cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning in the library: A national study of youth services public library workers

AIMS This study aims to interrogate the occupational identity of youth services public library workers across the United States and to understand specifically how this study is related to the learning ecosystem. Public library workers, especially those who work specifically with youth, are underrepresented in academic literature. METHOD We adapted an interview method that allows participants to explain how they think different stakeholders perceive their work and used it in a digital survey with 306 youth services public library workers. RESULTS Overall, the participants described their work as deeply connected to learning, specifically connecting people to resources, facilitating learning activities, and providing a space for learning. This reflects the evolving nature of public library services. CONCLUSION Unfortunately, many library workers feel significant friction between their own understanding of their job and the views of outside stakeholders. We address this friction and its implications in our recommendations for future research and practice.
Loss of TDP-43 function and rimmed vacuoles persist after T cell depletion in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis

Abstract Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is the most common acquired muscle disease in adults over age 50, yet it remains unclear whether the disease is primarily driven by T cell-mediated autoimmunity. IBM muscle biopsies exhibit nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43 in muscle cells, a pathologic finding observed initially in neurodegenerative disease, and nuclear loss of TDP-43 in neurons causes aberrant RNA splicing. Here, we show that loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, as determined by inclusion of cryptic exons, occurs in skeletal muscle of IBM patients. Out of 119 muscle biopsies tested, RT-PCR-mediated detection of cryptic exon expression is 84% sensitive and 99% specific for diagnosing IBM, indicating utility as a functional and diagnostic biomarker. To determine the role of T cells in pathogenesis, we generated a novel xenograft model by transplanting human IBM muscle into the hindlimb of immunodeficient mice. Xenografts from IBM patients display robust regeneration of human myofibers and recapitulate both inflammatory and degenerative features of the disease. Myofibers in IBM xenografts are invaded by human, oligoclonal CD8+ T cells and exhibit MHC-I upregulation, rimmed vacuoles, mitochondrial pathology, p62-positive inclusions, and nuclear clearance and cytoplasmic aggregation of TDP-43, resulting in expression of cryptic exons. Depletion of human T cells within IBM xenografts by treating mice intraperitoneally with anti-CD3 (OKT3) suppresses MHC-I upregulation, but rimmed vacuoles and loss of TDP-43 function persist. These data suggest that myofiber degeneration occurs independent of T cells, and muscle cell-intrinsic mechanisms, such as loss of TDP-43 splicing repression, drive IBM pathogenesis. One Sentence Summary Depletion of T cells in a xenograft model of sporadic inclusion body myositis suppresses inflammation but not TDP-43 pathology or muscle degeneration.
Can You Hear My Heartbeat?: Hearing an Expressive Biosignal Elicits Empathy

Interfaces designed to elicit empathy provide an opportunity for HCI with important pro-social outcomes. Recent research has demonstrated that perceiving expressive biosignals can facilitate emotional understanding and connection with others, but this work has been largely limited to visual approaches. We propose that hearing these signals will also elicit empathy, and test this hypothesis with sounding heartbeats. In a lab-based within-subjects study, participants (N = 27) completed an emotion recognition task in different heartbeat conditions. We found that hearing heartbeats changed participants’ emotional perspective and increased their reported ability to “feel what the other was feeling.” From these results, we argue that auditory heartbeats are well-suited as an empathic intervention, and might be particularly useful for certain groups and use-contexts because of its musical and non-visual nature. This work establishes a baseline for empathic auditory interfaces, and offers a method to evaluate the effects of future designs.
Exhibitionary Commerce, the Construction of Whiteness, and the Theological Sideshow:

I will briefly recount the histories of three individuals who were exhibited for White audiences, to consider the role that the White spectator has in the construction of White supremacist ideology...
Lost but not missing: factors associated with loss of follow-up in a paediatric cardiology clinic.

BACKGROUND Loss of follow-up is a barrier to providing adequate care to paediatric cardiac patients. The purpose of this study was to determine variables associated with loss of appropriate paediatric cardiology follow-up, including potentially modifiable factors. We hypothesised having earlier recommend follow-up intervals was associated with less likelihood of loss of follow-up. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients >5 years old seen in a large, outpatient paediatric practice from 2013 to 2016. Subjects were considered to be lost to follow-up if they did not have a subsequent outpatient encounter by 6 months after their recommend follow-up time interval. RESULTS Of the 8940 eligible patients, 45.9% were lost to follow-up. Recommended follow-up interval of 1 year was associated with less loss of follow-up (41.4%) as compared to 2-year intervals (51.6%) and 3 years (55.7%) (p < 0.001 for both). Other significant predictors of loss of follow-up included less severe heart disease, older age, and non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity. Sex and payor type were not significant predictors. In the stratified analyses by severity of disease and age, longer recommended follow-up time was associated with greater loss of follow-up among all severity and age categories. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of the patients in our cohort did not return to clinic within the recommended timeline. Shorter follow-up time was associated with less loss of follow-up among all categories of disease severity and age groups. Recommending shorter follow-up intervals may be one initiative for paediatric cardiologists to improve rates of follow-up.
Overview of the neutralizing antibody and memory B cell response kinetics in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent and/or mRNA vaccinated individuals.

COVID-19 pandemics triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus have caused millions of deaths worldwide and have led to expedited developments of various effective vaccines that, if administered, could prevent and/or circumvent the infection and reduce the death toll. Since the start of the pandemics multiple research groups around the world have been involved in the analysis of immune responses of various human cohorts to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccines. Now, over 1.5 years later, the scientific community has accumulated extensive data about both the development of an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 following infection, as well as its rate of fading off. Kinetic analysis of the immune response generated by vaccines is also emerging, enabling the possibility of making comparisons and predictions. In this review we will focus on the comparing B cell and antibody immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 infection as opposed to mRNA vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, which have been utilized to immunize hundreds of millions of people and analyzed in multiple studies.
Alterations in Leg Muscle Glucose Uptake and Inter-Limb Asymmetry after a Single Session of tDCS in Four People with Multiple Sclerosis.

Asymmetrical lower limb weakness is an early symptom and significant contributor to the progressive worsening of walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may effectively increase neural drive to the more-affected lower limb and, therefore, increase symmetrical activation. Four PwMS (1 female, age range: 27–57) underwent one session each of 3 mA or SHAM tDCS over the motor cortex corresponding to their more-affected limb followed by 20 min of treadmill walking at a self-selected speed. Two min into the treadmill task, the subjects were injected with the glucose analog [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Immediately after treadmill walking, the subjects underwent whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Glucose uptake (GU) values were compared between the legs, the spatial distribution of FDG was assessed to estimate glucose uptake heterogeneity (GUh), and GU asymmetry indices (AIs) were calculated. After tDCS, GU was altered, and GUh was decreased in various muscle groups in each subject. Additionally, AIs went from asymmetric to symmetric after tDCS in the subjects that demonstrated asymmetrical glucose uptake during SHAM. These results indicate that tDCS improved GU asymmetries, potentially from an increased neural drive and a more efficient muscle activation strategy of the lower limb in PwMS.
Public Health Research Priorities For The Future

The last century of innovative public health discoveries has led most of the world’s population to lead longer, healthier lives. Yet, the future holds some of the greatest public health challenges in mankind’s history. Global disparities in health; medication safety; climate change; epidemics of obesity and diabetes; an aging world demographic; and emerging infections all represent problems requiring scientific solutions. The solutions to these problems, like the solutions to those in the last century that contributed so greatly to our quality of life, will require paradigm-shifting innovation. To maximize individual innovative potential, one strategy is formal instruction in the methods of innovative thinking. Teaching innovative thinking is rarely integrated into science training. However 40 years of accumulated evidence suggests that formal instruction results in improved thinking skills. I describe here some of the methods integrated into a course for graduate and professional health science students entitled Innovative Thinking. The curriculum consists of three components: recognizing and finding alternatives to habitual cognitive patterns; learning to use tools that enhance idea generation and originality; and harmonizing divergent thinking with the process of convergent thinking that is central to the scientific method. To build more innovative environments, institutions can promote team science, fund staged scientific designs that are heavy on early prototypes, reward and grow the training programs of past innovators, and become less risk averse. Although public health has accomplished much, it must continue to battle major, growing causes of disease and disability. Innovation is the engine of scientific discovery. Releasing the great potential for discovery in all of us must be central to forwarding health and prosperity in the world.
Interaction effects in magnetic nanostructures

The magnetic properties and propagation of electromagnetic waves in magnetic nanoparticle systems strongly depend on the interactions between the nanosize elements having finite separation. Several aspects of the role of the dipolar and exchange interactions are reviewed on model periodic 2D and 3D magnetic nanostructures. Experiments and theory expose the critical role of proper calculation of dipole fields and statistical distributions. The control and optimization of interactions is illustrated on an example of hexagonal Permalloy ellipse arrays. The competing particle and array anisotropy, leading to a spin reorientation phase transition in Permalloy nanowires, is demonstrated. Finally, the effect of the system configuration on the interactions with electromagnetic waves is shown for ferrite and metal magnetic nanosphere arrays, demonstrating specific nanomagnetic effects, as a transition from insulator to metal, and early onset of nonlinearities.
Food security: Growing trouble

Calestous Juma assesses a call for policy to feed the world at a time of squeezed production and soaring prices.
Message authentication with arbitration of transmitter/receiver disputes

In the most general model of message authentication, there are four essential participants: a transmitter who observes an information source, such as a coin toss, and wishes to communicate these observations to a remotely located receiver over a publicly exposed, noiseless, communications channel; a receiver who wishes to not only learn the state of the source (as observed by the transmitter) but also to assure himself that the communications (messages) he accepts actually were sent by the transmitter and that no alterations have been made to them subsequent to the transmitter having sent them, and two other parties, the opponent and the arbiter. The opponent wishes to deceive the receiver into accepting a message that will misinform him as to the state of the source. We assume, in accordance with Kerckhoffs' criteria in cryptography, that the opponent is fully knowledgeable of the authentication system and that in addition he is able to both eavesdrop on legitimate communications in the channel and to introduce fraudulent communications of his own choice. We also assume that he has unlimited computing power, i.e., that any computation which can be done in principal can in fact be done in practice. Given this, the opponent can achieve his objective in either of two ways: 1) he can impersonate the transmitter and send a fraudulent message when in fact no message was sent by the transmitter, or 2) he can wait to intercept a legitimate message from the transmitter and substitute in its stead some other message of his own devising.
Rocket Spectroscopy of ζ Puppis Below 1100 Å

A spectrum of ζ Pup extending from 920 A to 1360 A with approximately 0.8 A resolution has been recorded at rocket altitudes. Tentative identification of 38 multiplets below 1100 A has been made from which it is concluded that all the lines appearing in a model atmosphere (Hickok and Morton, 1968) with T e = 37450K have been detected with the exception of those masked by telluric N2 or strong P Cygni-like profiles. Additional absorption lines indicate a wide range of ionization and excitation entirely consistent with observations in the visible spectral region of similar type stars; they also appear to affect sensibly the energy distribution within the spectrum. From newly detected blue-shifted absorption features produced by the ions S VI (933.4 A, 944.5 A), NIV (955.3 A), NIII (991.0 A), and OVI (1033.8 A) mean radial velocities of 1200, 530, 1800 and 1900 km sec-1 respectively have been derived. It is pointed out that the transition in NVI (955.3 A) does not originate in the ground state configuration as do the other P Cygni profile transitions, but from an excited level which can decay radiatively to the ground state. It seems likely, therefore, that the profile is generated close to the photosphere, and this, together with previously reported results, constitutes evidence for a positive velocity gradient in the detected portion of the circumstellar envelope. On the basis of available data, ions in the ground state of NV, NIV (by inference) and NIII are all present in the circumstellar envelope, the abundance of the latter remaining large enough to produce a strong P Cygni profile.
The Chowla-Selberg formula for abelian CM fields and Faltings heights

In this paper we establish a Chowla–Selberg formula for abelian CM fields. This is an identity which relates values of a Hilbert modular function at CM points to values of Euler’s gamma function at rational numbers. We combine this identity with work of Colmez to relate the CM values of the Hilbert modular function to Faltings heights of CM abelian varieties. We also give explicit formulas for products of exponentials of Faltings heights, allowing us to study some of their arithmetic properties using the Lang–Rohrlich conjecture.
Ovipositional Preferences of the Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) among Some Simple and Glandular-Haired Medicago Species

Six Medicago L. species were evaluated in a no-choice oviposition test for the alfalfa blotch leafminer (ABL), Agromyza frontella (Rondani). The Medicago species consisted of the annual diploids M. disciformis DeCandolle and M. blancheana Boissier; the annual tetraploids M. rugosa Desrousseaux, M. noeana Boissier, and M. scutellata (L.) Miller; and the perennial tetraploid M. sativa L. var. ‘Arc’. More eggs were laid on M. sativa leaflets than on the other Medicago entries. ABL preferred to oviposit on nonglandular-haired Medicago entries. Density and pinholes, numbers of simple, glandular, and procumbent glandular hairs, and area of the leaflets were measured for each species entry and analyzed by multiple-regression techniques to determine their importance in ABL oviposition. Density of glandular hairs appeared to affect ABL oviposition the greatest. The regression model, however, did not account for the total egg variation in this preference test (R2 = 0.31).
Benchmarks for flexible and rigid transcription factor-DNA docking

Background Structural insight from transcription factor-DNA (TF-DNA) complexes is of paramount importance to our understanding of the affinity and specificity of TF-DNA interaction, and to the development of structure-based prediction of TF binding sites. Yet the majority of the TF-DNA complexes remain unsolved despite the considerable experimental efforts being made. Computational docking represents a promising alternative to bridge the gap. To facilitate the study of TF-DNA docking, carefully designed benchmarks are needed for performance evaluation and identification of the strengths and weaknesses of docking algorithms.
Analysis of scaling soft information on low density parity check code

Density evolution is used to analyse the scaling of soft information in the iterative decoding of low density parity check codes. Based on the min-sum algorithm and Gaussian approximation, the thresholds are evaluated with various scaling factors. The optimal scaling factor is found by density evolution and the expected scaling gain matches well with the achievable scaling gain from simulation results.
Library rats: Overcoming resistance to libraries

Abstract This column presents an alternative approach to the freshman library orientation tour. Intended to overcome students' resistance to the library, this approach emphasizes, in addition to traditional research functions, areas of the library where students can listen to music, get on the Internet, or study quietly. Suggestions for framing such a tour are offered. A handout, included as the appendix, emphasizes the library as a resource for “the whole person.”
Reverse sural rotational flap in the coverage of the lower leg after musculoskeletal oncologic resection

The coverage of soft tissue defects in the lower extremity has proven to be challenging. The reverse sural flap provides reliable coverage with minimal complications. Six patients with sarcomas at the distal leg, ankle, and foot were treated with the reverse sural artery flap. Data was gathered for demographics, comorbidities, type of tumor, size of defect, flap viability, healing time, donor-site morbidity, recurrence, functional outcome, and range of motion. All patients possessed a primary sarcoma that traditionally would have required a free flap for coverage. The average size of defect was 94 cm2 (range 50–143) and was covered by flaps that ranged between 10 × 13 cm and 10 × 5 cm. Flap viability was 100 %, with healing occurring by 18 weeks (range 4–32 weeks). Donor-site morbidity was 0 %. Average revised MSTS score was 80 % or 24/40 (range 15–29). Average ROM for dorsi flexion was 0 ° and plantar flexion was 17.5 ° (range 10–25). Average time of follow-up was 8.75 months (range 4–14). In most patients without associated risk factors such as diabetes, the reverse sural flap can be performed safely. However, in patients with identifiable risk factors for partial flap failure, consideration should be given to alternative options such as free flap reconstruction in order not to delay or interrupt adjuvant radiotherapy. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
Functional units in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson) liver: II. The biliary system

The intrahepatic biliary system was studied in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), a teleost known to form liver neoplasms after exposure to various carcinogens. Normal adults (N = 25) were examined using light microscopic, enzyme histochemical, and transmission and scanning electron microscopic methods. In light micrographs, longitudinal arrays of hepatocytes appeared as double rows incompletely divided by elongated darkly stained cells. Electron micrographs showed tubules of five to nine pyramidally shaped hepatocytes with their apices directed toward a central biliary passageway and their bases directed toward sinusoids. Sequentially, beginning with hepatocytes, biliary passageways included canaliculi, preductules, ductules, and ducts. Canaliculi were short and joined transitional passageways (preductules) formed by junctional complexes between plasma membranes of hepatocytes and small, electron-dense cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Ductules, completely lined by biliary epithelial cells, occupied central regions of hepatic tubules. Relatively elongated, ductular cells were intimately associated with surrounding hepatocytes, separated from them by only a thin extracellular space devoid of a basal lamina. Epithelium of bile ducts included cuboidal through mucus-laden columnar cells, surrounded by basal lamina and, in larger ducts, by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and a capillary plexus. Bile ducts and hepatic arterioles, but not venules, were distributed together. The ultrastructure of biliary epithelium, periductular, and periductal cells is presented.
The effects of inflation uncertainty and supply shocks on real interest rates

Abstract Increased inflation uncertainty and negative supply shocks have been suggested separately as causes of the 1970s decline in real interest rates. When both factors appear in empirical interest rate models, supply forces exert a statistically significant impact on real rates while the effect of inflation uncertainty is insignificant.
Low-dc-field susceptibility of Cu Mn spin glass

Low-dc-field magnetic-susceptibility measurements are reported for $\mathrm{Cu}\mathrm{Mn}$ alloys containing 1.08- and 2.02-at.% Mn using a superconducting quantum-interference device. The zero-field cooled initial susceptibility shows a cusplike peak at ${T}_{g}$, the transition temperature to a spin-glass state. After field cooling from $Tg{T}_{g}$ (even for $H=2$ G), the susceptibility below ${T}_{g}$ is nearly independent of temperature with the constant value of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.97\ensuremath{\chi}({T}_{g})$. The high-temperature susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law until just above ${T}_{g}$; the value of the Curie temperature is very small. Using the theory of Sherrington and Kirkpatrick, the spin-glass order parameter $q(T)$ is extracted from the susceptibility data. A critical index $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ is obtained assuming a power law for $q(T)\ensuremath{\propto}{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{g}})}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$. The results are qualitatively in agreement with the prediction of an Edwards-Anderson-type mean-field theory.
Correlation of intraoperative collateral perfusion pressure during carotid endarterectomy and status of the contralateral carotid artery and collateral cerebral blood flow.

Background The optimal method for predicting when carotid shunting is not necessary during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is controversial. This study will analyze the correlation of collateral perfusion pressure and the status of contralateral carotid/cerebral collaterals and determine whether preoperative duplex ultrasound/cerebral angiography can predict when CEA can be done without shunting. Methods Ninety-eight patients were randomized into routine shunting and 102 into selective shunting when the collateral perfusion pressure (systolic carotid stump pressure) was Results The perioperative stroke rate was 1.5% for the entire group. There was no correlation between preoperative symptoms and the status of the contralateral carotid artery (normal, stenosed, or occluded). The mean collateral perfusion pressure was inversely related to the severity of the contralateral carotid stenosis: 60, 57, 55, 56, and 38 mm Hg for normal, p = 0.005). There was a direct relation between the number of patients with a collateral perfusion pressure of p p 40 mm Hg ( p = 0.1026). Overall, 62 of 63 (98.4%) patients with cross-filling versus 10 of 24 (42%) without cross-filling had a collateral perfusion pressure of ≥40 mm Hg ( p Conclusions There was an inverse correlation between collateral perfusion pressure and severity of contralateral carotid stenosis, and patients with severe contralateral carotid stenosis/occlusion were more likely to be shunted. The presence of cross-filling with normal to
Preparation and handling of aequorin solutions for the measurement of cellular Ca2

Main characteristics of the various types of aequorin presently available for measuring cellular Ca2+, i.e. heterogeneous aequorin, isoaequorins, recombinant aequorin, fluorescein-labeled aequorin and semi-synthetic aequorins, are summarized. Basic techniques of preparing and handling the solutions of those aequorins for measuring Ca2+, including such techniques as concentrating aequorin solutions, freeze-drying, changing buffer composition, and the regeneration of active aequorin, are described.
Electrical and optical investigation of MBE grown Si-doped AlxGa1−xN as a function of Al mole fraction up to 0.5

Si-doped Al x Ga 1-x N grown by gas source MBE was investigated as a function of Al mole fraction up to 0.5 using temperature dependent Hall effect (TDH) and cathodoluminescence measurements. The band gap energies for the Al x Ga 1-x N layers estimated from the bound exciton peaks agree well with the linearly extrapolated band gaps only for x ≤ 0.3. TDH measurements reveal the presence of a highly degenerate n-type region at the Al x Ga 1-x N/sapphire interface. The donor concentrations of Al x Ga 1 x N layers are estimated to be 4.5, 5.0, 15, 19, and 8 x 10 18 cm -3 for x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively, compared with the nominal doping value of 10 18 Si cm - 3. The activation energies of the Si donors are 6, 11, 40, 60, and 68 meV for x = 0.1 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, respectively. Both the electrical and optical measurements indicate that good quality Al x Ga 1-x N films can be grown for x up to 0.3 by gas source MBE using a sapphire substrate and an AlN buffer layer, but lesser quality films are obtained for x > 0.3.
Component-based building representation for design and construction

Abstract This paper challenges the current limited use of computers in design and proposes the Component-Based Paradigm as an all encompassing model for building representation. The paradigm introduces the concept of a single three-dimensional computer-based model for the design process and explores the development of reasoning tools in a component modeling environment.
Photoacoustic methods for measuring surface and bulk absorption coefficients in highly transparent materials: theory of a gas cell

Researchers seek improved ways to measure the surface absorption and the bulk absorption coefficients of highly transparent materials. Procedures are presented here by which one may determine separately the surface absorption and the bulk absorption coefficients. For the case in which a laser beam modulated at angular frequency ω passes through the weakly absorbing windows of a gas cell containing a nonabsorbing gas, the temperature profiles in the cell windows and the temperature and acoustic pressure or stress profiles in the gas have been calculated. These calculations indicate that for sufficiently low frequencies and high ambient gas pressure, enough heat transfers from the cell windows to the gas to produce a detectable acoustic pressure signal at angular frequency ω in the gas. These calculations also enable us to state the necessary measurements for determining the surface and bulk absorption coefficients. Measuring the acoustic stress amplitude at the fundamental and higher harmonic frequencies and measuring the phase shifts of the frequency components of the acoustic stress with respect to the modulated laser beam give sufficient data by which one can determine the surface and bulk absorption coefficients. Numerical examples for a representative laser glass and air (nitrogen) are given.
THE POLLS—TRENDSAFFIRMATIVE ACTION AND THE PUBLIC, 1970–1995

Les AA. s'interessent aux politiques anti-discriminatoires conduites aux Etats-Unis entre 1970 et 1995 et leur impact sur l'opinion publique americaine. Ils rappellent que ces politiques visent a instaurer des quotas raciaux, a encourager l'embauche d'individus appartenant aux minorites ethniques, a promouvoir les groupes sous-representes, etc.. Ils montrent que les americains ne semblent pas approuver certaines mesures decidees en cette affaire, comme la preference ethnique sur le marche du travail. Ils analysent, en ce domaine, l'influence des facteurs ethniques sur le plan des attitudes et celle du type de population censee beneficier de ce type de politique. Ils distinguent, sur ce dernier point, les opinions des individus pour ce qui est des politiques en faveur des afro-americain et celles menees au benefice des femmes
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE BY 'VINCRISTINE' AND 'VINBLASTINE'.

CHEMICAL suppression of immunological responsiveness has been achieved in recent years by several classes of compounds. In particular, the alkalating agents1, the antipurines2 and the folic acid antagonists3 have been effective chemicals. However, since none of these drugs has offered complete suppression under conditions of clinical trial, the discovery of new classes of chemicals which inhibit immune reactions remains an important objective. The double indole-indoline alkaloids4 ‘Vincristine’ (vincristine sulphate) and ‘Vinblastine’ (vincaleukoblastine sulphate) were isolated from the common periwinkle plant Vinca rosea by two groups of investigators working independently5,6. Since these compounds have been effective growth inhibitors of a variety of lymphoid neoplasms7–9, it appeared worth while to investigate their effects on immune responses. This communication reports inhibition of antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity to bovine serum albumin in rats following administration of the two drugs.
Deep energy levels for defects at the AlAs (110) surface

Abstract Energy levels deep within the band gap have been calculated for sp 3 -bonded substitutional impurities, for antisite defects, and for vacancies at the (110) surface of AlAs. The predictions are compared with Schottky barrier measurements, within the context of the Spicer-Bardeen model of Fermi-level pinning. An unoccupied surface antisite-defect level is predicted to lie within the band gap for Al on the As site; this level may be responsible for the Schottky barrier observed for n-type AlAs.
A Beam Theory for Anisotropic Materials

Beam theory plays an important role in structural analysis. The basic assumption is that initially plane sections remain plane after deformation, neglecting out-of-plane warpings. Predictions based on these assumptions are accurate for slender, solid, cross-sectional beams made out of isotropic materials. The beam theory derived in this paper from variational principles is based on the sole kinematic assumption that each section is infinitely rigid in its own plane, but free to warp out of plane. After a short review of the Bernoulli and Saint-Venant approaches to beam theory, a set of orthonormal eigenwarpings is derived. Improved solutions can be obtained by expanding the axial displacements or axial stress distribution in series of eigenwarpings and using energy principles to derive the governing equations. The improved Saint-Venant approach leads to fast converging solutions and accurate results are obtained considering only a few eigenwarping terms.
Collection metadata solutions for digital library applications

Within a digital library, collections may range from an ad hoc set of objects that serve a temporary purpose to established library collections intended to persist through time. The objects in these collections vary widely, from library and data center holdings to pointers to real-world objects, such as geographic places, and the various metadata schemas that describe them. The key to integrated use of such a variety of collections in a digital library is collection metadata that represents the inherent and contextual characteristics of a collection. The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project has designed and implemented collection metadata for several purposes: in XML form, the collection metadata "registers" the collection with the user interface client; in HTML form, it is used for user documentation; eventually, it will be used to describe the collection to network search agents; and it is used for internal collection management, including mapping the object metadata attributes to the common search parameters of the system.
Characterization of the interaction of poly(ethylene oxide) with nanosize fumed silica: Surface effects on crystallization

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of 4600 molar mass (PEO-4600) was crystallized from methanol in the presence of hydrophilic fumed silicas (A380, A200, and OX50) with nominal surface areas of 380, 200, and 50 m2/g and a hydrophobic fumed silica (R812s) modified with methyl groups. The composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The inhibition of crystallization and the tendency for chain reorganization after melting were in the order of A380 > A200 > OX50 > R812s, respectively, that is, both were least for the hydrophobic silica and increased with increasing specific surface area for the hydrophilic silica. The interaction of PEO with the silica increased in the melt state as compared with the solution-cast samples, resulting in enhanced suppression of crystallization. The following took place at a high silica content: (1) crystallization occurred at crystallization temperatures [Tc < Tc (bulk)], suggesting that the silica inhibited crystallization; (2) crystallites with melt temperatures [Tm < Tm (bulk)] were observed, indictive of smaller and/or less perfect crystals; and (3) melt entropies [ΔSm (surface) < ΔSm (bulk)] suggested that the interaction of surface silanols, SisOH, with PEO decreased both the melt entropy and crystallite size/perfection. Crystallinity was observed in solution-cast composites when there were greater than ∼0.03 PEO molecules/nm2 for native and ∼0.01 PEO molecules/nm2 for methylated fumed silica, similar to reported plateau equilibrium adsorption values from methanol. These results were consistent with a model in which PEO interacted more strongly with native fumed silica as compared with hydrophobically modified silica because of hydrogen bonding of the ether oxygens of PEO with the acidic silanols, preventing chain mobility and crystallization. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1978–1993, 2003
Comparison in rabbits of hypoglycemia and B cell degranulation after various sulfonylureas.

Summary1) A single injection of same dose of 3 sulfonylureas, tolbutamide, chlorpropamide and metahexamide showed that tolbutamide caused a lesser hypoglycemia, whereas the 2 other drugs caused a more severe lowering of blood sugar level, most marked after administration of chlorpropamide. In no case was any B cell degranulation observed. 2) Infusion of glucose alone or simultaneously with various drugs for 7 hours each day on 3 successive days caused an identical hyperglycemic response in all animals. However, infusion of glucose alone produced no B cell degranulation; when sulfonylureas were added to the perfusate, degranulation of B cells was found. This was most pronounced after administration of chlorpropamide and metahexamide. That absence of hypoglycemia did not prevent B cell degranulation is further proof that degranulation of B cells after sulfonylureas is a primary action of these drugs on B cells to increase insulin output. Furthermore, relative B cell degranulating efficacy of the 3 compounds...
Critical linear thermal expansion in the smectic-A phase near the nematic-smectic phase transition.

Recent high-resolution x-ray investigations of the smectic-$A$ (SmA) phase near the nematic-to-SmA transition provide information about the critical behavior of the linear thermal expansion coefficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}$ parallel to the director. Combining such data with available volume thermal expansion ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{V}$ data yields the in-plane linear expansion coefficient ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$. The critical behaviors of ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ are the same as those for ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{V}$ and the heat capacity ${C}_{p}$. However, for any given liquid crystal, ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}(\mathrm{crit})$ and ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}(\mathrm{crit})$ differ in sign. Furthermore, the quantity ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\ensuremath{\Vert}}(\mathrm{crit})$ is positive for ${\mathrm{SmA}}_{d}$ partial bilayer smectics, while it is negative for nonpolar ${\mathrm{SmA}}_{m}$ monomeric smectics. This feature is discussed in terms of the molecular structural aspects of these smectic phases.
High light-extraction efficiency in GaInN light-emitting diode with pyramid reflector

ABSTRACT A GaInN light-emitting diode (LED) that employs a new type of reflector consisting of an array of SiO 2 pyramids and a reflective Ag layer is demonstrated to have enhanced light extraction compared to GaInN LEDs with a planar Ag reflector. Ray tracing simulations reveal that the pyramid reflector provides 14.1 % enhancement in extraction efficiency. Consistent with the simulation, it is experimentally demons trated that the GaInN LED em ploying the pyramid-patterned Ag reflector shows 13.9% higher light-output compared to th e LED with a planar Ag refl ector. In addition, the GaInN LED with pyramid reflector shows uniform light intensity due to current spreading beneath the SiO 2 pyramid pattern. The enhancement is attributed to the ap pearance of an additional escape cone for light extraction, enabled by the change in direction of light rays reflected by the 3-dimensional pyramid reflector. Keywords: Light-emitting diode, light-extraction efficiency, reflector, 3-dimensional reflector
Threshold chloride level and characteristics of reinforcement corrosion initiation in simulated concrete pore solutions

Abstract Threshold chloride level (Cth) and corrosion behavior of reinforced steel bar (rebar) have been studied in three kinds of simulated concrete pore solutions (SPSs). The rebars with two different surface conditions were immersed in SPSs and open circuit potential (OCP) and linear polarization resistance (LPR) were monitored with stepwise chloride addition. Different electrochemical techniques for Cths and rebar corrosion initiation of all cases are discussed and compared with results from the literature. The results indicate that Cths acquired from both OCP and LPR techniques are relatively consistent. Cths, represented by the threshold expression [Cl−] or [Cl−]/[OH−], exhibit an increasing trend with increasing SPS pH. Corrosion resistance of both sandblasted and prerusted bars can be improved by raising the pH of the SPS solution; the extent of improvement is more pronounced for sandblasted bars. Once initiated, severe pit corrosion occurs on sandblasted bars with more abrupt OCP and corrosion current density variation exhibited.
Early turbulent mixing as the origin of chemical homogeneity in open star clusters

Simulations tracing the mixing of chemical elements as star-forming clouds assemble and collapse show that turbulent mixing during cloud assembly naturally produces a scatter of stellar abundance much smaller than that in the gas, explaining why stars in the same cluster appear to be nearly identical in their chemical abundances. Stars that form in the same star cluster all tend to be very similar in the amounts of heavy elements — such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, magnesium, silicon and iron — that they contain. Variation in the surrounding interstellar gas is much greater. The reason for such chemical homogeneity has been unclear. Here Yi Feng and Mark Krumholz report simulations that trace the mixing of chemical elements as star-forming clouds form and collapse. They find that turbulent mixing during cloud assembly naturally produces a stellar abundance scatter at least fivefold smaller than that in the gas. Mixing occurs very early in the star formation process, so that even regions where star formation occurs with low efficiency will be well mixed. The abundances of elements in stars are critical clues to stars’ origins. Observed star-to-star variations in logarithmic abundance within an open star cluster—a gravitationally bound ensemble of stars in the Galactic plane—are typically only about 0.01 to 0.05 over many elements1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, which is noticeably smaller than the variation of about 0.06 to 0.3 seen in the interstellar medium from which the stars form10,11,12,13,14. It is unknown why star clusters are so homogenous, and whether homogeneity should also prevail in regions of lower star formation efficiency that do not produce bound clusters. Here we report simulations that trace the mixing of chemical elements as star-forming clouds assemble and collapse. We show that turbulent mixing during cloud assembly naturally produces a stellar abundance scatter at least five times smaller than that in the gas, which is sufficient to explain the observed chemical homogeneity of stars. Moreover, mixing occurs very early, so that regions with star formation efficiencies of about 10 per cent are nearly as well mixed as those with formation efficiencies of about 50 per cent. This implies that even regions that do not form bound clusters are likely to be well mixed, and improves the prospects of using ‘chemical tagging’ to reconstruct (via their unique chemical signatures, or tags) star clusters whose constituent stars have become unbound from one another and spread across the Galactic disk.
Praetorians or professionals? Democratization and military intervention in communist and post‐communist Russia

Approaches to civil‐military relations that rely on a measure of ‘professionalism’ within a military's officer corps appear inadequate when applied to the post‐Soviet Russian military. Corrupt, suffering a catastrophic decline in prestige, riddled with delinquency in the ranks, and apparently lacking political support, and in other ways showing a lack of professionalism and respect, on reasonable expectations the Russian military would by now have intervened in the country's developing democratic processes. That has not happened: indeed, the general level of ‘praetorian’ behaviour appears to have declined despite declining professionalism. This poses a challenge to conventional theories of civil‐military relations in political science.
DSIP — more than a sleep peptide?

Abstract In several species DSIP at low doses has been shown to promote sleep. Although its physiological role remains to be clarified, DSIP illustrates several concepts applicable to other brain peptides. These include the bell-shaped dose-response curve, central effects after peripheral administration, a delayed and prolonged time course, and some penetration of the blood-brain barrier in essentially intact form. Concepts applicable to one neuropeptide, therefore, appear to be applicable to others. In this article Abba Kastin and colleagues review the known effects of DSIP and argue that more work needs to be carried out before it can be labelled functionally.
Spatial distribution of deep level traps in GaNAs crystals

Abstract GaNAs crystals grown by the metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) method are characterized by plane-view electron beam induced current (EBIC) and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Localized deep-level traps with a diameter of 3–5 μm are clearly observed from EBIC analysis. The DLTS analysis shows that the dominant deep-level traps have energy levels of Ev+0.58 eV and Ec−0.72 eV. Such deep level traps are eliminated by annealing at 700°C. From our analysis, the change in the spatial distribution of deep-level traps due to annealing correlates strongly with the change in the PL intensity, indicating that observed deep-level traps are one of the major factors which degrade the optical properties of the GaNAs crystals. In addition to these localized traps, the inhomogeneity of minority diffusion length is also detected by EBIC.
Review of electrochemical studies of complexes containing the Fe2S2 core characteristic of [FeFe]-hydrogenases including catalysis by these complexes of the reduction of acids to form dihydrogen

Abstract This article reviews published literature on the electrochemical reduction and oxidation of complexes containing the Fe 2 S 2 core characteristic of the active site of [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Correlations between reduction and oxidation potentials and molecular structure are developed and presented. In cases where the complexes have been studied with regard to their ability to catalyze the reduction of acids to give dihydrogen, the overpotentials for such catalyzed reduction are presented and an attempt is made to estimate, at least qualitatively, the efficiency of such catalysis.
Average power constraints in AlGaAs semiconductor lasers under pulse-position-modulation conditions

In some optical communications systems there are advantages to using low duty-cycle pulsed modulation formats such as pulse-position-modulation. However, because of intrinsic limitations of AlGaAs semiconductor lasers, the average power that they can deliver in a pulsed mode of operation is lower than in a CW mode. The magnitude of this problem and its implications are analyzed in this letter, and one possible solution is mentioned.
Parental sensitivity to infants and toddlers in dual-earner and single-earner families.

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the effects of maternal employment on parent-child relations. Some researchers have concluded that maternal employment status has no effect on children's maternal attachments; others have found that full-time employment initiated in the first year of life is associated with insecure patterns of attachment behavior. The evidence suggests that dual-earner parents who have young children have increased psychological distress, affecting marital quality and spousal and parenting behaviors. OBJECTIVES: To learn whether parental sensitivity and the determinants of parental sensitivity differ for first-time parents in single-earner and dual-earner families when their first-born children are 3 months of age and when they are 2 1/2 years old; and to learn the extent to which changes in parental sensitivity and the determinants of parental sensitivity differ for single-earner and dual-earner parents during the study interval. METHOD: This panel study compared marital quality, psychological well-being, and parental sensitivity of single-earner and dual-earner parents when their first-born children were 3 months of age and again when they were 2 1/2 years of age. RESULTS: Employed mothers were more sensitive to their 3-month olds than were nonemployed mothers. When children were 2 1/2 years of age, dual-earner parents had lower marital quality than single-earner parents. Marital quality was positively associated with parental sensitivity at both study phases. Regardless of maternal employment status, parents' marital quality declined during the study interval. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of mothers' employment status, well-educated, middle-class parents tend to provide sensitive parenting. Marital quality and psychological well-being are important supports of sensitive parenting for dual-earner and single-earner families.