cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlation for the density of multicomponent aqueous electrolytes

An engineering correlation is presented for the density of multicomponent aqueous electrolytes. The correlation provides insight into the terms that contribute to the density of aqueous electrolytes and demonstrates how they can be estimated from readily available information. In its simplest form, the model has only pure ion parameters and provides moderate accuracy; the average errors are ∼1% while maximum errors can be slightly greater than 5%. When anion−cation binary interaction parameters are included in the correlation, the errors for the density of single aqueous electrolytes become very small, with maximum errors rarely exceeding 1%. No further parameters are necessary for multicomponent electrolytes, but like-ion binary parameters are sometimes preferred to attain a highly accurate correlation.
Detecting structural change in university research systems: A case study of British research policy

The university research environment has been undergoing profound change in recent decades. Aiming at international competitiveness and excellence, a variety of polices have been designed and implemented in many countries. However, evidence-based analysis of policy effects is scarce. This paper develops methods for evaluating the effect of university research policy on university system research input-output dynamics. We assume stable dynamics between inputs and outputs, and that effective policy change introduces external interventions and therefore structural changes into the system. Our proposed method involves three steps: modeling system dynamics, detecting structural change, and mapping policy change. Examining the case of the United Kingdom, we identified three structural changes in 1990, 1994, and 2001 respectively. The first change corresponds to the second round of the Research Selectivity Exercise (RSE), and the latter two changes may be caused by the database effect. The British case is a provocative demonstration of this method, which could be further developed to provide evidence-based analysis for policy learning and a foundation for cross-case comparison.
Visualizing kinetochore architecture

Kinetochores are large macromolecular assemblies that link chromosomes to spindle microtubules (MTs) during mitosis. Here we review recent advances in the study of core MT-binding kinetochore complexes using electron microcopy methods in vitro and nanometer-accuracy fluorescence microscopy in vivo. We synthesize these findings in novel three-dimensional models of both the budding yeast and vertebrate kinetochore in different stages of mitosis. There is a growing consensus that kinetochores are highly dynamic, supra-molecular machines that undergo dramatic structural rearrangements in response to MT capture and spindle forces during mitosis.
Mammary Nodular Hyperplasia in a Cow

domyosarcomas. The neoplasm here described had cells that closely resembled the epithelioid, myogenous, and spindle variant cell types. Vimentin is a predominant intermediate filament in ES, but a dense whorling pattern is not observed. Actin expression is variable. Rhabdoid tumors have whorled cytoplasmic inclusions of vimentin that closely resemble the inclusions seen in the cat tumor. The cells of RT typically form noncohesive sheets, and they lack the cellular pleomorphism of our neoplasm. In 1 study of 26 RTs, all tumors were actin negative. The neoplasm in this report is a feline ocular sarcoma with histologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical features common to both ES and RT. The feline tumor may also arise in primitive mesenchymal tissue. The role that trauma/uveitis plays in the genesis of the tumor is not clear. The release of cytokines in the inflamed eye could act as progression factors to stimulate the proliferation of a previously initiated malignant mesenchymal cell type. Tissue was not available for further immunohistochemical studies, so an investigation of epithelial cell antigen expression similarities to ES and RT could not be performed. The cat was euthanized because of weight loss, respiratory difficulty, and radiographic evidence of metastatic lung disease. Unfortunately, the cat was unavailable for necropsy to further investigate the biological behavior of the neoplasm. Acknowledgement. We thank Ms. Ann Hein for electron 1.
Interactions of molecules with nucleic acids. VI. Computer design of chromophoric intercalating agents.

The mode of action of many antitumor agents entails the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Because many of the drugs can intercalate, it is assumed that intercalation is an important step in the mechanism of biological activity. As intercalants contain a planar chromophore as an ingredient essential for intercalation, chromophores that should fit into DNA are desired. This is the main theme of this investigation. Binding to DNA of fundamental moieties, protonated pyridine, aniline, phenol, quinone, and 4H-thiopyran-4-one, is studied to determine their optimum placement in DNA. The optimum orientations for each moiety are superimposed to form polyaromatic systems that can intercalate in a manner in which functional groups on these chromophores are oriented as in the moieties themselves. Ideal intercalants proposed contain three and four fused ring system, have protonated ring nitrogen atoms located to maximize the electrostatic interactions with DNA, hydroxy and amino groups that can hydrogen bond to the OII and O5′ phosphate backbone atoms, and carbonyl and sulfur groups in the central position of the ring system to provide variations in the chromophore and to interact with the relatively positive region in the intercalation site. The optimum orientation occurs when the chromophore and the base pairs overlap to the maximum extent. The ideal intercalants are fundamentally of the type:
Osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer

Metastasis of breast cancer cells to bone consists of multiple sequential steps. To accomplish the process of metastasis to bone, breast cancer cells are required to intrinsically possess or acquire the capacities that are necessary for them to proliferate, invade, migrate, survive, and ultimately arrest in bone. These capacities are essential for any cancer cells to develop distant metastases in organs such as lungs and liver as well as bone. Once breast cancer cells arrest in bone, bone is a storehouse of a variety of cytokines and growth factors and thus provides an extremely fertile environment for the cells to grow. However, breast cancer cells are unable to progress in bone unless they destroy bone with the assistance of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Thus, the capacity of breast cancer cells to collaborate with osteoclasts is likely to be specific and is likely critical for them to cause osteolytic bone metastases. Evidence to support the concept that there is an intimate relationship between breast cancer cells and osteoclasts is described using an in vivo bone metastasis model in which human breast cancer cells are inoculated into the left ventricle of nude mice. The roles of cell adhesion molecules including cadherins and laminin and matrix metalloproteinases in the development of osteolytic bone metastases by breast cancer are also discussed.
Identifying the Determinants of Energy Use in Texas A&M University Campus at Kingsville

The non residential stock is highly variable in building size, construction and activities. Conversely to residential buildings, institutional buildings have a huge diversity of energy end uses and installed capacities. University campuses belong to the latter group and are among the major education facilities. Their energy use is comparable to that of a medium sized town. This paper presents an overview of the assessment of the characteristics, current energy consumption and the potential for energy conservation in Texas A&M University campus at Kingsville (TAMUK). Though some of the general energy conservation measures outlined in this paper are quite technical in nature a large number can be classified as socio-technical and envisage educating and engaging students (the largest population group on campus) in energy and environmental issues. This being a program expected to span for several years the cumulative impact of implementing these energy conservation measures will only be felt close to the end of the project. The major goal is thus using the information collected along the life span of this project to identify the determinants of energy use in a small university campus and gain an improved scientific understanding of the broad patterns of energy flows. The information gathered is of the foremost value to other institutions of higher education sharing similar characteristics and environmental concerns.
Low hydrogen content, high quality hydrogenated amorphous silicon grown by hot-wire CVD

The authors grow hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition (HWCVD). The early work with this technique has shown that they can grow a-Si:H that is different from typical a-Si:H materials. Specifically, they demonstrated the ability to grow a-Si:H of exceptional quality with very low hydrogen (H) contents (0.01 to 4 at.%). The deposition chambers in which this early work was done have two limitations; they hold only small-area substrates and they are incompatible with a load-lock. In the efforts to scale up to larger area chambers--that have load-lock compatibility--they encountered difficulty in growing high-quality films that also have a low H content. Substrate temperature has a direct effect on the H content of HWCVD grown a-Si:H. They found that making dramatic changes to the other deposition process parameters--at fixed substrate temperature and filament-to-substrate spacing--did not have much effect on the H content of the resulting films in the new chambers. However, these changes did have profound effects on film quality. They can grow high-quality a-Si:H in the new larger area chambers at 4 at. % H. For example, the lowest known stabilized defect density of a-Si:H is approximately 2 x 10{sup 16} cm{sup {minus}3}, which they have more » grown in the new chamber at 18 {angstrom}/s. Making changes to the original chamber--making it more like the new reactor--did not increase the hydrogen content at a fixed substrate temperature and filament-to-substrate spacing. They continued to grow high quality films with low H content in spite of these changes. An interesting, and very useful, result of these experiments is that the orientation of the filament with respect to silane flow direction had no influence on film quality or the H content of the films. The condition of the filament is much more important to growing quality films than the geometry of the chamber due to tungsten-silicide formation on the filament. « less
INEQUIVALENCE BETWEEN THE SCHRODINGER EQUATION AND THE MADELUNG HYDRODYNAMIC EQUATIONS

By differentiating the Schr\"odinger equation and separating the real amd imaginary parts, one obtains the Madelung hydrodynamic equations, which have inspired numerous classical interpretations of quantum mechanics. Such interpretations frequently assume that these equations are equivalent to the Schr\"odinger equation, and thus provide an alternative basis for quantum mechanics. This paper proves that this is incorrect: to recover the Schr\"odinger equation, one must add by hand a quantization condition, as in the old quantum theory. The implications for various alternative interpretations of quantum mechanics are discussed.
Interparental Conflict and Adolescents' Romantic Relationship Conflict

This study examined associations between interparental conflict and adolescents' romantic relationship conflict. High school seniors (N=183) who lived with married parents completed questionnaires about their parents' marriage and their own romantic relationships. A subset of 88 adolescents was also observed interacting with their romantic partners. Adolescents' perceptions and appraisals of interparental conflict were related to the amount of conflict in romantic relationship and adolescents' conflict styles. Adolescents' appraisals of interparental conflict (i.e., self-blame, perceived threat) moderated many of the associations between interparental conflict and conflict behavior with romantic partners. The patterns of moderated effects differed by gender. These findings suggest that the meanings boys and girls ascribe to interparental conflict are important for understanding how family experiences contribute to the development of romantic relationships.
Club Red: Vacation Travel and the Soviet Dream

Diane Koenker's latest book deals with a timely topic: the history of Soviet vacation travel, including both tourist vacations and stays in health resorts and rest homes. Koenker examines this subj...
AUA Quality Improvement Summit 2014: Conference Proceedings on Infectious Complications of Transrectal Prostate Needle Biopsy

AbstractIntroduction: The AUA Quality Improvement Summit is a continuing AUA effort to provide education around issues related to quality improvement and patient safety. Due to the rapidly increasing rates of hospitalization following prostate needle biopsy, Infectious Complications of Transrectal Prostate Needle Biopsy was selected as the inaugural topic.Methods: The information is largely unpublished data provided by the presenting physicians. Infection rates are predominantly self-reported with protocols specified by the physicians' home institutions. Beyond the identified speakers, the open forum of this summit allowed for input from a majority of the participants.Results: Current hospitalization rates for transrectal prostate needle biopsy infections vary widely from 0.5% to 6%. Antibiotic resistance of coliform organisms appears to be a major risk of these infectious complications. Prophylactic protocols also vary widely among the represented institutions. Antibiotic resistance profiles showed extre...
Amino Acid Enantiomer Excesses in Meteorites: Origin and Significance

Abstract The presence of small l -excesses in both of the two enantiomeric pairs of 2-amino-2,3-dimethylpentanoic acid, in 2-amino-2-methylbutanoic acid (Isovaline), and in 2-amino-2-methylpentanoic acid from the Murchison meteorite has also been observed in these amino acids as extracted from the Murray meteorite. As in Murchison, the α-hydrogen analogues of the latter amino acids, 2-amino butanoic acid and 2-amino pentanoic acid, were found to be racemates. In addition, l -excesses were observed in 2-amino-2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid and 2-amino-2-methylhexanoic acid from both the Murchison and Murray meteorites. The l -excesses observed in the amino acids from Murray were smaller than those found in their Murchison analogues. The substantial excess of l -alanine reported by others was not observed in fractionated (reversephase chromatography) extracts of either Murchison or Murray. Several amino acids were identified in the Murchison extract that can interfere with determination of the alanine enantiomer ratio on Chirasil-L-Val unless removed by a prior fractionation step. The role of ultraviolet circularly polarized light in generating meteorite enantiomeric excesses and the possible significance of such excesses to the origin of terrestrial homochirality are discussed.
Keratinization of mouse teratoma cell line XB produced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: An in vitro model of toxicity

Abstract 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an extremely potent toxin, serves as the prototype of a large group of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which produce a similar and characteristic pattern of toxic lesions, which includes hyperkeratosis and squamous metaplasia in the skin; induce a battery of coordinately expressed enzymes, the most studied of these being aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity; and appear to exert both their toxic effects and enzyme induction through stereospecific, reversible binding to a cytosolic receptor protein. Previous studies performed with over 30 cell types have failed to demonstrate any in vitro toxicity from TCDD. When XB cells derived from a mouse teratoma are cultured at high density (to prevent spontaneous differentiation) along with lethally irradiated 3T3 cells, the addition of TCDD produces a dose-related keratinization response as detected by red staining with Rhodanile blue. Maximal keratinization is produced by 5 × 10 −11 M TCDD. This is a direct effect of TCDD on XB cells, and will occur in the absence of the feeder cells if the teratoma cells are cultured in 3T3-conditioned media. The keratinization produced by TCDD was examined by electron microscopy and histologic staining, and appears to be similar to that which occurs spontaneously when XB cells are plated at low density. XB cells contain the cytosol receptor and respond to TCDD with a dose-related induction of AHH activity. The potencies of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon congeners [dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and azo(xy)benzenes] to produce keratinization in the XB/3T3 system corresponds to their binding affinities for the cytosol receptor. Nonhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, which are agonists for the receptor [such as benz(a)anthracene and 5,6-benzoflavone], also produce a dose-related keratinization in XB/3T3 cultures, whereas unrelated toxins (such as alkylating agents and inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis) do not. Our results suggest that the keratinization produced by TCDD and congeners in XB/3T3 cultures is mediated by the cytosolic receptor, and that this system provides an in vitro model for the in vivo toxic effects produced by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in the epidermis.
LOCALIZATION OF PHYTOCHROME DURING PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) GYNOPHORE AND OVULE DEVELOPMENT

Previous studies indirectly indicated that phytochrome plays a role in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Virginia) gynophore elongation and in ovule and embryo development. Recent advances in the use of monoclonal antibody procedures used in this study have allowed precise localization of phytochrome in the developing peanut gynophore and ovular tissues. Peanut phytochrome from etiolated tissues was found to have a molecular weight of 124 kD as determined by immunoblotting procedures using a monoclonal antibody to pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) phytochrome. Immunoblotting procedures revealed that no detectable phytochrome was present in the gynophore tissues or immature ovules during the elongation of the peanut gynophores. After the gynophores penetrated the soil for 8-12 d, phytochrome was detected in increasing amounts in the ovular tissues but not the gynophore tissues. Immunohistological analysis revealed that phytochrome was localized in the developing embryo and adjacent integument tissues. These findings contradict earlier reports that suggested phytochrome was initially present in the gynophore tissues after fertilization where it was believed to inhibit ovular development
Neurotrophic effects of steroids on lesion-induced growth in the hippocampus. I. The asteroidal condition.

Abstract Young adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to be gonadectomized (GDX), adrenalectomized (ADX), gonadectomized and adrenalectomized (GDX/ADX) or left intact. One week following initial surgery all animals were subjected to a lesion of the entorhinal cortex (ERC) which partially denervates the ipsilateral hippocampal dentate gyrus. Fifteen days after the ERC ablation, the brains were analyzed for changes in reactive outgrowth of the hippocampal commissural-associational (C-A) afferents. Under intact conditions there were no differences between male and female subjects. Female subjects demonstrated a suppression of sprouting following GDX alone and an enhancement of growth following ADX alone. Reactive growth in male subjects was unaffected by GDX or ADX alone. When placed in the ‘asteroidal’ (GDX/ADX) condition, reactive outgrowth of male subjects in significantly impaired as compared to female subjects. The results suggest a complex inter-relationship between the gonadal and adrenal hormones and a possible neurotrophic effect for the gonadal steroids.
Solving the optimal attention allocation problem in manual control

Within the context of the optimal control model of human response, analytic expressions for the gradients of closed-loop performance metrics with respect to human operator attention allocation are derived. These derivatives serve as the basis for a gradient algorithm that determines the optimal attention that a human should allocate among several display indicators in a steady-state manual control task. Application of the human modeling techniques are made to study the hover control task for a CH-46 VTOL flight tested by NASA.
The impact of emotional labor in a retail environment

Abstract It is essential for organizations to understand and manage salespeople's emotions. By monitoring the effects of emotions on the job, management can promote and enhance its sales force. However, the literature on salespersons' emotions has been largely overlooked. This paper establishes an integrative emotional labor process model to better understand the emotional component of the sales force in a retail context. Specifically, the paper examines the impact of emotional labor and emotional exhaustion in relation to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Findings suggest that emotional labor predicts both job satisfaction and organizational commitment, while emotional exhaustion only predicts job satisfaction.
Meaningful features of voice range profiles from patients with organic vocal fold pathology: A preliminary study

Summary This preliminary study identifies features that have the potential to be meaningful descriptors of voice range profiles (VRPs) for 15 patients with organic vocal fold pathologies before and after laryngeal surgery. This study also explores the utility of the VRP as an outcome measure of change in vocal function after surgery. Potentially meaningful features for these patients are the semitone range, intensity level of the lower contour, frequency locus of the lower frequency values, smoothness of the contours, and the presence of intermittencies in the VRP contours. These features are not suggested for differential diagnosis, but for aiding the understanding of each individual patient's phonatory status. Initial use of these features suggests that the VRP may be a useful outcome measure for these patients.
Temperature‐dependent microwave noise performances of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with post‐gate annealing

In this paper, we report the temperature dependence of microwave noise performances of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) up to 573 K and the influences of post-gate-annealing (PGA) technique on temperature dependant characteristics of HEMTs. From room temperature (R.T.) to 573 K, the maximum current of devices with PGA decreased from 998 mA/mm at R.T. to 478 mA/mm while maximum current of devices without PGA dropped from 848 mA/mm at R.T to 641 mA/mm at 393 K. The gate leakage current of devices with PGA is four orders smaller than that of devices without PGA. For RF performance, the cut-off frequency (fT) and the maximum frequency of oscillation (fmax) of devices decreased significantly with increasing temperature. In noise measurements, annealed devices exhibited significant improvements in minimum noise figure (NFmin) and associated gains (Ga). Specifically, NFmin and Ga at 10 GHz are measured at different temperatures. At R.T., the devices after PGA showed an NFmin of 1.16 dB that was 0.7 dB lower than the un-annealed devices. At 573 K, the devices with PGA still exhibit excellent characteristics with an NFmin of 3.94 dB and a Ga of 7.02 dB while devices without PGA can only work up to 393 K. To our knowledge, this is the first report of microwave noise performances of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for substrate temperatures higher than 473 K. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Residential Preferences of Blacks: Do They Explain Persistent Segregation?

For many decades, it has been argued that the U.S. remains racially segregated because of discrimination in the real-estate market reflecting whites' desire to isolate themselves from African Americans. The merely modest declines in black-white segregation since the prohibition of such discrimination in 1968 have provoked a competing hypothesis: residential segregation persists because blacks prefer to live in racially isolated neighborhoods and are reluctant to live in largely white areas. These ideas have not been subject to empirical scrutiny. We use open- and closed-ended survey data from more than 2,000 African Americans in the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality to examine blacks' preferences and the important related issue of what drives those preferences. We find that African Americans overwhelmingly prefer 50-50 areas, a density far too high for most whites - but their preferences are driven not by solidarity or neutral ethnocentrism but by fears of white hostility. Moreover, almost all blacks are willing to move into largely white areas if there is a visible black presence. White preferences also play a key role, since whites are reluctant to move into neighborhoods with more than a few African Americans
Report calls for expanded studies of South Asian haze layer

In 1999, Veerabhadi Ramanathan flew on the final research flight of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), a four-year international study of the atmospheric and climate effects of a thick, largely man-made layer of haze hovering above parts of South Asia, and on which he served as co-chief scientist. “It was pretty sobering, the haze,” he said. Expressing regret, he added, “I had the feeling that we [the INDOEX research team] were just leaving one billion people to this problem.” Ramanathan is director of the Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate (C4) at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California.
Cloud Types and the Tropical Earth Radiation Budget

Nimbus-7 cloud and earth radiation budget data are compared in a study of the effects of clouds on the tropical radiation budget. The data consist of daily averages over fixed 500 sq km target areas, and the months of July 1979 and January 1980 were chosen to show the effect of seasonal changes. Six climate regions, consisting of 14 to 24 target areas each, were picked for intensive analysis because they exemplified the range in the tropical cloud/net radiation interactions. It is found that the net radiation is strongly influenced by the average cloud type and amount present, but most net radiation values could be produced by several combinations of cloud types and amount. The regions of highest net radiation (greater than 125 W/sq m) tend to have medium to heavy cloud cover. In these cases, thin medium-altitude clouds predominate. Their cloud tops are normally too warm to be classified as cirrus by the Nimbus cloud algorithm. In the tropical oceans there are large regions where the total regional cloud cover varies from 20 to 90 percent, but with little regional difference in the net radiation. The monsoon and rain areas are high net radiation regions.
Perceptions of trainers and practitioners regarding assessment and intervention for students with low incidence disabilities

Two national surveys of the perceptions of trainers and practitioners regarding assessment and intervention for students with low incidence disabilities (LID) were conducted. The first survey, sent to the directors of 250 school psychology training programs, was designed to determine the extent and type of training in assessment and intervention for students with LID offered in school psychology training programs. The second survey, mailed to 500 randomly selected National Association of School Psychologists' (NASP) members, was developed to assess the extent and type of assessment and intervention for students with LID provided by school practitioners. Responses were received from 121 trainers (50.8% response rate) and 361 practitioners (72.2% response rate). Results indicated, while assessment and intervention for LID remains a small part of the school psychology caseload, school psychologists are using many of the best practice methods. However, recommendations are provided for increased awareness of additional methods, for seeking closer collaboration with special education professionals who specialize in working with this student population, and for more possibilities of subspecialization for future psychologists who will possess expertise in conducting assessment and intervention for LID. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 677–689, 2005.
Well-mixed blends of HDPE and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with major improvements in impact strength achieved via solid-state shear pulverization

Abstract Compared with conventional polyolefins, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) possesses outstanding impact strength and crack resistance that make it desirable for a wide variety of applications. Unfortunately, UHMWPE has an ultrahigh viscosity that renders common, continuous melt-state processes ineffective for making UHMWPE products. Attempts to overcome this problem by blending UHMWPE with lower molecular weight high-density polyethylene (HDPE) by melt processing have typically led to poorly dispersed blends due to the vast viscosity mismatch between blend components. Here, we present solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) as a mild, continuous, and simple approach for achieving effective and intimate mixing in UHMWPE/HDPE blends. These SSSP blends are easily processed by post-SSSP melt extrusion; for an SSSP blend with 50 wt% UHMWPE, we observe more than a factor of 1000 increase in viscosity at a shear rate of 0.01 s−1 but less than a factor of 5 increase at 100 s−1, the latter being more typical of melt-processing operations. Using extensional rheology, we confirm the strain hardening behavior of SSSP blends. Shear rheology and crystallization data show that the mixing between UHMWPE and HDPE can be improved with subsequent passes of SSSP and single-screw extrusion. Finally, we show that blending via SSSP leads to dramatic improvements in impact strength: as compared to literature results, injection-molded sample bars made from SSSP blends with 30–50 wt% UHMWPE exhibit very high values of notched Izod impact strength, 660–770 J/m (the impact strength of neat HDPE was 170 J/m).
SFCGen: A framework for efficient generation of multi-dimensional space-filling curves by recursion

Because they are continuous and self-similar, space-filling curves have been widely used in mathematics to transform multi-dimensional problems into one-dimensional forms. For scientific applications, reordering computation by certain space-filling curves can significantly improve data reuse because of the locality properties of these curves. However, when space-filling curves are used in programs for reordering data, traversal or indexing of the curves must be efficient. To address this problem, we present the table-driven framework SFCGen to efficiently generate multi-dimensional space-filling curves on the fly. The framework is general and easy enough to be used in any application that can be partitioned recursively in multiple dimensions. We describe a movement specification table, a universal turtle algorithm to enumerate points along a space-filling curve, a table-based indexing algorithm to transform coordinates of a point into its position along the curve and an algorithm to pregenerate the table automatically. As examples, we show how high-dimensional Hilbert, Morton, and Peano curves and a two-dimensional Sierpinski curve can be generated with our algorithms. We present performance results for Hilbert, Morton, and Peano curves and compare the efficiency of our curve generation algorithm with the most recent work on generating Hilbert curves. Our experimental results on three modern microprocessor-based platforms show that SFCGen performs up to 63% faster than the most recent recursive algorithm on 2D curve generation and up to a factor of 132 faster than two previous byte-oriented non-recursive implementations. On curve indexing, SFCGen performs as much as a factor of three faster than the byte-oriented implementation. Our results on 4D space-filling curves also show that SFCGen scales very well with curve level for higher dimensional spaces.
MR Imaging Evaluation of Disorders of the Chest Wall

Chest wall lesions constitute a diverse group of thoracic diseases, including those of soft tissue and osseous origin. MR imaging, with its superior tissue-resolving capability and multiplanar image acquisition, is an important tool for assessing chest wall lesions. In this article, the authors review common and uncommon diseases of the chest wall, with an emphasis on the MR imaging characteristics of these diseases. Among the diseases they discuss are diseases of the soft tissue including lipoma, hibernoma, liposarcoma, hemangioma, and lymphoma. They also examine diseases of the osseous thorax, including benign osseous tumors, fibrous dysplasia, and aneurysmal bone cyst. In addition, they discuss such malignant osseous tumors as osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma.
Acute myelogenous leukemia heteroantisera.

Abstract Antisera were raised in New Zealand white rabbits to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells. Reactivity of the antisera against normal T lymphocytes was eliminated by pretreating the rabbits with anti-leukocyte serum (ALS) and precoating the immunizing cell with ALS. Following absorption with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells the antisera appeared to be specific for certain acute leukemia cells. By complement-dependent cytotoxicity testing leukemia cells from 10 46 AML and 2 23 ALL patients were positive. The cytotoxicity titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:32. The undiluted sera showed no reactivity with normal peripheral blood B or T lymphocytes, normal granulocytes, chronic myelocytic leukemia cells, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Two recently initiated AML cell lines (KG and ML3) were positive and a third AML line (HL60) was negative. Several other B- and T-cell lines were negative. Positive ALL cells were able to remove the cytotoxicity against positive AML cells suggesting a common antigen(s) was involved. The AML antigen was not expressed on myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) from normal human bone marrow.
DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT AND DELAY OF PUNISHMENT IN PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION

Persuasive communications, which 140 Ss read aloud, included a statement of the opinion to be learned, followed by neutral material, and then by the argument (information supporting the opinion without repeating i t ) . Delay of argument (time interval between opinion statement and argument) was varied either by interrupting reading of neutral material ( 5 and 2 0 sec.) or without interruption by using neurral material of appropriate length (mean delay = 4 and 20 sec.). Theory (1 ) and research employing the non-interruption method ( 2 ) 5nclicate that the argument functions as a reinforcer of the opinion response, and that delay of argument is analogous to delay of reinforcement, e.g., speed of'agreement (l/latency) is a negatively accelerated decreasing function of delay of argument. In the present study, results with the non-interruption method also show this decremental delay of reinforcement effect on speed (Ms = .057, Mr. = ,029, t = 3.05, df = 30: p < .01, 2-tailed). Speed increased with delay under the interruption method ( i l l s = ,034, Mr. = ,053, r = 2.12, df = 30; p < .05, 2-tailed). Results under the interruption method, while not predictable in derail, can also be interpreted in terms of learning principles. Most Ss have a learning history in which interruption (by parents, teachers, etc.) indicates behavior regarded as incorrect, inadequate, or otherwise disapproved. Social disapproval is a punishment; interruption thus becomes a conditioned punisher. The short delay group is "punished" by interruption 5 sec. after stating the opinion, while the long delay group is punished 2 0 sec. after stating the opinion. Thus, delay of reinforcement may be confoundecl with delay of punishment under the interruption method, with the punishment effects predominating in the results.
Na+-dependent amino acid transport in bacteria-free sea urchin larvae

1. Influx of14C-labeled serine and leucine into axenic larvae ofStrongylocentrotus purpuratus occurs from substrate concentrations as low as 125 nmolar. The relation between substrate concentration and the rate of influx has the form of a rectangular hyperbola and is well described by the Michaelis-Menten equation. The apparent kinetic constantsJi max andKt are both dependent on the sodium concentration of the medium. 2. Analysis of the relation between the measured influx of serine or leucine, and sodium concentration suggests that two sodium ions are transported per amino acid. The data also suggest cooperative interaction between the binding sites for both sodium and the amino acid substrate. 3. We provide the first clear evidence of sodium coupled net entry of 9 neutral amino acids, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography. We propose a model for transport of the form (Na+)2·(carrier)·(S) and provide evidence that this quaternary complex is translocated intact across the cell surface.
The changing syndrome of heart failure: an annotated review as we approach the 21st century.

Epidemiology Risk factors for heart failure vary in magnitude, depending on age and sex. Incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality are strongly age-related. The presence of hypertension or diabetes among men aged 35-64 years increases the risk fourfold. Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in this group increases the risk 15-fold, independently of the presence of hypertension. Other independent risks include obesity, a high ratio of total to high-density cholesterol, proteinuria, an intraventricular conduction delay or a non-specific repolarization abnormality. Among blacks, the presence of hypertension increases the incidence of heart failure; among whites, the underlying cause is more commonly ischemic heart disease. Pathophysiology Impaired cardiac contractility is the primary hemodynamic change in heart failure. Increases in ventricular filling pressure following changes in ventricular diastolic compliance contribute to the symptoms. Neurohormonal changes, particularly those related to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through interactions with the sympathetic nervous system, have been correlated with the severity of the disease and mortality. Drugs that modulate neurohormonal systems have more favorable effects on the outcome of heart disease than those that only affect hemodynamic systems. Therapy Patients must be educated towards improved compliance with recommendations on sodium intake, cessation of smoking, weight control, exercise and medication regimens. Current drug therapy includes treatment with diuretics with or without digitalis and can be improved by the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Optimal doses of these inhibitors, their use in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction and their mechanisms of action are currently being evaluated.
Changes in extreme precipitation in Texas

[1] An increase in global temperature leads to the intensification of a hydrologic cycle, which, in turn, affects spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation. The distribution of precipitation plays an important role in water resources planning at regional and local scales. In this study, the state of Texas was used as a study area. Five kinds of annual precipitation extremes, based on the annual maximum (1, 7, and 30 days) and on the threshold level (95th and 97.5 percentiles), were analyzed. Applying the extreme value theory, a generalized extreme value distribution was fitted to these extremes, and quantiles were calculated for the preclimatic change period (1925–1964) and the postclimatic change period (1965–2005) to understand the possible changes in frequency patterns in terms of both spatial and temporal scales. Furthermore, the trend analysis of extreme precipitation was performed using the Mann-Kendall test for preclimatic and postclimatic change periods to determine possible increasing or decreasing patterns. On the basis of the quantiles obtained for different return periods using 1 day extreme precipitation on an annual scale, mixed results were observed. The stations with higher quantiles, based on 1 day extreme events during the preclimatic period, were located mostly in the subtropical subhumid regions, whereas those during the postclimatic change period were located in most of the climatic zones. Similarly, results based on other extreme variables showed that the changes in the temporal and spatial characteristics of quantiles as well as increasing or decreasing patterns were observed at different locations during preclimatic and postclimatic change periods.
Influence of Impurities on the Growth of Quartz Crystals from Flint and Quartzite

HITHERTO the most successful methods1,2 of growing large quartz crystals have employed a hydrothermal technique in which melting-quality quartz is used as the source material for maintaining the supersaturation of the liquid with respect to silica in the vicinity of the growing crystals. We have now found means whereby the melting-quality quartz can be replaced satisfactorily by other mineral substances rich in silica, such as flint and quartzite. These materials have the advantage of ready availability in the United Kingdom.
Timing of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization: Relation to Appalachian orogenic events

Although Mississippi Valley-type deposits in Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks of the Appalachian orogen are commonly interpreted to have been precipitated by basinal brines, the timing of brine migration remains poorly known. Late Paleozoic K-Ar isotopic ages on authigenic K-feldspar, which is widespread in Appalachian carbonate rocks, as well as evidence of paleomagnetic overprints of similar age, have focused attention on the possibility that these Mississippi Valley-type deposits formed as a result of late Paleozoic deformation. Geologic and geochemical similarities among most of these deposits, from Georgia to Newfoundland, including unusually high sphalerite/galena ratios, isotopically heavy sulfur, and relatively nonradiogenic lead, suggest that they are coeval. Sphalerite sand that parallels host-rock layering in many of the deposits indicates that mineralization occurred before regional deformation. Although the late Paleozoic age of deformation in the southern Appalachians provides little constraint on the age of Mississippi Valley-type mineralization, deformation of these deposits in the Newfoundland Appalachians is early to middle Paleozoic in age. Thus, if Ordovician-hosted, Appalachian Mississippi Valley-type deposits are coeval, they must have formed by middle Paleozoic time and cannot be the product of a late Paleozoic fluid-expulsion event. This hypothesis has important implications for basin evolution, fluid events, and remagnetization inmore » the Appalachians.« less
Effects of an α-blocker and Terpene Mixture for Pain Control and Spontaneous Expulsion of Ureter Stone

Purpose: It was known that α-1 receptors are present in ureteral smooth muscle. We aimed to reveal the effect of an α-blocker (tamsulosin) and terpene mixture (Rowatinex R ) on the expulsion of ureter stone (size less than 1cm), as well as its affect on the relief of pain. Material and Methods: The patients were classified into group A in which the size of the ureter stone less than 4mm (144 subjects) and group B in which the size of stone was between 4mm and 10mm (48 patients). Each study group was also further divided into 3 sub-groups: group 1 with analgesics only, group 2 with Rowatinex R as well as analgesics, and group 3 with 0.4mg of tamsulosin as well as analgesics. Results: It was shown that the expulsion rates of ureter stone in sub-group 1 of group A, at the end of first week, was statistically lower (p<0.05) compared to that of sub-group 2 with Rowatinex R . It was also shown that compared to sub-group 1, the expulsion rate of ureter stone at the end of first week in sub-group 3 was statistically significant (p<0.05). Compared to the consumed amount of analgesics in group A, it was revealed that sub-group 2 and sub-group 3 used statistically fewer ampules of than sub-group 1 (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study clearly showed that both α-blocker and Rowatinex R are effective means of controlling colicky pain and they speed up excretion of ureter stones that are less than 4mm in size, at the end of first week. Therefore, we conclude that an alpha-blocker and Rowatinex R
Diversity Routing for Multi-hop Wireless Networks with Cooperative Transmissions

In this paper, we consider the use of cooperative transmissions in multi-hop wireless networks to achieve virtual MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) links. Specifically, we investigate how the physical layer VMISO benefits translate into network level performance improvements. We show that the improvements are non-trivial (15% to 300% depending on the node density) but rely on two crucial algorithmic decisions: the number of co-operating transmitters for each link; and the cooperation strategy used by the transmitters. Finally, we present Proteus, an adaptive diversity routing protocol that includes algorithmic solutions to the above two decision problems and leverages VMISO links in multi-hop wireless network to achieve performance improvements. We evaluate Proteus using NS2 based simulations with an enhanced physical layer model that accurately captures the effect of VMISO transmissions.
The Interaction of Spinning Liquid Film With Swirling Gas in Cylindrical Vessel—Experiments and Numerical Simulations

Experimental flow visualizations and numerical simulations of the interaction of a spinning liquid film with a swirling gas in a cylindrical vessel are reported. A gas/liquid flow that simulates the high-pressure conditions of combustion was successfully visualized in a transparent test chamber. The test chamber was a mockup of a liquid propellant gun ignition system component called the hydrodynamically-stabilized combustor. Water-glycerol mixtures were used for the liquid, and ballistically compressed helium-nitrogen was used for the gas. The liquid is injected tangentially along the cylindrical test chamber wall where it spreads as a spinning film. The gas is then injected tangentially and interacts with the liquid. The flows were insensitive to the tilt angle of the test chamber and only mildly sensitive to the liquid viscosity Liquid entrainment by the gas and subsequent atomization occurs promptly (within 2 ms) after the onset of gas injection, and the flow in the test chamber vent passage is a swirling, transonic, two-phase flow. Two types of three-dimensional simulations of the liquid and gas injection into the test chamber were performed using the CRAFT Navier-Stokes code