cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance

The focus of this chapter is on understanding the complexity associated with the resistance to flow through the pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is a variable that reflects the physical size (diameter and length) of the vascular tree at any moment in time. If PVR is increased, then it will take more energy for the right ventricle to pump the venous return through the lungs. One obvious complexity with the magnitude of the PVR is that the pulmonary resistance changes with lung inflation. There may also be resistance changes in response to various stimuli, as well as in different lung pathologies, and it can play an important role in the impact of heart–lung interactions. Although it is easy to define pulmonary resistance analogous to Ohm’s law, the underlying basis of pathophysiologic changes in this resistance is neither simple nor always intuitive, and it is important to understand the limitations of this measurement. A fundamental issue in the interpretation (or even definition) of PVR involves uncertainty about what downstream pressure to use (and how to measure it in vivo). A ubiquitous understanding of the pulmonary vasculature today revolves around the three zones of the lung as defined by West et al. In an upright human, a certain fraction of the lung would be in a zone 2 condition, where alveolar pressure becomes the effective downstream pressure. However, at any given time, there will always be a mixture of zones in the pulmonary circulation, so how can one define or measure the PVR? In addition to this puzzle, there are changes in PVR related to the effect of lung inflation on different serial regions of the pulmonary vasculature, as well as effects of the nonlinear distensibility of the elastic vessels. In what follows, we deal with these issues in an effort to define when and where it might be appropriate to measure the PVR, and more importantly how it might be useful in physiologic research and clinical settings.
Comparative anatomy of dissected optic lobes, optic ventricles, midbrain tectum, collicular ventricles, and aqueduct: evolutionary modifications as potential explanation for non-tumoral aqueductal anomalies in humans.

An extensive literature has postulated multiple etiologies for aqueductal stenosis. No publications were found, discussing that evolutionary modifications might explain aqueductal anomalies. This study’s objectives were to review the evolutionary modifications of vertebrates’ tectum structures that might explain human aqueduct anomalies. Undertaking vertebrate comparative study is currently not feasible in view of limitations in obtaining vertebrate material. Thus, vertebrate material collected, injected, dissected, and radiographed in the early 1970s was analyzed, focusing on the aqueduct and components of the midbrain tectum. Photographs of brain dissections and radiographs of the cerebral ventricles and arteries of adult shark, frog, iguana, rabbit, cat, dog, and primate specimens, containing a barium-gelatin radiopaque compound, were analyzed focusing on the aqueduct, the optic ventricles, the quadrigeminal plate, and collicular ventricles. The anatomic information provided by the dissections and radiographs is not reproducible by any other radiopaque contrast currently available. Dissected and radiographed cerebral ventricular and arterial systems of the vertebrates demonstrated midbrain tectum changes, including relative size modifications of the mammalian components of the tectum, simultaneously with the enlargement of the occipital lobe. There is a transformation of pre-mammalian optic ventricles to what appear to be collicular ventricles in mammals, as the aqueduct and collicular ventricle form a continuous cavity. The mammalian tectum undergoes an evolutionary cephalization process consisting of relative size changes of the midbrain tectum structures. This is associated with enlargement of the occipital lobe, as part of overall neocortical expansion. Potentially, aqueductal anomalies could be explained by evolutionary modifications.
The role of surgery in the management of chronic temporomandibular joint pain

Although most painful conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can be managed non-surgically, when such treatment fails, surgery is often recommended as an alternative. The success of surgery depends on accurate diagnosis, an understanding of which conditions are amenable to operation, and knowing what to do and when to do it. This article provides the information needed by the clinician to determine when surgery should be done for chronic TMJ pain and what can be accomplished by such treatment.
The Bearing of the New Systematics on Genetical Problems The Nature of Species

Publisher Summary The new systematics has a significant impact on the development of certain fields of genetics, in particular that of population genetics and genetics in turn has profoundly influenced the thinking of the new systematist. This chapter deals with some aspects of animal taxonomy and discusses the nature of species. Species are the natural units characterized by their reproductive isolation from other such units. The species of the taxonomist, so far as based on morphological criteria, are merely inferences from the species in nature. Whenever, there is doubt as to the specific rank of a natural population, the analysis of the morphological criteria will have to be supplemented by a study of ecological differences and of the completeness of the reproductive isolation.
The Interdependence of Representation and Action

After spending many years arguing about the nature of knowledge in the human sciences, Charles Taylor decided that the core disagreements were not epistemological but ontological. Instead of simply focusing on how people know (and on how to know them), we must unearth our presuppositions about what people are. However, although knowledge and representational practices do not exhaust who we are, they are central to the human condition. How can we follow Taylor in shifting away from a knowledge-centered account of human nature, while nonetheless capturing how representation is central to many human activities? Comments Reprinted from Philosophy of Education 2001, 2001, pages 426-434. Publisher URL: http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/PES-yearbook/ This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/68 Representation and Action 426 P H I L O S O P H Y O F E D U C A T I O N 2 0 0 1 The Interdependence Of Representation And Action
Performance of selection diversity systems in a Nakagami fading environment

Closed form results for the symbol error probabilities are derived for M-ary, L branch selection diversity system in a Nakagami fading environment using noncoherent frequency-shift keying modulation. The maximum SNR selection and the maximum output selection schemes are considered. The analysis is not limited to integer values of the Nakagami fading parameter m. Results for the Rayleigh fading channel are obtained and presented as special cases of those of the Nakagami fading model. The symbol error probability when the diversity branches undergo different fading statistics with unequal mean SNR are considered for the maximum SNR selection scheme. Outage probabilities are also calculated for the maximum SNR selection scheme. >
A methodology for customer requirements generation in communication systems planning

The authors describe a concept where the customer attempts to conceptually design the needed system, with the help of a planning support system. They explain how a user can conceptually build a configuration of the needed system based on instructions from a planning support system for communication system (PSCS), an integrated software tool. Although the approach is applicable to any system, the focus is on military electronic warfare (EW) systems. PSCS takes advantage of structuring the problem around objects in the EW subfields. Different objects or classes of objects are modeled in object-oriented knowledge bases and databases. PSCS serves as an education base and a planning guide for the customer. Through the user interface and the integration process, the user can develop a detailed and reliable list of requirements. >
ADDING MORE SUPPORT FOR ASSOCIATIONS TO THE ODMG OBJECT MODEL

The Object Model defined in the ODMG standard for object data management systems (ODMSs) provides referential integrity support for one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many associations. It does not, however, provide support that enforces the multiplicities often specified for such associations in UML class diagrams, nor does it provide the same level of support for associations that is provided in relational systems via the SQL references clause. The Object Relationship Notation (ORN) is a declarative scheme that provides for the specification of enhanced association semantics. These semantics include multiplicities and are more powerful than those provided by the SQL references clause. This paper describes how ORN can be added to the ODMG Object Model and discusses algorithms that can be used to support ORN association semantics in an ODMG-compliant ODMS. The benefits of such support are improved productivity in developing object database systems and increased system reliability.
Informant Agreement for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Intellectual Disability: A Meta-analysis

This study investigated informant agreement on emotional and behavior problems and social skills in youth with autism spectrum disorder or intellectual disability using meta-analytic methods. Forty-nine studies were included, consisting of 107 effect sizes. The mean weighted effect size across all raters and all behaviors was .36, reflecting moderate agreement. Consistent with meta-analyses in typically developing youth, pairs of similar informants (e.g., parent–parent) demonstrated higher agreement compared to pairs of different raters (e.g., parent–teacher). With all rater pairs combined, agreement was significantly higher for externalizing problems (\( \bar{r} \) = .42) than either internalizing problems (\( \bar{r} \) = .35) or social skills (\( \bar{r} \) = .30). Several factors appear to moderate the level of agreement among informants, including the youth’s diagnosis, age, and IQ.
RAT LEUCOCYTES AGING IN VITRO: A STUDY OF MORPHOLOGIC AND METABOLIC DEGENERATION.

Abstract Cells, predominantly neutrophils, obtained from the rat peritoneal cavity were maintained in a complete medium and their morphologic and metabolic degeneration was studied as a function of culture age. A 60% decline in lactate production and succinic dehydrogenase activity occurred by 6 hours, in ability to exclude trypan blue and in morphologic integrity by 22 hours, and in cell protein by 32 hours. Possible life-limiting processes are mentioned.
A System to Integrate Electrical Stimulation With Robotically Controlled Treadmill Training to Rehabilitate Stepping After Spinal Cord Injury

A functional electrical stimulation (FES) system was engineered to integrate information from a robotically controlled position during stepping in order to time stimulation to continuous gait information in a rodent model of spinal cord injury (SCI). In contrast to conventional FES systems which have a fixed timing pattern relative to gait cycle onset (i.e., toe off/heel off or paw contact/heel strike), this system allows adaptation of stimulation to a robotically controlled position. Rationale for the system design is presented along with bench-test results verifying the timing of the stimulation with respect to hindlimb position. This robotically timed FES system will enable studies investigating the capability of this FES therapy to encourage rehabilitation by way of spinal plasticity.
Dynamic linkages and Granger causality between short-term US corporate bond and stock markets

It is sought to investigate a possible long-run association and Granger causality between US stock and short-term corporate bond markets by applying the well-known cointegration and error-correction methodology. The unit root tests reveal that the rates of return from S&P 500 and short-term US corporate bond yields are non-stationary in levels. The ADF test finds them cointegrated at 1, 5 and 10% levels of significance. The estimated error-correction model confirms a long-run relationship between these two markets. The short-term US corporate bond market appears to Granger-cause the US stock market in the long run. Furthermore, there appears to be a two-way short-run Granger causality and reversible feedback between these two markets.
Activation of the Notch1 Stem Cell Signaling Pathway during Routine Cell Line Subculture

Cell culture is essential across cancer cell biology laboratories. Cancer cell lines that are attached to the culture vessel as monolayers are routinely passaged to new vessels in order to produce a large number of cells for carrying out various experiments. Cell detachment from the extracellular matrix can activate numerous cell signaling pathways. For example, enzymatic cell detachment using trypsin activates the HIPPO pathway, resulting in phosphorylation and inhibition of YAP within 10 min after cell detachment (1). Furthermore, Bcl2 protein levels can be down-regulated, whereas p53 and p21 protein levels are upregulated immediately after trypsinization (2). It is likely that many additional pathways that play key roles in cancer cell biology are also impacted during cell passaging. Having a full understanding of pathway activation during cell culture is essential for designing experiments and for accurate interpretation of results. Since its discovery in Drosophila melanogaster almost a century ago (3, 4), the Notch pathway has proven to regulate numerous developmental processes as well as tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms (5). This conserved pathway has also been found to be dysregulated across a wide range of cancers (6). When Notch is activated by ligands of the Jagged or Delta family proteins, the intracellular domain of the Notch receptor is cleaved and translocates to the nucleus to activate transcription of downstream targets, including the Hes family of proteins. Notch undergoes crosstalk with a multitude of signaling pathways such as p53, EGFR, Kras, Wnt, TGFβ, sonic hedgehog, NFκB, and others (5, 7–12). Thus, dysregulation of Notch signaling can have global cellular consequences that modulate cell survival, behavior, and function.
General theory of metastable operation

Metastable operation is a fundamental phenomenon of sequential networks that process asynchronous inputs. Nevertheless, because of its subtle nature and the relatively low probability of its occurrence in conventional systems, this phenomenon is neither well understood nor widely appreciated. With continuing advances in digital technology, however, there is a growing interest in large-scale highly parallel systems. Such systems are likely to involve numerous high-frequency asynchronous interactions, which may result in frequent measures to prevent such failures. In recent years, a number of researchers have been working with some success to develop techniques for dealing with this failure mode. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive theory of metastable operation that may lead to a better understanding of this phenomenon and provide theoretical support for further work in this area.
The role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping duration selectivity of bat inferior collicular neurons determined with temporally patterned sound trains

This study examined the role of GABAergic inhibition in shaping directional selectivity of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. When determined with temporally patterned pulse trains at different pulse repetition rates, 93 inferior colliculus neurons displayed three types of directional selectivity curves. A directionally selective curve always showed a maximum to a certain azimuthal angle (the best angle). A hemifield curve showed a maximum to a range of contralateral azimuthal angles. A non-directional curve did not show a maximum to any particular azimuthal angles. Directional selectivity curves of 42% neurons changed from hemifield or non-directional to directionally selective and the best angles of 16–21% neurons shifted toward the midline with increasing pulse repetition rate of pulse trains. Directional selectivity curves of most (74%) neurons that discharged impulses to each pulse of a pulse train also became sharper with increasing pulse repetition rate of pulse trains. Bicuculline application produced more pronounced broadening of directional selective curves of inferior colliculus neurons at higher than at lower pulse repetition rates. As a result, pulse repetition rate-dependent directional selectivity of inferior colliculus neurons was abolished. Possible mechanisms and biological significance of these findings are discussed.
Spin field correlators on an arbitrary genus Riemann surface and non-renormalization theorems in string theories

Abstract We calculate the n -point correlation functions of spin fields on an arbitrary genus Riemann surface. We also calculate the corresponding correlators for the spin fields associated with the local supersymmetry ghosts using a specific ansatz for screening the background ghost charge. Using these results we show by explicit calculation that to all orders in the string perturbation theory all n -point amplitudes involving massless fields in the superstring and the heterotic string theory vanish identically for 0 ⩽ n ⩽ 3.
Prototype Integrated Cost and Schedule Control System

Effective management of construction projects depends on good access to and control of data, especially data pertaining to cost and schedulecontrol functions. Long recognizing the need to integrate...
Mycoplasma respiratory tract infection complicated by Stevens-Johnson syndrome and surgical emphysema.

9/l. ChestX-ray showed bilateral patchy shadowing, thus a diagnosisof atypical pneumonia was made and she was treated withintravenous erythromycin and oxygen.On day 5 of admission, she developed widespread targetlesions consistent with erythema multiforme. These lesionssubsequently ulcerated including extensive, painful intra-oral lesions consistent with Stevens–Johnson syndrome.On day 7, she became increasing short of breath, com-plained of chest pain and developed increasing oxygenrequirements. Examination revealed evidence of surgicalemphysema at her neck, shoulders and upper limbs, whichwas confirmed by repeat chest X-ray (Fig. 1). A CT scanshowed extensive air trapping at the mediastinum, neck,chest wall and axillae. In addition, air was evident in theextradural space of the spinal canal.Serology showed a rise of Mycoplasma titre from 1 out of160onday 3 of admission to 1 out of 640 on day 10. Bloodcultures, throat and skin swabs and herpes PCR serologywere negative. In view of the surgical emphysema, a gas-trograffin swallow was performed and demonstrated no oe-sophageal perforation, indicating that the air leak was dueto bronchial erosion secondary to the Stevens–Johnson syn-drome lesions.Daily serial chest X-rays showed no mediastinal expan-sion, therefore she was treated conservatively for 14 dayswith erythromycin, oxygen, pain relief and skin care.
Variation in violaxanthin and lutein cycle components in two provenances of Acer grandidentatum L. exposed to contrasting light

The ability of ornamental plants to acclimate to contrasting light environments via photoprotection mechanisms such as the violaxanthin (V) and lutein (Lx) cycles determines their success in managed landscapes. This study investigated whether provenance of origin influenced V and Lx cycle components in Acer grandidentatum L. (bigtooth maple) exposed to contrasting light environments. Seven-year-old bigtooth maple plants from two provenances, Lost Maples State Natural Area, Texas (LMPTX) and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas (GMTX) were subjected to unshaded conditions and 48 % shade. Regardless of light treatment, β-carotene content of plants from the LMPTX provenance (1,181 μg g−1) was higher than those from GMTX (964 μg g−1). Lutein content declined from day 5 to 10, but returned to day 5 levels at the end of the experiment at day 15. In contrast, more α-carotene accumulated at day 10 than at day 5. Although the conversion state of the xanthophyll pigment pool was unchanged, zeaxanthin was higher in unshaded than shaded bigtooth maple plants. Chlorophyll a and b decreased from day 5 to 10 and then increased on day 15. Light treatment did not cause photosystem II efficiency and relative water content to differ between the provenances, suggesting that they effectively acclimated to contrasting light conditions.
Carbomolybdate clusters formed by carbonyl insertion into molybdenum-oxygen bonds. Structural investigation of the [RMo4O15X]3− core (R C9H4O, X OCH3; R C14H10, X C7H5O2; R C14H8, X OH)

Abstract [C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [Mo 2 O 7 ] reacts with a variety of organic species containing α-diketone groups to give tetranuclear complexes of general composition [RMo 4 O 15 X] 3− . The complexes [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 3 [(C 9 H 4 O)Mo 4 O 15 (OCH 3 )] ( I ), [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 3 [(C 14 H 10 )Mo 4 O 15 (C 6 H 5 CO 2 )] ( 11 ) and [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 3 [(C 14 H 8 )Mo 4 O 15 (OH)] ( III ) were synthesized from the reactions of dimolybdate with ninhydrin, benzil and phenanthraquinone, respectively. Complex II may also be prepared from dimolybdate and benzoin in acetonitrile-methanol solution, from which it co-crystallizes with the binuclear species [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 2 [Mo 2 O 5 (C 6 H 5 C(O)C(O)C 6 H 5 ) 2 ] · CH 3 CN · CH 3 OH ( IV ). Complexes I–III exhibit the tetranuclear core, previously described for the α-glyoxal derivatives [(C 4 H 9 ) 4 N] 3 [(HCCH)Mo 4 O 15 X], where X  F − or HCO 2 − . The ligands may be formally described as diketals, formed by insertion of ligand carbonyl subunits into molybdenum-oxygen bonds. The structures I–III differ most dramatically in the identity and coordination mode of the anionic ligand X − which occupies a position opposite the diketal moiety relative to the [Mo 4 O 11 ] 2+ central cage. Thus, I exhibits a doubly bridging methoxy group in this position, while II possesses a benzoate ligand with an unusual μ 3 -O,O′coordination mode. Complex III presents a hydroxy-group unsymmetrically bonded to three of the molybdenum centres. The stereochemical consequences of the various coordination modes are discussed. Crystal data: Compound I , monoclinic space group Pc , a = 24.888(2), b = 12.897(3), c = 24.900(3) A, β = 101.94(2)°, D calc = 1.28 g cm −1 for Z = 4. Structure solution and refinement based on 8695 reflections with F o ⩾ 6σ(F o ) (Mo- K α , λ = 0.71073 A) converged at a conventional discrepancy factor of 0.060. Compound II , orthorhombic space group Pbca , a = 20.426(6), b = 26.916(6), c = 32.147(7) A, V = 17673.2(20) A 3 , D calc = 1.33 g cm −3 for Z = 8; 5224 reflections, R = 0.076. Compound III , tetragonal space group I 4 1 / a , a = b = 48.129(6), c = 13.057(2) A, V = 30246.2(12) A 3 , D calc = 1.35 g cm −3 for Z = 16; 5554 reflections, R = 0.053. Compound IV , orthorhombic space group Pnca , a = 16.097(4), b = 16.755(4), c = 25.986(7) A, V = 7008.1(13) A 3 , Z = 4, D calc = 1.18 g cm −3 ; 2944 reflections, R = 0.061.
Attributing health effects to individual particulate matter constituents

There is a general consensus in the scientific community that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) composition plays a significant role in the health effects attributed to PM; indeed, components may be more important than PM concentration alone in explaining health responses. As evidence linking composition to health impacts continues to accumulate in the epidemiological, toxicological, and controlled human exposure arenas, it is becoming more urgent from a policy perspective to determine which components or combination of components are most harmful to human health. While several reviews on this topic have focused on specific types of studies, such as source apportionment studies or those using concentrated ambient particles (CAPs), no review has been published that holistically examines the evidence from all component-based studies. In particular, while source apportionment is a useful tool for developing an understanding of potential contributing sources to PM2.5 in certain areas, it is also subject to significant limitations, and therefore results from those studies need to be interpreted with care. We reviewed published studies that (1) included at least two PM components; (2) did not only group them statistically into factors; and (3) quantitatively determined the relationship between the components and health effects. The majority of the studies examined yielded significant findings for specific components of PM, but not for PM concentration, demonstrating that PM alone does not drive health responses. Overall, the epidemiological studies did not fully exonerate any major component class of PM2.5 mass, but did demonstrate that more scrutiny needs to be given to carbon-containing PM components (elemental and organic carbon), as growing evidence suggests these are most strongly associated with adverse health outcomes. The results of controlled human exposure studies are consistent with this premise, although only two such studies were available for consideration. Toxicological studies suggest that several elements, including aluminum, silicon, vanadium, and nickel, are most closely associated with health impacts, although many other elements, as well as carbon-containing components, have been implicated as well. There are no PM components for which there is unequivocal evidence of zero health impact. However, care must be taken in interpreting these results as it is unclear whether a component per se is responsible for health impacts or is an index or surrogate for some other pollutant.
Button device for antegrade enema in the treatment of incontinence and constipation

Antegrade enema through an appendicostomy is effective in improving the quality of life for patients with incontinence or severe constipation. For patients without an appendix, a conventional gastrostomy button was used to create a cecostomy (or ileostomy) that served as a port for the administration of enema solutions.
Successful predictions of three stellar-scale enigmas

Recent observations suggest that pulsars can have planetary systems, that the Galaxy is populated by MACHOs with an average mass on the order of 0.1M ⊙, and that the stellar mass function has a cutoff just below 0.15M ⊙. Each of these findings is at variance with conventional astrophysical assumptions. On the other hand, a fractal cosmological model predicted all three stellar-scale enigmas.
The effect of Ag(I) ions on the rate of electron transfer between aqueous Co(II) and Co(III) ions

Abstract The rate of electron transfer between aqueous cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) ions was found to be significantly enhanced in the presence of silver(I) ions. An equilibrium between cobalt(III) and silver(I) to produce cobalt(II) and silver(II) ions was found to provide an alternate path for the electron transfer. Values of κ3 for the reaction between cobalt(III) and silver(I) were found to be 142 ± 7 M−1 min−1 at 0·4°C and 423 ± 9 M−1 min−1 at 15·8°C in 1 M perchloric acid solutions and at an ionic strength of 1 M. The enthalpy and entropy of activation were calculated to be 10·6 ± 0·5 kcal mole−1 and 16 ± 3 cal mole−1 deg−1, respectively.
Negative staining of protein macromolecules: a simple rapid method.

A simple negative stain technique is described which is suitable for high-resolution imaging of protein molecules in the range of 10 5 to 10 6 daltons. Protein solutions mixed with phosphotungstate stain containing bacitracin are applied to cleaned naked 400- or 500-mesh copper grids resulting in the formation of thin films that are stable in the electron beam. Since no additional support film is present, the stain films are very thin and provide unusually high resolution images of protein molecules. The method is easy and relatively artifact free compared to other high-resolution negative stain methods.
Expression and characterization of recombinant murine lactoferrin

Lactoferrin (Mw=78 kDa) is a member of the transferrin family of iron-binding glycoproteins. Previous studies carried out primarily in vitro indicate that the protein has multifunctional properties and may be involved in regulation of iron homeostasis, inhibition of bacterial growth and regulation of immune responses. However, the significance and species specificity of these proposed functions in vivo have not been adequately addressed due to lack of sufficient purified homospecies lactoferrin for analysis in small animal models. We previously reported the successful production of biologically active recombinant human lactoferrin using an Aspergillus expression system. In the present study, we report the production of recombinant murine lactoferrin using a similar expression strategy. Recombinant murine lactoferrin was purified to homogeneity and was similar in size and immunoreactivity to native murine milk lactoferrin. The recombinant protein was correctly processed at its N-terminus and was glycosylated. Interestingly, while both human and murine lactoferrin bind iron in a 2:1 molar ratio, iron bound to recombinant murine lactoferrin was more acid labile than human lactoferrin, demonstrating species-specific variation in the stability of iron-binding to this protein. Finally, the availability of recombinant murine lactoferrin will now facilitate the study of the species specificity of lactoferrin action in a mouse model system.
Cardiac sarcoma presenting as heart failure and diagnosed as recurrent myxoma by echocardiogram

We report a case of an extremely rare high-grade, undifferentiated cardiac sarcoma. The patient with left atrial myxoma resected 8 months ago presented with pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and subsequently diagnosed to have cardiac sarcoma. Transoesophageal echocardiogram played an important role in diagnosis of left atrial mass. High index of suspicion is required to diagnose left atrial tumour as initially it can present as pneumonia or congestive heart failure and left atrial tumours are not always the myxoma.
Experimental translocation of the endangered shrub Apalachicola rosemary Conradina glabra to the Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve, Florida

Abstract Apalachicola rosemary Conradina glabra Shinners is an endangered woody mint, endemic to the northwestern portion of Liberty County, Florida, USA. Because the few remaining populations of this species are on private silvicultural lands and subject to disturbance, C. glabra was reintroduced within its original range onto The Nature Conservancy's Apalachicola Bluffs and Ravines Preserve. Forty-eight plots of nine rooted cuttings were planted in each of three sites at the preserve in 1991. All above-ground herbaceous and small woody vegetation was clipped monthly during the growing season around 24 of the plots at each site in 1991 and 1992. Removal of competition resulted in significantly taller plants with more branches and flowers than in control plots across all sites. By the end of the second growing season, however, treatment effects diminished. Survival of planted cuttings was 94%, but was reduced by the prescribed fire management applied to two of the sites. Roughly 25% of the plants which had 50–100% tissue scorch in the fires resprouted. Seedling establishment was highest in the burned sites, and almost entirely limited to clipped plots. Evaluation of the success of this translocation effort will require long-term monitoring of these C. glabra populations and some reduction of fuel around plants prior to prescribed burning.
Hæmoglobin F and the Genetic Control of Protein Structure

THE publication of a hypothesis concerning haemoglobin synthesis presented recently in Nature by Drs. Zuelzer and Robinson1 prompts me to comment briefly. Their article concerns the genetic control of the synthesis of the peptide chains of the human haemoglobins : A (adult) = α2β2, F (fœtal) = α2γ2, and A 2 (the minor adult haemoglobin) = α2δ2. The symbols α, β, γ, δ are used to denote the peptide chains of which the haemoglobin molecules are composed and also the genes controlling their structure. The authors propose that “the production of γ-chains is under the control of the same pair of genes which determines the formation of β-chains, once the maturation of the fœtus has reached the point where adult haemoglobin can be made”. Again, in cases of thalassaemia, for example, where there seemed to be a block in the synthesis of β-chains due to a substitution in the chain, “the simplest possible assumption seemed to be that the character or site of the substitution in the β-chain itself determined the nature of the by-product, γ or δ, accumulating in consequence of a block in the metabolic pathway of β-chain synthesis”.
Circumferential and focal radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus.

This invited profile summarizes the technical aspects and clinical trial results related to the use of circumferential and focal radiofrequency ablation in the management algorithm for Barrett’s esophagus. What makes this relatively new endoscopic intervention unique is its promising safety and efficacy profile reported in published clinical trials. This technology appears to have overcome many of the limitations of prior endoscopic ablative modalities, and is thus garnering a role in the management of this disease state.
Decreasing the Side Wall Contamination in Wind Tunnels

To study boundary layers in the transitional Reynolds number regime, the useful spanwise and streamwise extent of wind tunnels is often limited by turbulent fluid emanating from the side walls. Some or all of the turbulent fluid can be removed by sucking fluid out at the corners, as suggested by Amini. It is shown that by optimizing the suction slot width, the side wall contamination can be dramatically decreased without a concomitant three-dimensional distortion of the laminar boundary layer.
Elastic expansion of the lithosphere caused by groundwater withdrawal in south-central Arizona

(Accepted for publication April 26, 1978) ABSTRACT: Relative crustal uplift observed from 1948-49 to 1967 in the Lower Santa Cruz River Basin in south-central Arizona is attributed at least in part to elastic expansion of the lithosphere induced by the removal, and subsequent loss by evapotranspiration, of 4.35 x 1013 kg of groundwater from alluvium. The area of unloading is approximately 8070 km2. Uplift, relative to an apparently stable area west of the unloaded area, was observed in two areas near Casa Grande and Florence where crystalline bedrock is either close to the land surface or crops out through alluvium from which groundwater was withdrawn. The magnitudes of uplift were approximately 6.3 and 7.5 cm respectively. The observations are based on first-order leveling. The observations are significant at three standard deviations for random surveying errors, and are not believed to be affected by systematic errors. However, the 7.5-cm uplift observed at Florence may be from 1 to 2 cm in excess of the actual uplift because of the possibility of subsidence of a tie point due to groundwater pumping during the leveling in 1948-49. Uplift is attributed to groundwater withdrawal on three bases. First, the observed uplift is consistent with a theoretical evaluation of elastic expansion based on linear elasticity theory. For the observed distribution of unloading and uplift and a Poisson's ratio of 0.25, a Young's modulus for the lithosphere of approximately 0.68 Mbar is implied. This value is comparable to values of the lithosphere reported elsewhere. Second, the magnitude of uplift compares favorably with the magnitude of elastic depression caused by the formation of Lake Mead, Arizona—Nevada, 430 km northwest of the study area, when allowance is made for the different magnitudes and areal distributions of surface (un)loading. And third, in the area near Casa Grande, a reversal in the sense of bedrock displacement form subsidence of tectonic origin to uplift approximately coincided with the beginning of large groundwater overdraft. The uplift from 1948 to 1967 near Casa Grande was preceded from 1905 to 1948 by 7-8 cm of tectonic subsidence; no precise data for the area near Florence are available before 1948.
Geometric Predictions of Scaling at Tricritical Points

The shapes of the three critical lines meeting at a tricritical point are discussed in the light of the homogeneity hypothesis. We give a complete listing of possible shapes consistent with scaling. Certain possible geometries are thereby shown to be inconsistent with scaling. Application of these ideas to the crossover regions is shown to considerably simplify the "metric problem" posed by Riedel.
THE MAJORITY OF EPIDERMAL T CELLS IN PSORIASIS VULGARIS LESIONS CAN PRODUCE TYPE 1 CYTOKINES, INTERFERON-GAMMA, INTERLEUKIN-2, AND TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA, DEFINING TC1 (CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE) AND TH1 EFFECTOR POPULATIONS: A TYPE 1 DIFFERENTIATION BIAS IS ALSO MEASURED IN CIRCULATING BLOOD T CELLS IN PSORIATIC PATIENTS

Psoriasis vulgaris is a skin disease potentially mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by type 1 lesional T cells. The capability of individual T cells to produce these cytokines in lesional skin is not known. In this study we measured the ability of lesional and peripheral blood T cells to produce intracellular interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 proteins as detected by flow cytometric analysis. Cytokine synthesis was induced by activation with ionomycin/phorbol myristate acetate (in the presence of Brefeldin A, which inhibits the exocytosis of these cytokines). After stimulation, we found relatively high percentages of epidermal CD8 and CD4 T cells capable of producing interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-2, whereas few T cells, + and CD4 + T cells are capable of type 1 effector functions (TC1 and TH1, respectively). This activation scheme was repeated on peripheral blood T cells from psoriatic patients versus healthy controls, where we also found a type 1 bias. In order to evaluate quantitatively the type 1 cytokine bias, we compared the frequency of type 2 interleukin-4 producing versus type 1 interferon-γ producing T cells in our assay and found a shift towards type 1 producing cells. This shift reveals a type 1 differentiation bias in both lesional areas and in the peripheral blood, which may indicate an imbalance within the T cell population, which is contributing to the chronic or sustained immunologic activation of T cells found in this disease.
Characterization of doped NiAl by atom probe field ion microscopy

The atom probe field ion microscope (APFIM) was used to characterize grain boundaries and matrix in NiAl doped with either boron, carbon or beryllium. Boron was observed to segregate to grain boundaries whereas carbon and beryllium did not. Atom probe analyses of the matrix revealed that the matrix was severely depleted of the solute in the boron- and carbon-doped alloys. Field ion imaging and matrix analyses also revealed ultrafine MB[sub 2] - and MC-type precipitates ranging in size between 2 run and 20 mm in diameter in the boron- and carbon-doped alloys. These precipitates occurred in significant number densities. Atom probe analyses of beryllium-doped NiAl did not reveal ultrafine precipitates and was consistent with the fact that almost all the beryllium was in solid solution. The enormous increase in yield stress in the boron- and carbon-doped alloys is predominantly due to a precipitation hardening effect. The small increase in yield stress in beryllium-doped NiAl is due to a mild substitutional solid solution hardening effect.
The role of experience in the Gambler's Fallacy

Recent papers have demonstrated that the way people acquire information about a decision problem, by experience or by abstract description, can affect their behavior. We examined the role of experience over time in the emergence of the Gambler's Fallacy in binary prediction tasks. Theories of the Gambler's Fallacy and models of binary prediction suggest that recency bias, elicited by experience over time, may play a significant role. An experiment compared a condition where participants sequentially predicted the colored outcomes of a virtual roulette wheel spin with a condition where the wheel's past outcomes were presented all at once. In a third condition outcomes were presented sequentially in an automatic fashion without intervening predictions. Subjects were yoked so that the same history of outcomes was observed in all conditions. The results revealed the Gambler's Fallacy when outcomes were experienced (with or without predictions). However, the Gambler's Fallacy was attenuated when the same outcomes were presented all at once. Observing the Gambler's Fallacy in the third condition suggests that the presentation of information over time is a significant antecedent of the bias. A second experiment demonstrated that, while the bias can emerge with an all-at-once presentation that makes recent outcomes salient (Burns & Corpus, 2004), the bias did not emerge when the presentation did not draw attention to recent outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monte Carlo tolerancing shell for FLIR92

A program named `MRTTOL' has been devised to help in evaluating the performance of forward looking infrared (FLIR) systems in the presence of tolerances. It is essentially a shell program to execute the NVESD analysis program `FLIR92' multiple times with randomly varied input parameters, then calculate statistics on the minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) predictions of FLIR92. The input to FLIR92 is a template-style data file in which the data must be in a certain sequence within each of a set of data blocks. This lends itself well to setting up a file of tolerances with a one-to-one correspondence with each of the datum inputs. The MRTTOL program expects just this correspondence between a `nominal' data file and a `tolerance' file giving the expected variations on each of the datum in the `nominal' file. The program interprets each tolerance as being the 2-sigma variation of the associated datum in the nominal file. It repeatedly sets up a perturbed data set by randomly varying each input value, runs FLIR92 with the perturbed data set, and accumulates the horizontal, vertical, and 2-D MRTD values in an output file. After running whatever number of perturbed data sets the user calls for, the program calculates the mean and standard deviation of the MRTD at each of 20 equally spaced spatial frequencies (increment set by the user). The output lists the expected values of MRTD for cumulative probabilities at several percentages from 50% to 3-sigma.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tracer study of the surface diffusivity of UO2

Abstract The surface self-diffusion coefficient D8 for uranium ions on polycrystalline UO2.00 was measured in the temperature range 1544 to 1915 °C. A radioactive tracer technique employing diffusive spread of uranium from a UO2 point source on a planar UO2 surface was used. The radial distributions of diffusing atoms after diffusion anneals were analyzed to determine the diffusion coefficients. The surface diffusion coefficient was observed to obey the relationship Ds = 5.64 × 107exp (−120 700/RT) cm2/sec.
Future research investment strategies

The development of DARPA research investment strategies which focus on future national security questions whose answers are deeply rooted in advancing technologies, will be discussed. Examples of research initiatives which have been undertaken will be described for areas such as: Internetting a variety of computer networks; Operating multiple microprocessors by clustering techniques; Symbolic correlation in imaging; Adaptive fire control systems; Adaptive decision aiding, Automatic information pacing and Adaptive multi-sensor processing.
Dye marking neurons in the eye of Aplysia

Abstract 1. 1. Intracellular responses from the cells of the eye of Aplysia were of 3 general types: depolarizing receptors (R), hyperpolarizing receptors (H) and neurons (D) that spike in correlation with both dark activity and light evoked CAP in the optic nerve (Fig. 2). 2. 2. These cell types were injected with Procion Yellow to mark their position in the retina (Figs. 3 & 4). 3. 3. Backfilling the retinal cells with Procion Yellow filled receptor cells in the pigmented retina and (D) neurons in the neuropile region showing that probably both of these cell types have axons in the optic nerve (Figs. 5, 6 & 7). 4. 4. These data suggest that autogenic (or circadian) activity in the R receptors or D neurons would be directly represented in the optic nerve by the axons of these cells.
Polar twins in lithium metasilicate and metagermanate (Li2SiO3, Li2GeO3) single crystals

Abstract 180° twins have been discovered in isostructural compounds, lithium metasilicate and metagermanate. Sign of the polar axis is assigned by the piezoelectric measurements and is correlated with the etching behavior of the positive and negative surfaces of the c -cut plates of the crystals.
Direct and catalyzed electrochemical syntheses in microemulsions

Abstract A series of electrochemical reductions were carried out in microemulsions with a view to determining the utility of these novel fluids for preparative electrochemistry. Direct reduction of nitrobenzene in a microemulsion of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), hexane, and water gave azoxybenzene as the product. With HCl in the water phase, azoxybenzene and azobenzene were produced. This, together with spectroscopic results, demonstrates that nitrobenzene resides in a polar region of low proton availability. Reduction of aryl iodides and aromatic hydrocarbons in microemulsions resulted in clean reductive cleavage of the carbon–iodine bond, followed by reduction of the aromatic rings. Doubly electrocatalytic reduction of benzal chloride to toluene was also accomplished by using various cobalt complexes in a DDAB microemulsion. Cyclization of a cyclohexenyl bromoacetal ( 24 ) gave an unsaturated bicyclic product ( 25 ) at low potentials with simultaneous irradiation by visible light using a 0.2 ratio of vitamin B 12 to reactant in a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) microemulsion and in organic solvents. Using a 0.01 ratio of catalyst to reactant and −1.8 V, production of the corresponding saturated bicyclic product ( 26 ) was found in the microemulsion, but not in organic solvents. Results suggest new possibilities for synthetic pathway control using microemulsions.
Syntheses of amino nitrones. Potential intramolecular traps for radical intermediates in monoamine oxidase-catalyzed reactions.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a flavin-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of a variety of amine neurotransmitters and toxic amines. Although there have been several studies that support the intermediacy of an amine radical cation and an alpha-radical during enzyme catalysis, there is no direct, i.e. EPR, evidence for these species as they are formed. Amino nitrones have been designed which, upon radical formation would produce an intermediate that is a resonance structure of the corresponding nitroxyl radical, which should be observable by EPR spectroscopy. Syntheses of seven different amino nitrones, three acyclic, and four cyclic analogues were attempted. The protected amino nitrones were stable, but all three of the acyclic amino nitrones were unstable. One of the cyclic analogues was very stable (39), one was stable only in organic solvents (40), one was stable only in aqueous medium below pH 6.5 (41), and the other (42) was stable for just a short time at room temperature, decomposing to a stable free radical. None of these analogues produced a MAO-catalyzed radical, yet 41 is a poor substrate (Km=0.2mM; k(cat) = 0.034 min-1) and 39 is a mixed inhibitor (Ki = 26.5 mM). Although this approach does not appear to be applicable to amino nitrones, it should be a valuable approach for other enzymes where radical intermediates are suspected and nonamine nitrones can be utilized.