cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ambulatory monitoring of the digitized electrocardiogram for detection and early warning of transient myocardial ischemia in angina pectoris.

Abstract Patients with coronary artery disease have frequent asymptomatic episodes of ischemic ST-segment depression. A new solid-state recorder that analyzes the digitized electrocardiogram (ECG) in real time has been tested for accuracy in detection and quantitation of these events by comparison with a direct ECG during exercise testing and a frequency-modulated recorder during ambulatory monitoring. The device can also be programmed to produce a tone at the onset of ischemic ST-segment depression, and this tone is used to initiate self-administration of nitroglycerin in an attempt to control myocardial ischemic events. The solid-state recorder demonstrated adequate sensitivity and specificity during exercise (100% and 92%, respectively) for detection and quantitation of episodes of ischemic ST-segment depression. In addition, Monitor one TM accurately measured the duration of ischemic events during exercise testing (r = 0.95, p = 0.001) and the number (r = 0.92, p = 0.001) and duration (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) of ischemic events during ambulatory monitoring. When the audible tone was used to initiate use of nitroglycerin, the duration of episodes of ischemic ST-segment depression was reduced from 105 ± 74 min/24 hours to 58 ± 49 min/24 hours (p = 0.02). Thus, a solid-state ECG recorder capable of long-term monitoring appears to accurately detect and quantify episodes of ischemic ST-segment depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Also, patients can interact with an audible tone to key self-administration of therapy in an attempt to control asymptomatic episodes of transient myocardial ischemia.
Variation in coding exons of two electrophoretic alleles at the pigtail macaque carbonic anhydrase I locus as determined by direct, double-stranded sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products

Two, electrophoretically distinct, forms of carbonic anhydrase I (CA Ia and CA Ib) are found at high polymorphic frequencies in red cells of natural populations of pigtail macaques,Macaca nemestrina, from southeast Asia. By use of the polymerase chain reaction, exons of the CA I gene were amplified from homozygous (a/a, b/b) and heterozygous (a/b) animals. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA from four animals revealed differences between the a and the b electrophoretic alleles ranging from three to six nucleotides, and from one to three differences within each allele. These results indicate a greater genetic variability at the CA I locus in this macaque species than previously realized.
Evidence for a tetraoxo intermediate in a reaction between a superoxometal complex and acylperoxyl radicals.

The superoxo complex Cr{sub aq}({sup 18}O{sup 18}O){sup 2+} reacts with (CH{sub 3}){sub 3}C(O){sup 16}O{sup 16}O{sup {center_dot}} to generate quantitative yields of mixed-label dioxygen, {sup 18}O{sup 16}O, demonstrating that this cross-reaction involves head-to-head interaction between the metal-activated and alkyl-activated dioxygen.
Role of the membrane potential in serum-stimulated uptake of amino acid in a diploid human fibroblast.

The Na/sup +/-dependent accumulation of ..cap alpha..-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), measured in normal growing and quiescent (serum-derived) HSWP cells (human diploid fibroblast), was found to be 2-fold higher (AIB/sub in//AIB/sub out/ = 20 to 25) under normal growing conditions. Serum stimulation of quiescent cells increases their AIB concentrating capacity by approximately 70 percent within 1 hr. These observations suggest that the driving forces for AIB accumulation may be reversibly influenced by the serum concentration of the growth medium. Addition of valinomycin (Val) to cells pre-equilibrated with AIB causes an enhanced accumulation of AIB, suggesting that the membrane potential can serve as a driving force for AIB accumulation. After pre-equilibration with AIB in 6 mM K/sup +/, transition to 94 mM K/sup +/ with Val results in a marked and rapid net loss of AIB. The effect of Val on the accumulation of AIB is greatest in quiescent cells, with the intracellular AIB concentrations reaching those seen in both Val-stimulated, normal cells and Val-stimulated, serum-stimulated cells. By adjusting (K/sup +/)/sub 0/, in the presence of Val, the membrane potential of growing cells can be matched to that of quiescent cells or vice versa. The resultant AIB accumulating capacity is characteristic of themore » membrane potential rather than of the growth state. In summary, these data suggest that the accumulation of AIB in HSWP cells may be influenced by changes in membrane potential and that a serum-associated membrane hyperpolarization could be partly responsible for the increased capacity for AIB accumulation in serum-stimulated cells.« less
ROLE OF PROTEIN KINASE C IN BASAL AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-STIMULATED NF-KAPPA B ACTIVATION IN THE MURINE MACROPHAGE J774A.1 CELL LINE

In macrophages, hydrogen peroxide appears to be a physiological activator of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B); however, the molecular basis of H2O2-stimulated NF-kappa B activation is not well defined. The observations that NF-kappa B can be activated in cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and in vitro by addition of protein kinase C (PKC) are suggestive of a role of PKC in NF-kappa B activation, which was investigated in the J774A.1 murine macrophage cell line. Basal NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity and nuclear localization were decreased by PKC inhibitors. Although PKC activity was modified by H2O2 with a similar time course as H2O2 activation of NF-kappa B, the H2O2-stimulated increase in NF-kappa B DNA binding and translocation to the nucleus was unaffected by PKC inhibitors. Furthermore, PKC down-regulation (through preincubation with phorbol esters) also affected only baseline NF-kappa B DNA binding but not H2O2-stimulated NF-kappa B activation. Buffering of changes in intracellular free calcium concentration also had no effect upon H2O2-stimulated NF-kappa B activation. Thus, classical PKC activity may modulate basal NF-kappa B activity but does not participate in H2O2-stimulated NF-kappa B activation.
Soil retention of trifluoroacetate

The phase out of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has resulted in the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as environmentally acceptable alternative chemicals. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) has been identified as a degradation byproduct of these compounds, which largely returns to Earth's surface via precipitation. Little is known about the environmental and ecological fate of TFA. Soil retention studies were conducted to evaluate the potential accumulation of TFA in soil of terrestrial ecosystems. Batch equilibrium studies showed that detectable TFA was retained by 34 of 54 soils collected from diverse locations. Retention ranged from a high of 260 to 25 μmol kg-1 (0−60% of added TFA). Most soils (43 of 54) did not retain TFA strongly (>25%), but soils high in organic matter and some mineral soils with high iron and aluminum content exhibited strong retention. Trifluoroacetate retention was correlated (r = 0.60) with % organic matter content. Organic soils from wetlands, peatlands...
A distributed fault diagnosis method based on digraph models : steady-state analysis

Abstract We develop a highly modular fault diagnosis methodology using digraph models of process behavior. Digraph models are appealing because they are easy to understand, they can be developed from either empirical or fundamental knowledge, and they can be analyzed using the host of results available from graph theory. A modular approach is desirable for implementation in modern distributed control systems. All the available digraph methods rely on a global view of the process data, so they are not easily implemented in a highly distributed setting. The present method is developed carefully from graph theory, and uses off-line analysis of digraph structure to reduce the on-line computation wherever possible. The on-line work is specifically designed for a distributed implementation in which each sensor and controller currently in an abnormal state examines the states for a small number of adjacent measurements to suggest possible faults, including both measured and unmeasured variables. Attention is paid to the issues of diagnostic completeness, diagnostic resolution and computational effort.
Mechanisms of Altered Prolactin Secretion due to the Administration of Interleukin-1 β into the Brain Ventricles of the Rat

The ability of the intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to alter plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in rats remains controversial, with reports of increases, decreases, or no c
Comparison of single-element and double-element storage cells using continuous magnetic film

Practical comparisons of magnetic-film storage cells suitable for word-organised matrixes show that the usual cell, formed by the orthogonal intersection of one word conductor and one digit conductor (1W1D), can be replaced advantageously by a cell involving a pair of word conductors, carrying opposite currents, and a single digit conductor (2W1D). Compared with 1W1D cells, 2W1D cells tolerate more skew of the easy axis of the film; interactions between 2W1D cells in adjacent words are substantially lower, and those between adjacent cells in the same word are similar; and noise during reading of 2W1D cells is low, whether coupling between word and sense conductors is due to capacitance or to distortion in substrate eddy currents near plate corners.A 2W1D-matrix module has been made that is compatible with a previously described 1W1D module.
Effects of antiestrogens on the induction of vitellogenin and its mRNA in Xenopus laevis.

The egg yolk protein precursor vitellogenin is induced by estrogen in the liver of male Xenopus laevis. The large rise in serum vitellogenin is accompanied by a corresponding increase in intracellular levels of vitellogenin and its mRNA. In the present study this model system was used to examine the subcellular sites of action of triphenylethylene antiestrogens (e.g. tamoxifen). Tamoxifen was extensively metabolized to 4-hydroxytamoxifen in Xenopus and both of these antiestrogens were used in this study. Pre-injection with tamoxifen or 4-hydroxytamoxifen suppressed the estrogen-dependent induction of vitellogenin in serum. 4-Hydroxytamoxifen also inhibited the induction of intracellular vitellogenin and its mRNA by estrogen suggesting that this metabolite of tamoxifen is able to inhibit estrogen-induced transcription of the vitellogenin genes. Neither tamoxifen nor 4-hydroxytamoxifen stimulated the production of serum vitellogenin as assayed by a sensitive dot immunoblot assay. However either compound alone induced low amounts of vitellogenin mRNA and stimulated the production of intracellular vitellogenin to levels 10-40% of those produced by similar doses of estradiol. Since 10-40% of the serum levels of vitellogenin produced by estradiol would have been detected by the dot immunoblot assay, these data suggest that antiestrogens may have effects on post-translational processing or secretion of vitellogenin in addition to their effects on vitellogenin transcription.
Assessing the Efficacy of Rational Recovery in the Treatment of Alcohol/Drug Dependency

Abstract This research addresses the efficacy of Rational Recovery (RR) as a treatment modality. Two groups often (10) alcohol/drug dependent subjects were exposed to two different treatment approaches at an outpatient-counseling center in the Southwest United States. All subjects were given the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-2 (SASSI-2) as a measurement of symptoms associated with alcohol/drug dependency. Findings showed that the RR group showed significant change from pre to post-test administration of the SASSI. The results indicate that RR can be an effective treatment for enhancing openness and decreasing denial for alcohol/drug dependent subjects.
Formation of thin rods of pyrolytic carbon by heating with a focused carbon dioxide laser

Abstract Rods of pyrolytic carbon several centimeters long with submillimeter diameters were grown in an atmosphere of flowing gaseous hydrocarbon by heating with a focused CO 2 laser. The carbon deposits with the average c-direction along the axis of the rod.
Effect of storage temperatures and ingredients on growth of Bacillus cereus in coffee creamers.

Growth of Bacillus cereus ATCC 33018 was evaluated in half and half (10.5% fat), whipping cream (30% fat), and nondairy creamer (7.5% fat). Samples were inoculated with approximately 10 vegetative cells/ml or 100 spores/ml and were subsequently stored at 4, 7, 23, and 32°C. Within 9 h at 32°C and 11 h at 23°C, in both half and half and whipping cream, vegetative cells and spores reached population levels that can cause foodborne illness. No growth occurred in any product stored at 4 or 7°C. Sodium stearoyl lactylate, a fatty acid derivative that is used as an emulsifier, inhibited growth of spores and vegetative cells in the nondairy creamers stored at either 32 or 23°C.
Nondestructive critical pressure determination of defect zones in vessel-like constructions

ABSTRACT In this paper we present a holographic technique which is used for the monitoring of thin shell structures.The technique provides a quantitative measurement of the stress concentration in the early stage of loadand permits one to predict the magnitude of critical loads and location of faults in the construction. Failureof the structure is shown to be correlated to the point in the structure where the stress concentration is highest. The holographic technique is based on taking and comparing two holograms of the structure each under different load conditions. For example, if the structure is a tank holding corrosive material a hologram is first formed of the tank. A second hologram is then formed with the tank under increased(decreased) load. Comparison between the two hologram then leads to the quantitative measurement of the stress concentration as a function of position. The holographic system is based on a thermoplastic holographic camera and a simple HeNe laser. The system is portable and is attached to the structure during
Downstream effects of diversion dams on sediment and hydraulic conditions of Rocky Mountain streams

Reduced streamflow via flow diversion has the potential to limit the sediment-transport capacity of downstream channels and lead to accumulation of fine sediments and habitat degradation. To investigate, we examined the effects of variable levels of flow diversion on fine-sediment deposition, hydraulic conditions and geomorphic alteration. Our study consisted of a detailed field analysis pairing reaches above and below diversion dams on 13 mountain streams in north-central Colorado and southern Wyoming USA. Diversions are ubiquitous across the American West, yet previous comparative studies on the effects of flow diversion have yielded mixed results. Through application of strict site-selection criteria, multiple fine-sediment measures, and an intensive sampling scheme, this study found that channels downstream of diversions contained significantly more fine sediment and slow-flowing habitat as compared to upstream control reaches. Susceptibility to fine-sediment accumulation was associated with decreasing basin size, decreasing bankfull depth and smaller d84, and it appears to be magnified in streams of less than 3% slope. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NRL/USNO two way time transfer modem design and test results

The US Naval Research Laboratory has developed a two-way time transfer modem for the United States Naval Observatory. An overview of the hardware and software design of the digital modem showing its unique features and results of satellite testing is presented. Time transfer performance is achieved in the hardware by a combination of stability, matching and calibration. Hardware stability is achieved by using synchronous digital methods in both the transmitter and receiver sections. Identical narrowband filters are used in the transmitter and the receiver section to help match temperature-dependent delays. Time transfer between sites is a master-slave technique, a master site transferring time to a network of slave sites. A personal computer is used for operator interface, modem control, data collection, and processing. With this method, both sites can be automated. Initial tests have been conducted to evaluate and verify modem performance and reduce the effects of other systematic errors. >
Gas-liquid equilibria in mixtures of hydrogen and thianaphthene

Gas-liquid equilibrium conditions in binary mixtures of hydrogen and thianaphthene were experimentally determined at temperatures of 190 to 430°C and pressures to 250 atm in a flow apparatus. The same apparatus was also employed to measure the vapor pressure of thianaphthene. Comparisons of the new mixture data with Chao-Seader and Grayson-Streed correlations show that both correlations predict the thianaphthene equilibrium ratios well but are in error by up to about 45 and 35% respectively for K-values of hydrogen. On a determine experimentalement les conditions d'equilibre liquide-vapeur des melanges binaires d'hydrogene et de thionaphtene; on a fait cette determination dans un appareil a debit continu, a des temperatures comprises entre 190°C et 430°C et sous des pressions allant jusqu'a 250 atmospheres. On a employe le měme appareil pour mesurer la pression de vapeur du thionaphtene. On a compare les resultats obtenus avec le nouveau melange avec les correlations de Chao et Seader et de Grayson et Streed, et l'on a trouve que ces deux correlations permettaient de bien prevoir les rapports d'equilibre du thionaphtene, mais qu'elles etaient respectivement erronees d'environ 45% et 35% dans le cas des valeurs de K de l'hydrogene.
Self-Esteem and Emotion: Some Thoughts about Feelings

Self-esteem has been linked to a diverse array of positive and negative affective states. The present research explored the nature of these relationships. Study 1 found that self-esteem (as measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale) is more closely associated with self-relevant emotional states than with emotional states that do not directly implicate the self. Study 2 replicated these findings and found that although several personality variables predicted participant’s emotional reactions to success and failure, these effects were eliminated once self-esteem was taken into account. Study 3 found that self-esteem predicted participant’s self-relevant emotional reactions to failure but not their non-self-relevant emotional reactions. These findings provide converging evidence that self-esteem is most closely linked to a particular class of emotions that pertain to how people feel about themselves.
Nonperturbative Imaging of Nucleoid Morphology in Live Bacterial Cells during an Antimicrobial Peptide Attack

Studies of time-dependent drug and environmental effects on single, live bacterial cells would benefit significantly from a permeable, nonperturbative, long-lived fluorescent stain specific to the nucleoids (chromosomal DNA). The ideal stain would not affect cell growth rate or nucleoid morphology and dynamics, even during laser illumination for hundreds of camera frames. In this study, time-dependent, single-cell fluorescence imaging with laser excitation and a sensitive electron-multiplying charge-coupled-device (EMCCD) camera critically tested the utility of "dead-cell stains" (SYTOX orange and SYTOX green) and "live-cell stains" (DRAQ5 and SYTO 61) and also 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Surprisingly, the dead-cell stains were nearly ideal for imaging live Escherichia coli, while the live-cell stains and DAPI caused nucleoid expansion and, in some cases, cell permeabilization and the halting of growth. SYTOX orange performed well for both the Gram-negative E. coli and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. In an initial application, we used two-color fluorescence imaging to show that the antimicrobial peptide cecropin A destroyed nucleoid-ribosome segregation over 20 min after permeabilization of the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane, reminiscent of the long-term effects of the drug rifampin. In contrast, the human cathelicidin LL-37, while similar to cecropin A in structure, length, charge, and the ability to permeabilize bacterial membranes, had no observable effect on nucleoid-ribosome segregation. Possible underlying causes are suggested.
Variable carbon isotope fractionation expressed by aerobic CH4-oxidizing bacteria

Carbon isotope fractionation factors reported for aerobic bacterial oxidation of CH4 ðaCH4–CO2 Þ range from 1.003 to 1.039. In a series of experiments designed to monitor changes in the carbon isotopic fractionation of CH4 by Type I and Type II methanotrophic bacteria, we found that the magnitude of fractionation was largely due to the first oxidation step catalyzed by methane monooxygenase (MMO). The most important factor that modulates the ðaCH4–CH3OHÞ is the fraction of the total CH4 oxidized per unit time, which strongly correlates to the cell density of the growth cultures under constant flow conditions. At cell densities of less than 0.1 g/L, fractionation factors greater than 1.03 were observed, whereas at cell densities greater than 0.5 g/L the fractionation factors decreased to as low as 1.002. At low cell densities, low concentrations of MMO limit the amount of CH4 oxidized, while at higher cell densities, the overall rates of CH4 oxidation increase sufficiently that diffusion of CH4 from the gaseous to dissolved state and into the cells is likely the rate-determining step. Thus, the residual CH4 is more fractionated at low cell densities, when only a small fraction of the total CH4 has been oxidized, than at high cell densities, when up to 40% of the influent CH4 has been utilized. Therefore, since Rayleigh distillation behavior is not observed, d 13 C values of the residual CH4 cannot be used to infer the amount oxidized in either laboratory or field-studies. The measured ðaCH4–CH3OHÞ was the same for both Type I and Type II methanotrophs expressing particulate or soluble MMO. However, large differences in the d 13 C values of biomass produced by the two types of methanotrophs were observed. Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (Type II) produced biomass with d 13 C values about 15& higher than the dissimilated CO2, whereas Methylomonas methanica (Type I) produced biomass with d 13 C values only about 6& higher than the CO2. These effects were independent of the magnitude of the initial carbon isotope fractionation caused by MMO and were relatively constant despite changing ratios of assimilatory to dissimilatory carbon transformation by the organisms. This suggests that the difference in biomass carbon isotopes is primarily due to differences in the fractionation effect at the formaldehyde branch point in the metabolic pathway, rather than assimilation of CO2 by Type II methanotrophs.
A plant-and-play wireless sensor network system for gate monitoring

We present a practical plant-and-play wireless sensor network system for entry-exit monitoring. Our system is easily configurable and robust, making it feasible to be deployed in a wide range of entry-exit monitoring applications. At the core of our system lies a novel MAC protocol that is self-synchronizing. Notably, our MAC protocol allows the nodes to maintain a very low duty cycle (the radios are in sleep mode 100% of the time in the absence of detections), while also enabling quick synchronization of the nodes (when needed) for a consistent classification of entry or exit events. We have deployed this system for monitoring a faculty parking lot at our university and integrated it with an SMS notification system to provide information on the availability of parking spots on demand. We present the parking lot occupancy trends obtained through this deployment and discuss some of the reliability issues encountered.
Using frequency maps to constrain the distribution function of the Milky Way stellar halo

Resolved surveys of the Milky Way's stellar halo can obtain all 6 phase space coordinates of tens of thousands of individual stars, making it possible to compute their 3-dimensional orbits. Spectral analysis of large numbers of halo orbits can be used to construct frequency maps which are a compact, yet informative representation of their phase space distribution function (DF). Such maps can be used to infer the major types of orbit families that constitute the DF of stellar halo and their relative abundances. The structure of the frequency maps, especially the resonant orbits, reflects the formation history and shape of the dark matter potential and its orientation relative to the disk. The application of frequency analysis to cosmological hydrodynamic simulations of disk galaxies shows that the orbital families occupied by halo stars and dark matter particles are very similar, implying that stellar halo orbits can be used to constrain the DF of the dark matter halo, possibly impacting future direct dark matter detection experiments. An application of these methods to a sample of \sim 16,000 Milky Way halo and thick disk stars from the SDSS-SEGUE survey yields a frequency map with strong evidence for resonant trapping of halo stars by the Milky Way disk, in a manner predicted by controlled simulations in which the disk grows adiabatically. The application of frequency analysis methods to current and future phase space data for Milky Way halo stars will provide new insights into the formation history of the dierent components of the Galaxy and the DF of the halo.
Increased Myocardial Gene Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Nitric Oxide Synthase-2 A Potential Mechanism for Depressed Myocardial Function in Hibernating Myocardium in Humans

Background— Whether cardioinhibitory cytokines are elevated in regions of hibernating myocardium and account in part for the depression in resting function is currently not known. Methods and Results— Thirteen patients with stable ischemic ventricular dysfunction scheduled for bypass surgery underwent preoperative dobutamine echocardiography (DE) and intraoperative myocardial biopsies. The numbers of copies of mRNA for the negatively inotropic cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) were quantified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. In normal segments, myocardial TNF-α was barely detectable (1.2±0.4 copies per 106 copies of β-actin). A 13.7-fold increase in myocardial TNF-α was observed in dysfunctional segments with a biphasic response to DE (contractile reserve and ischemia) and was highest (45.5-fold) in segments with ischemia and without contractile reserve (P<0.001). A similar graded increase was seen for NOS2. Cytokine results were also s...
An Experimental Analysis of Power and Delay Signal-to-Noise Requirements for Detecting Trojans and Methods for Achieving the Required Detection Sensitivities

New validation methods are needed for ensuring integrated circuit (IC) Trust, and in particular for detecting hardware Trojans. In this paper, we investigate the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements for detecting Trojans by conducting ring oscillator (RO) experiments on a set of V2Pro FPGAs. The ROs enable a high degree of control over the switching activity in the FPGAs while simultaneously permitting subtle delay and transient power supply anomalies to be introduced through simple modifications to the RO logic structure. Power and delay analyses are first carried out across a set of FPGAs using RO configurations that emulate Trojan-free conditions. These experiments are designed to determine the magnitude of process and environmental (PE) variations, and are used to establish statistical limits on the noise floor for the subsequent emulated Trojan experiments. The emulated Trojan experiments introduce anomalies in power and delay in subtle ways as additional loads and series inserted gates. The data from both experiments is used to determine the detection sensitivity of several statistical methods to the transient anomalies introduced by these types of design modifications. A calibration technique is proposed that improves sensitivity to small transient anomalies significantly. Finally, we describe testing techniques that enable high resolution measurements of power and delay to support the proposed calibration and statistics-based detection methods.
Activation of Sensory–Motor Areas in Sentence Comprehension

The sensory--motor account of conceptual processing suggests that modality-specific attributes play a central role in the organization of object and action knowledge in the brain. An opposing view emphasizes the abstract, amodal, and symbolic character of concepts, which are thought to be represented outside the brain’s sensory--motor systems. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which the participants listened to sentences describing hand/arm action events, visual events, or
A study of pulse radiation from several broad-band loaded monopoles

Five previously proposed designs for broad-band monopole antennas are evaluated for pulse radiation. These designs use continuous resistive loading and/or discrete capacitive loading to increase the bandwidth over that of a simple, metallic monopole. The parameters for each of the designs are scaled so that the designs can be compared on a common basis (frequency range). Each of the antennas is analyzed numerically, and quantities characteristic of their pulsed performance are computed. These quantities include the reflected voltage in the feeding transmission line, radiated electric field, radiating efficiency, time-domain gain, fidelity, and symmetry when the monopoles are excited by a differentiated Gaussian pulse. In addition, the input reflection coefficient and gain at broadside for monochromatic excitation are shown. Explanations are provided for the differences in performance for these designs.
Dynamic testing of frequency agile transceivers

New radio transceiver systems pose a measurement challenge to manufacturers and end users alike because many of the system parameters are different from those of previous-generation tactical radios, and test equipment to verify these parameters has not been available. Using dynamic testing of frequency-agile transceivers, the authors identify the important new system parameters, show how these parameters relate to overall system performance, and present commercially available measurement solutions for verifying performance. Measured results of a SINCGARS-like VHF transceiver are presented. >
Equational Realizations of Switching Functions

Equational logic is an approach to combinational synthesis based on the equation f(x) = 1 rather than on the function f(x). The central problem of equational logic is to find a system of equations g i (x) = h i (x) (i = 1,2,...,k), of the simplest possible form, that has the same solutions as f(x) = 1. Given such a k-equation system, f(x) may be realized as the output of a k-wide digital comparator whose inputs are the 2k g's and h's constituting the system.
Utility optimization for dynamic peer-to-peer networks with tit-for-tat constraints

We consider a peer-to-peer network where nodes can send and receive files amongst their peers. File requests are generated randomly, and each new file can correspond to a different subset of peers that already have the file and hence can assist in the download. Nodes that help others are rewarded by being able to download more. The goal is to design a control algorithm that allocates requests and schedules transmissions to maximize overall throughput-utility, subject to meeting “tit-for-tat” constraints that incentivize participation. Our algorithm is shown to operate efficiently on networks with arbitrary traffic and channel sample paths, including wireless networks whose capacity can be significantly extended by the peer-to-peer functionality.
A Stefan Problem with Surface Tension as the Sharp Interface Limit of a Nonlocal System of Phase-Field Type

A model for the evolution of phase boundaries reminiscent of the phase-field model is considered. The equation related to conservation of thermal energy is diffusive and coupled to an equation for the order parameter, which contains a nonlinear convolution operator, related to the limit of an interacting particle model with Kac-potential. Under diffusive rescaling the solutions converge to solutions of the Stefan problem with kinetic undercooling and surface tension.
Integrating Survey and Remote Sensing Data to Analyze Land Use at a Fine Scale: Insights from Agricultural Households in the Brazilian Amazon

The ability to model factors influencing land use can be significantly improved by incorporating variables derived from geographic information systems with more detailed survey data. While remote sensing data have the advantage of providing land cover measurements for large areas, survey data collected from households provide a more detailed account of land use. We estimate land use decisions in the Brazilian Amazon with land cover data derived from satellite images merged with observations from a household panel. We focus on the rapidly expanding cattle industry or ``pecuarizacao'' (cattleization) as well as a potentially competing land use strategy: the planting and harvesting of annual and perennial crops. We identify spatial error in our initial estimations and as a result use corrected models of land use with greater explanatory power and efficiency. Estimation results indicate that both pasture creation and agriculture are determined by similar household and spatial characteristics; however, the imp...
Differential Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Gene Expression by the Sp1 Transcription Factor

The expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes is regulated by a number of transcription factors. One such factor, Sp1, has two binding sites in the core promoter and one in its upstream regulatory element, which is also known as the ENII enhancer. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of these three Sp1 binding sites on the expression of HBV genes. Our results indicate that both Sp1 binding sites in the core promoter are important for the transcription of the core RNA and the precore RNA. Moreover, while the downstream Sp1 site (the Sp1-1 site) in the core promoter did not affect the transcription of the S gene and the X gene, the upstream Sp1 site (the Sp1-2 site) in the core promoter was found to negatively regulate the transcription of the S gene and the X gene, as removal of the latter led to enhancement of transcription of these two genes. The Sp1 binding site in the ENII enhancer (the Sp1-3 site) positively regulates the expression of all of the HBV genes, as its removal by mutation suppressed the expression of all of the HBV genes. However, the suppressive effect of the Sp1-3 site mutation on the expression of the S gene and the X gene was abolished if the two Sp1 sites in the core promoter were also mutated. These results indicate that Sp1 can serve both as a positive regulator and as a negative regulator for the expression of HBV genes. This dual activity may be important for the differential regulation of HBV gene expression.
Obesity and Psychiatric Disorder: Developmental Trajectories

Objectives. To identify age-related trajectories of obesity from childhood into adolescence, and to test the association of these trajectories with the development of psychiatric disorders (conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance abuse, depression, and anxiety). Methods. White children (N = 991) 9 to 16 years old from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a representative sample of rural youth, were evaluated annually over an 8-year period for height, weight, psychiatric disorder, and vulnerabilities for psychiatric disorder. Longitudinal analyses on the repeated measures data were conducted using developmental trajectory models and generalized estimating equation models. Results. Obesity was 3 to 4 times more common than expected from national rates using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 criteria. Four developmental trajectories of obesity were found: no obesity (73%), chronic obesity (15%), childhood obesity (5%), and adolescent obesity (7%). Only chronic obesity was associated with psychiatric disorder: oppositional defiant disorder in boys and girls and depressive disorders in boys. Conclusions. In a general population sample studied longitudinally, chronic obesity was associated with psychopathology.
Design tools for a DNA-guided self-assembling carbon nanotube technology

The shift in technology away from silicon complementary metal–oxide semiconductors (CMOS) to novel nanoscale technologies requires new design tools. In this paper, we explore one particular nanotechnology: carbon nanotube transistors that are self-assembled into circuits by using DNA. We develop design tools and demonstrate how to use them to develop circuitry based on this nanotechnology. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
A new mathematical approach for linear array analysis

It is well known that linear antenna arrays are representable mathematically by polynomials. However, even for the simplest case of a uniform array, properties of its radiation pattern are conventionally analyzed by examining the transcendental form of the array factor and some of its important characteristics have been determined only approximately. For a more general array, a closed form of the associated polynomial is usually not obtained and the analysis becomes quite difficult. This paper proposes a new approach for linear array analysis. Basically, the current distribution in the discrete elements of a linear array is considered as the sampled values of a continuous function. Known relations in Z , transforms developed for sampled-data systems can then be used to express the array polynomial in a closed form. Mathematical techniques for determining important properties of the array pattern are developed. Typical examples illustrating the applications of this new approach are given.
The Principles of Medical and Psychiatric Liability in French Law

IN traditional US practice, the courts assess medical malpractice actions according to the concepts and rules of tort analysis. In general terms, the injured patient must establish that the defendant physician committed a negligent act or omission in administering medical care to him. More specifically, he must demonstrate, first, that the defendant owed him a duty of care; secondly, that the defendant's conduct fell below the appropriate standard of care (usually expressed as the standard of care of the reasonable physician, with some variation allowed for specialty and geographical area), and, thirdly, that the defendant's alleged negligent act or omission was the proximate cause of the injury sustained by him.x Some prominent US legal scholars,2 however, have criticised the resort to the tort framework in medical malpractice cases, deeming it to be analytically inappropriate for the resolution of dispute arising under the patient-physician relationship. Its application, it is suggested, leads to a misunderstanding of the consensual nature of that relationship.3 For example, recent developments in tort doctrine have encouraged US courts to deploy public policy analysis in personal injury cases, engendering the expansion of the institutional defendant's liability and the full compensation of the injured party.4 According to Professor Epstein, these cost allocation formulae run counter to the contractual nature of the patient-physician relationship:
Small lakes show muted climate change signal in deepwater temperatures

Water temperature observations were collected from 142 lakes across Wisconsin, USA, to examine variation in temperature of lakes exposed to similar regional climate. Whole lake water temperatures increased across the state from 1990 to 2012, with an average trend of 0.042°C yr−1 ± 0.01°C yr−1. In large (>0.5 km2) lakes, the positive temperature trend was similar across all depths. In small lakes ( 0.5 times the maximum lake depth. The differing response of small versus large lakes is potentially a result of wind-sheltering reducing turbulent mixing magnitude in small lakes. These results demonstrate that small lakes respond differently to climate change than large lakes, suggesting that current predictions of impacts to lakes from climate change may require modification.
Behavioral Simulation: Application and Potential in Management Research

Balance in research methods is well recognized for improving knowledge in the field. Despite this, a review of published studies suggests that behavioral simulation has been severely underused. With this in mind, simulations are discussed as a potent and timely methodology for addressing contextual factors in organizations. In addition, strategies for effective simulation design are offered. The promise of simulations is highlighted for studies of managing diversity, retraining displaced workers, organizational citizenship behaviors, and influence tactics.
Event-based motion control for mobile-sensor networks

In many sensor networks, considerably more units are available than necessary for simple coverage of the space. Augmenting sensor networks with motion can exploit this surplus to enhance sensing while also improving the network's lifetime and reliability. Sensor mobility allows better coverage in areas where events occur frequently. Another use of mobility comes about if the specific area of interest (within a larger area) is unknown during deployment. We've developed distributed algorithms for mobile-sensor networks to physically react to changes or events in their environment or in the network itself. Distribution supports scalability and robustness during sensing and communication failures. We present two classes of motion-control algorithms that let sensors converge on arbitrary event distributions. These algorithms trade off the amount of required computation and memory with the accuracy of the sensor positions. We also present three algorithms that let sensor networks maintain coverage of their environment. These algorithms work alongside either type of motion-control algorithm such that the sensors can follow the control law unless they must stop to ensure coverage.
Interpreting medicine: lessons from a Spanish-language clinic.

Caring for patients is an act of interpretation: we labor to understand the significance of a particular symptom and, when we have reached a diagnosis, we convert our medical jargon into plain language for the benefit of the patient. Caring for patients of limited English proficiency—a population that needs a very literal form of interpretation—underscores this lesson. Working with predominantly Spanish-speaking patients has shown me the importance of bearing witness to patients’ struggles and has brought me to realize that good physicians must work to forge a common language with all their patients, not only with those who do not speak English.
Flame Response Mechanisms Due to Velocity Perturbations in a Lean Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor

The response of turbulent premixed flames to inlet velocity fluctuations is studied experimentally in a lean premixed, swirl-stabilized, gas turbine combustor. Overall chemiluminescence intensity is used as a measure of the fluctuations in the flame’s global heat release rate and hot wire anemometry is used to measure the inlet velocity fluctuations. Tests are conducted over a range of mean inlet velocities, equivalence ratios and velocity fluctuation frequencies, while the normalized inlet velocity fluctuation (V′ /Vmean ) is fixed at 5% to ensure linear flame response over the employed modulation frequency range. The measurements are used to calculate a flame transfer function relating the velocity fluctuation to the heat release fluctuation as a function of the velocity fluctuation frequency. At low frequency, the gain of the flame transfer function increases with increasing frequency to a peak value greater than one. As the frequency is further increased, the gain decreases to a minimum value, followed by a second smaller peak. The frequencies at which the gain is minimum and achieves its 2nd peak are found to depend on the convection time scale and the flame’s characteristic length scale. Phase-synchronized CH* chemiluminescence imaging is used to characterize the flame’s response to inlet velocity fluctuations. The observed flame response can be explained in terms of the interaction of two flame perturbation mechanisms, acoustic velocity fluctuations and vorticity fluctuations. Analysis of the phase-synchronized flame images show that when both perturbations arrive at the flame at the same time (or phase) they constructively interfere, producing the 2nd peak observed in the gain curves. And when the perturbations arrive at the flame 180 degrees out-of-phase, they destructively interfere, producing the observed minimum in the gain curve.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
New Equity Funds: Marketing and Performance

We discuss two strategies sponsors have used successfully to introduce new equity funds and promote the performance of the funds after their introduction. The strategy of “incubation” allows funds that compile a favorable track record in private to be marketed to the public at a later opportune time. The strategy of “selective attention” directs favorable allocations of “special situations” into new funds that are open to the public. Introduction strategies are most apparent among aggressive growth funds, where first-year performance has increasingly become superior. Incubator funds remain small while private, but once opened, they quickly increase in size and revert to median performance. The first-year success of selective attention funds also attracts large amounts of cash, which undermines their subsequent performance.
IV. Helicobacter pylori strain-specific activation of signal transduction cascades related to gastric inflammation.

Helicobacter pylori strains that possess the cag pathogenicity island induce more severe gastritis and augment the risk of developing peptic ulcer disease and distal gastric cancer. A specific mech...
Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology

The vascular wall is composed of three layers with three distinct functions. The innermost layer is the endothelium which is in direct contact with the blood and humoral factors. It acts as a barrier to blood-borne materials and as an endocrine organ producing both paracrine and endocrine substances. The functions of the major products of the endothelium in vascular function are discussed. The middle or medial layer is composed of vascular smooth muscle, and the tone of this muscle is a major regulator of systemic blood pressure and flow. The major regulators of vascular smooth muscle tone are intracellular calcium and the degree of calcium sensitivity of the contractile elements. Endogenous regulators of these two parameters are discussed. The outermost layer of the vascular wall is the adventitia composed of adventitial fibroblasts and inert connective tissues. This layer provides structural support and acts as an endocrine organ producing various vasoactive factors including reactive oxygen species and growth factors. The structure, function, and cellular composition of each layer are discussed.