cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-Situ Modeling of a High-Speed Autonomous Surface Vessel

This paper focuses on the development of a test bed and methodology by which moderate-fidelity dynamics can be determined for a high-speed autonomous surface vessel (ASV). The dynamics of planing craft are understood, but closed-form models are not available for controller design, and existing high- fidelity simulators require a great deal of computation, making them impractical for reactive control systems. In this work, we demonstrate a navigation system, its calibration and subsequent use for in-situ testing of the displacement mode dynamics of a small ASV intended for planing operation. Initial results are given for roll, pitch and thrust models.
Influence of Ca, humic acid and pH on lead accumulation and toxicity in the fathead minnow during prolonged water-borne lead exposure

The present study examines the influence of Ca 2+ as (CaSO4), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pH on chronic water-borne lead (Pb) toxicity to the larval fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) under flow-through conditions. The 30 day LC50 for low hardness basic test water (19 mg CaCO3 L −1 ) was 39 (range: 27–51) μg dissolved Pb L −1 and was greatly increased by increasing concentrations of CaSO4 and DOC to as much as 1903 (range: 1812–1992) μg dissolved Pb L −1 . Both reduced and increased pH (6.7 and 8.1, respectively) compared to control pH of 7.4 appeared to increase Pb toxicity substantially. Whole body Pb accumulation did not reflect water chemistry and thus exhibited no correlation with Pb induced mortality. One possible explanation for this lack of correlation is that mortality occurred predominantly during the first 4–6 days of exposure, whereas Pb accumulation was determined in surviving fish at the end of 30 days of exposure. Chronic Pb exposure resulted in a general iono-regulatory disturbance affecting K + ,N a + and Ca 2+ homeostasis. However, recovery of Na + and K + levels and reversal of effects on Ca 2+ homeostasis during continued exposure strongly suggest fathead minnow can acclimate to Pb. The gills accumulate the highest Pb concentrations during chronic exposure but the skeleton contains the largest mass of Pb by contributing up to ∼80% of whole body Pb. In conclusion, water chemistry characteristics like Ca 2+ and DOC should be considered for chronic water quality criteria.
Abnormal cervical cancer screening in pregnancy and preterm delivery.

Background Preterm delivery is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common in reproductive-aged women. We hypothesised that abnormal cervical cancer screening tests, as a proxy for HPV infection, would be associated with preterm delivery. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women delivering liveborn singletons beyond 20 weeks gestation, who had a Papanicolaou (Pap) test within 1 year prior to delivery. Women with abnormal Pap or positive high-risk HPV tests, classified as having ‘abnormal screening’, were compared with women classified as having ‘normal screening’ in bivariate analysis for overall preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks gestation. Using Poisson regression, we report unadjusted (RR) and adjusted (aRR) risk ratios for spontaneous preterm delivery due to preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes. Results Among 2686 women meeting criteria for analysis, 213 (8%) had abnormal screening. Women with abnormal screening, compared with normal screening, were not more likely to deliver preterm (12.2% vs. 9.8%, RR 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.8], aRR 1.2 [95% CI 0.8, 1.7]). Women with abnormal screening, however, were at greater risk for spontaneous preterm delivery in unadjusted and adjusted analysis (8.9% vs. 4.5%; RR 2.0 [95% CI 1.2, 3.2], aRR 1.8 [95% CI 1.1, 2.9]). Conclusions There was no difference in risk of overall preterm delivery in women with abnormal compared with normal cervical cancer screening tests. Our data suggest, however, that abnormal screening in pregnancy may be associated with spontaneous preterm delivery.
The differential associations of internalizing symptoms and family and school relationships with disordered eating attitudes among early adolescents

Driven by the social development model, this study examines the associations of family functioning, school climate, and internalizing symptoms with disordered eating attitudes in early adolescence. Results from a representative sample of 848 sixth- and seventh-grade students indicate that disordered eating attitudes are positively correlated with family conflict and maternal psychological control and perceived friction and competition among classmates, in addition to female gender, depressive symptoms and social anxiety. Contrary to our hypotheses, perceived cohesion among classmates is positively associated with disordered eating attitudes. These findings highlight the importance of interpersonal relationships at the school and family level, as well as internalizing symptoms, in shaping disordered eating attitudes during adolescence.
The Political Faith of John Dewey

THE LAYMAN who tries to find his way through contemporary books on science and philosophy must be struck by the incidence of the word "faith" and the concept which that word symbolizes. For all the pride that the scientist has in his precision and his rationality, in his relentless conquest of the unknown, he sometimes still admits that "science is impossible without faith."' It may seem strange that in a pursuit so dependent on reason and experience, so apparently free of conjecture, faith should be the loadstone of research. Yet it would appear that there is no other conclusive reason to believe that the universe is subject to law. Even if the triumphs of science are matters rather of faith than of reason, we believe in those triumphs, for we all, as Whitehead says, share the scientists' faith.2 The triumphs are abundantly present, and, at least in their fruits, are accessible in some way to every man. Their sheer preponderance in the present time bolsters our conviction of even greater triumphs in the future. Even in the modem world, in estrangement and terror, whatever may be wrong, we do not want to believe that science is to blame. Science has done us too much good in the past. We laymen trust science as a child trusts a benevolent parent who will not suddenly turn arbitrary. We trust it because, like the child, we are used to trusting it and we do not particularly mind that it has not made its peace with philosophy, that the craving to know has been rather conciliated by doing than appeased by knowing. It may be true, as Whitehead says, that "science has never cared to justify its faith, or to explain its meanings."3 It is often enough for modern man to know that science has that faith. Yet what precisely is that faith? Is it simply a faith in the possibility of a definite correlation of scientific occurrences? Or a faith
CYLINDRICAL HIERARCHY FOR DEFORMING NECKLACES

Recently, Guibas et al.10 studied deformable necklaces — flexible chains of balls, called beads, in which only adjacent balls can intersect. In this paper, we investigate the problem of covering a necklace by cylinders. We consider several problems under different optimization criteria. We show that optimal cylindrical cover of a necklace with n beads in ℝ3 by k cylinders can be computed in polynomial time. We also study a bounding volume hierarchy based on cylinders.
Learning opportunities in the study of Curran-Everett's exploration of a classic paper on venous return

The article by Curran-Everett, “A classic learning opportunity from Arthur Guyton and colleagues (1955): circuit analysis of venous return,” ([3][1]) is meant to be an example of teaching with classic papers. I have argued ([1][2], [2][3]) that the findings of the Guyton et al. study ([4][4])
SimX meets SCIRun: A Component-based Implementation of a Computational Study System

This paper describes the ongoing implementation of the SimX system for multi-experiment computational studies within the SCIRun problem solving environment. The modular, component-based nature of SCIRun enables a natural integration of the SimX runtime modules with the simulation codes that constitute the experiments underlying the study, and provides a rich steering and visualization environment for study interactions. Experience with a computational study involving a SCIRun defibrillator device simulation code (DefibSim) highlights these advantages, and identifies several avenues for future work.
Reality and Philosophy: Reflections on Cora Diamond's Work

The publication of Cora Diamond's important 2002 “The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy” (in Philosophy and Animal Life) stimulated the writing of this essay. “The Difficulty of Reality and the Difficulty of Philosophy” attempted to show that there are experiences of reality (recounted especially in literature like John Coetzee's novels and Ted Hughes' poetry) in relation to which philosophical concepts and words encounter difficulty. The experiences resist conceptualization. By examining several of Diamond's earlier writings, I try to show that the difficulty of philosophical conceptualization of reality is due to the fact that reality does not exist external to experience. Reality being internal to experience means that reality contains an unfixed set of possibilities. Being experiential, reality is historical. The historical dimension of reality – such as the reality of animal life suffering – makes the words through we describe this reality too weak, i.e. they are not powerful enough to capture reality, hence the difficulty. Consequently, as I argue, for Diamond, the weakness of words means that words are never complete concepts. The meaning of them seems always still to come since reality seems always to have a surplus of possibilities. I suggest that because of this always still “to come” aspect of the meaning of words, we might characterise Diamond's thought as a messianism.
Vibrio cholerae VibF Is Required for Vibriobactin Synthesis and Is a Member of the Family of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases

A 7.5-kbp fragment of chromosomal DNA downstream of the Vibrio cholerae vibriobactin outer membrane receptor, viuA , and the vibriobactin utilization gene, viuB , was recovered from a Sau 3A lambda library of O395 chromosomal DNA. By analogy with the genetic organization of the Escherichia coli enterobactin gene cluster, in which the enterobactin biosynthetic and transport genes lie adjacent to the enterobactin outer membrane receptor, fepA , and the utilization gene, fes , the cloned DNA was examined for the ability to restore siderophore synthesis to E. coli ent mutants. Cross-feeding studies demonstrated that an E. coli entF mutant complemented with the cloned DNA regained the ability to synthesize enterobactin and to grow in low-iron medium. Sequence analysis of the cloned chromosomal DNA revealed an open reading frame downstream of viuB which encoded a deduced protein of greater than 2,158 amino acids, homologous to Yersinia sp. HMWP2, Vibrio anguillarum AngR, and E. coli EntF. A mutant with an in-frame deletion of this gene, named vibF , was created with classical V. cholerae strain O395 by in vivo marker exchange. In cross-feeding studies, this mutant was unable to synthesize ferric vibriobactin but was able to utilize exogenous siderophore. Complementation of the mutant with a cloned vibF fragment restored vibriobactin synthesis to normal. The expression of the vibF promoter was found to be negatively regulated by iron at the transcriptional level, under the control of the V. cholerae fur gene. Expression of vibF was not autoregulatory and neither affected nor was affected by the expression of irgA or viuA . The promoter of vibF was located by primer extension and was found to contain a dyad symmetric nucleotide sequence highly homologous to the E. coli Fur binding consensus sequence. A footprint of purified V. cholerae Fur on the vibF promoter, overlapping the Fur binding consensus sequence, was observed using DNase I footprinting. The protein product of vibF is homologous to the multifunctional nonribosomal protein synthetases and is necessary for the biosynthesis of vibriobactin.
Probabilistic National Stereotypes

A stereotype of a group can be expressed by the estimated percentage of members that possess certain personality attributes (Brigham, 1971). In a multi-group design, the properties of the percentage measure were examined, and three common assumptions about stereotypes were supported. First, there was high consensus among American and Italian raters regarding the attributes of Americans, Italians, English, and Germans. Second, the perceived typicality of a trait depended largely on contrasts with other traits attributed to the same target group. Contrasts between attributions of the same trait to different groups were largely irrelevant. Third, most stereotype judgments revealed consistency biases. Compared with a Bayesian model of probability estimation, raters exaggerated the similarities between trait attributions (the percentage measure), social categorizations (percentage of people that belong to a group given they possess the trait), and Likert-scaled typicality ratings. Raters underestimated the effects of the traits' global base rates on the typicality ratings.
A Stochastic Model of the Time-Variant MIMO Channel Based on Experimental Observations

This paper proposes a stochastic multipath model that is useful for generating multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel matrices in time-variant environments. The multipath model is developed by first extracting the relevant multipath cluster characteristics from measured indoor channel data and subsequently capturing these characteristics in an autoregressive stochastic model. This model is then used to generate channel matrices whose space-time characteristics closely match those of realistic scenarios, particularly when birth and death of multipath clusters are included in the stochastic representation. Computational examples reveal the applicability and the accuracy of the approach. While the current implementation is based on data taken assuming that propagation is confined to the horizontal plane, this paper also discusses the extension of the model to describe 3-D propagation, enabling its application to a wide range of physical scenarios and antenna characteristics.
Quantification of gamma-secretase modulation differentiates inhibitor compound selectivity between two substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein.

Deposition of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is generated from γ-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In addition to APP, γ-secretase also cleaves other type I integral membrane proteins, including the Notch receptor, a key molecule involved in embryonic development. To explore selective γ-secretase inhibitors, a combination of five methods was used to systematically determine these inhibitors' profiles on the γ-secretase cleavage of APP and Notch. When two potent γ-secretase inhibitors, compound E (cpd E) and DAPT, were used in a conventional in vitro γ-secretase activity assay, cpd E completely blocked Aβ generation from the cleavage of substrate APP C100, but only had a minor effect on Notch cleavage and NICD generation. Next, cpd E and DAPT were applied to HEK293 cells expressing a truncated Notch substrate NotchΔE. Both cpd E and DAPT were more potent in blocking Aβ generation than NICD generation. Third, a reporter construct was created that carried the NICD targeting promoter with three Su(H) binding sequences followed by the luciferase gene. We found that the inhibition of NICD generation by cpd E and DAPT was consistent with the reduced expression of luciferase gene driven by this Notch targeting promoter. Fourth, levels of "Notch-Aβ-like" (Nβ*) peptide derived from two previously reported chimeric APP with its transmembrane domain or the juxtamembrane portion replaced by the Notch sequence were quantified. Measurement of Nβ* peptides by ELISA confirmed that EC50's of cpd E were much higher for Nβ* than Aβ. Finally, the expression levels of Notch target gene her6 in cpd E or DAPT-treated zebrafish were correlated with the degree of tail curvature due to defective somitogenesis, a well characterized Notch phenotype in zebrafish. Our ELISA-based quantification of Aβ and Nβ* in combination with the test in zebrafish provides a novel approach for efficient cell-based screening and in vivo validation of APP selective γ-secretase inhibitors.
Assessing Knowledge Loss Risk

Knowledge has been recognized as a critical asset for companies that want to compete in today's turbulent business environment. Researchers and practitioners recognize that the loss of knowledge due to loss of employees that hold valuable knowledge can have grave consequences to an organization. This paper provides a methodology for assessing potential risk of losing knowledge when employees retire or otherwise leave the organization based on the traditional risk calculation that is compensated for the quality of knowledge to be lost. This paper tests a method for scoring each factor in the risk calculation and then assessing the criticality of the risk based on the final calculated score and pilot tests this approach with 85 subjects. A discussion is provided on actions that organizations should take based on the criticality of the risk associate with knowledge loss.
Platelet-activating factor stimulates multiple signaling pathways in cultured rat mesangial cells

We have previously reported that platelet-activating factor (PAF) elevates cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in fura-2-loaded glomerular mesangial cells. To confirm that this increase in [Ca2+]i is a result of receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C, we investigated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) in PAF-treated mesangial cells. PAF (10(-7) M) stimulated a rapid and transient formation of inositol trisphosphate. In concomitant experiments, PAF stimulated a biphasic accumulation of 3H-arachidonate-labeled 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG). The secondary elevation in DAG was coincident with a rise in 3H-phosphorylcholine (PC) and 3H-phosphorylethanolamine (PE) suggesting that PAF stimulates delayed phospholipase activities which hydrolyze alternate phospholipids besides the polyphosphoinositides. This PAF-stimulated elevation in 3H-water soluble phosphorylbases was seen at 5 min but not at 15 sec suggesting that the initial rise in DAG as well as the initial elevation in [Ca2+]i are due primarily to PtdIns-4,5-P2 hydrolysis. PAF also stimulated PGE2 as well as 3H-arachidonic acid and 3H-lyso phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) formation. We suggest that arachidonate released specifically from PtdCho via phospholipase A2 is a source of this PAF-elevated PGE2. It has been postulated that anti-inflammatory prostaglandins may antagonize the contractile and proinflammatory effects of PAF via activation of adenylate cyclase. Surprisingly, exogenous PAF reduced basal and receptor-mediated cAMP concentration indicating that PAF-stimulated transmembrane signaling pathways may oppose receptor-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase. We have taken advantage of the different sensitivities of phospholipases A2 and C(s) to PMA, EGTA, and pertussis toxin to dissociate phospholipase A2 and C activities. Acute PMA-treatment enhanced PAF-stimulated PGE2 formation, reduced PAF-induced elevations in [Ca2+]i and had no effect upon PAF-stimulated 3H-PE. We have also demonstrated that phospholipase A2, but not PtdIns-specific phospholipase C, was sensitive to external calcium concentration. The role of a GTP-binding protein to couple PAF-receptors to the PtdIns-specific phospholipase C was confirmed as GTP gamma S synergistically elevated PAF-stimulated inositol phosphate formation. We also demonstrated that pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylates a single protein of an apparent 42 kD mass and that PAF pretreatment reduced subsequent ADP-ribosylation in a time-dependent manner. However, pertussis toxin had no effect upon phospholipase C-generated water soluble phosphorylbases or inositol phosphates. In contrast, PAF-stimulated phospholipase A2 and PAF-inhibited adenylyl cyclase activities were sensitive to pertussis toxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The population of bipolar cells in the rabbit retina.

The population of bipolar cells in the rabbit retina was studied using Golgi impregnation and photocatalyzed filling of single cells with dihydrorhodamine, a quantitative sampling technique. The Golgi method revealed the morphology and stratification of cells in detail. The photofilling method allowed us to estimate the frequency of the cell types. From a sample of 243 Golgi-impregnated bipolar cells and 107 photofilled cells, we identified 1 type of rod bipolar cell and 12 types of cone bipolar cells. An analysis based on retinal coverage indicates that this number of types could be contained within the number of bipolar cells known to exist. The dendrites of most cone bipolars contacted all the cones within the individual cone bipolar cell’s dendritic field. Types of bipolar cell were encountered at roughly similar frequency, without any one type predominating. The rabbit retina thus contains about a dozen parallel and roughly equipotent through-pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:73– 86, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: fluorescence; morphology; classification; axons
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a case series and literature review

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare and often lethal cause of acute coronary syndrome, which typically affects young women and otherwise healthy individuals. SCAD can be diagnosed in patients undergoing coronary angiography and can be underestimated. Special techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound should be used when there is suspicion of the condition. In the majority of cases, the left anterior descending (LAD) artery is involved; however, a few cases of the right coronary artery (RCA) involvement have been reported. This article describes three cases of SCAD in women of different ages, all presenting with chest pain. Coronary angiography in conjunction with OCT was used for diagnosis in two of the cases. One of the patients had involvement of the proximal RCA and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, whereas the other two patients had mid-LAD disease and were treated conservatively with medical therapy. Presently, there are no specific guidelines for the treatment of SCAD, and therapy is individualized according to extent and severity of the condition. Keywords: spontaneous coronary artery dissection; coronary angiography; optical coherence tomography; intravascular ultrasound; myocardial infarction; angina (Published: 29 September 2014) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2014, 4 : 25261 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v4.25261
Silica Activity Measurements in the Y2O3–SiO2 System and Applications to Modeling of Coating Volatility

Rare-earth silicate compounds, such as those in the Y2O3–SiO2 system, are promising candidates for coatings of SiC-based ceramics and ceramic matrix composites in combustion environments. The predicted lower activity of silica in these silicates will lead to less reactivity with the water vapor combustion products. A procedure for measuring silica activities in this system is discussed. Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry is used and the measured vapor pressure of SiO(g) is correlated to activity. Due to the low vapor pressure of SiO(g) in the temperature range of interest, a reducing agent is utilized to boost this vapor pressure without altering the solid-state composition. In addition, corrections are made for nonequilibrium vaporization. The measured silica activities are: Y2O3 + Y2O3·SiO2 two phase field: log[a(SiO2)] = −5200.26(1/T) + 0.0567 (1532 < T(K) < 1670) Y2O3·SiO2 + Y2O3·2SiO2 two phase field: log[a(SiO2)] = 4.2252(1/T)−0.5531 (1628 < T(K) < 1747) It is shown how these results can be used to predict reduced volatilization rates of the coatings.
Crystal Structures of Unligated and CN-Ligated Glycera dibranchiata Monomer Ferric Hemoglobin Components III and IV

Erythrocytes of the marine annelid, Glycera dibranchiata, contain a mixture of monomeric and polymeric hemoglobins. There are three major monomer hemoglobin components, II, III, IV (also called GMH2, 3, and 4), that have been highly purified and well characterized. We have now crystallized GMH3 and GMH4 and determined their structures to 1.4–1.8 A resolution. The structures were determined for these two monomer hemoglobins in the oxidized (Fe3+, ferric, or met-) forms in both the unligated and cyanide-ligated states. This work differs from two published, refined structures of a Glycera dibranchiata monomer hemoglobin, which has a sequence that is substantially different from any bona fide major monomer hemoglobins (GMH2, 3, or 4). The high-resolution crystal structures (presented here) and the previous NMR structure of CO-ligated GMH4, provide a basis for interpreting structure/function details of the monomer hemoglobins. These details include: (1) the strong correlation between temperature factor and NMR dynamics for respective protein forms; (2) the unique nature of the HisE7Leu primary sequence substitutions in GMH3 and GMH4 and their impact on cyanide ion binding kinetics; (3) the LeuB10Phe difference between GMH3 and GMH4 and its impact on ligand binding; and (4) elucidation of changes in the structural details of the distal and proximal heme pockets upon cyanide binding. Proteins 2002;49:49–60. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonmonotonic Logic II: Nonmonotonic Modal Theories

Tradmonal logics suffer from the "monotomclty problem"' new axioms never mvahdate old theorems One way to get nd of this problem ts to extend traditional modal logic in the following way The operator M (usually read "possible") is extended so that Mp is true whenever p is consistent with the theory Then any theorem of this form may be mvahdated if ~p ~s added as an axiom This extension results m nonmonotomc versions of the systems T, $4, and $5 These systems are complete in that a theorem is provable in a theory based on one of them just if it is true m all "noncommittal" models of that theory, where a noncommittal model ts one m which as many thmgs are possible as possible Nonmonotomc $4 is probably the most interesting of the three, since it is stronger than ordinary $4 but has all the usual inferential machinery of $4 There is a straightforward proof procedure for the sententlal subset of nonmonotomc $4. This approach to nonmonotonlc logic may be applied to several problems in knowledge representation for arUficml mtelhgence Its main advantages over competmg approaches are that tt factors out problems of resource hmltattons and allows the symbol M to appear m any context, since M is a meaningful part of the language
Differences in initial treatment modality for end-stage renal disease among glomerulonephritis subtypes in the USA

Background Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), while peritoneal dialysis affords certain benefits over hemodialysis. Distributions and determinants of first ESRD treatment modality have not been compared across glomerulonephritis (GN) subtypes. Methods We identified all adult (18-75 years) patients with ESRD attributed to any of six GN subtypes [focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), IgA nephropathy (IgAN), membranous nephropathy (MN), membranoproliferative GN (MPGN), lupus nephritis (LN) and vasculitis] who were first registered in the US Renal Data System (USRDS) between 1996 and 2011. We used multinomial logistic regression--adjusting for temporal, geographic, demographic, socioeconomic and comorbid factors--to determine odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for transplantation versus hemodialysis, and for peritoneal dialysis versus hemodialysis, comparing other GN subtypes to IgAN. Results Among the 75 278 patients studied, patients with comparator GN subtypes were significantly less likely than those with IgAN to receive either transplantation or peritoneal dialysis. After adjusting for potentially confounding covariates, patients with comparator primary GN subtypes (FSGS, MN, MPGN) were at least as likely to receive transplantation [FSGS OR 0.98 (95% CI 0.93-1.15), MN OR 1.19 (95% CI 1.01-1.39), MPGN OR 1.08 (95% CI 0.93-1.26)] or peritoneal dialysis [FSGS OR 1.05 (95% CI 0.98-1.12), MN OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.18-1.43), MPGN OR 0.95 (95% CI 0.85-1.06)] as patients with IgAN. Conversely, patients with the secondary GN subtypes LN and vasculitis remained significantly less likely to receive either modality [transplantation OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.43-0.56) for LN and 0.27 (95% CI 0.22-0.34) for vasculitis, peritoneal dialysis OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.70-0.82) for LN and 0.54 (95% CI 0.48-0.60) for vasculitis]. Conclusions Significant differences in ESRD treatment practice patterns are apparent among GN subtypes. To ensure equitable care for all patients, regardless of GN subtype, reasons for observed disparities should be elucidated and-if appropriate-eliminated.
Hypercapnia-induced long-term depression of respiratory activity requires α2-adrenergic receptors

We investigated the effects of repeated hypercapnic episodes (inspired CO2fraction = 0.10) on posthypercapnic respiratory nerve discharge. Anesthetized (urethan), vagotomized, and artificially vent...
Busy Defendants and Phantom Trials: Rethinking the Defendant's Attendance Requirement before the ICC

A defendant's continuous attendance of a trial before the ICC has long been purported to be her absolute obligation and an irrevocable principle of international criminal justice. Yet, when the first prosecution of sitting Heads of State caused the most serious political crisis ever faced by the Court, its legislative body recently decided to arbitrarily relax this obligation in order to accommodate the special needs of elite defendants. While proponents of this reform claim that it was practically unavoidable to prevent a collapse of the ICC, opponents insist that it sacrificed justice for politics. As this article shows, both sides to the debate neglect the elephant in the room, however: the long purported obligation of the defendant to attend the trial is in fact illegitimate. To establish this conclusion, the article demonstrates that defendants before the ICC enjoy the right to be absent from trials and can only be obliged to attend specific hearings. Building on this analysis, the article presents a novel comprehensive framework for regulating the attendance requirement. The proposed new framework strengthens the international criminal justice system's recognition of fundamental rights, upholds the objectives of the ICC, and mitigates the most serious challenges faced by the Court.
Chemical composition of gallbladder sludge in patients after marrow transplantation.

Objectives : Gallbladder sludge develops in approximately 70% of patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Sludge often develops in these patients without known predisposing factors, such as fasting or narcotic use. In this study, we examined the chemical composition of sludge in BMT patients. Methods : Gallbladder content samples from 15 patients were obtained at autopsy. Presence or absence of sludge was determined by examination of gallbladder contents. Sludge samples were examined with direct and polarizing microscopy and assayed for cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium content and for the presence of a calcium-binding protein. Results : On microscopic examination, cholesterol monohydrate crystals were almost completely absent. Calcium bilirubinate crystals were present in large amounts in all samples. Calcium-ceftriaxone crystals were found in two patients who had received ceftriaxone. A large proportion of the sludge (84.6%) was found to be unmeasurable residue. Of this part, 5-30% was accounted for by a calcium-binding protein. Conclusions : We conclude that gallbladder sludge in patients after marrow transplantation consists primarily of unmeasurable residue, calcium bilirubinate, and a calcium-binding protein. Cholesterol crystals are almost absent. We conclude that formation of gallbladder sludge in these patients could serve as a model for studying the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones.
Innate Lymphoid Cells: An Emerging Population in Type 2 Inflammation

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recently identified members of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family. These cells play critical roles in the regulation of type 2 cytokine responses during helminth infection, allergic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and metabolic homeostasis. ILC2s differentiate from a bone marrow-derived common lymphoid progenitor and are found in humans and mice in lymphoid tissues and at multiple epithelial barrier surfaces such as the lung, intestine, and skin. These cells are activated by the epithelial cell-derived cytokines interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) to produce the type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, thus contributing to type 2 immune responses. Emerging data suggest that these cells have additional functions, including interacting directly with other innate and adaptive cell types, promoting tissue remodeling, and influencing metabolic pathways, that help to regulate type 2 inflammatory responses while maintaining tissue homeostasis. This chapter focuses on the basic biology of ILC2 development, activation, and effector function and highlights recent advances in our understanding of how ILC2s contribute to type 2 cytokine-dependent immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis.
Analytic Theology and Analytic Philosophy of Religion: What's the Difference?

Analytic theology is often seen as an outgrowth of analytic philosophy of religion. It isn’t fully clear, however, whether it differs from analytic philosophy of religion in some important way. Is analytic theology really just a sub-field of analytic philosophy of religion, or can it be distinguished from the latter in virtue of fundamental differences at the level of subject matter or methodology? These are pressing questions for the burgeoning field of analytic theology. The aim of this article, then, will be to map out several forms that analytic theology might (and in some cases actually does) take before examining the extent to which each can be thought to be distinct from analytic philosophy of religion.
Lysosomes and the dental pulp.

Abstract These lysosome studies represent an attempt to explain the action of drugs used in the treatment of dental pulp and to set up a model system for their evaluation.
The spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership

(1987). The spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership. The Social Science Journal: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 102-104.
Does Causality Matter More Now? Increase in the Proportion of Causal Language in English Texts

The vast majority of the work on culture and cognition has focused on cross-cultural comparisons, largely ignoring the dynamic aspects of culture. In this article, we provide a diachronic analysis of causal cognition over time. We hypothesized that the increased role of education, science, and technology in Western societies should be accompanied by greater attention to causal connections. To test this hypothesis, we compared word frequencies in English texts from different time periods and found an increase in the use of causal language of about 40% over the past two centuries. The observed increase was not attributable to general language effects or to changing semantics of causal words. We also found that there was a consistent difference between the 19th and the 20th centuries, and that the increase happened mainly in the 20th century.
Radical excision and delayed reconstruction of a lymphedematous leg with a 15 year follow-up

An adult female patient with primary lymphedema of the lower extremity was treated withtotal excision of the subcutaneous tissues followed by delayed reconstruction with a giant fullthickness skin graft taken from the excised surgical specimen. The leg has maintainedexcellent function and contour over the ensuing 15 years. A small area on the dorsum of thefoot that initially was covered with a split thickness skin graft required subsequent regraftingusing abdominal skin. This area developed verrucoid changes.
Approach to residual pulmonary valve dysfunction in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

Residual right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve disease is common in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Chronic severe pulmonary regurgitation as a result of surgical repair can lead to myriad complications including right ventricular dysfunction, decreased exercise tolerance, right heart failure and symptomatic arrhythmias. The aim of restoring pulmonary valve integrity is to preserve right ventricular size and function with the intent of mitigating the development of symptoms and poor long-term outcomes. Right ventricular size thresholds by cardiac MRI have emerged beyond which reverse right ventricular remodelling after pulmonary valve replacement is less likely. Though pulmonary valve replacement has been shown to improve right ventricular dimensions and symptoms, no consistent improvement in right ventricular ejection fraction or objective measures of exercise capacity have been demonstrated. Furthermore, there are no long-term studies showing that normalisation of right ventricular size results in improved clinical outcomes. New transcatheter techniques of percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement have emerged with good short-term and mid-term outcomes, further adding to the complexity in determining 'when' and 'how' right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve intervention should occur. With improved survival of these patients, the trend towards earlier pulmonary valve replacement at smaller right ventricular size and rapidly evolving transcatheter pulmonary valve techniques, the clinician must balance the goals of preserving right ventricular size and function in an attempt to prevent untoward outcomes with risks of multiple interventions in a patient's lifetime.
Andrew Pettegree. The Book in the Renaissance. Hew Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. 421p. ISBN 978-0-300-11009-8. $40

It is ironic, as Pettegree points out in his “A Note on Sources” (353–56), that it has been the enormous growth of information about early printed books available through the Internet that has made this, by far the most significant publication yet on the social history of the book, possible. As outstanding and important as Lucian Febvre and Henry-Jean Martin’s groundbreaking The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1458–1800 (1976) and Elizabeth Eisenstein’s The Printing Press as an Agent of Change (1979) and her subsequent The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (1983) were, this masterpiece . . .
Evolution of New Guinea’s marsupial fauna in response to a forested environment

Four orders of Recent land mammals reached the island of New Guinea before the arrival of prehistoric man: the Monotremata, Marsupialia, Chiroptera and Rodentia. In the Marsupialia the four families now represented in New Guinea are all found also among the six extant families occurring in Australia. These correspond to the 6 New Guinea and 13 Australian families in the check-list of Kirsch and Calaby in this volume. While 14 of the 22 New Guinea genera are found also in Australia, only 11 of New Guinea’s 53 species are shared with Australia. Six of these 11 shared species, along with most of the 42 New Guinea endemic species, are, as described in this paper, primarily forest-adapted forms. This is in marked contrast to the situation in Australia, where the bulk of the marsupial fauna is adapted either to open-land living or at least to habitats other than closed-canopy forests.
Dispensational Premillennialism: The Jew as Key to the Kingdom

In a recent study of American fundamentalist attitudes toward Jews and Zionism, Yaakov Ariel observes that since the seventeenth century American Christians have possessed a mixed attitude toward Jews.1 In fact, Ariel’s conclusion about American hopes for the restoration of Zion is that colonial millennial thinkers, nineteenth-century sectarians and modern prophecy teachers all have shared a marked ambivalence toward the Jewish people. Before discussing this ambivalence and its relationship to the witness-people tradition, this chapter will offer a brief survey of the rise of modern dispensational premillennialism among conservative Christians.
The value of stop-loss, stop-gain strategies in dynamic asset allocation

Dynamic asset allocation strategies which utilize stop-loss and stop-gain rules may dramatically decrease risk and even increase long-term return relative to other traditional asset allocation strategies. I introduce a dynamic asset allocation strategy which shifts portfolio weights based on predefined stop-loss and stop-gain rules. The two-asset (S&P mutual fund and bond mutual fund) strategy tested from 1990 to 2012 produces an annual geometric return of 8.45% vs. 7.50% for the underlying S&P 500 Index fund with 50% less volatility (9.41% vs. 18.76% for the S&P index fund). In addition, the strategy displays a positive and significant CAPM alpha over the sample period. The strategy’s very strong results are robust to changes in the user-specified parameters, such as the level and number of stop placements. All findings indicate that portfolio stop-loss and stop-gain rule-based strategies comprise a promising dynamic asset allocation approach deserving of further research and development.
Fourth Quarter: Conclusions

In this concluding chapter, material about the violence of American football and the history and ethos of the American South is reviewed through the prism of the three functions of religious violence. In addition, important conclusions are drawn about human nature, violence, the American South, and the future of American football.
Genetic Factors in Childhood Psychopathology

The amount of technical detail in modern genetics is so voluminous that no one is able to understand more than a fraction of it. This fraction is usually limited to a particular area, such as blood diseases (“hemaglobinopathies”) or diseases of connective tissue. Yet most geneticists share a body of common understanding, which we cannot hope to condense into a few pages. All we can do is hint at it. We have chosen to spend some time on mental retardation (MR), because many believe that the area of mental illness will sometime in the future, perhaps sooner than most of us realize, begin to look like MR in its plethora of single-gene abnormalities and abnormal numbers of chromosomes as causal factors.
RNA primer–primase complexes serve as the signal for polymerase recycling and Okazaki fragment initiation in T4 phage DNA replication

The opposite strand polarity of duplex DNA necessitates that the leading strand is replicated continuously whereas the lagging strand is replicated in discrete segments known as Okazaki fragments. The lagging-strand polymerase sometimes recycles to begin the synthesis of a new Okazaki fragment before finishing the previous fragment, creating a gap between the Okazaki fragments. The mechanism and signal that initiate this behavior—that is, the signaling mechanism—have not been definitively identified. We examined the role of RNA primer–primase complexes left on the lagging ssDNA from primer synthesis in initiating early lagging-strand polymerase recycling. We show for the T4 bacteriophage DNA replication system that primer–primase complexes have a residence time similar to the timescale of Okazaki fragment synthesis and the ability to block a holoenzyme synthesizing DNA and stimulate the dissociation of the holoenzyme to trigger polymerase recycling. The collision with primer–primase complexes triggering the early termination of Okazaki fragment synthesis has distinct advantages over those previously proposed because this signal requires no transmission to the lagging-strand polymerase through protein or DNA interactions, the mechanism for rapid dissociation of the holoenzyme is always collision, and no unique characteristics need to be assigned to either identical polymerase in the replisome. We have modeled repeated cycles of Okazaki fragment initiation using a collision with a completed Okazaki fragment or primer–primase complexes as the recycling mechanism. The results reproduce experimental data, providing insights into events related to Okazaki fragment initiation and the overall functioning of DNA replisomes.
A system and technology perspective on future 5G mm-wave communication systems

Mobile data traffic is expected to grow at an annual rate of approximately 50% for the next several years, equivalent to a 5x increase in just four years. The increase is due to more throughput per device and a constantly increasing number of devices, spanning new applications that require extremely low latency. These factors are driving intense interest in fifth generation (5G) wireless technology development, while petofm·mance needs and an already-ct·owded spectrum below 6 GHz are focusing efforts into the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. This paper explores the motives, opportunities and challenges with mm-wave technology and why this frequency range is a necessary choice to meet the demands of 5G communications. Innovations in technology that enable mm-wave systems such as semiconductor and packaging advancements are reviewed.
Membrane Mucin Muc4 promotes blood cell association with tumor cells and mediates efficient metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer

Mucin-4 (Muc4) is a large cell surface glycoprotein implicated in the protection and lubrication of epithelial structures. Previous studies suggest that aberrantly expressed Muc4 can influence the adhesiveness, proliferation, viability and invasiveness of cultured tumor cells, as well as the growth rate and metastatic efficiency of xenografted tumors. Although it has been suggested that one of the major mechanisms by which Muc4 potentiates tumor progression is via its engagement of the ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase, other mechanisms exist and remain to be delineated. Moreover, the requirement for endogenous Muc4 for tumor growth progression has not been previously explored in the context of gene ablation. To assess the contribution of endogenous Muc4 to mammary tumor growth properties, we first created a genetically engineered mouse line lacking functional Muc4 (Muc4ko), and then crossed these animals with the NDL (Neu DeLetion mutant) model of ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis. We observed that Muc4ko animals are fertile and develop normally, and adult mice exhibit no overt tissue abnormalities. In tumor studies, we observed that although some markers of tumor growth such as vascularity and cyclin D1 expression are suppressed, primary mammary tumors from Muc4ko/NDL female mice exhibit similar latencies and growth rates as Muc4wt/NDL animals. However, the presence of lung metastases is markedly suppressed in Muc4ko/NDL mice. Interestingly, histological analysis of lung lesions from Muc4ko/NDL mice revealed a reduced association of disseminated cells with platelets and white blood cells. Moreover, isolated cells derived from Muc4ko/NDL tumors interact with fewer blood cells when injected directly into the vasculature or diluted into blood from wild type mice. We further observed that blood cells more efficiently promote the viability of non-adherent Muc4wt/NDL cells than Muc4ko/NDL cells. Together, our observations suggest that Muc4 may facilitate metastasis by promoting the association of circulating tumor cells with blood cells to augment tumor cell survival in circulation.