cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does nutrition cause intelligence? A reanalysis of the Cali experiment ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Recent literature has suggested there is a causal link between malnutrition and impaired cognitive development. From a selective review of this literature it is concluded that owing to methodological imperfections in many of these studies the presence or absence of such a link cannot be established, even if randomized experiments were to be carried out. It is argued that compensatory experiments, even though they are not as logically compelling as experiments where proper nutrition is withheld, are ethically justifiable and more useful strategically since they may suggest ways of improving the cognitive development of currently affected children, especially if a variety of compensatory treatments is implemented. A reanalysis of such an experiment was conducted to determine whether the nutritional or educational component of the treatment was responsible for the observed gains in cognitive development. The reanalysis indicated that after four years of treatment there was no association between cognitive and nutritional status. The results were discussed in relation to previous research. Some of the social implications of the results were also discussed.
Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: the changing landscape.

Purpose of reviewMost patients require sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Moderate sedation for these procedures has traditionally been provided by the endoscopist with benzodiazepine and/or a narcotic. As endoscopy has increased in numbers and complexity, however, more effective sedation and
Feasibility of Automatic Detection of Surface Cracks in Wind Turbine Blades

Cracks on the surface of a wind turbine blade (WTB) can be a sign of current or future damage to the underlying structure depending on the severity of the cracks. We investigated a new method for automatically detecting surface cracks based on image processing techniques. The method was evaluated by varying crack parameters and our method parameters. Identifying and quantifying cracks as small as hair thickness is possible with this technique. Orientation of a crack did not affect the results. The effects of uneven background illumination (present in images captured on-tower) were significantly reduced by optimizing the threshold value for the Canny edge detection method. The accuracy of quantifying a crack was increased by processing an image with both the Sobel and Canny edge detection methods and then combining the results to reduce background noise.
Actions of Androgen and Estrogen on Collagen Levels in Male Accessory Sex Organs

Investigations were initiated to elucidate the hormone dependence of collagen levels in male accessory sex organs. In rat ventral prostate (VP) and seminal vesicles (SV) the collagen content was found to increase during puberty; prepubertal castration completely prevented such increases. Treatment of prepubertal castrates with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) through puberty restored collagen in SV and VP to normal. Estrogen treatment of prepubertal castrates had no effect in VP, but provided for a subnormal stimulation in the SV. In adult castrates, the regression in SV and VP collagen was prevented by DHT treatment; estrogen had no significant effect. In all cases, the changes, or lack thereof, in collagen corresponded with changes in organ weight and DNA content. Hormone-induced changes in VP and SV collagen proved to be relatively irreversible. In prepubertal castrates, reversibilities of DHT-induced changes in SV and VP collagen were only 17% and 30%, respectively, contrasting with reversibilities in organ ...
The professional development of department chairs

This chapter identifies a number of resources that department chairs can use in their professional development.
A Study on the Sporulation of Rough and Smooth Variants of Bacillus stearothermophilus

SUMMARY —Sporulation of the two variants, rough and smooth, of B. stearothermophilus NCA 1518 was studied in three complex media, nutrient agar, nutrient broth and trypticase soy agar. The rough variant sporulated best on nutrient agar enriched with one ppm manganese with or without yeast extract but did not sporulate in liquid media. Aerated broth fortified with yeast extract and one ppm manganese was found to be the best sporulating medium for the smooth variant. The effects of calcium, cobalt, and dextrose on the sporulation of the two variants are discussed.
A proactive management algorithm for self-healing mobile ad hoc networks

The ability to proactively manage mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is critical for supporting complex services such as quality of service, security and access control in these networks. This paper focuses on the problem of managing highly dynamic and resource-constrained MANET environments through the proposal of a novel proactive management algorithm (PMA) for self-healing MANETs. PMA is based on an effective integration of autonomous, predictive and adaptive distributed management strategies. Proactive management is achieved through the distributed analysis of the current performance of the mobile nodes utilizing an optimistic discrete event simulation method, which is used to predict the mobile nodes' future status, and execution a proactive fault-tolerant management scheme. PMA takes advantage of distributed parallel processing, flexibility and intelligence of active packets to minimize the management overhead, while adapting to the highly dynamic and resource-constrained nature of MANETs. The performance of the proposed architecture is validated through analytical performance analysis and comparative simulation with the Active Virtual Network Management Protocol. The simulation results demonstrate that PMA not only significantly reduces management control overhead, but also improves both the performance and the stability of MANETs.
Image-guided MR spectroscopy volume of interest localization for longitudinal studies

Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies require accurate repositioning of the volume of interest (VOI) over which measurements are made. In this work we present and evaluate a method for the image-guided repositioning of brain volumes of interest. The point-based registration technique we developed allows the repositioning to be performed on-line (i.e. while the patient is in the scanner). MR image volumes were acquired from six subjects, three scans each over the course of a month. During the first scan, two spectroscopy VOIs are visually selected: one in the frontal white matter, the other in the superior cerebellar vermis. The coordinates of 13 internal brain landmarks are also identified. During both subsequent scans, the same 13 landmarks are identified, and the transformation that registers the first set of landmarks to the subsequent set is computed. This result is used to automatically map the position of the spectroscopy VOIs from the first volume to the current volume. For the six subjects evaluated to date, we show an average repositioning error of the spectroscopy VOIs in the order of 1 mm. This accuracy allows us to conclude that any variations in the MR spectra are unlikely to be due to repositioning error.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Delayed-Onset Cytomegalovirus Disease in a Large, Retrospective Cohort of Heart Transplant Recipients

Abstract Background Delayed-onset cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease can occur among heart transplant recipients after stopping anti-CMV prophylaxis. We evaluated a large, retrospective cohort of heart transplant recipients in the United States through the use of billing data from 3 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Databases (SID) to determine the epidemiology of delayed-onset CMV disease coded during hospital readmission. Methods We identified 2280 adult heart transplant recipients from 2004 to 2010 through the use of the California, Florida, and New York SID. Demographics, comorbidities, heart failure etiology, CMV disease, and inpatient death were identified. CMV disease was classified as early-onset (≤100 days) or delayed-onset (>100 days after transplant). Possible tissue invasion by CMV was determined through the use of codes for CMV pneumonitis, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal endoscopy. Multivariate analysis was performed with the use of Cox proportional hazards models. Results Delayed-onset CMV disease occurred in 7.5% (170/2280) and early-onset CMV disease occurred in 2.0% (45/2280) of heart transplant recipients. Risk factors for delayed-onset CMV disease included residence in a non-metropolitan locale (aHR. 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0–3.3) and ischemic cardiomyopathy as heart failure etiology (aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.5). Inpatient death >100 days after transplant was associated with delayed-onset CMV disease with possible tissue invasion (aHR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1–3.8), transplant failure or rejection (aHR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.7–5.8), and renal failure (aHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–2.0). Conclusions Delayed-onset CMV disease is more common than early-onset CMV disease among heart transplant recipients. These results suggest that delayed-onset tissue-invasive CMV disease may be associated with an increased risk of death.
Development of tactile discrimination capacity in Macaca mulatta. III. Effects of total removal of primary somatic sensory cortex (SmI) in infants and juveniles

Four infant macaques between the ages of 3.0 and 5.1 weeks and three juvenile macaques between the ages of 79.9 and 109.3 weeks received unilateral lesions of all cytoarchitectural fields (Brodmann's areas 3, 1 and 2) in the hand area of the postcentral gyrus. These total SmI-lesioned infants acquired the size and texture tasks within the same time period and with the same efficiency as normal infants. On some size- and texture-ALL tasks they actually performed significantly better than partial SmI-lesioned or normal infants. The normal acquisition and ALL performance of the infants with total SmI lesions contrasts with that of the juveniles with comparable lesions. On size acquisition and ALL tasks, with the contralateral hand, total SmI-lesioned juveniles were significantly inferior to normal and total SmI-lesioned infants and to partial SmI-lesioned juveniles. During texture acquisition with the contralateral hand, the total SmI-lesioned juveniles made significantly more errors than normal and total SmI-lesioned infants. The capacity to recover from partial SmI lesions extends into the second year of life and is a gradual process which may be mediated by remaining SmI subdivisions. By contrast, the capacity to recover from total SmI lesions is restricted to infants and is a rapid process which must depend on other areas within the damaged, or possibly the intact, hemisphere.
Assessing hurricane effects. Part 1. Sensitivity analysis

Abstract The Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss Projection Methodology (FCHLPM) performs an annual review of computer models that have been submitted by vendors for use in insurance rate filling in Florida. As part of the review process and to comply with the Sunshine Law, the FCHLPM employs a Professional Team to perform onsite (confidential) audits of these models. Members of the Professional Team represent the fields of actuarial science, computer science, meteorology, statistics and wind and structural engineering. The audit includes an assessment of modeler's compliance to a set of standards and modules established by the FCHLPM. One part of these standards requires the conduct of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses to the proprietary model. At the completion of the audit, the professional team provides a written report to the FCHLPM, who ultimately judges compliance by a vendor to the standards. To influence future such analyses, the Professional Team conducted a demonstration uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for the FCHLPM using a Rankine-vortex hurricane wind field model and surrogate damage function. This is the first of a two-part article presenting the results of those analyses. Part 1 presents sensitivity analysis results for wind speed and loss cost, while Part 2 presents the corresponding uncertainty analysis results.
Powdery mildew pathogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana

A powdery mildew (Erysiphales) infection of Arabidopsis thaliana was found in the greenhouse of the Department of Molecular Biology at Massachu- setts General Hospital (MGH isolate). We studied the structure of the anamorph, the sequence and chro- nology of its development, and its virulence on A. thaliana and other hosts. The teleomorph of the fun- gus was not found on the material we examined. The MGH isolate caused severe powdery mildew symp- toms on some A. thaliana accessions, infecting ro- sette and cauline leaves, stems and siliques, but was practically avirulent on others. Previously, two Erysi- phales have been reported to infect A. thaliana. These were identified as Erysiphe cichoracearum (UCSC isolate) and E. cruciferarum (UEA isolate). The MGH isolate was found to be a member of the E. cichoracearum group in the section Golovinomyces. It can be distinguished from both of these previously described powdery mildews of A. thaliana based on the morphology, host range and virulence. It might be best referred to E. orontii following the system pro- posed by Braun.
ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM O$sup -$ TO THE 3p LEVEL OF Na$sup +$ IN 0- TO 7-eV COLLISIONS.

We have determined the cross section for the process ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}+{\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Na}(3p)+\mathrm{O}$ as a function of relative kinetic energy in the range 0.06-7 eV. The measurements were achieved by monitoring the intensity of the $\mathrm{N}\mathrm{a}\ensuremath{-}D$ doublet at 5890 \AA{} emitted from the collision region of a merged-ion-beam device. The cross section is extremely large, ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and shows at least one sharp peak, at 2.75 eV.
A Verifier-Based Key Exchange Protocol in Cross-Realm Setting

In 2006, Yoon et al. proposed a secure client to client password-authenticated key exchange(C2C-PAKE) protocol in a cross-realm setting. However, the secure protocol is susceptible to password-compromise impersonation attack and server compromise attack. In this paper, we propose a verifier-based key exchange protocol, which enables two clients to agree on a common session key based on verifier authentication in cross-realm setting. And we also show that our protocol can resist various attacks.
Comparative Toxicity of Hypochlorous Acid and Hypochlorite Ions to Mosquitofish

Abstract We examined the relative toxicity of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ion (OCl−) by exposing mosquitofish Gambusia affinis for 1 hour to predominantly free residual chlorine (FRC) at six levels of pH following a 7-day acclimation to the test pH. Median lethal concentrations (LC50), in terms of total residual chlorine (TRC), increased with increasing pH, ranging from 0.41 mg/liter at pH 6.05 to 1.28 mg/liter at pH 8.42. Because of the influence of hydrogen ion concentration on dissociation of HOCI, the percent of FRC present as HOCl is about 97% and 13%, respectively, at the low and high pH. Cursory examination of toxicity of monochloramine (NH2Cl) and mixtures of NH2Cl and dichloramine (NHCl2) suggested that their contributions to toxicity were negligible at the concentrations existing at any test pH. Free residual chlorine concentrations at the LC50 for each pH were fitted to a theoretical model derived from an assumption that toxicities of HOCl and OCl− were additive. More than 99%...
Experimental and Computational Study of a Direct O2-Coupled Wacker Oxidation: Water Dependence in the Absence of Cu Salts

The kinetics of the Pd[(-)-sparteine]Cl(2) catalyzed oxidation of decene using oxygen as the sole oxidant have been studied in the absence of copper salts and high [Cl(-)]. Saturation kinetics are observed for [decene] as well as a third order dependence on [water]. A mechanism is proposed involving the dissociation of two chlorides and rate-limiting formation of a three-water hydrogen bridged network and subsequent oxypalladation as supported by computational studies.
Evaluating the reliability and availability of photovoltaic systems

SOLREL, a new reliability/availability simulation model, incorporates design, reliability, cost, and maintenance information to predict annual maintenance cost and energy production for photovoltaic (PV) power systems. SOLREL considers failures, lost production, and both scheduled and unscheduled maintenance. Combined with initial cost and operating cost information, the model predicts levelized cost per kWh. It gives photovoltaic system designers a way to evaluate design tradeoffs and minimize life-cycle energy cost.
Integrating applications with SAA

Advances in computing technology and reductions in development cost have greatly increased the number of people who use computers, and have expanded the number and types of applications available to them. People want their applications to share data and to be consistent with one another with respect to terminology and appearance. They also frequently need access to applications and data on computers in other locations; the computers may be models and types that these persons do not normally use. Integrating application functions in a seamless environment is an important step toward satisfying some of these requirements. This paper discusses what integrated applications are, why they are valuable, and how Systems Application Architecture (SAA) can make it easier to develop them.
Partial visibility for stylized lines

A variety of non-photorealistic rendering styles include lines extracted from 3D models. Conventional visibility algorithms make a binary decision for each line fragment, usually by a depth test against the polygons of the model. This binary visibility test produces aliasing where lines are partially obscured by polygons or other lines. Such aliasing artifacts are particularly objectionable in animations and where lines are drawn with texture and other stylization effects. We introduce a method for anti-aliasing the line visibility test by supersampling, analogous to anti-aliasing for polygon rendering. Our visibility test is inexpensive using current graphics hardware and produces partial visibility that largely ameliorates objectionable aliasing artifacts. In addition, we introduce a method analogous to depth peeling that further addresses artifacts where lines obscure other lines.
Evaluating cross-organizational impacts of information technology – an empirical analysis

AbstractThis paper documents information technology (IT) impacts that extend across organizational boundaries based on the economic theory. It evaluates how a firm's production cost is affected by the IT decisions of its business partners, over which it has no direct control. Using cross-sectional data on 100 audit engagements for the 100 largest continuing clients of a leading international public accounting firm's main office, it empirically evaluates the impact of the clients’ IT choices on their supplier's (the public accounting firm's) production costs, professional allocations and product prices. The results indicate, other things being equal, that the higher intensity or complexity a client's IT exhibits, the more effort public accounting professionals need to exert, thus, the higher the production cost incurred by the public accounting firm. In contrast, the better documentation or security a client's IT furnishes, the lower the cost the public accounting firm sustains. Furthermore, such differenc...
Improved Imaging Resolution in Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The imaging resolution of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was investigated using printed patterns on paper and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate surfaces. Resolution approaching 40 microm was achieved with a typical DESI-MS setup, which is approximately 5 times better than the best resolution reported previously. This improvement was accomplished with careful control of operational parameters (particularly spray tip-to-surface distance, solvent flow rate, and spacing of lane scans). In addition, an appropriately strong analyte/surface interaction and uniform surface texture on the size scale no larger than the desired imaging resolution were required to achieve this resolution. Overall, conditions providing the smallest possible effective desorption/ionization area in the DESI impact plume region and minimizing the analyte redistribution on the surface during analysis led to improved DESI-MS imaging resolution.
Constraining the thickness of Europa’s water–ice shell: Insights from tidal dissipation and conductive cooling

Abstract The time of crystallization of a 100 km thick ocean on Europa is estimated using a Stefan-style solidification solution. This solution is then extended to estimate the present thickness of the ice shell. It is assumed that the shell is initially in a steady-state conductive regime, and the ocean is taken to be an infinite liquid half space cooling from above. We find that in the absence of tidal heating and without the presence of low-eutectic impurities to serve as anti-freezes, a 100 km thick ocean solidifies in about 64 Myr. Conversely, when considering the present thickness of Europa’s ice shell, if tidal heating is included at a global dissipation rate of ∼1 TW, the shell is found to be, on average, approximately 28 km thick. However, if this dissipative heating is solely restricted to the shell, the local rate of heating may vary significantly due to crustal compositional heterogeneities and it is shown that this process may, in turn, produce thermal maxima in the crust, which could lead to local melting and structural instabilities, perhaps associated with the formation of chaos regions. Our approach is also extended to Ganymede and Callisto in order to estimate the time of solidification of their putative subsurface oceans and the current thicknesses of their ice-I shells.
Couching for Cataract in China

Abstract Couching for cataract is one of the most ancient surgical procedures. Maharshi Sushruta, an ancient Indian surgeon, first described the procedure around 600 BCE in Sushruta Samhita . The procedure, also known as jin pi shu in Mandarin, was introduced to China via the Silk Road during the late West Han Dynasty (206 BCE–9 CE), and it spread throughout China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE). As the procedure was combined with the Chinese concept of acupuncture, jin pi shu was integrated into Chinese medical practice until the founding of the Republic of China in 1911. The government of the Republic of China considered jin pi shu to be unscientific. In 1949, the Communists established the People's Republic of China. Jin pi shu was revitalized by Chairman Mao Zedong (1893–1976), who thought that traditional Chinese medicine, including jin pi shu , was a great treasure. After his death and the opening of China to the external world, many Chinese ophthalmologists pointed out that jin pi shu had relatively high complications and a low success rate, compared to various modern techniques for cataract surgery. This procedure is gradually fading away in China. The use of jin pi shu reflects the history, culture, and political transformation of China.
Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: platelet size and thrombopoietin level in relation to platelet count.

Platelet size, platelet count, and thrombopoietin levels in plasma fractions were determined in cyclic hematopoietic (CH) dogs. Results show that platelet sizes varied inversely with platelet counts of CH dogs; significantly elevated levels of thrombopoietin were found in fractions of plasma from CH dogs at the beginning of active thrombopoiesis. These dogs serve as a useful model for studying cycling thrombopoiesis in man.
Chiroptical properties of anionic and cationic porphyrins and metalloporphyrins in complex with left-handed Z-DNA and right-handed B-DNA.

We report the chiroptical signature and binding interactions of cationic (meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylptridyl)porphyrin, 2HT4) and anionic (meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin, 2HTPPS) porphyrins and their zinc(II) and nickel(II) derivatives (ZnT4, ZnTPPS, NiT4, and NiTPPS) with right-handed B-form and two forms of left-handed Z-form of alternating guanine–cytosine polydeoxynucleotide poly(dG–dC)2. NiTPPS is able to spectroscopically discriminate between spermine-induced Z-DNA and Co(III)-induced Z-DNA via new induced circular dichroism signal in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The DHC1b (DHC2) Isoform of Cytoplasmic Dynein Is Required for Flagellar Assembly

Dyneins are microtubule-based molecular motors involved in many different types of cell movement. Most dynein heavy chains (DHCs) clearly group into cytoplasmic or axonemal isoforms. However, DHC1b has been enigmatic. To learn more about this isoform, we isolated Chlamydomonas cDNA clones encoding a portion of DHC1b, and used these clones to identify a Chlamydomonas cell line with a deletion mutation in DHC1b. The mutant grows normally and appears to have a normal Golgi apparatus, but has very short flagella. The deletion also results in a massive redistribution of raft subunits from a peri-basal body pool (Cole, D.G., D.R. Diener, A.L. Himelblau, P.L. Beech, J.C. Fuster, and J.L. Rosenbaum. 1998. J. Cell Biol. 141:993–1008) to the flagella. Rafts are particles that normally move up and down the flagella in a process known as intraflagellar transport (IFT) (Kozminski, K.G., K.A. Johnson, P. Forscher, and J.L. Rosenbaum. 1993. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:5519–5523), which is essential for assembly and maintenance of flagella. The redistribution of raft subunits apparently occurs due to a defect in the retrograde component of IFT, suggesting that DHC1b is the motor for retrograde IFT. Consistent with this, Western blots indicate that DHC1b is present in the flagellum, predominantly in the detergent- and ATP-soluble fractions. These results indicate that DHC1b is a cytoplasmic dynein essential for flagellar assembly, probably because it is the motor for retrograde IFT.
OBSTETRIC BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURIES : ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME AT AGE 5 YEARS

One hundred and five children with the whole spectrum of obstetric brachial plexus (OBP) injuries, from severe to full recovery, were examined at the age of 5 years with regard to motor and sensory functions as well as to use of the affected limb. Since root involvement level does not fully reflect the degree of disability, a classification based on range of motion and grip-strength was formulated and found to correspond well with functional abilities. The results from this study indicate that the eventual outcome in upper-plexus lesions is more complex than is commonly believed. Hand function is affected due to the effect of limited shoulder movements on hand positioning. Grip strength was also reduced in many of these children. All the children with total-plexus lesions had diminished grip strength and half of them had impaired tactile sensibility. In most children with total-plexus lesions, performance of activities in daily life was affected as were bimanual activities requiring use of the involved limb. Hand preference was affected in children with a right-sided injury. From a clinical perspective, as well as for research, it is important to describe OBP injuries not only in terms of impairment but also of disability.
Remission of late-life drinking problems : a 4-year follow-up

This 4-year follow-up study compared stably remitted late-life problem drinkers to nonremitted problem drinkers and nonproblem drinkers. At time 1, to-be-remitted drinkers reported less alcohol consumption and fewer drinking problems, more depression and less self-confidence, less spousal support and approval of drinking from friends, and more help-seeking than did to-be-nonremitted drinkers. Remitted drinkers showed improvement in functioning and life context at the 4-year follow-up, but compared with nonproblem drinkers some deficits persisted. Stable remission and abstinence among late-onset drinkers were closely tied to receiving less spousal support and approval from friends for drinking at time 1, whereas help-seeking was a strong predictor of stable remission and abstinence among early-onset problem drinkers. For both late- and early-onset drinkers, abstinence was predicted by initially having more drinking problems, depression, and health stressors.
Nitrogen content, decay rates, and decompositional dynamics of hollow versus solid hardwood logs in hardwood forests of Minnesota, U.S.A.

Decay rates and nutrient dynamics of hardwood logs have been quantified in only a few studies over the last two decades. This study quantified and compared the nitrogen dynamics, residence times, and decay rates of hollow and solid maple and oak logs in decay classes 1 through 4. Decay parameters were not correlated with log age but did correlate with decay class. Hollow logs generally had lower percent original density and higher %N than did solid logs in each decay class. The point of maximum net immobilization of N and initial net N mineralization occurred late in decay class 1 or early in decay class 2. Residence time of logs in each decay class was low in decay class 1 (2 years), high in decay class 2 (17 years), and low in decay classes 3 and 4 (3 and 4 years, respectively). Decay rates varied by decay class, being low in decay classes 1 and 2 and high in decay classes 3 and 4.
Polarity transition records and the acquisition of remanence: A cautionary note

Simulations of natural smoothing of paleomagnetic reversal records suggest that illustrative features of actual field behavior may be made undiscernible even when relatively short integration times are associated with the acquisition of magnetic remanence. The results of this exercise further caution against the sole use of logs of component behavior (i.e. declination, inclination and intensity) for analysis, since time-averaging of the complete vector field not only smooths, but also can significantly alter the component paleomagnetic waveforms.
Food habits of the Amargosa pupfish in a thermal stream

Abstract Food habits of an Amargosa pupfish {Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae) population inhabiting a thermal stream were examined at monthly intervals from January 1972 to April 1973. Little variation in foods eaten during the year was observed in the 218 specimens examined. The diet was almost entirely a mixture of blue-green algae and detritus. Invertebrates were only a minor component due to their scarcity in the stream. The smallest fishes consumed some invertebrates but this habit changed as the relative length of the digestive tract rapidly increased.
Antibody responses in watermelon sensitivity

Watermelon-specific IgE (WM-IgE) appears to mediate the oropharyngeal symptoms after watermelon ingestion. However, less than one fourth of watermelon-sensitive individuals (i.e., those with detectable WM-IgE) develop such symptoms after watermelon ingestion. In an attempt to separate symptomatic from asymptomatic persons, we measured watermelon-specific-IgE and IgG4 concentrations in the sera of 29 watermelon-sensitive patients, 6 of whom were symptomatic. Although the mean WM-IgE level of the symptomatic group exceeded that of the asymptomatic group (p = 0.04), individual WM-IgE values failed to distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic persons. No differences in WM-IgG4 levels between the two groups could be found. Watermelon extract proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were reacted with the individual sera of 14 watermelon-sensitive patients and then stained for IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 binding. Great variations in IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 binding patterns were found, but no subtype restrictions were discovered. Although the pattern of IgE-stained bands in the absence of corresponding IgG1-stained bands was seen more frequently in symptomatic individuals, immunoblot patterns failed to separate symptomatic from asymptomatic persons. We conclude that the pattern of IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 responses to separated watermelon allergens was not predictive of clinical symptoms in a group of watermelon-sensitive patients.
Supermolecular-Chromophore-Sensitized Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion

Selective near-IR (NIR) excitation (780 nm) of the conjugated supermolecule ruthenium(II) [15-(4′-ethynyl-(2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridinyl))-bis[(5,5′,-10,20-di(2′,6′-bis(3,3-dimethylbutoxy)phenyl)porphinato)zinc(II)]ethyne][4′-pyrrolidin-1-yl-2,2′;6′,2′′-terpyridine] bis(hexafluorophosphate) (Pyr1RuPZn2) in solutions containing N,N-bis(ethylpropyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylicdiimide (PDI) or tetracene gives rise to a substantial anti-Stokes energy gain (PDI, 0.70 eV; tetracene, 0.86 eV). Experimental data clearly demonstrate that this upconverted fluorescence signal is produced via Pyr1RuPZn2-sensitized triplet−triplet annihilation (TTA) photochemistry. The TTA process was confirmed by the quadratic dependence of the integrated 1PDI* emission centered at 541 nm derived from 780 nm laser excitation. The T1→Tn excited state absorption decay of Pyr1RuPZn2, monitored at 900 nm as a function of PDI concentration, revealed Stern−Volmer and bimolecular quenching constants of 10 048 M−1 and 5.9 × 108 M−1 s−1, resp...
Phenotypic plasticity and taxonomic characters in Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The plasticity of minor anatomical characters frequently used in Trichogramma taxonomy was examined. Six isofemale strains representing five species were each partitioned into six cultures at the F2 and exposed to a distinct treatment for two generations. The six treatments consisted of all combinations of three different constant temperatures and two different egg hosts. Several characters in F5 specimens from all strains and treatments were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Significant plasticity is reported for several of the traits examined. Recommendations are made on the use of these characters in Trichogramma taxonomy.
Legionella Subvert the Functions of Rab1 and Sec22b to Create a Replicative Organelle

Legionella pneumophila is a bacterial pathogen that infects eukaryotic host cells and replicates inside a specialized organelle that is morphologically similar to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To better understand the molecular mechanisms governing transport of the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV), we have identified host proteins that participate in the conversion of the LCV into a replicative organelle. Our data show that Rab1 is recruited to the LCV within minutes of uptake. Rab1 recruitment to the LCV precedes remodeling of this compartment by ER-derived vesicles. Genetic inhibition studies demonstrate that Rab1 is important for the recruitment of ER-derived vesicles to the LCV and that inhibiting Rab1 function abrogates intracellular growth of Legionella . Morphological studies indicate that the Sec22b protein is located on ER-derived vesicles recruited to the LCV and that Sec22b is delivered to the LCV membrane. Sec22b function was found to be important for biogenesis of the specialized organelle that supports Legionella replication. These studies demonstrate that Legionella has the ability to subvert Rab1 and Sec22b function to facilitate the transport and fusion of ER-derived vesicles with the LCV, resulting in the formation of a specialized organelle that can support bacterial replication.
Alternative Methods of Reproduction Effects on the Child

Artificial donor insemination (DI), surrogate parenting, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer are alternative methods of reproduction being utilized with increasing frequency. Technological developments are being studied in detail. Because of the secrecy inherent in the families involved, there has been little written describing the emotional and psychological well-being of the participants. Significant factors, such as unlimited pregnancies per donor, lack of recordkeeping of the genetic background of each insemination, need for psychological counseling of the parents, the impact of the "family secret" of the pregnancy, and the well-being of the offspring, have not been adequately addressed. There has been little effort to make use of our experience in adoption in relation to many of these same areas. No medical guidelines or legislation exist. The inherent problems associated with these parenting methods and practices are discussed along with recommendations for improvement.
Integrated sensors, MEMS, and microsystems: Reflections on a fantastic voyage

Abstract The past 40 years have seen integrated sensors move from the first micromachined silicon devices to wireless integrated microsystems that combine high-performance batch-fabricated transducers with embedded signal processing and wireless interfaces. This paper reflects on sensor activities during this period, using three of the earliest devices as examples. Neural probes for precision mapping of activity in the central nervous system have evolved from simple acute structures to complex three-dimensional electrode arrays capable of both stimulation and recording. Integrated with circuitry for amplification, multiplexing, spike detection, and the wireless transmission of power and bidirectional data, they are sparking a revolution in neuroscience and are facilitating prosthetic devices for many debilitating neurological disorders. Pressure sensors have moved from low-yield piezoresistive bridges to self-testing wireless capacitive devices hermetically sealed at wafer level. Finally, efforts to miniaturize a gas chromatograph have now realized prototype microsystems the size of a small calculator containing pressure- and temperature-programmed microcolumns able to separate and identify complex gaseous mixtures in seconds. These microsystems will be key in addressing many of the key problems of the 21st century.
Sorcery and publicity: the Cadière–Girard scandal of 1730–1731

The Cadiere - Girard trial of 1730 - 1731 is an early example of a sensational, nation- ally publicized French trial in which the major parties were private individuals. Cadiere, a female penitent, accused Girard, her Jesuit confessor, of bewitching and raping her; Girard claimed that Cadiere was guilty of slander. It was to be the last witchcraft trial in the francophone world. Another notable feature of the trial was its publicity, in which the contesting parties almost im- mediately became stand-ins for the Society of Jesus and for its Jansenist adversaries. This paper argues that certain anti-Jesuits, particularly Cadiere's defence team and in the Parlement of Aix-en-Provence, acted to prolong the trial with the aim of creating as much bad publicity as pos- sible for the Society of Jesus; it also shows how Jansenist publicists took advantage of the lengthy process, creating literature that ' burned Girard in spirit', and with him, the Jesuits as a whole. What a noise! What a shock! What a scandal! The courts and the public have been inundated with Memoires , Requetes , Comparants , writings in verse and in prose, in print and in manuscript; all the li- bel sheets and gazettes have been made to speak in the most infa- mous and outrageous manner, not only against Father Girard himself but also against all the Jesuits in general. 1 These observations, made by the attorney of Father Jean-Baptiste Girard in 1731, were entirely apt. Denunciations of aberrant sexuality by or about public officials were nothing new — consider the mazarinades during the Fronde — but the allegations against which attorney Jean-Baptiste Pazery de Thorame now argued were quite another matter. Never before had the trial of two pri- vate individuals received such nationwide public attention. Never before had the print media been so important to the outcome of a case, and almost never before had it dared to supply what amounted to an entirely different verdict when the official one did not meet the publicists ' approval. In a very real sense, the Cadiere - Girard trial was the first modern French scandal, fuelled as it devel- oped by sensational allegations in the print media, allegations aimed more at a
Crystal chemistry of layered carbide, Ti3(Si0.43Ge0.57)C2

Abstract The crystal structure of a layered ternary carbide, Ti 3 (Si 0.43 Ge 0.57 )C 2 , was studied with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound has a hexagonal symmetry with space group P6 3 /mmc and unit-cell parameters a =3.0823(1) A, c =17.7702(6) A, and V =146.21(1) A 3 . The Si and Ge atoms in the structure occupy the same crystallographic site surrounded by six Ti atoms at an average distance of 2.7219 A, and the C atoms are octahedrally coordinated by two types of symmetrically distinct Ti atoms, with an average C–Ti distance of 2.1429 A. The atomic displacement parameters for C and Ti are relatively isotropic, whereas those for A (=0.43Si+0.57Ge) are appreciably anisotropic, with U 11 (= U 22 ) being about three times greater than U 33 . Compared to Ti 3 SiC 2 , the substitution of Ge for Si results in an increase in both A–Ti and C–Ti bond distances. An electron density analysis based on the refined structure shows that each A atom is bonded to 6Ti atoms as well as to its 6 nearest neighbor A site atoms, whether the site is occupied by Si or Ge, suggesting that these bond paths may be significantly involved with electron transport properties.
Immune modulation effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme

Concomitant radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy after surgery is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemotherapy can affect the immune system with implications on subsequent immune therapy. Therefore, we examined the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 25 patients with GBM prior to and 4 weeks after treatment with RT-TMZ using multicolor flow cytometry, as well as in vitro CD4+ regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressor and dendritic cell maturation assays. RT-TMZ induced significant lymphopenia, with a decrease in total CD4+ T cells, but did not significantly change monocyte counts. The proportion of functional Treg cells increased after treatment, whereas their absolute numbers remained stable. There was also a measurable decrease in the proportion of CD8+CD56+ and absolute number of CD3−CD56+ effector cells. Posttherapy monocytes retained the ability to mature into dendritic cells. Treatment with RT-TMZ is associated with changes in regulatory and effector peripheral blood mononuclear cells that tilt the balance towards an immune suppressive state. This shift can affect the outcome of immune therapy following RT-TMZ treatment and should be considered in the design of future combination therapy regimens.
Correlations of Soot Formation in Turbojet Engines and in Laboratory Flames.

Smoke related performance of both jet engine and research combustors has been correlated with several fuel properties. The smoke related data included: smoke number, liner temperature rise, and radiation flux to the combustor wall; fuel parameters included: percent hydrogen, percent aromatic, percent polycyclic aromatic, smoke point, and the threshold soot index, TSI. The research combustor results correlated best with the threshold sooting index. While some correlations with engine performance were excellent, no single fuel property was generally useful in evaluating smoke related performance, mainly because of insufficient data on the fuels tested in the jet engine programs, e.g., percent aromatics specifies a class of fuels which span > 50% of the possible range of sooting tendencies. It is, however, demonstrated that fuel composition plays a dominant role in determining smoke related engine parameters. It is recommended that fuels used for engine testing programs be chemically analyzed in greater detail or be made available for laboratory measurements of soot thresholds and soot yields until a sufficient data base is available to establish a laboratory technique of predicting relative smoke related performance of fuels in jet engines.© 1984 ASME
Toward a Jurisprudence of Youth Violence

Most discussions of legal and social policies that justify different penal treatment for violent acts by adolescent offenders ignore basic substantive issues; youth crime policy has been preoccupied by procedural and jurisdictional matters. Justifications for separate treatment of juveniles can be found both in the principles of the penal law and in social policies that recognize adolescence as an important learning period. Three dimensions of adolescent diminished responsibility stand out-incomplete comprehension of moral duty, deficient capacity to manage impulses, and the vulnerability to peer pressure that is the hallmark of adolescent law violation. Social policy favoring youth development does not require a discounting of penal liability but suggests an effort to avoid using punishments that limit the opportunity of adolescent offenders to survive into normal adulthood. This implies qualitative limits on sanctions rather than quantitative discounts, and it conflicts with retributive minimums for ver...
Shape priors for MAP segmentation of alloy micrographs using graph cuts

State-of-the-art alloy development processes utilize computerized materials simulations relying on segmentations of alloy micrographs which indicate the arrangement of material precipitates. Automated alloy segmentation algorithms must properly account for abundant prior information regarding the shape of the precipitates, as precipitate size and shape correlate to important materials properties. We propose a novel way of constructing and enforcing shape priors within a maximum a posteriori (MAP) segmentation framework. After computing a preliminary alloy segmentation using matching pursuits, our algorithm uses it to define a shape prior for a MAP segmentation found using a min-cut algorithm. This algorithm was found to significantly outperform both the MAP segmentation obtained without the shape prior, and the matching pursuit segmentations.
Five-year stability in associations of health-related quality of life measures in community-dwelling older adults: the Rancho Bernardo Study

Objective This study examines the five-year stability of the association of SF-12 and SF-6D scores with scores on the longer SF-36 and its domains in community-dwelling older men and women.
Growth and Differentiation of the Larval Mosquito Midgut

Factors affecting larval growth and nutrition have consequences on adult fecundity. Since the mosquito larval midgut is the primary organ of digestion and nutrient absorption, factors that affect the growth and development of the midgut may have potential consequences on the reproductive potential of the adult. To gain a better understanding of mosquito midgut development the growth and metamorphic remodeling of the Aedes aegypti L. and Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) midguts were investigated. Cytological evidence was obtained suggesting that, in both the anterior and posterior Ae. aegypti larval midgut, diploid regenerative cells give rise to new endoreplicating cells that significantly contribute to the growth and metabolism of the midgut. This hypothesis was supported by BrdU incorporation studies showing that diploid cells, as well as large and small endoreplicating cells, synthesize DNA during the 2(nd), 3(rd) and 4(th) instars. Cytological studies of the Cx. pipiens larval midgut suggest that anterior midgut growth in this species is primarily by cell enlargement. To study metamorphic remodeling of the midgut, DNA synthesis in Ae. aegypti 4(th) instar midguts was followed by using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. During the 24 hr period after the last larval-larval molt both endoreplicating and diploid cells incorporate BrdU. After the critical weight is achieved, endoreplicating cell BrdU incorporation gradually ceases while diploid cells continue to replicate. The period of maximum diploid cell incorporation correlated with the period of maximum ecdysone titer.