cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro studies linking induction of spontaneous antibody synthesis to an accessory cell with persisting antigen on its surface

Abstract Antibody synthesis was spontaneously induced in lymphoid cell cultures prepared from the draining lymph nodes of immunized rabbits. Induction of this response was attributed to cell-associated persisting antigen. The identity of the cell with which the antigen was associated was sought. Removal of the macrophage-rich adherent cell population did not diminish spontaneous induction. However, removal of a different cell population by the carbonyl iron method markedly inhibited spontaneous antibody synthesis. In addition, treatment of cultured lymph node cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, which is known to remove antigen bound to cell surfaces, also inhibited spontaneous induction. Induction of antibody synthesis could be restored in either of these situations by the addition of a suitable quantity of specific antigen. Although removal of the cell type which adhered to carbonyl iron depressed spontaneous antibody synthesis, the treatment had no effect on concanavalin A-mediated lymphocyte transformation. The combined evidence indicates that the persisting antigen responsible for induction of the spontaneous response is bound to the surface of an accessory cell which is probably a sessile macrophage or a dendritic-type cell.
Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa

Memory and Violence in the Middle East and North Africa. Ussama Makdisi and Paul A. Silverstein, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. 256 pp.
Systems directions for pervasive computing

Pervasive computing, with its focus on users and their tasks rather than on computing devices and technology, provides an attractive vision for the future of computing. But, while hardware and networking infrastructure to realize this vision are becoming a reality, precious few applications run in this infrastructure. We believe that this lack of applications stems largely from the fact that it is currently too hard to design, build, and deploy applications in the pervasive computing space. In this paper, we argue that existing approaches to distributed computing are flawed along three axes when applied to pervasive computing; we sketch out alternatives that are better suited for this space. First, application data and functionality need to be kept separate, so that they can evolve gracefully, in a global computing infrastructure. Second, applications need to be able to acquire any resource they need at any time, so that they can continuously provide their services in a highly dynamic environment. Third, pervasive computing requires a common system platform, allowing applications to be run across the range of devices and to be automatically distributed and installed.
All That Wheezes

A 6-month-old previously healthy boy presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of cough, wheeze, and increased work of breathing. The history and examination results were suggestive of bronchiolitis, and the patient was placed on a bronchiolitis protocol. He initially seemed to be responding to supportive care with nasal suctioning and supplemental oxygen only. Several days elapsed, and the tachypnea and hypoxia persisted. The infant was additionally noted to be a slow breastfeeder and he exhibited a marginal failure to thrive (weight at fifth percentile). On hospital day 6, he was still requiring 0.2 L nasal cannula oxygen to maintain saturations of 92% and persistently maintained a respiratory rate in the 50s. Chest radiography revealed mild hyperexpansion and peribronchial cuffing consistent with bronchiolitis, and the results of viral testing were negative. Does this case require patience or further testing? Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis are well established, including prematurity; age <2 months; chronic lung, heart, and neurologic diseases; poor nutritional status; and environmental tobacco smoke exposure.1–3 Even in otherwise healthy infants, complicating factors may prolong or alter the typical clinical course in bronchiolitis, including swallowing dysfunction, impaired nutrition, and development of superimposed infections. Small published series have demonstrated an increased risk of aspiration during the course of illness, reported in 60% of infants with bronchiolitis who underwent a videofluoroscopy swallow study. Thickening feeds demonstrated improvement in both aspiration and laryngeal penetration.4,5 A recent, retrospective study evaluated the associations of various clinical markers that could be attributed to any infant with bronchiolitis. Greater usage of supplemental oxygen, tachypnea, and decreased total caloric intake during …
Ocean metabolism observed with oxygen sensors on profiling floats in the South Pacific

We estimated rates of production and export in the South Pacific (80uW to 180uW in a zonal band between 35uS and 50uS) using 1.5 yr of oxygen measurements from profiling floats. Export production, calculated from oxygen utilization rates below the compensation depth from December to April, was 10.7 6 2 mmol C m22 d21 (n 5 36, 95% CI). The corresponding satellite net primary production was 46 6 4 mmol C m22 d21, yielding a regional e-ratio of 0.23 6 0.05. Averaging oxygen utilization rates resulted in a net cancellation of most water mass changes related to advection and float migration. The composite vertical profile of remineralization rates, obtained by binning 36 rate profiles, agreed with published measurements based on oxygen utilization rates in hydrographic surveys and fits the classic form of a particulate organic carbon (POC) attenuation function. However, the disagreement between oxygen-based remineralization rates and those obtained by sediment traps suggests fundamental differences between these two methods. Using float data to constrain a one-dimensional mixed-layer model, the annual net community production at 45uS, 144uW was ,2.5 mol C m22 yr21. Spatial
N-Type Field-Effect Transistors Using Multiple Mg-Doped ZnO Nanorods

Nanorod field-effect transistors (FETs) that use multiple Mg-doped ZnO nanorods and a SiO2 gate insulator were fabricated and characterized. The use of multiple nanorods provides higher on-currents without significant degradation in threshold voltage shift and subthreshold slopes. It has been observed that the on-currents of the multiple ZnO nanorod FETs increase approximately linearly with the number of nanorods, with on-currents of ~1 muA per nanorod and little change in off-current (~4times10-12). The subthreshold slopes and on-off ratios typically improve as the number of nanorods within the device channel is increased, reflecting good uniformity of properties from nanorod to nanorod. It is expected that Mg dopants contribute to high n-type semiconductor characteristics during ZnO nanorod growth. For comparison, nonintentionally doped ZnO nanorod FETs are fabricated, and show low conductivity to compare with Mg-doped ZnO nanorods. In addition, temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of single ZnO nanorod FETs indicate that the activation energy of the drain current is very low (0.05-0.16 eV) at gate voltages both above and below threshold
Game theory in cooperative communications

Cooperative communication has great potential to improve the wireless channel capacity by exploiting the antennas on wireless devices for spatial diversity. However, applications of cooperative communication are barely seen in reality. A main obstacle blocking its wide application is the lack of incentives for wireless nodes to participate in cooperative communication. We first survey the existing game theoretic solutions for providing cooperation incentives in cooperative communications. We then discuss the challenges in applying game theory to cooperative communications.
Air cushion vehicle response to waves in the surf zone

Heave motion of an air-cushion vehicle in response to wave encounters as it transitions through the surf zone is presented. Wave transformation from deep waters to the beach is described using the model of Dally et al. (1985) and the shallow-water SWAN model. The vehicle considered is a surface effect ship (SES) that maintains an air cushion between its two side hulls and the deck hull. The airflow is considered to be incompressible. In view of the shallow draft of the vehicle, the evolving wave field that the vehicle encounters is considered as forcing the heave motion. Numerical computations are presented for the transformation of a regular wave over the beach slope and of an offshore JONSWAP spectrum and the vehicle response in transitioning at speed U in head seas. The heave motion is described as function of time and frequency in a coordinate system moving with the transitioning vehicle. Advancing the state of predictions of vehicle response in the surf zone facilitates the structural design process for the vehicle.
Surgeon offsets and dynamic eye movements in laser refractive surgery.

METHODS: The surgeon’s accuracy in aligning the pupil center with the laser center axis was measured when engaging the eye-tracker in 17 eyes receiving conventional laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) procedures (Technolas 217z; Bausch & Lomb). Eye movements were measured subsequently during the treatment in 10 eyes using a pupil camera operating at 50 Hz. Temporal power spectra were calculated from the eye movement measurements. RESULTS: The mean pupil misalignment by the surgeon at the beginning of the procedure was 206.1 mm G 80.99 (SD) (with respect to the laser center). The laser center was typically misaligned below (inferiorly) and to the left (nasally and temporally in left and right eyes, respectively) of the laser center.Smallamountsofcyclotorsionwereobservedduringthe ablation(<2degrees). Themean magnitude of dynamic pupil decentration from the laser center during treatment was 227.0 G 44.07 mm. The mean standard deviation of eye movements was 65.7 G 25.64 mm. Temporal power spectra calculated from the horizontal and vertical changes in eye position during the ablation were similar. Ninety-five percent of the total power of the eye movements was contained in temporal frequencies up to 1 Hz, on average, in both directions. CONCLUSIONS:Most eye movements duringLASIK are slow drifts in fixation. An eye-tracker with a 1.4 Hz closed-loop bandwidth could compensate for most eye movements in conventional or customized ablations.
Microelectronics: its unusual origin and personality

In the 1950s, Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL), Murray Hill, NJ, was the dominant player in microelectronics and lent its personality to the fledgling industry. Among the Transistor Three, Bardeen was a theorist of unusual depth, Brittain was the creative experimentalist, and Shockley was the versatile scientist, engineer, and inventor. In addition to his well known device and process inventions, he contributed ion implantation and photoresist processing, two of his important innovations that are sometimes overlooked. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was his first and very important device invention. While his effort in the business world was notably unsuccessful, it nonetheless unintentionally launched the Silicon Valley phenomenon. At BTL in the 1950s, and subsequently through the industry, heavy reliance on the work of science-educated engineers became the norm. In the late 1950s, Bell failed to embrace the integrated circuit (IC) and persisted in its error for nearly a decade, probably a consequence of "NH" factors. As a result, it forfeited unchallenged world leadership in microelectronics. Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor launched the IC revolution, with J. Kilby and R. Noyce playing the key respective roles, We now glimpse a different kind of IC that will be fabricated in a fully automatic process.
Experimental investigation of polarization effects in reverse osmosis

With a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, salt concentration profiles were measured in a reverse osmosis system under natural convection with the membrane in a vertical position. The measured concentration profiles compared favorably with those predicted theoretically as long as the motion remained laminar. At large distances from the leading edge, however, the flow developed a wavy pattern, especially for bulk salt concentrations in excess of 0.1 moles/liter. As expected, whenever this motion became especially pronounced, the concentration of salt at the membrane surface was less and the production rate of fresh water greater than that predicted using the laminar analysis.
Differential algebra-a new tool

An overview of the theory and implementation of the differential algebraic method is presented. The method allows a very straightforward computation of Taylor maps of beamlines. Contrary to older techniques, the method is not restricted to low order and allows the study of an arbitrary number of variables, including system parameters. The resulting Taylor maps offer a variety of useful applications, including fast short-term tracking, the computation of generating functions which can be used for symplectic tracking, and the direct computation of tuneshifts, smear, and approximate invariants. >
Practical Uses of Math And Science (PUMAS)

Practical Uses of Math And Science [PUMAS], the on-line Journal of Math and Science Examples for Pre-College Education, is a collection of one-page examples of how math and science topics taught in K-12 classes can be used in interesting settings, including everyday life. The examples are written primarily by scientists and engineers, and are available to teachers, students, and other interested parties via the PUMAS Web site. The author's goal is to capture, for the benefit of pre-college science education, the flavor of the vast experience that scientists have with interesting and practical uses of math and science. All examples are peer-reviewed by at least one scientist, with a relevant background, and at least one teacher, at an appropriate grade level. Once accepted, the example is a citable reference, in a refereed journal of science education. PUMAS examples may be activities, anecdotes, descriptions of "neat ideas," formal exercises, puzzles, or demonstrations. They may be written in any style that serves the material well. Teachers already have textbooks. But exercises in them are routine uninteresting. Teachers can search the PUMAS collection based on curriculum topic, grade level, subject keywords (such as airplanes or dinosaurs), or any other parameters in the example headers. They then scan through the relevant examples, and develop ideas of their own about how to use the material to enrich their presentations. This relieves scientists of the obligation to develop "curricula". It puts the job of "integration into the lesson plan" on the teacher. There are several mechanisms for obtaining feedback from users such as a "Comments" file. Subsequent users can view all previously posted comments. There is also an "Examples Wanted" Bulletin board, where requests for new examples can be posted.
176 New Discoveries Regarding the Benthic Marine Algal Flora of the Sultanate of Oman

Intensive littoral and sublittoral collecting on the monsoon-impacted rocky shores of southern Oman, made at the end of the summertime monsoon (Sept. 2000 and Sept. 2001), has produced a remarkably high number of undescribed taxa and new records for this region of the Northern Arabian Sea. Taxa to be discussed in this presentation include: a new species of Centroceras that reaches 60 cm in height, is heavily corticated, has distinctively secund branching, and occurs well into the ‘supralittoral fringe’; a new species of Jolyna, which is often branched, is not as long or thick as the more common J. laminarioides, has ascocysts but lacks hair tufts, and also occurs in the supralittoral; a Turbinaria (T. foliosa) that has the least modified blades known in the genus; a remarkably robust and erect species of Leveillea; and an undescribed Gelidium, which has previously passed under the name of ‘Suhria vittata’. A complicated picture has emerged that shows this flora to have biogeographical affinities with pantropical and subtropical regions, the tropical-subtropical Indo-Pacific, South Africa, temperate Europe and the Mediterrranean, Japan, as well as revealing components that are characteristic of the Arabian Sea monsoon season and apparent endemics restricted to Oman. This research (the Algal Biodiversity Project of Oman) has been funded by the British Government's Darwin's Initiative grant for the ‘Survival of Species’ and managed by HTS Development, Ltd., of the U.K.
Assessing the role of vocational rehabilitation in disability policy

Since 1975, vocational rehabilitation has represented a small and declining component of federal disability policy. This trend is perhaps reflective of the relatively crude assessment techniques that have been applied to the program in the past. Using the Virginia Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) program as a prototype, we outline how the data and methods of assessment can be improved for purposes of directing public policy. The key issues include identifying an appropriate comparison group for VR, analysis of longitudinal earnings data, and methods for refining measures of program cost. The analysis provides "fixed-effects" estimates of net earnings impacts for each of three postprogram years stratified by disability classification and gender. These treatment impacts are compared to total and service-specific costs. In general, this analysis suggests that evaluation of VR can be substantially improved and that these improvements can be attained at relatively modest analytic cost.
Obstetric fistula: the international response.

The advent of modern obstetric care has led to the eradication of obstetric fistula in nearly every industrialised country. However, in the developing world obstetric fistula continues to cause untold pain and suffering in millions of women. The very existence of this condition is the result of gross societal and institutional neglect of women that is, by any standard, an issue of rights and equity. In the developing world, obstetric fistula is almost always the result of obstructed labour. During prolonged obstructed labour the soft tissues of the pelvis are compressed between the descending baby’s head and the mother’s pelvic bone. The lack of blood flow to these tissues leads to necrosis and ultimately a hole forming between the mother’s vagina and bladder (vesicovaginal) or vagina and rectum (rectovaginal), or both, that leaves her with urinary or faecal incontinence, or both. Early intervention to relieve obstructed labour will restore perfusion to these tissues and, in most cases, will prevent fistula. The results of fistula are devastating. In nearly every case the baby is stillborn. Women and girls with fistula are unable to stay dry. They smell of urine or faeces and are shunned by the community and, at times, even by their own husbands and families. They remain hidden, shamed, and forgotten. Current, reliable data on the prevalence of obstetric fistula are scarce. In 1989, WHO estimated that more than 2 million girls and women around the world had this condition, with an additional 50 000 to 100 000 new cases occurring every year. 1,2 These figures were based on women seeking treatment, and are therefore likely to be gross underestimates. Since 1989, most research on the prevalence and incidence of fistula has been small scale and done mostly by practitioners and the few non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working with fistula patients. The validity of these studies is very variable, but all indicate that the number of women affected is alarmingly high—in some countries up to 350 per 100000 livebirths, with a backlog of unrepaired cases nearing 1 million in northern Nigeria alone. 3,4
The Older Phenomenological Movement

There was no such thing as a definite beginning of a Phenomenological Movement, let alone a school, in Husserl’s wake, just as little as there had been a deliberate and clearly marked founding of phenomenology in his own development. But around 1905 Husserl began to attract a number of students, in the beginning chiefly from Munich, who developed a kind of group spirit and initiative which led gradually to the formation of the Gottingen Circle.
Infection of intestinal epithelial cells and development of systemic disease following gastric instillation of murine gammaherpesvirus-68.

Murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (γHV-68) induces a lymphocytosis in mice and establishes a latent infection of B lymphocytes following intranasal administration in anaesthetized animals. Because γHV-68 is a gammaherpesvirus, it has been used as a model to understand the pathogenesis of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infections. In this study, we investigated the unlikely possibility that γHV-68 could survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment to efficiently infect intestinal epithelial cells, and then disseminate from mucosal sites to cause systemic disease. Surprisingly, oral administration, or gastric instillation which by-passed the oral cavity, readily caused a systemic lymphocytosis and established a latent infection in splenic leukocytes. The finding that γHV-68 could readily infect adult mice following gastric instillation strongly suggested that intestinal epithelial cells could be productively infected. Unlike the more routinely used method of intranasal inoculation, γHV-68 given intragastrically resulted in lytic virus, viral RNA and viral DNA being present in isolated intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, γHV-68 RNA and DNA, but not latent virus, could be detected in epithelial cells as long as 30 days post-infection, suggesting that some of these cells might be persistently infected. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that γHV-68 can survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract and infect intestinal epithelial cells. Following infection of gut epithelial cells, γHV-68 can disseminate from mucosal sites to induce a systemic lymphocytosis which is similar to the disease induced following intranasal inoculation.
Slamming the DOR on chemokine receptor signaling: Heterodimerization silences ligand‐occupied CXCR4 and δ‐opioid receptors

Dimerization has emerged as a common mechanism for regulating the function of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Among these are chemokine receptors, which detect various chemokines and regulate a range of physiological process, including immune cell trafficking, cancer cell migration, and neuronal patterning. Homo- and heterodimerization in response to chemokine binding has been shown to be required for the initiation or alteration of signaling by a number of chemokine receptors. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a new study indicates that the formation of heterodimers of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) prevents each of them from actively signaling, suggesting a novel mechanism for silencing GPCR function.
Homophily in the Guise of Cross-Linking Political Blogs and Content

This study examines the behavior of influential political blogs (conservative and liberal) in reference to external viral content during March 2007 and June 2009. We analyze homophily and cross-ideological (heterophily) practices. We propose a multidimensional model that employs both qualitative and quantitative methods for examining homophily behaviors by looking at three dimensions: blog-to-blog, blog-to-video, blog post-to-video. Findings show that while homophily patterns prevail, some limited occurrences of cross-ideological practices exist. The cross-linking practices may include deliberative motives, but in essence they are not created for the purposes of discourse. Instead, these cross-linking practices strengthen previously held political stances of the users who create them and negatively portray and reframe content of alternative views. This represents homophily in the guise of cross-linking.
Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brainstem metastases: The MD Anderson experience.

BACKGROUND Brainstem metastases (BSMs) represent a significant treatment challenge. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is often used to treat BSM. We report our experience in the treatment of BSM with Gamma Knife SRS (GK_SRS). METHODS The records of 1962 patients with brain metastases treated with GK_SRS between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Seventy-four patients with 77 BSMs and follow-up brain imaging were identified. Local control (LC), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicity were assessed. RESULTS Median follow-up was 5.5 months (range, 0.2-48.5 months). Median tumor volume was 0.13 cm3 (range, 0.003-5.58 cm3). Median treatment dose was 16 Gy (range, 10-20 Gy) prescribed to 50% isodose line (range, 40%-86%). Crude LC was 94% (72/77). Kaplan-Meier estimate of median OS was 8.5 months (95% CI, 5.6-9.4 months). Symptomatic lesions and larger lesions, especially size ≥2 cm3, were associated with worse LC (HR = 8.70, P = .05; HR = 14.55, P = .02; HR = 62.81, P < .001) and worse OS (HR = 2.00, P = .02; HR = 2.14, P = .03; HR = 2.81, P = .008). Thirty-six percent of BSMs were symptomatic, of which 36% (10/28) resolved after SRS and 50% (14/28) had stable or improved symptoms. Actuarial median PFS was 3.9 months (95% CI, 2.7-4.9 months). Midbrain location was significant for worse PFS (HR = 2.29, P = .03). Toxicity was low (8%, 6/74), with size and midbrain location associated with increased toxicity (HR 1.57, P = .05; HR = 5.25, P = .045). CONCLUSIONS GK_SRS is associated with high LC (94%) and low toxicity (8%) for BSMs. Presence of symptoms or lesion size ≥ 2 cm3 was predictive of worse LC and OS.
Demonstration of Frequency Dependent Squeezing in the Audio Frequency Band

We use a high finesse optical cavity to rotate squeezed light quadrature as function of frequency in the audio band, which is suitable for improving the sensitivity of gravitational-wave detectors over a wide frequency band.
Neural Network Based Control of an Airplane UAV using Radial Basis Functions

This paper presents the application of a neural network as a flight controller based on its ability to model the inversion between aircraft dynamics and control surface commands. The radial basis function neural network was used to model this inversion for feedback linearization. In order to perform this inversion, the neural network is first trained, off-line. The particular radial basis function used in this demonstration is constructed in a manner that removes the necessity for on-line training, unlike traditional neural networks. This is due to the neural networks ability to reduce model inversion to a defined minimum prior to the generation of additional neurons. This method results low computation times and high inversion accuracy. The performance of the neural network is compared with traditional controllers. The results achieved show that neural network based controllers outperform the traditional controllers.
Multiplexed Nanostructure Metamaterial for Wide Spectral Band Perfect Light Absorption

We will present a multiplexed plasmonic nanostructure which can perfectly absorb light over a wide spectral band in the infrared. The nanostructure can provides near 10% over 20 dB light absorption spectral band in infrared.
Natural Control of Aphid Populations on Cole Crops

The factors involved in the natural control of the most numerous aphids on cole crops were studied. During the 1957 season the cabbage aphid ( Brercoryne brassicae (L.)) was the most. abundant aphid followed by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer), whereas the turnip aphid ( Rhopalosiphum pseudobrassicae (Davis) was least abundant. In 1958 the order of abundance was: the green peach aphid, turnip aphid, and cabbage aphid. A parasite, Proon sp., attacked only . M. persicae. Diaeretus rapae (MeJntosh) and Empusa aphidis Hoffman attacked all three aphids. The ratio of parasitism was greatest the most dense aphid population and smallest in the sparse population. Coceinellids of the following species destroyed aphids: Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Ceratomegilla maculate fuscilabris De Geer, and Coccinella transversoguttata Faldermann. Syrphids attacking the aphids were: Splzaerophoria cyclindrica Say, S. menthastri (L.), S. robusta (Curran), and Mesogramma marginata Say.
The Interface of Neuroimaging with Neuropsychological Findings in Traumatic Brain Injury

Neuropsychological assessment provides the psychometric framework to identify the neurobehavioral and neurocognitive consequences of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) . Neuropsychological assessment has a long tradition as a standalone method to characterize the level and degree of impaired functioning from TBI. However, twenty-first century advanced neuroimaging procedures are now available, which provide anatomical and functional details about the brain, the nature of potential pathologies, and their influence over time which should be routinely incorporated into the neuropsychological examination. Nevertheless, despite these improvements in neuroimaging, neuropsychological assessment techniques have made only the smallest steps in integrating neuroimaging findings into the process of neuropsychological assessment. As Jagaroo points out for neuropsychology to embrace twenty-first century technologies it needs to integrate the available neuroinformatics, the most important of which may be the information contained in neuroimaging studies.
Assessment in Intestinal Motility as a Guide in the Feeding Management of the Newborn

Coordinated contractions of the gastrointestinal muscle layers mix ingested nutrients with secretions and propel unused nutrients forward for expulsion. Manometry is the technique of measuring pressure changes inside the gut lumen to indirectly measure the presence of contractions in the muscle layers. The types of gastrointestinal motor patterns seen in preterm infants differ from those seen in the adult. Characteristics of these patterns change with age and the way in which babies are fed. This technique has been useful in identifying better ways to feed preterm babies.
Child Neurology: Two sisters with dystonia and regression PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration

A 19-month-old girl presented for neurologic consultation for delayed walking. She rolled at 6 months, sat unsupported at 8 months, but never walked independently. She babbled only. Her examination was notable for slightly decreased bulk in her legs, mild truncal hypotonia, and decreased deep tendon reflexes. She had difficulty pulling to stand and could only walk with support. She exhibited a steppage gait with hyperextension of her knees, exaggerated lifting of her feet, and out-turning of her ankles. Birth history was unremarkable and parents were not consanguineous. A head CT performed at 13 months for mild head trauma was normal.
Chemistry of Fossil Fuels and Biofuels: Composition, properties, and classification of coals

Among the fossil fuels, the progression from natural gas to petroleum to coal is one of increasing complexity. Even a wet, sour gas has only a small number of possible components. Once the gas has been treated and purified for distribution to consumers, it typically contains >90% of a single compound, methane. Gas contains no inorganic impurities that might leave an ash residue on combustion. Petroleum usually is a homogeneous liquid with a narrow range of elemental composition – about 82–87% carbon, 12–15% hydrogen and the balance nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen – with atomic H/C ratio of ≈1.5–1.8. On a molecular level, petroleum contains thousands of individual compounds, every one of which could be separated, at least in principle, using common techniques of the organic chemistry laboratory, and identified [A]. Inorganic ash-forming constituents are commonly less than 0.1%. In contrast, coals have an extremely wide range of composition, some 65–95% carbon, 2–6% hydrogen, up to about 30% oxygen, and possibly several percent each of sulfur and nitrogen. The H/C ratio is less than 1. Coals are opaque, heterogeneous solids. Coals cannot be distilled reversibly. Coals are not completely soluble in any solvent, and even the partial solubility in various solvents is an extraction of components rather than a true, reversible dissolution process. Coals have a macromolecular structure that varies from one coal to another and that has never been completely elucidated for any coal. Coals contain a variable, but appreciable, amount of inorganic material, so that burning a particular coal leaves an ash residue that represents anywhere from a few percent to over 25% of the original weight of the coal. Coals also contain some variable amount of water as they are mined from the Earth, from several percent to about 70%. Despite the complexity of coals and the difficulties encountered in studying them, systems for classifying and describing coals are nevertheless needed. Such systems can provide a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge of coal composition and properties. In a very practical sense such systems provide the descriptions needed for legally binding buying and selling of coals.
Structures of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Module Bound to MbtH-like Proteins Support a Highly Dynamic Domain Architecture.

Abstract Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) produce a wide variety of peptide natural products. During synthesis, the multidomain NRPSs act as an assembly line, passing the growing product from one module to the next. Each module generally consists of an integrated peptidyl carrier protein (PCP), an amino acid-loading adenylation domain, and a condensation domain that catalyzes peptide bond formation. Some adenylation domains interact with small partner proteins called MbtH-like proteins (MLPs) that enhance solubility or activity. A structure of an MLP bound to an adenylation domain has been previously reported using a truncated adenylation domain, precluding any insight that might derive from understanding the influence of the MLP on the intact adenylation domain or on the dynamics of the entire NRPS module. Here, we present the structures of the full length NRPS EntF bound to the MLPs from E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These new structures, along with biochemical and bioinformatic support, further elaborate the residues that define the MLP-adenylation domain interface. Additionally the structures highlight the dynamic behavior of NRPS modules, including the module core formed by the adenylation and condensation domains as well as the orientation of the mobile thioesterase domain.
Differentiated Responsibilities and Prosocial Behavior in Climate Change Mitigation: Behavioral Evidence from the United States and China

The recent Paris agreement has increased optimism that climate change might be successfully mitigated through international agreement. However, the commitments of countries are unenforceable. Therefore domestic political will, including on the part of citizens to make regular sacrifices, will be required in order for countries to meet these commitments. Understanding prosocial behavior in climate change mitigation is thus more important than ever. Many behavioral studies model the mitigation dilemma using public goods games: But, because wealth creation in a carbon-based economy inevitably leads to the appropriation of the global climate commons, climate change and its mitigation actually constitute a dual, interdependent social dilemma. Acknowledging the interdependence of this dilemma is necessary to capture "common but differentiated responsibilities,'' the equity principle that underlies international climate negotiations. To do so, we introduce the compound climate dilemma: a new behavioral game that expands the public goods approach to the mitigation dilemma by combining it with a preceding common pool dilemma. To explore the implications of the compound climate dilemma for prosocial behavior, we conduct experiments in the United States and China, the world's two largest emitters of carbon. Though the pattern of prosocial behavior is virtually identical across the two countries, the introduction of differentiated responsibilities nonetheless has a deleterious effect on successful mitigation.
Online Mathematics Homework Increases Student Achievement

In a randomized field trial with 2,850 seventh-grade mathematics students, we evaluated whether an educational technology intervention increased mathematics learning. Assigning homework is common y...
Twenty Years of Semiconductor Superlattice Research

Following the past two-decade evolutionary path in the interdisciplinary research of semiconductor superlattices and quantum wells, significant milestones are presented, with an emphasis on electric field-induced effects in the frontier of semiconductor physics associated with technological advances.
Insights into the Nature and Spatial Distribution of Guyanese Crime

Violent crime continues to plague Latin American societies, but reporting is not uniform across the region. Here we examine crime for Guyana, a country lacking coverage in the literature, using unofficial data. Newspaper archives for the month of January over the period 1997–2016 were used to describe several factors, including the rate of violent crime, crime’s spatial distribution, and its relationship to gold prices. More than 82% of Guyanese crimes were violent and most occurred along coastal Guyana. The numbers of crimes fluctuated as gold prices changed. Like other Latin American states, Guyana also has a violent crime challenge.
Multimodality treatment of a massive cervicothoracic lymphatic-venous malformation in a 13-year-old boy

Abstract We report the multi-modality treatment of a massive cervicothoracic lymphatic-venous malformation (LVM) in a 13-year-old boy that was present at birth as a small cervical mass. At four years of age, sclerotherapy significantly reduced the size of the malformation but over subsequent years the mass increased dramatically in size and resulted in a consumptive coagulopathy and limited left shoulder function. Treatment with sildenafil was without effect. The consumptive coagulopathy improved with subcutaneous enoxaparin. A multi-disciplinary team excised part of the mass when he was 11 years old. After surgery, gradual enlargement of the mass and rise in d-dimer prompted treatment with sirolimus. Two sessions of sclerotherapy arrested enlargement of the mass. Multi-modality treatment resulted in a marked reduction of the LVM in the child. However, enlargement of the mass and further treatment is anticipated as a cure has not yet been found.
P022 Pharyngeal GC: maintaining standards in managing a silent infection

Introduction Our local area has the UK’s highest prevalence of gonorrhoea. Pharyngeal infection is commonly asymptomatic, thereby acting as a reservoir of undiagnosed infection. Development of antimicrobial resistance continues to be a challenge to preserving sensitivity to current first-line treatment. Aim: To assess the management of pharyngeal gonorrhoea at an inner city sexual health centre with reference to BASHH 2011 guidelines. Methods All cases of positive pharyngeal NAATs dating from 1 st July 2014, to 1 st August 2016, were identified from the clinical records portal and a case-note review completed. Results 219 cases were included in the final data analysis - median age 33 (range 19–58). 131/219 (60%) lone pharyngeal gonorrhoea cases were identified. 194/219 (95%) were MSM. 89/131 (67%) pharyngeal cultures were obtained: (16%) positive for Neisseria gonorrhoea – 9/16 demonstrated some antimicrobial resistance. Only 8/131 (6%) had a sore throat documented at screening. 205/219 (94%) received treatments in clinic (14 patients lost to follow up). Of those treated 113/205 (55%) received a test of cure with 100% negative NAATs. All patients receiving 2 nd line treatments were clinically justified. 1 patient was diagnosed HIV+ within 6 months of pharyngeal gonorrhoea treatment. Discussion The majority of infections were asymptomatic (94%) demonstrating validity of on-going triple site screening. The low sensitivity of positive pharyngeal N.gonorrhoea cultures (16%) reinforces importance of pharyngeal NAATs for detection of infection and review of culture sampling techniques. A low rate of TOC reflected the difficulties in completing patient follow up seen in our clinic population
Layout and Semantics: Combining Representations for Mathematical Formula Search

Math-aware search engines need to support formulae in queries. Mathematical expressions are typically represented as trees defining their operational semantics or visual layout. We propose searching both formula representations using a three-layer model. The first layer selects candidates using spectral matching over tree node pairs. The second layer aligns a query with candidates and computes similarity scores based on structural matching. In the third layer, similarity scores are combined using linear regression. The two representations are combined using retrieval in parallel indices and regression over similarity scores. For NTCIR-12 Wikipedia Formula Browsing task relevance rankings, we see each layer increasing ranking quality and improved results when combining representations as measured by Bpref and nDCG scores.
Fractionation of fiber and crude protein in fresh forages during the spring growth.

The composition of the fiber and CP of alfalfa, bromegrass, and endophyte-free and -infected tall fescue forages was compared during the spring growth from vegetative to reproductive stages. Forages were sampled from April 27 to June 6 in 1994, and from April 27 to June 11 in 1995, with 11 and 12 harvest dates, respectively. Total dietary fiber (TDF) was fractionated into insoluble and soluble fiber (SF). The CP of the forages was fractionated into nonprotein N (A), soluble CP (B1), insoluble CP that was soluble in neutral detergent (B2), CP insoluble in neutral detergent but soluble in acid detergent (B3), and CP insoluble in acid detergent (C). Effects of year, forage species, and harvest dates (day as a covariable) were included in the model. Across harvest dates, alfalfa (A) had lower (P .05) across days for all forages. Fraction B2 (% of CP) decreased across days in A (-.21%/d) but was not affected in GR. Fraction B3 (% of CP) increased (P .05) in the other forages. Crude protein and fiber composition were affected more by forage species than by maturity. The CP and NDF concentrations were more affected by maturity. Insoluble fractions but not soluble fractions of CP were affected by maturity.
Best-subset model selection based on multitudinal assessments of likelihood improvements

ABSTRACTA common model selection approach is to select the best model, according to some criterion, from among the collection of models defined by all possible subsets of the explanatory variables....
Increasing the Clinical Potential and Applications of Anti-HIV Antibodies.

Preclinical and early human clinical studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to prevent and treat HIV infection support the cinical utility and potential of bNAbs for prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, and treatment of acute and chronic infection. Observed and potential limitations of bNAbs from these recent studies include the selection of resistant viral populations, immunogenicity resulting in the development of anti-drug (Ab) responses, and the potentially toxic elimination of reservoir cells in regeneration-limited tissues. Here, we review opportunities to improve the clinical utility of HIV Abs to address these challenges and further accomplish functional targets for anti-HIV Ab therapy at various stages of exposure/infection. Before exposure, bNAbs’ ability to serve as prophylaxis by neutralization may be improved by increasing serum half-life to necessitate less frequent administration, delivering genes for durable in vivo expression, and targeting bNAbs to sites of exposure. After exposure and/or in the setting of acute infection, bNAb use to prevent/reduce viral reservoir establishment and spread may be enhanced by increasing the potency with which autologous adaptive immune responses are stimulated, clearing acutely infected cells, and preventing cell-cell transmission of virus. In the setting of chronic infection, bNAbs may better mediate viral remission or “cure” in combination with anti-retroviral therapy and/or latency reversing agents, by targeting additional markers of tissue reservoirs or infected cell types, or by serving as targeting moieties in engineered cell therapy. While the clinical use of HIV Abs has never been closer, remaining studies to precisely define, model, and understand the complex roles and dynamics of HIV Abs and viral evolution in the context of the human immune system and anatomical compartmentalization will be critical to both optimize their clinical use in combination with existing agents and define further strategies with which to enhance their clinical safety and efficacy.
Independent control of matrix adhesiveness and stiffness within a 3D self-assembling peptide hydrogel.

Abstract A cell’s insoluble microenvironment has increasingly been shown to exert influence on its function. In particular, matrix stiffness and adhesiveness strongly impact behaviors such as cell spreading and differentiation, but materials that allow for independent control of these parameters within a fibrous, stromal-like microenvironment are very limited. In the current work, we devise a self-assembling peptide (SAP) system that facilitates user-friendly control of matrix stiffness and RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) concentration within a hydrogel possessing a microarchitecture similar to stromal extracellular matrix. In this system, the RGD-modified SAP sequence KFE-RGD and the scrambled sequence KFE-R DG can be directly swapped for one another to change RGD concentration at a given matrix stiffness and total peptide concentration. Stiffness is controlled by altering total peptide concentration, and the unmodified base peptide KFE-8 can be included to further increase this stiffness range due to its higher modulus. With this tunable system, we demonstrate that human mesenchymal stem cell morphology and differentiation are influenced by both gel stiffness and the presence of functional cell binding sites in 3D culture. Specifically, cells 24 hours after encapsulation were only able to spread out in stiffer matrices containing KFE-RGD. Upon addition of soluble adipogenic factors, soft gels facilitated the greatest adipogenesis as determined by the presence of lipid vacuoles and PPARγ-2 expression, while increasing KFE-RGD concentration at a given stiffness had a negative effect on adipogenesis. This three-component hydrogel system thus allows for systematic investigation of matrix stiffness and RGD concentration on cell behavior within a fibrous, three-dimensional matrix. Statement of Significance Physical cues from a cell’s surrounding environment—such as the density of cell binding sites and the stiffness of the surrounding material—are increasingly being recognized as key regulators of cell function. Currently, most synthetic biomaterials used to independently tune these parameters lack the fibrous structure characteristic of stromal extracellular matrix, which can be important to cells naturally residing within stromal tissues. In this manuscript, we describe a 3D hydrogel encapsulation system that provides user-friendly control over matrix stiffness and binding site concentration within the context of a stromal-like microarchitecture. Binding site concentration and gel stiffness both influenced cell spreading and differentiation, highlighting the utility of this system to study the independent effects of these material properties on cell function.
The Two-Headed Physician

When compassion and the Hippocratic Oath pull Dr. Smith in different directions, Dr. Smith finds a compromise. Dr. Smith acts as the arbiter in bargaining. Knowing this, a patient can take any of three steps to influence the physician’s decision: (1) reduce dependency on the physician by gaining access to palliative care; (2) find a physician who has a lot of compassion for patients; and (3) go with an experienced general practitioner, rather than a specialist.