cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Intermittent Hemodialysis Safe in Patients with a Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose Dialysis centers are wary of performing intermittent hemodialysis (HD) on patients with continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) because of the potential for volume flux related complications and Doppler probe dependent blood pressure monitoring. We report the conduct of HD in patients with LVAD (Heart Mate II), identify events requiring modification of or termination of HD and their management. Methods and Materials We abstracted clinical data from dialysis session on all patients who underwent intermittent HD following placement of LVAD at our institution. Results From June 2009 to October 2012, 139 patients received LVAD at our institution, 10 (7%) required intermittent HD post-operatively. Mean age was 53±14yrs, 90% were male. A total of 281 HD sessions were administered amounting to 1,025 hours of HD. Mean systolic blood pressure monitored with Doppler was 97±18mmHg. Dialysis durations averaged 218±18 mins, mean blood flow rate was 334±38 cc/min and 2.6±1.1 L was ultrafiltrated during each HD session. Only 15 (5.3%) HD sessions were interrupted or terminated in 6 patients, due to symptomatic hypotension 6, asymptomatic hypotension 3, ventricular tachycardia terminated with AICD 1, HD machine malfunction 2, low phosphorus 2 and abdominal cramps 1. Volume expansion was necessary on 3 occasions in 2 patients both of whom were transferred to intensive care unit for sepsis. Low flow LVAD alarms were registered during 2 of the symptomatic hypotension episodes. No serious adverse effect i.e. MI, LVAD thrombosis or stroke was observed. Conclusions Intermittent HD with standard blood flow and ultrafiltration rates were well tolerate in patients with CF LVAD. Hypotension, LVAD dysfunction or serious adverse effects requiring termination of HD were infrequent. Reason for terminating HD Frequency (%) Symptomatic Hypotension 6 (2) Aymptomatic Hypotension 3 (1) HD machine malfunction 2 (0.7) Low phosphorus 2 (0.7) Abdominal cramps 1 (0.36) Ventricular tachycardia 1 (0.36) Total 15 (5.3)
The DNA Damage Checkpoint Signal in Budding Yeast Is Nuclear Limited

The nature of the DNA damage-induced checkpoint signal that causes the arrest of cells prior to mitosis is unknown. To determine if this signal is transmitted through the cytoplasm or is confined to the nucleus, we created binucleate heterokaryon yeast cells in which one nucleus suffered an unrepairable double-strand break, and the second nucleus was undamaged. In most of these binucleate cells, the damaged nucleus arrested prior to spindle elongation, while the undamaged nucleus completed mitosis, even when the strength of the damage signal was increased. The arrest of the damaged nucleus was dependent upon the function of the RAD9 checkpoint gene. Thus, the DNA damage checkpoint causing G2/M arrest is regulated by a signal that is nuclear limited.
Peer education in student leadership programs: Responding to co‐curricular challenges

The use of peer educators is standard in many student leadership development programs. This chapter includes an overview of leadership theory, leadership research, and considerations for designing curricular and co-curricular peer leadership programs.
Role of oceanic air bubbles in atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery

Ocean color is the radiance that emanates from the ocean because of scattering by chlorophyll pigments and particles of organic and inorganic origin. Air bubbles in the ocean also scatter light and thus contribute to the water-leaving radiance. This additional water-leaving radiance that is due to oceanic air bubbles could violate the black pixel assumption at near-infrared wavelengths and be attributed to chlorophyll in the visible. Hence, the accuracy of the atmospheric correction required for the retrieval of ocean color from satellite measurements is impaired. A comprehensive radiative transfer code for the coupled atmosphere-ocean system is employed to assess the effect of oceanic air bubbles on atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery. This effect is found to depend on the wavelength-dependent optical properties of oceanic air bubbles as well as atmospheric aerosols.
Excitons and Plasmons in Insulators

The relation between excitons and “plasmons” in insulators is studied, and it is shown that both excitons and “plasmons” may be obtained in the singlet longitudinal states. When the energy of interband transition is nearly equal to the free electron plasmon energy \(\hbar\omega_{p}\), the energy and the angular dispersion of “plasmon” loss peaks are closely related to the structure of the pair band. In this case the “plasmon” solution of the dispersion relation is expected on the higher energy side of M 3 -(or M 2 -) van Hove singularity provided the mean value of imaginary part of the dielectric constant exceeds some critical value below this energy and is small above this energy. Recent experimental data of energy loss spectra on alkali-halides are analyzed making use of the optical data and the results of band structure calculations.
Thermal emission and capture of electrons at sulfur centers in silicon

Abstract The electron thermal emission and capture rates and the electron impact ionization rate of trapped electrons at the sulfur donor centers in the depletion region of reverse biased silicon p-n junctions have been measured by the dark capacitance and current transient methods. Least square fits of the low field data give the following electron thermal emission rates: en0t = 1.64 × 1010(T/300°K)2exp [−276/kT] sec for the neutral center and en−1t = 1.03 × 1012 (T/300°K)2 exp [−528/kT] sec for the singly ionized center where kT is in meV. The thermal activation energies are then 276 and 528 meV respectively. The hole emission rates are much smaller and not determined. The electric field dependences of the thermal emission rates of electrons are considerably smaller than that predicted by the Poole-Frenkel theory applied to the ground state: en0t increased by 1.5 at 130°K from 0.2 to 1.0 × 105 V/cm and en−1t by 3 at 200°K. Electron capture coefficients are obtained from capacitance transient during steady state electron injection into the junction depletion layer either by transistor emitter or by optical generation at the surface next to the junction. The electron capture rate at the doubly charged center, cn−2t, decreases from 5 × 10−7 cm3/sec at 3 × 104 V/cm to 10−7 cm3/sec at 1.0 × 105 V/cm with essentially no temperature dependence. The electron capture rate at the singly ionized centers, cn−1t, obtained at 82°K was about two orders of magnitude smaller than cn−2t but had essentially the same electric field dependence. The electron impact ionization rate of trapped electrons at the neutral centers and its electric field dependences were also determined at 82°K.
Volume-Surface Combined Field Integral Equation for Plasma Scatterers

The discretization of standard differential and volume integral equations (VIEs) pertinent to the electromagnetic analysis of negative permittivity media often results in ill-conditioned and slowly convergent systems of equations. We propose the use of a volume-surface combined field integral equation (VSCFIE) consisting of coupled surface combined field integral equations and VIEs to resolve this problem. The system leverages equivalence principles to artificially change the sign of the effective permittivity of the medium in which the polarization currents radiate. Numerical results obtained by analyzing time-harmonic ${\rm TE}_{\rm z}$ scattering from various 2-D layered cylinders suggests that discretization of the proposed VSCFIE yields well-conditioned and rapidly convergent systems of equations.
Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Receptor

Keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2c share identical amino acid sequences, except for a 46–amino acid domain in the extracellular region. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to KGFR have not been reported nor are commercially available. In this study, we generated murine MAbs specific to KGFR in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice using a modified Repeated Immunizations at Multiple Sites (RIMMS) technology. Stable cell lines expressing the full-length human KGFR or FGFR2c were produced to facilitate the identification of KGFR-specific MAbs. Following the initial screening of hybridoma clones with a fluorescence-based, confocal cell detection method and ELISA, KGFR-specific MAbs were selected and confirmed by flow cytometry and Western blot analyses. Antagonistic MAbs were identified using a cell-based functional assay. These KGFR MAbs will be important reagents for studying the biological function and tissue distribution of this receptor in normal and path...
Treatment of squamous cell vulvar cancer with the anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor Tarceva

Abstract Background. The purpose of this case report is to describe the first experience with erlotinib (Tarceva) in the treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer. Case. Two elderly patients presented with locally advanced vulvar cancer. Surgery was not a suitable method of treatment for either of them because of multiple medical co-morbidities and stage of disease. One patient had disease progression on standard chemoradiation. Erlotinib, an oral epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was tried in both cases and dramatic responses were observed. Conclusion. Therapy targeted to EGFR may be effective in the treatment of locally advanced vulvar cancer. This new therapeutic approach deserves further evaluation in carefully designed studies.
Implementation of barycentric resampling for continuous wave searches in gravitational wave data

We describe an efficient implementation of a coherent statistic for searches of continuous gravitational wave from neutron stars. The algorithm works by transforming the data taken by a gravitational wave detector from a moving Earth bound frame to one that sits at the Solar System barycenter. Many practical difficulties arise in the implementation of this algorithm, some of which have not been discussed previously. These difficulties include constraints of small computer memory, discreteness of the data, losses due to interpolation, and gaps in real data. This implementation is considerably more efficient than previous implementations of these kinds of searches on Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave (LIGO) detector data. The speed-up factors range from 10, when applied to Einstein@Home, to about 2000 for targeted searches which integrate over months of data.
Photoionization of the 5 s subshell of xenon: A multichannel K -matrix calculation including spin-orbit interactions

Ab initio theoretical calculations are presented for the cross section, angular distribution, and spin polarization of photoelectrons for the $5s$ subshell of xenon. Starting from an initial basis of nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions, the authors treat the effect of final-state spin-orbit interaction in the Breit-Pauli approximation exactly. Electrostatic correlations between the $5s$ and $5p$ subshells are also included. Good agreement is obtained with experiment in the case of the photoionization cross section, but only qualitative agreement with experiment and with other theoretical calculations is obtained in the case of the photoelectron angular distribution due to the difficulty of obtaining accurate values for forbidden transition intensities starting from a nonrelativistic basis set. Spin polarization of as much as 20% is predicted near the $5s$-subshell cross section minimum. Finally, some effects of the large discrepancies between Hartree-Fock and Dirac-Fock subshell binding energies and the corresponding experimental values are discussed.
Interactions between monovalent cations and the (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Kinetic properties of a (Na + + K + )-dependent ATPase preparation from rat brain were examined as functions of the concentrations of activating monovalent cations, in terms of: K 0.5 , the activator concentration for half-maximal velocity; n , the slope of the Hill plot; and V max , the maximal velocity corresponding to the level of complementary activator. As the level of NaCl was progressively raised, the kinetic response to K + showed corresponding increases in K 0.5 and n . By contrast, as the level of KCl was progressively raised, the response to Na + showed an initial decrease in n followed, at high KCl levels, by a subsequent increase; K 0.5 progressively increased. For both activators V max rose sharply with increasing levels of the complementary activator, and then appeared to plateau near 100 m m NaCl and 10 m m KCl. Substitution of NH 4 Cl or TlCl for KCl produced similar kinetic patterns, both with the (Na + + K + )-dependent ATPase and the associated K + -dependent phosphatase activity, although for both activities K 0.5 for Tl + and NH 4 + differed 40-fold, spanning the value for K + . The kinetic response of the phosphatase to Na + was not consistent with simple competition between Na + and K + for K + -sites. The data are considered in terms of specific kinetic models for the ATPase: the kinetics appear to require multiple sites for both Na + and K + with probable competition between Na + and K + and allosteric interactions; alternative reaction pathways may occur, dependent on the level of activation.
The Specter of Metaphysics in Counseling Research and Practice: The Qualitative Challenge

After decades of scientific research, the specter of metaphysics pervades and hinders virtually all aspects of counseling research, theory, and practice. Qualitative research is suggested as capable of coming to terms with such issues. This article notes that qualitative research will gain acceptance when it takes a significant step toward solving a major problem in the discipline. A tentative outline of an approach to metaphysical problems involving radical empiricism and phenomenology is provided. Along the way, some necessary cognitive shifts are delineated, involving dialectical and abductive reasoning processes.
The Solution Structure of (+)-Spongistatin 1 in DMSO

The solution structure of (+)-spongistatin 1 (1) has been determined via 1- and 2-D NMR techniques in conjunction with extensive in silico conformational analysis to comprise a mixture of 4 major rapidly interconverting conformational families.
Using time-series designs to estimate changes in freeway level of service, despite missing data

Abstract Until recently, time-series designs have seen little use in evaluating freeway management schemes, but the automatic collection of freeway traffic flow data by permanent detectors now makes such analyses feasible. Since detector failures and other factors may produce data gaps in a series, practical, general models must permit multivariate estimation despite some missing data points. Recent developments in time-series analysis make this possible. Using time-series regression analyses (Harvey and Philips, 1979; Jones 1985), it is possible to detect relatively small average changes in traffic flow characteristics, such as peak hour volume and lane occupancy. These can then be related to the freeway's level of service.
Soliton solutions of a selfinteracting dirac field in three space dimensions

Abstract An (attractive) selfinteraction of the Dirac field is considered in three space dimensions. A virial theorem for the kinetic energy of the field is derived. The properties of the classical fields are studied and soliton solutions developed numerically. The relevance of these solutions to the construction of quark bag models without gluons is discussed.
Parallel shape coding on a SIMD architecture

Abstract This paper presents a parallel shape analysis by simultaneous merging of elementary features detected through calculation of the number of objects within neighbouring windows. The parallel algorithm can be embedded on a SIMD mesh architecture. Elementary image features are detected inside partly overlapping windows fixed in the image plane. Each window's contents are processed by a separate processing element (PE). Two neighbouring elementary feature elements are merged by adjacent PEs, and the joined feature chunks are merged in the next step by every 2 2 th PE possessing the same feature. Feature ends are propagated across N = 2 n PEs in each n th parallel step toward opposite edges of the mesh array of PEs. The shape coding is completed if all the feature limits (e.g. edges) meet together on one PE. The approach has the property of mapping an image fragment directly into words and phrases.
A system for measuring defect induced beam modulation on inertial confinement fusion-class laser optics

A multi-wavelength laser based system has been constructed to measure defect induced beam modulation (diffraction) from ICF class laser optics. The Nd:YLF-based modulation measurement system (MMS) uses simple beam collimation and imaging to capture diffraction patterns from optical defects onto an 8-bit digital camera at 1053, 527 and 351 nm. The imaging system has a field of view of 4.5 x 2.8 mm{sup 2} and is capable of imaging any plane from 0 to 30 cm downstream from the defect. The system is calibrated using a 477 micron chromium dot on glass for which the downstream diffraction patterns were calculated numerically. Under nominal conditions the system can measure maximum peak modulations of approximately 7:1. An image division algorithm is used to calculate the peak modulation from the diffracted and empty field images after the baseline residual light background is subtracted from both. The peak modulation can then be plotted versus downstream position. The system includes a stage capable of holding optics up to 50 pounds with x and y translation of 40 cm and has been used to measure beam modulation due to solgel coating defects, surface digs on KDP crystals, lenslets in bulk fused silica and laser damage sitesmore » mitigated with CO{sub 2} lasers.« less
LONG-TERM X-RAY VARIABILITY IN GX 13+1: ENERGY-DEPENDENT PERIODIC MODULATION

A search is made for periodic modulation in the X-ray flux from the low-mass X-ray binary GX 13+1 using Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer All Sky Monitor data collected over a period of almost 7 yr. From a filtered data set, which excludes measurements with exceptionally large error bars and so maximizes signal-to-noise ratio, modulation is found at a period of 24.065 ± 0.018 days. The modulation is most clearly detectable at high energies (5-12 keV). Spectral changes are revealed as a modulation in hardness ratio on the 24 day period, and there is a phase shift between the modulation in the 5-12 keV energy band and the 1.5-5 keV band. The high-energy spectrum of GX 13+1 is unusual in displaying both emission and absorption iron line features, and it is speculated that the peculiar spectral and timing properties may be connected.
Variation of Photographic Resolving Power with Lateral Chromatic Aberration

Using Super-XX film, the author investigated the behavior of resolving power when various amounts of lateral chromatic aberration were introduced into the image of an otherwise diffraction-limited lens. The results show that small amounts of lateral chromatic aberration have a strong, adverse effect upon resolving power, indicating that this aberration demands careful correction in photographic lenses required to resolve fine detail.
Adhesive full stick contact of a rigid cylinder with an elastic half-space

The problem of adhesive contact of a rigid cylinder with an elastic half-space is considered. The proposed adhesive contact model differs from the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model by preserving the influence of the contact shear stresses in the problem formulation and considering the so-called full stick contact due to the large values of the friction coefficient between contacting surfaces, as opposed to the frictionless contact assumed in the JKR model. An analytical treatment of the problem is presented, with the corresponding boundary-value problem formulated in the bipolar coordinates. A general solution in the form of Papkovich–Neuber functions and the Fourier integral transform is used to obtain an exact solution to the formulated boundary-value problem. Comparison of the results with the JKR model shows that accounting for the contact shear stresses leads to smaller contact areas as compared to those predicted by the JKR model.
Anomalous resistivity maxima in some magnetic systems

Abstract The electrical resistivity of the metallic magnetic system with a periodic array of non-interacting localized spins has been calculated by employing the T-matrix formulation. It has been shown that only the spin-flip part of the T-matrix contributes to the resistivity. Within the Suhl and Wong approximation, our calculation shows that a resistivity maximum in the resistivity-temperature curve appears at low temperature. This result qualitatively explains the anomalous resistivity maxima in PrxLa1-xSn3 and TbxY1-xAs. It can also be applied to interpretate the similar anomalous resistivity maxima in concentrated and diluted CeAl3.
Reduction of folic acid-induced acute tubular injury by diuresis: An experimental model☆

Abstract Folic acid (200 μgm/gm body wt) either alone or in combination with fursemide (25 μgm/gm body wt) was administered intraperitoneally to 40-day-old male Charles River mice. Sequential assays of renal weight, protein, RNA, and DNA were made to determine if diuresis would prevent the acute tubular injury produced by folic acid and segregate the reparative renal growth response to injury from growth response induced by folic acid alone. The response of control animals (ip saline) and animals receiving fursemide only was similar, with progressive growth over the 14-day observation period and gains of 25, 28 and 27% in renal weight, RNA, and DNA, respectively. Those animals receiving folic acid alone demonstrated an increase in renal weight (83%), RNA (45%), and DNA (23%) 4 days after injection with subsequent losses in all by the fourteenth day. Those animals which received both folic acid and fursemide showed a pattern similar to the two control groups but with smaller increases in renal weight (15%), RNA (17%), and DNA (10%) during the observation period. Folic acid-induced acute tubular injury manifest by a reduction in the early growth response can be modified by diuretic administration. It is felt that the diuresis prevents renal tubular occlusion by the sloughed tubular cells and precipitated folic acid.
THE LINGUAL BARBELL: A NEW ETIOLOGY FOR THE CRACKED-TOOTH SYNDROME

( attooing and body piercing are companion customs that have been observed across cultures over many centuries. Historically, both practices have satisfied people's need to participate in proscribed cultural, spiritual, sexual and decorative practices. Body piercing is currently experiencing increasing popularity in the United States as a form of personal esthetic expression. According to Armstrong, part of the motivation or preference for body piercing over tattooing is the perceived lack of permanence of the former activity.' Common body-piercing sites include the ears, lip, eyebrow and nose. Additional sites involve the navel, nipples and genitals. Of particular interest to the dentist is tongue piercing. Three recent reports in the dental literature describe this intraoral practice and conclude with the caution that as tongue piercing increases, dentists may see damage to the teeth.2'4 Boardman and Smith questioned patients who had undergone tongue piercing about oral complications; they identified chipped teeth, trauma to the lingual anterior gingiva, increased salivary flow and infection as the most commonly occurring sequelae of the procedure.' Prior to these reports, the greatest concerns had been infection and edema of the tongue, both of potentially serious consequence.6'7 The technique is fairly straightforward and accomplished without anesthetic. The tongue is generally pierced in the midline anterior to the lingual frenum. The piercing is accomplished with a large-bore needle followed immediately by insertion ofthe barbell stem. An oversized (long) stem is placed initially to accommodate the lingual swelling that accompanies the procedure. After the swelling subsides, a shorter stem is inserted so that the metal balls or caps of the barbell rest close to the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue.
Design of Dynamically Wind-Loaded Helical Piers for Small Wind Turbines

The expansion of alternative energy has created a demand for sustainable alternatives for wind turbine foundation design. This study investigates the proposed application of helical piers as foundations for guyed cables of small (1–10-kW) wind towers. Before the foundation system can be implemented, pier response to typical working loads and extreme environmental conditions must be determined. Field conditions were determined by equipping an existing wind tower with accelerometers and load cells while monitoring wind speed to determine tower response. A full-scale testing program was conducted, which simulated dynamic loading conditions based on the tower response. The testing program varied between typical working conditions and extreme load events to determine the critical loading case and creep potential from long-term loading. This paper discusses the effects of dynamic loading on helical pier performance and compares the results to that of uplift prediction methods typically used in helical pier design.
On Czech Dissent

The essay is a review of some recent books on the phenomenon of dissent in Communist Czechoslovakia. It considers the nature and legacy of the dissidents' confrontation with totalitarian power and examines some of the internal political and philosophical debates within the dissident community.
Play with the Slinky®: Learning to Lead Collaboration Through a Statewide Training Project Aimed at Grants for Community Partnerships

How can training develop the philosophical commitment that library staff members need to successfully lead collaborative projects? How do conversation as a training model and play as an activity shape the collaborative learning process? How do we stimulate libraries and library staff to assume leadership roles in community building? This article is a study of a statewide training process designed to create opportunities for librarians to learn to lead collaborative community projects. It highlights the content, exercises, and methods used to stimulate learning. The workshops were facilitated as models of collaboration, and play, as well as sites of conversation about collaborative philosophy and techniques.
Validation of Scores From a New Measure of Preservice Teachers’ Self-efficacy to Teach Statistics in the Middle Grades

The influential Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) expect students to start statistics learning during middle grades. Thus teacher education and professional development programs are advised to help preservice and in-service teachers increase their knowledge and confidence to teach statistics. Although existing self-efficacy instruments used in statistics education focus on students, the Self-Efficacy to Teach Statistics (SETS) instrument measures a teacher’s efficacy to teach key CCSSM statistical topics. Using the results from a sample of n = 309 participants enrolled in a mathematics education or introductory statistics course, SETS scores were validated for use with middle grades preservice teachers to differentiate levels of self-efficacy to teach statistics. Confirmatory factor analysis using the Multidimensional Random Coefficient Multinomial Logit Model supports the use of two dimensions, which exhibit adequate reliabilities and correspond to the first two levels of the Guidelines...
The Molecular Mechanisms Used by Neisseria gonorrhoeae To Initiate Infection Differ between Men and Women

The molecular mechanisms used by the gonococcus to initiate infection exhibit gender specificity. The clinical presentations of disease are also strikingly different upon comparison of gonococcal urethritis to gonococcal cervicitis. An intimate association occurs between the gonococcus and the urethral epithelium and is mediated by the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Gonococcal interaction with the urethral epithelia cell triggers cytokine release, which promotes neutrophil influx and an inflammatory response. Similarly, gonococcal infection of the upper female genital tract also results in inflammation. Gonococci invade the nonciliated epithelia, and the ciliated cells are subjected to the cytotoxic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha induced by gonococcal peptidoglycan and lipooligosaccharide. In contrast, gonococcal infection of the lower female genital tract is typically asymptomatic. This is in part the result of the ability of the gonococcus to subvert the alternative pathway of complement present in the lower female genital tract. Gonococcal engagement of complement receptor 3 on the cervical epithelia results in membrane ruffling and does not promote inflammation. A model of gonococcal pathogenesis is presented in the context of the male and female human urogenital tracts.
Tidal front affects the size of prey used by a top marine predator, the short‐tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris)

Oceanographic features are known to influence the distribution of marine predators by affecting the abundance and distribution of their prey. We tested the hypothesis that oceanographic features also affect predatordistributionbyenhancingtheprofitabilityofsmallsized prey. During July and August 1999, short-tailed shearwaters feeding in Akutan Pass, Alaska (Aleutian Islands) fed upon small (11.6 ± 0.2 mm) euphausiids present in high density near the sea surface. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) casts, hydroacoustic surveys, and net tows revealed that high densities of small euphausiids were associated with a tidal front on thenorthsideofAkutanPass.Atmostsiteselsewherein the Bering Sea, away from tidal fronts, shearwaters selectedlarger(14.2‐20.1 mm)euphausiids,evenwhen small euphausiids were present. This study provides evidence that, by promoting high densities of easily accessibleprey,oceanographic featurescan broadenthe range of prey sizes taken by marine predators.
THE TRANSNATIONALIZATION OF GENDER HISTORY

Women's History in Global Perspective, Volume 1. Edited by Bonnie G. Smith. Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in World History. Edited by Antoinette Burton and Tony Ballantyne.
Sexual Dysfunction in Male Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Spinal cord injury (SCI) patients pose complex urologic management challenges. Not only is neurogenic bowel/bladder oversight required of urologists, but also sexual dysfunction as well. These patients with SCI are frequently encountered in clinical practice, but a significant number of physicians are not knowledgeable about the set of guidelines available for clinical management. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology behind sexual dysfunction and fertility in SCI patients, the thorough clinical evaluation required, and the many treatment options available to this specific patient population.
Geometric-optical bidirectional reflectance modeling of the discrete crown vegetation canopy: effect of crown shape and mutual shadowing

In the case where a vegetation cover can be regarded as a collection of individual, discrete plant crowns, the geometric-optical effects of the shadows that the crowns cast on the background and on one another strongly condition the brightness of the vegetation cover as seen from a given viewpoint in the hemisphere. An asymmetric hotspot, in which the shape of the hotspot is related to the shape of the plant crowns in the scene, is created. At large zenith angles illumination shadows will preferentially shadow the lower portions of adjacent crowns. Further, these shadows will be preferentially obscured since adjacent crowns will also tend to obscure the lower portions of other crowns. This effect produces a 'bowl-shaped' bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) in which the scene brightness increases at the function's edges. Formulas describing the hotspot and mutual-shadowing effects are derived, and examples that show how the shape of the BRDF is dependent on the shape of the crowns, their density, their brightness relative to the background, and the thickness of the layer throughout which the crown centers are distributed are presented. >
A Bayesian approach to the evolution of perceptual and cognitive systems

We describe a formal framework for analyzing how statistical properties of natural environments and the process of natural selection interact to determine the design of perceptual and cognitive systems. The framework consists of two parts: a Bayesian ideal observer with a utility function appropriate for natural selection, and a Bayesian formulation of Darwin's theory of natural selection. Simulations of Bayesian natural selection were found to yield new insights, for example, into the co-evolution of camouflage, color vision, and decision criteria. The Bayesian framework captures and generalizes, in a formal way, many of the important ideas of other approaches to perception and cognition.
Fabrication of transparent hydroxyapatite ceramics by ambient-pressure sintering

Abstract For the first time, transparent hydroxyapatite ceramics were fabricated by microwave processing as well as by conventional sintering at ambient pressure. This was achieved essentially using a fine crystalline hydroxyapatite powder synthesized hydrothermally as a starting material. The sintered hydroxyapatite ceramic was phase pure and the average grain size was around 0.2 μm.
Mechanisms and Functions of Vitamin D

The vitamin D hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, functions by way of a nuclear receptor (vitamin D receptor [VDR]) in a manner analogous to the other members of the steroid-thyroid hormone superfamily. Although the vitamin D receptor has been cloned, its three-dimensional structure remains unknown. The VDR binds to the direct repeat response elements called DR-3 in the promoter region of target genes to stimulate or suppress transcription of those genes encoding for proteins that carry out a wide variety of functions. The binding of the VDR to a DR-3 requires the presence of its ligand and a companion protein, namely the RXR group of retinoid receptors. The RXR binds to the 5' arm of the response element while the VDR binds to the 3' arm. In addition, the transcription factor TFIIB has been shown to bind VDR but there is currently no evidence that a co-repressor or co-activator of VDR is also involved. Phosphorylation of VDR in the transcription complex occurs as does bending of the DNA prior to the initiation or suppression of transcription. As VDR has been detected in cells not previously thought to be target organs, scientists continue to discover new functions of vitamin D. Among these new functions are those noted in the immune system. Experiments in mice have illustrated that the autoimmune diseases of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis can be successfully treated with the vitamin D hormone and its analogs. New experiments illustrating the use of the vitamin D hormone and its analogs in suppressing transplant rejection indicate that these compounds may be superior to cyclosporin and may not have the side effects attributed to the cyclosporin immunosuppression therapies.
The Role of Spirituality in the Relationship Between Religiosity and Depression in Prostate Cancer Patients

Purpose This study aims to develop a theoretical framework of the relationship among religiosity, spirituality, and depression, potentially explaining the often mixed and inconsistent associations between religiosity and depression.
Pacific walruses, indigenous hunters, and climate change: Bridging scientific and indigenous knowledge

Abstract This paper presents and evaluates two perspectives on changing climate–walrus–human relationships in the Beringian region, from the viewpoints of marine biology and ecology, and from that of indigenous hunters. Bridging these types of knowledge is vital in order to grasp the complexity of the processes involved and for advancing understanding of subarctic marine ecosystems that are currently experiencing rapid ecological and social change. We argue that despite substantial gaps and distinctions, information generated by scientists and indigenous hunters have many similarities. Differences in interpretation are primarily due to scaling and temporal rates of change of knowledge, which could be rectified through more active sharing of expertise and records, enhanced documentation of indigenous observations, more collaborative research, and increased insight from the social sciences.
How US cultural districts reshape neighbourhoods

Cultural districts are an increasingly popular and important element of both urban and cultural experiences in the USA. Cultural districts get invoked as a tool for revitalising neighbourhoods and regions, cultivating arts and cultural resources, and other goals. This article briefly describes the phenomenon of cultural districts in the USA, reviews some claims made about their impacts, and provides evidence of districts' effects. Neighbourhood-level statistical analyses identify socioeconomic trends in neighbourhoods affected by districts. The results reflect the heterogeneity in cultural districts and in cities' experiences with them. The findings inform policies supporting creative placemaking in general and cultural districts as a system.
A 32nm 8.3GHz 64-entry × 32b variation tolerant near-threshold voltage register file

This paper describes a 64-entry × 32b 1-read, 1-write ported register file with measured 8.3GHz operation consuming 83mW, fabricated in 1.0V 32nm CMOS. Contention-free shared keeper circuits combined with variation tolerant dual-ended transmission gate write memory cells enable 300mV Vcc-min reduction and measured scalable near-threshold voltage operation to 340mV with energy efficiency of 550GOPS/W.
Microsatellite Data Support an Early Population Expansion in Africa

We have developed a method for the analysis of microsatellite data that is useful in the elucidation of the demographic history of populations. This method, the P K distribution method of pairwise comparisons, is analogous to the mismatch distribution of sequence comparisons developed for the analysis of mitochondrial sequence data by Rodgers and Harpending and is defined as the distribution of the number of repeat unit differences between alleles when each allele in a sample is compared with every other allele in the sample. Using computer simulations of microsatellite loci, we show that the shape of the distribution of P K changes in a distinctive manner as a function either of time since population expansion or effective population size. Increases in both of these affect the PK distribution in a similar fashion leading to a change from a steep distribution with aP 0 peak to one with a nonzero peak. Analysis of three data sets from surveys of microsatellite loci in ethnographically defined populations reveals that most (9/12) of the African populations analyzed, but none of the 30 non-African populations showed PK distributions with nonzero peaks. These PK distributions indicate either an earlier expansion or a larger effective population size for African populations. This observation is consistent with the hypothesized African origin of modern human.
Cleavage of Poly(A)-Binding Protein by Poliovirus 3C Protease Inhibits Host Cell Translation: a Novel Mechanism for Host Translation Shutoff

Cleavage of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI) by viral 2A protease (2Apro) has been proposed to cause severe translation inhibition in poliovirus-infected cells. However, infections containing 1 mM guanidine-HCl result in eIF4GI cleavage but only partial translation shutoff, indicating eIF4GI cleavage is insufficient for drastic translation inhibition. Viral 3C protease (3Cpro) cleaves poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) and removes the C-terminal domain (CTD) that interacts with several translation factors. In HeLa cell translation extracts that exhibit cap-poly(A) synergy, partial cleavage of PABP by 3Cpro inhibited translation of endogenous mRNAs and reporter RNA as effectively as complete cleavage of eIF4GI and eIF4GII by 2Apro. 3Cpro-mediated translation inhibition was poly(A) dependent, and addition of PABP to extracts restored translation. Expression of 3Cpro in HeLa cells resulted in partial PABP cleavage and similar inhibition of translation. PABP cleavage did not affect eIF4GI-PABP interactions, and the results of kinetics experiments suggest that 3Cpro might inhibit late steps in translation or ribosome recycling. The data illustrate the importance of the CTD of PABP in poly(A)-dependent translation in mammalian cells. We propose that enteroviruses use a dual strategy for host translation shutoff, requiring cleavage of PABP by 3Cpro and of eIF4G by 2Apro.
Visual acuity as a function of exposure duration

Changes of visual acuity with exposure durations shorter than the critical duration for detection can be attributed to simple light summation; however, changes of visual acuity with longer exposure durations must be otherwise accounted for. This paper shows changes of photopic acuity with prolonged exposure durations, and considers several possible underlying mechanisms. The acuity threshold was found to decrease with exposure durations up to 400 ms and possibly longer. Thus, pupillary and accommodative fluctuations were investigated, as mechanisms concerned, but were found not to have an effect on the phenomenon. A task-specific summation period was sought; however, no evidence for such was found. Also, similar results were found whether the presentation consisted of a single uniform exposure or two discrete exposures with some interval between.
Regulation of Nod1 and Nod2 in first trimester trophoblast cells.

Problem: The cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors, Nod1 and Nod2, are thought to be important for detecting intracellular bacteria. We have previously reported that first trimester trophoblast cells express Nod1 and Nod2, and that trophoblast Nod2 activation triggers an inflammatory response. The objectives of this study were to characterize the effects of Nod1 stimulation, and to determine the regulation of Nod1 and Nod2, in the trophoblast. Method of Study: The effect of Nod1 activation on trophoblast cells was determined by analyzing the cytokine response following treatment with γ-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP). The regulation of Nod1 and Nod2 expression by trophoblast cells was evaluated by RT-PCR. Results: Treatment of trophoblast cells with iE-DAP significantly increased their production of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, Nod1 and Nod2 mRNA expression was upregulated following treatment of trophoblast cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and this was significantly reduced by the presence of a NFκB inhibitor and a TLR4-dominant negative (DN). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that LPS, through TLR4, increases trophoblast expression of Nod1 and Nod2 via the NFκB pathway; and that Nod1 is functional in the trophoblast. These findings suggest that extracellular recognition of bacterial LPS by TLR4 may prime the trophoblast in preparation for its cytoplasmic recognition of, and response to, bacterial peptides through the Nod proteins.
Incorporation of a Fluorescent Compound by Live Heterodera glycines

The incorporation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) by J2 of Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, and the resulting effects on fitness were determined. Live soybean cyst nematode J2 incubated in FITC fluoresced, primarily in the intestinal region, beyond auto-fluorescence. Dissection of animals, as well as fluorescence-quenching techniques, indicated that FITC was not simply bound to the cuticle. FITC was also found to cross the egg shell. Fluorescence increased in relation to FITC concentration and incubation time. Nematodes incubated in FITC remained active and did not lose their fluorescence even after two weeks at room temperature. Fluorescence of nematodes was not stable through development. Males which developed from fluorescent juveniles did not retain the stain. Both FITC and the DMF solvent reduced the hatching rate. However, those individuals that successfully hatched remained viable and able to infect roots. Incorporation of FITC was found to occur in three other genera of cognita and reported ingestion with 95% of the nema- todes. Our objective in this study was to determine the util- ity of FITC for marking individuals for behavioral stud- ies and for examining the biology of chemical uptake. We examined the dose and time-response relationships of FITC incorporation and the resulting fluorescence for live second-stage juveniles not treated with octopa- mine. We also examined whether accumulation of a fluorescent compound is exclusive to FITC and to H. glycines by testing another fluorescent compound, rho- damine B isothiocyanate, and several additional nema- tode genera with FITC. Finally, we tested the potential effects of FITC exposure on nematode fitness. Re- sponse variables included hatching, infectivity of treat- ment cohorts and second-generation effects.
Laser-Produced Plasma as a Source for X-Ray Microscopy

X-ray emission from laser-produced plasma provides several advantages for imaging biological specimens over other types of x-ray sources. The short duration of the emission pulse allows the investigation of living biological specimens. The x-ray spectrum can be tailored by a proper selcetion of target material, laser parameters, and irradiation conditions. X-ray conversion efficiency can be increased by using a short-wavelength laser, i.e., by tripling the frequency of a Nd:glass laser. The x-ray spectrum may contain strong line components and the production of such monochromatic x-rays can be maximized by creating a plasma that is populated predominantly with the relevant ions. By a judicious choice of filters, all components but the most prominent group of closely-spaced lines can be eliminated, thus making the x-ray emission quasi-monochromatic. Data is presented to show the x-ray conversion efficiency from laser-irradiated targets of various elemental compositions. The salient experimental features affecting the conversion efficiency is described.
Craniofacial imaging in orthodontics: historical perspective, current status, and future developments.

Abstract Rapid and substantial advances in imaging methods and technology have not always been expediently or adequately communicated to the practicing orthodontist. In this review we highlight contemporary imaging techniques and innovations in imaging that, in the future, are likely to greatly improve the depiction of craniofacial structures for use in diagnosis and treatment planning. In order to provide an appropriate background for this topic, we first discuss the evolution of craniofacial imaging in orthodontics and review the limitations of current methods, including the two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional anatomy, depiction as a patchwork of site-specific images, associated geometric errors, and images that have a limited point of view and are static in space and time. Three-dimensional computed tomography can be considered a partial solution to these limitations, but imaging costs, radiation exposure, and lack of soft tissue representation may make it unacceptable for routine ortho...