cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ward atmosphere and psychiatric nurses' job satisfaction.

This study examined the relationship of psychiatric nurses'job satisfaction to perceive therapeutic climate on their wards. Job satisfaction was measured with the Employee Attitude Survey published by Science Research Associates. Therapeutic climate was measured by Moos' Ward Atmosphere Scale. Wards were rated as the nurses perceived them (Real) and as they thought they should be (Ideal). Job Satisfaction scores were correlated with Ward Atmosphere Real and Meal-Real discrepancy scores. The perceived degree of Practical Orientation was strongly related to nurse morale. Program Clarity, Order and Organization, Support, and Involvement were also notably related. A similar pattern of relationship was found between morale and Ward Atmosphere Meal-Real discrepancies. As wouM be expected, System Maintenance factors were important to the nurses but so too were Therapeutic and Communication dimensions reflecting a balanced view of nursing care. Research on Moos' Ward Atmosphere Scale has focused largely on patients' perceptions of wards and factors related to these perceptions (Moos, 1974). There has been some attention to the perceptions of staff, particularly nurses, but Moos (1978) acknowledges that there is more to be learned about this area. One matter of considerable interest is the degree of relationship of nurses' perceptions of ward atmosphere to nurses' job satisfaction. There are two major reasons for increasing understanding of this relationship. First, a recent comprehensive survey of psychiatric nurses (PROBE, Godfrey, 1978a; 1978b ; 1978c) found 27% to be either "moderately" or "very dissatisfied" with their jobs. Further, the morale of psychiatric nurses was the lowest among all nursing specialty areas. Clearly there is a need to further understand factors that relate to the morale of psychiatric nurses. Additionally Nord's (1977) critical review of the vast literature on employee job satisfaction points out there has been relatively little attention to the feelings and attitudes of the employees about the product of
Archetypal Social Systems Analysis: On the Deeper Structure of Human Systems

This paper extends the concept and method of stakeholder analysis, showing that the deeper symbolic aspects of human systems can be understood in terms of a special set of stakeholder entities known as archetypes. Archetypes are the most basic symbolic images that the human mind is capable of having and of experiencing. Archetypes and their associated properties are radically different from the kinds of stakeholders that are discussed in the typical analyses of social systems.
Nrf2 Deficiency Promotes Apoptosis and Impairs Pax7/MyoD Expression in Aging Skeletal Muscle Cells

Skeletal muscle redox homeostasis is transcriptionally regulated by nuclear erythroid-2-p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2). We recently demonstrated that age-associated stress impairs Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant-response element) transcriptional signaling. Here, we hypothesize that age-dependent decline or genetic ablation of Nrf2 leads to accelerated apoptosis and skeletal muscle degeneration. Under basal-physiological conditions, disruption of Nrf2 significantly downregulates antioxidants and causes oxidative stress. Surprisingly, Nrf2-null mice had enhanced antioxidant capacity identical to wild-type (WT) upon acute endurance exercise stress (AEES), suggesting activation of Nrf2-independent mechanisms (i.e., PGC1α) against oxidative stress. Analysis of prosurvival pathways in the basal state reveals decreased AKT levels, whereas p-p53, a repressor of AKT, was increased in Nrf2-null vs WT mice. Upon AEES, AKT and p-AKT levels were significantly (p 10-fold) along with profound downregulation of p-p53 (p < 0.01) in Nrf2-null vs WT skeletal muscle, indicating the onset of prosurvival mechanisms to compensate for the loss of Nrf2 signaling. However, we found a decreased stem cell population (PAX7) and MyoD expression (differentiation) along with profound activation of ubiquitin and apoptotic pathways in Nrf2-null vs WT mice upon AEES, suggesting that compensatory prosurvival mechanisms failed to overcome the programmed cell death and degeneration in skeletal muscle. Further, the impaired regeneration was sustained in Nrf2-null vs WT mice after 1 week of post-AEES recovery. In an age-associated oxidative stress condition, ablation of Nrf2 results in induction of apoptosis and impaired muscle regeneration.
Dark matter in NGC 4472

An attempt is made to constrain the total mass distribution of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4472 by constructing simultaneous equilibrium models for the gas and stars. Emphasis is given to reconciling the value of the emission-weighted average value of kT derived from the Ginga spectrum with the amount of dark matter needed to account for velocity dispersion observations.
Numerical simulation of injection/compression liquid composite molding. Part 1. Mesh generation

Abstract This paper presents a numerical simulation of injection/compression liquid composite molding, where the fiber preform is compressed to a desired degree after an initial charge of resin has been injected into the mold. Due to the possibility of an initial gap at the top of the preform and out-of-plane heterogeneity in the multi-layered fiber preform, a full three-dimensional (3D) flow simulation is essential. We propose an algorithm to generate a suitable 3D finite element mesh, starting from a two-dimensional shell mesh representing the geometry of the mold cavity. Since different layers of the preform have different compressibilities, and since properties such as permeability are a strong function of the degree of compression, a simultaneous prediction of preform compression along with the resin flow is necessary for accurate mold-filling simulation. The algorithm creates a coarser mechanical mesh to simulate compression of the preform, and a finer flow mesh to simulate the motion of the resin in the preform and gap. Lines connected to the top and bottom plates of the mold, called spines, are used as conduits for the nodes. A method to generate a surface parallel to a given surface, thereby maintaining the thickness of the intermediate space, is used to construct the layers of the preform in the mechanical mesh. The mechanical mesh is further subdivided along the spines to create the flow mesh. Examples of the three-dimensional meshes generated by the algorithm are presented.
Asthenospheric channeling of the Icelandic upwelling: Evidence from seismic anisotropy

Two end-member geometries, radial flow and ridge-channeled flow, have been proposed for the dispersion of material upwelling beneath Iceland. Seismic anisotropy provides information on mantle flow, and therefore has the potential to discriminate these two geometries. In this study, we combine the HOTSPOT and SIL datasets (39 stations) and select 28 events for teleseismic shear-wave splitting analysis. Splitting results in central and eastern Iceland show 1–2 s splitting times with an average NNW–SSE orientation of the fast splitting direction and an anti-clockwise rotation of fast axes from east to central Iceland. In western Iceland, smaller splits with more N–S orientations are observed. Since crustal splitting times in Iceland are 0.1 s to 0.3 s, our delays of up to 2 s indicate a mantle source. Both the lack of dependence of the splitting parameters on event back azimuth and the observations of null splits for events where the back azimuth is parallel or perpendicular to the fast splitting directions (observed using other events) suggest that one layer of anisotropy dominates beneath Iceland. While both high stress plus enriched water content and melt-rich layers can result in a 908 rotation of the fast splitting direction with respect to the flow direction, we interpret our fast axis orientation as pointing in the direction of flow as the magnitude of stress is low and the amount and geographical extent of melt are likely small beneath Iceland. The observed anisotropy pattern beneath Iceland is inconsistent with radial flow away from the upwelling. Instead we propose a ridge-channeled flow model in which there is horizontal flow of material away from the upwelling axis beneath southeast Iceland toward the southern end of the Kolbeinsey Ridge and the northern end of the Reykjanes Ridge, both of which are west of the upwelling. This geometry is similar to the ridge perpendicular flow predicted for off-ridge hotspots towards the ridge. We hypothesize that upwelled material then feeds ridge parallel asthenospheric channels beneath the North Atlantic Ridge. Our interpretation is thus consistent with generation of Vshaped ridges by channeling of upwelling material down the Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey ridges. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Polymersome Formation from AB2 Type 3-Miktoarm Star Copolymers

A series of AB2 type 3-miktoarm star copolymers that mimic the natural structure of phospolipids were synthesized using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the A arm and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) as the two B arms. Their ability to self-assemble into polymer vesicles (polymersomes) in aqueous solutions was investigated using a variety of experimental techniques including optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, dynamic/static light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorimetry. Polymersome formation was observed for all the 3-miktoarm polymers tested in a much broader range of the PEG volume fractions (0.2−0.7) than their linear diblock counterparts (0.2−0.4). Furthermore, the water-soluble anticancer drug doxorubicin hydrochloride was successfully encapsulated into the fabricated nano-sized polymersomes, and sustained in vitro release of the loaded drug was observed. Finally, possible mechanisms for the superior vesicle-forming capability of the 3-miktoarm architecture were dis...
The mouse model for atherosclerosis.

The mouse model provides unique tools for studies of the complex environmental and genetic interactions underlying atherosclerosis. In particular, a great variety of inbred strains exhibit variations affecting lipoprotein metabolism, diabetes, obesity, immune regulation, and other processes relevant to the disease. The development of many genetic markers in the mouse has made it feasible to identify the genes contributing to these complex traits. In addition, techniques for gene manipulation in vivo are much more advanced in the mouse than in any other mammal. The application of these techniques has been particularly informative in the area of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis.
Microstructural damage and residual mechanical properties in helium-bearing gas metal arc weldments

The influence of entrapped helium on microstructural damage and residual mechanical properties subsequent to applying low-penetration gas metal arc (GMA) weld overlays was examined for an AISI Type 304 stainless steel. Two helium levels were examined: 22.5 and 85.0 atomic parts per million (appm) He. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the presence of intergranular cracks in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ). The crack surfaces exhibited a dimple structure that was characteristic of a gas bubble embrittled material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the size and spacing of the grain boundary helium gas bubbles remained virtually unchanged (relative to that established by the charging and aging procedure) at distances greater than 1 mm from the fusion line. Within this first millimeter, the diameter of the bubbles increased rapidly, and the bubble spacing increased to the characteristic spacing of the dimples that decorated weld-induced cracks. Mechanical testing revealed a loss in strain-to-fracture and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) at the higher helium level. While the majority of the fracture occurred in a transgranular, ductile manner, some deformation-induced intergranular cracking was observed. This cracking occurred over a very narrow region localized to the HAZ of the weldment. At the lower helium level, ductility and strength were unaffected compared to helium-free specimens.
Generic he in conversation

The use of the pronoun he in circumstances of sex‐indefinite reference unduly emphasizes men over women, thereby both re‐constituting and signifying males’ micropolitical hegemony. To date this claim has been advanced primarily on the basis of imagined examples and of examples from writing. We searched for generic he in everyday conversation and found no clear instances of it. Speakers use they as an unmarked singular generic pronoun. We did find some possibly‐generic usages of he, especially: (1) referring to an unmarked masculine role occupant (e.g., a member of Congress), and (2) referring to a non‐human (e.g., a cockroach). We situate these findings within controversies about gender‐fair references to women and men, and conclude that conversational uses of he seem more various and complex‐and perhaps more anti‐female‐than we had supposed. We caution against facile generalization to conversational interaction of arguments based in written and imagined exemplars.
Rapid identification of triacylglycerol-estolides in plant and fungal oils

Abstract Triacylglycerol-estolides are components of the storage oil of certain plant and fungal species and are generally associated with the presence of fatty acids containing hydroxyl groups. These unusual acyl-glycerols can easily go undetected when oils are analyzed by gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters, or by thin layer chromatography if the TAG-estolides and TAG have similar polarity. We describe the detection of TAG-estolides in intact seeds of Lesquerella lyrata and whole sclerotia of the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea using 1H MAS-NMR for nondestructive analysis. We also conducted analysis of small amounts of oil by MALDI-TOF MS to clearly show the presence of TAG-estolides and to rapidly characterize their acyl composition. The matrix used in this work was 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) made up in sodium chloride-saturated solvent. We were able to confirm the presence of TAG-estolides with no free hydroxyl groups in the fungal oil, and TAG-estolides with free hydroxyl groups in the oil of L. lyrata. The development of a technique for the rapid identification of TAG-estolides in oil samples will simplify the detection of these novel lipids in plant and fungal species.
Racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage by 19 months of age: an evaluation of the impact of missing data resulting from record scattering.

We describe how trends in the vaccination coverage at 19 months of age vary by race/ethnicity; explore the extent to which data required to evaluate a child's up-to-date vaccination status is missing as a result of the scattering of vaccination records among many vaccination providers; evaluate how the prevalence of that missing data varies by race/ethnicity; and evaluate the impact that the missing data has on estimated race/ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage. We analyzed data from 255 043 children sampled between 1995 and 2006 by the National Immunization Survey (NIS). Among children who had 2+ vaccination providers reporting, estimated vaccination coverage was significantly lower by approximately 15 per cent among children who did not have all of their providers reporting to the NIS compared with children who had all of their vaccination providers reporting to the NIS. By comparing coverage estimates that were adjusted for missing data to unadjusted estimates, we found that unadjusted estimates consistently underestimated vaccination coverage by as much as 4.9 per cent for Asians, 4.8 per cent for Hispanics, 4.1 per cent for American Indian/Alaska Natives, 3.3 per cent for non-Hispanic blacks, and 2.8 per cent for non-Hispanic white children. Estimates of disparities in estimated vaccination coverage did not depend on whether coverage estimates were adjusted for missing data. Hispanic and non-Hispanic black children had estimated coverage rates that were significantly less than that of non-Hispanic white children, with median disparities of 4 and 9 per cent, respectively. Regardless of whether estimates are adjusted, data from the NIS show that disparities in vaccination coverage that existed in the early 1990s persist. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonality of present-day Martian dune-gully activity

Martian slope gullies are argued to be evidence for recent liquid water flow on the surface of Mars. To explain the source of water, a wide range of environmental conditions and processes has been invoked. However, a lack of information about the environmental context or timing of gully activity makes it difficult to evaluate the theories. Here, we present new observations of extensive gully modification over the past 6 Mars years within dune gullies with slope-gully morphology. Observed activity within 18 gullies in 7 dune fields constrains timing to winter, which is consistent with observed slope-gully activity. These observations show that fluvial processes are unlikely to cause present-day Martian dune-gully activity, and imply that CO 2 frost accumulation may play the dominant role.
Error Source Effects on the Performance of Direct and Iterative Algorithms on an Optical Matrix-Vector Processor

Error sources in an optical matrix-vector processor are analyzed in terms of their effect on the performance of the algorithms used to solve a set of nonlinear and linear algebraic equations. A direct and an iterative algorithm are used to solve a nonlinear time-dependent case-study from computational fluid dynamics. A simulator which emulates the data flow and number representation of the OLAP is used to studs? these error effects. The ability of each algorithm to tolerate or correct the error sources is quantified. These results are extended to the general case of solving nonlinear and linear algebraic equations on the optical system.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of the molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) on fracture surface energy in notched tension

Abstract Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared by the radiolysis of a polymer from an initial viscosity average molecular weight of M v = 1.1 × 10 6 down to 1.5 × 10 4 . Corresponding values of fracture surface energy, ranging from 3.5 × 10 5 erg/cm 2 to 4.5 × 10 2 erg/cm 2 , were calculated from tensile data using Griffith's equation. A theoretical dependence of fracture energy on molecular weight was derived on the assumption that only molecules exceeding a critical molecular weight can contribute to the work of plastic deformation. Comparison with experimental data indicates this molecular weight to be about 1 × 10 5 . Limitations of the theoretical treatment are discussed.
Relating calculus-I reform experience to performance in traditional calculus-II

ABSTRACT Currently, mathematicians at many universities are debating the effect of the reform calculus movement on mathematics students. The authors decided to conduct a formal analysis to study the hypothesis that reform Calculus I curriculum has an effect on student achievement in traditionally taught Calculus II courses at their own institution. In the data presented here, we found that the best and most sensible predictor of Calculus II grades is actually transcript Calculus I letter grade and not the particular teaching method. Further, in these data, the reform Calculus I students were more likely to earn an A and more likely to pass Calculus II. This shows that reform Calculus I was not detrimental to student performance in the traditional Calculus II course that follows. In fact, reform experience could be considered an asset.
Comparative Efficiency of Intracervical and Intra-Uterine Methods of Insemination in Dairy Cattle

Summary A study of the comparative efficiency of intracervical and intrauterine semen deposition in inseminations with dairy cattle was made. Percentage non-returns were significantly higher with the intrauterine method on total services and repeat breedings. The difference on first services was not significant. With semen 24 to 36 hr. old, the intrauterine method showed a significant difference of 13.1 per cent greater non-returns for cows inseminated under field conditions. Intracervical percentage non-returns were significantly lower with semen used 24 to 36 hr. after collection than with semen used within 12 hr. after collection; with intrauterine insemination the decrease was not significant. The data indicate that as a general insemination technique intrauterine breeding gives better results than deposition of semen in the posterior cervix, via the speculum.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis: multiple pathways and activation of p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and NOXA by p53.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis has been implicated in the development of multiple diseases. However, the in vivo signaling pathways are still not fully understood. In this report, through the use of genetically deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and their matched wild-type controls, we have demonstrated that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediated by Apaf-1 is an integral part of ER stress-induced apoptosis and that ER stress activates different caspases through Apaf-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In search of the molecular link between ER stress and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, we have discovered that in MEFs, ER stress selectively activates BH3-only proteins PUMA and NOXA at the transcript level through the tumor suppressor gene p53. In p53-/- MEFs, ER stress-induced apoptosis is partially suppressed. The p53-independent apoptotic pathway may be mediated by C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12, as their activation is intact in p53-/- MEFs. In multiple MEF lines, p53 is primarily nuclear and its level is elevated upon ER stress. To establish the role of NOXA and PUMA in ER stress-induced apoptosis, we have shown that, in MEFs deficient in NOXA or PUMA, ER stress-induced apoptosis is reduced. Reversibly, overexpression of NOXA or PUMA induces apoptosis as evidenced by the activation of BAK and caspase-7. Our results provide new evidence that, in MEFs, in addition to PUMA, p53 and NOXA are novel components of the ER stress-induced apoptotic pathway, and both contribute to ER stress-induced apoptosis.
Shotgun Lipidomics Identifies Cardiolipin Depletion in Diabetic Myocardium Linking Altered Substrate Utilization with Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by excessive utilization of fatty acid substrate, diminished glucose transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the chemical mechanisms linking altered substrate utilization to mitochondrial dysfunction are unknown. Herein, we use shotgun lipidomics and multidimensional mass spectrometry to identify dramatic decreases in the critical mitochondrial inner membrane lipid, cardiolipin, in diabetic murine myocardium (from 7.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein in control hearts to 3.1 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg of protein in diabetic myocardium; p < 0.001, n = 7). Moreover, the direct metabolic precursor of cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, was also substantially depleted (2.5 +/- 0.2 nmol/mg of protein in control hearts vs 1.3 +/- 0.1 nmol/mg of protein in diabetic myocardium; p < 0.001, n = 7). Similarly, glycerol 3-phosphate, necessary for the penultimate step in phosphatidylglycerol production, decreased by 58% in diabetic myocardium (from 4.9 +/- 0.9 to 2.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein; n = 4). Since Barth's syndrome (a disorder of cardiolipin metabolism) induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyopathy, and since decreases in cardiolipin content precipitate mitochondrial dysfunction, these results provide a unifying hypothesis linking altered substrate utilization and metabolic flux in diabetic myocardium with altered lipid metabolism, cardiolipin depletion, mitochondrial dysfunction, and resultant hemodynamic compromise.
Evidence for the Conformation of H2O Adsorbed on Ru(001).

Abstract The electron stimulated desorption ion angular distributions (ESDIAD) method has been used to study the adsorption of H 2 O by Ru(001). The results indicate that chemisorbed, undissociated H 2 O is bonded to Ru via the oxygen atom, and that interactions between neighboring molecules occur as coverage increases. The utility of ESDIAD for structure determination in the absence of long range order is demonstrated.
Re: a population-based analysis of contemporary rates of reoperation for penile prosthesis procedures.

Objective To perform a population-based comparison of inflatable vs semirigid penile prostheses and to determine contemporary rates of reoperation and identify factors impacting the type of prosthetic implanted. Methods Patient-level discharge data and revisit files from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality for semirigid and inflatable prosthesis procedures performed for erectile dysfunction from 2006 to 2009 in the state of California were examined. Regression analysis was performed to determine differences between the procedures in terms of infectious and noninfectious failure. Regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with revision and to identify associations between potential risk factors and the type of implant performed. Results A total of 2263 cases were included in the study (1824 inflatable and 439 semirigid). The overall reoperation rate was 7.42%. There was no difference in the overall revision rate between the 2 groups (7.52% semirigid and 7.40% inflatable; P = .94). The reoperation rate secondary to infectious complications was 3.6% (4.5% semirigid vs 3.23% inflatable; P = .18). The revision rate secondary to noninfectious failure was 2.96% in the semirigid vs 4.17% in the inflatable group ( P = .25). Medicaid insurance (odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-3.61), African American race (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.20-2.49), age >80 ( P = .046), and diabetes (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.07-2.59) were associated with receiving a semirigid implant. Conclusion Reoperation rates for infectious and noninfectious failure are equivalent between the semirigid and inflatable penile prostheses. Sociodemographic factors appear to significantly influence the type of prosthesis a patient receives.
Development, revolution, and the movements of the urban poor

Bayat, Asef. Street Politics: Poor People's Movements in Iran. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
The role of endothelium in the patency of small venous substitutes

Twenty-one dogs received Dacron grafts (9 dogs) or silastic Replamineform prostheses (12 dogs) as unilateral segmental femoral vein substitutes. Eight autogenous endothelialized Dacron grafts and eleven autogenous endothelialized silastic Replamineform grafts were also placed as femoral vein substitutes. The latter two groups of grafts had been implanted into the infrarenal aorta for 12 weeks and were well endothelialized as demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Patency was assessed by venography immediately and on Days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-operatively. Endothelialized Dacron grafts had greater percentage patency (48, 50%) than Dacron grafts (19, 11% (P = N.S.). Endothelialized silastic Replamineform prostheses had significantly better patency (911, 82%) than silastic Replamineform prostheses (012, 0%) (P < 0.02). The combined results of the endothelialized grafts (1319, 69%) were better than the combined results for the Dacron-silastic Replamineform grafts (121, 5%) (P < 0.005). These data indicate that Dacron and silastic Replamineform grafts are not suitable small venous substitutes. Conversely, endothelialization significantly improves the early and late patency of both silastic Replamineform grafts and Dacron grafts. The endothelialized silastic Replamineform prosthesis is the only prosthesis which achieved continuous patency (comparable to autogenous vein grafts) in this experimental model.
Hierarchical computing in laboratory experiments: Potential and pitfalls

Abstract A hierarchical computer network for data acquisition, data reduction and control has been installed in Princeton University. The system consists of: (a) a real-time front-end computer taking care of the high speed data acquisition as well as providing for data buffering and optimized scanning control; (b) the hierarchical structure designed primarily to implement the store-and-forward function to ensure high data mobility to the central batch computer and back; and (c) data reduction procedures taking advantage of the full power of the central batch computer. The potential impact of such a system on experimental work is demonstrated by experimental data obtained with a simplified system operating in conjunction with a precision Mossbauer spectrometer. Because of the complexity of the system, some systematic errors occur as quite sophisticated patterns of events, which may be misinterpreted by the computer and experimentalist as real “effects”. Such a computer generated effect is demonstrated and diagnostic procedures are discussed.
On n-hamiltonian graphs

A graph G of order p >= 3 is called n-hamiltonian, 0 = = 3 is defined to be n-hamiltonian, -p = = 3 and K(G) >= @b(G) + n (-p =< n =< p - 3), then G is n-hamiltonian.
An automatic six-degree-of-freedom image registration algorithm for image-guided frameless stereotaxic radiosurgery

A frameless radiosurgical treatment system has been developed by coupling an orthogonal pair of real-time x-raycameras to a robotically manipulated linear accelerator to guide the therapy beam to treatment sites within a patient’s cranium. The two cameras observe the position and orientation of the patient’s head in the treatment system coordinate frame. An image registration algorithm compares the two real-time radiographs to a corresponding pair of digitally synthesized radiographs derived from a CT study of the patient. The algorithm determines all six degrees of translational and rotational difference between the position of the head in the CT coordinate frame and its position in the treatment room coordinate frame. This allows translation of treatment planning coordinates into treatment room coordinates without rigidly fixing the patient’s head position during either the CT scan or treatment. In this paper the image registration algorithm is described and measurements of the precision and speed with which the process can determine the patient’s position are reported. The tests have demonstrated translational uncertainty of 0.5–1.0 mm per axis and rotational uncertainty of 0.6–1.3 degrees per axis, accomplished in approximately 2 s elapsed time.
Slow Neutron Resonance Spectroscopy. I. U 238

The results of time-of-flight measurements of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ resonances in the region 90-1300 ev are presented and resonance parameters for levels up to 1000 ev are obtained. Neutron widths for the 55 observed levels and radiation widths for 32 of the stronger levels are deduced. The deduced neutron width distribution is found to be in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of Porter and Thomas for a single channel process, while the level spacing distribution agrees with the "repulsion" formula suggested by Wigner. The average value of the radiation widths was found to be (24.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev, while the average reduced neutron width and level spacing were found to be (1.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev and 18.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3 ev, respectively. These values are in good agreement with earlier results reported by other workers. A strength function of (0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is obtained.It appears on the basis of their size and number, that several of the weaker levels may be due to $p$-wave neutrons.
Trees and streams: The efficiency of branching patterns☆

Abstract Extending the analysis of branching patterns of the drainage net of rivers, originated by Horton, the relation of average numbers and lengths of tree branches to size of branch was investigated. Size of branch was defined by branch order, or its position in the hierarchy of tributaries. It was found that, as in river drainage nets, there is a definite logarithmic relation between branch order and lengths and numbers. This definite relation is quantitatively comparable, within limits, among river networks, tree branching systems, and several random-walk models in both two and three dimensions. Such a relation appears to be the most probable under the applicable constraints. Moreover the most probable arrangement appears to minimize the total length of all stems in the branching system within other constraints and so, to that extent, achieves a certain efficiency.
Nutritional properties of medium-chain triglycerides.

The biological effects of MCT (medium-chain triglycerides) differed from those of conventional fats, and certain of these suggested examination of the fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of the adipose tissues and other organs of rats which were fed medium- or long-chain triglyceride mixtures with two levels of linoleic acid. Fatty acid compositions and TG patterns varied with the tissue, with the dietary fat, and with the level of linoleate in the diet. Increasing the latter resulted in the deposition of more linoleate at the expense of oleate and in the deposition of more of the dietary fatty acids. The percentage of completely saturated triglyc-erides (S3), in adipose tissue with the higher linoleate supplement in the rats fed MCT, decreased in those fed LCT and was unchanged in the controls fed a fat-free diet. The increased deposition of the dietary fatty acids was more pronounced in the S3 band.
Convective-diffusive mass transfer with chemical reaction in squeezing flows

A model for convective-diffusive mass transfer in squeezing flow is formulated and solved. A spatial averaging technique is applied to reduce the 2D problem to a 1D problem. It is assumed that the hydrodynamics is decoupled from the mass transfer and the model is solved using a sequential coupling between the convective velocity field and concentration field equations. To account for the loss of information due to averaging, a closure scheme is developed for the deviations of average values of velocity and concentration. This involves derivation of the equations for the deviations of the respective fields. The effective transport parameters are evaluated in terms of the molecular diffusion coefficient, the average velocity, and the dimensions of the system. The associated eigenvalue problem is solved by using a combination of exponentials and Kummer functions. The concentration profile is then found analytically by a Fourier series expansion of the initial condition. Two specific cases are considered. These include (1) no reaction in the bulk and (2) a linear homogeneous reaction in the bulk. The analysis promotes understanding of the behavior of the mass-transfer problem in, for example, polymer reaction molding.
Production Function Geometry With "Knightian" Total Product

Abstract: Authors of principles and price theory textbooks generally illustrate short-run production using a total product curve that displays first increasing and then diminishing marginal returns to employment of the variable input(s). Although it seems reasonable that a temporary range of increasing returns to variable inputs will likely occur as variable inputs are added to a set of fixed ones. This proposition implies an isoquant diagram that is not a familiar one in text-books. The authors examine a linearly homogeneous production function conforming to the textbook case and construct its isoquant diagram. They then use a geometrical proof attributable to Geoffrey Jehle (2002) to demonstrate that, in general, isoquants must have, outside the traditional ridge lines, a range where they are convex toward those (MP = 0) ridge lines and another range where they are concave toward them if there are short-run increasing, then diminishing, marginal returns. The authors suggest how this issue might be prese...
PHENOMENOLOGY OF AN F(1270)-GLUEBALL MIXTURE

Possible experimental signatures of a ${2}^{++}$ $Q\overline{Q}$ and glueball mixture near the $f(1270)$ resonance are studied using the $P$-matrix and $K$-matrix formalisms.
ULTRACYTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF PLASMA MEMBRANE ATPASE IN THE INDIVIDUAL PARTS OF THE MATURE, DORMANT SEED OF PISUM SATIVUM.

The location and activity of a K+ -ATPase in mature, dormant peas were investigated using two ultracytochemical techniques, as well as biochemical assays of plasma membrane fractions from separate seed parts. Both the Wachstein and Meisel (1957) and the Ernst (1972) cytochemical methods showed plasma membrane-associated reaction product located primarily on the exterior surfaces of the entire pea embryo, except for the stem apex and tip-most cells of the radicle. No plasma membrane-assocated reaction product was found in the seed coat, which typically consists of cells with degenerating protoplasts. Biochemical results showed the highest specific K+ -ATPase activity in the radicles (775 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr), followed by epicotyls (168 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr) and cotyledons (147 nmol Pi/mg protein/hr). It is proposed that the entire pea embryo may function in the active absorption of nutrients during the initial phases of germination. Additional functions of the enzyme may include cell wall loosening prior to cell elongation, regulation of cytoplasmic pH, and the generation of turgor.
SafeDSA: Safeguard Dynamic Spectrum Access against Fake Secondary Users

Dynamic spectrum access (DSA) is the key to solving worldwide wireless spectrum shortage. In a DSA system, unlicensed secondary users can opportunistically use a spectrum band when it is not used by the licensed primary user. The open nature of the wireless medium means that any secondary user can freely use any given spectrum band. Secondary-user authentication is thus essential to ensure the proper operations of DSA systems. We propose SafeDSA, a novel PHY-based scheme for authenticating secondary users in DSA systems. In SafeDSA, the secondary user embeds his spectrum-use authorization into the cyclic prefix of each physical-layer symbol, which can be detected and authenticated by a verifier. In contrast to previous work, SafeDSA achieves robust and efficient authentication of secondary users with negligible impact on normal data transmissions. We validate the efficacy and efficiency of SafeDSA through detailed MATLAB simulations and USRP experiments. Our results show that SafeDSA can detect fake secondary users with a maximum false-positive rate of 0.091 and a negligible false-negative rate based on USRP experiments.
Patterns in the policies: affirmative action in Australia

Although affirmative action is often referred to as though it was an homogeneous entity, the reality is that affirmative action policies can take many different forms. To date, the variety of affirmative action policies that have been implemented in Australia has not been well‐documented. In this paper, a framework is developed to describe the variety of affirmative action policies being implemented in Australia in the 1990s. The most frequently reported policies by Australian organisations concern reviewing employment policies for discriminatory practices. The next most commonly reported policies relate to companies’ efforts to assist employees to balance the competing roles of work and family. Policies that seek to challenge traditional patterns of employment, and policies that seek to “fix” women are less commonly reported by organisations. The breaking down of affirmative action into various types of policies provides scope for more fully exploring the question of the effectiveness of affirmative action policies.
Tensions and stresses of ellipsoidal chambers

Equations for calculating wall tensions in an ellipsoidal chamber might be useful in analyses of elongated chambers whose transverse sections are not round, and they should be useful for examining the tension distribution associated with such shapes. Considering the forces changing a prolate spheroid (semiaxes a > b = c) into a general ellipsoid (semiaxes a > b > c) led to an equation for tensions at the poles of an ellipsoid. Considering the thickness distribution of a chamber of uniform average stress led to an equation for the average of orthogonal tensions at any point on an ellipsoidal chamber. Applying these equations with Laplace's law to points along an axis plane showed that tension normal to that plane is a weighted average of tensions normal to that plane at the intersections of the ellipsoid with the other two axis planes. It was postulated that this rule also would apply to the tension component normal to a plane coincident with any hoop (line of constant distance from one axis plane), and this postulate led to an equation for tension orthogonal to a hoop at any point. These three equations (pole tensions, local average tension, local hoop-orthogonal tension) allowed calculation of the tension tensor at any point. The equations and their algorithm were validated by four tests: the surface integral of the average of orthogonal tensions is as necessary for tensile work to equal hydraulic work in a symmetrical displacement (satisfying chamber equilibrium), the line integral of the component of tension normal to any hoop-coincident plane is equal to the product of pressure and area in the hoop (satisfying force balance), at any point the tensions predicted from the tensor for the directions of greatest and least curvature are compatible with Laplace's law (satisfying local equilibrium), and the calculated principal-tension lines relate properly to the nodes where tension is the same in all surface directions. These tests could be used to validate finite-element analyses of complex chambers.
Data enrichment for simulation

Data enrichment in the present context is concerned with the creation of a stochastic time series whose parameters are consistent with a prior data base and whose cumulative values over a given period satisfy constraints dictated by the prior data base. The specific problem is to generate statistical data for shorter time intervals than the raw data provides. The need for this type of enrichment arises, for example, when historical data gives total demand in each quarter over a multiyear period but the output of a simulation is sensitive to the manner in which demand is distributed over each quarter.The method utilizes a random fraction to select re cursively a portion of the remaining demand in a quarter. Formulae for the mean and variance of the random fraction are derived. This random fraction can be computer generated with a single random number using hybrid spike-uniform distributions with given means and variances. The properties of such dis tributions are derived, and may have applications in other...
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction in molecular simulation: The diffusion map approach

Molecular simulation is an important and ubiquitous tool in the study of microscopic phenomena in fields as diverse as materials science, protein folding and drug design. While the atomic-level resolution provides unparalleled detail, it can be non-trivial to extract the important motions underlying simulations of complex systems containing many degrees of freedom. The diffusion map is a nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique with the capacity to systematically extract the essential dynamical modes of high-dimensional simulation trajectories, furnishing a kinetically meaningful low-dimensional framework with which to develop insight and understanding of the underlying dynamics and thermodynamics. We survey the potential of this approach in the field of molecular simulation, consider its challenges, and discuss its underlying concepts and means of application. We provide examples drawn from our own work on the hydrophobic collapse mechanism of n-alkane chains, folding pathways of an antimicrobial peptide, and the dynamics of a driven interface.
A Single Institution's Effort to Translate Codeine Knowledge Into Specific Clinical Practice

Abstract Background Codeine is an unpredictable analgesic because of its variable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacogenetic properties. This variability may lead to ineffective analgesia in some and respiratory depression in others. Despite this, codeine is still widely used. At a pediatric tertiary medical institution, codeine was prescribed despite efforts to inform prescribers of the potentially unpredictable analgesia and serious side effects. Measures A retrospective/prospective metric was introduced to determine the frequency of codeine orders as compared with similar institutions using Pediatric Health Information Systems data. Intervention Interventions included formal and informal education to prescribers, and replacing codeine with oxycodone for patients aged older than six months and an age-appropriate medication for those patients younger than six months within ordersets. Identifying and addressing the major barriers to change also was a key part of the process. Outcomes Codeine use was reduced by 97% from the first quarter of 2008 through the third quarter of 2012. This was accomplished through orderset changes and education. Codeine was completely eliminated from the hospital formulary in January 2013. Conclusions/Lessons Learned This quality improvement initiative was successful in eliminating codeine from the hospital formulary. Although education decreased codeine orders, understanding and addressing the barriers to change and directly changing the ordersets were the most effective and efficient for knowledge translation.
Thyroid Hormone Regulation and Cholesterol Metabolism Are Connected through Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Protein-2 (SREBP-2)

High affinity uptake of serum-derived low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is accomplished through the LDL receptor in the liver. In mammals, thyroid hormone depletion leads to decreased LDL receptor expression and elevated serum cholesterol. The clinical association in humans has been known since the 1920s; however, a molecular explanation has been lacking. LDL receptor levels are subject to negative feedback regulation by cellular cholesterol through sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). Here we demonstrate that the SREBP-2 gene is regulated by thyroid hormone and that increased SREBP-2 nuclear protein levels in hypothyroid animals results in thyroid hormone-independent activation of LDL receptor gene expression and reversal of the associated hypercholesterolemia. This occurs without effects on other thyroid hormone-regulated genes. Thus, we propose that the decreased LDL receptor and increased serum cholesterol associated with hypothyroidism are secondary to the thyroid hormone effects on SREBP-2. These results suggest that hypercholesterolemia associated with hypothyroidism can be reversed by agents that directly increase SREBP-2. Additionally, these results indicate that mutations or drugs that lower nuclear SREBP-2 would cause hypercholesterolemia.
Charting the effects of erosion in the old plantation‐belt of the southern Piedmont

In the spring of 1933, a plan was formulated for investigating the cause of extensive land-abandonment in the lower Piedmont of Georgia, a section of the State comprising some 14 counties, and sometimes referred to as the Old Plantation-Belt. More than 50 per cent of the total number of farms in some of these counties, as recorded in 1920, were abandoned before 1930, according to the Census. This study of the land-conditions was undertaken cooperatively by the Georgia State College of Agriculture, the Georgia Experiment Station, the Southern Forest Experiment Station, the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture.