cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slow Auger Recombination of Trapped Excitons Enables Efficient Multiple Electron Transfer in CdS-Pt Nanorod Heterostructures.

Solar-to-fuel conversion reaction often requires multiple proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) processes powered by the energetic electrons and/or holes generated by the absorption of multiple photons. The effective coupling of multiple electron transfer from the light absorber with the multiple PCET reactions at the catalytic center is one of the key challenges in efficient and selective conversion of solar energy to chemical fuels. In this paper, we examine the dynamics of multiple electron transfer in quantum confined CdS nanorods with a Pt tip, in which the CdS rod functions as the light absorber and the Pt tip the catalytic center. By excitation-fluence-dependent transient absorption spectroscopic measurements, we show that the multiexciton Auger recombination rate in CdS rods follows a carrier-collision model, knA = n2(n - 1)/4k2A, with a biexciton lifetime (1/k2A) of 2.0 ± 0.2 ns. In CdS-Pt nanorods, electron transfer kinetics from the CdS conduction band edge to the Pt show negligible dependence on the excitation fluence, occurring with a half-life time of 5.6 ± 0.6 ps. The efficiency of multiple exciton dissociation by multiple electron transfer to Pt decreases from 100% in biexciton states to ∼41% at 22 exciton state due to the competition with Auger recombination. The half-lifetime of the n-charge separated state recombination (with n electrons in the Pt and n holes in the CdS) decreases from 10 μs in the single charge separated state to 42 ns in nine charge separated states. Our findings suggest the possibility of driving multielectron photocatalytic reactions under intense illumination and controlling product selectivity through multielectron transfer.
Impact of Worries Associated with COVID-19 on Diabetes-Related Psychological Symptoms in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

This study examined the associations between worries associated with COVID-19, diabetes-specific distress, and depressive symptoms in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D), who are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 and its psychological impacts. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 84 older adults with T2D from June to December 2020. Participants had little to moderate worries associated with COVID-19, with the greatest worries about the economy recession, followed by a family member catching COVID-19, lifestyle disruptions, and overwhelmed local hospitals. Bivariate correlation and tobit regression revealed that increases in worries associated with COVID-19 were associated with increased diabetes distress and depressive symptoms. Specifically, worries associated with COVID-19 increased diabetes-specific emotional burden and physician-related and regimen-related distress. Increased diabetes distress and depressive symptoms worsened by COVID-19 may ultimately lead to poor glucose control. Additional assessment by mental health experts should be considered for older adults with T2D during and after infectious disease pandemic.
Technical Section: A classification-based rendering method for point models

We present a classification-based high quality rendering method for large scenes with point-based models. Each model is represented by a uniformly sized point hierarchy. All the points at the same resolution in the hierarchy share the same splat radius, and the splat radius ratio between any two neighboring resolutions are the same. We use this data structure to minimize the number of rendering points with no compromise in the image quality. Compared to the standard OpenGL point primitive, it is quite expensive to rasterize the perspectively correct splat projection even when using the advanced features of modern GPUs. We propose a classification-based rendering algorithm to reduce the number of points rendered by the complicated splatting. The potentially visible points are collected and classified into two types: a pixel point, whose image projection size is within one pixel; and a multi-pixel splat, whose image projection size is larger than one pixel. Only the multi-pixel splats are rendered by a perspectively correct splatting algorithm. The point classification is integrated with the hardware accelerated rendering. By adopting the uniformly sized point hierarchy and the classification-based rendering, we can achieve effective rendering of large scenes.
The Role of CED-3-Related Cysteine Proteases in Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Cells

The CED-3-related cysteine proteases (CRCPs) have been implicated as mediators of apoptosis, primarily in hematogenous cell systems, but their role in neuronal apoptosis remains unclear. The present study examined the role of two CRCP families-CPP32- and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like cysteine proteases-in apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) caused by withdrawal of serum and/or potassium (K+). Serum deprivation potentiated apoptosis caused by K+ withdrawal, reducing cell viability by approximately one half of control values after 12 hr as measured by calcein fluorescence. Cell death after serum/K+ deprivation was significantly attenuated by the CPP32-like inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk; however, the ICE-like inhibitor z-YVAD-fmk had only slightly protective effects at the highest concentration used. Both inhibitors reduced CPP32-like activity directly in an in vitro fluorometric assay system, although z-DEVD-fmk showed much greater potency. K+ and serum/K+ deprivation each were accompanied by increased CPP32-like activity; however, ICE-like activity was absent after 12 hr of serum and/or K+ deprivation. CPP32 mRNA levels were unchanged after K+ deprivation but increased after serum and combined serum/K+ withdrawal as measured by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), with peak values at 4 hr reaching 210 +/- 37% and 269 +/- 42% of control levels, respectively. In contrast, ICE mRNA was undetectable by RT-PCR. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CPP32-like proteases play an important role in apoptosis of CGCs caused by deprivation of K+ or serum/K+.
The Money Chase: How Proposed Changes to Campaign Finance Laws Could Impact Female Candidates

In their book, Madam President: Shattering the Last Glass Ceiling, Eleanor Clift and Tom Brazaitis shed light on the various reasons why a woman has yet to ascend the political ladder and occupy the Oval Office. While the authors do include some mention of female candidates' difficulty with fundraising, the authors fail to address a key component of any political analysis: Campaign finance reform. Reforming the federal election laws could have a profound influence on the prospects of current and future female politicians. Two reform proposals, including banning qr restricting soft money and banning or restricting the practice of bWldling, have consistently appeared on the short list of suggested changes to campaign finance laws. This Book Review explores these reform proposals and explains why banning soft money or bundling would take away two essential sources of campaign funds for women, thereby hindering their ability to rise through the
Overview and history

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of neurophysiologic intraoperative monitoring (IOM) that has grown from an interesting investigational procedure into a widely used method to protect patients from neurologic injury during surgery. IOM techniques include most neurophysiologic modalities commonly used among outpatients. These include electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), evoked potentials (EPs), and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) testing of various types. IOM also includes some techniques not used in outpatients, such as transcranial electrical motor EPs (tceMEPs). It reviews that IOM aims to watch over neurologic pathways and to identify any signs of injury. The chapter discusses that the field of intraoperative neurophysiology has developed from disparate difficult techniques in its earlier days three decades ago. Now, it has become a discipline with a large number of techniques, applied to a variety of surgical and other procedures. The monitoring teams encompass many types of specialists contributing their own expertise. It concludes that IOM aims to enhance patient care, avoid neurological deficits, allow for more complete procedures, allow procedures even on some high-risk patients, and provide feedback to the surgeon about actions that could injure the nervous system.
Mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// control of nonlinear systems

Mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// control problem with internal stability via state feedback is considered for nonlinear systems. The problem consists in combining the performance requirements of quadratic optimal controllers with the robustness properties of H/sub /spl infin// controllers. It is shown that under appropriate assumptions, the problem is solvable if a pair of cross-coupled Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equations allows smooth solutions. Analogous results are also developed for discrete-time nonlinear systems, by using the Taylor expansion method.
Brain Development and Behavior: Historical Introduction

Publisher Summary Man's curiosity about his brain has a very long history. The early Greeks variously located the seat of the soul in the gut, heart, and finally in the brain. During the course of the next several centuries, the concept of the ventricles constituting a source of vital spirits was one of the dominating features. As a matter of fact, it was not until the 17th century that Descartes began to conceive of the nervous system as an instrument for the production and the propagation of animal spirits. It was not really until 150 years later that Galvani and Volta developed their interest in animal electricity, a concept that Galvani and his wife seemed to have discovered by hanging frog legs on their iron balustrade, and the contact between two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte actually serving as a good electrical stimulus. The ideas that were engendered by Galvani and Volta during the time, later led DuBois-Reymond to develop the concept of the nerve impulse. However, it was not until the early part of the 19th century when Marshall Hall, Bell, DuBois-Reymond and others seriously got to work in the direction of demonstrating and measuring the nerve impulse. The period 1850-1900 was one of the very great activity with respect to research on the brain. This period saw the culmination, or rather the beginning of a serious effort to improve the technology, which brought electrical measuring instruments and microscopes of greater refinement, staining techniques, chemical application to the nervous system, electrical stimulation, electrical recording, and all the rest.
Non-linear Instabilities

Wave resonance is the fundamental mechanism of non-linear instabilities of fluid flows, and affects the long-time evolution of fluid motions and other physical problems described by non-linear differential equations. Some significant consequences, not well known and completely different from linear instabilities, are summarized in this paper from the studies of past two decades.
Synthesis of water soluble axially disubstituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanines with alkyne & azide functionality

Abstract Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are a class of photosensitizers (PSs) with a strong tendency to aggregate in aqueous solutions, which has a negative influence on their photosensitizing ability for photodynamic therapy. Four new axially disubstituted, non-aggregated silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs), containing azide or alkyne functional groups have been synthesized and characterized. The method of synthesis is based on the reaction of silicon phthalocyanine dichloride with variable length poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains in the presence of NaH. All synthesized dyes are highly soluble in alcohols, THF, CH2 Cl2, acetone, DMF and other common polar organic solvents, with the PEGylated silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) also being soluble in water. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of the dyes have been investigated. The presence of alkyne or azide groups in the phthalocyanine dyes, coupled with their high aqueous solubility, make these compounds useful as building blocks in copper catalyzed Huigsen azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions (i.e. click chemistry).
“Because Being Fat Means Being Sick”: Children at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

This study addresses the social and cultural underpinnings that shape children’s risk of type 2 diabetes, as identified by a racially and economically diverse group of parents and their children living in Anaheim, California. Based on in-depth interviews with 28 adults and 17 children, we explored how they understood what constitutes “good health” in children and the aspects of their neighborhoods and communities that acted as resources or impediments to their children’s well-being. We found that parents and children employed a language of food that reflected a fear-based, medicalized orientation to food consumption. Although nearly all agreed that children should stay active, densely populated neighborhoods, apartment complexes with rigid outdoor rules, high crime rates, police surveillance, and diminished access to public parks and recreational facilities posed challenges. Similarly problematic were deficits in school lunch programs and the limited sometimes demeaning, conversations with healthcare professionals about diabetes risk and prevention. Together, these narratives identify key structural processes attendant to type 2 diabetes risk in children and call for a more politicized conversation regarding prevention strategies and public healthcare practices.
Muscle fatigue in frog semitendinosus: Alterations in contractile function

The purpose of this study was to characterize the contractile properties of the frog semitendinosus (ST) muscle before and during recovery from fatigue, to relate the observed functional changes to alterations in specific steps in the crossbridge model of muscle contraction, and to determine how fatigue affects the force-frequency relationship. The frog ST (22 degrees C) was fatigued by direct electrical stimulation with 100-ms 150-Hz trains at 1/s for 5 min. The fatigue protocol reduced peak twitch (Pt) and tetanic (Po) force to 32 and 8.5% of initial force, respectively. The decline in Pt was less than Po, in part due to a prolongation in the isometric contraction time (CT), which increased to 300% of the initial value. The isometric twitch duration was greatly prolonged as reflected by the lengthened CT and the 800% increase in the one-half relaxation time (1/2RT). Both Pt and Po showed a biphasic recovery, a rapid initial phase (2 min) followed by a slower (40 min) return to the prefatigue force. CT and 1/2RT also recovered in two phases, returning to 160 and 265% of control in the first 5 min. CT returned to the prefatigue value between 35 and 40 min, whereas even at 60 min 1/2RT was 133% of control. The maximal velocity of shortening, determined by the slack test, was significantly reduced [from 6.7 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 0.4 optimal muscle length/s] at fatigue. The force-frequency relationship was shifted to the left, so that optimal frequency for generating Po was reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ischemic heart disease: footprints through the data

This study addresses the question of whether the risein ischemic heart disease mortality has been just "a paper epidemic" as asserted in an earlier issueof this journal. Age- standardized death rates, proportions expected to die, mean ages at death, and cause specific contributions to changes in overall life expectancies were calculated for acute and chronic ischemic heart diseaseand for males and females for the years 1931 to1980 using published vital statistics data. Thesemultiple analyses reveal: 1) a true epidemic of acute ischemic heart disease has occurred, affectingmales exclusively or to a greater degree thanfemales and it is now on the decline, 2) fairly stable and more nearly comparable mortality for both males and females for chronic ischemicheart disease,and 3) continuing problems of classification obscure the true levels of mortalityfor both the acute and chronic entities. Am J C/in Nuir l985;42:329-34l.
Automated method for characterization of diastolic transmitral doppler velocity contours: Early rapid filling

We develop an automated method of characterizing the late atrial filling phase of diastole by fitting a kinematic model for diastolic filling to the clinical Doppler A-wave contour. The result is a set of model parameters which completely characterizes the contour. We have previously derived a parameterized diastolic filling (PDF) model, which predicts the time-dependent transmitral blood flow velocity obtained by Doppler echocardiography. An automated method to determine the PDF model parameters for early rapid filling from the clinical Doppler E-wave has also been developed and validated. The method consists of digitizing the acoustic Doppler waveform, recreating the Doppler velocity profile, extracting the maximum velocity envelope, and fitting the PDF model for early filling to the envelope. In the current work, we apply the same general approach for PDF parameter determination for the late atrial filling phase of diastole. To assess the presence and significance of near-degeneracies in the model parameter set, numerical experiments (consisting of fitting the model to a model-generated contour to which Gaussian noise was added) were performed. These revealed a two-dimensional degeneracy in four-dimensional parameter space which could be removed by using two kinematic simplifications: critical damping and resonant forcing. We show that these degeneracy-eliminating approximations do not limit the ability of the model to predict clinical A-wave contours.
Vom vernetzten zum autonomen Auto

Intel rechnet damit, dass sich mit den eigens entwickelten standardisierten In-Vehicle-Infotainment (IVI)-Loesungen die Entwicklungszeit fuer Infotainmentanwendungen um mehr als zwoelf Monate und die Kosten um bis zu 50 % reduzieren lassen. Zudem engagiert sich Intel beim Aufbau von Open-Source-Plattformen, um die Kosten fuer die Software-Integration weiter zu senken. Die ersten verfuegbaren IVI-Produkte dienen neuen Fahrerassistenzfunktionen und bieten offene Schnittstellen zur Erweiterung um Features wie Spracherkennung oder Gestensteuerung. Kuenftige Versionen der Intel In-Vehicle Solutions werden Funktionen, mit denen fortschrittliche Fahrerassistenzsysteme moeglich sind, die eine Voraussetzung fuer (teil)autonomes Fahren bilden. Eingegangen wird auf die sich dabei stellenden Herausforderungen, unter anderem Hardware- und Software-Sicherheitsloesungen zum Schutz gegen nicht genehmigte Zugriffe auf Audio- und Videodaten.
Oral sapropterin augments reflex vasoconstriction in aged human skin through noradrenergic mechanisms

Reflex vasoconstriction is attenuated in aged skin due to a functional loss of adrenergic vasoconstriction. Bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for catecholamine syn...
Partitioning of zinc and copper in fetal liver subfractions: appearance of metallothionein-like proteins during development.

Abstract The appearance and subsequent accumulation of cytosolic metallothionein (MT)-like proteins in developing fetal rat liver begin as early as 14 days postfertilization (P.F.). Fetal MT-like proteins increase steadily; while in contrast, maternal MT-like protein levels remain fairly constant throughout pregnancy. The accumulation of these proteins seems to be related to the differential partitioning of zinc and copper in several cellular subfractions: zinc accumulates in the fetal hepatic cytosol, while copper specifically localizes in the particulate fraction. We report an approximate 10-fold increase in the percentage of cytosolic zinc bound to MT-like proteins between 15 and 17 days (P.F.). Furthermore, from Day 17 (P.F.) until term, the percentage zinc associated with MT-like proteins remains relatively constant, with a slight increase from 21 to 23 days (P.F.). We are suggesting that this initial partitioning of zinc within the MT fraction may be one of the biochemical signals that elicits the shift from proliferation to differentiation during hepatic development in the rat.
Electrophysiological and Pharmacological Properties of Glial Cells Associated with the Medial Giant Axon of the Crayfish with Implications for Neuron-glial Cell Interactions

Schwann-like glial cells surrounding the medial giant axon of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were impaled with glass microelectrodes to study their responses to cholinomimetics, cholinergic receptor blockers and ouabain. Axon electrical properties were simultaneously monitored. Glial cells have a low membrane potential compared to the axon; −42 mV and −85 mV, respectively. Acetylcholine, carbachol and nicotine hyperpolarized the glial cells but did not affect the axon steady-state or active membrane potentials. The action of the cholinergics was completely blocked by d-tubocurarine and α-bungarotoxin. Ouabain hyperpolarized the glial cell but depolarized the axon. Tubocurarine blocked the ouabain hyperpolarization but not the delayed depolarization of the glial cell or the axon. It is concluded that ouabain causes the release of acetylcholine from the glial cell-axon preparation, inducing the glial hyperpolarization. Studies of the axon-glial cell interaction suggest that a function of the glial cell ...
Psychometric properties of the disorders of consciousness scale

Abstract Objective To provide evidence for psychometric properties of the Disorders of Consciousness Scale (DOCS). Design Prospective observational cohort. Settings Seven rehabilitation facilities. Participants Patients (N=174) with severe brain injury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure DOCS. Results Initial analyses suggested eliminating 6 items to maximize psychometrics, resulting in the DOCS-25. The 25 items form a unidimensional hierarchy, rating scale categories are ordered, there are no misfitting items, and differential item functioning was not found according to sex, type of brain injury, veteran status, and days from onset. Person separation reliability (.91) indicates that the DOCS-25 is appropriate for individual patient measurement. Items are well targeted to the sample, with the difference between mean person and item calibrations less than 1 logit. DOCS-25 Rasch measures result in a 62% gain in relative precision over total raw scores. Internal consistency is very good (Cronbach α=.86); interrater agreement is excellent (intracIass correlation coefficient=.90) for both the DOCS-25 and the sensory subscales. The DOCS-25 total measure, but not subscale measures, correlates with the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Coma/Near-Coma Scales and distinguishes significantly between vegetative and minimally conscious states, indicating concurrent validity. Conclusions The DOCS-25 is psychometrically strong. It has excellent measurement precision and captures a broad range of patient function, which is critical for capturing recovery of consciousness. The sensory subscales are clinically informative but should not be reported as separate measures. The Keyform synthesizes clinical observations to visualize response patterns with potential for informing clinical decision-making. Future studies should determine sensitivity to change, examine issues of rater severity, and explore the usefulness of the Keyform in clinical practice.
An Efficient 2-D Finite Element Procedure for Isothermal Phase Changes

An efficient finite element procedure is developed for the temperature and stress analyses of two-dimensional isothermal phase transformation problems such as solidification, melting, and solid-to-solid transformations, etc. This procedure uses adaptive remeshing along the element boundaries to track the discontinuities in the temperature gradient, the enthalpy, and the material properties, which exists across the phase transformation interface. The thermal stresses and the transient temperature distribution developed during solidification are calculated using this for several example problems. They are compared with the numerical and analytical solutions obtained for these problems by earlier investigators in order to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of this method, for the analysis of solidification problems, as well as its limitations.
Isolation and culture of almond protoplasts

Abstract Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from suspension cultures of almond ( Prunus dulcis cv. Nonpareil). Under appropriate conditions, they regenerated cell walls, initiated cell division and proliferated into cell masses from which suspension cultures were re-established. Arginine and some polyamines were effective cell division inducers. A plating density of greater than 10 5 protoplasts/ml was required for successful division in either a stationary liquid layer or in 0.8% (v/v) agar.
Sp1 and Sp3 activate the testis-specific histone H1t promoter through the H1t/GC-box

The testis-specific linker histone H1t gene is transcribed exclusively in mid to late pachytene primary spermatocytes. Tissue specific expression of the gene is mediated in large part through elements located within the proximal promoter. Previous work in transgenic animals showed that a unique 40 bp promoter element designated H1t/TE is essential for spermatocyte-specific expression. The H1t/TE element contains a GC-box, which is a perfect consensus binding site for members of the Sp family of transcription factors. We have shown that Sp1 and Sp3 are present in testis cells from 9-day-old and adult rats and in pachytene primary spermatocytes and early spermatids and that they can bind to the H1t/GC-box. Mutagenesis of the GC-box reduced H1t promoter activity. Furthermore, a CpG dinucleotide within the GC-box was totally unmethylated in rat testis primary spermatocytes where the gene is transcribed but it was methylated in liver where the gene is silenced. These previous studies supported the importance of the GC-box and suggested that Sp transcription factors contribute to expression of the H1t gene. In this study, we show that co-transfection of Sp1 and Sp3 expression vectors leads to an upregulation of histone H1t promoter activity in several cell lines including testis GC-2spd cells. However, very low H1t promoter activity is seen in GC-2spd cells grown at 39 degrees C, which correlates with lower levels of Sp1 and Sp3 in these cells grown at this elevated temperature. Upregulation of the H1t promoter by Sp1 and Sp3 was also seen in cotransfected NIH3T3 and C127I cell lines. On the other hand, co-transfection of the Sp1 and Sp3 expression vectors does not lead to upregulation of activity of the cell-cycle dependent histone H1d promoter.
Exact Bianchi IV cosmological model

An analytical global solution to the Einstein field equations for the case of Bianchi IV symmetry is constructed. It is axisymmetric, has a singularity in the finite past, is asymptotically flat as t ..-->.. infinity, does not admit the presence of a perfect fluid source, and must have zero cosmological constant.
Field work: A Road to Employment

While the goal of occupational therapy fieldwork education is to prepare entry level practitioners, over time, it has been linked to various professional concerns including: the graduate's selection of practice area; recruitment practices; and the job market.In light of these issues and the current changes in the health care arena, the authors explored the relationship between fieldwork and employment of an OT program's graduates.
ESTROGENS, BLOOD SUGARS AND LIVER GLYCOGEN IN NORMAL AND HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED GUINEA PIGS1

THE METABOLIC effects of estrogen therapy in the organism remain relatively confused, especially with regard to carbohydrate metabolism. This paper deals specifically with the relations of the pituitary and of estrogen therapy to blood sugar and liver glycogen in the guinea pig. Over a period of several years one of us (R. T. H.), in the course of treating hypophysectomised animals with estrogens, has accumulated a great number of confounding data. These have been of specific importance for the survival of hypophysectomised animals with subsequent estrogen treatment. These experiences led to the performing of detailed experiments in an effort to clarify this confusion. Care of animals. All animals were fed Purina Complete Rabbit Chow, with a supplement of fresh lettuce and carrots. Any apparently unwell animal was destroyed. Injections of estrogens (in oil) were made subcutaneously, at the intervals and dosages indicated in table 1.
A strategy for the design of flame retardants: Cross-linking processes

Cross-linking is identified as an effective means for flame retardation of polymers and schemes for the cross-linking of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) are presented. For poly(ethylene terephthalate) the scheme involves polymerization of the initially produced vinyl ester. This is followed by chain-stripping, producing a polyene, and cyclization of this polyene. For poly(methyl methacrylate) the scheme entails the formation of anhydride linkages between adjacent polymer strands. Evidence is presented to show the efficacy of these processes and information is produced to aid in the identification of new flame retardants.
Invited Review: Dipeptides in Parenteral Nutrition: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications

The use of intravenous dipeptides shows great promise as an avenue for the provision of amino acids that may otherwise be difficult to deliver via nutrient infusions. The physical/chemical properties and metabolism of numerous dipeptides have now been explored in experimental and human studies. It has been found that these agents have the capacity to spare nitrogen and support serum protein levels in a fashion equivalent to that of intravenous free amino acids. An additional benefit is the ability to deliver certain amino acids that are relatively unstable or poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. These various aspects of intravenous dipeptides are considered in this review.
Radiolanthanide-labeled monoclonal antibody CC49 for radioimmunotherapy of cancer: biological comparison of DOTA conjugates and 149Pm, 166Ho, and 177Lu.

The radiolanthanides 149Pm, 166Ho, and 177Lu have decay characteristics suitable for radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of cancer. N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimidyl DOTA (DOTA-OSSu) and methoxy-DOTA (MeO-DOTA) were conjugated to the anti-TAG-72 monoclonal antibody CC49 for radiolabeling with 149Pm, 166Ho, and 177Lu. While both DOTA conjugates could be labeled to high specific activity with 177Lu, MeO-DOTA afforded superior conjugate stability, radiolabeling, and radiochemical purity. Pilot biodistributions in nude mice bearing LS174T human colon carcinoma xenografts demonstrated that MeO-DOTA afforded higher tumor uptake and lower kidney retention of 177Lu than DOTA-OSSu. The in vitro stability of 149Pm-, 166Ho-, and 177Lu-MeO-DOTA−CC49 was evaluated using serum and hydroxyapatite assays. Serum stability of radiolanthanide-labeled MeO-DOTA−CC49 followed a trend based on the coordination energies of the radiometals, with 177Lu showing the highest stability after 96 to 168 h at 37 °C. In contrast, MeO-DOTA−CC49 labeled with...
Maximizing the storage capacity of nonvolatile memories

We propose variable-level cell, a new data representation scheme, for nonvolatile memories (including flash memories, phase-change memories, etc.). We derive its storage capacity, and analyze its performance on rewriting data.
Evaluation of statistical control charts for on-line radiation monitoring

Statistical control charts are presented for the evaluation of time series radiation counter data from flow cells used for monitoring of low levels of 99TcO4− in environmental solutions. Control chart methods consisted of the 3-sigma (3σ) chart, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart, and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart. Each method involves a control limit based on the detector background which constitutes the detection limit. Both the CUSUM and EWMA charts are suitable to detect and estimate sample concentration requiring less solution volume than when using a 3σ control chart. Data presented here indicate that the overall accuracy and precision of the CUSUM method is the best.
A Novel Modulation System For Optical Communications

Optical waves have been established as a powerful means for information transmission. Because of the inherent device non-linearities and dispersions of the transmission media, we are far short of achieving its full potentials. Nearly all high speed optical communications in use today have been in digital form. It is still difficult to transmit high speed digital and broadband video simultaneously. Therefore to make the most efficient and flexible use of the optical medium, or to achieve a very broad bandwidth or both, an alternative approach is thus necessary. We propose a novel modulation method which achieves the equivalent of the conventional FDM system but uses the optical wave as the main carrier. The information is modulated directly on the laser and the (sub carriers are generated by the interference of two coherent optical waves, or a coherent pair. We shall call this system DBM (Double-Beam-Modulation) which is equivalent to DSBM (Double-Side-Band-Modulation) with the carrier suppressed. The modulator can be realized in many different ways [1-3]. Currently we are investigating the modulator using a SWAOM (Standing-Wave Acousto-Optical-Modulator) and SWSAW (Standing-Wave-Surface-Acoustic-Wave) for carrier frequencies to 3 GHz. We are also studying the feasibility of using SWOMSW (Standing-Wave-Opto-Magneto-Static-Wave) [4] to extend the frequency to tens of GHz range. Frequency locking of multiple stripe lasers may soon be possible for frequencies to 100 GHz. The characteristics, advantages, and technologies related to the DBM's are discussed. The recent experimental progress is presented.
Grazing-angle x-ray standing waves

Observation du rayonnement de fluorescence a partir des atomes I adsorbes de surface sur Ge(111). Les ondes stationnaires, qui sont determinees par la partie reelle des vecteurs d'onde des rayons X, fournissent des positions atomiques precises des atomes adsorbes ou impuretes paralleles a la surface
Cation radicals. XXXII. Reaction of N‐ethylcarbazole with iodine‐silver salts. Nitration of N‐ethylcarbazole

Reaction of N-ethylcarbazole (1) with iodine-silver perchlorate gave a green solution having a singlet esr signal. Reduction of the solution with potassium iodide gave N,N′ -diethyl-3,3′-dicarbazolyl (3, 48%). Small amounts of 3-iodo- (4) and 3,6-diiodo-N-ethylcarbazole (5) were also obtained. Compounds 4 and 5 are believed to have been formed by electrophilic iodination of 1 by I2-AgCIO4, whereas 3 appears to have been formed via the dimerization of 1.+. In accord with this, reaction of 1 with iodine-silver nitrite gave 3-nitro-N-ethylcarbazole (6, 61%), 9% of another nitro-N-ethylcarbazole (7), thought to be either 1- or 4-nitro-N-ethylcarbazole, and 28% of 4. Thus, trapping of 1.+ by nucleophilic nitrite ion occurred even though 1.+ is not stable enough toward isolation as the perchlorate.
A time-dependent external-field model for particle emission in heavy-ion reactions☆

Abstract We study a time-dependent external-field model for fast particle emission in nuclear heavy-ion reactions. The relative motion of the ions is treated classically and the internal excitations are treated quantum mechanically. The model is applied to study fast nucleon emission in the reaction 16 O + 93 Nb.
Role of the Background Gas in the Morphology and Optical Properties of Laser-Microstructured Silicon

We irradiated silicon with a train of femtosecond pulses in the presence of SF6, H2S, H2, SiH4, and a mixture of Ar and SF6 in order to analyze the role of the background gas in determining the mor...
Influence of thyroidectomy on reproductive responses of male domestic turkeys (meleagris gallopavo)

Abstract 1. The influence of age at thyroidectomy on reproductive activity of male turkeys was investigated. 2. Thyroidectomy of 53‐week‐old male domestic turkeys that had been reproductively active for 25 weeks resulted in undetectable plasma thyroxine concentrations, termination of semen production and testi‐cular regression. Daily light‐dark treatment was 14L:10D before and after thyroidectomy. 3. Thyroidectomy of 28‐week‐old, reproductively inactive, males maintained on a daily light‐dark cycle of 8L:16D resulted in increased semen volumes following photostimulation with 14L:10D at 32 weeks of age. Semen quality was not affected, while plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were undetectable. The moult and termination of semen production that occurred in response to changing the daily light‐dark cycle from 14L:10D to 8L:16D near the end of the study were inhibited by thyroidectomy. 4. The requirement for the thyroid glands in the reproductive processes of male turkeys changes either with age or after a...
The effect of salinity and temperature on the larval development of clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) (crustacea: decapoda: diogenidae)

Abstract Clibanarius vitatus (Bosc) larvae were reared in twenty combinations of four salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30%) and five temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35%°C). No development was observed in any salinity at 15°C, but partial development occurred in all other test conditions. Metamorphosis to juvenile crabs was noted only at salinities of 25 and 30A% in combination with temperatures of 25 and 30°C. In general, development times were decreased at higher temperatures; no trend was evidence for salinity. Mortality of zoeae was usually highest at the time of the first molt and greatest overall mortality occurred during the megalopa stage prior to metamorphosis. Previous experiments (unpubl.) have shown that C. vittatus adults can tolerate temperature down to 5°C. It is suggested that geographic distribution of C. vittatus (Virginia, southward) is limited not by adult tolerances but by the inability iof the species to establish a breeding population. Larvae require two months at 25°C or above to metamorphose, and this condition is not met in areas north of Virginia.
Response of a Nonrotating Rotor Blade to Lateral Turbulence Part I: Theory

Theoretical simulation of a rotor blade in forward flight by a nonrotating rotor blade in a longitudinal sinusoidal pulsating flow, and the flapping and torsional response of a flexible nonrotating rotor blade model to lateral turbulence have been investigated. A direct time domain computational method using a modified linear ONERA aerodynamic model and a time-frequency approach using the classical aerodynamic model have been proposed. A theoretical lift comparison between the classical aerodynamic theory and the modified ONERA model is made. The numerical calculations indicate that the statistically quantitative agreement for both flap and torsional variance responses between the linear ONERA and classical aerodynamic models is reasonably good. The effects of random parametric excitation (when the longitudinal flow includes a turbulence component) and parameter variations are discussed. The numerical results are used to confirm the validity of a new experimental method presented as a companion paper, Part II. a.c b, b C, Cm dFM, dMv dM0 E e
Fine structure of the Zoster virus in human skin.

The fine structure of the zoster virus was studied in its natural host, the human epidermal cell. Two adjacent vesicles were excised from the forehead of a patient with zoster. One was prepared for the light microscope, the other for the electron microscope. The virus replicates within the cell nucleus, where it is seen as a dense nucleoid surrounded by one or more electron-dense membranes. The virus particle exits from the nucleus, probably by nuclear membrane disruption, into the cytoplasm; then exits from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space. The desmosomes are destroyed, the cells become acantholytic and finally lyse. The virus replicates in the cells of the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum whereas the cells of the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum remain relatively uninvolved. A multinucleated epithelial cell is depicted by means of the electron microscope. Each of the multiple nuclei contains virus particles and is in the same phase of the infection.
Advanced Technology Speeds RF-Integrated-Circuit Testing

"Rack and stack" instrumentation has been used for many years to create systems for testing hybrid-RF modules. More recently, these systems have been modified to test monolithic RFICs. While these systems may offer a low initial hardware price, they suffer from inflexibility, long programming times, and throughputs that are much too slow to cost-effectively test RFICs in volumes that are now required. This paper will review traditional "rack and stack" system block diagram strengths and weaknesses, and briefly review the basics of a generic network analyzer. It will then, in a step-by-step fashion, evolve the network analyzer block diagram into a modern RF-ATE measurement system -- with digital technology -- that dramatically increases system throughput and flexibility.
Parental Knowledge as a Mediator of the Relation Between Adolescent Summer Care Arrangement Configurations and Adjustment the Following School Year

Through secondary data analysis of a nationally representative sample, the study explored the relations between adolescent summer arrangements and associated developmental outcomes (well-being, externalizing behavior, body mass index, and academic performance). The study also examined if these relations were mediated by parental knowledge of youth whereabouts and activities, as well as if these relations differed for subgroups of youth regularly involved in self-care, parent care, or other adult care during the summer. Controlling for individual and demographic characteristics and prior measures of outcomes, summer organized activity participation was related to higher emotional well-being, academic performance and lower externalizing behavior and body mass index the following school year. Moreover, the relation between summer organized activity participation and adolescent outcomes was mediated by high levels of parental knowledge for emotional well-being, reading, math, and externalizing behavior, but n...
Future applications of tethers in space

Various experiments with tethered satellite systems (TSS) have reached the stage of being considered for demonstration programs as follow-ups to the planned electrodynamic power system and atmospheric missions at the close of the 1980s. All TSS operations involve an initial separation thrust to a tethered object and then begin transferring angular momentum from one object to another while preserving the total angular momentum. The demonstrations include tethered launch of an Orbiter payload to a higher orbit, deployment of the Orbiter from the Space Station (SS), and launch of an Orbital Transfer Vehicle from the SS. The operations can be sequential, with the Orbiter providing the SS with an upward boost while being lowered to an easier deorbit position, followed by the SS releasing on OTV (or a repaired Space Telescope) to a higher orbit while the SS returns to a more favorable lower orbit.
Factors Associated with the Report of Penetration in Child Sexual Abuse Cases

ABSTRACT This study examines the factors associated with the report of penetration in child sexual abuse cases. We reviewed the records of 1,885 children under age 18 who were evaluated at our facilities for possible sexual abuse. Multiple logistic regression was used to model the effects of a number of variables and their interactions concerning the child, perpetrator and abuse as they related to different types of penetration. Older children are more likely to report all types of penetration except for oral contact with the perpetrator's genitals. Assaults by strangers are more likely to result in penetration, as are abuse situations of longer duration. Ethnicity is an important explanatory variable for both vaginal and rectal penetration. Black girls are more likely to report vaginal penetration, whereas Mexican American children are more likely to report rectal penetration. Gender is also an important determinant, with boys being significantly more likely to report rectal and oral penetration. This st...
Observations on experimental aortic anastomosis.

SummarySeven young dogs between the ages of three and eight weeks were subjected to end-to-end anastomosis of the thoracic aorta. Three of these dogs survived and have been studied approximately one year after operation to determine the status of the site of anastomosis.Narrowing of the aortic lumen at the suture line was demonstrated in each animal by angiocardiographic methods and also in one at thoracotomy.
Fast spin‐echo imaging of the temporomandibular joint

The applicability of a fast spin-echo (PSE) technique for magnetic resonance imaging of the tem-poromandibular joint (TMJ) was studied, and the technique compared with a conventional spin-echo (CSE) technique. Sagittal Tl-weighted CSE and dual-echo FSE images of 50 TMJs in 25 patients with symptoms of internal TMJ derangement were compared. CSE and FSE images were diagnostically comparable in 22 TMJs (44%). The FSE technique was rated better than CSE imaging for delineation of the disk in 26 joints (52%), whereas the CSE technique was rated better in only two joints (4%). The FSE technique was preferred overall in 54% of the joints. Mild to moderate joint effusion was detected in 17 joints because additional T2-weighted data were provided with the dual-echo FSE technique. The study showed that FSE imaging is an effective technique for evaluation of the TMJ. It is faster and diagnostically comparable to or better than CSE imaging, with the added advantage of providing T2-weighted data.
PARP inhibition alleviates diabetes-induced systemic oxidative stress and neural tissue 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation: correlation with peripheral nerve function.

Abstract This study evaluated the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in systemic oxidative stress and 4-hydoxynonenal adduct accumulation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were maintained with or without treatment with the PARP inhibitor, 1,5-isoquinolinediol, 3 mg kg − 1 day − 1 , for 10 weeks after an initial 2 weeks. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated protein content in peripheral nerve and spinal cord (Western blot analysis) and dorsal root ganglion neurons and nonneuronal cells (fluorescence immunohistochemistry), as well as by indices of peripheral nerve function. Diabetic rats displayed increased urinary isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine excretion (ELISA) and 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation in endothelial and Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord and neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia (double-label fluorescence immunohistochemistry), as well as motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits, thermal hypoalgesia, and tactile allodynia. PARP inhibition counteracted diabetes-induced systemic oxidative stress and 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation in peripheral nerve and spinal cord (Western blot analysis) and dorsal root ganglion neurons (perikarya, fluorescence immunohistochemistry), which correlated with improvement of large and small nerve fiber function. The findings reveal the important role of PARP activation in systemic oxidative stress and 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.