cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kittens as therapists: Social behavior sequences in isolated squirrel monkeys after exposure to young nonconspecifics

Squirrel monkeys that had been exposed to repeated separations from cloth surrogates were given continuous access to domestic kittens. Information-theoretic measures showed that these monkeys exerted greater constraint on behaviors of adult feral squirrel monkeys than did monkeys who had not received previous kitten exposure. The latter monkeys displayed a behavioral encapsulation characterized by increased susceptibility to the constraint imposed by their own preceding behaviors and a decreased susceptibility to constraint from other monkeys' behaviors. In addition, kitten-reared monkeys displayed a high level of positive social behaviors, particularly following noncohesive or divisive behaviors by another monkey.
Effect of Wind Stress on the Dynamics and Stability of Nonisothermal Power-Law Film down an Inclined Plane

Dynamics and stability of a nonisothermal power-law liquid film down an inclined plane is considered in the presence of interfacial shear. Linear stability characteristics of the power-law liquid film using normal mode approach reveal that isothermal and evaporating films are unstable for any value of power-law index while there exists a critical value of power-law index for the case of condensate film above which condensate film ow system is always stable. This critical value of power-law index increases with the increase in shear stress at the interface. Weakly nonlinear stability analysis using method of multiple scales divulges the existence of zones due to supercritical stability and subcritical instability. The nonlinear evolution equation is solved numerically in a periodic domain. The results reveal that (1) for an isothermal dilatant (pseudoplastic) liquids, the maximum wave amplitude is always smaller (larger) than that for a Newtonian liquid and the amplitude of permanent wave increases with the increase in interfacial shear; (2) condensation of pseudoplastic film happens for the earlier instant of time when the phase change parameter increases and the effect of interfacial shear makes the film more corrugated; (3) dilatant (pseudoplastic) evaporating liquid film attains rupture faster (slower) than that of Newtonian liquid film, and the interfacial shear does not influence the time at which rupture occurs.
Molecular Depletion and Thermal Balance in Dark Cloud Cores

We analyze the effects of molecular depletion on the thermal balance of well-shielded, quiescent dark cloud cores. Recent observations of the significant depletion of molecules from the gas phase onto grain surfaces in dark clouds suggest the possibility that the gas-phase cooling in these regions is greatly reduced and consequently that gas kinetic temperatures might be increased. We reexamine cooling and heating processes in light of possible molecular depletion, including the effect of coupling between the gas and the grains. At densities ≤103.5 cm-3, the gas temperature can be significantly increased by the depletion of coolant species without significantly affecting the dust temperature because of the relatively weak gas-dust coupling. At higher densities, this coupling becomes sufficiently rapid to overwhelm the effect of the reduced gas-phase cooling, and depletion has little effect on the gas temperature while raising the dust temperature 1 K. The result is that depletion at densities ≥104.5 cm-3 can proceed without being evident as an enhanced gas temperature or without self-limiting due to an increase in the dust temperature increasing the desorption rate. This is consistent with observations of depletion in cold, dense regions of quiescent molecular clouds. It also suggests that depletion in moderate density regions can increase the thermal gas pressure, effectively enhancing the confinement of denser portions of molecular clouds and possibly accelerating the collapse of cloud cores.
A Diffusion of Innovations Approach to Understand Stakeholder Perceptions of Renewable Energy Initiatives

This study uses diffusion of innovations (DOI) as a framework for formative research to understand different stakeholders’ perceptions of renewable energy initiatives (i.e., wind, solar, and biomass). Focus groups (N =12) were conducted with several different stakeholders in Michigan: farmers (n = 17), rural residents (n = 20), urban residents (n = 30), citizen activists/environmentalists (n = 13), and individuals who live in tourist-based economies (n = 7). Data were analyzed based on DOI constructs. Results suggest that farmers would be considered early adopters, while urban residents would fall in the late majority. Overall, stakeholder groups perceived renewable energy to be relatively advantageous and compatible with their values.
A comparison of optimal and suboptimal RNA secondary structures predicted by free energy minimization with structures determined by phylogenetic comparison

This article describes the latest version of an RNA folding algorithm that predicts both optimal and suboptimal solutions based on free energy minimization. A number of RNA's with known structures deduced from comparative sequence analysis are folded to test program performance. The group of solutions obtained for each molecule is analysed to determine how many of the known helixes occur in the optimal solution and in the best suboptimal solution. In most cases, a structure about 80% correct is found with a free energy within 2% of the predicted lowest free energy structure.
Recovery of Limonoid Glucosides from Citrus Molasses

: A method to recover multi-gram quantities of limonoid glucosides from citrus molasses using ion-exchange and styrene/divinylbenzene resins has been developed. A cation exchange resin is used to decolorize the molasses, while an anion exchanger is used to separate limonoid glucosides from other negatively charged compounds. Styrene/divinylbenzene resins are used to bind limonoid glucosides and remove water-soluble materials. The method affords approximately 5 grams of a water-soluble powder containing over 60% by weight limonoid glucosides per liter of molasses. An analysis of the efficiency of the method shows that less than 10% of the total limonoid glucosides are lost during recovery.
Numerical investigation of transient heat and mass transfer in a parallel-flow liquid-desiccant absorber

Liquid desiccant systems have received significant attention as a way to reduce latent loads. Tests of liquid desiccant systems in humid climates have shown significant reductions in energy consumption. As moisture in the air is absorbed at the dehumidifier, the temperature of the liquid desiccant increases due to the addition of heat from the enthalpy of condensation of the water vapor. Thus, the coupled effects of heat and mass transfer are relevant for these applications. A two-dimensional mathematical model of the transient heat and mass transfer for an absorber where a thin film of liquid desiccant flows down its walls and dehumidifies the air in parallel-flow configuration is developed and the dynamics of the modeled system are analyzed.
Optimal cartel trigger price strategies

Abstract A dynamical model of industry equilibrium is described in which a cartel deters deviations from collusive output levels by threatening to produce at Cournot quantities for a period of fixed duration whenever the market price falls below some trigger price. In this model firms can observe only their own production level and a common market price. The market demand curve is assumed to have a stochastic component, so that an unexpectedly low price may signal either deviations from collusive output levels or a “downward” demand shock.
Evaluation of decay heating in shutdown reactors

Abstract Heating from the decay of radioactive nuclides in shutdown reactors plays an important role in the safety evaluation of nuclear power plants. It also must be known in order to design spent fuel storage systems, shutdown reactor cooling systems and heat sink, reprocessing and nuclear waste disposal systems. Of these applications, the analysis of reactor accident scenarios has been the main impetus to develop more accurate methods of decay heat evaluation. It was recognized early in the 1970s that the knowledge was inadequate for safety requirements and that this placed an economic burden on nuclear power plants. Intensive research has been undertaken in the past few years and this has led to a much more precise knowledge of decay heat power in Light Water Reactors (LWR). With additional work this improvement can soon be extended to other reactors types. This paper reviews the background, recent research developments and the evolution of a major revision of the American Nuclear Society Standard for decay heat power in LWR.
Modeling of normalized coprime factors with /spl nu/-metric uncertainty

Modeling of uncertain systems with normalized coprime factor description is investigated, where the experimental data is given by a finite set of frequency response measurement samples of the open loop plant that is linear, time-invariant, and possibly infinite-dimensional. The objective is not only to identify the nominal model but also to quantify the modeling error with sup-norm bounds in frequency domain. The uncertainty to be identified and quantified is chosen as the /spl nu/-metric, proposed by Vinnicombe (1993), because of its compatibility with H/sub /spl infin//-based robust control. An algorithm is developed to model the normalized coprime factors of the given plant using techniques of discrete Fourier analysis and balanced stochastic truncation and is shown to be robust in the presence of the worst case noise. Upper bounds are derived for the associated modeling error based on the minimum a priori information of the underlying model set and of the noise level in the measurement data. A simulation example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Rent Seeking and Supply Management in Canadian Agriculture

The social costs of supply management in Canadian agriculture have been the subject of recent theoretical and empirical study. Thus far, analyses have focused on the conventional deadweight loss approach to describing social costs. This debate is expanded by considering how the scarce resources consumed in a competitive rent seeking process revise the interpretation and calculation of societal losses from supply management. It is concluded the exclusion of society's loss due to wasteful rent seeking activities results in underestimation of the social cost of supply management programs. Les couts sociaux dus a la gestion des stocks dans l'agriculture Ca-nadienne ont fait l'object de plusieurs etudes recentes, aussi bien thaoriques qu'empiriques. Jusqu'a present, les analyses ont mis l'accent sur l'approche conventionnelle de l'etude des pertes secnes pour decrire les couts sociaux. Le debat sur la question est ici relance quand on considere, dans le cadre d'un processus concurrentiel de recherche de plus-value aconomique, combien l'utilization des resources limitaes conduit a reviser l'interpretation et le calcul des pertes soc-iales duer a la gestion des stocks. En conclusion, I'exclusion des pertes sociales dues aux activitas ruineuses de recherche de plus-value a pour resultat de sousestimer le cout social des programmes de gestion des stocks. A recent article in this Journal by Schmitz reviews the economic effects of the supply management experience in Canada. Utilizing previously published empirical evidence and an economic surplus methodology, Schmitz concludes that the net welfare losses due to supply management are small for the commodities discussed. So small, in fact, that Schmitz wonders if policy makers can be influenced, on the basis of efficiency criteria, to reconsider supply management as an approach to ag-ricultural policy.
Ovarian Measurements in DDT-Susceptible and DDT-Resistant House Flies

The higher reproductive potential of a DDT-susceptible strain (NAIDM) of house flies, Musca domestica L., over 2 DDT-resistant strains is positively correlated with quantitative measurements of ovaries of females. The NAIDM strain had a lower LD,, greater dry weight of ovaries, and higher value of ovarian nitrogen than resistant strains, Orlando. Roberds, and strain 5-39, the DDT-resistance of which was of recent origin. Amino acid determinations revealed that the most resistant strain, Orlando, had the smallest quantity, but differences between the other strains were not significant. Following treatment with DDT both the NAIDM susceptible strain and the resistant Orlando strain revealed reductions in all the ovarian measurements. A decrease in quantity of most amino acids occurred, but amino acids of the Orlando strain increased.
Histologic and Rheologic Characterization of Vocal Fold Scarring

Scarring of the vocal fold causes considerable dysphonia and presents significant treatment challenges. A rabbit model was developed to investigate the histologic ultrastructure and rheologic properties of the scarred vocal fold lamina propria. Eleven rabbit larynges were scarred by means of forcep biopsy. Sixty days postoperatively, the rabbits were sacrificed and their vocal folds were harvested. Histological analysis of the scarred and normal lamina propria was completed for collagen, procollagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. Linear viscoelastic shear properties of the tissues were also measured, including elastic shear modulus and dynamic viscosity. Compared to normal vocal fold lamina propria, scarred tissues demonstrated significantly less collagen, an increase in procollagen, and a decrease in elastin. Rheologically, both elastic shear modulus and dynamic viscosity were significantly higher for the scarred tissues. Increased stiffness and viscosity do not appear to result from an increase in collagen, but rather appear to be related to the presence of new, disorganized collagen scaffolding. Results are interpreted in terms of the possible role of interstitial proteins in the etiology of increased stiffness and viscosity, which requires further investigation. This animal model should allow for systematic future investigations of vocal fold scarring and its treatment.
Gender Classification for Web Forums

More and more women are participating in and exchanging opinions through community-based online social media. Questions concerning gender differences in the new media have been raised. This paper proposes a feature-based text classification framework to examine online gender differences between Web forum posters by analyzing writing styles and topics of interest. Our experiment on an Islamic women's political forum shows that feature sets containing both content-free and content-specific features perform significantly better than those consisting of only content-free features, feature selection can improve the classification results significantly, and female and male participants have significantly different topics of interest.
Preparation and analysis of 4-lodoantipyrine-(I-131).

4-Iodoantipyrine was prepared from antipyrine according to the reaction equation: 3C11H12N2O+2KI+KIO3+3HCl→3C11H11N2OI+3KCl+3H2O The product was separated from the reaction mixture and purified by recrystallization. The iodoantipyrine was labeled with I131 by means of an exchange reaction with NaI131. It was separated from the unbound radioactivity by anion exchange chromatography. The purity of the product was determined by cellulose thin layer chromatography using ethanol-chloroform-water (45:45:10) as the solvent system. The purity of the 4-iodoantipyrine-I131 decreased with time due to a splitting off of the I131 atom and subsequent formation of NaI131. This spontaneous deiodination was best minimized by storage in methanol at low temperatures.
Re‐forming supercritical quasi‐parallel shocks: 2. Mechanism for wave generation and front re‐formation

This paper continues the study of Thomas et al. (1990) in which hybrid simulations of quasi-parallel shocks were performed in one and two spatial dimensions. To identify the wave generation processes, the electromagnetic structure of the shock is examined by performing a number of one-dimensional hybrid simulations of quasi-parallel shocks for various upstream conditions. In addition, numerical experiments were carried out in which the backstreaming ions were removed from calculations to show their fundamental importance in reformation process. The calculations show that the waves are excited before ions can propagate far enough upstream to generate resonant modes. At some later times, the waves are regenerated at the leading edge of the interface, with properties like those of their initial interactions.
Osteosarcoma of the hand: a rare case for radiographic appearance, location, and age.

Abstract Objective This case describes the history, process of correct diagnosis, and treatment of a patient with pain in her left fourth finger, later found to be an osteosarcoma. Clinical Features A 28-year-old woman presented with pain in her left fourth finger, which she also noticed had been “getting bigger.” Moderate tenderness and decreased range of motion were noticed over the metacarpophalangeal joint of the involved finger. Intervention and Outcome Initial radiographs indicated a benign tumor with a pathological fracture, and the patient was referred to a hand surgeon. After debridement of the area, the pathology report returned with a diagnosis of osteoblastic osteogenic osteosarcoma. The patient then underwent amputation of the fourth ray and chemotherapy. Conclusion This case presents a rare bone tumor of the hand and highlights the importance of clinical decision-making to lead to appropriate patient care.
Presence of C-type natriuretic peptide in cultured human endothelial cells and plasma

The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) immunoreactivity in cultured human vascular endothelial cells and in human plasma. CNP immunoreactivity was present in cultured human aortic endothelial cells by both immunohistochemical staining and by radioimmunoassay. With the utilization of gel permeation chromatography, this immunoreactivity proved to be consistent with the higher molecular weight CNP-53. CNP immunoreactivity was also present in human plasma (n = 22) at low picogram concentrations (6.5 +/- 0.2 pg/ml) by specific radioimmunoassay. This immunoreactivity was consistent with the lower molecular weight CNP-22 by gel permeation chromatography. These findings suggest that the vascular endothelium may be the site of CNP production. The isolation of different molecular forms of CNP in tissue and plasma may be consistent with a storage form of the peptide in endothelial cells CNP-53, while CNP-22 circulates in plasma. In summary, the present study is consistent with CNP being a peptide of endothelial cell origin.
What gets the attention of the temporo-parietal junction? An fMRI investigation of attention and theory of mind

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated a critical role for a cortical region in the right temporo-parietal junction (RTPJ) in "theory of mind" (ToM), or mental state reasoning. In other research, the RTPJ has been implicated in the deployment of attention to an unexpected stimulus. One hypothesis ("attention hypothesis") is that patterns of RTPJ activation in ToM tasks can be fully explained by appeal to attention: stimuli that apparently manipulate aspects of ToM are in fact manipulating aspects of attention. On an alternative hypothesis ("ToM hypothesis"), functional regions identified by ToM tasks are selective for ToM, and not just for any unexpected stimulus. Here, we used fMRI to test these competing hypotheses: are brain regions implicated in ToM, including the RTPJ, LTPJ, and precuneus, recruited specifically for mental states, or for any unexpected stimulus? We first identified brain regions implicated in ToM, using a standard paradigm: participants read stories about false beliefs and false physical representations (e.g., outdated photographs). Participants also read a new set of stories describing mental or physical states, which were unexpected or expected. Regions of interest analyses revealed a higher response in the RTPJ, LTPJ, and precuneus, for mental versus physical stories, but no difference for unexpected and expected stories. Whole-brain random effects analyses also revealed higher activation in these regions for mental versus physical stories. This pattern provides evidence for the ToM hypothesis: the response in these functional regions is selective for mental state content, whether that content is unexpected or expected.
On the performance of the family of multichannel MV spectra for recovery of point spectrum

The authors evaluate a recently proposed multichannel point spectrum identification scheme, which utilizes the convergence properties of the sequence of minimum-variance (MV) spectral estimates. A number of technical issues associated with implementing the MV multichannel method are discussed. This includes convergence tests to identify signal frequencies and their associated channels. An example is presented. >
Examining impulse response functions in cointegrated systems

A system of reduced forms with cointegrated variables may be estimated in two ways: as a vector autoregression in levels, or as a vector error correction model. The latter is a restricted version of the former. If there is cointegration, imposing this restriction will yield more efficient estimates. However, at short horizons, vector error correction estimates are known to perform poorly relative to those from a vector autoregression. We examine how this property affects impulse response functions. A Monte Carlo experiment, and an example, suggest that impulse response functions of the two models are similar at short horizons, but different at long horizons. This suggests that the loss of efficiency from vector autoregression estimation is not critical at the commonly used short horizon. Our results complement parallel arguments focusing on forecast errors made by Clements and Hendry (1995), Hoffman and Rasche (1996), and Lin and Tsay (1996).
Application of the DNDC model to tile-drained Illinois agroecosystems: model calibration, validation, and uncertainty analysis

We applied the Denitrification-Decomposition (DNDC) model to a typical corn–soybean rotation on silty clay loams with tile-drainage in east-central Illinois (IL). Model outcomes are compared to 10 years of observed drainage and nitrate leaching data aggregated across the Embarras River watershed. We found that accurate simulation of NO3–N leaching and drainage dynamics required significant changes to key soil physical and chemical parameters relative to their default values. Overall, our calibration of DNDC resulted in a good statistical fit between model output and IL data for crop yield, NO3–N leaching, and drainage. Our modifications to DNDC reduced the RMSE from 9.4 to a range of 1.3–2.9 for NO3–N leaching and from 51.2 to a range of 13–23.6 for drainage. Modeling efficiency ranged from 0.25 to 0.85 in comparison with measured drainage and leachate values and from 0.65 to 1 in comparison with crop yield data. However, analysis of simulation results at a monthly time step indicated that DNDC consistently underpredicted peak drainage events. Underprediction ranged from 50 to 100 mm month−1 following three extreme precipitation events, a flux equivalent to 0.25–0.5 of the total measured monthly flux. Our simulations demonstrated high interannual variation in nitrate leaching with average annual NO3–N loss of 24 kg N ha−1, peak annual NO3–N loss of 58 kg N ha−1 and low annual NO3–N loss of 1–5 kg N ha−1.
An Analysis of the Uncertainty in InSAR Deformation Measurements for Groundwater Applications in Agricultural Areas

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a remote sensing method that maps relative ground surface deformation. In previous work, we investigated the relationship between deformation and hydraulic head change in the San Luis Valley, CO, USA, and determined that we must quantify the spatially variable uncertainty in the InSAR deformation measurement in order for these data to be used to predict hydraulic head. In this study, we modify a commonly applied multitemporal technique, Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) analysis, to process InSAR data in an area where pumping for crop irrigation creates seasonally variable deformation. We propagate the uncertainty due to decorrelation through the InSAR processing chain and calculate the uncertainty in the deformation for all selected pixels. The standard deviation of the uncertainty in the deformation ranges from 1 to 5 mm. Finally, we investigate how the InSAR coherence affects the standard deviation of the estimated deformation. Through a synthetic study, we show that given the mean coherence and standard deviation of coherence, we can determine the mean standard deviation of the final deformation estimates. This allows us to optimize InSAR processing to identify which pixels can provide the uncertainty desired in the final deformation time series.
Children's searching behavior on browsing and keyword online catalogs: the Science Library Catalog project

As we seek both to improve public school education in high technology areas and to link libraries and classrooms on the “information superhighway,” we need to understand more about children’s information searching abilities. We present results of four experiments conducted on four versions of the Science Library Catalog (SLC), a Dewey decimal-based hierarchical browsing system implemented in HyperCard without a keyboard. The experiments were conducted over a 3-year period at three sites, with four databases, and with comparisons to two different keyword online catalogs. Subjects were ethnically and culturally diverse children aged 9 through 12; with 32 to 34 children participating in each experiment. Children were provided explicit instruction and reference materials for the keyword systems but not for the SLC. The number of search topics matched was comparable across all systems and all experiments; search times were comparable, though they varied among the four SLC versions and between the two keyword online public access catalogs (OPACs). The SLC overall was robust to differences in age, sex, and computer experience. One of the keyword OPACs was subject to minor effects of age and computer experience; the other was not. We found relationships between search topic and system structure, such that the most difficult topics on the SLC were those hard to locate in the hierarchy, and those most difficult on the keyword OPACs were hard to spell or required children to generate their own search terms. The SLC approach overcomes problems with several searching features that are difficult for children in typical keyword OPAC systems: typing skills, spelling, vocabulary, and Boolean logic. Results have general implications for the design of information retrieval systems for children.
Discontinuous locomotion and prey sensing in the leech

The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, is an aquatic predator that utilizes water waves to locate its prey. However, to reach their prey, the leeches must move within the same water that they are using to sense prey. This requires that they either move ballistically towards a pre-determined prey location or that they account for their self-movement and continually track prey. We found that leeches do not localize prey ballistically. Instead, they require continual sensory information to track their prey. Indeed, in the event that the prey moves, leeches will approach the prey's new location. While leeches need to continually sense water disturbances to update their percept of prey location, their own behavior is discontinuous – approaching prey involves switching between swimming, crawling and non-locomoting. Each of these behaviors may allow for different sensory capabilities and may require different sensory filters. Here, we examined the sensory capabilities of leeches during each of these behaviors. We found that while one could expect the non-locomoting phases to direct subsequent behaviors, crawling phases were more effective than non-locomotor phases for providing direction. During crawling bouts, leeches adjusted their heading so as to become more directed towards the stimulus. This was not observed during swimming. Furthermore, in the presence of prey-like stimuli, leeches crawled more often and for longer periods of time.
Localization and Developmental Expression of the Activin Signal Transduction Proteins Smads 2, 3, and 4 in the Baboon Fetal Ovary

We recently demonstrated that the reduction in the number of primordial follicles in ovaries of near-term baboon fetuses deprived of estrogen in utero was associated with increased expression of alpha-inhibin, but not activin betaA and betaB or the activin receptors. Therefore, we proposed that estrogen regulates fetal ovarian follicular development by controlling the intraovarian inhibin:activin ratio. As a prelude to conducting experiments to test this hypothesis, in the current study we determined whether the primate fetal ovary expressed Smads 2/3 and 4 and whether expression of these activin-signaling proteins was altered in fetal ovaries of baboons in which estrogen production was suppressed. Western blot analyses demonstrated that the 59 kDa Smad 2, 54 kDa Smad 3, and 64 kDa Smad 4 proteins were expressed in fetal ovaries of untreated baboons at both mid and late gestation and that the level of expression was not significantly altered in late gestation by in vivo treatment with CGS 20267 or CGS 20267 and estrogen. Immunocytochemistry localized Smads 2/3 and 4 to cytoplasm of oocytes and pregranulosa cells at midgestation and oocytes and granulosa cells of primordial follicles in late gestation. Smad 4 was also detected in granulosa cell nuclei in late gestation, and nuclear expression appeared to be decreased in fetal ovaries of baboons deprived of estrogen. The site of localization of Smads correlated with localization of the activin receptors IA and IIB, which we previously showed were abundantly expressed in oocytes and (pre)granulosa cells at both mid and late gestation and unaltered by estrogen deprivation. In summary, the results of the current study are the first to show that the intracellular signaling molecules required to transduce an activin signal are expressed in the baboon fetal ovary and that expression was not altered by estrogen deprivation in utero. These findings, coupled with our previous observations showing that estrogen deprivation reduced follicle numbers and upregulated/induced expression of inhibin but not activin or the activin receptors, lend further support to the hypothesis that estrogen regulates fetal ovarian folliculogenesis by controlling the intraovarian activin:inhibin ratio.
Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicological Pathology over the Life Span of the Female Rodent

Understanding the pathology of the female reproductive system with respect to toxicology requires a basic understanding of morphology and function of the system over time because the nature of the female reproductive system is cyclical. Thus, the morphology and the endocrinology is dependent on age and time, as form follows function and function follows form. The life span of the rodent is used as an outline to present an overview of key morphological and endocrinological events important for toxicologic pathologists to consider in study evaluations. Environmental and pharmaceutical compounds differentially impact the organs individually and/or the system in its entirety in a time- and dose-dependent way. Examples are used to illustrate the consequences of exposures at different times and with different outcomes.
Leveraging the New Human Capital: Adaptive Strategies, Results Achieved, and Stories of Transformation

This article presents a review of the book “Leveraging the New Human Capital: Adaptive Strategies, Results Achieved and Stories of Transformation,” by Sandra Burud and Marie Tumolo.
On Measurements of the Tide at Churchill, Hudson Bay

Since the late 1990s the semi-diurnal tide at Churchill, on the western shore of Hudson Bay, has been decreasing in amplitude, with M(sub 2) amplitudes falling from approximately 154 cm in 1998 to 146 cm in 2012 and 142 cm in 2014. There has been a corresponding small increase in phase lag. Mean low water, decreasing throughout most of the twentieth century, has levelled off. Although the tidal changes could reflect merely a malfunctioning tide gauge, the fact that there are no other measurements in the region and the possibility that the tide is revealing important environmental changes calls for serious investigation. Satellite altimeter measurements of the tide in Hudson Bay are complicated by the seasonal ice cover; at most locations less than 40% of satellite passes return valid ocean heights and even those can be impacted by errors from sea ice. Because the combined TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Jason-2 time series is more than 23 years long, it is now possible to obtain sufficient data at crossover locations near Churchill to search for tidal changes. The satellites sense no changes in M(sub 2) that are comparable to the changes seen at the Churchill gauge. The changes appear to be localized to the harbour, or to the Churchill River, or to the gauge itself.
CERVICAL VERTEBRAL DEFORMITY IN VON RECKLINGHAUSEN'S DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1 . The bone changes in von Recklinghausen9s disease of the nervous system are reviewed and the gross deformities that are sometimes encountered in the cervical region are illustrated. 2. A case is described in which, at necropsy, histological study of affected vertebrae revealed actual neurofibromatous erosion and infiltration.
Chain stiffness and attachment-dependent attraction between polyelectrolyte-grafted colloids.

We report here the effects of chain stiffness and surface attachment on the effective interactions between polyelectrolyte-grafted colloidal particles in monovalent salt obtained using Monte Carlo simulations. Our approach involves computation of the distance-dependent potential of mean force between two polyelectrolyte-grafted colloidal particles treated at a coarse-grained resolution. Two chain stiffnesses, flexible and stiff, and two surface attachment modes, free and constrained, at low grafting densities are examined. PMF calculations across a range of surface and polyelectrolyte charge allows us to map out the strength and extent of the attractive and repulsive regime in the two-dimensional charge space. We observe striking differences in the effects of chain stiffness between the two modes of attachment. When the chains are freely attached, the stiff-chains colloids exhibit a marginal reduction in the attraction compared to their flexible-chain counterparts. In contrast, when the chains are attache...
Small Bifunctional Chelators That Do Not Disaggregate Amyloid β Fibrils Exhibit Reduced Cellular Toxicity

Multifunctional metal chelators that can modulate the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide aggregation and its interaction with metal ions such as copper and zinc hold considerable promise as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, specific rather than systemic metal chelation by these compounds is needed in order to limit any side effects. Reported herein are two novel small bifunctional chelators, 2-[2-hydroxy-4-(diethylamino)phenyl]benzothiazole (L1) and 2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazole (L2), in which the metal-binding donor atoms are integrated within a molecular framework derived from the amyloid-binding fluorescent dye thioflavin T (ThT). The metal-binding properties of L1 and L2 were probed by pH spectrophotometric titrations to determine their pKa values and the corresponding metal complex stability constants, and the isolated metal complexes were structurally characterized. The amyloid-fibril-binding properties of L1 and L2 were investigated by fluorescence titrations and ThT compet...
Abstract 3967: Dihydrotestosterone downregulates expression of smad3 in prostate epithelial cells through a transcriptional mechanism, promoting androgenic protection against TGF-beta-induced apoptosis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Androgens suppress TGF-beta responses in the prostate through mechanisms that are not fully explored. We have recently reported that 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) suppresses the ability of TGF-beta to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis of prostatic epithelial cells, and provided evidence that such suppression was fueled by the transcriptional downregulation of TGF-beta receptor II (TbRII). We now show that AR activated by DHT suppresses the TGF-beta-induced phosphorylation of Smad3 in LNCaP cells overexpressing TbRII under the control of a CMV promoter, suggesting that transcriptional repression of TbRII alone does not fully account for the impact of DHT on TGF-beta responses. Instead, we demonstrate that such suppression occurs through loss of total Smad3, resulting from transcriptional suppression of Smad3. Consistent with this mechanism, we report that loss of Smad3 mRNA inversely correlates with elevated AR mRNA in a cohort of human prostate tissues (p < 0.0001). We provide evidence that DHT downregulates the promoter activity of Smad3 in various prostate cancer cell lines, including NRP-154+AR, DU145+AR, LNCaP, and VCaP, at least partly through androgen-dependent inactivation of Sp1. Moreover, we show that overexpression of Smad3 reverses the ability of DHT to protect against TGF-beta-induced apoptosis in NRP-154, supporting our model that loss of Smad3 by DHT is involved in the protection against TGF-beta-induced apoptosis. Together, these findings suggest that deregulated/enhanced expression and activation of AR in prostate carcinomas may intercept the tumor suppressor function of TGF-beta through transcriptional suppression of Smad3, thereby providing new mechanistic insight on the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3967.
Faunal Geographical Analysis of Bat Gamasids in China (Acari:Gamasidna:Spinturnicidae,Macronyssidae)

An analysis of the faunal components of 53 species of bat gamasids in China suggests that Spinturnicidae is mainly distributed in Oriental and Oriental+Palearctic regions of China,numbering 15 species and accounting for 88.24% of the total,and Macronyssidae is mainly distributed in Oriental and Oriental+Palearctic regions,numbering 26 species and accounting for 72.22% of the total.Therefore,bat gamasids of China are dominant species in Oriental and Oriental+Palearctic regions.
An insertional frameshift mutation of the beta-spectrin gene associated with elliptocytosis in spectrin nice (beta 220/216)

Spectrin Nice (beta 220/216) is a spectrin variant associated with a shortened beta chain found in a patient with elliptocytosis. The shortened beta chain (beta' chain) appeared as an additional band of approximately 216 Kd on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was defective in its ability to be phosphorylated. There were increased amounts of spectrin dimers in crude spectrin extracts from the propositus and the association constant of spectrin dimer self-association was decreased. There was an associated increase of the alpha I 74-Kd fragment from the alpha chain after partial trypic digestion of spectrin. To identify the underlying molecular defect, we analyzed cDNA for beta spectrin obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification of reverse-transcribed reticulocyte messenger RNA from peripheral blood of the propositus. DNA sequencing of individual as well as pooled subclones showed that two extra bases (GA) are inserted in codon no. 2046 in one allele of the beta-spectrin gene. The insertion results in a frameshift mutation and generates an aberrant C-terminus truncated by about 4 Kd, consistent with the estimated size of the beta' chain observed. By allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, the insertion was shown to be present in the propositus and absent in his parents, confirming a previous proposal that it is a de novo mutation. The determination of the location of the mutation in spectrin Nice points to specific regions of the beta-spectrin chain where phosphorylation may occur. A model is proposed to describe the interaction between the alpha- and beta-spectrin chains and to explain the effects of the mutation found in spectrin Nice on the trypsin digestion pattern of its associated alpha chain.
1011-LBP: ILT3Fc inhibits the inflammatory effect of exosomes from primary MLC

Aim Exosomes may contribute to cell-cell communication at the level of immunological synapses or at a distance, by delivering mRNA and miRNA modifying the recipient cell protein production and gene expression. The present study aims to determine whether the effect of ILT3Fc on allostimulated CD8 T cells is accompanied by changes in the miRNA content of exosomes generated during allostimulation. Methods Exosomes were isolated from culture supernatants of MLC in which CD3 T cells had been stimulated with allogeneic APC in the presence or absence of ILT3Fc. The identity and relative quantity of the exosomal miRNA content was determined by RT-PCR. The inhibitory or inflammatory properties of these exosomes were evaluated by 24h pretreatment of sorted CD8 Ts from MLC containing ILT3Fc. The CD8 T cells were then tested for the effect on the proliferation of naive, syngeneic T cells primed in response to the same stimulating APC. Results CD8 Ts primed in the presence of ILT3Fc inhibit syngeneic CD4 T cell responses by >80%. When CD8 Ts are pretreated with inflammatory exosomes, and are used in MLC at lower than 1:1 ratios to respoding Th cells, they lose inhibitory activity. These exosomes contain miRNA-21, -30b, -146a, -155, -395, and Let7a, known to be increased in T cells during activation. In contrast, exosomes obtained from T cells primed in the presence of ILT3Fc, do not abolish CD8 Ts inhibitory potential, suggesting that ILT3Fc blocks the release into the medium or alters the RNA content of inflammatory exosomes. Conclusions Micro RNA contained by exosomes released from alloactivated T cells enhance T helper activity even in the presence of T suppressor cells. This suggests the potential use of exosomal inflammatory miRNA as a monitor of cellular immune responses against the graft. Furthermore, such exosomes may be of use in eliciting immune T cell responses against tumors or microbial agents.
Liraglutide, GLP-1 receptor agonist, for chronic weight loss.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Since 1990, the prevalence of obesity has been steadily increasing in the United States. Over the past four years, new medications have become approved and available, allowing for more options in the management of chronic weight loss among overweight or obese patients. This review article summarizes the efficacy, safety, and clinical attributes of liraglutide among overweight or obese patients with or without comorbidities.Areas covered: A MEDLINE search, from 1970 to June 2016, was conducted using key terms—glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, overweight, and obesity. Published clinical trials, in the English-language and with primary endpoints related to weight loss, were reviewed and critiqued in this article.Expert commentary: Available as a subcutaneous daily injection, liraglutide is the first glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist indicated for obesity management, as adjunct therapy with lifestyle and behavioral modifications. Liraglutide 3 mg daily...
Mutagenesis and Transgenesis in Zebrafish

Over the last decades, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for studying development, diseases and behavior, and conducting high-throughput screens for therapeutic development. Large forward genetic screens have led to the generation of multiple mutant lines with developmental or behavioral defects, while transposon-based integration technologies have enabled the creation of transgenic lines essential for the functional analysis of cell and tissue movement, gene regulation, and gene function. The recent development of engineered endonucleases including ZFNs, TALENs and the CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized reverse genetic approaches in zebrafish, allowing for the first time precise genome editing for targeted mutagenesis and transgenesis. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the different approaches used for mutagenesis and transgenesis in zebrafish, with an emphasis on the recent progress in targeted genetic manipulations. Examples of selected mutant and transgenic zebrafish strains are given to illustrate their growing utility for neurobehavioral phenomics and biological psychiatry.
The T-Shaped Engineer

Much buzz has been generated around the concept of T-shaped engineers; those with both technical depth and multi-disciplinary breadth. Unfortunately, most engineering curricula compartmentalizing the depth and depth without connecting the two. This paper highlights a variety of pedagogical techniques for helping students develop a fully formed T. A range of examples are given, from entire courses and semester-long projects to short classroom exercises. A history of the T-shape is provided, ideological and practical barriers to adopting the T-shape are discussed, and opportunities for both faculty and students are highlighted.
The American Heart Association Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study.

BackgroundThe concept of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH), defined by the American Heart Association primarily for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention, may apply to diabetes mellitus prev...
Abstract 164: MicroRNA-29c Reduces Serca2 Expression During Myocardial Hypoxia

The cardiac response to a hypoxic challenge is coordinated by the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1), which drives the transcription of a large number of genes pertinent to angiogenesis, metabolism, and calcium cycling. Expression of HIF-1alpha that has been mutated to remove oxygen regulation recapitulates many of the changes in gene expression seen in hypoxia. It also results in reversible cardiac dysfunction associated with marked decrease of Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Dependent ATP-ase (SERCA2). This decrease in SERCA was more rapid and more substantial than a moderate decrease seen in the mRNA for this protein. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the decrease in SERCA2 is mediated by the up-regulation of microRNA (miRNA) in the heart. We identified 30 miRNAs that are dysregulated upon induction of oxygen stable HIF1 expression. Three of these have evident binding sites in the 3’ untranslated region of the SERCA2 gene. Transient co-transfection of a mimic molecule for these three miRs with a luciferase reporter construct that includes the 3’ UTR of SERCA2 showed that mi-29c produced a substantial decrease in reporter expression. This effect is abolished by the mutagenesis of the predicted target site within the 3’UTR. Similarly, transfection of this mimic molecule into a cell line that expresses SERCA2 results in a reduction in SERCA2 protein levels. An antagomir to this miR rescues the reduction in SERCA seen with HIF expression. We conclude that miR-29c, is responsible for an important portion of the down-regulation of SERCA2, and thus the contractile dysfunction, seen in hypoxia.
Corruption, Honour, Triangles

Hayek wanted the Wall Street Journal to publish in every issue in headline letters the ‘simple truth’: ‘Inflation is made by government and its agents. Nobody else can do anything about it.’ Hayek also promoted the deflation that facilitated Hitler’s rise to power to ‘break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy.’ This chapter finds both assertions to be nonsense.
Lincoln's Greatest Journey: Sixteen Days That Changed a Presidency, March 24-April 8, 1865. By Noah Andre Trudeau. (El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. Pp. xiii, 360. $32.95.)

Only rarely did Abraham Lincoln tear himself away from his White House office, and usually it was only for quick visits to the army front‐lines in Virginia. The major exception to this workaholic r...