cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On-demand computation of policy based routes for large-scale network simulation

Routing table storage demands pose a significant obstacle for large-scale network simulation. On-demand computation of routes can alleviate those problems for models that do not require representation of routing dynamics. However, policy based routes, as used at the interdomain level of the Internet through the BGP protocol, are significantly more difficult to compute on-demand than shortest path intradomain routes due to the semantics of policy based routing and the possibility of routing divergence. We exploit recent theoretical results on BGP routing convergence and measurement results on typical use of BGP routing policies to formulate a model of typical use and an algorithm for on-demand computation of routes that is guaranteed to terminate and produces the same routes as BGP. We show empirically that this scheme can reduce memory usage by orders of magnitude and simultaneously reduce the route computation time compared to a detailed model of the BGP protocol.
Non-rigid 2D-3D pose estimation and 2D image segmentation

In this work, we present a non-rigid approach to jointly solve the tasks of 2D-3D pose estimation and 2D image segmentation. In general, most frameworks which couple both pose estimation and segmentation assume that one has the exact knowledge of the 3D object. However, in non-ideal conditions, this assumption may be violated if only a general class to which a given shape belongs to is given (e.g., cars, boats, or planes). Thus, the key contribution in this work is to solve the 2D-3D pose estimation and 2D image segmentation for a general class of objects or deformations for which one may not be able to associate a skeleton model. Moreover, the resulting scheme can be viewed as an extension of the framework presented in, in which we include the knowledge of multiple 3D models rather than assuming the exact knowledge of a single 3D shape prior. We provide experimental results that highlight the algorithm's robustness to noise, clutter, occlusion, and shape recovery on several challenging pose estimation and segmentation scenarios.
Risky Business: Neoliberalism and Workplace Safety in Wyoming Coal Mines

This article traces how miners in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin, a region that currently produces a majority of the coal mined in the United States, were able to constrain and counter the individualization of workplace risk, a troubling and key technology of neoliberal governance. Onsite research at four surface mines suggests that miners affirm the crew’s collective responsibility for mitigating risk by reframing official safety programs in terms of kinship, specifically the ties of relatedness crew members create with each other over the course of everyday work practices. Management eventually adopted this framing as well in order to distance themselves from an industry blighted by conflict, encourage employees to stay in the midst of a labor shortage, and maintain enviable safety records. The article concludes by evaluating the performance of the new safety programs and pointing to the larger lessons to be learned from this fieldsite about neoliberalism, workplace safety and risk.
Protein phosphatase 2A regulates central sensitization in the spinal cord of rats following intradermal injection of capsaicin

Background: Intradermal injection of capsaicin into the hind paw of rats induces spinal cord central sensititzation, a process in which the responsiveness of central nociceptive neurons is amplified. In central sensitization, many signal transduction pathways composed of several cascades of intracellular enzymes are involved. As the phosphorylation state of neuronal proteins is strictly controlled and balanced by the opposing activities of protein kinases and phosphatases, the involvement of phosphatases in these events needs to be investigated. This study is designed to determine the influence of serine/threonine protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) on the central nociceptive amplification process, which is induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. Results: In experiment 1, the expression of PP2A protein in rat spinal cord at different time points following capsaicin or vehicle injection was examined using the Western blot method. In experiment 2, an inhibitor of PP2A (okadaic acid, 20 nM or fostriecin, 30 nM) was injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, and the spontaneous exploratory activity of the rats before and after capsaicin injection was recorded with an automated photobeam activity system. The results showed that PP2A protein expression in the spinal cord was significantly upregulated following intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. Capsaicin injection caused a significant decrease in exploratory activity of the rats. Thirty minutes after the injection, this decrease in activity had partly recovered. Infusion of a phosphatase inhibitor into the spinal cord intrathecal space enhanced the central sensitization induced by capsaicin by making the decrease in movement last longer. Conclusion: These findings indicate that PP2A plays an important role in the cellular mechanisms of spinal cord central sensitization induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats, which may have implications in clinical pain therapy.
The Anatomy of the Airfoil

Abstract The chapter presents fundamental concepts and theories regarding airfoil lift and drag generation. It begins by presenting crucial definitions for use in airfoil theory. Ranging from the basics of Buckingham’s Π-theory to representation of forces moments to discussion of pressure distribution along the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil and how it affects the growth of the boundary layer and, eventually, flow separation. Discussion of airfoil stall characteristics and ice-accretion problems are introduced with the basics of airfoil design theory. Then important geometric properties of airfoils are presented to help make the aircraft designer better rounded when comes to identifying various airfoil types, such as NACA airfoils, and understanding of their background. For this purpose, the section introduces a number of airfoils that have gained fame or notoriety in the history of aviation. This is followed by a discussion of the generation of forces and moments on the airfoil and how various outside agents, such as very high airspeeds, high angle-of-attack, deflection of control surfaces, and even surface contamination, affects their aerodynamic properties. Finally, it presents a method to help the designer select the proper airfoil for a new aircraft design.
Designing Approximations of Practice and Conceptualizing Responsive and Practice-Focused Secondary Mathematics Teacher Education

Emphasis on opportunities for teacher candidates to investigate and enact the work of teaching in settings of reduced complexity—what are called “approximations of practice”—offers a promising path toward preparing more ambitious and equitable mathematics teachers. However, these approaches also face the risk of not preparing individuals for the socially- and culturally-defined work of teaching they are called to do in schools. In this paper, we discuss findings from ongoing design-based research in secondary mathematics teacher education around considerations for approximations of practice that are more “responsive” to school settings. We discuss analyses of methods courses and concurrent student teaching placements. Two main design considerations have emerged around the way in which approximations of practice are tied to the content and goals of school classrooms and in terms of how they account for the complexity of teaching practice. From these findings, we propose future design and research opportunities.
Targeted capture enrichment and sequencing identifies extensive nucleotide variation in the turkey MHC- B

Variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is increasingly associated with disease susceptibility and resistance in avian species of agricultural importance. This variation includes sequence polymorphisms but also structural differences (gene rearrangement) and copy number variation (CNV). The MHC has now been described for multiple galliform species including the best defined assemblies of the chicken (Gallus gallus) and domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Using this sequence resource, this study applied high-throughput sequencing to investigate MHC variation in turkeys of North America (NA turkeys). An MHC-specific SureSelect (Agilent) capture array was developed, and libraries were created for 14 turkeys representing domestic (commercial bred), heritage breed, and wild turkeys. In addition, a representative of the Ocellated turkey (M. ocellata) and chicken (G. gallus) was included to test cross-species applicability of the capture array allowing for identification of new species-specific polymorphisms. Libraries were hybridized to ∼12 K cRNA baits and the resulting pools were sequenced. On average, 98% of processed reads mapped to the turkey whole genome sequence and 53% to the MHC target. In addition to the MHC, capture hybridization recovered sequences corresponding to other MHC regions. Sequence alignment and de novo assembly indicated the presence of several additional BG genes in the turkey with evidence for CNV. Variant detection identified an average of 2245 polymorphisms per individual for the NA turkeys, 3012 for the Ocellated turkey, and 462 variants in the chicken (RJF-256). This study provides an extensive sequence resource for examining MHC variation and its relation to health of this agriculturally important group of birds.
Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Recent Sediments

The objective of the sedimentology-geochemistry portion of the Buccaneer Field investigation was to determine whether exploration/production activities have resulted in trace metal contamination of the surrounding environment. Those elements analyzed include Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn.
Notes on Erora Laeta (Edwards) and Erora Quaderna (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)

Erora laeta (Edwards) has long been thought to occur in two widely separated areas; the first area consisting of parts of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and the second, of parts of the southwestern states. An investigation of the southwestern records has shown that they are based upon inaccurate determinations and that the two regions are inhabitated by two distinct species, Erora laeta in the northeast and Erora quaderna (Hewitson), a species originally described from Mexico, in the southwest. This will doubtless surprise many workers as the name Erora laeta (Edwards) is represented in most of the North American collections and museums solely by southwestern specimens. It seems less surprising, however, to find that this southwestern species is really a species found in nearby Mexico than a New England and eastern Canadian species not known to occur in any locality nearer than fifteen hundred miles distance. Erora quaderna is here recorded for the first time as occurring within the boundaries of the United States. Descriptions of the two species follow.
Cooperative transport by the ant Novomessor cockerelli

While most ant species carry burdens solitarily, a few have evolved impressive skills at cooperative transport that are important to their ecological success. We examined one of these species, Novomessor cockerelli, with the goals of better understanding how transport groups are coordinated and how cooperation influences the efficiency of load transport. Ants were induced to carry standard artificial loads over a smooth horizontal surface, both in groups and as solitary individuals. Porters in groups were non-randomly distributed around the load, with most pulling from the front while walking backward. Porters were more persistent at the leading edge than at the rear, where high rates of leaving and joining were observed. Solitary porters also pulled the load, but they usually first attempted to walk forward and push, until their interactions with the unwieldy load rotated them into a pulling position. Cooperative transport entailed a loss of efficiency, in that solitary porters moved faster and on straighter paths than groups, even though carrying the same per capita weight. This led to a higher prey delivery rate for individuals than for groups. These findings contradict earlier claims of ‘superefficient’ transport for this species, but are consistent with the overall pattern across the ants, in which only a few swarm-raiding species show higher transport efficiency by groups than individuals. We interpret cooperative transport by N. cockerelli and many other species as the product of selection for competitor avoidance, in contrast to swarm raiders, where the special need for efficient prey retrieval has shaped distinctive transport tactics.
Exploring the Implications of Time in Discrete Event Social Simulations.

Representing human behavior and cognition, from individuals to societies, presents a range of challenges to the modeling and simulation community. A common thread through many of these challenges is formulating an authentic representation of time. Many of the issues related to time representation, from the sequencing of cognitive decision processes and information processing, to communication and interaction between agents, to the longer term time scales associated with ideas such as belief revision, remain open research areas throughout the community. The inherent variability between human subjects makes generalization difficult even with data from designed experiments. Discrete event simulation (DES) provides a well-documented alternative to time-step simulation and shows potential for applications across the domain of human behavior representation. This paper provides an overview of a modular discrete event framework for social simulation, along with the social and behavioral theories underlying the currently implemented modules. We discuss the practical challenges presented by time in the representation of human cognition, and provide a case study analysis of the output of the discrete event social simulation.
Septic pulmonary emboli from mitral valve endocarditis in a patient with repaired tetralogy of fallot

A 37-year-old woman with a past medical history significant for congenital deafness and surgically repaired Tetralogy ofFallot presented with three day history of nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, dyspnea, and lower extremity weakness and physicalexamination notable for Janeway lesions. Peripheral blood and urine cultures were positive for methicillin sensitive Staphlococcusaureus. Transesophageal echocardiogram was consistent with mitral valve endocarditis. Computed tomography images of thechest, abdomen and pelvis demonstrated septic emboli to multiple organs including lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys. Salinecontrast study was negative for a patent foramen ovale, or residual ventricular septal defect. Thus, effectively ruling out left toright intracardiac shunt as the cause of pulmonary septic emboli from mitral valve endocarditis. Moreover, cardiac MRI did notshow any evidence of right sided endocarditis. Therefore, we believe the source of septic pulmonary emboli from mitral valveendocarditis to be through the bronchial arteries. The extent of septic emboli to various organs and the precise mechanism ofpulmonary emboli from left sided endocarditis in a patient with surgically altered cardiac anatomy make this case unique.
Why budget accountability fails? The elusive links between parliaments and audit agencies in the oversight of the budget

Parliaments and audit agencies have critical and complementary roles in the oversight of the budget and the enforcement of government accountability. Yet, the nexus between parliaments and audit agencies is one of the weakest links in the accountability chain, generating an accountability gap in the budget process. This articles analyses the interactions between parliaments and audit agencies in the oversight of government finances during the latter stages of the budget process. Using proxies to evaluate the quality of those linkages, such as the follow-up to audit findings and the discharge of government, it shows important dysfunctions in the interactions between parliaments and audit agencies due to a combination of technical capacity constraints and political economy disincentives. It suggests that the effective functioning of the system of checks and balances in public budgeting critically hinges on the agility of the linkages between accountability institutions. As such, the failure of budget accountability is due to systemic dysfunctions in the systems of accountability, rather than the failure of an individual accountability institution acting in isolation. In addition, the effectiveness of the horizontal accountability architecture depends on the political economy incentives shaping the budget process, which are generated by the interactions between the choice of institutional design and budget rules, with the degree of political competition and electoral rules. JEL Classification: H61; H83; O54; P51.
Review: Pattern, Color, Light: Architectural Ornament in the Near East (500–1000)

Pattern, Color, Light: Architectural Ornament in the Near East (500–1000) Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 20 July 2015–10 January 2016 In a memorable passage from his seminal 2003 essay “What Should One Know about Islamic Art?” the late Oleg Grabar reminds readers of “that true but rarely acknowledged fact that the Islamic world is the only cultural entity in the history of mankind to have borders or boundaries with almost all the cultural entities known before 1492.”1 The products of successive Islamic polities that circulated around the world from the seemingly provincial urban centers in the Hejaz have long been of interest to scholars and students of world history. Throughout the second half of the first millennium, Islamic cultures—increasingly varied, complex, and heterogeneous—were dominant in large geographic expanses from Spain to the Sindh. These hegemonies were at least partially predicated on Islam's ability to transform and be transformed by multiple cultural contacts within and beyond its ever-changing boundaries, simultaneously producing innovation, synthesis, and distinction. Significant among these transformations were the vital role performed by monumental architecture in the (re)production of statecraft and the central position of ornament in the creation of certain buildings as spectacular displays of power. In cities such as Medina, Jerusalem, Damascus, Baghdad, Samarra, and Cairo, monumental architecture actively participated in the production and reproduction of the Islamic state, forged in the crucible of the Late Antique period, with its multiplicity …
SU-G-BRC-17: Using Generalized Mean for Equivalent Square Estimation

Purpose: Equivalent Square (ES) is a widely used concept in radiotherapy. It enables us to determine many important quantities for a rectangular treatment field, without measurement, based on the corresponding values from its ES field. In this study, we propose a Generalized Mean (GM) type ES formula and compare it with other established formulae using benchmark datasets. Methods: Our GM approach is expressed as ES=(w•fx^α+(1-w)•fy^α)^(1/α), where fx, fy, α, and w represent field sizes, power index, and a weighting factor, respectively. When α=−1 it reduces to well-known Sterling type ES formulae. In our study, α and w are determined through least-square-fitting. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to benchmark the performance of each formula. BJR (Supplement 17) ES field table for X-ray PDDs and open field output factor tables in Varian TrueBeam representative dataset were used for validation. Results: Switching from α=−1 to α=−1.25, a 20% reduction in standard deviation of residual error in ES estimation was achieved for the BJR dataset. The maximum relative residual error was reduced from ∼3% (in Sterling formula) or ∼2% (in Vadash/Bjarngard formula) down to ∼1% in GM formula for open fields of all energies and at rectangular field sizes from 3cm to 40cm in the Varian dataset. The improvement of the GM over the Sterling type ES formulae is particularly noticeable for very elongated rectangular fields with short width. AIC analysis confirmed the superior performance of the GM formula after taking into account the expanded parameter space. Conclusion: The GM significantly outperforms Sterling type formulae at slightly increased computational cost. The GM calculation may nullify the requirement of data measurement for many rectangular fields and hence shorten the Linac commissioning process. Improved dose calculation accuracy is also expected by adopting the GM formula into treatment planning and secondary MU check systems.
A Framework for Service Enterprise Integration: A Case Study

This paper presents a case study on a company that encountered numerous challenges resulting from mergers and acquisitions of other companies as well as a new strategy to promote organic growth. To address some of these challenges, a new process, systems, and applications were developed to enable the company to shift from providing primarily products to their customers to products and services. This new process together with the resources captures information on what services are performed, why the services are performed, and how the services are performed; thus facilitating this new business model. The results from this work position the company with a sustainable competitive advantage in the global marketplace.
Using Big Data to Discover Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases

Technologies such as genome sequencing, gene expression profiling, proteomic and metabolomic analyses, electronic medical records, and patient-reported health information have produced large amounts of data from various populations, cell types, and disorders (big data). However, these data must be integrated and analyzed if they are to produce models or concepts about physiological function or mechanisms of pathogenesis. Many of these data are available to the public, allowing researchers anywhere to search for markers of specific biological processes or therapeutic targets for specific diseases or patient types. We review recent advances in the fields of computational and systems biology and highlight opportunities for researchers to use big data sets in the fields of gastroenterology and hepatology to complement traditional means of diagnostic and therapeutic discovery.
Programming for communication: overcoming motivational barriers to computation for all

Computer science as a discipline is failing to reach a diverse audience. As a result, computational illiteracy threatens many groups of underserved students - women, minorities and possibly other, as yet undocumented groups, such as students of the humanities. If learning programming were contextualized in domains relevant to different audiences, more students would be motivated to learn to program. I contend that teaching computer science in the context of digital media manipulation will attract and engage many students who would otherwise not choose to learn programming.
Crumpling of graphene oxide through evaporative confinement in nanodroplets produced by electrohydrodynamic aerosolization

Restacking of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets results in loss of surface area and creates limitations in its widespread use for applications. Previously, two-dimensional (2D) GO sheets have been crumpled into 3D structures to prevent restacking using different techniques. However, synthesis of nanometer size crumpled graphene particles and their direct deposition onto a substrate have not been demonstrated under room temperature condition so far. In this work, the evaporative crumpling of GO sheets into very small size (<100 nm) crumpled structures using an electrohydrodynamic atomization technique is described. Systematic study of the effect of different electrohydrodynamic atomization parameters, such as (1) substrate-to-needle distance, (2) GO concentration in the precursor solution, and (3) flow rate (droplet size) on the GO crumpling, is explored. Crumpled GO (CGO) particles are characterized online using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and off-line using electron microscopy. The relation between the confinement force and the factors affecting the crumpled structure is established. Furthermore, to expand the application horizons of the structure, crumpled GO–TiO2 nanocomposites are synthesized. The method described here allows a simple and controlled production of graphene-based particles/composites with direct deposition onto any kind of substrate for a variety of applications.
Is a Kiss Just a Kiss?: Predicting Variations in Motives for Romantic Kissing

Romantic kissing is vastly understudied in scientific research, with only one study systematically examining romantic kissing motives and associated gender differences. The current study explored motives for romantic kissing in greater detail by examining whether gender, age, relationship status, sexual attitudes, and personality predicted variations in adults’ romantic kissing motives. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses (N = 461) revealed that those with more permissive sexual attitudes, higher levels of extraversion, those currently in committed relationships and those younger in age were most likely to endorse relational/sexual motives for romantic kissing. Goal attainment/insecurity motives were most frequently endorsed by men and those with more permissive sexual attitudes, higher levels of extraversion, lower levels of agreeableness, and lower levels of conscientiousness. Results emphasise the importance of a variety of variables in understanding motives for romantic kissing.
Immunodeficiency Diseases of Man

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses immunodeficiency diseases of man. Hodgkin's disease, a malignancy affecting reticulum cells, is a disease characterized by progressive loss of T-cell function, whereas B-cell function is well maintained in most instances. In contrast, myeloma, which on morphological grounds is clearly a disease that involves B2 or secretory B cells shows primarily deficits of the normal B-cell function. Chronic lymphatic leukemia has been shown to be a disease in which both T- and B-cell function may be disturbed early in the disease. However, in acute leukemias both T- and B-cell functions seem well maintained until extensive cytotoxic therapy produces profound deficiencies of either or both functional compartments. The chapter also lists several well-defined primary immunodeficiency diseases of man classified according to the cell population and functions which are deficient in each disease. The chapter highlights that perhaps the best single test for the adequacy of the T-cell population is a quantitative evaluation of the cells in peripheral blood or lymphoid tissues which will respond to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin.
Dimensional metrology with X-ray CT: A comparison with CMM measurements on internal features and compliant structures

Abstract X-ray computed tomography (CT) is uniquely suited for dimensional measurement of components having internal geometry, difficult-to-reach part features, and easy-to-deform or flexible structures. Through the development of standards it is also becoming accepted as a metrology tool. The objectives of this study are to compare dimensional measurements on artifacts containing internal structures and mechanically compliant features using current state-of-the-art CT and coordinate measure machine (CMM) techniques. It also aims to discuss some of the issues with recently developed standards for CT measurement uncertainty estimation. To illustrate the challenges of CMM and the potential of X-ray CT for reliable dimensional inspection, two different problems are presented: 1) characterization of internal geometry in a metallic artifact that has features inaccessible to tactile or vision-based measurement techniques; and 2) evaluation of dimensional measurement of diameters, form, and relative distances in the components of a flexible object with stems that bend due to mechanical contact by tactile instruments, e.g., CMM. In addition, some issues with the direct application of the ISO 15530 series for the estimation of CT measurement uncertainties are discussed, and a generalized formalism for uncertainty budgeting in CT metrology (still based on the ISO 15530 guidelines but with some differences) is applied to the measurements presented throughout this paper. For dimensions of geometric features ranging from 0.6 mm to 65 mm, a comparison between CT and CMM measurements typically resulted in differences of approximately 5 μm or less for most of the measurements, while expanded uncertainties computed for the CT measurements ranged from 1 to 20 μm. CT measurements on the internal geometries resulted in uncertainties comparable to CMM data that were obtained with the metallic artifact disassembled. However, in the particular case of measuring compliant structures, the conventional CMM strategies led to large systematic errors in the measurements. It is demonstrated that using extrapolation methods, measurements from these two systems converged to within ±2 μm.
THE TIMING OF EXEMPTIONS FROM WELFARE WORK REQUIREMENTS AND ITS EFFECTS ON MOTHERS' WORK AND WELFARE RECEIPT AROUND CHILDBIRTH

I quantify the effects of welfare work exemptions on women's labor force participation and welfare receipt. This study, which also examines the age of youngest child (AYC) exemption, is the first to investigate the pregnancy exemption. Between-state and within-state variations in exemption length allow me to estimate the heterogeneous effects of each exemption by its timing and strictness. I find that the effects on labor force participation are driven by employment for the pregnancy exemption, inducing relatively stable welfare receipts. In contrast, the effects are driven by unemployment for the AYC exemption, which triggers more reliance on welfare after birth. (JEL I38)
Securing Data Provenance in Internet of Things (IoT) Systems

The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to yield a plethora of new innovative applications based on highly interconnected devices. In order to enable IoT applications for critical and/or sensitive use cases, it is important to (i) foster their dependability by assuring and verifying the integrity and correctness of data processed in such applications, and (ii) adequately account for privacy and confidentiality concerns. For addressing these requirements, IoT systems can be equipped with data provenance mechanisms for maintaining information on the lineage and ownership of data. However, in order to provide secure and dependable IoT systems, provenance data needs to be sufficiently protected against tampering and unauthorized access. In this paper, we present a novel framework for cryptographic provenance data protection and access control based on blockchain technology and confidentiality policies.
Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders.

Affective neuroscience research has revealed that reward contains separable components of ‘liking’, ‘wanting’, and learning. Here we focus on current ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ findings and applications to clinical disorders. ‘Liking’ is the hedonic impact derived from a pleasant experience, and is amplified by opioid and related signals in discrete sites located in limbic-related brain areas. ‘Wanting’ refers to incentive salience, a motivation process for reward, and is mediated by larger systems involving mesocorticolimbic dopamine. Deficits in incentive salience may contribute to avolitional features of depression and related disorders, whereas deficits in hedonic impact may produce true anhedonia. Excesses in incentive salience, on the other hand, can lead to addiction, especially when narrowly focused on a particular target. Finally, a fearful form of motivational salience may even contribute to some paranoia symptoms of schizophrenia and related disorders.
FLC-based PID controller tuning for sensorless speed control of DC motor

This study addresses the sensorless speed control of a permanent magnet DC motor using non-ideal voltage and current sensors. A Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) type speed controller with Kalman Filter (KF) estimator was used and Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), peak overshoot and settling time were chosen as performance indices. Though KF helped reduce the noise, the PID controller gains tuned via MATLAB resulted in large peak overshoot and IAE with a relatively long settling time. In comparison, a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) based PID (FLC-PID), tuned using genetic algorithms (GA), reduced the settling times by 75.98%, and the IAE and the maximum overshoot by 56.2% and 97.89% respectively. Compared to the conventional PID without KF, the FLC-PID radically improved the reference command speed tracking and sudden load changes disturbance rejection for the dc motor model.
Market Structure and Competition: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Liquor Licensure

Washington state licensed private retailers to sell spirits for the first time in May 2012, but only if their premises exceeded 10,000ft. This restriction generates exogenous variation in the number of retailers across local liquor markets, which we leverage to estimate the causal effects of market structure on equilibrium outcomes. We find that spirits purchasing increases by 63% when moving from monopoly to duopoly markets, and that this increase is concentrated among the heaviest-drinking households. These results support the notion that local liquor availability can dramatically increase consumption. However, these effects dissipate quickly as the number of competitors increases, highlighting that the square-footage based licensure rule is a blunt policy tool. Surprisingly, price competition does not play an important role in the observed quantity increase. Instead, we find that firms compete in product assortment, tailoring product mix to the local competitive environment while holding prices fixed.
Metabolic-Functional-Structural Correlations in Somatic Neuropathies in the Spontaneously Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetic BB-Rats

Diabetic neuropathy (DPN) is a dynamic condition affecting both type 1 and type 2 diabetic subjects. It can be divided into an early and reversible metabolic phase of nerve dysfunction. This is caused by hyperglycemia-induced activation of the polyol-pathway, redox imbalances as well as by insulin/C-peptide deficiencies resulting in impaired neural Na+/K+-ATPase activity and impairment of endoneurial blood flow. Superimposed on these metabolic abnormalities, progressive structural changes evolve which become increasingly resistant to therapeutic interventions. These affect both unmyelinated and myelinated fiber populations and consist of axonal atrophy, degeneration, and loss occurring in a dying-back fashion. The underlying mechanisms include impaired neurotrophic support including perturbed insulin/C-peptide signaling, resulting in suppressed expression of neuroskeletal protein genes, and aberrant phosphorylation of these axonal building blocks. Both the early metabolic and later occurring molecular abnormalities underlying the structural abnormalities are more severely affected in type 1 DPN relating to insulin and C-peptide deficiencies, which are not present in type 2 diabetes. This distinction between the two forms of DPN also underlies nodal and paranodal degeneration unique to both human and experimental type 1 DPN. Impaired insulin action affects the expression of nodal and paranodal adhesive molecules and their post-translational modifications. Such aberrations result in disruption of the paranodal barrier function with decreased nodal Na+-channels densities and worsening of the nerve conduction defect in type 1 DPN. In conclusion, major differences exist between type 1 and type 2 DPN, which can be directly related to the absence and presence of insulin action.
SEM Methods for the Characterization of Semiconductor Materials and Devices

The SEM has been used extensively as an analytical tool for high resolution surface microscopy [1,2]. When it is applied in this conventional mode, using secondary electron emission, it offers great depth of focus with high surface resolution and generally requires a minimum of sample preparation [3]. In recent years, the SEM has undergone major improvements in instrument design to accommodate a wide variety of newly developed analytical methods and imaging techniques [4]. Analytical methods such as energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy [5] (EDS) and Auger electron spectroscopy [6,7] (AES) and the utilization of transmitted electrons in thin samples using the scanning transmission electron microscope [8,9] (STEM) represent a few examples of these developments.
Clouds & grids: a network and simulation perspective

Cloud Computing (CC) is coined as the paradigm shift of Information Technology (IT), as compared with the Packet Switching of Networking Technology. Experts in Communications and Networking fields recall remarkable changes that digital communications brought to the industry, academia, military, and thus our daily life. While discussions about Clouds and Grids are on the boiling points in the Cloudy community, this paper looks at the Clouds and Grids from networking standpoints as well as simulation opportunities that Cloud Networking (CN) provides. We look at some key issues like Quality of Services (QoS), Service Level Agreement (SLA), interoperability, migration between cloud networks, and network traffics. In addition, this paper compares clouds and grids and examines potential simulation needs.
PTI Shared Interconnect in Multi-Chip Package Designs

This paper presents an example using SI analysis to enable multi-chip package (MCP) design and simplify PCB interconnect of a shared t6-bit wide PTI interface with 2 clocks, desired operating rate of 700 MT/s dual data rate (DDR) and 1v nominal voltage.
Integral properties of temperature variance production in a turbulent channel flow with passive scalar transport

Abstract This paper investigates the integral properties of the mean temperature dissipation α ( ∂ Θ / ∂ y ) 2 and the temperature variance production P θ = R v θ ( ∂ Θ / ∂ y ) in fully developed turbulent channel flow, and in particular the effects of Prandtl number Pr = ν / α and Reynolds number Re τ = δ u τ / ν (and/or Peclet number Pe τ = Re τ Pr ). Here Θ is the mean temperature and R v θ is the wall-normal turbulent heat flux. y is the wall-normal direction and δ is the channel half-height. ν and α are the fluid viscosity and thermal diffusivity, respectively. u τ is the friction velocity. The main findings of the present work include: (1) Identities are derived from the mean thermal energy equation for the global integral of the mean temperature dissipation and temperature variance production for four heating conditions: constant heat source (CHS), constant wall heat flux (CHF), constant temperature difference (CTD), and constant wall temperature (CTD). Identities for the CHS and CHF conditions are consistent with those derived by Pirozzoli et al. (2016) and Abe and Antonia (2017). The identities are verified using publicly available direct numerical simulation (DNS) data under three heating conditions CHS, CHF, and CTD. (2) The global integral of the mean temperature dissipation is found to depend strongly on the fluid Prandtl number, but it is largely independent of the Reynolds number of the flow. In inner-scaling, this global integral can be approximated as ( 1 / Pr ) ∫ 0 δ + ( ∂ Θ + / ∂ y + ) 2 dy + ≈ 9.13 Pr 1 - n where Θ + = Θ / θ τ is the inner-scaled mean temperature and θ τ is the friction temperature. y + = yu τ / ν is the inner-scaled wall-normal distance. n ≈ 1 / 2 for Pr ≲ 1 and n ≈ 1 / 3 for Pr ≳ 1 . The strong dependence of ( 1 / Pr ) ∫ 0 δ + ( ∂ Θ + / ∂ y + ) 2 dy + on the Prandtl number is directly rooted in the molecular thermal diffusion sub-layer. (3) The global integral of temperature variance production is found to strongly depend on both Prandtl number and Reynolds number. (3.1) At sufficiently high Reynolds number and Peclet number, the integral of temperature variance production is found to exhibit a logarithmic-like layer similar to that of the mean temperature profile. (3.2) The effect of Prandtl number is mainly caused by the molecular thermal diffusion sub-layer and buffer layer. (3.3) Between the peak wall-normal turbulent heat flux R v θ location, y mt , and the channel centerline, δ , the integral of temperature variance production increases with Peclet number in a logarithmic-like fashion. (3.4) At low Prandtl number Pr ≲ 1 , the integral of temperature variance production is found to be equally partitioned around y mt .
Approaching a burning plasma on the NIF

The locus of National Ignition Facility (NIF) inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosion data, in hot-spot burn-average areal density (ρR) and Brysk temperature (T) space, is shown and illustrates that several implosions are nearing a burning plasma state, where α-heating is the dominant source of plasma heating. A formula for diagnosing a burning plasma using measured/inferred data from ICF implosion experiments is given with the underlying derivation. Plotting ICF implosion performance against inferred hot-spot energy illustrates the key need to maximize the delivery of energy to an implosion hot-spot. A very compact analytical equation for α-heating is given, which shows that fundamentally, α-heating provides a discrete “boost” to pVγ of an implosion hot-spot. It is then shown numerically that the analytical expression for the amplification of pVγ is simply related to yield amplification and to other more famous metrics used for inferring yield amplification in experiments. Interestingly, the argument of the pVγ boost equation appears to provide a fundamental ignition condition that implicitly includes the effects of asymmetry, and it also exposes the origin of why there is uncertainty in defining single ignition criteria. The resulting analysis of NIF implosion data indicates that an increase in burn-average hot-spot temperature will be needed in order to ignite, and the strategy being pursued to achieve this goal is outlined.
Tuning Ternary Zn1-xCdxTe Quantum Dot Composition: Engineering Electronic States for Light-Activated Superoxide Generation as a Therapeutic against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.

Quantum-confined states of semiconductor nanocrystals offer unique opportunities for selective light-activated photochemistry and generation of specific reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) spe...
Point mass impulse-momentum model of the equine rotational fall

Rotational falls are a serious cause of injury and death to horse and rider, particularly in the cross-country phase of eventing. The forces involved when horses galloping cross-country strike an i...
AR enhancer and locus genomic alterations as cell-free DNA biomarkers of primary resistance to AR-directed treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

5529Background: Predicting primary resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies is critical for personalizing treatment of metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa). Analyses of liquid biopsies ...
Empirical Use of Neuroscientific Evidence in Criminal Justice

The growing influx of neuroscientific evidence in various criminal justice systems has prompted several excellent assessments of the nature and degree of its impact in courtrooms in the United States and other countries. However, there have been few efforts to conduct a comparative analysis of systematic empirical research on the use of neuroscientific evidence in criminal cases, which is this chapter's goal. This review breaks new ground by detailing the critical similarities and differences among all seven empirical studies that researchers have conducted up to 2019. What is the main takeaway? Across most of the studies, neuroscientific evidence was firmly planted in five different countries' criminal justice systems, and defense attorneys primarily used it for purposes of mitigation. Research findings documented the extent of its impact at all phases of the criminal justice system, particularly sentencing. Most studies also reported that the use of such evidence in the courtroom was increasing over time or, if not, it was being more thoroughly discussed. In essence, neuroscientific evidence has a secure foothold in criminal justice that will only become stronger. That said, it is critically important to emphasize the studies' limitations and the nuances behind their results. While the studies employed a common framework and relied on widely accepted legal databases, they also shared deep structural challenges. Empirical research is showing more accurately how neuroscientific evidence is helping criminal justice systems better assess mental states and assign punishments. Yet, the legal system's process of collecting and organizing information needs to advance and modernize.
Deconfounding Scores: Feature Representations for Causal Effect Estimation with Weak Overlap

A key condition for obtaining reliable estimates of the causal effect of a treatment is overlap (a.k.a. positivity): the distributions of the features used to perform causal adjustment cannot be too different in the treated and control groups. In cases where overlap is poor, causal effect estimators can become brittle, especially when they incorporate weighting. To address this problem, a number of proposals (including confounder selection or dimension reduction methods) incorporate feature representations to induce better overlap between the treated and control groups. A key concern in these proposals is that the representation may introduce confounding bias into the effect estimator. In this paper, we introduce deconfounding scores, which are feature representations that induce better overlap without biasing the target of estimation. We show that deconfounding scores satisfy a zero-covariance condition that is identifiable in observed data. As a proof of concept, we characterize a family of deconfounding scores in a simplified setting with Gaussian covariates, and show that in some simple simulations, these scores can be used to construct estimators with good finite-sample properties. In particular, we show that this technique could be an attractive alternative to standard regularizations that are often applied to IPW and balancing weights.
Fixed- versus variable-dose prothrombin complex concentrate protocol for vitamin K antagonist reversal.

Fixed-dose prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) for the reversal of vitamin K antagonists may decrease the incidence of thromboembolic events, treatment costs, and treatment delays. However, the ideal fixed dose is unknown, with some studies showing inadequate reversal with suboptimal dosing or in patients with a higher international normalized ratio (INR) or weight. This indicates a need for a modified fixed-dose strategy that considers weight and INR. This study was a retrospective chart review comparing efficacy and safety outcomes of the standard variable-dose protocol versus a fixed-dose protocol. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved INR reversal. Of the total of 113 patients reviewed, INR reversal to < 1.5 was achieved in 23 patients (46%) in the variable-dose group versus 27 patients (43%) in the fixed-dose group (P = 0.83). Of the 27 patients with ICH, INR reversal to ≤ 1.3 was achieved in five patients (71%) in the variable dose group versus ten patients (50%) in the fixed-dose group (P = 0.41). The rate of INR reversal did not differ significantly between groups, but the fixed-dose group used less PCCs and had lower treatment costs.