesize. Traditional expression mapping techniques consider feature motions while the details in illumination changes are ignored. In this paper, we present a novel technique for facial expression mapping. We capture the illumination change of one person's expression in what we call an expression ratio image (ERI). Together with geometric warping, we map an ERI to any other person's face image to generate more expressive facial expressions.
Effects of membrane-lipid composition on nascent protein translocation induced by heat and ethanol in Escherichia coli

Abstract 1. 1.|In fatty acid supplemented E. coli auxotrophs the degree of saturation in acyl chains 18 carbons long did not influence the translocation of protein to the outer membrane under hyperthermal stress. However, in cells grown in medium supplemented with 20-carbon fatty acids the degree of saturation markedly affected protein translocation and acute exposure of cells to 6% (v/v) ethanol mimicked the effects of hyperthermic treatment. 2. 2.|31PNMR studies revealed that whole membranes exhibited lamellar properties at 25°C but at growth temperature (39°C) and above they exhibited a mainly isotropic nature irrespective of fatty acid supplement. At temperatures greater than 40°C, a new isotropic component (ca 20 ppm downfield) was observed. This isotropic component does not appear to arise from any typical phosphorus metabolite or lipid phase. 3. 3.|The role of lipid composition in protein translocation induced by ethanol and heat stress are discussed and a hypothesis for heat shock activation is presented.
Experimental Study of Causes of Unsteadiness of Shock-Induced Turbulent Separation

Simultaneous measurements have been made of the fluctuating wall pressures under the unsteady separation shock wave in a Mach 5 blunt fin-induced interaction and fluctuating pitot pressures from a triple-tipped probe placed well upstream in the undisturbed turbulent boundary layer. Results show a correlation between the scale of the separated flow and spanwise variations in pitot pressure in the incoming boundary layer. The low-frequency spanwise pitot pressure variations are consistent with earlier experiments, indicating the presence of a spanwise vortex structure in the incoming boundary layer. The results suggest that these vortices may be the cause, or at least one of the causes, of the low-frequency pulsation of the separated flow.
Syntactic models for structural word insertion and deletion

An important problem in translation neglected by most recent statistical machine translation systems is insertion and deletion of words, such as function words, motivated by linguistic structure rather than adjacent lexical context. Phrasal and hierarchical systems can only insert or delete words in the context of a larger phrase or rule. While this may suffice when translating in-domain, it performs poorly when trying to translate broad domains such as web text. Various syntactic approaches have been proposed that begin to address this problem by learning lexicalized and unlexicalized rules. Among these, the treelet approach uses unlexicalized order templates to model ordering separately from lexical choice. We introduce an extension to the latter that allows for structural word insertion and deletion, without requiring a lexical anchor, and show that it produces gains of more than 1.0% BLEU over both phrasal and baseline treelet systems on broad domain text.
Examples of Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions not recoverable from asset demands

Abstract Counterexamples are given which show that preference orderings on portfolios need not uniquely determine the von Neumann-Morgenstern utility of income function. These counterexamples may not be robust, but robust examples exist if high and low incomes cannot be observed.
Novel carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylates to produce high-refractive index polymers

Abstract A novel, high-refractive index homopolymer was produced by incorporating carbazole and phenol into the methacrylate monomer structure. The reaction of phenol with 9-(2,3-epoxypropyl)-carbazole, followed by the reaction of the carbazole phenoxy-based intermediate with methacryloyl chloride or methacrylic anhydride, and recrystallization from methanol, produced a good yield of highly pure carbazole phenoxy functionalized methacrylate monomer. Subsequent free radical polymerization or UV photopolymerization of the functionalized methacrylate monomer, in addition to copolymerizations with methyl methacrylate, provided for high-refractive index materials well suited for lightweight optical applications. Unlike N-vinyl carbazole, the novel carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate readily copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. Statistical copolymers of carbazole based methacrylates with methyl methacrylate were produced by free radical solution polymerization in DMAC or by photopolymerization in DMF. The carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate monomer was characterized for molecular weight using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), for melting point and glass transition temperature using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), for decomposition using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and for chemical composition by one- and two-dimensional 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and by elemental analysis. The AIBN initiated carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate polymerization was followed using in situ FTIR, which showed the reaction to be complete within 40 min in DMAC at 90 °C. Refractive indices of the carbazole based methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers ranged from 1.52 to 1.63. PhotoDSC was used to determine the heat of polymerization (ΔHp) for the carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate (ΔHp=−39.4 kJ/mol). The carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate homopolymer had a surprisingly high onset of decomposition temperature (Tonset=316 °C). 13C NMR spectroscopy experiments and molecular modeling were used to explore the configuration of the polymerized carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate. The lack of head-to-head linkages due to steric considerations reasonably explains the high thermal stability observed for the carbazole phenoxy-based methacrylate polymer.
Minimum Payment Warnings and Information Disclosure Effects on Consumer Debt Repayment Decisions

Public policy makers encourage lenders to disclose loan cost information as a way of enabling borrowers to make more-informed debt repayment decisions. For example, current regulation requires credit card lenders to include a “minimum payment warning” on borrowers' monthly statements, with the goal of encouraging borrowers to make larger monthly repayments each month and, consequently, decrease their debt levels. This research examines the effect of disclosing such information about future interest costs and time to pay off debt on consumers' repayment decisions. The results indicate that disclosing information about the effects of repaying the minimum has little impact on repayment decisions. However, disclosing information about the effect of choosing an alternative course of action (i.e., a larger repayment amount) yielded a robust effect on repayment decisions. The findings suggest that cost information increases repayment amount for some borrowers, whereas time information may decrease repayment for ...
Back propagation artificial neural networks for the analysis of quality control charts

Abstract Back propagation artificial neural networks are used in the analysis of quality control charts to recognize patterns that indicate out of control situations as specified by the Western Electric Handbook rules, including trends and cyclic behaviors. Interfacing options with existing statistical Process Control systems in a computer integrated manufacturing environment are also explored.
Medico-legal issues in obstetric anesthesia: what does an obstetrician need to know?

Background Obstetric anesthesia has become a recognized subspecialty of anesthesiology and an integral part of practice of most anesthesiologists. Perhaps no other subspecialty of anesthesiology provides more personal gratification and clinical challenges than the practice of obstetric anesthesia. However, in addition to clinical challenges obstetric anesthesia is laden with medico-legal liability.
Stress corrosion of a low-temperature solder glass

Abstract The stress corrosion of a typical low-temperature, high-lead vitreous solder glass suitable for sealing TV tubes and other displays was investigated in terms of static, dynamic and button tests. The button tests, which take into account the effects of interactions that occur between various glasses during fabrication of the display assembly, have been found to be extremely useful in selecting sealing glasses for the application, in estimating seal life during product service and in determining the acceleration factors for pretesting the seal prior to use in the field. The time-to-failure of the seal was found to be highly thickness dependent, and, for a given thickness, humidity had a much more pronounced effect than temperature.
Bacterial contamination associated with estuarine shoreline development

Aims: To examine the relationships among increasing estuarine shellfish closings due to bacterial contamination, adjacent shoreline land uses and environmental variables. Methods and Results: A 1 year study of faecal coliform bacterial contamination of a small estuary in central NC, USA was done relative to adjacent land uses. The area has experienced rapid growth in residential shoreline development including the installation of adjacent, separate docking facilities for larger boats, each 10 slips). Six near-shore sites were selected [old developed shore (OD), undeveloped shore (UD), two pseudomarinas (P1, P2), newly developed shore (ND) and a real marina (RM)]. Five locations were spaced along the shore near each site. Paired Thursday/Monday samples were collected biweekly (summer) and monthly (other seasons). Results indicate that OD had the highest bacteria counts followed by ND, RM and P1 & P2. Three sites (OD, ND and RM) failed to meet NC shellfishing waters standards at all locations. At the pseudomarina sites 4 of 10 locations failed to meet shellfish standards while two locations at UD failed to meet these standards. There were no significant differences between paired Thursday/Monday samples. At three sites (OD, UD and P2) bacteria counts were positively correlated with increased water level due to wind tides. Conclusions: Any type of estuarine shoreline development may result in closing of adjacent shellfishing waters. ND had bacterial counts second only to OD in spite of the retention of vegetated shoreline buffers and very new septic systems. As expected, the RM also failed to meet shellfish standards. Unexpectedly, only four of the 10 pseudomarina locations failed to meet the standards. Weekend boat use had no effect on bacterial counts. Surface runoff from rain and shoreline flooding from increased water levels increased bacterial counts, probably as a result of suspension of surface deposited faeces from wildlife and domestic animals. Significance and Impact of the Study: Multiple docking facilities do not necessarily result in violations of shellfish water quality standards. However, the elevated bacterial counts observed along the newly developed shore suggest caution in approving the practice of allowing individual ‘oyster gardening’ off private piers if the oysters are intended for human consumption. The practice of automatic closure of shellfish waters around RMs was supported. Correlations of bacterial counts with time following significant rainfall suggests a sampling strategy to separate local sources of bacteria from more remote sources thus focusing limited remedial resources more effectively.
Ion permeation and block of the gating pore in the voltage sensor of NaV1.4 channels with hypokalemic periodic paralysis mutations

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis and normokalemic periodic paralysis are caused by mutations of the gating charge-carrying arginine residues in skeletal muscle Na(V)1.4 channels, which induce gating pore current through the mutant voltage sensor domains. Inward sodium currents through the gating pore of mutant R666G are only approximately 1% of central pore current, but substitution of guanidine for sodium in the extracellular solution increases their size by 13- +/- 2-fold. Ethylguanidine is permeant through the R666G gating pore at physiological membrane potentials but blocks the gating pore at hyperpolarized potentials. Guanidine is also highly permeant through the proton-selective gating pore formed by the mutant R666H. Gating pore current conducted by the R666G mutant is blocked by divalent cations such as Ba(2+) and Zn(2+) in a voltage-dependent manner. The affinity for voltage-dependent block of gating pore current by Ba(2+) and Zn(2+) is increased at more negative holding potentials. The apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) values for Zn(2+) block for test pulses to -160 mV are 650 +/- 150 microM, 360 +/- 70 microM, and 95.6 +/- 11 microM at holding potentials of 0 mV, -80 mV, and -120 mV, respectively. Gating pore current is blocked by trivalent cations, but in a nearly voltage-independent manner, with an apparent K(d) for Gd(3+) of 238 +/- 14 microM at -80 mV. To test whether these periodic paralyses might be treated by blocking gating pore current, we screened several aromatic and aliphatic guanidine derivatives and found that 1-(2,4-xylyl)guanidinium can block gating pore current in the millimolar concentration range without affecting normal Na(V)1.4 channel function. Together, our results demonstrate unique permeability of guanidine through Na(V)1.4 gating pores, define voltage-dependent and voltage-independent block by divalent and trivalent cations, respectively, and provide initial support for the concept that guanidine-based gating pore blockers could be therapeutically useful.
Sponge Urbanism: The Cellular Redevelopment of New Orleans

Using New Orleans as a case study, the proposed research, Sponge Urbanism, examines the potential of infrastructure to anticipate, rather than react to, flux in ecologic, economic and technologic systems. Rather than enhance the false dichotomy between nature and culture, the aim is to rethink these systems and suggest broader, more integrated landscape and architectural tactics that achieve resilience in the face of extreme circumstances.
Immunotherapy with allogeneic immune peritoneal cells activated by BCG or pyran copolymer

Both pyran copolymer and BCG augmented specific macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic MBL-2 leukemia cells in a synergistic fashion. Similarly, the local passive transfer of peritoneal exudates (PE) from MBL-2 alloimmune mice treated with pyran or BCG protected against MBL-2 tumor development in the syngeneic host, whereas exudates from immunized or adjuvant-treated animals alone were ineffective. Tumor neutralization by alloimmune-activated PE was specific for the immunizing cell type and required intimate cell contact with target cells. Both adherent and nonadherent PE cells were required for optimal therapeutic effect. Long-term survivors demonstrated resistance to subsequent tumor challenge.
Vibrational deactivation of HF(υ = 1) in the H2O + HF dimer: HF(υ = 1) + H2O(000) → HF(υ = 0) + H2O(001) + ΔE☆

Abstract The vibration-vibration energy transfer in the near-resonant collision HF(υ = 1) + H 2 O(000) → HF(υ = 0) + H 2 O(001) + Δ E = 205 cm −1 has been investigated on the basis of the model of the nonrigid H 2 O-HF dimer formation for temperatures not greatly higher than room temperature. The energy mismatch Δ E is considered to be removed by the slow translational motion of two molecules in the complex about their equilibrium separation. A strong negative temperature dependence of the energy exchange rate is shown between 300 and 500 K.
Functional and evolutionary consequences of pyrethroid resistance mutations in S6 transmembrane segments of a voltage-gated sodium channel.

Pyrethroids are a class of voltage-dependent sodium channel modifiers widely used as insecticides for control of disease vectors and agricultural pests. Many insect populations have developed resistance to pyrethroids linked to nervous system insensitivity and structural mutations in neuronal sodium channels. Pyrethroid resistant strains of the moth Heliothis virescens carry single point mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in either transmembrane segment I-S6 (V421M) or II-S6 (L1029H) of the para-homologous sodium channel. We analyzed the consequences of V421M and L1029H mutations constructed in the Drosophila para sodium channel heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and found that both mutations confer channel insensitivity to permethrin, with the L1029H mutation having a more pronounced effect. Both mutations also modify the intrinsic voltage-dependent gating properties of the channel, but L1029H less so than V421M. These results suggest that mutation V421M exacts a higher fitness cost than L1029H, providing a plausible explanation for genetic succession observed in field strains, where V421M was replaced by L1029H during the past decade.
"What's Everybody So Excited About?": The Effects of Teacher Enthusiasm on Student Intrinsic Motivation and Vitality

Abstract Research on teacher behaviors that actively promote student intrinsic motivation to learn has been relatively scarce. In this article, 2 studies exploring the effects of teacher enthusiasm on both students' intrinsic motivation to learn and their pychological vitality are presented (Ryan & Frederick, 1997). In Study 1, a questionnaire including measures of intrinsic motivation, vitality, teacher enthusiasm, and numerous other positive teacher behaviors was administered to 93 college students. Among the teacher variables, enthusiasm was the most powerful unique predictor of students' intrinsic motivation and vitality. In Study 2, level of teacher enthusiasm (high vs. low) was manipulated in an experimental design with 60 college students. The students who received an enthusiastically delivered lecture subsequently reported greater intrinsic motivation regarding the lecture material and experienced higher levels of vitality. The authors speculate about possible mechanisms for and limitations to the...
Coryneform endophthalmitis. Two case reports.

• Recent clinical studies have emphasized the importance of diphtheroids, previously regarded as nonpathogenic bacteria or contaminants, as causes of ocular disease. We encountered two patients with endophthalmitis following cataract extraction and anterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Both patients had previously been treated with subconjunctival and/or oral corticosteroids for presumed sterile endophthalmitis. Vitreous cultures in each case yielded pure growth of a diphtheroid that was subsequently identified as coryneform group A-4. The clinical response to standard intraocular therapy with gentamicin and cefazolin was delayed, although both patients eventually had restoration of functional vision. A comparison of the antibiotic minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the isolates may help to explain the delayed response to therapy seen in these two patients.
Antimicrobial Therapy of Experimental Group B Streptococcal Infection in Mice

Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (GB-BHS) frequently cause severe infection in newborns. Previous in vitro studies showed accelerated killing of GB-BHS by ampicillin plus gentamicin as compared with ampicillin alone. To extend the in vitro observations, mice were infected experimentally with GB-BHS and treated with gentamicin plus ampicillin or ampicillin alone. Untreated mice died within 10 to 48 h. Compared with treatment with ampicillin alone, ampicillin-and-gentamicin therapy resulted in improved survival when the antibiotics were given in established infection or as a single dose at the time of infection. Ampicillin and gentamicin accelerated the clearing of bacteremia as compared with treatment with ampicillin alone. In view of these findings, the therapy of GB-BHS infection in newborns and other patients should be reconsidered in that a combination of ampicillin or penicillin G plus gentamicin might be superior to the use of ampicillin or penicillin G alone.
Does Collocation Inform the Impact of Collaboration

Background It has been shown that large interdisciplinary teams working across geography are more likely to be impactful. We asked whether the physical proximity of collaborators remained a strong predictor of the scientific impact of their research as measured by citations of the resulting publications.
Lasing characteristics of free-running and Q-switched Cr,Tm,Er:YAG laser operating at 2.694 /spl mu/m

Summary form only given.Stable room-temperature operation of a flashlamp pumped Cr,Tm,Er:YAG laser operating only at the 2.694 /spl mu/m transition is reported. The optimisation of the Cr, Tm, and Er dopant concentrations, the spectral characteristics of the resonator optics, and the AR coating on the laser rod has resulted in a laser emitting radiation at 2.69 /spl mu/m only irrespective of pump intensity.
A preliminary study of lamotrigine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Abstract Background: The anticonvulsant, lamotrigine, may be useful for symptom management in PTSD. Methods: Subjects enrolled in a 12-week double-blind evaluation of lamotrigine and placebo. Patients were randomized 2:1 to either lamotrigine or placebo. Lamotrigine was initiated at 25 mg/day and slowly titrated every 1 to 2 weeks over 8 weeks to a maximum dosage of 500 mg/day if tolerated. Results: Fifteen subjects entered treatment, fourteen of whom returned for subsequent visits. Of 10 patients who received lamotrigine, 5 (50%) responded according to the DGRP, compared to 1 of 4 (25%) who received placebo. Lamotrigine patients showed improvement on reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing symptoms compared to placebo patients. Treatments were generally well tolerated. Conclusions: Lamotrigine may be effective as a primary psychopharmacologic treatment in both combat and civilian PTSD and could also be considered as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy used in the treatment of PTSD. These promising results warrant further large sample double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.
Interventional cardiology: Cost-effectiveness of PCI guided by fractional flow reserve

In 2009, the FAME investigators reported that percutaneous coronary intervention guided by fractional flow reserve (FFR) could reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events when compared with angiographically guided PCI. The economic study conducted on the basis of FAME has now shown that an FFR-guided approach can also result in reduced costs.
Flatfish-habitat associations in Alaska nursery grounds: Use of continuous video records for multi-scale spatial analysis

Abstract Flatfish distributions have traditionally been described in terms of depth, temperature, and sediment characteristics, but other environmental variables may be important depending upon spatial scale. Surveys for age-0 northern rock sole ( Lepidopsetta polyxystra ) were conducted in five near-shore nursery sites at Kodiak Island, Alaska, using a towed camera sled integrated with navigational data. The continuous record of fish density and habitat features made possible a spatially comprehensive analysis of fish-habitat associations at several spatial scales, ranging from tens of kilometres to less than 1 m. A combination of multivariate statistical interpretation and geographic information systems (GIS) revealed that the distribution of juvenile rock sole was associated with environmental variables and spatial scales that are not normally detectable with usual flatfish— and habitat—sampling methods (i.e., trawls and grabs). Generalized additive models (GAM) incorporating habitat variables determined from video provided large improvements over models using only the traditional variables such as depth and sediment type. At the broadest (regional) scale of analysis, combinations of sediment composition, surface bedform, temperature, and density of worm tubes provided the best model for rock sole density. Within-nursery variation in fish density was modelled best with depth, habitat structural complexity created by emergent fauna and macroalgae, and worm tube density. At the microhabitat scale (
The effect of an externally applied electric field on the diffusion of Pt adatoms, dimers, and trimers on Pt(001)

Abstract Field ion microscope observations of individual Pt adatoms, dimers, and trimers migrating on the Pt(001) plane show that a positive electric field (positive tip potential) decreases and negative electric field increases (for monomers and dimers) the rate at which diffusion by exchange displacements occur. The activation energy of surface diffusion for single adatoms is found to increase from 0.44 to 0.80 eV as the applied field is increased from -0.44 to + 2.00 V/A. A direct comparison between self-diffusion on the Pt(001) and Pt(311) planes indicates that an electric field influences the rate of exchange displacements much more strongly than it does hopping displacements and that the effect of a positive field on exchange displacements is opposite to that on hopping displacements. A sufficiently large positive electric field (≈ 1.5 V/A) causes the energetically favorable diffusion mode for Pt adatoms on Pt(001) to change from exchange hopping. The observation of a similar field effect for Pt dimers and trimers on Pt(001) confirms previous theoretical predictions that they also diffuse by a mechanism involving exchange displacements.
Theory of biexcitons in conjugated polymers

Abstract A tight binding, two-band Hamiltonian is used to investigate the formation and nonlinear optical properties of biexcitons in ID conjugated polymers. Calculations are performed using the full single and double electron-hole pair basis sets. The biexciton phase region in (α,β) space is numerically calculated for long chains in the polymer limit α and β are the nearest neighbor Coulomb interaction energy and charge transfer energies respectively, made dimensionless through division by the onsite Coulomb energy. Both truncated and extended potentials are studied. The former supports a single biexciton state while the latter supports multiple biexciton states. Calculated two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra contain two types of peaks: one at lower energy due to a charge-transfer, single-exciton and a higher energy peak arising from a biexciton state. Good agreement for the TPA spectrum of poly (di- n -hexylsilane) is obtained.
Electronic Poetry and the Importance of Digital Repository

In his article "Electronic Poetry and the Importance of Digital Repository" Manuel Brito analyzes selected early digital repositories of electronic poetry. In addition to issues concerning efficiency and discursive practice, Brito's discusses the objectives, contents, and the funding of digital repositories. Brito argues that digital repositories promote poetry, enable networking and quick publishing of innovative poetry, they intensify the reading experience, and make a readership possible that is larger than that of print poetry. Networking, interaction, and web-based communication intensify the writing and reading experience while new modes of discourse are emerging continually. Not just passive consumerism promoted by an attractive presentation, digital repositories engage in developing aesthetics of poetry as a continual process of innovation. Their objectives, contents, and the funding of these erepositories are not based on market-driven concepts or by academic purposes, but on the wish to allow for a true encounter with language. Importantly, in the case of new media publishing the figure of the editor has become responsible for reconciling novelty, lived cultural experience, and technical
The Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Photoactivity of TiO2 Rutile Single Crystals

The effect of impurity doping on the photoactivity of TiO2 rutile single crystals was subjected to a combined surface-science and bulk-analysis study. The incorporation of nitrogen ions, N-, into TiO2 single crystals was achieved by sputtering with N2+/Ar+ mixtures and subsequent annealing to 900 K under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. This procedure leads to a 90 A thick structurally modified near-surface region, which, by the use of cross sectional transmission electron microscopy, can be described as rutile grains imbedded within a monocrystalline strained rutile matrix. The presence of N- ions distributed in the first 200 A below the surface was revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in agreement with sputter depth profiles obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The concentration of N- doping is about 1020 cm-3 in the first 200 A of the near-surface region. The photodesorption of O2 was employed to study the changes in the photochemical properties of nitrogen-implanted crystals. The action c...
Radiographic analysis of commonly prescribed scapular exercises

Hypothesis The performance of scapular exercises in the context of a clinical model of fatigue will result in superior migration of the humeral head and alterations in shoulder kinematics on radiographic analysis. Materials and methods Six healthy male volunteers underwent a series of radiographs before and immediately following two scapular exercises. To reproduce a practice setting a clinical model of muscle fatigue was utilized. Radiographs were taken at various degrees of elevation. Glenohumeral angle (GA), scapulothoracic angle (SA), and the position of the humeral head on the glenoid (excursion) were measured on each radiograph. Two-tailed paired sample t-test were used to compare pre-fatigue to post fatigue measures. Results Following fatigue there was a significant increase in excursion at 45, 90, and 135 degrees of elevation indicating superior migration of the humeral head. There was an increase in SA from 0 to 45 degrees and a decrease in GA from 45 to 90 degrees of elevation. From 90 to 135 degrees an increase in GA was observed. Discussion The amount of superior migration of the humeral head observed following exercise was consistent with previously reported amounts of superior migration in patients with subacromial impingement. The alterations that occurred in shoulder kinematics following exercise may have resulted from parascapular muscle fatigue as well as rotator cuff muscle insufficiency. Conclusion In the context of a clinical model of fatigue, these scapular exercises resulted in superior migration of the humeral head and alterations in shoulder kinematics on radiographic analysis in healthy subjects. Level of evidence Basic science study.
Active self-healing wire insulation

Electrical, optical and hydraulic conductors are vital components of most modern engineered systems. Damage to wiring and other conductors can degrade system performance, require expensive maintenance, and may cause catastrophic failures. This paper describes some efforts at developing active methods for self-healing wiring and conductor insulation. The concept is that there may be situations where it is beneficial to use self-healing cabling. One-part and two-part self-healing systems are fabricated and tested. Localized toughening in the face of localized damage has been realized in bench top experiments.
Divergence and mobility in college attainment across U.S. labor market areas: 1970-2000

Human capital is one factor that significantly influences local economic growth. Our goal in this research is to analyze trends in local human capital dynamics during the past thirty years. The authors find little evidence of convergence in college attainment across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas and evidence of divergence across Census regions. The authors also find within-distribution divergence for all labor markets, as well as for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas, which is accompanied by lower levels of intra-distributional mobility than we observe for the income distribution. To the extent that human capital accumulation drives growth, these trends are likely to contribute to increasingly different levels of income growth across labor markets in the future. Finally, looking at factors that influence upward mobility within the distribution, the authors find that an increase in the number of four-year colleges and universities per capita increased a labor market’s upward rank and quintile...
Spinning-disk self-referencing interferometry of antigen-antibody recognition.

A gold ridge microstructure fabricated to a height of λ/8 on a high-reflectivity substrate behaves as a wave-front-splitting self-referencing interferometer in phase quadrature when illuminated by a Gaussian laser beam and observed in the far field along the optic axis. When immuno-gammaglobulin (IgG) antibodies are selectively immobilized on the gold microstructure, they recognize and bind to a specific antigen, which shifts the relative optical phase of the interferometer and modifies the far-field diffracted intensity. We detect bound antigen interferometrically on spinning disks at a sampling rate of 100 kHz and verify the interferometric nature of the signal by using two quadratures of opposite sign to rule out effects of dynamic light scattering. Strong molecular recognition is demonstrated by the absence of binding to nontarget molecules but strong signal change in response to a specific antigen. This BioCD has the potential to be applied as a spinning-disk interferometric immunoassay and biosensor.
Original Contribution: High capacity pattern recognition associative processors

We distinguish between many:1 (distortion-invariant) and 1:1 (large class) pattern recognition associative processors (with many different input keys associated with the same output recollection vector and with each key associated with a different recollection vector). A variety of different associative processor synthesis algorithms are compared showing that one can: store M vector pairs (where M > N, and N is the dimension of the keys) in fewer memory elements than standard digital storage requires; handle linearly dependent key vectors; and achieve robust noise performance and quantization by design. We show that one must employ new recollection vector encoding techniques to improve storage density, else the standard direct storage nearest neighbor processor is preferable. We find Ho-Kashyap associative processors and L-max recollection vector encoding to be preferable and we suggest new and preferable performance measures for associative processors.
Text mining for bone biology

Osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone mass and debilitating fractures, may reach epidemic proportions with the aging of the US population. The intensity of research in this field of study is reflected by the facts that The American Society of Bone and Mineral Research has a membership of nearly 4,000 physicians, clinical investigators, and basic research scientists from over fifty countries and that NIH is expected to spend over 200 million dollars on osteoporosis research alone in 2010. Bone biologists may be overwhelmed by the amount of literature constantly being generated, thus the identification and extraction of existing and novel relationships among biological entities or terms appearing in the biological literature is an ongoing problem. The problem has become more pressing with the development of large online publicly available databases of biological literature. Extraction and visualization of relationships between biological entities appearing in these databases offers the opportunity of keeping researchers up-to-date in their research domain. This may be achieved through helping them visualize possible biological pathways and by generating likely new hypotheses concerning novel interactions through methods such as transitive closure network flow. All generated predictions can be verified against already existing data, and possible new relationships can be verified against experiment. This paper presents a method for the extraction and visualization of potentially meaningful relationships.
Multiple-soliton solutions and multiple-singular soliton solutions for two higher-dimensional shallow water wave equations

Two (3+1)-dimensional shallow water wave equations are studied for complete integrability. The Hirota's bilinear method is used to determine the multiple-soliton solutions for these equations. Moreover, multiple-singular soliton solutions will also be determined for each model. The analysis highlights the capability of the direct method in handling completely integrable equations.
Dispersive Estimates for Four Dimensional Schrödinger and Wave Equations with Obstructions at Zero Energy

We investigate L 1(ℝ4) → L ∞(ℝ4) dispersive estimates for the Schrodinger operator H = − Δ +V when there are obstructions, a resonance or an eigenvalue, at zero energy. In particular, we show that ...
Coherence and threshold of current-driven potential relaxation instability

Abstract It is shown that the coherence of the current-driven potential relaxation instability decreases with the plasma density whereas the threshold increases.
Superselection rules; old and new

This paper is a historical review of the development of the notion of superselection rule starting from the recognition in 1952 of the charge and univalence superselection rules. Some applications to environmentally induced superselection rules in the last decade are briefly described.
Effects of Two Caregiver-Training Programs on Burden and Attitude Toward Help

Abstract The purpose of this research was to determine which caregiver-training program (CTP) was most beneficial to caregivers. Two types of CTPs, a behavior management program and a social skills program, were implemented. The effects of the CTPs on attitude toward asking for help, attitude about using adult day care, and caregiving burden were explored. Thirty-three caregivers volunteered to participate. Of the caregivers, the majority were female spouses ( n = 22), 76% were over age 60, and 68% had some college education. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two CTPs or a control group. Pretest was completed during the first phase of the training program. Both CTPs met for six sessions. The control group reveived no training. The posttest was conducted 1 month after completion of the CTPs. Differences between the three groups were analyzed by using ANOVA. No differences were observed between groups. Six of the subjects chose the alternate training program when given the opportunity for further training. Caregivers who participated in both CTPs experienced a decrease in objective burden and a more positive attitude toward asking for help and using adult day care.
Effects of two-photon absorption on degenerate four-wave mixing in solutions of diphenyl polyenes

We have observed double-peaked phase-conjugate pulses in the degenerate four-wave mixing of nanosecond laser pulses in solutions of diphenyl polyenes. We attribute this to the superposition of fast and slow gratings, where the slow grating is due to two-photon absorption. This is supported by the results of time delay and polarization experiments as well as evidence of a second spatial harmonic grating.
Optimizing transport of live juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum): Effects of salinity and shipping biomass

Abstract Live juvenile cobia ( Rachycentron canadum ) transport methods were examined to determine opportunities for increasing packing density in closed containers for durations up to 24 h. Juvenile cobia (27 to 46 days post-hatch (dph)) were tested for salinity tolerance via abrupt transfer from 35 ppt salinity water to salinities ranging from 0 ppt to 55 ppt. Results indicated 100% survival at 24 h post-transfer at salinities between 11 ppt and 45 ppt. Using two different salinities within the range tested in the tolerance trials (12 ppt and 32 ppt), a 24 h simulated shipping trial was conducted comparing final survival between the two salinities at each of four packing densities (5 kg/m 3 , 10 kg/m 3 , 15 kg/m 3 , and 20 kg/m 3 ). At packing densities above 10 kg/m 3 , survival was significantly enhanced at 12 ppt relative to rates in the higher salinity (32 ppt) treatments. Additionally, there were no apparent effects on post-transport aquaculture performance of the fish shipped at high densities in reduced salinity water. Results of this study suggest that cobia fingerling producers can optimize their current shipping methods and protocols by increasing stocking densities in closed containers, allowing for reductions in labor, material, and mass-dependent transport costs.
Rapid communication: effect of irradiation on lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation: potential of IL-6 in augmenting antibody responses in cultures of murine spleen cells

Ionizing radiation induces both quantitative and qualitative changes in the lymphoid cells of both man and experimental animals, including inhibition of antibody responses. However, the cellular basis of this immunological lesion is not clear. In the present study, groups of mice were exposed to 2.0 Gy gamma-rays or sham irradiated, and 2 days later animals were killed and spleen cells were cultured with TNP-Ficoll and assayed for antibody responses. Results indicated a significant decrease in the number of anti-TNP, plaque-forming cells in cultures from the irradiated mice compared with cultures from the control. When lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with anti-IgM or anti-CD3, there was a decreased proliferation in spleen cell cultures derived from the irradiated mice compared with those from the control. Since radiation treatment was found to deplete both T and B cells in equal proportions in spleen and an equal number of both control or treated cells were used in culture, the immunological abnormalities may have been due to intrinsic defects in irradiated cells. Addition of IL-6 to irradiated spleen cell cultures was able to augment anti-TNP, plaque-forming cell responses indicating the possibility that in the future this cytokine can be used in vivo to induce protection from infectious diseases in irradiated individuals.