cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition by indomethacin of adaptive changes in the contralateral kidney after release of unilateral ureteral occlusion

Over the past several years, the pathophysiologic alterations in obstructive nephropathy have received considerable attention [1]. In most instances, the changes that occur during the period of ureteral occlusion or immediately after release of obstruction have been studied. The alterations in renal hemodynamics and function differ considerably in animals subjected to acute unilateral ureteral occlusion (UUO) and those subjected to bilateral ureteral occlusion (BUO) [1–3). In animals subjected to UUO, the contralateral unoperated kidney is frequently used as a control organ [1]. Although the compensatory changes that occur after the loss of renal function or mass are well known, the adaptive alterations in renal function and hemodynamics that occur in the contralateral kidney after release of UUO have not been well delineated, and the mechanisms responsible for those changes are unknown. During the investigations of the pattern of recovery from an obstructive renal injury, we noted previously undescribed adaptive changes in the contralateral kidney that occurred 24 hours after release of UUO. The present study was designed (1) to delineate the adaptive changes in the contralateral kidney after release of UUO, (2) to compare those adaptive changes to the compensatory changes that occur following the loss of renal mass or function, and (3) to determine if the adaptive changes could be altered by the infusion of indomethacin.
An energy-based constitutive model for anisotropic solids subject to damage

Abstract This paper presents an energy-based constitutive model for anisotropic solids. The model attempts to characterize initial anisotropic elastic response, elastic degradation due to anisotropic damage microcracking, yield and subsequent plastic flow, and material failure. The theory treats three-dimensional anisotropic materials subject to small strains. The treatment of anisotropic damage microcracking is approached from a macroscopic perspective. The generalized Hooke's law can be written in tensorial form in six-dimensional space. The six eigenvalues of the compliance tensor are then constants of proportionality between the stress and strain eigenvectors. Further, the strain energy stored in an anisotropic solid can be additively decomposed into six independent, non-interacting energy modes. Damage, characterized by a symmetrical second rank tensor, is postulated to grow when the energy level in any such mode reaches a critical value. The rate of damage growth is formulated in terms of the energy modes. The yield conditions are formulated in terms of the second invariants of the eigenstresses. An associated flow rule is developed. Material failure is assumed to occur when any one of the energy modes reaches a critical threshold. A numerical algorithm is used to solve the rate constitutive equations. The proposed constitutive model is compared to uniaxial stress-strain data and biaxial failure data for orthotropic paperboard. The model predicts the stress-strain response of this nonlinear material with reasonable accuracy. In the case of biaxial loading, the failure predictions are fairly consistent with the failure data in three of the four quadrants of the stress space.
Comparative evaluation of background characterization techniques for hyperspectral unstructured matched filter target detection

Algorithms exploiting hyperspectral imagery for target detection have continually evolved to provide improved detection results. Adaptive matched filters, which may be derived in many different fields, can be used to locate spectral targets by modeling the scene background as either structured (i.e., geometric, with endmembers or basis vectors) or unstructured (i.e., stochastic, with a mean and covariance matrix). In unstructured techniques, various methods of calculating the background covariance matrix have been developed, each involving either the removal of target signatures from the background model or the appropriate choice of a subset of the image to be used as training data based on spatial or spectral characteristics. The objective of these methods is to derive a background which matches the source of mixture interference for the detection of sub-pixel targets, or matches the source of false alarms in the scene for the detection of fully resolved targets. In addition, these techniques may increase the multivariate normality of the data from which the background is characterized, thus increasing adherence to the normality assumption inherent in the matched filter and ultimately improving target detection results. Such techniques for improved background characterization are widely practiced but not well understood or documented. This work describes in detail several methods for unstructured background characterization, both new methods and those taken from the literature. A comparison of methods across a common set of targets is presented. Training data are chosen either spatially, spectrally, or both prior to estimation of the background statistics. Evaluation of the methods indicates that consistent improvements over scene-wide statistics can be achieved through such spatial or spectral subsetting of the image data. However, results are not conclusive as to the overall "best" method for all targets in the test set.
A LINAC-DRIVEN FEMTOSECOND POLARIZED X-RAY SOURCE

In recent months a novel femtosecond X-ray source, the Sub-Picosecond Photon Sourcxe (SPPS), has been commissioned at SLAC. The source consists of moderate-emittance electron bunches extracted from the SLAC Damping Rings, an acceleration through the SLAC 3km linac up to ~28 GeV, compression through an initial compressor chicane followed by further compression through an existing SLAC dogleg in the Final Focus Test Beam (FFTB) tunnel, and generation of X-ray pulses of about the same temporal length (~80 fs) by an APS-built 28 period transverse undulator. In this note we consider the possibility of extending the capabilities of the SPPS to produce femtosecond pulses of arbitrary polarization, which would enable the impulsive excitation and study of ultrafast magnetic phenomena, a field hitherto inaccessible to experimental science. An analysis of the expected performance of the proposed source together with requirements for linac operation are presented.
Classification and unfolding of degenerate Hopf bifurcations with O(2) symmetry: no distinguished parameter

Abstract The Hopf bifurcation in the presence of O(2) symmetry is considered. When the bifurcation breaks the symmetry, the critical imaginary eigenvalues have multiplicity two and generically there are two primary branches of periodic orbits which bifurcate simultaneously. In applications these correspond to rotating (traveling) waves and standing waves. Using equivariant singularity theory a classification of all such bifurcations up to and including codimension three is presented. No distinguished parameter is assumed. The universal unfoldings reveal the existence of both 2-tori and 3-tori; corresponding to quasiperiodic waves with two and three independent frequencies, respectively.
Intrinsic Stability of Periodic Orbits

Families of orbits of a conservative, two degree-of-freedom system are represented by an unsteady velocity field with componentsu(x, y, t) andv(x, y, t). Intrinsic stability properties depend on velocity field divergence and curl, whose dynamical evolution is determined by a matrix Riccati equation. Near equilibrium, divergence-free or irrotational fields are dynamically compatible with the conservative force field. It is shown that a necessary condition for stable periodic orbits is satisfied when the orbitaveraged divergence is zero, which results in bounded normal variations. A sufficient condition for stability is derived from the requirement that tangential variations do not exhibit secular growth.
Bordering Community: Reclaiming Ambiguity as a Transgressive Landscape of Knowledge

Critically investigating the concept of community, this article explores some of the ideological and epistemological frameworks that have defined both the potentialities and the limitations of comm...
A Fuzzy Markov Model for scalable reliability analysis of Advanced Metering Infrastructure

The capabilities of smart meters and the potential vulnerabilities they introduce make the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) a critical components of the Smart Grid. A virus propagating among meters and massively issuing remote disconnect commands could have catastrophic consequences. To understand and assess the risk posed by a given set of meter devices getting compromised, we introduce a novel modeling approach based on fuzzy Markov chain. Markov modeling is one of the main approaches used to analyze the reliability of critical systems. Markov models are usually analyzed using mathematical approaches or Monte-Carlo Simulation. For large and complex systems, traditional Markov models suffer from the state explosion problem and quickly become intractable. The key idea of our approach to solve this issue in the context of the smart grid is to leverage the hierarchical topology of AMI to build a high-level model where components represent Neighborhood Area Networks (NAN) instead of individual meters. The fuzzy Markov formalism enables our solution to take into account gradual component degradation. We propose a Fuzzy Markov Model (FMM) for reliability analysis of a Smart Grid. The reliability of each NAN is represented by a number in [0, 1] which denotes the state of that component in the FMM.We define the transition probabilities between states of the fuzzy Markov model based on the fuzzy time-to-failure value for each NAN. We utilize the Fuzzy Monte Carlo Simulation (FMCS) approach to calculate the fuzzy time-to-failure value of each NAN. Our proposed method enables us to assess the reliability of the entire AMI at the meter level while keeping the model manageable.
Three years of alendronate treatment results in similar levels of vertebral microdamage as after one year of treatment.

Three years of daily alendronate treatment increases microdamage in vertebral bone but does not significantly increase it beyond levels of microdamage found after 1 yr of treatment. This suggests microdamage accumulation peaks during the early period of bisphosphonate treatment and does not continue to accumulate with longer periods of treatment. Introduction: Clinically relevant doses of alendronate increase vertebral microdamage by 4- to 5-fold in skeletally mature beagles after 1 yr of treatment. The goal of this study was to determine whether microdamage would continue to accumulate with 3 yr of alendronate treatment in an intact beagle dog model. Materials and Methods: One-year-old female beagles were treated with daily oral doses of vehicle (VEH, 1 ml/kg/d) or alendronate (ALN, 0.2 or 1.0 mg/kg/d) for 3 yr. These ALN doses were chosen to approximate, on a milligram per kilogram basis, those used to treat osteoporosis (ALN0.2) and Paget's disease (ALN1.0). Microdamage accumulation, static and dynamic histomorphometry, densitometry, and mechanical properties of lumbar vertebrae were assessed. Comparisons were made among the three groups treated for 3 yr and also within each treatment group to animals treated under the same conditions for 1 yr. Results: Overall microdamage accumulation (crack surface density) was not significantly higher in animals treated for 3 yr with either dose of ALN, whereas crack density increased significantly (100%; p < 0.05) with the higher dose of ALN compared with VEH. Both ALN doses significantly suppressed the rate of bone turnover (−60% versus VEH). There was no difference among groups for any of the structural biomechanical properties-ultimate load, stiffness, or energy absorption. However, when adjusted for areal BMD, ALN-treated animals had significantly lower energy absorption (−20%) compared with VEH. Toughness, the energy absorption capacity of the bone tissue, was significantly lower than VEH for both ALN0.2 (−27%) and ALN1.0 (−33%). Compared with animals treated for 1 yr, there was no significant difference in microdamage accumulation for either ALN dose. VEH-treated animals had significantly lower bone turnover (−58%) and significantly higher levels of microdamage (+300%) compared with values in 1-yr animals. Toughness was significantly lower in animals treated for 3 yr with ALN1.0 (−18%) compared with animals treated for 1 yr, whereas there was no difference in toughness between the two treatment durations for either VEH or ALN0.2. Conclusions: Although 3 yr of ALN treatment resulted in higher microcrack density in vertebral trabecular bone compared with control dogs, the amount of microdamage was not significantly higher than animals treated for 1 yr with similar doses. This suggests that bisphosphonate-associated increases in microdamage occur early in treatment. Because toughness continued to decline significantly over 3 yr of treatment at the higher ALN dose, decreases in toughness are probably not dependent on damage accumulation.
Missions, Matrices, and University Management: Comment

The article reports the author's opinions regarding the article “Missions, Matrices, and University Management,” by Paul W. Hamelman, published in the March 1970 issue. The author focuses on critiq...
Cerebral venous thrombosis: another heparin controversy.

See related article, p 298. Results from clinical studies and advances in radiological diagnosis during the past 20 years have significantly altered the management of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), with resultant improvement in overall prognosis and decreased mortality. Although the efficacy of anticoagulation in CVT has not been unequivocally proven, it is widely used as the mainstay therapy. There is a pathophysiological rationale to recommend the use of anticoagulation in CVT. Occlusion of cerebral venous system impairs blood outflow from the brain, resulting in increased intracranial and capillary pressure and subsequently intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The use of anticoagulation can theoretically prevent thrombus propagation, facilitate recanalization of the occluded venous sinus, and improve venous outflow. Scattered case reports and series in the literature described the successful use of heparin in CVT since the 1940s.1,2 In the early 1990s, Einhaupl et al3 performed the first randomized controlled study: 20 patients with CVT were randomized to a placebo versus heparin. Patients treated with heparin showed significant improvement; all of the heparin-treated patients survived, and 80% had a complete clinical recovery after 3 months. No new cases of ICH occurred after initiation of heparin. Einhaupl et al3 also reported their retrospective experience in 43 patients with CVT with ICH; 27 patients were treated with intravenous heparin after the ICH. Of these, 15% of patients died compared with 69% of patients who did not receive heparin, and …
Hydrodynamics of a uniform liquid-fluidized bed containing a binary mixture of particles

Abstract This paper examines the steady state hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed of two particle species, having different diameters and densities. Steady state mixing solutions of the volume-averaged equations of motion for the fluid and particles are sought. An expression for the fluid–particle interactive force (in the mixture) is postulated to close the continuum equations of motion using an excluded volume assumption. Solutions to the equations are found for a fluidized bed of glass beads and carbon char in water. It is shown that the solution sets not only characterize the composition and expansion behavior of the mixing states, but also provide a description of the observed phenomenon of “layer inversion”. The model identifies three possible layer inversion scenarios, one of which has been observed experimentally. Comparison with experimental data suggest that the hydrodynamic mechanism of fluid–particle interaction is not fully captured with an excluded volume assumption. Thus, we show how experimental data can be used to derive functional forms for expressing the complex hydrodynamic behavior within the framework of the model.
A Recyclable Ru-Based Metathesis Catalyst

A Ru carbene (8, Scheme 2) that contains an internal metal−oxygen chelate is an active metathesis catalyst and is readily obtained by the sequential treatment of Cl2Ru(PPh3)3 with (2-isopropoxyphenyl)diazomethane and PCy3. This Ru-carbene complex offers excellent stability to air and moisture and can be recycled in high yield by silica gel column chromatography. The structures of this and related complexes have been unambiguously established by NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Actively decoupled transmit–receive coil‐pair for mouse brain MRI

A low-cost, high performance RF coil-pair for MR imaging of mouse brain is described. A surface receiving coil is used for high spin-sensitivity, while a larger transmit coil, located outside the mouse holder, delivers good B1 uniformity across the brain with reasonable efficiency. The volume coil is constructed with an open architecture, making experimental setup easy and providing clear access to the head of the mouse. Each coil is switched between active and inactive modes using PIN diodes driven by a small amplifier external to the spectrometer. Because of this active decoupling, there is no requirement for orthogonal orientation of the coils. The coil pair is platform independent, requiring only a transmit/receive (T/R) signal to switch the amplifier that drives the PIN diodes, and can therefore be used with virtually any commercial or home-built MR scanner.
Effects of toluene inhalation on brain biogenic amines in the rat

Abstract The effects of toluene exposure on the biogenic amine concentrations in the central nervous system were investigated in the rat. Toluene was administered via inhalation to groups of rats at concentrations of 0, 100, 300, or 1000 ppm. After an 8-h continuous exposure, animals were sacrificed and whole brain concentrations of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were determined. The data indicated a significant increase in whole brain concentrations of DA following the 100-ppm exposure. A regional analysis of DA, NE, and 5-HT concentrations in rats exposed to 1000 ppm of toluene for 8-h indicated a significant increase in DA concentration in the striatum. A significant increase in NE concentrations was detected in the medulla and midbrain while 5-HT concentrations were significantly increased in the cerebellum, medulla, and striatum. These results indicate that toluene action results in elevated concentrations of behaviorally significant neurotransmitters.
Zoledronic acid inhibits macrophage SOCS3 expression and enhances cytokine production

Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) has multiple functions including inhibition of Janus kinase activity, regulation of protein degradation, and suppression of cytokine signaling. SOCS3 modulates macrophage response to cytokines such as IL-6 and leptin that are systemically induced in obesity. Obesity is a suspected risk factor for SOCS3-related pathology such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease as well as zoledronic acid (ZA)-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Thus, understanding the ability of bisphosphonates to modulate SOCS3 is necessary to qualify their contribution to these disorders. ONJ occurs in up to 10% of patients using intravenous bisphosphonates and has an unknown pathogenesis that may be linked to decreased bone turnover, altered vascularity, bacterial invasion, and compromised wound healing. Given the increased risk of ONJ with obesity and importance of macrophages in wound healing, we hypothesized that amino-bisphosphonates could contribute to the pathogenesis of ONJ by regulating macrophage responses to cytokines such as leptin and IL-6. We report that zoledronic acid is a novel inhibitor of SOCS3 in primary macrophages and human ONJ biopsy specimens. Inhibition of SOCS3 by ZA resulted in significant increases in IL-6 production. SOCS3 transcription is regulated by nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated-Stat3 (P-Stat3). We found that ZA decreased phosphorylation of Stat3 in a mevalonate-pathway dependent manner. However, restoration of P-Stat3 was not sufficient to correct SOCS3 inhibition. We propose that disruption of macrophage SOCS3 expression by amino-bisphosphonates such as ZA may be a novel contributor to inflammatory phenotypes in obesity and the pathogenesis of ONJ.
A tectonic view of the moon: Part I

Abstract The process of mountain chain development is a key to basic continental geology, and specifically to the many modes of origin of the variety of common continental rocks. The process is activated from the interior of the earth by agencies of undetermined character that are the focus of present and future hypotheses. The moon, though having “mountains”, lacks mountain chains analogous to ours and therefore appears to lack the interior dynamism that is ours. Lunar geology is not terrestrial geology, and hence lunar rocks are not terrestrial continental rock types. By comparison at least, the moon is geologically strange and almost static.
Parameterized compact model synthesis based on sonnet electromagnetic analysis data

Sonnet® can synthesize compact lumped models based on electromagnetic analysis results. Synthesis equations have been derived for 662 two-terminal lumped RLC networks. For a given electromagnetic analysis derived impedance or admittance frequency characteristic, each of the 662 two-terminal networks is synthesized based on data at only a few frequencies. Then, of all the synthesized networks, the network which best matches the frequency characteristic at non-synthesis frequencies is selected. This means that for a 2-port Pi-network, which uses three two-terminal networks, the synthesis solution space includes over 300 million possible topologies. In addition, the resulting compact lumped models can be parameterized. A parameterized lumped model for the input impedance of a planer microstrip dipole illustrates the technique.
Influence of the zeta potential on the dispersability and purification of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

We report a systematic study of the purification of nitric acid treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by centrifugation at constant pH. The progress of the purification procedure was followed by estimating the purity by solution-phase near-infrared spectroscopy, and it was found that the sediment obtained by centrifugation at pH 2 had the highest purity. The stability of the aqueous dispersions of SWNTs and carbonaceous impurities (CIMP) after nitric acid treatment was investigated by measuring their ζ potential and the concentration of acidic sites. We found that, at lower pH, the CIMP has a higher ζ potential than nitric acid treated SWNTs, and it is this factor that allowed the separation of the carbonaceous impurities via centrifugation and the concomitant purification of the SWNTs.
THE DEMAND FOR BEVERAGES AND INTERBEVERAGE SUBSTITUTION IN THE UNITED STATES

The analysis in this paper is directed at measuring the substitution between seven beverages consumed in the United States with the objective of shedding some light on just what is the relevant market for antitrust purposes. With regard to the overall beverage market considerations, there is a clear indication that consumers do substitute between different types of beverages. What must be subjectively resolved, however, is whether the extent of the indicated substitution is of significant enough magnitude to infer that two different beverages are in the same product market.
Secularism, multiculturalism and same‐sex marriage: a comment on Brenda Almond’s ‘Education for tolerance’

Although Almond argues that the contemporary West has lost touch with the value of tolerance, I argue that that value applied to those of different religions and sexual orientations is too minimal a standard for a pluralistic society. I suggest, in the spirit of the work of Charles Taylor and Tariq Modood, the more robust standard of respect and acceptance. In addition, I have criticised Almond’s privileging of parental values over school values, seeing in that privileging a failure to recognise both the civic function of schooling in a pluralistic society and the professional responsibilities of teachers to provide a safe and stigma‐free environment of learning (a goal both educational and civic in character). I argue that Almond’s briefly presented rejection of same‐sex marriage and privileging of ‘biological’ families is insufficiently defended. Moreover within the philosophical framework of her own concerns about the weakening of a commitment to marriage in Western society in the past several decades,...
Suppressing Wnt Signaling by the Hedgehog Pathway through sFRP-1

The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is essential for embryonic development and carcinogenesis. Activation of Hh signaling has been identified in several types of gastrointestinal cancers, including esophageal, gastric, pancreatic, and liver cancers. Several recent studies suggest that Hh signaling activation can inhibit Wnt signaling. However, the molecular basis underlying this inhibition remains unclear. As transcription factors in the Hh signaling pathway, Gli molecules transform cells in culture, and their expression are associated with cancer development. Here we report that expression of a secreted frizzled-related protein-sFRP-1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts is dependent on Gli1 and Gli2. In human gastric cancer cells, inhibition of Hh signaling reduces the level of sFRP-1 transcript, whereas ectopic expression of Gli1 increases the level of sFRP-1 transcript. Results from chromatin immunoprecipitation indicate that Gli1 is involved in transcriptional regulation of sFRP-1. In 293 cells with Gli1 expression, Wnt-1-mediated β-catenin accumulation in the cytosol and DKK1 expression are all abrogated, which can be reversed by inhibiting sFRP-1 expression. Furthermore, while SIIA cells do not respond to Wnt-1-conditioned medium, inhibition of Hh signaling by smoothened (SMO) antagonist KAAD-cyclopamine (keto-N-aminoethylaminocaproyldihydrocinnamoylcyclopamine) leads to Wnt1-mediated β-catenin accumulation in the cytosol. These data indicate that sFRP-1, a target gene of the hedgehog pathway, is involved in cross-talk between the hedgehog pathway and the Wnt pathway.
Discriminative stimulus control with olanzapine: generalization to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine.

The present study was conducted to determine if the putative atypical antipsychotic olanzapine could be established as a discriminative stimulus in rats. Seven rats were successfully trained to discriminate olanzapine (0.5 mg/kg, IP) from vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination procedure (mean number of acquisition sessions=39.3). Generalization testing with olanzapine (0.0625–2.0 mg/kg) yielded an ED50 of 0.170 mg/kg (95% confidence interval=0.118–0.246 mg/kg). The atypical antipsychotic clozapine (0.156–10.0 mg/kg) fully substituted for olanzapine in all rats at the 2.5 mg/kg dose with 99.0% drug-lever responding, in six rats at the 0.625 mg/kg dose, and in five rats at the 1.25 and 5.0 mg/kg doses (ED50=0.259 mg/kg, 95% confidence interval=0.089–0.755 mg/kg). This study is the first demonstration that rats can be trained to discriminate olanzapine from vehicle in a two-lever drug discrimination procedure and that the olanzapine discrimination cue generalizes to clozapine.
Unmasking the osteoinductive effects of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase (GRK) inhibitor by treatment with PTH(1-34).

The effects of GPCR systems in bone are regulated by a family of enzymes termed GRKs. We found that (1) GRK inhibition in osteoblasts has age-dependent effects on bone mass, and (2) the anabolic actions of GRK inhibition are revealed by treatment with PTH(1–34). Introduction: The effects of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems in bone are modulated by a family of enzymes termed GPCR kinases (GRKs). These enzymes directly phosphorylate GPCR substrate and desensitize receptor signaling. We previously found that expression of a GRK inhibitor in osteoblasts using transgenic (TG) technologies enhanced bone remodeling, and in turn, increased BMD in 6-week-old TG mice compared with non-TG littermate controls, presumably because of enhanced GPCR function. The aim of this study was to determine the age-dependent effects of the transgene. Materials and Methods: BMD was monitored in TG mice and in controls at 6-week, 3-month, and 6-month time-points. To determine if the transgene enhanced responsiveness of bone to parathyroid hormone (PTH), we measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation by mouse calvaria ex vivo as well as the effects of treatment with PTH(1–34) on BMD, bone histomorphometry, and expression of the PTH-responsive gene RANKL in both TG mice and non-TG controls. Results: Consistent with our previous findings, we found that BMD was increased in TG mice compared with controls at 6 weeks of age. The increase in BMD was most prominent in trabecular-rich lumbar spine and was not observed in cortical bone of the femoral shaft. In contrast to younger animals, however, BMD in older TG mice was not statistically different compared with non-TG mice at 3 months of age and was similar to non-TG animals at 6 months of age. The GRK inhibitor seemed to promote GPCR activation in older mice, however, because (1) PTH-induced cAMP generation by mouse calvaria ex vivo was enhanced in TG mice compared with controls, (2) GRK inhibition increased responsiveness of lumbar spine to the osteoinductive actions of PTH(1–34), and (3) the enhanced anabolic effect of PTH(1–34) was associated with increased expression of the PTH-responsive gene RANKL in calvaria of the TG animals. Bone histomorphometry confirmed that PTH(1–34) increased trabecular bone volume in TG mice and found that this increase in bone mass was caused by enhanced bone formation, predominantly as a result of an increase in the mineral apposition rate (MAR). Conclusions: These data suggest that the anabolic effects of GRK inhibition are age dependent. The osteoinductive actions of the GRK inhibitor are, however, unmasked by treatment with PTH(1–34).
Educating student pharmacists about herbal medicines: faculty-librarian collaboration.

Abstract Objective: To determine the impact of the teaching collaboration between faculty and librarians in instructing pharmacy students on herbal medicines. Methods: An elective course with an integrated library instruction component is described. Qualitative data on students’ perceptions of library instruction were collected and analysed as the result of pre- and post-surveys. Results: Based on the results of pre-test and post-test surveys, the number of students who felt they were able to select the best print and electronic resources for finding herbal information increased to 100% from 50 and 60 correspondingly. This indicated a significant change in students’ perceived knowledge of information sources in the field of herbal medicine, as well as overall progress in information literacy and problem-solving skills. Conclusion: Team teaching by faculty librarians is an effective way of educating future pharmacists on the information resources in the field of complementary and alternative therapies.
Comparison of spatial and temporal variations in p-PAH, BC, and p-PAH/BC ratio in six US counties

Abstract An ambient air monitoring campaign was performed in six counties (Sacramento, CA; Maricopa, AZ; Anoka, MN; Jefferson, KY; Harris, TX; and Pinellas, FL) between January 2008 and September 2009. The purpose of this paper is to compare the spatial and temporal variability of black carbon (BC) and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs), across these counties using continuous monitoring instruments – an Aethalometer and a Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor reporting in units of μg m −3 and fA, respectively. We explored temporal trends in these measurements to assess the potential impact of local combustion sources on air quality. Median BC concentrations ranged from 0.13 to 0.53 μg m −3 ; and median p-PAH values ranged from 0.31 to 4.18 fA. Hourly BC and p-PAH were elevated during morning rush hour and rapidly decreased later in the morning. Nighttime increases in BC and p-PAH were also observed in most counties. Diurnal patterns of BC and p-PAH were different on weekdays compared to weekends. Profiles of hourly ratios of p-PAH/BC in combination with meteorological data can provide insight into potential sources across the sites. Hourly ratios of p-PAH/BC which peaked during early morning and late afternoon hours suggest a dominating contribution of motor vehicle sources in four of the six counties. In two counties, hourly ratios remained elevated for several hours after rush hour and did not show a distinctive peak suggesting additional sources of BC and p-PAH. Such profiles were seen in both Jefferson KY and Harris TX, and may be attributed to coal combustion, petro-chemical industry and shipping activities, respectively. These results suggest that measurements of BC and p-PAH, combined with meteorological information and emission data are potentially useful to identify combustion sources impacting air quality. More research combining BC and p-PAH measurements with detailed source apportionment data is needed to more fully evaluate the utility of these real-time measures.
Germicidal Efficiency of Some Medicinal Dyes Compared to a Group of Non-Dye Disinfectants

SummaryThe dyes as a group are extremely poor germicidal agents. Only the triphenyl methane dyes were capable of killing E. typhosa and Staph. aureus. Brilliant green was the only dye that killed E. typhosa while several killed Staph. aureus but their extremely high toxicity to tissue showed that they are inferior to the better known non-dye germicides. Further work on the dyes is now in progress.
Closing in on type 1 diabetes.

In this issue of the Journal, Martin et al.1 present a striking report of a boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia in whom typical type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus developed at the age of 14 years. This report is of great interest because it shows that type 1 diabetes can develop in the complete absence of B cells and autoantibodies. This is convincing evidence that B cells are not required for the development of this disease and that the principal effector mechanisms are mediated by T cells. Martin et al. showed that the patient's cultured T cells proliferated in response to two . . .
Speech-based navigation and error correction: a comprehensive comparison of two solutions

Speech-based navigation and error correction can serve as a useful alternative for individuals with disabilities that hinder the use of a keyboard and mouse, but existing solutions available in commercial software are still error-prone and time-consuming. This paper discusses two studies conducted with the goal of improving speech-based navigation and error correction techniques. The first study was designed to improve understanding of an innovative speech-based navigation technique: anchor-based navigation. The second study was longitudinal, spanning seven trials, and was intended to provide insights regarding the efficacy of both traditional target/direction-based navigation and anchor-based navigation. Building on earlier studies that employed similar methodologies and interaction solutions, this paper also provides an informal evaluation of a new correction dialogue. Although the two solutions resulted in the same level of efficiency, the underlying strategies adopted were different, and the anchor-based solution allowed participants to generate better quality text and was perceived to be easier to use. These results suggest that the anchor-based solution could be a promising alternative, especially for novice users as they learn how to use speech-based dictation solutions. The findings of these studies need to be further validated with the involvement of users with disabilities.
Perceived threat : Exploring its association with worry and its hypothesized antecedents

Two studies with college student participants (n's=262, 239) examined the relation between perceptions of threat (i.e., perceptions of the probabilities and costs of future undesirable outcomes) and: (a) worry; and (b) hypothesized antecedents of perceived threat. In both studies, higher levels of worrying were associated with higher perceived probability and cost. In Study 2, the association between perceived threat and worrying remained even when taking into account maladaptive worry beliefs and the desire for predictability; in fact, the relation between worrying and worry beliefs and desire for predictability were moderated by perceptions of threat. Higher levels of perceived probability were associated with perceiving oneself and others less favorably, whereas higher levels of perceived cost were associated with higher standards.
The non-existence of autonomous syntax

Abstract Chomsky's claims on the autonomy of syntax are obviously absurd since it can quite easily be shown that semantic features play a role in the functioning of syntactic rules. The relationship between semantics and syntax not only includes the usual conceptions of ‘rule of grammar’ but it also includes rules which show how native speakers express intended meaning through optional assignment of semantic features. However, research shows that the relationship between semantic features and syntactic rules is not simple. Sometimes, low level phenomena obscure this relationship by taking precedence over it.
Interval estimation for the intraclass correlation in dirichlet-multinomial data

When the underlying distribution is discrete with a limited number of categories, methods for interval estimation of the intraclass correlation which assume normality are theoretically inadequate for use. On the basis of large sample theory, this paper develops an asymptotic closed-form interval estimate of the intraclass correlation for the case where there is a natural score associated with each category. This paper employs Monte Carlo simulation to demonstrate that when the underlying intraclass correlation is large, the traditional interval estimator which assumes normality can be misleading. We find that when the number of classes is ≥ 20, the interval estimator proposed here can generally perform reasonably well in a variety of situations. This paper further notes that the proposed interval estimator is invariant with respect to a linear transformation. When the data are on a nominal scale, an extension of the proposed method to account for this case, as well as a discussion on the relationship between the intraclass correlation and a kappa-type measure defined here and on the limitation of the corresponding kappa-type estimator are given.
Host plant stimulation of detoxifying enzymes in a phytophagous insect

Abstract The midgut microsomal aldrin epoxidase of variegated cutworm larvae (Peridroma saucia, Hubner) fed bean or peppermint leaves was up to 10 and 45 times more active, respectively, than that of larvae fed a basic control diet. Large increases in oxidase activity and cytochrome P-450 levels also occurred in larvae fed mint plant constituents such as menthol menthone, α-pinene, and β-pinene. Mint-fed larvae were more tolerant of the insecticide, carbaryl, than bean-fed larvae.
Inconsistency between height-height correlation and power-spectrum functions of scale-invariant surfaces for roughness exponent alpha ~1.

The height-height correlation function H(r) from a scale-invariant surface is compared with the corresponding power-spectrum function W(q) using a variety of mathematical scaling functions. We show that for a non-self-affine surface with the roughness exponent \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}1, one of the asymptotic scaling relations, either H(r)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{r}}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}$ or W(q)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{q}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{d}}$, can be violated. An inconsistency in the values of \ensuremath{\alpha} also exists between H(r) and W(q) when \ensuremath{\alpha}g0.9. The impact on the data analysis using different experimental methods is discussed.
‘Sufficient’ absorption — A quantitative method to replace ‘exhaustive’ absorption☆

Abstract At present, the only guideline for removal of undesired reactivities from an antiserum is that no activity against the cross-reacting (undesired) antigens should remain after exhaustive absorption. Since this guideline sets no upper limit on the amount of undesired antigens required for an exhaustive absorption, waste of possibly precious material and of time in performing multiple sequential absorptions can result. To minimize the quantity of antigen and of experimental work required for an absorption, a quantitative approach is suggested: the antiserum is test-absorbed with various amounts of the undesired antigens, and antibody activity still present against these antigens is then tested. The results can be plotted as a curve by use of Reif's modification of the Von Krogh equation. Thus, the exact amount of undesired antigens sufficient to remove all detectable reactivity against these antigens can be determined. The procedure is termed ‘sufficient’ rather than ‘exhaustive’ absorption, to stress that only detectable amounts (rather than every last trace) of undesirable antibodies have been removed. The nomenclature ‘exhaustive absorption’ gives no indication that any practical attempt to achieve it can hardly escape having the same limitations as ‘sufficient absorption’; it is therefore suggested that the misleading non-quantitative nomenclature ‘exhaustive absorption’ be eliminated from immunological terminology. ‘Sufficient absorption’ has been applied to the absorption of undesired (blood group) antibodies from rabbit antisera to CEA.
A medieval book-burning : Objet d'art as narrative device in the Lai of Guigemar

A fascinating element of Marie de France's literary art involves the description of nonverbal objects or objets d'art. These objects are numerous throughout the Lais and are frequently related in great detail, assuming a narrative role of their own within the diegesis by means of ekphrasis.
On Heuvers’ Logarithmic Functional Equation

ƒ(x + y) - ƒ(x) - ƒ(y) = ƒ(x−1 + y−l) are identical to those of the Cauchy equation ƒ(xy) = ƒ(x) + ƒ(y) when ƒ is a function from the positive real numbers into the reals. In the present article, we prove this equivalence for functions mapping the set of nonzero elements of a field (excluding ℤ2) .
PRESENCE OF FUNCTIONAL NMDA RECEPTORS IN A HUMAN NEUROBLASTOMA CELL LINE

Data are presented that provide convincing evidence for the expression of structurally normal and functional NMDA receptors by acetylcholine-producing human LA-N-2 neuroblastoma cells in culture. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by cloning and DNA sequencing, revealed the presence in these cells of mRNA representing the key subunit, NMDAR1, of the receptor. This mRNA was further demonstrated by Northern analysis to be the same size as that described for human neurons. The neutral red cytotoxicity assay was utilized to examine the influence on these neuroblastoma cells of a 48-h incubation with eitherl-glutamic acid or the specific NMDA agonistN-phthalamoyl-l-glutamic acid (NPG). Cell cytotoxicity was shown by this assay to be increased through incubation with glutamate at 1 and 10 mM by 27 and 37%, and through incubation with NPG at 0.1 and 1 mM by 28 and 46%. A possible mechanism of these toxic effects was further evaluated using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique and the specific NMDA agonists (±)1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACDA) and NPG. Using this procedure, a voltage-dependent tetrodotoxin-sensitive inward sodium current was found to be increased (×1.5) byl-glutamic acid and by both NMDA agonists in the presence of glycine. Another voltage-gated inward current, probably carried by calcium ions, was increased three- to fourfold. Hence, these glutamate activities observed in human LA-N-2 neuroblastoma cells appear to occur through the activation of functional NMDA receptors in much the same way as reported for neurons, and both glutamate and NMDA agonists can be toxic to these neuroblastoma cells. Our findings, therefore, suggest this cell line will provide a model suitable for investigating the mechanisms of NMDA-related long-term potentiation (LTP) in neurons and of the NMDA-related neurotoxic effects of glutamate in disease states that involve a reduction in cholinergic function.
Making Sense of Procedural Fairness: How High Procedural Fairness Can Reduce or Heighten the Influence of Outcome Favorability

I consider the interactive effects of procedural fairness and outcome favorability on people's reactions to organizational decisions. When the dependent variable consists of employees' support for decisions, for decision makers, or for organizations, outcome favorability has less influence when procedural fairness is high rather than low. When the dependent variable consists of employees' self-evaluations, however, outcome favorability has more influence when procedural fairness is high rather than low. Explanations, implications, and future research directions are discussed.
Oligomeric cyanate ester resins: Application of a modified Ullmann synthesis in the preparation of thermosetting polymers

New multiple aromatic ether containing oligomeric cyanate ester resins have been synthesized using a modified Ullmann reaction. The oligomeric monomers were prepared by reacting resorcinol and 1,3- or 1,4-dibromobenzene in the presence of potassium carbonate and a catalytic amount of a copper(I) complex in a N,N-dimethylformamide/toluene mixture. The hydroxyl terminated intermediates were end-capped with the cyanate moiety by reaction with cyanogen bromide in the presence of triethylamine in dry acetone. The oligomeric cyanate ester monomers are liquid at room temperature, which enhance their processability to polymeric networks. The thermo-oxidative properties were determined for the new cyanate ester polymers as well as their storage modulus. The length of the aromatic ether spacer between the terminal cyanate ester groups was varied to investigate the effect of changing the spacer length on the properties of the material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4559–4565, 2006
Causality calculations in the time domain: An efficient alternative to the Kramers–Kronig method*

The consequences of causality and analyticity are commonly invoked in procedures for determining optical constants from reflectance data using the Kramers–Kronig relation. Here an entirely elementary argument is advanced, which exploits only the parity of Fourier transforms and the vanishing of the impulse response for negative times, and which avoids the concept of analyticity. This leads to a simply understood algorithm for such computations. The new procedure shows large gains of computational efficiency over the classical Kramers–Kronig approach. The method is applied first to model data and compared with exact results; it is then applied to real data and compared with the result obtained by the standard method. Excellent agreement is obtained in all cases.
A Multi-agent Approach Toward the Security Analysis of the 802.11i Handshake Protocol

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are now increasingly deployed because of their low up-front cost, easy network maintenance, robustness, and reliable self coverage. It is important to guarantee the security properties of the WMN to ensure a desired secure system. In this paper, we formally verify the authentication of a WMN. We start with translating a WMN into a multi-agent system (MAS), where each node represents an agent of the MAS. The purpose is to benefit from the existing state-of-the-art verification techniques applicable in the multi-agent domain. We then prove the authentication property of the WMN. Our contributions include: translating a wireless mesh network into a formal multi-agent framework, representing the authentication property as MAS's formal specification, and applying the strand system verification strategy to prove the correctness of MAS's authentication