cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Layers and spikes in non-homogeneous bistable reaction-diffusion equations

We study e 2 u = f(u,x) = Au(1-u) (Φ-u), where A = A(u,x) > 0, Φ = Φ(x) ∈ (0,1), and e > 0 is sufficiently small, on an interval [0,L] with boundary conditions u = 0 at x = 0, L. All solutions with an e independent number of oscillations are analyzed. Existence of complicated patterns of layers and spikes is proved, and their Morse index is determined. It is observed that the results extend to f = A(u,x) (u - Φ-) (u - Φ) (u - Φ + ) with Φ-(x) < Φ(x) < Φ + (x) and also to an infinite interval.
Pourquoi le grand nombre est plus intelligent que le petit nombre, et pourquoi il faut en tenir compte

Cet article presente les bases d’un argument epistemique en faveur de la democratie definie comme procedure de decision collective. Il explore egalement les implications d’un tel argument epistemique par rapport a d’autres justifications etablies de la democratie, par rapport aux explications scientifiques de ses succes empiriques, et en termes de politiques publiques a mener. En ce qui concerne l’argument epistemique proprement dit, il repose sur le concept de « raison democratique », autrement dit l’intelligence collective des individus dans le domaine politique, et propose, de maniere contre-intuitive, que la raison democratique est davantage tributaire de la diversitecognitive des individus qui prennent par aux decisions que de leurs aptitudes personnelles. Generalement, l’argument de la raison democratique complete les arguments proceduraux bases sur l’equite et l’egalite pour offrir une explication fonctionnaliste complete de la democratie. Pour finir, cet article defend l’idee de reformes institutionnelles favorisant la participation citoyenne dans le processus de prise de decision collective.
Stationary Source Characterization and Control Strategies for Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted to the atmosphere from a variety of processes. These compounds may react in the lower atmosphere as part of the process leading to ozone generation and/or may be classified as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) which have direct health impacts. This paper provides a brief overview of the sources of VOCs and of the control technologies which may be used to control these emissions.
Marrow Stromal Cell-Based Cyclooxygenase 2 Ex Vivo Gene-Transfer Strategy Surprisingly Lacks Bone-Regeneration Effects and Suppresses the Bone-Regeneration Action of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in a Mouse Critical-Sized Calvarial Defect Model

This study evaluated whether the murine leukemia virus (MLV)–based cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) ex vivo gene-transfer strategy promotes healing of calvarial defects and/or synergistically enhances bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4–mediated bone regeneration. Gelatin scaffolds impregnated with mouse marrow stromal cells (MSCs) transduced with MLV-expressing BMP4, Cox-2, or a control gene were implanted into mouse calvarial defects. Bone regeneration was assessed by X-ray, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and histology. In vitro, Cox-2 or prostanglandin E2 enhanced synergistically the osteoblastic differentiation action of BMP4 in mouse MSCs. In vivo, implantation of BMP4-expressing MSCs yielded massive bone regeneration in calvarial defects after 2 weeks, but the Cox-2 strategy surprisingly did not promote bone regeneration even after 4 weeks. Staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP)–expressing osteoblasts was strong throughout the defect of animals receiving BMP2/4-expressing cells, but defects receiving Cox-2-expressing cells displayed weak ALP staining along the edge of original intact bone, indicating that the Cox-2 strategy lacked bone-regeneration effects. The Cox-2 strategy not only lacked bone-regeneration effects but also suppressed the BMP4-induced bone regeneration. In vitro coculture of Cox-2-expressing MSCs with BMP4-expressing MSCs in gelatin scaffolds reduced BMP4 mRNA transcript levels, suggesting that Cox-2 may promote BMP4 gene silencing in BMP4-expressing cells, which may play a role in the suppressive action of Cox-2 on BMP4-mediated bone formation. In summary, the Cox-2 ex vivo gene-transfer strategy not only lacks bone-regeneration effects but also suppresses the bone-regeneration action of BMP4 in healing of calvarial defects.
IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF SKIN APPENDAGES IN THE BAT WING

The anatomical patterns and tile physiological activity of the sebaceous and apocrine glands and associated structures were observed in vivo in the wings of bats. Over five hundred skin appendages in more than 100 bats were studied using light microscopy. The pilosebaceous unit includes, besides the hair, its follicle and sebaceous glands, a limiting tissue sheath that envelops the unit. The sheath contains a number of contractile fibers that normally exhibit rhythmical contractions of approximately 4/min and press upon the enclosed sebaceous glands. The action may be similar to that described earlier for the piloerector muscle in other mammals and suggests a possible active mechanism in sebum excretion. It is also seen that sebum excretion is preceded by the formation within the sebaceous glands of oil-like drops that may eventually fill the entire gland. An apocrine gland is associated with many of the pilosebaceous units. Each resembles an elongated balloon composed of an inner layer of secretory cells surrounded by a single cell layer of contractile tissue. Its tortuous duct opens at the skin surface close to the follicular orifice. An occasional forceful contraction of the gland followed by peristaltic contractions of the duct expresses the watery contents to the skin surface. The bat wing preparation affords a natural skin window wherein the appendages and associated structures can be directly observed in vivo and studied without injury or alteration, either physical or chemical.
Virtual and augmented reality 2020

With roots going back to Ivan Sutherland's research in the 1960s, virtual reality (VR) reached a plateau in the early 1990s when the promise was demonstrable in universities and research laboratories. Although we all knew we had a long way to go, hype overtook the field, leading to impossible expectations. Fortunately, a few years later the Internet became the latest hot topic, leaving VR researchers free to go back to work. Almost a decade later, VR has gone from "almost there" to "barely there". That's a big step! Perhaps by 2020 we will be "pretty well there"! In this article, I venture a few remarks about progress over the next two decades. However, the safest prediction is that unanticipated science and technology advances will make this forecast seem overly conservative.
Shoot and Root Development of Tall and Hard Fescues in Two Different Soils

Tall (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and hard fescue [Festuca ovina var. longifolia (L.) Koch] are among the most widely sown grasses used to stabilize disturbed soils in both the cool-humid and transition climatic zones of the USA. Our objective was to evaluate the root and shoot development of two turfgrasses grown in sand and silt loam soils. Significant differences in leaf area, plant height, shoot and root dry matter, root depth (RD), root branching (RB), and root length (RL) were recorded with tall fescue compared with hard fescue. Greater leaf area, leaf number, plant height, shoot and root dry matter, and RL were observed when the grasses were grown in a silt loam soil. Greater RD and root/shoot ratio were recorded in sandy soil. Both turfgrass species and soil texture affected leaf area, leaf number, plant height, shoot dry matter, RD, RL, RB, root dry matter, and the root/shoot ratio. Significant correlations were obtained for shoot dry matter with root dry matter and RL ; leaf area with shoot dry matter and root dry matter ; root dry matter with TRL and RB ; RD with root/shoot ratio ; RL with leaf area ; and RB with TRL and RD. Turfgrasses and soil types had an significant impact on shoot and root development. A greater understanding of early root development for these grasses will assist in developing techniques for establishment and persistence under disturbed soils and adverse climatic conditions.
Cutaneous clinicopathologic correlation of allergic granulomatosis

Allergic granulomatosis is a distinct clinical syndrome occurring in adults with asthma, eosinophilia, and multisystem vasculitis. Atopy and drug sensitivity are other important features. The skin reactions are most commonly nodular and inflammatory lesions. A unique feature is the deep papulonodules, which may occur singly on the scalp or symmetrically on the extremities. Cutaneous findings may range from purpura to urticaria and ulceration. The most common histologic finding is the extravascular granuloma; however, necrotizing vasculitis of small vessels is seen, as well as periarteritis nodosa involving larger vessels of the skin. This varied histologic and clinical spectrum seen in patients with systemic allergic granulomatosis is a reflection of a unique host response to multiple antigens. The cutaneous findings imply that allergic granulomatosis probably represents a unique host response to the same causative and pathogenetic factors as are usually found in periarteritis nodosa and necrotizing vasculitis.
Labetalol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: Evidence of stereoselective disposition

Labetalol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were evaluated in nine subjects before and during enzyme inhibition with cimetidine. Pharmacologic response was assessed by use of standardized treadmill tests during 24 hours after administration of oral labetalol. Oral clearance of labetalol decreased with cimetidine administration (58.7 +/- 23.3 to 32.9 +/- 13.2 ml/min/kg; p less than 0.05), thereby causing a 79% increase in area under the curve. Labetalol systemic clearance also decreased (23.2 +/- 5.3 to 17.7 +/- 3.7 ml/min/kg; p less than 0.05), but the volume of distribution was unchanged. Labetalol caused significant beta-blockade for 8 hours after the last oral dose, but cimetidine did not alter pharmacologic response. The Emax model provided a good description of the concentration-effect relationship. At peak labetalol concentrations after oral administration, (R,R)-labetalol concentrations were significantly lower than those of the other three stereoisomers (p less than 0.05). Cimetidine caused an increase in the concentrations of each stereoisomer, but the difference was significant (p less than 0.05) for only the (S,R)-, (S,S)-, and (R,S)-isomers. This first evidence of labetalol stereoselective disposition is consistent with the findings of previous (R,R)-labetalol pharmacokinetic studies and with previous pharmacodynamic investigations of labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol.
American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement

Researchers disagree over the definition, measurement, and expected political consequences of American patriotism, a situation that is fueled by the absence of a strong theoretical research foundation. We develop and evaluate a new measure of national attachment that is grounded in social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner 1979), drawing on data from three distinct sources: two studies of undergraduate students and the 1996 General Social Survey (GSS). Confirmatory factor analyses provide clear evidence that national identity is distinc tf ro mo ther measures of national attachment including symbolic, constructive, and uncritical patriotism (and nationalism). National identity has a number of other good measurement properties when compared to existing measures: it receives equal endorsement from conservatives and liberals (unlike most other measures which exhibit an ideological bias), develops with time spent in the United States among immigrants, and most importantly is the only measure of national attachment to predict political interest and voter turnout in both student and adult samples, consistent with the predictions of social identity theory. In that sense, the national identity measure outperforms all other measures of national attachment and provides unambiguous evidence that a strong American identity promotes civic involvement.
Let States Nominate Immigrants? Reconsidering US Immigrant Entry Policymaking

The American model of immigration policy making with sole central government authority over the entry of immigrants without direct subnational input has not served subnational US interests well. In particular such a model has been inefficient in meeting labour and population needs in the US states. This article considers the problem of sole central government immigrant entry policy making in the US and examines alternative models from Canada and Australia for adoption in the US context.
Assessing the effectiveness of low-pressure ultraviolet light for inactivating Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) micro-organisms

Aims: To assess low-pressure ultraviolet light (LP-UV) inactivation kinetics of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) strains in a water matrix using collimated beam apparatus. Methods and Results: Strains of M. avium (n = 3) and Mycobacterium intracellulare (n = 2) were exposed to LP-UV, and log10 inactivation and inactivation kinetics were evaluated. All strains exhibited greater than 4 log10 inactivation at fluences of less than 20 mJ cm−2. Repair potential was evaluated using one M. avium strain. Light repair was evaluated by simultaneous exposure using visible and LP-UV irradiation. Dark repair was evaluated by incubating UV-exposed organisms in the dark for 4 h. The isolate did not exhibit light or dark repair activity. Conclusions: Results indicate that MAC organisms are readily inactivated at UV fluences typically used in drinking water treatment. Differences in activation kinetics were small but statistically significant between some tested isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study: Results provide LP-UV inactivation kinetics for isolates from the relatively resistant MAC. Although UV inactivation of Mycobaterium species have been reported previously, data collected in this effort are comparable with recent UV inactivation research efforts performed in a similar manner. Data were assessed using a rigorous statistical approach and were useful towards modelling efforts.
What Brings Physicians to Disciplinary Review? A Further Subcategorization

Background: Medicine, like most professions, has the privilege and responsibility of self-regulation. Evidence about physician discipline comes largely from state medical boards’ actions and reports. However, medical professional associations also participate in the review and, when necessary, discipline of physician behavior. This study analyzes a longitudinal series of cases brought to the American Medical Association (AMA) Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA) for review, providing a national view on what sorts of behaviors lead to disciplinary review. The study also presents a more detailed taxonomy of behaviors leading to disciplinary action, which is of particular importance for physician education. Methods: The study sample consisted of 5 years (2004–2008, inclusive) of disciplinary cases brought to the CEJA for initial and dispositive review, representing 298 cases and 293 individuals. Open coding in an iterative fashion led to a codebook of categories and subcategories of reasons for dis...
Computer analysis of concentration pbofiles: Automated peak detection, characterization, and estimation of molecular size

Abstract Simple graphical analysis of concentation profiles and of calibration curves often forfeits much information; least-squares methods provide improved accuracy and precision, and provides a minimal estimate of the confidence limits. By virtue of computerization, these objective statistical analyses should become accessible to all laboratories utilizing sucrose density sedimentation, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and other physical-chemical methods for analytical and preparative fractionation of steroid receptors and other macromolecules.
Prevalence of Suicidality Among Hispanic and African American Veterans Following Surgery

Objectives. We evaluated factors associated with suicidal behavior and ideation (SBI) during 3 years of follow-up among 89 995 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients who underwent major surgery from October 2005 to September 2006.Methods. We analyzed administrative data using Cox proportional hazards models. SBI was ascertained by International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision codes.Results. African Americans (18% of sample; 16 252) were at an increased risk for SBI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 1.32), whereas Hispanics were not (HR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.28). Other risk factors included schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, pain disorders, postoperative new-onset depression, and postoperative complications; female gender and married status were protective against SBI.Conclusions. The postoperative period might be a time of heightened risk for SBI among minority patients in the VHA. Tailored monitoring and postoperati...
Insights into Heterocyclization from Two Highly Similar Enzymes

The cyanobactin biosynthetic pathways pat and tru, isolated from metagenomes of marine animals, lead to diverse natural products containing heterocycles derived from Cys, Ser, and Thr. Previous work has shown that PatD and TruD are extremely broad-substrate heterocyclase enzymes. These enzymes are virtually identical in their N-terminal putative catalytic domains, but only ∼77% identical in their C-terminal putative substrate-binding domains. Here, we show that these differences allow the enzymes to control regioselectivity of posttranslational modifications, helping to control product chemistry in this hypervariable family of marine natural products.
Trust and social efficiencies

In a variant of the repeated prisoner’s dilemma, if extra costs are associated with the verifications built into strategies that could otherwise produce Pareto efficient equilibria, the attainment of efficient play becomes problematical. Evolutionary-game versions of this dilemma are studied here in an attempt to understand the difficulties societies face in maintaining efficient interactions mediated by trust.
Teaching students to recognize structural similarities between statistics word problems

An important skill in mathematical problem solving is recognizing that the problem one is working on (target problem) can be solved using the same method as a problem one already knows (source problem). In a preliminary study, college students displayed a higher level of structural awareness (i.e. sorting word problems on the basis of structural features) at the end rather than the beginning of their first statistics course. In the main study, we taught college students to sort statistics word problems on the basis of structural features (i.e. whether the problem could be solved by t-test, correlation, or chi-square statistics) rather than surface features (i.e. the problem's cover story). These results support a structural awareness theory in which students learn to form problem schemas by abstracting the underlying structural features of a problem statement and organizing them into a generalized problem model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sinoauricular nodal depression and atrioventricular nodal rhythm due to quinidine.

Abstract Conclusive proof is presented that cessation of sinoauricular control of the heartbeat with immediate development of atrioventricular nodal rhythm was due to quinidine, in a 50-year-old man with premature ventricular beats and short paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia following an acute myocardial infarction. This cardiac phenomenon was definitely related to the administration of quinidine on three separate occasions, although the doses were moderate and the plasma concentration was not high. The changes of pacemaker were abrupt and could not be foreseen despite frequent electrocardiograms. Although unassociated with symptoms in this patient, and quickly reversible when the drug was stopped, such an effect of quinidine is potentially serious.
Restriction of DNA replication to the reductive phase of the metabolic cycle protects genome integrity

When prototrophic yeast cells are cultured under nutrient-limited conditions that mimic growth in the wild, rather than in the high-glucose solutions used in most laboratory studies, they exhibit a robustly periodic metabolic cycle. Over a cycle of 4 to 5 hours, yeast cells rhythmically alternate between glycolysis and respiration. The cell division cycle is tightly constrained to the reductive phase of this yeast metabolic cycle, with DNA replication taking place only during the glycolytic phase. We show that cell cycle mutants impeded in metabolic cycle-directed restriction of cell division exhibit substantial increases in spontaneous mutation rate. In addition, disruption of the gene encoding a DNA checkpoint kinase that couples the cell division cycle to the circadian cycle abolishes synchrony of the metabolic and cell cycles. Thus, circadian, metabolic, and cell division cycles may be coordinated similarly as an evolutionarily conserved means of preserving genome integrity.
Pure AlN layers in metal-polar AlGaN/AlN/ GaN and AlN/GaN heterostructures grown by low-temperature ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy

When grown at a high temperature (820 °C) by ammonia-based molecular beam epitaxy (NH3-MBE), the AlN layers of metal-polar AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures had a high GaN mole fraction (~0.15), as identified by atom probe tomography in a previous study (Mazumder et al 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 111603). In the study presented here, growth at low temperature (<740 °C) by NH3-MBE yielded metal-polar AlN layers that were essentially pure at the alloy level. The improved purity of the AlN layers grown at low temperature was correlated to a dramatic increase in the sheet density of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the AlN/GaN heterointerface. Through application of an In surfactant, metal-polar AlN(3.5 nm)/GaN and AlGaN/AlN(2.5 nm)/GaN heterostructures grown at low temperature yielded low 2DEG sheet resistances of 177 and 285 Ω/, respectively.
Managerial Job Change: Men and Women in Transition

The article reviews the book “Managerial Job Change: Men and Women in Transition,” by Nigel Nicholson and Michael West.
Local School Reform in Great Britain and the United States: Points of Comparison--Points of Departure.

Abstract This paper examines trends towards more central regulation of schools and greater decentralization of authority to schools, teachers, and parents. It examines policy change in these areas in the United Kingdom and the United States.
Interplanetary Space and the Earth's Outermost Atmosphere

The static temperature distribution T(r) in the solar corona is discussed theoretically on the basis of alternative idealized assumptions as to its state-—in particular, for thermal conductive equilibrium and for turbulent adiabatic equilibrium . Up to a distance of 20 solar radii, T(r) is inferred from the electron density data given by Blackwell and others. It is concluded that T(r) lies between the conductive and adiabatic distributions. The influence of the rotation of the gas is considered; it does not much affect the inferred T(r) up to 20 solar radii, b u t ignorance of the rotation a t greater distances a t present precludes an estimate of the coronal electron density a t the earth’s distance. The coronal temperature extrapolated to this distance is judged to be of order 100000 °K— a high value, though less than that formerly estimated on the basis of thermal conductive equilibrium . The influence of the hot coronal gas on the earth’s outermost atmosphere is discussed, including the conductive h eat flow therefrom into our atmosphere.
Factors affecting serum oxytetracycline levels in beef calves

Fifteen Aberdeen Angus steers, 295-364 kg, were dosed with either 4.4 or 11 mg of oxytetracycline hydrochloride/kg im. The antimicrobial activity of the serum was determined periodically, and the resulting data were treated statistically to determine the sources of variation. Variance in serum levels of oxytetracycline activity was attributed to dose, time of bleeding, order of dosing, animal, and assay. The total variance component was proportionately greater for the 11-mg/kg dose than for the 4.4-mg/kg dose. Animal variance increased with the higher dose level of oxytetracycline. The influence of dose on serum level was tested by applying a t test to the mean serum levels and their standard deviations at each bleeding time. The 4.4- and 11-mg/kg serum levels were significantly different (p less than 0.01) at all bleeding times. The 4.4-mg/kg serum levels mutliplied by 2.5 were not significantly different (p less than 0.05) from the 11-mg/kg serum levels at all bleeding times.
Differential teratogenic effect of alcohol on embryonic development between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: a new view.

Background: Alcohol exposure during the fetal stage generates variable severity in different organs, as seen in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect. Whether genetic factors or conditions of alcohol exposure influence the susceptibility to alcohol-related developmental impairment remains a question. Methods: To investigate the contribution of genotype to the susceptibility to alcohol-induced toxicity during development beyond confounding maternal factors and variables of alcohol exposures, the authors tested the effect of alcohol exposure under definitive concentration using a whole embryonic culture of two inbred strains previously known to be vulnerable (C57BL/6 C6) or resistant (DBA/2 D2) to alcohol. On gestational day 8, embryos from each group bearing three to six somites were collected and then cultured for 44 hr in a medium added with 400 mg/dl of ethanol. The viability and morphological malformations, as well as developmental staging of the embryos, were all scored at the end of the culture. Results: The authors found, in contrast to previous reports, that alcohol treatment retarded embryonic growth and induced abnormalities, including the neural tube opening and the hypoplasia of the optic vesicle in both strains. However, alcohol specifically compromised the heart and caudal neural tube in C6, whereas it specifically decreased the number of somites and the development of branchial bars among others in D2. Conclusions: These results demonstrated that both strains of embryos are vulnerable to the same amount and pattern of alcohol exposures at the same developmental stage, but each with unique vulnerability in specific organs, with alcohol having greater teratogenic effects in D2 than in C6. These differential vulnerabilities are results of greater genetic influence, rather than the maternal influence or conditions of alcohol.
The Pastoral in Turgenev's “Singers”: Classical Themes and Romantic Variations

It might seem obvious to say that Turgenev makes use of the pastoral mode in the story "Singers" from Sportsman 's Sketches, yet the role of the pastoral in this tale has very seldom been treated. In fact, Turgenev's "version of pastoral" in Sportsman s Sketches as a whole turns out to be rather neglected in the critical literature.' Of course if viewed through critical spectacles adjusted for "realism," "Singers" will be seen as an anti-pastoral, that is, an argument against the idyllic. The reader need only remember the opening description: the emblematic dry gulch and parched summer day, with the narrator making his way toward the dubious haven of an inn near which the village dogs are literally barking out their insides and sparrows are taking dust-baths. Or we may call to mind the scene of orgiastic degradation at the end of the story, when the narrator unwillingly glimpses the peasants' coarse and drunken revels. If pastoral is defined as the depiction of an ideal
Sex role identity and anorexia nervosa

Much controversy surrounds the issue of sex role identity in anorexia nervosa. In this study, 76 inpatient and 13 nonhospitalized anorectic women were compared with each other on the Bem Sex Role Inventory and with two non-eating-disordered control groups of women, one consisting of 16 undergraduate students and the other of 16 students pursuing graduate degrees in social work. No significant differences in scores were found between the two groups of anorectic subjects, and both control group scores also showed no significant differences. However, while femininity item scores were similar in all four groups, both groups of anorectic subjects scored significantly lower on the masculinity Items than both control groups. No significant correlations were found in the anorectic subjects between masculinity Item score and percentage of ideal body weight, duration of illness, or extent of education. An interpretation of anorexia nervosa as primarily a rejection or a caricature of the feminine role is challenged by this study. Rather, the results suggest that one characteristic of those women vulnerable to developing this syndrome may be a failure to develop adequately those '^masculine" traits that are also necessary for optimal adult female functioning in contemporary society.
Evaluating efficiency of multi-layer switching in future optical transport networks

This paper evaluates multi-layer switching architecture vs. all-optical and all-digital switching architectures. Further, the value of incorporating super-channels is evaluated to determine benefit. A real world network model is utilized to quantify and compare results.
The vertex non-specific evoked potential and latency of contingent negative variation

Abstract Potentials evoked at the vertex of ten human subjects by clicks or light flashes were compared to potentials elicited during conditions that gave rise to contingent negative variations (CNVs). It was tentatively concluded that CNV onset does not occur before 400 msec after a warning stimulus, and that CNV onset or amplitude or both are related to the optimal conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus interval in classical conditioning. The data were also interpreted as suggesting independent genesis of initial and late components of the vertex evoked potential-CNV complex. Some methodological problems associated with the analysis of CNV experiments were also suggested by the investigation.
Level of Participatory Distress Experienced by Women in a Study of Childhood Abuse

Given the sensitive nature of trauma-focused research, it is important that researchers understand the impact of research participation on study participants. The current study examined the relationship between type of child abuse, psychological adjustment, and self-reported participatory distress in 105 female adult survivors of childhood abuse. Several key findings emerged: (a) overall, participants reported low levels of participatory distress; (b) greater levels of participatory distress were reported by sexual abuse survivors and were associated with higher scores on depressed mood and posttraumatic stress; and (c) posttraumatic stress symptomatology served as a mediator in the relationship between abuse type and participatory distress. The findings inform researchers and members of Institutional Review Boards on variables related to participatory distress in studies of child abuse.
Weak join-principal element lattices

In this paper we study local Noether lattices in which the maximal element is join-principal or weak join-principal. A characterization of maximal join-principal elements involving distributivity and independence is given and the distributive local Noether lattices with weak join-principal maximal elements are determined.
Partial reaction of peptide initiation inhibited by the reticulocyte hemin-controlled repressor.

Abstract The hemin-controlled repressor from rabbit reticulocytes inhibits binding of Met-tRNAf to reticulocyte 40S ribosomal subunits in a partial reaction containing these components, two initiation factor fractions and GTP. The inhibitor does not interfere with the formation of the Met-tRNAf· initiation factor IF-E2·GTP complex.
Women in the first academic department of anesthesiology

Abstract Women physicians were prominent in American anesthesia in the early period of development, about 1900–1935. They became less prominent after World War II. This study reviewed the progress of women physicians in the first academic department of anesthesiology, at the University of Wisconsin. This department trained all future leaders of American anesthesia. The purpose was to identify the possible causes of the decline in prominence for American women physician anesthetists. Twelve women trained between 1927 and 1949. The first two trainees were female, and three of the first six trainees were women. Anesthesiology was the only Wisconsin department with a woman for its first trainee and the department trained the greatest percentage of women physicians, except for the very small department of pediatrics. The first four women had extremely difficult situations. Even if the woman trainee had excellent anesthesia skills and knowledge, she was not acceptable because she was female. Two of the first three trainees eventually left anesthesia; the third was lost to follow-up. Only 1 of the 12 women trainees, Dr. Virginia Apgar, became chair of a prominent anesthesia department. In contrast, 20 male trainees became chairs. Attitudes towards women physicians made it nearly impossible for the women to succeed as men did.
Analysis of lipids in aging seed using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography

Abstract Because of separation or detection problems associated with non-volatility and the non-chromophoric nature of lipids, capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (cSFC) was chosen over gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of seed lipids. cSFC and flame ionization detection (FID) enabled more complete and accurate analysis of lipids extracted from onion seed. Replicated chromatography of triglyceride standards showed that retention times and quantitative chromatographic response was very reproducible. Analysis of cSFC—FID chromatograms of artificially aged and fresh onion seed lipids showed that significant changes occur in the lipid component of seed during aging. As the seed aged, there was a relative decrease of some of the larger molecular weight fractions and of the peak identified as vitamin E, tocopherol, while an increase was found in free palmitic and linoleic acids.
Development of a space‐charge transport model for ion‐exchange membranes

A two-dimensional, electrokinetic transport model that incorporates ionic hydration, orientation of solvent molecules by an applied electric field, and solvent dipole-dipole interactions is developed. The model is used to simulate equilibrium and transport experiments for perfluorosulfonic acid membranes containing aqueous alkali metal sulfate solutions. The membrane is modeled as an array of cylindrical pores. Solution of the mathematical model requires that the membrane porosity, water partition coefficient, coion partition coefficient, water diffusion coefficients, and coion and counterion diffusion coefficients be known. Membrane coion and counterion diffusion coefficients were determined from free solution equivalent conductance data. All other parameters were determined experimentally for a Nafion (of E. I. du Pont de Nemours Inc.) cation-exchange membrane and five 0.1 M alkali metal sulfate solutions. Experimental radiotracer data for coion absorption as well as for coion and water transport are compared with theoretical predictions to test the accuracy of the model.
Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala

Rats, with chronic cannula placed bilaterally in the amygdala, received infusions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) before contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning. Administration of APV to the basolateral nucleus prevented acquisition of fear. Central nucleus infusions had no effect. It is concluded that an NMDA-mediated process near the basolateral region of the amygdala (e.g., lateral or basolateral nucleus) is essential for the learning of fear.
The Use of Contextual Cues for Improving Pharmacist Consultation Services

The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of patients who initiate consultation or ask questions during consultation with their pharmacist depending upon whether or not they viewed a programmable electronic display (message box) in a community pharmacy environment. Using observation and exit interviews within a modified separate-sample pretest-posttest design, data were collected from a random sample of 192 patients who purchased prescriptions at the study sites. Six months after the message box was installed, patients who reportedly had viewed it were more aggressive seekers of information from their pharmacist.
Outcomes Assessment at WPI: A Pilot Accreditation Visit Under Engineering Criteria 2000

Accreditation under Engineering Criteria 2000 (EC 2000) requires institutions 1) to define engineering unit and program missions in such a way that success of the mission goals may be measured; 2) to devise a curriculum that fulfills institutional, program, and EC 2000 goals for students and graduates; 3) to devise metrics that indicate when students meet these goals; and 4) to construct feedback mechanisms to ensure that the assessment of student outcomes metrics drive continuous improvement of the whole educational system. Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) was one of the first two institutions to undergo accreditation under EC 2000 because of WPI's project-based curriculum which provided some experience with each of the four EC 2000 requirements above. This article reviews how WPI prepared for the EC 2000 visit (which occurred in November 1996), discusses what strategies for conducting an EC 2000 visit worked well, and concludes with some short- and long-term issues that all institutions must address to realize the full benefits of EC 2000.
Residual oil as a tool in migration and filling history analysis of petroleum reservoirs, Ghazal Field, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Stepwise extraction and molecular analysis of non-recoverable oil from intact reservoir core plugs is used to provide constraints on the accumulation history of petroleum in the Permo-Carboniferous Unayzah reservoirs at the Ghazal Field, Saudi Arabia. When integrated with existing tools such as oil geochemistry, gas geochemistry, stable carbon isotopes, fluid inclusions and thermal modeling, the sequential extraction approach helped decode a previously unrecognized component of the hydrocarbon accumulation history. In particular, it indicates that the region received early petroleum charges that were less mature than currently produced light oil and gas condensates, possibly from the prolific Early Silurian Qusaiba shale source rock and other sources. This has significant implications for prospecting for additional oil, particularly in the north/northwest of the Ghazal region where paleo-oil accumulations may have been displaced or spilled. The lower portion of the Unayzah reservoir (Unayzah-C) remained water-wet during early filling of the upper reservoir unit (Unayzah-A) and appears to have been filled only by a late oil charge. Anomalous molecular and carbon isotopic behavior of residual oil extracts from the uppermost segment of the Unayzah reservoir, where the free oil (first of the sequential extracts) is less mature (0.95% Rc) and isotopically lighter (δ13C−31.15‰) than the adsorbed oil (last sequential extract, 1.05% Rc; δ13C−29.65‰), suggests a late oil contribution or bitumen contamination from the overlying Khuff Formation.
GRM: observing the terrestrial gravity and magnetic fields in the 1990's.

NASA is proposing to launch a new geopotential fields exploration system called the Geopotential Research Mission (GRM). Two spacecraft will be placed in a circular polar orbit at 160 km altitude. Distances between these satellites will vary from 100 to 600 km. Both scalar and vector magnetic fields will be measured by magnetometers mounted on a boom positioned in the forward direction on the lead satellite. Gravity data will be computed from the measured change in distance between the two spacecraft. This quantity, called the range-rate, will be determined from the varying frequency (Doppler shift) between transmitter and receiver on each satellite. Expected accuracies (at the one-sigma level) are: gravity field, 1.0 milliGal, 5 cm geoid height; magnetics, scalar field 2 nT, vector to 20 arcsec, both resolved to less than 100 km. With these more accurate and higher resolution data, it will be possible to investigate the earth's structure from the crust (with the shorter wavelength gravity and magnetic anomalies) through the mantle (from the intermediate wavelength gravity field) and into the core (using the longer wavelength gravity and magnetic fields).
Structural Analysis of Thermal Shields During a Quench of a Torus Magnet for the 12 GeV Upgrade

A toroidal magnet system consisting of six superconducting coils is being built for the Jefferson Lab 12- GeV accelerator upgrade project. This paper details the analysis of eddy current effects during a quench event on the aluminum thermal shield. The shield has been analyzed for mechanical stresses induced as a result of a coil quench as well as a fast discharge of the complete magnet system. The shield has been designed to reduce the eddy current effects and result in stresses within allowable limits.
Quantification of monocarboxylic acids in the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite

The abundances of some of the straight- and branched-chain isomers of the monocarboxylic acids found in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite are determined. Monocarboxylic acids extracted from a crushed sample of Murchison interior were quantified by means of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy after a spiking solution of deuterated analogues of 11 carboxylic acids had been added. Monocarboxylic acid abundances are found to range between 1.83 and 0.01 micromole/g, which is significantly higher than Murchison amino acid concentrations, and to decrease with increasing carbon number for both branched and unbranched molecules. The results are interpreted to support the abiotic extraterrestrial synthesis of monocarboxylic acids. Possible mechanisms leading to the equal synthesis of branched and each unbranched carboxylic acid with the same carbon number are considered, noting that the Fischer-Tropsch Type mechanism by itself is incapable of accounting for the observed distributions.
The critical micelle concentration of l-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in water and water/methanol solutions

The critical micelle concentration of the synthetic, zwitterionic, amphiphile 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine has been determined by filtration of solutions in water and methanol/water. The average micellar weight of this lipid, as determined by others, is about 2 × 106 in water: this large vesicle size facilitates the separation of monomers from micelles by filtration. The critical micelle concentration decreased rapidly as the methanol concentration in the solvent was reduced, reaching a value of 4.6 ± 0.5 × 10−10 m in water. The measurements were made at 20.0 ° ± 0.1 deg. Cusing a nitrogen pressure of 50 cm of mercury to filter the solutions through small-pore cellulose filters. Small variations in the temperature, filtration pressure or filter pore-size did not affect the measurements noticeably. The measured critical micelle concentration in water is shown to be consistent with values obtained for smaller, similarly-structured amphiphiles. From the observed concentration, a unitary free energy of transfer from water to micelle of −15 kcal./mole has been calculated for this lipid. This large free energy change demonstrates the overwhelming preference of this typical biological lipid for being in a membrane environment, such as the interior of a biological membrane would provide.
Hepatic microsomal desulfuration and dearylation of chlorpyrifos and parathion in fingerling channel catfish: lack of effect from Aroclor 1254

Channel catfish were treated intraperitoneally with 100 mg Aroclor 1254/kg body weight and sacrificed at 96 h to observe the effects of this cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) inducer on chlorpyrifos and parathion metabolism. In the initial experiment, hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of the Aroclor-treated fish was significantly induced but no effects on desulfuration or dearylation of chlorpyrifos or parathion were evident. In the second experiment, Aroclor 1254 did not alter total hepatic microsomal P450s content, but significantly induced hepatic EROD and CYP1A. There were no evident effects to other hepatic CYP isoforms recognized by anti-trout CYP2K1, CYP2M1 and CYP3A27. These experiments indicate that Aroclor 1254 did not induce the P450s responsible for metabolism of the phosphorothionate insecticides.
Enamel Matrix: Structural Proteins

Cell-free, fetal bovine enamel tissue was examined intact by high resolution. 13C Fourier transform, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Two types of protein chains were observed under these conditions, one exhibiting rapid mobility and accounting for approximately two-thirds of the enamel matrix, while the other exhibited restricted or anisotropic segmental motion and accounted for the remaining third of the matrix.Sequential extraction of this fetal enamel under non-degradative conditions with dissociative solvents yielded two biochemically distinct populations of matrix protein. As expected, the bulk of the matrix consisted of proline-rich amelogenins, although the SDS-gel electrophoresis molecular weights for these proteins were somewhat higher than those reported using other extraction methods. Approximately fifteen percent of the total matrix consisted of much higher molecular weight phosphoproteins (46,000 - 72,000 daltons) whose amino acid composition closely resembled that reported for matur...
The thermotropic phase behavior of N-methylated dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamines

Abstract The thermal phase behavior of the mono- and di- N -methylated derivatives of DPPE has been investigated by DSC and infrared spectroscopy. It is shown that these partially N -methylated DPPE derivatives present endothermic phase transitions at 48.2 and 58.0°C. The thermodynamic properties of these gel to liquid-crystalline transitions are comparable to those of DPPE and DPPC with no evidence for a pretransition in either of these N -methylated lipids. The progressive methyl substitution of the ethanolamine group of DPPE does not have a constant effect on reducing the transition temperature. The spectral properties of the gel phases of DPPE, DPMePE, DPMe 2 PE and DPPC (or DPMe 3 PE), suggest that there is a progressive increase in the acyl chain tilt angle from DPPE to DPPC, probably induced by the differences in the cross-sectional area of the headgroups which lead to small differences in the glycerol moiety.