cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography coupled on-line to capillary electrophoresis immunoassays.

Capillary reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was coupled on-line to competitive capillary electrophoresis immunoassay (CEIA) to improve concentration sensitivity of the competitive CEIA and to provide a means for detecting multiple species that cross-react with antibody. A competitive CEIA for glucagon was used for demonstration of this technique. Five-microliter samples were injected onto a 4-cm-long by 50-μm-i.d. RPLC column. Sample was desorbed by gradient elution, mixed on-line with fluorescently labeled glucagon and anti-glucagon, incubated in a continuous-flow reaction capillary, and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with flow-gated injection and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoretic analysis of the reactor stream was performed every 1.5 s, allowing nearly continuous monitoring of the RPLC separation. Preconcentration achieved by RPLC allowed improvement in the detection limit from 760 to 20 pM. Addition of the RPLC column also allowed multiple cross-reactive species to ...
Isolation and separation of S-competent and S-incompetent nuclei from Tradescantia pollen grains.

Abstract A method is described, using discontinuous sucrose density gradients, for the separation of generative and vegetative nuclei from young Tradescantia pollen grains during the period of DNA synthesis. The nuclei are obtained in 20–30% yield from the pollen grains; they are 85–95% pure (generative) and 70–80% pure (vegetative).
Synthesis of carbocyclic orotidine analogs as potential orotidine decarboxylase inhibitors.

An asymmetric synthesis of carbocyclic orotidine 15 and its monophosphate 16 were accomplished via the key intermediate cyclopentanone 4, which was prepared from D-γ-ribonolactone in steps. None of synthesized the compounds inhibited orotidine 5′-monophosphate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.23) or orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.10)
Gendered Fear of Crime Socialization: An Extension of Akers’s Social Learning Theory

This article examines constructs of a theoretical model that explains the social learning process responsible for individuals’ fear of crime levels and how this socialization process differs for me...
The reactions of a dinuclear ferric complex (OXO) di-iron(III): Triethylenetetraamminehexaacetate, Fe2O(ttha)2-, with oxidizing and reducing free radicals. A pulse radiolysis study

Abstract The rate constants at which oxidizing and reducing radicals react with the dinuclear iron(III) complex Fe 2 O(ttha) 2− were measured in neutral aqueous solution. The rate constants for reduction of the complex by ·CO 2 .− CH 3 . CHOH and O 2 .− were found to be comparable with rate constants previously measured in mononuclear iron(III) polyaminocarboxylate systems. Fe 2 O(ttha) 2− reacts slowly with O 2 .− ( k 8 = (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10 4 dm 3 mol −1 s −1 ) and, hence, is a relatively poor catalyst for the dismutation of superoxide radical. The hydrated electron reduces the complex at a diffusion-controlled rate in a process which consumes one proton: e aq − + Fe 2 O(ttha) 2− → Fe 2 III,II O(ttha) 3− The reduction by carbon-centered radicals produces a (III,II) mixed-valence complex with an absorption spectrum different from that of the Fe 2 (II,III) species produced from reduction by the hydrated electron. The oxidizing radicals . OH and ·CO 3 − appear to act as reductants of the complex via ligand oxidation rather than by oxidation of the Fe 2 III O core to Fe 2 III,IV O. In the former case ligand attack appears to occur mainly at the methylene carbon of a glycinate group. The decarboxylation product, CO 2 , was detected by its aquation reaction in the presence of a pH sensitive dye, bromthymol blue.
Mechanism of Mitral Regurgitation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Mismatch of Posterior to Anterior Leaflet Length and Mobility

Background—In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a spectrum of mitral leaflet abnormalities has been related to the mechanism of mitral systolic anterior motion (SAM), which causes both subaortic obstruc...
Divorced Fathers and Their Daughters: A Review of Recent Research

After parents' divorce, a father's relationship with his daughter is often far more damaged than his relationship with his son. Why is this? In what ways does the daughter pay an ongoing price for this damaged—or destroyed—relationship with her father? More important still, what can we do to reduce the damage to so many father–daughter relationships after divorce?
Recurrent Intracranial Hemorrhage in an Adult with Moyamoya Vasculopathy and a Basilar Artery Aneurysm

Moyamoya disease is an unusual disorder of the cerebral vasculature, characterized by internal carotid artery occlusions and formation of a collateral network of the intracranial vessels, which resembles a "puff of smoke" ("moyamoya" in Japanese) on cerebral angiography. This condition has a higher-than-usual association with intracranial aneurysms. We present a case of recurrent intracranial hemorrhage in an adult with moyamoya-like vasculopathy and a basilar tip aneurysm.
The lack of augmentation by aspirin of inhibition of platelet reactivity by ticlopidine

A decreased threshold for platelet activation apparently contributes to the risk of cardiovascular events, such as acute myocardial infarction. To evaluate the impact of specific agents, we characterized platelet reactivity in 9 healthy subjects before and after 5 days of ingestion of 4 commonly prescribed regimens, 81 mg of aspirin daily, 325 mg of aspirin daily, ticlopidine 250 mg twice daily, and ticlopidine plus 325 mg of aspirin daily. Platelet reactivity was assessed with (1) aggregometry induced by 4 microM adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen (0.19 mg/ml) and performed in platelet-rich plasma; and (2) flow cytometric determination of ADP-induced (0.2, 0.8, and 1.5 microM) P-selectin expression in whole blood. Because anticoagulants alter platelet reactivity, results were obtained with 3 anticoagulants, citrate, enoxaparin, or corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI, a specific inhibitor of factor XIIa without effect on other coagulation factors). Ingestion of aspirin did not alter platelet activation as assessed with flow cytometry. Inhibition of the second phase of aggregation was seen with ADP-induced aggregation in platelet-rich plasma anticoagulated with citrate but not enoxaparin or CTI. Ingestion of ticlopidine led to inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation and P-selectin expression. Inhibition of platelet reactivity after the combination of aspirin and ticlopidine did not differ from ticlopidine alone. Marked interindividual variability in platelet reactivity was seen after ingestion of ticlopidine. The results indicate that assessment of effects of specific pharmacologic regimens with accurate and readily available assays of platelet reactivity may facilitate effective prophylaxis and treatment of high-risk subjects with antiplatelet regimens designed to optimally diminish platelet reactivity.
Asphyxia and Formula Feeding Increase Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Gene Expression in the Intestine of Newborn Rats • 555

Asphyxia and Formula Feeding Increase Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Gene Expression in the Intestine of Newborn Rats • 555
Left ventricular diastolic filling in patients with coronary artery disease and normal left ventricular function

Abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling (DF) has been noted in coronary disease (CD) patients with normal left ventricular function (NLVF). Inclusion of patients with regional wall disease, hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy may be responsible for abnormal DF. We evaluated left ventricular DF curves derived from gated blood pool scans in 21 normals (group 1), in 38 CD patients with NLVF specifically defined (group 2), and in 28 CD patients with ejection fractions greater than 50% and regional disease (group 3). The peak filling rate (PFR), mean filling rate (MFR), the percentage of stroke volume filled at one third of diastole (%SV-1/3 DT) and at the end of the rapid filling period (%SV-RFP) were determined. Groups 1 and 2 had similar DF parameters. Group 2 patients with 75% obstructive left anterior descending disease (LAD) had a reduced %SV-RFP and PFR (2.56 +/- 0.56 end-diastolic volumes/sec [EDV/S]) as compared to normals (3.11 +/- 0.65 EDV/S, p less than 0.01). Group 3 patients had a reduced PFR (2.14 +/- 0.53 EDV/S, p less than 0.001), MFR, %SV-1/3 DT, and %SV-RFP. DF in CD patients with NLVF was similar to normals in a select group of patients but was abnormal in patients with regional disease and greater than 75% LAD disease with NLVF.
Conditioned withdrawal in environments associated with the presence or absence of morphine

Abstract An experiment designed to compare conditioned withdrawal in environments associated with the presence or absence of morphine was conducted in hamsters. For some animals, morphine administration was paired with distinctive environmental cues. For other animals, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was paired with the distinctive environmental cues. For still other animals, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and the distinctive environmental cues were unpaired. Following 12 days of training, animals were observed for signs of withdrawal (e.g., wet-dog shakes, etc.) in the distinctive environment following vehicle injections. Results indicated that more conditioned withdrawal responses occured in the environment paired with the absence of morphine (naloxone-precipitated withdrawal) than in the environment paired with morphine administration.
Analysis of deformed microstrip resonator using the finite element method

Microstrip resonator with shape deformation has been analysed using the finite element method (FEM). Keeping the front surface of the microstrip resonator fixed, the back surface is deformed. Five cases of the deformation of the back surface are considered: (i) the left vertical side of the back surface is shifted inward; (ii) both vertical sides of the back surface are shifted inward; (iii) the right vertical side of the back surface is shifted outward; (iv) both vertical sides of the back surface are shifted outward; (v) left vertical side of back surface is shifted inward and the right vertical side of it is shifted outward. Variation in cutoff frequency for the TM011, TM110, TM111, TM012, TM112 and TM210 is observed.
Characteristics of Dispositional Mindfulness in Patients With Severe Cardiac Disease

The characteristics of dispositional mindfulness have rarely been explored in unhealthy populations. The authors sought to evaluate its association(s) with psychological morbidity and disease sever...
Electronic jails: A new criminal justice concern

This paper presents a discussion of a new instrument which electronically detects the whereabouts of an individual linked to the device and transmits this information to a host computer site. The hardware is an anklet or bracelet equipped to emit a distinctive digital code verifying the presence or absence of the wearer within a determined radius. The issues related to the use of the device include constitutional questions of electronic surveillance, particularly regarding Title III. In addition, there is the issue of informed consent. The paper raises questions of the extent to which consenting recipients are informed, and the extent to which their consent is consensual. Moreover, there are economic and social cost considerations. The author suggests guidelines for appropriate target populations and procedures. Dangers, such as widening the correctional net, are addressed.
Fitting a Structured Juvenile–Adult Model for Green Tree Frogs to Population Estimates from Capture–Mark–Recapture Field Data

We derive point and interval estimates for an urban population of green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) from capture-mark-recapture field data obtained during the years 2006-2009. We present an infinite-dimensional least-squares approach which compares a mathematical population model to the statistical population estimates obtained from the field data. The model is composed of nonlinear first-order hyperbolic equations describing the dynamics of the amphibian population where individuals are divided into juveniles (tadpoles) and adults (frogs). To solve the least-squares problem, an explicit finite difference approximation is developed. Convergence results for the computed parameters are presented. Parameter estimates for the vital rates of juveniles and adults are obtained, and standard deviations for these estimates are computed. Numerical results for the model sensitivity with respect to these parameters are given. Finally, the above-mentioned parameter estimates are used to illustrate the long-time behavior of the population under investigation.
Quality-of-Life Considerations With Respect to Arthritis and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

This article first presents a hierarchical general quality-of-life framework, beginning with global "outcome" and progressing through dimensions, subdimensions, components, and finally to specific variables. Second, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) is described as an example of a set of instruments designed to assess such a framework. A simple visual analog scale, which was incorporated into the HAQ in 1980 and which ranks the status of health from "very poor" to "very well," has been shown to correlate strongly with traditional quality-of-life instruments, such as the Torrance "Feeling Thermometer." Finally, the requirement for a side-effect index to assess quality of life related to different drug therapies is discussed. Comparative drug adverse event profiles are highlighted, a side-effect index presented, and some preliminary results and conclusions outlined. With drugs used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, adverse events have been shown to vary widely. Indeed, the differences in side-effects are often 2-3-fold between drugs of the same class. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events related to the use of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be greater than that seen with a number of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.
Role of interleukin-7 in bone and T-cell homeostasis

Initially defined as a B-cell growth factor, the pleiotropic nature of interleukin-7 (IL-7) has increasingly become appreciated. Besides its well-known roles in B- and T-cell lymphopoiesis, IL-7 is now known to regulate the homeostasis of both mature T cells and bone cells. In bone, the precise nature of how IL-7 affects osteoclasts and osteoblasts is controversial, since it has a variety of actions in different target cells. These activities are gender-specific and are dependent on whether IL-7 is delivered systemically or locally. In mature T cells, IL-7 is essential for the survival of nearly all subsets. Naive T cells are also dependent on IL-7 for survival and homeostatic proliferation in response to lymphopenia. In addition, IL-7 plays a role in the survival of memory CD8+ cells, and at high concentrations, it can compensate for the absence of IL-15. The role of IL-7 on memory CD4+ cells remains controversial and has yet to be firmly established.
Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by ethanol and cold.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity was investigated in ethanol-pretreated rats and in rats exposed to cold (18 hr at 4°C). Serum glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity and liver triglyceride levels were used as indices of hepatotoxicity. In male and female rats the SGPT response to CCl4 is increased after ethanol or cold exposure. Liver triglyceride accumulation after CCl4 is not, however, potentiated by either ethanol or cold. Potentiation of the SGPT elevation by ethanol was blocked by pentolinium bitartrate (a ganglionic-blocking agent) and warmth (environmental temperature 31–33°C). Thyroidectomy did not block the potentiating effects of ethanol. The role of the pituitary in the potentiation phenomenon was not clarified because of increased mortality in hypophysectomized rats given ethanol. We postulate that ethanol-induced release of norepinephrine results in increased susceptibility of the liver to CCl4.
Simulation in PASCAL

Some of the author’s experiences in working with simulation languages are discussed. The use of PASCAL language is detailed.
Rotational surf zone modeling for O(μ4) Boussinesq–Green–Naghdi systems

Abstract A surf zone model is developed and tested based on the O ( μ 4 ) Boussinesq–Green–Naghdi system of Zhang et al. (2013). Because the model is fundamentally rotational, it uses fewer ad hoc assumptions than are found in many Boussinesq breaking wave systems. Eddy viscosity is used to describe both breaking dissipation and bottom friction, with breaking viscosities derived from the turbulent kinetic energy equation coupled with an O ( μ 4 ) rotational wave model. In contrast, bottom friction is included by imposing the frictional coefficient-derived boundary stress as an equivalent eddy viscosity. Numerical tests for one horizontal dimension show good agreement with regular and irregular wave breaking tests, and for solitary wave runup. Surface elevation decay, setup, runup, interior orbital velocities, and depth-varying undertow velocities can all be modeled reasonably. Comparison with an O ( μ 2 ) system shows similar performance for water surface elevations in the surf zone, demonstrating that the dissipation model is the major controlling factor. However, the O ( μ 4 ) model shows significantly improved representations of the velocity profile in the surf zone, as expected.
Rat strain differences in ethanol self-administration and taste aversion learning

Taste aversion learning was investigated in two inbred strains of rats known to differ in amount of ethanol (EtOH) they will self-administer orally. The "low EtOH preference" strain, WKYs, acquired an aversion to an EtOH solution during self-administration; but a "high preference" strain, M520s, did not. It was shown that a lower dose of EtOH will condition saccharin aversion in WKYs than in M520s, suggesting EtOH is a more effective US in the low preference strain. Analysis of patterns of EtOH self-administration indicates the pattern of the low preference strain is more likely to result in taste aversion learning. The implications of these results for the presumed relation between EtOH preference and other EtOH-related phenotypes is discussed.
Organizational transformation of a community-based clinic

This article reports a case study of the planned transformation of a volunteer-run community crisis-care center into a community clinic. The data for this study are drawn from organizational records and participant observation. During the transformation, the clinic had to plan an orderly transition from volunteer to paid staff, from paper records to an integrated management information system, from primarily crisis care to chronic care, from primarily (physical) medical care to integrated case management. Along the way, some of the planned activities proved impossible to implement, some of what turned out to be key events were completely unanticipated, and many activities were finally accomplished but in a fashion very different from what was proposed in the plan. Four lessons were drawn from this case. First, as much as the caseload increased, the need for supportive services grew at a much faster rate. Second, the case demonstrates the need to develop productivity benchmarks that are speci.c to the group being served. Third, the case demonstrates the need for .exibility to go “off plan” to accomplish a larger goal. Fourth, the case illustrates how “big money” and rapid growth can threaten the sustainability of an organization. “What we think of as idyllic only looks that way to sightseers from other places, and other times.” —Carolyn Heilbrun, The Last Gift of Time
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Dispersion Parameter of a Chi-Distributed Radial Error from Truncated and Censored Samples with Applications to Target Analysis*

Abstract * Sponsored by the Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Army, under contract DA-01-009-ORD-288 The radial error, r = (x 1 2+x 2 2+ … +x p 2)1/2, where components x***(j = 1, 2, … p) constitute a set of p independent random variables, each of which is normal (0, σ), has the frequency function [2r/σ2]f p (r 2/σ2) in which f p (χ2) is the χ2 frequency function with p degrees of freedom. This distribution is of interest in a class of target analysis problems where the origin or “center of impact” is known or can be assumed as known. For p = 2 and p = 3, σ is important as a measure of error dispersion and hence as a measure of weapon-system accuracy. Here, we are concerned with estimating σ from truncated and censored samples as well as from complete samples. Maximum likelihood estimating equations are obtained in these cases, and where explicit estimators are not possible, the equations are reduced to forms which permit solution by interpolation with the aid of normal curve tables of areas and ordinate...
Graphical presentation of accounting data for financial forecasting: An experimental investigation

Abstract Little formal, scientific study has been devoted to assessing the effectiveness of different reporting formats in presenting accounting data for forecasting purposes. A laboratory study was conducted to compare the impact of numeric and graphical reporting formats on users' judgement heuristics and judgement accuracy in forecasting financial statement information. Three different reporting formats were evaluated within a “learning environment”: (1) reports containing only numeric data; (2) reports containing only graphical data; and (3) reports combining both numeric and graphical data. Results suggest some modest support for the contention that graphical formats can improve the accuracy of forecast judgements.
Singular solutions for a convection diffusion equation with absorption

Abstract In this paper we prove the existence of a very singular solution of the Cauchy problem ut = Δu + a · ▽uq − up, u(x, 0) = 0 if x ≠ 0 (a constant) which is more singular at (0, 0) than the fundamental solution of the heat equation if 1 (N + 2) N and 1 ⩽ q ⩽ (p + 1) 2 . We also prove the nonexistence of singular solutions if p ⩾ (N + 2) N and 1 ⩽ q ⩽ (p + 1) 2 .
Neuromuscular junction macromolecules in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

An hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is presented, which places emphasis on extraneural cells. Classical experimental denervation is compared and contrasted with motor neuron disease, both from information in the literature as well as concepts deriving from the hypothesis. Background information regarding neuromuscular junction-specific (16S) acetylcholinesterase and a basal lamina-enriched surface glycoprotein (fibronectin) are presented, which suggest not only their mutual interaction, but likely parallel regulation on muscle cell surfaces by the motor nerve. Since 16S acetylcholinesterase likely contains basal lamina-type collagen and fibronectin specifically associates with collagen, a model relating activation of latent collagenase enzyme in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is described. It is suggested that continued degeneration, including transneuronal effects, of the motor system ensues from random, continuous loss of nerve-muscle adherence resulting from collagen resorption at the neuromuscular junction.
Treatment of growth deformities with external skeletal fixation.

Growth deformities of the radius, ulna, and tibia result in shortened, angular, and rotational deformities of the bone. Incongruities of the adjacent joints will occur. Corrective osteotomy is used to treat growth deformities of the long bones in the mature animal. Corrective osteotomies of the radius and tibia are rigidly stabilized with bilateral or type II external skeletal fixation. External skeletal fixation is versatile, thus allowing for postoperative correction of long bone alignment.
Thermodynamic properties of ThxU1−xO2 (0 < x < 1) based on quantum–mechanical calculations and Monte-Carlo simulations

Abstract ThxU1−xO2+y binary compositions occur in nature, uranothorianite, and as a mixed oxide nuclear fuel. As a nuclear fuel, important properties, such as the melting point, thermal conductivity, and the thermal expansion coefficient change as a function of composition. Additionally, for direct disposal of ThxU1−xO2, the chemical durability changes as a function of composition, with the dissolution rate decreasing with increasing thoria content. UO2 and ThO2 have the same isometric structure, and the ionic radii of 8-fold coordinated U4+ and Th4+ are similar (1.14 nm and 1.19 nm, respectively). Thus, this binary is expected to form a complete solid solution. However, atomic-scale measurements or simulations of cation ordering and the associated thermodynamic properties of the ThxU1−xO2 system have yet to be determined. A combination of density-functional theory, Monte-Carlo methods, and thermodynamic integration are used to calculate thermodynamic properties of the ThxU1−xO2 binary (ΔHmix, ΔGmix, ΔSmix, phase diagram). The Gibbs free energy of mixing (ΔGmix) shows a miscibility gap at equilibration temperatures below 1000 K (e.g., Eexsoln = 0.13 kJ/(mol cations) at 750 K). Such a miscibility gap may indicate possible exsolution (i.e., phase separation upon cooling). A unique approach to evaluate the likelihood and kinetics of forming interfaces between U-rich and Th-rich has been chosen that compares the energy gain of forming separate phases with estimated energy losses of forming necessary interfaces. The result of such an approach is that the thermodynamic gain of phase separation does not overcome the increase in interface energy between exsolution lamellae for thin exsolution lamellae (10 A). Lamella formation becomes energetically favorable with a reduction of the interface area and, thus, an increase in lamella thickness to >45 A. However, this increase in lamellae thickness may be diffusion limited. Monte-Carlo simulations converge to an exsolved structure [lamellae || ( 2 1 1 ¯ ) ] only for very low equilibration temperatures (below room temperature). In addition to the weak tendency to exsolve, there is an ordered arrangement of Th and U in the solid solution [alternating U and Th layers || {1 0 0}] that is energetically favored for the homogeneously mixed 50% Th configurations. Still, this tendency to order is so weak that ordering is seldom reached due to kinetic hindrances. The configurational entropy of mixing (ΔSmix) is approximately equal to the point entropy at all temperatures, indicating that the system is not ordered.
Maternal social stress disrupts reproduction of hamsters drinking high-calorie fluids.

Abstract Adding maternal social stress, induced by housing in pairs, to maternal consumption of high-calorie fluids adversely affected hamster reproduction. Pregnancy outcomes of 67 dams housed either alone pairs, and given either water (WAT), isocaloric solutions of either 30% ethanol (ETH), sucrose (SUC) or propylene glycol (PG), were compared. Pups of unpaired dams drinking any high-calorie fluid weighed less than those drinking water, but no other were found. Among paired dams, those designated submissive on the basis of agonistic behavior and drinking either SUC, ETH, or PG, had fewer viable pubs and more fetal resorptions and stillborn pups than WAT dams. Also, dominant PG dams delivered few pups and both dominant and submissive PG dams delivered malformed pups or embryos. Whether paired or unpaired, litters of SUC and ETH dams were similar. Drinking any high-calorie fluid reduced maternal food and fluid intake and weight gains below that of water, but pairing had no additional effect on dams.
Adult Sex Role Orientation and Perceptions of Aggressive Interactions between Girls and Boys.

We explored how the sex role orientation of adult observers related to their perceptions of boys' and girls' aggression. Sex-typed and androgynous undergraduate subjects viewed videotaped scenes in which one member of a girl-boy pair behaved aggressively toward the other. Unlike androgynous subjects, sex-typed subjects judged boys' aggression to be more intentional than girls' and proposed more severe reprimands for aggressive boys than for aggressive girls. Androgynous subjects recommended more severe reprimands for aggressive girls than sex-typed subjects did. Overall, sex-typed subjects differed from androgynous subjects not in their assessment of the degree of aggressiveness boys and girls expressed, but in their perceptions of the purposefulness of boys' and girls' aggression and how harshly to respond to it. We speculated that sex-typed subjects did not consider girls' aggression to be serious enough to warrant severe reprimands. Thus, during socialization, sex-typed adults perhaps model less aggression in response to girls' aggressive acts than to boys'. In addition, sex-typed adults may convey to girls that their aggression is not an effective means of obtaining adult intervention.
Refugia and top-down control of the pencil urchin Eucidaris galapagensis in the Galápagos Marine Reserve

Abstract Although sea urchins can strongly influence the structure of benthic communities and are abundant in the Galapagos Islands, factors mediating predation on urchins have not been studied experimentally. Here, we examine how habitat structure and behavioral patterns of prey influence predation on the pencil urchin Eucidaris galapagensis , an abundant grazer in rocky subtidal habitats. Results indicate that the distribution, abundance and body sizes of E. galapagensis vary predictably by habitat in the central Galapagos. Urchins were five times more abundant and significantly smaller in rubble than in exposed ledge habitats. We thus hypothesized that rubble habitats provide a refuge from predation, and conducted tethering manipulations using small and large urchins as prey. Predation by the hogfish, Bodianus diplotaenia , triggerfishes, and the sea star Pentaceraster cumingi , was significantly higher in exposed than in rubble habitats for small urchins, indicating that rubble habitats represent a refuge. In addition, urchin activity over a 24-hour period indicated that E. galapagensis were significantly more abundant on exposed substrate at night than during the day as they emerged from refugia at dusk. Since the fish that prey on E. galapagensis are predominantly diurnal, we suggest that the nocturnal activity patterns of the urchins represent a predator avoidance strategy. These results underscore the importance of considering spatial refugia and prey behavior in investigations of top-down control of sea urchins in the Galapagos Marine Reserve.
Binder free, porous and nanostructured Co3O4 anode for Li-ion batteries from solution precursor plasma deposition

Abstract Increasing demand for high energy density in Li-ion batteries has fueled intensive efforts for the search of high specific capacity anode materials to replace the carbon anodes. Among transition metal oxides, nanostructured Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) was found to be one of the better anode materials for Li-ion batteries. However, the processing routes employed so far have been able to produce different kinds of nanostructured Co3O4 powders, which then require further processing to obtain battery electrodes. Here, we propose a single step and industrial scale solution precursor plasma technique to develop nanostructured, porous and flexible Co3O4 electrodes directly on current collectors. In this process, an aqueous solution precursor comprising of cobalt acetate is fed into a plasma plume to form nanostructured Co3O4 particles, which are then deposited on a current collector. These electrodes are binder and carbon free, and their microstructures revealed nano particulate structure with porosity. Phase, crystallinity and microstructures of the Co3O4 films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Differential scanning calorimetry–Thermogravimetry (DSC–TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical characterization indicated an average cell voltage of ∼1.0–1.25 V against Li electrode with specific discharge capacities close to the theoretical value (∼890 mAhr g−1).
Repression of Platelet-derived Growth Factor A-chain Gene Transcription by an Upstream Silencer Element PARTICIPATION BY SEQUENCE-SPECIFIC SINGLE-STRANDED DNA-BINDING PROTEINS

Platelet-derived growth factor A-chain is a potent mitogen expressed in a restricted number of normal and transformed cells. Transient transfection and deletion analysis in BSC-1 (African green monkey, renal epithelial) cells revealed that the −1680 to −1374 region of the A-chain gene repressed homologous and heterologous promoter activities by 60-80%. An S1 nuclease-hypersensitive region (5′SHS) was identified within this region (−1418 to −1388) that exhibited transcriptional silencer activity in BSC-1 and a variety of human tumor cell lines (U87, HepG2, and HeLa). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays conducted with 5′SHS oligodeoxynucleotide probes revealed several binding protein complexes that displayed unique preferences for binding to sense, antisense, and double-stranded forms of the element. Southwestern blot analysis revealed that the antisense strand of 5′SHS binds to nuclear proteins of molecular mass 97, 87, 44, and 17 kDa, whereas the double-stranded form of 5′SHS is recognized by a 70-kDa factor. Mutations within 5′SHS element indicated the necessity of a central 5′-GGGGAGGGGG-3′ motif for protein binding and silencer function, while nucleotides flanking both sides of the motif were also critical for repression. These results support a model in which silencer function of 5′SHS is mediated by antisense strand binding proteins, possibly by stabilizing single-stranded DNA conformations required for interaction with enhancer sequences in the proximal promoter region of the A-chain gene.
Magnetic field rotation through the magnetopause: ISEE 1 and 2 observations

ISEE 1 and 2 magnetic field data obtained during dayside magnetopause crossings are analyzed using a minimum variance technique in order to determine the characteristics of the rotation of the magnetic field across the magnetopause. Only a small fraction of the magnetopause crossings examined present a sufficiently coherent structure that they can be compared with theoretical predictions and only a few of the hodograms of the magnetic field at the crossings display the ideal rotation expected for a rotational discontinuity structure. It is found that the observed senses of rotation are not consistent with the predictions of the electron whistler polarization theory. Rotations exceeding 180 deg are very seldom observed; they usually occur across multiple crossings, either as 360 deg rotation about the minimum variance direction or, occasionally, in more complicated patterns associated with S-shaped hodograms. These observations are seen as indicating that the sense of the magnetic field rotation through the magnetopause is controlled by the relative orientation of the magnetosheath and the magnetospheric field and that the angular rotation is minimized when the magnetic field changes from one orientation to the other.
The synthesis of O-α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose

Abstract 2-Acetamido-1,3,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-4- O -(2-acetamido-3- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranose was obtained from di- N -acetylchitobiose by formation of the 4,6-benzylidene acetal, acetylation, and removal of the benzylidene group. Condensation with tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -mannopyranosyl bromide gave crystalline O -(tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -mannopyranosyl)-(1→6)- O -(2-acetamido-3- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-(1→4)-2-acetamido-3,6-di- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucose which was O -deacetylated to give the crystalline, title compound. This trisaccharide was further characterized by an undecaacetate. The trisaccharide is useful as a reference compound for the structure determination of glycopeptides as well as a starting material for their synthesis.
Structure of the Angling Experience

Abstract Questions regarding the importance of circumstances within an angling trip and concerning judgements made about the trip were posed to anglers during roving creel surveys in two southeastern United States river drainages. Attitudinal questions addressed one of three topics: Personal; facilities; angling. Several attitudinal responses differed among anglers according to access type (bank or boat), targeted fish group, age, and drainage fished. A principal-axis factor analysis of each drainage's data resulted in the isolation of a recreation and an angling factor. These factors accounted for 52% and 23% of the pooled standardized variance, respectively. Based on the questions asked and on the factor analyses performed, the on-site angling experience was conceptually divided into two parts recreation and one part angling activity. These proportions, generated from measures of importance, reiterate the structure of the fishing ethic embodied in the writings of Izaak Walton and Charles Cotton. Receive...
Male adolescent birth control behavior: the importance of developmental factors and sex differences.

A survey of sex and birth control behavior of 51 male adolescents aged 15–17 was conducted utilizing a structured interview protocol. The purpose of the study was to describe male adolescent birth control behavior incorporating developmental issues, and to interpret the findings in light of what is known about female birth control behavior. Based on research with teenage females, three social influences were examined for their possible impact on male birth control behavior. A new operational definition ofmale effective birth control usage involving the effectiveness of the method and the consistency of its usage was developed. Findings similar to those obtained from research on females suggest that adolescent sexual partners may be the only direct social influence on adolescents' birth control usage. Results indicating differences from research with females suggest that in general: male birth control behavior is primarily self-oriented, males are more likely to be effective contraceptors with casual partners than with girl friends, males are more likely to communicate about sex and birth control with similar age peers than with family members and/or other adults, and that teen males view sex and birth control decisions as female decisions.
Oithona Davisae, New Species, and Limnoithona Sinensis (Burckhardt, 1912) (Copepoda: Oithonidae) From the Sacramento-san Joaquin Estuary, California

ABSTRACT Zooplankton samples from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary collected by the California Department of Fish and Game and the United States Geological Survey were examined for cyclopoid copepods of the family Oithonidae. Of the three species found, Limnoithona sinensis, Oithona davisae, new species, and O. similis, the first two are described here. Limnoithona sinensis, like its congener L. tetraspina, has been previously reported from delta localities in the Yangtze River, China. In general morphology O. davisae is similar to many estuarine/lagoonal oithonids of temperate and tropical American coastal waters. Two characters, an elongate ventrally pointed rostrum and/or a long distal spine on the inner lobe of the first maxilla, suggest affinities to the Indo-West Pacific estuarine species O. brevicornis, O. aruensis, and O. wellershausi. In the northern hemisphere O. similis is a common subarctic oceanic species. Specimens have also been reported from estuarine areas. Zooplankton samples taken in coastal estuarine localities from Humboldt Bay south to Baja California were examined to determine the distribution of these three species. O. similis was the only species found.
An analytical model for non-equilibrium segregation during crystallization

An analytical model has been developed to describe Monte Carlo simulation results for the non-equilibrium incorporation of dopants during crystallization. These Monte Carlo simulation results, which are presented in the J. Crystal Growth, this issue. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.07.074. as well as in earlier publications, have successfully reproduced experimental results on solute trapping. The analytical model presented here can also be used to describe extended solubility and other phenomena associated with rapid first-order phase transformations. The underlying physical picture, based on insights gained from Monte Carlo computer simulations, is that the interface can transfer, between species, the chemical potential differences which are driving the transformation. The analytical model starts with a set of rate equations, one for the crystallization of each component, based on standard reaction rate theory. The new equations describing growth reduce to the standard growth rate expression for a pure material and for growth near equilibrium, and they reduce to the usual quasi-equilibrium equations for alloy crystallization. They incorporate a transition from the independent crystallization of each component near equilibrium, which is governed by the differences in the individual chemical potentials between the two phases, to a cooperative growth mode far from equilibrium, which depends on the difference in free energy between the two phases of the alloy. The transition depends on a dimensionless parameter, β, which is the ratio of the distance an atom can diffuse to the distance the interface moves, during the time it takes an atom to join the crystal. This parameter embodies the relationship between the growth and diffusion parameters found in the Monte Carlo simulations (J. Crystal Growth, this issue. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.07.074.), and was found earlier by Temkin (J. Crystal Growth 5 (1969) 193; Phys. Crystallogr 17 (1972) 405) in his analyses of alloy crystallization. The analytical model is compared with experimental results and, in the J. Crystal Growth, this issue. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.07.074., with Monte Carlo computer simulations. This comparison requires a single fitting constant which also provides a reasonable fit to the available experimental data.
Kirchhoff's 'Third and Fourth Laws'

The epoch-marking publication of Kirchhoff in 1847 is considered in this paper. The rule given by Kirchhoff deserves to be understood by almost all engineers, for it shows how to determine in a simple and straightforward way the system functions of any passive network that contains no transformers. Preliminary to the consideration of the rule and its dual, the basic concepts of combinatorial topology are summarized in the present paper. The rules are then stated in the detail necessary to show that their application can be carried out in a routine and mechanical manner. Application of the rules to problems in analysis and synthesis is illustrated in a number of examples. Included among these examples are the derivation of the necessary and sufficient conditions on RLC networks that have been previously given by Fialkow and Gerst, the analysis of an infinite graph, and the determination of the elements of the chain matrix (or the open-circuit impedance or short-circuit admittance matrix) by essentially a single calculation. Finally, the Feussner method for simplifying the use of the rules is discussed.
The prism of crime: Arguments for an integrated definition of crime

The recent criminological trend toward theoretical integration lacks an integrated definition of crime. Effective integration requires a comprehensive incorporation of the multiple definitions of crime, including moral consensus, rule-relativism, political conflict, power, and social harm, because each contributes important but restricted insights. Rather than alternatives, these definitions are mutually constitutive. Developments in critical theory indicate a new, integrated way forward, which we have incorporated into a prism of crime. This framework consolidates aspects of the continuous dimensions of harm, seriousness, extensiveness, social agreement, social response, context, and visibility. It reframes criminology's subject matter to reflect more clearly the totality of criminal harm, especially that generated by relations of the powerful of their victimization of the powerless.
A Solid State Planar Spatial Combiner 44 GHz Power Amplifier

Development of a solid state IMPATT injection locked oscillator fabricated in shielded microstrip is discussed. Application of this planar fabrication technique to spatial power combining to form active apertures suitable for AJ Satcom terminals is evaluated. Silicon doubledrift IMPATTs used in multiple injection locked oscillators are integrated with a thinned image array as a feed for a Cassegrain antenna system.
From Peripheral to Central, the Story of Melanie's Metamorphosis in an Urban Middle School Science Class.

Identity formation is a critical dimension of how and why students engage in science to varying degrees. In this paper, we use the lens of identity formation, and in particular identities in practice, to make sense of how and why Melanie, over the course of sixth grade, transformed from a marginalized member of the science class with a failing grade to a highly valued member of the sixth-grade science community with a perfect score of a 100% for the sixth-grade exit project. Our findings reveal that the different figured worlds of the science classroom, such as whole class, small group work, and individual work, offered Melanie different affordances for identity formation that were built upon across such spaces, in both productive and unproductive ways. Our findings also take up the kinds of critical roles that members of her classroom community, in particular teacher and peers, play in supporting and constraining such a transformation. We discuss the implications identity formation has for understanding issues of gender equity and science learning.
Productivity and performance using partitioned global address space languages

Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) languages combine the programming convenience of shared memory with the locality and performance control of message passing. One such language, Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of ISO C defined by a consortium that boasts multiple proprietary and open source compilers. Another PGAS language, Titanium, is a dialect of JavaTM designed for high performance scientific computation. In this paper we describe some of the highlights of two related projects, the Titanium project centered at U.C. Berkeley and the UPC project centered at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Both compilers use a source-to-source strategy that trans-lates the parallel languages to C with calls to a communication layer called GASNet. The result is portable high-performance compilers that run on a large variety of shared and distributed memory multiprocessors. Both projects combine compiler, runtime, and application efforts to demonstrate some of the performance and productivity advantages to these languages.
PASSIVE CONTROL OF FLUID POWERED HUMAN POWER AMPLIFIERS

A unified control framework is proposed for the control of fluid powered human power amplifiers. Human power amplifiers are mechanical tools that humans operate directly and the human force is amplified hydraulically or pneumatically. The tool and the environment forces would therefore appear to the human as having been scaled down. Ideally, the assistive force is transparent to the human such that the tool should feel haptically like any other passive mechanical tool to the human. To ensure safety and coupling stability, it is helpful that the controlled human power amplifier interacts with the human opeartor and other environments passively. In the proposed unified control framework, the hydraulic or pneumatic actuator is controlled to interact virtually with a fictitious inertia. The control problem then becomes one of coordinating the velocities between virtual inertia and the actuator. Both processes of augmentation with virtual inertia, and coordination can be done passively; the latter via the energy preserving passive decomposition approach into locked and shaped systems. The overall control system can be shown to possess the needed passivity property. The control schemes for both the hydraulic and pneumatic cases have been experimentally implemented.