cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of variations in magnitude and duration of an instream environmental flow threshold across a longitudinal gradient

Summary Humans are increasingly using individual small-scale projects to meet water needs, creating an array of new challenges for resource managers to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Small-scale water projects such as instream diversions and small storage reservoirs may operate anywhere in a drainage network; to offer basinwide protections from the impacts of surface water abstraction, aquatic resource managers are tasked with adapting protections to apply throughout the catchment. We examined the variation of a particular environmental flow that has been proposed as the threshold for the operation of small instream diversions in northern coastal California, along a longitudinal channel gradient in 2004 and 2005. The magnitude and frequency of threshold exceedence varied among streams draining 2.6–110 km 2 : whereas threshold flows occurred continuously through most of the rainy season in larger streams (as much as 100 days), threshold exceedence in headwater streams occurred over fractions of days amounting to less than 10% of the duration recorded at downstream reaches. These differences in threshold duration have important management consequences: water users diverting from headwaters may acquire water over much shorter periods than those users diverting from sites farther downstream, potentially resulting greater pumping rates and causing adverse ecosystem impacts beyond those expected by small-scale projects.
Coupling of Optical Fibers and Scattering in Fibers

The phenomena of optical coupling of parallel fibers and scattering of light from a fiber due to rough walls are considered from a mode point of view. With the use of a Green’s function, the problems are cast in the form of integral equations. Coupled ordinary differential equations are obtained which are used to study the coupling of modes in parallel fibers, including the case when the diameters are slowly-varying functions of the axial distance. The analysis of the problem of propagation in an optical fiber having rough walls shows that the various modes in a fiber will couple and that the roughness will cause radiation through the walls of the fiber. The character of the radiation may be determined if the spatial spectral density of the surface roughness is known.
Bloomfield and Semantics

SUMMARYBloomfield's position with regard to meaning and its importance in human use of language has been persistently misinterpreted. From a Wundtian, mentalistic psychology in his 1914 Introduction, he passed to a Weissian, non-mentalistic approach, as a result of which he considered it impossible to capture the totality of meaning because of its inaccessibility to scientific investigation by currently available techniques. Far from excluding considerations of meaning from our study of language, he regarded them as nevertheless essential. The author finds both Bloomfield's and his critics' views of the nature of meaning unsatisfactory, because they regard meaning as existent somewhere outside of the individual speaker. In this respect, Bloomfield's point of view in his 1914 book was closer to reality than that which he expressed in his 1933 Language.RESUMELa position de Bloomfield a l'egard de la signification et de son importance dans l'emploi humain du langage a souvent ete meconnue. Apres avoir adhere a la psychologie "mentaliste" de Wundt dans son Introduction (194), il adopta l'approche "non-mentaliste" de Weiss dans ses travaux pos-terieurs. Par consequent, il nia la possibilite de saisir la signification totale d'un phenomene linguistique quelconque, a cause de son inaccessibilite a l'investigation scientifique par les moyens normalement disponibles. Loin d'exclure les aspects semantiques de l'etude du langage, Bloomfield les considerait comme neanmoins essentiels. L'auteur trouve que les vues de Bloomfield et aussi ceux de ses adversaires sur la nature de la signification sont peu satisfaisantes, parce que Ton considere le sens d'un phenomene linguistique comme ayant une existence quelque part hors de I'individu parlant. A cet egard, les vues de Bloomfield dans son Introduction (1914) etaient plus proches de la realite que celles qu'il exprima dans son livre Language (1933).
Markets as Information Gathering Tools

The academic literature, Wall Street commentary, and even daily news reporting reflect a belief that markets can anticipate events. The current movements in the stock market are interpreted as reflecting the likelihood that the Federal Reserve System will change interest rates. Futures markets are interpreted as reflecting the best estimates of things to come. Movements in individual stock prices are thought to anticipate earnings reports or the probability of a merger or buyout. If we want to know about future weather in the South, we should study the orange juice futures. The academic journals are filled with the concept of rational expectations in which current prices are supposed to reflect the sum of all knowledge in the system. Prices, according to this theory, are a statistic that indicates the aggregation of information about underlying states of the economy. Those who are "outsiders" to the information in the system become "insiders" by simply observing the economic activity.
Activity of some dehydrogenase enzymes in mitochondria from Physarum polycephalum.

Abstract 1. 1. Coupled mitochondria were isolated from exponentially growing Physarum polycephalum. 2. 2. Activity of malate dehydrogenase (oxalacetate reduction) was 10.9 μmol/min/mg protein; the apparent K m was 64 μM. 3. 3. The activity of NADP-isocitric dehydrogenase (IDH) was 110nmol/min/mg with apparent K m of 35 μM. 4. 4. NAD-IDH showed allosteric properties with AMP as a positive modulator. The apparent K m for the unmodulated activity, 2 mM, was decreased to 0.95 mM by 0.13 mM AMP. 5. 5. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was estimated as three times higher than that of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. 6. 6. Mitochondria contained significant amounts of phenolic compounds. Protein estimation by the Bradford method is recommended.
Superconductivity of polycrystalline La2−x−yNdySrxCuO4

Abstract Recent work on the charge stripe phase and its relationship to superconducting behavior observed in single crystals has motivated a reinvestigation of superconductivity in the La 2− x − y Nd y Sr x CuO 4 system. Literature values of superconducting transition temperature T c for nominally similar polycrystalline La 2− x − y Nd y Sr x CuO 4 are at variance [compare Crawford et al., Phys. Rev. B 44 (1991) 7749 and Buchner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 (1994) 1841]. This paper reports low magnetic field measurements of polycrystalline samples which support a broad range of superconductivity in good agreement with Crawford, and are consistent with the observed superconductivity in single crystals.
A case of accidental electrocution. A clinical pathological report.

A case of fatal electrical accident is presented. Two clinical features are particularly emphasized: the initial difficulty in distinguishing an organic from a psychogenic stupor; and the rare incidence of delayed death. Various theories of mechanisms of death due to electric current are discussed with review of reported central nervous system damage.
Stability of multi-column systems with initial imperfections and non-linear connections

Abstract The stability and second-order response of multi-column system with initial geometric imperfections (i.e., made of columns with initial curvature, out-of-plumb in the plane of bending under eccentric axial loads at both ends), and non-linear end connections subjected to a lateral load at the top floor level are presented in a classical manner. The proposed method is based on the Euler–Bernoulli theory and limited to 2D multi-column systems with sidesway uninhibited or partially inhibited by lateral bracing at the top level. The combined effects of initial imperfections and non-linear connections in the plane of bending are condensed into the proposed governing equations which also can be used to evaluate the induced moments and second-order deflections along each column as the lateral and axial loads are applied to each column at the top level. The non-linear end connections are modeled using the three-parameter model suggested by Richard and Abbott. The bracing force is defined as a function (linear or non-linear) of the lateral sway. Three comprehensive examples are presented in detail that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and show the combined effects of initial imperfections and non-linear connections on the stability and second-order response of 2D multi-column systems. The proposed method can be used by structural researchers and engineers to investigate these effects on the stability and second-order response of multi-column systems including cases with relatively large lateral sways.
Quality medical care. A definition.

This article offers a definition ofqualitymedical care. Quality itself is defined not as consisting of the properties of an object but rather as the capacity of these properties to achieve goals. Accordingly, quality medical care is the capacity of the elements of that care to achieve legitimate medical and nonmedical goals. This definition is compared with other current definitions. I offer answers to the questions of how to choose goals, who chooses goals, and what are legitimate goals. Implications of this definition are discussed, particularly with reference to chart review. Because patient values shape goals and because these values are not always assessed and recorded, it is recommended that a formal assessment of patient values become part of the patient's record. (JAMA1988;260:56-61)
Differential induction of antioxidant stilbenoids in hairy roots of Vitis rotundifolia treated with methyl jasmonate and hydrogen peroxide.

Stilbenoids are polyphenolic phytoalexins that exhibit potential health applications in humans. Hairy root cultures of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were used to study the biochemical and molecular regulation of stilbenoid biosynthesis upon treatment with 100 μM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or 10 mM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) over a 96-h period. Resveratrol, piceid, and e-viniferin were identified in higher concentrations in the tissue whereas resveratrol was the most abundant stilbenoid in the medium under either treatment. An earlier increase in resveratrol accumulation was observed for the MeJA-treated group showing a maximum at 12 h in the tissue and 18 h in the medium. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of extracts from the tissue and medium was determined by the 2,2'-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid] (ABTS) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays showing correlation with the stilbenoid content. Fourteen candidate reference genes for qPCR were tested under the described experimental conditions and resulted in the selection of 5 reference genes. Quantitative analyses of transcripts for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), resveratrol synthase (RS), and two stilbene synthases (STS and STS2) showed the highest RNA level induction at 3 h for both treatments with a higher induction for the MeJA treatment. In contrast, the flavonoid-related chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts showed induction and a decrease in expression for MeJA and H2O2 treatments, respectively. The observed responses could be related to an oxidative burst triggered by the exposure to abiotic stressor compounds with signaling function such as MeJA and H2O2 which have been previously related to the synthesis of secondary metabolites.
Two waves of neutrophil emigration in response to corneal epithelial abrasion: distinct adhesion molecule requirements.

Purpose Corneal abrasion results in an inflammatory response characterized by leukocyte emigration into the corneal stroma. Adhesion molecules play a critical role in leukocyte emigration to wound sites, but differences are evident in different vascular beds. In this study, the contributions of two families of adhesion molecules to neutrophil emigration into the cornea were investigated. Methods Re-epithelialization, patterns of neutrophil influx and CXC chemokine production were assessed in C57Bl/6 mice after removal of a 2-mm diameter area of central corneal epithelium. Comparisons were made between wild-type (WT) mice and mice with targeted deletions of genes for CD18 (CD18(-/-)) or P- and E-selectin (P/E-sel(-/-)) or in mice with antibody-induced neutropenia. Results Wild-type mice exhibited neutrophil emigration in two waves, the first peaking at 18 hours and the second at 30 hours after wounding, 6 hours after epithelial wound closure and peak levels of corneal CXCL1. In CD18(-/-) animals, only a single wave of neutrophil influx was seen, and it was temporally and quantitatively equivalent to the second wave in WT. In P/E-sel(-/-) mice, neutrophil influx was markedly depressed throughout the 48-hour observation period. Re-epithelialization was significantly delayed in mice with adhesion molecule deletions and in neutropenic animals. Transfer of wild-type leukocytes into CD18(-/-) mice resulted in neutrophil emigration into the injured cornea within 18 hours of wounding and improved closure of the epithelium. Conclusions Neutrophil emigration into corneal stroma after epithelial abrasion occurs in two waves. The first is dependent on CD18 integrins and selectins, whereas the second is CD18-independent but requires selectins. Early leukocyte emigration appears to promote re-epithelialization.
Long-term results after combined medial meniscal allograft transplantation and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: minimum 8.5-year follow-up study.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results after medial meniscal allograft transplantation combined with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Type of study Retrospective clinical outcome study. Methods Between 1990 and 1992, 9 medial meniscal allograft transplantations were performed in symptomatic knees with a previous total or near-total medial meniscectomy. One of the 9 patients required transplant removal postoperatively because of a presumed low-grade infection versus immune reaction. The remaining 8 patients were evaluated, with an average follow-up time of 9.7 years. All 8 patients underwent an ACL reconstruction. One patient also had a staged high tibial osteotomy. Results All 8 patients were evaluated with the standard International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) form with no normal scores: 1 had a nearly normal score, 4 had abnormal scores, and 3 severely abnormal scores. The IKDC symptoms evaluation produced 2 normal scores, 5 nearly normal scores, and 1 abnormal score. The IKDC function test showed 5 normal scores, 1 nearly normal score, and 2 abnormal scores. Six of the 8 patients were extremely pleased with the function of the knee and were active in recreational sports. All 8 patients would recommend the procedure to a friend and would undergo the procedure again given similar circumstances. Conclusions The findings of this study agree with several other studies with shorter follow-up times that medial meniscal allograft transplantation can significantly improve knee function in symptomatic medial meniscus-deficient knees. The addition of a ligament-stabilizing procedure probably improved the results in this patient population. Level of evidence Level IV, Case Series.
306 ONTOGENESIS OF IODOTHYRONINE PRODUCTION AND CLEARANCE IN SHEEP

Production rates (PR, μg/M2/d) and metabolic clearance rates (MCR, L/M2/d) for thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured in 4 newborn sheep 7 to 14 days of age using single injection non-compartmental methods. Results were related to data in fetal and adult sheep. Thyroid secretion of T3 and rT3 were calculated from T3/T4 and rT3/T4 ratios measured in adult and fetal thyroid glands: Newborn T4 MCR>fetal (p fetal (p newborn (p fetal (p adult (p newborn (p<.01) = adult. The T3 secreted from the thyroid is minimal in fetus, approximates 54% in newborn, and 51% in adult animals. Percent rT3 secretion approximates 3% in fetus, 18% in newborn, and 3% in adult animals. Conclusions: In the newborn a) T4 secretion is increased; b) T3 production is increased as a result of increased secretion and augmented T4-T3 conversion; c) rT3 production from T4 is decreased, and rT3 secretion is minimal; d) thyroid sensitivity to TSH or pituitary-thyroid feedback appears to be altered during this period.
Brain damage markers in children. Neurobiological and clinical aspects.

The presence in blood of proteins normally confined to the cytoplasm of brain cells is considered peripheral evidence of brain damage. Only recently have these proteins been measured in the blood of children at risk of brain damage. To show the value and limitations of measuring these proteins, we review their biology and the adult literature that has correlated the blood concentrations of these proteins with lesion size and dysfunction. Conclusion: We conclude that brain damage markers will increasingly be measured in the blood of newborns and other children at risk of brain damage. Language: en
Symmetry stabilization for fast discrete monomial transforms and polynomial evaluation

Abstract We discuss and explain the issues present in implementing a fast algorithm for discrete monomial transforms (DMTs) in the context of certain applications in MRI and data analysis. The DMT of a sequence f=(ƒ(0),…,ƒ(m)) with respect to sample points {z0…,zm};⊂ C m+1 is the sequence of sums (f(0),…,f(m)) where f(j)=Σmk=0ƒ(k)zjk. For different sets of sample points the DMT is an important component of many applications. Driscoll, Healy, and Rockmore described a fast [O(m log2m) operations] algorithm via matrix factorization for computing the DMT. While the asymptotic complexity of the algorithm is guaranteed for any choice of the sample points, the numerical stability is not. In this paper we present a heuristic for stabilizing the fast DMT which makes its implementation feasible numerically for certain sets of sample points, while retaining its computational advantages even for moderate problem sizes, where it is shown to be more efficient than implementations using Horner's rule.
Structural Modification on the Lys Linker Enhanced Tumor to Kidney Uptake Ratios of 99mTc-Labeled RGD-Conjugated α-MSH Hybrid Peptides

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the structural modification on the positively charged Lys linker could reduce the kidney uptake of 99mTc-labeled Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-conjugated α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) hybrid peptides. The RGD motif {cyclic(Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Tyr-Asp)} was coupled to [Cys3,4,10, d-Phe7, Arg11]α-MSH3–13 {(Arg11)CCMSH} through a neutral glycine linker to eliminate the positively charged amino side chain of the Lys linker or without a linker to delete the Lys linker. The receptor binding affinity of RGD-Gly-(Arg11)CCMSH and RGD-(Arg11)CCMSH was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The melanoma targeting and imaging properties of 99mTc-RGD-Gly-(Arg11)CCMSH and 99mTc-RGD-(Arg11)CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The structural modification on the Lys linker retained a low nanomolar receptor binding affinity of RGD-Gly-(Arg11)CCMSH and RGD-(Arg11)CCMSH (1.5 and 1.0 nM, respectively). The structural modification on the Lys linker dramatically decr...
A review of recent research addressing the utility of the Rorschach.

To address the utility of the Rorschach, the author synthesized a large sample (N = 138) of empirical, quantitative research published in the past 20 years. Longitudinal and behavioral criteria and ecological incremental validity beyond self-report and interview were emphasized because of their relationship with test applications. Methodological issues (temporal consistency, diversity, clinician judgment), applications (treatment outcome, schizophrenia, thought disorder, depression and suicide risk), and selected Rorschach variables are addressed. The evidence reveals that many Rorschach variables are efficient tools for clinical, forensic, and educational applications. The test is particularly useful in (a) individualizing case conceptualizations and interventions and (b) predicting and evaluating outcomes. These conclusions are consistent with using the Rorschach as a behavioral problem-solving test that illuminates the interaction among psychological, biological, and environmental factors.
Pediatric Parenting Stress and Its Relation to Depressive Symptoms and Fear of Hypoglycemia in Parents of Young Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Parents of young children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) maintain full responsibility for their child’s daily diabetes self-care and thus may be vulnerable to experiencing parenting stress. This study examined several psychological correlates of pediatric parenting stress in parents of young children with T1DM. Parents of 39 young children with T1DM (ages 2–7 years) completed measures of pediatric parenting stress, mealtime behavior problems, depressive symptoms, and fear of hypoglycemia. For parents of young children, higher stress frequency and difficulty were associated with higher parental depressive symptoms and fear. Regression analyses identified that 58% of the variance in stress frequency was associated with parental depressive symptoms. For stress difficulty, 68% of the variance was associated with parental depressive symptoms and fear. Pediatric parenting stress is common in parents of young children with T1DM. Stress and the psychological correlates measured in this study are amenable to intervention and should be regularly assessed in parents of young children with T1DM.
An Interface Method for Semiconductor Process Simulation

\indent The diffusion of dopants in silicon at high temperatures is modeled by a nonlinear parabolic system of partial differential equations on a two-dimensional region with a moving boundary. A numerical solution using the L-stable TRBDF2 time integration method and a ``box method'''' spatial discretization is described. Details are given of the methods used to specify and manipulate curves, and to define arbitrary simply connected regions by their boundary curves. Numerical experiments are presented comparing the divided difference and TR/TR methods for dynamically adjusting the timestep, and comparing Newton and Newton-Richardson iteration.
Focal corticothalamic sources during generalized absence seizures: a MEG study.

Summary Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was used to determine cortical and subcortical contributions to the formation of spike and wave discharges in twelve newly diagnosed, drug naive children during forty-four generalized absence seizures. Previous studies have implicated various cortical areas and thalamic nuclei in the generation of absence seizures, but the relative timing of their activity remains unclear. Beamformer analysis using synthetic aperture magnetometry (SAM) was used to confirm the presence of independent thalamic activity, and standardized Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Topography (sLORETA) was used to compute statistical maps indicating source locations during absence seizures. Sources detected in the 50 ms prior to the start of the seizure were more likely to be localized to the frontal cortex or thalamus. At the time of the first spike on EEG, focal source localization was seen in the lateral frontal cortex with decreased thalamic localization. Following the spike, localization became more widespread throughout the cortex. Comparison of the earliest spike and wave discharge (SWD) (Ictal Onset) and a SWD occurring 3 s into the seizure (mid-Ictal) revealed significant differences during the slow wave portion of the SWDs. This study of MEG recordings in childhood absence seizures provides additional evidence that there are focal brain areas responsible for these seizures which appear bilaterally symmetric and generalized with a conventional 10–20 placement scalp EEG.
Structure, Protein Interactions and In Vitro Protease Accessibility of Extruded and Pressurized Full-Fat Soybean Flakes

The objectives of the present study were to determine how extrusion (barrel temperature of 100 °C) and high-pressure processing (HPP, 200 and 500 MPa, 15 min, 25 °C) of full-fat soybean flakes (FFSF) modified the structure of soybean cotyledon cells, the protein interactions and the in vitro protease accessibility. Cellular disruption of the cotyledon cells was only observed for extruded FFSF. Extrusion and HPP at 500 MPa favored formation of insoluble protein aggregates, in which oil was entrapped. High pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and extraction methods using buffers containing SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol suggested that noncovalent interactions were the main forces in protein aggregate formation during HPP 500 MPa and extrusion. Intermolecular cross-linking by disulfide bonding was also involved in insoluble aggregates, but at a lesser extent than noncovalent interactions. Extrusion and HPP 500-MPa treatment enhanced the proteolytic attack, while treatment at 200 MPa had no impact. Drastic changes in the peptide profile of the extracted proteins were, however, only observed for the enzyme-treated 500-MPa FFSF. Optimal oil and protein extraction yields required cellular disruption of cotyledon cells and hydrolysis of protein aggregates, which were obtained with enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of extruded FFSF.
Self-Regulation of Stimulation by Premature Infants

Premature babies are capable of seeking contact with a source of rhythmic stimulation that reflects their own breathing rhythm. Optional stimulation, in the form of a "breathing" stuffed bear, was made available to premature infants, 32 to 35 weeks9 gestational age. The bear9s breathing rate was matched to that of each individual infant during quiet sleep. Other infants were exposed to a bear that did not breathe, and some infants were not exposed to a bear. All infants were monitored continuously using time-lapse video. After 2 to 3 weeks9 exposure, those infants with a breathing bear-showed significantly more contact with their head, body, or limbs than either of the control groups (for the no-bear group, contact with the area that would have been occupied by the bear was determined to describe the contact that might have been expected by chance). In addition, the infants given the opportunity to self-regulate their stimulation showed greater amounts of quiet sleep than the other two groups.
Group additivity values for enthalpies of formation (298 K), entropies (298 K), and molar heat capacities (300 K < T < 1500 K) of gaseous fluorocarbons

Abstract A group additivity method was developed to estimate standard enthalpies of formation and standard entropies at 298 K of linear radical and closed-shell, gaseous fluorocarbon neutrals containing four or more carbon atoms. The method can also be used to estimate constant pressure molar heat capacities of the same compounds over the temperature range 300 K to 1500 K. Seventeen groups and seven fluorine–fluorine interaction terms were defined from 12 fluorocarbon molecules. Interaction term values from Yamada and Bozzelli [T. Yamada, J.W. Bozzelli, J. Phys. Chem. A 103 (1999) 7373–7379] were utilized. The enthalpy of formation group values were derived from G3MP2 calculations by Bauschlicher and Ricca [C.W. Bauschlicher, A. Ricca, J. Phys. Chem. A 104 (2000) 4581–4585]. Standard entropy and molar heat capacity group values were estimated from ab initio geometry optimization and frequency calculations at the Hartree–Fock level using the 6-31G(d) basis set. Enthalpies of formation for larger fluorocarbons estimated from the group additivity method compare well to enthalpies of formation found in the literature.
Empirical Prediction Intervals for County Population Forecasts

Population forecasts entail a significant amount of uncertainty, especially for long-range horizons and for places with small or rapidly changing populations. This uncertainty can be dealt with by presenting a range of projections or by developing statistical prediction intervals. The latter can be based on models that incorporate the stochastic nature of the forecasting process, on empirical analyses of past forecast errors, or on a combination of the two. In this article, we develop and test prediction intervals based on empirical analyses of past forecast errors for counties in the United States. Using decennial census data from 1900 to 2000, we apply trend extrapolation techniques to develop a set of county population forecasts; calculate forecast errors by comparing forecasts to subsequent census counts; and use the distribution of errors to construct empirical prediction intervals. We find that empirically-based prediction intervals provide reasonably accurate predictions of the precision of population forecasts, but provide little guidance regarding their tendency to be too high or too low. We believe the construction of empirically-based prediction intervals will help users of small-area population forecasts measure and evaluate the uncertainty inherent in population forecasts and plan more effectively for the future.
Use of Intensive Care Units for Patients With Low Severity of Illness

Objective To determine variations among hospitals in use of intensive care units (ICUs) for patients with low severity of illness. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Twenty-eight hospitals with 44 ICUs in a large metropolitan region. Patients Consecutive eligible patients (N=104487) admitted to medical, surgical, neurological, or mixed medical-surgical ICUs from March 1, 1991, to March 31, 1995. Outcome Measures The predicted risk of in-hospital death for each patient was assessed using a validated method that is based on age, ICU admission source, diagnosis, severe comorbid conditions, and abnormalities in 17 physiologic variables. Admissions were classified as low severity if the patient's predicted risk of death was less than 1%. In a subset of 12929 consecutive patients, use of 19 specific interventions typically delivered in ICUs was examined. Results Twenty thousand four hundred fifty-one admissions (19.6%) were categorized as low severity, including 23.6% of postoperative and 16.9% of nonoperative admissions. Alcohol and other drug overdoses accounted for 40.2% of nonoperative low-severity admissions; laminectomy and carotid endarterectomy accounted for 52.3% of postoperative low-severity admissions. Mortality among patients with low-severity illness was 0.3%, and only 28.6% received an ICU-specific intervention during the first ICU day. Although mean ICU length of stay was shorter ( P P Conclusions A large proportion of patients admitted to the ICU have a low probability of death and do not receive ICU-specific interventions. Rates of low-severity admissions varied among hospitals. The development and implementation of protocols to target ICU care to patients most likely to benefit may decrease the number of low-severity ICU admissions and improve the cost-effectiveness of ICU care.
Soil-geomorphic relations of lamellae in eolian sand on the High Plains of Texas and New Mexico

Clay lamellae are ubiquitous features in sands in a wide variety of settings around the world. Most studies of lamellae focus on: 1) a few or individual locales or on 2) formation by experimental methods in the laboratory. This study reports on lamellae from eight localities in three late-Quaternary dune fields on the Southern High Plains of northwest Texas and eastern New Mexico. Most lamellae observed are illuvial and they increase in number and thickness through time. A few (1–3) thin (1–2 mm) lamellae formed in Historic sediments. Lamellae are more numerous (3–12) and thicker (3–5 mm) in older late Holocene (b 1000 14 C years BP) and middle Holocene (b 7600 14 C years BP) sands. Soils that formed through the late Pleistocene and into the early Holocene (14,300–7600 14 C years BP) or soils that formed throughout the Holocene can exhibit as many as 30 lamellae or lamellae of 10–12 mm thickness. The micromorphology of the lamellae shows that argillans on sand grains are thicker, more laminated, more continuous, and cap and link more grains through time. Other variables affect lamella morphology. Within individual dunes, the lamellae are best expressed where the sand is thickest; they decrease in number and thickness as sand thins. The lamellae also form only in clean, well-drained sand. Poor drainage and/or bioturbation result in formation of a continuous argillic horizon encasing lamellae. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Further Studies on the Elution of Immunoglobulin from Multiple Sclerosis Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and control brain slices were repeatedly washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) then treated for 90 seconds with an acetic acid solution pH 2.5 with citrate-phosphate-borate buffers ranging in pH from 2.2 to 11.6. The protein concentrations of PBS washes and neutralized eluates were determined, and the eluates were assayed for Ig by competition microradioimmunoassay using rabbit anti-human F(ab’)2. Successive PBS washes reduced extracellular protein to a very low level. Equivalent quantities of protein were recovered from seven MS and six non-MS brain samples after both PBS washing and acetic acid elution. However, the amount of protein needed for 50% inhibition of 125I-IgG binding to anti-human F(ab’)2 was less than 25 μg/ml in 7 of 9 samples of MS brain tissue in contrast to 3 of 12 samples of non-MS brain. Myelin basic protein did not inhibit the competition of unlabelled IgG with 125I-IgG for anti-hiunan F(ab’)2; IgG was a more effective competitor than IgA or IgM. It was possible to elute Ig from human brain at various pHs ranging from 2.2 to 11.6. At pHs 5.2 and 8.5, the distinction between MS and normal brain as determined by elution of Ig was greatest.
Locally focused magnetic resonance imaging

Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) images are reconstructed by Fourier transformation and have uniform spatial resolution across the entire field of view (FOV). The present paper describes a way of creating MR images which have higher spatial resolution in some areas than in others. Such locally focused images can be acquired in less scan time than that required to image the entire FOV with uniformly high resolution. After the user specifies the spatial resolution desired in each portion of the FOV,the algorithm automatically generates image basis functions which oscillate most rapidly in the zones with highest resolution. Images are reconstructed by summing a series of these basis functions, with coefficients calculated from a subset of the usual phase-encoded signals required to create an image with uniformly high spatial resolution. The algorithm also determines which phase-encodings are optimal for this purpose, and these are usually non-uniformly scattered in k-space. Functional and interventional imaging may benefit from this technique, which makes it possible to acquire a rapid series of dynamical images which have high resolution in areas of expected change and lower resolution elsewhere. >
An Examination of the Monophyly of Morning Glory Taxa Using Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference

The objective of this study was to obtain a quantitative assessment of the monophyly of morning glory taxa, speciecally the genus Ipomoea and the tribe Argyreieae. Previous systematic studies of morning glories intimated the paraphyly of Ipomoea by suggesting that the genera within the tribe Argyreieae are derived from within Ipomoea; however, no quantitative estimates of statisti- cal support were developed to address these questions. We applied a Bayesian analysis to provide quantitative estimates of monophyly in an investigation of morning glory relationships using DNA sequence data. We also explored various approaches for examining convergence of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation of the Bayesian analysis by running 18 separate analyses varying in length. We found convergence of the important components of the phylogenetic model (the tree with the maximum posterior probability, branch lengths, the parameter values from the DNA substitution model, and the posterior probabilities for clade support) for these data after one million generations of the MCMC simulations. In the process, we identieed a run where the parameter values obtained were often outside the range of values obtained from the other runs, suggesting an aberrant result. In addition, we compared the Bayesian method of phylogenetic analysis to maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony. The results from the Bayesian analysis and the maximum likelihood analysis were similar for topology, branch lengths, and parameters of the DNA substitution model. Topolo- gies also were similar in the comparison between the Bayesian analysis and maximum parsimony, althoughtheposteriorprobabilitiesandthebootstrapproportionsexhibitedsomestrikingdifferences. In a Bayesian analysis of three data sets (ITS sequences, waxy sequences, and ITS C waxy sequences) no supoort for the monophyly of the genus Ipomoea, or for the tribe Argyreieae, was observed, with the estimate of the probability of the monophyly of these taxa being less than 3:4 £ 10 i7 . (Bayesian statistics; convergence; Ipomoea; ITS; Markov chain Monte Carlo; maximum likelihood; maximum parsimony; waxy.)
A numerical method for determining monotonicity and convergence rate in iterative learning control

In iterative learning control (ILC), a lifted system representation is often used for design and analysis to determine the convergence rate of the learning algorithm. Computation of the convergence rate in the lifted setting requires construction of large N×N matrices, where N is the number of data points in an iteration. The convergence rate computation is O(N2) and is typically limited to short iteration lengths because of computational memory constraints. As an alternative approach, the implicitly restarted Arnoldi/Lanczos method (IRLM) can be used to calculate the ILC convergence rate with calculations of O(N). In this article, we show that the convergence rate calculation using IRLM can be performed using dynamic simulations rather than matrices, thereby eliminating the need for large matrix construction. In addition to faster computation, IRLM enables the calculation of the ILC convergence rate for long iteration lengths. To illustrate generality, this method is presented for multi-input multi-outpu...
A Law-like Statement of Dewey's Views on Pedagogy

THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION John Dewey worried about the fundamental problem of the translation of scientific research into forms useful for schooling practice in the 1929 inaugural Kappa Delta Pi lecture, “The Sources of a Science of Education.” Resolution of the problem, argued Dewey, held great promise of reward. Creation of systematic methods of inquiry into issues of education would enable educators to understand education better; control it less haphazardly and with less routine; promote steady and cumulative growth of intelligent, communicable insight and power of direction in schooling; and liberate schooling practice from uniformity of approach by describing far-reaching purposes of schooling with their source in conditions wider and deeper than daily need of educational practice. (SSE, 1-8)
T cell receptor αβ diversity inversely correlates with pathogen-specific antibody levels in human cytomegalovirus infection

A diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire capable of recognizing a broad range of antigenic peptides is thought to be central to effective pathogen-specific immunity by counteracting escape mutations, selecting high-avidity T cells, and providing T cell specificities with comprehensive functional characteristics. However, evidence that TCR diversity is important for the successful control of human infections is limited. A single-cell strategy for the clonotypic analysis of human CD8⁺ TCRαβ repertoires was used to probe the diversity and magnitude of individual human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8⁺ T cells recovered directly ex vivo. We found that CD8⁺ TCRαβ repertoire diversity, but not the size of the CD8⁺ T cell response, was inversely related to circulating CMV-specific antibody levels, a measure that has been correlated epidemiologically with differential mortality risks and found here to be higher in persons with detectable (versus undetectable) CMV viral loads. Overall, our findings indicate that CD8⁺ T cell diversity may be more important than T cell abundance in limiting the negative consequences of CMV persistence, demonstrate high prevalence of both TCRα and TCRβ public motif usage, and suggest that a highly diverse TCRαβ repertoire may be an important benchmark and target in the success of immunotherapeutic strategies.
The Role of Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound for Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids are the most common pelvic tumor in women. Fibroids can cause significant bleeding during menses, as well as causing pelvic pressure and pain, urinary frequency, urinary incontinence, constipation, obstetrical complications, and infertility. It has been estimated that 30 % of women with fibroids have significant symptoms. (Flynn et al. 2006) The treatment for fibroids includes: medical therapy (oral contraceptives, GRNH agonists), myomectomy (hysteroscopic, laparoscopic, and open), hysterectomy (laparoscopic/robotic and open), and uterine artery embolization (UAE). Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) is being increasingly used for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Combining MR imaging to define the target and to control and monitor the ablation, and an ultrasound transducer that controls and delivers the focused ultrasound beam, MRgFUS allows a non-invasive approach to the treatment of uterine fibroids.
Molecular Excited States in Liquid Systems

The primary physico-chemical events induced in liquid systems upon bombardment by high energy electrons are surveyed in the light of experimental evidence from pulse radiolysis studies. The various mechanisms for production of lower manifold states of aromatic hydrocarbon solutes in liquids such as cyclohexane and benzene are considered. Some contributions of electron pulse radiolysis to our understanding of photophysical and photochemical process in non-aqueous liquids are examined.
Thermoelectric Properties of Silver Telluride–Bismuth Telluride Nanowire Heterostructure Synthesized by Site-Selective Conversion

In this paper, we report a solution-phase synthesis of silver telluride and bismuth telluride nanowire heterostructure using tellurium (Te) nanowire as sacrificial template and site-selective conversion strategy. High-resolution transmission electron microscope studies confirm sharp interface with possible epitaxial growth between silver telluride and bismuth telluride regions. Through tuning the precursor amount (bismuth and silver precursors) during the reaction, the composition between silver telluride and bismuth telluride can be adjusted. Moreover, the mass produced powder of nanowire heterostructure is consolidated into nanocomposite pellets, and thermoelectric properties of the nanocomposite pellets are investigated between 300 and 400 K. Results show that our materials are p-type with reduced lattice thermal conductivity and a ZT of ∼0.41 at 400 K, which is the best reported value for p-type silver telluride.
Structural Determination and Gas-Phase Synthesis of Monomeric, Unsolvated IZnCH3 (X̃1A1): A Model Organozinc Halide

The first experimental structure of a monomeric organozinc halide, IZnCH3, has been measured using millimeter-wave direct absorption spectroscopy in the frequency range 256-293 GHz. IZnCH3 is a model compound for organozinc halides, widely used in cross-coupling reactions. The species was produced in the gas phase by reaction of zinc vapor with iodomethane in the presence of a dc discharge. IZnCH3 was identified on the basis of its pure rotational spectrum as well as those of the isotopically substituted species I(66)ZnCH3, I(64)Zn(13)CH3, and I(64)ZnCD3. IZnCH3 is unmistakably a symmetric top molecule (X(1)A1) belonging to the C3v point group, in agreement with DFT calculations, with the following experimentally determined structural parameters: rIZn = 2.4076(2) A, rZnC = 1.9201(2) A, rCH = 1.105(9) A, and ∠H-C-H = 108.7(5)°. The basic methyl group geometry is not significantly altered in this molecule. Experimental observations suggest that IZnCH3 is synthesized in the gas phase by direct insertion of activated atomic zinc into the carbon-iodine bond of iodomethane.
On the Validation of a Global Preconditioner for the Euler Equations

A recently introduced global preconditioning technique is validated for the Euler equations. Energy and enthalpy equations are nondimensionalized by means of a reference enthalpy, resulting in increased numerical accuracy for low-speed flows. A cell-based, finite volume formulation is used, with flux dierence splitting and both explicit and implicit time integration schemes. A Newton-linearized iterative implicit algorithm is implemented, with Symmetric Gauss-Seidel(LU/SGS) nested sub-iterations. This choice eliminates approximate factorization errors, which become dominant at low speed flows. The linearized Jacobians are evaluated by numerical dierentiation. Higher-order discretization are constructed by means of the MUSCL approach. Locally one-dimensional Characteristic Variable Boundary Conditions are implemented at the farfield boundary. The preconditioned scheme is successfully applied to the following traditional test cases used as benchmarks for local preconditioning techniques: point disturbance, flow angle disturbance, and stagnation point arising from the impingement of two identical jets. The flow over a symmetric airfoil and a convergent-divergent nozzle are then simulated for arbitrary Mach numbers. The preconditioned scheme greatly enhances accuracy and convergence rate for low-speed flows (all the way down to M 10E 4). Some preliminary tests of fully unsteady flows are also conducted.
Research on China’s Urbanization Development Based on Cultivated Land Preservation Strategies

The purpose of this paper is to study the rank-size evolution law of Chinese cities and the changes of relationship between urban built-up area population density and the size of the city, to predict the occupation of cultivated land due to urbanization development, and to present responsive measures and proposals against the development of China’s urbanization based on cultivated land preservation. Methods employed include documentation, regression analysis, and functional model prediction. The results indicate that China’s urban population density increases with urban population scale, but the increase rate is declining rapidly, so the contradiction between China’s urbanization and the protection of cultivated land has become increasingly prominent. The conclusion is that, in order to protect cultivated land more effectively, China should establish its comprehensive urbanization development strategy with large cities as the principal task and meanwhile encourage the formation of cities and towns of different sizes with rational structures, promote high population density urban development practices.