cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of green tea catechins in commercial tea leaves during storage for 6 months

To help meet the needs of consumers, producers of dietary tea products, and researchers for information on health-promoting tea ingredients, we determined by HPLC 7 catechins [(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-catechin (C), (+)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCG), (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate (ECG), and (-)-catechin 3-gallate (CG)] in samples of 8 commercial green tea leaves of unknown history sold as tea bags in the United States, Korea, and Japan. The samples were stored at 20 degrees C and sampled at 1 wk and 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo. The following ranges in the initial values (0 controls) were observed (in mg/g tea leaves): EGC and C, 0 to trace amounts; EC, 1.9 to 21.1; EGCG, 13.3 to 113.0; GCG, 0.2 to 1.6; ECG, 5.7 to 50.5; CG 0.5 to 3.7; total catechins 36.5 to 169.7. Statistical analysis of the results and plots of changes in individual and total catechin levels as a function of storage time indicate a progressive decrease in the content in the total levels, most of which is due to losses in the most abundant catechins, EGCG and ECG. Possible mechanisms of degradations of catechins during storage and the possible significance of the results to consumers of tea are discussed.
Primary school teacher‐time and the national curriculum: Managing the impossible?

(1992). Primary school teacher‐time and the national curriculum: Managing the impossible? British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 163-173.
Classes of n-copy undistillable quantum states with negative partial transposition

The discovery of entangled quantum states from which one cannot distill pure entanglement constitutes a fundamental recent advance in the field of quantum information. Such bipartite bound-entangled (BE) quantum states could fall into two distinct categories: (1) Inseparable states with positive partial transposition (PPT), and (2) states with negative partial transposition (NPT). While the existence of PPT BE states has been confirmed, only one class of conjectured NPT BE states has been discovered so far. We provide explicit constructions of a variety of multicopy undistillable NPT states, and conjecture that they constitute families of NPT BE states. For example, we show that for every pure state of Schmidt rank greater than or equal to 3, one can construct n-copy undistillable NPT states, for any $ng~1.$ The abundance of such conjectured NPT BE states, we believe, considerably strengthens the notion that being NPT is only a necessary condition for a state to be distillable.
IN UTERO COCAINE EXPOSURE DECREASES NEONATAL CEREBRAL VASCULAR REACTIVITY IN GUINEA PIGS. † 1444

Although cocaine acutely increases cerebral vascular responsiveness, we hypothesized that fetuses, chronically exposedin utero to cocaine, would become desensitized and hyporeactive. To investigate, pregnant guinea pigs were injected daily with cocaine (12mg/kg sc) or saline control beginning midgestation. Newborn pups were studied after spontaneous delivery. Using video microscopy, the in vitro diameter change of newborn cerebral arteries (control: 290±18μm; 5±1days; cocaine-exposed: 295±8μm; 4±1day) in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) or norepinephrine (NE) was assessed. After equilibration, a cumulative EFS or NE dose-response study was performed.In utero cocaine exposure decreased cerebral artery maximal EFS constriction 46% from 41±2% to 22±4% (p<0.01; n=14/group). Maximal NE-elicited vasoconstriction decreased 62%. EC50 values(sensitivity) of EFS and NE were unchanged. This study demonstrates thatin utero cocaine exposure decreases neonatal cerebral vascular reactivity. Thus, in utero cocaine exposure may have long-term consequences on neonatal cerebral vascular function. Supported by NIH grant DA07607. Figure
Protein kinase C‐delta in rat brain: Association with sensory neuronal hierarchies

Originally characterized as the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinases, the protein kinases C include at least eight separate isoforms, some of which are calcium-independent and all of which are highly enriched in brain. Of the calcium-independent isoforms, the delta subspecies of protein kinase C has the most restricted complement of lipid activators and substrate specificity, suggesting that it may have a unique role in cell signalling pathways. Using immunocytochemistry, we report that the distribution of protein kinase C-delta immunoreactivity in rat brain is also restricted, being present in all sensory systems. Moreover, it is found in alternating hierarchies of sensory pathways: in all sensory systems except auditory, it is found in first- and third-order neurons, while in the auditory system, it is found in second- and fourth-order neurons. Thalamocortical systems are intensely immunoreactive, including barrel fields of the rat parietal cortex. Outside of sensory systems, protein kinase C-delta is present in cerebellum within longitudinal stripes in Purkinje neurons, and in the caudate-putamen, it appears to be associated with the striosome (patch) compartment. In contrast to all other protein kinase C isoforms, protein kinase C-delta is absent from hippocampus. These findings suggest that protein kinase C-delta may have a unique role in signal transduction in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in sensory systems.
Effects of the combined administration of the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL 72222 and ethanol on conditioning in the periadolescent and adult rat.

The effects of acute ethanol and treatment with the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL 72222 on conditioning of a visual pattern discrimination and an olfactory context were examined in periadolescent (35–38-day-old) and adult (60–70-day-old) rats. In Experiment 1, the effects of acute ethanol exposure on conditioning of a visual patern discrimination (horizontal vs. vertical black and white stripes) and an olfactory context were investigated. The results indicated that a moderate dose of ethanol, 2 g/kg, disrupted conditioning at both ages to the visual stimulus but not to the olfactory context in which conditioning ocurred. This may reflect differential susceptibility of target and contextual learning to the effects of ethanol, or might instead confirm previous suggestions that the visual system is more susceptible than the olfactory system to the effects of acute ethanol exposure. The effects of 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg MDL 72222 on the ethanol-induced impairment in pattern discrimination conditioning were examined in Experiment 2. Pretreatment with these doses of MDL 72222 did not reverse the cognitive impairments produced by acute ethanol at either age. However, MDL 72222 pretreatment attenuated the hyperlocomotion evident in ethanol-treated male and female periadolescents and adult females, as indexed by the number of crossovers during the preference test. Thus, MDL 72222 does not appear to ameliorate the cognitive impairment induced by acute ethanol exposure, although the antagonist was observed to attenuate ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion in the same test situation.
Wake of a cylinder: a paradigm for energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials

Short-length piezoelectric beams were placed in the wake of a circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers to evaluate their performance as energy generators. The coherent vortical structures present in this flow generate a periodic forcing on the beam which when tuned to its resonant frequency produces maximum output voltage. There are two mechanisms that contribute to the driving forcing of the beam. The first mechanism is the impingement of induced flow by the passing vortices on one side of the beam, and the second is the low pressure core region of the vortices which is present at the opposite side of the beam. The sequence of these two mechanisms combined with the resonating conditions of the beam generated maximum energy output which was also found to vary with the location in the wake. The maximum power output was measured when the tip of the beam is about two diameters downstream of the cylinder. This power drops off the center line of the wake and decays with downstream distance as (x/D)−3/2.
A Content Analysis of Acculturation Research in the Career Development Literature

The purpose of the present study was to highlight the importance of acculturation as an explanatory variable in career development and to provide an empirical review of acculturation research in the career development literature. Acculturation is a cultural variable that has been linked to a number of important career development outcomes for racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse populations. A review of 26 empirical acculturation studies in the career development literature revealed a number of positive trends such as an increase in the attention to acculturation within the literature and an improvement in the way the construct is conceptualized. However, results also indicated a number of limitations such as a disparity between conceptualization and operationalization of the construct and, at times, a lack of clear conceptual definitions of acculturation in the literature. Recommendations for research and practice are presented.
A framework for multi-source data fusion

A general view of the multi-source data fusion process is presented. Some of the considerations and information that must go into the development of a multisource data fusion algorithm are described. Features that play a role in expressing user requirements are also described. We provide a general framework for data fusion based on a voting like process that tries to adjudicate conflict among the data. We discuss idea of a compatibility relationship and introduce several important examples of these relationships. We show that our formulation results in some conditions on the fused value implying that the fusion process has the nature of a mean type aggregation. Situations in which the sources have different credibility weights are considered. We present a concept of reasonableness as a means for including in the fusion process any information available other then that provided by the sources. We consider the situation where we allow our fused values to be granular objects such as linguistic terms or subsets.
The Genetic Structure and Evolutionary Fate of Parthenogenetic Amphibian Populations as Determined by Markovian Analysis

SYNOPSIS. One-locus, two-allele models are presented which describe the genetic consequences of naturally occurring andexperimentally induced parthenogesis in triploid and diploid amphibians. The models may in general be used to investigate genetic change resulting from apomictic (ameiotic) and automictic (meiotic) parthenogenetic reproduction. These models quantify the influence of mutation, segregation, and selection upon genetic variability in parthenogeneticpopulations. They also allow an estimate of the relative importance of stochastic forces in altering this variability. They thus provide a basis for understanding evolution in these populations. Some of the conclusions derived from this study contradict previous predictions regarding genetic variability in parthenogenetic populations. First, if mutation is the sole source of genetic change (i.e., strict apomixis), parthenogenetic populations should not become completely heterozygous. Second, small amounts of segregation occurring in apomictic populations have enormous effects upon the genetic variability of these populations, i.e. , they should lose much of their heterozygosity. In addition to these conclusions, the results of this study suggest that studies of protein variability in parthenogenetic species should contribute toward answering the question: How much of the genetic variability observed in nature is evolutionarily relevant?
Recognition of a Greenbug Biotype Injurious to Sorghum

A collection of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Ron-dani) (C-biotype), from a population causing extensive damage to sorghum, differed from green bugs (B-biotype) originating on wheat. ‘Piper’ Sudan grass, Sorghum Sudanese (Piper) Staff., in the seedling stage was highly resistant to the B-biotype and susceptible to the C-biotype. Differences in green bug reaction or plant injury caused by the 2 biotypes were recorded also for wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; rye, Secale cereale L.; oats, Avena sativa L.; barley, Hordeum vulgare L.; and sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench . With few exceptions, survival rates of nymphs of the 2 biotypes were similar on 30 species of Gramineae.
The evaluation of periodic functions with large input arguments

The argument reduction scheme plays an important role in the evaluation of periodic functions. In this report we discuss the criteria for determining the domain of computer routines that evaluate periodic functions, and apply the results to the widely used sine and cosine functions.
Detection of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives in crop samples by thermolysis-atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Pulsed pyrolysis (Py) in combination with atmospheric pressure ionization (API) and tandem mass spectrometry was investigated as a method for detecting 1,3,5-triazine pesticide residues in agricultural matrices with minimal sample preparation. Analytes investigated were thermally stable and produced Py-API mass spectra that contained essentially only the protonated molecule. Collision-induced dissociation yielded daughter ions attributable to cleavage of the triazine ring. Limits of detection for analytes in crop samples ranged from 10−1 to 102 mg residue per kilogram of substrate, depending on the nature of both analyte and substrate.
STRESS REACTIVITY AND ATTACHMENT SECURITY

Seventy-three 18-month-olds were tested in the Ainsworth Strange Situation. These children were a subset of 83 infants tested at 2, 4, 6, and 15 months during their well-baby examinations with inoculations. Salivary cortisol, behavioral distress, and maternal responsiveness measures obtained during these clinic visits were examined in relation to attachment classifications. In addition, parental report measures of the children's social fearfulness in the 2nd year of life were used to classify the children into high-fearful versus average- to low-fearful groups. In the 2nd year, the combination of high fearfulness and insecure versus secure attachment was associated with higher cortisol responses to both the clinic exam-inoculation situation and the Strange Situation. Thus, attachment security moderates the physiological consequences of fearful, inhibited temperament. Regarding the 2-, 4-, and 6-month data, later attachment security was related to greater maternal responsiveness and lower cortisol baselines. Neither cortisol nor behavioral reactivity to the inoculations predicted later attachment classifications. There was some suggestion, however, that at their 2-month checkup, infants who would later be classified as insecurely attached exhibited larger dissociations between the magnitude of their behavioral and hormonal response to the inoculations, Greater differences between internal (hormonal) and external (crying) responses were also negatively correlated with maternal responsiveness and positively correlated with pretest cortisol levels during these early months of life. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
U.S.-Russian Military Relations: Between Friend and Foe

How much and what precisely has changed since September 11? How quickly can relationships evolve, and how meaningful are promises of collaboration likely to be? These questions are much in the minds of those watching U.S.-Russian relations. Has the United States (finally) entered the qualitatively new era of cooperation with Russia—particularly between both militaries—that has been sought since the end of the Cold War? If serious cooperation ensues, what will it look like? Leaders in both countries have compared the war on terrorism with the struggle against Nazism. Ten years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, could terrorism be the enemy that makes Russia and the United States if not exactly friends, then at least ef- fective allies? If so, the change will be dramatic indeed. In the months prior to September 11, the U.S.-Russian relationship had become stuck somewhere between friend and foe. Aside from some sweet murmurings by each president to the other at their first meeting, a chill was still in the air two years after the use of force by NATO in Kosovo—to which the Russians had vociferously objected. Perhaps unsurprisingly, policy drifted, particularly contact between the two militaries. Just weeks before the September attack, some Pentagon staffers confessed that they had little
Intraocular pressure in juvenile diabetics.

The relationship of the blood sugar to in­ traocular pressure has excited considerable controversy since Heine, in 1903, and Krause, in 1904, reported hypotonia of the eye in diabetic coma. In these cases, the in­ traocular pressure returns to normal when the blood sugar levels are brought into the normal range by the administration of insu­ lin. A fall in the intraocular pressure in dia­ betics during hypoglycemia has been report­ ed by Richter and Weichman and Koch. Schmidt, Toth and others have reported that, in nondiabetics, there is no lowering of the intraocular pressure during induced hy­ poglycemia. Martin found the variations in the intra­ ocular pressure over 24 hours larger and more irregular in diabetics than in nondia­ betics. He was not able to correlate these variations with fluctuations in the blood sugar levels. However, Poos was able to correlate such variations in the intraocular pressure with fluctuations in the bloodsugar values. Larsen and Poulsen were able to demon­ strate that, during severe hypoglycemia, the intraocular pressure fell abruptly. They were also able to show that, in diabetics with reti­ nopathy, a fall in the intraocular pressure occurred during alimentary hyperglycemia, whereas in diabetics without retinopathy no drop in the intraocular pressure occurred during alimentary hyperglycemia. In 1964, Safir and associates reported an increase in the intraocular pressure in a
Reversion to virulence in Leishmania major correlates with expression of surface lipophosphoglycan

An attenuated clone of Leishmania major was produced by chemical mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidineand was biochemically characterized to determine the reason(s) for its loss of virulence. We found that the degree of virulence of L. major did not correlate with either the levels of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) expression of promastigote surface protease (PSP) or with the enzymatic activity of the molecule. In contrast, the levels of lipophosphoglycan (LPG) expressed by the attenuated clone were found to be at least 6-fold less than those of virulent L. major. When the attenuated L. major was injected into BALB/c mice and allowed to revert to virulence, the degree of reversion to virulence that the parasites underwent correlated directly with the amount and form (metacyclic) of LPG expressed by the parasites. Thus, these results further implicate LPG as an important Leishmania virulence factor.
Modelling of base-isolated buildings with passive dampers under winds

This paper presents dynamic analysis of base-isolated buildings under wind loads. Also considered here is the dynamics of base-isolated buildings with passive dampers attached at the building base and/or top. Analysis is performed using a state-space approach which models wind velocities as a coupled set of linear stochastic differential equations. Various building-damper configurations are studied to determine effects of the type of dampers and their placement on the building response. A parameter study involving building and base-isolation properties is conducted to gain insight into their influence on building response.
Development of concepts of self, mind, reality, and knowledge

Children'S development of a “natural philosophy” is a fundamental part of their social-cognitive growth and influences their real-life relations with the social world as well.
Phylogenetic implications of the Protocrinoida: Blastozoans are not ancestral to crinoids

Abstract A traditional, widely cited hypothesis for over a century posits the origin of the crinoids from blastozoans. The blastozoan hypothesis is contradicted by the discovery of a new crinoid order, the Protocrinoida. Protocrinoids exhibit many traits that are consistent with a basal crinoid phylogenetic position, but inconsistent with a blastozoan ancestry. Protocrinoids are among the oldest crinoids and are therefore stratigraphically correctly placed. The blastozoan hypothesis in contrast, relies on putative homologies between blastozoans and crinoids taken from taxonomically and stratigraphically disparate representatives of both groups; these disparities indicate homoplasy rather than propinquity of descent. Data supporting these ideas are reviewed here. These findings reinforce insightful observations made by Georges Ubaghs decades ago with less data.
High Performance, Low Cost, and Robust Soft Error Tolerant Latch Designs for Nanoscale CMOS Technology

In this paper, three high performance, low cost and robust latches (referred to as HLR, HLR-CG1, and HLR-CG2) are proposed in 45 nm CMOS technology. The proposed latches are completely insensitive to transient faults at their internal nodes and output node independent of the size and technology of the CMOS transistor. The proposed latches tolerate transient faults regardless of the energy of the striking particle. The proposed latches offer faster speed, higher reliability to transient faults with lower costs regarding power and area than most of the latches recently proposed in the literature. The proposed designs demonstrate that the power-delay-product benefit is 13 times on average compared to previous robust latches including standard latch.
THE CYTOSKELETON AND DISEASE:Genetic Disorders of Intermediate Filaments

Specialized cytoskeletons play many fascinating roles, including mechanical integrity and wound-healing in epidermal cells, cell polarity in simple epithelia, contraction in muscle cells, hearing and balance in the inner ear cells, axonal transport in neurons, and neuromuscular junction formation between muscle cells and motor neurons. These varied functions are dependent upon cytoplasmic networks of actin microfilaments (6 nm), intermediate filaments (10 nm) and microtubules (23 nm), and their many associated proteins. In this chapter, I review what is known about the cytoskeletons of intermediate filaments and their associated proteins. I focus largely on epidermal cells, which devote most of their protein-synthesizing machinery to producing an extensive intermediate filament network composed of keratin. Recent studies have shown that many of the devastating human disorders that arise from degeneration of this cell type have as their underlying basis either defects in the genes encoding keratins or abnormalities in keratin IF networks. I discuss what we know about the functions of IFs, and how the link to genetic disease has enhanced this understanding.
Ontology based dependency analysis: Understanding the impacts of decisions in a collaborative environment

Central to any collaboration problem involving planning, scheduling, analysis, simulation, etc is the ability to model and understand how the effects of decisions and actions of one system propagate through the collective understanding, bringing to light insights and information. This raises the important research question of how information in different systems can be brought together in an understandable way but without the need to re-engineer either their interfaces or the data needs. The approach to “loose systems” coupling explored in this paper is to organize information so that the dependency between information elements (representing people/groups, locations, resources and concepts and provided by disparate sources) can be identified, the consequences of the impacts on these dependencies analyzed and any consequences made explicit. The proposed generic information mapping capability is provided by means of two high level ontologies: the node ontology and the event/action (EA) ontology, details of which are provided in this paper. These high level ontologies allow existing ontologies developed by other groups (CIA Fact book, “Friend of a Friend”, etc) to be easily integrated via the Protege ontology editor. This significantly reduces the effort required to develop and maintain ontologies and tools such as OntoLT allow candidate ontologies to be extracted automatically from structured and unstructured sources and linked via Protege The collaboration architecture is agnostic to the type of application and the type of dependencies being analyzed and can be easily applied to crisis management, cyber analysis or military applications. Details are provided of the components of the proposed architecture together with a working example that shows the type of collaboration process it supports and the scope of problems it is able to support and solve. The proposed collaboration architecture is available for demonstration and evaluation and is provided with an example set of model and information sources.
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, an enzyme involved in floral scent production and plant defense, represents a new class of plant methyltransferases.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase (SAMT) was partially purified from petals of the annual California plant Clarkia breweri. SAMT catalyzes the formation of methylsalicylate, an important floral scent compound in C. breweri, from salicylic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The native enzyme is a dimer with a subunit molecular weight of 40.3 kDa, and it has a Km for salicylic acid of 24 microM and a Km for SAM of 9 microM. A cDNA encoding SAMT was isolated from a C. breweri cDNA library prepared from floral mRNA. The sequence of the protein encoded by SAMT cDNA shows no significant sequence similarity to any protein in the data bank whose biochemical function is known. It does show significant sequence similarity (20-40% identity) to proteins encoded by at least seven Arabidopsis thaliana genes whose sequences have recently been determined in large-scale sequencing projects. The C. breweri SAMT cDNA was expressed in E. coli and the bacterial cells synthesized a functional SAMT protein with properties nearly identical to those of the plant-purified enzyme.
The variability of California summertime marine stratus: impacts on surface air temperatures

[1] This study investigates the variability of clouds, primarily marine stratus clouds, and how they are associated with surface temperature anomalies over California, especially along the coastal margin. We focus on the summer months of June to September when marine stratus are the dominant cloud type. Data used include satellite cloud reflectivity (cloud albedo) measurements, hourly surface observations of cloud cover and air temperature at coastal airports, and observed values of daily surface temperature at stations throughout California and Nevada. Much of the anomalous variability of summer clouds is organized over regional patterns that affect considerable portions of the coast, often extend hundreds of kilometers to the west and southwest over the North Pacific, and are bounded to the east by coastal mountains. The occurrence of marine stratus is positively correlated with both the strength and height of the thermal inversion that caps the marine boundary layer, with inversion base height being a key factor in determining their inland penetration. Cloud cover is strongly associated with surface temperature variations. In general, increased presence of cloud (higher cloud albedo) produces cooler daytime temperatures and warmer nighttime temperatures. Summer daytime temperature fluctuations associated with cloud cover variations typically exceed 1°C. The inversion-cloud albedo-temperature associations that occur at daily timescales are also found at seasonal timescales.
Ionic‐Liquid‐Tethered Nanoparticles: Hybrid Electrolytes

This work was supported by Award No. KUS-C1-018-02, made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Facilities available through the Cornell Center for Materials Research (CCMR), a Materials Research Science and Engineering Center of the National Science Foundation (DMR-0079992) were used for this study.
Lia Won't: Agency in the Retrospective Pregnancy Narratives of Low‐Income Brazilian Women

RESUMEN O rapido declinio das taxas de fecundidade no Brasil, de uma media de 6 bebes nascidos vivos por mulher em 1965 a 2,5 em 1996, occorreu num contexto no qual o aborto induzido e ilegal e a esterilizacao nao foi autorizada pelo Codigo de Etica Medica antes de 1997. No entanto, mais de um quarto de brasileiras, unidas e solteiras, escolhem a esterilizacao ate os 30 anos de idade. Esta pesquisa analisa narrativas de gravidez de 30 brasileiras de baixa renda, com 25 a 50 anos de idade, com a finalidade de entender como elas representam sua propria atuacao (agency) e a atuacao de outros, em relacao a decisoes sobre a gravidez. O protocolo de analise de agencia (agency), tal como ela e representada nas narrativas, comprende tres categorias analiticas: a agencia do outro, em gravidezes nao planejadas; a agencia recuperadora–quando a mulher reassume o controle por meio do aborto induzido ou da aceitacao da maternidade; e a agencia antecipada, no qual a sua decisao incide sobre o futuro, por meio da esterilizacao. Brazil's rapid fertility decline, from six births per woman in 1965 to 2.5 in 1996, occurred in a context where abortion is illegal and sterilization sanctioned (until 1997) by the medical code of ethics. Still, more than one-quarter of Brazilian women, both single and in stable union, choose sterilization by age 30. This research analyzed 30 pregnancy narratives of low-income Brazilian women aged 25–50 to understand how they represent their agency, and the agency of others, in relation to pregnancy decisions. Three analytical categories comprise my method for examination of agency as represented in narrative: proximal (the agency of others) in unintended pregnancy; recuperative agency—reassuming control with abortion or embracing motherhood; and pre-emptive or forward-acting agency, through sterilization.
Culturally Sensitive Interventions: Social Skills Training with Children and Parents From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds

The rapid demographic changes in the United States pose a challenge to educators and practitioners in providing services that are sensitive to the needs of children from culturally and linguistical...
Epithelioid glioblastoma presenting as massive intracerebral hemorrhage: Case report and review of the literature

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant transformation of glial tissue, which presents as intradural, intraaxial lesions with heterogenous contrast enhancement and mass effect. Intratumoral hemorrhage is a common finding in GBM although it is frequently asymptomatic. Massive, symptomatic, intratumoral hemorrhage is uncommon and poses a diagnostic challenge.
Hodgkin lymphoma incidence in ethnic enclaves in California

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) incidence varies with migration and nativity, suggesting an influence of acculturation on risk. In population-based California data including 1483 Hispanic and 348 Asian/Pacific Islander (API) HL cases, we examined HL rates in residential neighborhoods classified by ethnic enclave status (measuring degree of acculturation) and socioeconomic status (SES). Rates were inversely associated with enclave intensity, although associations varied by gender and race. In females, the enclave effect was stronger in low-SES settings, but rates were higher in less-ethnic/high-SES than more-ethnic/low-SES neighborhoods--diminishing enclave intensity affected rates more than higher SES. In Hispanics, associations were modest, and only females experienced SES modification of rates; in APIs, the enclave effect was much stronger. Thus, acculturation measured by residence in ethnic enclaves affects HL rates independently of neighborhood SES but in complex patterns. Living in less-ethnic neighborhoods may increase HL rates by facilitating social isolation and other gender-specific exposures implicated in risk.
A Joint Transformation and Residual Image Descriptor for Morphometric Image Analysis using an Equivalence Class Formulation

Existing computational anatomy methodologies for morphometric analysis of medical images are often based solely on the shape transformation, typically being a diffeomorphism, that warps these images to a common template or vice versa. However, anatomical differences as well as changes induced by pathology, prevent the warping transformation from producing an exact correspondence. The residual image captures information that is not reflected by the diffeomorphism, and therefore allows us to maintain the entire morphological profile for analysis. In this paper we present a morphological descriptor which combines the warping transformation with the residual image in an equivalence class formulation, to characterize morphology of anatomical structures. Equivalence classes are formed by pairs of transformation and residual, for different levels of smoothness of the warping transformation. These pairs belong to the same equivalence class, since they jointly reconstruct the exact same morphology. Moreover, pattern classification methods are trained on the entire equivalence class, instead of a single pair, in order to become more robust to a variety of factors that affect the warping transformation, including the anatomy being measured. This joint descriptor is evaluated by statistical testing and estimation of class separation by classification, initially for 2-D synthetic images with simulated atrophy and subsequently for a volumetric dataset consisting of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Results of class separation indicate that this joint descriptor produces generally better and more robust class separation than using each of the components separately.
Inhibition of Hendra Virus Fusion

Hendra virus (HeV) is a recently identified paramyxovirus that is fatal in humans and could be used as an agent of bioterrorism. The HeV receptor-binding protein (G) is required in order for the fusion protein (F) to mediate fusion, and analysis of the triggering/activation of HeV F by G should lead to strategies for interfering with this key step in viral entry. HeV F, once triggered by the receptor-bound G, by analogy with other paramyxovirus F proteins, undergoes multistep conformational changes leading to a six-helix bundle (6HB) structure that accomplishes fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The ectodomain of paramyxovirus F proteins contains two conserved heptad repeat regions (HRN and HRC) near the fusion peptide and the transmembrane domains, respectively. Peptides derived from the HRN and HRC regions of F are proposed to inhibit fusion by preventing F, after the initial triggering step, from forming the 6HB structure that is required for fusion. HeV peptides have previously been found to be effective at inhibiting HeV fusion. However, we found that a human parainfluenza virus 3 F-peptide is more effective at inhibiting HeV fusion than the comparable HeV-derived peptide.
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Disrupts STAT1 Signaling by Distinct Mechanisms Independent of Host Shutoff

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important human and veterinary pathogen causing sporadic epizootic outbreaks of potentially fatal encephalitis. The type I interferon (IFN) system plays a central role in controlling VEEV and other alphavirus infections, and IFN evasion is likely an important determinant of whether these viruses disseminate and cause disease within their hosts. Alphaviruses are thought to limit the induction of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes by shutting off host cell macromolecular synthesis, which in the case of VEEV is partially mediated by the viral capsid protein. However, more specific strategies by which alphaviruses inhibit type I IFN signaling have not been characterized. Analyses of cells infected with VEEV and VEEV replicon particles (VRP) demonstrate that viral infection rapidly disrupts tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor STAT1 in response to both IFN-β and IFN-γ. This effect was independent of host shutoff and expression of viral capsid, suggesting that VEEV uses novel mechanisms to interfere with type I and type II IFN signaling. Furthermore, at times when STAT1 activation was efficiently inhibited, VRP infection did not limit tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1, Tyk2, or STAT2 after IFN-β treatment but did inhibit Jak1 and Jak2 activation in response to IFN-γ, suggesting that VEEV interferes with STAT1 activation by the type I and II receptor complexes through distinct mechanisms. Identification of the viral requirements for this novel STAT1 inhibition will further our understanding of alphavirus molecular pathogenesis and may provide insights into effective alphavirus-based vaccine design.
Cartographic products from the Mariner 9 mission

Simultaneous acquisition of geodetic, cartographic, geologic, and other scientific data on Mars from Mariner 9 required extensive modification of conventional methods of mapping. Preliminary evaluation of all data simultaneously generated an inordinately large number of interim cartographic products for a final cartographic atlas of Mars. The selection of the scales at which Mars would be mapped, the projections to be used, and the way the planet would be divided into quadrangles was based on the resolution of Mariner 9 pictures and upon the resources available over the lifetime of the Mariner Mars 1971 Project.
A systematic approach to determining mean-variance tradeoffs when managing randomly varying populations

Abstract New results by Henig [3] and White and Kim [11] on multiobjective Markov decision processes are combined with an approach to smooth out year-to-year fluctuations in harvest size, to produce a systematic method for determining mean-variance tradeoffs when harvesting a random population. Further procedures for accelerating computations also are discussed, and a salmon model suggested by Mathews [4] is used to illustrate the procedure. The suggested procedure generalizes Beddington and May [1] and May et al. [5], by presenting a systematic method to determine mean-variance tradeoffs, and secondly by allowing for a much larger class of harvesting policies to be considered.
Ethical issues in bipolar disorders pedigree research: privacy concerns, informed consent, and grounds for waiver.

Focusing on bipolar disorders research, this article considers ethical issues of informed consent and privacy arising in genetic pedigree research at two stages: the construction of tentative pedigrees to determine family eligibility for study and, subsequently, the enrollment of subjects in and conduct of the family study. Increasing concern to protect the privacy of family members of primary subjects or probands, following ethical controversy over a survey study at Virginia Commonwealth University, has led some researchers and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to apply informed consent requirements to those represented on a tentative pedigree at the initial stage of research. This article analyzes the possible benefits, risks, and burdens to prospective subjects of seeking prospective consent for pedigree construction at this initial stage. It argues that the likely risk–benefit ratio favors granting a waiver of consent requirements for this stage of pedigree research and presents grounds for IRBs to grant such a waiver. The article closes by considering particular ethical concerns that should be addressed in the informed consent discussion when enrolling subjects in pedigree studies of bipolar disorder, including concerns about subjects' competence to consent, management of interim and incidental findings, and issues particular to psychiatric research.
Modeling and control for underwater robotic manipulators - an example

A closed form dynamic model of an autonomous underwater robotic vehicle (URV) with multiple manipulators is derived in this paper. The model components include the vehicle body, the m manipulators with n/sub i/ links for each manipulator. It is a generic model that can cope with any number of manipulators and links. The four major hydrodynamic forces included in this model are: added mass, profile drag, fluid acceleration and buoyancy. The model for an URV with two manipulators attached to it is used as an example to show the performance of the model based control scheme. Tracking motions for both vehicle and the two manipulators are tested to show the effectiveness of the nonlinear feedback control scheme. It successfully decouples and linearizes the complex URV system with manipulators, thus attaining a good coordinated control between the vehicle and the attached manipulators.
Chemical Quality of Maternal Drinking Water and Congenital Heart Disease

We undertook a case-control study to investigate the association between chemicals in maternal drinking water consumed during pregnancy and congenital heart disease in the offspring. Two hundred and seventy affected children and 665 healthy children were enrolled in the study. Information on contaminant levels in maternal drinking water was available from records of routine water analysis of samples taken from public taps in the communities where the mothers resided during pregnancy. Mothers provided information during a telephone interview on their health, pregnancy management, and demographic characteristics. Nine inorganic metals were analysed for detection of an association with congenital heart disease. The chemical exposures of particular interest were arsenic, lead, mercury and selenium. None of the chemicals was associated materially with an increase in the frequency of congenital heart disease overall. Arsenic exposure at any detectable level was associated with a threefold increase in occurrence of coarctation of the aorta (prevalence odds ratio = 3.4, 95% confidence interval = 1.3-8.9). Detectable traces of selenium in drinking water were associated with a lower frequency of any congenital heart disease than was observed among children exposed to drinking water not containing detectable levels of selenium (prevalence odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence limits = 0.40-0.97). A dose-response effect was observed over four levels of selenium exposure. Non-differential errors in the measurement and classification of exposure to contaminants routinely monitored in drinking water could account for lack of positive findings. In addition, most of the contaminant levels were below the maximum levels set by the Environmental Protection Agency, so that lack of evidence of effect may have been due to the low exposure levels in this population.
Applications of Optimal Control to Advanced Automotive Suspension Design

The paper surveys applications of optimal control techniques to the design of active suspensions, starting from simple quarter-car, 1D models, which are followed by their half-car, 2D, and full-car, 3D, counterparts. The emphasis is on Linear-Quadratic (LQ) optimal control and automotive vehicles
Neural Estimates of Imagined Outcomes in Basolateral Amygdala Depend on Orbitofrontal Cortex.

Reciprocal connections between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) provide a critical circuit for guiding normal behavior when information about expected outcomes is required. Recently, we reported that outcome signaling by OFC neurons is also necessary for learning in the face of unexpected outcomes during a Pavlovian over-expectation task. Key to learning in this task is the ability to build on prior learning to infer or estimate an amount of reward never previously received. OFC was critical to this process. Notably, in parallel work, we found that BLA was not necessary for learning in this setting. This suggested a dissociation in which the BLA might be critical for acquiring information about the outcomes but not for subsequently using it to make novel predictions. Here we evaluated this hypothesis by recording single-unit activity from BLA in rats during the same Pavlovian over-expectation task used previously. We found that spiking activity recorded in BLA in control rats did reflect novel outcome estimates derived from the integration of prior learning, however consistent with a model in which this process occurs in the OFC, these correlates were entirely abolished by ipsilateral OFC lesions. These data indicate that this information about these novel predictions is represented in the BLA, supported via direct or indirect input from the OFC, even though it does not appear to be necessary for learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are involved in behavior that depends on knowledge of impending outcomes. Recently, we found that only the OFC was necessary for using such information for learning in a Pavlovian over-expectation task. The current experiment was designed to search for neural correlates of this process in the BLA and, if present, to ask whether they would still be dependent on OFC input. We found that although spiking activity in BLA in control rats did reflect the novel outcome estimates underlying learning, these correlates were entirely abolished by OFC lesions.
The Jamaican Blackbird: A "Natural Experiment" for Hypotheses in Socioecology

The last twenty years have seen an unprecedented surge of new theory about evolutionary adaptations of social systems to different ecological circumstances. One of the clearest predictions in this literature relates the spatial relationships of individuals to the distribution of food in their environment. Specifically, when food is sparse, evenly distributed, and slowly renewing, and when individuals have fixed bases of operation, like nests or caches, then individuals expend the least effort harvesting the food if they occupy exclusive territories (Brown, 1964; Horn, 1968; Smith, 1968; Brown and Orians, 1970; Waser and Wiley, 1979). This conclusion derives from simple calculations (Horn, 1968; Smith, 1968; Waser and Wiley, 1979) and leads to a prediction that animals collecting sparse, evenly distributed food should occupy large, exclusive territories. This prediction is supported in a general way by comparative reviews of a number of taxonomic groups of birds and mammals (Crook, 1965; Lack, 1968; Brown and Orians, 1970; Waser and Wiley, 1979).
Invariant Functions on Simple Orders

It is shown that any continuous invariant function on a doubly homogeneous simple order is a polynomial with respect to supremum and infimum operations.