cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief report effect of three smoking cessation treatments on nicotine withdrawal in 141 abstinent alcoholic smokers

This prospective study examined the effect of three behavioral smoking interventions and reductions in cigarettes smoked per day on nicotine withdrawal symptoms in 141 abstinent alcoholic smokers (73 men, 68 women). The participants' mean ± SD age was 41.4 ± 9.2 years. They smoked an average of 27.7 ± 12.1 cigarettes per day and reported 4.1 ± 4.3 years of current abstinent from alcohol and other drugs of dependence. Participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week program of standard treatment (ST, n = 61), behavioral counseling plus exercise (BEX, n = 39), or behavioral counseling plus nicotine gum (BNIC, n = 41). All three conditions included instructions to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked per day prior to the target quit date (TQD). The TQD was week 4 for ST subjects and week 8 for those in the BEX and BNIC groups. The post-treatment assessment occurred one week after TQD. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered at baseline and posttreatment to assess nicotine withdrawal. Significant increases were detected for the POMS total mood disturbance score, and the depression, tension, anger and confusion subscales, while vigor scores decreased (all p < 0.03). Withdrawal change scores were not found to be associated with treatment condition or percentage reduction in cigarettes, and there was no evidence of a significant interaction of treatment and cigarette reduction. Results are discussed in relation to implications for treatment and for future research.
The gaba system in the mammalian habenula

Abstract Biochemical and immunocytochemical methods have been used in this work to study the GABA system in the rat habenula. Glutamate decarboxylase, a marker of GABAergic neurons, was found to have a higher activity in the lateral (LH) than in the medial (MH) habenular nuclei. A marked loss of GAD as well as a comparable reduction in GABA uptake in the LH were observed following stria medullaris (SM) lesions. The MH was not affected by these lesions. Immunocytochemical visualization of GAD, using antiserum to purified mouse brain GAD, further supported the biochemical data. Both habenular nuclei were stained with GAD positive reaction products, however, the intensity of the stain was much more striking in the LH. The staining was markedly diminished in the LH in response to SM lesions, while MH was not affected. Thus, both biochemical and morphological data demonstrate that the SM contains GABAergic projections to the LH. Evidence is also presented which suggests that brain regions containing the entopeduncular nucleus and the nucleus of the diagonal band (Broca) are potential sources of GABA-ergic projections via the SM to the lateral habenula.
RFC-1 Gene Expression Regulates Folate Absorption in Mouse Small Intestine

Mediated folate compound transport inward in isolated luminal epithelial cells from mouse small intestine was delineated as pH-dependent and non-pH-dependent components on the basis of their differential sensitivity to the stilbene inhibitor, 4, 4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. pH dependence was manifested as higher maximum capacity (Vmax) for influx of l, L-5-CH3-H4folate at acidic pH compared with neutral or alkaline pH with no effect on saturability (Km). The pH-dependent component was relatively insensitive to inhibition by 4, 4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and highly saturable (Km or Ki = 2 to 4 microM) in the case of folic acid, folate coenzymes, and 4-aminofolate analogues as permeants or inhibitors. The non-pH-dependent component was highly sensitive to 4, 4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid and poorly and variably saturable (Km or Ki = 20 to >2000 microM) with respect to these folate compounds. Only the pH-dependent transport component was developmentally regulated, showing much higher maximum capacity for l,L-5-CH3-H4folate influx in mature absorptive rather than proliferative crypt cells. The increase in pH-dependent influx during maturation was associated with an increase in RFC-1 gene expression in the form of a 2.5-kilobase RNA transcript and 58-kDa brush-border membrane protein detected by folate-based affinity labeling and with anti-mouse RFC-1 peptide antibodies. The size of this protein was the same as that encoded by RFC-1 mRNA. The treatment of mature absorptive cells with either the affinity label or the anti-RFC-1 peptide antibodies inhibited influx of l, L-[3H]-5-CH3-H4folate in a concentration-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that pH-dependent folate absorption in this tissue is regulated by RFC-1 gene expression.
On the reduced and oxidized forms of the FeMo- cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase

Reduced and oxidized forms of the FeMo- cofactor of Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase are examined theoretically within the intermediate neglect of differential overlap model. The results obtained favor one of the experimentally suggested modes of contraction of the metal system which results in an expansion of the central cavity of the cofactor. The bond index analysis indicates marked changes in the Mo coordination upon electron addition which may contribute to an opening of the Mo atom as a possible binding site at the advanced stages of the reduction process. In this work we also compare the 39- and 41-electron [MoFe7] core as possible native resting states, both compatible with known spin and Mossbauer spectroscopies.
Relationship of in vitro morphologic and growth characteristics of established human glioma-derived cell lines to their tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice.

Fifteen permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas which are individually distinct by immunologic and biochemical criteria were evaluated to determine if morphologic or cell biologic parameters distinguished the 4 lines which were tumorigenic in athymic nude mice. By subjective morphologic appraisal, the 4 tumorigenic lines were considered "malignant" or "borderline," but 4 of the non-tumorigenic lines were also classified in this way. By objective criteria, these 15 lines varied markedly in percentage of piled-up cells, chromatin pattern, pleomorphism, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, number of bizarre multinucleate giant cells, presence of abnormal mitotic figures, percentage of colony formation in soft agar, saturation density, population doubling time, and absolute plating efficiency. Among these criteria, percentage of colony formation in soft agar had the highest correlation coefficiency with tumorigenicity, and when this parameter was held constant the only additional characteristic which correlated significantly (p less than .05) was the number of bizarre multinucleate giant cells. When the 11 non-tumorigenic lines were ranked by these 2 criteria, 1 non-tumorigenic line (U-251 MGsp) had greater than .95 predicted probability of tumorigenicity. Although further tumorigenicity testing may increase the number of tumorigenic lines, the lines with few "malignant" characteristics may correspond to the population resembling cells of low grade astrocytomas seen within glioblastomas. The histologic pleomorphism of human gliomas is reflected in their morphologic and cell biologic diversity in culture.
Outcome Instruments for the Shoulder

Abstract Outcome surveys may play a vital role in the future of orthopaedics. Institutions may increasingly look toward determining the effectiveness of treatment options, but different validation studies often yield different results. There is a clear need for consistency when reporting patient-reported outcome scores. Knowledge of the available outcome scores and their strengths and weaknesses will allow orthopaedic surgeons to practice evidence-based medicine, offer their patients the most appropriate treatments, and successfully navigate the increasingly complex reimbursement system. Orthopaedic surgeons will need to show conclusively that their procedures improved patient outcomes and were cost-effective. We conducted a review of upper extremity outcome systems commonly used in the shoulder and their scoring and validation.
The invertible G segment of phage mu.

Near the right or “variable” end of Mu DNA is a 3 kb segment, the G segment shown in the figure below, which inverts via intramolecular recombination between small regions of homology located at its ends (Daniel1 et al., Virology 57, 237-239, 1973; Hsu and Davidson, Virology 58, 229-239, 1974). Phage DNA containing the G segment in opposite orientations was originally detected by the presence of single-stranded bubbles near one end of Mu DNA heteroduplexes (Daniel1 et al., op. cit.). More recently a DNA restriction assay has been used to quantitate the proportion of phages with each orientation of the G segment; the assay is based on measurements of the relative quantities of two unique DNA restriction fragments which arise by cleavage of Mu DNA at a site outside the G segment and at a site located asymmetrically within the G segment, for example the Pst I and Kpn I sites shown in the figure below (Bukhari and Ambrosio, Nature 277, 575-577, 1978; Kamp et al., Nature 277, 577-580, 1978). When Daniell, Boram and Abelson (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 70, 2153-2156, 1973) found that Mu DNA in phage grown by infection of E. coli K12 had the G segment primarily (99%) in one orientation, whereas DNA from phage grown by induction contained the G segment in both orientations (25-75% of each), they suggested that one orientation might be preferred for lytic growth by infection. This hypothesis was supported by the finding of Chow, Kahmann and Kamp (J. Mol. Biol. 7 73, 591-609, 1977) that viable plaqueforming Mu phages which were deleted for portions of the G and/or /3 segments, and were therefore unable to invert the G segment, all contained their G segments in the “lytic infection” orientation regardless of the method of growth; this orientation was defined as G(+). Their analysis of these deleted phages demonstrated that G segment inversion per se was not required for phage viability and that the rightmost 1.3 kb of the G segment could be deleted with no effect on phage growth in E. coli K12. One phage, with the 445-5 deletion shown in the figure below, contained an intact G segment but could not invert it; however, this phage could be complemented for G inversion by a nondeleted Mu prophage (Kamp et al., op. cit.). Using lysogens of MuA445-5 with the G segment frozen in either the G(+) or G(-) orientation, Kamp et al. (op. cit.) demonstrated that phage particles were released after induction of both lysogens but that only those containing G(+) DNA were able to make plaques on E. coli K12. Studies of complementation for inversion of the G segment in MuA445-5 revealed that a specific Mu function, gin (G inversion), was required for inversion and that this function was located in the p DNA segment adjacent to the G segment (Kamp et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. 43, 1159-l 167, 1979). Similar complementation studies revealed functional homology between several such invertible DNA systems. Kamp et al. (Cold Spring Harbor Symp. 43, 1159-l 167, 1979) found that phages Pl, P7 and
Construct validity of a self‐report measure of alexithymia in a psychiatric inpatient sample

This study examined the construct validity of a widely used self-report measure of alexithymia in a mixed-sex sample of 101 psychiatric inpatients (62 women and 39 men). Contrary to expectations, scores on Shipko and Noviello's (1984) alexithymia scale (SNALEX) were: (1) correlated positively with a Rorschach index of verbal productivity; (2) unrelated to a Rorschach index of adaptive use of fantasy; (3) correlated negatively with scores on the MMPI L and K scales and correlated positively with scores on the MMPI F scale; and (4) correlated negatively with subject age. In addition, SNALEX scores were correlated negatively with scores on Klieger and Kinsman's (1980) alexithymia scale (KKALEX) in subjects of both sexes. These results do not support the construct validity of the SNALEX as a measure of alexithymia is psychiatric inpatients.
Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated cryptococcosis

Abstract Disseminated cryptococcosis is a life-threatening infection with cutaneous dissemination in 10% to 20% of cases. We describe seven patients with disseminated cryptococcosis with variable cutaneous manifestations. AIDS was a predisposing factor in six patients. Cutaneous presentations included a draining sinus tract, verrucous nodules, molluscum-like lesions and erythematous, indurated plaques. Histologically, all lesions revealed numerous encapsulated cryptoccocal organisms in a gelatinous pattern, highlighted with periodic acid-Schiff, mucicarmine, and methenamine silver stains. The patients responded variably to treatment with amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole.
Negishi's Theorem and Method: Computable and Constructive Considerations

Negishi's remarkable youthful contribution to welfare economics, general equilibrium theory and, with the benefit of hindsight, also to one strand of computable general equilibrium theory, all within the span of six pages in one article, has become one of the modern classics of general equilibrium theory and mathematical economics. Negishi's celebrated theorem and what has been called Negishi's Method have formed one foundation for computable general equilibrium theory. In this paper I investigate the computable and constructive aspects of the theorem and the method.
GOD INCARNATE AND THE DEFEAT OF EVIL

In this essay, I assess Marilyn McCord Adams's important and provocative incarnation-centered approach to the problem of evil. In particular, I examine the central theological components of her approach: her novel but also problematic conceptions of creation, sin, redemption, grace, and eschatological consummation. My further goal is to use my critical analysis of Adams's approach in order to begin to articulate and defend an alternative incarnation-centered approach, based on a more classically orthodox conception of divine defeat of evil, which is both immune to the criticisms I raise against Adams's approach and possesses a higher degree of explanatory power.
Heterogeneous hydrogenolysis of some fluorocarbons

Abstract The catalytic CF hydrogenolysis of six fluorocarbons including CH2CHF, CH3CH2F, CHFCHF, CH2CF2, CH3CHF2, and CH3CF3 has been studied. CF hydrogenolysis took place more readily for compounds with no more than one F atom attached to each carbon and much less readily for compounds with two or more F atoms attached to the same carbon. The apparent activation energy values range from 12 kcal mol−1 for CH3CH2F to 26 kcal mol−1 for CH3CHF2 and CH3CF3. Possible mechanisms for the CF hydrogenolysis were also discussed.
Angiogenic Polypoid Proliferation Adjacent to Ileal Carcinoid Tumors: A Nonspecific Finding Related to Mucosal Prolapse

Case reports have highlighted angiogenic polypoid proliferation in the mucosa adjacent to ileal carcinoid tumors, describing them as granulation tissue polyposis and florid angiogenesis. Some authors have proposed that the ileal carcinoid tumors themselves produce growth factors that cause the change. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of angiogenic polypoid proliferation in a large cohort of resected ileal carcinoid tumors compared with control groups. Search of the Cleveland Clinic and Summa Health System pathology files (1985 to 1999) yielded 65 resected ileal carcinoid tumors. Mucosal abnormalities adjacent to the ileal carcinoid tumors were graded 0 to 4+. Twenty ileal resection margins from colonic carcinoma cases served as normal controls. Ileal mucosa adjacent to 22 noncarcinoid neoplasms were also examined. The mucosa adjacent to 54/65 ileal carcinoid tumors (83%) showed mucosal abnormalities (vs. 3/20 normal controls), including mucosal edema, capillary ectasia, muscularis mucosae hypertrophy, fibrosis/smooth muscle proliferation within the lamina propria, club-shaped villi, and intramucosal capillary proliferation. Forty ileal carcinoid tumor cases (61%) showed some degree of angiogenic polypoid proliferation characterized by club-shaped villi and prominent intramucosal capillaries, with 17 (26%) graded as 3+ or 4+. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation was associated with hypertrophy of the muscularis mucosae, lamina proprial fibrosis/smooth muscle proliferation, and capillary ectasia similar to that described with gastrointestinal mucosal trauma/prolapse. This trauma/prolapse change was identified in 45 cases (69%) and was graded 3+ or 4+ in 23 (35%). Seventeen (77%) of the noncarcinoid neoplasms showed trauma/prolapse changes, with 7 (32%) graded as 3+ or 4+. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation also correlated with trauma/prolapse change in the noncarcinoid neoplasm controls. Neither APP (P =.24) nor the prolapse changes (P =.33) were found to be statistically different between the two tumor groups. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation of the adjacent ileal mucosa is common in patients with ileal carcinoid tumors and with noncarcinoid neoplasms. Angiogenic polypoid proliferation almost invariably coexists with fibromuscular change and capillary ectasia within the lamina propria, suggesting that mucosal trauma/prolapse plays a role in the histogenesis. The association of angiogenic polypoid proliferation with a variety of different neoplasms makes it unlikely that the tumors themselves secrete growth factors.
Multinomial pulse-number distributions for neural spikes in primary auditory fibers: theory.

We previously reported experimental short-and long-counting-time pulse-number distributions (PND's) for the neural spike train in cat primary auditory nerve fibers. Data were obtained for spontaneous activity, pure-tone stimuli with a wide range of frequencies and intensity levels, and Gaussian noise. The irregular shapes of the PND's are an indication of the presence of spike clusters of various sizes in the neural impulse train. We develop a family of theoretical cluster counting distributions and examine their suitability for describing the experimental PND's. The reduced-quintinomial distribution provides theoretical results that describe the characteristics of the PND's quite well, accounting for the smooth or scalloped behavior of short-counting-time data, the jagged nature of long-counting-time data, and the Poisson-like character of very-short-counting-time data. This family of distributions admits values for the spike-number mean-to-variance ratio that are independent of stimulus level, in agreement with experimental observation. A number of procedures for fitting the theoretical distributions to the experimental PND's are studied. These include the use of a minimum mean-square error criterion, the factorial moments of the data, and the discrete Fourier transform of the PND. The first of these techniques appears to be the most useful.
Small Things Remembered: Origins of Early Microlithic Industries in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Backed microliths made on small flakes and blades are considered the hallmark of Later Stone Age (LSA) industries of sub-Saharan Africa. However, some early LSA microlithic industries lack backed tools, others have extremely large ones, and some Middle Stone Age (MSA) industries also have high frequencies of blades and large backed “microliths.” The invention of blades, backed microliths, and microlithization were thus separate phenomena in sub-Saharan Africa. Given this diversity and complexity, a “one size fits all” model may neither satisfactorily characterize nor explain the origin of blade-based technologies, large backed tools in the MSA, and microlithic industries in the LSA. This chapter will briefly summarize the evidence for early backed tool and microlithic industries and then evaluate several hypotheses for microlithization and backed tool production, including the invention of composite hafted tools, punch blade technology, hunting with bow and arrow in closed habitats, invention of poisons for projectiles, increased access to fine-grained raw materials, increased mobility, conservation of scarce materials, giving gifts of backed microliths made on fine-grained exotic raw materials, and manufacture of more effective specialized toolkits when increased information sharing permitted reliable anticipation of tasks. If microlithic and backed blade–based industries were invented in Africa, then understanding their origin may provide insight into the evolution of modern human behavior and the dispersal of modern humans and modern human technology out of Africa.
Transmission and Reflection Holography at Low Energies

We have designed a low voltage point source microscope operated with a nanotip field emitter and without any electron optical lenses such that it can be operated in the transmission mode as well as in a reflection mode. An electron gun needed in the reflection mode is the most important difference between the two modes of operation. The magnification of the object wave is achieved by placing the specimen in the divergent electron beam of a nanotip field emitter and observing the object wave using a micro channel plate (MCP) at a great distance from the sample. As no lenses are present a procedure for scaling the magnification has been developed. Since electrons from a point source are highly coherent the out of focus images of the sample are interferograms and contain true three dimensional information of the sample. The transmission mode gives us the following results: (1) Electrons diffracted at an edge of the specimen cause Fresnel fringes in the image plane. (2) An electrically charged holey carbon foil can act in the same way on the electrons as the Young's double slit experiment and results in an interference pattern consisting of parallel fringes. The reflection mode shows us: (1) The image depends on the angle of reflection. (2) An arrangement similar to a field ion microscope resolves single atoms of the specimen. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2004.81]
Undergraduates’ Ability to Recognize Correlational and Causal Language Before and After Explicit Instruction

The ability to distinguish between correlational and causal claims is core knowledge for scientific literacy. News reports of scientific research prominently feature these claims. Thus, this knowledge has significant real-world application, and distinguishing among claims is critical to making sense of the reported research. We constructed an introductory psychology course with a series of brief exercises and assessments designed to improve students’ abilities to both understand the core concepts of correlation and causation and to apply their knowledge to real-world situations. Pre–post data on definitions and research in the news headlines revealed that students improved on both tasks by the end of the term.
Dynamics of the WPD Loop of the Yersinia Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase

The bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase YopH is an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia spp., causing gastrointestinal diseases and the plague. Like eukaryotic PTPases, YopH catalyzes the hydrolysis of the phosphate moiety of phosphotyrosine within a highly conserved binding pocket, which is also characterized by the closure of the so-called ''WPD loop'' upon ligand binding. In this study, we investigate the conformational changes and dynamics of the WPD loop by molecular dynamics simulations. Consistent with experimental observations, our simulations show that the WPD loop of YopH is in- trinsically flexible and fluctuates between the open and closed conformation with a frequency of ;4 ns for the apo, native protein. The region of helix a4 spanning loop 384-392, which has been revealed experimentally as a second substrate-binding site in YopH, is found to be highly associated with the WPD loop, stabilizing it in the closed, active conformation, and providing a structural basis for the cooperation of the second-substrate binding site in substrate recognition. Loop L4 (residues 323-327) is shown to be involved in a parallel, correlated motion mode with the WPD loop that contributes the stabilization of a more ex- tended open conformation. In addition, we have simulated the loop reopening in the ligand-bound protein complex by applying the locally enhanced sampling method. Finally, the dynamic behavior of the WPD loop for the C403S mutant differs from the wild-type YopH remarkably. These results shed light on the role of the WPD loop in PTPase-mediated catalysis, and are useful in structure-based design for novel, selective YopH inhibitors as antibacterial drugs.
Soil dielectric and senisitivity analysis for subsurface imaging applications based on distributed Sensor Networks

The concept of a subsurface imaging technique based on Unattended Ground Sensor Networks operating in the VHF range using ultra-wideband waveforms was recently proposed in [1]. In this approach a forward model for realistic subsurface environment based on the Dyadic Green's function for a stratified medium and an inversion technique using an ultra-wideband near-field focusing were presented. Simulation results showed that very good lateral and depth resolution could be achieved. Before carrying out an experiment to test the proposed technique, three vital aspects of the work which are imposed by practical limitations are investigated and presented in this paper. First, the sensitivity analysis to assess the signal penetration depth in realistic subsurface environments for various frequencies is performed. Analysis of the frequency requirements of the inversion as they relate to depth resolution is also analyzed. A semi-analytic soil dielectric model originally devised for microwave frequencies is extended to VHF and validated using measurement results available in literature.
Urinary excretion of polyamines in the adult respiratory distress syndrome.

Polyamines are low molecular weight polycations that are critically important in cellular proliferation and differentiation. To investigate their potential role in acute lung injury, the polyamines spermidine, spermine, and putrescine were measured in 24-h urine collections from intubated patients with ARDS (n = 12) or congestive heart failure with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CHF, n = 10) and in normal subjects (n = 10). Mean concentrations of putrescine were similar between groups, but spermidine concentrations in patients with ARDS (52.7 × 19.7 nmollmg creatinine) were significantly higher than in normal subjects (4.9 × 0.7 nmoll mg), p >.05. Mean concentrations of spermine in ARDS (270.6 × 78.1 nmollmg) were higher than in CHF (1.0 × 0.5 nmollmg), p >.05, and normal subjects (0.3 × 0.1 nmollmg), p >.05. Concentrations of putrescine increased significantly during the first 7 days of ARDS (241.5 × 127.1% above baseline, n = 6), p >.05. Urinary polyamine excretion did not correlate with severity of gas e...
Palantir: raising awareness among configuration management workspaces

Current configuration management systems promote workspaces that isolate developers from each other. This isolation is both good and bad. It is good, because developers make their changes without any interference from changes made concurrently by other developers. It is bad, because not knowing which artifacts are changing in parallel regularly leads to problems when changes are promoted from workspaces into a central configuration management repository. Overcoming the bad isolation, while retaining the good isolation, is a matter of raising awareness among developers, an issue traditionally ignored by the discipline of configuration management. To fill this void, we have developed Palantir, a novel workspace awareness tool that complements existing configuration management systems by providing developers with insight into other workspaces. In particular, the tool informs a developer of which other developers change which other artifacts, calculates a simple measure of severity of those changes, and graphically displays the information in a configurable and generally non-obtrusive manner. To illustrate the use of Palantir, we demonstrate how it integrates with two representative configuration management systems.
Experimental Investigation of the Interaction of Water and Methanol with Anatase−TiO2(101)

The interaction of water and methanol with well-defined (1 × 1) terminated surfaces of anatase-TiO2(101) were investigated with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For water, three desorption states were observed in the TPD spectra at 160, 190, and 250 K. The three desorption peaks were assigned to multilayer water, water adsorbed to 2-fold-coordinated O, and water adsorbed to 5-fold-coordinated Ti, respectively. The TPD spectra for methanol were more complicated. For methanol, five desorption peaks were observed in the TPD spectra at 135, 170, 260, 410, and 610 K. The five desorption peaks were assigned to multilayer methanol, methanol adsorbed to 2-fold-coordinated O, methanol adsorbed to 5-fold-coordinated Ti, methoxy adsorbed to 5-fold-coordinated Ti, and methoxy adsorbed to Ti at step edges, respectively. The XPS results indicated that the adsorbed water and methanol were predominantly bound to the surface in a molecular state, with no evidence for diss...
NF-kappa B activation by ultraviolet light not dependent on a nuclear signal

Exposure of mammalian cells to radiation triggers the ultraviolet (UV) response, which includes activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B). This was postulated to occur by induction of a nuclear signaling cascade by damaged DNA. Recently, induction of AP-1 by UV was shown to be mediated by a pathway involving Src tyrosine kinases and the Ha-Ras small guanosine triphosphate-binding protein, proteins located at the plasma membrane. It is demonstrated here that the same pathway mediates induction of NF-kappa B by UV. Because inactive NF-kappa B is stored in the cytosol, analysis of its activation directly tests the involvement of a nuclear-initiated signaling cascade. Enucleated cells are fully responsive to UV both in NF-kappa B induction and in activation of another key signaling event. Therefore, the UV response does not require a signal generated in the nucleus and is likely to be initiated at or near the plasma membrane.
Deletion of Membrane-Bound Steel Factor Results in Osteopenia in Mice†

To examine the functional role of membrane-bound SLF, we evaluated the growing skeletons of WT and SLF mutant (Sl/Sld) mice that do not produce this protein using DXA, bone histomorphometry, cell culture, and flow cytometry. Deletion of membrane-bound SLF delays bone growth, decreases bone mass and BMD, impairs osteoblast function, and increases osteoclast surface in young mice. Introduction: Mutations at the murine steel locus lead to a defect in the development of hematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, and germ cells. Two isoforms of steel factor (SLF), soluble and membrane-associated, have been reported. Soluble SLF increases osteoclast formation and activity in cell culture. The effects of deletion of membrane-bound SLF on bone metabolism in mice have yet to be determined and are the subject of this study. Materials and Methods: Five-, 7-, and 12-week-old male and 5-week-old female WCB6F1/J-KitlSl/KitlSl-d (Sl/Sld) mice and wildtype (WT) littermates were used. BMD and bone mass, growth, architecture, and turnover were evaluated by DXA (males and females) and histomorphometry (males only). Primary osteoblasts isolated from humeri of 5-week-old male WT and Sl/Sld mice were used to determine osteoblast function, and bone marrow cells from tibias and femurs of these mice were analyzed to determine cell surface expression of osteoclast precursors. Results and Conclusions: Young Sl/Sld mice grew more slowly, had a reduced bone mass, and had shorter bones than WT littermates. Male mutants had significantly decreased whole body BMD in all age groups, largely because of a reduction in BMC. Tibial cross-sectional, cortical, and marrow area of cortical bone and cancellous bone volume was reduced in the mutants at all ages. The osteopenia in Sl/Sld was caused by increased osteoclast surface at all ages and decreased osteoblast surface at 5 weeks of age. [3H]thymidine incorporation studies showed that proliferation of osteoblasts derived from mutant mice was significantly suppressed (56%). Moreover, a decrease in mineralization was observed in Sl/Sld osteoblast culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of bone marrow cells from Sl/Sld mice revealed a 65% increase in the percentage of c-Fms+CD11b+RANK+ cells compared with WT controls. These findings suggest that membrane-bound SLF/c-Kit signaling plays a role in the regulation of peak bone mass.
Fertility concerns and preservation in younger women with breast cancer.

Nearly 30% of breast cancer cases present in women younger than 50 years old. While newer treatment regimens employed are less gonadotoxic, regimens still consist of combination medications that include cyclophosphamide, known to deplete the number of primordial follicles, thereby potentially leading to infertility. For common regimens such as adriamycin/cytoxan (AC), the risk of premature ovarian failure was thought to be largely dependent on patient age, with the risk of complete ovarian failure 40 (Hortobagyi et al. (1986) [1]); however recent studies indicate that AC is considered to have intermediate risk for gonadotoxicity in women >40 years age. This review examines major strides in the field of reproductive medicine over the past 20 years including the use of leuprolide acetate, embryo cryopreservation, oocyte cryopreservation and ovarian tissue banking. We also discuss the role of gestational carriers and adoption in establishing families as a viable option for many of these cancer patients who may be unable to avail themselves of other alternatives to fertility preservation.
The Dynamics of Psychiatric Bed Use in General Hospitals

This study examines general hospitals’ adjustments in psychiatric bed utilization practices in response to increases in psychiatric inpatient admissions. Using panel data from 439 hospitals, monthly observations (N = 7,831) between 2007 and 2010 on psychiatric admissions, psychiatric bed occupancy rates, and average length-of-stay were created for psychiatric inpatients. In fixed-effects regressions, an increase in psychiatric admissions was associated with an increase in the probability of psychiatric bed use exceeding 100 % occupancy and with a reduction of mean length-of-stay. These results were confirmed in instrumental variables models. General hospitals may dynamically adjust bed utilization practices in response to changing psychiatric bed needs. An implication of this dynamic adjustment model is that bed shortages are likely to be local, transitory events.
The Other Person in the Bathroom: Mixed Emotions about Cognitivist Film Music Theory

When audiences remember “powerful” films, they often refer to the movies’ emotional impact on them. When film scholars discuss film music, they in turn discuss cinema's visceral component eventuall...
FORMING PART-MACHINE FAMILIES FOR CELLULAR MANUFACTURING: A NEURAL-NETWORK APPROACH

This paper presents a new approach to forming group-technology part families for cellular manufacturing. The approach is based on neural-network technology, which mimics the way biological brain neurons perform to generate intelligent decisions. A procedure of forming part families using parallel and simple artificial neurons is described with examples. The implications and advantages of using neural networks in group technology are discussed.
Negotiating uncertainty: process, artifact, and discourse in a case study of technologies to address SIDS

We describe the creative strategies used to develop two technologies that address sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). An engineer and his team developed one of the technologies and an artist developed the other. We discuss the creative strategies and the resulting technologies in terms of their negotiation of uncertainties occurring at many levels: the uncertainty of the creative process, the uncertainty of SIDS, and the uncertainty inherent in technological interventions for SIDS.
Approximate expression for the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna

An approximate expression is derived for the resonant frequency of a rectangular patch antenna. It shows explicitly the dependence of the resonant frequency on the characteristic parameters of the antenna. Accuracy of the expression is established by comparing the theoretical results with available measured results.
Comparative public budgeting

The comparative study of public budgeting has been undertaken in a number of ways, including application of general theory, appraisal of budget innovations, construction of empirical models, case studies, and focus on specific issues or problems. Each of these methods has advantages and drawbacks, but lack of accepted methodology should not be a barrier to continued research, theorizing, and application in the highly practical endeavor of improving the handling of pub1ic finances through comparative analysis.
Gas and Particle Partitioning Behavior of Aldehyde in the Presence of Diesel Soot and Wood Smoke Aerosols

Outdoor smog chamber experiments were performed to investigate gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behavior of aldehyde compounds in atmospheric acidic aerosols. Diesel soot and wood smoke aerosols were selected as acidic aerosols and octanal, decanal, undecanal, and cis-pinonaldehyde for aldehydes compounds. Aerosol acidity was measured with the equivalent sulfuric acid amounts in aerosol mass: 0.2–0.6 wt% in diesel soot and 0.04–0.1 wt% in wood smoke aerosols. Experimentally determined partitioning coefficients of aldehyde along with other classes of semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) were compared with the estimation. All experimental G/P partitioning coefficients of aldehyde compounds were 10–200 times higher than estimated partitioning coefficients. Aldehyde partitioning coefficients in wood soot were similar or less than diesel soot aerosols.
Fluorescence spectroscopy and emission lifetimes of Er3+ in ErxSc3−xN@C80 (x=1–3)

Abstract We have measured the spectra and lifetimes of the emission near 1.5 μm from Er 3+ ions within the recently discovered endohedral metallofullerene family Er x Sc 3− x N@C 80 . These molecules consist of a highly symmetric C 80 (I h ) fullerene cage containing a triangular tri-metal nitride group. The measured emission decay lifetimes, the first reported for ions in endohedral fullerenes, are all in the range 1.1–1.6 s, showing that for the present species the quantum efficiency for emission is ∼10 −4 . High-resolution emission spectra at 1.6 K show sharp features that differ for the Er 1 , Er 2 and Er 3 species and provide information about the structural differences among them.
Ethics in Advertising: Ideological Correlates of Consumer Perceptions

Abstract This study investigates the perceptions of familiar advertising controversies that are obtained from a diverse sample of 292 consumers. Topics from two broad categories of advertising practices are investigated: targeting practices and message strategies. For each topic, consumer perceptions are analyzed as a function of the participants' moral ideologies of idealism and relativism, dimensions obtained from the Ethics Position Questionnaire. Results show that consumers believe advertising often violates broad ethical norms. In addition, the degree to which consumers judge advertising as ethical or unethical varies as a function of their relativism and idealism.
Chiral Solitons With Time-Dependent Coefficients

This paper obtains the exact 1-soliton solution to the chiral nonlinear Schrodinger’s equation with time-dependent coefficients. Both bright and dark soliton solutions are obtained. The soliton ansatz method is used to carry out the derivation of the soliton.
PROFILE OF ALOPECIA AREATA: A QUESTIONNAIRE ANALYSIS OF PATIENT AND FAMILY

Eight hundred patients with alopecia areata (AA) responded to a detailed questionnaire that was compiled, distributed, and analyzed by Help Alopecia International Research, Inc. (hair). Among those responding, 28% were men and 72% were women. Fifty percent had localized alopecia, 30% had alopecia totalis, and 20% had alopecia universalis. Forty-eight percent developed their initial onset before the age of 20. A very strong family history of 42% was found. There were 333 additional family members with AA. Many patients and relatives had concurrent atopic diseases (seasonal rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and atopic dermatitis). Associated autoimmune diseases including vitiligo, thyroid disease, and collagen vascular disease in patients and relatives appeared consistent with previous reports. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was not increased in patients but greatly increased in relatives. Additional analysis suggests a genetic association between the two diseases where expression of AA may prevent the development of IDDM.
Session management of correlated multi-stream 3D tele-immersive environments

Quality control and resource optimization are challenging problems in 3D tele-immersive (3DTI) environments due to their large scale, multi-stream dependencies and dynamic peer (viewer) behavior. Such systems are also prone to performance degradation due to undesired behavior in the event of drastic demand changes, such as view change and large-scale simultaneous viewer arrivals or departures. Therefore, it is crucial to localize undesired behavior inside the system and re-organize the streaming overlay structures accordingly. Doing this accurately for a large scale is even more challenging and it requires to capture all events effecting the data plan and control plan of the system. Moreover, to do this, we need to understand the desired behavior of the application first, which is defined by the dependency patterns of performance and configuration metadata at each participating peers. To assist that, we propose a learning framework that discovers metadata dependency patterns from the time series metadata and uses an online profiler to detect undesired behavior of the system during run-time. Such universal protocol also enables the prediction of large scale performance degradation due to irregular dependencies. Finally an adaptation is proposed that reallocates the resources and rearranges overlay structures to overcome the undesired behavior. In summary, our goal is to provide a universal session monitoring and management framework for complex multi-stream 3DTI environments to support large number of concurrent viewers. We consider the difficulty in overlay construction, collecting metadata, answering queries, learning patterns, detecting undesired behavior at the participating peers and finally overlay adaptation considering multi-stream dependencies.
The effects of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors on adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells.

The molecular mechanisms that couple growth arrest and cell differentiation were examined during adipogenesis. Here, to understand the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) genes involved in the progression of adipogenic differentiation, we examined changes in the protein and mRNA expression levels of CKI genes in vitro . During the onset of growth arrest associated with adipogenic differentiation, two independent families of CKI genes, p27Kip1 and p18INK4c , were significantly increased. The expressions of p27Kip1 and p18INK4c , regulated at the level of protein and mRNA accumulation, were directly coupled to adipogenic differentiation. This finding was supported by the inhibition of adipogenic differentiation caused by short interfering RNA (siRNA). In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1) on CKI genes involved in adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Only the up-regulation of p18INK4c during adipogenic differentiation, and not that of the p27Kip1 gene was prevented by treatment with TGFβ-1, one of the factors that inhibit adipogenesis in vitro . This finding indicates a close correlation between adipogenic differentiation and p18INK4c induction in hMSCs. Thus, these data demonstrate a role for the differentiation-dependent cascade expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in regulating adipogenic differentiation, thereby providing a molecular mechanism that couples growth arrest and differentiation.
One-loop renormalization and the S-matrix

In four-dimensional theories with massless particles, one-loop amplitudes can be expressed in terms of a basis of scalar integrals and rational terms. Since the scalar bubble integrals are the only UV divergent integrals, the sum of the bubble coefficients captures the one-loop UV behavior. In particular, in a renormalizable theory the sum of the bubble coefficients equals the tree-level amplitude times a proportionality constant that is related to the one-loop beta function coefficient ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{0}$. In this paper, we study how this proportionality is achieved from the viewpoint of on-shell amplitudes. For $n$-point MHV amplitude in (super) Yang-Mills theory, we demonstrate the existence of a hidden structure in each individual bubble coefficient which directly leads to systematic cancellations within the sum of them. The origin of this structure can be attributed to the collinear poles within a two-particle cut. Due to the cancellation, the one-loop beta function coefficient can be identified as a sum over the residues of unique collinear poles in particular two-particle cuts. Using CSW recursion relations, we verify the generality of this statement by reproducing the correct proportionality factor from such cuts for $n$-point split-helicity ${\mathrm{N}}^{k}\mathrm{MHV}$ amplitudes.
The formation of substituted 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine and 1,N2-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine adducts by cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan.

Furan is an environmental chemical that induces liver toxicity and tumor formation in rodents, leading to its classification as a probable human carcinogen. cis-2-Butene-1,4-dial, the metabolite considered responsible for furan's toxicological effects, is mutagenic in the Ames assay and reacts with 2‘-deoxycytidine (dCyd), 2‘-deoxyadenosine (dAdo), and 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) to form previously characterized diastereomeric adducts. The initially formed dCyd adducts are stable to rearrangement, while the dAdo and dGuo adducts are unstable and rearrange to form secondary products. On the basis of UV absorbance, fluorescence, 1H NMR, and mass spectral data, the rearrangement product of the dAdo adduct was identified as the substituted etheno-dAdo adduct, 1‘ ‘-[3-(2‘-deoxy-β-d-erythropentafuranosyl)-3H-imidazo[2,1-i]purin-8-yl]ethane-2‘ ‘-al. The NMR characterization of the O-methyloxime derivative of the secondary dGuo adduct, along with mass spectral and UV data on the underivatized adduct, allowed for its...
Plant-level Dynamic Optimization of Cryogenic Carbon Capture with Conventional and Renewable Power Sources

Abstract Increasing competitiveness of renewable power sources due to tightening restrictions on CO2 emission from fossil fuel combustion is expected to cause a shift in power generation systems of the future. This investigation considers the impact of the Cryogenic Carbon Capture™ (CCC) process on transitional power generation. The CCC process consumes less energy than chemical and physical absorption processes and has an energy storage capability that shifts the parasitic loss of the CCC process away from peak hours. The CCC process responds rapidly to the variation of electricity demand and has a time constant that is consistent with the intermittent supply from renewable power sources. The hybrid system of conventional and renewable power generation units and the CCC process are optimized in this investigation. The system under consideration consists of load-following coal and gas-fired power units, a CCC process, and wind generation. The objective is to meet the residential and CCC plant electricity demands while maximizing the operating profit. The results demonstrate that an average profit of $35 k/hr is obtained from this hybrid system over the selected days. The total electricity demand is best met using a combination of coal, gas, and wind power with grid-scale energy storage.