cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical and theoretical aspects of the DCB assay for carcinogenic and other genotoxic agents

The DNA-cell binding (DCB) assay grew from our early studies demonstrating that in the presence of carcinogenic chemicals, radioactively labeled nucleic acids attached strongly to isolated cellular membranes and to intact prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells. A survey of over 300 chemicals revealed that this test is capable of correctly predicting carcinogenic potential in more than 95% of cases. Recently we began using formaldehyde-treated Escherichia coli indicator cells and noted that the accuracy of prediction and the sensitivity of the test are even greater. For example, a class of noncarcinogenic, intercalating agents that showed as false positives in the original study, scored negative in this modified version of DCB test. This assay has several advantages over other rapid tests for genotoxicity, including simplicity, rapidity, economy, and reproducibility. As demonstrated by our studies on a number of diverse products, it is especially suitable for analyzing industrial and other environmental chemicals and their mixtures. The increased DNA-cell binding is due to a property shared by most, if not all, carcinogenic agents—their ability to produce macromolecular adducts between proteins and nucleic acids, as well as inter- and intramolecular complexes in DNA. The latter class of adducts is responsible for inducing chromosomal transposition-like events that we observed in a separate set of experiments using transformation of Bacillus subtilis for measuring distances between genetic markers. In these experiments markers were stably transferred to a different position on the chromosome as the result of DNA-exposure to an ultimate carcinogen, N-acetoxy N-acetyl-aminofluorene. If, as many investigators believe, the specific chromosomal translocations are the cause of neoplasia, the high predictive potential of the DCB test may be due to its capability to measure the production of specific macromolecular complexes.
Proteomics, morphoproteomics, saliva and breast cancer: An emerging approach to guide the delivery of individualised thermal therapy, thermochemotherapy and monitor therapy response

The field of proteomics is in its infancy; however the discipline, its technology, and our abilities to translate the proteomic data are rapidly evolving. In the near future proteomics should significantly improve our ability to make early cancer diagnoses, direct appropriate personalised therapy, and monitor response to therapy, including thermal therapy. The potential role of proteomics in breast cancer early diagnosis, prediction of aggressiveness is clear. Its potential importance in guiding treatment choice and prediction of treatment response is especially intriguing. This paper reviews the varied methodologies used in the field of proteomics, including gel-free, label-free proteomics, quantitative proteomics, phosphoproteomics, protein extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections (FFPE) proteomics, laser capture microdissection proteomics, and targeted proteomics. It also discusses two new areas, morphoproteomics and salivary proteomics cancer diagnostics, as well as selected pre-clinical and clinical analyses using the described methodologies. Morphoproteomics defines which signal transduction pathways exist within the tumour cells and the surrounding tissue comprising a patient's cancer biopsy specimen. Morphoproteomics, and the other histology-based proteomic techniques are actually beginning to clinically make possible individualised treatment of breast cancer. Salivary proteomics, in part because it is non-invasive, is a new area of breast cancer diagnostics that can be used to non-invasively monitor an individual patient's response to treatment with every treatment cycle. The current literature demonstrates that a diagnosis of breast cancer can be readily made using proteomic methodologies, and that proteomics can also define cancers with a poor prognosis at the time of diagnosis. With such early prognostic information we expect proteomics will soon be a science that on the basis of prognosis, guides individualised therapy and as well, have the ability to monitor the results of thermal therapy, radiation, and chemotherapy treatment during therapy.
INTERNAL WAVES IN PIPES ETUDE DES ONDES INTERNES DANS LES CONDUITES

Internal waves of a stratified fluid in a circular or elliptic pipe are investigated. Solutions for all modes are given, and explicit results for long waves are obtained.
The Importance of Language, Social, and Behavioral Skills across Early and Later Childhood as Predictors of Social Competence with Peers.

This study examined the role of language, attention/impulse control, and mother–child play in predicting later peer competence by assessing 252 children at ages 3 and 8 years. Children born term (n = 90) or preterm (n = 162) were included to examine the question of how variability in skills influenced social outcomes and whether relations were comparable for these 2 groups known to vary in development. Path analyses, which were comparable for both groups, showed that social connectedness, compliance, and noncompliance with peer requests were predicted by concurrent language skills, whereas concurrent impulsivity and inattentiveness were important for understanding frustration tolerance/flexibility with peers. Three-year language and toy play skills showed indirect influences on peer competence through direct influences on 8-year language and inattention. These results indicate that early social and language skills contribute to various aspects of later competent peer play and highlight the importance of i...
Flow Visualization Studies of Natural Convective Flow in a Horizontal Cylindrical Annulus

Natural convection in horizontal annuli has been extensively studied by several investigators, mostly for isothermal cylinders. Only a few papers deal with a constant heat flux boundary condition on the inner wall. Natural convection of gases and liquids within horizontal cylinders has applications in thermal storage systems and transmission cables. The present study reports numerical and experimental heat transfer results and flow structure in horizontal annuli with the inner wall maintained at constant heat flux and the outer wall at constant temperature. Flow visualizations investigate the metastability and the three-dimensionality of the flow in the annulus.
Crack Detection in an Embedded Spindle using Broadband Modal Excitation

This paper demonstrates a methodology for detecting cracks in a metal spindle, which is housed within a military vehicle wheel end assembly. A finite element model is used to estimate the undamped natural frequencies of the raw spindle. Additional mass and stiffness is then added to a simplified model of the spindle to simulate sources of variability within the assembly. Spindles are tested outside the wheel end assembly to compare the responses of undamaged and cracked spindles. A hypothesis testing approach is developed to detect the presence of a crack based on damage indices involving the summation and multiplication of spectral energies. Experiments on wheel assemblies mounted on a vehicle with the vehicle lifted off the ground are performed to demonstrate that the wheel assemblies can be nondestructively evaluated to identify cracks of varying depths despite sources of variability due to the presence of the brake drum, lack of repeatability in the sensor attachment, and other issues.
A Common Neuronal Response to Alphaherpesvirus Infection

Alphaherpesviruses are a subfamily of the Herpesviridae that can invade the nervous system and establish either lytic or latent infections. The establishment of latent infection can occur only in neurons, indicating a unique virus-host interaction in these cells. Here, we compare results from seven microarray studies that focused on the host response of either neural tissue or isolated neurons to alphaherpesvirus infection. These studies utilized either herpes simplex virus type 1 or pseudorabies virus as the infectious agent. From these data, we have found common host responses spanning a variety of infection models in different species, with different herpesvirus strains, and during all phases of infection including lytic, latent, and reactivation. The repeated observation of transcriptional effects on these genes and gene families indicates their likely importance in host defenses or the viral infectious process. We discuss the possible role of these different genes and genes families in alphaherpesvirus infection.
Absolute electron-electron differential scattering cross sections at 1.00 Mev, 1.50 Mev, and 2.00 Mev. III

Abstract Monoergic electrons were scattered from thin Zapon and Nylon foils. The scattered electrons were observed at 30° in the laboratory system ( ca 90° c.m.) were analyzed by a magnetic spectrometer. The absolute electron-electron scattering cross sections agree with the theory of Moller to within the experimental error of 4%. The broadening of the momentum distribution of the scattered electrons was in reasonable agreement with the theory of Ford and Mullin. The conservation laws for relativistic particles were experimentally verified to an accuracy of 1%.
Recombination in a Simulated Predator-Prey Interaction

The influence of a co-evolved predator-prey interaction on the outcome of competition between sexual and asexual prey was examined by computer simulation. Intraspecific competition in both predator and prey populations is governed by relative success in the interspecific interaction. Predators key on a certain variable prey character under the control often independently assorting, diploid loci. Individual predators vary genetically in their ability to handle prey of the various states of this character. Predator fitness is proportional to the prey available to them. Prey fitness is inversely proportional to the frequency of predators to which they are susceptible. In addition, sexual prey of a given phenotype are assigned half the fitness of the corresponding asexual form, representing a “cost of meiosis.” Mating is random and there is no facultative response allowed to changes in the phenotypic distribution of the interacting species. Three parameters are varied: (1) the maximum contribution of a phenotype to the next generation (fecundity limit), (2) population size, and (3) clonal diversity of the asexual prey form. Most realistic combinations of these variables favor sexual reproduction. According to the model, it is particularly unlikely that an asexual mutant could spread in an existing sexual population. However, the conditions found to favor asexuality are consistent with observations from nature where reduced recombination is relatively common. The model predicts asexual forms should persist in very large, low fecund populations, as in the prokaryotes, and where their phenotypic diversity is high, as near zones of recurrent hybridization. It is also consistent with the occurrence of parthenoforms in regions of reduced interspecific interaction where the assumptions of this model, and therefore the advantages to sex, are less likely to be realized.
Rigorous Asymptotic Expansions for Critical Wave Speeds in a Family of Scalar Reaction-Diffusion Equations

We investigate traveling wave solutions in a family of reaction-diffusion equations which includes the Fisher–Kolmogorov–Petrowskii–Piscounov (FKPP) equation with quadratic nonlinearity and a bistable equation with degenerate cubic nonlinearity. It is known that, for each equation in this family, there is a critical wave speed which separates waves of exponential decay from those of algebraic decay at one of the end states. We derive rigorous asymptotic expansions for these critical speeds by perturbing off the classical FKPP and bistable cases. Our approach uses geometric singular perturbation theory and the blow-up technique, as well as a variant of the Melnikov method, and confirms the results previously obtained through asymptotic analysis in [J.H. Merkin and D.J. Needham, (1993). J. Appl. Math. Phys. (ZAMP) A, vol. 44, No. 4, 707–721] and [T.P. Witelski, K. Ono, and T.J. Kaper, (2001). Appl. Math. Lett., vol. 14, No. 1, 65–73].
An approach to the construction of an immunoarray for differentiating and quantitating cross reacting analytes

Abstract We demonstrate the construction of an immunoarray to categorize, identify and quantitate different triazine herbicides or their environmental metabolites in water. In a first step cluster analysis is used to examine the performance of a small subset of antibodies out of a larger library, and hence to select a small array that is capable of categorizing the triazine herbicides into different groups. At the 1 ppb level it is possible to categorize an analyte as a chloro-s-triazine, a hydroxy metabolite, or as a methoxy/methylthio substituted triazine when using only 2–4 antibodies. At higher concentrations even the identity of the triazine can be determined with the same number of antibodies. A selected combination of antibodies is then used to identify and quantify unknowns by comparing their immunoassay responses to an array of calibration curves and using the maximum likelihood criterion.
The high life: Transport of microbes in the atmosphere

[1] Microbes (bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses) are the most successful types of life on Earth because of their ability to adapt to new environments, reproduce quickly, and disperse globally. Dispersal occurs through a number of vectors, such as migrating animals or the hydrological cycle, but transport by wind may be the most common way microbes spread. General awareness of airborne microbes predates the science of microbiology. People took advantage of wild airborne yeasts to cultivate lighter, more desirable bread as far back as ancient Egypt by simply leaving a mixture of grain and liquids near an open window. In 1862, Louis Pasteur's quest to disprove spontaneous generation resulted in the discovery that microbes were actually single-celled, living creatures, prevalent in the environment and easily killed with heat (pasteurization). His rudimentary experiments determined that any nutrient medium left open to the air would eventually teem with microbial life because of free-floating, colonizing cells. The same can happen in a kitchen: Opportunistic fungal and bacterial cells cause food items exposed to the air to eventually spoil.
Service sharing with trust in pervasive environment: now it's time to break the jinx

In such as a highly dynamic and open environment, it has become a challenge to deploy multiple context-sensitive services due to the unwillingness of service provider to share resources. This apprehension to share resources stems mainly from a lack of trust. Sometimes infrastructure plays pivotal role to solve this issue with dynamic access control to replace traditional static policies. But when it comes to effective resource sharing in an infrastructure-less environment we face problems such as poor storage and computational capability. In this paper, we have developed a lightweight and distributed trust model based on recommendation, which will guarantee that service providers can securely share an unlimited number of resources, limited only by their hardware and bandwidth limitations. The multi-hop recommendation protocol incorporates a flexible behavioral model to handle interactions during service sharing and usage. This protocol will also assess risk using recommendations from context-sensitive services, in the trust framework, to help ensure smooth access to resources and services.
Chicken blue and chicken violet, short wavelength sensitive visual pigments

Abstract Chicken blue (λ max = 449 nm) and chicken violet (λ max = 417 nm) are present in the cone pigment fraction of chicken visual pigments, along with iodopsin. These pigments are similar to iodopsin in rapid regeneration and hydroxylamine lability. They differ from iodopsin in that they show no chloride effects on spectra or chromophore accessibility.
Applied advanced process analytics in biopharmaceutical manufacturing: Challenges and prospects in real-time monitoring and control

Abstract Biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes are inherently complex due to their nonlinear bioprocess dynamics, variability in batch operations and manufacturing schedule, raw materials involved, and automatic process control. A typical processed lot generates large amounts of data that need to be analyzed and interpreted for process troubleshooting and continuous improvement purposes in addition to product release. Multivariate batch process modeling, monitoring and control approaches in real-time are elaborated by providing industrial examples from the commercial manufacturing processes. Examples and opportunities in cell culture (e.g., bioreactor applications) and purification (e.g., large-scale chromatography) operations are summarized. Impact of process analytical technologies (PAT), soft-sensor development, first principles modeling applications and commercial-scale examples are presented.
Drs. Pimentel-Santos and Branco reply

To the Editor: We appreciate the interest1 in our report2 in which ANKH polymorphisms were not identified as major determinants of susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and do not influence phenotypic characteristics of AS — age at disease onset or results of the Bath AS Disease Activity Index, Bath AS Functional Index, or modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine … Address correspondence to Dr. Pimentel-Santos, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa - CEDOC, Campo Martires da Patria, n°130, Lisbon 1169-056 Portugal; E-mail: pimentel.santos{at}gmail.com
Listening to SARS: Lessons for Infection Control

The coronavirus that causes SARS is the latest in a series of emerging pathogens that challenge our global society. The virus has a remarkable ability to amplify its communicability to become an al...
Climate Change, Urban Development, and Storm Water: Perspectives from the Field

AbstractClimate projections in many U.S. metropolitan areas show increases in daily temperature, and potential shifts in rainfall patterns toward stronger, more intense storms. At the same time, metropolitan regions continuing to experience population growth face the prospect of areal expansion and higher land-use intensities. The possible coupling of such developmental changes and more frequent intense precipitation events poses a litany of well-known challenges to storm-water management. This paper reports survey research that examines the experiences and expectations of engineers, planners, and other agency staff in storm-water management in the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan region in the context of climate change. We find that staff from jurisdictions with a high degree of development and strong population growth, and those with more work experience, engagement with climate issues in their work, and greater belief that scientists understand climate change, exhibit a higher level of concern with th...
Follow-up: orthognathic surgery. Is there a future? A national survey.

Background: The authors recently documented a significant decrease in orthognathic surgical cases performed by both plastic and oral surgeons in Ohio over a recent 5-year period. The main reason noted was related to third-party reimbursement. This is a potentially serious issue that may affect the quality of health care for patients with dentofacial deformities. Therefore, an expanded survey was conducted to determine whether this was indicative of a national trend. Methods: A three-page questionnaire was sent nationally to plastic surgeons and oral surgeons who were members of the American Society of Maxillofacial Surgery and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, respectively. Surveys requested information regarding changes in the number of orthognathic operations over a 5-year period (1999–2003) and reasons for these changes. Results: Of the 3273 surveys sent, 883 were returned, representing an overall response rate of 27 percent. Of the 883 returned, 771 (87.3 percent) were completed by oral surgeons and 112 (12.7 percent) were completed by plastic surgeons. The majority surveyed (70.0 percent) noted a decrease in the number of orthognathic procedures performed over a 5-year period, and 443 (77.3 percent) stated that the decrease was attributable to problems with insurance. Professional reimbursement per hour was calculated based on data collected from consecutive operations performed at the authors’ institution. These data demonstrated that reimbursement per hour is significantly lower when orthognathic surgery procedures were compared with other standard plastic surgery operations. Conclusions: Orthognathic surgery may rapidly be becoming a cosmetic procedure. This has the potential of creating a two-tier system whereby only those who can afford it will undergo orthognathic correction.
Post-treatment drinking among HIV patients: Relationship to pre-treatment marijuana and cocaine use

Abstract Background For individuals with HIV, heavy drinking can pose serious threats to health. Some interventions are effective at reducing drinking in this population, but many HIV-infected heavy drinkers also use marijuana or cocaine. Although these drugs have predicted poor alcohol outcomes in other treatment studies, whether this occurs among HIV patients who drink heavily is unknown. Methods Participants were binge-drinking HIV primary care patients ( N = 254) enrolled in a randomized trial of three brief drinking interventions over 60 days that varied in intensity. We investigated the relationship of baseline past-year drug use (marijuana-only, cocaine-only, both, neither) to end-of-treatment drinking quantity and frequency. We also evaluated whether the relationship between intervention type and end-of-treatment drinking varied by baseline drug use. Final models incorporated control for patients’ demographic and HIV characteristics. Results In final models, drinking frequency at the end of treatment did not vary by baseline drug use, but drinking quantity did ( X 2 [3] = 13.87, p B = 0.32, p X 2 [6] = 13.98, p Conclusions In general, HIV patients using cocaine evidenced the highest levels of drinking after alcohol intervention. However, these individuals also evidenced the most pronounced differences in end-of-treatment drinking by intervention intensity. These results suggest the importance of more intensive intervention for individuals using alcohol and cocaine.
The effect of losartan on potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion in vitro.

Potassium (K+) and angiotensin-II (Ang-II) are two distinct secretagogues for aldosterone release. However, a local adrenal renin-angiotensin system is present, and several studies suggest a complex interaction between K+ and locally produced Ang-II. First, superfusing zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells with K+ stimulates the secretion of both Ang-II and aldosterone. Second, K(+)-stimulated aldosterone secretion can be reduced in the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Because angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are not specific inhibitors of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system, we further tested the hypothesis that locally produced Ang-II participates in K(+)-stimulated aldosterone release from rat ZG cells by using a specific Ang-II antagonist. Although type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) Ang-II receptors are present in ZG cells, only AT1 antagonist has been shown to mediate Ang-II-induced aldosterone secretion. Losartan, a specific AT1 antagonist, was used in this study. In the presence of l...
Far-Infrared Spectrum of Liquid Water*

The infrared spectra of H2O and D2O in the liquid state at ambient temperature (30°C) have been remapped in the spectral region between 10 and 330 μ. The major features observed were extremely intense absorption bands with maxima at 685 and 505 cm−1 in H2O and D2O, respectively. These major bands are overlapped at the low-frequency ends by much less intense bands producing transmittance minima near 193 and 187 cm−1, respectively. No evidence was obtained for the series of narrow bands recently reported by Stanevich and Yaroslavskii. Extinction coefficients have been determined for the range 170–50 cm−1 and are compared with recent data; present data on linear absorption coefficients for H2O in the range 1500–1100 cm−1 are in fair agreement with the results of previous workers. The influence of temperature variations on the frequencies of infrared bands has been studied for all bands in the region between 4000 and 32 cm−1. Theoretical interpretation of the results is discussed briefly.
Wading Bird Depredations on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Northwest Mississippi

. We interviewed farm managers about their perceptions of wading bird problems and conducted preliminary surveys of wading bird populations at 67 randomly selected channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus pond complexes in northwest Mississippi during December 1995. At a subsample of 24 complexes and 10 other complexes previously surveyed in 1990, we surveyed wading bird populations bimonthly throughout the year in 1996 and observed great blue herons Ardea herodias and great egrets Ardea alba feeding at catfish ponds. Seventy-five percent of farm managers questioned felt that wading birds were causing losses to their fish stocks, and 74% believed the problem was increasing. Consistent with interview results, 88% of the pond complexes surveyed had one or more wading birds present. Despite reported harassment programs by producers, great blue heron densities at 10 complexes previously surveyed in 1990 had increased by more than eightfold in 1996. Great blue heron densities varied with location, season and time of day, but the average 127-ha farm supported about 78 herons and 56 great egrets. Despite similar populations, the potential impact of these two species was quite different. Live catfish, averaging 10.3 cm in length (circa 10 g) comprised only 8% of the egret diet by weight, and most of the fish were obtained from fingerling ponds during periods when these fingerlings may be weakened by the bacterial disease, enteric septicemia of catfish. In contrast, live catfish, averaging 16 cm in length (circa 34 g), comprised 44% of the great blue heron diet by weight. Herons foraged from both fingerling and food fish ponds, primarily in the early morning and evening. Based on average population densities and foraging rates, herons at the average 127-ha farm in northwest Mississippi consumed 114,000 (circa 3,900 kg) catfish, annually. However, further studies are recommended to document production losses.
Review of Physical and Chemical Properties of Tributyl Phosphate/Diluent/Nitric Acid Systems

Numerous publications have examined the chemical and physical aspects of tributyl phosphate (TBP), TBP/nitric acid, and TBP/diluent/nitric acid systems, but there are some discrepancies within the available data. There is also a lack of data on the physical properties of TBP at temperatures above 60°C. A review of more than 100 references, covering the physical and chemical properties of TBP and related systems will be presented. Data on solvent degradation and kinetics of the interactions occurring in these systems will be provided and compared. Also the existing data on TBP vapor pressure, solubility, and density will be discussed.
Autonomous recovery from multi-node failure in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) often serve mission-critical applications in inhospitable environments such as battlefield and territorial borders. Inter-node communication is essential for WSNs to effectively fulfill their tasks. In hostile setups, the WSN may be subject to damage that breaks the network connectivity and disrupts the application. The network must be able to recover from the failure and restore connectivity so that the designated tasks can be carried out. Given the unattended operation of the network, the recovery should be performed autonomously. In this paper we present a distributed algorithm for Autonomous Repair (AuR) of damaged WSN topologies in the event of multiple node failures. AuR models connectivity between neighboring nodes as electrostatic interaction between charges based on Coulomb's law. The recovery process is initiated locally at the neighbors of failed nodes by moving in the direction of loss to reconnect with other nodes. The performance of AuR is validated through simulation.
Growth performance comparison of intercross-triploid, induced triploid, and diploid rainbow trout

Abstract Use of all-female triploids (3N) instead of diploids (2N) can be advantageous in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) aquaculture and fisheries management due to sterility and the consequent superior growth and feed conversion achieved at reproductive age. Triploid trout are currently produced by pressure or temperature shock of the zygote (induced-triploid, 3NP). An alternative procedure to create triploids that may have fewer negative effects on embryonic development and result in 100% triploids is to mate a tetraploid (4N) parent with a 2N parent (intercross-triploid, 3NC). We compared growth performance of nine sets of families each consisting of 3NP, 3NC, and 2N siblings through two years of age. The 2N and 3NC fish exhibited greater body weight than the 3NP fish throughout most of the study; however, by the end, body weight of the 3NC fish exceeded that of the 2N and 3NP fish, which were similar. Condition factor was lowest for 3NC and highest for 3NP fish throughout most of the study. Higher rates of vertebral compression in the 3NP fish affected body weight, fork length, and condition factor in this group. The correlations of body weight among families for the three ploidy types ranged from R 2 below 0.03 around 8–9 months post-hatch, to above 0.5 around 18–19 month post-hatch, supporting family differences in growth response to triploidization and triploidization strategy. Nevertheless, a greater correlation between 2N and 3NC values than 2N and 3NP values, particularly at body weights above 1 kg, supports greater potential to improve 3NC growth performance compared to 3NP performance when genetic selection is based on the 2N phenotype.
Disposal of Nuclear Wastes: At an increased but still modest cost, more options can be explored and the outlook can be improved

For the present and the foreseeable future the following options appear to be either usable or worth further exploration: mausolea; disposal in mines of various sorts, and perhaps in ice; in situ melt; and further chemical separations. The options are interdependent. It is too early to assess disposal in space, and disposal in the oceans remains unsafe for lack of adequate knowledge. Table 3 is a summary of the main ideas for which we have worked out (sometimes uncertain) costs. For the short term, ultimate disposal in deep mines is the best-developed plan. However, the related concept of in situ melt has significant advantages and should be realistically appraised. Further chemical separation with subsequent recycling of the actinides in a LMFBR should be investigated and implemented, for it would be universally beneficial; on the other hand, additional removal of strontium and cesium does not seem attractive. Thus, for the near future we make the following recommendations: 1) Provide temporary storage facilities to ensure that the projected commercial high-level wastes do not become a public hazard. The AEC adopts this view, and has stated an intention to construct such facilities. But because of the capriciousness of man and nature, a workable ultimate disposal scheme must be developed soon. 2) Fund other ultimate disposal schemes at the same rate as the salt mine project-say $1 million a year or more-to sharpen the technological issues, so that a decision can be reached in the next few years. The schemes should include (i) in situ melt, and the variation with a central repository; (ii) burial in mines other than salt mines (including Antarctic rocks and permanent ice); (iii) further chemical separation of actinides and recycling actinides in a LMFBR. 3) Maintain liaison with the developing space shuttle technology to insure that no opportunity is lost. The AEC has a commitment to hold safety foremost in its waste management program, but budget considerations and management priorities have downgraded the program. Past funding levels and management emphasis have yet to produce, after a decade and a half, one operational long-term storage facility-a sign of both commendable caution and inadequate work. If nuclear power is to resolve our energy needs in the coming decades, its benefits should not be delayed for lack of a viable management program for high-level wastes.
Transsphenoidal injection of silicone for the production of communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus in dogs

A technique for the insertion of a spinal needle through the soft palate and sphenoid bone into the suprasellar cistern of dogs is described. Instillation of room-temperature-curing silastic elastomer via the needle causes an increased resistance to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the basal subarachnoid spaces above the tentorium, for the production of communicating hydrocephalus. If the needle is advanced farther, the same material can be injected directly into the third ventricle for the production of obstructive hydrocephalus. Twenty-five of 34 dogs (74%) developed hydrocephalus and survived to undergo subsequent experimentation.
How Adolescents’ Mental Health Predicts Their Physical Health: Unique Contributions of Indicators of Subjective Well-being and Psychopathology

Studies among youth have established a link between mental health and physical health, and highlight the importance of attending to these relationships to provide a more complete picture of functioning. However, most previous investigations have limited their focus to examining the relationship between physical health and either particular aspects of psychopathology or particular aspects of subjective well-being. The current study serves as a first examination that includes both positive (subjective well-being [SWB]) and negative (psychopathology) indicators of mental health in relation to physical health functioning, assessed via self-report measures completed by a sample of 401 early adolescents from the general population. Mental health indicators accounted for 30% of the variance in physical health ratings, and 4 of the 5 mental health indicators were unique predictors of physical health. Positive affect, a component of SWB, explained the most unique variance in physical health, followed by the other components of SWB. Results support the importance of attending to positive indicators of mental health when determining the link with physical health among youth. Implications for a research and practice focus on comprehensive wellness among youth are discussed.
Stackelberg Games and Multisectoral Economic Planning

The theory of open-loop Stackelberg games is applied to the planning and control of multisector economies. Using a simple real-world econometric model with a central coordinator and three sectors, it is shown that conflict reduction among any set of players would reduce suboptimality in the economy.
NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS: ROLE OF SEPSIS AND IN-TRAVENOUS ALIMENTATION

Parenteral alimentation is essential to the management of a variety of illnesses in the premature infant. Several reports of cholestasis in association with intravenous fat emulsions and/or protein solutions prompted a study of 24 neonates requiring continuous intravenous alimentation for as long as 70 days. Serum bilirubin (diazo method) and serum bile acids (gas-liquid chromatography) were estimated at regular intervals and correlated with body weight, antibiotics, phototherapy, and other medications. In 18 of the patients without sepsis, ranging in body weight from 800gm. to 3220gm., serum bile acids ranged from less than 2.0 - 26.8mcg./ml. (m = 13.7), and serum bilirubin fell progressively during intravenous alimentation. Sepsis in 5 of the patients was associated with both hyperbilirubinemia and markedly increased bile acids, ranging from 60-140mcg./ml. (m - 76), significantly different (p < 0.002) from the non-sepsis group. These findings confirm the importance of sepsis as a cause of neonatal cholestasis and emphasize the need to seek specific causes for the occurrence of cholestasis in infants requiring intravenous alimentation.
Molecular dynamics simulation of heat pulse propagation in single-wall carbon nanotubes

The propagation of heat pulses in zigzag and armchair double wall nanotubes (DWNTs) has been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the leading heat wave packets in zigzag $(9,0)∕(18,0)$ and armchair $(5,5)∕(10,10)$ DWNTs move with the speed of longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon modes. The intensities of the leading heat wave packets in outer and inner shells in DWNTs were found to be five to seven times larger than that of the corresponding single wall nanotubes (SWNTs). The heat energy carried by the leading heat wave packets in zigzag DWNT was about four and five times more than those in armchair DWNT shells. Within the leading LA wave packet, the strain in the inner shell of the DWNTs is stronger than the strain in the outer shell and considerably larger than strain in the corresponding SWNTs. The regions with the largest strain coincide with the regions of high kinetic temperatures within the LA mode wave packets. The higher energy of the LA mode waves in DWNT shells compared to SWNT is attributed to the presence of higher strain fields in DWNTs compared to individual SWNTs. The higher strain in the inner shell of DWNT compared to the outer shell accounts for the three to five times higher kinetic energy of leading wave packets in inner shells compared to those in outer shells. The induced strain fields in zigzag DWNT are distributed over a wider region compared to armchair DWNT, and the strains in inner and outer shells of zigzag DWNT are out phase by 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
Applying an Environmental Model to Address High-Risk Drinking: A Town/Gown Case Study

ABSTRACT This article provides a case study of a project by the University of Delaware and the City of Newark to apply an environmental model to address the excessive use of alcohol by college students. Data about changes in the behavior and experiences of students over a 10-year period are compared. The authors discuss some of the practical implications of the findings for those attempting to influence student drinking behaviors.
All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects

Accentuate the positive or accentuate the negative? The literature has been mixed as to how the alternative framing of information in positive or negative terms affects judgments and decisions. We argue that this is because different studies have employed different operational definitions of framing and thus have tapped different underlying processes. We develop a typology to distinguish between three different kinds of valence framing effects. First we discuss the standard risky choice framing effect introduced by Tversky and Kahneman (1981) to illustrate how valence affects willingness to take a risk. Then we discuss attribute framing, which affects the evaluation of object or event characteristics, and goal framing, which affects the persuasiveness of a communication. We describe the distinctions, provide a number of examples of each type, and discuss likely theoretical mechanisms underlying each type of framing effect. Our typology helps explain and resolve apparent confusions in the literature, ties together studies with common underlying mechanisms, and serves as a guide to future research and theory development. We conclude that a broader perspective, focused on the cognitive and motivational consequences of valence-based encoding, opens the door to a deeper understanding of the causes and consequences of framing effects. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
Gender Differences in Delinquent Involvement: An Exploration of the Interactive Effects of Friend Bonding and Friend Delinquency

The criminological literature faces a paradox regarding gender, friend relationships, and delinquency. Past research shows that while friends are an important part of adolescence for both young men and young women, males are more likely to have delinquent friends, and male friendships are more likely to cultivate delinquency. Past studies indicate that “girl friends are better” for inhibiting delinquency. Beyond the gender composition of friendship networks and the recognition that young men tend to be more criminally involved, researchers have done little to explain how friend relationships and friend delinquency contribute to gender variations in delinquent involvement. Why are friendships among young men more likely to result in delinquent involvement compared to friendships among young women? It may be because friend bonding differs for young men and women, and these differences may explain gender variations in delinquency. Furthermore, the impact of friend bonding on delinquency may be conditioned by...
Assessment of Numerical Uncertainty Around Shocks and Corners on Blunt Trailing-Edge Supercritical Airfoils

Abstract Numerical uncertainties are quantified to guide grid refinement in calculations of subsonic and transonic flow around supercritical airfoils with blunt and divergent trailing edges. The concept of grid convergence index (GCI), which extrapolates error estimates from arbitrary grid refinement ratios to those equivalent to grid doubling, was used to assess the adequacy of grid refinement. Values of grid convergence indices were calculated from aerodynamic-force and surface-pressure coefficients that were calculated by solution of compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations on several grids, with emphasis placed on the effect of the shock and the corners on accuracy. The strategies described for grid refinement calculated base pressure to within 2% GCI and shock location within 1% of chord, and shows numerical factors are more significant to calculated values of aerodynamic drag than lift.
Communication between computers

The use of electronic computers to solve large-scale data processing problems has created a number of serious communication problems. Not the least of these problems is the necessity that machines be capable of communicating with each other. To achieve complete communication between machines requires that three conditions be satisfied. First there must be compatibility of the medium used for transference. Second, there must be understanding of the coded language used; and third, there must be the ability to interpret the coded language as structured by the program.
Therapeutic liver repopulation for phenylketonuria

Problems with long-term dietary compliance in phenylketonuria (PKU) necessitate the development of alternative treatment approaches. Therapeutic liver repopulation with phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)-expressing cells following hepatocyte or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been investigated as a possible novel treatment approach for PKU. Successful therapeutic liver repopulation requires both a stimulus for liver regeneration at the time of cell transplantation and a selective growth advantage for the PAH+ donor cells. Unfortunately, wild-type PAH+ hepatocytes do not enjoy any growth advantage over PAH− cells. Successful correction of hyperphenylalaninemia following therapeutic liver repopulation has been accomplished only in an animal model that yields a selective advantage for the donor cells. Haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-mediated therapeutic liver repopulation has not been reported in any hyperphenylalaninemic system, and the success of HSC-mediated liver repopulation for PKU may be limited by the slow kinetics of this approach. If therapeutic liver repopulation is to be employed successfully in humans with PKU, an effective method of providing a selective growth advantage for the donor cells must be developed. If this can be achieved, liver repopulation with 10–20% wild-type hepatocytes will likely completely normalize Phe clearance in individuals with PKU.
Real-time THz imaging system based on electro-optic crystals

We present a focal plane terahertz (THz) ray imaging system through use of a big-size oriented ZnTe electro- optic crystal plate. Some concealed living insects and moving objects have been directly imaged and the dynamic processes of the THz field distributions are clearly displayed, both in real-time model. We also discuss the maximum and minimum sizes of the available imaging objects in this THz imaging system, and give ways to improve them.
Influence of social setting and social drinking stimuli on drinking behavior.

Abstract The present study examined the influence of social setting cues and alcohol drinking cues on the drinking rate and amount of beer consumed by social drinkers (college age males). The design consisted of three experimental conditions ( N = 8); a social drinking condition in which the individual drank beer in the company of a beer drinking partner, a social setting condition in which the individual drank with a nondrinking partner, and a solitary setting, control condition. Analyses of variance revealed a significant group effect for amount of alcohol consumed, P P
From error-correcting codes through sphere packings to simple groups

1. The origin of error-correcting codes an introduction to coding the work of Hamming the Hamming-Holbrook patent the Hamming codes are linear the work of Golay the priority controversy 2. From coding to sphere packing an introduction to sphere packing the Leech connection the origin of Leech's first packing in E24 the matrix for Leech's first packing the Leech lattice 3. From sphere packing to new simple groups is there an interesting group in Leech's lattice? the hard sell of a simple group twelve hours on Saturday, six on Wednesday the structure of 0 new simple groups Appendix 1. Densest known sphere packings Appendix 2. Further properties of the (12,24) Golay code and the related Steiner system s (5,8,24) Appendix 3. A calculation of the number of spheres with centers in LAMBDA2 Appendix 4. The Mathieu group M24 and the order of M22 Appendix 5. The proof of lemma 3.3 Appendix 6. The sporadic simple groups Bibliography Index.
Is the Task of Integrating Reserved for the Trainee? General Discussion

Thank you Dr. Atkins. That was a nice pulling together of a number of very important points which hopefully we will pursue.
Nepal's vitamin A supplementation programme, 15 years on: sustained growth in coverage and equity and children still missed.

Nepal's national vitamin A programme, that started in a few districts in 1993, was incrementally and systematically expanded to cover the targeted population - children ages 6-59 months - in all the 75 districts of the country over a decade. By 2001, four-fifths of the eligible children had received vitamin A supplementation. Based on data from the 2006 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, this paper analyses the extent to which the levels and patterns of the programme's coverage have continued to sustain over time, and identifies the children who are still missed by the programme. The overall coverage in 2006 increased to 87.5% nationally, ranging between 80 and 93% (except for two population subgroups), indicating that the programme has been effective in eliminating large inequities in access and utilisation of programme services. The children still missed by the programme (12.5%) have been found to disproportionately represent the poorest of the poor families, mothers with no education, and residents of rural areas and certain ecological and development subregions. The programme is most likely to sustain its achievements thus far, assuming that programme support ingredients and inputs are not interrupted or affected adversely in any way. Emerging policy and programmatic issues are discussed.