cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile robots assisted target tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks

Target tracking using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a widely studied application area. However, the available power at each sensor node and the energy required to transmit the sensed information to a network sink have limited the use of WSNs in target tracking applications. In this paper, the use of a mobile robot, working in conjunction with the WSN, to track a target is studied. The trilateration approach is used to detect the presence of the target and a Kalman Filter is used to estimate its location. An algorithm is proposed that enables the selection of a minimum number of sensor nodes to track the target and to determine the path of the mobile robot for efficient tracking. Theoretical proofs are developed to mathematically demonstrate the convergence of the target tracking algorithm.
Safety and Efficacy of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillations in Steroid Treated and Immunocompromised Patients

Purpose: We assessed the safety and efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations in steroid treated and immunocompromised patients.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 697 patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations at our institution from 1991 to 2004. In 24 patients (3.5%) an underlying comorbidity directly affecting the immune system was diagnosed before bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration or steroids were administered at least 6 weeks before and at the time of bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations. The immunosuppressive effect of steroids was assessed by the percent of lymphocytes. End points were the bacillus Calmette-Guerin response at 6 months, defined as normal cystoscopy, cytology and biopsy when available, and treatment related toxicity.Results: Four patients (17%) had active lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia during bacillus Calmette-Guerin administration and 21 (88%) had a concurrent condition for which oral steroids (1...
Design of Symmetric Voltage Cancellation Control for LCL converters in Inductive Power Transfer Systems

This paper presents a new design strategy for Symmetric Voltage Cancellation (SVC) Control used in LCL converters for Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) Systems. It was found that the operating mode that eliminated diode reverse recovery losses in the H-bridge had particularly low losses. An analytical technique is used to calculate the operating modes. Three common control schemes used in LCL converters were computed and normalized graphs are produced to aid designers in making engineering tradeoffs between more efficient switching schemes, total harmonic distortion (THD) and the overall cost of the converter. For a typical LCL converter example, total losses in the H-bridge can be reduced by a factor of 11 by restricting operation to a mode with no diode reverse recovery loss.
Formation of very low resistance contact for silicon photovoltaic cells

A number of approaches have been developed in order to introduce a nickel-based contact layer between the silver electrode and n+ emitter layer, which can substantially reduce the specific contact resistance. One of them is to use a blanket sputtered nickel film as the contact layer and screen printed silver lines as an etch mask to pattern the underlying nickel film. This approach ensures the use of high quality nickel film as a contact layer to reduce the specific contact resistance, and also avoids the use of standard photolithographic process to reduce the cost. The result shows the specific contact resistance with this approach can be reduced by about two orders of magnitude compared to only using screen printed silver gridlines. The second approach is to use inkjet printed nickel nanoparticle inks instead of the sputtered nickel film to form the contact layer, enabling a very low cost inline process that can be easily implemented into current solar cell production line. The PC1D modeling result shows that the absolute efficiency of solar cells can be increased by up to 0.9% with the substantial reduction on contact resistance.
Low Resolution, Two-Dimensional Analog-to-Digital Conversion: Digital Image Halftoning

Digital image halftoning is an important class of A/D conversion within the context of image processing. Digital halftoning, sometimes referred to as spatial dithering, is the process by which a continuous-tone, gray-scale image is rendered using only binary-valued pixels. The underlying concept is to provide the viewer of the image the illusion of viewing a continuous-tone image when, in fact, only black and white pixel values are used in the rendering. This process is particularly important to applications such as laser printing, bilevel displays, xerography, and more recently, facsimile.
The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, and Chomsky)

In a continuation of the conversation with Fitch, Chomsky, and Hauser on the evolution of language, we examine their defense of the claim that the uniquely human, language-specific part of the language faculty (the “narrow language faculty”) consists only of recursion, and that this part cannot be considered an adaptation to communication. We argue that their characterization of the narrow language faculty is problematic for many reasons, including its dichotomization of cognitive capacities into those that are utterly unique and those that are identical to nonlinguistic or nonhuman capacities, omitting capacities that may have been substantially modified during human evolution. We also question their dichotomy of the current utility versus original function of a trait, which omits traits that are adaptations for current use, and their dichotomy of humans and animals, which conflates similarity due to common function and similarity due to inheritance from a recent common ancestor. We show that recursion, though absent from other animals’ communications systems, is found in visual cognition, hence cannot be the sole evolutionary development that granted language to humans. Finally, we note that despite Fitch et al.’s denial, their view of language evolution is tied to Chomsky’s conception of language itself, which identifies combinatorial productivity with a core of “narrow syntax.” An alternative conception, in which combinatoriality is spread across words and constructions, has both empirical advantages and greater evolutionary plausibility. q 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Enabling more precise dependency analysis in event-based systems

Maintenance engineers need to understand component dependencies in a system to successfully modify component implementations. Interaction dependencies are especially hard to understand in event-based systems, since transfer of control between components typically happens implicitly and asynchronously. We present a framework for eventbased systems that guarantees that unspecified event-based dependencies do not occur. Consequently, the framework enables automated computation of architectural dependencies that are more precise than those possible in other event-based frameworks.
Shock: Aggregating Information While Preserving Privacy

An important problem facing large, distributed organizations is the efficient management and distribution of information, knowledge, and expertise. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a low-cost, extensible, flexible, and dynamic peer-to-peer (P2P) knowledge network that helps address this problem. This system, known as Shock, is designed to protect the privacy of user's personal information, such as email, web browsing habits, etc., while making that information available for knowledge management applications. It reduces participation costs for such applications as expert-finding, allows highly targeted messaging, and enables novel kinds of ad hoc conversation and anonymous messaging. The system is tightly integrated with users' email clients, taking advantage of email as habitat.
A study of the dissolution rate-limited bioremediation of soils contaminated by residual hydrocarbons

The widespread release of organic chemicals in the environment frequently leads to groundwater contamination with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) because many of these organic chemicals are barely soluble in water. Understanding the mechanisms of transport and biotic transformation is essential for successful design and implementation of remedial strategies for contaminated soils. A model describing the biodegradation of the contaminants in NAPL-groundwater systems has been developed in this paper. Numerous field data and experimental results have indicated that the non-wetting fluids of the NAPLs in groundwater are trapped, i.e., completely surrounded by the wetting aqueous phase. In the present model, therefore, the NAPLs are treated as discrete blobs, while the aqueous phase is considered to be continuous. Interactions between the two liquid phases are incorporated into the governing equations for the aqueous phase. The rates of dissolution and desorption are assumed to be of the first order. Only aerobic growth of microorganisms is taken into account. This paper focuses on situations in which dissolution is the main rate-limiting factor. An investigation has been carried out on the rates of biodegradation of some common petroleum components such as benzene, ethyl-benzene, toluene, and xylene in the four-phase system. The effects considered are those of the mass-transfer area, specific growth rate of biomass, and velocity of pore-water flow.
Thin film ZnO/Si heterojunction solar cells: Design and implementation

New approaches are being explored towards a successful thin film ZnO/Si heterojunction solar cell. The current approach involves Al-doped ZnO and microcrystalline Si grown by metal-induced growth. Nanoparticles added to the ZnO layer may introduce plasmonic effects and light scattering. Current work using an Al-ZnO/Buffer/Bulk-Si device has achieved a J SC of 28.26 mA/cm2, a V OC of 360 mV, and an efficiency of 5.91%. Fabricated Schottky photodiode devices using MIG-Si have achieved a J SC of around 5.4 mA/cm2 and V OC of 245 mV. According to simulations, an Al-ZnO/MIG-Si device can reach a JSC of 18.54 mA/cm2, a V OC of 670 mV, and an efficiency of 10.359% without plasmonic effects.
Changes in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis of primiparous sows following weaning or pulsatile gonadotropin releasing homrone administration and weaning.

Lactating primiparous sows were used to examine relationships among hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), serum, and anterior pituitary gonadotropins and follicular development after weaning or after administering GnRH pulses (1.5 ug) once hourly for 72 h before weaning. Control sows were either slaughtered at 0 or 72 h after weaning or were cannulated for collection of blood samples until 24 h after estrus. Sows pulsed with GnRH were either slaughtered 72 h after beginning of GnRH treatment or were cannulated for collection of blood samples until 24 h after estrus. Exogenous GnRH pulsed hourly during 72 h prior to weaning stimulated follicular growth as demonstrated by an increase in number of surface follicles >5 mm in diameter and a decrease in number of follicles 16 pg/ml) was less in GnRH-pulsed than in control sows (P < 0.05), but hours from weaning to estrus were similar between groups. Amounts of GnRH in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), stalk median eminence (SME), and hypophyseal portal area (HPA) were similar among control sows killed at 0 or 72 h and sows pulsed with GnRH. Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and frequency of release of LH were similar between GnRH-pulsed and control sows, but concentrations of LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in anterior pituitary were lower in GnRH-pulsed sows than control sows. Administration of GnRH for 72 h prior to weaning in primiparous sows stimulated follicular growth as manifested by increased secretion of estrogen; however, the amount of follicular growth was apparently inadequate to hasten the onset of estrus after weaning.
Probabilistic Upscaling of Material Failure Using Random Field Models – A Preliminary Investigation

Complexity of failure is reflected from sensitivity of strength to small defects and wide scatter of macroscopic behaviors. In engineering practices, spatial information of materials at fine scales can only be partially measurable. Random field (RF) models are important to address the uncertainty in spatial distribution. To transform a RF of micro-cracks into failure probability at full structural-scale crossing a number of length scales, the operator representing physics laws need be implemented in a multiscale framework, and to be realized in a stochastic setting. Multiscale stochastic modeling of materials is emerging as a new methodology at this research frontier, which provides a new multiscale thinking by upscaling fine-scale RFs. In this study, a preliminary framework of probabilistic upscaling is presented for bottom-up hierarchical modeling of failure propagation across micro-meso-macro scales. In the micro-to-meso process, the strength of stochastic representative volume element (SRVE) is probabilistically assessed by using a lattice model. A mixed Weibull-Gaussian distribution is proposed to characterize the statistical strength of SRVE, which can be used as input for the subsequent meso-to-macro upscaling process using smeared crack finite element analysis.
Solvent exchange in liquid methanol and rate theory

Abstract To enhance our understanding of the solvent exchange mechanism in liquid methanol, we report a systematic study using molecular dynamics simulations. We use transition state theory, the Impey–Madden–McDonald method, the reactive flux method, and Grote–Hynes theory to compute the rate constants for this process. Solvent coupling was found to dominate, resulting in a significantly small transmission coefficient. We predict a positive activation volume for methanol exchange. The essential features of the dynamics as well as the pressure dependence are recovered from a Generalized Langevin Equation description of the dynamics. We find that the response to anharmonicity can be decomposed into two time regimes, one corresponding to short time response ( 5 ps). An effective characterization of the process is obtained from launching dynamics from the planar hypersurface corresponding to Grote–Hynes theory, resulting in improved numerical convergence of correlation functions.
Chinese wall security policies information flows in business cloud

A Business Cloud is defined to be a collection of company datasets that are stored on the "Cloud". For simplicity, we have assumed: Each company only has one dataset. There are information flows among these datasets. Within such an environment Chinese Wall Security Policy (CWSP) is revisited. Based on the "physical" view of Brewer and Nash, the Chinese Wall policy that regulates "Conflict of Interest" binary Relation, denoted by CIR among company datasets, is investigated. CIR has found to be anti-reflexive, symmetric and anti-transitive, in other words, the compliment of CIR is an equivalence relation. The main theorem states that, from the owner (a company) view, a dataset under CWSP will neve flow into enemies hands (companies in conflicts). More generally, if CIR is anti-reflexive and symmetric, then there are Aggressive Chinese Wall that surrounds the company datasets of those companies who are in conflict, and a Conservative Chinese Wall that that surrounds the company datasets whose owner are friends; note that the set friends is a subset of "not in conflict". The main theorem states that no information of those company datasets that are stored within the Aggressive Chinese Wall may never penetrate the Wall, similar conclusion for Conservative Chinese Wall. However those company datasets that are outside these two walls may penetrate the two walls.
Truly achromatic optical metasurfaces: a filter circuit theory-based design

We propose truly achromatic metasurfaces at midinfrared and visible spectra using plasmonic and all-dielectric concepts, respectively. The constituting layered elements, with each layer being a capacitive or an inductive structure, behave like low-pass circuit filters with almost linear phase response over the designed spectrum. This allows successful broadband operation. The plasmonic layered elements are limited to work around 50 THz due to the appearance of a plasmonic resonance feature at higher frequencies. On the other hand, the all-dielectric concept can be designed up to the visible range with negligible material dispersion. Design procedures and working principles are fully detailed. Two types of metasurfaces patterned by plasmonic and all-dielectric elements are carefully designed and numerically simulated around 50 and 600 THz, respectively. Chromatic aberration is successfully avoided. The plasmonic metasurface operates well in 5.5–7.5 μm, and the all-dielectric case has the desired performance over almost the entire visible band.
Feasibility of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Acquisition Using a Handheld Versus Conventional Tabletop Unit

Purpose:Patients afflicted with ocular complications of diabetes represent a diverse demographic who often cannot undergo spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging of the retina...
RF- and laser-induced thermoacoustic tomography

A study of pulsed-microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography in biological tissues is presented. A backprojection algorithm based on rigorous theory is used to reconstruct the cross-sectional image from the thermoacoustic measurement in a circular configuration that encloses the sample under study. The results demonstrate the possibility of application in detecting small tumors buried in biological tissues using microwave absorption contrast and ultrasound spatial resolution. Finally, the method is compared with laser-induced thermoacoustic tomography.
When Too Similar Is Bad: A Practical Example of the Solar Dynamics Observatory Content-Based Image-Retrieval System

The measuring of interest and relevance have always been some of the main concerns when analyzing the results of a Content-Based Image-Retrieval (CBIR) system. In this work, we present a unique problem that the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) CBIR system encounters: too many highly similar images. Producing over 70,000 images of the Sun per day, the problem of finding similar images is transformed into the problem of finding similar solar events based on image similarity. However, the most similar images of our dataset are temporal neighbors capturing the same event instance. Therefore a traditional CBIR system will return highly repetitive images rather than similar but distinct events. In this work we outline the problem in detail, present several approaches tested in order to solve this important image data mining and information retrieval issue.
Two new bee-killing flies from Brazil (Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae: Melaloncha).

Background The genus Melaloncha is a large group of species of parasitoid phorid flies that attack Hymenoptera, mostly stingless bees (Meliponinae, Apidae) in the Neotropical Region.
Quasiparticle Bound States around Impurities in d x 2 -y 2 -Wave Superconductors

Zn and Ni impurities in the hole-doped high-temperature superconductors are known to have strong effects on thermodynamic and transport properties. A recent scanning tunneling microscope study of Zn-doped Bi2212 [S. H. Pan et al., Nature (London) 403, 746 (2000)] has provided high-resolution images of the local density of states around nonmagnetic impurities in ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$-wave superconductors. These pictures contain detailed information about the spinor wave functions $u(\mathbf{r})$ and $v(\mathbf{r})$ of bound states with energy ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Delta}/30$, centered at the Zn sites. We show that this type of wave function follows from the solutions of the Bogoliubov\char21{}de Gennes equations for ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$-wave superconductors.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) Deposition of Multi-Materials

During the past few years, metal based additive manufacturing technologies have evolved and may enable the direct fabrication of heterogeneous objects with full spatial material variations. A heterogeneous object has potentially many advantages and in many cases can realize appearance and/or functionality that homogeneous objects cannot achieve. In this work we employ a preprocess computing combined with a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the modeling of the LENS deposition of multiple materials to optimize the fabrication process. The optimization methodology is applied to the fabrication of cermet composite (using Inconel 718 and ceramic powders) with prescribed material feeding rates. The multi-objective optimization considers that the energy consumption and the material waste during the fabrication process should be minimized, while the probability of the melting of the powders should be maximized. The optimization software modeFRONTIER® is used to drive the computation procedure with a MATLAB code. The results show the design and objective spaces of the Pareto optimal solutions, and enable the users to select preferred setting configurations from the set of optimal solutions.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Validation of long-term measurements from FBG sensors

Temperature monitoring has been of increased importance in recent years due to the need for temperature measurements in order to compensate other measurement parameters, such as strain, and the increased attention to understanding thermal behaviors of structures in order to assess their performance and condition. To ensure the accuracy of thermal compensation and study of thermal behavior, reliable long-term temperature measurements are required. In this paper, two methods that are aimed at validating long-term temperature measurements are created and their application is presented. The methods differ in the type of data they use for the purpose of validation. The first method relies on the existence of two independent temperature sensors at the same location. Validation is performed by comparing the measurements from the two sensors to one another, and discrepancies between the two data sets indicate malfunction or drift in at least one of the sensors. The second method is applicable to the more general case where only one temperature sensor is available at a given location. The method thus utilizes ambient temperature data from a nearby weather tower to validate measurements from the sensor. The two methods are applied to temperature measurements from FBG sensors installed on Streicker Bridge on the Princeton University campus. The methods successfully identified and characterized malfunction and drift in some of the sensors and confirmed stable measurements in other sensors.
Two-Stage Cluster Sampling for Pine Tip Moths

Techniques are discussed for sampling immature stages of pine tip moths, Rhyacionia spp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae), on young trees. Sampling is described for all immature stages of the Nantucket pine tip moth, R. frustrana (Comstock), and the pitch pine tip moth, R. rigidana (Fernald), on 3-year-old loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in the Georgia piedmont. Some new biological observations are given to aid in the examination of collected shoots for the location of the immature stages. Two-stage cluster sampling was employed. The first stage is the random selection of sample trees; the second stage involves vertical stratification of the trees and the random subsampling of shoots from these strata. Field procedure is detailed. Statistical formulae are presented for estimating the numbers of individuals per shoot, per tree, and per ha, with respective estimates of variance. Estimation of gain in precision due to stratification is discussed. A technique is presented to determine the optimum numbers of trees and shoots to sample to obtain a specified precision at a minimum cost.
Study of congenital extracranial vertebral artery abnormality in children by color Doppler ultrasound

Objective To explore the value of ultrasound in diagnosis of congenital extracranial vertebral artery abnormality in children.Methods Eighty-two children with the history of headache,vertigo and fainting fit who aged from 2.5 to 14 years old were examined by ultrasound,Their vertebral artery courser,wall morphous were observed,vertebral artery diameter and PSV、RSV、PI、RI in middle of the extracranial vertebral artery were measured.Results In 82 children,38 of them were diagnosed congenital extracranial vertebral abnormality(38/82,47.5%).While 12 cases were asymmetry in vertebral artery development,15 cases were tortuosity at foramen intervertebrale in vertebral artery,5 cases were asymmetry in bilateral vertebral artery combined with the tortuosity in vertebral artery,6 cases were congenital vertebral artery hypoplasia. Conclusion Ultrasonography can display the morphous of the extracranial vertebral artery and evaluate the hemodynamics changes of vertebral artery accurately,it has high value in diagnosis of congenital vertebral artery abnormality in clinic.
Second-language Reading and Writing as Enterprise:A Perspective from the Input Hypothesis

This paper reviews professor Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Reading Hypothesis models and their implications for reading and writing in second language.Krashen argues that the improvement of writing ability is the result of comprehensible input,rather than the result of drill and practice.Writing is helpful for cognitive development,but writing itself does not help to improve writing.Krashen proposes the notion of enterprise developed by Frank Smith as the framework to reshape the instructional practices for reading and writing in school.
Colon cancer: Medical therapy

Fluorouracil is the major chemotherapy agent currently available for colon cancer. It is utilized alone or in combination in a variety of schedules, though the optimal schedule has not yet been identified. In addition to the use for metastatic disease, fluorouracil also is useful for adjuvant treatment or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of locoregional disease.
Klinische MRT bei 3 Tesla: Aktueller Stand

Wahrend die klinische MRT zumeist bei Feldstarken von bis zu 1,5 Tesla (T) durchgefuhrt wird, sind seit jungster Zeit zugelassene klinische 3-T-Ganzkorper-MR-Systeme verfugbar. Deren Verbreitung wachst schneller als erwartet. Wahrend sich die Aufstellungsbedurfnisse und Handhabung dieser Systeme nicht mehr wesentlich von denen mit kleineren Feldstarken unterscheidet, bestehen jedoch Unterschiede im praktischen Einsatz. Fur die Bildgebung bei 3 T lasst sich das erhohte Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhaltnis (SNR) sowohl zu verbesserter raumlicher Auflosung oder schnellerer Bildaufnahme nutzen. Nachteilig fuhrt dies zu einer Erhohung der Empfindlichkeit auf Feldinhomogenitaten und veranderten Relaxationszeiten, die zu Kontrastanderungen fuhren. Fur die MR-Spektroskopie liegt der Vorteil in der Erhohung des SNR und der spektralen Auflosung. Der Anstieg der pro Hochfrequenzanregung deponierten Energie macht daruber hinaus die Anwendung spezieller Strategien zur Reduktion der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) notwendig. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Uberblick uber den aktuellen Stand der MTR bei 3 T.
Constraints on assembly bias from galaxy clustering

We constrain the newly-introduced decorated Halo Occupation Distribution (HOD) model using SDSS DR7 measurements of projected galaxy clustering or r-band luminosity threshold samples. The decorated HOD is a model for the galaxy-halo connection that augments the HOD by allowing for the possibility of galaxy assembly bias: galaxy luminosity may be correlated with dark matter halo properties besides mass, Mvir. We demonstrate that it is not possible to rule out galaxy assembly bias using DR7 measurements of galaxy clustering alone. Moreover, galaxy samples with Mr < -20 and Mr < -20.5 favor strong central galaxy assembly bias. These samples prefer scenarios in which high-concentration are more likely to host a central galaxy relative to low-concentration halos of the same mass. We exclude zero assembly bias with high significance for these samples. Satellite galaxy assembly bias is significant for the faintest sample, Mr < -19. We find no evidence for assembly bias in the Mr < -21 sample. Assembly bias should be accounted for in galaxy clustering analyses or attempts to exploit galaxy clustering to constrain cosmology. In addition to presenting the first constraints on HOD models that accommodate assembly bias, our analysis includes several improvements over previous analyses of these data. Therefore, our inferences supersede previously-published results even in the case of a standard HOD analysis.
Food reinforcement during infancy.

The motivation to eat, as operationalized by measuring how hard someone will work for food, is cross-sectionally and prospectively related to obesity. Persons high in food reinforcement consume more calories, and energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and obesity. Research has shown avid sucking for milk in early infancy predicts later adiposity, and the relationship between food reinforcement and excess body weight has been observed in infants as young as 9 months of age. New methodological developments in studying food reinforcement in infants and young children provide the first opportunity to study the origin of food reinforcement. This review seeks to provide background on the measurement of food reinforcement, and to present, for the first time, prenatal and postnatal predictors of infant food reinforcement. Lastly, potential mechanisms for an increasing trajectory of food reinforcement throughout development are proposed.
Homo Americanus War and Violence

We remember mass America’s fierce, homo americanus response to the French refusal to collaborate with the US ‘preemptive’ invasion of Iraq in 2003 and with the subsequent occupation of the formerly sovereign Middle Eastern nation. Homo americanus invectives against the French consisted in large part of accusations of some historical propensity of the French toward cowardice. This frivolous claim is, of course, ill-considered, based as it is on an ignorance of a history that includes names such as Lafayette and Bonaparte and a multitude of courageous civil revolts and revolutions. But it is true, nonetheless, that twentieth-century French history reveals some cases of what might be interpreted uncritically as ‘cowardice.’ Take, for example, the mass mutiny of French soldiers that occurred during World War One. James C. Davis summarizes the mass mutiny as follows: In 1917 the French began a drive that led to mutiny. While marching to the front a regiment bleated like sheep led to slaughter. Fifty-four divisions refused to fight, and many thousands left the lines. The French commander had some soldiers shot, restoring order, but he promised France would wage no other big attacks. (The Human Story 289)
Human Resource Management Practices

Human resource management is a field of research and practice that addresses the evaluation, placement, development, compensation, and retention of employees. The goals of any human resource program are defined at the organizational level as a component of the strategic planning process. The process then moves to staffing, which includes recruiting, hiring, and placing individuals in appropriate organizational roles. The training and development function involves providing initial skills development to newcomers, along with evaluating performance over time and providing appropriate ongoing developmental experiences. These processes all work in tandem with compensation practices, incorporating base pay, incentives, and nonmonetary benefits. Because human resources decisions influence many important outcomes for workers, there is also an extensive legal framework regulating employment. Keywords: compensation; employment; hiring; human resource management; legal issues; pensions
Janus: Network- and application-aware multi-TCP optimization engine

We present Janus, a system that adaptively selects and optimizes TCP implementations using existing off-the-shelf TCP versions based on observed network conditions and application requirements. We outline the theoretical motivations that drive the proposed selection algorithms in Janus, and demonstrate the benefits of our approach in an emulated network.
The concept of a living tradition

Starting with Popper, social theorists across the board have acknowledged that traditions serve socially valuable functions. However, while traditions are usually understood as ‘living’ entities th...
Automated Turning Movement Counts for Shared Lanes: Leveraging Vehicle Detection Data:

Turning movement count data (i.e., vehicle volumes broken down by movement, approach, and time periods) are the foundation of signal performance evaluations and a crucial component of a data-driven decision-making process used by transportation agencies. In this paper, the authors show how data available from intersections equipped with radar-based vehicle detection can be used to produce turning movement counts. A classification algorithm developed and discussed by the authors is capable of producing turning movement counts regardless of lane configuration and without the need for definition of detection zones. The algorithm works by using the data produced by vehicle detection systems that go unused and are never communicated to the signal controller. The nature of the data collection process makes the algorithm independent of the controller used. Results from the algorithm are promising; an average error of −0.26 vehicles per 15-min count period (absolute error of 2.31 vehicles) was obtained with the a...
Injured Brains and Adaptive Networks: The Benefits and Costs of Hyperconnectivity

A common finding in human functional brain-imaging studies is that damage to neural systems paradoxically results in enhanced functional connectivity between network regions, a phenomenon commonly referred to as 'hyperconnectivity'. Here, we describe the various ways that hyperconnectivity operates to benefit a neural network following injury while simultaneously negotiating the trade-off between metabolic cost and communication efficiency. Hyperconnectivity may be optimally expressed by increasing connections through the most central and metabolically efficient regions (i.e., hubs). While adaptive in the short term, we propose that chronic hyperconnectivity may leave network hubs vulnerable to secondary pathological processes over the life span due to chronically elevated metabolic stress. We conclude by offering novel, testable hypotheses for advancing our understanding of the role of hyperconnectivity in systems-level brain plasticity in neurological disorders.
The need for detailed gender-specific occupational safety analysis.

Abstract Introduction The female work in population is growing in the United States, therefore the occupational health and safety entities must start to analyze gender-specific data related to every industry, especially to nontraditional occupations. Women working in nontraditional jobs are often exposed to extreme workplace hazards. These women have their safety and health threatened because there are no adequate policies to mitigate gender-specific risks such as discrimination and harassment. Employers tend to aggravate this situation because they often fail to provide proper reporting infrastructure and support. According to past studies, women suffered from workplace injuries and illnesses that were less prominent among men. Statistics also confirmed that men and women faced different levels of risks in distinct work environments. For example, the rates of workplace violence and murders by personal acquaintances were significantly higher among women. Methods In this paper, the authors analyze prior public data on fatal and nonfatal injuries to understand why we need to differentiate genders when analyzing occupational safety and health issues. Results The analyses confirmed that women dealt with unique workplace hazards compared to men. Conclusions It is urgent that public agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Labor, record gender-specific data in details and by occupations and industries. Practical application The reader will become aware of the current lack – and need – of data and knowledge about injuries and illnesses separated by gender and industry. Finally, safety and health researchers are encouraged to investigate the gender-specific data in all industries and occupations, as soon as they become available.
Psychological Suffering in Essential Tremor: A Study of Patients and Those Who Are Close to Them.

Background: Although the motor and non-motor features of essential tremor (ET) have been characterized in detail, it is not known whether ET patients suffer psychologically and whether those who are close to them consider them to be suffering in this way. Methods: Fifty ET patients and 50 ‘‘close others’’ (COs), identified by patients ‘‘as someone who knows you well and sees you often’’ and who can ‘‘provide a different perspective on your well-being’’, reported their own depressive symptoms, daily stress, and perceptions of patient psychological suffering and patient overall suffering with validated scales. ET patients’ tremor severity, duration, disability, cognition, and number of medications were also assessed. Results: ET patients reported levels of psychological suffering within the range documented in arthritis and dementia patients from previous studies, and COs perceived significantly more psychological suffering in patients than patients reported themselves. Regression models, controlling for tremor severity, duration, and disability revealed that patients’ greater psychological suffering was associated with greater patient depression. The greater perceptions of COs of patient psychological and overall suffering were associated with greater CO depression and daily stress. Sensitivity analysis showed that patients’ cognitive status or number of medications did not affect the results. Discussion: Multidisciplinary teams caring for ET patients should look beyond simple clinical ET indicators. They should be aware of patient experiences and perceptions of COs of psychological and overall suffering. This will help guide the development of evidence-based, supportive interventions that improve communication about the needs of ET patients and those who are close to them.
Uterine Metabolism and Energetics

Exciting progress has been made over the past decade in understanding the cellular biology of the uterus. The internal structure of smooth muscle cells, regulation of actomyosin ATPase, ion-transport mechanisms, and communication between cells have all been areas of great advances. Studies of hormonal control of reproductive tissue function, and studies of the effects of reproductive hormones on gene expression have been on the leading edge of the present surge in molecular biology. However, the subject of this chapter, metabolism and energetics of uterine tissues, has received rather little attention. It continues to be true that most of what is believed about endometrial and myometrial metabolism and energetics is inferred from studies of more tractable tissues.
Microeconomics: Theory of Production

Wastewater treatment plant design and the control of regional groundwater quality are examples of environmental systems engineering problems. The design of the unit processes of a wastewater treatment plant is based on the control and transformation of an influent waste flow, a water quality resource. The management of groundwater quality is essentially a resource management problem involving both the water supply and the water quality (the assimilative capacity) of the aquifer system.
Molecular Basis of Specificity in Maize Leaf Spot Disease

The interaction between Cochliobolus carbonum and maize is mediated by a cyclic tetrapeptide known as HC-toxin. Isolates of the fungus that produce HC-toxin (called, by definition, race 1) show exceptional virulence on varieties of maize that are homozygous recessive at the nuclear Hm locus. In C. carbonum, production of HC-toxin, and hence virulence on maize of genotype hm/hm, is controlled by a single Mendelian genetic locus called TOX2. We have purified and characterized two enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of HC-toxin. Both enzyme activities are found only in isolates of the fungus that make HC-toxin and genetically co-segregate with TOX2. The gene encoding one of the enzymes was cloned. This gene is part of a 22-kb contiguous region of DNA that is found only in isolates of the fungus that make HC-toxin. Analysis of this region by cDNA mapping and sequencing has shown that it contains three genes, one of which constitutes a 15.7 kb open reading frame encoding a 570 kDa tetrapartite cyclic peptide synthetase.
Pre-Processing DNA Microarray Data

Every microarray experiment produces images. Image analysis software reduces these images to raw intensity data. To be useful for a data analyst this raw intensity data need to be converted into gene expression measures. Pre-processing is used to describe these procedures. Note the terms “pre-processing”, “low-level analysis”, and “probe-level analysis” are synonymous and will be used interchangeably within this chapter. Some writers use the term “normalization” to encompass all the procedures discussed in this chapter, but here normalization will refer only to one stage of the process.
WIND AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN A TORNADO

A model based on turbulent transport theory is used to make predictions of wind and pressure distributions at low levels in a tornado. The influence of buoyancy, swirl ratio, surface roughness, updraft shape and inflow boundary layer thickness are discussed. In spite of the variation induced into the distributions by these variables, the horizontal wind distributions show considerable similarity when appropriately normalized. This similarity is used to present an engineering approximation to the wind distribution. Two different ways of estimating the maximum velocity occurring in a tornado are discussed.
Medical Incidents and Evacuations on Wilderness Expeditions for the Northwest Outward Bound School

Introduction Outdoor education (OE) expeditions travel far from definitive care and have unique epidemiology. Most OE expedition studies have examined a single organization and results may not generalize. This study examines the injuries, illnesses, medical evacuations, and nonmedical incidents of the Northwest Outward Bound School (NWOBS) to broaden our understanding and demonstrate commonalities within the field. Methods This retrospective database review examined incidents and evacuations on NWOBS expeditions from June 1, 2014 through October 31, 2016. Incident rates, evacuation rates, and incident type frequencies were calculated. Frequencies of incidents during different expedition time periods were compared with a 1-sample χ2 test. The odds ratio that each type of incident would require evacuation was calculated and compared with other incident types using Fisher exact test. Results The study period included 59,058 program days, 277 incidents, 143 medical incidents, 75 medical evacuations, and no fatalities. Injuries occurred at a rate of 1.64 per 1000 program days and illnesses at a rate of 0.78 per 1000 program days. The most common injuries were strains, sprains, and trauma or infection of the skin and soft tissue. Most injuries occurred while backpacking, hiking, or moving around camp. The most common illnesses were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, asthma, respiratory infections, and urinary tract infections. The medical incidents with the highest odds of evacuation were fractures, urinary tract infections, abdominal pain, and asthma. Conclusions Results from the NWOBS database are consistent with those from other expeditionary OE programs. These findings should guide risk-management strategies and staff medical training.
Exploring Community College Student and Alumni Experience and Value of Career and Technical Education

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study explores how students and alumni of community college career and technical programs value their education. Participants for this study were cultivated from a variety ...
A message for faculty from the present-day movement for black lives

The present-day movement for Black lives calls attention to the antiblackness that is supported and reinforced in White America. Antiblackness ostensibly contextualizes what it means to Learn While...
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND TRANSCRIPTION

ABSTRACT Chromatin and DNA from Schneider's Drosophila melanogaster cell line 2 and from mouse L-cells were transcribed in vitro with E . coli RNA polymerase. Using mercurated UTP as precursor the newly synthesized RNA could be separated from DNA and endogenous RNA by affinity chromatography on sulfhydryl-Sepharose 6B. Characterization of the Drosophila transcription products with complementary DNA made from polyadenylated nuclear RNA and with fractionated cDNA probe revealed a quantitative fidelity in the in vitro transcript from chromatin which was not evident when DNA was transcribed. However, as shown by hybridization to total nuclear RNA, E. coli RNA polymerase transcribed both DNA strands from chromatin in vitro . Hybridization of L-cell transcription products with purified satellite heavy strand DNA demonstrated that although satellite sequences were undetectable in cellular RNA, a significant amount was present in the in vitro transcripts. Two different transcription systems, and several different preparation procedures for chromatin gave the same result. We therefore conclude that active chromatin is preferentially accessible to E. coli polymerase but that the controls over strand selection and repression of satellite expression are poorly recognized in vitro . Patterns of phosphorylation and acetylation of Drosophila histones were studied after whole cell incubation with 32p-orthophosphate or 3H-acetate. Radioactive phosphate was associated with H1, H3 and H4 and radioactive acetate was associated with H3, H4 and H2B. H3 showed the highest specific activity of both labels. Chromatin fractionation was performed to investigate the distribution of acetate and phosphate groups in histones from template-active and template-inactive regions. The levels of both acetate and phosphate groups were higher in histones from template-active regions.
A borane-mediated palladium-catalyzed reductive allylic alkylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds

The development of the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation of in situ generated boron enolates via tandem 1,4-hydroboration is reported. Investigation of the reaction revealed insights into specific catalyst electronic features as well as a profound leaving group effect that proved crucial for achieving efficient allylic alkylation of ester enolates at room temperature and ultimately a highly preparatively useful synthesis of notoriously challenging acyclic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters. The method demonstrates boron enolates as viable pro-nucleophiles in transition-metal catalyzed allylic alkylation, potentially opening up further transformations outside their traditional use.
Jewy/screwy leading lady: Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and the critique of rom-com femininity

As a common platform for stigmatized outsiders, subversive comedy holds special interest for Jewish cultural studies, feminist media studies, and critical race studies alike. However, these fields ...