cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrafast visualization of phase transitions in nonequilibrium warm dense matter

Intense ultrafast laser excitation brings materials into highly nonequilibrium states with complex solid–liquid phase transitions. These ultrafast processes yield warm dense matter (WDM) conditions characterized by comparable thermal and Fermi energies, and strong ion–ion coupling. Here, we review recent studies employing mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction to resolve the structural dynamics of nonequilibrium WDM created by femtosecond laser heating of solids. For the study of warm dense gold, the results showed homogeneous melting that occurs within tens of picoseconds at absorbed energy densities of 0.4–1.4 MJ/kg. These results constrained the electron–ion coupling rate and revealed the melting sensitivity to nucleation seeds. For the study of radiation-damaged tungsten, the results showed a melting transition below the melting temperature. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that this melting behavior is driven by vacancy defect clusters from radiation damage. These studies provided atomic-level insights into the melting behavior of materials under extreme conditions.
Genomic landscape of gliosarcoma: distinguishing features and targetable alterations.

Gliosarcoma is an aggressive brain tumor with histologic features of glioblastoma (GBM) and soft tissue sarcoma. Despite its poor prognosis, its rarity has precluded analysis of its underlying biology. We used a multi-center database to characterize the genomic landscape of gliosarcoma. Sequencing data was obtained from 35 gliosarcoma patients from Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange (GENIE) 5.0, a database curated by the American Association of Cancer Research (AACR). We analyzed genomic alterations in gliosarcomas and compared them to GBM (n = 1,449) and soft tissue sarcoma (n = 1,042). 30 samples were included (37% female, median age 59 [IQR: 49–64]). Nineteen common genes were identified in gliosarcoma, defined as those altered in > 5% of samples, including TERT Promoter (92%), PTEN (66%), and TP53 (60%). Of the 19 common genes in gliosarcoma, 6 were also common in both GBM and soft tissue sarcoma, 4 in GBM alone, 0 in soft tissue sarcoma alone, and 9 were more distinct to gliosarcoma. Of these, BRAF harbored an OncoKB level 1 designation, indicating its status as a predictive biomarker of response to an FDA-approved drug in certain cancers. EGFR, CDKN2A, NF1, and PTEN harbored level 4 designations in solid tumors, indicating biological evidence of these biomarkers predicting a drug-response. Gliosarcoma contains molecular features that overlap GBM and soft tissue sarcoma, as well as its own distinct genomic signatures. This may play a role in disease classification and inclusion criteria for clinical trials. Gliosarcoma mutations with potential therapeutic indications include BRAF, EGFR, CDKN2A, NF1, and PTEN.
Solvent effects on the absorption spectrum of a vanadyl complex: A new sensitive parameter for ranking ligands

Abstract The effects of thirteen pure solvents on the optical absorption spectrum of vanadyl bisacetyl-acetonate have been observed in the 8000−3500 A region. Three low intensity bands allow the calculation of the three parameters Dq, Ds , and Dt . As a solvent molecule adds to the sixth position on the vanadium, it alters slightly the strong axial perturbation of the vanadyl oxygen. This effect is most sensitively recorded in a new parameter, the difference between the first and second bands since the first band is red-shifted and the second band is blue-shifted. The solvents are ranked as follows by this parameter: H 2 O ⪢ MeOH > pyridine > n-propylamine > EtOH > DMSO > DMF ⪢ CH 3 CN > CH 3 NO 2 > CHCl 3 > CS 2 ∼ C 6 H 6 > CCl 4 .
Chloroplast DNA: Physical and Genetic Studies

This chapter will examine what is known about chloroplast DNA (its physical and chemical properties, functions, and genetic analysis) from studies of algae and higher plants. This subject matter has been brought together for consideration in a book, Cytoplasmic Genes and Organelles (Sager, 1972), which was preceded by two excellent symposia (Boardman et al., 19716; Miller, 1970). Specific aspects have been reviewed in three books (Gibbs, 1971; Stewart, 1974; Birky et al., 1975) and in several review articles (Tewari, 1972; Kirk, 1972; Gillham, 1974; Ellis and Hartley, 1974). The aim of this chapter will be twofold: to bring the subject matter up to date and to provide a framework for further research.
Social workers and workplace bullying: Perceptions, responses and implications

Objective: This non-experimental, cross-sectional study examined social workers' perceptions of bullying work relationships and their ability to construct effective coping responses to perceived workplace bullying. Methods: Quantitative data were gathered through the use of a mailed questionnaire, and qualitative data resulted from semi-structured individual interviews. Participants: The quantitative sample consisted of 111 social workers from the metropolitan, Washington, DC area, who were employed in organizations. Two self-identified targets of bullying participated in the interviews. Results: Nearly three of five social workers (58%) in the sample reported being the targets of demeaning, rude, and hostile workplace interactions more than once in the previous year. Targets were more likely to work in government agencies/military and mental health outpatient organizations (19% and 18% respectively). More than a third of targets (35%) held a direct service role (clinical/direct practice), whereas almost a third (29%) identified their role as administration or management. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that workplace bullying may be a problem for social workers and that the social work profession may need to develop tools and guidelines to help practitioners identify, confront and extinguish these behaviors. Language: en
Paruresis (Shy Bladder Syndrome): A Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Approach

Paruresis is a social anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being unable to urinate in the presence of others. This condition has not been covered in the social work literature, yet is a perfect example of a person-in-environment problem. This article explores the use of graduated exposure therapy during weekend-long workshops for the treatment of paruresis. One hundred one participants participated in workshops and were administered pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-year follow-up treatment scales. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant improvement in shy bladder symptoms. Significant improvement in global severity of shy bladder was observed posttreatment and at the 1-year follow-up point. Findings suggest that graduated exposure therapy improves self-reported global severity of shy bladder symptoms and that these gains were maintained at 1-year follow up.
Are homeschooled adolescents less likely to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs?

Background Nearly two million school-aged children in US are currently homeschooled. This study seeks to examine homeschooled adolescents’ attitudes toward, access to, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs (ATOD) compared to their non-homeschooled peers.
Operationalizing child maltreatment: developmental processes and outcomes.

Significant advances have occurred in our knowledge of the effects of maltreatment on the developmental process since the “battered child syndrome” (Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemueller, & Silver, 1962) was first identified. In fact, during the mid-1980s and onward, the quality and methodological sophistication of investigations of the developmental sequelae of child maltreatment increased dramatically (for summaries, see Cicchetti & Lynch, 1995, and Cicchetti & Toth, 2000). However, overall progress has been hampered by a lack of consensus on the operationalization of the construct of child maltreatment (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993; Besharov, 1981; Cicchetti & Rizley, 1981; Giovannoni & Becerra, 1979). In recognition of the complexities accompanying definitional issues in the area of maltreatment, a decade ago a Special Issue of Development and Psychopathology was devoted to defining psychological maltreatment (Cicchetti, 1991). The challenges associated with defining maltreatment were again highlighted in a Special Issue of Development and Psychopathology that addressed advances and challenges in the study of the sequelae of child maltreatment (Cicchetti, 1994a). In the editorial to that issue, Cicchetti (1994b) concluded that “the lack of consensus regarding the definition of maltreatment employed by various investigators [had] made comparability across studies difficult to achieve” (p. 2).
Availability and reliability of teleprocessing systems

Computer communications network users notice a lack of network transparency in two main ways: service interruptions and excessive response times. A simplified analysis of the effects of service interruptions on terminal-user satisfaction and productivity, and on the lateness of session results is presented. A method of determining acceptable, or any other chosen level of, service as seen by the user in terms of the mean time between failures and the mean time to repair of interruptions is outlined. A hypothetical example is discussed to clarify the theoretical analysis.
An EP what is research today and how will it be conducted tomorrow

The classic dictionary definition of research uses phrases such as “a careful, patient, systematic, diligent inquiry or examination in some field of knowledge that is undertaken to establish facts or principles.” However, that definition is no longer complete. Today, research is also a business and like all businesses must provide a product or service.
PREOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF COMMON MINOR MEDICAL ISSUES IN THE OUTPATIENT SETTING

A number of problems are frequently encountered in an outpatient preoperative clinic that seem minor and require detection and attention in the preoperative preparation to ensure safe conduct of anesthesia and surgery. In this article several of these issues are reviewed and recommendations made with respect to appropriate management.
Possible evidence for the existence of antimatter on a cosmological scale in the universe.

Initial results of a detailed calculation of the cosmological gamma-ray spectrum from matter-antimatter annihilation in the universe. The similarity between the calculated spectrum and the present observations of the gamma-ray background spectrum above 1 MeV suggests that such observations may be evidence of the existence of antimatter on a large scale in the universe.
Liquid-liquid phase separation in cylindrical pores: Quench molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations

We have studied the liquid-liquid phase separation of a binary mixture confined in three different cylindrical pores by several simulation methods. The phase diagrams of the fluid mixture in the three pores were determined using histogram-biased semigrand Monte Carlo simulations, and the kinetics of phase separation of the confined liquid mixture were studied using quench molecular dynamics. In these systems, the interactions between the two fluids and the pore wall are identical so that no wetting occurs and the fluid separates into a series of pluglike domains after a temperature quench. We have determined that the growth of these domains is given by a power law for systems near to their critical temperature, while for deeper quenches it proceeds by a power law at short times which crosses over to a slower growth when the plug-shaped domains are large enough to completely block the pore. Domains in these systems are shown to grow by a condensation mechanism. Using a simple thermodynamic model we analyze the $P(X)$ probability distributions from our Monte Carlo simulations, and estimate the equilibrium domain lengths in two pores over a range of temperature. These lengths are larger than those reached in our molecular dynamics simulations. In order to assess these estimations, we have performed very long canonical Monte Carlo simulations to directly determine the equilibrium domain lengths in a few of these pores.
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect potato leafroll virus in field grown potato, cv. Russet Burbank.

Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in detecting potato leafroll infections in field grown potato, cv. Russet Burbank, was studied from 1986 to 1988 at Rosemount, Minnesota. The objective was to determine relative reliability of current season foliage ELISA, tuber tissue ELISA, and tuber progeny foliage ELISA. Serological tests were most accurate when foliage of tuber progenies was tested. ELISA underestimated total leafroll infection when current season foliage from the inoculated plant was used, in those plants inoculated during late tuber bulking stage. Current season foliage ELISA tests using newly expanded terminal leaflets were more reliable than were tests using older leaflets. Leafroll infection was detected in the current season foliage and tuber progenies (tuber tissue as well as tuber progeny foliage) of some plants seven days after inoculation. Most current season foliage infections were detected by day 14–28 depending on year. Differences among years were most likely caused by variation in quality of virus source plants and numbers of vectors used in inoculation. ELISA tests on tuber tissue were almost as effective as ELISA tests on tuber progeny foliage in detecting potato leafroll 20 days after inoculation, but ELISA on tuber tissue substantially underestimated infection if plants were sampled earlier. Maximum percent tuber infection occurred 20 days or more after inoculation. Movement of the virus from the inoculated stem to other stems decreased with increased plant age at inoculation. Percent infected tubers declined with increased plant age at inoculation. Action thresholds developed for aphids in managing potato leafroll virus should take into account the temporal change in percent infected tubers.
The anti-tobacco movement in the Progressive Era: A case study of direct democracy in Oregon

Abstract Little attention has been given to the cigarette bans that were enacted by many states in the late-19th and early-20th century. The recent study by Alston et al. [Explorations in Economic History 39 (2002) 425] represents the only empirical analysis of this issue. Alston et al., as typical for many other studies of historical regulatory movements, rely on legislative vote outcomes. In this article we examine the only occasion when a cigarette ban was put to a popular vote, in Oregon in 1930, and highlight the benefits of studying direct-democratic votes to assess support for regulatory movements. To study the relationship between the anti-cigarette movement and other reform movements of the era, we compare the determinants of support for the cigarette ban with support for an Oregon alcohol prohibition referendum in 1933. Our results suggest that supporters of both reform movements were more likely to be found in counties with higher percentages of women, evangelical Protestants, and rural residents, which contrasts with Alston et al.’s study of state legislative behavior. In addition, greater support for alcohol prohibition in particular was found in counties with a larger percentage of immigrants and, to a lesser extent, more registered Republicans.
A study of the effect of caffeine upon excision repair of damaged DNA.

Abstract Cultured mammalian cells incur damage to their DNA when exposed to ultraviolet light or adduct-producing mutagens such as 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). At least two processes are important in repair of such damage: post-replication repair and excision repair. Many researchers have reported that caffeine inhibits the former process, which occurs in connection with semiconservative DNA replication, especially in rodent cell lines such as mouse lymphoma or Chinese hamster. Excision repair is not generally considered caffeine-sensitive, although the data are somewhat conflicting because some studies had used rodent cells, which show little or no excision repair, or human cells in which alternate repair processes may have been operating. Human peripherhal blood lymphocytes from healthy donors were treated with UV light or 4NQO in order to produce pyrimidine dimers or adducts. Caffeine at concentrations of 0.75–3.0 mM was included in some cultures. The cells treated with caffeine were incubated for 90 min prior to mutagen treatment and for the entire period thereafter until cell harvests. [3H]Thymidine was added and the uptake quantitated as a measure of DNA repair. DNA replication was inhibited by hydroxyurea, so that only excision repair was measured by this method. Separate plates of cells not exposed to mutagens exhibited negligible or low thymidine uptakes. Following harvest, the cells were lysed and the DNA extracted. The DNA released was measured spectrophotometrically and then placed into liquid-scintillation counter (LSC) vials for measurement of incorporated radioactivity. Resulting cpm/μ DNA were compared for cells with and without caffeine. Lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who previously had demonstrated reduced levels of excision repair under these conditions, were also tested with caffeine. Caffeine did not inhibit repair by normal lymphocytes and the reduced repair seen in the SLE patients was not further reduced in its presence. In a series of pulse-chase experiments, some cells were treated with 4NQO and allowed to incubate with [3H]thymidine for 3 h and were harvested at the end of this period, while others were given a 13-h chase i n cold thymidine before harvest. The cpm/μg DNA for both groups were virtually identical, both in the presence and absence of 2.0 mM caffeine.
Characteristic field symptoms comprising honeybee hairless-black syndrome induced in the laboratory by a virus

Abstract All the characteristic symptoms comprising hairless-black syndrome found in the field were reproduced in the laboratory by transferring virus-fed adult honeybees, Apis mellifera , to cages containing healthy bees. The experimental, virus-fed bees showed high mortality and various combinations of other symptoms, such as paralysis, withdrawal from the cluster, trembling, subjection to attack by healthy bees, and the hairless-black condition. Control bees, treated identically except not fed virus, displayed none of these symptoms. Virus-fed bees transmitted the disease to other bees; control bees did not. Suspensions made from experimental bees contained virus; suspensions made from control bees did not. It is concluded that the virus is the causal agent of hairless-black syndrome.
Interconversion of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in goldfish and rat retina

Abstract Labelled putrescine is converted to spermidine and spermine in the retina of both the goldfish and of the rat, but the bulk remains as putrescine and spermidine in the goldfish retina whereas the bulk is present as spermine in the rat retina. Labelled spermidine is converted to spermine and to putrescine in the retina of both species, most remaining as spermidine in the goldfish retina whereas most is converted to spermine in the rat retina. Labelled spermine is converted to both spermidine and putrescine in the retina of both species with a greater conversion in the goldfish retina than in the rat retina. These results provide direct evidence of the interconversion of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in neural tissue from both fish and mammals and suggest that spermine should not be regarded solely as an end-product of putrescine metabolism but also as a source of spermidine and putrescine. The pattern of distribution of putrescine and the polyamines, spermidine and spermine, in goldfish retina is the reverse of that in rat retina: Putrescine is the most abundant in goldfish retina whereas spermine is most abundant in rat retina suggesting that the individual polyamines are of different importance in the two species.
Oxytocin content of human fetal pituitary glands

Abstract Seventeen human fetal and neonatal pituitary glands were removed at necropsy, and analyzed for oxytocin content by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay, after homogenization in 0.4M acetic acid. Serial dilution of the pituitary extract showed parallelism with the oxytocin standard curve on the radioimmunoassay. Column chromatography of the pituitary gland extract gave a single peak of immunoreactive oxytocin as determined by the radioimmunoassay. In eight fetuses, 14 to 17 weeks' gestation, pituitary gland oxytocin was 10.2 ± 5.9 ng/gland (mean ± SE), whereas an 18-week fetus had 5.8 ng of oxytocin per gland. Pituitary gland oxytocin content increased to 38.4 ng/gland in a 20-week fetus removed at hysterectomy, and 31.6 ng/gland in a 26-week fetus. Fetal pituitary gland oxytocin values were 22.1 ng/gland and 57.0 ng/gland at 32 weeks and increased significantly to 544.3 ± 33.8 ng/gland in 1- to 5-day-old term newborn infants (n = 3). However, a 13-day-old term newborn infant had 3.7 ng of oxytocin per pituitary gland. The increased pituitary gland oxytocin content with advancing gestation was due to a significant increase in oxytocin concentration rather than to an increase in the weight of the pituitary gland. The findings indicate that oxytocin is present in fetal pituitary glands as early as 14 to 17 weeks' gestation and increases at term to 50 and 13 to 14 times more than in early midtrimester and early third-trimester pregnancy, respectively.
An analysis of CVSS version 2 vulnerability scoring

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a specification for measuring the relative severity of software vulnerabilities. Finalized in 2007, CVSS version 2 was designed to address deficiencies found during analysis and use of the original CVSS version. This paper analyzes how effectively CVSS version 2 addresses these deficiencies and what new deficiencies it may have. This analysis is based primarily on an experiment that applied both version 1 and version 2 scoring to a large set of recent vulnerabilities. Theoretical characteristics of version 1 and version 2 scores were also examined. The results show that the goals for the changes were met, but that some changes had a negligible effect on scoring while complicating the scoring process. The changes also had unintended effects on organizations that prioritize vulnerability remediation based primarily on CVSS scores.
Enhancement in thermonuclear reaction rates in a dense plasma

FOR laser-driven fusion, a number density of the order 1026 cm−3 is usually envisaged1,2; here I consider the effects of the presence of a medium on the nuclear reaction rates3 and show the feasibility of enhanced fusion rates when a certain condition is met. The results are applicable both to controlled thermonuclear reactions and to astrophysical conditions.
Pd/silica cluster catalysts: synthesis and reactivity with H2 and C2H4

Silica-supported Pd clusters were characterized by in situ EXAFS spectroscopy. Clusters with an average nuclearity of six atoms were derived from either an inorganic or an organometallic precursor by reduction at 100–150‡C. Despite the small size of the clusters, EXAFS contributions from the metal-support interface were not detected. These clusters and larger ones formed by reduction at 320‡C absorb hydrogen on cooling in H2 to 30‡C; the resultant interstitial hydride species decompose in vacuo at 30‡C. Vacuum treatment at 300‡C removes chemisorbed H2 yielding bare Pd clusters. In contrast to larger crystallites, the Pd clusters do not react with C2H4 at 150‡ to form interstitial carbide species.
Reading a radiologist's mind: monitoring rising and falling interest levels while scanning chest X-rays

Radiological images constitute a special class of images that are captured (or computed) specifically for the purpose of diagnosing patients. However, because these are not "natural" images, radiologists must be trained to interpret them through a process called "perceptual learning". However, because perceptual learning is implicit, experienced radiologists may sometimes find it difficult to explicitly (i.e. verbally) train less experienced colleagues. As a result, current methods of training can take years before a new radiologist is fully competent to independently interpret medical images. We hypothesize that eye tracking technology (coupled with multimedia technology) can be used to accelerate the process of perceptual training, through a Hebbian learning process. This would be accomplished by providing a radiologist-in-training with real-time feedback as he/she is fixating on important regions of an image. Of course this requires that the training system have information about what regions of an image are important - information that could presumably be solicited from experienced radiologists. However, our previous work has suggested that experienced radiologists are not always aware of those regions of an image that attract their attention, but are not clinically significant - information that is very important to a radiologist in training. This paper discusses a study in which local entropy computations were done on scan path data, and were found to provide a quantitative measure of the moment-by-moment interest level of radiologists as they scanned chest x-rays. The results also showed a striking contrast between the moment-by-moment deployment of attention between experienced radiologists and radiologists in training.
Exponential decay of power spectra at high frequency and positive Lyapunov exponents

Abstract It is generally accepted that power spectra of time-series taken from continuous-time dynamical systems exhibiting deterministic chaos will decay exponentially at high frequency. The exponential decay constant, μ, is an inverse time-scale that is an invariant of the dynamics of the system and that is unique to deterministic chaos. Theoretical arguments are presented that suggest that μ should be related to the positive Lyapunov exponents. Numerical results are presented from four models with attractor dimensions ranging from 2.009 to 20.28 which suggest that μ is roughly proportional to the sum of the positive Lyapunov exponents, Σλi+. For these models, the ratio of μ to Σλi+ lies between the values 0.639 and 2.46 and shows no systematic change with attractor dimension.
Nearly-Optimal Asset Allocation in Hybrid Stock Investment Models

This work develops a class of stock-investment models that are hybrid in nature and involve continuous dynamics and discrete-event interventions. In lieu of the usual geometric Brownian motion formulation, hybrid geometric Brownian motion models are proposed, in which both the expected return and the volatility depend on a finite-state Markov chain. Our objective is to find nearly-optimal asset allocation strategies so as to maximize the expected returns. The use of the Markov chain stems from the motivation of capturing the market trends as well as various economic factors. To incorporate these economic factors into the models, the underlying Markov chain inevitably has a large state space. To reduce the complexity, a hierarchical approach is suggested, which leads to singularly-perturbed switching diffusion processes. By aggregating the states of the Markov chains in each weakly irreducible class into a single state, limit switching diffusion processes are obtained. Using such asymptotic properties, nearly-optimal asset allocation policies are developed.
Loading, Transformation, and Retention of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the Tidal Freshwater James River (Virginia)

A nutrient mass balance for the tidal freshwater segment of the James River was used to assess sources of nutrients supporting phytoplankton production and the importance of the tidal freshwater zone in mitigating nutrient transport to marine waters. Monthly mass balances for 2007–2010 were based on riverine inputs, local point sources (including sewer overflow events), ungauged inputs, riverine outputs, and tidal exchange. The tidal freshwater James River received exceptionally high areal loads (446 mg TN m−2 day−1 and 55 mg TP m−2 day−1) compared to other estuaries in the region and elsewhere. P inputs were principally from riverine sources (84 %) whereas point sources contributed appreciably (54 %) to high N loads. Despite high loading rates and short water residence time, areal mass retention was high (143 mg TN m−2 day−1 and 33 mg TP m−2 day−1). Retention of particulate fractions occurred during high discharge, whereas dissolved inorganic fractions were retained during low discharge when chlorophyll-a concentrations were high. On an annualized basis, P was retained more effectively (59 %) than N (32 %). P was retained by abiotic mechanisms via trapping of particulate forms, whereas N was retained through biological assimilation of dissolved inorganic forms. Results from a limited suite of stable isotope determinations suggest that DIN from point sources was preferentially retained. Combined inputs from diffuse and point sources accounted for only 20 % and 36 % (respectively) of estimated algal N and P demand, indicating that internal nutrient recycling was important to sustaining high rates of phytoplankton production in the tidal freshwater zone.
Diagnosis and management of common acquired bleeding disorders

Acquired bleeding disorders (ABD) are commonly encountered in both inpatient and outpatient settings. ABD can occur due to consumption, decreased synthesis, or inhibition of coagulation factors and platelets. Clinical presentation may vary, ranging from mild bruising to life-threatening hemorrhage. The location, frequency, severity, and provocation of bleeding provide insight into the cause of ABD. Obtaining a good medical, surgical, family, social, and medication history is a crucial step in determining the underlying etiology. Basic laboratory parameters, such as prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, platelet count, and D-dimer levels, aid in further elucidating the reason for bleeding. Optimal management depends on accurate interpretation of the history and laboratory values. Treatment options include administration of vitamin K; blood component transfusion, consisting of plasma, cryoprecipitate, and/or platelets; and blood derivatives, including single and multiple factor concentrates. These products should be used judiciously, due to potential infectious and noninfectious complications, including transfusion-related acute lung injury and transfusion-associated circulatory overload. This article discusses the management of the more common causes of ABD.
Ultrasound-modulated two-fluid atomization of a water jet

A new spray technique, called ultrasound-modulated two-fluid (UMTF) atomization, is based on resonance between the liquid capillary waves generated by ultrasound and those generated by high-velocity air. The capillary waves generated by ultrasound on the cone of liquid film issuing from a coaxial two-fluid atomizer are magnified in amplitude by air blowing around them. Atomization occurs when the amplitude of the capillary waves is too great to maintain wave stability, and the resulting drop sizes are determined by the frequency of the ultrasound. Calculations of the relative amplitude growth for the capillary waves of various wavelengths yield predictions that agree remarkably well with experimental results of drop size and size distribution. Specifically, uniform drops with diameter determined by the third harmonic frequency of the ultrasound are obtained in UMTF atomization at high air velocity and large air-to-water mass ratio. In contrast, drop-size distributions with multiple peaks are obtained in UMTF atomization at low air velocity and small air-to-water mass ratio. The use of air also allows the liquid jet to atomize at ultrasonic power levels below and liquid flow rates above the threshold values for ultrasonic atomization without air. These new findings provide not only direct evidence of the capillary wave mechanism but also a means of controlling drop size and size distribution in two-fluid atomization.
The Evidence for a pentaquark signal and kinematic reflections

Several recent experiments have reported evidence for a narrow baryon resonance with positive strangeness $({\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{+})$ at a mass of $1.54\mathrm{GeV}{/c}^{2}.$ Baryons with $S=+1$ cannot be conventional qqq states and the reports have thus generated much theoretical speculation about the nature of possible $S=+1$ baryons, including a 5-quark, or pentaquark, interpretation. We show that narrow enhancements in the ${K}^{+}n$ effective mass spectrum can be generated as kinematic reflections resulting from the decay of mesons, such as the ${f}_{2}(1275),$ the ${a}_{2}(1320)$ and the ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{3}(1690).$
New concept of distributed vibration dampers

Vibration dampers and dynamic absorbers are widely used in various engineering problems. This paper presents a new concept of vibration control via a distributed damper composed of an elastic bar and a dissipative boundary conditioner in its configuration. The distributed inertia and stiffness of the elastic bar enables the damper to provide wide-band damping augmentation. Preliminary results show several advantages of the distributed damper over its lumped counterparts.
Genetically engineered poxviruses: a novel approach to the construction of live vaccines.

Abstract Gene splicing techniques have been used to modify the smallpox vaccine virus thus providing a generic approach for the construction of live vaccines directed against a variety of heterologous infectious disease agents. The technique involves translocating a particular gene from an infectious agent into the genetic material of the smallpox vaccine virus. This unique foreign gene, selected because it contains the information essential for the synthesis of an antigen important in immunity to that particular infectious disease agent, is now expressed under the regulation of the engineered smallpox vaccine virus. On immunization with this live recombinant vaccine, the body is fooled into thinking that it was infected by the foreign infectious disease agent and mounts a defensive attack resulting in immunity to that particular infectious agent. Three examples of this approach are provided. Thus, smallpox vaccine viruses were engineered to express genes encoding the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (HSV-gD) and the haemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. These foreign gene products when synthesized in vitro under vaccinia virus regulation were shown to be antigenic by a variety of serological tests. When these recombinant vaccinia viruses were inoculated into laboratory animals, the heterologous gene products elicited the production of specific antibodies thus demonstrating that they were immunogenic. Serum neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated to be present for both influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Additional studies in mice showed that a recombinant smallpox vaccine virus expressing a gene from herpes simplex virus effectively protected the mice when subsequently challenged with what would normally be lethal doses of infectious herpes simplex virus.
Stages of Age-Related Reproductive Success in Birds: Simultaneous Effects of Age, Pair-Bond Duration and Reproductive Experience

SYNOPSIS. Most organisms reproduce episodically rather than continuously. Forms of discontinuity may include seasonal breeding in annual cycles, and delayed breeding and/or senescence over the lifespan of individuals. In addition, age can have profound effects on the annual reproductive success (RS) of a wide variety of animals. Explanations of the effects of age on RS can be confounded, however, by the acquired breeding experience of individuals, and the duration of pair-bonds, both of which have effects on RS similar to those of age itself. However, most studies of the effects of age on RS prior to senescence have not accounted for the effects of pair-bond duration, and many have treated age and experience as synonyms. In this paper I summarize the effects of all three factors, discuss the simultaneous and interrelated nature of their effects, and suggest ways to separate the relative contributions of each.
School Counselors Walking the Walk and Talking the Talk: A Grounded Theory of Effective Program Implementation.

Comprehensive, developmental school counseling programming has been associated with numerous benefits for students and is considered current best practice. A qualitative, grounded theory study was conducted to investigate eight professional school counselors employed across grade level, geographic setting, and region within the United States. This article presents this research and the emergent model for successful comprehensive, developmental school counseling program implementation. Implications for school counselor education and practice, as well as future research, are discussed.
Immunoglobulin A antibodies against internal HIV-1 proteins neutralize HIV-1 replication inside epithelial cells.

We show that intraepithelial cell neutralization of HIV by IgA antibodies to internal viral proteins can occur during antibody transcytosis from the basolateral to the apical surface. Polarized epithelial cells expressing the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) were transfected with HIV proviral DNA, and IgA was added to the basolateral side. Transcytosing IgA antibodies against Gag and RT significantly inhibited HIV replication as assessed by infection of HeLa-CD4-LTR/β-Gal cells and direct p24 assay. Consistent with intracellular neutralization, colocalization of the internal virus proteins and their IgA antibodies was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Thus, at least in the context of infections of polarized epithelia, antibody-mediated neutralization may not be restricted to viral surface antigens.
Radioiodinated Styrylbenzenes and Thioflavins as Probes for Amyloid Aggregates

We report for the first time that small molecule-based radiodiodinated ligands, showing selective binding to Abeta aggregates, cross the intact blood-brain barrier by simple diffusion. Four novel ligands showing preferential labeling of amyloid aggregates of Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) peptides, commonly associated with plaques in the brain of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), were developed. Two 125I-labeled styrylbenzenes, (E,E)-1-iodo-2,5-bis(3-hydroxycarbonyl-4-hydroxy)styrylbenzene, 12 (ISB), and (E,E)-1-iodo-2,5-bis(3-hydroxycarbonyl-4-methoxy)styrylbenzene, 13 (IMSB), and two 125I-labeled thioflavins, 2-[4'-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole, 18a (TZDM), and 2-[4'-(4''-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-6-iodobenzothiazole, 18b (TZPI), were prepared at a high specific activity (2200 Ci/mmol). In vitro binding studies of these ligands showed excellent binding affinities with Kd values of 0.08, 0.13, 0.06, and 0.13 nM for aggregates of Abeta(1-40) and 0.15, 0.73, 0.14, and 0.15 nM for aggregates of Abeta(1-42), respectively. Interestingly, under a competitive-binding assaying condition, different binding sites on Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) aggregates, which are mutually exclusive, were observed for styrylbenzenes and thioflavins. Autoradiography studies of postmortem brain sections of a patient with Down's syndrome known to contain primarily Abeta(1-42) aggregates in the brain showed that both [(125)I]18a and [125I]18b labeled these brain sections, but [125I]13, selective for Abeta(1-40) aggregates, exhibited very low labeling of the comparable brain section. Biodistribution studies in normal mice after an iv injection showed that [125I]18a and [(125)I]18b exhibited excellent brain uptake and retention, the levels of which were much higher than those of [125I]12 and [125I]13. These findings strongly suggest that the new radioiodinated ligands, [125I]12 (ISB), [125I]13 (IMSB), [125I]18a (TZDM), and [125I]18b (TZPI), may be useful as biomarkers for studying Abeta(1-40) as well as Abeta(1-42) aggregates of amyloidogenesis in AD patients.
The extraction of dynamics from spectra in regions of mixed chaotic and regular motion: The HCN case

Abstract The survival probability recently obtained from a quantum mechanical theoretical SEP spectrum of HCN is approximated by its classical analogue. It is shown that classical mechanics provides an excellent approximation to the quantum survival probability. Analysis of the phase space shows that the motions of the molecule which follow the initial excitation are governed by tori in a resonance zone characterized by a 3:1 resonance between the CN stretching and bending modes. A comparison of the Fourier transform of the correlation function to an experimental low resolution fluorescence spectrum is also made.
Dengue Virus-Induced Autophagy Regulates Lipid Metabolism

Autophagy influences numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity against intracellular pathogens. However, some viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), usurp autophagy to enhance their replication. The mechanism for a positive role of autophagy in DENV infection is unclear. We present data that DENV induction of autophagy regulates cellular lipid metabolism. DENV infection leads to an autophagy-dependent processing of lipid droplets and triglycerides to release free fatty acids. This results in an increase in cellular β-oxidation, which generates ATP. These processes are required for efficient DENV replication. Importantly, exogenous fatty acids can supplant the requirement of autophagy in DENV replication. These results define a role for autophagy in DENV infection and provide a mechanism by which viruses can alter cellular lipid metabolism to promote their replication.
Problem-solving strategies for DSS design

Abstract For a successful design and implementation of DSS, competent understanding of decision-making processes in organizational settings and sensitivity to the interpersonal and organizational dimensions of the relationship between decision-makers and DSS designers are essential. Towards this end, a three-faceted strategy is broadly outlined and proposed. The strategy encompasses (a) a diagnostic attitude to the empirical tasks and contextual properties of decision-making, (b) emphasis on decision-makers rather than on decisions, and (c) the concept of DSS design as a joint undertaking for organizational problem-solving.
Polarization calculations for ferroelectric sodium nitrite

Energy bands were calculated for ferroelectric sodium nitrite using a plane-wave Gaussian basis set and an X$alpha$ exchange. Wave functions were calculated at five symmetry k points, and the electron charge density was averaged over the five symmetry points. The electric dipole moment per unit molecule was calculated by assuming that the boundaries of a neutral molecule were given by minimum charge density contours. The spontaneous polarization for ferroelectric sodium nitrite calculated using the above assumption was 9.9 x 10$sup -6$ C/cm$sup 2$, which agrees with the experimental value of 9.5 x 10$sup - 6$ C/cm$sup 2$ measured by Tokugawa. (auth)
An extra species of lysine transfer ribonucleic acid in polyoma virus-transformed cells in tissue culture☆

Abstract Isoaccepting tRNAs from various mouse cells were fractionated on columns of benzoylated DEAE cellulose. Lysine tRNA from mouse embryo, adult mouse liver and kidney, primary mouse embryo cells in tissue culture, and an established tissue culture line of mouse fibroblasts (3T3) has two peaks of isoaccepting tRNA; lysine tRNA from two established lines of polyoma virus-transformed cells contains an additional peak of lysine tRNA. The extra peak in transformed cells comprises about 25% of the acceptor capacity for lysine. It is stable to denaturation and renaturation and can be chromatographed, stripped of lysine, recharged, and rechromatographed. The extra peak is present in tRNA from transformed cells and absent in tRNA from normal cells regardless of whether the lysyl-tRNA ligase used for aminoacylation is from normal or transformed cells. Isoaccepting tRNAs for arginine, leucine, serine, valine, histidine, and tyrosine reveal similar profiles for the various tRNAs from normal and transformed cells.
Segregation of pANCA antigenic recognition by DNase treatment of neutrophils : ulcerative colitis, type 1 autoimmune hepatitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been identified in the serum of 50–80% of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. UC-associated ANCA yield a perinuclear staining pattern (pANCA) with alcohol-fixed neutrophils. More recently, pANCA have been detected in the serum of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and other autoimmune liver diseases. Up to 70% of PSC patient sera and up to 92% of sera from patients with well-defined type 1 autoimmune hepatitis (type 1 AIH) were found to express pANCA. Such expression by patients with PSC and type 1 AIH raises questions concerning the relationship of these pANCA to each other and to that of UC. Differences and similarities in pANCA characteristics are found among the three diseases, suggesting the use of pANCA to define specific disease subgroups. Our recent finding that the UC-associated pANCA reactive antigen was localized within the nuclear domain prompted an examination of whether DNase treatment of neutrophils would alter antigenic recognition by the pANCA of UC, PSC, and type 1 AIH. While loss of antigenic recognition after DNase digestion of neutrophils was a dominant feature of the UC-associated pANCA, the majority of PSC and type 1 AIH pANCA recognized cytoplasmic constituents. These results further support the feasibility of defining and/or distinguishing disease subgroups based on the characterization of respective pANCA.
Weight Loss and Quality Characteristics of Frozen Versus Chilled Beef Livers and Hearts

For beef livers or hearts that will be displayed at retail following a 15–16 day transport-distribution-storage period, the best method for assuring acceptable appearance is to vacuum package these variety meats immediately following their removal from the animal. If protection from weight loss, off-odor incidence and excessive microbial growth during storage is the goal of the protection system and if product will not be displayed at termination of storage, freezing of hearts or livers at 0 hr postmortem is slightly more effective than vacuum packaging for hearts and decidedly more effective than vacuum packaging or polyvinyl chloride film wrapping for livers.
Urinary and plasma hydroxyproline during pregnancy, parturition and lactation in cows with parturient hypocalcemia.

Abstract The urinary excretion and plasma concentration of total hydroxyproline were evaluated in cows which developed a syndrome of several hypocalcemia and paresis near parturition and compared to normal cows at selected intervals from 1 month prepartum to 1 month postpartum. Urinary excretion and plasma concentration of hydroxyproline did not increase during the last month of gestation in cows that developed parturient paresis. This was accompanied by a decline in the serum concentration of phosphorus from 4 weeks to 3 days prepartum and a decrease in serum calcium at 3 days prepartum. A decrease in urinary hydroxyproline occurred approximately 48 hours prepartum just prior to the time cows developed hypocalcemia. The increase in urinary and plasma hydroxyproline from day 1 prepartum to day 3 postpartum suggested an increased catabolism of bone matrix. Differences were not demonstrated during this interval between cows which developed parturient paresis and cows which maintained their calcium concentration near normal through parturition. The greater levels of hydroxyproline in postpartal lactating cows compared to prepartal nonlactating cows, with an increase near parturition, suggest that catabolism of bone matrix contributes to the maintenance of calcium homeostasis during this critical period of rapid calcium turnover.