cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction Force Profiles between Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Silica Surfaces

The interaction force profile between single Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and silica particles was measured in aqueous solutions using an atomic force microscope. The oocysts were immobilized dur...
Design of a multivariable model following adaptive control system

This paper presents an adaptive control system design for a multivariable plant. Based on Liapunov's direct method the resulting control system forces the plant outputs to track the outputs of an ideal model of the plant. Results presented include the design approach, its application to a two input-two output plant and data indicating the performance achieved when the control algorithm was tested by digital simulation.
Tc-99m labeled triethelene tetraamine polysterene resin gastric emptying studies in bulimia patients

To evaluate gastric emptying in patients with bulimia, 20 patients (all women, ranging in age from 12 to 49 years) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms ingested 150–200 μCi 99mTc-triethelene tetraamine polysterene resin in cereal and had scintigraphy in the supine position. Data were accumulated at 5 min intervals to determine the gastric emptying time (GET). The results showed that the gastric emptying time was prolonged in 12 patients and decreased in 8. All 12 patients with prolonged emptying time were given 10 mg metoclopramide intravenously; 9 of these had a good response and 3 had no response. Although all patients had subjective symptoms of gastric dysfunction, the results indicate that about 60% had delayed and 40% had rapid gastric emptying. The findings of two extremes of gastric emptying time remain to be explained, however, this enables (a) objective documentation of gastric emptying as this technique (b) can separate those patients with rapid GET from those with prolonged GET, who might benefit from metoclopramide.
Methods and Management: NIH Administrators, Federal Oversight, and the Framingham Heart Study

This article explores the 1965 controversy over the Framingham Heart Study in the midst of growing oversight into the management of science at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It describes how, beginning in the early 1960s, federal overseers demanded that NIH administrators adopt particular management styles in administering programs and how these growing pressures led administrators to favor investigative pursuits that allowed for easy prospective accounting of program payoffs, especially those based on experimental methods designed to examine discrete interventions or outcomes of interest. In light of this changing managerial culture within the NIH, the Framingham study and other population laboratories—with their bases in observation and in open-ended study designs—became harder for NIH administrators to justify and defend.
A drift chamber constructed of aluminized mylar tubes

Abstract A thin reliable drift chamber has been constructed to be used near the interaction point of the PEP storage ring in the HRS detector. It is composed of individual drift tubes with aluminized mylar walls.
Calcium oscillations and calcium waves coordinate rhythmic contractile activity within the stellate cell layer of medaka fish embryos

During gastrulation and body axis formation in medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish embryos, rhythmic contraction waves sweep across a tissue sheet known as the periderm, which covers both the developing embryo and its associated yolk cell. Cope et al. ([1990] J. Exp. Zool., 254:270–275) have found that these contractions are generated by a layer of stellate-shaped cells which is closely apposed to the inner surface of the periderm. In this paper, we show that rhythmic contractions in the stellate cell layer are correlated with elevations of intracellular [Ca2+]. Medaka periderms were first explanted and secured to microscope coverslips using a modified plasma clot culture technique. The explants were then loaded with the calcium indicator dye Fluo-3AM and observed with time-lapse epifluorescence confocal microscopy. Rises of intracellular [Ca2+] were observed to propagate from cell to cell in the stellate cell layer, in the form of intercellular waves. After a latency of a few seconds, a coordinated contraction within the stellate cell layer ensued. Rhythmic Ca spikes were also observed within individual stellate cells. In many cases, rises of intracellular [Ca2+] preceded cellular contraction in these individual cells by several seconds. The Ca oscillations and Ca waves that occur in medaka stellate cells represent one of the earliest expressions of Ca-based excitability and contractility within the blastoderm of post-fertilization vertebrate embryos. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Covalent Addition of Bisulfite Ion to Pyrimidinium Ions

Equilibrium and rate constants have been calculated for the reversible covalent addition of bisulfite ion to 2-aminopyrimidinium ion and to its 1-methyl and 4-methyl derivatives. 2-Amino-4,6-dimethylpyrimidinium ion did not appear to add bisulfite ion under the experimental conditions. The 1:1 covalent adducts had very low solubility in aqueous buffers around pH 4. This was consistent with their being zwitterions. Rate-determining steps in adduct formation appeared to involve attack of both bisulfite ion and sulfite ion on the pyrimidinium cation. In the reverse reactions, the zwitterionic adducts appeared to decompose by both nonbase-catalyzed and specific base-catalyzed reactions.
Primary Cutaneous Small Vessel Vasculitis.

Disorders associated with cutaneous vasculitis include numerous well-described etiologies. Primary cutaneous vasculitis limits discussion to primary leukocytoclastic vasculitis, essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, urticarial vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and erythema elevatum diutinum. Although the therapeutics for these disorders are based on limited data, we attempt to construct a consensus opinion on the management of primary cutaneous vasculitis. Therapy of primary cutaneous vasculitis is indicated for symptomatic or systemic involvement, because cutaneous small vessel vasculitis is frequently a self-limited, single episodic disease. Conservative, symptomatic treatment includes leg elevation, warming, antihistamines, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For mild recurrent disease, colchicine, dapsone, and prednisone are first-choice agents. Systemic or severe cutaneous disease requires more potent immunosuppression (eg, prednisone, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil). Plasmapheresis/plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin are viable considerations for refractory disease, but are cumbersome and expensive modalities. There is insufficient evidence to advocate the use of new biological or monoclonal antibody therapies in primary cutaneous vasculitis.
Intrathecal administration of thiorphan, bestatin, desipramine and fluoxetine differentially potentiate the antinociceptive effects induced by β-endorphin and morphine, administered intracerebroventricularly

The effects of the intrathecal injection of thiorphan (an inhibitor of enkephalinase inhibitor), bestatin (an inhibitor of aminopeptidase), desipramine (an inhibitor of the uptake of noradrenaline) and fluoxetine (an inhibitor of the uptake of serotonin) on the antinociception induced by beta-endorphin and morphine, administered intracerebroventricularly, were studied in male ICR mice. Antinociceptive effects were assessed by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. Thiorphan (16 micrograms) and bestatin (16 micrograms), injected intrathecally, potentiated inhibition of the tail-flick response, induced by beta-endorphin but not by morphine administered intracerebroventricularly, whereas desipramine (6 micrograms) and fluoxetine (6 micrograms), injected intrathecally potentiated inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by morphine, but not by beta-endorphin, administered intracerebroventricularly. Thiorphan, bestatin, desipramine or fluoxetine, given intrathecally, did not antagonize inhibition of the hot-plate response, induced by beta-endorphin or morphine administered intracerebroventricularly. The results indicate that inhibition of the tail-flick response, induced by beta-endorphin administered intracerebroventricularly, is mediated by the opioid system, but not by noradrenergic and serotonergic systems in the spinal cord. On the other hand, the inhibition of the tail-flick response, induced by morphine given intracerebroventricularly, is mediated by noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, but not by the opioid system in the spinal cord. The lack of effect of enzyme inhibitors and inhibitors of the uptake of biogenic amines intrathecally on beta-endorphin- and morphine-induced inhibition of the hot-plate response, is due to the supraspinal nature of the nociceptive hot-plate response. The present results further support the hypothesis, proposed previously, that intracerebroventricularly injected beta-endorphin and morphine elicit antinociception by activating different descending inhibitory systems.
Verbal descriptions, communicative encounters and impressions

This investigation examined the influence of verbal descriptions on impression judgments formed through communicative interactions. Specifically, verbal descriptions were hypothesized to have the most influence when they were negative and presented prior to, rather than following, a communicative encounter. Findings indicated that only positive descriptions influenced judgments of negative persons and that order of presentation was not significant. The findings suggest that interactive judgment processes may differ significantly from previously studied observational judgment processes.
The first official maps of Maine and Massachusetts

(1983). The first official maps of Maine and Massachusetts. Imago Mundi: Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 37-57.
Stress for families today

Rapid changes in family life have created enormous challenges and pressures on developing families - divorce, two working parents, disappearance of the extended family, unclear cultural values for our children's future, poorly defined support systems for stressed families, inadequate substitute care when both parents work-all contribute to an anxious atmosphere for young families. Parents who must return to work „too early” (and we have no established standards yet for what this means to either child or adult development) seem to grieve about the loss of the relationship with the developing child. They may even set up defenses against making a strong and painful attachment. They may not become involved in the child's development in a way that will foster their own development as nurturing adults. The grieving and the necessary defenses against it are predictable and must be mitigated in order to foster nurturing adults within the family. Children must be provided with caring, intensely involved adults in order to assure their optimal future development. We must provide them and their parents with adequate substitute care. This paper suggests adjustments at the industrial level that must be made to foster parental involvement and to assure positive outcomes for future generations.
Occupational Therapy's Emerging Role With Transitioning Adolescents in Foster Care

The American Occupational Therapy Association's Centennial Vision advocates for an emphasis on intervention and prevention services for children, young people, the aging, and those with severe and persistent mental illness. This article discusses mental health issues among adolescents in foster care, a population that would greatly benefit from occupational therapy services emphasizing skill development in the areas of independent living, vocation, and health. Additionally, current intervention modalities used by other disciplines with adolescents in foster care are explored. Finally, a pilot study demonstrating the opportunities for occupational therapists to influence the long-term outcomes of adolescents in foster care is described.
ABC for service firms: What's your real product?

Activity-based costing (ABC) is the rage these days. But to use ABC, you must know precisely what your firm's “product” is. That's not easy in service industries—where firms give customers a variety of services. So how do you identify service industry products? The authors give some answers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Toxoplasma MIC2 Is a Major Determinant of Invasion and Virulence

Like its apicomplexan kin, the obligate intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii actively invades mammalian cells and uses a unique form of gliding motility. The recent identification of several transmembrane adhesive complexes, potentially capable of gripping external receptors and the sub-membrane actinomyosin motor, suggests that the parasite has multiple options for host-cell recognition and invasion. To test whether the transmembrane adhesin MIC2, together with its partner protein M2AP, participates in a major invasion pathway, we utilized a conditional expression system to introduce an anhydrotetracycline-responsive mic2 construct, allowing us to then knockout the endogenous mic2 gene. Conditional suppression of MIC2 provided the first opportunity to directly determine the role of this protein in infection. Reduced MIC2 expression resulted in mistrafficking of M2AP, markedly defective host-cell attachment and invasion, the loss of helical gliding motility, and the inability to support lethal infection in a murine model of acute toxoplasmosis. Survival of mice infected with MIC2-deficient parasites correlated with lower parasite burden in infected tissues, an attenuated inflammatory immune response, and induction of long-term protective immunity. Our findings demonstrate that the MIC2 protein complex is a major virulence determinant for Toxoplasma infection and that MIC2-deficient parasites constitute an effective live-attenuated vaccine for experimental toxoplasmosis.
WORKBENCH—the financial benefit and savings to the university

Six years ago the User Services Group at Penn State's Center for Academic Computing (CAC) started a service called the Workbench. Its goal is to provide assistance to students, faculty, and staff by diagnosing hardware and software problems on their desktop machines and resolving the software problems. New software is also installed and configured. Hardware problems are referred to an authorized repair center. The Workbench staff uses a variety of software packages, tools, and techniques as well as acquired tricks of the trade to diagnose the problems. This poster session will discuss the cost of implementing and maintaining this service, the equipment and tools needed to diagnose and repair the problems, and the financial benefit to the University community of offering this service.
A resolution of the Euler operator II

An exact sequence resolving the Euler operator of the calculus of variations for partial differential polynomials in several dependent and independent variables is described. This resolution provides a solution to the ‘Inverse problem of the calculus of variations’ for systems of polynomial partial equations. That problem consists of characterizing those systems of partial differential equations which arise as the Euler-Lagrange equations of some variational principle. It can be embedded in the more general problem of finding a resolution of the Euler operator. In (3), hereafter referred to as I, a solution of this problem was given for the case of one independent and one dependent variable. Here we generalize this resolution to several independent and dependent variables simultaneously. The methods employed are similar in spirit to the algebraic techniques associated with the Gelfand-Dikii transform in I, although are considerably complicated by the appearance of several variables. In particular, a simple algebraic proof of the local exactness of a complex considered by Takens(5), Vinogradov(6), Anderson and Duchamp(1), and others appears as part of the resolution considered here.
The legal treatment of recovered memories of child sexual abuse

(1996). The legal treatment of recovered memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 183-214.
Neurophysiological studies in alternating hemiplegia of childhood

Abstract Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a rare neurological disease characterised by recurrent paroxysmal attacks of hemiplegia affecting either side of the body. The clinical course is progressive, and patients develop fixed neurological deficits such as choreoathetosis, dystonia, ataxia and neurodevelopmental disturbances. The pathophysiology of this disorder is unknown, but an identifiable molecular basis, perhaps at the level of an ion channel defect, can be assumed. Diagnostic tests performed on patients and their families are usually normal. A few neurophysiological studies have yielded interesting but controversial results. Our aim was to review the results issuing from neurophysiological studies of AHC. Several reports have show that electroencephalograms are essentially normal both during the episodes and in the interhemiplegic period, except for electroencephalographic epileptic changes during seizures. The somatosensory evoked potential generated in the primary somatosensory area (N20) was absent or characterised by reduced amplitude and delayed latency during the ictal phase, but it recovered normal amplitude and latency during the interictal phase. Visual evoked potentials were decreased in the ictal phase. Motor evoked potentials and brainstem auditory evoked potentials were normal. Using blink reflex recording, several authors have reported abnormalities of both the ipsi- and contralateral R2 components of the blink reflex in patients with AHC during the interictal phase. In conclusion, neurophysiological studies have proved useful in demonstrating functional abnormalities in AHC, and thus may possibly add further elements to our present knowledge of the pathophysiology of AHC.
Angioplasty and Stenting for Atherosclerotic Intracranial Stenosis: Rationale for a Randomized Clinical Trial

Atherosclerotic disease of the major intracranial arteries is a frequent cause of stroke. In addition, many patients who have symptomatic intracranial stenosis are at very high risk for recurrent stroke. Preliminary studies suggest that angioplasty and stenting may reduce the risk of stroke in patients who have severe stenosis of intracranial arteries. Data for angioplasty and stenting, however, consist of case series; no randomized studies have been completed to date. This article reviews these data and discusses the rationale for a randomized trial of angioplasty and stenting versus best medical management for patients who have symptomatic intracranial stenosis.
The Fatality and Injury Costs of Expenditures

All production activities generate health risks to workers. This article employs input-output analysis in conjunction with job-risk data by industry to construct measures of the direct and indirect risks imposed by expenditures. Both fatalities and nonfatal injuries (which include illnesses) are considered. The occupational-risk component of expenditures is generally in the range of 3–4% of costs, with nonfatal injuries contributing the larger share. Expenditure levels that generate a fatality or a lost-workday injury are provided by industry, as are a variety of other measures that consider both created and avoided risks pertinent to risk-risk analyses and cost-effectiveness analyses, respectively.
Continuity, Coordination, and Transitions of Care for Patients with Serious and Advanced Illness: A Systematic Review of Interventions

Abstract Objectives: Continuity, coordination, and transitions of care are key to high-quality medical care for patients with serious and advanced illness. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the impact of interventions targeting these areas in this population. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and DARE from 2000 through 2011. We included prospective controlled studies targeting continuity, coordination, and transitions for patients with advanced illness that reported patient centered outcomes. Of 13,014 citations, 23 studies met inclusion criteria. Two investigators extracted and checked data on population, interventions, methods, outcomes, and methodological quality. Results: Four of the six studies evaluating patient satisfaction (67%) and four of the six studies evaluating caregiver satisfaction (67%) showed statistically significant improvements in these outcomes in the intervention compared to the control group. Only three of the nine studies (33%) measuring quality o...
Development and Validation of a Parent Report Measure for Assessing Social-Emotional Competencies of Children and Adolescents

Based on the premises that strength-based assessment of children and adolescents is an important emerging area, and that additional tools for this purpose are needed, this study details development and validation efforts on a new strength-based assessment: the Social-Emotional Assets and Resilience Scale, parent form (SEARS-P). Following careful development of a comprehensive research prototype assessment, a large and diverse nationwide sample of more than 2,000 ratings of school-age children and adolescents were obtained from their parents and other caregivers. Factor analytic procedures revealed a robust and replicable underlying factor structure, including Self-Regulation/Responsibility, Social Competence, and Empathy factors. The factor scores and total score of the SEARS-P were shown to have strong internal consistency reliability, as well as strong interrater reliability between mother-father pairs who rated the same child. Convergent construct validity of the SEARS-P was established through findings of significant correlations with two established strength-based rating scales for use by parents. Construct validity of the SEARS-P was further bolstered through findings of significant gender differences in scores (with females rated as having higher levels of competency than males), as well as significant differences in scores based on educational disability status. Limitations and future research needs are discussed, as are implications of this study for research and practice with children and families.
Contributions of Basic Research to the Cognitive Theories of Depression

This article shows how the development of two major cognitive theories of depression - hopelessness theory and Beck's schema theory-were inspired by basic research in psychology. Whereas attribution theory helped resolve ambiguities in the original helplessness theory, additional social psychological concepts helped transform the reformulated helplessness theory into a hopelessness theory. For example, the current theory features situational determinants of causal attributions, a diathesis-stress component, and a specific-vulnerability component, each influenced by basic work in social psychology. The authors also draw on basic research to suggest revisions in Beck's theory. They suggest that (a) both depressives and nondepressives are capable of a full range of processing biases, (b) depressives are responsive to situational information, (c) factors other than "feature match " influence negative schema activation, (d) the "self" in depression is multifaceted, and (e) associative network models can be use...
“I’m bored!”

We examined small-college students’ complaints that their professors, classes, and so forth bore them. Comparing small-college students’ degree of existential meaning in life with previously obtained large-university students’ Purpose in Life Test scores yielded no difference except for students who felt that the small college campus does not have enough activities and that it is a uniquely dull place. Students with both negative views of a small campus had personality test scores that indicated they found life in general to be rather meaningless. It seems that small-college students’ feelings of boredom are probably no different from those of students at large campuses. What may be true is that if a student arrives at a campus without inherent motivation, he/she will see the prevailing environment in a purposeless manner.
Modeling a hollow micro-particle production process

The process to be modeled produces micro-hollow particles based on spray drying technology. This process involves droplet formation, solvent evaporation, formation of the impermeable outer layer, and decomposition of a blowing agent. The objective of this work is to develop a fundamental model that describes the formation of the hollow particles starting from a single droplet. This model is then used to predict the time to skin formation and total drying time. The effect of parameter uncertainties and varying operating conditions are investigated.
A FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING COMMUNITY COLLEGE COUNSELING PROGRAMS AND FUNCTIONS: SHOWING CONTRIBUTIONS THROUGH STUDENT SUCCESS

This article describes a framework for the comprehensive evaluation of counseling programs and functions within the community college, using Astin's student success conceptualization. Some evaluative results using this framework are included. With such a framework, counselors can clearly show their contributions to the community college and the students they serve. The topic of counselors as sources of pertinent information about campus students in general is also discussed.
The epidemiology of reoperation after flexor tendon repair

Purpose To describe the incidence of reoperation and the demographic factors that may be associated with reoperation after flexor tendon repair. Methods Using a New York statewide hospital administrative database covering an 8-year period, we examined unique patient discharges with an index procedure of flexor tendon repair for reoperation (re-repair or tenolysis). We compared the age, sex, race, and insurance type by reoperation status using standard univariate statistics and multivariate regression analysis. We performed trend analysis using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results From 1998 to 2005, there were 5,229 flexor tendon repairs with a frequency of reoperation of 6%; of these, 91% were in the first year after the primary procedure. Those who underwent reoperation were significantly older than those who did not undergo reoperation. Patients with workers' compensation were 63% more likely to undergo reoperation than those with other forms of insurance. Patients who had concomitant nerve repair during the index procedure were 26% less likely to undergo reoperation. The rate of reoperation did not change during the study period. Conclusions These results may be useful in shaping research agendas to evaluate sociodemographic factors contributing to reoperations. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Screening for depression in emergency department patients.

Background: Depression is a common disease, yet it is not commonly studied in the Emergency Medicine literature. Study Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of emergency department (ED) patients who have the symptoms of depression. Design: This was a prospective observational study performed at two EDs over a 9-month period. Adult patients were screened for depression symptoms by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria. Results: There were 505 patients screened from April through December, 2004. Of the 505 patients, 109 (21.6%) screened positive for the symptoms of depression. The prevalence of positive screens was similar at each ED. Conclusion: About 1 in 5 ED patients may be suffering with depression.
IgA, igG1, IgG2, IgM, and BSA in serum and mammary secretion throughout lactation.

Abstract Bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM were measured in the serum and lacteal secretions of six cows from 10 days prepartum to 240 days of lactation. Immunoglobulins in lacteal secretions were expressed in units of concentration (mg/ml) as well as in total daily output. All isotypes were selectively accumulated during colostrum formation. The rate of IgG1 accumulation decreased rapidly after calving; this decrease corresponded to a return to normal serum levels of this immunoglobulin. Selective accumulation of IgA > IgM > IgG1 was maintained throughout lactation, but IgG2 showed no selective accumulation beyond 5 days postpartum. In serum, IgA and IgM levels were elevated at parturition and showed a significant decrease postpartum. Increases in serum IgA levels 60 days postpartum corresponded to a rise in lacteal concentration. The concentration of all immunoglobulins increased during late lactation, coincident with a major reduction in milk yield. Six strains of mastitis-causing organisms were cultured during the period of the experiment; however, none resulted in clinical mastitis or showed an effect on immunoglobulin secretion.
Magnetic-flux periodic response of nanoperforated ultrathin superconducting films

We have patterned ultrathin $\mathrm{Bi}∕\mathrm{Sb}$ films with a hexagonal array of nanoscale holes. These regular perforations result in a phase-sensitive periodic response to an applied magnetic field. Thus by measuring this response in the resistive transitions we are able to distinguish between superconducting fluctuations of the amplitude and phase. Our results delineate three distinct portions of the $R(T)$ in which fluctuations of the amplitude, both the amplitude and phase, and the phase of the superconducting order parameter dominate. In addition, as ${T}_{c0}$ is lowered the region of the superconducting transition dominated by amplitude fluctuations is large and grows with proximity to the superconductor to insulator transition.
Immunochemical investigations of porcine lactogenic hormone

Abstract Guinea pig antisera to porcine prolactin were characterized by immunodiffusion, quantitative precipitin, and microcomplement fixation techniques. In gel double diffusion tests, the antisera cross-reacted with ovine and bovine prolactins, but not with rat prolactin, porcine growth hormone, or human growth hormone. Microcomplement fixation experiments indicated a considerable degree of immunological similarity among porcine, ovine, and human prolactins. Modification of porcine prolactin either by reduction or oxidation decreased its immunoreactivity and abolished its biological acivity in the pigeon crop-sac assay.
Dynamin-like protein encoded by the Drosophila shibire gene associated with vesicular traffic.

Temperature-sensitive paralysis is the most striking defect of adult Drosophila carrying the shibire mutation. This is believed to be due to a reversible block of endocytosis, which prevents membrane cycling and thus depletes synaptic vesicles. The shibire mutation also affects many tissues outside the nervous system. We have now mapped and characterized the shibire gene. A 275-kilobase yeast artificial chromosome was subcloned into cosmids, among which the gene was then located by analysing with restriction-fragment length polymorphisms. A 15-kilobase fragment of wild-type DNA rescues the mutant phenotype and the sequence of two mutant alleles show differences with wild type, demonstrating that we have isolated the shibire gene. The gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to rat dynamin, 69% of the amino-acid sequence is identical. Dynamin is a GTP-driven mechanochemical enzyme related to mammalian mx-proteins and to the yeast vpsl gene product. Because the shibire gene product and dynamin have extensive similarity, we propose that they are cognate homologues. Dynamin causes microtubules to slide along each other in vitro and in extracts it is associated with a distinct, but so far uncharacterized, membrane fraction. In light of the shibire phenotype, we suggest that these proteins provide the motor for vesicular transport during endocytosis.
Estimating the life expectancies of building components in life‐cycle costing calculations

Considers how the life expectancies of building components in a life cycle cost calculation can be determined. Makes comparisons with initial capital cost estimating, where forecasts or estimates of cost have been carried out for many years. By definition an estimate is unlikely to be spot‐on. Also recognizes that life expectancy is not just a mathematical calculation but also requires the use of expert judgement. Any forecast of a future event, while utilizing previously recorded performance data, will always be influenced by prevailing conditions and future expectations. The initial quality and standards of the building project are important characteristics in determining component life expectancy as is the type of project itself. Identifies a range of different sources of published information on building component life expectancies. Different techniques are also discussed that have a potential in assisting with the prediction of the lives of building components.
Immersions of the projective plane with one triple point

Abstract We consider C ∞ generic immersions of the projective plane into the 3-sphere. Pinkall has shown that every immersion of the projective plane is homotopic through immersions to Boy's immersion, or its mirror. There is another lesser-known immersion of the projective plane with self-intersection set equivalent to Boy's but whose image is not homeomorphic to Boy's. We show that any C ∞ generic immersion of the projective plane whose self-intersection set in the 3-sphere is connected and has a single triple point is ambiently isotopic to precisely one of these two models, or their mirrors. We further show that any generic immersion of the projective plane with one triple point can be obtained by a sequence of toral and spherical surgical modifications of these models. Finally we present some simple applications of the theorem regarding discrete ambient automorphism groups; image-homology of immersions with one triple point; and almost tight ambient isotopy classes.
Educators, homosexuality, and homosexual students: are personal feelings related to professional beliefs?

This study is based on interviews with Southern lesbian and gay young adults and survey data from school counselors and prospective teachers living in the South. The essay explores adolescents' per...
Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep: global therapeutic considerations.

The comprehensive review by Stiasny et al. on clinical features and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS)/periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in this issue of Sleep Medicine Reviews [1] calls attention to several major points: (i) RLS is a highly prevalent and still under-recognized condition in all age groups, including children and adolescents; (ii) RLS is frequently a distressing and painful ± and at times disabling ± condition that can result in chronic, severe insomnia; (iii) dopaminergic medications are the recognized cornerstone of therapy, although other agents may have to be utilized; (iv) a range of clinical scenarios ± especially co-morbidities ± are often presented by patients suffering from RLS/PLMD. Given the high prevalence rates (up to 15% of Caucasians) for RLS cited by Stiasny et al. [1], sleep clinicians should be encouraged to carefully question all their patients for the presence of RLS, regardless of the chief complaint. Sleep clinicians should also scrutinize their clinical approach to patients with RLS as a co-morbid condition with other sleep disorders, and/or with other disorders emerging from their primary specialties, e.g. pulmonary medicine, neurology, psychiatry, pediatrics, etc. The ®eld of sleep disorders medicine is strengthened by the dual specializations of its clinicians, which ultimately bene®ts patient care, promotes interdisciplinary collaboration, and facilitates additional clinical and scienti®c discoveries. The association of
Characteristics of Adolescents Who Report Very High Life Satisfaction

This study investigated the characteristics of adolescents who report high levels of life global satisfaction. A total of 485 adolescents completed the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS) (Huebner, E. S. (1991). Sch. Psychol. Int. 12: 231–240.) along with self-report measures of intrapersonal, interpersonal, and school-related functioning. Based on their SLSS scores, students were divided into three groups: “low” (bottom 20% of the distribution), “average” (middle 50%), and “high” (upper 20%). Youth in the high satisfaction group reported significantly higher adaptive functioning on all dependent variables than youth in the low satisfaction group. Relative to students with average life satisfaction, students with high life satisfaction reported superior scores on a measure of social stress, a measure of attitudes toward teachers, and on all measures of intrapersonal functioning. Also, no adolescents in the high life satisfaction group demonstrated clinical levels of psychological symptoms, whereas 7% of the average group and 42% of the low satisfaction group reported clinical levels of symptoms. Taken together, the findings suggested that high life satisfaction is associated with some mental health benefits that are not found among youth reporting comparatively lower satisfaction levels.
A molecular dynamics study of lithium grain boundary intercalation in graphite

Lithium-ion diffusion rates in graphitic battery anodes have been shown to vary greatly in experiments, with numerous hypotheses to explain this behavior. Here, we model several grain boundaries using molecular dynamics and quantify intercalation from the free surface. A significant variation in intercalation rates is revealed as dictated by local bond structure where the grain boundary intersects the free surface. Data presented may help explain dramatic differences in diffusion rates and permit more accurate predictions of lithium-ion battery performance.
Challenges in IBD research: Assessing progress and rethinking the research agenda.

Seventy-five years after the initial characterization of Crohn's disease (CD), much remains obscure about its etiology. The authors sought to evaluate the incidence trends of the last 25 years worldwide, and the existence of potential correlations with genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors that could be etiologically implicated in the pathogenesis of CD. Relevant medical literature for individual countries on the incidence of CD, on the incidence of associated genetic mutations, and on the incidence of suggested etiologic infectious agents such as Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis were retrieved from published medical literature, reports from relevant international congresses, and through official reports from national health authorities. Increasing trends have been observed almost worldwide, with a broad north-south gradient still prevailing in Europe. Distinct regions of New Zealand, Canada, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia represent the highest incidence areas. Industrialized status and affluence are the common denominators between endemic areas, but are too broad as terms to strongly indicate any particular etiological role. The increasing trends observed in Asia still account for a low prevalence of the disease and may represent increased detection and diagnostic ability of local health systems. Genetic associations are variably reproduced worldwide, in a manner inconsistent with a strong etiologic relationship. Data on paratuberculosis incidence are scarce, and the existing ones are ambivalent regarding an even indirect correlation between CD and an infectious trigger.
Hydrogen bonding Part 58. Infrared study of the decamethonium halide dihydrates, identification of an unequivocal C2h (H2O·I−)2 cluster, and an overview of quaternary ammonium halide monohydrate structure

Abstract We have determined the infrared spectra of the dihydrates of decamethonium iodide, bromide, chloride, and fluoride. Comparison with compounds of known structure demonstrates that all four dihydrates, which are halide ion monohydrates, contain planar C 2h (H 2 O·X − ) 2 monohydrate clusters. This is the first clear and unequivocal evidence we have obtained for a C 2h (H 2 O·I − ) 2 cluster. The fluoride also forms a single higher hydrate with 4.5 H 2 O; the iodide, bromide, and chloride do not form higher hydrates. It is likely, by analogy with hexamethonium halides, that these latter three halides form monohydrates (halide ion hemihydrates); however, this possibility was not investigated. Trends in the nature of halide monohydrate structure are summarized for a number of quaternary ammonium halides that we have investigated.
Economic Growth and the Creation of the Vecino Homeland in New México, 1780-1820

Much of the literature on the history of New Mexico assumes that the region is culturally distinctive, while missing the true historical source of its uniqueness. This essay argues that nuevomexicanos emerged from late colonial New Mexico as a distinctive group of Vecinos largely due to a system of long-distance trade that expanded rapidly after 1786 until the outbreak of violence in Mexico in 1810. The dynamic vitality of Vecino culture, and many of its distinctive elements, proceeded directly from an era of economic activity in New Mexico at the end of the eighteenth century.
Developing a Survivability Index for Distribution Systems Including Islanding

Electrical power systems are vulnerable to contingencies due to the possibility of fault or damage. When a serious fault (which cannot be removed immediately) occurs in the power system, the fault needs to be isolated, and the remaining system should be reconfigured to make efficient use of available energy. Reconfiguring the system by making a island can be one of the strategies to continue the energy supply with remaining generation capacity. The challenge is to reconfigure the system without causing negative impact on voltage support, stability and reliability of the system. A survivability index of the system can be developed to analyze the effect of contingencies based on voltage support, reliability and the stability indices with predefined weights given to each performance criterion. These weights may vary for different system conditions. The purpose of this research work is to develop a survivability index for the distribution power system and rank contingencies based on developed index. Corrective measures can be taken to maximize the survivability during reconfiguration after contingencies.
Efficient silicon-on-insulator polarization rotator based on mode evolution

A compact and high extinction SOI polarization rotator is fabricated and characterized. For TM to TE rotation, a device 37.5μm in length is demonstrated to have a polarization extinction ratio between 17.8–26dB from 1525nm to 1570nm.
Higher resolution satellite remote sensing and the impact on image mapping

Abstract Recent advances in spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution of civil land remote sensing satellite data are presenting new opportunities for image mapping applications. The U.S. Geological Survey's experimental satellite image mapping program is evolving toward larger scale image map products with increased information content as a result of improved image processing techniques and increased resolution. Thematic mapper data are being used to produce experimental image maps at 1:100,000 scale that meet established U.S. and European map accuracy standards. Availability of high quality, cloud-free, 30-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the Landsat thematic mapper sensor, along with 10-meter ground resolution panchromatic and 20-meter ground resolution multispectral data from the recently launched French SPOT satellite, present new cartographic and image processing challenges. The need to fully exploit these higher resolution data increases the complexity of processing the images into large-scale image maps. The removal of radiometric artifacts and noise prior to geometric correction can be accomplished by using a variety of image processing filters and transforms. Sensor modeling and image restoration techniques allow maximum retention of spatial and radiometric information. An optimum combination of spectral information and spatial resolution can be obtained by merging different sensor types. These processing techniques are discussed and examples are presented.
Novelty-induced conditioned place preference, sucrose preference, and elevated plus maze behavior in adult rats after repeated exposure to methylphenidate during the preweanling period

Early treatment with methylphenidate has a persistent effect on the affective (i.e., anxiety- and depressive-like) behaviors of adult rats and mice. Interestingly, age at methylphenidate exposure appears to be a critical determinant influencing the expression of affective behaviors. In the present study, we exposed rats to methylphenidate during the preweanling period (i.e., PD 11-PD 20) because this ontogenetic period is analogous to early childhood in humans (an age associated with increasing methylphenidate usage). Rats were injected with methylphenidate (0, 2, or 5mg/kg) from PD 11 to PD 20 and reactivity to rewarding and aversive stimuli were measured in early adulthood. Specifically, novelty-induced CPP, sucrose preference, and elevated plus maze behavior were assessed on PD 60. Early treatment with 2 or 5mg/kg methylphenidate increased total time spent in the white compartment of the CPP chamber. This methylphenidate-induced effect occurred regardless of exposure condition. Performance on the elevated plus maze was also impacted by early methylphenidate exposure, because rats treated with 5mg/kg methylphenidate spent more time in the closed compartment of the elevated plus maze than vehicle controls. Early methylphenidate exposure did not alter sucrose preference. These data indicate that exposing rats to methylphenidate during the preweanling period differentially affects anxiety-like behavior depending on the type of anxiety-provoking stimulus. Specifically, early methylphenidate exposure decreased aversion to a bright white room when measured on a novelty-induced CPP task, whereas methylphenidate caused a long-term increase in anxiety when measured on the elevated plus maze.
Rapid breakdown of brominated flame retardants by soil microorganisms

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively and successfully used as fire retardants in a multitude of products. However, due to their aromatic components and toxicological properties, they are assumed to be persistent environmental pollutants and a popularly-used commercial mixture, DE-71, has been removed from American and European marketplaces. However, our current work shows mixed bacterial cultures, derived or extracted from soils experimentally contaminated with DE-71, were capable of utilizing these as a sole carbon source. Most notably, almost complete loss of parent compounds takes place within a few minutes. Determining pathways was hindered by both the speed of the microbial degradation and the low water solubility of the congeners, complicating detection. The bacterial enrichment communities have been characterized using DGGE analysis and DNA sequencing. Element-specific detection was coupled to ion chromatography and only one degradation product detectable by ICP-MS, the bromide ion, was found. Additionally, samples were analyzed by GC/TOF-MS using a mass-defect-based digital noise filtering technique to facilitate observation of bromine-containing unknowns and ESI-MS was used to identify the non-volatile brominated unknown peaks. However, low concentrations (100 μg L−1 initial fortification and substantially lower levels of theorized by-products) prohibited successful compound identification.
A multi-path architecture for machine translation of English text into American Sign Language animation

The translation of English text into American Sign Language (ASL) animation tests the limits of traditional MT architectural designs. A new semantic representation is proposed that uses virtual reality 3D scene modeling software to produce spatially complex ASL phenomena called "classifier predicates." The model acts as an interlingua within a new multi-pathway MT architecture design that also incorporates transfer and direct approaches into a single system.