cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND CROSSFLOW VELOCITY ON ULTRAFILTRATION FLUX

Abstract Ultrafiltration in a channel is considered for fluids having power-law viscous models dependent on concentration approximately in exponential fashion. A simple concentration solution profile is made to apply using mass conservation in a steady-state element. The solution applies to pre-gel and gel conditions. The viscous model is shown to affect the results in profound ways. A few observations are made concerning the meaning of gel. The average flux for a membrane channel is predicted to depend on pressure systematically. The flux for a gel-dominated channel is predicted to respond to the shear stress by the fluid on the membrane and thusly on the crossflow velocity. Values of the exponent In(flux)/Invelocity) are 1/3 for laminar flows of all fluids. The exponent exhibits larger values for turbulent flows, being increased for shear-thinning materials. Data for a synthetic polymer and a natural polymer substantiate the predictions. This is the first known publication predicting the form of pressur...
Classic Harmonica Blues

Various Artists, 2012, Barry Lee Pearson and Jeff Place, comp., CD, Smithsonian Folkways SFW CD 40204 For reasons more economic and pragmatic than sonic, the acoustic guitar and the harmonica domin...
The analysis of survival data with a non-susceptible fraction and dual censoring mechanisms

It is known that the ages of onset of many diseases are determined by both a genetic predisposition to disease as well as environmental risk factors that are capable of either triggering or hastening the onset of disease. Difficulties in modelling onset ages arise when a large fraction fail to inherit the disease-causing gene, and multiple reasons for censoring result in unobserved onset ages. We present a parametric Bayesian model that includes subjects with missing age information, non-susceptible subjects and allows for regression on risk factor information. The model is fit using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation from the posterior distribution, and allows the simultaneous estimation of the proportion of the population at risk of disease, the mean onset age of disease, survival after disease onset, and the association of risk factors with susceptibility, onset age and survival after onset. An example employing Huntington's disease data is presented.
Behavior, body types and the irreversibility of evolution

A functional approach to evolutionary morphology is emphasized in this paper. This perspective differs from the current ‘structuralist’ trend, which emphasizes the constraining role of developmental paths. In addition, the present approach agrees with the adaptationist paradigm. It is further argued that three types of phenomena are better understood in this light: i.- the existence of evolutionary trends, ii.- the maintenance of certain structural features within a given taxon, and iii.- the irreversibility of evolution.
Respiratory-induced prostate motion using wavelet decomposition of the real-time electromagnetic tracking signal.

Purpose The objective of this work is to characterize and quantify the impact of respiratory-induced prostate motion. Methods and Materials Real-time intrafraction motion is observed with the Calypso 4-dimensional nonradioactive electromagnetic tracking system (Calypso Medical Technologies, Inc. Seattle, Washington). We report the results from a total of 1024 fractions from 31 prostate cancer patients. Wavelet transform was used to decompose the signal to extract and isolate the respiratory-induced prostate motion from the total prostate displacement. Results Our results show that the average respiratory motion larger than 0.5 mm can be observed in 68% of the fractions. Fewer than 1% of the patients showed average respiratory motion of less than 0.2 mm, whereas 99% of the patients showed average respiratory-induced motion ranging between 0.2 and 2 mm. The maximum respiratory range of motion of 3 mm or greater was seen in only 25% of the fractions. In addition, about 2% patients showed anxiety, indicated by a breathing frequency above 24 times per minute. Conclusions Prostate motion is influenced by respiration in most fractions. Real-time intrafraction data are sensitive enough to measure the impact of respiration by use of wavelet decomposition methods. Although the average respiratory amplitude observed in this study is small, this technique provides a tool that can be useful if one moves to smaller treatment margins (≤5 mm). This also opens ups the possibility of being able to develop patient specific margins, knowing that prostate motion is not unpredictable.
Universality in the Fractional Quantum Hall effect

Abstract In this lectures we review the fermion field theoretic approach to the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect and use it to discuss the origin of its remarkable universality. We discuss the semiclassical expansion around the average field approximation (AFA). We reexamine the AFA and the role of fluctuations. We argue that, order-by-order in the semiclassical expansion, the response functions obey the correct symmetry properties required by Galilean and Gauge Invariance and by the incompressibility of the fluid. In particular, we find that the low-momentum limit of the semiclassical approximation to the response functions is exact and that it saturates the f -sum rule. We discuss the nature of the spectrum of collective excitations of FQHE systems in the low-momentum limit. We applied these results to the problem of the screening of external charges and fluxes by the electron fluid, and obtained asymptotic expressions of the charge and current density profiles, for different types of interactions. The universality of the FQHE is demonstrated by deriving the form of the wave function of the ground state at long distances. We show that the wave functions of the fluid ground states of Fractional Quantum Hall systems, in the thermodynamic limit, are universal at long distances and that they have a generalized Laughlin form. This universality is a consequence of the analytic properties of the equal-time density correlation functions at long distances.
HLA-class II genes modify outcome of Toxoplasma gondii infection

Associations between Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) (i.e. human major histocompatibility complex [MHC]) genes and susceptibility to infections and inflammatory processes have been described, but causal relationships have not been proven. We characterized effects of HLA-DQ alleles on outcome of congenital toxoplasma infection and found that among Caucasians, the DQ3 gene frequency was significantly higher in infected infants with hydrocephalus (0.783) than infected infants without hydrocephalus (0.444) or published normal controls (0.487). We then developed a novel animal model to definitively determine the effect of these HLA DQ molecules on the severity of toxoplasmosis. Human MHC-Class II transgenes reduced parasite burden and necrosis in brains of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Consistent with the observed association between DQ3 and hydrocephalus in human infants, in the murine model the DQ3(DQ8; DQB1*0302) gene protected less than DQ1 (DQ6; DQB1*0601). Our findings definitively prove a cause and effect relationship between human MHC genes and resistance to infection, provide novel means to characterise human immune responses that are protective or pathogenic in infections, and are important for vaccine development.
Hygrophoraceae of the Greater Antilles: Hygrocybe subgenus Hygrocybe

A key to six taxa of Hygrocybe, subgenus Hygrocybe, sections Chlorophanae and Hygrocybe is provided. One species is new and four species are reported for the first time from the Greater Antilles. The new species is H. chimaeroderma (section Chlorophanae). Hygrocybe acutoconica, H. calyptriformis and H. incolor (section Hygrocybe) are reported for the first time, and two new varieties, H. konradii var. antillana and H. calyptriformis var. domingensis (section Hygrocybe) are described. Three new combinations are made: H. acutoconica var. microspora, H. conica var. brevispora and H. luteistipes (section Hygrocybe).
Combinations of Earth-orientation measurements: SPACE97, COMB97, and POLE97

Independent Earth-orientation measurements taken by the space-geodetic techniques of lunar and satellite laser ranging, very-long-baseline interferometry, and the global positioning system have been combined using a Kalman filter. The resulting combined Earth-orientation series, SPACE97, consists of values and uncertainties for universal time, polar motion, and their rates spanning the period 28 September 1976 to 3 January 1998 at daily intervals. The space-geodetic measurements used to generate SPACE97 have then been combined with optical astrometric measurements to form two additional combined Earth-orientation series: (1) COMB97, consisting of values and uncertainties for universal time, polar motion, and their rates spanning the period 20 January 1962 to 1 January 1998 at 5-day intervals, and (2) POLE97, consisting of values and uncertainties for polar motion and its rate spanning the period 20 January 1900 to 21 December 1997 at monthly intervals.
THE NATURE OF DISCIPLINES

Like chemistry, which is a very large field of study (a discipline) with many subareas (embedded disciplines) within it, education is also a large discipline with embedded disciplines, including science education. However, chemistry and other sciences are theoretical disciplines, based on the fact that information within these disciplines is stable. Certain other disciplines in which the information is not as stable are classified as practical or productive, and in these theorizing is limited to small, localized, theories rather than the development of large explanatory models. Since the knowledge in education (including science education) is not particularly stable, this area is a combination of a practical and a productive discipline. Major theories are, then, not possible and research efforts should be directed toward (1) smaller, localized, theories, (2) application of borrowed theories from other disciplines, and (3) stabilization of knowledge.
Using AMOEBA to Create a Spatial Weights Matrix and Identify Spatial Clusters

The creation of a spatial weights matrix by a procedure called AMOEBA, A Multidirectional Optimum Ecotope-Based Algorithm, is dependent on the use of a local spatial autocorrelation statistic. The result is (1) a vector that identifies those spatial units that are related and unrelated to contiguous spatial units and (2) a matrix of weights whose values are a function of the relationship of the ith spatial unit with all other nearby spatial units for which there is a spatial association. In addition, the AMOEBA procedure aids in the demarcation of clusters, called ecotopes, of related spatial units. Experimentation reveals that AMOEBA is an effective tool for the identification of clusters. A comparison with a scan statistic procedure (SaTScan) gives evidence of the value of AMOEBA. Total fertility rates in enumeration districts in Amman, Jordan, are used to show a real-world example of the use of AMOEBA for the construction of a spatial weights matrix and for the identification of clusters. Again, comparisons reveal the effectiveness of the AMOEBA procedure.
The use of eulerian initial conditions in a Lagrangian model of turbulent diffusion

Abstract Plumes from a finite-size, finite-duration source are analyzed by using the random-force or Langevin equation model of turbulent diffusion. Initial conditions at the source are expressed in terms of the Eulerian space-time velocity autocorrelation function. Simple analytic solutions are obtained for the relative diffusion, meandering and total diffusion.
Large introductory science courses & digital libraries

Student self-assessment survey results indicate that a virtual lab experience improved understanding of many key laboratory learning objectives and that the Materials Digital Library (MatDL) has potential value in supporting a virtual lab.
Comparison of internal derangements of the TMJ with occlusal findings

Two hundred five patients were examined because of temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction. Arthrograms were performed on 222 joints (188 unilateral and 17 bilateral). No significant differences were found between arthrographic groups with respect to Angle classification, horizontal and vertical overlap, posterior tooth wear, missing posterior teeth, cuspid-protected occlusion, balancing-side contacts, deflective occlusion, and clenching of the teeth. Tilted teeth on the contralateral side were more common in cases of reducing meniscal dislocation than in cases of normal meniscus position or of nonreducing meniscal dislocation.
Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benzodiazepines. I: Lorazepam

This investigation compares the time course changes in the central nervous system (CNS) impairment effects on psychomotor and cognitive skills and relates these changes to the plasma lorazepam concentrations in a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. Six male subjects received a single oral dose of lorazepam or placebo. The CNS effects were measured by using computerized continuous tracking (TRKN), body sway with eyes open (SWAY OPEN), and digit symbol substitution (DSS) tests. Plasma lorazepam concentrations were best characterized by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption. Plotting the plasma lorazepam concentration and measured effect across time revealed a counterclockwise hysteresis loop. Fitting the time course of the effects in an integrated PK-PD model required an effect compartment with the equilibrium rate constant between it and the plasma compartment. The magnitude of the temporal lag was quantified by the half-time of equilibration between concentration in the hypothetical effect compartment and the plasma lorazepam level (t1/2keo). The CNS effect measured by TRKN was characterized by a mean estimate of maximum predicted effect (Emax) of 418 with a t1/2keo of 0.43 hr, an estimate of effect site drug level to produce 50% of Emax (EC50) of 35.8 ng/ml and a power parameter (gamma) of 6.29. Corresponding parameter mean estimates for SWAY OPEN and DSS as measures of drug CNS effect were quite similar.
IM Online: Instant Messaging Use Among College Students

Research on computer-mediated communication (CMC) has thus far largely overlooked instant messaging (IM), an extremely popular, and increasingly important, form of CMC. This study examines the most prevalent motivations for using IM within what is currently among the largest demographic groups utilizing this tool, college students. Data from 271 students are used to assess current motivations for IM use, its relative (dis)advantages over other communication channels, and its potential displacement of other technologies. Findings indicate that IM usage parallels factors found in other research, although important differences emerge within cross-media comparisons. In addition, respondents exhibited a high capacity for multi-tasking in IM conversations, and results suggest displacement effects, particularly of email by IM. Overall, results of this study shed considerable light on the use of IM among those users who will become increasingly important over time for understanding IM use in the contemporary medi...
A unified potential-based cohesive model of mixed-mode fracture

Abstract A generalized potential-based constitutive model for mixed-mode cohesive fracture is presented in conjunction with physical parameters such as fracture energy, cohesive strength and shape of cohesive interactions. It characterizes different fracture energies in each fracture mode, and can be applied to various material failure behavior (e.g. quasi-brittle). The unified potential leads to both intrinsic (with initial slope indicators to control elastic behavior) and extrinsic cohesive zone models. Path dependence of work-of-separation is investigated with respect to proportional and non-proportional paths—this investigation demonstrates consistency of the cohesive constitutive model. The potential-based model is verified by simulating a mixed-mode bending test. The actual potential is named PPR (Park–Paulino–Roesler), after the first initials of the authors’ last names.
Complexity problems in real time languages

The study of computational complexity is continued under the additional requirement that the Turing machines operate in real time. The work reported here is motivated by that of Rabin [I] which asks implicitly about the computational power of n tape vs. n+1 tape real time Turing machines and that of Hartmanis [2], who attempts a complexity measure for Turing machines in terms of reversals. The first result concerns itself with n tape real time Turing machines operating in a reversal bounded mode. A doubly infinite hierarchy (tapes-reversals) of classes of real time computable functions is shown to exist. The second result deals with n deterministic real time pushdown automata operating independently in parallel. It is shown that an increase in the number of pushdown automata operating in this manner always yields an increase in the computational power of the configuration.
High-dimensional process monitoring and change point detection using embedding distributions in reproducing kernel Hilbert space

High-dimensional process monitoring has become ubiquitous in many domains, which creates tremendous challenges for conventional process monitoring methods. This article proposes a novel Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS)-based control chart that can be applied to high-dimensional processes with sophisticated process distributions to detect a wide range of process changes beyond the ones that are detected by traditional statistical process control methods. Through extensive experiments on both simulated and real-world processes and various kinds of process change patterns, it is shown that the RKHS-based control chart leads to improved statistical stability, fault detection power, and robustness to non-normality as compared with existing methods such as T2 and MEWMA control charts.
Long-term follow-up after pacemaker implantation in neonates and infants.

Background Pacemaker (PM) system implantation in neonates and infants is often complicated by hemodynamic instability, small vessel size, and abnormal cardiovascular anatomy. Thus, an open surgical approach for epicardial lead insertion is often required. We assessed the long-term outcomes after epicardial PM implantation in this age group. Methods Between 1992 and 2004, 22 consecutive patients underwent PM implantation within the first year of life. Bipolar steroid-eluting epicardial leads (Medtronic CapSure Epi 10366 and 4968) were inserted through median sternotomy, the sybxyphoid approach, or thoracotomy, and connected to various pulse generators. Results Pacemakers were implanted at a median age of 35 days (range, 1 to 300). Intracardiac anatomy was abnormal in 17 patients. Indications for PM therapy were heart block in 18 patients and sinus node dysfunction in 4 patients. During a median follow-up of 4.6 years (range, 4 days to 12.8 years), 7 devices were replaced owing to end of battery life (n = 6) or elective device repositioning (n = 1), at a median of 4.1 years (range, 1 to 7.8). One dislodged ventricular lead and 2 atrial lead sensing failures were observed. Sensing, pacing thresholds, and lead impedances showed good implant and stable follow-up values. Conclusions Pacemaker-associated morbidity is low. Pacemaker system complications with epicardial leads are rare. Battery life is relatively shorter compared with children and adults because of the fast heart rate and complete PM dependency in most of these children. Even for neonates and infants, modern pacemaker therapy is feasible, safe, and effective.
Phase transitions and universal dynamics in confined films.

We describe molecular dynamics simulations of fluid films confined between two solid walls. The films consist of spherical molecules, or flexible linear chains with up to twenty monomers. When the wall separation is only a few molecular diameters, crystalline or glassy order is induced across the film. The onset of the glassy phase is characterized by rapidly increasing relaxation times. These manifest themselves through changes in the diffusion constant and in the response to shear. The viscosity exhibits the same power-law scaling with shear rate that was observed in recent experiments. Our study suggests that this response is a universal property of lubricants near a glass transition.
Diagnostic value of tissue harmonic imaging compared with conventional sonography

The purpose of this study was to determine if tissue harmonic imaging (THI) produced diagnostic images more frequently than conventional sonography. A prospective study was performed on 33 patients, to compare the diagnostic value of THI with conventional sonography. Each examination was performed using THI (transmit frequency=2.0MHz, receive frequency=4.0MHz) and conventional sonography at 2.5 and 4.0MHz. The different sonographic techniques were then graded as to whether they produced diagnostic images. THI produced diagnostic images in 33 of 33 examinations (100%), 2.5MHz conventional sonography produced diagnostic images in 26 of 33 examinations (79%), and 4.0MHz conventional sonography produced diagnostic images in 26 of 33 examinations (79%). THI produced diagnostic images significantly more frequently than 2.5MHz conventional sonography (p=.0233) and 4.0MHz conventional sonography (p=.0233). The THI technique produced diagnostic images more frequently than conventional sonography.
Rubrics, prototypes, and exemplars: Categorization theory and systems of writing placement

Abstract Categorization theory helps make sense of writing placement. As developed by psychologists, social scientists, and language analysts, current theory suggests that human acts of categorization fall roughly under three models: classical, prototypical, and exemplar. Results of actual holistic scoring, however, show that readers behave as if the categories (scale points) had prototypical structure. In many ways, prototypical and exemplar categorization support a different writing-placement method, one more efficient than the holistic, a two-tiered sequence of quick, blind, and single readings followed by careful, informed, and multiple readings. The procedure is flexible and admits wide variations. Categorization theory itself, and standard research techniques associated with it, can be productive in inquiry into writing assessment.
The preparation, characterization and application of plasma-enhanced chemically vapour deposited silicon nitride films deposited at low temperatures

Abstract Silicon nitride films are successfully deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) at the low substrate temperature range between room temperature and 300°C. The composition, deposition rate, etch rate, film uniformity and refractive index of the low temperature silicon nitride films are measured as functions of deposition substrate temperature (room temperature to 300°C), reactant gas ratio ( NH 3 : SiH 4 ratio from 0.5 to 20), and r.f. power (30–230 W). The silicon nitride films deposited at room temperature are found to have low total stress. The low temperature PECVD silicon nitride films have been used successfully in a lift-off process for the fabrication of self-aligned gate GaAs metal-semiconductor field effect transistors MESFET and InP metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistors MISFET.
Phase II study of accelerated high-dose radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with limited small-cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 0239

Purpose To investigate whether high-dose thoracic radiation given twice daily during cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy for limited small-cell lung cancer (LSCLC) improves survival, acute esophagitis, and local control rates relative to findings from Intergroup trial 0096 (47%, 27%, and 64%). Patients and Methods Patients were accrued over a 3-year period from 22 US and Canadian institutions. Patients with LSCLC and good performance status were given thoracic radiation to 61.2 Gy over 5 weeks (daily 1.8-Gy fractions on days 1-22, then twice-daily 1.8-Gy fractions on days 23-33). Cisplatin (60 mg/m 2 IV) was given on day 1 and etoposide (120 mg/m 2 IV) on days 1-3 and days 22-24, followed by 2 cycles of cisplatin plus etoposide alone. Patients who achieved complete response were offered prophylactic cranial irradiation. Endpoints included overall and progression-free survival; severe esophagitis (Common Toxicity Criteria v 2.0) and treatment-related fatalities; response (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors); and local control. Results Seventy-two patients were accrued from June 2003 through May 2006; 71 were evaluable (median age 63 years; 52% female; 58% Zubrod 0). Median survival time was 19 months; at 2 years, the overall survival rate was 36.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.6%-47.7%), and progression-free survival 19.7% (95% CI 11.4%-29.6%). Thirteen patients (18%) experienced severe acute esophagitis, and 2 (3%) died of treatment-related causes; 41% achieved complete response, 39% partial response, 10% stable disease, and 6% progressive disease. The local control rate was 73%. Forty-three patients (61%) received prophylactic cranial irradiation. Conclusions The overall survival rate did not reach the projected goal; however, rates of esophagitis were lower, and local control higher, than projected. This treatment strategy is now one of three arms of a prospective trial of chemoradiation for LSCLC (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0538/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 30610).
The Effect of Shear Strain on Texture in Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosives

The insensitive explosive PBX 9502 contains 95 wt-% of TATB crystals and a plastic bonding agent (Kel-F). The TATB crystals have plate-like morphology, similar to that of graphite or boron nitride. We have used X-ray diffraction to measure the preferred orientation (texture) of the TATB crystals in parts fabricated by pressing PBX 9502 powder. Independently, we have used finite-element calculations to derive the direction and magnitude of the shear imposed during the consolidation of this composite material. Based on our results, we propose that the texture develops because the applied shear causes the TATB crystals to rotate such that their (002) basal planes are parallel to shear planes. The texture predicted by this model agrees qualitatively with that measured at various locations within the PBX 9502 compact. Further validation of this model is obtained by the measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient of PBX 9502, which is highly anisotropic.
Transcutaneous Raman spectroscopy of bone tissue using a non-confocal fiber optic array probe

We demonstrate the first transcutaneous Raman spectroscopic measurements of bone tissue employing a fiber optic probe with a uniformly illuminated array of collection fibers. Uniform illumination reduces local power density to avoid damage to specimens. Non-confocal operation provides efficient signal collection, and together with NIR laser excitation (785 nm diode laser) allows good depth penetration enabling recovery of spectra from beneath the skin. Multivariate data reduction is used to resolve Raman spectra of bone tissue from the spectra generated from overlying tissue. The probe utilizes non-confocal optics and uniform illumination allowing the system to collect spectra from above and below the range of best focus while applying a low power density. Despite extensive photon migration in the tissue specimens, the system can resolve transcutaneous signals because the collection cone of each fiber is asymmetric with respect to the center of illumination. Here we report preliminary results of tissue specimens taken from chicken tibia as well as from a human elbow.
Dysphagia complications of the Minerva brace

The effects of cervical bracing on swallowing function have not been evaluated in neurologically intact individuals. An 83-year-old woman fell, striking her head, and suffered C1, odontoid, and C3 fractures. She had no neurologic deficits and was placed in a Minerva brace. Subsequently, she developed coughing during her meals, a low-grade fever, and transient hoarseness, and complained of stiffness in the facial muscles. Aspiration pneumonia in the left lower lobe was diagnosed. In the absence of any neurologic condition, this was attributed to the Minerva brace. Less than 1 week later, the brace was replaced with a halo-vest, and the dysphagia resolved. This case shows that dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia may be caused by wearing a cervical brace and illustrates the importance of assessing swallowing in individuals who wear such braces. Particular attention should be paid to swallowing and cervical bracing in patients with additional risk factors for dysphagia such as advanced age or neurologic deficits.
Residue levels of isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) in potatoes as affected by level of application, storage time and temperature, and method of cooking

Abstract Katahdin potato tubers were treated with 1 and 3% CIPC and the various tissue sections were analyzed for CIPC residue using a modified High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic method. Tubers were analyzed for CIPC residue immediately following the CIPC treatment as well as after 6 months of storage. Increasing CIPC concentration significantly ( p ≤ 0·001) increased residue level in tubers stored at both 5°C and 20°C for 6 months. CIPC residue was highest in the peel, followed by the cortex with peel and cortex without peel, with little or no residue in the pith. The CIPC residue level was higher in tubers stored at 5°C as compared to those stored at 20°C, and the residue level decreased during storage. Cooking resulted in decreased residue levels in all the sections of the tuber due to leaching of CIPC into the cooking water. The amount of residue in the cooking water was higher when tubers were boiled as compared to steaming.
Let me show you what i read: exploring referencing strategies for e-books

As reading behavior is moving towards digital and social domain, the way we share book content is becoming an emerging and crucial question. In this paper, we explored two different E-book content reference strategies: the traditional page-number-based reference and an off-the-shelf highlight-based reference. A comparative laboratory study was conducted to test the speed and workload of referencing behaviors for both reference generator and receiver. The results present that the highlight is easier and faster for reference receiver, while the page-number for reference generator. We also found out that page-number provides better overall comprehension over book contents. We conclude with implications of future E-book interface design to enhance share-ability.
Recovery of a marine dinoflagellate following controlled and uncontrolled freezing

Abstract A free-living, marine dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium cohnii, was successfully preserved by controlled and uncontrolled freezing. Tolerance testing to various concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol established that 7.5% glycerol was the best cryoprotectant. Controlled freezing was accomplished by using a biological freezer to obtain a 1 °C/min cooling rate. After storage for a minimum of 7 days at −150 °C material frozen by this method demonstrated a 47.7% mean recovery, and cells were viable through five subcultures. Uncontrolled freezing resulted from placing the ampoules on the bottom of a low temperature refrigerator at −55 °C for 1 hr. This material demonstrated a mean recovery of 30.8% with a much wider range. Cells were initially nonmotile following recovery, and in those recovered after uncontrolled freezing motility was further delayed. One strain was viable after 6 years of storage with a 68% recovery following controlled freezing. The lack of motility immediately following recovery leads to inaccuracies when determining the percentage of cells recovered. Dilution techniques have been used for nonmotile recovered cells, but this method has been unsuccessful in our laboratory. Delayed motility has been reported for other flagellates and work in our laboratory indicates that flagellar shearing may be the cause.
Innovative Methods for Corn Stover Collecting, Handling, Storing and Transporting

Investigation of innovative methods for collecting, handling, storing, and transporting corn stover for potential use for production of cellulosic ethanol.
conflict and cooperation in Andean communities

This paper presents a framework for the analysis of cooperation and conflict based on surveys and anthropological studies of Peruvian rural communities and an examination of the literature on the nature of peasant communities (Redfield, Lewis, Foster, and others). Instead of considering these qualities of human relations as opposite ends of the same continuum, the framework presents two separate continua: high-low cooperation and high-low conflict.
The Impact of Increased Employee Retention on Performance in a Customer Contact Center

Amathematical model is developed to help analyze the benefit in contact-center performance obtained from increasing employee (agent) retention, which is in turn obtained by increasing agent job satisfaction. The contact-center performance may be restricted to a traditional productivity measure such as the number of calls answered per hour, or it may include a broader measure of the quality of service, e.g., revenue earned per hour or the number of problems successfully resolved per hour. The analysis is based on an idealized model of a contact center in which the number of employed agents is constant over time, assuming that a new agent is immediately hired to replace each departing agent. The agent employment periods are assumed to be independent and identically distributed random variables with a general agent-retention probability distribution, which depends on management policy and actions. The steady-state staff-experience distribution is obtained from the agent-retention distribution by applying renewal theory. An increasing real-valued function specifies the average performance as a function of agent experience. Convenient closed-form expressions for the overall performance as a function of model elements are derived when either the agent-retention distribution or the performance function has exponential structure. Management actions may cause the agent-retention distribution to change. The model describes the consequences of such changes on the long-run average staff experience and the long-run average performance.
Huntingtin-Associated Protein 1 (HAP1) Binds to a Trio-Like Polypeptide, with a rac1 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Domain

Huntington’s disease (HD) occurs when the widely expressed protein huntingtin contains an expanded glutamine repeat. The selective degeneration and neuronal morphologic abnormalities of HD may involve interactions with proteins that bind to huntingtin, such as HAP1. The biological significance of this interaction is unclear because neither HAP1 nor huntingtin have significant homology to known proteins. Therefore, we sought to identify HAP1-binding proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we isolated a rat cDNA encoding part of a protein that interacts with HAP1, and we confirmed the specificity of this interaction using an in vitro protein-binding assay. We called the protein Duo because it is closely related to the human protein Trio but is shorter. Northern blot analysis indicates brain-specific expression of Duo. Human Duo contains a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain that is likely to be rac1-specific, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and spectrin-like repeat units. These data support the hypothesis that huntingtin is involved in vesicle trafficking and cytoskeletal functions, and raise the possibility of a role for huntingtin in the regulation of a ras-related signaling pathway.
Chemical State of Adsorbed Sulfur on Pt Nanoparticles

The chemical state of adsorbed sulfur (S) on a Pt surface was identified and investigated by a combination of detailed electrochemical (EC) measurements, in situ surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The SERS data of the adsorbed S coupled with the DFT calculations provide the first convincing evidence showing that the adsorbed sulfur is in a sulfide (S2-) state.
EMC and the 20-meter band

Most of the complaints of interference from amateur radio operation in the United States and Canada involve only a few of the many bands authorized to this radio service. The bands most commonly involved are the popular DX bands at wavelengths of 15 and 20 m. The interference from these bands is almost entirely common-mode on the house wiring due to the close correspondence of wiring to resonant lengths at 14 an 21 MHz. The theoretical aspects of the problem are treated in detail and the mathematical description of the problem is derived. It is felt that any devices for electrical protection from such interference should be installed at the victim site. >
Redundant Masculinities: Employment Change and White Working Class Youth – By Linda McDowell

Reviews the book "Redundant Masculinities: Employment Change and White Working Class Youth," by Linda McDowell.
Carboxyhemoglobin levels in carbon monoxide poisoning: do they correlate with the clinical picture?

Abstract Objective It is commonly written that carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measurements correlate with the clinical presentation of patients poisoned with carbon monoxide (CO). However, the evidence supporting this concept is scanty. The present study was performed to analyze COHb measurements in a large population of patients with CO poisoning to determine whether clinically significant correlates exist. Methods Records of all patients treated with hyperbaric oxygen for acute CO poisoning at a single private academic medical center from 1978 to 2005 were reviewed. The COHb measurements were analyzed with regard to sex, age, source of CO, loss of consciousness, endotracheal intubation, arterial pH, and death. Results Data from 1603 CO-poisoned patients were reviewed, and 1407 were included in the final analysis. Statistically higher COHb measurements were associated with male sex (24.2% ± 11.2% vs 21.5% ± 11.6), adult age range (24.0% ± 11.0% vs 19.5% ± 10.3%), poisoning by CO from fires (25.7% ± 12.1%) or motor vehicles (22.7% ± 24.7%), loss of consciousness (24.3% ± 12.2% vs 22.3% ± 9.4%), lower arterial pH, and death (32.1% ± 12.8% vs 23.1% ± 0.9%). Conclusions Despite the fact that statistically significant differences in average COHb measurements were seen with regard to a number of variables, the clinical significance of these differences appeared to be minimal. Moreover, the utility of COHb measurements as predictors of clinical status in CO poisoning was not apparent. At least in part, this likely relates to delay and interval oxygen administration before obtaining COHb measurements.
Detection of the HA-33 protein in botulinum neurotoxin type G complex by mass spectrometry

The disease botulism is caused by intoxication with botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), extremely toxic proteins which cause paralysis. This neurotoxin is produced by some members of the Clostridium botulinum and closely related species, and is produced as a protein complex consisting of the neurotoxin and neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). There are seven known serotypes of BoNT, A-G, and the composition of the NAPs can differ between these serotypes. It was previously published that the BoNT/G complex consisted of BoNT/G, nontoxic-nonhemagglutinin (NTNH), Hemagglutinin 70 (HA-70), and HA-17, but that HA-33, a component of the protein complex of other serotypes of BoNT, was not found. Components of the BoNT/G complex were first separated by SDS-PAGE, and bands corresponding to components of the complex were digested and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Gel bands were identified with sequence coverages of 91 % for BoNT/G, 91 % for NTNH, 89 % for HA-70, and 88 % for HA-17. Notably, one gel band was also clearly identified as HA-33 with 93 % sequence coverage. The BoNT/G complex consists of BoNT/G, NTNH, HA-70, HA-17, and HA-33. These proteins form the progenitor form of BoNT/G, similar to all other HA positive progenitor toxin complexes.
On Logically False Evidence Statements

Logical falsehoods are usually barred in confirmation theory from serving as evidence statements. I wish to study here some three major ways in which this restriction can be lifted. 1. Consider the following axioms for the two-argument confirmation function C : A1. 0 ≤ C(h, e) ≤ 1; A2. If ⊦ h ≡ h ′ and ⊦ e ≡ e ′, then C(h, e) = C(h′, e′) ; A3. If ⊦ e ⊃ h , then C(h, e) = 1; A4. If ⊦ e ⊃ ˜( h.h ′), then C(h⋁h′, e) = C(h, e)+C(h′, e) ; A5. C(h.h′, e) = C(h,e)×C(h′, h.e) ; where h, h′, e , and e ′ are any four statements from a consistent language L and where ‘⊦’ is short for ‘is logically true in L .’ A1—A5 are consistent, as shown by the following construction: C1. Let all four of h, h′, e, and e′ be some logical truth lt of L , and let C(h, e) equal 1 for any two h and e ; under which they become true. But they yield as consequences: and hence No statement e of L is logically false. Since all the languages for which confirmation theories have been proposed contain logical falsehoods, (1) is undesirable. Restrictions must accordingly be placed upon some of A1—A5.
Optical Mapping Reveals That Repolarization Spreads Anisotropically and Is Guided by Fiber Orientation in Guinea Pig Hearts

Abstract Guinea pig hearts were stained with a voltage-sensitive dye and imaged on a photodiode array to record fluorescent action potentials (APs) from 124 sites. Activation and repolarization patterns were recorded from the epicardium during stimulation at different loci and correlated with the underlying fiber architecture. Endocardial APs were recorded by inserting a light guide into the ventricular cavity or by dissecting out the ventricular free wall to expose the endocardium. In hearts paced on the right atrium to simulate sinus rhythm, activation emerged synchronously over a large area of the ventricular epicardium and spread laterally in 5 to 7 ms. The apparent longitudinal and transverse velocities were 2.66±0.11 and 1.65±0.09 m/s (n=12). In contrast, repolarization began near the apex on the endocardium and spread transmurally in 6±1.3 ms (n=12) and then anisotropically along the epicardium in 25 to 30 ms with apparent maximum (0.53±0.11 m/s) and minimum (0.31±0.10 m/s) repolarization velocitie...
Neocortex evolution in primates: the ‘social brain’ is for females

According to the social intelligence hypothesis, relative neocortex size should be directly related to the degree of social complexity. This hypothesis has found support in a number of comparative studies of group size. The relationship between neocortex and sociality is thought to exist either because relative neocortex size limits group size or because a larger group size selects for a larger neocortex. However, research on primate social evolution has indicated that male and female group sizes evolve in relation to different demands. While females mostly group according to conditions set by the environment, males instead simply go where the females are. Thus, any hypothesis relating to primate social evolution has to analyse its relationship with male and female group sizes separately. Since sex-specific neocortex sizes in primates are unavailable in sufficient quantity, I here instead present results from phylogenetic comparative analyses of unsexed relative neocortex sizes and female and male group sizes. These analyses show that while relative neocortex size is positively correlated with female group size, it is negatively, or not at all correlated with male group size. This indicates that the social intelligence hypothesis only applies to female sociality.
Bushman, Hottentot and South African Negro crania studied by distance and discrimination

Anthropometric, serological and previous skeletal studies bearing on the question of Bushman-Hottentot similarities and the relationships of these populations to South African Negroes are summarized briefly. Measurements of well documented crania representative of these three groups are then examined using the multivariate statistical techniques of generalized distance and discriminant function analysis, and the following points emerge: (1) The Bushman-Hottentot generalized distance as computed on Mahalanobis' D2 for six characters, and again on D2 and Penrose's C2H using 12 measurements, appears small (and non-significant) relative to the Bushman-Negro and Hottentot-Negro separations, which achieve statistical significance at the 5% level; in general the analysis suggests Bushmen and Hottentots to be fully as similar in cranial form as in blood group and serum protein distributions. That these peoples should be “lumped” in a Negro category appears doubtful on the evidence available. (2) Simple two-group discriminant functions, computed on subsets of variables selected from the 35 original measurements, correctly assign “race” in 89% of cases when Bushman and Hottentot males are compared, and in 98–100% of cases when Bushman skulls are paired with those of Zulus. The latter discriminants also perform well when confronted with “new” (Sotho) skulls of both sexes. By showing which measurements or aspects of morphology are important to group separation, discriminant analysis provides an interpretation of differences between these series, and the functions themselves should prove efficient aids for classifying material of unknown of questionable origin, assuming that such skulls in fact belong in one of the parent groups included in the analysis. (3) A multiple discriminant approach, whereby seven groups of Bushman, Hottentot and Negro crania are located in a multidimensional space or statistical framework defined by six 29-variable functions as axes, permits simultaneous discrimination by both sex and race and allows correct assignments to be made for nearly 80% of all (179) individuals tested. Examination of the scaled vector versions of the functions suggests that measurements of over-all vault size are generally important in distinguishing between the sexes, while various aspects of skull form are the more efficient race discriminators. It seems likely that other shape-directed measurements, more sensitive to racial variation in cranial morphology than many currently employed, could and should be devised in order to exploit fully the capabilities of discriminants as tools not only for assigning individual specimens to a population but also for classifying the populations themselves in objective terms.
A Rewrite Framework for Language Definitions and for Generation of Efficient Interpreters

A rewrite logic semantic definitional framework for programming languages is introduced, called K, together with partially automated translations of K language definitions into rewriting logic and into C. The framework is exemplified by defining SILF, a simple imperative language with functions. The translation of K definitions into rewriting logic enables the use of the various analysis tools developed for rewrite logic specifications, while the translation into C allows for very efficient interpreters. A suite of tests show the performance of interpreters compiled from K definitions.
Penetration depths in pure superconducting niobium

Abstract Using the mass ratio m d / m s obtained from the band calculations on niobium, the temperature variation of the penetration depths in the purest superconducting niobium is obtained. The curve for the purest niobium lies far below those previously obtained.