cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplanetary scattering of fast solar electrons deduced from type III bursts observed at low frequencies

Observations of low frequency solar type III radio bursts and the associated fast solar electrons show that the total path length traveled by the particles between the Sun and the Earth is significantly greater than the length of the smooth Archimedean spiral trajectory followed by the centroid of the type III exciter (Alvarez et al., 1975). Here we assume that the ratio of electron path length and the spiral length increases approximately as rn, where r is heliocentric distance, and then compute the radio bursts arrival time at 1 AU for different values of n. A comparison with the radio observations indicates that the best fit occurs for n = 1.5 ± 1.0. We interpret these results in terms of the variation of electron scattering with heliocentric distance.
A Study of Respiration and Respiratory Organs of the Rat-Tailed Maggot, Eristalis Arbustorum L. (Diptera: Syrphidæ)

It is, of course, well known that among insects there are two general types of respiratory apparatus: the open type in which from one to ten pairs of spiracles function, and the closed type in which there are no functional spiracles and in which the insect obtains air by diffusion through a membrane. Of the two the latter type is much more rare. The majority of larvae of aquatic insects have either tracheal gills or blood gills present as means of obtaining air from the water in which they live. According to Imms (5) these gills may be the only means of respiration in a typically closed system, but often they occur in connection with open spiracles in certain insects (larval Culicidae for example).
Familial pancreatic adenocarcinoma in three generations. A case report and a review of the literature

Although scattered case reports of familial clustering of pancreatic cancer have appeared in the literature, hereditary factors have not been clearly associated with increased risk for this malignancy. The current report documents the familial occurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in three women of consecutive generations who died of their disease at progressively younger ages. The diagnoses are histologically confirmed in all three cases. Although two of the women carried a single known risk factor for pancreatic carcinoma (cigarette smoking), a familial predisposition to this disease is strongly implicated. The case suggests that the role of inheritance in pancreatic carcinoma may merit further exploration.
Measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation at 0.5 deg scale near the star Mu Pegasi

Results are presented from the third flight of the MAX experiment, an attitude-controlled balloon-borne millimeter-wave telescope with a 0.5 deg beam, a 1 deg chop, and a three-channel bolometric photometer. Several hours of high-quality data were obtained during a flight on 1991 June 5, including long integrations to search for CBR anisotropy, two separate measurements of dust in the Galactic plane, a brief scan of the Coma Cluster to search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, and a number of important systematic tests. Data from one of the long CBR integrations, carried out in a region of sky near the star Mu Pegasi, are presented. The primary structure in the data is shown to be emission from Galactic dust via its spectrum and correlation with the IRAS 100/micron map. Several approaches are used to fit this dust component and remove it from the data. An upper limit to CBR anisotropy of deltaT/T less than 2.5 x 10 exp -5 is obtained for a Gaussian autocorrelation function with coherence angle omega(c) = 25'. This limit is significantly higher than the measurement sensitivity of deltaT/T about 1 x 10 exp -5 due to the presence of residual structure in the data after removal of the dust component.
Microinjection of antibodies to a 62 kd mitotic apparatus protein arrests mitosis in dividing sea urchin embryos

Previously, we described a 62 kd protein that is a component of the isolated sea urchin mitotic apparatus. This protein is a substrate for an endogenous, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase also associated with the mitotic apparatus. Phosphorylation of the 62 kd protein directly correlates with the depolymerization of microtubules in isolated mitotic apparatuses. Here we report a test of the function of the 62 kd protein in vivo. Double labeling studies using a monoclonal antibody to tubulin and an affinity purified antibody specific for the 62 kd protein reveal that the 62 kd protein co-localizes with mitotic apparatus microtubules. When affinity purified antibodies to the 62 kd protein were microinjected into dividing sea urchin embryos, mitosis was blocked in a stage-specific manner. The results are discussed with respect to the role of the 62 kd protein in the metaphase-anaphase transition.
Equilibrium Efficiency Improvement in Wireless Mesh Access Networks: A Pricing-based Approach

The overall achievable rate of wireless mesh access networks is discussed. We consider a wireless mesh access network where each access point autonomously adjusts the operating frequency and power in a selfish fashion. We prove the convergence of this dynamic process and investigate the inefficiency of Nash equilibria, from a game theoretical perspective. To bridge the performance gap, we propose a pricing scheme to overcome the selfish behaviors. The improvement on equilibrium efficiency is validated by simulations.
Millimeter Wave Radiometric Imaging

New developments and applications for radiometric imaging systems are discussed. The basic operating principles of radiometry are reviewed and results are presented from two different Ka band (36 GHz) radiometric test beds. Passive weather detection is presented with actual results from an airborne imaging radiometer. Thunderstorm and cloud formations have been detected at ranges in excess of 20 NM. Tactical ground mapping and target detection is also presented with results from a ground based high resolution imaging radiometer. Enhanced target detection using a low power bistatic illuminator is demonstrated. An inverse filter algorithm has been developed to attain better than real beam resolution in high contrast images. Raw and enhanced images are presented for comparison.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of the MSMEG_2631 Gene (mmp) Encoding a Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) Family Protein in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Exploration of Its Polyspecific Nature Using Biolog Phenotype MicroArray

In Mycobacterium, multidrug efflux pumps can be associated with intrinsic drug resistance. Comparison of putative mycobacterial transport genes revealed a single annotated open reading frame (ORF) for a multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family efflux pump in all sequenced mycobacteria except Mycobacterium leprae. Since MATE efflux pumps function as multidrug efflux pumps by conferring resistance to structurally diverse antibiotics and DNA-damaging chemicals, we studied this gene (MSMEG_2631) in M. smegmatis mc(2)155 and determined that it encodes a MATE efflux system that contributes to intrinsic resistance of Mycobacterium. We propose that the MSMEG_2631 gene be named mmp, for mycobacterial MATE protein. Biolog Phenotype MicroArray data indicated that mmp deletion increased susceptibility for phleomycin, bleomycin, capreomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, cetylpyridinium chloride, and several sulfa drugs. MSMEG_2619 (efpA) and MSMEG_3563 mask the effect of mmp deletion due to overlapping efflux capabilities. We present evidence that mmp is a part of an MSMEG_2626-2628-2629-2630-2631 operon regulated by a strong constitutive promoter, initiated from a single transcription start site. All together, our results show that M. smegmatis constitutively encodes an Na(+)-dependent MATE multidrug efflux pump from mmp in an operon with putative genes encoding proteins for apparently unrelated functions.
Application of Operations Research to Development Decisions

It is the main argument of this paper that an efficient allocation of the development budget is a very different sort of a problem from the efficient conduct of a current operation. We attempt to show that the problem is essentially not one of choosing among specific end-product alternatives, but rather a problem of choosing a course of action initially consistent with a wide range of such alternatives, and of narrowing the choice as development proceeds. The implications, for the analyst, of viewing the development problem as this kind of problem are sketched in the concluding section of the paper.
Reducing Barriers to Interdisciplinary Design Teams

The proportion of Santa Clara University School of Engineering interdisciplinary senior design teams has been rising over the last five years. While many of those teams have been very successful, there has been a significant overhead price paid by the team members who chose to tackle these projects. Since the spring of 2004, an interdisciplinary team of faculty at SCU has been working to reduce the obstacles that have hindered interdisciplinary design teams in the past. Each department had independently developed its own processes and time schedule over the years, and the variations inherent in these separate programs had created some significant difficulties for the students trying to satisfy incongruent requirements. Recent advances have focused primarily on three departments: Mechanical, Electrical, and Computer Engineering. Curricular changes across departments include a number of innovations ranging from aligning schedules and deliverables to introducing joint team-building activities. A short history of the development of each department’s approach will be presented, followed by the current, more integral, plan and the issues that have arisen in its implementation. Many of the changes that have been made are closely tied to ABET-related continuous improvement efforts. A strong commitment to enhancing interdisciplinary design team experiences has been a core tenet of the involved departments. Lessons learned and successes will be discussed as well.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sustained-release indomethacin in the comprehensive management of osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis, although primarily a degenerative joint disease, may be associated with significant secondary inflammation. Hydrolytic enzymes result in primary cartilage degradation; secondary inflammation occurs in response to degenerative cartilage breakdown products and crystal deposition. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses have been described. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents play a major role in symptomatic relief. Anti-inflammatory activity of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been ascribed to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition; recent studies suggest additional effects based on inhibition of neutrophil aggregation, superoxide radical generation, and lysosomal enzyme release. Indomethacin, the first of the newer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, has a long history of use and patient acceptance. Sustained-release indomethacin (Indocin SR), a 75 mg formulation equivalent to three consecutive doses of conventional indomethacin, adds ease of administration and potential for improved compliance. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, used in conjunction with other therapeutic approaches, provide the opportunity for response that can be gratifying for both patients and physicians.
Effects of Sex and Mating Status on Who Initiates Contact in the Parasitoid Wasp Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

In species without obvious aggression, individuals may still vary in how likely they are to initiate contact with a conspecific. In the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius, who was more likely to initiate contact during pair wise interactions depended on sex and mating status. Specifically, more contacts between the sexes were initiated by the male than by the female both when the female was still virgin and when the female had already mated with a different male. After a male mated with a given female, he still sometimes initiated contacts with her, but no longer more often than she did. A male was more likely to initiate contact when he was with a female than when he was with another male, and he was more likely to retreat from a mated female than from a male.
Constituents from Gymnema sylvestre leaves

Nonacosane, hentriacontane, and tritriacontane were isolated by vapor phase chromatography from a hydrocarbon fraction of Gymnema sylvestre leaves. The cyclic alcohol, conduritol A, rather than the previously reported viburnitol, was also isolated from these leaves. The mass spectrum of conduritol A tetraacetate which aided in this identification is discussed.
APOE genotype, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and AD in community elderly

Background: Genetic variation at the APOE locus has a major influence on both plasma lipid levels and the risk of AD. The relationship between APOE genotype and plasma lipids may influence the risk of AD. Objective: In a community-based study of white, African American, and Caribbean Hispanic elderly in New York City, we investigated the relationship between plasma lipids and AD as well as the possible influence of APOE genotype on this relationship. Methods: Total plasma cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were investigated in a cross-sectional study of nondemented elderly and patients with AD and in a prospective study of incident AD. Analyses included APOE genotype, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, and other potential confounders such as a history of hypertension, smoking, aspirin use, previous stroke, or ischemic heart disease. Results: Compared with nondemented elderly, decreased TC level had a weak but significant inverse association with incident AD, independent of APOE genotype. No other lipoprotein fragment was associated with either prevalent or incident AD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that no consistent relationship exists between APOE genotype, plasma lipoproteins, and AD.
Complicating the "soccer mom:"the cultural politics of forming class-based identity, distinction, and necessity.

Using Pierre Bourdieu's theories of social class differentiation and class reproduction, this paper provides an analysis of class-based identity politics in contemporary suburban America. Through a critical ethnography of the emergent, American, upper-middle-class “soccer mom” phenomenon, this study contributes to a growing body of research that interrogates class-based, cultural practices of status differentiation. As part of a larger, longitudinal ethnographic study, this paper specifically focuses on the ways in which women, who are driven by upper-middle-class habitus, contest and construct their identity as mothers of young, soccerplaying children.
On the KZK-type equation for modulated ultrasound fields

Abstract This study introduces a KZK-type model describing the nonlinear wave propagation due to “slowly” modulated ultrasound excitation, where the ratio between the (dominant) modulation frequency and the carrier frequency is o ( 1 ) . The model is relevant to a variety of diagnostic techniques where the acoustic radiation force, generated by a focused ultrasound beam, is used to palpate tissue locally within the focal region. An indispensable prerequisite for computing the acoustic radiation force, however, is a precise knowledge of the nonlinear wave field generated by the ultrasound transducer at hand. In this class of applications, the MHz carrier signal is commonly modulated with frequencies on the order of 10 2 ÷ 10 4 Hz which, in the context of the time-domain numerical algorithms, dramatically increases the computational effort necessary to simulate the nonlinear wave field. To alleviate the impediment, this study employs a dual time scale approach towards the development of an intermediate asymptotics solution that fits the gap between the quasi-static approximation and the full solution. Thus obtained modification of the KZK equation, which captures the leading effects of “slow” ultrasound modulation, lends itself to an effective computational treatment that makes use of suitable steady-state solutions. For generality, the asymptotic analysis deploys separate scaling parameters to describe the effects of diffraction and modulation, consequently allowing the model to (i) cover a wide range of transducer geometries, and (ii) be degenerated to the quasi-static approximation as one of its limiting cases. The formulation is accompanied by a set of numerical examples, which illustrate the applicability of the method to both “short” and “long” modulation envelopes while accounting for realistic (frequency-dependent) attenuation in a tissue.
Propagule densities of Macrophomina phaseolina in soybean tissue and soil as affected by tillage, cover crop, and herbicide.

All current commercial soybean cultivars are susceptible to charcoal rot, a disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Efforts to manage this disease through nongenetic means have not been effective. However, the combined effects of tillage, cover crop and herbicide use, and their roles in the population dynamics of this fungus have not been fully investigated. A field experiment was conducted in 2002 through 2004 at Stoneville, MS, to determine the population dynamics of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) in soybean stem and root tissues at harvest and in soil at planting and harvest as affected by tillage, cover crop, and herbicide. The tillage treatments were conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT); the cover crops were hairy vetch, rye, and no cover crop; and the herbicide treatments were glyphosate- and non-glyphosate-based applications. Analysis of variance indicated that there was an effect due to tillage, cover crop, and tillage by year interaction on colony forming units (CFU) of M. phaseolina recovered from soybean tissue. Colony forming units in soybean tissue were greater under the CT than NT and were greater for hairy vetch and no cover crop than rye. Regardless of the cover crop system used, CFU in tissue was greater for CT in 2002 than in 2003 and 2004. Application of glyphosate did not affect the CFU in stem and root tissues or in the soil. The CFU from soil at harvest was significantly higher than at planting. The CFU in soil at planting and harvest was only affected by tillage and not by cover crop system. The CFU from stem and root tissues was greater than in soil suggesting that quantification of CFU in tissue may provide a better estimate of treatment effects at harvest. These results also suggest that charcoal rot may be better managed in the NT rather than in the CT system.
Debye shielding of a moving test charge in plasma

Equipotential contours for a moving test charge in isotropic Maxwellian plasma are determined numerically for a wide range of test charge speeds.
The costs and benefits of animal disease prevention

Abstract Potential damage from animal diseases, especially epizootics such as foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, and African swine fever, are great, but largely unknown. The recent example of Taiwan's pork industry suffering a major, and likely permanent, setback with the discovery of FMD brings home the importance of the issue. The last major hog disease to be an ongoing problem in the United States was hog cholera, a disease responsible for killing an estimated 7.5% of the US national herd annually. Now, mostly because of the General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the expected increase in trade that it will bring, especially in agricultural goods, there have been renewed calls for economic analysis of consequences of an animal disease outbreak. In this paper we use a flexible and simple technique to assess the likely damage from an outbreak of African swine fever, a potentially devasting disease, in the United States and the benefits of its prevention by the Swine Health Program. The paper combines economic and biological models to assess the social costs and benefits of disease prevention. A dynamic simulation model of the hog and pork sector accounts for producer decision-making and assesses the costs, while epidemiological spread is incorporated using a state-transition matrix. Five outbreak scenarios and their associated probabilities of occurrence are used to aggregate a range of possible outcomes. Results indicate that the benefit cost ratio for the current prevention program is high, over 450. The net benefit of prevention efforts was estimated to be almost $4,500 million at a cost of $10 million for the 10-year period considered. The model framework developed allows the estimates to be revised by hand or with a spreadsheet, given new probability estimates on the likelihood and size of outbreaks. Slight modifications would allow the analysis of other hog diseases such as hog cholera. Impacts of diseases that affect other species or multiple species, such as FMD, would require a new or more complex live-stock model.
IGBT dynamics for clamped inductive switching

Clamped inductive switching performance of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) have been studied in detail with the aid of extensive measurements and numerical simulations. Internal dynamics of a latch-up free punch-through IGBT during clamped inductive switching is studied using two-dimensional (2-D) mixed device and circuit simulations incorporating the self-heating mechanism. Failure of IGBT during inductive load turn-off is shown to occur due to thermally assisted carrier multiplication at the reverse biased p-base n-drift region junction under the emitter contact.
An event based approach to impact control: theory and experiments

A novel event based motion planning method, together with nonlinear feedback algorithm is applied to the controlled transition between unconstrained and constrained motion of a rigid robotic manipulator. The motion planner is driven by a task related scalar motion reference. This reference is a function of the actual manipulator position in the unconstrained directions and a function of the interaction force in the constrained directions. Impact is considered a discrete event, separating different operation modes. The dynamics of the arm is decoupled with respect to a path-relative representation of manipulator outputs. The feedback control law directly servos these outputs. The event based planning and control scheme was experimentally implemented for impact control and compared with impedance control and explicit force control. >
John Collins Warren: Master Educator and Pioneer Surgeon of Ether Fame

John Collins Warren (1778-1856) represented the apex of surgery and medicine of the first half of nineteenth century Boston. Educated at Harvard College where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1797, he contemplated the idea of a business career prior to setting sail for a traditional medical education at Europe's finest universities. From 1799 to 1802, he attended prestigious medical and surgical lectures in London, Edinburgh, and Paris. Warren received an honorary MD from Scotland's St. Andrews University in 1802. He then returned to Boston and joined his father's practice. In 1815, he followed his accomplished father as the Hersey Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at Harvard Medical School. He held this position with great distinction until 1847 when he retired as professor emeritus. From 1816 to 1819 he served as Harvard Medical School dean and received an honorary medical degree at the end of his term.John Collins Warren had numerous surgical accomplishments during his illustrious career. Clinically, he was active and varied in his practice, operating on strangulated hernias, tumors, and cataracts, in addition to performing vascular surgery and amputations. He published many articles and books of widespread circulation. Professor Warren also performed the first reported case of ether anesthesia administered by William T. Morton on October 16, 1846. Outside the operating theatre, Doctor Warren and his colleagues were revered for founding the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1821, and years before, in 1812, Warren and his associates established the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery. In light of his varied contributions, John Collins Warren is remembered as a dedicated and innovative surgeon, as well as a committed medical educator, able administrator and effective leader.
Ascaris suum: oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from developing eggs and adult muscle.

Abstract Respiration and the phosphorylating capability of mitochondria isolated from one-celled fertilized eggs, 10-day vermiform embryos, 21-day infective larvae, and adult body wall muscle from Ascaris suum were compared with that of rat liver mitochondria. Although oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and O 2 consumption/ mitochondrion in the presence of succinate and malate was lower in eggs than in liver, other properties such as respiratory control, ADP:O and P:O ratios at sites I, II, III, and the sensitivity of respiration to cyanide, azide, oligomycin, rotenone, and malonate were similar. In muscle mitochondria, the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and O 2 consumption/ mitochondrion were sharply reduced, respiratory control was poor, and electron transport at sites II and III in particular was inefficiently coupled with phosphorylation. In addition, about 60% of the respiration was insensitive to cyanide or azide but sensitive to salicylhydroxamic acid. The results support earlier evidence that the free-living eggs of A. suum are aerobes. The adult parasite, while continuing to ferment actively in the presence of oxygen, nevertheless possesses one or more electron transport systems that are inefficiently coupled with aerobic phosphyorylations. The physiological significance of these systems has yet to be elucidated.
Effect of Body Mass Index On the Mobilizing Efficacy of Plerixafor in Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Collection: A Retrospective Study

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S178eS193 S179 Table 1. Only mantle cell and T cell lymphoma patients were transplanted in first CR otherwise all patients were transplanted in relapsed/refractory setting. Patients were grouped according to conditioning regimens.We aimed to analyze the difference between the groups due to the total number of febrile neutropenic days and hospitalization .We also planned to compare the engraftment kinetics and side effects between the groups.
Control requirements for the design of production system architectures

Programs in the artificial intelligence domain impose unusual requirements on control structures. Production systems are a control structure with promising attributes for building, generally intelligent systems with large knowledge bases. This paper presents examples to illustrate the unusual position taken by production systems on a number of control and pattern-matching issues. Examples are chosen to illustrate certain powerful features and to provide critical tests which might be used to evaluate the effectiveness of new designs.
Partner Notification for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Partner notification, a principal means of controlling sexually transmitted diseases, has traditionally been performed by public health professionals. They interview infected persons and contact the sex partners of these persons to notify them and convince them of the need to seek evaluation and treatment (known as "provider referral"). This notification method is labor intensive; the typical alternative to provider referral is to leave notification to the infected person (known as "patient referral"). However, innovations in partner notification, often created by public health professionals responsible for the practice, have yielded adjuncts and complements to both provider and patient referral. The present review article covers 4 areas of innovation: (1) enhancements to patient referral instructions and provider interview techniques, (2) use of the Internet in partner notification, (3) the emerging influence of network methods, and (4) expedited partner therapy, principally through patient-delivered medications or prescriptions. Partner notification remains necessary, and flexibility, openness to the use of multiple methods, and collaboration are likely to be helpful.
Enhanced electro-optic effect in InAs/GaAs quantum dots

The electro-optic properties of InAs/GaAs quantum dots are studied in an external Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup. The InAs/GaAs quantum dots are found to increase modulation relative to bulk GaAs and exhibit an electro-optic coefficient of 26 pm/V.
Data acquisition board with optical gigabit interface

The precision vertex tracker, based on the technology of active CMOS pixel sensors, is a proposed addition to the tracking system of the STAR experiment. The proposed tracker consists of two cylindrical layers formed by 24 ladders. Each ladder contains a row of 10 monolithic CMOS detector chips and each chip has a 640*640 array of 30 micron square pixels. The total number of pixels is 0.98 _ 108. The mission critical tasks for this detector are data reduction and data transfer. Different approaches to implementation of the data acquisition system (DAQ) are under consideration. The approach discussed in this paper is to use commercially available components, like FPGAs, on the detector side and commercial Ethernet modules on the host computer side. A prototype DAQ board has been designed, manufactured and is in use for system development and testing. In this paper, the data transfer is discussed in details, including the concept, the protocol and data transfer rates
Markerless monocular motion capture using image features and physical constraints

We present a technique to extract motion parameters of a human figure from a single video stream. Our goal is to prototype motion synthesis rapidly for game design and animation applications. For example, our approach is especially useful in situations where motion capture systems are restricted in their usefulness given the various required instrumentation. Similarly, our approach can be used to synthesize motion from archival footage. By extracting the silhouette of the foreground figure and using a model-based approach, the problem is re-formulated as a local, optimized search of the pose space. The pose space consists of 6 rigid body transformation parameters plus the internal joint angles of the figure. The silhouette of the figure from the captured video is compared against the silhouette of a synthetic figure using a pixel-by-pixel, distance-based cost function to evaluate goodness-of-fit. For a single video stream, this is not without problems. Occlusion and ambiguities arising from the use of a single view often cause spurious reconstruction of the captured motion. By using temporal coherence, physical constraints, and knowledge of the anatomy, a viable pose sequence can be reconstructed for many live-action sequences.
Reorganization of Primary Motor Cortex in Adult Macaque Monkeys With Long-Standing Amputations

The organization of primary motor cortex (M1) of adult macaque monkeys was examined years after therapeutic amputation of part of a limb or digits. For each case, a large number of sites in M1 were electrically stimulated with a penetrating microelectrode, and the evoked movements and levels of current needed to evoke the movements were recorded. Results from four monkeys with the loss of a forelimb near or above the elbow show that extensive regions of cortex formerly devoted to the missing hand evoked movements of the stump and the adjoining shoulder. Threshold current levels for stump movements were comparable to those for normal arm movements. Few or no sites in the estimated former territory of the hand evoked face movements. Similar patterns of reorganization were observed in all four cases, which included two monkeys injured as adults, one as a juvenile, and one as an infant. In a single monkey with a hindlimb amputation at the knee as an infant, stimulation of cortex in the region normally devoted to the foot moved the leg stump, again at thresholds in the range for normal movements. Finally, in a monkey that had lost digit 5 and the distal phalanges of digits 2-4 at 2 yr of age, much of the hand portion of M1 was devoted to movements of the digit stumps.
Colonization potential to reconstitute a microbe community in patients detected early after fecal microbe transplant for recurrent C. difficile.

Fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) are an effective treatment for patients with gut microbe dysbiosis suffering from recurrent C. difficile infections. To further understand how FMT reconstitutes the patient’s gut commensal microbiota, we have analyzed the colonization potential of the donor, recipient and recipient post transplant fecal samples using transplantation in gnotobiotic mice. A total of nine samples from three human donors, recipient’s pre and post FMT were transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. Microbiome analysis of three donor fecal samples revealed the presence of a high relative abundance of commensal microbes from the family Bacteriodaceae and Lachnospiraceae that were almost absent in the three recipient pre FMT fecal samples (<0.01 %). The microbe composition in gnotobiotic mice transplanted with the donor fecal samples was similar to the human samples. The recipient samples contained Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae in relative abundance of 43, 11, 8 %, respectively. However, gnotobiotic mice transplanted with the recipient fecal samples had an average relative abundance of unclassified Clostridiales of 55 %, approximately 7000 times the abundance in the recipient fecal samples prior to transplant. Microbiome analysis of fecal samples from the three patients early (2–4 weeks) after FMT revealed a microbe composition with the relative abundance of both Bacteriodaceae and Lachnospiraceae that was approximately 7 % of that of the donor. In contrast, gnotobioitc mice transplanted with the fecal samples obtained from the three at early times post FMT revealed increases in the relative abundance of Bacteriodaceae and Lachnospiraceae microbe compositions to levels similar to the donor fecal samples. Furthermore, the unclassified Clostridiales in the recipient samples post FMT was reduced to an average of 10 %. We have used transplantation into gnotobiotic mice to evaluate the colonization potential of microbiota in FMT patients early after transplant. The commensal microbes present at early times post FMT out competed non-commensal microbes (e.g. such as unclassified Clostridiales) for niche space. The selective advantage of these commensal microbes to occupy niches in the gastrointestinal tract helps to explain the success of FMT to reconstitute the gut microbe community of patients with recurrent C. difficile infections.
Emerging and Reemerging Foodborne Pathogens

Emerging and reemerging foodborne pathogens emerge and adapt to infect humans by what is called the “species jump.” Most pathogens have been exposed to similar evolutionary forces; however, each pathogen may have evolved in its own unique way. Several mechanisms of DNA transfer have been discovered in bacteria that allow these organisms to maintain a plastic genome. Therefore, newly acquired DNA material can provide bacteria with the opportunities to expand into new environments, and bacterial foodborne pathogens are not exceptions. The appearance of foodborne diseases has been associated with factors that include changes in microorganisms and in the human population and lifestyle; the globalization of the food supply; the inadvertent introduction of pathogens into new geographic areas; and exposure to unfamiliar foodborne hazards while traveling abroad. In addition, the variability within human hosts and the recognition of people at risk for foodborne pathogens may play a role in how some bacteria acquire new opportunities to infect humans. This chapter will review some of these factors, starting with the factors related to the agents themselves.
Nkrumahism and neo-Nkrumahism

NKRUMAHISM AND NEO-NKRUMAHISM Prince Kwasi Bediako Frimpong April 19, 2012 Kwame Nkrumah framed a model of African unity and development, which stood out in sharp contrast to the Western model of capitalist development and neo-liberal democracy. Decades after his demise, the African Union which he co-founded with other African leaders, now espouses a model of development based on liberal democracy and market principles, a radical break away from Nkrumahist thinking. This research addresses the following two questions. First, "What principles constitute Nkrumah's model and ideas on economic development and Pan African Unity?" Secondly, the paper asks, "What has accounted for the current shift from the Nkrumahist vision of Africa into the nco-liberal model of development on the African continent?" The study is significant because Africa still lacks its own model of development. It is a qualitative research which looked into a number of writings, articles, and commentaries by Nkrumah himself and other scholars. To conclude, the paper examines how Nkrumah's ideas can be salvaged and utilized today into policies of political integration and economIc development without necessarily pushing for a socialist and authoritarian state.
Mobilities, Materialities, and the Changing Meanings of Pittsburgh Speech:

For many decades, people in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area have talked about local speech. “Pittsburghese,” as it is locally known, has become so tightly linked with local identity that it is alluded to almost every time someone talks about what Pittsburgh is like or what it means to be a Pittsburgher. But the set of words, pronunciations, and bits of grammar that are thought of as Pittsburghese has changed over time. This paper explores the role of social and geographic mobility in creating and circulating the ideas about Pittsburgh speech that help to determine who uses local-sounding speech features and why. The analysis is based on two online forums where Pittsburgh speech is discussed. The participants in one of the forums are former Pittsburghers who grew up in the city but left during the later decades of the twentieth century when the local steel-manufacturing economy collapsed. The participants in the other forum are people who moved to Pittsburgh or came of age and stayed there in the first ...
Nucleic acid assay techniques for pathogen of first outbreak H1N1 influenza in Lanzhou

Objictive:To identify the pathogen that lead to an unexpected public fever accident.Methods:The reaction mixture is to utilize primers,probes,Taq polymerase and buffer solution with particular concentration designed for H1N1 virus.According to an amplification procedure after the total RNA was purified,two different methods were operated to detect the presence of target product by different size fragments and specific amplified curves respectively.Results:The target size fragments including 235,527,153,80 bp are obtained by RT-PCR.From the real-time PCR amplification plot,special amplified curves appeared complete similarity with a positive template control.Conclusion:The outbreak accident pathogen is revealed for the presence of H1N1 influenza virus.
Threshold Ionization in Liquids

One should not underestimate the importance of condensed phase reaction dynamics on ultrafast timescales, even when one’s primary interest is in reactions and synthetic schemes that occur in much slower times. In the primordial phases of a chemical reaction, the reaction must usually “make a choice” among a number of possible pathways. The choice favors pathways having the fastest reaction rates, and this choice determines overall product yields.
SU-F-T-340: Direct Editing of Dose Volume Histograms: Algorithms and a Unified Convex Formulation for Treatment Planning with Dose Constraints

Purpose: To develop a procedure for including dose constraints in convex programming-based approaches to treatment planning, and to support dynamic modification of such constraints during planning. Methods: We present a mathematical approach that allows mean dose, maximum dose, minimum dose and dose volume (i.e., percentile) constraints to be appended to any convex formulation of an inverse planning problem. The first three constraint types are convex and readily incorporated. Dose volume constraints are not convex, however, so we introduce a convex restriction that is related to CVaR-based approaches previously proposed in the literature. To compensate for the conservatism of this restriction, we propose a new two-pass algorithm that solves the restricted problem on a first pass and uses this solution to form exact constraints on a second pass. In another variant, we introduce slack variables for each dose constraint to prevent the problem from becoming infeasible when the user specifies an incompatible set of constraints. We implement the proposed methods in Python using the convex programming package cvxpy in conjunction with the open source convex solvers SCS and ECOS. Results: We show, for several cases taken from the clinic, that our proposed method meets specified constraints (often with margin) when they are feasible. Constraints are met exactly when we use the two-pass method, and infeasible constraints are replaced with the nearest feasible constraint when slacks are used. Finally, we introduce ConRad, a Python-embedded free software package for convex radiation therapy planning. ConRad implements the methods described above and offers a simple interface for specifying prescriptions and dose constraints. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of using modifiable dose constraints in a convex formulation, making it practical to guide the treatment planning process with interactively specified dose constraints. This work was supported by the Stanford BioX Graduate Fellowship and NIH Grant 5R01CA176553.
Introduction: The Tension between Science and Politics

When Woodrow Wilson was still Governor of New Jersey in 1912, he made a statement exposing his strong feelings about his responsibilities to democracy: What I fear, therefore, is a government of experts. God forbid that in a democratic country we should resign the task and give the government over to experts. What are we for if we are to be scientifically taken care of by a small number of gentlemen who are the only men who understand the job? Because if we don’t understand the job, then we are not a free people. We ought to resign our free institutions and go to school to somebody and find out what it is we are about. (cited in Smith 1991, pp. 1–2)
Towards a timing attack aware high-level synthesis of integrated circuits

Variabilities in the execution time of integrated circuits are frequently exploited as a side channel attack to expose secret information of deployed systems. Standard countermeasures analyze and change the explicit timing behavior in lower level hardware description languages, but their application is time consuming and error-prone. In this paper we investigate the integration of timing attack resilience into the high-level synthesis (HLS). HLS translates programs expressed in higher level programming languages, such as C, seamlessly to synthesizable hardware. We use timing annotations of basic blocks in C to add scheduling constraints that in the synthesis process balance the execution time of security-related execution branches. We integrate our approach to the scheduling of the open source LegUp HLS tool and apply the proposed method for the asymmetric cryptography algorithms RSA and ECC. The results proof the resistance against timing attacks, with a negligible overhead in synthesis efforts, area, and run-time.
Abstract 407: Use of Micellarized Cholesteryl Ester to Generate Macrophage Foam Cells

Background Development of foam cells for Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCT) studies uses the technique of receptor dependent macrophage loading with radiolabeled acetylated LDL. For various reasons this technique is tedious, less reliable and less reproducible. Our goal is to develop foam cells loaded Cholesteryl Ester (CE) in a receptor independent manner and facile manner. Methods We micellarized highly nonpolar Cholesterol or CE in aqueous solution of Lyso phosphatidylcholine (Lyso PtdCho) to generate mixed micelles. RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages were incubated with Cholesterol or CE (unlabeled and fluorescently labeled-NBD cholesterol)/ Lyso PtdCho mixed micelles. The presence of fluorescent Cholesterol and CE was documented by fluorescence microscopy. Foam cell macrophages were detected by Oil-red O staining. Results In the presence of Lyso PtdCho, Cholesterol or CE readily formed mixed micelles, generating a clear solution in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation of Cholesterol or CE rich micelles with macrophages resulted in the uptake of these micelles as noted by fluorescence and Oil-red O staining. Conclusions Foam cells developed by this technique could be used for RCT studies. This technique can be manipulated to enrich cells in vitro with various non-polar molecules and could be used to develop different cell based assays.
Endomitotic MKs Undergo Cortical Contraction during Anaphase but Do Not Complete Furrow Ingression.

Abstract Megakaryocytes (MKs) develop high degrees of polyploidy in the course of normal maturation through a process called endomitosis. Previous studies have shown that endomitotic MKs abort anaphase after sister chromatid separation, and studies using fixed cells have shown that a midzone is formed in anaphase but that a well-developed cleavage furrow is not. However, studies in fixed cells may miss transient dynamic events that are critical for evaluating potential mechanisms of failed cytokinesis in endomitosis. Therefore we have used live cell imaging as a tool to further define the ability of primary endomitotic MKs to furrow during anaphase. We imaged mouse marrow MKs expressing tubulin fused to YFP, acquiring brightfield and fluorescent images every 2 minutes. Endomitotic cells were identified by the formation of a multipolar spindle, and anaphase was defined as the point at which separation of spindle poles was visible. The extent of cell shape change following anaphase was determined visually and also by measuring the circularity of the cell, with a perfectly round cell having a circularity value of 1. We found that 56% of endomitotic MKs underwent some shape change (n=25), visible as localized indentation, protrusion or elongation of the cell cortex, with an average reduction in circularity of 0.043 occurring a mean of 14.6 minutes after the initiation of anaphase. After an average of 7.8 minutes the cells generally reverted to a round shape without completing furrow ingression. In contrast, a typical mitotic control cell showed a reduction in circularity of 0.443 occurring 8 minutes after the start of anaphase and resulting in the formation of two cells (see Figure 1, representative cells). To determine if the shape change seen in endomitosis after anaphase is dependent on RhoA, we imaged MKs in the presence of the RhoA inhibitor C3 toxin. Although 2 μg/ml C3 toxin blocked cytokinesis in diploid control cells, it did not measurably alter the frequency (44%, n=16) or degree of shape change (0.039) in endomitotic MKs following anaphase, although treatment did appear to delay shape change (onset occurring a mean of 24.8 min after anaphase) and prolong the period of cortical contractility. Therefore although endomitotic MKs exhibit a phase of increased cortical contractility following anaphase, it is not solely dependent on the activity of RhoA and it does not result in sustained furrow ingression. Live cell imaging represents a powerful new tool for dissecting the mechanisms of endomitosis. Download : Download high-res image (80KB) Download : Download full-size image