cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic layer deposited Pt-Co bimetallic catalysts for selective hydrogenation of α, β-unsaturated aldehydes to unsaturated alcohols

Abstract Highly dispersed Pt-Co bimetallic catalysts were deposited on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by atomic layer deposition (ALD). High selectivity to cinnamic alcohol (>90%) was achieved with high conversion (>90%) in hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde over an optimized Pt-Co/MWCNTs catalyst. The catalyst also showed both high activity and high selectivity in C O activation (>90%) in selective hydrogenation reactions of other α, β‐unsaturated aldehydes, which indicated that the bimetallic catalyst was a universal and highly efficient catalyst for these kinds of reactions. Further, through a series of experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the synergistic effects of Pt, Co, and MWCNTs were investigated. The results revealed that the interaction between Pt and Co NPs worked as an important role in the high selectivity in C O activation, and the synergistic effect between Pt-Co and MWCNTs boosted greatly the activity of Pt-Co bimetallic catalysts.
Stable asymmetric ice belts in an energy balance model of Pluto

Abstract In this paper we analyze a latitude-dependent energy balance model with two dynamic ice lines between the north and south poles and consider results for a range of parameter values, of which some may pertain to Pluto. Our analysis shows that for any albedo contrast, there exist stable ice line equilibria where the northern and southern edges are not symmetric about the equator. In particular, stable, asymmetric ice belts can be found within the latitude ranges defined by Sputnik Planitia on Pluto. However, we find that an ice belt with northern and southern edges defined by the northern and southern boundaries of Sputnik Planitia would be flowing to a symmetrical configuration for the parameter values used in this study.
SpotWeb: Running Latency-sensitive Distributed Web Services on Transient Cloud Servers

Many cloud providers offer servers with transient availability at a reduced cost. These servers can be unilaterally revoked by the provider, usually after a warning period to the user. Until recently, it has been thought that these servers are not suitable to run latency-sensitive workloads due to their transient availability. In this paper, we introduce SpotWeb, a framework for running latency-sensitive web workloads on transient computing platforms while maintaining the Quality-of-Service (QoS) of the running applications. SpotWeb is based on three novel concepts; using multi-period optimization---a novel approach developed in finance---for server selection; transiency-aware load-balancing; and using intelligent capacity over-provisioning. We implement SpotWeb and evaluate its performance in both simulations and testbed experiments. Our results show that SpotWeb reduces costs by up to 50% compared to state-of-the-art solutions while being scalable to hundreds of cloud server configurations.
The New, Improved Class Action Rule: The December 2018 Amendments to Rule 23

Rule 23 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which governs federal class action practice, was amended in December 2018. Although the amendments do not address some of the more pressing issues that have arisen in class action practice of late – ascertainability; cy pres remedies; issues class actions; and pick-off strategies – the amendments are nevertheless important and helpful. The Article identifies, contextualizes, and analyzes six of the more important changes made in the amended Rule: (A) front-loading of the settlement process by requiring preliminary approval before notice is provided to the class; (B) clarification that preliminary approvals are not appealable; (C) procedural and substantive standards for assessing the fairness of class action settlements; (D) combined notice of preliminary approval and class certification; (E) electronic means of providing class action notice; and (F) modest changes to rein in professional objectors.
Rethinking Mineral Resources Nationalism in Africa

This piece explores the strain in African mining as at 2011 caused by the latest bout of “resource nationalism” whereby many countries sought to reverse the liberal mining regimes the World Bank and mining companies pressured cash-strapped governments to adopt in the early and mid-1990s within the larger context of “Structural Adjustment Programs” (SAPs). The article attributes the resurgence of “resource nationalism” to domestic and international factors, namely growing poverty and high levels of unemployment (especially among the youth), declining state revenue and budgetary deficits, environmental degradation and corruption, the lingering effects of the 2008-2009 global recession, and the commodities boom that swelled the pockets of mining companies and their shareholders without a corresponding increase in royalties and taxes accruing to host-states. As mineral resources prices have fallen across the board, there is need to rethink “resource nationalism,” just as all stakeholders (miners, states, civil society and host-communities and Africa’s regional and continental intergovernmental organizations) should continue to articulate mutually beneficial governance regimes that would guarantee a “social license” for mining operations to contribute to sustainable development in Africa’s mining jurisdictions.
The Empire of Value: A New Foundation for Economics, A. Orléan. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (2014), 350 pp.

Throughout much of its history, economics seems to have longed to unweight itself from the burden imposed by the theory of value. The triumphant pronouncements of successive generations that the na...
Correcting Online Content: The Influence of News Outlet Reputation

A between-subjects experiment (N = 386) explores the effects of correction features and reader investment on perceptions of online news content. In all, the findings suggest a strong influence of n...
Bacterial quorum sensing signal arrests phytoplankton cell division and protects against virus-induced mortality

Interactions between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria fundamentally shape marine ecosystems. These interactions are driven by the exchange of compounds, however, linking these chemical signals, their mechanisms of action, and resultant ecological consequences remains a fundamental challenge. The bacterial signal 2-heptyl-4-quinolone (HHQ), induces immediate cellular stasis in the coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, however, the mechanism responsible remains unknown. Here, we show that HHQ exposure leads to the accumulation of DNA damage in phytoplankton and prevents its repair. While this effect is reversible, HHQ-exposed phytoplankton are also protected from viral mortality, ascribing a new role of quorum sensing signals in regulating multi-trophic interactions. Further results demonstrate global HHQ production potential and the first in situ measurements of HHQ which coincide with areas of enhanced micro- and nanoplankton biomass. Our results support bacterial communication signals as emerging players, providing a new mechanistic framework for how compounds may contribute to structure complex marine microbial communities.
Relative Cerebellum Size Is Not Sexually Dimorphic across Primates.

Background/aims Substantive sex differences in behavior and cognition are found in humans and other primates. However, potential sex differences in primate neuroanatomy remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate sex differences in the relative size of the cerebellum, a region that has played a major role in primate brain evolution and that has been associated with cognitive abilities that may be subject to sexual selection in primates. Methods We compiled individual volumetric and sex data from published data sources and used MCMC generalized linear mixed models to test for sex effects in relative cerebellar volume while controlling for phylogenetic relationships between species. Given that the cerebellum is a functionally heterogeneous structure involved in multiple complex cognitive processes that may be under selection in males or females within certain species, and that sexual selection pressures vary so greatly across primate species, we predicted there would be no sex difference in the relative size of the cerebellum across primates. Results Our results support our prediction, suggesting there is no consistent sex difference in relative cerebellum size. Conclusion This work suggests that the potential for sex differences in relative cerebellum size has been subject to either developmental constraint or lack of consistent selection pressures, and highlights the need for more individual-level primate neuroanatomical data to facilitate intra- and inter-specific study of brain sexual dimorphism.
Design of Metamaterial Impedance Matching Surfaces at Near Field for EMC Solutions

The wave impedance concept is employed in this paper to design an absorber of radiated emissions at a compliance failure frequency. Dimensions of the system box considered in this paper are electrically small at the failure frequency. This result in a complex wave impedance for the radiated emissions at the system box boundary which is in the near field region of the unintentional radiators on the system board. A metamaterial frequency selective absorber is developed to exhibit the target surface impedance for the wave impedance by finding an equivalent bulk material. It is shown that the most effective absorber in near field should conjugate match to the wave impedance at that location. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, the radiated electric fields leaked outside the system box with various material lining its top wall, from copper to the proposed metamaterial design are calculated using fullwave simulations. Obtained results prove that the proposed conjugate matching absorber provides 13.6 dB mitigation of radiated emissions which is 4.7 dB higher than that of a commercial absorber.
Simulation of Runway Operations with Application of Dynamic Wake Separations to Study Runway Limitations

This paper presents an evaluation of runway operations at Chicago O’Hare International Airport to estimate the impact of proposed wake vortex separation including Recategorization Phase II and III ...
When Friends are Separated by Miles: Using Technology as a Bridge Over Troubled Times:

This is a performative collaboration between two friends: Dave and Lisa. When Dave moved from Florida to Washington state, it made the lively in-person conversations and shared lamentations about c...
12382 Circadian Disruption in Pancreatic Cancer Carcinogenesis

ABSTRACT IMPACT: Circadian disruption is known to cause significant human pathology but has not been evaluated in pancreas cancer carcinogenesis; through understanding how disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to pancreas cancer development and spread, preventive and therapeutic strategies can be devised. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal cancer due to early spread and poor response to therapy. Identifying factors driving PDAC growth could lead to new therapeutic strategies. Thus, we evaluated the extent to which circadian rhythm disruption, a factor strongly associated with cancer formation, contributes to PDAC pathogenesis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: To achieve the objective, we evaluated mice with pancreas lineage Kras-mutation (KC mice), which are predisposed to develop the full spectrum of pancreas cancer precursor lesions (pancreatic intra-epithelial neoplasia or PANIN-1, 2, 3) and PDAC. We subjected KC mice to a light-dark phase shift protocol known to induce circadian disruption (KCCD, n = 18), and another group to standard lighting conditions (KCNC, n = 31), with equal numbers of males and females in each group. The mice were allowed access to food and water ad libitum until sacrifice at age 9 months. Histopathologic evaluation of the pancreas was then performed to assess for pancreatic inflammation, pancreatic precursor lesions (PANIN) and PDAC. Fisher’s Exact Test was used to evaluate differences in incidence. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: As expected, both groups of mice demonstrated 100% incidence of chronic pancreatitis and PANIN-1 (low-grade precursor lesion) at age 9 months. This is consistent with the KC phenotype. However, the KCCD mice demonstrated a significant increase in acute pancreatic inflammation (61.1% vs 19.4%, p = 0.005) compared to KCNC mice. Furthermore, intermediate grade precursor lesions (PANIN-2) were also significantly increase in the KCCD mice (38.9% vs 6.5%, p = 0.006). Incidence of high-grade precursor lesions (PANIN-3, or carcinoma in situ: 22.2% vs 9.7%) and PDAC (27% vs 19%) were also increased, but these were not statistically significant. These results are notable given the established progression from higher grade premalignant PANIN lesions (PANIN-2, PANIN-3) to PDAC. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Insight into how circadian disruption leads to increased PANIN-2 formation and increase in acute inflammation may be advantageous for understanding circadian disruption in PDAC carcinogenesis. The circadian clock is present in immune cells and disruption can induce immune dysregulation. This mechanism will be evaluated in follow up studies.
A Rare Case of Human Herpesvirus 6 Meningitis in an Immunocompetent Asian Male Presented With a Severe Intractable Headache.

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) manifesting as a central nervous system (CNS) infection (especially meningoencephalitis) is reported as a primary infection in children and from reactivation in immunocompromised patients; however, it has rarely been reported in immunocompetent adults. Latent infections of the CNS can cause a myriad of clinical presentations ranging from a benign, febrile, self-resolving illness to limbic encephalitis, temporal lobe seizures, and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as behavioral disturbances and psychosis. No standard diagnostic criteria or management guidelines exist for this condition. Possible neuroimaging findings include abnormalities in the medial temporal lobe involving the hippocampus and amygdala. We hereby present a case of HHV-6 meningitis in a 48-year-old immunocompetent male presenting without encephalopathic symptoms and normal neuroimaging findings.
3MileBeach: A Tracer with Teeth

We present 3MileBeach, a tracing and fault injection platform designed for microservice-based architectures. 3Mile-Beach interposes on the message serialization libraries that are ubiquitous in this environment, avoiding the application code instrumentation that tracing and fault injection infrastructures typically require. 3MileBeach provides message-level distributed tracing at less than 50% of the overhead of the state-of-the-art tracing frameworks, and fault injection that allows higher precision experiments than existing solutions. We measure the overhead of 3MileBeach as a tracer and its efficacy as a fault injector. We qualitatively measure its promise as a platform for tuning and debugging by sharing concrete use cases in the context of bottleneck identification, performance tuning, and bug finding. Finally, we use 3MileBeach to perform a novel type of fault injection - Temporal Fault Injection (TFI), which more precisely controls individual inter-service message flow with temporal prerequisites, and makes it possible to catch an entirely new class of fault tolerance bugs.
Characterizing the Implementation of CBT for Youth Anxiety

CHARACTERIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CBT FOR YOUTH ANXIETY By Meghan M. Smith, B.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013 Major Director: Bryce D. McLeod, Associate Professor, Psychology Department Although evidence-based treatments (EBTs) often perform well in research settings, when EBTs are delivered in practice settings they sometimes fail to outperform usual care (UC). One reason for this could be that therapists in practice settings may not follow the EBT protocol as closely or may deliver more therapeutic interventions that align with other treatment domains. I tested this possibility in the context of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for youth anxiety by comparing how CBT was delivered in practice (i.e., community-based clinics) and research (i.e., lab) settings. A diverse sample of youth (aged 7-15) received one of two treatments to address primary presenting problems of anxiety: CBT in a lab (N = 51), CBT in clinics (N = 18), or UC in clinics (N = 22). The extensiveness of therapeutic interventions delivered was measured using the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy – Strategies Scale (McLeod & Weisz, 2010). Two coders independently coded the same available sessions. Analyses investigated mean-level differences in interventions session-by-session, over time between the three groups. Results indicated that CBT delivery differed across groups, over time. Future researchers should use this characterization to further implementation and processoutcome research, and eventually either enhance quality control efforts or alter aspects of EBT protocols (Garland, Hulbert, & Hawley, 2006).
Little peacemakers: A step-by-step guide for training elementary-age mediators by Nass, M., & Nass, M

Several months ago I had a conversation with my colleague, Dominique Moyse Steinberg, about conflict in groups. In addition to her career as a prolific group-work scholar and educator, Dr. Steinber...
Gene expression of prohormone and proprotein convertases in the rat CNS: a comparative in situ hybridization analysis

Posttranslational processing of proproteins and prohormones is an essential step in the formation of bioactive peptides, which is of particular importance in the nervous system. Following a long search for the enzymes responsible for protein precursor cleavage, a family of Kexin/subtilisin-like convertases known as PC1, PC2, and furin have recently been characterized in mammalian species. Their presence in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues has been demonstrated. This study examines the mRNA distribution of these convertases in the rat CNS and compares their expression with the previously characterized processing enzymes carboxypeptidase E (CPE) and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Furin mRNA was ubiquitously distributed and detected both in neurons and non- neuronal tissue throughout the brain with a higher abundance in ependyma, the circumventricular organs, the islands of Calleja, hippocampus, and allocortex. The cellular localization of PC1 and PC2 was exclusively neuronal with highest concentrations in known neuropeptide-rich brain regions. In general, PC2 was more widely expressed than PC1 in the CNS, although many regional variations were detected. The identification of specific combinations of convertase expression together with CPE and PAM expression in neuropeptide-rich brain regions suggests that specific enzymatic pathways are involved in neuropeptide precursor processing, and that these specific combinations are responsible for region-specific differences of posttranslational processing.
Basics of Lasers and Laser Optics

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the entering professional or graduate student to the basics of laser physics and optics. I start with the various types of lasers, some rather exotic, and the ever-increasing span of wavelengths that has resulted since the laser’s invention in 1960. I then discuss typical techniques as well as the “rules of thumb” used to transport and manipulate the laser output so it can be used for materials processing. The chapter concludes with a discussion of laser damage, as these physical processes limit the ability to transport and manipulate high intensity beams.
Plants as sources of airborne bacteria, including ice nucleation-active bacteria.

Vertical wind shear and concentration gradients of viable, airborne bacteria were used to calculate the upward flux of viable cells above bare soil and canopies of several crops. Concentrations at soil or canopy height varied from 46 colony-forming units per m3 over young corn and wet soil to 663 colony-forming units per m3 over dry soil and 6,500 colony-forming units per m3 over a closed wheat canopy. In simultaneous samples, concentrations of viable bacteria in the air 10 m inside an alfalfa field were fourfold higher than those over a field with dry, bare soil immediately upwind. The upward flux of viable bacteria over alfalfa was three- to fourfold greater than over dry soil. Concentrations of ice nucleation-active bacteria were higher over plants than over soil. Thus, plant canopies may constitute a major source of bacteria, including ice nucleation-active bacteria, in the air.
The Royal Road Not Taken: A Re-examination of the Reasons for GA Failure on R1

Previous work investigating the performance of genetic algorithms (GAs) has attempted to develop a set of fitness landscapes, called “Royal Roads” functions, which should be ideally suited for search with GAs. Surprisingly, many studies have shown that genetic algorithms actually perform worse than random mutation hill-climbing on these landscapes, and several different explanations have been offered to account for these observations. Using a detailed stochastic model of genetic search on R1, we attempt to determine a lower bound for the required number of function evaluations, and then use it to evaluate the performance of an actual genetic algorithm on R1.
Evolutionary Functions of Social Play: Life Histories, Sex Differences, and Emotion Regulation.

Many research findings about animal play apply to children’s play, revealing structural and functional similarities with mammals in general and primates in particular. After an introduction to life-history theory, and before turning to humans, the author reviews research about the two mammals in which play has been studied the most extensively: laboratory rats and monkeys. He looks at the development of play, deprivation studies, gender segregation, and the functions of gender-differentiated forms of play. The gender segregation and sex differences in play parenting and rough-and-tumble play observed in many primates are also evident in children. Vigorous social-play benefits all children physically by developing strong bones and muscles, by promoting cardiovascular fitness, and by encouraging exercise habits that help prevent obesity. Unsupervised play also helps hone the skills of communication, perspective taking, and emotion regulation. For boys especially, rough-and-tumble play in early childhood provides a scaffold for learning emotion-regulation skills related to managing anger and aggression.
Effect of reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes on cigarette smoking behavior and tobacco smoke toxicant exposure: 2-year follow up.

Author(s): Benowitz, Neal L; Nardone, Natalie; Dains, Katherine M; Hall, Sharon M; Stewart, Susan; Dempsey, Delia; Jacob, Peyton | Abstract: Background and aimsA broadly mandated reduction of the nicotine content (RNC) of cigarettes has been proposed in the United States to reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes, to prevent new smokers from becoming addicted and to facilitate quitting in established smokers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether following 7 months of smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNC), and then returning to their own cigarettes, smokers would demonstrate persistently reduced nicotine intake compared with baseline or quit smoking.MethodsIn a community-based clinic 135 smokers not interested in quitting were randomized to one of two groups. A research group smoked their usual brand of cigarettes, followed by five types of research cigarettes with progressively lower nicotine content, each for 1 month, followed by 6 months at the lowest nicotine level (0.5 mg/cigarette) (53 subjects) and then 12 months with no intervention (30 subjects completed). A control group smoked their usual brand for the same period of time (50 subjects at 6 months, 38 completed). Smoking behavior, biomarkers of nicotine intake and smoke toxicant exposure were measured.ResultsAfter 7 months smoking VLNC, nicotine intake remained below baseline (plasma cotinine 149 versus 250 ng/ml, Pl0.005) with no significant change in cigarettes per day or expired carbon monoxide (CO). During the 12-month follow-up, cotinine levels in RNC smokers rose to baseline levels and to those of control smokers. Quit rates among RNC smokers were very low [7.5 versus 2% in controls, not significant).ConclusionsIn smokers not interested in quitting, reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes over 12 months does not appear to result in extinction of nicotine dependence, assessed by persistently reduced nicotine intake or quitting smoking over the subsequent 12 months.
Inhibition of adenovirus replication by 5,6-Dichloro-1-,β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole

Abstract The halogenated benzimidazole derivative 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) inhibits reversibly the replication of human adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and its DNA in human KB cells. Viral DNA replication is almost completely blocked when the drug is added earlier than 4 hr postinfection in concentrations between 50 and 150 μM. Replication of viral DNA in all four size-classes (>100 S, 50–90 S, 34 S, and 95%, as demonstrated by DNA-RNA filter hybridization. Thus, the block in viral DNA replication is best explained by the inhibition of the synthesis of early virus-specific RNA.
Modeling of Anisotropic Damage for Ductile Materials in Metal Forming Processes

The primary goal of this study is to model the anisotropic effect of ductile damage in metal forming processes. To represent the ductile metals, an anisotropic ductile plasticity/damage formulation is considered within the framework of continuum mechanics. The formulation is motivated from fracture mechanisms and physical observations in Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloys with second phases. The ductile damage mechanisms are represented by the classical ductile process of nucleation of voids at inclusions, followed by their growth and coalescence. Functions of each mechanism evolution are related to different microstructural parameters. The damage, represented by a second rank tensor, is coupled to the Bammann-Chiesa-Johnson (BCJ) rate-dependent plasticity using the effective stress concept. The constitutive equations are integrated using a fully implicit scheme and implemented into a explicit finite element code. This implementation is used to predict damage during the forward axisymmetric extrusion of an aluminum bar. This example illustrates the applicability of the model to predict the initiation and the evolution of anisotropic damage in metal forming processes.© 2002 ASME
Construction of fens with and without hydric soils

Abstract The objective of this study was to show that temperate zone fens could be constructed on a surface of glacial gravel or a surface without preformed hydric soil. A reference study examined the construction of a fen on remnants of a buried fen. Each construct was replicated in four sections planted with seeds, greenhouse-grown stock or natural fen plant communities. An artesian well supplied high carbonate water through the subsurface. After 8 years, each fen contained 71 species in common, the gravel-based fen had 28 additional species and the soil-based fen had 21 additional species. On the third year, the gravel-based fen began producing calcareous peat composed of brown mosses and by the eighth year a 10 cm layer of peat covered most of the surface. The gravel-based fen produced short and less densely distributed plants than the soil-based fen but the gravel-based fen had a greater number of rare plants. While most plantings had a high degree of survival the naturally derived plugs were the most successful and the seed produced the fewest survivors. We show that, given continuous groundwater supply, it is possible to produce a high diversity fen-like environment on either substrate.
Quasi Two-Dimensional Flows Through a Cascade

A thin airfoil theory is developed for airfoils spanning a slowly diverging or converging channel, the motivation being to predict, theoretically, the effect of varying axial velocity on the cascade performance of axial flow compressor rows.
Evidence-Based Practices in Special Education: Some Practical Considerations

A major tenet of both the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act is the identification and use of evidence-based practices, or those instructional techniques s...
Diffuse-direct ultraviolet ratios with a compact double monochromator

An improved system has been implemented for measuring the ratio of the diffuse skylight to the direct sunlight in the biologically active region of the uv near the atmospheric limit. It combines a double monochromator employing holographic gratings for reduction of stray light with a cooled photomultiplier tube to provide a greatly improved SNR below 300 nm. Data may be obtained in either a scan mode or a narrowband photometry mode; in the latter mode accurate ratios have been obtained near 290 nm. Representative data are discussed along with a theoretical model of the ratio. The system is compact enough for use in a mobile monitoring system.
Multiple infundibulocystic basal cell carcinomas: case report of unique unilateral presentation.

BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma shows a wide spectrum of clinical and histologic appearances. A distinct tumor variant with follicular infundibulocystic differentiation is recognized, and there are only a few reports on its clinical presentation and management. OBJECTIVE To report a case of multiple infundibulocystic basal cell carcinomas with a unique unilateral presentation. METHODS A clinical history was obtained. Photographs were taken, and punch biopsies were performed. RESULTS An 83-year-old Caucasian female presented with multiple unilateral, asymptomatic, skin-colored, dome-shaped papules around the right mouth for 11 years without apparent change. Punch biopsies revealed findings typical of infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS A patient with clinically indolent multiple unilateral infundibulocystic basal cell carcinomas is described. Given the location of these multiple lesions, standard treatment modalities for basal cell carcinomas would have significant cosmetic and functional implications. A management approach with clinical follow-up and surgical intervention only for changing lesions is discussed.
The respiration climacteric in apple fruits. The action of hydrolytic enzymes in peel tissue during the climacteric period in fruit detached from the tree

Abstract The respiration rate and the activity of four hydrolytic enzymes, chlorophyllase, lipase, ribonuclease, and acid phosphatase, were determined at intervals during the development of the respiration climacteric in detached apple fruits stored at 12°. The activities of lipase, ribonuclease and acid phosphatase rose to a peak at about the time the peak in respiration was reached and then decreased as the respiration fell. Acid phosphatase and ribonuclease are found in the soluble protein fraction in our preparations. This suggests that they are not bound within particles similar to the lysosomes which play an important role in the senescence of animal cells. Chlorophyllase activity rose before the commencement of the rise in respiration and continued beyond the peak. As the activity of chlorophyllase increased, the chlorophyll content of the tissue decreased. The possible relationship between chlorophyllase, lipase, the degradation of chlorophyll and the disorganization of the chloroplast lamellae which occurs during the climacteric is discussed.
Effect of variation of energy minima separation on Gunn oscillations

The threshold field for Gunn Oscillations depends on the separation in energy of high- and low-mobility conduction-band minima. In GaAs this separation can be reduced by hydrostatic pressure, by uniaxial stress, or by the addition of phosphorus to form GaAs x P 1-x . Experiments on the effect of uniaxial stress are described, and the results are compared with those previously reported for the other two methods of varying the energy separation. Under uniaxial stress the threshold field decreases rapidly with stress along a
Multiple endobronchial metastases from carcinoma of prostate

Abstract Endobronchial metastases have been described for many types of extrathoracic malignancies. Metastases of this type from carcinoma of the prostate are rare. A case is presented of a patient whose chief complaint was hemoptysis and who had multiple endobronchial metastases from prostatic adenocarcinoma.
The Promise of a Personalized Genomic Approach to Pancreatic Cancer and Why Targeted Therapies Have Missed the Mark

Pancreatic cancer (PC) carries the highest mortality rate of any cancer type. Although minor advances in chemotherapy have been made, the mortality rate has remained the same over the last several decades. Clinical trials examining therapies targeting the epidermal growth factor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), specific mutated proteins such as K-ras, immunotherapy employing tumor-associated antigens, and biologic therapy such as TNFerade (GenVec, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD) have all failed to substantially improve survival. Pancreatic cancer is likely a heterogeneous disease; therefore, a personalized genomic approach offers the possibility to tailor treatment to the unique characteristics of individual patients and their tumors. Rapid advances in sequencing technology are decreasing the time and cost of obtaining this information to a clinically useful level. However, many challenges remain to be faced in applying this technology in the field of PC. Even if patients with PC could be identified early in the course of the disease, localizing the disease and treating it in a minimally invasive fashion will remain problematic. Ethical issues including patient discrimination and access to care will be particularly important in PC. As the field advances, validation, education of clinicians, and determining the true value and source of funding will be difficult. Although the era of personalized genomic medicine has arrived, it will certainly take many years to begin to realize its potential. It is to be hoped that this new approach will result in a significant improvement in the survival curve for patients with PC.
The self-organizing properties of squid reflectin protein

Reflectins, a recently identified protein family that is enriched in aromatic and sulphur-containing amino acids, are used by certain cephalopods to manage and manipulate incident light in their environment. These proteins are the predominant constituent of nanoscaled photonic structures that function in static and adaptive colouration, extending visual performance and intra-species communication. Our investigation into recombinantly expressed reflectin has revealed unanticipated self-assembling and behavioural properties, and we demonstrate that reflectin can be easily processed into thin films, photonic grating structures and fibres. Our findings represent a key step in our understanding of the property–function relationships of this unique family of reflective proteins.
Proton scattering by 206,207,208Pb at 650 MeV: Phenomenological analysis.

Elastic and inelastic differential cross sections and analyzing powers are presented for the scattering of 650 MeV protons from $^{206,207,208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Five phenomenological optical potential sets with comparable ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}^{2}$ values are obtained. The volume integrals and root-mean-square (rms) radii of these potential sets are compared with those expected from the impulse approximation. The agreement is close for the imaginary, but not the real central potentials. The potential rms radii are \ensuremath{\sim}3% smaller than those from the impulse approximation indicating a ``shrinking'' of the effective nuclear density. The inelastic data for $^{206,208}\mathrm{Pb}$ are analyzed using collective transition densities. The results are then compared with electromagnetic matrix elements to obtain neutron-proton transition matrix element ratios. These are in fairly good agreement with earlier determinations and indicate large core polarization contributions to the low-lying ``two neutron hole'' states in $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$.
Drawing surfaces and their deformations: The tobacco pouch eversions of the sphere

Abstract The various sensuously possible cases of figures are not, as in Greek geometry, individually conceived and investigated, but all interest is concentrated on the manner in which they mutually proceed from each other. Insofar as an individual form is conceived, it never stands for itself alone but as a symbol of the system to which it belongs and as an expression for the totality of forms into which it can be transformed under certain rules of transformation.
PERCEIVED PATIENT DEVIANCE AND AVOIDANCE BY NURSES

Perceived patient deviance and its relationship to avoidance behaviors of nurses was examined using a social deviance/labeling framework. Avoidance included a reduction in the number and duration of nursing contacts with patients, a reduction in the number of nurse-initiated contacts, the use of physical restraints, and failure to meet the individualized needs of patients. Fifty-two registered nurses on adult health units classified known patients into three study groups: ideal patient, neutral patient, and difficult (deviant) patient. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences for mean number, duration, and initiator of nurse-patient contacts. Significant differences were found in the Psychosocial Individual, Physical, and General subscales of the Slater Nursing Competencies Rating Scale and in the use of physical restraints for the three study groups. Agreement of nurses in their classification of patients occurred in 74.63% of cases. The results suggest that the label of difficult (deviant) patient is well communicated among nurses and that it has a negative influence on the quality of care.
The high temperature defect equilibria of CdSe

Abstract The high temperature defect equilibria of CdSe have been investigated by measuring the electrical transport properties as a function of component pressure and temperature under equilibrium conditions. Measurements were performed on undoped, Cu- and In-doped single crystals. The electron concentration for undoped CdSe varies as n∞P Cd 1 3 at temperatures between 650 and 850°C and in Cd-rich vapor. A dominant doubly ionized native donor, either a Cd interstitial or Se vacancy, is proposed to explain this behavior with an incorporation energy for this defect of 1.90 eV. A lower value for the Cd pressure exponent is observed for In- and Cu-doped CdSe, and also for undoped CdSe at lower temperatures. It is proposed that these doping elements behave as donors under the experimental conditions and that residual donor impurities exist in the undoped CdSe. Measurements of the Hall mobility of the charge carriers and the relaxation time for the conductivity change are also reported and compared with theory.
Optimal compound orthogonal arrays and single arrays for robust parameter design experiments

Compound orthogonal arrays (COAs) and single arrays are alternatives to the inner–outer arrays advocated by Taguchi for robust parameter design experiments. A criterion based on the word type pattern and strength of COAs is proposed to select optimal COAs. Single arrays are classified into prodigal single arrays (PSAs) and economical single arrays (ESAs) according to their relative estimation capacities, and various optimality criteria, again based on the word type pattern, are proposed for selecting optimal single arrays. Useful optimal COAs, PSAs, and ESAs are constructed and tabulated as convenient references for experimenters in practice.
The Accuracy of the Increased Prostate Specific Antigen Level (Greater than or Equal to 20 Ng./Ml.) in Predicting Prostate Cancer: Is Biopsy Always Required?

ABSTRACTPurpose: Urologists are often referred patients who initially present with an extremely high serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. Despite a presumptive diagnosis of prostate cancer, many of these men undergo biopsy to obtain a tissue diagnosis before treatment with androgen ablative therapy. We examined a data base of men undergoing prostate biopsy to determine the accuracy of high PSA levels (greater than or equal to 20 ng./ml.) in predicting prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 1,250 consecutive patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy at 1 institution. From this data base we identified all patients with PSA greater than or equal to 20 ng./ml. at the time of prostate biopsy. The accuracy of PSA in predicting cancer was determined by calculating positive predictive values for PSA ranges and PSA cutoffs.Results: We identified 187 men (15%) presenting with PSA greater than or equal to 20 ng./ml. Of these 187 men 157 (84.0%) were diagnose...
Synthesis and characterization of bis[4-N-(cyclohexylimino)-2-pentanonato]magnesium(II)

A novel β-ketoimine, 4-N-(cyclohexylimino)-2-pentanone, was synthesized and reacted with dibutyl magnesium to afford the desired magnesium bis(β-ketoiminate). The complex, bis[4-N-(cyclohexylimino)-2-pentanonato]magnesium(II), has been structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Crystallographic analysis shows the four-coordinate complex to be homoleptic and monomeric in the solid state. The geometry around the Mg(II) atom is a distorted tetrahedron. The bulky cyclohexyl groups provide enough steric bulk about magnesium to inhibit intermolecular interactions. The crystal structure of the complex is triclinic, space group , with a = 8.301(3), b = 11.301(4), c = 12.023(4) A, α = 75.840(6), β = 88.867(6), γ = 84.611(6)°, Z = 2. The two normal Mg–O and Mg–N bond lengths are, respectively, 1.9162(11), 1.9265(11) and 2.0699(13), 2.0822(12) A.
Impact of frame dragging on the Kepler frequency of relativistic stars.

It has long been known that in general relativity the centrifugal force on an element in a rotating star involves the frequency of the star [ital relative] to the frequency at which the local inertial frame is dragged by the rotation. Intuitively, one would expect that this would increase the critical frequency at which rotation disrupts the star. Our analysis shows the opposite to be true and gives theoretical underpinning to a commonly used empirical formula for the Kepler frequency of a rotating star.
Simulation of Aggregates with Point-Contacting Monomers in the Cluster–Dilute Regime. Part 1: Determining the Most Reliable Technique for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Fractal Dimension from Two-Dimensional Images

Analysis of electron microscopy images of fractal-like aggregates involves extraction of three-dimensional (3-d) structural and geometrical properties of aggregates, which are commonly unknown, from their two-dimensional (2-d) projected images. The fractal dimension Df of an aggregate is considered to be the key property for characterizing fractal-like aggregates. The nested squares method (NSM) (also known as the cumulative-intersection method and concentric circles method), the perimeter grid method (PGM), and the ensemble method (EM) have found wide use as techniques for determination of Df of both individual and ensemble aggregates in the cluster-dilute regime. However, no study has so far compared the validity and accuracy of these three most commonly used analysis methods. In this article, using the fractal simulation package FracMAP, these methods were individually tested by applying them to a statistically significant (∼2500 per fractal dimension) number of projected images of all stable orientati...
Objective Wind Forecasting and Verification on the Great Lakes

Abstract The Techniques Development Laboratory of the National Weather Service has developed an automated objective wind forecast scheme. The forecasts are currently being transmitted twice daily for the five Great Lakes. Wind forecasts are made for 12 locations on the lakes by the Model Output Statistics technique. Mean absolute errors in wind speed, for the various forecast periods, range from 5 to 8 knots (2.6 to 4.1 m sec −l ). Mean absolute errors in direction are as low as 20 degrees for the short-term forecasts (6- to 12-hour periods) to as high as 70 degrees for the longer term forecasts (30 to 36 hours).
A contractual approach to higher education performance: with an application to Australia

In an effort to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of higher education, some governments have redefined their funding relationships with universities as contracts rather than grants in order to develop stronger incentives for university performance. This paper explores this approach, as adopted in Australia, within a principal agent framework. It examines the conditions necessary for success in achieving government objectives as well as preserving university autonomy.
Comparative accuracy of the plastic bead method of Golding and the lactometer method of Watson for routine determination of solids-not-fat in milk.

Abstract The plastic bead method of Golding was evaluated as a rapid test for solids-not-fat in the milk of individual cows. Ten plastic beads each varying 1mg. in density in the range of 1.025 to 1.034 are placed in a 4-oz. sample jar fitted with a plastic grid and a metal screw-cap. Milk is sampled directly into the sample jar and after the fat has been liquefied by heating to 104° F. and holding for 5min., the test is made by counting the number of sinking beads at 68° F. A formula for converting the number of sinking beads to per cent SNF was calculated, using 1,873 milk samples from Guernsey, Holstein, and Jersey cows of 53 herds. This formula is: per cent SNF=9.13−0.279 B + 0.307% F where B is the number of plastic beads sinking at 68° F. and per cent F is the percentage fat in the milk. In a second experiment, plastic beads and the lactometer of Watson were compared, using gravimetric assays for reference. On 300 milk samples from six breeds the standard deviation from regression was 0.17% SNF for the lactometer and 0.18% SNF for the plastic beads. The plastic bead method is sufficiently accurate for the routine testing of milk of individual cows for per cent SNF. The method is simple and rapid and requires no more milk than is routinely sampled for DHIA testing.
Copper sensitivity of Gonyaulax tamarensis 1

The copper sensitivity of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis was examined in artificial seawater medium. Two short term responses of the organism to copper toxicity are rapid loss of motility and reduced photosynthetic carbon fixation. The chelators tris(hydroxymethylamino)methane (Tris) and ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA) were used to demonstrate that copper toxicity is a unique function of cupric ion activity. Copper additions to medium containing EDTA equilibrated with the chelator relatively slowly, resulting in misleading short term data. This kinetic effect was not seen when the major copper chelator was Tris or when the copper was added in a chelated form with EDTA. Variations in manganese concentrations over two orders of magnitude did not alter the results. Cells of G. tamarensis are 100% nonmotile at a calculated cupric ion activity of 10/sup -9/./sup 7/ M with 50% of the cells nonmotile at 10/sup -10/./sup 4/ M. Nonmotile cells do not divide or grow larger. Gonyaulax tamarensis growth is totally inhibited at cupric ion activities that only partially inhibit the growth of four other species that have been studied extensively. Furthermore, this toxicity occurs at the calculated copper activity of natural waters, assuming only inorganic copper complexation. Thus organic chelation may be necessary beforemore » G. tamarensis can successfully compete with other algal species in coastal waters.« less