cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specific dynamic action of a large carnivorous lizard, Varanus albigularis

Varanus albigularis inhabits grasslands of southern and eastern Africa and experiences months of fasting during the dry season (May-December) followed by voracious feeding during the wet season (January-April). Previous studies have found that sit-and-wait foraging snakes, which also experience long intervals between large meals, exhibit unprecedented increases in post-feeding metabolism, which reflects the added cost of up-regulating a previously quiescent gut and digesting a large meal. Hence we measured pre- and post-prandial oxygen consumption rates (VO2) of adult V. albigularis in order to observe whether they exhibit similarly large metabolic responses to digestion as sit-and-wait foraging snakes. Following the consumption of meals consisting of ground turkey and snails, hard-boiled eggs, or juvenile rats, lizards rapidly increased their VO2 to peak within 24-27 hr at 7-10 times pre-feeding values (mean = 0.035 mL O2.g-1.h-1). During the 60-90 hr of significantly elevated VO2, the extra oxygen consumed (the specific dynamic action) represented an energy expenditure of 830-1260 kJ. For meals that were fully digested, specific dynamic action equalled 24% of ingested energy. The magnitudes of V. albigularis post-prandial metabolic responses are similar to those previously observed for sit-and-wait foraging snakes. Like sit-and-wait foraging snakes, V. albigularis may also down-regulate intestinal performance during their months of fasting (suggested by their relatively low standard metabolic rate) and then up-regulate their gut (bearing its high energetic cost) upon feeding.
Optimal adaptive control and stabilization of families of linear systems

A natural adaptive linear quadratic regulator is studied. The optimal control is shown to be the best estimate, given the observation, of the linear quadratic control computed assuming that the true parameter were known. Moreover this optimal control is stabilizing. The new ingredient that makes these results possible is the introduction of the concept of entropy into linear quadratic control.
Semiconducting glass design for device applications

Abstract A method is presented by which stable amorphous semiconductors can be chosen for switching device applications. This method is based on the empirical relationship observed between the glass transition temperature, the band gap and the mean coordination number of covalent amorphous semiconductors. In particular, it is shown that tetrahedrally coordinated glasses with band gaps in the range 0.6–1.2 eV are excellent candidates for high reliability materials. One such material, a-CdAs 2 , was studied in some detail and was found to be very stable and very easy to fabricate in thin film form. Both negative resistance and threshold switching devices were successfully fabricated with this material, and preliminary results from accelerated life testing are promising.
A relativistic quantum field theory of nuclear structure

Abstract A relativistic model of nuclear structure is presented based on renormalizable quantum field theories of mesons and baryons (quantum hadrodynamics). The relativistic Hartree approximation to the full field theory describes the nuclear ground state using four-component Dirac wave functions. With parameters determined from bulk nuclear properties, a nuclear shell structure is predicted. The ground state involves large Lorentz scalar and vector fields similar to the optical potentials used in calculations of mediumenergy nucleon-nucleus scattering. A consistent relativistic approach to electron-nucleus scattering is also discussed, and examples of elastic charge and magnetic scattering are illustrated.
Pesca exploratoria con trampas alrededor de las islas Robinson Crusoe y Santa Clara, archipiélago de Juan Fernández, Chile

Looking for alternative resources to the Juan Fernandez spiny rock lobster ( Jasus frontalis), the traditional target species of the artisanal fishermen of the archipelago, an exploratory fishing campaign with fishing pots was conducted around Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara islands. Between November 11, 1996, and March 23, 1997, a total of 71 fishing journeys were conducted, during which 241 pots were set between 50 and 1000 m depth. In these experiences different pot designs were used: conical-trunk, tetragonal, piramidal, and lobster pots with a wicket on one extreme and lobster pot with an upper wicket. The last two, are the ones often used by the archipelago fishermen to catch lobsters. The conical-trunk, tetragonal and piramidal pots were with circular or rectangular wickets. The resources caught were: Juan Fernandez spiny rock lobster ( Jasus frontalis), Juan Fernandez king crab (Paromola rathbuni), rowing crab (Ovalipes trimaculatus) and golden crab (Chaceon chilensis). The spiny rock lobster was captured between 50 and 100 m depth, while the rowing crab was found only in the 100 m isobath; Juan Fernandez king crab between 100 and 300 m and the golden crab between 200 and 1000 m. The only resource with fishing interest is C. chilensis, both by its abundance as well as for its wide distribution in depth and around these islands.
Crystal silicon heterojunction solar cells by hot-wire CVD

Hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) is a promising technique for fabricating Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. In this paper we describe our efforts to increase the open circuit voltage (V oc ) while improving the efficiency of these devices. On p-type c-Si float-zone wafers, we used a double heterojunction structure with an amorphous n/i contact to the top surface and an i/p contact to the back surface to obtain an open circuit voltage (V oc ) of 679 mV in a 0.9 cm2 cell with an independently confirmed efficiency of 19.1%. This is the best reported performance for a cell of this configuration. We also made progress on p-type CZ wafers and achieved 18.7% independently confirmed efficiency with little degradation under prolong illumination. Our best Voc for a p-type SHJ cell is 0.688 V, which is close to the 691 mV we achieved for SHJ cells on n-type c-Si wafers.
C-Reactive Protein Decreases Tissue Plasminogen Activator Activity in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Evidence that C-Reactive Protein Is a Procoagulant

Objective— C-reactive protein (CRP) can promote atherothrombosis by decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase and prostacyclin, and by stimulating both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in endothelial cells and tissue factor in mononuclear cells. Plasminogen activator-1, a marker of fibrinolysis, is the primary inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Thus, we tested the effect of CRP on tPA in human aortic endothelial cells. Methods and Results— Incubation of human aortic endothelial cells with CRP (≥12.5 μg/mL) significantly decreased tPA antigen and activity. Adenyl cyclase inhibitors, an endothelin receptor antagonist, superoxide dismutase, and a nitric oxide donor failed to reverse the effect of CRP on tPA. CRP increased interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Neutralization of both IL-1β and TNFα reversed the inhibition of tPA by CRP. Furthermore, in volunteers that have high CRP levels, euglobulin clot lysis time was significantly increased compared with those that have low CRP levels, providing further evidence that high CRP levels are associated with a procoagulant state. Conclusions— CRP inhibits tPA activity via generation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα). This study provides additional novel data that CRP is a procoagulant and has implications for atherothrombosis.
Gene chip analyses reveal differential genetic responses to iron deficiency in rat duodenum and jejunum.

Previous studies revealed novel genetic changes in the duodenal mucosa of iron-deprived rats during post-natal development. These observations are now extended to compare the genetic response to iron deficiency in the duodenum versus jejunum of 12-wk-old rats. cRNA samples were prepared from the duodenal and jejunal mucosa of three groups each of control and iron-deficient rats and hybridized with RAE 230A and 230B gene chips (Affymetrix). Stringent data reduction strategies were employed. Results showed that several genes were similarly induced in both gut segments, including DMT1, Dcytb, transferrin receptor 1, heme oxygenase 1, metallothionein, the Menkes copper ATPase (ATP7A), tripartitie motif protein 27, and the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter. However, a subset of genes showed regulation in only one or the other gut segment. In duodenum only, gastrokine 1, trefoil factor 1 and claudin 2 were induced by iron-deficiency. Other genes previously identified were only regulated in the duodenum. Overall, these studies demonstrate similarities and distinct differences in the genetic response to iron deprivation in the duodenum versus jejunum and provide evidence that more distal gut segments also may play a role in increasing iron absorption in iron-deficiency anemia.
A School-Level Investigation of Predictions of Attitudes About Mainstreaming

A group of special education resource teachers (n = 25) were paired with regular educators (n = 25) who worked in the same school building. Regular educators were asked to respond to an opinionnaire designed to obtain their perceptions of six factors associated with the mainstreaming process. Special educators were asked to attempt to predict the responses of regular education colleagues to this opinionnaire. Results indicated that special educator predictions were not significantly different from regular educator responses on five of the six factors. Significant differences were obtained, however, on one factor : willingness to teach the handicapped. Implications for special education resource room and consultation programs and for further research are discussed.
Automatic tracing of blood flow velocity in pulsed Doppler images

Assessment of blood flow velocity in Doppler images is of great importance in clinical studies and research. From the Doppler waveform envelope, numerous indices can be obtained, such as the pulsatility index, resistance index, and systolic/diastolic ratio, as well as acceleration of the blood through valves. The evaluation for the Doppler images is usually conducted offline and manually by the physicians. Fully-automatic detection of the envelope has the advantages of being convenient, time and labor saving. The main objective of this paper is to propose an automated technique based on image processing and computer vision algorithms for real-time tracing of the waveform envelope in a sequence of pulsed Doppler images. To this end, first we establish an information-theoretic image model and a statistical shape-driven dynamical model, which are used to address the large degree of noise and poor contrast common in this application. Relying upon these two models, we construct a discrete Kalman filter for the recursive estimation of the blood velocity envelope, while taking into account the measurement noise from these two sources. The models and Kalman filter form an adaptive weighting, closed-loop envelope tracing framework. We present the theory and implementation of our methodology, and demonstrate its ability to accurately trace the blood flow velocity in pulse wave Doppler images as well as its robustness to noise and computational efficiency.
The genetics of aging in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a finite life span similar in many attributes and implications to that of higher eukaryotes. Here, the measure of the life span is the number of generations or divisions the yeast cell has undergone. The yeast cell is the organism, simplifying many aspects of aging research. Most importantly, the genetics of yeast is highly-developed and readily applicable to the dissection of longevity. Two candidate longevity genes have already been identified and are being characterized. Others will follow through the utilization of both the primary phenotype and the secondary phenotypes associated with aging in yeast. An ontogenetic theory of longevity that follows from the evolutionary biology of aging is put forward in this article. This theory has at its foundation the asymmetric reproduction of cells and organisms, and it makes specific predictions regarding the genetics, molecular mechanisms, and phenotypic features of longevity and senescence, including these: GTP-binding proteins will frequently be involved in determining longevity, asymmetric cell division will be often encountered during embryogenesis while binary fission will be more characteristic of somatic cell division, tumor cells of somatic origin will not be totipotent, and organisms that reproduce symmetrically will not have intrinsic limits to their longevity.
Acquired progressive lymphangioma

Acquired progressive lymphangioma is a very rare disorder that presents in childhood or early adolescence as a lymphatic proliferation that gradually enlarges. It most commonly involves an extremity and is typically characterized as an indurated plaque that may be brownish-red, violaceous, or yellow. We report the case of a 15-year-old boy with a 10-year history of acquired progressive lymphangioma on the sole.
Leading through the Challenge of Change: African-American Women Principals on Small School Reform.

The context of education is changing based upon social, political, and accountability factors. As a result, many large urban districts have turned to small school reform in efforts to address student learning outcomes. Research demonstrates that effective leadership influences school achievement and culture. This qualitative study examines the leadership of two African-American female principals charged with implementing small school reform in an urban district. Each principal experienced challenges related to race, gender, and age, as well as challenges in harnessing district support to implement the reform with integrity. The tenets of Afrocentric feminist epistemology are used to explicate the experiences of these Black female principals.
Trajectory tracking among landmarks and binary sensor-beams

We study a trajectory tracking problem for a mobile robot moving in the plane using combinatorial observations of the state. These observations come from crossing binary detection beams. A binary detection beam is a sensing abstraction arising from physical sensor beams or virtual beams that are derived from several sensing modalities, such as actual detection beams in the environment, changes in the angular order of landmarks around the robot, or recognizable markings in the plane. We solve the filtering problem from a geometric perspective and present its relation to linear recursive filters in control theory. Subsequently, we develop the acceleration control of the robot to track a given input trajectory, with a finite control set consisting on moving toward landmarks naturally modeling the robot as a switched dynamical system. We present experiments using an e-puck differential-drive robot, in which a useful estimate of the state for tracking is produced regardless of nontrivial uncertainty.
Using a Visual Discrimination Model for the Detection of Compression Artifacts in Virtual Pathology Images

A major issue in telepathology is the extremely large and growing size of digitized “virtual” slides, which can require several gigabytes of storage and cause significant delays in data transmission for remote image interpretation and interactive visualization by pathologists. Compression can reduce this massive amount of virtual slide data, but reversible (lossless) methods limit data reduction to less than 50%, while lossy compression can degrade image quality and diagnostic accuracy. “Visually lossless” compression offers the potential for using higher compression levels without noticeable artifacts, but requires a rate-control strategy that adapts to image content and loss visibility. We investigated the utility of a visual discrimination model (VDM) and other distortion metrics for predicting JPEG 2000 bit rates corresponding to visually lossless compression of virtual slides for breast biopsy specimens. Threshold bit rates were determined experimentally with human observers for a variety of tissue regions cropped from virtual slides. For test images compressed to their visually lossless thresholds, just-noticeable difference (JND) metrics computed by the VDM were nearly constant at the 95th percentile level or higher, and were significantly less variable than peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) metrics. Our results suggest that VDM metrics could be used to guide the compression of virtual slides to achieve visually lossless compression while providing 5-12 times the data reduction of reversible methods.
Dependence of sidelobe level on random phase error in a linear array antenna

The observed sidelobe level of a linear array antenna is predicted approximately by assuming a computationally simple, uniform distribution of phase error, and the effect of this phase error is shown to mask the effect of an occasional isolated element failure. The assumed level of phase error was deduced from phase measurements in the feed network.
Performance-based modeling and restructuring of object oriented software for pipeline architecture

Pipelining is the suitable architecture to adopt applications that are naturally divided into stages. Recently, applications tend to be Object Oriented (OO). Within the context of OO, there are a lot of interactions among different objects that result in many communication activities. Besides the feed-forward communication activities, many bypassing activities are generated in the pipeline structure. In this paper, we present a performance model that analyzes and evaluates the execution and communication times of OO software that runs on pipeline architecture. The model realizes both the feed-forward and the bypassing communication. We utilize the model to restructure the target software to achieve better performance. The restructuring algorithm has two phases; the first phase is concerned with maximizing the throughput. The second phase aims to minimize the latency and fully exploit the system resources.
GRACILIS MUSCLE DYNAMIC URETHRAL SPHINCTER MYOPLASTY: RAT MODEL EXPERIENCE

AbstractPurpose: Dynamic urethral sphincter myoplasty (skeletal muscle urinary sphincter reconstruction) using a neurovascularly intact gracilis muscle was investigated in a rat model.Materials and Methods: In female Sprague-Dawley rats, a unilateral gracilis anticus muscle flap was dissected from the medial thigh, preserving the medial muscular insertion, vascular flow, and innervation. This muscle graft was used to completely encircle the urethra and was fixed in position. Urodynamic leak point pressure (LPP) and bladder volume at leakage were measured with cystometry after 1 month, using an 18 gauge catheter placed through the bladder dome with a constant infusion rate of 0.2 ml. per minute. In addition, the effect of electrical stimulation of the gracilis myoplasty (current parameters: 1 to 10 mA, 1 to 60 Hz, 0.05 to 1 msec. duration) on intravesical leak point pressure was noted during cystometry.Results: The gracilis muscle measured 3.8 plus/minus 0.3 cm. in length, 0.5 plus/minus 0.1 cm. in width a...
Information, Commitment, and War

The authors analyze a bargaining model of war that incorporates both commitment problems due to shifting power and asymmetric information. Four results emerge when both bargaining problems are pres...
Structural characterization of peptide hormone/receptor interactions by NMR spectroscopy.

The structural characterization of peptide hormones and their interaction with G-protein (guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein) coupled receptors by high-resolution nmr is described. The general approaches utilized can be categorized into three different classes based on their target: the ligand, the receptor, and the ligand/receptor complex. Examples of these different approaches, aimed at facilitating the rational design of peptides and peptidomimetics with improved pharmacological profiles, based on work carried out in our own laboratory, are given. In the ligand-based approach, the high-resolution structures of bradykinin analogues allowing for the development of a structure–activity relationship for activation of the B1 receptor are described. Studies targeting the receptor are to a large extent theoretical, based on computational molecular modeling. However, experimentally based structural features provided by high-resolution nmr can be used to great advantage, providing insight into the mechanism of receptor function, as illustrated here with results from parathyroid hormone. A similar combination of theoretical methods, supplemented by high-resolution structures from nmr has been utilized to probe the formation and stabilization of the ligand/receptor complex both for parathyroid hormone and cholecystokinin. In each of these three approaches, the importance of well-designed peptide mimetics and accurate structural analysis by high-resolution nmr, will be highlighted. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 51: 208–220, 1999
Output Position and Word Relatedness Effects in a DRM Paradigm: Support for a Dual-Retrieval Process Theory of Free Recall and False Memories.

Five experiments investigated predictions—derived from a dual-retrieval process approach to free recall (Brainerd, C. J., Wright, R., Reyna, V. F., & Payne, D. G. (2002). Dual-retrieval processes in free and associative recall. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 120–152.)—about false memories in a DRM-like paradigm. In all the experiments, the presence of the critical words in the study lists was manipulated within subjects. In all the experiments, the output position of presented critical words was earlier than the output position of nonpresented critical words and the output positions of both types of words was closer to the center than to the ends of the recall protocols. In Experiments 2–5, unrelated words were intermixed with related words in the study lists. In all of these experiments, recall of related words was greater than recall of unrelated words. However, in Experiments 4 and 5, the advantage for recall of related words was greater after the critical item was output than before it was output. These findings were consistent with the notions that: (1) there are two successive retrieval processes (direct access of verbatim traces and reconstruction from gist traces) in free recall, (2) items are recalled in ascending order of strength during direct access and descending order of strength during reconstruction from gist, and (3) false memories for words are attributable to reconstruction from gist traces.
Latent Differential Equation Modeling with Multivariate Multi-Occasion Indicators

In the behavioral sciences, there is increasing interest in understanding and characterizing mechanisms of developmental and behavioral processes. Measurements of multiple indicators obtained on multiple occasions on a single individual may show some intraindividual change and intraindividual variability. Process-oriented theories may predict structural patterning in these ideographic measurements. Structural equations modeling techniques can be used to test such theories by fitting confirmatory models of the implied dynamical systems to repeated observations data. The current chapter explores one method for constructing and testing confirmatory latent variable structural models in which the latent constructs (a) evolve continuously over time and (b) have linear relationships between their derivatives. The method appears to generalize well and is expected to be able to be applied to systems well beyond the simple example presented here. The chapter will begin with a rationale for studying behavioral processes from a dynamical systems perspective, introduce latent differential equations confirmatory factor models, present the results of two simulations testing the viability of this model for estimating parameters of a simple linear system, and then discuss future substantive and methodological questions that this line of modeling may address.
Two Vignettes in the History of The Mensuration of Value

I wish in this article to consider certain medieval examples which bear on the problem of the mensuration of value; that is, the attempt to give some sort of quantitative character to things judged good or bad. I am referring to processes of rationalization which start from a judgment that an item is good, then proceed to consider whether it is better or worse than other things, then finish with some inference about how much good the item contains. This thrust towards mathematicization is often described as characteristically ‘modern’; it is allegedly spawned by 17th century physical science, then applied or misapplied by 18th century social science, from whence, for good or ill, it comes down to us. But the drive to mathematize is found in earlier phases of Western culture in unfamiliar and surprising contexts. My examples are the development of the theory of indulgences in certain medieval texts and the representation of Prudence in late medieval art. The examples, which indicate how social conditions can influence theology and visual representation, should interest someone who is a Marxist and an aesthetician, if not a Marxist aesthetician.
Therapeutic effects of hyaluronic acid on osteoarthritis of the knee.

To The Editor: The conclusions reached in the study, “Therapeutic Effects of Hyaluronic Acid on Osteoarthritis of the Knee. A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials” (2004;86:538-45), by Wang et al.—namely, that “the therapeutic efficacy and safety of intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee” was confirmed—seems to be in conflict with a paper that appeared in JAMA just a few months ago1. In that meta-analysis, the authors concluded: “Intra-articular hyaluronic acid has a small effect when compared with an intra-articular placebo. The presence of publication bias suggests even this effect may be overestimated.” Can the authors please comment on this apparent discrepancy? Also, can the authors give us some pointers on how we, the readers, can approach these studies critically? It is not hard to imagine that patients (or pharmaceutical … Corresponding author: Sheng-Mou Hou, MD, PhD, MPH Department of Orthopedics National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road Taipei, Taiwan shengmou{at}ha.mc.ntu.edu.tw
Technologies for the Measurement and Mapping of Genomic 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

Over half of a century ago methylated cytosine in the genome was discovered. Since then progress has been made on the development of tools to study methylated cytosine. The first of these technologies utilized paper chromatography to measure genomic DNA methylation. Soon afterward researchers discovered that restriction enzymes and antibodies could also be used to detect and measure genomic methylation. Epigenetic technologies continued to evolve and enzymatic and chemical methods were proposed to study locus specific methylation. It was not until sometime later, during the genomics revolution, technologies were able to identify genome-wide methylation patterns. Recently, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) was rediscovered in the mammalian genome. Thereupon, it was found that some of these technologies could not distinguish between 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5hmC. This issue was resolved by modification of existing technologies, or creation of new approaches to study 5mC and 5hmC.
Viral hepatitis: HCV compartmentalization in HCC: driver, passenger or both?

Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with HCV infection but the underlying interplay between virus and tumour remains to be elucidated. Now, Harouaka et al. report that in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, HCV replication is restricted within liver tissue originating from hepatocellular carcinoma, with an associated increase in the diversity and complexity of the HCV quasispecies.
Fluid Dynamics of Impinging Wakes and Separation Control on a Low-Pressure Turbine Profile

Detailed pressure measurements were acquired at an axial chord Reynolds number of 20,000 with 3% inlet free stream turbulence intensity to study the effects of position and phase of vortex generator jets employed in an aft-loaded low-pressure turbine cascade in the presence of impinging wakes. Two-dimensional particle-image-velocimetry measurements were made at selected phases of the wake-passing period to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of coherent spanwise structures and assess their roles in achieving optimal separation flow control. Impinging wakes thin the separation zone and delay separation by triggering transition in the separated shear layer. Though the frequencies differ by orders of magnitude, the vortex shedding from within the separation aligns with the wake forcing frequency. Effective separation control was achieved by pulsing a row of discrete vortex generator jets (VGJs) at a jet penetration threshold location buried within the uncontrolled separation. Synchronization with the periodic wake passing frequency was critical to produce the most effective separation control and recover the cascade’s high Reynolds number performance.
Displaying Small Surface Features with a Force Feedback Device in a Dental Training Simulator

This paper describes two algorithms for representing small (< 100 μm) step edges with a force feedback simulator. The first algorithm is the traditional spring-damper force feedback model that represents the cursor's present position as a point. The second, new, model represents the cursor as a small sphere. A forced-choice experiment with eight participants indicates that people can judge the height of small edges more reliably with the sphere model. The results are useful for the development of simulators for training fine haptic skills. They are more generally useful to human factors professionals in the haptics community because they describe how to overcome a fundamental perceptual challenge with haptic stimulators.
Process-model feminism in the Corporate University

ABSTRACTIn a period characterised by worries over the rise of the corporate university, it is important to ask what role feminism plays in the academy, and whether that role is commensurate with feminist values and ethics. Commercial and political pressures brought to bear on the encounter between instructor and student can rob teaching of its efficacy, and the effects of institutional limitations on research may be equally troublesome. This essay argues that through a process-model approach, feminists can understand and intervene in ongoing shifts in institutional governance and mitigate their effects on teaching and research, and that process-model pedagogy is a form of microactivism existing independent of pedagogical content, making process-model feminism fundamentally materialist, radically strategic, and highly portable. Through a discussion of pedagogical and administrative practices in which process-model feminism can intervene, this essay suggests a way of understanding and inhabiting feminism’s ...
Study on the Technology of Red Mushrooms Bread

This experiment with flour,red mushroom as raw materials,produce a kind of new mushrooms bread,through research of process technology parameters by the bread dough ratio,fermentation,awake and baking ect.The test results show that the process conditions of mushrooms bread for:Strong flour 100g,red mushroom powder 4%,sucrose 20g and yeast 1.3g,fermentation temperature 28℃,fermentation time 90min,the final fermentation temperature 35℃,its time 120min,baking temperature for surface fire 190℃,bottom fire 200℃,baking time 10min.In these processes,the appearance and intrinsic quality of the red mushroom bread was better,the overall quality can be accepted by consumers,and its nutritional value was more than ordinary bread with the protein content increased by 2.3%,dietary fiber increased by 0.4%,an increase of 0.2% ash content,fat content reduced by 0.6%,and starch decreased by 2%.
Regulation of ICl,swell in neuroblastoma cells by G protein signaling pathways

Guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPgammaS) activated the I(Cl,swell) anion channel in N1E115 neuroblastoma cells in a swelling-independent manner. GTPgammaS-induced current was unaffected by ATP removal and broadly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, demonstrating that phosphorylation events do not regulate G protein-dependent channel activation. Pertussis toxin had no effect on GTPgammaS-induced current. However, cholera toxin inhibited the current approximately 70%. Exposure of cells to 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate did not mimic the effect of cholera toxin, and its inhibitory action was not prevented by treatment of cells with an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase. These results demonstrate that GTPgammaS does not act through Galpha(i/o) GTPases and that Galpha(s)/Gbetagamma G proteins inhibit the channel and/or channel regulatory mechanisms through cAMP-independent mechanisms. Swelling-induced activation of I(Cl,swell) was stimulated two- to threefold by GTPgammaS and inhibited by 10 mM guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). The Rho GTPase inhibitor Clostridium difficile toxin B inhibited both GTPgammaS- and swelling-induced activation of I(Cl,swell). Taken together, these findings indicate that Rho GTPase signaling pathways regulate the I(Cl,swell) channel via phosphorylation-independent mechanisms.
Posterior thoracotomy for reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass: perioperative results.

BACKGROUND This retrospective study evaluates morbidity and mortality of reoperative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using a posterior thoracotomy to revascularize the lateral aspect of the heart. METHODS From January 1995 to July 1999, reoperative CABG without CPB was performed on 67 selected patients using a left posterior thoracotomy approach. Preoperative risk factors, postoperative mortality, and major complications were derived from the New York State database. RESULTS All patients were operated on without CPB. A total of 1.3 grafts per patient were performed. Freedom from major complications was 95.5%. There were no postoperative cerebro-vascular accidents (CVA) or new neurological deficits. Two patients (3%) had a perioperative acute myocardial infarction. The actual mortality rate was 4.5% (3/67), the expected mortality was 5.1% and the calculated risk adjusted mortality was 2.1%. CONCLUSIONS Reoperative CABG without CPB to revascularize selected coronary artery targets can be safely performed using a posterior thoracotomy approach.
Tumor Challenges in Immunotoxicity Testing

Syngeneic murine tumor models have been widely used by researchers to assess changes in tumor susceptibility associated with exposure to toxicants. Two common tumor models used to define host resistance against transplanted tumors in vivo are EL4 mouse lymphoma cells (established from a lymphoma induced in a C57BL/6 mouse by 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene) and B16F10 mouse melanoma cells (derived through variant selection from a B16 melanoma arising spontaneously in C57BL/6 mice). While C57BL/6 mice are commonly used as the syngeneic host for these tumor models, other mouse strains such as B6C3F1 (C57BL/6 × C3H) can also be used. Tumor challenge of the host can be done by subcutaneous (sc) or intravenous (iv) injection, depending upon whether the effects are to be examined on local tumor development or experimental/artificial metastasis. Materials and methodologies for injection of both tumor cell models are described in detail in the subsequent sections.
Imaging of Extranodal Genitourinary Lymphoma

The genitourinary (GU) system is commonly affected by disseminated lymphoma. Rarely, lymphoma can originate from and remain localized to one of the GU organs and thus presents as primary extranodal disease. Up to 40% of lymphomas present as extranodal disease, with only 3% having the GU system as the primary site of involvement. This article describes and correlates the radiologic and pathologic features of extranodal lymphomatous disease affecting the GU system with specific focus on the kidneys, adrenal glands, testicles, and ovaries. Lymphoma of the uterine body and cervix, external female genitalia, urinary bladder, and prostate gland is briefly discussed.
Quality of life outcomes in peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injection

Peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injection is an established treatment for patients with stress urinary incontinence. Information is limited regarding calcium hydroxylapatite treatment and quality of life (QOL) outcomes. We hypothesize that patients might improve QOL after peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injection, which was reflected in validated questionnaires. The peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injection billing code was used to identify patients who underwent injection from 2011–2013. Female patients who completed the American Urological Association Symptom Score (AUASS), the AUASS QOL and Michigan Incontinence Symptom Index (M-ISI), and the bother score (M-ISI bother), or pad count at baseline and follow-up were included. Change in questionnaire scores and pads were assessed using the paired t test. Sixty patients underwent 1 (30), 2 (63) or 3 (7 %) peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injections performed by a single surgeon. Thirty-seven patients provided questionnaires and 38 provided pad counts, all with a mean age of 75 years. The overall AUASS, AUASS QOL, and overall M-ISI scores improved in 67.6, 54.8, and 61.3 % respectively (4.5 ± 7.9, 1.3 ± 1.7 and 5.5 ± 8.6 respectively). The M-ISI bother score improved in 44.8 % with a mean improvement of 0.5 ± 2.9, but did not reach significance. There was a 1.7 ± 3.7 decrease in the mean number of pads used daily after the procedure (p = 0.006) and 19 % experienced transient urinary retention. Peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite injections can improve urinary QOL scores in patients with initial and recurrent stress urinary incontinence. This short-term retrospective analysis suggests that larger long-term studies focusing on QOL outcomes are needed to evaluate the effect of peri-urethral calcium hydroxylapatite has on incontinence-specific QOL.
A case of congenital spinal muscular atrophy with pain due to a mutation in TRPV4

Abstract We present a patient with congenital spinal muscular atrophy associated with pain, subjective sensory loss, right talipes equinovarus, delayed walking, and progressive gait impairment. A sister and niece reportedly had Charcot–Marie–Tooth 1A, but the patient's electromyogram showed an axonal motor neuropathy or neuronopathy. We identified a c.806G>A TRPV4 gene mutation causing an Arg269His amino acid substitution. TRPV4 mutations cause variable phenotypes including axonal sensorimotor neuropathy and motor neuropathy or neuronopathy. Associated features may include arthrogryposis, skeletal dysplasia, vocal cord paresis, sensorineural hearing loss and respiratory weakness. Skeletal X-rays can identify orthopedic causes of pain in patients with TRPV4 mutations, and imaging evidence of bone deformities in patients with suspected hereditary axonal neuropathy, pain and an unknown genetic diagnosis may help lead to a diagnosis of a TRPV4 mutation. Even when a patient's genetic diagnosis is presumed to be known, electrodiagnostic testing is warranted to verify the diagnosis.
Conscription and Military Education

Carl von Clausewitz famously remarked that war is the continuation of politics by other means. Conscription is no less political, produced by a complex interplay between popular attitudes towards military service, the military’s needs, governmental priorities and economic reality. Governments since antiquity have regarded their right to self-defense as giving them the concurrent right to compel military service of able-bodied adult males in defense of the state. Though the principle that the state has the right to demand service is essentially universal, the precise implementation of conscription has varied enormously, depending on the particular circumstances of a state.
A simple analytic method for estimating T2 in the knee from DESS.

Abstract Purpose To introduce a simple analytical formula for estimating T 2 from a single Double-Echo in Steady-State (DESS) scan. Methods Extended Phase Graph (EPG) modeling was used to develop a straightforward linear approximation of the relationship between the two DESS signals, enabling accurate T 2 estimation from one DESS scan. Simulations were performed to demonstrate cancellation of different echo pathways to validate this simple model. The resulting analytic formula was compared to previous methods for T 2 estimation using DESS and fast spin-echo scans in agar phantoms and knee cartilage in three volunteers and three patients. The DESS approach allows 3D (256 × 256 × 44) T 2 -mapping with fat suppression in scan times of 3–4 min. Results The simulations demonstrated that the model approximates the true signal very well. If the T 1 is within 20% of the assumed T 1 , the T 2 estimation error was shown to be less than 5% for typical scans. The inherent residual error in the model was demonstrated to be small both due to signal decay and opposing signal contributions. The estimated T 2 from the linear relationship agrees well with reference scans, both for the phantoms and in vivo. The method resulted in less underestimation of T 2 than previous single-scan approaches, with processing times 60 times faster than using a numerical fit. Conclusion A simplified relationship between the two DESS signals allows for rapid 3D T 2 quantification with DESS that is accurate, yet also simple. The simplicity of the method allows for immediate T 2 estimation in cartilage during the MRI examination.
Exploring an Emotional Intelligence Model With Psychiatric Mental Health Nurses

BACKGROUND: A lack of emotional skills may affect a nurse’s personal well-being and have negative effects on patient outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To compare psychiatric-mental health nurses’ (PMHN) scores ...
Generation of phonon density of states and thermal scattering law using ab initio molecular dynamics

Abstract The operation and safety of thermal nuclear reactors is dependent on the ability to accurately predict the thermal neutron spectrum; a distribution which is correlated to the inelastic thermal neutron scattering cross-section of the neutron moderator. The inelastic thermal neutron scattering law, S ( α,β ), of a moderator is a fundamental property of the material describing the permitted vibrational excitations of the atoms, i.e. phonons, and may be calculated using atomistic methods. The current state-of-the-art ab initio lattice dynamics (AILD) methods have been used to calculate phonon density of states (DOS) at 0 K for use in the generation of S ( α,β ) under reactor conditions. Modern computational power, however, has made accessible ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) methods. The AIMD technique captures temperature effects and permits the calculation of the phonon DOS from first principles. This is in contrast to AILD, where temperature effects are lacking, and classical molecular dynamics methods that use semi-empirical force fields. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the use of AIMD in the generation of the phonon DOS for beryllium as an exemplar moderating material. The phonon DOS was computed from AIMD simulations at 300 K and compared to AILD. Subsequently, S ( α,β ) and the inelastic scattering cross-section were generated using the NJOY package for both methods. The predicted phonon DOS and inelastic scattering cross-section for the AIMD method were found to be consistent with those predicted using AILD.
Preference by horses for bedding pellets made from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) straw

ABSTRACT The bedding system used for stalled horses can affect their health. This study examined the saponin concentration in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) straw, and bedding pellets made from switchgrass straw. Further, this study determined the palatability of bedding pellets made from switchgrass straw and pine wood to horses. Saponins have been implicated in photosensitization in livestock, including horses. The average concentrations of the saponins dichotomin and protodioscin in switchgrass bales were 0.37 and 0.19 μg/g, respectively. The concentration of dichotomin decreased 38% from bales to the final pellets from a combination of environmental factors and dilution with other plant material. In the initial 8-d trial, horses were tested to determine their preference for (1) switchgrass straw bedding pellets, (2) Omolene horse feed, (3) alfalfa hay cubes, and (4) Equine Pine Pellet bedding. In a second 4-d trial, barley straw was substituted for Omolene. On each test day, the fasted horses were given 30 min to consume the feeds and bedding pellets. Horses preferred both alfalfa cubes and Omolene (consumption ≥99% of offered) and rejected (P
A Deweyan View for Teacher Practice: Ellen Condliffe Lagemann

A Deweyan View for Teacher Practice: Ellen Condliffe Lagemann notes the scope of Dewey’s works and ideas, and, specifically how he links education and democracy .
Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Does Lung Size Matter?

Purpose The relationship between pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PHTN) in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains ill-defined. We hypothesized that prenatal estimates of lung size would directly correlate with PHTN severity. Methods Infants with isolated CDH (born 2004–2015) at a single institution were included. Estimates of lung size included observed-to-expected LHR (o:eLHR) and %-predicted lung volumes (PPLV = observed/predicted volumes). The primary outcome was severity of PHTN (grade 0–3) on echocardiography performed between day of life 3 and 30. Results Among 62 patients included, there was 32% mortality and 65% ECMO utilization. PPLV (odds ratio [OR] = 0.94 per 1 grade in PHTN severity, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.89–0.98, p Conclusion Among infants with isolated CDH, PPLV, and o:eLHR were significantly associated with PHTN severity, especially among patients requiring ECMO. Prenatal lung size may help predict postnatal PHTN and associated therapies.
A 1.25pJ/bit 0.048mm 2 AES core with DPA resistance for IoT devices

An AES core designed for low-cost and energy-efficient IoT security applications is fabricated in a 65nm CMOS technology. A novel Dual-Rail Flush Logic (DRFL) with switching-independent power profile is used to yield intrinsic resistance against Differential Power Analysis (DPA) attacks with minimum area and energy consumption. Measurement results show that this 0.048mm2 core achieves energy consumption as low as 1.25pJ/bit while providing at least 2604x higher DPA resistance over its conventional CMOS counterpart, marking the smallest, most energy-efficient and most secure full-datapath AES core.
The three “E” approach to gender mainstreaming in climate change: Enumeration, education, empowerment

There are substantial variations in the spatial patterns of gender gap and inequities in the Global South, with the highest gender gaps concentrated in South Asia and Central Africa. There is substantial overlap between the regions of higher gender gaps and higher vulnerability to climate change. Higher gender inequality in the Global South, as well as restrictions imposed by cultural and religious practices, leads to women often having less access to early warning messages or other resources to alert them of any impending disasters. The lack of empowerment and awareness restricts their opportunity to maintain a steady income from their main economic activities as a result of the adverse impacts of climate-driven natural disasters.