cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modification of Plant Transpiration Rate with Chemicals.

1. BOLLARD, E. G. 1960. Transport in the xylem. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 11: 141-66. 2. DIXON, H. H. 1914. Transpiration and the Ascent of Sap in Plants. MacMillan and Co., London. 3. EWART, A. J. 1908. The ascent of water in trees. II. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B 199: 341-92. 4. GREENIDGE, K. N. H. 1957. Ascent of sap. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 8: 237-56. 5: HANDLEY, W. R. C. 1939. The effect of prolonged chilling on water movement and radial growth in trees. Ann. Botany 3: 803-13. 6. HUBER, B. AND E. SCHMIDT. 1936. Weitere thermoelektrische Untersuchungen uiber den Transpirationsstrom der Baume. Tharandter forstl. Jahrb. 87: 369-412. 7. LYBECK, B. R. 1959. Winter freezing in relation to the rise of sap in tall trees. Plant Physiol. 34: 482-86. 8. PRESTON, R. D. 1952. Movement of water in higher plants. In: Deformation and Flow in Biological Systems. A. Frey-Wyssling, ed. North Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam. p. 257-321. 9. SCHOLANDER, P. F. 1958. The rise of sap in lianas. In: The Physiology of Forest Trees. K. V. Thimann, ed. Ronald Press, New York. p 3-17. 10. VIEWEG, G. H. AND H. ZIEGLER. 1960. Thermoelektrische Registrierung der Geschwindigkeit des Transpirationsstromes I. Ber. Deut. Botan. Ges. 73: 221-26. 11. ZIMMERMANN, M. H. 1964. Discussion in: The Formation of Wood in Forest Trees. M. H. Zimmermann, ed. Academic Press, New York. p 285-86.
Anti-tumor activity of GW572016: a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks EGF activation of EGFR/erbB2 and downstream Erk1/2 and AKT pathways

Dual EGFR/erbB2 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic strategy for epithelial tumors, as ligand-induced erbB2/EGFR heterodimerization triggers potent proliferative and survival signals. Here we show that a small molecule, GW572016, potently inhibits both EGFR and erbB2 tyrosine kinases leading to growth arrest and/or apoptosis in EGFR and erbB2-dependent tumor cell lines. GW572016 markedly reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR and erbB2, and inhibited activation of Erk1/2 and AKT, downstream effectors of proliferation and cell survival, respectively. Complete inhibition of activated AKT in erbB2 overexpressing cells correlated with a 23-fold increase in apoptosis compared with vehicle controls. EGF, often elevated in cancer patients, did not reverse the inhibitory effects of GW572016. These observations were reproduced in vivo, where GW572016 treatment inhibited activation of EGFR, erbB2, Erk1/2 and AKT in human tumor xenografts. Erk1/2 and AKT represent potential biomarkers to assess the clinical activity of GW572016. Inhibition of activated AKT in EGFR or erbB2-dependent tumors by GW572016 may lead to tumor regressions when used as a monotherapy, or may enhance the anti-tumor activity of chemotherapeutics, since constitutive activation of AKT has been linked to chemo-resistance.
Nondialyzable skimmilk in diluents for ram and bull semen.

Abstract Bull and ram spermatozoa were stored in synthetic media containing various skimmilk preparations. The reduction in motility of ram spermatozoa diluted 80-fold and incubated at 37 C in synthetic media could be prevented by the inclusion of .8% (w/v) of a lyophilized preparation of nondialyzable skimmilk heated to 92 C for 10 min. Bull spermatozoa incubated at 37 C in buffered saline solutions 60, 80, and 100% of the osmolality of 154 mM sodium chloride, and to which 0, .75, 1.5, 2.25, and 3% (w/v) of the milk preparation were added, survived best in the 80% solution. The detrimental effect of osmolality on sperm motility diminished as the concentration of the milk preparation increased. For either ram or bull spermatozoa, fresh nondialyzable skimmilk was best detoxified by heating after dialysis or by adding .5 or 1.0 mg of cysteine-HCl/ml before dialysis. Dialysis removed excess unbound cysteine-HCl. When the milk preparations were lyophilized for storage and reconstituted as diluents, bull sperm motility was higher during incubation at 5 or 37 C in heated milk preparations than in preparations treated with cysteine-HCl before dialysis. The latter treatment was improved by our removing a precipitate formed when cysteine-HCl was added, but heat treatment still was superior. We concluded that heating and cysteine-HCl addition act differently in detoxifying milk. The most suitable methods of preparing fresh milk diluents may not be satisfactory if the preparations are to be lyophilized for storage before use.
Interaction of nutrition and infection: effect of zinc deficiency on resistance to Trypanosoma musculi.

1. Zinc deficiency was studied in mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi. 2. In all dietary groups, the infected animals consumed more food and gained more weight than the uninfected controls. 3. In all studies, at the peak of parasitemia, the zinc-deficient animals showed three times the number of trypanosomes as that of the complete and pair-fed mice. 4. The average coefficients of variation in body lengths of T.musculi cells indicated that the formation of the reproductive-inhibiting antibody (ablastin) occurred later in zinc-deficient animals compared to animals fed complete diets. The degree and duration of parasitemia in the zinc-deficient animals indicated a delay in the synthesis of the terminal lytic antibody. 5. Irrespective of diets, severe depression in the primary and secondary antibody responses to in vivo immunization of sheep erythrocytes was observed in infected animals over non-infected controls.
Routine Insulation Testing of Synchronous Machines

THE CONTINUOUS operation of large synchronous machines and freedom from failures in service is of vital interest to every electric utility company. One of the major causes of unpredicted and unscheduled outage is the failure of stator coil insulation.
X-ray crystallographic studies of alanine-65 variants of carbonic anhydrase II reveal the structural basis of compromised proton transfer in catalysis.

The three-dimensional structures of A65F, A65L, A65H, A65T, A65S, and A65G human carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) variants have been solved by X-ray crystallographic methods to probe the importance of residue 65 and the structural implications of its evolutionary drift in the greater family of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. Structure−activity relationships in this series of CAII variants are correlated with those established for other carbonic anhydrase isozymes. We conclude that a bulky side chain at position 65 hinders the formation of an effective solvent bridge between zinc-bound water and H64 and thereby hinders solvent-mediated proton transfer between these two groups [Jackman, J. E., Merz, K. M., Jr., & Fierke, C. A. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 16421−16428]. Despite the introduction of a polar hydroxyl group at this position, smaller side chains such as serine or threonine substituted for A65 do not perturb the formation of a solvent bridge between H64 and zinc-bound solvent. Thus, the evolution of residue 6...
The tau A0 allele in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily an α-synucle- inopathy, rather than a tauopathy, but there is evidence for an indirect association of tau with the pathogenetic process in PD. We therefore assessed the frequency in PD of the tau A0 allele, a dinucleotide repeat marker that has been associated with a sporadic tauopathy, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We found the A0 allele to comprise 79.2% of 758 alleles from PD patients and 71.2% of 264 control alleles (P = 0.008). We also performed a meta-analysis of three previous reports, two of which failed to produce statistically significant results. Taken together, they also support a PD/A0 allelic association, even after correction for misdiagnosis of PSP as PD (P< 0.001). The A0/A0 genotype frequency in our patients (62.3%) did not differ significantly from that in controls (53.0%, P = 0.062), but the meta-analysis, even after correction for misdiagnosis, showed a significant result, with P = 0.002. The frequency of A0 allele and the A0/A0 genotype were compatible with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the A0 allele and the A0/A0 genotype in our patients with familial PD was not significantly greater than in those with sporadic PD. We conclude that the tau protein may play a small role in the pathogenesis of PD and that biochemical characterization of this role may suggest opportunities for PD prophylaxis. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Cache-Site Selection in Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana)

ABSTRACT. Clark's Nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana) is one of the most specialized scatter-hoarding birds, considered a seed disperser for four species of pines (Pinus spp.), as well as an obligate coevolved mutualist of Whitebark Pine (P. albicaulis). Cache-site selection has not been formally studied in Clark's Nutcrackers, which are considered effective seed dispersers for pines because past studies have found that they harvest and store large quantities of seeds. Although many seeds are placed in sites suitable for germination and establishment, information is lacking on the proportions of seeds placed in suitable versus unsuitable sites. We used radiotelemetry to investigate cache-site selection and evaluate the suitability of selected cache sites for establishment of Whitebark and Ponderosa (P. ponderosa) pines. On a landscape scale, Clark's Nutcrackers cached seeds centrally within home ranges, even though this required them to transport seeds up to 32.6 km. They selected low-elevation forests for ...
Effects of changes in volume and c/a ratio on the pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli of H.C.P. Ti and Zr

The hydrostatic pressure derivatives of the single crystal elastic moduli of Ti have been measured to 5·5 Kbar. The pressure derivatives are dC11IdP = 5·01, dC33/dP = 4·88, dC44/dP = 0·52, dC66/dP = 0-45, dC12 = 4·11, and dC13/dP = 4·05. The positive value for dC44/dP is in sharp contrast to dC44/dP < 0 for Zr. This difference is assumed to arise from the difference between d(c/a)/dP in the two h.c.p. crystals and quantitative values of dC44/dV and dCIJ/d(c/a) are calculated. It is then shown that the large differences between the average Gruneisen mode γH calculated from dCIJ/dP and that obtained from thermal expansion data for both Ti and Zr can be explained by the differences between d(c/a)/dV under hydrostatic pressure and during thermal expansion, respectively. The relatively large negative value for dC44/d(c/a) is quantitatively consistent with Cousins' calculations of the dependence of the electrostatic contribution to C4, on the cla ratio in any h.c.p. metal lattice.
Republicans and the Black Vote and Race, Republicans, and the Return of the Party of Lincoln

Republicans and the Black Vote. By Michael K. Fauntroy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2007. 180p. $49.95. Race, Republicans, and the Return of the Party of Lincoln. By Tasha S. Philpot. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007. 211p. $65.00 cloth, $22.95 paper. These two books examine important themes in one of the more dynamic aspects of American party coalitions: the complex relationship between African Americans and the Republican Party. Michael Fauntroy examines broadly the relationship's ebb and flow, emphasizing the policy, political, and rhetorical elements of the party's conflicted orientations toward the black electorate. Tasha Philpot develops a general theory of changes in party images, testing it in light of recent GOP efforts to appear more racially diverse.
Black Skins, Black Masks or “The Return of the White Negro” Race, Masculinity, and the Public Personas of Dennis Rodman and RuPaul

This article explores the meanings behind the public personae of two “White Negroes”—Dennis Rodman and RuPaul. It argues that they are examples of blackface minstrelsy in the post-Fordist age. The article draws the connection between minstrelsy of the nineteenth century and the performances of Rodman and RuPaul in the twentieth century by demonstrating that their performances, like minstrelsy, worked to help mask tensions within and between classes while managing desires for racial domination and the anxieties provoked by racial envy. The article concludes by exploring how both artists attempt to exert their agency rather than simply remaining the passive object of the white male gaze and the tensions that ensue.
Shifts in the carbohydrate, polyol, and amino acid pools during rapid cold-hardening and diapause-associated cold-hardening in flesh flies ( Sarcophaga crassipalpis ): a metabolomic comparison

Flesh flies can enhance their cold hardiness by entering a photoperiod-induced pupal diapause or by a temperature-induced rapid cold-hardening process. To determine whether the same or different metabolites are involved in these two responses, derivatized polar extracts from flesh flies subjected to these treatments were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS). This metabolomic approach demonstrated that levels of metabolites involved in glycolysis (glycerol, glucose, alanine, pyruvate) were elevated by both treatments. Metabolites elevated uniquely in response to rapid cold-hardening include glutamine, cystathionine, sorbitol, and urea while levels of β-alanine, ornithine, trehalose, and mannose levels were reduced. Rapid cold-hardening also uniquely perturbed the urea cycle. In addition to the elevated metabolites shared with rapid cold-hardening, leucine concentrations were uniquely elevated during diapause while levels of a number of other amino acids were reduced. Pools of two aerobic metabolic intermediates, fumarate and citrate, were reduced during diapause, indicating a reduction of Krebs cycle activity. Principal component analysis demonstrated that rapid cold-hardening and diapause are metabolically distinct from their untreated, non-diapausing counterparts. We discuss the possible contribution of each altered metabolite in enhancing the overall cold hardiness of the organism, as well as the efficacy of GC–MS metabolomics for investigating insect physiological systems.
Surgeons as medical school educators: an untapped resource.

Despite extensive experience teaching residents, surgeons are an untapped resource for educating medical students. We hypothesized that by involving surgeons as teachers earlier in the medical school curriculum, medical students' interest in surgery will increase and their opinions of surgeons will improve. Five programs designed to involve surgeons as educators in the medical school curriculum were implemented. The first program, started in 2008, introduced surgical faculty into the first-year medical student anatomy dissection laboratories. Other programs initiated in 2008 included: Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy, which involved faculty teaching through cadaver surgery; Clinical Pathologic Conferences in Anatomy, a surgeon-led conference based on clinical cases; and a women's faculty-student mentorship program. Table Rounds, a surgeon-led anatomy review that used clinical scenarios to quiz students was begun in 2009. All five programs were successfully integrated into the medical school curriculum. While student opinion of surgeons as educators improved, there were no significant changes in student interest in surgery as a career nor change in performance on written examinations over the Anatomy content covered by the surgeons. Surgical faculty and trainees can be integrated into the medical school curriculum. Involving surgeons as educators earlier in the medical school curriculum may have longer term effects than could be observed in this study. At a minimum, the experience improved student opinion of surgeons as educators. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry

Various methods have been used to determine the spectral radiance of a source or the response of a detector in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region. With the increased activity in the area of vacuum UV radiometry absolute and transfer standards have been developed to the point where certain sources and detectors are emerging as the prime standards. The field is reviewed with respect to these standards indicating areas where gaps in Our technology still exist.
Giant Sequoia Regeneration in Groves Exposed to Wildfire and Retention Harvest

Both wildland fire and mechanical harvest have been proposed to achieve ecological restoration goals in giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Lindl.] Buchholz) groves of the southern Sierra Nevada, but their effectiveness on giant sequoia regeneration has received little attention. In the summer of 2010, we examined giant sequoia regeneration in four groves subjected to: 1) moderate- to high-severity wildfire in 1987 (Case Mountain, Redwood Mountain groves), 2) low-severity wildfire in 2008 (Black Mountain grove), 3) retention harvest (removal of all trees except large-diameter giant sequoia) followed by prescribed burning in the mid-1980s (Black Mountain, Bearskin groves), and 4) nearby unburned and unharvested (control) stands in all groves. Density of giant sequoia regeneration was greater in the moderate- and high-severity wildfire stands than control stands, but there was no difference in giant sequoia regeneration between low-severity burned and control stands. Stands thinned by retention harvest and prescribed burning had greater giant sequoia regeneration than control stands. Across all control and low- to moderate-severity wildfire stands, giant sequoia regeneration was positively associated with canopy gaps. In wildfire and retention harvest stands, giant sequoia regeneration was positively associated with distance to gap edge, direct and indirect solar radiation, and soil moisture. Our results corroborate previous studies in finding that giant sequoia regeneration benefits from fire. Both wildfire and prescribed fire (preceded by harvest or not) can serve to promote giant sequoia regeneration, providing that fire intensity is sufficient to create canopy gaps, increase understory light, and remove surface litter.
Monoclonal Antibody Studies Defining the Origin and Properties of Autoantibodies in Graves' Disease

The present report summarizes experiments with monoclonal antibodies to the TSH receptor. The data provide further insight into the TSH receptor structure and into the basis of autoimmune antibodies implicated in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease. They resolve many clinical questions and provide new approaches to enhance our understanding of autoimmune disease. In one new approach, it has been noted that the 11E8 TBIAb can precipitate the phosphorylated beta subunit of the insulin and IGF1 receptor. This cross-reactivity or recognition of determinants adjacent to the TSH receptor may not be random. Insulin, IGF1, alpha 1 adrenergic, and TSH receptors have been linked to a synergistic cascade response system of the thyroid involving growth, thyroglobulin biosynthesis, iodination of thyroglobulin, and thyroid hormone formation. Future studies with the monoclonals may help unravel this cascade system and its regulatory relationships, along with the relationships between autoimmune thyroid disease and autoimmune diseases of other organs.
Modeling the slag behavior in three dimensional CFD simulation of a vertically-oriented oxy-coal combustor

Abstract Slagging and fouling are important phenomena associated with ash handling and discharge in coal combustion and gasification. A slag model has been developed for modeling the ash/slag fate including char/ash deposition, char wall burning, molten slag flow, as well as solid slag layer formation on the reactor wall. The submodels are implemented as user defined functions in a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, and applied for the simulation of a pilot scale coal slagging combustion facility. The results on the two-dimensional cylindrical reactor wall show uneven char/ash deposition distribution due to the non-axisymmetric flowfield and char trajectories in the reactor. Molten ash properties such as the temperature of critical viscosity (Tcv) and slag viscosity are critical to the slag layer buildup and solid slag layer formation, and eventually affect the ash partition between slag and fly ash. The proportion of ash captured on the cylindrical wall decreases from 44.1% to 23.5% when Tcv increases from 1580°K to 1780°K. Since the reactor is configured with refractory-brick wall, the slag layer has limited impact on the heat transfer through the wall due to its small thickness.
Experiences teaching concurrency in Ada

Many students have great difficulty understanding concurrent programming at anything but the most superficial level. In this paper, we describe some experience teaching concurrent programming in Ada and give some suggestions for implementing the ideas discussed here.
Computational Modeling of Rolling Wave-Energy Converters in a Viscous Fluid

The performance of an asymmetrical rolling cam as an ocean-wave energy extractor was studied experimentally and theoretically in the 70s. Previous inviscid-fluid theory indicated that energy-absorbing efficiency could approach 100% in the absence of real-fluid effects. The way viscosity alters the performance is examined in this paper for two distinctive rolling-cam shapes: a smooth “Eyeball Cam (EC)” with a simple mathematical form and a “Keeled Cam (KC)” with a single sharp-edged keel. Frequency-domain solutions in an inviscid fluid were first sought for as baseline performance metrics. As expected, without viscosity, both shapes, despite their differences, perform exceedingly well in terms of extraction efficiency. The hydrodynamic properties of the two shapes were then examined in a real fluid, using the solution methodology called the free-surface random-vortex method (FSRVM). The added inertia and radiation damping were changed, especially for the KC. With the power-take-off (PTO) damping present, nonlinear time-domain solutions were developed to predict the rolling motion, the effects of PTO damping, and the effects of the cam shapes. For the EC, the coupled motion of sway, heave and roll in waves was investigated to understand how energy extraction was affected.
THE RELATION OF PROTEIN, LIPOIDS AND SALTS TO THE WASSERMANN REACTION

1. The high value in respect to complement-binding exhibited by blood sera from syphilitics and spinal fluids from general paralytics is associated with an excessively high content of globulin, but there does not exist a direct quantitative relation between the two. Cases of secondary syphilis which have been under prolonged and proper medication do not exhibit the globulin increase and usually fail to give the Wassermann reaction. The active substances entering into the Wassermann reaction are precipitable with the globulin and chiefly with the euglobulin fraction of the fluids. 2. Temperatures of 70° to 76° C. destroy the active substances. Exposed to sunlight the active substances deteriorate slowly. A photodynamic substance such as eosin, under the direct influence of the sun, brings about their complete and rapid destruction. This effect does not occur in the dark. The active substances are subject to tryptic and peptic digestion and are destroyed by weak acids and alkalies. 3. The active substances in the blood sera and spinal fluids cannot be separated from them or from the globulin precipitate by alcohol. 4. There are contained in the alcoholic extracts of normal and syphilitic blood and organs certain acetone-soluble lipoids which possess high antigenic values for the Wasserman reaction. Cholesterin is inactive and the bile salts less active than the lipoidal bodies. 5. Sodium cholate is about as active as sodium taurocholate and glycocholate, but neurin and cholin are inactive.
Synchronization to auditory and visual rhythms in hearing and deaf individuals

A striking asymmetry in human sensorimotor processing is that humans synchronize movements to rhythmic sound with far greater precision than to temporally equivalent visual stimuli (e.g., to an auditory vs. a flashing visual metronome). Traditionally, this finding is thought to reflect a fundamental difference in auditory vs. visual processing, i.e., superior temporal processing by the auditory system and/or privileged coupling between the auditory and motor systems. It is unclear whether this asymmetry is an inevitable consequence of brain organization or whether it can be modified (or even eliminated) by stimulus characteristics or by experience. With respect to stimulus characteristics, we found that a moving, colliding visual stimulus (a silent image of a bouncing ball with a distinct collision point on the floor) was able to drive synchronization nearly as accurately as sound in hearing participants. To study the role of experience, we compared synchronization to flashing metronomes in hearing and profoundly deaf individuals. Deaf individuals performed better than hearing individuals when synchronizing with visual flashes, suggesting that cross-modal plasticity enhances the ability to synchronize with temporally discrete visual stimuli. Furthermore, when deaf (but not hearing) individuals synchronized with the bouncing ball, their tapping patterns suggest that visual timing may access higher-order beat perception mechanisms for deaf individuals. These results indicate that the auditory advantage in rhythmic synchronization is more experience- and stimulus-dependent than has been previously reported.
Modeling Transport Process and Current Distribution in a Cathodically Protected Crevice

Abstract Crevice corrosion beneath the holidays of a disbonded coating is a common problem on underground pipelines. In low-conductivity soils, cathodic protection has not been able to mitigate the...
Integrated OCT-US catheter for detection of cancer in the gastrointestinal tract

Gastrointestinal tract cancer, the most common type of cancer, has a very low survival rate, especially for pancreatic cancer (five year survival rate of 5%) and bile duct cancer (five year survival rate of 12%). Here, we propose to use an integrated OCT-US catheter for cancer detection. OCT is targeted to acquire detailed information, such as dysplasia and neoplasia, for early detection of tumors. US is used for staging cancers according to the size of the primary tumor and whether or not it has invaded lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Considering the lumen size of the GI tract, an OCT system with a long image range (>10mm) and a US imaging system with a center frequency at 40MHz (penetration depth > 5mm) were used. The OCT probe was also designed for long-range imaging. The side-view OCT and US probes were sealed inside one probe cap piece and one torque coil and became an integrated probe. This probe was then inserted into a catheter sheath which fits in the channel of a duodenoscope and is able to be navigated smoothly into the bile duct by the elevator of the duodenoscope. We have imaged 5 healthy and 2 diseased bile ducts. In the OCT images, disorganized layer structures and heterogeneous regions demonstrated the existence of tumors. Micro-calcification can be observed in the corresponding US images.
Positional changes in the vasculature of the optic disk in glaucoma.

We analyzed 34 sets of optic disk photographs from 19 patients with glaucoma who had been followed up for ten years to evaluate changes in the position of the vasculature of the optic disks over time. Each photograph was analyzed by an image analyzer's edge-defining program for optic disk analysis and by three experienced clinicians. Image analysis of the blood vessels in 16 optic disks showed positional centrifugal shifts. The clinicians consistently noted changes in the appearance of seven optic disks. The difference between the results obtained using the image analyzer and those obtained by clinical observation was significant (P
Conditioned taste aversion and c-Fos expression in cholestatic rats

Rats in which a ligation of the bile duct (BDL) was paired with a saccharin taste developed a persistent conditioned taste aversion in both preference and taste reactivity tests. All BDL animals regardless of pairing had increased c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the area postrema and the nucleus of the solitary tract. This FLI may reflect the illness associated with BDL, but there was no evidence of conditioned FLI.
Knowledge of and Compliance With Pitch Count Recommendations A Survey of Youth Baseball Coaches

Background: Pain and injuries suffered by youth pitchers are ongoing concerns that have been addressed through the institution of rules and recommendations regarding pitch counts and rest periods. ...
A cardiovascular EST repertoire: progress and promise for understanding cardiovascular disease

The application of expressed sequence tag (EST) technology has proven to be an effective tool for gene discovery and the generation of gene expression profiles. The generation of an EST resource for the cardiovascular system has revealed significant insights into the changes in gene expression that guide heart development and disease. Furthermore, an important genetic resource has been developed for cardiovascular biology that is valuable for data mining and disease gene discovery.
Coastal-Zone Hazard Maps and Recommendations: Eastern Puerto Rico

A series of coastal zone hazard maps cover the area impacted by Hurricane Hugo (1989) in eastern Puerto Rico. The mapping strategy was to develop a tool for quick visualization of multiple hazards for use by coastal planners, managers, property owners, and potential property owners. The Puerto Rico shoreline is heavily developed in places and also highly compartmentalized in terms of shoreline types, geology, and adjacent shelf conditions. Hazards such as coastal erosion, storm surge, riverine flooding, landsliding, and seismic impact also may be compartmentalized. From a management perspective, resources therefore can be allocated on a compartment-by-compartment basis. Six types of hazards were considered in this investigation: (1) shoreline-setting hazards (long-term coastal problems), (2) marine hazards (short-term impacts of coastal storms), (3) earthquake and slope hazards (ground shaking, landslides, and liquefaction), (4) riverine hazards (historical floods), (5) development hazards (high-density development at risk or lowdensity development in extreme-hazard settings), and (6) engineering hazards (special cases in which shoreline engineering projects such as breakwaters or sand mining have significant detrimental effects on portions of the shoreline). Shoreline segments were ranked as being at extreme, high, moderate, or low risk, depending on the number of hazards present within that segment. These rankings are likely to change, gradually over decades with natural coastal evolution, more rapidly as human development infringes on the coastal zone, or in an instant during a severe storm. The hazard maps provide a basis for hazard mitigation and management recommendations.
Protease and peptidase activity of Micrococcus species

Abstract Nine different strains or species of micrococci were examined for intracellular protease and peptidase activity. Highest activities of leucine, alanine, and methionine aminopeptidases and proline iminopeptidase were found in Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398. Lysine aminopeptidase and dipeptidase activities were maximum in Micrococcus freudenreichii ATCC 407. Highest intracellular protease activity appeared in Micrococcus sp. LL3 isolated from Cheddar cheese. All strains except Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398 preferentially hydrolyzed the β -casein component during growth in skim milk at 30°C, and after longer incubation whole casein ( α s1 and β ) was completely hydrolyzed. Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398 failed to grow in skim milk under our experimental conditions. This pattern of proteolysis also was observed when skim milk was incubated with cell-free extracts of all micrococci tested as well as during growth of Micrococcus caseolyticus ATCC 13548 in ultrafiltered milk (five-fold concentration).
Reliability sensitivity estimation of nonlinear structural systems under stochastic excitation: A simulation-based approach

Abstract This work explores the feasibility of using advanced simulation-based methods for reliability sensitivity analysis of nonlinear structural systems subject to stochastic excitation. Reliability is defined in terms of a first excursion probability which measures the chances that uncertain structural responses exceed in magnitude prescribed threshold levels within a specified time interval. The proposed reliability sensitivity analysis consists of applying a simple post-processing step associated with an advanced sampling-based reliability analysis. It does not require any additional system response evaluations. In addition, the method provides information about the whole trend of the reliability sensitivity estimates in terms of the threshold levels. The approach is validated on two nonlinear structural models under stochastic ground excitation.
Becoming a Self-Regulated Reader: A Study of Primary-Grade Students' Reading Strategies.

The purpose of this article is to report the results of a study that examined young readers' metacognitive processes and strategies while reading. An interview procedure was conducted while 109 children (high, average, and low readers) in kindergarten (three classrooms) and first grade (four classrooms) read familiar and unfamiliar text. Qualitative analyses were conducted on the interview data. A three-way Hierarchical Log-Linear analysis was also conducted to examine the associations between three variables, that is, grade, level of students within the grades, and mark (number of observations). Two-way Chi Square analysis revealed that the children across grades and different reading levels within grades used strategies to understand text. Most of the children could report the use of one or more strategies (i.e., pictures, words, or sounding it out).
Behavioral indices of multisensory integration: Orientation to visual cues is affected by auditory stimuli

Physiological studies have demonstrated that inputs from different sensory modalities converge on, and are integrated by, individual superior colliculus neurons and that this integration is governed by specific spatial rules. The present experiments were an attempt to relate these neural processes to overt behavior by determining if behaviors believed to involve the circuitry of the superior colliculus would show similar multisensory dependencies and be subject to the same rules of integration. The neurophysiological-behavioral parallels proved to be striking. The effectiveness of a stimulus of one modality in eliciting attentive and orientation behaviors was dramatically affected by the presence of a stimulus from another modality in each of the three behavioral paradigms used here. Animals trained to approach a low intensity visual cue had their performance significantly enhanced when a brief, low intensity auditory stimulus was presented at the same location as the visual cue, but their performance was significantly depressed when the auditory stimulus was disparate to it. These effects were independent of the animals' experience with the modifying (i.e. auditory) stimulus and exceeded what might have been predicted statistically based on the animals' performance with each single-modality cue. The multiplicative nature of these multisensory interactions and their dependence on the relative positions and intensities of the two stimuli were all very similar to those observed physiologically for single cells. The few differences that were observed appeared to reflect the fact that understanding integration at the level of the single cell requires reference to the individual cell's multisensory receptive field properties, while at the behavioral level populations of receptive fields must be evaluated. These data illustrate that the rules governing multisensory integration at the level of the single cell also predict responses to these stimuli in the intact behaving organism.
Occult cervical nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer: Preliminary results of three-field lymphadenectomy☆☆☆★

The extent of lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus remains debatable. A prospective study was initiated in August 1994 to evaluate the patterns of nodal spread after esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. The hospital mortality rate was 3.3%. Nodal metastases occurred in 73% (22/30) of patients. The most commonly affected nodal groups were the lesser curvature nodes (57%), parahiatal nodes (42%), and the right recurrent nodes (35%). Cervical nodal metastasis occurred in 10 patients (35%) irrespective of tumor location or T status. The cervical field of dissection was as likely as the mediastinum to be a site of nodal disease. These findings should be considered when the operative strategy for esophageal carcinoma is planned.
Experimental Measurements of the Strain Energy Release Rate for Stiction-Failed Microcantilevers Using a Single-Cantilever Beam Peel Test

In this paper, we present experimental measurements of the strain energy release rate for stiction-failed polysilicon microcantilevers using a newly developed single cantilever beam peel test. Our experiments show that dry-contacting microcantilevers adhere exclusively as tip-stuck, "arc-shaped" stiction failures, while adhesion under "wet" conditions generate exclusively "s-shaped" stiction failures. Microcantilevers were "peeled" from the substrate under displacement control using a piezoelectric actuator attached to one end of an array of microcantilever beams. The crack length was monitored using interferometric imaging, and related to the applied displacement using established equations from linear elastic fracture mechanics. The pull-off forces associated with "arc-shaped" stiction failures were an average value of 89.7 nN, for 1000 mum long beams, and an average value of 123 nN for 1500 mum long beams. Adhesion energies for s-shaped failures were measured as 13.7 mJ/m2 for IPA released beams and 15.4 mJ/m2 for deionized water released beams. These values are in good agreement with previous measurements. The proposed experimental method enables application of a simple fracture mechanics model using a standard specimen geometry. These experiments, using both wet and dry adhesion failure conditions, show that the quality of the adhesive failure depends upon the magnitude of the forces pulling the microcantilever into contact with the underlying substrate
The Many FACEs of CAFA

includes beach marks indicating faversion may be acquired by circling the ap- In the program, a critical path is de- tigue, surface roughness which correpropriate number on the reader service card. termined via macrofractography, mi- lates with stress level, chevroh marks Because fracture in engineering crofractography, the primary estimation pointing to fracture origin, dimpled surcomponents is complicated, a complete of fracture mode(s), the summary of all face suggesting ductile failure, etc. understanding of component failure in- obtained results, the composing FACE, Quantitatively, fatigue crack area corvolves an interdisciplinary investigation the final decision of the cause(s) of fail- responds to notch sensitivity, fatigue combining fractography, material sci- ure, the proposed counterplans, and striation density correlates with freence, metallography, crystallography as subsequent data handling processes. quency of fatigue cycling, the size of the well as surface chemistry. All of these information resources are stretch zone relates to fracture toughIn the future, some aspects of frac- analyzed individually and summarized ness, etc. In addition, aspects of enviture analysis may be comron mental degradation from puter-aided. Computer-aided empirical tests or data banks fracture analysis (CAFA) can may be incorporated as ordiassimilate the large volume of
Near-IR imaging of occlusal dental decay

Dental enamel manifests high transparency in the near-IR. Previous work demonstrated that near-IR light at 1310-nm is ideally suited for the transillumination of interproximal dental caries (dental decay in between teeth) [1]. However, most new dental decay occurs in the pits and fissures of the occlusal (biting) surfaces of posterior teeth. These caries lesions cannot be detected by x-rays during the early stages of decay due to the overlapping topography of the crown of the tooth. In this study, a near-IR imaging system operating at 1310-nm was used to acquire occlusal images by launching the near-IR light into the buccal surface of the tooth just above the gingival margin (gum-line). The near-IR light diffuses through the highly scattering dentin providing uniform back illumination of the enamel of the crowns allowing imaging of the occlusal surfaces. The near-IR images show high contrast between sound and demineralized areas. Demineralization (decay) can be easily differentiated from stains and pigmentation. Moreover, the high transparency of the enamel enables imaging at greater depth for the detection of subsurface decay hidden under the enamel. These early images suggest that the near-IR offers significant advantages over conventional visual, tactile and radiographic caries detection methods.
Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Snakehead Rhabdovirus

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) were produced. These MAbs were characterized by immunofluorescence and neutralization tests, and by their ability to immunoprecipitate viral proteins. Of 15 MAbs developed, 9 were isotyped as IgG1 and 6 were IgG2a. Eight of the MAbs recognized the viral glycoprotein in an immuneprecipitation assay. Three of these, designated E1-9A, P10C, and O10F, had neutralizing activity. By immunofluorescence, 12 MAbs showed good binding activity in SHRV-infected epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells. In an indirect fluorescence assay, the MAbs gave varied staining patterns depending upon the viral structural proteins recognized.
Current status of anabolic hormone administration in human burn injury.

Survival after massive burns has increased due to advances in critical care and wound closure techniques. Because of the ravages of hypermetabolism that is so prevalent in these patients, survivors are left with significant lean body mass losses that correspond to decreased strength with which to begin the rehabilitation phase. Efforts to decrease lean body mass catabolism by environmental regulation, early wound closure, and sufficient caloric provision modify the hypermetabolic response to an extent; however, further manipulations are required to optimize recovery fully. Pharmacologic intervention with hormone agonists and antagonists holds this promise. This article reviews some of the current investigations in this area and points out the future work that needs to be done to elucidate the field of anabolic hormones after severe injury. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition23:S190-S194, 1999)
The Continuum of Care Revisited: A Rural Perspective

This study examines resource data for a variety of services in North Carolina's continuum of care for older adults. It qualifies the widespread contention that older adults in urban areas receive a greater number and more varied services than their rural counterparts. It also demonstrates that one of the most important differences between these communities is the greater variability of services among rural compared to urban counties. The comparative findings on urban and rural variations in the continuum of care for older adults have implications for further research and future policy development.
Construct validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test.

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Matching Familiar Figures Test were given to 28 children ranging in age from 5 to 12 yr. (M age = 9.3 yr.) to estimate the construct validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test. A significant correlation of .65 between age and number of correct embedded figures and a nonsignificant correlation of .32 between number of correct embedded figures and latencies to match familiar figures were found. Implications are examined in the light of earlier findings demonstrating the convergent validity of the Children's Embedded Figures Test.
Jet flow field during screech

Measurements were made of the flow field structure and the near field parameters of a jet exhausting from a sonic nozzle with a 1.27 cm exit diameter. Compressed air was used for obtaining stagnation pressures up to ∼5 atmospheres. The jet exhausted vertically from a settling chamber into an acoustically insulated room and through an insulated duct out through the roof. Measurements were made with several different reflecting surfaces at the nozzle exit as well as an insulating surface. Schlieren pictures at 500,000 frames/s were taken. Overall sound pressure level, impact pressure level downstream, and sound frequency analyzer measurements were made. It was found that with a reflecting surface there was a radial oscillation of the jet which had the same frequency as the dominant sound (screech) frequency emitted by the jet. No axial motion of the inviscid part of the flow structure was detected. The insulated surface at the nozzle exit appeared to shift the dominant frequencies of the sound generated into the region above the audible (>16 KHz). A reflecting surface yielded “pure tones” (screech) with one or two harmonics. The dominant (screech) frequency decreased as the stagnation pressure increased. The screech frequency was found to be approximately inversely proportional to the length of the first shock cell.
RF linearity characteristics of SiGe HBTs

Two-tone intermodulation in ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) were analyzed using a Volterra-series-based approach that completely distinguishes individual nonlinearities. Avalanche multiplication and collector-base (CB) capacitance were shown to be the dominant nonlinearities in a single-stage common emitter amplifier. At a given I/sub c/ an optimum V/sub ce/ exists for a maximum third-order intercept point (IIP3). The IIP3 is limited by the avalanche multiplication nonlinearity at low I/sub c/, and limited by the C/sub CB/ nonlinearity at high I/sub c/. The decrease of the avalanche multiplication rate at high I/sub c/ is beneficial to linearity in SiGe HBTs. The IIP3 is sensitive to the biasing condition because of strong dependence of the avalanche multiplication current and CB capacitance on I/sub c/ and V/sub ce/. The load dependence of linearity was attributed to the feedback through the CB capacitance and the avalanche multiplication in the CB junction. Implications on the optimization of the transistor biasing condition and transistor structure for improved linearity are also discussed.
The Diagnostic Significance of Clubbed Fingers

1.Clubbing of the fingers is present in about 80 per cent of severe bronchiectasis and chronic lung abscess patients. 2.Clubbing is also noted in about 25 per cent of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, particularly in the more advanced stages of the disease. 3.Pulmonary osteoarthropathy may be one of the valuable early signs of bronchogenic carcinoma and mixed tumor of the bronchus. 4.The relative incidence of osteoarthropathy is low in intestinal disease, liver disease, syphilis and the other causes of clubbed fingers in comparison with that found in pleuro-pulmonary and congenital heart disease. 5.All patients with clubbed fingers should have complete chest x-ray examination, including bronchography, unless the diagnosis is obvious on the plain chest film.
Three-dimensional integrated sensors

Integration of sensing devices and associated signal processing devices is a way to intelligent sensors, and great efforts have so far been devoted in this direction. The sensing organs in animals are the most sophisticated intelligent sensors and have to be learnt. Most sensing organs in animal are of three-dimensional structure, a retina being the typical, in which signals from the receptor cells are most effectively and efficiently processed. The new challenge is to make an artificial retina with three-dimensional integrated circuits, where thousands of elements are integrated not only on a plane but also in the depth direction. Three-dimensional ICs have vertical connections between elements on each level, rather like the elevators or escalators in a building. In this paper, outline of the research and recent technical achievements are introduced and future prospect is discussed.