cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genesis and morphology of cold-water coral ridges in a unidirectional current regime

Abstract Cold-water coral ridges with waveform morphology are commonly observed in mound surfaces in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and interpreted as sediment waves overgrown by corals. This work documents the first cold-water coral ridges that are waveform but lack sand dune cores. These coral ridges are situated at the base of the Miami Terrace in the Straits of Florida (depths of 630 to 870 m). They are entirely biogenic in origin and are unrelated to antecedent topography. Five lines of evidence, based on 27 km2 of high-resolution geophysical, oceanographic, and ground-truthing data, support this interpretation. First, the waveform coral ridges are aligned perpendicular to a southward flowing bottom current and juxtaposed to an active sand dune field devoid of corals. Both the coral ridges and sand dunes are asymmetric in profile with respect to the current. However, the ridges have their steep sides facing the current, whereas the dunes exhibit a steep leeside. Second, the coral ridge matrix consists of very fine sand to mud particles with no bedload sand transport on the ridge flanks or troughs. In contrast, active sand ripples superimpose the juxtaposed sand dunes indicating that coarse sand is transported via traction in this domain. Third, bedload sand transport occurs in linear streaks at the shallowest part of the surveyed area. These streaks orthogonally crosscut some coral ridges, but coral colonies are not aligned along these streaks. Instead, the bedload sand smothers the coral colonies and thereby segments the ridges. Fourth, the sand dune and coral ridge acoustic responses are different. Below the dunes, there is no sub-bottom reflection due to energy attenuation. In contrast, a continuous reflection below the coral ridges proves the absence of attenuating sand cores. Fifth, this continuous sub-bottom reflection is not correlated with the coral ridge topography, indicating that antecedent topography does not control the waveform morphology and spatial distribution of the ridges. The differences in depositional profiles, sediment dynamics and features, as well as acoustic facies between the coral ridges and the juxtaposed dunes show that the coral ridges are entirely bioconstructional and not a veneer of corals covering paleo-sand dunes. This field of biogenic ridges at the Miami Terrace and the distribution of sand streaks as well as active sand dunes provide new insights how the lateral variability of current velocities and sediment transport conditions control the morphology, distribution and genesis of cold-water coral features.
Value priorities of HRD scholars and practitioners

This study represents an initial effort to identify and measure a set of values that reflect the goals that human resource development (HRD) scholars and practitioners believe HRD should strive to achieve. Six values reflecting two value facets (locus of HRD influence and HRD outcomes) and a seventh value that relates to a perceived normative component inherent of HRD activity were identified and measured. Results indicated the value scales measured individual value priorities of HRD scholars and practitioners, and that the structure of these value priorities varied as a function of individual differences. Suggestions for future research are offered.
Science and ideology

I have composed this text with considerable humility because it is addressed to scholars and scientists many of whom speak more authoritatively on the history and philosophy of science than I. My own preferred reading list on the subject would include Gerald Holton's Science and AntiScience and the wonderfully scorching book, Higher Superstition, by Paul Gross and Norman Levitt. For a full reading list that could compose a complete college course on the subject, I would add John Passmore's Science and Its Critics, published in 1978, and Steven Weinberg's adamantine image of the power and ideology-demolishing reach of m o d e m physics in his book Dreams of a Final Theory. In many ways I would defer to these authors. I hope they nonetheless might agree with me that the nobility of science as a human endeavor was well encapsulated by the physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar when he used the Icarus metaphor in praise of Sir Arthur Eddington. He said, "Let us see how high we can fly before the sun melts the wax in our wings." And on the appropriateness of the rosette of the National Academy of Sciences, the other NAS, that is splendidly symbolic in this sense: the gold of science is placed solidly in the center, surrounded by the purple of natural philosophy. Members are elected primarily or solely on the basis of objective discoveries they have made, expressible in clear declarative sentences, and not by any ideological test. By science in common parlance is meant natural science, which gathers knowledge of the world as an organized, systematic enterprise and attempts to condense it into testable laws and principles by a wide-ranging and shifting set of methods. The diagnostic features of science that distinguish it from pseudoscience are, first, repeatability: the same phenomenon is sought again, preferably by independent investigation, and the interpretation given it confirmed or discarded by means of novel analysis and experimentation. And second, economy: scientists attempt to abstract the information into the form that is simplest, most easily recalled, and most esthetically pleasing--the combination called elegance--while yielding the largest amount of information with the least amount of effort. Third, mensuration: if something can be properly measured, using universally accepted scales, generalizations about it will be rendered less ambiguous. And fourth and finally, heuristic: the best
Transportation electrification education for K-12 students

The paper describes a range of educational activities that are being developed to provide opportunities for K-12 students to learn about vehicle electrification. Whilst the focus is primarily on technology, students are also encouraged to consider environmental and societal impacts. Activities include development of school-based learning materials, summer camps, and a toolkit that brings together simulation and physical models, allowing children to play with electric vehicles. This K-12 outreach is part of a larger project, funded by the Department of Energy, to develop a comprehensive educational program in vehicle electrification.
NEURAL NETWORK SIMULATION OF VISUAL INSPECTION OF GRAPHS OF SINGLE-SUBJECT INTERVENTIONS '

Judgments of the effectiveness of single-subject behavioral interventions are often based on visual examination of graphs of response data, but previous research indicates that such judgments are often unreliable and flawed. Here it is proposed that artificial neural networks could be developed to simulate the judgments of expert judges. A prototype of such a network was designed and trained in the present study, and its use in novel experiments matched the estimates of the expert whose judgments were simulated significantly better than did a prediction equation developed using a multiple regression approach.
Hierarchical analyses of the WISC and WISC-R: synthesis and clinical implications

A review of hierarchical factor solutions obtained on normal and atypical samples in twelve previous studies showed ability arrangements in agreement with Vernon's structural paradigm. A composite hierarchy synthesized from these studies includes a general intelligence (g) factor at the apex and major group factors corresponding to the verbal-educational (wed) and spatial-mechanical-practical (kim) dimensions at the subgeneral level. Verbal Comprehension (VC), Freedom from Distractibility (FD), Spatial (k) and Quasi-Specific (QS) minor group factors comprised the third level of the ability hierarchy. Four principles are suggested as guidelines for the clinical interpretation of the WISC-R.
NMDA antagonism during development extends sparing of hindlimb function to older spinally transected rats

Hindlimb weight support and bipedal stepping occur after spinal cord transection in neonatal rats (birth to 12 days of age) while the same lesion in 15-day and older animals results in permanent loss of these responses. Some compensatory change in lumbar spinal circuitry must occur after spinal transection in young animals subserving these hindlimb behaviors. In contrast, animals just a few days older are incapable of such compensatory responses. We have examined the hypothesis that neural activity leads to the postnatal loss of plasticity in spinal circuitry. We find that antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor with MK-801 in young animals extends the sparing of hindlimb function after spinal transection to older animals. This effect is not due to a non-specific depression of all exciatory drive to motor neurons since Ia to motor neurons synaptic transmission through non-NMDA receptors is preserved during MK-801 treatment. Acute administration of MK-801 at the time of spinal transection or chronic administration of MK-801 after postnatal day 17 has no effect on recovery of hindlimb function after spinal transection. These results highlight the importance of NMDA receptor activation in spinal circuit maturation.
Determination of ethanolamine and serine in phospholipids.

Abstract A mild alkaline and acid hydrolysis is performed to split phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine in samples of 5–15 mg of native phospholipid mixtures. The two main split products, ethanolamine and serine, and their two phosphorylated derivatives are separated on two small Dowex 50 columns and the quantities of the amino group containing compounds analyzed by means of modified ninhydrin reaction. With this method the ethanolamine and serine content of samples with 4–8 μmoles phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine, respectively, can be determined with an error of about 3–5%.
DNA relatedness among species of the genus Zygosaccharomyces.

The extent of nuclear DNA complementarity was determined for members of the genus Zygosaccharomyces. From these comparisons, nine species have been identified: Z. baillii, Z. bisporus, Z. cidri, Z. fermentati, Z. florentinus, Z. mellis, Z. microellipsoides, Z. mrakii, and Z. riuxii. Candida mogii, the proposed anamorph of Z. rouxii, showed low relatedness to all nine species. The recently described Saccharomyces astigiensis and S. albasitensis were conspecific with Z. fermentati, and S. placentae showed high relatedness with Z. rouxii. Growth tests were defined that allow recognition of all Zygosaccharomyces species.
Dynamic surface tension measurement with the drop mass technique

Abstract The minimum surface age of the drop mass technique was extended to the 20 ms range. A new empirical method for calculating the dynamic surface tension from the drop mass uses only the basic forces acting on the drop. The dynamic surface tension results of Triton X100 solutions showed good agreement between two different radius tips and the independent results of other authors. The dynamic surface tension curves of stock sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide solutions showed the impurity effects predicted and observed by other authors. The addition of a swamping amount of common ion to a dilute dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution increased the rate of surface tension reduction and reduced the impurity effect. Micellar solutions of the surfactants exhibited a reduction in the impurity effect.
The application of polycrystalline diamond in a thin film packaging process for MEMS resonators

Abstract This paper reports the design, fabrication and testing of a polycrystalline diamond (poly-C) thin film packaging process for a MEMS cantilever type resonator using a 4-mask fabrication process, which integrates chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond thin film technology with an encapsulation packaging process. After poly-C cantilever beam resonators were fabricated using the first two masks, a sacrificial PECVD SiO 2 layer with a thickness in the range of 4–5 μm was deposited at 350 °C and patterned to create the package anchor. Then, a 4-μm-thick poly-C film was grown and patterned to create the thin film packaging structure containing fluidic access ports for the removal of the sacrificial layer. The fluidic access ports were finally sealed with an additional poly-C growth. To evaluate the efficacy of the poly-C encapsulation process, poly-C cantilever beam resonators were tested using a piezoelectric actuation and laser detection method before and after the poly-C packaging process. Resonance frequencies measured before and after are in the range of 240–320 kHz, which is consistent with predicted calculations. A modified fabrication process was designed to test the fluidic hermiticity of the thin film package.
The Impact of Acculturation, Motivation and the Therapeutic Alliance on Treatment Retention and Outcomes for Hispanic Drug Involved Probationers.

Factors associated with retention and outcomes for Hispanic offenders mandated to treatment for substance use disorders have been overlooked in the literature, resulting in an impediment to providing evidence-based, culturally relevant treatment services. This project examined the roles of motivational factors, the therapeutic relationship, and acculturation in predicting treatment retention and recidivism among Hispanic male probationers mandated to residential treatment. By following a treatment cohort over 120 days, this research identifies factors that may be targeted to improve interventions and policies. The following conclusion is supported: Among Hispanic offenders, the number of days in treatment is positively related to motivation to change and level of acculturation.
Glutamic acid decarboxylase and the GABA shunt in the supraoesophageal ganglion of the honey-bee, Apis mellifera

Abstract The presence of l -glutamic acid decarboxylase in homogenates of the honey-bee brain has been confirmed. The enzyme is most active between pH 6·0 to 9·0. At pH 6·8 K m and V max were 0·06 M and 91 μ moles/hr per g tissue respectively. The honey-bee enzyme is inhibited by high concentrations of GABA and some evidence for substrate inhibition by l -glutamic acid was found. No absolute requirement for the cofactor, pyridoxal-5-phosphate, could be detected. Inhibition by hydroxylamine and p -hydroxymercuribenzoate were competitive and non-competitive respectively. The major portion of the enzyme was bound to cellular particulate fractions sedimenting in a wide range of centrifugal forces. Results of sucrose gradient centrifugations indicated that the enzyme was not bound to subcellular particles of ‘synaptosome’ size. Enzymes capable of metabolizing GABA to succinic acid were also found in honey-bee brain homogenates. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the role of l -glutamic acid and GABA as possible neurotransmitter agents.
Cognitive basis of gender communication: A cross‐cultural investigation of perceived constraints in requesting

There has been a significant discussion regarding the similarities and differences in communication styles between females and males. If the stereotype is true that men use language “to assert a position of dominance” by coming directly to the point (clarity), whereas women use language to create and maintain relationships of closeness, this should be reflected in a differential preference for conversational constraints. Cross‐situational goals (i.e., conversational constraints) serve as criteria for making a choice between tactics in the pursuit of interaction goals. Focusing on five conversational constraints, this study compared the ways in which conversational constraints are perceived across gender groups. Two main questions structured this research: (1) Do males and females differ significantly in their perceived importance of conversational constraints? (2) Is there cross‐cultural consistency in the findings? The results showed that participants' sex did not have any significant main effect on the ...
Pastoralism Under Pressure: Tracking System Change in Southern Ethiopia

While economic development has proven elusive in African pastoral systems, change is pervasive. The majority of the Kajiado Maasai, for example, have endured marked declines in per capita livestock holdings and other aspects of human welfare over the past 50 years. We surveyed 317 Borana households to see if similar patterns occurred in southern Ethiopia, and our predictions were largely confirmed. Once viewed as the epitome of sustainable pastoralism, the Borana system now confronts numerous challenges. Decline in per capita cattle holdings has spurred household-level diversification to include maize cultivation and camel husbandry in some areas. Resource pressure has encouraged local annexation of some formerly common access grazing areas. Economic links between pastoral households and local towns still appear rare, however. Our results suggest that patterns of internally induced socioeconomic change due to population pressure in such semiarid systems are broadly predictable, and that development intervention priorities should reflect system dynamics and address emerging issues. A focus on improving risk management by facilitating household economic diversification and restoring some aspects of opportunistic resource use may be the most appropriate development options among the Ethiopian Boran at this time.
Novel materials for bioanalytical and biomedical applications: Environmental response and binding/release capabilities of amphiphilic hydrogels with shape‐persistent dendritic junctions

The binding and release capabilities of a hydrogel series, constructed of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) segments and hydrophobic dendritic junctions [poly (benzyl ether)s], are evaluated in aqueous media. The environmental response of the amphiphilic networks is also tested in water at three pH values: 1.5, 7.0, and 10.1. The highest swelling ratio is observed under acidic conditions and varies between 3.7 and 6.5, depending on the crosslinking density and dendrimer generation. Gel specimens with embedded indicators react within 3–6 s with a clear color switch to the change in the pH of the surrounding medium. The experiments with model anionic and cationic indicators and stains show that the hydrogels have basic interiors. The gel binding capabilities depend on the water solubility of the substrate and on the size of the incorporated dendritic fragments. Model release studies have been performed at 37 °C and pHs 1.5, 7.0, and 10.1. The observed phenomena are explained by the transformations in the structure and charge that both the networks and the model compounds undergo with the changes in the pH of the aqueous medium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4017–4029, 2005
A new method for generating volume changes in isobaric‐isothermal Monte Carlo simulations of flexible molecules

A novel method has been developed to generate volume fluctuations as required in isobaric-isothermal Monte Carlo simulations of flexible (or semi-flexible) chain molecules. While conventional global volume moves entail symmetric changes of the simulation box size, in the new method proposed here, volume changes consist of one-dimensional fluctuations of one of two sections of the system. One of the two sections is a thin slab where all molecular rearrangements are restrained to occur. A deterministric method has been implemented to reposition the molecular segments contained within the slab after a volume change is proposed. The performance of the new method is examined by studying the evolution towards equilibrium of homopolymer hard-core systems upon application of a step increase in the pressure. The new method is shown to be an order of magnitude faster than conventional methods in attaining the equilibrium density of our test systems.
Characterization of epitaxial silicon germanium thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry

Abstract In this work we will present the results of spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements (SE) for determination of the Ge concentration (atomic percent) and thickness of relaxed epitaxial SiGe films (on Si) with thicknesses in the range of 900–2500 A for films with 1–35 atomic percent Ge. The Ge concentration is found by measuring the peak value of the real part of the refractive index (RI) which is correlated with Rutherford backscattering (RBS) measurements of atomic percent of SiGe. Conventional tools such as FTIR are not sufficient for accurate measurement of the thickness of SiGe films, which can be thinner than 1000 A. Also, previously there have been no in-line tools in production use for measuring the Ge concentration in SiGe films.
Characterizing instantaneous phase relationships in whole-brain fMRI activation data.

Typically, fMRI data is processed in the time domain with linear methods such as regression and correlation analysis. We propose that the theory of phase synchronization may be used to more completely understand the dynamics of interacting systems, and can be applied to fMRI data as a novel method of detecting activation. Generalized synchronization is a phenomenon that occurs when there is a nonlinear functional relationship present between two or more coupled, oscillatory systems, whereas phase synchronization is defined as the locking of the phases while the amplitudes may vary. In this study, we developed an application of phase synchronization analysis that is appropriate for fMRI data, in which the phase locking condition is investigated between a voxel time series and the reference function of the task performed. A synchronization index is calculated to quantify the level of phase locking, and a nonparametric permutation test is used to determine the statistical significance of the results. We performed the phase synchronization analysis on the data from five volunteers for an event-related finger-tapping task. Functional maps were created that provide information on the interrelations between the instantaneous phases of the reference function and the voxel time series in a whole-brain fMRI activation data set. We conclude that this method of analysis is useful for revealing additional information on the complex nature of the fMRI time series. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:71-80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influence of spastic motor disorders of the esophageal body on outcomes from laparoscopic antireflux surgery

Background: The clinical outcomes of laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS) in patients with the spectrum of nonspecific spastic esophageal motor disorders (NSSDs) are not known. Methods: From a prospective database of patients undergoing LARS between 1997 and 2000, those with preoperative manometry at our institution and follow-up at ≥6 months were identified. Results: Of the 121 patients, 35 had NSSDs. There were no differences in symptoms between groups preoperatively, but in the immediate postoperative period NSSD patients had more symptoms than nonspastic patients. At 18-month mean follow-up, NSSD patients reported significantly more heartburn (22% vs 7%), waterbrash (14% vs 4%), and medication usage (17% vs 5%) than nonspastic patients (p < 0.05 for each). Despite this difference, nearly all patients reported subjective improvement postoperatively, and the degree of improvement was similar between groups. Conclusions: Patients with NSSDs are more likely to have esophageal symptoms following LARS than subjects without these abnormalities. However, these patients still experience significant improvement in preoperative symptoms.
Effects of dopamine and estrogen upon cortical neurons that express parvalbumin in vitro.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to study the effects of dopamine (DA) and 17 β-estradiol (EST) upon parvalbumin expression in rodent frontal cortex during development. Organotypic slice cultures of the frontal cortex were prepared from neonatal rats (postnatal day 2/3) and maintained for 14 days in vitro in serum-enriched medium and medium treated with either DA, EST or DA+EST. Cultured slices were then fixed and immunostained for parvalbumin immunoreactivity. Under control conditions, parvalbumin immunoreactive somata and fibers were primarily found in the deep laminae. In comparison, slices in all treatment groups exhibited a pattern of parvalbumin expression that was significantly different than controls. Specifically, DA treatment increased the percentage of parvalbumin immunoreactive somata, dendritic length and density in the deep cortical layers, but not in the superficial cortical layers. Both EST and DA+EST treatments induced similar changes in both the deep and the superficial cortical layers. These treatment induced changes represent more mature patterns of parvalbumin expression when compared to controls, indicating that both DA and EST enhance cortical expression of the protein.
Resting Discharge Patterns of Macular Primary Afferents in Otoconia-Deficient Mice

Vestibular primary afferents in the normal mammal are spontaneously active. The consensus hypothesis states that such discharge patterns are independent of stimulation and depend instead on excitation by vestibular hair cells due to background release of synaptic neurotransmitter. In the case of otoconial sensory receptors, it is difficult to test the independence of resting discharge from natural tonic stimulation by gravity. We examined this question by studying discharge patterns of single vestibular primary afferent neurons in the absence of gravity stimulation using two mutant strains of mice that lack otoconia (OTO−; head tilt, het-Nox3, and tilted, tlt-Otop1). Our findings demonstrated that macular primary afferent neurons exhibit robust resting discharge activity in OTO− mice. Spike interval coefficient of variation (CV = SD/mean spike interval) values reflected both regular and irregular discharge patterns in OTO− mice, and the range of values for rate-normalized CV was similar to mice and other mammals with intact otoconia although there were proportionately fewer irregular fibers. Mean discharge rates were slightly higher in otoconia-deficient strains even after accounting for proportionately fewer irregular fibers [OTO− = 75.4 ± 31.1(113) vs OTO+ = 68.1 ± 28.5(143) in sp/s]. These results confirm the hypothesis that resting activity in macular primary afferents occurs in the absence of ambient stimulation. The robust discharge rates are interesting in that they may reflect the presence of a functionally ‘up-regulated’ tonic excitatory process in the absence of natural sensory stimulation.
Successful twin pregnancy and delivery following free rectus abdominis muscle flap at 15 weeks gestational age

Although a vertical rectus abdominis flap would not have been selected for reconstruction of the patient's defect had her pregnancy been detected preoperatively, the present case does demonstrate the remarkable resiliency and integrity of the anterior abdominal wall after rectus abdominis muscle flap surgery. Meticulous closure of the abdominal wall is of utmost importance in maintaining abdominal wall competence. Although the merits of muscle splitting techniques and the use of mesh are beyond the scope of this report, there is no evidence that modification of technique should be performed in the patient considering future pregnancy. Our case supports other reports that rectus abdominis flap surgery is not a contraindication to future pregnancy. Intuitively waiting at least 1 year, as recommended by Chen et al., seems reasonable, although the present case demonstrated a successful pregnancy and delivery of twins after a vertical rectus abdominis flap was harvested during pregnancy.
The Norwegian Noark Model requirements for EDRMS in the context of open government and access to governmental information

Purpose – This article aims to analyze the relationship between the Norwegian Noark Standard and the concepts of Open Government and Freedom of Information (FOI). Noark is the Norwegian model requirements for Electronic Documents and Records Management Systems (EDRMS). It was introduced in 1984, making it not only the world’s first model requirement for EDRMS but also, through the introduction of versions from Noark 1 to the present Noark 5, internationally the model requirement with the longest continuation of implementation. Design/methodology/approach – To better understand the technical outline and functionality of the Noark Model requirements, it is necessary to see the connection to the wider framework of the Norwegian governance legislation and its FOI Act (Norway, Freedom of Information Act, 2006) on the right of access to documents held by the public administration and public undertakings. FOI is the foundation on which the Norwegian Open Government platform (OEP) rests, as it aims to increase op...
Gamma irradiation studies on seeds, seedlings and callus tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Abstract The effects of 60 Co gamma radiation on seeds, seedlings and callus tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Manitou were compared. Tissues were subjected to various doses (0·5–40 kilorad) of gamma radiation at 200 rad/min and subsequently grown for 4–8 weeks. Seeds irradiated with 10–12 krad produced stunted seedlings which later exhibited delayed flowering, and poor seed set; although the seeds germinated, no normal seedlings were formed at 15 krad. However, when 8-day-old seedlings were irradiated, severe inhibition of growth occurred at 2 krad, followed by degeneration of the apical meristem and death at 5 krad. Callus grown in suspension cultures in a modified White's medium supplemented with 2, 4-D kinetin and yeast extract showed significant stimulation of growth ( P
STABILITY OF NON‐SIMILAR SHEAR LAYERS

The present study is concerned with the stability and transition of a spatially evolving wake emanating from a splitter plate. Temporal linear stability calculations at different streamwise locations indicate significantly higher growth rates for mean flow profiles which occur near the trailing edge. Spatial simulations using these near wake mean flows exhibit non‐linear roll‐up for a case with Mach numbers of 2.76 and 1.87 on either side of the wake. If a similarity shear layer mean flow profile with these conditions is utilized in the simulation, no roll‐up is obtained.
A geographically-distributed, assignment-structured undergraduate grid computing course

Grid computing is now mature enough and important enough to be studied as a full course at the undergraduate level for upper-level computer science majors. We have developed such a course, including a set of lecture slides, assignments, and assignment handouts specifically targeted for this audience. The sequence of assignments is a key part of the course. Some of the assignments are modifications of pre-existing work and others are completely new. We describe the key decisions we made about the course organization and content and describe the assignments. An important feature of the course is that it was geographically distributed with copies of the grid software installed at three campuses. Those campuses plus three others were receiving sites and included students and faculty associated with nine universities.
A cellular automata model of surface water flow

Previous cellular automata models of surface water flow have been constructed to reflect steady, gradually-varied flow conditions. While these models are extremely important in showing the near-equilibrium forms that result from the interactions of water and boundary material, highly dynamic forms and processes require models that represent unsteady flow conditions. In order to simulate unsteady flow in a cellular model of surface water flow, the conservation of mass and the Manning's equations are coupled with an algorithm to delay the movement of water from one pixel to the next until the correct timing is reached. This approach yields highly realistic flood wave hydrographs when compared with flood observations in the Walnut Gulch Experiment Watershed. Coupling this unsteady flow model with simple laws of sediment erosion, transport, and deposition should allow event-based simulations of watershed and river channel geomorphologic change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helix switching of a key active-site residue in the cytochrome cbb3 oxidases.

In the respiratory chains of mitochondria and many aerobic prokaryotes, heme-copper oxidases are the terminal enzymes that couple the reduction of molecular oxygen to proton pumping, contributing to the protonmotive force. The cbb 3 oxidases belong to the superfamily of enzymes that includes all of the heme-copper oxidases. Sequence analysis indicates that the cbb 3 oxidases are missing an active-site tyrosine residue that is absolutely conserved in all other known heme-copper oxidases. In the other heme-copper oxidases, this tyrosine is known to be subject to an unusual post-translational modification and to play a critical role in the catalytic mechanism. The absence of this tyrosine in the cbb 3 oxidases raises the possibility that the cbb 3 oxidases utilize a different catalytic mechanism from that of the other members of the superfamily. Using homology modeling, quantum chemistry, and molecular dynamics, a model of the structure of subunit I of a cbb 3 oxidase (Vibrio cholerae) was constructed. The model predicts that a tyrosine residue structurally analogous to the active-site tyrosine in other oxidases is present in the cbb 3 oxidases but that the tyrosine originates from a different transmembrane helix within the protein. The predicted active-site tyrosine is conserved in the sequences of all of the known cbb 3 oxidases. Mutagenesis of the tyrosine to phenylalanine in the V. cholerae oxidase resulted in a fully assembled enzyme with nativelike structure but lacking catalytic activity. These findings strongly suggest that all of the heme-copper oxidases utilize the same catalytic mechanism and provide an unusual example in which a critical active-site residue originates from different places within the primary sequence for different members of the same superfamily.
Addressing supply-side risk in uncertain power markets: stochastic Nash models, scalable algorithms and error analysis

Increasing penetration of volatile wind-based generation into the fuel mix is leading to growing supply-side volatility. As a consequence, the reliability of the power grid continues to be a source of much concern, particularly since the impact of supply-side risk exposure, arising from aggressive bidding,1 is not felt by risk-seeking generation firms; instead, the system operator is largely responsible for managing shortfalls in the real-time market. We propose an alternate design in which the cost of such risk is transferred to firms responsible for imposing such risk. The resulting strategic problem can be cast as a two-period generalized stochastic Nash game with shared strategy sets. A subset of equilibria is given by a solution to a related stochastic variational inequality, that is shown to be both monotone and solvable. Computing solutions of this variational problem is challenging since the size of the problem grows with the cardinality of the sample space, network size and the number of participating firms. Consequently, direct schemes are inadvisable for most practical problems. Instead, we present a distributed regularized primal–dual scheme and a dual projection scheme where both primal and dual iterates are computed separately. Rates of convergence estimates are provided and error bounds are developed for inexact extensions of the dual scheme. Unlike projection schemes for deterministic problems, here the projection step requires the solution of a possibly massive stochastic programme. By utilizing cutting plane methods, we ensure that the complexity of the projection scheme scales slowly with the size of the sample space. We conclude with a study of a 53-node electricity network that allows for deriving insights regarding market design and operation, particularly for accommodating firms with uncertain generation assets.
Structural probing and mutagenic analysis of the stem-loop required for Escherichia coli dnaX ribosomal frameshifting: programmed efficiency of 50%

Abstract Three elements are crucial for the programmed frameshifting in translation of dnaX mRNA: a Shine-Dalgarno (SD)-like sequence, a double-shift site, and a 3′ structure. The conformation of the mRNA containing these three elements was investigated using chemical and enzymatic probes. The probing data show that the structure is a specific stem-loop. The bottom half of the stem is more stable than the top half of the stem. The function of the stem-loop was further investigated by mutagenic analysis. Reducing the stability of the bottom half of the stem strongly effects frameshifting levels, whereas similar changes in the top half are not as effective. Stabilizing the top half of the stem gives increased frameshifting beyond the WT efficiency. The identity of the primary RNA sequence in the stem-loop is unimportant, provided that the overall structure is maintained. The calculated stabilities of the variant stem-loop structures correlate with frameshifting efficiency. The SD-interaction and the stem-loop element act independently to increase frameshifting in dnaX .
The Specific Effects of Chloride and Sulfate Ions on Oxide Covered Aluminum

The distribution of a‐c resistance throughout the thickness of oxide film on aluminum specimens, conditioned by pre‐exposure to 1.0N solutions of sodium chloride and sulfate, has been determined by an electrical method. This method involves measurement of series capacitance and dielectric loss of the oxide covered aluminum as the surface films thin slowly in a slightly alkaline, passivating, sodium chromate solution. Results show that chloride ions become included at certain selected locations in the oxide film, create additional current carriers, and lower the ionic resistance of the film. Sulfate ions do not appear to become included in aluminum oxide films under these conditions and do not lower the film resistance. Aluminum oxide films containing chloride ions dissolve more rapidly in the chromate solution than similar untreated films or films that have been treated in sodium sulfate solution. These observations are held to throw new light on the well defined tendency of oxide covered aluminum to pit severely in nearly neutral sodium chloride solutions.
Lysosomes Behave as Ca2+-regulated Exocytic Vesicles in Fibroblasts and Epithelial Cells

Lysosomes are considered to be a terminal degradative compartment of the endocytic pathway, into which transport is mostly unidirectional. However, specialized secretory vesicles regulated by Ca 2+ , such as neutrophil azurophil granules, mast cell–specific granules, and cytotoxic lymphocyte lytic granules, share characteristics with lysosomes that may reflect a common biogenesis. In addition, the involvement of Ca 2+ transients in the invasion mechanism of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi , which occurs by fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane, suggested that lysosome exocytosis might be a generalized process present in most cell types. Here we demonstrate that elevation in the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts induces fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane. This was verified by measuring the release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase, the appearance on the plasma membrane of the lysosomal glycoprotein lgp120, the release of fluid-phase tracers previously loaded into lysosomes, and the release of the lysosomally processed form of cathepsin D. Exposure to the Ca 2+ ionophore ionomycin or addition of Ca 2+ containing buffers to streptolysin O–permeabilized cells induced exocytosis of ∼10% of the total lysosomes of NRK cells. The process was also detected in other cell types such as epithelial cells and myoblasts. Lysosomal exocytosis was found to require micromolar levels of Ca 2+ and to be temperature and ATP dependent, similar to Ca 2+ -regulated secretory mechanisms in specialized cells. These findings highlight a novel role for lysosomes in cellular membrane traffic and suggest that fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane may be an ubiquitous form of Ca 2+ -regulated exocytosis.
A functional analysis of jaw suspension in elasmobranchs

The morphology of the jaw suspension and upper jaw are quantified and related to upper jaw protrusion in five elasmobranchs possessing four jaw suspension types: broadnose sevengill, Notorynchus cepedianus, orbitostylic – amphistylic; spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, orbitostylic; bonnethead, Sphyrna tiburo, and lemon, Negaprion brevirostris, hyostylic; and Atlantic guitarfish, Rhinobatos lentiginosus, euhyostylic. The results indicate that jaw suspension type is not a good predictor of jaw mobility as previously thought. Instead, the best morphological predictor of jaw mobility appears to be either a long ethmopalatine ligament or no ligament, both of which allow the upper jaw to project further from the cranium. The morphology of the palatoquadrate–cranial articulation is key in determining the mobility of the jaws indicating that it should be included in descriptions of jaw suspension states. One advantage of upper jaw protrusion appears to be a reduction in the time to jaw closure by closing the mouth dorsally by upper jaw protrusion as well as ventrally by lower jaw elevation. A table of revised jaw suspension types is presented to illustrate the phylogenetic differences among gnathostome groups. Jaw suspension types mapped onto a gnathostome phylogeny support the evolution of holostyly and hyostyly from an autodiastylic ancestral condition. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 75, 483–502.
A-kinase anchoring proteins: different partners, different dance.

How do cells achieve specific and efficient control over a wide spectrum of activities in the context of a limited protein repertoire? A possible answer comes from the recent demonstration that utilization of distinct enzymes by the same A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) depends on the AKAP-bound substrate, thus vastly increasing the diversity of AKAP-mediated protein regulation.
THE DEAD BURNING OF DOLOMITE.—I1

This is the first of a series of articles covering the second phase of an investigation by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Ohio State University, into the possibility of utilizing dolomite as a base material in the manufacture of refractories.
U.S. Army Casualty Assistance System

This paper researches improvements in the current Casualty Assistance Office and how it conducts its business. The purpose of the Casualty Assistance Office is to support the Casualty Assistance System (CAS). This system's purpose is to help the families of the Army's casualties get through one of the toughest times in their lives. The Casualty Assistance Officer (CAO) is the person assigned to each casualty to assist the survivors get through this troubled time. Since the commencement of the Global War on Terrorism, there has been a dramatic increase in casualties and there are indications of failure within the system. This research analyzes the CAS to identify possible (high payoff) improvements to the system.
A high-speed ECC-based wireless authentication on an ARM microprocessor

We present the results of our implementation of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) over the field GF(p) on an 80-MHz, 32-bit ARM microprocessor. We have produced a practical software library which supports variable length implementation of the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA). We implemented the ECDSA and a recently proposed ECC-based wireless authentication protocol using the library. Our timing results show that the 160-bit ECDSA signature generation and verification operations take around 46 ms and 94 ms, respectively. With these timings, the execution of the ECC-based wireless authentication protocol takes around 140 ms on the ARM7TDMI processor, which is a widely, used, low-power core processor for wireless applications.
Matrix effect and recovery terminology issues in regulated drug bioanalysis

Understanding the meaning of the terms used in the bioanalytical method validation guidance is essential for practitioners to implement best practice. However, terms that have several meanings or that have different interpretations exist within bioanalysis, and this may give rise to differing practices. In this perspective we discuss an important but often confusing term - 'matrix effect (ME)' - in regulated drug bioanalysis. The ME can be interpreted as either the ionization change or the measurement bias of the method caused by the nonanalyte matrix. The ME definition dilemma makes its evaluation challenging. The matrix factor is currently used as a standard method for evaluation of ionization changes caused by the matrix in MS-based methods. Standard additions to pre-extraction samples have been suggested to evaluate the overall effects of a matrix from different sources on the analytical system, because it covers ionization variation and extraction recovery variation. We also provide our personal views on the term 'recovery'.
Differential Expression of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Receptor System in the Gravid Uterus of Yorkshire and Meishan Pigs

Litter size in the pig is limited by uterine capacity, which is dependent on uterine size, placental size, and vascularity. Placentae of U.S. pig breeds, such as the Yorkshire, exhibit marked growth from mid to late gestation, increasing their surface area of endometrial attachment. In contrast, placentae of the prolific Chinese Meishan pig exhibit little growth from mid to late gestation; instead, they exhibit a marked and progressive increase in the density of placental blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic and permeability-enhancing factor that is produced and secreted by placentae of several species, including the pig. The activity of VEGF is mediated through two specific receptors (VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2), both of which are expressed by placental and endometrial tissues in pigs and are thought to play a role in mediating increased vascularization and/or permeability at the fetal-maternal interface. The objectives of the present study were to determine concentrations of VEGF in fetal blood and placental fluids as well as placental and adjacent endometrial mRNA expression of VEGF, VEGF-R1, and VEGF-R2 on Days 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 of gestation in Yorkshire and Meishan pigs. Day 90 Meishan conceptuses exhibited marked increases (P < 0.05) in placental VEGF mRNA expression as well as fetal blood and allantoic fluid concentrations of VEGF, which remained elevated through Day 110. In contrast, Yorkshire conceptuses failed to exhibit increases in placental VEGF mRNA expression or concentrations of VEGF in fetal blood or allantoic fluid until Day 110. Receptor mRNA expression patterns differed between Meishan and Yorkshire conceptuses, but no difference was found in their expression levels. Placental efficiency (fetal weight/placental weight) was higher (P < 0.05) on Days 90 and 110 in Meishan than in Yorkshire conceptuses. The earlier increase in VEGF protein and mRNA expression in the Meishan versus the Yorkshire conceptus may explain the previously reported increased vascularity and increased placental efficiency of this breed compared the Yorkshire breed.