cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting the mTOR pathway using novel ATP‑competitive inhibitors, Torin1, Torin2 and XL388, in the treatment of glioblastoma.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which functions via two multiprotein complexes termed mTORC1 and mTORC2, is positioned in the canonical phosphoinositide 3‑kinase‑related kinase (PI3K)/AKT (PI3K/AKT) pathways. These complexes exert their actions by regulating other important kinases, such as 40S ribosomal S6 kinases (S6K), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (elF4E)‑binding protein 1 (4E‑BP1) and AKT, to control cell growth, proliferation, migration and survival in response to nutrients and growth factors. Glioblastoma (GB) is a devastating form of brain cancer, where the mTOR pathway is deregulated due to frequent upregulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase/PI3K pathways and loss of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Rapamycin and its analogs were less successful in clinical trials for patients with GB due to their incomplete inhibition of mTORC1 and the activation of mitogenic pathways via negative feedback loops. Here, the effects of selective ATP‑competitive dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2, Torin1, Torin2 and XL388, are reported. Torin2 exhibited concentration‑dependent pharmacodynamic effects on inhibition of phosphorylation of the mTORC1 substrates S6KSer235/236 and 4E‑BP1Thr37/46 as well as the mTORC2 substrate AKTSer473 resulting in suppression of tumor cell migration, proliferation and S‑phase entry. Torin1 demonstrated similar effects, but only at higher doses. XL388 suppressed cell proliferation at a higher dose, but failed to inhibit cell migration. Treatment with Torin1 suppressed phosphorylation of proline rich AKT substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) at Threonine 246 (PRAS40Thr246) whereas Torin2 completely abolished it. XL388 treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of PRAS40Thr246 only at higher doses. Drug resistance analysis revealed that treatment of GB cells with XL388 rendered partial drug resistance, which was also seen to a lesser extent with rapamycin and Torin1 treatments. However, treatment with Torin2 completely eradicated the tumor cell population. These results strongly suggest that Torin2, compared to Torin1 or XL388, is more effective in suppressing mTORC1 and mTORC2, and therefore in the inhibition of the GB cell proliferation, dissemination and in overcoming resistance to therapy. These findings underscore the significance of Torin2 in the treatment of GB.
Characterization of head impact exposure in boys' youth ice hockey.

Ice hockey has one of the highest concussion rates among youth sports. Sensor technology has been implemented in contact and collision sports to inform the frequency and severity of head impacts experienced on-ice. However, existing studies have utilized helmet-mounted sensors with limited accuracy. The objective of this study was to characterize head kinematics of contact events in a sample of youth boys' hockey players using a validated instrumented mouthpiece with improved accuracy. Head kinematics from 892 video-verified events were recorded from 18 athletes across 127 sessions. Median peak resultant linear acceleration, rotational velocity, and rotational acceleration of video-verified events were 7.4 g, 7.7 rad/s, and 576 rad/s2, respectively. Contact events occurred at a higher rate in games (2.48 per game) than practices (1.30 per practice). Scenarios involving head contact had higher peak kinematics than those without head contact. This study improves our understanding of head kinematics in boys' youth hockey.
Ambiente Ufficio S.p.A. and others v. Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/08/9 (formerly Giordano Alpi and others v. Argentine Republic), Decision on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 2 February 2013 (Bruno Simma and Karl-Heinz Böckstiegel) and Dissent Santiago Torres Bernárdez, 2 May 2013

This case note summarizes and analyzes the first jurisdictional decision in an investment treaty arbitration brought by a large number of claimants. The case was brought against Argentina and arose out of its default on its sovereign bonds.
Classification of Claims and Interests in Chapter 11 and 13 Cases

Both in reorganization cases under Chapter 11 and in debt adjustment cases under Chapter 132 of the Bankruptcy Code the formulation and confirmation of a rehabilitation plan are the central features of the proceedings. Likewise, in both types of rehabilitation cases the classification of claims and the treatment accorded to each class are essential for the success of the restructuring of the economic affairs of the debtor and the debtor's rescue from liquidation. As Chapter 13 is available only to individuals with regular income, the classification will affect only unsecured and, exceptionally, secured claims and will be relatively uncomplicated. Moreover, one of the most common problems-the permissibility of preferential treatment of unsecured consumer debts guaranteed by an individual other than the debtor-was resolved affirmatively by the Amendments of 1984.3 Conversely, the classification problem in Chapter 11 cases is considerably more complex owing to the greater range and variety of the claims 4 and interests' affected and to the statutory scheme of votes by classes as a prerequisite for confirmation. Although Chapter 11 contains detailed provisions relating to the designation of classes,6 the treatment of claims or interests within a class,7 and the standards of fairness and equitableness with respect to a class and to relative treatment of senior and junior classes,8 there still exist many doubts as to the amount of flexibility permitted to secure the acceptance of a confirmable plan despite the
Analysts' Dividend Forecasts and Dividend Signaling

This study complements existing research on the information content of dividends by focusing on the use of dividend expectations. We derive a measure of unexpected dividend changes, called dividend surprises, based on Value Line forecasts. Our results highlight a potentially serious sample misclassification arising from the extensively used naive dividend change method. Classifications of unexpected changes in dividends using dividend surprises result in stock price reactions and earnings changes that are consistent with the implications of dividend signaling models. Also, the approach followed in this paper permits the analysis of a significantly "forgotten" sample in previous event studies: Firms announcing no dividend changes in which investors (analysts) are expecting a change. We find that no change in dividends often reflects a negative dividend surprise and is indeed associated with negative stock price reaction and negative earnings changes. We provide evidence that the failure to find a relationship between dividend changes and future earning changes may be due to measurement error arising from misclassification of dividend changes. One implication of this study for future research is that empirical tests of dividend signaling models should incorporate dividend forecasts.
Reciprocity across modes of supply in the World Trade Organization : a negotiating formula

If negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization are to advance liberalization beyond levels undertaken unilaterally and lead to more balanced outcomes, reciprocity must play a greater role in negotiations. This may be facilitated by the use of negotiating rules that establish credible links across sectors and modes of delivery. Negotiations on trade in services at the World Trade Organization (WTO) have so far produced little liberalization beyond levels countries have undertaken unilaterally. One reason: limited application of the traditional negotiating principle of reciprocity. In particular, participants have failed to exploit the scope of the services agreement (GATS) for the exchange of market-access concessions across different modes of supply - cross-border delivery and the movement of capital and workers. Using the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, Mattoo and Olarreaga propose a negotiating formula that generalizes the fundamental WTO principle of reciprocity to include alternative modes of delivery. Adoption of this formula as a basis for negotiations could bring greater commitments to liberalization on all modes of delivery, producing substantial gains in global welfare and more balanced outcomes. This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The authors may be contacted at amattoo@worldbank.org or molarreaga@worldbank.org.
Detecting Read-Only Methods in Java

One typically defines a read-only method as a method that does not perform any write operations; however, with respect to a multithreaded program, we augment this interpretation and let a read-only method be one that does not write to a memory location visible to more than one thread. Such a method can execute concurrently with other read-only methods. With the relaxation of mutual exclusion in mind, we present a read-write analysis that employs the ideas of shape analysis and escape analysis to identify readonly methods in Java. Approximately 31% of the methods in the JDK 1.2 core libraries meets this definition of read-only--nearly 50% more than those that do not perform any write operations.
Subtilisin BPN'. IV. Isolation and sequence of two arginine-containing peptides.

Abstract A tryptic digest of diisopropylphosphoryl-subtilisin BPN' was fractionated on a column of Dowex 1, and the two arginine-containing peptides were isolated. The sequences of a decapeptide and a hexadecapeptide are given. With these 26 residues added to 178 already reported, 204 of the 280 residues of the protein have been obtained in tryptic peptides.
Gregory Dart, Metropolitan Art and Literature, 1810-1840: Cockney Adventures

Review by Thora Brylowe (University of Pittsburgh) of Gregory Dart, Metropolitan Art and Literature, 1810-1840: Cockney Adventures . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. 253. £55. ISBN 9781107024922.
Electronic technicians in the US high-tech industries: an industry view of issues and possible remedies

Summary form only given as follows. Discusses the role electronic technicians play in the high-tech industry, critical shortages that exists today and forecasted to continue, and reviews some proposed and implemented solutions. Addresses industry and government programs, and the need for nontraditional approaches and retraining of existing technicians.
Is biodiversity good for your health

On a floodplain of the River Saale near Jena, Germany, grassland plants are naturally bombarded by spores of pathogenic fungi. But whether or not those fungi cause infection turns out to be largely about the neighborhood: Plants on highly diverse experimental plots have much lower levels of infection than plants grown in monoculture ( 1 ) (see the photos). The pathogens, it appears, are less likely to encounter their optimal host on the more diverse plots, which reduces disease prevalence and incidence. This protective effect of diversity has been found in many studies, not just for plants but also for diseases afflicting humans and wildlife. It has remained unclear, however, whether this observation holds generally ( 2 , 3 ). In a recent paper, Civitello et al. addressed this question in a rigorous meta-analysis of diversity-disease relationships ( 4 ).
Relationship of Behavioral Addictions to Eating Disorders and Substance Use Disorders

There is growing evidence for the similarity between eating disorders and substance use disorders with respect to etiology, neurobiology, clinical presentation, and effective treatments. In addition, they each have features commonly seen in impulse control disorders, which are also frequently characterized as behavioral addictions. Therefore, it is not surprising that eating disorders and substance use disorders frequently are comorbid not only with each other but with pathological gambling and/or other behavioral addictions. This chapter will examine what is known about the clinical presentation, epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of behavioral addictions commonly comorbid with eating disorders and substance use disorders. Identifying and successfully managing these comorbid behavioral addictions are essential in order to achieve positive outcomes in individuals suffering from eating disorders and substance use disorders due to the increased illness severity and poor treatment response associated with this comorbidity.
Plan generation, plan management, and the design of computational agents

A significant amount of prior research effort in the field of artificial intelligence has gone into the design and analysis of planning algorithms. For the most part, the work has been guided by several strong, simplifying assumptions, most notably, that the plans will be performed in static, deterministic environments. Although these assumptions have made rigorous formal analysis possible, they make sense only for a limited number of applications, in which planning is done more or less in isolation of other reasoning tasks, and also in isolation of plan execution. Once one turns attention to agents that perform autonomously in dynamic, uncertain environments-including multi-agent environments-the assumptions made by traditional planners are violated, and it becomes necessary to rethink the traditional AI approaches to planning.
Age does not matter: Memory complaints are related to negative affect throughout adulthood.

Objectives: Memory complaints are present in adults of all ages but are only weakly related to objective memory deficits, raising the question of what their presence may indicate. In older adults, memory complaints are moderately related to negative affect, but there is little research examining this relationship in young and middle-aged adults. This study examined whether memory complaints and negative affect were similarly related across the adult lifespan and in adults with varying levels of objective memory performance.Method: The sample included 3798 healthy adults, aged 18 to 99, and was divided into five groups: young, middle-aged, young-old, old-old, and oldest-old adults. Participants completed questionnaire measures of memory complaints and negative affect (neuroticism and depressive and anxiety symptoms), in addition to lab measures of objective memory.Results: Using structural equation models, we found that the relationship between memory complaints and negative affect was moderate in all the ...
NIMH Activities: Vulnerability to Depressive and Schizophrenic Disorders—Conference Report

A conference was held to foster improved research on vulnerability to psychiatric disorder. By bringing together groups studying vulnerability to depression and those studying vulnerability to schizophrenia, commonalities and differences across these two fields were clarified, and research approaches and problems were shared. Five major areas of particular importance were covered: (1) diagnosis and the assessment of function and intermediate clinical states, (2) statistical analysis and project design, (3) personality and family variables, (4) biochemical and physiological markers, and (5) comparison of vulnerability to schizophrenia and depression: models of causation and possibilities for collaborative research. Potential directions for increasing progress in the important area of vulnerability research were outlined.
Rapid polymerase chain reaction-based detection of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung adenocarcinomas.

Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are present in lung adenocarcinomas that respond to the EGFR inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Two types of mutations account for ∼90% of mutated cases: short in-frame deletions in exon 19 and a specific point mutation in exon 21 at codon 858 (L858R). Screening for these mutations has been based mainly on direct sequencing. We report here the development and validation of polymerase chain reaction-based assays for these two predominant types of EGFR mutations. The assay for exon 19 mutations is based on length analysis of fluorescently labeled polymerase chain reaction products, and the assay for the exon 21 L858R mutation is based on a new Sau96I restriction site created by this mutation. Using serial dilutions of DNAs from lung cancer cell lines harboring either exon 19 or 21 mutations, we detected these mutations in the presence of up to ∼90% normal DNA. In a test set of 39 lung cancer samples, direct sequencing detected mutations in 25 cases whereas our assays were positive in 29 cases, including 4 cases in which mutations were not apparent by sequencing. These assays offer higher sensitivity and ease of scoring and eliminate the need for sequencing, providing a robust and accessible approach to the rapid identification of most lung cancer patients likely to respond to EGFR inhibitors.
Problems associated with the use of immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) values for estimating the hazard of accidental chemical releases.

The possibility of accidental industrial chemical releases has generated considerable recent attention. One area requiring research for emergency planning is the development of safe exposure concentrations for the public in the event of an inadvertent release. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established a list of extremely hazardous substances and suggested that the toxicity ranking for 92 hazardous materials could be based on the ‘immediately dangerous to life or health’ (IDLH) values developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Eighty-four compounds with IDLU values for which published toxicologic data were available were reviewed to assess the appropriateness of applying such values to accidental release situations. When compared with 30-min animal median lethal concentrations(LC50s), 18 of the IDLHs reviewed were in the same range as lethal levels for animals. For 45 compounds th...
Design and performance of a double-beam far-infrared spectrophotometer

Abstract The design of a double-beam far-infrared spectrophotometer is described including discussion of component selection, choice of photometric system, optical arrangement, mechanical construction and the electronic system. The basic wavelength range is from 667 cm −1 (15 μ) to 50 cm −1 (200 μ). Spectra are presented illustrating the performance of the system.
Effects of different types of fluid shear stress on endothelial cell proliferation and survival

We attempted to clarify the effect of different types of shear stress on endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and survival. Bovine aortic ECs were subjected to either steady laminar, 1 Hz pulsatile, or 1 Hz to and fro shear at 14 dyne/cm(2). % of BrdU positive EC was 14.3 +/- 1.6% in steady, 21.5 +/- 3.2% in pulsatile, and 11.4 +/- 2.4% in to and fro after 4 h, respectively (P < 0.05). Pulsatile shear compared with static control. Rapamycin reduced BrdU incorporation in all shear regimens (P < 0.001). However, it was still higher in EC exposed to pulsatile shear than the other regimens (P < 0.005). PD98059 completely abolished the increased BrdU incorporation in all shear regimens, including pulsatile shear. Pulsatile shear had significantly elevated ERK1/2 phosphorylation at 5 min compared with steady (P < 0.05) and to and fro shear (P < 0.01) while there was no significant difference in pp70(S6k) phosphorylation between any shear regimen. The ratio of apoptotic cells in serum deprived EC in the presence of steady laminar, pulsatile and to and fro shear for 4 h were 2.7 +/- 0.78%, 2.7 +/- 0.42%, and 2.9 +/- 0.62%, respectively while after the addition of serum for 4 h, it was 4.3 +/- 0.73%. All shear regimens phosphorylated AKT in a time-dependent manner with no significant difference between regimens. Our results demonstrate that different types of shear stress regimens have different effects on EC and may account for the variable response of EC to hemodynamics in the circulation.
Is there a single origin of life

The emergence of the first life on the earth is now established as an early event, closely related to the evolving earth. Lack of knowledge of the primitive terrestrial conditions contemporary with the evolving prebolic organic chemistry limits reconstruction techniques. The primitive earth's aqueous history is essential to unraveling this problem. Based on current knowledge of other planets of the solar system, no close analog to the early earth can be expected. It is still not known if there was a second origin or if only earth has life. This may depend upon the question of the survival of information-bearing chemical systems in a dynamic or chaotic environment and the chemical protection afforded within such a system. Water is the central molecule of controversy: the blessing and the curse of the chemist. New and novel chemical mechanisms and systems abound.
Holographic community: reconceptualizing the meaning of community in an era of health care reform.

Abstract Despite the call for community consciousness and humanistic values in today's health care reform environment, a clarified meaning of community to help guide redesign efforts is lacking. The Holographic Community is offered as a perspective to understand the meaning of community in new ways. Nurs Outlook 2000;48:294-301.
Preemptive and nonpreemptive multi-objective programming: Relationship and counterexamples

In this paper, we formally establish connections between two standard approaches proposed for resolving multi-objective programs, namely, the nonpreemptive and the preemptive methods. We demonstrate in the linear case that, if the preemptive problem has an optimal solution, then there exists a set of weights for the nonpreemptive problem, such that any optimal solution to the nonpreemptive problem is optimal to the preemptive problem. Conversely, and more importantly, any optimal solution to the preemptive problem is optimal to the nonpreemptive problem. A similar result is established for arbitrary multi-objective functions being optimized over a finite discrete set. Thus, the preemptive problem is subsumed within the nonpreemptive problem in these cases. Although we actually construct a set of equivalent weights, we do not advocate our technique as a computational device for solving the preemptive problem. However, a previous attempt (Ref. 1), which does prescribe a set of equivalent weights to solve a preemptive problem as a linear program, is shown to be erroneous. Moreover, our constructive proof exhibits the features of the problem which govern the determination of such equivalent weights.
Electronic spectra of polyacetylene model compounds : α, ω-diphenylpolyenyl anions

Abstract α,ω-Diphenylpolyenyl anions of general formula Ph(CH) n Ph − , n = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 17, are odd-alternant hydrocarbon anions with closed-shell ground states and thus realistic models for polyacetylene solitons. They exhibit absorption spectra with transitions energies approximately half that of the corresponding neutrals. The transition energies exhibit linear behavior with 1 ( N eff ) where N eff = n + 8.
Studies on the measurement of the folic acid and citrovorum factor potencies of certain natural products

Abstract The pteroylglutamic (folic) acid and citrovorum factor potencies of yeast extract and animal tissues have been estimated by differential microbiological analysis with Lactobacillus casei and Leuconostoc citrovorum 8081 as test organisms. The total folic acid activity of beef liver was markedly increased by the addition of cysteine during enzymatic or heat treatment, but little or no increases attributable to cysteine addition were demonstrated with other animal tissues or with yeast extract. The effect of cysteine was more evident when L. casei was used as compared to Streptococcus faecalis R as the test organism. The vitamin potency of crystalline pteroylglutamic acid, synthetic citrovorum factor (leucovorin), and of animal tissues after autoclaving samples at pH 4 or 7, or with acid and alkali, was studied. From these studies and control studies with thymidine, it was concluded that thymidine present in the samples did not contribute significantly to the total folic acid or citrovorum factor potencies of the samples. The most effective method for the release of folic acid or citrovorum factor from bound forms (short-term autoclaving at pH 7, enzymatic treatment or autoclaving at pH 4) varied with different samples. With short-term autoclaving the total folic acid potency attributable to the citrovorum factor approximated 10% for beef liver and kidney, 35% for yeast extract, 50% for ribeye muscle, and 70% for beef spleen and heart.
Proper weak-coupling approach to the periodic s-d(f) exchange model

The periodic $s\ensuremath{-}d(f)$ exchange model is characterized by a wide variety of interesting applications, a simple mathematical structure, and a limited number of reliable approximations which take care of the quantum nature of the participating spins. We suggest the use of a projection-operator method for getting information perturbationally, which are not accessible via diagrammatic approaches. In this paper we present, in particular, results beyond perturbation theory, which are obtained such that almost all exactly known limiting cases are incorporated correctly. We discuss a variety of possible methods and evaluate their consequences for one-particle properties. These considerations serve as a guideline for a more effective approach to the model.
A New Weighting Scheme Approach for Two‐phase Condensation Modeling

In this work, we develop a new species weighting scheme to reduce the computational effort associated with the study of freely expanding homogeneous condensation flows. The present work is an extension of our previous work [Kumar et al., AIAA Paper 2010‐818 (2010)], in which, we developed CO2 condensation models in the statistical BGK framework to simulate the experimental data [Ramos et al., Phys. Rev. A72, 3204 (2005)] for stagnation pressures up to 5 bar. The present work is aimed at the development of a numerically efficient numerical scheme that will extend the range of applicability of the present condensation models to the more challenging flow regimes of higher stagnation pressures. The accuracy and efficiency of the new species weighting factor method is compared with simulations performed without weighting factors. Numerical results are found to be in agreement, with the new approach shown to significantly reduce the computational effort.
On von Karman's eddy viscosity in bounded flow

Abstract : For a bounded turbulent flow, the von Karman's eddy viscosity based on the similarity hypothesis yields a well confirmed asymptotic logarithmic velocity distribution for a large Reynolds number. By solving exactly the equation of motion arising from the introduction of the von Karman's eddy viscosity, the notorious sources of inconsistency as (i) the discontinuity of velocity derivative at the matching point, and (ii) the non-vanishing velocity gradient at the enter of a channel, can be removed entirely. Yet the exact solution can be made sufficiently close to the asymptotic logarithmic profile for all other ranges by an arbitrary choice of the parameter separating the conventional two regions in a turbulent flow channel.
The impact of density‐independent mortality on species coexistence: an experimental test with zooplankton

Mortality (e.g. predation, disturbance) is often thought to lower the intensity of interspecific competition and thereby promote the coexistence of competing species. However, surprisingly few tests of this idea exist, especially for metazoans feeding on a self-renewing resource. Here we examined the effect of density-independent mortality on the coexistence of four species of pond zooplankton (microcrustacean grazers) in a series of laboratory microcosms. Across the experimental mortality gradient, consumer biomass decreased and resource abundance increased with an increase in mortality. Thus, the treatments resulted in an increase in resource availability per consumer (one measure of reduced competitive intensity). There was no significant effect of mortality treatment on species relative abundances or species evenness, and the zooplankter Diaphanosoma dominated community biomass at all mortality levels. Mortality rate did have a marginally significant effect on species richness (p < 0.07), but richness did not increase monotonically with mortality level. Instead, richness tended to be highest in the low- and no-mortality treatments.
Thermal decomposition of energetic materials 82. Correlations of gaseous products with the composition of aliphatic nitrate esters

Abstract T-Jump/FTIR and T-jump/Raman spectroscopies were used to analyze the gaseous products from six nitrate esters which were rapidly heated (2000°C/s nominal) to set temperatures in the 250 to 500°C range while maintaining a pressure of 5 atm Ar. The compounds studied were nitroglycerin (NG), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), trimethanolethane trinitrate (TMETN), triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN), and bis(nitratomethyl) oxetane (BNMO). The atom balances were determined using all of the gaseous decomposition products based on quantitation by multivariate regression methods. With few exceptions, the oxygen balance of the nitrate ester correlated with the temperature dependence of the products, the CO2/CO ratio, the NO/CO ratio, and the amounts of H2O and total hydrocarbon liberated. The amounts of NO2 and CH2O scaled with the number of -NO2 groups and -CH2O- units in the parent molecule. The relation between the composition of the parent nitrate ester and the gaseous products from pyrolysis is the most straightforward of the various classes of oxidizing energetic functional groups studied to date. Some degree of vaporization of the parent nitrate ester was observed upon flash heating. The IR-active modes of NG and BTTN in the gaseous phase were assigned by calculation of their frequencies by density functional theory in the energy-minimized structure.
Registration of ‘Bill Brown’ Wheat

Bill Brown' (Reg. No. CV-133, PI 653260) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station and released in August 2007 through an exclusive marketing agreement with the Colorado Wheat Research Foundation. In addition to researchers at Colorado State University (CSU), USDA-ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, St. Paul, MN, and Pullman, WA, participated in the development of Bill Brown. Bill Brown was selected from the cross 'Yumar'/'Arlin' made in 1997 at Fort Collins, CO. Bill Brown was selected as an F 5:6 line reselection in Yuma, AZ, in May 2003 and assigned experimental line number CO01385-A1. Bill Brown was released because of its superior grain yield under nonirrigated and irrigated production in eastern Colorado, high grain volume weight, resistance to leaf (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) and stripe rust (P. striiformis Westend.), and superior milling and bread baking quality. The name Bill Brown was chosen to honor the memory of former CSU Extension Plant Pathologist Dr. William M. Brown.
Diagnosing and treating “insanity” on death row: Legal and ethical perspectives

In every American state with a death penalty law, execution of the insane is forbidden by statute or case law. Recently, the United States Supreme Court held that this proscription is mandated by the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the Eighth Amendment. As a result of these laws and the Supreme Court's recent ruling, psychiatrists and psychologists have been and will continue to be called upon to both diagnose and treat insanity among death row inmates. This article considers whether psychiatrists and psychologists can meet both these legal demands and the ethical demands of the healing professions to which they belong.
Phases in One Way Wave Equation Migrations

In this paper, we investigate phases in different one way wave equation based migration algorithms. We found that poststack migrations preserve the characteristics of the input wavelet. However, like Kirchhoff migration, prestack shot and plane wave migration require a phase rotation to match the phase of the image to that of the input data. We use a single impulse response and a flat reflector model to demonstrate our conclusions.
An Efficient RLS Data-Driven Echo Canceller for Fast Initialization of Full-Duplex Data Transmission

Computationally efficient recursive-least-squares (RLS) procedures are presented specifically for the adaptive adjustment of the data-driven echo cancellers (DDEC's) that are used in voiceband fullduplex data transmission. The methods are shown to yield very short learning times for the DDEC, while they also simultaneously reduce computational requirements to below those required for other leastsquare procedures, such as those recently proposed by Salz (1983). The new methods can be used with any training sequence over any number of iterations, unlike any of the previous fast-Converging methods. The methods are based upon the fast transversal filter (FTF) RLS adaptive filtering algorithms that were independently introduced by the authors of this paper; however, several special features of the DDEC are introduced and exploited to further reduce computation to the levels that would be required for slower-converging stochastic-gradient solutions. Several tradeoffs between computation, memory, learning time, and performance are also illuminated for the new initialization methods.
3.2: Field ionization detection of laser cooled rubidium atoms with a single suspended carbon nanotube

Laser-cooled rubidium atoms are captured by the inhomogeneous electric field surrounding a single charged suspended carbon nanotube. The atom experiences an induced dipole attractive potential with a singular inverse square scaling. The ultimate fate of the captured atom is field ionization near the wall of the nanotube. Field ionization detection is fast, efficient, and position sensitive, and could become the detection method for a new generation of atom-nanotube traps.
Bobbies and Baseball Players Evaluating Patrol Officer Productivity Using Sabermetrics

Patrol officer productivity is an understudied topic in police research. Prior studies on productivity have primarily relied on rudimentary statistics, such as calls for service and arrests. A more...
Slow weight gain is associated with increased periodic breathing in healthy infants.

To investigate the hypothesis that weight gain can influence periodic breathing in healthy infants, we prospectively studied, by nocturnal pneumogram technique, respiration and heart rate in 99 full-term infants during the first month of life. Eighty-eight infants had a repeat study at about 2 months of age. Pneumograms were analyzed visually for percent periodic breathing (%PB), and by computer for mean respiratory rate and mean heart rate. We found a median %PB of 0.9 initially and of 0.3 at about 2 months of age. The 95th percentile was 13.5 at 2 weeks and 7.3 at 2 months, higher than previously reported. Between the two ages tested, %PB was inversely correlated with weight gain (P < 0.001, (0.03, respectively). Infants with greater weight gain had a greater fall in %PB (P < 0.03). We conclude that in the first 2 months of life, slow weight gain is associated with increased periodic breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:22–25. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Property values and city size in Colombia

It is often argued that many Third World cities have become “too large,” on various criteria, for national well-being. In some countries serious-even heated -debate has begun over whether urban growth should be encouraged or discouraged. The debate over “urban policy” has been particularly intense in Colombia. Colombia’s largest city, Bogota, has still not reached the size of the largest Latin American capitals, and a relatively large number of cities in intermediate size ranges has kept varied policy options open. Nevertheless, Colombian policy-makers have been openly concerned that the country’s urban growth might be distorted. Recent Colombian administrations have differed over whether development investments should be centred in the largest cities, or in smaller regional centres. The rival positions have been stated articulately by Gilbert (1976) and Currie (1975), respectively.
Syntheses, structures, and reactivity of low spin iron(III) complexes containing a single carboxamido nitrogen in a [FeN5L] chromophore.

A new pentacoordinate ligand based on TPA (tris-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine), namely, N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide (PaPy3H), has been synthesized. The iron(III) complexes of this ligand, namely, [Fe(PaPy3)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 (1), [Fe(PaPy3)(Cl)]ClO4 (2), [Fe(PaPy3)(CN)]ClO4 (3), and [Fe(PaPy3)(N3)]ClO4 (4), have been isolated and complexes 1−3 have been structurally characterized. These complexes are the first examples of monomeric iron(III) complexes with one carboxamido nitrogen in the first coordination sphere. All four complexes are low spin and exhibit rhombic EPR signals around g = 2. The solvent bound species [Fe(PaPy3)(CH3CN)](ClO4)2 reacts with H2O2 in acetonitrile at low temperature to afford [Fe(PaPy3)(OOH)]+ (g = 2.24, 2.14, 1.96). When cyclohexene is allowed to react with 1/H2O2 at room temperature, a significant amount of cyclohexene oxide is produced along with the allylic oxidation products. Analysis of the oxidation products indicates that the allylic oxidation pr...
Interactive graphics and numerical control

Abstract A solution technique for common geometric constructions involving circles, lines and points as required in the description of two-dimensional machine parts is described and illustrated. The technique simplifies the mathematics, makes exceptions mathematically more obvious and simplifies the implementation of the decision tree for selection of the desired result. Extension to other conic sections is straight- forward. The technique has been incorporated into a device independent graphics system for the direct cutting of numerically controlled machine parts without intermediate part programming.
Helper roles of NK and CD8+ T cells in the induction of tumor immunity. Polarized dendritic cells as cancer vaccines

The work in our laboratory addresses two interrelated areas of dendritic cell (DC) biology: (1) the role of DCs as mediators of feedback interactions between NK cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells; and (2) the possibility to use such feedback and the paradigms derived from anti-viral responses, to promote the induction of therapeutic immunity against cancer. We observed that CD8+ T cells and NK cells, the classical “effector” cells, also play “helper” roles, regulating ability of DCs to induce type-1 immune immunity, critical for fighting tumors and intracellular pathogens. Our work aims to delineate which pathways of NK and CD8+ T cell activation result in their helper activity, and to identify the molecular mechanisms allowing them to induce type-1 polarized DCs (DC1s) with selectively enhanced ability to promote type-1 responses and anti-cancer immunity. The results of these studies allowed us and our colleagues to design phase I/II clinical trials incorporating the paradigms of DC polarization and helper activity of effector cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Airport service quality drivers of passenger satisfaction.

Purpose – Considering the complexity of the airport industry service palette, it is important to identify which air travel factors are distractors and which factors are enhancers of passenger satisfaction. Building on Herzberg's two-factor motivation theory, this study aims to explore most frequently mentioned attributes of airport service quality and distinguish key drivers for passenger satisfaction/dissatisfaction in the airport context. Design/methodology/approach – A content analysis of 1,095 traveler comments posted between 2010 and 2013 on an airport review web site was performed in order to identify satisfiers/dissatisfiers. The web spider randomly selected consumer comments related to 33 popular destinations. Findings – The study results indicated key satisfiers in the airport context such as cleanliness and pleasant environment to spend time in. On the other side, security-check, confusing signage and poor dining offer are recognized as major dissatisfiers in the airport setting. Practical impli...
Topography of Purkinje Cells and Other Calbindin-Immunoreactive Cells Within Adult and Hatchling Turtle Cerebellum

The turtle's cerebellum (Cb) is an unfoliated sheet, so the topography of its entire cortex can be easily studied physiologically by optical recordings. However, unlike the mammalian Cb, little is known about the topography of turtle Purkinje cells (PCs). Here, topography was examined using calbindin-D28K immunohistochemistry of adult and hatchling turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 2.5–15 cm carapace length). Each Cb was flattened between two Sylgard sheets and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Sections (52 µm thick) were cut parallel to the flattened cortex (tangential), resulting in calbindin-immunolabeled PCs being localized to three to six sections for each turtle. PC position and size were quantified using Neurolucida Image Analysis system. Although hatchling Cb were medial-laterally narrower (3.0 vs. 6.5 mm) and rostral-caudally shorter (2.5 vs. 5.5 mm) than adult Cb, both averaged near 15,000 PCs distributed uniformly. Hatchling PCs were smaller than adult PCs (178 vs. 551 µm2) and more densely packed (2,180 vs. 625 cells/mm2). Calbindin immunoreactivity also labeled non-PCs along the Cb's marginal rim and its caudal pole. Many of these were very small (22.9 µm2) ovoid-shaped cells clustered together, possibly proliferating external granule layer cells. Other labeled cells were larger and fusiform-shaped (12.6 × 33.4 µm) adjacent to inner granule cells along the marginal rim, suggestive of migrating cells. It is not known whether these are new neurons being generated within the adult and hatchling Cb and if they connect to efferent and afferent paths. Based on these anatomical findings, we suggest that unique physiological features may exist along the rim of the turtle Cb.
Ethanol-induced Fos immunoreactivity in the extended amygdala and hypothalamus of the rat brain: focus on cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens.

: Background: The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effects of varying doses of ethanol on cellular activation, as measured by Fos immunoreactivity, in brain areas that have been implicated in the reinforcing and anxiolytic effects of substance abuse and dependence, namely, the extended amygdala and hypothalamus. Specific regions examined included the central nucleus of the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, substantia innominata, and nucleus accumbens of the extended amygdala, as well as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The cholinergic interneurons of the nucleus accumbens were of particular interest, because these cells have recently been reported to play a pivotal role in substance abuse. Methods: Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 10 days of handling and 5 days of habituation. Animals then received an injection of saline or 0.5, 1, or 2 g/kg of ethanol. Rats were perfused 2 hr after the injections, and brain sections were processed for single Fos or dual Fos/choline acetyltransferase immunolabeling procedures. The number of Fos-positive neurons was calculated from a 0.45-mm2 sample area from each of the brain regions examined. Results: A dose of 2 g/kg of ethanol significantly increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala by 149%, in the shell nucleus accumbens by 80%, and in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus by 321%. Additionally, 1 g/kg of ethanol significantly increased the percentage of Fos-immunoreactive cholinergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens by 59%. Conclusions: The findings reported in this study reveal region-specific and dose-dependent changes in Fos immunoreactivity in the extended amygdala and hypothalamus and, more specifically, an increase in neuronal activation of cholinergic cells in the shell nucleus accumbens. These findings contribute to our current knowledge of the brain areas and cellular microcircuits involved in the underlying basis of substance abuse and dependence.
Key generation through two-way relay channels under active attacks

Most of the existing work on key generation from wireless fading channels requires a direct wireless link between legitimate users so that they can obtain correlated observations from the common wireless link. Furthermore, most of the existing work assumes that the attacker is passive. This paper studies the key generation problem in the two-way relay channel, in which there is no direct channel between the key generating terminals, under active attacks. We propose an effective key generation scheme. We also investigate the effects of the active attacker on the proposed key generation protocol. We characterize the optimal attacker's strategy that minimizes the key rate of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, we establish the maximal attacker's power under which our scheme can still achieve a non-zero key rate.
Crucial Role of CCL3/MIP-1α in the Recurrence of Autoimmune Anterior Uveitis Induced with Myelin Basic Protein in Lewis Rats

In this study, we examined the role of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1alpha, CCL4/MIP-1beta, and CCL5/RANTES during recurrent anterior uveitis (RAU). LEW rats injected with myelin basic protein (MBP) developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and associated anterior uveitis (AU), which was mediated by CD4(+) T cells. After recovery, rats become resistant to EAE but developed RAU. Rats reinjected with MBP developed RAU without EAE. The chemokines tested were detected in the eye at RAU accelerated onset, increased as the disease progressed, and fell as clinical signs improved. At the same time, in the spinal cords of rats, these chemokines were still detected but at reduced levels. Administration of anti-MIP-1alpha neutralizing antibodies resulted in almost complete suppression of clinical RAU and significant reduction of inflammatory cell recruitment into the iris. Anti-MIP-1beta and anti-MCP-1 antibodies were effective in suppression of RAU but to lesser degree. Treatment with anti-RANTES antibodies was not effective in protecting against the recurrent development of the disease. In the eyes, the message for CCR1 and CCR5 was considerably elevated prior to the onset of AU and decreased after treatment with anti-chemokine antibodies. Our results suggest a crucial role of CCL3/MIP-1alpha in the development of RAU in Lewis rats. In addition, CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL4/MIP-1beta may also play a role in immunopathogenesis of RAU.
Hyperspectral anomaly detector based on variable number of linear predictors

An important application in remote sensing using hyper-spectral imaging system is the detection of anomalies in a large background. An anomaly detector for hyperspectral imagery is developed by partialling out the effect of the clutter subspace by predicting the background using a linear combination of the clutter subspace. The coefficients of the linear combination are chosen to maximize a criterion based on squared correlation. The dimension of the clutter subspace for each spectral component of the background can vary from one spectral component to another. The experimental results from a hyperspectral data cube show that the anomaly detector has a better performance than the SSRX detector.