cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Anemia in Children with Abusive Head Trauma

Objectives To evaluate the incidence of anemia in patients with abusive head trauma (AHT), noninflicted traumatic brain injury (TBI), and physical abuse without AHT and the effect of anemia on outcome. Study design In a retrospective, single-center cohort study, we included children under the age of 3 years diagnosed with either AHT (n = 75), noninflicted TBI (n = 77), or physical abuse without AHT (n = 60) between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2016. Neuroimaging was prospectively analyzed by pediatric neuroradiologists. Primary outcome was anemia at hospital presentation. Secondary outcomes included unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge, defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale between 1 and 3, and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) volume. Results Patients with AHT had a higher rate of anemia on presentation (47.3%) vs noninflicted TBI (15.6%) and physical abuse without AHT (10%) (P Conclusions Patients with AHT were more likely to present to the hospital with anemia and increased traumatic ICH volume than patients with noninflicted TBI or physical abuse without AHT. Children with anemia and AHT may be at increased risk for an unfavorable outcome.
First Time Enablement of RF Reliability Simulation Using Cadence Relxpert

In this work, the RF reliability models that are developed using the Energy Driven Hot Carrier model are implemented using Cadence RelExpert and validated at both device level and circuit level. Accurate RF circuit level small signal degradation prediction is showcased for the first time using a cascode based LNA. This can help the designers to estimate the life time of the designs and improve designs up front to meet the design standards through simple simulation.
Utilization of Shoulder Arthroplasty in the United States– An Analysis of Current Trends and Future Predictions

Abstract Background Shoulder arthroplasty is an increasingly popular treatment option for various shoulder pathologies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in the national demand for shoulder arthroplasty, both anatomic (aTSA) and reverse (rTSA), in the United States and to predict future trends in utilization. Methods National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data was queried through the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-PCS codes for aTSA and rTSA between 1997 and 2016. The total number of inpatient stays for each year was broken down by gender, age group and the type of prosthesis (aTSA or rTSA). Population data from the United States Census Bureau, stratified by age and gender, were used to generate future population estimates. A linear regression model was created to project future demand for shoulder arthroplasty based on predicted changes in both population and historic trends in utilization. Cost data was used to estimate the total cost of TSAs in the United States. Results The number of combined aTSA and rTSA cases reported in the NIS data has increased from 6,653 in 1997 to 97,995 in 2016, demonstrating a 1,373% increase. Our model predicts that overall shoulder arthroplasty utilization will increase 122% by 2040, while aTSA and rTSA will increase 49% and 122%, respectively by 2025. Utilization of rTSA is projected to be higher than aTSA across all age groups. In ages greater than 84, aTSA utilization is projected to decrease by 20% while rTSA is projected to increase by 120%. Similar growth rates are expected for males and females. The cost analysis estimated that the total cost of TSAs will reach $4 billion by 2030. Conclusion This study demonstrates a projected sustained increase in the demand for shoulder arthroplasty over the next 20 years, with a 122% increase by 2040 due mainly to increased utilization of rTSA. The demand for rTSA is growing at a faster rate and annual utilization has surpassed aTSA. The anticipated increase represents a potentially significant financial burden on the US healthcare system. Level of Evidence IV
Race, APOL1 Risk Variants, and Clinical Outcomes among Older Adults: The ARIC Study.

Background/objectives APOL1 high-risk genotypes confer an increased risk for kidney disease, but their clinical significance among older adults remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether APOL1 genotype status (high risk = 2 risk alleles; low risk = 0-1 risk alleles) and self-reported race (Black; White) are associated with number of hospitalizations, incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and mortality among older adults participating in a community-based cohort study. Design Observational longitudinal cohort study. Setting The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Participants Community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 75.8 years; range = 66-90 years). Results Among 5,564 ARIC participants (78.2% White, 19.1% APOL1 low-risk Black, and 2.7% APOL1 high-risk Black), the proportion with creatinine and cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCrCys ) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline was 40.6%, 34.8%, and 43.2%, respectively. Over a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, APOL1 high-risk Blacks had a 2.67-fold higher risk for ESRD compared with low-risk Blacks (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-6.79) in models adjusted for age and sex. This association was no longer significant upon further adjustment for baseline eGFRCrCys and albuminuria (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08; 95% CI = .39-2.96). Rate of hospitalizations and risks of mortality and incident CKD did not differ significantly by APOL1 genotype status. Compared with Whites, Blacks had 1.85-fold and 3.45-fold higher risks for incident CKD and ESRD, respectively, in models adjusted for age, sex, eGFRCrCys , and albuminuria. These associations persisted after additional adjustments for clinical/socioeconomic factors and APOL1 genotype (incident CKD: HR = 1.38; 95% CI = 1.06-1.81; ESRD: HR = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.16-8.86). Conclusion Among older Black adults, APOL1 high-risk genotypes were associated with lower kidney function and therefore higher risk of ESRD. Racial disparities in incident kidney disease persisted in older age and were not fully explained by APOL1.
Extended harmonic mapping connects the equations in classical, statistical, fluid, quantum physics and general relativity.

One potential pathway to find an ultimate rule governing our universe is to hunt for a connection among the fundamental equations in physics. Recently, Ren et al. reported that the harmonic maps with potential introduced by Duan, named extended harmonic mapping (EHM), connect the equations of general relativity, chaos and quantum mechanics via a universal geodesic equation. The equation, expressed as Euler-Lagrange equations on the Riemannian manifold, was obtained from the principle of least action. Here, we further demonstrate that more than ten fundamental equations, including that of classical mechanics, fluid physics, statistical physics, astrophysics, quantum physics and general relativity, can be connected by the same universal geodesic equation. The connection sketches a family tree of the physics equations, and their intrinsic connections reflect an alternative ultimate rule of our universe, i.e., the principle of least action on a Finsler manifold.
A quick assessment of reliable change in fatigue: Reliable change indices of the modified fatigue impact scale - 5 item (MFIS-5).

Abstract Background Reliably monitoring changes in fatigue is an ongoing concern. Objective Evaluate reliable change using the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale 5-item version (MFIS-5) in people with MS (PwMS). Methods The MFIS-5 was administered at three time points in 157 PwMS. Test-retest reliability and reliable change scores were calculated at the 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, and 0.95 confidence intervals. Results Difference scores of 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent statistically meaningful change at the 0.70, 0.80, 0.90, and 0.95 confidence intervals, respectively. Conclusion Cut points derived from this study and prior work can help reliably assess changes in fatigue over time.
Validation of Autism Diagnosis and Clinical Data in the SPARK Cohort.

The SPARK cohort was established to facilitate recruitment in studies of large numbers of participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Online registration requires participants to have received a lifetime professional diagnosis by health or school providers although diagnoses are not independently verified. This study was set to examine the validity of self- and caregiver-reported autism diagnoses. Electronic medical records (EMR) of 254 SPARK participants (77.6% male, age 10.7 years) were abstracted. Using two different methods, confirmation of ASD diagnosis in EMRs was obtained in 98.8% of cases. Core clinical features recorded in EMRs were typical of autism samples and showed very good agreement with SPARK cohort data, providing further evidence of the validity of clinical information in the SPARK database.
Production-Quality Proof-Carrying Code (Abstract)

For the past year I have been involved in a “technology transfer” experiment to take ideas based on theoretical principles, namely proof-carrying code (PCC) and certifying compilers, directly out of the laboratory and into commercial use. In a PCC system, code objects include an easy-to-verify encoding of a proof that the code is safe to execute, for a definition of safety provided by the host system. A certifying compiler takes source programs and compiles them automatically into PCC target programs.
On a Global Optimization Problem in the Study of InformationDiscrepancy

A nonlinear function has been introduced for indexing the disagreement degree of a group of judgment matrices (Weiwu Fang, 1994). It has many good properties and may be applied in decision making and information processes. In this paper, we will discuss a global optimization problem concerned with the global maximum of this function which is constrained on some sets of matrices. Because the size of matrix groups in the problem is arbitrary and the number of local maximum solutions increases exponentially, numerical methods are not suitable and formalized results are desired for the problem. By an approach somewhat similar to the branch and bound method, we have obtained some formulae on global maximums, a sufficient and necessary condition of the function taking the maximums, and some maximum solution sets.
Interviewing The Client

This paper examines an assignment where students taking either an introductory auditing students or an accounting communications course interview a client to gain an understanding of internal control and the interview process. Students document the results of the interview in a memorandum. The paper provides detailed information regarding the design and implementation of a portion of the internal control system. The three main objectives of the assignment are 1) to provide students with the opportunity to demonstrate, develop, and enhance their communication skills; 2) to convey a realistic picture of the accounting environment; and 3) to familiarize students with a typical responsibility of entry-level accountants.
Randomized clinical trial of PCR-determined human papillomavirus detection methods: self-sampling versus clinician-directed--biologic concordance and women's preferences.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the high-risk human papillomavirus detection rates from self-sampled swabs and tampons with standard clinician-directed speculum sampling and to assess women's acceptance of self-sampling methods. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred three women who required a colposcopy underwent order randomization of the human papillomavirus sampling technique. Kappa and McNemar test statistical results were used to measure the agreement between clinician-directed and self-sampling techniques for high-risk types of human papillomavirus and the acceptance of self-sampling techniques. RESULTS: All self-directed samplings were equivalent to clinician sampling for all cervical intraepithelial neoplasia disease states. High-risk human papillomavirus was detected by self- and clinician-directed methods in 83% of the women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 2/3. The 2 sequential swabs trend toward better detection of high-risk types of human papillomavirus than all other techniques for women with normal histologic factors ( P =.0736, by McNemar's χ 2 test). Ninety-four percent of women would accept self-sampling for their yearly cervical screen. CONCLUSION: Self-sampling is equivalent to clinician sampling for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus and is acceptable to women as a yearly screen. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:365-73.)
Experimental personalized array translator system

A system designed for intimate man-machine interaction in a general-purpose problem-solving environment is experimentally operational. The system utilizes an array-oriented symbolic source language containing powerful statement types. These include numeric, Boolean, relational and selection operators on operands which can be entire arrays. The system also permits simple specification of test and argument arrays in single statements.The completely symbolic operating system includes display and entry of program and data. Sequence control is aided by an interrupt switch which allows the user to interact with the program during execution. In addition to normal stored program sequencing, the system provides trace options and the ability to enter any statement for immediate execution.Present implementation of the system is with an interpretive translator on an IBM 1620 computer.
Correlated effects of external magnesium on cation content and DNA synthesis in cultured chicken embryo fibroblasts

Depletion of Mg2+ in the growth medium for chicken embryo fibroblasts produces a large decrease in DNA synthesis as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, and concomitant decreases in cellular K+ and Mg2+ and increases in Na+ and Ca2+. In cells grown in media containing 0.2 mM Ca2+, graded reduction of Mg2+ from 0.8 mM (control) to 0.016 mM produced graded decreases in DNA synthesis to 10% of control at 0.016 mM Mg2+. Concomitantly, cell cations showed graded changes, Na+ increasing to 227%, K+ decreasing to 52.5%, Mg2+ decreasing to 57.5% and Ca2+ increasing to 153.5% of control. The effects of Mg2+ depletion on DNA synthesis and cell cation content exhibited a dependence on Ca2+ concentration, the effects being larger at low Ca2+ concentration. Use of inorganic pyrophosphate in the growth medium as a selective complexor of Mg2+ caused a marked decrease in DNA synthesis which was accompanied by changes in cellular cation content similar to those produced by direct Mg2+ depletion. The effects of Mg2+ depletion on cell cation content are explainable in terms of changes in membrane permeability caused by rapid external surface exchange of bound divalent cations. Among the several interpretations of the data in terms of possible mechanisms by which changes in external Mg2+ concentration may affect cell metabolism, the most consistent with known properties of the system is the concept of a central role for intracellular free Mg2+ in the coordinate control of growth and metabolism in animal cells.
Theory of Vibrational Circular Dichroism and Infrared Absorption: Extension to Molecules with Low-Lying Excited Electronic States

A vibronic theory of unpolarized infrared absorption and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is presented that is valid in the limit of vibrational resonance with low-lying electronic states (LLESs). The theory is developed within the complete adiabatic vibronic coupling formalism that describes both the correlation of electron density to nuclear positions and the correlation of electron current density to nuclear velocities. It is found that additional terms contribute to the electric-dipole and magnetic-dipole transition moments that become zero in the limit where all excited electronic states in the molecule are much higher in energy relative to fundamental vibrational transitions. Two correction terms appear that are extensions of the lowest-order non-Born−Oppenheimer expansion term when vibronic detail is included in the energy denominators. One term is a resonance term with respect to the energy difference between the electronic and vibrational transitions, and the other is a nonresonance term. Und...
SLOPE OF THE FORWARD PEAK IN pp SCATTERING AND THE REGGE-POLE MODEL.

A recent Regge-pole model based on $\mathrm{pp}$ and $\overline{p}p$ cross sections and polarizations is extrapolated to determine the slopes of the $\mathrm{pp}$ differential cross section for the energies and momentum transfers just measured at the CERN intersecting storage rings. The slopes thus predicted come close to the published experimental values, and show a strong $t$ dependence. The average Pomeranchuk slope ($\ensuremath{\alpha}_{P}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) for our several fits was 0.31 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
Brain Serotonin Neurotoxicity and Fenfluramine and Dexfenfluramine

To the Editor. —Recently the serotonin-enhancing diet drugs, fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, were withdrawn from the market in the United States. These drugs appear to deplete the brain of serotonin, suggesting that normal physiology during treatment may require constant replenishment of serotonin. 1 Brain serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan. The rate-limiting step in brain serotonin synthesis is entry of tryptophan into the brain. Such entry is proportionate to the ratio of plasma tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids (Trp/ LNNA) that compete with tryptophan for passage past the blood-brain barrier. A higher Trp/LAA ratio corresponds to a greater capacity to synthesize brain serotonin. In women, but not in men, dieting has been repeatedly demonstrated to decrease plasma tryptophan levels and Trp/ LNAA ratios by Cowen and colleagues (see reference for citations). 2 Four other laboratories have confirmed lower Trp/ LNAA ratios in dieting women. 3-6 Long-term dexfenfluramine treatment is accompanied
Dynamic mechanical properties of methacrylic-acid-grafted polyethylene films

A dynamical mechanical relaxation study has been made of low density polyethylene films to which methacrylic acid has been grafted by ..gamma.. irradiation. The grafted films retain the original degree of crystallinity and show only slight changes in melting points and melt viscosities, indicating that the grafted methacrylic acid side chains are long, few in number, and completely phase separated from the polyethylene matrix. Three dispersion regions are observed in plots of the loss modulus, E'' vs. temperature at constant frequency and these are labeled ..gamma.., ..beta.., ..cap alpha..', in order of increasing temperature. The ..cap alpha..' peak, above 215/sup 0/C, was assigned to microbrownian segmental motions accompanying the T/sub g/ of polymethacrylic acid. The ..beta.. peak, at -20/sup 0/C, was assigned to motions accompanying the T/sub g/ of branched polyethylene, and the ..gamma.. peak, at -120/sup 0/C, was assigned to local motions of a few CH/sub 2/ sequences in polyethylene.
Slope length calculations from a DEM within ARC/INFO grid

Abstract The Universal Soil Loss Equation has been used for a number of years to predict soil erosion rates. One of the required inputs to this model is the cumulative downhill slope length. Calculation of this factor has been the largest problem in using the USLE. The only necessary data for this calculation is a digital elevation model (DEM). DEMs have been available for years and are frequently used within Geographical Information Systems (GIS), but until recently, the GIS software has not been robust enough to support the necessary calculations. This paper describes a method for calculating cumulative downhill slope length from a digital elevation model within the ARC/INFO GRID raster system.
Ewing's sarcoma

Abstract Ewing's sarcoma, a rare neoplasm that usually occurs in persons under 25 years of age, is considered the most lethal of all bone tumors. Treatment usually consists of radiation therapy. Although the value of prophylactic chemotherapy has not been established, encouraging results have been achieved with the use of Cytoxan at periodic intervals for a year following radiotherapy of the primary lesion. Nevertheless, the prognosis is very poor.
Taxonomy of Cronartium quercuum and C. fusiforme.

Cronartium fusiforme is considered conspecific with C. quercuum based on morphological studies, but maintained as a distinct forma specialis of C. quercuum because of its restricted host range on P...
The effects of personality on supervisory control tasks

Personality is a collection of holistic human traits: character, perception of the world, covert and overt behaviors, uniqueness in functioning and coping within cultural setting, and response to different environmental stimuli. While many studies have focused on perception and cognitive aspects of supervisory control (SC), not much consideration is given to the effect of personality on supervisory control performance. In this paper, results showing the effects of Type A and Type B personality types on SC and workload perception are discussed. One major finding of the study shows that Type A individuals respond better than Type B to monitoring single tasks for automation failure, and they also experience the least amount of workload in both single and multiple SC tasks. However, Type A individuals made significantly more errors, than Type B individuals, during system monitoring and resource management tasks.
Sustainable cities: Safety and security

The major cities of highly industrialized societies are the nodes that connect a mass network of critical infrastructure services. Thus the cities themselves comprise the most critical infrastructure of the society. The resilience and robustness of the infrastructure of cities is thus essential to their sustainability. Since most of enterprises providing these services are privately or corporate owned and are highly competitive, their drive for economic efficiency also tends to make cities increasingly vulnerable to three kinds of disasters: technogenic, natural, and intentional. This paper explores the factors that govern the willingness or reluctance of private and corporate owners of critical services to invest in catastrophic risk reduction and the degree of public-private cooperation required to make cities more sustainable. Ultimately some changes in the political relationship between cities and states and the national governments that exercise sovereign authority over them will be required, as cities become the primary structure for the social and economic lives of people everywhere.
Neurogenesis of the basal forebrain in euploid and trisomy 16 mice: An animal model for developmental disorders in down syndrome

The neurogenesis and early histochemical differentiation of the basal forebrain in trisomy 16 fetal mice and their euploid littermates were examined by combining [3H]thymidine autoradiography with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Neurons of the basal forebrain were being born between embryonic day 11 and 15 in both chromosomally normal (euploid) and aneuploid mice. In euploid littermate controls, neurogenesis proceeded along a caudal to rostral gradient with the peak on embryonic day 11 for caudal portions and embryonic day 13 for rostral portions of the basal forebrain. In contrast, in trisomy 16 mice, rostral sections exhibited a peak of neurogenesis on embryonic day 11, 2 days earlier than in their euploid littermate controls. Hypocellularity of the basal forebrain region was noted in trisomy 16 mice; particularly dramatic was the reduction of the population of cells that expressed acetylcholinesterase. This reduction in cell number in the trisomics was not accompanied by a reduction in cell size or by a dramatic change in the distribution of residual neurons when compared to that of euploid littermate controls. Since trisomy 16 mice do not survive the perinatal period, we examined the pattern of acetylcholinesterase expression in normal C57B1/6J mice from embryonic day 16 to postnatal day 5 to determine the postnatal disposition of these neurons. Already at embryonic day 16, fibers staining for acetylcholinesterase penetrated the striatal anlage, in their course towards targets in the cerebral cortices. By postnatal day 5, the previously expansive distribution of basal forebrain neurons had become consolidated in a more ventral and rostral position by the extensive outgrowth of the striatal neurons, a pattern resembling that seen in adult animals.
Dopamine receptor antagonists prevent expression, but not development, of morphine sensitization

Abstract The present experiments determined the effects of selective dopamine receptor antagonists on the initiation and expression of sensitization to the locomotor-stimulating effects of morphine in rats. Although both the dopamine D 1 receptor antagonist R (+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1 H -3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH 23390, 0.25 mg/kg) and the dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist eticlopride (0.1 mg/kg) suppressed the ability of morphine (10 mg/kg) to elicit sensitized locomotor activity during the course of a 12 day treatment schedule, subsequent tests with morphine alone revealed significant sensitization. Sensitization in the SCH 23390 + morphine group could not be attributed to dopamine D 1 receptor supersensitivity caused by repeated SCH 23390 administration because electrophysiological recordings indicated that nucleus accumbens neurons in SCH 23390-treated rats were not more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of either dopamine or a dopamine D 1 receptor-selective agonist. Thus, dopamine receptor stimulation may be involved in expression, but not development, of morphine sensitization.
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus as a predominantly healthcare-associated pathogen: a possible reversal of roles?

Citation: David MZ, Boyle-Vavra S, Zychowski DL, Daum RS (2011) Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus as a Predominantly Healthcare-Associated Pathogen: A Possible Reversal of Roles? PLoS ONE 6(4): e18217. https://doi.org /10.1371/journal.pone.0018217
Charge stripping of ligated metal ions

Abstract The use of charge stripping to determine bond dissociation energies is evaluated with doubly charged first row metal hydroxides that are accessible by fast atom bombardment. Dications are produced by charge stripping of the monocation precursor. A linear behavior is obtained between the bond dissociation and the second ionization energies of the bare metals. To assess the validity of the determined Q min values, the minimum shift in the kinetic energy of the dication relative to the monocation, the conditions of ion formation and type of charge stripping gas are investigated using ligated magnesium species. Molecular orbital calculations are also performed on ligated magnesium species to investigate whether vibrational or electronic excitation, which may affect the determined Q min values, are present during ionization.
Advances in single-crystal Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ superconductors

Abstract Susceptibility, resistivity and X-ray diffraction measurements have been performed on single crystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. Very sharp (0.5 K width) superconducting transition temperatures as low as 55 K have been reached in the overdoped part of the phase diagram. Anneals in low oxygen pressures have allowed us to access the entire undordoped region of the phase diagram. The samples have been reversibly changed from a high-temperature superconductor to an insulator.
Measurement of the spin polarization of the magnetic semiconductor EuS with zero-field and Zeeman-split Andreev reflection spectroscopy

We report measurements of the spin polarization $(\mathbit{P})$ of the concentrated magnetic semiconductor $\mathrm{EuS}$ using both zero-field and Zeeman-split Andreev reflection spectroscopy (ARS) with $\mathrm{EuS}∕\mathrm{Al}$ planar junctions. The zero-field ARS spectra are well described by the modified (spin-polarized) Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk (BTK) model with expected superconducting energy gap and actual measurement temperature (no additional spectral broadening). The fittings consistently yield $\mathbit{P}$ close to 80% regardless of the barrier strength. Moreover, we performed ARS in the presence of a Zeeman splitting of the quasiparticle density of states in Al. To describe the Zeeman-split ARS spectra, we develop a theoretical model which incorporates the solution to the Maki-Fulde equations into the modified BTK analysis. The method enables the determination of the magnitude as well as the sign of $\mathbit{P}$ with ARS, and the results are consistent with those from the zero-field ARS. The experiments extend the utility of field-split superconducting spectroscopy from tunnel junctions to Andreev junctions of arbitrary barrier strengths.
Recovery and Analysis of Formyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase Gene Sequences from Natural Populations of Acetogenic Bacteria

Primers for PCR amplification of partial (1,102 of 1,680 bp) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) gene sequences were developed and tested. Partial FTHFS sequences were successfully amplified from DNA from pure cultures of known acetogens, from other FTHFS-producing organisms, from the roots of the smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, and from fresh horse manure. The amplimers recovered were cloned, their nucleotide sequences were determined, and their translated amino acid sequences were used to construct phylogenetic trees. We found that FTHFS sequences from homoacetogens formed a monophyletic cluster that did not contain sequences from nonhomoacetogens and that FTHFS sequences appear to be informative regarding major physiological features of FTHFS-producing organisms.
Romanticism, Sincerity and Authenticity Romanticism and Improvisation, 1750–1850

Romanticism, Sincerity and Authenticity, edited by Tim Milnes and Kerry Sinanan, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, x + 268 pp. Romanticism and Improvisation, 1750–1850, by Angela Esterhammer, ...
Ryanodine and theophylline-induced depletion of energy stores in amphibian muscle.

Abstract The effects of high and low levels of ryanodine on theophylline-induced energy depletion were studied in isolated frog sartorius muscle. Whereas low concentrations of ryanodine (1–10 μM) did not change high energy phosphate contents (PE) after 60 min, high levels (100 μM) reduced resting energy contents by 60% after 60 min. Subcontracture levels of theophylline (2 mM), in the presence of high ryanodine, produced an 80% PE depletion, suggesting possible additive or synergistic effects of these two agents. In contrast to theophylline-induced depletion, neither the ryanodine-induced depletion nor the theophylline-plus-ryanodine-induced depletion of PE seemed sensitive to inhibition by 1 mM procaine. This suggests that there may be differences in the mechanisms whereby methylxanthines and ryanodine deplete energy stores and evoke contractures in amphibian skeletal muscle.
Underuse of lung protective ventilation: analysis of potential factors to explain physician behavior.

Objective:To determine the frequency of use of low-tidal-volume ventilation in appropriate patients with acute lung injury (ALI) and the factors associated with the choice of tidal volume.Design:Prospective observational cohort study of patients identified with ALI or acute respiratory distress synd
Pits and pitfalls: taxonomic variability and patterning in tooth mark dimensions

Abstract Archaeologists use experimentally derived tooth mark frequencies, locations, and size data to infer (a) the extent of carnivore involvement in the formation and modification of faunal assemblages, (b) the size classes of predators marking those assemblages, and (c) whether hominins accessed fleshy or defleshed carcasses ( Blumenschine and Pobiner, 2007 ; Dominguez-Rodrigo et al., 2007 ). These inferences are often debated in part because frequency counts can vary widely among observers and because the carnivore taxa for which tooth mark dimensional data are available are limited. This study contributes to the body of actualistic/experimental tooth mark data and presents a methodology for collecting these data. We offer a greatly simplified method that may encourage others to collect and quantify tooth mark dimensions. We present dimensional data from feeding experiments with 16 omnivore and carnivore species of known age and mass, ranging in size from skunks to tigers, significantly expanding the taxonomic and size range of carnivores for which we have tooth pit data. Our results demonstrate considerable, but not complete, overlap in tooth pit dimensions among size, class, and taxon. Tooth mark dimensions on epiphyses and metaphyses were relatively strongly correlated with body mass, whereas diaphyseal tooth marks exhibited the weakest correlation. Human consumption of animal tissue produced tooth marks comparable in size to medium felids and small canids, suggesting the possibility that some tooth marks on Early Stone Age (ESA) faunal assemblages could, as suggested by Oliver (1994) , result from small carnivore and/or hominin consumption.
OIL SPILL RATES IN FOUR U.S. COASTAL REGIONS

ABSTRACT The incidence of oil spills of more than 10,000 gallons in the years 1974 through 1977 was compared for four regions in the United States that carry heavy oil traffic: Greater New York-New Jersey, Delaware Bay, the Louisiana coast, and the northern Texas coast. The purpose was to determine whether there was any significant difference in oil spill rates among the four regions. The spill data from the study were drawn from the Pollution Incident Reporting System (PIRS), the records of the National Response Center (NRC), and the Commercial Vessel Casualty File. Oil movement data were obtained from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterborne Commerce of the United States. A comparison of PIRS and NRC data indicated that neither data source was complete. From the amount of agreement between the two sources and some statistical assumptions, it was estimated that the PIRS data covered about 75 percent of all spills and about 88 percent of all vessel-related spills. The spill rates calculated for the fo...
Improvements to an algorithm for equipartitioning

Modifications to a clustering algorithm in which objects are adaptively partitioned into clusters of equal size are described. The object migration automaton has the advantage of being conceptually simple and easy to implement. Unfortunately, the algorithm may exhibit slow convergence speed and in some cases may not converge at all. The algorithm is modified to provide remedies to these conditions. Through experimental results, the modifications are shown to yield a substantial speedup in convergence (while maintaining 100% accuracy), especially as the number of objects to be partitioned increases. >
The nucleus basalis in Huntington's disease

The nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) provides most of the cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex. The loss of cortical choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) appears to be related to a severe depopulation of the nbM in this dementia. In Huntington's disease (HD), by contrast, there is no loss of cortical CAT activity. The present quantitative study indicates that (1) there is no significant loss of neurons from the nbM in HD, and (2) that the previously described cytologic changes in the neurons of this nucleus in HD patients do not differ significantly from controls. These findings are consistent with the working hypothesis that the types of dementia associated with reductions of neocortical CAT activity are characterized by dysfunction or death of neurons in the nbM, but dementing disorders with normal neocortical CAT activity manifest no major abnormalities in this cholinergic nucleus of the basal forebrain.
The phenomenological contribution to environmental psychology

Abstract This essay considers the value of phenomenology for environmental psychology, first, by examining differences between a conventional scientific approach and phenomenology; second, by presenting substantive phenomenological research meaningful for environmental psychology. Three substantive themes are discussed: (1) a phenomenology of human experience; (2) a phenomenology of physical environment; (3) a phenomenology of the person—world relationship. The essay concludes that conventional research in environmental psychology has sometimes uncritically accepted theories and concepts which are out of touch with the actual fabric of environmental behavior and experience. A phenomenological perspective looks at the person—environment relationship afresh and thus helps to revitalize the ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations of environmental psychology.
3-Dimensional dendritic macromolecules

Abstract The past year has witnessed the continuing evolution of the field of dendritic macromolecules and other novel 3-dimensional materials. While the rate of publication continues to be high, a perceivable shift in subject matter can be observed. Many key papers are now appearing which deal directly with the structure and properties of dendrimers, as well as their application in a number of advanced technologies.
Numerical Retrofit Study of Light-Frame Wood Buildings Using Shape Memory Alloy Devices as Seismic Response Modification Devices

AbstractWoodframe buildings have historically performed well during earthquakes primarily because of their high strength/stiffness to weight ratio. Even still, these structures possess the potential for significant damage and even collapse when exposed to very large earthquakes. New design techniques and advanced technologies can provide an alternative for improved building performance. The use of dampers and other seismic response modification devices is one such method being explored in earthquake engineering. In this paper, shape memory alloy (SMA) devices are investigated for the response modification of light-frame wood buildings during strong earthquakes. A numerical model for a suite of SMA wood shearwalls is developed based on existing data. The numerical models of the shearwalls are examined using incremental dynamic analysis at the single wall level. Design charts are developed for the shearwall models for a range of seismic weights and targeted performance levels. The wall database is then used...
Self-esteem and supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in gay male and lesbian youth

Many gay male and lesbian youth experience isolation, self-hatred, and other emotional stressors related to harassment and abuse from peers and adults, leading to risk factors associated with alcohol and substance abuse, suicide, prostitution, running away, and school problems. Research findings have indicated that high levels of self-esteem and social supports may moderate gay-identified stressors. The current study examined self-esteem and satisfaction with supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in a sample of 90 self-identified urban gay male and lesbian youth.
Structure, Conformational Dynamics, and Evolutionary Conservation of Human Fascin-1

Cells express a range of actin-binding proteins to crosslink filamentous actin (F-actin) into compact ordered bundles ranging from stereocilia and microvilli to filopodia. Human fascin-1 is found nearly exclusively in filopodia, which protrude from the leading edge of migrating cells in normal and cancerous cells. Previously, we and others have found that fascin-1 confers unusual mechanical integrity to these actin bundles, which play a role in sensing the extracellular environment. Here, we examine the packing, conformational flexibility, and evolutionary sequence conservation of full length Homo sapiens fascin-1. Unlike the ubiquitous crosslinking proteins fimbrin and alpha-actinin that consist of dual calponin homology domain pairs, fascin-1 consists of four β-trefoil domains organized into a double-lobe-like structure. Sequence analysis suggests that these β-trefoil domains are stabilized by bulky hydrophobic residues in the core of each domain, and that interfacial residues between the two lobes of fascin play an important role in stabilizing the molecule. Conformational dynamics analysis reveals an allosteric coupling between highly conserved surface patches near the putative actin-binding sites of the molecule, with potential implications on its ability to crosslink F-actin tightly and confer unusual mechanical properties to F-actin bundles. Future mutational and structural studies motivated by this work will further elucidate the molecular basis for the unique function of fascin in human cells.
Quantifying bone-relevant activity and its relation to bone strength in girls.

FARR, J. N., V. R. LEE, R. M. BLEW, T. G. LOHMAN, and S. B. GOING. Quantifying Bone-Relevant Activity and Its Relation to Bone Strength in Girls. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 476–483, 2011. Physical activity (PA) is critical for maximizing bone development during growth. However, there is no consensus on how well existing PA measurement tools predict bone strength. Purpose: The purposes of this study were to compare four methods of quantifying PA (pedometer, 3-d PA recall (3DPAR), bonespecific PA questionnaire (BPAQ), and past year PA questionnaire (PYPAQ)), in young girls and to evaluate their ability to predict indices of bone strength. Methods: A total of 329 girls aged 8–13 yr completed a pedometer assessment, the 3DPAR, the BPAQ, and a modified PYPAQ. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to assess bone strength index (BSI) at metaphyseal (4% distal femur and tibia) sites and strength–strain index (SSI) at diaphyseal (femur = 20%, tibia = 66%) sites of the nondominant leg. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression were used to assess relationships among PA measures and indices of bone strength. Results: After adjusting for maturity, correlations between PA measures and indices of bone strength were positive, although low (r = 0.01–0.20). Regression models that included covariates (maturity, body mass, leg length, and ethnicity) and PA variables showed that PYPAQ score was significantly (P G 0.05) associated with BSI and SSI at all sites and explained more variance in BSI and SSI than any other PA measure. Pedometer steps were significantly (P G 0.05) associated with metaphyseal femur and tibia BSI, and 3DPAR score was significantly (P G 0.05) associated with metaphyseal femur BSI. BPAQ score was not significantly (P 9 0.05) associated with BSI or SSI at any sites. Conclusions: A modified PYPAQ that accounts for the duration, frequency, and
Controlling Layer Thickness and Photostability of Water-Soluble Cationic Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) in Multilayer Thin Films by Surfactant Complexation

In this work we build on prior studies of the novel water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer known as “P2” (poly{2,5-bis[3-(N,N,N-triethylammonium bromide)-1-oxapropyl]-1,4-phenylenevinylene}) with a focus on its incorporation into thin films for such applications as photovoltaics or electroluminescent devices. Multilayer assemblies were constructed using P2, the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the polyanion poly(sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate) (PSS) using the technique of layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly (LBL-ESA). SDS was observed to affect the layer thicknesses and absorbance characteristics of the films. We show that the optical properties and photo-oxidative resistance can be improved by varying the SDS content in the assemblies. Specifically, the surfactant-complexed poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) shows an enhanced absorption at longer wavelengths as well as improved photostability. Therefore, our work may have broad implications on the development of stable PPV-based ma...
Electron transfer between heme proteins and ceruloplasmin

Abstract Reduced cytochrome-c, reduced myoglobin and oxyhemoglobin respectively have been oxidized to oxidized cytochrome-c, metmyoglobin and methemoglobin by ceruloplasmin. Metmyoglobin and methemoglobin formation was stoichiometric while oxidized cytochrome-c reacted catalytically. Only 50% methemoglobin was formed which suggested that two hemes out of four could transfer electrons. Hydrogen peroxide was formed in the reaction of reduced cytochrome-c with ceruloplasmin.
Responding to the Call to Prepare Highly Effective Teacher Candidates in the United States: The Curriculum Redesign Effort in Advancing Teacher Education

This article supports the notion of high quality clinical teacher preparation models and lays out an argument for investing in professional education that is organized around more coherent systems for cultivating clinical practice. This article outlines the creation and implementation of a clinically-based teacher preparation program. Project CREATE, the result of the contributions of university faculty, administrators, and P-12 stakeholders, proposes strict admission criteria, extensive field experiences, and the integration of field-based assignments and collaborative mentoring by university and P-12 faculty to address criticisms aimed at traditional models of teacher training.
Constitutive expression of the Corngrass1 microRNA in poplar affects plant architecture and stem lignin content and composition

A role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in the developmental biology of plants has been established in model annual species, but is poorly understood in perennials, particularly trees. We over-expressed in poplar (genus Populus) a unique miRNA gene from maize belonging to the MIR156 family called Corngrass1 (Cg1) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Transgenics had significantly greater axillary meristem outgrowth (branching), shorter internode length, and up to a 30% reduction in stem lignin content compared to stem lignin of the wild-type (trunk stem from shoot apex down to node 10). The severity of the phenotype was positively correlated with Cg1 expression level. In addition, the syringyl to guaiacyl ratio (S/G) was lower in 35S:Cg1 lines than in wild-type poplar or a control transgenic line with low abundance of Cg1 transcript. We have demonstrated that over-expression in poplar of a MIR156 class miRNA has dramatic effects on plant architecture, and demonstrated that miRNA over-expression represents a novel approach to altering lignin content and composition in poplar. These transgenic plants may provide a tool for investigating the potential role of MIR156 in regulating developmental processes in poplar. The 35S:Cg1 poplars may also have commercial value as a cellulosic feedstock for biofuel production and in the paper-manufacturing industry.
Selenocysteyl-tRNAs recognize UGA in Betavulgaris, a higher plant, and in Gliocladium virens, a filamentous fungus

Selenocysteyl-tRNAs that decode UGA were previously identified in representatives of three of the five life kingdoms which were the monera, animal and protist kingdoms. In the present study, we show that these tRNAs also occur in representatives of the two remaining kingdoms, plants and fungi; i.e., selenocysteyl-tRNAs which code for UGA occur in Beta vulgaris, a higher plant, and in Gliocladium virens, a filamentous fungus. The fact that selenocysteyl-tRNAs are present in all five life kingdoms strongly suggests that UGA, in addition to dictating the cessation of protein synthesis, also codes for selenocysteine in the universal genetic code.