cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Root graviresponsiveness and cellular differentiation in wild-type and a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

Primary roots of a starchless mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana L. are strongly graviresponsive despite lacking amyloplasts in their columella cells. The ultrastructures of calyptrogen and peripheral cells in wild-type as compared to mutant seedlings are not significantly different. The largest difference in cellular differentiation in caps of mutant and wild-type roots is the relative volume of plastids in columella cells. Plastids occupy 12.3% of the volume of columella cells in wild-type seedlings, but only 3.69% of columella cells in mutant seedlings. These results indicate that: (1) amyloplasts and starch are not necessary for root graviresponsiveness; (2) the increase in relative volume of plastids that usually accompanies differentiation of columella cells is not necessary for root graviresponsiveness; and (3) the absence of starch and amyloplasts does not affect the structure of calyptrogen (i.e. meristematic) and secretory (i.e. peripheral) cells in root caps. These results are discussed relative to proposed models for root gravitropism.
Enhancement of nanofibrillation of softwood cellulosic fibers by oxidation and sulfonation

In this study, sulfonic acid groups were introduced to milled softwood (SW) bleached kraft fibers by oxidation and sulfonation with sodium periodate followed by sodium bisulfite under relatively mild conditions. The effect of variable amount of sulfonated groups on nanofibrillation of sulfonated cellulose samples was investigated. The cellulose samples, with contents of sulfonated groups of 371-501 μmol/g, were readily nanofibrillated by homogenization at relatively low pressure. These samples converted to viscous and transparent gels without clogging the homogenizer. By passing through the homogenizer one to four times, the transmittances of homogenized suspensions were up to 98%. SEM characterization of the homogenized and lyophilized fibril suspension indicates that the nanofibrillated fibrils are a network structure with lateral sizes of ∼ 15-45 nm and lengths ˃ 1 μm. The consecutive periodate oxidation and sulfonation with bisulfite was shown to be an effective pretreatment method to facilitate the nanofibrillation of softwood pulp cellulose and can be expectedly used with other cellulosic resources.
Heat Transfer Measurements of the 1983 Kilauea Lava Flow

Convective heat flow measurements of a basaltic lava flow were made during the 1983 eruption of Kilauea volcano in Hawaii. Eight field measurements of induced natural convection were made, giving heat flux values that ranged from 1.78 to 8.09 kilowatts per square meter at lava temperatures of 1088 and 1128 degrees Celsius, respectively. These field measurements of convective heat flux at subliquidus temperatures agree with previous laboratory measurements in furnace-melted samples of molten lava, and are useful for predicting heat transfer in magma bodies and for estimating heat extraction rates for magma energy.
Slavery discourse before the Restoration: The Barbary coast, Justinian's Digest, and Hobbes's political theory

Seventeenth-century natural-law philosophers participated in colonizing and slave-trading companies, yet they discussed slavery as an abstraction. This dispassionate approach is commonly explained with the “distance thesis” that the practice of slavery was at some remove from Northwest Europe. I contest the thesis, with a specific focus on pre-Restoration English discourse and Hobbes's political theory. By laying out the salient context — English experience of Barbary-coast slavery and an inherited neo-Roman intellectual frame — I argue, first, that slavery was hardly a distant phenomenon and, second, that Hobbes's discussion of slavery expressed ideas familiar in ordinary discourse. The conclusion contrasts the English neo-Roman outlook with Spanish neo-Aristotelianism.
Use of Dreams in Therapy: A Survey of Clinicians in Private Practice:

A literature review indicated a dearth of research on how dreams are used in therapeutic settings so a questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 500 members of the Florida Psychological Association to assess (a) the extent of dream use in therapy, (b) theoretical approaches applied to dream interpretation, and (c) basis for experience and expertise in dream work. Of the 500 potential clinicians, 228 returned survey forms for a response rate of 46%. Analysis indicated that 83% of the respondents used dream material at least occasionally in their practice and that Freudian and Gestalt approaches were most often used in dream interpretation. Interestingly, most respondents gained their 'experience' in dream work through self-study and continuing education workshops and seminars.
Synthesis and ATRP activity of new tren-based ligands

Ligands suitable for atom atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were prepared by the Michael addition of several acrylates (allyl, benzyl, butyl, 2-ethylhexyl, and 3-(dimethoxymethylsily)propyl acrylates) with tris(2-aminoethyl)amino (TREN). These ligands, readilily prepared from inexpensive precursors, were used for the preparation of catalyst complexes suitable for polymerization of (meth)-acrylates and styrene, providing activity comparable to catalysts currently used for these monomers. Catalysts containing ligands with a dimethoxymethylsilyl substituent were examined for copper removal after the reaction mixture was contacted with silica gel.
Resonance production from jet fragmentation

Short lived resonances are sensitive to the medium properties in heavy-ion collisions. Heavy hadrons have larger probability to be produced within the quark gluon plasma phase due to their short formation times. Therefore heavy mass resonances are more likely to be affected by the medium, and the identification of early produced resonances from jet fragmentation might be a viable option to study chirality. The high momentum resonances on the away-side of a triggered di-jet are likely to be the most modified by the partonic or early hadronic medium. We will discuss first results of triggered hadron-resonance correlations in Cu+Cu heavy ion collisions.
The Human Relations Performance Curriculum: A Commitment to Intentionality

This paper describes a pre-service curriculum in human relations icr the classroom teacher. The curriculum was developei using behavioral objectives. Behavioral "hierarchies" estchlished in an "each one-teach one" format pre employed to help teachers learn relaxation, listening, and other human relations skills. Juxtaposed with behavioral objectives is the more existential construct of the "intentional teacher." The intentional teacher is one who has many behavioral options open to him, erm decide! which 0-41on 8VOMS apploprlate, and can interact with environmental feedback to change the directions of his actions. The implications of using behavioral constructs to facill4) tate intentionality are discussed. f4N 03 U' O February 1970 CD
A Catalytic Metal Ion Interacts with the Cleavage Site G·U Wobble in the HDV Ribozyme†

The HDV ribozyme self-cleaves by a chemical mechanism involving general acid−base catalysis to generate 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl termini. Biochemical studies from several laboratories have implicated C75 as the general acid and hydrated magnesium as the general base. We have previously shown that C75 has a pKa shifted >2 pH units toward neutrality [Gong, B., Chen, J. H., Chase, E., Chadalavada, D. M., Yajima, R., Golden, B. L., Bevilacqua, P. C., and Carey, P. R. (2007) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 13335−13342], while in crystal structures, it is well-positioned for proton transfer. However, no evidence for a hydrated magnesium poised to serve as a general base in the reaction has been observed in high-resolution crystal structures of various reaction states and mutants. Herein, we use solution kinetic experiments and parallel Raman crystallographic studies to examine the effects of pH on the rate and Mg2+ binding properties of wild-type and 7-deazaguanosine mutants of the HDV ribozyme. These data...
A Theoretical and Computational Framework for Isometry Invariant Recognition of Point Cloud Data

Point clouds are one of the most primitive and fundamental manifold representations. Popular sources of point clouds are three-dimensional shape acquisition devices such as laser range scanners. Another important field where point clouds are found is in the representation of high-dimensional manifolds by samples. With the increasing popularity and very broad applications of this source of data, it is natural and important to work directly with this representation, without having to go through the intermediate and sometimes impossible and distorting steps of surface reconstruction. A geometric framework for comparing manifolds given by point clouds is presented in this paper. The underlying theory is based on Gromov-Hausdorff distances, leading to isometry invariant and completely geometric comparisons. This theory is embedded in a probabilistic setting as derived from random sampling of manifolds, and then combined with results on matrices of pairwise geodesic distances to lead to a computational implementation of the framework. The theoretical and computational results presented here are complemented with experiments for real three-dimensional shapes.
New Technique for Obtaining NMR Linewidth Images of Lung and Other Inhomogeneously Broadened Systems

A new imaging technique is presented which displays the regional variation of the local NMR linewidth (rather than the spin density). The linewidth in a localized region is obtained from measuring the height of the spin echo as a function of asymmetry time (τa) in an asymmetric spin-echo imaging sequence. This technique has been used to obtain linewidth images from a phantom consisting of closely packed spherical glass beads (100 μm diameter) in water, normal excised unperfused rat lungs, and a thorax phantom consisting of sponges surrounding by water. The NMR linewidths determined using the new imaging technique are comparable to those obtained from nonimaging measurements.
How often do false-positive phencyclidine urine screens occur with use of common medications?

AbstractBackground. Previous reports describe false-positive urine immunoassay screens for phencyclidine (PCP) associated with use of tramadol, dextromethorphan, or diphenhydramine. The likelihood of these false positives is unknown. Objective. We sought to find the relative frequency of false-positive PCP screens associated with these medications and to look for any other medications with similar associations. Methods. In an IRB-approved study, we retrospectively reviewed charts of all ED encounters with positive urine screens for PCP in our hospital from 2007 through 2011, inclusive. Urine samples were tested for drugs of abuse using the Siemens Syva EMIT II Immunoassay. Our laboratory routinely confirmed all positive screens using GC-MS with results classified as either “confirmed” (true positive) or “failed to confirm” (false positive). We recorded all medications mentioned in the chart as current medications or medications given before the urine sample. We used Fisher's exact test to compare frequenc...
Water soluble copolymers: 38. Synthesis and characterization of electrolyte responsive terpolymers of acrylamide, N-(4-butyl)phenylacrylamide, and sodium acrylate, sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonate or sodium-3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate

Responsive associative terpolymers of acrylamide, 0.5 mol% N-(4-butyl)phenylacrylamide and 5 and 25 mol% of one of the following: sodium acrylate, sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulphonate or sodium-3-acrylamido-3-methylbutanoate were synthesized by a micellar polymerization method. Terpolymer composition was determined by a combination of u.v. spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Solution properties were determined by low shear rheometry as functions of polymer concentration, solution ionic strength, pH and urea concentration. The carboxylate terpolymers exhibited high viscosities in the presence of up to 0.5 M NaCl and 0.17 M CaCl2, but lose much of their viscosity at low pH and high urea content. The sulphonate-containing terpolymers are less responsive at low pH and high electrolyte concentration than the carboxylate-containing terpolymers.
Activation of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein (C/EBP) α Expression by C/EBPβ during Adipogenesis Requires a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ-associated Repression of HDAC1 at the C/ebpα Gene Promoter

Studies have shown that CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) can stimulate adipogenesis in noncommitted fibroblasts by activating expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). Other investigations have established a role for C/EBPα as well as PPARγ in orchestrating the complex program of adipogenic gene expression during terminal preadipocyte differentiation. Consequently, it is important to identify factors regulating transcription of the C/ebpα gene. In this study, we demonstrated that inhibition of PPARγ activity by exposure of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes to a potent and selective PPARγ antagonist inhibits adipogenesis but also blocks the activation of C/EBPα expression at the onset of differentiation. Ectopic expression of C/EBPβ in Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (Swiss-LAP cells) induces PPARγ expression without any significant enhancement of C/EBPα expression. Treatment of Swiss-LAP cells with a PPARγ agonist induces adipogenesis, which includes activation of C/EBPα expression. To further establish a role for PPARγ in regulating C/EBPα expression, we expressed C/EBPβ in PPARγ-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). The data show that C/EBPβ is capable of inducing PPARγ in Pparγ+/- MEFs, which leads to activation of adipogenesis, including C/EBPα expression following exposure to a PPARγ ligand. In contrast, C/EBPβ is not able to induce C/EBPα expression or adipogenesis in Pparγ-/- MEFs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that C/EBPβ is bound to the minimal promoter of the C/ebpα gene in association with HDAC1 in unstimulated Swiss-LAP cells. Exposure of the cells to a PPARγ ligand dislodges HDAC1 from the proximal promoter of the C/ebpα gene, which involves degradation of HDAC1 in the 26 S proteasome. These data suggest that C/EBPβ activates a single unified pathway of adipogenesis involving its stimulation of PPARγ expression, which then activates C/EBPα expression by dislodging HDAC1 from the promoter for degradation in the proteasome.
Generalized inputs for damped-vibration control of suspended payloads

Abstract Past work at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has demonstrated the capability of damped-oscillation transport and swing-free stops for suspended payloads through the use of programmed acceleration profiles. Through laboratory-scale testing, SNL discovered that oscillation damping could be achieved by constant acceleration and deceleration timed to the natural frequency of the payload. ORNL then demonstrated a practical implementation using a full-scale crane and a 900-lb payload. The ORNL implementation has been identified as a specific case of a more generalized control technique, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), to dampen vibration. The generalized approach has the promise of allowing more flexible constraints on the control hardware utilized and the acceleration profiles required. This paper redevelops the implementation of the ORNL full-scale application in terms of the generalized theory and presents concepts for an application to industrial cranes controlled by ac induction motors.
Growth-regulatory effect of gastrin on human colon cancer cell lines is determined by protein kinase a isoform content

Abstract Cell growth is regulated by various peptide growth factors through receptor-linked multiple intracellular signal-transduction pathways, such as the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. cAMP activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) either to stimulate or inhibit cell growth. The effect on growth is determined by the presence of two isoforms of the regulatory (R) subunit of PKA; activation of R Iα -type PKA leads to stimulation of growth, activation of R IIβ -type inhibits cell growth. We determined whether the effect of gastrin on the growth of human colon cancer cells is determined by cell-specific content of PKA. We utilized two human colon cancer cell lines: LoVo, growth of which is stimulated by gastrin, and HCT116, growth of which is inhibited by gastrin. Activation of both types of PKA with 8-Br-cAMP mimicked the regulation of growth by gastrin; preferential activation of R IIβ -type PKA with 8-Cl-cAMP inhibited growth of both cell lines. LoVo cells possess the predominantly R Iα isoform of PKA at the mRNA and protein level; HCT116 cells possess predominantly the R IIβ -type PKA. The cAMP-mediated regulation of growth (either stimulatory or inhibitory) by gastrin on these human colon cancer cells was determined by the predominant isoform of PKA.
Borges, Inventor of the Pensées; or La busca de Pascal

(2005). Borges, Inventor of the Pensees; or La busca de Pascal. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 115-134.
Degradation of an Ni-Ti alloy during cyclic loading

ABSTRACT It is long been recognized that Ni-Ti shape memory alloys (SMAS) behave pseudoelastically above the austenite finish temperature (Ar) with an initially very weak strain-hardening character during the transformation. Under conditions of cyclic loading with a maximum strain, , the critical stress to initiate stress-induced martensitic (SIM)transformation decreases, the strain-hardening rate increases, residual strain accumulates and the hysteresis energyprogressively decreases over many cycles of loading. Hence the hysteresis energy available for dissipation gradually decreases during cycling. Recent work14 has shown that dislocations are generated in the alloy during the phase transformation to accommodate formation of SIM, giving rise to the change of hysteresis behavior of the SMA. Upon loading the SMA to a strain level higher than c , the alloy behaves almost identical to the "virgin material." Likewise,it has been shown5 that the stress at which either the forward or reverse transformation occurs, even in the absence ofsignificant matrix dislocation effects, depends upon the strain level (transformation level) prior to the last unloadingevent. This behavior is attributed to the distribution and configuration of austenite-martensite interfaces which evolveduring the transformation and requires additional internal state variable(s) beyond the mass fraction of martensite fordescription. These path dependent mechanisms are expected to invalidate current internal state variable models whichbase the free energy on only strain, temperature and martensite mass fraction. In this paper, some modelling featuresare discussed to address the effects of dislocation arrays generated in the parent phase as well as the distribution oftransformation product/interfaces. Several uniaxial experiments are reported on Ni-Ti to highlight the path dependenceof the cyclic deformation behavior and progressive decrease of dissipated energy. Implications for multiaxial loadingbehavior are also discussed.
Sustained Growth Factor Delivery in Tissue Engineering Applications

The beautifully orchestrated complexity of the temporal spatial growth factor gradients during embryogenesis offer a striking contrast to systemic bolus administration that lack tissue specificity and sustained protein localization, often requiring supraphysiological protein doses to produce the desired therapeutic dose. These attributes may be responsible for clinically observed dangerous tissue overgrowth, inflammation, and even tumor formation. Growth factor delivery within an implanted scaffold is a very attractive way to modulate cell behavior. For short term delivery, proteins can be non-specifically adsorbed to the material surface or simply entrapped within the bulk scaffold. For more sustained delivery, many researchers have turned to the ever increasing list of covalent immobilization methods that have profound applications in purification, biosensing, imaging, and drug discovery by tethering proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, synthetic polymers, small molecules, nanotubes, and even whole cells. This review focuses on the use of covalent immobilization to achieve sustained growth factor delivery for tissue engineering. Covalent immobilization techniques will be reviewed in terms of design, protein bioactivity/stability, efficiency, and spatiotemporal distribution. Further, the biological response to sustained growth factor delivery will also be covered, such as cell interaction, cell responsiveness, proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix production, and tissue regeneration. This focused review is anticipated to inform investigators on the selection of optimal immobilization strategies for their specific applications.
Three innovations in cost accounting

Leading-edge cost measurement does not necessarily mean the latest “alphabet soup” solution or yet another vendor's software solution. The foundation for useful and relevant cost measurement has a long and time-tested history. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The CEO goes on-line

Abstract As technology becomes more and more critical within an organization, the computer literacy skills of the CEO must evolve as well. Those skills must go beyond being a PC user and understanding the jargon. Today's CEOs need to take a leadership position in the use of IT and believe in the business critical role of IT in their organizations. the CEO must understand the role of IT products and processes. the CIO should work with the CEO to develop these literacy skills.
EXCYSTATION OF EIMERIA BOVIS AND OTHER SPECIES OF BOVINE COCCIDIA.

SYNOPSIS. Mechanically released sporocyts of Eimeria bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. auburnensis readily excysted when incubated in a mixture of trypsin, steapsin, and bovine bile. Excystation of intact E. bovis, E. ellipsoidalis and E. auburnensis oocysts occurred after pretreatment at 37°C in aqueous 0.02 M cysteine hydrochloride under an atmosphere of CO2-air or CO2-N2, followed by incubation in an enzyme-bile mixture. Nine % of E. bovis oocysts were activated after 6 hr of incubation at 37 C in a mixture of 0.5% (w/v) trypsin, 0.5% (w/v) steapsin, and 5.0% (v/v) bile at pH 7.5 with 10 hr pretreatment under air and 20% CO2; with 30% CO2, 80% activation occurred; with 50% CO2, 91% of the oocysts were activated. At CO2 levels from 10 to 40%, pretreatment with CO2 and N2 yielded less activation than CO2 and air. Pretreatment with CO2-N2 (50–50) for 2 hr resulted in 37% activation; for 6 hr, 60%; for 10 hr, 94%; and for 14 hr, 99%. After pretreatment under 50% CO2 for 10 hr, 95% excystation was obtained by incubation for 6 hr in 0.5% trypsin and 5.0% bile. Only 76 or 69% excystation occurred when 0.25% trypsin or 1.0% bile, respectively, was substituted. Addition of steapsin to this mixture caused little change in the results. In oocysts pretreated 14 to 21 hr with steapsin, 2% or less excystation occurred after 6 hr in a trysinbile or bile mixture. E. ellipsoidalis oocysts, pretreated for 10 hr under CO2-N2 (50–50), underwent 61 and 80% excystation when incubated for 2 and 6 hr, respectively, in trypsin, steapsin, and bile. E. bovis oocysts enclosed in a dialysis bag inside an intestinal fistula became thinned or flattened at the micropyle after 24 hr, and excystation occurred when these oocysts were mixed with trypsin, steapsin, and bile and returned to the fistula for 4 hr. No excystation occurred when oocysts without added enzymes were left 48 hr in the fistula. Sporozoites escaped first from sporocysts and then from oocysts.
Ophthalmologic manifestations of sickle cell thalassemia.

Vascular abnormalities were studied in the eyes of 14 patients with sickle cell thalassemia (S-thal). Angioid streaks were observed for the first time in a patient with S-thal. "Black sunbursts," which are seen more often in the fundi of patients with sickle cell anemia (SS disease) than in those with sickle cell hemoglobin C disease (Hb SC) were generally few in number in the fundi of patients with S-thal. Proliferative sickle retinopathy, which is much more characteristic of Hb SC than of SS disease, was seen in nine patients with S-thal. The retinas of S-thal thus resemble those of Hb SC more than SS. The hemoglobin composition of a patient's red blood cells can be predicted, to a degree, from the presence and type of certain retinal anomalies in sickling disorders. Overall clinical status is not usually as good as indicator of hemoglobin composition.
EXPERIMENTAL CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA

It is obvious from the experiments reported that concentrations of chloramine-T solutions, even more dilute than those which are well borne by the nasopharyngeal mucosa, are injurious to the pulmonary tissue when introduced directly into. the bronchi in large volume. The pulmonary lesions produced are of the nature of an extensive bronchopneumonia which progresses during the first 2 days after injection of the chemical and then regresses, to disappear, as a rule, by the 7th day. Similar pulmonary lesions were produced by intrabronchial insufflation of Dakin's solution of hypochlorite of sodium. These studies taken in conjunction with the earlier ones of Kline and Meltzer in which aleuronat, starch, egg yolk, and lecithin were insufflated into the lungs, show that pulmonary inflammation may be induced by various chemical substances—with the following differences. Aleuronat and starch set up consolidations containing much fibrin, as is the case with virulent pneumococci; egg yolk and lecithin gave lesions with little fibrin, as is the case with avirulent pneumococci. Both series of substances produced lobar pneumonia, while the pulmonary lesions induced by chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite were of the nature of bronchopneumonia. The consolidations of the lung produced by chemical substances differ from infectious pulmonary inflammations only in their sterility. These experimental results strongly suggest the view that the anatomical findings in pneumonia represent a part of a mechanism of defense and repair which the animal body creates in its struggle against infection and intoxication.
Chromaffin cell proliferation in the adult rat adrenal medulla

Epinephrine and norepinephrine-containing chromaffin cells proliferate in the adrenal glands of normal adult rats throughout life. Moreover, their rate of proliferation is markedly increased by short-term administration of reserpine, one of many agents which in long-term experiments are associated with the development of adrenal medullary tumors. Current data suggest that chromaffin cell proliferation in the adult rat adrenal is mediated by the interaction of neurogenic and hormonal signals. Reserpine is known to directly deplete catecholamine stores, and to reflexively increase the activity of the splanchnic nerve endings innervating the adrenal medulla to stimulate both secretion and synthesis of catecholamines and other secretory granule constituents. Its effect on chromaffin cell proliferation suggests that the same signals may regulate chromaffin cell number to meet physiological needs. The reserpine model might shed light on signal transduction mechanisms which normally promote or prevent proliferation of chromaffin cells and of other neuroendocrine cells during development or in adult life, and on ways in which such mechanisms are altered in the course of the development and progression of tumors. It also suggests the possibility that chromaffin cells might be propagated in vitro for use in basic biological studies or in transplants for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer

A Laplace transform solution is presented for flow to a well in a homogeneous, water-table aquifer with noninstanta-neous drainage of water from the zone above the water table. The Boulton convolution integral is combined with Darcy's law and used as an upper boundary condition to replace the condition used by Neuman. Boulton's integral derives from the assumption that water drained from the unsaturated zone is released gradually in a manner that varies exponentially with time in response to a unit decline in hydraulic head, whereas the condition used by Newman assumes that the water is released instantaneously. The result is a solution that reduces to the solution obtained by Neuman as the rate of release of water from the zone above the water table increases. A dimensionless fitting parameter, γ, is introduced that incorporates vertical hydraulic conductivity, saturated thickness, specific yield, and an empirical constant α1, similar to Boulton's α. Results show that theoretical drawdown in water-table piezometers is amplified by noninstantaneous drainage from the unsaturated zone to a greater extent than drawdown in piezometers located at depth in the saturated zone. This difference provides a basis for evaluating γ by type-curve matching in addition to the other dimensionless parameters. Analysis of drawdown in selected piezometers from the published results of two aquifer tests conducted in relatively homogeneous glacial outwash deposits but with significantly different hydraulic conductivities reveals improved comparison between the theoretical type curves and the hydraulic head measured in water-table piezometers.
Potential pharmacological interventions in polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystic kidney diseases (autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive) are progressive renal tubular cystic diseases, which are characterised by cyst expansion and loss of normal kidney structure and function. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common life- threatening, hereditary disease. ADPKD is more prevalent than Huntington’s disease, haemophilia, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, myotonic dystrophy and Down’s syndrome combined. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension with inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and its potential protective effect on left ventricular hypertrophy has been one of the major therapeutic goals to decrease cardiac complications and contribute to improved prognosis of the disease. Advances in the understanding of the genetics, molecular biology and pathophysiology of the disease are likely to facilitate the improvement of treatments for these diseases. Developments in describing the role of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and its correlation with cellular signalling systems, Ras/Raf/ mitogen extracellular kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and interaction of these pathways with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, provide new insights on treatment strategies. Blocking the vasopressin V2 receptor, a major adenylyl cyclase agonist, demonstrated significant improvements in inhibiting cytogenesis in animal models. Because of activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the use of sirolimus (rapamycin) an mTOR inhibitor, markedly reduced cyst formation and decreased polycystic kidney size in several animal models. Caspase inhibitors have been shown to decrease cytogenesis and renal failure in rats with cystic disease. Cystic fluid secretion results in cyst enlargement and somatostatin analogues have been shown to decrease renal cyst progression in patients with ADPKD. The safety and efficacy of these classes of drugs provide potential interventions for experimental and clinical trials.
Assessment of fine motor control in individuals with Parkinson's disease using force tracking with a secondary cognitive task.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are typically assessed using clinical scales such as the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, but clinical scales are insensitive to subtle changes early in the disease process. The goal of this project was to use current sensing technology to develop a quantitative assessment tool to document fine motor deficits in PD based on the ability to control grip force output. The assessment was designed to challenge deficits commonly encountered as a result of PD, including dual-task performance of a motor task and a cognitive task simultaneously. METHODS Two force sensors were used to measure the isometric pinch grip force between the thumb and index finger in 30 individuals with PD and 30 control participants of similar age without disability. Participants performed a target force tracking task with each of two different target waveforms (sinusoidal or pseudorandom) under each of three different cognitive load conditions (none, subtract 1, and subtract 3). Dependent variables calculated from the force sensor data included root mean square error, tremor integral, and lag. RESULTS In general, individuals with PD showed significantly less accuracy in generating the target forces as shown by larger root mean square error compared with controls (P < 0.001). They also showed greater amounts of tremor and lag compared with controls (P = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Deficits were more pronounced during the cognitive multitasking component of the test. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results will serve as a preliminary work for the development of a clinical biomarker for PD that may help to identify subtle deficits in fine motor control early in the disease process and facilitate tracking of disease progression with time.
The effect of ligand size and stereochemistry on the reactivity of the α and β chains within hemoglobin

Abstract The reactions of human hemoglobin A with methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, iso -butyl, sec -butyl, and tert -butyl isocyanide were examined in the presence and absence of inositol hexaphosphate. As the size and bulk of the aliphatic side-chain increases, the relative association rates and affinities of the β chains for isonitriles increase compared to those of the α chains. This result indicates that the β heme pocket within hemoglobin is more open and accessible to ligand molecules than the α heme pocket.
Observations on the fat‐body in Hymenoptera

An histological and cytological study of the postembryonic history of the fat-body in Pteronidea ribesi (Scopoli) and Diphadnus appendiculata (Hartig) (both Tenthredinidae) and in Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer (Ichneumonidae). The two principal components of the fat-body are the urate-storing excretory cells and the fat-cells. The development and behavior of the excretory cells, especially during the metamorphosis, are described, and in Pteronidea their origin is traced to leucocytes which have become associated with the fat-cells. In the albuminoid inclusions found in the fat-cells two types of substance are distinguished: (a) a basophile material, of nuclear origin, which appears only during the metamorphosis; (b) an acidophile material which appears already during the early larval stages in Macrocentrus, but in Pteronidea is formed only during the metamorphosis and in association with the basophile material. It is thus found that albuminoids formed slowly during larval life may exist from the beginning in the form of acidophile spheres, as occurs in Macrocentrus. But those formed rapidly during the metamorphosis, in all the forms studied, are formed in association with a basophile material derived from the nucleus. The significance of intracellular changes during the metamorphosis is discussed, and the final disposition of the cell inclusions as well as of the fat-cells themselves is described.
A software architecture for a mature design automation system

Design automation systems are groups of programs used to aid the design of the electronic portions of computers. IBM has used such systems for over twenty-five years, and has a large number of experienced users who place severe requirements upon their design automation system. The essential requirement is that design programs must be easy to use in the way that a particular development location wishes to use them. Design programs which cannot be changed to meet local requirements are not acceptable. The software structure portion of an architecture for a design automation system which meets these requirements is described; interactive and foreground design applications are stressed. The structure involves a uniform set of services, such as command languages and terminal access methods, needed to support the design application, and a formal, two-part partitioning of the design application itself. Modularity and good interfaces are important parts of the software structure which permit a development laboratory to change the application enough for it to be easily used. These changes are the rule, not the exception. Examples of such changes are given, based upon early user experience. The applicability of this architecture to future system needs such as distributed data and distributed processing is discussed.
Optimal fluorescence imaging of atherosclerotic human tissue

Multispectral imaging was investigated as a technique to exploit the spatial and spectral information available in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis. A diagnostic system is proposed that could provide direct viewing of a standard endoscopic or a total-fluorescence image. In addition, multiple spectral-feature images, each associated with a separate, narrow spectral band, could be obtained and processed to produce an optimized contrast image. In this study, a 'white-light' image and a total-fluorescence image were obtained. In addition, a three- dimensional, multispectral data set was generated, and two methods of utilizing this data were explored: (1) a per-pixel ratio of fluorescence intensities, and (2) an optimized superposition of the spectral-feature images. Fluorescence imaging is found to provide a rich data set possessing great potential for improving the detection and characterization of atheromatous disease.
Determination of the Potential from Scattering Data

It is shown that in classical mechanics a spherically symmetric repulsive potential can be determined from the differential scattering cross section for particles of a single energy $E$. The potential is determined explicitly, but only outside the radius of closest approach at energy $E$. Higher energies are required to probe closer to the center. The results are compared with related quantum-mechanical results.
Gene expression in lung and basal forebrain during influenza infection in mice.

Inbred mice develop strain-dependent changes in sleep during the first few days after inoculation with influenza virus. To identify genes with the potential to differentially modulate sleep under this condition, we performed complementary DNA microarray analysis of both lung and basal forebrain (BF) of infected (I) and uninfected BALB/cByJ (C) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice. This analysis showed significant variation in the expression pattern of 667 and 1217 of the surveyed genes in BF and lung, respectively (P or=2, 495 genes differed in expression in lung compared with 204 in BF. In BF, more genes were differentially expressed as a function of mouse strain, whereas in lung, more genes were differentially expressed as a function of health status. Significant alterations in expression after infection were more numerous and robust in BALB/cByJ vs. C57BL/6J mice. Some genes showed significant variation in both tissues as a function of strain or condition, but the changes in general were not parallel. Genes that showed significant and robust variation as a function of strain, health status or tissue included those related to immune function, metabolism, signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and other miscellaneous categories. Different patterns of gene expression in BF of uninfected mice suggest the possibility of fundamental mechanistic differences in pathways that modulate vigilance in these strains, whereas differences in expression of lung of infected mice suggests different peripherally generated sleep-modulatory stimuli in the two strains.
Mechanical Effects of Diblock Copolymer at Interfaces

Abstract The effects of a thin layer of diblock copolymer on the adhesion between a glassy polymer and two different materials, an elastomer and a silicon wafer, have been examined. The glassy polymer was polystyrene and the elastomer was polyisoprene. A polystyrene–b–polyisoprene copolymer was employed at the polyisoprene–polystyrene interface whilst a polystyrene–b–polymethylmethacrylate copolymer was used at the polystyrene–silicon interface. The toughness of the glassy–rubbery interface depended on the length of time at room temperature the polyisoprene of the copolymer diffused into the crosslinked polyisoprene homopolymer, when the two were not crosslinked together, but reached a maximum toughness enhancement of a factor of 4. The diffusion process was very slow because the block polyisoprene was tethered to the polystyrene and the polyisoprene homopolymer was crosslinked. Much greater joint toughnesses were found when the block and homopolymer polyisoprene were crosslinked together. The toughness o...
Voluntary Association Boards: A Reflection of Member and Community Characteristics?

This study examines U.S. affiliates of an international voluntary associa tion (Habitat for Humanity) and the relationship of local board composi tion, membership composition, and community characteristics. Using survey and census data, we were interested in whether characteristics of the local community are important predictors of the types of members recruited and the kinds of persons who emerge as voluntary organization leaders. We found that the characteristics of the local community influ ence composition and the size of membership and boards of directors. Additionally, we found that membership composition is also related to board composition.
Distributed System Design Under Uncertainty

Many chemical reactions are intrinsically coupled with transport phenomena. In realistic systems, both the chemical reactions as well as the transport phenomena are functions of space. Despite spatial distribution, it is customary to fit transport and kinetic properties in experiments to simplified lumped models. This paper outlines a method to acquire unknown system properties in reacting systems with transport coupling. Rigorous metrics to quantify confidence levels of these distributed models and their parameters to represent the experimental data will also be computed. We will advocate the advantage of deploying confidence information together with apparent physical and chemical properties for flexible process design. Hence, we will find the most cost-effective design subject to the accurate statistical error information of the model parameters. The paper will introduce mathematical foundations and nonlinear programming solutions based on trust region methods with inexact function and gradient evaluations specifically designed for inversion problem of distributed systems. A comprehensive example for the optimal design of catalytic pellet reactor will illustrate the proposed approach.
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Plans Directed at Blacks: Effects of Plan and Individual Differences1

Non-Black students (N= 178) completed a questionnaire that permitted tests of hypotheses about the bases of attitudes toward affirmative action plans (AAPs) directed at Blacks. Respondents positively evaluated 5 AAPs (race blind, eliminate discrimination, recruitment, training, proportional hiring) and rejected 2 AAPs (weak and strong preferential treatment). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that attitudes toward the specific AAPs were entirely mediated by judgments of AAP fairness, but were only partly mediated by perceived threats to personal and collective self-interest. Attitudes toward the specific AAPs were more strongly related to details of the AAPs than to individual differences or to attitudes toward affirmative action in general. Attitudes toward affirmative action in general varied with self-interest and racism, but not with belief in the dominant ideology of opportunity.
Physiological levels of tea catechins increase cellular lipid antioxidant activity of vitamin C and vitamin E in human intestinal Caco-2 cells

Oxidative stress has been linked to the development of various chronic diseases. Vegetables and fruits, which contain polyphenols, were shown to have protective effects. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol abundant in tea, has been shown to have antioxidant activities in cell-free conditions and this study focused on the effect of cellular EGCG. Using an intestinal cell model to examine the oxidative stress induced by hydroxyl radicals, we report here that physiological concentrations (0.1-1 microM) of EGCG have dose- and incubation duration-dependent cell-associated lipid antioxidant activity (measuring malondialdehyde production). Vitamin E and vitamin C at 10-40 microM also showed cell-associated lipid antioxidant activities under shorter incubation durations. When EGCG was included in the incubation with vitamin E or C, more antioxidant activities were consistently observed than when vitamins were added alone. Catechin (widely present in fruits and vegetables) at 1 microM also significantly increased the antioxidant activity of vitamins E and C. Previous studies examining cell-associated activity of EGCG mainly focused on the 10-100 microM concentration range. Our results suggest that although the physiological level (0.1-1 microM) of dietary catechins is much lower than that of vitamins, they further contribute to the total antioxidant capacity even in the presence of vitamins.
The incredible shrinking transistor

The steady down-scaling of CMOS device dimensions has been the main stimulus to the growth of microelectronics and the computer industry over the past two decades. The more an IC is scaled, the higher becomes its packing density, the higher its circuit speed, and the lower its power dissipation. Today, after many generations of scaling, the smallest feature in a CMOS transistor is approaching atomic dimensions and off-state leakage current per transistor has been rising because thermal energy does not scale. So how much longer can CMOS scaling continue? As the integration level of ICs moves toward 100 million transistors in the next few years, key issues of transistor design must be reexamined for 0.10-0.13-/spl mu/m generation technology. In previous CMOS generations, it was possible to disregard many parasitic components like off-state leakage and gate current. But in the not-so-distant future, these undesirables will grow rapidly as the fundamental limits imposed by thermodynamics and quantum mechanics close in on the technology. Fortunately the margins in today's devices will be enough to blunt the impact of such effects for perhaps a few generations. All the same, extracting the most performance while extending the limit of CMOS will require several elaborate schemes, including multiple threshold voltages, optimum two-dimensional nonuniform doping, and near atomic level control of gate oxide thickness and source-drain profile.
Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of ThH2 and ThH3.75 to 1000 K

Abstract The heat capacities of ThH2.00 and ThH3.75 have been measured in the temperature range 5 to 350 K by the adiabatic method. These heat capacities were represented by a sum of terms each of which could be extrapolated to higher temperatures to obtain Cp for each hydride. Tabular values of the heat capacity Cp, the entropy So, the function, {Ho(T) − Ho(0)}, and the function −{G o (T) − H o (0)} T are presented at selected temperatures to 1000 K. These results together with thermochemical results derived from hydrogen dissociation-pressure measurements were used to calculate standard enthalpies and entropies of formation of ThH2 and ThH3.75 from 298.15 to 1000 K.