cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary layer effects in composite laminates

Abstract The mechanism of interlaminar load transfer for the fibre-reinforced laminate of finite-width is investigated. Two modes of interlaminar transfer are identified. The first mode characterised by the behaviour of the angle-ply laminate is shown to be dominated by the action of the interlaminar shear stress, τxz, while the second mode reflects the action of the interlaminar normal stress and is associated with the bidirectional laminate. The behaviour of a general laminate configuration is examined. Finally, the influence of interlaminar stresses upon laminate strength is examined.
Spectrotemporal analysis of ventricular late potentials.

Abstract The authors introduce a new technique for the analysis of ventricular late potentials: spectrotemporal mapping. Spectrotemporal mapping displays a signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously, overcoming some of the limitations of single domain analysis. Spectrotemporal analysis of late potentials was developed from a critique of classical spectral analysis methods. Several examples of spectrotemporal analysis of signal-averaged ECG wave-forms are presented. These include cases in which spectrotemporal mapping was able to represent late potentials that were not seen after conventional time-domain processing. Spectrotemporal mapping reveals that ventricular late potentials have a time-varying energy spectrum, which theoretically would preclude the use of classical Fourier analysis techniques. Both the vector magnitude and Fourier transformations are a reduced representation of the information available in the signal average. Spectrotemporal mapping combines time and frequency information in a way that is compatible with the basic statistical structure of late potentials.
PREFERRED REACTIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF SUPERHEAVY NUCLEI.

Abstract The relative cross section for the formation of superheavy nuclei through fusion, as a function of the target-projectile pair is investigated. A charge ratio of about 1.5 seems generally preferred.
Application of a new explicit‐rate ABR traffic controller

In broadband integrated communication systems, the classical method of max–min fair-rate allocation for traffic control does not support the weighted-rate guarantee. The weighted-rate guarantee is necessary for available-bit rate (ABR) service models. This fact motivates that the weighted max–min (WMM) fair-rate allocation for the ABR traffic is widely studied. However, the combination of close-loop feedback control with WMM algorithm has not appeared in the previous research. In this paper, a practical WMM fair-rate allocation model is proposed. This scheduling scheme combines and integrates the congestion avoidance using proportional control (CAPC) and the weighted max–min fair-rate allocation. This model is designed to achieve higher utilization and also bounded delay for ABR traffic flow control. In the system under analysis, the performance of this new weighted traffic scheduler is evaluated. The system presented in this paper is also compared with WMM and CAPC methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interviewer feedback in repeated interviews involving forced confabulation

The effects of confirmatory interviewer feedback on eyewitness testimony following forcibly confabulated and accurate responses to repeated interview questions were investigated in two experiments. The first experiment showed that, relative to neutral feedback, confirmatory feedback provided after a forcibly confabulated response greatly increased the likelihood that participants would provide the same confabulated response when re-interviewed 2 days later, led participants to report these repeated confabulations with greater speed and fewer expressions of doubt, and increased the prevalence of false memories. Confirmatory interviewer feedback provided following accurate responses appeared to have more modest consequences for consistency and confidence, but ceiling effects provided little opportunity for observing potential effects. A second experiment showed that these effects of confirmatory feedback are of considerable practical significance, in that, regardless of their accuracy, responses that had earlier been reinforced with confirmatory feedback were much more likely to be judged by others as credible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Effect of Infusions of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Immune Response in Rabbits.

SummaryIt has been demonstrated that infusions of polyvinylpyrrolidone markedly reduce the antibody level of rabbits immunized by the water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant technic. Infusions of PVP do not affect the ability of rabbits to respond to subsequent intravenous or adjuvant type immunizations. The persistence of PVP in various tissues has been confirmed.
Preparation and properties of conductive metallophthalocyanine films

Abstract Electrochemical methods for the fabrication of thin polymeric metallophthalocyanine layers on electrode surfaces have been explored. Polymerization rates are sensitive to a number of experimental variables, including monomer concentration, scan rate, switching potentials, and the nature of the electrolyte. Likewise, the morphology of the films is dependent on these parameters, and electron microscopy reveals that structures ranging from smooth, relatively impermeable compact layers to porous networks are readily accessible through appropriate control of the experimental conditions. Film morphology can also be altered by varying the applied potential after formation of the polymer coating.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of lipids: ionization and prompt fragmentation patterns

Ionization and prompt fragmentation patterns of triacylglycerols, phospholipids (PLs) and galactolipids were investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Positive ions of non-nitrogen-containing lipids appeared only in the sodiated form, while nitrogen-containing lipids were detected as both sodiated and protonated adducts. Lipids containing acidic hydroxyls were detected as multiple sodium adducts or deprotonated ions in the positive and negative modes, respectively, with the exception of phosphatidylcholines. The positive MALDI spectra of triacylglycerols contained prompt fragments equivalent to the loss of RCOO(-) from the neutral molecules. Prompt fragment ions [PL-polar head](+) were observed in the positive MALDI spectra of all phospholipids except phosphatidylcholines. The phosphatidylcholines produced only a minor positive fragment corresponding to the head group itself (m/z 184). Galactolipids did not undergo prompt fragmentation. Post-source decay (PSD) was used to examine the source of prompt fragments. PSD fragment patterns indicated that the lipid prompt fragment ions did not originate from the observed molecular ions (sodiated or protonated), and suggested that the prompt fragmentation followed the formation of highly unstable, probably protonated, precursor ions. Pathways leading to the formation of prompt fragment ions are proposed.
Survey of Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) and Tick-Borne Pathogens in North Dakota

Ticks were sampled at nine locations throughout North Dakota during early summer of 2010, using flagging techniques and small mammals trapping. In total, 1,762 ticks were collected from eight of the nine locations. The dominant species were Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (82%), found throughout the state, and Ixodes scapularis Say (17%), found in northeastern counties. A few nymphal and adult I. scapularis tested positive for Borrelia burgdorferi (3%) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (8%). This is the first report of I. scapularis and associated pathogens occurring in North Dakota and provides evidence for continued westward expansion of this important vector tick species in the United States.
The Introductory Course in International Relations.

As a result, the middle solution of setting up a Preparatory Committee was adopted. This Preparatory Committee will soon be enlarged through co-option of additional members, and it is hoped that the "Constituent Assembly" of the International Political Science Association may be held late in 1949 or early in 1950. As in so many other instances of international collaboration, one of the first results of the present effort will be the organization of national political science associations in countries where none as yet exist. The present half-dozen or so national political science organizations will soon be considerably increased as the foundations are being laid for the international association. New national groups in Great Britain and Belgium, to cite but two examples, are in process of formation, and regional associations, possibly in Scandinavia and Latin America, are in the stage of active consideration. Because of the lack of representative national bodies in so many countries, the formation of the International Political Science Association will depend on the good-will and cooperation of individual political scientists. Where effective national associations of political scientists are operating, especially in areas left relatively undamaged by war and destruction, the responsibility of participating in the common effort will be particularly great. If this pioneer project of surveying the problems of political science and organizing political scientists on an international scale shall succeed, the field will be wide open for similar endeavors. UNESCO itself cannot, and should not, set up international bodies, which, if they are to develop properly, must spring from the spontaneous desire and activity of social scientists themselves. But where such desire and activity exist, UNESCO will encourage and assist all forms of genuine international cooperation.I
Refugee Flows, Ethnic Power Relations, and the Spread of Conflict

Why do some refugee flows cause conflict in the host state and others do not? Drawing on bargaining models of war, I argue refugees are especially likely to cause conflict when they alter the host ...
The visco-elastic Ekman layer

Abstract Solutions are obtained for the flow in an Ekman layer in a visco-elastic fluid using various constitutive relations. For some models (those which exhibit no shear thinning in simple shear flow) it is found that the solution is identical with the Newtonian solution for all Weissenberg numbers. For other models it is shown that the solution differs from its Newtonian counterpart and may cease to exist when a critical Weissenberg number is exceeded. In these cases, when the solution exists it is found that the visco-elastic Ekman layer is thinner than the Newtonian Ekman layer.
Myocardial Blood Flow Distribution during Ischemia-Induced Coronary Vasodilation in the Unanesthetized Dog

This study was designed to determine whether coronary vasodilation distal to a flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis could result in redistribution of myocardial blood flow to produce subendocardial underperfusion. Studies were performed in 10 awake dogs chronically prepared with electromagnetic flow-meters and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured using radionuclide-labeled microspheres, 7-10 mum in diameter, injected into the left atrium. A 5(-s) coronary artery occlusion was followed by reactive hyperemia with excess inflow of arterial blood effecting 375+/-20% repayment of the blood flow debt incurred during occlusion. When, after a 5(-s) occlusion, the occluder was only partially released to hold arterial inflow to the preocclusion level for 20 s before complete release, the delayed reactive hyperemia was augmented (mean blood flow repayment = 610+/-45%, P < 0.01). This augmentation of the reactive hyperemia suggested that ischemia was continuing during the interval of coronary vasodilation when coronary inflow was at the preocclusion level. Measurements of regional myocardial blood flow demonstrated that endocardial flow slightly exceeded epicardial flow during control conditions. When arterial inflow was limited to the preocclusion rate during vasodilation after a 5(-s) total coronary artery occlusion, however, flow to the subepicardial myocardium was increased at the expense of underperfusion of the subendocardial myocardium. Thus, in the presence of a flow-limiting proximal coronary artery stenosis, ischemia-induced coronary vasodilation resulted in redistribution of myocardial blood flow with production of subendocardial ischemia in the presence of a net volume of arterial inflow which, if properly distributed, would have been adequate to prevent myocardial ischemia.
Preventing sexual attacks in healthcare facilities: risk management considerations

Reports or allegations of sexual attacks in healthcare facilities are extremely upsetting and sometimes not given the attention they deserve. In June 2011, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a remarkable report on sexual attacks occurring in Veterans Affairs (VA) health facilities that not only raised awareness of the magnitude of the problem but that detailed numerous system weaknesses in VA facilities that might have enabled such attacks. This article discusses some of the GAO's findings as well as other instances of sexual attacks, such as occurred in the criminal prosecution of Paul Serdula, a former health professional who might have sexually assaulted hundreds of women. Some of Serdula's victims have subsequently sued in civil court, charging Serdula's employers with lack of supervision and raising the possibility of serial sexual attacks such as his evolving into large-scale patient safety disasters. This article will review certain ethical and legal considerations bearing on the liability of healthcare facilities in which sexual attacks are alleged to have occurred. Following a discussion of how two courts have used the legal construct of "foreseeability" in determining a healthcare facility's liability when an employee is charged with sexual assault, the article will conclude with a host of patient safety recommendations aimed at discouraging or deterring the occurrence of sexual attacks.
Keck Spectroscopy and Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of GRB 000926: Probing a Host Galaxy at z = 2.038

We present early-time Keck spectroscopic observations and late-time Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of GRB 000926. The HST images show a small offset between the optical transient and a bright, compact knot in the host galaxy. Combined with the large equivalent widths measured for metallic absorption lines by the Keck Echellette Spectrograph and Imager (ESI) and the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, this indicates that the GRB exploded inside a region of high stellar density. The ESI spectroscopy reveals two absorption systems centered at z = 2.0379 ± 0.0008 with a velocity separation of 168 km s-1, which we interpret as being due to individual features in the host galaxy. The ratios of chromium to zinc equivalent widths indicate that the host is depleted in dust relative to local values to a similar degree as damped Lyα systems at the same redshift.
The Iron Lady: Margaret Thatcher, from Grocer's Daughter to Prime Minister. By John Campbell. Abridgement by David Freeman. (New York, NY: Penguin, 2011. Pp. x, 564. $16.99.)

Few Britons who lived through the 1980s lack an opinion about Margaret Thatcher. The genius of John Campbell's biography of Mrs. Thatcher (as abridged by David Freeman) is its ability to present a ...
Proximal aortic stent-graft displacement with type I endoleak due to Heimlich maneuver

The Heimlich maneuver has saved countless lives by relieving foreign body obstruction from the respiratory tract. Complications related to this life-saving technique, particularly involving the abdominal aorta, are extremely rare. We report the case of a patient who underwent successful endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair, with AAA reduction at postoperative surveillance. Endograft displacement after performance of the Heimlich maneuver resulted in a proximal type I endoleak. This case underscores both the potential for aortic trauma from the Heimlich maneuver and the risk for clinical failure as a result of abdominal compression after successful endovascular AAA repair.
Compact recursive-descent parsing of expressions

Compiler writing tools, such as parser generators, are-commonly used to build new operators. Nevertheless, constructing compilers by hand remains common. Such compilers are often built using recursive-descent parsing for most of the language and operator-precedence parsing for expressions. This paper describes a simple technique for parsing expressions using recursive descent that avoids the usual proliferation of procedures that occurs when recursive descent is used to parse expressions. By taking advantage of the similarity of the productions describing expressions in most languages, the n + 1 procedures usually required to parse expressions with n precedence levels can be replaced with a table and two procedures.
Attribution of behavioral intentions to obese and normal-weight stimulus persons†

This study examines the relationship between the attribution of traits and the attribution of short-term, situation-specific intentions and probable behaviors, with particular reference to the perception of obese persons. College students performed one of four tasks: (1) Rating photographs of obese and normal-weight female faces for likeability and attractiveness; (2) attributing short-term intentions and probable behaviors to these stimulus persons within the context of briefly described social interactions; (3) judging the situationally determined demand characteristics of the intentions and probable behaviors; or (4) judging the ‘meaning’ of the intentions or behaviors in terms of trait scales. The results demonstrate that although the obese faces were consistently rated significantly less likeable and less attractive than the normal-weight faces, these judgments were paralleled by only a few differences in the situation-specific intentions or behaviors attributed to the two groups of stimulus faces. It is suggested that impression-formation measured in terms of global, dispositional characteristics such as traits cannot be assumed to directly predict many differences in behavioral expectations in specific interpersonal settings. On the basis of the few attributions of intention which did discriminate, an ‘obese personality’ stereotype emerged, consisting either of socially undesirable traits or traits of ambiguous social desirability. The implications of the relationships among traits, intentions and situational demand characteristics for an interactive model of situational vs. personality determinants of expected behavior are discussed.
On the form of special interest legislation

In this paper, we have examined the form of special interest benefits as determined by the interaction between interest groups and political parties. We concluded that the party is interested in granting benefits with long expected lives, since in this way the amount which can be appropriated by the party is increased. However, it is often true that long lived benefits have high deadweight losses; this explains the inefficient form in which subsidies are often granted. The theory developed here has several other implications. First, there should be a hierarachy of benefits granted to groups. Second, there is no presumption of consistency in benefit granting legislation, since benefits are sold on a piecemeal basis. Third, one law can benefit several groups, including certain customers of the industry. Fourth, regulatory commissions can themselves become an interest group. Fifth, pressure groups could be formed by political organizations. Sixth, benefits, once granted, should be repealed less often in a two party democracy than in a multiparty democracy. Finally, shorter lived benefits would be favored by politicians or parties which had safer tenure. Our model also has certain implications for optimal term of office of elected officials. In a recent article, Posner (1974) has argued that the current theory of regulation does not predict that expensive (inefficient) methods of conferring benefits would be used; and he argues that the current theory is generally lacking in testable implications. This paper has provided an extension of the current theory, which predicts the form of benefits and does have refutable implications.
Effects of Guanine Nucleotides and Divalent Cations on Forskolin Activation of Rabbit Luteal Adenylyl Cyclase: Evidence for the Existence of an Inhibitory Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Regulatory Component

The effects of guanine nucleotides and divalent cations on the activation of rabbit luteal adenylyl cyclase by the diterpene forskolin were investigated. Saturating concentrations of forskolin elicited 10- to 15-fold stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity in the absence of added guanine nucleotide. No lag was observed in the time course of forskolin-induced activation. Addition of 10 microM guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate [GMP-P(NH)P] inhibited forskolin activation by 10-15% and 30-40%, respectively, in the presence of 3.0 mM MgCl2. GMP-P(NH)P was more potent than GTP in inhibiting forskolin activation of adenylyl cyclase having an IC50 of 36 nM compared to 610 nM for GTP. In contrast, the Kact for stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity by both GMP-P(NH)P and GTP were similar, 1.00 and 0.86 microM, respectively. GMP-P(NH)P-induced inhibition of the forskolin-activated enzyme was not due to the hysteretic nature of GMP-P(NH)P activation of luteal adenylyl cyclase, as addition of GMP-P(NH)P to an enzyme that had been treated 5 min earlier with forskolin resulted in the immediate inhibition of enzymatic activity. Addition of GMP-P(NH)P to a concentration-effect curve for forskolin increased the Kact value for forskolin form 7.18 to 26.8 microM. There was a different MgCl2 concentration requirement for maximal stimulation of luteal cyclase by GMP-P(NH)P (8 mM MgCl2) and maximal inhibition of forskolin-stimulated activity by GMP-P(NH)P (0.5-0.6 mM MgCl2). Further, MnCl2 concentrations above 1.0 mM completely abolished the inhibitory action of GMP-P(NH)P on forskolin activation of luteal cyclase. In fact, at 2.0 mM MnCl2, adenylyl cyclase activity in the presence of GMP-P(NH)P plus forskolin was greater than that of forskolin alone. Thus taken together, these findings suggest that the rabbit corpus luteum contains an inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component in addition to a stimulatory regulatory component. Further, these components demonstrate differing requirements for both guanine nucleotides and divalent cations in order to interact with the catalytic moiety of adenylyl cyclase. The existence of such an inhibitory component suggests the presence of an inhibitory receptor in the corpus luteum which could negatively regulate adenylyl cyclase resulting in the inhibition of cAMP production and reduced progesterone output from the corpus luteum under normal physiological conditions.
Diamond growth on a (100)-type step

Abstract Recent measurements with scanning tunneling microscopes and atomic force microscopes show that diamonds grown with the chemical vapor deposition process are covered with steps, kinks, defects, and reconstructions. In the present work we model growth at a step site with (100) character. The model is a modified version of a previous mechanism which has been highly successful in predicting growth rates under a wide range of experimental conditions. Thus, it could serve as a valuable practical tool for predicting diamond growth rates in systems which have not previously been studied experimentally.
Durations of the After-Images of Brief Light Flashes and the Theory of the Broca and Sulzer Phenomenon*

Measurements were made of the time interval between the primary stimulus and the moment of disappearance of every trace of the after-image for flashes of very intense lights of variable duration. The results can be explained on the assumption that the duration of the after-image is determined by the time that it takes for the product of a photochemical reaction to fall to some threshold value. Certain predictions from this hypothesis are experimentally verified.
Exponential estimates in exit probability for some diffusion processes in Hilbert spaces

The paper is concerned with a large deviation type of estimates for some diffusion processes in Hilbert spaces, including the Brownian motion, the ltd integral and the solution of a stochastic evolution equation. Exponential upper bounds in exit probability are obtained and proved for such processes to leave a ball of radius r before a finite time t. An application to parabolic Ito equations is given as an example
Optimal design of trusses with geometric imperfections: Accounting for global instability

Abstract A topology optimization method is proposed for the design of trusses with random geometric imperfections due to fabrication errors. This method is a generalization of a previously developed perturbation approach to topology optimization under geometric uncertainties. The main novelty in the present paper is that the objective function includes the nonlinear effects of potential buckling due to misaligned structural members. Solutions are therefore dependent on the magnitude of applied loads and the direction of resulting internal member forces (whether they are compression or tension). Direct differentiation is used in the sensitivity analysis, and analytical expressions for the associated derivatives are derived in a form that is computationally efficient. A series of examples illustrate how the effects of geometric imperfections and buckling may have substantial influence on truss design. Monte Carlo simulation together with second-order elastic analysis is used to verify that solutions offer improved performance in the presence of geometric uncertainties.
Generalization of Spelling Strategies by LD Students as a Result of Contingent Imitation/Modeling and Mastery Criteria

Eleven learning disabled elementary students were asked to attempt spellings of unknown words using a standard written dictation test and an imitation-modeling procedure (Jobes, 1975; Kauffman, Hallahan, Haas, Brame, & Boren, 1978) to provide corrective feedback but minimal instruction. Dictations were repeated until 100% accuracy was achieved. A second list of words sharing the same orthographic features was then administered without specific instructions designed to promote generalization, followed by administration of a third list that included specific instructions to use information about previous spellings in attempting words on the new list. Results showed that all but one student reached mastery in fewer than 10 trials, subjects obtained more correct spellings on the first trial of each new list, subjects required fewer trials on each successive list to reach criterion, and subjects demonstrated systematic improvements in quality of spelling attempts across both trials and lists. The data were int...
Glomus Cell Tumor of the Eyelid

Background/Methods: Glomus cell tumor, a vascular neoplasm, has been rarely reported to occur in the eyelid. The authors examined the clinicopathologic features of two patients with glomus cell tumor of the eyelid. Results: The tumors occurred as enlarging violaceous to bluish masses. One patient had a solitary eyelid tumor that contained sheets of individual glomus cells. The other patient had eyelid and wrist tumors and multiple family members with similar lesions. Conclusion: This report provides clinicopathologic evidence that glomus cell tumor can occur in the eyelid in two different settings; in one setting, the tumor is solitary and sporadic, and in the second setting, it is multiple and familial.
Foreword to Childhood Onset Developmental Disorders

This issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences presents papers based on research from the 2012 Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease (ARNMD) conference “Childhood Onset Developmental Disorders.” The ARNMD is the oldest society of neurologists and psychiatrists, founded in 1920, the primary focus of which has been to keep practicing neurologists, psychiatrists, and neuroscientists informed about state-of-the-art research findings in each of these disciplines, findings that are beginning to significantly influence the thinking and practice of neurology and psychiatry. Each paper in this issue addresses the unique developmental determinants in expression and the course of highly prevalent conditions in children and adolescents, including anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and pediatric neurological conditions. Specifically, the papers have focused on how basic developmental neuroscience and animal models inform our understanding of these conditions. Each year in conjunction with the ARNMD, the Salmon Committee on Psychiatry and Mental Hygiene (New York Academy of Medicine) selects the Thomas William Salmon Medalist and Lecturer, honoring those who have made significant contributions to the field highlighted by the conference. In 2012 the Salmon Medalist was Michael Posner, professor emeritus at the University of Oregon, and adjunct professor at Weill Cornell Medical College (the Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology); and the Salmon Lecturer was B.J. Casey, director of the Sackler Institute for Development Psychobiology and professor of developmental psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, who presented “The Development of Fear: From Human Imaging to Mouse Genetics.” The papers in this issue reflect the long and esteemed tradition of the ARNMD and include contributions from the Sackler Institute (from Catherine Hartley and B.J. Casey on the psychobiology of anxiety, and from Elizabeth C. King and Francis S. Lee on fear learning); a paper focused on the treatment of anxiety (Amy Rapp and Moira Rynn); and an important paper on the role of anxiety in youth suicide (Regina Miranda and David Shaffer). Catherine Lord writes on the behavioral treatment of autism. Juliann M. Paolicchi discusses the developmental aspects of epilepsy. Last, three papers discuss pediatric movement disorders, including tics and stereotypies (Harvey S. Singer), neurological conversion disorder (Jonathan W. Mink), and the evolving nature of the treatment of the tic disorders (Shannon M. Bennett/John T. Walkup). We are also grateful to Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences for publishing this unique and timely set of papers. John T. Walkup Weill Cornell Medical College
A prospective study of religion/spirituality and depressive symptoms among adolescent psychiatric patients

Abstract Objective Previous research has uncovered relationships between religion/spirituality and depressive disorders. Proposed mechanisms through which religion may impact depression include decreased substance use and enhanced social support. Little investigation of these topics has occurred with adolescent psychiatric patients, among whom depression, substance use, and social dysfunction are common. Method 145 subjects, aged 12–18, from two psychiatric outpatient clinics completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Fetzer multidimensional survey of religion/spirituality, and inventories of substance abuse and perceived social support. Measures were completed again six months later. Longitudinal and cross-sectional relationships between depression and religion were examined, controlling for substance abuse and social support. Results Of thirteen religious/spiritual characteristics assessed, nine showed strong cross-sectional relationships to BDI-II score. When perceived social support and substance abuse were controlled for, forgiveness, negative religious support, loss of faith, and negative religious coping retained significant relationships to BDI-II. In longitudinal analyses, loss of faith predicted less improvement in depression scores over 6 months, controlling for depression at study entry. Limitations Self-report data, clinical sample. Conclusions Several aspects of religiousness/spirituality appear to relate cross-sectionally to depressive symptoms in adolescent psychiatric patients. Findings suggest that perceived social support and substance abuse account for some of these correlations but do not explain relationships to negative religious coping, loss of faith, or forgiveness. Endorsing a loss of faith may be a marker of poor prognosis among depressed youth.
Biosynthesis of GM1b and similar neolactoseries gangliosides by a partially purified chicken skeletal muscle sialyltransferase. Effect of sphingomyelin and acetylcholine.

Abstract An α 2 → 3 glycolipid galactosyl sialyltransferase (SAT3/4) has been partially purified from embryonic chicken skeletal muscle. It is preserved in 50 mM Hepes buffer (pH 6.8) containing 1% Triton CF-54 and 20% glycerol at −70°C for a period of 6 months without loss of activity. The SAT3/4 preparation transfers sialic acid to nLcOse 4 Cer, nLcOse 6 Cer and GgOse 4 Cer with respective K m values of 1.4, 0.83 and 0.45 mM. The activity is stimulated 2–3-fold at high substrate concentration and 6–8-fold at low substrate concentration; 0.01 and 0.005 μmol for asialo GM1 and 0.025 and 0.01 μmol for other glycolipids in the presence of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) at an optimum concentration 0.75%. A higher concentration is inhibitory. SM from chicken muscle is more effective than that from bovine brain and the stimulation is qualitatively proportional to that of the saturated fatty acyl content of SM. Free fatty acids (palmitic and stearic), their sodium salts, other choline compounds including choline chloride, phosphorylcholine and acetylcholine either do not have any effect or are inhibitory. Acetylcholine, even in the presence of SM and PC, is strongly inhibitory (70%).
Constraints on the Abundance of Highly Ionized Protocluster Regions from the Absence of Large Voids in the Lyα Forest

Energetic feedback processes during the formation of galaxy clusters may have heated and ionized the majority of the intergalactic gas in protocluster regions. When such a highly ionized superbubble falls along the sight line to a background quasar, it would be seen as a large void with little or no absorption in the Lyα forest. We examine the spectra of 137 quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to search for such voids and find no clear evidence of their existence. The size distribution of voids in the range 5 A Δλ 70 A (corresponding to physical sizes of 3 h-1 L 35 h-1 comoving Mpc) is consistent with the standard model for the Lyα forest without additional ionized bubbles. We adapt a physical model for H II bubble growth during cosmological reionization to describe the expected size distribution of ionized superbubbles at z ~ 3. This model incorporates the conjoining of bubbles around individual neighboring galaxies. Using the nondetection of voids, we find that models in which the volume filling factor of ionized bubbles exceeds ~20% at z ~ 3 can be ruled out, primarily because they overproduce the number of large (40-50 A) voids. We conclude that any preheating mechanism that explains galaxy cluster observations must avoid heating the low-density gas in the protocluster regions, either by operating relatively recently (z 3) or by increasing entropy primarily in high-density regions.
Some generalized fractional calculus operators and their applications in integral equations

In this paper, we survey some generalizations of fractional integrals and derivatives and present some of their properties. Using these properties, we show that many integral equations can be solved in a much elegant way. We believe that this will blur the distinction between the integral and differential equations, and provide a systematic approach for the two of these classes.
The mechanics of atherosclerotic plaque rupture by inclusion/matrix interfacial decohesion

Histological investigation along with finite element analysis of arterial wall/atherosclerotic plaque geometries indicates the paradoxical result that ruptures often occur at sites with predicted stresses of half the plaque cap strength. Recent experiments have revealed calcified cells within the cap suggesting that these inclusions, situated close to the cap/luminal blood surface, precipitate rupture at low nominal loads by concentrating stress. In this paper, we investigate the proposition that rupture at low nominal loads occurs by (possibly brittle) decohesion of the calcification/cap interface followed by tearing of cap tissue. A novel boundary value problem is analyzed consisting of a remotely loaded linear elastic layer (extracellular matrix cap) containing a rigid spherical inclusion (calcified cell) that interacts with it through a nonlinear structural interface which models the binding of the calcified cell to the extracellular matrix via integrin receptor proteins. Equilibrium solutions are obtained from equations derived from the Boussinesq potentials for spherical domains. Results indicate a brittle character to the rupture process with the size of the domains between the inclusion center and the matrix surfaces determining the concentration of stress. For an inclusion close to a surface the abrupt unloading of the interface during brittle decohesion produces a sharp spike in circumferential stress. We conjecture that when this dynamic stress exceeds the cap strength, tearing occurs followed by thrombus formation and possibly infarction.
Fracture Behavior of Multilayer Silicon Nitride/Boron Nitride Ceramics

The fracture behavior of multilayer Si3N4/BN ceramics in bending has been studied. The materials were prepared by a process of tape casting, coating, laminating, and hot pressing. The Si3N4 layers were separated by thin, weak BN interlayers. Crack patterns in bending bars were examined with a scanning electron microscope. The weak layers deflected cracks in bending and thus prevented catastrophic failure. In one well-aligned multilayer ceramic A, a main crack propagated through the specimen although along a zigzag path. A second multilayer ceramic B was made to simulate a wood grain structure. Its failure was dominated by shear cracking along the weak BN layers. Besides crack deflection, interlock bridging between toothlike layers in the wake of the main crack appeared also to contribute to toughening.
Treatment of Feline Gastrointestinal Small-Cell Lymphoma With Chlorambucil and Glucocorticoids

Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma is the most frequently diagnosed form of lymphoma in the cat and is categorized into two distinct forms based on the size of neoplastic lymphocytes. Treatments for both large- and small-cell GI lymphoma have been described previously; however, multiple chemotherapy protocols were used, a minimal amount of histopathological characterization was provided, and, in most studies, the majority of diagnoses were obtained via endoscopic pinch biopsies. Twenty-eight cats (24 with full-thickness intestinal biopsies) were diagnosed with small-cell GI lymphoma and treated with a combination of chlorambucil and glucocorticoids. The majority of cases were strongly CD3+, and many displayed epitheliotropism. The overall clinical response rate was 96%, with a median clinical remission duration of 786 days. Follow-up identified seven cats with relapsed disease-all of which were treated with a rescue protocol of cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids; the response rate was 100%, and four of the 28 cats were diagnosed with a second malignancy.
Teaching introductory programming for engineers in an interactive classroom

This paper reports the authors' experiences in teaching introductory programming for engineers in an interactive classroom.. The authors describe how the course has evolved from the traditional course, the structure of the classroom, the choice of software, and the elements involving interactive, active, and collaborative learning. They discuss their strategy for assessment. They describe the assessment results including a retrospective assessment of the previous course. They suggest how the course relates to the nontraditional student. They conclude with some suggestions for future modifications.
Training Anatomy Recognition Through Repetitive Viewing of Laparoscopic Surgery Video Clips

ys.virginia.edu/hci This study evaluated the use of a video-based training environment, to support training the perceptual “rules” necessary for situation assessment during laparoscopic surgery. The training system shows multiple examples of procedural steps using edited laparoscopic surgery videos to enforce absorption, expose the learner to varied anatomy, and stress crucial maneuvers. A between-subjects experiment with 30 medical students showed a ten percent increase in cognitive skills as measured by pretest/posttest sets of test questions as compared to a control group who had access to the same videos but in an unstructured format for the same amount of time (pc.05). This difference was attributed primarily to improvements in perceptual judgments, as opposed to improvements in procedural, strategic, declarative or counterexample knowledge. This study shows that video repetition is a potential means for training perceptual rule-based skills in an effective and efficient manner.
Investor Inattention and Friday Earnings Announcements

Does limited attention among investors affect stock returns? We compare the response to earnings announcements on Friday, when investor inattention is more likely, to the response on other weekdays. If inattention influences stock prices, we should observe less immediate response and more drift for Friday announcements. Indeed, Friday announcements have a 15% lower immediate response and a 70% higher delayed response. A portfolio investing in differential Friday drift earns substantial abnormal returns. In addition, trading volume is 8% lower around Friday announcements. These findings support explanations of post-earnings announcement drift based on underreaction to information caused by limited attention.
Between Great Men and Leadership: William James on the Importance of Individuals

In the 1880s, William James argued that individuals do make a difference in history, and that the study of influential people is a defensible academic pursuit. The literature on leadership today raises three distinct challenges to his position: (a) that everyone is a leader, (b) that no one is a leader, and (c) that leadership is self-leadership. To avoid confusion, educators should look closer at the arguments, not only for historical reasons. There are sound theoretical, conceptual, and psychological reasons, for teachers and students alike to look closer at his argument.
Two-link failure protection in WDM mesh networks with p-cycles

In WDM networks, it is important to protect connections against link failures due to the high bandwidth provided by a fiber link. Although many p-cycle based schemes have been proposed for single-link failure protection, protection against two-link failures have not received much attention. In this paper, we propose p-cycle based protection schemes for two-link failures. We formulate an ILP model for the p-cycle design problem for static traffic. We also propose two protection schemes for dynamic traffic, namely SPPP (Shortest Path Pair Protection) and SFPP (Short Full Path Protection). Simulation results show that SFPP is more capacity efficient than SPPP under incremental traffic. Under dynamic traffic, SPPP has lower blocking than SFPP when the traffic load is low and has higher blocking than SFPP when the traffic load is high.
A note on convergence problems in numerical techniques for accelerated life-testing analysis

Numerical solutions to determine maximum-likelihood estimators of parameters use a variety of techniques such as Newton-Raphson, Hook-Jeeves, and steepest ascent. All of these methods are subject to convergence difficulties that frequently occur in simulation studies. A tested and tried transformation for a variety of likelihood functions, and for the above mentioned numerical techniques, is introduced. The transformation is recommended for situations in which convergence difficulties are encountered. >
The enigmatic appeal of sexual masochism: Why people desire pain, bondage, and humiliation in sex

Masochism involves the desire for and enjoyment of sexual experiences involving pain, loss of control, and humiliation. Empirical findings about masochism are reviewed, and an integrative theory is proposed based on the notion that masochism fosters an escape from the stressful awareness of one's ordinary identity.
Learning against multiple opponents

We address the problem of learning in repeated n-player (as opposed to 2-player) general-sum games, paying particular attention to the rarely addressed situation in which there are a mixture of agents of different types. We propose new criteria requiring that the agents employing a particular learning algorithm work together to achieve a joint best-response against a target class of opponents, while guaranteeing they each achieve at least their individual security-level payoff against any possible set of opponents. We then provide algorithms that provably meet these criteria for two target classes: stationary strategies and adaptive strategies with a bounded memory. We also demonstrate that the algorithm for stationary strategies outperforms existing algorithms in tests spanning a wide variety of repeated games with more than two players.
Symmetry and High Magnetic Moment Clusters

High-spin 13-atom transition metal cluster are studied using the linear-combination-of-Gaussian-type-orbital, local-density-functional, all-electron method. The high degeneracy associated with high symmetry is exploited to find geometry optimized clusters that have the highest contribution by spin to the magnetic moment subject to a constraint. The constraint is that the cluster not distort by the Jahn-Teller mechanism and thus have the lowest possible orbital-angular-momentum component of the magnetic moment. Pure 13-atom nickel and iron clusters are approximately icosahedral because of increased symmetry-required orbital degeneracy for electrons of different spins in this largest point group. The central atom of the icosahedral iron cluster has been varied to optimize the spin of the cluster keeping the orbital contribution to the magnetic moment quenched. Varying the central atom under this constraint can alter the magnetic moment by 20%, relative to the pure iron cluster.
Development of Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Electro-Optical-Mechanical Cables for Use With Moored Buoy Observatories

We consider an alternative to traditional high-modulus synthetic electro-optical-mechanical (EOM) mooring cables that are being used in single-point moorings for deep-ocean observatories. The alternative cable design is based on using low-modulus nylon or polyester fibers as the strength member. High-modulus EOM cables such as those that use Vectran fibers as the strength member are usually constructed with the conductors and optical fibers in the core and the strength member on the outside. The key aspect of the new design is that the strength member is placed in the center of the cable and the conductors and fibers are wrapped around the outside at a high helix angle to accommodate stretching of the center-strength-member. A comparison of the static and dynamic responses of moorings constructed with nylon, polyester, and Vectran EOM cables (for mooring scopes of 1.1 and 1.2 and deployment depths of 1800, 3000, and 5000 m) shows that the maximum total tensions of moorings made with nylon EOM cables are lowest under all conditions. Differences between the nylon and the Vectran EOM cable moorings are due principally to the differences in the dynamic tensions. Differences between the nylon and the polyester EOM cable moorings are due mainly to differences in static tensions caused by the higher specific gravity of polyester fibers. Reduction in the scope of all the moorings from 1.2 to 1.1 resulted in significantly higher tensions for the polyester and Vectran EOM cable moorings but only slightly higher tensions for the nylon EOM cable moorings