cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Objective To assess the safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent (types 6B, 23F, 14, 18C, and 19F) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) among children younger than 2 years who are and are not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods A convenience sample of 18 HIV-infected children 2 years and younger (mean, 12.9 months) received three doses (each separated by 2 months) of PCV. An additional convenience sample of 33 non-HIV-infected children of virtually identical age, race, and sex as the HIV-infected group were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive three doses of PCV or saline placebo. Safety data were collected for 72 hours after each vaccination. Sera were obtained before each and 1 month after the third vaccination to determine vaccine type-specific immunoglobulin G pneumococcal antibody titers by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Seventeen HIV- and 30 non-HIV-infected children completed the study. The PCV was well tolerated by both HIV- and non-HIV-infected children. No significant differences in local or systemic reactions were noted between HIV- and non-HIV-infected PCV or placebo recipients. Three doses of PCV were immunogenic, as evidenced by 16- to 659-fold increases in type-specific geometric mean antibody titers over prevaccination levels in HIV- and non-HIV-infected children. With respect to an arbitrary protective level, 78% of the antibody titers from HIV-infected children and 88% of the titers from non-HIV-infected children were 1.0 microgram/mL or greater 1 month after the third PCV dose. HIV-infected children with milder disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classes N1-2, A1-2, and B1) were more likely to have protective antibody titers after the first and second PCV doses than HIV-infected children with more advanced disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classes N3, A3, B2-3, and C1-3). However, after the third PCV dose, these differences disappeared. Conclusion Three doses of PCV seem safe and immunogenic in both HIV- and non-HIV-infected children younger than 2 years. This type of vaccine should result in a marked reduction in systemic pneumococcal disease in both HIV- and non-HIV-infected children. Given the high incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected children, this vaccine may markedly improve the quality of life for this unfortunate group of children.
Reactions of 14N and 16O ions with p and s-d shell nuclei at Elab = 16 to 75 MeV

Abstract Yield curves were measured for formation of 7 Be and of residual nuclei formed by α-particle and nucleon emission following the reactions of 16 to 75 MeV 14 N and 16 O ions with thick, natural C, Mg, Al and Si targets. The results are discussed in terms of statistical model calculations. Yield curves calculated with computer codes based on the statistical model are compared with the experimental results.
Design Study of Shape Memory Alloy Honeycombs for Energy Absorption

Shape memory alloys (SMA), which exhibit the shape memory effect and superelasticity, utilize a reversible solid-solid state phase transformation to recover large strains. Likewise, honeycomb structures under in-plane loading take advantage of deformation kinematics to amplify the structure’s macroscopic strain. The combination of a sparse honeycomb structure made of an SMA material can recover larger deformations than would be possible with either conventional metal honeycombs or monolithic SMAs. NiTi honeycombs and corrugations of about 5% relative density with robust properties were demonstrated recently [1]. Potential future applications include high performance energy absorbers, light-weight deployable devices, and high stroke actuators. This numerical study focuses on the design of superelastic SMA hexagonal honeycombs under in-plane compression for application to reusable energy absorbers. A design study with respect to honeycomb geometric parameters was performed to gain a better understanding of the geometric effects on energy absorption characteristics. A nonlinear finite element method was used to simulate their mechanical response using a hysteretic, trilinear, constitutive law to model the superelastic behavior of SMAs. Bloch wave analysis was used to evaluate the stability characteristics of the honeycomb structure. The corresponding energy absorption characteristics, under constraints of local strain limits, structural stability and allowable force levels, were evaluated to determine the optimum honeycomb geometries. It was found that diamond-like honeycombs, with greater height than width, had the best energy absorption properties.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The choice of factor mobility in a dynamic world

This paper compares the steady-state welfare implications of opening a two-country overlapping-generations world to international labor or capital mobility. By capturing the dual nature of labor mobility through the effect of migrants' savings on capital formation, this dynamic setting recovers the asymmetry between capital and labor denied to them in the existing static literature. It is shown that the optimal choice of factor mobility from a national viewpoint depends on the state of the economy with respect to the Golden Rule and on migrants' average savings ratio with respect to that of non-migrants.
Persons with depressive symptoms and the treatments they receive: a comparison of primary care physicians and psychiatrists.

Objective: To determine if demographic differences exist in patients with depressive symptoms as the principal reason for visits to primary care physicians (PCP) versus psychiatrists. To estimate the likelihood of these patients receiving a range of mental health services from each provider group. Methods: Review and analysis of all outpatient visits made by patients with depressive symptoms using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS) conducted in 1995 and 1996. Results: A significantly greater proportion of visits by persons with depressive symptoms as the principal reason for visit were made to psychiatrists than to primary care physicians (T = -3.56, p =.000). However, men, African-Americans, other Non-White persons, and persons aged 65 to 74 and 75 years and over were proportionately more likely to visit a PCP than a psychiatrist. Women, whites, and persons aged 45 to 64 were proportionately more likely to make a visit to a psychiatrist than to a PCP. The overall intensity of care delivered by PCPs for patients with depressive symptoms was significantly lower than that provided by psychiatrists (t = -2.03, p = .02). Analysis of individual services also revealed significant differences in service provision. Conclusions: Demographic differences among the patient caseloads of these physician groups have implications for mental health service delivery because of known distinctions in prevalence rates, symptom presentation, and functionality among depressed patient subgroups.
Mixed L2 and L∞ problems by weight selection in quadratic optimal control

In an attempt to achieve more realistic control objectives, the weighting matrices in the standard LQ1 problem are usually chosen by the designer in an ad hoc manner. This paper shows several optimal control design problems that minimize a quadratic function of the control vector subject to multiple inequality constraints on the output L 2 norms, L ∞ norms, covariance matrix, and the maximum singular value of the output covariance matrix. The solutions of all four of these problems reduce to standard LQI control problems with different choices of weights. This paper shows how to construct these different weights. The practical significance of these results is that many robustness properties relate directly to these four entities. Hence the given control design algorithm delivers a specified degree of robustness to both parameter errors and disturbances. The results are presented in the deterministic terms of the linear quadratic impulse (LQI)for continuous and discrete systems problem rather than the stoc...
Boxing in New Mexico, 1868–1940 Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.

Boxing in New Mexico, 1868-1940 Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013.Many boxing fans probably cannot name a single boxer from New Mexico, with the possible exception of former light heavyweight champion Bob Foster, who came a couple of decades after the period covered here. Although boxing became more acceptable in the 1890s, with the international popularity of fighters like John L. Sullivan and "Gentleman" Jim Corbett, when the brutish London Prize Ring Rules gave way to the less violent Queensberry Rules, this chronicle begins a generation earlier. It was in this transition period that prizefighting in New Mexico began with a bang but also with tragedy. The first fight was a 185-round slugfest in 1868 that lasted six hours and nineteen minutes, which would make it the longest fight in the annals of boxing, if more verification existed besides a lone Denver News article. This fight between Barney Duffey and "Jack" also reflected the vicious nature of the sport at that time, as the latter died ten minutes after the endurance test was over. After this dubious start, no records exist of another fight occurring in the territory for the next twelve years. More years would pass before prizefighting became legal in the territory, as sentiments toward the sport were often like one fight observer in 1908 who opined, "Personally, I'd rather see a dogfight in the street than all the prizefights on earth-for the dogs don't know any better while men ought to" (76). The authors, Chris Cozzone and Jim Boggio, cover some of these legal battles, but New Mexico also benefited from its outlaw status, as clandestine fights were sometimes held there just north of El Paso and Juarez, as boxing was also illegal in Texas (and would remain so until 1933).The first "golden age" of boxing in New Mexico identified by the authors began in 1912, the year of statehood as well as the biggest fight ever held there, the Jack Johnson-Jim Flynn bout in Las Vegas, New Mexico. This period ended in 1917 and was marked by featherweight Benny Chavez, who gets his own chapter, a fighter highly regarded regionally and "might be the greatest fighter ever to come out of New Mexico" (186), but one who never got a shot at the world title. The second golden age (1922-1932) was led by lightweight Eddie Mack (born Pedro Christostomo Quintana) who merits not one, but two chapters of his own, despite also never getting a real chance at a championship belt, even though he did defeat a current world champion, Tod Morgan, in a non-title bout. …
Rectification by a single molecule

Abstract Unimolecular rectification of electrical current was confirmed between 105 and 370 K in a single molecule, γ-hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinomethanide, 1 , in which the ground state is zwitterionic (D + –π–A − ) with a large dipole moment (43 Debyes) while the first excited state is undissociated: (D 0 –π–A 0 ) with a smaller estimated moment (3–9 Debyes). The intervalence optical absorption band connecting these two states is strongly hypsochromic, and other spectroscopic measurements all confirm this assignment. This step to unimolecular electronics, i.e. a rectifier only 2.3 nm thick, is a realization of the 1974 proposal by Aviram and Ratner.
Managerial behavior and interpersonal competence.

One of the most persistent of all the demands made on behavioral scientists who study business behavior is that they provide an explanation of the modes of interpersonal relations of managers and their effects on the functioning of the organization. Common-sense observation indicates that the styles of interpersonal behavior among managers are no less varied than among persons in other careers. How do these different interpersonal styles relate to the individual's personality and career development? Is a given style superior to others? By what criteria are such evaluations to be made? Can we, for example, demonstrate that a given mode of behavior is associated with greater organizational effectiveness than another mode? Or is it possible that modes of interpersonal behavior have less significance in determining organizational outcomes than we would suppose? While both scientists and businessmen rightfully consider these questions important, too often they answer them too quickly. This paper takes a critical look at existing ideas about interpersonal competence, and recommends some modifications.
The Correspondence of Bruno Bettelheim and Rudolf Ekstein 1. Introduction

Abstract This paper provides the historical, cultural, and clinical context for the relationship between Bruno Bettelheim (1903–1990) and Rudolf Ekstein (1912–2005). Both were Viennese-born and trained intellectuals who received doctorates in the human sciences from the University of Vienna in 1937. Both were deeply identified with lay analysis, emphasizing that for psychoanalysis to perpetuate itself it needed to promote serious and rigorous forms of research. Because Bettelheim was the better known of the two, this introduction focuses on Ekstein's family history, with special emphasis on his experience of loss and trauma and his capacity to recover from personal and educational obstacles. It argues that Ekstein was a representative product of Austro-Marxism in the period between the wars, embracing the ethical brand of democratic socialism and group solidarity that was integral to the theory and practice of Austrian Social Democracy. It discusses Ekstein's training with Moritz Schlick in philosophy and...
Pain Evaluation and Management in the Nursing Home

As many as 45% to 80% of nursing home residents have pain that contributes materially to functional impairment and decreased quality of life. Substantial barriers, including a high frequency of dementia, multiple pain problems, and increased sensitivity to drug side effects often make pain assessment and management more difficult in the nursing home setting. Logistic problems in carrying out diagnostic procedures and management interventions are also common. Pain can be alleviated in nursing homes through the careful use of analgesic drugs combined with nonpharmacologic strategies, including exercise programs and other physical therapies. Elderly nursing home residents are more sensitive to the side effects associated with many analgesic drugs, but this does not justify the failure to treat pain, especially in those who are terminally ill or near the end of life. Structured programs for routine pain assessment and treatment are needed. Physician involvement in pain assessment and management is necessary if pain control is to be improved for nursing home patients.
Narrowband laser generation/air-coupled detection: ultrasonic system for on-line process control of composites

A hybrid laser generation/air-coupled detection ultrasonic system is presented which capitalizes on matching the source and receiver bandwidth. Laser generation of narrowband (∼1.2 MHz) ultrasound is achieved through a spatial modulation technique. The frequency of the generated ultrasound is chosen to match the response characteristics of a micromachined air-coupled capacitance transducer for good signal throughput. The system has proven sensitive to surface defects in composite materials, and is well suited for on-line process control applications, with standoff distance for the transmitter and receiver greater than 2 cm, while retaining single-shot operation. The system provides a significant reduction in cost and complexity relative to laser-in/laser-out systems.
A SURVEY OF PERCEIVED ORAL HEALTH NEEDS OF HOMEBOUND PATIENTS

1. While almost 60 percent of all patients reported dental needs, it is assumed that actual needs were in fact considerably higher. Problems relating to dentures were the most freqeuntly expressed complaint. 2. A strong relation existed between the ability of homebound patients to get to a dentist and the time elapsed since last dental visit. Number of teeth was a significant determinant in frequency of seeking care. Persons with teeth or dentures sought treatment more often than those who were edentulous. Pain was the only variable for which a difference was noted between the two groups in the effect on time of last dental visit. 3. The study revealed an inaccessibility of dental care for the majority of patients confined to their homes. Ability to get to the dentist was identified as a major barrier to care for the homebound. The delivery of dental services to such patients in their immediate surroundings, by specially trained dental professionals using mobile units, must therefore be seriously considered as a means for improving access to care for this population.
Generation and initial characterization of Pseudomonas stutzeri KC mutants with impaired ability to degrade carbon tetrachloride

Under iron-limiting conditions, Pseudomonas stutzeri KC secretes a small but as yet unidentified factor that transforms carbon tetrachloride (CT) to CO2 and nonvolatile products when activated by reduction at cell membranes. Pseudomonas fluorescens and other cell types activate the factor. Triparental mating was used to generate kanamycin-resistant lux::Tn5 recombinants of strain KC. Recombinants were streaked onto the surface of agar medium plugs in microtiter plates and were then screened for carbon tetrachloride degradation by exposing the plates to gaseous 14C-carbon tetrachloride. CT+ recombinants generated nonvolatile 14C-labeled products, but four CT– recombinants did not generate significant nonvolatile 14C-labeled products and had lost the ability to degrade carbon tetrachloride. When colonies of P. fluorescens were grown next to colonies of CT+ recombinants and were exposed to gaseous 14C-carbon tetrachloride, 14C-labeled products accumulated around the P. fluorescens colonies, indicating that the factor secreted by CT+ colonies had diffused through the agar and become activated. When P. fluorescens was grown next to CT– colonies, little carbon tetrachloride transformation was observed, indicating a lack of active factor. Expression of lux reporter genes in three of the CT– mutants was regulated by added iron and was induced under the same iron-limiting conditions that induce carbon tetrachloride transformation in the wild-type.
Reaction Time Variability in ADHD: A Review

For the past decade, intra-individual variability in reaction times on computerized tasks has become a central focus of cognitive research on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Numerous studies document increased reaction time variability among children and adults with ADHD, relative to typically developing controls. However, direct comparisons with other disorders with heightened reaction time variability are virtually nonexistent, despite their potential to inform our understanding of the phenomenon. A growing literature examines the sensitivity of reaction time variability to theoretically and clinically relevant manipulations. There is strong evidence that stimulus treatment reduces reaction time variability during a range of cognitive tasks, but the literature is mixed regarding the impact of motivational incentives and variation in stimulus event rate. Most studies of reaction time variability implicitly assume that heightened reaction time variability reflects occasional lapses in attention, and the dominant neurophysiological interpretation suggests this variability is linked to intrusions of task-negative brain network activity during task performance. Work examining the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of reaction time variability provides some support for these hypotheses, but considerably more work is needed in this area. Finally, because conclusions from each of domains reviewed are limited by the wide range of measures used to measure reaction time variability, this review highlights the need for increased attention to the cognitive and motivational context in which variability is assessed and recommends that future work always supplement macro-level variability indices with metrics that isolate particular components of reaction time variability.
Admission Control for Roadside Units Based on Virtual Air-Time Transmissions

Providing vehicles with different services is an important challenge for the Roadside Units (RSUs) to support future Intelligent Transportations Systems applications. In rush hours, tens of vehicles might request different services from a shared RSU. When the RSU becomes close to overloaded situations, the Admission Control (AC) and the resource allocation algorithms play very important role of determining whether accepting new arrivals affects the in-session tasks. Admitting more tasks means pushing their task finish time to their deadlines (RSU range leaving time), which increases the risk of the vehicles, thus, increasing the probability of task failure. In this paper, we propose an admission control and resource allocation algorithm that helps the RSU keep the number of admitted tasks higher, and at the same time reducing the risk of the tasks as the vehicles progress and move toward the edges of the RSU's transmission range. The algorithm calculates the physical expected task finish time for those vehicles, but allocates a virtual air-time transmission plan, which includes an extra time called the backup time. This extra time can be used to download the remaining data in case the task could not be finished on time. This time can automatically be transferred to the air-time transmission plan of the next vehicle closer to leave the RSU region in case it was not used. Simulation results show that our algorithm maintains higher number of admitted tasks and at the same time reduces the failure rate of those tasks.
Radon reduction systems in the construction of new houses in Gainesville, Florida.

High radon level exposures increase human risk of lung cancer. The objective of this paper is to present the results of the effectiveness of applying the Enkavent mat method and the suction pit method; as tested by a University of Florida research team; to reduce radon entry in new houses built in the city of Gainesville and the surrounding Alachua County area in Florida. Both of these passive techniques include placement of a barrier under the concrete floor slab right on top of the soil at the new building sites. Passive and active techniques applied in the construction of new houses reduced radon levels to below the minimum requirements of 148 Bq m -3 (4 pCi L -1 ). The mitigation systems investigated in this research were adopted by the Florida Legislature to become part of the new building construction code in Florida.
Interferons in human papillomavirus infections

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections usually present as benign warts (e.g., condyloma acuminatum, CA) but can also be responsible for dysplasia and carcinoma. Therapeutic options include chemotherapeutic agents, cryotherapy and surgery, but all these treatments are anti-tumor, not anti-viral. Interferons (IFNs) are the only anti-viral drugs approved for the therapy of benign HPV-related lesions. While IFN-alpha, IFN-beta and IFN-gamma have all been tested against CA, most information is available on IFN-alpha which appears efficacious via a number of routes of administration, schedules and dosages with an acceptable safety profile. The highest rate of success with IFN-alpha therapy, in terms of reduced recurrence rates of CA was reported from studies in which all visible lesions were surgically removed with subsequent administration of subcutaneous local IFN-alpha. Less data is available on the efficacy of IFNs in the treatment of HPV-related dysplasia and carcinoma, but combination therapy (e.g., IFN-alpha plus retinoids for cervical carcinoma) appears promising. Future advances in control of HPV-related lesions are expected to continue to involve IFN combined with non-antiviral therapies as well as the use of exogenous inducers of IFNs and other cytokines.
The Cathode Follower Driven by a Rectangular Voltage Wave

A rectangular voltage wave is often transmitted from a high-impedance source to a low-impedance load through resistancecapacitance coupling and a cathode follower. The position of the grid-return tap on the cathode resistor determines, for any applied voltage wave form, whether the output voltage wave is linearly related to the input voltage wave or is affected by cutoff or by overdriving. This paper presents methods for determining the operating condition that applies and derives expressions for the circuit voltages, subject to stated assumptions.
Physical and chemical characteristics of aging pyrolysis oils produced from hardwood and softwood feedstocks

Abstract Pyrolysis oils were produced from hardwood or softwood feedstocks in a vacuum batch reactor and trapped at 0 °C. The vacuum process was used to intentionally avoid the presence of entrained char particles. The hardwood feedstock was a pelletized mixture of various Eastern tree species. The softwood samples were de-barked Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) wood cut into the same dimensions as the pellets. The oils’ physical (viscosity) and chemical (speciation) properties were measured as-produced and after aging. The total liquid and char yields ranged from ∼50 to 55% and 25 to 27% respectively. Measured water contents were 30% or more, which are greater typically reported from fast pyrolysis oils produced in fluidized beds. Aging took place in covered glass containers at room temperature over a period of 5 months. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to characterize the oils’ volatile components. Since bio-oils are mixtures of hundreds of different compounds with wide-ranging molecular weights and polarities, the oils were extracted using benzene followed by methanol. Out of ca. 80 non-polar and 100+ polar compounds GCMS showed a few chemical species present in the freshly produced oils were absent in the aged oils. The oils’ viscosities at shear rates (measured between 1 and 1000 s−1) increased by approximately a factor of 2.5 during aging. To determine if this was due to polymerization reactions during aging or simply water and other volatile material losses, freshly made oils were aged at an accelerated rate by using elevated temperatures (65 °C and 85 °C) in a water-saturated environment between 1 and 7 days. The oils are fairly stable with respect to aging both over long periods of time (months) at room temperature and at elevated temperatures, 65 °C and 85 °C for shorter time periods (days). It is concluded that high water content and char-free characteristics act to slow polymerization reactions.
Revised estimate of gravitational radiation from Crab and Vela pulsars

PROGRESS in the development of ultra-high-Q dielectric crystals (Bagdasarov et al. unpublished data) has caused experimenters in the field of general relativity to look for rotation-induced gravitational radiation from pulsars (D. H. Douglass, unpublished data). If one could control the frequency of oscillation of a high-Q crystal, keeping it in phase with the electromagnetic signals observed from a pulsar, one might hope to absorb a measurable amount of (quadrupole) gravitational radiation at twice the pulsar frequency. Press and Thorne1 in 1972 estimated that the gravitational waves from the Crab pulsar would produce a dimensionless strain in a detector on Earth of h∼10−26 to 10−28, and that other pulsars would be several orders of magnitude fainter. Additional observational data, and progress in pulsar models during the past five years, make a new estimate desirable. I report here that the amplitude of the gravitational waves from the Crab pulsar (PSR0531+21) is likely to be within 2 orders of magnitude of 10−27, but that the Vela pulsar (PSR0833−45) is likely to produce waves of amplitude a factor 10 to 100 larger.
Probing the Cytochrome c′ Folding Landscape

The solution to the riddle of how a protein folds is encoded in the conformational energy landscape for the constituent polypeptide. Employing fluorescence energy transfer kinetics, we have mapped the S. cerevisiae iso-1 cytochrome c landscape by monitoring the distance between a C-terminal fluorophore and the heme during folding. Within 1 ms after denaturant dilution to native conditions, unfolded protein molecules have evolved into two distinct and rapidly equilibrating populations: a collection of collapsed structures with an average fluorophore−heme distance (r) of 27 A and a roughly equal population of extended polypeptides with r > 50 A. Molecules with the native fold appear on a time scale regulated by heme ligation events (∼300 ms, pH 7). The experimentally derived landscape for folding has a narrow central funnel with a flat upper rim on which collapsed and extended polypeptides interchange rapidly in a search for the native structure.
In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy on probing the enhanced electrochemical activity of ternary PtRu@Pb catalysts

Abstract The cumulative synergistic effect generated by the combination of the components is a promising route for developing active ternary catalysts with reduced Pt content. In this article, synthesis, electrochemical property and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of a novel ternary catalyst PtRu@Pb/C have been reported. This ternary PtRu@Pb/C catalyst shows tenfold increase in the peak current density for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in comparison to the commercial state-of-the-art PtRu catalyst. To understand the mechanistic pathways and plausible reasons behind higher current density of PtRu@Pb, XAS and Δ μ analysis in combination with ab initio FEFF8 calculations have been performed. The results reveal the direct evidence of strong charge transfer from lead to platinum shedding the light on this enhanced activity. The electrochemical study in conjunction with the in situ spectroscopy affirms the different role played by Pb and Ru, where ligand mechanism is induced by Pb and the bi-functional mechanism is mostly operated by ruthenium both being responsible in the enhancement of high current density for MOR.
Tuning databases for high performance

In fields ranging from arbitrage to tactical missile defense, speed of access to data can determine success or failure. Database tuning is the activity of making a database system run faster. Like optimization activities in other areas of computer science and engineering, database tuning must work within the constraints of its underlying technology. Just as compiler optimizers, for example, cannot directly change the underlying hardware, database tuners cannot change the underlying database management system. The tuner can, however, modify table design, select new indices, rearrange transactions, tamper with the operating system, or buy hardware. The goals are to eliminate bottlenecks, decrease the number of accesses to disks, and guarantee response time, at least in a statistical sense. Understanding how to do this well requires deep knowledge of the interaction among the different components of a database management system. This short article illustrates the interaction among just three components: concurrent transaction design, indices, and table design. The goal is to give an appreciation for the challenges and methods of this field of optimization.
The Effects on Bearing Load-Carrying Capacity of Two-Sided Striated Roughness

Abstract : The multiple-scale method which was earlier employed for lubricating films with striated roughness on one of two opposing surfaces is here extended to include striated roughness on both surfaces. In some papers, the transient effects due to the roughness have been neglected. However, the present analysis shows that the term representing these effects is of the same order of magnitude as others retained in the final equation governing the average pressure. As an example, it is shown that, with the same overall roughness characteristics, the load-carrying capacity of an infinitely-wide slider bearing varies according to how the same roughness is distributed on opposing surfaces. (Author)
The Partisan Consequences of Congressional Redistricting

In an earlier examination of redistricting plans in the 1970s, the author found little evidence that gerrymanders were successful. A similar examination of gerrymanders in the 1980s finds that in many states they worked. The parties that drew the lines usually won more seats than they had before redistricting and they almost always held the seats created for them. In addition, redistricting parties usually got a higher percentage of seats than percentage of the vote. The author argues that a general decline in the competitiveness of House races accounts for the increased success of gerrymanders in the 1980s.
MsrA protects cardiac myocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation induced cell death

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in tissue responses to ischemia-reperfusion. The enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase-A (MsrA) is capable of protecting cells against oxidative damage by reversing damage to proteins caused by methionine oxidation or by decreasing ROS through a scavenger mechanism. The current study employed adenovirus mediated over-expression of MsrA in primary neonatal rat cardiac myocytes to determine the effect of this enzyme in protecting against hypoxia/reoxygenation in this tissue. Cells were transduced with MsrA encoding adenovirus and subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Apoptotic cell death was decreased by greater than 45% in cells over-expressing MsrA relative to cells transduced with a control virus. Likewise total cell death as determined by levels of LDH release was dramatically decreased by MsrA over-expression. These observations indicate that MsrA is protective against hypoxia/reoxygenation stress in cardiac myocytes and point to MsrA as an important therapeutic target for ischemic heart disease.
Authority Control in the Next Generation. A Report of the LITA/ALCTS Authority Control Interest Group Program, American Library Association Annual Conference, New Orleans, June 2011

The Authority Control Interest Group provides a forum for discussion of a variety of issues related to authority control and the sharing of authority data. The program at ALA Annual 2011, “Authorit...
Quantum Monte Carlo Calculations of P-Shell Nuclei

We have made Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of nuclei with A ≤ 10 using realistic Hamiltonians that contain both two-and three-nucleon terms with strong spin, tensor, and isospin dependence. Many tests demonstrate that the computed binding energies have errors of less than 2%. It is only in the last six years that such accurate results have been obtained for A ≥6; the A = 9,10 results have been obtained during the last year. As will be discussed, the energies of nuclei can be reproduced only by a Hamiltonian that contains both two-and three-nucleon potentials. Two-body scattering determines the NN potential, but the NNN potential parameters are fit during the course of our calculations. The methods and results presented here are from the work of the Argonne, Los Alamos, TJNAF, and Urbana groups; complete descriptions of our variational (VMC) and Green’s function (GFMC) calculations, and of the Hamiltonians used, may be found in Refs. [1, 2, 3].
Lithium bonding interaction in H 2 CY⋯LiF (Y=O,S)complexes: A theoretical probe

Ab initio calculations at 6-31++G(d,p) level have been done on H2CY⋯LiF (Y=O,S) complexes choosing ten possible orientations in each complex. The effect of correlation on complex binding energies has been studied via single point MP2 (full) calculations done on 6-31++G(d,p) geometry. Binding energies have been corrected for basis set superposition error. Frequency calculations confirm that H2CO⋯LiF and H2CS⋯LiF complexes have three and two stable forms, respectively. The most stable form in each complex has been found to have a strong lithium bonding interaction and a secondary hydrogen bonding interaction. NBO analysis has revealed that in this form oxygen donates nσ lone pair while sulfur donates its nπ lone pair. In yet another stable form of these complexes, mixed donation of π and nσ electrons have been observed.
Mechanics of hollow sphere foams

Models for the mechanical properties of foams suggest that closed-cell foams should have significantly higher modulus and strength than open-cell foams, especially at low relative densities. In practice, as a result of defects in their microstructure, the measured properties of closed-cell metallic foams are similar to those of open-cell foams of the same relative density. Hollow sphere foams provide an alternative microstructure with the potential for improved properties for low-density metal structures. Here, we analyze the elastic moduli and initial yield strength of hollow sphere foams. The results indicate that their theoretical values of moduli and strength are intermediate to those for open- and closed-cell foams. With suitable manufacturing techniques, hollow sphere foams have the potential for improved mechanical properties compared with existing metallic foams.
The Pendulum of Congressional Power: Agenda Change, Partisanship and the Demise of the Post-World War II Foreign Policy Consensus

Many scholars contend that Congress rarely matters in the realm of foreign policy. The source of this collective impotence is often explained by the weaknesses in congressional institutions vis-a-vis the president, as well as a general inability to respond effectively to a dynamic international political environment. We contend that the debate over congressional activism has not adequately addressed the role of agenda change. We analyze all roll call votes in the House of Representatives relating to the international affairs agenda between 1953 and 1998. We find that presidents have become significantly more likely to stake out positions on economic and trade issues as compared to other international issues. We also observe that presidential positions in the realm of foreign policy are increasingly characterized by interparty and interinstitutional conflict. While this increased conflict has dramatically decreased the president's ability to successfully pass executive priorities in foreign affairs more ge...
Hemolysis of Erythrocytes by Antibacterial Preservatives

A study has been made of the hemolytic activity of antibacterial preservatives on human and rabbit erythrocytes in the presence of 0.9 per cent sodium chloride. The hemolytic potency of phenol increased with methyl and/or chlorine substitution. The order of activity was: p -chloro- m -cresol 〉 p -chlorophenol 〉 tricresol and m -cresol 〉 phenol. Chlorinated alcohols were similarly more hemolytic than the nonhalogenated ones: p -chloro-β-phenylethyl alcohol 〉 chlorobutanol 〉 phenylethyl alcohol 〉 benzyl alcohol. Erythrocytes were highly sensitive to benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and phenylmercuric nitrate. Thimerosal, butylparaben, and sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate also induced hemolysis. The data indicate that the hemolytic and antimicrobial mechanisms of action may be identical for many compounds.
Comparison of two analyzers for measurement of plasma total carbon dioxide concentration in horses.

Objective—To determine the degree of agreement between 2 analyzers for measurement of total CO2 concentration (ctCO2) in equine plasma. Animals—6 healthy untrained horses, 6 trained Standardbreds undergoing a simulated race protocol, and 135 trained Standardbreds at a racetrack. Procedures—Jugular venous blood samples were obtained from all horses. Two analyzers (commonly used analyzer A and less expensive analyzer B) were used to measure plasma ctCO2 in each sample. Validation of both analyzers was conducted in accordance with guidelines established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and involved characterization of linearity, total analytic error, and bias estimation. Results—Total analytic error (instrument SD) was 0.58 mmol/L (coefficient of variation, 1.6%) and 0.49 mmol/L (coefficient of variation, 1.4%) for analyzers A and B, respectively, when measuring an aqueous standard containing 36.0 mmol of CO2/L. A 1 g/L decrease in plasma protein concentration corresponded to an increase in...
Regional chromosomal localization of the human gene for galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Summary. In the progeny of somatic cell hybrids formed by fusion of human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster mutant cells, a single human chromosome A2 was selectively retained when grown in appropriate medium. Spontaneous breakage of this chromosome in different hybrid subclones led to the assignment of the gene for galactose-l-phosphate uridyltransferase to the centromeric region of this chromosome (2qll-2q14). This gene is shown to be syntenic to the previously mapped genes for acid phosphatase 1 and malate dehydrogenase 1.
A theory of glassy semiconductors

Abstract A model for glassy semiconductors is discussed which provides for a generic description of a wide range of materials. The theory is based on the premise that the underlying disorder of the amorphous state requires a qualitatively different description. The major consequence of the lack of long-range structural symmetry is the enhancement of the electron-phonon interaction and the localization of the eigenstates. A sufficiently strong interaction leads to an effective attraction between localized electrons which accounts for both diamagnetism and optical transparency. The excitations on the ground state are derived and consideration of their relaxation implies the existence of long-lived states in a narrow region of the spectrum near the Fermi level.
Dislocation dynamics and plastic shock waves

Abstract In a previous paper (Weertman and Follansbee (1983)) steady-state finite amplitude elastic plastic waves of moderate amplitude were treated as summed steady-state infinitesimal elastic plastic waves, each traveling at slightly different velocities with respect to the crystal lattice but at the same velocity with respect to the laboratory coordinate system. In this paper finite amplitude elastic-plastic waves are again treated as summed infinitesimal elastic-plastic waves. The infinitesimal waves, however, are not steady-state waves. For the constant dislocation density case it is shown that the governing wave equation for the infinitesimal wave is (∂/∂t){(∂2σ/∂x2)-(1/a02)(∂2σ/∂t2)} = −(a0/Λ){(∂2σ/∂x2)-(1/a12) (∂2σ/∂t2)}, where σ is stress, a0 is the elastic wave velocity, a1 is the bulk wave velocity, and Λ is a characteristic length. The steady-state finite amplitude wave profile (for a constant dislocation density) is given by the equation a′(∂σx/∂x) = [a1 + u](∂σx/∂x)-D(∂2σx/∂x2), where a′ is the finite amplitude wave velocity and μ is the particle velocity (μ is proportional to σ) and D=(a02-a12)a12Λ/2a03. Similar equations hold for the case in which the density increases. The tendency of the infinitesimal wave to spread is counteracted by the squeezing effect of the particle velocity to give a steady-state finite amplitude wave. The width of the steady-state finite amplitude wave is inversely proportional to the maximum stress if the dislocation density is constant and inversely proportional to the cube of the stress if the density increases with stress. The finite amplitude wave velocity is slightly greater than a1 for the constant dislocation density case and lies between a1 and a0 when the density is not constant. The plastic deformation that occurs behind a strong shock wave is also treated in this paper.
Functional Role of BLAP75 in BLM-Topoisomerase IIIα-dependent Holliday Junction Processing

The BLAP75 protein combines with the BLM helicase and topoisomerase (Topo) IIIα to form an evolutionarily conserved complex, termed the BTB complex, that functions to regulate homologous recombination. BLAP75 binds DNA, associates with both BLM and Topo IIIα, and enhances the ability of the BLM-Topo IIIα pair to branch migrate the Holliday junction (HJ) or dissolve the double Holliday junction (dHJ) structure to yield non-crossover recombinants. Here we seek to understand the relevance of the biochemical attributes of BLAP75 in HJ processing. With the use of a series of BLAP75 protein fragments, we show that the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal third of BLAP75 mediates complex formation with BLM and Topo IIIα and that the DNA binding activity resides in the C-terminal third of this novel protein. Interestingly, the N-terminal third of BLAP75 is just as adept as the full-length protein in the promotion of dHJ dissolution and HJ unwinding by BLM-Topo IIIα. Thus, the BLAP75 DNA binding activity is dispensable for the ability of the BTB complex to process the HJ in vitro. Lastly, we show that a BLAP75 point mutant (K166A), defective in Topo IIIα interaction, is unable to promote dHJ dissolution and HJ unwinding by BLM-Topo IIIα. This result provides proof that the functional integrity of the BTB complex is contingent upon the interaction of BLAP75 with Topo IIIα.
The Ritual of Rights in Japan: Law, Society, and Health Policy

The Ritual of Rights in Japan challenges the conventional wisdom that the assertion of rights is fundamentally incompatible with Japanese legal, political and social norms. It discusses the creation of a Japanese translation of the word 'rights', Kenri; examines the historical record for words and concepts similar to 'rights'; and highlights the move towards recognising patients' rights in the 1960s and 1970s. Two policy studies are central to the book. One concentrates on Japan's 1989 AIDS Prevention Act, and the other examines the protracted controversy over whether brain death should become a legal definition of death. Rejecting conventional accounts that recourse to rights is less important to resolving disputes than other cultural forms,The Ritual of Rights in Japan uses these contemporary cases to argue that the invocation of rights is a critical aspect of how conflicts are articulated and resolved.
The effects of high impact learning experiences on student engagement

Abstract Student engagement includes skills engagement, participation engagement, emotional engagement, and performance engagement. Handlesman et al., (2005) created a questionnaire (SCEQ) that measures these forms of engagement. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which each form is promoted by different learning experiences. One hundred an twenty-seven students involved in (a) undergraduate research, (b) learning communities, (c) internships, or (d) service learning completed the SCEQ. The results indicated that undergraduate research and internships promoted greater student engagement. Key factors contributing to engagement included perceived career relevance, faculty/student collaboration and the focus and intensity of the learning experience.
Emotional Intelligence and Acculturation to the United States: Interactions on the Perceived Social Consequences of Smoking in Early Adolescents

High emotional intelligence (EI) is associated with decreased adolescent smoking. Acculturation to the United States is a risk factor for adolescent smoking. High EI may buffer the relationship between acculturation to the United States and perceptions of the social consequences of smoking (PSC). Emotional intelligence is the ability to: accurately perceive, appraise, and express emotion; access and/or generate feelings in facilitating thought; understand emotion and emotional knowledge; and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence (measured by the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale, Adolescent Version), acculturation, and PSC were assessed in 2001 from 416 Southern California sixth graders (47% boys; mean age = 11.3 yrs; 32% Hispanic/ Latino, 29% Asian/Pacific Islander, 13% White, 19% Multiethnic, 6% Other). There was a significant EI x US acculturation interaction (p < 0.01) suggesting that those with high EI perceived more social consequences associated with smoking. As the U.S. population becomes increasingly diversified, identifying protective variables and designing effective prevention programs for adolescents of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds becomes important.