cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some combinatorial properties of centrosymmetric matrices

Abstract The elements in the group of centrosymmetric n × n permutation matrices are the extreme points of a convex subset of n 2 -dimensional Euclidean space, which we characterize by a very simple set of linear inequalities, thereby providing an interesting solvable case of a difficult problem posed by L. Mirsky, as well as a new analogue of the famous theorem on doubly stochastic matrices due to G. Birkhoff. Several further theorems of a related nature also are included.
Difficult-to-treat depression: the role of contexts and comorbidities.

In this review, we examine several special psychosocial contexts, including pregnancy and motherhood, that may seriously interfere with depressed patients' ability or willingness to engage and remain in treatment for their depression. We also explore the kinds of often-unrecognized subsyndromal comorbidities, such as panic-agoraphobic spectrum, that may complicate conventional treatments for depression or prevent depressed patients from remaining engaged long enough to fully benefit from treatment. We argue that psychotherapy can play a crucial role in addressing the special psychosocial contexts and the kinds of comorbidities experienced by the patient with difficult-to-treat depression. For difficult-to-treat depression during pregnancy and motherhood, preliminary data from several studies suggest that 8-24 sessions of weekly interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), often followed by monthly maintenance IPT, is a promising long-term treatment for both middle- and low-income women. For difficult-to-treat depression with panic-agoraphobic subsyndromal features, preliminary results suggest that an integrated treatment approach, combining IPT for depression and cognitive-behavioral treatment for coexisting symptoms of panic, leads to higher depression response rates. These data imply that tailoring treatments to patients' specific needs and circumstances may be the real key to making depression less difficult to treat.
Fabrication of an optoelectronic AlGaAs/GaAs waveguide neuron

A novel optical waveguide neuron is fabricated. It accepts two inputs, applies adjustable weights to them, sums the weighted inputs, and thresholds the sum to issue one output. An AlGaAs/GaAs p-i-n diode waveguide with a Wannier-Stark superlattice in the core is used. Two modulators and one saturable absorber are monolithically integrated on a 5- mu m rib waveguide Y-junction combiner. A simple self-aligned single-mask liftoff technique with wet chemical etching is used. At 780 nm the weights vary from 1 to -25 dB/mm for reverse bias below 7 V, and a 25-dB thresholding nonlinearity is obtained. >
Effectiveness of CID, HCD, and ETD with FT MS/MS for degradomic-peptidomic analysis: comparison of peptide identification methods.

We report on the effectiveness of CID, HCD, and ETD for LC–FT MS/MS analysis of peptides using a tandem linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A range of software tools and analysis parameters were employed to explore the use of CID, HCD, and ETD to identify peptides (isolated from human blood plasma) without the use of specific “enzyme rules”. In the evaluation of an FDR-controlled SEQUEST scoring method, the use of accurate masses for fragments increased the number of identified peptides (by ∼50%) compared to the use of conventional low accuracy fragment mass information, and CID provided the largest contribution to the identified peptide data sets compared to HCD and ETD. The FDR-controlled Mascot scoring method provided significantly fewer peptide identifications than SEQUEST (by 1.3–2.3 fold) and CID, HCD, and ETD provided similar contributions to identified peptides. Evaluation of de novo sequencing and the UStags method for more intense fragment ions revealed that HCD afforded more contiguous ...
Second choices in a visual span of apprehension task

P(A 1,21 Sl A 2,l) = P(A 1 ,21 S3 A 2 ,l ) =p(l,3) (3) P(A 2 ,21S2 A 3,l) = P(A 2,21 8 1 A S ,I ) =p(2,l) (4) P(A 3 ,21 8 3 A l ,l ) =P(A 3,21 82 A 1,l) =p(3,2) (5) better than chance second choice performance would also appear in the Estes-Taylor task, and that con­ sequently the class of high threshold models would be inadequate for that situation. Four Ss were run in a visual span of apprehension erpen­ ment to determine whether second choices made following incorrect first responses are at the chance level, as implied by various high threshold models proposed for this situation. The relationships between response biases on first and second choices, and between first choice biases on trials with two or three possible responses, were also examined in terms of Luce's (1959) choice theory. The results were: (a) second choice performance in this task appears to be determined by response bias alone,i.e., second choices were at the chance level;(b)first and second choice response biases were not related according to Luce's choice axiom; and (c) the choice axiom predicted with reasonable accuracy the relationships between first choice response biases cor­ responding to trials with different numbers of possible re­ sponse alternatives. Recent papers by Estes (1965), Estes and Taylor (1964, 1966), and Estes and Wessel (1966) describe a new method of determining visual apprehension span, and investigate several models designed to account for results obtained with this method. In simplest form the procedure in these experiments involves the tachistoscopic display of a set of letters,
Tomographic image of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath Washington and western Oregon using teleseismic P‐wave travel times

Backprojection tomography is applied to teleseismic P-wave travel-time residuals to produce a detailed image of the upper mantle beneath Washington and western Oregon. Beneath the Cascades volcanic arc from central Oregon to central Washington the subducted Juan de Fuca plate is imaged as a high-velocity quasi-planar feature dipping ∼65°E. Resolution analysis shows that beneath southern Washington, where resolution is best, the steeply dipping slab extends to a depth of only about 300 km. The slab may end near this depth, or low-velocity structure in the vicinity of the slab or a shallowing of the slab dip may produce this result. Beneath Oregon, where resolution is poor, the slab extends steeply into the mantle to at least 150 km depth. The uppermost mantle beneath northeastern Washington is high in velocity, preventing the resolution of the slab geometry there.
Optically Induced Rapid Electrokinetic Patterning of Non-Spherical Particles: Study of Colloidal Phase Transition

Patterning of colloidal particles on surfaces is an application that has evinced wide interest from the fluid mechanics community, due to its possible applicability in a number of engineering situations such as manufacture of photonic crystals[1], bioengineering tissues[2] and lab on chip technology[3], etc. Recently Kumar et al. had proposed the technique of rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) [4], a hybrid opto-electric manipulation technique that can manipulate and pattern colloidal particles on an electrode surface. REP utilizes optical landscapes to create local gradients in temperature on an electrode substrate. This allows local changes in permittivity and conductivity of the fluid. Colloidal particles can then be dynamically patterned at the illuminated locations of the electrode surface. REP can be used for capturing selective group of particles and thus it serves as a sorting technique too [5].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Reinstatement maintains a memory in human infants for 1(1/2) years.

This study tested the proposition of Campbell and Jaynes (1966) that reinstatement is the mechanism by which early memories are maintained over a significant period of development. In four progressive replications, 6-month-old human infants learned to move a miniature train around a track by lever-pressing. They received a brief reinstatement at 7, 8, 9, 12, and 18 months of age and a final retention test at 2 years of age. Although 6-month-olds usually remember this task for only 2 weeks, after five reinstatements they exhibited significant retention 1½ years later. Untrained yoked controls that received the same reinstatement regimen exhibited no retention after any delay. These findings reveal that the immaturity of the brain at the time of encoding is not the rate-limiting step in whether infants remember over the long term. Rather, as long as infants periodically encounter a nonverbal reminder, they can maintain early memories over a significant period of development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 269–282, 2003.
The role of Mg2+ in hormone stimulation of rat osteosarcoma adenylate cyclase.

1. 1. Mg2+ concentration dependence of adenylate cyclase activity, in a rat osteosarcoma cell line (ROS 23), exhibits two apparent affinities with Km values of approx. 2 mM and 10 mM. 2. 2. Only one Mg2+ affinity with a Km value of around 1 mM was apparent at saturating concentrations of: (i) guanosine-5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate; (ii) parathyroid hormone and GTP; and (iii) (−)-isoproterenol and GTP. 3. 3. Conversely, at saturating concentrations of Mg2+ (40 mM) only high hormone concentrations, acting on low affinity sites, stimulated adenylate cyclase. 4. 4. At saturating concentrations of guanosine-5′-(β,γ-imido)triphosphate, hormone stimulation decreased with increasing Mg2+ concentrations and none was seen at 40 mM Mg2+. The findings suggest that hormone stimulation of adenylate cyclase is associated with Mg2+ activation of a ‘high hormone affinity’ responsive state dependent on triphosphoguanine nucleotide. The hormone effect on Mg2+ affinity fully accounts for hormone stimulation of adenylate cyclase at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Student perceptions of cognitive skill achievement in agribusiness management.

Educators recognize the need to integrate higher order cognitive skills into courses, but have difficulty in trying new methods. Active participation in an agribusiness management game is tested, with lecture-dominated class time reduced, to evaluate the affect on student use of cognitive skills.
Optical implementation of a second-order neural network.

An optical implementation of a single-layer, second-order neural network is presented. The quadratic products are obtained by passing the optical beam twice through the input ferroelectric liquid-crystal (FLC) spatial light modulator (SLM), with the interconnection weights being implemented by a further two-dimensional 128 × 128 FLC SLM. The machine successfully associates eight randomly chosen pattern–target pairs (dimensions 16 and 4, respectively) and can learn the parity association. Translation invariance is also demonstrated. Results from a computer model indicate that input SLM contrast ratios of 4:1 and electronic noise of 10% of the maximum output can be tolerated.
General Transit Feed Specification data visualization

With the development of web technology and mobile technology, developers are trying to provide transit information on the Internet or smartphones. In this situation, open transit data with a unified format of schedules and geographic information, such as the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS), is required. With latitude and longitude data of transit stations in GTFS, programmers could develop applications which allow users to “view” transit stations in Google Maps and calculate station distances and elevations. In this paper, the author will introduce GTFS data and discuss how to develop a website based on GTFS data to calculate station distances and elevations for future research.
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema.

A 45-year-old man had a C4-C7 burst fracture while swimming. After he underwent laminectomy with C4-6 fusion, he had acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) necessitating mechanical ventilation. Because of clinical suspicion of a pulmonary embolism, a computed tomography scan was obtained, and although it did not demonstrate a pulmonary embolism, it did show the extent of his suspected barotrauma. In addition to a pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum, the black lines within the lung parenchyma indicated pulmonary interstitial emphysema (arrows in Fig 1). Discussion
Interleukin‐1β‐stimulated invasion of articular cartilage by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts is inhibited by antibodies to specific integrin receptors and by collagenase inhibitors

Objective To study the role of integrin receptors in the invasion of cartilage by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSF). Methods RSF were cocultured with cartilage slices alone or in the presence of various potential activators or inhibitors. The penetration of the cartilage surface by RSF was determined by live-cell imaging of fluorescent-labeled cells. Results Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-8 stimulated the RSF invasion of cartilage. Invasion was specific for RSF and required a concentration gradient of IL-1beta. The IL-1beta-activated invasion of cartilage was inhibited by anti-IL-1 antibodies, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and collagenase inhibitors. RSF invasion was also inhibited by antibodies to alpha4, alpha5, alphaV, and beta1 integrins. Conclusion In this study, an IL-1beta concentration gradient was required for RSF invasion into cartilage, raising the possibility that in vivo invasion may be induced by IL-1beta released by chondrocytes. The IL-1beta activation of RSF assayed in vitro may contribute to the RSF invasion of cartilage in vivo. Cartilage invasion requires the availability of beta1 and alpha4, alpha5, and alphaV integrins and the presence of collagenase activity.
Mechanism of degradation of the investigational cytotoxic agent, cyclodisone (NSC-348948)

Abstract Cyclodisone (1,5,2,4-dioxadithiepane-2,2,4,4,-tetraoxide, NSC 348948) is a chemically unstable, poorly water soluble investigational cytotoxic agent. The aqueous degradation of cyclodisone at 25°C (ionic strength of 0.5, NaClO 4 and NaCl) as a function of pH, was investigated. In the presence of NaCl, the pH-rate profile could be described by, k obs = k 1 [H + ]/( K a + [H + ]) + k 2 K a /( K a + [H + ]), where k 1 equals 5.27 × 10 −4 min −1 , k 2 equals 2.7 × 10 −5 min −1 and K a was 1 × 10 −10 (p K a of 10). In the presence of NaClO 4 , k 2 was negligible and the data could be fit with a value of 3.10 × 10 −4 min −1 for k 1 and 8.56 × 10 −11 for K a (p K a of 10.06). The p K a in this case refers to the ionization of the methylene group between the two sulfur atoms. At both high and low pH values, the major degradation step appeared to be hydrolysis, via an early transition state Sn2 mechanism, of the ethylene-oxygen bond to produce the monohydroxyethyl ester of methane disulfonic acid. The primary decomposition product undergoes further hydrolysis to give the final products, ethylene glycol and methane disulfonic acid. The results from 18 O-enriched water experiments clearly demonstrated the C-O bond cleavage occured in both steps of the degradation pathway. Buffer studies, effect of halide nucleophiles and deuterium solvent isotope studies were used to further characterize the mechanism and products.
School nurses save lives: can we provide the data?

Vigilance has been central to nursing practice since Florence Nightingale. Often, the nurse’s work of surveillance goes unnoticed and the public never recognizes the value of the nurse’s work. The 1999 Institute of Medicine report on hospital deaths due to preventable errors has lifted the veil shrouding professional vigilance. But how to measure vigilance remained elusive, until the concept, failure to rescue (FTR), was proposed. FTR has taken a prominent role in health care since its adoption as a patient safety indicator by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and as a measure for nursing performance in acute care by the National Quality Forum (NQF). However, its applicability to school nursing has been unexplored. This article provides an initial review of the literature and an analysis of anecdotal stories and media accounts that illustrate professional vigilance in school nursing practice.
Solving Elastic Contact Between Rough Surfaces as an Unconstrained Strain Energy Minimization by Using CGM and FFT Techniques

An accurate, robust, and efficient method for elastic contact of rough surfaces is presented. The method converts the contact problem into an unconstrained energy minimization problem. The equality load equilibrium constraint and the inequality complementary constraints are placed in the objective function and enforced simultaneously in search of a feasible solution. Conjugate gradient method is used in conjunction with FFT technique to solve the unconstrained energy minimization problem. To overcome periodical extension error associated with discrete Fourier transform when solving a nonperiodical contact problem, the solution is decomposed into two parts: a smooth part and a fluctuation part. The smooth part is solved analytically and the fluctuation part is solved by the proposed method. The net load or surface traction of the fluctuation part is set to zero to minimize the periodical extension error. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method is accurate, robust, and efficient.
Influence of tensile strain on smooth muscle cell orientation in rat blood vessels

Blood vessels are subject to tensile stress and associated strain which may influence the structure and organization of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) during physiological development and pathological remodeling. This study focused on the influence of the major tensile strain on the SMC orientation in the blood vessel wall. Several blood vessels, including the aorta, the mesenteric artery and vein, and the jugular vein of the rat were used to observe the normal distribution of tensile strains and SMC orientation; and a vein graft model was used to observe the influence of altered strain direction on the SMC orientation. The circumferential and longitudinal strains in these blood vessels were measured by using a biomechanical technique, and the SMC orientation was examined by fluorescent microscopy at times of 10, 20, and 30 days. Results showed that the SMCs were mainly oriented in the circumferential direction of straight blood vessels with an average angle of approximately 85 deg between the SMC axis and the vessel axis in all observed cases. The SMC orientation coincided with the principal direction of the circumferential strain, a major tensile strain, in the blood vessel wall. In vein grafts, the major tensile strain direction changed from the circumferential to the longitudinal direction at observation times of 10, 20, and 30 days after graft surgery. This change was associated with a decrease in the angle between the axis of newly proliferated SMCs and that of the vessel at all observation times (43 +/- 11 deg, 42 +/- 10 deg, and 41 +/- 10 deg for days 10, 20, and 30, respectively), indicating a shift of the SMC orientation from the circumferential toward the longitudinal direction. These results suggested that the major tensile strain might play a role in the regulation of SMC orientation during the development of normal blood vessels as well as during remodeling of vein grafts.
Understanding Human Trafficking Origin: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis

Abstract Feminist work on global human trafficking has highlighted the conceptual difficulty of differentiating between trafficking and migration. This contribution uses a cross-country United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs dataset on human trafficking from 2006 to empirically evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics of high-trafficking origin countries and compare them with patterns that have emerged in the literature on migration. In particular, the authors ask how and how much per capita income and gender inequality matter in shaping patterns of human trafficking. Ordinal logit regressions corrected for sample selection bias show that trafficking has an inverse U-shaped relationship with income per capita, and, controlling for income per capita, trafficking is more likely in countries with higher shares of female-to-male income. These results suggest strong parallels between patterns of trafficking and migration and lead the authors to believe that trafficking cannot be addressed without addressin...
The Journey of One Pregnant Incarcerated Woman Through Systemic Bias: How Family Support Workers Can Positively Affect Change—A Case Study

This case study examines the journey of a pregnant, incarcerated woman and the advocacy efforts of helping professionals from a perinatal home visiting agency. The agency worked with the mother to ...
Atomic structures suggest determinants of transmission barriers in Mammalian prion disease.

Prion represents a unique class of pathogens devoid of nucleic acid. The deadly diseases transmitted by it between members of one species and, in certain instances, to members of other species present a public health concern. Transmissibility and the barriers to transmission between species have been suggested to arise from the degree to which a pathological protein conformation from an individual of one species can seed a pathological conformation in another species. However, this hypothesis has never been illustrated at an atomic level. Here we present three X-ray atomic structures of the same segment from human, mouse, and hamster PrP, which is critical for forming amyloid and confers species specificity in PrP seeding experiments. The structures reveal that different sequences encode different steric zippers and suggest that the degree of dissimilarity of these zipper structures gives rise to transmission barriers in prion disease, such as those that protect humans from acquiring bovine spongiform enc...
Derivation and Numerical Simulation of Regularized (Observable) Euler Equations

ows. A regularization technique for the Burgers equation (Norgard and Mohseni 2008) was recently reported. This inviscid regulariza- tion was extended to one-dimensional compressible Euler equations in 2009 (Norgard and Mohseni 2009). This investigation presents a formal derivation of these equations from basic principles. Our previous results are extended to multidimensional compressible and incompressible Euler equations. We dene a new observable divergence based on uxes calculated from observable quantities at a desired scale. An observable divergence theorem is then proved and applied in the derivation of the regularized equations. It is shown that the derived equations reduces to inviscid Leray ow model in the limit of incompressibil- ity. It is expected that this technique simultaneously regularizes shocks and turbulence for compressible and incompressible ows. Finally, numerical simulations are presented for the compressible one-dimensional observable Euler equations.
Discovery of a Double Circumnuclear Ring and Minibar in the Starburst Galaxy M83

Our (J-K) color observations of the central regions of the starburst galaxy M83 reveal a double circumnuclear ring. The main dust lanes spiral into the outer nuclear ring at a radius of 150 pc. The two rings may coincide with two inner Lindblad resonances. The main hot spots occur in an arc that is between the rings. A dust bar that is offset 90? from the primary stellar bar connects the outer nuclear ring to the inner nuclear ring at a radius of 50 pc and may provide the path for gas to flow to the central starburst.
Detection of a potassium cloud near Io

JUPITER'S innermost Galilean satellite Io is surrounded by an extensive cloud of sodium and hydrogen1,2. The hydrogen is observed to extend along a segment of Io's orbit but the sodium cloud envelopes the entire Jovian system, extending tens of arc min from Jupiter. It is brightest, however, near Io and in its orbital plane. Sputtering by charged particles impacting the surface of Io has been the most plausible hypothesis for supplying the sodium3. The hydrogen may result from neutralisation of protons trapped in the Jovian magnetosphere when they impact on Io's surface4. Resonant scattering seems to be the dominant emission mechanism5,6.
Polyandry produces sexy sons at the cost of daughters in red flour beetles

Female mating with multiple males within a single fertile period is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. Female insects are particularly promiscuous. It is not clear why females mate with multiple partners despite several potential costs, such as expenditure of time and energy, reduced lifespan, risk of predation and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Female red flour beetles ( Tribolium castaneum ) obtain sufficient sperm from a single insemination to retain fertility for several months. Nonetheless they copulate repeatedly within minutes with different males despite no direct fitness benefits from this behaviour. One hypothesis is that females mate with multiple partners to provide indirect benefits via enhanced offspring fitness. To test this hypothesis, we compared the relative fitness of F 1 offspring from females mated with single males and multiple males (2, 4, 8, or 16 partners), under the condition of relatively high intraspecific competition. We found that a female mating with 16 males enhanced the relative fitness of F 1 males (in two out of three trials) but reduced F 1 female9s fitness (in two independent trials) in comparison with singly mated females. We also determined whether several important fitness correlates were affected by polyandry. We found that F 1 males from mothers with 16 partners inseminated more females than F 1 males from mothers with a single partner. The viability of the eggs sired or produced by F 1 males and females from highly polyandrous mothers was also increased under conditions of low intra–specific competition. Thus, the effects of polyandry on F 1 offspring fitness depend on environmental conditions. Our results demonstrated a fitness trade–off between male and female offspring from polyandrous mothers in a competitive environment. The mechanisms and biological significance of this unique phenomenon are discussed.
Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on extracellular adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the hypophysectomized rat.

The effects of ACTH on cyclic AMP levels in peripheral and adrenal vein plasma as well as in adrenal tissue were studied in the hypophysectomized rat and correlated with the steroidogenic response. High doses of ACTH increased adrenal tissue cyclic AMP levels and also markedly elevated cyclic AMP in adrenal vein and peripheral plasma. The gradient between adrenal vein and peripheral plasma cyclic AMP following ACTH was comparable to that observed for corticosterone. Small doses of ACTH produced a maximal rate of steroidogenesis and a several fold elevation in adrenal tissue cyclic AMP, but produced only a slight change in adrenal vein plasma cyclic AMP and no detectable change in peripheral plasma cyclic AMP. The present study indicates that although the adrenal cortex can extrude cyclic AMP in response to ACTH, the gland probably contributes minimally to the extracellular cyclic AMP pool in rats under physiological conditions. (Endocrinology 92: 1502, 1973)
Trigonal prismatic coordination in tris(dithiolene) complexes: Guilty or just non-innocent?

Abstract The discovery of trigonal prismatic (TP) coordination in tris(dithiolene) complexes is recounted. The research was stimulated by the efforts of Gray, Schrauzer, Holm and Davison in the 1960s on the chemistry of dithiolene complexes that showed multiple reversible electron transfer processes and challenged conventional oxidation state assignments. The structures of Re(S2C2Ph2)3, V(S2C2Ph2)3 and Mo(S2C2H2)3 were reported at that time. Bonding pictures based on semiempirical molecular orbital calculations were presented and the basis for stability of TP coordination was put forward based on partial oxidation of the unsaturated 1,2-dithiolate ligands. The structures of M(L)3n complexes for M = Groups 5–7 and n = 0, −1, −2, −3 from the Cambridge structural database are tabulated. The results show that for any M(L)3 system as the magnitude of n increases, the coordination geometry twists to intermediate between TP and octahedral. The notion of redox-non-innocence in the dithiolene ligands is revisited through the recent work of Wieghardt including two studies that focus on the molecular and electronic structures of Re(L)3n and V(L)3n complexes. New experimental work is briefly summarized and the bonding in these systems is reanalyzed. A comparison is given between the early studies of the 1960s and the experimentally and computationally more complete studies recently published.
Precollegiate Students in Archaeological Research

Unlike many research participation programs, archaeology often involves the destruction of nonrenewable resources, archaeological sites. As a consequence, many professional archaeologists abhor the use of precollegiate students in fieldwork and recommend "sandbox" excavations as an ersatz archaeological experience. Many aspects of archaeological field and laboratory research, however, are well within the physical and mental abilities of both junior and senior high school students. Moreover, these precollegiate students are a virtually untapped source of labor and tuition fees to pay for excavating archaeological sites threatened by destruction.
Polyomavirus infection and urothelial carcinoma.

Introduction: Polyomavirus infections are common in the general (adult) population with a reported prevalence of more than 80%. Polyomavirus can infect urothelial carcinoma and change the morphology of these malignant cells, as is shown in this paper. Material and Methods: An eighty year old Hispanic male was referred to the urology clinic for diagnosis and treatment. The submitted voided urine sample was concentrated, processed, and a SurePath preparation was made. Results and Discussion: The Papanicolaou-stained slides contained single cells with very large hyperchromatic nuclei with a glassy appearance in addition to atypical neoplastic cells. The single cells with enlarged nuclei proved to stain positive for Simian virus 40 (SV40) antigen. The nuclei of these cells were 2 to 4 times larger than that of the surrounding noninfected atypical cells. These findings were confirmed on histologic sections prepared from tissue biopsy. Conclusion: In conclusion we report that it is difficult to distinguish benign polyomavirus infected cells from their malignant counterparts in cytology but not in histology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of Delta Opioid Receptors by Splenocytes from SEB-Treated Mice and Effects on Phosphorylation of MAP Kinase

Delta opioid receptors (DORs) are known to modulate multiple T-cell responses. However, little is known about the expression of these receptors. These studies evaluated the expression of DOR mRNA and protein after a single in vivo exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). SEB (20 microg, ip) significantly enhanced splenocyte DOR mRNA expression 8 and 24 h after injection. SEB also increased the fractions of the total splenocyte (5 to 20%) and T-cell (8 to 50%) populations expressing DOR protein. In saline-treated animals, DOR relative fluorescence intensity per cell was 11.1 +/- 0.62 units (mean +/- SEM), increasing to 16.1 +/- 1.7 after exposure to SEB. DOR fluorescence intensity significantly increased to 33.5 +/- 2.0 units in a subpopulation of T-cells. Thus, SEB significantly increased DOR expression in vivo, affecting both mRNA and protein levels primarily within the T-cell population. To determine whether T-cell DORs modulate the activity of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs), the phosphorylation of ERKs 1 and 2 was studied using splenocytes from SEB-treated mice. At concentrations from 10(-8) to 10(-6) M, [d-Ala(2)-d-Leu(5)]-enkephalin, a selective DOR agonist, significantly inhibited anti-CD3-epsilon-induced phosphorylation of the ERKs. Therefore, the DORs expressed by activated T-cells are capable of attenuating T-cell activation that depends on ERK phosphorylation.
Determination of the in vitro susceptibility of feline tritrichomonas foetus to 5 antimicrobial agents.

Background: The nitroimidazole, ronidazole, has been demonstrated to have in vitro and in vivo activity against the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of feline T foetus isolates obtained from naturally infected cats to 5 antimicrobial agents and to compare the in vitro time kill of ronidazole and metronidazole. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that nitroimidazoles have in vitro activity against T foetus, whereas furazolidone, omeprazole, and paromomycin do not. Animals: Fecal specimens were cultured from 4 naturally infected Bengal cats with a history of T foetus-associated diarrhea. Methods: A 24-hour susceptibility assay was performed on all 4 isolates for the 5 antimicrobial agents. A time-kill microdilution method was performed on 2 isolates for metronidazole and ronidazole. Results: Paromomycin and omeprazole showed no in vitro effect at concentrations ±80 μg/mL. There was no significant difference in 24-hour susceptibilities among metronidazole, ronidazole, and furazolidone. In addition, only the results of the highest concentration tested (80 μg/mL) and concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 μg/mL revealed significant differences in the rate of trophozoite killing, with ronidazole having a faster reduction in trophozoite survival. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Time-kill assays demonstrated ronidazole had a higher lethal activity compared with metronidazole. These findings contrast with a previously published report and may reflect strain variation, different methodologies, or both. The lack of clinical response seen with metronidazole administration to treat feline trichomoniasis may not reflect inherent resistance but rather in vivo events involving drug distribution and pharmacokinetics.
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SPIN WAVE EXCITATIONS IN SUPERLATTICES AND AT SURFACES

We discuss the spin waves of a superlattice composed of alternate layers of magnetic and nonmagnetic materials. Each magnetic film in isolation has surface spin waves on its boundaries. In the layered structure, these interact to form a band of bulk excitations of the superlattice. Under certain conditions a surface mode of the semi-infinite superlattice also exists. These excitations can be probed by light scattering experiments, and we give theoretical results and compare them with experiment. We also discuss how the nonlinearity of the Bloch spin equation leads to a mixing of spin waves. We note the possibility of two surface waves interacting to produce a third surface wave or even of two bulk waves interacting to produce a surface spin wave.
Pore Pressure Measurement in Blast-Induced Liquefaction Experiments:

Blast-induced liquefaction experiments have been conducted at a number of test sites to evaluate lateral foundation resistance and soil improvement techniques. Tests can be constructed at full scale without waiting for an earthquake. In this extreme environment, pore pressure transducers must survive transient blast pressures of 41.4 MPa (6,000 psi) yet have enough resolution to measure residual pore pressures of ±0.69 kPa (0.1 psi). Three transducer types were evaluated under these demanding conditions, and the piezoresistive transducer was found to be the most robust. These sensors were repeatedly subjected to extreme blast pressures and vibration, but they still provided accurate time histories of residual pore pressure. Although these piezometers are more expensive than other types, installation techniques allowed them to be recovered and reused in subsequent tests and thus reduced overall costs. These pore pressure sensors make it possible to define the extent of the liquefied zone during blast liquefaction experiments and to understand the soil behavior during cyclic loading of deep foundations.
The thermal stability of perfluoropolyethers on carbon surfaces

Abstract The thermal decomposition of several perfluoropolyethers (Demnum SP, and Fomblin ZDOL) is studied by thermal programmed desorption on both graphite and amorphous carbon surfaces. Molecules having a CF2CF3 endgroup (Demnum S65) showed enhanced thermal stability with respect to a CF2CF2CO2CH2CH2O-phenyl endgroup (Demnum SP). On graphite, Demnum SP showed a low temperature desorption feature at 580 K, as well as features at 650 and 800 K, while Demnum S65 only showed features at 660 and 800 K. At ∼600 K the reactive endgroup from the Demnum SP molecule is lost, together with fluorocarbon compounds, while the 800 K feature corresponds to oxygen containing fluorocarbon compounds. This high temperature feature at 800 K is not observed during the decomposition of the perfluoropolyethers on amorphous carbon substrates, indicating that this surface has a more reactive nature compared with graphite. For Fomblin ZDOL on graphite, the two main desorption features are at 620 and 770 K, slightly lower in temperature than the similar features observed for Demnum S65. On amorphous carbon, the main desorption features observed for Fomblin ZDOL are at 510 and 650 K. The results show the importance of the substrate and the endgroup of the perfluoropolyether molecule in the thermal stability of thin perfluoropolyether films on surfaces.
Evaluation of segmentation using lung nodule phantom CT images

Segmentation of chest CT images has several purposes. In lung-cancer screening programs, for nodules below 5mm, growth measured from sequential CT scans is the primary indication of malignancy. Automatic segmentation procedures have been used as a means to insure a reliable measurement of lung nodule size. A lung nodule phantom was developed to evaluate the validity and reliability of size measurements using CT images. Thirty acrylic spheres and cubes (2-8 mm) were placed in a 15cm diameter disk of uniform-material that simulated the lung. To demonstrate the use of the phantom, it was scanned using out hospital's lung-cancer screening protocol. A simple, yet objective threshold technique was used to segment all of the images in which the objects were visible. All the pixels above a common threshold (the mean of the lung material and the acrylic CT numbers) were considered within the nodule. The relative bias did not depend on the shape of the objects and ranged from -18% for the 2 mm objects to -2.5% for 8-mm objects. DICOM image files of the phantom are available for investigators with an interest in using the images to evaluate and compare segmentation procedures.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ILLUSION: TRANSFER OF ILLUSION DECREMENT

Subjects first adjusted 20 vertical lines to be equal in length to the horizontal line in small or large inverted-T figures and were then given 10 additional trials on the other size figure. Vertical lines were made significantly shorter than the horizontal line but accuracy gradually improved and performance was not disrupted by the switch in figure size. By Trial 30, adjusted vertical lines did not differ from the length of the horizontal line. Other subjects were first tested on the small inverted-T figure and then asked to produce 1-in. lines in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane. These subjects also improved on the adjustment task but, on the production task, were no more accurate than control subjects who were not given practice on the adjustment task. Thus, the magnitude of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion decreases with practice alone and this practice effect readily transfers to figures of other sizes but not to an alternate form of the illusion. The potential factors responsible for ...
Tandem conjugate cyanide addition-Dieckmann condensation in the synthesis of the ABCD-ring system of lactonamycin.

An efficient synthesis of the ABCD-ring system of lactonamycin (1) is reported in this Letter. The key step is the tandem cyanide conjugate addition−Dieckmann condensation of alkyne 17 to afford a fully functionalized anthracene. Selective reduction of the cyano group with subsequent lactam formation affords the tetracyclic core of lactonamycin 19.
Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism

In order to determine the contribution of social pluralism (ethnic, religious, and racial differences) to violence, diverse multivariate cross-national analyses were done. These involved 109 variables on conflict and violence; pluralism; and social political, economic, demographic, and cultural differences for all states, 1932 to 1982. The results show that pluralism is a multidimensional empirical concept; that regardless of which dimension is focused upon, it has a lesser relationship to violence than do other national characteristics, such as political freedom. And what relationship is found between pluralism and violence, holding other variables constant, is largely accounted for by the number of ethnic and religious groups in a state. Drawing on this and other studies, the conclusion is that where political power is centralized around a trans-plural group, such as a military junta or monarch, or trans-plural ideology, such as communism or fascism, then violence is highly likely, regardless of what plural units may or may not exist. And where power is centralized, nondemocratic, and highly dependent upon one's social group membership, such as ethnicity or religion, then collective violence is also highly likely.
Infection and Fungal Development of Tubakia dryina on sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)

Infection and fungal development of Tu- bakia dryina were investigated on leaves of sweet gum using a combination of microscopic techniques. Co- nidia of T. dryina adhered to the leaf surface and formed septate germ tubes. Germ tubes terminated in small appressoria that formed directly over epidermal cells. Intra- and intercellular hyphae ramified exten- sively throughout the leaf tissue. Host cells associated with the infection site became necrotic and collapsed, resulting in macroscopic disease symptoms.
A time-delay transformer for overcurrent protection

A novel saturated time-delay transformer is connected in series with the dc load. The transformer detects and limits overcurrent until the fault has been corrected or the power source removed. This transformer design can be used at any voltage level however, the paper describes it in conjunction with high voltage (HV) circuits. Some design details for such a transformer are given.
Effects of Forest management on amphibians and reptiles in Missouri Ozark Forests

Abstract: As part of the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we experimentally evaluated the impacts of forest management on the relative abundance of amphibians and reptiles in Missouri's Ozark forests (U.S.A.). Using large study sites (average size of 400 ha) as the experimental unit, we tested the effects of uneven-aged and even-aged forest management treatments compared with no-harvest management (i.e., control) on the relative abundance of 13 focal amphibian and reptile species. Within even-aged management sites, we also focused on the local-scale effects of clearcutting on these species by comparing relative abundance among plots located within clearcut stands, 50 m away from clearcut stands, and 200 m away from clearcut stands. Pretreatment sampling of species abundance occurred from 1992 through 1995, and post-treatment sampling occurred from 1997 through 2000. At the landscape scale, treatment significantly affected the abundance of Bufo americanus. This species declined less on even-aged management sites than on control sites, but the general decline on all sites suggests that other factors may have contributed to this result. Within even-aged management sites, most amphibian species declined and some reptile species increased relative to pretreatment abundances within clearcut stands. We found significant effects of distance from clearcut for two amphibian species, Ambystoma maculatum and Rana clamitans, and two reptile species, Scincella lateralis and Sceloporus undulatus. In general, we conclude that clearcuts within even-aged management sites locally affected amphibian and reptile species but, at a larger spatial scale, we did not detect significant effects of even-aged and uneven-aged forest management. These findings represent relatively short-term data but suggest that forest management and maintenance of biodiversity may be compatible when relatively small amounts of the landscape are disturbed.
CMU System Combination for WMT'09

This paper describes the CMU entry for the system combination shared task at WMT'09. Our combination method is hypothesis selection, which uses information from n-best lists from several MT systems. The sentence level features are independent from the MT systems involved. To compensate for various n-best list sizes in the workshop shared task including first-best-only entries, we normalize one of our high-impact features for varying sub-list size. We combined restricted data track entries in French - English, German - English and Hungarian - English using provided data only.
Anterior pelvic exenteration with total vaginectomy for recurrent or persistent genitourinary malignancies: review of surgical technique, complications, and outcome.

Abstract Objective To describe the surgical technique, complications, and outcomes after anterior pelvic exenteration with total vaginectomy (AETV) for recurrent or persistent genitourinary malignancies. Methods We reviewed the medical records of all patients who underwent AETV between 12/2002 and 07/2011. Relevant demographic, clinical, and pathological information was collected. Postoperative complications and rates of readmission and reoperation (up to 180days after surgery) were examined, and preliminary survival data were obtained. Results We identified 11 patients who underwent AETV. The median age at the time of the surgery was 55years (range, 36–71). The median tumor size was 0.9cm (range, microscopic — 4). Primary tumor sites included: cervix, 6; uterus, 3; vagina, 1; and urethra, 1. Complete surgical resection with negative pathologic margins was achieved in all 11 patients. Major postoperative complications occurred in 4 patients (36%). Six patients (55%) required readmission to the hospital. No operative mortalities were observed, and none of the patients required a re-operation. With a median follow-up after the procedure of 25months (range, 6–95), none of the patients developed a pelvic recurrence. Ten patients (91%) were alive without evidence of disease and one patient (9%) developed a pancreatic recurrence. Conclusion AETV sparing the rectosigmoid and anus is feasible in highly selected patients with central pelvic recurrences. Compared to previously reported studies on total pelvic exenteration, data from this case series suggest that AETV may be associated with a lower rate of complications without compromising the oncologic outcome, while also preserving rectal function.
Inhibition of integrin-linked kinase/protein kinase B/Akt signaling: mechanism for ganglioside-induced apoptosis.

Ganglioside GT1b inhibits keratinocyte attachment to and migration on a fibronectin matrix by binding to α5β1 and preventing α5β1 interaction with fibronectin. The role of gangliosides in triggering keratinocyte apoptosis, however, is unknown. Addition of GT1b to keratinocyte-derived SCC12 cells, grown in serum-free medium but exposed to fibronectin, suppressed Bad phosphorylation, activated caspase-9, and inhibited cyclin D and E expression, resulting in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and initiation of apoptosis. The mechanism of GT1b activation of caspase-9 involved inhibition of β1 integrin serine/threonine phosphorylation and decreased phosphorylation of both integrin-linked kinase and protein kinase B/Akt at its Ser-473 site, leading to cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Consistently, blockade of GT1b function with anti-GT1b antibody specifically activated the Ser-473 site of Akt, markedly suppressing apoptosis. The ganglioside-induced inhibition of Akt phosphorylation was GT1b-specific and was not observed when cells were treated with other keratinocyte gangliosides, including GD3. These studies suggest that the modulation of keratinocyte cell cycle and survival by GT1b is mediated by its direct interaction with α5β1 and resultant inhibition of the integrin/integrin-linked kinase/protein kinase B/Akt signaling pathway.