cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in endothelial function and fractional O2 extraction in long-term cancer survivors treated with chemotherapy and radiation

Chemotherapy and radiation cancer therapeutics increase arterial stiffness and decrease aerobic exercise capacity. During exercise, the profile of microvascular fractional O2 extraction measured via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived muscle deoxygenation (Δdeoxy-[Hb+Mb]) provides information on the dynamic matching of O2 delivery-to-O2 utilization. We tested the hypothesis that cancer survivors would have an altered profile of Δdeoxy-[Hb+Mb] during exercise that would be related to decreases in endothelial function. To date, 2 cancer survivors (CS) and 1 healthy control (HC) completed a brachial artery flow-mediated dilation test (FMD) and ramp exercise test on a cycle ergometer. During exercise Δdeoxy-[Hb+Mb] of the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris was measured, normalized from baseline (0%) to the gas exchange threshold (GET) (100%). The power output at GET (POGET) was lower in CS compared to HC. CS had a smaller shear rate normalized FMD compared to HC (1.07 × 10-5 vs. 3.54 × 10-5 %Δ/s-1 s, r...
Synthesizing SoS concepts for use in cost estimation

Today's need for more complex, capable systems in a short timeframe is leading many organizations towards the integration of existing systems into network-centric, knowledge-based system-of-systems (SoS). Software and system cost model tools to date have focused on the software and system development activities of a single system. When viewing the new SoS architectures, one finds that the effort associated with the design and integration of these SoSs is not handled well, if at all, in current cost models. This paper includes (I) a comparison of various SoS definitions and concepts with respect to cost models, (2) a classification of these definitions in terms of product, process, and personnel focus, and (3) the definition of a set of discriminators for defining model boundaries and potential drivers for an SoS cost estimation model. Eleven SoS definitions are synthesized to provide reasonable coverage for different properties of SoS and illustrated in two examples.
The YCB object and Model set: Towards common benchmarks for manipulation research

In this paper we present the Yale-CMU-Berkeley (YCB) Object and Model set, intended to be used for benchmarking in robotic grasping and manipulation research. The objects in the set are designed to cover various aspects of the manipulation problem; it includes objects of daily life with different shapes, sizes, textures, weight and rigidity, as well as some widely used manipulation tests. The associated database provides high-resolution RGBD scans, physical properties and geometric models of the objects for easy incorporation into manipulation and planning software platforms. A comprehensive literature survey on existing benchmarks and object datasets is also presented and their scope and limitations are discussed. The set will be freely distributed to research groups worldwide at a series of tutorials at robotics conferences, and will be otherwise available at a reasonable purchase cost.
False Memory Syndrome

False memory syndrome (FMS), although not recognized as a psychiatric disorder in either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, which are the two key reference manuals for mental illness throughout the world, is a term widely used in legal and scientific arenas to describe the hypothesis that recovered memories may at times be partially incorrect or altogether false. The False Memory Syndrome Foundation (FMSF) first coined the term in the 1990s in reaction to an abundance of cases during the previous two decades in which patients claimed to be victims of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) or satanic ritual. These recovered memory cases led to criminal prosecutions of alleged abusers, lawsuits against therapists by former clients and parents, and even legislative reform. The 2008 website of the FMSF supplies the following definition for the syndrome. [A] condition in which a person's identity and interpersonal relationships are centered around a memory of traumatic experience which is objectively false but in which the person strongly believes … [T]he syndrome may be diagnosed when the memory is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individual's entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of other adaptive behavior. Keywords: recovered memories; illusory memories; childhood sexual abuse; false memory syndrome; False Memory Syndrome Foundation
Lincoln Tunnel Traffic Control Experiment

AN EXPERIMENT TO DEVELOP COMPUTER METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING TRAFFIC FLOW THROUGH LINCOLN TUNNEL IS DESCRIBED. SOME REMARKS ARE GIVEN ON THE POTENTIAL SPINOFFS FROM THIS EXPERIMENT WHICH MAY INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS. RESULTS SHOWED A MEASURABLE INCREASE IN THROUGHPUT, HIGHER SPEEDS WITH LOWER DENSITIES DURING THE CONTROL PERIOD. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HIGH FLOWS COULD BE MAINTAINED AT MODERATELY HIGH SPEED IF DENSITIES DID NOT REACH CONGESTION LEVELS. THE EXPERIMENT HAD BENEFITS IN PROVIDING ACCURATE TRAFFIC DATA, CALIBRATION AND CORRECTION OF MAGNETIC LOOP DETECTORS. /HSL/
ARQ protocol features for HF radio links

The explosion of interest in using Internet-style applications over wireless links prompts investigation of appropriate link-layer protocols that will most efficiently support these application and transport protocols. We evaluate the performance impact of key features of ARQ protocols for wireless links with Internet-style workloads. The investigation is focused on high-frequency radio links, with some generalization to wireless applications throughout the spectrum.
Catabolism of Desialylated Ceruloplasmin in the Liver

Abstract When desialylated ceruloplasmin (ASCPN), labeled with 64Cu and with 3H in its galactose residues, is injected intravenously into a rat, more than half of the radioactivity can be recovered within minutes in ASCPN precipitated immunochemically from liver homogenates. Both radioautographic studies and measurements of hepatic uptake of ASCPN following blockade of the reticuloendothelial system indicate that ASCPN enters only hepatocytes. Serial measurements on the immunoprecipitated ASCPN indicate that cleavage of 64Cu is 80% complete within 30 min of injection, whereas galactose is split from the protein even faster. Sucrose gradient fractionation of liver homogenates from rats treated with Triton WR 1339 or dextran reveals the principal site of the catabolic cleavage of copper and galactose to be lysosomes.
Interactions between hormonal and environmental signals on hypothalamic neurons: Molecular mechanisms signaling environmental events

It is axiomatic that the central nervous system must manage the integration of several environmental factors with steroid hormonal influences for the biologically adaptive performance of reproductive behavior. Launching from established behavioral investigations and from hormonal influences on gene function in the brain, we review here studies on how synaptic inputs and sex hormone influences codetermine hypothalamic gene expression. A particularly exciting implication of results on the ability of thyroid hormone receptors to interfere with estrogen receptor-dependent neuroendocrine function is that environmentally stimulated changes in thyroid hormone levels could influence hypothalamic transcriptional mechanisms important for behavior. If so, this would unite naturalistic environmental thinking with molecular neurobiological thinking important for the hypothalamic control of reproduction. (Trends Endocrinol Metab 1997;8:111-115). (c) 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
Serum Total Homocysteine Concentration Is Related to Self-Reported Heart Attack or Stroke History among Men and Women in the NHANES III

High circulating total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration, which is influenced by folate and vitamin B-12 status, is a suspected cause of cardiovascular events. This relation has been investigated in both case-control and prospective studies but has not been evaluated for different sex x age subgroups of the general U.S. population. We used data on adult (i.e., aged > or =40 y) male (n = 1097) and female (n = 1107) participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, excluding diabetics and those supplemented with estrogen, vitamins or minerals, to evaluate the association between serum tHcy concentration and self-report of heart attack or stroke. After adjustment for age, race-ethnicity, smoking, blood pressure, blood pressure medication, body mass index and serum concentrations of creatinine and cholesterol, past events were reported 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.0-5.5) times as often by men with tHcy concentration of >12 micromol/L as by men with lower values. The odds ratio for women was 2.6 (95% confidence interval 1.1-6.6) after adjustment for the same factors plus menopausal status. A stronger relation in men aged < or =60 y compared with older men may help reconcile conflicting results of earlier studies.
Effects of prolonged flooding on the distribution and biomass of emergent species along a freshwater wetland coenocline

Water levels were raised 1 m for two years in 10 cells of an experimental wetland complex located in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. The mean area covered by each of the 5 dominant emergent species in these cells declined significantly during the first year of flooding. There was no significant difference in the total acreage of ?mergents between flooding years. Three species were completely {Carex atherodes Spreng, Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link) or almost {Scirpus lacustris L. spp. glaucus (Sm.) Hartm.) eliminated from the cells. Typha glauca Godr. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. still covered in the second year of flooding about 40 and 25%, respectively, of the area that they had occupied in the cells in the preflooding year. The mean elevation at which the two surviving species were found both increased 0.1 and 0.2 m over preflooding elevations during the first and second year of flooding, respectively. There is no evidence that during the flooding years any species migrated upslope toward more optimal water depths. Aboveground standing crop for all five species declined significantly during the first year of flooding, but was not significantly different between the two flooding years. Total belowground biomass did not differ between spring and fall, but declined significantly (about 20%) during the first year of flooding and remained about at that level during the second year. In the spring following the two years of flooding, mean total belowground biomass was only 40 g m-2, less than 10% of the belowground biomass dur ing the preflooding year.
Student focus groups as an assessment technique: A case study

Abstract Assessment is increasingly important in the academy. This paper presents a case study of one assessment technique: focus groups. The methodology of focus groups is discussed, and general guidelines for operationalization are presented via the case study. Focus groups are a useful assessment tool for many aspects of accounting programs.
Parasitic mite and trematode abundance are associated with reduced reproductive output and physiological condition of freshwater mussels

Although historically understudied, parasites may play an important role in freshwater invertebrate population ecology and evolution. We quantified abundance of parasitic mites and trematodes in the freshwater mussel Pyganodon grandis, in a southeastern Alabama stream (USA), to assess parasite impact on adult mussel physiological condition and reproductive output. We used stepwise multiple regression analyses to assess the effects of mussel size and parasites on reproduction and condition. Multiple regression analysis found no multivariate models that predicted reproductive output or physiological condition. However, univariate models revealed that increased parasite densities predict reduced mussel reproductive output and physiological condition. These findings suggest that parasites may have important negative consequences for freshwater mussels. We hypothesize that elevated parasite loads may reduce mussel fitness in impounded or nutrient-enriched streams with high densities of intermediate hosts (chironomid midges).
A phase I-II trial of 4'-deoxydoxorubicin (esorubicin) in refractory or relapsed acute leukemia.

In a phase I-II study, 21 patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia were treated with 4'-deoxydoxorubicin (esorubicin), the 4'-deoxy derivative of doxorubicin. Four of 14 evaluable patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in relapse or refractory to other anthracyclines achieved partial response (28.5%). Pharmacokinetics were similar to those of the parent compound, doxorubicin. Esorubicin has activity in ANLL and has pharmacologic properties comparable to those of other anthracyclines. Dose-limiting toxicity occurs in the form of mucositis, which may limit its use in combination with other antileukemic drugs. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1989) 45, 424–428; doi:10.1038/clpt.1989.50
Periodic Heating of an Anisotropic Superlattice With Thermal Boundary Resistance

The conduction of heat from a modulated heat source of finite size is analyzed for a semi-infinite solid in contact with the adjacent gas. The solid is a semi-infinite layered composite structure consisting of a superlattice (of thickness Δ) grown on a substrate. Using partitioned matrices that arise naturally from boundary conditions, a closed form solution for the temperature distribution in the solid and gas is found for the limit of conduction-dominated heat transport in the gas. The general case is analyzed in which each layer of a superlattice can have different anisotropic thermal conductivities as well as different thermal boundary resistances between the individual layers due to the growth process. Limits of this most general case are discussed in which all “A” and all “B” layers are themselves the same. The temperature field that arises from the general problem is used to compute probe beam deflections in the gas for the photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS) technique for measuring the thermal conductivity. Results are presented to show how probe beam deflection components, and the effective properties of the superlattice, are influenced by the number of periods of the superlattice, thermal properties of the superlattice layers, and the presence or absence of a thermal boundary resistance between the layers.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Antral Augmentation, Osseointegration, and Sinusitis: The Otolaryngologist's Perspective:

Osseointegrated dental implants are a widely used method of replacing lost or missing teeth. Resorption of the alveolar ridge of the edentulous posterior maxilla may necessitate augmentation before...
Chemically pumped N2O laser

Abstract Optical gain and laser oscillation has been achieved in N2O through selective excitation of the (001) state by vibrational energy transfer from CO†. The CO† is produced by the flash photolysis initiated chemical reaction: O + CS → CO† + S.
Heat Transport Through Josephson Point Contacts

We present a comprehensive study of heat transport through small superconducting point contacts. The heat current for a temperature-biased weak link is computed as a function of temperature and barrier transparency of the junction. The transport of thermal energy is controlled by the quasiparticle transmission probability for the point contact that couples the superconducting leads. We derive this transmission probability and results for the heat current starting from nonequilibrium transport equations and interface boundary conditions for the Keldysh propagators in quasiclassical approximation. We discuss the thermal conductance for both clean and dirty superconducting leads, as well as aspects of the nonlinear current response. We show that the transmission probability for continuum quasiparticle states is both energy and phase dependent, and controlled by an interface Andreev bound state below the continuum. For high transparency barriers the formation of a low-energy bound state, when the phase is tuned to $\ensuremath{\varphi}=\ensuremath{\pi},$ leads to a reduction of the heat current relative to that for $\ensuremath{\varphi}=0.$ For low-transparency barriers, a shallow Andreev bound state just below the continuum edge is connected with resonant transmission of quasiparticles for energies just above the gap edge, and leads to enhanced heat conductance as the temperature is lowered below the superconducting transition.
Phase transformations in metastable β′ CuZn alloys: II: Isothermal transformations

Abstract The present investigation was carried out with the primary purpose of establishing the nature of the isothermal β′ → α1 transformation in Cu-Zn alloys containing ~40 wt.% Zn. The morphology, habit plane, shape deformation, crystal structure, substructure, and orientation relationship of the plate shaped α1 transformation product have been studied by optical, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by electron and X-ray diffraction. The initial β′ → α1 transformation was found to exhibit all of the characteristics generally ascribed to a martensitic transformation. Contrary to previous suggestions, diffusion, i.e. partitioning of Cu and Zn, only influences the characteristics of the α1-plates after their formation in a diffusionless manner. The habit plane, orientation relationship, and shape strain associated with the β′ → α1 transformation are in very good agreement with predictions of these quantities obtained by employing the martensite crystallography theory. The structure of the initially formed α1-plates can be described as a 3R stacking sequence involving close-packed planes. It is emphasized that the 3R stacking is a result of the inhomogeneous shear of the crystallography theory, and therefore is a consequence of the phase transformation. The “overannealing” of the α1-plates during longer (isothermal) transformation times results in a disordered (f.c.c.) phase with non-crystallographic interfaces.
Power system state estimation: a survey

Abstract Recent developments in the solution methods for state estimation are reviewed. Concepts of decoupling, ill-conditioning and robustness in state estimation are discussed. Derivations of decoupled estimators, stable estimators and robust estimators are reviwed. Future directions for research are suggested.
Corticothalamic axons contact blood vessels as well as nerve cells in the thalamus

Corticothalamic axons in cats and rats were studied after labelling by intracortical injections of axonally transported markers. Individual axons were traced to their terminal branches. Many preterminal segments had a tightly spiral or winding course which was often closely adjacent to a thalamic blood vessel. Electron micrographs of such axons showed them lying immediately adjacent to the vascular basement membrane, without the astrocytic cytoplasm that generally separates neural processes from the basement membrane of vessels. The functional nature of this neurovascular relationship remains to be explored.
Synthesis of Guanine Derivatives Substituted in the O6-Position by Mitomycin C

Abstract Although adducts resulting from the reaction of mitomycin C (MC) and DNA have been characterized as guanine derivatives covalently linked to MC at the guanine N 2 -and/or O 6 -positions, lack of material and of protons on the quanine nucleus had led to difficulties in product characterization. Authentic O 6 -MC guanosine derivatives have been synthesized and comparison shows that N 2 -adducts and not O 6 -adducts are the major products from reactions of reduced MC with DNA.
Strictly for Evangelical Parenting Support? The Case of Mothers of Preschoolers (MOPS)

Parenting poses a unique set of opportunities and challenges for both mothers who work for pay and for those who stay at home across the United States today. Specific types of “work-family” mothers’ groups have thus emerged as a way for these parents to provide support, information, and advocacy to one another in friendly communities. This study analyzes the boundary work undertaken by one national Christian mothers’ group, Mothers of Preschoolers (MOPS), to maximize its membership base and distinguish it from other work-family mothers’ organizations. In this article, I first probe how MOPS engages in a particular presentation of self that I call “open evangelism” to market its organization. Open evangelism combines both an open (nonreligious) and evangelical philosophy to appeal to a diversity of mothers across the country. I then use data collected from 25 in-depth interviews with MOPS members in 2009 in order to assess if and how this open evangelism is, in fact, experienced by members at the chapter level. I find that both open and evangelical themes emerge when members describe the benefits that they receive from joining the group and the challenges presented by parenthood, thereby suggesting that MOPS is successful in its self-presentation. I conclude with MOPS’ prospects for survival and growth in the competitive world of both religious and nonreligious mothers’ organizations.
Comparison of two sites in Mobile Bay using in vivo biomarkers in largemouth bass, sediment bioassays, and sediment contaminant analysis.

This research addresses whether chemical contaminants are having a biologically measurable effect on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), an important fish species in the Mobile Bay National Estuary. Bass and sediment samples were collected in September 2001 from Big Bateau and D’Olive Bays; the latter has been suggested to be an environmentally impacted site. There was a significant difference in the age distribution of bass collected from the two sites. However, none of the animals showed any evidence of reproductive activity or had mature gametes. The age and gonadosomatic index were greater in animals collected from the Bateau site. Fish liver microsome ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities (elevated in the presence of CYP1A-inducing contaminants) were not significantly different between sites but were significantly higher in older bass. Plasma steroid concentrations in younger animals (less than 1 year old) tended to be higher and more variable than the concentrations found in older animals. Once the significant effects of age on plasma steroid concentrations were removed, an analysis of the residual change in steroids revealed no differences in testosterone or estradiol between animals collected at the two sites. Sediments were collected for chemical extraction and analysis in two bioassays: the H4IIE rat hepatoma EROD assay and the yeast estrogen screen (YES assay). The H4IIE bioassay indicated the presence of sediment BaP induction equivalents between 72 and 320 ng/g, whereas the YES assay indicated that potent estrogenic substances were not present in the sediment samples. The H4IIE bioassay results were higher for D’Olive samples, which was consistent with higher PAH concentrations in those sediments. Taken together the biomarkers and chemical analysis suggested generally low organic contamination at these two sites.
Practice of feeding premasticated food to infants: a potential risk factor for HIV transmission.

OBJECTIVES: Although some caregivers are known to premasticate food for infants, usually during the weaning period, HIV transmission has not been linked to this practice. We describe 3 cases of HIV transmission in the United States possibly related to this practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three cases of HIV infection were diagnosed in children at ages 9, 15, and 39 months; clinical symptomatology prompted the testing. A thorough investigation to rule out alternative modes of transmission was conducted. In addition, phylogenetic comparisons of virus from cases and suspected sources were performed by using the C2V3C3 or gp41 region of env and the p17 coding region of gag. RESULTS: In 2 cases, the mothers were known to be infected with HIV, had not breastfed their children, and perinatal transmission of HIV had previously been ruled out following US HIV testing guidelines. In the third case, a great aunt who helped care for the child was infected with HIV, but the child9s mother was not. All 3 children were fed food on multiple occasions that had been premasticated by a care provider infected with HIV; in 2 cases concurrent oral bleeding in the premasticating adult was described. Phylogenetic analyses supported the epidemiologic conclusion that the children were infected through exposure to premasticated food from a caregiver infected with HIV in 2 of the 3 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The reported cases provide compelling evidence linking premastication to HIV infection, a route of transmission not previously reported that has important global implications including being a possible explanation for some of the reported cases of “late” HIV transmission in infants, so far attributed to breastfeeding. Until the risk of premastication and modifying factors (eg, periodontal disease) are better understood, we recommend that health care providers routinely query children9s caregivers and expecting parents who are infected with HIV or at risk of HIV infection about this feeding practice and direct them to safer, locally available, feeding options.
Predictors of life satisfaction in individuals with intellectual disabilities.

Background The purpose of this study was to examine factors that predict life satisfaction in individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). Two groups of variables were studied: life skills (interpersonal, instrumental and leisure) and higher-order predictors (social support, self-determination and productivity). Method Fifty-six participants with ID were recruited from two community agencies in Wisconsin. Data were collected using both a self-report inventory, which was administered to each individual in an interview format, and a behaviour rating scale, which was completed by a knowledgeable staff member. Hierarchical regression was used to analyse the data. Results Both sets of variables were found to explain a significant amount of the variance in life satisfaction. Within the sets, social support and interpersonal skills were individually significantly associated with life satisfaction. Conclusion It is hoped that the results of this study will help support providers organise services in such a way that maximises the life satisfaction of the consumers that they serve.
Faculty technology: when is custom programming a reasonable solution?

If the faculty technology support unit programmed each project that was suggested, staff resources would quickly be depleted. However, sometimes custom programming is the only way to achieve a specific result. How does the unit decide priorities? What steps should be taken before and during the programming of the custom application?.
Progress-report of the National Geographic Society-Cornell University study of aurora

The National Geographic Society and Cornell University have set up a three-year comprehensive program of research on the aurora borealis, as seen in lower latitudes, 40° to 45° north. Parallactic height-measurements are made from four stations. The base-line, Cornell Aurora Observatory, Ithaca, New York (76° 29′ west, 42° 29′ north), to the tower of Colgate Memorial Chapel, Hamilton, New York (75° 33′ west, 42° 49′ north),is equipped with special auroral cameras with lenses of 45-mm focus and aperture F/2. The base-line, Fuertes Observatory, Ithaca, New York (76° 29′ west, 42° 27′ north), to Smith Observatory, Hobart College, Geneva, New York (77° 00′ west, 42° 53′ north), is equipped with auroral cameras loaned by the Auroral Committee of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. Each camera takes six separate photographs on a plate 9 by 12 cm. The plates used are 1-C special, panchromatic, and 1-G special green-sensitive, specially coated by the Eastman Kodak Company. These plates have greater speed and finer grain than any other high-speed plates known to be available. About 500 photographs were taken between September, 1938, and April 24, 1939, of which about 100 pairs are suitable for heightmeasurement. No height-measurements have yet been made from these negatives (see Fig. 1).
Environmental and Edaphic Effects on Western Corn Root worm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Overwintering Egg Survival

Western com rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, overwintering egg survival was studied at 3 soil depths (7.5, 15, and 30 cm), 3 soil textures (silty clay loam, loam, and sandy loam), and 2 surface residue treatments (with and without surface cover) at an eastern Nebraska site in 1989-1990 and 1990-1991. At a western Nebraska site, egg survival was evaluated at 3 soil depths (7.5, 15, and 30 cm), 2 surface residue regimes (with and without surface cover) within a fine sandy loam soil in 1989-1990. Overall, egg survival was low (30.0%) and intermediate (41.0%) at the eastern and western sites, respectively in 1989-1990 and high (64.7%) at the eastern Nebraska site in 1990-1991. Egg survival was significantly influenced by surface residue and by depth in all soil textures at the eastern site during both seasons. Percentage survival of D. v. virgifera eggs was <5 and = 15% in the bare surface treatment at the 7.5 and 15 cm depths, respectively in 1989-1990. In 1990-1991, the lowest survival occurred in the bare surface treatment at 7.5 cm. Egg survival was not influenced by the surface cover or sample date at the western site. Simple regression equations showed signifi­ cant relationships of percentage of egg survival with minimum soil temperature and with negative degree-days (1989-1990 only) at the eastern site. In 1990-1991, =80 negative degree­ days or a minimum temperature of =-7°C was needed to significantly decrease D. v. virgifera egg survival. Multiple regression improved the prediction and showed the importance of snow­ fall and snow cover at the western Nebraska site and in 1990-1991 at the eastern site.
Influence of 60-Hertz magnetic fields on leukemia.

Female DBA/2 mice at 8 weeks of age were implanted with P388 leukemia cells in groups of ten mice and exposed to a 60-Hz 1.4-microT, 200-microT, or 500-microT magnetic field 2-3 hours after the implant for 6 hours daily, 5 days/week until all the exposed P388-treated and nontreated mice died. Parallel exposed groups of non-P388-treated mice and P388-treated mice exposed at 0 microT were included for study. No statistically significant differences (P greater than .05) in survival, spleen weight, or body weight resulted between P388-treated or nontreated mice from exposure to the magnetic field. No effect on the incidence or progression of P388 leukemia was apparent.
Diffraction and deeply virtual exclusive scattering at HERMES

Abstract The exclusive production of vector mesons (ϱ o and φ) in the HERMES kinematical region (4 W Q 2 2 ) is described. Data for mass fits, Q 2 and W dependences of cross sections, spin-density matrix elements and double spin asymmetries are presented. Moreover, azimuthal spin asymmetries for exclusive pion production and deeply virtual Compton scattering are shown.
Trajectories of Participation in Athletics and Positive Youth Development: The Influence of Sport Type.

In order to examine youth experiences in athletic activities with different characteristics, the present study explored the developmental outcomes associated with participation in three different types of sport (individual sports, team sports, and dance-type sports) as well as across six identified patterns of participation (no participation, joining sports, constant participation, changing participation, dropping out, and inconsistent participation), using data from Grades 10, 11, and 12 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Results indicated that female youth who participated in athletics across all three years, as well as youth who participated simultaneously in both individual and team sports, showed the most favorable outcomes when compared to youth who did not participate in athletics. Findings are discussed in relation to prior work on youth sport participation from an embodied relational developmental systems perspective. We also include suggestions for future research.
A Theoretical Inefficiency in the International Marketing of Tradable Global Warming Emission Permits

When the disutility of global pollution is measured in units of a numeraire good that is polluting in consumption, the marginal rates of substitution in consumption are generally weighted differently in each country’s calculation of marginal damages. In that case, it is inefficient to control global warming by tradable emission permits, which in theory trade at a unique international equilibrium price. This conclusion is derived from a model of Shibata (1996) in which consumption is pervasively polluting in global warming gases. Shibata dubiously based the inefficiency he discovered on the reciprocal external damages of global warming emissions rather than on the nullibicity he posed for a non-polluting numeraire good.
Electrolysis of molten carbonates: anodic and cathodic gas-evolving reactions

Abstract Results are reported for an investigation of the processes contributing to the anodic and cathodic “off-gases” in the electrolysis of the molten ternary eutectic, (Li, Na, K/CO 3 ) at 500°C. with a compartmented electrolysis cell, and an on-stream gas chromatographic technique. At low cds and low polarization, the discharge of oxide to O 2 is the only anodic process; as the cd and polarization are increased, carbonate discharge contributes to the anodic reaction and finally dominates the anodic process. The cathodic discharge of carbonate, producing CO, was confirmed, and is in good correspondence to the thermodynamic predictions. Some H 2 evolution is noted at the cathode; this may be attributed to the presence of moisture or hydroxide in the molten electrolyte as contaminant.
Collisional Quenching of CH(A), OH(A), and NO(A) in Low Pressure Hydrocarbon Flames

Abstract Excited state lifetimes have been measured for the A-states of CH, OH, and NO in a number of low-pressure, premixed, laminar flow methane flames. From these lifetimes, collisional quenching rates were determined as a function of height above the burner and thus as a function of flame temperature and composition. The results were compared with values calculated using a model of the flame chemistry to predict collider mole fractions, together with parameterizations of quenching rate coefficients for each collider. Measured OH and NO quenching rates agree well with those calculated from these quenching rate coefficients and modeled flame composition data. This indicates that collisional quenching corrections for laser-induced fluorescence measurements can be calculated from knowledge of major species mole fractions and gas temperature. Predicted quenching rates for CH range from agreement with measured values to 27% higher than measured values. This discrepancies suggest insufficient knowledge of high temperature quenching by H2O and N2.
Innate Immune Dysfunctions in Aged Mice Facilitate the Systemic Dissemination of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus

Elderly humans show increased susceptibility to invasive staphylococcal disease after skin and soft tissue infection. However, it is not understood how host immunity changes with aging, and how that predisposes to invasive disease. In a model of severe skin infection, we showed that aged mice (16- to 20-month-old) exhibit dramatic bacterial dissemination compared with young adult mice (2-month-old). Bacterial dissemination was associated with significant reductions of CXCL1 (KC), polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), and extracellular DNA traps (NETs) at the infection site. PMNs and primary skin fibroblasts isolated from aged mice showed decreased secretion of CXCL2 (MIP-2) and KC in response to MRSA, and in vitro analyses of mitochondrial functions revealed that the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I plays a significant role in induction of chemokines in the cells isolated from young but not old mice. Additionally, PMNs isolated from aged mice have reduced ability to form NETs and to kill MRSA. Expression of nuclease by S. aureus led to increased bacterial systemic dissemination in young but not old mice, suggesting that defective NETs formation in elderly mice permitted nuclease and non-nuclease expressing S. aureus to disseminate equally well. Overall, these findings suggest that gross impairment of both skin barrier function and innate immunity contributes to the propensity for MRSA to disseminate in aged mice. Furthermore, the study indicates that contribution of bacterial factors to pathogenicity may vary with host age.
Phase modulation system for dual wavelength difference spectroscopy of hemoglobin deoxygenation in tissues

Time resolved spectroscopy of tissue makes it possible to quantify tissue hemoglobin concentrations because of the direct measurement of the optical path length for photon migration. However, the laser system is bulky and unwieldy and impractical for clinical studies. Thus, the application of the more compact and efficient phase modulation technology well known for fluorescence lifetime studies to time resolved spectroscopy of tissue offers opportunities to simplify the methodology and in addition to afford continuous readout of tissue photon propagation. This paper describes single and dual wavelength systems operating at two wavelengths in the deep red region based upon a time-sharing system. These devices have noise levels in a 2 Hz bandwidth of less than 2 ps and drifts of < 1ps/min. Applications of the noninvasive devices include measurement of hemoglobin deoxygenation in brain and hemoglobin and myoglobin deoxygenation in human skeletal muscle and animal models. Numerous applications to medical and biological problems now become available.
Readers' Perception of Digital Alteration in Photojournalism:

At the beginning of the millennium, almost all of the images that we see in our daily newspapers and news magazines are digitized. However, no scholars have asked readers what they think about the appropriateness of digitally altering images. The purpose of this study is to examine how much readers trust digital images used in documentary contexts and to provide an empirical base for newsroom guidelines and principles regarding the uses of digitally altered photographs.
Patterns in Mie scattering: evolution when normalized by the Rayleigh cross section.

An alternative to using the traditional scattering angle θ to describe light scattering from a uniform dielectric sphere is the dimensionless parameter qR, where R is the radius of the sphere, q = 2k sin(θ/2), and k is the wavenumber of the incident light. Simple patterns appear in the scattered intensity if qR is used in place of θ. These patterns are characterized by the envelopes approximating the scattered intensity distributions and are quantified by the phase-shift parameter ρ = 2kR | m − 1 |, where m is the real refractive index of the sphere. Here we find new patterns in these envelopes when the scattered intensity is normalized to the Rayleigh differential cross section. Mie scattering is found to be similar to Rayleigh scattering when ρ 1, which evolve predictably as a function of ρ. These patterns allow us to present a unifying picture of the evolution of Mie scattering for changes in kR and m.
Measuring Psychological Kinship: Scale Refinement and Validation

The Kinship Scale was designed to measure the construct of psychological kinship. A revised version of the scale was validated against several measures of intimacy and relatedness. Subjects were un...
The Influence of Communicative Competence upon Roommate Satisfaction.

Previous research has found significant correlations between communication skills and the quality of one's roommate relationship. The causal direction of these correlations, however, has been uncertain. It could be as easily argued that roommate satisfaction leads to communicative competence as communicative competence results in satisfaction with one's roommate. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between communicative competence and roommate satisfaction via a cross‐lagged research design. Communicative competence was operationalized by the Communicative Adaptability Scale (CAS, Duran, 1983) and Communication Satisfaction with the Com‐Sat measure (Hecht, 1978). Results indicate that communicative adaptability is a causal factor in roommate satisfaction. The causal relationships of the specific dimensions of the CAS to roommate satisfaction are discussed as well as implications of these findings for future investigations.
Characterization of medical ultrasonic transceivers. Gain transfer characteristics and their applications.

Abstract The concept of gain transfer characteristics of medical ultrasonic transceivers is presented. Transfer characteristics relate the peak echo amplitude at the output of the receiver to the attenuation of a reproducible reference echo, at discrete time gain compensation (TGC) voltage levels. A method is shown for the determination of the transfer characteristics, and their numerous applications are described.
Journey A Los USA: Migration Dynamics and United States Policy

U.S. policies, economic interests, and their intersection in international relations have had severe implications on transnational migration and significant impacts upon the resettlement of Guatemalans, many of whom embark on migration journeys as irregular migrants to the United States. These journeys for hopeful change continue to be challenged not only by the acculturation process of resettlement, but also by U.S. immigration and immigrant policies. Though immigrants like Pedro Xep experience unimaginable struggles in migration (personal communication, February 1, 2009), they gracefully exemplify a spirit of optimism, resilience, and determination that can bring hope and inspiration to social workers and immigrants' rights advocates.
Comparison of the Effects of Potassium on Ouabain Binding to Native and Site-Directed Mutants of Na,K-ATPase

We examined the effect of K+ on Mg(2+)- and P(i)-supported [3H]ouabain binding to Na,K-ATPases, including partially purified enzyme from sheep kidney and wild-type and mutant sheep alpha 1 isoforms (C104A, Y108A, E116Q, P118K, Y124F, R880P, R880L, and N122D) expressed in NIH3T3 cells. In the presence of increasing concentrations of K+, [3H]ouabain binding to these enzymes decreases but never reaches nonspecific binding levels, consistent with the concept that ouabain is still able to bind to the K(+)-complexed enzyme but with reduced affinity. A partially competitive model for K+ inhibition of ouabain binding is proposed which satisfactorily fits the binding data. The model is consistent with the sequential binding of two K+ ions to the enzyme. Ki values (approximately 1.0 mM) for K+ obtained from this model are comparable to the apparent K+ affinities of the rat alpha isoforms determined by measuring the K+ dependence of Na,K-ATPase activity [E. A. Jewell and J. B. Lingrel (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16925-16930]. This is consistent with the concept that K+ inhibition of Mg2+ plus P(i) supported ouabain binding is mediated by K+ binding to the same high-affinity binding sites present in the native enzyme under physiological conditions. While the mutants exhibit binding constants for ouabain which vary more than 30-fold from that of the wild-type enzyme, their affinities for K+ differ less than twofold from that of the native enzyme. Our results suggest that the ouabain and K+ binding sites are not the same and are differentially affected by mutations of the enzyme. The system described here should prove useful in the analysis of cation binding to other mutants of the Na,K-ATPase, especially those carrying amino acid replacements which result in an inactive enzyme.
ASCOSPORES OF Byssochlamys fulva COMPARED WITH THOSE OF A HEAT RESISTANT Aspergillus

A comparison between the heat resistant ascospores of Byssochlamys fulva and Aspergillus sp. WR1 revealed both similarities and differences. Similarities included a requirement for heat to break spore dormancy, the stimulation of heat activation by grape juice and other solutions, a nonlogarithmic order of death, and increased heat resistance in sugar solutions. A major difference was their response to organic acids: The survival of the Aspergillus in various acids was comparable to that in distilled water indicating no effect of the acids on heat resistance. With B. fulva, higher survivals were obtained in malic, tartaric, and citric acids. A major reduction in heat resistance of B. fulva was observed in the presence of fumaric, lactic, succinic and acetic acids.
The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the identification of drug degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations.

Recent applications of LC-MS in the analysis of drug degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed. Drug degradation products are categorized according to their formation mechanism: oxidation, hydrolysis, dimerization and adduct formation with excipients and packaging materials. The oxidative ring opening and dimerization of an indole derivative are discussed in detail. The examples used in this review clearly demonstrate that LC-MS is a very powerful technique for the analysis of low-level degradates in formulations without the time-consuming isolation process. At the same time, limitations and precaution of using LC-MS techniques for unknown identification are also addressed. In some cases, the LC-MS data could become misleading if the ionization process and gas-phase behavior of the analytes are not well understood.
C. elegans dystroglycan DGN-1 functions in epithelia and neurons, but not muscle, and independently of dystrophin.

The C. elegans dystroglycan (DG) homolog DGN-1 is expressed in epithelia and neurons, and localizes to basement membrane (BM) surfaces. Unlike vertebrate DG, DGN-1 is not expressed in muscle or required for muscle function. dgn-1 null mutants are viable but sterile owing to severe disorganization of the somatic gonad epithelium, and show defects in vulval and excretory cell epithelia and in motoneuron axon guidance. The defects resemble those of epi-1 laminin αB mutants, suggesting that DGN-1 serves as a receptor for laminin. dgn-1(0)/+ animals are fertile but show gonad migration defects in addition to the defects seen in homozygotes, indicating that DGN-1 function is dosage sensitive. Phenotypic analyses show that DGN-1 and dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) components have distinct and independent functions, in contrast to the situation in vertebrate muscle. The DAPC-independent functions of DGN-1 in epithelia and neurons suggest that vertebrate DG may also act independently of dystrophin/utrophin in non-muscle tissues.