cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weaponizing the haters: The Last Jedi and the strategic politicization of pop culture through social media manipulation

Political discourse on social media is seen by many as polarized, vitriolic and permeated by falsehoods and misinformation. Political operators have exploited all of these aspects of the discourse for strategic purposes, most famously during the Russian social media influence campaign during the 2016 presidential election in the United States and current, similar efforts targeting the U.S. elections in 2018 and 2020. The results of the social media study presented in this paper presents evidence that political influence through manipulation of social media discussions is no longer exclusive to political debate but can now also be found in pop culture. Specifically, this study examines a collection of tweets relating to a much-publicized fan dispute over the Star Wars franchise film Episode VII: The Last Jedi . This study finds evidence of deliberate, organized political influence measures disguised as fan arguments. The likely objective of these measures is increasing media coverage of the fandom conflict, thereby adding to and further propagating a narrative of widespread discord and dysfunction in American society. Persuading voters of this narrative remains a strategic goal for the U.S. alt-right movement, as well as the Russian Federation. The results of this study show that among those who address The Last Jedi director Rian Johnson directly on Twitter to express their dissatisfaction, more than half are bots, trolls/sock puppets or political activists using the debate to propagate political messages supporting extreme right-wing causes and the discrimination of gender, race or sexuality. A number of these users appear to be Russian trolls. The paper concludes that while it is only a minority of Twitter accounts that tweet negatively about The Last Jedi , organized attempts at politicizing the pop culture discourse on social media for strategic purposes are significant enough that users should be made aware of these measures, so they can act accordingly.
The Challenges of Multisource Feedback: Feasibility and Acceptability of Gathering Patient Feedback for Pediatric Residents.

Abstract Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education calls for residency programs to incorporate multisource feedback, which may include patient feedback, into resident competency assessments. Program directors face numerous challenges in gathering this feedback. This study assesses the feasibility and acceptability of patient feedback collection in the inpatient and outpatient setting at 3 institutions. Methods Patient feedback was collected using a modified version of the Communication Assessment Tool (CAT). Trained research assistants administered the CAT to eligible patients and families in pediatric ward, intensive care, and outpatient settings from July to October 2015. Completion rates and reasons for non-completion were recorded. Patient satisfaction with the CAT was assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. Results The CAT was completed by 860/1413 (61%) patients. Completion rates in the pediatric ward and intensive care settings were 45% and 38%, respectively, compared to 91% in the outpatient setting. In inpatient settings, survey non-completion was typically due to participant unavailability; this was rarely a reason in the outpatient setting. A total of 93.4% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with using the CAT. It was found that 6.36 hours of research assistant time would be required to gather a valid quantity of patient feedback for a single resident in the outpatient setting, compared to 10.14 hours in the inpatient setting. Conclusions Although collecting feedback using our standardized protocol is acceptable to patients, obtaining sufficient feedback requires overcoming several barriers and a sizable time commitment. Feedback collection in the outpatient setting may be higher yield than in the inpatient setting due to greater patient/family availability. Future work should focus on innovative methods to gather patient feedback in the inpatient setting to provide program directors with a holistic view of their residents’ communication skills.
Tres versiones peninsulares del cuento del delfín servicial

In a homage volume to John Esten Keller, published in 1980, I presented an essay on a story in the Libro de las bienandanzas e fortunas of Lope Garcia de Salazar of how a dolphin saves the life of the firstborn son of the king of France. According to Salazar, the incident serves to explain the origin of the title dauphin and the name of the province Dauphine, and also the representation of dolphins on the heraldic arms of the dauphin and his territory. In the essay I declared that I was unaware of any other medieval version of the story. Recently, however, I came across a similar version of the tale in Ferran Mexia’s Nobiliario vero and also a Portuguese translation of this version in the Tratado Geral de Nobreza, attributed to Antonio Rodrigues, Portugal King of Arms. The three texts are witnesses to a probable French source in common, now lost or unknown.
Transmission Electron Microscope Studies of Sclerotia of Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Abstract. The ultrastructure of cells of the Sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was studied by electron microscopy. A mature sclerotium of S. sclerotiorum contains several types of differentiated cells. The thick-waller rind cells which comprise the sclerotial envelope are empty and have a rough outer electron-dense layer which is absent from the other walls. A mucilaginous sheath was observed around medullary hyphae and the cell contains comprise typical neclei, mitochondria, lipid bodies, Woronin bodies, endoplasm with a surrounding plasmalemna and a sparse endoplasmic reticulum and lomasomes. Ringkasan. Pengamatan jamur penyebab penyakit tumbuhan, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary dengan menggunakan mikroskop electron telah dikerjakan dalam laporan ini, terutama sekali mengenai sklerotium yang telah masak yang terdiri dari bebrapa macam sel yang berbeda-beda. Bagian luar sekali yang merupakan kulit dari pada sklerotium disebut “rind”, terdiri dari sel-sel yang berdinding tebal, kaku, kosong dan banyak menerima electron (electrondense layer). Macam dinding sel bagian lainnya. Sedangkan bagian dalamnya yang disebut “medullary hyphae” selalu diselubungi oleh lapisan tebal dan kenyal yang disebut “mucilaginous sheath”. Sel-sel tersebut mengandung berbagai bagian seperti inti, mitokondria, benda-benda lemak, benda-benda Woronin, plasma-dalam yang dikelilingi oleh dinding plasma (plasmalemma), reticulum plasma-dalam dan lomasom, seperti pada sel-sel Ascomycetes lainnya.
Mexican Rice Borer Control Tactics in United States Sugarcane.

The invasive Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), expanded its range from Mexico to South Texas in the early 1980s. By 2008 the pest had moved into sugarcane- and rice-growing areas of East Texas and Louisiana, and by 2012 it was reported on noncrop host plants in Florida. Efforts to suppress E. loftini in United States sugarcane with chemicals and biological control agents were unsuccessful, so both tactics were discontinued, and E. loftini infestation of sugarcane has continued unchecked. During the last 15 years, however, research has focused on the pest’s ecology, improved insecticides and scouting methods, the identification of sugarcane resistance mechanisms, and new cultural tactics. A surveillance technique was developed that indicates when larvae are most vulnerable to insecticide sprays. Currently, registered insecticides for E. loftini control are not widely applied, although some show promise, including an insect growth regulator. A number of potentially useful cultural practices are available, including plowing under fallow stubble, judicious use of fertilizer, adequate irrigation, avoiding proximity to E. loftini-susceptible maize cultivars, and enhancement of natural enemy populations. Demonstrated and potentially useful sugarcane resistance mechanisms involve physiochemical attributes, physical characteristics, and transgenic cultivars.
Effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily gain in pre-weaned dairy calves: A double-blind, block-randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of zinc supplementation on diarrhea and average daily weight gain (ADG) in pre-weaned dairy calves. A total of 1,482 healthy Holstein heifer and bull calves from a large California dairy were enrolled at 24 to 48 hours of age until hutch exit at approximately 90 days of age. Calves were block-randomized by time to one of three treatments: 1) placebo, 2) zinc methionine (ZM), or 3) zinc sulfate (ZS) administered in milk once daily for 14 days. Serum total protein at enrollment and body weight at birth, treatment end, and hutch exit were measured. Fecal consistency was assessed daily for 28 days post-enrollment. For a random sample of 127 calves, serum zinc concentrations before and after treatment and a fecal antigen ELISA at diarrhea start and resolution for Escherichia coli K99, rotavirus, coronavirus, and Cryptosporidium parvum were performed. Linear regression showed that ZM-treated bull calves had 22 g increased ADG compared to placebo-treated bulls (P = 0.042). ZM-treated heifers had 9 g decreased ADG compared to placebo-treated heifers (P = 0.037), after adjusting for average birth weight. Sex-stratified models showed that high birth weight heifers treated with ZM gained more than placebo-treated heifers of the same birth weight, which suggests a dose-response effect rather than a true sex-specific effect of ZM on ADG. Cox regression showed that ZM and ZS-treated calves had a 14.7% (P = 0.015) and 13.9% (P = 0.022) reduced hazard of diarrhea, respectively, compared to placebo-treated calves. Calves supplemented for at least the first five days of diarrhea with ZM and ZS had a 21.4% (P = 0.027) and 13.0% (P = 0.040) increased hazard of cure from diarrhea, respectively, compared to placebo-treated calves. Logistic regression showed that the odds of microbiological cure at diarrhea resolution for rotavirus, C. parvum, or any single fecal pathogen was not different between treatment groups. Zinc supplementation delayed diarrhea and expedited diarrhea recovery in pre-weaned calves. Additionally, zinc improved weight gain differentially in bulls compared to heifers, indicating a research need for sex-specific dosing.
Decline in the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses following the implementation of a paid sick leave law in Connecticut.

BACKGROUND Workers with paid sick leave may have a lower rate of occupational injuries compared with other workers. This study sought to determine whether there was a decline in the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses following the implementation of a paid sick leave law in Connecticut (CT). METHODS Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics was used to calculate the rate of occupational injuries and illnesses in CT in the 3 years before (2009-11) and after (2012-14) the law was implemented. These numbers were compared with New York (NY) and the United States, and between the occupations specified by the CT law and other occupations. RESULTS Among service occupations addressed by the CT paid-sick-leave law, the rate of occupational injuries declined more in CT compared to rates for those same occupations in NY and the United States. Within CT, injury and illness rates showed a greater decline in occupations specified by the law (-17.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -15.6--19.9) compared with other occupations (-6.8%; 95% CI = -6.6%--7.0%) between the two periods. CONCLUSIONS A paid sick leave law was associated with an increased decline in occupational injuries and illnesses in affected service workers in the period after implementation. Further research should examine the possible reasons for the associations seen here.
Multi-Agent Approach to Analyzing Kinetics of a Multi-Actuated OmniDirectional Mobile Robot for Control System Development

The work presented here proposes a novel strategy for characterizing the kinetics of a single robot as a team of agents working concurrently to satisfy a set of performance objectives. This approach enables the design and application of multi-agent control algorithms across robot subsystems in an effort to create control architectures that are inherently resilient to subsystem failure. A holonomic drive omnidirectional robot is analyzed using the proposed methodology. Each actuator subsystem is treated as an individual agent in a team that contributes to the robot’s coordinated motion. We generalize the approach for various classes of omnidirectional drive vehicles and demonstrate how to characterize the forces and moments associated with each subsystem. Validation is performed to demonstrate that the proposed approach yields robot motion models that are in agreement with those found by conventional rigid-body planar motion analysis.
“Finally Something for Us”: Black Girls Run! and Racialized Space-Making in Recreational Running:

This study uses life story interviews to understand the utility of Black Girls Run!—a predominantly Black organization for women who engage in recreational distance running. Drawing from Neckerman,...
Optimization under rare chance constraints

Chance constraints provide a principled framework to mitigate the risk of high-impact extreme events by modifying the controllable properties of a system. The low probability and rare occurrence of such events, however, impose severe sampling and computational requirements on classical solution methods that render them impractical. This work proposes a novel sampling-free method for solving rare chance constrained optimization problems affected by uncertainties that follow general Gaussian mixture distributions. By integrating modern developments in large deviation theory with tools from convex analysis and bilevel optimization, we propose tractable formulations that can be solved by off-the-shelf solvers. Our formulations enjoy several advantages compared to classical methods: their size and complexity is independent of event rarity, they do not require linearity or convexity assumptions on system constraints, and under easily verifiable conditions, serve as safe conservative approximations or asymptotically exact reformulations of the true problem. Computational experiments on linear, nonlinear and PDE-constrained problems from applications in portfolio management, structural engineering and fluid dynamics illustrate the broad applicability of our method and its advantages over classical sampling-based approaches in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
Mothers and Others: Designing a Randomized Trial to Prevent Obesity among Infants and Toddlers

Background: Despite increases in obesity among children under 2 years, few interventions have targeted this age group. Mothers and Others (MO preliminary longitudinal cohort of 217 AA mother-infant dyads; and, 20 semi-structured interviews with AA moms, dads and grandmothers. Results: The trial will be conducted among 468 AA mothers recruited through antenatal clinics. Intervention mothers will identify a study partner to participate with her. Delivery channels include face-to-face peer counseling through 6 home visits, support from a lactation consultant, 6 newsletters, and twice weekly text messages. Outcomes include differences in weight-for-...
ERRATUM TO: Exploring the Intersection of Parenting, Ethnicity, Race, and Gender in the Deconstruction of the Nuclear Family Archetype

This chapter explores social science literature on the nuclear family as related to variables of race, ethnicity, and parenting. In doing so the contributors have struggled with what are the most important things to say about a topic that is so vast in scope. We focus on the main purpose of parenting which is the socialization of children, but also provide critical analysis of the challenges that social science faces in defining family as a socially constructed system evolving within the culture of the USA. This evolution impacts the function of parenting given the subcultural contexts in which parenting occurs. Bornstein (Being and becoming a parent, handbook of parenting. Psychology Press, 2002) states that: “Despite the fact that most people become parents and everyone who has ever lived has had parents… parenting remains a most mystifying subject…parents create people…Parenthood is a job whose primary object of attention and action is the child” (Bornstein, 2002, ix).
Combination, Complementarity and Automatic Control: A Role for the Cerebellum in Learning Movement Coordination

We have examined several different paradigms of adaptation and of 'acquisition of skill'--skill defined as a movement specialized to meet a certain goal and gained through practice. In each paradigm, change occurs through trial-and-error performance. In some of the tasks, damage of cerebellar cortex impairs adaptation and not performance. The deficits in performance cannot explain the deficits in adaptation. In some of the tasks, the discharge of Purkinje cells and, by inference, the discharge of inferior olive cells and mossy fibres has behaved in a manner consistent with the Marr-Albus theory of motor learning. We extend the theory to show how parallel fibres could implement both the coordination of complex movements and the learning of new movements. The size of the response combinations would be proportionate to the length of parallel fibres. The mechanism proposed here would permit optimized complex movement behaviours to respond to specific behavioural contexts rapidly, stereotypically and automatically. The mechanism would permit storage of many context-response couplings, and many complex responses. The mechanism would permit privacy, individuality and a large number of behavioural responses.
Statistical fracture mechanics

We offer this lecture on fracture of solids to the school on “... complex hydrodynamic phenomena” to attract your attention to a vast field which has many similarities with turbulence and other hydrodynamic phenomena, while remaining a virgin territory. Fracture resembles turbulence through the presence of the scaling hierarchy of the defects involved and the complexity of their interaction. We believe that many concepts and formalism developed in hydrodynamics could be useful if applied to fracture.
Endoskopisch-interventionelle Verfahren in der Adipositastherapie

Die morbide Adipositas (BMI >40) und die dadurch bedingten Begleiterkrankungen stellen ein global wachsendes gesundheitliches Problem dar. In grosen, kontrollierten Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei Patienten mit einem BMI >40 oder >35 und adipositasbedingten Begleiterkrankungen durch den Einsatz der bariatrischen Chirurgie eine bleibende Gewichtsreduktion und damit ein Uberlebensvorteil durch die Behandlung erreicht werden kann. Speziell fur dieses wachsende Patientenkollektiv stellen endoskopisch transorale Therapieverfahren ohne die Probleme der Wundinfektion und weiterer postoperativer Therapiekomplikationen ein ideales Vorgehen dar. Es gibt aktuell jedoch nur wenige gut untersuchte endoskopische Behandlungsverfahren. Die endoskopische Einlage eines Magenballons ist technisch einfach durchfuhrbar, aber mit Komplikationen fur den Patienten verbunden, und die erreichte Gewichtsreduktion ist mit den durch bariatrischen Therapieverfahren erreichten nicht vergleichbar. Eine neue vielversprechende Methode ist die durch endoskopische transmurale Nahte erzeugte Magenverkleinerung, die in einer ersten Studie der chirurgischen Behandlung vergleichbare Ergebnisse erreichen konnte. Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob diese endoskopische Behandlungsmethode die dauerhafte Wirkung der etablierten bariatrischen Verfahren erreicht.
Relations between metastrategic knowledge and strategic performance

Abstract Two components of metastrategic knowledge—knowledge of task objectives and knowledge of strategies—are distinguished and assessed in the context of an inductive causal reasoning task administered to fifth graders in a microgenetic design. Both metastrategic knowledge and strategic performance improved over a seven-week period of engagement with the task. However, children were unlikely to attain strategic mastery until they had reached particular levels of metastrategic understanding. Discussion focuses on (a) the likelihood of multiple directions of influence between strategic and metastrategic knowledge systems, (b) coordination of task and strategy components of metastrategic knowledge as a central task of the metastrategic knowledge system, and (c) the generality of the present findings.
Toward highly fluorescent polythiophenes: head-to-tail coupled copolymers of 3-(methoxyethoxyethoxymethyl)thiophene and 3-(perfluoroalkyl)thiophene

The introduction of stiff, polyfluorinated side-chains onto regioregular polymers and copolymers of thiophene could lead to highly luminescent materials. Additionally, this class of conjugated polymers could self-assemble by the fluorophobic effect, leading to interesting new materials. The synthesis and characterization of these polymers is presented. Initial results indicate that these polythiophenes are highly fluorescent relative to poly(3-alkylthiophenes).
THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF A FIRST-ORDER LOGIC-BASED STOCHASTIC MODELING LANGUAGE

We have created a logic-based, Turing-complete language for stochastic modeling. Since the inference scheme for this language is based on a variant of Pearl's loopy belief propagation algorithm, we...
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS (ER) DURING INFANCY

To evaluate the ER of infants, 20 formula-fed and 20 breast-fed infants (10 ea at 1 mo and 10 ea at 4 mo) from the USA and 8 4-mo-old breast-fed infants from Mexico were studied. Energy expenditures (EE) were estimated by the 2H2 18O method. After collection of a predose urine sample, each infant received by mouth 200 mg 2H2O and 300 mg 18O/kg body wt. One daily Dostdose utine sample was collected from each infant for 7-10 d. H and 18O content of urine samples were measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. CO2 expiration rates (rCO2) were calculated from the fractional turnover rates and isotope dilution spaces of 2H and 18O. Oxygen consumption rates (rO2) were calculated from rCO2, using the measured respiratory quotient or the estimated food quotient values. EE was calculated from the rCO2 and rO2 using Weir's equation. Energy deposited for growth (EDG) was calculated from fat and protein gained by these infants using Fomon's reference data and gross energy equivalents of 9.25 kcal/g for fat and 5.65 kcal/g for protein. Energy requirement (ER) was the sum of EE and EDG. ER of the 1-mo-old infants were 103±17 kcal/kg/d. At 4 mo of age, no difference in ER was observed between the American and Mexican infants. However, ER of the 4-mo-old infants (79±15 kcal/kg/d) were significantly lower than the current recommendation for energy intake (105-115 kcal/kg/d) during infancy. Therefore, revision of the current recommendation is warranted.
Apparent heterogeneity of cardiac A1 adenosine receptors as revealed by radioligand binding experiments on N-ethylmaleimide-treated membranes.

While G protein-coupled receptors are often studied by analyzing antagonist radioligand: “cold” agonist inhibition curves using an independent site model, it is now clear that KL and KH values determined in these analyses are not reliable estimates of the affinities of the agonists for “free” and G protein-coupled forms of the receptor. Thus, such experiments cannot be used to contrast the characteristics of a given type of receptor in different tissues, i.e., to probe for the existence of receptor subtypes. Since treatment with N-ethylmaleimide treatment blocks receptor: Gi/G0 protein interactions, such analyses on N-ethylmaleimide-pretreated membranes should allow direct assessment of the affinities of competing ligands for the free receptor or for multiple receptor subtypes.
Intersecting Race and Gender Cues are Associated with Perceptions of Gay Men’s Preferred Sexual Roles

Preferences for anal sex roles (top/bottom) are an important aspect of gay male identity, but scholars have only recently begun to explore the factors that covary with these preferences. Here, we argue that the gendered nature of both racial stereotypes (i.e., Black men are masculine, Asian men are feminine) and sexual role stereotypes (i.e., tops are masculine, bottoms are feminine) link the categories Asian/bottom and the categories Black/top. We provide empirical evidence for these claims at three levels of analysis: At the cultural level based upon gay men’s stereotypic beliefs about others (Study 1), at the interpersonal level based upon gay men’s perceptions of others’ sexual role preferences (Study 2), and at the intrapersonal level based upon racially diverse men’s self-reported sexual roles on a public hookup website (Study 3). These studies offer the first systematic evidence of linkages between race categories and sexual roles in gay male communities.
Optical imaging fiber-based recombinant bacterial biosensor

A cell array biosensor was developed, composed of thousands of individual bacteria cells expressing a reporter gene that responds to the presence of environmental pollutants. The single cell array was produced by immobilizing the cells on an optical imaging fiber. A high-density array of microwells was fabricated on the optical imaging fiber's distal face by selectively etching the individual fibers cores. Each microwell was used to accommodate a single living bacterium, allowing simultaneous monitoring of the genetic responses of all the cells in the array. The optical imaging fiber cell array platform provides a powerful tool for the fabrication of whole cell biosensors for various environmental and industrial applications.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clustering hyperspectral imagery for improved adaptive matched filter performance

This paper offers improvements to adaptive matched filter (AMF) performance by addressing correlation and non-homogeneity problems inherent to hyperspectral imagery (HSI). The estimation of the mean vector and covariance matrix of the background should be calculated using “target-free” data. This statement reflects the difficulty that including target data in estimates of the mean vector and covariance matrix of the background could entail. This data could act as statistical outliers and severely contaminate the estimators. This fact serves as the impetus for a 2-stage process: First, attempt to remove the target data from the background by way of the employment of anomaly detectors. Next, with remaining data being relatively “target-free” the way is cleared for signature matching. Relative to the first stage, we were able to test seven different anomaly detectors, some of which are designed specifically to deal with the spatial correlation of HSI data and/or the presence of anomalous pixels in local or global mean and covariance estimators. Relative to the second stage, we investigated the use of cluster analytic methods to boost AMF performance. The research shows that accounting for spatial correlation effects in the detector yields nearly “target-free” data for use in an AMF that is greatly benefitted through the use of cluster analysis methods.
Global positive expectancies in adolescence and health-related behaviours: Longitudinal models of latent growth and cross-lagged effects

Constructs representative of global positive expectancies (GPE) such as dispositional optimism and hope have been theoretically and empirically linked to many positive mental and physical health outcomes. However such expectancies' health implications for adolescents, as well as their trajectory over time, are less well understood than for adult populations. This study tested whether GPE predict the key indicators of adolescents' future physical health status, their health-related behaviours. A prospective longitudinal study design was employed whereby a diverse population-based cohort (N = 744; mean age at baseline = 12) completed three surveys over approximately 18 months. Rigorous tests of causal predominance and reciprocal effects were conducted through latent growth and cross-panel structural equation models. Results showed GPE systematically decreased during the course of the study, yet higher initial levels of GPE predicted less alcohol drinking, healthier food choice and greater physical activity over time. GPE's protective relationships towards health protective behaviours (vs. health risk behaviours that also included tobacco smoking) appear more independent from depressive symptomatology, and the primary findings were robust across socio-demographic groups.
Effect of pectin and cellulose on formation and regression of gallstones in hamsters.

Male Syrian hamsters were fed a lithogenic diet containing 7% cellulose or 4.2% pectin. After 50 days, pectin was 76% and cellulose 64% less lithogenic than the control diet. Hamsters fed the control diet for 50 days were maintained on that diet for another 50 days or fed diets containing cellulose or pectin. These was a 52% increase in gallstone incidence in hamsters continued on the control diet and a 9% increase in those on cellulose. Pectin promoted regression of gallstones (by 52%).
Displacement, county social cohesion, and depression after a large-scale traumatic event

Background Depression is a common and potentially debilitating consequence of traumatic events. Mass traumatic events cause wide-ranging disruptions to community characteristics, influencing the population risk of depression. In the aftermath of such events, population displacement is common. Stressors associated with displacement may increase risk of depression directly. Indirectly, persons who are displaced may experience erosion in social cohesion, further exacerbating their risk for depression.
Personality and burnout among school psychologists

Personality factors along with organizational factors and interpersonal factors have commonly been thought to contribute to the experience of burnout among human services workers, including school psychologists. This study validates the relationship of personality characteristics as measured by the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) and burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. School psychologists with well-integrated personalities (high Factor 3 scores on the CPI) are less prone to burnout than others.
Studies on the structure of neuramin-lactose sulfate.

1. 1. Chemical and enzymological studies on neuramin-lactose sulfate have provided supporting evidence for the proposed structure: O-α-D-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2→3)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl6-O-sulfate-(1→4)-D-glucopyranose. 2. 2. The enzymological studies showed that neuramin-lactose sulfate is hydrolyzed by neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) and that the lactose sulfate moiety of the molecule is resistant to the action of β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23). 3. 3. The chemical studies showed that during periodate oxidation of neuramin-lactose sulfate, the galactosyl moiety was protected, while in the case of lactose sulfate it underwent complete oxidation. 4. 4. Synthetic D-galactose 6-O-sulfate and the galactose sulfate isolated from neuramin-lactose sulfate were found to be identical by paper chromatography, ionophoresis, infrared spectra and lack of formaldehyde production during periodate oxidation.
Speech Recognition With An Optical Crossbar Interconnected Signal Processor

A previously proposed optical crossbar interconnected signal processor is reviewed for application to speech recognition. A traditional recognition approach is described that uses: linear prediction, dynamic time warping, and parsing. A wait-and-see rule based parser is used. The major parts Of the system are implemented on the optical processor and show that high performance should be achievable for large vocabularies. Further, hidden Markov models for exploiting temporal relations in establishing word and sentence hypotheses, also appear to be efficiently implementable on the processor. Methods for recognizing phonemes in 2-D spectrograms are also expected to lend themselves to optical processing.© (1986) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TEST OF SOCIAL INFERENCE FOR RETARDED ADOLESCENTS: MEASURING SOCIAL-CUE PERCEPTION

Suntma~y.-The Test of Social Inference is a 35-item individually administered, pictorial instrument designed to test the ability of raarded adolescents to interpret social cues appropriately. Very high interexaminer and high retest correlations were obtained though retest gains were common. Equivalent short forms have been developed. An examination of 1335 Ss in 9 geographical locations showed the test to be unbiased with respect to race and place of residence and uncorrelated with chronological age. Slight sex differences were found favoring males. Discrimination between public school-EMR Ss, institutionalizedEM' Ss, and non-retarded Ss on the basis of rest scores was evident. The test correlated moderately with IQ but proved somewhat more highly related to a variety of social behavioral and psychological criteria than to IQ. Development of Test of Sockal Inference The Test of Social Inference was developed as a criterion measure to assess the effectiveness of an experimental perceptual training curriculum designed for educable retardates (Edmonson, deJung, & Leland, 1965). More specifically, this test was constructed to provide researchers and practitioners with an objective test, administerable to the retarded adolescent, which would reliably discriminate persons in terms of their ability to appropriately interpret social cues. A piccure-interpretation format was suggested by pilot studies which indicated chat retarded Ss often merely described or enumerated pictured details, stopping short of implications. Non-retarded Ss more typically focused responses on more subtle, implicit portions of the pictures. The principal criterion in selecting pictures was that the nature of the illustrated event could be inferred from the relationship of person to person, or person to object via facial expressions, posture, dress, and setting. The test underwent several revisions from 1964 to 1969, both in content and scoring instructions (Edmonson, deJung, Leland, & Leach, 1971 ) . The present form includes 35 pictures presented singly in an individual session. Administration time ranges from 20 to 45 min. The pictures cover a wide range of social scenes about which S is encouraged to tell "what the picture is about." Examiner interest is focused principally on statements going beyond immediate detail. A listing of creditable inferential responses for each picture is presented
Completely intracorporeal robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileovesicostomy: initial results

We present a series of robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileovesicostomies with bowel work performed completely intracorporeally. The four patients selected for this procedure were all diagnosed with neurogenic bladder and failed conservative medical therapy. Preoperative patient data included age, body mass index (BMI), and urodynamic (UD) study results. Intra-operative data included estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, and intra-operative complications. Post-operative data included return to bowel function, post-operative complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS). All bowel work was completed intracorporeally with the exception of stoma maturation. Four robotic ileovesicostomies were performed. Pre-operative urodynamic study results showed either elevated detrusor pressures or limited bladder capacities in addition to the inability to perform self-catheterization. The mean patient age was 40 years and mean BMI was 26 kg/m2. Average EBL and operative time were 131 ml and 290 min, respectively. No intra-operative complications occurred. Bowel function, as defined as flatus, returned on average 3.8 days after surgery and average LOS, defined as discharge home or discharge to the spinal cord unit, was 7.5 days. Mean follow-up time was 25.8 months. Post-operative urodynamic studies revealed low stomal leak point pressure (<10 cmH2O). This study is the first to describe a completely intracorporeally robotic-assisted laparoscopic ileovesicostomy with safe and effective outcomes after more than 2 years of follow-up.
Effect of o,p′-DDD and metyrapone (SU-4885) on development of renal hypertension in rats☆

Abstract Administration to rats of the compound, o,p′-DDD, an analog of the insecticide DDT, at 1000, 2000, and 3000 ppm in food for 18 weeks protected against both the development of an elevated blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy which characteristically accompany bilateral encapsulation of the kidneys with latex envelopes. Administration of the highest dose was accompanied by the lowest blood pressure. The compound was not toxic at the doses used as defined by normal food and fluid intake and growth rate. Rate of oxygen consumption and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were also unaffected by o,p′-DDD at 1000 or 2000 ppm in the diet. Metyrapone (SU-4885), administered at 1000 and 2000 ppm in the diet, decreased growth rate and failed to protect againts the development of renal hypertension in rats.
Research Fundamentals: Choosing an Appropriate Journal, Manuscript Preparation, and Interactions with Editors

This article, the last in a series on research methodology prepared by the Research Committee of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), describes the process of journal selection, manuscript preparation, manuscript submission, and responding to editorial and reviewer comments. Methods for completing each step of this process are described. Following these methods will increase the chance of publishing one's work in the highest-quality and most appropriate journal.
The role of free space calcium in the basipetal transport of indole‐3‐acetic acid in sunflower hypocotyls 1

Abstract Calcium has been reported to be involved in the basipetal transport of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). It has been suggested that basipetal transport of IAA requires the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm from the cell wall free space and that Ca2+ acts as a second messenger. Experiments were conducted to determine the interaction of free space Ca2+ with the basipetal transport of IAA. Four day old sunflower (Helianthus annus L. cv ‘Russian Mammoth') seedlings grown in 0.20 strength Hoagland's solution were either left intact or excised below the cotyledonary node to remove the meristem, the source of IAA in the shoot. After removal of the node, the plants were treated with or without 500 μM IAA in lanolin paste. After 24 h, 3 mm segments were cut from the hypocotyls and incubated in KCl. Solution Ca2+ concentration, representing free space Ca2+, increased when the source of IAA was removed. Plants which were provided a source of IAA, either endogenously or exogenously, had low levels of free space Ca...
Influence of sensor ingestion timing on consistency of temperature measures.

Purpose: The validity and the reliability of using intestinal temperature (Tint) via ingestible temperature sensors (ITS) to measure core body temperature have been demonstrated. However, the effect of elapsed time between ITS ingestion and Tint measurement has not been thoroughly studied. Methods: Eight volunteers (six men and two women) swallowed ITS 5 h (ITS-5) and 29 h (ITS-29) before 4 h of varying intensity activity. Tint was measured simultaneously from both ITS, and Tint differences between the ITS-5 and the ITS-29 over the 4 h of activity were plotted and compared relative to a meaningful threshold of acceptance (+/-0.25[degrees]C). The percentage of time in which the differences between paired ITS (ITS-5 vs ITS-29) were greater than or less than the threshold of acceptance was calculated. Results: Tint values showed no systematic bias, were normally distributed, and ranged from 36.94[degrees]C to 39.24[degrees]C. The maximum Tint difference between paired ITS was 0.83[degrees]C with a minimum difference of 0.00[degrees]C. The typical magnitude of the differences (SE of the estimate) was 0.24[degrees]C, and these differences were uniform across the entire range of observed temperatures. Paired Tint measures fell outside of the threshold of acceptance 43.8% of the time during the 4 h of activity. Conclusions: The differences between ITS-5 and ITS-29 were larger than the threshold of acceptance during a substantial portion of the observed 4-h activity period. Ingesting an ITS more than 5 h before activity will not completely eliminate confounding factors but may improve accuracy and consistency of core body temperature
Distribution of pelvic organ support measures in a population-based sample of middle-aged, community-dwelling African American and white women in southeastern Michigan

Objective The purpose of this study was to report the distribution of pelvic support among a population-based sample of middle-aged community-dwelling women, as defined by pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) and study factors that might influence POP-Q measurements. Study Design We conducted a secondary analysis of a population-based study of community-dwelling, African American and white women aged 35-64 years from southeastern Michigan. Three hundred ninety-four women consented to physical examination using the POP-Q. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and multivariable regression. Estimates were weighted to reflect probability and nonresponse characteristics of the sample to increase generalizability of the findings. Results The following values were the mean values for POP-Q points: Aa and Ba=−1.2 cm, C=−6.5 cm (intact uterus), C=−6.9 cm (hysterectomy), and Ap and Bp=−1.8 cm. The POP-Q stages were organized in the following manner: stage 0, 8.8%; stage I, 21.4%; stage II, 67.7%; stage III, 2.1%. Increasing vaginal parity was associated with increasing descent of the anterior, apical, and posterior vaginal wall ( P Conclusion In this population-based study of women from southeastern Michigan, 90% of the women had anterior and posterior vaginal wall support that was above or extended to the hymen. Increasing vaginal parity was associated with increasing descent of the anterior, posterior, and vaginal apex.
Deposition of glomerular fibrin in the rabbit after infusion with endotoxin.

A WIDESPREAD deposition of fibrin in the renal glomeruli with subsequent necrosis of the renal cortex can be produced by two injections of endotoxin separated by 24 h. This mechanism of elucidation is called the (generalized) Sanarelli–Shwartzman phenomenon (SSP) (refs. 1 and 2). The single injection of endotoxin results in the deposition of glomerular fibrin in only 10 per cent3 and necrosis of the renal cortex in 0.8 per cent4 of the animals. In the pregnant rabbit at term, disseminated glomerular coagulation can be produced with great regularity by a single injection5, whereas fibrin thrombi in other organs, such as the heart and lung, can frequently be found after one injection6. It is believed that the time lag for deposition of fibrin in the kidney after two injections of endotoxin is essential for the SSP.
Genetic Basis for Metabolism of Methylated Sulfur Compounds in Methanosarcina Species

Methanosarcina acetivorans uses a variety of methylated sulfur compounds as carbon and energy sources. Previous studies implicated the mtsD, mtsF, and mtsH genes in catabolism of dimethylsulfide, but the genes required for use of other methylsulfides have yet to be established. Here, we show that a four-gene locus, designated mtpCAP-msrH, is specifically required for growth on methylmercaptopropionate (MMPA). The mtpC, mtpA, and mtpP genes encode a putative corrinoid protein, a coenzyme M (CoM) methyltransferase, and a major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporter, respectively, while msrH encodes a putative transcriptional regulator. Mutants lacking mtpC or mtpA display a severe growth defect in MMPA medium but are unimpaired during growth on other substrates. The mtpCAP genes comprise a transcriptional unit that is highly and specifically upregulated during growth on MMPA, whereas msrH is monocistronic and constitutively expressed. Mutants lacking msrH fail to transcribe mtpCAP and grow poorly in MMPA medium, consistent with the assignment of its product as a transcriptional activator. The mtpCAP-msrH locus is conserved in numerous marine methanogens, including eight Methanosarcina species that we showed are capable of growth on MMPA. Mutants lacking the mtsD, mtsF, and mtsH genes display a 30% reduction in growth yield when grown on MMPA, suggesting that these genes play an auxiliary role in MMPA catabolism. A quadruple ΔmtpCAP ΔmtsD ΔmtsF ΔmtsH mutant strain was incapable of growth on MMPA. Reanalysis of mtsD, mtsF, and mtsH mutants suggests that the preferred substrate for MtsD is dimethylsulfide, while the preferred substrate for MtsF is methanethiol. IMPORTANCE Methylated sulfur compounds play pivotal roles in the global sulfur and carbon cycles and contribute to global temperature homeostasis. Although the degradation of these molecules by aerobic bacteria has been well studied, relatively little is known regarding their fate in anaerobic ecosystems. In this study, we identify the genetic basis for metabolism of methylmercaptopropionate, dimethylsulfide, and methanethiol by strictly anaerobic methanogens of the genus Methanosarcina. These data will aid the development of predictive sulfur cycle models and enable molecular ecological approaches for the study of methylated sulfur metabolism in anaerobic ecosystems.
Estimating arterial traffic conditions using sparse probe data

Estimating and predicting traffic conditions in arterial networks using probe data has proven to be a substantial challenge. In the United States, sparse probe data represents the vast majority of the data available on arterial roads in most major urban environments. This article proposes a probabilistic modeling framework for estimating and predicting arterial travel time distributions using sparsely observed probe vehicles. We evaluate our model using data from a fleet of 500 taxis in San Francisco, CA, which send GPS data to our server every minute. The sampling rate does not provide detailed information about where vehicles encountered delay or the reason for any delay (i.e. signal delay, congestion delay, etc.). Our model provides an increase in estimation accuracy of 35% when compared to a baseline approach for processing probe vehicle data.
Down-to-the-minute effects of super bowl advertising on online search behavior

Online consumer data presents new opportunities for measuring the effects of advertising. We combine search query data with the television commercial schedule for the 2011 Super Bowl to measure the causal impact of TV advertising on consumer search behavior. Examining 46 Super Bowl commercials, we generally find large spikes in search behavior related to the advertiser or product within 15 seconds following the conclusion of the TV commercial. We present results for four categories of Super Bowl advertisers: movies, online services, cars, and other consumer goods. We also consider the economic and statistical feasibility of scaling this analysis to use search data to measure the impact of other TV commercials.