cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bicuspid aortic valve phenotype and aortic disease: a magnetic resonance study

Objective The aim of this study was to uncover any association between bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) phenotype and aortic valve disease or aortic dilation. Background BAV is the most common congenital heart defect in the general population, particularly in patients requiring valve surgery. Recent studies have shown cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to be an accurate and sensitive modality for classifying BAV phenotypes. Methods Patients were selected retrospectively from the database at NMH according to IRB-approved protocols. We identified and selected 217 patients who had a diagnosis of BAV and underwent CMR angiography between 2007 and 2010. For each subject, age, gender, functional state of the BAV, pattern of fusion, aortic root diameter, mid ascending aortic diameter, proximal and distal aortic arch diameter, and primary indication at the time of the MRA were extracted from reports. Results We identified four valve morphologies: type 1, fusion of the right and left cusps (n=152); type 2, fusion of the right and non-coronary cusps (n=48); type 3, fusion of the left and non-coronary cusps (n=9); and unicuspid, two fusions (n=8). We further characterized each type by the number of sinuses, two or three, and the presence or absence of a raphe. Comparing the three types, two sinuses were associated with a significantly higher (P<0.001) proportion among type 2 and type 3 BAV. Type 2 BAV was associated with moderate to severe stenosis (P=0.049) and a larger diameter of the mid
Gender-related survival differences associated with polymorphic variants of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in patients with metastatic colon cancer.

Estrogen replacement therapy in women has shown a protective effect on the development of colonic carcinomas. Gender-related differences in the development of colonic carcinomas have also been reported. Estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) is expressed in colon carcinomas and has shown prognostic value in colon cancer patients. This study investigated an ERβ 3′ non-coding polymorphism associated with transcriptional activity to determine clinical outcome in patients with metastatic colon cancer. Genomic DNA from 318 metastatic colon cancer patients, 177 males and 141 females, were collected from 1992 to 2003. These patients were analyzed for CA repeat polymorphism of the ERβ gene. Gender-related survival differences were associated with an ERβ (CA)n repeat polymorphism (P for interaction=0.003, the likelihood ratio test). Female patients with any short <22 (CA)n repeat alleles had shorter overall survival (OS) compared with female patients who had both long ⩾22 (CA)n repeat alleles. In the male patients, the opposite OS difference was found. This study supports the role of an ERβ (CA)n repeat polymorphism as a prognostic marker in metastatic colon cancer; however, this prognostic factor had opposite implications based on gender.
Digitalis poisoning: Historical and forensic aspects

Since the introduction of digitalis into therapy approximately 200 years ago, there have been continuing admonitions concerning its toxicity. Over 400 years ago, herbalists listed the plant as being poisonous. In fiction, the homicidal use of digitalis has appeared in the writings of Mary Webb, Dorothy Sayers and Agatha Christie. Ten instances in real life of alleged homicide by digitalis and trials of the accused are listed. The drug has been used with suicidal intent rather infrequently, compared with other medications. Possibly, it is more commonly used for such a purpose in France than in England or the United States. The fraudulent use of digitalis in the support of claims for disability because of heart disease has occurred, and one large conspiracy of physicians and lawyers in the swindle of insurance companies during the 1930s is a shameful episode in the record of these professions. Although innocent, one professor of medicine who was involved committed suicide. Two pharmaceutical (manufacturing) blunders that occurred in Belgium and Holland with mislabeling are mentioned. These resulted in numerous deaths and the profession seemed rather slow to recognize the nature of these small epidemics of poisoning. Instances of psychiatric illness with digitalis seem well documented. The story of digitalis toxicity continues into the present and physicians should be vigilant regarding the drug's potential for poisoning that can result from prescribing digitalis with ignorance of proper dosage, pharmacodynamics or drug interactions, as well as from accidental overdose as in children and use with self-destructive or homicidal intent.
Aftermath of a Thermonuclear Attack on the United States: Some Sociological Considerations

With the development of such weapon delivery systems as intermediate-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles, the United States finds itself today for the first time quite vulnerable to a massive air attack. This, coupled with the development of Hbombs and thermonuclear weapons having a fantastic explosive force of 15 to 50 megatons of TNT,** has placed this country in a perilous position if an attack should occur.
Comments on Michael Jacovides “How Berkeley Corrupted His Capacity to Conceive”

The manuscript includes comments on Michael Jacovides’s paper, “How Berkeley Corrupted His Capacity to Conceive.” The paper and comments were delivered at the conference “Meaning and Modern Empiricism” held at Virginia Tech in April 2008. I consider Jacovides’s treatment of Berkeley’s Resemblance Argument and his interpretation of the Master Argument. In particular, I distinguish several ways of understanding the disagreement between Jacovides and Kenneth Winkler over the right way to read the Master Argument.
Experiences integrating research tools and projects into computer architecture courses

Hands-on program instrumentation and simulation projects are good tools to teach computer architecture to students who may have limited backgrounds in hardware design. Through working with toolkits such as Atom [SE94] and Shade [CK94], students are able to become comfortable with the concrete behavior of complex hardware and software structures, and be prepared for more advanced research projects. This paper summarizes my experiences developing hands-on program instrumentation and measurement projects for students in a sequence of computer architecture courses.
Inference for Strength Distributions of Brittle Fibers under Increasing Failure Rate

A different approach to the problem of estimating the strength distribution of brittle fibers is proposed. The procedure assumes a Poisson flaw model, but rather than presum ing a particular functional form, it is assumed that the probability distribution of strength has an increasing failure rate (IFR). The maximum likelihood estimate of the fiber strength distribution is obtained within the class of all distributions with the IFR property, yielding a continuous distribution estimate which is a good fit to fiber tensile strength data, typically fitting much better than the usual Weibull model. The method is illustrated with carbon fiber data.
Audiologic and temporal bone imaging findings in patients with sensorineural hearing loss and GJB2 mutations.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Our objectives were to determine genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) who undergo testing for GJB2 mutations and to examine the relationship of temporal bone anomalies seen on computed tomography (CT) and GJB2 mutations. Study design: We conducted a retrospective review of all children diagnosed with SNHL and who underwent GJB2 testing from 1997 to 2006. Results: Of 840 patients, 146 (17.4%) had mutations. Seventy-six (9.1%) had biallelic GJB2 mutations and 70 (8.3%) had heterozygous mutations. When biallelic mutations were categorized as missense or nonsense mutations, the presence of at least one missense mutation was associated with mild or moderate SNHL. Biallelic nonsense mutations were associated with severe to profound SNHL. Among patients with GJB2 mutations, those with heterozygous mutations (n = 14 [20%]) had a higher rate of asymmetric SNHL loss than those with biallelic mutations (n = 6 [7.9%], P = .03). Those with heterozygous mutations were more likely to experience progression than were those with biallelic mutations, though this difference was only marginally significant (26.5% vs. 12.3%, respectively; P = .06). Patients who were wild type for GJB2 were more likely to have an enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) than were those with biallelic and heterozygous mutations (29% vs. 11.9%, respectively; P = .004). Compared to patients who were wild type, those with biallelic mutations had a significantly lower rate of EVA. Conclusions: This is the largest single-institution study of pediatric patients with GJB2 mutations and SNHL. The functional consequences of GJB2 mutations correlated with the degree of hearing loss. Patients with M34T mutations and/or mild SNHL had a low risk of progression. Temporal bone anomalies were uncommon in patients with GJB2 mutations. Laryngoscope, 119:554–558, 2009
DIFFERENTIAL CROSS SECTION FOR TRIDENT PRODUCTION

This paper discusses the differential cross section for pair production by electron scattering off an arbitrary fixed potential (trident). This cross section assumes that the three outcoming electrons' energies are to be measured. A modified version of the Monte Carlo procedures is used to obtain the cross section. Three cases were evaluated on an IBM 7090 computer, to obtain a standard deviation of about 4% to 9%.
Thoron half-life☆

Abstract The half-lives of thoron and actinon have been redetermined using a detector which depends on charcoal particle adsorption of the gas and measurement of the α-particles by scintillation screen, photomultiplier techniques. The new value for thoron half-life is 55·61 ± 0·04 sec, and the new value for actinon is 3·96 ± 0·01 sec.
The effects of wildfire, salvage logging, and post-fire N-fixation on the nutrient budgets of a Sierran forest.

Abstract The effects of fire, post-fire salvage logging, and revegetation on nutrient budgets were estimated for a site in the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains that burned in a wildfire in 1981. Approximately two decades after the fire, the shrub (former fire) ecosystem contained less C and more N than the adjacent forest ecosystem. Reconstruction of pre-fire nutrient budgets suggested that most C was exported in biomass during salvage logging and will not be recovered until forest vegetation occupies the site again. Salvage logging may have resulted in longer-term C sequestration in wood products than would have occurred had the logs been left in the field to decay, however. Reconstructed budgets suggested that most N was lost via volatilization during the fire rather than in post-fire salvage logging (assuming that foliage and O horizons were combusted). Comparisons of the pre-fire and present day N budgets also suggested that the lost N was rapidly replenished in O horizons and mineral soils, probably due to N-fixation by snowbush ( Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.), the dominant shrub on the former fire site. There were no significant differences in ecosystem P, K, or S contents and no consistent, significant differences in soil extractable P or S between the shrub and forested plots. Exchangeable K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ were consistently and significantly greater in shrub than in adjacent forested soils, however, and the differences were much larger than could be accounted for by estimated ash inputs. In the case of Ca, even the combustion of all aboveground organic matter could not account for more than a fraction of the difference in exchangeable pools. We speculate that the apparent large increased in soil and ecosystem Ca content resulted from either the release of Ca from non-exchangeable forms in the soil or the rapid uptake and recycling of Ca by post-fire vegetation.
Configuration of the prepubertal hymen

Anatomically descriptive terms are required when one is asked to comment on the hymen of the sexually abused prepubertal child. Action descriptive terms such as virginal or ruptured relay no objective information. Biologic hymenal configurations can be loosely categorized by the amount and distribution of hymenal tissue surrounding the vaginal introitus: The terms fimbriated, circumferential, and posterior rim are proposed. Descriptions of 124 prepubertal hymens are presented, with discussion focusing on biologic configurations and the impact of trauma and hormones.
Effect of in vivo oxytocin administration on the in vitro metabolism and progesterone biosynthesis of the bovine corpus luteum.

Corpora lutea collected at Day 7 post estrus from oxytocin-treated (100 U/day on Days 2–6) and normally cycling Holstein heifers were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing acetate-1-4C. Luteinizing hormone (LH), glucose, or both were added to the basic medium. Progesterone biosynthesis was greater, but progesterone specific activity lower i n control corpora lutea than in corpora from oxytocin-treated heifers. Acetate-1-14C incorporation into free sterols was greater following oxytocin administration, but purification showed that the 14C content of authentic cholesterol was not affected by oxytocin treatment; the free sterol contents did not differ significantly due to treatment. Corpora from oxytocin-treated animals readily converted added pregnenolone to progesterone. LH stimulated glucose uptake and progesterone synthesis, and glucose increased acetate incorporation into steroids and lipids in corpora from both control and oxytocin-treated heifers. Incorporation of acetate-1-14C into ...
Multichannel processes inV- andVΘi-sectors in an extended Lee model

TheLehmann—Symanzik—Zimmermann (LSZ) formalism is used in a multi-Θ extendedLee model to calculate the relevant multichannel scattering and production amplitudes. The extended multi-ΘLee model introduces nΘ particles in addition to heavy recoillessV andN particles of the normalLee model. The processes allowed areV ⇄NΘi, fori=1,2,…,n. In theV- andVΘi-sectors, all the τ-functions are obtained by solving theMatthews—Salam equations for the τ-functions. The multichannel scattering and production amplitudes are also evaluated.
Complementary thin film electronics based on ZnO/ZnTe

Thin film transistors for large-area and/or flexible electronics desire materials with the maximum carrier mobility while maintaining a reasonable deposition temperature. Semiconducting oxides including polycrystalline ZnO and amorphous IGZO have recently emerged as important candidates for thin film transistors due to their relatively high carrier mobility (~10cm2/Vs) in comparison to amorphous silicon and organic thin films. Digital logic and related electronic circuitry based on semiconducting oxides would benefit tremendously from a complementary device technology. However, these materials are all intrinsically n-type and have not demonstrated a reliable means for obtaining p-type thin films. Alternatively, polycrystalline ZnTe thin films are intrinsically p-type and exhibit relatively high hole mobility (~5cm2/Vs) at low deposition temperatures (<300°C). In this work, ZnO and ZnTe thin film transistors (TFTs) and associated complementary logic inverters are demonstrated.
Reflection Spectrum and Structure in the Exciton Absorption Peak of NaCl and KCl

Measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet have been made on the transmission of thin films of NaCl and KCl and on the reflectivity of single crystals of these same salts. Comparison is made between the two types of measurements and with the absorptions measured in thin films by Schneider and O'Bryan. The agreement with the latter in the case of NaCl is good only over the region of the first absorption while in the case of KCl it is good over the whole region over which the measurements overlap. A new absorption is found in NaCl near 1100 A and in KCl just below 1000 A. In both salts the first fundamental absorption near 1600 A, presumed to be that of the exciton, as inferred from the reflectivity is at least a doublet at liquid nitrogen temperatures; but further multiplicity of the type predicted by Overhauser is not established, although possibly indicated. Absolute reflectivities of the order of 60% are measured at low temperatures.
EPILEPSY AND ATHLETICS

This article reviews the debate regarding epileptic patients and their participation in sports, particularly contact (i.e., basketball, soccer, baseball) and collision (i.e., football, rugby, hockey) sports. Epilepsy is defined and described, as well as the dangers and benefits of exercise to the epileptic patient, including participation in athletic competition.
Nonlinear equations and wavelets

We use a multi-scale similarity analysis which gives specific relations between the velocity, amplitude and width of localized solutions of nonlinear differential equations, whose exact solutions are generally difficult to obtain.
Infection and kwashiorkor in Sudanese children

Two groups of Sudanese children, 55 with nutritional marasmus (NM) and 55 with kwashiorkor (K) were studied to differentiate between the etiology of NM and K. Subjects were between 6 and 36 months of age, admitted to the Children's Emergency Hospital in Khartoum. This paper presents the results of the association between K and infections during the weaning period. Data on morbidity were obtained by a physician consulting health records and asking the mothers in the hospital to recall the occurrence of measles, and the frequency of gastroenteritis, malaria, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis and other respiratory illnesses, three months prior to hospitalization. A clinical examination and appetite estimation were also performed. Biochemical tests, included hematology, serum proteins and urea, were performed on all subjects. The findings provide strong evidence that K is more associated with infections during the weaning period than is NM. The odds ratios for measles (2.3), frequency of pneumonia (2.1)...
Single-crystal elastic constants of Co-Al and Co-Fe spinels

The elastic stiffness moduli of single-crystals CoAl2O4, a normal spinel, and CoFe2O4, an inverse spinel, have been determined by an ultrasonic method. The measured values are: C11=290.5, C12=170.3 and C44=138.6 GPa for CoAl2O4, and C11=257.1, C12=150.0 and C44= 85.3 GPa for CoFe2O4. The elastic constants are compared with previously published data of other spinel single crystals and the results show that the cation valence and cation distribution have little influence on the elastic properties of the spinel materials.
Studies of fluorescence from photoexcitation of N2 and CO2 in the 28–100 eV region

Abstract Fluorescence excitation functions produced through photoexcitation of N 2 and CO 2 using synchrotron radiation in the range 28–100 eV have been studied. Two broadband detectors were employed to simultaneously monitor fluorescence in the 1080–3000 A and 3000–7000 A regions, respectively. Broad fluorescence peaks are observed and are interpreted in terms of dissociative ionization excitation of multiple electronic states, ion states and Rydberg states converging to multiply charged N 2 and CO 2 (i.e., N 2 m+ and CO 2 m+ for m=1−3). We have also studied the temperature effect on the relative fluorescence yield of CO 2 in the 28–60 eV region. It was found that the VUV fluorescence yields in the 28–40 eV region increase as sample temperature increases from 295 K to 650 K suggesting that the fluorescence produced by photon excitation of CO 2 hot bands may be important.
Evaluation of farmers' perceptions of soil quality indicators

Understanding farmers' knowledge of soil quality and health is essential to ensure transfer of appropriate technology for on-farm assessments. The objective of this study was to evaluate farmers' knowledge of soil quality by comparing their perceptions of soil conditions for “good” and “problem” soils on their farms with values of soil quality indicators as determined by established assessment protocol. Twenty-four conventional and organic farmers throughout eastern Nebraska were paired within regions of similar climate, topography, and soil type and their perceptions of soil quality indicators were queried using a written questionnaire. Questionnaire data were compared directly to values of soil quality indicators and perception accuracy indices were calculated. Overall, perception accuracy of soil quality indicators did not differ between conventional and organic farmers. Farmers' perceptions of soil quality indicators tended to be more accurate for “good” soils as compared to “problem” soils. Indicators that were incorrectly estimated at a frequency greater than 33% included available nitrogen and phosphorus, soil color, degree of compaction, and infiltration rate. Despite this, farmers' perceptions were correct or nearly-correct over 75% of the time for the majority of indicators evaluated in the study. Evaluation of social and managerial factors indicated that perception accuracy of soil quality indicators declined as the time of on-farm tenure increased. Results from this study indicate that agriculturists should seek out farmers' knowledge of soil characteristics as a first iteration to pointscale evaluation of soil quality.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction to Convert Biomass into Crude Oil

All fossil fuels found in nature — petroleum, natural gas, and coal, based on biogenic hypothesis — are formed through processes of thermochemical conversion (TCC) from biomass buried beneath the ground and subjected to millions of years of high temperature and pressure. In particular, existing theories attribute that petroleum is from diatoms (algae) and deceased creatures and coal is from deposited plants. TCC is a chemical reforming process of biomass in a heated and usually pressurized, oxygen deprived enclosure, where long - chain organic compounds (solid biomass) break into short - chain hydrocarbons such as syngas or oil. TCC is a broad term that includes gasifi cation, including the Fisher - Tropsch process, direct liquefaction, hydrothermal liquefaction, and pyrolysis. Gasifi cation of biomass produces a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, commonly called syngas. The syngas is then reformed into liquid oil with the presence of a catalyst. Pyrolysis is a heating process of dried biomass to directly produce syngas and oil. Both gasifi cation and pyrolysis require dried biomass as feedstock, and the processes occur in an environment higher than 600 ° C. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) involves direct liquefaction of biomass, with the presence of water and perhaps some catalysts, to directly convert biomass into liquid oil, with a reacting temperature of lower than 400 ° C. This chapter only covers the topic of HTL of biomass. Biomass feedstocks include biowaste (manure and food processing waste), lignocellulose (crop residue), and algae. The chapter is in two parts. The fi rst part covers HTL fundamentals based on the current knowledge, and the second part is a summary of state - of - the - art knowledge of HTL for various feedstocks. The author has attempted to organize this chapter for a variety of readers who are interested in the topic of HTL, including students and professionals.
Critical Phenomena in Fluid Films: Scaling Crossover and Law of Corresponding States.

Thirty-two coexistence curves were measured for films of a critical mixture of 2,6-lutidine + water for film thicknesses 0.46 ..mu..m < or = L < or approx. = 14 ..mu..m. For a sample of twenty-eight films with L < 6 ..mu..m, the coexistence curves show a crossover from three-dimensional scaling characterized by ..beta.. = 0.332 +- 0.003 to two-dimensional Ising-model scaling with ..beta.. = 0.126 +- 0.005. The scaling requirement that a law of corresponding states exists for such films has been confirmed.
Identification of two independent MHC class II antigens in a bovine lymphoblastoid cell line.

Abstract Bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens were investigated using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) with known MHC class II specificities in other species. Thirtyfour MoAbs were tested for reactivity with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells and the bovine lymphoblastoid cell line, BL3, by flow cytometry. Twenty-seven of 31 MoAbs tested, reacted with BL3 cells, and 22 of 25 MoAbs tested with PBM cells were reactive. MoAbs that reacted with BL3 cells were used to immunoprecipitate class II molecules from BL3 lysate labeled with [ 35 S]methionine. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and autoradiography, many MoAbs were found to immunoprecipitate a single band of approximately 31 000 relative mass (M r ). MoAbs yielding successful immunoprecipitations and with known antigen specificity in other species were then used in sequential immunoprecipitations and two dimensional (2-D) non-equilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis (NEPHGE). The HLA-DR specific MoAb H4 and the predominantly HLA-DQ specific MoAb CC11.23 were used to identify the presence of two independent antigens in BL3 cell lysate. These class II molecules consist of α and β chains.
Charismata: Gifts, Enablements, or Ministries?

In the midst of a growing awareness of spiritual gifts in contemporary church culture and in the academy, much confusion exists. The use of the term 'charismata' promotes this confusion and is not an appropriate label for the biblical evidence of such activity. The problem lies in a deficient linguistic and exegetical handling of this term—a problem identified by James Barr long ago and brought to the fore by Kenneth Berding. Proper exegesis overcomes this prevalent exegetical and linguistic fallacy and suggests another term, diakonia. However, a more foundational conception of both the church and ministry is lacking. By analyzing Pauline anthropol ogy in Romans, an enduring and foundational model for gifts and ministries emerges. This model is the Pauline conception of the church as God's tem ple. People who are delivered from sin's power through identifying with Jesus' death, burial, and resurrection and who have the Spirit are free to give themselves both as sacrifice and temple servants in spiritual ministries. One other caution is raised and discussed. One must avoid the charge in practice and theology of Spirit-monism. Basic structures of the New Testament always place Jesus as the One through whom the Spirit comes. Conse quently, all Spirit activity must in some way be christological and sote riological in nature. Some contemporary applications are derived from this biblical theology of Church and ministry.
A response surface model to predict CO2 and brine leakage along cemented wellbores

Abstract Potential CO2 and brine leakage from geologic sequestration reservoirs must be quantified on a site-specific basis to predict the long-term effectiveness of geologic storage. The primary goals of this study are to develop and validate reduced-order models (ROMs) to estimate wellbore leakage rates of CO2 and brine from storage reservoirs to the surface or into overlying aquifers, and to understand how the leakage profile evolves as a function of wellbore properties and the state of the CO2 plume. A multiphase reservoir simulator is used to perform Monte Carlo simulations of CO2 and water flow along wellbores across a wide range of relevant parameters including wellbore permeability, wellbore depth, reservoir pressure and saturation. The leakage rates are used to produce validated response surfaces that can be sampled to estimate wellbore flow. Minima in flow rates seen in the response surface are shown to result from complex nonlinear phase behavior along the wellbore. Presence of a shallow aquifer can increase CO2 leakage compared to cases that only allow CO2 flow directly to the land surface. The response surfaces are converted into computationally efficient ROMs and the utility of the ROMs is demonstrated by incorporation into a system-level risk analysis tool.
Location of a glucose-dependent response region in the rat S14 promoter

The rat S14 gene provides an excellent model to examine the DNA sequences associated with carbohydrate regulation of hepatic gene transcription. We constructed internal deletions within 5 kilobases of the 5'-up-stream region and ligated these to a luciferase reporter gene. The constructs were transfected into primary hepatocytes and pancreatic HIT cells. In hepatocytes, an increase in the medium glucose concentration led to a parallel increase in endogenous mRNA S14 content and transfected luciferase reporter activity driven by 5 kilobases of the S14 promoter. Internal deletions of several sequences from -2706 to -285 each led to a decrease in glucose-stimulated activity, suggesting that multiple elements are necessary for the transcriptional response to glucose. Deletion from -1583 to -1069 nearly abolished the glucose effect in both cell types and delineated the carbohydrate response element (CHORE). The CHORE deletion was specific for glucose, because it did not alter the response to thyroid hormone, a...
Surface antigens of the embryonic chick myoblast: Expression on freshly trypsinized cells

Using an antiserum raised in rabbits against embryonic chick skeletal myoblasts (Anti-M-24), we have examined the trypsin and neuraminidase sensitivity and physiological expression of myogenic cell surface antigens. It was found that trypsin-released muscle cells more effectively inhibited, on a cell to cell basis, the cytotoxicity of Anti-M-24 for 24-h-old myoblast monolayers than did identical cells that had received a 3–4 h suspension culture recovery period from trypsinization. There was no such difference in absorptive capacities observed for any other embryonic chick tissue tested (e.g. brain, retina, liver, heart, and red blood cells) when freshly trypsinized cells were compared to ones which were given a 3–4 h culture period. If freshly trypsinized muscle cells were treated with high concentrations (30,000 international units (IU)/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin or with neuraminidase (30,000 IU/ml packed cells), there was a selective loss of myoblast-specific surface antigens. When single cells that had been in suspension culture for 3.5 h were reexposed to low concentrations (10,000 IU/0.1 ml packed cells) of trypsin, more antigenic sites were revealed on their surfaces as detected by an increased absorptive capacity in removing myoblast-binding antibodies from Anti-M-24. This increase in antigenic expression was time-dependent and inversely related to the length of culture time after trypsinization. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that tissue specific myoblast cell surface antigens are present on both muscle cells that were freshly dissociated and those that had been in suspension culture for 3–4 h. Furthermore, freshly trypsinized myoblasts possessed cell surface components that were highly antigenic; antiserum to such cells reacted extensively with both trypsinized and recovered muscle cells as detected by complement-dependent 51Cr release cytotoxicity assays and immunofluorescence. We conclude that embryonic chick myoblasts prossess surface antigens that may be selectively removed by neuraminidase or high concentrations of trypsin. These antigens may be progressively masked, with increasing time of culture after protease-dissociation, by molecules that are sensitive to low concentrations of trypsin. Such masking of tissue-specific cell surface antigens could result in the display of molecular mosaics which may play a role in facilitating intercellular recognition and subsequent differentiation and histogenesis.
Anomalous diffusion from doped oxides due to dopant depletion effects

Abstract An anomalous decrease in junction depth with increasing diffusion time has been observed for the first time for diffusions from doped oxides into semiconductors. Experimental data on the diffusion of tin into gallium arsenide is provided, with a simple theoretical analysis of the phenomena.
Multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning for modeling tree biomass change

Above ground biomass (AGB) is a crucial ecological variable and has to be accurately estimated to understand potential changes of the climate system and to reduce uncertainties in the estimates of forest carbon budget. The overall goal of this research is to estimate tree level AGB change using multi-temporal terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) datasets for trees in East Texas. Specific objectives are to (1) develop models using TLS parameters to estimate tree level AGB; and (2) investigate different conceptual approaches for estimating AGB change. Since majority of the AGB estimation models are developed only using diameter at breast height (DBH), we investigated the potential of TLS by extracting various geometric and statistical parameters for tree level AGB estimation. National and regional level AGB estimation models were developed for loblolly pines. To estimate the change in AGB, three different approaches were followed. The best AGB estimation model for loblolly pines had DBH, height variance, and interquartile distance as independent variables. The best AGB estimation model for hardwoods included volume and crown width as independent variables. For AGB change of loblolly pines, direct modeling of AGB change with TLS data available for 2009 and 2012 provided the best results. An extensive literature review reveals that this is the first study to model the change in AGB using different innovative and conceptual approaches with multi-temporal TLS data. The results of our study indicate the capability of TLS to model the change in tree level AGB, with potential for reducing the amount of field work when using multi-temporal terrestrial TLS datasets. We believe that the results of this study will benefit forest management and planners for prudent decision making, and other remote sensing studies from airborne and spaceborne platforms, for map upscaling, data fusion, or calibration purposes.
Hall Effect in Gray Tin Filaments

The measurement of the Hall coefficient of gray tin filaments in the temperature range from 70 to 270\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is described. It is found that electron and hole mobilities given by the expressions ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{n}=3.02\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1.65}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{p}=2.18\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.0}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec combined with an impurity concentration of 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ give a good fit to the conductivity and Hall data for pure material in the range extending 110 degrees down from the highest measurement temperature. The intrinsic energy gap at absolute zero is 0.094 ev. If one assumes a temperature dependence of -5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ ev/deg, the high-temperature value of the energy gap remains substantially unaltered from that previously reported and the effective masses of charge carriers have the value 0.68 electron masse. Data for the lower temperature range indicate slight degeneracy and impurity scattering of charge carriers. Similar computations and results are discussed for other samples doped with $n$-type impurities. In contradiction to the results for $n$-type samples, $p$-type samples indicate mobility ratios slightly higher than unity. There is no indication, however, of extremely high mobility ratios such as those found in InSb. The field dependence of the Hall coefficient of $p$-type specimens shows a shift of the crossover to higher temperatures with increasing magnetic field, qualitatively in agreement with isotropic theory.
From bench to drug: Human seizure modeling using Drosophila

Studies of human seizure disorders have revealed that susceptibility to seizures is greatly influenced by genetic factors. In addition to causing epilepsy, genetic factors can suppress seizures and epileptogenesis. Examination of seizure-suppressor genes is challenging in humans. However, such genes are readily identified and analyzed in a Drosophila animal model of epilepsy. In this article, the epilepsy phenotype of Drosophila seizure-sensitive mutants is reviewed. A novel class of genes called seizure-suppressors is described. Mutations defining suppressors revert the “epilepsy” phenotype of neurological mutants. We conclude this review with particular discussion of a seizure-suppressor gene encoding DNA topoisomerase I (top1). Mutations of top1 are especially effective at reverting the seizure-sensitive phenotype of Drosophila epilepsy mutants. In addition, an unexpected class of anti-epileptic drugs has been identified. These are DNA topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecin and its derivatives; several candidates are comparable or perhaps better than traditional anti-epileptic drugs such as valproate at reducing seizures in Drosophila drug-feeding experiments.
Thermally induced release of adsorbed Pb upon aging ferrihydrite and soil oxides

In this study, thermally induced transformation products and the solubility of preadsorbed Pb were compared in a synthetic ferrihydrite and two natural materials containing iron oxides. The adsorbents were characterized initially and after heating for 60 days at 70 C. Dissolved Pb was measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (dpasv) in the supernatants after heating the suspensions for 60 days at 70 C and compared to the solubility after adsorption for 15 days at room temperature. Lead activities were calculated from dpasv measurements. Surface area, FTIR, XRD analyses, and extraction with oxalate and pyrophosphate were used to characterize the solid phases. Iron oxide transformation products differed among the systems. The laboratory-synthesized ferrihydrite showed the most distinct transformation to goethite and hematite. Goethite formation was also evidenced from one natural (SMS-1) material. The other (SMS-2) material, with a low surface area initially and no FTIR or XRD evidence of crystalline or noncrystalline iron oxide, revealed limited transformation after thermal treatment. Despite these differences, Pb activity increased from all adsorbents after heating for 60 days at 70 C. The amount of adsorbed Pb had no effect on iron oxide transformation products. Differences in the degree of transformation and in the identitymore » of transformation products may be due to the presence of organic matter, Si, and Al in the pedogenic materials as well as to the initial Fe forms present in the samples.« less
Sampled‐data implementation of a gain scheduled controller

A continuous-time gain-scheduled controller must be transformed to a corresponding discrete-time controller for sampled-data implementation. We show that certain linearization properties of a continuous-time gain scheduled controller are inherited by its sampled-data implementation. We also show that a similar relationship exists for multi-rate gain scheduled controllers arising in flight control applications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of intracranial complications of sinus surgery.

Endoscopic sinus surgery has an impressive and continually improving safety record. Increasing surgical experience and improved techniques and equipment make this procedure fundamentally safe. Anatomic variations, extensive disease, and the tight confines that the sinuses occupy between the skull base and orbits, however, do allow the possibility of untoward events. Many of these complications are minor, but the potential for significant morbidity, including blindness, diplopia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula with or without meningitis, intracranial brain injury, and hemorrhage from internal carotid artery injury, is real. Most of the disastrous complications are related to ethmoidectomy and frontal sinus surgery [1]. Intracranial complications can be the most ominous with the highest morbidity and mortality. Known intracranial complications are listed in Box 1. In 1912, Mosher stated, ‘‘Intranasal ethmoidectomy is one of the most dangerous and blindest of all surgical operations.’’ This statement still has some truth today, although Mosher may have felt differently had he held a high-quality 30 endoscope with a bright fiberoptic light source. Technologic developments and surgical experience have reduced the risks of surgical procedures, but some complications secondary to sinus and nasal surgery still occur. Anatomic landmarks differ from patient to patient, as does the extent of disease of the paranasal sinuses. Anthropologic differences must be heeded, because white patients have larger nasal pyramids and smaller interpupillary distances than black and Asian patients. A crowded nasal cavity increases the likelihood of surgical error [2].
Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal myomectomy.

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined laparoscopic and vaginal approach in dealing with uterine myomas. Design Retrospective case study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Tertiary care major teaching hospital. Patients Thirty-one women with symptomatic fundal and/or posterior wall uterine myomas. Intervention Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal myomectomy performed by one of the authors from July 1996 to December 1998. Measurements and Main Results Mean ± SD operating time, blood loss, and length of hospital stay were 79.19 ± 18.31 minutes, 150.00 ± 103.28 ml, and 3.10 ± 0.75 days, respectively. No patients developed serious complications, and only two minor complications occurred. Conclusion After laparoscopic inspection and location of uterine myomas, dealing with posterior and fundal uterine myomas by the vaginal route makes hemostasis and uterine repair easier than by purely laparoscopic approach.
X-ray stage sensitivity of mouse oocytes and its bearing on dose-response curves.

A detailed cytogenetic study of maturing mouse oocyte radiosensitivity was performed. Oocytes were collected at various intervals ranging from 1.5 days to 28.5 days after irradiation with 50, 100, 200, and 300 R of acute X-rays. The observed sensitivity to chromatid aberration induction varied greatly over this time span. Sensitivity was lowest at the shortest time interval before ovulation and gradually increased up to 9.5 days; it then remained constant until insufficient numbers of oocytes could be collected. The data were analyzed in three ways. First, the data from all time intervals at each dose were pooled; second the data from the least sensitive time intervals, at each dose, were pooled, and third, the data from the period of uniform sensitivity, at each dose, were pooled. Dose-response regression analyses were done on these pooled data and the best fits obtained were to the models Y = a + bD + cD2 and Y = a + cD2 for both deletions and interchanges. This result is interpreted as indicating that the aberrations result from a predominantly two-track process. The cytogenetic data were compared to specific-locus mutation induction data in comparable oocyte stages, and qualitative similarity in doseresponse characteristics were observed. This similarity is interpreted to mean that both events result from the same mechanism, and that the large dose-rate effect, observed for both events, is a reflection of the two-track component in the dose-response curves.
Creative imitation in the Hebrew Bible

The source of creative composition for many forms of literature was well recognized by literary critics in antiquity to be in the imitation of older literary works and this has been a major concern of literary criticism in modern classical studies as well. It is remarkable, therefore, that so little attention has been given to this subject in biblical studies. Even in the current discussion of intertextuality, the possibility of literary imitation is rarely made the focus of attention. In this article I will lay out what, in antiquity, was regarded as the appropriate use of imitation of the classics for composition of new works, as well as the creation of rival versions of history, and how the notion of imitation to account for similarity can be useful in biblical studies. These issues will be illustrated by a number of examples of imitation in the Hebrew Bible that have often been explained in other less appropriate ways.
Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE Cinnamon has been studied in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for its glycemic-lowering effects, but studies have been small and show conflicting results. A prior meta-analysis did not show significant results, but several RCTs have been published since then. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluating cinnamon's effect on glycemia and lipid levels. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched through February 2012. Included RCTs evaluated cin- namon compared with control in patients with type 2 diabetes and reported at least one of the following: glycated hemoglobin (A1c), fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or triglycerides. Weighted mean differences (with 95% confi - dence intervals) for endpoints were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS In a meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (n = 543 patients), cinnamon doses of 120 mg/d to 6 g/d for 4 to 18 weeks reduced levels of fasting plasma glucose (-24.59 mg/dL; 95% CI, -40.52 to -8.67 mg/dL), total cholesterol (-15.60 mg/ dL; 95% CI, -29.76 to -1.44 mg/dL), LDL-C (-9.42 mg/dL; 95% CI, -17.21 to -1.63 mg/dL), and triglycerides (-29.59 mg/dL; 95% CI, -48.27 to -10.91 mg/ dL). Cinnamon also increased levels of HDL-C (1.66 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.24 mg/dL). No significant effect on hemoglobin A 1c levels (-0.16%; 95%, CI -0.39% to 0.02%) was seen. High degrees of heterogeneity were present for all analyses except HDL-C (I 2 ranging from 66.5% to 94.72%). CONCLUSIONS The consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels, and an increase in HDL-C levels; however, no significant effect on hemoglobin A1c was found. The high degree of heterogeneity may limit the ability to apply these results to patient care, because the preferred dose and duration of therapy are unclear.
Proteolytic Adaptor for Transfer-Messenger RNA-Tagged Proteins from α-Proteobacteria

We have identified an analog of SspB, the proteolytic adaptor for transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)-tagged proteins, in Caulobacter crescentus. C. crescentus SspB shares limited sequence similarity with Escherichia coli SspB but binds the tmRNA tag in vitro and is required for optimal proteolysis of tagged proteins in vivo.
Quantitative Determination of Toxaphene in Blood by Florisil Extraction and Gas Chromatography

An extraction procedure that reproducibly isolates toxaphene from defibrinated whole blood is described. This column extraction technique is compared to other methods with respect to toxaphene recovery and background interference. Results obtained from multiple gas-liquid chromatographic peak analysis of toxaphene in blood samples from liver perfusion experiments are discussed.
GIVING CAPITALISTS THEIR DUE

In general, capitalists deserve profits and losses for their contribution to the general welfare. Market imperfections and the range of permissible prices (at least within the boundaries of exploitation) prevent the alignment from being a direct one, but the connection generally holds. In the context of the market, this thesis preserves the central place of moral responsibility in moral desert. It also satisfies the fittingness and proportionality conditions of moral desert and provides a backward-looking and pre-institutional ground of it. In addition, the focus on contribution unifies several different types of act-based desert, specifically deserved profits and losses, deserved punishment, and deserved wages. Hence, to the extent that desert-satisfaction is relevant in the selection of an economic system, this result strengthens the case for capitalism.