cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of a sludge-minimizing lab-scale BNR reactor when the operation is changed to real primary effluent from synthetic wastewater

Abstract The activated sludge process is the most widely used treatment method for municipal wastewater. However, the excessive amount of biomass generated during the process is a major drawback. Earlier studies using the activated sludge process running in a biomass fasting and feasting mode demonstrated both nutrient removal and a minimization of biomass production. However, these studies were conducted using synthetic wastewater. In this study, we report findings from a lab-scale sludge-minimizing biological nutrient removing (BNR) reactor when its operation was changed from synthetic to real wastewater (primary effluent). Two lab-scale sequencing batch reactors, one in sludge minimization mode (hereafter called modified-SBR), and the other in conventional activated sludge mode (referred as control-SBR), were operated for more than 300 days. Both reactors were started and operated with synthetic feed. Gradually the feed to both reactors was changed to 100% primary effluent collected from a local full-scale wastewater treatment plant. Irrespective of the feed composition, more than 98% NH3–N removal was recorded in both SBRs. However, while 89% of the total dissolved phosphorus was removed from the 100% synthetic feed, only 80% of the total dissolved phosphorus was removed from the 100% primary effluent in both SBRs. The overall observed sludge reduction in the modified-SBR as compared to the control-SBR also decreased from 65% to 39% when the feed was changed from 100% synthetic to 100% primary effluent. The specific oxygen uptake rate for the modified-SBR was 80% higher than that for the control-SBR when the SBRs were fed with primary effluent wastewater. The modified-SBR showed a greater diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOBs) with synthetic wastewater as well as during the transition period than the control-SBR. Yet when the reactors were running on 100% real wastewater, only Nitrosomonas europaea/eutropha were identified in both SBRs. The nitrite-oxidizing bacterial community and the polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) responded in a similar way in both SBRs.
Assessing tumors in living animals through measurement of urinary beta-human chorionic gonadotropin.

Assessing tumors in living animals through measurement of urinary β-human chorionic gonadotropin
Use of Natural Ingredients to Control Growth of Clostridium perfringens on Frankfurters and Ham

Three out of seven naturally cured frankfurter and naturally cured ham treatments with natural or clean label inhibitors showed no significantly greater (P<0.05) growth by inoculated Clostridium perfringens than that of the control. These results will be used to prepare guidelines for manufacturing these products in a manner that will achieve a safety level that is equivalent to traditionally cured meat products without altering the uniqueness of this category of processed meats.
Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit: Seeking the Next Generation in FLOSS Data Mining

This paper will discuss the motivations and methods for collecting quantitative data about free, libre and open source (FLOSS) software projects. The paper also describes the current state of the art in collecting this data, and some of the problems with this process. Finally, the paper outlines the challenges data miners should look forward to when trying to improve the usefulness of their quantitative data streams.
Twin Studies: Software and Algorithms

The implementation and advantages of likelihood-based model fitting approaches to the analysis of data collected from MZ and DZ twins. Estimation of heritability and environmental components of variance that contribute to individual differences. Keywords: heritability; model-fitting; likelihood; statistics; data analysis; Mx
Pathogen and chemical transport in the karst limestone of the Biscayne aquifer: 1. Revised conceptualization of groundwater flow

[1] The Biscayne aquifer is a highly transmissive karst limestone that serves as the sole source of drinking water to over two million residents in south Florida. The aquifer is characterized by eogenetic karst, where the most transmissive void space can be an interconnected, touching-vug, biogenically influenced porosity of biogenic origin. Public supply wells in the aquifer are in close proximity to lakes established by surface mining. The mining of the limestone has occurred to the same depths as the production wells, which has raised concerns about pathogen and chemical transport from these surface water bodies. Hydraulic and forced gradient tracer tests were conducted to augment geologic and geophysical studies and to develop a hydrogeologic conceptual model of groundwater flow and chemical transport in the Biscayne aquifer. Geologic and geophysical data indicate multiple, areally extensive subhorizontal preferential flow zones of vuggy limestone separated by rock with a matrix pore system. The hydraulic response from an aquifer test suggests that the Biscayne aquifer behaves as a dual-porosity medium; however, the results of the tracer test showed rapid transport similar to other types of karst. The tracer test and concurrent temperature logging revealed that only one of the touching-vug flow zones dominates transport near the production wells. On the basis of the rising limb of the breakthrough curve, the dispersivity is estimated to be less than 3% of the tracer travel distance, which suggests that the fastest flow paths in the formation are likely to yield limited dilution of chemical constituents.
ThreadedComposite: A Mechanism for Building Concurrent and Parallel Ptolemy II Models

Abstract : This paper describes the usage patterns of the ThreadedComposite actor in Ptolemy II. This actor enables the execution of opaque actors (atomic actors or composite actors with directors) in a separate thread, thus providing multi-threading for models of computation that are not already multi-threaded. It can be used to execute an actor in the background, to execute multiple actors in parallel (e.g. on a multicore machine), and to execute actors that block on I/O operations without blocking other actors.
Adaptation Implies Internal Model

This note provides a simple result showing, under suitable technical assumptions, that if a system S adapts to a class of external signals U, then S must necessarily contain a subsystem which is capable of generating all the signals in U. It is not assumed that regulation is robust, nor is there a prior requirement for the system to be partitioned into separate plant and controller components.
CHAPTER 4 – Mathematics and the Divine in Plato

This chapter discusses two dialogues of Plato's philosophy—Timaeus and Republic. Plato played a significant role in the rapid development of Greek mathematics in the fourth century BCE. In the Timaeus, Plato describes the creation of cosmos by a benevolent creator god or maker, who tries to make the world as good as possible by making it resemble the forms as much as possible. Timaeus, which is named after the character who gives the discourse constituting most of the dialogue, is a description of the creation of the world by a benevolent god who strives to make the world as like the forms as possible. The most important form for god's creative activity is the form of living thing, a form including the forms of all living things and in imitation of which god creates the cosmos. For Plato, the cosmos is alive, and (by definition) that means it has a soul. It also has a mind and intelligence (nous). The central topic of the Republic is dikaiosune, a term that applies to both social and political justice and to individual moral rectitude; it is standardly translated ‘justice’.
Cell culture of human intestinal mucosae.

Abstract The growth, morphologic, and functional characteristics of eight populations of monolayer culture cells originating from biopsies of human small intestinal mucosa were studied over a period of several months. Epithelial-like cells predominated in the eight cell populations during the first 2 wk of culture, as seen by light and electron microscopy. Some cultures harvested after 10 days contained well preserved and highly organized tissue. These contained enterocytes with a rudimentary brush border and several types of endocrine cells with secretory granules of variable appearance. In addition, these early cultures contained large numbers of loosely arranged epithelial-like cells, which were sometimes attached to one another by junctional complexes. Fibroblasts became the predominant cell type after the second week of culture, at which time ultrastructural changes consistent with dedifferentiation of the epithelial-like cells were observed. The cells also seemed to have a decreased functional capacity with time in that the hormone gastrin was released in diminishing amounts into the medium as the culture period was increased. Additionally, cellular gastrin concentration as well as brush-border enzymatic activity decreased throughout the first 3 wk of culture. These results indicate that epithelial-like cells originating from human intestinal mucosae can be grown for limited periods in monolayer culture. This technique, therefore, may have utility in studying the properties of human intestinal cells for periods up to 2 wk in vitro.
Gastrostomy tube supplementation for HIV-infected children.

Objective. Malnutrition is common in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and little is known of effective nutritional interventions. We sought to determine whether enteral supplementation with gastrostomy tube feedings would provide improvements in weight, height, body composition, immune parameters, morbidity, and mortality. Methods. We collected clinical data on 23 HIV-in-fected children who were fed chronically by gastrostomy tube. The main outcome measures included weight, height, triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), arm-muscle circumference (AMC), hospital days, caloric intake, and CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count. Each of these parameters was measured or evaluated at four points: 6 months before nasogastric tube feeding, at the time nasogastric tube feeding was initiated, at the time gastrostomy tube feeding was initiated, and 6 months after gastrostomy tube feedings began. Results. Weight z score [-2.1 (0.14) to -1.58 (0.14)] and weight-for-height z score [-0.98 (0.16) to -0.15 (0.17)] improved with gastrostomy tube feedings. There was a trend toward improvement in weight z score with nasogastric tube feedings. Caloric intakes increased progressively with nasogastric and gastrostomy tube feedings. No improvement in height, TSF, AMC, hospital days, or CD4 counts was seen in the follow-up period. However, children who had the greatest increase in weight had the most improvement in fat stores (TSF) (r = .65, P = .002) and a decrease in hospital days after the gastrostomy tube was placed (r = -.48, P = .025). Higher age-adjusted CD4 counts and lower weight-for-height z scores at the time of enteral supplementation were significant predictors of a positive response to gastrostomy tube feedings(r = .85, P = .0001). Children who responded favorably had a 2.8-fold reduction in the risk of dying for every positive unit change in weight z score (P = .005). Conclusion. Gastrostomy tube supplementation for HIV-infected children can improve weight and fat mass when other oral methods fail. Weight gain is coincident with greater caloric intakes. HIV-infected children with higher CD4 counts and lower weight-for-height z scores are likely to respond favorably to gastrostomy tube feedings. Early nutritional intervention is indicated for HIV-infected children.
Measurement of Subtyping in Stereotype Change

Abstract Researchers in the area of stereotype change have accumulated strong evidence for the subtyping phenomenon, whereby disconfirming members of a group are “fenced-off” or excluded from group perceptions. A variety of measures have been used in past work as indicators of subtyping with no consensus on what is the best measure. This study compared a large number of potential measures of subtyping by first manipulating through study instructions whether participants subtyped and then examining what measures covaried with the resulting group perceptions in the subtyping condition. Three measures showed statistically significant relationships with group perceptions. These included perceived typicality of disconfirming relative to confirming group members, memory confusions among confirming and disconfirming individuals, and rated similarity of confirming and disconfirming instances. Conceptually, the latter two measures are somewhat preferable to ratings of typicality because they are less invasive. Importantly atypicality did not appear to mediate stereotype change, only to covary with it.
A numerical flow model and experimental results of a cryogenic micro-valve for distributed cooling applications

This paper describes a steady numerical flow model and experimental gas flow results of a self-encapsulated, piezoelectrically actuated, cryogenic micro-valve for distributed cooling applications. Experimental flow data of the prototype micro-valve design is obtained for various gases at room temperature and for helium at near liquid nitrogen temperature. With a pressure differential of 100 kPa across the inlet and outlet, a prototype micro-valve is shown to modulate the flow of room temperature helium from 1200 to 0 sccm. Numerical flow results and experimental data agree well, with 60% of the data points falling within the range of ±10%.
An In Depth View of Saliency

Presented at the 24th British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC 2013), 9-13 September 2013, Bristol, UK.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Diabetes Mellitus Incidence among U.S. Adults

Background. Adequate fruit and vegetable intake may lower the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about how it affects the risk of diabetes mellitus. Methods. We examined whether fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with diabetes incidence in a cohort of U. S. adults aged 25–74 years who were followed for about 20 years. Results. In the analytic sample of 9,665 participants, 1,018 developed diabetes mellitus. The mean daily intake of fruits and vegetables as well as the percentage of participants consuming five or more fruits and vegetables per day was lower among persons who developed diabetes than among persons who remained free of this disease (P < 0.001). After adjustments for age, race or ethnicity, cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, serum cholesterol concentration, body mass index, recreational exercise, nonrecreational exercise, and alcohol consumption, the hazard ratio for participants consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day compared with those consuming none was 0.73 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.54–0.98) for all participants, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.36–0.81) for women, and 1.09 (95% CI, 0.63–1.87) for men. Adding education to the model changed the hazard ratios to 0.79 (95% CI, 0.59–1.06) for all participants, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.42–0.88) for women, and 1.14 (95% CI, 0.67–1.93) for men. Conclusions. Fruit and vegetable intake may be inversely associated with diabetes incidence particularly among women. Education may explain partly this association.
Predictors of Social Isolation in Older Southern Adults: A Cross-Racial Analysis:

Using data collected from a sample of older Mississippians, we examine whether race has a modifying effect on the predictors of three underlying dimensions of social isolation: interaction with relatives, feelings of loneliness, and interaction with friends and neighbors. The study shows similarities and differences between black and white respondents regarding those factors predictive of social isolation within each subgroup. These findings are helpful in developing profiles to describe those older blacks and whites who may be at greatest risk of experiencing social isolation.
Clinical Examination of the Crystalline Lens by Retrocorneal Specular Microscopy

Normal crystalline lenses and a variety of primary and secondary cataracts were photographed with a contact clinical specular microscope having a new W10X long working distance objective. In the normal lens, the anterior and posterior cell pattern and the lens fiber pattern could be seen. In patients with developing cataracts, a variety of abnormal structures was observed; in some cases the detailed morphologic structure of the light scattering objects could be appreciated. In pseudophakic patients, precipitates, leukocytes, and debris were observed on the surface of IOL implants. The methods described enable cellular and morphologic changes occurring with time in the lens and capsule to be studied. The results obtained show the potential usefulness of specular microscopy for evaluation and documentation of retrocorneal pathologic structures at high magnification.
FEMINIST TACTICS AND FRIENDLY FIRE IN THE IRISH WOMEN'S MOVEMENT:

This work considers current models for understanding tactical interaction among social movement actors and finds them insufficient for making sense of the tactical work required of the Irish women's movement. Analysis of Irish feminist efforts to expand reproductive freedom calls into question the idea that tactical innovations are solely responses to countermovements or state repression. In this case, feminist activists spent considerable energy avoiding co-optation by sympathetic men and class-based movements and competing with economic and nationalist dilemmas that capture the lion's share of public attention. “Friendly fire” refers to the process by which nonoppositional groups within and around, but not of, a movement threaten movement aims. Observational work focused on feminist campaign meetings and political theater yields significant insights concerning the effects of friendly fire and, specifically, the role of men in women's movements.
Acute and chronic effects of an aromatase inhibitor on territorial aggression in breeding and nonbreeding male song sparrows

Many studies have demonstrated that male aggression is regulated by testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to estradiol by brain aromatase is also known to regulate male aggression in the breeding season. Male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia morphna) are territorial not only in the breeding season, but also in the nonbreeding season, when plasma testosterone and estradiol levels are basal. Castration has no effect on nonbreeding aggression. In contrast, chronic (10 day) aromatase inhibitor (fadrozole) treatment decreases nonbreeding aggression, indicating a role for estrogens. Here, we show that acute (1 day) fadrozole treatment decreases nonbreeding territoriality, suggesting relatively rapid estrogen effects. In spring, fadrozole decreases brain aromatase activity, but acute and chronic fadrozole treatments do not significantly decrease aggression, although trends for some behaviors approach significance. In gonadally intact birds, fadrozole may be less effective at reducing aggression in the spring. This might occur because fadrozole causes a large increase in plasma testosterone in intact breeding males. Alternatively, estradiol may be more important for territoriality in winter than spring. We hypothesize that sex steroids regulate male aggression in spring and winter, but the endocrine mechanisms vary seasonally.
Synthesis and Redox Chemistry of High-Valent Uranium Aryloxides

Alcoholysis of U(O(t)Bu)(6) with 1 or 2 equiv of C(6)F(5)OH generates U(O(t)Bu)(5)(OC(6)F(5)) (1) and U(O(t)Bu)(4)(OC(6)F(5))(2) (2) in 70% and 65% yields, respectively. Complexes 1 and 2 have been fully characterized, and their solution redox properties have been determined by cyclic voltammetry. Complex 1 exhibits a reversible reduction feature at E(1/2) = -0.60 V (vs [Cp(2)Fe](0/+)), while 2 exhibits a reversible reduction feature at -0.24 V (vs [Cp(2)Fe](0/+)). Attempts to isolate the other tert-butoxide/pentafluorophenoxide complexes, U(O(t)Bu)(6-n)(OC(6)F(5))(n) (n = 3-6), did not generate the intended products. For instance, reaction of U(O(t)Bu)(6) with 6 equiv of C(6)F(5)OH in CH(2)Cl(2) results in the formation [Li(HO(t)Bu)(2)][U(OC(6)F(5))(6)] (3). The source of the lithium cation in 3 is likely LiI, which is present from the initial synthesis of the U(O(t)Bu)(6). However, reaction of LiI-free U(O(t)Bu)(6) with 6 equiv of C(6)F(5)OH results in the formation of a uranyl complex, UO(2)(OC(6)F(5))(2)(HO(t)Bu)(2) (4), along with isobutylene and (t)BuOC(6)F(5). To probe the mechanism of this transformation, U(O(t)Bu)(6) was reacted with C(6)F(5)(18)OH.0.5DME. This produces UO(2)((18)OC(6)F(5))(2)(DME) (5-(18)O) along with (t)Bu(18)OC(6)F(5) as determined by GC/MS, which suggests that oxo formation only occurs by tert-butyl cation elimination and not aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Several other synthetic pathways to U(VI)(OC(6)F(5))(6) were also investigated. Thus, addition of 10 equiv of C(6)F(5)OH to [Li(THF)](2)[U(O(t)Bu)(6)] in Et(2)O followed by addition of DME results in the formation of [Li(DME)(3)](2)[U(OC(6)F(5))(6)] (7). Oxidation of 7 with 2 equiv of AgOTf in CH(2)Cl(2) or toluene generates [Li(DME)(3)][U(OC(6)F(5))(6)] (8) or [Ag(eta(2)-C(7)H(8))(2)(DME)][U(OC(6)F(5))(6)] (9), respectively. However, no evidence for the formation of U(VI)(OC(6)F(5))(6) was observed during these reactions.
The Sun Shines for All: Journalism and Ideology in the Life of Charles A. Dana

In the first critical biography of Charles A. Dana in fifty years, Steele artfully weaves the great newspaper editor's vision, life, and work into the social and intellectual mood of the late nineteenth century. As one of the most influential publishers of the period, Dana defined and shaped the values of the working-class readers of the New York Sun. The Sun's motto, "It shines for all, " captured Dana's uncompromising democratic ideal. Its pages exalted the proletariat's rhetoric and celebrated tolerance, ethnic diversity, and a broad commitment to social justice. Through a blend of social and media history, the author explores America's transition from a production-oriented society to a culture of consumption. Because of Dana's strong aversion to the consumerism that accompanied industrial capitalism, the Sun became both the conscience and the advocate for New York's working class. In the words of Joseph Pulitzer, Dana transformed the Sun into "the most piquant, entertaining, and without exception, the best newspaper in the world." At the core of the book is Dana's philosophy, his formative years and intellectual genesis at Brook Farm, his political emergence at the New York Tribune under Horace Greeley, and his alliances with other prominent figures of the day, including Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln, Karl Marx, Walt Whitman, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Steele includes unpublished photographs and draws upon Dana's personal correspondence from an array of manuscript collections never before cited.
Internal-Wave Sloshing in Triangular-Shaped Containers: A Numerical Study

Computational solutions of sloshing phenomena in density stratified fluids in triangular shaped containers with the vertex of the container in the downward direction were investigated. Two of the typical cases are reported in this paper. The Navier-Stokes equations in terms of vorticity and stream function were solved by applying a second-order finite-difference computational method. A nearly two-layered continuously stratified fluid system is examined to investigate the motion of the pycno-cline that separates the lighter upper fluid from the bottom heavier fluid. The tilted side walls alter the sloshing significantly; in some cases vortex projectiles are ejected as the waves interact with the sidewalls.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Leading-Edge Injection for Film Cooling of Turbine Vanes

An experimental film-cooling study was conducted on a 3 X -size model turbine vane. Injection at the leading edge was from a single row of holes angled in a spanwise direction for two configurations of holes at 18° or 35° to the surface. Results indicate that optimum cooling occurs near a coolant-to-mainstream velocity ratio of 0.5. Shallow injection angles appear to be most beneficial when injecting into a highly accelerated mainstream.
Characterization of Pyrethroid Action on Ciliary Calcium Channels in Paramecium tetraurelia

Abstract Type-II pyrethroids, including deltamethrin, are highly toxic to Paramecium tetraurelia, an organism that does not possess a voltage-sensitive sodium channel. Previous research has established that deltamethrin is toxic to P. tetraurelia in mortality bioassays at concentrations as low as 10−10 and 10−11 M under resting and depolarizing conditions, respectively. Deltamethrin, likewise, stimulated P. tetraurelia backward-swimming behavior, an avoidance behavioral response that is controlled exclusively by Ca2+ uptake via the voltage-sensitive calcium channels associated with the cilia. We have now characterized the action of various calcium channel agonists and antagonists on the avoidance behavior and Ca2+ influx in P. tetraurelia and have determined that the voltage-sensitive calcium channel associated with the cilia is blocked by the divalent cation Ni2+ but is insensitive to octanol and amiloride. Radioisotope tracer experiments, using whole cells under resting conditions, established that the toxic 1R isomer of deltamethrin resulted in increased Ca2+ influx, while the nontoxic 1S enantiomer produced no significant effect. Pawn mutants, which lack a functional voltage-sensitive calcium channel, were unaffected by deltamethrin. Fluorescent bioassays, under depolarizing conditions, corroborated behavioral and radioisotope experiments. Specifically, these experiments established that deltamethrin stimulated Ca2+ uptake in a stereospecfic manner and that this uptake was blocked by the phenethylamine-type calcium channel blocker D595 under physiological conditions. Deltamethrin treatment resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Ca2+ uptake and membrane depolarization with concentrations as low as 10−11 M. Electrophysiological recordings of whole cells showed that treatment of 10−9 M deltamethrin resulted in membrane destabilization, increased number of spontaneous action potentials, prolonged repetitive discharges following stimulation, membrane depolarization, and death by osmotic lysis. Our findings establish that the toxic effect of deltamethrin is structurally related, dose dependent, and enhanced by depolarization and provide substantial evidence that Type-II pyrethroids, specifically deltamethrin, act as potent calcium channel agonists on the ciliary voltage-sensitive calcium channel of P. tetraurelia.
A Theoretical Study of the Electronic Coupling Element for Electron Transfer in Water

The electronic coupling element for electron transfer between a donor and acceptor in water is examined using simulations combining molecular dynamics and semiempirical quantum mechanics. In the first phase of the simulations a model donor and acceptor are solvated in water, using realistic potentials. Following equilibration, molecular dynamics simulations are performed with the donor, acceptor, and water at approximately 300 K, under periodic boundary conditions. In the second phase of the simulation, the electronic coupling element between the donor and acceptor is calculated for a number of time slices, in the presence of the intervening water molecules (those having a nonnegligible effect on the coupling element at the given distance). Finally, a subset of these configurations is used to investigate the donor−acceptor energy dependence of the coupling by varying the model donor and acceptor. It is found, contrary to a number of previous theoretical results, that water significantly increases the elec...
Regeneration of appendages in the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract An analysis was made of the regeneration of legs and antennae of Oncopeltus. Amputations were performed on first instar larvae within 24 hr after hatching, and on later instars within 24 hr after ecdysis. The resulting regenerates were then measured at each instar. When amputations were performed soon after hatching, there was no significant effect on the duration of any instar. The regenerate was usually visible after the second post-operative ecdysis, and was smaller than a normal appendage (hypomorphic). Removal of the three distal segments of the antenna usually resulted in regeneration of only one segment which was abnormally long and showed a combination of the bristle patterns characteristic of the two most distal segments of the control. In a few such cases a partial intersegmental membrane was present in the regenerated segment. Removal of the tarsus resulted in a structurally complete regenerate which was smaller than the control tarsus. The largest leg regenerates were obtained when amputation was performed through the tibia. With amputation through the femur, a decrease in length of the remainder of this segment was observed after the first ecdysis. This type of amputation and amputation through the trochanter in some cases resulted in the formation of a globular stump containing tarsal claws. The results indicate that amputation of part of an appendage in Oncopeltus does not stimulate an increased growth rate in the stump, but merely causes reorganization of the stump material which subsequently grows at the normal rate. Since even the most hypomorphic regenerates contained well-formed claws, even though proximal parts were missing, it appears that the reorganization process must begin at the most distal point and proceed proximally.
Modulation of in vitro immune responses by monoclonal antibody to T200 antigen

The effects of monoclonal antibody to the T200 antigen on murine mixed-lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and on the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are investigated. Addition of monoclonal anti-T200 without complement to MLC results in a late suppression of the proliferative response preceded in some cases by an early enhancement. These modulations require the presence of allogeneic stimulator cells; no effects are seen when antibody is added to responders alone. A similar effect is seen on the generation of CTL. Compared to controls without antibody, cultures carried out in the presence of anti-T200 show reduced levels of cytotoxicity measured against allogeneic targets by Day 5. The kinetics of the suppressive effects differ from those seen with anti-Lyt-2, and no suppressive effects are seen with monoclonal antibodies to other cell surface molecules.
BI-18CELLULAR MICROPARTICLES AS BLOOD-BORNE ENDOTHELIAL BIOMARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT GLIOMAS

BACKGROUND: Identification of reliable biomarkers of tumor vascularity and/or angiogenesis in the peripheral circulation would be useful for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, assessment of treatment efficacy and surveillance in patients with malignant gliomas (MG). Cellular microparticles (MP) are small blood-borne fragments shed from the cell surface after inflammatory activation, injury or apoptosis. MP from vascular endothelial cells in highly angiogenic brain tumors like MG express a specific isoform of aminopeptidase N, CD13, not found on normal endothelium. MP may also contain CD 142 or tissue factor, an initiator of the coagulation cascade, which may reflect thromboembolic risk in patients with MG. METHODS: After obtaining informed consent, serial samples of peripheral blood were obtained from 26 patients with MG prior to the initiation of therapy for newly diagnosed or recurrent disease and at each subsequent clinic visit. Blood was centrifuged and MP were extracted from the platelet-free fraction. MP were labelled with fluorescently tagged antibodies to CD13, CD142 and CD144 (a marker of all endothelial cells) and expression was quantified using established flow cytometric techniques. RESULTS: To date, 14 samples from 7 patients with MG have been analyzed. Using calibration beads, we confirmed that our MP ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 microns in size. Fluorescent antibody expression (% of total MP analyzed in each patient) was as follows: CD13 = 18.2% (range 15 - 25); CD 142 = 9.3% (range 6 - 12); CD 144 = 16.1% (range 7 - 27). CONCLUSIONS: Endothelial markers on MPs are routinely detectable at significant levels in the peripheral blood of patients with MG. When correlated with clinical, laboratory and imaging data, MP have the potential to be useful circulating biomarkers of the vascular compartment in MG.
Effects of West Nile Virus Dose and Extrinsic Incubation Temperature on Temporal Progression of Vector Competence in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus

Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus were fed blood containing either 7.0 ± 0.1 logs plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml (high dose) or 5.9 ± 0.1 logs pfu/ml (low dose) of West Nile virus and held at extrinsic incubation temperatures (EIT) of 28°C or 25°C. Approximately 20 mosquitoes per dose were collected after incubation periods (IP) of 4, 6, 8, and 12 days postinfection (dpi). Infection rates were influenced by EIT and virus dose but not by IP. Body titer was significantly higher for mosquitoes fed the high dose and held at 28°C at the later IPs (6, 8, and 12 dpi). However, leg titer was significantly higher for mosquitoes at the later IPs but did not differ between EITs or doses. Because infection rates varied with EIT and dose, there is likely a midgut infection barrier influenced by these factors that is not influenced by IP. Dissemination rates were influenced by all 3 factors consistent with the presence of a midgut escape barrier. Dissemination rate, body titer, and leg titer were dependent on IP, indicating the need to investigate multiple time points in vector competence studies to elucidate critical events in infection and dissemination.
High-Resolution Stark Spectroscopy in the nu(4) Band of NH(3) Using a Thin-Film Diode Laser.

Thin-film PbTe diode lasers are used for Doppler-limited Stark spectroscopy on the vibration-rotation ν4 band of 1545–1595-cm−1 region. The lasers operate cw below 20 K and are frequency tuned by varying the diode current. The ν4 excited state dipole moment of NH3 is found to be about 1% less than the ground state value.
Studies on the bioluminescence of Renilla reniformis. XI. Location of the sulfate group in luciferyl sulfate.

Abstract 1. Luciferin, in the coelenterate Renilla reniformis , is stored as a sulfate derivative which we have termed luciferyl sulfate. The chemical behavior of luciferyl sulfate, and its absorption characteristics in the infrared, suggest that the sulfate moiety is attached to luciferin via an acid sulfate linkage equivalent to that of ascorbic acid sulfate. This has been confirmed by the chemical synthesis of luciferyl sulfate from luciferin and sulfamic acid. The properties of the synthetic compound are identical to those of the natural one. In both cases luciferin sulfokinase and 3′,5′-diphosphoadenosine are required for light production, in addition to luciferase and O 2 , and the kinetics of light emission are identical. 2. A simplified procedure for the isolation of luciferyl sulfate is also given which results in the extraction of essentially all of this compound from Renilla. This procedure has been used to isolate Renilla-like luciferyl sulfates from other coelenterates such as Cavernularia, suggesting that the method has general application.
On the functional equation of certain Dirichlet series

In a previous paper [1], we have indicated a possibility to find some relations between the zeta functions associated to distinct quaternion algebras over distinct basic fields, which are analogous to the "decomposition theo rem" in the case of L-functions of algebraic number fields. The purpose of the present note is to give an analytical support, which was suggested by G. Shimura, of the problem in the simplest case (a real quadrat ic extension over the rational number field). To state it, let us repeat here the problem more specifically 1.
On history's witness stand: Rubashov, Bukharin, and the logic of totalitarianism

The replacement, under totalitarian regimes, of multiple sources of information with a single information monopoly confers an indeterminacy on the concepts of truth, fact, objectivity, and reality. From a pragmatist perspective, these words can then no longer mean exactly what they mean to speakers accustomed to freedom of discussion and inquiry. This corruption of discourse is detailed, e.g., in Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon, where criteria for belief‐formation are ultimately completely divorced from the objects of belief. Like George Orwell, Koestler postulates a coherent totalitarian perspective, in which the objects of belief are no longer relevant to belief‐formation. The present article argues that, once the connection between belief‐formation and the object of belief is severed, one can no longer have a coherent body of belief. There is also no evidence that this connection was ever severed in the mind of Koestler's historical protagonist Bukharin, who thus differs from his counterpart Rubasho...
Onsets and Rimes as Units of Spoken Syllables: Evidence from Children.

The effects of syllable structure on the development of phonemic analysis and reading skills were examined in four experiments. The experiments were motivated by theories that syllables consist of an onset (initial consonant or cluster) and a rime (vowel and any following consonants). Experiment 1 provided behavioral support for the syllable structure model by showing that 8-year-olds more easily learned word games that treated onsets and rimes as units than games that did not. Further support for the cohesiveness of the onset came from Experiments 2 and 3, which found that 4- and 5-year-olds less easily recognized a spoken or printed consonant target when it was the first phoneme of a cluster than when it was a singleton. Experiment 4 extended these results to printed words by showing that consonant-consonant-vowel nonsense syllables were more difficult for beginning readers to decode than consonant-vowel-consonant syllables.
A Hemolytic Reaction Implicating Sda Antibody Missed by Immediate Spin Crossmatch

Anti-Sda, an antibody not usually considered to cause of hemolytic transfusion reactions, possibly was related to hemolysis following transfusion of red blood cells expressing strong Sda antigen. Prior to transfusion, the antiglobulin antibody screen performed in LISS and an immediate spin crossmatch were negative. Retrospectively, after hemolysis was detected, an antiglobulin crossmatch with red cells from the transfused unit revealed microscopic incompatibility. The transfused unit proved to have strong expression of Sda antigen-facilitating identification of a weak Sda antibody in our patient. In addition, this case represents an unusual instance in which an antibody screen plus an immediate spin crossmatch failed to detect an incompatibility that would have been apparent had an antiglobulin crossmatch been performed.
“Broken Windows,” Urban Policing, and the Social Contexts of Race and Neighborhood (Dis-)Empowerment

Robert Sampson’s “Great American City” is a methodologically rich and theoretically broad contribution to the literature on durable inequality in US cities. While empirically clear on the causes and consequences of lasting social exclusion, the text’s insights remain somewhat trapped behind the “collective efficacy” language of the “broken windows” theories it attempts to shatter. In looking at community empowerment, or its lack, in the inner-city, the racialized role of urban police must be central to any analysis of the cycle of crime and poverty, and how to break it.
Wrap-around surface-wave delay lines

Acoustic-surface-wave beams at 100 MHz have been circulated in multiple transits around the periphery of small lithiumniobate samples. A time delay of 22 µs per round-trip transit with propagation loss of 5.75 dB per round-trip transit has been observed. This has potential application to delay lines of very long delay using a helical path between input and output transducers, and to delay lines having lower insertion loss and triple-transit signals than conventional lines.
Betty’s Case: An Introduction

The case of Betty Wright offers a "good news/bad news" study on the care of dying patients by physicians and nurses in the late 1980s. The "good news" suggested by the case is that hospice care is an increasingly important part of medical practice, as is the recognition by an increasing number of health care professionals that the primary goal to be sought in caring for terminally ill patients is medical and nonmedical care that is appropriate in terms of patients' medical conditions, preferences, and best interests. The "bad news" is that "we have a long way to go" in meeting the goal of care that is appropriate to the circumstances, preferences, and interests of individual patients. The Betty Wright case illustrates the importance of planning for the possibility of treatment abatement, should medical circumstances ever arise that necessitate health care decisions being made on behalf of a patient no longer capable of personally making such decisions.
Core-shell-structured magnetic ternary nanocubes.

We report a novel core-shell-structured ternary nanocube of MnZn ferrite synthesized by controlling the reaction temperature and composition in the absence of conventionally used reducing agents. The highly monodispersed core-shell structure consists of an Fe(3)O(4) core and an MnZn Ferrite shell. The observation of a Moire pattern indicates that the core and the shell are two highly crystalline materials with slightly different lattice constants that are rotated relative to each other by a small angle. The ternary core-shell nanocubes display magnetic properties regulated by a combination of the core-shell composition and exhibit an increased coercivity and field-cooled/zero-field-cooled characteristics drastically different from those of regular MnZn ferrite nanoparticles. The ability to engineer the spatial nanostructures of ternary magnetic nanoparticles in terms of shape and composition offers atomic-level versatility in fine-tuning the nanoscale magnetic properties.
Influence of cohabitation and resinosis on site selection and survival of Pineus boerneri Annand and P. coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on red pine.

Density and survivorship of solitary and coexisting populations of Pineus boerneri Annand and Pineus coloradensis (Gillette) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) were studied for 3 years in 12 stands of red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Survival of P. boerneri was higher on branches than on needles during winter but higher on needles than on branches during spring and summer. Survival of P. coloradensis was always higher on needles than on bark. The percentage of branches that were resinous (indicative of injury) increased at four coinfested pine stands from 1980 to 1982. The proportion of the P. boerneri population on needles relative to bark increased during that period; the opposite trend was observed for P. coloradensis . Decreasing density of P. coloradensis on needles was related to increasing density of P. boerneri , and was due to a combination of greater mortality on needles and greater colonization of bark, where chance for survival was even less. P. boerneri established and maintained numerical dominance over P. coloradensis in these four coinhabited pine stands and on pine seedlings in the greenhouse.
Ethanol and (Na+,K+)-ATPase: alteration of Na(+)-K+ selectivity.

Relative internal concentrations of Na+ and K+ are important in regulating (Na+,K+)-ATPase in situ. Ethanol is known to inhibit (Na+,K+)-ATPase and to reduce K+ affinity, but the concentrations required for these effects in vitro are large compared with those probably attainable in vivo. Yet, there is evidence suggesting that ethanol has physiologically relevant effects on (Na+,K+)-ATPase. We have investigated the effects of ethanol on selectivity for Na+ versus K+. At 150 mM, ethanol had little effect on (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity under the usual assay conditions, slightly (but nonsignificantly) reduced K+ affinity, and had no effect on extrapolated Na+ affinity in the absence of K+. However, ethanol had marked effects on cation selectivity, doubling the K, for K+ on Na+ affinity and halving the K, for Na+ on K+ affinity. These data show that ethanol, at concentrations too small for effects on (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity under optimal assay conditions, can alter its responses to changes in Na+ or K+.
Circadian rhythm dissociation induced by periodic feeding in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions

Rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were maintained in constant darkness and placed on restricted feeding schedules with 1 h access to food twice per day. When both schedules had a 24 h period and food access was spaced 12 h apart, all rats with SCN lesions displayed anticipatory activity to both feedings. In the first experiment, the period of one schedule was then changed to 25 h while the other continued with a period of 24 h. None of the rats with SCN lesions were able to anticipate both schedules simultaneously. In a second experiment, 24 h and 24.5 h schedules were used. Five of 6 rats with SCN lesions anticipated both schedules for at least 9 days and 2 of these anticipated both schedules for 48 days. This forced dissociation of activity into two components with different periods is consistent with the hypothesis that entrainment of activity by restricted food access is mediated by more than one circadian pacemaker.
Early detection and measurement of urothelial tumors in mice.

Abstract Objectives To establish reliable noninvasive in vivo methods to detect, measure, and monitor experimentally induced urothelial tumors in mice. Methods UPII-SV40T transgenic mice reliably develop bladder tumors by expression of simian virus 40 large T antigen specifically in bladder urothelium through the use of the uroplakin II promoter. Two wild-type and 10 UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were monitored for microhematuria two to three times weekly using dipstick analysis. A unique flat panel detector-based cone beam computed tomography (FPD-CBCT) system imaged the urinary tracts of anesthetized mice after tail vein injection of an iodinated contrast agent (Omnipaque) that is excreted in urine. Within 10 seconds, the FPD-CBCT system acquired 290 two-dimensional images, which produced three-dimensional volumes with true isotropic resolution (180 μm)3 using a filtered back projection-based modified Feldkamp reconstruction algorithm. Amira, version 3.1.1-1, for MacOSX was used for data analysis and advanced visualization of the three-dimensional reconstructed FPD-CBCT images. Results Hematuria was present in UPII-SV40T transgenic mice at 32 days of age; the wild-type animals exhibited no hematuria. Filling defects, associated with histologically confirmed tumors, in the bladders of the UPII-SV40T transgenic mice were visualized in the reconstructed FPD-CBCT images 1 to 45 minutes after contrast agent injection. Longitudinal FPD-CBCT imaging sessions showed the tumor position, volume, and growth. Conclusions The combination of early detection of hematuria and high-resolution in vivo FPD-CBCT imaging of murine bladder tumors enabled accurate longitudinal assessment of tumor growth and progression in individual animals. This approach could provide an important alternative to serial sacrifice experimental designs, while refining statistical power and reducing animal use.