cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling the effects of blood component storage lesions on the quality of haemostatic resuscitation in massive transfusion for trauma.

Background All blood components undergo loss of potency during storage. These loss-of-potency storage lesions are important in trauma resuscitation because they reduce the haemostatic capacity of mixtures of components that attempt to reconstitute whole blood. Even red cell storage-related loss of potency, which averages 17% with modern additive solutions, is important because 6 units of red cells must be given to achieve the effect of 5 fully potent units. Materials and methods Loss of potency of stored units of red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate were summed for dilutional, storage-related, pathogen reduction-related, and splenic sequestration-related causes and expressed as fractional plasma coagulation factor concentrations and platelet counts. Results Production of reconstituted whole blood from 1:1:1 unit ratios of red cells:plasma:platelets is associated with a 38% loss of plasma coagulation factor concentration and 56% loss of platelets. Storage losses of 17% for red cells, 10% for coagulation factors, and 30% for platelets are additive to pathogen reduction-related losses of 18% for coagulation factors and 30% for platelets. Discussion Component preparation and storage-related losses of potency for all blood components are serious problems for trauma resuscitation. Even red cell storage contributes to this problem and this can be made better in ways that can save many lives each year.
Integrating a simplified emission estimation model and mesoscopic dynamic traffic simulator to efficiently evaluate emission impacts of traffic management strategies

Abstract This paper presents a computationally efficient and theoretically rigorous dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model and its solution algorithm for a number of emerging emissions and fuel consumption related applications that require both effective microscopic and macroscopic traffic stream representations. The proposed model embeds a consistent cross-resolution traffic state representation based on Newell’s simplified kinematic wave and linear car following models. Tightly coupled with a computationally efficient emission estimation package MOVES Lite, a mesoscopic simulation-based dynamic network loading framework DTALite is adapted to evaluate traffic dynamics and vehicle emission/fuel consumption impact of different traffic management strategies.
Development of Systematic Mitigation Strategy Utilizing Computer-Based Guidelines for Reflective Cracking

AbstractComposite pavements currently are the most prevalent pavement type for highway rehabilitation projects in the US. However, composite pavements are susceptible to pavement distresses inheren...
Retinoic acid signaling within pancreatic endocrine progenitors regulates mouse and human β cell specification.

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is essential for multiple developmental processes, including appropriate pancreas formation from the foregut endoderm. RA is also required to generate pancreatic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. However, the role of RA signaling during endocrine specification has not been fully explored. In this study, we demonstrate that disruption of RA signaling within the NEUROG3-expressing endocrine progenitor population impairs mouse β cell differentiation and induces ectopic expression of critical δ cell genes, including Somatostatin. In addition, inhibition of the RA pathway in hESC-derived pancreatic progenitors downstream of NEUROG3 induction impairs INSULIN expression. We further determine that RA-regulation of endocrine cell differentiation is mediated through WNT pathway components. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of RA signaling in endocrine specification and identify conserved mechanisms by which RA signaling directs pancreatic endocrine cell fate.
A comprehensive review of the diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson's disease dysphagia and aspiration.

Bulbar dysfunction is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with more than 80% of affected individuals developing dysphagia during the course of the disease. Symptoms can begin in the preclinical stag...
Double-Blind Review as a Solution to Gender Inequality in Legal Scholarship

Research into non-legal academic scholarship reveals that when journals implement blind review female authorship increases. Only four flagship law journals implement blind review. This allows for the unique ability to measure the rates of female authorship in these blinded law journals compared to comparable non-blinded law journals. If female authors are disproportionately published in the law journals that implement blind review, this would be evidence that non-blinded journals discriminate against female authors. This outcome would also provide strong evidence supporting advocacy for more blind review in legal scholarship. The results of this first-of-its-kind study will help better inform authors as to the review process, law journals as to the likely effects of blind review, and the greater academic community as to potential biases in academic publishing. Furthermore, the results invite future replication in other academic areas of scholarship to measure potential changes over time and cross-disciplinary differences.
Next Generation Community Leaders Initiative: Collaborating With Youth to Develop Leaders and Healthier Communities

Central to addressing the social determinants of health and challenges to health equity in the United States is the growing acknowledgement among solution seekers of the importance of cross-sector collaborators and partners. Youth are an underutilized and overlooked partner, especially in vulnerable urban communities, who bring diverse perspectives on their communities. Provided the opportunity and resources (e.g., coaching, compensation, and connections), youth can add value as partners to solve problems and achieve goals to benefit their communities. In this paper we review and discuss the Next Generation Community Leaders initiative (NGCL) a $2.8 million initiative funded by New Jersey Health Initiatives , the statewide grantmaking program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. We also describe findings from an independent evaluation of NGCL that explored how investments in youth through youth-serving organizations benefitted the youth who participated and increased health equity in their communities. Finally, we share 5 principles of youth engagement that we identified through our work as practitioners and scholars.
Employment Resources for People with Parkinson's Disease: A Resource Review and Needs Assessment.

Purpose People with Parkinson’s disease (PwP) exit the workforce on average 5 years earlier than people without Parkinson’s due to motor, cognitive, communicative, and affective symptoms. Decreased employment results in significant individual and societal costs. The objectives of this study were to identify strengths and weaknesses of employment resources and assess the needs of consumer and clinical stakeholders to improve job retention. Methods The study used a qualitative content analysis and Quasi Needs Assessment Framework. Sixteen PwP and 10 clinician stakeholders participated in two rounds of stakeholder discussion panels. Main outcomes included (1) the resources identified through the online content search and themes derived from those resources, and (2) the information gained from discussion panels and themes derived from their conversations. Results Literature review and online searches yielded 59 resources (30 consumer-focused documents, 17 peer-reviewed articles, and 12 documents supplied by key informants who are experts in Parkinson’s disease and/or employment). Themes frequently found in the consumer-focused content but not the peer-reviewed literature included diagnosis disclosure decision-making, the benefits of retiring compared to working, and workplace accommodations. Stakeholders identified three key needs with regard to employment-related support for PwP: (1) knowledge about employment support options; (2) a clinician to start the discussion about employment challenges; and (3) an individualized and flexible approach to employment-related interventions. Conclusions Many people with Parkinson’s experience unmet employment-related resource and process needs. An individually-tailored interdisciplinary intervention care path could facilitate decisions regarding disclosure and accommodations.
Folate Levels by Time Since Last Live Birth Among U.S. Women, 2007-2016.

Background: Folate depletion in the postpartum period may increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes for women with a short interpregnancy interval following a live birth. We sought to examine...
Inhalational Gases for Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Despite multiple prior pharmacological trials in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the search for an effective, safe, and practical treatment of these patients remains ongoing. Given the ease of delive...
Imaging, understanding, and control of nanoscale materials transformations

The development of liquid cells for transmission electron microscopy has enabled breakthroughs in our ability to follow nanoscale structural, morphological, or chemical changes during materials growth and applications. Time-resolved high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis through liquids opened the opportunity to capture nanoscale dynamic processes of materials, including reaction intermediates and the transformation pathways. In this article, a series of work is highlighted with topics ranging from liquid cell developments to in situ studies of nanocrystal growth and transformations, dendrite formation, and suppression of lithium dendrites through in situ characterization of the solid–electrolyte interphase chemistry. The understanding garnered is expected to accelerate the discovery of novel materials for applications in energy storage, catalysis, sensors, and other functional devices.
High-Frequency Hubs of the Ictal Cross-Frequency Coupling Network Predict Surgical Outcome in Epilepsy Patients

Seizure generation is thought to be a process driven by epileptogenic networks; thus, network analysis tools can help determine the efficacy of epilepsy treatment. Studies have suggested that low-frequency (LF) to high-frequency (HF) cross-frequency coupling (CFC) is a useful biomarker for localizing epileptogenic tissues. However, it remains unclear whether the LF or HF coordinated CFC network hubs are more critical in determining the treatment outcome. We hypothesize that HF hubs are primarily responsible for seizure dynamics. Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) recordings of 36 seizures from 16 intractable epilepsy patients were analyzed. We propose a new approach to model the temporal-spatial-spectral dynamics of CFC networks. Graph measures are then used to characterize the HF and LF hubs. In the patient group with Engel Class (EC) I outcome, the strength of HF hubs was significantly higher inside the resected regions during the early and middle stages of seizure, while such a significant difference was not observed in the EC III group and only for the early stage in the EC II group. For the LF hubs, a significant difference was identified at the late stage and only in the EC I group. Our findings suggest that HF hubs increase at early and middle stages of the ictal interval while LF hubs increase activity at the late stages. In addition, HF hubs can predict treatment outcomes more precisely, compared to the LF hubs of the CFC network. The proposed method promises to identify more accurate targets for surgical interventions or neuromodulation therapies.
A feasibility study of a peer-facilitated physical activity intervention in methadone maintenance

Abstract Purpose While methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been effective in improving opioid use outcomes, most patients continue to engage in unhealthy lifestyles that lead to significant mental and physical health consequences. Interventions targeting increases in physical activity (PA) in MMT patients could have a significant impact on reducing the overall morbidity in these individuals. The purpose of this study was to assess acceptability and feasibility of a 12-week peer-facilitated PA intervention for MMT patients called TREC (Transforming Recovery with Exercise and Community). Method We developed and then pilot-tested TREC in 26 low-active MMT clients (73% female; mean age = 41.2 years). TREC included: 1) an orientation session and intervention materials, 2) weekly PA discussion groups led by trained MMT clients, 3) peer-led walking groups and 4) a Fitbit activity tracker to facilitate self-monitoring of PA. Results Participants attended 63% of eligible TREC sessions. Sixty-nine percent of the sample wore the Fitbit for at least 6 weeks (of the 12-week intervention). Participants reported that they enjoyed the group walks and that it was helpful to have a peer-facilitated PA group. There were small-to-moderate effect sizes for increases in PA, positive affect, and benefits of PA, and decreases in illicit opioid use and barriers to PA. No changes in depression, anxiety, and negative affect were observed from baseline to the end of the 12-week intervention. Conclusion Indicators of feasibility and acceptability suggest that a peer-facilitated PA intervention can be incorporated in the context of MMT. Low active, opioid dependent clients showed increases in PA during the 12-week intervention. A future randomized clinical trial is necessary to determine the efficacy of TREC on long-term maintenance of PA and ancillary mental health and substance use outcomes.
No Laughing Matter: Why Educators Need to Take Humor More Seriously

Humor may make people laugh, but linguistically it is no laughing matter. This paper proposed to the educators, teacher preparation programs, and educational researchers who need to take humor and the related phenomenon of play more seriously in their approach to understanding the dynamics of classroom interaction and how challenging humor and play can be to interpret and navigate as they unfold spontaneously in teacher-student interactions. This study aimed to identify the kinds of metacommunicative awareness that teachers, particularly novice educators, need to develop to navigate the interactions they engage with successfully. Meta communicative awareness referred to a deep-seated understanding of how meaning in interaction is constructed and an ability to step outside one’s immediate interpretive frame. The study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in a community-based afterschool program. The program serves adults and children in the surrounding area who identify as Bangladeshi. The data were collected through audio-recorded interviews with 18 university participants, approximately 40 hours of audio-recordings of homework help sessions, samples of university students’ notes and reflective writing from their time as volunteers, and samples of the children’s schoolwork. The homework helpers were undergraduate and graduate students from two universities. Some of the homework helpers were pursuing master’s degrees in education. They aspired to careers as teachers, and others had volunteered for the program to fulfil institutional community service requirements. At the program, these homework helpers were referred to as “volunteers,” and they occupied both the institutional and interactional role of “educator” concerning the children. It can be concluded that humor and play-interpreted talk in educational settings quite challenging. Moreover, a failure to recognize talk as play could have serious consequences for what ultimately happens between teachers and students and how they come to see one another.
An analysis of research biopsy core variability from over 5000 prospectively collected core samples

Factors correlated with biopsy tissue adequacy and the prevalence of within-biopsy variability were evaluated. Totally, 1149 research biopsies were performed on 686 patients from which 5090 cores were assessed. Biopsy cores were reviewed for malignant percentage (estimated percentage of cells in the core that were malignant) and malignant area (estimated area occupied by malignant cells). Linear mixed models and generalized linear mixed models were used for the analysis. A total of 641 (55.8%) biopsies contained a core with <10% malignant percentage (inadequate core). The chance of an inadequate core was not influenced by core order, though the malignant area decreased with each consecutive core (p < 0.001). Younger age, bone biopsy location, appendiceal tumor pathology, and responding/stable disease prior to biopsy increased the odds of a biopsy containing zero adequate cores. Within-biopsy variability in core adequacy is prevalent and suggests the need for histological tumor quality assessment of each core in order to optimize translational analyses.
Pathogenesis of Graves’ Orbitopathy

Clinical observations, including the close temporal relationship between the diagnoses of Graves’ hyperthyroidism and Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), have long suggested that these two autoimmune conditions may share pathophysiologic features. The demonstration of TSHR expression in orbital fibroblasts, the target cells in GO, supported the notion of a common autoantigen. Subsequent studies from several laboratories measured elevated TSHR expression in GO orbital fibroblasts and described associations between levels of circulating TSHR autoantibodies (TRAb) and disease activity or poor prognosis. Using monoclonal stimulatory TRAb, TSH, an activating mutant TSHR, or purified IgG from patients with Graves’ disease (GD-IgG), several research groups demonstrated direct effects of TSHR or IGF-1R activation on GO orbital fibroblast functions relevant to disease development. Additional studies suggested that physical and/or functional relationships may exist between TSHR and IGF-1R in GO. A current concept integrating these findings is that activation of both receptors within the orbit, perhaps by TRAb as well as locally produced IGF-1, may be involved in the development of the ocular manifestations of Graves’ disease.
Trenchless Repair and Rehabilitation Techniques

Trenchless technology (TT) consists of a wide range of methods, materials, and equipment for installing new or rehabilitating existing underground pipelines and utility systems with minimal excavation of the ground. According to the North America Society of Trenchless Technology (NASTT), trenchless construction is “a family of methods, materials, and equipment capable of being used for the installation of new or replacement or rehabilitation of existing underground infrastructure with minimal disruption to surface traffic, business, and other activities.” The development and use of trenchless techniques has expanded rapidly over the past 10 years. The reason for this exceptional growth is the desire to install or rehabilitate underground pipeline systems with minimum impact on society and the environment. The benefits of trenchless technology are quite apparent compared to the conventional open-cut process. However, it is necessary to evaluate the suitability and appropriateness of any rehabilitation system, trenchless or otherwise, on a project-by-project basis with due consideration of all project criteria, such as size and material of pipe, level of deterioration, hydraulic capacity, etc. Keywords: trenchless; minimal excavation; rehabilitation; traffic disruption
Prenatal screening for clubfoot: what factors predict prenatal detection?

Objective Routine prenatal ultrasound has often resulted in the early detection of musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine which socioeconomic factors are associated with prenatal detection of clubfoot.
Voltage‐Gated Ion Channels

This review will give an overview of the current state of knowledge about the structures of ion channels; the mechanisms of selectivity and gating; the cell biology of ion channels, including coassembly of channel subunits with other proteins and trafficking of ion channels; the physiological functions of ion channels and their roles in disease; and pharmacological tools available for the manipulation of ion channels in vitro and in vivo. While a vast array of ion channels exist with different selectivities and mechanisms of activation, some of these channel classes are reviewed in other chapters of this edition, and this chapter will focus on voltage-gated K+, Na+, and Ca2+ channels. Keywords: voltage-gated potassium channel; voltage-gated calcium channel; voltage-gated sodium channel; channelopathy; voltage sensor; toxin; selectivity filter; inactivation; pore; auxiliary subunits; conductance; gating current; excitability; a-type current
Morphokinetic Reaction of Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 9790) Cells to the Specific Inhibition of Macromolecular Synthesis: Nucleoid Condensation on the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Abstract In glutaraldehyde-prefixed exponential-phase cells of Streptococcus faecalis the nucleoid is “frozen” in a dispersed configuration. Exposure of exponential-phase cells to threonine starvation or to antibiotics inhibiting protein synthesis resulted in progressive condensation of nucleoid fibrils producing an expanding central nucleoid zone or pool. The condensation of the nucleoid was observed to occur at a rate directly proportional to the rate of inhibition of protein synthesis. However, the extent of nucleoid condensation depended on continuing deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. Significantly less nucleoid condensation occurred when cells were inhibited in deoxyribonucleic acid and protein synthesis than when cells were inhibited in protein synthesis alone. These results suggest a model in which, during nucleoid replication, the chromosome fibrils are normally maintained in a dispersed state by the active agents of transcription-translation, such as ribonucleic acid polymerase molecules and ribosomes.
Review of moyamoya disease and syndrome with special consideration of associations with sickle cell disease

Moyamoya, a pattern of progressive stenosis of the ICA associated with secondary formation of collateral vessels at the base of the brain, is a rare but well described cerebral vasculopathy. Moyamoya can be idiopathic but is also associated with several genetic disorders, inflammatory conditions and radiation exposure. Despite extensive research on the topic, the underlying mechanisms for how and why Moyamoya develops are not well understood. Moyamoya syndrome in sickle cell disease is one of the more studied subsets of the disease and recent experience with this subtype may have implications for understanding of all types of Moyamoya. Treatment options for Moyamoya are limited, with the mainstays of therapy restricted to surgical revascularization procedures.
Marking topic or marking case: A comparative investigation of Heritage Japanese and Heritage Korean

In this paper, we examine the relationship between grammatical and discourse-related domains of linguistic organization in heritage speakers by comparing their knowledge of categories mediated at different structural levels: grammatical case marking, which is mediated within the structure of the clause, and the marking of information structure, grammatically mediated at the syntax-discourse interface. To this end, we examine the knowledge of case and topic particles in heritage speakers and L2 learners of Japanese and Korean as assessed through a series of rating tasks. We find that heritage speakers in both languages experience different degrees of difficulty with elements that belong to different linguistic modules: phenomena which involve semantic and discourse computation are found to be more difficult than phenomena governed primarily by structural syntactic constraints. 1. Setting the stage Existing cross-linguistic studies of heritage languages have unraveled a range of grammatical properties that pose difficulties to heritage speakers, allowing us to make preliminary generalizations about the overall linguistic architecture of heritage speakers’ ∗ The authors thank Sun-Hee Bae, Shin Fukuda, Sandy Kim, Jenny Lee, Hiroki Nomoto, Steve SanPietro, Aika Taguchi, and three anonymous reviewers whose help with various aspects of this project is deeply appreciated. We are grateful to the audiences at the Sixth Heritage Language Research Institute, Chicago Bilingualism Forum, and the Center for Language Science at PennState for valuable comments on this work. The research presented here was supported by the Center for Advanced Study of Language (CASL) at the University of Maryland, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at SUNY New Paltz, and the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, and the National Heritage Language Resource Center at UCLA. We are solely responsible for all the errors. Abbreviations: ACC—accusative; AND—adnominal; COMP—complementizer; CP— complementizer phrase; DECL—declarative; DP—determiner phrase; GEN—genitive; IP— inflectional phrase; NEG—negation; NOM—nominative; PASS—passive; PRS—present; TOP—topic.
The MIMIC Program-key to affordable MMICs for DoD systems

The Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Monolithic Integrated Circuits (MIMIC) program is a seven-year, one-half billion dollar program initiated by the US Department of Defense (DoD) in 1986 to provide affordable, available, and reliable microwave and millimeter-wave circuits for use in military electronic systems. A brief overview is given of the program, its objectives, organization, plans, and current status. >
Origin and Evolution

Discussants have been asked to synthesize and prophecy rather than to summarize. The variety of models and views expressed here warn that any report is only another opinion. Blessing to the reader.
Cytokine expression in pediatric subperiosteal orbital abscesses.

Abstract Background: Cytokines have been shown to play a key role in infectious and inflammatory processes. The purpose of the study was to characterize the pattern of cytokine expression in subperiosteal orbital abscesses associated with pediatric orbital cellulitis. Methods: All pediatric patients over a 5-month period who had orbital cellulitis and a subperiosteal abscess with an adjacent sinusitis requiring surgical drainage of the orbital abscess were given the opportunity to enroll in the study. A protein array membrane and a chemiluminescent detection system were used to identify the presence of 45 cytokines in the subperiosteal abscess fluid. Results: Four abscesses were analyzed with the protein array membrane. Of the 45 cytokines studied for this report, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and TNF-β were detected in all specimens. Additionally, IL-16, epidermal growth factor related protein, and soluble TNF receptor II were detected in 3 of the 4 specimens. Interpretation: Pediatric orbital cellulitis with subperiosteal abscess is an inflammatory condition with a distinct pattern of cytokine expression.The detection of IL-1, IL-1ra, IL-6, and TNF suggests that in the future these cytokines may play a role in monitoring disease activity or as potential targets for immunotherapy.
Reduction potential predictions of some aromatic nitrogen-containing molecules

Accurate quantum chemical methods offer a reliable alternative to time-consuming experimental evaluations for obtaining a priori electrochemical knowledge of a large number of redox active molecules. In this contribution, quantum chemical calculations are performed to investigate the redox behavior of quinoxalines, a promising family of active materials for non-aqueous flow batteries, as a function of substituent group. The reduction potentials of 40 quinoxaline derivatives with a range of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are computed. Calculations indicate the addition of electron-donating groups, particularly alkyl groups, can significantly lower the reduction potential albeit with a concomitant decrease in oxidative stability. A simple descriptor is derived for computing reduction potentials of quinoxaline derivatives from the LUMO energies of the neutral molecules without time-consuming free energy calculations. The relationship was validated for a broader set of aromatic nitrogen-containing molecules including pyrazine, phenazine, bipyridine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, and quinoline, suggesting that it is a good starting point for large high-throughput computations to screen reduction windows of novel molecules.
The quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation using supraglottic airways and intraosseous devices: A simulation trial ☆

Abstract Study objective To assess whether using interventions such as laryngeal mask airways (LMA) and IO lines lead to improved resuscitation in a simulated cardiac arrest when compared to standard methods of endotracheal intubation (ETI) and central line placement. Methods Emergency Medicine residents at a single academic center were grouped into teams of four. Each team participated in two simulated ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrests using a high fidelity simulator. Peripheral IV access was unobtainable. Only ETI supplies and a central line kit were available in one case (control) and in the other case those supplies were replaced by an LMA and an EZ-IO drill kit (experimental). Groups were randomized to which set up they were given first. Data examined included time to airway placement, duration and success rate of airway placement, time to vascular access, time to defibrillation, and percent hands off time. Results 44 residents in 11 teams participated. Mean time to airway was shorter in the experimental group (122.8 seconds (s) vs. 265.6s, p =0.001). Mean duration of airway attempt was also shorter (7.6s vs. 22.7s, p =0.002). Time to access was shorter in the experimental group (49.0s vs. 194.6s, p = Conclusion Use of an LMA and an IO device led to significantly faster establishment of an airway and vascular access in a simulated cardiac arrest. The variation in devices did not affect time to defibrillation or percent hands off time.
Effect of the Cr6+ concentration in Cr-incorporated TiO2-loaded MCM-41 catalysts for visible light photocatalysis

Abstract The activity of 25% TiO2-loaded various amounts of Cr-incorporated MCM-41 (25%TiO2/Cr-MCM-41) was studied as a catalyst for photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible light (400–800 nm). Cr-MCM-41 with different ratios of Si to Cr was synthesized by hydrothermal method and loaded with 25 wt.% TiO2 utilizing sol–gel method. The surface areas of Cr-MCM-41 and 25% TiO2/Cr-MCM-41 samples decreased with increasing the amount of Cr incorporated. XRD analysis showed that the MCM-41 structure was formed only in the samples with Si/Cr ratio larger than 20. Temperature program reduction (TPR) and UV–vis spectra results clearly indicated that only Cr6+ was present in the samples with the ratio of Si to Cr more than 20. Whereas the material with the ratio of Si to Cr less than 20 contained chromium with mixed oxidation states. It was found that the photodegradation ability of 25% TiO2/Cr-MCM-41 was highly related to the amount of Cr6+ which strongly interacted with TiO2; the optimum atomic ratio of Si to Cr was 20. This optimum catalyst was compared with two kinds of 25 wt.% TiO2-loaded CrSi20Ox bulk oxides. The overall photodegradation ability of these titania loaded bulk oxide catalysts under visible light was about 45% less active than 25% TiO2/Cr-MCM-41 (Si/Cr = 20). TPR results clearly showed that the interaction of Cr6+ and TiO2 in the bulk oxide catalysts was weaker than that in TiO2/Cr-MCM-41. A good correlation was demonstrated between the Cr6+–TiO2 interaction (Cr O Ti) and catalyst's photoactivity. As a result, the MCM-41 structure can enhance the interaction between TiO2 and Cr6+. All the TiO2/Cr-MCM-41 catalysts deactivate gradually under visible light due to the reduction of Cr6+ in the catalysts. TPR and temperature program oxidation (TPO) results clearly indicated that the average oxidation state of chromium in TiO2/Cr-MCM-41 (Si/Cr = 20) was +2 after 23 h of photoreaction. The reduced chromium in the photocatalyst can be completely reoxidized by heating the catalyst at 450 °C for 3 h.
Transportation Effectiveness and Manufacturing Firm Performance

Transportation is considered an important element of logistics and supply chain success. Yet it is often ignored as a source of competitive advantage. In this study, structural equation modeling is used to examine the impact of inbound and outbound transportation performance in terms of meeting delivery schedules and providing a timely reply to inquiries on the firm's ability to achieve product variety, product quality, manufacturing cost reduction, satisfactory delivery service, and acceptable overall performance.
Substitution and racemization of 3-hydroxy- and 3-alkoxy-1,4-benzodiazepines in acidic aqueous solutions

Oxazepam (OX), 3-O-methyloxazepam, 3-O-ethyloxazepam, temazepam (TMZ), 3-O-methyltemazepam, and 3-O-ethyltemazepam underwent acid-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution reaction (hydrolysis) in an acetonitrile–oxygen-18 water mixture to form either OX or TMZ in which the 3-hydroxyl group was either partially or fully labeled with an oxygen-18 atom. The dependence of the hydrolysis rates on solvent composition, temperature, ionic strength, and in deuterated solvent was studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rates of racemization of enantiomeric compounds in acidic aqueous solutions were studied by both spectropolarimetry and chiral stationary phase HPLC. In acetonitrile: 2.5 M H2SO4 (4:1, v/v) at 50°C, enantiomers of OX and TMZ underwent racemization at rates ≥40-fold faster than the rates of hydrolysis. Enantiomeric 3-O-alkyl derivatives of OX and TMZ in acidic aqueous solutions did not themselves undergo racemization and it was their hydrolysis products (either OX or TMZ) that underwent racemization. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of calcineurin protects against carbachol-induced pathological zymogen activation and acinar cell injury

Acute pancreatitis is a major health burden for which there are currently no targeted therapies. Premature activation of digestive proenzymes, or zymogens, within the pancreatic acinar cell is an early and critical event in this disease. A high-amplitude, sustained rise in acinar cell Ca(2+) is required for zymogen activation. We previously showed in a cholecystokinin-induced pancreatitis model that a potential target of this aberrant Ca(2+) signaling is the Ca(2+)-activated phosphatase calcineurin (Cn). However, in this study, we examined the role of Cn on both zymogen activation and injury, in the clinically relevant condition of neurogenic stimulation (by giving the acetylcholine analog carbachol) using three different Cn inhibitors or Cn-deficient acinar cells. In freshly isolated mouse acinar cells, pretreatment with FK506, calcineurin inhibitory peptide (CiP), or cyclosporine (CsA) blocked intra-acinar zymogen activation (n = 3; P < 0.05). The Cn inhibitors also reduced leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by 79%, 62%, and 63%, respectively (n = 3; P < 0.05). Of the various Cn isoforms, the β-isoform of the catalytic A subunit (CnAβ) was strongly expressed in mouse acinar cells. For this reason, we obtained acinar cells from CnAβ-deficient mice (CnAβ-/-) and observed an 84% and 50% reduction in trypsin and chymotrypsin activation, respectively, compared with wild-type controls (n = 3; P < 0.05). LDH release in the CnAβ-deficient cells was reduced by 50% (n = 2; P < 0.05). The CnAβ-deficient cells were also protected against zymogen activation and cell injury induced by the cholecystokinin analog caerulein. Importantly, amylase secretion was generally not affected by either the Cn inhibitors or Cn deficiency. These data provide both pharmacological and genetic evidence that implicates Cn in intra-acinar zymogen activation and cell injury during pancreatitis.
Icosahedral symmetry versus local icosahedral environments in Al–Mn alloys from NMR

In a recent report1, Pauling suggested that the icosahedral diffraction found in the aluminium–manganese system is due to a cubic crystalline phase with a large unit cell of more than 1,000 atoms, multiply twinned to mimic icosahedral symmetry, instead of a crystalline or quasicrystalline phase with fivefold symmetry. Pauling claims that most of the manganese atoms are surrounded by twelve aluminium atoms arrayed in a nearly perfect icosahedron, a cluster that occurs in the Al12W structure. To account for the high Mn content in the icosahedral phase, he assumed that each aluminium atom was shared with a neighbouring icosahedron. Here, we report a comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra obtained from aluminium–manganese alloys in the crystalline 'G' phase (in which each of the Mn atoms is surrounded by an icosahedron of Al atoms, exactly as in Pauling's proposal structure) with the spectra of the icosahedral phase. We find that the NMR spectrum in the 'G' phase is entirely different from the spectrum in the icosahedral phase. Twinning should not affect the NMR spectra except for a small contribution from atoms on or near the composition planes, so the Al–Mn icosahedral phase is not Pauling's twinned cubic structure.
Paleomagnetic study of some Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks of the Klamath Mountains province, California

Paleomagnetic investigation of Cretaceous outliers and Tertiary sedimentary strata of the Klamath Mountains province, and of onlapping Cretaceous strata, has shown the rocks to be largely remagnetized. Samples studied are from the Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous Great Valley sequence, Upper Cretaceous Hornbrook Formation, Eocene Montgomery Creek Formation, and Oligocene(?) Weaverville Formation. Cretaceous samples that survived the remagnetization have a mean remanence direction that is very close to the expected direction of the Cretaceous magnetic field at the locality of the Klamath Mountains. Data from both primary and remagnetized samples suggest the possibility of 11.5° ± 15.8° of post-Cretaceous clockwise rotation of the Klamath Mountains province. None of the data from either the primary or remagnetized samples shows evidence of the large amounts (∼ 70°) of clockwise rotation that other workers have measured for the lower Tertiary of the Oregon Coast Range. Our data indicate that the Oregon Coast Range and Klamath Mountains province did not behave as a single rigid block during the early Tertiary. They also suggest that any post-Oligocene rotation of the Klamath Mountains province is less than the approximately 30° post-Oligocene rotation recently proposed for a combined Oregon Coast Range–Klamath Mountains–Cascade Range block.
Multiplex Regulation of Cytoplasmic Dynein Motility

Cytoplasmic dynein is the predominant minus-end directed microtubule motor in metazoan cells. Dynein transports diverse cargoes over long distances in neurons, and the motor is thought to be adapted for a myriad of cellular functions through the use of several accessory protein factors that impinge on its basic biophysical characteristics. One of these accessory factors is the multisubunit dynactin complex, which has been implicated in dynein-based cargo transport and the modulation of dynein processivity and directionality. While isolated dynein from Saccharomyces has been shown to be a strongly processive motor, dynein from other organisms displays weakly processive, bidirectional or diffusive motility. Here we show that, on its own, cytoplasmic dynein from humans and other metazoans is not a processive motor. Previous attempts to study dynein-dynactin co-complexes have found relatively modest effects on dynein processivity and directionality by dynactin. We show that multiple cargo-specific adapter proteins link dynein to dynactin to form a stable supercomplex (DDB complex) that is over 2MDa in size. Using multicolor single-molecule microscopy, we have found that, remarkably, the purified DDB supercomplex is unidirectional and ultra-processive, displaying run-lengths that closely match those observed in vivo. Further we show that processive movement of the DDB complex requires specific modifications of the tubulin c-terminal tails, implicating post-translational modification of the microtubule track in the control of dynein motility. Our data suggest that the dynein motor is more plastic that previously thought, able to transition from a non-processive motor to an ultra-processive mode of motility upon association with external regulatory factors and specific subsets of microtubule tracks.
Can lay health workers promote better medical self-management by persons living with HIV? An evaluation of the Positive Choices program.

Abstract Objective To evaluate Positive Choices (PC), a program that employed lay health workers to motivate antiretroviral adherence among persons living with HIV with coverage from Indiana's high-risk insurance pool. Methods Four hundred and forty nine participants living in the greater Indianapolis area were randomly allocated to treatment ( n = 91) or control ( n = 358) groups and followed for one year. Results Compared to control subjects, PC subjects were more likely to adhere to HIV medications (medication possession ratio adherence ≥0.95, OR = 1.83, p = 0.046), and to achieve undetectable viral load ( p = 0.011) in the 12 months following introduction of PC. There were no significant differences observed between groups in any of self-reported health status indicators. Conclusion Estimates suggest that PC clients were 16% more likely to have undetectable viral loads than clients in standard care. The incremental program cost was approximately $10,000 for each additional person who achieved an undetectable viral load. Practice implications As persons living with HIV experience greater longevity and healthcare reform expands coverage to these high-risk populations, greater demands will be placed on the HIV-care workforce. Results suggest lay health workers may serve as effective adjuncts to professional care providers.
Comparison of the Force-Velocity Relation and the Ventricular Function Curve as Measures of the Contractile State of the Intact Heart

The contractile state of the intact canine left ventricle was investigated by determining the instantaneous relations between tension and contractile element velocity (V CE ) during the course of single, isovolumic beats produced by balloon occlusion of the aorta. The relative sensitivity of this relation was compared with that of the ventricular function curve (VFC) by exerting small inotropic influences. In seven experiments, low doses of norepinephrine always shifted the isovolumic force-velocity (FV) relation, increases occurring in maximum V CE (32.7%) and maximum tension (P 0 ) (16.9%). The VFC was unchanged in four of the seven dogs. Moderate hypothermia (average 30.8°C) in four dogs increased P 0 (average 28%), with no change, or a fall, in maximum VCE; the VFC during hypothermia was shifted upward and to the left in two experiments and unchanged in two. Moderate increases in heart rate always produced increases in maximum V CE (average 13.5%) but no change in the VFC was observed. Thus, the isovolumic FV relation proved more sensitive than the VFC in detecting changes in myocardial contractile state and allowed more complete definition of these alterations by providing separation of changes in shortening velocity from alterations in the strength of myocardial contraction.
Polar glass ceramics — A new family of electroceramic materials: Tailoring the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties

Abstract Grain oriented multicomponent polar glass-ceramics have been prepared by crystallizing the glasses in a temperature gradient. Inexpensive, large area piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices can be fabricated by this method, and by adjusting the composition of the glasses and crystallization conditions, it is possible to tailor the properties to meet device requirements. Based on the growth characteristics and the connectivity pattern of the crystallites, the piezoelectric, pyroelectric and dielectric properties of glass-ceramic composites can be predicted. Two examples discussed in this paper are piezoelectric glass-ceramics which are not pyroelectric, and pyroelectric glass-ceramics which are not piezoelectric.
Supporting students' mathematical inquiries through reading

The purpose of this article is to identify specific functions that reading, in combination with writing and talking, can serve in mathematical inquiries and thus to contribute to a better understanding of how inquiry experiences can be planned and supported in mathematics classrooms. This purpose is achieved through an analysis of 3 classroom experiences in which secondary mathematics students engaged in "inquiry cycles" on quite different topics. These instructional experiences were developed by a collaborative team of mathematics teachers, mathematics education researchers, and a reading researcher in the context of action research and teacher research. Analysis of the data led to the identification of 30 functions of reading that are specific to distinct elements of an inquiry cycle. On the basis of these findings we suggest that reading can serve multiple roles in inquiry-based mathematics classes and, in doing so, can afford students unique opportunities for learning mathematics.
A Natural 125 GeV Higgs Boson in the MSSM from Focus Point Supersymmetry with A-Terms

We show that a 125 GeV Higgs boson and percent-level fine-tuning are simultaneously attainable in the minimal supersymmetric standard model, with no additional fields and supersymmetry breaking generated at the grand unification theory scale. The Higgs mass is raised by large radiative contributions from top squarks with significant left-right mixing, and naturalness is preserved by the focus point mechanism with large $A$-terms, which suppresses large log-enhanced sensitivities to variations in the fundamental parameters. The focus point mechanism is independent of almost all supersymmetry-breaking parameters, but is predictive in the top sector, requiring the grand unification theory-scale relation ${m}_{{H}_{u}}^{2}\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }{m}_{{U}_{3}}^{2}\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }{m}_{{Q}_{3}}^{2}\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }{A}_{t}^{2}=1\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }1+x\ensuremath{-}3y\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }1\ensuremath{-}x\mathrm{\text{:}}\text{ }\text{ }9y$, where $x$ and $y$ are constants. We derive this condition analytically and then investigate three representative models through detailed numerical analysis. The models generically predict heavy superpartners, but dark matter searches in the case of nonunified gaugino masses are promising, as are searches for top squarks and gluinos with top- and bottom-rich cascade decays at the LHC. This framework may be viewed as a simple update to mSUGRA/CMSSM to accommodate both naturalness and current Higgs boson constraints, and provides an ideal framework for presenting new results from LHC searches.