cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alfarabi's imaginative critique: overflowing materialism in Virtuous Community

Though currently marginalised in Western philosophy, tenth-century Arabic philosopher Abu Nasr Alfarabi is one of the most important thinkers of the medieval era. In fact, he was known as the 'second teacher' (after Aristotle) to philosophers such as Avicenna and Averroes. As this epithet suggests, Alfarabi and his successors engaged in a critical and creative dialogue with thinkers from other historical traditions, including that of the Ancient Greeks, although the creativity of his part is often marginalised as well. In this article, I offer a new interpretation of Alfarabi's sweeping volume, The Principles of the Opinions of the Virtuous Community. My focus is the materialism that overflows Alfarabi's account of soul in general and the imaginative power in particular. The political conclusion of this account is that Virtuous Community does not directly present Alfarabi's ideal ruler or community. Instead, it offers a materialist critique that prefigures critical theory and post-structuralism and thereby provides guidelines for how to more effectively engage monotheistic communities in the pursuit of social justice - including along the axes of race, gender and sexual orientation.
Nimbus-7 SMMR precipitation observations calibrated against surface radar during TAMEX

This paper represents a continuation of work begun by Petty and Katsaros (1990) on refining an attenuation-based technique for estimating rainfall parameters from polarized 37-GHz brightness temperatures. In the present work, Nimbus-7 SMMR normalized 37-GHz polarization differences P are compared with surface digital radar observations of oceanic precipitation, made during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX) for cases when the SMMR and the radar coverages of significant precipitation features were nearly simultaneous. After the radar data were corrected for range-dependent errors, relationships were determined between the 37-GHz P and the radar reflectivity factor Z. The relationship was used to generate a large set of simulated SMMR observations from all available TAMEX radar scans, to produce histograms and mean values of pixel-averaged rain rate as a function of P.
ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF ERROR-DETECTING CODES IN NUCLEIC ACID MOLECULES.

Error-detecting codes have been known to mathematicians and to electrical engineers for over ten years. In general, such codes utilize an additional orparity bit for purposes of detecting errors by the addition of all positive binary bits or “1’s” occurring in any code word. However, since the process of addition is required for such code detection, it is not surprising that these codes have not been applied to the nucleic acid molecule. In 1962, P. I. Hershberg (Trans. I.R.E., CS-10, 280–4, 1962) outlined a categorical constraint which permitted the realization of a class of error-detecting codes which did not require parity bits. This class of codes is applied to the nucleic acid molecule in the present paper.
The utilization of riboflavin antagonists by a mutant of Lactobacillus casei.

Abstract By the use of any one of three halogen-containing analogs of riboflavin, it has been possible to discover and isolate a mutant strain of Lactobacillus casei . This mutant strain continues to require an exogenous source of flavin, but the limits within which the physicochemical properties of the flavin must fall for utilization by the organism are not as narrowly defined as those of the stock strain. It appears that the mutant strain exists in all cultures of this organism, but would have remained undetected except for the use of one of these three flavins. The existence of the mutant in the cultures of the organism does not interfere with the use of L. casei for the microbiological assay of riboflavin.
Islets Have a Lot of Nerve! Or Do They?

The autonomic nervous system influences insulin and glucagon secretion. In this issue, Rodriguez-Diaz et al. (2011) show that mouse and human islets differ in their innervation patterns, yet the effect of neural activation on islet hormone secretion is similar. Key questions raised by this species difference have potential relevance to diabetic therapeutics.
Enhanced thermal conductivity and isotope effect in single-layer hexagonal boron nitride

The thermal conductivity, \ensuremath{\kappa}, of single layers of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as well as that of bulk h-BN have been calculated utilizing an exact numerical solution of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation. The stronger phonon-phonon scattering in h-BN is revealed as the cause for its lower \ensuremath{\kappa} compared with graphite. A reduction in such scattering in the single layer arising mainly from a symmetry-based selection rule leads to a substantial increase in \ensuremath{\kappa}, with calculated room temperature values of more than 600 Wm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$K${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Isotopic enrichment further increases \ensuremath{\kappa}, with the calculated enhancement exhibiting a peak with temperature, whose magnitude shows a dramatic sensitivity to crystallite size.
A Peek Inside the Box: How Information Flows Through Substance Abuse Treatment Agencies

This article describes how integrated health information technology affects the collection and flow of client-level intake and assessment data within substance abuse treatment agencies. We combined process mapping and qualitative inquiry methods to analyze staff interviews (N = 54) from eight agencies in four U.S. states. Integrated health information technology was related to expedited and improved flow of information, while nonintegrated health information technology systems were associated with double data entry, multiple eligibility screenings, and different intake processes across levels of care. Process mapping is an effective tool to identify barriers to efficient client-level data management and opportunities to leverage health information technology to streamline the intake process of substance abuse treatment agencies, improve staff productivity, and enhance the accuracy and information flow.
Single-photon emission tomography imaging of serotonin transporters in the nonhuman primate brain with [ 123 I]ODAM

We have described previously a selective serotonin transporter (SERT) radioligand, [123I]IDAM. We now report a similarly potent, but more stable IDAM derivative, 5-iodo-2-[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenoxy]benzyl alcohol ([123I]ODAM). The imaging characteristics of this radioligand were studied and compared against [123I]IDAM. Dynamic sequences of single-photon emission tomography (SPET) scans were obtained on three female baboons after injection of 375 MBq of [123I]ODAM. Displacing doses (1 mg/kg) of the selective SERT ligand (+)McN5652 were administered 120 min after injection of [123I]ODAM. Total integrated brain uptake of [123I]ODAM was about 30% higher than [123I]IDAM. After 60–120 min, the regional distribution of tracer within the brain reflected the characteristic distribution of SERT. Peak specific binding in the midbrain occurred 120 min after injection, with an equilibrium midbrain to cerebellar ratio of 1.50±0.08, which was slightly lower than the value for [123I]IDAM (1.80± 0.13). Both the binding kinetics and the metabolism of [123I]ODAM were slower than those of [123I]IDAM. Following injection of a competing SERT ligand, (+)McN5652, the tracer exhibited washout from areas with high concentrations of SERT, with a dissociation kinetic rate constant k off=0.0085±0.0028 min–1 in the midbrain. Similar studies using nisoxetine and methylphenidate showed no displacement, consistent with its low binding affinity to norepinephrine and dopamine transporters, respectively. These results suggest that [123I]ODAM is suitable for selective SPET imaging of SERT in the primate brain, with higher uptake and slower kinetics and metabolism than [123I]IDAM, but also a slightly lower selectivity for SERT.
Coastal and Baja California paleomagnetism reconsidered

Systematic reappraisal of paleomagnetic data from upper Mesozoic and lower Cenozoic sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks of late Mesozoic age in coastal and Baja California indicates that pluton tilt and shallowing of paleomagnetic directions by sedimentary compaction resolve observed discordances with the North American apparent polar wander (APW) path when the best available reference paleopoles are used for comparison. The hypothesis of major tectonic transport in excess of distances inherent in current models for evolution of the San Andreas transform system is unnecessary and in conflict with geologic observations. Fresh insights derived from recent data sets and improved analysis include the following. (1) The limited paleomagnetic data recording primary remanence for Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks in coastal California are concordant with the North American APW path. (2) The tilt of the Peninsular Ranges batholith inferred from paleobarometric data eliminates its declination discordance and reduces its inclination discordance to a level where ovals of confidence for observed and expected paleomagnetic directions overlap. (3) Key Cretaceous and Paleogene red-bed successions on the Salinian block of coastal California and in Baja California have yielded concordant paleolatitudes. (4) The discordances of different apparent paleolatitudes inferred from Cretaceous and Paleogene marine sedimentary strata lie within a range that can be attributed to compaction shallowing on the basis of both experimental information and observations from elsewhere. (5) Turbidites are more susceptible to compaction shallowing than shelf and deltaic strata. (6) The uniform rotation of paleomagnetic directions inferred previously for peninsular California is not supported by the full array of data now available from multiple localities. (7) Basement ties of the Salinian block in California and of the Baja California peninsula to the continental interior preclude any hypothesis for tectonic transport much in excess of San Andreas transform slip.
Crystal Polymorphism of Protein GB1 Examined by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction.

The study of micro- or nanocrystalline proteins by magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) gives atomic-resolution insight into structure in cases when single crystals cannot be obtained for diffraction studies. Subtle differences in the local chemical environment around the protein, including the characteristics of the cosolvent and the buffer, determine whether a protein will form single crystals. The impact of these small changes in formulation is also evident in the SSNMR spectra; however, the changes lead only to correspondingly subtle changes in the spectra. Here, we demonstrate that several formulations of GB1 microcrystals yield very high quality SSNMR spectra, although only a subset of conditions enable growth of single crystals. We have characterized these polymorphs by X-ray powder diffraction and assigned the SSNMR spectra. Assignments of the 13C and 15N SSNMR chemical shifts confirm that the backbone structure is conserved, indicative of a common protein fold, but side chain chemic...
Risk of secondary hyperparathyroidism after laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in obese women

Background Metabolic bone disease is a potential complication of bariatric surgery. The aims of our study were to evaluate the effects of laparoscopic gastric bypass on calcium and vitamin D metabolism, and to identify patients at high risk to develop secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT).
Licensing versus direct investment: implications for economic growth

We develop a symmetric two country model of foreign direct investment (FDI) that captures the internalization decision and its implications for both the rate and magnitude of innovations. When mode choice (licensing versus FDI) is fixed, a subsidy to multinational production increases the rate but decreases the size of innovations. When mode can switch, the rate and size of innovations both increase, provided the subsidy is not too large. Although innovation size decreases for industries where firms already were choosing FDI, innovation size increases for industries where firms switch from licensing to FDI because multinationals choose larger innovations than licensors. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Matching the rate of concurrent tone bursts and light flashes as a function of flash surround luminance

Subjects adjusted the rate of a repeating toneburst to match that of a concurrently flashing light, or vice versa. Flashes were viewed in luminous or wholly dark surrounds. Matches usually departed from veridical rate matches, and always were affected in the same direction by changes in surround luminance. Matches were a function of whether subjects controlled the visual or auditory stimulus; also, subjects usually reported “driving” of flash rates by auditory rates when they controlled tone rate, but not when they controlled flash rate.
Research Productivity in Top-Ranked Schools in Psychology and Social Work Research Cultures Do Matter!

Objectives:We sought the answer to one major research question—Does psychology have a more defined culture of research than social work?Methods:Using U.S. News and World Report 2012 and 2013 rankin...
Water management in mature oil fields using preformed particle gels

Excess water production is a major problem that leads to early well abandonment and unrecoverable hydrocarbon in mature oil fields. Gel treatments at the injection wells to preferentially plug the thief zones are cost-effective methods to improve sweep efficiency in reservoirs and reduce excess water production during hydrocarbon recovery. A recent gel process uses the preformed particle gels (PPGs) to overcome distinct drawbacks inherent in in-situ gelation systems, i.e. lack of control on gelation time, uncertain gelling due to shear degradation, chromatographic fractionation or change of gel compositions, and dilution by formation water. This paper describes the results of PPG injection in both fracture and sandpack models where the experimental results were used to develop and validate mechanistic models to design and optimize the flowing gel injection for conformance control processes. Crucial properties gel such as in-situ rheology and swelling ratio in addition to oil recoveries were investigated. The water and oil permeability reduction factors were measured and modeled as a function of gel strength, rock permeability, and flow rate. The PPG transport models were successfully implemented in a reservoir simulator and validated against the laboratory experiments.
Phospholipid biosynthesis during normal and dystrophic avian muscle cell differentiation in culture

Abstract The biosynthesis of phospholipids during differentiation of normal and dystrophic muscle cells was studied using [32Pi] added to primary culture media. Labeled phosphatides were separated by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, exposing the plates to HCl vapors between solvents to cleave the alk-1-enyl bonds. Phosphatidalethanolamine labeling did not vary during myotube formation. Although lower labeling of phosphatidalcholine was observed in dystrophic myoblasts at the single cell stage, no differences were observed between normal and dystrophic cultures after cell contact and myotube formation. A sharp decrease in phosphoinositide content was observed as myoblasts first achieved cell contact and continued to decline slowly as myotubes developed. During myogenesis, phosphatidylcholine content gradually increased, from 18.4% of the total labeled phospholipid in dividing myoblasts to 48.6% of the labeled phospholipids in fully differentiated myotubes.
If You Don't Know Where You're Going, You'll Wind up Somewhere Else: The Case of “Foreign Language Learning Disability”

: Despite the lack of empirical evidence, the term foreign language learning disability (FLLD) has become popular in the learning disabilities (LD) and foreign language literature. I contend that there is not a unique “disability” for foreign language learning and suggest instead that foreign language skills run along a continuum of very strong to very weak foreign language learners. To support my positions, I review problems with the definition and diagnostic criteria for LD. Then, I cite problems with the development and use of a logically consistent, easily operationalized, and empirically valid definition and diagnostic criteria for the FLLD concept and explain how proponents of this “disability” misuse the foreign language aptitude concept. Last, I detail implications for identifying students who exhibit foreign language learning problems, address policies that permit students to obtain waivers from or course substitutions for foreign language requirements, and describe issues hidden from foreign language educators because of the LD and FLLD concepts.
Hesperaloe water requirement and management for biomass production

Abstract Hesperaloe (Hesperaloe funifera (Koch) Trel.) has potential as a new source of fibers for specialty papers. Agronomic research on Hesperaloe has been in progress since the 1980s, however, limited information is available on its water use requirement and yield response to irrigation. A study to assess the influence of water management on leaf yield and seasonal water use of Hesperaloe grown as a perennial crop was conducted during 1995–1999 in a flood-irrigated planting established from transplants in November 1994. Irrigation treatments evaluated were: (T1) irrigate when available soil water was 25–35% depleted in the top 0.6 cm of soil; (T2) irrigate at 40–50% depletion; (T3) irrigate at 50–60% depletion; and (T4) irrigate at 70–80% depletion. Treatments T1 and T2 resulted in the highest leaf yields, 93–94 Mg/ha fresh leaf weight, at the end of 5 years. Comparable yields for T3 and T4 were T1=77 and T2=46 Mg/ha. In 1999, the fifth year of production, T1 and T2 produced leaf yields of 34–36 Mg/ha. Average evapotranspiration (ET) for 1996–1999 was 753 mm/year for T1 and 676 mm/year for T2. Total ET in 1999 for T1–T4 was T1=830, T2=786, T3=727 and T4=517 mm. The peak ET rate was 4.34 mm/day and occurred in T1 during July 1999. Hesperaloe was observed to have a shallow, horizontal root system. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) achieved was 1.49 kg leaf dry weight per m3 of water for T2 in 1997. Average WUE for T2 for 1996–1999 was 1.10 kg leaf dry weight per m3 of water. In this study, managing water to maintain available soil water at 40–50% depletion resulted in maximum leaf yield and high WUE.
Core histone acetylation is regulated by linker histone stoichiometry in vivo.

We investigated the relationship between linker histone stoichiometry and the acetylation of core histones in vivo. Exponentially growing cell lines induced to overproduce either of two H1 variants, H10 or H1c, displayed significantly reduced rates of incorporation of [3H]acetate into all four core histones. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the rates of histone deacetylation were similar in all cell lines. These effects were also observed in nuclei isolated from these cells upon labeling with [3H]acetyl-CoA. Nuclear extracts prepared from control and H1-overexpressing cell lines displayed similar levels of histone acetylation activity on chromatin templates prepared from control cells. In contrast, extracts prepared from control cells were significantly less active on chromatin templates prepared from H1-overexpressing cells than on templates prepared from control cells. Reduced levels of acetylation in H1-overproducing cell lines do not appear to depend on higher order chromatin structure, because it persists even after digestion of the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. The results suggest that alterations in chromatin structure, resulting from changes in linker histone stoichiometry may modulate the levels or rates of core histone acetylation in vivo.
The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-report: a psychometric evaluation in patients with asthma and major depressive disorder.

Background Despite the high co-occurrence between depression and asthma, few studies have addressed methods assessing the severity of depressive symptoms among patients with asthma. Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-report (QIDS-SR 16 ), a 16-item measure of depressive symptom severity, in patients with asthma. Methods The psychometric properties of the QIDS-SR 16 were compared at treatment exit with those of the 30-item self-report Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR 30 ) and the 17-item clinician-rated Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD 17 ) in 73 outpatients with asthma who were treated with citalopram or placebo for nonpsychotic major depressive disorder. Correlations between the depression rating scales and the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire were calculated. Results Internal consistency at exit was strong for the QIDS-SR 16 (Cronbach α values are .87 for the QIDS-SR 16 , .95 for the IDS-SR 30 , and .87 for the HRSD 17 ). The QIDS-SR 16 and HRSD 17 total scores were highly correlated ( r = 0.85), as were the QIDS-SR 16 and IDS-SR 30 total scores ( r = 0.97). All QIDS-SR 16 item total score correlations were significant ( P 16 , IDS-SR 30 , and HRSD 17 showed comparable sensitivity to symptom change, indicating high concurrent validity for all 3 scales. The total QIDS-SR 16 baseline to exit change score demonstrated a significant negative correlation ( r = −0.49, P Conclusions The QIDS-SR 16 showed good reliability and impressive construct validity. Strong psychometric properties of this brief self-report format and its sensitivity to treatment change suggest that the QIDS-SR 16 is a valuable clinical tool.
Combined SCLC Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics

Abstract Introduction Despite the well characterized clinical course of ‘pure' SCLC, there have not been many data on combined SCLC, ie, tumors, which contain both small-cell and non–small-cell components. Materials and Methods We analyzed 1628 consecutive cases of lung cancer (1200 NSCLC, 428 SCLC) at our institution over the past decade. We identified 22 patients with C-SCLC. The pathologic and clinical characteristics of these patients were reviewed. Survival analysis was performed and prognostic factors were assessed. These data were compared with the results obtained from our 406 pure SCLC patients who presented during the same time period. Results The most common pathology was combined small-cell and large-cell with 16 cases followed by combined small- and squamous-cell carcinoma (3 cases), 2 cases of small-cell and nonspecified NSCLC, and 1 case of small cell and adenocarcinoma. Overall survival was significantly higher in C-SCLC patients compared with pure SCLC (median 15 vs. 10.8 months; P = .035). Surgery was significantly more common in this group of patients (45% vs. 3% in the pure small cell group; P P = .64). Conclusion Patients with combined SCLC carry a better prognosis than those with pure small-cell variety and are more likely to undergo surgery.
A lack of dimorphism of sex or sexual orientation in the human anterior commissure

Four studies have examined the cross-sectional area of the anterior commissure (AC) for variation with sex, with conflicting results. One also reported the AC to be larger in homosexual as opposed to heterosexual men. We examined the cross-sectional area of the AC in postmortem material from 120 individuals, and found no variation in the size of the AC with age, HIV status, sex, or sexual orientation.
Optimization of the Output Circuits of Power FETs Based on the Mismatch Power Penalty

A new approach to the optimization of the output circuit for a power FET is proposed, whereby the quantity maximized is directly the saturated power delivered by the device rather than the return loss referenced to the optimal load impedance for power. Thus, the power performance of the FET is more realistically represented and additional information is obtained on the power margin necessary for broadband operation.
Mechanism for QBD failure in poly gates

One of the most widespread uses of polysilicon in MOS devices is as the gate electrode for transistors. The gates described here are processed via a two stage poly deposition. The first stage is a thin gate poly deposition used as an implant screen for threshold adjust implants followed by a thick gate poly deposition. Soon after on- product measurement was introduce at a thin gate polysilicon deposition, QBD failures became the most frequent failure mode. A cross-functional team discovered the wafers failing for QBD were used as on-product measurement wafers at polysilicon deposition. Process mapping revealed the wafer failures for QBD were always loaded directly next to poly dummy wafers during deposition. TEM of nucleation sites disclosed there is a competing reaction between the poly dummy wafer directly above the product wafer and the product wafer. The silane prefers to react on the dummy wafer, leading to less area coverage on the product wafers, which leads to rougher, larger grains. The preclean process for the thick gate poly deposition uses a HF dip. It was proposed that HF was penetrating more easily into the rougher poly grains during the HF dip, damaging the gate oxide, and subsequently causing shorts.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Phytoene production in Phycomyces.

Summary The effects of streptomycin and methylheptenone on phytoene production in Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been studied. It is shown that methylheptenone acts as a powerful stimulant of phytoene production. The magnitude of the accumulation is comparable with that of β -caro-tene by β -ionone.
Limits of Microbial Existence: Temperature and pH

A microscopic survey made to detect the presence of bacteria in hot springs of varying temperature and pH characteristics revealed that in neutral and alkaline hot springs bacteria are found at temperatures up to the boiling point of water (92 degrees to 100 degrees C, depending on the altitude). In hot springs of increasing acidity the upper temperature limit at which bacteria are found decreases; at pH 2 to 3 the upper temperature limit is 75 degrees to 80 degrees C. Bacteria have thus been able to evolve with the ability to grow at either high temperature or high acidity, but not at both high temperature and high acidity. These results suggest that there are physicochemical limitations of the environment beyond which life is impossible.
On symmetry of finite mixtures of normal distributions

In this note we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a distribution obtained by taking a finite mixture of multivariate normal distributions to be symmetric about zero. The result derived also holds for mixtures of symmetric stable distributions, including the Cauchy distribution.
Growth hormone releasing factors and secretion of growth hormone in sheep, calves and pigs

Abstract Human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factors (hpGRF) (1–40) and (1–44) were administered iv in sheep, pigs and calves to determine their effectiveness in stimulating GH release in these species. Both peptides produced a rapid increase in plasma GH concentration in all three species at dose levels ranging from .0065 to .65 nmol/kg. Moreover, there was no difference in the GH-secretory response observed between hpGRF(1–44)NH 2 and (1–40)OH in sheep. Sheep also responded to hpGRF(1–40)NH 2 and (1–40)OH as well as [his 1 ]- and [tyr 1 ]-hpGRF(1–40)NH 2 in a similar manner. Rat hypothalamic GRF was less effective than [his 1 ]-hpGRF(1–40), while the response to bGRF was not significantly different from hpGRF(1–40) in stimulating GH secretion in sheep. Although all three species responded to hpGRF, the elevation in plasma GH levels above baseline were greater after hpGRF injection in sheep than in pigs or calves. Subcutaneous injection of hpGRF in sheep was an effective mode of administration of the peptide, although the effect was not as long-lasting as that after iv injections and higher doses were required to stimulate GH secretion.
Animal Genetics and African Archaeology: Why It Matters

This article introduces the special issue of African Archaeological Review on the relevance of African livestock genetics to archaeology on the continent. It shows how modern and ancient animal genetic research in Eurasia has substantially revised archaeological scenarios for the origins and spread of food production there. It argues that, in contrast to colleagues in Europe and Asia, Africanist archaeologists have generally been slow to engage in truly collaborative research with archaeogeneticists, with some notable exceptions. It builds a case that animal introductions and domestication are as much social, cultural, and economic processes as they are ecological in nature. Through examples, it outlines some profound selective effects that animal keeping has had on humans themselves. Building on the concepts of taste and embodied practice in Stahl’s (2002) discussion of artifacts and differently scaled encounters with non-local commerce, it develops suggestions for archaeologically studying genetically distinctive domestic animals as part of local and long-distance economic systems. Finally, it comments on the issue’s review articles and offers suggestions for ways to encourage stronger collaboration between archaeologists and genetic researchers.
Thermomechanical modeling of polycrystalline SMAs under cyclic loading, Part II : material characterization and experimental results for a stable transformation cycle

Abstract Material characterization of polycrystalline Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) during a stable phase transformation cycle is presented in this paper using the constitutive model established by Bo and Lagoudas (Z. Bo, D.C. Lagoudas, accepted for publication in International Journal of Engineering Science) in the first paper of this series, to be referenced here as Part I. In addition to the constitutive equations obtained in Part I, the energy balance equation describing the heat exchange during phase transformation is derived in this paper using the first law of thermodynamics. In the present study, we assume that the plastic strains, which accumulate with the number of applied transformation cycles, remain constant during a single transformation cycle. To use thermomechanical experimental results performed on SMA wires, the model developed in Part I is reduced to a 1-D form, and a procedure for the determination of the material constants is discussed in detail. A series of experiments performed on NiTi SMA wires undergoing thermally induced phase transformation under constant applied load is utilized for model simulations and subsequent comparisons with model predictions. Using the present model, thermally induced phase transformation under varying magnitude of applied load can be modeled for both untrained and trained SMAs. Finally, an application of the model to stress induced phase transformation in thin SMA specimens, where transformation strain localization occurs, is discussed. Part III of this series of four papers on SMAs will study the evolution of plastic strains accumulating in thermally induced cyclic phase transformation under constant applied load, therefore fully characterizing the thermomechanical response of SMAs undergoing multiple operating cycles. Finally, in Part IV, the thermomechanical response of SMAs under minor hysteresis loops will be investigated.
Variational principle for relativistic magnetohydrodynamics

A variational principle for relativistic magnetohydrodynamics is formulated. As an application, the properties of small-amplitude waves and their interaction with the mean flow are calculated. The generation of waves by an external current is incorporated into the formalism.
Laser irradiative tissue probed in situ by collagen 380-nm fluorescence imaging.

Background and Objective There is no ideal method to detect molecular changes in situ of laser-irradiated tissue without removing a section of tissue for histologic examination. A new method is reported to evaluate laser-induced thermal tissue damage in situ by using 380-nm native fluorescence imaging under 340-nm excitation. Study Design/Materials and Methods Native fluorescence imaging was performed on laser irradiated bovine tendon tissue and compared with light illuminated photography and histology with picrosirius red F3BA stain. Results and Conclusion The results indicate that a decrease in collagen fluorescence at 380 nm was observed in laser-induced thermally damaged tissues. The injured region of tissue defined by its fluorescence image coincided with an area defined by photography and histology. Lasers Surg. Med. 27:158–164, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reversible tuning of the surface state in a pseudobinary Bi2(Te-Se)3 topological insulator

We use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to study a nontrivial surface state in a pseudobinary Bi2Te2.8Se0.2 topological insulator. We show that, unlike previously studied binaries, this is an intrinsic topological insulator with the conduction bulk band residing well above the chemical potential. Our data indicate that under a good vacuum condition there are no significant aging effects for more than two weeks after cleaving. We also demonstrate that the shift of the Kramers point at low temperature is caused by UV-assisted absorption of molecular hydrogen. Our findings pave the way for applications of these materials in devices and present an easy scheme to tune their properties.
Measuring up: how to keep security metrics useful and realistic

Software quality measurement has a long and not always happy history. Eager to measure many aspects of software quality, researchers sometimes have measured what was expedient or available instead of what was useful and realistic. In this talk, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger reviews software quality measurement, pointing out lessons that can be applied to current attempts to measure the security of systems and networks. She offers guidelines for effective security measurement that take into account not only the technology but also the business context in which the measurement is done.
Efficient multiple scattering in hair using spherical harmonics

Previous research has shown that a global multiple scattering simulation is needed to achieve physically realistic renderings of hair, particularly light-colored hair with low absorption. However, previous methods have either sacrificed accuracy or have been too computationally expensive for practical use. In this paper we describe a physically based, volumetric rendering method that computes multiple scattering solutions, including directional effects, much faster than previous accurate methods. Our two-pass method first traces light paths through a volumetric representation of the hair, contributing power to a 3D grid of spherical harmonic coefficients that store the directional distribution of scattered radiance everywhere in the hair volume. Then, in a ray tracing pass, multiple scattering is computed by integrating the stored radiance against the scattering functions of visible fibers using an efficient matrix multiplication. Single scattering is computed using conventional direct illumination methods. In our comparisons the new method produces quality similar to that of the best previous methods, but computes multiple scattering more than 10 times faster.
Teachers' Perspectives on Their Work with Families in a Bilingual Community.

Abstract Teachers' work with families in linguistically, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse communities has not been studied systematically. This study provides a review of research on teacher-parent relations integrated with three teachers' perspectives on their work with families in a bilingual community. Observations and interviews with teachers and parents over the course of a school year provided rich, in-depth data for analyzing teachers' perspectives on teacher-parent interactions in this bilingual setting. Teachers cited prior experiences working with families as influencing their attitudes and practices of parent involvement. They also discussed a wide range of resources and contexts for informal interactions with parents and colleagues in which they constructed knowledge for working with families. Implications for future research and program development to support teachers' work with families in diverse communities are discussed.
Waco and Andover: An application of Kenneth Burke's concept of psychotic entelechy

Aristotle coined the term entelechy to describe the processes of nature. Burke extends entelechy to the realm of human symbolic action. Burke implicitly recognizes the possibility of a type of entelechy that might be called psychotic entelechy as early as his first book of criticism. Although Burke does not use the term psychotic entelechy, the concept exists implicitly in Burke's discussion of entelechy. Biblical scholar James D. Tabor claims that the 1993 Branch Davidian disaster could have been avoided. Burkean entelechial methods are used here to critique the socio‐political tragedy known as Waco. Burkean‐style methods of curing psychotic entelechy were actually being used to attempt to avert the tragedy.
Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), tuftsin and dermorphin on behavior of squirrel monkeys maintained by different events

The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of ovine CRF (0.1-30.0 micrograms/kg), dermorphin (0.3-30.0 micrograms/kg) and tuftsin (10-3000 micrograms/kg) were examined in squirrel monkeys trained to respond under a multiple 3-min fixed-interval schedule of food presentation and either shock presentation or stimulus-shock termination. Initial administration of the 41-amino acid polypeptide CRF increased food-maintained responding by 150-200% in 2 of 3 subjects. However, no other doses tested affected response rates, a result that may have been due to the rapid development of tolerance. The tetrapeptide tuftsin selectively increased responding maintained by food presentation at doses that decreased shock-maintained responding. The heptapeptide dermorphin selectively increased food-maintained responding when responding in the other component of the multiple schedule was maintained by shock presentation. When responding was maintained by a multiple food, stimulus-shock termination schedule, dermorphin decreased response rates in both components. Dermorphin's rate increases were blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone, indicating that dermorphin's actions were mediated through the opiate receptor. These results indicate that the behavioral effects of tuftsin, dermorphin, and perhaps CRF, depend on the manner in which responding is controlled by its consequences. While the actions of tuftsin and dermorphin are believed to be mediated through the opiate system, the behavioral effects observed in primates appear different from the effects of morphine under similar schedule conditions.
Bone Density in Adolescents Treated with a GnRH Agonist and Add-Back Therapy for Endometriosis

Study Objective To evaluate the bone density of adolescents with endometriosis treated with a GnRH-agonist and “add-back” therapy with norethindrone acetate.
Induction of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in Xenopus embryos.

Abstract Using a classical neural induction protocol (H. Spemann and H. Mangold (1924). Roux' Arch. Entwicklungsmech. Org. 123, 389–517), it has been demonstrated that the sustained presence of NCAM in Xenopus embryos, as detected by immunohistochemistry, was confined to the experimentally induced nervous system and the primary host nervous system. Furthermore, in vitro NCAM expression by dorsal blastopore lip and animal pole tissue was detected only when the two tissues were cultured in contact. These and other results show that readily detected and sustained levels of NCAM expression in Xenopus can be used as a marker for neural tissue and an early positive indicator that neural induction has occurred. They suggest that the observed levels of NCAM are a consequence of and not a prerequisite for induction. Using NCAM expression in vitro to determine the minimum time necessary for this induction to occur in vivo , it was found that NCAM was first detected in cultured animal pole that had been removed at stage 10.75 or later. Thus, an inductive step necessary and sufficient for stimulation of NCAM expression in animal pole tissues had not occurred or was reversible prior to the first 2 to 2.5 hr of gastrulation.
Effect of age on myocardial infarction and thrombolysis.

Abstract Thrombolytic therapy has emerged as the treatment of choice for patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Advancing age has been considered a relative contraindication to thrombolylic therapy despite the potential for the elderly to derive the greatest benefit from this therapy. This trend not to treat the elderly has been based on a perceived increased risk of complications. Available data pooled from several studies clearly show that the elderly benefit from thrombolytic therapy.
What is wrong with sorites arguments

This may seem obvious, but is it true? There must be something wrong with (T), for repeated applications of it lead to the conclusion that a man of well below average height is tall, which is a contradiction. To deny (T), on the other hand, would not be a contradiction. In this respect (T) may be contrasted with (T+): 'If a man of n millimetres is tall, then a man of n + 1 millimetres is tall'; for to deny this would be a contradiction. A tall man is one who is above average height; the second man would be further above average than the first; hence he too must be above average. Hence a denial of (T+) would mean that a man who is above average height is not above average height. (T) and (T+) are claims about entailment. How, in general, are such claims to be tested? If it is true that p entails q, then it must be the case that anyone who has asserted or agreed to p is committed to q; and a person who did not conform to this condition must be deficient either in logic or in his understanding of the language. Take the entailment from knowledge to truth. It is generally agreed that if you say of someone 'He knows that p', then you are committed, on pain of not understanding the language, to the truth of p. If this were not so, then the entailment claim could not be sustained. How does (T) answer to this criterion? Suppose one had agreed that a man of, say, six-foot-six would be tall. Then, no doubt, one would be expected to agree that a man of that height minus one mm would also be
Cloud Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Gene Microarray Data Analysis

In this paper we propose FM-PGA, a MapReduce-based hybrid of FM-test and Parallel Genetic Algorithm (PGA), to analyze gene micro array data on cloud computing platform. We investigate the performance of FM-PGA on real-world micro array data and compare it with FM-GA and MapReduce PGA. The experimental results confirm that the genes selected by FM-PGA achieve comparable classification accuracy while the time to achieve that accuracy is significantly reduced.
Multistep direct reaction analysis of analyzing powers of continuum spectra in ( p , α ) reactions

The multistep direct reaction method, applied earlier to fit successfully the continuum spectra of ($p,\ensuremath{\alpha}$) reactions, is shown to explain also their analyzing powers very well.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p},\ensuremath{\alpha})$, ${E}_{p}=65$ MeV, multistep direct reaction theory analysis of the spectrum and the analyzing power.
Commutators and scattering theory. I. Repulsive interactions

We use commutators to find classes of operators which are smooth with respect to the HamiltonianH for a system of quantum mechanical particles which repel each other. It follows thatH is absolutely continuous, the wave operators are complete in many cases when they exist and limits of momentum observables as time approaches ±∞ exist even in cases where the long range of the interaction precludes existence of the wave operators.
The "colorful" epidemiology of PRRS.

The paper describes the specifics of the epidemiology of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), that is its "behavior" as a communicable disease in porcine populations, and compares them to the general epidemiological characteristics of communicable diseases. This analysis shows that infection with the PRRS virus "behaves" epidemiologically both as an epidemic and as an endemic disease: on the one hand it can spread like an epidemic in naive populations, and on the other it seems to linger on infinitely in an affected population with its clinical expression varying from farm to farm like an endemic disease. The paper tries to draw "epidemiological" conclusions on the general methods for controlling and/or eradicating the disease, and to identify areas of further research.
Changing paradigms in dermatology: new ways to examine the skin using noninvasive imaging methods

Detailed visualization of the skin in the practice of dermatology is key to a comprehensive examination and accurate diagnosis. Advancements in digital dermoscopy, microscopy, imaging and photography have formed an impressive arsenal with which dermatologists can offer state-of-the-art patient care while streamlining their clinical practice and improving their academic and research capacities. Many types of advanced imaging are used in the biologic sciences at the bench; however, our paper reviews the clinical, noninvasive in vivo human applications of these emerging technologies. Our experiences with these instruments reinforce such reviews.
Chelate Control of Diiron(I) Dithiolates Relevant to the [Fe–Fe]-Hydrogenase Active Site

The reaction of Fe2(S2C2H4)(CO)6 with cis-Ph2PCHCHPPh2 (dppv) yields Fe2(S2C2H4)(CO)4(dppv), 1(CO)4, wherein the dppv ligand is chelated to a single iron center. NMR analysis indicates that in 1(CO)4, the dppv ligand spans axial and basal coordination sites. In addition to the axial−basal isomer, the 1,3-propanedithiolate and azadithiolate derivatives exist as dibasal isomers. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the axial−basal isomer is destabilized by nonbonding interactions between the dppv and the central NH or CH2 of the larger dithiolates. The Fe(CO)3 subunit in 1(CO)4 undergoes substitution with PMe3 and cyanide to afford 1(CO)3(PMe3) and (Et4N)[1(CN)(CO)3], respectively. Kinetic studies show that 1(CO)4 reacts faster with donor ligands than does its parent Fe2(S2C2H4)(CO)6. The rate of reaction of 1(CO)4 with PMe3 was first order in each reactant, k = 3.1 × 10-4 M-1 s-1. The activation parameters for this substitution reaction, ΔH⧧ = 5.8(5) kcal/mol and ΔS⧧ = −48(2) cal/deg·...
Bounds on the fixed point of a monotone contraction operator

Abstract Upper and lower variational bounds on the fixed point of a monotone contraction operator are given in terms of its subgradient. These bounds are generalizations of the MacQueen-Porteus bounds on the value vector in discounted Markov renewal programming.
Reliability and Validity of the Complex Postformal Thought Questionnaire: Assessing Adults’ Cognitive Development

Three studies investigated the psychometric properties of the complex postformal thought (PFT) questionnaire (Sinnott, unpublished scale, 1998; Sinnott and Johnson 1997), which is a measure of adult cognitive development. The scale was found to be moderately reliable (α = .63). To assess construct validity, a comparison of participants’ performance on the PFT scale to their performance on the Need for Cognition scale was conducted, which indicated the PFT scale is valid measure of complex thought. Factor analysis reduced the scale to three factors, which correspond to important components of PFT: Multiple Elements, Subjective Choice, and Underlying Complexities. Implications for understanding the nature of adult cognitive development and the usefulness of this new measure for research in this area are discussed.
Vitamin D Insufficiency in Children with Epilepsy

Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency among 78 children with epilepsy, aged 3-17 years, treated September 2008-March 2009, were evaluated in a study at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.