cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in Forest Composition, Stem Density, and Biomass from the Settlement Era (1800s) to Present in the Upper Midwestern United States

EuroAmerican land use and its legacies have transformed forest structure and composition across the United States (US). More accurate reconstructions of historical states are critical to understanding the processes governing past, current, and future forest dynamics. Gridded (8x8km) estimates of pre-settlement (1800s) forests from the upper Midwestern US (Minnesota, Wisconsin, and most of Michigan) using 19th Century Public Land Survey (PLS) records provide relative composition, biomass, stem density, and basal area for 26 tree genera. This mapping is more robust than past efforts, using spatially varying correction factors to accommodate sampling design, azimuthal censoring, and biases in tree selection. We compare pre-settlement to modern forests using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, with respect to structural changes and the prevalence of lost forests, pre-settlement forests with no current analogue, and novel forests, modern forests with no past analogs. Stem density, basal area and biomass are higher in contemporary forests than in settlement-era forests, but this pattern is spatially structured. Modern biomass is higher than pre-settlement biomass in the northwest (Minnesota and northern Wisconsin), and lower in the east, due to shifts in species composition and, presumably, average stand age. Modern forests are more homogeneous, and ecotonal gradients are more diffuse today than in the past. Novel forest represent 29% of all FIA cells, while 25% of pre-settlement forests no longer exist in a modern context. Lost forests are centered around the forests of the Tension Zone, particularly in hemlock dominated forests of north-central Wisconsin, and in oak-elm-basswood forests along the forest-prairie boundary in south central Minnesota and eastern Wisconsin. Novel FIA forest assemblages are distributed evenly across the region, but novelty shows a strong relationship to spatial distance from remnant forests in the upper Midwest, with novelty predicted at between 20 to 60km from remnants, depending on historical forest type. The spatial relationships between remnant and novel forests, shifts in ecotone structure and the loss of historic forest types point to significant challenges to land managers if landscape restoration is a priority in the region. The spatial signals of novelty and ecological change also point to potential challenges in using modern spatial distributions of species and communities and their relationship to underlying geophysical and climatic attributes in understanding potential responses to changing climate. The signal of human settlement on modern forests is broad, spatially varying and acts to homogenize modern forests relative to their historic counterparts, with significant implications for future management.
Expectations Of Incoming MBA Students Implications For Curriculum Development And Program Promotion

This work presents the results of five years of survey data designed to assess the attitudes and opinions of newly matriculating MBAs with respect to expectations and choice of program. In response to market demands and competition for MBA students, a dynamic business environment, and changes in AACSB accreditation standards, it is becoming more important than ever to know about the expectations of MBA students. It is equally important to understand the issues and program attributes that motivated their choice of graduate business program.
Indicators of HIV-risk resilience among men who have sex with men: a content analysis of online profiles

Background: HIV-risk resilience, or positive adaptation in the face of risk, is increasingly being recognised as an important characteristic among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, resilience in the context of online partner seeking remains underexplored among MSM. Methods: Using content analysis methodology, this study operationalised indicators of HIV-risk resilience in the profiles of 933 MSM using a sexual networking website. HIV-risk resilience included endorsing foreplay only (non-penetrative sex) or a versatile sexual position; being “out” (e.g. disclosed sexual orientation), having a profile photo, seeking friendship, seeking a relationship, serosorting, not endorsing alcohol or drug use, safer sexual adventurism (e.g. role playing, bondage), and safer sex. Results: The majority of men were between 18 and 35 years old (76.0%) and 73.3% were racial/ethnic minorities. The mean number of resilience components endorsed was 5.2 (s.d. = 1.5; range 0–9). Nearly half (48.0%) reported being “out” and 68.7% had a profile photo. The majority of men were seeking relationships (66.5%) and/or friendships (69.7%), were sexually versatile (53.3%), and preferred safer sex only (76.3%). The majority did not endorse drug use (82.0%) and 25.4% did not endorse alcohol use. Nearly one-quarter (21.4%) endorsed sexual adventurism and 2.5% were serosorting by partner’s HIV negative status. Conclusion: HIV-risk resilience may be common among MSM using sexual networking websites and may manifest in safer sex intentions. Rather than exclusively focusing on sexual risk reduction, health promotion efforts targeting MSM online should acknowledge, measure, and leverage existent HIV-risk resilience strategies in this group.
Understanding consumer shopping behaviour: a comparison of three theories of emotions in predicting online flow

This study seeks to examine the emotional antecedents that predict flow in consumers when engaged in online shopping by empirically comparing the three well-known emotion theories to determine their effectiveness in predicting online flow. Using an experimental survey, the study shows that Plutchik and the Izard theories had more predictive power of flow than the PAD theory. Specifically, positive affect (particularly pleasure, joy, arousal, interest and excitement), rather than negative affect, plays an important role in predicting online flow. The study represents one of the first studies to theoretically and empirically examine and compare the three widely used emotion theories in predicting online flow. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Overview of Protease Inhibitors

Purpose: To provide a basic review of the four currently available protease inhibitors: saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir. Included are sections on surrogate markers of HIV disease and resistance to protease inhibitor therapy, as well as dosing information, pharmacokinetics, studies, adverse effects, and drug interaction potential. Data Sources: Conducted a review of published literature (MEDLlNE), abstracts from national meetings and conferences, and product labeling and information available at the time of preparation through July 1997. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Material was selected for inclusion based on relevance to objectives, publication in English, and presence of useful information for practicing pharmacists. Data Synthesis: Limited published information is currently available on the protease inhibitors, especially with regard to randomized, controlled, comparative trials and establishment of guidelines for direct therapy. Much of the available information relies heavily on product information and trials that are published only in abstract form. The evaluation of the protease inhibitors (with regard to place in therapy as well as resistance and toxicities) is an ongoing process. Conclusion: Protease inhibitors have changed opinions about the futility of the treatment of HIV disease. Protease inhibitors dramatically improve patients' surrogate markers and even show mortality benefits, especially when combined with additional antiretroviral agents. The optimism surrounding these new drugs is tempered by the toxicity profile, development of resistance, drug interaction profiles, and added costs to current regimens. Designing tolerable, effective regimens will require careful monitoring for compliance, adverse effects, and potential drug interactions. Received January 14, 1997, and in revised form May 9, 1997. Accepted for publication June 17, 1997.
The effects of solidification and atomization on rare-earth alloys

This article discusses the results of experiments involving the application of atomization techniques to the production of three selected rare-earth intermetallic (REI) materials. High-pressure gas atomization and centrifugal atomization into a rotating quench bath have been used to process the alloys. Rapid-solidification processing by atomization techniques is of great benefit since optimum performance of these REI materials demands chemical and structural homogeneity. The results demonstrate that such careful solidification microstructure control is required if the benefits of REI-alloy properties are to be realized with maximum processing efficiency.
Alkane Dehydrogenation by C–H Activation at Iridium(III)

Stoichiometric alkane dehydrogenation utilizing an IrIII pincer complex, (dmPhebox)Ir(OAc)2(OH2) (1a), has been described. The reaction between 1a and octane resulted in quantitative formation of (dmPhebox)Ir(OAc)(H) (3a) and octene. At early reaction times 1-octene is the major product, indicative of terminal C–H activation by 1a. In contrast to prior reports of alkane dehydrogenation with Ir, C–H bond activation occurs at IrIII and the dehydrogenation is not inhibited by nitrogen, olefin, or water.
Design of simulation and verification system for application software of relay protection

Since the transient fault time of power system is very short,it is not convenient to debug the application program of relay protection with emulator,for which a simulation and verification system is developed with MATLAB and C language on PC platform.The power system fault waveforms and MATLAB simulative waveforms are read by MEX function and converted into the data streams of current and voltage channels for the fault simulation of relay protection.DSP source program can be directly transplanted to the system to ensure the program to be tested is just the same program in DSP.The system provides the test environment without the relay protection and verifies the logic of protective program with different fault waveforms.For the site fault,its single-step tracking function can be used to confirm the correctness of protective logic.Practical operation shows that,not depending on protection hardware,the system shortens the development process of new type protection device,and increases the RD efficiency of relay protection.
The effect of mould parts material on moulding of automotive door panel middle plug-in

The effect of QC-10 aluminum alloy mould and P20 steel mould on the deformation of the internal panel middle plug-in of an automotive door was analyzed by Moldflow software. The results show that the deformation of the product manufactured by QC-10 aluminum alloy mould is less than that by P20 steel mould, which can improve the parts' moulding quality significantly and reduce the moulding cycle and production costs.
Edward Teller: friend and foe

A few years ago I heard Edward Teller speak at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Nearly 90 years old, he sat at the edge of the stage, hands crossed over his cane, as he delivered – without notes – a well-organized and insightful discourse on the interesting physics to be expected from the lab's newest accelerator. When Teller finished, the moderator called for a round of applause for a fine lecture – and then for a second round in tribute to the only physics talk that anyone in the room could recall being given without a single transparency.
Internal Morphologies of Cycled Li-Metal Electrodes Investigated by Nano-Scale Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography

While some commercially available primary batteries have lithium metal anodes, there has yet to be a commercially viable secondary battery with this type of electrode. Research prototypes of these cells typically exhibit a limited cycle life before dendrites form and cause internal cell shorting, an occurrence that is more pronounced during high-rate cycling. To better understand the effects of high-rate cycling that can lead to cell failure, we use ex situ nanoscale-resolution X-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) with the aid of Zernike phase contrast to image the internal morphologies of lithium metal electrodes on copper wire current collectors that have been cycled at low and high current densities. The Li that is deposited on a Cu wire and then stripped and deposited at low current density appears uniform in morphology. Those cycled at high current density undergo short voltage transients to >3 V during Li-stripping from the electrode, during which electrolyte oxidation and Cu dissolution from the cur...
Identification of resonant systems using periodic multiplicative reference signals

Abstract System identification of the forward path of a linear unity feedback system, which is almost unstable, is considered through the application of a periodic multiplicative reference signal. Motivation for this problem comes from the need to identify the linear acoustics of a combustion process on the verge of instability. The tools of cyclostationary signal analysis provide an entre to develop methods for understanding the problem and for determining requisite properties of the reference signal.
The K-Ras effector p38γ MAPK confers intrinsic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors by stimulating EGFR transcription and EGFR dephosphorylation

Mutations in K-Ras and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are mutually exclusive, but it is not known how K-Ras activation inactivates EGFR, leading to resistance of cancer cells to anti-EGFR therapy. Here, we report that the K-Ras effector p38γ MAPK confers intrinsic resistance to small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) by concurrently stimulating EGFR gene transcription and protein dephosphorylation. We found that p38γ increases EGFR transcription by c-Jun-mediated promoter binding and stimulates EGFR dephosphorylation via activation of protein-tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1). Silencing the p38γ/c-Jun/PTPH1 signaling network increased sensitivities to TKIs in K-Ras mutant cells in which EGFR knockdown inhibited growth. Similar results were obtained with the p38γ-specific pharmacological inhibitor pirfenidone. These results indicate that in K-Ras mutant cancers, EGFR activity is regulated by the p38γ/c-Jun/PTPH1 signaling network, whose disruption may be a novel strategy to restore the sensitivity to TKIs.
Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Management of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: A Review

ImportanceEhlers-Danlos syndromes (EDSs) are a group of heritable connective tissue disorders. Patients with EDSs can develop excessive facial rhytids, nasal deformities, and facial scarring, for w...
Dehumanizing representations of women: the shaping of hostile sexist attitudes through animalistic metaphors*

AbstractWomen are frequently depicted as non-human objects or animals. While female animalization has typically been conceptualized in the psychological literature as communicating a unitary percep...
Light-load efficiency improvement for LLC converter with synchronous rectification in solid-state transformer application

Synchronous rectification technique can reduce secondary-side conduction loss of the LLC resonant converter. Typically, the control of synchronous rectifier (SR) relies on either voltage or current information; however, the detection circuit is sensitive to parasitic effects and high frequency noises. Since reliability is among top priorities in solid-state transformer application, open-loop controlled scheme becomes advantageous. Unfortunately, secondary-side current of LLC converter reaches zero-crossing-point (ZCP) earlier at light-load condition and the SR signal could turn off after ZCP. In that case, high circulating current appears in the secondary side and dramatically deteriorate efficiency. Therefore, a tuning method utilizing external primary-side output capacitor and dead-time extension is proposed to avoid late turn-off issue of open-loop controlled scheme. In this paper, the cause of ZCP shifting and late turn-off issue are explained first. Then a model for dead-time transient of LLC converter is derived as the theoretical basis of proposed tuning method. Finally, hardware testing results of a 4-kW LLC converter module are presented. With the proposed tuning method, the open-loop controlled synchronous rectification can improve the efficiency of the LLC converter module even at light-load condition.
Characterizing the Properties of Tissue Constructs for Regenerative Engineering

Abstract Regenerative engineering is defined as the integration of tissue engineering with advanced material science, stem cell science, biophysical stimulation, and areas of developmental biology. This article seeks to provide some guidance when considering the characterization of tissue constructs designed for regenerative engineering. Specifically, an overview of mechanical testing parameters and considerations, cellular and cell-material analysis, and potential preclinical models of tissue defect and repair are provided. This article is meant to serve as a starting point for these areas to inform the regenerative engineer about the most salient aspects of tissue construct characterization.
MEASUREMENT OF IN VIVO DECARBOXYLATION OF DOPA AND TYROSINE

ABSTRACT A method is presented by which the rates of decarboxylation of l-14C-L-tyrosine and l-14C-L-dopa are measured after injection into the ventricles of rats by continuous measurement of expired 14CO2 with automatic digitized output and computer analysis of the respiration pattern.
The Importance of Thermal Conductivity in Interpreting Thermopower Data: Alloys with Atomic Order-Disorder Transitions

Some earlier studies have interpreted the sign change in the total thermopower which accompanies atomic ordering in Cu3Au as indirect evidence of changes in the Fermi surface. This paper presents an analysis combining thermopower and thermal conductivity data which contradicts such an interpretation; the individual contributions to diffusion thermopower do not change sign. The observed behavior is explained as a change in the balance of two competing terms.
Effect of calcination temperature on the luminescent properties of Tb-doped borosilicate glasses

The luminescent properties of Tb3+ have been studied for borosilicate glasses prepared by a sol-gel method. Gel bodies were formed from solutions consisting of silicon tetraethoxide, triethyl borate, ethanol, water and terbium nitrate, then sintered into a bulk glass. The Tb3+ luminescence in glasses mostly shows green light under UV excitation, because the emission line at 545 nm occupies the main part of the energy emitted. The observed luminescence consisted of four main emission lines originating from the 5D4 level. However, a remarkable spectral change has been observed for the Tb3+ luminescence in borosilicate glasses after firing at about 800°C. This spectral change due to heat treatment was found to be large enough to show yellow or red luminescence, suggesting that the crystal field acting on Tb3+ is very strong. The spectral energy distribution of Tb3+ luminescence in sol-gel derived borosilicate glasses were investigated in relation to the effects of calcination temperature.
Abstract TMP46: EEG is a Useful Biomarker of Motor Recovery in Early Stroke Rehabilitation

Introduction: The application of biomarkers to study and monitor stroke recovery mechanisms can potentially advance rehabilitation practice and research. This study examined the utility of dense-ar...
Manifestly positive series approximation to probability densities

When one expands a probability density in a series and truncates the series, the result is generally not a manifestly positive density. Such is the case, for example, in the classical Edgeworth and Gram-Charlier series. In contrast, in quantum mechanics, approximation methods always retain the manifestly positive aspect of a probability density. We explore this fundamental difference and attempt to modify standard probability theory using the methods of quantum mechanics so that expansions result in a manifestly positive probability density.
Entangling the rovibrational modes of a macroscopic mirror using radiation pressure

We consider the dynamics of a vibrating and rotating end mirror of an optical Fabry-P\'erot cavity that can sustain Laguerre-Gaussian modes. We demonstrate theoretically that since the intracavity field carries linear as well as angular momentum, radiation pressure can create bipartite entanglement between a vibrational and a rotational mode of the mirror. Further we show that the ratio of vibrational and rotational couplings with the radiation field can easily be adjusted experimentally, which makes the generation and detection of entanglement robust to uncertainties in the cavity manufacture. This is a proposal to demonstrate entanglement between two qualitatively different degrees of freedom of the same macroscopic object.
Prevalence, Stability, and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Black Mothers During the First 18 Months Postpartum

Objectives: The goals of this longitudinal study were to evaluate 1) the prevalence and stability of high depressive symptom levels during the first 18 months postpartum in a sample of otherwise healthy Black mothers varying in socio-economic status and 2) the relation of socio-demographic variables and level of socio-demographic risk to maternal depressive symptom levels during this time period. Methods: Participants were 163 Black adult mothers of healthy, full-term infants. The level of mothers' depressive symptomatology was assessed at 2, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postpartum using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Mothers provided socio-demographic information at each assessment. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: The percentage of mothers with an elevated CES-D score (16 or higher) at single visits ranged from 13.5 to 14.7%, and 35.0% had at least one elevated CES-D score by 18 months postpartum. CES-D total scores were significantly correlated across each pair of visits (mean r = 0.57, all p's < 0.0001), and average CES-D scores did not change significantly over time. Single marital status, low-income status, and more negative maternal perceptions of the adequacy of income for meeting familial needs were significantly related to higher maternal CES-D scores at each assessment (all p's < 0.05). Level of socio-demographic risk, as assessed with a composite risk score derived from these variables, was significantly related to higher average CES-D scores (averaged across visits) (p < 0.0001) and to a greater frequency of elevated CES-D scores (16 or higher) during the first 18 months postpartum (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: The prevalence and stability of high levels of maternal depressive symptomatology during the first 18 months postpartum in this sample of Black women are consistent with those reported in prior studies of community samples of mothers unselected for race. Mothers with higher socio-demographic risk profiles had higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms at each assessment point.
Microfabrication of multi-layer glassy carbon microstructures through dye-doped negative photoresists

We report on a new technique for microfabrication of multi-layer thick microstructures consisting of a combination of glassy carbon (GC) layers alone, or layers with both GC and negative resist. In this technique, we dope a negative tone pre-cursor polymer of GC structures with a dye that will serve as an ultraviolet (UV) light blocking layer. This allows the doped negative resist layer to act – when needed - as a sacrificial layer which subsequently will enable the patterning of multiple layers of negative resists that can be pyrolyzed and turned in to GC microstructures. In this study, we demonstrate that this method offers a high yield and reliable extension of the classical carbon MEMS process to microstructures consisting of multi-layer of GC and a combination of GC and negative resist layers. This batch process produces a high yield and reproducible microfabrication technology for a variety of multiple layers of GC microstructures. In this study, we demonstrate (i) the optimum mixing ratio by-weight of dye and negative resist to be 1:50 (in this case, SU-8), (ii) optimized level of UV exposure needed for the dye-doped SU-8 layer to act as a sacrificial layer (1500 mJ/cm2), and (iii) microfabrication of a variety of thick (> 250 μm) multi-layer GC and GC/SU8 microstructures. The devices fabricated through these techniques include an accelerometer, a mirror, a string resonator, and a microfluidic chip.
Identity and pathogenicity of some fungi associated with hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) trunk cankers in Oregon.

Four fungi isolated from trunks and branches of European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) from commercial orchards in the Willamette Valley, Oregon were characterized and pathogenicity was tested on potted hazelnut trees. The acreage of hazelnuts in Oregon has expanded greatly in recent years in response to the availability of Eastern filbert blight resistant cultivars. Fungi were characterized using the BLASTn algorithm and the GenBank database with multiple partial gene sequence(s). If BLASTn and GenBank were not sufficient for species-level identification, then a multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed. The four pathogens were identified as Diplodia mutilla (Fr.) Mont., Dothiorella omnivora B.T. Linaldeddu, A. Deidda & B. Scanu, Valsa cf. eucalypti Cooke & Harkn., and Diaporthe eres Nitschke. All pathogens but D. omnivora have not been previously reported from European hazelnut in the literature. All four pathogens caused lesions on trunks bare root hazelnut trees cv. ‘Jefferson’ planted in pots in the greenhouse and fungi were re-isolated from inoculated trees. D. mutilla appeared particularly aggressive in repeated inoculation experiments.
Ontogeny of the distal femoral metaphyseal surface and its relationship to locomotor behavior in hominoids.

OBJECTIVE Distal femoral metaphyseal surface morphology is highly variable in extant mammals. This variation has previously been linked to differences in locomotor behavior. We perform the first systematic survey and description of the development of this morphology in extant hominoids. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected 3D surface laser scans of the femora of 179 human and great ape individuals throughout all subadult stages of development. We qualitatively and quantitatively describe metaphyseal surface morphology. RESULTS We find that the metaphysis is topographically simple in all hominoids during the fetal and infant periods relative to later developmental periods, and in apes it develops significant complexity throughout development. Humans, by contrast, retain relatively flat metaphyseal surfaces throughout ontogeny. DISCUSSION Major shifts in morphology appear to coincide with major shifts in locomotor behavior, suggesting that metaphyseal morphology is developmentally plastic and highly dependent on the biomechanical loadings at the knee joint. This is consistent with a large body of biomedical research, which demonstrates the primacy of mechanical forces in determining growth plate ossification patterns. Additionally, specific metaphyseal morphology appears highly correlated with specific locomotor modes, suggesting that metaphyseal surface morphology will be useful for reconstructing the locomotor behavior of fossil primate taxa.
Do the Affluent Override Average Americans? Measuring Policy Disagreement and Unequal Influence

Objective In this article, I seek to adjudicate between contradictory findings in studies of unequal responsiveness that focus on policy issues over which affluent and average Americans disagree. Methods I assess the impact of 22 definitions of policy disagreement and two methods of measuring policy influence—based on win rates and policy change rates—on analyses of unequal responsiveness. Results Win rates are an unreliable measure of influence and comparing policy change rates across cases of agreement and disagreement minimizes bias and allows for a more direct measure of relative independent policy influence. When income groups disagree over proposed policy changes, the preferences of the affluent—but not those of the middle—significantly impact the likelihood that the policies are implemented. Conclusion My results support previous findings that the affluent have substantial influence over policy making while average Americans have little to no influence.
Examining etiological pathways to necrotizing enterocolitis in very preterm infants

Abstract Preterms have increased morbidity and mortality due to immature physiology; necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal morbidity. Researchers have found an association between the incidence of NEC and infusing packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions. Others postulate NEC results from feeding infants during PRBC transfusion. Our team speculates the temperature of the PRBCs may result in central hypothermia, which contribute to the incidence of NEC. This scoping literature review examined studies including PRBC transfusions, enteral feedings, anemia and/or hypothermia in relationship to NEC. From 846 publications found, 749 were removed from title screening and duplication, 42 full reports were read and assessed. Ten final studies were synthesized. Studies revealed mixed conclusions as to the relationship of PRBC transfusions and NEC in preterms. No published studies evaluated body temperature or PRBC temperature in relationship to NEC. The etiology of NEC related to PRBC transfusions remains elusive and prompts further research.
Histamine Sensitivity: An Uncommon Recognized Cause of Living Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Symptoms and Signs—A Case Report:

A 45-year-old female who had undergone Nissen fundoplication for long-standing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) developed episodes of coughing and throat clearing. Strobovideolaryngoscopy demonstrated evidence of LPR with a reflux finding score of 11. A cough workup including a chest X-ray and pulmonology consultation was negative. Consultation with a nutritionist revealed Histamine intolerance. Histamine-free diet resulted in marked improvement in patient's symptoms and examination.
Rhombencephalosynapsis: a rare congenital anomaly presenting with seizure and developmental delay

A 6-year-old boy with past medical history of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental delay was admitted for a first episode of partial seizure with secondary generalization. The patient was born at 36 weeks gestation via cesarean section due to low birth weight. After birth, he was briefly admitted to the neonatal acute care unit for treatment of hydrocephalus. Past surgical history was significant for bilateral hamstring release due to spasticity. Physical examination was significant for macrocephaly with protuberance of the posterior part of the head, mild hypertelorism, and a small mouth with high arched palate. Patient had bilateral 4/5 strength in upper extremities and spastic diplegia in both lower extremities. He began crawling and speaking at the age of three. At the time of admission, he was unable to walk but able to pull to stand and had no limitation using his upper extremities. He was able to form 3–4 words sentences and had adequate comprehension to follow one-step commands. Brain CT was significant for complete fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres, consistent with the diagnosis of rhombencephalosynapsis. Associated supratentorial anomalies included absence of corpus callosum, absence of the septum pellucidum, and ventriculomegaly (Figs. 1, 2).
The Relationship between Provider-Patient Communication and HCAHPS Composite Measures and Hospital Ratings

We highlight clinical and operational issues as well as gaps associated with providers’ communication and the importance of using metrics such as the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) that allow consumers to discern how hospitals differ on specific characteristics. We also provide evidence about the importance of developing an effective care partnership between physicians and patients in both primary care practices and multi-specialty groups by strengthening doctor-patient communication (DPC). A partial correlation analysis to ascertain those HCAHPS composite measures that most relate to the overall hospital rating with a specific focus on DPC was conducted. Our findings reveal a significantly positive relationship between DPC and various care measures. From a health policy standpoint, it is imperative that hospital administrators stress open and clear communication between doctors and patients to avoid problems ranging from misdiagnosis to incorrect treatment. Altering the patterns of DPC involves adaptation and training for doctors who are expected to adjust their standard “script” when communicating with patients.
Professional Relevance: Meeting the Contemporary Public Health Agenda

Abstract Recent publications that outline the community health agenda for the 1990s describe processes that are designed to assist local communities in the diagnosis of health problems and development and evaluation of interventions. These documents include: Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEXPH), Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH), Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives, and Healthy Communities 2000: Model Standards. A close examination of these sentinel documents indicates that the skills called for in these community processes are the same skills outlined in A Framework for the Development of Competency-Based Curricula for Entry-Level Health Educators. It is thereby important for employers and health education practitioners to realize that those individuals prepared in the competencies of health education are well suited to assume a leadership role in the public health agenda of the future.
Subunits of chloroplast structure and quantum conversion in photosynthesis.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the subunits of chloroplast structure and quantum conversion in photosynthesis; and discusses some of the pertinent physiological observations on photosynthesis, the relationship of these physiological processes to structures seen with the light and electron microscopes, and the chemical, physical, and morphological properties of these structures. Studies of photosynthesis in green plants established the existence of light and dark reactions and predicted the occurrence of the photosynthetic unit. Combined cytological and biochemical studies have shown not only that the entire photosynthetic process is localized within the chloroplast but that the light and dark reactions and perhaps the photosynthetic unit may be assigned to ultrastructural features of the plastid. Of particular interest is the fact that the internal membrane system of the chloroplast appears to be built of subunits. The smallest of these is about 90 A. in diameter. These smallest subunits are seen in some preparations to form the quantasome (about 200 A. in diameter), and the quantasomes form the membrane. The definite assignment of photosynthetic unit function to the quantasome or perhaps quantasome aggregates awaits improved isolation techniques applied to chloroplast material of uniform morphology. The fact that chloroplast membrane surface morphology appears to be controlled by environmental conditions offers some intriguing developmental problems. Membrane function and efficiency in this system may eventually be correlated with membrane composition and structure. Application of freeze-etching to the study of these membranes has given a new insight into the morphology and possible distribution of photosynthetic substances within the membrane.
The effect of the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B on the cytotoxicity and cellular pharmacology of JM-118

4110 Satraplatin is the first orally available platinum chemotherapeutic drug. This drug is of interest in that it has potent in vitro growth inhibitory activity and a favorable clinical toxicity profile compared to cisplatin. However, because satraplatin is rapidly metabolized in vitro, it is more relevant to study the cellular pharmacology of its most active metabolite, JM-118. In an effort to identify specific characteristics of JM-118 that distinguish it from cisplatin, we examined the effects of expression of the copper transporters ATP7A and ATP7B on the sensitivity to and cellular pharmacology of JM-118. Studies were performed in human Menkes disease fibroblasts (Me32a cells) that do not express either transporter and sublines molecularly engineered to express either human ATP7A (MeMNK cells) or murine ATP7B (MeWND cells). Expression of either ATP7A or ATP7B rendered the cells resistant to cisplatin and JM-118 treatment. For MeMNK cells, the average growth ratio versus Me32a cells following 72 hr exposure to 10 μM drug was 2.5 ± 0.5 for DDP and 2.9 ± 0.2 for JM-118. For MeWND cells, the average growth ratio versus Me32a cells following 72 hr exposure to 10 μM drug was 2.1 ± 0.9 for DDP and 2.8 ± 0.8 for JM-118. Interestingly, resistance to these drugs was accompanied by an increase rather than a decrease in whole cell platinum accumulation in MeMNK and MeWND cells following 24 hr exposure to physiologically relevant concentrations of cisplatin or JM-118. For MeMNK cells, the average fold increase versus Me32a cells following 24 hr exposure to 2 μM drug was 2.1 ± 0.3 for DDP and 2.7 ± 0.7 for JM-118. For MeWND, the average fold increase versus Me32a cells following 24 hr exposure to 2 μM drug was 1.8 ± 0.3 for DDP and 2.8 ± 0.5 for JM-118. Examination of platinum content in DNA revealed marginally lower platinum levels in cisplatin-treated MeMNK and MeWND cells compared to treated Me32a cells; uptake following 24 hr exposure to 2 μM drug in MeMNK cells was 0.7 ± 0.1 of that in the Me32a cells and in MeWND was 0.8 ± 0.1 of that in the Me32a cells. In contrast, examination of platinum content in DNA revealed significantly increased platinum levels in JM-118 treated MeMNK and MeWND cells compared to treated Me32a cells; the average fold increase versus Me32a cells following 24 hr exposure to 2 μM drug was 1.5 ± 0.1 for MeMNK and 1.5 ± 0.2 for MeWND. We conclude that ATP7A and ATP7B play a role in the regulation of sensitivity to JM-118, and that JM-118 is sequestered differently from cisplatin by these copper efflux transporters, a cellular pharmacologic characteristic that clearly distinguishes JM-118 from cisplatin. This work is supported by a research contract from GPC Biotech.
Generation of oblique interfacial waves due to resonant interaction with surface gravity waves in shallow water

Ocean in deep waters and coastal areas is stratified due to vertical gradient of density. Due to nearly distinct interface between the layers of constant density, a two-layer system is a commonly used configuration to model ocean waters. In such models, various mechanisms can lead to generation of surface and interfacial waves. Furthermore, this system admits nonlinear interactions between surface waves and internal waves. As surface waves approach coastal areas, they become long relative to water depth and through nonlinear interactions can induce long interfacial waves over fluidized seabed. This phenomenon will be studied theoretically in the present paper. The fluid is composed of two layers of density stratified, incompressible, inviscid and immiscible fluids. The depth of the top and bottom layers are assumed to be shallow relative to the typical surface wave and interfacial wave length respectively. The waves in this system are weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive and can be described by Boussinesq-type equations. First, Boussinesqtype equations describing the displacements of the surface and interface and the depth-integrated horizontal velocities in the two layers are derived for mildly varying bathymetry. Secondly, the nonlinear resonant interactions among surface and interfacial modes are analyzed via a second order multiple scales analysis in time. Consequently, coupled transient evolution equations of wave amplitudes are derived. The results of inviscid theory indicates generation of a pair of oblique subharmonic interfacial waves due to energy gain from surface wave. In a parametric study, the influences of the angle of propagation of interfacial waves with respect to surface wave, lower layer viscosity, surface wave frequency, density difference between fluid layers, thickness of the fluid layers, and surface wave amplitude are studied.
Using Convergent-Beam Techniques

In the preceding chapter we described how to obtain a variety of CBED patterns under various experimental conditions, but always with a focused beam. In this chapter you will find out why these patterns are so useful: they contain a wealth of quantitative data. First, we’ll show how to measure the specimen thickness. Next, we’ll describe the steps for a complete crystallographic analysis of your specimen including determination of its unit cell, crystal system, point group, and space group. Then, we’ll introduce you to methods of determining extremely small changes in lattice parameter which can be used to measure lattice strain and, indirectly, composition. Other convergent-beam techniques are also available, some of which use a somewhat defocused beam, as well as different microdiffraction methods which we will briefly summarize at the end of the chapter.
The Cultural Life of Capital Punishment: Surveying the Benefits of a Cultural Analysis of Law, Reviewing Austin Sarat, 'When the State Kills: Capital Punishment and the American Condition'

Austin Sarat's 'When the State Kills' seeks to explore the interrelationship between capital punishment and American culture. Utilizing scholarly approaches drawn from sociology, literary criticism, cultural studies, and political science, Sarat illuminates the ways in which the official legal regime of capital punishment creates, reflects, and reinforces broader cultural attitudes about crime and punishment. Moreover, he argues that the destructive long-term cultural consequences of the death penalty provide a reason for abolition over and above any criminological or doctrinal arguments against the practice. Thus, 'When the State Kills' not only offers a powerful intervention in the ongoing death penalty debate, but also provides an opportunity to consider more generally the benefits of studying law through a cultural lens. This Review Essay suggests that a cultural analysis of law should be treated as far more than simply an add-on to more doctrinally focused legal policy debates. Instead, sociolegal scholarship provides useful insights into just the sort of normative questions that are at the heart of such debates. A cultural approach ensures that we will always attend to the important relationship between law and culture: how legal institutions construct social reality, how 'law talk' gets dispersed throughout the society, how individuals deploy and resist legal norms, and how law symbolically reflects and reinforces deep cultural attitudes, fears, or beliefs. The Essay uses Sarat's book to identify four ways in which this broader view of law can provide a distinctive framework for recontextualizing established legal doctrine or reconceiving intractable policy dilemmas.
Behavioral State—Getting “In The Zone”

In this issue of Neuron, McGinley et al. (2015) investigate a classic observation from psychology linking arousal state with behavioral performance, demonstrating neural correlates of an "optimal" state for an auditory detection task.
Abstract 14812: Acute Venous Congestion Enhances Vasoconstriction, Inflammation, Oxidative stress and Endothelial Activation and in Compensated Ambulatory Patients with Systolic Heart Failure on Stable Medical Regimen

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that venous congestion (VC) begins to occur weeks before symptoms worsen, requiring hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Whether VC itself enhances vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial activation, thereby promoting progression to decompensation in HF patients is currently unknown. Methods: 42 ambulatory patients with NYHA functional class II or III, an LVEF Results: The age of the study cohort was 53±12 years, 29% were female, 31% had an ischemic etiology and the LVEF was 22±8%. Plasma levels of ET-1 (marker of vasoconstriction), IL-6 (marker of inflammation), 8,12-iso-Isoprostane F-2alpha-VI (marker of oxidative stress) and VCAM-1 (marker of endothelial activation) significantly increased in the congested arm after 90 minutes of experimental VC. No adverse event was observed during the test. Conclusions: The current study provides the first direct evidence that peripheral VC is sufficient to increase plasma ET-1, IL-6, VCAM-1 and 8,12-iso-Isoprostane F-2alpha-VI. Our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that VC might be a causal contributor (as opposed to a consequence) to the pathophysiology of ADHF via its influence on vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial activation.
Doing the Best One Can

Among the circumstances which must be counted as relevant to the moral status of a given action are the agent’s own past actions: Smith ought not to exceed the speed limit not only because it is dangerous and illegal, but also because he promised his wife yesterday never to do so again. Do the agent’s own future actions count among the relevant circumstances as well? Certainly future actions have some bearing on the moral status of current acts. Smith’s making a check out to Care has moral significance, not because writing a check is morally important per se, but rather because he then places the check in an envelope and mails it off. But there are different explanations as to why this is so. According to the view I defended in a previous paper, making out the check is morally significant because it would actually be followed by Smith’s sending it off.1 According to a contrary view, defended by several other philosophers, Smith’s writing the check is morally significant because it would enable him to send it off.2 These contrasting views can be represented by the following principles
The in-vitro sciatic nerve model: new Insights into neuropathy

Polyneuropathy is a prevalent condition that can severely impair a person’s quality of life. In-vitro experiments were conducted in order to study external factors associated with polyneuropathy in isolation from systemic effects in live models. Sciatic nerves were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats and placed in perfusion chambers that contained artificial cerebral spinal fluid. The nerves were stimulated, the averaged nerve action potential (NAP) waveforms were digitized, and the NAP amplitude, velocity, duration, and amplitude of the paired pulse response were analyzed. The effects of anoxia, hypothermia, and external metabolic substrates on the NAP were analyzed. Results showed a complex interaction between the three categories and their effects on the NAP parameters. Cyclic episodes of anoxia had different effects on NAP amplitude and velocity, and also resulted in ischemic preconditioning of the nerve, which is perhaps due to the build-up of glycogen during the re-oxygenated (recovery) phases. Hypothermia appeared to best preserve nerve function when present during the anoxic phases and absent during the recovery phases, perhaps allowing for glycogenolysis during the recovery phases. The metabolic function of the nerve during intermittent anoxia was then analyzed, and it was determined that hyperglycemia improved ischemic preconditioning while decreasing NAP amplitude overtime, suggesting that there are other contributing processes such as the production of free radicals and advanced glycation end-products. Lactate uniquely supported the nerve in high and low concentrations during both continuous oxygenation and intermittent anoxia. The existence of a lactate shuttle between Schwann cells and peripheral nerves may explain these results. The findings from these in-vitro experiments may be important in future hypothesis testing in search for effective treatment of polyneuropathy.