cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Learning from the Past: “Able Archer” and the 1983 War Scare

In this chapter, we revisit the year 1983 and the collision course on which the Americans and Soviets found themselves in that momentous time. Political relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were marked by the Reagan administration’s defense buildup and assertive rhetoric toward the USSR, which Moscow, in turn, reciprocated with considerable brio. A series of events, including NATO’s commitment to its “572” European theater ballistic and cruise missile deployments, in response to earlier Soviet deployments of intermediate range SS-20 nuclear missiles, and a Soviet intelligence tasking for indicators of an American and NATO imminent decision to launch a nuclear first strike against the Soviet Union and/or its Warsaw Pact allies, all contributed to a scenario of unintended escalation. Into this mix, NATO added a command post exercise, Able Archer, in November of 1983 that included simulated procedures for nuclear release. The case study might hold lessons for NATO and Russia as they exit the Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty in 2019 and open the door to renewed deployments of nuclear-capable intermediate- and shorter-range missiles in Europe.
Stress Regulation of Sustained Attention and the Cholinergic Attention System.

Abstract Background Stress exacerbates symptoms of schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, which are characterized by impairments in sustained attention. Yet how stress regulates attention remains largely unexplored. We investigated whether a 6-day variable stressor altered sustained attention and the cholinergic attention system in male and female rats. Methods Sustained attention was tested with the sustained attention task. Successful performance on the sustained attention task relies on the release of acetylcholine (ACh) into the cortex from cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). Thus, we evaluated whether variable stress (VS) altered the morphology of these neurons with a novel approach using a Cre-dependent virus in genetically modified ChAT::Cre rats, a species used for this manipulation only. Next, electrochemical recordings measured cortical ACh following VS. Finally, we used RNA sequencing to identify VS-induced transcriptional changes in the NBM. Results VS impaired attentional performance in the sustained attention task and increased the dendritic complexity of NBM cholinergic neurons in both sexes. NBM cholinergic neurons are mainly under inhibitory control, so this morphological change could increase inhibition on these neurons, reducing downstream ACh release to impair attention. Indeed, VS decreased ACh release in the prefrontal cortex of male rats. Quantification of global transcriptional changes revealed that although VS induced many sex-specific changes in gene expression, it increased several signaling molecules in both sexes. Conclusions These studies suggest that VS impairs attention by inducing molecular and morphological changes in the NBM. Identifying mechanisms by which stress regulates attention may guide the development of novel treatments for psychiatric disorders with attention deficits.
Developing an Understanding of Science

Young children are adept at several types of scientific reasoning, yet older children and adults have difficulty mastering formal scientific ideas and practices. Why do “little scientists” often be...
Gendering human capital development in Western Alaska

This article posits that conventional human capital development theory as applied to economic development lacks a consideration of cultural context. In developing regions of the world, life decisions at the postsecondary educational level are often less driven by individual choices and “rational” cost–benefit analyses and more by the continuing importance of family, community, and place‐based values. Results from an examination of postsecondary educational outcomes among rural, coastal peoples of Western Alaska demonstrate how human capital development stimulated through a regional economic development program is gendered: More women than men are pursuing higher education. They are often motivated by a desire to “give back” to both their families and their communities. The study also finds a lack of participation in formal vocational training programs despite the applicability of vocational skills to resource extraction–based industries in rural Alaska. Policy recommendations include economic development organizations creating value in postsecondary educational pathways that most benefit Bering Sea communities, such as those both in caring labor and in the skilled trades. This focus could help validate rural Alaskan commitments to family, community, and sense of place.
Network Analysis of Sport-related Concussion Research During the Past Decade (2010-2019).

Context Research into sport-related concussion (SRC) has grown substantially over the past decade, yet no authors to date have synthesized developments over this critical time period. Objective To apply a network-analysis approach in evaluating trends in the SRC literature using a comprehensive search of original, peer-reviewed research articles involving human participants published between January 1, 2010, and December 15, 2019. Design Narrative review. Main outcome measure(s) Bibliometric maps were derived from a comprehensive search of all published, peer-reviewed SRC articles in the Web of Science database. A clustering algorithm was used to evaluate associations among journals, organizations or institutions, authors, and key words. The online search yielded 6130 articles, 528 journals, 7598 authors, 1966 organizations, and 3293 key words. Results The analysis supported 5 thematic clusters of journals: (1) biomechanics/sports medicine (n = 15), (2) pediatrics/rehabilitation (n = 15), (3) neurotrauma/neurology/neurosurgery (n = 11), (4) general sports medicine (n = 11), and (5) neuropsychology (n = 7). The analysis identified 4 organizational clusters of hub institutions: (1) University of North Carolina (n = 19), (2) University of Toronto (n = 19), (3) University of Michigan (n = 11), and (4) University of Pittsburgh (n = 10). Network analysis revealed 8 clusters for SRC key words, each with a central topic area: (1) epidemiology (n = 14), (2) rehabilitation (n = 12), (3) biomechanics (n = 11), (4) imaging (n = 10), (5) assessment (n = 9), (6) mental health/chronic traumatic encephalopathy (n = 9), (7) neurocognition (n = 8), and (8) symptoms/impairments (n = 5). Conclusions The findings suggest that during the past decade SRC research has (1) been published primarily in sports medicine, pediatric, and neuro-focused journals, (2) involved a select group of researchers from several key institutions, and (3) concentrated on new topical areas, including treatment or rehabilitation and mental health.
Arkansans' Preferred COVID-19 Testing Locations.

INTRODUCTION: A contributing factor to racial and ethnic disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic may be the accessibility and acceptability of COVID-19 testing. Previous studies found that access to testing has not been equitable across several sociodemographic indicators. This study documents the preferred testing locations and examines differences across sociodemographic factors with a specific focus on race and ethnicity. METHODS: This study includes a primary analysis of cross-sectional data using a self-administered digital survey distributed to Arkansas residents using ARresearch, a volunteer research participant registry. The survey had 1288 responses, and 1221 met eligibility criteria for inclusion in the survey. Participants provided sociodemographic information and were asked to select up to 3 preferred testing locations from 12 options. Chi-square tests assessed differences in testing site preference across relevant sociodemographic groups. RESULTS: Participants preferred drive-through clinics as their top location for COVID-19 testing, with 55% reporting this was their preferred method of testing. This pattern was consistent across all comparison groups (ie, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, insurance status). Significant differences in testing location preference were observed across age, race and ethnicity, and education, with the most differences observed across race and ethnicity. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that race and ethnicity are important to consider when deciding where to offer COVID-19 testing. The preferences for testing locations among the most vulnerable demographics will be used to develop targeted responses aimed at eliminating disparities in COVID-19 in Arkansas.
At Rock Bottom: Puerto Rico's Crises and Self-Determination

At the moment, Puerto Rico’s de facto bankruptcy is occupying all three branches of government in the United States. Probably, it will lead them merely to express sympathy, to offer small gestures of support, and to institute short-term mechanisms to assist in the satisfaction of creditor claims. Nonetheless, U.S. authorities might beat all odds, rise to the occasion, appreciate the territory’s financial woes as a symptom, and tackle the politically underlying causes. In other words, they might terminate the prevailing undemocratic and disengaged federal decision-making system, which paved the way for the fiscal collapse in the first place and prevents a purposeful quest for a durable solution. In particular, Congress might acknowledge its own aversion to statehood as well as that of a plurality of the local population and work with Puerto Rican representatives toward rendering their homeland genuinely self-governing in addition to capable of purposely and authoritatively attending to homegrown difficulties, needs, or possibilities. At the outset, this essay will show in its Part I that officials from the United States resolve the most important insular matters not solely undemocratically but especially taking U.S. interests into account. It will affirm that they may have thus contributed to the territorial socio-economic ails, which have, in turn, fueled the current debt debacle. From this perspective, the United States should strive to democratize the dependency. It may advance such democratization outside rather than inside the Union in light of Congressional or on-site opposition to the latter option. Part II will contemplate and ultimately reject the contention that the existing arrangement violates individual civil rights or that Puerto Rico must become a state in order to vindicate them. It will stress that no such violation transpires since the treatment of Puerto Ricans does not differ from that of their fellow U.S. citizens. Specifically, anyone bearing the citizenship of the United States can exercise all the guaranties in question if she resides on the mainland (or Hawaii) yet not on the island (or any other territory, or abroad). The discussion will then establish that the extant regime encroaches not upon the islanders’ personal entitlements but instead upon their collective self-determination. Ergo, vindication may consist in permitting the island to rule itself just as much as in admitting it into the federation. From this standpoint, the U.S. political establishment could simply amend the 1950 statute presently in force and pursue more successfully the same goal: namely, granting the dependency “self-governance” as an “associated free state.” Within this wide framework, the association could flexibly develop over time toward either more or less cooperation between the parties.
Chemicals, Polymers and Ceramics from the Beach. II.

We recently discovered methods of dissolving silica in ethylene glycol in the pres- ence of alkali and alkaline base to form anionic pentacoordinated or dianionic hexacoordinated silicon complexes. We report here that the use of strong amine bases can be used in catalytic or stoichiometric quantities to form neutral tetracoordinate siloxanes containing only silicon and ethylene glycol or silicon, triethanolamine and ethy- lene glycol (silatrane glycol). We also find that aluminum hydroxide will dissolve under similar conditions to form alumatranes.
Rays and Halfspaces

This chapter falls into two well-defined parts. First a study is made of rays (halflines). The emphasis is on rays which have a common endpoint. Among the concepts taken up is that of opposite rays which is suggested by the idea of opposite directions from a point. Secondly the notion of ray is generalized to that of halfspace. Then half spaces which have a common bounding linear space or edge are studied in a treatment that parallels that given for rays.
Modeling the Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Fuel Cell Vehicles

This study involves the battery requirements for a fuel cell-powered hybrid electric vehicle. The performances of the vehicle [a 3200-Ib (1455-kg) sedan], the fuel cell, and the battery were evaluated in a vehicle simulation. Most of the attention was given to the design and performance of the battery, a lithium-ion, manganese spinel-graphite system of 75-kW power to be used with a 50-kW fuel cell. The total power performance of the system was excellent at the full operating temperatures of the fuel cell and battery. The battery cycling duty is very moderate, as regenerative braking for the Federal Urban Driving Schedule and the Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles can do all charging of the battery. Cold start-up at 20°C is straightforward, with full power available immediately. Cold start-up at -20°C is more difficult, but can be accomplished by the use of thermal storage in the form of 10 L of transformer heat-transfer fluid heated to 180°C, which can warm the battery to 10°C and restore the battery to full power within two minutes.
Middle Jurassic concretions from Częstochowa (Poland) as indicators of sedimentation rates

The Czestochowa Clay from south-central Poland contains numerous carbonate (sideritic and calcitic) concretions. Their sedimentary and diagenetic features allowed determination of the relative progress of diagenesis during their formation. Four categories of concretions are identified using such characteristics as: mineral composition, shape, presence of septarian structures, presence and preservation of macrofossils, evidence of bioerosion and benthic colonization. The concretion types recognized are: (1) early-diagenetic calcite concretions with evidence of reworking (hiatus concretions), (2) early-diagenetic fossiliferous calcite-concretions, (3) early-diagenetic siderite-concretions with septaria, and (4) later earlydiagenetic massive siderite-concretions. The reconstruction of early diagenetic environments is based on such factors as: the dynamics of compaction, isolation from oxygenated sea-water, and availability of carbonate ions. All these factors are attributed to changes in the rate of sedimentation. According to the proposed hypothetical mechanisms, the early-diagenetic concretions formed during periods of generally slower sedimentation than the later early-diagenetic bodies.
Flood Releases from Dams as Management Tools: Interactions between Science and Management

The linkage between management and science is sometimes strained. Management must be broadly attentive to the perceived desires of various resource users, while scientists are usually focused on natural phenomena, how they are controlled, and how perturbation effects change. These different perspectives commonly result in mismatching objectives and misunderstandings. The 1996 controlled flood represents a productive convergence of river science and dam management stimulated by the process of writing an environmental impact statement. The EIS task focused on effects the of dam operations on the river. The understanding and prediction of the effects required by the EIS was underpinned by scientific inquiry coordinated by the Bureau of Reclamation's Glen Canyon Environmental Studies (GCES) program. The controlled flood itself was a demonstration of a management tool while serving also as a manipulative experiment to test theoretical ideas about how the river works. It became clear that management's role involves the definition of the problems and goals and science's role is development of objective knowledge about natural phenomena.
A NOTE ON GOVERNMENT BUDGETS

The standard pedagogical examination of government budgets includes the distinction between cyclical and structural deficits and surpluses and changes thereof. This paper extends the regular classroom analysis and graphically demonstrates that cyclical changes in the government budget can be decom posed and stated as the summation of the expenditure effect and the revenue effect.
THE WAGE DYNAMICS OF INTERNAL MIGRATION WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

Using an extended panel of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79), this study demonstrates that young interstate migrants receive significant positive returns to geographic mobility. Pecuniary returns generally accumulate over a five year period following migration, during which migrants experience superior wage growth vis-a-vis non-migrants. Fixed-effects estimates suggest that migrants collect a post-migration wage premium of nearly 5 percent. Because fixed-effects estimation accounts for correlation between migration and unobservable individual-specific characteristics (typically referred to as "ability"), the positive effect of migration on wages can not be explained by the hypothesis that the migrant sample are drawn from the upper tail of the ability distribution.
Scrapie infectivity found in resistant species

Experimental and epidemiological evidence indicates that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been transmitted to humans1,2,3,4 although the mechanism of this transmission is unknown. Hamsters and chickens are clinically resistant to the transmission of BSE, but we report results that raise concern over the possible long-term persistence of infectivity in such clinically resistant species and which may have implications for the control of BSE.
Techniques for efficient implementation of pseudo-spectral methods and comparisons with finite difference solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations

The results of this study have shown that: (i) direct matrix inversions are competitive with FFT's for calculating pseudo-spectral representations; (ii) all real space Poisson solvers are possible with the use of a predictor-corrector procedure; (iii) the iterative time integration scheme is very attractive for use in incompressible flows; (iv) energy conservation in stratified flow using finite difference techniques can be accomplished using a combination of conservative and Piacsek-Williams differencing; and (v) computation times for pseudo-spectral calculations are faster than finite difference calculations of equivalent accuracy.
Dopamine modulates the responsivity of mediodorsal thalamic cells recorded in vitro.

The mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) receives convergent inputs from subcortical limbic structures that overlap with a dopaminergic (DA) innervation. In this study, we describe the effects of DA agonists on the basal and evoked electrophysiological activity of identified thalamic cells of rats recorded in vitro . Administration of the D1 agonist SFK 38393 (10 μm) did not produce a clear effect on the physiological properties of the thalamic cells recorded. In contrast, bath administration of the D2 agonist quinpirole (10 μm) resulted in an enhancement of membrane excitability, facilitation of the occurrence of low-threshold spikes (LTSs), and changes in the resting membrane potential of the thalamic cells tested. The quinpirole-mediated responses were reversed by administration of the D2 antagonist haloperidol. Results from experiments performed with different [K + ] and K + channel blockers suggest that the effects of quinpirole are mediated at least in part by changes in K + conductances. The results from this study suggest that DA can modulate the excitability of thalamic cells and in turn may influence the way that the thalamocortical system integrates information.
Design, Implementation, and Case Study of a Pragmatic Vibrotactile Belt

Recently, much research in the area of haptic technologies has focused on the development of waist-worn vibrotactile belts as substitution or augmentation modalities for audio-visual information. Vibrotactile belts have been used in varied applications, such as navigational aids, spatial orientation display, and balance control. Researchers have mostly focused on the functionality of these vibrotactile belts for specific applications while neglecting performance and usability. Considering the versatility of a vibrotactile belt, we previously conducted a study on the design requirements for vibrotactile belts and introduced an implementation based on these design guidelines. This paper builds on our previous work and provides details for the implementation of a ubiquitous wearable vibrotactile belt. A case study is presented in which the proposed belt was used by a researcher for a novel application of teaching participants choreographed dance. The usability of the belt is demonstrated from the researcher's perspective in terms of functionality and performance and from the participants' perspectives in terms of usability attributes such as comfort and unobtrusiveness.
Diurnal lighting patterns and habitat alter opsin expression and colour preferences in a killifish

Spatial variation in lighting environments frequently leads to population variation in colour patterns, colour preferences and visual systems. Yet lighting conditions also vary diurnally, and many aspects of visual systems and behaviour vary over this time scale. Here, we use the bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) to compare how diurnal variation and habitat variation (clear versus tannin-stained water) affect opsin expression and the preference to peck at different-coloured objects. Opsin expression was generally lowest at midnight and dawn, and highest at midday and dusk, and this diurnal variation was many times greater than variation between habitats. Pecking preference was affected by both diurnal and habitat variation but did not correlate with opsin expression. Rather, pecking preference matched lighting conditions, with higher preferences for blue at noon and for red at dawn/dusk, when these wavelengths are comparatively scarce. Similarly, blue pecking preference was higher in tannin-stained water where blue wavelengths are reduced. In conclusion, L. goodei exhibits strong diurnal cycles of opsin expression, but these are not tightly correlated with light intensity or colour. Temporally variable pecking preferences probably result from lighting environment rather than from opsin production. These results may have implications for the colour pattern diversity observed in these fish.
Diurnal variation in chlorophyll fluorescence of Thalassia testudinum seedlings in response to controlled salinity and light conditions

Diurnal variability in chlorophyll fluorescence caused by dynamic irradiance conditions is an important issue when using pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry to measure physiological conditions of plants at the landscape scale. We examined the use of slopes and y-intercepts of diurnal effective photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (ΔF/F m′) versus photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) regressions in addition to direct measurements of maximum photochemical efficiencies of PSII (F v/F m) values to assess physiological status of Thalassia testudinum seedlings in a controlled mesocosm study. Seedlings were exposed to two light treatments (full sun and 50–70 % light reduction) and three salinity treatments (20, 35, and 50). Measurements were taken at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100 hours in order to assess the diurnal variation in photochemical efficiency of PSII and PAR, with measurements at 2100 providing F v/F m. Results indicated significant effects of light and salinity on regression y-intercepts and measured F v/F m values. Shaded seedlings had higher values for both parameters, suggesting low-light acclimation. The highest salinity treatment resulted in significant reductions for both parameters, suggesting stress. Stress was also indicated by significant reductions in both seedling leaf growth and mean differences between seedling leaves and media osmolalities in the hypersaline treatments (152.0 ± 26.4 vs. 630 ± 40.2 mmol kg−1 for the control treatments). Slopes of ΔF/F m′ versus PAR significantly differed with varying light treatments, with full sun seedlings exhibiting shallower slopes than shaded seedlings, indicating higher efficiency of dissipation of excess energy (photoprotection). These experimental results confirm field data suggesting that diurnal ΔF/F m′ versus PAR regressions are responsive to changes in the physiological status of T. testudinum and that the y-intercepts of diurnal regressions may be used as a proxy for F v/F m.
Particulate matter in the exhaust of a boron- loaded solid propellant

2 Sturm, E. J. and Reichenbach, R. E., "Aluminized Composite Solid-Propellant Burning Rates in Acceleration Fields," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, No. 11, Nov. 1969, pp. 2087-2093. 3 Manda, L. J., "Compilation of Rocket Spin Data, Vol. II: Literature Survey," Rept. 3001-2, CR-66641, 1968, NASA. 4 Anderson, J. B. and Reichenbach, R. E., '76-Inch Diameter Centrifuge Facility," TN 66T-4, Sept. 1966, Dept. of Aeronautics, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. 5 Sturm, E. J., "A Study of the Burning Rates of Composite Solid Propellants in Acceleration Fields," Ph.D. thesis, AD832206, March 1968, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif. 6 Green, L., Jr., "Erosive Burning of Some Composite Solid Propellants," Jet Propulsion, Vol. 24, No. 1, Jan-Feb. 1954 DD 9-15. ' 7 Wimpress, R. N., Internal Ballistics of Solid Fuel Rockets, 1st ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950. 8 Lawrence, W. J. and Deverall, L. L, "The Erosive Burning Behavior of Selected Composite Propellants," Proceedings from the 4th ICRPG Combustion Conference, Stanford Research Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Oct. 1967, pp. 459-466. 9 Crump, J., "Aluminum Combustion in Composite Propellants," Proceedings of the Second ICRPG Combustion Conference, Aerospace Corp., El Segundo, Calif., 1965.
Mineral associations and nutritional quality of organic matter in shelf and upper slope sediments off Cape Hatteras, USA: a case of unusually high loadings

Abstract Relationships among organic carbon (OC), enzymatically hydrolyzable amino acid (EHAA) concentrations and mineral surface area (SFA) were assessed for sediments from the shelf and slope region near Cape Hatteras, USA. Grain size, measured here as mineral-specific surface area, explained 55% of the variance in organic matter concentrations. Organic loadings, as ratios of organic carbon to surface area (OC:SFA), decrease with water column and core depth. OC:SFA ratios in this region are comparable to those found in areas with anoxic water columns, and are the highest reported for shelf-slope sediments underlying oxygenated water columns. With increasing water-column depth, organic matter becomes progressively incorporated into low-density ( −3 ), organomineral aggregates, reflecting the increase in clay content in sediments with water-column depth. Organic coverage of mineral surfaces was determined by gas sorption methods; throughout the depth range minerals are essentially bare of organic coatings, in spite of high organic loadings. EHAA concentrations increase with water-column depth in a similar fashion as OC concentrations, and help to support intense heterotrophic communities at depth. Rapidly decreasing ratios of EHAA to total organic matter with water-column depth are consistent with previous inferences that largely refractory organic matter is exported from the shelf to the slope. Significant burial of EHAA downcore indicates protection of enzymatically hydrolyzable biopolymers with depth.
An eight-coil high-frequency probehead design for high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

In order to increase the throughput of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy a multiple-coil probe, which enables the simultaneous analysis of eight different samples, was designed. The probe, consisting of eight identical solenoidal coils, was constructed for operation at 600 MHz. By using four receivers and radiofrequency switches, spectra from eight different chemical solutions were acquired in the time normally required for one. Two-dimensional COSY, gradient COSY, and TOCSY data have been acquired. Intercoil electrical isolation was between 25 and 45 dB, with signal cross-talk between approximately 1 and 5% measured by NMR. The spectral linewidths for the eight coils were between 3 and 6Hz for a single optimized shim setting.
The genus Leptotheca (Protozoa: Myxosporida) in macrourid fishes and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria.

SYNOPSIS. Five species of Leptotheca, one new, were found in the macrourid fishes and the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. Those species which were geographically widespread in numerous host species showed little variation. Two Leptotheca species were found both in the gall bladder and urinary bladder/kidney.
Territoriality and reproductive tradeoffs in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus

To examine the reproductive costs of territoriality, male threespine sticklebacks were divided into two treatments: competitive and solitary. Relative to solitary males, competitive males had longer and fewer brood cycles, higher rates of energy expenditure per brood cycle, higher motivation to court additional females in the first brood cycle, and lower amounts of parental care during the first brood cycle. Thus territoriality in this species seems to effect the tradeoff between present versus future reproduction, and within present reproduction, the tradeoff between quantity versus quality of offspring.
Radioreceptor assay for epidermal growth factor.

An established cell line of human lung fibroblasts with a high number of surface receptorsfor mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) was used to develop a simple and highly sensitive radioreceptor assay for EGF. 125I-Labeled mEGF competed mole for mole with unlabeled mEGF for specific receptors. Optimal range for discriminating EGF concentrations in body fluids and tissue extracts by a competitive binding assay was between 5 and 100 ng/ml. Interassay correlation of variation was 8.47% and the recovery of highly purified mEGF added to serum and urine samples was greater than 95%. Human serum and amniotic fluids contained about 24 and 4 ng/ml, respectively, of mEGF equivalents. Concentrations of mEGF in mouse urine and serum were highly variable and were 2- to 10-fold greater than that previously detected by radioimmune assay. Hypophysectomy nearly abolished submaxillary mEGF content in both male and female mice, but testosterone treatment of hypophysectomized animals restored normal concentrations of mEGF to the glands. mEGF added to culture medium disappeared with time as a function of the number of cellular EGF receptors indicating cellular degradation of the growth factor. The radioreceptor assay for EGF is based on the close biologic relationship between the cell receptor site and the native hormone and should prove to be a useful complementary tool to characterize the physiological role of EGF.
Liver X receptor opens a new gateway to StAR and to steroid hormones.

Liver X receptors (LXRs) broadly limit cholesterol accumulation by regulating expression of genes involved in cholesterol efflux and storage. In this issue of the JCI, Cummins et al. report that LXRα is involved in similar regulation in the adrenal cortex, but it also substantially modulates glucocorticoid synthesis (see the related article beginning on page 1902). LXRα deletion in mice increases the availability of adrenal cholesterol for steroid synthesis by decreasing the expression of cholesterol efflux transporters. Glucocorticoid synthesis requires intramitochondrial cholesterol transport mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Surprisingly, LXR deletion and stimulation by an agonist each increase glucocorticoid synthesis. This parallels increased expression of StAR and several other steroidogenic genes.
A Realizability Interpretation for Classical Arithmetic

Summary. A constructive realizablity interpretation for classical arithmetic is presented, enabling one to extract witnessing terms from proofs of � 1 sentences. The interpretation is shown to coincide with modified realizability, under a novel translation of classical logic to intuitionistic logic, followed by the Friedman-Dragalin translation. On the other hand, a natural set of reductions for classical arithmetic is shown to be compatible with the normalization of the realizing term, implying that certain strategies for eliminating cuts and extracting a witness from the proof of a � 1 sentence are insensitive to the order in which reductions are applied.
Nuclear segmentation, ultrastructure, and cytochemistry of blood cells from dogs with Pelger-Huët anomaly.

Abstract Nuclear segmentation, ultrastructural features and cytochemical staining reactions of blood cells from 7 dogs with the heterozygous form of Pelger-Huet (P-H) anomaly were investigated. Significant nuclear hyposegmentation of granulocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes was found, indicating a common stem cell defect in the nuclear segmentation or lobulation process. Neutrophils and eosinophils from female P-H dogs lacked sex chromatin drumsticks. Other than the suggestion of nuclear hyposegmentation and the presence of coarse heterochromatin, no ultrastructural abnormalities were discerned. Cytochemical staining by α-naphthyl acetate esterase, alkaline phosphatase, naphthol ASD chloroacetate esterase, periodic acid-Schiff, peroxidase and Sudan black B techniques gave similar results for P-H and control dog leukocytes and platelets.
Preferred Length of Scales for Students' Evaluation of Instruction.

The empirical question was posed: How many rating items do students prefer on an instructional evaluarion instrument? At the end of the Spring semester 1981, a 40-item evaluation instrument for the course and instructor was administered to 8,502 students enrolled in 365 lecture-format courses at the University of Hawaii; 4,877 students answered an optional item dealing with preference for length. The median preferred length was 25 items; half of the respondents preferred an instrument between 20 (QI) and 40 (Q:,) items. Range was 1 to 75 items.' Factor complexity of the instrument, number of marker items, type of rating scale, and preferred length are important ingredients in the construction of forms for evaluation of instruction. Bolton, er al. ( 1 ) identified six factors replicated over 11 srudies of smdents' evaluation of instruction. Hundleby, et al. ( 2 ) suggest that factors have a minimum of four marker variables but enough to provide sufficiently high reliability for the scale. Recently Neumann and Neumann ( 5 ) compared six lengths of rating scales and recommended the use of 5-point scales in attitudinal research. A "global-span" (2, p. 12) instrument for evaluation of instruction can be obtained wid1 24 5-point ratings ( 6 factors x 4 markers). Additional factors and/or marker items may be appended until the scale reaches 40 items (Qs). Evaluation scales with 15 to 35 items (Md f Q) are acceptable to college students.
Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis and Triceps Compartment Syndrome During a High School Football Camp

Background: Acute exertional rhabdomyolysis has been infrequently reported among adolescents. In August 2010, several high school football players from one team developed rhabdomyolysis and triceps...
Progress in Heavy-Fermion Superconductivity: Ce115 and Related Materials

Ce115 and related Ce compounds are particularly suited to detailed studies of the interplay of antiferromagnetic order, unconventional superconductivity and quantum criticality due to their availability as high quality single crystals and their tunability by chemistry, pressure and magnetic field. Neutron-scattering, NMR and angle-resolved thermodynamic measurements have deepened the understanding of this interplay. Very low temperature experiments in pure and lightly doped CeCoIn 5 have elaborated the FFLO-like magnetic state near the field-induced quantum-critical point. New, related superconducting materials have broadened the phase space for discovering underlying principles of heavy-fermion superconductivity and its relationship to nearby states. © 2012 The Physical Society of Japan.
Glucocorticoid Deficiency Delays Stratum Corneum Maturation in the Fetal Mouse

The stratum corneum (SC) matures during late gestation in man and other mammals. Using the fetal rat as an experimental model, we have previously shown that glucocorticoids given in pharmacologic doses accelerate fetal SC maturation and barrier formation. To determine whether glucocorticoids are required for normal SC maturation, we examined the epidermal morphology of glucocorticoid-deficient (C-) murine pups, derived from matings of mice homozygous for null mutations of the corticotropin-releasing hormone alleles. In control pups on day 17.5 of gestation (term is 19.5 d), a multilayered SC was present and neutral lipid deposition in a membrane pattern was observed using Nile red fluorescence histochemistry. Ultrastructurally, mature lamellar unit structures predominate in the SC intercellular domains. In contrast, in C-pups only a single layer of SC was evident on day 17.5, and secreted lamellar material was not organized into mature lamellar structures. Furthermore, the expression of structural proteins necessary for cornified envelope formation, involucrin, loricrin, and filaggrin, and the activity of the lipid synthetic enzymes β-glucocerebrosidase and steroid sulfatase, markers of barrier maturation, were reduced in day 17.5 C-pups. C-pups derived from pregnancies supplemented with physiologic amounts of cortisone, however, display normal SC ultrastructure on day 17.5 of gestation. Furthermore, at birth, both control and C-pups exhibit a multilayered SC replete with mature lamellar membrane structures. These data demonstrate that fetal glucocorticoid deficiency delays SC maturation, and suggests that normal levels of glucocorticoids are not absolutely required for SC development.
Stability selection for genome‐wide association

This article applies the recently proposed "stability selection" procedure of Meinshausen and Buhlmann to the problem of variable selection in genome-wide association. In particular, it explores whether stability selection can identify new regions of interest originally missed or can call into legitimate question regions originally flagged. Our analysis of the seven data sets of the Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium suggests that stability selection effectively controls the family-wise error rate but suffers a loss of power. The extensive correlation structure among SNP markers induced by linkage disequilibrium renders the procedure too conservative, causing it to miss regions known to be highly significant from simple marginal analyses. As a remedy one can aggregate nearby SNPs into groups and select groups rather than individual SNPs. The modified procedure can accurately identify the most important regions of genome-wide association, but in a simulation study it still offers less power than simpler and less computationally intensive methods of marginal association testing.
Synergistic effect of growth factors on cell outgrowth from explants of rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments

Cellular migration and proliferation are integral aspects of wound healing. An in vitro assay for cellular migration and proliferation using explants of rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments was developed previously. This study presents the effects of serum-free culture medium supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, bovine insulin, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and platelet-derived growth factor-B, added either individually or in combination, on cell outgrowth in explants of rabbit anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments. Outgrowth was assessed at 3 and 6 days by counting the number of cells surrounding the tissue explants. For explants of both ligaments, cell outgrowth was dependent on the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum or the combination of growth factors. Little outgrowth occurred in explants of either ligament in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta 1, or bovine insulin. Platelet-derived growth factor-B at concentrations of 20 and 100 ng/ml seemed to increase cell outgrowth from medial collateral ligament explants at 6 days. The outgrowth from the explants of both ligaments was much greater in the presence of all four growth factors than the sum of the outgrowth with the individual factors. This synergistic effect was as much as 10-fold and 20-fold for the anterior cruciate ligament explants at days 3 and 6, respectively, but no more than 3-fold for the medial collateral ligament explants at these times. Medial collateral ligament explants exhibited greater cell outgrowth than anterior cruciate ligament explants in 10% serum and in the presence of the four growth factors.
Psychiatric Clinical Nurse Specialist as Chemical Dependence Consultant

A significant number of hospitalized individuals have alcohol- and drug-related health problems that are often unrecognized or untreated. A psychiatric clinical nurse specialist (CNS) in chemical dependence is in an excellent position to serve as a consultant to access those in need of services. This article describes how the CNS role was marketed and implemented in an acute care setting. The role is described, and some associated rewards and challenges are discussed.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion processes in propulsion and power systems

Abstract Progress toward application of the large eddy simulation (LES) technique to turbulent multiphase combustion processes is presented with emphasis placed on propulsion and power systems. The primary objective is to provide a systematic analysis of the current state-of-the-art and assist in the development of technical performance metrics for model development and validation. Research is currently required to provide both improved multiphase combustion models and improved datasets for validation. Requirements for further model development must be established through detailed analyses of the space–time characteristics of small-scale flame structures and turbulence–chemistry interactions. Concurrently, a refined set of implementation requirements must be established. Steps taken towards these goals are described by first providing a generalized formulation of the filtered conservation equations using an arbitrary filter function that operates on both spatial and temporal scales, with no a priori assumptions made regarding the character of the multiphase fluid elements present in the system. The distinct requirements for LES are listed with a discussion that highlights current progress and unresolved issues. Two case studies are then presented that demonstrate the predictive capabilities of LES when implemented with the appropriate numerics and grid resolution, under highly controlled conditions, and with well-defined boundary conditions. The paper is concluded by highlighting recent findings associated with the International Workshop on Measurement and Computation of Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames.
Vectorised simulation of the response of a time projection chamber

Abstract A Monte Carlo code used for the detailed simulation of the response of the ALEPH time projection chamber has been successfully restructured to exploit the vector architectures of the CDC CYBER-205, ETA10 and CRAY X-MP supercomputers. Some aspects of the vector implementation are discussed and the performance on the various processors is compared.
Ab Initio Simulation of Charge Transfer at the Semiconductor Quantum Dot/TiO2 Interface in Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells

Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have emerged as a promising solar architecture for next-generation solar cells. The QDSSCs exhibit a remarkably fast electron transfer from the quantum dot (QD) donor to the TiO2 acceptor with size quantization properties of QDs that allows for the modulation of band energies to control photoresponse and photoconversion efficiency of solar cells. To understand the mechanisms that underpin this rapid charge transfer, the electronic properties of CdSe and PbSe QDs with different sizes on the TiO2 substrate are simulated using a rigorous ab initio density functional method. This method capitalizes on localized orbital basis set, which is computationally less intensive. Quite intriguingly, a remarkable set of electron bridging states between QDs and TiO2 occurring via the strong bonding between the conduction bands of QDs and TiO2 is revealed. Such bridging states account for the fast adiabatic charge transfer from the QD donor to the TiO2 acceptor, and may be a general feature for strongly coupled donor/acceptor systems. All the QDs/TiO2 systems exhibit type II band alignments, with conduction band offsets that increase with the decrease in QD size. This facilitates the charge transfer from QDs donors to TiO2 acceptors and explains the dependence of the increased charge transfer rate with the decreased QD size.
Richness of the Base and Probabilistic Unsupervised Learning in Optimality Theory

This paper proposes an unsupervised learning algorithm for Optimality Theoretic grammars, which learns a complete constraint ranking and a lexicon given only unstructured surface forms and morphological relations. The learning algorithm, which is based on the Expectation-Maximization algorithm, gradually maximizes the likelihood of the observed forms by adjusting the parameters of a probabilistic constraint grammar and a probabilistic lexicon. The paper presents the algorithm's results on three constructed language systems with different types of hidden structure: voicing neutralization, stress, and abstract vowels. In all cases the algorithm learns the correct constraint ranking and lexicon. The paper argues that the algorithm's ability to identify correct, restrictive grammars is due in part to its explicit reliance on the Optimality Theoretic notion of Richness of the Base.
An Efficient Map-Reduce Algorithm for the Incremental Computation of All-Pairs Shortest Paths in Social Networks

Today's social networks are getting larger, and the need to analyze datasets with millions of nodes and billions of edges is not uncommon any more. As a network of social relationships evolves by the addition of new nodes and edges, fast algorithms are desirable for the recomputation of key network measures such as actor centrality. The distributed computing paradigm offers a scalable approach to addressing the recomputation challenge. This paper develops a Map-Reduce implementation of an incremental All-Pairs Shortest Path (APSP) algorithm. The incremental nature of the approach allows for performing minimal work in updating centrality measures, while the Map-Reduce implementation makes it scalable to large data. The key idea of the incremental APSP algorithm [1] is based on the efficient use of past information about the shortest paths between any node and the neighbors of the newly added node. A presented parallelized version of the algorithm relies on a three-step iterative execution of the "map" and "reduce" jobs. Experiences with its implementation are reported in application to a real-world dataset containing 7115 nodes. The experimental runs were performed using the Amazon's EMR service.