cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide inside Chick Boxes at Various Room Temperatures

Abstract IN HOT weather an occasional shipment of baby chicks may show high mortality on arrival. The reason for the mortality is not certain. Did the chicks suffocate or did they die from heat prostration? Results of a previous investigation (Wilson, 1950) have shown that high room temperatures (100°F.) created a temperature inside the box which was likely to be fatal to some of the chicks. This was noticeable when the box temperature exceeded 106°F. Although the cause of death in this previous study was attributed to the heat, the possibility of chicks suffocating in chick boxes should not be overlooked. It was the object of this series of experiments to test this point. MATERIALS AND METHODS Day-old White Leghorn cockerel chicks * were placed in summer-size chick boxes 24″×18″×6″, 25 chicks to a compartment. In one test poult boxes with inside dimensions of 24″×20″×7″ were used. The boxes were placed in . . .
Youth Internet users at risk for the most serious online sexual solicitations.

Background This article explores changes in the prevalence of youth Internet users reporting unwanted sexual solicitations between 2000 and 2005, as well as the risk factors related to reports of the most serious solicitations, aggressive solicitations, in which solicitors attempted or made offline contact with youth. Methods Data were collected from two cross-sectional random-digit-dial telephone surveys of Internet-using youth (aged 10 to 17) in the United States. Results Although sexual solicitations declined overall since 2000, in 2005 youth were 1.7 times more likely to report aggressive solicitations, even when adjusting for changes in demographic and Internet-use characteristics. Risk factors for aggressive solicitations included being female, using chat rooms, using the Internet with a cell phone, talking with people met online, sending personal information to people met online, talking about sex online, and experiencing offline physical or sexual abuse. Conclusions Further research is warranted into the implications of aggressive online sexual solicitation and how to address and prevent such experiences.
The Braidwood Commission reports on TASER use in Canada: an evidence‐based policy review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review the Braidwood Commission's two reports on the use of TASER conducted energy weapons in Canada and the death of Robert Dziekanski to determine whether the Commission's conclusions and subsequent recommendations constitute sound evidence‐based public policy.Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzes Commissioner Braidwood's eight findings from the first report regarding the medical implications of the use of TASER devices by comparing those findings to the body of scientific, medical, and technical literature on the physiological effects of TASER technology. Additionally, this study reviews the potential ramifications of the Commissioner's recommendations regarding the use of TASER devices in both reports.Findings – Evidence from the existing literature does not support the Commission's findings regarding the medical risks of the use of TASER technology. Recommendations to restrict the use of TASER devices are unlikely to reduce arrest‐related deaths, ...
USA-Mexico border cities: a clash of two cultures

In the second half of the 20th Century, one of the most rapidly urbanising regions of the World has been the 2000 mile-long international bound~lry zone shared by Mexico and the USA (Fig. i). During the period 1950-1970, cities on the US side of the border grew by 75%, while Mexico’s border towns increased by 197%) (Dillman. 1983). From 1970 to 1990, border scttlemcnts continued to expand: along tho US side, urban centrcs grew at an average rate of nearly 4% annually, well above the mean national growth rate of 1%; Mexico’s border cities grew at avcragc rates of bctwccn 5% and 6%, nearly twice the national average of 3.3% annual growth (Hcrzog, 1990). By 1990 at lcast three Mexican border metropolitan arcas Tijuana, Ciudad Juarcz and Mcxicali had p~?pul~~ti~)f~s cstimatcd to bc one million or higher, and another seven had bctwcen 100,000 and ~00,000 inhabitants. North of the boundary, the San Diego urbaniscd region’s population excccdcd 2 million in 1990, and at lcast five other US mutropolitan arcas along the border rcgistcrcd bctwcen 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants. Early in the next century, some IO million US and Mexican citizens will live in cities along the border corridor. This dramatic demographic transformation has produced a unicluc scttlcmcnt pattern: the formation of functional metropolitan arcas that physically transcend international borders. Such circumstances have also generated serious questions about the management of cities in a boundary zone shared by two distinct national cultures, one developing and the other dsvelopcd. Clearly, in a zone that houses firstand second-order metropolitan centrcs, serious land use and cnvironmcntal planning problems arise. Problems, ranging from air pollution and sewage spills to traffic management. are not merely confined to a city in a single nation, but spill across an intcrn~~tional boundary. The result is that the management of urban problems can only be achieved through a combination of city planning and international diplomacy. Thus, town planning along the Mexico-USA boundary has a distinct transnational dimension. Few places in the World face the problem of resolving citylevel problems through foreign policy channels. There is considerable uncertainty along the US-Mexico border as to how serious environmental and land-use planning problems can bc rcsolvcd (Herzog, 1986). Some scholars feel that planning can bc achieved by creating cooperative planning agreements through international trcatics, as is done along Western European borders (Hansen, 1983). Others arc fess optimistic that such an approach can work along the Mexico-US border because of the vast economic disparities that separate the neighbouring nations (Friedmann and Morales, 1984). What does seem clear is that in order to understand city planning in this complex bi-national urbanised zone, it is necessary to understand the nature of urban structure in each nation. This article examines the built environment and
Substance P and enkephalin in transected axons of medulla and spinal cord

The accumulation of transported materials in cut axons is demonstrated by the light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of substance P and enkephalin in the caudal medulla and cervical spinal cord of adult rat. Two days following unilateral knife-cuts in the caudal medulla or spinal (C2-C3) levels, substance P and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (SPLI and ELI) are detected in lesioned axons located rostral and caudal to the transection. Rostrally, SPLI and ELI are detected in the lateral reticular region and ventrolateral fasciculus corresponding to the location of previously identified bulbospinal pathways. Caudally, previously unidentified, propriospinal pathways showing SPLI are detected in the dorsal columns and in the dorsolateral fasciculus. In contrast, ELI is found caudal to the transection only in the reticular region of the medulla. For both peptides, immunoreactivity is present throughout axons containing numerous large, dense core, and small clear vesicles. These results support the concept of both particulate and soluble modes of transport for substance P and enkephalin within axons of the central nervous system.
Interpreting the remotely sensed microwave radiance FROm snow covered mountains via a high-resolution modeling framework

Applying passive microwave (PM) remote sensing to estimate mountain snow water equivalent (SWE) is challenging due to the complex interaction between the microwave radiance and the mountain environment; a better knowledge of the interaction is requisite to improve the characterization of mountain SWE via PM. In this study, we modeled the 36.5GHz V-Pol microwave radiance at 90m spatial resolution over the Upper Kern Basin. We replicated the AMSR-E observations with the modeling results, and used the modeled radiance to interpret the satellite observations, as well as to explore the impacts of the mountain environment on microwave radiance. We found snow grain size, model stratigraphic representation, liquid water content and intense snowfall event close related with the modeling accuracy; the calibration to these parameters reduced the error in the modeled radiance by 81%. We aggregated the modeled radiance to AMSR-E footprint scale using the antenna sampling pattern to facilitate the comparison between the modeled radiance and the AMSR-E observations. The RMSE of the basin-scale modeling was 3.1K during the dry snow season. Using the modeling results, we classified the environmental variables in terms of their influence on microwave radiance in the study area; from high to low: SWE (significant only when snowpack is deep), vegetation, elevation, aspect, slope.
ELECTRON CORRELATION EFFECTS IN BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Allosteric (conformation changing) proteins with transition metal atoms are at the heart of much important biological function (e.g., myoglobin hemoglobin used for storing and transporting oxygen in the bloodstream). In the case of myoglobin and hemoglobin, oxygen ligation to the iron center induces a spin crossover (high to low) coupled to a structural change; apart from the role of Hunds' exchange in the spin crossover, electron interaction effects have been ignored. We argue that the spin crossover/structure change observed in the similarly structured but far simpler cobalt valence tautomer molecules1 necessitates an inclusion of underscreened Kondo like correlations for a complete description of the energetics of the transition and dynamics, e.g., for x-ray absorption data. We carry this study out with Varma-Yafet-Gunnarsson-Schonhammer wave functions, which, in chemistry language, are basis set restricted configuration interaction in character. We briefly review the applicability of such wave functions to the description of the putative Kondo molecules cerocene (Ce[(CH)5]2) and ytterbocene bipyridine (Yb[(CH)5]2(bipy)) and to the problem of electron transfer in biological molecules and organic conductors, where anomalous long range tunneling may occur. Research supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Research.
Factors Affecting the Tensile Properties of Nonmercerized and Mercerized Cotton Fibers

When a G. hirsutum cotton fiber was suspended under tension in water and then allowed to dry without removing the stress, its strength increased and its extensibility decreased. If the sample was slack mercerized before the treatment, its strength and extensibility changes were not as marked. The altered properties of the nonmercerized cotton are ascribed to the water inducing plasticization of the fiber, thus permitting the structural units of the sample to readjust as its convolutions began to untwist and as creep occurs. By comparing the properties of the nonmercerized and mercerized counterparts, we propose that the increased strength and extensibility of cotton with slack mercerization is due to the swelling effects of this treatment, which causes un twisting of the fiber and reduces its degree of crystallinity and its crystallite lengths.
Perceptron Learning in Engineering Design

A model of machine learning in engineering design is presented based on the concept of self-adjustment of internal control parameters and perceptron. A perceptron is defined as a four-tuple entity which can answer either “yes” or “no” in the problem domain. The problem of structural design is cast in a form that can be described by a perceptron without hidden units. Some results from our experimentation are presented in tabular form. The paper is concluded by a comparison of perceptron and explanation-based learning.
The effort required to achieve and maintain optimal glycemic control

Abstract Background Insulin therapy is most effective when dosage is frequently adjusted. We sought to evaluate the effort required to maintain A1C below 7% once attained in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 2380 insulin dosage adjustment episodes were analyzed for their intensity and frequency. The data were divided into an "induction period" ( n =608), defined as the time before subjects' A1C dropped below 7% for the first time, and a "maintenance period" ( n =1772), defined as the remaining study period. The data originated from a published study and included 26 older subjects with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes treated for a year with intensive insulin therapy. To achieve therapy goals, the study team contacted the subjects once every few weeks, reviewed records and optimized the insulin dosage. Results During both the induction and maintenance periods, insulin dosage (both long-acting and fast-acting) was adjusted by more than 20%. Maintaining A1C below 7% required dosage adjustments every 2.7(±1.0) weeks, averaging 11.4% (±4.0) in 2.0 (±0.3) different components of insulin dosage (i.e., two of either long-acting or short-acting for breakfast, lunch or dinner) per contact. Conclusions Considerable effort was required to maintain optimal A1C levels in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Since the full benefit of insulin therapy is attained only when multiple components of insulin dosage are frequently adjusted and given the growing shortage of care providers' availability, innovative approaches are needed to empower patients to safely make their own insulin adjustments.
Pathogenesis and treatment of neonatal and postnatal pulmonary hypertension

Recent developments in basic vascular biology have provided new insights into mechanisms contributing to pulmonary hypertension and novel approaches to its treatment. Although it has long been recognized that normal vascular endothelium produces endogenous vasodilators, identification of the so-called endothelium-derived relaxing factor as a gas, nitric oxide, led to extensive studies in several experimental models of pulmonary hypertension and in various clinical settings. Endogenous nitric oxide production modulates vascular tone in the fetal and postnatal lung, and contributes to the normal decline in pulmonary vascular resistance at birth. Exogenous (inhaled) nitric oxide therapy causes potent and selective pulmonary vasodilation in neonates with severe pulmonary hypertension (ie, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn), as well as in patients with pulmonary hypertension due to congenital heart disease, acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, primary or unexplained pulmonary hypertension, and other diseases. The safety and efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide therapy is currently being examined in multicenter trials. Other endothelium-derived products, such as the potent vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin, may contribute to abnormal vascular tone, reactivity, and structure in the pulmonary circulation. Basic studies of mechanisms to altered vessel growth and remodeling may lead to further therapeutic strategies for chronic pulmonary hypertension.
A repulsive view of MHC-restriction.

Recognition of foreign antigens by T lymphocytes is restricted by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This fact is now a corner-stone of immunology, but little is known about the molecular interactions involved in T-cell recognition. Current models attribute MHC molecules with unusual properties, yet biochemically they seem conventional enough proteins. Here Peter Parham offers a reconciliation between the immunological and biochemical findings.
On the order of clitics in Italian

Abstract The clitic sequences of Italian present various difficulties to the universal account of clitic ordering in the form of a single positively stated surface structure constraint posited in Perlmutter (1971). On the basis of the Italian data, which reinforce previous doubts about such an analysis, it will be necessary to adopt the following devices to remedy the inadequacies of the SSC approach: a negative constraint, a post-SSC reordering rule, and the admission of non-superficial syntactic and phonological information in determining clitic order. While such modifications affect the original degree of motivation of the SSC approach, they offer additional strength to the claim of superficial arbitrariness of clitic ordering imposed at the surface by a (variety of) linearization device(s).
Association of neurocognition, anxiety, positive and negative symptoms with coping preference in schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Abstract It is recognized that persons with schizophrenia tend to cope with stress in a relatively avoidant and ineffectual manner and that this coping style is linked to poorer outcome. Less is understood, however, about the interrelationship between symptoms, deficits in neurocognition and coping style in schizophrenia. To determine the extent to which various neurocognitive deficits and symptoms are related to coping style in schizophrenia, measures of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, state and trait anxiety levels, verbal memory and executive function were correlated with self-report of preference for a range of active and avoidant coping strategies. Participants were 42 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders enrolled in outpatient psychiatric care. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that greater preferences for taking action when faced with a stressor were significantly ( p
The protein farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib as a new lead for the development of drugs against chagas disease

Tipifarnib (R115777), an inhibitor of human protein farnesyltransferase (PFT), is shown to be a highly potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi growth (ED50 = 4 nM). Surprisingly, this is due to the inhibition of cytochrome P450 sterol 14-demethylase (CYP51, EC 1.14.13.70). Homology models of the T. cruzi CYP51 were used for the prediction of the binding modes of the substrate lanosterol and of Tipifarnib, providing a basis for the design of derivatives with selectivity for TcCYP51 over human PFT.
Design procedure for ritchey-chrétien corrector.

A four-lens corrector system to remove residual aberrations in a Ritchey-Chretien telescope was selected as the means of studying the relative effectiveness of two design methods: a ray deviation error function and third order aberration theory. At several stages in the design, very significant improvements were made by switching from ray deviation results to aberration theory and then back to ray deviation design. The goal, a 300-cm focal length, f/10 diffraction-limited 1.2° flat field telescope for white light, was achieved. Lens data and system performance, including computed spot diagrams, are given for eight versions.
TERRA-Vision—the integration of scientific analysis into the decision-making process

Abstract. Providing an effective tool for risk assessment of terrestrial environmental resources requires a decision support system which will combine scientific analysis and the decision-making process. The goal of such a system is to provide a scientifically-based method for establishing and evaluating the potential effects of a policy or decision. To meet this goal a computing platform must be established which can run interactively a diverse set of models representing environmental, atmospheric, economic and political issues, and provide an integrated visualized output for decision makers. The decision support tool must be able to manipulate and display disparate information at the appropriate scale, over time and space. Hierarchical modelling, integrated information management systems, geographical information systems, and visualization systems are enabling technologies which provide one possible framework for implementing an effective decision support system. An application-oriented approach was use...
Local access to care programs increase trauma patient follow-up compliance

Abstract Background Inadequate follow-up of uninsured trauma patients after discharge remains a major challenge for trauma programs. Local access to care programs (LACPs) have been developed to improve access to health care to the uninsured. We hypothesized that enrollment in LACP would improve postdischarge follow-up of uninsured trauma patients. Methods Study population consisted of 5,830 uninsured trauma patients from 2006 to 2011, treated at a large urban level-I trauma center. Patients with burn injuries, transfers to another acute-care facility, and those who died or who left against medical advice were excluded. Patients who enrolled in our LACP were compared with those who did not to determine the relationship between enrollment in LACP and postdischarge follow-up, while controlling for injury severity, demographics, and discharge disposition. Results Patients in LACP were significantly more likely to schedule follow-up appointments after discharge (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.51 to 2.10) and to comply with them (odds ratio = 2.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.98 to 2.99). However, 30-day readmission rates were similar in the 2 groups (1.1% vs 1.9%). Conclusions Enrollment in the LACP was associated with improved postdischarge follow-up but not readmissions.
A Generalized Time-Optimal Bidirectional Scan Algorithm for Constrained Feed-Rate Optimization

The problem of generating an optimal feed-rate trajectory has received a significant amount of attention in both the robotics and machining literature. The typical objective is to generate a minimum-time trajectory subject to constraints such as system limitations on actuator torques and accelerations. However, developing a computationally efficient solution to this problem while simultaneously guaranteeing optimality has proven challenging. The common constructive methods and optimal control approaches are computationally intensive. Heuristic methods have been proposed that reduce the computational burden but produce only near-optimal solutions with no guarantees. A two-pass feedrate optimization algorithm has been proposed previously in the literature by multiple researchers. However, no proof of optimality of the resulting solution has been provided. In this paper, the two-pass feed-rate optimization algorithm is generalized and a proof of global optimality is provided. The generalized algorithm maintains computational efficiency, and supports the incorporation of a variety of state-dependent constraints. By carefully arranging the local search steps, a globally optimal solution is achieved. Singularities, or critical points on the trajectory, which are difficult to deal with in optimal control approaches, are treated in a natural way in the generalized algorithm. A detailed proof is provided to show that the algorithm does generate a globally optimal solution under various types of constraints. Several examples are presented to illustrate the application of the algorithm.
Criteria for the strong law of large numbers for sequences of arbitrary random vectors

Abstract In the following note we obtain sufficient conditions so that the strong law of large numbers would hold for an arbitrary sequence of random variables taking values in a separable Banach space. The conditions are sharp in the sense that they imply the strong law for 2-exchangeable random vectors and they become necessary when the random vectors are pairwise independent, identically distributed.
An aerosol injection and outdoor chamber system for the study of atmospheric gasparticle reactions

Abstract A system for the study of reactions between particle bound organic compounds and gaseous pollutants is described. The system is based on two 25 m 3 outdoor smog chambers and associated equipment. Injection of sub-μm diameter carbon black particles is achieved using a liquid nitrogen based injection system. Suspended mass half life in the chamber is increased from 0.8 to 5.8 h by the use of a bipolar ion atmosphere. Particle concentrations and size distributions are shown to be similar to those obtained from wood combustion.
How serious is the damage

W 'hen surveys of faculty tell us that politically right-of-center voices are now much reduced or even in certain areas largely absent, we can be sure that the academy is damaged in at least one respect: the campus political and social climate will be unrealistic. 1 Programs where this is central, such as political science and sociology, will be damaged most, but its effect will be felt throughout the humanities and the social sciences. That's bad enough in itself. But the kind of damage I want to talk about goes deeper than this--and that is the damage done more generally to the quality of teaching and research when the campus is so politically one-sided. Students go to college to learn to think in a disciplined way: how to shape arguments and recognize weak ones, how to marshal evidence, how to analyze issues and draw valid conclusions. All of that requires that they develop an intellectual curiosity that is not limited by their own, or anyone else's preconceived opinions. Giving students this kind of education is a core function of the university. If the campus political monoculture damages this--as I think it does-that is infinitely more important than the narrower question of a realistic political climate. Defenders of the academy as it now is tell us that the political tilt makes no difference to teaching and research, because the campus has always leaned left, and because professors are professionals who teach their subjects conscientiously whatever their politics. And once they take that position, these defenders must regard the campus horror stories of unprofessional, politically motivated behavior that we hear so often as atypical, isolated cases without wider significance. 2 This defense is certainly not a good example of disciplined thinking. First of all, just the way in which political one-sidedness is distributed tells us that it has not always been as it is now. It is very much more pronounced among younger faculty than among older faculty, which shows both that it used to be less extreme than it is now, and also that it is getting worse all the time, as older faculty retire and are replaced by younger ones. The distribution by department also tells us that things are not as they once were. A recent survey of faculty political registrations in major universities found that in some departments of political science (of all places) there were no professors registered as Republicans, while dozens were registered to parties
Isothiocyanate metabolism, distribution, and interconversion in mice following consumption of thermally processed broccoli sprouts or purified sulforaphane

Scope Broccoli sprouts are a rich source of glucosinolates, a group of phytochemicals that when hydrolyzed, are associated with cancer prevention. Our objectives were to investigate the metabolism, distribution, and interconversion of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in mice fed thermally processed broccoli sprout powders (BSPs) or the purified ITC sulforaphane. Methods and results For 1 wk, mice were fed a control diet (n = 20) or one of four treatment diets (n = 10 each) containing nonheated BSP, 60°C mildly heated BSP, 5-min steamed BSP, or 3 mmol purified sulforaphane. Sulforaphane and erucin metabolite concentrations in skin, liver, kidney, bladder, lung, and plasma were quantified using HPLC-MS/MS. Thermal intensity of BSP processing had disparate effects on ITC metabolite concentrations upon consumption. Mild heating generally resulted in the greatest ITC metabolite concentrations in vivo, followed by the nonheated and steamed BSP diets. We observed interconversion between sulforaphane and erucin species or metabolites, and report that erucin is the favored form in liver, kidney, and bladder, even when only sulforaphane is consumed. Conclusion ITC metabolites were distributed to all tissues analyzed, suggesting the potential for systemic benefits. We report for the first time tissue-dependent ratio of sulforaphane and erucin, though further investigation is warranted to assess biological activity of individual forms.
Lateral organization of the postsynaptic density

Fast excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). It is widely accepted that the number of AMPARs in the postsynaptic density (PSD) critically determines the efficiency of synaptic transmission, but an unappreciated aspect of synapse organization is the lateral positioning of AMPARs within the PSD, that is, their distribution across the face of a single synapse. Receptor lateral positioning is important in a number of processes, most notably because alignment with presynaptic release sites heavily influences the probability of receptor activation. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms that dynamically control the subsynaptic positioning of AMPARs. This field is still at early stages, but the recent wave of developments in super-resolution microscopy, synapse tomography, and computational modeling now enable the study of lateral protein distribution and dynamics within the nanometer-scale boundaries of the PSD. We discuss data available measuring the lateral distribution of glutamate receptors and scaffold proteins within the PSD, and discuss potential mechanisms that might give rise to these patterns. Elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the lateral organization of the PSD will be critical to improve our understanding of synaptic processes whose disruption may be unexpectedly important in neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Membrane Trafficking and Cytoskeletal Dynamics in 'Neuronal Function'.
Student Perceptions of a Role-Playing Simulation in an Introductory International Relations Course.

An emerging assumption in undergraduate political science education is that role-playing simulations are an effective teaching tool. While previous studies have addressed the pedagogical advantages of simulations as compared to more traditional teaching techniques, less attention has been paid to student perceptions of these simulations. This study uses data collected from an introductory International Relations course that includes a 2-day Model United Nations Crisis Simulation. Students are given a presimulation and postsimulation survey in order to gauge the perceived educational value of classroom simulations. Do undergraduates perceive simulations to be a valuable learning tool? Do these perceptions change after they participate in a simulation? Gender, class rank, and previous interest in world politics are considered. Finally, the authors consider whether students’ perceptions of the simulation experience correlate with the assumptions in the existing literature.
Acclimatizing the world: a history of the paradigmatic colonial science.

This paper examines the institutions, personages, and theories that informed acclimatization activities in nineteenth-century France, England, and the two colonies of Algeria and Australia. Treating acclimatization as a scientific concept and activity, the essay begins with the conditions of its emergence in Enlightenment France. Subsequent sections trace the growth of the acclimatization movement and its translation to the British context, and consider reasons for its decline in the last third of the nineteenth century. Efforts are made to show why many perceived acclimatization to be the paradigmatic colonial science with applications as diverse as agriculture, settlement schemes, field sports, and human health. Emphasis falls on the French and British cultural spheres, as these were the dual epicenters of both modern colonialism and organized acclimatization activity.
Implementing energy-efficient tracking in a sensor network

An energy efficient sleep control algorithm is developed for application to the tracking problem in a wireless sensor network. This simple algorithm applies intuition gained by examining a more complicated dynamic programming solution approximation. The algorithm is shown through simulation analysis to exhibit improved efficiency beyond simple sensor duty cycling, very nearly achieving the effectiveness of the original dynamic programming solution. Additionally a testbed is developed specifically to evaluate the feasibility of implementation of the algorithm on a physical system. The algorithm is shown to work on this testbed, successfully tracking a light source in the network.
Nucleoside-analog resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and their influence on polymerase fidelity and viral mutation rates

Nucleoside-analog inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) were the first drugs used against the virus. It is long known that monotherapy with these and other drugs leads to the rapid development of viral resistance and it is being increasingly appreciated that a significant percentage of individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) also develop resistance. Considering the fact that RT is responsible both for optimal rate of replication and an accurate copying of the viral genome, the consequence of drug-resistance mutations in RT to the biochemistry of this enzyme and to the biology of the virus are critically important. The biochemistry of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase variants harboring nucleoside-analog resistance mutations has been studied extensively. In this review, we describe a number of studies into the polymerase fidelity of nucleoside-analog resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase as well as the mutation rate of HIV-1 harboring these mutations.
Unsymmetrical 9-Borafluorenes via Low-Temperature C−H Activation of m-Terphenylboranes

The reaction of 2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3Li and with H2ClB·SMe2 or HCl2B·SMe2 in hexane solution afforded the m-terphenyl-substituted unsymmetrical 9-borafluorene 1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-7-tert-butyl-9-(bis-2,6-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenyl)-9-borafluorene, 1, in good to moderate yields. The related reaction of 2,6-(3,5-Me2C6H3)2C6H3Li with BH2Cl·SMe2 or BHCl2·SMe2 in toluene solution gave 1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-6,8-dimethyl-9-(bis-2,6-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phenyl)-9-borafluorene, 3. Compounds 1 and 3 are air-stable fluorescent solids. The reactions of 2,6-(2-MeC6H4)2C6H3Li or 2,6-Mes2C6H3Li (which possess either two or no o- and o‘ ‘-hydrogens) with H2ClB·SMe2 gave the primary boranes [2,6-(2-MeC6H4)2C6H3BH2]2, 4, and [2,6-Mes2C6H3BH2]2, 5, respectively. Quenching of the reaction of 2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3Li with H2ClB·SMe2 after 1.5 h with pyridine resulted in the isolation of the primary borane [2,6-(4-t-BuC6H4)2C6H3BH2]2, 2, as the pyridine adduct 2·py, which after thermolysis at 190 °C gave 1-(4-tert-butylphenyl...
Acute aerobic exercise impacts selective attention: an exceptional boost in lower-income children

Educational research suggests that lower-income children exhibit poor general executive functioning relative to their higher-income peers. Meanwhile, sports psychology research suggests that an acute bout of aerobic exercise improves executive functioning in children. Yet, it has never been determined if such exercise (1) specifically improves the selective attention aspect of executive functioning in children or (2) impacts lower-income children any differently than higher-income children. The current study utilised a randomised experimental design and found that a 12 min session of aerobic exercise improved the selective attention of both lower- and higher-income children. Moreover, lower-income children exhibited even greater improvement than higher-income children. As the income-achievement gap persists, it is important to explore feasible interventions that strengthen the cognitive processes that underlie academic performance.
Development of a fiber-based eye safe coherent wind lidar system for urban wind field measurements

A compact coherent wind lidar system has been developed and is being tested in an urban environment. We use polarization maintaining fiber throughout the system to improve the stability of the heterodyne detected return signal. The 1.54 micron transmitter is designed using a master oscillator and pulsed power amplifier configuration. The receiver is operated in a coaxial arrangement and balanced detection is employed to reduce the effects of relative intensity noise, allowing for operation in the shot noise limited regime. Development and verification of the lidar system is enhanced by taking advantage of a set of ground based sodar, radar wind profiler and building top anemometers that are part of the New York City Meteorological Network. Operation in a coastal urban environment with a complex terrain such as New York City requires that the system be flexible enough to allow for adjustable operating conditions, tunable signal processing algorithms and user defined data products, so that the optimal performance can be chosen with a variety of practical applications in mind.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ACETOHEXAMIDE BINDING TO GLYCATED HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN

Acetohexamide is a drug used to treat type II diabetes and is tightly bound to the protein human serum albumin (HSA) in the circulation. It has been proposed that the binding of some drugs with HSA can be affected by the non-enzymatic glycation of this protein. This study used high-performance affinity chromatography to examine the changes in acetohexamide-HSA binding that take place as the glycation of HSA is increased. It was found in frontal analysis experiments that the binding of acetohexamide to glycated HSA could be described by a two-site model involving both strong and weak affinity interactions. The average association equilibrium constant (K(a)) for the high affinity interactions was in the range of 1.2-2.0×10(5)M(-1) and increased in moving from normal HSA to HSA with glycation levels that might be found in advanced diabetes. It was found through competition studies that acetohexamide was binding at both Sudlow sites I and II on the glycated HSA. The K(a) for acetohexamide at Sudlow site I increased by 40% in going from normal HSA to minimally glycated HSA but then decreased back to near-normal values in going to more highly glycated HSA. At Sudlow site II, the K(a) for acetohexamide first decreased by about 40% and then increased in going from normal HSA to minimally glycated HSA and more highly glycated HSA. This information demonstrates the importance of conducting both frontal analysis and site-specific binding studies in examining the effects of glycation on the interactions of a drug with HSA.
New way to describe diffraction from optical disks

An efficient decomposition of the diffraction pattern from optical disks that yields insight into the origin and the characteristics of various signals is described. The Babinet principle is used to separate components that describe the data signal, servo signals, and three types of cross talk. The construction of a basis set that yields efficient calculation for optimization studies is described. Two media types are considered as examples. Several applications are also described, including an explanation for the origin of the differential phase-detection tracking signal that is used with DVD-ROM media.
Information Sources for Modeling the National Economy

Abstract In modeling economic behavior all kinds of information should be used, not merely numerical data. Rich stores of information about economic structure and governing policies are available from mental data bases built up from experience and observation. The daily and weekly business press contains information from which a model can bridge from microstructure to macrobehavior. The System Dynamics National Model draws on all classes of information for its structure and policies. The National Model, without exogenous time series inputs, generates 3- to 7-year business cycles, 15- to 25-year capital cycles, 45- to 60-year long waves, and the processes of inflation, unemployment, and stagflation. Such a simulation model, based on a diversity of information sources, can shed new light on economic dynamics.
Growth after Surgical Repair of Simple d-Transposition of the Great Arteries

Abstract The effect of the Mustard procedure on growth was assessed in 45 patients with simple D-transposition of the great arteries (DTGA) surviving for at least one year after operation. Growth failure (below the third percentile for height, weight, or both) was found in 25 of the 45 patients preoperatively and in 8 patients postoperatively. The principal factors associated with poor growth before repair were advancing age, increased pulmonary and systemic flow, and subpulmonic stenosis. In those patients without postoperative growth failure, growth had returned to the normal range within two years. All patients with retarded growth after the Mustard procedure had had preoperative growth failure as well. In addition, all 8 patients with postoperative growth failure had one or more major residual hemodynamic abnormalities, whereas residual lesions were present in only 10 of the 37 patients with normal postoperative growth.
Radio occultation investigations of the atmosphere of Mars.

Mars atmosphere and ionosphere analyzed by measuring effect on radio occultation of planet, determining shape, atmosphere density profile, diurnal variations, etc
The Effect of Room Openings on Fire Plume Entrainment

Abstract The mass rate of entrainment is examined for a fire plume in a room. Entrainment rates are inferred from measurements of air flow through a door or window and from room temperature data. The effect of the air flow is to tilt the flame plume, and to increase the entrainment rate over that of a vertical free standing plume. Dimensional analysis and theoretical results for a non-reacting wind blown plume model are used to correlate the flame angle and entrainment rate results.
Domestic and International Transracial Adoption: A Synopsis of the Literature

While adoptions are as ‘old as humanity itself’, transracial adoptions are a fairly recent phenomenon, particularly in the United States. This article reviews the state of transracial adoption research through an examination of the domestic and international transracial adoption literatures. Special attention is paid to the controversy that erupted in the 1970s over Black–White adoption placements and to the emergence of international adoption as the dominant form of transracial adoption.
A long-term comparison of tacrolimus (FK506) versus cyclosporine in liver transplantation. A report of the United States FK506 study group

Background The long-term (5 year) efficacy and safety of tacrolimus (FK506) and cyclosporine were compared in primary liver transplant recipients who participated in a 1-year randomized, multicenter trial and a 4-year follow-up extension study. Methods A total of 529 patients (263 tacrolimus group, 266 cyclosporine group) were randomized to study drug. Patients were evaluated at 3-month intervals. Patient and graft survival rates, incidence of adverse events, and changes in laboratory and clinical profiles were determined. Results Cumulative 5-year patient and graft survival rates were comparable for the tacrolimus (79.0%, 71.8%) and cyclosporine (73.1%, 66.4%) groups. However, patient half-life survival was longer for tacrolimus-treated patients (25.1+/-5.1 years versus 15.2+/-2.5 years; P=0.049). Improved patient survival with tacrolimus was also observed for hepatitis C-positive patients (78.9% tacrolimus group versus 60.5% cyclosporine group; P=0.041). Both treatments were associated with a low incidence of late acute rejection, late steroid-resistant rejection, and death or graft loss related to rejection. Both treatments demonstrated an acceptable safety profile with maintenance of adequate renal and liver function and a low incidence of malignancy/lymphoproliferative disease and serious infections. Conclusions Tacrolimus is a safe and effective long-term maintenance immunosuppressive agent in primary liver transplantation.
The Brazilian soybean situation and its impact on the world oils market

Brazil has come from obscurity to become the worlds second largest producer and exporter of soybeans. Internal crushing has also expanded rapidly and become more specialized in soybean crushing. In 1978 Brazilian soybean crushing capacity reached about 14 million metric tons (MT). Domestic oil and meal price ceilings and bean export restric-tions have had a significant effect on the growth in Brazil’s crushing capacity. Since 1975 exports of both soybean meal and oil have received favored export treatment relative to soybeans. Brazil is likely to continue restrictions on bean exports to ensure availability of beans to their crushers. Brazil’s annual soybean production is likely to grow from the 12 million metric tons in 1977 to over 15 million tons by 1982, with exports of 1-2 million tons. Meal exports are expected to grow by 1-2 million tons and oil exports marginally from 1978 levels by 1982. The long run soybean production will depend on how much expansion occurs in the Central West, where the soil is less fertile and production and transport costs are much higher. Substantial expansion there will require higher world soybean prices, construction of marketing and transportation infrastructure, and subsidization of input costs.
Interfacial reactions in the Ti/GaAs system

The reaction between thin Ti films and GaAs, in the temperature range 300–600 °C, was studied using a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. Titanium starts to react with GaAs at ∼400 °C, producing a layered Ti/TixGa1−x/TiAs/GaAs microstructure. The reaction sequence suggests that Ti diffuses into the GaAs and liberates Ga while forming TiAs. Kinetic studies show that the reaction is diffusion controlled with an activation energy of 1.75±0.05 eV. The reaction products, for fully reacted films, were identified from electron diffraction patterns as a NiP‐type TiAs phase and TixGa1−x (hexagonal structure: a=0.569 nm, c=0.932 nm, x=0.35±0.05). Correlation of electrical measurements with TEM results indicates that the formation of TiAs at the interface coincides with an increase in barrier height (0.84 eV) over the as‐deposited value (0.72 eV).
Direct chromatographic separation of enantiomeric diol derivatives

Abstract The enantiomers of a variety of aliphatic and alicyclic vicinal diols, derivatized as the bis-3,5-dinitrophenyl carbamates, have been separated onc hiral stationary phases derived from either (R)-N-(2-naphthyl)alanine or an (R)-N-acylated α-aryl-α-aminoalkane. The technique has utility not only for analytical determinations of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration but also for preparative separations as the diols may be easily recovered from the separated derivatives. Chiral recognition mechanisms are presented to account for the observed separations.
Temperature alters lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine secretion by RAW 264.7 cells.

Local and systemic temperature change is associated with the immune response to infection, but the role of temperature remains poorly understood. To study the effect of temperature on macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with LPS at different temperatures and secretion of three cytokines was measured. Incubation at 31 °C increased tumour necrosis factor (TNF) secretion when compared with 37 °C, while cells exposed at 39 °C secreted less TNF. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion was less at 31 °C than at 37 °C and remained unchanged at 39 °C. Interleukin-10 secretion was depressed on either side of 37 °C. Only IL-6 secretion was sensitive to preincubation temperature effects. The kinetics of cytokine secretion and steady-state mRNA analysis indicated potentially different mechanisms of temperature regulation for TNF and IL-6.