cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy efficient distributed grouping and scaling for real-time data compression in sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks possess significant limitations in storage, bandwidth, and power. This has led to the development of several compression algorithms designed for sensor networks. Many of these methods exploit the correlation often present between the data on different sensors in the network. Most of these algorithms require collecting a great deal of data before compressing which introduces an increase in latency that cannot be tolerated in real-time systems. We propose a distributed method for collaborative compression of correlated sensor data. The compression can be lossless or lossy with a parameter for maximum tolerable error. Error rate can be adjusted dynamically to increase compression under heavy load. Performance evaluations show comparable compression ratios to centralized methods and a decrease in latency and network bandwidth compared to some recent approaches.
Social status, gender and alcohol-related problems: the black young adult experience.

Objectives. Using data from the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study examined prevalence of drinking and related problems among five racial/ethnic groups aged 18–30. Design. Logistic regression analyses examined influences of gender and social status on alcohol-related problems among blacks, controlling for demographics. Results. Black drinkers were significantly less likely to be high-risk or risky/heavy episodic drinkers than all groups except Asians; and experienced lower prevalence of alcohol-related problems than whites and American Indians. Controlling for drinking, prevalence of alcohol-related problems among blacks was similar to other groups, except native Americans. Analyses of blacks revealed males, unemployed, and heaviest drinkers had highest prevalence of problems. Strong associations between drinking and problems remained consistent across black sub-groups defined by social status and gender. Conclusion. While blacks are not as engaged in ris...
Beyond the human neuron mouse to the NAS Guidelines.

The discussion by Greely et al. (2007) of the Stanford advisory committee's deliberations regarding whether to pursue research involving the transfer of human brain stem cells to fetal mice not onl...
New approaches to blood cardioplegic delivery to reduce hemodilution and cardioplegic overdose.

These studies present modifications of the cardioplegic components of a standard cardioplegic formulation, delivered previously at 4:1, to allow an 8:1 blood:cardioplegic mixture, thereby limiting hemodilution. Data are included to show that the hyperkalemic (20 mEq/L) glutamate/aspartate enriched solution used previously for warm induction can be used also for warm reperfusion (instead of the 10 mEq/L KCI solution), thereby avoiding the need to formulate two different solutions that vary only in potassium concentration. Studies of cold (4°C) retrograde noncardlopleglc blood Infusion after arrest with hyperkalemlc blood cardloplegia document the safety of maintaining arrest with continuous retrograde infusion of cold normokalemic blood, thereby indicating that Ischemia and cardioplegla are unnecessary during aspects of cardiac operations where perfusion does not impair visualization (i.e., construction of proximal anastomoses). A new cardioplegic delivery system containing a shunt line is presented to expedite conversion from blood cardioplegia to blood Infusion when continuous infusion is used. (J Card Surg 7994;9:26–36)
Quantitative imaging of ischemic stroke through thinned skull in mice with Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging

Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has become a widely used technique to image cerebral blood flow in vivo. However, the quantitative accuracy of blood flow changes measured through the thin skull has not been investigated thoroughly. We recently developed a new Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) technique to image blood flow while accounting for the effect of scattering from static tissue elements. In this paper we present the first in vivo demonstration of the MESI technique. The MESI technique was used to image the blood flow changes in a mouse cortex following photothrombotic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The Multi Exposure Speckle Imaging technique was found to accurately estimate flow changes due to ischemia in mice brains in vivo. These estimates of these flow changes were found to be unaffected by scattering from thinned skull.
Climatology of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by the midlatitude Blackstone SuperDARN radar

A climatology of daytime midlatitude medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed by the Blackstone Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar is presented. MSTIDs were observed primarily from fall through spring. Two populations were observed: a dominant population heading southeast (centered at 147° geographic azimuth, ranging from 100° to 210°) and a secondary population heading northwest (centered at −50° azimuth, ranging from −75° to −25°). Horizontal velocities ranged from 50 to 250 m s−1 with a distribution maximum between 100 and 150 m s−1. Horizontal wavelengths ranged from 100 to 500 km with a distribution peak at 250 km, and periods between 23 and 60 min, suggesting that the MSTIDs may be consistent with thermospheric gravity waves. A local time (LT) dependence was observed such that the dominant (southeastward) population decreased in number as the day progressed until a late afternoon increase. The secondary (northwestward) population appeared only in the afternoon, possibly indicative of neutral wind effects or variability of sources. LT dependence was not observed in other parameters. Possible solar-geomagnetic and tropospheric MSTID sources were considered. The auroral electrojet (AE) index showed a correlation with MSTID statistics. Reverse ray tracing with the HINDGRATS model indicates that the dominant population has source regions over the Great Lakes and near the geomagnetic cusp, while the secondary population source region is 100 km above the Atlantic Ocean east of the Carolinas. This suggests that the dominant population may come from a region favorable to either tropospheric or geomagnetic sources, while the secondary population originates from a region favorable to secondary waves generated via lower atmospheric convection.
The structure of retinal dehydrogenase type II at 2.7 A resolution: implications for retinal specificity.

Retinoic acid, a hormonally active form of vitamin A, is produced in vivo in a two step process: retinol is oxidized to retinal and retinal is oxidized to retinoic acid. Retinal dehydrogenase type II (RalDH2) catalyzes this last step in the production of retinoic acid in the early embryo, possibly producing this putative morphogen to initiate pattern formation. The enzyme is also found in the adult animal, where it is expressed in the testis, lung, and brain among other tissues. The crystal structure of retinal dehydrogenase type II cocrystallized with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has been determined at 2.7 A resolution. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the crystal structure of a mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) as a model. Unlike what has been described for the structures of two aldehyde dehydrogenases involved in the metabolism of acetaldehyde, the substrate access channel is not a preformed cavity into which acetaldehyde can readily diffuse. Retinal dehydr...
Facile chemoenzymatic strategies for the synthesis and utilization of S-adenosyl-(L)-methionine analogues.

A chemoenzymatic platform for the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) analogues compatible with downstream SAM-utilizing enzymes is reported. Forty-four non-native S/Se-alkylated Met analogues were synthesized and applied to probing the substrate specificity of five diverse methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs). Human MAT II was among the most permissive of the MATs analyzed and enabled the chemoenzymatic synthesis of 29 non-native SAM analogues. As a proof of concept for the feasibility of natural product “alkylrandomization”, a small set of differentially-alkylated indolocarbazole analogues was generated by using a coupled hMAT2–RebM system (RebM is the sugar C4′-O-methyltransferase that is involved in rebeccamycin biosynthesis). The ability to couple SAM synthesis and utilization in a single vessel circumvents issues associated with the rapid decomposition of SAM analogues and thereby opens the door for the further interrogation of a wide range of SAM utilizing enzymes.
Weak Base Permeability Characteristics Influence the Intracellular Sequestration Site in the Multidrug-resistant Human Leukemic Cell Line HL-60

A number of organelles contained within mammalian cells have been implicated in the selective sequestration of chemical entities including drug molecules. Specifically, weakly basic molecules have been shown to selectively associate with either the mitochondrial compartment or lysosomes; however, the structural basis for this differentiation has not been understood. To investigate this, we have identified a series of seven weakly basic compounds, all with pKa near neutrality, which have different sequestration sites within the multidrug-resistant HL-60 human leukemic cell line. Three of the compounds were selectively sequestered into the mitochondria of the cells, whereas the remainder were predominantly localized within lysosomes. Using specific chemical inhibitors to disrupt either mitochondrial or lysosomal accumulation capacity, we demonstrated that accumulation of these compounds into respective organelles are not competitive processes. Comparison of the permeability characteristics of these compounds as a function of pH revealed striking differences that correlate with the intracellular sequestration site. Only those compounds with significantly reduced permeability in the ionized state relative to the un-ionized state had the capacity to accumulate within lysosomes. Alternatively, those compounds with relatively pH-insensitive permeability selectively accumulated into mitochondria. Using novel quantitative assays for assaying drug accumulation into subcellular organelles, we demonstrated a correlation between these permeability characteristics and the lysosomal versus mitochondrial accumulation capacity of these compounds. Together, these results suggest that the selective accumulations of weakly basic compounds in either lysosomes and mitochondria occur via exclusive pathways governed by a unique permeability parameter.
The BUS: An ILL request tracking system for PRISM and the micro‐enhancer

The Borrowing Update System (BUS) is a customized application for tracking and reporting on current and past Interlibrary Loan requests processed using OCLC′s PRISM and Micro‐Enhancer. Developed in the ILL department at Virginia Tech′s Newman Library over the past two years, the BUS automates many of the common, previously manual, ILL tasks. Here, in this first of a two‐part article on the BUS, I will discuss the steps taken in planning the BUS and give a general overview of the BUS. In the next article, I′ll examine the problems and limitations, the future of the BUS, and explore the technical elements of the program, including the table structure of and some code examples from the BUS.
Modification of the GRAMI Model for Cotton

duction. The model was developed and verified using field data from irrigated commercial cotton fields in the A new version of the GRAMI crop model capable of being caliTexas High Plains, USA. The model was validated using brated within season was developed and tested for cotton (Gossypium field data from independent sites in this region, and its hirsutum L.) production in semiarid regions. The model was first verified using field data obtained at Halfway, TX, USA in 2002. The applicability will be discussed. model was then validated using data sets obtained at Lamesa, TX in 1999 and 2001 and at Lubbock, TX in 2002 and 2004. Simulated values of cotton growth and lint yield showed reasonable agreement with MATERIALS AND METHODS corresponding measurements under irrigated conditions. The new Field Data
Formation of ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-eared squirrels

On examine les comportements alimentaires de Sciurus aberti vivant dans les forets de P. ponderosa. On verifie si les spores des champignons peuvent rester viables apres passage dans le tube digestif et si les ecureuils peuvent servir de vecteurs pour les champignons ectomycorhiziens
SU‐E‐T‐35: Extracting a Neutron Dose Using Only TLDs (Thermoluminescent Detectors)

Purpose: To test the use of TLDs for out‐of‐field neutron measurements and demonstrate the calibration and calculations necessary to extract a neutron dose by using TLD 600 chips, which measure photons plus neutrons, and TLD 700 chips, which measure only photons. For treatments requiring high‐energy photons or protons, secondary neutron doses may become a factor and TLDs provide many advantages in a clinical setting over conventional neutron dosimeters. Methods: A set of lithium fluoride TLDs (thermoluminescent detectors) consisting of 100, 600 and 700 series Rexon TLDs were arranged at set distances in and out of field of 6MV and 18MV photon beams from an Elekta Precise Treatment System. All TLD chips were read out using a Rexon System 310 reader and raw glow output data was exported for data analysis. Results: Examination of the integrated TLD glow curves shows an energy dependent response and a higher reading for TLD 600 chips as the distance or angle from the beam field increases for the 18MV beam. At a low neutron dose, correct integration interval must be used extracted a signal above noise. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of neutron measurements using only TLDs as opposed to TLDs with CR39, bubble detectors, diamond detectors or WENDI detectors. TLDs are commercially available in different sensitivities and relatively cheap. We speculate that the TLD 600 chips will continue to read neutron doses at large distances to its neutron cross section. Furthermore they allow for spatial resolution and in vivo measurements. With calibration for neutron doses and photon energy ranges, a quantitative neutron dose is possible. This integration and subtraction method will be used in future investigation to directly quantify neutron doses spatially with respect to the beam and for different beam characteristics.
Observations on the Use of Growth Mixture Models in Psychological Research

Psychologists are applying growth mixture models at an increasing rate. This article argues that most of these applications are unlikely to reproduce the underlying taxonic structure of the population. At a more fundamental level, in many cases there is probably no taxonic structure to be found. Latent growth classes then categorically approximate the true continuum of individual differences in change. This approximation, although in some cases potentially useful, can also be problematic. The utility of growth mixture models for psychological science thus remains in doubt. Some ways in which these models might be more profitably used are suggested.
On the role of fibronectin during the compaction stage of somitogenesis in the chick embryo

During the early stages of somitogenesis in the chick embryo the presomitic cells in the segmental plate undergo compaction. The aggregation of segmental plate cells is stimulated by fibronectin. The stimulation of segmental plate cells to aggregate and undergo compaction can be effected in isolated segmental plate cells, in isolated segmental plates, and in intact embryos removed from the yolk. The fact that the segmental plate cells react with greater vigor to cellular fibronectin than to plasma fibronectin suggests a specific molecular mechanism in the initiation of somitogenesis.
Thermal decomposition of ethylene

Abstract Laser-schlieren profiles of incident shock waves in 2.5, 5, and 10% C 2 H 4 in Ar were recorded for the ranges of shock front conditions 2000 T 2 −6 ϱ −6 mol/cm 3 . Data analysis was accomplished by computer modeling using a 14-reaction mechanism. Most, but not all, previous observations could be accounted for with the final rate constant set. For C 2 H 4 + M → C 2 H 2 + H 2 + M the expression log( k 1 /cm 3 mol −1 s −1 ) = 17.47 – 340 kJ/RT, for C 2 H 4 + M → C 2 H 3 + H + M the expression log ( k 2 /cm 3 mol −1 s −1 ) = 17.49 – 400 kJ/RT, and for C 2 H 3 + H → C 2 H 2 + H 2 the rate constant k 6 = 10 13 cm 3 mol −1 s −1 were obtained.
Insurgency and institutionalization: the Polanyian countermovement and Chinese labor politics

Why is it that in the nearly 10 years since the Chinese central government began making symbolic and material moves towards class compromise that labor unrest has expanded greatly? In this article I reconfigure Karl Polanyi’s theory of the coutermovement to account for recent developments in Chinese labor politics. Specifically, I argue that countermovements must be broken down into two constituent but intertwined “moments”: the insurgent moment that consists of spontaneous resistance to the market, and the institutional moment, when class compromise is established in the economic and political spheres. In China, the transition from insurgency to institutionalization has thus far been confounded by conditions of “appropriated representation,” where the only worker organizations allowed to exist are those within the state-run All China Federation of Trade Unions. However, in drawing on two case studies of strikes in capital-intensive industries in Guangdong province, I show that the relationship between insurgency and institutionalization shifted between 2007 and 2010.
The Failed Feminist Challenge to ‘Fundamental Epistemology’

Despite volumes written in the name of the new and fundamental feminist project in philosophy of science, and conclusions drawn on the strength of the hypothesis that the feminist project will boost progress toward cognitive aims associated with science and rationality (and, one might add, policy decisions enacted in the name of these aims), the whole rationale for the project remains (after 20 years, plus) wholly unsubstantiated. We must remain agnostic about its evidentiary merits or demerits. This is because we are without evidence to test the hypothesis: certainly, we have no data that would test the strength of the hypothesis as asserting a causal relationship between women and cognitive ends. Thus, any self-respecting epistemologist who places a premium on evidence-driven belief and justification ought not to accept the hypothesis. By extension, there is no reasoned basis to draw any definitive conclusion about the project itself. No matter how self-evidently correct.
Effects of relativity and wave functions on atomic L- and M-shell ionization by protons

Atomic $L$- and $M$-shell ionization cross sections by protons have been calculated in the plane-wave Born approximation for $_{79}\mathrm{Au}$ and $_{92}\mathrm{U}$ with incident energy from 0.1 to 3 MeV with use of relativistic and nonrelativistic Hartree-Slater wave functions. These results are compared with those from the screened hydrogenic model to study the effects of relativity and wave functions. The relativistic and wave-function effects are found to operate in opposite directions. For ${M}_{1,2,3}$-subshell cross sections, severe cancellations occur between these two factors.
Is there an optimal surgical treatment for infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis

Is there an optimal surgical treatment for infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis?
Dynamical image charge theory

Abstract The image potential is obtained for a charged particle moving at a uniform velocity perpendicular to the face of a semi-infinite solid. The image potential is shown to be velocity dependent, and does not diverge as 1/ z at small distances z from the surface.
Concordance of self-reported and medical chart information on cancer diagnosis and treatment

Self-reported information is an important tool for collecting clinical information for epidemiologic studies and in clinical settings where electronic medical records are not employed and shared. Using data collected from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Survival Study (SBCSS), a population-based, prospective cohort study of 5,042 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Shanghai, China, we compared the concordance of patient questionnaire responses to a survey administered approximately 6 months after cancer diagnosis with medical chart information obtained from the diagnostic hospitals for several disease and treatment-related variables. Of 5,042 SBCSS participants, medical chart information was available for 4,948 women (98.1%). Concordance between patient self-reported and medical chart information was high for the majority of disease-related variables, including: diagnosing hospital (agreement: 98.7%, kappa: 0.99), type of surgery conducted (94.0%, 0.53), ER/PR status (94.5%, 0.91), and tumor position (98.2%, 0.97), as well as for important calendar dates, such as date of diagnosis, surgery, and first chemotherapy treatment. The 10 most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs were all reported with agreement rates of at least 82%, with associated kappa values that ranged from 0.41 for calcium folinate to 0.76 for vinorelbine. Our study found high validity for patient self-reported information for a variety of disease and treatment-related variables, suggesting the utility of self-reports as an important source of clinical information for both epidemiological research and patient care.
High resolution and image processing of otoconia matrix

This study was designed to investigate patterns of fibrils organization in histochemically stained otoconia. Transmission electron microscope and video imaging were used. These data indicate that otoconia of the chick (Gallus domesticus) inner ear may have central cores in vivo. The data also show that the ultrastructural organization of fibrils fixed with aldehydes and histochemical stains follows trajectories that conform to the hexagonal shape of otoconia. These changes in direction may contribute to the formation of a central core. The existence of central cores is important for the in vivo buoyancy of otoconia. Packing of fibrils is tighter after phosphotungstic acid (PTA) stained otoconia than with other histochemical stains, which usually produce looser packing of fibrils and seemingly larger central core. TEM of tilted and untilted material showed that turning of fibrils occurs at the points where the face angles of otoconia form and where central cores exist. Video image processing of the images allowed reconstructing a template which, if assumed to repeat and change trajectories, would fit the pattern of fibrils seen in fixed otoconia. Since it is highly unlikely that aldehyde primary fixation or PTA stain caused such drastic change in the direction of fibrils, the template derived from these results may closely approximate patterns of otoconia fibrils packing in vivo. However, if the above is correct, the perfect crystallographic diffraction pattern of unfixed otoconia do not correspond to patterns of fixed fibrils.
Cognitive bias in the perception of interpersonal relations

Subjects received information regarding social relationships between hypothetical persons A and B, and then indicated the subjective probability that A likes B, or that A is influenced by B. Information regarding influence (and its negation) biased perception of liking relationships. Information regarding both proximity and liking (and their negations) biased perception of influence relationships.
A Four Parameter E vs dE/dx and Tie-of-Flight Computerized Charged Particle Experiment

For detection of charged particles from 1 to 60 MeV, three solid state detectors are utilized in a dE/dx telescope configuration. Signals are summed digitally and displayed on a 2-dimensional "flicker box" and transmitted off-line to a larger computer for "tail corrections", dead layer corrections, and final analysis. Time-of-flight is utilized for nonpenetrating particles. p, D, T, 3He, ?, etc. can be distinguished from 1 to 60 MeV with ~180 keV system energy resolution.
Four notes on saturated chains of prime ideals

Abstract Four theorems concerning saturated chains of prime ideals in a Noetherian ring are proved, and it is shown that numerous known results as well as some new results on such chains follow as corollaries.
A field electrode method for the determination of sulfide

Abstract This paper reports the development of a field electrode method for the determination of total sulfide in water. The method involves the use of preweighed sodium sulfide crystals in the standardization process. Sodium sulfide crystals were weighed and sealed in air-tight plastic volumetric flasks. Standards were prepared in the field by adding a sulfide antioxidant buffer to the flasks containing the sulfide crystals and diluting it to mark with deionized deaerated water. Standards of lower concentration were prepared by serial dilutions of first standards. The results of the reproducibility determination revealed that sulfide concentrations as low as 6 ppb could be measured with a reproducibility of better than ±10%. Water samples were collected from a series of lakes in Fort Bend County, Texas (near Houston) and analyzed for sulfide content. The sulfide ion concentrations of these samples were determined directly in the field by use of an Orion Model 407A/F specific meter equipped with a silver/sulfide ion selective electrode in conjunction with a double junction reference electrode.
Emitter degenerated voltage controlled oscillators for millimeter wave operation

Three oscillators are presented for operation in the 23-25 GHz range where consideration is given to noise, frequency, and power effects of different tank sizes and topologies. The circuits in question employ inductor based tanks with negative resistance provided through an emitter degenerated cross-coupled pair, and use emitter degeneration and inductive peaking to provide bandwidth extension within the single stage output buffers. These circuits are implemented in a 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology with a 54 GHz ft, and use single device stacks to achieve low voltage operation with VDD as low as 900 mV, while consuming as little as 2.25 mW of power.
DNA polymerase from HeLa cell nuclei: levels of activity during a synchronized cell cycle.

Abstract HeLa cell nuclei prepared from aqueous media contained 25–30% of the total polymerase of the cell in a form which was not released by repeated washing of the nuclei. Cell cycle studies revealed that the nuclear polymerase activity increased 3–5 fold as cells approached the DNA synthetic phase, remained high until completion of DNA synthesis and then declined. In contrast, the cytosol polymerase activity remained relatively constant throughout the cell cycle.
Medical Applications and Healthcare Based on Cloud Computing

Cloud computing supports mobile and collaborative applications and services. Increased storage, high automation, flexibility, and reduced cost are a few advantages cloud computing offers. Using cloud computing can improve healthcare services delivery for patients. In this paper, the categories and service models of cloud computing, its technology intelligence, diverse applications in medical services and healthcare, and biometrics-based authentication for information security were presented. Issues related to privacy, security, barriers to applications, and compliance with acts in healthcare were also presented.
An all-optical computer network: lessons learned

Rainbow-1, an all-optical WDMA network capable of supporting up to 1000 nodes, each operating at 1 Gb/s sustained bit rate, is described. The expression all-optical stems from the fact that in these systems the path between nodes has electronic signal-handling only at the two ends. The path between nodes may be topologically complex, but it is all optical. The all-optical approach opens up the possibility of systems with thousands of users per link or network, each running at gigabit speeds, and employing electronic and photonic components whose speed need not be greater than the per-node bit rate. The lessons learned by building the Rainbow-1 WDMA network are discussed. >
Experimental manipulation of spatial heterogeneity in Douglas-fir forests: effects on squirrels.

Abstract Squirrel communities simultaneously composed of abundant populations of Glaucomys, Tamias, and Tamiasciurus are: (1) a result of high production of seeds and fruiting bodies by forest plants and fungi and complexity of ecosystem structure, composition, and function; (2) indicative of high carrying capacity for vertebrate predators and (3) characteristic of old, natural forests in the Pacific northwest, USA. I hypothesized that silvicultural manipulation of canopies of second-growth forests could result in spatial heterogeneity that would reproduce the biocomplexity and plant-fungal productivity associated with high squirrel populations. I predicted that accelerating biocomplexity would require ≥20 years, but short-term effects of induced heterogeneity would be apparent in 5 years: initial decreases followed by increases in Glaucomys populations, nonlinear increases in Tamias populations, and little change in Tamiasciurus populations. If my predictions proved accurate, confidence in long-term predictions would be enhanced. I chose 16 13-ha stands with two different management histories for a randomized block experiment and began measuring squirrel populations in 1991. Variable-density thinnings were implemented in spring 1993. Fall and spring populations were measured through fall 1998. Populations responded as predicted, except for a treatment–management history interaction. Previous conventional thinnings altered ecosystem function such that low Glaucomys populations failed to respond to treatment. Variable-density thinning, in conjunction with retention of biological legacies and management of decadence, could possibly accelerate biocomplexity in second-growth forest that mimics that in old, natural forests.
Brown representability for the dual

Let T be the homotopy category of all spectra. Brown proved that a homological functor H: T o p → Ab is representable if it takes coproducts to products. That is, the functors [−,h] may be characterised as the homological functors taking coproducts to products. In this article, we will prove the dual. A covariant functor H:T → Ab which takes products to products is representable; it is of the form [h,−].
Reactions of oxidation intermediates of sulphite species with some cellular components of plants

Abstract The aerobic oxidation of sulphite ∗ to sulphate via free radical intermediates is briefly reviewed. The co-oxidation of certain biological compounds linked to the aerobic oxidation of sulphite is discussed; in particular, ethylene formation from methional; the oxidation of methionine and tryptophan; the oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid; the destruction of chlorophylls and β-carotene; and lipid peroxidation and membrane damage.
Plasmodium vivax est-il encore le paradigme d'un paludisme simple ?

P. vivax is supposed to be involved in benign tertian fever, responsible for a non-complicated disease that could be easily treated by standard antimalarial drug regimen. This could be considered as a long-standing paradigm of a non-virulent malaria parasite. When a patient exhibits severe malaria with the vivax parasite, the issue is often to find falciparum. However, with the implementation of molecular diagnosis, it has becoming more evident that vivax parasites could be involved in severe disease with probably a different pathogenesis. Mixed infections are frequent in various parts of Southeast Asian endemic areas and it was speculated that drugs used to treat falciparum could be involved in the development of vivax drug resistance. How should primaquine be used today for the treatment and prophylaxis of vivax malaria? Considering the re-emergence of vivax malaria in several areas, improving the treatment for this disease is certainly an important issue to avoid late episodes and transmission potential.
New insights into airway mucous cell differentiation

Chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis are characterized by persistent airway inflammation and the overproduction of mucus in airways. So-called “goblet (mucous) cell metaplasia/hyperplasia” is the pathologic feature in these diseased airways, in which the normal mucociliary epithelium is replaced by goblet/mucous cells. The nature of the goblet/mucous cell population which arises in these diseased airways is unknown. Our recent studies have shown that trans-differentiation of surface epithelial cells occurs so that they express the submucosal gland-type mucin gene, MUC5B, in addition to a general elevation of all mucin gene products in surface epithelial cells as well as in the submucosal area. In contrast to MUC5B, the surface type of mucin gene, MUC5AC, is restrictedly expressed in the surface epithelium. Using a panel of cytokines—interleukin (IL)-1α, -1β, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -15, -16, -17, -18, and -19, a...
High temperature intergranular crack growth processes in copper and copper with 1 wt% antimony

Abstract Creep crack growth in Cu and Cu + 1 wt% Sb has been studied at temperatures near 773 K under various loading conditions. The presence of Sb in Cu facilitates brittle intergranular fracture at low temperatures and permits a study of cavitation at the crack tip using SEM techniques. Steep gradients in cavitation damage are observed under constant load conditions wherein the crack accelerates in the course of growth. With a constant stress intensity factor, the crack decelerates during growth and the cavitation spreads evenly over the ligament ahead of the crack tip. The crack growth rate is compared with the stress intensity factor and C ∗ , which have been determined for different loading conditions. Results similar to those of Landes and Begley were obtained, indicating that C ∗ , evaluated experimentally, correlates with crack growth rate under constant displacement rate conditions. Crack growth under constant displacement rate conditions can be described by a simple steady state model.
Kelsen on legal interpretation

A number of writers have invited attention to the fact that Kelsen, in a long and extraordinarily productive career, gave very little attention to questions of legal interpretation. Kelsen's younger colleague in the Vienna School of Legal Theory, Fritz Schreier, himself a legal philosopher of note, remarked in 1929 that the Vienna School had neglected interpretation. Michael Thaler made the same point a half century later, writing that Kelsen devoted himself ‘entirely to an elucidation of the object of interpretation’, that is to say, the legal norm itself, without providing any details on ‘ how interpretation is to be done’. Other recent writers go further: Klaus Adomeit dismisses Kelsen's theory of interpretation as ‘methodological nihilism’ Gunther Winkler writes that Kelsen’s theory, although ‘simple’, is both ‘mistaken and misleading’. Indeed, most recent writers who have examined the Pure Theory of Law on questions of legal interpretation take a dim view of Kelsen's work in the field.
Evaluation of Global Developmental Delay

The Quality Standards Subcommittee of the AAN and the Practice Committee of the CNS have issued recommendations for the evaluation of the child with nonprogressive global developmental delay (GDD), based on a review of relevant literature and scheme of evidence classification.
Low frequency stimulation decreases seizure frequency in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy

Cortical stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy is currently being studied in both animals and humans; however, because the mechanisms are not well understood, optimal stimulation parameters and target have yet to be been determined. This paper describes the effects of low frequency stimulation (LFS) using a novel target, the hippocampal commissural fibers, in a rat model of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Epilepsy was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=7) by one single electrical stimulation episode of the amygdala. After a three month period of epileptogenesis, baseline spontaneous seizure frequency was determined by continuous video and electrographic monitoring of the bilateral hippocampi for 2 weeks. Then, LFS (1 Hz) was applied continuously for 60 minutes ON and 15 minutes OFF, for two weeks, and the mean seizure frequency before, during and after treatment were compared. A statistically significant difference (p = 0.008) between the baseline and treatment states was observed. In 7 animals, 90% decrease in seizure frequency was observed during treatment and a 57% decrease in seizure frequency during the period following treatment when compared to the seizure frequency before stimulation. These findings support the hypothesis that the hippocampal commissures may be an effective target in low frequency stimulation for the suppression of spontaneous seizures in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Porcine genomics delivers new tools and results: This little piggy did more than just go to market

The past decade has yielded new tools for pig geneticists and breeders thanks to the considerable developments resulting from efforts to map the pig genome. The pig genetic linkage map now has nearly 5000 loci including several hundred genes, microsatellites and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) markers. Using tools that include somatic cell hybrid panels and radiation hybrid panels, the physical genetic map is also growing rapidly and has over 4000 genes and markers. Scientists using both exotic and commercial breeds for quantitative trait loci (QTL) scans and candidate gene analyses have identified a number of important chromosomal regions and individual genes associated with growth rate, leanness, feed intake, meat quality, litter size and disease resistance. Using marker-assisted selection (MAS) the commercial pig industry is actively incorporating these gene markers and traditional performance information to improve traits of economic importance in pig production. Researchers now have novel tools including pig gene arrays and advanced bioinformatics that are being exploited to find new candidate genes and to advance the understanding of gene function in the pig. Sequencing of the pig genome has been initiated and further sequencing is now being considered. Advances in pig genomics and directions for future research and the implications to both the pig industry and human health are reviewed.
Swaddling Will It Get Babies Onto Their Backs for Sleep

Introduction. The supine sleep position is recommended to reduce sudden infant death syndrome risk. Swaddling may improve adherence with supine placement. Aim. To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding swaddling among adult caregivers of 0- to 3-month-old infants. Methods. Cross-sectional descriptive survey. Results. All 103 adults interviewed had swaddled their infant. Common reasons for swaddling included infant comfort and warmth. Almost 80% of those who swaddled their infant found it effective, 80% believed it to be comfortable, and ~90% believed swaddling to be safe. Parents who routinely used swaddling were more likely to find it effective and to place their infant supine when swaddled (P < .01). Conclusions. Parents often use swaddling to comfort the infant, and most find it effective. Parents who routinely use swaddling are more likely to place their infant supine if swaddled. Swaddling may be a strategy for parents of infants who have difficulty sleeping in the supine position.
Moving costs, nondurable consumption and portfolio choice

The substantial adjustment cost for housing affects nondurable consumption and portfolio allocations, as well as the frequency of housing transactions. A simple theoretical model, roughly calibrated, is used to assess the quantitative impact of adjustment costs on those decisions. The impact on portfolios is found to be significant, suggesting that housing wealth should be useful in empirical studies of portfolio choice. The welfare loss from the transaction cost is also substantial. The effect on nondurable consumption is small, however, so adjustment costs can explain only a small part of the equity premium puzzle.
Program transformation and runtime support for threaded MPI execution on shared-memory machines

Parallel programs written in MPI have been widely used for developing high-performance applications on various platforms. Because of a restriction of the MPI computation model, conventional MPI implementations on shared-memory machines map each MPI node to an OS process, which can suffer serious performance degradation in the presence of multiprogramming. This paper studies compile-time and runtime techniques for enhancing performance portability of MPI code running on multiprogrammed shared-memory machines. The proposed techniques allow MPI nodes to be executed safety and efficiently as threads. Compile-time transformation eliminates global and static variables in C code using node-specific data. The runtime support includes an efficient and provably correct communication protocol that uses lock-free data structure and takes advantage of address space sharing among threads. The experiments on SGI Origin 2000 show that our MPI prototype called TMPI using the proposed techniques is competitive with SGI's native MPI implementation in a dedicated environment, and that it has significant performance advantages in a multiprogrammed environment.
Graded Metallic Gratings for Ultrawideband Surface Wave Trapping at THz Frequencies

We summarize our study of the ultrawideband slow-light system based on plasmonic-graded metallic gratings for “rainbow” trapping at terahertz (THz) frequencies. The dispersion relations for a perfect conducting plane hosting an array of 1-D grooves having a constant depth were derived. Since the dispersion relations for the fundamental surface mode resemble those for the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) at optical frequencies, such a uniform grating can be used to effectively guide THz waves. The dispersion relations for these spoof SPPs can be tailored by choosing the geometric parameters of the surface structures. We show that a graded metallic surface grating can be used to trap THz waves at different locations along the surface grating corresponding to the different wavelengths. Theoretical and experimental studies of rainbow trapping at shorter wavelengths, e.g., in visible and near-infrared domains, are also briefly summarized.
A Screening Protocol for Identification of Functional Mutants of RNA Editing Adenosine Deaminases

Genetic screens can be used to evaluate a spectrum of mutations and thereby infer the function of particular residues within a protein. The Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR) family of RNA editing enzymes selectively deaminate adenosines (A) in double helical RNA, generating inosine (I). The protocol described here exploits ADAR2’s editing activity in a yeast based screen by inserting an editing substrate sequence with a stop codon incorporated at the editing site upstream from sequence coding the reporter α-galactosidase. A-to-I editing changes the stop codon to one for tryptophan, allowing normal expression of the reporter. This technique is particularly well-suited for screening ADAR and ADAR substrate mutant libraries for editing activity.
Determinants of coitus after childbirth

Using a sample of 3080 women from Cebu, Philippines, interviewed immediately after childbirth and every 2 months thereafter for 2 years, the determinants of return to coitus are analysed. Eighty per cent of the women returned to coitus before the return of menses, and 90% did so before stopping breast-feeding. In hazards models, variables associated with traditional life styles retarded return to coitus. Situational variables (husband resident, crowding, children aged 6 and under), especially husband residence, and biological variables (mother's age, return to menses, and lactation) were significant predictors of return to coitus. The implications of the analysis for the construction of models of birth interval dynamics are discussed.
On the optimal harmonic gait for locomotion of mechanical rectifier systems

This paper formally defines a class of multibody rectifier systems that captures the essential aspects of animal locomotion, and formulates an optimal locomotion problem to find a set of harmonic inputs that minimizes a quadratic objective function subject to an equality constraint on the average velocity. Our main result shows that the global optimum is given in terms of a generalized eigenvalue of a pair of Hermitian matrices, with a minimizer characterized by the associated eigenvector. Thus, an optimal harmonic gait can be computed efficiently even for hyper-redundant rectifiers with a large number of variables. We provide case studies for two specific rectifiers; (i) a chain of multiple links mimicking snakes, leeches, and other slender animals, and (ii) a disk-mass system that captures the rectifying dynamics in the simplest way. We examine optimal gaits for three types of objective functions, consisting of input power, input torque, and shape derivative. We compare the multilink results against natural motions observed in leeches, and discuss what optimality criteria appear to be used in nature. Analytical results are obtained for the disk-mass system, providing insights into optimal gaits.
Laser Induced Avalanche Ionization in Gases or Gas Mixtures with REMPI or Femtosecond Laser Pulse Pre-Ionization

Introduction Recently the scenario for control of ionization process in atmospheric air by dual femtosecond /nanosecond laser pulse was suggested [1]: a laser plasma may be generated by a preionizing fs pulse with a subsequent long CO2 laser pulse for additional avalanche ionization and Joule heating. A similar scenario arises in the case of the Resonance Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization (REMPI) -avalanche hybrid ionization with a nanosecond laser pulse at intensities much lower than required for breakdown of the bulk gas. That problem was studied for the Ar:Xe mixture, where during the initial portion of the pulse (3+1) REMPI of Ar atoms starts the ionization, which subsequently continues to grow with an avalanche in the buffer Xe gas [2].
Commercialization of the University and Problem Choice by Academic Biological Scientists

Based on data from a survey of biological scientists at 125 American universities, this article explores how the commercialization of the university affects the problems academic scientists pursue and argues that this reorientation of scientific agendas results in a shift from science in the public interest to science for private goods. Drawing on perspectives from Bourdieu on how actors employ strategic practices toward the accumulation of social capital and acquire dispositional and perceptional tendencies that in turn recondition social structures, the commercialization of the university is construed not as something that ‘‘happens to,’’ but rather something that ‘‘happens through’’ academic scientists. The specific shape and direction of the commercialization of the university is therefore influenced by how scientists incorporate the new resources and social relations of commercialization into their scientific practice and how their creative engagement with shifting structural conditions remakes the c...