cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teachers and Teacher Education in High School Psychology: A National Survey

This study provides a description of high school psychology teachers. A questionnaire was distributed to high school principals and teachers throughout the U. S. Data were obtained on school demographics, curricula, and teacher characteristics, including academic and professional preparation and certification. A noteworthy finding was the personality-developmental orientation of most high school psychology courses. In addition, most schools have one psychology teacher, who teaches one psychology class in the social studies department. As undergraduates, most teachers majored in social studies and took general or educational psychology courses. Classroom techniques for teaching psychology were generally not covered in professional preparation. Implications and recommendations are presented.
THE PRIME DECOMPOSITION OF KNOTTED PERIODIC ORBITS IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Templates are used to capture the knotting and linking patterns of periodic orbits of positive entropy flows in 3 dimensions. Here, we study the properties of various templates, especially whether or not there is a bound on the number of prime factors of the knot types of the periodic orbits. We will also see that determining whether two templates are different is highly nontrivial.
The incidence of airborne hormodendrum and alternaria spores as determined by a volumetric sampler

Abstract Air samples for hormodendrum and alternaria spores were taken simultaneously by the use of a volumetric sampler and a standard gravity sampler. Both samplers were located on the topmost ledge of a tower above the roof of the Medical Laboratories Building in Iowa City, Iowa. The results here reported are based on readings taken during the month of August, 1952, and during a twelve-day period in August, 1956. 1.1. Volumetric readings indicated that there is a marked daily variation in the aerial concentration of these two spores and, although the hormodendrum count always exceeded the alternaria count, computed ratios indicated little relationship in their daily concentration. 2.2. The total number of both spores collected volumetrically during August was highest during the period from 6 a.m. to noon, with the lowest total incidence from 6 p.m. to midnight. 3.3. Although usually the peak hourly concentration of both spores was reached during the morning hours, a sudden hourly decrease or increase did occur at any time. 4.4. A comparison of volumetric counts with the gravity slide counts shows that the only interpretation that can be placed on slide counts is that the two spores were airborne on a given day.
White House Climate Data Initiative Kicks Off

A newly launched White House Climate Data Initiative includes nearly 20 U.S. government federal agency and private sector projects to leverage vast stores of government data to support climate change preparedness efforts.
Pretreatment: the key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol

New transportation fuels are badly needed to reduce our heavy dependence on imported oil and to reduce the release of greenhouse gases that cause global climate change; cellulosic biomass is the only inexpensive resource that can be used for sustainable production of the large volumes of liquid fuels that our transportation sector has historically favored. Furthermore, biological conversion of cellulosic biomass can take advantage of the power of biotechnology to take huge strides toward making biofuels cost competitive. Ethanol production is particularly well suited to marrying this combination of need, resource, and technology. In fact, major advances have already been realized to competitively position cellulosic ethanol with corn ethanol. However, although biotechnology presents important opportunities to achieve very low costs, pretreatment of naturally resistant cellulosic materials is essential if we are to achieve high yields from biological operations; this operation is projected to be the single, most expensive processing step, representing about 20% of the total cost. In addition, pretreatment has pervasive impacts on all other major operations in the overall conversion scheme from choice of feedstock through to size reduction, hydrolysis, and fermentation, and on to product recovery, residue processing, and co-product potential. A number of different pretreatments involving biological, chemical, physical, and thermal approaches have been investigated over the years, but only those that employ chemicals currently offer the high yields and low costs vital to economic success. Among the most promising are pretreatments using dilute acid, sulfur dioxide, near-neutral pH control, ammonia expansion, aqueous ammonia, and lime, with significant differences among the sugar-release patterns. Although projected costs for these options are similar when applied to corn stover, a key need now is to dramatically improve our knowledge of these systems with the goal of advancing pretreatment to substantially reduce costs and to accelerate commercial applications. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Between Frivolity and Art: Contemporary Niche Fashion Magazines

AbstractThis article is a part of a wider examination of a recent genre of fashion magazines, “niche fashion magazines,” that emerged in the 1990s. Growing out of style magazines, glossies, and art journals, niche fashion magazines have a hybridized quality that straddles art, style cultures, and high fashion. Drawing on the work of Bourdieu, I argue that the genre belongs to the “subfield of restricted production,” and intrinsic to niche fashion magazines is their complex, and rather elitist, mediation of fashion as ironic, artistic, and intellectual. Although they are positioned outside of the mainstream, their financial underpinning is advertising revenue, and they are, thus, not outside commercial interests. The central aim of this article is to explore contemporary niche fashion magazines, their underpinning values, and their position in the field of fashion.
Diagrammatic Expansion for the Ising Model with Arbitrary Spin and Range of Interaction

A new and simple diagrammatic expansion is developed for the free energy of the Ising model with arbitrary spin and range of interaction. The contribution of each diagram is a product of (1) the reciprocal of the order of the symmetry group of the diagram, (2) a product of semi-invariants, with a factor ${M}_{n}$ for each spin in the diagram $n$ being the number of bonds joined to that spin) and (3) a sum of products $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i,j,k,\ensuremath{\cdots}}^{}(2\ensuremath{\beta}{J}_{\mathrm{ij}})(2\ensuremath{\beta}{J}_{\mathrm{kl}})\ensuremath{\cdots}$, where $2\ensuremath{\beta}{J}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ corresponds to a bond between spins $i$ and $j$, and where the summation is carried out with no restrictions on the summation indices (i.e., no "excluded volume" corrections). The expansion variables are the spin deviation operators ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{i}\ensuremath{\equiv}\overline{S}\ensuremath{-}{S}_{\mathrm{iz}}$. The quantity $\overline{S}$ is chosen to eliminate a large class of diagrams; this choice also minimizes the corresponding free-energy contribution and implies $\overline{S}=〈{S}_{\mathrm{iz}}〉$. By further renormalization of the vertices all reducible (i.e., simply articulated) diagrams are eliminated. To zero order the molecular field solution is obtained. The next approximation consists of the summation of renormalized simple loop diagrams. The justification of this choice of diagrams rests, at low temperature, on the decrease of the value of the higher order semi-invariants, on the relationship of these loop diagrams to the random phase approximation, and on the agreement with the rigorous low-temperature series result. At the Curie temperature the same choice of diagrams is justified by a modification of Brout's $\frac{1}{z}$ criterion, so that the expansion can be viewed as an expansion in $\frac{1}{z}$, where $z$ is the effective number of spins interacting with a given spin. Finally the choice of loop diagrams is justified at high temperature by exact agreement to second order in $\frac{{T}_{c}}{T}$ (and by a very close agreement to fourth order) with the rigorous high-temperature series expansion. Thus the theory agrees with rigorous results in the low-temperature and paramagnetic regions and has a well-defined criterion of validity in the intermediate temperature region. For nearest-neighbor interactions and spin \textonehalf{} the specific heat is continuous through the Curie temperature, with an infinite slope on the low-temperature side of the transition.
Use of military training doctrine to predict patterns of maneuver disturbance on the landscape. II. Validation

Landscape disturbance from military training maneuvers can cause significant on-site deterioration that may impair ecosystem functioning, reduce training realism, and jeopardize the safety of soldiers and equipment. Excessive runoff and eroded sediments from within the boundaries of training areas may also affect downstream landowners. Repair of on-site and off-site damage can be very costly. Several attempts have been made to predict the spatial distribution of training-induced surface disturbance within landscapes. Techniques have used the current or historic distribution of surface disturbance to predict the future spatial distribution of disturbance. This study evaluated a new methodology to predict the spatial distribution of disturbance based on a variety of maneuver obstacles considered by military planners in the preparation of battle plans as well as applied doctrinal tactics used during cross-country maneuvers. The field validation study was conducted at Grafenwoehr Training Area, the largest US Army training area in Germany. There was a generally favorable agreement between the spatial distribution of predicted and observed high versus low maneuver disturbance, but the relationship was statistically significant only for those areas predicted to have low levels of disturbance. While the results are promising and suggest that further research may enhance the methodology, the allocation of funding for land rehabilitation on military training lands based on a priori prediction of the spatial distribution of surface disturbance is not yet practical.
Invertible Factorization over Multiplier Algebras

Let \({\mathcal{A}}\) denote the multiplier algebra of an E-valued reproducing kernel Hilbert space, \({H_E^2(k)}\) . Then when H2(k) is nice, we give necessary and sufficient conditions that T > 0 factors as A*A, where A and \({A^{-1} \in \mathcal{A}}\) . Such nice spaces include the Bergman and Hardy spaces on the unit polydisk and unit ball in \({\mathbb{C}^d}\) .
Coalescent-Based Association Mapping and Fine Mapping of Complex Trait Loci

We outline a general coalescent framework for using genotype data in linkage disequilibrium-based mapping studies. Our approach unifies two main goals of gene mapping that have generally been treated separately in the past: detecting association (i.e., significance testing) and estimating the location of the causative variation. To tackle the problem, we separate the inference into two stages. First, we use Markov chain Monte Carlo to sample from the posterior distribution of coalescent genealogies of all the sampled chromosomes without regard to phenotype. Then, averaging across genealogies, we estimate the likelihood of the phenotype data under various models for mutation and penetrance at an unobserved disease locus. The essential signal that these models look for is that in the presence of disease susceptibility variants in a region, there is nonrandom clustering of the chromosomes on the tree according to phenotype. The extent of nonrandom clustering is captured by the likelihood and can be used to construct significance tests or Bayesian posterior distributions for location. A novelty of our framework is that it can naturally accommodate quantitative data. We describe applications of the method to simulated data and to data from a Mendelian locus (CFTR, responsible for cystic fibrosis) and from a proposed complex trait locus (calpain-10, implicated in type 2 diabetes).
Detection of AVMs in patients undergoing wireless capsule endoscopy for indications other than obscure bleeding

Detection of AVMs in patients undergoing wireless capsule endoscopy for indications other than obscure bleeding
Career Assessment With Asian-Americans

The current article provides a review of the issues and problems in conducting career assessment with Asian-Americans. Existing information about the assessment of career interests, vocational development, and work values as they pertain to Asian-Americans are reviewed. Special issues in career assessment with Asian-Americans such as occupational segregation in vocational choices, educational attainment, and family influences are also discussed. The article also presents cross-cultural issues to be considered in the assessment and test interpretation process with Asian-American clients. Wherever appropriate, guidelines for effective career assessment with Asian-Americans are offered in the discussion. In the final section, directions for future research to increase our knowledge base on career assessment with Asian-Americans are presented and discussed.
EARLY NEUTRAL EVALUATION IN DIVORCE CASES

Parties in a divorce case are faced with the challenge of dealing with highly charged emotional and financial issues simulataneously. Early Neutral Evaluation is a beneficial weapon in the dispute resolution arsenal that can help decrease the level of conflict between parties. This Note discusses the development of Early Neutral Evaluation as a form of dispute resolution and proposes the establishment of court-organized mandatory Early Neutral Evaluation programs to settle financial matters in a divorce case.
A test of alternative models of sentence recognition

A well-established finding in the sentence recognition paradigm of Bransford and Franks has been that recognition ratings increase as the number of ideas in the test sentences increases, with no difference in ratings for old and new sentences. Two major explanations of this phenomenon have been proposed. One, offered by Bransford and Franks, assumes subjects combine ideas in related sentences into single conceptual schemas and store little information about specific sentences. A second, set forth by Reitman and Bower, allows for more specific memory based on familiarity tags attached to ordered units and subunits of each sentence, such tags then being used as the basis of responding to test sentences. The relative plausibility of these two positions was evaluated by varying the precise nature of sentences seen in acquisition and recognition. Results generally favored the Bransford and Franks theory, but an unanticipated outcome suggested a possible modification of that theory.
Effects of trace elements and mono- and dithiols on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase of rats

The effects of several trace elements on mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) were studied. Elements were studied at a concentration of 1 m m ; only mercury, cadmium, and copper were significantly effective in reducing the activity of this enzyme. Of several thiols tested, only dithiothreitol could reverse the inhibition of MAO by these elements. Evidence is also presented in this report to show that cysteine, homocysteine, and reduced glutathione inhibit this MAO, whereas dithiothreitol or dithioerythritol evoke stimulatory responses.
Current trends in cyberbullying

This discussion gives an overview of the current trends in cyberbullying, a phenomenon for which concern began to emerge in the psychological literature approximately 15 years ago. The major foci include definitions of cyberbullying, forms, prevalence, gender differences, theoretical perspectives and issues of intervention and prevention.
A radiographic inspection device using solid-state p-i-n junction detectors☆

Abstract The use of p-i-n junctions as the sensitive elements of dynamic radiographic inspection systems was investigated. The feasibility of doing this was established for both steady-state and pulsed radiation sources. The resolution obtained using a differential system was excellent for beam intensities delivering an exposure of at least 2 mr at the surface of the detectors in a time period which is short compared to the decay characteristics of the circuitry. At this radiation level, signal-to-noise ratios of approximately 15:1 without amplification were obtained for defects representing 2 per cent change in flux level. Scanning rates of 6–12 in/min should be possible. Large area scanning may be accomplished through the use of mosaics made up of a large number of junctions.
Optical evidence of an electronic contribution to the pairing interaction in superconducting Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10.

We report the results of a study of the temperature-dependent thermal difference reflectance spectra of Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10. At temperatures below T c, a feature emerges in the spectra with an integrated amplitude that scales as Δ 0 2 (T), where Δ0(T) is the temperature-dependent superconducting gap. The temperature dependence and location of this feature can be described by an Eliashberg model with a coupling function that includes both an electron-phonon interaction and an interaction located at ∼1.6 eV. We find remarkably good agreement between theory and experiment based upon this description of the superconducting state.
A comparison of skin prick tests, intradermal skin tests, and specific IgE in the diagnosis of mouse allergy.

Background Mouse sensitization is assessed by using skin testing and serum levels of mouse allergen-specific IgE (m-IgE). However, it is unknown whether a positive skin test response or m-IgE result accurately identifies those with clinically relevant mouse sensitization. Objective We sought to compare skin testing and m-IgE measurement in the diagnosis of mouse allergy. Methods Sixty-nine mouse laboratory workers underwent skin prick tests (SPTs), intradermal tests (IDTs), and serum IgE measurements to mouse allergen, followed by nasal challenge to increasing concentrations of mouse allergen. Challenge response was assessed by nasal symptom score. Results Thirty-eight women and 31 men with a mean age of 30 years were studied. Forty-nine workers reported mouse-related symptoms, of whom 10 had positive m-IgE results and 12 had positive SPT responses. Fifteen had negative SPT responses but positive IDT responses. Positive nasal challenges were observed in 70% of workers with positive m-IgE results, 83% of workers with positive SPT responses, 33% of workers with negative SPT responses/positive IDT responses, and 0% of workers with negative IDT responses. SPTs performed best, having the highest positive and negative predictive values. Among participants with a positive challenge result, those with a positive SPT response or m-IgE result had a significantly lower challenge threshold than those with a positive IDT response (P = .01). Workers with a positive challenge result were more likely to have an increase in nasal eosinophilia after the challenge compared with those with a negative challenge result (P = .03). Conclusions SPTs perform best in discriminating patients with and without mouse allergy. Mouse-specific IgE and IDTs appear to be less useful than SPTs in the diagnosis of mouse allergy.
Influence of age, sex and strain on the in vitro induction of unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocyte primary cultures.

The activity of chemical-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis was evaluated in hepatocyte primary cultures from Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of two years. In this two-year study hepatocytes from both sexes and strains were prepared from animals 2, 8, 14, 20 and 25 months of age and UDS was measured by autoradiography following treatment with N-methyl-AP-vitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 2-acetylaminofluorine. A dose-related positive response occurred for both compounds throughout the study in hepatocytes from male and female Fischer rats and male Sprague-Dawley rats. The magnitude of the response was greatest in hepatocytes from male Fischer rats and a markedly lower response in unscheduled DNA synthesis occurred in all cultures prepared from animals of both strains and sexes at 20 and 25 months of age. Hepatocytes from female Sprague-Dawley rats showed a low level of unscheduled DNA synthesis with N-methylN′-vitro-N-nitrosoguanidine throughout the study. The most striking finding was the absence of a UDS response to 2-acetylaminofuorene by hepatocytes from Sprague-Dawley females at the 8, 14, 20 or 25 month periods. The results indicate an age-related decrease in chemical-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis activity among rats.
Reasons for Attending, Expected Obstacles, and Degree Aspirations of Asian Pacific American Community College Students

This study examined how the academic aspirations of Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) attending community colleges are influenced by their demographic and educational background, reasons for attending, and obstacles they expect to encounter. The sample consisted of 846 APAs out of a total student sample of 5,000 in an urban community college district. The analyses compared results for ethnic groups within the APA community as well as APAs with other racial groups. The key finding—that APA community college students often consist of recent immigrants—should lead institutional researchers to collect data on their numbers, characteristics, and needs.
A method for the separation and identification of basic amino acids and hexosamines

Abstract A method is described for separating and quantifying basic amino acids and hexosamines simultaneously from the column chromatography on Dowex 50W X8 of serum acid hydrolysates. Based on color development with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1-sulfonic acid, differences in the absorption spectra of the trinitrophenylation products of the two types of compounds are characteristic. The ratio of O.D. 355: O.D. 475 provides a quick identification of the type of compound, amino acid or hexosamine.
When is Helping Helpful? Effects of Evaluation and Intervention Timing on Basketball Performance

This research investigates how expectations of evaluation and the timing of help giving affect an individual’s ability to perform on a learning task. Results suggest that help given by a nonevaluat...
Reinvigorating relative deprivation: A new measure for a classic concept

Abstract Over the last several decades increases in the income inequality in the United States have been well-documented. Yet, this assessment of growing prosperity for some but downslide for others is based on a specific interpretation of the concept “inequality.” This paper develops an alternative measure of inequality based on the concept “relative deprivation.” Relative deprivation refers to the frustration that is associated with a person’s relative position in a reference group. The proposed measure draws from the social science literature on poverty and improves upon an earlier measure, RD. Using data from the 1998 General Social Survey, I analyze the relationship between the proposed and earlier measures of relative deprivation, and two outcome variables: (1) self-rated health, and (2) happiness. While the measures produce similar results in predicting self-rated health, the proposed measure is a better predictor of happiness than the earlier measure. I conclude that the empirical and theoretical advantages of the proposed index make it an improved measure of relative deprivation.
Traumatic Injuries in Agriculture

The National Coalition for Agricultural Safety and Health (NCASH) in 1988 addressed issues in agriculture and noted "a sense of urgency... arose from the recognition of the unabating epidemic of traumatic death and injury in American farming . . ." This article provides an update to the NCASH conference on traumatic injuries in agriculture, a history on how the facts and figures were arrived at for the NCASH conference, and a current report on the status of traumatic injuries in agriculture in the U.S. Fatal and nonfatal injuries are addressed along with national and regional surveillance systems. The Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) was used for reporting national agricultural production fatal injuries from 1992-1998 (25.8 deaths per 100,000 workers), the Traumatic Injury Surveillance of Farmers (TISF) 1993-1995 was used to report nonfatal injuries occurring nationally (7.5/100 workers), and Regional Rural Injury Studies I and II (RRIS-I and RRIS-II) were used to illustrate a regional approach along with in-depth, specific analyses. Fatality rates, which showed some decline in the 1980s, were fairly constant during the 1990s. Changes in nonfatal injury rates for this sector could not be assessed due to a lack of benchmark data. The main concerns identified in the 1989 NCASH report continue today: tractors are the leading cause of farm-related death due mostly to overturns; older farmers continue to be at the highest risk for farm fatalities; and traumatic injuries continue to be a major concern for youth living or working on U.S. farms. Fatal and nonfatal traumatic injuries associated with agricultural production are a major public health problem that needs to be addressed through comprehensive approaches that include further delineation of the problem, particularly in children and older adults, and identification of specific risk factors through analytic efforts. Continued development of relevant surveillance systems and implementation of appropriate interventions are the primary challenges for the current decade.
Highly Stable Amine Functionalized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Designed for Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a promising medical imaging technology that uses iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) as clinically safe tracers. The core and hydrodynamic size of these NPs determine the signal intensity and spatial resolution in MPI, whilst their monodispersity when preserved during the biomedical applications, generates a consistently high quality MPI image. Using an effective process to coat the synthesized NPs with amine terminated PEG molecules, we show by dynamic light scattering (DLS) that they are water-soluble with long-term stability in biological media such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and sodium bicarbonate buffers and Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Further, using magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS), to measure the particle response function (PRF), defined as the derivative of the magnetization of the nanoparticles, we predict the MPI performance of these nanoparticles at a driving field frequency of 25 kHz. The MPS efficacy of the functionalized nanoparticles was also monitored over time, and both signal intensity and resolution remained unchanged even after seven days of incubation. This is attributed to the dominant contribution of the Neel relaxation mechanism of the monodisperse and highly stable nanoparticles, which was preserved through the incubation period.
Cervical spine injury in child abuse: report of two cases

Pediatric cervical spine injuries have rarely been reported in the setting of child abuse. We report two cases of unsuspected lower cervical spine fracture-dislocation in twin infant girls who had no physical examination findings to suggest cervical spine injury. Classic radiographic findings of child abuse were noted at multiple other sites in the axial and appendicular skeleton. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging proved to be valuable in both the initial evaluation of the extent of cervical spine injury and in following postoperative changes. The unexpected yet devastating findings in these two cases further substantiate the importance of routine evaluation of the cervical spine in cases of suspected child abuse.
Simultaneous Determination of Dexamethasone, Dexamethasone 21‐Acetate, and Paclitaxel in a Simulated Biological Matrix by RP‐HPLC: Assay Development and Validation

Abstract A simple and accurate reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of dexamethasone, dexamethasone 21‐acetate, and paclitaxel in simulated biological matrix. Triamcinolone Acetonide was used as the internal standard (IS). A one step liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate was used for sample cleanup. A gradient elution on a C−18 column with acetonitrile and 0.1% o‐phosphoric acid in water was employed to get a cleanup baseline and efficient separation of the three chemical entities. Dexamethasone and dexamethasone 21‐acetate were observed at 254 nm and paclitaxel was observed at 228 nm. The method was highly selective and the calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.25–10.0 µg/mL with a 12 min chromatographic run time. The assay method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, absolute recovery, freeze‐thaw stability, bench top stability, and reinjection reproducibility. The lower limit of quantitati...
Single and multiple dose kinetics of clobazam, and clinical effects during multiple dosage.

Sixteen healthy volunteers, aged 19 to 62 years, took a single 20-mg oral dose of clobazam and the serum concentrations of clobazam and desmethylclobazam were measured for the following 7 days. The mean kinetic variables for clobazam were: volume of distribution 1.31/kg, elimination half-life 24 h, total clearance 0.47 ml/min/kg. 13 of the volunteers then took clobazam 5 mg twice daily for 22 consecutive days. Serum concentrations were measured during and after this period. Both clobazam and desmethylclobazam showed slow and extensive accumulation, their steady-state kinetics being entirely consistent with those observed after single doses. Elimination of both compounds after termination of treatment was equally slow. Clinical self-rating of morning sedation indicated a significant increase over baseline in subjective perception of sedation during the treatment period, and this effect persisted into the washout period. However, sedation did not increase in parallel with accumulating levels of clobazam and desmethylclobazam, probably due to functional adaptation or tolerance.
Two-Color Threshold as Test of Color Vision*

The two-color threshold is obtained by finding the just-visible luminance of a test flash of one color, seen against a background of another color. For normal observers, threshold luminance for such heterochromatic conditions is lower than when the test and background stimuli are of the same color. The factor by which color differences alone reduce the increment threshold is defined as the heterochromatic threshold reduction factor (HTRF). A color test capable of measuring the HTRF is devised and applied to 67 subjects, 21 of whom are red-green defective according to five independent criteria. When filtered red and green stimuli are used, the HTRF is shown to be zero for most color-defective subjects, within the limits imposed by measurement error. For normal subjects, the average red-green HTRF varies from about 2 to 4, depending upon conditions. An examination of green-on-red thresholds plotted against red-on-green thresholds reveals a separation of normal subjects from the color-defectives, and also makes discriminations within the color-defective group. The test as a whole misclassifies no normals as defective, properly classifies all color defectives as such, and very clearly classifies all color defectives as to gross type (protan vs deutan). Further work must be done to evaluate the test’s ability to discriminate dichromats from anomalous subjects, although the results in hand are very promising. Within the color-defective group, the test seems to provide a quantitative assessment of the degree of color defect; it also appears capable of detecting weak normals.
Evidence That Masking of Synapsis Imperfections Counterbalances Quality Control to Promote Efficient Meiosis

Reduction in ploidy to generate haploid gametes during sexual reproduction is accomplished by the specialized cell division program of meiosis. Pairing between homologous chromosomes and assembly of the synaptonemal complex at their interface (synapsis) represent intermediate steps in the meiotic program that are essential to form crossover recombination-based linkages between homologs, which in turn enable segregation of the homologs to opposite poles at the meiosis I division. Here, we challenge the mechanisms of pairing and synapsis during C. elegans meiosis by disrupting the normal 1∶1 correspondence between homologs through karyotype manipulation. Using a combination of cytological tools, including S-phase labeling to specifically identify X chromosome territories in highly synchronous cohorts of nuclei and 3D rendering to visualize meiotic chromosome structures and organization, our analysis of trisomic (triplo-X) and polyploid meiosis provides insight into the principles governing pairing and synapsis and how the meiotic program is “wired” to maximize successful sexual reproduction. We show that chromosomes sort into homologous groups regardless of chromosome number, then preferentially achieve pairwise synapsis during a period of active chromosome mobilization. Further, comparisons of synapsis configurations in triplo-X germ cells that are proficient or defective for initiating recombination suggest a role for recombination in restricting chromosomal interactions to a pairwise state. Increased numbers of homologs prolong markers of the chromosome mobilization phase and/or boost germline apoptosis, consistent with triggering quality control mechanisms that promote resolution of synapsis problems and/or cull meiocytes containing synapsis defects. However, we also uncover evidence for the existence of mechanisms that “mask” defects, thus allowing resumption of prophase progression and survival of germ cells despite some asynapsis. We propose that coupling of saturable masking mechanisms with stringent quality controls maximizes meiotic success by making progression and survival dependent on achieving a level of synapsis sufficient for crossover formation without requiring perfect synapsis.
A GENERAL SYSTEMS APPROACH TO PROCESS ANALYSIS AND SYSTEM DESIGN

The methodology is based on a combination of well known and well proven tools for development of multi‐aspect systems, such as
Quaternion analyticity and conformally Kählerian structure in Euclidean gravity

Starting from the fact that the d=4 Euclidean flat spacetime is conformally related to the Kahler manifold H2×S2, we show the Euclidean Schwarzschild metric to be conformally related to another Kahler manifold M2×S2 with M2 being conformal to H2 in two dimensions. Both metrics which are conformally Kahlerian, are form-invariant under the infinite parameter Fueter group, the Euclidean counterpart of Milne's group of clock regraduation. The associated Einstein's equations translate into Fueter's quaternionic analyticity. The latter leads to an infinite number of local continuity equations.
Network identification via node knock-out

This paper examines the problem of identifying the interaction geometry among a known number of the agents, adopting a (weighted) consensus-type algorithm for their coordination. Inspired by how biologists utilize gene knock-outs for experimentally identifying genetic interaction networks in biological organisms, we propose a node-knockout procedure for the complete characterization of the interaction geometry in such consensus-type networks. In our context, the node knockout is essentially a grounding procedure-where the node broadcasts a zero state to its neighbors in the network without removing itself from it. The proposed identification process is also facilitated by introducing “ports” for stimulating a subset of network vertices via an appropriately defined interface and observing the network's response at another set of vertices. We then provide an example for the utility of such a network identification process in the context of fault detection for networked systems.
Why Is Breast MRI so Controversial

Advances in dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) breast MRI over the past decade have led to significant improvements in the detection of early breast cancer and higher accuracy in the detection of multifocal and multicentric disease. This has resulted in the increased application of breast MRI in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer globally. Nonetheless, the true role of DCE breast MRI in the management of breast cancer patients remains controversial. This article discusses the strengths and limitations of DCE breast MRI by reviewing existing and emerging data from the past decade.
A linear stability analysis for immiscible displacements

A linear stability analysis has been performed for a miscible displacement in a semi-infinite system of finite thickness and unbounded width. A more general description of dispersion has been adopted than those used by previous workers. It is shown that, when there is a step change in concentration and the mobility ratio is unfavorable, the displacement can be unstable at the injection boundary. But, if the concentration is changed sufficiently slowly with time at the entrance to the system, the displacement is stable to infinitesimal perturbations, no matter how unfavorable the mobility ratio. When the mobility ratio is favorable, the displacement is unconditionally stable.
Is the iliolumbar ligament a reliable identifier of the L5 vertebra in lumbosacral transitional anomalies

Objective Sufficiently sized studies to determine the value of the iliolumbar ligament (ILL) as an identifier of the L5 vertebra in cases of a lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) are lacking.
Age and Outcome of Superficial Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacille Calmette-Guérin Therapy

OBJECTIVES To determine the influence of age on the outcomes of high-risk superficial bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy. METHODS A total of 805 patients with multiple or recurrent high-grade Ta, T1, and/or carcinoma in situ bladder cancer received BCG therapy. The endpoints were the initial response to BCG and cancer-free survival correlated with age among patients followed up for a minimum of 2 to 5 years. RESULTS No difference was observed in the first response to BCG or cancer-free survival at 2 years among patients less than 50, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, or 80 years or older. After 5 years, 27% of patients older than 70 years were cancer free compared with 37% younger than 70 years (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study have shown that aging has a measurable, but small, impact on the overall outcomes of high-risk superficial bladder cancer.
A Test of Alternative Cloze Test Formats at the Sixth-Grade Level

AbstractIn seeking a more valid and reliable doze test format, a repeated-measures design was used to compare performances of sixth-grade readers on a traditional and three alternative types of cloze tests. Significant main effects were found for deletion pattern and cue-condition factors. The most accurate performance occurred on the total random deletion plus word length and initial-letter cue format. Validity coefficients for all three alternatives were at least comparable to the traditional cloze format, and each of their reliability coefficients surpassed the traditional form. Results confirm and extend the findings of earlier studies investigating cloze alternatives. Psychometric and psycholinguistic advantages of the alternate cloze forms are discussed.
Investigating Differential Dynamics of the MAPK Signaling Cascade Using a Multi-Parametric Global Sensitivity Analysis

Cell growth critically depends on signalling pathways whose regulation is the focus of intense research. Without utilizing a priori knowledge of the relative importance of pathway components, we have applied in silico computational methods to the EGF-induced MAPK cascade. Specifically, we systematically perturbed the entire parameter space, including initial conditions, using a Monte Carlo approach, and investigate which protein components or kinetic reaction steps contribute to the differentiation of ERK responses. The model, based on previous work by Brightman and Fell (2000), is composed of 28 reactions, 27 protein molecules, and 48 parameters from both mass action and Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Our multi-parametric systems analysis confirms that Raf inactivation is one of the key steps regulating ERK responses to be either transient or sustained. Furthermore, the results of amplitude-differential ERK phosphorylations within the transient case are mainly attributed to the balance between activation and inactivation of Ras while duration-differential ERK responses for the sustained case are, in addition to Ras, markedly affected by dephospho-/phosphorylation of both MEK and ERK. Our sub-module perturbations showed that MEK and ERK's contribution to this differential ERK activation originates from fluctuations in intermediate pathway module components such as Ras and Raf, implicating a cooperative regulatory mode among the key components. The initial protein concentrations of corresponding reactions such as Ras, GAP, and Raf also influence the distinct signalling outputs of ERK activation. We then compare these results with those obtained from a single-parametric perturbation approach using an overall state sensitivity (OSS) analysis. The OSS findings indicate a more pronounced role of ERK's inhibitory feedback effect on catalysing the dissociation of the SOS complex. Both approaches reveal the presence of multiple specific reactions involved in the distinct dynamics of ERK responses and the cell fate decisions they trigger. This work adds a mechanistic insight of the contribution of key pathway components, thus may support the identification of biomarkers for pharmaceutical drug discovery processes.
Quantification of protein secondary structure content by multivariate analysis of deep-ultraviolet resonance Raman and circular dichroism spectroscopies

Determination of protein secondary structure (α-helical, β-sheet, and disordered motifs) has become an area of great importance in biochemistry and biophysics as protein secondary structure is directly related to protein function and protein related diseases. While NMR and X-ray crystallography can predict the placement of each atom in a protein to within an angstrom, optical methods (i.e. CD, Raman, and IR) are the preferred techniques for rapid evaluation of protein secondary structure content. Such techniques require calibration data to predict unknown protein secondary structure content where accuracy may be improved with the application of multivariate analysis. Here, a comparison of the protein secondary structure predictions obtained from multivariate analysis of ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic data using classical least squares (CLS), partial least squares (PLS), and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) is made. Results of the multivariate analysis suggest that CD measurements provide more accurate prediction of protein α-helical content whereas UVRR more accurately predicts β-sheet content, an observation that is consistent with previous studies. Based on this analysis, it is suggested that the best approach to rapid and accurate protein secondary structure determination is to combine both CD and UVRR spectroscopic data.
Transients in arc welding generators

THE TRANSIENT behavior of an arc welding generator, it is generally agreed, has considerable influence on the nature of the weld produced, both as to quality of weld and ease of manipulation. Several designs of generators have recently appeared which have been built to meet these requirements. This paper deals with the theory of armature and field current transients in such generators, giving the mathematical analysis and experimental results. From the tests were obtained oscillograms showing the effect of variation in the armature and field circuit inductance, and the mutual inductance between them.
Persistent delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to injectable non-animal-stabilized hyaluronic acid.

Summary Objective Injectable hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan used for soft-tissue augmentation. A number of products that are not Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in the United States are used commonly in Europe. We report a case of persistent delayed-type hypersensitivity to injected non-animal-stabilized hyaluronic acid. The patient was initially injected in Europe with a non-FDA-approved filler but traveled to the United States for evaluation of this adverse reaction. Methods A case of adverse reaction to non-animal-stabilized hyaluronic acid is described. An overview of selected hyaluronic acid filler products is provided. Results The patient developed persistent facial edema after injection of hyaluronic acid filler to the melolabial folds, glabella, lips, and perioral rhytids. Conclusion Injectable hyaluronic acid can be associated with a variety of complications including immediate and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Physicians should be familiar with products used in other countries, as patients may present for evaluation following adverse reaction to fillers obtained abroad or from American physicians using non-FDA-approved products.
The role of nucleotides in apoptotic cell clearance: implications for disease pathogenesis.

Apoptosis occurs in many tissues, during both normal and pathogenic processes. Normally, apoptotic cells are rapidly cleared, either by neighboring or recruited phagocytes. The prompt clearance of apoptotic cells requires that the apoptotic cells announce their presence through the release of chemotactic factors, known as “find-me” signals, to recruit phagocytes to the site of death, and through the exposure of so-called “eat-me” signals, which are ligands for phagocytic uptake. The importance of prompt apoptotic cell clearance is revealed by findings that decreasing the efficiency of engulfment results in the persistence of apoptotic cells, which is often associated with chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Additionally, the proper clearance of apoptotic cells is actively anti-inflammatory, which is thought to play a crucial role in immunologic tolerance. Therefore, defects associated with clearance of apoptotic cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including autoimmunity and atherosclerosis. Here, we review the role of nucleotides in the apoptotic cell clearance process and discuss their implications for disease pathogenesis.
Online library catalogue—Offline public access

The intention of this paper is to describe the mechanisms by which bibliographic data may be commonly created and utilised by an international library community. The paper is partisan in that it describes the mechanism developed by a particular ‘not for profit’ vendor of library services: OCLC Incorporated.
The Relative Sensitivity to Specification Error of Different k-Class Estimators

Abstract The behavior of the probability limits of different k-class estimators under specification error is examined. Despite the fact that the probability limits are different when errors are not zero, it is shown that there exists no case in which either of the two leading estimators is uniformly more robust than the other if the criterion is any positive semi-definite quadratic form in the inconsistencies.
Molecular dissection of subunit interfaces in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Abstract Ligand binding sites in the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are generated by pairs of α and non-α subunits. The non-α subunits, γ, δ and e, contribute significantly to overall affinity of agonists and antagonists, and confer selectivity of these ligands for the two binding sites. By constructing chimeras composed of segments of the various non-α subunits and determining ligand selectivity, we have identified four loops, well separated in the linear sequence, that contribute to the non-α portion of the binding site. Studies of point mutations in these loops and labeling of engineered cysteines show that the peptide backbones of each non-α subunit fold into similar basic scaffolds. Studies of mutations of the peptide antagonists α-conotoxin M1 and ImI reveal pairs of residues in the binding site and the toxin that stabilize the complex.