cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemangioma of the synovial membrane.

Eleven patients with hemangioma of the synovial membrane have been seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1907 through 1956. The tumor occurred in the knee in nine patients, and in the ankle and elbow, respectively, in two others. These patients represent the first reported instances of involvement of these joints. The results of this study suggest that synovial hemangioma should be suspected if the patient is young, symptoms are of long duration, pain and swelling occur intermittently (usually without obvious cause), and the patient presents an exquisitely tender mass that feels soft and doughy, increases in size when in a dependent position, and decreases in size on elevation. Prognosis following surgical excision of these tumors appears to depend on the feasibility of complete excision of the tumor and not on any inherent pathological characteristics of the tumor itself.
Verification of Plasticity Based Models for Concrete

Concurrent with the recent development of advanced finite element techniques, quantitative information on concrete behavior under complex loading conditions has become more available. The scope of analytical capability has demanded a more accurate assessment of the safety of structures. To satisfy the variety of needs, general computer codes have been developed by incorporating material models for certain aspects of concrete behavior. This also leads to the need of general constitutive models for concrete.
Prevalence and factors associated with cognitive deficit in women with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Objective Cognitive impairment has implications in counseling, treatment, and survivorship for women with gynecologic malignancies. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with cognition in women with gynecologic malignancies. Methods After Institutional Review Board approval, 165 women at an urban ambulatory gynecologic oncology facility were queried using a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Wong–Baker pain scale, neuropathy scale, Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) Depression Scale, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD 7). Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate the association of cognitive deficit with age, education, race/ethnicity, disease site, stage, treatment, pain, neuropathy, anxiety, and depression. Results The mean MoCA score for the entire cohort was 24.1 (range 13–30.) 24% of patients had MoCA scores less than 22. Low scores ( Conclusions There was a high prevalence of cognitive deficit in women with gynecologic malignancies. The association of low cognition with report of clinically significant pain, but not with use of opioid pain medications, should be further explored. Research is needed to evaluate the impact of cognitive deficits on treatment adherence and outcomes for women with gynecologic malignancies.
Point Defects and Grain Boundaries in Rotationally Commensurate MoS2 on Epitaxial Graphene

With reduced degrees of freedom, structural defects are expected to play a greater role in two-dimensional materials in comparison to their bulk counterparts. In particular, mechanical strength, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity are strongly affected by crystal imperfections in the atomically thin limit. Here, ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) are employed to interrogate point and line defects in monolayer MoS2 grown on epitaxial graphene (EG) at the atomic scale. Five types of point defects are observed with the majority species showing apparent structures that are consistent with vacancy and interstitial models. The total defect density is observed to be lower than MoS2 grown on other substrates and is likely attributed to the van der Waals epitaxy of MoS2 on EG. Grain boundaries (GBs) with 30° and 60° tilt angles resulting from the rotational commensurability of MoS2 on EG are more easily resolved by STM than atomic force microscopy at simila...
Land in Motion

Globalization entwines human lives with distant fields and forests. In response, our approach to land is relational yet also computational. We calculate and map intricate connections among land uses and distant populations mediated by both commodity chains and capital, thereby unpacking, deepening, extending, and pluralizing recent methods estimating land footprints of commodity consumption. After constructing networks of approximately 130 million direct connections among land uses, economic activities, and peoples of the world in 2007, we trace infinities of indirect interconnections. Dominant absolute-space approaches to human–environment relations facilitate local comparisons of population and resources, but our relational quantitative approach provides maps and metrics that illustrate how uneven development under neoliberal globalization results in strong global net redistributions of various per capita benefits from land use, especially from Global South to Global North. From the perspective of capit...
Fine-Needle Aspiration of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Southern Blot Analysis for Antigen Receptor, bcl-2, and c-myc Gene Rearrangements

To determine the utility of Southern blot analysis for fine-needle aspiration samples, the authors prospectively analyzed immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor, c-myc, and bcl-2 gene rearrangements in 27 cases of known or suspected lymphoma. Adequate DNA for analysis was obtained from 20 of 27 cases (74%), including 18 of 22 (82%) with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Patients whose tumors showed sclerosis, cellular degeneration, or necrosis yielded inadequate DNA. Of the 18 NHLs with successful Southern blot studies, 17 tumors had a B-cell lineage and one was an adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; clonal integration of the human T-cell leukemia virus I (HTLV-I) genome was present in the latter case. Four cases had bcl-2 rearrangements and two had c-myc rearrangements. One patient with follicular small cleaved cell NHL that evolved to a small noncleaved cell NHL had coexisting bcl-2 and c-myc rearrangement in the aspiration specimen of the high-grade NHL, suggesting sequential bcl-2 and c-myc activation during the tumor's progression. Southern blot analysis is a useful technique for establishing tumor cell lineage, clonality, and the presence of oncogene rearrangements in fine-needle aspiration specimens of NHL.
PREDICTING RISK-REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL AIDS BEHAVIORS IN A SAMPLE OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL'

Tonnies, Zagumny, Sorokin, and Tesch (2) concluded that concern was the only significant predictor of safer occupational behaviors related to HIV transmission in a sample of medical students. This research generalized earlier survey research on nonoccupational AIDS-related behaviors with undergraduate students, which showed that concern about getting AIDS was the only significant predictor of safer nonoccupational behaviors (1). Using an adapted form of the knowledge, concern, and behavioral scales of the Tonnies, et al. (2) study, 46 emergency medical personnel (EMP) students returned completed surveys during a certification course. The range of observed scores for the knowledge scale was 8 to 16 (minimum = 0; maximum = 20), the concern scale was 12 to 44 (minimum = 10; maximum = 59), and the behavior scale was 20 to 40 (minimum = 8: maximum = 40). Hierarchical regression was used to predict the number of self-reported occupational precauclonsry behaviors (M = 32.63, SD = 4.64) of the sample. Age (M = 26.7 yr., SD = 6.7) and gender (65% male) of respondents were entered together in the first block as covariates followed by knoujledge (M = 10.87, SD = 1.96) and concern @f = 29.96, SD = 6.96) scale scores. Both covariates were nonsignificant predictors of precautionary behavior (age: Beta = .18, p>.01; gender: Be& = .26, p>.01). Analys~s showed knowledge did not explain a significant amount of precautionary behavior variance (Bela = .lo, p>.01) while concern was a significant predictor of the sample's precautionary behav~or (Be& = .34, p< .03). Results of the current study extend the finding that concern about becoming HIV-infected is a significant predictor of safer AIDS-related occupational behavior. Demonstrating this relationship within this EMP sample suggests that the previously observed relationships for medical students can be generalized to other medical personnel. In addition, evidence that knowledge does not explain a significant proportion of behavior variance supports previous research in both
Natural and Artificial Mercury Decontamination - Ottawa River and Minamata Bay (Yatsushiro Sea)

Everyday, man creates new processes and materials whose properties are not fully known and are sometimes toxic to him and the environment. One of the worst cases was in Minamata Bay, Japan where a fatal accident occurred due to mercury pollution. The accident was unique in many aspects thus forcing the establishment of a new decontamination process for polluted areas. Two mercury polluted sites, the Ottawa River, Canada and Minamata Bay (Yatsushiro Sea), Japan, have been investigated to establish a fundamental approach for decontamination with special emphasis on natural and artificial processes and their problems. Artificial decontamination on bottom sediments has primarily cleaned-up Minamata Bay and the near-by Yatsushiro Sea considerably, an acceleration of the natural processes by 31.5 years. The surrounding area will be fully cleaned-up by natural forces, following the artificial work, by 2011 AD (or 20 years from now). This means that the natural decontamination has a half-life of 9.5 years in Yatsushiro Sea. For the Ottawa River, only natural processes were applied to clean-up the river system. It took 5 years for physical components to be decontaminated (a half-life of 1.20 years) while it took a longer period for biological components. This last finding was also true for Minamata Bay. This delay may be due to the longer life span of the biota and their efficient processes of bioaccumulation from diluted surrounding water. Based on the findings herein, a combination of both artificial and natural decontamination methods is recommended in consideration with the given environmental conditions.
Wholly Synthetic Molecular Machines.

The past quarter of a century has witnessed an increasing engagement on the part of physicists and chemists in the design and synthesis of molecular machines de novo. This minireview traces the development of artificial molecular machines from their prototypes in the form of shuttles and switches to their emergence as motors and pumps where supplies of energy in the form of chemical fuel, electrochemical potential and light activation become a minimum requirement for them to function away from equilibrium. The challenge facing this rapidly growing community of scientists and engineers today is one of putting wholly synthetic molecules to work, both individually and as collections. Here, we highlight some of the recent conceptual and practical advances relating to the operation of wholly synthetic rotary and linear motors.
Analysis on death causes of residents in three districts of Baoding City

[Objective]To understand and master the mortality rate,main causes of death and disease burden of residents in three districts of Baoding City,in order to develop the reasonable development planning of health service,as well as effective prevention and control measures.[Methods]The information of death of residents in three districts of Baoding City from 2009-2010 were investigated and analyzed.[Results]During 2009-2010,the mortality rate in males(385.3/lakh) was higher than that in females(283.4/lakh) in three districts of Baoding City,and the top four causes of death were heart disease,cerebrovascular disease,lung cancer and accidental death.[Conclusion]The main causes of death of residents in three districts of Baoding City are circulatory system diseases and respiratory diseases.
The Thermally Injured Perineum

AbstractBetween 1971 and 1976, 197 patients were treated for perineal bums. These patients constituted 13 per cent of all patients hospitalized for burns, had an average burn size of 56 per cent, had a mean age of 30 years and showed a male to female ratio of 3.4:1. Significant bacteriuria was noted in 72 per cent of the patients and 50 per cent had the same organism cultured from the blood. In 20 per cent of the cases the positive urine culture preceded the blood culture. Specific genitourinary complications included 2 cases of prostatic abscesses, 4 cases of periurethral abscesses, 5 cases of suppurative epididymo-orchitis, 4 cases of renal abscesses and 2 cases of acute ascending pyelonephritis. The mortality for this group was 67 per cent. Early recognition of these complications is imperative but difficult since the usual signs are absent. A high index of suspicion promotes early recognition and aggressive management is indicated when they are found.The cutaneous injury should be treated conservative...
Disorders of Biotin Metabolism

There are several inherited disorders that affect biotin metabolism; these are holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) deficiency, biotinidase deficiency, and biotin-responsive basal ganglia disease. Each of these disorders is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Untreated, symptomatic individuals usually develop a variety of neurological symptoms, some of which are caused by the accumulation of abnormal organic acids associated with multiple carboxylase deficiency. Most importantly, the symptoms of each condition can be improved or prevented by early detection and treatment with pharmacological doses of biotin. This chapter will discuss these biotin-responsive disorders.
The Mean Value Theorem

This chapter discusses the mean value theorem. The most difficult part occurring when dealing with a precise mathematical theorem lies in correctly formulating what can be meant by continuous function. Subsequently, Bolzano's intermediate value theorem states that if y = f(x) is continuous on the interval a ≤ x ≤ b , then f(x) attains every value intermediate between the values f(a) and f(b) . Bolzano's Theorem can be applied to f' ( x ) to prove the case of Darboux's theorem for the ordinary derivatives defined. Bolzano's Theorem and Darboux's Theorem have hypotheses that certain functions are continuous. Pointwise derivatives may seem peculiar as they do not arise from computations with the rules of calculus. The chapter discusses the question of when a pointiwse derivative is actually the stronger uniform kind.
BRONCHOSCOPY, GENERAL AND INTERVENTIONAL

Bronchoscopy refers to examination of the tracheobronchial tree via a rigid or flexible bronchoscope. This chapter will review both diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopy, with a focus on the available technology and procedural techniques used to diagnose and treat a variety of lung diseases. As ‘Bronchoscopy: Regular and Interventional’ is a topic for which textbooks are available, the reader is encouraged to explore the relevant literature, with some pertinent references listed in the further reading section.
Liraglutide (Saxenda) for Weight Loss.

Liraglutide, combined with lifestyle counseling, produces a clinically significant and sustained weight loss that continues as long as it is used. Nausea and vomiting, however, are common adverse effects, and about one in 10 patients will discontinue treatment.
Tracking the Antibody Immunome in Type 1 Diabetes Using Protein Arrays

We performed an unbiased proteome-scale profiling of humoral autoimmunity in recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients and nondiabetic controls against ∼10 000 human proteins using a Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array (NAPPA) platform, complemented by a knowledge-based selection of proteins from genes enriched in human pancreas. Although the global response was similar between cases and controls, we identified and then validated six specific novel T1D-associated autoantibodies (AAbs) with sensitivities that ranged from 16 to 27% at 95% specificity. These included AAbs against PTPRN2, MLH1, MTIF3, PPIL2, NUP50 (from NAPPA screening), and QRFPR (by targeted ELISA). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that NUP50 protein behaved differently in islet cells, where it stained both nucleus and cytoplasm, compared with only nuclear staining in exocrine pancreas. Conversely, PPIL2 staining was absent in islet cells, despite its presence in exocrine cells. The combination of anti-PTPRN2, -MLH1, -PPIL2, and -QRF...
Refined forest land use classification with implications for United States national carbon accounting

Abstract The United States provides annual estimates of carbon sources and sinks as part of its National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI). Within this effort, carbon stocks and fluxes are reported for six land use categories that are relevant to economic sectors and land use policy. The goal of this study is to develop methodologies that will allow the US to align with an internationally agreed upon forest land use definition which requires forest to be able to reach 5 m in height at maturity. Models to assess height potential are available for a majority of US forests except for woodland ecosystems. We develop a set of models to assess height potential in these systems. Our results suggest that ∼13.5 million ha of forests are unlikely to meet the international definition of forests due to environmental limitations to maximum attainable height. The incorporation of this height criteria in the NGHGI results in a carbon stock transfer of ∼848 Tg from the forest land use to woodland land use (a sub-category of grasslands) with minimal effect on sequestration rates. The development of a forest land use definition sensitive to climatic factors in this study enables a land use classification system that can be responsive to climate change effects on land uses themselves while being more consistent across a host of international and domestic carbon reporting efforts.
Creativity and Flow: The Art of Mindful Creativity

Leaders are increasingly expected to nurture an environment of collaborative innovation. Some of the world’s most iconic companies are embracing creativity as a way of life. Now more than ever organizations must innovate in order to survive and succeed. Treating creativity as a form of competence that can be nurtured, this chapter focuses on the role of creativity and flow in life and leadership. It garners the view that it is leaders’ job to foster creativity. It reviews some of the mounting research that shows that creativity is very much a science. After defining creativity as person, process, and product-based, it provides a brief overview of the experience of flow as observed in the behavior of creative individuals and the anatomy of mindful creativity. It explores the relationship between mindfulness as a creative process and the concept of flow, suggesting that the meditative practice of mindfulness at once contributes to the successful attainment of both of these experiences. It concludes with reviewing the benefits of mindfulness, creativity, and flow.
Whole blood selenium determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Abstract Objective To develop a sensitive method for accurately measuring whole blood selenium and determining an appropriate reference interval for the local Cleveland population. Design and methods The assay was developed and validated on an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with a collision cell. Whole blood trace element free EDTA tubes were used to collect samples for the reference interval study (n = 50). Samples were collected after at least 8 h fast from healthy adults (76% females) with ages between 19 and 64 yr. Whole blood aliquots (1 mL) in acid washed cryogenic vials were stored at − 70 °C until analysis. Results The method passed the matrix effect, interference (except for Gd), and carryover tests. The method had a linear range of 0.2–7.1 μmol/L with accuracies of 87.1–118.1%. The total assay imprecision (CV) was Conclusions This whole blood Se ICP-MS methodology is sensitive and acceptable for patient testing.
Morphing Origami Conical Spiral Antenna Based on the Nojima Wrap

A two-arm Nojima origami conical spiral antenna (CSA) is designed. The antenna is based on the origami Nojima wrap pattern that enables the antenna to morph from a planar dipole to a conical spiral. The design equations of the Nojima origami CSA are presented and its performance is studied using simulations and measurements. The reflection coefficient, input impedance, gain, and axial ratio of this antenna are investigated over a wide frequency band. The radiation patterns of this antenna are also examined. A prototype of an origami Nojima CSA with 1.5 turns is manufactured and measured.
Maize and soybean root front velocity and maximum depth in Iowa, USA

Abstract Quantitative measurements of root traits can improve our understanding of how crops respond to soil and weather conditions, but such data are rare. Our objective was to quantify maximum root depth and root front velocity (RFV) for maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) crops across a range of growing conditions in the Midwest USA. Two sets of root measurements were taken every 10–15 days: in the crop row (in-row) and between two crop rows (center-row) across six Iowa sites having different management practices such as planting dates and drainage systems, totaling 20 replicated experimental treatments. Temporal root data were best described by linear segmental functions. Maize RFV was 0.62 ± 0.2 cm d−1 until the 5th leaf stage when it increased to 3.12 ± 0.03 cm d−1 until maximum depth occurred at the 18th leaf stage (860 °Cd after planting). Similar to maize, soybean RFV was 1.19 ± 0.4 cm d−1 until the 3rd node when it increased to 3.31 ± 0.5 cm d−1 until maximum root depth occurred at the 13th node (813.6 °C d after planting). The maximum root depth was similar between crops (P > 0.05) and ranged from 120 to 157 cm across 18 experimental treatments, and 89–90 cm in two experimental treatments. Root depth did not exceed the average water table (two weeks prior to start grain filling) and there was a significant relationship between maximum root depth and water table depth (R2 = 0.61; P = 0.001). Current models of root dynamics rely on temperature as the main control on root growth; our results provide strong support for this relationship (R2 > 0.76; P
River Blindness: And It Was About Time

How I ended up living in the United States was related to my work on filariasis. It appears that my peregrinations around the world had all been somehow dictated by many of the parasites I had encountered! I first met Willy Piessens, who was a Harvard professor working on Brugia malayi, in Chicago at the International Congress of Parasitology in 1978 and we soon became good friends. Willy had invited me to Berghoff, an iconic Chicago establishment, for dinner and we talked about filarial disease over sauerbraten and tankards of hefeweizen. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Willy and his wife Pat, affectionately known as P, had been spending their summers doing field research in Indonesia on Brugia malayi and on a couple of occasions they visited us at our home in KL. When I mentioned on one of their visits that I was due for a sabbatical, Willy invited me to spend it at his laboratory at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. So in the winter of 1984, funded by a WHO grant to work on filariasis, I bundled up my family and we flew into Boston. The generosity and hospitality of Willy and P knew no bounds as they put up my wife Lucy and I, and our two young daughters to stay in their beautiful home filled with fragile antique Javanese batik hanging on the walls and shelves of precious and exquisite Ming porcelain which they had collected while living in Indonesia and in Guizhou Province in China. Our girls Shiamin and Shialing had charmed their way into the hearts of P and Willy, and P soon found an apartment for us in Brookline and even pulled strings to somehow have our girls enrolled at the Edward Devotion School even though school term had already started when we moved there. I was to later discover that President John F. Kennedy had attended that same public school and to this day I am totally astounded by how welcoming and generous the United States is to its immigrants. Our daughters were later to graduate with doctorates from Harvard and Yale on full scholarships and I still cannot imagine any other country that would truly open its doors that wide to people from other countries.
Parkinson's Disease Oral Health Module: Interprofessional Coordination of Care.

Introduction Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) suffer progressive neurodegeneration and experience motor and nonmotor symptoms. Oropharyngeal dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as nonmot...
Avoiding Lid Contour Abnormalities in Müller’s Muscle-Conjunctival Resection: Recognizing the Lateral Shift

Avoiding contour abnormalities in Muller’s muscle-conjunctival resection can be avoided by careful placement of the Putterman clamp. Recognizing the lateral tarsal shift and centering the clamp on the tarsus improve lid contour postoperatively.
Methods for isolation and identification of nanoparticle-containing subcellular compartments

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have considerable potential for improvement of drug stability, bioavailability, and reduced dosing frequency. Important technological advantages of nanoparticles include high carrier capacity across biological membranes and controlled drug release. Ultimately, success of nanodelivery systems depends on toxicologic issues associated with the understanding of the fate of nanocarriers and their polymeric constituents within the targeted cells. Here we describe a method for determining subcellular distribution of nanoparticles by isolation and identification of organelles that come in direct contact with these structures.
Ethics in American Universities: A Review of Ethics Teaching in Business Schools Accounting Programs

Corporate scandals in the late 1990s and early this century have led to a decline in the public’s trust of the accounting profession. Since that time, the government, corporations, and universities have attempted to rebuild that trust through a number of methods, such as passing laws requiring better regulation and more disclosure as well as requiring improved ethics education for future accountants. It is this latter issue that is the focus of this paper. This latter issue has also led to the belief that some type of integration of ethical education among accounting students is needed. This paper examines prior studies relevant to this topic. This paper is relevant as it adds to the little literature and would guide future researchers in developing empirical studies on this important topic.
How familiness affects innovation outcomes via absorptive capacity: A dynamic capability perspective of the family firm

Abstract Familiness, the unique bundle of resources associated with the family’s involvement in the firm, affects firm outcomes; yet, how familiness affects the internal dynamics of the family firm to yield outcomes, such as innovation, remains unclear. To this end, we use a dynamic capability perspective to propose that familiness affects absorptive capacity, a knowledge-specific dynamic capability, through which the firm’s innovation outcomes are influenced. Further, we acknowledge how these relationships are altered by the involvement of nonfamily members in the family firm. The conceptual model offered highlights the role of absorptive capacity in understanding how familiness affects innovation outcomes and elucidates the heterogeneity across family firms that results from nonfamily member involvement.
Market Share Liability: An Analysis since Sindell:

The market share liability (MSL) theory generated much concern among marketers when it was introduced in the Sindell case in California in 1980. In the twelve years since that decision, courts in several states have considered the applicability of MSL in a variety of situations and have refined the theory considerably. This paper surveys key cases since 1980 and concludes that MSL has been upheld only by a handful of states and only in cases involving diethylstilbestrol (DES). The issues raised in Sindell and the ways in which courts have dealt with these issues are examined, and a policy solution for the recurring problems is proposed.
Conservation: Monitoring Elephant Poaching to Prevent a Population Crash

Summary African elephants are under threat, especially from poaching for illegal ivory trade. New monitoring data show a dramatic increase in elephant poaching in northern Botswana, where the largest remaining population of African elephants resides.
“Use the Back Door”: Treating Incarcerated Patients in Community Mental Health Facilities

Incarcerated individuals are a vulnerable population who face not only high rates of mental disorders, substance use disorders, and other chronic medical conditions but also widespread social stigm...
Use of Foliar-Applied Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) Seed Extract for the Control of the Birch Leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) (Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae)

The effect of 1.0% neenl (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed extract applied as a foliar spray against the birch leafminer (Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier)) was compared to sprays of water and Metasysto...
A Rare Case of Mad Honey Disease: A Reversible Cause of Complete Heart Block

This case describes a patient with hypotension, bradycardia, and third-degree atrioventricular block following ingestion of a grayanotoxin-containing Pieris species, or lily of the valley bush. Although unlikely in metropolitan environments, physicians should be aware of the possibility of grayanotoxin ingestion when confronted with new-onset heart block even in nonendemic areas. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
José Martí and Venezuela: Redressing Bolivarian Doctrine

If New York City provided Felipe Larrazabal with the possibility of putting into print his liberal, classical vision of Bolivar, it continued to play a role for Venezuelans in the decades ahead. During the Antonio Guzman Blanco period of the 1870s and 1880s, political and military leaders and their families who challenged the great modernizer found refuge in New York City, following in this way not only the path of Larrazabal but also that of the ex-president of Venezuela and liberator Jose Antonio Paez who returned to New York City after the Guerra Federal (Federal War) and died there in 1873. In the end, many stayed, never returning. Among those who did return, some would do so in the 1890s when, after the end of Guzman Blanco’s rule, the federal states gained more authority, the legislature of the state of Zulia, for instance, even re-swearing the 1864 constitution which Guzman Blanco had replaced with two successive constitutions reducing presidential term limits to two years, with the debate over the constitutions the initial cause of the 1892 Revolucion Legalista (Legalist Revolution).
Fracturing in Anisotropic Solids

The general problem of crack growth in an anisotropic solid is examined for the case when the crack edges are parallel to an axis, e.g., the x 3-axis. The basic field equations are formulated in terms of the displacement field and a vector potential field, leading to a system of six first-order partial differential equations. The properties of these equations are examined and a duality principle recently obtained by the author and coworkers is illustrated in terms of the solutions for dislocations and line forces. Then, the question of cracks in anisotropic solids is examined, a general formulation is given, and the phenomenon of crack bridging by fiber reinforcement or broken ligaments is briefly studied in terms of Hadamard’s finite-part integral. For anisotropic bimaterials, a general formulation is given and the duality of the solution of dislocations and line forces is discussed. Then, interface cracks are considered and the interaction between a microcrack at the tip of a macrocrack is studied.
Chapter 7 – Environmental Photobiology

Publisher Summary Occurrence of a hole in the ozone layer is observed and attributed to the presence of man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The CFCs contained in many coolants, electronic solvents, and foam are slowly released into the atmosphere, where they can exist for up to 100 years. In the stratosphere, via short-wavelength Ultra Violet (UV) radiation, they produce free chlorine, which destroys the ozone. Each CFC molecule acts in a catalytic fashion to destroy about 100,000 ozone molecules. Even if harmless chemicals are now substituted for CFCs, the long lifetimes of CFCs already present in the environment mean that the ozone layer continues to be adversely affected until the middle of the 21st century. The resulting increase in the UV spectrum reaching the earth's surface is largely confined to the wavelength region 295–315 nm. Ozone consumption is believed to be a result of photochemical reactions, such as the photodissociation of chlorofluoromethane resulting in the release of chlorine.
A revision of New Caledonian Gossia N. Snow & Guymer (Myrtaceae)

Gossia N. Snow & Guymer from New Caledonia as revised here comprises 30 taxa. Nine new species are proposed, including: Gossia angustifolia sp. nov., G. bourailensis N. Snow, sp. nov., G. conduplicata sp. nov., G. kaalaensis sp. nov., G. katepahiensis sp. nov., G. mandjeliaensis sp. nov., G. ngaensis sp. nov., G. ouazangouensis, and G. ramiflora sp. nov. Ten new subspecies are proposed: two in Gossia aphthosa (Vieill. ex Brongn. & Gris) (G. a. subsp. longipedunculata N. Snow & Munzinger, subsp. nov. and subsp. austro-orientalis N. Snow & K. Gandhi, subsp. nov.), and eight in Gossia clusioides (Brongn. & Gris) N. Snow (G. c. subsp. avanguiensis subsp. nov., G. c. subsp. bleuensis subsp. nov., G. c. subsp. callmanderiana subsp. nov., G. c. subsp. maoyana subsp. nov., G. c. subsp. ploumensis N. Snow, comb. et stat. nov., G. c. subsp. rembaiensis subsp. nov., G. c. subsp. taomensis subsp. nov., and G. c. subsp. tiebaghiensis subsp. nov. The new combination Gossia conspicua (Vieill. ex Guillaumin) N. Snow, comb. nov. is made; a second-stage lectotype and epitype are selected for Gossia diversifolia (basionym Eugenia diversifolia Brongn. & Gris); a lectotype is selected for Eugenia heckelii Pancher & Sebert, which here is reduced to synonymy under G. vieillardii (Brongn. & Gris) N. Snow; and a lectotype is selected for Eugenia cataractarum Guillaumin, which here is reduced to synonymy under G. kuakuensis (Baker f.) N. Snow. Myrtus pulchrefolius Guillaumin is reduced to synonymy under Gossia alaternoides. The Australian species Gossia byrnesii N. Snow & Guymer is synonymized under Eugenia reinwardtiana DC. The treatment provides a key to and descriptions of all known New Caledonian taxa and includes comments on distributions, distribution maps, ecology and phenology. Illustrations are provided for nearly all taxa and digital images of living material are presented for several. With this revision, Gossia now comprises 45 species and ten subspecies.
Effects of Mindfulness on Sleep Quality, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Migraine

Abstract Objective To examine the change over time in sleep quality and psychosocial outcomes from the MRI Outcomes for Mindfulness Meditation Clinical Trial, assess how these mediated treatment response (50% reduction in headache frequency post-intervention) and examine the relationship between baseline values and treatment response. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial with single masking. Patients were recruited from the community, headache clinics and primary care offices in Baltimore Maryland. Eligible patients were aged 18-65 and met the International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for episodic migraine (4-14 headache days in 28 days).The trial (primary outcomes previously reported) included 98 episodic migraine patients randomized to either enhanced (MBSR+) or stress management for headache (SMH). Follow-up visits occurred at 10, 20 and 52 weeks post baseline. Intervention groups met separately for two hours weekly for 8 weeks and then biweekly for an additional 8 weeks. MBSR+ had an additional half-day retreat held between weeks 6 and 8. Results There was a significant improvement in sleep quality from baseline to post-intervention (p=0.0025), in both groups. There were no significant change from baseline or between groups in anxiety, depression and stress. There was also no significant association between baseline scores and treatment response. Mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect for sleep, anxiety, stress, and depression on treatment response, ranging from 6-8%. Conclusions The findings indicate that in episodic migraine, treatment response to MBSR+ compared to SMH was mediated by small, but significant improvements in sleep, anxiety, stress, and depression.
Time to stop calling it attentional “capture” and embrace a mechanistic understanding of attentional priority

In the target article, Luck et al. [2020. Progress toward resolving the attentional capture debate. Visual Cognition. doi:10.1080/13506285.2020.1848949] argue for progress that has been made in the...
Toward a More Just Nonprofit Sector: Leveraging a Critical Approach to Disrupt and Dismantle White Masculine Space

This article examines the utility of deploying a critical framework–grounded in critical race theory (CRT), feminist theory, and intersectionality–in nonprofit and voluntary studies. We argue that ...
A tiered approach to prioritizing registered pesticides for potential cancer hazard evaluations: implications for decision making

Over 800 pesticides are registered for use in the United States. Human studies indicate concern that some pesticides currently in use in large quantities may also pose a carcinogenic hazard. Our objective is to identify candidates for future hazard evaluations among pesticides used in high volumes in the United States and also classified as potential carcinogens by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). We also identify data gaps where further research is needed. We used a systematic, two-tiered review approach to prioritize pesticides. First, we identified currently registered pesticides classified by USEPA as “possible”, “suggestive”, or “likely” human carcinogens. Among these, we selected pesticides USEPA has listed as commonly used by volume in at least one sector (agriculture, home and garden, or industry, commercial, and/or government), and those without a published hazard evaluation in the past 5 years. Second, we searched primary literature databases for peer-reviewed human cancer studies reporting pesticide-specific data published since the last USEPA carcinogenicity evaluation for each pesticide, and created evidence maps of the number of studies meeting our criteria for each identified pesticide. No evaluation of study results or risk-of-bias assessments were conducted. We identified 18 pesticides meeting our selection criteria, 16 pesticides had information from human cancer studies published after their initial carcinogenicity review. Of these, eight pesticides had at least three studies for one or more cancer sites: carbaryl, dichloropropene, dimethoate, mancozeb, metolachlor, pendimethalin, permethrin, and trifluralin. A major limitation in the literature revealed a shortage of studies reporting risk estimates for individual pesticides, rather pesticides were grouped by chemical class. Our scoping report provides a map of the existing literature on real-world exposures and human cancer that has accumulated on pesticides classified as potential carcinogens by USEPA and used in high volumes. We also illustrate that several pesticides which are “data-rich” may warrant updated authoritative hazard evaluations. Our two-tiered approach and utilization of evidence mapping can be used to inform future decision-making to update cancer hazard evaluations.
Outcome analysis of early surgery and conservative treatment in neonates and infants with severe hydronephrosis.

Objective The treatment strategy and timing of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) in infants remain controversial. This study aimed to compare the effect of early surgical treatment (EST) and conservative treatment (CT) on neonates and infants with UPJO and their recovery of renal function and morphology. Methods Eighty neonates and infants with severe hydronephrosis were enrolled in this study. They received early pyeloureteroplasty or CT. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetate was used to assess renal function. Results There were no significant differences in renal function or renal indices at baseline between the two groups. At 3 and 6 months of follow-up, the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis and the Society of Fetal Urology grade in the EST surgery group were significantly lower compared with those at baseline. The thickness of the renal cortex was greater in the EST group than in the CT group at 3 and 6 months of follow-up. After follow-up for 6 months, renal function in the EST group was significantly better than that in the CT group. Conclusion EST accelerates the recovery of renal morphological and functional indices in neonates and infants with severe hydronephrosis.
Increasing dark green leafy, yellow/orange, cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, and physical activity in a low-income population: an evaluation of a critical thinking approach

Intakes of dark green leafy, yellow/orange, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes (target vegetables), and involvement in physical activity have been shown to be protective actions against chronic diseases. Low-income individuals generally consume lower amounts of these target vegetables, engage in less physical activities, and experience higher incidences of chronic diseases. The study evaluated the effectiveness of a critical thinking approach in increasing (a) knowledge, (b) positive attitudes, (c) critical thinking skills of low-income parents related to vegetable offerings and physical activity, (d) the number of target vegetables low-income parents offer their children, and (e) the amount of time spent on physical activities in low-income children. A two group randomized pretest posttest design was used. Participants were recruited from Drake University Head Start in Polk County, Iowa. The experimental group was exposed to two 45-minute sessions on vegetables and physical activity, one session per week, for two consecutive weeks. Sessions consisted of presentation of research findings on vegetables and physical activities, collaborative problem solving, goal setting, and recipe preparation. Participants in the control group did not receive any treatment. A researcher developed questionnaire measured demographic information and the dependent variables knowledge, attitude, and critical thinking related to vegetables and physical activity, vegetable offering recall, and physical activity recall. Critical thinking scenarios and open-ended questions were used to measure participants’ critical thinking abilities. The instrument was tested for face and content validity and interrater reliability. Cronbach’s alpha for attitude and critical thinking ranged from .63 to .96.
Regulation of Activation and Proliferation of Human Natural Killer Cells

Human peripheral blood lymphocytes from all healthy donors are able to lyse in vitro a variety of target cells, including normal, tumor-derived and virus-infected cells, in the absence of previous sensitization against target cell antigens (1). Although lymphocytes from different donors show a large variability in their cytotoxic ability, the rank of cytotoxicity against different target cell lines depends on the susceptibility of the cell lines to the cytotoxic cells and not on the individual variations among lymphocyte donors. Unlike specific cytotoxicity mediated by cytotoxic T cells, this natural cytotoxicity is not restricted by antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (HMC). The human target cell line most used as a target, the myeloerythro leukemic K562 line, expresses neither class I nor class II MHC antigens. The effector cells responsible for this spontaneous cytotoxicity have been defined natural killer (NK) cells and morphologically identified as large granular lymphocytes (LGL). LGL are light density medium- to large-sized lymphocytes characterized by abundant cytoplasm, indented nucleus and few distinct azurophilic granules (2). Separation of lymphocytes on Percoli gradients has been extensively used to obtain enriched preparations of LGL (3). Although this technique was instrumental for much of our advanced knowledge of NK cell biology. LGL preparations obtained with Percoli gradients are not pure NK cells and the contaminant cell types, even if present in a low proportion, have often been responsible for artifactual results and erroneous attributions of functions to NK cells.
International Judicial Bodies for Resolving Disputes Between States

This chapter of the forthcoming 'Oxford Handbook on International Adjudication' assesses those international judicial bodies that are established principally to resolve disputes between States, notably the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body. Unlike courts oriented toward regional economic integration or regional human rights, such as the European Court of Justice or the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, these courts and tribunals primarily focus on resolving disputes between States. Contentious cases before these bodies, for the most part, do not involve institutional organs or other non-State actors as litigants. Unlike international criminal courts, these courts focus exclusively on issues of State responsibility, generally finding that international law has or has not been violated; if a violation is found, matter is usually negotiated to a resolution by the concerned States. Although reparation in the form of restitution, compensation or satisfaction is possible, criminal sanctions are not. Unlike ad hoc arbitral tribunals formed to address matters of investment or commerce, such as under the auspices of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) or the International Chamber of Commerce, these judicial bodies are permanent institutions; they are designed to operate for decades, with adjudicators who serve for years on a range of cases, not for just a single claim or group of claims. Unlike processes for mediation or conciliation, these courts or tribunals issue decisions that are legally binding on the parties appearing before them. Such international judicial bodies have a prominent place in the pantheon of international adjudication; indeed, the ICJ is often viewed — symbolically — as at the pinnacle of international adjudication. Yet with the rise of numerous other dispute resolution bodies, including those before which non-State actors may appear and that may hear hundreds of cases per year, questions have arisen as to whether such ‘old school’ fora still play a dominant or even important role for international law, especially given the relative paucity of their caseloads.