cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionizing radiation inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated

Abstract Purpose Ionizing radiation can reduce tumor growth outside the field of radiation, known as the abscopal effect. Although it has been reported in multiple malignancies, the abscopal effect remains a rare and poorly understood event. Ionizing radiation generates inflammatory signals and, in principle, could provide both tumor-specific antigens from dying cells and maturation stimuli that are necessary for dendritic cells' activation of tumor-specific T cells. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the abscopal effect elicited by radiation is immune mediated. This was directly tested by enhancing the number of available dendritic cells using the growth factor Flt3-Ligand (Flt3-L). Methods and materials Mice bearing a syngeneic mammary carcinoma, 67NR, in both flanks were treated with Flt3-L daily for 10 days after local radiation therapy (RT) to only 1 of the 2 tumors at a single dose of 2 or 6 Gy. The second nonirradiated tumor was used as indicator of the abscopal effect. Data were analyzed using repeated measures regression. Results RT alone led to growth delay exclusively of the irradiated 67NR tumor, as expected. Surprisingly, growth of the nonirradiated tumor was also impaired by the combination of RT and Flt3-L. As control, Flt3-L had no effect without RT. Importantly, the abscopal effect was shown to be tumor specific, because growth of a nonirradiated A20 lymphoma in the same mice containing a treated 67NR tumor was not affected. Moreover, no growth delay of nonirradiated 67NR tumors was observed when T cell deficient (nude) mice were treated with RT plus Flt3-L. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the abscopal effect is in part immune mediated and that T cells are required to mediate distant tumor inhibition induced by radiation.
Test Instruments for Color Television

The development of color television has produced some "growing pains" in television system operation. To radiate a satisfactory color TV signal, routine maintenance must include the measurement and adjustment of some characteristics not ordinarily considered for monochrome television. In other cases the accuracy of operation must be considerably better than in the past. This paper describes several test instruments developed to simplify some of these measurements. The first instrument described produces a frequency response test signal. The signal contains the elements necessary for normal operation of clamp circuits so that a rapid check can be made on either a single component or a complete system, including networking facilities. The second instrument was developed primarily for making differential gain and differential phase measurements. It produces a staircase type signal to which sine waves of a selected frequency can be added. The third device is a calibrated phase shifter useful for making accurate phase measurements. The device and a test method are described. This instrument is particularly useful in making precision measurements on system components. The last instrument described is for frequency measurement. The presence of a color subcarrier makes it important to hold accurately the 4.5 mc sound-to-picture separation. The test instrument reads directly the deviation from the correct spacing with an accuracy of a few cycles.
Angiogenesis and oxidative stress: Common mechanisms linking psoriasis with atherosclerosis

Shared angiogenic and oxidative mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of psoriasis and atherosclerosis. During the pathogenesis of both diseases, stimuli such as injury or local hypoxia trigger the release of pro-angiogenic factors including IL-8, HIF-1α, ETS-1, and VEGF. These factors stimulate increased permeability and encourage leukocyte transmigration into areas of inflammation by enhanced expression of cell adhesion molecules. Psoriasis and atherosclerosis also share common enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these ROS influence several cellular signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Pharmacologic and genetic therapies that target key factors in these pathways could provide innovative approaches to the management of psoriasis and potentially mitigate the cardiovascular complications suffered by psoriasis patients.
Implementation of a portable database management system

A solution to the problem of database software portability and interchange has been achieved by the implementation of the Automated Information Management (AIM) system. AIM, a CODASYL-type database management system, is written entirely in a high-level industry-wide standard language. The technique of implementation is carefully designed to eliminate any machine dependencies such as word size or internal data representation. Thus, a program written using AIM will run on any machine supporting a commonly available subset of ANSI 1974 COBOL.The specifications of the Data Base Task Group, published in 1969 and 1971, and the later enhancements by the Data Definition Language Committee, published in 1973, have gained increasing acceptance by the data processing community. Although various computer manufacturers have introduced database management systems based on these proposals, each of these systems represent mutually non-compatible versions of the standard. The approach taken in the development of AIM has overcome this problem and made CODASYL database facilities available to a broader class of machines than ever before.
Effects of ketohexosemia on the ketohexose transport in the small intestine of rats.

Abstract It was observed previously (Csaky, T.Z. and Fischer, E. (1981) Diabetes 30, 568–574), that sustained hyperglycemia enhances the intestinal transport of aldohexoses; on the other hand, hyperfructosemia affects primarily the transport of fructose. The present study examines in detail the hyperketosemia-induced intestinal ketose transport. Intravenously infused 3-O- methylfructose produces marked 3-O- methylfructosemia without concomitant hyperglycemia; in such animals the intestinal transport of both fructose and 3-O- methylfructose increased. The hyperketosemia-induced increased ketose transport was inhibited by phloretin but only if placed on the serosal compartment. Phlorizin affects neither the basal nor the induced intestinal ketohexose transport. The enhancement of the intestinal ketohexose transport is not sodium-dependent and is not inhibited by ouabain.
Investigation of the magnetic stability of cobalt-based as-quenched amorphous alloys☆

Abstract The magnetic stabilities of several amorphous alloys of the series (Co 74.5 − x Fe x )Mo 1.5 B 11 Si 13 ( x = 3.9–5.0) have been studied. The experimental data show that the decrease in the permeability with increasing aging time at about 100 °C is closely related to the absolute value of the saturation magnetostriction ∣ λ s ∣. An alloy with larger ∣ λ s ∣ exhibits a higher magnetic stability. It has been found that there is a linear relationship between H c and ∣ λ s ∣ of as-quenched samples. By introducing the equation μ m = M s 2 /( α K + βλ s σ ), the experimental results have been explained well.
Shocks and oscillations: The political economy of Hungary

While economic voting studies exist for the new democracies in post-communist Europe, time-series vote functions are scarce. Here, we fill this void by testing how public support for the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) responds to political shocks and economic oscillations, using monthly data from 2002 to 2009 (N = 83). As the economy fluctuates, on both objective and subjective measures, Hungarians reward or punish the Prime Minister’s party in the traditional manner. Political shocks, including the change to an MSZP minority government, the 2006 riots, and the IMF bailout, induced increased support for the party while troops in Iraq and the election campaign led Hungarians to be less supportive of the party. Clearly, government support in Hungary can be explained in political economic terms, despite the newness of democracy and the severe economic uncertainties of the times.
Adaptation, Ecological Impacts, and Risk Assessment: Insights from Research at Foundry Cove, Bayou Trepagnier, and Pass Fourchon

This paper takes a detailed look at the occurrence of genetic adaptations and ecological impacts at three contaminated sites (Foundry Cove, Bayou Trepagnier, Pass Fourchon) to assess the co-occurrence of adaptation and ecological impacts and the implications for risk assessment. Community-level ecological impacts were reported for all three sites. However, there was little evidence of population-level impacts (on the six populations that were also assessed for adaptation). Similarly, adaptation was found in only one of the populations. While this review provides an incomplete picture (adaptation was assessed on only a small subset of the species present and the reasons behind the lack of adaptation in the five populations remained unknown), it indicates that adaptation is uncommon even where ecological impacts are obvious. Theoretical considerations also predict that contaminants can have large impacts without resulting in an adaptation. While adaptation to a contaminant reflects an impact by that contami...
Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators : examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures

Numerous recent attempts to identify mediated and moderated effects in child-clinical and pediatric research on child adjustment have been characterized by terminological, conceptual, and statistical inconsistencies. To promote greater clarity, the terms mediating and moderating are defined and differentiated. Recommended statistical strategies that can be used to test for these effects are reviewed (i.e., multiple regression and structural equation modeling techniques). The distinction between mediated and indirect effects is also discussed. Examples of troublesome and appropriate uses of these terms in the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures are highlighted.
A numerical analysis of the tensile test for sheet metals

The strain hardening, strain-rate hardening, and plastic anisotropy properties of metal sheets are normally determined in a tensile test during the nearly uniform deformation prior to the maximum load. Beyond this point, strain nonuniformity leading to a neck is poorly understood in terms of interaction of these material properties with changes in strain-rate and stress-state within the neck, and the resulting load-extension plot. Satisfactory modeling of this problem has been achieved by using a rigid/plastic constitutive law including strain hardening and strain-rate hardening. Progressive cessation of deformation starting from elements in the specimen fillet region toward the center is demonstrated. This effect is shown to generate a strain peak (neck) at the gage length center. The predicted load-extension plots and strain distributions in the neck agree well with experiments conducted on a number of test materials. This work provides a quantitative measure of the influence of various material parameters on tensile ductility and identifies the proper constitutive law for input into mathematical models of more complex forming operations.
An algorithmic computerised order entry approach to assist in the prescribing of new therapeutic agents: case study of activated protein C at an academic medical centre.

Background: Academic medical centres face the need to care for patients with complex medical conditions, educate physicians-in-training and conduct research, all with increasingly constrained budgets. The adoption of new therapeutic technology presents challenges and opportunities in each of these areas. Severe sepsis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in tertiary-care facilities. Recombinant human activated protein C reduces mortality in patients with severe sepsis, but trial data indicate that the benefit of the drug is confined to the more seriously ill patients, while the risk of bleeding complications can be considerable. The cost of the drug is approximately $US6000–8000 per treated patient. Integration of this product into routine care has produced unique challenges concerning clinical decision making, safety and cost.
Connecting Accounting and Communication: A Survey of Public Accounting Firms:

Communication skills are valued highly in public accounting firms, where profes sionals at all levels communicate as part of their jobs. However, respondents to a 1997 survey reported that the development of effective communication skills was not part of formal accounting education and that partners and managers want their entry-level professionals to have these skills at the onset. Further, these skills increase in importance as accounting professionals progress from entry-level to manager to partner. Educational institutions need to develop programs that include communication topics and courses to prepare accountants for the challenges of their profession.
Deinstitutionalization and the Rights of the Deviant

The deinstitutionalization movement has been widely hailed as a beneficent reform which reflected advances in understanding produced by social scientific research. Yet close attention to the achievements rather than the rhetoric of the movement suggests a much bleaker picture. For neither the mentally ill nor the criminal has the outcome matched proponents' expectations and intentions.
Order Selection in ODE codes based on implicit formulas

Abstract Variable order ODE codes are biased towards low orders. It is shown that for the popular families of implicit formulas, the efficiency of evaluation of the formula improves as the order is raised. The benefit is not great, but raising the order is a help in this respect rather than a hindrance as is generally assumed.
Xenopus hindbrain patterning requires retinoid signaling.

We have asked how posterior neural tissue is patterned inXenopusby assaying the involvement of endogenous retinoic acid (RA) in this process and by using the labial Hox gene, HoxD1, as a posterior marker. Although RA is able to inhibit anterior gene expression and activate expression of more posterior genes, the normal role of retinoids in anteroposterior (A/P) patterning is unclear. HoxD1 is an early posterior neurectodermal marker, expressed from midgastrula with a later anterior expression limit in the future hindbrain. We previously showed that HoxD1 was induced as an immediate early response to retinoic acid in naive ectoderm (animal caps). Here, we use a truncated RARα2.2 receptor (RARΔ) to dominantly interfere with retinoid signaling. In embryos injected with RARΔ expression of HoxD1 is eliminated. Conjugates of ectoderm and dorsolateral mesoderm show that retinoid receptors are required in the ectoderm for HoxD1 induction. Further, expression of Krox-20 in r3 and r5 of the presumptive hindbrain is compressed into a single stripe that suggests elimination of r5. RARα2.2 expression almost precisely overlaps that of HoxD1, suggesting that this receptor may normally activate HoxD1. Expression of neither more anterior genes including cement gland, forebrain, and midbrain markers nor a more posterior spinal cord marker is affected by RARΔ. These data suggest that the posterior hindbrain is the region of the nervous system most sensitive to retinoid loss. Finally, we compare the ability of RA and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to posteriorize isolated anterior neurectoderm and show that both factors can act directly on this substrate. RA acts in a more anterior domain than does FGF; however, neither factor is equivalent to the natural posteriorizing capacity of the posterior mesoderm. We propose that endogenous retinoid and FGF signals pattern largely nonoverlapping regions along the A/P axis and that posterior neural patterning requires multiple inducers.
Strength and microstructure of powder metallurgy processed restacked Cu-Nb microcomposites

Powder metallurgy (PM) was used to fabricate Cu-Nb microcomposites both at the laboratory and intermediate industrial scales. Ultimate tensile strengths (UTSs) of 1.6 and 1.035 GPa were obtained for the laboratory-and intermediate-scale composites, respectively. Filament morphology and the microstructure of various microcomposites were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and optical microscopy. In the early stages of the fabrication process, a plain strain condition causes the Nb fibers to attain a ribbonlike shape, but in the later stages, an axially symmetric flow prevails. Beyond the Nb filament thickness of 5 to 10 nm, the overall areal reduction was observed to occur without any significant reduction in the Nb filament thickness. Effects of heat treatment and the extent of spheroidization at different temperatures were studied. Contributions of various strengthening mechanisms on PM-processed Cu-Nb composites were analyzed. Work hardening, high strength of Nb filaments, and dispersion-type hardening were the dominant factors. Our strengthening model, which involves a superposition of the different contributions, agreed with our measurements.
Photochemical functionalization of 6‐azauracils to 5‐substituted‐6‐azauracils

Photochemical cycloaddition of 6-azauracil derivatives to enol acetates yields hydrolytically labile bicyclic azetidines which decompose in good to excellent yield to 5-substituted-5,6-dihydro-6-azauracils. These compounds can in turn be oxidized by bromine to the 5-substituted-6-azauracil. This reaction sequence has also been applied to 2′,3′,5′-tri-o-benzoyl-6-azauridine resulting in a 60% overall yield of the functionalized nucleoside derivative. The three-step procedure reported here affords a simple method for carboncarbon bond formation at the 5-position of 6-azauracil and may be applicable to other imines systems.
Smart bag: managing home and raising children

Dual-income families experience stress as they attempt to manage the conflicting responsibilities of work, school, home, and enrichment activities. Opportunities exist for technology to provide support in managing their children's activities, helping parents feel more in control of their lives. In this paper, we explore opportunities to support children's activities. Based on our contextual fieldwork with dual-income families, we suggest a concept of the Smart Bag, which addresses two design opportunities: (i) a reminder system that helps people remember their schedules and what they need to take, and (ii) a reminder system that allows parents to engage in parenting.
Taxonomic Diversity Gradients of Ectoprocts and Bivalves and Their Geologic Implications

Important attributes of some taxonomic diversity gradients of marine organisms include an “ocean effect” and a “margin effect.” As examples of the former, both ectoprocts and bivalves are twice as diverse in the Pacific Ocean as in the Atlantic Ocean. As examples of the latter, bivalves and, less clearly, ectoprocts have their greatest within-ocean diversity along the western margin of the Pacific and the eastern margin of the Atlantic Ocean. Correct determination of the paleo-equator may be severely hampered unless the data include samples from the Pacific Basin. Although ectoprocts and bivalves are equally diverse at low latitudes, ectoprocts have markedly more species per geographic area at high latitudes.
Multiple fields may offer better esophagus sparing without increased probability of lung toxicity in optimized IMRT of lung tumors.

Purpose: To evaluate whether increasing numbers of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) fields enhance lung-tumor dose without additional predicted toxicity for difficult planning geometries. Methods and Materials: Data from 8 previous three dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) patients with tumors located in various regions of each lung, but with planning target volumes (PTVs) overlapping part of the esophagus, were used as input. Four optimized-beamlet IMRT plans (1 plan that used the 3D-CRT beam arrangement and 3 plans with 3, 5, or 7 axial, but predominantly one-sided, fields) were compared. For IMRT, the equivalent uniform dose (EUD) in the whole PTV was optimized simultaneously with that in a reduced PTV exclusive of the esophagus. Normal-tissue complication probability-based costlets were used for the esophagus, heart, and lung. Results: Overall, IMRT plans (optimized by use of EUD to judiciously allow relaxed PTV dose homogeneity) result in better minimum PTV isodose surface coverage and better average EUD values than does conformal planning; dose generally increases with the number of fields. Even 7-field plans do not significantly alter normal-lung mean-dose values or lung volumes that receive more than 13, 20, or 30 Gy. Conclusion: Optimized many-field IMRT plans can lead to escalated lung-tumor dose in the special case of esophagus overlapping PTV, without unacceptable alteration in the dose distribution to normal lung.
Damping characteristics of a spray-deposited shape memory alloy beam

Abstract The damping characteristics of an Ni–Ti shape memory alloy (SMA) beam are theoretically and experimentally studied with interest in identifying an appropriate damping model for the material. The SMA beam is manufactured by a spray deposition method followed by heat treatment and found to have nanocrystalline structure in which damping capacity is high. The beam is then tested to obtain an impulse response and the frequency response function (FRF). By using the Hilbert transform technique it is shown that damping of the beam is almost amplitude independent in the tested range of displacement. It is also shown from the FRF that the damping of the spray-deposited shape memory alloy beam is well represented by a model including both linear viscous and hysteretic dampings.
Effects of ethanol on Pavlovian autoshaping in rats.

Approach responses, consummatory behaviors, and directed motor responses maintained by food reward resemble autoshaping CRs and are increased by lower doses of ethanol. This study evaluated the effects of presession i.p. injections of ethanol doses (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.70. or 1.00 g/kg) on the acquisition of lever-press autoshaping CR performance in groups of male Long-Evans hooded rats. Paired groups received 15 daily sessions of Pavlovian autoshaping procedures, wherein the insertion of a retractable lever for 5 s (CS) was followed by the response-independent presentation of food (US). Ethanol facilitated lever-press autoshaping CR acquisition, as revealed by dose-related increases in the number of trials on which CRs were performed. The form of the dose-effect curve was inverted U-shaped with maximal responding induced during sessions 1-5 by the 0.70 g/kg ethanol dose. A similar dose-effect curve was observed during sessions 11-15, revealing that the effects of ethanol on autoshaping CR performance were relatively stable. A pseudoconditioning control group injected presession with 0.50 g/kg ethanol received training wherein the food US was presented randomly with respect to the lever CS. Few lever-presses were performed by the Random 0.50 group, indicating that ethanol's effects on autoshaping CR acquisition and maintenance observed in the Paired 0.50 group were not due to its psychomotor activating effects. A non-injection control group performed more autoshaping CRs than did the control group injected presession with saline, indicating that daily presession i.p. injections per se suppress autoshaping CR performance. Results reveal that low doses of ethanol enhance Pavlovian conditioning of directed motor and consummatory-like responding maintained by food reward. Implications for autoshaping accounts of impulsivity and drug abuse are considered.
Effects of solute-membrane interactions on flux-limiting concentration polarization in ultrafiltration processing

Abstract The effect of solute asymmetry on flux-limiting solute-membrane interactions was studied for the ultrafiltration of dilute aqueous solutions of surface-active and nonsurface-active solutes through commercially available cellulose acetate and polysalt complex membranes. Triton X-100, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (Hyamine 3500), and Carbowax 600 were chosen as the model nonionic surfactant, anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, and nonionic symmetrical solute respectively. Flux declines resulting from specific solute-membrane interactions were observed for Triton X-100 with cellulose acetate membranes and for the ionic surface-active agents with polysalt membranes. Although small flux declines were observed for the ionic surfactants with cellulose acetate membranes and for the nonionic surfactant with polysalt complex membranes, these small flux-limiting effects were within the range of those observed for the symmetrical and therefore nonsurface-active Carbowax 600. Retention of surface-active solutes was higher in all cases for higher solute concentrations. This abnormal behavior was not observed for Carbowax 600 with either membrane. In all cases, except for the cationic surfactant-polysalt membrane combination, the observed flux declines were completely reversed by flushing the membrane with distilled water. These results suggest, therefore, that while surfactants as a class of materials do not lead to significant flux-limiting membrane interactions, solutes that interact specifically, albeit reversibly, with a membrane surface may cause flux-limiting phenomena.
CREDIBILITY AND INTERTEMPORAL CONSISTENCY

The credibility criterion commonly used in the strategic macroeconomic policy literature, subgame perfection or its variants, ignores a critical problem concerning intertemporal consistency of policy announcements. To capture this additional credibility constraint, this note applies two distinct notions of Renegotiation-Proof, originally proposed in the context of two-person repeated games. Macroeconomic policy games, where the benevolent government interacts with atomistic private agents, offers a new testing ground for these criteria to be evaluated. This note discusses the relative strengths and weaknesses of these criteria.
Management of acute angioplasty complications

Summary Over the last two years, tremendous changes have occurred in the management of major complications after PTCA. This is principally due to the use of coronary stenting as a bailout technique in the presence of coronary dissection or as a primary dilation strategy. It is likely that as newer stent designs become available and new, powerful antiplatelet agents such as 7E3 are more frequently used, complications of angioplasty will continue to decrease.
Health Screening and Health Promotion Programs for the Elderly

As the population of elderly people worldwide continues to grow, successful aging has risen to the top of the health policy agenda. The definition of successful aging includes the maintenance of physical and mental function, as well as continued social engagement. Given this definition, maintaining health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) should be a key goal for nutrition and physical activity programs targeted toward the elderly. HR-QOL encompasses physical functioning necessary for unassisted living, as well as broader domains of mental functioning and overall life satisfaction. This review examines the relationship between health parameters and HR-QOL, and assesses the degree to which these relationships are addressed in existing screening and promotion programs. In many cases, nutrition screening and evaluation tools have focused on biomedical measures, such as bodyweight, body fat, or plasma lipids, without taking QOL into account. While HR-QOL has been considered in a few health promotion campaigns, a more balanced perspective on wellness and health among the elderly is needed for the design of effective policies and programs. Successful aging can depend on such factors as race, ethnicity, education, and access to economic and social resources. Intervention programs reviewed include those that address nutritional status, physical activity, and mental health issues among community-dwelling elderly. A comprehensive approach to promoting health in aging would incorporate indicators of wellbeing, and would specifically address nutrition and physical activity issues alongside HR-QOL. Public health policies reviewed here are designed to create an infrastructure to promote healthy aging and offer support to the growing elderly population.
Small strain deformations of elastic beams and rods including large deflections

A consistent theory for linear elastic behavior in which the strains are small but the displacements and rotations can be large is applied to the bending and twisting of a rod or beam by end loads and by its own weight. The theory provides solutions for geometries and loadings between those for which the infinitesimal theory applies and those for which structural theories, such as Kirchhoff s theory for rods, can be used. The results confirm the validity of Kirchhoff's rod theory within the range of small-strain, linear elastic behavior.
Personal Characteristics, Sexual Behaviors, and Male Sex Work: A Quantitative Approach

Male sex workers serve multiple groups (i.e., gay-identified men, heterosexually-identified men, and their own sexual partners), making them a unique source to test theories of gender, masculinity, and sexuality. To date, most scholarship on this topic has been qualitative. I assembled a dataset from the largest online male sex worker website to conduct the first quantitative analysis of male escorts in the United States. I find the geographic distribution of male sex workers is more strongly correlated with the general population than with the gay male population. In addition, I estimate the value of sexual behaviors and personal characteristics in this market to test sociological theories of gender and masculinity. Consistent with hegemonic masculinity, I find that male escorts who advertise masculine behavior charge higher prices for their services, whereas escorts who advertise less masculine behavior charge significantly less, a differential on the order of 17 percent. Results show that race and sexu...
The Biological Half-Life of L-Thyroxine and L-Triiodothyronine in the Blood of the Dairy Cow,

Summary The biological half-life of thyroxine ( t ½) is defined as the time in days for one-half of the biological activity of the hormone to be lost. An alternative measurement is the percentage turnover rate per day. By the injection of thyroxine-I 131 into 16 dairy cows in which recycling of I 131 was blocked by a goitrogen (thiouracil), the determination of the rate of disappearance of radioactivity from the blood permitted the calculation of t ½ and turnover rate. In 1957, during a period of average daily temperature of 47° F., the mean t ½ was 2.54 days and a turnover rate of 27.6% per day was observed. During a period of average daily temperature of 71° F., the mean t ½ was 2.65 days and a turnover rate of 26.7% was observed. In 1958, measurements were made at these two temperatures. Since these means did not differ significantly, it was concluded that seasonal variation in temperature did not influence thyroxine t ½ or turnover rate. The mean t ½ of 16 observations was 2.47 days and turnover rate 28.4% per day. No breed difference in t % in Jersey and Guernsey cows was observed. A significantly faster t ½ of 1.99 days and turnover rate of 35.3% was observed in a study of triiodothyronine. These data indicate that there is a build-up of thyroxine in the blood and total body space significantly higher than the daily thyroxine secretion rate.
X-Ray Fluorescence Yields of Al, Cl, Ar, Sc, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Y, and Ag

The $K$-fluorescence yields of elements in the range $13\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}27$ and the $L$-fluorescence yields of yttrium and silver have been measured. A monochromatic x-ray beam obtained through the Ross filter difference method produced the fluorescence in foil targets and argon gas, and some of the fluorescent x rays were detected by a flow counter mounted at right angles to the primary x rays. The incident x-ray flux was determined by a measurement in the same geometry of the x-ray flux scattered by helium. The fluorescence yields and standard deviations are ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Al})=0.0379\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0023$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Cl})=0.0970\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0054$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Ar})=0.119\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Sc})=0.190\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Ti})=0.221\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{V})=0.250\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.012$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Mn})=0.303\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Fe})=0.347\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022$, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}(\mathrm{Co})=0.366\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020$, ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{L}(\mathrm{Y})=0.0315\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0028$, and ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{L}(\mathrm{Ag})=0.0659\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0037$. The uncertainties include a 5% uncertainty in the helium-scattering cross section assumed for the data reduction. These $K$-fluorescence yields and the values for fluorescence yields for $Z\ensuremath{\ge}30$ considered best by Fink, Jopson, Mark, and Swift are fitted with the semiempirical formula ${[\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K})}]}^{n}=A+BZ+C{Z}^{3}$, using $n=\frac{1}{4} \mathrm{and} \frac{1}{3}$. The best fit is given by ${[\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K}}{(1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{K})}]}^{\frac{1}{3}}=\ensuremath{-}0.1019+0.03377Z+1.178\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}{Z}^{3}$, with a standard deviation of 2.4%.
Growth factor-induced shedding of syndecan-1 confers glypican-1 dependence on mitogenic responses of cancer cells

The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican-1 is up-regulated by pancreatic and breast cancer cells, and its removal renders such cells insensitive to many growth factors. We sought to explain why the cell surface HSPG syndecan-1, which is also up-regulated by these cells and is a known growth factor coreceptor, does not compensate for glypican-1 loss. We show that the initial responses of these cells to the growth factor FGF2 are not glypican dependent, but they become so over time as FGF2 induces shedding of syndecan-1. Manipulations that retain syndecan-1 on the cell surface make long-term FGF2 responses glypican independent, whereas those that trigger syndecan-1 shedding make initial FGF2 responses glypican dependent. We further show that syndecan-1 shedding is mediated by matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7), which, being anchored to cells by HSPGs, also causes its own release in a complex with syndecan-1 ectodomains. These results support a specific role for shed syndecan-1 or MMP7–syndecan-1 complexes in tumor progression and add to accumulating evidence that syndecans and glypicans have nonequivalent functions in vivo.
Radiation and endostatin gene therapy in a lung carcinoma model: pilot data on cells and cytokines that affect angiogenesis and immune status.

The dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to cancers residing in sensitive areas such as the lungs is limited by concern for normal tissue damage. Therapies that target tumor vasculature h...
Effects of Intermittent Interleukin-2 Therapy on Plasma and Tissue Human Immunodeficiency Virus Levels and Quasi-Species Expression

To characterize the effects of intermittent interleukin (IL)-2 therapy on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 11 patients underwent detailed virological evaluation during a year of IL-2 therapy. Six patients showed a >0.5 log increase in plasma HIV during at least 1 IL-2 cycle, with 2 experiencing an increase in >50% of cycles. Three of the remaining 5 patients had a >0.5 log decrease during at least 1 IL-2 cycle, and the remaining patients exhibited <0.5 log changes. No changes in lymphoid (tonsil) levels of HIV were seen during the year. Quasi-species analysis in a separate cohort demonstrated that the virus induced by IL-2 most commonly resembled pre-IL-2 plasma quasi species. Thus, intermittent IL-2 does not result in sustained increases in either plasma or tissue levels of HIV and does not result in sustained expression of a previously silent quasi species.
Brevundimonas diminuta infections and its resistance to fluoroquinolones

Patients and methods: Seven patients with infection and eight bacterial strains were studied. Tests included antibiotic susceptibility and analysis of the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase genes and the effect of efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-b-naphthylamide (PANA). Results: The patients all had underlying disease of cancer. The infections involved bloodstream (one case), intravascular catheter (four cases), urinary tract (one case) and pleural space (one case of empyema). Fever up to 39.28C characterized these infections, which resolved upon treatment by combination antibiotics. Microbiologically, all organisms were resistant to multiple fluoroquinolones and cefepime, but were susceptible to amikacin, imipenem and ticarcillin/clavulanate. These quinoloneresistant B. diminuta strains were probably selected out by the prophylactic use of a quinolone in six of these patients. Additionally, the B. diminuta type strain ATCC 11568 T that was isolated before the quinolone era from water was also resistant to ciprofloxacin and intermediate to levofloxacin, suggesting intrinsic quinolone resistance. The DNA gyrase and topoisomerase of six analysed strains all contained GyrA Ala-83 and Met-87, GyrB Leu-466 or Thr-466, and ParC Gln-57, Val-66 and Ala-80 that were probably the cause of fluoroquinolone resistance. PANA had nearly negligible effect. Conclusions: B. diminuta is intrinsically resistant to fluoroquinolones and can be selected out to cause infections.
Chronic hepatitis B or C in HIV‐infected persons: pathogenesis and management

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are common in HIV-infected individuals due to shared routes of acquisition. In the era of effective HIV therapeutics, the long-term consequences of these infections are becoming apparent with liver disease emerging as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of these hepatotropic viruses is altered in the setting of HIV-infection as demonstrated by decreased rates of HBV and HCV clearance and increased rates of liver disease progression. Treatment of these chronic viral infections in HIV-infected individuals is complex and the available treatment options have low response rates. Thus, improved treatments and more studies are needed in order to determine the optimal management of HIV-infected patients co-infected with HBV or HCV.
Size-selective attack by parasitic lampreys: consideration of alternate null hypotheses.

The hypothesis that parasitic lampreys actively select larger host fish was tested with previously published laboratory data for Petromyzon marinus and new data for Ichthyomyzon castaneus. Whereas in previous work, expected attack frequencies were proportional to the number of potential hosts in each size group (numbers-dependent null hypothesis), the present study employed a more conservative area-dependent null hypothesis by which expected attack frequencies were adjusted to reflect the surface area of potential hosts in each size group. The balance of the data suggests that lampreys are actively size-selective. It is more difficult to demonstrate size-selectivity in the field because of sampling considerations and the need to account for size-related factors (e.g., swimming speed) that affect host availability. It is unknown if handling times are greater for larger hosts or if the quality of host blood changes with host size, and it is uncertain if lampreys achieve greater energy intake rates on larger hosts, but a larger host survives longer and assures an attacking lamprey of a longer period of feeding.
The Role of the Right Temporoparietal Junction in Social Interaction: How Low-Level Computational Processes Contribute to Meta-Cognition

Accumulating evidence from cognitive neuroscience indicates that the right inferior parietal cortex, at the junction with the posterior temporal cortex, plays a critical role in various aspects of social cognition such as theory of mind and empathy. With a quantitative meta-analysis of 70 functional neuroimaging studies, the authors demonstrate that this area is also engaged in lower-level (bottom-up) computational processes associated with the sense of agency and reorienting attention to salient stimuli. It is argued that this domain-general computational mechanism is crucial for higher level social cognitive processing.
Trends in Extreme Apparent Temperatures over the United States, 1949–2010

AbstractBiometeorological indices, such as the apparent temperature, are widely used in studies of heat-related mortality to quantify the human sensation to the environmental conditions. Increases in the frequency of environmentally stressful days as indicated by biometeorological indices may augment the risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality. This study examines trends in the frequency of days with extreme maximum and minimum apparent temperatures across the United States for 1949–2010. An increase in occurrence of 1-day extreme minimum apparent temperatures is particularly notable, especially in the eastern and western United States, with 44% of stations exhibiting positive trends. About 20% of stations have positive trends in 1-day extreme maximum apparent temperature, mostly in the western United States. The median trend for both 1-day extreme maximum and minimum apparent temperature is approximately 2 days per 10 yr, indicating that by 2010 there were 12 more days with extreme apparent tempera...
Altered emotional processing in pediatric anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety-depression.

The goal of this study was to examine some of the mechanisms underlying emotion regulation in childhood affective disorders by examining the impact of distracting emotional information during performance on a working memory task (“Emotional n-back” or E-n-back). The sample included 75 children (38 girls and 37 boys) between 8 and 16 years of age meeting criteria for: Anxiety disorder (ANX, n = 17), Major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 16), Comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD, n = 24), or Low-risk normal control (LRNC, n = 18). Results showed that the MDD and CAD groups had significantly longer reaction times on negative emotional backgrounds compared to neutral backgrounds, whereas the LRNC group had significantly longer reaction times on positive backgrounds. These results suggest altered processing of emotional information particularly associated with depression. Because the E-n-back task engages higher-order cognitive processes, these results suggest that these alterations in processing emotional information also interfere with the cognitive processes that govern how attentional resources are allocated. Further, research is needed to replicate this study and delineate underlying neural mechanisms.
Mechanisms of odor receptor gene choice in Drosophila

A remarkable problem in neurobiology is how olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) select, from among a large odor receptor repertoire, which receptors to express. We use computational algorithms and mutational analysis to define positive and negative regulatory elements that are required for selection of odor receptor (Or) genes in the proper olfactory organ of Drosophila, and we identify an element that is essential for selection in one ORN class. Two odor receptors are coexpressed by virtue of the alternative splicing of a single gene, and we identify dicistronic mRNAs that each encode two receptors. Systematic analysis reveals no evidence for negative feedback regulation, but provides evidence that the choices made by neighboring ORNs of a sensillum are coordinated via the asymmetric segregation of regulatory factors from a common progenitor. We show that receptor gene choice in Drosophilaalso depends on a combinatorial code of transcription factors to generate the receptor-to-neuron map.
Phosphorylation of Proteins by Inositol Pyrophosphates

The inositol pyrophosphates IP7 and IP8 contain highly energetic pyrophosphate bonds. Although implicated in various biologic functions, their molecular sites of action have not been clarified. Using radiolabeled IP7, we detected phosphorylation of multiple eukaryotic proteins. We also observed phosphorylation of endogenous proteins by endogenous IP7 in yeast. Phosphorylation by IP7 is nonenzymatic and may represent a novel intracellular signaling mechanism.
Response to arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase variants in atherosclerosis, obesity, and bone traits.

Since learning of the Letter to the Editor by Lyons1 we sequenced the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) gene in strains 129/SvJ, CAST/EiJ, and a congenic strain carrying a CAST/Ei allele. The sequences are in agreement …
Continuous operation of foamed emulsion bioreactors treating toluene vapors.

Continuous operation of a new bioreactor for air pollution control called the foamed emulsion bioreactor (FEBR) has been investigated. The effect of several liquid feeding strategies was explored. The FEBR exhibited high and steady toluene removal performance (removal efficiency of 89%-94%, elimination capacity of 214-226g/m 3 hattolueneinletconcentrationof1g/m 3 )for up to 360 h, when 20% of the culture was replaced every 24 h by a nutrient solution containing 4 g/L of potassium nitrateasanitrogensource.Thisfeedingmodesupported a high cell activity measured as INT reduction potential and active cell growth without being subject to nitrogen limitation. In comparison, operating the FEBR with the liquid in a closed loop (i.e., batch) resulted in a significant decrease of both the removal efficiency of toluene and INT reduction activity. Operation with feeding active cells resulted in stable and effective treatment, but would require a significant effort for mass culture preparation. Therefore, the continuous process with periodically feed- ing nutrients was found to be the most practical and effective operating mode. It also allows for stable opera- tion, as was shown during removal of low concentration of toluene or after pollutant starvation. Throughout the study, INT reduction measurements provided insight into the process. INT reduction activity data proved that under normal operating conditions, the FEBR performance was limited by both the kinetics and by mass transfer. Overall, the results illustrate that engineered gas-phase bioreac- tors can potentially be more effective than conventional biofilters and biotrickling filters for the treatment of air pollutants such as toluene. 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of School Environment in Teacher Dissatisfaction Among U.S. Public School Teachers

This article discusses the relationship between the school environment and teacher dissatisfaction utilizing the 20072008 School and Staffing Survey. The school environment is defined through a social-ecological perspective which takes into account the hierarchical nature of schools. Teacher dissatisfaction was quantified through a composite of variables that asked teachers about their overall feelings regarding the profession. A logistic regression was performed with teacher dissatisfaction as the criterion variable, and school environment variables and teacher background variables as predictors. School environment played a statistically significant role in the dissatisfaction of teachers. Specifically, teacher autonomy and principal leadership decreased the odds of teacher dissatisfaction, while student and community problems increased the odds of teacher dissatisfaction. Once school environment was taken into account, the log odds of teacher race, middle school status, and rural school locale increased while remaining statistically significant.