cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment and Control of Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders

The XX International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, in February 2001 celebrated 25 y of progress in prevention and control of vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD). Programmatic themes included the following: 1) intervention innovations, 2) integration of vitamin A interventions, 3) the increased risk to health of women who are deficient, 4) measurement of progress and impact and 5) programmatic sustainability. The history of IVACG was remembered and the growth of the group from a meeting of 30 to 40 persons in 1975 to nearly 600 delegates from 63 countries was described. Successful adaptation to new challenges and scientific advances, in moving science to practice, was noted. Guidelines for indicators and interventions were reviewed. A set of revised recommendations were made, including the following indicators for assessment (and, for some, outcome evaluation) of VADD: 1) under-five mortality rate >50 as a surrogate indicator to trigger action, 2) maternal night blindness >5%, 3) rapid dark adaptation worse than -1.11 log cd/m(2) and 4) serum retinol 15%) in young children (<6 y). Key recommendations for specific interventions were to double the existing dose of prophylactic vitamin A supplementation to 50,000 international units (IU) at the three Expanded Programme on Immunization contacts for young infants (<6 mo) and to two doses of 200,000 IU each for women within 6 wk after delivery; to support fortification as a valid and necessary strategy to combat VADD; and to recognize that food-based approaches should include promoting breast-feeding and consuming animal products, because promoting plant-based foods alone will not eliminate VADD in young children due to the low bioefficacy of dietary beta-carotene. This meeting clearly set the agenda for the twenty-first century and called for successful implementation of integrated approaches that will eliminate VADD.
Tellurium Content of Marine Manganese Oxides and Other Manganese Oxides

Tellurium in amounts ranging from 5 to 125 parts per million was present in all of 12 samples of manganese oxide nodules from the floor of the Pacific and Indian oceans. These samples represent the first recognized points of high tellurium concentration in a sedimentary cycle. The analyses may lend support to the theory that the minor-element content of sea-floor manganese nodules is derived from volcanic emanations.
Sample size calculations for studies designed to evaluate diagnostic test accuracy

We developed a Bayesian approach to sample size calculations for cross-sectional studies designed to estimate sensitivity and specificity of one or more diagnostic tests. Sample size calculations can be made for common study designs such as one test in one population, two conditionally independent or dependent tests in ≤2 populations, and three tests in ≤2 populations. We determine a sample size combination that yields high predictive probability, with respect to the future study data, of accurate and precise estimates of sensitivity and specificity. We also consider hypothesis testing for demonstrating the superiority or equivalence of one diagnostic test relative to another. The predictive probability can also be computed when the sample size combination is fixed in advance, thereby providing a “power-like” measure for the future study. The method is straightforward to implement using the S-Plus/R library emBedBUGS together with WinBUGS.
Inverse Analysis Implementation of the SUTRA Ground‐Water Model

Numerical simulation of ground-water flow and transport is often impeded by a lack of information regarding the conceptual model and properties that best represent the water-bearing formation. Inverse analysis assists in the estimation of the properties of the formation once a defensible form of the conceptual model is defined. In essence, inverse analysis reverses the direction of model application to determine the properties that best match data collected from the formation under investigation. This paper describes the development of an inverse analysis implementation of the well-known and versatile SUTRA model of ground-water flow and transport. The inverse analysis algorithm retains the extensive functionality of SUTRA in forward simulation and allows various forms of parameter constraints to be stipulated. Addition of inverse analysis functionality to an existing ground-water model circumvents the development of redundant models, reduces development time, and ensures the consistent and concurrent development of predictive and interpretive capabilities. Two example analyses are presented to demonstrate a portion of the functionality of the novel inverse analysis algorithm.
Group Identification, Values, and the Nature of Political Beliefs:

What determines the political beliefs people hold? In this article, we investigate the role ofvalues and group identifications in structuring political beliefs. Viewing both as aspects of self-identity, we use Q methodology to discover overall patterns of personal and political values, and group identifications. We find that distinctive patterns of both elements of self-identity are identifiable, and that values and group identifications are interrelated. Furthermore, both have a substantial effect on issue positions that are independent of party and ideological self-identification.
Influence of debris dent on EHD lubrication

Film thickness measurements associated with a debris dent have been made with interferometry under static and dynamic conditons. The presence of a debris dent alters the shape of the inlet region so that the local film thickness at the leading edge of the dent can become substantially lower than the trailing edge. The pressure modifications associated with these local elastohydrodynamic (EHD) effects are in line with the frequent occurrence of surface initiated fatigue spalls originating at the trailing edge of debris dents. The effectiveness of the EHD mechanism in reducing the stress concentrations at the shoulders of the dent is related to inlet dimensions and dent size.
Probing the hydration structure of polarizable halides: a multiedge XAFS and molecular dynamics study of the iodide anion.

A comprehensive analysis of the H2O structure about aqueous iodide (I−) is reported from molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. This study establishes the essential ingredients of an interaction potential that reproduces the experimentally determined first-solvation shell of aqueous iodide. XAFS spectra from the iodide K, L1, and L3 edges were corefined to establish the complete structure of the first hydration shell about aqueous iodide. Further, we have utilized molecular dynamics simulations employing both DFT (+dispersion) and empirical polarizable interaction potentials to generate an ensemble of structures that were directly compared to the XAFS data. Our results indicate that DFT-MD simulations provide a description of the molecular structure that is more consistent with the XAFS experimental data. The experimental data yield approximately 6.3 water molecules located at I−H and I−O distances of 2.65 and 3.50 A, respectively. The differences in th...
Novel halogenated analogs of tomoxetine that are potent and selective inhibitors of norepinephrine uptake in brain.

Halogenated analogs of the potent norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor, tomoxetine, were synthesized and their affinities for the serotonin (5HT) and NE uptake sites evaluated. One of the most potent was the 2-iodo substituted analog (289306) that inhibited [3H]tomoxetine binding to rat cerebral cortex with a Ki of 0.37 nM. The compound also inhibited the uptake of [3H]NE into rat hypothalamic synaptosomes with a Ki of 3.5 nM. This analog was significantly less potent at the 5HT uptake site, as exhibited by a Ki of 25 nM in the inhibition of [3H]paroxetine binding and a Ki of 121 nM in [3H]5HT uptake. The resolved (R) enantiomer (303926) was 10 times more potent as a [3H]NE uptake inhibitor and 29 times more potent as an inhibitor of [3H]tomoxetine binding than the (S) enantiomer (303884). Administration of 289306 to rats prior to an i.c.v. injection of 6-hydroxydopamine prevented the depletion of hypothalamic NE and Epi with ED50 values of 0.28 and 0.47 mg/kg, respectively. Thus, 289306 was a potent inhibitor of NE uptake in vitro and in vivo. In addition, these compounds provide structures for potential ligands for the study of NE uptake sites by autoradiography, PET or SPECT imaging.
On The Estimation of Basic Distributions In Randomized Response Models

In randomized response models the estimates of the basic distributions based on the two empirical distributions, though unbiased do not necessarily preserve the characteristics of a distribution function. For this reason, an adjusted estimator is proposed and its properties studied. Confidence bands for the basic distributions are also considered.
Time-dependent synergistic interactions between the vasodilator neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and mediators of inflammation.

Abstract 1. The action of the long lasting neuropeptide vasodilator, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), in potentiating oedema formation and neutrophil accumulation was investigated in the dorsal skin of the rabbit, in vivo. Combinations of agents under test were administered by intradermal (i.d.) injection. Oedema formation and neutrophil accumulation were then measured by quantitative radiolabel techniques. 2. CGRP (1 x 10(-11) mol per site) potentiated neutrophil accumulation induced by zymosan activated plasma, (used as a source of C5a des Arg), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). In contrast CGRP did not induce neutrophil accumulation when injected alone. 3. Oedema formation induced by a series of chemically distinct mediators of increased microvascular permeability; bradykinin, platelet activating factor (PAF), FMLP and zymosan-activated plasma; measured 0-30 min after i.d. injection was potentiated by CGRP (1 x 10(-11) mol per site). 4. Oedema formation induced by zymosan activated plasma and FMLP but not bradykinin and PAF, was also significantly potentiated by CGRP when oedema was measured 30-60 min after i.d. injection. The potentiation of oedema induced by zymosan activated plasma measured 30-60 min after i.d. injection was not observed in the presence of the shorter acting prostanoid vasodilator prostacyclin (PGI2, 3 x 10(-10) mol per site). 5. These results suggest that CGRP, as a consequence of its sustained vasodilator activity could have prolonged potentiating effects on neutrophil accumulation and oedema formation in inflammatory conditions.
Measurement of blood flow with radiolabeled microspheres in reflected mucogingival flaps in cats

To quantify and compare blood flow in maxillary mucogingival flaps, a total of 16 cats (32 mucogingival specimens) were divided into two groups. In group I the blood flow in attached or reflected maxillary tissues were measured. In Group II the effects on blood flow were measured in reflected tissues after the injection of the following solutions: (1) saline solution; (2) 2% lidocaine plain; (3) 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine; (4) no injection. After an injection of 153 Gadolinium microspheres into the left ventricle of the heart, the tissues were harvested and placed in a gamma counter. Group I had a mean blood flow value of 34.4 ml/min/100 gm of tissue for the unreflected samples and 152.3 ml/min/100 gm of reflected tissue. The levels of blood flow in tissue samples in group II results were: no injection (control), 41.2 ml/min/100 gm; saline solution, 46.8 ml/min/110 gm; 2% lidocaine with 1:50,000 epinephrine, 60.6 ml/min/100 gm; and 2% lidocaine plain, 90.2 ml/min/100 gm. On the basis of these results it appears that reflection of gingival tissue and injection of 2% lidocaine plain induces increased blood flow 90 minutes postoperatively.
Rapid and simple method for measuring biogenic amines and metabolites in brain homogenates by HPLC-electrochemical detection.

A rapid, simple and sensitive method for measuring biogenic amines and metabolites in brain homogenates is described. The perchloric acid extract is injected directly on the HPLC column for separation and quantification by electrochemical detection.
Intraoperative pathologic evaluation of a breast cancer sentinel lymph node biopsy as a determinant for synchronous axillary lymph node dissection.

Background: Intraoperative pathologic evaluation of a breast cancer sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy permits synchronous axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), but frozen section is time consuming and potentially inaccurate. This study evaluated intraoperative gross examination and touch prep analysis (TPA) of a breast cancer SLN biopsy as determinants for synchronous ALND.
SU-E-T-236: Monte Carlo Calculations for Radiosurgery of the Clivus

Purpose: We sought to determine if dosimetric differences exist between Ray-Trace (RT) and Monte-Carlo (MC) calculation algorithms for radiosurgery for tumors of the clivus, given their proximity to air-tissue inhomogeneity. Methods: We retrospectively identified 10 patients with a tumor of the clivus where the target was located near an air-tissue interface. CyberKnife treatment was delivered in 1 to 5 fractions. Plans originally calculated with the RT algorithm were re-calculated with the same monitor units (MU) with the MC algorithm. Similarly, plans originally calculated with MC were recalculated with RT. MC calculations were performed using High Resolution with 2% uncertainty on the MultiPlan 4.6 planning system. If the RT plans were originally calculated using water-air density model, they were re-calculated with Body standard density model, and then compared with MC plans computed with Body standard density model. The maximum dose (Dmax) to the planning target volumes (PTV) and critical structures, minimum dose (Dmin) and coverage percentage for the PTV were calculated. Results: For 8 cases, MC PTV Dmin was a median 5% (range 0–10%) and Dmax a median 6% (range 3–9%) higher than for RT. For 2 cases, MC PTV Dmin was 6 and 2% and Dmax was 1 and 3%more » lower than for RT. MC PTV Dmin and Dmax maybe higher or lower than for RT even though the target coverage for MC was less than for RT (median 4%, range 0–13%) with the same MU used. The degree of differences depends on the location of the target relative to the air-tissue inhomogeneity. Examples are shown that the targets are underdosed near the air-tissue inhomogenity. Conclusion: Monte Carlo dose calculations are recommended for targets near tissue homogeneity such as the clivus. Assuming that Monte Carlo more closely approximates the true dosimetry, the use of Ray Trace could overestimate target coverage.« less
Adaptive control of underactuated robots with unmodeled dynamics

This paper develops an adaptive controller for underactuated robotic systems with unmodeled dynamics. The control scheme is motivated by the applications of manipulators operating on dynamic platforms. The design decouples the system's adaptation and control loops to allow for fast estimation rates, while guaranteeing bounded deviation from a nonadaptive reference system. The proposed formulation is independent of detailed information about the system model. The control scheme is tested in different trajectory-tracking scenarios: (i) a manipulator installed on a ship operating in a high-sea state with uncertain environmental disturbances and (ii) a mobile manipulator moving across a rough terrain of unknown geometry. The simulation results illustrate the tracking performance of the proposed control algorithm, its ability to deal with unmodeled dynamics, and its robustness to measurement noise and time delay, while maintaining smooth control signals. An adaptive control formulation for underactuated robotic systems with unmodeled dynamics is proposed.The design allows for fast estimation while guaranteeing bounded deviation from a nonadaptive reference system.The proposed formulation is independent of detailed information about the system model.The proof of stability is established by the analysis based on input-output maps.The system's robustness to measurement noise and time delay is demonstrated.
Temporal Variability of Fair-Weather Cumulus Statistics at the ACRF SGP Site

Abstract Continental fair-weather cumuli exhibit significant diurnal, day-to-day, and year-to-year variability. This study describes the climatology of cloud macroscale properties, over the U.S. Department of Energy’s Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility (ACRF) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The diurnal cycle of cloud fraction, cloud-base height, cloud-top height, and cloud thickness were well defined. The cloud fraction reached its maximum value near 1400 central standard time. The average cloud-base height increased throughout the day, while the average cloud thickness decreased with time. In contrast to the other cloud properties, the average cloud-chord length remained nearly constant throughout the day. The sensitivity of the cloud properties to the year-to-year variability of precipitation and day-to-day changes in the height of the lifting condensation level (zLCL) and surface fluxes were compared. The cloud-base height was found to be sensitive to both the year, zLC...
Kinetics of the NCS Radical

The reaction kinetics of NCS radicals with several molecules was investigated for the first time, using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy to measure total rate constants and infrared absorpti...
Additivity or cooperativity: Which model can predict the influence of simultaneous incorporation of two or more functionalities in a ligand molecule?

Predicting how binding affinity responds to ligand structural modifications in structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) is a major challenge in medicinal chemistry. This is particularly true when two or more of these modifications are carried out simultaneously. In this study, we present binding affinity data from several series of thermolysin inhibitors in which simultaneous structural modifications were investigated to determine whether they are cooperative or additive. Data revealed that, while additivity is at work in some cases, cooperativity is more commonly demonstrated. Cooperativity and additivity were then correlated with ligand descriptors, such as the spacing and the topological features of the modified groups, in a manner that may provide guidance as to when each model should be utilized. Cooperativity was particularly associated with contiguous groups and small unbranched hydrophobic side chain. Additivity, on the other hand, was associated with moderately distant hydrophobic group combinations and side chain branching. Such correlations can improve the predictability of SAR studies and can provide a starting point for additional investigations that may lead to further significant enhancements in the current scoring functions.
Protective effects of KW-3635, a novel thromboxane A2 antagonist, in murine traumatic shock

Pentobarbital anesthetized rats subjected to Noble-Collip drum trauma developed a shock state characterized by marked hypotension, increases in plasma cathepsin D (9.6-fold), free amino-nitrogen (4.0-fold), and myocardial depressant factor (5.2-fold) activities, and a survival time of 1.90 +/- 0.23 h. Following the induction of traumatic shock, plasma thromboxane B2 (TxB2) concentrations significantly increased from 3.12 +/- 0.68 to 6.78 +/- 0.27 pmol/ml. Treatment with the thromboxane receptor antagonist KW-3635 10 min post-trauma (2 mg/kg + 2 mg/kg per h, i.v.) prolonged survival time to 3.30 +/- 0.39 h (P less than 0.01) and attenuated the accumulation of cathepsin D compared to untreated trauma rats (6.6 +/- 1.1 and 13.6 +/- 1.3 U/ml, P less than 0.01), free amino-nitrogen (6.4 +/- 1.1 and 14.3 +/- 1.2 U/ml, P less than 0.01), and myocardial depressant factor (45 +/- 5 and 94 +/- 13 U/ml, P less than 0.02). However, KW-3635 did not prevent the increase in plasma TxB2 concentration, suggesting a lack of thromboxane synthetase inhibitory activity of this drug. The beneficial effects of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) antagonism in the present study are highly significant, and consistent with the concept that TxA2 is involved in the pathogenesis of traumatic shock.
Sex-differences in age-related cognitive decline in C57BL/6J mice associated with increased brain microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin immunoreactivity

Understanding cognitive aging is becoming more important as the elderly population grows. Here, the effects of age and sex on learning and memory performance were compared in female and male young (3-4 months old) middle-aged (10-12 months old) and old (18-20 months old) wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Old males and females performed worse than young or middle-aged mice in novel location, but not novel object recognition tasks. Old mice, of both sexes, also showed impaired spatial water maze performance during training compared with young or middle-aged mice, however only old females failed to show robust spatial bias during probe trials. While there was no age-difference in passive avoidance performance for males, females showed an age-related decline. There was no difference in cognitive performance between young and middle-age mice of either sex on any task. Cognitive performance was associated with alterations in immunoreactivity of microtubule-associated protein 2-positive dendrites and synaptophysin-positive pre-synaptic terminals in hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate, entorhinal cortex, and central nucleus of amygdala. Overall, microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity was increased in old females compared with both young and middle-age females with no significant difference in males. In contrast, synaptophysin immunoreactivity increased from young to middle-age in females, and from middle-age to old in males; females had higher levels of synaptophysin immunoreactivity than males in middle-age only. Elevated levels of microtubule-associated protein 2 and synaptophysin may constitute a compensatory response to age-related functional decline in mice.
The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing illicit opiate use, HIV risk behavior and criminality: a meta-analysis

Aims. To provide empirically based evaluation data regarding the efficacy of psychopharmacological interventions in opiate substance abuse, the present study employed meta-analytic statistical procedures to determine the effectiveness of methadone hydrochloride as a pharmacotherapeutic agent . Design. Empirical research findings from 11 studies investigating the effect of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on illicit opiate use, and eight and 24 studies investigating the effect of MMT on HIV risk behaviors and criminal activities, respectively, by individuals in such treatment were addressed . Findings. Results demonstrate a consistent, statistically significant relationship between MMT and the reduction of illicit opiate use, HIV risk behaviors and drug and property-related criminal behaviors. The effectiveness of MMT is most apparent in its ability to reduce drug-related criminal behaviors. MMT had a moderate effect in reducing illicit opiate use and drug and property-related criminal behaviors, and a small to moderate effect in reducing HIV risk behaviors . Conclusions. Results clarify discrepancies in the literature and are useful in predicting the outcomes of individuals in treatment. The treatment's effectiveness is evident among opiate-dependent individuals across a variety of contexts, cultural and ethnic groups, and study designs.
Effects of flavonoids on CYP1 expression in RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cells

Abstract RL95-2 endometrial cancer cells were used to study cytochrome P450-mediated chemopreventative mechanisms of four flavonoids found in foods. To investigate enzymatic CYP1 inhibition, intact cells were induced with benzo(a)pyrene or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin. Quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin inhibited CYP1 activity dose-dependently with IC 50 s ranging from 2.2 to 4 μM; while amentoflavone was inactive. Further experiments were designed to determine if flavonoids also interacted with the AhR or caused a decrease in CYP1 protein or mRNA expression. CYP1A1 protein expression was inhibited in cells co-treated with TCDD and quercetin, kaempferol or myricetin compared with TCDD alone, but amentoflavone was ineffective. Relatively higher (∼7-fold) basal levels of CYP1B1 protein were not significantly affected by flavonoid treatments. In general, at the message level significant inhibition of induced CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 was not detected following flavonoid cotreatment. Despite the common inhibitory effects of quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin on induced CYP1A1-dependent activity and protein expression, the mechanisms of CYP1 inhibition in this cell line are complex and dependent on the CYP gene, AhR inducer and the flavonoid.
An evaluation of a psychosocial intervention for survivors of childhood cancer: paradoxical effects of response shift over time.

This study examined the impact of response shift on a psychosocial treatment evaluation of 22 young adult cancer survivors. An age-matched cohort of 54 healthy controls were included in the study to provide a comparison for normative levels and structure of quality-of-life (QOL). It was found that this evaluation of a psychosocial intervention for young adult cancer survivors was notably influenced by response shift phenomenon. Standard analyses suggested that the intervention had no impact on measured aspects of well-being. It did appear to yield an immediate gain in reported global QOL, but seemed to cause a significant decline over time. By considering response shift, it was highlighted that an apparently deleterious effect on QOL was largely a function of response shift. This response shift effect was reflected not only in changes in internal standards, but also in values and in conceptualization of QOL. The intervention seemed to have normalized survivors’ conceptualization of QOL so that it was increasingly similar to their age-matched cohort. Future psychosocial intervention research should explicitly consider response shift in a randomized treatment evaluation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutual authenticating protocol with key distribution in client/server environment

The explosive growth of networked and internetworked computer systems during the past decade has brought about a need for increased protection mechanisms. This paper discusses three authentication protocols that incorporate the use of methods that present effective user authentication. The first two protocols have been previously discussed in the literature; the third protocol draws from the first two and others to produce an authentication scheme that provides both mutual authentication and secure key distribution which is easy to use, is compatible with present operating systems, is transparent across systems, and provides password file protection.
Resin Monomer 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate (HEMA) is a Potent Inducer of Apoptotic Cell Death in Human and Mouse Cells

Mechanisms by which the resin monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) induces hypersensitivity reactions in humans are not well-established, nor have the direct effects of HEMA on cell death been fully characterized. The objective of this study was to establish whether HEMA is capable of inducing apoptotic cell death, and whether differences exist in the levels of apoptotic death induced by HEMA in cells obtained from healthy individuals and from patients with established HEMA hypersensitivity. HEMA induced apoptotic death in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) obtained from both healthy and HEMA-sensitized patients and in the murine RAW cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, induction of cell death by HEMA was lower in PBMCs obtained from patients in comparison with healthy individuals. Studies reported in this paper demonstrate that HEMA induces apoptotic death, and that decreased susceptibility of lymphocytes to HEMA-mediated death might be an important mechanism for the generation and persistence of hypersensitivity reactions in patients.
Upper‐ocean velocity structure of Gulf Stream warm‐core ring 82B

Acoustio Doppler current profiling of warm-core ring (WCR) 82B revealed changes in the velocity structure over much of the ring's 7-month lifespan. As ring diameter decreased, peak speeds in the high-velocity region decreased from 0.8 m s−1 in April 1982 to 0.5 m s−1 in August 1982. Azimuthally averaged velocities revealed the core of WCR 82B to be in near solid-body rotation, with little measurable horizontal divergence at 100 m. In addition, potential vorticity was conserved in the ring core despite interactions with the Gulf Stream and large changes in ring size. Deviations from symmetry in WCR 82B were caused by superposition with the shelf-slope front, small cyclonic eddies, and upper-layer mean flow.
ORIENTATION DETERMINATION FROM DODECAHEDRAL ETCH PITS.

Abstract A simple, rapid, and accurate method has been developed for determining the crystal face orientation of cubic metals from dodecahedral etch pits. The few procedures involved in the method can be summarized as follows: (1) Measuring the two diagonal ratios of a (four-sided) pit. (2) Looking up two angles which define the orientation of the crystal from graphs which plot their angles as a function of the diagonal ratios. (3) Plotting the two angles as a stereographic projection. The method is restricted to those systems which allow four-sided pits to be formed from one family of planes.
Whatever Happened, Indeed!

We're told a story of how American Indians taught their young to swim: They tied a rope around the youngster and tossed him in the water. Social indicators were tossed into the water without the rope! Without the rope of adequate Federal or private funds for support, social indicators were forced to learn to swim. And swim, they did.
Models of the economy implicit in public discourse

The interdependence of the U.S. and the world economy has been a central problem in politics during the 1980s. The politically cognizant have had to become economically cognizant. This paper examines news reports about the economy to determine what may be learned from the news media. A macroeconomic model is developed which is consistent with the statements found in the news reports. The connectedness of economic relationships as presented is estimated. The focus of attention in the news stories is reported. An upper bound on learning is assessed.
A kinetic study of α-acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The kinetic mechanism of α-acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase from Salmonella typhimurium has been investigated by initial velocity kinetic and product inhibition studies. The results of the initial velocity studies are consistent with a sequential reaction. The product inhibition studies suggest an ordered reaction with NADPH and the acetohydroxy acid adding in that order, and dihydroxy acid release before NADP release. NADPH binding has been studied both by fluorimetric techniques and difference spectroscopy. From these investigations it has been calculated that 4 moles of NADPH bind per mole of enzyme; the first molecule of NADPH binds with a dissociation constant of 1.7 × 10 −6 m , the subsequent 3 moles of NADPH bind with a constant of 6 × 10 −6 m . Biphasic kinetics have been demonstrated at a wide range of NADPH concentrations. The occurrence of biphasic kinetics and two separate binding constants are discussed in terms of negative cooperativity.
The effects of constant light and constant darkness on daily changes in the morphology of the pineal organ in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.

The fine structure of photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of the goldfish was found to vary quantitatively over a 24-hour period. Stereological analysis revealed significant daily changes in the volume of the cell and inner segment, nuclear volume and nucleolar diameter, volume of endo-plasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies, area of both rough and smooth endo-plasmic reticulum, and number of vesicles associated with each Golgi body. Peak values of these variables occurred either during the dark phase or latter part of the light phase. These findings agree closely with those reported in higher vertebrates, and suggest that metabolic activities, and possible secretory functions, of the pineal organ of fishes are synchronized to the light: dark cycle. Daily changes in these variables generally persisted in fish exposed to constant darkness for seven days, with the peaks in these rhythms coinciding closely with those observed in fish exposed to a light: dark cycle. In contrast, the rhythms in all variables were abolished in fish kept in continual light for seven days. Photoreceptor cells from fish exposed to continuous light had larger nucleoli and greater amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum indicating a further effect of light on pineal metabolism in lower vertebrates.
Alternative processes for developing fabric and mineral compositional zoning in intrusive rocks

We present textural and mineral compositional analyses of samples from previously published experiments examining the behaviour of partially molten silicates in a thermal gradient and/or at a compositional interface. Textural and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses demonstrate that, when new minerals grow within a temperature gradient, they develop elongation and in some cases a preferred orientation parallel to the gradient; however, reaction of existing randomly oriented crystals in a thermal gradient does not produce a preferred orientation. For example, amphibole and magnetite crystals growing within the melt-rich hotter end of a thermal migration experiment develop elongate habits. Similarly, when basaltic andesite is juxtaposed with gabbro in a thermal gradient, newly formed crystals of olivine have a preferred crystallographic orientation, whereas the minerals that existed before the reaction remain in their original, random orientation. Compositional analyses and imaging show that oli...
Extrusion Processing of Broiler Starter Diets Containing Ground Whole Hens, Poultry By-Product Meal, Feather Meal, or Ground Feathers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of ground whole hens in broiler starting diets processed through an extruder. In both experiments, the extruded whole hen diet improved growth rate and feed conversion in broiler chicks when compared with the unextruded corn-soybean meal diet. There were no differences (P≤.05) in body weight, feed consumption, or feed conversion performance of chicks fed diets in either the extruded or unextruded form. No microorganism colonies were found, using total aerobic plate count, when feed was extruded at 132 or 140 C. These results demonstrate that extrusion technology can be used to process diets containing freshly ground whole hens to produce a nutritionally adequate broiler diet and that the whole hens can be included at 9.3% (dry basis) in a broiler diet. Considerable variation was found for DM, CP, and crude fat percentages among samples of both culled and dead hens collected from a commercial laying operation. The magnitude of this variation emphasizes the need to evaluate critically the chemical composition of hens if they are to be used as a feedstuff.
The use of dynamic basis functions in proper orthogonal decomposition

Abstract Currently, the usefulness of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is limited to computational domains with fixed meshes and fixed boundaries. This paper presents a new POD method that enables the modeling of flow through computational domains with deforming meshes and/or moving boundaries. To achieve this goal, the solution is approximated using basis functions which, although not explicitly functions of time, depend on parameters associated with flow unsteadiness. Results are shown for transonic flow through the Tenth Standard Configuration. Comparisons are made between this method and the standard approach for on- and off-reference flow conditions. This method properly captured flow nonlinearities and shock motion for cases in which the classical POD method failed.
Parent Perspectives on Family-Based Psychosocial Interventions in Pediatric Cancer: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Family-based interventions in pediatric cancer face challenges associated with integrating psychosocial care into a period of intensive treatment and escalating stress. Little research has sought input from parents on the role of interventions delivered shortly after diagnosis. This mixed-methods study obtained parents' perspectives on the potential role of family-based interventions. Twenty-five parents provided feedback on the structure and timing of psychosocial interventions via focus groups and a questionnaire. Qualitative analyses resulted in three themes that were illustrative of a traumatic stress framework: (1) tension between focusing on child with cancer and addressing other family needs, (2) factors influencing parents' perception of a shared experience with other parents, and (3) the importance of matching interventions to the trajectory of parent adjustment. Quantitative data indicated that parents preferred intervention within 6 months of diagnosis, with almost half favoring within 2 months of diagnosis, and the majority wanted interventions targeted to parents only. Qualitative themes highlight the importance of using a traumatic stress framework to inform the development of family-based interventions for those affected by pediatric cancer.
An Empirical Study of Usability Testing: Heuristic Evaluation Vs. User Testing:

In this study, two different usability-testing methods (Heuristic Evaluation and User Testing) were selected to test the usability of a pre-release version of software searching for Science, Mathem...
On the Relation between Social Information Processing and Socially Competent Behavior in Early School‐Aged Children

This article tested the hypotheses that (1) children's behavioral competence is a function of patterns of social information processing; (2) processing correlates of behavior occur at each of 5 steps of processing within each of 3 social situations; (3) measures at each step uniquely increment each other in predicting behavior; (4) the relation between processing and behavior is stronger within than across domains; and (5) processing patterns are more sophisticated among older than younger children and the processing-behavior relation is stronger among older than younger children. Videorecorded stimuli were used to assess processing patterns (encoding, interpretational errors and bias, response generation, response evaluation, and enactment skill) in 3 domains (peer group entry, response to provocation, and response to authority directive) in 259 first-, second-, and third-grade boys and girls (ages 6-9 years). Ratings of behavioral competence in each domain were made by peers and teachers. Findings generally supported hypotheses, with the magnitude of relations being modest.
Octacalcium phosphate and apatite overgrowths: A crystallographic and kinetic study

Abstract Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and apatite overgrowths were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Precipitates containing overgrowths were prepared using constant composition methods with either OCP or dental enamel apatite seeds. In some cases the OCP-apatite interface was imaged using high-resolution TEM at an approximate 2.5-A resolution. Chemical analysis showed that OCP could be grown on apatite seeds under constant composition conditions, but that apatite growth on OCP although not kept at constant composition, indicated the growth of a phase more basic than OCP with a Ca P molar ratio of 1.50 ± 0.04. High-resolution TEM confirmed that this phase was “apatite-like.” The data show that it is possible to grow apatite on OCP and vice versa near physiological pH. Overgrowths of apatite and OCP are of biological interest as both phases appear to precipitate during hard tissue mineralization.
The mLab-PENGWUN hybrid emulation environment for airborne networks

In this paper we introduce a hybrid emulation infrastructure that combines theoretical path loss models with data-driven statistical link models. The goal is to provide a specialized emulation environment for the development and validation of airborne networking protocols, in support of the AFRL's PENGWUN research effort. After a brief discussion of our architecture design and policy enforcement mechanisms, we discuss our approach for data-driven link emulation for airborne networks.
Veligers from the nudibranch Dendronotus frondosus show shell growth and extended planktonic period in laboratory culture

The planktonic period of planktotrophic veliger larvae from the nudibranch Dendronotus frondosus was characterized by laboratory culture methods. Larvae in culture successfully metamorphosed at 73–86 days after hatching. These veligers have Type 2 (Thompson) larval shells that significantly increased in length over the first 7–14 days after hatching. Direct observations of the development of nudibranch larvae with Type 2 protoconchs are limited, and these data help clarify previous attempts to correlate shell type and growth with minimum planktonic periods. Although these are not absolute values for the planktonic period of D. frondosus larvae, these data show the potential for extended larval dispersal and may help explain reports of an extensive geographic range in north-temperate waters for this species.
Autoantibodies to CD45 in systemic lupus erythematosus

Autoantibodies to surface antigens on lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system may contribute to the development of immunoregulatory and other cellular immune abnormalities in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Of special interest in this respect are autoantibodies to CD45 (leukocyte-common antigen, T200), a plasma membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase implicated in the regulation of lymphocyte functional activity, including cytotoxicity, proliferation, and differentiation.
Managing Risk in Alternative Investment Strategies

In this section, the recently published book Managing Risk in Alternative Investment Strategies: Successful Investing in Hedge Funds and Managed Futures is reviewed.
Study of Inclusive γ and π 0 Production in 12.4-GeV/ c pp Interactions

From an exposure of the Argonne National Laboratory 12-foot bubble chamber to a beam of 12.4-GeV/c protons we have obtained a 3649-event sample of the reaction $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{anything}$, where we observe photon conversions into ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs in the liquid hydrogen. We find that the invariant cross section for this reaction does not separate in its $x$ and ${P}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ dependence at our energy. By setting upper bounds on the cross sections for inclusive $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ production, we show that ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ decay is the dominant source of photons and therefore measure the cross section for inclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production to be $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=(31.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6)$ mb. Comparison with the inclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cross sections at 12.0 GeV/c shows that the relation $2\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})=\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})+\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ is well satisfied. We confirm earlier indications that the average number of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ per inelastic $\mathrm{pp}$ interaction is approximately independent of the number of associated charged particles produced.
Determination of Subcritical Crack Growth Parameters by In Situ Observation of Indentation Cracks

A technique to determine stress intensity factor-crack velocity (K-v) relationships for subcritical crack growth from in situ observation of indentation cracks is described. To minimize the effect of residual contact stresses and lateral crack interaction, measurements were made only on cracks that had undergone significant subcritical crack growth. Crack shapes were determined fractographically from crack-arrest markings, produced by temporary unloading during the crack extension process. The subcritical crack growth parameters obtained by this technique were in excellent agreement with those determined from dynamic fatigue and previous studies
Dye coupling among immunocytochemically identified neurons in the supraoptic nucleus: increased incidence in lactating rats.

The hypothesis that electrotonic spread among oxytocinergic neurons contributes to synchronized bursting in the lactating rat leads to the prediction that coupling among oxytocinergic neurons would be stronger and more abundant in lactating than in non-lactating animals. We tested this prediction using, as an index of electrical coupling, transfer among neurons of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH, which crosses gap junctions. Intracellular injections (total of 159) of the dye were made in supraoptic nucleus neurons in hypothalamic slices from virgin female and lactating rats. In virgins, 86 injections resulted in 76 single, 8 coupled pairs and 2 triplets of dye-filled neurons. In contrast, 73 injections in lactators yielded 51 single, 16 coupled pairs and 6 triplets, (> 100% increase) a difference significant at P < 0.001. Immunocytochemical identification of the dye-filled cells revealed that there was an increase over virgins in coupling among both oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic neurons. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that electrical coupling is involved in synchronizing oxytocin cell bursting in lactators. They are also consistent with published data indicating that vasopressin neurons are metabolically activated (show increased glucose uptake) during suckling and may show correlated activity.
Regulation of heat shock factor trimer formation: role of a conserved leucine zipper

The human and Drosophila heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are multi-zipper proteins with high-affinity binding to DNA that is regulated by heat shock-induced trimerization. Formation of HSF trimers is dependent on hydrophobic heptad repeats located in the amino-terminal region of the protein. Two subregions at the carboxyl-terminal end of human HSF1 were identified that maintain the monomeric form of the protein under normal conditions. One of these contains a leucine zipper motif that is conserved between vertebrate and insect HSFs. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal zipper may suppress formation of trimers by the amino-terminal HSF zipper elements by means of intramolecular coiled-coil interactions that are sensitive to heat shock.
Opioid Peptides May Excite Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons by Inhibiting Adjacent Inhibitory Interneurons

The atypical excitation by opiates and opioid peptides of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be antagonized by iontophoresis of naloxone, the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonists bicuculline, or magnesium ion. The recurrent inhibition of these cells evoked by transcallosal stimulation of the contralateral hippocampus is blocked by enkephalin but only shortened by acetylcholine. The results suggest that the opioids excite pyramidal neurons indirectly by inhibition of neighboring inhibitory interneurons (probably containing gamma-aminobutyric acid). This mechanism may be pertinent to the electrographic signs of addictive drugs.