cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain interactions determine the conformational ensemble of the periplasmic chaperone SurA.

SurA is thought to be the most important periplasmic chaperone for outer membrane protein biogenesis. Its structure is composed of a core region and two peptidylprolyl isomerase domains, termed P1 and P2, connected by flexible linkers. As such these three independent folding units are able to adopt a number of distinct spatial positions with respect to each other. The conformational dynamics of these domains are thought to be functionally important yet are largely unresolved. Here we address this question of the conformational ensemble using sedimentation equilibrium, small angle neutron scattering and folding titrations. This combination of orthogonal methods converges on a SurA population that is monomeric at physiological concentrations. The conformation that dominates this population has the P1 and core domains docked to one another, e.g. "P1-closed" and the P2 domain extended in solution. We discovered that the distribution of domain orientations is defined by modest and favorable interactions between the core domain and either the P1 or the P2 domains. These two peptidylprolyl domains compete with each other for core-binding but are thermodynamically uncoupled. This arrangement implies two novel insights. Firstly, an open conformation must exist to facilitate P1 and P2 exchange on the core, indicating that the open client-binding conformation is populated at low levels even in the absence of client uOMPs. Secondly, competition between P1 and P2 binding paradoxically occludes the client binding site on the core, which may serve to preserve the reservoir of binding-competent apo-SurA in the periplasm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Impact of Computer and Communication Technology on Radiology and Related Disciplines

Modern medicine is primarily a process of information exchange. Keeping people healthy demands the communication of information about personal and public health to (and from) individuals, voluntary health groups and government agencies empowered to protect public health. Diagnosing an injury or illness depends on extracting information from the patient and integrating it into a pattern of symptoms that are recognizable by the physician as characteristic of a particular clinical condition. Correcting a medical problem requires a proper match between the clinical condition and available information about effective treatment methods for the condition. Even the acknowledgment that an effective treatment is unavailable requires information. Evaluative measuring to separate useful from useless techniques in medicine are based on the collection and analysis of information about the clinical results acquired with the techniques. All aspects of medicine depend on the extraction, communication and utilization of information. Viewed from the perspective of information science, medicine could be defined as the process of acquiring and using information for the purpose of preserving and restoring human health.
A window into youth and family policy: State policymaker views on polarization and research utilization.

Psychologists are known for using science to influence public policymaking on criminal justice, education, health, and other specific policies. Little is known, however, about what commonalities exist across youth and family policies and, in particular, how prevalent polarization and research utilization are in political decisions. In response, this article examines how youth and family policies are positioned on the decision-making agenda and who advances them from an overlooked point of view, that of state legislators. Semistructured qualitative interviews inquired about research use, partisan polarization, and strategies for effectively advancing youth/family policies with 123 legislators; 24 legislators nominated by colleagues as exemplar champions of youth and family issues; and 13 key informants. Policymakers report youth and families are a population deserving of support. This widely shared value premise makes some policies to support youth and families less partisan. In addition, policymakers report that research can sometimes be more important for youth and family issues, particularly evidence on economic feasibility. Despite the importance of research, policymakers express concerns about its objectivity, conflicting results, and source credibility. Compared with colleagues, Youth and Family Champions are committed to a higher purpose; knowledgeable on policy issues and political maneuvers; and skilled in listening, earning colleagues' trust, and building relationships with colleagues and external stakeholders. For connecting research and policy, the article suggests that researchers could attract the attention of policymakers by illustrating their studies with a compelling story that places a human face on the issue and portrays the pragmatic significance of the findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Being Needed, Cared for, and Present: Belonging and Disability in the Seventh-Day Adventist Church in North America

Many Christian churches seek to be places of belonging, yet present barriers to inclusion. The present research focuses on disability and belonging in members of the Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Chu...
Estimates for the Branching Factors of Atari Games.

The branching factor of a game is the average number of new states reachable from a given state. It is a widely used metric in AI research on board games, but less often computed or discussed for videogames. This paper provides estimates for the branching factors of 103 Atari 2600 games, as implemented in the Arcade Learning Environment (ALE). Depending on the game, ALE exposes between 3 and 18 available actions per frame of gameplay, which is an upper bound on branching factor. This paper shows, based on an enumeration of the first 1 million distinct states reachable in each game, that the average branching factor is usually much lower, in many games barely above 1. In addition to reporting the branching factors, this paper aims to clarify what constitutes a distinct state in ALE.
Progress on a computer based consultant

Computer based consultants are systems that incorporate specialized bodies of knowledge and make this knowledge conveniently available to users who are not computer experts. This paper summarizes initial progress on a computer based consultant project aimed at helping a novice mechanic work with electromechanical equipment. We describe some properties and abilities of consultants, and present results to date on the problem solving, vision, and natural language components of our evolving system.
Network modeling for distributed simulations of unbalanced power systems

With the increasing presence of distributed intelligence throughout power systems, the possibilities for distributed control and operation schemes are becoming progressively more attractive and feasible. Multi-phase distribution power flow is a tool which calculates the operating state of an electric power distribution system and is used to support all other planning and operation applications. This paper will derive models for the distributed analysis and simulation of distribution systems and will present their use in calculating the power flow solution using physically remote distributed processors.To perform the power flow, distributed analysis models for multi-phase distribution systems have been developed and are embedded in a distributed algorithm. These include network partition models and equivalent source and load models which are used to represent each of the subsystems in the distributed analysis. A distributed processor test bed has been designed to test the performance of the models in distributed simulations. Results will be presented which validate the accuracy of the proposed models and algorithm.
Suburbia Reconsidered: Race, Politics, and Property in the Twentieth Century

Despite the increased demographic diversity of U.S. suburbs and the long history of working-class and nonwhite suburbanization, both scholarly and popular assessments tend to perpetuate the stereotype of these suburban places as being homogeneous white-collar enclaves, numbingly similar in form and function. Urban and social historians have enriched popular understanding of the development of suburbs, but suburban variegation has been less explored. Four new monographs complicate common presumptions about city and suburb and move the field of U.S. urban—and suburban—history in exciting new directions. This essay reviews Becky Nicolaides' My Blue Heaven (2002), Robert Self's American Babylon (2003), Josh Sides' L.A. City Limits (2004), and Andrew Wiese's Places of their Own (2004), assessing their contributions to the literature and their broader implications upon scholarly and popular understandings of city and suburb.
On unitary evolution of a massless scalar field in a Schwarzschild background: Hawking radiation and the information paradox

We develop a Hamiltonian formalism which can be used to discuss the physics of a massless scalar field in a gravitational background of a Schwarzschild black hole. Using this formalism we show that the time evolution of the system is unitary and yet all known results such as the existence of Hawking radiation can be readily understood. We then point out that the Hamiltonian formalism leads to interesting observations about black hole entropy and the information paradox.
An SVD-based fuzzy model reduction strategy

This paper describes a novel fuzzy model reduction approach for overcoming the curse of dimensionality associated with high-dimensional data modeling problems. A numerically reliable orthogonal transformation technique, known as the singular value decomposition (SVD), is utilized to detect and select the dominant fuzzy rules from a rule base. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated using a nonlinear limit cycle modeling problem.
Assessment360: A Promising Assessment Technique for Preservice Teacher Education

The call for preservice teachers to exercise reflective practices has echoed through U.S. education policy and research for a number of years and is evident in U.S. preservice teaching standards. As a result, educator preparation programs are challenged to design learning experiences and assessments that foster reflection skills. This study describes a promising assessment technique, named Assessment360, which can be implemented during coursework to prepare future teachers to be reflective practitioners. Assessment360 is a formative assessment technique in which students reflect on the content of a quiz individually and collaboratively in order to develop a deeper and more integrated understanding of the material. Thirty-one preservice education students enrolled in an undergraduate educational psychology course participated in this research. Results of the questionnaire suggested participation in Assessment360 potentially (a) fostered reflection, (b) encouraged peer interaction and learning (i.e., collab...
Reduction in control overhead for a secure, scalable framework for mobile multicast

Security in multicast is a necessity for applications that require a group of members to transmit data among themselves. Non-members should be precluded from receiving and sending message to the group. The issue of efficient and scalable key management in such a multicast environment is difficult, since multicast usually involves a large number of hosts. A single change in the group membership often affects many hosts. IOLUS is one existing framework having a central group security controller (GSC) with trusted group security intermediaries (GSI) connected to it. GSIs handle the multicast members. But, IOLUS involves a large overhead whenever a member connected to the GSI leaves the group, since the GSI has to update the sub-group key for all the remaining members. Mobility increases the overhead. In this paper, we introduce micro-grouped IOLUS (M-IOLUS), a novel concept of dynamic micro-groups maintained by the GSI. A 'micro-key' is used for the transmission of control information. This drastically reduces the control overhead incurred. We have performed extensive simulations varying the different parameters involved and observed a considerable reduction in overhead.
Free Amino Acid Patterns and the Distribution of 14C from [U-14C]-L-Leucine, [U-14C]-L-Lysine, and [U-14C]-L-Alanine in the Tissues of Young Adult Rats

In studies designed to evaluate the role of the liver and muscle in modifying the plasma amino acid response, three levels of dietary amino acids, 3.6%, 4.8% and 6.0% were fed to three groups of young adult male rats for 2 weeks. After fasting, either [U-14C]-L-leucine, [U-14C]-L-lysine or [U-14C]-L-alanine was administered intragastrically with a portion of diet. After a 4.5 hour fast, rats were killed. Distribution of radioactivity was evaluated in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) supernatants and lipid-extracted precipitates of plasma, liver and gastrocnemius muscle, and in expired CO2. Free amino acids were measured and specific activities of amino acids were determined. Rats fed 6.0% or 4.8% amino acids lost less weight than those fed 3.6%. A high percentage of radioactivity from 14C-leucine and 14C-lysine was recovered in the lipid-extracted precipitate. TCA supernatants from rats fed 14C-leucine contained low levels of radioactivity. A large percentage (60%) of the radioactivity from 14C-alanine was expired in 14CO2. The percentages of alanine found in TCA precipitates were very low. Significant increases in concentration associated with increments in dietary amino acids occurred in plasma free isoleucine, leucine, valine and tyrosine; liver free histidine; and muscle free leucine and threonine. Concentrations of many amino acids were depressed in the muscle of rats fed 4.8% amino acids whereas they increased in response to 6.0%. Protein and free amino acid specific activities indicated no change in rates of protein synthesis. Data from this type of experiment may assist in interpreting the role of the liver and muscle in modifying the plasma amino acid response to dietary amino acids.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cross-reactivity among different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades: implications for vaccine development.

Despite recent advances in antiviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, successful global intervention will require an effective vaccine. Expanding evidence suggests that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses will be an important component of such a vaccine. The varying geographic distribution of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) clades, with the relative absence of clade B HIV-1 outside the developed world, is considered a major obstacle to the development of a single efficacious vaccine. An understanding of cross-reactive CTL responses between different HIV-1 clades is crucial in the design of a vaccine which will be broadly immunogenic. In this study, we examined the ability of HIV-1 Gag-, reverse transcriptase-, and Env-specific CTL clones isolated from individuals infected in the United States to recognize non-B clade viral sequences and found that all were cross-reactive with the majority of non-B clade viral sequences tested. We next studied HIV-1-specific CTL responses in African individuals infected with clade A, C, or G virus and evaluated cross-recognition of clade B virus. Of 14 persons evaluated, all demonstrated cross-reactivity with the U.S. clade B viral constructs. We conclude that significant CTL cross-reactivity exists between clade B and non-B epitopes, suggesting that CTL cross-recognition among HIV-1 clades is more widespread than anticipated and that a vaccine based on a single clade may be broadly applicable.
Structural and compositional modification of a barium boroaluminosilicate glass surface by thermal poling

In addition to inducing second-order nonlinear properties, significant structural and compositional alteration can be imparted to glass surfaces during the process of thermal poling. In this work, we focus on how thermal poling affects a structurally complex, nominally alkali-free boroaluminosilicate display glass composition. We provide evidence for electrolysis of the glass network, characterized by the migration of both cations (Ba2+, Na+) and anions (O−, F−) towards opposing electrode interfaces. This process results in oxidation of the positively biased electrode and forms a network-former rich, modifier-depleted glass surface layer adjacent to the anodic interface. The modified glass layer thickness is qualitatively correlated to the oxidation resistance of the electrode material, while extrinsic ions such as H+/H3O+ at not found in the depletion layer to compensate for the migration of modifier cations out of the region. Rather, FTIR spectroscopy suggests a local restructuring of the B2O3–Al2O3–SiO2 network species to accommodate the charge imbalance created by the exodus of network-modifying cations, specifically the conversion of tetrahedral B(4) to trigonal B(3) as Ba or Na ions are removed from B-related sites in the parent network. The resultant poling-induced depletion layer exhibits enhanced hydrolytic resistance under acidic conditions, and the IR spectra are substantially unlike those produced by acid leaching the same glass.
Antibody characterization by isothermal titration calorimetry

Isothermal titration calorimetry is a useful tool for the characterization of antibodies and antibody-related products, which uses heat as a detection medium, circumventing the problems associated with other analytical methods.
Ethical Implications of Using the Term “Non-white” in Psychological Research

Psychologists have long been concerned with the welfare and competent treatment of underserved populations. However, terminology used in psychological research is not always conducive to cultural sensitivity. This article discusses why the term “non-white” may be less sensitive to diverse populations and provides practical alternatives to this nomenclature. In addition, the authors examine the literature from 2008 to 2012 to establish whether the term “non-white” is still used to describe populations in psychological research. The article concludes with several recommendations for how researchers could choose to proceed in regards to identifying populations using culturally sensitive and relevant language.
Middle atmospheric electrodynamics : status and future

Recent theoretical and observational studies of middle atmosphere electrodynamics are reviewed. Attention is given to observations of large electric fields in the mesosphere and stratosphere which suggest magnitudes of about one volt per sq m. Recommendations are offered with respect to areas of future study, with emphasis on studies of the morphology of large electric fields, and their relationship with external influences such as magnetospheric electric fields and tropospheric thunderstorms.
Effects of resolution on food web structure

This analysis of 11 large community food webs shows that food web structure systematically varies as the trophic resolution of food web data is reduced. Mean chain length, the ratio of links per species, and the fractions of intermediate species and links between intermediate species decrease as the trophic-species webs are aggregated to half their size. Concurrently, the fractions of top species, basal species, and links between top and basal species increase. Directed connectance and the predator/prey ratio appear to be relatively robust to reducing the trophic resolution of food web data. Significant effects of reducing the taxonomic resolution of food webs are also demonstrated
Radiation Induced Hole Transport and Electron Tunnel Injection in SiO2 Films

The transport and trapping of holes generated by strongly absorbed UV light has been observed in SiO2. Hole photocurrents decay with time under small applied fields because the accumulation of trapped holes in the light-absorbing region counteracts the applied field. However, with increasing applied fields a steady-state hole photocurrent has been observed for the first time. The quantum efficiency for hole collection saturates at 100% as the applied field is increased. A new mechanism for radiation-induced currents has been observed: The trapping of holes near the Si-SiO2 interface enhances Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, producing electron-injection currents nearly two orders of magnitude larger than the photo-current. Upon cessation of the radiation these field-induced currents decay slowly with time as trapped holes are gradually annihilated, giving the appearance of very slow carriers being swept out of the oxide. Hole photocurrents increase with field, saturating at about 3 MV/cm. This is interpreted as a decrease in electron-hole pair recombination with increasing field. A qualitative model involving hole transport and trapping near both interfaces satisfactorily explains the experimental results. The trapping and injection phenomena are shown to be extremely sensitive to high-temperature processing parameters and, therefore, provide sensitive tools for investigation and optimization of radiation hardness.
The Psychedelic Properties of Banana Peel: an Appraisal

Drugs have been abused from time immemorial. The current drug abuse problem, which involves' large segments of the teenage and young adult population, has received wide coverage in the mass news media. It is noteworthy that the ingenuity of some has popularized, revived or even invented certain drug abuses. Who can tell how long laughing gas (nitrous oxide) and ether would have remained unutilized after the experiments of Davy and Farady, had it not been for certain practical jokers and experimentally-minded "thrill seekers"? In the 1840's and 1850's, inhalation of ether vapor and laughing gas at so-called "parties" became very popular in American universities. There is ample evidence that a wide range of volatiles are still abused (14). Psychedelics like marihuana, hashish, mescaline, psilocybin and LSD-25 are, nevertheless, among the main substances now abused. Since these are usually classified as dangerous drugs, their possession is illegal, except by qualified persons. One can easily appreciate, therefore, the potential popularity of psychedelic substances that are readily available. Among the botanicals that have been recently revived or invoked as easily obtainable psychedelics are Datura stramonium Linn., Jimson weed (11,
Soil microbial communities adapt to genetic variation in leaf litter inputs

Plant genotypes can have important community- and ecosystem-level eff ects. However, whether the extended phenotypes of plants feed back to infl uence the fi tness of causal genotypes through soil processes remains unknown. We investigated whether aspen genotypes create distinct soil microbial communities that could potentially aff ect plant fi tness. Using naturally occurring aspen stands in an old-fi eld system, we set up reciprocal litter transplants among ten genetically distinct aspen clones and tracked decomposition and changes in belowground nutrients and microbial communities for three years. We found that belowground microbial communities became adapted to process specifi c genotypes of aspen litter to the extent allowable by environment and litter chemistry. Belowground processes were driven by a combination of little quality and prior exposure to specifi c genotypes of litter. In general, litter from aspen genotypes native to the soil community decomposed more rapidly than did litter from foreign aspen genotypes (i.e. a home-fi eld advantage existed). While homefi eld advantages have been documented to occur among litters of diff erent species, we show that intraspecifi c variation can elicit similar, albeit weak, eff ects within a single species. Because rapid decomposition and nutrient cycling is likely to benefi t fast-growing, early-successional species such as aspen, genotype-mediated selection for soil microbial communities may feed back to positively aff ect plant fi tness. In addition, belowground communities exhibited signifi cant shifts in response to leaf litter inputs. When exposed to foreign litter, microbial communities changed to become more similar to the microbial community beneath the foreign litter ’ s origin, indicating that belowground microbial communities are predictable given the genotype of the aboveground aspen clone.
Carbamyl phosphate and glutamine stimulation of the gallbladder salt pump.

Carbamyl phosphate stimulates neutral salt transport in thein vitro gallbladder. Acetyl phosphate also stimulates transport. In addition, the metabolic precursors of carbamyl phosphate, glutamine and bicarbonate ion, stimulate transport of fluid across the gallbladder mucosa. These data suggest that the effect of glutamine in stimulating increases in transport is achieved via the synthesis of carbamyl phosphate which in turn reacts with the transport mechanism. Metabolic precursors of glutamine, glutamate plus a nitrogen source, when combined will produce an effect similar to glutamine alone. Fluid transport is also slowed by azaserine; thus, the stimulation effect appears to be restricted to glutamine.
Sleep and Hypertension

Ambulatory BP studies indicate that even small increases in BP, particularly nighttime BP levels, are associated with significant increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, sleep-related diseases that induce increases in BP would be anticipated to substantially affect cardiovascular risk. Both sleep deprivation and insomnia have been linked to increases in incidence and prevalence of hypertension. Likewise, sleep disruption attributable to restless legs syndrome increases the likelihood of having hypertension. Observational studies demonstrate a strong correlation between the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the risk and severity of hypertension, whereas prospective studies of patients with OSA demonstrate a positive relationship between OSA and risk of incident hypertension. Intervention trials with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) indicate a modest, but inconsistent effect on BP in patients with severe OSA and a greater likelihood of benefit in patients with most CPAP adherence. Additional prospective studies are needed to reconcile observational studies suggesting that OSA is a strong risk factor for hypertension with the modest antihypertensive effects of CPAP observed in intervention studies.
Consideration of tidal variations in the geocenter on satellite altimeter observations of ocean tides

Tidal geocenter motion has been previously ignored when developing ocean tide models from satellite altimetry. Accounting for tidal geocenter motion is necessary because the best orbit determinations for altimetric satellites position sea-surface heights relative to the center of mass of the total Earth system, including the ocean tides. But the ocean tides are presumed relative to the Earth's crust and thus are effectively relative to the center of figure. By accounting for this effect, we find improved agreement between an altimeter-based ocean tide model and bottom pressure recorder observations. The variance of differences between these two observations is reduced by 31% and 43% for the two tidal constituents with the largest contributions to geocenter variations, O1 and K1, respectively. With this accommodation the predicted contribution from altimeter-based ocean tide models to geocenter variations is amplified by 15–22%, providing improved agreement with observations, especially for the K1 component.
Deregulation of keratinocyte differentiation and activation: a hallmark of venous ulcers

Epidermal morphology of chronic wounds differs from that of normal epidermis. Biopsies of non-healing edges obtained from patients with venous ulcers show thick and hyperproliferative epidermis with mitosis present in suprabasal layers. This epidermis is also hyper-keratotic and parakeratotic. This suggests incomplete activation and differentiation of keratinocytes. To identify molecular changes that lead to pathogenic alterations in keratinocyte activation and differentiation pathways we isolated mRNA from non-healing edges deriving from venous ulcers patients and determined transcriptional profiles using Affymetrix chips. Obtained transcriptional profiles were compared to those from healthy, unwounded skin. As previously indicated by histology, we found deregulation of differentiation and activation markers. We also found differential regulation of signalling molecules that regulate these two processes. Early differentiation markers, keratins K1/K10 and a subset of small proline-rich proteins, along with the late differentiation marker filaggrin were suppressed, whereas late differentiation markers involucrin, transgultaminase 1 and another subset of small proline-rich proteins were induced in ulcers when compared to healthy skin. Surprisingly, desomosomal and tight junction components were also deregulated. Keratinocyte activation markers keratins K6/K16/K17 were induced. We conclude that keratinocytes at the non-healing edges of venous ulcers do not execute either activation or differentiation pathway, resulting in thick callus-like formation at the edge of a venous ulcers.
More than just another face in the crowd: superior detection of threatening facial expressions in children and adults.

Threatening facial expressions can signal the approach of someone or something potentially dangerous. Past research has established that adults have an attentional bias for angry faces, visually detecting their presence more quickly than happy or neutral faces. Two new findings are reported here. First, evidence is presented that young children share this attentional bias. In five experiments, young children and adults were asked to find a picture of a target face among an array of eight distracter faces. Both age groups detected threat-relevant faces ‐ angry and frightened ‐ more rapidly than non-threat-relevant faces (happy and sad). Second, evidence is presented that both adults and children have an attentional bias for negative stimuli overall. All negative faces were detected more quickly than positive ones in both age groups. As the first evidence that young children exhibit the same superior detection of threatening facial expressions as adults, this research provides important support for the existence of an evolved attentional bias for threatening stimuli.
Global properties of high liquid loading turbulent crude oil + methane/air spray flames☆

Measurements of atomization quality, flame heights, radiative fractions, emission temperatures, and transmittance for Alberta sweet crude oil/methane flames established on a novel burner for simulating well-blowout fires are reported. The results show the effects of two-phase flow on flame heights. The measurements of radiative fractions and the optical properties suggest relatively low soot loading. The measured high temperatures suggest almost complete combustion of crude-oil. However, larger-scale tests as well as information concerning the physical processes in the present atomizer and burner are essential for the application to practical fires and combustion devices.
Interactions of β-Lactoglobulin and High-methoxyl Pectins in Acidified Systems.

The interactions that occur when β-lactoglobulin (β-Ig)is mixed with a high-methoxyl pectin (HMP) and a modified pectin (mHMP. modified using plant pectinesterase) were examined at pH 3.8. Whereas soluble aggregates formed in β-lg-HMP,β-lg-HMPprecipitated upon mixing, β-ig-HMP-mixtures showed soluble aggregates with larger hydrodynamic diameters when heated at 65 °C,than when heated at 90 °C, β-lg-HMP mixtures adjusted to pH 6.0 after heating showed that the aggregates formed at 65 °C could be dissociated,but the Complexes were not reversible after heating at 90 °C, A similar effect also was observed when resuspending the β-lg-mHMP precipitates at pH 6.0. The behavior of the 2 pectins was attributed to their differences in charge distribution.
Intelligent Transportation Systems for Operation of Roadway Segments in High-Wind Conditions

Truck safety in high-wind conditions—in particular, the use of intelligent transportation system technology for operating roadway segments during high-wind conditions—is examined. The frequent high-wind conditions in Wyoming cause trucks to overturn and often lead to the closure of a road, resulting in delays, economic impact, and a loss of system reliability. This paper addresses how critical weather conditions can be identified; what the various levels of operations can be, depending on these conditions; the means for identifying at-risk vehicles; and the benefits of implementing an advanced system for operating these high-hazard roadway segments.
Verbal requirements method

A definition of the verbal requirements method (VRM) is given. The VRM provides a natural language-like syntax to help software developers specify requirements easily. VRM was developed over a semester as a group project for a research course. The initial phase of the project was to survey existing specification languages and classify them on the basis of a fixed template. The latter phase of the research resulted in the actual specification language being developed. An example illustrates the use of the VRM for specifying a small real time system. The lack of constructs to specify software algorithms in terms of traditional conditional and looping structures enables specifiers to capture only the behavior of the system without reflecting the implementation details. >
What Is the Investigator Allegiance Effect and What Should We Do About It

The meta-analysis of Luborsky et al. (this issue) confirms the significance of an investigator allegiance effect in psychotherapy research and clarifies the magnitude of this effect. In this commentary, I argue that the investigator allegiance is most likely a proxy measure of the expertise of the investigator's team with the novel therapy and the disproportionately lower credibility and integrity of the comparator condition. Hence, larger allegiance effects are more likely early in the developmental history of research with newer therapies, that is, when pseudotherapies or nonspecific comparators are commonly used. Studies that offer active comparators that are both credible and rigorously and professionally administered are unlikely to show an allegiance effect. Use of “blinded,” independent evaluations of outcome provides another safeguard. The investigator allegiance effect does not need to be an anathema to psychotherapy researchers.
State Structures in New Nations: the Case of Primary Agricultural Marketing in Africa

There are nations and there are states. There is, for example, an Armenian nation but no state, and it is the aim of some Armenian nationalists to set up a state. This example follows a liberal European paradigm; that a sense of nationhood creates unity of purpose that allows the state to come into existence, and creates a consensus of popular acceptance that enables it to function. The state may be carved out of something larger, as in the Greek case, or out of smaller units, as in the German case. There is plenty of evidence, ancient and modern, that without a consensus of acceptance, it is very difficult for a state to prosper economically or to be free of repression and crippling internal conflict.
Pten Loss Induces Autocrine FGF Signaling to Promote Skin Tumorigenesis

Inactivation of the Pten tumor suppressor negatively regulates the PI3K-mTOR pathway. In a model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we demonstrate that deletion of Pten strongly elevates Fgf10 protein levels without increasing Fgf10 transcription in vitro and in vivo. The translational activation of Fgf10 by Pten deletion is reversed by genetic disruption of the mTORC1 complex, which also prevents skin tumorigenesis in Pten mutants. We further show that ectopic expression of Fgf10 causes skin papillomas, whereas Pten deletion-induced skin tumors are inhibited by epidermal deletion of Fgfr2. Collectively, our data identify autocrine activation of FGF signaling as an essential mechanism in promoting Pten-deficient skin tumors.
Larval metabolism of the epicaridian isopod parasite Probopyrus pandalicola and metabolic effects of P. pandalicola on its copepod intermediate host Acartia tonsa.

1. 1. Larval isopods of the parasitic species Probopyrus pandalicola do not consume oxygen at a rate which is a direct function of their body size. Their metabolic rate is dependent mainly on “mode of existence” as well as category of metabolism taking place for a given larval stage. 2. 2. A comparison of the mean metabolic rates between infected and uninfected copepod intermediate hosts Acartia tonsa indicates that oxygen consumption in the host decreases as a result of infection.
The sensitivity of partially regulated second-best prices to intercommodity cross elasticities of demand

Abstract Ramsey prices for multiproduct monopolists with competitive fringe are shown to be sensitive to cross elasticities of demand. The sensitivity increases with size of cross elasticities, and with size of difference between ratios of cross elasticities and of own-price elasticities.
Oxovanadium(IV) complexes of N-salicylideneamino acids with anomalous magnetic properties

Abstract A series of new oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(Sal: AA) (H2U)]2 are prepared and characterized. The ligands (Sal: AA) are bivalent tridentate Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde and various α-amino acids. Molecular weight determinations of solutions in benzene support this formulation. The magnetic properties are interpreted in terms of an antiferromagnetic interaction between pairs of oxovanadium(IV) ions in the complexes. One broad but well defined absorption band is observed in the 7,000–25,000 cm−1 region which is attributed to a d-d transition.
Southern Leviathan: The Development of Central State Authority in the Confederate States of America

War has probably been the single most important influence on the development of central state authority in the United States. Although the state-centered mobilization of economic resources and manpower that accompanies military conflict is commonly conceded to have had this effect throughout American history, the centralizing influence of the Civil War on the southern Confederate government has not been accorded the precedent-setting importance it deserves. The consolidation of economic and social controls within the central government of the Confederacy was in fact so extensive that it calls into question standard interpretations of southern opposition to the expansion of federal power in both the antebellum and post-Reconstruction periods. Southern reluctance to expand federal power in those periods has been attributed variously to regional sympathy for laissez-faire principles, the “precapitalist” cultural origins of the plantation elite, and a general philosophical orientation hostile to state development.
SU‐FF‐T‐94: Analytical Calculations of Dosimetry Data for a 6‐MV Narrow Radiosurgery Beam with Cones

Purpose: To analytically derive narrow beam dosimetry data for a 6 MV radiosurgery beam with cones from broad beam measurements. Method and Materials: currently radiosurgerydosimetry calculation is commonly done using a radiosugery treatment planning system. Such a planning system is typically commissioned using output factors, TMR, and off‐axis ratio measured in water for narrow beams. The experimental measurements in water for small radiosurgery beams are difficult and with large uncertainty due to lack of lateral electronic equilibrium and finite detector size. In this work, an analytical model was used to calculate the cone factors, TMR, and off‐axis ratio (OAR) for various cone sizes for a 6 MV radiosurgery unit. The model is parameterized with the measured broad beam cax beam data where lateral dose equilibrium exists and accurate measurement can be performed without much of difficulties. The calculated results were benchmarked with the experimental measurements. The cone size ranged from 4 mm to 20 mm in diameter in this study. Results: Compared the calculated dosimetry data with those from measurements, the agreement for cone factor was within 1 %, and within 4 %for TMR beyond dmax. The agreements for OAR are within typical experiment uncertainties.Conclusion: The analytical method described here can be used to calculate narrow cone beam dosimetry data in place of the arduous in‐water narrow beam measurements. Alternatively, it can be used to validate narrow beam dosimetry measurements if the direct measurements are prefered.
Complement or Substitute? Assessing Proprietary vs. Defensive Patent Litigation in Two Industries

Research has suggested that firms engage in a number of different patent strategies to protect and even gain competitive advantage. Two important generic patent strategies have been described as pr...
Dual circular polarization raman optical activity

Abstract The theoretical description of dual circular polarization (DCP) Raman optical activity is presented. It is shown that for forward scattering, right-angle scattering and backward scattering, it is possible to measure a form of ROA in which both the incident and scattered circular polarizations are simultaneously switched between right and left circular states. DCP ROA is shown to be equal to either the sum or difference of the corresponding incident and scattered circular polarization ROA intensities for nearly the same parent Raman intensity.
Uniqueness of the mating system in Cryptococcus neoformans

Abstract Although the mating system of Cryptococcus neoformans shares many physiological and genetic characteristics with other fungi, there are an increasing number of features that make it unique. The sexual state of C. neoformans is distinct from other basidiomycetes. The mating-type loci contain several mating-type-specific pheromone response pathway genes, including some that function differently in the two mating types. There are also observations of uniparental mitochondrial inheritance from the MATa mating type and unidirectional nuclear migration from MATα to MATa cells. These factors lead us to postulate that MATα and MATa cells play disparate roles during mating. Furthermore, we surmise that the inherent genetic differences between the two mating types render MATα mating-type strains more fit for survival. This might explain the predominance of MATα mating types both in nature and in clinical isolates.
Dynamics of a Brownian particle in a plasma in the long-time limit

Abstract The velocity autocorrelation function (VAF) of a Brownian particle in a plasma is calculated in the long-time limit. The Brownian particle VAF exhibits the same qualitative behavior as the electron VAF in a one-component plasma: oscillations at the plasma frequency and decay ∼t- 3 2 .
Quantum Computing for Computer Architects, Second Edition

Quantum computers can (in theory) solve certain problems far faster than a classical computer running any known classical algorithm. While existing technologies for building quantum computers are in their infancy, it is not too early to consider their scalability and reliability in the context of the design of large-scale quantum computers. To architect such systems, one must understand what it takes to design and model a balanced, fault-tolerant quantum computer architecture. The goal of this lecture is to provide architectural abstractions for the design of a quantum computer and to explore the systems-level challenges in achieving scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this lecture, we provide an engineering-oriented introduction to quantum computation with an overview of the theory behind key quantum algorithms. Next, we look at architectural case studies based upon experimental data and future projections for quantum computation implemented using trapped ions. While we focus here on architectures targeted for realization using trapped ions, the techniques for quantum computer architecture design, quantum fault-tolerance, and compilation described in this lecture are applicable to many other physical technologies that may be viable candidates for building a large-scale quantum computing system. We also discuss general issues involved with programming a quantum computer as well as a discussion of work on quantum architectures based on quantum teleportation. Finally, we consider some of the open issues remaining in the design of quantum computers. Table of Contents: Introduction / Basic Elements for Quantum Computation / Key Quantum Algorithms / Building Reliable and Scalable Quantum Architectures / Simulation of Quantum Computation / Architectural Elements / Case Study: The Quantum Logic Array Architecture / Programming the Quantum Architecture / Using the QLA for Quantum Simulation: The Transverse Ising Model / Teleportation-Based Quantum Architectures / Concluding Remarks
Spatial information dynamics during early zebrafish development

During development inherited information directs growth and specifies the complex spatial organization of cells and molecules. Here we show that a new information metric, the k-space information (kSI), captures the growth and emergence of spatial organization in a developing embryo. Using zebrafish as a model, we quantify the rate of development over the first 24h and demonstrate that important developmental landmarks are associated with well-defined transitions in information dynamics. The rate of development during this time is highest immediately before and after gastrulation, as well early in the segmentation period. We also find that the majority of the information arises from spatial correlations on the length scale of 20-80 μm, but there are contributions from many length scales that change over time. A comparison of the information dynamics in the maternal-zygotic one-eyed pinhead mutant, which is defective in mesoderm induction, with the wild-type embryo shows that the information dynamics diverge near the onset of gastrulation. Subsequently the mutant lacks a peak in the information dynamics that appears to be associated with the formation of trunk somites in the wild-type embryo. These findings provide a common and objective basis by which to quantify spatial organization, compare mutants and quantify developmental dynamics. The kSI can also be applied to any form of developmental data of arbitrary dimensions, and it offers a broad conceptual framework with which to organize the large amounts of data emerging from various sources.
SECOND-ORDER CORRECTIONS TO THE FINE STRUCTURE OF HELIUM. II. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM $sup 1$P AND $sup 3$D INTERMEDIATE STATES.

The contributions from the three spin-dependent Breit operators in second-order perturbation theory are calculated when the symmetries of the intermediate states are odd $^{1}P$ or $^{3}D$. Standard Hylleraas expansions with up to 165 terms are used for the perturbations of the wave functions. The large interval of the fine structure of the $2^{3}P$ level in helium is increased by 2.17(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ by $^{1}P$, and by 0.0089(6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ by $^{3}D$. Two methods for handling angular integration over $D$ tensors are described.
Preparation of ZnO films in sol-gel method using novel monomers

Fabrication of ZnO films in sol-gel method using zinc 2-ethylhexanoate as the novel monomer was investigated. The properties of films produced by this monomer were compared with those of films produced by zinc acetate based conventional monomers. It was found that the new monomer produced zinc oxide films at lower temperatures than zinc acetate. Dependence of degree of crystallinity and crystal size on annealing temperate is discussed in this paper.