cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responsive Space Requires Responsive Manufacturing-Part II

In order to meet the responsive space needs of the future, improvements need to be made not only to the product of satellites themselves, but also the process by which they are created. While many continue to focus primarily on product innovation, with the exception of large commercial satellite projects like communication satellites, the Boeing 601/702 platform, and the Iridium program, few are successfully addressing how do we change how we build satellites rather than changing the satellites we build. Small satellites especially offer opportunities for process innovation and the application of advanced manufacturing techniques to this process. Within the mechanical and aerospace engineering department at Utah State University, professors in space engineering and advanced manufacturing have teamed to focus on making satellite manufacture more responsive. Through a series of studies for the U.S. government, concepts to realize responsive manufacturing to enable responsive space will be discussed and reported. Since this paper was first published at the 2004 AIAA Responsive Space Conference, several new developments have occurred. This paper has been updated to reflect those changes.
In-vitro fertilization as therapy for male-factor infertility.

SUMMARY In conclusion, IVF is a viable option for the couple with infertility secondary to reduced semen quality unresponsive to routine treatment. The increase in sperm/egg interaction allowed by IVF is rewarded with a pregnancy rate that is not statistically different from that for the overall IVF population. In our last 100 consecutive cycles, after altering our ovulation induction method to produce more oocytes per retrieval attempt, our overall clinical pregnancy rate was 25 per cent. The pregnancy rate for the male-factor patients during this same time period was 20 per cent, a rate similar to the monthly fecundability rate of a normal population of fertile couples. Further, in our hands the sperm penetration assay is of great help in predicting the ability of a human sperm to fertilize a human oocyte.
MO-A-207B-01: Radiomics: Segmentation & Feature Extraction Techniques.

Image segmentation is one of the core problems for applying radiomics-based analysis to images. However, achieving repeatable and accurate segmentations for large datasets is challenging. The choice of segmentation method, the metrics used to evaluate the quality of such segmentations all depend on the specific clinical problem. This course will introduce three approaches, namely, fully automatic, interactive, and semi-automatic methods for generating segmentations. The pros and cons of each approach and when to choose a specific method will be discussed. Evaluation and assessment of the quality of a segmentation method is essential before it can be deployed for high-throughput analysis such as radiomics. This course will present some of the metrics that can be used for assessing quality of segmentations and highlight their advantages and deficiencies. Another important issue with respect to generating high quality segmentations and ultimately extracting robust radiomics features is image pre-processing. A few pre-processing techniques that can be used to improve the robustness of the analysis for MR and CT images will be presented. Learning Objectives: 1.Understand the difference and applicability of various segmentation methods. 2.Understand how pre-processing can be used to improve the robustness of feature extraction and segmentation 3.Understand some basics of evaluating the quality of segmentations and the relevance of such metrics for clinical problems.
Emergent Properties of Neuronal Networks

Emergent properties of neuronal networks are an important feature of normal brain physiology as well as pathophysiology and are an outgrowth of complexity theory. Emergent properties are nonlinear events that occur unexpectedly as a result of self-organization within neuronal networks. Defining specific emergent properties of central nervous system (CNS) neuronal networks allows a realistic understanding of the normal function of these networks and the changes that occur in CNS diseases, affecting specific network nuclei. Emergent properties can occur at several organizational levels in the brain, and those that occur at the neuronal network (mesoscopic or intermediate) level in the CNS may be of particular importance to understanding brain function. Emergent properties have been observed in normal brain networks and in networks for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Emergent properties of critical nuclei (hubs) within the neuronal networks that mediate specific CNS disorders can serve as selective targets for therapeutic doses of drugs to treat these disorders.
Sandwich Triangulation F|\( \mathbb{G}^{n - 1} \) x [0,1]

Let C and F be the cubical subdivision and the Freudenthal triangulation \( \mathbb{G}^n \), respectively. Obviously, the natural restriction of C to \( \mathbb{G}^n-1 \) × [0,1] subdivides \( \mathbb{G}^n-1 \) × [0,1]. As F is a refinement of C, see Lemma 6.9, we see that the natural restriction F|\( \mathbb{G}^n-1 \) × [0,1])\( \underline{\underline{\Delta }}F|{{\mathbb{C}}^{n-1}}\times [0,1] \) of F to Gn−1 × [0,1] triangulates \( \mathbb{G}^n-1 \) × [0,1], see Figure 7.1. We briefly develop the representation and replacement rules for (F|G\( \mathbb{G}^n-1 \) × [0,1])n; these rules, as one would expect, are very closely related to those of Fn as treated in the previous section.
Smart phone based authentication and authorization protocol for SPACS

Nowadays smart-phone is becoming multi-purpose device because it has more processing power at affordable cost. The usage of smart-phone is growing and being used for various personal and business activities. Therefore it can be used as authenticator in physical access control system. But due to its openness, organizations are very much concerned about the security, reliability and privacy of the user's credentials. In this paper, we have described a security protocol for smart-phones which are used for identity verification, authentication and authorization in physical access control system (PACS). The designed authentication protocol is an extension of two-factor authentication FIPS-196 protocol and provides symmetric key based single-sign-on mechanism to achieve efficiency. For authorization, we have used XACML standard for creating and evaluating policies and included pass-code feature in the protocol to ensure the presence of the mobile owner. Furthermore, the implementation of our designed protocol transparently handles the security credentials and is easy to use by the ordinary people. We have verified our protocol by using automated security protocol verification tool, Scyther and have verified that our protocol provides protection against man-in-the-middle attack, replay attack and secrecy of the user's credentials.
Improving Packet Caching Scalability Through the Concept of an Explicit End of Data Marker

Over the past few years, the web has witnessed an explosion of dynamic content generation to provide web users with an interactive and personalized experience. While traditional web caching techniques work well when redundancy occurs on an object-level basis (page, image, etc.), the use of dynamic content presents unique challenges. Although past work has addressed mechanisms for detecting redundancy despite dynamic content, the scalability of such techniques is limited. In this paper, we present a technique for explicit packet boundary delineation to enable scalable and highly efficient packet caching in the network. Our approach, Explicit End of Data (EEOD), does not require client-side modification and requires only minimal server-side modifications. We demonstrate through experimental studies on an Apache web server 25% and 30% relative improvements in terms of bandwidth efficiency and retrieval time over current approaches in the literature.
Emotions and emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with negative emotions such as shame, guilt, anger, and disgust, as well as impairments in the ability to effectively regulate these emotional states. There is evidence showing that each of these negative emotions and emotion regulation difficulties are related to the severity of PTSD stemming from various trauma types. In contrast, much less is known about the temporal relationship between these features and PTSD. Studies have found that treatments for PTSD often lead to improvements in these negative emotions and in emotion regulation difficulties, but how these features impact the efficacy of various PTSD treatments is less clear.
The Social Bases of Philanthropy

Philanthropy—private giving for public purposes by individuals, corporations, and foundations—is a widespread activity. Scholarship on philanthropy is long-standing and can be traced to competing theorizations of gift-giving, wherein the gift has been framed as a case of altruism, self-interest, or reciprocity. Much of the resulting scholarship, in the disciplines of anthropology, economics, evolutionary biology, and psychology, has retained a focus on emphasizing actors’ motivations for the scope and scale of philanthropy. Although sociologists have entered into the study of philanthropy more recently, they nonetheless have made important contributions to its understanding by drawing attention to the social bases of philanthropy. Sociologists have done so through the study of the micro-, meso-, and macro-level factors that explain variation in philanthropy; the specification of the institutional and legal arrangements that permit philanthropy; and the delineation of the social contexts that shape the dir...
Sparse Bayesian learning with uncertain sensing matrix

Sparse Bayesian learning is a sparse processing method used for solving high-dimensional, underdetermined linear equations. Often the sensing matrix in the system of equations is assumed known and in presence of perturbations in this matrix performance of sparse processing degrades. We develop a sparse Bayesian learning method that accounts for perturbations in the sensing matrix. We derive an iterative weight update by performing evidence maximization. Beamforming simulations are used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method.
CEO Tenure and Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis

As CEO tenure, which is defined as CEO’s time in office, is one of the important attributes regarding managers, management scholars have searched the answers for this over-time impact on firm perfo...
Using Cigarette Data for An Introduction to Multiple Regression

The CIGARETTE dataset contains measurements of weight and tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content for 25 brands of domestic cigarettes. The dataset is useful for introducing the ideas of multipl...
Switching Systems: Technological Change, Competition, and Privatisation

New technology and expanding service capabilities are leading both to substantial competition in the telecommunications industry, and also to the demise of public ownership. The case of Deutsche Telekom illustrates that although public sector status failed to provide sufficient strategic or organisational flexibility in a dynamic market this was less due to the public sector institutions of industrial relations themselves, than to the interaction of institutions with political decisions, which reduced Telekom’s ability to restructure itself in an increasingly competitive environment. Nevertheless, the privatisation of Telekom also highlights the central co-ordinating role of the public sector’s hierarchical Personalrate works council structure. The strategic challenges for unions inherent in the decentralised private sector works council system illuminate the importance of unions providing interworks council co-ordination, in addition to the usually emphasised co-ordination between union and works council—an ability central to unions retaining their influence under conditions of increasing decentralisation.
CoVR: Cloud-Based Multiuser Virtual Reality Headset System for Project Communication of Remote Users

AbstractInefficient communication among project stakeholders is one of the most critical issues in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. In reality, it is difficult to cre...
The Small Intestine Converts Dietary Fructose into Glucose and Organic Acids

Excessive consumption of sweets is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. A major chemical feature of sweets is fructose. Despite strong ties between fructose and disease, the metabolic fate of fructose in mammals remains incompletely understood. Here we use isotope tracing and mass spectrometry to track the fate of glucose and fructose carbons in vivo, finding that dietary fructose is cleared by the small intestine. Clearance requires the fructose-phosphorylating enzyme ketohexokinase. Low doses of fructose are ∼90% cleared by the intestine, with only trace fructose but extensive fructose-derived glucose, lactate, and glycerate found in the portal blood. High doses of fructose (≥1 g/kg) overwhelm intestinal fructose absorption and clearance, resulting in fructose reaching both the liver and colonic microbiota. Intestinal fructose clearance is augmented both by prior exposure to fructose and by feeding. We propose that the small intestine shields the liver from otherwise toxic fructose exposure.
Effects of varying doses of estrogen and caudal pressure on wheel running in orchidectomized male mice.

Physical inactivity is a leading cause of hypokinetic diseases - obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancers. Increased city walkability, better access to fitness facilities, and remediation of socioeconomic barriers prove successful for limited populations within the confines of stringently controlled environments; however, these strategies fail to reverse the ever-increasing physical inactivity epidemic on a global scale indicating the existence of other unidentified factors. These purported biological factors remain critical targets to understand the regulation of this complex phenotype. An estrogenic mechanism that incompletely or slowly adjusts physical activity levels following reintroduction of estrogenic compounds to surgically gonadectomized mice has been postulated to exist. Currently, this mechanism remains scrutinized due to concerns that elevated estrogen levels induce urinary bladder distension. The distension of the urinary bladder may mechanically disrupt physical activity, masking any physiological effects estrogen has on physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of estrogen on physical activity levels while employing dose-related strategies to alleviate distension in mice. Wheel running data were collected under normal physiological conditions, following removal of endogenous sex steroids via orchidectomy, and during estrogen replacement at various doses (0%, 10%, 50% or 100% estrogen-containing implants) to induce varying degrees of urinary bladder distension. Wheel running distance (P = 0.005) and duration (P = 0.006) decreased after orchidectomy, but slowly increased following estrogen replacement. During the study, wheel running did not return to the levels observed in physiologically intact mice. Significant distension was not observed between estrogen treatment groups indicating that a slow-responding estrogen effect exists in male mice that prevents wheel running from returning to normal levels immediately following steroid reintroduction. The limited increase in wheel running during estrogen treatment following orchidectomy is not an artifact of induced urinary bladder distension.
Assessing impacts of introducing ship-to-store service on sales and returns in omnichannel retailing: A data analytics study

Abstract Omnichannel retailing features, such as ship-to-store (STS) service, are designed to deliver a seamless shopping experience for customers. For a retailer, introducing omnichannel capabilities requires major investments to integrate physical stores and online marketplaces, yet holds a promise of potentially enhancing revenue streams from both brick-and-mortar (BM) stores and online store channels. We assess the promise of ship-to-store capabilities by analyzing transactional data from a national jewelry retailer to study impacts of introducing ship-to-store on a retailer's operating performance, in terms of sales and customer returns. Contrary to expectations, the findings show that online sales decreased after ship-to-store was introduced, although BM store sales increased. Detailed analysis of the transactional data suggests that, after STS implementation, some customers switched from the online channel to the brick-and-mortar channel. This switch occurred mainly for high-value purchases. The customers who actually remained with and fully completed a sale using the ship-to-store service typically were those that bought low-value items. Our findings also suggest that introducing ship-to-store increased cross-channel customer returns of online purchases to physical stores. Concurrently, these new ship-to-store returns generated additional BM store sales. The paper contributes by showing how introducing ship-to-store service can have different impacts in terms of sales and returns across a retailer's channels.
Geometry of the Edged and Flexed Ski

Refer to Fig. T4.1, which shows the outline of a conventional ski as seen from the top view. The contact length between the shovel and tail is labeled C. The tail width is T, the waist width is W, and the shovel width is S. We assume that the waist of the ski, where W is measured, is near the midpoint of the contact line. The sidecut, SC, is given by the relation SC = (S + T - 2W)/4. From the geometry illustrated in Fig. T4.1, we can write C ≈ δR SC , and then expand the cosine function to use the first two terms only, as follows: $$ \begin{array}{l}W = {F_N} + {F_{S,}} \\{F_N} = W\cos \alpha ,\quad {F_S} = W\sin \alpha \\\end{array} $$ (T3.1) $$ \begin{array}{l}W = {F_N} + {F_{S,}} \\{F_N} = W\cos \alpha ,\quad {F_S} = W\sin \alpha \\\end{array} $$ (T3.1) thus $$ {R_{SC}} = \frac{{{C^2}}}{{8SC}} $$ .
Reconhecimento de padrões na Arqueologia Histórica

O processo de identificacao de padroes (pattern recognition) atraves de dados de sitios historicos e explanado empregando informacoes do sistema colonial britânico. O "padrao Brunswick" monitora o comportamento de descarte de restos do seculo XVIII. O "padrao Carolina" monitora a relacao de artefatos em ocupacoes domesticas. o "padrao Frontier" e encontrado em sitios de fronteira assim como em areas internas de ruinas domesticas, e e caracterizado pela predominância de restos associado a arquitetura sobre os do grupo cozinha. A formula de reconheciento de padroes demonstrada pela denominada "Fermula de Datacao de Cerâmica" (Mean Ceramic Date Formula) e um recurso baseado no reconhecimento de padroes altamente regulares de variacao na popularidade da cerâmica atraves do tempo. Tal reconhecimento de padrao e fundamental em sitios historicos, para ajudar na explanacao dos processos culturais. A Arqueologia Historica tem potencais, ate o momento nao explorados, para contribuir no aperfeicoamento dos metodos de estudo e construcao de teoria na arqueologia. Esta e uma promessa excitante que a arqueologia historica guarda para o futuro.
Thrombin increases expression of urokinase receptor by activation of the thrombin receptor.

Purpose. To investigate the effect of thrombin on the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Methods. The authors analyzed u-PAR mRNA by Northern blot hybridization. Retinal pigment epithelial cell surface u-PAR was assayed by measuring the amount of functional urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) bound to cells at saturation. Retinal pigment epithelial cells were derived from fetal retinal tissue and established in primary cell culture. Results. Thrombin increased u-PAR mRNA 4-fold in RPE cells examined by Northern blot hybridization, whereas the amount of thrombin receptor mRNA was unchanged. Thrombin stimulated u-PA binding to RPE cells 2.5- to 5-fold in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Hirudin, a thrombin antagonist, completely blocked the effects of thrombin on u-PAR expression in RPE cells. Phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C treatment of RPE cells resulted in the abolition of thrombin-induced u-PA binding. Recombinant soluble u-PAR competitively inhibited two-chain u-PA binding to the surface of thrombin-treated RPE cells. A thrombin receptor agonist peptide (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF) also induced a 2.5-fold increase in binding of u-PA to the surface of RPE cells. Conclusion. Thrombin increases u-PAR expression by RPE cells by a mechanism involving activation of the seven transmembrane thrombin receptor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :2254-2261.
Target Selection for Test-Based Resource Adaptation

Building software systems that adapt to changing resources is challenging: developers cannot anticipate all future situations that a software system may face, and even if they could, the effort required would be onerous. A conceptually simple, yet practically applicable, way to build resource adaptive software is to use test-based software minimization, where tests define functionality. One drawback of the approach is that it requires a time-consuming reduction process that removes program statements in order to reduce resource usage, making it impractical for use in deployed systems. We show that statements removed have predictable characteristics, making it possible to use heuristics to choose statements to analyze. We demonstrate the utility of our heuristics via a case study of the NetBeans IDE: using our best heuristic, we were able to compute an effective resource adaptation almost 3 times faster than without heuristic guidance.
Developing a standardized system of exposure and intervention endpoints for isoflurane in preclinical stroke models

Isoflurane is a regularly used anesthetic in translational research. Isoflurane facilitates invasive surgery and a rapid recovery. Specifically, in the pathology of stroke, controversy has surrounded isoflurane's intrinsic neuroprotective abilities, affecting apoptosis, excitotoxicity, and blood brain barrier disruption. Due to the intrinsic neuroprotective nature and lack of standardized guidelines for the use of isoflurane, research has shifted away from this gas in most animal models. Antagonistically, studies have also reported that no neuroprotective effects are observed when a surgery is accompanied with isoflurane exposure under 20 minutes. Isoflurane affects the pathophysiology in stroke patients by altering critical pathways in endothelial, neuronal, and microglial cells. Current studies have elucidated isoflurane neuroprotection to be time dependent and may be minimized in experimental designs if the exposure time is limited to a specific window. Therefore, with detailed and extensive literature on anesthetics, we can hypothesize that isoflurane exposure under the 20-minute benchmark, behavior and molecular pathways can be evaluated at any time-point following ischemic insult without confounding artifacts from isoflurane; however, If the exposure to isoflurane exceeds 20 minutes, the acute neuroprotective effects are evident for 2 weeks in the model, which should be accounted for in molecular and behavioral assessments, with either isoflurane inhibitors or a control group at 2 weeks post middle cerebral artery occlusion. The purpose of this review is to suggest a detailed and standardized outline for interventions and behavioral assessments after the use of isoflurane in experimental designs.
Mechanisms utilized by feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells to inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation

Feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have been successfully used in clinical trials for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases with T cell dysregulation. However, the immunomodulatory pathways utilized by feline ASCs to suppress T cell activation have not been fully determined. We investigated the mechanisms used by feline ASCs to inhibit T cell proliferation, including the soluble factors and the cell-cell contact ligands responsible for ASC-T cell interaction. The immunomodulatory activity of feline ASCs was evaluated via cell cycle analysis and in vitro mixed leukocyte reaction using specific immunomodulatory inhibitors. Cell-cell interactions were assessed with static adhesion assays, also with inhibitors. Feline ASCs decrease T cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest in G0–G1. Blocking prostaglandin (PGE2), but not IDO, partially restored lymphocyte proliferation. Although PDL-1 and CD137L are both expressed on activated feline ASCs, only the interaction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54) with its ligand, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18), was responsible for ASC-T cell adhesion. Blocking this interaction reduced cell-cell adhesion and mediator (IFN-γ) secretion and signaling. Feline ASCs utilize PGE2 and ICAM-1/LFA-1 ligand interaction to inhibit T cell proliferation with a resultant cell cycle arrest in G0–G1. These data further elucidate the mechanisms by which feline ASCs interact with T cells, help define appropriate T cell-mediated disease targets in cats that may be amenable to ASC therapy, and may also inform potential translational models for human diseases.
Stochastic and coarse-grained two-dimensional modeling of directional particle movement

Abstract We study the evolution of interacting groups of pedestrians in two-dimensional geometries. We introduce a microscopic stochastic model that includes floor fields modeling the global flow of individual groups as well as local interaction rules. From this microscopic model we derive an analytically-tractable system of conservation laws that governs the evolution of the macroscopic pedestrian densities. Numerical simulations show good agreement between the system of conservation laws and the microscopic model, though the latter is slightly more diffusive. We conclude by deriving second-order corrections to the system of conservation laws.
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease by treating mild cognitive impairment with combinations chosen from eight available drugs

Several hundred clinical trials of initially promising drugs have failed to produce meaningful clinical improvement of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is probably because there are at least 25 biochemical pathways known to be aberrant that underpin the disease, and unless there is a single drug that addresses all or most of them, even promising drugs if given alone are unlikely to succeed. Because so many pathways are potentially at fault, it is quite possible that no treatment might succeed. However, because amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) often precedes AD and, assuming that those with aMCI who progress to AD commence with insufficient risk factors for AD but accrue them later, then it is likely that fewer pathways need addressing in aMCI than in AD to either prevent progression of aMCI to AD or effect its reversion. Published reports show that eight drugs, that is, dantrolene, erythropoietin, lithium, memantine, minocycline, piracetam, riluzole, and silymarin, address many of the pathways underlying MCI and AD. Among those eight drugs, combinations between either two or three of them have combined nonoverlapping actions that benefit enough of the approximately 25 pathways at fault so that their convergent efficacy has the potential to prevent aMCI from progressing to AD. The combinations should be subjected to a clinical trial in persons with aMCI to establish their safety and efficacy.
Appendix C: Scalar and Vector Bases for Periodic Pipe Flow

Bases are constructed for separable Hilbert spaces relevant for the solutions of the Navier–Stokes pdes. In addition, analytic test functions are constructed for the purpose of evaluating representations of scalar and vector fields with respect to bases defined over a compact domain \(\mathcal{D}\), the straight cylinder being an explicit example. Scalar and vector basis functions for the phase space \(\Omega \) (realizations of a turbulent flow) and the test function space \(\mathcal{N}_p\) (argument functions of the characteristic functional) plus analytic functions, for the purpose of testing numerically the convergence properties of the bases, are constructed using cylindrical coordinates suitable for the periodic flow through straight pipes with circular cross section.
Pilot Implementation of Adapted-Family Diabetes Self-Management Education Into a Clinical Setting:

Objectives: Marshallese are a Pacific Islander community that experience a disproportionate rate of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness and feasi...
ISG15 fast-tracks DNA replication

In this issue, Raso et al. (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002175) uncover a novel replication fork speed regulatory network controlled by the ubiquitin-like modifier interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which plays a central role in the innate immune response and regulates tumorigenesis as well as chemotherapy response.
“Unworthy of the Earth”: Fallibilism, Place, Terra Nullius, and Christian Mission

Lisa E. Dahill’s chapter deals with historical, political, and religious developments around conceptions of mission and European conquest of North America. Dahill shows how the lack of a fallibilist stance and disposition underwrote extreme and erroneous convictions about Christian cultural hegemony. She critiques a specific historical development of the horrific “Doctrine of Discovery” and the cognate category of terra nullius, by means of which European political and religious forces devastated the indigenous peoples of North and South America and beyond. As a way out of the fallacies of Euro-Christian domination, she proposes three strategies for recasting Christian mission: renouncing the Doctrine of Discovery, getting to know one’s place and its indigenous inhabitants, and attending to the terra plena, the particular local abundance of the life of the world.
Nighttime Agitation in Persons with Dementia as a Manifestation of Restless Legs Syndrome

Abstract Objectives Nighttime agitation or “sundowning” is challenging for clinicians and caregivers to manage in older adults in the dementia stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD-D). Our research previously revealed that nighttime agitation might be a manifestation of restless legs syndrome (RLS). The current study aims to describe the characteristics of older adults with AD-D, nighttime agitation, and RLS, and to evaluate sleep disturbance and iron status in relation to nighttime agitation severity. Design An observational study with baseline descriptive and correlational data from a clinical trial. Setting and Participants Long-term care (n = 69) and independent living (n = 7); age 82.91 ± 9.46 years, with AD-D, nighttime agitation, and RLS. Measurements Trained observers counted nighttime agitation behaviors. Independent variables were age; cognition measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination; minutes slept from actigraphy; transferrin saturation percentage (TS%) and transferrin from fasting blood samples; and illness severity using the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression models were generated. Results In the multivariable model, sleep minutes (P = .002) and TS% (P = .003) were negatively associated with frequency of nighttime agitation behaviors, and they explained 20% of the variance. Seventy-nine percent received 1 or more medications that worsen RLS symptoms, such as antihistamines and serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Conclusions and Implications We encourage clinicians to consider nighttime agitation as a manifestation of RLS. Treatment of iron deficiency indicated by low TS% and deprescribing medications that exacerbate RLS may decrease nighttime agitation, improve sleep, and enhance quality of life in older adults with AD-D.
GDNF signaling in subjects with minimal motor deficits and Parkinson's disease

Abstract The failure of glial cell derived neurotropic factor to be efficacious in blinded clinical trials for Parkinson's disease may be due to alterations in signaling receptors and downstream signaling molecules. To test this hypothesis, brain sections were obtained from older adults with no motor deficit (n = 6), minimal motor deficits (n = 10), and clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (n = 10) who underwent motor examination proximate to death. Quantitative unbiased stereology and densitometry were performed to analyze RET and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 expression in nigral neurons. Individuals with no motor deficit had extensive and intense RET and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 immunoreactive neurons in substantia nigra. The number and staining intensity of RET-immunoreactive neurons were reduced moderately in subjects with minimal motor deficits and severely reduced in Parkinson's disease relative to no motor deficit group. The number and staining intensity of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 was more markedly reduced in both subjects with minimal motor deficits and Parkinson's disease. Reductions in levels of RET and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 were recapitulated in a non-human primate genetic Parkinson's disease model based on over-expression of human mutant a-synuclein (A53T). These data indicate that for neurotrophic factors to be effective in patients with minimal motor deficits or PD, these factors would likely have to upregulate RET and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 immunoreactive neurons in substantia nigra to be effective.
Robust Clearing Price Mechanisms for Reserve Price Optimization.

Setting an effective reserve price for strategic bidders in repeated auctions is a central question in online advertising. In this paper, we investigate how to set an anonymous reserve price in repeated auctions based on historical bids in a way that balances revenue and incentives to misreport. We propose two simple and computationally efficient methods to set reserve prices based on the notion of a clearing price and make them robust to bidder misreports. The first approach adds random noise to the reserve price, drawing on techniques from differential privacy. The second method applies a smoothing technique by adding noise to the training bids used to compute the reserve price. We provide theoretical guarantees on the trade-offs between the revenue performance and bid-shading incentives of these two mechanisms. Finally, we empirically evaluate our mechanisms on synthetic data to validate our theoretical findings.
Clinical and genomic epidemiology of mcr-9-carrying carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates in Metropolitan Atlanta, 2012-2017

Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Recently, the ninth allele of the mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene family, designated mcr-9, was reported. However, its clinical and public health significance remains unclear. We queried genomes of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) for mcr-9 from a convenience sample of clinical isolates collected between 2012-2017 through the Georgia Emerging Infections Program, a population- and laboratory-based surveillance program. Isolates underwent phenotypic characterization and whole genome sequencing. Phenotypic characteristics, genomic features, and clinical outcomes of mcr-9 positive and negative CRE cases were then compared. Among 235 sequenced CRE genomes, thirteen (6%) were found to harbor mcr-9, all of which were Enterobacter cloacae complex. The median MIC, rates of heteroresistance and inducible resistance to colistin were similar between mcr-9 positive and negative isolates. However, rates of resistance were higher among mcr-9 positive isolates across most antibiotic classes. All cases had significant healthcare exposures. The 90-day mortality was similarly high in both mcr-9 positive (31%) and negative (7%) CRE cases. Nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analysis did not reveal geo-temporal clustering. mcr-9 positive isolates had a significantly higher number of median [range] AMR genes (16 [4-22] vs. 6 [2-15]; p
A systematic literature review of “rape victims” versus “rape survivors”: Implications for theory, research, and practice

When describing women who have been raped, does how they are framed--e.g., as "rape victims" versus as "rape survivors"--matter? Based on critical feminist (e.g., Lugones, 2003) and social psychological (e.g., Pratto, Sidanius, Stallworth, & Malle, 1994; Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004) theories of power, we systematically reviewed past research on individuals' rape-related attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, behaviors, and experiences, and concluded that such framing does matter. We compared the literature framing rape targets normatively (i.e., as victims) to the literature framing them non-normatively (e.g., as survivors, more individualistically). Comparison suggested their differences in framing are generally associated with differences in conceptualizations of women who have been raped (i.e., more stereotypic and limited versus more realistic and multidimensional) and in emphases on oppression versus resistance and empowerment, especially in terms of the outcomes found for women who have been raped (i.e., more negative outcomes versus more balanced outcomes). After providing evidence for these conclusions, we addressed limitations of our review and discussed its theoretical and practical implications. Finally, we concluded with three specific recommendations for researchers addressing rape-related psychology: conduct more experience-based research, develop tools to assess rape-supportive and rape-resistant psychology, and base such research clearly in theory. Language: en
Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases

Diseases caused by bacterial and rickettsial pathogens transmitted by arthropods have caused incredible suffering throughout human history. The twin scourges, plague and typhus, may have killed more people than all wartime battlefield injuries combined (Zinsser 1934). Although improvements in sanitation and treatment of diseases have decreased these vetorborne agents around the world, recent events have shown how quickly the threat of these diseases can cause chaos in human society. Unlike diseases that prevail where poverty is high and living standards low, bacterial and rickettsial agents transmitted by arthropods recently have emerged among the world’s wealthiest residents. Lyme disease clearly is tied in the northeastern USA to the reversion of agricultural land to wealthy suburban communities, with accompanying regrowth of secondary forests and deer populations free from hunting.
Interaction of nitric oxide and external calcium fluctuations: a possible substrate for rapid information retrieval.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the interaction of nitric oxide (NO) and external calcium fluctuations. NO is made in response to calcium fluxes through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) type of glutamate receptor. NMDA receptors are both ligand- and voltage-gated, suggesting that they act as molecular coincidence detectors; presynaptic spike arrival is reported by glutamate release, and the postsynaptic spike is reported by membrane voltage. The enhanced production of NO subsequent to this coincidence detection provides a means to transport this information throughout a surrounding volume of neural tissue. The chapter addresses three domains in which a rapid volume signal could play important roles in neural tissue: (1) activity-dependent development of neural connections, (2) storage of information in volumes of neural tissue, and (3) rapid retrieval of information from volumes of neural tissue.
A Fully Dynamic Graph Algorithm for Recognizing Proper Interval Graphs

We present a fully dynamic graph algorithm to recognize proper interval graphs that runs in O (logn ) worst case time per edge update, where n is the number of vertices in the graph. The algorithm also maintains the connected components and supports connectivity queries in O (logn ) time.
Days of Endless Time

Columnist Charles Day observes that video installations are catching up to video games in their use of computer-generated imagery.
A Note on Michael Grimwood's Heart in Conflict

In Heart in Conflict: Faulkner's Struggles with Vocation (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), Michael Grimwood uses Erik Erikson's psychobiographical method to study Faulkner's young manhood, when he conceived his vocation of writing; and then his middle years, when, Grimwood maintains, he came increasingly to doubt the validity of his vocation. Such doubting, Greenwood argues, was inevitable because Faulkner's original conception of his vocation was shot through with fraudulence.
Intelligent technologies for investing: a review of engineering literature

Modern financial investing squarely depends on computing, and the role of intelligent decision technologies in investing is a lively research topic that is approached differently by each discipline. In this study, the hypothesis is that the IEEE Engineering Society literature about financial applications will 1) reveal a move over the years from a focus on expert systems tools to a focus on evolutionary computing tools 2) a continuous emphasis on applications about asset valuation, 3) highlight specific patterns across disciplines of the IEEE and 4) show a new trend to combine expert systems with evolutionary computation. A search on the IEEE literature retrieved 71 relevant articles which were systematically analyzed. All four hypotheses were supported. Most of those articles came from journals which emphasize a tool, such as neural networks. For those tool-based journals an application to finance typically only appeared in a special issue on finance, as generally, the IEEE journals explicitly prefer research addressing engineering rather than financial applications. Surprisingly, the IEEE Transactions on Power Systems regularly published new artificial intelligence approaches to financial problems because power systems professionals manage energy commodities.
Neurulation in Xenopus laevis. An analysis and model based upon light and electron microscopy

It is a matter of general knowledge that neurulation, as it occurs in most chordate embryos, proceeds by longitudinal in-folding of the neural plate. Lovtrup (1965) ably described such morphogenetic movements as they occur in several neurulating amphibians. The mechanical causes of these movements are not clearly understood, however. In his review of the prominent theories of neurulation, Curtis (1967) points to their various inadequacies and concludes that ‘possibly the solution of this problem is to search for contractile movements in the cells involved in neurulation’ (p. 310). The present paper seeks to identify the causal mechanisms of neurulation in the African clawed toad Xenopus laevis . The study was originally undertaken specifically to test Cloney's (1966) prediction that the presumed contractility of neural plate cells is associated with the morphological presence of fine cytoplasmic filaments which actually constitute the molecular agents of contraction and cellular shape-changes.
Small problems on large computers

What kind of problem is it that, while best solved numerically, is too small to benefit from the cheaper, faster, more reliable computation performed by a large digital computer? The ONR-sponsored group working with the Whirlwind I computer at the MIT Digital Computer Laboratory believes that a problem too small for a large computer is a very small problem indeed, perhaps at best a one-of-a-kind computation involving only a few hundred multiplications. To support this contention, one must of course overcome several important difficulties. As an experiment toward this end, the Whirlwind computer has been made available without charge to at least thirty different groups including representatives of twelve of MIT's nineteen professional departments. In almost every case, the detailed programming and coding is being carried out entirely by the users with the occasional advice of members of the laboratory staff. This essentially solves the difficult problem of where one finds a staff large enough to keep a high-speed computer busy on small scale problems. But the success of the method depends on making the programming simple enough to learn and to carry out so that scientists and engineers can set up their own problems for the machine and still save time and money. What is required is an organization and a set of procedures chosen to simplify programming to the point at which a novice can quickly learn to code his own programs.
Physician-Patient-Parent Communication Problems

The physician-patient relationship has been addressed frequently in the literature. It is well documented that a positive physician-patient relationship is infiuencial in clinical outcome. This concep
Some suggestive results in psychometric testing of the cerebral palsied with Gesell, Binet, and Wechsler scales.

(1953). Some Suggestive Results in Psychometric Testing of the Cerebral Palsied with Gesell, Binet, and Wechsler Scales. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 69-90.
New insights from rodent models of fatty liver disease.

Abstract Rodent models of fatty liver disease are essential research tools that provide a window into disease pathogenesis and a testing ground for prevention and treatment. Models come in many varieties involving dietary and genetic manipulations, and sometimes both. High-energy diets that induce obesity do not uniformly cause fatty liver disease; this has prompted close scrutiny of specific macronutrients and nutrient combinations to determine which have the greatest potential for hepatotoxicity. At the same time, diets that do not cause obesity or the metabolic syndrome but do cause severe steatohepatitis have been exploited to study factors important to progressive liver injury, including cell death, oxidative stress, and immune activation. Rodents with a genetic predisposition to overeating offer yet another model in which to explore the evolution of fatty liver disease. In some animals that overeat, steatohepatitis can develop even without resorting to a high-energy diet. Importantly, these models a...
Determining the utility of temporary pacing wires after coronary artery bypass surgery

Background Temporary epicardial pacing wires are used routinely after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and can cause rare, catastrophic complications. This study's purpose was to identify patient characteristics predicting the need for pacing after CABG surgery with the potential to limit their utilization. Methods This prospective observational study involved 290 consecutive patients undergoing CABG at our institution from August 2000 to January 2001. Sixty-eight patients were excluded for the following reasons: off-pump CABG, preoperative pacemaker, no pacing wire placement, or incomplete follow-up. Among the remaining 222 patients, the incidence of pacing during the postoperative period was recorded. Univariate and independent multivariate predictors for postoperative pacing were determined using medical records, the Johns Hopkins Hospital cardiac surgery database and the Society of Thoracic Surgery database. Results In the postoperative period, 19 of 222 patients (8.6%) required pacing. Univariate analysis identified age, cardiomegaly, preoperative antiarrhythmic therapy, diabetes mellitus, preoperative arrhythmia, inotropic agents leaving the operating room, and pacing initialized at the separation from cardiopulmonary bypass as predictors of the need for postoperative pacing. Only diabetes mellitus, preoperative arrhythmia, and pacing utilized to separate from bypass were found to be significant on multivariate analysis. Using this model, if we exclude the patients with any of these three risk factors, only 2.6% of them would have required pacing. Conclusions Few patients require temporary epicardial pacing after routine CABG. This study identified specific predictors for postoperative pacing requirements and provides criteria for the selective use of epicardial pacing wires after CABG.