cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Spanish Language Training Across a Doctor of Physical Therapy Curriculum: A Case Report of One Program's Evolving Model

Background and Purpose As the Hispanic population continues to expand in the United States, health professionals increasingly may encounter people who speak Spanish and have limited English proficiency. Responding to these changes, various health profession educators have incorporated Spanish language training into their curricula. Of 12 doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programs identified as including elective or required Spanish courses, the program at The University of Texas at El Paso is the only one integrating required Spanish language training across the curriculum. The purpose of this case report is to describe the development, implementation, and preliminary outcomes of the evolving educational model at The University of Texas at El Paso. Case Description The University of Texas at El Paso is situated immediately across the border from Mexico. Responding to the large population with limited English proficiency in the community, faculty began to integrate required Spanish language training during a transition from a master-level to a DPT curriculum. The Spanish language curriculum pillar includes a Spanish medical terminology course, language learning opportunities threaded throughout the clinical courses, clinical education courses, and service-learning. Forty-five DPT students have completed the curriculum. Outcomes Assessment methods were limited for early cohorts. Clinically relevant Spanish verbal proficiency was assessed with a practical examination in the Spanish course, a clinical instructor–rated instrument, and student feedback. Preliminary data suggested that the model is improving Spanish language proficiency. Discussion The model still is evolving. Spanish language learning opportunities in the curriculum are being expanded. Also, problems with the clinical outcome measure have been recognized. Better definition of intended outcomes and validation of a revised tool are needed. This report should promote opportunities for collaboration with others who are interested in linguistic competence.
Model Identification, Reconstruction, and Optimization

An inductive scheme for systems modelling has been developed in this context of a comprehensive hierarchy of the epistemological levels of systems such as so called source systems, data systems, generative systems, structure systems, and so on (Cavallo and Klir 1978). According to the inductive direction in this systems hierarchy, we should start with a source system, a collection of the variables to characterize an object of our specific interest. A source system, together with its corresponding data, define a data system. For a data system, its corresponding generative system, local state trans- ition mechanism (data generator), is identified by mask analysis, which is an evaluation and selection procedure of local state transition rules based on the criterion of minimizing the conditional uncertainty in the determination of next states given previous states. In mask analysis, therefore, measures of uncertainty (information) are essential.
Affinity chromatographic purification of human immunoglobulin a from chinese hamster ovary cell culture supernatant

Hexamer peptide ligand HWRGWV, initially screened from a solid phase combinatorial peptide library for immunoglobulins G (IgG) purification, is shown to also have potential for immunoglobulin A (IgA) purification. The determined dissociation constants for hIgA on HWRGWV resins at three different peptide densities from 0.11 to 0.55 meq/g fall in the range of 10−6–10−7 M, which are somewhat lower than those for hIgG. Although relatively low dynamic binding capacity (DBC) in the range of 9.2–16.8 mg IgA/mL resin at linear flow rates from 173 to 35 cm/h were obtained for IgA compared to IgG, the DBC value of HWRGWV for IgA is much greater than current commercially available affinity ligands. Although relatively lower binding affinity to secretory IgA compared to monomeric IgA was observed, the peptide ligand resins exhibit great potential for large-scale purification of both human IgA and secretory IgA. Recoveries of 96.0% and 94.3%, and purities of 90.3% and 91.7% were achieved for human IgA and secretory IgA purification, respectively, from spiked Chinese hamster ovary cell culture supernatants without an extra afterwash step. Over 95% in purities were achieved for IgA and secretory IgA with an extra afterwash step; however, the recoveries would decrease at least 15% and 40% for IgA and secretory IgA, respectively. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2013
The Commons Will Not Stay Fallow

If the two U.S. trends—(i) middle class attainment via education and upwardly mobility plus (ii) below replacement fertility by the middle class—were to continue, then one could theorize that the United States would become a depopulated geographical land mass. Because an additional birth is an option, but death is a guarantee, the possibility of a tribe, mega or micro, which does not replenish its quite mortal citizenry, becoming extinct is quite real (e.g., the Shakers). If a tribe does erase itself, then it is possible that the land that it occupied would become empty of people. Empty land remaining empty is a logical category, but a terrible bet for an empirical category. There are many people in the world who would be delighted to move into otherwise unpeopled land. If one group will not sustain itself on the land, then there are surely other groups that would be most delighted at the opportunity. The question becomes: Which groups? Who would they be? Part of the answer entails some understanding of that mainstay of demography: the demographic transition.
Aberrant segregation of R-locus genes in male progeny from incompatible crosses in Mormoniella

Crosses of females from Mormoniella stocks containing pe-333 type cross incompatibility with males from stocks lacking the incompatibility produced progeny that included 29 males with unexpected eye colors. Eight of these males gave rise to stocks that included some individuals with "speckled" eyes, containing sectors or spots of different colors. In these stocks there were unexpectedly low frequencies of transmission of the new phenotypes to progeny. Phenotypes, and results of crosses, are consistent with the hypothesis that the original males and the stocks that they sired contained extra bits of chromatin contributed by the sperm of the males used in the incompatible crosses. In these stocks, these pieces are transmitted with greater frequency by sperm than by eggs, and are occasionally lost in mitosis (producing "speckled" eyes). Data also indicate that the extra chromatin contains only the O and S factors, or the O factor alone, of the eye color locus R. Examination of spermatogonia shows an extra piece of chromatin in cells of males with phenotypes that suggest the presence of such a piece. The piece has not been found in spermatogonia of controls.
State of Information Technology in Small Retail and Service Businesses: An Exploratory Study

During the recent years, there have been major changes in the availability and use of information technology by large businesses to gain efficiencies and competitive advantage over rivals. Some of the earlier research shows that this is not necessarily the case in small businesses. This study tries to identify the degree and the type of information technologies currently accepted and used by the small retail and service businesses.
Appropriate Use Criteria: Another Step Forward But Still a Ways to Go*

Most cardiologists are familiar with appropriate use criteria (AUC). The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) has developed AUC for each of the major noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities ([1–5][1]). A handful of studies have examined the application of AUC in clinical practice ([6–
Balance d'énergie pour la fission ternaire de 235U induite par les neutrons lents

A detailed energy-balance for the ternary fission of /sup 235/U by thermal neutrons was made by three measurements: comparison of the kinetic energy distribution of the fission fragments in binary fission of /sup 235/U and in tripartition; a comparison of the total kinetic energy distributions of the fragments for the two same phenomena; and a study of the dependence of the mean energy of the ternary particles on the total kinetic energy of the associated heavy fragments. (auth)
Nonlinear Temperature-Dependent Transfer Characteristics of Silicon Photonic Microring Resonators

We investigate the nonlinear power transfer characteristics of a silicon photonic microring resonator. We show that the microring device behaves as a power limiter if the roll-off tail of its resonance is steeper than a simple Lorentzian lineshape
The challenge of selecting adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy for older patients.

Dr. Hy Muss is a well recognized expert in the treatment of elderly women with breast cancer, and his article “Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer in the Older Woman” is an extremely important addition to the limited existing literature on this topic. As he points out, nearly half of all breast cancer diagnoses occur in women over 65 years of age. As the total number of women in that demographic increases with the aging of our population, medical oncologists will be faced with a growing number of elderly breast cancer patients, for whom evidence-based recommendations on treatment are needed. As any medical oncologist who sits face-to-face with these older women knows, it is not acceptable to simply tell the patient that there are inadequate data to guide recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy in her age group, though this is what the EBCTCG (Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group) overview has concluded.
COMPARTMENTAL MODELS OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: LINEAR AND NONLINEAR

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the compartmental models of biological systems. Compartment is an amount of some material that acts kinetically like a distinct, homogeneous, well-mixed amount of material. A compartmental system consists of one or more compartments that interact by exchanging the material. There may be inputs into one or more compartments from outside the system, and there may be excretions from the compartments of the system. The properties of the homogeneous system that depend only on the nonzero flows are exhibited by converting the connectivity diagram to a directed graph by dropping the inputs and defining a terminal compartment that receives all excretions. Another set of phenomena that are well-modeled by compartmental models are the growth and maturation of various cell types in the body. Cells such as the red blood cells that pass through a series of distinct and easily recognized stages in their maturation can be thought of as passing from one compartment to another during maturation.
The Institutional Design Frontiers of Publicness and University Performance

This introduction to the symposium on the institutional design frontiers of publicness and university performance summarizes the range of diverse intellectual and practical perspectives converging on the idea that issues of design and publicness are important for thinking about the future of higher education. Collectively, the articles featured in this symposium demonstrate that the challenges facing higher education exhibit assorted social, economic, and political complexities. Public administration perspectives can play a key role in understanding and reshaping our higher education system into a more responsive social enterprise.
Immersive visualization and course-of-action simulation: towards a decision support simulation system for data driven businesses

One of MITRE's Agile Enterprise initiatives targets making silo-ed data available to the enterprise. As part of the overall initiative, this research applies a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) approach with the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), discrete event simulations (DES). The goal is to draw from enterprise data to enable a Decision Maker (DM) to evaluate alternative Courses of Action (COAs) based on numerical insight. Partial results have been realized using a MongoDB to structure relevant enterprise data and present them in a flexible, but common format. Currently, the coherent data view is made accessible to the user via several selected visualization tools -- collectively referred to as Immersive Visualization -- representing the information in an enterprise context. We propose that using SysML with DEVS makes all characteristics of the enterprise accessible in the form of attributed entities. That is, by including simulation-required components, the information can now be transformed into knowledge. This is accomplished through obtaining numerical insight into the dynamic behavior of the enterprise by identifying and executing performance measures for COAs. Using SysML to specify the simulation components allows storage of these alternative actions in the same MongoDB as one additional component of the enterprise model. This paper describes a prototype, current research, and planned research to provide Decision Support Simulation Systems for Data Driven Businesses.
A Hybrid Dasymetric and Machine Learning Approach to High-Resolution Residential Electricity Consumption Modeling

As urban areas continue to grow and evolve in a world of increasing environmental awareness, the need for detailed information regarding residential energy consumption patterns has become increasingly important. Though current modeling efforts mark significant progress in the effort to better understand the spatial distribution of energy consumption, the majority of techniques are highly dependent on region-specific data sources and often require building- or dwelling-level details that are not publicly available for many regions in the United States. Furthermore, many existing methods do not account for errors in input data sources and may not accurately reflect inherent uncertainties in model outputs. We propose an alternative and more general hybrid approach to high-resolution residential electricity consumption modeling by merging a dasymetric model with a complementary machine learning algorithm. The method’s flexible data requirement and statistical framework ensure that the model both is applicable to a wide range of regions and considers errors in input data sources.
Adverse Outcomes Do Not Stop at Discharge: Post-NICU Health Care Use by Prematurely Born Infants

The health care needs of prematurely born infants do not stop upon discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Costs and resource utilization by preterm, low birth weight infants (those at the highest risk of readmission) are substantially higher than infants born at term, with an estimated 35 % of all health care costs in the first year of life stemming from the care of the infants born at a birth weight <1500 g. However, there are limited data to help counsel families about the health care use of their prematurely born infant after the child is discharged from the NICU, and how these expectations may change based on the child’s medical conditions and the family’s social and economic factors. This chapter will present a summary of the postdischarge health care use of prematurely born infants, including future hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and outpatient health care use including medications and nonwell visits. Each section will present information on the prevalence of each outcome and risk factors for differences in rates based on specific medical risk factors. Finally, we will end with a conceptual framework for increased health care use in these infants and directions for future research in the field.
Solar hydrogen generation: Exceeding 100% efficiency

Multiple exciton generation, in which two electron–hole pairs are generated from the absorption of one high-energy photon, has been demonstrated to improve efficiency in quantum-dot-based solar cells. Now, a photoelectrochemical system using PbS quantum dots is shown to drive hydrogen evolution with external quantum efficiency over 100%.
Current state of the art for cardiac arrhythmia gene therapy

Cardiac arrhythmias are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently available therapeutic options lack sufficient efficacy and safety. Gene therapy has been proposed for treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. This review will discuss the current state of development for arrhythmia gene therapy. So far, all published studies are short-term, proof-of-concept animal studies. Potential replacement of cardiac pacemakers has been shown for combination gene therapy using the HCN2 gene and either the gene for adenylate cyclase, the skeletal muscle isoform of the sodium channel, or a dominant negative mutant of the potassium channel responsible for resting membrane potential. Atrial fibrillation has been prevented by gene transfer of either a dominant negative mutant of a repolarizing potassium channel, a gap junction, or an siRNA directed against caspase 3. Inherited arrhythmia syndromes have been corrected by replacement of the causative genes. Post-infarct ventricular tachycardia has been reduced by gene therapy with the skeletal muscle sodium channel and connexins and eliminated with the dominant negative mutant of the potassium channel responsible for resting membrane potential. These ideas show considerable promise. Long-term efficacy and safety studies are required to see if they can become viable therapies.
Protocadherin cis-dimer architecture and recognition unit diversity

Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) mediate numerous neural patterning functions, including neuronal self-recognition and non–self-discrimination to direct self-avoidance among vertebrate neurons. Individual neurons stochastically express a subset of Pcdh isoforms, which assemble to form a stochastic repertoire of cis-dimers. We describe the structure of a PcdhγB7 cis-homodimer, which includes the membrane-proximal extracellular cadherin domains EC5 and EC6. The structure is asymmetric with one molecule contributing interface surface from both EC5 and EC6, and the other only from EC6. Structural and sequence analyses suggest that all Pcdh isoforms will dimerize through this interface. Site-directed mutants at this interface interfere with both Pcdh cis-dimerization and cell surface transport. The structure explains the known restrictions of cis-interactions of some Pcdh isoforms, including α-Pcdhs, which cannot form homodimers. The asymmetry of the interface approximately doubles the size of the recognition repertoire, and restrictions on cis-interactions among Pcdh isoforms define the limits of the Pcdh recognition unit repertoire.
Neoadjuvant talazoparib (TALA) for operable breast cancer patients with a BRCA mutation (BRCA

508Background: TALA has demonstrated efficacy in patients (pts) with BRCA+ metastatic breast cancer. We previously reported a window trial with median 88% tumor volume reduction after 2 months for early stage breast cancer. This study expanded to evaluate the pathologic response of TALA alone x 6 months in BRCA+ pts and operable breast cancer. Methods: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Eligibility included ≥ 1 cm tumor and BRCA+. HER2+ tumors were excluded. Twenty pts underwent a pre-treatment biopsy, 6 months of once daily oral TALA (1 mg), followed by definitive surgery. Pts received adjuvant therapy at physician’s discretion. Endpoint was residual cancer burden (RCB). With 20 patients, the RCB0 + RCB1 response rate can be estimated with a 95% confidence interval with half width < 20%. Results: All 20 planned pts have enrolled from 08/2016-09/2017: median age = 38 (range 23-58); BRCA1+ = 16 and BRCA2+ = 4; 17 patients had triple negative breast cancer (TNBC, ER/PR < 10%) and 3 ha...
Virtual Worlds as Platforms for Communities of Practice

The problem of effective tacit knowledge transfer has long been identified and studied in the field of knowledge management. Communities of practice have been proposed as one way to facilitate tacit knowledge exchange. In this chapter, we propose virtual worlds, or computer simulated 3D environments, as potential platforms that can be used to facilitate communities of practice. We differentiate virtual worlds from other Web based communication technologies, and discuss four unique affordances, namely self-expression, co-creation, co-experience and crowd sourcing, as enablers of attributes of communities of practice.
The Biological System: Plants in the Urban Environment

This chapter reviews the importance of plants to the urban environment. It summarizes the conditions to which plants are subjected in the urban environment and some of the benefits they provide both physically through cleaning air and water and psychologically. It reviews briefly the history of urban flora studies and the most common spatial sampling designs used by researchers to document urban plant species over time. While the majority of past research has focused on taxonomic cataloging of the species found in cities, with a particular emphasis on native versus non-native, current urban plant ecology research questions revolve around the novel ecosystems being created in urban areas, evolution and physiological adaptation, and the role of human attitudes. Finally, we offer an energetics-based approach to understand species presence and absence as a function of their metabolic adaptation to multiple environmental gradients encountered across a heterogeneous urban landscape. Such knowledge, we propose, can help city planners, landscape architects, and citizens preserve urban ecosystem biotic structure and function in a changing world.
Improving information sharing on discharge from a specialist palliative care unit

The primary aim was for 100% of patient discharge summaries to be sent electronically to primary care and the integrated specialist palliative care team within 24 hours of discharge from our specialist palliative care unit. During cycle one this data was collected from April, May and June 2017.
Identification of molecular biomarkers for head and neck cancer progression

1806 Our ability to diagnose and prevent oral cancer is hampered by a lack of unique, reliable, quantifiable, easily measured biomarkers that correlate well with disease progression. The current criteria for identifying pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity require the identification of nuclear and/or cellular atypia. However, since morphological or cytological changes occur late in the molecular process of transformation, histologically benign appearing lesions may already have malignant potential and severely dysplastic oral lesions can undergo spontaneous regression. A method for detecting molecularly premalignant lesions at an early stage and for predicting the likelihood of their malignant progression is required. Our hypothesis is that molecular profiling in conjunction with multi-tiered high throughput validation will greatly improve diagnostic prediction compared to the cellular pattern recognition currently used. Our goal is to identify a panel of biomarkers that will allow identification of molecularly premalignant as well as histologically dysplastic lesions that are more likely to progress to cancer. In order to achieve our goal, we collected pure populations of tumor cells from 50 patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) and normal keratinocytes from healthy, non-smoking volunteers by laser capture microdissection. The total RNA was collected, amplified and gene expression profiling of approximately 23,000 genes using the Affymetrix gene chip platform was performed. The top 200 genes that were consistently up regulated in cancer compared to the normal references were considered for initial evaluation. Of those, 15 genes were subsequently selected as potential Oral Progression Markers (OPM) that were validated by immunohistochemical staining of custom human Tissue Micro Arrays (TMA) containing normal, dysplastic and cancer samples. This collection of OPMs may provide us with biomarkers that are capable of stratifying a given oral lesion into high and low risk categories. Furthermore, the identification of genes whose expressions are markedly altered in the majority of oral cancers when compared to normal mucosa may provide further insights into the important genotypic and phenotypic alterations that are necessary for oral cancer development.
Corrections to “SPICE-Only Model for Spin-Transfer Torque Domain Wall MTJ Logic”

The authors would like to make a correction to [1, eq. (8)] . The corrected equation should read
Applying Machine Learning Algorithms for Automatic Detection of Swallowing from Sound

Despite the severe consequences of dysfunctional swallowing, there is no simple method of monitoring swallowing outside of clinical settings. People who cannot swallow cannot eat safely, resulting in profound changes in quality of life and risk of death from aspiration pneumonia. A non-invasive swallowing detector may have widespread impact in both clinical care and research. Detection of swallowing from laryngeal sounds could become an ideal assessment tool because sounds are simple to record, quantifiable, and amenable to software analysis. The focus of this paper is to achieve high accuracy binary swallowing detection from sound recordings. A dataset with 2500 swallow sound samples and 1700 mixed laryngeal noise samples from 15 healthy adults was used to train and test three supervised machine learning algorithms. A decision tree, support vector machine (SVM), and neural network trained with the scaled conjugate gradient (SCG) method had areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.970, 0.961, and 0.971 and average accuracies of 93.2 percent, 86.2 percent, and 93.7 percent respectively. While further work needs to be done to further optimize these algorithms and validate their efficacy, these initial results suggest machine learning strategies may be helpful to improve accuracy of swallowing detection.
An IRON-clad Connection between Aging Organelles.

Lysosome (vacuole) and mitochondria decline interdependently during aging through an unclear mechanism. In this issue of Cell, Hughes et al. (2020) show that defective vacuole-mediated cysteine compartmentalization in aging yeast leads to iron limitation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Cardiopulmonary Limitation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Unscrambling the Rubik's Cube

In this issue of JACC: Heart Failure , Finocchiaro et al. [(1)][1] present a single-center analysis of 156 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) who underwent noninvasive hemodynamic assessment inclusive of rest and stress transthoracic echocardiography as well as cardiopulmonary
Synthetic Opioids Should Be Excluded When Examining the Association Between Cannabis Laws and Opioid Overdose Mortality

We read with great interest the recent work in PNAS by Shover et al. revisiting the relationship between medical cannabis laws and opioid overdose mortality. They expand the 2014 Bachhuber et al. by adding 7 recent years of mortality data to cover a longer study period 1999-2017. They suggest that the reduction in opioid overdose mortality following medical cannabis laws became statistically indistinguishable from 0 when data in 2013-2016 are added and reversed after data in 2017 are added. The authors interpret the sensitivity of the results to the study endpoint to suggest that the association is spurious. We agree that the associations found in ecological studies should not be interpreted as causal relationships. However, we argue that the sensitivity of the results could be likely attributable to the recent spike in overdose mortality related to synthetic opioids.
Beyond the ICU: The association between post intensive care syndrome and survivors of severe COVID-19

Introduction: Severe COVID-19 is associated with high rates of intensive care unit (ICU) delirium and prolonged mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. We hypothesize that COVID-19 ICU survivors are at high risk for developing post-intensive care syndrome (PICS), namely long-term cognitive, psychiatric, and physical impairments which persist after ICU hospitalization. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study at two sites of 49 patients who met the following inclusion criteria: age 18 or older, admitted to the medical ICU, had a positive COVID-19 nasopharyngeal swab, and attended at least one outpatient visit at the Indiana University School of Medicine's Critical Care Recovery Center (CCRC). Patients were administered assessments by trained personnel of cognition (Mini Mental State Exam [MMSE] or Montreal Cognitive Assessment [MoCA]) and self-reported scales for depression (Patient Health Questionarre-9 [PHQ-9]), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7]), post-traumatic stress disorder (Post Traumatic Symptom Scale-10 [PTSS-10]), quality of life and physical functioning (EuroQol-5D Quality of Life questionnaire [EQ5D QoL], EuroQol-5D5L [EQ5D5L], Healthy Age Brain Care Monitor Self Report [HABC-SR]). Descriptive statistics were computed as frequency, mean, and standard deviation using SPSS. Results: A total of 49 patients were included in the study with 30.6% female, mean age of 51.89 (SD 13.95). Nearly all patients (93.9%) required mechanical ventilation while hospitalized. The average hospital length of stay was 23.06 days (SD 12.3) and the mean days from discharge to initial evaluation in the CCRC was 87.3 (SD 43.2). Scores suggestive of mild cognitive impairment were seen in 23.3% (n = 36) of patients who performed the MMSE and in 37.5% (n = 16) of patients who completed the MoCA. Of the patients who participated in the PHQ-9, 33.3% (n = 36) had an abnormal score consistent with at least mild depression. 21.1% (n = 47) of the patients had abnormal scores on the functional subscale of the HABC-SR. Most notably, the mean quality of life score was 67.8 (SD 19.08) using the EQ5D QoL. Conclusions: ICU hospitalization for severe COVID-19 symptoms may be associated with long-term impairments in cognition, mental health, and physical function consistent with PICS. Larger observational cohort studies are needed to have a deeper understanding of COVID-19-related PICS, risk factors for COVID-19 PICS, and factors affecting recovery from PICS. These results emphasize the importance of continued focused assessment of ICU survivors to help identify and treat impairments in these domains in order to improve quality of life.
Validation of the Data Instrument for Surgical Global Outreach (DISGO)

Background: Countless efforts have been made by global surgery organizations to provide care to individuals in low- and middle-income countries; however, there is a paucity of data on these interventions. We aim to perform the first step of validation for the Data Instrument for Surgical Global Outreach (DISGO). Methods: We created this data collection instrument to collect basic program, cost, and clinical data on surgical outreach efforts. In this study, we performed a two-round modified Delphi technique to build content validity on the instrument and establish consensus. Experts engaged in the field of global health or global surgery as a healthcare provider, researcher, or policymaker participated in the validation. Additionally, we calculated Cronbach's alpha to determine the degree of agreement among experts. Findings: A total of 22 experts in global health participated in the validation of the data tool. Changes were made to reword, combine, remove, add, clarify, and simplify data points. There was a unanimous decision to accept the revised data collection instrument among the experts after the second Delphi round. Cronbach's alpha was 0.86 for the first round and 0.95 for the second round, indicating a high degree of internal consistency. Interpretation: The global surgery outreach community must define a set of strategies to collect more robust data on surgical outreach efforts to low- and middle-income countries. Such data will permit policy-makers to identify shortfalls in programs and researchers to pursue sustainable treatment modalities and processes of care. Funding: Midcareer Investigator Award in Patient-Oriented Research, National Institutes of Health. Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing of interests. Ethical Approval: This study received exempt status from our university’s institutional review board.
On Entropy, Information, and Conservation of Information

The term entropy is used in different meanings in different contexts, sometimes in contradictory ways, resulting in misunderstandings and confusion. The root cause of the problem is the close resemblance of the defining mathematical expressions of entropy in statistical thermodynamics and information in the communications field, also called entropy, differing only by a constant factor with the unit 'J/K' in thermodynamics and 'bits' in the information theory. The thermodynamic property entropy is closely associated with the physical quantities of thermal energy and temperature, while the entropy used in the communications field is a mathematical abstraction based on probabilities of messages. The terms information and entropy are often used interchangeably in several branches of sciences. This practice gives rise to the phrase conservation of entropy in the sense of conservation of information, which is in contradiction to the fundamental increase of entropy principle in thermodynamics as an expression of the second law. The aim of this paper is to clarify matters and eliminate confusion by putting things into their rightful places within their domains. The notion of conservation of information is also put into a proper perspective.
Post-launch radiometric calibration of the GOES-16 and GOES-17 Advanced Baseline Imager

The GOES-16 satellite was launched on 19 Nov 2016, and it became operational as the GOES-East satellite on 18 Dec 2017. The GOES-17 satellite was launched on 1 Mar 2018, and it became the GOES-West operational satellite on 12 Feb 2019. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) is one of six instruments onboard GOES-16 and GOES-17. It has 16 multispectral bands in the 0.45 μm to 13.56 μm wavelength range. This study is focused on bands 1–3, 5, and 6, which reside in the solar-reflective region (0.4 μm to 2.5 μm). The five bands used in this work have spatial resolutions of 500 m (band 2), 1000 m (1, 3, and 5), and 2000 m (band 6). The geosynchronous orbit of GOES provides a unique opportunity for the Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS), which is an automated facility at Railroad Valley, Nevada, USA. RadCaTS consists of ground-based instruments that measure the surface reflectance and atmosphere throughout the day. It was developed by the Remote Sensing Group of the Wyant College of Optical Sciences at the University of Arizona (UArizona), and it is currently used to monitor such low-Earth orbit (LEO) sensors as Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 OLI, Terra and Aqua MODIS, Sentinel-2A and -2B MSI, SNPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS, and others. The improved spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of ABI create an excellent opportunity to intercompare results obtained from a geosynchronous sensor to those obtained from typical LEO sensors.
Impact of updating pharmacogenetic results: Lessons learned from the predict program

Pharmacogenomic (PGx) evidence for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) continues to evolve. For sites offering testing, maintaining up-to-date interpretations and implementing new clinical decision support (CDS) driven by existing results creates practical and technical challenges. Vanderbilt University Medical Center initiated panel testing in 2010, added CYP2D6 testing in 2017, and released CDS for SSRIs in 2020. We systematically reinterpreted historic CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotypes to update phenotypes to current nomenclature and to launch provider CDS and patient-oriented content for SSRIs. Chart review was conducted to identify and recontact providers caring for patients with current SSRI therapy and new actionable recommendations. A total of 15,619 patients’ PGx results were reprocessed. Of the non-deceased patients reprocessed, 21% (n = 3278) resulted in CYP2C19*1/*17 reinterpretations. Among 289 patients with an actionable recommendation and SSRI medication prescription, 31.8% (n = 92) did not necessitate contact of a clinician, while 43.2% (n = 125) resulted in clinician contacted, and for 25% (n = 72) no appropriate clinician was able to be identified. Maintenance of up-to-date interpretations and recommendations for PGx results over the lifetime of a patient requires continuous effort. Reprocessing is a key strategy for maintenance and expansion of PGx content to be periodically considered and implemented.
Consensus as a Form of Decision Making

This paper critically analyzes the consensus process as used in decisionmaking. Drawing from the Quaker experience and from social psychological research, statements of conditions for its effective use are enunciated. Descriptions of the use of consensus are provided and areas for further exploration are identified. A popular, if not faddish, word of the 1980's is the term consensus. "Can we reach consensus on this? The consensus of the group was. . ." are familiar examples. Upon close examination, consensus is used to mean Tither a statement of agreement or a particular process used in decision making. Often an inference is made that a particular process as used to reach a statement of agreement when
Culture, Openness, and Finance

Religions have little to say about shareholders but have much to say about creditors. We find that the origin of a country's legal system is more important than its religion and language in explaining shareholder rights. However, a country's principal religion helps predict the cross-sectional variation in creditor rights better than a country's openness to international trade, its language, its income per capita, or the origin of its legal system. Catholic countries protect the rights of creditors less than other countries, and long-term debt is less important in these countries. A country's openness to international trade mitigates the influence of religion on creditor rights. Religion and language are also important predictors of how countries enforce rights.
Prostate cancer support groups: a literature review.

Abstract This article provides an overview of research literature related to cancer support groups, with particular reference to prostate cancer groups. Randomized studies of cancer support groups primarily focus on short-term psychoeducational and/or supportive/expressive groups for women with breast cancer. Many of these studies suggest that the interventions lead to a pronounced improvement in psychological functioning and may in some instances increase longevity. Regarding prostate cancer support-group members, information and education are especially valued. Open-ended, psychoeducational groups with large meetings, expert speakers, and structured, efficient organizations appear most beneficial to prostate cancer group members. The literature only partially answers a number of significant questions, including the types of groups most appropriate for people with specific diseases, process variables most significant to the success of groups, and specific factors that are barriers to group involvement by...
Disposal of radioactive wastes by hydraulic fracturing: Part IV. Chemical development of waste-cement mixes

Abstract The shale fracturing program has been concerned with the development of a technique for the safe and economical disposal of large batches of radioactive liquid wastes by mixing the waste with cement and other additives, and injecting the slurry into bedded shale at depths of about 1000 ft. Mixes suitable for use with ORNL's intermediate-level liquid waste have been developed. The slurries remain pumpable for the time (hr) required to complete an injection and once in place in the disposal formation, set into a solid matrix that “fixes” the principal radionuclides. These mixes have a cement base, with clays added to enhance the fixation of radiocesium and a pozzolan cement system to retain the radiostrontium.
Le Sourire canin de Montaigne et de La Mothe le Vayer, ou la vertu cynique du libertin

AbstractLe cynisme a suscite au cours de l’histoire de vives controverses. D’un cote, les partisans de cette philosophie justifient le cynisme des Anciens comme une pratique juste qui se presente sous la conduite de mere Nature. D’un autre cote, on entend la voix des detracteurs qui contestent la vie menee par ces philosophes cyniques comme inappropriee et indecente. En prenant part a ce debat, cet article montre que Montaigne et La Mothe Le Vayer revisitent l’opposition cynique entre nature et culture pour s’attacher plus particulierement au theme de l’universalisme augustinien de la pudeur appartenant a la nature post-lapsaire de l’homme. Nos philosophes s’emploient a citer et representer Diogene afin de destabiliser cette perspective universaliste. Grâce aux cyniques, Montaigne et La Mothe Le Vayer peuvent ainsi exposer une nature pluraliste ou les ‘lois naturelles’ sont speculatives, complexes et souvent contradictoires. Cet essai etablit que ces deux philosophes libertins recourent au cynisme dans le...
Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. Aspartate 15 facilitates proton transfer to the reduced [3Fe-4S] cluster.

The [3Fe-4S]+/0 cluster of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I (AvFdI) has an unusually low and strongly pH-dependent reduction potential (E'0). The reduced cluster exists in two forms, depending upon pH, that exhibit substantially different magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra. Recent studies have established that the MCD changes observed on decreasing the pH from 8.3 (alkaline form) to 6.0 (acid form) cannot be explained either by a change in spin state of the cluster (Stephens, P.J., Jensen, G.M., Devlin, F.J., Morgan, T.V., Stout, C. D., Martin, A.E., and Burgess, B.K. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 3200-3209) or by a major structural change (e.g. ligand exchange) (Stout, C.D. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25920-25927). Here, we have examined the influence of aspartate 15 on the pH dependence of the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of AvFdI by construction of a D15N mutant. Aspartate 15, which is salt-bridged to lysine 84 at the protein surface, is the closest ionizable residue to the [3Fe-4S] cluster. The results show that replacement of aspartate by asparagine results in an approximately 20-mV increase in E'0 for the [3Fe-4S]+/0 cluster at high pH concomitant with an approximately 0.8-pH unit decrease in the pK of the reduced form. The major pH dependence of E'0 is preserved as is the effect observed by MCD. These data eliminate the possibility that the MCD change is due to the presence of Asp-15 and support the conclusion that it originates in direct protonation of the [3Fe-4S]0 cluster, probably on a sulfide ion. Voltammetric studies show that interconversion between [3Fe-4S]+ and [3Fe-4S]0 at acidic pH involves rapid electron transfer followed by proton transfer (for reduction) and then proton transfer followed by electron transfer (for oxidation). Ionized aspartate 15 facilitates proton transfer. Thus, protonation and deprotonation are much slower for D15N relative to the native protein at pH > 5.5. Proton transfer reactions necessary for further reduction of the [3Fe-4S]0 cluster to the [3Fe-4S]- and [3Fe-4S]2- states are also retarded in D15N. The results suggest that the carboxylate-ammonium salt bridge afforded by Asp-15-Lys-84 conducts protons between the cluster and solvent H2O molecules. Overproduction of D15N FdI, but not native FdI, in A. vinelandii has a negative effect on the growth rate of the organism, suggesting that the rate of protonation or deprotonation of the [3Fe-4S]0 cluster may be important in vivo.
Direct Observations of Along-Isopycnal Upwelling and Diapycnal Velocity at a Shelfbreak Front*

Abstract By mapping the three-dimensional density field while simultaneously tracking a subsurface, isopycnal float, direct observations of upwelling along a shelfbreak front were made on the southern flank of Georges Bank. The thermohaline and bio-optical fields were mapped using a towed undulating vehicle, and horizontal velocity was measured with a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler. A subsurface isopycnal float capable of measuring diapycnal flow past the float was acoustically tracked from the ship. The float was released near the foot of the shelfbreak front (95–100-m isobath) and moved 15 km seaward as it rose from 80 to 50 m along the sloping frontal isopycnals over a 2-day deployment. The float's average westward velocity was 0.09 m s−1, while a drifter drogued at 15 m released at the same location moved westward essentially alongfront at 0.18 m s−1. The float measured strong downward vertical velocities (in excess of 0.02 m s−1) associated with propagation of internal tidal solibores in...
Prodigious ash deposits near the summit of Arsia Mons volcano, Mars

[1] Mars Orbiter Camera images are used to identify widespread material interpreted to have formed via explosive volcanism on Arsia Mons volcano, Mars. This material crops out in cliff sections associated with pit craters in layers ∼45–50 m thick. The large range of elevations where the material is found (6.2–17.5 km) suggests locally-derived materials, although extensive reworking has produced a wide variety of dune forms. Two possible styles of volcanism appear possible for generating this material: (1) explosive volcanism associated with pit crater formation due to the release of magmatic gases, or (2) the interaction between dikes and volatile-rich substrates. Although the best examples occur on Arsia Mons, pit craters on Ascraeus Mons also suggest explosive activity. The absence of comparable features on Olympus Mons indicates that the eruptive histories of the larger Tharsis shields were more diverse than has been inferred from Viking Orbiter images.
The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town

The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in. Portuguese Town. Miguel Vale de Almeida Providence, RI; Berghahn Books, 1996. 186 pp.
Automatic detection of learner's affect from conversational cues

We explored the reliability of detecting a learner's affect from conversational features extracted from interactions with AutoTutor, an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) that helps students learn by holding a conversation in natural language. Training data were collected in a learning session with AutoTutor, after which the affective states of the learner were rated by the learner, a peer, and two trained judges. Inter-rater reliability scores indicated that the classifications of the trained judges were more reliable than the novice judges. Seven data sets that temporally integrated the affective judgments with the dialogue features of each learner were constructed. The first four datasets corresponded to the judgments of the learner, a peer, and two trained judges, while the remaining three data sets combined judgments of two or more raters. Multiple regression analyses confirmed the hypothesis that dialogue features could significantly predict the affective states of boredom, confusion, flow, and frustration. Machine learning experiments indicated that standard classifiers were moderately successful in discriminating the affective states of boredom, confusion, flow, frustration, and neutral, yielding a peak accuracy of 42% with neutral (chance = 20%) and 54% without neutral (chance = 25%). Individual detections of boredom, confusion, flow, and frustration, when contrasted with neutral affect, had maximum accuracies of 69, 68, 71, and 78%, respectively (chance = 50%). The classifiers that operated on the emotion judgments of the trained judges and combined models outperformed those based on judgments of the novices (i.e., the self and peer). Follow-up classification analyses that assessed the degree to which machine-generated affect labels correlated with affect judgments provided by humans revealed that human-machine agreement was on par with novice judges (self and peer) but quantitatively lower than trained judges. We discuss the prospects of extending AutoTutor into an affect-sensing ITS.
On stereochemistry of osmium tetroxide oxidation of allylic alcohol systems: examples

Abstract Forty-two examples are presented to demonstrate the consistency of the empirical formulation proposed in the preceding paper.