cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro-Raman Spectroscopic Evaluation of Residual Microstresses in Reaction Bonded Boron Carbide Ceramics

Raman spectroscopic mapping was verified as a viable method to assess the spatial distribution of residual microstresses originating from thermal mismatch between various phases in reaction bonded boron carbide ceramics. Beneficial residual compressive stresses in the residual silicon phase have been suggested to lead to enhanced mechanical performance. However, no literature exists to definitively confirm the presence of such residual stresses. Using Raman scans of the residual silicon phase, the 520 cm−1 Raman peak, characteristic of stress-free crystalline silicon, was tracked in order to detect peak shifts indicative of residual microstresses. Based on the observed peak shifts for individual point scans, the presence of residual stresses of a detectable level have been confirmed. Additionally, based on peak broadening and peak intensity reduction, which is indicative of disorder, it appears likely that the residual silicon becomes highly disordered as a result of the processing. The results of these Raman studies have major implications as they can used for developing microstructure-property-performance relationships for reaction bonded ceramics.
PARTISANSHIP AND INCUMBENCY IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

Party identification is a standard part of our understanding of presidential voting, but the effects of presidential incumbency on presidential voting have not been recognized in most voting models. Democratic candidates in the twentieth century received 10 percent more of the two-party vote when Democratic incumbents were running for reelection than when Republican incumbents were running. National Election Studies surveys show that the effect of incumbency varies with individual partisanship, with the greatest effect, as expected, among independents. Opposition party identifiers defect at a higher rate than incumbent party identifiers when the incumbent is running for reelection. Even after controlling for retrospective and prospective economic voting, a 6 percent effect is found for incumbency. Incumbency thus conditions the impact of partisanship on presidential voting.
Perioperative Management of Patients with Bone Sarcomas

Bone sarcomas are associated with a host of complex and challenging issues that make perioperative management markedly different from that of the general orthopedic patient. Preoperative assessment must address cancer treatment-related comorbidities and anticipate psychosocial needs arising from the sequelae of radical operations. Appropriate timing of surgery with respect to chemotherapy is crucial to avert complications such as infection, hemorrhage, and wound dehiscence. Intraoperatively, close communication is vital between the surgical and anesthesiology teams in order to prevent adverse events. Aggressive blood product and fluid resuscitation during surgery is essential for many procedures in orthopedic oncology, and this is best accomplished as a joint effort on the part of the anesthesiology and surgery teams. Postoperative management is challenging for bone sarcoma patients in a variety of ways. Postoperative pain can be difficult to control since the wound is often massive; moreover, patients may have problems with chronic skeletal pain, a high tolerance to narcotic medication, and chemotherapy-related neuropathic pain. Other postoperative concerns include proper wound care, prevention of venous thromboembolic disease, electrolyte balance, nutrition, and mobilization. Proper medical management during the perioperative period can contribute substantially to the success of the operation as well as the overall oncologic treatment of the patient.
A New Approach to Tubal Sterilization by Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic tubal sterilization has been rapidly gaining acceptance as a nonpuerperal method of permanent fertility control. A number of problems have nonetheless been associated with this technique. For example, tubal destruction often exceeds that necessary for tubal occlusion, increasing the danger of thermal injuries and possibly such dysfunctional disorders as abnormal uterine bleeding and dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, excessive destruction precludes any possibility of later tubal reconstruction. In an attempt to avoid these problems, a new low-voltage unit with a rechargeable battery was evaluated. With this unit, cautery is provided under laparoscopic view with a spring-activated hook which retracts the fallopian tube into a Teflon shield, where it is coagulated and transected. Histopathologic studies of the healthy fallopian tubes of four women in their reproductive years treated by this method while the abdomen was open prior to an elective hysterectomy demonstrated minimal destruction of the mesosalpinx, with complete tubal occlusion and a coagulated area 10mm in length. One hundred and sixty-five patients have been sterilized successfully by this method. Indications are that it may provide safe tubal occlusion without unnecessary destruction of the fallopian tubes and surrounding vasculature.
Immunolocalization of anion exchanger AE2 and cation exchanger NHE-1 in distinct adjacent cells of gastric mucosa

The gastric mucosa secretes both protons and bicarbonate. The molecular identity of the H(+)-K(+)-ATPase, which mediates acid secretion, has long been known, but the other components of the secretory machinery and their cellular disposition are less well characterized. This study identifies and localizes in rat and rabbit gastric mucosa a chloride-bicarbonate exchanger protein and a Na(+)-H+ exchanger protein. The previously described band 3-related protein of the parietal cell has been identified by isoform-specific antibodies as anion exchanger (AE) 2 and localized to the basolateral membranes of the parietal cells. The Na(+)-H+ exchanger protein NHE-1 was located in the basolateral membranes of the mucous neck cells, interdigitated between the parietal cells of the gastric glands and in the basolateral membranes of the surface mucous cells. Neither transporter protein was abundantly expressed deep in the gland, where most of the pepsinogen cells reside. Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) was expressed at higher abundance in the surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells, which expressed NHE-1, than in the parietal cells, which expressed AE2. The morphological evidence identified AE2 as a major parietal cell anion exchanger, whereas NHE-1 and CA II colocalized in mucous neck, chief, and surface mucous cells. We propose that all three of these cell types contribute to gastric bicarbonate secretion.
Allergen Immunotherapy for Atopic Dermatitis: Is There Room for Debate?

Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a disease-modifying intervention indicated for the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) and/ or rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and Hymenoptera-induced anaphylaxis. Multiple placebo-controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have confirmed the efficacy of AIT in these conditions. Studies suggest that AIT may be beneficial in other allergic conditions, for example, atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy, and large local reactions to Hymenoptera sting. With the exception of AD, the use of AIT in these other conditions is considered investigational. AD has been included as a possible indication for AIT in individuals with aeroallergen sensitivity in US practice guidelines on AIT and AD. Although the practice guideline recommendations are assigned an evidence rating B, there continues to be debate about the effectiveness of AIT for AD. One of the primary questions arising from this debate is which type of patient and which allergens are most effective in AIT for AD.
the anatomy of the great recession

This poll shows that 74 percent believe we are already in a recession. The other 26 percent are on the Council of Economic Advisers.
Industry Evolution under Entry Barriers

The evolution of industry depends on the selection mechanism, that is the process of entry and exit of firms and the various factors influencing the entry-exit decisions. Two major factors are most important in the selection processes. One is the evolutionary perspective which emphasizes the firm’s ability through strong increasing returns to scale to alter the market structure significantly. Following the Schumpeterian theory of innovations the main source of such increasing returns is the cumulative aspect of such innovations. Secondly, firms differ significantly in their commitment and ability to innovate. Thus innovations in products and processes are largely endogenous to the firm through R&D investment and learning by doing. Thus vigorous innovation has been found to generate more competitive market structures, while innovations requiring large investment generally involve more concentrated market structures. Thus Klepper (1996) and others have shown that innovations could lead to increased concentration if successful innovators rise to market dominance by causing the MES of production to grow more rapidly than demand.
Biological Vulnerability and Risk for Self-Injury in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Abstract A broad spectrum of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) exhibit self-directed behavior that has the capacity to produce tissue injury. Different forms of self-injury (e.g. self-biting, self-hitting, head-banging) may partially segregate in specific neurodevelopmental disorders, although there is also significant overlap. For example, individuals with Prader–Willi syndrome typically pick at their skin, whereas those with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome bite themselves, while individuals with autism exhibit an array of self-injurious behaviors (self-hitting, self-biting, head-banging). Many individuals have “preferred” forms and target locations, and their self-injurious acts can be highly repetitive and stereotyped. Such structural characteristics can differ substantially between individuals even when they have the same genetic syndrome or type of neurodevelopmental disorder. Furthermore, self-injurious behavior (SIB) emerges in a variety of environmental contexts, and may be closely associated with impoverished institutional environments and/or emotional distress, suggesting that these may be common establishing conditions. It is worth noting that SIB is also seen in animals under a variety of circumstances, including laboratory models, domestic pets, and animals kept in zoos or farms. Thus, the etiology and expression of SIB is not unique to humans. Overall, these observations raise a variety of questions about the etiology and expression of self-injury. Do the various forms of self-injury represent the same or different phenomena across the different groups? Are there common underlying mechanisms, or does each pattern of SIB represent a distinct form of predisposing neuropathology? Because self-injury is prevalent across disparate diagnostic groups, is there reason to believe that perturbation of common biological mechanisms make it more likely that SIB will emerge? This question could be restated to ask whether risk factors (which seem to vary widely at the phenomenological level) are mediated through some common pathophysiological mechanism(s) such that biological vulnerabilities – regardless of diagnostic differences – can be identified to estimate developmental risk for SIB. The ultimate goal of a developmental account is to promote prevention in the form of risk reduction. Our specific purpose in writing this chapter is to selectively review the research evidence for “risk factors” that promote vulnerability for SIB specific to I/DD, and then suggest that our current approach to understanding SIB risk has been limited by relying for too long on conventional prevalence ratio study designs. We argue that adopting approaches informed from bench studies of risk factors may help move us forward faster in understanding which individuals with I/DD are likely to develop SIB and the circumstances under which it will most likely occur.
Abstract 091: High Density Adrenal MRI Detects Clinically Relevant Aldosterone-producing Adenomas with Higher Precision than Computer Tomography

Background: Primary hyperaldosteronism is the most common cause of secondary hypertension, and part of the noninvasive diagnostic studies used to confirm the diagnosis include biochemical and computed tomography (CT) of the adrenal glands. If no adenomas are seen on imaging, invasive adrenal vein sampling, to diagnose unilateral disease amenable to surgery, is limited to cases with high pre-test probability. We developed a dedicated MRI protocol and investigated whether surgically-treatable unilateral aldosterone-producing adenomas missed by CT could be detected using this protocol. Methods: We developed a dedicated MRI protocol of the adrenal glands using thin single shot T2-weighted scans, noncontrast MR angiography, reduced field of view diffusion, and dynamic contrast enhancement through the kidneys and adrenal glands with gadolinium (or ferumoxytol if eGFR Results: Five subjects with primary hyperaldosteronism and negative CT underwent MRI. Each had adrenal nodules by MRI. In three cases, a single, unilateral adrenal nodule was detected and followed up with ipsilateral lateralization of aldosterone/cortisol production by adrenal vein sampling. These patients underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy with histologic diagnosis of an aldosterone-producing adenoma with significant improvement in blood pressure and/or reduction in antihypertensive medications. In the other two cases, adrenal nodules were found but adrenal vein sampling detected no lateralization of aldosterone/cortisol ratio. Conclusions: As proof of concept, MRI of the adrenal glands may be a superior imaging modality to diagnose subtypes of primary hyperaldosteronism. With identification of adrenal lesions, this may capture additional cases of secondary hypertension than are amenable to surgical cure improving outcomes and quality of life for patients with severe hypertension. Moreover, it may imply that some cases of primary hyperaldosteronism ascribed to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia may indeed be due to aldosterone-producing adenomas undetectable by CT.
DInSAR for the Monitoring of Cultural Heritage Sites

Detection and monitoring of deformations affecting cultural heritage sites and their surroundings represent a key issue for developing strategies for their preservation, particularly in the case of extended archaeological areas. In this chapter, we first introduce the differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) techniques that, thanks to their capability of performing noninvasive deformation analyses, provide valuable information about the spatial and the temporal evolution of the detected displacements. Subsequently, we present the DInSAR results achieved over the whole archaeological site of the ancient Roman city of Pompeii (Italy), and focus on some historical buildings where small displacements, involving portions or the whole complex structure, have been detected.
Abstract P108: Direct Evidence of Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Generation in Murine Models of Aging and Cardiac Injury

The dogma of the adult mammalian heart as a post-mitotic organ has recently come under question. Radiolabeled isotope studies have demonstrated that the human heart exhibits a low rate of renewal of cardiomyocytes throughout one’s lifespan. Furthermore, a recent study has elegantly shown that a neonatal mouse can regenerate its ventricle if the chamber is resected within the first week of birth. However, a number of questions remain unanswered about the nature of the cell type that gives rise to cardiomyocytes postnatally. The field has yet to clonally address whether cardiomyocytes divide symmetrically upon birth, or if a resident progenitor differentiates into cardiomyocytes. Rather than rely on proxies for cell division (e.g. BrdU incorporation studies), we use genetic mouse models in which cell division results in asymmetric, indelible labeling of the daughter cells (“Mosaic analysis of double markers” (MADM)) and a stochastic multi-color Cre reporter in the Rosa26 locus akin to the “Brainbow” mouse to investigate postnatal cell division clonally in order to identify which cell type(s) generate cardiomyocytes. Our studies have demonstrated limited symmetric division of cardiomyocytes during normal aging up to six weeks, with a significantly high rate of cardiomyocyte division during the first postnatal week. While we provide evidence for limited cell division in the peri-infarct region of a myocardial infarction model in the 24 hours after the infarct, the extent of cell division and proliferation over a longer time frame after the infarct remains to be explored.
Pedagogical Agents to Support Embodied, Discovery-Based Learning

This paper presents a pedagogical agent designed to support students in an embodied, discovery-based learning environment. Discovery-based learning guides students through a set of activities designed to foster particular insights. In this case, the animated agent explains how to use the Mathematical Imagery Trainer for Proportionality, provides performance feedback, leads students to have different experiences and provides remedial instruction when required. It is a challenging task for agent technology as the amount of concrete feedback from the learner is very limited, here restricted to the location of two markers on the screen. A Dynamic Decision Network is used to automatically determine agent behavior, based on a deep understanding of the tutorial protocol. A pilot evaluation showed that all participants developed movement schemes supporting proto-proportional reasoning. They were able to provide verbal proto-proportional expressions for one of the taught strategies, but not the other.
Extreme Phase-Amplification under Direct Detection of Atomic States for Heisenberg Limited Sensitivity in an Atomic Interferometer Employing Schroedinger Cat States

We show that for an N-particle atom interferometer, an N-fold reduction in fringe-width due to phase amplification can be achieved via direct detection of atomic states, employing Schroedinger Cat states, yielding Heisenberg limited sensitivity
Contrasting energy efficiency in various ceramic sintering processes

Abstract Regarding the recent energy costs and environmental concerns, energy efficient and sustainable manufacturing processes have become important topics. In this paper, a number of novel sintering methods were reviewed to illustrate their potential to reduce energy consumption during ceramic processing. Three approaches: adding sintering aid, increasing heating rate, and applying electric field on the reduction of the energy consumption were considered, and the underlying mechanism in each approach was explored. Next, the laser sintering that is utilized in additive manufacturing approaches and the new Cold Sintering Process (CSP) were introduced as potential techniques for the further improvement of energy efficiency. Since the need of furnaces was eliminated in these latter techniques, their heat dissipation during sintering would significantly decline. For example, it was demonstrated that the energy consumption for BaTiO 3 powder can decrease from 2800 kJ/g for conventional techniques to 30 kJ/g for CSP. A simple parameter, “Normalized Excess Energy”, was used as a first order approximation to compare the energy merit in the different sintering techniques.
BOUNDS FOR ARITHMETIC HYPERBOLIC REFLECTION GROUPS IN DIMENSION 2

The work of Nikulin and Agol, Belolipetsky, Storm, and Whyte shows that only finitely many number fields may serve as the field of definition of an arithmetic hyperbolic reflection group. An important problem posed by Nikulin is to enumerate these fields and their degrees. In this paper we prove that in dimension 2 the degree of these fields is at most 7. More generally we prove that the degree of the field of definition of the quaternion algebra associated to an arithmetic Fuchsian group of genus 0 is at most 7, confirming a conjecture of Long, Maclachlan and Reid. We also obtain upper bounds for the discriminants of these fields of definition, allowing for an enumeration which should be useful for the classification of arithmetic hyperbolic reflection groups.
Bundled Care Payment Models

Abstract In response to rising national healthcare spending, the Medicare program has proposed episode-based payments models as an alternative to the traditional fee-for-service program. A “bundled payment” is a single reimbursement provided for all aspects of care for a single diagnosis or procedure. This reimbursement model is argued to improve care delivery by accomplishing the following goals: (1) Improve coordination between hospital and physicians as well as between different care teams. (2) Improve efficiency of care thereby reducing spending. (3) Incentivize quality improvement. Post-implementation analyses of the bundled payment pilot models have demonstrated positive financial results, though the appropriate inclusion criteria for providers and optimal payment calculations remain under investigation.
Social Decision Making

Many decisions are made in a social context. These decisions may be interactive and involve cooperation or conflict, or they may be made individually but have consequences for others. The brain processes underlying social decisions are complex, requiring not only computations associated with valuation and comparison but also social-cognitive processes like inferring others' mental states and predicting their behaviors. Accordingly, progress in understanding social decision making comes from combinations of techniques, primarily from the fields of economics and neuroscience. A standard model has arisen that contends that interpreting social information relies on a network of brain regions – including the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the temporoparietal junction – and that information in turn feeds into the brain's system for valuation. Here, we review different types of social decisions, as well as the neural regions underlying their components.
Some personal reflections on the history of Bioeconomics

This is a rather impressionist report of my recollections of the history of the bioeconomics field.
Hydrogel-nanoparticle composites for drug delivery

Abstract The past decade has seen significant advancements in the development of smart drug delivery systems (DDSs). Hydrogels due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties have been extensively investigated as stimuli-responsive DDSs. The nanoscale DDSs recently gained tremendous attention as targeted DDSs and as stimuli-responsive systems due to their high surface area and excellent optical, thermal, and magnetic properties. Combining hydrogels with nanoparticles (polymeric, metallic, and carbon based) has opened a new paradigm to develop multistimuli-responsive on-demand DDSs.
Effect of a hot environment on performance, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites of pigs treated with porcine somatotropin.

A study was conducted to compare the effects of a single 100-mg recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) implant on performance, carcass characteristics, and blood hormones and metabolites of 40 finishing pigs exposed to either a thermoneutral (TN; 18 to 21 degrees C) or hot environment (H; 27 to 35 degrees C) for 28 or 35 d. Pigs in H gained at a slower rate (P less than .01) than pigs in TN. Control and rpST-treated pigs gained at similar rates in respective environments. The rpST-treated pigs consumed 13% less feed (P less than .01) than the control pigs in both environments, and pigs in H consumed 19% less feed (P less than .01) than pigs in TN. Feed efficiency for rpST-treated pigs was 15% better (P less than .01) than that for control pigs; environment had no effect on feed efficiency. When slaughtered, pigs treated with rpST had less (P less than .01) leaf fat and less (P less than .01) 10th rib backfat than control pigs. Pigs in H had a lower (P less than .01) final BW and less leaf fat and backfat than pigs in TN. The rpST and H had various effects on blood hormones and metabolites. The results demonstrated that the benefits of this form of rpST treatment achieved under TN were also achieved in H with no interactions between the hormone and environment.
Babies and Dance: Questions of Origin

Part scholarly narrative and part poetics, this short chapter begins with a contextual introduction to Karen Bond’s long-standing interest in university dance students’ perceptions of “baby dance.” Then, based on questions prompted by this introduction and from student papers on the subject of babies and dance (1985–2011), dancer, poet, and novelist Kirsten Kaschock offers a layered, poetic reflection that leaves the question of dance’s origin open while acknowledging the value of infants’ pre-discursive understanding to questions of dance and the quality of life.
Laguerre-Gaussian Mode Laser Heater for Microbunching Instability Suppression in Free Electron Lasers

We report on the use of a Laguerre-Gaussian transverse mode in the LCLS laser heater resulting in better suppression of microbunching instability. We discuss the impact on FEL performance. © 2019 The Author(s)
The Role Image of the American Father: An Examination of A Media Myth

A lack of correspondence exists between the image of the American male as a father-figure and field data gathered on adult male-child interaction. The U.S. father-figure is examined in two time fra...
Early genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate is associated with improved reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cows.

ABSTRACT The use of genomic testing for selecting replacement heifers in commercial farms has recently attracted much attention. Fertility traits are among the most complex, hard to measure, and lowly heritable traits, and hence they can benefit the most from genomic testing. The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between early genomic prediction of daughter pregnancy rate (GDPR) and pregnancy at the first service (P1), pregnancy at the end of lactation (PEND), number of services for conception (NSFC), days from calving to first service (TP1), and days open (TPEND). Data for GDPR, milk production, and reproductive outcomes from 1,401 multiparous and 3,044 primiparous Holstein cows from 4 commercial farms with the same reproductive management were used in the analyses. All animals were genotyped and genomically evaluated as heifers before first breeding, so no phenotypic data were available for predicting genomic merits. In addition, all animals were genotyped and evaluated as heifers before first breeding, so no phenotypic data were available for prediction. Data for GDPR and milk production were categorized in quartiles. The statistical models included GDPR, farm-year-season of the first insemination, milk yield, breeding code (estrus detection or timed artificial insemination), and the interaction terms as potential predictors for the different reproductive outcomes evaluated. Data were analyzed separately for primiparous and multiparous cows. The proportion of cows bred by estrus detection increased linearly from lowest to highest GDPR in primiparous cows. There were positive associations of GDPR for P1, PEND, NSFC, TP1, and TPEND in both primiparous and multiparous cows. For instance, positive GDPR effects in multiparous cows included a 15.7% higher P1 (47.6% vs. 31.9%), 11.9% higher PEND (84.9% vs. 73.0%), and 48.0-d shorter TPEND (139.8 vs. 175.7 d) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile. Milk yield affected PEND in multiparous cows, and TPEND and NSFC affected PEND in primiparous cows. The only significant interaction between GDPR and milk production was detected for NSFC in primiparous cows, where high-producing cows showed a reduction in NSFC as GDPR increased, whereas low-producing cows showed no relationship between GDPR and NSFC. Overall, our findings show that GDPR can be effectively used as a predictor of future reproductive performance, reaffirming the potential benefits of applying early genomic predictions for making accurate early selection decisions.
Toxic Soldiers, Flickering Knowledges, and Enlisted Care: Dispossession and Environmental Injustice

Based on many years of fieldwork with US veterans, this essay examines the production of “toxic subjects” through three types of toxic exposures in the history of US soldiering—from Agent Orange during the Vietnam war, to still unspecified exposures that produced Gulf War Syndrome in the first Gulf war, and to the burn pits used for waste disposal on bases throughout the US occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan. While all toxic subjects are at odds with established systems of medicine and law, we argue that toxic subjects in military formations are especially challenging. Deeply entrenched ideas about soldiers’ able-bodied masculinity and readiness for sacrifice (coupled with the logics of entrenched legal and biomedical systems) make toxic soldiers particularly difficult to account and care for. We describe the experiences, structural positioning, dispossession and resistances of toxic soldiers at different historical conjunctures, pointing to cultural logics that connect them. Working with an especially literal instantiation of “the subaltern,” we hope to help toxic soldiers speak, so to speak, giving them “access to metonymization” (Spivak, 2004)—capacity to understand and experience their conditions collectively, politically and culturally. We cast toxic subjects as sentinel figures of “late industrialism,” a historical juncture characterized by pervasive contamination (of bodies, landscapes and political systems) and out-of-date infrastructure (conceptual, biomedical, legal, technological).
Health Research in JFEI Over a Decade: 2009-2019

This article is a review of thirty health-related articles published in the Journal of Family and Economic Issues from 2009 until 2019. This review discusses how the thirty studies have addressed broad areas of concern around health care access, health utilization and health status as well as health policy and implications and contributed to the advancement of knowledge in these areas. Articles mostly focused on health outcomes for families or demographic groups within families, with an emphasis on socio-economic inequalities and inequitable burdens faced. The emphasis over the last decade has been research on chronic or non-communicable health conditions and none on communicable diseases.
The Effects of Tobacco Advertising on Children

Children are influenced by tobacco promotions even before they understand the purpose of advertising. Adolescence is a time of vulnerability when youths must struggle to form an identity, to become independent of their parents, and to establish themselves with their peers. Tobacco advertising exploits the vulnerabilities of youths by offering tobacco as the key to the desired self-image, as a badge of independence, and as the key to acceptance by their peers. Research demonstrates that children’s attitudes and behavior regarding tobacco are influenced by advertising. In addition to promoting brand switching, tobacco advertising increases the number of youths who smoke or use spitting tobacco. The use of a cartoon character to promote Camel cigarettes will be used to illustrate these points.
The cost of liver function tests for terbinafine: an unnecessary expense.

Dear Editor,Terbinafine induced liver injury is a rare but serious event (1). The incidence rate has been estimated at .5–3 cases per 100,000 patients exposed (2). Routine monitoring of liver funct...
Resonant Cavity Enhanced Interband Cascade Thermophotovoltaic Cells

We present our recent investigations and progress in developing resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) interband cascade (IC) thermophotovoltaic (TPV) cells. By combining the interband cascade configuration with an optical cavity, the conversion efficiency of a narrow bandgap TPV cell can be significantly enhanced. A distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror with high reflectance is required to form the optical cavity. We will report our preliminary results for the required DBR mirror and interband cascade stages, as well as related simulations of the designed RCE ICTPV cells.
Machine learning-based predictive control using noisy data: evaluating performance and robustness via a large-scale process simulator

Abstract Machine learning modeling of chemical processes using noisy data is a practically challenging task due to the occurrence of overfitting during learning. In this work, we propose a dropout method and a co-teaching learning algorithm that develop long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks to capture the ground truth (i.e., underlying process dynamics) from noisy data. To evaluate the performance and robustness of the proposed modeling approaches, we consider an industrial chemical reactor example and use a large-scale process simulator, Aspen Plus Dynamics that does not employ assumptions on reactor properties typically made in the derivation of first-principles models, to generate process operational data that are corrupted by sensor noise which is determined using industrial data. The dropout method is first utilized to reduce the overfitting of LSTM models to noisy data. Then, another approach termed co-teaching method is used to train LSTM models with additional noise-free data generated from simulations of the reactor first-principles model that employs several standard modeling assumptions not made in the Aspen model. Through open-loop and closed-loop simulations, we demonstrate the improvement of model prediction accuracy and of the open- and closed-loop performances under model predictive controllers using dropout and co-teaching LSTM neural network models compared to the LSTM model developed from the standard training process from the noisy data.
Ocean Surface Boundary Layer Response to Abruptly Turning Winds

Abstract Turbulence driven by wind and waves controls the transport of heat, momentum, and matter in the ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL). For realistic ocean conditions, winds and waves are often neither aligned nor constant, for example, when winds turn rapidly. Based on a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method, which captures shear-driven turbulence (ST) and Langmuir turbulence (LT) driven by the Craik-Leibovich vortex force, we investigate the OSBL response to abruptly turning winds. We design idealized LES experiments, whose winds are initially constant to equilibrate OSBL turbulence before abruptly turning 90° either cyclonically or anticyclonically. The transient Stokes drift for LT is estimated from a spectral wave model. The OSBL response includes three successive stages that follow the change in direction. During stage 1, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) decreases due to reduced TKE production. Stage 2 is characterized by TKE increasing with TKE shear production recovering and exceeding TKE dissipation. Transient TKE levels may exceed their stationary values due to inertial resonance and non-equilibrium turbulence. Turbulence relaxes to its equilibrium state at stage 3, but LT still adjusts due to slowly developing waves. During stages 1 and 2, greatly misaligned wind and waves lead to Eulerian TKE production exceeding Stokes TKE production. A Reynolds stress budget analysis and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation models indicate that Stokes production furthermore drives the OSBL response. The Coriolis effects result in asymmetrical OSBL responses to wind turning directions. Our results suggest that transient wind conditions play a key role in understanding realistic OSBL dynamics.
The Pressure is on: Single Center's Experience with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Driveline Infection

Purpose Delay or complete lack of integration with the HeartMate 3 (HM3) driveline has led to an increased incidence of driveline infection (DLI). Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) may be helpful in decreasing the rate of infection by facilitating integration, therefore we evaluated the possible benefits of a single use NPWT system (Prevena) on DLI outcomes (Figure 1). Methods Retrospective chart review of primary HM3 patients implanted from January 2019 through October 2020. The INTERMACS 2016 definition of DLI was utilized. DLI outcomes were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. Freedom from DLI for the NPWT and non NPWT groups were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Within the study period there was a total of 40 primary implants. Twenty- two patients were implanted between January 2019 and October 2019 (non NPWT group) and 18 patients were implanted between November 2019 and October 2020 (NPWT group). In the non NPWT group, 3 patients developed DLI in the first six months (14 %). In the NPWT group, 1 patient developed DLI in the first six months (6 %) (p = 0.512, Figure 2).Average length of time to infection in the NPWT group was 146 days vs 69.3 days in the non NPWT group. Although exit site diameter tended to be smaller with the NPWT approach, overall integration and mobility of the driveline in its transcutaneous track was similar. Conclusion In a moderate size single center experience, use of a NPWT approach led to a decrease in DLI rate. Larger studies are needed to validate this finding.
Do perceptions of cognitive changes matter in self-management behaviors among persons with mild cognitive impairment?

Background and objectives This secondary analysis examined 1) the association between illness perceptions (perceived understanding and cause of mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) and self-management behaviors for cognitive health, and 2) whether sociodemographic and clinical factors moderate such relationships among persons with MCI. Research design and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of 85 participants using baseline data from the Return of Amyloid Imaging Scan Results (RAISR) Study. The coherence and causality subscales of the Revised Illness Perceptions Questionnaires were used. Self-management behaviors (dietary changes, physical activity, mental activities, dietary supplements) were assessed using the Risk Evaluation and Education for ALzheimer's disease health behavior measure. Sociodemographic and clinical information was extracted from patients' medical records. We performed hierarchical linear regression and binary logistic regression. Results We found no main effects for illness perceptions and self-management of cognitive health. Interaction effects were detected, including: 1) coherence and age on the total number of self-management behaviors (b = 0.01, p = 0.04) and on physical activity (p = 0.04, OR = 1.02, 95% CI = [1.00, 1.03]), 2) causality and age on dietary supplements (p = 0.03, OR = 1.31, 95% CI = [1.02, 1.67]), and 3) causality and education on mental activities (p = 0.02, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.22, 0.88]). Implication and discussions Findings suggest that age and education moderate the relationship between illness perceptions and self-management behaviors. Healthcare professionals should consider subjective perceptions about MCI in light of sociodemographic and clinical factors when discussing cognitive health self-management.
Feasibility and Efficacy of Low-profile Visual Intraluminal Support Device: a Single Center Five-year Experience.

INTRODUCTION The Low-Profile Visualized Intraluminal Support (LVIS) devices are a new generation of self-expandable, high-porosity stents approved for the treatment of large to giant wide-necked intracranial aneurysms via stent-assisted coiling. Here we report the radiographic and clinical outcomes seen with LVIS, LVIS Jr. and LVIS Blue from a single institution over a five-year period. METHODS Patients with intracranial aneurysms treated by LVIS, LVIS Jr. and LVIS Blue technology over a five-year period (2012 - 2017) at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Seventy-four patients (55 females and 19 males; average age = 59.2) with 74 aneurysms underwent embolization of intracranial aneurysms using LVIS (N =10), LVIS Jr. (N = 47) or LVIS Blue (N =12) devices at our institution over the study period. The most common location of treated aneurysms was the anterior communicating artery (31%), followed by the basilar artery (19%), and the middle cerebral artery (13%). The mean neck and dome sizes were 3.9±1.5mm and 6.6±3.2mm, respectively. The median follow-up time was 6 months. At the last radiographic follow-up, 93.1% of patients had complete occlusion (RR-I or OKM-D). In 5 cases (7%), the LVIS stent failed to open, requiring balloon angioplasty (N=3) or stent recapture and use of a non-LVIS branded device (N=2). Five patients had post-embolization infarcts, and 1 patient had an intra-operative dome rupture. CONCLUSION LVIS brand of stents is a safe, effective, and technically feasible treatment strategy for wide-neck intracranial aneurysms, with high deployment success and aneurysm obliteration rates.
A Collaborative Filtering Method for Personalized Preference-Based Service Recommendation

Existing service recommendation methods, that employ memory-based collaborative filtering (CF) techniques, compute the similarity between users or items using nonfunctional attribute values obtained at service invocation. However, using these nonfunctional attribute values from invoked services alone in similarity computation for personalized service recommendation is not sufficient. This is because two users may invoke the same service, but their personalized preferences on nonfunctional attributes that describe the service may be different. Thus, to accurately personalize service recommendation, it is necessary for CF-based recommendation systems to incorporate users personalized preferences on nonfunctional attributes when recommending services to an active user. This paper proposes a CF-based service recommendation method that considers users' personalized preference on nonfunctional attributes. We first compute the satisfaction of an active user's preference on nonfunctional attribute(s) and then use these satisfaction values to obtain their similarity measures. We then employ the top-k algorithm to identify neighbors of the active user and subsequently, use the weighted average with mean offset method to predict his/her nonfunctional attribute. We evaluate our method using real-world services and also conduct experiments to show that the proposed method improves recommendation accuracy significantly.
Overview of Chemical Diversity

In the search for new compounds and the identification of compound sources by the pharmaceutical industry, natural products continue to play an extremely important role, principally because they represent a source, real and potential, of remarkable molecular diversity. Although advances in drug discovery have been significantly fueled and paralleled by advances in synthetic organic chemistry, structural biology, and computational chemistry, they continue to be linked to both natural product and biological chemistry. The dramatic progress in synthetic molecular diversity achieved through combinatorial chemistry is heavily influenced by our understanding of biologically driven molecular diversity. Additionally, through advances in genomics, synthetic chemistry is being linked to biochemical systems to create hybrid “natural-synthetic“ products, “unnatural“ peptides and “self-evolving“ molecules. This unit discusses specific instances where diversity is generated by exploitation of biological pathways. These strategies are intimately linked to processes of biological screening, and in particular to high-throughput screening.
Optimal Resource Allocation for UWB Wireless AD HOC Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of maximizing the throughput of UWB-based wireless ad-hoc networks by optimal allocation of radio resources, such as transmission rates and transmission powers. In particular, we determine the transmission rate of a link (which is transmission-power dependent) that maximizes the link's throughput. We show that if a link's transmission rate is adapted to this optimal transmission rate then, as the number of concurrently operating links increases, the maximal total network throughput approaches a constant and each link's throughput approaches zero. We conclude that for sufficiently large transmission power, the throughput of the single-link case exceeds the total network throughput of the multiple-links case. We then present an optimal transmission scheduling scheme that maximizes the network throughput. Based on this scheme, and for the case of small maximal attainable power and weak interference levels, the scheduling scheme allocates simultaneous transmissions of multiple links. However, for the case of large maximally attainable power and strong interference levels, the scheduling scheme assigns separate times for transmission on each link. The breakpoint of when it is preferable to use a separate time for any link, as opposed to simultaneous transmission over multiple links, is determined by the value of the maximal transmission power of the links. Finally, we argue that, in contrast with previous studies, the design of the optimal medium MAC protocol is dependent on the choice of a routing scheme
Church, State, and Original Intent

1. Introduction 2. Reynolds: the historical construction of constitutional reality 3. Everson: a case of premeditated law office history 4. The battle for the historical high ground 5. Original meanings: where is the historical highground? 6. Incorporating originalism 7. Conclusion.
Overview of Hardware and Software

In the early 1940s “computer” was a job title. A person was given a calculator and a set of formulae and then called a computer. The meaning of computer today is quite different. The computer now is something seen as an external, controlling force (as in “the computer is down”), or extension of one’s persona (as in “my personal computer”), or simply as a useful tool. It is in this last role that we should consider the computer: that is, as a tool that performs some useful work. In this chapter we shall describe the computer system: the equipment and materials required to support computation and user applications.
M1 TRANSITION PROBABILITIES IN THE ODD YTTERBIUM ISOTOPES $sup 171$Yb AND $sup 173$Yb.

Coulomb-excitation studies have been performed on the ytterbium isotopes 171 and 173, using oxygen ions with energies up to 55 MeV. Resulting de-excitation gamma rays have been observed in coincidence with back-scattered particles with a NaI(Tl) detector, and as singles spectra with a Ge(Li) detector. Gamma rays which are assigned to transitions within the ground-state rotational bands up to and including the 13/2 level are as follows: $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$, 67.2, 76.4, 154.8, 164.0, 170.7, 240.0, 256.6, and 262.0 keV; $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$, 78.3, 100.3, 122.3, 143.7, 178.6, 222.5, and 265.9 keV. The following weak gamma rays were also observed: $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$, 85.0, 109.0, and 194.0 keV; $^{173}\mathrm{Yb}$, 272.7, 286.0, and 637.0 keV. $M1$ transition rates between rotational states were determined from branching ratios, with the assumption that the rotational-model values for the relative $E2$ transition rates are correct. Agreement with the theory was found within the experimental error. For both nuclei a comparison has been made between experimentally determined values for the parameters describing the intrinsic state and those calculated using the Nilsson wave functions. Excellent agreement is obtained if the spin gyromagnetic ratio for the free nucleon is replaced by an effective value ${g}_{S,\mathrm{eff}}$. In the case of $^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$, the agreement of three independent determinations of ${g}_{S,\mathrm{eff}}$ appears to provide further evidence that the concept of replacing the free particle ${g}_{S}$ by an effective value is valid.
Shocks in the Radio Photospheres of Long Period Variable Stars

At a distance of a few stellar radii and beyond from the center of a Mira variable, dust condenses (see Danchi et al. 1994) and mass begins to stream away from the star as a result of radiation pressure on the dust and subsequent drag on molecules. Since a significant fraction of the mass returned to the interstellar medium comes from red giant stars, this is an important process which affects star formation and galaxy evolution. However, fundamental questions still remain relating to the movement of mass outwards to a few stellar radii and the conditions under which dust forms. Thus, new approaches to study the region between the optical photosphere and the dust formation zone are extremely valuable.