cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupational exposures and diseases among medical inpatients: Prevalence, association, and recognition

The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of occupational exposures, their potential contribution to the development of chronic diseases among medical inpatients, and their recognition by house officers. Occupational histories were obtained from 101 medical inpatients and their charts were reviewed. Sixty-six percent of patients had diseases for which an occupational etiology merited consideration. A relevant occupational exposure was discovered in 68% of patients with a disease potentially attributable to occupation. Specific disease/exposure pairs were associated with each other (P = .001). Senior house staff recognized fewer relevant exposures (17%) than did interns (55%) (P < .001). Relevant occupational exposures are common among medical inpatients, but frequently go unrecognized because of an inadequate fund of knowledge in occupational medicine among physicians.
Employee creativity in U.S. and Lithuanian nonprofit organizations

This article reports findings from a study designed to test a model of creativity in the United States and Lithuania. Five independent variables were derived from the creativity literature: perceived leadership behaviors, organizational norms for creativity, group climate, job characteristics, and motivational orientation. They were used to predict creativity in a sample of 201 employees of nonprofit organizations. The results differed for the two countries. Interestingly, while in the United States organizational norms for creativity, extrinsic motivation, and hierarchical level were related to employee creativity, in Lithuania intrinsic motivation and education constituted major predictors of creativity. Based on the study results, I suggest practical implications for nonprofit managers on how to capitalize on their employees' creativity.
Review: Management of Postprandial Diarrhea Syndrome

Unexpected, urgent, sometimes painful bowel movements after eating are common complaints among adults. Without a clear etiology, if pain is present and resolves with the movements, this is usually labeled "irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea" based solely on symptoms. If this symptom-based approach is applied exclusively, it may lead physicians not to consider treatable conditions: celiac disease, or maldigestion due to bile acid malabsorption, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, or an a-glucosidase (sucrase, glucoamylase, maltase, or isomaltase) deficiency. These conditions can be misdiagnosed as irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea (or functional diarrhea, if pain is not present). Limited testing is currently available to confirm these conditions (antibody screens for celiac disease; fecal fat as a surrogate marker for pancreatic function). Therefore, empirical treatment with alpha amylase, pancreatic enzymes, or a bile acid-binding agent may simultaneously treat these patients and serve as a surrogate diagnostic test. This review will summarize the current evidence for bile acid malabsorption, and deficiencies of pancreatic enzymes or a-glucosidases as potential causes for postprandial diarrhea, and provide an algorithm for treatment options.
New spray chamber for use in flow-injection plasma emission spectrometry

Abstract The use of flow-injection analysis (FIA) in atomic emission spectrometry (AES) is often compromised by the relatively large dead volume and washout time of conventional nebulizer-spray chamber combinations. This problem is particularly acute when a microwave-induced plasma (MIP) is used as the AES source, because of the low flow rates ordinarily employed with an MIP and because of the limited tolerance of an MIP to solvent loading. In the present study, these problems have all been largely overcome through use of a novel spray chamber design and an MIP based on the microwave plasma torch (MPT). The MPT offers the advantages of a high tolerance to the introduction of aqueous aerosols, a central channel that exhibits enhanced energy coupling between the plasma and sample species, and low detection limits. A new low-volume spray chamber developed in our laboratory, coupled with the MPT, provides far shorter washout times than conventional units. Preliminary work on analyzing aqueous samples directly without desolvation has demonstrated that the use of air as a carrier has made it possible for a 200-μ1 injection volume to achieve the same sensitivity of detection as offered by continuous nebulization. Detection limits are in the range of 5-50 ng ml−1 for most elements studied. Also, the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) for analyte signals is readily maintained at 2.5%. Organic solvents were also explored as the carrier for flow-injection analysis; under optimized conditions sensitivity dropped less than half for ethanol and by 40% for methanol, compared to performance with water as the carrier. This suggests the attractiveness of the new spray chamber-MIP combination as an element-selective detector for liquid chromatography (LC).
The structure of supercritical fluid free‐jet expansions

Experimental and numerical studies are reported on the structure of supersonic free-jet expansions of supercritical CO2 impacting on a flat plate. Numerical calculations for the axisymmetric, two-dimensional (2-D) expansion use a time-dependent finite difference method known as the two-step Lax-Wendroff technique, incorporating the Redlich-Kwong equation of state to model CO2. The numerical results are compared with experimental optical shadowgraph measurements of the jet and shock wave structure, impact pressure and temperature measurements along the plate, and a thermocouple probe of the expansion. Approximations based on ideal gases and quasi-1-D flow analysis, often used by researchers, are found to be useful for these supercritical fluid flows. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2697–2704, 2004
Linkage of acetylcholinesterase insensitivity to methyl parathion resistance in Heliothis virescens.

Resistance to methyl parathion insecticide has evolved in the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens, and several biochemical mechanisms have been identified in various strains. Reduced sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to inhibition by methyl paraoxon, the active metabolite of the insecticide, is controlled by a single autosomal locus,AceIn. We report thatAceIn is genetically linked to methyl parathion resistance, which is expressed as a dominant gene. Methyl parathionresistant and -susceptible strains were intercrossed and the resulting mixed colony was heterozygous atAceIn. Pair matings from the mixed colony were chosen, on the basis ofAceIn genotype only, to establish strains Ace-S and Ace-R, homozygous forAceInSS andAceInRR, respectively. The Ace-R strain was 15.9-fold resistant compared toAceInSS, while hybrid progeny expressed 24.6-fold resistance, demonstrating dominant inheritance of resistance. When progeny of the backcross (Ace-S×Ace-R) to Ace-S were exposed to a discriminating dose of methyl parathion, 24.5% survived as predicted by the model of a single resistance gene. Survivors displayed only theAceInRS genotype, demonstrating a linkage disequilibrium which was highly significant. Assuming that no other resistance genes are linked closely toAceIn, it would appear thatAceIn is a powerful gene for resistance, conferring a resistance proportional to the slower rate of inhibition in the resistant enzyme. The contribution ofAceIn to resistance relative to detoxicative genes and the possible interaction of resistance genes are discussed.
Expression of circadian rhythmicity in Djungarian hamsters under constant light : effects of light intensity and the circadian system's state

Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), were exposed to constant light with increasing intensities (20, 60, 350 lux), and wheel running activity was recorded. With increasing light intensity the percentage of hamsters showing a split in their daily activity pattern increased and the free running period was lengthened for both the unsplit and the split state. The fact that the free running period of both states depended on the light intensity together with the observation that the highest incidence of a circadian activity occurred under 350 lux, provoked the idea that the emergence of splitting or a circadian rhythmicity is a direct consequence of the light induced lengthening of the free running period. However, analysis of the data failed to support the idea that emergence of a split or a circadian activity is a threshold phenomenon with respect to the free running period. Due to differences in circadian function some Djungarian hamsters do not exhibit photoinduction following short day exposure. In these individuals splitting also occurred but required exposure to a higher light intensity than in photo-responsive hamsters. This observation is in accordance with the idea that the two phenotypes differ in the interaction of the two component oscillators underlying circadian rhythmicity.
Creation and destruction of transitory coronal holes and their fast solar wind streams

[1] A qualitative model is proposed whereby foot point exchange diffusion of open field lines from a solar active region may have led to the formation of a coronal hole and a corotating stream of fast solar wind. The solar wind speed changed from fast back to slow when the coronal hole was later disrupted by the emergence of a new active region. A corollary of this model is that a corotating interplanetary field line may have both fast and slow solar wind at different places along its length.
Essential structure and meaning of recovery from clinical depression for middle-adult women: a phenomenological study.

The author interviewed 22 women who had been clinically depressed and were in the recovery stage, as evidenced by their self-evaluations and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory. The focus of the interviews was on the phenomenological question concerning the meaning of the women's experiences of recovering from depression. Five phases in the recovery process were identified from analysis of the data: existential alienation/pain, crises of adulthood, first turning point, second turning point, and becoming a gardener. Nurses can use perceptions of clients in this study about what was helpful and not helpful and the tools they used to help themselves in recovering from depression to enhance the recovery process for other depressed women.Revision—the act of looking back, of seeing with fresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction—is for us more than a chapter in cultural history; it is an act of survival. Until we can understand the assumptions in which we are drenched we cannot know o...
Aquaporin in Candida: characterization of a functional water channel protein.

The Candida albicans genome database contains one ORF with homology to aquaporins, AQY1. Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA encoding C. albicans Aqy1p displayed a coefficient of water permeability (Pf) that was equivalent to the Pf for oocytes injected with the cRNA of S. cerevisiae Aqy1p. In addition, as seen in Saccharomyces for Aqy1p and Aqy2p, deletion of AQY1 in C. albicans resulted in cells that were less sensitive than wild-type to osmotic shock. In Saccharomyces, aquaporin null cells also have a cell surface that is more hydrophobic. However, unlike Saccharomyces, there was no effect on the cell surface hydrophobicity, flocculation or cell aggregation in aqy1 null C. albicans cells. Perhaps as a result, there was no difference between the virulence of C. albicans wild-type and aqy1 null strains in a murine model for systemic candidiasis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of Life's “Ablest Congressmen” Poll

(1942). An Analysis of Life's “Ablest Congressmen” Poll. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 153-158.
Epidural abscesses following chronic pain injections

This report will present two cases of epidural abscesses following pain interventions and review available evidence and provide preventive strategies for its avoidance. A 54-year-old man having chronic low back and leg pain with past history significant for alcohol dependence and lumbar spine surgeries received a caudal epidural steroid injection following multiple intravascular injection of contrast. Eleven days following the procedure he developed symptoms suggestive of epidural abscess. It was subsequently confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and underwent nonsurgical management of the abscess without any neurological deficit. A 50-year-old homeless man with history of intravenous drug abuse, alcohol abuse, hepatitis C positive, squamous cell carcinoma of the neck, and degenerative lumbar disc disease received trigger point injections to his lumbar paraspinal muscles for management of his myofascial pain syndrome. Fifteen days following the injection, he reported to the emergency (ER) room with complaints of worsening pain. An MRI revealed epidural; abscesses tracking from the paraspinal muscles. He was subsequently managed with intravenous antibiotics and recovered uneventfully. Following review of the literature, it is possible to come up with preventive strategies to mitigate the occurrence of epidural abscesses. One of the key factors is the presence of comorbid conditions including diabetes mellitus and prior spine surgery which may dictate technique for the management of pain.
Minireview: developmental regulation of thyrotropin receptor gene expression in the fetal and newborn thyroid

The TSH receptor plays a pivotal role in thyroid gland growth, function, and differentiation in the mature animal, but only recently has its role in the fetus and neonate been examined. Observational studies comparing the developmental regulation of TSH receptor gene expression, with thyroid morphology, and thyroid-specific gene expression in the rodent model, are reviewed in the context of older literature. Together, these data strongly suggest that the TSH receptor is essential for terminal thyroid maturation and growth but is not involved in early thyroid organogenesis or migration. Consistent with the aforementioned studies in rodents, babies with a loss of function mutation of the TSH receptor as well as babies born to mothers with potent TSH receptor-blocking antibodies have hypothyroidism and hypoplastic, but normally located, thyroid glands. Because the TSH receptor is probably not expressed in human fetuses before 10-12 wk gestation when thyroid organogenesis and migration are complete, these data provide strong evidence that human chorionic gonadotropin, which peaks in the first trimester of human pregnancy, could not play a role in fetal thyroid development. Similarly, these data imply strongly that maternal TSH receptor antibodies, when present in high titer, are of major importance in influencing fetal thyroid function only after mid-pregnancy when, by analogy with rodents, increased TSH receptor expression is likely to occur.
MPEG-4 FGS video streaming with constant-quality rate adaptation, prioritized packetization and differentiated forwarding

A video streaming solution with the finer granular scalable (FGS) MPEG-4 stream delivered over prioritized networks is investigated in this work. An optimal truncation strategy for constant-quality rate adaptation is first presented by embedding the rate-distortion (R-D) information based on a piecewise linear R-D model. Then, the video stream is prioritized for differentiated dropping and forwarding, where rate adaptation is dynamically performed to meet the time-varying available bandwidth. It is shown that, although the prioritized stream benefits from the prioritized network, its gain is heavily dependent on how well video source and network priorities match each other. All key components, including FGS encoding, rate adaptation and packetization, error resiliency decoding and differentiated forwarding, are seamlessly integrated into one system. By focusing on the end-to-end quality, we set both source and network parameters properly to achieve a superior performance of FGS video streaming.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rapid nuclear cytochemical changes induced by dexamethasone in thymus lymphocytes of adrenalectomized rats

Abstract Thymus lymphocytes from adrenalectomized rats injected with dexamethasone were isolated, attached to slides and fixed. RNA was removed enzymatically. Chromatin in the intact cells was denatured by heating and the DNA was subsequently stained with acridine orange (AO). The ratio of red (600 nm) to green (530 nm) fluorescence (metachromatic ratio) for a given cell nucleus was used as a relative index of chromatin denaturation. Other slides were stained with AO without heating and the green (530 nm) nuclear fluorescence intensity was measured as an index of the capacity of the DNA to bind the dye in the intercalated mode. A third set of slides was stained by a fluorescent Feulgen method in order to determine the capacity of the lymphocyte DNA to bind dye in a covalent mode. The mean metachromatic ratio was found to drop to approx. 65% of the mean value for uninjected controls at 30 min after administration of the steroid. These measurements indicate a rapid increase in the thermal stability of thymus lymphocyte chromatin induced by dexamethasone. Similarly, the capacity of the DNA of these cells to bind AO by intercalation of the dye between bases decreased to 85% of control value within 15 min after dexamethasone injection. The covalent binding of Feulgen dye was also decreased to approx. 65% of control within the same time period. The response to different dose levels of dexamethasone showed maximal changes in the three cytochemical staining properties with doses as low as 0.0025 μg/g body weight. These data show that the steroid causes rapid, marked changes in the cell nucleus of thymus lymphocytes indicative of a repressed state.
Nucleus-targeting domain of the matrix protein (M1) of influenza virus.

The matrix protein M1 of influenza virus A/WSN/33 was shown by immunofluorescent staining to be transported into the nuclei of transfected cells without requiring other viral proteins. We postulated the existence of a potential signal sequence at amino acids 101 to 105 (RKLKR) that is required for nuclear localizationoftheM1protein.WhenCV1cellsweretransfectedwithrecombinantvectorsexpressingtheentire M1protein (amino acids 1 to 252) or just thefirst 112 N-terminal amino acids, both the complete M1protein and the truncated M1protein were transported to the nucleus. In contrast, expression in CV1 cells of vectors coding for M1 proteins with deletions from amino acids 77 to 202 or amino acids 1 to 134 resulted only in cytoplasmic immunofluorescent staining of these truncated M1proteins without protein being transported to the nucleus. Moreover, no nuclear membrane translocation occurred when CV1 cells were transfected with recombinant vectors expressing M1proteins with deletions of amino acids 101 to 105 or with substitution at amino acids 101 to 105 of SNLNS for RKLKR. Furthermore, a synthetic oligopeptide corresponding to M1 protein amino acids 90 to 108 was also transported into isolated nuclei derived from CV1 cells, whereas oligopeptides corresponding to amino acid sequences 25 to 40, 67 to 81, and 135 to 164 were not transported into the isolated cell nuclei. These data suggest that the amino acid sequence 101RKLKR105 is the nuclear localization signal of the M1protein. All enveloped viruses with negative-sense RNA genomes appear to code for a matrix protein (M) which is membrane associated, binds to the genomic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) core and down-regulates viral transcription. Available evidence suggests that these matrix proteins are responsible for assembling the RNP core with that region of the infected cell membrane containing newly synthesized viral glycoproteins. There are many similarities among the matrix proteins of nonsegmented and segmented negative-strand viruses, to the extent that certain amino acids are conserved between matrix proteinsofnonsegmentedvesicularstomatitisvirusandthatof influenza virus (19). Of the eight segments of the influenza virusgenome,segment7codesforthemajormatrixprotein(1, 14), now designated M1, consisting of 252 amino acids. A
On the numerical integration of three-invariant elastoplastic constitutive models

Abstract We investigate the performance of a numerical algorithm for the integration of isotropically hardening three-invariant elastoplastic constitutive models with convex yield surfaces. The algorithm is based on a spectral representation of stresses and strains for infinitesimal and finite deformation plasticity, and a return mapping in principal stress directions. Smooth three-invariant representations of the Mohr–Coulomb model, such as the Lade–Duncan and Matsuoka–Nakai models, are implemented within the framework of the proposed algorithm. Among the specific features incorporated into the formulation are the hardening/softening responses and the tapering of the yield surfaces toward the hydrostatic axis with increasing confining pressure. Isoerror maps are generated to study the local accuracy of the numerical integration algorithm. Finally, a boundary-value problem involving loading of a strip foundation on a soil is analyzed with and without finite deformation effects to investigate the performance of the integration algorithm in a full-scale non-linear finite element simulation.
Men with low preoperative sexual function may benefit from nerve sparing radical prostatectomy.

Purpose: We determined the effect of nerve sparing radical prostatectomy on sexual and urinary function in men at various levels of pretreatment sexual function.Materials and Methods: Men in the CaPSURE™ (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor) database who underwent radical prostatectomy and had baseline and 2-year posttreatment UCLA-PCI sexual function and urinary function scores were selected. Nerve sparing was categorized as bilateral, unilateral or none and the level of pretreatment sexual function was divided into quartiles. The cohort was divided into subgroups of nerve sparing technique and pretreatment sexual function. Differences between sexual function and urinary function among subgroups were determined. A test of interaction was performed between preoperative sexual function and degree of nerve sparing on postoperative sexual function and urinary function scores.Results: A total of 1,322 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Median patient age was 61 years (range 41 ...
Hereditary genius revisited: Were Galton's missing scientists the aftermath of the Puritan brain drain to America?

This is a sociobiological analysis using history and genealogy to inquire into the hereditary genius of science. It combines Francis Galton’s data on the geographical origins of English scientists and Charles Banks’ data on similar origins of English immigrants to New England to show a probable brain drain as a result of the Puritan emigration that had an effect lasting even into Victorian times.
Problems with early and very early intervention in psychosis

"Early intervention" can refer to two different approaches--intervention when the psychosis is already evident and intervention before a psychosis is fully apparent. Each carries a distinctly different set of risks. The hoped-for benefits of early intervention in a fully evident psychosis are based on research that reveals an association between intervention early in the illness and good outcome. Those suffering from a psychosis of recent onset, however, are more likely to experience a spontaneous remission of illness, and this may readily explain the observed association. Early intervention in such cases of good-prognosis psychosis may lead to unnecessary and, sometimes, protracted treatment for those who would do well with no treatment. Intervention in the supposed prodromal phase of psychosis presents more serious hazards. The screening instruments currently available are inadequate for the accurate prediction of psychosis, and the risks of negative effects for the large numbers of people who screen false-positive are considerable. These risks include unnecessary fear of illness, restriction of life goals, use of medication and their side-effects.
Efficient resource management using advance reservations for heterogeneous Grids

Support for advance reservations of resources plays a key role in Grid resource management as it enables the system to meet user expectations with respect to time requirements and temporal dependence of applications, increases predictability of the system and enables co- allocation of resources. Despite these attractive features, adoption of advance reservations is limited mainly due to the fact that related algorithms are typically complex and fail to scale to large and loaded systems. In this work we consider two aspects of advance reservations. First, we investigate the impact of heterogeneity on Grid resource management when advance reservations are supported. Second, we employ techniques from computational geometry to develop an efficient heterogeneity-aware scheduling algorithm. Our main finding is that Grids may benefit from high levels of resource heterogeneity, independently of the total system capacity. Our results show that our algorithm performs well across several user and system performance and overcome the lack of scalability and adaptability of existing mechanisms.
Electronic structures of defects and magnetic impurities in MoS2 monolayers

We provide a systematic and theoretical study of the electronic properties of a large number of impurities, vacancies, and adatoms in monolayer MoS2, including groups III and IV dopants, as well as magnetic transition metal atoms such as Mn, Fe, Co, V, Nb, and Ta. By using density functional theory over a 5 × 5 atomic cell, we identify the most promising element candidates for p-doping of MoS2. Specifically, we found VB group impurity elements, such as Ta, substituting Mo to achieve negative formation energy values with impurity states all sitting at less than 0.1 eV from the valence band maximum (VBM), making them the optimal p-type dopant candidates. Moreover, our 5 × 5 cell model shows that B, a group III element, can induce impurity states very close to the VBM with a low formation energy around 0.2 eV, which has not been reported previously. Among the magnetic impurities such as Mn, Fe, and Co with 1, 2, and 3 magnetic moments/atom, respectively, Mn has the lowest formation energy, the most localized spin distribution, and the nearest impurity level to the conduction band among those elements. Additionally, impurity levels and Fermi level for the above three elements are closer to the conduction band than the previous work (PCCP 16:8990-8996, 2014) which shows the possibility of n-type doping by Mn, thanks to our 5 × 5 cell model.
Covariation in the socioeconomic determinants of self rated health and happiness: a multivariate multilevel analysis of individuals and communities in the USA

Objective: To investigate individual level determinants of self rated health and happiness, as well as the extent of community level covariation in health and happiness. Design: Multivariate multilevel regression analysis of self rated poor health and unhappiness at level 1, nested within 24 118 people at level 2, nested within 36 communities at level 3. Data were obtained from the 2000 social capital benchmark survey. Setting: USA communities. Participants: 24 118 adults. Main outcome measures: Self reported fair/poor health; and a single item measure of subjective wellbeing. Results: Controlling for demographic markers, a strong income and education gradient was seen for self rated poor health and unhappiness, with the gradient being stronger for poor health. Community level correlations between self rated poor health and happiness were stronger (0.65) than the individual level correlations (0.16) between the two outcomes. Conclusion: Poor health and unhappiness are highly positively correlated within individuals, and communities that are healthier tend to be happier and vice versa.
Effects of the State Children's Health Insurance Program Expansions on Children With Chronic Health Conditions

Using data primarily from the National Health Interview Survey, this study investigates the effects of SCHIP expansions on insurance coverage, health care services use, and access to care for children with chronic health conditions. The expansions resulted in a 9.8 percentage point increase in the proportion of children with chronic conditions reporting public insurance and a 6.4 percentage point decline in the proportion uninsured. Unmet need for health care decreased by 8 percentage points, and estimated reductions in unmet need were greater for children with chronic conditions than for other children. Impact on access to care and service use was limited. (Davidoff, Amy, Genevieve Kenney, and Lisa Dubay. July 2005. Effects of the State Children's Health Insurance Program Expansions on Children with Chronic Health Conditions. Pediatrics 116(1): e34-e42.)
Characterization of Capillary Flow Within a Homogenously Dispersed Array of Vertical Micropillars

When considering fluidic devices at the micron length scale, surface tension forces become dominant relative to body forces. Albeit smaller than mechanical and electrical pumps, capillary forces are commonly exploited as a mechanism to drive fluid flow. Unlike pumps, capillary driven flows are passive in nature and are not dependent on auxiliary equipment to drive fluid flow. Although beneficial from an energy standpoint, the lack of a supplementary driving potential causes the flow to be limited by the wick structure dimensions that generate the capillary forces. Subsequently, investigation into the contributions of the wick structure must be performed in order to optimize the fluid flow through a capillary structure. General capillary theory states that capillary forces increase inversely proportional to the pore radius. Consequently, arrays of vertically aligned nanopillars grown on silicon substrates are considered for fluid flow optimization due to their small pores. To simulate these nanopillars, an ab initio analysis was done on a homogenously dispersed array of vertically aligned pillars. An analytical solution to predict the maximum achievable capillary flow with respect to the structure dimensions was found through this method. Subsequently, this analytical solution can be used to produce a set of optimal geometric conditions that would induce the maximum capillary flow through a wick comprised of vertically aligned pillars. Experimental results are also presented to validate the analytical solution. Homogeneously dispersed cylindrical pillars were created on silicon wafers via reactive ion etching to reconstruct the geometry assumed by the analytical solution. The capillary limit was found for structures with varying geometric dimensions. By contrasting the empirical data with the values predicted by the analytical model, the validity of the analytical model was found to be in good agreement.
Crisis Decision Making Reconsidered

Serious problems may be found in Herek, Janis, and Huth's 1987 study of the relationship between the quality of the decision-making process in an international crisis and the desirability of its outcome. A closer look at the best understood and most thoroughly documented case used in their study (the Cuban missile crisis of 1962) reveals the chief cause of those problems to be the use of sources that appear to be incomplete in the light of new evidence. Both the conclusions of the Herek, Janis, and Huth study and the criteria with which they assess the quality of a decision-making process are called into question.
Growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta in ground beef following treatments with nisin in calcium alginate gels

Sterilized, lean and adipose beef carcass tissues were inoculated withBrochothrix thermosphacta, left untreated (U), or treated with 100 gmg/ml nisin (N), calcium alginate (A), or 100 gmg/ml nisin immobilized in a calcium alginate gel (AN). Treated tissues were aseptically processed into ground beef and populations ofB. thermosphactaand nisin activity were determined during refrigerated storage (4°C) at 0, 7, and 14 days. At day 0, bacterial populations of U- and A-treated ground beef were 3.24 and 3.17 log8CFU/g respectively. Ground beef treated with N exhibited populations of 2.80 log8CFU/g while AN significantly suppressed the organism to undetectable levels (<1.30 log8CFU/g) at day 0. In contrast to high nisin titers from AN-treated ground beef at day 0, nisin titers were undetectable in N-treated ground beef. By day 7,B. thermosphactahad grown to 7.18, 7.04, and 6.92 log8CFU/g in U-, A-, or N-treated ground beef, respectively, while AN-treated ground beef exhibited significantly different (Ple0.05) populations of 6.56 log8CFU/g. By day 7, nisin titers from AN-treated ground beef were considerably diminished. At day 14 of the study, all treatments exhibited bacterial populations <7 log8CFU/g and nisin titers were virtually undetectable in any of the ground beef samples. While the growth ofB. thermosphactacould not be effectively suppressed for 14 days, the application of nisin in alginate gels to meat surfaces does afford some immediate protection against undesirable bacteria when these surfaces are processed into ground beef.
Dominantly inherited megalencephaly, muscle weakness, and myoliposis : a carnitine-deficient myopathy within the spectrum of the Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome

We report 27 children, aged 14 months to 9 years, who had megalencephaly, hypotonia, proximal muscle weakness, speech and motor delay, and increased intracellular lipid (myoliposis) in needle muscle biopsy specimens. The patients had many features of the Ruvalcaba-Myhre-Smith syndrome, and in 17 families we confirmed the autosomal dominant inheritance pattern previously suggested. Muscle carnitine content was low in all 11 patients and all 4 affected relatives tested. All 27 probands were treated with oral l -carnitine; a clinical response was noted in 17. We speculate that myoliposis may be found in other disorders with megalencephaly and muscle symptoms. In such cases, muscle carnitine deficiency should be considered. The reason for the reduced muscle carnitine content is not known.
Statistical Evaluation of the Protein Enrichment of Rice Bran Using Spouted Bed

This study evaluated the viability of the spouted bed technique in the enrichment process of degreased rice bran, in the pellets form, with bovine blood. The protein enrichment of the pellets was carried out in a cone-cylindrical spouted bed, in order to obtain a final product with protein content of around (pet food type). The effects of pellet load, flow rate of blood solution, and inlet air temperature were analyzed. The responses were protein content and mass yield of product. The best condition was found with pellet load of 1.6 kg, flow rate of blood solution of 1.6 L h−1, and inlet air temperature of 110°C. In this condition, mass yield values of 90.2 ± 0.1% and protein content of were found. Increased protein solubility and digestibility in the product in relation to the pellet in natura were observed.
A Connectionist Model of Motion and Government on Chomsky’s Government-binding Theory

In this paper we present a connectionist model of movement in government-binding (GB) theory. The model is a collection of regularly connected groups of connectionist units using only two architectures: a two-dimensional map, used to model tree structures, and a one-dimensional row used to model constituent feature assignment. GB theory is a constraint-based theory of syntax. The constraints of GB are modeled by the maps, the rows and the connections between them. All the connections are regular—they depend only on the maps being linked, not on the individual units. The model performs the movements in the transition from d-structure to s-structure mandated by the constraints on sentence form.
Effect of sampling time and air humidity on the bioefficiency of filter samplers for bioaerosol collection

The e!ect of sampling time on the biological collection e$ciency of viable airborne microorganisms was studied with two personal "lter samplers (the Button Inhalable Aerosol Sampler and the 37-mm cassette) under relative humidities (RH) of 30 and 85%. Polycarbonate "lters mounted in the samplers were challenged with "ve aerosolized microorganisms (fungal spores, endospores, and bacterial vegetative cells) and air was drawn through the samplers for a period of time ranging from 2 min to 8 h. The microorganisms were extracted from the "lters at extraction e$ciency of 96}98% by vortexing and ultrasonic agitation. The suspension of extracted microorganisms was analyzed by cultivation and by epi#uorescence microscopic counting. Most of the tests did not indicate statistically signi"cant di!erences in the bioe$ciency of the two samplers. The culturability of Penicillium melinii and Aspergillus versicolor fungal spores at low and high RH values of 30 and 85% decreased during the "rst few minutes, but remained approximately the same for sampling times ranging from 30 min to 8 h. The relative culturability of Bacillus subtilis endospores decreased with sampling time, and was )17% at RH"30% and )32% at RH"85%. Pseudomonasyuorescens and Serratia marcescens vegetative cells were culturable only if sampled for 10 min or less. This concluded that the bioe$ciency of "lter samplers not only depends on the microbial species, but also on the sampling time and relative humidity. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Strengths of Green and Fired Spherical Aluminosilicate Aggregates

The strengths of four paired sizes of green and fired spherical aluminosilicate bodies were measured in diametral compression and then compared through their Weibull distributions. Similarities of the strength distributions support the general concept that defects which are created in the green state during the processing of a ceramic body may be propagated to the fired bodies. The results also suggest the genesis of new defects from reactions during firing or during the sintering process and that these reaction/sintering-generated defects may be of equivalent importance to the processing defects from the overall perspective of the finished body strength.
Do Gestational Age Dating Criteria Matter in Medically Indicated Late Preterm, Early-Term, and Full-Term Inductions of Labor?

OBJECTIVES To assess short-term neonatal respiratory morbidity from inductions of labor (IOL) in well-dated (WD) pregnancies (dating ultrasound [US] 35 weeks. There were no differences in maternal or other neonatal outcomes between the WD and NWD pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of medically indicated IOL, a dating US before 20 weeks was not associated with a difference in neonatal respiratory morbidity.
Prevocational exploration and vocational rehabilitation of the psychiatric client.

The primary objective of this paper is to survey current trends in the United States in the use of vocational rehabilitation services for the psychiatric client in relation to occupational therapy....
Understanding post-mitotic roles of the midbody during cell differentiation and polarization

The midbody (MB) is a microtubule-rich structure that forms between dividing cells during final stages of cytokinesis. Previously thought to be a transient structure, MBs are now suggested to have additional roles beyond regulating cytokinesis. While the role MBs play during abscission are now well established, their function in regulating polarity and cell signaling are only beginning to be understood. Due to the newly found interest in the structure and functions of MBs, new techniques must be developed for further studies of this once-thought transient structure. Here, we describe several approaches used to explore postmitotic roles of the MBs.
Occupational Diseases Caused by Methanol Processing in the Water Gas Production

[Objective]To explore the occupational hazard situation in the process of methanol production by water gas and prevent and control the occurrence of acute poisoning accidents.[Methods] Field investigation and detection were carried out.[Results] The major occupational hazards in the process of methanol production by water gas were toxic substances(carbon monoxide,methanol,coal tar pitch volatiles,benzo(a) pyrene,phenol,benzene,sodium hydroxide and chlorine) and physical factors(noise and coal dust);the short duration contact concentration and the weighted average concentration of carbon monoxide,methanol,coal tar pitch volatiles,benzene and coal dust didn't conform to the national occupational health standards.[Conclusion] Occupational hazards should be monitored and health surveillance should be improved for the laborers;the production equipments should be kept in good operation,emphasis should be put on the problems like obturated valves,pipes and storage tanks;the phenomena of running,emitting,dripping and leaking should be prevented;to ensure the proper operation of the occupational protection facilities is the key to the prevention of occupational diseases.
Nanoscopic Cell Wall Architecture of an Immunogenic Ligand in Candida Albicans during Antifungal Drug Treatment

Candida albicans is a common cause of high-mortality disseminated fungal infections. Morphotype switching between yeasts and filamentous hyphae is important for virulence. Innate immune cells use C-type lectins to recognize Candida cell wall polysaccharides. In particular, Dectin-1 recognizes fungal cell wall beta-glucan, leading to phagocytosis and pro-inflammatory responses. However, C. albicans partially evades innate immune recognition by restricting glucan surface exposure. Treatment with the antifungal caspofungin increases surface exposure of beta-glucan and leukocyte phagocytosis. Our objective was to better understand the nanoscale structure of glucan exposures that C. albicans presents to leukocytes. We probed exposed glucan with AF647-soluble Dectin-1 ectodomain and used direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (dSTORM) to quantify glucan exposure on C. albicans yeast and hyphal cell walls, both in the resting state and after treatment with caspofungin. Strikingly, the vast majority of glucan exposure sites were consistent with single receptor binding sites in all cases. In resting yeasts, the multiple-probe exposure sites were few and small. After caspofungin treatment, multi-probe exposures were larger and surface density of glucan exposures was increased. Untreated C. albicans hyphae had a higher glucan exposure surface density than yeasts. Lateral hyphal cell walls imaged by dSTORM underwent little quantitative or qualitative change in glucan exposure geometry after drug treatment, but confocal imaging revealed higher glucan exposure after caspofungin treatment at the actively growing and remodeling cell walls of hyphal tips. Similarly, in budding yeasts, we found consistently higher glucan exposure in the actively remodeling cell wall of daughter cells. These findings enable future mechanistic investigation of the contribution of glucan nanopatterning to C. albicans evasion of innate immune recognition via Dectin-1 and the use of nanopatterning of glucan for therapeutic interventions in fungal infectious disease.
Identification of Regions in the Spt5 Subunit of DRB Sensitivity-inducing Factor (DSIF) That Are Involved in Promoter-proximal Pausing

DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF or Spt4/5) is a conserved transcription elongation factor that both inhibits and stimulates transcription elongation in metazoans. In Drosophila and vertebrates, DSIF together with negative elongation factor (NELF) associates with RNA polymerase II during early elongation and causes RNA polymerase II to pause in the promoter-proximal region of genes. The mechanism of how DSIF establishes pausing is not known. We constructed Spt5 mutant forms of DSIF and tested their capacity to restore promoter-proximal pausing to DSIF-depleted Drosophila nuclear extracts. The C-terminal repeat region of Spt5, which has been implicated in both inhibition and stimulation of elongation, is dispensable for promoter-proximal pausing. A region encompassing KOW4 and KOW5 of Spt5 is essential for pausing, and mutations in KOW5 specifically shift the location of the pause. RNA cross-linking analysis reveals that KOW5 directly contacts the nascent transcript, and deletion of KOW5 disrupts this interaction. Our results suggest that KOW5 is involved in promoter-proximal pausing through contact with the nascent RNA.
Role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel in sevoflurane preconditioning-reduced focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Objective To investigate the role of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mito-K_(ATP)) channel in sevoflurane preconditioning-reduced focal cerebral ischemia-reperfnsion (I/R) injury in rats. Methods One hundred healthy 3-4 month old male SD rats 250-300 g were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 20 each) : group Ⅰ sham operatiun (group S); group Ⅱ I/R; group Ⅲ sevoflurane preconditioning (group Sevo); group Ⅳ 5-hydroxydecannate (5-HD) and group Ⅴ 5-HD + Sevo. Focal cerebral I/R was produced by mid-cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ . Cerebral ischemia was maintained for 2 h followed by 6 and 24 h reporfnsiun. In group Ⅲ and Ⅴ 2.4% sevoflurane in 97.6% O_2 was inhaled for 60 min at 24 h before MCAO. In group Ⅴ 5-HD (a selective mito-K_(ATP) channel antagonist) 40 mg/kg was given intraporitoneally (IP) at 30 min before sevoflurane preconditioning. In group Ⅳ 100% O_2 was inhaled instead of sevoflurune and 5-HD 40 mg/kg was given IP at 30 min before O_2 inhalation. Neurological deficit score (NDS, 0=no deficit, 7 = death) were measured at 6 and 24 h of reperfusion and the animals were then killed. Their brains were removed for determination of infaret size by TTC and cellular translocation of PKCe by Western blot analysis. Results NDS were significantly lower and brain infarct size was significantly smaller in group.Sevo (Ⅲ) than in I/R group (Ⅱ). The neuroprotection induced by sevoflurane preconditioning was reversed by 5-HD 40 mg/kg in group Ⅴ (5-HD + Sevo). There was no significant difference in infarct size and NDS among group Ⅱ , Ⅳ and Ⅴ . PKCe was activated and translocated to the membrane fraction at 6 h of reperfusion in group Sevo (Ⅲ) and this effect of sevoflurane was also abolished by 5-HD in group Ⅴ (5-HD + Sevo). Conclusion Scvoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is mediated by mito-K_(ATP) channel probably through regulating PKCe membrane translocation. Key words: Anesthetics,inhalation; Ischemic preconditioning; KATP channels; Brain; Reperfusion injury
The Effects of Pedigree and Source Type on Trust in a Dual Adviser Context

In a world with increasing ubiquity of automated decision aids, human decision makers often find themselves receiving input from automation and another human simultaneously. Previous research has shown how certain characteristics of a human or automated decision aid affect the development of trust. Little research has investigated how these factors of trust development are involved when more than one adviser is present. This study explored how pedigree (perceived expertise) and source type (human or automated) was related to trust and reliance in a decision-making task with conflicting information from two advisers. Results from this study indicate the pedigree is an influential factor across both human and automated decision aids. This study also found a relationship between trust attitudes and behavioral reliance. These findings are relevant for designing decision support systems that involve multiple advisers or for informing the effects of introducing decision aids in a manner with respect to decision...