cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomodulation Spectra of Al, Au, and Cu

Thermotransmission and thermoreflection measurements were made on semitransparent films of Al, Au, and Cu at about 370 and 120 K in the range 0.5-5 eV. The data yield the thermomodulation spectrum $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant directly, without Kramers-Kronig analysis. A comparison of the interband region of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ for Cu with the piezo-modulation spectrum of a single crystal shows that broadening of the Fermi distribution and volume strain caused by thermal expansion are the principal causes of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum for Al is particularly simple and can be discussed using closed-form expressions for the optical conductivity. It appears that the temperature dependence of the interband relaxation time for transitions across gaps produced by $|{V}_{111}|$ is smaller than that for transitions across gaps caused by $|{V}_{200}|$, which in turn is smaller than that for the infrared intraband transitions.
Increased dolichol content in glucocorticoid-sensitive human T-cell leukemia line grown in the presence of dexamethasone.

Two cell lines, derived from human T-cell acute leukemia, one glucocorticoid sensitive (CEM-C7) and the other glucocorticoid resistant (CEM-C1) were grown in the presence of 1 × 10 −7 M dexamethasone and were analyzed for their dolichol content. After 24 hrs of incubation, dolichols became significantly elevated in the sensitive but not in the resistant line. Lovastatin, the specific inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis did not affect dolichol levels in either of the two cell lines. The results raise the possibility that dolichol accumulation might be involved in the early stages of the glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis (directed cell killing).
Long-term health consequences of mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder among middle-aged persons in the United States. Young et al reported that the prevalence of OSA associated with hypersomnolence was 2% in women and 4% in men aged 30 to 60 years. It is reasonably well established that many patients with OSA, now more commonly referred to as sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), have resultant pathologic sleepiness and daytime performance decrements. It has also been recognized for years that patients with severe apnea suffer significant health consequences as a result of their apnea. Yet, it remains controversial whether patients with less severe forms of this disease incur the same adverse health consequences. The introduction of less invasive surgical treatment for snoring in the early 1990s brought many previously untreated patients into the offices of otolaryngologists for “snoring” evaluations. Many of these patients had symptoms associated with SDB and underwent polysomnographic studies that documented SDB. Often, the diagnosis was mild to moderate SDB in patients who presented with snoring as their major complaint. Since that time, many technological advances have been made with positive airway pressure devices, making these devices more easily tolerated by the average patient. Also, with the advent of portable home studies, the number of patients who undergo objective sleep testing in this country has risen dramatically. Because of all these advances in sleep medicine in the past 10 years, and the resultant media exposure, the overall public awareness of SDB has increased. As with any disease process for which large numbers of individuals are being screened, many patients are now being recognized to have less severe forms of the disease. The question that arises is whether the less severe cases of SDB result in the same long-term health consequences as the more severe cases of SDB. A MEDLINE computerized search of the worldwide medical literature was performed from 1966 to the present to identify all publications pertaining to SDB and health consequences. The key words obstructive sleep apnea, mortality, accidents, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were used. From these publications (n=179), only those that reported severity levels of SDB were included (n=22). Another group of publications were eliminated from this review owing to the lack of monitoring for objective SDB (n=11). Therefore, a total of 11 articles were analyzed for this review.
CYP-independent inhibition of platelet aggregation in rabbits by a mixed disulfide conjugate of clopidogrel

Dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin has been the standard of care in the United States for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). However, the effectiveness of clopidogrel varies significantly among different sub-populations due to inter-individual variability. In this study we examined the antiplatelet potential of a novel mixed disulfide conjugate of clopidogrel with the aim to overcome the inter-individual variability. In the metabolic studies using human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed P450s, we confirmed that multiple P450s are involved in the bioactivation of 2-oxoclopidogrel to H4, one of the diastereomers of the pharmacologically active metabolite (AM) possessing antiplatelet activity. Results from kinetic studies demonstrated that 2C19 is the most active in converting 2-oxoclopidogrel to H4 with a catalytic efficiency of 0.027 µM⁻¹min⁻¹ in the reconstituted system. On the basis of this finding, we were able to biosynthesise the conjugate of clopidogrel with 3-nitropyridine-2-thiol, referred to as clopNPT, and examined its antiplatelet activity in male New Zealand white rabbits. After administration as intravenous bolus at 2 mg/kg, the clopNPT conjugate was rapidly converted to the AM leading to the inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA). Analyses of the blood samples drawn at various time points showed that intravenous administration of clopNPT led to ~70% IPA within 1 hour and the IPA persisted for more than 3 hours. Since the antiplatelet activity of clopNPT does not require bioactivation by P450s, the mixed disulfide conjugate of clopidogrel has the potential to overcome the inter-individual variability in clopidogrel therapy.
Update in Surgical Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Bullectomy for giant bullae, lung volume reduction surgery, and lung transplantation are three surgical therapies that may benefit highly selected patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this article, each procedure is reviewed, with an emphasis on guidelines for patient selection and clinical outcomes for the practicing pulmonologist. Recent results from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial, updated International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry data, and revised guidelines for patient selection for lung transplantation are discussed.
Friction fractor and holdup studies for lubricated pipelining—II Laminar and kε models of eccentric core flow

Abstract A model of core-annular flow in which the oil core is a perfect cylinder with generators parallel to the pipe wall, but off-center, is studied in laminar and turbulent flow to assess the effects of eccentricity and the volume flow rate ratio on the friction factor and holdup ratio. The study is tilted toward water lubrication of heavy crude viscous oil. For the turbulence analysis, the water is assumed to be turbulent and the core laminar. A standard k-e model with a low Reynolds number capability is adopted for the turbulence case. The agreement between model predictions, which have no adjustable parameters, and experimental and field data from all sources, is satisfactory.
Midgut non-rotation with a large, dumb-bell-shaped, abscessed, air-containing right paraduodenal hernia in early childhood

A 3-year-old boy with a history of recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and vomiting, a prior history of intra-abdominal sepsis (amoebiasis), and marked retroperitoneal mesenteric lymphadenopathy on ultrasound was admitted to the hospital because of severe abdominal pain of 2 days' duration associated with fever, nausea, and vomiting. His abdomen was distended and tender and a plain X-ray film revealed a large, dumb-bell-shaped double bubble in the mid-upper abdomen. A barium enema showed non-rotation of the colon with the cecum in the left upper quadrant. At operation, a large, dumbbell-shaped right paraduodenal hernia filled with air and pus was found, but no intestine. The body of the duodenum crossed the hernia and gave it its dumb-bell shape. The hernia/abscess was opened and drained. Penrose drains were left in the abscessed area and the margin of the hernia sac that contained the superior mesenteric artery was closed around the drains with care. The postoperative course was uneventful with no recurrence of symptoms.
Isolation and analysis of high quality nuclear DNA with reduced organellar DNA for plant genome sequencing and resequencing

Background High throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics by drastically reducing the cost of sequencing, making it feasible for individual labs to sequence or resequence plant genomes. Obtaining high quality, high molecular weight DNA from plants poses significant challenges due to the high copy number of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA, as well as high levels of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides. Multiple methods have been used to isolate DNA from plants; the CTAB method is commonly used to isolate total cellular DNA from plants that contain nuclear DNA, as well as chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA. Alternatively, DNA can be isolated from nuclei to minimize chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA contamination.
Designing for maintainability: computerized human models

Abstract The design and development of a typical human-machine system traditionally has been a sequential flow process in which the design is completed in one functional area with no significant level of input from other functional areas of the organization. In such cases, often the operational aspects of the system are the only factors considered during the design stage. The sequential design and development practice has been found to result in very serious deficiencies in other important areas such as maintainability, manufacturability, etc. If any design deficiencies in the non-operational areas are noted during the later stages, most often no corrective actions will be implemented considering the cost of design changes. However, because of such deficiencies the life cycle cost of the system will still be very high. The practice of simultaneous engineering/concurrent design, made possible by the introduction of the computer as a tool, is an alternate design technique that requires interaction of personnel from several functional areas even during the early stages of design. Thus, it is possible to incorporate all relevant system requirements in the design of the system sufficiently early so that design modifications may be kept to a minimum and the life cycle cost will be lower.
Recent results concerning neutron spin structure through polarized 3HE(E,E′)

I briefly review some of the interesting recent results on neutron spin structure that have been obtained using the Jefferson Lab Hall A facility with a polarized 3He target.
Biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum.

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum was isolated and identified from the aquatic plant M. aquaticum. The capability of this fungus to transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in liquid cultures was investigated. TNT was added to shake flask cultures and transformed into 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2-A-DNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4-A-DNT), and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DAT) via 2- and 4-hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene derivatives, which could be detected as intermediate metabolites. Transformation of TNT, 2-A-DNT, and 4-A-DNT was observed by whole cultures and with isolated mycelium. Cell-free protein extracts from the extracellular, soluble, and membrane-bound fractions were prepared from this fungus and tested for TNT-reducing activity. The concentrated extracellular culture medium was unable to transform TNT; however, low levels of TNT transformation were observed by the membrane fraction in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in an argon atmosphere. A concentrated extract of sol...
Application of phase-field modeling to irradiation effects in materials

This paper summarizes the recent advances in phase-field modeling in the field of radiation materials science. Conventional phase-field equations are first presented for the thermodynamic and kinetic description of irradiation-induced defects. Results of homogeneous and heterogeneous void and gas bubble evolution are then discussed, including gas bubble nucleation and growth, internal bubble gas density fluctuations, void lattice formation, and intergranular bubble dynamics. Finally, future directions for phase-field modeling in this field are addressed, with the intention of highlighting areas that require focused consideration that are necessary for the continued improvement and applicability of the method for radiation problems.
Aldolase in the larval form of Taenia crassiceps.

Homogenates of the larval form of Taenia crassiceps contain an aldolase which is not activated by metal ions. The Michaelis constant was found to be 6.1 × 10−3m and the optimum pH for aldolase activity is 8.5–9.0. It is suggested that comparative biochemical studies of this kind might well serve as an adjunct to more classical types of taxonomic techniques. Aldolase in homogenates of larvae of T. crassiceps is a soluble enzyme with no functional sulfhydryl groups and remains stable in KC1 solution for up to 90 days at −20 °C.
Fundamentals of the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry to low mass poly(methylmethacrylate) polymers

Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) time of flight is shown to give a molar peak area response for isolated methylmethacrylate oligomers that have 25 and 50 repeat units when run on three different instruments in reflectron or linear mode and using three different matrix materials. In addition, fragmentation was not observed in any of the three different matrices or at higher laser power. No spectral differences were observed for syndiotactic and isotactic methylmethacrylate oligomers. These results suggest that the low most probable peak values observed for narrow distribution poly(methylmethacrylate) standards by MALDI mass spectrometry are not the result of mass discrimination or fragmentation.
The amide acetal condensation of propargyl alcohols: synthesis of γ-keto esters and silyl allenes under mild conditions

Abstract In this communication we report the first example of a Claisen rearrangement involving an enamine as the allyl double bond and a general, high yield synthesis of silyl allenes.
Josephson tunnel junctions with monomolecular barriers

We report here the fabrication of Josephson junction tunnel diodes in which the barrier has been deposited using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Diodes have been fabricated using lead-indium alloys and niobium nitride for the electrodes. The barrier was vinyl stearate polymerized by Co60γ radiation just prior to depositing the counter electrode. We have obtained critical current densities from 100-820 amps/cm2at 4.2°K, and we have observed hysteretic behavior. Preliminary measurements of the dependence of the critical current on the applied magnetic field have also been made.
Priming and multiple memory systems: Perceptual mechanisms of implicit memory

Research examining the relation between explicit and implicit forms of memory has generated a great deal of evidence concerning the issue of multiple memory systems. This article focuses on an extensively studied implicit memory phenomenon, known as direct or repetition priming, and examines the hypothesis that priming effects on various tasks reflect the operation of a perceptual representation system (PRS)---a class of cortically based subsystems that operate at a presemantic level and support non conscious expressions of memory. Three PRS subsystems are examined: visual word form, structural description, and auditory word form. Pertinent cognitive, neuropsychological, and neurobiological evidence is reviewed, alternative classificatory schemes are discussed, and important conceptual and terminological issues are considered.
The Representation of Women in Top Ranked Sociology Departments.

This paper compares the status of women in highly ranked sociology departments with their status in departments nationwide. The top ranked departments influence the profession markedly through their disproportionate share of the nation’s graduate students and faculty, and their production of more than half of the faculty in graduate departments. Women on top ranked faculties are more often at advanced ranks with tenure than their national peers, but there are proportionally fewer of them than in departments across the nation. Gender gaps in rank and tenure are also narrower in top ranked departments. Although women graduate students are less common in top ranked than in national departments, the former have financial assistance more often. Recent hiring practices have merely maintained women’s current level of representation, but men are disproportionately vacating faculty positions. With most departments growing slowly, if at all, this will result in a small increase over time in women’s fraction of faculty positions.
Behavior of coal particles suspended in coal liquids

Abstract After introducing coal slurry fuels, results obtained from sedimentation tests conducted with coal—coal liquid mixtures have been presented to suggest that coal liquids may be used to formulate stable coal slurry fuels. The enhanced aggregative stability of these slurries has been attributed to the compatibility of coal liquid with the coal particle surface at a molecular level Rheological properties of the coal—coal liquid slurry fuel were studied using a Brookfield viscometer in association with an isothermal chamber. At a coal loading of 10 wt.%, the coal slurry was Newtonian in character. At higher coal loadings, the slurries were non-Newtonian and exhibited yield stress. The slurries also showed time-dependent behavior. Relative slurry viscosity and yield stress were strong functions of coal loading. Experimental data showing the dependence of relative slurry viscosity on coal loading have been compared with promising theoretical models. Slurry viscosity plotted as a function of temperature on an ASTM D-341 chart showed linear behavior.
An Improvement in the Sensitivity of the Salkowski Reagent for Tryptamine, Tryptophan and Indoleacetic Acid

The reaction of indoles with the Salkowski reagent has been examined. It was found that the concentration of acid as well as the concentration and anionic component of the iron salt employed are critical factors in the choice of a reagent that will fail to react—or will react maximally with a given indole. Tryptamine can be reproducibly assayed with a reagent containing 0.01 M Fe(NO3)3 in 7.0 M HCIO4. Two ml of this reagent are added to two ml of the sample. The absorbancy is read at 450 nm after 90 minutes under uniform light conditions. Versions of this reagent can also be used for the quantitative colorimetric determination of tryptophan or indoleacetic acid.
Adsorption of lactate dehydrogenase to the particulate fraction of homogenized skeletal muscle.

WE have recently conducted an investigation of the factors involved in the release or retention of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the particulate fraction of chicken breast muscle1. By appropriate procedures, we could effect essentially a complete release or retention. The major factors were the pH and ionic strength of the homogenization media; high pH and high ionic strength caused a greater solubilization of the enzyme. The influence of other factors could be explained in terms of their effect on pH. and ionic strength. Adjusting conditions for the retention of LDH activity in the particulate fraction does not, however, establish that this enzyme occurs in a particulate or bound form in situ. Other possibilities such as co-precipitation, adsorption, and physical entrapment must be considered.
Diffuse hyperplasia of gastric argyrophil cells and multiple carcinoid tumors. An historical and ultrastructural study

A patient with chronic iron deficiency anemia was shown to have multiple gastric filling defects. These were found to be ulcerated carcinoid tumors. In the partial gastrectomy specimen innumerable carcinoids arose from a unique diffuse hyperplasia of argyrophil cells. Histochemically and ultrastructurally the hyperplastic and neoplastic cells were identical. These cells closely resembled both argyrophil cells from bronchial carcinoid tumors and argyrophil cells in control human stomachs as well as in the gastric mucosa of mice and bats. These cells were compared with those of a carcinoid tumor of the ileum; they appeared to be histochemically and ultrastructurally distinct. This finding is of interest because of the reported differences in the clinical and biochemical features of carcinoids arising in tissue derived from the foregut (bronchus and stomach) as compared with those of midgut derivation (ileum, appendix). The authors suggest that more than one progenitor cell may give rise to carcinoid tumors and that the histochemical and biochemical characteristics of such tumors will depend on the cell of origin.
Characterizing and correcting media-induced focus errors in SAR imagery

Recently, considerable attention has been directed to the use of airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) for detecting both large and small underground objects. The reconstruction of images of buried objects from SAR data, however, often relies on assumptions and algorithms developed in the context of free-space radar propagation. Although in some cases the implicit assumption of free-space propagation can lead to acceptable results, in other important cases it will result in severe degradation to images of underground objects. In this paper we investigate the conditions under which significant improvements to image quality result if proper account is taken of the detailed effects of the soil medium on radar wave propagation. These effects are analyzed both in terms of the refraction of plane waves and via reference to general analytic solutions to Maxwell's equations. Quantitative predictions of the improvement in buried-target image focussing are presented for some realistic data collection scenarios, corresponding to airborne and ground-based SAR or microwave holography.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sequence features and phylogenetic analysis of the stress protein Hsp90α in chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), a poikilothermic vertebrate

Abstract We cloned and sequenced a chinook salmon Hsp90 cDNA; sequence analysis shows it to be Hsp90α. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that α and β paralogs of Hsp90 arose as a result of a gene duplication event and that they diverged early in the evolution of vertebrates, before tetrapods separated from the teleost lineage. Among several differences distinguishing poikilothermic Hsp90α sequences from their bird and mammal orthologs, the teleost versions specifically lack a characteristic QTQDQP phosphorylation site near the N-terminus. We used the cDNA to develop an RNA (Northern) blot to quantify cellular Hsp90 mRNA levels. Chinook salmon embryonic (CHSE-214) cells responded to heat shock with a rapid rise in Hsp90 mRNA through 4 h, followed by a gradual decline over the next 20 h. Hsp90 mRNA level may be useful as a stress indicator, especially in a laboratory setting or in response to acute heat stress.
Evaluation of surgical tissue from patients with Crohn's disease for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA by in situ hybridization and nested polymerase chain reaction

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with tissue granuloma and histopathological alteration that resembles aspects in tuberculosis, leprosy, and paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis, with a suspected role in the etiology of CD. We investigated the presence of MAP DNA in 31 surgical tissue samples from 20 subjects using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the aid of confocal scanning laser microscopy and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the IS900 sequence unique to MAP. MAP DNA was detected by PCR in tissue from 10 of 12 (83%) patients with CD: 7/12 (58%) in inflamed, 6/11 (55%) in noninflamed and in 10 (83%) of either tissue and by FISH in 8 of 12 (67%) patients with CD: 7 of 12 (58%) in inflamed, 4 of 11 (36%) in noninflamed, and in 8(67%) of either tissue. In non-IBD subjects, MAP DNA was detected in the tissue of only 1 of 6 patients (17%) by PCR and 0 of 6 patients (0%) by FISH. MAP DNA was identified by PCR in inflamed tissue from 2 of 2 patients with ulcerative colitis. The detection of MAP DNA by either technique in tissue from subjects with CD is significant compared with non-IBD subjects (P < 0.005). Identification of MAP DNA in both inflamed and noninflamed tissue by both techniques suggests that MAP infection in patients with CD may be systemic. The data add more evidence toward a possible association of MAP in the pathogenesis of CD.
SOD1 overexpression alters ROS production and reduces neurotoxic inflammatory signaling in microglial cells

Activation of the oxidative burst is one of the earliest biochemical events in microglial activation, but it is not understood yet how free radicals participate in inflammatory signaling. To determine the role that specific reactive oxygen species play in microglial activation, the levels of SOD1 were manipulated in N9 murine microglia. Stable overexpression of SOD1 caused significant decreases in superoxide and nitric oxide production, with concurrent increases in hydrogen peroxide following LPS. However, LPS-induced activation of NFκB, and release of TNFα and IL-6 were significantly attenuated in SOD1 overexpressing cells, as was the ability of microglia to induce toxicity in cultured neurons. Conversely, acute inhibition of SOD1 with disulfiram was associated with increased nitric oxide and cytokine release, and increased neurotoxicity. Together, these data suggest that superoxide radicals in microglia play important roles in directing redox-sensitive inflammatory signaling and initiating neurotoxic inflammation.
Understanding partner notification (Patient self-referral method) by young women.

Abstract Study Objective : To understand the communication process involved in the patient-self referral method among adolescent females with chlamydia and gonococcal infection. Design : A cross-sectional descriptive study using a convenience sample was conducted in 54 predominantly African-American females, 13 to 20 years-old, with gonococcal and/or chlamydia cervicitis at an urban hospital based reproductive health clinic. Subjects interviewed at their treatment visit were asked what method of notification they used to tell their partner(s). Subjects who had not notified their partner were asked about their intended communication method and what they envisioned they would say to their partner. Coding methodology was used to analyze the information. In addition to qualitative information, outcome measures were the proportion of subjects who notified their partner(s), their communication method, style, and barriers to communication. Results : According to the treatment visit, 57% (31/54) of subjects reported notifying their partner. Most had notified their partner by phone or face-to-face, stated basic facts about the infection, and used a “direct” and “sensitive” communication style. Of the subjects who had not notified their partner (23/54), several barriers to notification were reported, but 82% said they intend to notify their partner(s). Conclusions : Strategies to promote the patient-self referral method among young women who do not notify their partner(s) need further assessment.
Phonation: clinical testing versus electromyography.

Balanced and unbalanced activities of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles have been studied on the same patients on the same day by three separate techniques: (1) identification of major muscle imbalance by correlation of history and laryngoscopic findings; (2) clinical voice testing; and (3) electromyography. Directly comparable results have been obtained. These results indicate that:1. Healthy phonation basically is dependent on flexible balances of the interrelated sets of intrinsic laryngeal muscles.2. Unhealthy phonation or vocal abuse was regularly identified with imbalance of these same intrinsic muscles.3. Ratios of normal balances as well as imbalances in voice production are identifiable by the Clinical Voice Testing of (FBB).4. It has been demonstrated that the amount of activity of these muscles required to produce voice sounds can be measured clinically both qualitatively and quantitatively even in a single intonation. This new technique has been termed Clinical Muscle Activity Assay.5. In single...
A new lineage in Pucciniomycotina: class Tritirachiomycetes, order Tritirachiales, family Tritirachiaceae

Based on multiple gene analyses (nuclear large subunit, nuclear small subunit, internal transcribed spacer region including the 5.8 s subunit rDNA, and translation elongation factor 1α) and septal pore ultrastructure we describe a new lineage of Pucciniomycotina consisting of a new class, Tritirachiomycetes, new order, Tritirachiales, and new family, Tritirachiaceae. Tritirachium dependens, T. oryzae, T. roseum (reintroduced), T. cinnamomeum and two unidentified species are recognized. Phylogenetic analyses do not support existing morphological circumscription of some species, and the available evidence suggests that morphological evaluation alone is not adequate for species identification.
Formation and pH-controlled assembly of amphiphilic gold nanoparticles

Alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoclusters are solublized through place exchange reaction with ω-thiocarboxylic acids.
Developmental regulation of the growth plate

Vertebrates do not look like jellyfish because the bones of their skeletons are levers that allow movement and protect vital organs. Bones come in an enormous variety of shapes and sizes to accomplish these goals, but, with few exceptions, use one process--endochondral bone formation--to generate the skeleton. The past few years have seen an enormous increase in understanding of the signalling pathways and the transcription factors that control endochondral bone development.
A proposal for collaborative internet-scale trust infrastructures deployment: the public key system (PKS)

Public Key technology is about multiple parties across different domains making assertions that can be chained together to make trust judgments. Today, the need for more interoperable and usable trust infrastructures is urgent in order to fulfill the security needs of computer and mobile devices. Developing, deploying, and maintaining information technology that provides effective and usable solutions has yet to be achieved. In this paper, we propose a new framework for a distributed support system for trust infrastructure deployment: the Public Key System (PKS). We describe the general architecture based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHTs), how it simplifies the deployment and usability of federated identities, and how existing infrastructures can be integrated into our system. This paper lays down the basis for the deployment of collaborative Internet-scale trust infrastructures.
Replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in the diet of Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus L.

Abstract The development of cost-effective and growth-promoting diets for Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus L.) is necessary for a feasible pompano aquaculture industry in the United States. However, research efforts to reduce the utilization of marine ingredients in aquatic feeds are needed to accomplish such a goal. Three independent growth trials were conducted to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal in the diet of Florida pompano. The basal diets were formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid using solvent extracted soybean meal and corn gluten as the primary and fixed protein sources. In Trial I (10 weeks) the basal diet containing 15% fishmeal (FM15) was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal resulting in diets containing 10% (FM10), 5% (FM5) and 0% (FM0) fishmeal. In Trial II (12 weeks), the FM0 diet was supplemented with methionine (M), lysine (L), and taurine (T), serving as the basal diet (MLT) for the evaluation of potential limitations in these amino acids. By deleting individual amino acids, test diets without methionine (LT), lysine (MT) or taurine (ML) supplements were formulated. In Trial III (8 weeks), the FM0 diet from Trial I served as the basal diet (0% Tau) for the evaluation of potential limitations in taurine. Fish in replicate tanks (n = 3) were fed one of the randomly assigned test diets two times daily. The total replacement of fishmeal in Trial I resulted in depression of fish performance while the performance of fish offered test diets with 5–15% fishmeal did not differ significantly. Reductions in weight gain (from 338.1 to 260.4%), feed efficiency (from 0.53 to 0.40), protein and energy retention (from 19.6 to 12.4% and from 20.4 to14.2%, respectively) were observed in fish fed the FM15 and FM0 diets, respectively (P 0.05) by the removal of supplemental methionine, lysine or taurine from the FM0 diet albeit, numerically the removal of taurine produced the smallest fish. In Trial III, the supplementation of taurine to the FM0 diet at 0.75 g/100 (0.75% Tau) improved the weight gain (from 587.7 to 773.3%), feed efficiency (from 0.50 to 0.64), and protein retention (from 20.5 to 24.3%) of pompano (P
Correlates of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in a Pediatric Tertiary Pain Center

Abstract Objective To examine correlates of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in a pediatric population with chronic pain, and to determine whether CAM use is positively correlated with adaptive coping skills. Methods We examined patient data from 1175 children aged 7 to 18 years with chronic pain who completed the intake assessment at the time of initial evaluation at Boston Children's multidisciplinary Pain Treatment Service between 2003 and 2011. The intake assessment included validated measures of anxiety, depression, pain coping skills, and functional disability. Parents were also asked whether their child had tried CAM modalities in the past. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to determine correlates of CAM use and a multivariable linear regression model to determine the relationship between biobehavioral CAM (relaxation training, hypnosis, and biofeedback) and accommodative coping. Results In our multivariable model, we found that female gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.07–2.02), level of parental education (OR 1.11 per year, 95% CI 1.06–1.16), greater pain intensity (OR 1.06 per point on an 11-point numerical analog scale, 95% CI 1.01–1.11), and more functional disability (OR 1.19 per 10-point increment on the Functional Disability Inventory, 95% CI 1.06–1.34) were independently associated with CAM use. Biobehavioral CAM was found to have a statistically significant correlation with accommodative coping skills (β = 0.2, P = .004). Conclusions In a pediatric chronic pain center, CAM users tended to have higher pain intensity and greater functional disability. Exposure to biobehavioral CAM techniques was associated with adaptive coping skills.
Automated assessment of small airway disease from low-dose lung CT: a preliminary study

Air trapping is a prominent finding in small airway disease (SAD) of the lungs. To investigate the feasibility of accurate, automated assessment of air-trapping from low-dose CT, we compare visual scoring by expert radiologists to a conventional method of automated assessment as well as two novel methods. The conventional method, the "density mask" method, has been reported to correlate weakly but significantly with visual scoring on normal-dose CT. While we were unable to reproduce these results on our low-dose scans, our two novel methods showed some promise. More study on larger data sets is required to determine the optimal analysis method.
Before the EEOC: How Management Integrated the Workplace

This article examines how the human-relations managerial techniques of the 1950s prepared large companies for the mandated racial integration required by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) after 1964. Drawing from management's “howto” publications, as well as archival materials from the Lukens Steel Company and the Du Pont Corporation, the article expands on recent work that has emphasized the importance of internal labor markets, training programs, and managerial policies in determining the shape and pace of integration.
Risk-aversion, relative abundance of resources and foraging preference

Foraging theory depicts dietary choice as a function of prey quality and absolute abundance. Ecological processes, however, can depend on the way foragers respond to the relative abundances of available prey types; several models for frequency-dependent foraging adequately describe these responses. Our laboratory experiments with white-throated sparrows investigated preferential choice of two food rewards as we manipulated both reward quality and relative abundance. In any single experiment the two rewards provided the same mean food quantity, but the variances differed. Average energy budgets predicted risk-aversion, so that foraging preference should decrease as reward variance increases. We presented each two-reward pairing at availability ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 for three consecutive days. By the third day risk-aversion exceeded preference for reward variance significantly. When relative abundances of the low and high variance rewards were not equal, the birds tended to prefer the rare over the common reward. This response began before the birds had thoroughly sampled the reward distributions. Preference for rarity apparently constrained the birds' economic response to reward variance levels.
Absorption and static emission properties of monometalated quinone-substituted porphyrin dimers: evidence for “superexchange” mediated electron transfer in multicomponent photosynthetic model systems

Abstract The absorption and static emission properties of several selectively metalated quinone-substituted porphyrin dimers and control compounds are described. Whereas the unsubstituted metal-free and bis-zinc dimers 16, 19, 17, and 20 give rise to fluorescence emission spectra characteristic of typical monomeric free-base and zinc-containing porphyrins (e.g. 13 and 14), the corresponding monometalated dimers (15 and 18) display emission spectra characteristic only of free-base porphyrins, indicating that rapid exothermic energy transfer takes place between the metalated and free-base subunits in these latter systems. In the case of the control monomers, direct covalent attachment of a quinone subunit (to give 9–12) serves to quench all detectable fluorescence emission. Similar results are obtained in the case of the metal-free (3), bis-zinc (4), and “distal” monometalated materials (2) in either 2-methyl THF or toluene at room temperature. This suggests that in these systems net electron transfer from the porphyrin dimer ensemble to the quinone is fast compared to the rate of fluorescence emission. In the case of the “proximal” monometalated complex, 1, however, a weak but detectable fluorescence signal is observed when the sample is irradiated in toluene at room temperature, indicating that the built-in energy barrier provided by the “proximal” zinc porphyrin subunit is slowing the rate of net electron transfer. Nonetheless, even in the case of this system, the rate of net electron transfer remains exceedingly high, suggesting that the central or “proximal” metalated porphyrin serves to mediate the electron transfer process. The quantum yield for fluorescence for this material in 2-methyl THF is essentially temperature independent, increasingly by only a factor of 3 upon cooling from room temperature to 77 K. This suggests that that net electron transfer from the “distal” free-base subunit to the quinone is not thermally activated but takes place by a direct superexchange mediated process. A similar conclusion is derived from analogous studies of the “flat” compounds 5–8. Here, however, the quantum yields for fluorescence are higher through-out the series suggesting that net electron transfer is slower for these more open photosynthetic models.
Capacity, not constraints: A theory of North-South regulatory cooperation

While neoliberal institutionalists argue that treaties facilitate collective action, many North-South regulatory treaties focus on largely national problems in developing countries. As such, these treaties present a puzzle: why a global treaty to address national regulatory problems? We argue that while activists in industrialized countries often promote regulatory treaties, these treaties garner political support among developing countries because they allow governments to enhance their national regulatory capacity. Developing countries are often not interested in banning practices such as trade in hazardous waste. Instead, developing countries want to increase their ability to control them. We test the argument against data on the global regime for hazardous waste trade. Contravening the conventional wisdom, we find that weak regulatory capacity is a powerful predictor of ratification of the Basel Convention, a treaty that does not ban hazardous waste trade but allows regulatory enhancement. By contrast, other treaties in the regime that do aim at banning hazardous waste trade receive little support among developing countries.
Cellular physiology of the vocal folds.

The core biologic processes affecting vocal folds are cellular. Although it is rare for a voice professional to understand that vocal health or illness often depends on cellular well-being or dysfunction, the laryngologist must be aware of this relationship. Almost every voice illness can be related either to a tissue change or disorder or to suboptimal or inappropriate functional use of normal or abnormal tissue. A physician must decide whether the tissue is diseased, whether it is being used suboptimally, or both. If the tissue is diseased, treatment should attempt to restore cellular health. Although this article summarizes the information currently available regarding cellular activity, vocal health, and voice disorders, detailed knowledge of these issues is often lacking. The study of vocal health and vocal function has had a decidedly different history than that of many other organ systems. This difference arises in part from the large volume of research performed in this field by speech scientists, speech pathologists, and persons with engineering backgrounds. As these investigators have pioneered research in this field, they have used the tools with which they are most comfortable and experienced. Consequently, there exists a rich foundation in signal processing and acoustical analysis of voice and vocal problems. A substantial foundation is also being developed in other areas of science, such as computer modeling, and in integrated research, as found in the neuromotor field. Voice research at a biologic cellular or molecular level, however, has not been conducted with the same degree of interest. The author hopes that this article will help clinicians understand the biologic and tissue basis for vocal health and vocal pathology and stimulate research in this area. The vocal folds are composed of various tissue types: epithelium, lamina propria, striated muscle, nerves, vascular structures, and cartilage. Although each of these tissue types is important, this article focuses on the epithelium and lamina propria. Pathologic vocal conditions that are related to muscle dysfunction are integrated into the neuromuscular system and often have a neurologic basis for their disorder. Such diseases are beyond the scope of this article. On the other hand, most vocal lesions originate in the lamina propria. The lamina propria is certainly an active and vibrant structure which deserves attention.
Effects of dietary fish oil on the depletion of carcinogenic PAH-DNA adduct levels in the liver of B6C3F1 mouse.

Many carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites can bind covalently to DNA. Carcinogen-DNA adducts may lead to mutations in critical genes, eventually leading to cancer. In this study we report that fish oil (FO) blocks the formation of DNA adducts by detoxification of PAHs. B6C3F1 male mice were fed a FO or corn oil (CO) diet for 30 days. The animals were then treated with seven carcinogenic PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) with one of two doses via a single intraperitoneal injection. Animals were terminated at 1, 3, or 7 d after treatment. The levels of DNA adducts were analyzed by the 32P-postlabeling assay. Our results showed that the levels of total hepatic DNA adducts were significantly decreased in FO groups compared to CO groups with an exception of low PAH dose at 3 d (P = 0.067). Total adduct levels in the high dose PAH groups were 41.36±6.48 (Mean±SEM) and 78.72±8.03 in 109 nucleotides (P = 0.011), respectively, for the FO and CO groups at 7 d. Animals treated with the low dose (2.5 fold lower) PAHs displayed similar trends. Total adduct levels were 12.21±2.33 in the FO group and 24.07±1.99 in the CO group, P = 0.008. BPDE-dG adduct values at 7 d after treatment of high dose PAHs were 32.34±1.94 (CO group) and 21.82±3.37 (FO group) in 109 nucleotides with P value being 0.035. Low dose groups showed similar trends for BPDE-dG adduct in the two diet groups. FO significantly enhanced gene expression of Cyp1a1 in both the high and low dose PAH groups. Gstt1 at low dose of PAHs showed high levels in FO compared to CO groups with P values being 0.014. Histological observations indicated that FO played a hepatoprotective role during the early stages. Our results suggest that FO has a potential to be developed as a cancer chemopreventive agent.
Role of BMI in the Association of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 Variant with Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

We examined the association of variation in the type 2 diabetes risk-conferring TCF7L2 gene with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) among the lean, overweight, and obese members of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study cohort. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were performed using a general model, with the major homozygote as the reference category. For 9,865 whites, a significant increase in the risk of CHD was seen only among lean (&#x2009;kg/) individuals homozygous for the allele of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 gene risk variant (hazard ratio 1.42; 95&#x25; CI 1.03,1.97; ). No association was found among 3,631 blacks, regardless of BMI status. An attenuated hazard ratio was observed among the nondiabetic ARIC cohort members. This study suggests that body mass modifies the association of the TCF7L2 rs7903146 T allele with CHD risk.