cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Same-Day Correlates and Prior-Day Predictors of Couples' Violent Behaviors Based upon Partners' Daily Reports.

Although previous research identified predictors of violent events within violent heterosexual couples, findings were limited to the woman’s reports, to her perceptions; his assessments were not ob...
Porous Liquids: The Next Frontier

Summary Porous liquids are a new class of molecular- and colloidal-size porous materials that combine permanent porosity of solid sorbents and fluid properties of liquids. Different from transient molecular clathrates, porous liquids have the potential to reinvent materials syntheses and unify homogeneous and heterogeneous separations and catalytic and energy-related processes, previously ascribed to liquids and porous solids, respectively. Surface areas and pore volumes of the first examples of porous liquids based on porous molecular organic cages restricted their potential for technological applications. Recent advances in ionic liquid-based colloidal suspensions or covalently stabilized nanocomposites have improved the adsorption properties and increased our ability to tailor chemical composition and pore architecture. These hybrid porous liquids, however, still present challenges such as high melting temperatures, density, and viscosity. This critical review discusses these challenges and presents opportunities for selected emerging applications based on analogous structure to that of traditional colloidal systems.
Case of Symptomatic Dermal Neurofibroma With Microcystic Features.

ABSTRACT A neurofibroma is a benign neural tumor arising within a peripheral nerve sheath composed of Schwann cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells involved in the nerve. Microcystic elements have been rarely described in these tumors. Neurofibromas are classically described as unencapsulated tumors of interspersed spindle cells and mast cells in a hypocellular, myxoid stroma. These tumors are most commonly dermal and seen in almost all patients with neurofibromatosis type 1; however, they may also occur sporadically, as seen in our case here. We report a 23-year-old patient with no significant medical history who presented with a dome-shaped papule on her cheek. This slow-growing mass had been present for multiple years and was soft, inflamed, and painful. Shave biopsy was collected and sent for evaluation. The shave biopsy diagnosed a benign neural tumor with features of a rare microcystic neurofibroma. This unencapsulated tumor consisted of microcystic spaces lined by oval-shaped to spindle-shaped cells in a matrix of myxoid to collagenous-like areas. Scattered lymphocytes and mast cells were noted, with few true vessels enclosing red blood cells. The stromal cells and cells lining the microcystic spaces stained S100 and SOX-10 positive. These cells had limited CD34 staining; however, most microcystic spaces were negative. Only the few true vessels stained CD31 positive. It is important to distinguish the prominent microcystic features in neurofibromas versus schwannomas by the lack of encapsulation or Antoni A features with Verocay bodies, which are typical of the latter. Further differentiating neurofibromas versus malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors is required, where the latter should exhibit much greater nuclear atypic, higher cellularity, necrosis, hemorrhage, and increased mitotic activity. Excision of this benign microcystic neurofibroma was not deemed necessary because of lack of clinical concern and recurrent lesions.
Can Audit Committee Financial Expertise Increase External Auditors’ Litigation Risk? The Moderating Effect of Audit Committee Independence

Abstract: This study examines whether the perceived independence and financial expertise of audit committee members affect external auditors’ exposure to legal liability. We use an experiment in which potential jurors make judgments about auditor independence and legal liability for a case involving an audit failure. We find that perceptions of audit committee independence from management are positively associated with judgments of auditor independence and negatively associated with auditor liability. However, financial expertise of audit committee members can be a double-edged sword. Our experiment finds that judgments of auditor liability are higher when the audit committee is perceived to have higher financial expertise but lower independence from management. In assessing litigation risk of current and prospective clients, auditors may want to carefully consider the independence of audit committee members from management, particularly when audit committee members have financial expertise. In the event of an audit failure, the financial expertise of non-independent audit committee members can negatively affect jurors’ perceptions of auditor independence and liability.
Spontaneous Termination of Ventricular Fibrillation: Is Organization Required?

Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening arrhythmia that can result in sudden cardiac death and almost always requires emergency electrical defibrillation. This paper presents a unique case of a 74-year-old woman with spontaneous termination of a 2-min 13-s ventricular fibrillation episode without organization before termination. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).
The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling Components in the Fungal Development, Stress Response and Virulence of the Fungal Cereal Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been demonstrated to be involved in fungal development, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity and/or virulence in many filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, but genes for MAPKs in the fungal cereal pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana have not been characterized. In this study, orthologues of three MAPK genes (CsSLT2, CsHOG1 and CsFUS3) and one MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene (CsSTE11) were identified in the whole genome sequence of the B. sorokiniana isolate ND90Pr, and knockout mutants were generated for each of them. The ∆Csfus3 and ∆Csste11 mutants were defective in conidiation and formation of appressoria-like structures, showed hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and lost pathogenicity on non-wounded leaves of barley cv. Bowman. When inoculated on wounded leaves of Bowman, the ∆Csfus3 and ∆Csste11 mutants were reduced in virulence compared to the wild type. No morphological changes were observed in the ∆Cshog1 mutants in comparison with the wild type; however, they were slightly reduced in growth under oxidative stress and were hypersensitive to hyperosmotic stress. The ∆Cshog1 mutants formed normal appressoria-like structures but were reduced in virulence when inoculated on Bowman leaves. The ∆Csslt2 mutants produced more vegetative hyphae, had lighter pigmentation, were more sensitive to cell wall degrading enzymes, and were reduced in virulence on Bowman leaves, although they formed normal appressoria like the wild type. Root infection assays indicated that the ∆Cshog1 and ∆Csslt2 mutants were able to infect barley roots while the ∆Csfus3 and ∆Csste11 failed to cause any symptoms. However, no significant difference in virulence was observed for ∆Cshog1 mutants while ∆Csslt2 mutants showed significantly reduced virulence on barley roots in comparison with the wild type. Our results indicated that all of these MAPK and MAPKKK genes are involved in the regulation of fungal development under normal and stress conditions and required for full virulence on barley plants.
Infant Sucking Behavior and Its Modification1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the usefulness of the sucking response as the dependent variable in experimental designs directed at examining the learning and sensory capacities of the newborn. For the most part, it concentrates on the human newborn, mentioning studies with lower animals when these are of value in understanding the human data. The general approach is toward the description of functional relationships derived from experimentally controlled observations. The material is divided into two segments: the description of the response itself, with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of sucking prior to direct experimental manipulation and the description of experimental procedures employed to modify the response.
Estimation of Small-Scale Hydropower Potential

A statistical method of determining installed capacity and energy yield of potential small-scale hydropower sites is explored. Thirty watersheds with existing reservoirs were selected for this study from several hydrologic regions. A hydropower estimation model is developed. It is shown that by relating hydropower potential to watershed characteristics other than streamflow, estimates can be made with reasonable accuracy using a stepwise multiple regression model. Potential applications of the model are identified.
The Dirichlet Problem

In Chapter X we used the Poisson kernel to solve the Dirichlet problem for the unit disk. In this chapter we study the Dirichlet problem for more general domains in the plane. The basic method, due to O. Perron, is to look for the solution of the Dirichlet problem as the upper envelope of a family of subsolutions. In Section 2 we introduce subharmonic functions, which play the role of the subsolutions. In Section 3 we derive Harnack’s inequality, which provides a compactness criterion for families of harmonic functions. Perron’s procedure for solving the Dirichlet problem is developed in Section 4. We apply the method to give another proof of the Riemann mapping theorem in Section 5. In Sections 6 and 7 we introduce Green’s function.
A Tale of Two Networks: Terrorism, Transnational Law, and Network Theory

It has become a standard conceit in counterterrorism policy to describe al Qaeda and similar such transnational organizations as networks. At the same time, among a scholars focused on topics such as cross-border regulatory regimes, transnational litigation, and the structures of public international law, there has been an increasing consideration of law and legal institutions as being a part of one or more networks. This essay, prepared for the Oklahoma City University School of Law symposium, "Military Commissions and Congress's Role in the War on Terror," is thus the tale of two networks: what happens when the network of terror and the network of law collide. After and introductory section, Part II will briefly introduce the network theory and use it to describe the mechanisms of al Qaeda's terror network. Part III will turn to how network theory has affected counterterrorism strategy, particularly emphasizing intelligence analysis and the use of legal regimes to leverage strengths. Part IV will return to network theory more broadly and ask how the network of law can be adjusted to be more effective in disrupting the terrorists' network. This essay concludes that, despite the hostility of the Bush Administration to international law and that Administrations' efforts to circumvent existing domestic legal regimes, the network of domestic and international laws, including the protection of civil liberties, is a crucial component to a successful counterterrorism strategy. From "smart mobs" to "netwars;" from narcotrafficking to the Internet, network theory has provided insights into decentralized social organization and coordinated action. Both sides in the "War on Terror" are networked and are themselves networks. This article attempts to grapple how social organization is evolving in the 21st century and how this evolution affects counterterrorism.
Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation

This book introduces the basic mathematical tools used to describe noise, its propagation through linear systems, and a basic description of the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio by signal averaging and linear filtering. The author demonstrates how op amps are the keystone of modern analog signal conditioning systems design, and illustrates their use in isolation and instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, and numerous biomedical instrumentation systems and subsystems. It examines the properties of the ideal op amp, applies this model to the analysis of various circuits, and explores the ...building blocks... of the signal conditioning systems used to monitor and measure medical data.
Separate, Unequal, and Seeking Support

Legal scholars and social scientists alike joined Derrick Bell in recognizing that racism and discrimination evolve with the times, adapting to current norms and trends rather than dying out altogether. These social ills are just as prevalent in schools of higher education as in other social institutions. While Brown v. Board of Education (1954) formally outlawed segregation, the decision to push for integration meant sacrificing true equality in separate schools for African Americans. The result may be a perverse double failure: We have not only failed at reaching the goal of integration but we are also failing many students of color who are marginalized on predominantly white campuses. Our schools today are increasingly segregated. In addition, the few “integrated” environments that do exist consist of predominantly white populations, with the underrepresented students of color sometimes feeling disengaged from learning. Law school environments are especially notable for being inhospitable and unfriendly. Students of color often create and join campus organizations, especially with those from similar race/ethnic backgrounds, in order to seek support. To date, little empirical research has examined the reasons why individual students join law school affinity groups or assessed their experience as members. This article fills this gap in the literature by focusing on the expectations and experiences of members of law student organizations. The article specifically examines distinctions based on the type of group (race/ethnic-specific vs. mainstream) as well as the race of members (students of color vs. whites). The research relies on national, longitudinal survey and focus group data that give agency to the voices of law students. The data are situated within the literature on American racism, specifically inspired by Derrrick Bell’s article on the tension between striving for integration and striving for equality. The article contends that our current state — with intensifying educational segregation as well as what some see as second-class citizenship for students of color in somewhat integrated environments — may have been the inevitable outcome of the Brown lawyers’ decision to pursue an integration strategy rather than pushing for true equality.
Activity detection in the wild using video metadata

We use video metadata to perform activity detection from videos in the wild, particularly the TRECVID dataset. Unlike previous activity datasets (KTH, Weiz-mann, UCF sports, etc.), this test set is assembled from videos captured with a wide range of cameras, resulting in videos with different frame rates, audio/video bitrates, and resolutions. Because these measures correlate with the quality of the camera, and because different camera hardware may be used to capture different events (e.g., people likely bring nicer cameras to weddings than on fishing trips), we expect that usable correlations exist between metadata and events. Using SVM-based classification of a feature vector of metadata features, we demonstrate that such correlations do exist. While the performance of this method is worse than traditional visual features, we demonstrate that they compliment such approaches using score fusion.
Molecular basis for endothelial lumen formation and tubulogenesis during vasculogenesis and angiogenic sprouting

Many studies reveal a fundamental role for extracellular matrix-mediated signaling through integrins and Rho GTPases as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the molecular control of vascular tube morphogenesis in three-dimensional (3D) tissue environments. Recent work has defined an endothelial cell (EC) lumen signaling complex of proteins that controls these vascular morphogenic events. These findings reveal a signaling interdependence between Cdc42 and MT1-MMP to control the 3D matrix-specific process of EC tubulogenesis. The EC tube formation process results in the creation of a network of proteolytically generated vascular guidance tunnels in 3D matrices that are utilized to remodel EC-lined tubes through EC motility and could facilitate processes such as flow-induced remodeling and arteriovenous EC sorting and differentiation. Within vascular guidance tunnels, key dynamic interactions occur between ECs and pericytes to affect vessel remodeling, diameter, and vascular basement membrane matrix assembly, a fundamental process necessary for endothelial tube maturation and stabilization. Thus, the EC lumen and tube formation mechanism coordinates the concomitant establishment of a network of vascular tubes within tunnel spaces to allow for flow responsiveness, EC-mural cell interactions, and vascular extracellular matrix assembly to control the development of the functional microcirculation.
Research on SMA actuated tendon driven hand exoskeleton with bidirectional finger joint motion coupling for rehabilitation usage

Most modern exoskeleton devices for hand rehabilitation are bulgy and heavy for portable usage; some of them are even non-movable. To facilitate the therapy processes into patients' daily lives, a tendon driven hand exoskeleton device which was actuated by shape memory alloy(SMA) spring series was developed for hand motor function rehabilitation in this paper. Issues such as system configuration, finger joint motion coupling plan, mechanical design of exoskeleton parts and experimental setup, and SMA actuators arrangements are introduced and discussed. A virtual reality interface was also developed, which provides an interactive control panel for in hospital usage. Motion and force test were also carried out during the evaluation experiments, and the results was also discussed.
White Saris and Sweet Mangoes: Aging, Gender, and Body in North India

White Saris and Sweet Mangoes: Aging, Gender, and Body in North India. Sarah Lamb. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. 306 pp.
An Investigation on Asymmetry Effects in Linear Induction Machines

Linear Induction Machines (LIM) present advantages in a broad range of applications such as military, transportation, and automotive products. The asymmetry effects influence the performance of LIM under motoring and generating conditions significantly. This means that one can not use the force characteristic under motoring to predict the performance under generating mode of operation. This must be taken into account in the control scheme of LIM. The present electromagnetic investigation shows that under field oriented control, Iq (quadrature axis current) illustrates asymmetric magnetization response. Furthermore, the asymmetric magnetization performance can cause asymmetric thrust force and normal force characteristics. However, Id (direct axis current) displays a symmetric response. Furthermore, the origin of the asymmetry effects is explained using the spatial distribution of the magnetomotive force which is influenced by relative positioning of three phase excitation windings during motoring and generating.
Intracerebral adaptation to mice of the Leon strain of type 3 poliomyelitis virus.

SummaryThe intracerebral adaptation of the Leon Strain of type 3 poliomyelitis to mice has been described.
Symplectic Surgery and the Spinc–Dirac Operator

Abstract LetGbe a compact connected Lie group, and (M, ω) a compact HamiltonianG-space, with moment mapJ : M→ g '. Under the assumption that these data are pre-quantizable, one can construct an associated Spinc–Dirac operator[formula], whose equivariant index yields a virtual representation ofG. We prove a conjecture of Guillemin and Sternberg that if 0 is a regular value ofJ, the multiplicityN(0) of the trivial representation in the index space[formula], is equal to the index of the Spinc–Dirac operator for the symplectic quotientM0=J−1(0)/G. This generalizes previous results for the case thatG=Tis abelian, i.e., a torus.
Geologic evolution of the east rim of the Hellas basin Mars

The east rim of the Hellas basin, one of the largest obvious impact features on Mars, is studied. The distribution of geologic materials in the region is documented, and their modes of origin are constrained based on their geomorphologic characteristics. Superposition relationship and crater size-frequency distributions allow the relative ages of the geologic units to be determined and provide information regarding the timing and extent of the geologic processes emplacing and modifying the surface materials. Systematic analysis of the degradation of the Hellas basin is used to illustrate the sequence of events and interplay of geologic processes which control the evolution of many regions on Mars.
Potential for computation in micromagnetics via topological conservation laws

Abstract Micromagnetics supports emergent discrete structures, an emergent dynamics, and emergent conservation laws; here we discuss these features in view of their potential to be harnessed for computational purposes. More generally, we use micromagnetics as a concrete setting for discussing how fine-grained, massively parallel computation might be achieved in a homogeneously fabricated and homogeneously driven medium.
The stoichiometry and kinetics of the cleavage reaction of cis-fluoro- and cis-thiocyanatoerythro chromium(III) complexes

Abstract The stoichiometry and kinetics of the cleavage reaction of cis-fluoroerythro ion, cis-[(NH3)5Cr(OH)Cr(NH3)4F]4+, and cis-thiocyanatoerythro ion, cis-[(NH3)5Cr(OH)Cr(NH3)4NCS]4+, have been studied at 1·0 M ionic strength. The cleavage products from the cis-fluoroerythro ion are the Cr(NH3)5OH23+ and cis-Cr(NH3)4(OH2)F2+, and from the cis-thiocyanatoerythro ion, the Cr(NH3)5OH23+ and cis-Cr(NH3)4(OH2)NCS2+. The rate law is − d[ Dimer ] d t = k obs [ Dimer ] , where kobs = 2·50 × 10−4 sec−1 at 50·0° for the fluoro dimer and (0·205 ± 0·026) × 10−4 sec−1 at 49·9° for the thiocyanato dimer. Both cleavage reactions are independent of the hydronium ion concentration in solution. The ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ obtained are 23·12 ± 0·59 kcal/mole and −3·46 ± 1·82 e.u., and 16·92 ± 1·50 kcal/mole and −7·78±4·47 e.u. for the cis-fluoro- and cis-thiocyanatoerythro ions, respectively.
Rapid screening for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in milk using C18 and graphitized carbon black solid phase extraction cleanup

A rapid, multiresidue, solid phase extraction (SPE) technique for the isolation and gas chromatographic determination of organochlorine and moderately polar organophosphorus pesticide residues in milk is described. Milk is sonicated with an acetonitrile-acetone-methanol mixture and centrifuged. The supernatant is subjected to a cleanup using both C18 and graphitized carbon black SPE columns. The pesticide residues are determined by gas chromatography with electron capture and flame photometric detection. The method required minimal volumes of solvent and resulted in the production of minimal volumes of hazardous waste.
Multifunctional carbon nanoelectrodes fabricated by focused ion beam milling

We report a strategy for fabrication of sub-micron, multifunctional carbon electrodes and application of these electrodes as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). The fabrication process utilized chemical vapor deposition of parylene, followed by thermal pyrolysis to form conductive carbon and then further deposition of parylene to form an insulation layer. To achieve well-defined electrode geometries, two methods of electrode exposure were utilized. In the first method, carbon probes were masked in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to obtain a cone-shaped electrode. In the second method, the electrode area was exposed via milling with a focused ion beam (FIB) to reveal a carbon ring electrode, carbon ring/platinum disk electrode, or carbon ring/nanopore electrode. Carbon electrodes were batch fabricated (∼35/batch) through the vapor deposition process and were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy was utilized to examine the effects of Ga+ ion implantation, a result of FIB milling. Constant-height, feedback mode SECM was performed with conical carbon electrodes and carbon ring electrodes. We demonstrate the utility of carbon ring/nanopore electrodes with SECM-SICM to simultaneously collect topography, ion current and electrochemical current images. In addition, carbon ring/nanopore electrodes were utilized in substrate generation/tip collection (SG/TC) SECM. In SG/TC SECM, localized delivery of redox molecules affords a higher resolution, than when the redox molecules are present in the bath solution. Multifunctional geometries of carbon electrode probes will find utility in electroanalytical applications, in general, and more specifically with electrochemical microscopy as discussed herein.
Functional properties of soy proteins

Soy protein ingredients must possess appropriate functional properties for food applications and consumer acceptability. these are the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics which affect the behavior of protein in food systems during processing, manufacturing, storage and preparation, e.g., sorption, solubility, gelation, surfactancy, ligand-binding, and film formation. These properties reflect the composition and conformation of the proteins, their interactions with other food components, and they are affected by processing treatments and the environment. Because functional properties are influenced by the composition, structure and conformation of ingredient proteins, systematic elucidation of the physical properties of component protein is expedient for understanding the mechanism of particular functional traints. The composition and properties of the major components of soy proteins are summarized, and the functional properties of soy proteins of importance in current applications (e.g., hydration, gelation, emulsifying, foaming and flavorbinding characteristics) are briefly reviewed.
An improved index of left ventricular function in chronic mitral regurgitation

Abstract The ratio of end-systolic wall stress (ESWS) to volume index (ESVI) has been proposed as a useful index of left ventricular (LV) function in chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). However, although this ratio reflects isometric contraction, the chronic changes in LV architecture caused by MR may affect its usefulness. An index was evaluated that incorporated the ejection fraction—(TVEF [tension-volume ejection fraction] = ESWS/ESVI·EF)—thus combining both isometric and ejection phase parameters. Forty patients with symptomatic MR but no other valvular or coronary disease had valve replacement between 1980 and 1984. Twenty-nine patients (group A) were in New York Heart Association class I or II postoperatively. The remaining patients (group B) were in class III or IV or died. Four preoperative LV function indexes were compared. The means of all indexes in groups A and B were significantly different, but only TVEF completely separated the groups. A TVEF of less than 1.47 uniformly predicted a poor operative outcome.
Ketamine stimulates secretion of β-endorphin from a mouse pituitary cell line

Background and Objectives β-endorphin is an endogenous opioid that mediates pain-induced analgesia. Propofol inhibits in vitro secretion of β-endorphin from a mouse pituitary cell line (AtT-20). We hypothesized that ketamine would also alter secretion of β-endorphin. Methods AtT-20 cells were exposed to the intravenous anesthetic ketamine (10 to 40 μmol/L). Secretion of β-endorphin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Long-term effects were determined by exposing the cells to ketamine, allowing the cells to recover overnight, then stimulating the secretion of β-endorphin. AtT-20 cells were stimulated with secretagogues to induce secretion of β-endorphin. The effect of ketamine on stimulated secretion was determined. Cultures of AtT-20 cells were grown for 5 days in the presence of ketamine. Cell numbers were determined on each day. Results Ketamine increased secretion of β-endorphin to levels that were up to 3 times greater than baseline secretion. Stimulation of β-endorphin secretion by ketamine persisted into the subsequent day. Ketamine caused increased secretion from cells stimulated with secretagogues. Ketamine was not toxic to these cells; AtT-20 cells grew normally for 5 days in the presence of up to 40 μmol/L ketamine. Conclusions Clinically relevant concentrations of ketamine stimulated both immediate and delayed secretion of β-endorphin. This suggests that the prolonged analgesia observed in some clinical situations with ketamine could be in part caused by increased release of an endogenous opioid. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003;28:12-16.
Lethal effect of triethylene glycol vapor on air-borne mumps virus and Newcastle disease virus.

Summary1. Under the conditions of these experiments, triethylene glycol vapor in saturated concentrations was rapidly lethal for air-borne mumps virus and Newcastle disease virus.2. Triethylene glycol vapor was also lethal for air-borne mumps virus in concentrations below saturation.
Professed Instructional Values versus Ratings of Student Teachers' Behavior during Classes in Mathematics and Science

Seven experienced raters were unable to discriminate significantly between the teaching behaviors of 4 high and 4 low scoring apprentice teachers of mathematics and science in secondary schools on a scale measuring humanistic/confluent instructional values. This study is intended as a general contribution to the sparse empirical literature on the relationship of professed humanistic teaching or learning values to teaching behaviors in the classroom.
Evidence for and mechanisms of exercise modulation of growth—an overview

This symposium was organized to highlight new information regarding the mechanisms through which physical activity and exercise may affect the process of growth. Exercise associated anabolic effects (i.e., constructive or biosynthetic metabolic processes involved in tissue adaptation to physical activity) are varied and modulated by maturational and nutritional factors. Nonetheless, identifying common processes responsible for the many anabolic effects of physical activity may improve the ways exercise can be used in rehabilitation programs and to promote health. Thus, the overall aim of this symposium is to explore the diverse mechanisms that link physical activity with growth at both the cellular and somatic level. A conceptual model is presented that includes the interaction of central and local components of exercise modulation of growth. Central components encompass the mechanisms through which exercise of skeletal muscle groups can seemingly affect cellular growth and function throughout the body. Local components encompass those mechanisms that stimulate growth, hypertrophy, and the appearance of new mitochondria and capillaries in the muscle, bone, vascular and connective tissues involved in the specific exercise. The physiology of these putative mechanisms and their clinical applications are developed from six different perspectives.
Creep in oriented thermoplastics

Abstract Sheets of oriented low-density polyethylene possessing transverse symmetry were prepared by simple tensile drawing at room temperature. The degree of anisotropy was varied by varying the draw ratio. Classic elasticity theory shows that five constants are necessary to characterize the deformation behavior of an elastic material possessing such symmetry. The time-dependent equivalents of these constants have been determined from the simultaneous measurement of longitudinal and lateral strain during tensile creep of specimens cut at 0, 45, and 90 deg to the draw direction. Special creep apparatus, able to handle small, flexible specimens, was developed for this study. The shear compliance obtained from the tensile creep studies was in good agreement with the value obtained from torsional creep measurements on a 0-deg specimen, for the entire range of draw ratios. The contraction measurements have been used to provide additional evidence for deformation mechanisms suggested by the longitudinal strain...
Numerical Simulation of ANATEX Tracer Data Using a Turbulence Closure Model for Long-Range Dispersion

Abstract A long-range transport model based on turbulence closure concepts is described. The model extends the description of planetary boundary layer turbulent diffusion to the larger scales and uses statistical wind information to predict contaminant dispersion. The model also contains a prediction of the statistical fluctuations in the tracer concentration resulting from the unresolved velocity fluctuations. The dispersion calculation is made by means of a Lagrangian puff representation, allowing the use of time-dependent three-dimensional flow fields. Predictions of the ANATEX (Across North America Tracer Experiment) releases are compared with observations. Both 24-h average surface and short-term aircraft sampler concentrations are calculated using the high-resolution wind fields from the NMC Nested Grid Model. The statistical prediction is also tested using long-term average wind data. Statistical uncertainty in the predictions, due to the unresolved wind fluctuations, is found to be small for the 2...
Expanding the applicability of FDM-type technologies through materials development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the strategy for increasing the applicability of material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, based on fused deposition modeling (FDM), through the development of materials with targeted physical properties. Here, the authors demonstrate materials specifically developed for the manufacture of electromechanical and electromagnetic applications, the use of FDM-type processes in austere environments and the application of material extrusion AM. Design/methodology/approach – Using a twin screw polymeric extrusion process, novel polymer matrix composites and blends were created where the base material was a material commonly used in FDM-type processes, namely, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polycarbonate (PC). Findings – The work presented here demonstrates that, through targeted materials development, the applicability of AM platforms based on FDM technology can be increased. Here, the authors demonstrate that that the physical pr...
Acute inhibition of spontaneous uterine contractions by an estrogenic polychlorinated biphenyl is associated with disruption of gap junctional communication

Abstract An estrogenic polychlorinated biphenyl, 4-hydroxy-2′,4′,6′-trichlorobiphenyl (4-OH-TCB), inhibits oscillatory uterine contractions immediately. Because increased gap junction formation is associated with the development of synchronized uterine contractions at term, we examined whether the inhibitory effect of 4-OH-TCB on spontaneous oscillatory contractions was due to the disruption of gap junctional communication. The effect of 4-OH-TCB on gap junctional communication was determined by intercellular Lucifer yellow dye transfer in primary cultures of myometrial myocytes isolated from midgestation rats. Intercellular dye transfer was inhibited by 4-OH-TCB or 17β-estradiol in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of 4-OH-TCB on intercellular dye transfer was reversed by tetraethylammonium (TEA). To examine effects on uterine contraction, longitudinal uterine strips were excised from midgestation rats and placed in muscle baths for isometric force measurement. Spontaneous uterine oscillation was suppressed by 4-OH-TCB or 17β-estradiol. The inhibitory effects of 4-OH-TCB and 17β-estradiol on spontaneous oscillations were counteracted by TEA but were not affected by a calcium ionophore (A23187) or a calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker (apamin). These results suggest that the acute inhibition of spontaneous oscillatory contractions by an estrogenic polychlorinated biphenyl may result from the disruption of intercellular communication.
Selective Predation on Zooplankton by Gizzard Shad

Abstract Food selection by a planktivorous fish, the gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum, was studied in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. To determine if selection was occurring a fish stomach sample and a plankton sample were taken concurrently at 22 separate sampling times during the study. Percent composition of the various food items in paired stomach and plankton samples was compared by an electivity (E) index. Four least squares analyses of variance were performed on the E index values to determine which factors (i.e., species of plankton, date of collection, time-day or night, size-class of fish or size-class of plankton) explained most of the variation in E and thus was responsible for selection by gizzard shad. Differences between the species of plankton in the analysis was found to be the most consistent factor contributing to selection. Differences in size, mobility, behavior, and so forth might be considered as causative agents responsible for positive or negative selection by gizzard shad. Of th...
Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Risk Behaviors by Gender among Multi-Ethnic Adolescents

Purpose Risky sex and its related behaviors (initiation of sex, alcohol, and drugs, school performance, delinquency) among adolescents are known to vary between genders. However, such variations among multi-ethnic adolescents of Florida are relatively understudied. The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of sexual and its related behaviors and evaluate the probability of sexual risks between genders. Methods This study utilized the state-specific High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) of 2003. Weighted frequencies and stratified analyses using Rao-Scott chi-square (χ 2 ) test and survey logistic regression models were utilized. Adjusted odds ratios and their corresponding confidence limits and Rao-Scott χ 2 statistics for significance testing of parameter estimates were presented. Results There were 2,025 females and 1,828 males (n=3,853). Over 50% of participants were Whites, with 24.1% Hispanics, 20.3% African Americans, and 4.4% other. More females (20.3%) reported nonuse of condom compared with males (17.8%). Prevalence of other sexual risks (multiple sex partners, injection drug use, and sex under the influence of alcohol) was more common in males. Common correlates of at least one sexual risk behavior included older age, grade level, and early sexual debut. Surprisingly, school performance, delinquent behaviors, and early initiation of alcohol or drugs were not significantly associated with risky sex in males or females. Conclusion Underlying variation of risks between males and females should be explored further. Health professionals working with adolescent populations should consider collecting locally relevant epidemiologic, survey, and social systems data to assess gender-variations in behaviors. Moreover, health prevention/promotion programs should be designed with reference to specific gender, and other differences especially among ethnically diverse adolescent populations.
Binary black hole mergers in gaseous disks: Simulations in general relativity

Simultaneous gravitational and electromagnetic wave observations of merging black hole binaries (BHBHs) can provide unique opportunities to study gravitation physics, accretion, and cosmology. Here we perform fully general-relativistic, hydrodynamic simulations of equal-mass, nonspinning BHBHs coalescing in a circumbinary disk. We evolve the metric using the Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura (BSSN) formulation of Einstein's field equations with standard moving puncture gauge conditions. We handle the hydrodynamics via a high-resolution shock-capturing scheme. These initial simulations are exploratory in nature and simplified accordingly. We track the inspiral starting from a binary separation of $10M$, where $M$ is the total binary mass. We take the disks to have an inner radius at ${R}_{\mathrm{in}}\ensuremath{\approx}15M$ to account for the hollow created by the binary torques. Our disks extend to $R\ensuremath{\approx}65M$ and have an initial scale height of $H/R\ensuremath{\approx}0.03--0.11$. The gas is governed by a $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-law equation of state, with $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ equal to $5/3$, $4/3$, and 1.1. Disks are allowed to relax in the ``early inspiral'' epoch to provide quasistationary realistic initial data. We then evolve the spacetime metric and matter during the ``late inspiral and merger'' epochs. The later simulations are designed to track BHBH inspiral following disk-binary decoupling, through merger and ringdown, terminating before viscosity has time to fill the hollow about the black hole remnant. We compute the gas flow and accretion rate and estimate the electromagnetic luminosity due to bremsstrahlung and synchrotron emission as a perturbation for optically thin disks. The synchrotron component of the luminosity peaks in the infrared band and should be detectable by WFIRST and possibly the LSST for a ${10}^{8}{M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}$ binary embedded in a disk with a density $n\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{12}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at $z=1$, beginning with a maximum value of $L\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{46}{n}_{12}^{2}{M}_{8}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at decoupling, and decreasing steadily over a time scale of $\ensuremath{\sim}100{M}_{8}$ hours to a value of $L\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{45}{n}_{12}^{2}{M}_{8}^{3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{erg}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at merger.
A rational approach to short stature: Focus on use and abuse of growth hormone

The abundant supply of recombinant growth hormone has raised interesting possibilities of several new applications. While supplementation of the missing hormone in patients with growth hormone deficiency is still the undisputed primary indication for its use, there is now convincing evidence of its usefulness in the therapy of short stature due to Turner syndrome and pre-transplant chronic renal failure in childhood. Numerous studies on patients with other causes of short stature have failed to show any significant benefit in final adult height. Social pressures notwithstanding, it is still premature to advocate the use of this expensive therapy for indications other than the three stated above especially since our understanding of potential long-term complications from such treatment is far from complete.
Hot-carrier reliability in double-implanted lightly doped drain devices for advanced drams

Hot-electron degradation in short-channel (0.50 μm and 0.83 μm) double-implanted lightly doped drain (DI-LDD) devices was characterised using DC stress tests. Compared to lightly doped drain (LDD) devices of the same effective channel length Leff, the measurements indicate that channel hot-electron injection is more prevalent in devices with the p+-pocket implant due to a higher peak channel electric field. Degradation is more severe in both the drain current and transconductance. However, an improvement in shortchannel effects was seen in DI-LDD devices over LDD devices. For the same Leff, the punch-through voltage was higher and the subthreshold swing lower for the DI-LDD devices.
New developments in inhaled drugs: within and beyond the lungs.

to an array of devices with the purpose to improve drug delivery to the lungs compared to existing devices used in the clinic for patients with asthma and COPD. The article also importantly reflects on the inhaler-patient interface and the complexities and difficulties within this interaction for achieving effective lung deposition [3, 4] . The second contribution in the series highlights the new developments in inhaled interventions in patients with cystic fibrosis, with particular reference to antibiotics and the osmotic agent mannitol, and discusses the clinical effectiveness of these treatments with respect to disease exacerbations. The article also addresses the burdening costs of treatment in patients with cystic fibrosis and the place of current and future inhaled drug therapy [5, 6] . The third article specifically addresses the rationale for using aerosolised antibiotics for non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, reviewing the evidence for the use of such drugs in daily clinical practice [7, 8] . In our final article, the scientific advances in delivering aerosolised treatments to the lungs as a portal for systemic drug delivery will be discussed including the treatment of systemic diseases with inhaled peptides and proteins. The article will discuss the challenges the respiratory tree presents for delivering inhaled drug to the systemic cirInhalation medicine and aerosol science are ‘Cinderella’ disciplines, where the breakthroughs and advances in formulation science, biopharmaceutics, device engineering, airway modelling and inhaled drug product development have usually gone unnoticed in contrast to discoveries in other fields of respiratory science [1] . Yet inhaled drug delivery is the foundation and cornerstone in managing patients across the spectrum of specialities within respiratory medicine, whether one is an intensivist in the intensive care unit using nebuliser therapy in a ventilated patient, a community paediatrician trying to engage a child with inhaler therapy for their asthma, or a cystic fibrosis specialist juggling to manage the multitude of inhaled interventions in their patient. The last decade has seen important strides in these disciplines with cutting-edge aerosol science and the latest developments in inhaled drug delivery to the lungs that are making an impact in the clinical arena [2] . In this context, this series in Respiration is dedicated to showcase the evolving science in inhaled drug delivery to the lungs that is being realised to provide patient benefit in the clinic. The first article of the series in this issue of Respiration focusses on the technological advances in the inhaler design of dry powder inhalers, metered dose inhalers and the new generation nebulisers that have led Published online: April 30, 2014
An investigation of Fitts' law in a multiple-display environment

We describe the design and analysis of a Fitts' law experiment, conducted in a multiple-display environment (MDE), in which the physical gap between displays and the proximity of targets to the gap systematically varied. Participants achieved decreasing throughput values (a combined measure of movement time and accuracy in a target acquisition task) under increasing gap sizes. Participants likewise performed relatively poorly in tasks involving monitor crossing over all gap conditions, especially so when motion either originates or terminates very close to the gap. Both results could be considered surprising since in either case, the amount of mouse movement needed to successfully execute the task does not change based on physical gap size or a target's proximity to the edge. Fitts' law may underestimate the difficulty of movement tasks in MDEs.
Renal aspirin: will all patients with chronic kidney disease one day take spironolactone?

The role of aldosterone in the progression of kidney dysfunction, via its actions on mineralocorticoid receptors, is increasingly recognized. The authors of this Viewpoint outline the beneficial effects that have been seen in animal and human studies of mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in various forms of kidney disease. They predict that low daily doses of the aldosterone blocker spironolactone—an inexpensive, generic medication with few and easily recognizable adverse effects—might one day become the renal equivalent of 'baby' aspirin.