cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AID-ing Signaling in Toxoplasma gondii .

The cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) of apicomplexan parasites is essential for secretion of micronemes and host cell invasion and egress. Both kinase specificity and localization can determine which substrates are phosphorylated. The functions of plasma membrane and cytosolic PKG isoforms of Toxoplasma gondii were unknown because of difficulties precisely manipulating expression of essential genes. Brown et al. (K. M. Brown, S. Long, and L. D. Sibley, mBio 8:e00375-17, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00375-17) adapted the auxin-inducible degron (AID) system for conditional expression of T. gondii proteins. AID, in combination with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 gene editing, facilitated creation of a panel of PKG mutants to demonstrate that the membrane association via acylation of PKG is critical for its essential functions in tachyzoites. The cytosolic form of PKG is not sufficient for viability and is dispensable. These studies illuminate a critical role for targeting of kinase complexes for parasite viability. The AID system enables rapid, conditional regulation of protein expression that expands the molecular toolbox of T. gondii.
Effects of Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia on Uterine Activity and Uteroplacental Blood Flow

Obstetric analgesia and anesthesia may alter uterine activity and/or uterine blood flow by a direct effect of the drug on the myometrium or uterine vasculature or indirectly by alteration of maternal physiology. A change in uterine activity can be objectively documented by a change in myometrial tone or in the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions or inferred by alteration of the progress of labor, i.e., the rate of cervical dilatation or the duration of labor. Anesthetic effects on uterine blood flow can be documented by direct (e.g., flow probe) or indirect (e.g., isotope washout) measurement of uterine blood flow or inferred if the fetal heart rate pattern or fetal blood gases change in a manner characteristic of uteroplacental insufficiency (i.e., reduced uterine blood flow). Additional information can be obtained by investigating the direct effects of an analgesic or anesthetic agent in vitro using myometrial or uterine arterial tissue preparations.
Enrico Fermi, flaws and all

With the title The Last Man Who Knew Everything and a first chapter entitled “Prodigy,” a reader could be forgiven for ex­pecting David Schwartz’s new biography of Enrico Fermi to be a straightforward hagiography. Luckily, Schwartz’s ambitions are not as simple as providing yet another account of a great man of 20th-century physics. He has other, thornier questions in mind, some of which he credibly addresses and others that he handles less convincingly.
The First Amendment in Camouflage: Rethinking Why We Criminalize Military Speech

An American can tweet “the president is a fucking idiot” and not go to jail. Yet if a U.S. soldier does the same, they are committing a federal crime. This example is only the tip of the iceberg representing a large swathe of otherwise constitutionally-protected speech that is criminalized only for those in uniform. Like the captain of the Titanic, none of the three branches of federal government have bothered to carefully chart the dangers of such drastic speech suppression. Nor have they provided sufficient lifeboats for those on board in the form of substantive limitations regarding the types of speech that can send a service-member to jail. This Article explores why this situation exists, and recommends a safer course. To do this, this Article analyzes how the federal military speech crimes deviate from civilian criminal law, highlighting the former’s deficiencies while laying out a clear path of straight-forward statutory reform. This analysis is supported by a critical examination of the military courts’ messy speech jurisprudence, with the Supreme Court’s seminal incitement law’s doctrinal development as the backdrop. This Article paints this larger landscape to demonstrate that the military speech doctrine, an expanded “dangerous speech” approach to what is unprotected speech, took an early off-ramp from the Court’s more protective speech law development. Linked to the worst excesses of the Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918, the current military speech doctrine fails to require clear causation of harm, thus allowing persecution of disliked ideas. This Article recommends replacing the military speech doctrine with approaches that far better align with the modern Court’s speech jurisprudence. While the most expansive speech crimes should be subject to strict scrutiny, this Article concludes that a discrete list of military speech crimes remain unprotected by the First Amendment due to their nature as speech integral to crime, an unprotected category long recognized by the Court. Finally, this Article cautions that retaining the military’s unique service-discrediting crime risks skewing the role of the U.S. military within our greater democracy.
Who Are the “New Atheists”?

In this chapter I first attempt to discern what proportion of individuals in the US who do not believe in god or a higher power exhibit the characteristics of “New Atheists.” The growing body of literature on New Atheism suggests such individuals have three characteristics: disbelief in the supernatural, reliance on and affinity toward science, and a critical view of religion. Using data from the 2007 Pew US Religious Landscape Survey, I employed a 2-step cluster analysis employing three key questions to determine that between 70 % and 80 % of individuals who report not believing in a god or higher power in the US exhibit the characteristics of New Atheists. The rest of the chapter then examines the demographics of these “New Atheists” in contrast to “other atheists,” the nonreligious, and a variety of religious groups. New Atheists tend to be highly educated, fairly affluent, are disproportionately male, white, and liberal in their politics. Yet, they are not as young as are “other atheists.” The chapter concludes with implications for the growth of atheism in the US based on these demographic characteristics.
Biology of glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor

Neurotrophic factors are cytokines that promote the differentiation, development, growth, maintenance and regeneration of neurons. In 1993, glial cell line-derived-neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was identified as the first member of a new family of cytokines in the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily [1]. Over the past five years, three additional members of the GDNF family have been isolated, cloned and sequenced: neuturin [2], persephin [3] and artemin [4]. The present review will concentrate on GDNF, the most extensively studied of the four proteins. The known properties of the other three trophic factors and their comparison to GDNF will be discussed at the end of the chapter.
HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS OF RIEMANN ELLIPSOIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Hamiltonian dynamics of Riemann ellipsoids. The classical theory of Riemann ellipsoids is a Hamiltonian dynamical system defined on the co-adjoint orbits of the Lie group. A Riemann ellipsoid is a fluid with an ellipsoidal boundary whose motion is constrained to an orbit of the kinematical group. Each Riemann ellipsoid phase space is a symplectic manifold on which the Lie group cm(3) acts transitively as a group of canonical transformations. The application of Lie groups in classical mechanics has been restricted heretofore to symmetry groups for which the group action commutes with the flow. In contrast, cm(3) is a dynamical algebra for which the Hamiltonian is a function of the algebra generators. However, it remains uncertain if a dynamical algebra inevitably allow for an algebraic reformulation of the classical theory in terms of co-adjoint orbits.
Extended Nicotine Patch Treatment Among Smokers With and Without Comorbid Psychopathology

Introduction Individuals with psychiatric conditions smoke at higher rates than the general population and may need more intensive treatment to quit. We examined whether or not extended treatment with nicotine patch, combined with behavior counseling, would disproportionally benefit smokers with versus without a lifetime psychiatric condition. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from an effectiveness trial of treatment with 12 counseling sessions (48 weeks) and 21-mg nicotine patch (8, 24, or 52 weeks) among 525 adult daily smokers. A structured clinical interview assessed past and current psychiatric disorders (major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, and substance abuse and/or dependence), as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). Abstinence was bioverified at week 52. Logistic regression evaluated the effect of the psychiatric status × treatment duration interaction on abstinence at week 52, covarying for sociodemographics, baseline psychological symptoms, and treatment adherence. Results At baseline, 115 (21.9%) participants were diagnosed with one or more psychiatric conditions. The psychiatric status × treatment duration interaction was significant for week 52 abstinence (p = .027). Abstinence rates between smokers with versus without a psychiatric condition in the 24-week treatment arm (9.3% vs. 31.5% abstinent) significantly differed from the 8-week treatment arm (18.8% vs. 22.3%), p = .017. Abstinence rates for smokers with (22.5%) versus without a psychiatric condition (19.7%) in the 52-week treatment arm did not differ from those in the 8-week arm. Conclusions Targeted smoking cessation treatment, rather than extending treatment duration, may be especially warranted to optimize treatment for smokers with comorbid mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Implications Individuals with psychiatric conditions smoke at higher rates and have greater difficulty quitting compared to those in the general population, but little is known about how to best optimize treatment for this high tobacco burden population. The present study found that cessation response to extended duration treatment with the transdermal nicotine patch did not differ for smokers with versus without comorbid anxiety, mood, and substance use disorders in a large-scale clinical effectiveness trial. Development of targeted behavioral treatments may be required to optimize abstinence outcomes for this high-risk population, rather than simply extending the duration of pharmacotherapy treatments.
Multiple stressors in riparian ecosystems

Abstract Woody plants adapted to the dynamic environment of river corridors are foundation species in riparian ecosystems globally. Riparian forests and woodlands are adaptable to natural disturbances such as floods, droughts, fire, and herbivory. Collectively, these multiple stressors have a profound influence on vegetation composition, structure, and dynamics. Human pressures from land use, habitat degradation, water diversion, modified flood and fire regimes, invasive species and nonnative pests, and climate change modify and interact with natural drivers to create combinations of stressors on riparian ecosystems. Multiple stressors can interact additively, synergistically, and/or antagonistically to influence plant survival, reproduction, growth, function, and ultimately the composition and structure of riparian communities. In this chapter, we examine the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on riparian communities and outline challenges for management. We also discuss multiple stressors in the context of ecological theory and economic production functions, and the trade-offs inherent in studying long-lived organisms over large spatial scales.
Low-Flow Onset of Flow Instability in Heated Microchannels

Onset offlow instability (OFI) in uniformly heated microchannels cooled with subcooled water at very low flow rates was experimentally investigated. Four different microchannels, all of which were 22 cm long with a 16-cm-long heated section, were used. Two were circular with 1.17- and 1.45-mm diameters. The other two represented flow channels in a microrod bundle with triangular array and had a hydraulic diameter of 1.13 mm; one was uniformly heated over its entire surface, and the other heated only over the surfaces of the surrounding rods. The test parameter ranges were as follows: 220 to 790 kg/m 2 .s mass flux, 240- to 933-kPa channel exit pressure, 30 to 74°C inlet temperature, and 0.1 to 0.5 MW/m 2 heat flux. In addition, the effect of dissolved noncondensables on OFI was examined by performing similar experiments with degassed water and water saturated with air with respect to the test section inlet temperature and exit pressure. Conditions leading to OFI were different from those reported for larger channels and for microchannels subject to higher coolant mass flow rates. In all the experiments, OFI occurred when equilibrium quality at channel exit was close to zero or positive, indicating the possibility of insignificant subcooled voidage in the channel and indicating that the widely used models and correlations that are based on the OFI phenomenology representing larger channels may not apply to microchannels at low-flow rates. The channel total pressure drops were significantly greater in tests with air-saturated water as compared with similar tests with degassed water. The impact of the dissolved noncondensable on the conditions leading to OFI was relatively small, however. With all parameters including heat flux unchanged, the presence of dissolved air changed the mass fluxes that led to OFI typically by only a few percent.
Postsurgical peritoneal inclusion cyst masquerading as a large pelvic mass

A 34-year-old gravida 0 woman presented to the office for an infertility consultation. Her gynaecological history was significant for endometriosis and pelvic pain, for which she had undergone robot-assisted laparoscopic endometriosis resection, presacral neurectomy, lysis of adhesions and an
Milestones in the fight to eliminate trachoma.

PURPOSE Trachoma, a chronic conjunctivitis that can result in vision loss from trichiasis, is targeted for global elimination by 2020. Several milestones in the long process towards elimination are noteworthy for the impact they have had on changing or accelerating progress. The purpose of this review is to describe the milestones and the impact they have had both for trachoma elimination and beyond. FINDINGS Eight milestones are presented. They are discovery of the causative agent; development of a clinical grading scheme; establishment of the World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020; setting targets that define elimination; building an evidence base for trichiasis surgery; azithromycin donation programme; use of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement); and The Global Trachoma Mapping Project. SUMMARY These milestones have significantly pushed the progress towards elimination. Despite challenges to achieving the goal of elimination by 2020, there is continued commitment into the future to ensure that this preventable cause of blindness is no longer a threat.
Effects of metaphylaxis on production responses and total antimicrobial use in high-risk beef calves

ABSTRACT Objectives Our study objectives were to determine the effects of metaphylaxis for control of bovine respiratory disease on measures related to sustainability, including health, antibiotic use, and productivity. Materials and Methods Male calves (n = 198; 231 ± 2.4 kg) arriving in 2 groups received either 3.3 mL/100 kg (6.6 mg/kg) ceftiofur crystalline free acid (EXC) or 4.4 mL/100 kg (13.2 mg/kg) tilmicosin phosphate (MIC) or were not treated (CON) in a randomized complete block design. Cattle were observed daily and treated according to clinical presentation of bovine respiratory disease and weighed every 14 d. Feed intake and total antimicrobial use were recorded. Results and Discussion Cattle receiving metaphylaxis had 25.2% lower morbidity rates than CON (P = 0.01; 51.5 vs. 76.7%). Differences (P = 0.14) were not observed between MIC (46.4 ± 4.3%) and EXC (56.5 ± 4.3%). Of cattle requiring therapy, the CON group displayed symptoms 5 d earlier than metaphylaxis (P = 0.01); MIC required treatment 4 d before EXC (P = 0.02, 8 vs. 12 d). Metaphylaxis improved ADG (1.63 vs. 1.28 kg/d; P = 0.06) and G:F (0.29 vs. 0.22; P = 0.01) during the first 14 d, without differences between EXC and MIC (P > 0.40). No differences were observed in ADG (P = 0.20) or G:F (P = 0.18) between CON and treatment groups after 42 d. Antimicrobial use was similar (P = 0.88; 6.03 vs. 6.16 g of active ingredient per animal) for CON versus metaphylaxis, and for MIC versus EXC (P = 0.74; 5.99 vs. 6.33). Conclusions and Applications Metaphylaxis enhanced animal well-being. Total number of antimicrobial applications was higher but total mass of antimicrobial use was similar when metaphylaxis was applied in calves with high initial morbidity rates.
Interdisciplinary Research Leaders Program: Working with Community and Rethinking Resilience.

Resilience is a concept that has been difficult to define and measure, especially for researchers studying minority or vulnerable populations who face unique adversities affecting their health and ...
G32 Improving survival of those with cerebral palsy in England and Wales over the last 18 years

Aims To assess the rate of change in median age of death over time, where cerebral palsy (CP) is documented as a cause of death, with reference to all-cause mortality in England and Wales. Methods Published death registration statistics for England and Wales for all-cause mortality as well as ICD 10 code ‘G80 – Cerebral Palsy’ were extracted from the WHO Causes of Death Query online for 2001–2016 and the Office for National Statistics for 2013–2018. This captures those who died, where cerebral palsy was documented in part 1 of the death certificate. Linear interpolation was used to calculate the median age of death for the different groups. Data was imported into SPSS and linear regression was used to assess trends. Results Median age of death was significantly lower in the CP group compared to the general population, with the median age of death increasing from 22.5 in 2001 to 49.6 in 2018. The trends in median age of death from 2001–2018 in England and Wales are highlighted in table 1. Conclusion The increasing median age of deaths due to CP hints at improved survival due to improvements in care. The rate of this improvement is significantly greater than that of the general population. These death registration data cannot directly report improved survival. However, this finding is supported by the absolute numbers for registration of deaths due to CP remaining constant. Prolonged survival may therefore be inferred by the increasing median age of death.
LoCUS: A Multi-Robot Loss-Tolerant Algorithm for Surveying Volcanic Plumes

Measurement of volcanic CO 2 flux by a drone swarm poses special challenges. Drones must be able to follow gas concentration gradients while tolerating frequent drone loss. We present the LoCUS algorithm as a solution to this problem and prove its robustness. LoCUS relies on swarm coordination and self-healing to solve the task. As a point of contrast we also implement the MoBS algorithm, derived from previously published work, which allows drones to solve the task independently. We compare the effectiveness of these algorithms using drone simulations, and find that LoCUS provides a reliable and efficient solution to the volcano survey problem. Further, the novel data-structures and algorithms underpinning LoCUS have application in other areas of fault-tolerant algorithm research.
Non-invasive XRF analysis of ancient Egyptian and near Eastern turquoise: A pilot study

Abstract More than 1400 turquoise stones associated with 98 archaeological artifacts from Egypt, the Near East, and Central Asia were analyzed using non-invasive point and scanning XRF. Geological specimens of turquoise from mines in the Sinai and Iran were also included in this study. The relative intensities of characteristic X-rays of Fe, Cu, Zn, and As were used to categorize the stones, which are discussed here in terms of their geographical contexts and assigned dates. The results indicate strong correlations between turquoise composition and archaeological attribution. Although these relationships likely reflect differences in turquoise sources that changed over the course of several millennia, it is not possible to associate the chemical signatures with specific mines solely using non-invasive XRF data.
Starting and running an organisation in medical school: tips from our experience.

Running or founding a student society at medical school is a good way to learn leadership skills early. Here are some tips on how to do so successfully
Genetic updates on paroxysmal dyskinesias

The paroxysmal dyskinesias are a diverse group of genetic disorders that manifest as episodic movements, with specific triggers, attack frequency, and duration. With recent advances in genetic sequencing, the number of genetic variants associated with paroxysmal dyskinesia has dramatically increased, and it is now evident that there is significant genotype-phenotype overlap, reduced (or incomplete) penetrance, and phenotypic variability. In addition, a variety of genetic conditions can present with paroxysmal dyskinesia as the initial symptom. This review will cover the 34 genes implicated to date and propose a diagnostic workflow featuring judicious use of whole-exome or -genome sequencing. The goal of this review is to provide a common understanding of paroxysmal dyskinesias so basic scientists, geneticists, and clinicians can collaborate effectively to provide diagnoses and treatments for patients.
Fake News Cues: Examining the Impact of Content, Source, and Typology of News Cues on People’s Confidence in Identifying Mis- and Disinformation

Using a survey of U.S. adults, this research examines the content, source, and typology cues that people rely on when assessing misinformation in the news, frequently referred to as fake news, and how those factors impact the confidence they have in their ability to identify fake news. Participants’ confidence in recognizing fake news was significantly affected by their patterns of looking at news cues, such as a story’s URL and author, as well as by their engaging in their own research and seeking out news that confirms what they already believe. These findings signal a need for increased, continuous news literacy education designed to empower the public to push back against the seedy allure of fake news and other forms of misinformation that pose as legitimate, objective news.
SIMILITUDE FOR DRAINAGE OF SOILS

THE SIMILARITY CONDITION WAS APPLIED TO NONSTEADY FLOW OF LIQUIDS IN PARTIALLY SATURATED POROUS MEDIA. INSPECTIONAL ANALYSIS WAS APPLIED TO THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION DESCRIBING TWO-PHASE FLOW WHERE THE GAS PHASE IS EVERYWHERE AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. CRITERIA FOR SIMILITUDE WERE DEVELOPED TO FACILITATE STUDYING COMPLICATED FIELD PROCESSES WITH SMALL LABORATORY MODELS. STANDARD SCALING UNITS WERE CHOSEN SO THAT THE CAPILLARY FRINGE DEPTH CAN BE PRECISELY ACCOUNTED FOR IN A MODEL. THE TIME SCALE PERMITS MODELING A LENGTHY FLOW PROCESS IN A RELATIVELY SHORT PERIOD OF TIME. THE STANDARD SCALING UNITS ARE READILY MEASURABLE MEDIA AND LIQUID PROPERTIES. SOME OF THESE PROPERTIES, HOWEVER, ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE DRAINAGE CYCLE ONLY. THEORETICALLY, THEREFORE, THE SCALING CRITERIA ARE NOT APPLICABLE WHEN HYSTERESIS IS IMPORTANT AND THE IMBIBITION CYCLE IS INVOLVED. THE VALIDITY OF THE CRITERIA WERE CONFIRMED EXPERIMENTALLY BY APPLYING A NONSTEADY DRAINAGE PROCESS TO TWO COLUMNS OF MEDIA WHICH, ACCORDING TO THE THEORY, WERE SIMILAR. /ASCE/
Magic, Science, and Empire in Postcolonial Literature: The Alchemical Literary Imagination

Introduction 1. The Alchemical Imagination 2. Victorian Science: Debating Darwin and Natural History 3. Hermeticism 'Gone Underground': Victorian Science and Pseudo Science in the Age of Empire 4. Superseding Newtonian Determinism: Chaos, Quantum Heresies and Hyperspace in Post-Imperial Literature 5. Paradise as Chaos: The Deconstruction of Determinism Conclusion Bibliography Index
High Density Carrier Generation in Indium Antimonide

The generation of high density free carriers in intrinsic and doped indium antimonide was studied with picosecond CO2 laser pulses. It was found that a very dense electron-hole plasma could be generated despite a large Burstein bandgap shift. The interaction of this dense plasma with the laser pulse was highly dynamic and nonlinear. In this paper, we shall present a consistent explanation of the observed nonlinear reflection and transmission thresholds prior to the onset of melting and damage. The computation involved the interaction of dynamic Burstein shift, Keldysh tunneling, thermal runaway heating and two-photon absorption.
An Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate:Hexose 6-Phosphotransferase Specific for d-Mannose and d-Fructose from Leuconostoc mesenteroides PURIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND EVIDENCE FOR A SINGLE ENZYME

Abstract An adenosine 5'-triphosphate:hexose 6-phosphotransferase (hexokinase) specific for d-mannose and d-fructose is described. It was purified to apparent homogeneity from extracts of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The purified enzyme had a specific activity of 76 units (micromoles per minute) per mg and a molecular weight estimated at 47,000. It was stable to storage at 0° in 0.2 m (NH4)2SO4, pH 7.0. d-Mannose and d-fructose were phosphorylated at equal rates, whereas d-glucose, 2-deoxy-d-mannose, and 28 other sugars and related compounds tested were not phosphorylated and did not inhibit the enzyme. Phosphorylation of d-fructose was competitive with d-mannose (Ki = 0.4 mm). The apparent Km for d-mannose and d-fructose was 0.4 mm and was independent of the ATP concentration. The apparent Km for ATP ranged from 0.1 to 2 mm and varied with pH and the hexose, but it was independent of the hexose concentration. Product inhibition occurred with ADP (competitive with ATP, Ki = 0.3 mm at pH 6.9) but not with d-fructose 6-phosphate. At 3.3 mm concentrations, inosine 5'-triphosphate and thymidine 5'-triphosphate served as phosphoryl donors for d-fructose at 75% and 62%, respectively, of the rate obtained with ATP. The pH-activity curves were different for the two hexoses, with the d-fructokinase to d-mannokinase activity ratios being about 1.0 at pH 6.9, 0.5 at pH 8.5, and 0.3 at pH 8.9. The products of the phosphorylation of d-mannose and d-fructose were identified as d-mannose 6-phosphate and d-fructose 6-phosphate, respectively.
Boundary Behavior of Cauchy Integrals

One major difference between the Poisson kernel and the Cauchy kernel is. that the former is positive and the latter is not. The positivity of P(z, ζ) made it possible to be rather unsubtle in the proof of the basic maximal theorem 5.4.5: μ was replaced by |μ|, and it was then just a matter of making size estimates without giving too much away. No cancellation effects came into play.
Effects of two's complement truncation quantization in state-space digital filters

Necessary and sufficient conditions are established for the existence of limit cycles due to two's complement truncation quantization in state-space digital filters. Accessibility of limit cycles is investigated, and a set of sufficient conditions is derived for the existence of period-one limit cycles with a specified access time. It is also established that if the system matrix has an inverse, then all possible limit cycles are accessible. The results are illustrated with examples. >
Issues Involved in the Definition and Classification of Chronic Health Conditions

The need for a widely applicable definition of chronic conditions for research, policy, and program development has led to an extensive review of the development of such definitions, the considerations involved in their use, and some recommendations for a new approach. This paper examines some of the methodologic and conceptual issues related to defining and classifying chronic conditions and describes some consequences resulting from decisions made about these issues. While most examples are taken from child health applications, the basic concepts apply to all age groups. The dominant method for identifying and classifying children as having a chronic condition has relied on the presence of an individual health condition of lengthy duration. This condition-specific or "categorical" approach has increasingly seemed neither pragmatically nor conceptually sound. Thus, the development of a "generic" approach, which focuses on elements that are shared by many conditions, children, and families, is recommended. Such a definition might reflect the child's functional status or ongoing use of medical services over a specified time period. In addition, it is suggested that conditions be classified based on the experience of individual children, thus emphasizing the tremendous variability in expression of seemingly similar conditions.
Protein kinase C alpha is a target for the meprin B metalloproteinase (690.14)

Meprin metalloproteinases have been shown to play a role in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in both mice and humans. However, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether PKC, a serine/threonine kinase known to play a role in DN, is a meprin substrate. Activated forms of purified recombinant meprin A and B were incubated for 0-4 h with cytosolic-enriched proteins from meprin αβ double knockout mouse kidneys (which lack endogenous meprins) and protein lysates extracted from Mardin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (which do not express meprins). The levels of PKCα were determined by Western blot analysis using anti-PKCα specific antibodies coupled with optic densitometry. Incubation with meprin B significantly reduced the levels of PKCα present in the kidney proteins and MDCK lysates. This decrease was not observed in proteins incubated with meprin A or control reactions without meprins, suggesting isoform-specific degradation of PKCα. T...
Cytogenetic Variation of B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia With Intrachromosomal Amplification of Chromosome 21 (iAMP21): A Multi-Institutional Series Review.

Objectives: B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) with intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 (iAMP21) is a relatively uncommon manifestation of acute leukemia and limited predominantly to the pediatric population. Case-specific information regarding flow cytometric, morphologic, and laboratory findings of this subtype of leukemia is currently lacking. Methods: We searched the databases of three large institutions for lymphoblastic leukemia with iAMP21 from 2005 through 2012 and analyzed the clinicopathologic features. Results: We identified 17 cases with five or more RUNX1 signals on interphase nuclei, 14 of which were consistent with the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) definition for iAMP21—namely, the presence of three or more RUNX1 signals on one marker chromosome. These cases showed a statistically significant lower peripheral WBC count and older age at diagnosis compared with all pediatric cases of B-ALL. We also identified three cases with increased RUNX1 signals scattered on multiple marker chromosomes that did not meet the COG definition of iAMP21 but showed similar 21q instability and older age at presentation. Conclusions: Our findings not only demonstrate that B-ALL with iAMP21 is truly a distinct clinicopathologic entity but also suggest that a subset of cases of B-ALL with iAMP21 can show variable cytogenetic features.
Inhibition of Ovulation in the Domestic Hen by Intrauterine Insemination

Abstract ARTIFICIAL insemination (A.I.) directly into the uterus has resulted in fertility under circumstances when none could be obtained with intravaginal A.I. Polge (1951) obtained no fertility following intravaginal A.I. with semen containing 15% glycerol, but Allen and Bobr (1955) obtained some fertility when it was deposited directly in the uterus. Ogasawara et al. (1962) obtained fertility with the semen of two low-fecundity cocks only by intrauterine A.I. Intrauterine A.I. has been used extensively in studies of behavior of spermatozoa in the oviduct (Bobr et al., 1964a, b), but its usefulness in research has been limited, and any potential practical applications curtailed, by the tendency of birds to pause after using this technique. This paper places on record a number of observations on the effect of intrauterine A.I. on subsequent egg production and comments on the conditions that affect it. Intrauterine A.I. involves penetration of the uterovaginal junction. Allen and Bobr…
Cyclic plasticity and shakedown in high-capacity electrodes of lithium-ion batteries

Of all materials, silicon has the highest capacity to store lithium, and is being developed as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Upon absorbing a large amount of lithium, the electrode swells greatly, with a volumetric change up to 300%. The swelling is inevitably constrained in practice, often leading to stress and fracture. Evidence has accumulated that the swelling-induced stress can be partially relieved by plastic flow, and that electrodes of small feature sizes can survive many cycles of lithiation and delithiation without fracture. Here we simulate a particle of an electrode subject to cyclic lithiation and delithiation. A recently developed theory of concurrent large swelling and finite-strain plasticity is used to co-evolve fields of stress, deformation, concentration of lithium, and chemical potential of lithium. We identify three types of behavior. When the yield strength is high and the charging rate is low, the entire particle deforms elastically in all cycles. When the yield strength is low and the charging rate is high, the particle (or part of it) undergoes cyclic plasticity. Under intermediate conditions, the particle exhibits the shakedown behavior: part of the particle flows plastically in a certain number of initial cycles, and then the entire particle remains elastic in subsequent cycles. We discuss the effect of the three types of behavior on the capacity and the electrochemical efficiency.
An automated system for controlling drought stress and irrigation in potted plants

Abstract Efficient, automated irrigation systems, which can irrigate the substrate of potted plants to a desired level and supply those plants with just the amount of water required for normal plant growth are currently not available. These systems, if developed, could reduce wastage of irrigation water due to excess application. This subsequently could reduce leaching and run-off, and aid growers to cope with increasing regulations of water-use by state governments in the US. Here we describe an irrigation controller that irrigates a substrate to a set-point (volumetric water content, θ) and maintains θ close to that set-point for several weeks. The controller uses calibrated, dielectric moisture sensors, interfaced with a datalogger and solenoid valves, to measure the θ of the substrate every 20 min. When the θ of the substrate drops below the set-point, the controller opens a solenoid valve, which results in irrigation. The θ of the substrate is maintained near a constant level as the datalogger is programmed to increase θ by only 2–3% during each irrigation. Using this controller with bedding plants, we were able to maintain four distinct levels of θ for a prolonged period (40 days), regardless of changes in plant size and environmental conditions. The daily average θ maintained was slightly higher (within 2–3% on any particular day) than the set-point. When the θ measured and maintained by the dielectric moisture sensors was tested using measurements with another probe placed in the same container, the θ measured by both probes was found to be similar, indicating that the controller can indeed maintain θ near the target level. This controller may also have applications in stress physiology, since it allows control over the rate at which drought stress is imposed on plants.
Hydrogen in aluminum: First-principles calculations of structure and thermodynamics

Despite decades of study, several key aspects of the Al-H system remain the subject of considerable debate. In an effort to elucidate some of these unknowns, we perform a systematic study of this system using first-principles density-functional calculations. We show that generalized gradient approximation (GGA) calculations provide an accurate picture of energetics, phase stability and structure, diffusion, and defect binding in the Al-H system. A series of calculations for hydrides in the M-H systems (M=Al, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, La, Li, Na, Ni, Pd, Sc, Sr, Ti, V, and Y) also shows that the GGA calculations are a quantitatively accurate predictor of hydride formation energies. For Al-H, we find: (i) In agreement with experiment, the observed metastable hydride, ${\mathrm{AlH}}_{3}$ is found to have a small, negative formation enthalpy at ambient conditions, but a strongly positive formation free energy. (ii) Linear response calculations of ${\mathrm{AlH}}_{3}$ yield vibrational frequencies, phonon densities of states (DOS), and heat capacities in excellent agreement with experimental measurements, and suggest the need for a reinterpretation of measured phonon DOS. (iii) Atomic relaxation and anharmonic vibrational effects both play an important role in the tetrahedral versus octahedral interstitial site preference of H in Al. (iv) The calculated heat of solution of H in the preferred tetrahedral site is large and positive (+0.71 eV), consistent with experimental solubility data and with Al as an endothermic hydrogen absorber. (v) Interstitial H interacts strongly with Al vacancies $(\ensuremath{\square}),$ with a calculated H-$\ensuremath{\square}$ binding energy of 0.33 eV. (vi) In the absence of vacancies, the calculated migration energy of H between the tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites is 0.18 eV, but for H migrating away from an Al vacancy, the migration energy increases to 0.54 eV. Vacancy trapping of H can therefore provide an explanation for observed disparate H migration barriers.
Localization of hybrid controllers for manipulation on unknown constraints

A robotic control problem is proposed in which a six degree of freedom manipulator is to explore the surface of an object which isa priori unknown to the controller. Choice of an exploration strategy is discussed. The exploration strategy developed uses the maximal freedom of choice allowed under the restrictions of the problem. In particular, it is shown that any admissible reference trajectory can be used, provided it lies in a two-dimensional manifold which maps continuously into the surface. The inverse kinematic velocity problem is then solved using pseudo-inverses which fully exploit the redundancy of the system. The controller used as an example uses computed torque for linearization and compliant motion theory for movement along the desired path. The solution to the inverse kinematic problem together with the on-line generation of ‘selection-mappings’ constitute a hybrid force/velocity controller. Successful exploration is shown to depend heavily on reliable force control, so PI force feedback is also proposed. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the overall design.
Achieving the aims of education: curricular decisions in critical care

Curricula for residents on rotations through intensive care units are necessarily abbreviated. The selection (and omission) of topics can be informed by assessment of perceived needs. A curriculum cannot, however, be formed exclusively from the top-scoring needs. Topics that are encountered exclusively in the critical care unit (such as brain death) must be included.
Differential binding of RNA polymerase to the pRM and pR promoters of bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract Escherichia coli RNA polymerase binding to the promoters pR and pRM of bacteriophage λ was visualized and quantitated by electron microscopy. Although the two promoters are located close together in the phage genome, their proximity to the end of an 889-bp HaeIII DNA fragment made it possible to position binary complexes within 18 bp (2%) intervals. Thus, polymerase binding to pR and pRM could be distinguished by comparing the locations of binary complexes formed with wild-type and mutant (prm−) DNA at 37° and 15°C. We found that at 37°, RNA polymerase bound primarily to pR, while at 15°C the efficiency of binding was the same at pRM as at pR. In addition, at 15°C the overall efficiency of binding was significantly reduced relative to that at 37°C. When the enzyme was incubated with prm− DNA, binding to pRM was reduced at both temperatures, as expected. Reduced binding to pRM was accompanied by an increase in binding to pR, apparently as a consequence of the low enzyme-to-DNA ratios used in these experiments.
Radiochemical analysis of210Po in coal gasification samples

The concentrations of210Po in samples from a coal gasifier were determined by α-pulse height analysis following separations from complex organic matrices. Samples were dissolved using wet acid digestion and persulfate fusion techniques and then extracted with trilaurylamine. Polonium was auto-deposited onto silver disks using209Po as a tracer for yield determination. The precision of the experimental method, determined on coal, was ±6% at the 95% confidence level. Excellent agreement was attained with published data on an EPA coal sample.
Clark's nutcracker spatial memory: The importance of large, structural cues

Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana, cache and recover stored seeds in high alpine areas including areas where snowfall, wind, and rockslides may frequently obscure or alter cues near the cache site. Previous work in the laboratory has established that Clark's nutcrackers use spatial memory to relocate cached food. Following from aspects of this work, we performed experiments to test the importance of large, structural cues for Clark's nutcracker spatial memory. Birds were no more accurate in recovering caches when more objects were on the floor of a large experimental room nor when this room was subdivided with a set of panels. However, nutcrackers were consistently less accurate in this large room than in a small experimental room. Clark's nutcrackers probably use structural features of experimental rooms as important landmarks during recovery of cached food. This use of large, extremely stable cues may reflect the imperfect reliability of smaller, closer cues in the natural habitat of Clark's nutcrackers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CO3 2013.
The labeled dissimilarity scale: A metric of perceptual dissimilarity

Fundamental to the concept ofpsychological distance is the idea that confusability allows discovery of the perceptual relationships between objects, which provides understanding of the underlying principles that govern the functioning of a system. Thus, judgments of dissimilarity (conceptually proportional to the inverse of confusability) may provide insight into the elusive underlying quality-coding mechanisms in that sensory system. In the present experiments, a labeled dissimilarity scale (LDS) that reflects the magnitude of odorant dissimilarity was developed in a fashion similar to that reported by Green (Green, Shaffer, & Gilmore, 1993). This scale was produced by rating the perceptual intensity implied by adverbs describing different levels of dissimilarity, and then attaching those descriptors to appropriate locations on a numerical scale. The usefulness of the scale was demonstrated by its ability to produce visual color space with ratings of dissimilarity of Munsell color chips. The stability and reliability of the LDS was evaluated by comparing it with the traditional scaling technique of magnitude estimation (ME). It was found that the scales produced similar ratings of odorant dissimilarity and showed a similar susceptibility to the effects of contrast convergence. However, the coefficients of variation of dissimilarities rated with ME were much higher than those produced with the LDS. The subjects also dealt with the LDS without the anxiety that usually accompanies first-time users of ME. The LDS provided stable ratings of odorant dissimilarity and preserved the inferred ratio scale properties of ME.
Engaging the Female Audience: An Evolutionary Psychology Perspective on Gendered Responses to News Valence Frames

This experimental study presents an evolutionary psychology explanation for gender differences in responding to television news. It tests the idea that women are drawn to stimuli that are moderately arousing when they are framed positively and avoid negative ones, while men approach negatively framed stimuli more than positive ones. Men and women's affective and cognitive judgments of news messages in different valence frames (positive, negative, and ambiguous) were measured. The 2 groups exhibited different patterns in their reaction to the news message conditions in line with this hypothesis.
Diets of fossil primates from the Fayum Depression of Egypt : a quantitative analysis of molar shearing

Over the last 90 years, Eocene and Oligocene aged sediments in the Fayum Depression of Egypt have yielded at least 17 genera of fossil primates. However, of this diverse sample the diets of only four early Oligocene anthropoid genera have been previously studied using quantitative methods. Here we present dietary assessments for 11 additional Fayum primate genera based on the analysis of body mass and molar shearing crest development. These studies reveal that all late Eocene Fayum anthropoids were probably frugivorous despite marked subfamilial differences in dental morphology. By contrast, late Eocene Fayum prosimians demonstrated remarkable dietary diversity, including specialized insectivory (Anchomomys), generalized frugivory (Plesiopithecus), frugivory+insectivory (Wadilemur), and strict folivory (Aframonius). This evidence that sympatric prosimians and early anthropoids jointly occupied frugivorous niches during the late Eocene reinforces the hypothesis that changes in diet did not form the primary ecological impetus for the origin of the Anthropoidea. Early Oligocene Fayum localities differ from late Eocene Fayum localities in lacking large-bodied frugivorous and folivorous prosimians, and may document the first appearance of primate communities with trophic structures like those of extant primate communities in continental Africa. A similar change in primate community structure during the Eocene-Oligocene transition is not evident in the Asian fossil record. Putative large anthropoids from the Eocene of Asia, such as Amphipithecus mogaungensis, Pondaungia cotteri, and Siamopithecus eocaenus, share with early Oligocene Fayum anthropoids derived features of molar anatomy related to an emphasis on crushing and grinding during mastication. However, these dental specializations are not seen in late Eocene Fayum anthropoids that are broadly ancestral to the later-occurring anthropoids of the Fayum's upper sequence. This lack of resemblance to undisputed Eocene African anthropoids suggests that the "progressive" anthropoid-like dental features of some large-bodied Eocene Asian primates may be the result of dietary convergence rather than close phyletic affinity with the Anthropoidea.