cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and mechanical properties of direct laser metal deposited Haynes 282 superalloy

Abstract Direct laser metal deposition (LMD) is a directed energy deposition based additive manufacturing process developed for a wide range of applications that are currently employed in aerospace, medical and automotive sectors. In the present study, a 100 mm × 15 mm × 25 mm block of Haynes 282 (HY282) superalloy was fabricated by LMD. The effect of several post-deposition heat-treatments revealed a wide range of strength and ductility of HY282 samples that can be tuned to obtain the best material properties. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-deposited and heat-treated specimens are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray-diffraction (XRD), uniaxial tension test, and micro-hardness measurements. The SEM and XRD investigation revealed the formation of columnar dendrites having [001] growth direction opposite to the heat flow direction during LMD. The as-deposited samples revealed the presence of γ, γ′, Ti and Mo-rich MC, and Mo-rich M6C phases with the strengthening γ′ phase having an average precipitate size of 8.25 nm in the interdendritic region. The EDS investigation revealed the uniform distribution of Ni, Al, Cr, Co in the overall deposit with high segregation of Ti and Mo in the interdendritic regions. The corresponding hardness of 294 HV, yield strength of 633 MPa, and 31.5% elongation was recorded in the as-deposited samples that were better than the as-cast properties. The LMD specimen heat-treated at 788 °C for 16 h revealed a homogeneous distribution of γ′ with an average size of 31 nm with a globular and Chinese script type carbides interconnected in the interdendritic region. The corresponding hardness of 410 HV, yield strength of 894 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 1200 MPa, and 18% elongation was recorded. These results establish that HY282 is an attractive material for the LMD process.
SIGIR 2015 Workshop Program Overview

SIGIR workshops provide a platform for presenting novel ideas in a less formal and more focused way than the main conference. The SIGIR Workshop Program is a venue where discussion, collaboration and the sharing of ideas can take place. This paper provides an overview of the SIGIR 2015 workshop program. Papers describing details of the individual workshops written by workshop organizers are also included in this issue of the Forum.
Use of a "Hybrid" Science Notebook by Preservice Elementary Education Teachers: Combining Paper and Digital Tools.

ABSTRACTThis case study examines how elementary preservice teacher candidates used “hybrid” (both paper and digital) notebooks, the extent to which the digital portfolio showed evidence of changes ...
Developing real life problem-solving skills through situational design: a pilot study

Current problem-solving research has advanced our understanding of the problem-solving process but has provided little advice on how to teach problem-solving skills. In addition, literature reveals that individual difference is an essential issue in problem-solving skills instruction but has been rarely addressed in current research. Building upon information-processing theory, this article proposes an instructional design model, namely the situational design model, which serves as an approach to accommodate individual difference in problem-solving skills instruction. This design model was further examined with a pilot study in an introductory technology course and results showed a significant difference in students’ academic performance and problem-solving skills, especially the non-recurrent skills. The proposed situational design model contributes to research and practice by providing a novel lens to explore problem-solving skills and assisting in the design of instruction that aims to develop student’s expertise in solving real world problems.
Semantic-based Obligation for Context-Based Access Control

In this paper, we present a dynamic and extensible semantic-based obligation framework. Our framework is meant to be used in conjunction with context-based authorization. Our approach is suitable to incorporate dynamically changing obligation requirements. We express obligation requirements and contextual information as ontologies. We employ Description logic and Logic Programming technologies for modeling contexts, privileges and obligations. We show how semantic-based techniques can be used to support adaptive and dynamic obligation for Context-Based Access Control (CBAC) policies. We also show that our framework is expressive enough to incorporate obligation’s needs in dynamic environments. Furthermore, we have developed a proof of concept implementation to demonstrate our work.
The Mistaken History of the Korean War: What We Got Wrong Then and Now

Review of: "The Mistaken History of the Korean War: What We Got Wrong Then and Now" Paul M. Edwards
Q&A on Financial Machine Learning (Course Materials)

Machine learning (ML) is changing virtually every aspect of our lives. Today ML algorithms accomplish tasks that until recently only expert humans could perform. As it relates to finance, this is the most exciting time to adopt a disruptive technology that will transform how everyone invests for generations.
THE IMPACT OF AN INTERPROFESSIONAL SIMULATION ON TEAM COMMUNICATION AT THE END OF LIFE

It is increasingly important that healthcare professionals understand how to care for patients at the end of life, especially as 75% of hospital deaths occur in the geriatric population. Many new healthcare profession graduates feel under-prepared to provide end-of-life care. Healthcare education programs must provide education on interprofessional communication and end-of-life care. This study explored the effects of an interprofessional end-of-life simulation on medical, social work, and nursing students’ communication skills. Across three simulation phases, teams were required to communicate with the patient (high-fidelity manikin), family members (scripted actors), and team members about treatment option, change in patient’s condition, and withdrawal of life-sustaining measures. A total of 16 teams participated in the simulation, with each team comprised of nursing students (n=7-8), social work students (n=1), and medical students or residents (n=1). Team communication skills were assessed using the Gap Kalamazoo Communication Skills Assessment Form. The average communication score for teams reflected fair to good communication (M=28.81, SD=5.55). The best communication domains were “Shares information” (n=8), “Communicates accurate information” (n=6), and “Builds a relationship” (n=5). The worst domains were “Demonstrates empathy” (n=7), “Provides closure” (n=6), and “Builds a relationship” (n=5). This simulation provides an interactive educational mechanism by which to educate interprofessional healthcare students on communication and care of patients at the end of life.
Sketch-based VideoA Storytelling for UX Validation in AI Design for Applied Research

User Experience (UX) Design of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications that assist knowledge-intensive tasks are usually the result of an iterative and fuzzy process. Although the combination of state-of-the-art technology with human expertise is undoubtedly valuable in the industry context, designing a user-centered tool that fits in the everyday activities of knowledge workers – supporting and augmenting their potential – is not a trivial work. User research uncovers pain points and opportunities, bringing the insights that inspire designers and Human Computer Interaction (HCI) experts. It allows a clear understanding of the context, which is the essence of a consistent interaction experience. Nevertheless, revealing the UX of the application and how AI in this context reshapes knowledge workers' everyday tasks is not straightforward and might also be an iterative process. In this paper, we present findings from a case study of the use of a storytelling method to design and validate the UX of AI assistants for the Oil & Gas industry by using an animated sketch-based video.
A Phase II Study of Allogeneic GM-CSF-Transfected Pancreatic Tumor Vaccine (GVAX) with Ipilimumab as Maintenance Treatment for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.

Purpose: This phase II study tested granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells (GVAX) and ipilimumab in metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) in the maintenance setting. Patients and Methods: Patients with PDA who were treated with front-line chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) in the metastatic setting and had ongoing response or stable disease after 8–12 doses were eligible. Patients were randomized 1:1 to treatment with GVAX and ipilimumab given every 3 weeks for four doses then every 8 weeks (Arm A) or to FOLFIRINOX continuation (Arm B). The primary objective was to compare overall survival (OS) between the two arms. Results: Eighty-two patients were included in the final analysis (Arm A: 40; Arm B: 42). The study was stopped for futility after interim analysis. Median OS was 9.38 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0–12.2] for Arm A and 14.7 months (95% CI, 11.6–20.0) for Arm B (HR, 1.75; P = 0.019). Using immune-related response criteria, two partial responses (5.7%) were observed in Arm A and four (13.8%) in Arm B. GVAX + ipilimumab promoted T-cell differentiation into effector memory phenotypes both in the periphery and in the tumor microenvironment and increased M1 macrophages in the tumor. Conclusions: GVAX and ipilimumab maintenance therapy did not improve OS over continuation of chemotherapy and resulted in a numerically inferior survival in metastatic PDA. However, clinical responses and biological effects on immune cells were observed. Further study of novel combinations in the maintenance treatment of metastatic PDA is feasible.
Avascular Necrosis of Both Hips From Iatrogenic Cushing 's Syndrome due to Coadministration of Fluticasone and Ritonavir in an HIV-Infected Patient.

We report a case of avascular necrosis (AVN), hypercalcemia, and iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome in an HIV-positive patient taking inhaled (ICS) and nasal corticosteroids fluticasone and ritonavir. A 45-year-old HIV-infected African-American woman was seen for initial evaluation for multinodular goiter in December 2015. Relevant medications were ritonavir, raltegravir, darunavir, fluticasone propionate HFA, and nasal fluticasone propionate. Physical examination revealed classical cushingoid appearance but laboratory testing showed abnormal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. A diagnosis of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome due to inhibition of fluticasone metabolism from protease inhibitor (PI) therapy with secondary adrenal suppression was made. Fluticasone nasal spray and HFA were discontinued and hydrocortisone replacement dose was initiated. The patient's Cushing's related symptoms improved over several months. Follow-up evaluation showed non-parathyroid hormone-mediated hypercalcemia. A detailed laboratory evaluation looking for the etiology for hypercalcemia was unremarkable except for an elevated urine N-telopeptide/creatinine ratio. Meanwhile, the patient developed a new symptom of hip pain. MRI of both hips showed bilateral AVN. Sickle cell screen was negative and a right hip replacement was completed in May 2017. Since this is the fourth case report of AVN from iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome in an HIV-infected patient taking a PI and ICS concomitantly, there is more likely a causal relationship and not simply a coincidental finding. Extreme caution should be used when considering any ICS therapy in combination with PIs in HIV-infected patients.
Restructuring, Pruning, and Adjustment of Deep Models for Parallel Distributed Inference.

Using multiple nodes and parallel computing algorithms has become a principal tool to improve training and execution times of deep neural networks as well as effective collective intelligence in sensor networks. In this paper, we consider the parallel implementation of an already-trained deep model on multiple processing nodes (a.k.a. workers) where the deep model is divided into several parallel sub-models, each of which is executed by a worker. Since latency due to synchronization and data transfer among workers negatively impacts the performance of the parallel implementation, it is desirable to have minimum interdependency among parallel sub-models. To achieve this goal, we propose to rearrange the neurons in the neural network and partition them (without changing the general topology of the neural network), such that the interdependency among sub-models is minimized under the computations and communications constraints of the workers. We propose RePurpose, a layer-wise model restructuring and pruning technique that guarantees the performance of the overall parallelized model. To efficiently apply RePurpose, we propose an approach based on $\ell_0$ optimization and the Munkres assignment algorithm. We show that, compared to the existing methods, RePurpose significantly improves the efficiency of the distributed inference via parallel implementation, both in terms of communication and computational complexity.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Underlying Mechanism Associating Daily Sleep Continuity Disturbance and Prescription Opioid Use among Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease

Background There are emerging data indicating that sleep disturbance may be linked with an increase in opioid use. The majority of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients experience sleep disturbances, which can elevate pain severity and pain catastrophizing, both of which are important predictors of opioid consumption. Purpose We conducted a preliminary investigation on the association between previous night sleep disturbance and short-acting opioid use, as well as the potential mediating roles of pain severity and pain catastrophizing. Because sex is associated with sleep disturbance, pain-related experiences, and opioid use, we also explored the potential moderating role of sex. Methods Participants were 45 SCD patients who were prescribed opioids. For 3 months, sleep diaries were collected immediately upon participants' awakening. Daily pain severity, pain catastrophizing, and prescription opioid use measures were collected before bedtime. Results Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that wake time after sleep onset (WASO) during the previous night (Time 1) predicted greater short-acting opioid use during the next day (Time 2). Pain severity and pain catastrophizing measured during the next day (Time 2) also mediated the association between the two. Sex moderation analysis showed that the positive association between WASO and pain severity was largely driven by women. Conclusion These findings provide some preliminary evidence as to the mechanism linking sleep continuity disturbance and opioid requirement in SCD patients. Future studies should replicate and extend these findings with clearer temporal information and employing more refined measures of sleep continuity and prescription opioid use in a larger sample.
COVID-19 in pregnancy: a systematic review of chest CT findings and associated clinical features in 427 patients.

Abstract Purpose Our purpose was to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of all existing literature regarding imaging findings on chest CT and associated clinical features in pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Materials & methods A literature search was conducted on April 21, 2020 and updated on July 24, 2020 using PubMed, Embase, World Health Organization, and Google Scholar databases. Only studies which described chest CT findings of COVID-19 in pregnant patients were included for analysis. Results A total of 67 articles and 427 pregnant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed. The most frequently encountered pulmonary findings on chest CT were ground-glass opacities (77.2%, 250/324), posterior lung involvement (72.5%, 50/69), multilobar involvement (71.8%, 239/333), bilateral lung involvement (69.4%, 231/333), peripheral distribution (68.1%, 98/144), and consolidation (40.9%, 94/230). Pregnant patients were also found to present more frequently with consolidation (40.9% vs. 21.0–31.8%) and pleural effusion (30.0% vs. 5.0%) in comparison to the general population. Associated clinical features included antepartum fever (198 cases), lymphopenia (128 cases), and neutrophilia (97 cases). Of the 251 neonates delivered, 96.8% had negative RT-PCR and/or IgG antibody testing for COVID-19. In the eight cases (3.2%) of reported neonatal infection, tests were either conducted on samples collected up to 72 h after birth or were found negative on all subsequent RT-PCR tests. Conclusion Pregnant patients appear to present more commonly with more advanced COVID-19 CT findings compared to the general adult population. Furthermore, characteristic laboratory abnormalities found in pregnant patients tended to mirror those found in the general patient population. Lastly, results from neonatal testing suggest a low risk of vertical transmission.
Oxygen Redox Chemistry in Rechargeable Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries

Summary Cationic redox-based oxide cathodes have formed the basis of alkali-ion batteries. The limited energy density provided by cationic redox can be overcome by triggering oxygen redox. Hence, oxygen redox has received extensive interest from the perspective of materials development and fundamental understanding. Although oxygen redox is widely studied, there is still much to understand. Consolidating various concepts of oxygen redox (static/dynamic) can inform a unified understanding. Moreover, materials with oxygen redox create significant challenges such as oxygen evolution, voltage hysteresis/fading, and chemical/structural transformations. A consensus is yet to be achieved on the interrelationship of these phenomena due to the chemical/structural complexities at different length and time scales. Given the great potential of these materials for next-generation batteries, a review of the recent understanding of oxygen redox is timely. In this review, the mechanistic understandings, and challenges and their mitigation with oxygen redox are summarized by integrating various schools of thought.
Label-free multiphoton nonlinear microspectroscopy imaging of microbial cells and organic matter in rhizosphere and soil minerals

We have developed a novel multiphoton nonlinear microscopy with a highly integrated optical imaging system that offers numerous label-free techniques including two-photon excited fluorescence, second-harmonic generation, third-harmonic generation, fluorescence lifetime imaging, and spectral focusing coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in one platform. We have applied our system to investigate plant-microbe-mineral interactions in the rhizosphere. The system provides time efficient monitoring of the rhizosphere, offering an array of simultaneous biomolecular information without staining, three-dimensional sub-micron resolution with deeper penetration , and less photodamage. We believe that multiphoton nonlinear optical microscopy will become a valuable imaging tool in the rhizosphere and soil mineral sciences.
Domestic Intelligence: Leonora and National Security

Maria Edgeworth’s epistolary novel Leonora, published in 1806, was one of her most unpopular works. To this day, it is the most under-examined novel she wrote during her period of peak popularity. ...
Hull-form stochastic optimization via computational-cost reduction methods

The paper shows how cost-reduction methods can be synergistically combined to enable high-fidelity hull-form optimization under stochastic conditions. Specifically, a multi-objective hull-form optimization is presented, where (a) physics-informed design-space dimensionality reduction, (b) adaptive metamodeling, (c) uncertainty quantification (UQ) methods, and (d) global multi-objective algorithm are efficiently and effectively combined to achieve high-fidelity simulation-based design optimization (SBDO) solutions. The application pertains to the multi-objective optimization for resistance and seakeeping (operational efficiency and effectiveness) of a destroyer-type vessel. Two hierarchical multi-objective SBDO problems are presented, with a level of complexity decreasing from the most general (stochastic sea state, heading, and speed) to the least general (deterministic regular wave, at fixed sea state, heading, and speed). Design-space dimensionality reduction is based on a generalized Karhunen-Loeve expansion of the shape modification vector combined with low-fidelity-based physical variables. A multi-objective deterministic particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to a stochastic radial-basis-function metamodel that provides objective predictions. UQ methods include Gaussian quadrature and metamodel-based importance sampling. Numerical simulations are based on unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and potential flow solvers. The paper shows and discusses the joint effort of computational-cost reduction methods in enabling high-fidelity SBDO, providing guidelines for future research directions in this area.
Detection of infiltrating fibroblasts by single-cell transcriptomics in human kidney allografts

ABSTRACT We tested the hypothesis that single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis of human kidney allograft biopsies will reveal distinct cell types and states and yield insights to decipher the complex heterogeneity of alloimmune rejection. We selected 3 kidney biopsies from 3 individuals for scRNA-seq and processed them fresh using an identical protocol on the 10x Chromium platform; (i) HK: native kidney biopsy from a living donor, (ii) AK1: allograft kidney with transplant glomerulopathy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and worsening graft function, and (iii) AK2: allograft kidney after successful treatment of active antibody-mediated rejection. We generated 7217 high-quality single cell transcriptomes. Taking advantage of the recipient-donor sex mismatches, we determined that in AK1 with fibrosis, more than half of the kidney allograft fibroblasts were—unexpectedly—recipient-derived and therefore likely migratory and graft infiltrative, whereas in the AK2 without fibrosis, practically all fibroblasts were donor-derived. Furthermore, AK1 was enriched by tubular cells that overexpressed profibrotic extracellular matrix genes. AK2, eight months after successful treatment of rejection, contained endothelial cells that expressed T-cell chemoattractant cytokines. Altogether, single cell transcriptomics yielded novel mechanistic insights for individualizing the care of transplant recipients.
Short vs. extended adolescent academic writing: A cross-genre analysis of writing skills in written definitions and persuasive essays

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the potential of a short writing task in assessing academic writing (AW) skills hypothesized to be relevant to extended academic writing in adolescent English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Written definitions have been found to predict literacy achievement. Yet neither the language demands posed by written definitions nor their potential to serve as a complementary writing task to assess some dimensions of academic writing has been explored. This study examined associations between AW skills in written definitions and persuasive essays in 180 adolescent EFL learners from Korea and China to contribute information relevant to providing targeted feedback and instruction on essay writing. Essay-based AW features were analyzed at the lexical, syntactic and discourse levels; definition-based AW features were analyzed for lexical precision, syntactic complexity, grammatical accuracy, and informativeness. Definitional skills (lexical precision, syntactic complexity, and informativeness) demonstrated significant correlations with essay quality. The syntactic complexity of definitions emerged as a significant predictor of essay quality beyond the contribution of essay-based AW features. Results suggest that written definitions could be incorporated into classrooms to ensure a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation of writing performance and to offer targeted instruction on writing development.
Improving Academic Vocabulary for Adolescent Students With Disabilities: A Replication Study:

Creating Habits That Accelerate the Academic Language of Students (CHAAOS) is a vocabulary intervention developed by O’Connor et al. to improve the academic vocabulary of middle school students wit...
Great Power Competition in Information Environment in the CASA Region

This paper focuses on analyzing the information environment as it pertains to what is now called, “The Great Power Competition” between Russia, China, and the United States in the Central and Southern Asian states region. This paper asks and answers critical foundational questions in an effort to refine the information landscape for future analysis.
Polyvinyl alcohol modification with sustainable ketones

A series of polyvinyl ketals was synthesized by the condensation of commercially available polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and biobased ketones, raspberry ketone, zingerone, D-dihydrocarvone, and levulinic acid, as well as acetone, butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanone, along with the aldehyde furfural. Ketalization was confirmed and measured by 1H NMR, ranging from 15.3 to 69.2%. The number average molecular weights of the polyvinyl ketals ranged from 24 400 to 41 100 Da, according to the mass added by ketalization. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVA, 75 °C, increased through ketalization, reaching 78 °C to 127 °C or through acetalization with furfural, reaching 138 °C. Kinetic studies of polyvinyl acetone ketal (PV-A-K) formation showed the ketalization reaction neared equilibrium (69% ketalization) in 4 hours at 40 °C. During room temperature heterogeneous degradation studies, PV-A-K completely hydrolyzed in 1 day at pH = 2 or in 3 months at pH = 5; after 2 years in deionized water or seawater, ketalization diminished from 69% to 66% (3% hydrolysis). At 80 °C over 3 months, PV-A-K ketalization diminished to 5% (95% hydrolysis) in deionized water and to 1% (99% hydrolysis) in seawater. These studies suggest that polyvinyl ketals are suitable candidates for water-degradable packaging materials.
Youth Violent Offending in School and Out: Reporting, Arrest, and the School-to-Prison Pipeline

This study used violent victimization data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1994–2018) to examine whether criminal justice interventions (i.e. reporting to the police and arrest) for y...
Optical Trapping of Single Particles in Plasma for Plasma Diagnostics

The first demonstration of optical trapping (OT) was performed in the early 1970s by Arthur Ashkin. Later Steven Chu et al. applied this technique to achieve laser trapping and cooling atoms, and the work was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997. In 2018, Arthur Ashkin also received the Nobel Prize for his contribution to OT technology, arguably due to the increasingly recognized impact of OT in ever expanding diverse research fields: physics, chemistry, biology, materials, and atmospheric sciences. Over the last several decades, most optically trapped objects have been constrained in a liquid, which is desired in biology and life sciences where the OT is widely referred to as optical tweezers. Nowadays, OT broadly includes the optical tweezers and optically trapping single particles in air.
Nutritional, Hormonal, and Environmental Mechanisms in Breast Tumorigenesis

Epithelial cancer of the breast is a common malignancy in women in the United States. Although much is known about the risk factors for this disease, the pathophysiology of its development and progression are incompletely understood and effective preventative strategies have not been developed. Modern therapy for breast cancer, consisting of surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy with hormonal and chemotherapeutic agents has not been successful in eliminating this disease as a major cause of cancer death in this country. Recent discoveries regarding the molecular biology and genetics of breast cancer promise to advance our understanding of the biology of this disease, and may lead to more effective prevention and treatment strategies. Similarly, a better definition and understanding of the environmental determination of breast cancer risk, and the interaction of these determinants with the molecular biology of epithelial cells in the breast could support the rational development of even more effective and feasible approaches.
Biological exposure sensors in coal conversion technologies

When research was begun at ORNL in coal conversion technologies, the Health Division undertook to put together a surveillance package appropriate to the special needs of this group. This report describes the monitoring program instituted to evaluate the health of the population exposed to the chemical constituents of conversion products, effluents, process stream contents or wastes. Particular attention was paid to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's). (ACR)
Improving search in social networks by agent based mining

The popularity of social networks have burgeoned in recent years. Users share and access large volumes of information on social networking sites like Facebook, Flickr, del.icio.us, etc. Whereas a few of these sites have generic, impersonal searching mechanisms, we have developed an agent-based framework that mines the social network of a user to improve search results. Our Social Network-based Item Search (SNIS) system uses agents that utilize the connections of a user in the social network to facilitate the search for items of interest. Our approach generates targeted search results that can improve the precision of the result returned from a user's query. We have implemented the SNIS agent-based framework in Flickr, a photo-sharing social network, for searching for photos by using tag lists as search queries. We discuss the architecture of SNIS, motivate the searching scheme used, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the SNIS approach by presenting results. We also show how SNIS can be utilized for expertise location.
Promoting cardiovascular health in women across the life span.

Holli A. DeVon, PhD, RN, is an associate professor in the Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one killer of women in the United States (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2010). Nurses, particularly those caring for women during their reproductive years, are uniquely positioned to provide education and support for women’s long-term cardiovascular health. This In Focus series is devoted to providing strategies that nurses can use to promote health for women whose greatest health threat remains CVD.
Bladder Tissue Engineering

We provide a description of the structure and function of the mammalian bladder. This is followed by a discussion of medical conditions and current treatment modalities. We then provide specific examples of tissue engineering as it applies to fabricating the bladder.
Tracking the Emotional Highs but Missing the Lows: Hypomania Risk is Associated With Positively Biased Empathic Inference

Empathy plays a vital role in emotional and social functioning. Research suggests that empathy may be disrupted in disorders of negative emotion (e.g., depression, anxiety), though less work has examined how empathy is impacted in disorders of positive emotion (e.g., mania), which are associated with positive biases in emotion experience and perception. The present research explored how variation in self-reported hypomania risk was associated with performance on an objective empathic accuracy task with real-world targets. Risk for hypomania was associated with heightened moment-by-moment detection of emotional up-shifts (i.e., increases in positive emotion) for targets describing positive events; however, it was also associated with overly-positive retrospective ratings (i.e., overestimating global positive emotion) for targets describing negative events. These findings suggest that hypomania risk may lead to positive biases in detecting others’ emotion across both positive and negative life events when using both micro-level continuous and global retrospective emotion measures.
Retrospective Comparison of Posaconazole Levels in Patients Taking the Delayed-Release Tablet versus the Oral Suspension

ABSTRACT While posaconazole prophylaxis decreases the risk of invasive fungal infection compared to fluconazole, low bioavailability of the oral-suspension formulation limits its efficacy. A new delayed-release tablet formulation demonstrated an improved pharmacokinetic profile in healthy volunteers. However, serum levels for the two formulations have not been compared in clinical practice. This study compared achievement of therapeutic posaconazole levels in patients taking the delayed-release tablet to those taking the oral suspension. This retrospective cohort study included 93 patients initiated on posaconazole between 2012 and 2014 and had at least one serum posaconazole level measured. The primary measure was the proportion of patients achieving an initial therapeutic level (>700 ng/ml). An initial therapeutic posaconazole level was seen in 29 of 32 (91%) patients receiving tablets and 37 of 61 (61%) patients receiving suspension ( P = 0.003). Among patients with a steady-state level measured 5 to 14 days after initiation, a therapeutic level was observed in 18 of 20 (90%) patients receiving tablets and 25 of 43 (58%) patients receiving suspension ( P = 0.01). In these patients, the median posaconazole level of the tablet cohort (1655 ng/ml) was twice that of the suspension cohort (798 ng/ml) ( P = 0.004). In this cohort study, the improved bioavailability of delayed-release posaconazole tablets translates into a significantly higher proportion of patients achieving therapeutic serum levels than in the cohort receiving the oral suspension. The results of this study strongly support the use of delayed-release tablets over suspension in patients at risk for invasive fungal infection.
Cognitive dysfunction in NF1 knock-out mice may result from altered vesicular trafficking of APP/DRD3 complex.

It has been estimated that more than 50% of patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have neurobehavioral impairments which include attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, visual/spatial learning disabilities, and a myriad of other cognitive developmental problems. The biological mechanisms by which NF1 gene mutations lead to such cognitive deficits are not well understood, although excessive Ras signaling and increased GABA mediated inhibition have been implicated. It is proposed that the cognitive deficits in NF1 are the result of dysfunctional cellular trafficking and localization of molecules downstream of the primary gene defect. To elucidate genes involved in the pathogenic process, gene expression analysis was performed comparing the expression profiles in various brain regions for control and Nf1+/- heterozygous mice. Gene expression analysis was performed for hippocampal samples dissected from postnatal day 10, 15, and 20 mice utilizing the Affymetrix Mouse Genome chip (Murine 430 2.0). Analysis of expression profiles between Nf1+/-and wild-type animals was focused on the hippocampus because of previous studies demonstrating alterations in hippocampal LTP in the Nf1+/- mice, and the region's importance in visual/spatial learning. Network analysis identified links between neurofibromin and kinesin genes, which were down regulated in the Nf1+/- mice at postnatal days 15 and 20. Through this analysis, it is proposed that neurofibromin forms a binding complex with amyloid precursor protein (APP) and through filamin proteins interacts with a dopamine receptor (Drd3). Though the effects of these interactions are not yet known, this information may provide novel ideas about the pathogenesis of cognitive defects in NF1 and may facilitate the development of novel targeted therapeutic interventions.
Comparative localization of two forms of glutamic acid decarboxylase and their mRNAs in rat brain supports the concept of functional differences between the forms

Two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67 and GAD65) and their mRNAs were localized in the rat brain by immunohistochemistry and nonradioactive in situ hybridization methods with digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probes. In most brain regions, both GAD isoforms were present in neuronal cell bodies as well as axon terminals. A few populations of neurons, such as those in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, exhibited similar cell body labeling for both GADs. However, in many brain regions, the cell bodies that were immunoreactive for GAD67 were often more numerous than those that were immunoreactive for GAD65. In contrast, the density (quantity) of GAD65-immunoreactive axon terminals was higher than that of GAD67-immunoreactive terminals. Strong parallels were observed between the intensity of immunohistochemical labeling of cell bodies and the levels of mRNA labeling for both GAD isoforms. Many groups of GAD-containing cell bodies were distinctly labeled for GAD67, and these same groups of neurons were heavily labeled for GAD67 mRNA. Such neurons included Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, nonpyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, and neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus. Similar parallels in labeling were observed for GAD65 and its mRNA. Distinct cell body labeling for the protein and associated high levels of GAD65 mRNA were found in neurons of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus and periglomerular cells in the olfactory bulb. However, many cell bodies were not readily labeled for GAD65 with immunohistochemical methods. Such absence or weakness of cell body labeling for the protein was associated with low or moderate levels of GAD65 mRNA. Even though light cell body staining was frequently observed for GAD65 and its mRNA, strong axon terminal labeling for GAD65 was present. Thus, in the deep cerebellar nuclei to which the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex project, strong terminal labeling was observed for both GAD isoforms even though only light cell body labeling of the Purkinje cells was obtained for GAD65 and its mRNA. The findings suggest that the two isoforms of GAD are present in most classes of GABA neurons but that they are not similarly distributed within the neurons. GAD67 is present in readily detectable amounts in many GAD-containing cell bodies whereas GAD65 is particularly prominent in many axon terminals. In addition, neurons that express either form of GAD mRNA also express the corresponding protein. Levels of labeling for the GAD mRNAs suggest that, under normal conditions, the synthesis of GAD65 is frequently lower than that of GAD67.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Generic SISO fuzzy controller

A generic fuzzy logic controller (GFLC) is presented. Three methods of interpreting the GFLC output are shown depending on how well the system may be numerically modeled and how fast the process responds to a change in the controller output. Compared to the classic PID method, the control response for a well-modeled, two-gravity-drained-tanks system is superior using the GFLC. Simulated results for a single gravity-drained tank illustrate a non-zero offset interpretation method for systems that may not be well modeled.
Smoking cessation efforts among substance abusing adolescents

Available research demonstrates that substance abusing youth are heavy cigarette smokers for whom the behavior persists into adulthood. As such this population represents an important target for intervention. In order to inform treatment design, the present paper described cessation efforts, including motives and methods for quitting, in a sample of cigarette smoking adolescents who received inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance abuse. The 183 participants were on average 16.2 years old, 45% were females, and 72% were white. Consistent with studies of community and high risk youth samples, the majority of participants had previously attempted cessation, yet reported little success in maintaining abstinence. Health emerged as a frequently endorsed motive for cessation and stopping abruptly (cold turkey) was the most commonly reported strategy for quitting.
Sources of judicial attitudes toward criminal sanctioning

Through a 1979 survey of 89 Illinois judges, the present study attempts to assess how various social, political, and occupational factors influence judicial attitudes toward criminal sanctioning. Specifically, our analysis examined the relative impact of background characteristics (e.g. age, community context) versus occupational variables (e.g., years on the bench, former prosecutor and/or defense attorney) on five sanctioning scales: rehabilitation, punishment, capital punishment, punishing white-collar offenders, and the treatment of juvenile delinquents. The analysis revealed that political orientation was the most important variable examined. Political ideology was found to be related to all but one of the sanctioning scales (punishing white-collar offenders). In contrast, the social and occupational variables generally were not significantly related to judicial attitudes on the purposes of sentencing.
Matrix Revolutions: A Trinity of Defined Substrates for Long-Term Expansion of Human ESCs

Recently in Nature Biotechnology, Rodin et al. (2010), Melkoumian et al. (2010), and Villa-Diaz et al. (2010) described defined, nonxenogenic substrates that support long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Used in conjunction with defined media, these substrates will facilitate expansion of hESCs for therapeutic applications.
Assessment of cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Several different techniques are used to assess the expression of cellular immunity (reviewed in Ref. 1). In this article Benjamin Bonavida and Thomas Bradley discuss ways of measuring one aspect of cellular immunity-the activity of cytotoxic cells on target cells.
Microscopic barrier properties in electron-beam scribed YBCO Josephson junctions

Abstract We present an analysis of the microscopic properties of the Josephson barrier in electron-beam junctions scribed at low temperatures in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . These junctions behave as high-quality, uniform super-normal-superconductor (SNS) junctions which allows their characteristics to be compared in detail to well-established SNS theory. Combining this data with a Boltzmann transport model of the irradiated region, and treating the oxygen-sublattice defects as pair-breaking, allows quantification of the interlayer’s microscopic properties such as normal coherence length, quasiparticle mean-free path, and resistivity. We find that the barrier exhibits properties of a dirty metal near the metal–insulator transition, with a Fermi surface area reduced an order of magnitude from that of the unirradiated film. In addition, we analyze the limiting normal properties of irradiated YBCO, showing that the normal coherence length at the original transition temperature is constrained to less than twice the zero-temperature superconducting coherence length of the original film. This analysis applies in general to weak-link structures in which the barrier is created from the electrode material through weakening by a pair-breaking mechanism.
Mapping the active sites of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and glycerol kinase with monoammine chromium(III) ATP.

The 12 isomers of monoammine chromium(III) ATP have been used to probe the ATP binding sites of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase and glycerol kinase from Candida mycoderma. Inhibition studies of 3-phosphoglycerate kinase show a dramatic decrease in isomer binding only when the ammonia is in the Δ axial facial anti position. This suggests an open site architecture with only one strong contact point between the coordination sphere and the enzyme surface. These results agree well with the computer modeling studies of bidentate chromium ATP into the nucleotide site determined by X-ray crystallography [McPhillips, T., et al. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 4118−4127]. Both methods describe an open site strongly supporting the validity of the inhibition studies. Inhibition studies of glycerol kinase show significant decreases in binding for all the tested ammonia positions, suggesting a closed site architecture with many contacts between the coordination sphere and the surface of the enzyme. This is in good agreement wi...
Identification of Long-Lived Proteins Reveals Exceptional Stability of Essential Cellular Structures

Intracellular proteins with long lifespans have recently been linked to age-dependent defects, ranging from decreased fertility to the functional decline of neurons. Why long-lived proteins exist in metabolically active cellular environments and how they are maintained over time remains poorly understood. Here, we provide a system-wide identification of proteins with exceptional lifespans in the rat brain. These proteins are inefficiently replenished despite being translated robustly throughout adulthood. Using nucleoporins as a paradigm for long-term protein persistence, we found that nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are maintained over a cell's life through slow but finite exchange of even its most stable subcomplexes. This maintenance is limited, however, as some nucleoporin levels decrease during aging, providing a rationale for the previously observed age-dependent deterioration of NPC function. Our identification of a long-lived proteome reveals cellular components that are at increased risk for damage accumulation, linking long-term protein persistence to the cellular aging process. PAPERCLIP:
Surface roughness scaling of plasma polymer films.

Atomic force microscopy data reveal self-affine scaling of plasma polymer films. The rms surface roughness $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ increases with film thickness $\ensuremath{\tau}$ as $\ensuremath{\sigma}(fl{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, and with measurement length $L$ as $\ensuremath{\sigma}(fg{L}^{\ensuremath{-}1}g{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})\ensuremath{\sim}{L}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is the surface roughness correlation length. At the deposition rate $R=2 \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}m}{h}$, the scaling exponents $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ are 0.9 and 0.7, both increasing to 1 at $R=2 \frac{\ensuremath{\mu}m}{h}$. A competition between surface relaxation and deposition rate determine $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}$, which increase rapidly with $R$ or inverse temperature.
Extensive transcription of foreign DNA in a crown gall teratoma

Abstract We detected polyadenylated RNA transcripts of the portion of A. tumefaciens tumor inducing plasmid DNA incorporated into a crown gall teratoma tumor, BT37. Our results indicate that transcription occurs throughout the plasmid sequences in the tumor tissue. Those DNA sequences which are essential for oncogenicity and nopaline sysnthesis are most heavily transcribed. Possible functions of these polyadenylated transcripts are discussed.
Weakly coupled Pfaffian as a type I quantum Hall liquid.

The Pfaffian phase in the proximity of a half-filled Landau level is understood to be a $p+ip$ superconductor of composite fermions. We consider the properties of this paired quantum Hall phase when the pairing energy is small, i.e., in the weak-coupling, BCS limit, where the coherence length is much larger than the charge screening length. We find that, as in a type I superconductor, vortices attract so that, upon varying the magnetic field from its magic value at $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$, the system exhibits Coulomb frustrated phase separation. We propose that the weakly and strongly coupled Pfaffians exemplify a general dichotomy between type I and type II quantum Hall fluids.
Bioinorganic chemistry and drug design: here comes zinc again

The structures and reactions of metal ions in proteins are of tremendous interest in bioinorganic chemistry, as is the potential for metals in creating novel medicines. New results combine these aspects in describing an unexpected mode for metal-mediated drug efficacy that relies on well-established principles of metalloprotein structure.