cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enteroviruses and type 1 diabetes

Background Human enteroviruses, which are transmitted via a faecal-oral route, have long been associated with type 1 diabetes onset. Increased hygiene in the 20th century may now be responsible for a decreased chance of enterovirus exposure from an early age onward. Infections with enteroviruses may also be more likely to occur at a later age; the recurrent poliomyelitis epidemics in the 20th century were linked to increased hygiene, consistent with this hypothesis. The association of fewer enterovirus exposures and increased diabetes rates may seem at first non-intuitive but may be explained using a combination of human observations and data from experimental coxsackie B virus infections in nonobese diabetic mice. Methods Network for Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes samples were examined for the presence of detectable enteroviral RNA by RT-PCR. Results Viral RNA was not detected. Conclusions A role for enteroviruses in the aetiology of human type 1 diabetes is hard to refute but in order to definitively link enteroviruses in general, and specific viruses in particular, with the disease, pancreas biopsy tissue must become available at the time of disease diagnosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absolute measurement of a long, arbitrary distance to less than an optical fringe.

A scheme is proposed for high-precision, absolute length measurement for an arbitrary optical distance of a few meters to beyond 106 m. The approach utilizes a phase-stabilized femtosecond laser to provide both incoherent, time-of-flight information and coherent, fringe-resolved interferometry. Such a combined measurement capability allows an optical wavelength resolution to be achieved for absolute length measurement over a large dynamic range.
Multidisciplinary Team Strives to Improve Care of High-Risk Patients Using a Proactive Collaborative Approach

Childbearing Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program Caring for complex obstetric patients presents many challenges to obstetric nurses. Current evidence indicates that maternal mortality rates and near misses are increasing. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, chronic health conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are increasing and place women at higher risk of complications or adverse outcomes during pregnancy and delivery. Research has shown that approaches to reduce risk involve identifying those at high risk and using multidisciplinary care planning to optimize outcomes. Limited communication between nurses and obstetricians regarding high‐risk patients leads to nurses feeling frustrated and ill prepared. A proactive versus reactive approach to managing these patients is needed. Proposed Change To create a mechanism to facilitate interdisciplinary communication and develop an individualized plan of care to promote patient safety, and improve patient and nurse satisfaction. A multidisciplinary High‐Risk Obstetrics Committee (HROC) was formed to facilitate interdisciplinary communication and collaboration. High‐risk patients were identified before admission and an individual plan of care was developed that was aimed at promoting patient safety. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The Labor & Delivery Shared Decision Making Council recognized the need for identifying and planning care for high‐risk patients. The Iowa Model for Evidence‐Based Practice guided implementation. HROC membership included nurses, obstetricians, perinatologists, neonatologists, anesthesiologists, management, and other specialties. Meetings were held monthly to plan care of future patients and evaluate outcomes of delivered patients. Set criteria helped identify cases for referral, such as maternal cardiac conditions or neonatal fetal anomalies that require special needs postdelivery. Referrals came from physicians and nurses during antepartum checks. New cases were presented, discussed, and recommendations from various disciplines were used to develop an optimal plan of care, which was shared with appropriate staff. Postdelivery cases also were reviewed to evaluate outcomes and determine opportunities for improvement. Since July 2009, 140 patients have been referred. Feedback from staff has been positive regarding the following: improved communication and coordination of care, increased nurse confidence, ability to research rare conditions before patient arrival, include patients in multidisciplinary care conferences, and offer NICU tours. Policy changes, which also have been recommended, have led to system improvements. Implications for Nursing Practice Planning care for patients with known high‐risk conditions can prevent near misses and decrease morbidity and mortality for the mother and infant. Communication is key in providing quality patient care and creating a culture of safety.
Fatty acid synthetase from pigeon red blood cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid synthetase has been purified 200-fold from pigeon erythrocytes. 2. 2. The enzyme gave 2 major staining bands on disc gel electrophoresis corresponding to the complex and dissociated forms of the enzyme. 3. 3. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the enzyme showed only one sedimenting peak and high performance liquid chromatography also showed only 1 major light absorbing peak. 4. 4. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 300,000–330,000 and the enzyme is comprised of 2 subunits of similar molecular weights. 5. 5. The red blood cell fatty acid synthetase was found to be immunochemically nonidentical with the liver fatty acid synthetase.
National case studies and cross-national learning: US health care, 1993-2006

Abstract The United States not only represents almost as much medical care spending as the rest of the OECD put together, it also includes almost as much internal diversity in health care financing arrangements as could be found by comparing a number of countries, and that diversity includes extreme versions of approaches (markets and competition) that are being considered in other countries. Therefore this article reviews recent US experience with markets and competition to offer evidence about the dynamics and results of market measures, which can be used to assess possible effects of such measures in other cases. It concludes that market measures in the US have not worked as well as even some regulation in the US, but that this is due especially to aspects of markets, especially the role of financial capital, that deserve more attention.
BCL-x L and BCL2 delay Myc-induced cell cycle entry through elevation of p27 and inhibition of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases

The anti-apoptotic molecules BCL-x(L) and BCL2 delay cell cycle entry from quiescence. We used serum induction and induction of a Myc-estrogen receptor fusion protein (MycER) in quiescent fibroblasts to investigate the mechanisms underlying the cell cycle activity of BCL-x(L) and BCL2. We demonstrate for the first time that BCL-xL and BCL2 delayed serum-induced and Myc-induced, but not E2F-induced, cell cycle entry. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 was elevated during serum deprivation and cell cycle entry in BCL-x(L) or BCL2-expressing NIH3T3 cells and a Rat1MycER cell line. Activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) were delayed during progression to S phase, while the induction of cyclin D1 protein, as well as the levels of cyclin E, cdk2, and cdk4 were unaltered by BCL-x(L) or BCL2. Inhibition of cyclin/cdk activities in BCL-x(L) or BCL2 expressing cells was associated with excess p27 in the cyclin/cdk complexes. Neither BCL-x(L) nor BCL2 delayed S phase entry in cells deficient in p27, thus p27 is required for the cell cycle function of BCL-x(L) and BCL2. The cell cycle effects of BCL-x(L) and BCL2 were more profound in Myc-induced than in serum-induced cell cycle entry. Our results suggest that one possible mechanism by which BCL-x(L) and BCL2 delay cell cycle entry may be the inhibition of Myc activity through the elevation of p27.
Microwave Limb Sounder measurement of stratospheric SO2 from the Mt. Pinatubo volcano

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) experiment on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) began atmospheric measurements on September 19, 1991. Residual SO2 from the Pinatubo eruption was detected immediately after instrument activation. The SO2 was 1ocated in a tropical band with peak mixing ratios of about 15 ppbv near 26 km altitude. The observed decay of SO2 has provided an estimate of the OH concentration in the plume.
Microstructural Effect of Magnetic Properties of FeCo-based Soft Magnetic Alloys

We have systematically investigated the effect of microstructure on the magnetic properties of FebalCo49V1.9, FebalCo49V1.9Nb0.3, FebalCo27Cr0.6Ni0.6, FebalCo27Cr0.6Ni0.6C0.3 alloys in a temperature range of 20-700 °C. The effects of microstructure, the grain size, second phase precipitation, density of dislocation, and structural ordering parameter have been separated each other and been determined. The second phase precipitation which appears in high temperature aged samples causes the magnetic properties to deteriorate significantly. The increase of the structural ordering parameter, which was determined by neutron diffraction, improves the magnetic properties. The grain size mainly affects the coercivity field.
Analysis of Double Layer and Adsorption Effects at the Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte-Electrode Interface

Abstract : In this study, the performance of the anionic electrodes in polymer-based alkaline fuel cells is analyzed. Direct alcohol, alkaline fuel cells suffer from a rapid decrease in cell potential at low discharge currents. Several effects are described to account for this drop in cell potential. Quaternary ammonium ions can specifically adsorb on the catalyst surface decreasing the active surface area and lowering the rate of methanol oxidation. In addition, the tethering of the quaternary ammonium cations on the polymer electrolyte inhibits the cation mobility causing a diffuse double layer to be formed. The diffuse double layer electrostatically inhibits the migration of hydroxide to the surface of the electrode which is needed for alcohol oxidation.
METACHROMASIA AND SKIN-FIBROBLAST CULTURES IN JUVENILE FAMILIAL AMAUROTIC IDIOCY

Abstract Familial amaurotic idiocy can now be added to the growing list of inborn errors of metabolism which can be detected in the homozygous and heterozygous state by means of metachromatic staining in fibroblast cultures. This method may be applicable to a still larger number of inherited storage diseases.
Glucose-activated RUNX2 phosphorylation promotes endothelial cell proliferation and an angiogenic phenotype

The runt-related protein-2 (RUNX2) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates bone formation, tumor cell metastasis, endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, and angiogenesis. RUNX2 DNA binding is glucose and cell cycle regulated. We propose that glucose may activate RUNX2 through changes in post-translational phosphorylation that are cell cycle-specific and will regulate EC function. Glucose increased cell cycle progression in EC through both G2/M and G1 phases with entry into S-phase occurring only in subconfluent cells. In the absence of nutrients and growth factors (starvation), subconfluent EC were delayed in G1 when RUNX2 expression was reduced. RUNX2 phosphorylation, activation of DNA binding, and pRb phosphorylation were stimulated by glucose and were necessary to promote cell cycle progression. Glucose increased RUNX2 localization at focal subnuclear sites, which co-incided with RUNX2 occupancy of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p21(Cip1) promoter, a gene normally repressed by RUNX2. Mutation of the RUNX2 cdk phosphorylation site in the C-terminal domain (S451A.RUNX2) reduced RUNX2 phosphorylation and DNA binding. Expression of this cdk site mutant in EC inhibited glucose-stimulated differentiation (in vitro tube formation), monolayer wound healing, and proliferation. These results define a novel relationship between glucose-activated RUNX2 phosphorylation, cell cycle progression, and EC differentiation. These data suggest that inhibition of RUNX2 expression or DNA binding may be a useful strategy to inhibit EC proliferation in tumor angiogenesis.
Alpha1 Antitrypsin in the Livers of Patients with Emphysema

Parenchymal liver cells from emphysema patients with an inherited deficiency of α1-antitrypsin contain globules of glycoprotein that bind fluorescent antibody to α1-antitrypsin. The globules can be seen after hematoxylin and eosinstaining or on electron microscopy, but are more readily demonstrated by PAS stain of amylase-treated liver sections. It appears that an inappropriately large amount of α1-antitrypsin is found in the liver even when there is a deficiency in the serum. Genetic variants of the normal antitrypsin molecule may be unable to leave their site of synthesis in the liver cell because of some molecular aberration.
Future focus for professional development.

Professional development has evolved from individually focused sabbaticals and professional leaves to institutionally focused programs with an interest in developing faculty members’ ability to teach in various environments as well as to succeed in the many endeavors they undertake. We address various issues related to professional development in the medical school arena. Professional development in medical school takes place in a context where faculty are stretched to engage in research and service not only for their own sake but also to financially support their institutions. This obligates professional developers to acknowledge and address the environments in which teaching faculty work, and to use approaches to professional development that honor the time and efforts of teaching faculty. These approaches may be brief interventions that make use of principles of education, and may include online offerings. Professional development will be most effective when professional developers acknowledge that mos...
The pathology of head and neck tumors: Squamous and mucous‐gland carcinomas of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and larynx, part 6

Carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are statistically dominated by squamous-cell lesions, which account for between 85% and 90% of the epithelial malignancies in these sites. Neoplasms of glandular derivation are far less frequent, accounting for between 4% and 8% of carcinomas in this region. Both classes of malignancy, however, indicate an ominous prognosis for their hosts, and for both, it is the extent of the cancer, and hence the clinical stage, that is the major determinant. The clinicopathologic characteristics of squamous-cell and glandular carcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are presented, and for the latter, a review of their presentation in the larynx is also offered.
Treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer with cisplatin and cyclophosphamide.

Abstract Between June 1981 and June 1984, 50 patients with stage III or IV epithelial ovarian cancer underwent initial surgery followed by combination chemotherapy with cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 iv and Cyclophosphamide 500–1000 mg/m 2 iv at 28-day intervals. No patients with borderline or well-differentiated tumors were included. If patients were clinically disease-free after 12 cycles of therapy, a second-look laparotomy was performed. A complete response was noted in 12 patients (24%), 11 of whom were surgically evaluated. A partial response was noted in 4 patients (8%), 3 of whom were surgically evaluated. Thirty-four patients (68%) had no response to therapy. The median progression-free survival (PFS) for the entire group was 19.8 months, with a median survival of 27 months. Patients with ⩽2 cm residual disease had a superior median PFS (25.4 month vs 18 months) and median survival (29.4 months vs 19.5 months) to those patients with >2 cm residual disease. Patients who underwent primary debulking had a longer median survival than patients who underwent "interval" debulking after two to four cycles of chemotherapy (29.2 months vs 17.3 months). Thirteen patients (26%) are alive without evidence of disease, 4 patients are alive with disease, and 33 patients are dead of disease. Toxicity was very moderate. In summary, the activity and toxicity of the combination of cisplatin and Cyclophosphamide compare favorably to other cisplatin combination regimens.
Angular spectrum tailoring in solid immersion microscopy

We present a technique that involves tailoring the angular spectrum in optical microscopy of silicon integrated circuits, with a solid immersion lens. Spatial light modulation to select only supercritical light at the substrate/dielectric interface, yields only evanescent and scattered light in the interconnect layers. We demonstrated the technique in optical excitation microscopy of 65nm silicon-on-insulator circuits, which enabled localization of a fault during microprocessor development. Acquiring images with and without angular spectrum tailoring allowed longitudinal localization of the electrical response to optical excitation. Lateral registration of electrical response and confocal reflection images to the circuit layout was also significantly improved.
Diagnosis and Management of Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve

Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a rare congenital heart defect that may not be detected until late in adolescence or adulthood. Since the original description in a 19-year-old laborer with severe tricuspid valve (TV) regurgitation in 1866, our understanding of this rare condition has increased to the recognition that it is an abnormality not only of the TV, but also of the right ventricle (RV). EA is the result of failure of delamination of the TV leaflets from the interventricular septum, resulting in adherence of the leaflets to the underlying myocardium. This results in a wide variety of abnormalities, including apical and posterior displacement of the dilated TV annulus; dilation of the “atrialized” portion of the RV; and fenestrations, redundancy, and tethering of the anterior leaflet of the TV. The malformed TV is usually regurgitant, but may rarely be stenotic. The clinical manifestations of EA in the adult depend on several factors, including the extent of TV leaflet distortion, degree of tricuspid regurgitation (TR), right atrial pressure, and presence of a right-to-left atrial level shunt. Over the past several decades, advances in diagnostic imaging and surgical techniques have contributed to our current management of this challenging congenital heart defect.
Studying at-home income generation: Issues and methods

Methods used to locate and study 899 home-based workers and their households in nine states are described in detail, with emphasis on the rationale behind the decisions about the definition of home-based work, sampling, the development of the interview schedule, data collection procedures, and data preparation. More than 10% of all households in the nine states include someone who is engaged in home-based work; 7% of the households have a member who has been engaged in the activity for more than 1 year and who spends at least 312 hours annually in the activity. The respondents have a mean age of 42.5 years, and have completed a mean of 13.8 years of education. More than half live in communities of 2,500 or over, and have lived there for more than 10 years. More than 40% of the sample consist of individuals who are married and have children living in the home. The average household income in 1988 was just over $42,000.
Historical ecology of a hypereutrophic Florida lake.

ABSTRACT Lake Hollingsworth lies in phosphate-rich central Florida. Recent limnological data show the lake has been hypereutrophic for >25 years, but nothing was known of the lake's trophic history prior to the late 1960s. A paleolimnological study was undertaken to: 1) evaluate the distribution of organic sediments in the basin, 2) reconstruct historical water quality to determine whether the lake is naturally (edaphically) or anthropogenically nutrient-rich, and 3) assess the feasibility of reducing in-lake nutrient concentrations. Organic sediments are distributed rather uniformly above the sandy substrate. Two 210Pb-dated sediment cores taken ≈0.7 km apart display similar stratigraphies with respect to density, organic matter, total C, N, P, radioisotopes, biogenic SiO2, diatoms and δ13C in organic matter. Limnetic Ptot reconstructions, inferred from diatoms, show eutrophic (≈30 μg L−1) conditions in the late 1800s. Total P increased after 1920 and very high Ptot concentrations (125 to >200 μg L−1) ar...
Conformational analysis of some dimethylheptanes with the aid of normal coordinate calculations

Infrared spectra were obtained for the series of 2,X-dimethylheptanes (X = 2,3,4,5,6) and were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. 2,2-DMH exists as two conformers, with the Cs conformer being the only one present in the crystalline solid. 2,3-DMH exists in at least three conformations, all of C1 symmetry. Ambiguities in spectral data indicate that more conformations are present. Two C1 conformations of 2,4-DMH were shown to be present, but an unassigned band may indicate the presence of a third conformer. The presence of at least four conformers, all of C1 symmetry, was shown to be necessary to explain the spectrum of 2,5-DMH. Finally, 2,6-DMH was shown to exist as three conformers, of symmetries Cs, C2, and C1. Vibrational assignments were made for all the probable conformers of all five compounds.
Albumin decreases hydrogen peroxide and reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts.

Perfusion with human serum albumin decreased myocardial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels (as assessed by inactivation of myocardial catalase activities following ammotriazole pretreatment) and increased myocardial ventricular developed pressures (DP), contractility (+dP/dt) but not relaxation rate (-dP/dt) in isolated crystalloid perfused rat hearts subjected to normothermic global ischemia (20 min) and then reperfusion (40 min). Albumin also decreased H2O2 concentrations in vitro. The findings support the possibility that albumin may act as a protective O2 metabolite scavenger in vivo.
Taking charge and doing the right thing.

Leadership is a combination of strategy and character. If you must be without one, be without the strategy.—General H. Norman Schwarzkopf
Microscopic theory for nanotube piezoelectricity

We combine ab initio, tight-binding methods and analytical theory to study piezoelectric effect of boron nitride nanotubes. We find that piezoelectricity of a heteropolar nanotube depends on its chirality and diameter andcan be understood starting from the piezoelectric response of an isolated planar sheet, along with a structure specific mapping from the sheet onto the tube surface. We demonstrate that a linear coupling between the uniaxial and shear deformation occurs for chiral nanotubes. Our study shows that piezoelectricity of nanotubes is fundamentally different from its counterpart in three-dimensional bulk materials.
The fracture toughness of polysilicon microdevices: A first report

Polysilicon microfracture specimens were fabricated using surface micromachining techniques identical to those used to fabricate microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. The nominal critical J-integral (the critical energy release rate) for crack initiation, Jc, was determined in specimens whose characteristic dimensions were of the same order of magnitude as the grain size of the polysilicon. Jc values ranged from 16 to 62 N/m, approximately a factor of four larger than Jc values reported for single crystal silicon.
Summer diatom blooms in the North Pacific subtropical gyre: 2008-2009.

The summertime North Pacific subtropical gyre has widespread phytoplankton blooms between Hawaii and the subtropical front (∼30°N) that appear as chlorophyll (chl) increases in satellite ocean color data. Nitrogen-fixing diatom symbioses (diatom-diazotroph associations: DDAs) often increase 10(2)-10(3) fold in these blooms and contribute to elevated export flux. In 2008 and 2009, two cruises targeted satellite chlorophyll blooms to examine DDA species abundance, chlorophyll concentration, biogenic silica concentration, and hydrography. Generalized observations that DDA blooms occur when the mixed layer depth is 10 µm chl a fraction (∼40-90+% of total chl a). Integrated diatom abundance varied 10-fold over 10 µm size fraction, and increased up to 5-fold in the blooms. The two years differed in the magnitude of the surface chl a increase (2009>2008), the abundance of pennate diatoms within the bloom (2009>2008), and the substantially greater mixed layer depth in 2009. Only the 2009 bloom had sufficient chl a in the >10 µm fraction to produce the observed ocean color chl increase. Blooms had high spatial variability; ocean color images likely average over numerous small events over time and space scales that exceed the individual event scale. Summertime DDA export flux noted at the Hawaii time-series Sta. ALOHA is probably a generalized feature of the eastern N. Pacific north to the subtropical front.
Bimetallic silver–gold nanowires: fabrication and use in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Silver nanowires, made in an aqueous chemical reduction process, can be reacted with gold salt to create bimetallic nanowires. Treatment of the bimetallic products with aqueous ammonia selectively reacts with silver to yield gold nanotubes. Materials were characterized by electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy, and they were evaluated for their ability to promote surface-enhanced Raman scattering of a model analyte.
SCOPE AND INTENSITY OF LOGISTICS-BASED STRATEGIC ALLIANCES: A CONCEPTUAL CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS.

Abstract Strategic alliances are at the forefront of current management practice. Firms with complementary skills are taking advantage of synergies among them to reduce operating costs and to secure competitive advantages. Whereas strategic alliances can take many forms, this article focuses on logistics-based strategic alliances. In these alliances, buyers, sellers, and third-party service providers in the distribution channel engage in business relationships designed to reduce the joint cost of two or more firms. We propose a typology that classifies logistics based strategic alliances along the dimensions of scope (broad versus narrow) and intensity (high versus low). Based on this typology, we offer guidelines for firms involved or interested in logistics-based strategic alliances and raise issues for further research on this topic.
Properties of AT1a and AT1b angiotensin receptors expressed in adrenocortical Y-1 cells

Adrenocortical Y-1 cells were stably transfected with the AT1a and AT1b subtypes of the rat angiotensin (ANG)IIAT1 receptor cDNA to study the pharmacological and functional properties of the two receptors. Selected clones of transfected cells expressing the AT1a or AT1b receptor subtypes bound the native ligand ANG II and the peptide antagonist [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II with similar affinities, but they differed in their relative affinities for the nonpeptide antagonist losartan (half-maximal inhibitory concentration 9.7 and 4.7 nM), ANG III (126 and 33 nM), and the peptide antagonist [Sar1,Gly8]ANG II (6.2 and 1.2 nM). Photoaffinity labeling of the expressed receptors revealed a single component of 65 kDa for both receptor subtypes, suggesting that both receptors were glycosylated in a similar manner. The sensitivity of 125I-ANG II binding to AT1a and AT1b receptors to guanine nucleotides was unaffected by pertussis toxin treatment. ANG II stimulated the formation of inositol phosphates and increased the level of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in both At1a- and AT1b-transfected Y-1 cells. However, ANG II had little effect on forskolin-induced adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation, causing only minor inhibition in AT1a-transfected cells and slight enhancement in AT1b-transfected cells. These data indicate that AT1a and AT1b receptors show small but significant differences in their binding pharmacology and, upon activation, are coupled through Gq/G11 to the phosphoinositide-Ca2+ signaling pathway. However, neither AT1a nor AT1b receptors exhibit coupling to Gi and inhibition of adenylate cyclase when expressed in murine adrenal tumor cells.
Health risks of Latino children.

Homicide is the second leading cause of death for Latino children in the United States; the 1999 rate among Latinos aged 1 to 18 years is twice that of white non-Latinos. Poverty and low educational attainment, both of which have high prevalence among Latino youth, are associated with homicide and violent injuries.
Action of the pterygoideus muscle during feeding in the lizard Uromastix aegyptius (Agamidae)

The actions of the deep and superficial portions of the ptery-goideus muscle and the depressor mandibulae were studied in the agamid lizard, Uromastix aegyptius, using fine wire electrodes. The EMG signals were recorded, while simultaneously recording the jaw positions during feeding on movie film at 32 fps. Muscle activity varies with different types of food. The deep and superficial portions of the pterygoideus performed different functions. The deep ptery-goideus functioned during opening of the jaws, presumably to protract the jaw. The superficial pterygoideus was strictly a jaw elevator. The depressor mandibu-lae is not the initiator of jaw opening. When biting on tough food items, the deep pterygoideus and depressor mandibular were active.
Positive Talk Training in an Adult With Traumatic Brain Injury

Social skills often create a barrier to placement in less restrictive environments for persons with TBI. This case study illustrated the use of a positive talk program in the treatment of a person with long-standing social skill deficits. Occupational therapy intervention with speech-language consultation began with an evaluation of the cognitive barriers that influenced the client's social behavior. Work with the client's concrete concept formation, decreased memory, and poor generalization skills led to the development of the positive talk training program described. Through an understanding of the underlying cognitive deficits that influenced the client's behavior, the clinical team was able to develop an individual treatment plan. The intervention resulted in modification of behavior that would have required placing the client in a restricted environment. In the final analysis, the client's social skills improved to a level where he could be discharged to a less restrictive environment.
Put Prices and PEN Participation Rates at Longer Horizons: Is Equity Risk in the Eye of the Beholder?

Two recent articles in the Financial Analysts Journal address the question of how equity risk changes as investment horizons grow longer. Both use analyses based on derivatives-pricing examples but draw exactly opposite conclusions. We reexamine these authors' arguments and find the logic of both analyses is flawed. We demonstrate that the use of specialized put option prices as proxies for equity risk yields ambiguous conclusions about equity risk changes at longer investment horizons. With added information about an investor's required minimum rate of return, however, we can specify the change in equity risk at longer horizons with these put prices.
Auditory System: Giant Synaptic Terminals, Endbulbs, and Calyces

The processing of sound by the brain requires tight coupling between acoustic events and brain activity. Auditory neurons must be capable of responding quickly and with high fidelity. Two pathways in the system rely on giant synaptic terminals to meet their functional demands. Endbulbs of Held and calyces of Held are large terminals that guarantee secure synaptic transmission. Intrinsic membrane properties endow the terminals with fast response and recovery times. Such specializations preserve timing information in the auditory system and allow sounds to be localized and sequences of sounds to be perceived as speech or melodies.
Heterosis for Growth and Yield Traits from Crosses of Friesian Strains

Abstract Heterosis for growth and yield traits was estimated for F 1 and backcross generations that resulted from crosses of Holstein or Friesian bulls from Canada, Denmark, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the US, and West Germany with Polish Black and White cows. Growth traits included BW at 6 and 12 mo and mean daily gain from birth to 6 mo and 6 to 12 mo for bulls and BW at 6, 12, and 18 mo and mean daily gain from birth to 6 mo, 6 to 12 mo, and 12 to 18 mo for heifers. Yield traits were first lactation 305-d milk and fat yields and fat percentage. For bulls, heterotic and additive effects were not significant for 6- and 12-mo BW and mean daily gains. However, heterotic and additive effects for heifers were highly significant for 6- and 12-mo BW and mean daily gain from birth to 6 mo. Heterotic and additive effects were highly significant for milk and fat yields, but only additive effects were significant for fat percentage. Heterosis relative to the Polish mean was greatest for the Canadian strain (about 110% for milk and fat yields) and the US strain (106% for milk yield and 110% for fat yield).
Improved Vt Stability of SNOS FETs by Oxygen Annealing

The threshold voltage stability of p- and n-channel silicon gate FETs is improved by annealing the gate silicon nitride in oxygen or steam prior to deposition of the silicon gate. Annealing shifts the threshold voltage negatively by 100-200mV, and lowers the normalized transconductance slightly. Field effect mobility, fast surface state density and junction leakage are not affected by the anneal. Formation of a thin layer of SiO2 plus SiOXNy during annealing increases nitride resistivity and reduces the threshold voltage shift due to charge storage at the oxide-nitride interface.
Identifying and intervening with girls at risk for violence.

Youth violence has become a prominent national concern, largely focused on boys who have perpetrated highly publicized massacres. Less well-publicized is the rapid increase in arrests of girls for violent crimes and weapons violations. In just 2 decades, violent crime arrests for female juveniles increased by 108%. From research findings, a composite portrait of the violent girl can be drawn. This profile can be used to identify girls at risk for criminal behaviors. In this article, a three-pronged approach to girls’ violent behavior is presented: (a) violence prevention and emotional literacy programs that can be implemented by school nurses, (b) parent education programs that can be conducted at Parent–Teacher Association meetings, churches, and community centers, and (c) counseling interventions that can be delivered to troubled girls by psychiatric nurses. Nurses can play vital roles in consultation to teachers and parents and in direct service provision to girls who are on a tragic trajectory of figh...
How Does International Law Work: What Empirical Research Shows

This paper for the Oxford Handbook of Empirical Legal Studies (forthcoming 2010) assesses what empirical research shows in response to three questions concerning international law: (i) why international law is produced and invoked; (ii) how international law is produced; and (iii) how and under what conditions international law matters. We assess variation in response to these questions across different areas of international law, since different actors and institutions are present, and distinct processes and mechanisms are used in such areas as international human rights, criminal, trade, investment, and regulatory law. For each of these questions, we contend that understanding state behavior requires “unpacking” the state and exploring variation at the national and subnational level. We find that most empirical work indicates that international law’s impact varies in light of such factors as the situation of the state in question (including its regime type and level of wealth); the congruity of the issue with domestic political contests; and the role of intermediaries such as government elites or civil society in conveying international law norms into domestic systems.
Investigating the Optimal Configuration of Conceptual Hydrologic Models for Satellite-Rainfall-Based Flood Prediction

In this letter, we investigated the optimal configuration of conceptual hydrologic models for satellite-rainfall-based flood prediction in the 970-km2 Upper Cumberland basin of Kentucky. We explored the impact of integrating NASA's real-time global satellite rainfall product (IR-3B41RT), available at 0.25deg-hourly resolution, in four conceptual model configurations: three built using the modular Hydrologic Modeling System of the Hydrologic Engineering Center that focused on structural differences in infiltration schemes (i.e., National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number (CN) method, Green-Ampt infiltration method, and deficit/constant loss method) and the fourth being the topographic-index-based TOPMODEL. For the case presented in this letter, a spatially distributed model application did not appear to yield greater accuracy than lumped approaches when using spatially distributed satellite rainfall data for such a medium-sized basin. In general, the NRCS CN method was found to be most effective in terms of minimizing flood prediction uncertainty, followed by the Green-Ampt infiltration and deficit/constant loss methods.
Nonlinear extensions of a fractal–multifractal approach for environmental modeling

We present the extension of a deterministic fractal geometric procedure aimed at representing the complexity of patterns encountered in environmental applications. The procedure, which is based on transformations of multifractal distributions via fractal functions, is extended through the introduction of nonlinear perturbations in the generating iterated linear maps. We demonstrate, by means of various simulations based on changes in parameters, that the nonlinear perturbations generate yet a richer collection of interesting patterns, as reflected by their overall shapes and their statistical and multifractal properties. It is shown that the nonlinear extensions yield structures that closely resemble complex hydrologic spatio-temporal datasets, such as rainfall and runoff time series, and width-functions of river networks. The implications of this nonlinear approach for environmental modeling and prediction are discussed.
Scyphidia Micropteri, A New Protozoan Parasite of Largemouth and Smallmouth Black Bass

Abstract A small urn-shaped peritrichous protozoan, apparently an undescribed species, was found on the gills and bodies of largemouth and smallmouth black bass in ponds at Leetown, West Virginia. A heavy mortality among a lot of fingerling largemouth bass probably resulted from suffocation due to the organisms on the gills. Specimens of the parasite, preserved in formalin, measured about 57 microns in length and 24 microns in maximum width. The base of the animal consists of a circular disc about 6 microns in diameter. No evidence was found that the sucker-like attachment disc penetrated the epidermal cells of the host causing necrotic tissue. The anterior or upper end of the animal has a ciliary disc and two rows of cilia. The body is without cilia and is annulared. The macronucleus is very large, has the shape of an inverted cone and occupies much of the lower half of the body. The small micronucleus apparently lies in the slightly concave surface of the upper part of the macronucleus, although there i...
Congressional Perspectives On Defense Manpower Issues

No single influence or perspective dominates congressional attitudes toward defense manpower issues. Reducing growth in defense spending will play a role as will other factors like public attitudes and political inclinations of key committee members. Despite diverse influences, some likely trends emerge. The Congress will probably not debate seriously-let alone enact-a return to conscription while recruiting is doing well, but there remains a willingness to reconsider the all-volunteer force should recruiting falter. Growth in active-duty forces will probably be limited, both to save money and to foster reliance on reserves. Military pay raises, too, may be limited so long as recruiting and retention remain good, but the Congress seems likely to grant catch-up raises if problems recur. Congressional debate over military retirement will continue. Unless agreement can be reached on comprehensive reform, continued piecemeal changessuch as modification of cost-of-living provisions-seem likely.
Agricultural Water Security and Instream Flows for Endangered Species

We analyze the potential effects of listing threatened salmonid species on landowner behavior using parcel-level data from Sonoma County, California. We estimate a bivariate probit model, representing the landowner's joint decision on land use and water management during the period 1973--2006, both before and after listing. Our results indicate that after listing, vineyard development with on-site reservoirs became significantly less likely, particularly in upland watersheds with seasonal streams. This interseasonal shift from stored surface water in winter toward groundwater or direct diversion in summer may lead to negative unintended consequences on summer flows needed for juvenile fish survivorship. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Folding and stability of the isolated Greek key domains of the long‐lived human lens proteins γD‐crystallin and γS‐crystallin

The transparency of the eye lens depends on the high solubility and stability of the lens crystallin proteins. The monomeric γ-crystallins and oligomeric β-crystallins have paired homologous double Greek key domains, presumably evolved through gene duplication and fusion. Prior investigation of the refolding of human γD-crystallin revealed that the C-terminal domain folds first and nucleates the folding of the N-terminal domain. This result suggested that the human N-terminal domain might not be able to fold on its own. We constructed and expressed polypeptide chains corresponding to the isolated N- and C-terminal domains of human γD-crystallin, as well as the isolated domains of human γS-crystallin. Both circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the isolated domains purified from Escherichia coli were folded into native-like monomers. After denaturation, the isolated domains refolded efficiently at pH 7 and 37°C into native-like structures. The in vitro refolding of all four domains revealed two kinetic phases, identifying partially folded intermediates for the Greek key motifs. When subjected to thermal denaturation, the isolated N-terminal domains were less stable than the full-length proteins and less stable than the C-terminal domains, and this was confirmed in equilibrium unfolding/refolding experiments. The decrease in stability of the N-terminal domain of human γD-crystallin with respect to the complete protein indicated that the interdomain interface contributes of 4.2 kcal/mol to the overall stability of this very long-lived protein.
Performance analysis of space-time codes in the presence of spatio-temporal correlation

We study the impact of spatio-temporal correlation on the performance of space-time codes. We present an upper bound on pairwise word error probability of space-time codes over flat-fading Rician channels. The bound, which has a closed form expression, can be used as the basis for a unified approach to analyze and design space-time codes over any flat, Rician or Rayleigh, block-fading channel. We also present an upper and a lower bound for the diversity of the code in the presence of channel correlation. Moreover, we address the effect of spatio-temporal correlation on the mean value and variance of the instantaneous channel capacity and describe its impact on the outage probability.
Social Capital and Governmental Performance in Large American Cities

Researchers have identified a positive relationship between social capital and managerial performance for governments at local, state, and national levels. No study, however, has looked at this relationship in large cities. Our study fills this gap in the literature. It examines the effects of two forms of social capital, generalized reciprocity and civic engagement, on governmental performance in 18 large American cities. On the whole, our measures of generalized reciprocity were consistently significant. This finding is typical of similar studies. However, virtually none of our indicators of civic engagement were statistical significant. This result contradicts the findings of other research, but is not necessarily unexpected. It reflects the ambiguous effects of civic engagement on personal behavior and dispositions.
Isolation and characterization of a protease inhibitor from commercial stem bromelain acetone powder

Seven closely related protease inhibitors were isolated from commercial bromelain acetone powder in electrophoretically pure form by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75, followed by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephadex at pH 7.55. The inhibitors are proteins of MW 5000-6000, which inhibit competitively the bromelaincatalyzed hydrolysis of CLN (Ki ≈ 10−7 M). This inhibition is optimal at pH 3 to 4,. and it depends upon the ionization of two acidic residues of pK = 4.5 and 5.0. In the acidic pH range the inhibitors are also effective toward papain, ficin and trypsin.
In vitro effects of erythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide on smooth muscle from the pyloric antrum, proximal portion of the duodenum, and middle portion of the jejunum of horses.

Objective—To evaluate effects of erythromycin, lidocaine, and metoclopramide on smooth muscle of the pyloric antrum (PA), proximal portion of the duodenum (PD), and middle portion of the jejunum (MJ) of horses. Sample Population—Strips of smooth muscle from 7 horses. Procedure—Isolated muscle strips were suspended in a bath and attached to isometric force transducers. Once stable spontaneous contractions were observed, agents were added. Isometric stress responses were compared with the amplitude of spontaneous contractions. Results—A single dose of erythromycin to the PA increased contractile amplitude (CA) for the longitudinal smooth muscle (mean ± SEM, 76 ± 16 g/cm2) but decreased CA for circular smooth muscle (–79 ± 23 g/cm2). The inhibitory effect was decreased by tetrodotoxin, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, and a vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist. Erythromycin increased CA for the MJ, which was maximal at 10–4M (171 ± 36 g/cm2). Lidocaine increased CA for the PD, which was maximal at 10–4M...
Differential Abscission and Ripening Responses to Ethylene by Tabasco Pepper Leaves and Fruit: Protein “Marker Events” as Probes

The cultivated pepper, Capsicum spp., is a major horticultural crop worldwide. The most generally grown species is C. annuum, which includes bell, chili, jalapeno, pepperoncini, wax, pimento, cayenne, and cherry peppers, among others (Smith et al., 1987). However, the second-most valuable pepper in the U.S. (on a dollar per ton basis [Andrews, 1984]) is the tabasco pepper, C. frutescens, a short-lived perennial plant of the tropics which is grown in Louisiana and used for making hot pepper sauce. One striking difference between most cultivated C. annuum cultivars and C. frutescens ‘Tabasco’ is the site of the mature fruit abscission zone (AZ): abscission occurs at the pedicel/stem AZ in C. annuum and at the pedicel/receptacle AZ in C. frutescens. Abscission at the pedicel/receptacle is desirable for the pepper sauce process, since there is no attached pedicel to be ground up with the harvested fruit.
Loss of 4.5S RNA induces the heat shock response and lambda prophage in Escherichia coli.

Abstract During depletion of 4.5S RNA, cells of Escherichia coli displayed a heat shock response that was simultaneous with the first detectable effect on ribosome function and before major effects on cell growth. Either 4.5S RNA is involved directly in regulating the heat shock response, or this particular impairment of protein synthesis uniquely induces the heat shock response. Several hours later, lambda prophage was induced and the cells lysed.