cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of bis(di-2-pyridylmethanamine)ruthenium(II).

The complex Ru(dipa)22+ (dipa = di-2-pyridylmethanamine) has been prepared, yielding approximately a statistical ratio of the meso and rac isomers. The electronic spectra of both isomers show pyridyl π → π* transitions in the UV region and MLCT bands in the visible region. The solvent dependence of the spectra provides evidence of hydrogen bond formation between the solvent and the NH2 site on the ligand. The electrochemical properties of the two isomers are identical; each undergoes a reversible one-electron oxidation in acetonitrile (E1/2 = 0.933 V vs Ag/AgCl) and in aqueous solution below pH 3 (E1/2 = 0.786 V vs Ag/AgCl). In aqueous solution above pH 3, one-electron oxidation of the ruthenium center is followed by deprotonation of the ligand NH2 site yielding a reactive amidoruthenium(III) species. The ruthenium-bound dipa ligand possesses structural constraints that prevent the usual oxidative dehydrogenation reaction, which would yield exclusively the corresponding imine. Instead the amidoruthenium(I...
Bond strain and defects at Si–SiO2 and internal dielectric interfaces in high-k gate stacks

The performance and reliability of aggressively-scaled field effect transistors are determined in large part by electronically-active defects and defect precursors at the Si?SiO2 and internal SiO2-high-k dielectric interfaces. A crucial aspect of reducing interfacial defects and defect precursors is associated with bond-strain-driven bonding interfacial self-organizations that take place during high temperature annealing in inert ambients. The interfacial self-organizations and intrinsic interface defects are addressed through an extension of bond constraint theory from bulk glasses to interfaces between non-crystalline SiO2 and (i)?crystalline Si, and (ii)?non-crystalline and crystalline alternative gate dielectric materials.
Comparison of various automatic means for measuring mean fundamental frequency

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the reliability of, and agreement among, six speech analysis systems in the determination of fundamental frequency. Five male and five female speakers provided oral reading and sustained vowel samples for analysis. Each sample was analyzed five times by each system. The results indicated high reliability for all of the systems for both sexes and both utterance types. Agreement among the systems was high for the male sustained vowels and the female oral reading samples. In contrast, poor agreement occurred among the systems for the male oral reading samples and the female sustained vowels. The findings indicate that the output of these automatic methods tends to be consistent over repeated trials within the systems in their extraction of fundamental frequency; however, agreement among these systems varies.
Suicide Nucleophilic Attack: Reactions of Benzohydroxamate Anion with Bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl) Phosphate

The reaction between the benzohydroxamate anion (BHO−) and bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)phosphate (BDNPP) has been examined kinetically, and the products were characterized by mass and NMR spectroscopy. The nucleophilic attack of BHO− follows two reaction paths: (i) at phosphorus, giving an unstable intermediate that undergoes a Lossen rearrangement to phenyl isocyanate, aniline, diphenylurea, and O-phenylcarbamyl benzohydroxamate; and (ii) on the aromatic carbon, giving an intermediate that was detected but slowly decomposes to aniline and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Thus, the benzohydroxamate anion can be considered a self-destructive molecular scissor since it reacts and loses its nucleophilic ability.
Surficial properties in Melas Chasma, Mars, from Mars Odyssey THEMIS data

We examine the nature of the surface layer in a small area of the Melas Chasma region as determined from high-resolution thermal and visible Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) data as well as how our conclusions compare to past analyses. At THEMIS resolution, the thermal structure is dominated by local control and all significant thermal variations can be linked to morphology. Thus, THEMIS provides us with detailed images that contain thermophysical information as well, allowing us to create a surficial geologic map intended to reflect the surface structure of the region. Eight units have been defined: (i) blanketed plateaus with thermally distinct craters and fractures, (ii) blanketed canyon walls with rocky edges, (iii) indurated and/or rocky canyon wall slide material partially covered by aeolian material, (iv) an anomalous wall region with fluvial-like depressions partially filled with particulate material, (v) indurated and/or rocky ridged and non-ridged canyon floor landslide material mingled with aeolian material, (vi) sand sheets, (vii) indurated and/or rocky rounded blocks intermingled with small areas of aeolian material, and (viii) transverse dunes. The THEMIS thermal data support conclusions from previous studies but also reveal much more structure than was seen in the past. We have found that all significant thermal variations in this region can be linked to morphology but all morphological variations cannot be linked to significant thermal variations. THEMIS visible images provide an intermediate resolution that bridges the gap between MOC and Viking and allow for a more meaningful interpretation of the geologic context of a region. Surfaces indicate that landslides were an important geologic process long ago, shaping the canyon walls and floor, while aeolian processes have subsequently altered the surface layer in many locations and may still be active.
Barium reverses the transretinal potassium gradient of the amphibian retina.

Barium chloride (Ba2+) was added to the bathing medium of the perfused retina-eyecup preparation of the tiger salamander. The electroretinogram (ERG) and intraretinal extracellular potassium activity ([K+]o) were analyzed using a double-barrel electrode, one of which was ion-selective for K+. The action of Ba2+ on the ERG was to attenuate the c-wave/slow PIII complex. In addition, Ba2+ dramatically decreased the [K+]o in the outer retina, enough to reverse the transretinal potassium gradient. These findings, together with the known properties of Muller cell K+ channels, form the basis of an explanation of why Ba2+ blocks slow PIII and not the b-wave of the ERG.
Nursing Knowledge for the 21st Century: An International Commitment

This article sets forth some assumptions about 21st century trends in science, communication systems, and lifestyle patterns. Further, it offers speculations about the relationship of these trends to future health care. Nursing knowledge in light of the assumptions and speculations is addressed and a nursing science curriculum proposed. A complex of centers to replace today's health care system is described in an effort to make explicit the contribution of the professional nurse to the health care of individuals and families in the 21st century. The author calls for an international commitment from nurses of all nations to use extant nursing theories and frameworks, rather than the biomedical model, as guides to research and practice in order to expand the base of nursing knowledge while specifying the uniqueness of the discipline.
An Analytical Solution of a One-Dimensional Thermal Contact Conductance Problem With One Heat Flux and One Insulated Boundary Condition

Heat transfer across surfaces in imperfect contact occurs in many practical situations. Since the thermal contact conductance problem has appeared in the literature, substantial efforts have been made to estimate the thermal conductance across the interface. Some of the techniques recently developed of estimating thermal contact conductance are based on experimental temperature data at one or several interior positions of the contacting solids and the calculation of the temperature at these locations for known contact conductance. Consequently, an accurate and efficient method for computing temperature distributions because quite important. FDM and FEM are most widely used. However, for most contact conductance computation methods, only the temperatures at the contacting regions and several other positions near the interface need to be determined, so the general FDM and FEM are not particularly efficient in solving this problem. This paper presents an analytical temperature distribution solution to the one-dimensional symmetric system with heat flux on one outside surface and insulation on the other. This analysis provides a theoretical basis for transient measurement of thermal contact conductance. While it is common practice in steady-state measurements to use a water-cooled heat sink, it is possible to limit the transient solution to time interval prior tomore » any detectable temperature increase at the cold end. This effectively eliminates the need for water cooling and permits the use of an insulated boundary. The analytical solution to the mentioned problem obtained shows that for a symmetric system the temperature distribution solution includes two sets of distinct eigenfunctions.« less
Design of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames Using Nonlinear Time History Analysis and Optimization

A procedure for the design of buckling-restrained braced frames is presented. The procedure uses nonlinear time history analysis and optimization. Results from this procedure are compared to those from the commonly used equivalent lateral force procedure. Results are used to develop design curves and formulas for rapid determination of cross-sectional areas for buckling-restrained braces in each story. One interesting result is that the optimum variation of area from story to story is nearly linear for most cases studied. This result is not predicted by the equivalent lateral force procedure, and can only be discovered through optimization and nonlinear time history analysis.
Helium-neon laser irradiation at fluences of 1, 2, and 4 J/cm2 failed to accelerate wound healing as assessed by both wound contracture rate and tensile strength.

Background and Objective Reports in the literature indicate that low energy laser irradiation has a biostimulatory effect on wound healing; however, no mechanism of this effect has been elucidated. Study Design/Materials and Methods: We attempted to establish a model from which to study the mechanism of biostimulation. The effects of low energy helium-neon irradiation on wound healing were observed in two rat models. In the first model, 1.5 cm diameter full thickness excisional skin defects were created in the dorsal midline of rats (n = 32). All animals were anesthetized and all eschars were debrided daily. Wound area was determined by caliper measurements for 2 weeks postoperatively. Rats that received a treatment of 1 J/cm2 had two defects in the dorsal skin. One wound was treated and the second was used as its own control. These measurements were not blinded. Rats that received 2 J/cm2, 4 J/cm2, or anesthesia alone had one defect on the dorsal skin. Caliper measurements of these wounds were blinded. We were unable to demonstrate any difference in the rate of wound contracture in rats that received a daily dose of 1 J/cm2, 2 J/cm2, 4 J/cm2, or anesthesia alone (P > 0.8 by student's t-test). In the second model, a single 2 cm longitudinal full thickness skin incision was created in the dorsal midline of each rat (n = 24). No difference was found between rats that received anesthesia alone and those treated daily with 2 J/cm2 as assessed by tensile strength measurements on postoperative days 7 and 14 (P > 0.8 by student's t-test between groups at both time points). These determinations were blinded. Results Despite our intentions of studying the mechanism of low energy HeNe biostimulation, we were unable to demonstrate a beneficial effect. Conclusion In this study, helium-neon laser irradiation produced no measurable benefit on wound healing. Lasers Surg. Medicine 20:340–345, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo

Metazoan genes are embedded in a rich milieu of regulatory information that often includes multiple enhancers possessing overlapping activities. In this study, we employ quantitative live imaging methods to assess the function of pairs of primary and shadow enhancers in the regulation of key patterning genes-knirps, hunchback, and snail-in developing Drosophila embryos. The knirps enhancers exhibit additive, sometimes even super-additive activities, consistent with classical gene fusion studies. In contrast, the hunchback enhancers function sub-additively in anterior regions containing saturating levels of the Bicoid activator, but function additively in regions where there are diminishing levels of the Bicoid gradient. Strikingly sub-additive behavior is also observed for snail, whereby removal of the proximal enhancer causes a significant increase in gene expression. Quantitative modeling of enhancer-promoter interactions suggests that weakly active enhancers function additively while strong enhancers behave sub-additively due to competition with the target promoter.
Polarity, integrin, and extracellular matrix dynamics in the postischemic rat kidney

Acute renal failure (ARF) as a consequence of ischemic injury is a common disease affecting 5% of the hospitalized population. Despite the fact that mortality from ARF is high, there has been littl...
COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ULTRAFINE ALUMINA PARTICLES PRODUCED BY AN ARC DISCHARGE

We wrote two computer programs, 3D and BUMP, to interpret transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs made during a study of the initial stage sintering of ultrafine alumina particles (UFP’s, 20–50 nm in diameter). The first simulated the 3D geometric relationships of particles, from which we concluded that surface diffusion was the predominant sintering mechanism because no shrinkage occurred. BUMP simulated random contact of two particles and showed that the particle chains that formed before sintering were not formed purely by chance. Instead the particles experienced a rearrangement process (rotation and sliding) which reduced the total surface energy.
Microbial Flora of Commercially Pasteurized Egg Products

Abstract THE total microflora of commercially, pasteurized egg products has received limited attention. So far, most emphasis has been placed on techniques to eliminate salmonellae. Many characteristics of the non-salmonellae survivors have not been determined. Little or no data are available on the total plate counts under psychrophilic, thermophilic or anaerobic conditions. This information is particularly important for extended shelf-life and to control microbial growth during bulk transportation of egg products. Previous work by Cotterill (1968), Goresline et al. (1951) and Winter et al. (1946), has demonstrated a 99% reduction in standard plate count by pasteurization. Also, Steele et al. (1967) reported that pasteurization of naturally contaminated whole egg reduced recoverable bacteria to less than 100 per ml. Wrinkle et al. (1950) found Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Escherichia, Flavobacterium and gram-positive cocci in pasteurized (61°–62°C. for 3.7–4.0 minutes) liquid whole egg. Subsequent freezing destroyed all Escherichia, Flavobacterium and gram-positive cocci. Recently. . .
Sound speeds and laser induced damage in polystyrene.

Sound speeds for gigahertz frequencies were measured as a function of temperature from 25°C to 110°C in clean samples of polystyrene by stimulated Brillouin scattering. The effect on the sound speeds of annealing the polymer was shown. The glass transition temperature was determined to be 95°C from which the number averaged molecular weight was found. Damage observations were made on the prepared sample and compared with those made on commercial samples.
Negative group delay and pulse compression in superluminal pulse propagation

We systematically study the pulse advance and pulse compression in light propagation through a transparent, anomalously dispersive medium. Using an Argand diagram, we show that pulse compression is the only form of pulse distortion, while other forms of pulse distortion can be eliminated. Experimentally, we implement a dual-band electronic amplifier to measure the negative pulse group delay and compression and confirm that they are related via a quadratic form.
Kentucky pharmacists’ opinions of the potential reclassification of pseudoephedrine as a legend drug

Abstract Objectives To collect and analyze Kentucky pharmacists’ opinions of the effectiveness of current methamphetamine precursor controls, to analyze proposed legislation to make pseudoephedrine (PSE) a legend drug, and to analyze the potential impact of such legislation on pharmacy practice and patients. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental survey study. Setting Kentucky; June through October 2012. Participants 431 Kentucky community pharmacists. Intervention Mailed survey. Main outcome measures Perceived efficacy of current methamphetamine precursor controls, anticipated impact on individual pharmacy practices and patients of proposed legislation to make PSE available by prescription only, and current opinions about the proposed legislation. Results Analysis of 431 community pharmacists showed that approximately 77% believed proposed legislation to make PSE available by prescription only would be effective in reducing methamphetamine abuse and methamphetamine-related laboratory incidents, with 56.2% indicating support for the proposed legislation. Pharmacists practicing in chain pharmacies were 2.9 times more likely to support the legislation than pharmacists practicing in independent pharmacies. Additional factors influencing pharmacist support included Kentucky region of practice, anticipated impact on time spent on PSE activities, pharmacy profit, methamphetamine abuse, and methamphetamine-related laboratory incidents. Pharmacists practicing in regions of Kentucky associated with higher methamphetamine abuse appear to more strongly support the proposed legislation. Conclusion Pharmacists are at the frontline of PSE distribution. Gaining a better understanding of issues surrounding the distribution of PSE will enhance the likelihood that future legislation may be crafted to reduce methamphetamine production, laboratory incidents, and abuse while minimizing inconvenience and cost.
Prefetching for improved bus wrapper performance in cores

Reuse of cores can reduce design time for systems-on-a-chip. Such reuse is dependent on being able to easily interface a core to any bus. To enable such interfacing, many propose separating a core's interface from its internals by using a bus wrapper. However, this separation can lead to a performance penalty when reading a core's internal registers. In this paper, we introduce prefetching, which is analogous to caching, as a technique to reduce or eliminate this performance penalty, involving a tradeoff with power and size. We describe the prefetching technique, classify different types of registers, describe our initial prefetching architectures and heuristics for certain classes of registers, and highlight experiments demonstrating the performance improvements and size/power tradeoffs. We further introduce a technique for automatically designing a prefetch unit that satisfies user-imposed register-access constraints. The technique benefits from mapping the prefetching problem to the well-known real-time process scheduling problem. We then extend the technique to allow user-specified register interdependencies, using a Petri net model, resulting in even more efficient prefetch schedules.
Pollination Value of Male Bees: The Specialist Bee Peponapis pruinosa (Apidae) at Summer Squash (Cucurbita pepo)

Male bees can be abundant at flowers, particularly floral hosts of those bee species whose females are taxonomic pollen specialists (oligolecty). Contributions of male bees to host pollination are rarely studied directly despite their prevalence in a number of pollination guilds, including those of some crop plants. In this study, males of the oligolectic bee, Peponapis pruinosa Say, were shown to be effective pollinators of summer squash, Cucurbita pepo L. Seven sequential visits from male P. pruinosa maximized squash fruit set and growth. This number of male visits accumulated during the first hour of their foraging and mate searching at flowers soon after sunrise. Pollination efficacy of male P. pruinosa and their abundances at squash flowers were sufficient to account for most summer squash production at our study sites, and by extrapolation, to two-thirds of all 87 North American farms and market gardens growing squashes that were surveyed for pollinators by collaborators in the Squash Pollinators of the Americas Survey. We posit that the substantial pollination value of male Peponapis bees is a consequence of their species' oligolecty, their mate seeking strategy, and some extreme traits of Cucurbita flowers (massive rewards, flower size, phenology).
The Production of Vitamin B12‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria

The production of members of the vitamin-B12 family of compounds by 34 marine bacteria that were grown in a B12-deficient medium was assayed. Using aliquots of the same bacterial culture, 70 per cent and 30 per cent had activity for the assay organisms Escherichia coli 113-3 and Euglena gracilis, z strain, respectively. Using the Euglena assay, no apparent relation was evident between the activities of the cell residues or corresponding supernatants and the relative amount of growth of each culture. However, of the 24 bacterial cultures tested, the supernatants of 42 per cent had activity, whereas the corresponding cell residues of 63 per cent had activity.
Crystal packing interaction that blocks crystallization of a site-specific DNA binding protein–DNA complex

We present here three high-resolution crystal structures of complexes between the DNA-binding domain of the heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) and DNA oligomers. Although the DNA oligomers contain HSF's specific binding sequence, called a heat-shock element, the crystal structures do not contain the specific protein–DNA complex. In one crystal structure, the 10 base pair DNA oligomer is statically disordered. In the other two related structures, the 12 base pair DNA oligomers are in unique positions, but the protein–DNA contacts in these two crystals are not sequence specific. In all three structures, the DNA appears to act as a rigid, polyanion scaffold to support columns of proteins in a crystalline lattice. A robust crystal packing interface between protein monomers obscures the true DNA-binding surface, known from previous genetic and biochemical studies. By redesigning the protein to interfere with the crystal lattice contacts, we were able to obtain physiologically relevant crystals in a specific protein–DNA complex. Thus, a crystal-packing interface was able to prevent the weak, but physiological relevant interactions between a protein and DNA. Proteins 2001;45:219–228. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improved discrimination of soft and hard white wheat using SKCS and imaging parameters

Natural variation of hardness of wheat kernels often results in overlapping hardness indices (HI) distributions between hard and soft classes as measured with the single kernel characterization system (SKCS). This is particularly true for the case of the hard white (HW) and soft white (SW) wheat classes. To address this problem, a color camera was incorporated into the SKCS system so that color and kernel size data could be combined with SKCS measurements for classification purposes. Samples of hard red (HR), soft red (SR), HW, and SW wheat were classified using the SKCS system with and without the camera and results compared. Using the camera system, errors for separating HW from SW classes were reduced to less than 5%, as compared to 17.1% using SKCS alone. Furthermore, improved data processing applied to the low-level data currently produced by the SKCS system led to greater than 50% reduction in classification errors between SW and HR as compared to using HI data alone. Similar improvements in classification accuracies for 300-kernel sample containing mixtures of SW and HW were also achieved. The 300 kernel sample classification is usually what inspectors and grain traders use to determine sample purity rather than individual kernel results. The techniques developed should aid grain inspectors in properly identifying mixtures of these two classes. Unfortunately, for the SR and HR classes, incorporating the camera data decreased classification accuracy while increasing the complexity of the system. However, SR and HR classes can be adequately distinguished with the SKCS in its current form.
Transmission Capacity of Two-Way Communication in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless ad hoc networks require bidirectional data transmission to support two-way traffic and control functions like packet acknowledgement. Most prior work on the capacity of wireless ad hoc networks, however, has focused only on one-way communication. In this paper we develop the concept of transmission capacity of two-way communication in wireless ad hoc networks. The transmission capacity has been used extensively to analyze one-way ad hoc networks - in this paper we provide a generalization that incorporates the concept of a two-way outage. We derive an upper bound and an approximation for the two-way transmission capacity, which are shown to be relatively tight for small outage probability constraints. We also quantify how the two-way success requirement reduces network capacity. Our numerical and simulation results show that for certain two-way networks the capacity loss is considerable.
Rapid oral loading of carbamazepine in the emergency department.

Study objective This study evaluates the safety and efficacy of rapid oral loading of carbamazepine in the emergency department (ED). Methods Adult patients receiving maintenance carbamazepine who presented with negligible levels received an oral load of carbamazepine suspension, with a dose of 8 mg/kg. Results Forty-two oral loads among 36 patients were studied. Mean subject age was 36 years; 61% of the sample were male patients. The actual load administered ranged from 7.9 to 8.6 mg/kg. The mean 3-hour carbamazepine level (therapeutic 4 to 12 μg/mL) was 6.5 μg/mL (SD 2.0 μg/mL). Three patients had subtherapeutic levels after loading (successful loading rate 93%). Adverse effects occurred in 58% of patients, most commonly drowsiness (26%) and nausea (23%). Other adverse effects included dizziness, nystagmus, abdominal pain, vomiting, ataxia, and double vision. Two patients were treated for vomiting. All other adverse effects were mild and self-limited. Conclusion Rapid oral loading of carbamazepine in the ED in this cohort, although effective, was associated with a high rate of adverse effects. Given a sample size of 36, 95% confidence intervals suggest that the rate of serious adverse effects may be as high as 9.7% and that the rate of successful loading may be as low as 76.9%.
Survey of Maneuvering Target Tracking. Part II: Motion Models of Ballistic and Space Targets

This paper is the second part in a series that provides a comprehensive survey of maneuvering target tracking without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. It surveys motion models of ballistic targets used for target tracking. Models for all three phases (i.e., boost, coast, and reentry) of motion are covered.
Measurement of Phagocytic Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages Using pHrodo Succinimidyl Ester

Considerable interest has emerged towards phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, due to its intricate molecular mechanisms and important regulatory functions in development, homoeostasis, and immune tolerance. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells leads to immune-mediated disorders. Current quantification methods of the engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages are potentially flawed by several limitations. Adherent macrophage populations are overlaid with apoptotic targets in suspension and then co-cultured for a definite period, which may give rise to two different features: (1) engulfed and (2) non-engulfed macrophages that are surface-bound cell populations. Rigorous washing to dislodge surface-bound apoptotic cells before assessment of phagocytosis may lead to loss of phagocytes, thereby skewing the apparent magnitude of the overall phagocytic response. There is a need for simple and reliable methods to clearly determine the internalization of apoptotic cells. In this unit, we demonstrate the use of pHrodo-succinimidyl ester (SE), a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, to label the apoptotic cells for monitoring the phagocytosis. After engulfment, the intensity of pHrodo light emission will be elevated due to the pH change inside of macrophages. The shift of pHrodo light emission can be detected by a flow cytometer or using a fluorescence microscope.
Practicing in the Presence of Mystery: Responses to the Divine in Practical Theology and Religious Education

Abstract In this essay, originally written as the presidential address for the 2009 REA:APPRRE annual meeting, the author explores possibilities for naming and responding to Divine presence with reference to postmodern categories and contemporary narratives. She draws on descriptions of God as “interrupting” history, the dialectic of chronos and kairos experiences of time, and ascetic practices to suggest how we may attend to God's activity. This leads to consideration of the distinctive and complementary strengths of Religious Education and practical theology, along with some specific challenges for REA:APPRRE at this stage in its history.
Evaluation of coupling approaches for thermomechanical simulations

Abstract Many problems of interest, particularly in the nuclear engineering field, involve coupling between the thermal and mechanical response of an engineered system. The strength of the two-way feedback between the thermal and mechanical solution fields can vary significantly depending on the problem. Contact problems exhibit a particularly high degree of two-way feedback between those fields. This paper describes and demonstrates the application of a flexible simulation environment that permits the solution of coupled physics problems using either a tightly coupled approach or a loosely coupled approach. In the tight coupling approach, Newton iterations include the coupling effects between all physics, while in the loosely coupled approach, the individual physics models are solved independently, and fixed-point iterations are performed until the coupled system is converged. These approaches are applied to simple demonstration problems and to realistic nuclear engineering applications. The demonstration problems consist of single and multi-domain thermomechanics with and without thermal and mechanical contact. Simulations of a reactor pressure vessel under pressurized thermal shock conditions and a simulation of light water reactor fuel are also presented. Problems that include thermal and mechanical contact, such as the contact between the fuel and cladding in the fuel simulation, exhibit much stronger two-way feedback between the thermal and mechanical solutions, and as a result, are better solved using a tight coupling strategy.
Tri-Sol (Building-Integrated, Three-in-One Solar) Technology Development

A unique solar technology that can be building-integrated, which harnesses both visible and infrared spectrums of solar radiation, utilizes direct and diffuse radiation to produce electricity and hot water, and delivers daylight, has been conceptualized. This technology is a three-in-one (named Tri-Sol), low/medium-concentration, building-integrated, skylight system for commercial buildings. However, this technology can be utilized for building facades and other building envelope components. A key component of the technology is linear Fresnel lenses. These lenses can be designed to be thin and light-weight. Sunlight, concentrated by the linear Fresnel lenses with a low-cost single axis tracker, focuses on a high-efficiency, thin Photo Voltaic (PV) strip that is in contact with a thermal absorber. Electricity produced by PV strips can be processed and distributed from an electric power management system. The thermal absorber houses a sealed heat pipe for cooling the PV strip and producing hot water. The water-cooled condenser section of the heat pipe is external to the skylight so that there is no issue of water leakage through the skylight. Hot water produced can be used for end-use, space heating, or absorption cooling. All diffuse light that cannot be concentrated by Fresnel lenses is delivered into the building interior space.A pre-prototype of Tri-Sol technology was designed and built at University of New Haven (UNH). Solar Testing and Training Laboratory (STTL) at UNH houses solar thermal collector equipment with a capability to perform Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC) tests. The Tri-Sol module was mounted on the SRCC test equipment at UNH and was tested outdoors to identify any issues or design enhancements.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Informal Institutions and Citizenship in Rural Africa: The Empire of the Young: Contrasting Legacies of State Agricultural Policy for Local Capitalism and Reciprocity

Different legacies of state formation have structured and restructured the informal institutions of reciprocity in diverse ways in these two regions of Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. While it may be more apparent how the history of the state's interventions in political administration and social service provision would influence patterns of informal reciprocity, it is important to look beyond these two policy areas to investigate a less-obvious one: the state's role in agricultural policy over time. Village residents in these neighboring regions have experienced the state's agricultural policies differently at the local level, and thus have responded with dissimilar production choices at various points in history. This chapter examines how a recent dramatic shift in local-level production strategies has influenced local social relations, spurring a redefinition of the boundaries of social and political exclusion. RECENT DIVERGENCE IN LOCAL CASH CROP PRODUCTION IN GHANA AND COTE D'IVOIRE In the late 1990s, farmers in these two regions were choosing different cash crops. Tomatoes were becoming the new cash crop of the young in Ghana, whereas cocoa remained the primary cash crop in Cote d'Ivoire. This was a recent divergence in local production strategies with important implications for the informal institutions of reciprocity. New Tribulations for the Cocoa Farmer Since at least the early 1930s, cocoa has been the main crop grown in the two fieldsite regions. Cocoa was first established in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana in other nearby regions of the same umbrella Akan ethnic group, but quickly spread to the research areas.
Factors Affecting Characterization of Bulk High-Temperature Superconductors

Three major factors affect the characterization of bulk high-temperature superconductors in terms of their levitation properties during interaction with permanent magnets. First, the appropriate parameter for the permanent magnet is internal magnetization, not the value of the magnetic field measured at the magnet`s surface. Second, although levitation force grows with superconductor thickness and surface area, for a given permanent magnet size, comparison of levitation force between samples is meaningful when minimum values are assigned to the superconductor size parameters. Finally, the effect of force creep must be considered when time-averaging the force measurements. In addition to levitational force, the coefficient of friction of a levitated rotating permanent magnet may be used to characterize the superconductor.
Measurement of Heat Conduction through Bonded Regenerator Matrix Materials

Regenerative heat exchangers have had a significant influence on the development of small refrigerators for cryogenic applications. The optimized design of these regenerators takes into account the axial thermal conduction of the matrix. Until recently this thermal conduction has been unknown even for the commonly used screen or packed sphere matrices. Research at NIST on the thermal conduction through such matrices has shown that the thermal conduction is best represented by a thermal conductivity degradation factor. We have given this factor previously for stacked metal screens of various mesh and porosities and for packed spheres of various metals. This factor is important in optimizing the geometry of the stacked screens or packed spheres. In this paper we discuss the measurements of the thermal conduction in regenerator matrices when they are bonded either by sintering or with the use of thinned epoxy. Such bonded matrices offer some advantages in the fabrication of regen erators. For example, the uniform stacking of large diameter screen matrices with negligible gaps around the circumference can be difficult to achieve. Also, the containment of fine metal powders can be difficult. The bonding of these matrices can solve many of these fabrication problems, but could possibly be a disadvantage because of enhanced thermal conduction. Experimental results with diffusion-bonded 325-mesh stainless steel screen and epoxy-coated lead spheres are presented in this paper. The results show only a small increase in thermal conduction, which does not significantly affect the overall cryocooler performance.
Adaptation of equine abortion virus to Earle's L cells in serum-free medium with plaque formation.

Discussion and summaryThis report is an account of the adaptation of EAV to L-M 929 cells with identification by complement-fixation methods. Infected cultures show cytopathic effects which may be measured by both TCID50 or plaque-counting methods. The failure of the virus to propagate in L cells (original) in early experiments is unexplained. During this period the cells were grown in horse and human sera which may have been inhibitory. The possibility that the L-M 929 strains could be directly infected by hamster-propagated EAV has not been excluded. The possibility of contamination of the L-cell strain used in this study with HeLa cells has been considered. The special chromosomal marker of the L-M 929 strain permits precise identification and has not changed, according to Hsu and Merchant(6). Furthermore, YELP has proven very toxic to the HeLa cell line, and cell growth is highly unlikely in this medium.
Granulated Insecticide Formulations for Wireworm Control

This was a laboratory investigation in which wire worms ( Melanotus communis Gyll.) were exposed to granulated formulations of soil insecticides in quart-size Mason jars. The insecticides employed were aldrin and heptachlor (in separate experiments), and the carriers were No. 4 Vermiculite and 30-60 meshclay . Insecticide concentration were 2, 5, 10 and 20% on both carriers, plus 30 and 40% on Vermiculite and the insecticide dosages were 1.25, 2.5 and 5 pounds per acre. Final readings were made 21 days after the experiments were started. The following conclusions were reached as the result of this work. (1) Granulated Vermiculite was a very satisfactory carrier for both soil insecticides under the conditions of these experiments; No. 4 Vermiculite compared favorably with 30-60 mesh RVM-AA Attaclay. (2) When Vermiculite was used as the carrier for either aldrin or heptachlor there was some decease in insecticidal efficiency as the concentration of toxic ant increased, but the differences between concentration were not significant in either experiment. (3) With the Attaclay carrier in insecticidal efficiency as the concentration of toxic ant increased, and the number of particles correspondingly decreased, in both experiments.
WrpA Is an Atypical Flavodoxin Family Protein under Regulatory Control of the Brucella abortus General Stress Response System.

The general stress response (GSR) system of the intracellular pathogen Brucella abortus controls the transcription of approximately 100 genes in response to a range of stress cues. The core genetic regulatory components of the GSR are required for B. abortus survival under nonoptimal growth conditions in vitro and for maintenance of chronic infection in an in vivo mouse model. The functions of the majority of the genes in the GSR transcriptional regulon remain undefined. bab1_1070 is among the most highly regulated genes in this regulon: its transcription is activated 20- to 30-fold by the GSR system under oxidative conditions in vitro. We have solved crystal structures of Bab1_1070 and demonstrate that it forms a homotetrameric complex that resembles those of WrbA-type NADH:quinone oxidoreductases, which are members of the flavodoxin protein family. However, B. abortus WrbA-related protein (WrpA) does not bind flavin cofactors with a high affinity and does not function as an NADH:quinone oxidoreductase in vitro. Soaking crystals with flavin mononucleotide (FMN) revealed a likely low-affinity binding site adjacent to the canonical WrbA flavin binding site. Deletion of wrpA (ΔwrpA) does not compromise cell survival under acute oxidative stress in vitro or attenuate infection in cell-based or mouse models. However, a ΔwrpA strain does elicit increased splenomegaly in a mouse model, suggesting that WrpA modulates B. abortus interaction with its mammalian host. Despite high structural homology with canonical WrbA proteins, we propose that B. abortus WrpA represents a functionally distinct member of the diverse flavodoxin family. IMPORTANCE Brucella abortus is an etiological agent of brucellosis, which is among the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. The general stress response (GSR) regulatory system of B. abortus controls the transcription of approximately 100 genes and is required for maintenance of chronic infection in a murine model; the majority of GSR-regulated genes remain uncharacterized. We present in vitro and in vivo functional and structural analyses of WrpA, whose expression is strongly induced by GSR under oxidative conditions. Though WrpA is structurally related to NADH:quinone oxidoreductases, it does not bind redox cofactors in solution, nor does it exhibit oxidoreductase activity in vitro. However, WrpA does affect spleen inflammation in a murine infection model. Our data provide evidence that WrpA forms a new functional class of WrbA/flavodoxin family proteins.
Suburban Growth in the Atomic West

One company—Sandia Laboratories—transformed the economic geography, demographics, and future of postwar Albuquerque. Sandia’s construction and expansion during and after World War II drew thousands of educated newcomers to town while creating an instant housing shortage. After 1950, the growing presence of Sandia, nearby Kirtland Air Force Base, and the huge technological complex that emerged on the desolate foothills of the Sandia Mountains thrust Albuquerque northeastward in a new direction. Over time, this wave of suburbanization set the precedent for a northward building trend that, by the 1970s, would spill northwestward from Bernalillo into neighboring Sandoval County. It all began with Sandia. The so-called “science suburbs” of the 1950s and 1960s gradually filled the Northeast Heights with a new population of white-collar, upper-middle-class families and individuals that made Albuquerque a dynamic, modern city characterized by scientific research, higher education, and a strong federal presence. Local boosters used the introduction of the Lab to portray Duke City as a diverse metropolis, welcoming industry and growth. “Duke City” is a nickname for Albuquerque that hearkens to the Spanish Duke of Alburquerque for whom the town was named. The first “r” in Alburquerque was eventually dropped from the city’s name.
Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing and the Determinants of Health.

Nursing’s tradition of studying determinants of health stretches back centuries, drawing on Nightingale and others. Successful science, such as nursing practice, ties end points to determinants while analyzing processes by which those outcomes are reached. Ideally, inquiry defines opportunity for in
Rethinking the Exchange Rate Impact on Trade in a World with Global Value Chains

ABSTRACTGlobal value chains (GVCs) are a prominent feature of global production and trading systems. Using the OECD-WTO database on trade in value added, this paper examines the exchange rate elasticities of GVC-related exports and imports and compares them with elasticities for trade in traditonal goods. We find that a real depreciation raises both the foreign and domestic value-added content of GVC-related exports. The size of these elasticities is found to be smaller when the import content of GVC exports is larger. Among the key policy implications of these results is that exchange rate changes by small contributors of value added have little effect on their own production or the production of their supply chain partners. On the other hand, large contributors to the value-added of the final product create spillovers to their smaller supply chain partners, obviating traditional beggar-thy-neighbor concerns.
Suppression of beetles in stored wheat by augmentative releases of parasitic wasps

Field studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the parasitoid wasps, Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan), and Choetospila elegans (Westwood), for controlling Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), rusty grain beetle and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), lesser grain borer. On 6 July 1993 and 7 July 1994, adults of both C. ferrugineus and R. dominica were released at monthly intervals into 6 steel grain bins each containing 27.2 t of hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Adults of both parasitoid species were released into 3 of the bins 21 d after the 1st beetle release. The amount of suppression of C.ferrugineus by C. waterstoni could not be measured in either year of this study because C. waterstoni infested the control bins. However, C. elegans was effective in suppressing R. dominica populations. In 1993 and 1994, R. dominica populations were suppressed by 98 and 91% compared with the control bins. After 198 d from initial beetle release in 1993, the treatment bins averaged 0.05 R. dominica per kilogram and the control bins averaged 2.06 R. dominica per kilogram. After 131 d from initial beetle release in 1994, the treatment bins averaged 6.94 R. dominica per kilogram and the control bins averaged 81.03 R. dominica per kilogram.
Estimating surgical needle deflection with printed strain gauges

The ability to track surgical needle deflection during procedures such as therapeutic drug delivery, biopsies, and medical device implantation allows clinicians to minimize positioning errors and procedural complications due to instrument deviations. We describe the use of a novel strain gauge printing method to sensorize surgical needles for the purpose of sensing needle shape and deflection during surgical procedures. The additive vapor-deposition based sensor fabrication method used here is capable of applying strain gauges (and resistive circuit elements) with micron-scale features onto surgical instruments of varying curvature and material composition without the need for mechanical machining. This fabrication method is used to apply several strain gauges onto an 18 gauge core biopsy needle to sense deflections. Validation experiments demonstrate a gauge factor of 1.16 for the printed strain gauges and nominal needle deflection measurement resolution of 500 microns.
Development of solar LED street lamp

With the social development and population growth,the energy demand from people is increasing.Energy conservation and environmental protection have become an urgent problem for human to solve.Solar energy as a clean energy has gaining more and more attention,and the LED has characteristics of high luminous efficiency and long life,etc.Based on Si1000 single chip which adapts chip LT3652 with battery charge and LED driver chip LT3756 and combined photovoltaic technology with LED illumination to apply to the lighting system of small street,integrating sensing technology and wireless communication technology the efficiency of battery charging is improved,the functions of light,voice and wireless control are realized.