cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uranium in big sagebrush from western U.S. and evidence of possible mineralization in the Owyhee mountains of Idaho

Abstract Two regional studies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), a widely distributed and dominant shrub in the western United States, have shown its responsiveness to known uranium mineralization in the Monument Hill and Pumpkin Buttes districts of the southern Powder River Basin, Wyoming, and the Uravan mineral belt area in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado. Uranium concentrations in the ash of 154 stem-and-leaf samples of sagebrush are plotted on two maps, one representing the sampling design for the Powder River Basin study, and the other representing the sampling design for the Colorado Plateaus, the Basin and Range, and the Columbia Plateaus physiographic provinces of the West. Sites having high concentrations in sagebrush correspond not only to the above uranium districts, but also reveal an area along the northeast flanks of the Owyhee Mountains in Idaho that should be further explored for its possible uranium potential.
Observations on the evolution of potassium bubbles in tungsten ingots during sintering

The present article describes the evolution of potassium bubbles during sintering of tungsten ingots pressed from doped powder. In the manufacture of incandescent lamp filaments, tungsten powder is produced by reduction of blue tungstic oxide which is doped with potassium disilicate and aluminum chloride. The reduced tungsten particles contain submicron pores. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identifed two types of pores in reduced tungsten powder. First, there are pores which contain particles which consist of potassium, aluminum, and silicon, and second, there are pores which contain aluminum and silicon alone. On sintering at 2100 °C or 2300 °C, potassium aluminosilicate particles migrate together with grain boundaries to necks which form between tungsten particles. Sintering at 2100 °C or 2300 °C reduces the potassium, aluminum, and silicon concentrations of the particles. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) also measured reductions in the bulk potassium, aluminum, and silicon concentrations. In the present study, analytical TEM and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) were used to describe the decomposition of dopant particles and the evolution of elemental potassium bubbles in sintered ingots.
Comparison Between Intracranially Recorded Potentials from the Human Auditory Nerve and Scalp Recorded Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR)

Recordings from the intracranial part of the auditory nerve in patients undergoing operations for cranial nerve disorders show that the compound action potential of the nerve in response to tonebursts has a latency that matches the N2P2N3 complex of potentials recorded from the scalp using mastoid-vertex electrodes. The results indicate that the audiotory nerve gives rise to two of the peaks in the scalp-recorded potentials and not, as was earlier assumed, to only the first peak in the scalp-recorded ABR. Recordings from two locations on the nerve show identical waveshapes of the compound action potential and a difference in latency that can be accounted for by the conduction time of nerve.
The role of prior knowledge in inferential processing

The present research tested how domain-related knowledge influences inference generation during text comprehension. Two types of inference were examined, those that maintained referential coherence, referred to as local inferences, and those that were anticipatory in nature, referred to as global inferences. Three groups of subjects, each with differing degrees of domain knowledge, read a domain-related text that included both types of inference. It was found that all knowledge groups processed sentences involved in local inferences similarly, presumably because establishing text coherence is essential to comprehension. However, knowledge differences emerged in the processing of the sentences involved in global inferences. The results of two experiments suggested that individuals with prior knowledge used their knowledge actively to generate global inferences during reading. It was argued that this anticipatory inferential process guides the construction of a mental model of a text, built partly with explicit information and partly with existing knowledge.
A unified approach to visibility representations of planar graphs

We studyvisibility representations of graphs, which are constructed by mapping vertices to horizontal segments, and edges to vertical segments that intersect only adjacent vertex-segments. Every graph that admits this representation must be planar. We consider three types of visibility representations, and we give complete characterizations of the classes of graphs that admit them. Furthermore, we present linear time algorithms for testing the existence of and constructing visibility representations of planar graphs. Many applications of our results can be found in VLSI layout.
Markov logic: a unifying language for knowledge and information management

Modern information and knowledge management is characterized by high degrees of complexity and uncertainty. Complexity is well handled by first-order logic, and uncertainty by probabilistic graphical models. What has been sorely missing is a seamless combination of the two. Markov logic provides this by attaching weights to logical formulas and treating them as templates for features of Markov random fields. This talks surveys Markov logic representation, inference, learning and applications. Inference algorithms combine ideas from satisfiability testing, resolution, Markov chain Monte Carlo and belief propagation. Learning algorithms involve statistical weight learning and inductive logic programming. Markov logic has been successfully applied to a wide range of information and knowledge management problems, including information extraction, entity resolution, ontology learning, link prediction, heterogeneous knowledge bases, and others. It is the basis of the open-source Alchemy system (http://alchemy.cs.washington.edu).
Maximizing band gaps in two-dimensional photonic crystals

Photonic crystals are periodic structures composed of dielectric materials and designed to exhibit band gaps, i.e., ranges of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves cannot propagate, or other interesting spectral behavior. Structures with large band gaps are of great interest for many important applications. In this paper, the problem of designing structures that exhibit maximal band gaps is considered. Admissible structures are constrained to be composed of "mixtures" of two given dielectric materials. The optimal design problem is formulated, existence of a solution is proved, a simple optimization algorithm is described, and several numerical examples are presented.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis by isoproterenol and its inhibition by actinomycin D

Abstract A single injection of isoproterenol stimulates, after a lag period of about 20 hr, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in salivary glands of mice. A moderate increase in 3H-uridine incorporation into RNA precedes the initiation of DNA synthesis, but is accompanied by a parallel change in the specific activity of the precursor pool. The stimulation of DNA synthesis by isoproterenol is sensitive to small amounts of actinomycin D, insufficient to produce rapid changes in protein synthesis or ATP content of salivary glands. Yet, the Same amounts of actinomycin D produce a 60 per cent inhibition of RNA synthesis in salivary glands.
Semiconductor superlattices in high magnetic fields

Abstract A semiconductor superlattice, consisting of periodic, ultrathin layers of two semiconductors, provides a unique medium where electronic quantum states possess, predominantly, the two-dimensional character. Summarized are recent results on the studies of magnetic quantum effects, specifically the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillation for GaAs-Ga 1− x Al x As and InAs-GaSb superlattices which were prepared with precise control by molecular-beam-epitaxy.
Bacterial Translocation After Mesenteric Ligation in Dogs

These experiments were designed to determine the relationship between translocation of Escherichia coli and viability of ischemic small bowel. Twenty beagles were gavaged with 14C-labeled E. coli at two time intervals (3 and 24 h) prior to ligation of the blood supply to a 40-cm segment of ileum. Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) biopsies and bacterial cultures of the peritoneal fluid, peripheral arterial blood, and splanchnic venous blood were taken immediately prior fo ligation and 24 h later both before and after the ischemic bowel was resected and anastomosed. Biopsies of each resection margin were taken to measure translocation of E. coli into the bowel wall. Several hemodynamic parameters were also measured before and 24 h after ligation. Seven of the 20 dogs died of further bowel necrosis. In survivors A-a DO2was significantly decreased 24 h after mesenteric ligation vs. preligation, whereas in dogs that died DO2 was significantly increased after ligation vs. preligation. The incidence of mesenteric veno...
The Effect of High Pressure on the Twisted Intramolecular Charge Transfer of 2-(4-Dimethylaminonaphthalen-1-ylmethylene) Malononitrile

The effect of pressure up to 65 kbar has been measured on the steady-state and time-dependent fluorescence of 2-(4-dimethylaminonaphthalen-1-ylmethylene)malononitrile (DMANMN) in four polymer matrixes [poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl chloride) and cellulose acetate]. The fluorescence intensity increases with pressure by a factor of 24−34 in different polymers. The formation of a twisted intramolecular charge transfer state is effectively retarded by pressure above 40 kbar. The abnormal photophysics of DMANMN in poly(acrylic acid) is the result of protonation of the dimethylamino group.
Embryonal carcinoma of the testis in childhood.

A retrospective study was made of embryonal carcinoma of testis in children seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1961 to 1971. Presenting features, associated congenital anomalies, clinical course, treatment programs, and survival are described. It is apparent that additional forms of therapy complementing orchiectomy may prolong survival. The role of chemotherapy in the initial management of patients with nonmetastatic embryonal carcinoma of the testis is discussed.
Investigation of Gold Nanoparticle Inks for Low-Temperature Lead-Free Packaging Technology

Gold nanoparticle inks were investigated as a potential candidate for lead-free packaging applications. Inks consisted of surfactant-passivated nanoparticles dissolved in a solvent. Optimized gold inks are able to sinter at temperatures as low as 120°C and achieve conductivities of up to 70% of bulk. Once sintered, the metallic structure reverts to bulk-like properties and approaches bulk reliability and performance. Thus nanoparticle-based solders would operate at much lower homologous temperatures as compared with alloy-based solders. Nanoparticle inks under investigation were sintered at 180°C. The resulting material exhibited a resistivity of 5 μΩ cm, which is significantly lower than those of Pb-Sn and Sn-Ag-Cu. Electromigration studies were carried out and time to failure was investigated as a function of temperature. Electromigration activation energy was calculated through Black’s equation to be 0.52 eV, which is consistent with surface/grain boundary diffusion. These studies suggest that nanoparticle-ink-based films show excellent robustness, due to their irreversible conversion to bulk-like materials. Nanoparticle inks are thus promising candidates for next-generation lead-free solders.
Theoretical and experimental study of the removal of dust particles from flue gases using two-phase steam-water droplet mixtures

The removal of dust particles using two-phase steam-water droplet mixtures has been studied. Two-phase steam-water droplet jets obtained by the flashing expansion of subcooled water, through convergent/divergent nozzles, have been characterized. The water droplet sizes and velocities were measured through the use of stroboscopic photography and laser-doppler velocimetry, respectively. A theoretical model using one-dimensional mass, momentum, and energy balances together with the concept of a critical Weber number criterion was developed to predict water droplet sizes and velocities. The agreement between measurements and predictions was reasonable. A theoretical model for predicting dust collection efficiencies of a two-phase scrubber was developed. It was determined that dust collection efficiencies exceeding 99 pct for basic oxygen furnace flue gases could be obtained using a two-phase scrubber.
Isotopes and analogs of hydrogen--from fundamental investigations to practical applications.

Hydrogen has a central role in the story of the universe itself and also in the story of our efforts to understand it. This paper retells the story of the part played by hydrogen and its stable isotope deuterium in the primordial synthesis of the elements, then goes on to describe how the spectrum of atomic hydrogen led to insights into the laws governing matter at the most fundamental level, from the quantum mechanics of Schrodinger and Heisenberg, through quantum electrodynamics, to the most recent work investigating the underlying structure of the proton itself. Atomic hydrogen is unique among the elements in that the concept of isotopy--atoms having the same nuclear charge but different masses--is stretched to its limit in the isotopes of hydrogen, ranging from the well-known isotopes deuterium and tritium to exotic species such as muonium, muonic helium, and positronium. These atoms, or atom-like objects, have much to tell us about fundamental aspects of the universe. In recent years the idea of utilizing hydrogen either as an energy source (through nuclear fusion) or as an energy storage medium (bound in hydrides or other materials) has attracted much attention as a possible avenue to a post-oil energy future. Some of the more interesting recent developments are described here. Dedicated to the memory of Brian C. Webster (1939-2008).
Aspect-oriented programming with AspectJ

Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) is an exciting new development in the field of software engineering. The open-source AspectJ® project has taken a leading role in defining what an aspect-oriented programming language should look like and in building tools that enable aspect-oriented techniques to be employed in the development of large-scale commercial software. IBM both contributes to the development of AspectJ and uses it internally with its accompanying IDE (integrated development environment) support, AspectJ Development Tools (AJDT). This paper provides an introduction to aspect-oriented programming using AspectJ and AJDT. We also discuss the role that open source (and being an open-source project) has played in the ongoing development of AspectJ, and how this has facilitated a level of collaboration and exploitation that would not have been possible otherwise.
In-situ imaging of the nucleation and growth of epitaxial anatase TiO2(001) films on SrTiO3(001)

Abstract The growth of TiO2 anatase films on Nb‐doped SrTiO3(001) molecular beam epitaxy has been studied in-situ by scanning tunneling microscopy. We show that the initial growth follows the Stranski–Krastanov mode, where islands form on top of a wetting layer consisting of two monolayers (ML) of TiO2. The epitaxial islands subsequently nucleate and coalesce into large commonly oriented crystallites. The reconstruction observed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is shown to result from the coexistence of individual (4 × 1) and (1 × 4) reconstructions present on different crystallite surfaces. The anatase grows in units of bilayers, resulting in a step height of 2 ML (~ 0.5 nm). This result explains the fact that the measured period of the RHEED specular-beam intensity oscillations corresponds to the time required for deposition of 2 ML. Ar ion sputtering and UHV annealing results in a transformation to coexisting (4 × 1) and (1 × 4) reconstructed terraces on individual crystallites, as commonly observed by ex-situ STM studies.
Determination of mercury in microwave-digested soil by laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with electrothermal atomization

Abstract A sample digestion procedure was developed which employs microwave heating of soil and sediment in concentrated nitric acid in a high-pressure closed vessel. Complete dissolution of mercury into the sample solution occurs within 5 min at 59 W/vessel without loss of analyte through overpressurization. Laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (LEAFS-ETA) was used as the detection method. The scheme uses a two-step excitation, with λ 1 = 253.7 nm and λ 2 = 435.8 nm. Direct line fluorescence was measured at 546.2 nm. The absolute instrumental limit of detection was 14 fg; 1.4 pg/ml with a 10 μl sample injection. The recoveries of mercury in two spiked samples were 94 and 98%. The SRM 8406 (Mercury in River Sediment) was digested and analyzed for mercury, and the results (58.4 ± 1.8 ng/g) agreed well with the reference value of 60 ng/g. The results obtained by LEAFS-ETA with microwave sample digestion are in good agreement with those found by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry with EPA Series Method 245.5 sample digestion, which is one of the most commonly used methods for the determination of mercury in soil.
Structural elucidation of sporogenic fatty acid metabolites from aspergillus nidulans

Abstract Two novel hydroxylated unsaturated fatty acid derivatives which affect the sporulation cycle in the fungus A. nidulans have been isolated and characterized. The structures of the compounds, including absolute configuration, were determined from spectroscopic data and chemical degradation studies.
Improved quantitative structure property relationships for the prediction of dielectric constants for a set of diverse compounds by subsetting of the data set

In a recent publication we explored the development of quantitative structure property relationships for the calculation of dielectric constants, which resulted in a general model for a wide range of compounds. Our current work explores the division of the set of compounds into eight more homogeneous subsets for which local models are developed. The full data set consists of 454 compounds with dielectric constants ranging from 1 to 40. A pool of up to 16 molecular descriptors is calculated for each of the eight data sets. The descriptors include dipole moment, polarizability, counts of elemental types or functional groups, charged partial surface area, and molecular connectivity. All possible 4−16 descriptor models are calculated for each of the eight data sets, and the best models are selected and compared to the results obtained from the best general model for all 454 compounds. Neural networks using the Broyden−Fletcher−Goldfarb−Shanno training algorithm are employed to build the models. The resulting ...
Prostate Cancer Screening

Universal screening for prostate cancer (Pca) using prostate-specific antigen-based testing is not recommended, as the potential harms of screening (overdiagnosis and overtreatment) outweigh potential benefits. The case for Pca screening requires a paradigm shift, which emphasizes the risks of screening over the risks of undetected cancer. Physicians are encouraged to use shared decision making with patients who express an interest in Pca screening, taking into account both the patient's screening preferences and individual risk profile. New models of care informed by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act are intended to assist clinicians in providing recommended preventive services.
Students' Approaches to Study in Introductory Accounting Courses

Significant education research has focused on the study approaches of students. Two study approaches have been clearly identified: deep and surface. In this study, the author examined the way in which students approach studying introductory accounting courses. In general, he found that GPA and expected course grade were correlated positively with using the deep approach to studying. Compared with other business majors, accounting and nonbusiness majors used more deep and fewer surface approaches to studying. In addition, women and students who were more mature and senior employed the deep approach more often than did other students. The results have implications for the accounting instructor in these critical introductory courses.
Stereochemical Effects on 1H Chemical Shifts in 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]Hept-2-Ene (DBH), 2,3-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]Oct-2-Ene (DBO) and Related Molecules

Abstract 1H-NMR spectra of DBH (1), DBO (2) and of the synthetic precursor to 1, 1,4-phenyl-2,4,6-triazatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]heplanc-3,5-dione (3), were recorded in acetone-d6 and C6D6 at 500 MHz. Assignment was aided by complete resolution of signals of 1 and 3 in C6D6 by aromatic solvent-induced shifts (ASIS). The effect of the change from phenyllriazolinedione to a diazene functional group on the chemical shifts of the exo,endo and syn,anti protons was investigated. The chemical shifts of the exo,endo protons of 1 are exceptionally sensitive to the functional group at the hetero substituted bridge in the DBH skeleton. However, the relative chemical shift of the syn,anti proton pair is independent of the nature of the functional group. The role of stereochemical effects on these chemical shifts is discussed.
Hypothesis testing for stochastic PDEs driven by additive noise

We study the simple hypothesis testing problem for the drift/viscosity coefficient for stochastic fractional heat equation driven by additive space-time white noise colored in space. We assume that the first N Fourier modes of the solution are observed continuously over time interval [0,T]. We introduce the notion of asymptotically the most powerful test, and find explicit forms of such test in two asymptotic regimes: large time asymptotics T → ∞, and increasing number of Fourier modes N → ∞. The proposed statistics are derived based on Maximum Likelihood Ratio. Over the course of proving the main results, we obtain a series of technical results that are also of independent interest. In particular, we find the cumulant generating function of the log-likelihood ratio, we obtain some sharp large deviation type results for both T → ∞ and N → ∞, and find some useful asymptotics for the power of the likelihood ratio type tests.
The thermodynamics of palladium-based solid solutions containing a noble-metal substitutional solute and hydrogen

Abstract A cell model for tenary solid solutions containing a substitutional and an interstitial solute species is considered. The interstitial solute is restricted to cells (interstitial sites) in the f.c.c. solvent lattice in which it has either zero or one nearest neighbor substitutional solute atom. The effects of the dilation of the solvent lattice by the substitutional solute are taken into account in an appropriate manner using the currently limited elastic data available. It is shown that the model is in good accord with the measured partial enthalpies and excess entropies in the Pd-Ag-H system, in which the Ag atoms cause a positive lattice dilation, but not for the case of Pd-Cu-H, where there is a contraction.
Alchemy with Short-Lived Radionuclides

A variety of short-lived radionuclides are produced and subsequently incorporated into radiopharmaceutical compounds in the radionuclide production program currently being conducted at the Cyclotron Facility of Mount Sinai Medical Center. The recovery of high specific activity oxygen-15 labelled water prepared by means of an inexpensive system operating in conjunction with an on-line radiogas target routinely utilized for oxygen-15 labelled carbon dioxide studies is currently receiving particular attention.
Coral reef complexes at an atypical windward platform margin: Late Quaternary, southeast Florida

Major coral reef complexes rim many modern and ancient carbonate platforms. Their role in margin evolution is not fully understood, particularly when they border a margin atypical of the classic model. Classic windward margins are steeply inclined. The windward margin of southeast Florida is distinct with a very low-gradient slope and a shelf edge ringed with 30-m-high Quaternary outlier reefs on a shallow upper-slope terrace. A newly developed synthesis of temporally well-constrained geologic events is used with surface and subsurface seismic-reflection contours to construct morphogenetic models of four discontinuous reef-complex sequences. The models show uneven subsurface topography, upward and landward buildups, and a previously unreported, rapid, Holocene pro-gradation. The terms backstepped reef-complex margin, backfilled prograded margin , and coalesced reef-complex margin are proposed for sections exhibiting suitable signatures in the stratigraphic record. The models have significant implications for interpretation of ancient analogues. The Florida record chronicles four kinds of geologic events. (1) Thirteen transgressions high enough for marine deposition occurred between ca. 325 ka and the present. Six gave rise to stratigraphically successive coral reef complexes between ca. 185 and ca. 77.8 ka. The seventh reef ecosystem is Holocene. (2) Two primary coral reef architectures built the outer shelf and margin, producing respective ridge-and-swale and reef-and-trough geometries of very different scales. (3) Massive outlier reefs developed on an upper-slope terrace between ca. 106.5 and ca. 80 ka and are inferred to contain corals that would date to highstands at ca. 140 and 125 ka. (4) Sea level remained below elevation of the shelf between ca. 77.8 and ca. 9.6 ka.
Landsat thematic mapper reflective-band radiometric artifacts

Radiometric "artifacts" are known to be present to varying degrees in the reflective-band imagery from both Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 Thematic Mappers (TMs). The most common artifacts are known as scan-correlated shift (SCS), memory effect (ME), and coherent noise (CN). The characterization and correction of these artifacts has been performed for both the Landsat-4 and Lansat-5 TMs. SCS is a sudden shift in bias that can be as large as 2 DN. However, this artifact can be accurately quantified and easily removed from imagery using a line-by-line bias subtraction. ME causes the detector response to undershoot after a sudden transition from a bright target to a dark target. For large transitions, this can cause a 2% radiometric error. This artifact can be removed through a spatial filtering operation. Lastly, CN is a periodic pattern that is most often seen in homogeneous portions of TM imagery. The amplitude of this noise artifact is quite small, less than 0.5 DN. While CN has been accurately characterized, a correction procedure is not recommended, due to the small amplitude of this artifact. Recommendations are given for proper processing of TM imagery to remove the effects of these artifacts.
Highly reliable Enhanced Nitride Interface (ENI) process of barrier Low-k using absorption-free Ultra-Thin SiN (UT-SiN)

A highly reliable Enhanced Nitride Interface (ENI) process of barrier Low-k using an Ultra-Thin SiN (UT-SiN) has been developed for 40-nm node and beyond. The UT-SiN (3nm) has a good thickness uniformity and a good stability against absorption. By using this technique, a lower effective k and good via yields were obtained. In addition, 5x via electro-migration (EM) improvement, 50x TDDB and no SIV failure by 1000h were obtained in comparison to the conventional SiCN bi-layer process. And the ENI was analyzed by XPS and TOF-SIMS. According to these analyses, the mechanism for performance enhancement is proposed.
Passive mixing in a three-dimensional serpentine microchannel

A three-dimensional serpentine microchannel design with a "C shaped" repeating unit is presented in this paper as a means of implementing chaotic advection to passively enhance fluid mixing. The device is fabricated in a silicon wafer using a double-sided KOH wet-etching technique to realize a three-dimensional channel geometry. Experiments using phenolphthalein and sodium hydroxide solutions demonstrate the ability of flow in this channel to mix faster and more uniformly than either pure molecular diffusion or flow in a "square-wave" channel for Reynolds numbers from 6 to 70. The mixing capability of the channel increases with increasing Reynolds number. At least 98% of the maximum intensity of reacted phenolphthalein is observed in the channel after five mixing segments for Reynolds numbers greater than 25. At a Reynolds number of 70, the serpentine channel produces 16 times more reacted phenolphthalein than a straight channel and 1.6 times more than the square-wave channel. Mixing rates in the serpentine channel at the higher Reynolds numbers are consistent with the occurrence of chaotic advection. Visualization of the interface formed in the channel between streams of water and ethyl alcohol indicates that the mixing is due to both diffusion and fluid stirring.
Association of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and endothelial function in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Mechanisms underlying the role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) in atherosclerotic development are not completely understood. We evaluated the relationship of Lp-PLA(2) with endothelial dysfunction, an early manifestation of atherosclerosis, in a cohort without known clinical cardiovascular disease. A total of 2809 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis underwent plasma Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity measurement and brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation testing. In adjusted linear regression models, higher Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity levels were not associated with lower endothelial function (-0.04%, p = 0.51 and -0.09%, p = 0.10, respectively). Among individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis based on ankle-brachial index (ABI) or carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity were not associated with lower endothelial function (-0.03%, p = 0.88 and -0.31%, p = 0.16 for ABI < 1.00; 0.01%, p = 0.94 and -0.15%, p = 0.20 for abnormal carotid IMT). In summary, Lp-PLA(2) is not associated with endothelial dysfunction, suggesting its role in atherosclerosis development is primarily related to other factors.
The zinc finger protein Zn72D and DEAD box helicase Belle interact and control maleless mRNA and protein levels

The Male Specific Lethal (MSL) complex is enriched on the single X chromosome in male Drosophila cells and functions to upregulate X-linked gene expression and equalize X-linked gene dosage with XX females. The zinc finger protein Zn72D is required for productive splicing of the maleless (mle) transcript, which encodes an essential subunit of the MSL complex. In the absence of Zn72D, MLE levels are decreased, and as a result, the MSL complex no longer localizes to the X chromosome and dosage compensation is disrupted. To understand the molecular basis of Zn72D function, we identified proteins that interact with Zn72D. Among several proteins that associate with Zn72D, we found the DEAD box helicase Belle (Bel). Simultaneous knockdown of Zn72D and bel restored MSL complex localization to the X chromosome and dosage compensation. MLE protein was restored to 70% of wild-type levels, although the level of productively spliced mle transcript was still four-fold lower than in wild-type cells. The increase in production of MLE protein relative to the amount of correctly spliced mle mRNA could not be attributed to an alteration in MLE stability. These data indicate that Zn72D and Bel work together to control mle splicing and protein levels. Thus Zn72D and Bel may be factors that coordinate splicing and translational regulation.
The Unreal Enemy of America’s Army

This paper explores the characterizations of enemies in military-themed video games, with special attention given to the games Conflict: Desert Storm and America’s Army. I demonstrate how the public enemy of America’s Army is one not confined to any nationality, ethnicity, or political agenda. This marks a significant departure from games such as Conflict: Desert Storm. I argue that the production of this abstract enemy—what I call the ‘‘unreal enemy’’—is significantly shaped by a biopolitical system that intertwines the military and electronic entertainment industries. This arrangement delocalizes power, distributing it through a network of institutions and subjects. Throughout, I use ethnographic examples that explore how this abstract enemy has been constructed and juxtaposed against more concrete and personal figures, such as the America’s Army Real Heroes, individuals upheld as the embodiment of personal achievement in the U.S. Army. I conclude by asserting that the unreal enemy of America’s Army is,...
CONTRACEPTION IN DIABETIC WOMEN

Contraceptive prescription in diabetic women with current diabetic mellitus (type I or type II) or in prediabetic women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus must consider the specific metabolic effects and risks in diabetic women. This article addresses these issues, enabling the practitioner to develop individually tailored contraceptive programs to meet the changing needs and demands of the reproductive-aged diabetic woman. If focuses on the most efficacious, reversible option available--hormonal methods and intrauterine devices--both of which have been controversial for diabetic women.
Aberrant insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation predicts glucose intolerance in the offspring of a diabetic mother.

We examined the long-term effect of in utero exposure to streptozotocin-induced maternal diabetes on the progeny that postnatally received either ad libitum access to milk by being fed by control m...
A generalized S-dimensional algorithm for multisensor multitarget state-estimation

Presents a fast near-optimal assignment algorithm to solve a generalized multidimensional assignment problem. Such problems arise in surveillance systems estimating the position of an unknown number of targets. The central problem in a multisensor-multitarget state estimation problem is that of data association-the problem of determining from which target, if any, a particular measurement originated. The data-association problem is formulated as a generalized S-dimensional (S-D) assignment problem, which is NP-hard for 3 or more sensor scans (S/spl ges/3). In this paper, the authors present an efficient and recursive generalized S-D assignment algorithm (S/spl ges/3) with application to the localization of unknown number of emitters using multiple high frequency direction finders. >
Ecological and life-history traits explain recent boundary shifts in elevation and latitude of western North American songbirds

Aim Species are expected to move uphill or poleward in response to climate change, yet their distributions show idiosyncratic responses; many species are moving in the predicted direction, but others are not shifting at all or are shifting downhill or towards the equator. Fundamental questions remain about the causes of interspecific variation in range responses and whether shifts along elevational and latitudinal gradients are correlated. We examined whether shifts in northernlatitude and upper-elevation boundaries of western North American songbirds over a 35-year period were correlated and whether species ecological and lifehistory traits explained interspecific variation in observed shifts.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis is associated with elevated levels of F 2 -isoprostanes and F 4 -neuroprostanes

To better understand the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections of the nervous system, concentrations of F4-neuroprostanes (F4-NP) and F2-isoprostanes (F2-IP) in the murine brain were determined following intracerebral inoculation of HSV-1 or normal saline. F4-NP are highly selective, quantitative markers of neuronal oxidative damage, while F2-IP are markers of oxidative damage to brain tissue not limited to a certain cell type. In contrast to saline-treated control animals, HSV-1-infected animals developed encephalitic symptoms associated with severe inflammation, widespread HSV-1 protein expression, and significantly elevated F4-NP and F2-IP levels in the brain. Survivors of acute HSV-1 infection showed no encephalitic symptoms 2 to 3 weeks following virus inoculation. Brain tissue derived from mice euthanized 2 month after virus inoculation demonstrated expression of HSV-1 latency-associated transcripts without detectable HSV-1 protein expression. However, brain tissue from these animals showed focal chronic inflammation, moderately elevated F2-IP levels, and normal levels of F4-NP. These observations provide novel biochemical evidence that oxidant tissue injury is a mechanism underlying neuronal damage during acute HSV-1 encephalitis and suggest that oxidative damage to tissue may continue in the mammalian brain until at least several weeks after recovery from the symptomatic phase of HSV-1 infection.
GROWTH OF SALMONELLA AT LOW pH

SUMMARY The growth of salmonellae was observed to occur at pH values as low as 4.05 × 0.05. The growth-limiting pH was dependent on several factors, most important the acid molecule itself. Additionally, the effect of temperature, relative oxygen supply and level of inoculum was studied. The salmonellae could not be “trained” to grow at a lower pH by sequential transfer at nearoptimum pH values.
Aggregation, rank, and some historical Engel curves

Abstract I find evidence for an Engel curve rank of three in both historical and recent data within the context of polynomial Engel curves. The results have implications for specification and for aggregation of consumer demands.
Historical and contemporary correlates of syphilis and cancer.

Background This study examined the relationship between antecedent syphilis infection and cancer incidence in an attempt to identify specific cancer patterns. Methods The study cohort consisted of 16,420 people diagnosed with syphilis between 1972 and 1987 and who were residents of New York State, exclusive of New York City, at time of diagnosis. Incident cancers among cohort members were identified through linkage with files maintained by the New York State Cancer Registry. Results A total of 350 cancer cases were diagnosed among cohort members. For males and females combined, incidence was significantly elevated for cancers of the oral cavity standardized incidence ratio (SIR = 169, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 109-249), and specifically for cancer of the tongue (SIR = 251, 95% CI: 108-494). Significantly elevated incidence was observed among males for Kaposi's sarcoma (SIR = 2000, 95% CI: 1290-2950). Conclusion While no conclusions may be reached concerning causality, the data do argue for increased cancer surveillance among people with syphilis. Moreover, findings are discussed in light of historical considerations.
A comparative analysis of the GAL genetic switch between not-so-distant cousins: Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus Kluyveromyces lactis

Despite their close phylogenetic relationship, Kluyveromyces lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have adapted their carbon utilization systems to different environments. Although they share identities in the arrangement, sequence and functionality of their GAL gene set, both yeasts have evolved important differences in the GAL genetic switch in accordance to their relative preference for the utilization of galactose as a carbon source. This review provides a comparative overview of the GAL-specific regulatory network in S. cerevisiae and K. lactis, discusses the latest models proposed to explain the transduction of the galactose signal, and describes some of the particularities that both microorganisms display in their regulatory response to different carbon sources. Emphasis is placed on the potential for improved strategies in biotechnological applications using yeasts.
Newer studies in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Summary Patients may have metastatic islet cell tumors without elevated basal acid secretions. A period of approximately thirty months occurred before recurrent symptoms and widespread tumor growth became evident. Calcium infusion is a potent stimulus for acid secretion in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Its action may be to cause the release of gastrin from these tumors and/or potentiate the effect of gastrin. Insulin hypoglycemia stimulated acid secretion in three of six vagotomized patients studied. After total gastrectomy serum gastrin levels were low if all gastric tissue was removed. Small remnants of gastric mucosa were associated with elevated gastrin levels.
NARRATIVE PRACTICE AND THE COHERENCE OF PERSONAL STORIES

While the sociological analysis of personal stories is becoming more sophisticated, it would benefit from a refined appreciation for narrative practice. The theme of this article is that the coherence of stories and the experiences they convey are reflexively related to the manifold activities and the increasingly diverse conditions of storytelling. Drawing on ethnographically assembled story material, we offer an empirically sensitizing vocabulary to illustrate how practice constitutes coherence through the interplay of narrative composition and the local conditions of storytelling. The vocabulary high-lights the growing need to think of personal stories and their coherence as an active ensemble of narrative practice, now “owned” as much by the diverse auspices of story-telling as by the storyteller (Alasuutari 1997).
The principal components of natural images revisited

This paper investigates the principal components (PCs) of natural gray and color images. A horizontal and vertical typology of PCs is found which leads to the identification of groups of basis functions for steerable bandpass filters. Using this system, the contribution of spatio-chromatic structure to the total variance can be quantified for selected spatial frequencies.
Optical modules for future signal processing systems

Analog optical modules must be part of a larger signal-processing system, and it is difficult to pass information from an optical module operating near maximum throughput to the other parts of a signal-processing system. The basis for this difficulty is often thought to be the high bandwidth and large number of channels of the optical module, but more quantitatively, optical modules do not yet have the capability to perform nonlinear operations on partially processed data that would greatly reduce the module output rates. Moreover, they require additional processing for equalization of channel response rather than for representation of useful information, and this processing is often left to the digital postprocessor. Recent work carried out to address the interface difficulty is reported. One avenue is the use of additional optical processing operations at the output of existing optical-processing modules, such as data compression adaptive data thresholding, and various multiplexed readout schemes. Another avenue is to reduce precision requirements by using various adaptive learning techniques inherent in some parallel models of computation, such as neural-net models. A third effort involves development of 2-D, three-terminal, spatial light modulator devices that can provide the needed nonlinear transfer functions, the capability to cascade optical-processing operations, and throughputs greater than those attainable with all-electronic approaches. >
Doing Good and Feeling Good Among African Americans: Subjective Religiosity, Helping, and Satisfaction

Previous studies of religion’s role in the connection between helping and well-being among African Americans have examined this relationship from a stress and coping theoretical standpoint, perpetu...
Effects of normative control of self‐disclosure on reciprocity1

Female dyads (strangers) exchanged self-descriptions under conditions in which normative demand for high, medium, or low intimacy was varied orthogonally to the level of intimacy received from the other member of the dyad. The reciprocity effect was eliminated in that both first and second disclosers matched their intimacy level to the normative cue rather than to the level of the other's disclosure. For first disclosers, evaluative impressions of the second member of the dyad were a curvilinear function of the level of intimacy received from her, regardless of level sent. For second disclosers, attributions to the initial discloser were influenced by the interaction between intimacy received from her and normative demand for intimacy sent. Evaluations were most positive when disclosure intimacy was slightly but not too much higher than that demand.
Group work, groupware, and the transformation of information resource management

This essay briefly considers the increasingly important role of computer-mediated tools in effective organizational communications: (1) electronic mail, offering one-to-one communication; (2) electronic conferencing, offering many-to-many communication; and (3) corporatewide information systems (CWIS), offering one-to-many communication. It then proceeds to explore in greater detail the role that a new generation of computer software, so-called groupware, is coming to play as an enabler and enhancer of these technologies, thus transforming information resource management (IRM) within the modern organization. The author illustrates his points through the use of three mini-case studies. The first and primary example considers the impact of groupware on the operations of Babson College. The Babson study is supplemented by two summary references to the use of similar products within a global accounting/consulting firm and within a large U.S. government agency.This essay was prepared for the American Archivist...
SciJourn is magic: construction of a science journalism community of practice

This article is the first to describe the discoursal construction of an adolescent community of practice (CoP) in a non-school setting. CoPs can provide optimal learning environments. The adolescent community centered around science journalism and positioned itself dichotomously in relationship to school literacy practices. The analysis focuses on recordings from a panel-style research interview from an early implementation of the Science Literacy Through Science Journalism (SciJourn) project. Researchers trained high school students participating in a youth development program to write science news articles. Students engaged in the authentic practices of professional science journalists, received feedback from a professional editor, and submitted articles for publication. I used a fine-grained critical discourse analysis of genre, discourse, and style to analyze student responses about differences between writing in SciJourn and in school. Students described themselves as agentic in SciJourn and passive in school, using an academic writing discourse of deficit to describe schooling experiences. They affiliated with and defined a SciJourn CoP, constructing positive journalistic identities therein. Educators are encouraged to develop similar CoPs. The discursive features presented may be used to monitor the development of communities of practice in a variety of settings.
Single Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: A Critical Analysis of the Bianalyte versus Isotopologue Proof

Verification of single-molecule (SM) detection for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) requires the use of two analytes via either the bianalyte or isotopologue approach. For both approaches, the preferential observation of the individual analytes over a combination of both analytes is used to conclude that SM detection has been achieved. Isotopologues are preferred because they have identical surface binding affinities and Raman cross sections, whereas bianalyte pairs typically do not. We conducted multianalyte SERS studies to investigate the limitations of the bianalyte approach. The bianalyte partners, Rhodamine 6G (R6G-d0) and crystal violet (CV-d0), were directly compared, while SM detection was verified (or disproved) using their corresponding isotopologues (R6G-d4, CV-d12). We found that the significant difference in counts between R6G and CV can provide misleading evidence for SMSERS. We then rationalized these results using a joint Poisson-binomial model with unequal detection probabilitie...