cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Aortic Stiffness, Cerebral Blood Flow, and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings from the ANCHORS A-WHEY Clinical Trial.

ANCHORS A-WHEY was a 12-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to examine the effect of whey protein on large artery stiffness, cerebrovascular responses to cognitive activity and cognitive function in older adults. Methods: 99 older adults (mean ± SD; age 67 ± 6 years, BMI 27.2 ± 4.7kg/m2, 45% female) were randomly assigned to 50g/daily of whey protein isolate (WPI) or an iso-caloric carbohydrate (CHO) control for 12 weeks (NCT01956994). Aortic stiffness was determined as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). Aortic hemodynamic load was assessed as the product of aortic systolic blood pressure and heart rate (Ao SBP × HR). Cerebrovascular response to cognitive activity was assessed as change in middle-cerebral artery (MCA) blood velocity pulsatility index (PI) during a cognitive perturbation (Stroop task). Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized neurocognitive battery. Results: cfPWV increased slightly in CHO and significantly decreased in WPI (p 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Compared to CHO, WPI supplementation results in favorable reductions in aortic stiffness and aortic hemodynamic load with limited effects on cognitive function and cerebrovascular function in community-dwelling older adults.
Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness in Parkinson’s Disease and Other Movement Disorders

Sleep complaints are common in patients with movement disorders; they include fatigue, sleepiness, insomnia, and motor activity during sleep. A variety of sleep disorders may underlie these complaints including sleep apnea, circadian dysrhythmias, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Sleep issues often significantly impact quality of life and thus represent an important focus for clinical care. Some sleep and movement disorders share pathogenetic mechanisms, particularly via dopaminergic neurotransmission. We review the sleep-wake disorders and their management in movement disorders, with an emphasis on Parkinson’s disease.
Initial diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in patients presenting to the emergency department: Imaging and clinical findings at a single institution.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings along with treatment and outcomes associated with patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) who were subsequently diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. Methods 591 patients with HIV and available imaging studies presenting to our hospital's ED between 2004 and 2019 were identified in the medical record. Following initial review, we identified 19 patients who were diagnosed with HIV within one week after an initial ED visit and also had received CT imaging during the ED visit. Demographic, clinical, treatment, imaging, and outcome data were reviewed and recorded for each patient. Results Among this 19-patient cohort, the most common indication for HIV testing was oral/esophageal candidiasis (n = 8, 42%). 12 patients presented with an AIDS-defining illness upon initial diagnosis; the most common were esophageal candidiasis (4) and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) (3). 10 patients (59%) presented with CD4+ counts Conclusion Our series demonstrates the breadth of potential imaging findings and clinical presentations of late-stage HIV in the emergency setting, including common AIDS-defining illnesses such as PJP and PML. Although the incidence of these conditions is decreasing, maintaining awareness of their clinical and imaging findings, as well as the potential for multi-organ involvement, is essential due to the possibility of rapid decline in these patients.
Thaumaturgic, Cartoon Blackface

This essay explores how a particular medium—the comic—exposes the limitations of conventional narratives about sīyāh bāzī (Persian blackface) and hājī fīrūz (a famous blackface figure). Many commentators disavow the racial connotations of sīyāh bāzī and hājī fīrūz, concocting pseudo-historical genealogies that link the improvisatory tradition and figure to pre-Islamic practices; commentators thus repress the tradition’s obvious resonances with the history of African enslavement in Iran. Through a close reading of a comic strip from a 1960s Persian periodical, I argue that historicism is an inadequate framework for adjudicating sīyāh bāzī’s racial or "nonracial" character. Instead, I suggest that cartoon Blackness is always already racial, since the comic form depends upon a process of simplification that is at the heart of racialization.
Drought legacies mediated by trait trade-offs in soil microbiomes

Author(s): Wang, B; Allison, SD | Abstract: Soil microbiomes play a key role in driving biogeochemical cycles of the Earth system. As drought frequency and intensity increase due to climate change, soil microbes and the processes they control will be impacted. Even after a drought ends, microbiomes and other systems take time to recover and may display a memory of previous climate conditions. Still, the mechanisms involved in these legacy effects remain unclear, making it difficult to predict climate and biogeochemical rates in the future. Here, we used a trait-based microbiome model (DEMENTpy) to implement trade-off-mediated mechanisms that may lead to drought legacy effects on litter decomposition. Trade-offs were assumed to follow the Y-A-S framework that defines three primary life-history strategies of microorganisms: high growth Yield, resource Acquisition, and Stress tolerance. We represented cellular trade-offs between osmolytes required for drought tolerance and investment in enzymes involved in litter decomposition. Simulations were run under varying levels of drought severity and dispersal. With high levels of dispersal, no legacy effects were predicted by DEMENTpy following drought. With limited dispersal, severe drought resulted in a persistent legacy of altered community-level traits and reduced litter decomposition. Moderate drought resulted in a transient legacy that disappeared after two years, consistent with recent empirical observations in Southern California ecosystems. These results imply that greater movement along the trade-off between enzyme investment and osmolyte production resulted in stronger legacy effects. More generally, factors that shift the position of a microbiome in YAS space may alter the legacy outcome following drought. Our trait-based modeling study motivates additional empirical measurements to quantify YAS traits and trade-offs that are needed to make accurate predictions of soil microbiome resilience and functioning. Also, our study illustrates an emerging approach for representing trait trade-offs in microbiomes and vegetation that dictate ecosystem responses to drought and other environmental perturbations.
Using a Mock Trial to Teach Science and the Law

Over the course of 3 years, the Political Science and Biology Programs at a regional HBCU have built a curricular learning community centered on a mock trial competition, where a microbiology cours...
Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability mitigation and energy transport in multi-species gas-puff Z-pinches

The gas-puff Z-pinch is a well-known, efficient source of X-rays and/or neutrons, in which a cylindrical load is imploded by a pulsed-power driver due to the force arising from an applied axial current interacting with a self-generated azimuthal magnetic field. It is susceptible to the magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability (MRTI), which must be mitigated to achieve sufficient energy density, i.e., compression. Density tailoring, axial pre-magnetization, and increasing liner resistivity have been shown independently to be effective approaches. Here, we present 2-D radiation-MHD simulations using the HYDRA code [1] of axially-pre-magnetized multi-shell gas-puffs – one or two annular "liners" of Ne, Ar, or Kr, and a central D jet – that predict the mitigation from these approaches are additive: the axial magnetic field (Bz0) required to stabilize a Ne/D implosion is reduced from 0.7 T to 0.3 T by the addition of a second inner liner, and is further reduced by changing the outer liner to more-resistive Ar or Kr. Furthermore, the results suggest an Ne or Ar inner liner provides greater mitigation via snowplow stabilization than a Kr inner liner, as well as mitigation of ion thermal conduction losses from the fuel, the dominant loss mechanism at the 850-kA level. We conclude with a discussion on the scalability of these phenomena to 20 MA, at which level effects such as radiative cooling and fuel mixing may become more relevant.
Differences Across Age Groups in Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People's Experiences of Health Care Discrimination, Harassment, and Victimization.

Objective: Given the increasing diversity among older adults and changes in health policy, knowledge is needed on potential barriers to health care for transgender and gender non-conforming (GNC) individuals. Method: Using the 2010 National Transgender Discrimination Survey (NTDS), logistic regression models test differences between age groups (below 35, 35-49, 50-64, and 65 and above) in lifetime experience of anti-transgender discrimination, harassment, and victimization within health care settings while considering the influences of insurance status, level of passing, time of transition, and other socio-demographic factors. Results: Although more than one fifth of transgender and GNC individuals of all ages reported health discrimination, harassment, or victimization, significant age differences were found. Insurance status and level of passing were also influential. Discussion: Medicare policy changes and this study’s findings prompt further consideration for revising other health insurance policies. ...
Orai3 – the ‘exceptional’ Orai?

The field of agonist-activated Ca(2+) entry in non-excitable cells underwent a revolution some 5 years ago with the discovery of the Orai proteins as the essential pore-forming components of the low-conductance, highly Ca(2+)-selective CRAC channels whose activation is dependent on depletion of intracellular stores. Mammals possess three distinct Orai proteins (Orai1, 2 and 3) of which Orai3 is unique to this class, apparently evolving from Orai1. However, the sequence of Orai3 shows marked differences from that of Orai1, particularly in those regions of the protein outside of the essential pore-forming domains. Correspondingly, studies from several different groups have indicated that the inclusion of Orai3 is associated with the appearance of conductances that display unique features in their gating, selectivity, regulation and mode of activation. In this Topical Review, these features are discussed with the purpose of proposing that the evolutionary appearance of Orai3 in mammals, and the consequent development of conductances displaying novel properties - whether formed by Orai3 alone or in conjunction with the other Orai proteins - is associated with the specific role of this member of the Orai family in a unique range of distinct cellular activities.
Enceladus auroral hiss observations: Implications for electron beam locations

[1] The Cassini spacecraft has made 20 close flybys of the icy moon Enceladus between its arrival at Saturn in 2004 and 2012. Of those 20, strong whistler mode emissions (often called auroral hiss) were clearly observed on seven encounters. The propagation paths of these emissions are determined by the background magnetic field, which allows their source regions to be studied using simple ray-tracing codes. In this paper, we trace the auroral hiss observations from Cassini's trajectories to possible source locations near Enceladus. We find that all of the detected emissions could be generated by field-aligned electron beams in one of two regions around the moon: upstream of the Saturnward terminator and downstream of the anti-Saturnward terminator. These results suggest that electron beam acceleration near the solid body is a quasi-time-stationary feature of the plasma interaction and that the auroral hiss generated by these beams may be used to remotely study plasma processes in regions separated from the spacecraft.
Changes in Emissions from U.S. Manufacturing: A Joint Production Perspective

The modified data envelopment analysis (DEA) model used in this study models the joint production of good and bad outputs in order to determine the relative importance of factors associated with changes in SO2 emissions by manufacturing industries in the United States. This new decomposition model calculates changes in emissions associated with changes in technical efficiency, technical change, input growth, and changes in the emission intensity. This study finds that the decline in emissions between 1970 and 1996 is primarily associated with industries switching to processes that produce less SO2 per dollar of output.
Draft Genome Sequences of 24 Microbial Strains Assembled from Direct Sequencing from 4 Stool Samples

The ability to assemble genomes from metagenomic sequencing avoids the need for culture and any associated culture biases. We assembled 24 essentially complete draft genomes from metagenomic pair-end and size-selected mate pair sequencing from 4 stool samples, 2 from subjects diagnosed with colorectal cancer and 2 from healthy controls.
Through the rhetorical looking‐glass: Consensus theory and fairy tales in the epistemology of communication—A reply to Bineham

This critique seeks to uncover issues in rhetorical epistemology whose significance transcends religious communication and commitment, though remarks are confined mostly to the context of Bineham's essay. The critique includes an examination of consensus‐based epistemology as a model for understanding religious belief, and an exploration of the theory of meaning reflected in Bineham's essay. These permit a discussion of the implications of Bineham's position for rhetorical criticism and a generalization about the adequacy of consensus doctrine for illuminating all forms of discursive activity.
Life Story Coherence and its Relation to Psychological Well-Being

Over the past few years, the concept of coherence as it applies to people's storied accounts of their lives has become an increasingly popular topic. However, theories of coherence have been slow to appear, and a comprehensive definition of the construct has yet to be presented by researchers. Moreover, almost no work has been done relating the concept of coherence to the particular form of the life story. Thus, the aims of the present study were twofold: first, to investigate whether it is possible to construct a reliable coding scheme for life story coherence, and second, to examine the relationships between life story coherence and mental health. The results of the study indicate that the life story coherence coding system is a reliable measure, and that the coherence construct is therefore amenable to quantitative analysis. The most important finding of this study was that, as predicted, life story coherence demonstrated a statistically significant relationship to psychological well-being. This finding thus lends statistical credibility to the claims of narrative psychologists, who argue that mental well-being is related to, if not the result of, a well-integrated and coherent life story.
Incomplete Opening of LGM (Vena Tech) Filters Inserted via the Transjugular Approach

Over a 12-month period, 216 LGM vena caval filters were placed in 216 patients at four institutions. The transjugular approach was used in 31 of 216 insertions (14%); 185 of 216 filters (86%) were inserted via the femoral route. Incomplete opening of filters was encountered in 13 of 31 transjugular insertions (41%) and none of 185 transfemoral insertions. Delayed spontaneous filter opening occurred in three of 12 cases (25%) of incomplete opening (in which follow-up was available) at 5 minutes, 4 days, and 2 months after insertion. One filter opened completely after catheter manipulations. Several mechanisms explaining this complication are proposed. In its present form, the LGM filter should not be inserted via the jugular route. Since the filtering capabilities of the incompletely opened LGM device have been shown to be diminished in vitro, it may be advisable to place a second filter cephalad to an incompletely opened LGM filter.
Compensating for delays in brain-machine interfaces by decoding intended future movement

Typically, brain-machine interfaces that enable the control of a prosthetic arm work by decoding a subjects' intended hand position or velocity and using a controller to move the arm accordingly. Researchers taking this approach often choose to decode the subjects' desired arm state in the present moment, which causes the prosthetic arm to lag behind the state desired by the user, as the dynamics of the arm (and other control delays) constrain how quickly the controller can change the arm's state. We tested the hypothesis that decoding the subjects' intended future movements would mitigate this lag and improve BMI performance. Offline results show that predictions of future movement (≤ 200ms) can be made with essentially the same accuracy as predictions of present movement. Online results from one monkey show that performance increases as a function of the future prediction time lead, reaching optimum performance at a time lead equal to the delay inherent in the controlled system.
Analytic Properties of Finite-Temperature Self-Energies

The analytic properties in the energy variable k_{0} of finite-temperature self-energies are investigated. A typical branch cut results from n particles being emitted into the heat bath and n' being absorbed from the heat bath. There are three main results: First, in addition to the branch points at which the cuts terminate, there are also branch points attached to the cuts along their length. Second, branch points at k_{0}=\pm k are ubiquitous and for massive particles they are essential singularities. Third, in a perturbative expansion using free particle propagators or in a resummed expansion in which the propagator pole occurs at a real energy, the self-energy will have a branch point at the pole location.
The High-Energy Behavior of String Scattering Amplitudes

The large-energy, fixed-angle, behavior of string scattering amplitudes is considered to arbitrary order in perturbation theory. It is shown that the path integal over surfaces is dominated, in this limit, by a saddle point. The dominant saddle point is identified and its contribution to the amplitude is evaluated.
The geomagnetic power spectrum

SUMMARY Combining CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements with aeromagnetic and marine magnetic data, the global geomagnetic field has now been modelled to spherical harmonic degree 720. An important tool in field modelling is the geomagnetic power spectrum. It allows the comparison of field models estimated from different data sets and can be used to identify noise levels and systematic errors. A correctly defined geomagnetic power spectrum is flat (white) for an uncorrelated field, such as the Earth's crustal magnetic field at long wavelengths. It can be inferred from global spherical harmonic models as well as from regional grids. Marine and aeromagnetic grids usually represent the anomaly of the total intensity of the magnetic field. Appropriate corrections have to be applied in estimating the geomagnetic power spectrum from such data. The comparison of global and regional spectra using a consistently defined azimuthally averaged geomagnetic power spectrum facilitates quality control in field modelling and should provide new insights in magnetic anomaly interpretation.
Pathology of an atypical strain of Pasteurella gallinarum infection in chickens

Gross and microscopic pathology caused by an atypical strain of Pasteurella gallinarum (Fresno strain) was compared in chickens with that caused by the American Type Culture Collection type strain. Ten 21-day-old broiler chickens were inoculated intranasally with 10 7 colony forming units or intramuscularly with 10 5 colony forming units of either strain. The birds were killed 7 days later, and gross and microscopic lesions were studied. Grossly, there was extensive white discoloration of pectoral muscles with mild fibrinous exudate in birds inoculated intramuscularly with the Fresno strain of P. gallinarum . Most of these birds also had severe fibrinous exudation over the heart, the capsule of the liver, the air sac, and in the hock joints. Microscopically, there was severe chronic pyogranulomatous airsacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis, myositis, synovitis, and granulomatous pneumonia. One bird had severe acute multifocal hepatitis. From this study, it is evident that the Fresno strain of P. gallina...
Solution of wave propagation problems by the Cell Discretization method

Abstract The Cell Discretization algorithm (CD) is first applied to a fairly complex steady-state wave scattering problem, and the results compared with the same problem solved by the Finite Element Method. (The p.d.e. solved is the elliptic Helmholtz equation for the components of the complex scattered amplitude.) The method is then directly applied to some hyperbolic problems in space-time, using a total discretization (instead of semidiscretization). The problem then becomes one of solving a discretized elliptic equation in successive ‘time-slabs’ as the process progresses through time. The main difficulty is in choosing the right combination of collocation moments (peculiar to the CD method), intracell polynomials and the ‘CFL ratio’, i.e., the ratio of the cell length in the time direction to its length(s) in the space direction(s). Apart from this (serious) difficulty, there is little problem in solving several problems involving first and second order wave equations in one and two space dimensions, and one solution of a second order wave equation in two space dimensions. Copious figures are supplied, showing surface plots of the solutions and plots of the spectrum, in the complex plane, of the ‘propagation matrix’ associated with the problem, are supplied.
The feasibility of universal long-term-care benefits. Ideas from Canada.

CANADA'S expansion of its program of universal health insurance to include long-term care offers valuable insights for similar broad-based efforts in the United States. Most Canadian provinces provide universal long-term–care benefits that include health care, personal care, and social services for functionally impaired persons. Such services are offered both in residential settings, such as nursing homes, and in the community. Eligibility is based on functional impairment without regard to the individual's income; co-payments, if levied, are designed to leave even the poorest pensioner with a small disposable income. In the fall of 1981, we undertook a two-year study of long-term . . .
Safety and efficacy of repeat transradial access for cardiac catheterization procedures

To determine the safety and efficacy of repeat transradial cardiac catheterization, 1,362 consecutive transradial procedures were examined. Repeat transradial procedures were identified (group I, n = 73) and compared with index procedures (group II, n = 1,289). Baseline patient characteristics, procedure success rates (100% vs. 97.9%; P = NS), complication rates (0% vs. 0.08%; P = NS), and procedure times (23.9 ± 27.3 min vs. 18.2 ± 14.7 min; P = NS) were similar between groups. This study suggests that repeat transradial catheterization procedures can be performed safely and successfully in appropriately selected patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:188–190. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative lateration across the Los Angeles basin using a Satellite Laser Ranging System

In January of 1981 the Transportable Laser Ranging System (TLRS) developed for NASA by the University of Texas was used to conduct a four-day test of the relative lateration technique. The test evolved making repeated measurements of six lines over the Los Angeles basin varying in distance from 26 to 84 kilometers. Although the raw times-of-flight to the various targets changed typically by 5 parts in 10 to the 6th, their line ratios varied nearly an order of magnitude less. The test suggests that the TLRS or other pulsed laser ranging systems might be able to economically combine Lageos ranging and long baseline horizontal work to survey large areas for accumulating crustal strain.
Analysis of Pentachlorophenol in Drinking Water and Human Urine by HPLC with Electrochemical Detection

Abstract High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) was applied to the analysis of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in drinking water and human urine. Lower detection limits for PCP in drinking water was approximately 1–5 ppb while the chlorinated phenol could be detected in human urine at about 10 ppb concentration. Analyses of PCP in drinking water can be made with no sample pretreatments, while analyses involving human urine required acid hydrolysis, absorption on an anion exchange resin, and desorption with methanol. In each case dramatic savings in analysis times and increases in sample through-put are realized using analysis based on HPLC-EC rather than the more traditional procedures relying on gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Method sensitivities were approximately equivalent to methods using gas chromatography.
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of one-dimensional fractal Laplacians defined by iterated function systems with overlaps

Under the assumption that a self-similar measure defined by a one-dimensional iterated function system with overlaps satisfies a family of second-order self-similar identities introduced by Strichartz et al., we obtain a method to discretize the equation defining the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the corresponding fractal Laplacian. This allows us to obtain numerical solutions by using the finite element method. We also prove that the numerical eigenvalues and eigenfunctions converge to the true ones, and obtain estimates for the rates of convergence. We apply this scheme to the fractal Laplacians defined by the well-known infinite Bernoulli convolution associated with the golden ratio and the 3-fold convolution of the Cantor measure. The iterated function systems defining these measures do not satisfy the open set condition or the post-critically finite condition; we use second-order self-similar identities to analyze the measures.
Training the next generation of creative, innovative and adaptive scientists and engineers: The NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC) Research Experience for Undergraduates

Abstract Integrated chemical and biological processing systems that use biorenewable resources as feedstocks are critical to addressing the world's growing demand for carbon-based consumer products, and can make significant contributions to ensuring environmental sustainability. The United States National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Research Center (ERC) 1 1Engineering Research Center (ERC). for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC) 2 2Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC). provides educational programs that attract a diverse group of students into engineering fields to address the world's need to produce globally competitive college graduates capable of designing cost-competitive biorenewable chemicals. CBiRC provides a unique fusion of innovative interdisciplinary research and undergraduate educational opportunities through the CBiRC Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program. The REU is an intensive ten-week summer program where students not only learn laboratory research skills, but are also immersed in the interdisciplinary academic environment of the ERC through workshops, seminars, research thrust meetings, and interactions with CBiRC professional staff. In this article, we describe a novel evaluation-supported model for an interdisciplinary undergraduate research program in the field of biorenewable chemicals engineering, which encourages undergraduates to build upon basic research skills to propose creative, innovative, and adaptable solutions to chemical engineering problems.
Selective Conversion of Glycerol to Propylene Glycol Over Fixed Bed Raney® Cu Catalysts

Net propylene glycol (1,2 propanediol) yields of up to 94% at 100% glycerol conversion have been achieved over a fixed bed Raney® Cu catalyst in trickle bed mode, at relatively low total pressure, 14 bar (200 psig), and minimal feedstock dilution (20 wt% water). The main identified byproducts are ethylene glycol and ethanol (each <2%), with methanol and 1,3 diol both <1%. The other key operating parameters for high yields are a narrow optimum in temperature (near 205 °C), and a high H2/liquid flow ratio, about 375/0.05 by volume. The effects of chromium promotion have also been studied for effects on side reactions and rates. Our evidence points to initial dehydrogenation as the rate-limiting step in a likely three step mechanism.
The semantics of slurs: A refutation of coreferentialism

Abstract Coreferentialism refers to the common assumption in the literature that slurs (e.g. faggot ) and descriptors (e.g. male homosexual ) are coreferential expressions with precisely the same extension. For instance, Vallee (2014) recently writes that “If S is an ethnic slur in language L , then there is a non-derogatory expression G in L such that G and S have the same extension” (p. 79). The non-derogatory expression G is commonly considered the nonpejorative correlate (NPC) of the slur expression S (Hom, 2008) and it is widely thought that every S has a coreferring G that possesses precisely the same extension. Yet here I argue against this widespread assumption by first briefly introducing what slurs are and then considering four sources of supporting evidence showing that slurs and descriptors are in fact not coreferential expressions with precisely the same extension. I argue that since slurs and descriptors differ in their extension they thereby differ in their meaning or content also. This article additionally introduces the notion of a conceptual anchor in order to adequately account for the relationship between slurs and descriptors actually evidenced in the empirical data, and further considers the inadequacy of common dictionary definitions of slurs. This article therefore contributes to the literature on slurs by demonstrating that previous accounts operating on the assumption that slurs and descriptors are coreferential expressions with the same extension, and that they thereby have the same meaning or content, are inconsistent with empirical data and that an alternative account in accord with Croom (2011, 2013a, 2014b) better fits the facts concerning their actual meaning and use.
Inhibitory effect of liver slices and extracts on thyroidal clearance of 131-I in vitro.

Co-incubation of rat liver slices or homogenates with rat thyroid lobes in a Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium containing 131I resulted in inhibition of thyroidal clearance of the isotope. Substitution of rat serum for Krebs-Ringer phosphate as the incubation medium also resulted in inhibition of thyroidal 131I clearance, but the suppression was not as great as that caused by the liver slices. The inhibitory activity of liver was heat-stable, dialyzable, ethanol-soluble, Norite- nonadsorbable and resistant to hydrolysis in 1.5N NaOH. The inhibitory activity was destroyed by ashing or hydrolysis in 1.5N HC1. Inhibition of clearance also was produced by slices of kidney cortex, heart, spleen and brain, but the inhibitory activity was lost during the preparation of extracts of these tissues by methods shown to preserve such activity in liver extracts. (Endocrinology 78: 633, 1966)
Surface preparation and characterization of the icosahedral Al–Ga–Pd–Mn quasicrystal

Auger electron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) provide basic information about the structure and composition of the fivefold surface of the quaternary quasicrystal, icosahedral Al67Pd4Mn21Ga8. Surface preparation techniques established previously for two of the icosahedral ternary alloys, Al-Pd-Mn and Al-Cu-Fe, appear to be similarly effective for Al-Pd-Mn-Ga. After annealing in the range 600-950 K, the surface concentration of Ga is constant and low. After annealing in the range 900-950 K, a good LEED pattern is obtained. LEED indicates that Ga changes the surface structure significantly.
Metabolism and mechanisms of action of 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-6-mercaptopurine in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Abstract The mechanisms of action of 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-6-mercaptopurine (THFMP) have been studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in tissue culture. THFMP is relatively unstable in physiological buffers, being facilely converted to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) even in the absence of cells. Consequently, THFMP undergoes metabolic conversions characteristic of 6-MP, namely formation of 6-thioIMP and incorporation into DNA as 6-thioguanine (6-TG) nucleotide. A number of purines are capable of preventing the toxicity of THFMP in wild-type cells in a manner similar to that of 6-MP. However, exogenous purines and pyrimidines did not prevent the toxicity of THFMP to cells deficient in the enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; HGPRTase). Cells lacking HGPRTase were 20–40-fold resistant to 6-TG and 6-MP but were only 2–4-fold resistant to THFMP. Furthermore, the time-course for killing CHO cells deficient in HGPRTase was different from that in wild-type cells containing the enzyme. There was no apparent effect of THFMP on the utilization of precursors for DNA, RNA or protein synthesis in the enzyme-deficient mutant cell line. The results suggest that THFMP is converted non-enzymatically to 6-MP and shares its mechanisms of action in wild-type cells containing HGPRTase, i.e., inhibition of de novo purine biosynthesis and incorporation into DNA as 6-TG nucleotide. However, the mechanism of action of THFMP in cells lacking HGPRTase is probably unique and is presently unknown.
Assessing the Accuracy of The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261 Using Geographic Information Systems

This paper explores the application of geographic information systems (GIS) in the evaluation of the accuracy of early maps through a case study of The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261. The evaluation of the accuracy of early maps is an important aspect of the study of the history of cartography, but no standard methodology has been generally accepted. The purpose of this paper is to assess the positional accuracy and the relative relations of the spatial objects on The Map of the Prefectural Capital using GIS. The procedure of the study includes identification of locations of the points and features of The Map of the Prefectural Capital on a modern base map, digitization of the early map and the modern base map, overlays of the digitized early map and modern base map, and an analysis of the absolute and relative distortion of the early map. The results of the analysis show that The Map of the Prefectural Capital of 1261 is reasonably accurate considering the technical ability of the thirteenth cent...
A Note on Taking a Covariable into Account

Abstract In the application of Bross' covast test [1] for detecting differences between two treatments with dichotomous response variable in the presence of a covariable, pairwise comparisons are made between subjects receiving different treatments. In the process, the set of all such comparisons is partitioned into two subsets potentially favoring one or the other treatment. Under random allocation of the treatments (with respect to the covariable), the expected proportion of each of these subsets, E(r) and E(1 — r), will be 0.5; in actual experimental situations, however, r will not usually be equal to 0.5. Approximations are given for the expected value of the test statistic conditional on the ordering with respect to the covariable, both under the “Grand Null Hypothesis” of [1] and under the hypothesis of no treatment differences. Some procedures are suggested for dealing with the case r ≠ 0.5.
Antithrombotic alternatives for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: critical differences and remaining questions.

Three therapeutic alternatives for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation are available in dabigatran (an oral direct thrombin inhibitor), rivaroxaban, and apixaban (both oral blood coagulation factor Xa inhibitors). Compared with warfarin, these new agents have a more predictable pharmacodynamic response and fewer major clinically relevant drug–drug interactions. These agents also have few, if any, food–drug interactions, and infrequent or no need for routine laboratory monitoring. These agents also bring new disadvantages, particularly lack of clearly defined reversal strategies, inability to effectively monitor patient response, and higher cost. Selection of the most appropriate oral antithrombotic agent for a given patient is dependent on clinician knowledge of the similarities and critical differences between the available antithrombotic medications.
Television Exposure, Sleep Time, and Neuropsychological Function Among Preschoolers

We explored whether sleep time mediates the relation between preschoolers' television exposure and two indicators of neuropsychological function: executive function (EF) and theory of mind (ToM). With a sample of 107 preschoolers and their parents, we found that heavier background television exposure and nighttime television viewing were related to fewer hours of sleep, which, in turn, was related to weaker ToM. However, sleep time did not mediate the relation between intentional television viewing and EF. In this article, we discuss the importance of understanding the mechanisms by which television exposure can affect children's neuropsychological function and offer several alternative explanations.
Construct Validity of Multiple Measures in Teaching, Research, and Service and Reliability of Peer Ratings.

The construct validity of measures in teaching, research, and service was determined using a multitrait-multimethod matrix
Output scaling in a cost function setting

A significant result in production theory is that even under a very weak condition on the technology, the cost function is well defined and linearly homogeneous in factor prices. We could term this homogeneity a “scaling law,” for an equiproportionate scaling of all factor prices results in an identical scaling of the value of the cost function. The purpose of this paper is to determine sets of conditions under which an analogous result may hold for the output variable in the cost function. Our analysis initially focuses on the cost function of a multioutput technology so that the output variable in the cost function is vector-valued. The results we obtain are that some “output-scaling laws” exist if and only if the underlying technology is ray-homothetic. In the final section we consider the meaning of the results for the single-output case.
Intra-arc crustal loading and its tectonic implications, North Cascades crystalline core, Washington and British Columbia

Widespread high-pressure Cretaceous metamorphism in the Coast Plutonic Complex of southeast Alaska and British Columbia and its southeast extension, the Cascades crystalline core, is commonly attributed to thrust loading during superterrane collision. However, terrane boundaries within the Cascades core are intruded by relatively shallow mid-Cretaceous plutons, and crustal loading of ∼2-5 kbar postdates these plutons. These observations are not consistent with proposed collisional models, and we suggest that loading occurred by structural and/or plutonic processes operating within a magmatic arc. Such loading may be an important process in arc tectonics, although it has not been widely reported.
Spin polarization of the low-density three-dimensional electron gas.

To determine the state of spin polarization of the three-dimensional electron gas at very low densities and zero temperature, we calculate the energy versus spin polarization using diffusion quantum Monte Carlo methods with backflow wave functions and twist averaged boundary conditions. We find a second-order phase transition to a partially polarized phase at ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.$ The magnetic transition temperature is estimated using an effective mean-field method, the Stoner model.
Concerning the synthesis of the tedanolide C(13)-C(23) fragment via anti-aldol reaction.

Synthesis of C(13)−C(23) aldehyde 4, an important intermediate in a planned total synthesis of tedanolide, is described. The stereoselectivity of the key anti-aldol reaction of aldehyde 5 and ketone 6 (en route to 4) perfectly tracks the enantiomeric purity of 5. It is demonstrated that aldehyde 24, a precursor of 5, undergoes facile epimerization during a Swern oxidation and stabilized ylide olefination sequence.
Bumetanide and furosemide in heart failure

Bumetanide and furosemide in heart failure. We assessed the handling of and response to oral bumetanide (1.0 and 2.0 mg) and to furosemide (40 and 80 mg) in 20 patients with stable, compensated congestive heart failure (CHF), comparing the two drugs and, in addition, examining differences from normal subjects. Bumetanide and furosemide were similar in time course of absorption, but patients with CHF had considerably prolonged absorption compared to normal subjects causing attainment of lower peak concentrations of drug. In both CHF and normal subjects, more bumetanide than furosemide was absorbed. The elimination half-life of furosemide was approximately twice that of bumetanide, and both were about two times longer than respective values in normal subjects. "Dose"-response curves were shifted downward from normal with both drugs. In patients with CHF, overall response did not differ between bumetanide and furosemide. The two drugs exhibit subtle differences, the clinical importance of which appears to be negligible from this study. Importantly, however, both drugs showed delayed absorption causing attainment of peak urinary excretion rates of diuretic two- to threefold lower than in normal subjects. This effect along with the abnormal responsivity of the tubule may contribute to the "resistance" to oral doses of diuretics observed clinically even though no quantitative malabsorption of drug occurs. Le bumetanide et le furosemide dans l'insuffisance cardiaque. Nous avons mesure l'elimination et la reponse au bumetanide (1,0 et 2,0 mg) et au furosemide (40 et 80 mg) oraux chez 20 malades atteints d'une insuffisance cardiaque congestive (CHF) stable, compensee, en comparant les deux medicaments, et, en outre, en examinant les differences par rapport aux sujets normaux. Le bumetanide et le furosemide etaient identiques en ce qui concerne la duree d'absorption, mais les malades atteints de CHF avaient une absorption considerablement prolongee par rapport aux normaux, ce qui permettait d'atteindre des concentrations maximales de medicament plus faibles. Chez les CHF comme chez les sujets normaux, plus de bumetanide etait absorbe que de furosemide. La demi-vie d'elimination du furosemide etait environ le double de celle du bumetanide, et pour chacun etait environ deux fois plus grande que leur valeur respective chez les sujets normaux. Les courbes "dose" reponse etaient decalees vers le bas par rapport a la normale avec les deux medicaments. Chez les malades atteints de CHF, la reponse globale ne differait pas entre le bumetanide et le furosemide. Ces deux medicaments presentent des differences minimes dont l'importance clinique parait negligeable au vu de cette etude. Cependant il est important de noter que les deux medicaments ont presente une absorption retardee entrainant des vitesses d'excretion urinaires maximales des diuretiques 2 a 3 fois moindres que chez les sujets normaux. Cet effet, associe a une reponse tubulaire anormale, pourrait contribuer a la "resistance" aux doses orales de diuretiques observees en clinique, meme lorsqu'il n'y a pas de malabsorption medicamenteuse quantifiable.
Initial damage states of hypervelocity impact for tungsten projectile on aluminum target

Abstract Hypervelocity impact is a highly nonequilibrium process because the states traversed by the system cannot be described in terms of constitutive parameters that represent the system as a whole. Spontaneous changes of local material elements defy equilibrium and hence homogeneity. A consistent description of the hierarchy of damage states is made possible only by synchronizing the thermal fluctuation with mechanical deformation. This involves considering nonequilibrium dissipative effects that are beyond the scope of classical continuum mechanics and physics. The damage states of a projectile impacting a target at hypervelocity are predicted by application of the isoenergy density theory. In addition to failure by fracture and fragmentation, the analysis also includes local phase transitions where a portion of the solid may transform to liquid and/or gas. Changes in local strain rates and strain rate history are derived rather than preassumed. This enables a realistic evaluation of intense deformation, heating, melting and vaporization that occur nonhomogeneously in the projectile/target system during the course of impact. The case of a tungsten projectile impacting on an aluminum target at 9000 m/s is presented as an example. The sequence of nonequilibrium damage states is traced in nanoseconds. Within approximately 15 ns, the local strain rate in the aluminum target increased to 10 4 s −1 for the solid phase and 10 5 s −1 for the liquid phase. Phase transformation has already occured locally. The solid/liquid interface is highly unstable with a strain rate of the order of 10 8 to 10 9 s −1 . The average strain rate in the tungsten projectile is 10 3 s −1 . The size and speed of debris splashing into the empty space are also predicted. The velocity of the debris is found to be more than eight times the initial impact velocity of the projectile, a result that agrees with past observations.
How Do We Judge Personal Control? Unconfounding Contingency and Reinforcement in Control Judgments

One of the few studies to examine judgments of personal control in a contingency situation found that participants did not overestimate their control on a task where actual control was possible. However, that study used a design that confounded control and reinforcement. In this study, control (none, medium, high) and reinforcement (low, high) were independently manipulated. College students (N = 100) participated in a computer task in which they pressed or did not press the space bar, after which a target or nontarget screen appeared. Participants rated their control over the appearance of the target screen. Support was found for the idea that in some situations of actual control, illusions of control are found: high-control participants with high reinforcement overestimated their control. Results also indicated that underestimators, accurate estimators, and overestimators used different information when estimating their levels of control. Causes and implications are discussed.