cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of the IL-1 receptor antagonist on the IL-1- and endotoxin-induced activation of the HPA axis and cerebral biogenic amines in mice.

Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) are known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary- adrenocortical (HPA) axis, as well as brain norepinephrine (NE) and indoleamine metabolism. Because LPS administration is known to induce the synthesis and secretion of IL-1, it has been proposed that IL-1 is the endogenous mediator of the response to LPS. This proposal has been tested using various antagonists of IL-1 with varied results. Therefore we have re-examined this question using a wide range of doses of the interleukin-1- receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra) at various times after intraperitoneal LPS. The results indicate that IL-1ra at doses more than adequate to prevent responses to exogenously administered IL-1beta, failed to significantly attenuate the increases in plasma ACTH and corticosterone and the cerebral catecholamine and indoleamine responses induced by intraperitoneal LPS in mice. IL-1ra was also ineffective when plasma ACTH and corticosterone were measured at longer times after LPS, although some trends towards attenuations were occasionally observed at 4 or 6 h. The latter is consistent with the time course of IL-1 induction by LPS. Intracerebroventricular administration of IL-1ra attenuated the endocrine and neurochemical responses to intraperitoneal IL-1beta. However, intracerebroventricular IL-1ra failed to antagonize the HPA and neurochemical responses to intraperitoneal administration of LPS or to intravenous IL-1beta. In all of these experiments, there were very close parallels between the HPA and the neurochemical responses, especially that of NE. We conclude that IL-1 does not mediate the HPA or the neurochemical responses to intraperitoneal LPS, although it may contribute in a minor way to the late HPA responses. However, IL-1 within the CNS may contribute to the responses to intraperitoneal IL-1, but not to intraperitoneal LPS or intravenous IL-1.
Academic contingencies of self-worth impair positively- and negatively-stereotyped students’ performance in performance-goal settings

Abstract The achievement motivation and stereotype threat theories both predict that students who base their self-worth on academics tend to underperform on ability tests. However, the former theory maintains that students in general risk underperformance, whereas the latter maintains that negatively-stereotyped students—but not positively-stereotyped students—risk underperformance. The current research supports the achievement motivation approach. In Study 1, as positively-stereotyped students increased in basing self-worth on academics, the worse their test performance in a performance-goal setting; no relationship existed between basing self-worth on academics and performance in a learning-goal setting. Study 2 replicated this finding among positively- and negatively-stereotyped students. Discussion revisits the assumption that students either base their self-worth on academics and are motivated or they disengage and risk underachievement.
On the prediction of dislocation formation in semiconductor crystals grown from the melt : analysis of the Haasen model for plastic deformation dynamics

The Haasen model for plastic deformation by the formation of dislocations in diamond structure semiconductor crystals is analyzed for thermal stress fields that are indicative of liquid encapsulated Czochralski growth of InP and GaAs and for Czochralski growth of silicon. For typical crystal growth conditions, the rapid rate of dislocation generation compared to the rate of motion of the crystal through the thermal stress field leads to asymptotic expressions for the bulk dislocation density that depend on the variation of the von Mises stress σ(z) in the z direction of crystal growth. The dislocation density is predicted to scale as σ20 if the lar gest stress occurs at the melt/crystal interface and as δσ2(z) if the stress increases with distance above the interface, where σ0 is the value of the stress at the interface and δ is a measure of the back stress created by the dislocations. These asymptotic results agree quantitatively with the numerical calculations of Volkl and Muller using the Haasen model for prediction of the dislocation density in InP growth and give simple criteria for decreasing the dislocation density in LEC growth of InP and GaAs. Predictions for silicon growth do not agree with the experimentally observed dislocation-free crystals; possible sources for this discrepancy are discussed.
Review of pcbrap

PCBRAP (Bayesian Regression Analysis Package for the Personal Computer) is a computer program designed by Carlos de Silva, John Abowd, Brent Moulton, and Arnold Zellner to perform Bayesian analysis of the linear regression model with normal errors. It also contains numerical integration facilities for analysing more general types of models. Because the numerical integration package is intended for analysing a different class of problems than PCBRAP proper, and requires different software, the two parts of PCBRAP are kept separate for the purposes of discussion. This review is divided into four sections: Section 1 describes what PCBRAP can do; Section 2 discusses PCBRAP's technical aspects; Section 3 describes the accompanying manuals for PCBRAP; and Section 4 gives commercial information for those interested in purchasing the package.
Numerical Analysis of Free-Edge Effect on Size-Influenced Mechanical Properties of Single-Layer Triaxially Braided Composites

The mechanical properties of triaxially braided composites under transverse loads are found to be size-dependent, due to the presence of free-edge effect. Numerical studies of the mechanical behaviors of straight-sided coupon specimens and an infinitely large plate under both axial and transverse tension loads were conducted using a meso-scale finite element model. The numerical model correlates well with experimental results, successfully capturing the free-edge warping phenomena under transverse tension. Free-edge effect is observed as out-of-plane warping, and it can be correlated to the premature damage initiation in the affected area. The numerical results characterize the impact of free-edge effects on the global stress–strain response and local failure mechanisms. By conducting dimensional analysis, the relationships of effective stiffness and strength against specimen width are quantified using Weibull equations. The results of this study indicate that the free-edge effect is an inherent behavior of braided architecture. The free-edge effect produces significantly reduced transverse tension modulus and strength measurements.
When confidence is detrimental: Influence of overconfidence on leadership effectiveness

Abstract Confident leaders are seen as competent and capable by others. However, excessive amounts of confidence may be detrimental to a leader's performance. The purpose of the current study was to identify indicators of overconfidence and examine the influence that overconfidence has on certain kinds of leader performance. Results indicated two elements of overconfidence: seeing deficiencies and expectations of positive outcomes. Low levels of confidence associated with seeing many deficiencies, is beneficial to performance in leader planning and vision formation. However, high levels of confidence associated with expectations of positive outcomes, are related to effective vision statements. Implications for results are discussed.
Diphenylpyraline, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, has psychostimulant properties.

Abstract Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride (DPP) is used clinically as an antihistamine drug, but its neurobiological effects are not completely understood. Voltammetry and microdialysis were used to investigate potential actions of DPP on the dopamine system. Voltammetric monitoring of dopamine signals in mouse nucleus accumbens slices showed that DPP (10 μM) markedly inhibited dopamine uptake. There was a 20-fold increase in apparent Km for dopamine uptake, while Vmax was unchanged. Microdialysis experiments demonstrated that DPP (5 mg/kg, i.p.) elevated extracellular dopamine levels (∼200%) in mouse nucleus accumbens. DPP (5 and 10 mg/kg) also induced locomotor activation. All of the effects of DPP were comparable with those of cocaine. Taken together, these results indicate that DPP acts as a competitive dopamine transporter inhibitor similar to cocaine.
Mitochondrial A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 121 Binds Type II Protein Kinase A and Enhances Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein-Mediated Steroidogenesis in MA-10 Mouse Leydig Tumor Cells

The expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) is regulated by PKA in response to trophic hormone stimulation through the second messenger cAMP. However, in steroidogenic cells, the concentrations of hormone necessary to maximally induce cAMP synthesis and PKA activity are often significantly higher than is necessary to achieve maximum steroidogenesis. One general mechanism believed to make PKA signaling more effective is the use of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) to recruit PKA to discrete subcellular compartments, which coordinates and focuses PKA action with respect to its substrates. The characterization of AKAP121 has suggested that it enhances the posttranscriptional regulation of STAR by recruiting both Star mRNA and PKA to the mitochondria, thereby permitting more effective translation and phosphorylation of STAR. Testing this hypothesis revealed that cAMP-induced STAR expression and steroidogenesis closely followed AKAP121 abundance when this AKAP was silenced or overexpressed in MA-10 cells but that these changes were effected posttranscriptionally. Moreover, silencing AKAP121 expression in these cells specifically altered the localization of type II PKA regulatory subunit alpha (PKAR2A) at the mitochondria but did not affect its relative expression within the cell. Affinity purification experiments showed that PKAR2A preferentially associated with AKAP121, and cAMP analogs that activate type II PKA induced STAR phosphorylation more efficiently than analogs stimulating type I PKA. This suggests that AKAP121 and PKAR2A serve to enhance steroidogenesis by directing the synthesis and activation of STAR at the mitochondria in response to cAMP.
New and superior type of passive solar house: the thermal-lock type

SYNOPSIS The Saunders thermal-lock type of passive solar house differs from the commonest, “big solar” type, and the heavily insulated, “big insulation” type, by having two energy stores: a hot-store situated overhead and a di-thermal store situated under the house (see Figure 1). In winter, these stores—ever ready to supply heating or cooling—“lock” room temperature very close to the chosen value, such as 21°C (70°F). Because the di-thermal store eliminates the threat of room overheating, the designer is free to specify a passive-solar-collection aperture that is especially large: large enough so that 100% solar heating can be achieved even under various adverse circumstances. The inventor of the thermal-lock passive house, N. B. Saunders [1, 21, has demonstrated its success in three winters' operation of Shrewsbury House, in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, a 3611°C (6500°F) degree day location (degree days calculated on the average daily mean temperature below 18°C (65°F)). A second thermal-lock passive sola...
A group of complex metal halogen compounds

Abstract A general method of preparation and some properties are reported for (a) the preparation of salts with pyridine of the strong complex simple and mixed halogen acids of the metals Sb, Cd, Zn, of the formula ( Py…H…Py ) + ( MeX 3 ) − or ( MeX 4 ) − . (b) the preparation of complexes with the pyridine molecules inside the co-ordination sphere of the above simple and mixed acids. (c) the study of the infra-red spectra, and X-ray analysis, and other reactions are also reported.
Self-Other Agreement on Affective Distress Scales in Asian Americans and White Americans.

The present study examined the degree of agreement between self-rated and peer-rated depression and social anxiety in White American and Asian American college students. A total of 160 Asian American and 177 White American target participants completed self-report measures of depression and social anxiety, and 1 peer informant completed the ratings for each target on the same measures. Results indicated that Asian American targets' levels of self-reported social anxiety and depression were underestimated by their peer informants to a greater extent than those of White American targets. The self-other discrepancy of distress was greatest for Asian American targets rated by White American informants. Degree of acquaintanceship and level of emotional expressivity did not moderate these findings.
The Mangle of Play

In this essay, I discuss the ways in which, in the context of Lineage, the game that’s actually played by participants is not the game that designers originally had in mind, but rather one that is the outcome of an interactively stabilized (Pickering, 1995) “mangle of practice” of designers, players, in-game currency farmers, and broader social norms.
Secreted heat shock protein gp96-Ig: next-generation vaccines for cancer and infectious diseases

Over the past decade, our laboratory has developed a secreted heat shock protein (HSP), chaperone gp96, cell-based vaccine that generates effective anti-tumor and anti-infectious immunity in vivo. Gp96-peptide complexes were identified as an extremely efficient stimulator of MHC I-mediated antigen cross-presentation, generating CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses detectable in blood, spleen, gut and reproductive tract to femto-molar concentrations of antigen. These studies provided the first evidence that cell-based gp96-Ig-secreting vaccines may serve as a potent modality to induce both systemic and mucosal immunity. This approach takes advantage of the combined adjuvant and antigen delivery capacity of gp96 for the generation of cytotoxic immunity against a wide range of antigens in both anti-vial and anti-cancer vaccination. Here, we review the vaccine design that utilizes the unique property/ability of endoplasmic HSP gp96 to bind antigenic peptides and deliver them to antigen-presenting cells.
Higher order need strength as a moderator of the job scope employee outcome relationship: A meta-analysis

A meta-analysis was conducted to test the moderating effect of higher-order need strength on the relationship between job scope and employee outcomes. Twenty samples were combined empirically using a modification of the Schmidt-Hunter procedure. Results provided some evidence of the hypothesized moderator effect for job satisfaction, motivation and performance, with the evidence for job satisfaction being strongest. Employees high on higher-order need strength demonstrated stronger correlations with all employee outcomes than employees low in need strength.
Population characteristics of the intertidal green sea anemone, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, on the Oregon coast

Field population censuses using a photographic quadrat method were used to describe the density and size structure of intertidal populations of the green sea anemone, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, on different types of rocky intertidal habitats on the Oregon coast. Anemone populations in marked plots were monitored for individual motility, growth, mortality and recruitment. Experiments were performed to evaluate anemone population responses to simulated harvesting. Rocky intertidal locations with dense populations of the green anemone are not abundant along the Oregon coast. No detectable fluctuations in anemone population density or size-frequency distribution were found during the 2-year study. Adult anemones showed little movement in either disturbed or undisturbed populations. No natural mortality or recruitment was found in study plots at any Oregon coastal location between July 1977 and May 1979. Removal of adult anemones from rock surfaces did not promote recruitment from the plankton onto the newly available surface, nor did individuals adjacent to depopulated plots rapidly immigrate into the cleared areas. Individual growth is inferred to be very slow in intertidal populations. Field studies indicate that A. xanthogrammica is a long-lived, slow growing species with limited, low or erratic recruitment and highly stable intertidal adult populations. This study indicates that harvest of A. xanthogrammica will probably not be possible on a continuing basis.
Use of dynamic microsimulation to predict disease progression in patients with pneumonia-related sepsis.

Introduction Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients and often affects individuals with community-acquired pneumonia. To overcome the limitations of earlier mathematical models used to describe sepsis and predict outcomes, we designed an empirically based Monte Carlo model that simulates the progression of sepsis in hospitalized patients over a 30-day period.
Passive transfer of maternal GnRH antibodies does not affect reproductive development in elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is intermittently released from the hypothalamus in consistent patterns from before birth to final maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty. Disruption of this signaling via GnRH vaccination during the neonatal period can alter reproduction at maturity. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of GnRH-antibody exposure on reproductive maturation and function in elk calves passively exposed to high concentrations of GnRH antibodies immediately after birth. Fifteen elk calves (eight males and seven females) born to females treated with GnRH vaccine or sham vaccine during midgestation were divided into two groups based on the concentration of serum GnRH antibodies measured during the neonatal period. Those with robust (15 pmol 125 I-GnRH bound per mL of serum) titers (N 10; four females and six males) were designated as the exposed group, whereas those with undetectable titers (N 5; three females and two males) were the unexposed group. Onset of puberty, reproductive development, and endocrine function in antibody-exposed and unexposed male and female elk calves were compared. Neonatal exposure to high concentrations of GnRH antibodies had no effect on body weight (P 0.968), endocrine profiles (P 0.05), or gametogenesis in either sex. Likewise, there were no differences between groups in gross or histologic structure of the hypothalamus, pituitary, testes, or ovaries. Pituitary stimulation with a GnRH analog before the second potential reproductive season induced substantial LH secretion in all experimental elk. All females became pregnant during their second reproductive season and all males exhibited similar mature secondary sexual characteristics. There were no differences between exposure groups in hypothalamic GnRH content (P 0.979), pituitary gonadotropin content (P 0.05) or gonadal structure. We concluded that suppressing GnRH signaling through immunoneutralization during the neonatal period likely does not alter long-term reproductive function in this species. Published by Elsevier Inc.
OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA OF THE NASAL CAVITY IN A CAT: POSTOPERATIVE CONTROL WITH HIGH DOSE‐PER‐FRACTION RADIATION THERAPY AND METRONIDAZOLE

An 11-year-old Siamese cat with an osteogenic sarcoma of the nasal cavity was treated by partial surgical excision followed by a course of high dose-per-fraction radiation therapy in conjuction with metronidazole, a hypoxic cell sensitizer. Four thousand two hundred rads were delivered to the tumor in 7 weekly fractions. Each treatment was preceded by 6 gm/m2 oral metronidazole given 3 hours before irradiation. There were no untoward side effects and the cat was in remission 2 years after treatment.
Acute effects of aerosolized metaproterenol on breathing pattern of patients with symptomatic bronchial asthma

Abstract We studied the effect of two sequential puffs of metaproterenol (650 μg each puff) delivered with an auxiliary aerosol delivery system on the breathing pattern of patients with symptomatic bronchial asthma who were monitored noninvasively with respiratory inductive plethysmography. Particular attention was directed to respiratory center drive as reflected by mean inspiratory flow and minute ventilation. Both these components were elevated in the eight patients whose mean FEV 1.0 was 1.43 L (45% predicted normal). Two puffs of metaproterenol produced a maximal increase over baseline in FEV 1.0 of 50 ± 25% (SD), whereas no change took place in FEV 1.0 with placebo administration. This dose of metaproterenol did not alter heart rate nor blood pressure throughout the study period of 2 hours. Neither mean inspiratory flow, minute ventilation, nor any component of the breathing pattern changed with this partial reversal of bronchoconstriction. These results suggest that the neural mechanism accounting for heightened respiratory center drive in patients with symptomatic bronchial asthma does not wholly depend on bronchoconstriction.
Pulsed magnetic field effects on calcium signaling in lymphocytes : dependence on cell status and field intensity

Abstract The effect of 3-Hz, monopolar, quasi-rectangular magnetic field pulses on 45 Ca 2+ uptake in resting and mitogen-treated rat thymic lymphocytes was evaluated. A 30-min, non-thermal exposure to the pulsed magnetic field ( B peak = 6.5 mT, E max = 0.69 mV/cm, J max = 2.6 μA/cm 2 ) reduced Concanavalin A-induced 45 Ca 2+ uptake by 45%. It was observed that (i) the induction of the 3-Hz field response dependend on Ca 2+ signal transduction activation; (ii) the response direction (stimulation or inhibition) depended on the level of lymphocyte mitogen responsiveness, and (iii) the field response magnitude increased with increasing magnetic field flux densities ( B peak = 0, 1.6, 6.5 and 28 mT). Our results demonstrate field effects at B max nearly 10 4 greater than that of the average human environment for low-frequency magnetic fields and they are consistent with the independent results from other 3-Hz pulsed magnetic field studies with lymphocytes.
Comparison of effects of dietary coconut oil and animal fat blend on lactational performance of Holstein cows fed a high-starch diet

Abstract Dietary medium-chain fatty acids (C 8:0 through C 12:0 ) are researched for their potential to reduce enteric methane emissions and to increase N utilization efficiency in ruminants. We aimed to 1) compare coconut oil (CNO; ∼60% medium-chain fatty acids) with a source of long-chain fatty acids (animal fat blend; AFB) on lactational responses in a high-starch diet and 2) determine the effect of different dietary concentrations of CNO on dry matter intake (DMI). In experiment 1, the control diet (CTRL) contained (dry basis) 40% forage (71% corn silage, and alfalfa hay and haylage), 26% NDF, and 35% starch. Isonitrogenous treatment diets contained 5.0% of AFB (5%-AFB), CNO (5%-CNO), or a 1-to-1 mixture of AFB and CNO (5%-AFB-CNO) and 0.8% corn gluten meal in place of corn grain. Thirty-two multiparous dairy cows (201±46 d postpartum; 42.0±5.5 kg/d 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield) were adapted to CTRL, blocked by milk yield, and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment diets for 21 d with samples and data collected from d 15 through 21. Treatment 5%-CNO decreased DMI markedly and precipitously and was discontinued after d 5. In wk 3, 5%-AFB and especially 5%-AFB-CNO lowered total-tract NDF digested vs. CTRL (2.6 vs. 1.8 vs. 3.1 kg/d, respectively), likely because fat treatments reduced DMI and 5%-AFB-CNO impaired total-tract NDF digestibility. Milk fat concentrations were 3.10% (CTRL), 2.51% (5%-AFB), and 1.97% (5%-AFB-CNO) and correlated negatively to concentrations of C 18:2 trans-10,cis-12 in milk fat. Additionally, 5%-AFB and 5%-AFB-CNO tended to lower milk yield and decreased yields of solids-corrected milk and milk protein compared with CTRL. Fat treatments decreased milk lactose concentration, but increased milk citrate concentration. Moreover, cows fed 5%-AFB-CNO produced less solids-corrected milk than did cows fed 5%-AFB. In experiment 2, diets similar to CTRL contained 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0% CNO. Fifteen multiparous cows (219±42 d postpartum; 42.1±7.0kg milk yield; mean ± SD) were blocked by DMI and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment diets for an 8-d evaluation. Dietary concentration of CNO affected DMI, with the greatest depression at 4.0% CNO. Overall, dietary CNO depressed DMI and NDF digestibility of a high-starch diet compared with AFB. Feeding CNO to lactating cows equal to or greater than 2.5% decreased lactational performance or DMI.
Effect of Air-Splint Pressure on the Soleus Stretch Reflex during a Voluntary Ramp Plantar Flexion

Circumferential pressure (CP) applied to the limb has been shown to decrease muscle activity in subjects without neuromuscular disorders and in individuals with spinal cord injury and cerebrovascular accidents. Thus far, studies estimating the CP efficacy with respect to reflex excitability of motoneurons mainly used the H reflex technique on a resting muscle. The purpose of our study, therefore, was to investigate the effect that CP exerts on the soleus stretch reflex (SSR) when superimposed onto a voluntary ramp plantar flexion movement in subjects without neuromuscular disorders. Forty-eight subjects volunteered for this study. SSRs were investigated before, during, and after the application of pressure to the calf. An inflated air-splint connected to a pressure transducer was used to administer and measure the pressure set to 45-50 mm Hg. The SSRs were elicited by dorsiflexing the subject’s ankle by 10 deg at 180 deg/sec, while the subject plantarflexed against a moving footplate at 20% of the maximum voluntary contraction through a 30 deg arc at 90 deg/sec. Twenty-five SSRs were recorded and averaged for each experimental phase; peak-to-peak amplitudes were measured and normalized, and reflex latencies were also measured. Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance on Ranks was used to analyze the differences in the SSR latency and amplitude from the baseline values. No significant general difference in the SSR amplitude was found during pressure application, although individual responses varied widely. The post-pressure values returned to the baseline, and the differences were insignificant. The reflex latencies were also unchanged with respect to the baseline levels. Thus, the CP inhibitory effect on reflex excitability of motoneurons is mild, on average, and variable when a voluntary movement is a condition. The CP technique may not be as efficacious in reducing muscle hyperactivity as was previously thought.
Mushroom Body Ablation Impairs Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory of Courtship Conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster

We have evaluated the role of the Drosophila mushroom bodies (MBs) in courtship conditioning, in which experience with mated females causes males to reduce their courtship toward virgins (Siegel and Hall, 1979). Whereas previous studies indicated that MB ablation abolished learning in an olfactory conditioning paradigm (deBelle and Heisenberg, 1994), MB-ablated males were able to learn in the courtship paradigm. They resumed courting at naive levels within 30 min after training, however, while the courtship of control males remained depressed 1 hr after training. We also describe a novel courtship conditioning paradigm that established long-term memory, lasting 9 days. In MB-ablated males, memory dissipated completely within 1 day. Our results indicate that the MBs are not required for learning and immediate recall of courtship conditioning but are required for consolidation of short-term and long-term associative memories.
Depressive and anxiety symptom trajectories from school age through young adulthood in samples with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay.

Objective The objectives of this study were to model growth in anxiety and depressive symptoms from late school age through young adulthood in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and controls with developmental delay (DD), and to assess relationships among internalizing growth patterns, participant characteristics, baseline predictors, and distal outcomes. Method Data were collected between ages 6 and 24 years in 165 participants (n = 109 with ASD; n = 56 with nonspectrum DD), most of whom received diagnostic evaluations in both childhood and early adulthood. Questionnaires were collected approximately every 3 to 6 months between ages 9 and 24 years. Parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), and Developmental Behaviour Checklist anxiety- and depression-related subscale distributions were modeled with mixed-effects Poisson models, covarying diagnosis, age, verbal IQ (VIQ), gender, and significant 2- and 3-way interactions. Results Anxiety was positively associated with VIQ, and controlling for VIQ, both anxiety and depressive symptoms were greater in ASD than nonspectrum participants. Female gender predicted greater increases over time in anxiety and depressive symptoms for both diagnostic groups. Lower maternal education was associated with increasing internalizing symptoms in a subset of less verbal individuals with ASD. In exploratory post hoc analyses, internalizing symptoms were associated with poorer emotional regulation in school age, and with lower life satisfaction and greater social difficulties in early adulthood. Conclusion Findings support previous claims that individuals with ASD are at particular risk for affect- and anxiety-specific problems. Although symptom levels in females increase at a faster rate throughout adolescence, males with ASD appear to have elevated levels of depressive symptoms in school age that are maintained into young adulthood.
The energy function for isotropic materials with couple stresses

Die Arbeit bezieht sich auf die von Toupin entwickelte Theorie der Momentenspannungen. Es werden die Invarianten der Energiefunktion eines rein elastischen isotropen Materials dieser Art hergeleitet. Die Verzerrungsenergie ihrerseits lasst sich als Polynom in diesen Invarianten ausdrucken.
Finitely fixed implies loosely Bernoulli, a direct proof

As defined in the literature, a process is loosely Bernoulli if a certain propertyP(ɛ) is satisfied for every ɛ>0. Using only facts about stationary joinings of processes, it is shown that given ɛ>0 there exists δ>0 such that whenever two processes are separated by less than δ in the\(\bar f\)-metric and one of them is loosely Bernoulli, the other is “almost” loosely Bernoulli in the sense thatP(ɛ) is satisfied. As easy corollaries, one has that loosely Bernoulli processes are closed in the\(\bar f\)and that finitely fixed processes are loosely Bernoulli.
The relation between frequencies of amino acids and ordered trinucleotides

The relationship between the frequency of occurrence of amino acids in the total protein of an organism and of ordered trinucleotides in the genetic material of the organism has been studied. Results consistent with codons assigned by others were obtained. The method is generally effective in suggesting the order of the nucleotides in a codon of known composition but is relatively ineffective in suggesting that composition. The resulting code is also consistent with the idea that the code was selected for so as to reduce the probability of deleterious effects resulting from mutations.
Assessing the Dimensionality of Dichotomous Data Using Modified Order Analysis

Previous research has shown that order analysis and factor analysis typically yield different results in assessing the dimensionality of dichotomous data. This paper demonstrates that, through the inclusion of item proximity information, the dimensions identified by order analysis can be highly congruent with the results of factor analysis. A modified order analysis procedure is presented and compared to factor analysis using both simulated data of known dimensionality and real data.
Optimization of X-ray backlighting for experiments on Z

Sandia National Laboratories' Z-Backlighter laser facility is using a laser driven monochromatic X-ray crystal imaging concept at the manganese He-alpha energy of 6.151 keV to backlight experiments for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) on the `Z'-Facility, the world's most powerful pulsed power engine and X-ray source. To further improve the reliability and efficiency of this tool, a series of experiments has been performed to determine the system's sensitivity to parameter variations such as changes in target properties, pre-pulse levels, pre-pulse separation or pulse energy. In addition, an improved hardware set has been developed to enhance the precision and robustness of the target setup for transport between pre-alignment and final shot implementation.
Maize plant contributions to root zone available carbon and microbial transformations of nitrogen

Root-derived C influences soil microbial activities that regulate N transformations and cycling in soil. The change in 13C abundance of soil microbial biomass was used to quantify contributions from maize (Zea mays L.), a C4 plant, to root zone-available C during growth in soil with a long history of C3 vegetation. Effects of root-derived available C on microbial transformations of N were also evaluated using a 15NH415NO3 fertilizer tracer. Root-released C (microbial respired C4C + soil residue C4C) accounted for 12% (210 kg C ha−1) of measured C fixed by maize at 4 wk and 5% at maturity when root-released C totaled 1135 kg C ha−1. Of the C4C remaining in soil, only 18–23% was found in microbial biomass, indicating either a rapid turnover rate of biomass or a lower availability of C4 substrates. Average daily production of root-derived available C was greatest during 4–8 wk maize growth (7 kg C ha−1 d−1) when 4–11% of the soil microbial biomass came from this C source. At maize maturity, 15% of the microbial biomass (161 kg C ha−1) came from root-derived available C, which totaled 402 kg ha−1. Of the 15N remaining in bare and cropped soils, averages of 23 and 16% (10 and 2 kg N ha−1) were found in microbial biomass, and 64 and 2% (28 and 0.2 kg N ha−1) were in inorganic 15N form, leaving 13 and 82% (6 and 10 kg N ha−1) as non-biomass organic N, respectively; this suggests that N cycling through microbial biomass was enhanced by root-derived C. Denitrification and N2O losses from planted soils were low (1–136 g N ha−1 d−1) when soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) was 2–3 mg kg−1) was present in the soil. The presence of maize plants increased denitrification losses from soil by 19 to 57% (average of 29%) during early growth stages when the release of root-derived C was greatest.
The Application and Development of an Addition Goal Sketch

A schema based view of addition development is compared with Siegler’s latest strategy-choice model, which includes an addition goal sketch (a basic understanding of “the goals and causal relations” of addition; Siegler & Crowley, 1994, p. 196). This metacognitive component in the latter model is presumed to develop as a child practices a basic counting based procedure for calculating sums and to subsequently affect strategy choice by identifying correct and incorrect procedures. A study of 20 kindergartners was undertaken to examine key assumptions of this model. Participants were individually interviewed to determine their own procedure use and their ability to evaluate correct and incorrect procedures. The results did not support a central prediction of the strategy-choice model—that children who possess a goal sketch should recognize as correct a relatively advanced (counting-on) procedure they themselves do not use. These results are consistent with the schema based view that accurately evaluating or learning such advanced procedures requires a qualitative leap in conceptual development. Theoretical, methodological, and instructional implications include a case for a simulation that models assimilation (a cognitive process underlying developmental readiness and conceptual development), a conceptually based taxonomy of addition development, and a nuanced instructional theory of addition (i.e., one that goes beyond the direct instruction vs. discovery learning debate).
Construction of copper halide networks within layered perovskites. Syntheses and characterization of new low-temperature copper oxyhalides.

The construction of two-dimensional (2D) copper halide networks within a variety of perovskite hosts by a low-temperature topochemical method is demonstrated. Ion exchange between some layered perovskite oxides of the type A‘[An-1(M,M‘)nO3n+1] (A‘ = alkali metal, H, NH4; A = alkaline earth, rare earth, or Bi; M,M‘ = Nb, Ta, Ti; n = 2, 3) with CuX2 (X = Cl, Br) results in the oxyhalides (CuX)[An-1(M,M‘)nO3n+1]. Rietveld refinements from X-ray powder diffraction data show that the structures of these new copper oxyhalides contain edge-sharing CuO2X4 octahedra sandwiched between the M/M‘O6 octahedra of the perovskite slabs. The compounds are low-temperature phases that decompose well below 700 °C. The copper oxyhalides exhibit antiferromagnetic ordering resulting from the magnetic exchange interactions within the planar Cu−X networks.
Electro-optical synthetic civilian vehicle data domes

This paper will look at using open source tools (Blender, LuxRender, and Python) to generate a large data set to be used to train an object recognition system. The model produces camera position, camera attitude, and synthetic camera data that can be used for exploitation purposes. We focus on electro-optical (EO) visible sensors to simplify the rendering but this work could be extended to use other rendering tools that support different modalities. The key idea of this paper is to provide an architecture to produce synthetic training data which is modular in design and constructed on open-source off-the-shelf software yielding a physics accurate virtual model of the object we want to recognize. For this paper the objects we are focused on are civilian vehicles. This architecture shows how leveraging existing open-source software allows for practical training of Electro-Optical object recognition algorithms.
Differential effect of sodium and potassium on calcium adsorption to stearic acid monolayers.

Abstract The effects of cations on the adsorption of Ca2+ to stearic acid monolayers was investigated by the radiotracer method. The addition of either Na+ or K+, once the monolayer had formed in the presence of Ca2+, caused by desorption of Ca2- from the monolayer. The rate of desorption of Ca2+ brought about by K+ was greater than that by Na+; whereas, the equilibrium adsorptions were almost the same. The free energy of the exchange reaction was the same for both ions. Mg2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+ all bind to the monolayer to the same extent as Ca2+ but to a considerably lesser extent than the transition metal ions. The difference interfacial effect of Na− and K+, which may be related to the time needed to desolvate the ions prior to interaction, may in part account for the K+ selectivity of cellular membranes.
AlN/GaN double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

AlN/GaN double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) were grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire. RTDs were fabricated via standard processing steps. RTDs demonstrate a clear negative differential resistance (NDR) at room temperature (RT). The NDR was observed around 4.7 V with a peak current density of 59 kA/cm2 and a peak-to-valley ratio of 1.6 at RT. Dislocation-free material is shown to be the key for the performance of GaN RTDs.
Langmuir-Schaefer films of distyrylphenanthrolines and rhenium tricarbonyl chloride complexes : Headgroup influence on anisotropy

Seven new compounds, four 4,7-bis(p-substituted-styryl)-1,10-phenanthrolines and three rhenium tricarbonyl chloride (diamine) complexes, were synthesized and characterized. These compounds which la...
On disequilibrium adjustment processes

Abstract Here, we study a class of disequilibrium processes defined by differential inequalities, where prices are adjusted according to the agent's short-term demands, in both pure exchange and monetary settings. We establish convergence theorem and accessibility theorem without convexity hypotheses on the utility functions.
Interactions of thorium isotopes with colloidal organic matter in oceanic environments

The phase speciation of thorium and consequences for the residence times of colloids have been examined in seawater of the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) and the Gulf of Mexico. Two fractions of colloidal organic matter (COM), 0.2 μm > COM1 > 1 kD and 0.2 μm > COM10 > 10 kD, were sampled using cross-flow ultrafiltration techniques and measured for their 234Th activity and organic carbon concentration. The ratios of mass concentrations of COM1 to those of suspended particulate matter were as high as 10 in the MAB and 6–34 in the Gulf of Mexico. Higher concentrations of colloids may be of great importance in the biogeochemical cycling of many particle-reactive nuclides or trace elements owing to their high specific surface area and complexation capacity. A significant fraction of 234Th in the traditionally defined “dissolved” pool was found to be associated with colloids. On average, about 10% of “dissolved” 234Th was in the colloidal fraction of sizes between 10 kDa and 0.2 μm, and ∼50% was in the 1 kDa-0.2 μm fraction. Values of the partition coefficients [Kc: (0.5−4) × 106 ml g−1 for Kc1 and (0.5−7) × 106 ml g−1 for Kc10] of 234Th between truly dissolved (<1 kDa) and colloidal fractions approximated those for Th-particle interactions [Kp: (0.3−10) × 106 ml g−1], indicating that colloid and suspended particle surface sites are similar. The distribution of 234Th between dissolved, colloidal, and particulate phases was broadly similar to that of organic carbon in these oceanic environments. Thus, thorium isotopes might be used as tracers of marine organic carbon cycling. Residence times of colloids derived from 234Th:238U disequilibria were consistently short, ranging from 1 to 14 days for COM10 and from 5 to 65 days for COM1, suggesting that marine colloids are highly reactive in marine biogeochemical processes. The discrepancy between apparent turnover times of colloids (1 kDa) derived from Th scavenging and 14C measurements suggest that 234Th and 14C may trace different geochemical pathways of colloids in the ocean.
Two-handed spatial interface tools for neurosurgical planning

A computer-based neurosurgical planning system lets neurosurgeons easily manipulate 3D data using their everyday skills from handling tools with two hands. It has been tested in actual surgical procedures. >
Social Movements and Tactical Choice

For much of the past 40 years, the study of social movement tactics has viewed organizers' choices as driven by a desire to maximize efficacy and efficiency within a context of scarce resources and structural constraints. As sociologists increasingly turned toward culture, a new orientation emerged to view tactical choice as a process of gathering, interpreting, and evaluating information within dynamic, uncertain, and often-contradictory contexts. The importance of the cultural turn has been amply demonstrated in studies of such things as identities, emotions, and collective action frames, but the full implications of its insights continue to be discovered. Four insights in particular warrant greater attention: many core concepts in the study of social movements have an interpretive, subjective, and contingent nature; tactics are a means of communication; social structures are imbued with culture, and culture is thoroughly structured; and social movements sometimes behave irrationally, and what appears to be irrational behavior often is in fact rational. I briefly discuss three areas of scholarship – collective identities, diffusion, and institutional fields – that demonstrate innovative ways that sociologists continue to combine and incorporate these insights and point the way toward a more sophisticated understanding of social movements and tactical choice.
Introduction to Part Two

From the perspective of the twentieth century, the remnants of nineteenth century philosophy discussed in Part One of this book, seem to share confidence in human history, its future and the perfectibility of humankind. Whether grounded in religion, reason or science, theologians, philosophers, and scientists found certainty in the divine, in absolute reality, or in their own powers of reasoning. By contrast, the twentieth century has often been characterized as an age of anxiety and uncertainty, an age in which we have limited confidence in both the divine power and the power of human reasoning. I.M. Bochenski speaks in this context of a profound philosophical crisis which extends beyond the field of philosophy and which may be compared with “the general crisis which gave birth to modern culture at the time of the Renaissance.”1 Symptomatic of this crisis is the reactionary nature of much early twentieth century philosophy. Many philosophers developed their positions in opposition to nineteenth century idealism and positivism, seeking to get beyond the limits of both constructivism and relativism. The crisis in philosophy is also suggested in the manifold approaches taken to solving philosophical and theological problems. Even where philosophers share similar origins, they often work within the confines of their own traditions, neglecting or sharply criticizing what is going on elsewhere.
A New Look at Multi-User Power Control Games

This paper considers the problem of how to allocate power among competing users sharing a frequency-selective interference channel. We model the interaction between selfish users as a non-cooperative game and analyze their strategic behavior. As opposed to the existing iterative water-filling algorithm, this paper introduces the Stackelberg equilibrium and shows the existence of this equilibrium for the investigated non-cooperative game. We model the two-user case as a bi-level programming problem and derive the necessary optimality conditions. It is analytically shown that a user can improve its performance if it knows the channel state information and the response strategy of the competing user. Due to computationally prohibitive nature of the optimal solution, a practical low- complexity approach is proposed based on the intuition gained from the necessary conditions. Numerical simulations verify the performance improvements.
Helicobacter hepaticus Hh0072 gene encodes a novel α1-3-fucosyltransferase belonging to CAZy GT11 family

Lewis x (Le(x)) and sialyl Lewis x (SLe(x))-containing glycans play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. The key enzyme for the final step formation of these Lewis antigens is alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase. Here we report molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel Helicobacter hepaticus alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase (HhFT1) which shows activity towards both non-sialylated and sialylated Type II oligosaccharide acceptor substrates. It is a promising catalyst for enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of Le(x), sialyl Le(x) and their derivatives. Unlike all other alpha1-3/4-fucosyltransferases characterized so far which belong to Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZy, http://www.cazy.org/) glycosyltransferase family GT10, the HhFT1 shares protein sequence homology with alpha1-2-fucosyltransferases and belongs to CAZy glycosyltransferase family GT11. The HhFT1 is thus the first alpha1-3-fucosyltransferase identified in the GT11 family.