cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An XPath-based preference language for P3P

The Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P) is the most significant effort currently underway to enable web users to gain control over their private information. The designers of P3P simultaneously designed a preference language called APPEL to allow users to express their privacy preferences, thus enabling automatic matching of privacy preferences against P3P policies. Unfortunately subtle interactions between P3P and APPEL result in serious problems when using APPEL: Users can only directly specify what is unacceptable in a policy, not what is acceptable; simple preferences are hard to express; and writing APPEL preferences is error prone. We show that these problems follow from a fundamental design choice made by APPEL, and cannot be solved without completely redesigning the language. Therefore we explore alternatives to APPEL that can overcome these problems. In particular, we show that XPath serves quite nicely as a preference language and solves all the above problems. We identify the minimal subset of XPath that is needed, thus allowing matching programs to potentially use a smaller memory footprint. We also give an APPEL to XPath translator that shows that XPath is as expressive as APPEL.
Enhancing collaboration in large scientific projects through virtual logbooks

A key feature of collaboration in large scale scientific projects is to have a log of what and how is being done - for private use and reuse and for sharing selected parts with collaborators and peers, often distributed geographically on an increasingly global scale. Even better if this log is automatic, created on the fly while a scientist or software developer is working in a habitual way, without the need for extra efforts. The CAVES - Collaborative Analysis Versioning Environment System - and CODESH - Collaborative DEvelopment SHell - projects address this problem in a novel way. They build on the concepts of virtual state and virtual transition to enhance the collaborative experience by providing automatic persistent virtual logbooks. CAVES is designed for sessions of data analysis using the popular ROOT framework, while CODESH generalizes the same approach for any type of work on the command line in typical UNIX shells like bash or tcsh. Repositories of sessions can be configured dynamically to record and make available the knowledge accumulated in the course of a scientific or software endeavor. Access can be controlled to define logbooks of private sessions or sessions shared within or between collaborating groups. As a typical use case we concentrate on building working systems for analysis of Petascale volumes of data expected soon with the start of the LHC experiments. Our approach is general enough to find applications in many scientific fields.
Work in Progress - Collaboration Pedagogy in the Introductory Computer Science Programming Course for Engineers

First-year engineering students at Purdue University most frequently select CS 158, a C Programming course, to satisfy their computer programming requirement. During the Spring 2005 semester 915 students elected CS 158 and a major effort was made to introduce collaborative teaming on course assignments including projects and in weekly laboratories. It is believed that such collaboration represents how professional engineers function and is a friendlier environment to women who already face a number of barriers in an introductory computer programming course. Our exploratory research is to identify barriers, recommended by Scragg and Smith, present in CS 158 after the implementation of collaborative teaming
MicroRNAs as diagnostic markers for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm

Since the discovery of small non-coding RNAs, the analysis of microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in human cancer have provided new insights into cancer biology. Evidence suggests that deregulated miRNA expression is associated with pancreatic cancer development. In this study, we analyzed the expression of several miRNAs in different types of pancreatic disease to determine if miRNA expression could aid in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its precursor, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PanIN). Pancreatic resection specimens were selected, which included PDAC (n = 16), benign pancreatic parenchyma from corresponding carcinoma cases (n = 16), chronic pancreatitis (n = 4), normal pancreatic parenchyma (n = 5), and PanIN (n = 5). The expression levels of five miRNA (miR-148a, miR-217, miR-21, miR-196a, and miR-10b) were assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays. Our data demonstrate that compared to the normal pancreatic parenchyma, miR-148a and miR-217 expression levels were down-regulated in PanIN, particularly in PanIN II-III and PDAC, whereas the level of miR-196 was significantly up-regulated in PDAC and its precursor, PanIN II-III. In addition, we observed that miR-21 was significantly overexpressed in PDAC, and miR-10b was highly expressed in PanIN II-III. Our study demonstrates that certain miRNAs, especially miR-148a, miR-217, and miR-196a, are significantly deregulated in PDAC, including in the early stage of PDAC. These markers can potentially be used as diagnostic markers to distinguish PDAC and its precursor from benign lesions.
A NEW APPROACH TO LOW THERMAL INERTIA MOLDING

Abstract Processing of polymers by the injection molding process has some inherent problems associated with the coupling of the filling and cooling processes. Kim and Suh [11 introduced the low thermal inertia molding (LTIM) concept to uncouple the filling process from the cooling process without appreciably increasing the total cycle time. A new injection mold was developed to control the surface temperature of the mold rapidly. The mold consisted of a woven graphite fiber fabric as a heating element, RTV silicon rubber as an adhesive, and a plasma-sprayed ZrO2 layer on the mold surface as an electrical insulation. This mold provided the means to show the potential of the low thermal inertia molding technique in terms of improved part quality, reduction in energy input due to lower requirement of injection temperature, injection pressure, packing pressure, and ease of multicavity mold balancing.
Economic analysis of battery energy storage system

Grid-connected battery energy storage systems (BESS) are essential for improving the transient dynamics of the power grid. There is ongoing research about how BESS integration with renewable energy sources can improve renewable energy deployment in the grid. However, the economic feasibility of BESS is a practical limitation of their integration into power systems. BESS costs include both the start-up costs of building the system and the operating costs. Optimizing the operation of the BESS to maximize operating profit would make the BESS more economically feasible to power system operators, and lead to smoother integration of BESS. This manuscript overviews a program tool that analyses grid connected BESS in real world situations and optimizes the operation of the battery system. Through the use of this tool, a better understanding of the economic feasibility of BESS is achieved.
Five Things I Learned Teaching at Concord Law School

In teaching a distance learning course at Concord Law School, I have learned a number of useful techniques that I have been able to apply in my teaching of live classes.
Comment on "nonidentical protons"

Here, the authors claim that averaging over an ensemble of protons with different sizes yields a significantly smaller radius when examining electron scattering data.
Correcting Systematic Errors in DFT Spin-Splitting Energetics for Transition Metal Complexes

Spin-splittings of 57 octahedral first-row transition metal complexes calculated with B3LYP are compared with a database of experimental spectra collected from the literature. A variety of transition metal centers in various oxidation states and multiplicities along with a number of different coordinating ligands are considered. Environmental effects have been included to enable reasonable quantitative comparison with experiment. The manifold of states is studied using initial guesses constructed from ligand field theory. A localized orbital correction (LOC) model, referred to as DBLOC-DFT (d-block localized orbital corrected density functional theory), systematically corrects B3LYP calculations using five parameters. The final results are a considerable improvement over conventional DFT, bringing the mean unsigned error (MUE) from 10.14 kcal/mol with a standard deviation of 4.56 to 1.98 kcal/mol with a standard deviation of 1.62. Depending on the relative multiplicities of the ground and excited states, it is shown that B3LYP*, which has 15% exact nonlocal exchange, can lead to larger errors with respect to experiment than B3LYP. Application to 7 complexes from Swart et al. [ J. Phys. Chem. A 2004 , 108 , 5479. ] and 14 small-gap spin-crossover complexes, from the literature, shows the DBLOC model provides good agreement with a variety of experimental data.
Abstract P2-04-04: Prolactin cooperates with loss of p53 to promote mammary tumorigenesis.

Prolactin (PRL) is critical for mammary development and lactation. Epidemiological studies also support a role for PRL in breast cancer. In order to study the contributions of PRL to tumor development and progression, we developed a transgenic mouse model that expresses PRL in the mammary epithelial cells (NRL-PRL), mimicking the mammary PRL production in women. Loss of function of the tumor suppressor p53 is a common occurrence in many human cancers including breast tumors. Interactions between PRL and p53 were examined by crossing the NRL-PRL mouse to p53 knockout mice which were made congenic on the FVB/N background. To circumvent the problem that p53 −/− mice are prone to multiple nonmammary tumors, mammary cells from 10–12 week old wild-type, NRL-PRL, p53 −/− , and NRL-PRL/ p53 −/− were transplanted to wild type mammary glands. Histological analysis of the donor glands showed that NRL-PRL glands displayed marked epithelial proliferation and focally dilated ducts, whereas p53 −/− glands exhibited irregular ductal epithelium with increased stromal density compared to wild type mice. In contrast, glands of donor PRL/ p53−/− females showed widespread epithelial hyperplasias and highly irregular ductal epithelium often surrounded by dense stroma. By one year of age, no tumors had developed from either wild-type or NRL-PRL transplanted epithelium. However, recipients of either p53 −/− or NRL-PRL/ p53 −/− mammary epithelium developed histologically similar anaplastic carcinomas. The presence of transgenic PRL decreased tumor latency (205 vs 244 days) and significantly increased tumor cell proliferation. In addition, these carcinomas appeared to be more aggressive: 5/16 (32%) of the NRL-PRL/ p53 −/− tumors invaded into the peritoneal cavity, compared to 0/10 p53 −/− tumors. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), but not MMP-2, was found to be significantly higher in the NRL-PRL/ p53 −/− , compared to p53 −/− tumors. MMP-9 is regulated by the transcription factor, AP-1, and PRL can signal through AP-1. NRL-PRL/ p53 −/− tumors displayed significantly increased expression of the AP-1 family members, c-Jun and FosL, but not JunD or c-Fos compared to tumors from p53 −/− mice. In addition, levels of c-Jun and FosL proteins increased in a similar pattern. In summary, interactions between PRL and loss of p53 promote breast cancer by increasing proliferation and invasiveness, potentially via AP-1 target genes. Supported by CDMRP BC053412. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-04-04.
Factors Affecting the Use of Market Research Information: A Path Analysis:

The authors evaluate several factors affecting the attention given to or “use” of specific market research information by marketing managers. They apply path analysis to test a model of research us...
Disposal of medicinal products

THE Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) makes some very helpful comments with reference to medicinal waste ( VR , January 7, 2012, vol 170, p 28). Any advice to help clarify this endlessly complex subject is to be welcomed by practitioners snowed under with regulation. However, it is important to review protocols on handling medicinal waste within the wider context of the healthcare waste processes now expected of veterinary practices. The VMD's letter clearly points out the three agencies currently covering the UK, but I believe it likely that, in the …
Abstract LB-282: Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1) polymorphism in prostate cancer

PURPOSE: Myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1) is an interferon regulated gene responsible for a specific antiviral state against viral infection. We have previously shown that MX1 is up-regulated by androgens in the normal prostate epithelial cells; however, there is no known role for MX1 in cancer. Meta-analysis of different expression databases e.g. NCBI GEO and Oncomine suggested a strong inverse association between MX1 expression and prostate cancer. To confirm these studies, we performed Immunohistochemistry on normal prostate and prostate cancer tissues. Our data revealed that MX1 expression was indeed decreased in PCa as compared to normal, indicating that MX1 could be transcriptionally down-regulated. Literature studies indicated that MX1 down-regulation could be due to a specific polymorphism in the proximal MX1 promoter. In the promoter region of MX1 at position -88, a single nucleotide polymorphism G>T (rs2071430) is involved in modifying the gene expression. Interestingly, the rs2071430 harbors an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) that is required for MX1 expression in response to interferons. The “T” allele restores whereas the “G” allele attenuates ISRE binding resulting in increased or decreased MX1 expression respectively. Based on these observations we hypothesized that decreased expression of MX1 in prostate cancer could be due to the rs2071430 polymorphism. DESIGN METHODS: We investigated MX1 rs2071430 polymorphism in genomic DNA from equal number of disease free and prostate cancer samples (N=305). The sample size required to achieve statistically significant associations were calculated using the power calculator for case control genetic association studies. Polymorphism was detected by sequencing the PCR amplicon through SNPdetector to ensure that the SNP was due to heterozygous allelic variations and not due to sequencing artifacts. RESULTS: The data suggests that the GG genotype (low promoter activity) is higher in PCa (72%) as compared to normal (58.6%). The TT genotype (high activity) was higher in normal (5.7%) compared to PCa (2.4%). No TT genotype was observed in Caucasian normal samples. The results were statistically significant at P Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-282. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-282
Neurobiology of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Despite the observation that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently has its onset during childhood or adolescence, most studies have examined OCD in adults. Because pediatric OCD patients are near illness onset with limited or no medication exposure, this population represents a unique window through which to view the neurobiology of OCD. In this article, the authors summarize data from existing studies of pediatric OCD and attempt to interpret the data within the context of a neurobiologic discourse based largely on research in adults. The authors review current neuroanatomic models of OCD and examine neuroimaging and neuropsychologic studies designed to test those models. In addition, the authors examine irregularities of neurotransmitter systems thought to be involved in OCD.
A large deformation poroplasticity theory for microporous polymeric materials

Abstract A coupled theory accounting for fluid diffusion and large deformations of elastic-viscoplastic microporous polymeric materials is presented. The theory is intended to represent the coupled deformation–diffusion response of a material which at a microscopic scale consists of a porous polymeric skeleton and a freely moving fluid in a fully connected pore space. Potential applications of the theory include modeling the response of polymer microfiltration membranes, as well as modeling the response of several hydrated biological tissues which are microporous polymeric materials containing a high concentration of liquids.
An integrated public health and criminal justice approach to gangs: what can research tell us?

There has been a call to better link public health and criminal justice approaches to best address crime problems generally, and youth and gang violence in particular. Importantly, there has yet to be a systematic examination of how criminal justice approaches can be integrated within a public health framework. This paper examines the strengths and challenges with mapping gang research and evidence-informed practices onto a public health approach. Conceptual examination reveals benefits to utilizing an integrated framework, but it also exposes core problems with identification and prediction of gang joining and gang membership. The gang label as a master status is called into question. It is argued that a public health framework can inform public policy approaches as to when the focus should be youth violence versus gangs and gang violence.
The Poet and the Profits

What did it mean — in financial terms — to be a successful Romantic woman poet? What were the economic realities and possibilities of her life? What standard of living could she achieve? Was it possible to maintain a middle-class household on poetry writing alone? What were the most lucrative sources of income from poetry production, and how did financial considerations affect a poet’s literary decisions? To what extent might a woman poet participate in negotiating terms with publishers and even in making marketing decisions about her work? How might economic decisions affect her poetic reputation? We are remarkably ignorant about such matters. For the most part, twentieth-century literary historians have relied on reviews or on commentary in letters, journals and biographical memoirs to gauge the success of women poets among their contemporaries. But these, taken alone, are imperfect measures at best, subject to bias, sometimes skewed by manipulation or affected by the accident of what documents may or may not have survived the years. What the market was consistently willing to pay is, in many ways, a more reliable measure of the extent of a poet’s contemporary audience and the attention she commanded among readers. Yet, few have considered this dimension of Romantic literary life.1 But the production of poetry was, among other things, a business proposition for the professional women poets of the Romantic era. To recognize that, to explore its intricacies, is to go a long way toward understanding the peculiar conditions of authorship during the period.
Hypertonic Saline Primes Activation of the p53-p21 Signaling Axis in Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells That Prevents Inflammation Induced by Pro-inflammatory Cytokines.

Uncontrolled inflammatory responses underlie the etiology of acute lung injury and acute distress respiratory syndrome, the most common late complications in trauma, the leading cause of death under the age of 59. Treatment with HTS decreases lung injury in clinical trials, rat models of trauma and hemorrhagic shock and inflammation in lung cell lines, although the mechanisms underlying these responses are still incompletely understood. Transcriptomics (RNaseq), proteomics, and U-13C-glucose tracing metabolomics experiments were performed to investigate the mechanisms of cellular responses to HTS treatment in primary small airway epithelial cells in the presence or absence of inflammatory injury mediated by a cocktail of cytokines (10 ng/mL of IFNγ, IL-1β, and TNFα). Modestly hyperosmolar HTS has an anti-inflammatory effect, triggers the p53–p21 signaling axis, and deregulates mitochondrial metabolism while inducing minimal apoptosis in response to a second hit by cytokines. Decreased transcription of pro...
Matrix effects on the relative sensitivity factors for manganese and chromium during ion microprobe analysis of carbonate: Implications for early Solar System chronology

Abstract The short-lived radionuclide 53 Mn decays to 53 Cr providing a relative chronometer for dating the formation of Mn-rich minerals in meteorites. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been extensively used for in situ dating of meteoritic olivine and carbonate by the 53 Mn – 53 Cr system, however a significant analytical challenge has been realising accurate measurements of the Mn/Cr ratio in individual minerals of differing chemical compositions. During SIMS analysis, elements are ionised with differing efficiencies and standard materials are required to calibrate measured ion intensities in terms of relative elemental concentrations. The carbonate system presents a particular analytical difficulty since such standards are not naturally available due to low and variable Cr contents. Here, we utilise ion implantation of Cr into carbonate and other phases to accurately determine the relative sensitivity factors of Mn/Cr during SIMS analysis. We find significant variations in Mn/Cr RSF values among different carbonate minerals that depend systematically on chemical composition and we propose an empirical correction scheme that quantitatively yields an accurate RSF for carbonates of diverse chemical compositions. Correction of SIMS carbonate data for this strong matrix effect may help to reconcile some outstanding problems regarding the timescales of aqueous alteration processes in carbonaceous chondrites. Mn–Cr ages, revised based our new understanding of the matrix effect, are, in general, earlier than previously thought and the duration of carbonate formation is shorter.
Endangered Language Documentation: Bootstrapping a Chatino Speech Corpus, Forced Aligner, ASR .

This project approaches the problem of language documentation and revitalization from a rather untraditional angle. To improve and facilitate language documentation of endangered languages, we attempt to use corpus linguistic methods and speech and language technologies to reduce the time needed for transcription and annotation of audio and video language recordings. The paper demonstrates this approach on the example of the endangered and seriously under-resourced variety of Eastern Chatino (CTP). We show how initial speech corpora can be created that can facilitate the development of speech and language technologies for under-resourced languages by utilizing Forced Alignment tools to time align transcriptions. Time-aligned transcriptions can be used to train speech corpora and utilize automatic speech recognition tools for the transcription and annotation of untranscribed data. Speech technologies can be used to reduce the time and effort necessary for transcription and annotation of large collections of audio and video recordings in digital language archives, addressing the transcription bottleneck problem that most language archives and many under-documented languages are confronted with. This approach can increase the availability of language resources from low-resourced and endangered languages to speech and language technology research and development.
Datacenter interconnect and networking: From evolution to holistic revolution

In this presentation, we will review the evolution of Google's intra-datacenter interconnects and networking over the past decade, then outline future technology directions which, along with a more holistic design approach, will be needed to keep pace with the requirements and growth of the datacenter.
Alcohol and inflammatory responses: Highlights of the 2015 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting

On September 27, 2015 the 20th annual Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting was held as a satellite symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Leukocyte Biology in Raleigh, NC. The 2015 meeting focused broadly on adverse effects of alcohol and alcohol-use disorders in multiple organ systems. Divided into two plenary sessions, AIRIG opened with the topic of pulmonary inflammation as a result of alcohol consumption, which was followed by alcohol's effect on multiple organs, including the brain and liver. With presentations showing the diverse range of underlying pathology and mechanisms associated with multiple organs as a result of alcohol consumption, AIRIG emphasized the importance of continued alcohol research, as its detrimental consequences are not limited to one or even two organs, but rather extend to the entire host as a whole.
Developmental plasticity: re-conceiving the genotype.

In recent decades, the phenotype of an organism (i.e. its traits and behaviour) has been studied as the outcome of a developmental ‘programme’ coded in its genotype. This deterministic view is impl...
All-acrylic superelastomers: facile synthesis and exceptional mechanical behavior

All-acrylic multigraft copolymers, poly(butyl acrylate)-g-poly(methyl methacrylate), synthesized using a facile grafting-through methodology, exhibit elongation at break (>1700%) and strain recovery behavior far exceeding those of any commercial acrylic (∼500%) and styrenic (∼1000%) triblock copolymers to date. One-batch anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using the sec-butyl lithium/N-isopropyl-4-vinylbenzylamine (sec-BuLi/PVBA) initiation system gives PMMA macromonomers with quantitative yield, short reaction time, and using simple synthetic procedures. These new all-acrylic superelastomers and the simple synthetic approach greatly expand the range of potential applications of all-acrylic thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs).
Solution Geochemistry Gradients in an Acid Mine Drainage Wetland Substrate

The geochemistry and treatment capacity of an abandoned multistage acid mine drainage (AMD) wetland receiving high metal and acidity loads was evaluated as a function of treatment stage, substrate depth, and seasonal variations. In spite of excessive overloading for its small size and the lack of maintenance for the past 6 years, the wetland treatment significantly decreased Fe, SO 4 2− , and acidity with successive treatment stage. Extensive Fe3+-hydrolysis reactions, combined with the influx of oxygenated water from the preceding oxidation pond into the wetland cell substrate, maintained high Eh levels (> 350 mV) throughout the wetland, thus inhibiting alkalinity contributions through dissimilatory SO 4 2− reduction. Only limited buffering occurred through the dissolution of the limestone gravel substrate, which was insufficient to overcome the secondary acidity produced from Fe3+ hydrolysis reactions. The main Fe removal mechanism was the precipitation of Fe-hydroxysulfate and Fe-oxyhydroxide minerals, which was promoted by microbial oxidation of Fe2+ in lower substrate depths and Fe3+ hydrolysis in the surface. Sulfate retention was accomplished through Fe-hydroxysulfate and gypsum precipitation throughout the wetland. Manganese precipitation was inhibited by high Fe2+ and Eh levels, while Al was retained in the form of alunite or jurbanite, primarily in lower substrate depths. Metal, SO 4 2− , and acidity loads increased in the spring months due to higher hydraulic loads and increased pyrite oxidation rates through microbial activity. Solution equilibrium speciations suggested greater saturation with respect to Fe-and Al-minerals during the fall months, when precipitation reactions were enhanced by lower hydraulic loads, longer residence times, and expanded oxidized rhizosphere zones by the hydrophytic vegetation.
Risk, Uncertainty, and the Perceived Threat of Terrorist Attacks: The Advisory System That Cried Wolf?

Information provided by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security regarding potential terrorist attacks significantly affects the U.S. equity market. When the government raises the perceived threat level, investors’ perceptions of risk increase (as measured by the conditional volatility of returns and implied volatility on S&P 500 Index options), but these responses have declined monotonically over time. We also find evidence that informed traders are more active when there is an increased threat of an attack. Thus, the perceived threat of terrorism can affect both equity volatility and the information content of trades but not necessarily the level of aggregate returns.
Gains and Losses on Business Depreciable Property

Depreciable assets used in business benefit from an asymmetry in which gains are capital gains eligible for the lower capital gains rates, while losses are ordinary losses deductible from ordinary income immediately and are not subject to the section 1211 limitations on capital losses. That asymmetry yields a tax of less than zero at a time when revenue needs are great, and it induces investments that make no sense in the pretax economic world. Timber, iron ore, and coal also get the benefit of the capital gains rates, whereas most business activity produces income taxed at 35 percent. This proposal would repeal section 1231, the source of the asymmetry, and would subject land and depreciable property used in business to the capital loss limitations. However, casualty losses and gains from casualty insurance would be treated as ordinary. Recapture of depreciation would be augmented by an interest factor on the depreciation deductions, but the gain from land and depreciable property could thereafter be eligible for capital gains treatment. This proposal is part of a continuing series on the treatment of capital gains. For prior proposals, see Calvin H. Johnson, "Fixing Capital Gains at the Core," Tax Notes, Dec. 14, 2009, p. 1221, Doc 2009-26144, or 2009 TNT 240-11; Johnson, "Cleaning Compensation for Services Out of Capital Gain," Tax Notes, Jan. 11, 2010, p. 233, Doc 2009-27878, or 2010 TNT 9-5; and Johnson, "Sale of Goodwill and Other Intangibles as Ordinary Income," Tax Notes, Jan. 14, 2008, p. 321, Doc 2008-331, or 2008 TNT 10-31. This proposal is made as a part of the Shelf Project, a collaboration among tax professionals to develop and perfect proposals to help Congress raise revenue without raising tax rates. The current deficit is now at $1.6 trillion, or 11.2 percent of annual GDP, and federal spending over the next decade will be twice that. In a revenue crisis, base-protecting revenue provisions that were not possible under ordinary politics become political necessities. Tax rates cannot be raised on this tax base. Shelf Project proposals defend the tax base and improve the rationality and efficiency of the tax system. They are intended to raise revenue without raising rates, because the best tax systems have the broadest possible base to reach the lowest feasible tax rates. A longer description of the Shelf Project is found at "The Shelf Project: Revenue-Raising Projects That Defend the Tax Base," Tax Notes, Dec. 10, 2007, p. 1077, Doc 2007-22632, or 2007 TNT 238-37.
NFPA Marine Fire Protection Codes and Standards: An Overview

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops consensus codes and standards for fire and life safety for a wide array of occupancies, including the maritime industry. With documents originating in the early 1920’s, NFPA maritime safety standards reflect current practices in vessel design and operations, new hazards, and new technology. These documents include safe practices associated with confined space entry and hot work operations during construction, maintenance, and repair; shipyard fire protection safety management; and suppression system design, installation, and testing/maintenance. This presentation highlights those consensus standards contributing to safety management within the maritime industry.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Sphingosine kinase 1 activation by estrogen receptor α36 contributes to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer

In breast cancer, 17β-estradiol (E2) plays critical roles mainly by binding to its canonical receptor, estrogen receptor (ER) α66, and eliciting genomic effects. E2 also triggers rapid, nongenomic responses. E2 activates sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), increasing sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) that binds to its receptors, leading to important breast cancer signaling. However, the E2 receptor responsible for SphK1 activation has not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrate in triple-negative breast cancer cells, which lack the canonical ERα66 but express the novel splice variant ERα36, that ERα36 is the receptor responsible for E2-induced activation of SphK1 and formation and secretion of S1P and dihydro-S1P, the ligands for S1PRs. Tamoxifen, the first-line endocrine therapy for breast cancer, is an antagonist of ERα66, but an agonist of ERα36, and, like E2, activates SphK1 and markedly increases secretion of S1P. A major problem with tamoxifen therapy is development of acquired resistance. We found that tamoxifen resistance correlated with increased SphK1 and ERα36 expression in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, in patient-derived xenografts, and in endocrine-resistant breast cancer patients. Our data also indicate that targeting this ERα36 and SphK1 axis may be a therapeutic option to circumvent endocrine resistance and improve patient outcome.
Form and function for T cells in health and disease

Understanding the complexity of T cell subsets and their role in disease has been a continuing effort. In 2019, the field saw a number of important advances in identifying new T cell subsets and functional states associated with immunopathology, described molecular mechanisms involved in T cell dysregulation in infection and cancer, and provided insight into what defines a healthy T cell state. In this Year in Review, Donna Farber discusses some of the exciting breakthroughs that occurred in the T cell field in 2019, highlighting the therapeutic implications for our understanding of T cell function in infection, allergy, inflammatory disease and cancer.
Spatial Distribution of Ribbed Mussel ( Geukensia demissa ) Filtration Rates Across the Salt Marsh Landscape

Ribbed mussels occupy multiple habitats across the salt marsh landscape—along primary low marsh shorelines, within tidal creeks, and across the high marsh platform. Through their filter-feeding activity, ribbed mussels contribute to nutrient cycling and facilitate vertical accretion. Although abundant, the spatial distribution of ribbed mussels and their habitats vary within and among marshes, affecting the landscape-level distribution of their filtration activity. This study’s objective was to assess the spatial variability of ribbed mussel filtration within and among three salt marshes in New Jersey (NJ) and one in Rhode Island (RI). The distribution of mussel populations and habitats per marsh were quantified through field surveys and GIS extrapolation. Gross filtration rates of total suspended solids and particulate nitrogen, normalized for mussel dry tissue biomass, were assessed for each habitat per marsh and adjusted for feeding time. Gross filtration rates were not driven solely by mussel biomass, but also by food availability and relative habitat proportion. Particulate nitrogen removal was estimated to be between 68 and 166 kg ha−1 year−1 in NJ marshes and 39 kg ha−1 year−1 in the RI marsh, and filtered materials were estimated to contribute between 1.16–2.78 mm year−1 and 0.83 mm year−1 to vertical enhancements in NJ and RI marshes, respectively. Filtration activity was predominantly concentrated in creeks (> 65%), but was lower along primary marsh shorelines in the New Jersey marshes ( 25%), suggesting a habitat-specific filtration deficiency along the primary tidal channels of NJ marshes.
Genetic Privacy, Abandonment, and DNA Dragnets: Is Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence Adequate?

Written as an "At Law" column for a bioethics audience, this short essay addresses legal and ethical questions arising from the use of genetic information for law enforcement purposes. Do we have a reasonable expectation of privacy in our genetic material or is it like garbage on the curb? What safeguards should apply to genetic material voluntarily provided to the police in the course of a DNA dragnet? Given the exceptional nature of genetic material (e.g., we cannot help but to shed it and it holds far more information than a fingerprint), the essay concludes that application of existing precedent may fail to adequately protect important civil liberties.
Intermediate-term performance and safety of His-bundle pacing leads: A single-center experience

Background The short-term safety, feasibility, and performance of His-bundle pacing (HBP) leads have been reported; however, their longer-term performance beyond 1 year remains unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the intermediate-term performance and safety of HBP. Methods All HBP lead implants at Virginia Commonwealth University between January 2014 and January 2019 were analyzed. HBP was performed using a Medtronic SelectSecure 3830-69 cm pacing lead. Results Of 295 attempts, successful HBP implantation (selective or nonselective) was seen in 274 cases (93%). Mean follow-up duration was 22.8 ± 19.5 months (median 19.5; interquartile range 11–33). Mean age was 69 ± 15 years; 58% were males; and ejection fraction Conclusion Although HBP can prevent or improve pacing-induced cardiomyopathy, the elevated capture thresholds, loss of His-bundle capture, and lead revision rates at intermediate follow-up are of concern. Longer-term follow-up data from multiple centers are needed.
Trauma, Sleep and Mental Health Problems in Low-Income Young Adults.

Low-income young adults are more likely to have exposure to trauma, which increases risk for mental health problems. Although adequate sleep promotes good health, people with histories of trauma are more likely to have sleep problems. The current study explored whether poor sleep mediated the relationship between trauma exposure and mental health. A sample of 143 low-income 18–24-year-old young adults completed depression, anxiety, and trauma exposure measures and wore sleep monitors for four nights. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine both direct and indirect effects of variables. Results showed that higher trauma exposure was associated with depression and anxiety. Mean sleep hours per night was fewer than six, far below recommended guidelines for optimal health and functioning. Fewer sleep hours partially mediated the relationship between both trauma exposure and depression and anxiety, and the direct effect from trauma remained significant after adjusting for the partial mediation from sleep.
Refinement of RNA Structures Using Amber Force Fields.

Atomic models for nucleic acids derived from X-ray diffraction data at low resolution provide much useful information, but the observed scattering intensities can be fit with models that can differ in structural detail. Tradtional geometric restraints favor models that have bond length and angle terms derived from small molecule crystal structures. Here we explore replacing these restraints with energy gradients derived from force fields, including recently developed integral equation models to account for the effects of water molecules and ions that are not part of the explicit model. We compare conventional and force-field based refinements for 22 RNA crystals, ranging in resolution from 1.1 to 3.6 A. As expected, it can be important to account for solvent screening of charge–charge interactions, especially in the crowded environment of a nucleic acid crystal. The newly refined models can show improvements in torsion angles and hydrogen-bonding interactions, and can significantly reduce unfavorable atomic clashes, while maintaining or improving agreement with observed scattering intensities.
Technology use and interest in digital apps for mental health promotion and lifestyle intervention among young adults with serious mental illness

Abstract Background Digital technology holds promise for reaching young adults with serious mental illness. This study seeks to characterize technology use and explore interests in digital health interventions among young adults with serious mental illness. Methods A survey was collected from participants age 18–35 enrolled in a lifestyle intervention trial about their technology ownership and use; technology use for mental health or other health reasons; and interest in health apps. Results Responses from 150 participants were summarized. Differences in technology use were compared between individuals with psychotic (n = 65) and non-psychotic disorders (n = 85). Most participants owned mobile phones (92%) and used social media (95%). Smartphone ownership was higher among participants with non-psychotic (98%) compared to psychotic (84%) disorders. Many participants searched online for information about their mental health (73%) or general health (79%). More participants with non-psychotic compared to psychotic disorders expressed interest in apps for depression (71% vs. 54%) or anxiety (78% vs. 54%). Interest in apps for lifestyle, behavioral health, and other health needs was similar between diagnostic groups. Limitations These findings may not generalize to all young adults with serious mental illness. Conclusions There is high access, use, and interest in technology among young adults with serious mental illness. This highlights potential for integrated digital interventions for mental and physical health in this high-risk group.
Improved genomic validation including extra regressions

Genomic predictions (GEBV) are often validated by predicting later deregressed conventional evaluations or daughter yield deviations (dEBV or DYD) from earlier GEBV. Predicting later GEBV from earlier GEBV could be easier for the public to understand and to verify than standard validation and could be applied to single-step models where the GEBV account for genomic preselection but the later dEBV do not. Genomic validations could also predict deregressed GEBV (dGEBV) that include only the new information from the gain in reliability. Changes in genetic trend or rank can also be tested as in validation of conventional EBV by including extra regressions such as on birth year, parent average (PA), or expected future inbreeding (EFI) from the earlier evaluation. The new validation can compute model squared correlations (R2) that ideally should be high, indicating stable evaluations, and predict GEBV difference (final GEBV – earlier GEBV) to give residual R2 that ideally should be low, indicating that changes in evaluations are not a function of other known factors or the earlier GEBV. The new validation methods were applied to U.S. GEBV and for 7 main traits. For most, the regressions on birth year indicated that genetic trend decreased as daughters were added, the regressions on PA were negative, indicating too much blending of PA with direct genomic value, the regressions on EFI were not significant, and regressions on earlier GEBV were > 1.0 when the extra regressions were included. The model R2 ranged from 48 to 79% and the residual R2 ranged from 3 to 18%. These new, more flexible methods give a more complete picture of GEBV properties and how models may be improved to reduce bias and improve prediction accuracy.
SEISMIC EFFECTS ON EARTH DAM FROM EXPLOSION

IN ORDER TO DETERMINE BY FULL-SCALE TEST, THE APPLICABILITY OF CURRENT SEISMIC DESIGN PROCEDURES TO THE DESIGN OF EARTH AND ROCKFILL DAMS THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS, THE MOTION OF 120 FT HIGH, 1500-FT LONG ROLLED EARTH FILL DAM WAS MEASURED DURING ITS RESPONSE TO THE GROUND MOTION EFFECTS PRODUCED BY A DEEP UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR DETONATION. A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL REPRESENTING THE 100-FT DEEP ALLUVIAL FOUNDATION OF THE DAM WAS USED TO COMPUTE THE MOTION OF THE SURFACE OF THE ALLUVIUM AND OF VARIOUS POINTS IN THE DAM. THE LOCATION OF THE ACCELEROMETERS TO MEASURE DAM MOTION IS DESCRIBED. THE DAM BEGAN TO MOVE 6.9 SEC AFTER DETONATION, SO THE PRIMARY WAVE-PROPAGATION VELOCITY WAS A LITTLE MORE THAN 14,000 FPS. THE MOTION RECORDS WERE DIGITIZED AND THE ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA WERE COMPUTED USING A COMPUTER PROGRAM. THE 2 DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DAMS AND FOUNDATIONS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF EARTHQUAKES MOTION EFFECTS, WAS USED TO CALCULATE THE PEAK ACCELERATION AND ACCELERATION RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR AN IDEALIZED REPRESENTATION OF THE FOUNDATION AND DAM. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM. TYPICAL COMPUTER RESPONSE SPECTRA ARE ILLUSTRATED. AGREEMENT BETWEEN MEASURED AND COMPUTED ACCELERATIONS AND SPECTRA WAS IMPROVED BY INCREASING THE MEASURED FIELD MODULUS BY 50 PERCENT. COMPARISON OF THE PEAK MEASURED ACCELERATIONS AND THE PEAK COMPUTED ACCELERATIONS ARE TABULATED. GOOD AGREEMENT WAS FOUND IN THIS AREA. RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE METHOD OF ANALYSIS DESCRIBED HERE, IS AN APPROPRIATE TOOL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DAMS AND FOUNDATIONS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKES.
Introduction: Biophysics in Contemporary China

Following the prologue that introduces amorphousness and fluidity as central characteristics of biophysics in Western scientific literature, this chapter argues that since biophysics has always been known as a discipline “defined by doing,” it is meaningful to study the varying content and the formational context of the discipline. The foundation of my study is: as biophysics can only be captured through depicting what biophysicists do in practice, the Chinese experience of building biophysics is one of the many ways that gives a concrete meaning to biophysics. Biophysics was in its infancy in the first half of twentieth-century China, but its connection with the military-industrial complex gave it the necessary financial resources and political impetus to survive and thrive. In addition to a chapter-by-chapter summary, this chapter considers the peculiarities of China’s biophysics as it was immersed in the experimental development of research rockets for the strategic defense program, liangdan yixing (Two Bombs, One Star).
Application of Integrated Risk Analysis at EPA

The Environmental Protection Agency was created fifteen years ago as an umbrella organization for a large number of individual statues and programs distributed throughout the federal Executive Branch. This led to an often fragmented approach to environmental protection: pollution was removed from the air and water and put -- where? On the ground, or back into the air or water.
A Bioassay for Comparing Attractiveness of Plants to Honeybees

SummaryA bioassay for comparing attractiveness of plants to honeybees (Apis mellifera) is described. Regression of data obtained from the bioassay showed that the method indicated greater attractiveness for plants with more flowers, greater amounts of nectar per flower, more intensely coloured flowers, larger flowers, and more fully open flowers. The bioassay relies on the distribution of foragers and not on preferences of individual bees and can be used to compare plants having temporally offset flowering periods, since comparisons are relative to a standard.