cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed Integer Linear Programming and Solution for the Multi-tank Train Stowage Planning Problem of Coils in Steel Industry

We consider a multi-tank train stowage planning problem of coil (TSPP) where the given coils are assigned into the tanks of the train. Different from stowage problems in previous studies, this problem has its characteristics such as the multi-tank transportation mode, the minimum load restriction of each tank and the rigorous balance constraints. We formulate the problem as a novel mixed integer linear programming model which objectives are to maximize the total weight of loaded coils and to minimize the differences of stack positions of the coils in each tank. The NP-hardness of the problem and intractableness of optimally solving the model motivate us to develop an improved tabu search algorithm to solve it approximately. The algorithm is initiated by a two-stage heuristic where a multi-exchange neighborhood is designed to further improve the initial solutions. And then K-cycle move is used regarded as a diversification strategy in tabu search. Computational results using real data from a specialty steel manufacturer show that for small problems, which can be solved optimally by the model, the proposed algorithm can generate close-to-optimal solutions. For large practical problems the algorithm can obtain good solutions within a shorter time compared with the upper bound.
Goodness through optimal dynamics of the wealth of nations

Abstract In this paper, we survey the mathematical theory of competitive an co-operative systems that monitor national interactions and economic systems. The dynamics are described by ordinary differential equations, functional differential equations and coupled partial differential equations. Conditions are given which guarantee finite time extinction, finite time unbounded growth, and persistence. These conditions are already available in the literature (Proceedings of the First World Congress of Nonlinear Analysis, 1992 Vol I–IV 359–368 Gruyler, Berlin; Appl. Anal. 57 (1995) 3–4, pp. 309–323; Math. Biosci. 118 (1993) 197; In: T.G. Hallam, S.A. Levin (Eds.), Mathematical Ecology, Biomathematics, Vol. 17, Biomathematics, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1986; Convex Structures and Economic Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1968; SIAM J. Math. Anal. 18 (1987) 642; Introduction to Differential Equation, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1987; SIAM J. Appl. Math. 36 (1979) 421; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68 (1971) 980; SIAM J. Math. Anal. 24 (1993) 1331; The Passionate God, Paulist Press, New York, 1981; Nonlinear Parabolic and Elliptic Equation, Plenum Press, New York, 1992; Economic Theory and Social Justice, MacMillan, London, UK, 1999; Extinction in finite time of solutions to nonlinear absorption–diffusion equations, personal communication). The theory is applied to national wealth that is carefully defined. It is shown that the wealth of co-operating nations can grow unbounded and competing ones become extinct. Using the principle of “trickle down of wealth” and incorporating a strategy of internally generated wealth due to improved health and education, we derive the dynamics of wealth.
Copper Binding before Polypeptide Folding Speeds Up Formation of Active (Holo) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Azurin

Cofactors often stabilize the native state of the proteins; however, their effects on folding dynamics remain poorly understood. To uncover the role of one cofactor, we have examined the folding kinetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin, a small blue-copper protein with a copper cofactor uniquely coordinated to five protein residues. Copper removal produces apo-azurin which adopts a folded structure identical to that of the holo-form. The folding and unfolding kinetics for apo-azurin follow two-state behavior. The extrapolated folding time in water, τ ∼ 7 ms, is in good agreement with the topology-based prediction. Copper uptake by folded apo-azurin, to govern active (holo) protein, is slow (τ ∼ 14 min, 50:1 copper-to-protein ratio). In contrast, the formation of active (holo) azurin is much faster when copper is allowed to interact with the unfolded polypeptide. Refolding in the presence of 10:1, 50:1, and 100:1 copper:protein ratios yields identical time-trajectories: active azurin forms in two kinetic...
Demethylation and denitrosation of nitrosamines by cytochrome P-450 isozymes.

Abstract Metabolism of nitrosamines was studied in a reconstituted monooxygenase system composed of cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from liver microsomes of ethanol- and phenobarbital-treated rats. The ethanol-induced isozyme (P-450et) was efficient in catalyzing the demethylation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), with a Km of 2.4 m m and Vmax of 7.2 nmol min−1 nmol P-450−1, but less active with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine and N-nitrosomethylaniline. The phenobarbital-induced form (P-450b) was ineffective in NDMA metabolism but was active in catalyzing the demethylation of N-nitrosomethylaniline, with an estimated Km of 0.08 m m and a Vmax of 7.2 nmol min−1 nmol−1. P-450et also catalyzed the denitrosation of NDMA with a Km of 13.6 m m and a Vmax of 1.36 nmol min−1 nmol−1. With control liver microsomes, multiple Km values were observed for the demethylation and denitrosation of NDMA. Involvement of superoxide radicals in the metabolism of NDMA was suggested by the action of superoxide dismutase, which inhibited the denitrosation by 43 to 73% and the demethylation by 13 to 22% in different monooxygenase systems. The P-450et-dependent NDMA demethylation was strongly inhibited by 2-phenylethylamine and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole; these compounds were previously believed not to be inhibitors of P-450-dependent reactions but were found to inhibit microsomal NDMA demethylase. The present results establish the role of P-450 in nitrosamine metabolism and help to clarify some of the previous confusion in this area of research.
Coercive Diplomacy and Press Freedom: An Empirical Assessment of the Impact of Economic Sanctions on Media Openness:

Despite the central role the media play in the domestic and foreign policy-making processes, very little research examines the influence of international factors on media openness. This article investigates the impact of coercive diplomacy (in the form of economic sanctions) on press freedom. It is argued that foreign economic coercion will likely deteriorate press freedom by (1) restricting a sanctioned country’s interactions with the outside world, thereby allowing the target regime to have greater control over the free flows of information, and (2) inflicting significant economic damage on the sustainability and development of independent media outlets. Using time-series, cross-national empirical data over a large number of countries for the period 1980—2000, the findings confirm economic sanctions’ negative effect on media openness. Extensive sanctions, in particular, have a greater negative impact on press freedom than more selective sanctions. Furthermore, multilateral sanctions will likely have a g...
Future of the Arctic sea ice cover: Implications of an Antarctic analog

Recent observations reveal a significant change in the upper ocean characteristics of the eastern Arctic in 1995. The change is manifested through the loss of a near-surface layer known as the cold halocline layer (CHL). Without the CHL, the Arctic water column looks and behaves like the Antarctic water column. The expected local impact is the appearance of significant winter ocean heat fluxes (15–20 W/m²) and reduction of winter ice growth by 70–80% relative to years in which the CHL was present. Preliminary results suggest a partial recovery of the CHL in the late 1990's, tracking the weakening of the Arctic Oscillation.
The role of the duty factor in ultrasound-mediated cardiac stimulation

The role of the duty factor (DF) in ultrasound-mediated cardiac stimulation is studied. Five 3-month-old female rats were exposed transthoracically to 3.5-MHz ultrasonic pulses of 2.0-MPa peak rarefactional pressure amplitude, variable DF, and variable pulse repetition frequency. A change in the heart rate was not observed following the 0.25%-DF sequence. A decrease of ∼4% in the heart rate was observed following the 0.50%-DF and 1.00%-DF sequences. Outcomes suggest a possible DF threshold for cardiac pacing.
The effect of topological defects and oxygen adsorption on the electronic transport properties of single-walled carbon-nanotubes

Abstract Ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the interactions between isolated infinitely-long semiconducting zig-zag (10, 0) or isolated infinitely-long metallic arm-chair (5, 5) single-walled carbon-nanotubes (SWCNTs) and single oxygen-molecules are carried out in order to determine the character of molecular-oxygen adsorption and its effect on electronic transport properties of these SWCNTs. A Green’s function method combined with a nearest-neighbor tight-binding Hamiltonian in a non-orthogonal basis is used to compute the electrical conductance of SWCNTs and its dependence on the presence of topological defects in SWCNTs and of molecular-oxygen adsorbates. The computational results obtained show that in both semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs, oxygen-molecules are physisorbed to the defect-free nanotube walls, but when such walls contain topological defects, oxygen-molecules become strongly chemisorbed. In semiconducting (10, 0) SWCNTs, physisorbed O2-molecules are found to significantly increase electrical conductance while the effect of 7-5-5-7 defects is practically annulled by chemisorbed O2-molecules. In metallic (5, 5) SWCNTs, both O2 adsorbates and 7-5-5-7 defects are found to have a relatively small effect on electrical conductance of these nanotubes.
A three-input model of the spatial effects of a central-city wage tax

Abstract This paper considers the short-run and long-run spatial effects (on wages, employment, and business capital as functions of location) of a localized increase in wage tax rates. The model is most applicable to a central city that has a higher wage tax rate than the surrounding suburbs. The inclusion of land as a third input in production significantly reduces the long-run effects of a central-city wage tax on employment near the central-city boundary, as compared with a model in which labor and capital are the only two inputs. The short-run effects are significantly less than the long-run effects.
Willingness To Pay and Willingness To Accept: How Much Can They Differ? Comment

I agree with the point made by Edoh Y. Amiran and Daniel A. Hagen (2003) that there can be a substantial, or even infinite, divergence between the WTA and WTP for a public good even where there is a nonzero elasticity of substitution between market goods and the public good, provided that the indifference curves are asymptotically bounded with respect to market goods in the manner they describe. This is an important point. They are also correct to point out that the elasticity of substitution is a local concept, whereas their asymptotic boundedness condition applies also for discrete changes. My 1991 paper used a local analysis because it was following the structure of the analysis in Robert D. Willig (1976) and Alan Randall and John R. Stoll (1980); I wanted to show that, while Randall and Stoll appeared to extend Willig’s local result on WTA versus WTP from price changes to changes in the quantity of a public good, the relevant elasticity was in fact different and involved the substitution elasticity as well as the income elasticity. I view these points by Amiran and Hagen as not two separate results but essentially the same result: their asymptotic boundedness condition generalizes my zero elasticity of substitution condition to discrete changes. The asymptotic boundedness condition can be expressed as follows: assuming a bivariate utility function u( x, q), and given a reference point ( x*, q*) associated with a reference utility level u* u( x*, q*), there exists some q q* such that, for all q q , there exists no x such that u( x , q) u*. In other words, no amount of x can substitute for the reduction in public good from q* to q q . In the case of a zero elasticity of substitution, q q* but, as Amiran and Hagen show in their Theorem 1, this is unnecessarily restrictive when dealing with a discrete reduction in q. Furthermore, their Theorem 2 can be viewed as a special case of their Theorem 1 in which q 0, which makes q an essential commodity. It is well known in consumer theory that the WTA to avoid the loss of an essential market good is infinite; their Theorem 2 extends this result to the case of an essential nonmarket good. But, as their Theorem 1 shows, essentialness is not necessary for an infinite WTA. The boundedness condition is the key, and this implies a fundamental lack of substitutability between money (market goods) and the public good.
Transverse shear response monitoring of concrete cylinder using embedded high-sensitivity ETDR sensor

Promising results have been shown in recent studies using commercial coaxial ETDR sensing cables for health monitoring application of concrete beam structures subject to bending load. Although distributed strain monitoring and crack damage detection capabilities of the sensors were demonstrated, the low signal-to-noise ratio of the sensors smears the details of the strain measurement that the ETDR signal waveform can convey. A high-sensitivity coaxial sensor prototype specifically designed for distributed strain sensing application has been recently developed in-house. It has been shown that the prototype sensor has a much superior sensitivity in terms of ETDR signal response to applied loads than commercial coaxial cable counterpart. In this paper, the effectiveness of using an embedded high-sensitivity coaxial sensor prototype to monitor transverse shear response of a concrete cylinder is investigated. Both single and double plane transverse shear tests were conducted. The test results show that the embedded high-sensitivity ETDR prototype sensor is capable of detecting the on-set as well as monitoring the growth of shear-induced crack damages in concrete cylinder specimens.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cutting Film Violence: Effects on Perceptions, Enjoyment, and Arousal

Abstract The authors investigated the effects of cutting specific graphic scenes of film violence on self-reports of arousal, enjoyability, and perceptions of violence among a sample of U.S. students. In 3 studies, they varied film exposure from 1½ min in the 1st study to a complete motion picture (American vs. British version of same film) in the 3rd. In all 3 studies, the participants rated the cut versions as less violent than the uncut versions. The participants distinguished quite subtle differences in levels of violence, even when the cuts were minor and contextualized within an entire movie. Cutting the movie significantly increased its enjoyability for the women; for the men, there was no significant difference. Cutting violent films made no difference in arousal for the men but substantially lowered self-report levels of arousal for the women.
KIERKEGAARD, INDIRECT COMMUNICATION, AND AMBIGUITY

Notoriously, Kierkegaard claims his project to be one of indirect communication. This paper considers the idea that Kierkegaard's distinction between direct and indirect communication is to be accounted for in terms of ambiguity. I begin by outlining the different claims Kierkegaard makes about his method, before examining the textual evidence for attributing such a distinction to him. I then turn to the work of Edward Mooney, who claims that the distinction between direct and indirect communication is to be drawn in just this way. I argue that Mooney misinterprets the type of ambiguity Kierkegaard holds to be involved in indirect communication, and consequently ends up with an unsatisfactory account of Kierkegaard's method. Finally I seek to cast doubt on the very idea that ambiguity might do justice to the claims Kierkegaard makes about his project, and suggest that what is required to do so is a theological interpretation of his work.
Does Voluntary Disclosure Improve Stock Price Informativeness

According to theory, comovement in stock prices reflects comovement in the fundamental factors underlying the values of stocks. Recent theory contends that stock price comovement can be driven by information markets or the informational opacity of the firm. To the extent that voluntary disclosure reduces information acquisition cost and enhances firm transparency, we predict that enhanced voluntary disclosure reduces stock price comovement. We provide evidence in support of this prediction using analyst evaluation of firm disclosure policy. Overall, our evidence supports the effectiveness of firm disclosure policy in increasing the amount of firm-specific information contained in stock returns.
Method for determination of nickel (III) and nickel (IV) in alkaline rechargeable nickel cells

The attempt to establish a reliable analysis for Ni(III) in nickel plates obtained during destructive physical analysis (DPA) from both nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen cells has continued. The standard analysis utilizing ground plate material from the positive plates often gives unexpectedly low or even negative results for plates from discharged cells. In a previous paper an alternative procedure was reported. In that method, negative results were eliminated and more reasonable positive analyses were obtained. The work has been extended to analysis of standard materials containing Ni(III) and Ni(IV) where independent verification of those species was possible. The nature of the residual metals contained in the plate material samples has also been identified and quantified. Finally, an analytical method utilizing a basic solution procedure has been evaluated and compared to the standard acidic media procedure. >
An Empirical Method of Assessing Topic Familiarity in Reading Comprehension Research

Abstract While numerous studies have shown that prior knowledge and topic familiarity affect comprehension and usability of a text, few researchers account for readers’ topic familiarity in studies that investigate other reading comprehension variables. This research note briefly reviews the literature on the effect of prior knowledge and text familiarity on document comprehension and usability and discusses current methods for assessing subjects’ topic familiarity. An empirically based method for effectively assessing subjects’ topic familiarity is presented.
Headache and the Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome

Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) refers to the primary and secondary disorders that cause elevated intracranial pressure without an intracranial mass lesion, ventriculomegaly, or central nervous system infection or malignancy. Headache is the most frequent symptom of PTCS, but there is considerable overlap between the headache features of raised intracranial pressure and the headache features of primary headache disorders. We review headache subtypes that occur in PTCS, non-headache features that help distinguish PTCS from other headache types, changes to the diagnostic criteria for PTCS with and without papilledema, and headache treatment strategies as they apply to PTCS.
Globalization: The Product of a Knowledge-Based Economy

The shift to an era of man-made brain-power industries is creating the technologies that are creating a global economy. Leaving behind the role of regulator or the function of controlling their national economies, governments are becoming platform builders that invest in infrastructure, education, and research and development to allow their citizens to have the opportunity to earn world-class standards of living. Countries themselves are being put into play, and inequality is rising. The rest of the world sees an invasion of the American system, but in reality, it is a brand-new global system. Intellectual property rights become a central and contentious unresolved issue.
Philosophizing Rock Performance: Dylan, Hendrix, Bowie

Noting rock and roll’s rebellious, anti-establishment nature, Wade Hollingshaus postulates that traditional rock-and-roll criticism does not keep with the true spirit of rock and roll and that cert...
Lessons learned from working with high-ability students:

This article discusses three lessons that stand out as particularly poignant in the author’s career working with high-ability students. The author recounts personal and professional experiences tha...
HUMAN RENAL CELL CANCER PROLIFERATION IN TISSUE CULTURE IS TONICALLY INHIBITED BY OPIOID GROWTH FACTOR

Purpose: Peptide growth factors alter cellular events by binding to specific receptors. One group of peptides, the endogenous opioids, is important in the growth of normal and neoplastic tissue. [Met 5 ]enkephalin, also termed opioid growth factor (OGF), is a tonically active inhibitory factor that interacts with the OGF receptor, OGFr, formerly identified as Greek zeta (ζ) and appears to be autocrine produced by human cancer cells. This study examined the hypothesis that OGF directly inhibits proliferation of renal cell carcinoma in tissue culture. Materials and Methods: Human renal cancer cells (Caki-2) were grown using routine tissue culture techniques. A variety of natural and synthetic opioids including OGF, opioid antagonists, and opioid antibodies were added to renal cancer cell cultures to determine role of these peptides in renal cell carcinoma. The experiments were repeated in serum-free media, and with 4 other human renal cancer cell lines: Caki-2, A498, SN12C, and ACHN. Immunocytochemistry was performed to examine the presence of OGF and its receptor. Results: OGF was the most potent opioid peptide to influence human renal cell carcinoma. OGF depressed growth within 12 hours of treatment, with cell numbers subnormal by up to 48% of control levels. OGF action was receptor mediated, reversible, not cytotoxic, neutralized by antibodies to the peptide, and detected in the human renal cell carcinoma lines examined. OGF appeared to be autocrine produced and secreted, and was constitutively expressed. Both OGF and its receptor were detected in these cells. Conclusion: OGF tonically inhibits renal cancer cell proliferation in tissue culture, and may play a role in the pathogenesis and management of human renal cell cancer.
Memory-efficient sum-product decoding of LDPC codes

Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes perform very close to capacity for long lengths on several channels. However, the amount of memory (fixed-point numbers that need to be stored) required for implementing the message-passing algorithm increases linearly as the number of edges in the graph increases. In this letter, we propose a decoding algorithm for decoding LDPC codes that reduces the memory requirement at the decoder. The proposed decoding algorithm can be analyzed using density evolution; further, we show how to design good LDPC codes using this. Results show that this algorithm provides almost the same performance as the conventional sum-product decoding of LDPC codes.
High power linearized RF phase shifter using anti-series diodes

We present the design and development of a new reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) that uses anti-series diodes to achieve high linear output power. Using this topology, the PS provides a continuous phase shift of 180/spl deg/ at 1.88GHz. The measured 1-dB compressed RF output power (P/sub 1 dB/) available from the PS is greater than 28dBm over the entire phase-control range.
Sub-Nanomolar Sensitivity of Nitric Oxide Mediated Regulation of cGMP and Vasomotor Reactivity in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent dilator of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) by modulating intracellular cGMP ([cGMP]i) through the binding and activation of receptor guanylyl cylases (sGC). The kinetic relationship of NO and sGC, as well as the subsequent regulation of [cGMP]i and its effects on blood vessel vasodilation, is largely unknown. In isolated VSM cells exposed to both pulsed and clamped NO we observed transient and sustained increases in [cGMP]i, with subnanomolar sensitivity to NO (EC50=0.28nM). Through the use of pharmacological inhibitors of sGC, PDE5 and PKG, a comprehensive VSM-specific modeling algorithm was constructed to elucidate the concerted activity profiles of sGC, PDE5, phosphorylated-PDE5, and PDE1 in the maintenance of [cGMP]i. In small pressure-constricted arteries of the resistance vasculature we again observed both transient and sustained relaxations upon delivery of pulsed and clamped NO, while maintaining a similarly high sensitivity to NO (EC50=0.42nM). Our results propose an intricate dependency of the messengers and enzymes involved in cGMP homeostasis, and vasodilation in VSM. Particularly, the high sensitivity of sGC to NO in primary tissue indicates how small changes in the concentrations of NO, irrespective of the form of NO delivery, can have significant effects on the dynamic regulation of vascular tone.
Export Promotion: Bundled Services Work Better

Export promotion agencies provide exporters with a broad range of services, going from counselling to sponsoring their participation in international trade missions and fairs. These services may have heterogeneous effects and thus contribute differently to achieve the goals of these organisations. Empirical evidence on their relative effectiveness is rather limited. This paper aims at filling this gap in the literature. We compare the impact of different public trade promotion programmes on the extensive and intensive margin of firms’ exports, both to each other and with respect to no participation in these activities, by applying multiple treatment matching difference-in-differences on highly disaggregated export data for the whole population of Colombian exporters over the period 2003–06. We find that use of programmes that combine different services is associated with better export performance than their basic individual components, primarily along the country-extensive margin.
Description of obesity in the pbb/ld mouse.

A new strain of obese mouse, the PBB/Ld, has been studied in terms of fat pad cellularity, serum insulin and blood glucose levels, and response to gold thioglucose injections. Age-matched C57B1/6J mice were used as controls. Adipocyte size and number in the major fat depots were determined at various ages from weanling to maturity in the PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J strains. Results indicated that obesity in the PBB/Ld was due to hypertrophy of adipocytes in retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat depots and to hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the epididymal fat pad. PBB/Ld mice also developed hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia and these findings have been discussed in terms of the developmental changes in fat pad cellularity. The injection of gold thioglucose led to increased food intake in both PBB/Ld and C57B1/6J mice. Hyperphagia was also present in the PBB/LD control group, but increased efficiency of converting calories to body weight was not observed in this group when compared to control C57B1/6J mice. The characteristics of obesity seen in the PBB/Ld mouse are discussed and comparisons are made to similar studies in other rodent models of obesity.
Political Identification and Perceptions of Homelessness: Attributed Causality and Attitudes on Public Policy

The study investigated relationships between political orientation, causal perceptions of poverty, and attitudes toward government programs for the poor. The test sample of 200 women and 200 men were recruited from introductory psychology classes. In support of hypotheses based on previous research and Weiner's attribution-emotion-action theory, when compared with self-identified Democrats, self-identified Republicans (a) were significantly more inclined to attribute homelessness to internal vs external factors and (b) expressed significantly less favorable attitudes toward publically funded programs for the homeless. Sex differences were nonsignificant. Conceptual-empirical and methodological implications are discussed. Limitations on inferences from these data and directions for inquiry into the development of individual differences in political cognitions and public policy attitudes are considered.
Ultrastructural characterization of the early changes in intercellular junctions in response to cadmium (Cd2+) exposure in LLC-PK1cells

Abstract Previous studies have shown that Cd 2+ can disrupt the Ca 2+ -dependent junctions between LLC-PK 1 cells. The objective of the present studies was to further characterize the early junctional effects of Cd 2+ in LLC-PK 1 cells and to identify the initial site of injury. LLC-PK 1 cells were grown on permeable membrane supports and were exposed to 10 μ M Cd 2+ from the basolateral compartment. The integrity of cell junctions was assessed by light and electron microscopy and by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance. After as little as 15 min of Cd 2+ exposure, there was an increase in the amount of light transmitted between the cells. The transepithelial resistance began to decline by 30 min and continued to fall until reaching zero after about 6 hr. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the initial disruption of cell–cell junctions coincided with a decrease in the density of intracellular plaques associated with the adhering junctions (zonulae adherens). This effect increased with time and paralleled an increase in the space between cells and a change in the shape of the cells from squamous to rounded. Sectioning the cells horizontally, in a plane parallel to the membrane support, allowed us to see large areas of zonulae adherens. Cd 2+ caused the formation of gaps within the zonulae which increased with time of exposure. No significant changes in most occluding junctions (zonulae occludens) were seen until 6–8 hr after Cd 2+ exposure. These results indicate that the adhering junctions and associated cytoplasmic components are primary sites of early Cd 2+ injury in LLC-PK 1 cells and they suggest that these effects may result from the interaction of Cd 2+ with target sites associated with the basolateral cell surface.
Trace elements in migrating high-temperature fluids: Effects of diffusive exchange with the adjoining solid

Trace element concentrations and isotopic ratios are frequently used to study the behavior of high-temperature fluids in both metamorphic and igneous systems. Many theoretical formulations of the effects of fluid migration on trace elements have assumed instantaneous reequilibration between the migrating fluid and the solid material through which it is passing. This paper investigates the additional effects which arise when equilibration is not instantaneous due to a limited rate of diffusion in the solid, using an analytical steady state solution to a set of partial differential equations describing the exchange of trace elements between the fluid and the solid during the migration of the fluid.
Antioxidative and mutagenic properties of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc.

Abstract This study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidative activity and mutagenic properties of the extracts from Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc . The extracts of the plants were prepared as follows: 50% ethanolic extract of the stem (SE) and leaf (LE), and water extract of the stem (SW) and leaf (LW). The antioxidative activities, including α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect, reducing power, and antioxidative effect on Fe 2+ /ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in a liposome model system, were studied in vitro. The results showed that all tested extracts had antioxidative characteristics, including the abilities of radical-scavenging, reducing, and lipid peroxidation inhibition. It was found that the antioxidative activities of all the extracts increased with the increase of their concentrations. No mutagenicity effect toward all tester strains ( Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA1535) was found in the extracts of Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc. by means of the Ames test. The results suggested that the Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Sieb & zucc. extracts were safe in genotoxicity and were antioxidants.
Polydentate Amine and Ether Solvates of Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS): Relationship of Ligand Structure, Relative Solvation Energy, and Aggregation State

6Li, 15N, and 13C NMR spectroscopic investigations of [6Li,15N]lithium hexamethyldisilazide ([6Li,15N]LiHMDS) coordinated by 29 polyamines, polyethers, and aminoethers reveal a range of structural types including η1-coordinated mono- and disolvated dimers, η2-coordinated (3-coordinate) monomers, η1,η2-coordinated (4-coordinate) monomers, η2,η2-coordinated (5-coordinate) monomers, polymers (linked dimers), triple ions, and solvent-separated ion pairs. Ligand binding constants on the LiHMDS monomers shed light on chelate ring size and steric effects, aza- and oxaphilicity, mechanisms and rates of ligand substitution, and the “macrocyclic effect.”
Selective amputation of the pharynx identifies a FoxA-dependent regeneration program in planaria

Planarian flatworms regenerate every organ after amputation. Adult pluripotent stem cells drive this ability, but how injury activates and directs stem cells into the appropriate lineages is unclear. Here we describe a single-organ regeneration assay in which ejection of the planarian pharynx is selectively induced by brief exposure of animals to sodium azide. To identify genes required for pharynx regeneration, we performed an RNAi screen of 356 genes upregulated after amputation, using successful feeding as a proxy for regeneration. We found that knockdown of 20 genes caused a wide range of regeneration phenotypes and that RNAi of the forkhead transcription factor FoxA, which is expressed in a subpopulation of stem cells, specifically inhibited regrowth of the pharynx. Selective amputation of the pharynx therefore permits the identification of genes required for organ-specific regeneration and suggests an ancient function for FoxA-dependent transcriptional programs in driving regeneration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02238.001.
Differential cross section for rotationally inelastic scattering of vibrationally excited NO(v=5) from Ar

Rotationally inelastic scattering of vibrationally excited NO(v=5) from Ar was studied with a crossed molecular beam ion-imaging apparatus. Vibrationally excited NO was generated at the exit of a pulsed nozzle by the photoinitiated reaction between O(1D) and N2O. The results for rotational excitation in vibrationally excited NO were compared to those in the vibrational ground state at a collision energy of 1460 cm-1. The final rotational state of NO, populated by scattering from Ar, was detected by 1 + 1 REMPI via the A(2Σ+) ← X(2Π1/2) electronic transition. The R21 transition was used to probe the final scattered state in both cases. The rotational rainbow maxima are observed at slightly smaller angles in the scattering of vibrationally excited NO from Ar compared to the scattering of NO in the vibrational ground state from Ar. A hard-ellipse potential model was used to investigate the effect of initial vibrational excitation on the rotational energy-transfer process. The small shifts observed in the rai...
Educator Evaluation Policy that Incorporates EVAAS Value-Added Measures: Undermined Intentions and Exacerbated Inequities

In the United States, policies in forty states and D.C. incorporate student growth measures – estimates of student progress attributed to educators – into educator evaluation. The federal government positions such policies as levers for ensuring that more students are taught by effective teachers and that effective educators are more equitably distributed amongst schools. Because these policies are new, little is known about how educators respond to them. Mixed methods survey data from a large, diverse district in North Carolina, a state that incorporates value-added data into teacher evaluations, indicate that substantive, unintended effects may undermine the purposes for which these policies were developed. Results indicate that educators evaluated by value-added are generally opposed to its use. Those who have previously been evaluated by value-added have significantly more negative perceptions about the fairness and accuracy of value-added, are more opposed to its use in educator evaluation, and are more likely to perceive that it will not result in more equitable distribution of good educators across schools and that educators will avoid working with certain students because of value-added. Respondents perceived effects of the use of value-added for teacher accountability that fall within five themes: 1) Educators increasingly game the system and teach to the test, 2) Teachers increasingly leave the field, 3) Some educators seek to avoid working with certain students and at certain schools, 4) Educators feel an increase in stress, pressure, and anxiety, 5) Educator collaboration is decreasing, and competition is increasing. Based on findings, the author recommends five mid-course policy corrections.
Heterogeneous learner for Web page classification

Classification of an interesting class of Web pages has been an interesting problem. Typical machine learning algorithms for this problem require two classes of data for training: positive and negative training examples. However in application to Web page classification, gathering an unbiased sample of negative examples appears to be difficult. We propose a heterogeneous learning framework for classifying Web pages, which (1) eliminates the need for negative training data, and (2) increases classification accuracy by using two heterogeneous learners. Our framework uses two heterogeneous learners-a decision list and a linear separator which complement each other-to eliminate the need for negative training data in the training phase and to increase the accuracy in the testing phase. Our results show that our heterogeneous framework achieves high accuracy without requiring negative training data; it enhances the accuracy of linear separators by reducing the errors on "low-margin data". That is, it classifies more accurately while requiring less human efforts in training.
On the Optimality of Treating Interference as Noise

It is shown that in the $K$ -user interference channel, if for each user the desired signal strength is no less than the sum of the strengths of the strongest interference from this user and the strongest interference to this user (all values in decibel scale), then the simple scheme of using point-to-point Gaussian codebooks with appropriate power levels at each transmitter and treating interference as noise (TIN) at every receiver (in short, TIN scheme) achieves all points in the capacity region to within a constant gap. The generalized degrees of freedom (GDoF) region under this condition is a polyhedron, which is shown to be fully achieved by the same scheme, without the need for time-sharing. The results are proved by first deriving a polyhedral relaxation of the GDoF region achieved by TIN, and then providing a dual characterization of this polyhedral region via the use of potential functions, and finally proving the optimality of this region in the desired regime.
Sounding the masses: sonic collectivity and the politics of noise in Earl Lovelace's Salt

This paper argues that Earl Lovelace's Salt offers the sonic as a fundamental medium of identification, collectivity, and political mobility. The paper frames the novel within larger theoretical debates regarding the problematics of forming a collective political will that avoids the reductive tendencies inherited from colonial regimes. While much of this literature focuses on the need to create more meaningful categories of identification and representation, I argue that Lovelace veers the debate away from this drive toward meaning, and instead offers an alternative mode of identification and collectivity outside the domains of meaning – what I call a politics of unmeaning. That is, in crafting a mode of collectivity outside the regimes of meaning inherited from the shared legacies of colonialism and slavery, Lovelace seeks a significative and expressive material that performs Trinidadian subjectivity without fastening it to any particular narrative or paradigm – using noise as a central medium.
Ultra-Shallow Raised P+N Junctions with Self-Aligned Titanium Silicide Contacts formed by Boron Outdiffusion from Selectively Deposited Silicon Epitaxial Layers

In this study, we have fabricated ultra-shallow p+n junctions by boron outdiffusion from selectively deposited Si epitaxial layers. The undoped layers (900 – 1000 A) were selectively deposited on active areas in a UHV-RTCVD reactor using Si2H6 and Cl2 at 800°C and at a total pressure less than 30 mTorr. Junctions were formed by BF2 ion-implantation into epitaxial layers with and without Ge preamorphization followed by RTA at 1000°C and 1050°C for 10 s in Ar. Junction depths ranging from 400 A to 700 A were formed at a background concentration of l×1016 cm−3. Abrupt boron profiles with epitaxy/substrate interface concentrations on the order of 1020 cm-3 were formed. Self-aligned TiSi2 was formed at four different thicknesses by evaporating 100, 200, 300 or 400 A thick Ti followed by a two-step RTA cycle with a selective etch between to remove the unreacted Ti on Si02. Our results show that raised junctions with a Ti thickness of 400 A (corresponding to a TiSi2 thickness over 900 A and consumption of the entire epitaxial layer) exhibit a reverse leakage of less than 10 pA for a device area of 800×800 μm2. This corresponds to areal and peripheral leakage current densities of 67 pA/cm2 and 4 pA/cm. Therefore, thick silicide layers can be used on raised junctions reducing the junction sheet resistance and eliminating the possibility of silicide agglomeration. Furthermore, implantation damage in substrate is eliminated by confining the implant into the raised region which is later consumed during silicide formation.
Organ plasma volume of normal unanesthetized mice.

SummaryThe plasma volume of various mouse organs was determined without the use of anesthesia by injecting mice with radioiodoalbumin, freezing them in liquid nitrogen and assaying tissue samples f...
Effect of vitamin A on epithelial morphogenesis in vitro.

Abstract Explants of adult mammalian skin were maintained in culture with either high levels of vitamin A or control media. Control explants retained characteristics of a keratinizing epithelium. Treated explants underwent marked changes which included the formation of microvilli with a filamentous surface coating, inhibition of keratinization, decrease in number and size of tonofilament bundles and desmosomes, widening of intercellular spaces, and appearance of tight-junction-like complexes.
Effects of Overtree Irrigation on Density and Damage of Pear Pests

Effects of overtree irrigation on density and damage of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the pear rust mite, Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa) were evaluated over a 3-yr period in a southern Oregon pear orchard. A reduction in honeydew damaged fruit of ca. 3- to 4-fold was recorded in overtree compared with undertree irrigated plots. Pear rust mite damage to fruit in undertree irrigated plots was twice that measured in overtree plots. No significant reductions in codling moth damage, in pear psylla densities, in spider mite levels, or in numbers of pear psylla natural enemies were detected in these plots receiving 5-6 summer irrigations/season.
Source Synthesis For Waveform Inversion

Seismologists have long used extended sources, both physical and synthetic, to enhance the effectiveness of data acquisition and processing in various ways. Recently, extended synthetic sources have been suggested as a means to to substantially reduce the computational complexity of waveform inversion. Most proposed synthetic sources for waveform inversion are random in some way. In contrast, I suggest a deterministic choice of extended source, one that maximizes the difference between the data predicted by the current inversion iterate and the data synthesized from the target point source records. Optimal source synthesis in this sense has proven effective in several non-seismic inverse problems. I will describe the concept, and present some preliminary evidence concerning its performance in inversion of reflection seismograms.
Hemispatial neglect: clinic, pathogenesis, and treatment.

Hemispatial neglect is characterized by a failure of awareness on the side of space and body opposite the site of injury, has been extensively studied for its theoretical interest in revealing brain mechanisms of awareness and attention. More recently, it has become apparent that hemispatial neglect reflects not only damage of specific anatomical regions, but also the large-scale dysfunction of networks of brain regions specialized in attention, motor, and multimodal sensory processing. Finally, although previous studies showed that the symptoms of hemispatial neglect could be effectively, albeit transiently, improved by a variety of behavioral, pharmacological, and physical interventions, only recently have treatment studies begun to show long-lasting therapeutic effects. Future advances will require the integration of advanced brain imaging methods to identify abnormal brain circuitries and—in combination with sensory, cognitive, and neural stimulation—methods to modulate activity in those circuitries.
Effects of morphine pellet implantation in neonatal rats.

SummaryA morphine pellet implantation method has been modified for use in very young rats. Compared to P-implanted controls, implantation of an M pellet on either Day 5 or 11 results in diminished body weight for periods at least up to 15 weeks. Such treatment on Day 11 is associated with reduced sensitivity to the analgesic action of morphine (10 mg/kg) when tested on Day 48 using the hot-plate technique. Resting pituitary-adrenal activity in animals implanted with morphine on Day 5 or 11 was within normal limits when examined on Day 43. Corticosterone responses to a challenge dose of morphine (40 mg/kg) on Day 68 failed to demonstrate tolerance unequivocally. These findings are consistent with those obtained earlier with daily injections of morphine and demonstrate that the long-lasting ponderal effect and tolerance to the analgesic actions of morphine may be produced without the confounding effects of daily handling and stress of abrupt withdrawal in neonatally addicted rats. This convenient method of ...
p110-related PI 3-kinases regulate phagosome-phagosome fusion and phagosomal pH through a PKB/Akt dependent pathway in Dictyostelium.

The Dictyostelium p110-related PI 3-kinases, PIK1 and PIK2, regulate the endosomal pathway and the actin cytoskeleton, but do not significantly regulate internalization of particles in D. discoideum. Bacteria internalized into (Δ)ddpik1/ddpik2 cells or cells treated with PI 3-kinase inhibitors remained intact as single particles in phagosomes with closely associated membranes after 2 hours of internalization, while in control cells, bacteria appeared degraded in multi-particle spacious phagosomes. Addition of LY294002 to control cells, after 60 minutes of chase, blocked formation of spacious phagosomes, suggesting PI 3-kinases acted late to regulate spacious phagosome formation. Phagosomes purified from control and drug treated cells contained equivalent levels of lysosomal proteins, including the proton pump complex, and were acidic, but in drug treated cells and (Δ)ddpik1/ddpik2 cells phagosomal pH was significantly more acidic during maturation than the pH of control phagosomes. Inhibition of phagosomal maturation by LY294002 was overcome by increasing phagosomal pH with NH(4)Cl, suggesting that an increase in pH might trigger homotypic phagosome fusion. A pkbA null cell line (PKB/Akt) reproduced the phenotype described for cells treated with PI 3-kinase inhibitors and (Δ)ddpik1/ddpik2 cells. We propose that PI 3-kinases, through a PKB/Akt dependent pathway, directly regulate homotypic fusion of single particle containing phagosomes to form multi-particle, spacious phagosomes, possibly through the regulation of phagosomal pH.