cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Docetaxel: a taxoid for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of docetaxel are reviewed. Docetaxel, a taxoid for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, blocks the ability of tumor cells to divide in the M phase of the cell cycle. The drug has demonstrated superior cytotoxic activity in the treatment of a variety of cancers and enhanced activity in combination with other drugs. The pharmacokinetics of docetaxel appear to be linear. There seems to be a large interpatient variation in docetaxel biotransformation rates. Docetaxel has FDA-approved labeling for use in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer whose disease has progressed during anthracycline-based therapy or who have relapsed during anthracycline-based adjuvant therapy. Phase II trials established the drug's role in first-line and second-line treatment of advanced breast cancer and as therapy for anthracycline-resistant advanced breast cancer, and they suggested a role for the agent in combination chemotherapy. The dose-limiting toxicity in all studies has been neutropenia. Other commonly noted adverse effects include mucositis, hypersensitivity reactions, and neuropathy. The recommended dosage for patients with metastatic or locally advanced breast cancer and normal hepatic function is 60-100 mg/m2 i.v. infused over one hour every three weeks. Docetaxel is not recommended for patients with liver metastases or impaired liver function because clearance of the drug is impaired. Docetaxel is effective in the treatment of metastatic and anthracycline-resistant breast cancer and may have a role in combination with other agents and in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy.
Abstract B059: Slow maturation of early phagosomes promotes a TAP independent antigen cross-presentation pathway

Early phagocytic compartments play a role in protein sorting, signaling and neutralizing pathogens. In addition, certain subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) load peptides derived from exogenous antigens on to MHC class-I molecules in early phagosomes. This process plays a key role in antigen cross-presentation, a process particularly important in the activation of naive CD8+ T-cells when it is known as cross-priming and is essential for mounting an immune response against tumor and viral antigens. The functional properties of early phagosomes that facilitate cross-presentation remain unclear. Here we show that the expression of Rab GTPase mutants (Rab5CA, Rab7DN and Rab22CA) that impair maturation of phagosomes enhance antigen cross-presentation efficiency of DCs as well as an engineered derivative of 293T cells capable of cross-presentation. Enhanced antigen cross-presentation observed upon expression of the Rab5CA, Rab7DN and Rab22CA mutants remains dependent on proteasome activity. However, expression of the mutants renders cross-presentation independent of the activity of Transporter associated with antigenic peptide (TAP). These findings taken together reveal a novel TAP independent but proteasome dependent mechanism of MHC class I-restricted antigen processing and peptide loading that is facilitated by slow maturation of endocytic compartments. Citation Format: Debrup Sengupta, Peter Cresswell. Slow maturation of early phagosomes promotes a TAP independent antigen cross-presentation pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B059.
A study of alloyed AuGeNi/Ag/Au based ohmic contacts on the Al 0.48 In 0.52 As/Ga 0.47 In O.53 As as system

Very low resistance alloyed NiGeAuAgAu ohmic contacts have been fabricated to the Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As heterosystem. A thin capping layer of GalnAs was used to inhibit Al oxidation at the surface. Unlike NiGeAgAu ohmic metallization containing ≈;25% Ag commonly used for contacting GaAs based semiconductors at Cornell, the Ag concentraiton was reduced to ≈;10%. AES/sputtering depth profiles indicated that this allowed controlled dissolution of the nonconducting AlInAs top layer by the metallization which eventually interacted with the GalnAs without depleting it of In due to the strong Ag-In affinity. The stoichiometry of the conducting GalnAs, in contact with the reacted metals, was thus maintained and this yielded specific transfer resistances ≈;0.06 ohm · mm, the lowest to date.
Europe: a postulate of phenomenological reason

ABSTRACTThis paper presents Husserl’s concept of Europe as a postulate of phenomenological reason. I begin by showing that a certain interpretation of history is necessary in order for phenomenology to be possible as science. I then show how Husserl’s concept of Europe enables this interpretation. Working with a general definition of postulation that brings Husserl into conversation with Kant, I examine the motives and truth conditions for asserting that Europe is what Husserl claims it to be. I highlight the critical import of Husserl’s concept by identifying three criteria it establishes for authentically European history: denationalization, renaissance and Europeanization. I conclude by considering the inherently controversial nature of “Europe” and outline the space for a contest of concepts that would serve the same theoretical–practical function.
The Effects of Different Types of Internal Controls on Employee Self-Control

One key reason companies implement internal controls is to reduce the likelihood of unethical behavior. Yet, research on ego depletion from psychology suggests that some controls may cause reductions in employees’ self-control, which could lead to increases in unethical behavior. Therefore, this study examines how different types of controls — namely preventive, detective with immediate feedback, and detective with delayed feedback — impact self-control and ethical judgments. Based on the results of three different experiments with 462 participants, we find no significant relation between self-control and the types of internal controls tested. Furthermore, we find that the types of controls tested have no effect on ethical judgments or ethical ideology. Thus, our results suggest that controls in general and some types of internal controls do not differentially impact self-control.
Other Multifactorial Disorders for Which Genetic/Genomic Testing Is Providing Insights

This chapter describes the progress that has been made in personalizing medicine in several fields other than cancer and cardiovascular disease. A brief review is given of the gene variants that help predict, diagnose and treat age-related macular degeneration, type 2 diabetes mellitus, psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, Alzheimer disease and age-related cognitive decline, asthma and other respiratory disorders. The chapter discusses the clinically useful tests that have already been developed, several promising early discoveries that must now be reevaluated, and a number of basic research discoveries that will provide the basis for developing clinically useful tests in the near future.
Acute Gastrointestinal Illness Risks in North Carolina Community Water Systems: A Methodological Comparison.

The magnitude and spatial variability of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) cases attributable to microbial contamination of U.S. community drinking water systems are not well characterized. We compared three approaches (drinking water attributable risk, quantitative microbial risk assessment, and population intervention model) to estimate the annual number of emergency department visits for AGI attributable to microorganisms in North Carolina community water systems. All three methods used 2007–2013 water monitoring and emergency department data obtained from state agencies. The drinking water attributable risk method, which was the basis for previous U.S. Environmental Protection Agency national risk assessments, estimated that 7.9% of annual emergency department visits for AGI are attributable to microbial contamination of community water systems. However, the other methods’ estimates were more than 2 orders of magnitude lower, each attributing 0.047% of annual emergency department visits for AGI to ...
A Mestizo Theory of Personality Psychology and Psychiatry

The concept of person-environment “fit” rather than inferior or superior people or cultures is beginning to take hold. Recognition of and support for diversity is emerging. A major political-social question for the rest of this century will involve the ability of diverse groups to “live and let live,” and this will mean understanding that there are neither sick persons (in the social-psychological sense) nor inferior cultures.
Synergy of 2-deoxy-d-glucose combined with berberine in inducing the lysosome/autophagy and transglutaminase activation-facilitated apoptosis

Utilizing a variety of flow cytometric methods evidence was obtained indicating that a combination of the glucose analog 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-dG) and the plant alkaloid berberine (BRB) produces synergistic effect in the induction of apoptosis in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. The synergistic effect is seen at concentrations of the drugs at which each of them alone shows no cytotoxicity at all. The data suggest that the combination of these drugs, which are known in terms of their overall toxicity, side effects and pharmacokinetics may be considered for further studies as chemopreventive and cancer treatment modalities. Of interest are results indicating that rapamycin, which similarly to BRB, suppresses mTOR signaling, when combined with 2-dG shows no synergistic properties. Metformin, on other hand, requires much higher concentration to show the synergy with 2-dG. Also of interest are the findings pertaining to the methodology of the present study. Specifically, dynamic assessment of cellular viability was performed by using the DRAQ7 cell exclusion fluorochrome present in cultures from 0 to 72 h. Concurrent measurement of lysosomal proton pump using acridine orange as the probe shows activation of lysosomes in the cells treated with 2-dG or BRB alone as well as with the drugs combined. Apoptosis was assessed by measuring DNA fragmentation, cell cycle, activation of caspase-3 and tissue transglutaminase (Tgase). A novel cytometric method was developed based on analysis of lysosomal (acidic vesicles) proton pump in live cells followed by cell lysis with detergent and fluorochrome labeling of proteins and DNA to analyze Tgase activation concurrently with cell cycle, in same population of cells. The data show that the cell subpopulation undergoing apoptosis has increased side (right-angle) light scatter likely due to the presence of the crosslinked (solid state) proteins, the consequence Tgase activation.
Towards a Theory of Toys and Toy-Play

The distinction between toys and games is built into grammar itself: one plays games but plays with toys. Although some thinkers have recognized the importance of the distinction, their insights are often contradictory and vague, and the word toy is used unsystematically to refer to a wide range of objects and associated play-activities. To remedy this problem a phenomenological approach to play could be helpful, but those that exist rarely discuss the difference between forms of play, instead using playfulness as ambiguous shorthand for freedom from rules. Beginning with Charles Baudelaire’s 1853 essay, “The Philosophy of Toys,” the author surveys and synthesizes various theories of toys to produce a detailed account of those objects that conduce to toy-play, focusing on insignificance as the defining phenomenological quality of toys. He then uses speech act theory to offer a definition of a toy—an invitation to play with its identity—and explores how the existence of such an invitation depends not only on the intrinsic qualities of the object of play, but also its context and the identity of the player.
A BIOASSAY OF MONTANA GRASSLAND PLANT RESISTANCE TO CATECHIN: AN EXUDATE OF SPOTTED KNAPWEED, CENTAUREA MACULOSA

Much is known about the function of aquaporins within individual cells. Aquaporins are membrane protein channels that are permeable to water and a subset, the aquaglyceroporins, are also permeable to glycerol. Little research has been conducted on how they contribute to larger processes such as gastrulation. Gastrulation organizes embryos into germ layers, which will later form different body tissues. Convergent extension cell movements are critical for driving gastrulation. During convergent extension, cells fold into the embryo at the dorsal lip of the blastopore and then merge to help form the long body axis. An aquaglyceroporin, aqp3b, is expressed during convergent extension. When it is inhibited using a morpholino oligonucleotide, convergent extension does not occur properly. Since this process is difficult to manipulate in whole embryos, I explant and culture the dorsal lip of the blastopore region of embryos, which then undergoes convergent extension by growing long and narrow protrusions. When aqp3b is inhibited, these protrusions do not develop. My project focuses on rescuing the convergent extension defects caused by inhibiting. If rescue methods are successful, explants will form a long and narrow protrusion as observed in control embryos. For these experiments, 4-cell embryos are injected into the dorsal blastomeres and explants are cut at early gastrula stage. So far, I have achieved 25-35% convergent extension in control explants. I plan to achieve 80% convergent extension and will then begin the rescue experiments.
Uranium isotope fractionation induced by aqueous speciation: Implications for U isotopes in marine CaCO3 as a paleoredox proxy

Abstract Natural variations of 238 U/ 235 U in marine CaCO 3 rocks are being explored as a novel paleoredox proxy to investigate oceanic anoxia events. Although it is generally assumed that U isotopes in CaCO 3 directly record 238 U/ 235 U of seawater, recently published laboratory experiments demonstrate slight U isotope fractionation during U(VI) incorporation into abiotic calcium carbonates. This fractionation is hypothesized to depend on aqueous U(VI) speciation, which is controlled by pH, ionic strength, pCO 2 and Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ concentrations. Secular variation in seawater chemistry could lead to changes in aqueous U(VI) speciation, and thus, may affect the extent of U isotope fractionation during U(VI) incorporation into CaCO 3 . In this study, we combine estimates of seawater composition over the Phanerozoic with a model of aqueous U speciation and isotope fractionation to explore variations in the expected offset between the U isotope composition of seawater and primary marine CaCO 3 through time. We find that U isotope fractionation between U in primary marine CaCO 3 and seawater could have varied between 0.11 and 0.23‰ over the Phanerozoic due to secular variations in seawater chemistry. Such variations would significantly impact estimates of the extent of marine anoxia derived from the U isotope record. For example, at the Permo-Triassic boundary, this effect might imply that the estimated extent of anoxia is ∼32% more extreme than previously inferred. One significant limitation of our model is that the existing experimental database covers only abiotic carbonate precipitation, and does not include a possible range of biological effects which might enhance or suppress the range of isotopic fractionation calculated here. As biotic carbonates dominate the marine carbonate record, more work is need to assess controls on U isotopic fractionation into biotic marine carbonates.
Factors Associated with Asian American Students’ Choice of STEM Major

This study explored Asian American students’ likelihood of selecting STEM over liberal arts or business college majors using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. Student-level variables were t...
Goals and obstacles in the study of competition

Our enquiry into competition could have ended with Chapter 10. What remains to be explored? My objective here is to examine further what our goals might be, and what obstacles we face in trying to achieve those goals. This will require us to stretch the bounds of what is normally considered typical of a scientific treatise, but it is an author’s duty to write the difficult as well as the easy chapters. Far too many scientific authors are content to describe or summarize a volume of work, rather than accepting the difficult task of suggesting some long-term goals, and shouldering the unpopular task of suggesting why these goals are not being achieved. A good host, like an author, however, has a menu planned for his guests, and is willing to stay up late to wash their dishes. As the host of this book, then, allow me to direct your attention first to goals and then to obstacles.
“A Spy Who Turned His Family In”: Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case

“Doubtless if that [Greenglass] testimony were disregarded, the convictions could not stand.” (Opinion of the US Circuit Court of Appeals affirming the convictions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg)Eth...
STEM-ming the Tide: A Different Approach to Shaping Diverse Participation in STEM Careers

Miner et al. (2018) have steered the trajectory of gender and STEM research in a new direction.
Organizational hybrids as biological hybrids: Insights for research on the relationship between social enterprise and the entrepreneurial ecosystem

Abstract Using the study of hybridization in evolutionary biology as metaphorical inspiration, I offer a thought experiment about the emergence and proliferation of social enterprise and the influence of hybrid organizing on the entrepreneurial ecosystem. After establishing a number of analogues between biological and organizational hybrids, I analyze the degree to which social enterprise may be indicative of hybrid speciation – i.e., a new organizational form – versus introgressive hybridization – i.e., a variant of a more traditional organizational form. I then use the metaphor to examine whether social enterprise: (1) possesses distinct rules and features, (2) is shaped by or shaping the entrepreneurial ecosystem, (3) still remains a hybrid organization, and (4) might even be considered an invasive species.
Advantage of SPECT/CT use in DMSA renal imaging for work-up of suspected acute pyelonephritis

425 Objectives Tc-99m DMSA renal scan (DMSA) is frequently used in evaluating patients with urinary tract infection. However, DMSA cannot distinguish between renal scar and acute pyelonephritis (AP) without comparison to baseline DMSA scan. In this study we investigate the feasibility of SPECT/CT use to discriminate between scar & AP based on different anatomic & pathophysiological changes in both conditions. Methods DMSA Planar, SPECT, & SPECT/CT (with very low dose CT) of 30 patients with suspected AP (Mean age 12.6 ± 12.6 years) were separately reviewed by 2 observers for presence/location of defect, with confidence in findings categorized as certain or uncertain. Additionally, the contour of renal cortex in SPECT defect was compared to equivalent CT findings & categorized as match or mismatch. Results There were 22 defects identified by both SPECT & SPECT/CT versus 16 by planar. Certainty of presence/location of defect was higher in SPECT & SPECT/CT than planar. On SPECT, 5 defects were matched to CT suggesting scars, whereas 13 defects were CT mismatched denoting probable AP. In 4 SPECT defects, CT was limited in quality to be reliably compared with SPECT. Ultrasound correlation helped confirm absence of scar in a SPECT defect with suboptimal CT, and presence of cyst in another SPECT defect. Conclusions In DMSA, the number & confidence in presence/location of defects are both enhanced by SPECT as well as SPECT/CT. However, only SPECT/CT offers potentially important information that may help distinguish scar from AP based on similarity or disparity of defects between SPECT & CT. This new cortical anatomic/pathophysiologic correlation is readily provided by SPECT/CT use in DMSA. A larger prospective study with documented follow-up is needed for further verification
Renal dysfunction among patients treated with radiotherapy for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer.

e17026 Background: Radiotherapy (RT), a standard part of the multidisciplinary care for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC), is associated with known acute and chronic toxicities. RT...
Oh Yeah, There’s Always Community College

This chapter explores how teaching international relations at a community college differs from teaching at a four-year school. Far from being a last-chance option, it can be a rewarding career path for some. My own expectations were vastly out of line with the reality of community college. The student body tends to include more nontraditional students than four-year schools, and professors must have different expectations about basic academic skills. Additionally, the students come from more diverse backgrounds and have diverse academic goals. Teaching at a community college can be very rewarding, however, it is not often presented as a viable option to graduate students. It is important for four-year schools to work closely with their colleagues at community colleges to ensure students are prepared to transfer and continue their education. We all need to overcome our biases about community college.
Comparison of Tissue Resection Rates of the Myosure, Truclear, and Aveta Hysteroscopic Tissue Removal Systems. A Three-Arm, Bench Study

Study Objective Evaluate and compare the tissue resection rate of the MyoSure, TruClear, and Aveta All-in-One hysteroscopic tissue removal systems. Design A Three-Arm, Bench Study. Setting Study was conducted in a laboratory environment, by five separate users. Patients or Participants N/A Interventions All procedures were conducted using two models of representative tissue density and in accordance with the FDA approved Instructions for Use (IFU). Employing porcine liver as a surrogate for polypoid endometrial tissue, the MyoSure-Lite, TruClear-UltraMini, and Aveta-2.9 hysteroscopic devices were used to resect this tissue model. Employing porcine myocardium as a surrogate for fibroid tissue, the MyoSure-XL, TruClear-Plus, and Aveta-3.9 devices were similarly used to resect this tissue model. Measurements and Main Results Comparing the weight of the tissue specimen before and after one minute of resection, the rate of tissue removal was calculated. In the endometrial polyp model, the rate of tissue removal using the TruClear-UltraMini, Aveta-2.9 and MyoSure-Lite was 9.74, 9.72 and 6.66 grams/min respectively. The advantage of both TruClear-UltraMini and Aveta-2.9 for resection was statistically significant (p Conclusion Using tissue surrogates, efficiency and performance of the Aveta systems compare favorably to the MyoSure and TruClear systems for both fibroid and polyp resection. Safety and efficacy during hysteroscopic myomectomy and polypectomy can potentially be enhanced by faster tissue resection rate.
Doctors' wellbeing: self-care during the covid-19 pandemic.

During a period of increased stress and uncertainty it is more important than ever for NHS staff to look after themselves, say Michael Farquhar and Shreena Unadkat
Altered oligodendroglia and astroglia in chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive tauopathy found in contact sport athletes, military veterans, and others exposed to repetitive head injury (McKee et al. 2009, 2013, 2016; Omalu et al. 2005, 2006; Martland 1928; Critchley 1949). White matter atrophy and axonal loss have been reported in CTE but have not been characterized on a molecular or cellular level (McKee et al. 2013; Holleran et al. 2017; Hsu et al. 2018). Here, we report 24,735 single nucleus RNA-seq profiles from dorsolateral frontal white matter cell nuclei from eight individuals with neuropathologically confirmed CTE and eight age- and sex-matched controls. We identified eighteen transcriptionally distinct nuclei clusters, as well as cell-type-specific differences between conditions. The findings support a global loss of oligodendrocytes (OLs) in CTE, alterations in OL subpopulations, and suggest pathological iron accumulation in OL subpopulations. Total astrocyte number was not different between CTE and controls but showed upregulation of transcripts associated with neuroinflammation. These findings provide novel insight into the molecular and cellular underpinnings of white matter atrophy in CTE, which may lead to an improved understanding of the disease pathogenesis.
Commitment Readiness: Timing, the Self, and Close Relationships

Timing matters in relationships. Although people are universally driven to form and maintain social bonds, psychologists and relationship scientists have largely ignored the notion that people vary in the degree to which they are open and receptive to the idea of being involved in long-term committed romantic relationships, let alone that receptivity can ebb and flow over time. In this chapter, we highlight the role of perceived timing in romantic relationship processes by discussing how commitment readiness—the degree to which people feel ready for a long-term committed romantic relationship—contributes to our understanding of relationship processes. In doing so, we review recent work on the role of commitment readiness in relationship development, including initiation, maintenance, and breakup. In order to emphasize the idea that perceived timing can fluctuate as a result of immediate situational or contextual events, we also discuss how relationship transitions—specifically breakup—are likely to affect people’s immediate sense of readiness for committed relationships. We conclude by discussing some future directions for this line of research. Throughout this chapter, we aim to draw focus to the importance of the concept of readiness in relationships for furthering understanding of critical motivations impacting the self in relationships.
Multi-scalar Approaches to stable isotope ecology of late Quaternary Proboscideans in the Midcontinent

ABSTRACT Stable isotopes of mammoths and mastodons have the potential to illuminate patterns in late Glacial landscapes and megafaunal population dynamics as these species approached extinction. The ecological factors at play in this extinction remain unresolved. Stable isotopes of bone collagen (δ13C, δ15N) and tooth enamel carbonate (δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr) in late Glacial proboscideans from the Midwest, USA are leveraged to examine ecological and behavioral changes in these species during the last glaciation. Mammoth and mastodon δ C values suggest they are flexible mixed feeders with significant C3 contributions to their diets. Bone collagen δ15N is also highly variable throughout this period. However some mastodons exhibit low δ15N values during the B⍰lling-Aller⍰d. These low values could be explained by invoking changes in individual life histories (i.e., age at weaning), the expansion of available ecological niches, or both, metabolic compensation, or a mixture of these processes. Serial enamel samples show large differences between interglacial, mid-Wisconsin, and late Glacial mammoth oxygen isotope values. Finally, a new micro-milling approach to sampling mammoth tooth enamel is used to examine the life histories of two Missouri mammoths to provide nuanced, seasonally-resolved paleoecological information.
Objective Nutritional Index is Associated with Worse Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Performance in Advanced Heart Failure Patients

Purpose The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) is an easily obtainable marker of malnutrition. A lower PNI represents greater malnutrition risk and is associated with higher mortality in heart failure (HF) patients as well as worse outcomes with left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We sought to determine whether PNI is associated with the metabolic response assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in advanced HF patients, prior to LVAD implantation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed preoperative CPETs of patients who underwent LVAD implantation at an academic medical center between 1/2012 and 12/2019. Baseline demographics and key CPET parameters were recorded and PNI (10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × total lymphocyte count) was noted if performed within 90 days of CPET. Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression models were analyzed, to determine the relationship between the PNI and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) or minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2), respectively. Results There were 52 CPETs that met inclusion criteria, of which 50 had PNI values. The cohort (n=50) comprised of 72% male and 38% ischemic HF etiology. Median age was 57 years, BMI 32.2 kg/m2, and PNI 38 (IQR 29-43). The median CPET parameters achieved were exercise time 6.4 min, metabolic equivalents (METS) 3.5, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) 1.07, VO2max 12.2 mL/kg/min, VE/VCO2 slope 38.5. PNI correlated with both VO2max (r=0.43, p Conclusion Greater malnutrition risk, depicted by a lower PNI, was associated with higher risk CPET performance pre-LVAD implantation (lower VO2max and higher VE/VCO2). PNI maybe used as a potential target for future novel interventions at improving cardiometabolic health.
More than Utopia

This chapter uses Thomas More's Utopia as a device for exploring the nature of Martha Fineman's Vulnerability Theory
Clinical Patterns and Morphology of COVID-19 Dermatology

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emergent disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread throughout the globe since its discovery in December 2019. Although first appreciated to cause pneumonia, numerous organ systems are now known to be involved. The objective of this article is to review the broad spectrum of cutaneous manifestations reported in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most commonly reported cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection include pernio (chilblain)-like acral lesions, morbilliform (exanthematous) rash, urticaria, vesicular (varicella-like) eruptions, and vaso-occlusive lesions (livedo racemosa, retiform purpura). It is important to consider SARS-CoV-2 infection in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with these lesions in the appropriate clinical context, as cutaneous manifestations may be present in otherwise asymptomatic individuals, or present before developing other symptoms of infection. With increased access to diagnostic testing, we are beginning to understand the utility and limitations of currently available assays.
The Value Pursuit of the Theoretical System of Socialism With Chinese Characteristics: Serving the People – Taking Deng Xiaoping Thought of Serving the People as an Example

“The free and comprehensive development of people”: is the value pursuit of Marxism, and is also the ultimate goal of socialist and communist development. The theory of Deng Xiaoping also regards people’s development as the goal of its value pursuit, which is of more Chinese characteristics - serving the people. This is not only the inheritance of the Marxism-Leninism, but also the inheritance of the thought of Mao Zedong, which also provides the logical origin for value pursuit of the theoretical system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Deng Xiaoping Theory of serving the people becomes the bridge which connects Marxism-Leninism, the thought of Mao Zedong and the theoretical system of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and lays a foundation for the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Model Study of Tunnel Prereinforcement

Physical models were designed for the investigation of two prereinforcement systems: (1) Reinforcing far ahead of the main excavation; and (2)spiling reinforcement ahead of the face. In both cases, the use of reinforcement was responsible for permanently stabilizing an otherwise unstable opening. Data from the physical models were used to calibrate a numerical model from which additional information on long-term behavior, methods to account for the capacity of a prereinforcement system, and the mechanisms involved were ascertained. These studies indicated that prereinforcement can stabilize a rock mass effectively as it reduces deformations and thereby deterioration due to strain softening, provides rock mass confinement leading to increased available strength, and maintains rock arch continuity allowing for increased tangential stress in the immediate vicinity of the opening.
MAKING CONSTRUCTIONISM WORK IN THE CLASSROOM

From its inception, the idea of constructionism (Papert, 1993b) has been intertwined with the expressive power of computing technology. The introduction of LOGO made it possible for children to create computational structures that have conceptual depth and are capable of complex behaviors that can capture children’s interest and imagination (Papert, 1980; Papert, 1993a). The pace of technological progress has since accelerated, enabling the creation of new expressive media, such as Boxer, StarLogo and StarLogoT, KidSim/Cocoa, NetLogo, Swarm, and ToonTalk (diSessa, 1991; Resnick, 1997; Wilensky, 2000; Smith, Cypher and Spohrer, 1994; Wilensky, 2001; Langton and Burkhardt, 1997; Kahn, 1996), which offer a wide range of computational behaviors, striking visual effects, and highly visual representations of programs themselves. One continuing theme in the development of constructionism is the relationship between constructionist activities and the mainstream classroom. In the very beginning, the lack of computing equipment limited the use of LOGO to special situations. Today, computers capable of running interesting construction environments are widely available, though not yet truly ubiquitous. The factors that now limit children’s access to these environments in school are largely curricular: how do constructionist activities fit into the progression of learning activities that teachers organize for their students? Over the past few years, we have conducted field research in which students ranging in age from fourth grade to high school have participated in constructionist activities integrated with more traditional classwork. These activities have been supported by a visual programming environment called AgentSheets (Repenning, 1993). In our studies, we have tried to relate the potential benefits of constructionist work to the agendas of classroom teachers and have attempted to create constructionist activities that support these agendas. In this paper, we describe these efforts as case studies and draw lessons from our classroom experiences.
Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. Recovery after immediate and delayed decompression

We evaluated the effect of the timing of decompression of the spinal cord after compression of 50 per cent of the diameter of the spinal cord at the fourth lumbar level in thirty purebred dogs. The dogs were divided into five groups of six dogs each on the basis of the duration of the compression. Decompression was performed immediately (Group I), one hour (Group II), six hours (Group III), twenty-four hours (Group IV), or one week (Group V) after the compression. Monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials, daily neurological examinations, and histological and electron microscopic studies at the time of the autopsy were performed for all of the dogs. Initially, all of the dogs were paraplegic after the compression of the spinal cord. The dogs that had immediate decompression or decompression after one hour of compression recovered the ability to walk (grades 4 and 5, according to Tarlov's system) as well as control of the bowel and bladder, and the somatosensory evoked potentials improved an average of 85 and 72 per cent, respectively. However, when compression lasted six hours or more, there was no neurological recovery and there was progressive necrosis of the spinal cord. Somatosensory evoked potentials improved 29 per cent in Group III, 26 per cent in Group IV, and 10 per cent in Group V. The percentage of recovery of the somatosensory evoked potentials by six weeks after the decompression was significantly related to the duration of the compression (p < 0.0008).
Concurrent reductions in blood pressure and metabolic rate during fasting in the unrestrained SHR.

Fasting produces multiple cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral responses. To examine the interrelationship between these responses, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; n = 8) implanted ...
THE LIMITING FORM OF THE NON‐CENTRAL WISHART DISTRIBUTION1,2

SUMMARY Let S (p×p) have a Wishart distribution -with v degrees of freedom and non-centrality matrix θ= [θjK] (p×p). Define θ0= min {| θjk |}, let θ0∞, and suppose that | θjK | = 0(θo). Then the limiting form of the standardized non-central distribution, as θ while n remains fixed, is a multivariate Gaussian distribution. This result in turn is used to obtain known asymptotic properties of multivariate chi-square and Rayleigh distributions under somewhat weaker conditions.
Difference points in reactive and extractive cascades. III—Properties of column section profiles with arbitrary reaction distribution

The behavior of reactive column section profiles under arbitrary reaction distribution policies is addressed through the use of difference points. We develop a method to capture the effects of reaction distribution and show how the placement of reaction within a section controls the path of the profile. We also investigate the relationship between reaction distribution and sectional flow rates and compositions which leads to a set of feasibility criteria that must be maintained as profiles proceed from stage-to-stage. Finally, the termination conditions for reactive profiles are identified, and fixed point techniques are developed to predict where profiles pinch in composition space. The first two papers in this series derived and analyzed the fundamental mathematical and geometric properties of difference points for cascade sections (Chem. Eng. Sci. 55(16), 3145) and developed a lever rule to facilitate discovery of full column design alternatives (Chem. Eng. Sci. 55(16), 3161). This third paper provides the analytical basis for identifying reachable feed compositions of reactive cascades.
Barriers to the use of nursing diagnosis language in clinical settings.

Ongoing evaluation of the use of nursing diagnoses at the clinical level is critical to the facilitation of further development and refinement of the language of nursing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the status of utilization of nursing diagnosis in Illinois. A survey instrument was mailed to 239 Illinois hospitals 139 (58%) responded. Results included: 78% of the responding hospitals had implemented nursing diagnosis, with almost all (95%) utilizing NANDA terminology. Components of continuing education efforts related to nursing diagnosis were identified by 75% of the hospitals. Ongoing monitoring of quality improvement methods was reported by 45% of the respondents. The barriers to implementation cited most frequently included: limited ongoing education, lack of motivation to learn, or nurses’ difficulties in adjusting to its use.
Determinants of fertility levels and change among developed countries: 1958–1978

Abstract This article provides a multivariate cross-national test of the hypothesis that national population/family planning policies have effected levels, and changes in fertility in developed nations over the past two decades. Variation is assessed in the total fertility rates (TFR) in 1978, and in the change in these rates between 1958 and 1978, among thirty developed countries. Measures include socioeconomic development, divorce, percent in consensual unions, female labor force participation, abortion policy, and level of contraceptive use by married couples and, government population/family planning policy. Seventy percent of the variation in 1978 TFR is related to the percent contracepting, female labor force, and the population/family planning policy measures. These are the only measures with significant direct effects. A longitudinal analysis of 1958 to 1978 change in TFRs is also conducted. This model increases R2 to 75%, and the three independent variables remain significant. Implications of these findings for policy makers interested in increasing or decreasing fertility rates are noted.
Laser photodissociation of Hg(CH3)2: Infrared emission studies of vibrational and rotational excitation in the CH3 fragments

Abstract Single-photon dissociation of Hg(CH 3 ) 2 at 248 and 193 nm produces CH 3 radicals with substantial excitation in the v 2 out-of-plane bend and the v 3 antisymmetric stretch. At 248 nm the antisymmetric stretch excitation is characterized by a 1200–1500 K rotational temperature and a vibrational distribution v =1: v 2: v 3 of 1.0:0.2±0.1:0.05±0.05.
Uranium speciation as a function of depth in contaminated hanford sediments - a micro-XRF, micro-XRD, and micro- and bulk-XAFS study.

The distribution and speciation of U and Cu in contaminated vadose zone and aquifer sediments from the U.S. DOE Hanford site (300 Area) were determined using a combination of synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) imaging, micro-X-ray absorption near edge structure (μXANES) spectroscopy, and micro-X-ray diffraction (μXRD) techniques combined with bulk U LIII-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. Samples were collected from within the inactive North Process Pond (NPP2) at 8 ft (2.4 m, NPP2−8) depth and 12 ft (3.7 m, NPP2-12) depth in the vadose zone, and fines were isolated from turbid groundwater just below the water Table (12−14 ft, ∼4 m, NPP2-GW). μXRF imaging, μXRD, and μXANES spectroscopy revealed two major U occurrences within the vadose and groundwater zones: (1) low to moderate concentrations of U(VI) associated with fine-textured grain coatings that were consistently found to contain clinochlore (referred to here as chlorite) observed in all three samples, and (2) U(...
Drugs for the prevention of coronary thrombosis: From an animal model to clinical trials

Platelets contribute to the progression of atherosclerotic disease and also to partial or complete thrombotic occlusion of stenosed human coronary or cerebral arteries. Thus, there is considerable interest in being able to measure in vivo or ex vivo platelet function or level of activity. Currently, platelet activity and the platelet inhibitory effect of drugs can be assessed ex vivo or in vitro by platelet aggregometry. There is also an experimental animal model (the cyclic flow, or Folts, model) for studying the interactions of platelets with damaged and stenosed arterial walls. This model was first used to show that aspirin can prevent coronary thrombosis in stenosed canine coronary arteries and is fairly predictive in determining which drugs are likely to inhibit platelet activity in vivo. It is also useful in identifying which drugs may be beneficial in ameliorating unstable angina and preventing coronary thrombosis. Studies with this model predict that aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, the monoclonal antibody 7E3 to the platelet glycoprotein GpIIb-IIIa fibrinogen receptor, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide mimetics, or clopidogrel (an analogue of ticlopidine) would inhibit platelet-mediated thrombosis in patients with coronary or cerebral artery stenosis. The model also predicts that heparin or dipyridamole alone would not prevent platelet-mediated arterial thrombosis. Finally, studies with the cyclic model suggest that while serotonin receptor blockers, alpha-adrenergic blockade, or infusions of prostacyclin (or its analogue, Iloprost) would inhibit platelet activity, the resulting hypotension would severely limit the clinical usefulness of these compounds.
Separation of Dimethyl Ether from Syn-Gas Components by Poly(dimethylsiloxane) and Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) Membranes

Abstract Dimethyl ether (DME) has been discussed as a potential fuel for both combustion and fuel cell applications. This paper evaluates the ability for membranes to separate DME from syn-gas components, such as H 2 and CO. Separations from CO 2 and CH 4 also are discussed. Experiments performed include permeability and selectivity of these gases through poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (TPX) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using variable temperature mixed gas experiments. The DME data is the first to be reported through these membranes. In this paper, the chosen polymers reflect both rubbery and semicrystalline materials. Rubbery polymers tend to be weakly size sieving, which, in this work, has resulted in larger permeabilities, lower separation factors, and lower activation energies of permeation ( E p ). Conversely, the semicrystalline TPX membranes showed much greater sensitivity to penetrant size; although the gas condensability also played a role in transport.
Secure multicast groups on ad hoc networks

In this paper we address the problem of secure multicast of data streams over a multihop wireless ad hoc network. We propose a dynamic multicast group management protocol that aims at solving problems that are specific to ad hoc networks such as mobility, unreliable links, and cost of multihop communication. The main idea is to have group members actively participate to the security of the multicast group, therefore reducing the communication and computation load on the source. Since the group security is distributed among the group members, we propose a service right certificate, to verify that a node is authorized to join the group, and also a corresponding revocation mechanism. We simulated our protocol within the ns-2 environment under various mobility, group size, and group dynamic scenarios. Our simulation results indicate that the communication cost and join delay of the protocol scale well when the group dynamic and nodes mobility increase. We have implemented the basic protocol in our ad hoc network testbed. We also proposed an extension to the basic secure multicast tree using multi-link capability combined with a k-out-of-N coding approach.
Application of PHEV in load frequency problem of a hybrid microgrid

Microgrids are low voltage distribution networks comprising distributed generations (DGs), storage devices, Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and responsive loads that can operate either interconnected to the main grid or in an island mode. With the large penetration of distributed generation like Wind and large load variations there are issues of frequency stability of the microgrid. This paper develops load frequency control for a microgrid system with significant wind penetration and PHEVs. Particle swarm optimization is used to determine control parameters. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller and examine the role of PHEVs in frequency stabilization.