cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presidential address: Social psychology of difference: Stigma, spread, and stereotypes in childhood.

This article reviews how children may conceptualize and think about peers with visible physical differences, discusses the development of stereotypes about physical disability, and summarizes research conducted by the author and his colleagues on this process of children's perception of physical differences. Research findings from several cultures are presented and discussed. In 1983, my colleagues and I began a series of studies exploring nondisabled children's views and social preferences toward peers with visible physical differences of the body. More than 1,000 children in six countries have been interviewed in the course of these studies since their inception (Harper, 1995). This prospective, longitudinal series of studies has focused on children's views of physical differences and was based on the methodology of Stephen Richardson (1976) and colleagues. The methodology consists of a controlled interview technique using a standard set of line drawings of children differing only with respect to specific physical disability characteristics. Children are asked to rank their social preferences (e.g., who they like best). Values and attitudes are inferred from this task, and subsequent preference rankings by groups of children are identified. This article briefly reviews how children may conceptualize and think about physical differences, discusses the development of stereotypes about physical disability, and summarizes our key research findings on this process of children's perception of physical differences. Preliminary definitions and introducDennis C. Harper, College of Medicine, University of Iowa. An earlier version of this article was presented as a presidential address (Division of Rehabilitation Psychology) in memory of Harold Yuker at the 106th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, August 1998, San Francisco. California. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dennis C. Harper, PhD, ABPP, College of Medicine, Universi ty Hospital School, Office 341, 100 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1011. Electronic mail may be sent to dennis-harper@uiowa.edu.
Prenatal Hormonal Therapy Improves Pulmonary Morphology in Rats with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

The high mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is due to associated pulmonary hypoplasia, which resembles that seen in premature newborns with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). By use of successful therapies extrapolated from RDS, quantitative stereologic morphometry techniques were applied to evaluate pulmonary development following prenatal hormonal therapy in rats with nitrofen-induced CDH. Antenatal hormonal therapy was administered on Days 18.5 and 19.5 prior to delivery on Day 21.5 (term = Day 22), using dexamethasone (Dex), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Dex-TRH, or normal saline (NS) as vehicle control. Lungs from CDH rats (n = 5) and non-nitrofen-fed controls (n = 5) were studied, and 10 morphometric airspace parameters were determined by point counting 18-30 fields/lung/animal. Indices of maturation, including total internal surface area (SA), airspace volume fractions (V(Valv)), duct fractions (V(Vducts)), and radial alveolar count (RAC), were improved by Dex and Dex-TRH compared with NS-CDH controls (P = 0.0001), as were five other morphometric airspace parameters (P < 0.05). Strikingly, Dex and Dex-TRH treatment corrected average airspace volume (AAV) and the volume fraction of air-conducting elements (V(Vducts)) toward normal values seen in non-nitrofen-fed control animals. TRH therapy alone had minimal beneficial effects. Prenatal steroid +/- TRH thus improved multiple morphometric parameters of lung maturity in CDH rats, supporting the potential use of in utero hormonal therapy to treat humans with antenatally diagnosed CDH.
The U.S. National biomonitoring specimen bank and the marine environmental specimen bank.

The National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank (NBSB), established in 1979 at the NIST Neutron Research Facility, Gaithersburg, Maryland, was specifically designed to store environmental specimens over long periods of time (50–100 years). This bank contains specimens (e.g., human livers, marine sediments, fish tissues, mussels, oysters, human diet samples, and marine mammal tissues) collected as part of several monitoring and research programs supported by U.S. Federal agencies. In 2002, NIST completed the construction of a second environmental specimen bank facility specifically designed for supporting monitoring and research on marine environmental health issues. This facility, the Marine Environmental Specimen Bank (Marine ESB) is located at the Hollings Marine Laboratory in Charleston, South Carolina, in partnership with a U.S. Federal resource agency, two universities, and a State of South Carolina resource agency. The Marine ESB provides a resource of research specimens that are used to address questions regarding temporal and geographic trends in environmental contamination, genetic separation of populations of animals, and the health status of various types of marine animals. Specimens banked include marine mammal tissues, bird tissues, mussels, and oysters. Plans are underway to establish protocols and initiate banking procedures for other types of marine organisms and environmental materials as part of an expanded effort to support research on the health of marine biota.
Direct surface parameter estimation using structured light: a predictor-corrector based approach

The projection of structured light is a technique frequently used in computer vision to determine the surface structure of scene objects. In this work, higher level features are extracted from the images and used for a direct estimation of second-order object surface model parameters. In particular, a class of cylinders is emphasized, due to an underlying application involving the inspection of stored drums containing mixed waste. The strategy is based upon a predictor-corrector approach which utilizes an initial estimate for the surface parameters, followed by iterative parameter refinement. A predicted passive image is generated using the current surface parameter estimates and significant features are extracted and compared with those in the true passive image. The estimated surface parameters are corrected based upon feature disparities. In computer simulations and laboratory experiments using real image data, the algorithm was found to converge quickly and to yield accurate results.
Improved energy coupling of human P-glycoprotein by the glycine 185 to valine mutation

A glycine 185 to valine mutation of human P-glycoprotein (ABCB1, MDR1) has been previously isolated from high colchicine resistance cell lines. We have employed purified and reconstituted P-glycoproteins expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [Figler et al. (2000) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 376, 34-46] and devised a set of thermodynamic analyses to reveal the mechanism of improved resistance. Purified G185V enzyme shows altered basal ATPase activity but a strong stimulation of colchicine- and etoposide-dependent activities, suggesting a tight regulation of ATPase activity by these drugs. The mutant enzyme has a higher apparent K(m) for colchicine and a lower K(m) for etoposide than that of wild type. Kinetic constants for other transported drugs were not significantly modified by this mutation. Systematic thermodynamic analyses indicate that the G185V enzyme has modified thermodynamic properties of colchicine- and etoposide-dependent activities. To improve the rate of colchicine or etoposide transport, the G185V enzyme has lowered the Arrhenius activation energy of the transport rate-limiting step. The high transition state energies of wild-type P-glycoprotein, when transporting etoposide or colchicine, increase the probability of nonproductive degradation of the transition state without transport. G185V P-glycoprotein transports etoposide or colchicine in an energetically more efficient way with decreased enthalpic and entropic components of the activation energy. Our new data fully reconcile the apparently conflicting results of previous studies. EPR analysis of the spin-labeled G185C enzyme in a cysteine-less background and kinetic parameters of the G185C enzyme indicate that position 185 is surrounded by other residues and is volume sensitive. These results and atomic detail structural modeling suggest that residue 185 is a pivotal point in transmitting conformational changes between the catalytic sites and the colchicine drug binding domain. Replacement of this residue with a bulky valine alters this communication and results in more efficient transport of etoposide or colchicine.
Nuclear Multipole Transitions in Inelastic Electron Scattering

Expressions are obtained for the differential cross sections for inelastic scattering of fast electrons with excitation of various nuclear multipole transitions. The most probable transitions are those that involve collective motion of many nucleons, and in this case the term arising from the transition charge density dominates those that come from the current and magnetization densities. There is then a close relation between the probability for inelastic electron scattering and the probability for the corresponding radiative electric multipole transition, although an assumption must be made as to the shape of the transition charge density. This is illustrated with a detailed discussion of the collective electric quadrupole transitions, using the model of Bohr and Mottelson. When the transition is produced by one or a small number of nucleons, or when it is of magnetic multipole type, there is likely to be little relation between inelastic scattering and radiation probabilities. The electric monopole transition (0+\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0+) is also discussed. It is shown how the elastic scattering can be corrected for unresolved inelastic scattering as well as elastic quadrupole scattering before an analysis is made in terms of the spherically symmetric part of the static nuclear charge density, and also how the strength as well as the shape of the transition charge density can be determined experimentally when only relative measurements of inelastic scattering are available.
Novel second-order nonlinear optical polyimides

A general approach to the synthesis of second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polymides exhibiting high thermal stability has been developed. Several selected NLO chromophores have been incorporated into the polyimide backbone. Detailed physical studies showed that these polymers are very promising for practical applications. Three of these polyimides are soluble in common orgainc solvents, offering the ease of processing. High glass temperatures, around 230 degrees C, ensured a long term NLO stability at elevated temperatures, such as 150 degrees C. Low optical loss was observed for those soluble polymers. The synthetic approach is also versatile and will allow the syntheses of many other functional polymers.
Initial clinical performance of a large-field KCD digital radiography system

The initial clinical performance of a research prototype digital radiographic system based on a large-field (2016-channel) kinestatic charge detector and data acquisition system is discussed. The first clinical images from the large-field system are compared with images of the same patients taken with commercial systems. Future directions are discussed.
Lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen in X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Abstract Peripheral blood leukocyte cultures from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and normal controls were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). A normal increase in thymidine incorporation was observed in response to both mitogens. Since lymphocytes from patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia are presumed to be deficient in B-cells, these results indicate that PWM stimulates T-cells as well as B-cells.
Acetylcholinesterase Inactivation of Enzymetreated Erythrocytes

THE molecular architecture of the red cell membrane formed mainly by lipids and proteins is not known; but it is possible to obtain information about its surface structure with the aid of agents which act on components located at the outer surface of the erythrocyte. This approach has been used to show the role of sialic acids in the electrokinetic behaviour of erythrocytes in an electrolyte medium1.
Some results concerning invertible Morishima and anti-Morishima matrices whose associated digraphs are trees

Abstract This paper addresses the following questions: Given that A is an invertible Morishima or anti-Morishima matrix, under what conditions will A -1 be a Morishima or anti-Morishima matrix? Also, given the associated digraph of A and the fact that A , A -1 are Morishima or anti-Morishima matrices, what can be said about the digraph of A -1 ? A class of matrices is introduced where there questions are investigated.
Attachment‐style differences in the experience and expression of romantic jealousy

According to attachment theory, the attachment system is activated to manage thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that stem from potential separation and relational threat. Thus, jealousy provides an important situation in which to examine attachment-style differences. In the present study, 144 individuals currently involved in enduring romantic relationships completed questionnaires regarding their jealousy experience, jealousy expression, and attachment styles. Four major findings emerged. First, those with negative self-models reported experiencing more cognitive jealousy than did those with positive self-models Second, jealous individuals with negative other-models reported feeling fear less intensely, using less relationship-maintaining behavior, and engaging in more avoidance/denial than did those with positive other-models. Third, preoccupieds reported displaying more negative affect and engaging in more surveillance behavior than did those with other attachment styles. Finally, dismissives reported feeling less fear than did secures and preoccupieds, and less sadness than preoccupieds, when experiencing jealousy. Attachment-style dimensions, such as lack of confidence and preoccupation with relationships, were also associated with jealousy experience and expression. These results are interpreted in light of attachment-theory principles.
The Vacuum-Assisted Closure (VAC) Device for Hastened Attachment of a Superficial Inferior-Epigastric Flap to Third-Degree Burns on Hand and Fingers

The vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device has a wide range of clinical applications, including treatment of infected surgical wounds, traumatic wounds, pressure ulcers, wounds with exposed bone and hardware, diabetic foot ulcers, and venous stasis ulcers. Increased release of growth factors has been described, leading to improved vascularization and thereby formation of new tissue. The system is also used in burn surgery for reconstructive purposes. In this case report, a patient suffered from a third-degree burn injury to the dorsum of the hand with exposure of tendons, necessitating the use of a flap reconstruction. The patient was treated with a superficial inferior-epigastric artery-based flap and the VAC system was applied in a created glove-like shape. Hastened attachment of the flap onto the exposed fingers was observed after 4 days. The author reports on the additional use of the VAC system to hasten flap attachment in a patient with a burn injury to the dorsum of the hand.
Adsorption and orientation of benzoic acid on aluminum oxide: An infrared study

Abstract Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used to show that benzoic acid adsorbs on aluminum oxide as benzoate ions, oriented with their rotational symmetry axes approximately normal to the surface. In addition a benzoic acid surface species, not observed by inelastic tunneling spectroscopy, was found.
Use of [3H]cortivazol to characterize glucocorticoid receptors in a dexamethasone-resistant human leukemic cell line.

ICR 27 is a mutant derived from the glucocorticoid-sensitive human leukemic cell line CEM C7 that has been characterized as glucocorticoid receptor negative based on its ability to specifically bind [3H]dexamethasone ([3H]DEX). We used the pyrazolosteroid [3H] cortivazol ([3H]CVZ) to determine whether ICR 27 cells actually contain glucocorticoid receptors and, if so, whether these receptors can mediate physiological effects. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [3H]CVZ to cytosol from ICR 27 cells was consistent with a single class of receptors of uniform affinity (0.7 nM). Cytosolic [3H]CVZ complexes had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.6S on linear sucrose gradients and eluted from DEAE-cellulose columns at a potassium phosphate concentration of 250 mM. CVZ also competed with [3H] DEX mesylate for binding to a 96,000 mol wt protein. Incubation of ICR 27 cells with CVZ caused 50% growth inhibition and 50% maximal induction of glutamine synthetase activity at concentrations of 20 and 35 nM, respectively. ...
Electron transfer studies of dithiolate complexes: effects of ligand variation and metal substitution

Abstract Solution redox potentials and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants have been measured for mono-ene-1,2-dithiolate complexes of the type (Tp*)M(E)(S ∩ S) [Tp*=hydrotris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate; M=Mo, W; E=O, NO]. The dithiolate ligands (S ∩ S) equatorially coordinated to the central metal include: 1,2-benzenedithiolate (bdt); 3,6-dichloro-1,2-benzenedithiolate (bdtCl 2 ); and 3,4-toluenedithiolate (tdt). Cyclic voltammograms reveal quasi-reversible one-electron reductions for all of the compounds; and, a one-electron quasi-reversible oxidation process is also observed for (Tp*)MoO(bdt), (Tp*)MoO(tdt), and (Tp*)WO(tdt). Electrochemical potentials are strongly dependent upon the nature of the substituents on the benzene ring of the dithiolate ligand. The nitrosyl–molybdenum complexes (E=NO) are more difficult to reduce than their corresponding oxo-molybdenum complexes. The tungsten compound, (Tp*)WO(tdt), has the most negative electrochemical potentials among the complexes investigated. Heterogeneous electron transfer rates are insensitive to the variations of the central metal and ligands. These results support a highly covalent bonding interaction between the metal and the dithiolate ligands that modulates electron transfer reactions within these compounds.
The East German Leadership and the Division of Germany: Patriotism and Propaganda, 1945–1953 – By Dirk Spilker

This author challenges readers to consider how events in East Germany between 1945–1953 appeared to the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) leadership; they had reason to hope that the Communist...
Extrapyramidal side effects with atypical neuroleptics in bipolar disorder.

Abstract Objective To examine, in a real-world clinical setting, the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) with atypical neuroleptics in bipolar patients. Methods The authors assessed 51 individual patient trials of atypical neuroleptic agents (17 risperidone, 13 olanzapine, 11 quetiapine, 8 ziprasidone, and 2 aripiprazole) in 37 bipolar patients (type I or type II). Risk of EPS was assessed using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, and the Simpson-Angus Scale. Mean duration of treatment was 25.5 weeks (range 3–107 weeks) and 60.8% of patients were female. Results 62.7% of trials resulted in moderate to severe EPS. EPS and discontinuation frequencies were similar between specific neuroleptic agents or between high potency (risperidone/ziprasidone/aripiprazole; 52.9%, 27/51 trials) and low potency (quetiapine/olanzapine; 47.1%, 24/51 trials) agents. In a multiple regression model adjusted for confounders, akathisia was less common with low potency agents. Younger age was associated with more akathisia. 31.4% (11/35) of trials discontinued due to side effects. 7.8% (4/51) of trials led to mild de novo tardive dyskinesia. Conclusions Over one-half of bipolar patients experienced EPS in this real world clinical setting. This rate is much higher than the 5–15% range reported in clinical trials, suggesting potential problems with clinical trial generalizability.
trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine is a substrate for and inactivator of horseradish peroxidase

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is well known for mediating the electron-transfer oxidation of electron-rich aromatic 'donors' such as phenols and anilines, but has not been described to oxidize aliphatic amines. We here confirm the inability of HRP to oxidize typical aliphatic amines, even those which would exist significantly as free bases at the operative pH. In contrast, trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA) is both a substrate (turnover product is cinnamaldehyde) and a time-dependent inactivator of HRP. These activities of 2-PCPA are consistent with either a concerted or rapid sequential one-electron-oxidation/ring-opening to give an intermediate capable of covalent binding to the enzyme. 2-PCPA is the first known example of a simple aliphatic amine which serves as a substrate for HRP under turnover conditions.
Interaction between jointing and topography: a case study at Mt Ascutney, Vermont, U.S.A.

Abstract Jointing relationships indicate that the Cretaceous Mt Ascutney Intrusive Complex, Vermont, contains both cooling and unloading joints with similar orientations. This orientation pattern appears to be the result of the interaction of a Cretaceous joint fabric with topography and very near-surface stresses. Existing joints provide directions of weakness which influence subsequent joint orientations. In addition, topography controls and is controlled by the joint fabric. This study suggests that in the Mt Ascutney Intrusive Complex, the formation of joints during uplift and unloading is highly dependent on previous episodes of joint development.
Maturation stage and mineral content in soybeans

Abstract The mineral content of three soybean varieties (Hill, Wright and Centennial) at different maturation stages was determined by neutron activation analysis for immature, green mature and dry mature stages. The mean concentrations of the elements at the three stages were as follows: Al (μg/g) 14·7, 16·0 and 16·7; Br (μg/g) 2·53, 1·60 and 1·59; Ca (mg/g) 3·44, 2·98 and 2·73; Cl (μg/g) 105, 88·3 and 75·6; Fe (μg/g) 72·2, 73·9 and 61·2; K (mg/g) 17·8, 21·3 and 19·9; Mg (mg/g) 2·55, 2·62 and 2·63; Mn (μg/g) 28·6, 29·7 and 28·3; Na (μg/g) 102, 84·5 and 51·4; Rb (μg/g) 6·80, 9·02 and 6·55; and Zn (μg/g) 55·6, 56·5 and 53·4. Among the elements determined, only Rb and Br concentrations varied significantly between immature and green mature soybeans; Rb concentration varied between green mature and dry mature soybeans and Na concentration varied between immature and dry mature soybeans.
Mutations in the N-terminal Cooperativity Domain of Gene 32 Protein Alter Properties of the T4 DNA Replication and Recombination Systems

The gene 32 protein (gp32) of bacteriophage T4 is the essential single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-binding protein required for phage DNA replication and recombination. gp32 binds ssDNA with high affinity and cooperativity, forming contiguous clusters that optimally configure the ssDNA for recognition by DNA polymerase or recombination enzymes. The precise roles of gp32 affinity and cooperativity in promoting replication and recombination have yet to be defined, however. Previous work established that the N-terminal "B-domain" of gp32 is essential for cooperativity and that point mutations at Arg(4) and Lys(3) positions have varying and dramatic effects on gp32-ssDNA interactions. Therefore, we examined the effects of six different gp32 B-domain mutants on T4 in vitro systems for DNA synthesis and homologous pairing. We find that the B-domain is essential for gp32's stimulation of these reactions. The stimulatory efficacy of gp32 B-domain mutants generally correlates with the hierarchy of relative ssDNA binding affinities, i.e. wild-type gp32 approximately R4K > K3A approximately R4Q > R4T > R4G gp32-B. However, the functional defect of a particular mutant is often greater than can be explained simply by its ability to saturate the ssDNA at equilibrium, suggesting additional defects in the proper assembly and activity of DNA polymerase and recombinase complexes on ssDNA, which may derive from a decreased lifetime of gp32-ssDNA clusters.
The impact of school connectedness and teacher support on depressive symptoms in adolescents: A multilevel analysis☆

Using data from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study examined the association between school connectedness and teacher support and depressive symptoms in a weighted sample of 11,852 adolescents from 132 schools. To account for the nested data, multilevel regression was utilized. The results indicated higher school connectedness and getting along with teachers were significantly associated with fewer depressive symptoms. Findings offer implications for school social work practice and future research. Suggestions for future research are described and strategies to enhance school connectedness and teacher support are discussed.
Low dislocation density Si-doped GaAs single crystal grown by the vapor-pressure-controlled Czochralski method

Si-doped GaAs substrates have been widely used for optical devices. Recently, as the device fabrication process has changed, larger diameter substrates can be used. Almost dislocation-free Si-doped GaAs crystals of 75 mm diameter, which are suitable for the fabrication of optical devices, have been successfully grown using our vapor-pressure-controlled Czochralski (VCZ) method. The generation of slip dislocations could be suppressed and the growth of the dislocation-free crystal was achieved by decreasing the thickness of B2O3. The VCZ crystals contained a large amount of unintentionally doped boron (B) of about 1018 cm−3. By comparing the electrical data of the VCZ crystals with those of the gradient freeze (GF) crystal free from B, it is found that B acceptors decrease the intrinsic compensation ratio ([SiAs][SiGa]).
Observations on Calcareous Corpuscles of Larval Echinococcus granulosus of Various Geographic Origins

SummaryCalcareous corpuscles isolated from larval Echinococcus granulosus collected from sheep in Chile and New Zealand and from cattle in Lebanon showed only minor differences in their chemical composition and their heat-induced crystallization patterns. The only definite differences found were that the Chilean material lacked manganese, and that it had a somewhat higher magnesium and a lower phosphorus content than the other samples. As a consequence of the relatively low phosphorus content the Chilean material yielded upon heating at most traces of apatite. Previously described much more pronounced differences in chemical composition and crystallization patterns between corpuscles from different tapeworm species are hence probably essentially species-specific.
Racial differences in attitudes regarding cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment: a qualitative study.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore coronary heart disease (CHD) health care experiences and beliefs of African-American and white patients to elicit potential causes of racial disparities in CHD outcomes. Twenty-four patients (14 white, 10 African-American) with established CHD participated in one of four focus groups. Using qualitative methods, verbatim transcripts of the groups were analyzed by independent investigators to identify key themes. We identified four themes: risk factor knowledge, physician–patient relationship, medical system access, and treatment beliefs. Racial differences were apparent in the experience of racism as a stress, knowledge of specifics of CHD risk factors, and assertiveness in the physician–patient relationship. These findings suggest that strategies to improve risk factor knowledge and to enable African-American patients to become active partners in their medical care may lead to improved CHD morbidity and mortality in this population. The efficacy of such interventions would need to be tested in further work.
Long-Lead Forecasts of Seasonal Precipitation in Africa Using CCA

Abstract A potentially operational forecast system for 3-month total precipitation for three sections of the African continent has been developed at NOAA's Climate Prediction Center using the statistical method of canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The levels and sources of predictive skills have been explored at lead times of up to 1 year, using a cross-validation design. The predictor field is quasi-global sea surface temperature (SST). Four consecutive 3-month predictor periods are used to detect evolving as well as steady-state SST conditions. Low to modest forecast skills are found for most regions and seasons of the year. However, moderate skills (correlation > 0.5) are found for parts of northern tropical Africa (the Sahel) for lead times of up to several seasons in its July–August–September rainy season. CCA generally outperforms persistence, even at short lead times. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is found to play some role in the precipitation variability in all three Afri...
Quality, Process, and Cost Controls—a ‘Random Walk’ in Textile Profitability

The impact and potential of quality, process, and cost controls on textile-industry profitability are analyzed relative to the random-walk processes found in the profit margins of the U.S. textile industry during the period 1961–1988 and of six selected textile companies during the period 1974–1988. In addition, the quality and process measurements taken from multistage textile processing are modeled as a random-walk process in order to demonstrate that a large hidden potential exists for significant profit improvements in textile operations. Several changes are recommended, aimed at improving the over-all profitability through quality, process, and cost controls.
Venom chemistry of the ant Myrmicaria melanogaster from Brunei.

Analysis of the extracts of the ant Myrmicaria melanogaster from Brunei in the Indonesian archipelago by GC-MS and GC-IR revealed the presence of five new alkaloids, identified as (9Z)-3-propylindolizidine (1), cis- and trans-2-butyl-5-propylpyrrolidine (2 and 3, respectively), (10E)-3-butyllehmizidine (7), and (5Z,8Z,9Z)-3-butyl-5-propyl-8-hydroxyindolizidine (10a), whose structures were established by comparison with synthetic samples. In addition the monoterpene hydrocarbons β-pinene, myrcene, and limonene were detected along with all four isomers of 3-butyl-5-methylindolizidine (4a−d), cis- and trans-2-butyl-5-(4-pentenyl)pyrrolidine (5a and 5b), trans-2-butyl-5-pentylpyrrolidine (6), (5Z,9Z)-3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine (8), and (5Z,9E)-3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine (9), alkaloids well known from ants and frogs, whose structures were established on the basis of published spectra or comparison with authentic samples. This study utilized vapor-phase infrared analysis for the assignment of stereochemistr...
A Case for Drawing

Architecture faculty continue, at times contentiously, to debate theroles that hand drawing and digital media should have in the practicesand education of architects. Some argue for the computer as the“new pencil,” while others maintain that the pencil is irreplaceable. A survey conducted by the authors suggests that the academy itself mayrest in a dichotomous position of committing more resources to digitalmedia than hand drawing while simultaneously indicating that both typesof media are valued about equally. Rather than reinforce an oppositionalrelationship between the hand and the computer, this paper aims toreveal current trends regarding the roles of hand and digital designmedia in the academy and to provide a review of the primary benefits ofhand drawing within an environment that is, seemingly, preoccupied withdigital media. Hand drawing provides unique contributions to and opportunities within the development of architectural thought and work. Maintainingsketching and precision hand drawing as fundamental activities of thearchitect extends the post-Renaissance tradition of architecture as a distinct design discipline directed to architectural ideas and relationships.Furthermore, hand drawing creates unique opportunities for imaginative transformation, for bodily engagement and accommodation, and for preconditioningthe qualities of a built work and therefore should remain asignificant component of the discipline.
Equations of state for monomers and polymers

Of the large number of equations of state available in the literature, few treat small molecules as well as polymers, association, and copolymers. Three equations of state that rigorously account for all of these effects and have been applied to real polymer systems are the lattice-fluid theory (LF), the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), and the perturbed hard-sphere chain theory (PHSC). We illustrate the versatility of one of these equations of state (SAFT) for modelling the phase behavior of polyolefin systems, and the effects due to molecular dissimilarity, compressibility, association, and copolymer composition.
Safety and clinical effects of EVP-6124 in subjects with Alzheimer's disease currently or previously receiving an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor medication

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent and currently incurable brain disease whose impact will continue to rise as the population ages. With limited treatment options, a variety of experimental therapies are currently in clinical trials. EVP-6124 (encenicline) is an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist under investigation for the symptomatic treatment of AD. EVP-6124 activates the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at low nanomolar brain concentrations and improves memory performance in rats. Treatment with EVP-6124 in Phase I and II trials involving patients with mild-to-moderate AD was well tolerated and showed statistically significant improvements compared with placebo on cognitive and functional measures. Two Phase III trials under the title COGNITIV AD will assess the efficacy and tolerability of EVP-6124 in patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Based on the completed clinical trials and proposed mechanism of action, EVP-6124 would appear to be a good candidate for therapy in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors.
Electrostatic Modeling and Insights Regarding Multigate Lateral Tunneling Transistors

We use pseudo-2-D analytical models to study the electrostatics of multigate tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs), providing a portable set of equations to simultaneously describe silicon-on-insulator, double gate, and cylindrical nanowire devices. We validate the model via extensive comparisons with numerical simulations and demonstrate its accuracy and general applicability; 2-D tunneling effects are analytically estimated and found to be small for well-scaled devices within the semiclassical model. We also study the impact of source and drain doping on TFET performance, including a seminal analytical treatment of nonabrupt junctions and degeneracy effects. We present a new simple model to explain the adverse effects of excessive source doping, and show for the first time how degeneracy in low density-of-states materials directly degrades not only the tunneling efficiency, but also the device electrostatics, causing particular problems for III-V p-TFETs.
Integration of Discrepant Sales Forecasts: The Influence of Plausibility Inferences Based on an Evoked Range

Abstract The authors hypothesize that when managers integrate two projections to form a sales estimate, they evoke and use a sales range to judge inappropriately the plausibility of each projection. This judged plausibility, as well as the “margin of error” (based on the market research company’s typical accuracy), is used to assign weights to each projection. Five experiments find strong evidence for this process and demonstrate a resulting bias.
Service Utilization Differences for Axis I Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders Between White and Black Adults

Objective: Although studies have shown disparities between black and white populations in service utilization for mental disorders, little information exists on whether such disparities apply equally across disorders. The objective of this study was to examine racial differences in lifetime prevalence of service utilization for mood and anxiety disorders and for alcohol and drug use disorders, with controls for predisposing, enabling, and need-for-service variables unequally distributed between racial-ethnic groups. Methods: Data were from a face-to-face epidemiologic survey of 32,752 non-Hispanic white or black adults ages 18 and older residing in households and group quarters in the United States. Main outcome measures were treatment for mood, anxiety, and alcohol and drug use disorders. Results: White adults were consistently more likely than black adults to have had treatment for mood disorders (odds ratio [OR]=2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.80–2.59) and anxiety disorders (OR=1.77, 95% CI=1.43–2.19) after adjustment for predisposing and enabling factors and need for service (severity of disorder). In contrast no evidence of lower service utilization for treatment of alcohol use disorders emerged among black respondents (OR=.87, 95% CI=.69–1.10). Moreover, white respondents with drug use disorders were significantly less likely than black respondents to receive treatment for a drug problem (OR=.64, 95% CI=.47–.88). Conclusions: Differences in treatment between black and white adults depended on the specific disorder and type of treatment considered. Prevention and intervention strategies should address disorder-specific disparities in services received. (Psychiatric Services 59:893–901, 2008)
Impact of a clinical decision support system on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections in primary care: quasi-experimental trial

Objective To assess the effect of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) integrated into an electronic health record (EHR) on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in primary care. Materials and methods Quasi-experimental design with nine intervention practices and 61 control practices in the Practice Partner Research Network, a network of practices which all use the same EHR (Practice Partner). The nine intervention practices were located in nine US states. The design included a 3-month baseline data collection period (October through December 2009) before the introduction of the intervention and 15 months of follow-up (January 2010 through March 2011). The main outcome measures were the prescribing of antibiotics in ARI episodes for which antibiotics are inappropriate and prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics in all ARI episodes. Results In adult patients, prescribing of antibiotics in ARI episodes where antibiotics are inappropriate declined more (−0.6%) among intervention practices than in control practices (+4.2%) (p=0.03). However, among adults, the CDSS intervention improved prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics, with a decline of 16.6% among intervention practices versus an increase of 1.1% in control practices (p<0.0001). A similar effect on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing was found in pediatric patients with a decline of 19.7% among intervention practices versus an increase of 0.9% in control practices (p<0.0001). Conclusions A CDSS embedded in an EHR had a modest effect in changing prescribing for adults where antibiotics were inappropriate but had a substantial impact on changing the overall prescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics among pediatric and adult patients.
Supersize It: The Growth of Retail Chains and the Rise of the “Big-Box” Store

This paper documents and explains the recent rise of “big-box” general merchandisers. Data from the Census of Retail Trade for 1977–2007 show that general-merchandise chains grew much faster than specialist retail chains, and that general merchandisers that added the most stores also made the biggest increases to their product offerings. We explain these facts with a stylized model in which a retailer’s scale economies interact with consumer gains from one-stop shopping to generate a complementarity between a retailer’s scale and scope.
FACTORS RELATING TO THE VIRULENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI : III. ANTIBACTERIAL VERSUS ANTITOXIC IMMUNITY

Antitoxic and antibacterial immunity have been clearly differentiated in the experimental mouse infection produced by the diffuse colonial variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Immunization with crude toxoid protected mice from otherwise lethal doses of alpha hemolysin, but did not alter mortality following intraperitoneal infection with living staphylococci. Conversely, animals immunized with heat killed vaccines were readily killed by culture supernates containing alpha hemolysin, but were strikingly protected from otherwise fatal intraperitoneal infection with viable staphylococci. Protection was directly related to the ability of the immunizing substance to promote early intraperitoneal phagocytosis of the infecting inoculum. In these studies with the Smith diffuse variant, rapid intraperitoneal phagocytosis was induced by vaccination with whole cell bacterial vaccines but not by alpha hemolysin toxoid.
Vaginal Lactobacillus : biofilm formation in vivo – clinical implications

Vaginal lactobacilli provide protection against intrusive pathogenic bacteria. Some Lactobacillus spp. produce in vitro a thick, protective biofilm. We report in vivo formation of biofilm by vaginal Lactobacillus jensenii. The biofilm formation was captured in fresh wet-mount microscopic samples from asymptomatic patients after treatment for recurrent bacterial vaginitis. In vivo documentation of biofilm formation is in our opinion noteworthy, and has significant clinical implications, among which are the possibility to isolate, grow, and therapeutically utilize lactobacilli to prevent recurrent vaginal infections and preterm labor associated with vaginal microbial pathogens.
Efficacy of inferior vena cava filters in anticoagulated patients

Summary. Background and objectives: The benefit of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter in addition to standard anticoagulation regimens is unknown. Methods: We examined data for patients who received IVC filters with anticoagulation (AC-Filter) after an episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and compared them with data for those who received anticoagulation only (AC-Only). Outcome measures were new pulmonary embolism (PE), recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and mortality at 90 days and at 5 years. Demographic data included age, gender, and ethnicity/race, prior thromboembolic history, cancer, serum albumin, and time in therapeutic range. In addition, subsets matched for age, gender and race/ethnicity were examined in detail. Results: AC-Filter patients (n = 251), when compared to AC-Only patients (n = 1377), did not differ significantly with regard to gender or cancer status, but white males in general had better outcomes. AC-Filter patients were more likely to have had a previous history of PE or VTE (P < 0.001). In comparison to AC-Only patients, AC-Filter patients had lower mean serum albumin levels (3.1 ± 0.8 vs. 3.6 ±0.8 mg dL–1, P < 0.001) and were older (65 ± 16.1 years vs. 60 ± 17.5 years, P < 0.001). After stratification according to previous history of PE or VTE prior to the index VTE event, no differences in the outcome measures of new PE, recurrent DVT or mortality were identified between groups, but patients with a prior history of PE from either group were more likely to have a new PE (hazard ratio 1.9, P < 0.001). Conclusions: These data suggest that IVC filters may not provide any substantial additional benefit for patients who can tolerate anticoagulant therapy.
A Porous, Morphing, and Circulatory Mode of Self-Other: Decolonizing Identity Politics by Engaging Transnational Reflexivity.

As im/migrant researchers of color working and living in the USA, we begin this article by discussing how our own transnational selves and research have created tensions with the normalized use of socially constructed and theorized categories and differences in US qualitative research practices. We theorize an alternative reflexive mode of conceptualizing a researcher self that can illuminate more contextually engaging understanding and relationships between researcher and researched within our transnational research contexts. We argue that our reflexive approach to researcher self as non‐unitary I, circulatory mode of porous and shifting entities simultaneously fracturing and morphing into each other in relation to its changing webs of relationships and history, can bring different ways of understanding and working with the ever changing and interconnected global‐local cultural, social, and political conditions and contexts of education and research.
Emerging strategies to prevent the development of pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy.

Background Pancreatic fistula occurs in approximately 30% of patients after distal pancreatectomy. Fistula formation is multifactorial in nature, influenced by patient-specific anatomic features of the pancreas and operative techniques at the time of resection. Methods In this article, we review past, present, and future strategies postulated to address this problem. Results The results of the stapler versus hand-sewn closure after distal pancreatectomy trial are presented in detail. This trial established equivalency between these 2 techniques, putting to rest a 25-year-old controversy. The implications of the stapler versus hand-sewn closure after distal pancreatectomy trial are discussed in the context of the current revolution in minimally invasive surgery, which will likely bring stapler closure to the forefront. Technologic improvements in surgical staplers are also discussed, with a focus in their applicability to pancreatic transection. Specifically, the results of a newly -published trial from Washington University in St. Louis are presented, showing improved fistula rates when stapler closure of the pancreas is reinforced with an external prosthesis. Conclusion Based on these results, we postulate that stapler transection with mesh reinforcement is the best currently available method of pancreatic remnant closure. Results of ongoing trials using energy sealing devices are eagerly awaited, and further research into this area is necessary to make further progress in this field.
Soft power: what it is, why it’s important, and the conditions for its effective use

Soft power has attracted significant attention in scholarly and public debates on foreign affairs in recent years. Notwithstanding this greater attention, the treatment of soft power has developed little beyond ‘soft theory.’ This article addresses this deficiency by offering a more rigorous and systematic analysis of the process of soft power. In addition, it seeks to address two further shortcomings in the treatment of soft power: by explaining how changes in modern world politics have raised the value of soft power and by proposing conditions that encourage decision‐makers to appreciate and effectively employ soft power strategies.
Materials science for the twenty-first century - active and engaged students

Substantial changes have been made to our Introduction to Engineering Materials course to actively engage students, energize their learning environment, and enhance their educational outcomes. While it is sometimes difficult to keep students engaged in the necessary basics for the course (crystallography, dislocations, phase diagrams), it is less difficult to keep them engaged using different active and "learner centered" strategies including: case studies, innovative demonstrations, concept thinking/questions, and problem based learning. Active opportunities used are: materials, design and in-service considerations in the Alaska Airlines Flight 261 accident, viscoelastic Silly Puttyreg, materials issues in the collapse and redesign of the World Trade Center buildings, snowflakes, recycling of plastic and aluminum containers, the evolving role of materials in modern bridge design, and evolving materials choices for automotive components. Three of these opportunities are described here. The paper includes course content delivery changes, basic assessment information, and future plans