cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coral reef habitat discrimination using multivariate spectral analysis and satellite remote sensing

Coral reefs are important both biologically and economically, but are under increasing pressure from pollution and human-induced disturbance. Coral reefs are often remote, relatively large and shallow. Thus, optical remote sensing techniques provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to mapping and monitoring the condition of reefs. We tested the hypothesis that in-situ spectral signatures, together with water column attenuation measurements, satellite imagery and Geographical Information System, can effectively differentiate reef substrates. In situ upwelling radiances were collected for coarse descriptive habitat types near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas between 17 July and 27 July, 1998. Down-looking spectral scans from 300-750 nm were taken 1 m above the substrate and 1 m below the water surface, using a LiCor-1800 underwater spectroradiometer. Principal component analysis of upwelling radiances indicated that wavelengths from 515-580 nm are most useful in distinguishing between substrates. Landsa...
De Haas-van Alphen measurements in type II superconductors

Abstract Measurements of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in YBCO carried out by Fowler et al. using fields over 100 T and temperatures between 2.4 and 4.0 K are reviewed. Samples were oriented so that the c or (0 0 1) axis lay along the magnetic field direction. Three distinct extremal cross-sectional orbital frequencies at 0.53, 0.78 and 3.51 kT were found. But in this work no transition through B c2 was observed in this regime. Tentatively, it has been hypothesized that B c2 may be higher than 100 T at 2.4 K in Los Alamos samples. If this is the case then the dHvA effect seen in these experiments may involve quantal oscillations, periodic in 1/ B , in fields below B c2 . Such an effect was first observed by Graebner and Robbins in NbSe 2 in 1976. Additional experiments illustrating a dHvA effect below B c2 in V 3 Si will be presented using a theoretical analysis of experiments of Lowndes and Arko. The theoretical situation of the dHvA effect in superconductors below B c2 is reviewed.
Current and new cytomegalovirus antivirals and novel animal model strategies.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant health problem among immunosuppressed individuals. In particular, transplant and AIDS patients and the developing fetus in utero are highly susceptible to CMV. In these vulnerable populations, infection leads to life threatening end organ viral disease or in surviving newborn babies to deafness or to mental retardation. Currently, the most effective way to control CMV infection, given the lack of an effective vaccine, is by antiviral therapy. However, available antivirals suffer from complications associated with prolonged use, such as drug toxicity as well as the emergence of resistant strains of virus. Additionally, since CMV has multiple complex immune evasion strategies, to avoid innate and adaptive immune responses, there is a need for new antiviral development. Any antiviral should be tested in a controlled animal model but species specificity of HCMV precludes the direct study of the virus in an animal model. Consequently, animal CMV in their respective animal host are used to study intervention strategies. In this review, both current and new antiviral strategies are discussed as are the various animal models and strategies to improve existing antiviral animal models by humanizing animal CMV.
Characterization of the retraction response of goldfish retinal ganglion cell axons induced by monoclonal antibody 8A2 in vitro

Retraction similar to that occurring spontaneously in senescent axonal fields of goldfish regenerating ganglion cell axons is reliably induced by monoclonal antibody (mAb) 8A2. The retraction response is characterized by transformation of the growth cone into a nodular motile mass, which undergoes retrograde translocation in conjunction with the contiguous column of axoplasm, generating evacuated distal strands. The growth cone-to-motile mass transformation involves a reorganization of F-actin. In addition, the reorganization of F-actin is a necessary antecedent for retrograde bulk translocation of axoplasm. Contractile tension contributes to compaction within the motile mass, while that within the column of distal axoplasm is oriented longitudinally and appears to contribute to bulk movement. As a derivative of the growth cone, the motile mass exhibits protrusive activities and a capacity to translocate independently when microtubules are partially disrupted. Apparent compressive forces cause buckling of microtubules in the adjacent segment which appear as elbow-like protrusions. Cytochalasin D blocks mAb 8A2 induced retraction and immediately arrests retrograde translocation when it is in progress; however, neither nocodazole nor taxol blocks retraction. Phalloidin and immunofluorescence double labeling of retracted axons reveals that myosin 11, MLCK, and calmodulin co-localize with dense F-actin structures within the motile mass. These results suggest that microtubules play a subordinate, passive role, and that actomyosin interactions mediate the formation of the motile mass and the retraction response. Finally, axons grown on laminin exhibit a more robust retraction response than those grown on polylysine, implicating membrane-cytoskeletal interactions as modulating factors. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cost- and risk-benefit considerations in the management of clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular tumors.

Background: The high curability of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCTs) and the availability of equally effective management options (retroperitoneal lymph node dissection [RPLND] and surveillance) allows for treatment decisions based on secondary end points, including short- and long-term toxicity and cost relative to benefit. The purpose of this study was to perform cost-benefit and risk-benefit analyses of management options in clinical stage I NSGCT using data from the literature and Indiana University. Methods: The overall costs for 100 patients undergoing a primary RPLND were compared with the total costs of 100 patients managed by surveillance for clinical stage I disease. These two options were then analyzed in terms of survival, late relapse, acute and chronic toxicity (including fertility), and perioperative morbidity. Results: The overall costs of these two approaches were essentially identical. The two options were similar in terms of survival, although RPLND demonstrated superiority in terms of fertility, toxicity, and late relapse. Conclusions: The choice of nerve-sparing RPLND or surveillance in a clinical stage I NSGCT patient cannot be made on the basis of cost as a discriminator. Instead, the decision should be made based on patient desires, physician expertise, biological predictors, and short- and long-term toxicity.
Molecular dynamics simulations of uranyl and uranyl carbonate adsorption at aluminosilicate surfaces.

Adsorption at mineral surfaces is a critical factor controlling the mobility of uranium(VI) in aqueous environments. Therefore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate uranyl(VI) adsorption onto two neutral aluminosilicate surfaces, namely, the orthoclase (001) surface and the octahedral aluminum sheet of the kaolinite (001) surface. Although uranyl preferentially adsorbs as a bidentate inner-sphere complex on both surfaces, the free energy of adsorption on the orthoclase surface (−15 kcal mol–1) is significantly more favorable than that at the kaolinite surface (−3 kcal mol–1), which is attributed to differences in surface functional groups and the ability of the orthoclase surface to release a surface potassium ion upon uranyl adsorption. The structures of the adsorbed complexes compare favorably with X-ray absorption spectroscopy results. Simulations of the adsorption of uranyl complexes with up to three carbonate ligands revealed that uranyl complexes coordinated to up to two...
Short factorizations of permutations into transpositions

Abstract The number of factorizations of an n -cycle into n −1 transpositions is determined under the assumption that factorizations are counted as different if and only if they cannot be commuted into one another.
A technique for the sampling and analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in air.

Abstract The low Threshold Limit Values (TLV) of halogenated hydrocarbons tax the sensitivity of the conventional analytical techniques used for their quantitative analysis in air. A combustion tube technique using a phenol red absorbing solution is described which can detect one-tenth of the present TLV's of methyl iodine, methyl bromide and carbon tetrachloride and concentrations of one ppm or less of other halogenated hydrocarbons in a 10-liter air sample.
Scientific bases for harmonizing the meat trade

Abstract In 1987, the US tabled a proposal at the Punte del Este meeting of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The premise behind that proposal was that every citizen of the world has the right to have available foods that meet nutritional needs and are offered at an affordable price. This should be true for all nations regardless of economic or technological status, or political system.
Cooperative nitrogen insertion processes: Thermal transformation of N H 3 on a Si(100) surface

The thermal behavior of an ammonia-covered Si(100) surface is investigated by infrared spectroscopy and density functional methods. Upon adsorption at room temperature, $(\mathrm{Si})\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and Si-H species are formed on the surface. Comparison of the vibrational studies with density functional calculations suggests that the $(\mathrm{Si})\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ structures are preferentially located on the same side along the silicon dimer row on a $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ reconstructed Si(100) surface, although a mixture of different long-range configurations is likely formed. Decomposition of these $(\mathrm{Si})\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ species is observed to start at temperatures as low as $500\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Theoretical predictions of the vibrational modes indicate that at this point, the spectrum is composed of a combination of ${(\mathrm{Si})}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}$ and ${(\mathrm{Si})}_{3}\mathrm{N}$ vibrational signatures, which result from insertion of N into Si-Si bonds. Our computational study of the formation of ${(\mathrm{Si})}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}$ structures indicates that subsurface insertion is more feasible if the strain imposed during the insertion in a Si dimer is attenuated by a ${(\mathrm{Si})}_{2}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}$ structure already inserted in the neighboring dimer along the same silicon dimer row. This cooperative reaction lowers the energetic requirements for subsurface insertion, providing a theoretical explanation for the mechanism of thermal decomposition of $\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ on Si(100) and for other systems where subsurface migration is observed experimentally.
Age-dependent sensitivity of the rat to neurotoxic effects of streptomycin

Streptomycin sulfate (300 mg/kg s.c.) was injected for various periods into preweanling rats and for 3 weeks into weanling rats. Beginning at 8 days of age, body movement and hearing were examined for 6 and up to 17 weeks, respectively. Abnormal movements and deafness occurred only in rats treated during the preweaning period; within this period the greatest sensitivities for these abnormalities occurred from 2 to 11-17 and 5 to 11 days of age, respectively, indicating that the cochlea is more sensitive to streptomycin than the site (vestibular or central) responsible for the dyskinesias.
Urate nephropathy following chronic ileostomy acidosis

Normal renal function and normal urinalysis results in an 81-year-old man deteriorated over a 6-month period following an ileostomy, associated with metabolic acidosis, persistent aciduria, proteinuria, and a urinary sediment that showed numerous red blood cells, granular casts, and 'reactive' epithelial cells with intracellular uric acid (UA) crystals. These also formed extensive UA casts. Oral sodium bicarbonate therapy completely reversed all of the abnormalities. Renal biopsy, while it failed to demonstrate significant tubular obstruction, showed evidence of extensive epithelial cell injury. It is suggested that intestinal losses of bicarbonate resulted in persistent excretion of an acidic urine which promoted UA crystal formation within renal tubules and in epithelial cells which then caused cellular injury and the release of cytokines, leading to an altered regulation of the renal blood flow. The importance of microscopic techniques in the diagnosis is stressed along with the significance for managing both acute and chronic renal failure.
Computational study of a molecular collision process in the presence of an intense radiation field: Enhanced quenching of F by Xe in the 248-nm light of the KrF laser

A model is developed to describe collisional quenching in the presence of a radiation field within a close-coupled formalism. In this model the collision dynamics are treated in a simplified manner, ignoring Coriolis and angular-potential coupling, thus reducing the computational complexity of the problem. The model hence focuses on the radial coupling of the collision system to the radiation field. The process investigated with this model is the quenching of fluorine by xenon in the 248-nm radiation field of a KrF laser. The mechanism for the radiative contribution to the quenching cross section is absorption of a photon by XeF followed by stimulated emission of a photon to the XeF ground state, the intermediate state being an excimer state of the XeF molecule. Thus, there is no net loss of photons from the radiation field and (in the language of perturbation theory) the process is of second order. The quenching cross section is calculated for collision energies in the range 0.05 to 0.25 eV and for field intensities of 0, 10, 100, and 1000 GW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Results indicate that field intensity of 10-100 GW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ should have an experimentally observable effect on the quenching of fluorine by xenon at thermal collision energies.
Psychometric properties of the SCARED in youth with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk of developing co-occurring anxiety symptoms. However, the assessment of anxiety symptoms in this population is often challenging for researchers and clinicians. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of a questionnaire measure of child anxiety symptoms, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), in school-aged children and adolescents with high-functioning ASD. Children and parents recruited for an anxiety treatment study completed the SCARED—parent and child versions prior to the start of treatment. Both versions demonstrated factor structures, internal reliability, and score distributions largely consistent with those from typically developing samples ( Birmaher et al., 1999 ). The SCARED showed moderate convergent validity with a structured clinical interview and had good sensitivity and specificity. Differences were explored by child age, gender, and ethnicity. Together, these findings support the use of the SCARED as a valid assessment tool in an ASD population.
The Impact of the 80-Hour Work Week on Appropriate Resident Case Coverage

Background On July 1, 2003, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) required restriction of resident duty hours. Surgical programs were concerned about an expected decrease in operative experience. In our previous study, resident case coverage remained constant with the institution of the restricted duty hours. Several years later, we hypothesized that the level of resident coverage would be less appropriate. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was performed of elective cases scheduled for an academic general surgery practice over three time periods: 1 y prior to institution of restricted duty hours; 1 y later; 3 y later. Data collected included procedure performed, number of attending surgeons and residents present, and resident level. Resident level was defined as appropriate if it matched or exceeded the complexity of the procedure. Results From July 2002 to June 2003, 890 records of 1278 scheduled cases were available for review. From July 2004 to June 2005, 961 records of 1182 cases were available. From July 2006 to June 2007, 1029 of 1171 records were available. Case coverage was the same or better in the latest time period overall and for each resident level. An appropriate level resident was available for senior level cases similarly during all periods. During the last period, junior and intermediate level cases were more often covered by a resident at the appropriate level of training. Conclusions The restricted duty hours have not negatively affected resident case coverage. The level of resident available for operative cases has remained constant for senior level cases. Junior and intermediate level cases were more often covered by an appropriate level resident.
Does more connectivity help groups to solve social problems

A growing literature on human networks suggests that the way we are connected influences both individual and group outcomes. Recent experimental studies in the social and computer sciences have claimed that higher network connectivity helps individuals solve coordination problems. However, this is not always the case, especially when we consider complex coordination tasks; we demonstrate that networks can have both constraining edges that inhibit collective action and redundant edges that encourage it. We show that the constraints imposed by additional edges can impede coordination even though these edges also increase communication. By contrast, edges that do not impose additional constraints facilitate coordination, as described in previous work. We explain why the negative effect of constraint trumps the positive effect of communication by analyzing coordination games as a special case of widely-studied constraint satisfaction problems. The results help us to understand the importance of problem complexity and network connections, and how different types of connections can influence real-world coordination.
Cockpit Displays and Annunciation to Help Reduce the Loss of Control (LOC) or Lack of Control (LAC) Accident Risks

This paper describes some practical cockpit aural annunciation and visual display concepts that have been developed to help reduce the risk of Loss of Control (LOC) and / or Lack of Control (LAC) by bringing awareness of the possible development of unusual attitude or stall conditions to the pilots. An additional objective was to provide sufficient information to aid in the recovery from the loss of control. The approach taken by the team in developing any solution was to minimize the impact on the cockpit both from the pilot understanding and training as well as the overall cost to implement into the avionics suite. Using this approach, our team developed several potential solutions. One of our solutions was to add a corrective roll arrow to the attitude indicator when an excessive bank angle is detected. A proposed preventative measure is integration of Synthetic Vision System into the head down primary flight display. Additional solutions utilized aural annunciations to alert the pilot to inappropriate flap settings and low airspeed conditions.
African Responses to Christian Mission Education

Missionary domination of African education is a dying phenomenon. Today's church-affiliated institutions in Africa, while still mindful of their proselytizing duties, subordinate their religious messages to the rigors of academic preparation. The realities of contemporary African nation-building preclude any other course. Just as increasing nationalistic impulses and socio-economic considerations during the 19th century forced European politicians to recognize that education of their youth was too important to be left to the various confessions, so increasingly are African leaders coming to a similar conclusion. The shift from denominational to state control of the educational system is well advanced in many nations. In 1942, 97% of Nigeria's student population was enrolled in missionary schools; today missionary education has been banned in the East Central State of Nigeria—the heartland of the highly Christianized Ibos—and is steadily declining with the strengthening of the Local Education Authorities in other areas of Nigeria (Coleman, 1958: 113). As recently as 1950, missionary schools accounted for 97% of the total enrollment in Ghanaian schools; twelve years later the government assumed the responsibility tor the payment of salaries of all teachers, irrespective of the type of school in which they taught (Anim, 1966: 189). In an attempt to remove the school issue from the arena of sectarian politics the government of Uganda abolished the posts of mission school supervisors in 1963, placing their functions in the hands of secular authorities (Hindmarsh, 1966: 145). In 1945 there were 5,360 mission-run schools for Africans in South Africa and only 230 state-sponsored schools;
Counterpulsation Effects of Coronary Blood Flow and Cardiac Oxygen Utilization

Counterpulsation in dogs with normal systemic arterial blood pressure produced a reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption without a significant concomitant change in total coronary flow. In dogs with a deteriorating heart and low systemic arterial blood pressure, myocardial oxygen consumption became dependent on coronary flow. Under these circumstances, counterpulsation produced an increase in coronary flow, and with it a secondary augmentation of cardiac oxygen consumption. Counterpulsation reduced the mean systemic arterial blood pressure during ventricular ejection to a greater degree when the control level of this pressure was normal than when it was hypotensive. This lessened effect may also occur when the heart has deteriorated. The mechanisms involved in causing the several effects of counterpulsation are discussed.
MODELING PATIENT CARE FOR MULTIMEDIA DATABASE

In the medical arena, the number of uses for new technology is increasing rapidly. In the last few decades, physicians have been using more computerized tools and are basing their diagnoses on high-tech lab results. While the tools used for diagnoses -- such as catscans, MRI’s and the myriad of other high-tech equipment -- have improved greatly over the years, the method of storing these results into a medical record has not changed much. In fact, the medical system is using antiquated methods of paperbased record, and this results in inefficiency. The recordkeeping system simply does not allow for the high-tech equipment to be used to their greatest potential. Medical professionals are confronted with a basic issue: How should they manage the huge amount of different types of information so that they can improve medical treatment and upgrade patient care? The case study presented in this paper deals with the Emory Clinic, located in Atlanta, Georgia, which treats a very high volume of patients. This paper provides a study of the patient care process, development of an initial product data model, characterizes and identifies multimedia datasets and finally presents a screen mockup that reflect some of the datasets.
Progression of Common Variable Immunodeficiency Interstitial Lung Disease Accompanies Distinct Pulmonary and Laboratory Findings

Background Common variable immunodeficiency may be complicated by interstitial lung disease, which leads to worsened morbidity and mortality in some. Although immunomodulatory treatment has efficacy, choice of patient, duration of treatment, and long-term follow-up are not available. Interstitial lung disease appears stable in certain instances, so it is not known whether all patients will develop progressive disease or require immunomodulatory therapy. Objective This study aims to determine if all common variable immunodeficiency patients with interstitial lung disease have physiological worsening, and if clinical and/or laboratory parameters may correlate with disease progression. Methods A retrospective review of medical records at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York was conducted for referred patients with common variable immunodeficiency, CT scan-confirmed interstitial lung disease, and periodic pulmonary function testing covering 20 or more months before immunomodulatory therapy. Fifteen patients were identified from the retrospective review and included in this study. Results Of the 15 patients with common variable immunodeficiency, 9 had physiological worsening of interstitial lung disease adapted from consensus guidelines, associated with significant reductions in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. Those with progressive lung disease also had significantly lower mean immunoglobulin G levels, greater increases and highest levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM), and more significant thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Interstitial lung disease resulted in physiological worsening in many, but not all subjects, and was associated with suboptimal immunoglobulin G replacement. Those with worsening pulmonary function tests, elevated IgM, and severe thrombocytopenic episodes appear to be at highest risk for progressive disease. Such patients may benefit from immunomodulatory treatment.
Lis1–Nde1-dependent neuronal fate control determines cerebral cortical size and lamination

Neurons in the cerebral cortex originate predominantly from asymmetrical divisions of polarized radial glial or neuroepithelial cells. Fate control of neural progenitors through regulating cell division asymmetry determines the final cortical neuronal number and organization. Haploinsufficiency of human LIS1 results in type I lissencephaly (smooth brain) with severely reduced surface area and laminar organization of the cerebral cortex. Here we show that LIS1 and its binding protein Nde1 (mNudE) regulate the fate of radial glial progenitors collaboratively. Mice with an allelic series of Lis1 and Nde1 double mutations displayed a striking dose-dependent size reduction and de-lamination of the cerebral cortex. The neocortex of the Lis1-Nde1 double mutant mice showed over 80% reduction in surface area and inverted neuronal layers. Dramatically increased neuronal differentiation at the onset of corticogenesis in the mutant led to overproduction and abnormal development of earliest-born preplate neurons and Cajal-Retzius cells at the expense of progenitors. While both Lis1 and Nde1 are known to regulate the mitotic spindle orientation, only a moderate alteration in mitotic cleavage orientation was detected in the Lis1-Nde1 double deficient progenitors. Instead, a striking change in the morphology of metaphase progenitors with reduced apical attachment to the ventricular surface and weakened lateral contacts to neighboring cells appear to hinder the accurate control of cell division asymmetry and underlie the dramatically increased neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that maintaining the shape and cell-cell interactions of radial glial neuroepithelial progenitors by the Lis1-Nde1 complex is essential for their self renewal during the early phase of corticogenesis.
Primary operative versus nonoperative therapy for pediatric empyema: a meta-analysis.

Objective. The optimal treatment of children with empyema remains controversial. The purpose of this review was to compare reported results of nonoperative and primary operative therapy for the treatment of pediatric empyema. Methods. A systematic comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted with the PubMed (National Library of Medicine) database for the period from 1981 to 2004. This reproducible search identified all publications dealing with treatment of empyema in the pediatric population ( Results. Sixty-seven studies were reviewed. Data were aggregated from reports of children initially treated nonoperatively (3418 cases from 54 studies) and of children treated with a primary operative approach (363 cases from 25 studies). The populations were similar in age. Patients who underwent primary operative therapy had a lower aggregate in-hospital mortality rate (0% vs 3.3%), reintervention rate (2.5% vs 23.5%), length of stay (10.8 vs 20.0 days), duration of tube thoracostomy (4.4 vs 10.6 days), and duration of antibiotic therapy (12.8 vs 21.3 days), compared with patients who underwent nonoperative therapy. In 8 studies for which meta-analysis was possible, patients who received primary operative therapy were found to have a pooled relative risk of failure of 0.09, compared with those who did not. Meta-analysis could not be performed for any of the other outcome measures investigated in this review. Similar complication rates were observed for the 2 groups (5% vs 5.6%). Conclusions. These aggregate results suggest that primary operative therapy is associated with a lower in-hospital mortality rate, reintervention rate, length of stay, time with tube thoracostomy, and time of antibiotic therapy, compared with nonoperative treatment. The meta-analysis demonstrates a significantly reduced relative risk of failure among patients treated operatively.
Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms over her child's life span: Relation to adrenocortical, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning in children

Maternal depression has a number of adverse effects on children. In the present study, maternal depressive symptoms were assessed (using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) when their child was 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 4.25 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, and 10 years of age. At 9.5 years of age, children's (94 females, 82 males) depressive symptoms as well as cardiovascular and cortisol levels during baseline and two psychologically stressful tasks were measured. Using multilevel modeling, maternal depressive symptom trajectories were considered in relation to their child's adrenocortical and cardiovascular responses to acute stress. Our goal was to determine maternal depressive symptom trajectories for children with elevated cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute stress and elevated depressive symptoms. In general, those mothers with chronically elevated depressive symptoms over their child's life span had children with lower initial cortisol, higher cardiac output and stroke volume in response to acute stress, lower vascular resistance during acute stress tasks, and significantly more depressive symptoms at 9.5 years of age. These results are discussed in the context of established associations among hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, depression, and cardiovascular disease.
The Global Distribution and Dynamics of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter

Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is a ubiquitous component of the open ocean dissolved matter pool, and is important owing to its influence on the optical properties of the water column, its role in photochemistry and photobiology, and its utility as a tracer of deep ocean biogeochemical processes and circulation. In this review, we discuss the global distribution and dynamics of CDOM in the ocean, concentrating on developments in the past 10 years and restricting our discussion to open ocean and deep ocean (below the main thermocline) environments. CDOM has been demonstrated to exert primary control on ocean color by its absorption of light energy, which matches or exceeds that of phytoplankton pigments in most cases. This has important implications for assessing the ocean biosphere via ocean color–based remote sensing and the evaluation of ocean photochemical and photobiological processes. The general distribution of CDOM in the global ocean is controlled by a balance between production (pri...
Giant magnetoresistance: a primer

An introduction to the phenomenon of giant magnetoresistance is presented. It is pointed out that the giant magnetoresistance effect appears in a number of ultrathin multilayer systems in which thin magnetic films, a few tens of AA thick, are separated by nonmagnetic metal films, also on the order of tens of AA thick. For the effect to appear, the primary requirement is that the relative orientation of successive magnetic layers must be susceptible to change by the application of a magnetic field. The basic physical origin of the effect is the differential scattering of electrons parallel to and antiparallel to the local magnetization. This differential scattering arises either from the character of the scattering centers or in the different density of states functions for the two spin species. The giant magnetoresistive effect is of interest because of its potential utility in magnetoresistive read heads in the information storage industry. >
New therapeutic approaches to Crohn's disease.

Crohn's disease is an idiopathic, immunologically mediated disorder in which medically or surgically induced remissions are followed by relapses. The goals of treatment are to induce and then maintain remission through the long-term use of nontoxic agents.1 Several medications that are effective in the short term do not result in sustained remission, and conversely, agents used for maintenance may have minimal effects on active disease. For example, prednisone usually suppresses active inflammation, but long-term use is associated with high rates of relapse and unacceptable toxicity. The most effective drugs for maintenance therapy — mercaptopurine and azathioprine — have limited immediate . . .
Image modeling using inverse filtering criteria with application to texture images

Higher-than second-order statistics are used in the paper to derive and implement two classes of inverse filtering criteria for consistent parameter estimation of asymmetric noncausal ARMA image models with known orders. Contrary to existing approaches, FIR inverse filters are employed and as a result image models with zeros on the unit bi-circle can be handled. The performance of these parameter estimators is evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations and texture classification experiments. >
Sexual Subjectivity Revisited The Significance of Relationships in Dutch and American Girls’ Experiences of Sexuality

In-depth interviews with white middle-class Dutch and American girls demonstrate two important differences in the cultural beliefs and processes that shape their negotiation of heterosexuality. First, Dutch girls are able to integrate their sexual selves into their relationships with their parents, while reconciling sexuality with daughterhood is difficult for the American girls. Second, American girls face adult and peer cultures skeptical about whether teenagers can sustain the feelings and relationships that legitimate sexual activity, while Dutch girls are assumed to be able to fall in love and form steady sexual relationships. This research suggests important differences in institutionalized forms of heterosexuality. It also suggests the significance of girls’ relationships, and the cultural perceptions and processes that shape those relationships, for their sexual subjectivity.
A domain mimic increases ΔF508 CFTR trafficking and restores cAMP-stimulated anion secretion in cystic fibrosis epithelia

The major disease-causing mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is deletion of phenylalanine 508 (ΔF508), which adversely affects processing and plasma membrane...
Implementation of JAC3D on The NCUBE/ten

An implementation is presented for JAC3D on a massively parallel hypercube computer. JACSD, a three dimensional finite element code developed at Sandia, uses several hundred hours of Cray time each year in solving structural analysis problems. Two major areas of investigation are discussed: (1) the development of general methods, data structures, and routines to communicate information between processors, and (2) the implementation and evaluation of four algorithms to map problems onto the node processors of the hypercube in a loadbalanced fashion. The performance of JACJD on the NCUBE/ten is compared with that on a Cray X-MP: the NCUBE/ten version presently takes 20% more compute time than the Cray. On a larger simulation which used more of the NCUBE's memory, the NCUBE/ten would take less compute time than the Cray. Current activity on the newer NCUBE 2 hypercube is summarized which should lead to an order of magnitude improvement in run-time performance for the massively parallel solution of structural analysis problems.
Regulation of heat production by large moths.

1. Moths ‘warm-up’ prior to flight at mean rates of 4.06° C./min. in Celerio lineata and 2.5° C./min. in Rothschildia jacobae . The abdominal temperature rises only 2-3° C. during activity. 2. Oxygen consumption of torpid sphinx moths increases by a factor of 2.27 as temperature changes from 26° to 36° C. 3. Oxygen consumption during ‘warm-up’ increases with duration of ‘warm-up’ from about 1000 µl./g. min during the initial 30 sec. to nearly 1600µl./g. min. during the 3rd min. This increase compensates for increasing heat loss from the thorax during ‘warm-up‘. 4. When the moths are regulating thoracic temperature, oxygen consumption increases with decreasing air temperature from a mean of about 400µl./g. min at 31° C. to about 650µl./g. min. at 26° C 5. Values of O 2 consumption calculated from the cooling curve of C. lineata are about 85% of the measured values of O 2 consumption. 6. The giant silk moth, Rothschildia jacobae , regulates thoracic temperature during activity between about 32° and 36° C. at ambient temperature from 17° to 29° C. Moths kept at high temperatures are active longer, have more periods of activity and expend more energy for thermoregulation than moths kept at low temperatures. 7. Large moths increase metabolism during active periods to offset heat loss and thereby maintain a relatively constant internal temperature. In this regard they may be considered endothermic, like birds and mammals. 8. We estimate that male moths use 10% of their stored fat for thermoregulation, while females may use 50%.
You Win Some, You Lose Some: The Framing of Incentives

We use behavioral decision and agency theory to examine how the framing of contingent compensation affects agent preferences and behaviors in three separate studies sampling business undergraduates, MBAs, and physicians. In general, we found support for the risk aversion assumptions of agency theory, as well as the loss aversion posited by prospect theory. In particular, we found agents preferred contracts where there was a higher probability of achieving benchmark goals, and that agents were generally more willing to sacrifice their leisure and less likely to shirk when faced with contingent incentive contracts. We also found that the framing of an incentive as a loss (penalty), rather than a galn (bonus), resulted in a greater willingness to go beyond requirements (organizational citizenship behaviors) and to engage in "mis" behavior (e.g. misrepresenting results, sabotage, and the like). Finally, we found that the framing of incentive affected physicians' recommendations for patient care. Specifically, primary care physicians faced with potential losses were more likely to retain and treat patients themselves rather than refer them to specialists or recommend hospitalization. Physicians found that the procedural fairness of three different compensation plans (salary, fee-for-service and capitation) was equivalent. However, despite equal expected values, the physicians indicated that losses were always distributively unfair.
On the Rhetoric of Dissenting Judges: Ideology, History, and Politics in Obergefell v. Hodges

In this article, I identify and look critically at the ideological themes that form the foundation of the dissenting opinions in Obergefell et al. v. Hodges. I contend that these themes speak to much larger issues surrounding the nature of our democracy and why accommodating different ways of being continues to face daunting legal, social, and political hurdles.
Prevalence and Harm Perceptions of Various Tobacco Products Among College Students

INTRODUCTION Although use of non-cigarette alternative tobacco products (ATPs) is increasingly prevalent in the United States, little is known about the varying patterns of tobacco use among college students. This study examined prevalence of ATP use and differences across 4 groups of students (nontobacco, cigarette-only, polytobacco, and ATP-only users) on perceptions of danger and beliefs about government safety evaluation of tobacco products. METHODS An online survey was administered to 5,028 students attending 7 public universities within a larger university system (M age = 20.5 years, 59.6% female, 54.6% Hispanic/Latino). Multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate differences between the 4 groups on perceived danger of tobacco products and beliefs regarding government safety evaluation of these products. RESULTS Prevalence of ATP use among the sample ranged from 0.4% for dissolvable tobacco to 10.8% for hookah. Group membership was significantly associated with perceived danger of each tobacco product, whereby cigarette-only and ATP-only users reported significantly higher levels of perceived danger for most ATPs than did polytobacco users. Furthermore, cigarette-only, polytobacco, and ATP-only users were significantly more likely than nonusers to believe that the government evaluates some tobacco products for safety. CONCLUSIONS ATP use among young adult college students is prevalent. Furthermore, students who use ATPs in conjunction with cigarettes (i.e., polytobacco users) appear to be at highest risk for the continuation and subsequent dependence on nicotine, given their danger perceptions and beliefs of government evaluation. Future research examining trajectories of use, particularly among polytobacco users, is needed.
Block Copolymer Lithography

This Perspective addresses the current state of block copolymer lithography and identifies key challenges and opportunities within the field. Significant strides in experimental and theoretical thin film research have nucleated the transition of block copolymers “from lab to fab”, but outstanding questions remain about the optimal materials, processes, and analytical techniques for first-generation devices and beyond. Particular attention herein is focused on advances and issues related to thermal annealing. Block copolymers are poised to change the traditional lithographic resolution enhancement paradigm from “top-down” to “bottom-up”.
Use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Stabilize a Polytrauma Patient During Intramedullary Nailing of a Femoral Fracture: A Case Report.

Case: An eighteen-year-old polytrauma patient sustained multiple nonorthopaedic and orthopaedic injuries, including a closed femoral shaft fracture. She was started on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for respiratory failure. After added resuscitation and stabilization, she underwent intramedullary nailing of the femoral fracture while on ECMO on the third day after the injury. She remained stable throughout the case and recovered after a prolonged hospital course. At the most recent clinical follow-up, she was walking without assistance and had union of the fracture. Conclusions: ECMO successfully stabilized and mitigated any potential pulmonary complications during intramedullary nailing of a femoral shaft fracture in an unstable patient with polytrauma.
Effect of Cyromazine on the Oviposition of Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Laboratory

One- to two-day-old Mexican fruit fly adults, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), were not deterred from feeding continuously or Jor periods of 1, 3, and 5 d on diet containing either 1 x 103 or 1 x 104 ppm cyromazine. Although flies behaved normally after feeding, egg production was significantly reduced. Cyromazine did not appear to affect males. Those females fed a single meal containing >1.5 x 103 ppm cyromazine had significantly fewer eggs compared with the control.
Reason analysis of gland seal pipeline vibration for 600MW turbine and its improvement

Gland seal pipeline vibration occurred many times during its operation for 600 MW turbine set made by Harbin Turbine Company Limited.The countermeasures were presented after found tested analyzed its reasons,with which it can be eliminated.
Semitendinosis Muscle Development in Several Strains of Fetal and Perinatal Pigs

At 110 d of gestation, fetuses were removed from Ossabaw, Yorkshire and crossbred sows and from sows selected for high (obese) or for low (lean) backfat thickness. Ossabaw and obese fetuses were smaller than lean, Yorkshire and crossbred fetuses (595 +/- 32 and 863 +/- 44 g vs 1,030 +/- 77, 1,380 +/- 1,144 +/- 80 g; means +/- SE), respectively. Minimum fiber diameters in the semitendinosus muscle were larger in obese, lean and Ossabaw fetuses than in Yorkshire and crossbred fetuses (12.9 +/- .3, 12.5 +/- .2 and 11.8 +/- .2 micron vs 10.2 +/- .2 and 11.1 +/- .8 micron), respectively. Histochemical analysis for NADH-tetrazoleum reductase (NADH-TR) and esterase activities indicated no fiber type differentiation and no strain differences. Fiber type differentiation was obvious with acid ATPase histochemistry in muscles from all fetuses. The white portion of the semitendinosus from Ossabaw, obese and lean fetuses had many fibers that contained no histochemically detectable lipid (oil red O staining). The unstained fibers (oil red O) were always the most peripherally located fibers in a fasciculi. In some instances, 50% of the fibers in a fasciculi were not stained for lipid. All the fibers in the red portion of muscle from Ossabaw, obese and lean fetuses contained lipid. All the fibers in the red and white portions of muscles from crossbred and Yorkshire fetuses contained lipid. Muscles from young (1 to 2 d old) Ossabaw, Yorkshire and crossbred pigs were also histochemically analyzed. Analysis for NADH-TR, esterase and alkaline phosphatase (capillary staining) activities indicated no fiber type differentiation and no strain differences. As in the fetuses, the white portion of muscle from Ossabaw pigs had many fibers with no lipid (oil red O). Lipid was present in all fibers in the deep portions of muscle from Ossabaws and in all fibers in both portions of muscle from crossbred and Yorkshire pigs. These results indicate that when lipid staining is used as the criterion, fiber type differentiation is evident in muscle from fetuses and young pigs from strains not genetically selected for muscling (Ossabaw, obese and lean strains). Furthermore, fiber type differentiation is not evident in muscle from strains of pigs genetically selected for greater muscling (crossbred and Yorkshires).