cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Quality Dimension in Army Retention

Despite the relatively "egalitarian" (little pay for performance) structure of military compensation, those who do better on tests of proficiency in their military occupation are more likely to re-enlist than those who do worse, and this difference is no-primarily due to the Army's unwillingness to allow its worst performers to re-enlist. In contrast, those with the best scores on the general ability test given prior to enlistment are less likely to re-enlist. It is generally agreed that the U.S. military pay structure is "egalitarian" in that there is (relative to the civilian sector) little variation in pay among those with similar length of service (Baldwin and Daula, 1985. p. 354). Indeed, Smith, Sylwester, and Villa (1989) find that not only are schooling and high scores on the Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) worth more in the civilian sector than in the Army to those contemplating re-enlistment, but also having an above-average promotion record during one's first term of military service is worth more outside the military as well.' They conclude that "across all these indicators of employee performance.... relative military-civilian compensation is lower for good performers." At least in part as a result of the fear that the military's *I am grateful to participants at a conference sponsored by the U.S. Army Research
Synthesis and reactions of 9,10-diazatetracyclo-[6.3.0.0.4,110.5,9]undecanes†

The tandem 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between sydnones and 1,5-cyclooctadiene provides 9,10-diazatetracyclo[6.3.0.0.4,110.5,9]undecanes (the Weintraub reaction) in modest to good yields.
COLLATERAL CONSTRAINTS IN A MONETARY ECONOMY

This paper reviews the role of collateral constraints in transforming small monetary shocks into large persistent output fluctuations. We do this by introducing money in the heterogeneous-agent real economy of Kiyotaki and Moore (1997). Money enters in a cash-in-advance constraint and money supply is managed via open-market operations. We find that a monetary shock generates persistent movements in aggregate output, the amplitude of which depends upon whether or not debt contracts are indexed. If only nominal contracts are traded, money shocks can trigger large output fluctuations. In this case a money expansion triggers a boom, whereas money contractions generate recessions. In contrast, if contracts are indexed then amplification is not only smaller; it can also generate the reverse results. When the possibility of default and renegotiation is considered, the model can generate asymmetric business cycles with recessions milder than booms. Finally, monetary shocks generate a highly persistent dampening cycle rather than a smoothly declining deviation. (JEL: E32, E43, E44, E52)
Bright water: hydrosols, water conservation and climate change

Because air–water and water–air interfaces are equally refractive, cloud droplets and microbubbles dispersed in bodies of water reflect sunlight in much the same way. The lifetime of sunlight-reflecting microbubbles, and hence the scale on which they may be applied, depends on Stokes Law and the influence of ambient or added surfactants. Small bubbles backscatter light more efficiently than large ones, opening the possibility of using highly dilute micron-radius hydrosols to substantially brighten surface waters. Such microbubbles can noticeably increase water surface reflectivity, even at volume fractions of parts per million and such loadings can be created at an energy cost as low as J m − 2 to initiate and mW m − 2 to sustain. Increasing water albedo in this way can reduce solar energy absorption by as much as 100 W m − 2, potentially reducing equilibrium temperatures of standing water bodies by several Kelvins. While aerosols injected into the stratosphere tend to alter climate globally, hydrosols can be used to modulate surface albedo, locally and reversibly, without risk of degrading the ozone layer or altering the color of the sky. The low energy cost of microbubbles suggests a new approach to solar radiation management in water conservation and geoengineering: Don’t dim the Sun; Brighten the water.
Laser-beam cleanup using photorefractive two-wave mixing and optical phase conjugation

Using photorefractive two-wave mixing in a strontium barium niobate (SrxBa1−xNb2O6) crystal in conjunction with a self-pumped barium titanate (BaTiO3) phase conjugator, we have demonstrated the cleanup of a phase-distorted laser beam. A clean seed beam is amplified by the phase-aberrated pump beam through the photorefractive two-wave mixing process. The optical phase conjugation is used to eliminate the phase aberration introduced by the photorefractive gain medium.
The Transitional Costs of Sectoral Reallocation: Evidence From the Clean Air Act and the Workforce*

This article uses linked worker-firm data in the United States to estimate the transitional costs associated with reallocating workers from newly regulated industries to other sectors of the economy in the context of new environmental regulations. The focus on workers rather than industries as the unit of analysis allows me to examine previously unobserved economic outcomes such as nonemployment and long-run earnings losses from job transitions, both of which are critical to understanding the reallocative costs associated with these policies. Using plant-level panel variation induced by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), I find that the reallocative costs of environmental policy are significant. Workers in newly regulated plants experienced, in aggregate, more than $5.4 billion in forgone earnings for the years after the change in policy. Most of these costs are driven by nonemployment and lower earnings in future employment, highlighting the importance of longitudinal data for characterizing the costs and consequences of labor market adjustment. Relative to the estimated benefits of the 1990 CAAA, these one-time transitional costs are
Automatic Control of Adverse Yaw in the Landing Environment using Optimal Control Theory

A — state matrix B = control matrix fu = feedback gains; i-control, ./-disturbance H = terminal penalty matrix Q = state weighting matrix qu = diagonal components of state weighting matrix R = control weighting matrix ru = diagonal elements of control weighting matrix a A = absolute angle of attack of zero lift line, (deg) /3 angle of side slip (deg) p, q, r roll, pitch and yaw rates, respectively da, 5r, be = aileron, rudder and elevator controls, respectively 0, 0, = roll, pitch and yaw angles, respectively Superscripts and Subscripts o initial condition / = final condition ' = transpose of the matrix * = optimal condition •(dot) = time derivative
Reallocating innovative resources around growth bottlenecks

Economy-wide increasing returns to scale embodied in a general purpose technology (GPT) and its applications are often a key source of long-run growth. Yet the successful exploitation of increasing returns calls for coordination on a particular technological direction, reducing flexibility and choice ex post and potentially creating a growth bottleneck. When the bottleneck is controlled by a single firm, the resulting entry barriers reduce the ability of demanders to choose superior, alternative technologies. We examine how such a growth bottleneck can eventually be overcome under certain key conditions. Demand must be fundamentally diverse so that the original GPT does not serve all demanders. Firms barred from entry into the primary GPT market can then reallocate innovative resources to create new markets to meet the unserved demand. The demand in these new markets must be valuable enough (even if not as valuable as in the primary GPT market) to generate a positive-feedback cycle that results in considerable technical advance in the alternative GPT. This ultimately can lead to indirect entry by the alternative GPT into the original GPT market if and when it becomes strong enough to compete with the original GPT. This sequence of (i) increasing returns to scale around a GPT, (ii) reallocation of innovative resources around growth bottlenecks, and (iii) indirect entry has growth implications. A large contribution to growth follows the exploitation of increasing returns to scale in the original GPT. Much later, another large contribution to growth follows when demand is finally met by an alternative, competitive GPT. Between these two periods falls a period of lesser contributions to growth due to the dominant firm bottleneck. The market-based resolution of the bottleneck is not merely a theoretical possibility. We illustrate the role of this sequence in the two most important technologies for automating white-collar work of the past 50 years. Copyright 2010 The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
Off-Axis Photoacoustic Microscopy

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a high-contrast, high-resolution imaging modality, used primarily for imaging hemoglobin and melanin. Important applications include mapping of the microvasculature and melanoma tumor margins. We demonstrate a novel PAM design that markedly simplifies the implementation by separating the optical illumination from the acoustic detection path. This modification enables the use of high-quality commercial optics and transducers, and may be readily adapted to commercial light microscopes. The designed PAM system is only sensitive to signals generated in the overlap of the illumination and detection solid angles, providing the additional benefit of quasi-dark-field detection. An off-axis PAM system with a lateral resolution of 26 μm and a modest axial resolution of 410 μ m has been assembled and characterized using tissue samples. The axial resolution is readily scaled down to tens of micrometers within the same design, by utilizing commercially available high-frequency acoustic transducers.
Numerical solution of strong radiation gasdynamic interactions in a hydrogen-seedant mixture

Theoretical and experimental results are provided for the absorption of laser energy by a gas flow. A two-dimensional numerical model described the temperature field, fluid dynamics, variable absorptivity and gas dynamics. The model was tested using a hydrogen-seedant mixture injected with 10.6 micron laser radiation. The laser mix was selected to allow reduced temperature gradients and energy source terms. It was found possible, by varying parameters such as the laser power and flash pressure, to precisely position the peak absorptance region in higher speed flows. More refined models are being tested to achieve accurate absorptance predictions in flows below Mach 0.0001.
Composition, Structure, and Chemistry of Interstellar Dust

The observational constraints on the composition of the interstellar dust are analyzed. The dust in the diffuse interstellar medium consists of a mixture of stardust (amorphous silicates, amorphous carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and graphite) and interstellar medium dust (organic refractory material). Stardust seems to dominate in the local diffuse interstellar medium. Inside molecular clouds, however, icy grain mantles are also important. The structural differences between crystalline and amorphous materials, which lead to differences in the optical properties, are discussed. The astrophysical consequences are briefly examined. The physical principles of grain surface chemistry are discussed and applied to the formation of molecular hydrogen and icy grain mantles inside dense molecular clouds. Transformation of these icy grain mantles into the organic refractory dust component observed in the diffuse interstellar medium requires ultraviolet sources inside molecular clouds as well as radical diffusion promoted by transient heating of the mantle. The latter process also returns a considerable fraction of the molecules in the grain mantle to the gas phase.
A Bound on Binding Energies and Mass Renormalization in Models of Quantum Electrodynamics

We study three models of matter coupled to the ultraviolet cutoff, quantized radiation field and to the Coulomb potential of arbitrarily many nuclei. Two are nonrelativistic: the first uses the kinetic energy (p+eA(x))2 and the second uses the Pauli–Fierz energy (p+eA(x))2+eσ⋅B(x). The third, no-pair model, is relativistic and replaces the kinetic energy with the Dirac operator D(A), but restricted to its positive spectral subspace, which is the “electron subspace.” In each case we are able to give an upper bound to the binding energy–as distinct from the less difficult ground state energy. This implies, for the first time we believe, an estimate, albeit a crude one, of the mass renormalization in these theories.
Growth of Selmer rank in nonabelian extensions of number fields

Let p be an odd prime number, let E be an elliptic curve over a number field k, and let F/k be a Galois extension of degree twice a power of p. We study the Zp-corank rkp(E/F) of the p-power Selmer group of E over F. We obtain lower bounds for rkp(E/F), generalizing the results in [MR], which applied to dihedral extensions. If K is the (unique) quadratic extension of k in F, if G=Gal(F/K), if G+ is the subgroup of elements of G commuting with a choice of involution of F over k, and if rkp(E/K) is odd, then we show that (under mild hypotheses) rkp(E/F)≥[G:G+]. As a very specific example of this, suppose that A is an elliptic curve over Q with a rational torsion point of order p and without complex multiplication. If E is an elliptic curve over Q with good ordinary reduction at p such that every prime where both E and A have bad reduction has odd order in Fp× and such that the negative of the conductor of E is not a square modulo p, then there is a positive constant B depending on A but not on E or n such that rkp(E/Q(A[pn]))≥Bp2n for every n
The Elusive Pro-Competitive Effects of Trade

We study the pro-competitive effects of international trade, or lack thereof, in models with monopolistic competition, firm-level heterogeneity, and variable markups. Under standard restrictions on consumers’ demand and the distribution of firms’ productivity, we derive two theoretical results. First, although markups vary acrossfirms, the distribution of markups and the share of aggregate profits in revenues are invariant to changes in openness to trade. Second, although the distribution of markups and the share of aggregate profits in revenues are unaffected by trade, gains from trade liberalization are weakly lower than those predicted by the models with constant markups considered in Arkolakis, Costinot, and Rodriguez-Clare (2012).
Nonlinear Transient Neutralization Theory of Ion Beams with Dissipation

An analytical theory of nonlinear neutralization waves generated by injection of electrons from a grid in the direction of a homogeneous ion beam of uniform velocity and infinite extension is presented. The electrons are assumed to interact with the ions through the self-consistent space charge field and by strong collective interactions. The associated nonlinear boundary-value problem is solved in closed form by means of a von Mises transformation. It is shown that the electron gas moves into the ion space in the form of a discontinuous neutralization wave. This periodic wave structure is damped out by Intel-component momentum transfer, i.e., after a few relaxation lengths a quasineutral beam results. The relaxation scale in space agrees with neutralization experiments of rarefied ion beams, if the collective momentum transfer between the electron and ion streams is assumed to be of the Buneman type. I. Problem HITHE neutralization of a rarefied ion beam by jL injection of an electron gas is a nonlinear process in which electron-ion interactions through the self-consistent space charge field play a predominant role. In the final stages of the neutralization, intercomponent momentum transfer and, to some extend, also diffusion resulting from pressure gradients become significant as dispersion mechanisms of periodic, local neutralization unbalances. As will be shown, the electron gas moves into a collisionless ion beam in the form of a regular nonlinear wave or a shock wave, depending on whether the electron injection density is above or below a critical value. For this reason, it is distinguished between a) "nonlinear neutralization waves" (no electron sheet crossing)1'2 and b) "neutralizati on shock waves" (with electron sheet crossing).1'2 Both phenomena exhibit a discontinuous wave front ahead of which the electron density is zero. As a model, a quasihomogeneo us ion beam of infinite extension is considered, i.e., the density N and velocity V of the beam are assumed to be uniform. The electrons are injected with a prescribed current density j(t) in the downstream direction (j\\ V). The homogeneous ion beam model is adequate for analyzing and understanding the basic properties of transient neutralization waves. The previous analytical work has been concerned with steady-state electron-ion neutralization without dissipation in homogeneous ion beams.3'6
On the Ascending Chain Condition for Mixed Difference Ideals

We show that the ring of difference polynomials over a difference field does not satisfy the ascending chain condition for mixed difference ideals. This result solves an open problem of difference algebra stated by E. Hrushovski in connection with the development of difference algebraic geometry.
Telomere length in inherited bone marrow failure syndromes

Telomeres are long DNA repeats and a protein complex at chromosome ends that are essential for genome integrity. Telomeres are very short in patients with dyskeratosis congenita due to germline mutations in telomere biology genes. We compared telomere length in patients with Fanconi anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome with telomere length in dyskeratosis congenita. Telomere length was measured in six leukocyte subsets by automated multicolor flow fluorescence in situ hybridization, and age-adjusted using Z-scores (−2.326 = 1st percentile) were created. We examined individual data, and used canonical variate analysis for group comparisons and outlier detection. Most dyskeratosis congenita telomere lengths were below the 1st percentile, while only 2 Fanconi anemia and one each Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome were that low. However, Fanconi anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome clustered in the bottom half of the normal range. Canonical variate analysis separated dyskeratosis congenita widely from the other three syndromes by the first canonical variable (89.7% of the variance); the second variable (10.0%) separated Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, and Fanconi anemia from each other. Overall, unlike in dyskeratosis congenita, telomere lengths in patients with non-dyskeratosis congenita inherited bone marrow failure syndromes were usually in the normal range, albeit shorter than in unaffected individuals. clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 00027274
Slaughterhouse Rules: Animal Uniformity and Regulating for Food Safety in Meat Packing

Meat retailers express demand for a more uniform product, and technical innovations are allowing an increasingly uniform supply. Packers can promote uniformity through pre-slaughter sorting, or earlier through contracts. Emphasizing effort on the packing line, we develop a model whereby packers gain from carcass handling efficiencies when animal uniformity increases. Whether optimally regulated or not, equilibrium food safety declines with increased uniformity. A line speed regulation can increase welfare in the presence of food safety externalities by reducing the opportunity cost of allocating effort toward promoting food safety. The regulation also reduces packer demand for more uniform animals.
An Axiomatic Approach to the Measurement of Corruption Theory and Applications

In this paper we demonstrate that the axiomatic measurement approach developed in the poverty and inequality literature can be usefully applied to the measurement of corruption. We develop a conceptual framework for organizing corruption data and discuss several objective, aggregate corruption measures consistent with axiomatic requirements. We then provide an empirical application of the methodology and estimate the respective corruption measures for a sample of over 25 countries during the year of 2000. Our empirical analysis reveals significant discrepancies between the country rankings generated by these measures and those provided by the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) from Transparency International. To our knowledge, this paper represents a first analysis of corruption measurement using an axiomatic framework.
Applications of green chemistry in the manufacture of oligonucleotide drugs

We have modified the current phosphoramidite-based, solid-phase synthesis of antisense oligonucleotides to accommodate principles of green chemistry. In this article, we summarize key accomplishments that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of toxic mate- rials, solvents, and reagents. Also discussed are methodologies that allow reuse of valuable materials such as amidites, solid-support, and protecting groups, thus improving the atom economy and cost-efficiency of oligonucleotide manufacture. Approaches to accident pre- vention and the use of safer reagents during oligonucleotide synthesis are also covered.
The European extreme-right and Islam: New directions?

In particular since the turn of the millennium, social scientists have identified anti-Muslim sentiment as a key feature of the European extreme-right. This article will discuss the history and validity of the term ‘Islamophobia’, and will probe into the development of the theme of ‘Eurabia’ in extreme-right wing ideology. The author will analyze the manner in which visions of a Muslim settlement and ‘takeover’ of Europe have the potential to create a cross-national reconfiguration of extreme-right ideology, a thematic shift, and a movement toward convergence between different sides of the ideological spectrum. The author argues that this ideology is not static, and that its potential new direction challenges significant assumptions of the current literature on the extreme-right.
Testing, Optimizaton, and Games

We discuss algorithmic problems arising in the testing of reactive systems, i.e. systems that interact with their environment. The goal is to design test sequences so that we can deduce desired information about the given system under test, such as whether it conforms to a given specification model, or whether it satisfies given requirement properties. Test generation can be approached from different points of view – as an optimization problem of minimizing cost and maximizing the effectiveness of the tests; as a game between tester and system under test; or as a learning problem. We touch on some of these aspects and related algorithmic questions.
Does Falling Smoking Lead to Rising Obesity

The strong negative correlation over time between smoking rates and obesity have led some to suggest that reduced smoking is increasing weight gain in the U.S. This conclusion is supported by the findings of Chou et al. [Chou, S.-Y., Grossman, M., Saffer, H., 2004. An economic analysis of adult obesity: results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Health Economics 23, 565-587], who conclude that higher cigarette prices lead to increased body weight. We investigate this issue and find no evidence that reduced smoking leads to weight gain. Using the cigarette tax rather than the cigarette price and controlling for non-linear time effects, we find a negative effect of cigarette taxes on body weight, implying that reduced smoking leads to lower body weights. Yet our results, as well as Chou et al., imply implausibly large effects of smoking on body weight. Thus, we cannot confirm that falling smoking leads in a major way to rising obesity rates in the U.S.
Currents in Contemporary Bioethics

there have been no significant amendments to the Privacy Rule since 2003. It has been the view of many covered entities, regulators, and analysts that several provisions of the original Privacy Rule were unworkable or caused unintended consequences. There-fore, the recent rulemaking provided an opportunity to correct some long-identified problems and to integrate congressional directives under the HITECH Act and GINA into the Privacy, Security, Enforcement, and Breach Notification Rules.The amendments and the regula-tory explanations are long, techni-cal, and arcane. This article focuses on two important areas of the Pri-vacy Rule with significant changes: research and genetic information. It indicates how a number of the revi-sions have failed to resolve or have exacerbated problems under the Pri-vacy Rule.
The Nuclear Equation of State and Neutron Star Masses

Neutron stars are valuable laboratories for the study of dense matter. Recent observations have uncovered both massive and low-mass neutron stars and have also set constraints on neutron star radii. The largest mass measurements are powerfully influencing the high-density equation of state because of the existence of the neutron star maximum mass. The smallest mass measurements, and the distributions of masses, have implications for the progenitors and formation mechanisms of neutron stars. The ensemble of mass and radius observations can realistically restrict the properties of dense matter and, in particular, the behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy near the nuclear saturation density. Simultaneously, various nuclear experiments are progressively restricting the ranges of parameters describing the symmetry properties of the nuclear equation of state. In addition, new theoretical studies of pure neutron matter are providing insights. These observational, experimental, and theoretical constraints of dense matter, when combined, are now revealing a remarkable convergence.
Prenatal Smoking Cessation and Infant Health: Evidence from Sibling Births

This article uses a large data set of sibling births to examine when mothers must quit smoking in pregnancy to deliver healthy babies. It applies sibling fixed effects models to provide robust evidence that smoking cessation in the first trimester has a negligible effect on infant health, but cessation as late as second trimester or smoking throughout pregnancy is associated with substantially lower birth weights and higher risks of delivering low birth weight babies. In particular, about two thirds of the total detrimental smoking impact on birth outcomes occurs in the second trimester. Therefore, reallocating resources on prenatal smoking cessation towards the first trimester can lead to a significant efficiency gain. This study also shows when the timing information of prenatal smoking cessation is improperly used, it will introduce a new nontrivial downward bias in estimating the causality between the conventionally used group measure "prenatal smoker" and infant health.
Laser Purification of the Rare Earths

A review of the photochemical methods that are applicable to purification of the rare earths in the liquid state is presented. Of the types of processes possible in solution, photoredox has been applied to the isolation of both europium (with separation factors exceeding 1000) and cerium from mixtures of lanthanides. Photosubstitution is the method of choice for those lanthanides displaying only one stable oxidation state in solution and has been demonstrated using chelates of europium.
Does federal financial aid affect college enrollment? Evidence from drug offenders and the Higher Education Act of 1998

In 2001, amendments to the Higher Education Act made people convicted of drug offenses ineligible for federal financial aid for up to two years after their conviction. Using rich data on educational outcomes and drug charges in the NLSY 1997, we show that this law change had a large negative impact on the college attendance of students with drug convictions. On average, the temporary ban on federal financial aid increased the amount of time between high school graduation and college enrollment by about two years, and we also present suggestive evidence that affected students were less likely to ever enroll in college. Students living in urban areas and those whose mothers did not attend college appear to be the most affected by these amendments. Importantly, we do not find that the law deterred young people from committing drug felonies nor did it substantively change the probability that high school students with drug convictions graduated from high school. We find no evidence of a change in college enrollment of students convicted of non-drug crimes, or of those charged by not convicted of drug offenses. In contrast to much of the existing research, we conclude that, for this high-risk group of students, eligibility for federal financial aid strongly impacts college investment decisions.
Enhancement of ferroelectricity at metal–oxide interfaces

The size reduction of thin-film ferroelectric capacitors has been hampered by effects that arise as ferroelectric films reach only a few unit cells in height. However, rather than inevitably resulting in a ‘dead layer’, an enhancement of ferroelectricity at certain metal–oxide interfaces is now predicted.
The Distances to Open Clusters as Derived from Main-Sequence Fitting. II. Construction of Empirically Calibrated Isochrones

We continue our series of papers on open cluster distances by comparing multicolor photometry of single stars in the Hyades with theoretical isochrones constructed with various color-temperature relations. After verifying that the isochrone effective temperatures agree well with spectroscopically determined values, we argue that mismatches between the photometry and the theoretical colors likely arise from systematic errors in the color-temperature relations. We then describe a method for empirically correcting the isochrones to match the photometry and discuss the dependence of the isochrone luminosity on metallicity.
Slip model of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake from inversions of ALOS‐2 and GPS data

We use surface deformation measurements including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data acquired by the ALOS-2 mission of the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency and Global Positioning System (GPS) data to invert for the fault geometry and coseismic slip distribution of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal. Assuming that the ruptured fault connects to the surface trace of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) fault between 84.34°E and 86.19°E, the best fitting model suggests a dip angle of 7°. The moment calculated from the slip model is 6.08 × 1020 Nm, corresponding to the moment magnitude of 7.79. The rupture of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was dominated by thrust motion that was primarily concentrated in a 150 km long zone 50 to 100 km northward from the surface trace of the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), with maximum slip of ∼ 5.8 m at a depth of ∼8 km. Data thus indicate that the 2015 Gorkha earthquake ruptured a deep part of the seismogenic zone, in contrast to the 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, which had ruptured a shallow part of the adjacent fault segment to the east.
Sodium Diffusion in High‐Silica Glass

Isotope effect and electrical conductivity measurements were used to investigate the mechanism of Na+ diffusion in high-SiO2 glass. A Haven ratio near unity and comparatively high isotope effect values suggest a quasi-interstitial mechanism for Na+ diffusion. At low Na+ concentration the Na+−Na+ separation distance is so large that the Na+ jumps become uncorrelated.
Lines in one orthographic and two perspective views

We introduce a linear algorithm to recover the Euclidean motion between an orthographic and two perspective cameras from straight line correspondences filling the gap in the analysis of motion estimation from line correspondences for various projection models. The general relationship between lines in three views is described by the trifocal tensor. Euclidean structure from motion for three perspective views is a special case in which the relationship is defined by a collection of three matrices. Here, we describe the case of two calibrated perspective views and an orthographic view. Similar to the other cases, our linear algorithm requires 13 or more line correspondences to recover 27 coefficients of the trifocal tensor.
An evaluation of sperm tests as indicators of germ-cell damage in men exposed to chemical or physical agents.

As reviewed here, at least 89 chemical exposures have been studied for their effects on human spermatogenesis using sperm tests, with the majority showing some effect on sperm count, motility, or morphology. Approximately 85% of these exposures were to experimental or therapeutic drugs, 10% to occupational or environmental agents, and 5% to recreational drugs. This paper briefly describes the more common sperm-based methods and reviews some of their applications. It also includes guidelines for undertaking a human sperm study, as well as a discussion of the predictive value of induced sperm changes, an evaluation of the role of animal sperm tests, and a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of the sperm tests.
A Combinatorial Approach to X-Tolerant Compaction Circuits

Test response compaction for integrated circuits (ICs) with scan-based design-for-testability (DFT) support in the presence of unknown logic values (Xs) is investigated from a combinatorial viewpoint. The theoretical foundations of X-codes, employed in an X-tolerant compaction technique called X-compact, are examined. Through the formulation of a combinatorial model of X-compact, novel design techniques are developed for X-codes to detect a specified maximum number of errors in the presence of a specified maximum number of unknown logic values, while requiring only small fan-out. The special class of X-codes that results leads to an avoidance problem for configurations in combinatorial designs. General design methods and nonconstructive existence theorems to estimate the compaction ratio of an optimal X-compactor are also derived.
Ambulatory gastric pH monitoring: proper probe placement and normal values

Background : Gastric acid production may persist while patients are treated with proton pump inhibitors. Twenty-four-hour intragastric pH monitoring is being used to identify gastric acid in the stomach while on medical therapy. Aim : To identify the optimal region of the stomach to demonstrate the presence of gastric acid. Method : Probe locations confirmed with fluoroscopy after placement and prior to removal. In experiment 1, five volunteers underwent simultaneous, 24-h gastro-oesophageal pH monitoring with the pH sensors located in the gastric antrum, body, fundus and distal oesophagus. In experiment 2, five volunteers underwent simultaneous 24-h pH monitoring with sensors located side by side in the gastric fundus assessing the reproducibility of gastric pH in this region. In experiment 3, 35 volunteers underwent 24-h pH monitoring with pH sensors located in the distal oesophagus and gastric fundus. The mean percentage time for which pH < 4 was calculated for total, upright, and supine time periods. Results: pH profiles for the gastric fundus and body are similar—the mean percentage total time for which pH < 4 was 92.2% and 90.1%, respectively (P=N.S.). These values are significantly different from the antrum; pH < 4=54.6% (P < 0.01). pH values from the gastric fundus are highly reproducible (linear regression P= 0.004, r2=0.96). The normal values (mean ± 95th percentile) for percentage time gastric pH < 4 in the fundus were: total 95.6 ± 1.5%, upright 94.8 ± 1.8%, and supine 96.5 ± 2.3%. Conclusion : The fundus is the optimal location to evaluate the presence of gastric acid; pH values are highly reproducible in this area. Normal values for percentage time gastric pH < 4 for a healthy population are now defined.
Dispersion Reduction of a Direct-Fire Rocket Using Lateral Pulse Jets

Impact point dispersion of a direct e re rocket can be drastically reduced with a ring of appropriately sized lateral pulse jets coupled to a trajectory tracking e ight control system. The system is shown to work well against uncertainty in the form of initial off-axis angular velocity perturbations as well as atmospheric winds. For an example case examined, dispersion was reduced by a factor of 100. Dispersion reduction is a strong function of the number of individual pulse jets, the pulse jet impulse, and the trajectory tracking window size. Proper selection of these parameters for a particular rocket and launcher combination is required to achieve optimum dispersion reduction. Forrelatively lowpulsejetimpulse, dispersion steadily decreasesasthenumberofpulsejetsisincreased or as the pulse jet impulse is increased. For a e xed total pulse jet ring impulse, a single pulse is the optimum pulse jet cone guration when the pulse jet ring impulse is small because the effect of a pulse on the trajectory of a rocket decreases as the round e ies downrange. Nomenclature CDD = e n cant roll moment aerodynamic coefe cient CLP = roll damping aerodynamic coefe cient CMQ = pitch damping aerodynamic coefe cient CNA = normal force aerodynamic coefe cient CX0 = zero yaw axial force aerodynamic coefe cient CX2 = yaw axial force aerodynamic coefe cient D = rocket reference diameter ethres = trajectory tracking window size L; M; N = total applied moments about rocket mass center expressed in the aft body reference frame nJ = number of individual lateral pulse jets nRXi ;nRYi , = ith main rocket motor direction cosines in the nRZi body frame p;q;r = components of the angular velocity vector of the projectile in the body reference frame T = P ° time constant TJi = ith lateral pulse jet thrust TRi = ith main rocket motor thrust t ¤ = time of the most recent pulse jet e ring u;v;w = components of the velocity vector of the mass center of the composite body in the body reference frame uA;vA;wA = components of the velocity of the mass center of the projectile with mean wind expressed in the body reference frame VA = magnitude of the velocity vector of the mass center of the projectile experienced with mean wind expressed in the body reference frame VMW;aeMW = magnitude and wind factor of the mean atmospheric wind expressed in the initial reference frame X;Y; Z = total applied force components in the aft body reference frame
Marginal and relevant deformations of /N=4 field theories and non-commutative moduli spaces of vacua

Abstract We study marginal and relevant supersymmetric deformations of the N=4 super Yang–Mills theory in four dimensions. Our primary innovation is the interpretation of the moduli spaces of vacua of these theories as non-commutative spaces. The construction of these spaces relies on the representation theory of the related quantum algebras, which are obtained from F -term constraints. These field theories are dual to superstring theories propagating on deformations of the AdS 5 ×S 5 geometry. We study D -branes propagating in these vacua and introduce the appropriate notion of algebraic geometry for non-commutative spaces. The resulting moduli spaces of D -branes have several novel features. In particular, they may be interpreted as symmetric products of non-commutative spaces. We show how mirror symmetry between these deformed geometries and orbifold theories follows from T-duality. Many features of the dual closed string theory may be identified within the non-commutative algebra. In particular, we make progress towards understanding the K-theory necessary for backgrounds where the Neveu–Schwarz antisymmetric tensor of the string is turned on, and we shed light on some aspects of discrete anomalies based on the non-commutative geometry.
Optimal Growth with Endogenous Technical Progress: Hicksian Bias in a Macro Model

If productivity growth is endogenous, the question of whether to allocate some resources to increase the efficiency of capital needs to be examined in spite of the conventional wisdom that only Harrod-neutral technical progress is compatible with the steady state. This paper describes the crucial role that the production technology and research sectors play in determining the allocation of resources for accumulating physical capital and enhancing the productivity of inputs. We develop a model of biased growth, where, even in the steady state, the efficiency of capital and labour are increasing due to the allocation of resources to the research sector. JEL Classification Numbers: C62, O31.
Missile Circumferential Current Density for Plane Wave Electromagnetic Field Illumination

The asymmetry in current density along the periphery of cylindrical scattering obstacles of both finite and infinite length illuminated by a plane wave electromagnetic field is discussed. In the Appendix the same problem for a spherical scatterer is considered.
Long-Period Comets and the Oort Cloud

The long-period comets pose a unique problem for the impact hazard problem. Because of their very long orbital] periods and generally large distances from the Sun, they cannot be surveyed and catalogued in the same manner as the near-Earth asteroids and short-period comets. They appear at random, uniformly distributed on the celestial sphere. Current technologies can detect long-period comets at distances of approx. 5 AU, giving somewhat less than a one year warning time for potential Earth impactors. The mean impact probability for a long-period comet crossing the Earth's orbit is 2.2 to 2.5 x 10(exp -9) per perihelion passage. The mean impact velocity is approximately 52 km sec-1 but the most probable impact energy is characterized by a velocity of 56 to 58 km/sec. The estimated current impact rate for cometary nuclei large enough to create 10 km diameter (or larger) craters on the Earth is between 5 x 10(exp -7) and 2.8 x 10(exp -6) per year, with a bed estimated value of 1.0 x 10(exp -6) per year. Nuclei large enough to initiate global climatic disturbances strike the Earth on average every 16 Myr. The impact frequency may be increased substantially for brief periods of time during cometary showers, initiated by major perturbations of the Oort cloud. Improved technologies are needed to detect approaching long-period comets at large heliocentric distances so as to increase the warning time for potential impactors.
A comparative study of normalized and unnormalized tuning errors in parameter adaptive control

In the past year several advances in the development of adaptive control for non-linear systems have made it clear that algorithms not using error normalization have several significant advantages over algorithms which do, in spite of their much greater complexity. In this paper simple examples are used to give a detailed account of the essential differences in structure between adaptive algorithms of the normalized and unnormalized types. It is explained why only the latter readily generalize to non-linear process models with non-global Lipschitz non-linearities. It is shown that one of these algorithms is capable of stabilizing linear process models with different relative degrees.
Octrees for faster isosurface generation

The large size of many volume data sets often prevents visualization algorithms from providing interactive rendering. The use of hierarchical data structures can ameliorate this problem by storing summary information to prevent useless exploration of regions of little or no current interest within the volume. This paper discusses research into the use of the octree hierarchical data structure when the regions of current interest can vary during the application, and are not known a priori. Octrees are well suited to the six-sided cell structure of many volumes.A new space-efficient design is introduced for octree representations of volumes whose resolutions are not conveniently a power of two; octrees following this design are called branch-on-need octrees (BONOs). Also, a caching method is described that essentially passes information between octree neighbors whose visitation times may be quite different, then discards it when its useful life is over.Using the application of octrees to isosurface generation as a focus, space and time comparisons for octree-based versus more traditional “marching” methods are presented.
Structured Adaptive Model Inversion Controller for Mars Atmospheric Flight

The new vision for manned Mars exploration presents challenges that are critically different from past experiences with robotic missions. Safe precision landing requirements for manned missions make it necessary to fly a controlled entry trajectory, rather than the more robust ballistic entry trajectory traditionally used for robotic missions. Large variations and uncertainties in Mars atmospheric properties also pose a significant challenge. Model reference adaptive control has not been previously used for Mars entry control, but is an attractive candidate. It has an adaptation mechanism that reduces tracking errors in the presence of uncertain parameters such as atmospheric density, and vehicle properties such as aerodynamic coecients and inertias. This paper develops and implements two dierent adaptive control systems for the Mars ellipsled vehicle, and evaluates them with non real-time simulation for Mars atmospheric flight from entry interface to parachute deployment. Results presented in the paper demonstrate that learning rates and other parameters can be tuned to obtain acceptable tracking performance during an entire entry trajectory. A Structured Adaptive Model Inversion controller that specifically adapts for atmospheric density variations, vehicle aerodynamic coecients, and vehicle inertias is judged to be a promising candidate for a Mars entry vehicle controller.
They Came from the Deep in the Supernova: The Origin of TiC and Metal Subgrains in Presolar Graphite Grains

A new formation scenario for TiC and Fe-Ni metal inclusions in presolar graphite grains of supernova origin is described. The mineralogy and chemistry require condensation of Fe-Ni titanides from Fe-, Ni-, and Ti-rich gaseous ejecta, subsequent carburization to make TiC and metal, and encapsulation into graphite. Titanides only condense if Si is depleted relative to heavier elements, which requires α-rich freeze-out and a deep mass cut for the supernova ejecta. This Si-poor core material must remain unmixed with other supernova zones until the titanides condense. This can be accomplished by transport of core ejecta in bipolar jets through the major expanding supernova zone ejecta. If the jets stall in regions dominated by C-rich ejecta such as the C-He zone, where graphite condenses, thermochemically favored in situ carburization of the titanides—either before or during encapsulation into condensing graphite—leads to a TiC-and-metal composite. This scenario agrees with theoretical models and observations of asymmetric core collapse in supernovae that are associated with bipolar jets loaded with iron-peak elements.
The many faces of the insulated antenna

The development of the insulated antenna is outlined from its beginnings as an ocean cable. The generalization of the theory from that applicable only to coaxial lines with an outer conductor of infinite extent to an insulated antenna embedded in a relatively dense medium that may be a dielectric or a conductor is described. The properties of the eccentrically insulated antenna and their usefulness in traveling-wave directional arrays for lateral-wave transmisson are reviewed. The diagnostic applications of the insulated antenna are considered with special reference to the measurement of the electric field in an ambient medium independent of its permittivity and to a study of the properties of a plasma-filled tube.