cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maximum Lifetime SMDP Routing for Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

For optimal performance, routing algorithms for energy-harvesting wireless sensor networks must take into account the stochastic nature of both energy harvest availability and traffic. In this work, we propose a routing algorithm based on the semi-Markov decision process that considers exponential arrival of energy harvest and traffic packets. The algorithm selects routes that are probabilistically optimal over an infinite horizon. We show that the scheme achieves a longer network lifetime, defined as the total time in which no node is depleted, when compared to routing algorithms that make routing decisions based only on a short prediction horizon.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORK OF LEADING AUTHORS OF THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW, 1926–1945

The Accounting Review has changed dramatically over the years. The purpose of this study is to document these changes, putting into perspective the articles that are currently published in The Accounting Review. In particular, this study compares the work of those authors who had the most publications in The Accounting Review (Leading Authors) during 1926–1945 with more recent contributions. The results with respect to topic of articles, research methods, citations, and article length reflect the Leading Authors' practical orientation, an attribute that is not particularly apparent in the work of current authors.
The Nutritional Aspects of Intestinal Failure Therapy

Perhaps in no other pathophysiological state in infancy are the tenets of nutritional management more thought provoking as they are in intestinal failure therapy. Intestinal failure is the critical reduction of functional gut mass below the minimal amount necessary for adequate digestion and absorption to satisfy body nutrient and fluid requirements in adults or growth in children [1]. This definition implies an absolute requirement for parenteral nutrition in order to sustain viability. The unique aspects of management in this population of patients is derived from the variability of individual physiologic states, the chronicity in which parenteral nutrition must be administered, the therapeutic implications of enteral nutrients, and the complications directly linked to nutritional therapy. The goal of this chapter is to outline the nutritional aspects of intestinal failure management highlighting the specific aspects that make it such a challenging condition.
Synthesizing Parameterized Self-stabilizing Rings with Constant-Space Processes

This paper investigates the problem of synthesizing parameterized rings that are “self-stabilizing by construction”. While it is known that the verification of self-stabilization for parameterized unidirectional rings is undecidable, we present a counterintuitive result that synthesizing such systems is decidable! This is surprising because it is known that, in general, the synthesis of distributed systems is harder than their verification. We also show that synthesizing self-stabilizing bidirectional rings is an undecidable problem. To prove the decidability of synthesis for unidirectional rings, we propose a sound and complete algorithm that performs the synthesis in the local state space of processes. We also generate strongly stabilizing rings where no fairness assumption is made. This is particularly noteworthy because most existing verification and synthesis methods for parameterized systems assume a fair scheduler.
Epithelial WNT Ligands Are Essential Drivers of Intestinal Stem Cell Activation

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain and repair the intestinal epithelium. While regeneration after ISC-targeted damage is increasingly understood, injury-repair mechanisms that direct regeneration following injuries to differentiated cells remain uncharacterized. The enteric pathogen, rotavirus, infects and damages differentiated cells while sparing all ISC populations, thus allowing the unique examination of the response of intact ISC compartments during injury-repair. Upon rotavirus infection in mice, ISC compartments robustly expand and proliferating cells rapidly migrate. Infection results specifically in stimulation of the active crypt-based columnar ISCs, but not alternative reserve ISC populations, as is observed after ISC-targeted damage. Conditional ablation of epithelial WNT secretion diminishes crypt expansion and ISC activation, demonstrating a previously unknown function of epithelial-secreted WNT during injury-repair. These findings indicate a hierarchical preference of crypt-based columnar cells (CBCs) over other potential ISC populations during epithelial restitution and the importance of epithelial-derived signals in regulating ISC behavior.
Non-sliding (Static) Knots

Technical advances in arthroscopic surgery have popularized the use of sliding knots in favor of traditional non-sliding or static knots. This preference may be a result of technical ease of tying through a cannula, as the surgeon can secure knots without switching post limbs. However, it has been shown that non-sliding knots such as the square or the Revo knot provide better loop and knot security. Furthermore, sliding knots cannot be used with suture anchors lacking an eyelet or in situations where it is difficult to slide sutures through soft tissue. Another indication for static knot tying is for repairs of degenerative soft tissue. In these cases, the suture may cause further damage to the tissue while advancing the knot. When performing a non-sliding knot, one has to take into consideration that the knot has to be seated properly before adding reversed half hitches to avoid premature knot locking resulting insufficient loop and knot security.
Part-wise neuron segmentation using artificial templates

Our goal is to analyze neuronal morphology during development using artificially created templates. Such templates serve as input from the domain expertise: a standardized representation of the neuron, independent from imaging modalities and resolution, is what a neurobiologist can provide from knowledge and qualitative observations in the microscope. A template is divided into context-specific (topology, shape, and/or function) compartments, and our task is to segment input neuron volumes from their surroundings and partition them accordingly. We solve this problem using a global-to-local approach. We first employ a global transformation that serves as part-wise alignment of the template with the input volume. Then, we use local, deformable compartment shape registration using MRF-based free-form deformations. We validated our results using aCC motorneuron image stacks from larva Drosophila, at multiple developmental instances and different spatial resolutions.
Modulation of the Thermoresponsitivity of PDEAAm via CD Addition

Thermoresponsive water soluble polymers have attracted much attention in the last years [2, 3, 4, 5].
Shape Memory Polymer based Cellular Materials

We propose the concept of periodic cellular materials with programmable effective properties and present initial results from a computational study of a prototypical material that exhibits this behavior. Nonlinear FEA shows that programmed geometric imperfections at the cell level can be used to modify the effective compressive storage modulus of shape memory polymer (SMP) based periodic cellular materials after they have been manufactured. The ability of SMPs to freeze a temporary deformation for an extended period of time and the low modulus of these materials in the rubbery regime allow us to freeze controlled and reversible imperfections at the cell level following the typical temporary shape programming process for SMPs. Small geometric imperfections (2% global strain) are observed to produce variations of up to 40% in the effective initial compressive storage modulus in the prototypical material.
Landscape context mediates the relationship between plant functional traits and decomposition

It has been well demonstrated that several interacting endogenous and exogenous factors influence decomposition. However, teasing apart the direct and indirect effects of these factors to predict decomposition patterns in heterogenous landscapes remains a key challenge. At 157 locations in a temperate forest, we measured decomposition of a standard substrate (filter paper) over two years, the landscape context in which decomposition took place, and the functional composition of the woody species that contributed leaf litter to the forest floor where litter bags were placed. We tested for direct and indirect effects of landscape context and direct effects of forest functional composition on decay using structural equation modelling. We found that landscape context had direct effects on decay and indirect effects on decay via its influence on the functional composition of the surrounding forest. Forest functional composition also had direct effects on decay, but these effects decreased or disappeared completely over time. Moreover, community weighted mean trait values were better predictors of decay than functional dispersion of leaf traits, and leaf nitrogen content and carbon content were better predictors of decay than leaf dry matter content or leaf toughness. Our results highlight the importance of an integrative approach that examines the direct and indirect effects of multiple factors for understanding and predicting decomposition patterns across heterogenous landscapes.
Research Progress on Control and Removal Technology of SO3 of Coal-fired Power Plants

SO3 is one of pollutants in flue gas of coal power plants. It mainly derived from coal combustion in boiler and selective catalytic reduction denitrification system. The content of SO3 in flue gas were influenced by the combustion mode, sulfur content in fuel, composition of denitrification catalyst and fly ash. SO3 and water vapour generated H2 SO4 droplets. Sulfate secondary particles in atmosphere could cause haze, acid rain and other disastrous weather. High concentration of SO3 could cause blockage and corrosion and affect the safe operation of the units. The generation mechanism of SO3 was discussed. The latest research progress on control and removal technology of SO3 was summarized. The study in this paper provides a reference for pollutant treatment in coal-fired power plants.
Relationships between Particulate Matter, Ozone, and Nitrogen Oxides during Urban Smoke Events in the Western US.

Urban ozone (O3) pollution is influenced by the transport of wildfire smoke but observed impacts are highly variable. We investigate O3 impacts from smoke in 18 western US cities during July-September, 2013-2017, with ground-based monitoring data from air quality system sites, using satellite-based hazard mapping system (HMS) fire and smoke product to identify overhead smoke. We present four key findings. First, O3 and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter) are elevated at nearly all sites on days influenced by smoke, with the greatest mean enhancement occurring during multiday smoke events; nitrogen oxides (NOx) are not consistently elevated across all sites. Second, PM2.5 and O3 exhibit a nonlinear relationship such that O3 increases with PM2.5 at low to moderate 24 h PM2.5, peaks around 30-50 μg m-3, and declines at higher PM2.5. Third, the rate of increase of morning O3 is higher and NO/NO2 ratios are lower on smoke-influenced days, which could result from additional atmospheric oxidants in smoke. Fourth, while the HMS product is a useful tool for identifying smoke, O3 and PM2.5 are elevated on days before and after HMS-identified smoke events implying that a significant fraction of smoke events is not detected.
Understanding the Relative Roles of Salmon Spawner Enrichment and Disturbance: A High-Frequency, Multi-Habitat Field and Modeling Approach

Organisms exert multiple, often-contrasting, influences on ecosystems. Migrating Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) deliver nutrients to freshwater ecosystems, but also disturb benthic sediments during upstream migration and nest building. The relative importance of these contrasting roles is not well understood, especially not in relation to the temporal dynamics of other environmental drivers. To assess the influence of salmon-mediated enrichment and disturbance, we measured stream biofilm metrics (production, respiration, chlorophyll a [chla], ash-free dry mass, stable isotope signatures) and environmental variables (spawner and carcass abundance, dissolved nutrients, temperature, discharge, light) from July through September in multiple habitats of a southeast Alaska stream. Biofilm production and biomass increased before and early in the salmon run, but declined later in the run. Biofilm stable isotope composition indicated incorporation of salmon-derived carbon and nitrogen (N) during the latter part of the run. Biofilm biomass differed among benthic habitat types (i.e., riffles, pools stream edges) but temporal patterns were generally similar, suggesting salmon and environmental influences were not habitat-specific. We used this high-frequency field data to parameterize an ordinary differential equation model for dissolved inorganic N, chla, and cellular N, and estimated model parameters using Marcov Chain Monte Carlo. Posterior distributions indicated that 1) habitats and locations were generally similar in model parameters, 2) removing the effect of salmon resulted in no change in biofilm chla early in the run (mid-August), but did show a decrease for some habitats later in the run (September), and 3) the overall integrated salmon effect over the run was one of biofilm loss. Only the combination of high frequency biofilm and environmental data collections with a process-based model, allowed us to determine how environmental context dynamics interact with salmon run dynamics to modulate the biofilm response in natal spawning streams. High-frequency field data combined with modeling provides a critical tool to gain a mechanistic understanding of resource subsidies, especially those from organisms that have other influences and roles, in relation to the environmental context and will allow us to evaluate the small and large scale importance of subsidies.
Microstructures in a Nb-Cr-V-W-Ta high entropy alloy during annealing

Abstract A Nb-Cr-V-W-Ta high entropy alloy has been subjected to annealing treatment at 600, 700 and 800 °C in air for 6 hours. Five different phases have been identified based on their composition in the as received condition. The annealing treatment does not alter the phase analysis and compositions except for the W-rich phase where minor changes in the composition have been observed. This is considered as an experimental evidence of sluggish diffusivity associated with HEAs. Absence of phase transformation during the heating and the minimal changes in observed compositions of the phases is an indication of the resistance to diffusion offered by the elements of the high entropy alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and color X-ray elemental mapping have been used to conduct this research.
Medication to Manage Abortion and Miscarriage

Abortion and miscarriage are common, affecting millions of US women each year. By age 45, one in four women in the USA will have had an abortion, and at least as many will have had a miscarriage. Most individuals seeking abortion services do so before 10 weeks’ gestation when medication abortions are a safe and effective option, using a regimen of oral mifepristone followed by misoprostol tablets. When a pregnancy is non-viable before 13 weeks’ gestation, it is referred to as an early pregnancy loss or miscarriage and can be managed using the same mifepristone and misoprostol regimen. Given their safety and efficacy, mifepristone and misoprostol can be offered in ambulatory settings without special equipment or on-site emergency services. As more patients find it difficult to access clinical care when faced with an undesired pregnancy or a miscarriage, it is important for general internists and primary care providers to become familiar with how to use medications to manage these common conditions. We summarize the most recent evidence regarding the use of mifepristone with misoprostol for early abortion and miscarriage. We discuss clinical considerations and resources for integrating mifepristone and misoprostol into clinical practice. By learning to prescribe mifepristone and misoprostol, clinicians can expand access to time-sensitive health services for vulnerable populations.
Aphytis Fioriniae, Sp. Nov. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasite of Tea Scale, Fiorinia Theae Green, from India

Aphytis fioriniae, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitic upon the tea scale, Fiorinia llieae Green (Homoptera: Diaspididae), in Assam, India, is described. It is uniparental and a member o...
Winning Back the Consumer's Confidence and Ensuring Consumer Safety in the COVID-19 Regime is Necessary for Revival of the Processed Food Industry

The pandemic COVID-19 has tremendously affected the food industry, particularly, the restaurants and other food vendors (FVs) that serve ready-to-eat foods. These food industries have been badly hit not only because of the lock down, imposed for COVID-19 containment, but also because of the consumer's concern for food safety. To revive the processed food industry, it is necessary to win back the consumer's confidence, which in turn requires a number of steps to be taken by both the policy makers and the food business operators. In this context, the present article describes how the maintenance of hygiene at places of food production would be important for the food industry in the COVID-19 regime. It has recommendations that could be useful for both food safety regulators and food business operators.
An experimental investigation of peer rejection and social anxiety on alcohol and cannabis use willingness: Accounting for social contexts and use cues in the laboratory.

OBJECTIVE Evidence suggests that social anxiety (SA) is a risk factor for problematic alcohol and cannabis use, particularly during states of social stress. Unfortunately, laboratory studies to date have overlooked decision-making mechanisms (e.g., use willingness) and contextual features of commonly used social stress tasks that may clarify what is driving these links. The current study begins to address this gap by testing the effects of SA and laboratory-induced peer rejection on acute alcohol and cannabis use willingness within a simulated party setting. METHOD 80 emerging adults (18-25 years; 70% women) endorsing lifetime alcohol and cannabis use were randomly assigned to experience rejection or neutral social cues. They rated their willingness to use alcohol and cannabis before and after cue exposure within the simulated party. A hierarchical regression tested the main and interaction effects of SA symptoms and experimental condition (Rejection vs. Neutral) on alcohol and cannabis use willingness, controlling for past-year use frequency and willingness to accept any offers (e.g., food and nonalcoholic drinks). RESULTS There were statistically significant main (but not interaction) effects of SA and experimental condition on cannabis use willingness. Higher SA and Rejection exposure were each associated with greater cannabis use willingness. There were neither main nor interaction effects on alcohol willingness. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that elevated SA increases cannabis use willingness across social contexts, regardless of Rejection exposure, while Rejection exposure increases use willingness similarly across levels of SA. Together, findings reinforce the need to consider social-contextual factors and polysubstance use in laboratory settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Clinical Course and Anticipating Outcome

This chapter approaches the complex task of determining prognosis by reviewing general principles first, followed by review of the recovery potential of individual neurologic symptoms, and finally, providing prognostic information organized by specific neurologic pathology. Outcome determination is what we do and based on findings on repeat clinical assessment. Outcome generally is determined at onset, but another injury from a complication may jeopardize the chances of full recovery. How a patient fares in the hospital in the following week is a major determinant of prognosis.
Comparison Between Sea Surface Wind Speed Estimates From Reflected GPS Signals and Buoy Measurements

Reflected signals from the Global Positioning System (GPS) have been collected from an aircraft at approximately 3.7 km altitude on 5 different days. Estimation of surface wind speed by matching the shape of the reflected signal correlation function against analytical models was demonstrated. Wind speed obtained from this method agreed with that recorded from buoys to with a bias of less than 0.1 m/s, and with a standard derivation of 1.3 meters per second.
Distribution of the Marsh Periwinkle Littorina irrorata (Say) in a Virginia Salt Marsh

Liftorina irrorata varies over its geographic range in maximum size, preferred elevations relative to tidal datum planes, and in the type of vegetation it inhabits. On Wallops Island, Virginia, postlarvae of Litforina irrorafa with shell lengths 21 mm long. The lowest salinities recorded in the marsh occurred at the highest elevations. This salinity effect, together with mortality from known size-selective predators, may account, at least in part, for the seaward increase in mean shell size.
Autoimmune Intervention by CD154 Blockade Prevents T Cell Retention and Effector Function in the Target Organ

The CD40-CD154 interaction is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Previously, we showed that CD154 blockade both inhibited the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and blocked clinical disease progression (relapses) in mice with established disease. The mechanism of this protection is poorly understood. Because CD154 plays a role in Th1 development, its blockade has been thought to promote anti-inflammatory Th2 responses. However, these conclusions have primarily been based on extrapolated data from in vitro experiments, which may not accurately reflect the more complex events occurring in vivo. In this paper we determine how the immune response develops under the influence of therapeutic CD154 blockade in vivo. We demonstrate that anti-CD154 treatment does not alter the early expansion of Ag-specific T cells in secondary lymphoid organs or result in deviation to a Th2-dominant response. Interestingly, the late expansion and retention of Th1 cells in the lymph nodes were markedly reduced following immunization of Ab-treated mice, and this coincided with a recompartmentalization of these cells to the spleen. Most importantly, anti-CD154 treatment eliminated the retention/expansion of encephalitogenic Th1 cells, but not their entry into the CNS. These data indicate that a major mechanism by which CD154 blockade protects against autoimmune disease is by controlling the amplitude of acute phase Th1 responses in the draining lymph nodes and by preventing the sustained expansion of effector cells within the target organ.
Recent progress in optical metamaterials

I will discuss progress in metamaterials including symmetry breaking related phenomena. I will also discuss non-Hermitian optics and parity-time symmetry and PT lasers of single mode.
Cyclic behavior of randomly growing digital structures in finite random environment

Computer experiments with a model of a randomly growing structure with the possibility of division are presented. In agreement with the set of conditions, the growing structures are considered as evolutionary sequences. The randomly growing digital structure could achieve unchangeable "shape" in each evolutionary generation in spite of the lack of complete predetermination of this "shape". The effect was obtained by random supplement of creative materials from the environment. The environment was assumed as random, finite, and repetitive in a cyclic way. For this environment the only stable state of evolutionary sequence is a periodic sequence (in a particular case, the same "shape" in each generation). Other sequences have either to degenerate or, after a number of nonperiodic charges, become periodic. The model, results obtained from the computer and interpretation are presented.
CT from an Unmodified Standard Fluoroscopy Machine Using a Non-reproducible Path

3D reconstruction from image data is required in many medical procedures. Recently, the use of fluoroscopy data to generate these 3D models has been explored. Most existing methods require knowledge of the scanning path either from precise hardware, or pre-calibration procedures. We propose an alternative of obtaining this needed pose information without the need of additional hardware or pre-calibration so that many existing fluoroscopes can be used.
Dorsal aortic impedance in stage 24 chick embryo following acute changes in circulating blood volume

The effects of acute changes in circulating blood volume on embryonic vascular hemodynamics were evaluated with the use of input impedance. We simultaneously measured dorsal aortic pressure with a servo-null system and flow velocity with a 20-MHz pulsed Doppler system in n = 90 stage 24 chick embryos. We withdrew or infused 1,3, or 5 microliters of blood via a second-order vitelline vein (n = 10 per group). In addition, we withdrew and then infused or infused and then withdrew 3 microliters (n = 5 per group). Characteristic impedance, peripheral resistance, arterial compliance and elastance, and hydraulic power as well as basic hemodynamic parameters were evaluated on the basis of the three-element windkessel model. In response to withdrawal, mean and pulse pressure, mean flow, arterial compliance, and hydraulic power decreased, whereas peripheral resistance and arterial elastance increased in a dose-dependent manner. Results in response to infusion were converse in effect. Characteristic impedance was unchanged by volume alternations. Oscillatory fraction of hydraulic power was higher than mature circulation and remained relatively constant during interventions, which indicates well-regulated energy efficiency for vascular growth in the embryonic circulation. A hysteresis relevant to altered peripheral resistance was present after multiple interventions. Embryonic vasculature is sensitive to circulating blood volume and preserve blood pressure at the expense of blood flow. In the absence of autonomic innervation, embryonic vascular tone may be regulated by mechanical properties of the vessel (the law of Laplace) and/or vasoactive substances.
Modeling the Deformation‐Failure Mechanisms of Thin Hollow Glass Microspheres

Thin Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGMs) are a potential candidate to insulate cryogenic tanks due to their high strength‐to‐weight ratio and thermal properties. In this study, HGMs were modeled using a Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate their deformation and fracture behavior. Due to lack of actual data, a chemical composition‐based methodology was introduced to synthesize material properties that reproduce the mechanical properties of soda‐lime‐borosilicate glass. The modeled microsphere was subjected to a uniaxial compression test and failed due to buckling. This model captures some essential aspect of deformation‐failure characteristics of a thin hollow glass microsphere.
Educational Change in Japan: School Reforms

This chapter explores Japan’s education reforms in the 1980s and 1990s. The present school system was built to promote Japan’s industrialization, and has now become obsolete. The thrust of education reform over the past decade has been how to diversify schools away from uniformity and rigidity. Strategies include: introducing new curricula, implementing innovative high schools, and increasing the autonomy of universities to improve curriculum, teaching and research.
Scalar and vector iteration

In “Monadic Computation and Iterative Algebraic Theories” Elgot [3] introduced the notion of a vector iterative theory and showed that vector iterative theories have a close connection with several aspects of the theory of computation. In private conversations Elgot formulated the notion of a scalar iterative theory and raised the question whether scalar and vector iterative theories coincide. We answer this question in the affirmative.
Enthalpy of combustion of purine

Abstract The enthalpy of combustion of a commercial purine sample of 99.8 moles per cent purity was measured in an aneroid adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The molar enthalpy of combustion at 298.15 K for the reaction: C 5 H 4 N 4 (cr)+6O 2 (g)=5CO 2 (g)+2H 2 O(1)+2N 2 (g) is Δ c H m o = −(2708.62±2.31) kJ·mol −1 ( p o = 101.325 kPa). The corresponding molar enthalpy of formation of purine, C 5 H 4 N 4 , is Δ f H m o = (169.41±2.65) kJ·mol −1 . The estimation of Δ f H m o for purine by three calculated paths yielded 180.15 kJ·mol −1 . Some reasons for the difference are proposed.
Position paper: event reference

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n Developing a computational account of event reference requires solution to a number of difficult problems, not least of which is characterizing the phenomenon itself. From a listener's point of view, eveni reference encompasses both the task of building up a structured model of the events and situations underlying a given text and the task of interpreting subsequent references to these events and situations afterwards. A computational approach to these tasks requires at least (1) a characterization of the information that an individual clause may convey about an event or situation; (2) a characterization of explicit clues a text gives as to how the pieces described in individual clauses fit together (assuming, as I do, that this does not rely solely on world knowledge; (3) an account of what the listener does in processing an explicit event reference; (4) a characterization of what events and situations are available for explicit reference; and (5) a procedure for choosing among possible ways of resolving an explicit event reference.
An alternative pathway for yeast telomere maintenance rescues est1− senescence

Abstract Yeast cells lacking a functional EST1 gene show progressive shortening of the terminal G 1–3 T telomeric repeats and a parallel increase in the frequency of cell death. Although the majority of the cells in an est1 − culture die, a minor subpopulation survives the potentially lethal consequences of the est1 mutation. We show that these est1 − survivors arise as a result of the amplification and acquisition of subtelomeric elements (and their deletion derivatives) by a large number of telomeres. Hence, even when the primary pathway for telomere replication is defective, an alternative backup pathway can restore telomere function and keep the cell alive.
The Legacy of Episodic Climatic Events in Shaping Temperate, Broadleaf Forests

In humid, broadleaf-dominated forests where gap dynamics and partial canopy mortality appears to dominate the disturbance regime at local scales, paleoecological evidence shows alteration at regional-scales associated with climatic change. Yet, little evidence of these broad-scale events exists in extant forests. To evaluate the potential for the occurrence of large-scale disturbance, we used 76 tree-ring collections spanning approx. 840 000 sq km and 5327 tree recruitment dates spanning approx. 1.4 million sq km across the humid eastern United States. Rotated principal component analysis indicated a common growth pattern of a simultaneous reduction in competition in 22 populations across 61 000 km2. Growth-release analysis of these populations reveals an intense and coherent canopy disturbance from 1775 to 1780, peaking in 1776. The resulting time series of canopy disturbance is so poorly described by a Gaussian distribution that it can be described as ''heavy tailed,'' with most of the years from 1775 to 1780 comprising the heavy-tail portion of the distribution. Historical documents provide no evidence that hurricanes or ice storms triggered the 1775-1780 event. Instead, we identify a significant relationship between prior drought and years with elevated rates of disturbance with an intense drought occurring from 1772 to 1775. We further find that years with high rates of canopy disturbance have a propensity to create larger canopy gaps indicating repeated opportunities for rapid change in species composition beyond the landscape scale. Evidence of elevated, regional-scale disturbance reveals how rare events can potentially alter system trajectory: a substantial portion of old-growth forests examined here originated or were substantially altered more than two centuries ago following events lasting just a few years. Our recruitment data, comprised of at least 21 species and several shade-intolerant species, document a pulse of tree recruitment at the subcontinental scale during the late-1600s suggesting that this event was severe enough to open large canopy gaps. These disturbances and their climatic drivers support the hypothesis that punctuated, episodic, climatic events impart a legacy in broadleaf-dominated forests centuries after their occurrence. Given projections of future drought, these results also reveal the potential for abrupt, meso- to large-scale forest change in broadleaf-dominated forests over future decades.
TU-F-12A-08: Verification of APBI Balloon Integrity Using Ultrasound Imaging

Purpose: An overview of the ultrasound imaging artifacts encountered in Mammosite balloon APBI is presented. The goal was to determine whether clinically relevant changes in balloon size resulting from leakage can be detected by ultrasound imaging and also to compare the magnitude of size variations using both ultrasound and CT imaging. Methods: Ultrasound imaging of a Mammosite balloon phantom was performed to better understand measurement errors and accuracy. The dose to the prescription point as a function of balloon diameter was computed for different sized balloons. The results were compared to phantom measurements of balloon diameter versus filling volume to assess the dose change that would result from tissue moving inward with a shrinking balloon boundary. In APBI patients undergoing a course of 10 treatment fractions, an assessment was made of the variability and accuracy of balloon size measured with ultrasound imaging compared to CT. Results: Ultrasound artifacts combine to form a false image of the distal balloon boundary. Proper US probe orientation and choice of measurement point locations improves distance measurement accuracy. A 1 mm change in balloon diameter is measurable with ±0.1 mm error; this 1 mm change corresponding to <4% change in dose at a distance 1 cm from the balloon. In patients, the implanted balloon diameters ranged from 3.4 to 5.8 cm. Measurement errors relative to CT averaged less than 1.4 mm and variability (standard deviation) over the course of treatment averaged 1.9 mm. Conclusion: Complex and misleading image artifacts can be minimized by proper probe orientation, and accurate balloon diameter measurement requires consistent image analysis methods. Ultrasound imaging can detect dosimetrically relevant changes in the size of a leaking Mammosite balloon, therefore ultrasound imaging can be used for verification of balloon integrity over the course of APBI treatment.
Self-Reported Impulsivity is Correlated with Laboratory-Measured Escape Behavior

Abstract Aggression has been previously correlated with impulsive personality. In the present study, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) scores of 40 male controls aged 15–40 years were related to the frequency of free-operant aggressive and escape responses toward a fictitious antagonist. Participants earned “points” worth money with repeated button presses on a fixed-ratio schedule and were provoked by the periodic subtraction of a point. These subtractions were blamed on the behavior of a (fictitious) other participant, and aggressive responses (presses of a separate button) were defined as those emitted by the participant with an intent to subtract earnings from the other (fictitious) participant. BIS scores were not correlated with frequency of point-subtracting (aggressive) responses to the point subtractions, but they were correlated with the frequency of escape responses on a third button, which the participant was told would protect his points from subtraction for an unspecified period of time. The...
The Status of Species of Trichostrongylus of Birds

Two species of Nematodes belonging to the genus Trichostrongylus, namely, T. tenuis (Mehlis 1846) Railliet and Henry 1909, and T. pergracilis (Cobbold 1873) Railliet and Henry 1909, have been described from birds, the location of both species being the caeca. A third species, described as Strongylus douglasi Cobbold 1882 emend. Gedoelst 1911, from the proventriculus of the ostrich, is considered by some authors as belonging to the genus Trichostrongylus, and by others, notably Lane (1923) and Nagaty (1932), as necessarily referred to a distinct genus, Libyostrongylus, with which latter opinion we are inclined to agree, as a result of examination of specimens of this species.
Sound propagation in two-dimensional electron systems in strong magnetic field

Abstract Under the dHvA condition, the sound velocity in two-dimensional electron systems is expected to oscillate strongly as a function of 1/γ 0 which is the ratio of the ideal Fermi energy to the field energy.
Diffusion Flames in Opposed Counter-Rotating Jets

In this study, we present the results of our experimental investigation of the behavior of methane and butane diffusion flames in counter-rotating opposed-jet flow. The variations of flame temperature and position as functions of the jet angular velocity ω are reported. Also, using the previously developed theory for non-reactive, inviscid flow field, the flame extinction data are correlated with the stretch rates experience by the flames. The calculated critical values of a) corresponding to the minimum fuel concentration at extinction are found to be in close agreement with the experimental observations. It is established that the Lewis number of the mixture has a pronounced effect on the behavior of diffusion flame within the recirculating secondary flow. The relevance of the results to the understanding of turbulent diffusion flames is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF STEERING ADAPTATION ON A HIGH PERFORMANCE FIXED-BASE DRIVING SIMULATOR

Abstract We assessed the time required for 80 experienced drivers (28 younger and 52 older) to adapt to a simulator and to steer in a stable manner. All participants drove on two-lane rural highways created on a fixed-base, interactive driving simulator known as the SIREN. Results showed that drivers adapt and steering behavior stabilizes within approximately 240 s of the start of the simulator scenario. Older drivers’ steering behavior is more variable than younger drivers’, but both adapt at similar rates. Fourier analyses of steering data showed that high and low-frequency components of the steering variability are differentially sensitive to age and adaptation. Evidence that drivers need less time to adapt their steering behavior to the simulation environment than is afforded by the currently used extended practice periods could reduce costs and potentially increase sample sizes. Researchers should assess the degree and speed of adaptation to other components of driving to ensure that drivers are provided with sufficient time to fully adapt to the simulator before data are collected.
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome occurs earlier in the post-lung allocation score era.

Objectives In 2005, the time-based waiting list for lung transplantation was replaced by an illness/benefit lung allocation score (LAS). Although short-term outcomes after transplantation have been reported to be similar before and after the new system, little is known about long-term results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of LAS on the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome as well as on overall 3-year and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–related survival. Methods Data obtained from the United Network for Organ Sharing were used to review 8091 patients who underwent lung transplantation from 2002 to 2008. Patients were stratified according to time of transplantation into those treated before initiation of the LAS (pre-LAS group, January 2002–April 2005, n = 3729) and those treated after implementation of the score (post-LAS group, May 2005–May 2008, n = 4362). Overall, 3-year survivals for patient groups were compared using a univariate analysis, Cox proportional hazards model to generate a relative risk, and Kaplan–Meier curve analyses. Results During the 3-year follow-up period, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome developed in 22% of lung transplant recipients (n = 1801). Although the incidence of postoperative bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome development was similar between groups, post-LAS patients incurred fewer bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–free days (609 ± 7.5 vs 682 ± 9; P P = .0108) than did pre-LAS patients. Overall 3-year survival was lower in post-LAS patients and approached statistical significance ( P = .05). Similarly, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–related survival was worse for patients in the post-LAS group (log–rank test P = .01). Conclusions In the current LAS era, lung transplant recipients have significantly fewer bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–free days after 3-year follow-up. Compared with the pre-LAS population, overall and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–related survival appears worse in the post-LAS era. Limitation of known risk factors for development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome–may prove even more important in this patient population.
Leadership Ethics: An Introduction

Are leaders morally special? Is there something ethically distinctive about the relationship between leaders and followers? Should leaders do whatever it takes to achieve group goals? Leadership Ethics uses moral theory, as well as empirical research in psychology, to evaluate the reasons everyday leaders give to justify breaking the rules. Written for people without a background in philosophy, it introduces readers to the moral theories that are relevant to leadership ethics: relativism, amoralism, egoism, virtue ethics, social contract theory, situation ethics, communitarianism, and cosmopolitan theories such as utilitarianism and transformational leadership. Unlike many introductory texts, the book does more than simply acquaint readers with different approaches to leadership ethics. It defends the Kantian view that everyday leaders are not justified in breaking the moral rules.
Some Methodological Issues Concerning Comparative Hospital-Organization Studies

There are methodological issues associated with using hospital ownership and size as determinants of the structure and behaviors of hospitals. Theoretical and empirical inconsistencies reported in the literature prompted me to examine the relationships between ownership and size for a large sample of general hospitals (i.e., hospitals in one domain). The results of my investigation point to the advisability of including hospitals with religious affiliations in studies of this type. Some of the methodological issues pertinent to hospital-organization studies are relevant to other organization research.
Teaching the Sociology of Gender and Work.

This paper describes two teaching strategies from our workshop, "Teaching the Sociology of Gender and Work," that can help students understand the mechanisms and consequences of workplace gender inequality at the macro-and micro-levels. Cynthia Anderson's class project uses wage and sex composition data that allows students to learn actively how data are used to study general trends and changes over time. It encourages students to explore the reality of their possible careers and fields in terms of wages, proportion of women and men, and other factors. Sharon Bird's class exercise requires students to consider the interactional dynamics of everyday work life and encourages them to see the subtle processes of marginalization and exclusion while also thinking about how to overcome gender biases. Some of this information will contribute to student angst about inequality in the workplace; thus, we conclude with suggestions for decreasing potential student distress and increasing student empowerment.
One-Step White-Light Transmission Holography

Although the two-step holographic technique for producing white-light-transmission, or "rainbow", holograms has proven the most practical for producing display images, one-step apertured-lens techniques can also be useful in producing such holograms. Typically, the diameter of the lens limits the field of view, but not the image size, for pseudoscopic image presentation, or imposes an intermediate vignetting aperture in the orthoscopic case. Here we describe how the combination of conjugate wavefront illumination and conjugate diffraction can be used to produce a large-area, undistorted, orthoscopic image, with only the field of view limited by the lens size. The resulting holograms enjoy very high image contrast, and rival the results of the two-step process in many respects.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by the green tea component, (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate

Green tea components exert many biological effects, including antitumor and cancer preventive activities. In the search for anticancer agents for prostate cancer the inhibitory effects of green tea components were tested on the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC-3 and DU145. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) proved to be the most potent catechin at inhibiting cell growth. The inhibition induced by EGCG was found to occur via apoptotic cell death as shown by changes in nuclear morphology and DNA fragmentation. Thus, we report the first evidence that EGCG is the active component in green tea and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells.
Once Phosphorylated, Tyrosines in Carboxyl Terminus of Protein-tyrosine Kinase Syk Interact with Signaling Proteins, Including TULA-2, a Negative Regulator of Mast Cell Degranulation

Activation of the high affinity IgE-binding receptor (FcϵRI) results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of two conserved tyrosines located close to the COOH terminus of the protein-tyrosine kinase Syk. Synthetic peptides representing the last 10 amino acids of the tail of Syk with these two tyrosines either nonphosphorylated or phosphorylated were used to precipitate proteins from mast cell lysates. Proteins specifically precipitated by the phosphorylated peptide were identified by mass spectrometry. These included the adaptor proteins SLP-76, Nck-1, Grb2, and Grb2-related adaptor downstream of Shc (GADS) and the protein phosphatases SHIP-1 and TULA-2 (also known as UBASH3B or STS-1). The presence of these in the precipitates was further confirmed by immunoblotting. Using the peptides as probes in far Western blots showed direct binding of the phosphorylated peptide to Nck-1 and SHIP-1. Immunoprecipitations suggested that there were complexes of these proteins associated with Syk especially after receptor activation; in these complexes are Nck, SHIP-1, SLP-76, Grb2, and TULA-2 (UBASH3B or STS-1). The decreased expression of TULA-2 by treatment of mast cells with siRNA increased the FcϵRI-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation loop tyrosines of Syk and the phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ2. There was parallel enhancement of the receptor-induced degranulation and activation of nuclear factor for T cells or nuclear factor κB, indicating that TULA-2, like SHIP-1, functions as a negative regulator of FcϵRI signaling in mast cells. Therefore, once phosphorylated, the terminal tyrosines of Syk bind complexes of proteins that are positive and negative regulators of signaling in mast cells.