cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of fuel cycle proliferation resistance dynamics using coupled isotopic characterization

Abstract A method for the assessment of intrinsic proliferation resistance (PR) in a variety of nuclear fuel cycle systems as a dynamic quantity is described in this paper. This method is based upon the direct coupling of a code for nuclear fuel isotopic characterization (ORIGEN-S) to a model for proliferation resistance, based upon a generalized fuel cycle model. The resulting coupled model is applied to evaluate PR as a dynamic system property as a function of three fuel cycle categories: open cycles, a “modified open cycle” (MOC) consisting of limited actinide recycle, and a fully closed cycle. Proliferation resistance is evaluated along several key operational parameters of the chosen fuel cycles, including fuel burnup and actinide separation strategies (including uranium and minor actinide co-extraction). For purposes of demonstration, a PR model developed at NC State shall be used for fuel cycle PR evaluation; the mechanics of this model will be presented in brief.
Affect, folklore and Cantonese opera film

The close-up is a frequently employed film language in Cantonese opera film production and a keyword that has entered the debates on Chinese opera filmmaking. The close-up also plays a crucial role in the move from a stylized operatic mode of representation to a social realist mode in Cantonese cinema, in addition to performing the function of highlighting performance skills or the texture of a sentiment or an emotional trajectory. Here, through an analysis of the salience of the close-up in Cantonese opera films, and the relation between affect, folklore and Cantonese opera films, I argue that the preponderance of heightened emotion in Cantonese opera films, the perpetuation of the commonsensical view and philosophical conceptions in the approach to challenges and aggression, and the role of the close-up in the translation between stage and screen has given rise to an idiomatic Cantonese cinema in correspondence to the cultural context of Hong Kong and its Cantonese audience.
Stakeholder vs. shareholder theory of the ethics of corporate management

Two theories dominate business ethics – shareholder and stakeholder. By the former, shareholders hire managers to manage the firm to make it prosper. By the latter, corporate managers are morally responsible to advance the well-being of all who may be affected. Another version of this dispute involves three theories – Milton Friedman's, Ralph Nader's and that of Miller-Ahrens-Machan. Friedman advanced the exclusivist position – managers should focus solely on the bottom line, period (within the rules of the game). Otherwise, they get involved in matters that should be dealt by the public authorities (what public projects to support, etc.). Nader holds that since corporations were originally created by government (the king or royal court), they are arms of public policy which now means economic democracy. Miller-Ahrens-Machan argue that the primary obligation of managers is to make the firm profitable. There can then be other matters with which managers should be concerned. This is the view that profit should dominate but not be the exclusive concern. Depending on which of these views is right, different policies follow for various more particular issues, such as insider trading, hostile takeovers, outsourcing and so forth. In this article, I will argue that the shareholder is superior to the stakeholder theory.
Asymptotic minimax risk for sup-norm loss: Solution via optimal recovery

We study the problem of estimating an unknown function on the unit interval (or itsk-th derivative), with supremum norm loss, when the function is observed in Gaussian white noise and the unknown function is known only to obey Lipschitz-β smoothness, β>k≧0. We discuss an optimization problem associated with the theory ofoptimal recovery. Although optimal recovery is concerned with deterministic noise chosen by a clever opponent, the solution of this problem furnishes the kernel of the minimax linear estimate for Gaussian white noise. Moreover, this minimax linear estimator is asymptotically minimax among all estimates. We sketch also applications to higher dimensions and to indirect measurement (e.g. deconvolution) problems.
Assessing attitudinal ambivalence towards smoking and its association with desire to quit among teen smokers

Most smokers have some conflicting thoughts and feelings about their smoking; that is, they feel ambivalent. Whether felt ambivalence can be adequately measured and then used to predict the desire to quit among teen smokers has yet to be explored. Hence, among 402 teen smokers involved in a smoking cessation intervention, we first examined the psychometric properties of an eight-item ambivalence scale via exploratory and confirmatory analyses. After excluding one item, the scale was internally consistent and formed a single factor. We also report on whether felt ambivalence towards smoking assessed at baseline and at four and eight months post-baseline was related to the desire to quit in cross-sectional and prospective analyses. In all cross-sectional and prospective analyses, smokers who felt increasingly ambivalent reported a stronger desire to quit. These results suggest that ambivalence might be a useful construct to explore further and experimentally induce to assess its effects on desire to quit.
Hepatocyte growth factor in lung repair and pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary remodeling is characterized by the permanent and progressive loss of the normal alveolar architecture, especially the loss of alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells, persistent proliferation of activated fibroblasts, or myofibroblasts, and alteration of extracellular matrix. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic factor, which induces cellular motility, survival, proliferation, and morphogenesis, depending upon the cell type. In the adult, HGF has been demonstrated to play a critical role in tissue repair, including in the lung. Administration of HGF protein or ectopic expression of HGF has been demonstrated in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis to induce normal tissue repair and to prevent fibrotic remodeling. HGF-induced inhibition of fibrotic remodeling may occur via multiple direct and indirect mechanisms including the induction of cell survival and proliferation of pulmonary epithelial and endothelial cells, and the reduction of myofibroblast accumulation.
Implication of the melanocortin-3 receptor in the regulation of food intake

Abstract The melanocortin system is well recognized to be involved in the regulation of food intake, body weight, and energy homeostasis. To probe the role of the MC 3 in the regulation of food intake, JRH322-18 a mixed MC 3 partial agonist/antagonist and MC 4 agonist tetrapeptide was examined in wild type (WT) and melanocortin 4 receptor (MC 4 ) knockout mice and shown to reduce food intake in both models. In the wild type mice, 2.0 nmol of JRH322-18 statistically reduced food intake 4 h post icv treatment into satiated nocturnally feeding wild type mice. The same dose in the MC 4 KO mice significantly reduced cumulative food intake 24 h post treatment. Conditioned taste aversion as well as activity studies supports that the decreased food intake was not due to visceral illness. Since these studies resulted in loss-of-function results, the SHU9119 and agouti-related protein (AGRP) melanocortin receptor antagonists were administered to wild type as well as the MC 3 and MC 4 knockout mice in anticipation of gain-of-function results. The SHU9119 ligand produced an increase in food intake in the wild type mice as anticipated, however no effect was observed in the MC 3 and MC 4 knockout mice as compared to the saline control. The AGRP ligand however, produced a significant increase in food intake in the wild type as well as the MC 3 and MC 4 knockout mice and it had a prolonged affect for several days. These data support the hypothesis that the MC 3 plays a subtle role in the regulation of food intake, however the mechanism by which this is occurring remains to be determined.
4(5)-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM CHLORIDE

(1969). 4(5)-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM CHLORIDE. Organic Preparations and Procedures: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-3.
Quantum entanglement and the maximum-entropy states from the Jaynes principle

We show that the Jaynes principle is indeed a proper inference scheme when applied to compound systems and will correctly produce the entangled maximum entropy states compatible with appropriate data. This is accomplished by including the dispersion of the entanglement along with its mean value as constraints and an application of the uncertainty principle. We also construct a "thermodynamic-like" description of the entanglement arising out of the maximum entropy principle.
Performance of a Miniaturized Arcjet

Performance measurements were obtained and life-limiting mechanisms were identified on a laboratory-model arcjet thruster designed to operate at a nominal power level of 300 W. The design employed a supersonic-arc-attachment concept and was operated from 200 to 400 W on hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures in ratios simulating fully decomposed hydrazine and ammonia. Power was provided by breadboard power processor. Performance was found to be a strong function of propellant flow rate. Anode losses were essentially constant for the range of mass flow rates tested. It is believed that the performance is dominated by viscous effects. Significantly improved performance was noted with simulated ammonia operation. At 300 W the specific impulse on simulated ammonia was 410 s with an efficiency of 0.34, while simulated hydrazine provided 370 s specific impulse at an efficiency of 0.27.
Glutarimides I. 3-alkyl-3-methylglutarimides.

A procedure for the synthesis of 3,3-dialkylglutarimides is described and three alkylmethylglutarimides are reported. No physiological activity of significance can be attributed to any one of the three compounds.
Impact of Oxygen on Photopolymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure

The effects of varying polymerization conditions on the extent of oxygen inhibition of free-radical photopolymerization were investigated using both experimental and modeling efforts. Specifically, sample thickness, initiation rate, and oxygen concentration were varied, and the resulting photopolymerization kinetics were studied using real-time FTIR and a comprehensive photopolymerization model. As the sample thickness was increased, the overall average double-bond conversion increased due to the greater conversion in the lower depths of the films. Because of the dramatic inhibition at the top of the film, this led to heterogeneity in the film's conversion as shown with the comprehensive model. Increasing the initiation rate decreased the inhibition time and increased the overall average double-bond conversion due to an increase in the overall radical production, allowing better competition of the propagation reaction with the inhibition reaction. The oxygen concentration was varied, and as the oxygen con...
Does economic burden influence quality of life in breast cancer survivors

Goals Economic burden is emerging as a crucial dimension in our understanding of adjustment to cancer during treatment. Yet, economic burden is rarely examined in cancer survivorship. The goal of this paper is to describe the effect of economic hardship and burden among women with breast cancer.
CD28-independent Induction of T Helper Cells and Immunoglobulin Class Switches Requires Costimulation by the Heat-stable Antigen

It is well established that B7-CD28/CTLA4 interactions play an important role in the induction of T helper cells for T-dependent antibody responses. However, targeted mutation of CD28 does not significantly affect production of IgG and activation of CD4 T helper cells in response to infections by some viruses and nematode parasites. To test whether the CD28-independent induction of Ig class switches requires costimulation by the heat-stable antigen (HSA), we compared T helper cell induction and antibody response in mice deficient for either HSA, CD28, or both genes. We found that after immunization with KLH-DNP, mice deficient for both CD28 and HSA lack DNP-specific IgA and all subtypes of IgG. This deficiency corresponds to a reduced number of effector helper T cells that rapidly produce IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ after in vitro stimulation with carrier antigen KLH. In contrast, priming of T helper cells and Ig class switch are normal in mice deficient with either HSA or CD28 alone. IgM responses are not affected by any of these targeted mutations. These results demonstrate that CD28-independent induction of T helper cells and Ig class-switches requires costimulation by the HSA.
Dynamic Properties of Artificial Protein Hydrogels Assembled through Aggregation of Leucine Zipper Peptide Domains

Network relaxation dynamics of hydrogels formed from a genetically engineered multidomain protein (AC_(10)A, where A is an associative leucine zipper domain and C_(10) is a random-coil polyelectrolyte domain) were investigated by shear rheometry. Physical gels form by tetrameric association of the leucine zipper end-blocks (A). The longest stress relaxation time (τ_r) of these gels varies strongly with pH, increasing from τ_r ≈ 80 s at pH 8.0 to τ_r ≈ 1000 s at pH 7.0. The rate of strand exchange of the end-blocks was studied by using fluorescence quenching of the labeled form of the A domain. Fluorescence is quenched in solutions of fluorescein-labeled A; dequenching occurs when labeled A is mixed with a 60-fold excess of the unlabeled peptide. The dequenching transient after mixing reveals the characteristic strand exchange time (τ_e) of the A domain. As pH decreases from 8.0 to 7.0, τ_e increases from ca. 200 s to ca. 4500 s. Thus, τ_r of AC_(10)A hydrogels and τ_e of the A domain vary in parallel with pH. The strong correlation between macroscopic and molecular properties indicates that network relaxation is regulated by the lifetime of associations in the transient network. Because the rate of leucine zipper strand exchange is sensitive to interstrand electrostatic interactions, the relaxation behavior of artificial protein hydrogels can be engineered systematically by genetic programming of the amino acid sequence.
X-linked retinitis pigmentosa associated with a 2-base pair insertion in codon 99 of the RP3 gene RPGR.

Background: Mutations in the RPGR gene at the RP3 locus have been found to cause X-linked retinitis pigmentosa in some families. Objectives: To identify a previously undescribed 2-base pair insertion in codon 99 of the RPGR gene and to describe the phenotype in a well-characterized family with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Design: Case reports with clinical features, fluorescein angiography, kinetic perimetry, electrophysiological studies, and molecular genetics. Setting: University medical centers. Patients: Eight members of the family were screened for the codon 99 insertion in the RPGR gene. Results: Three affected males were found to be hemizygous for the 2-base pair insertion; 2 carriers were heterozygous. This insertion creates a frameshift that would be expected to cause a premature arrest of translation after only 132 amino acids (683 amino acids less than the normal protein). The affected males had typical retinitis pigmentosa with visual field contraction and abnormal findings on electroretinograms with little to no rod activity, profoundly subnormal residual cone responses to single flash and 30-Hz flicker stimuli, and prolonged b-wave implicit times. The electroretinogram of a 49-year-old carrier showed amplitudes that were roughly half of normal. Carrier women did not show a tapetallike fundus reflex but showed asymmetrical patchy pigmentary disturbances consistent with lyonization. Conclusion: A frameshifting 2-base pair insertion at codon 99 of the RPGR gene produced typical retinitis pigmentosa and carrier findings (but no tapetallike reflex) in this family.
The Fundamentals of Industrial Distribution Systems

The intensive manufacturing activity accompanying the present defense program has stimulated interest in industrial electric power distribution. The ultimate objective is one of effectively satisfying electric power requirements with reasonable first cost consistent with a fair standard of safety and service reliability. This paper presents the fundamental aspects of industrial power distribution, with particular reference to low-voltage power supply to distributed electrical machinery, and compares various basic system designs, including large concentrated substations and distributed load-center substations with radial and secondary network modifications, as to safety, service reliability, simplicity, and so on, relative to estimated installed cost. The comparative analysis comprehends the complete electrical system between high-voltage supply bus and utilization terminal of low-voltage feeders. The ideal size of unit substation as influenced by operating voltage and load density is covered. Principles of system design here disclosed are applicable not only to new plant construction but to expansion or modernization of existing plants as well.
Oxidase-deficient neutrophils from X-linked chronic granulomatous disease iPS cells: functional correction by zinc finger nuclease–mediated safe harbor targeting

We have developed induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), a defect of neutrophil microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation resulting from gp91phox deficiency. We demonstrated that mature neutrophils differentiated from X-CGD iPSCs lack ROS production, reproducing the pathognomonic CGD cellular phenotype. Targeted gene transfer into iPSCs, with subsequent selection and full characterization to ensure no off-target changes, holds promise for correction of monogenic diseases without the insertional mutagenesis caused by multisite integration of viral or plasmid vectors. Zinc finger nuclease–mediated gene targeting of a single-copy gp91phox therapeutic minigene into one allele of the “safe harbor” AAVS1 locus in X-CGD iPSCs without off-target inserts resulted in sustained expression of gp91phox and substantially restored neutrophil ROS production. Our findings demonstrate how precise gene targeting may be applied to correction of X-CGD using zinc finger nuclease and patient iPSCs.
Trophic relationships in a seagrass community (Thalassia testudinum), in Card Sound, Florida. Fish diets in relation to macrobenthic and cryptic faunal abundance

Abstract Seagrass communities are a major feature of shallow marine areas throughout the world. The marine spermatophyte Thalassia testudinum is the dominant seagrass in southeast Florida and the Florida Gulf coast. The trophic interaction between the fishes and the macrobenthic and cryptic fauna found in the area was examined. Based on digestive tract analysis, the principal interaction between the primary consumers of the study area and the higher trophic level predators was via the polychaetes and peracaridean crustaceans. The mollusks which contributed significantly to the benthic biomass were not a preferred food for the animals frequenting the study site. The maximum mollusk biomass in any benthic and cryptic sample was 2.31 g dry/m2. It was felt that the predator population was limited by the small stock of polychaetes and peracaridean crustaceans which had a maximum biomass in any one sample equivalent to 1.74 g dry/m2. The majority of the fishes captured were foragers over a wide area. The main r...
Racial disparities in oncologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy: long-term follow-up.

Objective To report race-based outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) in a cohort stratified by National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk category with updated follow-up. Materials and Methods Studies describing racial disparities in outcomes after RP are conflicting. We studied 15,993 white and 1634 African American (AA) pretreatment-naive men who underwent RP at our institution (1992-2013) with complete preoperative and pathologic data. Pathologic outcomes were compared between races using appropriate statistical tests; biochemical recurrence (BCR) for men with complete follow-up was compared using multivariate models that controlled separately for preoperative and postoperative covariates. Results Very low- and low-risk AA men were more likely to have positive surgical margins (P Conclusion When stratified by NCCN risk, AA men with very low-, low-, or intermediate-risk prostate cancer who undergo RP are more likely to have adverse pathologic findings and BCR compared with white men. AA men with “low risk” prostate cancer, especially those considering active surveillance, should be counseled that their recurrence risks can resemble those of whites in higher risk categories.
ErbB-targeted therapeutic approaches in human cancer.

Abstract The overexpression and aberrant function of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1, HER1) and its ligands and coreceptors in a wide spectrum of epithelial cancers have provided a rationale for targeting this signaling network with novel treatment approaches. Several antireceptor therapeutic strategies have been pursued, but two stand ahead in their clinical development. One approach has been the generation of small molecules that compete with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for binding to the receptor’s kinase pocket, thus blocking receptor activation and the transduction of postreceptor signals. The second approach utilizes humanized monoclonal antibodies generated against the receptor’s ligand-binding extracellular domain. These antibodies block binding of receptor-activating ligands and, in some cases, can induce receptor endocytosis and downregulation. Clinical studies already suggest that both of these approaches, either alone or in combination with standard anticancer therapies, are well tolerated and can induce clinical responses and tumor stabilization in a variety of common carcinomas.
Early history of the Michigan basin: Subsidence and Appalachian tectonics

Geometries of Cambrian to Silurian stratigraphc sequences in the Michigan basin record discrete episodes of basin-centered subsidence separated by periods of regional tilting. Backstripping reveals irregular subsidence rates that argue against a simple thermal contraction model. Depositional facies architecture also reflects episodic subsidence patterns, basin-centered facies tracts dominating during subsidence reactivations. These three lines of evidence indicate that subsidence cessations and reactivations characterize the early history of the Michigan basin. Periods of episodic subsidence correlate temporally with orogenic events in the Appalachians, suggesting that reactivation of basin subsidence is related to tectonic activity. We propose that Appalachian orogenic activity caused the episodic subsidence of the Michigan basin, possibly through weakening of the lower crust and reactivation of a preexisting upper-crustal isostatic imbalance.
Re-visioning Global Modernity through the Prism of China

This essay reviews and assesses recent attempts to revisit and revise the position of China in the configuration of global modernity. Such re-descriptions question the implicit Eurocentric teleology of modern world history. First, the discourse of East Asian modernity or Confucian capitalism draws on late imperial (early modern) East Asia to locate an alternative origin of global modernity. Second, recent scholarship in world-systems analysis repudiates previous Eurocentric narratives of global capitalism and locates China at the center of the world economy in the early modern period up to 1800. Third, China’s revolutionary legacy (what was called ‘Maoism’) and its current ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics’ in official parlance are considered by New Leftist theorists as a viable alternative to capitalist modernity. Fourth, universal modernity as such is regarded as a social and political imperative by the opposing camp of Neo-Liberalists as modernity is still an ‘incomplete project’ in Chinese history. Overall, such debates are efforts to chart out a cultural and theoretical landscape that does not easily fit in existing models of Western cultural studies that are often based on the colonial and postcolonial experiences of the Anglophone and Francophone world.Global modernity refers to a moment of the breakdown of the hegemony of a Eurocentric modernity and the fragmentation into many cultural spheres of the very idea of the modern without any promise so far of how modernity might be reconstituted and some coherence restored to its claims.... On the other hand, Global Modernity as a concept is also intended to transcend the situation of which it is the product, as this very situation enables the possibility of re-envisioning modernity, rescuing it from entrapment in a vision of history dominated by Eurocentrism and imagining it differently. (Arif Dirlik, Culture and History in Postrevolutionary China: The Perspective of Global Modernity)1
Why Mouse Airway Submucosal Gland Serous Cells Do Not Secrete Fluid in Response to cAMP Stimulation

Airway submucosal glands are important sites of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride (Cl−) channel expression and fluid secretion in the airway. Whereas both mouse and human submucosal glands and their serous acinar cells express CFTR, human glands and serous cells secrete much more robustly than mouse cells/glands in response to cAMP-generating agonists such as forskolin and vasoactive intestinal peptide. In this study, we examined mouse and human serous acinar cells to explain this difference and reveal further insights into the mechanisms of serous cell secretion. We found that mouse serous cells possess a robust cAMP-activated CFTR-dependent Cl− permeability, but they lack cAMP-activated calcium (Ca2+) signaling observed in human cells. Similar to human cells, basal K+ conductance is extremely small in mouse acinar cells. Lack of cAMP-activated Ca2+ signaling in mouse cells results in the absence of K+ conductances required for secretion. However, cAMP activates CFTR-dependent fluid secretion during low-level cholinergic stimulation that fails to activate secretion on its own. Robust CFTR-dependent fluid secretion was also observed when cAMP stimulation was combined with direct pharmacological activation of epithelial K+ channels with 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO). Our data suggest that mouse serous cells lack cAMP-mediated Ca2+ signaling to activate basolateral membrane K+ conductance, resulting in weak cAMP-driven serous cell fluid secretion, providing the likely explanation for reduced cAMP-driven secretion observed in mouse compared with human glands.
An assessment of the antioxidant and the antiamyloidogenic properties of melatonin: implications for Alzheimer's disease.

Summary. This review summarizes recent advancements in our understanding of the potential role of the amyloid ‚ protein in Alzheimer’s disease. It also discusses the significance of amyloid ‚ in initiating the generation of partially reduced oxygen species and points out their role in damaging essential macromolecules in the CNS which leads to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Recently acquired experimental data links these destructive oxidative processes with some neurodegenerative aspects of Alzheimer’s disease. The experimental findings related to the free radical scavenging and antioxidative properties of melatonin are tabulated and its efficacy and the likely mechanisms involved in its ability to reduce neuronal damage mediated by oxygen-based reactive species in experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease are summarized. Besides the direct scavenging properties and indirect antioxidant actions of melatonin, its ability to protect neurons probably also stems from its antiamyloidogenic properties. Melatonin is also unique because of the ease with which it passes through the blood-brain barrier.
Yeast replicative aging: a paradigm for defining conserved longevity interventions

The finite replicative life span of budding yeast mother cells was demonstrated as early as 1959, but the idea that budding yeast could be used to model aging of multicellular eukaryotes did not enter the scientific mainstream until relatively recently. Despite continued skepticism by some, there are now abundant data that several interventions capable of extending yeast replicative life span have a similar effect in multicellular eukaryotes including nematode worms, fruit flies, and rodents. In particular, dietary restriction, mTOR signaling, and sirtuins are among the most studied longevity interventions in the field. Here, we describe key conserved longevity pathways in yeast and discuss relationships that may help explain how such broad conservation of aging processes could have evolved.
Experience with chest wall arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients.

Background Maintaining long-term hemodialysis access in end-stage renal disease patients presents a serious challenge to surgeons. Over time, patients' remaining access sites diminish while complications and comorbidities simultaneously multiply; often resulting in the use of permanent tunneled catheters, which have a well-known high rate of complications and short-term usefulness. In this study, we report the results of a dialysis graft based on the axillary artery and ipsilateral axillary vein and tunneled in the subcutaneous tissues of the chest. Methods We identified patients who had a chest wall arteriovenous graft (CWAVG) placed at our institution between May 2007 and December 2012. After institutional review board approval, the patients were retrospectively and then prospectively identified and followed for 2 years to document the performance, required maintenance, and complications of the graft. Results Sixty-seven grafts in 67 patients were reviewed, representing 0.56% of our 1,192 total dialysis access creations during the study period. The average patient was 55-year-old with an average history of 3.97 explicitly documented prior accesses. Sixty interventions were performed postoperatively including 32 for thrombosis and 28 for venous stenosis. Six documented graft infections occurred (9%). Three minor wound complications occurred, but the graft was preserved. Notably, no patient developed symptoms of steal syndrome. The primary and secondary patency rates at 1 and 2 years were 69.5% and 36.9% and 81.6% and 57.6%, respectively. Twenty-three of the 67 patients died in the 2-year follow-up period (34%). Conclusions CWAVGs are useful and appropriate for patients with difficult upper extremity access. The patency rates for this “exotic” procedure are at least equivalent to other upper extremity grafts. The infection rate is lower than that for femoral grafts or tunneled catheters, and there is no risk of steal syndrome. CWAVGs can even be considered for primary use in patients who have disadvantaged upper extremity vasculature or who are at increased risk of steal syndrome.
Effect of sporophytic PIRL9 genotype on post-meiotic expression of the Arabidopsis pirl1;pirl9 mutant pollen phenotype.

Plant intracellular ras-group-related leucine-rich repeat proteins (PIRLs) are a novel class of plant leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins structurally related to animal ras-group LRRs involved in cell signaling and gene regulation. Gene knockout analysis has shown that two members of the Arabidopsis thaliana PIRL gene family, PIRL1 and PIRL9, are redundant and essential for pollen development and viability: pirl1;pirl9 microspores produced by pirl1/PIRL1;pirl9 plants consistently abort just before pollen mitosis I. qrt1 tetrad analysis demonstrated that the genes become essential after meiosis, during anther stage 10. In this study, we characterized the phenotype of pirl1;pirl9 pollen produced by plants heterozygous for pirl9 (pirl1;pirl9/PIRL9). Alexander’s staining, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy indicated that pirl1;pirl9 double mutants produced by pirl9 heterozygotes have a less severe phenotype and more variable morphology than pirl1;pirl9 pollen from pirl1/PIRL1;pirl9 plants. Mutant pollen underwent developmental arrest with variable timing, often progressing beyond pollen mitosis I and arresting at the binucleate stage. Thus, although the pirl1 and pirl9 mutations act post-meiosis, the timing and expressivity of the pirl1;pirl9 pollen phenotype depends on the pirl9 genotype of the parent plant. These results suggest a continued requirement for PIRL1 and PIRL9 beyond the initiation of pollen mitosis. Furthermore, they reveal a modest but novel sporophytic effect in which parent plant genotype influences a mutant phenotype expressed in the haploid generation.
Maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers' conceptions of hypothetical and actual moral transgressions

Maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers' (mean age = 4 years 6 months) judgments regarding hypothetical and actual moral transgressions were examined. Thirty-six maltreated children (17 physically abused and 19 neglected) and 19 comparison nonmaltreated children judged, justified, and evaluated affective responses to 6 hypothetical moral transgressions. Perpetrators and victims also judged and evaluated affective responses to actual classroom moral transgressions. All children evaluated moral transgressions as very serious, punishable, and wrong in the absence of rules. Moral judgments and justifications differed as a function of context (hypothetical vs. actual) and type of transgression but not maltreatment status. Affective responses differed as a function of maltreatment subtype and gender. Maltreated and nonmaltreated children may differ in the organization of their affective responses rather than in their moral evaluations.
Ponderomotive focusing in axisymmetric rf linacs

In many present and planned compact electron sources and linacs, very large rf accelerating fields are present in the linac structures. A charged particle whose trajectory is parallel to the axis receives no net focusing from the periodic transverse forces arising from the axisymmetric rf wave. However, if the lowest-order periodic transverse motion of the particles is included, a net ponderomotive focusing force is obtained when the momentum transfer is averaged over a period of the motion. Since this force is second order in the electric-field amplitude, the resultant focusing can be non-negligible in high gradient structures. In order to produce and preserve high-brightness beams in rf linacs it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of all the forces acting on the beam and the subsequent beam dynamics. To this end we examine the lowest-order ponderomotive rf focusing of electrons in axisymmetric standing- and traveling-wave linac structures. We obtain a generalized paraxial envelope equation which includes the effects of the ponderomotive focusing and longitudinal acceleration to describe the transverse beam envelope evolution. The implications of our results on beam dynamics in electron linacs are examined, and extensions of the results to positron and proton linacs are discussed.
Using Otolith Microstructure to Determine Natal Origin of Lake Ontario Chinook Salmon

Abstract Stocking of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lake Ontario has led to the development of a sport fishery that provides high economic returns to local communities. However, increased natural or “wild” production resulting from the naturalization of hatchery Chinook salmon to the system could result in changing salmonine dynamics that would require alteration of management practices in Lake Ontario. Using young-of-the-year (age-0) Chinook salmon of known origin—from hatchery and wild sources—we established a baseline for separating these two groups using otolith microstructure. Hatchery-reared Chinook salmon hatch earlier than wild Chinook salmon, and back-calculated hatch dates from otoliths correctly classified 97% of fish of known origin. A second protocol developed for determining the origin of Chinook salmon used the daily growth characteristics in the vicinity of 300 μm from the center of the otolith. Measuring the width of 20-d growth from 300 μm inward toward the or...
Monolithic signal processors

The current state of the art in VLSI design and fabrication makes possible the implementation of processors containing array multipliers, significant amounts of memory, and other architectural features which facilitate computations required by signal processing algorithms . . . The panel will explore a number of important questions concerning the applications of these processors, their development systems and the future capabilities which ICs of this type could offer.
THE MEDIA AND OIL SPILLS: DOES THE PRESS INFLUENCE DAMAGE PERCEPTIONS

ABSTRACT Although it is generally accepted that there is no evidence of socioeconomic damages resulting from the Argo Merchant oil spill, a survey undertaken approximately one year revealed that perceptions of significant damage exist among residents of adjacent areas. Concurrently, critics suggest the media exaggerated potential damages. Our findings indicate that erroneous damage perceptions are associated with a number of cultural and demographic variables, including differences in exposure to new media. Persons with erroneous damage perceptions had been exposed to a much larger number of information media reporting on the effects of the spill. Those concerned with providing accurate information will have to supply facts and data to the media, to local public officials, and to residents who are opinion leaders.
The Magnitude of Brain Lipid Peroxidation Correlates with the Extent of Degeneration but Not with Density of Neuritic Plaques or Neurofibrillary Tangles or with APOE Genotype in Alzheimer's Disease Patients

Numerous post mortem studies have demonstrated increased accumulation of lipid peroxidation products in diseased regions of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain; however, few have used techniques that quantify the magnitude of lipid peroxidation in vivo . F 2 -isoprostanes (F 2 -IsoP's) are exclusive products of free radical-mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid, and their quantification has been widely used as an in vivo biomarker of the magnitude of lipid peroxidation. We have determined F 2 -IsoP concentrations in lateral ventricular fluid (VF. from 23 AD and 12 age-matched controls and correlated these with neuropathological and genetic markers of AD. VF F 2 -IsoP levels were significantly elevated in AD patients compared with controls ( p p p p = 0.02). When analysis was restricted to AD patients only, VF F 2 -IsoP levels still were significantly correlated to reduction in brain weight and degree of cortical atrophy ( p 2 -IsoP concentrations were not related to density of neuritic plaques or neurofibrillary tangles in seven brain regions, or to the number of e4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene ( APOE ). These data suggest that the magnitude of brain lipid peroxidation is closely related to the extent of brain degeneration in AD but is not significantly influenced by the density of neuritic plaques or neurofibrillary tangles, or the number of e4 alleles of APOE .
Case report of metallic mercury injury

OBJECTIVE: Injury and poisoning from metallic mercury has become a rare event. Review of the literature and a case report of pediatric metallic mercury injury are presented. DESIGN: A case report. SETTING: The Emergency Department at St. Louis Children's Hospital. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: A 15-year-old boy. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: None. RESULTS: The 15-year-old boy fell on a broken mercury thermometer. A subcutaneous abscess formed on his left forearm during the next five days. He had no signs or symptoms of mercury toxicity. His wound was debrided in the operating room and healed completely after several months. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows elemental mercury from a thermometer as a potential, if unusual, source of mercury toxicity. Language: en
Molecular genetics and evolution of stomach and nonstomach lysozymes in the hoatzin

Multiple genes of the hoatzin encoding stomach lysozyme c and closely related members of this calcium-binding lysozyme c group were cloned from a genomic DNA library and sequenced. There are a minimum of five genes represented among these sequences that encode two distinct groups of protein sequences. One group of three genes corresponds to the stomach lysozyme amino acid sequences, and the remaining genes encode predicted proteins that are more basic in character and share several sequence identities with the pigeon egg-white lysozyme rather than with the hoatzin stomach lysozymes. Despite these structural similarities between some of the hoatzin gene products and the pigeon lysozyme, phylogenetic analyses indicate that all of the hoatzin sequences are closely related to one another. This is borne out by the relatively small genetic distances even in the intronic regions, which are not subject to the selective pressures operating on the coding regions of the stomach lysozymes. These results suggest that multiple gene duplication events have occurred during the evolution of hoatzin lysozymes.
Deconstructing Cartesian Dualisms of Western Racialized Systems: A Study in the Colors Black and White

The colors white and black function as deep metaphors, or binary oppositions, for a plethora of sociocultural dividing lines in contemporary society. In this article, the author examines a number of these dualisms to illustrate how linguistic connotations of “whiteness” and “blackness” are at the heart of a variety of commonsense mythologies of race and racial difference. The author attempts to disentangle these densely woven dualisms from the fabric of linguistic common sense and, in particular, to wrest blackness from the treacherous snare of Western ocularcentrism and its Platonic/Cartesian origins.
Exploring membrane protein dynamics by multicolor single quantum dot imaging using wide field, TIRF, and hyperspectral microscopy

The development of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) for biological imaging has brought a new level of sensitivity to live cell imaging. Single particle tracking (SPT) techniques in particular benefit from the superior photostability, high extinction coefficient and distinct emission spectra of QDs. Here we describe the use of QDs for SPT to study the dynamics of membrane proteins in living cells. We work with the RBL-2H3 mast cell model that signals through the high affinity IgE receptor, FcVRI. Using wide field or Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy we have achieved simultaneous imaging of two spectrally distinct QDs with frame rates of up to 750 frames/s and localization accuracy of ~10 nm. We also describe the imaging and analysis of QDs using a novel hyperspectral microscope and multivariate curve resolution analysis for multi-color QD tracking. The same QD-tag used for SPT is used to localize proteins at <10 nm resolution by electron microscopy (EM) on fixed membrane sheets.
Effect of Adrenal Hormone Overdosage on Bacterial Removal by the Splanchnic Viscera.

SummaryChronic administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisone had no effect on the removal of M. aureus var pyogenes by the splanchnic vascular system. It is suggested that the increased incidence of bacteremia seen after ACTH and cortisone as well as that seen in the leucopenic states is the result of poor localization of the organisms in the tissues. In the former, the reduction in the inflammatory reaction and the change in the metabolism of leucocytes are important. In the latter, white blood cells are not present to migrate into the lesion. There was a questionable increase in removal rate after acute administration (4 hours).
Baseline levels of Hsp 70, a stress protein and biomarker, in halibut from the Cook Inlet region of Alaska

Abstract The levels of Hsp 70, a heat shock protein, was quantitatively determined in Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis , from the Cook Inlet region in south central Alaska. A dot blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody for Hsp 70 was combined with a standard protein analysis to determine Hsp 70 levels in 26 samples from gills. The average Hsp 70 concentration was 4.6 μg/mg, with levels ranging from 2.2 to 14.5 μg/mg total protein. Mercury in gill tissue also was measured and, in the 26 samples, only three samples had concentrations of mercury (X=0.10 mg/kg, range=0.09–0.11) above the minimum detection level.
Focal points for chromosome condensation and decondensation revealed by three-dimensional in vivo time-lapse microscopy

ALTHOUGH the dynamic behaviour of chromosomes has been extensively studied in their condensed state during mitosis, chromosome behaviour during the transition to and from interphase has not been well documented. Previous electron microscopic studies suggest that chromosomes condense in a non-uniform fashion at the nuclear periphery1,2. But chromosome condensation is a complicated and dynamic process and requires continuous observation in living tissues to be fully understood. Using a recently developed three-dimensional time-lapse fluorescence microscopy technique3, we have observed chromosomes as they relax from telophase, through interphase, until their condensation at the next prophase. This technique has been improved to produce higher-resolution images by implementing new stereographic projection and computational processing protocols4. These studies have revealed that chromosomal regions on the nuclear envelope, distinct from the centromeres and telomeres, serve as foci for the decondensation and condensation of diploid chromosomes. The relative positions of the late decondensation sites at the beginning of interphase appear to correspond to the early condensation sites at the subsequent prophase.
Plasma membrane-associated phosphatase activities hydrolyzing [32P]phosphotyrosyl histones and [32P]phosphatidylinositol phosphate

We describe a procedure of preparing [32P]phosphotyrosyl histones with minimal contamination by 32P-labeled lipids; the latter was usually found to be mixed with the phosphoproteins when the cell membrane-enriched fraction of A-431 cells was used as a source of tyrosine kinase. The phosphatase activities previously found to be associated with the plasma membranes of a human astrocytoma were resolved using purified [32P]phosphotyrosyl histones and [32P]phosphatidylinositol phosphate. In comparison with the phosphotyrosyl protein phosphatase, the phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity is more active over a broad range of pH values, and its activity is inhibited by fluoride, zinc chloride, and lower concentrations of vanadate.
Procedural learning of unstructured categories

Unstructured categories are those in which the stimuli are assigned to each contrasting category randomly, and thus there is no rule- or similarity-based strategy for determining category membership. Intuition suggests that unstructured categories are likely to be learned via explicit memorization that is under the control of declarative memory. In contrast to this prediction, neuroimaging studies of unstructured-category learning have reported task-related activation in the striatum, but typically not in the hippocampus—results that seem more consistent with procedural learning than with a declarative-memory strategy. This article reports the first known behavioral test of whether unstructured-category learning is mediated by explicit strategies or by procedural learning. Our results suggest that the feedback-based learning of unstructured categories is mediated by procedural memory.