cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 2 – Behavioral Pharmacology

Publisher Summary As a discipline, behavioral pharmacology is closely intertwined with the experimental analysis of behavior, and relies heavily on its methodology, theory, and conceptual bases. The goal of behavioral pharmacology is to identify the behavioral mechanisms of drug action. The development and analysis of techniques for understanding the behavior of individual subjects serve as the research backbone, that is, attempts are made to characterize a drug's effects on behavior in terms of how it interacts with or exemplifies basic behavioral processes. Research on drug-behavior interactions not only makes use of the techniques and concepts of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior but also provides information concerning the utility of those conceptualizations and contributes to their development and validation. One characteristic of behaviorally active drugs is that large effects can be obtained from very small amounts. A second characteristic of behaviorally active drugs is that they generally affect nervous tissue, usually by combining with entities known as receptors. Receptors are localized structures with which drug molecules interact.
SOLID GEOMETRY LEARNING: STUDENT ERRORS IN SOLVING SOLID GEOMETRY PROBLEMS AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL

The purposes of this research were to describe student errors types in solving solid geometry problems based on mathematics skills and to know the causes of student errors happened. The major mathematics skills consisted of number fact, arithmetics, information, language, visual spatial skill . This research was qualitative. Data collection techniques were done by test and interview. Respondents were 6 from 39 mathematics education students academic year of 2016/2017 in Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta that consisted of each 2 students in high, middle, low level respectively. This grouping were conducted based on the test results. Every respondent was interviewed about their answer of the test. The results of this research indicated that students in high level did errors on number fact and visual spatial skill. Students in middle level did errors on five type of mathematics skills. Students in low level did errors on four type of mathematics skills except arithmetics skill
Understanding agents of change in amenity gateways of the Greater Yellowstone region

AbstractRecognition of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem – lands that surround Yellowstone and Grand Teton national parks – was hoped to facilitate regional sustainability. However, with over 30 fe...
Adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II breast cancer: a brief overview of the NSABP clinical trials.

Since 1972 the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) has completed 5 adjuvant chemotherapy protocols into which over 3,500 histologically nodepositive patients have been entered; data for this review are derived predominantly from the first 3 studies. Each study was performed sequentially with the intent of identifying patient subsets responding to 1, 2, or 3 chemotherapeutic agents. Comparison of disease-free survival in patients receiving l-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) or placebo after 10 years of follow-up disclosed that L-PAM was beneficial in patients up to 49 years of age, but not in women ⩾50 years. Further analysis indicated that the subset of patients ⩽49 years with 1–3 positive nodes sustained the greatest increment in disease-free survival with single-agent L-PAM. The addition of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to L-PAM was superior to L-PAM alone in patients ⩾50 years of age, particularly those with ⩾4 positive nodes. This effect became attenuated after 6 years of follow-up. The 3-drug regimen of L-PAM, 5-FU, and methotrexate failed to provide a benefit over and above that achieved by the L-PAM-5-FU combination in all subsets examined. Two further NSABP protocols are described in which the addition of Adriamycin® to L-PAM and 5-FU is addressed. The rationale for the current generation of NSABP adjuvant chemotherapy trials using short intensive Adriamycin® and cyclophosphamide regimens is discussed. The results continue to underscore the heterogeneous response to chemotherapy demonstrated by patient subsets characterized on the basis of age and nodal status.
Regional innovation and firm performance

Abstract This paper uses novel measures of innovation and engagement, at the county level in the US, to frame the relationship between innovation levels in a region and the performance of publicly traded firms in those areas. In theory, an innovative community should foster improved firm performance, reinvestment, and continued growth for both the firm and the community, feeding back into firm performance, a virtuous cycle. Our results suggest that inventive activity within a county, measured using a patent index, is positively related to revenue and profit growth, while technical creativity, measured using an index of employment in technical fields, is associated with process improvement and net income growth. Finally, the opportunity to collaborate and interact socially within a community is positively associated with firm performance measures, but with only weak statistical significance for the publicly traded firms in the sample.
Fast Modeling of Terahertz Plasma-Wave Devices Using Unconditionally Stable FDTD Methods

Modeling of terahertz plasmonic device is a multiscale and multiphysics problem that requires fine mesh in the electron transport regions, inevitably leading to long simulation times. In this paper, we tackle this problem by employing unconditionally stable FDTD methods for these simulations. Specifically, we present alternating direction implicit (ADI) FDTD and iterative-ADI-FDTD based efficient multiphysics model that integrate hydrodynamic equations and Maxwell's equations for modeling terahertz plasmonic devices. Using the proposed methods, we demonstrate 50% time-reduction with a nominal 3% errors in the solutions. Faster times may also be achieved at higher cost to solution-accuracy, suggesting an ability to adjust time-costs and accuracy, useful for different terahertz modeling scenarios.
The poleward shift of South Atlantic Convergence Zone in recent decades

During austral summer (December–January–February or DJF), intense precipitation over central-eastern Brazil is modulated by the South American Monsoon System and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Previous studies identified spatial variability in precipitation trends over this region, suggestive of a poleward shift of the SACZ in recent years. To identify underlying mechanisms associated with changes in the precipitation intensity and position of the SACZ, decadal averages of observed precipitation and the mean state of the atmosphere and ocean during three different periods from 1979 to 2014 are compared. Results show evidence of decreasing (increasing) average daily precipitation along the equatorward (poleward) margin of the climatological SACZ, likely related to a poleward shift of the convergence zone. Precipitation reduction along the equatorward margin of the SACZ is associated with weakening of the poleward winds along the eastern Brazilian coast and drying of low-to-mid troposphere (700 hPa) over the tropical Atlantic. These changes in circulation and moisture are likely related to the poleward expansion of the South Atlantic Subtropical High.
Evaluating Ex Ante Counterfactual Predictions Using Ex Post Causal Inference

We derive a formal, decision-based method for comparing the performance of counterfactual treatment regime predictions using the results of experiments that give relevant information on the distribution of treated outcomes. Our approach allows us to quantify and assess the statistical significance of differential performance for optimal treatment regimes estimated from structural models, extrapolated treatment effects, expert opinion, and other methods. We apply our method to evaluate optimal treatment regimes for conditional cash transfer programs across countries where predictions are generated using data from experimental evaluations in other countries and pre-program data in the country of interest.
Retention of Halogens in Waste Glass

In spite of their potential roles as melting rate accelerators and foam breakers, halogens are generally viewed as troublesome components for glass processing. Of five halogens, F, Cl, Br, I, and At, all but At may occur in nuclear waste. A nuclear waste feed may contain up to 10 g of F, 4 g of Cl, and ≤100 mg of Br and I per kg of glass. The main concern is halogen volatility, producing hazardous fumes and particulates, and the radioactive iodine 129 isotope of 1.7x10^7-year half life. Because F and Cl are soluble in oxide glasses and tend to precipitate on cooling, they can be retained in the waste glass in the form of dissolved constituents or as dispersed crystalline inclusions. This report compiles known halogen-retention data in both high-level waste (HLW) and low-activity waste (LAW) glasses. Because of its radioactivity, the main focus is on I. Available data on F and Cl were compiled for comparison. Though Br is present in nuclear wastes, it is usually ignored; no data on Br retention were found.
Extensions of Abelian Groups

The object of extension, theory is to give a survey of the possible abstractly different extensions of a group T by a group K. Our solution consists in exhibiting a representative family of extensions of T by K supplemented by a criterion for the isomorphy of groups of this family. We consider arbitrary reduced groups T and arbitrary groups K. The solution is complete in the central case when T is a reduced torsion group and K is torsion-free. For such T and K the results are the following.
Novel Defense Peptides from Platelets Kill Malaria Parasites

PF4 (platelet factor 4) is the first host defense peptide identified from platelets that kills malaria parasites. In a recent study, a cyclic PF4 derivative, cPF4PD, is developed, which inherits the antiparasitic effect of PF4 but excludes its potential side effects. cPF4PD is a promising novel antimalarial agent of human origin.
Special Issue Introduction: Commemorating 200 Years since Frederick Douglass's Birth

AbstractThe articles in this interdisciplinary special issue encourage attention to the rhetorical legacy of Frederick Douglass (1818–1895). These essays showcase not only Douglass's contributions to the African American oratorical tradition and U.S. public address, but also his ongoing importance to contemporary understandings of rhetorical advocacy, justice, and social critique. On the 200th anniversary of his birth, these articles demonstrate that Frederick Douglass's words and rhetorical style still have great meaning for leaders, activists, and protest movements.
A survey of the attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about medical cannabis among primary care providers

Healthcare providers play a critical role in facilitating patient access to medical cannabis. However, previous surveys suggest only a minority of providers believe that medical cannabis confers benefits to patients. Significant new knowledge about the potential benefits and harms of medical cannabis has recently emerged. Understanding current attitudes and beliefs of providers may provide insight into the ongoing challenges they face as states expand access to medical cannabis. We conducted an electronic survey of primary care providers in a large Minnesota-based healthcare system between January 23 and February 5, 2018. We obtained information about provider characteristics, attitudes and beliefs about medical cannabis, provider comfort level in answering patient questions about medical cannabis, and whether providers were interested in receiving additional education. Sixty-two providers completed the survey (response rate 31%; 62/199). Seventy-six percent of respondents were physicians and the average age was 46.3 years. A majority of providers believed (“strongly agree” or “somewhat agree”) that medical cannabis was a legitimate medical therapy (58.1%) and 38.7% believed that providers should be offering to patients for managing medical conditions. A majority (> 50%) of providers believed that medical cannabis was helpful for treating the qualifying medical conditions of cancer, terminal illness, and intractable pain. A majority of providers did not know if medical cannabis was effective for managing nearly one-half of the other state designated qualifying medical conditions. Few believed that medical cannabis improved quality of life domains. Over one-third of providers believed that medical cannabis interacted with medical therapies. One-half of providers were not ready to or did not want to answer patient questions about medical cannabis, and the majority of providers wanted to learn more about it. Healthcare providers generally believe that medical cannabis is a legitimate medical therapy. Provider knowledge gaps about the effectiveness of medical cannabis for state designated qualifying conditions need to be addressed, and accurate information about the potential for drug interactions needs to be disseminated to address provider concerns. Clinical trial data about how medical cannabis improves patient quality of life domains is desperately needed as this information can impact clinical decision-making.
Animal Visitation Program (AVP) Reduces Cortisol Levels of University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

University students report high levels of stress. Although causal work is limited, one popular approach to promote stress relief is animal visitation programs (AVPs). We conducted a randomized tria...
NetDIMM: Low-Latency Near-Memory Network Interface Architecture

Optimizing bandwidth was the main focus of designing scale-out networks for several decades and this optimization trend has served well the traditional Internet applications. However, the emergence of datacenters as single computer entities has made latency as important as bandwidth in designing datacenter networks. PCIe interconnect is known to be latency bottleneck in communication networks as its latency overhead can contribute to up to ~90% of the overall communication latency. Despite its overheads, PCIe is the de facto interconnect standard in servers as it has been well established and maintained for more than two decades. In addition to PCIe overhead, data movements in network software stack consume thousands of processor cycles and make ultra-low latency networking more challenging. Tackling PCIe and data movement overheads, we architect NetDIMM, a near-memory network interface card capable of in-memory buffer cloning. NetDIMM places a network interface card chip into the buffer device of a dual in-line memory module and leverages the asynchronous memory access capability of DDR5 to share the memory modules between the host processor and near-memory NIC. Our evaluation shows NetDIMM, on average, improves per packet latency by 49.9% compared with a baseline network deploying PCIe NICs.
“Deutsches Requiem”, de Borges. El ascetismo del sujeto fascista

espanolLa critica que ha analizado “Deutsches Requiem” (1946), de Jorge Luis Borges, se ha centrado normalmente en las incoherencias en las que incurre su protagonista y narrador, un oficial nazi: Otto Dietrich zur Linde. Enuncia explicitamente Otto que el objetivo del nazismo era la destruccion de los valores judeocristianos, pero el se muestra incapaz de pensar al margen de estos. Toda su autobiografia esta contada en esa clave, la del ideal ascetico, lo que tornaria incongruente su mensaje ultimo. El ascetismo de Otto, del “sujeto fascista”, no es en mi opinion una incongruencia del texto de Borges. Analizo en este articulo su naturaleza profundamente ascetica, que es el resultado ultimo del modelo de subjetividad desarrollado por la filosofia occidental. EnglishThe critics that have analyzed Jorge Luis Borges’ “Deutsches Requiem” (1946) have usually focused on the moral inconsistencies committed by its protagonist and narrator, a Nazi officer: Otto Dietrich zur Linde. Otto explicitly states that the goal of Nazism was the destruction of Judeo-Christian values, but he is apparently unable to think outside them. All his autobiography is told through the ascetic ideal, which would make his last message incongruous. The asceticism of Otto, of the "fascist subject", is not to my view a deliberate incongruity of Borges's text. I show in this article that Otto’s deeply ascetic nature is the ultimate result of the model of subjectivity developed by western philosophy.
Influence of Adiposity and Maturation on the Motor Performance of Girls Aged 8 to 16 Years.

Excess adipose tissue may impact the motor performance of youth. Therefore, the current study examined (a) if adiposityinfluenced performance in the jump and reach and 30-yard dash and (b) if matur...
Social relationships between chimpanzee sons and mothers endure but change during adolescence and adulthood

Mothers provide indispensable care for infants in many mammalian species. In some long-lived species, the maternal-offspring bond persists after infancy with mothers continuing to provide resources and social support to their adult progeny. Maternal presence is associated with fitness benefits through adolescence for male chimpanzees despite the fact that mature males dominate females and form their strongest bonds with other males. How mothers support grown sons is unknown, because few studies have examined developmental shifts in mother-son relationships during adolescence and adulthood. We investigated social interactions between 29 adolescent (9–15 years) and young adult male (16–20 years) chimpanzees and their mothers at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda, over 3 years. All males under 12 years old had their mother as their top grooming and proximity partner, as did one-third of the young adult males. As males grew older, the amount of time they associated with, maintained proximity to, groomed with, and kept track of their mothers while traveling decreased. When males were together in the same party as their mothers, however, young adult males affiliated with their mothers as frequently as did adolescent males, with sons initiating the majority of these interactions. In contrast to adult sons, however, adolescent sons became distressed when separated from mothers and relied on their mothers for agonistic support and reassurance after conflicts. These findings indicate that the chimpanzee maternal-offspring bond continues but changes through adolescence and adulthood, with mothers remaining occasional social companions for most adult sons and frequent companions for some. Mammalian mothers protect and provision their infants, and in some species, mothers provide social support for their adult offspring. The importance of mothers in the lives of adult sons is clear in humans and in one of our closest relatives, bonobos. Here we show mothers are also important social partners for sons throughout adolescence and into young adulthood in chimpanzees. Despite prevailing knowledge that adult males are key alliance partners for male chimpanzees, we demonstrate that male chimpanzees maintain social bonds with their mothers into adulthood. We also suggest that social bonds reflect not only the total time spent together, but what animals do during those times, as many young adults rarely groomed their mothers, but at times when they were in the same subgroup with her, they did so frequently. Future research will assess the physiological, psychological, and reproductive benefits of such mother-son bonds.
Venture capital and the structure of capital markets: banks versus stock markets

Abstract The United States has many banks that are small relative to large corporations and play a limited role in corporate governance, and a well developed stock market with an associated market for corporate control. In contrast, Japanese and German banks are fewer in number but larger in relative size and are said to play a central governance role. Neither country has an active market for corporate control. We extend the debate on the relative efficiency of bank- and stock market-centered capital markets by developing a further systematic difference between the two systems: the greater vitality of venture capital in stock market-centered systems. Understanding the link between the stock market and the venture capital market requires understanding the contractual arrangements between entrepreneurs and venture capital providers; especially, the importance of the opportunity to enter into an implicit contract over control, which gives a successful entrepreneur the option to reacquire control from the venture capitalist by using an initial public offering as the means by which the venture capitalist exits from a portfolio investment. We also extend the literature on venture capital contracting by offering an explanation for two central characteristics of the U.S. venture capital market: relatively rapid exit by venture capital providers from investments in portfolio companies; and the common practice of exit through an initial public offering.
Tracking point-curve critical distances

This paper presents a novel approach to continuously and robustly tracking critical (geometrically, perpendicular and/or extremal) distances from a moving plane point $p \in \mathbb R^2$ to a static parametrized piecewise rational curve γ(s) ($s \in \mathbb R$). The approach is a combination of local marching, and the detection and computation of global topological change, both based on the differential properties of a constructed implicit surface. Unlike many techniques, it does not use any global search strategy except at initialization. Implementing the mathematical idea from singularity community, we encode the critical distance surface as an implicit surface $\mathcal{I}$ in the augmented parameter space. A point ps = (p,s) is in the augmented parametric space $\mathbb R^3 = \mathbb R^2 \times \mathbb R$, where p varies over $\mathbb R^2$. In most situations, when p is perturbed, its corresponding critical distances can be evolved without structural change by marching along a sectional curve on $\mathcal{I}$. However, occasionally, when the perturbation crosses the evolute of γ, there is a transition event at which a pair of p's current critical distances is annihilated, or a new pair is created and added to the set of p's critical distances. To safely eliminate any global search for critical distances, we develop robust and efficient algorithm to perform the detection and computation of transition events. Additional transition events caused by various curve discontinuities are also investigated. Our implementation assumes a B-spline representation for the curve and has interactive speed even on a lower end laptop computer.
Development of a real-time QPCR assay for the detection of RV2 lineage-specific rhadinoviruses in macaques and baboons.

Two distinct lineages of rhadinoviruses related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) have been identified in macaques and other Old World non-human primates. We have developed a real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) assay using a TaqMan probe to differentially detect and quantitate members of the rhadinovirus-2 (RV2) lineage. PCR primers were derived from sequences within ORF 60 and the adjacent ORF 59/60 intergenic region which were highly conserved between the macaque RV2 rhadinoviruses, rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) and Macaca nemestrina rhadinovirus-2 (MneRV2). These primers showed little similarity to the corresponding sequences of the macaque RV1 rhadinoviruses, retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus Macaca nemestrina (RFHVMn) and Macaca mulatta (RFHVMm). To determine viral loads per cell, an additional TaqMan QPCR assay was developed to detect the single copy cellular oncostatin M gene. We show that the RV2 QPCR assay is linear from less than 2 to more than 300,000 copies using MneRV2 DNA, and is non-reactive with RFHVMn DNA up to 1 billion DNA templates per reaction. RV2 loads ranging from 6 to 2,300 viral genome equivalent copies per 106 cells were detected in PBMC from randomly sampled macaques from the Washington National Primate Research Center. Screening tissue from other primate species, including another macaque, Macaca fascicularis, and a baboon, Papio cynocephalus, revealed the presence of novel rhadinoviruses, MfaRV2 and PcyRV2, respectively. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis confirmed their inclusion within the RV2 lineage of KSHV-like rhadinoviruses. We describe a QPCR assay which provides a quick and sensitive method for quantitating rhadinoviruses belonging to the RV2 lineage of KSHV-like rhadinoviruses found in a variety of macaque species commonly used for biomedical research. While this assay broadly detects different RV2 rhadinovirus species, it is unreactive with RV1 rhadinovirus species which commonly co-infect the same primate hosts. We also show that this QPCR assay can be used to identify novel RV2 rhadinoviruses in different primate species.
Schedule-dependent Variations in the Response of Murine P388 Leukemia to Cyclophosphamide in Combination with Interferons-α/β

Positive therapeutic effects of interferons (IFNs) in combination with other therapies will depend on defining modalities, doses, and timing of treatment in the setting of varied tumor burdens. When 10(4) P388 leukemia cells were inoculated i.p. on day 0 in BALB/c x DBA/2 F1 mice, all mice died within 18 days if left untreated. Murine IFN-alpha/beta (5 x 10(5) units) injected daily i.p. on days 5-9 resulted in 20% increase in life span (ILS) (P less than 0.0001). Cyclophosphamide (CY) (100, 33, or 15 mg/kg) was injected i.p. once 2 days before start (day 3), simultaneously with start (day 5), or 2 days after cessation of IFN treatment (day 11). When 100 mg/kg CY alone were injected on day 3 or 5, all mice survived more than 90 days and were considered cured. When IFN was given after this curative dose of CY, more tumor deaths occurred; up to 100% of the mice died when 100 mg/kg CY on day 3 were combined with IFN on days 5-9. Increased mortality with the combination was not due to added toxicity of CY and IFN since the mice developed abdominal tumors and ascites. Mice not inoculated with tumor cells and treated similarly suffered only a transient weight loss, had only moderate white count depression, and did not die. When IFN was injected before CY on days 1-5 (instead of days 5-9), IFN did not alter the effectiveness of CY (100 mg/kg on day 5). In contrast to these results, when CY (100 mg/kg) was administered on day 11, after IFN (days 5-9), an augmented survival occurred with 119% ILS and 40% cures (CY alone on day 11 resulted in 69% ILS but no cures). In addition, when CY at a lower dose of 15 mg/kg was injected in combination with IFN, survival was consistently augmented by IFN; e.g., CY alone on day 3 caused 40% ILS and with IFN (days 5-9) 60% ILS (P less than 0.0001). Qualitatively similar findings were obtained when P388 leukemia cells were inoculated s.c. and the drugs delivered i.p. Inhibition by IFN of antitumor effects of a second alkylating agent, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, was also identified. Thus, IFN-alpha/beta potentiated suboptimal CY effects for P388 leukemia, had neutral effects when injected before CY treatment, and inhibited antitumor activity of curative CY or nitrosourea schedules.
Frames-based text processing

Abstract : This paper presents an overview of a theory of discourse structure, and discusses a model for assimilating text into a frame-based data structure. The model is being implemented in a Frame Representation Language (Goldstein and Roberts 1977). The theory assumes sentences contain links to the database which are relatively easy to compute. These links point to prior themes which contain expectations and procedural knowledge. This knowledge is used to assimilate new sentences to these themes. At any given time, only procedural knowledge from the indicated theme is active in processing new sentences. (Author)
COMPARISON OF SPHEROPLAST INDUCTION IN ALCALIGENES FAECALIS BY THREE DIFFERENT AGENTS.

Lark, Cynthia (Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Mo.) and Robert Schichtel. Comparison of spheroplast induction in Alcaligenes faecalis by three different agents. J. Bacteriol. 84:1241–1244. 1962.—Alcaligenes faecalis strain LB was exposed to different concentrations of cycloserine, d-methionine, or penicillin. The time course of spheroplast induction by these agents was measured as a function of their concentration. The results were consistent with models in which cycloserine reversibly inhibited an intracellular enzyme, and d-methionine was built into a defective cell-wall unit. Penicillin simulated cycloserine. This was taken as further evidence that penicillin inhibits an enzyme associated with cell-wall synthesis.
Who Participated in the Arab Spring? A Comparison of Egyptian and Tunisian Revolutions

This study uses original survey data to examine who participated in the Arab Spring revolutions and who, among those who participated, prioritized democratic ends. Both revolutions were disproportionately middle class, but the Tunisian Revolution was younger and more diverse in class composition than the Egyptian Revolution, though significantly less diverse in class terms than Ukraine’s Orange Revolution (where cultural divisions played a larger role). Despite the fact that both revolutions produced free-and-fair elections, most participants in the Egyptian and Tunisian revolutions were motivated primarily by economic concerns, not by desires for civil and political freedoms. However, in Egypt civil society association most strongly differentiated revolution participants championing civil and political freedoms from other participants, whereas in Tunisia it was income. We explain these differences by reference to the disparate strategies of autocratic domination and welfare politics pursued in pre-revolutionary Tunisia and Egypt and the patterns of political opposition that these evoked. Thus, in spite of their broadly analogous attacks against arbitrary rule and corruption, recent revolutions have relied on different coalitional configurations, formed largely by the types of cleavages and divisions existing within these societies and the ways in which these intersected with regime strategies of domination and maintenance.
Covalent binding and endogenous incorporation as illustrated by nitroso carcinogens.

Serious problems of interpretation may arise when metabolic studies are carried out with radioactively labeled drugs and other foreign chemicals. Detection of free or bound radioactivity in tissues or body fluids may indicate the presence of the unchanged chemical or of various products of its decomposition. Some radioactivity may, however, represent incorporation of certain metabolites of foreign chemicals into body constituents by normal biosynthetic pathways. The interpretation of the results of such metabolic experiments from the standpoint of safety evaluation will be profoundly different if the radioactivity represents covalent binding to a cellular macromolecule than if it results from normal endogenous incorporation. These two distinct types of binding of radioactivity to body constituents are well illustrated by experimental studies with some carcinogenic nitroso compounds, such as dimethylnitrosamine and H‐methylnitrosourea. Dimethylnitrosamine requires metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes...
Administrative Characteristics of Comprehensive Prenatal Case Management Programs

The purpose of this study was to examine comprehensive prenatal case management programs in terms of organizational, program, and process characteristics. Data from 66 program surveys of government agencies were used. Organizational capacity was measured as extent of organizational change and extent of interagency agreements. Program data included age and size of the program, reasons for having case management, and funding diversity. Process data were eight types of interventions. The most highly rated reason for having case management was to improve client outcomes. The greatest organizational change was in the area of the organizational structure, followed by financial status and types of services provided. Contracts with other agencies were rare. Agencies with more interagency contacts reported higher levels of change in the case management department and turnover among mid-level managers. Older programs had fewer employees. Approximately 49% of client contacts were not billed to Medicaid. Larger programs had significantly less time allocated to emotional support and coaching. Data on organizational characteristics, program, and process variables provide insights into comprehensive case management. Relationships among these variables underscore the importance of studying client outcomes within the context of program and organizational idiosyncrasies. Future studies of comprehensive prenatal case management should focus on cross-level questions.
Some exact plane elasticity solutions for nonhomogeneous, orthotropic sheets

Exact plane stress solutions are presented for composite material sheets made of parallel fibers embedded in matrix materials. The fibers have variable spacing, and the resulting material is macroscopically orthotropic and nonhomogeneous. Formulas for the variable elastic coefficients are presented for arbitrary fiber spacing. Exact solutions for the stress, strain and displacement fields are presented for four types of problems with arbitrary fiber spacing: (1) Uniform normal stress on the edges parallel to the fibers (i.e., the longitudinal edges), zero normal displacement on the transverse edges; (2) zero normal stress on the longitudinal edges, uniform normal displacement on the transverse edges; (3) zero normal displacement in the longitudinal edges, uniform normal displacement on the transverse edges; and (4) zero normal displacement on the longitudinal edges, uniform shear stress on all edges. For the first three problems, the shear stresses on all boundaries are zero. For the last one, the normal stress on the transverse edge is zero.
Image and Reality: Kekulé, Kopp, and the Scientific Imagination

Alan Rocke has given us a remarkable series of first-rate studies of the history of chemistry in the nineteenth century, centred on what he has aptly termed the ‘quiet revolution’; the development ...
Long‐term nicotine treatment down‐regulates α6β2* nicotinic receptor expression and function in nucleus accumbens

Long-term nicotine exposure induces alterations in dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens that sustain the reinforcing effects of smoking. One approach to understand the adaptive changes that arise involves measurement of endogenous dopamine release using voltammetry. We therefore treated rats for 2-3 months with nicotine and examined alterations in nAChR subtype expression and electrically evoked dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens shell, a region key in addiction. Long-term nicotine treatment selectively decreased stimulated α6β2* nAChR-mediated dopamine release compared with vehicle-treated rats. It also reduced α6β2* nAChRs, suggesting the receptor decline may contribute to the functional loss. This decreased response in release after chronic nicotine treatment was still partially sensitive to the agonist nicotine. Studies with an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor demonstrated that the response was also sensitive to increased endogenous acetylcholine. However, unlike the agonists, nAChR antagonists decreased dopamine release only in vehicle- but not nicotine-treated rats. As antagonists function by blocking the action of acetylcholine, their ineffectiveness suggests that reduced acetylcholine levels partly underlie the dampened α6β2* nAChR-mediated function in nicotine-treated rats. As long-term nicotine modifies dopamine release by decreasing α6β2* nAChRs and their function, these data suggest that interventions that target this subtype may be useful for treating nicotine dependence. Long-term nicotine treatment decreases dopamine (DA) transmission in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Our data suggest this may involve a decrease in α6β2* nicotinic receptor expression and function. These changes may play a key role in nicotine reward and dependence.
Clinical nurses' characterizations of patient coping problems.

The author reports the findings from a qualitative study of diagnostic data obtained and interpreted by hospital nurses on the coping of adult patients and their families. Clinical data taken from taped interviews were transcribed and analyzed using grounded theory and analytic induction techniques. The data were then compared with diagnoses accepted for testing by NANDA. The phenomena described by the research did not match the NANDA constructs for individual and family coping problems. Nurses' assessments of coping responses, however, fit within transactional theory. The use of the term “ineffective” to qualify coping was generally avoided. Ineffective coping, suggesting an outcome or product of coping, was not often considered applicable to the coping responses nurses found appropriate at specific times in specific situations.
The Watts-Dunton Letter Books

Marchand reveals the content and context of business and personal letters written by Walter Theodore Watts-Dunton, a companion and protector of Algernon Charles Swinburne, that are part of the Symington Collection.Â The letters written between 1889 and 1907 by Watts-Dunton addressed from "The Pines, "11 Putney Hill, Surrey (where he lived with Swinburne) .
The future of the fullerenes

Abstract As the fullerene studies progress, two trends become more visible: the incorporation of the smaller cages of C60 type into organic chemistry and the increasing interest in the elongated fullerene species, carbon nanotubes. The latter turn out to be of interest for structural materials and for the submicro-electronics application. The mechanical strength of these molecular fibers combines with electronic properties, that are uniquely tunable by the molecular symmetry of nanotubes. We outline the basic features of fullerene nanotubes and the more recent findings in their mechanical and electrical properties.
Modeling the Mechanical Response of Tetragonal Lysozyme Crystals

We investigate the temperature- and humidity-dependent mechanical response of tetragonal lysozyme crystals using a continuum-based crystal plasticity model calibrated with existing experimental data. The effects of temperature and intracrystalline water are incorporated in the elastic constant of the protein crystal as well as the critical resolved shear stress on the slip planes in the crystal plasticity model. The critical resolved shear stresses have been deduced from Vickers microhardness test data corresponding to different temperatures and states of hydration. Compression analyses have then been carried out along different crystallographic directions of lysozyme crystals which reveal that their mechanical response is highly anisotropic and orientation dependent, being purely elastic along the [110] direction but elastoplastic along the [100] and [212] directions. An interesting observation is that an increase in temperature and the amount of intracrystalline water molecules leads to a decrease in the critical resolved shear stress of the slip systems resulting in softening of the crystal. The analysis presented in this paper may be applied to the study of other protein crystal systems as well as their optimal design for biotechnological applications.
Fundamental Band of the Quadrupole Spectrum of the Hydrogen Molecule

THE application of interferometric techniques to astrophysical problems in the near infra-red shows considerable promise. The abundance of hydrogen in planetary atmospheres is probably of major importance.
Outcome of Transfusion of K:11 Erythrocytes in a Patient with Anti-K11 Antibody

Background and objectives: The clinical significance of anti-K11 in red cell transfusion therapy is unknown. We report the outcome of transfusion of K:11 erythrocytes into a patient
A micro-film projector method for psychological tests

Adaptations of the micro-film projection method to the administration of both individual and group psychological tests are described, together with newly designed auxiliary equipment. The author cites examples of the application of this technique, which can be adapted to a variety of testing situations and which seems to be of unusual promise because of the attention value of visual projection.
What's political ecology got to do with tourism?

This paper provides an overview of the conceptual framework of political ecology, with an emphasis on theoretical constructs stemming from poststructuralism and Marxism. I argue that the resulting power structures produced and reproduced in the context of sustainable tourism and tourism more broadly are largely a product of people's nuanced material and conceptual understandings of nature and society. As such, this paper provides a brief review of two seminal theoretical lenses within political ecology – the social construction of nature and the production of nature – that take the broader political, economic, social, and ecological context into consideration. Taking a contextual approach rooted in political ecology, I argue that an analysis of people's material and discursive productions of nature provides a situated method for unpacking the problems and potentials of sustainable tourism in the context of people, nature, and power.
Functional Analysis of Type 1α cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Using Green Fluorescent Fusion Proteins

The cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs) are ubiquitous effector enzymes that regulate a variety of physiological processes in response to nitric oxide and natriuretic agonists. We have constructed green fluorescent fusion proteins (GFP) using full-length (PKG-GFP) and truncations encoding either the regulatory domain of PKG1alpha (G1alphaR-GFP) or the catalytic domains of PKG1alpha (GFP-G1C) to examine the enzymatic properties and intracellular location. When transiently transfected into mammalian cells, these constructs were detected on Western blots at the expected sizes using anti-GFP antibodies. The GFP-G1C and the full-length PKG1alpha-GFP fusion proteins were found to have constitutive activity both in vivo and in vitro. The G1alphaR-GFP protein was found to dimerize with endogenous type 1 PKG and behaved in a dominant negative manner both in vivo and in vitro. When expressed transiently in either HEK-293 or A549 epithelial cells, the fusion proteins encoding the amino-terminal regulatory domains (PKG-GFP, G1alphaR-GFP) were present in the cytosol and were rarely observed in the nucleus. In contrast, the GFP-G1C (lacking regulatory domains) concentrated in the nucleus. Of the fusion proteins containing the regulatory region, the constitutive PKG-GFP protein was present in a more centralized location, whereas the G1alphaR-GFP protein colocalized with F-actin on stress fibers and in dynamic regions of the plasma membrane. Microscopic and immunoprecipitation studies indicated that both the G1alphaR-GFP and the PKG-GFP fusion proteins colocalized with vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). These constructs thus represent novel tools with which to visualize inactive, and activated, PKG1alpha in vivo, and we have used them to demonstrate two functionally independent domains. In addition, we show for the first time in living cells that PKG is found in dynamic membrane regions in association with VASP.
Real-time data acquisition and analysis for load estimation in electrical motors

It has been found in the plant assessments that plant personnel are fairly uncertain about motor loading. The decisions about the motor sizing are based on judgment or easy slip method to avoid the hurdle of load determination methods. Accurate load determination methods involve working around high voltages hence have safety issues, are time consuming and also not economical. A method that is simple to use, economical, safe and fairly accurate is necessary, on which motor sizing decisions can be based. The paper aims at data acquisition and analysis for tackling this issue. Data was collected from fifteen facility energy audits by carrying out motor load monitoring with help of AmprobeTM data logger and DM II Pro acquisition software as well as stroboscope method. Statistical analysis can be carried out to establish a relationship between them, so that prediction of actual load factor can be made based on the load factor obtained by slip method.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract 5348: Characterization of the EZH2-MMSET histone methyltransferase regulatory axis in cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Histone methyltransferases (HMTases), as chromatin modifiers, regulate the transcriptomic landscape in normal development as well in diseases such as cancer. Here, we molecularly order two HMTases, EZH2 and MMSET that have established genetic links to oncogenesis. EZH2, which mediates histone H3K27 trimethylation and is associated with gene silencing, was shown to be coordinately expressed and function upstream of MMSET, which mediates H3K36 dimethylation and is associated with active transcription. EZH2 transcript expression levels were compared to all HMTases (n=51) in our compendium of RNA-seq data comprising 474 malignant and benign samples, representing 14 different tissue types. MMSET displayed the strongest correlation with EZH2 expression. Similarly, a meta-analysis of 1755 samples from 22 published microarray gene expression studies in Oncomine revealed co-expression of MMSET and EZH2 in 15 different cancers. We found that the EZH2-MMSET HMTase axis is coordinated by a microRNA network and that the oncogenic functions of EZH2 require MMSET activity. Together, these results suggest that the EZH2-MMSET HMTase axis coordinately functions as a master regulator of transcriptional repression, activation, and oncogenesis and may represent an attractive therapeutic target in cancer. Citation Format: Irfan A. Asangani, Bushra Ateeq, Qi Cao, Lois Dodson, Mithil Pandhi, Lakshmi P. Kunju, Rohit Mehra, Robert J. Lonigro, Javed Siddiqui, Nallasivam Palanisamy, Yi-Mi Wu, Xuhong Cao, Jung H. Kim, Mathew K. Iyer, Christopher A. Maher, Chandan Kumar-Sinha, Sooryanarayana Varambally, Arul M. Chinnaiyan, Meng Zhao, Zhaohui S. Qin. Characterization of the EZH2-MMSET histone methyltransferase regulatory axis in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5348. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5348
Hyperfine Studies of Site Occupation in Ternary Systems

The analysis of spin-echo spectra of V, Mn, Co, Ru, Rh, Os, and Ir in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}$Si shows that these impurities unexpectedly enter one of the two available Fe sites in a selective manner. Those impurities to the left of Fe in the periodic table prefer the Fe site with eight first-neighbor Fe atoms. Those beneath and to the right of Fe in the periodic table enter the Fe site with four Fe and four Si first neighbors.