cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Feminist Thought and Cultural Contracts: Understanding the Intersection and Negotiation of Racial, Gendered, and Professional Identities in the Academy.

This chapter explores identity negotiation by women of color in academe at a predominantly white institution. The author discusses use of the title doctor as a form of address to manage interactions with graduate students in the college classroom, and the difficulties associated with negotiating and balancing these diverse and complex identities in an oppressive context.
Self-associated indisulam in phospholipid-based nanomicelles: a potential nanomedicine for cancer

This study aimed to begin development of a nanomedicine containing indisulam solubilized in sterically stabilized micelles (SSMs) composed of DSPE-PEG(2000) or sterically stabilized mixed micelles (SSMMs) composed of DSPE-PEG(2000) plus egg phosphatidylcholine. Micelles were prepared by co-precipitation and reconstitution of drug and lipids. Particle size distributions of micellar formulations were determined by quasi-elastic light scattering. Amounts of solubilized drug were determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). In vitro cytotoxicity of indisulam in nanocarrier was determined on the MCF-7 cell line by the National Cancer Institute-developed sulforhodamine B assay. Optimal solubilized indisulam concentrations in 5 mM total lipid were 10 microg/mL for SSMMs and 400 microg/mL for SSMs. HPLC results demonstrated that the encapsulation capacity of both micelles was over 95%. In vitro studies showed that indisulam in micellar system was more effective than free indisulam. The optimized formulation was successfully freeze-dried without any addition of lyoprotectants or cryoprotectants. We conclude that SSMs are a promising nanocarrier for indisulam, and indisulam-SSMs should be developed further as a novel targeted nanomedicine.
Issues in the theory-driven perspective

Abstract There is currently a strong movement in program evaluation to move from black box evaluations, concerned primarily with the relationship between the inputs and outputs of a program, to theory-oriented evaluations. This article attempts to identify the crucial issues and problems raised by the several contributors in this panel and hopefully to sharpen the discussions and suggest some strategies which may be useful in the future development of this new movement. The following issues are included in the discussion: the formulation of program theory, outcome specification, program implementation, theory and randomized experiments, the nature of different types of theory-driven evaluations, strategies for constructing a theory-driven evaluation, and the role of the theory-driven evaluator.
The fundamental theorems of vector invariants

Abstract New proofs are given of the First Fundamental Theorems of vector invariants for the special linear and special orthogonal groups. The novelty of the proofs is that they rely on reducing the theorems to the case of 2 × 2 matrices; there is a close connection between the vector invariants of the special linear group or special orthogonal group of n × n matrices, for all n ⩾ 2, and those of the analogous group of 2 × 2 matrices. This connection is described using the notion of leading monomials. Properties of leading monomials are also used to give new proofs of the Second Fundamental Theorems of vector invariants for the general linear and orthogonal groups.
Principles and politics: Like oil and water

In a democracy, public policies require majority support to be enacted, so politicians must enlist the support of others to further their political agendas. Successful politicians are those who can negotiate in the political marketplace to steer outcomes their way, and to succeed, politicians must be willing to set their principles aside and trade their votes away to get something better. In contrast with the principled politician whose support cannot be bought, the unprincipled politician’s support must be bought, so unprincipled politicians accumulate political IOUs that they cash in to advance their agendas. Democratic politics by design reinforces unprincipled behavior and punishes principled behavior.
Impacts of accelerated aging on the mechanical properties of Cu–Nb nanolaminates

Accelerated aging (30 min at 400 °C) has been shown to alter the mechanical properties of Cu–Nb nanolaminate systems. The Cu–Nb nanolaminates produced were 1,000-nm thick with alternating 20 or 100-nm-thick individual layers, which were fabricated by magnetron sputter deposition. Unaged Cu–Nb systems increased in hardness (from 4.3 to 5.5 GPa) with decreasing layer thickness. After aging, the nanolaminates with 20 nm layers softened greatly (5.5 GPa decreased to as little as 1.3 GPa), yet nanolaminates with 100 nm layers hardened slightly (4.3–4.8 GPa). Both nanolaminate structures exhibited significant residual tensile stress, which was further increased by up to 70 % (100 nm layers) and 120 % (20 nm layers) after accelerated aging. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of primary textures and high stress in niobium layers for unaged systems.
W. E. B. Du Bois and the Study of Black Humanity: A Rediscovery

Scholars have often viewed Du Bois as a Eurocentric thinker concerned with Black people yet inhibited by his Eurocentric method from a thorough study of them. This essay shows the opposite. Du Bois...
Conserving/dissipative algorithms and designs for a system of N particles: Total energy framework and single-field form

Conserving and dissipative implicit algorithm designs in the single-field form via the total energy framework for N-body systems are summarized in this paper which provides new avenues with improved physical interpretation, and can also explain analogous past efforts. We show various algorithm designs via two distinct approaches based on the algorithmic time level consistency theorem, namely, the discrete total energy conservation method, and the classical and normalized time weighted residual methodologies; and therein draw comparisons among the various time-stepping algorithms and features. A simple numerical simulation is shown to demonstrate the pros/cons for the conserving properties of various algorithms.
Variation Among Biomes in Temporal Dynamics of Aboveground Primary Production

Interannual variability in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was assessed with long-term (mean = 12 years) data from 11 Long Term Ecological Research sites across North America. The greatest interannual variability in ANPP occurred in grasslands and old fields, with forests the least variable. At a continental scale, ANPP was strongly correlated with annual precipitation. However, interannual variability in ANPP was not related to variability in precipitation. Instead, maximum variability in ANPP occurred in biomes where high potential growth rates of herbaceous vegetation were combined with moderate variability in precipitation. In the most dynamic biomes, ANPP responded more strongly to wet than to dry years. Recognition of the fourfold range in ANPP dynamics across biomes and of the factors that constrain this variability is critical for detecting the biotic impacts of global change phenomena.
An Experimental Effect of Light on the Sponge, Oscarella

THE spicule-less sponge, Oscarella lobularis, is an interesting form found on our shores and elsewhere, and presents a wide range of colour variation. Topsent (Arch. de Zool. Exp. et Gen. 3, iii., 1895) has recorded that Oscarella when found exposed fully to light is deep red, as when growing on the stem of the weed Cystoseira or on the sides of rocks, and brownish or even greenish-yellow when growing in dark situations, as on the under side of stones. At Plymouth, a similar range of colour variation is found, while colonies which are overgrowing the under sides of stones and extending over the edges show a development of red colour where the sponge is exposed to direct light.
Effects of Pseudomonas putrifaciens and Acinetobacter spp. on the Flavor Quality of Raw Ground Beef

ABSTRACT: Beef stored under light had higher TBA values and more volatile compounds than beef in the dark for 8 d at 4 °C (P < 0.05). Beef inoculated with Acinetobacter species had more bacterial growth, better acceptable sensory score, and fewer volatile compounds than beef inoculated with Pseudomonas putrifaciens (P < 0.05). Even though the growth of Acinetobacter spp. was 74 times more than that of Pseudomonas putrifaciens, the TBA values with Acinetobacter spp. increased only 60% of that with Pseudomonas putrifaciens after 8 d. Types of bacteria seem to be more important in lipid oxidation than numbers.
Determination of biplane geometry and centerline curvature in vascular imaging

Three-dimensional (3-D) vessel trees can provide useful visual and quantitative information during interventional procedures. To calculate the 3-D vasculature from biplane images, the transformation relating the imaging systems (i.e., the rotation matrix R and the translation vector t) must be determined. We have developed a technique to calculate these parameters, which requires only the identification of approximately corresponding vessel regions in the two images. Initial estimates of R and t are generated based on the gantry angles, and then refined using an optimization technique. The objective function to be minimized is determined as follows. For each endpoint of each vessel in the first image, an epipolar line in the second image is generated. The intersection points between these two epipolar lines and the corresponding vessel centerline in the second image are determined. The vessel arclength between these intersection points is calculated as a fraction of the entire vessel region length in the image. This procedure is repeated for every vessel in each image. The value of the objective function is calculated from the sum of these fractions, and is smallest when the total fractional arclength is greatest. The 3-D vasculature is obtained from the optimal R and t using triangulation, and vessel curvature is then determined. This technique was evaluated using simulated curves and vessel centerlines obtained from clinical images, and provided rotational, magnification and relative curvature errors of 1 degree(s), 1% and 14% respectively. Accurate 3-D and curvature measures may be useful in clinical decision making, such as in assessing vessel tortuousity and access, during interventional procedures.
The sequence of normal ventricular recovery.

Abstract Functional refractory periods (FRP's) were measured at epicardial, intramural, and septal sites in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. The sinus node was crushed and the atria were driven at a fixed rate. Activation times at the test sites were measured from electrograms recorded from closely spaced bipolar electrodes. The test stimuli were cathodal “make” stimuli delivered to one pole of the pairs of electrodes. FRP's at the base of the free wall of the left ventricle and of the septum were shorter than FRP's at the apex. FRP's on the epicardium were shorter than those on the endocardium, and FRP's on the right side of the septum were shorter than those on the left side of the septum. The findings indicate that normal ventricular recovery properties are systematically distributed and inversely related to activation sequence. Areas of the ventricle activated early have the longest FRP's, and areas activated late have the shortest FRP's. This distribution of recovery properties tends to make all portions of the ventricles complete recovery at about the same time, and may play a protective role in the prevention of reentrant arrhythmias. This distribution of recovery properties is also applicable to an explanation of the configuration of normal T waves.
Pogotowie Ratunkowe: The emergency medical system of Poland

In March 1983, in conjunction with the Columbia University Affiliated Hospitals Residency in Emergency Medicine, Overlook Hospital, and under the auspices of the Ministry of Health in Warsaw, we visited Poland to study the country's emergency medical system. The emergency medical service, Pogotowie Ratunkowe, is responsible for civilian acute care throughout the nation. Its domain includes operation of the freestanding emergency medical care centers, all emergency transport and ambulance services, and several short-stay emergency hospitals. The system utilizes a modular concept, and the same basic organization is employed in each of the 49 provinces and five largest cities. The heart of each module is a central dispatch station, ambulance base, and emergency treatment facility. A hub of substations, with treatment areas and ambulance bases, completes the system. All ambulance dispatches come from the central office. A toll-free number provides access. An integral part of the central dispatch station is the information bureau. Individuals seeking a missing person can, by calling a single number, find out if they have been picked up by any ambulance, admitted to any hospital, or treated in any ambulatory emergency center within the province. Ambulances are staffed by physicians and equipped with medications. Once on the scene the physician may elect to treat the patient, transport him to an emergency station, or admit him to a hospital. A system of general and specialized ambulances makes the best use of limited resources, such as cardiac resuscitation and trauma vehicles. The need for such technology as telemetry is averted because a physician is on the scene to read the electrocardiographic monitor. The system works moderately well, but is plagued by a paucity of "western goods," overutilized equipment, and physician shortages. In response to the latter, a paramedic training program has been started.
Construction and characterization of a new shuttle vector, pLES2, capable of functioning in Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Abstract In vitro recombination techniques were used to construct a bifunctional shuttle vector capable of functioning in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli. This 6-kb plasmid contains a selectable phenotype, β-lactamase production, which functions in both organisms. It also contains the lac region from pUC9 that allows for the direct selection of hybrid plasmids in the appropriate E. coli hosts by disruption of β-galactosidase α complementation. The lac region contains several unique restriction sites useful for cloning:EcoRI, SmaI, BamHI and SalI.
Collisional energy transfer in polyatomic molecules: A study of anharmonicity effects in Kr+CO2

The importance of anharmonicity in determining the rates of collisional energy transfer in Kr+CO2 is studied by combining the usual classical trajectory method with an accurate characterization of the semiclassical stationary ’’states’’ of the CO2 molecules (i.e., the ’’good’’ action variables) before and after each collision. A linear model of the collision dynamics is assumed, which means that only energy transfer involving the symmetric and asymmetric stretch modes of CO2 is described. Most of our studies focus upon analyzing the average changes in symmetric and asymmetric stretch good actions, and the average T→V energy transfer. For Kr+CO2, comparison of these collisional energy transfer moments using an anharmonic force field for CO2 with those using the corresponding harmonic force field indicates that anharmonicity effects are very important in the collisional energy transfer process, with errors in moments by factors of 10 or more incurred when the harmonic approximation is used. At high collisio...
Intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E2 raises plasma calcium concentration in the rat.

Constant intravenous infusion (65 to 260 ng/min) of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced an elevation of the plasma calcium concentration in unanesthetized rats in a period of 4 h. The increase in plasma calcium was related to the amount of PGE2 infused, and the hypercalcemia persisted for at least 10 h during continuous infusion. There was also a small increase in plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration. The increase in plasma calcium was not due to hemoconcentration; in fact, there was a small decrease in hematocrit during infusion of PGE2, and no change in total plasma protein concentration was detected. Infusion of PGF2α did not raise plasma calcium concentration. We concludethat under appropriate conditions, the exogenous administration of PGE2 can cause an elevation of plasma calcium in the intact rat. (Endocrinology 97: 240, 1975)
Publications of the International Institute for Educational Planning in 2004: A review

Since 1963 the International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) has serviced the international education community by training administrators at its headquarters in Paris as well as in each of the world’s regions. From the beginning, the IIEP has published, in four or five languages, many of its reports and the conclusions from its training activities. It has also commissioned studies, which it thought would be useful for education and other administrators. The total number of publications since 1963 is in excess of 1400. These might be categorised into a variety of themes all underpinning IIEP’s mission to help Member States ‘‘improve the quality and effectiveness of their education systems’’ (IIEP website). These include Global Issues, Administration and Management, Economics of Education, the Quality of Education, Levels of Formal Education, and Alternative Strategies. Over the last several years, IIEP has published an average of 37 books a year. In the spring of 2005, the
Depth-related adaptations, speciation processes and evolution of color in the genus Phyllidiopsis (Mollusca : Nudibranchia)

The nudibranch genus Phyllidiopsis (Phyllidiidae) contains 30 currently recognized species, all of them distributed throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, eastern Pacific, Northwest Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. Half of the known species of Phyllidiopsis inhabit deep waters, and most of the deep-sea species of the Phyllidiidae belong to this genus. There is no definitive explanation for the high diversity of Phyllidiopsis in the deep-sea or for whether diversity could be related to particular adaptations of this group or to historical events. In light of phylogenetic analysis, several cases of vicariance have been detected in this genus. Apparently two major vicariant events occurred between the tropical Indo-Pacific region and the Atlantic–eastern Pacific area first and subsequently between the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic. Vicariant events could also be involved in producing vertical distributional patterns in a few species of Phyllidiopsis. The scarcity of phyllidiids in the Atlantic Ocean may be explained by historical events, including isolation and subsequent extinction in shallow waters. There is a mimicry species complex in Phyllidiopsis, including several members of a clade that probably acquired this coloration through common ancestry, and also including another unrelated species that probably acquired this coloration through convergent or parallel evolution. There is also a group of white species, lacking any other contrasting colors, that inhabits deep waters. This coloration could constitute an adaptation to the deep-sea environment and not a mimicry complex. In this case, all species acquired this coloration through common ancestry.
Estimation of glycated fetal hemoglobin in normal cord blood by isoelectric focusing. Correlation with maternal glycated hemoglobin and birth weight.

Glycated fractions of hemoglobin F and A (F1, A1c) were measured simultaneously in cord and maternal blood, respectively, in 109 normal women at delivery using an isoelectric focusing, method in polyacrylamide gel plates. Cord blood hemoglobin F1 values (mean ± SD) were 5.92±1.09% and maternal blood hemoglobin A1c values were 6.51±0.92%. The difference was statistically highly significant (p<0.001) and their values were also significantly correlated (p<0.001). Moreover, both values were also well correlated with those of maternal blood glucose (p<0.01), actual birth weight (p<0.01) and birth weight ratio (p<0.01). It is concluded that hemoglobin F1 can be successfully separated and measured by isoelectric focusing. However HbF1 estimation seems to have no obvious advantage against the maternal HbA1c measurement as an index of fetal exposure to glucose during the last weeks of pregnancy.
The Compensation of College and University Presidents.

In a study of the compensation of over 600 college and university presidents, both individual characteristics (tenure in the position, gender, and whether or not the person was hired from inside) and institutional characteristics (size, resources, university type, and form of control) were found to predict salary. In private institutions, size, resources, and type (university, four-year college, two-year college) had more effect on salary than in public colleges and universities. There is evidence that over the period from 1978 to 1983, salaries increased more in private organizations, and the link between level of resources and compensation increased in public colleges. The results, taken as a whole, are consistent both with functional theories of compensation as well as with perspectives that emphasize the attribution of effectiveness to leaders.
Electronic structure of La 2 CuO 4 in the T and T' crystal structures using dynamical mean field theory

Using $N\text{th}$ order muffin-tin-orbital-based downfolding technique in combination with dynamical mean field theory, we investigate the correlated electronic structure of ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ in the so-called ``$T$'' and ``${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$'' crystal structure which serve as the parent compounds for the hole-doped and electron-doped high ${T}_{c}$ compounds. ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$, which naturally forms in $T$ structure, has been reported to made to form in ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ structure by means of special thin-film synthesis technique of replacing La by isovalent $RE$ $(RE=\text{Y},\text{Lu},\text{Sm},\text{Gd}\dots{})$ ions [A. Tsukada et al., Solid State Commun. 133, 427 (2005)]. The experimental studies on ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-structured ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$ reveal contrasting properties to that in $T$ structure, which we examine by means of electronic structure calculations. Our dynamical mean field calculations show introduction of correlation effect to the one-electron band structure of ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$- and $T$-structured ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{CuO}}_{4}$, providing metallic solution in one case $({T}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ and insulating solution to another $(T)$.
Uranus satellites: Hapke parameters from Voyager disk-integrated photometry

An attempt is presently made to obtain improved determinations of the geometric albedos and phase integrals of Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, by fitting Hapke's (1981, 1984, 1986) photometric theory to Voyager whole-disk observations of these satellites. It is analytically established that while Umbriel, Titania and Oberon have large-scale roughness comparable to that of the earth's moon, Ariel is significantly rougher. While the particle single scattering albedo is strikingly different among the satellites, the degrees of regolith particle backscattering are very similar.
Pot and Gutter Casts from the Chapel Island Formation, Southeast Newfoundland

ABSTRACT Member 2 of the Chapel Island Formation of southeast Newfoundland contains a diverse suite of erosional structures known as pot and gutter casts. These are particularly abundant in a lithofacies deposited in a nearshore zone characterized by erosion and sediment bypass during storm emplacement of sands. The steep-to-overhanging walls of both pot and gutter casts imply rapid filling during the same storm events that created these depressions. Erosion is thought to have taken place under strong offshore-directed unidirectional flow (storm surge or other relaxation flow). As with many sandstone tempestites, the initial stages of the storm events were dominated by strong--and in this case highly erosive--unidirectional flow, and the latter stages by oscillatory flow, as evidenced by wave-diagnostic lamination in the sandy infills. Pot casts have geometries and soles indicating vortex flow similar to that which forms potholes in bedrock in glaciated regions. Gutter casts that lead into potholes do so at their edge, a requirement for generating rotary currents within the depression. Pot casts are commonly tilted relative to paleohorizontal, and their direction of plunge is either upcurrent or downcurrent. Variation in geometry of the erosional structures from the Chapel Island Formation, and from erosional structures in general, can be accounted for by the following: substrate type; diagenetic history of substrate; and flow parameters such as pattern of water motion, velocity, and intermittency of flow.
HISTOGENESIS AND RESIDUAL PULMONARY CHANGES IN PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONITIS |[lpar]|PCP|[rpar]|

Little information is available concerning the histopathogenesis of PCP and the residual pulmonary structural alterations associated with this disease. Six hundred lungs obtained at autopsy from children dying at SJCRH, therefore, were examined to determine (1) the incidence of active and latent P. carinii infection. (2) the histogenesis of PCP and (3) residual pulmonary alterations in patients who recovered from PCP and subsequently died from other causes.
Mathematical modelling of monotonic and cyclic undrained clay behaviour

The proposed general analytical model describes the anisotropic, elasto-plastic, path-dependent, stress-strain-strength properties of inviscid saturated clays under undrained loading conditions. The model combines properties of isotropic and kinematic plasticity by introducing the concept of a field of plastic moduli which is defined in stress space by the relative configuration of yeidl surfaces. For any loading (or unloading) history, the instantaneous configuration is determined by calculating the translation and contraction (or expansion) of each yield surface. The stress-strain behaviour of clays can thus be determined for complex loading paths and in particular for cyclic loadings. The stress-strain relationships are provided for use in finite element analyses. The model parameters required to characterize the behaviour of any given clay can be derived entirely from conventional triaxial or simple shear soil test results. The model's extreme versatility is demonstrated by using it to formulate the behaviour of the Drammen clay under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. The parameters are determined by using solely the results from monotonic and cyclic stain-controlled simple shear experimental tests, and the model's accuracy is evaluated by applying it to predict the results of other tests such as (1) cyclic stress-controlled simple shear tests, (2) monotonic triaxial loading compression and unloading extension tests, and (3) cyclic stress- and strain-controlled triaxial tests on this same clay. The theoretical predictions are found to agree extremely well with the experimental test results. /Author/
Equation of state and electrical resistivity of the heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 to 51 GPa

We have used X-ray diffraction to study the structural phase of CeCoIn5 in external pressure. Using high-pressure X-ray diffraction, we find that the crystalline phase is stable in the P4/mmm phase for pressures ≤51.2 GPa. From our measured equation of state, we find a bulk modulus given by B 0 = 72.8 ± 2.9 GPa and a first pressure derivative of B ′ = 5.1 ± 0.3. Measurement of the electrical resistivity of CeCoIn5 to pressures as high as 34.4 GPa shows the existence of a peak in resistivity at p ∗ = 8.2 ± 0.2 GPa.
Hypotension during ERCP is common but not a risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Background In patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass, hypotension is a risk factor for developing acute pancreatitis. Hypotension in animal models can also induce pancreatitis. We sought to determine whether or not relative hypotension during ERCP is a risk factor for developing acute pancreatitis. Patients and methods A nested, case-control study reviewed all cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis resulting from ERCPs performed at this institution between May 1993 and May 1998. Post-ERCP pancreatitis was defined as abdominal pain requiring hospitalisation and elevation of serum amylase or lipase more than four times the upper limit of normal 24 hours or more after ERCP. Non-invasive blood pressure measurements were recorded automatically at least every 5 min during ERCP. Hypotension was defined as any systolic blood pressure (SBP) <100 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) <60 mmHg, or mean blood pressure (MBP) <80 mmHg. Controls were chosen randomly from ERCPs performed on the same or the nearest day as each index case. Results In total, 1854 ERCPs were reviewed from the study period.There were 96 cases of post-ERCP pancreatitis,giving an incidence of 5.2%. The average age of cases was 48 years, while that of controls was 55 years (p < 0.003).There were no differences between the groups regarding gender, ERCP findings, need for sphincterotomy nor acinar filling on the pancreatogram (acinarisation). At least one episode of hypotension was recorded in 32% of cases and 30% of controls (p = 0.75). There were no differences between cases and controls comparing mean pre- and intra-procedure SBP, DBP and MBPs, or lowest procedure SBP, DBP and MBP. Discussion Episodes of acute hypotension are common during ERCP but are not a risk factor for developing post-ERCP pancreatitis.
Comparison of Lumped and Quasi-Distributed Clark Runoff Models Using the SCS Curve Number Equation

The Clark synthetic unit hydrograph and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method has been used to simulate the rainfall and runoff behavior of a watershed for many years. Methodologies like Clark generally rely on the use of lumped or average rainfall and runoff parameters defined for the watershed, even though such parameters are spatially variable. In an attempt to leverage spatial parameters derived from geographic information, a modified Clark (ModClark) method or quasi-distributed model was developed for HEC-HMS. The ModClark method was initially developed to use the national network of WSR-88D radar (NEXRAD) rainfall data but few has been published on its application which is likely because of the difficulties in obtaining usable and reliable radar rainfall data and because of a lack of despisal preprocessing tools required to parameterize a ModClark simulation. While the original implementation and testing of the ModClark method required the use of NEXRAD data in specific formats, th...
Soliton-guided phase shifter and beam splitter

We propose, analyze, and study numerically a phase shifter for light wave packets trapped by Kerr solitons in a nonlinear medium. We also study numerically a previously proposed soliton-guided nonpolarizing beam splitter.
Beyond phosphate binding: the effect of binder therapy on novel biomarkers may have clinical implications for the management of chronic kidney disease patients

Progress continues to be made in our understanding of the metabolic and regulatory consequences of reduced renal function. Management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires knowledge of the role of the kidney in the body's response to various substances presented in the diet, those produced during metabolism, and those generated by the progression of the disease and the body's continually evolving compensatory responses. It is also important to understand how accumulation of these substances may be involved in the pathophysiology of CKD and thus contribute to worsening clinical outcomes. In this supplement, we review the current research on a number of these factors that are under investigation as possible prognostic and/or predictive biomarkers of CKD.
A Note on a Remez-Type Inequality for Trigonometric Polynomials

We obtain sharp bounds, in the uniform norm along the unit circle T, of exponentials of logarithmic potentials, if the logarithmic capacity of the subset of T, where they are at most 1, is known.
Coal tar phototherapy for psoriasis reevaluated: Erythemogenic versus suberythemogenic ultraviolet with a tar extract in oil and crude coal tar

Recent studies have questioned the therapeutic value of coal tar versus ultraviolet (UV) radiation and their relative necessity in phototherapy for psoriasis. In this investigation, different aspects of tar phototherapy have been studied in single-blind bilateral paired comparison studies. The effects of 1% crude coal tar were compared with those of petrolatum in conjunction with erythemogenic and suberythemogenic doses of ultraviolet light (UVB) using a FS72 sunlamp tubed cabinet. Crude coal tar was clinically superior to petrolatum with suberythemogenic ultraviolet. With the erythemogenic UVB, petrolatum was equal in efficacy to crude coal tar. Suberythemogenic UVB was also used adjunctively to compare the effects of a 5% concentration of a tar extract in an oil base to 5% crude coal tar in petrolatum or the oil base without tar. The tar extract in oil plus suberythemogenic UVB produced significantly more rapid improvement than the oil base plus UVB. The direct bilateral comparison of equal concentrations of tar extract in oil base versus crude coal tar in petrolatum in a suberythemogenic UV photo regimen revealed no statistical differences between treatments. In a study comparing tar extract in oil and the oil base without ultraviolet radiation, the tar extract in oil side responded more rapidly. This demonstrates a direct effect of tar alone in therapy. We have also studied the effects of erythemogenic and suberythemogenic UVB with and without tar extract in oil in the hairless mouse epidermal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis suppression assay. It was found that erythemogenic dosages of UVB produced near maximal inhibition of DNA synthesis with or without coal tars. Suberythemogenic dosages of UVB produced submaximal suppression of DNA synthesis that was enhanced by adjunctive coal tar but not by vehicle, findings which are consistent with the above clinical results. These studies suggest that coal tars combined with suberythemogenic UVB therapy is a practical alternative (to more aggressive UVB therapy without coal tar) which reduces the UVB exposure to the patient. (J AM ACAD DERMATOL 8:781-789, 1983.)
Pressure Buildup Behavior in a Two-Well Gas-Oil System

In the analysis of pressure buildup tests for field wells producing both oil and gas, the common practice is to use a modification of single-phase flow theory. The validity of such an approximation has been demonstrated for single-well solution-gas-drive systems. This paper indicates that such approximations are valid for 2-well solution-gas-drive systems. From this it is inferred that the technique can be used for multiple-well systems. A computer has been used to simulate the behavior of a 2-well, solution-gas-drive reservoir to test the validity of the above type of analysis. Results of the simulation indicate that pressure buildup tests in such a system can be analyzed within engineering accuracy for formation permeability and pressure. A rule of thumb is given for estimating the length of time a well must be shut in for the pressure in a nearby producing well to increase significantly. To observe such as increase, the shut-in well would have to be left shut in much longer than is normally the practice. (16 refs.)
Diesel-electric locomotive ground relays

THE GROUND RELAY as used on a diesel-electric locomotive provides a number of important protective features. It was originally applied to furnish flashover protection, but has become useful in connection with other functions so that it now provides protection on a diesel-electric locomotive for: 1. Armature grounds in either the main generator or traction motors. 2. Accidental power circuit grounds. 3. High-resistance creepage grounds, such as those caused by moisture and dirt. 4. Flashover protection for the generator, motors, and contactors. 5. Ground protection during dynamic braking. 6. Ground protection during engine starting.
Original Contribution: Convergence and divergence in neural networks: Processing of chaos and biological analogy

We have used simple neural networks as models to examine two interrelated biological questions: What are the functional implications of the converging and diverging projections that profusely interconnect neurons? How do the dynamical features of the input signal affect the responses of such networks? In this paper we examine subsets of these questions by using error-back propagation learning as the network response in question. The dynamics of the input signals was suggested by our previous biological findings. These signals consisted of chaotic series generated by the recursive logistic equation, x"n"+"1 = 3.95(1 - x"n)X"n, random noise, and sine functions. The input signals were also sent to a variety of teacher functions that controlled the type of computations networks were required to do, Single and double hidden-layer networks were used to examine, respectively, divergence and a combination of divergence and convergence. Networks containing single and multiple input/output units were used to determine how the networks learned when they were required to perform single or multiple tasks on their input signals. Back propagation was performed ''on-line'' in each training trial, and all processing was analog. Thereafter, the network units were examined ''neurophysiologically'' by selectively removing individual synapses to determine their effect on system error. The findings show that the dynamics of input signals strongly affect the learning process. Chaotic point processes, analogous to spike trains in biological systems, provide excellent signals on which networks can perform a variety of computational tasks. Continuous functions that vary within bounds, whether chaotic or not, impose some limitations. Differences in convergence and divergence determine the relative strength of the trained network connections. Many weak synapses, and even some of the strongest ones, are multifunctional in that they have approximately equal effects in all learned tasks, as has been observed biologically. Training sets all synapses to optimal levels, and many units are automatically given task-specific assignments. But despite their optimal settings, many synapses produce relatively weak effects, particularly in networks that combine convergence and divergence within the same layer. Such findings of ''lazy'' synapses suggest a re-examination of the role of weak synapses in biological systems. Of equal biological importance is the finding that networks containing only trainable synapses are severely limited computationally unless trainable thresholds are included. Network capabilities are also severely limited by relatively small increases in the number of network units. Some of these findings are immediately addressable from the code of the back propagation algorithm itself. Others, such as limitations imposed by increasing network size, need to be viewed through error surfaces generated by the trial-to-trial connection changes that occur during learning. We discuss the biological implications of the findings.
SU‐E‐J‐197: Tracking Tumor Response Over Treatment Course in IMRT and Proton Patients

Purpose: To assess the changes in tumor mass and volume for NSCLC patients treated with either protons or IMRT. Methods: Analyses were done on the T50 phase from weekly 4DCTs of patients with stage 3 NSCCLC treated on an IRB approved trial comparing IMRT with passively scattered protons. Patients received either 74 GY or 66 Gy in 2 Gy fractions with concurrent chemotherapy. We performed deformable registration to segment the GTV on each CT. The deformable registration process was 1) rigid registration to determine the region of the GTV 2) deformation of the contours from the planning CT 3) thresholding to account for cavities formed inside the GTV. The resultant contours were used to determine volume and mass, as determined from the TPSs CT‐to‐density curve, change over course of treatment. Results: We analyzed 48 patients 30 were treated with IMRT and 18 with protons. The ratio of GTV volume and mass between the final week CT and planning CT were 0.80 ± .21 % and 0.77 ± 0.25% for IMRT and 0.71 ± 0.21% and 0.66 ± 0.24% for protons. Conclusion: We found that tumors shrank 20‐30% when treated with concurrent chemo‐radiotherapy at 2 Gy/fraction. In addition we noted that the remaining tumor, on average, had a lower density at the end of treatment. A difference was noted between protons and IMRT but was not statistically significant. This work was, in part, funded by the National Cancer Institute.
Synaptotagmin 7 splice variants differentially regulate synaptic vesicle recycling

The speed of synaptic vesicle recycling determines the efficacy of neurotransmission during repetitive stimulation. Synaptotagmins are synaptic C(2)-domain proteins that are involved in exocytosis, but have also been linked to endocytosis. We now demonstrate that upon expression in transfected neurons, a short splice variant of synaptotagmin 7 that lacks C(2)-domains accelerates endocytic recycling of synaptic vesicles, whereas a longer splice variant that contains C(2)-domains decelerates recycling. These results suggest that alternative splicing of synaptotagmin 7 acts as a molecular switch, which targets vesicles to fast and slow recycling pathways.
Similar effects of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor on the phosphorylation of tyrosine in cellular proteins

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the phosphorylation of proteins at tyrosine when added to quiescent 3T3 cells, as evidenced by the increase in the amount of phosphotyrosine, relative to phosphoserine and phosphothreonine, in cellular proteins. The increase was detected within 1 min of adding PDGF and was maximal by 5 min. This effect showed the same dependence on PDGF concentration as did association of 125I-PDGF with the cells. In different 3T3 cell lines the magnitude of the increase was approximately proportional to the number of PDGF receptors per cell. A number of proteins phosphorylated at tyrosine in response to PDGF have been detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. They include a pair of related 45 kilodalton phosphoproteins, a pair of related 43 kilodalton phosphoproteins and a 42 kilodalton phosphoprotein. Similar changes were noted when quiescent 3T3 cells were incubated with epidermal growth factor. Possibly, these phosphoproteins are primary substrates of the tyrosine protein kinases activated by the receptors for PDGF and epidermal growth factor, and are involved in physiological effects common to the two growth factors.
Surface termination dependence of the reactivity of single crystal hematite with CCl 4

Abstract We describe ultrahigh vacuum Auger electron spectrometric measurements of the uptake of chlorine following the room temperature exposure of single crystal hematite, α-Fe 2 O 3 , to CCl 4 . We compare the surface chemistry of two specific surface phases formed on the basal plane of α-Fe 2 O 3 : the Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1)-(2×2) “selvedge” and the α-Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 1− x O “biphase.” For Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1)-(2×2) an estimated saturation level of Cl of ∼75% of a monolayer is readily attained. Carbon uptake is well below that expected for simple stoichiometric dissociative chemisorption, consistent with desorption of organic products during the surface reaction. Low energy electron diffraction measurements suggest that, dependent upon preparation procedures, at least two types of α-Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 1− x O biphase structures can be formed. Surprisingly, upon exposure to CCl 4 , Cl uptake does not occur on either of these biphase surfaces, despite the fact that these surfaces are thought to have the same surface concentrations of iron and oxygen as Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1). The dramatic difference between the reactivity of the Fe 3 O 4 and biphase surfaces suggests that the active site for the dissociative adsorption of CCl 4 on Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1)-(2×2) comprises both an iron cation and an oxygen anion with a surface-normal-oriented dangling bond that is uncapped by iron cations. Electron stimulated and thermal desorption of Cl from the saturated Fe 3 O 4 (1 1 1)-(2×2) selvedge is also reported.
Optimal circularly symmetric quantizers

Abstract Polar coordinates quantization of the bivariate Gaussian and other cir- cularly symmetric sources has already been investigated. The schemes quantize the polar coordinates representation of the random variables independently in an attempt to reduce the mean square error below that of an analogous rectangular coordinates quantizer. It has been shown for the Gaussian case that the polar quantizer outperforms the rectangular quantizer when the number of levels N is large, while for small N, the rectangular form is often better than the polar form. This paper is an investigation of the optimality of polar quantizers with the subsequent development of optimal circularly symmetric quantizers (labelled Dirichlet polar quantizers).
Computer analysis of some cat parahippocampal unit firing patterns.

Summary Twenty-five cat parahippocampal gyrus unit spike trains were analyzed for firing time characteristics. Autocorrelation interval and 2 new types of histograms displayed data sampled from spontaneously firing units. For 7 units, spikes occurring within a 40 msec period were not generally followed by a spike in the 40–90 msec period following the first spike. Evoked feedback inhibitory influences, being most effective at 40–60 msec following each spike and summing over time, may account for the 40–90 msec zero or small firing probabilities. Spikes occurred between 60–90 msec following a previous spike but were not generally preceded by a firing in the 1–40 msec period. In other trains, spikes occurring within a 30 msec period were followed most frequently by a spike or spikes in the 350–410 msec period following the first firing. When the interval between 2 firings was greater than 30 msec probabilities for future spikes were nearly equal for all times up to 1000 msec. Autocorrelation interval histogram peaks at 350–410 msec intervals were dependent upon the serial arrangement of intervals in the train. Inputs, evoking 2 or more firings within a 30 msec period, may have been periodically impressed on the cells.