cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-2 Receptor Signaling Is Essential for the Development of Klrg1+ Terminally Differentiated T Regulatory Cells

Thymic-derived natural T regulatory cells (Tregs) are characterized by functional and phenotypic heterogeneity. Recently, a small fraction of peripheral Tregs has been shown to express Klrg1, but it remains unclear as to what extent Klrg1 defines a unique Treg subset. In this study, we show that Klrg1(+) Tregs represent a terminally differentiated Treg subset derived from Klrg1(-) Tregs. This subset is a recent Ag-responsive and highly activated short-lived Treg population that expresses enhanced levels of Treg suppressive molecules and that preferentially resides within mucosal tissues. The development of Klrg1(+) Tregs also requires extensive IL-2R signaling. This activity represents a distinct function for IL-2, independent from its contribution to Treg homeostasis and competitive fitness. These and other properties are analogous to terminally differentiated short-lived CD8(+) T effector cells. Our findings suggest that an important pathway driving Ag-activated conventional T lymphocytes also operates for Tregs.
Investigation into performance of TaN diffusion barrier against copper diffusion using XRD

A study of the reliability of a multilayer ionised metal plasma Cu/IMP TaN/plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposited SiO/sub 2//Si film structure with different thickness of TaN (10-30 nm) is presented. Formation of Cu/sub 5/Ta/sub 11/O/sub 30/ and CuTa/sub 10/O/sub 26/ peaks in the X-ray diffraction analysis when TaN fails suggests diffusion of Cu into oxygen-gettered tantalum. A 30 nm TaN barrier is an effective barrier for the Cu diffusion, sustaining 800/spl deg/C annealing.
A novel MAC protocol with fast collision resolution for wireless LANs

Design of efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols with both high throughput performance and high-degree of fairness performance is a major focus in distributed contention-based MAC protocol research. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient contention-based MAC protocol for wireless local area networks, namely, the fast collision resolution (FCR) algorithm. This algorithm is developed based on the following innovative ideas: to speed up the collision resolution, we actively redistribute the backoff timers for all active nodes; to reduce the average number of idle slots, we use smaller contention window sizes for nodes with successful packet transmissions and reduce the backoff timers exponentially fast when a fixed number of consecutive idle slots are detected. We show that the proposed FCR algorithm provides high throughput performance and low latency in wireless LANs. The extensive simulation studies show that the FCR algorithm could significantly improve the performance of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol if our efficient collision resolution algorithm is used and that the fairly scheduled FCR (FS-FCR) algorithm could simultaneously achieve high throughput performance and a high degree of fairness.
Effects of Completion Angiography on the Outcome of Carotid Endarterectomy

The carotid endarterectomy results of a single surgeon were analyzed over an 8-year period to determine how routine completion angiography affected endarterectomy outcome. Completion angiography was performed in 80% of cases. A total of 145 patients (86%) were symptomatic while 23 (14%) were symptom-free. Of 131 completion angiographies performed, 94 were interpreted as normal and 37 abnormal. The arteries were reopened in 23 patients with abnormal results. In the 14 patients with abnormal angiograms who were not reopened, two showed no flow into the internal carotid artery and the vessels were ligated. The remaining 12 patients had abnormalities in the external carotid artery or normal Doppler signals along the common carotid artery and internal carotid artery segments. Among the 37 patients with abnormal angiograms, arteries were re-explored in four; there were no neurologic complications. In the entire group, there were three mortalities, one stroke, one transient ischemic attack, two wound complications, four myocardial infarctions, two occurrences of cerebral edema, two pneumonias and nine transient local nerve injuries. Completion angiography has allowed an improved technique while also enhancing the ability to identify technical problems during surgery without increasing morbidity. These results support the use of intraoperative completion angiography to evaluate carotid endarterectomy sites.
Improving ED specimen TAT using Lean Six Sigma.

Purpose – Lean and Six Sigma are continuous improvement methodologies that have garnered international fame for improving manufacturing and service processes. Increasingly these methodologies are demonstrating their power to also improve healthcare processes. The purpose of this paper is to discuss a case study for the application of Lean and Six Sigma tools in the reduction of turnaround time (TAT) for Emergency Department (ED) specimens. This application of the scientific methodologies uncovered opportunities to improve the entire ED to lab system for the specimens. Design/methodology/approach – This case study provides details on the completion of a Lean Six Sigma project in a 1,000 bed tertiary care teaching hospital. Six Sigma’s Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control methodology is very similar to good medical practice: first, relevant information is obtained and assembled; second, a careful and thorough diagnosis is completed; third, a treatment is proposed and implemented; and fourth, check...
Effect of hyperoxic resuscitation on propensity of germinal matrix haemorrhage and cerebral injury.

C. O. Chua, G. Vinukonda, F. Hu, N. Labinskyy, M. T. Zia, J. Pinto, A. Csiszar, Z. Ungvari and P. Ballabh (2010) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology36, 448–458 Effect of hyperoxic resuscitation on propensity of germinal matrix haemorrhage and cerebral injury Aims: Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and cerebral injury are major neurological disorders of premature infants. The effect of hyperoxic resuscitation on the occurrence of IVH and cerebral injury is elusive. Therefore, we asked whether hyperoxia during neonatal resuscitation increased the incidence and severity of IVH and cerebral injury in premature newborns. Methods: Premature rabbit pups, delivered by C-section, were sequentially assigned to receive 100%, 40% or 21% oxygen for 15 or 60 min at birth. The pups were treated with intraperitoneal glycerol at 24-h postnatal age to determine the incidence and severity of glycerol-induced IVH. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 genes and protein expression, endothelial proliferation as well as free radical levels and antioxidants were assessed in the germinal matrix, white matter and cortex of pups exposed to 100% oxygen and to 21% oxygen. Results: Exposure with 100% oxygen for 1 h did not adversely exacerbate the incidence of glycerol-induced IVH in premature rabbit pups. Compared with room air, 100% oxygen enhanced mRNA expression of both vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 as well as reactive oxygen species levels in the germinal matrix. Hyperoxia did not affect endothelial proliferation, apoptosis or neuronal degeneration in the forebrain. Conclusion: Our data suggest that 100% oxygen exposure for 1 h does not increase the risk of IVH or cerebral injury in premature rabbit pups. Although extrapolating rabbit neural developmental data into humans has obvious limitations, we speculate that hyperoxia of short duration at birth in premature infants may not result in major neurological adverse effects.
SABER: A computational method for identifying active sites for new reactions

A software suite, SABER (Selection of Active/Binding sites for Enzyme Redesign), has been developed for the analysis of atomic geometries in protein structures, using a geometric hashing algorithm (Barker and Thornton, Bioinformatics 2003;19:1644–1649). SABER is used to explore the Protein Data Bank (PDB) to locate proteins with a specific 3D arrangement of catalytic groups to identify active sites that might be redesigned to catalyze new reactions. As a proof-of-principle test, SABER was used to identify enzymes that have the same catalytic group arrangement present in o-succinyl benzoate synthase (OSBS). Among the highest-scoring scaffolds identified by the SABER search for enzymes with the same catalytic group arrangement as OSBS were l-Ala d/l-Glu epimerase (AEE) and muconate lactonizing enzyme II (MLE), both of which have been redesigned to become effective OSBS catalysts, demonstrated by experiments. Next, we used SABER to search for naturally existing active sites in the PDB with catalytic groups similar to those present in the designed Kemp elimination enzyme KE07. From over 2000 geometric matches to the KE07 active site, SABER identified 23 matches that corresponded to residues from known active sites. The best of these matches, with a 0.28 A catalytic atom RMSD to KE07, was then redesigned to be compatible with the Kemp elimination using RosettaDesign. We also used SABER to search for potential Kemp eliminases using a theozyme predicted to provide a greater rate acceleration than the active site of KE07, and used Rosetta to create a design based on the proteins identified.
Automatic Drift Compensation Using Phase Correlation Method for Nanomanipulation

Nanomanipulation and nanofabrication with an atomic force microscope (AFM) or other scanning probe microscope (SPM) are a precursor for nanomanufacturing. It is still a challenging task to accomplish nanomanipulation automatically. In ambient conditions without stringent environmental controls, the task of nanomanipulation requires extensive human intervention to compensate for the spatial uncertainties of the SPM. Among these uncertainties, the thermal drift, which affects spatial resolution, is especially hard to solve because it tends to increase with time, and cannot be compensated simultaneously by feedback from the instrument. In this paper, a novel automatic compensation scheme is introduced to measure and estimate the drift one-step ahead. The scheme can be subsequently utilized to compensate for the thermal drift so that a real-time controller for nanomanipulation can be designed, as if the drift did not exist. Experimental results show that the proposed compensation scheme can predict drift with a small error, and therefore, can be embedded in the controller for manipulation tasks.
Avoidance, weight loss, and cocoon production assessment for Eisenia fetida exposed to C60 in soil

Eisenia fetida was used as a model terrestrial organism to assess the potential ecotoxicity of molecular pristine C60 in soil. Reproduction (assessed by counting cocoon numbers) was hindered only at very high C60 concentrations (5% by weight), and C60 (up to 1%) was not avoided and did not hinder earthworm growth. This suggests that E. fetida is unlikely to experience acute toxicity as a result of C60 occurrence in soil. Whether sublethal toxicity may decrease earthworm populations that are chronically exposed to C60 at lower concentrations remains to be determined. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2542–2545. © 2011 SETAC
Technical Report: The Business Case for Healthcare Information Technology in Nursing Homes

We investigate whether the implementation of electronic medical records is associated with higher levels of economic performance in nursing homes in terms of quality, profitability, cost, productivity, and efficiency. Our analysis is based on a survey of Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) usage for approximately 200 New York State Nursing Homes, including 26 that participated in the NY Nursing Home Demonstration project. The survey data are combined with regulatory data from CMS Nursing Home Compare and the NY State RHCF-4 financial reports. The analysis uses a “difference in differences approach” comparing changes in economic performance in a facility before and after HIT implementation to changes over the same time periods in other facilities that are known to not have implemented HIT. Overall, we do not find conclusive evidence that adoption of HIT raises productivity, increases commonly used performance measures, or improves quality scores in the short run. There is some evidence of a positive effect after several years. We do find that there appears to be a slight increase (1-3%) in variable costs, but also slightly greater efficiency when measured by frontier analysis. However, facilities that adopt HIT and either adopt or have in place progressive work practices (which include greater staff autonomy, cooperative labor-management relations, and greater teamwork) consistently show performance gains. Firms that are one standard deviation higher on our progressive work practice score get a 2-3% increase in productivity, a 2-3% reduction in costs and a 1-2% incremental efficiency gain upon adoption of HIT relative to their peers.Our results suggest that adoption of EMR can have significant positive economic benefits when implemented in conjunction with progressive work practices.
Distribution and Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Irrigation Ponds in the Southeastern United States.

ABSTRACT Irrigation water has been implicated as a likely source of produce contamination by Salmonella enterica. Therefore, the distribution of S. enterica was surveyed monthly in irrigation ponds ( n = 10) located within a prime agricultural region in southern Georgia and northern Florida. All ponds and 28.2% of all samples ( n = 635) were positive for Salmonella, with an overall geometric mean concentration (0.26 most probable number [MPN]/liter) that was relatively low compared to prior reports for rivers in this region. Salmonella peaks were seasonal; the levels correlated with increased temperature and rainfall ( P n = 185) from different ponds, sample types, and seasons were examined for resistance to 15 different antibiotics; most strains were resistant to streptomycin (98.9%), while 20% were multidrug resistant (MDR) for 2 to 6 antibiotics. DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic-element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) revealed genetic diversity and showed 43 genotypes among 191 isolates, as defined by >95% similarity. The genotypes did not partition by pond, season, or sample type. Genetic similarity to known serotypes indicated Hadar, Montevideo, and Newport as the most prevalent. All ponds achieved the current safety standards for generic Escherichia coli in agricultural water, and regression modeling showed that the E. coli level was a significant predictor for the probability of Salmonella occurrence. However, persistent populations of Salmonella were widely distributed in irrigation ponds, and the associated risks for produce contamination and subsequent human exposure are unknown, supporting continued surveillance of this pathogen in agricultural settings.
Student antenna design for a nanosatellite

Utah State University is building a nanosatellite that will cooperate with satellites built by the University of Washington and Virginia Tech to perform important ionospheric investigations, as well as test various aspects of formation flying around the earth. These satellites must be able to communicate with each other as well as communicate with the ground stations. This paper describes the nanosatellite program at Utah State University (USUsat). In addition, the communication link budget and antenna designs for this satellite are described in detail. The ground station will have an array of helical antennas, while the antennas on the satellites will be circularly polarized microstrip patches.
Switchable pH actuators and 3D integrated salt bridges as new strategies for reconfigurable microfluidic free-flow electrophoretic separation

We present novel strategies for reconfigurable, high-throughput microfluidic free-flow electrophoretic separation using electrically switchable pH actuators and 3D integrated salt bridges to allow rapid formation of stable pH gradients and efficient electrophoresis. The pH actuator is achieved by microfluidic integration of bipolar membranes which change electrolyte pH by injecting excess H+ or OH− ions produced by a field-enhanced water dissociation phenomenon at the membrane junction upon voltage bias. The technique does not require conventional multiple buffer inflows and leaves no gas production as experienced in electrolysis, thus providing stable pH gradients for isoelectric focusing (IEF) separation. With the pH actuator inactivated, the platform can perform zone electrophoretic (ZE) separation in a medium of constant pH. We also describe the use of 3D integrated ion conductive polymers that serve as salt bridges for improving the voltage efficiency of electrophoresis and to allow high throughput. The proof of concept was successfully demonstrated for free-flow IEF and ZE separation of protein mixtures showing the potential and the simplicity of the platform for high-throughput and high-precision sample separation.
Phylogeny, divergence times and species limits of spiny lizards (Sceloporus magister species group) in western North American deserts and Baja California

The broad distribution of the Sceloporus magister species group (squamata: phrynosomatidae) throughout western North America provides an appropriate model for testing biogeographical hypotheses explaining the timing and origins of diversity across mainland deserts and the Baja California Peninsula. We inferred concordant phylogenetic trees describing the higher-level relationships within the magister group using 1.6 kb of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and 1.7 kb of nuclear DNA data. These data provide strong support for the parallel divergence of lineages endemic to the Baja California Peninsula (S. zosteromus and the orcutti complex) in the form of two sequential divergence events at the base of the magister group phylogeny. A relaxed phylogenetic analysis of the mtDNA data using one fossil and one biogeographical constraint provides a chronology of these divergence events and evidence that further diversification within the Baja California clades occurred simultaneously, although patterns of geographical variation and speciation between clades differ. We resolved four major phylogeographical clades within S. magister that (i) provide a novel phylogenetic placement of the Chihuahuan Desert populations sister to the Mojave Desert; (ii) illustrate a mixed history for the Colorado Plateau that includes Mojave and Sonoran Desert components; and (iii) identify an area of overlap between the Mojave and Sonoran Desert clades near Yuma, Arizona. Estimates of bidirectional migration rates among populations of S. magister using four nuclear loci support strong asymmetries in gene flow among the major mtDNA clades. Based on the nonexclusivity of mtDNA haplotypes, nuclear gene flow among populations and wide zones of phenotypic intergradation, S. magister appears to represent a single geographically variable and widespread species.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of a New Sweating Guarded Hot Plate Test Method (ISO 11092)

Heat transfer and water vapor transport measurements performed at three laboratories using the "sweating" guarded hot plate apparatus were standard ized based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Standard 11092. Comparison testing was conducted on four standard military uni form materials. The adherence to ISO 11092 resulted in good agreement among the three laboratories between measured values of thermal resistance and water vapor re sistance for the four materials. Factors influencing the accuracy of the test method are also discussed.
Research, Data, and Evidence-Based Treatment Use in State Behavioral Health Systems, 2001–2012

Objective:Empirical study of public behavioral health systems’ use of data and their investment in evidence-based treatments (EBTs) is limited. This study describes trends in state-level EBT investment and research supports from 2001 to 2012.Methods:Data were from National Association for State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute (NRI) surveys, which were completed by representatives of state mental health authorities (SMHAs). Multilevel models examined change over time related to state adoption of EBTs, numbers of clients served, and penetration rates for six behavioral health EBTs for adults and children: supported housing, supported employment, assertive community treatment, therapeutic foster care, multisystemic therapy, and functional family therapy. State supports related to research, evaluation, and information management were also examined.Results:Increasing percentages of states reported funding an external research center, promoting the adoption of EBTs through provider contracts,...
International Country-Based DEA Health Studies

In this chapter we focus on specific data envelopment analysis (DEA) studies that considered either unique evaluations for a country or applied new methods to evaluate performance outcomes after dramatic health care reforms. Of the 17 countries we examine below, almost half of them had significant health care reforms during the past decade. These countries include: Austria, Brazil, Germany, Norway, Portugal, Thailand, and Turkey. There are many DEA studies being conducted in these and other various countries; some represent replication of already known methodologies, yet others provide a unique perspective in their evaluations. We will summarize the key aspects of these DEA country-based applications in alphabetical order by country. The reader should keep in mind that these are an interesting sample of studies among other DEA studies conducted in selected countries, and the discussions below does not represent an exhaustive set of either the studies or the countries.
Flight to the Centre: Winnie Gonley, 1930s Colonial Cosmopolitan

Winnie Gonley (1909-1995), my mother, was an Irish New Zealander who at the age of 28, in 1937, left friends and family for Europe. She stayed there the rest of her life but never changed her New Zealand passport for a British one. She was a feminist who for nearly sixty years put her man ?rst; a writer who published almost nothing; a Bohemian for whom Paris was eldorado but who spent most of her life as an academic wife in Oxford; a free spirit who brought up three daughters in an apparently conventional household; a well-educated and hard-working woman of great independence whose employment never remotely matched her abilities. And she was a woman who lived a rich and generous life.
Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Pharmacokinetics in a Critically Ill Adult Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Limited data are available on ceftolozane/tazobactam dosing in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Thus we performed a pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenous ceftolozane/tazobactam in a critically ill patient receiving CRRT at our medical center. A 47-year-old critically ill man with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, bacteremia, and osteomyelitis was receiving ceftolozane/tazobactam 3 g (ceftolozane 2 g/tazobactam 1 g) every 8 hours while receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). After the fifth dose of ceftolozane/tazobactam, plasma samples were obtained at 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-hour time points. Two additional post-hemodialysis filter plasma samples were obtained to assess CVVHDF clearance. The maximum and minimum plasma concentrations for ceftolozane were 163.9 μg/ml and 79.4 μg/ml, respectively. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0-8 hours (AUC0-8 ) was 689 μg hour/ml; the plasma half-life was 13.3 hours. The ceftolozane CVVHDF clearance and total clearance were 2.4 L/hour and 2.9 L/hour, respectively. Compared with a patient with normal renal function, this patient receiving CVVHDF had decreased ceftolozane clearance. A ceftolozane/tazobactam dosage of 1.5 g every 8 hours should adequately achieve a desired drug concentration above the minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μg/ml for the treatment of pneumonia. Additional pharmacokinetic data are needed to confirm our results and for alternative forms of CRRT.
Damage by greenbug homoptera aphididae to grain sorghum as affected by tillage surface residues and canopy

Different cropping systems for grain sorghum were studied at two Texas locations and one Nebraska location to determine effects of tillage practice, cropping systems, crop residues, and plant canopy on greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), abundance and crop damage. In each case, reduced tillage or crop residues on the soil surface (or both) resulted in a decreased number of greenbugs and amount of plant injury. In one study, a greenbug-resistant grain sorghum hybrid conventionally tilled was more severely damaged than a susceptible hybrid planted in a no-tillage situation, indicating the negative effect of reduced tillage on greenbug abundance. Influence of reduced tillage on green bug density occurred on plants in plots as large as 2.8 ha. In one grain sorghum field, a dense canopy of a weedy grass that obscured furrows substantially reduced greenbug infestation. In other fields, independent of surface residues and canopy, greenbugs seemed to distinguish between amount of cultivation and preferred plants growing in soil with the greatest amount of disturbance. Apparently, green bugs respond to background conditions of the host plant associated with tillage operations and seem to be repelled by crop residues, canopy, and the reduced tilled soil surface.
Resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)

Thirty-eight selected acquisitions of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) were evaluated for resistance to the Lygus bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, a major pest of common beans in the western United States. Estimates of gross increase, ovipositional preference, nymphal development, and survival of Iygus bugs on those cultivars were used as parameters to identify resistant germplasm and general mechanisms involved in resistance. The assessment of resistance was dependent upon counting newly hatched nymphs as a measure of oviposition. Studies were also done to validate this by assessing survivorship of eggs. Counts of first-instar lygus bugs after 12 days of incubation were shown to be a reliable estimate of oviposition. Resistance through ovipositional nonpreference was found in entries ‘BAT 1258’, ‘DOR 42’, ‘Gloria’, ‘BLAN 7644’, ‘Bountiful’, and ‘c 15’. Antibiosis was evidenced by reduced nymphal development rate on entries ‘BAT 1081’, ‘BAT 1258’, ‘BAT 1299’, ‘BAT 1254’, ‘Gloria’, ‘0425’, and ‘CIAT 5979’, as well as by reduced survival on these same entries with the exception of ‘Gloria’ and ‘CIAT 5979’. Significant reduction in survival was also observed in ‘T 39’ and ‘Michigan Improved Cranberry’. These results suggest that at least two general mechanisms function to provide resistance: nonpreference by interference with oviposition and antibiosis by induction of reduced nymphal growth and survival. These findings will help in selection of germplasm for breeding common beans resistant to L. hesperus .
Physical assessment of essential work of fracture parameters based on m-LLDPE blown films

Abstract A new experimental approach based on essential work of fracture (EWF) method and an in-situ digital image correlation strain mapping analysis has been developed to quantify different aspects of fracture energy on model metallocene linear low-density polyethylene (m-LLDPE) blown films. Three distinctive fracture process zones have been identified from the photoelastic observation of the model m-LLDPE blown films. These three zones include the essential work ( W e ) zone due to necking and crack propagation, the non-essential plastic deformation zone ( W p ), and a newly proposed recoverable viscoelastic deformation zone ( W v ), which is found to be nontrivial. Furthermore, in contrast to the assumption involved in the EWF theory, W e is found to be proportional to the volume of the materials involved in the inner fracture process zone. The current approach allows for exact physical interpretation of the EWF parameters and their correlation to material characteristics. Usefulness of the present work for development of stronger polymeric blown films is discussed.
Analysis of the Western Europe Blackout

On November 4, 2006, a large scope blackout was occurred in 8 countries of Western Europe, which is the most serious failure in Europe in the recent 30 years. Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity(UCTE)and E.ON Corporation released their reports of investigations successively. This paper introduces the case and its analysis of “11·4” blackout, and discusses these reports, brings forward some methods to strengthen operation. At last, it is indicated that developing and application of dynamic SCADA system will be valid to avoid cascading failure and improve operation reliability.
Study of the Ability Preventing Tuberculosis Epidemic in Basal Level Health Department

OBJECTIVE To investigate the medical facility of village clinic in partial rural area of He'nan Province,and the understanding,attitude,knowlege about tuberculosis,trained and the efforts of trained of the village doctor.To provide scientific basis for the department of health administration workout the policy of preventing the tuberculosis and enhance the administration of treating tuberculosis.METHODS Questionnaire,informal discussion,paper examination and on-the-spot investigation were performed to understand initially the whole situation about 206 villages clinic of He'nan Province,especially the knowledge of village doctor preventing and treating tuberculosis.RESULTS The village doctor well understand the general knowledge,such as the infect way and preventing method about tuberculosis,but poorly understand the special field of basic knowledge of tuberculosis,such as the standard treatment of anti-tuberculosis and deal with side effort of anti-tuberculosis drug,lock the knowlgedge a bout the policy in free treat tuberculosis.CONCLUSION It is argent matter to improve the poor medical condition,training for doctor of the basic level and the ability and knowedge of preventing tuberculosis for medical worker in village.
Flat start training of CD-CTC-SMBR LSTM RNN acoustic models

We present a recipe for training acoustic models with context dependent (CD) phones from scratch using recurrent neural networks (RNNs). First, we use the connectionist temporal classification (CTC) technique to train a model with context independent (CI) phones directly from the written-domain word transcripts by aligning with all possible phonetic verbalizations. Then, we devise a mechanism to generate a set of CD phones using the CTC CI phone model alignments and train a CD phone model to improve the accuracy. This end-to-end training recipe does not require any previously trained GMM-HMM or DNN model for CD phone generation or alignment, and thus drastically reduces the overall model building time. We show that using this procedure does not degrade the performance of models and allows us to improve models more quickly by updates to pronunciations or training data.
How to improve student learning in every classroom now

Abstract This paper is our attempt to help any of the world’s 60 million teachers who ask, “What can I do right now to improve learning in my classroom?” We describe three easy-to-use teaching tactics derived from applied behavior analysis that consistently yield measurably superior learning outcomes. Each tactic is applicable across curriculum content and students’ age and skill levels. Considerations for using digital tools to support and extend these “low-tech” tactics are also discussed.
Fluid Management for Critically Ill Patients: A Review of the Current State of Fluid Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit.

Background: Intravenous fluids (IVF) are frequently utilized to restore intravascular volume in patients with distributive and hypovolemic shock. Although the benefits of the appropriate use of fluids in intensive care units (ICUs) and hospitals are well described, there is growing knowledge regarding the potential risks of volume overload and its impact on organ failure and mortality. To avoid volume overload and its associated complications, strategies to identify fluid responsiveness are developed and utilized more often among ICU patients. Apart from the amount of fluid utilized for resuscitation, the type of fluid used also impacts patient outcome. Colloids and crystalloids are two types of fluids that are utilized for resuscitation. The efficacy of each fluid type on the expansion of intravascular volume on one hand and the potential adverse effects of each individual fluid, on the other hand, need to be considered when choosing the type of fluid for resuscitation. The negative impact of hydroxyethyl starch on kidney function, of albumin on the mortality of head trauma patients and chloride-rich crystalloids on mortality and kidney function, are only examples of new developments in the field. Summary: In this paper, we will review the impact of fluid overload on patient outcomes, define the fluid challenge, describe the differences in static and dynamic estimates of fluid responsiveness, and review the effect of different types of fluid on patient outcome. Key Message: Avoiding fluid overload by choosing the appropriate amount of fluids in patients who are fluid-responsive on one hand, and treating IVF like other medications, on the other hand, are the major changes. Whenever clinicians decide to prescribe IVF, they need to weigh the risks and benefits of giving fluid and also the advantages and side effects of each fluid type in order to optimize patient outcomes.
Serologic evidence of exposure to influenza D virus among persons with occupational contact with cattle

Abstract Background Influenza D virus (IDV), a novel influenza virus with proposed classification: family Orthomyxoviridae , genus Influenzavirus D , species Influenza D virus , has been associated with influenza-like illness in cattle and swine. More recently, anti-IDV antibodies have also been detected in small ruminants. A seroprevalence of approximately 1.3% has been estimated for the general human population. Objectives To gain insights on the zoonotic potential of IDV to human adults with occupational exposure to cattle in north central Florida. Study A cross-sectional serological study was performed on human serum samples from 35 cattle-exposed and 11 non-cattle-exposed adults to screen for IDV antibodies using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Results A seroprevalence of 91% was detected via HI assay, and 97% by MN assay among individuals working with cattle in Florida. Among non-cattle-exposed individuals, seropositivity determined via MN assay (only) was lower (18%). Conclusions IDV poses a zoonotic risk to cattle-exposed workers, based on detection of high seroprevalence (94–97%). Whereas it is still unknown whether IDV causes disease in humans, our studies indicate that the virus may be an emerging pathogen among cattle-workers.
Improved Procedure for Determining Water Activity in a High Range

Presentation d'une methode derivee de la technique de Robinson pour l'etalonnage d'un appareil Hygroline de Beckman pour le domaine des aw de 0,920 a 0,970
The French Revolution in Modern Russian and Western Thought

From its beginning the French Revolution and its slogan - liberte, egalie, fraternite - has been a symbol of revolution. Later, during the twentieth century, its images were merged with images from other revolutionary upheaval, especially in Russia where it played an important role in the Russian Revolutions’ intellectual history as well as in the history of the Soviet regime. The reasons for the popularity of the French Revolution in Russian intellectual life varied. It is clear, however, that the external similarities between the histories of late eighteenth-century France and modern Russia played a large part. Indeed, one could easily compare the French ancien regime to the Russian monarchy; the 1905 Revolution could be compared to the French ‘1789’, the February Revolution to ‘1792’. The Bolshevik Reign of Terror could be seen almost as a carbon copy of the French ‘1793’, and the Soviet regime could be viewed as either a prolonged reign of Russian Jacobins or, and this was the point of the majority of the enemies of the Bolshevik regime, as nothing but a Russian Thermidor. Present day observers of post-Soviet Russia also are given to using this comparison to Thermidor.
Anti-Miscegenation Laws

Anti-miscegenation (racial mixing) laws have been enacted around the world throughout history. In mainland British colonies and the United States such laws regulated marriages between persons of different races, primarily between blacks and whites, from 1634 to 1967, when the Supreme Court declared them an unconstitutional mechanism for maintaining white supremacy in Loving v. Virginia. That decision exposed the faulty legal reasoning that exempted interracial marriages from the usual protections provided to marriage and citizenship on the grounds that miscegenation was illicit. British New World island colonies did not enact anti-miscegenation laws, but they did regulate the rights of mixed-race progeny. Often overlooked in discussions of these and other anti-miscegenation laws and policies are their inherent gender biases and their protection of white male prerogatives as a keystone of the doctrine of white supremacy. Keywords: eugenics; gender; marriage; race and racism; whiteness
A geovisual analytics exploration of the OpenStreetMap crowd

ABSTRACTIt is sometimes easy to forget that massive crowdsourced data products such as Wikipedia and OpenStreetMap (OSM) are the sum of individual human efforts stemming from a variety of personal and institutional interests. We present a geovisual analytics tool called Crowd Lens for OpenStreetMap designed to help professional users of OSM make sense of the characteristics of the “crowd” that constructed OSM in specific places. The tool uses small multiple maps to visualize each contributor’s piece of the crowdsourced whole, and links OSM features with the free-form commit messages supplied by their contributors. Crowd Lens allows sorting and filtering contributors by characteristics such as number of contributions, most common language used, and OSM attribute tags applied. We describe the development and evaluation of Crowd Lens, showing how a multiple-stage user-centered design process (including testing by geospatial technology professionals) helped shape the tool’s interface and capabilities. We also...
Maternal Abandonment, Maternal Deprivation: Tales of Griselda in Boccaccio, Petrarch, Chaucer, and Shakespeare

This chapter explores three medieval versions of the Griselda story, the ferocious tale of domestic and political tyranny. Often analyzed as either a miraculously patient or viciously abused wife, Griselda as a mother who gives up her children to be killed at her husband’s command has received perfunctory treatment. Rose argues that the perpetually disturbing components of the tale are located in the unassimilable fact of the knowledge of origins and legitimacy that comprise maternal authority. The tale makes clear that the tests exacted by marriage are too extreme: the choice between saving your children or obeying your husband is too drastic. The chapter also explores Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale as a Griselda text, considering the similarities and differences between medieval and early modern versions of the tale.
Contact Dermatitis in the Hospitalized Patient

Purpose of Review The purpose of this study is to review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies for irritant and allergic contact dermatitis (CD) in hospitalized patients.
The Utilization of Social Media in the Hearing Aid Community

Purpose This study investigated the utilization of social media by the hearing aid (HA) community. The purpose of this survey was to analyze the participation of HA community in the social media we...
On the Ratio of Exponential and Generalized Gamma Random Variables with Applications to Ad Hoc SISO Networks

A Poisson point process (PPP)-based model for a single-input single-output (SISO) transmission between two randomly located nodes is developed and analyzed. The power received at a node, when a randomly deployed transmitter transmits the message signal in the presence of Rayleigh fading and path loss, is shown to be the ratio of an exponential random variable (RV) and a generalized gamma (GG) RV. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the received power is derived, which is used to find the outage probability at the receiver. The study is then further extended to SISO multi-hop links where the coverage probability of the network is calculated. Finally, a transmission model is proposed that saves a significant amount of energy by carefully selecting an intermediate node in a multi-hop network such that the lifetime of the network can be increased. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the theoretical models.
Travel Behavior Analysis of Agricultural Commodities in a Freight Activity Microsimulation Framework

Effective transportation systems are vital elements of the economy and in order to have an operational one, special tools and models need to be provided. There are several problems with current freight models. •They are too aggregate and as a result, new strategies and policy-changes cannot be tested on them. •Because of freight complexity, there is a big gap in modeling logistic elements such as determining the exact structure of supply chain. •Despite the fact that agricultural commodities are a major component of freight movements, only few studies have mentioned them specifically. The focus of this research, was on expanding FAME as one of the best freight frameworks. FAME while contains very innovative, interesting and sophisticated models, suffers from commodity aggregation issues and computational problems. In his study, the accuracy of the models improved by; presenting another supplier evaluation model and adding more data sources to make the models more realistic. The computational problems of the previous model were solved. And finally, a specific framework was introduced to capture the effect of cereal grain movements in the U.S. transportation network.
A novel correlation power analysis attack on PIC based AES-128 without access to crypto device

In most power analysis attack, power traces obtained from the cryptographic device are aligned using a crypto device based triggering signal. In reality, the attacker does not have the luxury of inserting a trigger in the encryption device source code. This paper aims to execute a CPA attack on an 8 bit PIC-microcontroller (μC) implementation of AES-128 encryption without a crypto μC-based triggering signal. To address the misalignment, a unique methodology that features the introduction of an intermediate μC coupled with a suitable alignment method is applied. The proposed method is able to extract each byte of the key of an AES-128 using 200 power traces with a correlation coefficient of 0.6225.
How to efficiently process 2100 list variations

Variational execution offers an avenue of efficiently analyzing configurable systems, but data structures like lists require special consideration. We implement automatic substitution of a more efficient list representation in a variational execution framework and evaluate its performance in micro-benchmarks. The results suggest that the substitution may offer substantial performance improvements to programs involving highly variational lists.
The Content Knowledge Mathematics Teachers Need.

We describe the mathematical content knowledge a teacher needs in order to achieve a basic level of competence in mathematics teaching. We also explain why content knowledge is essential for this purpose, how Textbook School Mathematics (TSM) stands in the way of providing teachers with this knowledge, and the relationship of this concept of content knowledge with pedagogical content knowledge (PCK).
Does inflation targeting lower inflation? If yes, then when?

Using a dataset of 170 developing and developed countries over the 1990-2011 period, this paper attempts an answer to the following two questions: (1) Does inflation targeting (IT) work? And (2) When does inflation targeting work? Using various propensity score matching (PSM) techniques, it is shown that IT does have a causal effect on inflation, thus improving on existing literature which mainly used OLS and/or panel methodologies. The more important contribution, however, is that we study the effect of the initial inflation rate on effectiveness of IT. Existing literature has loosely argued that IT would only be effective if initial inflation is low, while country experience suggests that IT is only adopted when initial inflation is high. Using quantile treatment effects, it is shown that IT is more effective in lowering inflation rates when initial inflation is high to begin with.
Polymerizations in oil-in-oil emulsions using 2D nanoparticle surfactants

Oil-in-oil emulsions are especially attractive for compartmentalized reactions with water-sensitive monomers which cannot be used with traditional oil/water emulsions. Herein, we demonstrate that alkylated graphene oxide nanosheets can be used as a surfactant for three different oil-in-oil emulsion polymerizations and to prepare closed-cell foams, hollow capsules, and functionalizable particles.
A Polarimetric Active Transponder With Extremely Large RCS for Absolute Radiometric Calibration of SMAP Radar

This paper presents a new single-antenna polarimetric active radar calibrator (PARC) intended for the polarimetric and absolute radiometric calibration of the NASA’s soil moisture active passive (SMAP) radar. The PARC receives and retransmits the SMAP signal through a dual-polarized horn antenna with 17-dB gain at the center frequency of 1.26 GHz with 100 MHz of bandwidth. The transmit and receive polarizations are perpendicular and are isolated from each other using a precision orthomode transducer (OMT) specially designed for this application. The antenna is rotated 45° in the plane perpendicular to the direction of incidence, so that the scattering matrix of the PARC with respect to SMAP polarization coordinates has equal entries that enable radiometric calibration of all four channels simultaneously. As SMAP radar resolution is coarse (1 km), a point target with a very large radar cross section (RCS) is required to provide a high signal-to-clutter ratio. The proposed PARC can provide RCS values as high as 80 dBsm to achieve a 30-dB signal-to-clutter ratio. The PARC is controlled by a microcontroller to autonomously start minutes before the SMAP radar is expected to scan the area, stabilize the amplifier gain, record the magnitude of the pulses transmitted from the radar, and transmit these data to a base station. The design procedures of the OMT and the antenna, as well as control and RF circuits, are discussed, a number of leakage cancelation techniques are introduced to increase the isolation between the ports, the RCS of the fabricated PARC is fully characterized, and the image of the PARC as seen by SMAP is presented.