cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The expression of compassionate love in everyday compassionate acts

Compassionate love (CL) is a form of altruistic, caring love that emphasizes concern for the other’s well-being. How is CL expressed in marriage? To address this question, we adopted a behavioral acts perspective in which we examined among newlyweds the presence or absence of a series of behavioral manifestations of CL. A sample of 175 newlywed couples completed daily diaries for 2 weeks, describing their own compassionate acts and their perceptions of their partners’ compassionate acts. We found clear evidence that CL acts contributed to both spouses’ daily marital satisfaction. These effects were independent of general positivity or negativity of behavior. We also employed a quasi-signal detection analysis to determine whether acts that both partners recognize as compassionate are more influential than acts that only one of them acknowledges. This hypothesis was supported. Our findings indicate that CL-related behavior represents a beneficial form of caring interaction that merits further attention in r...
Testing Means Using Hypothesis-Dependent Variance Estimates

Abstract Some of the commonly used univariate and multivariate tests on means are studied where the usual hypothesis-independent variance estimates are replaced with the corresponding hypothesis-dependent variance estimates. This approach leads to tests that are equivalent to the corresponding traditional tests in the cases considered here except in one case. Understanding this can be beneficial to practitioners and students of statistics.
Aging Early Age-0 White Bass (Morone chrysops) by Daily Otolith Increment Analysis

ABSTRACT Lake Erie Age-0 white bass (Morone chrysops) otoliths expressed daily growth increments; however, the formation of accessory primordia limited aging to the first 90 days.
Genic Heterozygosity and Variation in Permanent Translocation Heterozygotes of the OENOTHERA BIENNIS Complex

Genic heterozygosity and variation were studied in the permanent translocation heterozygotes Oenothera biennis I, Oe. biennis II, Oe. biennis III, Oe. strigosa, Oe. parviflora I, Oe. parviflora II, and in the related bivalent formers Oe. argillicola and Oe. hookeri. From variation at 20 enzyme loci, we find that translocation heterozygosity for the entire chromosome complex is accompanied by only moderate levels of genic heterozygosity: 2.8% in Oe. strigosa, 9.5% in Oe. biennis and 14.9% in Oe. parviflora. Inbred garden strains of Oe. argillicola exhibited 8% heterozygosity; neither garden nor wild strains of Oe. hookeri displayed heterozygosity and only a single allozyme genotype was found. The mean number of alleles per locus is only 1.30 in Oe. strigosa, 1.40 in Oe. biennis, and 1.55 in Oe. parviflora, compared to 1.40 in Oe. argillicola. Clearly, the ability to accumulate and/or retain heterozygosity and variability has not been accompanied by extraordinary levels of either. Clinal variation is evident at some loci in each ring-former. A given translocation complex may vary geographically in its allozymic constitution. From gene frequencies, Oe. biennis I, II, and III, Oe. strigosa and Oe. hookeri are judged to be very closely related, whereas Oe. argillicola seems quite remote; Oe. parviflora is intermediate to the two phylads. Gene frequencies also suggest that Oe. argillicola diverged from the Euoenothera progenitor about 1,000,000 years ago, whereas most of the remaining evolution in the complex has occurred within the last 150,000 years.
Need to Address Evidence-Based Practice in Educational Administration

Purpose: This article presents a case for addressing evidence-based practice (EBP) in educational administration. Content is arranged around four objectives: (a) summarizing the status of educational administration as a profession, (b) defining evidence and the model, (c) explaining EBP’s social and professional merit, and (d) identifying barriers that may prevent the concept from being understood correctly, accepted philosophically, and implemented appropriately. Proposed Conceptual Argument: The need to consider EBP is framed by society’s demand for greater accountability from professions, the realities of practice in an information-based society, and a proclivity to rely on the theory of legal accountability to improve schools. In the aftermath of the No Child Left Behind Act, critics have portrayed educational administration as a field lacking internal accountability, epistemological consistency, and a focused research agenda. The alleged deficiencies may be contributing to an erosion of state licensing laws for superintendents and principals and casting a cloud over the future of educational administration departments. Implications: Reliance on external accountability in the absence of internal accountability is unlikely to improve schools or to provide social authority for educational administration. Instead of continuing to agree to disagree over the most fundamental issues, scholars in this field need to define EBP in a manner that integrates empirical evidence, tacit knowledge, and values and then conduct research to determine the concept’s effectiveness.
From single-point to three-point halogen bonding between zinc(II) tetrathiocyanate and tetrabromomethane

X-ray structural analysis revealed that (Bu4N)2[Zn(NCS)4]·3CBr4 co-crystals comprise a honeycomb-like network in which each thiocyanate anion is linked to the zinc(II) cation via N–Zn coordination bonds and to three tetrabromomethane molecules via S⋯Br halogen bonds. Most of the halogen bonds in this hybrid network are similar to those between the CBr4 molecules and the separate NCS− anions. However, it also contains an unusual two-point interaction involving two NCS− ligands of the [Zn(NCS)4]2− complex and two bromine substituents of the CBr4 molecule. DFT computations with ωB97XD and M062X functionals confirmed that the two-point-bonded complex represents a (local) energy minimum for the CBr4·[Zn(NCS)4]2− dyads. These computations also revealed that complexes in which the [Zn(NCS)4]2− dianion and CBr4 molecule are linked by three-point halogen bonds are characterized by somewhat lower energy both in the gas phase and in dichloromethane. Yet, the strengths of these two- and three-point halogen bonds are close to that between the CBr4 molecules and NCS− anions (and the experimental formation constants of CBr4·[Zn(NCS)4]2− and CBr4·NCS− associates in dichloromethane are also similar). This indicates that each component of the multicenter interaction is significantly weaker than the one-point CBr4·NCS− halogen bond. The lack of enhancement of the strength of multi-point bonding is apparently related to the deviations of the geometries of individual halogen bonds involved in these multicenter interactions from their optimal values.
Kumusha Tales: Messages from Msengezi and Other Stories

On January 8, 1998—my birthday, as it happens—I greeted 24 tired and slightly scared undergraduates from the United States as they got off their British Airways flight from London and stood in line awaiting immigration and customs clearance at the airport in Harare. I had taken a semester off from my job as professor of mathematics at Colorado College to direct the ACM (Associated Colleges of the Midwest) Program in Zimbabwe and had no more idea what our joint experience in Zimbabwe would bring than they did. I too was nervous with anticipation.
On the Geometry of Welfare Economics

I. The Bowley-Edgeworth box diagram can be used to describe an exchange but not a production equilibrium, 426. — II. A modified box diagram that allows a complete and explicit treatment of the welfare implications of changes in production, 429. — III. Relation of modified box diagram to some recent work in welfare economics, 433. — IV. Application of modified box diagram to analysis of certain propositions in the theory of international trade, 439.
APLE: Addressing Lock Holder Preemption Problem with High Efficiency

On virtualized platforms, Lock Holder Preemption (LHP) is known as a serious problem, which makes virtual CPUs (VCPUs) spin excessively while waiting for locks and seriously degrades performance. To address this problem, hardware facilities, such as Intel PLE and AMD PF, are provided on processors to preempt spinning VCPUs. Though these facilities have been predominantly used on mainstreamvirtualization systems, using them in a manner that achieves the highest performance is still a challenging issue. The core issue in dealing with the LHP problem is to determine the best time to preempt spinning VCPUs (i.e., spinning thresholds). Due to the semantic gap between different software layers, the virtual machine monitor (VMM) does not have the information about whether a VCPU is spinning normally (i.e., waiting for a lock to be released quickly) or is spinning excessively (i.e., waiting for a lock which is currently held by a preempted VCPU and cannot be released quickly). Thus, it cannot determine adequate thresholds for preempting spinning VCPUs to achieve high performance. Preempting spinning VCPUs late wastes system resources. Preempting them prematurely incurs costly context switches between VCPUs and delays lock acquisition. The paper addresses the issue of preempting spinning VCPUs with an end-to-end approach named Adaptive PLE (APLE). APLE monitors the execution efficiency of each VM by collecting the overhead incurred by wasteful spinning and wasteful VCPU switches. Then, it periodically adjusts the spinning threshold to reduce the overhead and increase the execution efficiency of the VM. The implementation of APLE incurs only minimal changes to existing systems (about 80 lines of code in KVM). The experiments with multicore workloads show that APLE can improve throughput by up to 68%.
Quadrature formulae and moment problems

Quadrature formulae can play a role in the solution of the moment problem. Formulae with degree of precision 2n − 1 − k, k = 0,1, have previously been used. Here we study when, for k ≥ 2, the node polynomials have only real, simple zeros and when the weights are non-negative.
Using the Internet to teach consumers about quality care.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The Internet is an important source of health information for consumers. Patients can learn about their diagnoses, review treatments and medications, and locate other health information for themselves and their families. Information about quality care can also be found on the Internet. Few consumers, though, use these Web sites for learning about quality care. Search for Web sites on quality care In 2000 the investigators searched the Internet and generated a list of approximately 90 relevant Internet documents under the broad heading of quality health care. They then pared the list to 34, by using the Health Information Technology Institute (HITI) criteria. Testing of Internet documents by consumers In the second phase of the project, 5 of the 34 Internet documents were tested by a convenience sample of 32 consumers. Most of the participants had experience in using the Internet, although generally not in the area of quality care. They found the Web sites easy to use and indicated that the Internet resources would help them assess the quality of care they receive from physicians, nurses, and others. Discussion Web sites need to be evaluated to ensure that the information they provide is accurate and current, among other criteria. All patients should understand their health benefits and the importance of making informed decisions about their health care, as well as how quality care is measured, how to use quality reports, how to choose providers and hospitals, how to assess the quality of their own care and be more involved in it, and what they should do when faced with new diagnoses.
Patterns of PD-L1 expression and CD8 T cell infiltration in gastric adenocarcinomas and associated immune stroma

Objective Recent data supports a significant role for immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumours. Here, we evaluate gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinomas for their expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), infiltration by CD8+ T cells and the relationship of both factors to patient survival. Design Thirty-four resections of primary invasive G/GEJ were stained by immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 and CD8 and by DNA in situ hybridisation for Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). CD8+ T cell densities both within tumours and at the tumour–stromal interface were analysed using whole slide digital imaging. Patient survival was evaluated according to PD-L1 status and CD8 density. Results 12% of resections showed tumour cell membranous PD-L1 expression and 44% showed expression within the immune stroma. Two cases (6%) were EBV positive, with one showing membranous PD-L1 positivity. Increasing CD8+ densities both within tumours and immune stroma was associated with increasing percentage of tumour (p=0.027) and stromal (p=0.005) PD-L1 expression. Both tumour and immune stromal PD-L1 expression and high intratumoral or stromal CD8+ T cell density (>500/mm 2 ) were associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Conclusions PD-L1 is expressed on both tumour cells and in the immune stroma across all stages and histologies of G/GEJ. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that increasing CD8 infiltration is correlated with impaired PFS and OS. Patients with higher CD8+ T cell densities also have higher PD-L1 expression, indicating an adaptive immune resistance mechanism may be occurring. Further characterisation of the G/GEJ immune microenvironment may highlight targets for immune-based therapy.
Unresolved controversies in gestational diabetes: implications on maternal and infant health.

Purpose of review Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health concern because of rising rates and offspring consequences; yet, expert panels are in complete disagreement on how to diagnose and optimally treat GDM. This review underscores why there remains no diagnostic standard, no agreement on whether excess dietary carbohydrate or fat should be reduced, and whether oral hypoglycemic therapy is safe given the unknown offspring effects on hepatic, pancreatic, or fat development. Recent findings New diagnostic criteria proposed by the American Diabetes Association would triple the prevalence of GDM (∼18%). Whether the treatment of women with these milder degrees of hyperglycemia will improve pregnancy outcomes is unknown given the powerful effect of obesity alone on excess fetal growth. There are data that restricting carbohydrate in the diet by substituting fat to blunt postprandial glucose levels may worsen maternal insulin resistance and that metformin may increase offspring subcutaneous fat. Summary The adoption of the new American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria for GDM was rejected by ACOG and not endorsed by the NIH. Yet, varying criteria are used by different centers resulting in confusion for both patient care and research. Both maternal diet and agents that cross the placenta could potentially modify offspring gene expression. Better identification and treatment of mothers and fetuses at risk may have far-reaching implications for maternal and child health.
A computational analysis of under-expanded jets in the hypersonic regime

Underexpanded axisymmetric jets are studied numerically using a full Navier-Stokes solver. Emphasis has been given to supersonic and hypersonic jets in supersonic and hypersonic ambient flows, a phehomenon previously being overlooked for the most part. The present work demonstrates that the shear layers and shock patterns in a jet plume can be captured without complicated viscous/inviscid and subsonic/supersonic coupling schemes. In addition, a supersonic pressure relief effect has been identified for underexpanded jets in supersonic ambient flows. While it is well known that an underexpanded jet in a quiescent ambience (or subsonic ambience) contains multiple shock cells, the present study shows that because of the supersonic pressure relief effect, an underexpanded jet in a supersonic or hypersonic ambience contains only one major shock cell.
Growth of Fe/ZnSe Multilayers on GaAs (001) AND (111) by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The growth of Fe/ZnSe/Fe multilayers on (001) and (111) GaAs substrates is reported. The samples were characterized in-situ by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), and ex situ by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray diffraction. On the (001) surface, the quality of the layers deteriorated significantly with the growth of the first ZnSe spacer layer. In Fe/ZnSe/Fe trilayer structures, TEM revealed a well-defined layered structure, with a high density of defects in both the ZnSe spacer layer and the subsequent Fe layer. VSM and FMR clearly showed the presence of two Fe films with distinct coercive fields, with the higher coercive field attributed to the lower crystalline quality of the second Fe layer. θ-2θ xray diffraction measurements performed on samples grown on (001) GaAs substrates indicated that the ZnSe spacer layer (grown on (001) Fe) grew in a (111) orientation. Growth on GaAs(111) substrates produced better RHEED patterns for all layers with little deterioration in film quality with continued layer growth, so that the magnetic properties of the individual Fe layer could not be distinguished.
EVALUATION OF A SUMMER ENRICHMENT PHYSIOLOGY COURSE FOR MATRICULATING MEDICAL STUDENTS

A summer enrichment physiology course for matriculating medical students has met a number of short-term goals, including bringing the students to the level of average medical student performance by the end of the summer. The long-term benefit of the program was evaluated by constructing a prospective expectation for each member of the medical class. Physiology grades obtained by past medical students were regressed on their undergraduate grades and MCAT scores. This regression model was used in a prospective manner to predict a physiology course grade for the entering class. Six of the seven summer program participants achieved scores equal to or higher than their predicted scores. Additionally, the regression model identified prospectively four of the six medical students who scored below 70% for the medical physiology course. This study suggests that a summer enrichment program can benefit participants.
Comparative Analysis with Events Data- A Reply to McClelland

In his reflections on my comparison of the WEIS and COPDAB US-USSR interaction data (International Studies Quarterly, June 1983), Charles McClelland bases his comments on a perspective reflecting only a knowledge of the WEIS data set and its origins. His admitted lack of knowledge about COPDAB hinders his analysis of my comparison and introduces several errors in his presentation. His first error lies in his claim that I 'lumped' the COMMENT and CONSULT categories in with other cooperative event categories, inappropriately inflating the levels of cooperation between the US and the USSR. He deduces this from the assumption that I employed a Burgess and Lawton (1972) chart which contains a singular omission of a WEIS subcategory (193 Suspend Aid). He concludes that
MRI of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disorders in Pregnancy

The most common indication for abdominopelvic imaging in a pregnant woman, excluding fetal assessment, is evaluation of abdominal pain. Although hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders are relatively uncommon in pregnancy, they may be severe enough to put both mother and fetus in danger. Many times, preceding symptoms are nonspecific and clinical evaluation is challenging. Imaging is, therefore, essential in making an accurate diagnosis and delivering appropriate treatment that can be lifesaving for both mother and fetus. The choice of the most appropriate imaging modality is influenced by various factors that include safety for the fetus, availability, and time. While overall ultrasound remains the initial imaging modality of choice, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide important noninvasive diagnostic information due to its inherent high soft tissue contrast resolution, even without use of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast material. MRI protocols tailored to address specific clinical questions, such as MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), may add value to the examination.
Historical and Conceptual Foundations of Ethnogeriatrics

In recognition of the rapidly increasing numbers of older Americans from diverse ethnic populations geriatric providers care for, the term ethnogeriatrics was introduced in 1987 by Stanford Geriatric Education Center to describe health care for elders from ethnically diverse backgrounds. It is conceptualized as the intersection of the fields of health, aging, and ethnicity. Support from Health Resources and Services Administration during the 1990s helped develop the educational emphasis on ethnogeriatrics, especially in conferences and curriculum offerings by Geriatric Education Centers. During the same time period the major aging organizations, especially American Geriatrics Society, were also including ethnogeriatrics in their committee structure and publications to support clinical diversity. The basic concepts that form the foundations of ethnogeriatrics include demographics, epidemiology, cultural competence and cultural humility, cohort analysis, and clinical issues in ethnogeriatric care such as showing culturally appropriate respect to older patients, use of interpreters, assessment, eliciting patients’ explanatory model of their illness, working with families, and end of life decision making.
Inmate Visitation: Visitor Preferences Regarding the Best Visitation Modality for Children

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to explore correctional facility visitation practices with regard to children. Visitors were asked their opinions about their decision to allow children to visit inmates and whether that decision could be influenced by the availability of different visitation modalities. Visitors from three jails offer opinions about the experiences of children visiting via three different modalities: those who visit face-to-face with Plexiglas between child and visitor, those using on-site video visitation from the lobby of a facility, and those using remote video visitation where the visitor utilizes a personal computer and video camera to connect with the inmate. Results indicate that, despite many advantages of in-person visitation, remote video visitation may be best for children.
A new method for change analysis of multi-temporal hyperspectral images

In this paper, we propose a new method based on tensor factorization (TF) for hyperspectral change detection. The multilinear algebra is used to consider the whole data of multi-temporal images. The tensor-based representation and analysis has the advantage of keeping the spatial, spectral, and temporal structures in the original images. The preliminary result shows that this new method is capable of finding the foreground changes of interest in the presence of diurnal and seasonal variations.
Effects of food web changes on Mysis diluviana diet in Lake Ontario

Abstract Mysids are important benthic-pelagic omnivores in many deep-lake food webs, yet quantitative data on their diet are limited. We explored the trophic role of Mysis diluviana in offshore Lake Ontario using samples collected in May, July, and September 2013 with a focus on seasonal and ontogenetic patterns in herbivory and zooplanktivory using two approaches. We hypothesized that Mysis diet in 2013 differs from the last investigation in 1995 in response to changes in pelagic prey over 1995 to 2013. Gut fluorescence indicated high grazing by adult and juvenile Mysis in May 2013. In July, smaller mysids were more herbivorous than larger individuals, a pattern that was less pronounced in September. Microscopic gut analysis showed copepods, including Limnocalanus , were common in diets of both size groups in May. In July, mainly cladocerans were consumed, including Cercopagis pengoi which represents a change from a past investigation that preceded Cercopagis invasion in the lake. Our results are consistent with earlier observations of a larger proportion of algae in mysid diets in spring, transitioning to relatively more zooplanktivory and use of cladocerans in the summer and fall. Higher chlorophyll content in small mysids in July than in September may be associated with the presence of a deep chlorophyll layer in July that had largely dissipated by September. Overall, Mysis in Lake Ontario continues to be a generalist omnivore, incorporating new prey items and exhibiting higher herbivory in spring.
Thinking Globally, Interviewing Locally: Using an Intensive Interview Project to Teach Globalization and Social Change

In this article, I connect globalization and qualitative methodological practice, describing a semester-long intensive interview project about the anti-apartheid movement. I provide a detailed overview of the project as well as considerations for those who might want to adapt it for their own courses. Using students’ reflections on the projects and their final papers, I demonstrate that this project successfully introduces students to a transnational social movement and provides valuable methodological practice.
Precision Dosing: Public Health Need, Proposed Framework, and Anticipated Impact.

“Precision dosing” focuses on the individualization of drug treatment regimens based on patient factors known to alter drug disposition and/or response. In 2015, over 8 in 10 nonfederal acute care hospitals in the United States had adopted a basic electronic health record (EHR) system,1 which will facilitate the application of precision dosing. Expanding on recent publications,2, 3 we outline the public health need, a proposed framework, and the anticipated impact for the adoption of precision dosing.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2-Diamines Containing Tertiary and Quaternary Centers through Rhodium-Catalyzed DYKAT of Racemic Allylic Trichloroacetimidates

The amination of racemic secondary and tertiary allylic trichloroacetimidates possessing β-nitrogen substituents and proximal nitrogen-containing heterocycles, via chiral diene-ligated rhodium-catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations (DYKAT), provides branched allylic 1,2-diamines with high enantioselectivity. The catalytic system can be applied to the synthesis of 1,2-diamines possessing two contiguous stereocenters with excellent diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, the nitrogen-containing heterocycles suppress competing vinyl azirdine formation, allowing for the high enantioselective syntheses of 1,2-diamines possessing tertiary and quaternary centers.
Recruitment and Educational Alignment Use Cases for Competency Frameworks

Competency frameworks describe the knowledge, skills, and behavior needed to perform in a given field or role. Organizations and individuals have numerous use cases for competency assessment. Post-secondary educational institutions and training providers also have use cases for industry- and discipline-specific competency frameworks. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has used competency frameworks for both organizational uses and individual assessment purposes. While these uses are briefly touched on, the focus of this paper is on use of competency frameworks for communicating employer needs to education providers for recruitment purposes and for aligning curricula to meet discipline-specific competency requirements. LANL’s approach to developing and managing competency frameworks for several types of technicians is described, as is the use case methodology.
Ducted fan or the world’s first jet plane? The Coanda claim re-examined

There is no question that the distinguished Rumanian inventor and aircraft designer, Henri Coanda (1886—1972), was a highly gifted and creative man. Many called him a genius. There have been at least five lengthy feature articles in various aeronautical or true adventure magazines extolling his remarkable career and bearing such flamboyant tides as, ‘The Jet-Propelled Genius and His Mighty Blow’ (True, December 1956); ‘The Amazing Dr. Coanda’ (Air Progress, August/September 1965); and ‘The Prowling Mind of Henri Coanda’ (Flying, March ] 967). These articles rightly praise Coanda’s multi-faceted pioneering achievements in pre-fabricated houses, soil regeneration, sea-water desalinisation, solar energy, the discovery of the ‘Coanda Effect’ which is well-known to aerodynamicists, his highly innovative aircraft designs such as a twin-engined machine of 1911 (also proclaimed by some as a world’s first), a vertical take-off aircraft, the 1934 ‘lenticular aerodyne’ (otherwise known as a flying saucer), and so on.
Evidence for a Temporal Window of Argonaute Surveillance Prior to mRNA Translation in the C. Elegans Germline

Piwi Argonautes and their piRNA co-factors silence transposons in animal germlines. However, little is known about whether and how piRNAs regulate other germline-expressed mRNAs. Here we explore Piwi-mediated gene regulation in C. elegans. We show that mRNAs expressed within a common cytoplasm and with identical piRNA-targeted regions, can nevertheless differ in their sensitivity to piRNA silencing. Sensitivity was largely determined by the coding region of the mRNA, exclusive of the promoter, introns, and untranslated regions (UTRs). We show that piRNA scanning occurs independently, or upstream, of nonsense-mediated-decay (NMD), a pathway that mediates surveillance of transcripts for premature stop codons. Our findings reveal that C. elegans piRNAs provide incremental regulation on germline-expressed genes and suggest that piRNA scan mRNAs prior to ribo some access, likely during transit through peri-nuclear germline nuage.
Reflections on Teacher Expertise

This chapter offers some broad reflections on issues of mathematics teacher expertise. The first main section stresses the importance of teachers’ and researchers’ beliefs and values – more generally, their conceptual models regarding “what counts” in the act of teaching. This raises the question of how one might frame explorations of teacher expertise in general, an issue I explore in the context of a general model of the research process. The second main section explores the very nature of teaching itself. If expertise in teaching is the culmination of a developmental process, then one should ask, “what develops?” That is: what does a teacher draw upon, in the moment, as he or she teaches? I argue that a teacher’s actions are a function of that teacher’s resources (including knowledge), goals, and orientations. Hence the study of the development of expertise should focus on the growth and change of teachers’ resources, goals, and orientations. The concluding discussion reflects on these issues and considers some next steps in research the field might undertake.
Online low-cost defect tolerance solutions for microprocessor designs

One of the major driving forces of the semiconductor industry is the continuous scaling of the silicon process technology. Over the last four decades, the scaling into a new silicon technology every few years offered smaller and faster transistors that made possible the development of high-performance microprocessors. This technological achievement fueled the widespread adoption of microprocessor-based products in applications that touch every aspect of our life. However, many device experts warn that the continued transistor size scaling into smaller dimensions will inevitably result in silicon technologies that are much less reliable than the current ones. Microprocessors manufactured in future silicon technologies will likely experience failures due to silicon defects. In the absence of any viable alternative technology, the success of the semiconductor industry in the future will depend on the creation of cost-effective mechanisms to tolerate silicon defects while the microprocessor is in operation. This thesis is focused on the development of defect-tolerance techniques that will provide low-cost mechanisms to protect a microprocessor from silicon defects. The approach of these novel defect-tolerance solutions represents a new thinking in the field of defect-tolerant design. In particular, traditional approaches to defect-tolerant design saddle a system with redundant components that continuously verify computation. In contrast, the proposed BulletProof approach provides low cost periodic hardware checking. Furthermore, to lower the cost of hardware checking, the silicon defect detection process is shifted from hardware to software using a software-based approach, the ACE Framework. This thesis also makes the case that the hardware resources of the ACE framework can also be used for other applications to add value and ease its adoption in future generation microprocessors. Finally, this thesis presents CrashTest, a novel FPGA-based framework used to assess the threats and the reliability requirements of a microprocessor. Altogether, the defect-tolerance solutions presented in this thesis provide a cost-effective defect-tolerance framework that makes possible the development of reliable microprocessors using unreliable silicon technologies. This enables the continuation of silicon scaling into smaller but possibly less reliable transistors, a key requirement for the development of the next generation microprocessors and the extension of microprocessor-based products into new applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel TMD: Rhenium Disulfide

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are exciting new materials that have received much attention due to their semiconducting properties in the direct bandgap. Well-studied TMDs, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) and tungsten diselenide (WSe 2 ), exhibit a direct bandgap in the monolayer form, but an indirect bandgap in the bulk form. Rhenium disulfide (ReS 2 ), on the other hand, is a new TMD that is unique in its ability to retain a direct bandgap independent of thickness. By using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), few-layer ReS 2 is synthesized and characterized by optical methods such as Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence. We also show characterization results for atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and electrical transport to determine thickness, crystallinity, homogeneity, and electrical characteristics for use in future flexible electronics.
Abstract 20: Prevalence of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors Among Young Patients With Arterial Ischemic Stroke

Background: Recent studies have suggested that arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) has increased over the last two decades in young populations, even while declining in older adults. This may be due in ...
The diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in adolescents: an update.

Purpose of reviewPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often difficult to diagnose in adolescents. Recent recommendations and concepts regarding the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS in the adolescent girl are considered.Recent findingsThe diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents should be primarily based on cl
Covalent chemical functionalization of semiconducting layered chalcogenide nanosheets

Layered chalcogenides are a diverse class of crystalline materials that consist of various covalently bound building blocks held together by van der Waals forces. Among these materials are the transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) which can be exfoliated into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, and the pnictogen chalcogenides (PCs) which can be exfoliated into one-dimensional (1D) nanoribbons and 2D nanosheets. These materials have recently been extensively studied for their intriguing electronic, optical, and chemical properties. The chemical functionalization of 1D and 2D nanomaterials is an important enabling step for tuning their properties and forming interfaces with other materials and structures. However, broadly applicable and versatile chemical tools that can effectively functionalize a wide range of layered chalcogenide compositions without disruptive pre-treatments need further advancement. Here we show the covalent functionalization of nanosheets of the representative TMDC materials MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2, and of the representative PC materials Sb2S3 and Bi2S3 using aryl diazonium salts. Covalent bonds are formed on the basal planes of both mechanically exfoliated and liquid phase dispersed nanosheets, and the chemical and morphological changes upon functionalization are verified using a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. This work builds on previous demonstrations of diazonium functionalization of 2D materials like MoS2, and expands it to five additional compositions. Thus, the aryl diazonium chemistry is shown to be a versatile and powerful approach to covalent functionalization of the 2D nanosheets of a diverse set of semiconducting layered chalcogenide materials.
Flyby Measurement of the Magnetic Field of a Helmholtz Coil with a Smart Cart

The use of smartphones in experimental physics is by now widely accepted and documented. PASCO scientific’s smart cart, in combination with student-owned smartphones and free apps, has opened up a new universe of low-cost experiments that have traditionally required cumbersome and expensive equipment. In this paper we demonstrate the simplicity, convenience, and cost-saving achieved by replacing a plethora of traditional laboratory sensors, wires, air tracks, interface boards, and other equipment clutter with the smart cart and the free SPARKvue app for the smart cart by carrying out flyby measurements of the magnetic field of a Helmholtz coil. Recently, Monteiro et al. reported a similar experiment with a single coil but with an ordinary laboratory cart, and had to use the accelerometer of a smart-phone to laboriously extract the precise position of the mag-netic field sensor of the smartphone. The use of the smart cart in this report obviates the need for using the accelerometer and the concomitant laborious extraction of the position data. The eponymous smart cart broadcasts its precise location wirelessly over Bluetooth®. In addition to the single circular coil verification of the Biot-Savart law, we also used the Helmholtz coil to generate and measure a uniform magnetic field over a wide central region.
Treating Dyslipidemias in the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus.

People with diabetes mellitus (DM), especially those who are older, are at higher risk for premature morbidity and mortality related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Clinical practice guidelines recommend statin therapy for people with DM ages 40 to 75 years. The evidence for those greater than 75 years of age is relatively limited at present. Other health problems should be considered when planning ASCVD primary prevention in adults ages greater than 75 years with DM. Clinicians should discuss the risks and benefits of each plan with these patients and their caregivers.
Frequency and perceptions of life stress are associated with reduced cardiovascular stress-response adaptation.

Abstract Psychological stress is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Individual differences in cardiovascular responses to stress may be an underlying mechanism. The literature examining the relationships between frequency and perceptions of life stress with cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress in the laboratory is inconclusive. Recent work highlights the need to measure cardiovascular reactivity across multiple stress exposures to obtain more comprehensive profiles of reactivity by assessing adaptation over time. The aims of the current study were to examine the relationships between frequency and perceptions of stressful life events with cardiovascular reactivity, as well as adaptation of cardiovascular reactivity over time. Four hundred and fifty-three healthy, young adults (mean (SD) age = 19.5 (1.3) years, 62% female, 66.2% Caucasian, 17.7% Hispanic) completed a single laboratory visit, which included two identical, stress-testing protocols, each consisting of a 10-minute baseline and 4-minute stress task. Heart rate (HR) and systolic/diastolic blood pressure (S/DBP) were recorded throughout. Participants completed the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire (USQ) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results indicate that greater frequency and perceptions of life stress were independently associated with blunted HR and DBP reactivity at the first stress exposure and less habituation of HR and DBP reactivity across both exposures, even after controlling for confounding variables. The present study suggests that higher frequency and perceptions of stress in daily life may harm the body's ability to respond effectively to short-term stress and also disrupt healthy adaptation of stress responses over repeated exposures, thus increasing risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes.
A prognostic star was born: drug-induced sleep endoscopy for hypoglossal nerve stimulation.

Citation:Dedhia RC, Huyett P. A prognostic star was born: drug-induced sleep endoscopy for hypoglossal nerve stimulation. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(suppl_1):15S–16S.
Experimental manipulation of fuel structure to evaluate the potential ecological effects of fire

Abstract A better understanding of how dominant fuels affect fire behavior can improve predictions and comparisons of the ecological effects of fires in forests and other ecosystems. Current methods for evaluating effects of fuel characteristics on fire behavior, including maximum temperature and heating duration, range from small-scale laboratory to large-scale field experiments. Small-scale experiments often have many replicates and high measurement precision but can lack realism, while field experiments may have few replicates and lower measurement precision, thereby making comparisons across ecosystems difficult. Here, we present a method to experimentally evaluate ecological effects of fire while maintaining realism in fuel structure. We applied the method to investigate fire behavior effects of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica), an invasive grass with a vertical growth form that is widespread across Southeast US forests. Examining the effect of fuel structure (piled vs. standing) on fire behavior for a range of fuel loads illustrated how more realistic standing fuels produced shorter heating duration (s above 100 °C), taller flame heights, and faster spread rates compared to piled fuels. Average heating duration was ~2–4 times longer and ranged more widely when fuels were piled (80–277 s) compared to standing (41–57 s). Flame heights were ~1.4 times taller when fuels were standing than piled. These differences highlight that maintaining natural fuel structure in experimental fires produces more realistic estimates of fire behavior and effects. Consequently, not maintaining realistic vertical fuel structure could lead to overestimation of potential fire impacts related to temperature (e.g., tissue damage) but underestimate potential impacts related to flame heights, such as total engulfment of tree seedlings and saplings by fire. Altogether, our method effectively maintained fuel structure, enabling assessment of more probable fire behavior and impacts of the invasive grass than if fuels were simply piled. This approach may help further bridge the gap in realism between small-scale experiments and large-scale fires, enabling comparisons of the ecological effects of fires and fire-invasion interactions across forest ecosystems.
Deconstructing the U.S. Policy of Indicting Malicious State Cyber Actors

In 2014, the United States Department of Justice unsealed its first indictment against foreign military hackers. Since then, the Justice Department has continued the practice, indicting military and intelligence personnel from China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea, as well as hackers-for-hire working at the behest of State handlers. Debates over the propriety and efficacy of the indictments have discussed the benefits and downsides of the policy writ-large, but have not analyzed the indictments in-depth to deconstruct the policy and identify first principles. This paper analyzes all of the indictments publicly released thus far and characterizes them along several axes, including the status of the hackers, the goal of the operation, the identity of the target, and the crimes charged, with additional discussion about the techniques involved in the various operations. After examining the trends identified in the analysis, this paper proposes a more nuanced framework for deciding whether or not to indict malicious State or State-sponsored cyber actors and recommends policies that will help the U.S. combat malicious State activity in cyberspace.
Machine Learning Approach to Detect Fake News, Misinformation in COVID-19 Pandemic

Fake news is false information about current events, intentionally created to mislead readers. The spread of such fake news has the potential to create a negative impact on individuals and society. With today’s straightforward creation of social media posts, there has been an increasing amount of fake news, compared to traditional media in the past. We present one of the most serious societal issue of misinformation, specifically using Presidential Election and COVID-19 health related fake news. We present multi-dimensional approaches that organizations and individuals could utilize for detecting fake news, ranging from human/social approaches, to technical approaches to organizational trust/policy approaches. The Machine Learning approach as a technical solution is presented for automating the detection of fake news and misleading contents. A fake news detection web application is presented to make it easy for end users to determine whether an article is legitimate or fake.
Straight-Up Approach to Bedside Ureteral Stents.

Abstract Objective To demonstrate placement of bedside double-j ureteral stents in an Emergency Department or hospital floor setting. Background Ureteral stent placement is a potentially lifesaving intervention and is one of the most common procedures performed by urologists. Although this procedure is typically performed in the operating room, studies have shown placing ureteral stents at the bedside could potentially decrease delay in stent placement, alleviate financial burdens of operating room use, decrease radiation exposure, and avoid general anesthesia risks 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . We demonstrate a safe and efficacious method for bedside ureteral stent placement without fluoroscopic guidance. Materials and methods In the setting of the Emergency Department we use ketamine for conscious sedation and local anesthesia while on the wards, we utilize just local anesthesia. After the patient has been sterilely prepped and draped, the operator passes the flexible cystoscope into the bladder in the standard fashion. The obstructed ureteral orifice is identified, and an extra-long guidewire is used to place a 4.8-French ureteral stent through the scope and beyond the obstruction. A post-operative plain film x-ray of the abdomen confirms proper placement. If significant issues are encountered, the procedure is abandoned, and standard operating room stent placement is undertaken. Results The technique is simple and reproducible for placing double-j ureteral stents outside of the operating room environment without general anesthesia. Conclusion In select patients, bedside double-j ureteral stent placement using our method is a safe and reproducible way to avoid the costs and risks associated with general anesthesia and to optimize utilization of scarce operating room resources.
Structured Illumination for Enhanced-Resolution Imaging of Moving Objects at Intermediate Range

We integrate a projection system and camera into a structured-illumination capable telescope that generates enhanced-resolution images of moving targets at inter- mediate range using incoherent Fourier ptychography. The resolution exceeds that of the camera alone.