cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preface to the National Lawyers Guild Review, 69-1

Introduces: 1. Free But No Liberty: How Florida Contravenes the Voting Rights Act by Preventing Persons Previously Convicted of Felonies from Voting by Caitlin Shay & Zachary Zarnow. 2. Connick v. Thompson: The Costs of Valuing Immunity Over Innocence by Hannah Autry. 3. The Legacy of ACT UP's Policies and Actions from 1987-1994 by Nathan H. Madson.
Age-related Reductions of Cerebral Blood Flow and White Matter Integrity by High-Field Perfusion and Diffusion MRI

Background: While neuroimaging findings of decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in healthy aging have been inconsistent, age-related degradation of white matter has been reported using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). In order to identify imaging features which distinguish healthy aging from neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it is important to fully characterize age related changes. The objectives of this study, therefore, were 1) to determine the regional pattern of age-related CBF reduction, 2) to determine the regional variation of age-related DTI alterations, 3) to identify correlations between cortical CBF reduction and subcortical DTI alterations.
No Country for Soviet Men: Case Report of a Deported Stateless Aggravated Felon's Stay in Purgatory

This essay provides a case report of a stateless deported former Soviet citizen living in Southern California under indefinite home arrest and subject to prospects of removal at any time to a location of the United States' choosing. The essay concludes there are limited legal options available to the deportee to contest his circumstances.
Aqueous Photochemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol of α-Pinene and α-Humulene in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide or Inorganic Salts

The effect of common atmospheric solutes on aqueous-phase aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was explored under irradiated and dark conditions. SOA particles were produced from dark ozonolysi...
Cyber-Physical Emulation and Optimization of Worst-Case Cyber Attacks on the Power Grid

In this paper we report preliminary results from the novel coupling of cyber-physical emulation and interdiction optimization to better understand the impact of a CrashOverride malware attack on a notional electric system. We conduct cyber experiments where CrashOverride issues commands to remote terminal units (RTUs) that are controlling substations within a power control area. We identify worst-case loss of load outcomes with cyber interdiction optimization; the proposed approach is a bilevel formulation that incorporates RTU mappings to controllable loads, transmission lines, and generators in the upper-level (attacker model), and a DC optimal power flow (DCOPF) in the lower-level (defender model). Overall, our preliminary results indicate that the interdiction optimization can guide the design of experiments instead of performing a “full factorial” approach. Likewise, for systems where there are important dependencies between SCADA/ICS controls and power grid operations, the cyber-physical emulations should drive improved parameterization and surrogate models that are applied in scalable optimization techniques.
Using Forcing Functions to Improve Student Preparedness in an Operating Systems and Networking Class

In this poster, we describe our experiences with improving student preparedness in a junior-level course, Introduction to Operating Systems and Networking, that is taught in multiple modalities. The course is designed around the use of Active Learning techniques and the face-to-face version uses the Flipped Classroom model. Course content, termed 'preparatory work', is delivered to students via lecture videos and online readings/tutorials. Students then engage with the course material via hands-on, application-oriented activities. One of the challenges we faced when we first 'flipped' this class is that students would not perform the necessary preparatory work before class. To address this issue, we explored the use of forcing functions, i.e., course design elements that help ensure the completion of preparatory work by students. We discuss the different forms of forcing functions that we used and present preliminary results on their effectiveness in improving preparedness.
Gastric Cancer Among American Indian and Alaska Native Populations in the United States, 2005-2016.

Introduction American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations have higher gastric cancer rates than the general US population. This study provides a comprehensive overview of incidence rates among AI/AN persons during 2005-2016 compared with non-Hispanic whites (whites). Methods Population-based cancer registry data for 2005-2016 were linked with the Indian Health Service patient registration databases to address racial misclassification. Age-adjusted gastric cancer incidence rates were expressed per 100,000 per year. Incidence and trend analyses were restricted to purchased/referred care delivery area counties in 6 geographic regions, comparing gastric cancer incidence rates for AI/AN vs white populations in the United States. Results Gastric cancer rates were higher in the AI/AN compared with white populations in nearly every US region. Incidence rates for central/distal portions of the stomach were higher in AI/AN individuals compared with whites. Rates of later stage gastric cancer were higher in AI/AN populations overall and in every region except the Pacific Coast and East. Incidence rates decreased significantly over time in both populations. Declining rates in the AI/AN populations were driven by changes in the Pacific Coast and Northern Plains regions. Discussion AI/AN populations have a disproportionately high incidence of gastric cancer, especially in Alaska. High incidence in the central/distal portions of the stomach among AI/AN populations likely reflects a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in these populations. These data can be used to develop interventions to reduce risk factors and improve access to health services among AI/AN people at high risk for gastric cancer.
Dimensional reduction upon calcium incorporation in Cs0.3(Ca0.3Ln0.7)PS4 and Cs0.5(Ca0.5Ln0.5)PS4

Two series of new lanthanide thiophosphates with partial Ca occupancy of the Ln sites, Cs0.3(Ca0.3Ln0.7)PS4 (Ln = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) and Cs0.5(Ca0.5Ln0.5)PS4 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb), were synthesized using a CsI flux and structurally characterized. The first series with an idealized formula of Cs0.3(Ca0.3Ln0.7)PS4 crystallizes in the Rm space group and belongs to a new structure type that consists of a channel containing [(Ca0.3Ln0.7)PS4]0.3− framework, where the channels are occupied by severely disordered Cs+ cations. A second new series with formula Cs0.5(Ca0.5Ln0.5)PS4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group and exhibits a layered structure consisting of [(Ca0.5Ln0.5)PS4]0.5− layers with Cs+ cations located between the layers for charge balance. Together with the parent structure type, LnPS4, these three structure types illustrate how the LnPS4 structure changes with Cs+ cation incorporation, reducing its dimensionality from 3D to 2D. The magnetic properties of Cs0.3[(Ca0.3Ce0.7)PS4] and Cs0.3[(Ca0.3Pr0.7)PS4] were studied and revealed no magnetic transition down to 2 K.
Do the Practitioners’ Level of Systems-Thinking Skills Differ across Sector Types?

The turbulent nature of the business environment is increasing with the complexity of solving problems and making accurate decisions. In response, system thinking has been considered as a potential solution that offers a comprehensive understanding of organizational structures. Addressing problems in complex systems requires not only technical and business knowledge but also good understanding of organization ownership structure and sector type where practitioners they are working at. This research assesses practitioners’ level of systems thinking (ST) skills based on the sector type they are working at. It is hypothesized that practitioners from different sectors possess strength in different ST skills. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect the data from practitioners from different sectors, followed by a multi-group structural equation modeling and post-hoc Tukey HSD tests to compare an individual’s systems thinking skills across three different groups of private, non-profit, and public sectors. Research results provide some insights on how sector type moderate a practitioner’s systems thinking aptitude toward complex problem-solving.
Casein‐enhanced uptake and disease‐modifying bioactivity of ingested extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cardiac stromal cells, developed as therapeutic candidates, improve dystrophic muscle function when administered parenterally, but oral delivery remains untested. We find that casein, the dominant protein in breast milk, enhances the uptake and bioactivity of ingested heart-derived EVs, altering gene expression in blood cells and enhancing muscle function in mdx mice with muscular dystrophy. Thus, EVs, administered orally, are absorbed and exert disease-modifying bioactivity in vivo. Formulating EVs with casein enhances uptake and markedly expands the range of potential therapeutic applications.
Is Veno-Arterial ECMO as Safe and Effective as Veno-Venous ECMO for Bridging to Lung Transplantation?

Purpose Veno-venous Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VV ECMO) has been used as a bridge to lung transplantation with acceptable outcomes. Patients with primary or secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension and/or right ventricular dysfunction have a higher risk profile and will need Veno-arterial ECMO (VA ECMO) as a bridge to lung transplantation. There is limited information on outcome of lung transplantation after VA ECMO. We hypothesized that VA ECMO, as part of a multidisciplinary ECMO program yields similar outcomes as VV ECMO as a bridge in lung transplantation. Methods Records of all patients who had undergone ECMO with the intention to bridge to lung transplantation from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2020 were reviewed. VV ECMO was performed via a single site dual lumen cannula or via dual peripheral cannulation sites. VA ECMO was performed via peripheral vessels or central cannulation without sternotomy. Results During this interval, 58 patients were placed on ECMO with the intention to bridge to lung transplantation: 27 on VV ECMO, and 31 on VA ECMO. 84% of patients on ECMO as a bridge were breathing spontaneously and ambulatory. Median duration of VV and VA ECMO were 7 days and 21 days, respectively. Incidence of ECMO-related complications were similar in the two groups. 81% of VV ECMO and 81% of VA ECMO patients underwent lung transplantation. Incidence of Primary Graft Dysfunction III at 72 hours in the VV ECMO and the VA ECMO cohorts were 0% and 4%, respectively. Median Intensive Care Unit and hospital stay of the two groups were similar. 30 days and in-hospital survival of the VV ECMO and VA ECMO groups were 100% and 96%, (p=NS). 1-year and 3-year survival of the two groups were also similar, AND did not differ when compared to the contemporary cohort of lung transplant recipients that were not bridged with ECMO. Conclusion VA ECMO, as part of a multi-disciplinary ECMO team, can be used as a bridge to lung transplantation, with similar outcomes as VV ECMO. Moreover, in this selected cohort, the short and medium term survival of bridged patients is similar to non-bridged patients.
Enhancing Innovation Capacity in Local Governments: How can Innovation Labs Make a Contribution?

Facing the increasing demand for innovation to solve public and social problems, many government organizations recently set up innovation labs to strengthen their capacity to introduce new and innovative solutions. Yet, our knowledge about the actual contribution of those innovation labs to increasing innovation capacity is still limited. To address this research gap, this paper proposes a comparative case study to further illustrate how those innovation labs make contributions to enhance innovation capacity in the local governments. An analytical framework of innovation capacity is proposed to guide the study and the next steps are outlined for empirical analysis.
Design and Implementation of Image Recognition for Package Crack of Dry-type Air-core Reactor Package

To deal with image recognition for package of dry type reactor crack, An improved method based on yolov3 neural network and visual saliency is proposed to identify cracks in complex environment. First of all, the defect location of package crack is carried out by using yolov3 algorithm; This paper presents an improved visual saliency method for crack detection with complex background, images are preprocessed by SLIC algorithm and Gaussian noise reduction algorithm, finally, the defect area is located after the saliency algorithm is used to calculate the processed image. experimental results show that the detection results of this method are suitable for actual scene.
Actionable Insights in Urban Multivariate Time-series

Multivariate time-series data are gaining popularity in various urban applications, such as emergency management, public health, etc. Segmentation algorithms mostly focus on identifying discrete events with changing phases in such data. For example, consider a power outage scenario during a hurricane. Each time-series can represent the number of power failures in a county for a time period. Segments in such time-series are found in terms of different phases, such as, when a hurricane starts, counties face severe damage, and hurricane ends. Disaster management domain experts typically want to identify the most affected counties (time-series of interests) during these phases. These can be effective for retrospective analysis and decision-making for resource allocation to those regions to lessen the damage. However, getting these actionable counties directly (either by simple visualization or looking into the segmentation algorithm) is typically hard. Hence we introduce and formalize a novel problem RaTSS (Rationalization for time-series segmentation) that aims to find such time-series (rationalizations), which are actionable for the segmentation. We also propose an algorithm Find-RaTSS to find them for any black-box segmentation. We show Find-RaTSS outperforms non-trivial baselines on generalized synthetic and real data, also provides actionable insights in multiple urban domains, especially disasters and public health.
Colorscape: a creative artificial ecosystem model of communication and collective creativity in global participatory science

With the increasing use of cyberinfrastructure and popularity of e-Science initiatives, science is becoming truly globalized, reducing barriers to entry and enabling formation of open and global networked innovation communities. Yet, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that govern such globalized communities. Meanwhile, creative artificial ecosystem metaphors and interaction processes among communities have potential to shed light on the effects of communication styles in the emergence of global knowledge communities. So, this study explores how networks of scientifc communities and epistemic cultures form and evolve, what network patterns emerge from different socio-technical communication theories, and the relationship between environmental constraints, community traits, and innovation performance and potential. Understanding scientific communities and their associated communication networks is key to understanding the dynamics of knowledge creation, as well as formation and growth of scientifc communities to facilitate informed science and innovation policy-making. A benefit of this research is to offer federal agencies a computer-aided decision-making tool so as to evaluate investment decision and policies. To this end, an agent-based simulation model combining boundary processes and theories of communication is developed. The model is verified and validated with respect to empirical network data. Simulation results suggest that communities with highly connected clusters are likely to thrive if resource availability is low. So far as the resource allocation strategy is concerned, key area investment with technology transferring results in the highest variety. Exploration of the impact of socio-technical communication theories suggest that under low communication frequency, openness and receptivity lead to higher variety. On the contrary, variety decreases with increasing receptivity under high communication frequency.
Plasma Transport through the Dayside Cleft: A Source of Ionization Patches in the Polar Cap

Rapid sunward convection from the post-noon ionosphere carries high-density solar-produced F region plasma through the dayside cleft and into the polar cap. This plasma is swept through the noontime cleft and enters the polar cap as a tongue of ionization which delineates the convection trajectory and its dynamics and provides the source for enhanced F region plasmas and their effects which are observed at high polar latitudes away from noon.
The Anatomy of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth-Century United States

When Samuel Goodrich, using the pseudonym “Peter Parley,” looked back at his boyhood town of Ridgefield, Connecticut in 1790, he recalled a time when books were “scarce, [when they] were read respectfully, and [were read] as if they were grave matters, demanding thought and attention.” “They were not,” he continued, “toys and pastimes, taken up every day, and by everybody, in the short intervals of labor, and then, hastily dismissed, like waste paper.” In the mid-nineteenth century, observed Goodrich, books and papers are “diffused even among country towns, so as to be in the hands of all, young and old.”1
Outcomes of a 1-year randomized controlled trial to evaluate a behavioral ‘stepped-down’ weight loss intervention for adolescent patients with obesity

Summary Background Stepped-care approaches to weight loss have shown some success among adults. A ‘stepped-down’ version of the stepped-care approach to adolescent weight loss has never been evaluated. Objectives We conducted a one-year randomized controlled trial to compare a stepped-down weight loss intervention versus enhanced usual care (EUC). Methods Study participants were obese adolescents age 11–13 (N = 106, 51% girls, and 82% Hispanic) recruited from primary care clinics in San Diego, California. The stepped-down intervention was delivered through clinician and health educator counseling (in-person and by phone) and mailed content. The intervention consisted of four-month ‘steps’ beginning with the most intensive contact followed by reduced contact if treatment goals were met. The EUC group received an initial physician visit, one session with a health counselor, and monthly mailed materials. Body mass index (BMI kg/m2) was measured at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months. Mixed-model regression analyses were stratified by sex. Results Results indicated a clinically significant treatment effect for boys on BMI (p < 0.001) but not girls. No between group differences were found for adiposity and biometric outcomes. Only 13% of intervention participants succeeded in stepping down from step 1 to step 2 or step 3. Conclusions A stepped-down approach to weight loss showed some evidence of efficacy for weight loss in boys but not girls. The findings suggest the program as designed was not intensive enough to result in weight loss in this population segment.
LEO/MEO systems --- Global mobile communication systems

LEO/MEO systems are moving from a dream to a reality, their global reach is becoming apparent with the launch of the first LEO satellites. The global mobility offered by these systems is expected to have a profound effect on the way that organizations and individuals operate. Billions of dollars are invested in the research and development of LEO/MEO based communication systems, and larger amounts will be needed for their ongoing operation and use. Many global satellite based systems have been announced over the last decade, Ellipsat, Globalstar, ICO, Iridium, M?Star, Odyssey, Orbcomm, and Teledesic, are just a few of the many systems in deployment or under development. Being such a risky venture, limited experience exists in developing and managing large scale civilian satellite based mobile communication systems. Many interesting and challenging research issues are faced by the designers and operators of such systems. This paper presents the different approaches to the configuration of the various LEO and MEO based communication systems. It compares their advantages and disadvantages, and analyzes their economic viability. Based on the analysis, it is possible to identify the specific roles that each type will play in the global communication market. The paper presents and discusses some of the important research areas involved in their development, configuration, maintenance, operation and management. In particular, it introduces the problem of gateway placement in LEO/MEO systems and presents a mathematical formulation of the problem.
Evidence for the role of Epstein Barr Virus infections in the pathogenesis of acute coronary events.

Background The role of viral infections in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remains controversial largely due to inconsistent detection of the virus in atherosclerotic lesions. However, viral infections elicit a pro-inflammatory cascade known to be atherogenic and to precipitate acute ischemic events. We have published in vitro data that provide the foundation for a mechanism that reconciles these conflicting observations. To determine the relation between an early viral protein, deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), produced following reactivation of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) to circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and acute coronary events.
Post-Industrial America: Metropolitan Decline and Inter-Regional job Shifts. George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, editors; International Urban Growth Policies: New Town Contributions. Gideon Golany, editor; The Rise of the Sunbelt Cities. David C. Perry and Alfred J. Watkins, editors; Revitalizing the Northeast: Prelude to an Agenda. George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, editors; Metropolis and Beyond: Selected Essays, Hans Blumenfeld. Paul D. Spreiregen, editor

(1980). Post-Industrial America: Metropolitan Decline and Inter-Regional job Shifts. George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, editors; International Urban Growth Policies: New Town Contributions. Gideon Golany, editor; The Rise of the Sunbelt Cities. David C. Perry and Alfred J. Watkins, editors; Revitalizing the Northeast: Prelude to an Agenda. George Sternlieb and James W. Hughes, editors; Metropolis and Beyond: Selected Essays, Hans Blumenfeld. Paul D. Spreiregen, editor. Urban Geography: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 179-187.
Defining ethical and unethical student behaviors using departmental regulations and sanctions

College students do not automatically possess basic standards of acceptable and unacceptable behavior with regard to computer hardware, software, and data sets. For their sake and our own we need to spell out what is expected of them.Universities like mine have stated that students cannot be penalized or dismissed for theft or for damage to equipment/software/records unless they have received a copy of a written policy describing proscribed activities and their penalties.This paper includes two sample policies. One considers only the use of software in microcomputer laboratories. The other covers mainframe, minicomputer and microcomputer facilities, use of resources in a chargeback system, penalties for plagiarism and illegal copying of software, and individual responsibilities with regard to group projects.
Hydrodynamic focusing of motile algal cells

The swimming direction of algal cells can be guided so that the cells are focused into a concentrated beam. This directed locomotion, or taxis, results from the orientation of the cells' axes by compensating gravitational and viscous torques. It is named gyrotaxis because of this origin. Gyrotaxis includes rheotaxis1, which is concerned with orientation and locomotion of elongated microorganisms, especially spermatozoa, in fluids with a velocity gradient. I present here a simplified theory of gyrotaxis, together with experimental evidence. A geometrical arrangement is shown whereby the effect can be made the basis of a new method for concentrating and separating motile cells. Unlike standard concentration/separation techniques, the gyrotactic method requires active participation of the cells and can, in principle, distinguish among them on the basis of morphology and swimming behaviour. I also discuss the role of gyrotaxis in the maintenance of naturally occurring descending streams of cells and in bioconvection patterns.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS : IV. SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF VIRUS BY SERA FROM PERSONS EXPOSED TO ENCEPHALITIS, ST. LOUIS TYPE, 1933 WITH A NOTE ON THE EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MOUSE TESTS OF SERA.

1. A protection test for measuring serological protective properties against the encephalitis (St. Louis type) virus is described. 2. Normal non-contact sera and sera from persons supposed to have had no exposure to the disease do not protect against the virus. 82.5 per cent of sera from tested St. Louis encephalitis convalescents and at least 66 per cent of sera from tested persons thought to have had the disease do show protective properties. 3. The protective activity of sera is maintained for at least 2(1/2) years after onset of the disease. In vitro aging of serum decreases its activity. 4. Protection tests indicate that the virus was present as early as 1932 in Paris, Illinois, spread through the north central states and reached New York in 1933, and was again active in the north central states in 1934.
Transition metal catalysis of olefin isomerizations

Abstract The ability of transition metal atoms and clusters to catalyze olefin isomerizations is traced to metal d orbital stabilization of the olefin transition state π orbital.
Discrimination of visual stimuli representing prey versus non-prey by the praying mantis Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.).

Adult, female praying mantids, Sphodromantis lineola (Burr.), were presented with seventy, flat black rectangles which moved toward the mantids (in the horizontal plane) against a w
Localization of a biotinylated cathepsin B oligonucleotide probe in human prostate including invasive cells and invasive edges by in situ hybridization

The cysteine endopeptidase cathepsin B (CB) can degrade basement membrane (BM) proteins (such as laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin) at both acid and neutral pHs suggesting that CB has a role in tumor invasion and distant metastasis. The distribution and intensity of CB protein localization vary in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and neoplastic prostate. These considerations have led us to examine whether the distribution of CB localization in malignant and normal cells is due to storage or active synthesis of CB. In the present study, we examined the localization patterns of CB at the mRNA level in normal prostate, BPH, and well to moderately differentiated neoplastic prostate, focusing on invasive groups of cells and invasive edges of malignant tumors. We used a 25-base biotinylated oligonucleotide CB cDNA “sense” probe to localize CB message in prostate samples obtained from radical prostatectomies. We have determined that CB is actively synthesized by the epithelia of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate including some invasive cells in the invasive edges. In both normal and BPH, CB mRNA was localized predominantly in acinar basal cells with some localization in cuboidal/columnar cells. In contrast, in neoplastic prostate, CB mRNA was localized predominantly in columnar cells and in groups of invasive cells and invasive edges. Thus, in malignant prostate the predominant cell types expressing CB differed from those of the normal prostate and BPH. Analysis of CB mRNA localizations indicated a heterogeneity in staining distribution in prostate cancer with some invasive groups of cells and invasive edges exhibiting CB mRNA and others exhibiting little or no reaction products. Using CB as a marker, we have been able to define invasive edges and invasive cells which may be actively involved in tumor progression. The potential ability to distinguish between malignant and nonmalignant foci and edges via localization of CB within the prostatic extracellular matrix may improve diagnosis and treatment of some higher grade tumor patients. This is especially important since histologic differentiation patterns of moderately to poorly differentiated human prostatic adenocarcinoma often do not differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant foci and edges in predicting aggressive behavior and course of the disease in patients. This is the first localization of cathepsin B mRNA in human prostate and its tumors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Can a brief video intervention improve breast cancer clinical trial knowledge and beliefs

A total of 262 women in the USA (161 breast cancer survivors and 101 controls) were exposed to a video vignette using modeling in which a physician discussed the concept of a clinical trial (CT) with a woman who was in the process of making a treatment decision. A pretest-post-test design was used and improvements in clinical trial knowledge and beliefs were assessed. Results indicate that video modeling is a powerful tool for increasing CT knowledge (pretest mean=41.5% correct, post-test mean=77.5% correct) but not for improving CT beliefs. Increased clinical trial knowledge, as measured by change scores, was associated with white race, lower levels of education and pretest breast cancer knowledge, more negative pretest CT beliefs, and a higher estimate of the lifetime probability that a woman will have breast cancer. When pretest CT knowledge was added to the analysis using hierarchical multiple regression, all variables except white race became nonsignificant; an increase in CT knowledge was associated with having lower pretest CT knowledge. Results indicate that the effects of low education, low breast cancer knowledge, and biased probability assessment were mediated through the pretest score. An increase in post-test positive CT beliefs was associated with older age, thinking about breast cancer less often, and having lower pretest CT knowledge in the total sample. When pretest CT beliefs was added to the analysis using hierarchical multiple regression, all other variables became nonsignificant; an increase in CT beliefs was associated with having lower pretest CT beliefs, again indicating mediation of the effects of other variables.
Industry experience with the IBM Active Middleware Technology (AMiT) Complex Event Processing engine

Complex event processing (CEP) is the analysis of event data in real-time to generate immediate insight and enable instant response to changing conditions. In this paper we share the experience we accumulated over the last decade in designing and deploying CEP applications using the IBM Active Middleware Technology (AMiT) CEP engine, a research asset developed at IBM Research - Haifa. Over the years we applied the technology in solutions for various industries, such as banking, insurance, healthcare, chemical and petroleum and more. In each scenario, the CEP engine was used to address different functional requirements including event-based routing, observation, monitoring and correlation. It was also often required to meet nonfunctional requirements such as scalability and transactional support. We describe several solutions from different domains in which AMiT played at least one of these functional or nonfunctional roles.Our experience shows that across the different industries and applications, using the CEP technology, independent of a specific engine implementation, has been consistently proven to be highly successful. It has played a vital role in designing the applications by providing a means to expressively and flexibly define and maintain the event processing logic of the application, and in runtime by being able to meet all the functional and non-functional requirements without taking a toll on the application performance.
Ovarian steroids alter mu opioid receptor trafficking in hippocampal parvalbumin GABAergic interneurons

Abstract The endogenous hippocampal opioid systems are implicated in learning associated with drug use. Recently, we showed that ovarian hormones regulate enkephalin levels in the mossy fiber pathway. This pathway overlaps with parvalbumin (PARV)-basket interneurons that contain the enkephalin-activated mu opioid receptors (MORs) and are important for controlling the “temporal timing” of granule cells. Here, we evaluated the influence of ovarian steroids on the trafficking of MORs in PARV interneurons. Two groups of female rats were analyzed: cycling rats in proestrus (relatively high estrogens) or diestrus; and ovariectomized rats euthanized 6, 24 or 72 h after estradiol benzoate (10 μg, s.c.) administration. Dorsal hippocampal sections were dually immunolabeled for MOR and PARV and examined by light and electron microscopy. As in males, in females MOR-immunoreactivity (-ir) was in numerous PARV-labeled perikarya, dendrites and terminals in the dentate hilar region. Variation in ovarian steroid levels altered the subcellular distribution of MORs in PARV-labeled dendrites but not terminals. In normal cycling rats, MOR-gold particles on the plasma membrane of small PARV-labeled dendrites (area 2 ) had higher density in proestrus rats than in diestrus rats. Likewise, in ovariectomized rats MORs showed higher density on the plasma membrane of small PARV-labeled dendrites 72 h after estradiol exposure. The number of PARV-labeled cells was not affected by estrous cycle phase or estrogen levels. These results demonstrate that estrogen levels positively regulate the availability of MORs on GABAergic interneurons in the dentate gyrus, suggesting cooperative interaction between opioids and estrogens in modulating principal cell excitability.
Correlation coefficients in medical research: from product moment correlation to the odds ratio

Objective: Presentation of effect sizes that can be interpreted in terms of clinical or practical significance is currently urged whenever statistical significance (a ‘p-value’) is reported in research journals. However, which effect size and how to interpret it are not yet clearly delineated. The present focus is on effect sizes indicating strength of correlation, that is, effect sizes that describe the strength of monotonic association between two random variables X and Y in a population.Methods: A logical structure of measures of association is traced, showing the interrelationships among the many measures of association. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.Conclusions: Suggestions are made for the future use of measures of association in research to facilitate considerations of clinical significance, emphasizing distribution-free effect sizes such as the Spearman correlation coefficient and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance for ordinal versus ordinal associations, weighted and intrac...
Mycorrhizal Response of Two Tomato Genotypes Relates to their Ability to Acquire and Utilize Phosphorus

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how a plant's response to colonization by mycorrhizal fungi relates to its ability to acquire and utilize phosphorus for growth and reproduction. Two tomato genotypes previously found to be either responsive (‘LA1709’) or unresponsive (‘large cherry’) to mycorrhizal colonization during early vegetative growth were examined in detail. Plants were grown at four levels of added phosphate or with mycorrhizal inoculum. Vegetative and reproductive growth, phosphorus uptake and root length density were measured during the course of plant development. Mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly increased above-ground dry mass, root length, phosphorus content and yield under low phosphorus conditions in ‘LA1709’, while it had less effect on these characteristics in ‘large cherry’. When uninfected, however, ‘LA1709’ grew and reproduced poorly unless high amounts of phosphorus were added to the soil, while ‘large cherry’ grew well under very low phosphorus conditions. This was because ‘large cherry’ had significantly higher root length densities than ‘LA1709’, enabling plants from this genotype to explore more soil volume and acquire greater amounts of phosphorus when grown without mycorrhizal fungi in low phosphorus soil. ‘Large cherry’ also had higher phosphorus use efficiency and allocated a greater proportion of phosphorus to reproduction when uninfected than ‘LA1709’. It appears traits that affect a plant's ability to acquire and utilize phosphorus efficiently for growth and reproduction can also affect its response to mycorrhizal colonization in tomato.
Panel: should the space of implementation possibilities be determined by the abilities of high-level synthesis and validation?

Abstraction vs. implementation raises a lot of questionsin the minds of designers. Researchers in the EDA fieldclaim that abstraction helps validation, conceptualization,and must be instrumental to coping with the rising complexityof design. Design engineers often argue that abstractionmeans distance from real implementation details, and henceoptimality is compromised. One may argue that some compromiseon optimality may be necessary to cope with themythical productivity gap, but experienced designers maynot agree to do that, especially in the field of performancedriven design, such as general purpose microprocessors.In this panel, we ask industry and academic experts abouttheir views on the compromise one should be ready to makein order for higher abstraction driven design methodologyto materialize.
Improving the Performance of Mixed-Color White LED Systems by Using Scattered Photon Extraction Technique

One of the methods for creating white light with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is mixing radiations from several different colored LEDs. Mixed-color LEDs are expected to have greater luminous efficacy because they do not undergo down-conversion losses like phosphor-converted white LEDs. However, in reality mixed-color LED systems require extra optical elements to reduce spatial color variation and create uniform white light. Optical diffusing techniques commonly used for these purposes cause light loss, because some portion of the light is scattered back toward the LEDs where it is absorbed and lost. In 2004, a technique known as scattered photon extraction (SPE) was used to extract backscattered light from the phosphor layer of phosphor-converted white LEDs to increase overall light output. In this study, it was hypothesized that by using similar SPE optics with optical diffusers, the spatial color uniformity of mixed-color white LED systems could be improved without sacrificing the overall luminous efficiency. With this new approach, both a microsphere-doped diffuser and SPE optics were utilized. The experiments showed that the proposed setup did increase the spatial color uniformity of the mixed-color LED system with more than 79% overall optical efficiency. This study also demonstrated the effects of microsphere size, concentration, and diffuser thickness on spatial color uniformity and optical efficiency.
Direct measurement of interaction forces between charged multilamellar vesicles

Depletion-attraction induced adhesion of two giant (∼40 μm), charged multilamellar vesicles is studied using a new Cantilevered-Capillary Force Apparatus, developed in this laboratory. The specific goal of this work is to investigate the role of dynamics in the adhesion and de-adhesion processes when the vesicles come together or are pulled apart at a constant velocity. Hydrodynamic effects are found to play an important role in the adhesion and separation of vesicles at the velocities that are studied. Specifically, a period of hydrodynamically controlled drainage of the thin film between vesicles is observed prior to adhesion, and it is shown that the force required to separate a pair of tensed, adhering vesicles increases with increasing separation velocity and membrane tension. It is also shown that the work done to separate the vesicles increases with separation velocity, but exhibits a maximum as the membrane tension is varied.
Parental hypertension and cardiovascular response to stress in healthy young adults.

One indicator of elevated risk for subsequent development of essential hypertension is the presence of the disorder in either or both parents. Exaggerated cardiovascular responsivity to stress has also been suggested as a possible precursor to hypertension. This study examined the relationship between parental hypertension and the heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels of 103 healthy college-age men, during two resting conditions and stressful cold pressor and reaction time tasks. Sons of hypertensive parents (N = 25) showed higher HR and SBP than sons of normotensive parents (N = 78) during both rest and stress, but these differences were greatest during the stressful reaction time (RT) task. No reliable differences in DBP were seen. A subsample of 45 subjects, including 14 with hypertensive parents, were also monitored during a second stress, the cold pressor test; only trends toward HR or BP differences related to parental hypertension were seen for this stress, although HR and SBP differences during the RT task were still significant (p<.05) even in this smaller group. Since the incidence of high blood pressure is known to be greater among the offspring of hypertensive parents, these findings suggest that cardiovascular responses to certain types of stress (e.g., active coping tasks) may help predict future risk of hypertension.
Survival time of a random graph

LetV n ={1, 2, ...,n} ande 1,e 2, ...,e N ,N= $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ 2 \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ be a random permutation ofV n (2). LetE t={e 1,e 2, ...,e t} andG t=(V n ,E t ). IfΠ is a monotone graph property then the hitting timeτ(Π) forΠ is defined byτ=τ(Π)=min {t:G t ∈Π}. Suppose now thatG τ starts to deteriorate i.e. loses edges in order ofage, e 1,e 2, .... We introduce the idea of thesurvival time τ =τ′(Π) defined by τt = max {u:(V n, {e u,e u+1, ...,e T }) ∈Π}. We study in particular the case whereΠ isk-connectivity. We show that 1) $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \Pr (\tau ' \geqq an) = e^{ - 2a} {\mathbf{ }}for{\mathbf{ }}a \in R^ + $$ 2) $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{1}{n}E(\tau ') = \frac{1}{n}$$ i.e.τ′/n is asymptotically negative exponentially distributed with mean 1/2.
Lamivudine treatment is beneficial in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis and actively replicating hepatitis B infection awaiting liver transplantation: a comparative study using a matched, untreated cohort.

Uncontrolled studies have suggested a beneficial effect of lamivudine in patients with decompensated cirrhosis caused by replicating hepatitis B virus (HBV). We analyzed the outcome of lamivudine treatment in 23 consecutive patients with severely decompensated HBV-cirrhosis defined as a Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CPT) score of ≥10, and compared with a historical untreated control group of 23 patients matched for age, gender, and baseline CPT score. Significant clinical response, defined as a decrease in the CPT score by ≥3 points, was observed in 14 of 23 (60.9%) treated patients versus none of the controls (P < .0001). The median change in CPT scores was −3.0 (range, −6 to +3) in the treated group versus +1.0 in the controls (range, −1 to +2) (P = .016). Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was performed in 34.8% of treated patients (median, 3.5; range, 1-32 months), versus 73.9% of controls (median, 3.0; range, 1-14 months) (P = .04). Excluding transplanted patients, there were no deaths in the treated group versus 6 deaths in the control group (P = .009). Time to death or OLT was significantly longer in treated patients than in controls (P < .001). Two patients developed lamivudine resistance after 9 and 12 months, respectively. Our results suggest that lamivudine significantly improves hepatic function in over half of the patients with decompensated cirrhosis and replicating HBV, and may confer a survival advantage. However, the small sample size and the use of a retrospective control cohort preclude drawing definitive conclusions. Expedited OLT remains the only viable treatment for lamivudine nonresponders. (HEPATOLOGY 2001;34:411-416.)
The Structure of the Hydrated Electron. Part 1. Magnetic Resonance of Internally Trapping Water Anions: A Density Functional Theory Study

Density functional theory is used to rationalize magnetic parameters of hydrated electron trapped in alkaline glasses as observed using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopies. To this end, model water cluster anions (n = 4−8 and n = 20, 24) that localize the electron internally are examined. It is shown that hyperfine coupling tensors of H/D nuclei in the water molecules are defined mainly by the cavity size and the coordination number of the electron; the water molecules in the second solvation shell play a relatively minor role. An idealized model of the hydrated electron (that is usually attributed to L. Kevan) in which six hydroxyl groups arranged in an octahedral pattern point toward the common center is shown to provide the closest match to the experimental parameters, such as isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants for the protons (estimated from ESEEM), the second moment of the EPR spectra, and the radius of gyration. ...
A radioimmunoassay for epinephrine and norepinephrine in tissues and plasma.

Abstract An I125 radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for the measurement of plasma and tissue epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). The assay utilizes an antibody which specifically binds metanephrine. E and NE are detected by conversion to metanephrine with the enzymes catechol-0-methyltransferase and phenylethanol-amine-N-methyltransferase. The assay is very specific and will allow the measurement of E and NE in less than 500 μl of normal human plasma. E and NE concentrations were determined by both the RIA and a radioenzymatic assay in canine, human and rat biologic samples. The correlation coefficients between the two assays were .962 for E and .956 for NE. The RIA is sensitive, specific, precise and significantly less costly and time consuming than present radioenzymatic methods.
Circularly polarized gamma rays from direct nuclear reactions

Abstract The residual nuclei following a reaction are left in a polarized state in general. One way of measuring this polarization is to observe any γ-rays the residual nucleus emits. Their angular distribution reveals the even moments of the polarization while their circular polarization depends upon the odd moments. Following a general discussion of circular polarization, and the predictions of the direct interaction picture of nuclear reactions, simple cases of stripping reactions and inelastic scattering are considered. Valuable information can be obtained concerning both the reaction mechanism and the reduced widths and nuclear spins involved.
CD56(dim)CD16(+) NK cells downregulate CD16 following target cell induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases.

CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells downregulate CD16 following target cell induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases
Nondestructive creation: Entrepreneurship and management research in the study of growth☆

Abstract Economists’ focus on institutions in explaining economic growth, while important, can obscure the significant role played by individual entrepreneurs and the process of entrepreneurship. The prevailing view of entrepreneurship in economics (which continues to shape prevailing public policies) centers on Schumpeter's famous concept of “creative destruction.” In the context of sustained high levels of economic growth, as in the recent American experience, I focus on a different feature of entrepreneurship—“nondestructive creation,” in which the uncoordinated contest of ideas and search for new applications of existing ideas generate growth. And this nondestructive creation should be analyzed and can be fostered.