cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reformulating Modernization-Based Environmental Social Theories: Challenges on the Road to an Interdisciplinary Environmental Science

While modernization theory has been largely abandoned in the social sciences, its influence is evident in environmental Kuznets curves, ecological modernization, and forest transition theory. These environmental social theories have consequently undergone criticism and varying degrees of reformulation that moved them away from modernization trappings, and in the process opened them to greater influence from theoretical perspectives in other social science disciplines, as well as the biophysical sciences. This is not unique to modernization-based environmental social theories, and raises questions about theoretical reformulations with cross-disciplinary contributions as a means of moving toward an interdisciplinary environmental science. Challenges to such efforts arise due to theoretical disputes and misunderstandings, which in turn hinder cross-disciplinary critiques of environmental social theories. While these challenges can be addressed via more transparent dialogue, reformulations should be viewed as...
Trials that matter: the effect of a fixed-dose combination of an Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic on the complications of type 2 diabetes.

The ADVANCE (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicon-MR Controlled Evaluation) trial tested whether perindopril, 2 mg/d, and indapamide, 0.625 mg/d, plus standard antihyperte...
Chromatographic determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air

A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons in solvent mixtures. Bulk solvents and charcoal tube air samples may be analyzed. The procedure utilizes the unique separation characteristics of a gas chromatographic column containing a highly selective stationary liquid phase, N,N-bis (2-cyanoethyl) formamide. The interfering oxygenated solvents are extracted using 75 percent H2SO4. An 11-foot, 35 percent CEF column may be used to qualitatively analyze the lower boiling aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes). Total or specific aromatics are then quantitated using a 3-foot, 35 percent CEF column with an internal standard. Applications of liquid chromatographic concepts to this analysis were also investigated.
Habitat Requirements of the Endangered California Freshwater Shrimp (Syncaris pacifica) in Lagunitas and Olema Creeks, Marin County, California, USA

This study was conducted to better understand the habitat requirements and environmental limiting factors of Syncaris pacifica, the California freshwater shrimp. This federally listed endangered species is native to perennial lowland streams in a few watersheds in northern California. Field sampling occurred in Lagunitas and Olema creeks at seasonal intervals from February 2003 to November 2004. Ten glides, five pools, and five riffles served as fixed sampling reaches, with eight glides, four pools, and four riffles located in Lagunitas Creek and the remainder in Olema Creek. A total of 1773 S. pacifica was counted during this study, all of which were captured along vegetated banks in Lagunitas Creek. Syncaris pacifica was most numerous in glides (64%), then in pools (31%), and lastly in riffles (5%). According to logistic regression analysis, S. pacifica was mostly associated with submerged portions of streambank vegetation (especially overhanging vegetation such as ferns and blackberries, emergent vegetation such as sedge and brooklime, and fine roots associated with water hemlock, willow, sedge, and blackberries) along with low water current velocity and a sandy substrate. These seemingly favorable habitat conditions for S. pacifica were present in glides and pools in Lagunitas Creek, but not in Olema Creek.
Lysosomal acid hydrolases in primary monolayer cultures derived from neonatal brains exposed transplacentally to ethylnitrosourea.

SummaryThe effect of transplacental exposure of the fetal rat brain to the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) on lysosomal acid hydrolase activities in glial cells has been reported. Primary monolayer cultures of brain cells derived from the brains of newborn rats exposed transplacentally to ENU and from unexposed newborn brains were used to provide concentrated samples of glial cells for hydrolase assay. The hydrolases assayed were β-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, arylsulfatase A and B and acid phosphatase and data were expressed as micromoles of substrate hydrolyzed per hour per milligram of protein. Experimental and control cultures were prepared, incubated and assayed contemporaneously and the ratios between treated and control hydrolase activities were used to evaluate the effect of transplacental ENU exposure.Results showed that there was no effect on the activities of the lysosomal acid hydrolases measured in primary monolayer cultures of brain cells derived from newborn rat brains exp...
Cost-effectiveness of screening and vaccinating Asian and Pacific Islander adults for hepatitis B.

Up to 10% of Asians and Pacific Islanders living in the United States are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and 25% of them will die of HBV-related illness unless treated. Two thir...
A GENERALIZED SOLUTION EXPRESSION FOR LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS CONSTANT-COEFFICIENT DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Abstract We present here what is, to our knowledge, a completely new and general solution expression for the complementary solution of an arbitrary Nth order linear homogeneous constant-coefficient difference equation which, unlike the solution expressions usually presented in textbooks, does not a priori assert the specific structural form of the solution. This method easily handles the case of repeated zero roots, a case of practical importance for which the classical solution expression fails, as recently shown by Johnson. Furthermore, we show that both the classical solution expression, and Johnson's “singular solution” expression for the case of repeated zero roots, are special cases of our more general expression. Finally, we present an example illustrating the interrelationships amongst the different solution expressions as well as the solution obtained via the generating-function method.
Exploiting basic block value locality with block reuse

Value prediction at the instruction level has been introduced to allow more aggressive speculation and reuse than previous techniques. We investigate the input and output values of basic blocks and find that these values can be quite regular and predictable, suggesting that using compiler support to extend value prediction and reuse to a coarser granularity may have substantial performance benefits. For the SPEC benchmark programs evaluated, 90% of the basic blocks have fewer than 4 register inputs, 5 live register outputs, 4 memory inputs and 2 memory outputs. About 16% to 41% of all the basic blocks are simply repeating earlier calculations when the programs are compiled with the -O2 optimization level in the GCC compiler. We evaluate the potential benefit of basic block reuse using a novel mechanism called a block history buffer. This mechanism records input and live output values of basic blocks to provide value prediction and reuse at the basic block level. Simulation results show that using a reasonably sized block history buffer to provide basic block reuse in a 4-way issue superscalar processor can improve execution time for the tested SPEC programs by 1% to 14% with an overall average of 9%.
Chapter 6: Structural Variation and Medical Genomics

Differences between individual human genomes, or between human and cancer genomes, range in scale from single nucleotide variants (SNVs) through intermediate and large-scale duplications, deletions, and rearrangements of genomic segments. The latter class, called structural variants (SVs), have received considerable attention in the past several years as they are a previously under appreciated source of variation in human genomes. Much of this recent attention is the result of the availability of higher-resolution technologies for measuring these variants, including both microarray-based techniques, and more recently, high-throughput DNA sequencing. We describe the genomic technologies and computational techniques currently used to measure SVs, focusing on applications in human and cancer genomics.
Purification of rat hepatic glucokinase

Abstract We have developed a rapid, reliable procedure for the purification of rat hepatic glucokinase. The purification utilizes DEAE-cellulose, two affinity chromatography steps, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Glucokinase with a specific activity of 240 units/mg, a 42K-fold purification, and a yield of 60% is obtained. The enzyme appears as a homogenous band, with over 99% purity as assessed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purification procedure can be completed in 5 days.
Purification of mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase.

Glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) synthetase is the second enzyme of. the purine biosynthetic pathway (1). The gene coding for the enzyme has been regionally assigned to human chromosme 21, specifically the q22 band (2,3). This region of chromosme 21 when present in the trisomy state has been shown to lead to the Down Syndrome phenotype (3). It may be that an overproduction of this enzyme plays a role in the development of this disease as hyperuricemia has been associated with Down Syndrome (4).
Considering the Welfare of All Students: Balancing Legal and Ethical Rights of Students with and without Disabilities.

Abstract There appears to be a popular perception among educators that students with disabilities have the legal right to be placed in regular education classrooms regardless of the severity of the disability or the negative impact this placement may have on the other students in the classroom. This article will examine legal and ethical issues surrounding this full inclusion concept, with particular emphasis on the rights of nondisabled students. It will be argued that it is ethically and legally appropriate for schools to consider the impact on nondisabled classmates when considering placements for Students with disabilities.
Effect on DQE of screen energy weighting in mammography

Our work investigates the effect on the zero-spatial-frequency DQE of indirect mammographic image receptors of the combined effects of x-ray beam hardening and light photon transport within the x-ray sensitive medium of the image receptor. Beam hardening, in this context, refers to the preferential absorption of low-energy x-ray photons at the surface of the detector on which the x-ray beam is incident, with deeper layers of the detector absorbing higher and higher average energies. The light photon transport properties of both powder and crystalline/columnar phosphors favor the collection at the light-sensitive element of the detector of light photons generated closest to that element. The net result of these two effects is to perform a weighting of the detected x-ray spectrum. For the standard back-screen configuration used in conventional mammography, low-energy x rays are more heavily weighted, matching the energy dependence of the signal to be detected. For a front-screen configuration, used in all existing indirect-detection digital mammographic systems, just the opposite is true. We have used the optical Monte Carlo simulation code DETECT-II to determine average light collection efficiency and optical pulse distributions for a Min-R screen in both front- and back-screen configurations, and for two thicknesses of CsI, as a function of x-ray energy. These data, along with appropriately hardened x-ray spectra for several anode and filter combinations and a range of tube voltages, were used as input to the task-dependent DQE theory of Tapiovaara and Wagner.
Human B-cell differentiation in the absence of pokeweed mitogen

Abstract Human peripheral blood B lymphocytes differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells in the absence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) when cultured in medium containing fetal calf serum. As increasing numbers of T cells were added to a fixed number of B cells, polyclonal plaque-forming cells (PFC) reached a similar level to that produced by PWM. The PFC response was not due to a certain effect rendered by the cell-separation procedures, nor was it due to a nonspecific killer cell effect provided by a high concentration of T cells. When T cells were cultured with irradiated non-T cells, T cells proliferated as shown by DNA synthesis. Inhibition of T-cell proliferation by irradiation resulted in decreased helper activity for the B-cell differentiation. An anti-Ia reagent inhibited proliferation of autologous reactive T cells as well as decreased the PFC response. These results suggest that the PFC response in the culture condition used was due to the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction which requires a higher number of T cells to be effective in helping B cells differentiate.
Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Radical−Radical Reaction Kinetics: The HO2 + BrO Reaction

Reactive iodine as a potential tropospheric O{sub 3} sink has received considerable attention recently. Laser flash photolysis of Cl{sub 2}/CH{sub 3}OH/O{sub 2}/I{sub 2}/NO{sub 2}/SF{sub 6}N{sub 2} mixtures at 308 nm has been coupled with simultaneous time-resolved detection of HO{sub 2} (by infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy) and IO (by visible absorption spectroscopy) to investigate the kinetics of the atmospherically important reaction HO{sub 2} + IO {r_arrow} products over the temperature range 274--373 K in N{sub 2} buffer gas at pressures of 12 and 25 Torr. All experiments were performed under near pseudo-first-order conditions with HO{sub 2} in excess over IO. At 298 K, the rate coefficient was determined to be (9.7 {+-} 2.9) {times} 10{sup {minus}11} cm{sup 3} molecule{sup {minus}1}s{sup {minus}1}, with the primary source of uncertainty being knowledge of the infrared line strength(s) required to convert measured HO{sub 2} absorbances to absolute concentrations. The temperature dependence of the HO{sub 2} + IO rate coefficient was found to be adequately described by the Arrhenius expression k = 9.3 {times} 10{sup {minus}12} exp(680/T) cm{sup 3} molecule{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1}. The results reported in this study are compared with other recent studies of HO{sub 2} + IO kinetics, and the potentialmore » roles of this reaction in atmospheric chemistry are discussed.« less
Early Donor Chimerism Levels Predict Relapse and Survival after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation with Reduced-Intensity Conditioning

Abstract The success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) is limited by a high rate of disease relapse. Early risk assessment could potentially improve outcomes by identifying appropriate patients for preemptive strategies that may ameliorate this high risk. Using a series of landmark analyses, we investigated the predictive value of early (day-30) donor chimerism measurements on disease relapse, graft-versus-host disease, and survival in a cohort of 121 patients allografted with a uniform RIC regimen. Chimerism levels were analyzed as continuous variables. In multivariate analysis, day-30 whole blood chimerism levels were significantly associated with relapse (hazard ratio [HR] = .90, P
The anatomy of Pseudosporochnus: P. Hueberi from the Devonian of New York

Abstract Eight structurally preserved specimens originally called Cladoxylon onteorense nom. nud. Hueber 1959, from Hensonville, New York, Cladoxylon dichotomum nom. nud. Hueber 1960 from East Ashland, N.Y., and Cladoxylon hueberi Matten 1974 from East Ashland and Cairo, N.Y., are analyzed in detail for their morphological and systematic significance. The type of C. hueberi from East Ashland, by far the most important specimen, provides the first opportunity in any Devonian member of the Cladoxylopsida for a realistic three-dimensional assessment of the primary xylem system. A main axis contains a highly dissected primary xylem system with 40–50 longitudinally anastomosing primary xylem segments. Distally, the main axis dichotomizes producing two equal branches with 20–25 xylem segments each. The outermost primary xylem consists of a system of radially oriented tracheid plates variously interconnected toward the inside, each with a conspicuous protoxylem strand near the xylem periphery. Traces to densely and three-dimensionally, but not helically, arranged lateral appendages depart singly or in groups of two or three from one to three adjacent peripheral-radial xylem plates. Although direct evidence on the external morphology of lateral appendages is not preserved, many trace groups exhibit conspicuous bilateral symmetry consistent with the interpretation of planate lateral appendages similar to those described for Pseudosporochnus nodosus . Other trace groups may indicate more three-dimensional lateral appendages. One sub-opposite pair of clepsydroid traces is borne at right angles to, and in obvious relationship with, the dichotomy of the main axis. Cortex is heterogeneous, consisting of thin-walled parenchyma with embedded clusters of sclereids and thick-walled parenchyma. These clusters appear responsible for a regular pattern of bumps or pits in compressed regions of the specimen and are closely comparable to those observed in Pseudosporochnus nodosus . A systematic analysis, attempting to view fragmentary evidence from both compressions and permineralizations in a single coherent framework, leads us to hypothesize assignment of the East Ashland and Hensoville specimens to the genus Pseudosporochnus . Although supported by the evidence, the hypothesis of assignment is by no means proven. We propose it, however, because we think that advancing systematic hypotheses conspicuously at risk of being refuted by additional observation promotes far greater understanding than taking an agnostic stance toward systematics implied by the use of “form” taxa. We further clarify our position by suggesting specific observations likely to be made from fossil specimens that might refute our hypothesis.
Effect of okadaic acid on phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of myosin light chain in aortic smooth muscle homogenate.

Summary Myosin light chain phosphorylation in aortic smooth muscle homogenate reached a maximal level of 0.75 mol phosphate/mol light chain, and then declined. Addition of okadaic acid led to a sustained phosphorylation level of 1.7 mol/mol. In the absence of okadaic acid, phosphorylation was predominantly due to myosin light chain kinase, whereas in the presence of okadaic acid both myosin light chain kinase and protein kinase C were involved in phosphorylation. Okadaic acid inhibited dephosphorylation of the distinct sites in LC phosphorylated by either myosin light chain kinase or protein kinase C, suggesting that it exerts its effect through inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatases present in aortic homogenate.
Satellite Breakup Parameter Determination

A satellite breakup can cause collision risk to other resident satellites. If the time, location, and energy content of the breakup can be determined, The Aerospace Corporation has models that can quickly estimate the risk to other resident satellites from the debris. We have developed a method that allows determination of all required breakup parameters within about 12 h after the breakup event. If a large number of radar tracks are available, this timeline could be even shorter. The method then facilitates rapid determination of debris collision risk to resident satellites, providing satellite operators with timely space situational awareness.
Morphological characteristics of lamellar ABA triblock copolymers: A self-consistent field treatment

Abstract Symmetric ABA triblock copolymers consist of two contiguous monomer sequences of one species (A) separated by a middle sequence of a chemically dissimilar species (B). If the blocks are incompatible, the copolymers order into the same periodic morphologies as their AB diblock analogs. Unlike the single-grafted blocks of an AB copolymer, however, the B midblock of an ABA copolymer molecule is grafted at both ends and may adopt either a bridged or looped conformation. Since the mechanical properties of ordered ABA copolymers are dependent on midblock conformation, monomer fraction, f , chain length, N , and on the interaction parameter, χ, a theoretical formalism capable of incorporating these characteristics into the free energy potential of lamellar copolymers has been developed. Predictions obtained in this work reveal that an equilibrium fraction of bridged midblocks exists, decreasing with N but varying little with f . Since the extent of bridging could conceivably be controlled through shear-induced molecular alignment during microphase ordering, the effect of midblock bridging on morphology is also examined, as is the assumption that, in the strong-segregation regime, a looped midblock possessing N B monomers adopts a hairpin conformation, behaving as two single-grafted blocks of N B 2 monomers.
Effect of arenaceous intercalations in clays on their compaction

In natural environments, at great depths, clays interbedded with thick permeable layers of sands are compacted to a much greater extent than clays without such interbedding, all other things being comparable, with the accompanying decrease in their porosity and migrations of water (and/or hydrocarbons) into the adjacent sandy horizons. — IGR Staff.
Lower norm error estimates for approximate solutions of differential equations with non-smooth coefficients

In this paper, we derive error estimates inLp-norm, 1≦p≦∞, for the ℒ2-Finite Element approximation to solutions of boundary value problems, where the coefficients are functions of bounded variation. The ℒ2-Finite Element Method was introduced in [3] and was shown to be effective for problems with non-smooth coefficient.
Theoretical study of stacking faults in silicon.

The ab initio pseudopotential method within the local density functional formalism is applied to study stacking faults along the [111] direction in silicon. This is the first case where the stacking fault energy is obtained from first principles and found to be in reasonably good agreement with experimental values. The Hellmann-Feynman theorem is used to study the forces on atoms near the fault. Defect states are found within the energy gap region.
Development of a scale to assess the background, needs, and expectations of genetic counseling clients†

Genetic professionals seek to tailor their counseling to meet the background, needs, and expectations (BNE) of their clients. We present the development of a new instrument, the BNE Scale, designed to assess BNE in genetic counseling clients. The initial items for the scale were created based on a review of the literature and clinical experience. The draft scale was piloted tested with 10 subjects, using cognitive interviewing techniques. Based on those results, a revised 82-item-scale was created and posted online. It was completed by 608 adult subjects who have experience with Down syndrome, Marfan syndrome, or neurofibromatosis. Responses were analyzed in aggregate based on clinically relevant item groupings. Exploratory factor analysis was used to refine the item groupings, and these groups were evaluated for reliability and cross-correlations. As a result, 61 items across 16 subscales were retained for the final BNE Scale. Further, the subscales were segregated thematically into four groups: (1) Beliefs which includes the Consequences, Unsureness, Feelings, and Treatment subscales, (2) Social Support which includes the Spousal (or Partner) Support, Family Support, Friend Support, Healthcare Provider Support, Faith/God Support, and Support Group Interest subscales, (3) Needs which includes the Need for Information, Need for Context, and Need for Provider Input subscales, and (4) Expectations which includes the Education, Counseling, and Desired Feelings subscales. These data provide initial support for the BNE Scale as a psychometrically acceptable means to assess the clients' background, needs and expectations of genetic counseling. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of dihydrofolate reductase of Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii

Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii are opportunistic pathogens of immunosuppressed patients that are susceptible to therapy with inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The DHFR of these two organisms was characterized to facilitate the identification of more selective inhibitors. Similar to all reported protozoa, T. gondii has a bifunctional enzyme, of 120,000 Da, that possesses both DHFR and thymidylate synthase (TS) activity. Unexpectedly, P. carinii DHFR activity was present on a small molecule, of 26,000 Da. T. gondii DHFR and TS activity coeluted during affinity chromatography using a methotrexate-Sepharose column, whereas P. carinii DHFR and TS activity could be separated by affinity chromatography using the same column. P. carinii DHFR could be easily distinguished from rat DHFR, which is similar in size, by the differences in Km for dihydrofolate (P. carinii, 17.6 ± 3.9 μM; rat, 4.0 ± 2.2 μM). Since all protozoa reported have a large molecular weight, bifunctional DHFR, these studies support the classification of P. carinii as a fungus. These studies also provide a basis for the development of more effective therapeutic agents for these pathogens.
Investigation of surface topography differences in native and exotic invertebrates in the St. Lawrence River.

The texture, or topography, interior of shells from native and exotic mollusks are measured and compared to determine if they can be discriminated. Area-scale fractal analysis is used to calculate relative areas as a function of scale, and the relative areas are used to evaluate the measurements. Measurements from a scanning laser profiler and from confocal and interferometric microscopes are compared, as are measurements of an original and a replica. The relative areas indicate clear differences between the measurement instruments. The largest relative areas are calculated from the confocal measurements. The trueness of the measurements has not been determined. However, the relative areas calculated from the confocal measurements are capable of discriminating the native clam from the exotic mussels with a confidence of greater than 99% at scales below 10 µm2. SCANNING 32: 250–255, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructural anomalies in hot-isostatic pressed U–10 wt.% Mo fuel plates with Zr diffusion barrier

Abstract Microstructural anomalies in the co-rolled-and-HIP'ed U–10 wt.% Mo (U10Mo) metallic fuel plate with Zr diffusion barrier assembly were examined as a function of HIP temperature (from 520 to 580 °C) and duration (45, 60, 90, 180 and 345 min) by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The anomalies observed in this study are carbide/oxide inclusions within the U10Mo fuel alloy, and regions of limited interaction between the U10Mo alloy and Zr barrier, frequently associated with carbide/oxide inclusions. In the U10Mo alloy, the cF8, Fm3m (225) UC phase (a = 4.955 A) and cF12, Fm3m (225) UO2 phase (a = 5.467 A) were observed throughout the U10Mo alloy with an approximate volume percent of 0.5 to 1.8. The volume percent of the UC–UO2 inclusions within the U10Mo alloy did not change as functions of HIP temperature and time. These inclusion phases, located near the surface of the U10Mo alloy, were frequently observed to impede the development of interdiffusion and reaction between the U10Mo alloy and Zr diffusion barrier. The regions of limited interaction between the U10Mo and Zr barrier decreased with an increase in HIP temperature, however no noticeable trend was observed with an increase in HIP duration at constant temperature of 560 °C.
Nutrient control of microbial carbon cycling along an ombrotrophic-minerotrophic peatland gradient

[1] Future climate change and other anthropogenic activities are likely to increase nutrient availability in many peatlands, and it is important to understand how these additional nutrients will influence peatland carbon cycling. We investigated the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on aerobic CH4 oxidation, anaerobic carbon mineralization (as CO2 and CH4 production), and anaerobic nutrient mineralization in a bog, an intermediate fen, and a rich fen in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We utilized a 5-week laboratory nutrient amendment experiment in conjunction with a 6-year field nutrient fertilization experiment to consider how the relative response to nitrogen and phosphorus differed among these wetlands over the short and long term. Field fertilizations generally increased nutrient availability in the upper 15 cm of peat and resulted in shifts in the vegetation community in each peatland. High nitrogen concentrations inhibited CH4 oxidation in bog peat during short-term incubations; however, long-term fertilization with lower concentrations of nitrogen stimulated rates of CH4 oxidation in bog peat. In contrast, no nitrogen effects on CH4 oxidation were observed in the intermediate or rich fen peat. Anaerobic carbon mineralization in bog peat was consistently inhibited by increased phosphorus availability, but similar phosphorus additions had few effects in the intermediate fen and stimulated CH4 production and nutrient mineralization in the rich fen. Our results demonstrate that nitrogen and phosphorus are important controls of peatland microbial carbon cycling; however, the role of these nutrients can differ over the short and long term and is strongly mediated by peatland type.
Molecular subtyping of early-stage breast cancer: implications for radiation therapy.

As the molecular and genetic classification of tumors continues to evolve, the issue of how these classification systems impact on the locoregional management of breast cancer has emerged (1). Compared with the impact of molecular profiling on systemic management of breast cancer, the prognostic and therapeutic implications of molecular profiling on the locoregional management has been minimal. However, there recently have been a number of studies that suggest that molecular profiling of breast cancers have clinical implications with respect to locoregional management. Investigators have evaluated locoregional outcomes as a function of single molecular markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her2/neu, COX-2, p53, and others (2–8); combinations of markers classifying patients into Luminal A, Luminal-B, Her2, and basal subtypes (2, 9, 10); and more complex analyses evaluating expression profiles of multiple genes such as the 70 Gene Profile (Mammoprint), the 21 Gene Profile (OncoTypeDX), and others (11–14). Two recently published studies from large databases of more than 1,000 patients suggest the potential clinical utility of molecular profiling in locoregional management (15, 16). Although many of these studies demonstrate promising results, they require larger independent validation sets to establish their utility for routine clinical decision making. A problem with many of these studies is heterogeneity in the patient populations and heterogeneity in treatment. As an example, ER negativity may theoretically be an adverse prognostic factor for local relapse, but the majority of ER-negative breast cancers are treated with a myriad of chemotherapy regimens; more aggressive systemic treatment may negate or confound the prognostic value of the ER negativity on local relapse. Studies have shown that even strong prognostic factors for local relapse, such as margin status, can be influenced by systemic treatment (17–21).
Why even successful teams sometimes fail-self-directed team catalysts (manufacturing)

The competitive need to significantly reduce cycle time and product inventory while improving yields in its logic fabricator, led IBM's semiconductor facility in Essex Junction, to adopt a continuous flow manufacturing (CFM) methodology and the team approach to implement this methodology. However, once these employee teams successfully achieved record breaking results, their effectiveness began to erode. What makes good teams hard to start and even harder to maintain? What causes leaders to move from either tyranny or apathy to vocal advocate? Why do teams seem to self-destruct despite their success? The answers to these questions lie in understanding team catalysts; that is, those conditions that foster the maturation of teams but are often eroded once success has been achieved. When team catalysts are maintained, an ongoing breakthrough occurs. >
Sprayable, paintable layer-by-layer polyaniline nanofiber/graphene electrodes

Using polyaniline nanofibers and graphene oxide sheets, we demonstrate here the successful layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of the two anisotropic nanomaterials using a water-based spray-on approach. The processing parameters most critical to the production of uniform electrodes are blow-drying time and removal of the rinsing step. The resulting polyaniline nanofiber/graphene oxide films are electrochemically reduced to convert graphene oxide to reduced graphene oxide, as evidenced by a distinctive change in colour and Raman spectra. The architecture of the electrode is highly porous (74% void), which facilitates ion transport. The electrodes' ability to store charge is evaluated as a function of thickness in non-aqueous conditions (LiClO4 in propylene carbonate, lithium metal anode). The capacity reaches values as high as 114 mA h g−1 (45 mA h cm−3) at 0.03 A g−1. Besides capacity, other performance metrics (energy and power) are compared against control electrodes made by a different processing approach, dip-assisted LbL assembly. It is found that spray-assisted LbL assembly is over 70 times faster and yields electrodes with better rate capability relative to dip-assisted LbL assembly.
THEORY OF COULOMB-NUCLEAR INTERFERENCE FOR HEAVY-ION EXCITATION OF ROTATIONAL STATES

Abstract The uniform semiclassical approximation (USCA) with complex trajectories is applied to the problem of Coulomb-nuclear interference for rotational states excited in heavγ-ion reactions. The system 40Ar + 238U is studied as a function bombarding energy. The calculations show considerable sensitivity of the excitation probabilities to both the real and imaginary parts of the complex nuclear potential in the vicinity of the Coulomb barrier, suggesting that heavy-ion rotational excitation could be a sensitive probe of the nuclear potential near the barrier in deformed nuclei.
A partial converse to a theorem of Tamari

Let M be a cancellative monoid such that the monoid ring ℤM has no zero divisors. We show that if the monoid consisting of all elements of ℤM with strictly positive coefficients has nonzero common right multiples, then M is left amenable.
Amplitude degradation of time-reversed pulses in nonlinear absorbing thermoviscous fluids.

The linear wave equation in a lossless medium is time reversible, i.e., every solution p(x, t) has a temporal mirror solution p(x, -t). Analysis shows that time reversal also holds for the lossless nonlinear wave equation. In both cases, time-reversal invariance is violated when losses are present. For nonlinear propagation loses cannot normally be ignored; they are necessary to prevent the occurrence of multivalued waveforms. Further analysis of the nonlinear wave equation shows that amplification of a time-reversed pulse at the array elements also leads to a violation of time reversal even for lossless nonlinear acoustics. Numerical simulations are used to illustrate the effect of nonlinearity on the ability of a time-reversal system to effectively focus on a target in an absorbing fluid medium. We consider both the amplitude and arrival time of retrodirected pulses. The numerical results confirm that both shock generation (with the accompanying absorption) and amplification at the array, adversely affect the ability of a time-reversal system to form strong retrodirective sound fields.
On the internal instability of an infinite three-dimensionally stressed highly elastic medium

Abstract Generalization of the problem of internal instability of an unbounded highly elastic medium subjected to a three-dimensional compression is made using the method of convected coordinates. After a review of the general formulae, a system of four coupled partial differential equations of the second order for four unknown displacements and pressure using the Lame procedure is established. The hyperbolicity of the system leads to an instability condition derived for a neo-Hookean model. An illustrative numerical example is solved and elucidated by graphs.
Whose fault is it? Assigning blame for grade inflation in higher education

This study attempts to isolate the potential sources of grade inflation and to measure their relative importance. We incorporate existing models of grade inflation into a model of grade inflation at the department level. Our data comprise 1683 separate courses taught in 28 different academic departments by 3176 distinct instructors at a large public university over two decades. Our results suggest that incentives to inflate grades vary according to characteristics of academic departments. However, the vast majority (over 90%) of grade inflation observed in our data is estimated to be a result of either university-level factors or instructor-specific characteristics.
Structural phase transformations in metallic grain boundaries

Structural transformations at interfaces are of profound fundamental interest as complex examples of phase transitions in low-dimensional systems. Despite decades of extensive research, no compelling evidence exists for structural transformations in high-angle grain boundaries in elemental systems. Here we show that the critical impediment to observations of such phase transformations in atomistic modelling has been rooted in inadequate simulation methodology. The proposed new methodology allows variations in atomic density inside the grain boundary and reveals multiple grain boundary phases with different atomic structures. Reversible first-order transformations between such phases are observed by varying temperature or injecting point defects into the boundary region. Owing to the presence of multiple metastable phases, grain boundaries can absorb significant amounts of point defects created inside the material by processes such as irradiation. We propose a novel mechanism of radiation damage healing in metals, which may guide further improvements in radiation resistance of metallic materials through grain boundary engineering.
On Prior Distributions for Binary Trials

Abstract Although there are basically two models for binary trials—a parametric model and an observabilistic or predictive model—for purposes of inference the former can be considered a special or limiting case of the latter. This being so, when little is known or it is desired to adopt an impartial stance about the object of inference before conducting a series of binary trials, applying a Bayesian approach to the predictive case is shown to suffice for the parametric case as well. It is argued that the prior distribution judged reasonable in the observabilistic case implies a prior distribution for the parametric case that is more compelling than others derived especially for the latter. This prior is, incidentally, attributed to Bayes and Laplace.
Transition moment directions in substituted benzenes and the effect of unsymmetrical substitution on hybrid character

Abstract Transition moments in symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted benzenes are determined by the band contour method. This procedure allows us to ascertain the symmetry and nodal properties of the lowest lying π ∗ ← π state. Band contour analyses of the 0-0 bands of meta - and ortho -difluorobenzene and o -chlorofluorobenzene are performed. This results in a determination of the changes in rotational constants on excitation and the direction of the transition moment. The difluorobenzenes are found to be A -type bands while the o -chlorofluorobenzene band is a 65% A - 35% B -type hybrid. This allows the o -difluorobenzene transition to be assigned as a 1 A 1 ← 1 A 1 and the m -difluorobenzene transition as a 1 B 2 ← 1 A 1 . It is pointed out that the symmetry designation of the excited states are different but the nodal properties are in fact the same. Styrene is reinvestigated in light of the unusual nature of a 1 A 1 ← 1 A 1 electronic transition (when classified according to C 2v symmetry). We substantiate this result and compare styrene to other monosubstituted benzenes which all have 1 B 2 excited states.
Toward a Cross-Framework Parser Annotation Standard

Efficient and precise comparison of parser results across frameworks will require a negotiated agreement on a target representation which embodies a good balance of three competing dimensions: consistency, clarity, and flexibility. The various annotations provided in the COLING-08 shared task for the ten 'required' Wall Street Journal sentences can serve as a useful basis for these negotations. While there is of course substantial overlap in the content of the various schemes for these sentences, no one of the schemes is ideal. This paper presents some desiderata for a negotiated target annotation scheme for which straightforward mappings can be constructed from each of the supplied annotation schemes.
International communication and medical geography.

Learmonth’s recent communication explaining the termination of the International Geographical Union Commission on Medical Geography marked the end of an era as regards the international communication of medico-geographic research findings, concepts, and potential applications [l]. Founded in 1949 by Jacques May, Maximillien Sorre and Arthur Geddes, the Commission served in such a communications capacity for more than two and one-half decades. International interest within the scienti6c community in medical geography increased gradually within that time period to reach a peak during the mid-1970s. As an outgrowth of the Commission’s elIorts, a journal (Geographica Medico) was attempted; the publication was unfortunately not destined to continue. During the period 19724976, the Newsletter of the IGU Commission on Medical Geography, publishing notes of interest and bibliographies, served as the sole vehicle for international communication in medical geography. While the Commission and the Newsletter have now been terminated, interest in medical geography has continued to grow; and a new era in international communication has been inaugurated with the publication of issues of Social Science and Medicine devoted to medical geography.
Factors influencing time of intubation with a lightwand device in patients without known airway abnormality.

Abstract Study objective To evaluate the correlation between accepted screening tests for difficult tracheal intubation and ease of intubation with a lightwand blind technique. Design Prospective study. Setting Anesthetic rooms of a university hospital. Patients 122 female, ASA physical status I, II, and III patients requiring tracheal intubation for elective surgery. Interventions After receiving a standardized anesthetic induction, patients first underwent direct laryngoscopy to determine Cormack laryngoscopy grade, then tracheal intubation was performed using a transillumination method. Measurements and main results Patient demographics, Mallampati class (MC), mouth opening (MO; cm), and thyromental distance (TMD; cm) were all measured and the values recorded. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) was calculated for each patient. Laryngoscopy grades obtained by laryngoscopy were also recorded. Times to intubation were measured by a chronometer and failures were recorded. Patients were then allocated to groups according to the measured parameters: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , BMI 2 ; TMD ≥ 6 cm, TMD 2 groups, only the MC III and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 groups represented a statistically significant difference of prolongation. Mean time to intubation in the MC III and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 groups were 13.2 ± 5.4 ( p = 0.011) and 14.8 ± 1.7 ( p ≤ 0.001), respectively. Conclusion Mallampati class III airway significantly increases time to intubation when the transillumination technique is used. BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 is another factor that interferes with the ease and success of intubation with this technique.
Oxazoles for click chemistry II: synthesis of extended heterocyclic scaffolds.

Abstract New routes to 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazoles were established whereby the substitution pattern was established by the structure of the starting nonsymmetrical acyloins. 2-Chloromethyl-4, 5-disubstituted oxazoles were prepared by refinements of an earlier described process whereby chloroacetyl esters of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical acyloins were cyclized using an ammonium acetate/acetic acid protocol. After substitution is effected, the azide moiety is then installed by substitution under mild conditions. While dibrominated and iodinated phenyloxazoles are required for further synthetic elaboration, the cyclization reaction was found to be very sensitive to the relative positions of the halogens in the starting materials.
Army Language Instruction at Syracuse University

An account of the principal aspects of the Army Language Program at Syracuse University including such items as: interviewing and segregation of soldiers on basis of competency; agencies of instruction (texts, supplementary materials, roles of Informants and Senior Instructors, etc.); aims of program; difference between objectives and attainments of soldiers in Army program and students in civilian classes.
Cranial and extracranial fasciitis of childhood: A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study

Fasciitis of various types constitutes a distinctive category of soft tissue lesions whose microscopic features are known for their potential to evoke a pathological diagnosis of one or another type of sarcoma. Nodular fasciitis is the archetype of this group of "fibrous tumors." Cranial fasciitis is considered a nonneoplastic lesion similar to nodular fasciitis, which is seen almost exclusively in infants and children and has unique clinicopathologic features. The current study documents our experience with fibrous-myofibroblastic proliferations in extracranial sites, mainly in the head and neck region of young children, whose histological features resemble those of cranial fasciitis. These lesions were composed of loosely arranged spindle to stellate cells in a myxoid background. One patient in the study had both cranial and extracranial involvement. Some histological overlap between nodular fasciitis and cranial-extracranial fasciitis was noted, but the latter lesion tended to be more uniform in appearance than nodular fasciitis with its fascicular, spindle cell features and variability in histological patterns within the same lesion, unlike the more consistently uniform myxoid appearance of the cranial and extracranial lesions. Immunohistochemically, the spindle cells of the extracranial lesions and the one case of cranial fasciitis co-expressed vimentin and smooth muscle actin. The extracranial lesions had a predilection for children in the first year of life with all cases occurring at or before 2 years of age, unlike nodular fasciitis, which is rarely seen in the first 4 to 5 years of life. The cranial and extracranial fasciitides should be differentiated from the fibromatoses that tend to locally recur, unlike the nonrecurring behavior of these lesions in common with the other types of fasciitis.
Multiple forms of SS → DS RNA polymerase activity in reovirus-infected cells

THE genome of reovirus consists of a unique set of ten segments of double-stranded (DS) RNA1–3. This DS RNA is replicated in infected cells on a preformed single-stranded (SS) RNA template which has the same polarity as messenger RNA4–7.