cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of short-chain Fatty acids extracted from beef cattle manure on germination and seedling development.

Composted and fresh beef cattle manure samples were extracted with distilled water, acetone, methanol, 2 N sodium hydroxide, 2 N hydrochloric acid, and ether. Bioassay techniques, using the extracts, showed that composted manure extracts had limited effect on seed germination and seeding development of wheat and sorghum. All the extracts of fresh manure, other than distilled water, retarded germination. Acetic, butyric, propionic, valeric, and isovaleric acids were found in ether extracts of fresh manure at average concentrations of 348, 876, 578, 34, and 19 μg/g, respectively, on a dry-weight basis. However, only trace amounts of these acids were present in composted manure. Propionic acid up to the 200-μg/ml level stimulated seedling growth. Acetic and butyric below the 200-μg/ml level had no detrimental or beneficial effects on seedling development. When acetic, butyric, and propionic acids were mixed in equal parts, germination and seedling growth were reduced at all levels (50 to 500 μg/ml).
Term-Rewriting Implementation of Equational Logic Programming

In 1975 I started a small project to explore the consequences of implementing equational programs with no semantic compromises. Latest results include a compiler that executes exactly the logical consequences of an equational program, with run-time speed comparable to compiled Franz LISP. This paper describes the accomplishments of the project very briefly, concentrating on shortcomings and directions for future work.
Low Back Pain and Associated Imaging Findings among HIV‐Infected Patients Referred to an HIV/Palliative Care Clinic

Author(s): Molony, Elizabeth; Westfall, Andrew O; Perry, Brian A; Tucker, Rodney; Ritchie, Christine; Saag, Michael; Mugavero, Michael; Sullivan, Joseph C; Merlin, Jessica S | Abstract: BackgroundLow back pain is a common cause of chronic pain in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The American College of Physicians and American Pain Society guidelines for diagnostic imaging in low back pain are difficult to apply to patients with chronic illnesses like HIV who may have risk factors for cancer or compression fractures, but whether imaging all such patients for low back pain improves outcomes is unknown.ObjectiveOur objective was to describe patients referred to a chronic pain-focused HIV/palliative care clinic (HPCC) with back pain and their associated lumbar spine imaging findings.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review of patients at a palliative care clinic that sees patients with HIV, most of whom have chronic pain. Charts with a diagnosis of low back pain were cross-referenced with an imaging database and any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine with or without contrast were identified.ResultsSeventy-six of 137 patients referred to the HPCC were found to have back pain. These patients were mainly young (median age 45, interquartile range 40-51) with well-controlled HIV. Twenty-two (29%) of these patients had an MRI of the lumbar spine, and 11 (50%) of these warranted follow-up, most of whom had degenerative disc disease, including four with findings concerning for malignancy.DiscussionThis is the first study to explore the role of spinal imaging in HIV-infected patients. In our study, four patients had findings concerning for malignancy. These findings suggest that spinal imaging should be considered in the work up of HIV-infected patients with moderate to severe back pain.
Exact Controllability of an Elastic Membrane Coupled With a Potential Fluid

We consider the problem of boundary control of an elastic system with coupling to a potential equation. The potential equation represents the linearized motions of an incompressible inviscid fluid in a cavity bounded in part by an elastic membrane. Sufficient control is placed on a portion of the elastic membrane to insure that the uncoupled membrane is exactly controllable. The main result is that if the density of the fluid is sufficiently small, then the coupled system is exactly controllable.
A Metal-to-Dielectric Waveguide Transition with Application to Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits

In this paper we describe the development of an efficient, low-loss transition from a conventional metal waveguide to a planar dielectric guide of rectangular cross section. Such a transition finds important application in millimeter-wave integrated circuits. We show that for a given length of the flared horn used for launching energy into the dielectric waveguide, the insertion loss of the transition can be reduced to a very low figure by choosing the flare angle of the horn appropriately.
2,4,4‐Trimethylcyclopentanone

2,4,4-Trimethylcyclopentanone reactant: 20 ml. (0.16 mole) of boron trifluoride etherate product: 2,4,4-trimethylcyclopentanone byproduct: 2-formyl-2,4,4-trimethylcyclopentanone byproduct: 3,5,5-trimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione Keywords: decarbonylation; rearrangements
Affect of residual F18-FDG on standard uptake values

2220 Objectives: Standard uptake value (SUV) measurements for PET are used by physicians for quality control, response to therapy, and diagnostic purposes. Accurate patient weight, activity, and time that activity was administered are very important in calculating SUVs. The purpose of this study was to observe the affects of residual syringe F18-FDG on SUVs. Methods: We measured the residual syringe activity after administration of F18-FDG to 10 patients and recorded it along with the number of times the technologist rinsed the syringe. The studies were completed per protocol on a PET/CT scanner (Philips Gemini GXL 16, Milpitas, CA) and processed using factory supplied software. Initial processing was done using the original activity and Syntegra software (Philips). Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn around the liver, bladder, brain, and lesions, if present. The slice, volume, minimum SUV, maximum SUV, and mean SUV for each ROI was recorded. The ROIs were then saved for later use. Activity was adjusted by subtracting the residual activity from the original activity and then the studies were reprocessed using the actual activity administered. Using Syntegra and the previously saved ROIs, SUVs were recalculated. The min, max, and mean SUVs were recorded using the volume of ROI and the slice number as quality control measures. Differences and percent error were calculated between the original activity used and the actual activity for each ROI that was drawn. Results: It was determined that the changes in SUV are proportional to the residual activity. The percent of the total activity that was left in the syringe is directly proportional to the change in SUV observed. The change in terms of percent error was the same for the min, max, and mean SUVs for every ROI with variations between patients. The percent error for the 10 patients ranged from 5.414% to 1.659% with an average of 2.946%. The standard deviation between all SUVs calculated for each patient ranged from .0042933 to .00003043 with an average of .00081249. Conclusions: Residual syringe F18-FDG has minimal affects on SUV and the differences observed are considered insignificant and would be dictated as no change by our physicians.
The Processes of Social Construction in Talk

Sociologists have paid a great deal of attention to the idea that many aspects of human life are socially constructed. However, there has been far less attention to the concrete interactional processes by which this construction occurs. In particular, scholars have neglected how consensual meaning is constructed in verbal interaction. This article outlines nine generic construction tools used in everyday talk, based on a review and synthesis of past work. These tools fall into three general categories: building blocks, linking devices, and finishing devices. The authors argue that scholars must pay greater attention to the interactional nature of social construction, and discuss three interactional processes that are central to the social construction of meaning in talk: challenge, support, and non-response. The article presents concrete illustrations of these processes using examples from focus group discussions about gender and violence. These micro-interactional processes often reproduce, sometimes modify, and (more rarely) resist larger institutions and structures, and thus are indispensable to understanding social life.
Vertebrate Use at Early Colonies on the Southeastern Coasts of Eastern North America

Data from early European-sponsored colonies on the coasts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico in southeastern North America (USA) indicate that transformations in vertebrate use occurred quickly. Over half of the vertebrate individuals in a Spanish collection associated with the first permanent European settlement on the Atlantic coast (Florida), British collections associated with Charles Towne (South Carolina), and French collections from the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico (Alabama and Mississippi) are local wild vertebrates. This use of wild vertebrates occurred regardless of a colony’s national affiliation, the ethnicity of the colonists, or the century in which colonization occurred.
Spatial analysis of child pedestrian and bicycle crashes: Development of safety performance function for areas adjacent to schools

Pedestrian and bicycle safety for school-aged children is a particular concern as traffic crashes continue to be a leading cause of death for children 5 to 14 years old. For this concern to be addressed, Safe Routes to School (SRTS) programs have been implemented in communities across the country, with one of the primary objectives being to provide safe and convenient routes for children to walk or bike to school. Unfortunately, SRTS programs allocate limited funding for such projects. Consequently, it is imperative that programs are implemented at locations where they are likely to have the greatest impact. The primary focus of this study was to develop a safety performance function (SPF) for use in prioritizing candidate schools for SRTS programs. Traffic crashes over a 5-year analysis period were examined and linked to data that included the school enrollment, the socioeconomic and demographic data for each school district, and the functional class of the roadway on which each school was located. Schoo...
Community Murals: Strength for the Struggle

This article describes the author's social work internship with K'inal Antsetik, a women's weaving cooperative comprised of indigenous Mayan women throughout the state of Chiapas, Mexico. The author reflects on the significance of art in community empowerment based on her internship experiences with the women of Pueblo Nuevo Sitala and their community mural project.
Ukraine's relations with the West since the Orange Revolution

Abstract This article argues that many of Ukraine's problems are long-standing and remain unresolved because government policies are virtual (i.e. do not conform to official documents or statements) thereby reducing the effectiveness of the West's (here understood primarily as NATO and the EU) engagement with Ukraine and the ability of Kyiv to pursue its declared foreign policy objectives. The article discusses Ukraine's relations with the West through cycles of Disinterest, Partnership and Disillusionment. Under Presidents Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma three cycles equated to Kravchuk's presidency (Disinterest, 1991–94), Kuchma's first term (Partnership, 1994–99) and second term (Disillusionment, 2000–04). Three cycles partially repeated itself during Viktor Yushchenko's presidency with Partnership (2005–06) after the Orange Revolution followed by Disillusionment (2007–09), often described as ‘Ukraine fatigue’. US Disinterest in Ukraine from 2009 is an outgrowth of the Barrack Obama administrations ‘...
Heat capacity and stability of monoclinic selenium

Abstract Heat capacities of monoclinic selenium have been measured by computer interfaced differential scanning calorimetry from 100 to 379 K. Using literature data for low temperature heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies, and free enthalpies are calculated up to the zero entropy production melting temperature of 413 K. A comparison with trigonal selenium shows that there is no floor temperature for the stability of trigonal selenium. Monoclinic selenium is metastable relative to trigonal selenium at all temperatures.
Distribution of ‘Non-specific’ cholinesterase-containing neurons in the dorsal thalamus of the rat

This report describes the distribution of histochemically identified 'non-specific' cholinesterase (ChE)-containing neurons in the dorsal thalamus of the rat. Juvenile or young adult Long-Evans or Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrificed by formalin perfusion. Some animals received systemic injections of 1.5-2.0 mg/kg DFP 4-24 h prior to sacrifice. Separate series of 50 micron frozen sections were processed for cholinesterase histochemistry using acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine, or propionylthiocholine as substrates. Adjacent sections processed with each of the 3 substrates allowed comparison of the distributions of neurons containing the histochemical reaction products. Neurons containing moderate to high concentrations of ChE reaction product were found in 3 distinct regions of the dorsal thalamus. First, neurons staining intensely for ChE were found in a cluster that corresponds to the thalamic reuniens nucleus. Second, a cluster of neurons staining intensely for ChE was found in a region that included the lateral part of the central lateral nucleus and extended laterally into the ventral-lateral part of the lateral dorsal nucleus. Third, moderate ChE staining was observed in the neurons of the anterior dorsal nucleus. Of these regions, only the anterior dorsal nucleus shows moderate to high levels of acetylcholinesterase. The function of ChE in normal brain function is unknown. It is particularly interesting, however, that the thalamic nuclei containing ChE-positive neurons send thalamocortical projections to the medial limbic cortex, including cingulate, retrosplenial and subicular cortices.
Developmentally regulated expression of pleiotrophin, a novel heparin binding growth factor, in the nervous system of the rat.

Abstract Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a newly identified heparin-binding growth factor which is closely related to the retinoic acid-inducible MK protein. PTN is expressed at high levels in perinatal brain and promotes neurite outgrowth from embryonic brain neurons and mitogenesis in fibroblasts, suggesting that it may play an important role in the development of the nervous system. We have used in situ hybridization to examine PTN expression in the developing and adult rat nervous systems. During embryogenesis, PTN mRNA is primarily expressed by neuroglial progenitor cells in the subependymal layer of the central nervous system (CNS), whereas during the perinatal period high levels of PTN transcripts are found in neurons as well as glial elements (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). In the adult brain, PTN expression is markedly decreased relative to early postnatal brain and, in contrast to the neuronal and glial expression observed in young animals, is confined to specific neuronal subpopulations (especially hippocampal CA1–3 regions, cerebral cortex laminae II–IV). PTN is also expressed in the developing spinal cord and eye. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), PTN mRNA is present in ganglionic neurons during embryogenesis. In adult ganglia, however, PTN expression becomes localized to the satellite cells of the ganglia. The developmental pattern of PTN expression in the CNS and the ‘switch’ in expression from neurons to satellite cells in the PNS suggests that it has important functions not only in the developing nervous system, but also in the adult CNS and PNS and that the functions performed by this growth factor change during ontogeny. We have also found that levels of PTN mRNA are dramatically but transiently elevated in neurons of the hippocampus, piriform cortex and parietal cortex following a chemically induced seizure, indicating that neuronal PTN mRNA expression is increased by intense physiological stimuli and may play a role in the response to these stimuli.
Symposium: Hardware and software

The five papers presented in this session covered a very wide range of topics from EMG biofeedback training to the timing of events under the control of multiprogrammed real-time systems. The first paper by Pope and Gersten describes a computer-based system for response-contingent EMG biofeedback-assisted relaxation training. The paper describes the basic shaping procedure for the relaxation response, the hardware (a 24K Nova 2/10), and the operation of the shaping program. I feel that the primary audience for this paper will be individuals who are working in the field of biofeedback and are interested in developing computer based systems for their own research and clinical work. The next two papers, plus others given at a previous meeting (e.g., Cohen & Massaro, 1976; Poltrock & Mathews, 1976), should provide the reader with a reasonably complete introduction to computer-based systems for the generation and presentation of auditory stimuli. The paper by Knight is a very nice tutorial presentation of the logic and basic hardware and software requirements for the manipulation of digitized speech. Knight focuses on the problems of using a small computer (4K of memory) to perform such experiments, but I feel that his discussion is applicable to any size system. The presentation by Gillman, Wilson, Morse, and Kent! describes a complete system for the synthesis of speech and non speech stimuli, the recording of digitized waveforms, and the preparation of stimulus sequences for experimental use. The system uses Klatt's (1977) digital speech synthesizer for the by-art generation of speech stimuli. The system is written in FORTRAN IV, and its authors claim that it is portable. However, the hardware requirements are nontrivial. The system requires a fast 32K machine with a large amount of disk shortage and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. I have some reservations about the claim of portability, but this system represents an important contribution even if this claim is not true. Study of the write-ups, user manuals, and code (available from the authors) would
Parkinson's Disease: Follow-up After “Drug Holiday”

Long-term management of patients with Parkinson's disease includes close monitoring and frequent dose adjustment. In a small selected group of patients, complete withdrawal of L-dopa (drug holiday) and slow reintroduction of lower doses of this drug assured continued benefit for six to 24 months. We studied 45 drug holidays in 45 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Average preholiday L-dopa dose was 2,970 mg/d; at 24 months, it was 263 mg/d. The drug holiday resulted in reduced adverse drug effects (dyskinesias, "on-off" phenomenon, hallucinations, and confusion), and improved functional ratings at one, six, 12, and 24 months after the drug holiday.
Organization of a cluster of four chorion genes in Drosophila and its relationship to developmental expression and amplification.

Abstract Four chorion genes, coding for low-molecular-weight proteins produced chiefly toward the end of choriogenesis, are clustered within 6 kb of DNA in region 66D. All four genes amplify to the same extent during development, but are not equally expressed into RNA. The quantitative as well as temporal differences in RNA accumulation indicate that, in addition to coordinate amplification, choriogenesis entails the regulated expression of individual genes. If this regulation operates through differential transcription, it may be related to the organization of genes in individual, directly oriented transcription units, as opposed to the divergent, coordinately expressed gene pairs characteristic of the silkmoth chorion locus. DNase I hypersensitive sites flank all three chorion genes examined. Only one gene, s15-1, shows a bimodal temporal profile of RNA accumulation, the first peak of which may possibly indicate a link between transcription and the onset of amplification.
On the nature of the adrenergic neuron extragranular amine binding site.

Rat heart slices were incubated with tritium-labeled norepinephrine (NE) or other related amines, exposed to amphetamine or electric field stimulation, and the tritium efflux measured. Pretreatment with reserpine plus the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pheniprazine, greatly decreased NE efflux following field stimulation, but markedly enhanced amphetamine-induced NE efflux. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished this effect of amphetamine. Treatment of slices with guanethidine,α-methylnorepinephrine or amantadine also abolished or greatly diminished the amphetamine effect, while phenoxybenzamine or tetrabenazine were without effect. Although amphetamine also released metaraminol, an amine shown to be granule bound even in reserpine-treated systems, amantadine did not, suggesting that amantadine releases amines specifically from an extragranular neuronal binding site. A comparison of release of various amines by field stimulation (a measure of granule amine) and amantadine (a measure of extragranular amine) indicated that the extragranular binding site prefers amines with a catechol group (NE and dopamine) to those without (octopamine, tyramine) and that the beta hydroxyl group is not a significant factor in binding. The extragranular binding site may normally serve as a link in the intraneuronal catecholamine transport system.
Determination of 17,21-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma.

When Nelson and Samuels (1) published the method for the determination of 17,21-hydroxycorticosteroids in blood plasma, a number of important details were not given. Some were omitted in order to save space; the importance of others was not recognized at the time. Since many workers who are trying to use the method are encountering difficulty because of neglect of these details, it seems important to publish them so that other workers may avoid such pitfalls. A. Preparation of blood plasma: Heparin is preferable as an anticoagulant, since a hazy solution is occasionally obtained in the final reaction when citrate is used. This is probably because traces of the calcium salt are carried through the solvent systems and precipitate as calcium sulfate in the strong sulfuric acid. The blood should be centrifuged immediately after drawing the sample, in order to separate cells and plasma. Normally, the peripheral plasma contains at least 90 per cent of the compounds being measured, but if blood is allowed to sta...
Systematic identification of polyhedral rock blocks with arbitrary joints and faults

Abstract The problem of automatic identification of three dimensional rock blocks formed by discontinuities such as joints and faults is studied in this paper. An algorithm and its simulation results for identification of rock blocks are presented. A dynamic link list associated with the algorithm is employed to realize the representation of a polyhedron as well as its forming process by topological identification. Attention is focused on the simplification and the realization of the blocky structure recognition system. Two typical examples are given, one for a blocky structure with all convex polyhedra, and the other with polyhedra of convex and concave geometries. The rock block generator is served as a pre-processor for discrete element method (DEM) using polyhedral elements or for other methods such as block theory (BT) and discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The computer simulation can also be extended to rock block identification involving curved joints and faults.
The value of healthcare data in ophthalmology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The healthcare system creates a vast amount of data that are utilized by a wide variety of entities for a multitude of purposes. Physicians have traditionally been unable to control who has access to their data or how their data are used. The widespread adoption of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) by physicians will create a larger and more valuable healthcare data market with broad implications for the healthcare system. It is, therefore, important for physicians to understand the evolving healthcare data market and the importance of maintaining ownership of and control over their electronic health data. RECENT FINDINGS Several entities, including private health insurance companies, federal payers, medical societies, and pharmaceutical companies are increasingly utilizing healthcare data to drive reimbursement policies and commercial initiatives. SUMMARY Given the critical importance that EHR data will play in multiple aspects of the healthcare industry, it is in physicians' interest to maintain ownership and control of the healthcare data that they generate. It would be prudent for physicians to exercise caution before relinquishing data rights to entities that may sell the data to payers or other customers with whom physicians' interests may not be aligned.
Insertional inactivation of the L13a ribosomal protein gene of Drosophila melanogaster identifies a new Minute locus

We have utilized a transposable P element construct to scan the genome for modifiers of Drosophila Notch pathway phenotypes. From a collection of 2000 inserts we obtained two enhancers and one suppressor. Sequence analysis of the insertion regions demonstrated that two modifiers affect known components of the Notch pathway, whereas the third is an insert in the gene encoding ribosomal protein L13a at cytogenetic region 83B6-7. The insert in the RpL13A coding region creates a classic Minute mutation which enhances Notch pathway wing phenotypes. This report adds RpL13A to the list of Drosophila ribosomal protein genes that cause Minute phenotypes when mutated.
A stocks and flows approach to a theory of human migration with examples from past Irish migration.

While scientists from many disciplines have contributed to the understanding of specific instances of human migration, there is need for a more general theory of voluntary migration. This paper presents and tests (using data on Irish migration) an economic model which could serve as the core of a multidisciplinary general theory. The economic model postulates earnings differentials between countries and regions as the proximate cause of the generation of a stock of migrants. As a result of institutional barriers, personal inertia, incomplete knowledge of earnings differentials, etc., not all of the existing stock becomes a flow of migrants in any year. Application of this model to migration between different countries or between the same countries at different time periods can be of value to scientists in many disciplines in isolating the underlying causes for differing rates of awareness of and response to earnings differentials by potential migrants.
Chronic leptin treatment normalizes basal glucose transport in a fiber type-specific manner in high-fat[ndash ]fed rats

Abstract The aim of this investigation was to determine if a high-fat diet impaired and subsequent leptin administration improved non[ndash ]insulin-stimulated (basal) glucose transport in rodents. Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 1 of 2 groups: (1) normal diet (control [CON], n = 8) or (2) high-fat diet (n = 16) and received standard rat chow or a high-fat diet, respectively, for 12 weeks. The high-fat diet animals were then further subdivided into high fat (HF) (n = 8) or high-fat-leptin (HF-LEP) (n = 8) groups. The HF-LEP animals were injected with leptin (10 mg leptin/kg/d), while the CON and HF animals received vehicle over a 12-day treatment period. Following the 12-day treatment period, all animals were subjected to hind limb perfusion to assess rates of basal skeletal muscle 3-O-methyl- D -glucose (3-MG) transport. Compared with the CON group, rates of 3-MG transport were reduced in the soleus (sol) and plantaris (plant) of the HF, but not the HF-LEP animals. Differences in skeletal muscle 3-MG transport could not be accounted for by an altered GLUT1 protein concentration. In contrast, a high-fat diet reduced and chronic leptin treatment normalized the skeletal muscle GLUT4 protein concentration. The results indicate that a high-fat diet reduces and subsequent leptin treatment improves basal skeletal muscle glucose transport in a fiber-type-specific manner, but these changes do not appear to be due to alterations in the GLUT1 protein concentration.
Physiology and electrical activity of uterine contractions

Presently, there is no effective treatment for preterm labor. The most obvious reason for this anomaly is that there is no objective manner to evaluate the progression of pregnancy through steps leading to labor, either at term or preterm. Several techniques have been adopted to monitor labor, and/or to diagnose labor, but they are either subjective or indirect, and they do not provide an accurate prediction of when labor will occur. With no method to determine preterm labor, treatment might never improve. Uterine electromyography (EMG) methods may provide such needed diagnostics.
Advanced Computing in Electron Microscopy, Earl J. Kirkland 1998. Plenum Press, New York and London. 260 pages. ($72.50)

The recent observation of Bucky-tubes by S. Iijima using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) represents the first occasion in which a useful new material, subsequently available in commercial quantities, has been discovered by high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). More commonly, the HREM method has been used for microcharacterization of materials at the atomic level, and for phase identification of submicrometer-sized microphases and polytypes.
Examining Remarried Couples Through a Bowenian Family Systems Lens

Abstract Literature and research has focused little on the spousal subsystem in remarriages. Through the application of Bowen family systems theory, this paper examines the complexities within the spousal subsystem in remarriages. Many remarried couples are plagued with anxiety that stems from unresolved issues in their previous marriage. By acknowledging the influence of their previous marriage, couples are able to work through this anxiety and are able to raise their levels of differentiation, maintain an “I position,” and become less emotionally reactive.
Why sacrifice rigour for relevance? A proposal for combining laboratory and field research in strategic management

Two of the most common objections to laboratory research in strategic management are presented and critically evaluated. Commonly accepted normative models of the research process in strategic management are based on the assumption that field research is appropriate in an emerging field and that laboratory research is only appropriate after sufficient field research has been done. The alternative normative model for research in strategic management presented in this paper involves the simultaneous use of laboratory and field methodologies.
Treatment of acute and chronic injuries to the posterolateral and lateral knee

Abstract Acute and chronic posterolateral injury is often associated with cruciate injury. Surgical reconstructions for acuteposterolateral instability achieve better results than reconstructions for chronic posterolateral instability, and whenever possible, we perform acute reconstruction of posterolateral injury. First, any associated cruciate injury is reconstructed. Then the posterolateral corner is exposed through an open lateral incision. We attempt to anatomically repair or reconstruct the major supporting structures of the posterolateral corner. They are the lateral collateral ligament, the popliteus, and the popliteofibular ligament. In acute injury we first attempt direct repair, advancement and recession, or augmentation. Occasionally, reconstruction with patellar tendon autografts or allografts or with achilles allografts is required. In the patient with chronic posterolateral instability and varus alignment, a proximal valgus tibial osteotomy is performed. If required, additional posterolateral reconstruction is performed on a staged basis. In the patient with chronic posterolateral instability and valgus alignment, reconstruction with patellar tendon or Achilles allograft is performed. This article reviews the techniques for reconstruction of acute and chronic injuries to the popliteofibular ligament, and popliteal attachment to the tibia and the lateral collateral ligament.
Attachment style and the cognitive representation of communication situations

The purpose of this study is to examine differences in the way communication situations are perceived among those with different attachment styles. The study examined the complexity of Secure, Avoidant, and Anxious/ambivalent's cognitive representations of other people and found that those with secure attachment styles to be slightly higher in cognitive complexity, on average, than those with avoidant and anxious/ambivalent styles. Further, this study found differences among the attachment styles in the way people think about interpersonal interactions. Using both categorical and continuous measures of attachment style, this study found that those with more secure attachment beliefs think about themselves as more skilled in seeking the affinity of others and define communication situations as more rewarding and attractive. Those with avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachment styles, on the other hand, were found to perceive interpersonal situations as less rewarding, less attractive, and less useful in g...
Die Astrologie der Antike

This survey of classical astrology is in three parts: a) a summary of its rich and eventful history from the Babylonians to the Renaissance; b) the methods of calculation which remained the same throughout the period, based on the planets, the zodiac and the “twelve houses”; c) an analysis of astrological thought, which is quite different from any modern approach; providing a rigid interpretation of the universe, it granted confort and security. It presents a curious combination of religion and science: the physics is the one forwarded by the stoics, with an equal balance of the four elements, and the microcosmic economy within the soul representing the macrocosmic one; but such a determinism is in contradiction with the Stoics' sense of responsability which presupposes free will.
Ammonia volatilization from surface-applied, fresh and composted poultry litter

Poultry litter is a mixture of excreta, bedding material, and waste feed, which is generated in large amounts by the poultry industry. This material is usually applied to pastures as fertilizer. Application of poultry litter on the soil surface can lead to high NH3 volatilization losses due in part to a high rate of N mineralization. Composted poultry litter has a lower rate of N mineralization than fresh poultry litter and, therefore, should show lower NH3 losses. The first objective of this work was to compare N mineralized and NH3 volatilized from fresh and composted poultry litter applied on the soil surface. When poultry litter is applied to pastures, a fraction of the material falls on top of a thatch layer, which prevents direct contact with the soil and may, therefore, affect NH3 volatilization. The second objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of a thatch layer on N mineralized and NH3 volatilized from surface-applied, fresh poultry litter. Moist samples from two soils were packed in acrylic cylinders to achieve 55% water-filled-porosity. Two composted litters were applied on the soil surface and fresh poultry litter was applied either directly on the soil surface or on a thatch layer. All samples were incubated at 25°C for 56 days, with NH3 volatilized measured during the first 21 days. Cumulative NH3 losses in 21 days ranged form 17 to 31% of the applied N for fresh poultry litter, and from 0 to 0.24% of the applied N for composted poultry litter. Application of fresh poultry litter on fescue thatch reduced the initial rate of NH3 volatilization but did not affect the total amount of NH3 volatilized in 21 days.
Probability of failure per flight computations for aircraft systems

Aircraft systems are usually designed with highly reliable components by employing fault-tolerant architectures and redundancy management techniques. To further enhance the reliability and safety of aircraft, the components of these systems are checked or repaired at the end of periodic intervals of time, called maintenance check intervals. Depending on the criticality and functionality of the components, some are inspected prior to each flight, and others are inspected at different check intervals that coincide with airline scheduled maintenance. In addition, some components are monitored continuously using online automatic monitoring devices. Due to imperfect monitoring and maintenance check intervals that span multiple flights, failure of some redundant components cannot be identified immediately. Hence, a functional system can have latent failures in its redundant components. The probability of failure in such cases varies from flight to flight due to the different exposure times for the system components. This leads to an “average probability of failure per flight or flight hour” concept. This paper proposes a computationally efficient method for evaluating the average probability of failure per flight for aircraft systems considering generic system configurations, maintenance check intervals, backup units and latent failures, monitoring systems, and flight duration.
Polarization and asymmetry in the 3He(d,p)4He reaction II

Abstract An excellent fit is obtained for both the reaction polarization P ( φ ) and the left-right asymmetry A ( φ ) for the protons from the reaction 3 He(d,p) 4 He. The possible implications of the successful channel-channel coupling potential on the reaction process are presented.
Microstructural Mobility of the Polymeric Gate Insulator Affecting Pentacene Charge Transport

Organic semiconductor-dielectric interfacial characteristics play a critical role in influencing organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) performance characteristics. In this study, we report new insights into how the bulk/surface physicochemical characteristics of the gate insulator modulate the thin-film growth mode, microstructure, and OTFT performance parameters of pentacene films deposited on bilayer polymer (top)-SiO2 (bottom) gate insulators. The results demonstrate that the pentacene growth mode varies substantially with the dielectric/substrate, and correlations are established between pentacene film growth mode, the thin-film to bulk microstructural phase transition, and OTFT device performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate here for the first time the key influence of the polymeric insulator layer microstructural mobility on pentacene film growth mode and OTFT response.
A new global database of Mars impact craters ≥1 km: 1. Database creation, properties, and parameters

[1] Impact craters have been used as a standard metric for a plethora of planetary applications for many decades, including age-dating, geologic mapping and stratigraphic relationships, as tracers for surface processes, and as locations for sampling lower crust and upper mantle material. Utilizing craters for these and other investigations is significantly aided by a uniform catalog of craters across the surface of interest. Consequently, catalogs of craters have been developed for decades for the Moon and other planets. We present a new global catalog of Martian craters statistically complete to diameters D ≥ 1 km. It contains 384,343 craters, and for each crater it lists detailed positional, interior morphologic, ejecta morphologic and morphometric data, and modification state information if it could be determined. In this paper, we detail how the database was created, the different fields assigned, and statistical uncertainties and checks. In our companion paper (Robbins and Hynek, 2012), we discuss the first broad science applications and results of this work.
Dislocation configurations developed during carburization of nickel

Dislocation configurations are shown to develop in nickel single crystals as a result of diffusion of carbon from a vapor source. Since carbon is dissolved interstitially in nickel, the presence of such dislocation configurations demonstrates that lattice parameter changes suffice for generating dislocation arrays and that the vacancy requirements involved in diffusion of substitutionally dissolved atoms are nonessential. In particular, carbon was diffused for 30 min at 1000°C into the (111) surfaces of thick nickel crystals, and the resulting dislocation arrangements in the diffusion zone were examined by etch pitting (111) sections. The dislocation density increases from the “grown-in” 1.5 x 106 per cm2 so that in some regions near that surface it is about 107 per cm2. At least half of all the dislocations appear to be arrayed in subgrain boundaries in these sections. The dislocation density decreases towards the interior until at about 3.5√Dte (√Dt e= 210 μm) it approximates the “grown-in” dislocation density, but even at distances exceeding 0.7√Dte there still exist locally high density regions. These have a regular geometry in which dislocations appear to be on (•111), (1•11) or (11•1) slip planes. The subgrain size is 36 μm near the as-diffused surface and increases, until at 3.5√Dte, it is 160 μm, which is the average subgrain size in the undiffused crystal.
Power, politics, and community development

Across the US, vulnerable communities have been adversely affected by large-scale development led by universities, hospitals, and medical facilities. More often than not, much of the tension around university or hospital expansion has been around traffic congestion, rising land, and housing costs, displacement of lower income individuals, gentrification, and environmental pollution. Using interviews, focus groups, archival data and observant participation, this article analyzes how Jamaica Plain Neighborhood Development Corporation (JPNDC) and other nonprofit community-based organization partners were able to form a public–private partnership with local hospitals, medical facilities, and research organizations that led to a community-focused workforce development and community benefits program in Boston. In addition, this case study demonstrates how Boston became one of the first cities in the country to link development to community-based outcomes and investments aimed at helping some of Boston's most di...
Developmental biology: Heart under construction

Developing organs adapt dynamically to meet the changing needs of a growing organism. A study in zebrafish reveals surprising patterns of muscle growth that reshape the heart as it matures. See Article p.479 Using a conditional multicolour tracing approach, Vikas Gupta and Kenneth Poss have defined the contributions of individual cardiomyocytes to the zebrafish heart as it undergoes morphogenesis from a primitive embryonic structure to its complex adult form. They report that the early developing heart is constructed from numerous cell clones that form a primordial layer. Myocytes in the trabeculated layer arise by delamination from the primordial layer, and then a cortical layer emerges as juveniles mature to adults. Only a small number of cardiomyocytes create adult cortical muscle, displaying clonal dominance that is reminiscent of stem-cell populations.
Cytochrome oxidase staining reveals functionally important activity bands in the olfactory epithelium of newborn rat

We used cytochrome oxidase (CytOx) staining intensity, which is correlated with neuronal functional activity, to evaluate maturity and functionality of newborn rat olfactory epithelium (OE) and olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). Nasal olfactory tissue of neonatal rats was stained with CytOx and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results revealed that newborn OE shows six differentially stained horizontal bands. Bands run parallel to the OE surface and were categorized as very light, medium or darkly stained. A narrow and pale Band 1 overlapped with horizontal basal cells. Next, a wide and lightly stained Band 2 was observed that coincides with the globose basal cell layer and immature ORNs, deep in OE. Next apically, a medium-staining Band 3 overlapped with ORN perikarya. Closer to the surface, a medium to light Band 4 was discerned where dendrites of mature ORNs normally occur. This band was interrupted with lighter areas due to the presence of supporting cells nuclei. Next, a superficial but dark Band 5 occurred, populated by the apical portions of ORN dendrites and their ciliated knobs and by supporting cell apices; mitochondria in apices of supporting cells contribute predominantly to dense staining of this Band 5. Apical to Band 5, a thin and fairly light Band 6 was observed which overlaps with the mucus layer that contains part of the ORN knobs, their cilia and supporting cell microvilli. Along the length of ORN dendrites, apical segments just below the ORN knobs, and wide basal segments showed a darker staining than the middle segments implying "microzones" of higher neural activity within the most apical and basal regions of dendrites. Our findings agree with ultrastructural studies showing a presence of mitochondria in knobs, basal portions of ORN dendrites and in OE supporting cell apices, suggesting that apical regions of both olfactory and supporting cells near the surfaces are metabolically most active, in odorant detection, signal processing, and detoxification, the latter for supporting cells.
Estimating the effects of a calorie-based sugar-sweetened beverage tax on weight and obesity in New York City adults using dynamic loss models.

Abstract Purpose Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) contribute to weight gain and increase the risk of obesity. In this article, we determine the effects of an innovative SSB tax on weight and obesity in New York City adults. Methods Dynamic weight loss models were used to estimate the effects of an expected 5800-calorie reduction resulting from an SSB tax on weight and obesity. Baseline data were derived from the New York City Community Health Survey. One, five, and 10-year simulations of weight loss were performed. Results Calorie reductions resulted in a per-person weight loss of 0.46 kg in year 1 and 0.92 kg in year 10. A total of 5,531,059 kg was expected to be lost over 10 years when weighted to the full New York City adult population. Approximately 50% of overall bodyweight loss occurred within the first year, and 95% within 5 years. Results showed consistent but nonsignificant decreases in obesity prevalence. Conclusions SSB taxes may be viable strategies to reduce obesity when combined with other interventions to maximize effects in the population.
The role of electrical activity in the formation of topographic maps in the nervous system

Abstract The proper functioning of most neural systems is dependent upon their axonal connections being topographically ordered in a precise and characteristic manner. However, in many instances the initial sets of connections established in the developing vertebrate nervous system are diffuse and inaccurate. We discuss here the role that electrical activity appears to play in the refinement of these connections.
A test driven approach for aspectualizing legacy software using mock systems

Aspect-based refactoring, called aspectualization, involves moving program code that implements cross-cutting concerns into aspects. Such refactoring can improve the maintainability of legacy systems. Long compilation and weave times, and the lack of an appropriate testing methodology are two challenges to the aspectualization of large legacy systems. We propose an iterative test driven approach for creating and introducing aspects. The approach uses mock systems that enable aspect developers to quickly experiment with different pointcuts and advice, and reduce the compile and weave times. The approach also uses weave analysis, regression testing, and code coverage analysis to test the aspects. We developed several tools for unit and integration testing. We demonstrate the test driven approach in the context of large industrial C++ systems, and we provide guidelines for mock system creation.