cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of parathyroid hormone related protein, and dihydrotestosterone on proliferation and ornithine decarboxylase mRNA in human prostate cancer cell lines

Objectives: Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) has beenidentified as the major hormone responsible for the syndrome of humoralhypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). Recent studies have shown that a largenumber of prostate tumors demonstrate the presence of PTHrP despite thefact that prostate cancer is rarely associated with the HHM syndrome. Otherstudies have indicated that PTHrP behaves as an early response gene,which stimulates ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzyme activity, an enzyme,involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines. It is therefore possible thatPTHrP regulates prostate tumor cell proliferation via ODC gene expression.Methods: In the present study, we evaluated the effects of PTHrPand/or dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatment on DNA synthesis by thymidineincorporation in androgen-dependent (LnCaP) and androgen-independent(PC3) human prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines. In addition, we utilizedNorthern blot analysis to investigate the effect of PTHrP [1-34] alone or incombination with DHT on ODC mRNA.Results: PTHrP [1-34] treatment resulted in an increase in thymidineuptake in PC3 cells by 50%, whereas no such increase was seen in LnCaPcells. However, in the LnCaP cells, in the presence of DHT, PTHrP stimulatedDNA synthesis to a level greater than that seen with DHT alone. DHT (10 nM)treatment resulted in an induction of PTHrP as well as ODC mRNAs in theandrogen- dependent (LnCaP) but not in androgen-independent (PC3) cellline. PTHrP [1-34] treatment resulted in induction of ODC mRNA in theLnCaP cells. Addition of DHT resulted in a further increase in the ODC mRNAexpression.Conclusions: These data suggest that PTHrP may play a role inprostate cancer cell proliferation and the increased ODC gene expressionmay be one possible mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon.
Sol–Gel Materials in Analytical Microextraction

The sol–gel process allows the fabrication of a wide range of material systems with differences in size, shape, charge, porosity, polarity, etc. These resulting materials possess high purity and material homogeneity that attract applications in various scientific fields including analytical microextraction, which is the focus of this chapter. No one material is appropriate for all extractions; hence, materials are constantly being developed and modified to bring about more selective and efficient extraction. Sampling and sample preparation are responsible for the greater portion of the global uncertainty of an analytical procedure which warrants further development and research in this important field. In conventional analytical protocol, sampling, sample preparation, and sample introduction are treated separately; this increases the chance of losing analyte, reduces repeatability, and hampers automation. Sol–gel technology provides a straightforward pathway to achieving stable performance, procedural simplification, the creation of efficient extraction media, enhanced reproducibility, and ease in automation of various microextraction schemes. This chapter will convey, in general terms, the usefulness of sol–gel technology and, in specific terms, its application in preparing sorbents for extracting a wide range of analytes in the environment, food, biomedical fields, etc., with the main focus being their application in SPME, CME, and SBSE. Also, the sol–gel process will be explained and instructions given on how to use it to prepare certain microextraction devices. Additionally, a detailed account will be provided on how to prepare and characterize sol–gel materials and how to couple the sol–gel microextraction techniques with various chromatographic and electrophoretic separation instruments.
Land Cover / Use and Population

Land use change is important from a variety of perspectives. It is of interest in its own right. Processes like urbanization, the expansion of a frontier, land degradation, or recreational uses of land have long been of theoretical and research interest. Population growth, and the pressure it puts on land use and agricultural practices, has been an issue since Malthus’ classic essay and has been central to the thinking of such 20th century scholars as Hawley (1950), Davis (1963) and Boserup (1965, 1981). More recently, however, it has been global change issues that have driven interest in land use change (Lambin et al., 1999; de Sherbinin 2002). As the relationships between land use change and climate change are better understood, it has become self-evident to broader scientific constituencies that population processes influence land use change, and that land use change can, in turn, influence population processes.
Loving Friendship in Baudri of Bourgueil's Poetic Correspondence with the Women of Le Ronceray

Let your special virtue always keep you near me May the law of living well make you immortal to me Whereas formerly, I had known only your reputation, Or rather, you are scarcely known for public discourse, Now you live not just as if you were any virgin, But like a maiden of distinguished title, Like a woman whom wisdom fosters with sweet honey So that now your nourishing milk flows forth. This fact has recently become clear to me while reading your poems, Which you so freely spiced with nectar. The swarm of your female pupils rallies around you, So that the bees might be replenished with the mother-bee’s honey. If your order allowed male students I myself would like to be one of your pupils. Now at least, virgin, keep me under your loving friendship; As I have held you under my loving friendship. 1
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Self-Injurious and Aggressive Behavior

Many individuals with mental retardation engage in self-injurious or aggressive behavior. Causes for this behavior are multifactorial; therefore, effective assessment and treatment must be multifactorial as well. An interdisciplinary approach to self-injurious and aggressive behavior is more likely to result in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This paper explores the roles of members of the interdisciplinary team in the assessment and treatment of self-injurious and aggressive behavior in individuals with mental retardation and provides several case studies as examples.
Antimicrobial polymer coatings with efficacy against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms

Abstract Antimicrobial polymer coatings with inherent self-sanitizing properties have been explored to support food safety and preservation. Materials with multiple antimicrobial modes of action represent a novel alternative. Herein, we evaluated the antimicrobial effect and storage stability of coatings with varied molecular weight styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) cross-linkers (6, 8, 120, and 250 kDa) and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated onto polypropylene films. Infrared spectroscopy analyses suggested successful crosslinking between all varieties of SMA and PEI. Coatings were evaluated in their inherent form (cationic), and chlorinated as N-halamines. Surface concentration of primary amines ranged from 350 to 900 nmol/cm2, and N-halamine concentration ranged from 90 to 130 nmol/cm2, with values varying depending on SMA molecular weight. Surface energy decreased with increasing molecular weight of SMA. Optimal cross-linker molecular weight was determined based on antimicrobial performance, where the coated PP with 6 kDa SMA demonstrated enhanced biocidal effect against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in its chlorinated form. Further, the antimicrobial coating demonstrated efficacy between ∼3 and >5 logarithmic reductions in its unchlorinated and chlorinated forms against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Storage studies supported the stability of the chlorinated N-halamines, with full chlorine retention over a 24 h study.
Fuzzy Modeling by Data- Extracted Fuzzy Rules of Cement Rotary Kiln Based on WM Method

This research applys a fuzzy modeling method based on sampling data to the modeling of cement rotary kiln. By analyzing the sampling data in the actual production process, the mathematical model of the cement rotary kiln calcining system is established using the WM fuzzy modeling algorithm. The modeling method realizes the identification and optimization of the fuzzy rules. The simulation analysis is carried out through the Matlab software. The results show that this method has a high precision. It provides a reference to establish the system's mathematical models.
Project Ideas for Developing Leadership Presence

This note is aimed to help individuals develop projects for growing leadership presence through a self-designed project. The note offers four general types of projects, each offering a set of strategies for growing leadership presence either in a formal performance or in everyday life. Excerpt UVA-BC-0228 Rev. Dec. 13, 2013 PROJECT IDEAS FOR DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP PRESENCE Although business communication encompasses all forms of media, none can compete with the power of an executive's physical bearing and aura of conviction. To paraphrase Marshall MacLuhan, sometimes the leader is the message. Leaders communicate their expectations and priorities not only through words, but through their presence and actions. In short, a leader's credibility and reputation can depend a great deal on how—and how much—he or she embodies the message. Contrary to what you may think, you can develop, enhance, or broaden your leadership presence repertoire. Traditional public speaking courses can provide an excellent foundation, but adding techniques from the worlds of acting and mindfulness can take your confidence and performance to new levels. With feedback from a supportive group of colleagues, friends, or classmates, you can learn to gauge whether your leadership presence conveys what you seek to communicate and make adjustments accordingly. Halpern and Lubar's excellent book, Leadership Presence, defines the term as “the ability to connect authentically with the thoughts and feelings of others, in order to motivate and inspire them toward a desired outcome.” The authors introduce the four skills that go into leadership presence using the acronym PRES: . . .
Application of Drosophila Model Toward Understanding the Molecular Basis of Fragile X Syndrome

Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model to study Fragile X syndrome (FXS) as it presents us with a toolbox to identify genetic modifiers and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of FXS. Here we describe some of the methods that have been used to study FXS, ranging from reverse genetic screening using the GAL4-UAS system, to mushroom body staining and courtship behavioral assays to examine the learning and memory deficits associated with FXS.
A review of epigenetic contributions to post-traumatic stress disorder .

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome which serves as a classic example of psychiatric disorders that result from the intersection of nature and nurture, or gene and environment. By definition, PTSD requires the experience of a traumatic exposure, and yet data suggest that the risk for PTSD in the aftermath of trauma also has a heritable (genetic) component. Thus, PTSD appears to require both a biological (genetic) predisposition that differentially alters how the individual responds to or recovers from trauma exposure. Epigenetics is defined as the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself, and more recently it has come to refer to direct alteration of DNA regulation, but without altering the primary sequence of DNA, or the genetic code. With regards to PTSD, epigenetics provides one way for environmental exposure to be "written" upon the genome, as a direct result of gene and environment (trauma) interactions. This review provides an overview of the main currently understood types of epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation, histone regulation of chromatin, and noncoding RNA regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, we examine recent literature related to how these methods of epigenetic regulation may be involved in differential risk and resilience for PTSD in the aftermath of trauma. .
To Reform Pharmacy Reimbursement Begin with the Basics.

DISCLOSURES: No funding supported the writing of this commentary. The author has nothing to disclose.
A Two-Part Framework for Estimating Individualized Treatment Rules From Semicontinuous Outcomes

Health care payments are an important component of health care utilization and are thus a major focus in health services and health policy applications. However, payment outcomes are semicontinuous...
Abstract 2842: Neutrophil migration towards tumor-conditioned media correlates with the malignant potential of breast tumor cells

During tumor development, neutrophils and other immune cells infiltrate the tumor niche. Neutrophils have been shown to have primarily pro-tumorigenic effects, and high levels of circulating neutrophils are indicative of a poor prognosis. Tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) migrate to tumors by sensing chemical gradients produced by tumor cells; however, the mechanisms by which tumors and TANs interact and impact each other remain to be determined. It has been shown that malignant breast tumors, such as triple-negative breast tumors, harbor more TANs compared to less aggressive breast tumors. We hypothesize that neutrophil recruitment to the tumor niche depends on tumor-secreted, chemotactic factors that are primarily produced by malignant breast tumors. To test this, we used a panel of breast cancer cells grown in monolayers and more physiologically-relevant tumor spheroids, which were formed over the course of four days using the hanging-drop method. We characterized the size and morphology of the spheroids, which were generated from the poorly metastatic BT474 cells, as well as the highly malignant BT549 cells, MDA-MB-231 cells, and M4 cells of the MCF-10A cell series. We then compared the ability of tumor-conditioned media (TCM) isolated from either monolayers or spheroids to stimulate the migration of primary human neutrophils using transwell assays. We found that, compared to TCM isolated from control or poorly metastatic cell lines, the TCM derived from highly malignant cancer cells robustly stimulated the migration of neutrophils. These data indicate that breast cancer cells secrete factors with unique profiles that have varying potentials to recruit neutrophils. We are in the process of identifying specific tumor-secreted factors in the TCM using mass spectrometry. Additionally, we are assessing how the presence of neutrophils affects cancer cell migration and invasion by utilizing a coculture system in which tumor spheroids and primary neutrophils are imaged in real time. We reason that understanding the role of TANs during breast cancer progression will provide insight into novel therapeutic approaches, particularly in the context of highly metastatic forms of the disease. Citation Format: Lauren Hein, Shuvasree SenGupta, Yang Xu, Carole Parent. Neutrophil migration towards tumor-conditioned media correlates with the malignant potential of breast tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2842.
The Political Economy of Local Corporate Law

Local laws affecting the legal personality of – and principal-agent relationships within – organizations have augmented conventional corporate laws (made at state and sometimes federal levels) addressing the same issues. As such local corporate laws have developed, so have questions as to the reason(s) motivating their emergence. At the same time, a broader debate persists as to how and where corporate law is – and should be – made. To date, the explanations and positions of policymakers and scholars in such broader debate have focused upon the dynamics between the state and federal government, among states, or within states among powerful interest groups acting upon state government. Yet, these forces are not the only powerful influences upon the production of corporate law: local jurisdictions, their constituents, and local level political, economic, and other considerations also matter. In this Article, I argue that understanding the impetus for local corporate law – and the production of corporate law generally – requires a relational lawyering approach that is more fully contextualized with urban theory, among other such considerations. Doing so illuminates that the local lawmaking process manifests a different political economy than the production of corporate law at state and federal levels – resulting in different corporate stakeholders’ concerns reflected in law, and other important implications.
Gender and Surgery

A significant gender achievement gap exists in surgery. Women remain outnumbered by men in surgical specialties (https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/these-medical-specialties-have-biggest-gender-imbalances) and in positions of surgical leadership. The decreased representation of women in higher academic ranks despite an increased presence in surgical training suggests the persistence of a “glass ceiling” for women in surgery. This chapter reviews factors influencing the gender achievement gap in surgery, including implicit gender bias and subsequent differences in recruitment, retention, burnout, promotion, and pay. We summarize a number of actionable interventions that have been proposed to mitigate the impact of gender discrimination in surgery, such as: encouraging amplification of female voices, identifying and addressing implicit bias and microaggressions, recruiting leaders who promote gender equity, instituting objective metrics for unbiased resident recruitment and faculty promotion, and enforcing transparent policies to extinguish the gender pay gap. This chapter aims to promote awareness of key issues of gender in surgery to effect both personal and systemic interventions that can lead to meaningful change.
Hybrid BaTiO3/SiNx/AlGaN/GaN lateral Schottky barrier diodes with low turn-on and high breakdown performance

In this Letter, we demonstrate hybrid GaN lateral Schottky barrier diodes with enhanced breakdown characteristics and a low turn-on voltage. These diodes incorporate a lateral Schottky barrier in combination with a high permittivity material beneath the field plate, enabling high average breakdown fields and a low turn-on voltage. Average electric fields up to 2.38 MV/cm were achieved for devices with an anode–cathode spacing of 4 μm, while maintaining with a turn-on voltage of 0.48 V. In contrast, SiNx/AlGaN/GaN control lateral Schottky diodes displayed an average breakdown field of ∼0.7 MV/cm for devices with similar dimensions with a turn-on voltage of 0.46 V. The use of a high-permittivity dielectric can more effectively utilize the high breakdown fields in wide bandgap materials by proper management of the electric field. This demonstration provides an innovative way to integrate high-permittivity materials with GaN lateral devices for improved breakdown and resistance characteristics.
Online political public relations and trust: Source and interactivity effects in the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign

Abstract This experimental investigation (N = 476) parses the influence of information source and interactivity on the effects of the 2012 United States presidential candidates’ online campaign communications on citizen-campaign political organization–public relations and political trust. The results indicate Facebook is differentially more effective than campaign websites at building both citizens’ relationships with the campaigns and trust in government, especially among users who engage in expressive behaviors triggering higher levels of elaboration and self-awareness. These findings support the direction of the exposure effects in the political organization–public relations model and extend two-way communication models by testing the influence of interactivity and specifying the online platform on which political expression exerts the greatest effects on relational outcomes and political trust.
Neo-Colonialism: The New Rape of Africa

(1972). Neo-Colonialism: The New Rape of Africa. The Black Scholar: Vol. 3, The Black Colony: The African Struggle, pp. 12-23.
Reciprocal Relations and Proximity of Bases in Pyridine Dinucleotides

The circular dichroism and absorption spectra of pyridine dinucleotides are discussed with respect to interbase coupling of the electronic transitions. The presence of reciprocal relations in the circular dichroism spectra, shown by solvent, pH, and temperature studies, gives strong evidence that the interacted state is substantially populated at low temperatures for all pyridine dinucleotides studied. In α-DPN the 260 mµ adenine-210 mµ nicotinamide transitions vary reciprocally with solvent, pH, and temperature changes. In β-DPN the reciprocal behavior involves primarily the 266 mµ nicotinamide-260 mµ adenine transitions, giving rise to two adjacent circular dichroic bands of opposite sign and almost equal rotational strength. Studies on β-DPNH show that the coupling mainly involves the 260 mµ adenine-215 mµ dihydronicotinamide transitions, whereas in α-DPNH the 215 mµ dihydronicotinamide-210 mµ adenine bands couple, giving rise to two large, adjacent circular dichroic bands of approximately equal magnitude but opposite sign. These results are found to be qualitatively in accord with recent experimental and theoretical reports regarding the electronic structures of the adenine, nicotinamide, and dihydronicotinamide chromophores. A conformation consistent with the analysis is proposed for the interacted state of β-DPNH.
Nonlinear Pde’s Driven by Lévy Diffusions and Related Statistical Issues

Recent work on nonlinear evolution equat ions of the form u t =ℒu, where N u where N is a nonlinear and, perhaps, nonlocal operator, and ℒ is an infinitesimal generator of a Levy process is reviewed, And future challenges are discussed. The role of selfsimilar solutions And their connection to the study of scaling limits of random solutions is explored. The latter results are fundamental for development of statistical estimation procedures for parameters appearing in the original evolution equations.
Parent-child associations at upper and lower ranges of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

This study examines the hypothesis that children of parents who have very high and very low levels of cholesterol and triglyceride are more likely than other children to have cholesterol and triglyceride levels at the same ends of the distribution as their parents. For each lipid studied (cholesterol and triglyceride), 1,944 households were separated into three categories: "low," "intermediate," and "high," based on parental fasting plasma levels and using the fifth (low) and 95th (high) percentiles of the parental distributions. The children were first categorized according to the classification of their parents and then further classified on the basis of their own levels, again using the fifth and 95th percentiles as cutoff points. The agreement between parental and child classifications was then measured. Children from high-cholesterol-level households were 2.7 times more likely than children from the total pediatric population to have cholesterol levels above 205 mg/dl, the pediatric 95th percentile, (P By the simple expedient of focusing on parental cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which are commonly quantitated in adults, a pediatric sample was identified that contained significant numbers of hypercholesterolemic and hypertriglyceridemic children.
HEAT TRANSFER IN A CHANNEL WITH RANDOM VARIATIONS IN FLUID VELOCITY

Heat transfer in laminar channel flow with random velocity variations, using Monte Carlo technique
A note on the integral-to-integral uniform output to state stability property

Considers an "integral-to-integral" version of uniform output to state stability (iiUOSS), which happens to be equivalent to UOSS property in case the control system is forward complete.
Calibrating data to sensitivity in private data analysis: a platform for differentially-private analysis of weighted datasets

We present an approach to differentially private computation in which one does not scale up the magnitude of noise for challenging queries, but rather scales down the contributions of challenging records. While scaling down all records uniformly is equivalent to scaling up the noise magnitude, we show that scaling records non-uniformly can result in substantially higher accuracy by bypassing the worst-case requirements of differential privacy for the noise magnitudes.This paper details the data analysis platform wPINQ, which generalizes the Privacy Integrated Query (PINQ) to weighted datasets. Using a few simple operators (including a non-uniformly scaling Join operator) wPINQ can reproduce (and improve) several recent results on graph analysis and introduce new generalizations (e.g., counting triangles with given degrees). We also show how to integrate probabilistic inference techniques to synthesize datasets respecting more complicated (and less easily interpreted) measurements.
Chronic hypoxia increases pro-inflammatory TH17 cells via NFATc3-induced interleukin 6 production in lung (1175.5)

We have demonstrated that the adaptive immune system along with nuclear factor of activated T cells isoform c3 (NFATc3) contribute to chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). NFATc...
Waveform considerations in space-variant optical processors

The use of coded waveforms in space-variant optical signal processors using coordinate transformations is considered. It is shown that nonlinear transmitted coded signals must be used with such a processor and that this results in novel waveform design and system approaches for radar and communications.
Effects of the primary recoil spectrum on long-range migration of defects

Abstract For quantitative predictions and comparisons of microstructures that evolve during exposure to different radiation environments at elevated temperature one needs to develop methods that go beyond those based on the number of displacements per atom. The number of freely migrating defects that contribute to the microstructural development is far less than the total number of defects produced, as has been recognized for some time from measurements of radiation-induced segregation and of radiation-enhanced diffusion. Defect production in various neutron and ion irradiation environments is discussed in light of this fact. A method to calculate the fraction of freely migrating defects from the cluster size distribution of defects produced in cascades is suggested. The results are in good agreement with available data.
In vivo and in vitro effects of epidermal growth factor on its receptor gene expression in rat dental follicle cells

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be localized early postnatally in the follicle of rat mandibular molars and to decline later. Here, EGFR mRNA present early postnatally in the follicle was revealed by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Injections of epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhanced the expression of EGFR mRNA but not EGF mRNA through day 5 postnatally in the follicle. By day 7 postnatally, the amount of EGFR mRNA was dramatically reduced and EGF injection at that time or later did not enhance its expression. Cultured dental follicle cells were also shown to contain both EGFR mRNA and EGF mRNA, but only EGFR mRNA expression was enhanced after incubation of the cells with EGF. The EGFR mRNA was apparently translated, because the cultured cells could be immunostained for EGFR. This enhancement of EGFR mRNA in the dental follicle cells by EGF may be a necessary prelude to the mitogenic effect of EGF on the cultured cells because incubating the dental follicle cells in EGF over 6 days resulted in almost a doubling in their number as compared to controls. These results indicate that the tissue necessary for eruption to occur, the dental follicle, contains EGFR mRNA in the early postnatal days. In turn, this mRNA is enhanced by EGF, a molecule known to accelerate eruption if injected early postnatally. Whether or not the mitogenic effect of the EGF on the cultured dental follicle cells is a mechanistic factor that contributes to the subsequent tooth eruption is unknown.
DRG calculation and utilization patterns: A review of method and policy

This paper examines methodological and policy issues of interest to medical geographers who use diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) in their research. Methodological issues are studied in terms of the calculation of DRGs and variation in the utilization of surgical and medical DRGs. It is argued that a shift to a single DRG price system should first address the (i) regional disparities that currently exist and the need for large-scale indices of medical wages and labor costs; (ii) severity of illness measurements other than the present nominal ones; and (iii) wide variation among medical versus surgical procedures. The Department of Commerce's Economic Analysis Area is recommended to remedy the problem of geographic scale. Policy issues of interest to medical geographers center around the shift to greater hospital specialization which is likely to continue across the country. Inner-city, rural and teaching hospitals may continue to be inadequately reimbursed by DRGs, treat more medically indigent, or both. Medical geographers should be aware of the policy and methodological issues involved not only in DRGs, but in proposed prospective payment systems for ambulatory and long-term care.
Exact Solution of Ising Model in 2d Shortcut Network

We give the exact solution to the Ising model in the shortcut network in the 2D limit. The solution is found by mapping the model to the square lattice model with Brascamp and Kunz boundary conditions.
The role of serum and fetuin in the growth of monkey kidney cells in culture

Abstract The function of serum in the growth medium for primary monkey kidney cells has been shown to be inhibition of proteolytic enzymes. Serum is required to inactivate the residual trypsin remaining from enzymatic digestion of the kidneys and the proteolytic enzymes subsequently synthesized by the cells. Freshly trypsinized cells could be grown to monolayers in the absence of serum provided that they were repeatedly washed to remove residual trypsin. In the absence of serum, cell growth ceased on the 4–5th day after initiation of the culture, at which time the culture fluids became active proteolytically. When the 5th day fluids were replaced with fresh serum-free medium, cell growth was accelerated and a monolayer was attained by the 7th day. If cells were grown in the absence of whole serum but in the presence of medium containing alpha globulins or fetuin which inhibit both trypsin and cell proteases, such cultures grew as well as cultures containing serum. Human and animal sera were found to contain stable factors against trypsin and labile factors against vervet- and rhesus-synthesized proteases. The growth-promoting quality of serum was shown to be related to its titer against these enzymes. The references in the literature to “toxic lots of serum” may in fact be a measure of the low concentration or absence of anti-enzyme components. “Inactivation” of serum may result in the loss of these enzyme-inactivators and decrease in growth-promoting quality. A direct relationship between the presence of anti-protease factors and growth of cells was shown with a wide variety of sera from different animals and man. In this regard, human sera obtained from alpha 1 -deficient donors failed to support initial growth of conventionally trypsinized cells which require serum. Normal human serum supported initiation of cell growth, but proved to be inefficient for continued growth of primary cells. The cells synthesized an activator for plasminogen, and were subsequently proteolysed by plasmin. Plasminogen-free serum was a substantially more effective factor for growth of primary monkey kidney cells.
POTASSIUM OUTWARD CURRENTS IN FRESHLY DISSOCIATED RABBIT CORPUS CAVERNOSUM MYOCYTES

Purpose: Cavernous smooth muscle cells have a key role in the control of penile erection and detumescence. In this study the types of smooth muscle cells and currents present in isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum myocytes were characterized.Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify cavernous smooth muscle cells. Currents were recorded from freshly dissociated myocytes using the whole cell and amphotericin perforated patch clamp techniques.Results: Cavernous myocytes were identified by α-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin immunoreactivity. Based on electrical properties at least 2 types of myocytes were present. Type I cells showed more depolarized membrane potentials, lower capacitance, higher input resistance and increased current densities at positive potentials than type II cells. In types I and II cells at voltages positive to 30 mV, maxi K+ channel (Ca2+ activated large conductance K+ channel or BK) blockade with iberiotoxin or charybdotoxin reduced outward cur...
Eiler receives 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal

John M. Eiler was awarded the 2002 James B. Macelwane Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony. The medal is given for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability.
Challenges and limitations of NAND flash memory devices based on floating gates

In this paper, the limitations and challenges of NAND flash memory devices based on floating gates are discussed. And, the newly adopted operation algorithms, such as intelligent incremental step pulse erase, various biasing in grouped W/Ls, virtual negative read and data randomization, and their results are exhibited.
Microstructural characteristics of cerium oxide conversion coatings obtained by various aqueous deposition methods

Abstract Microstructural characteristics of cerium oxide conversion coatings obtained by electrolytic, dip-immersion and spray deposition methods from aqueous solutions were studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis. The coatings were applied to aluminum alloy 7075-T6 panels and the pretreatment conditions were the same for all coating methods. The results indicated that the as-deposited coatings were all composed of nanocrystalline particles with narrow size distributions. Electron diffraction analysis revealed that the electrolytic and the spray coatings developed the same crystal structure, possibly Ce7O12, while the dip-immersion coating had a different structure that has not been reported in the literature. After post-treatment in phosphate solution, all three as-deposited coatings were converted to hydrated cerium phosphate.
Roses in the middle ages

Though we now tend to consider roses only as subjects for horticulture and perfumery, there were times when their significance extended far beyond that. Their religious symbolism among the Christian Europeans merits a section to itself; and the section on their practical significance in medicine occupies almost half of the present article. Yet it is not because roses were less important in perfumery and horticulture that the latter two are eclipsed in this way, but only because they were so much more important in areas where they are now forgotten.
Analyzing power and phase-shift analysis of proton-helium elastic scattering at 70 and 80 MeV

Abstract A helium-filled streamer chamber was used to measure the analyzing power of proton-helium elastic scattering at 70 and 80 MeV incident proton energy. Phase-shift analyses of data at 63, 70, 80 and 94 MeV yielded solutions which vary smoothly with energy and are consistent with results at lower energies.
Dielectrophoresis of functionalized lipid unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) with contrasting surface constructs.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been exceedingly exploited recently as an effective technique for rapid manipulation, separation, and assembly of biological particles including cells, proteins, and DNAs. However, optimizing of the DEP process with biocolloidal suspensions remains challenging, mainly due to inadequate understanding of AC polarization of complex biological structures. In this paper, we examine the DEP behavior of model functionalized lipid unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) with distinct exterior surface properties and compare the measured crossover frequency, ωc, with the theoretical prediction based on the Maxwell−Wagner interfacial polarization mechanism for a shell structure. With a uniform shell coating of calcium phosphate, we observe a drastic decrease in ωc compared to the measured value for plain liposome particles. In sharp contrast, with the patchy surface created by the adsorption of oppositely charged nanoparticles on liposome outer surfaces, we observe that ωc is independent of nano...
Print News and Health Psychology: Some Observations

This commentary overviews the look of health news in American print journalism and the research that suggests how health news creates influence at both the individual and policy levels. Crime and violence are argued to be public health issues, but unfortunately they are often not treated as such. There is clearly room for improvement in all areas of health news, but unfortunately the extreme stress that newspapers are under to maintain their high profit margins suggests that the resources for such improvement are unlikely to be available. Examination of the Minneapolis Star Tribune's coverage of health, crime and violence exemplifies problematic aspects.
Surface interactions between coadsorbed ammonia and carbon monoxide on the Pt(111) surface

Interactions between coadsorbed species were studied for the NH3/CO/Pt(111) system using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Coadsorbed CO has a strong effect on the high-temperature ammonia desorption spectrum. For saturation CO precoverage, two distinct high-temperature peaks are observed at 260 and 325 K. In contrast, on a clean Pt(111) surface, ammonia desorption produces a broad, flat plateau from 200 to 375 K. For intermediate CO coverages, the two high-temperature peaks grow and merge into a single ammonia desorption peak at 295 K. CO and NH3 compete for sites on the Pt(111) surface, with CO inhibiting ammonia-ammonia interactions. Coadsorbed CO does not have a pronounced effect on the low-temperature high-coverage desorption of ammonia. This hydrogen-bonded ammonia desorbs at the same temperatures from both clean and CO-modified Pt(111) surfaces; however, the saturation coverage is reduced. Ammonia does not displace adsorbed CO at 125 K, and no ammonia decomposition is observed.
Imaging of a surface alloy with energy-dependent photoelectron holography.

Fourier transformation of experimental energy-dependent photoelectron diffraction data has been used to produce an essentially artifact-free image of a surface alloy. This direct method, based upon the intersection off contour arcs associated with each measurement direction, can provide vectorial atomic positions with atomic resolution. A rapid data collection mode was introduced. Surface structural sensitivity was confirmed by comparison with multiple-scattering simulations. The previously ambiguous surface geometry of [ital c](2[times]2) Au/Cu(001) has been determined, with clear, non-model-dependent discrimination of the surface alloy over the overlayer structure.
Effect of reduced evaporator airflow on the high temperature performance of air conditioners

Abstract Two residential sized air conditioners were tested in psychrometric rooms at reduced evaporator airflows ranging from 0 to 50% below that recommended by the manufacture of each of the units. Outdoor temperatures ranged from 35 to 49°C. One of the units used a thermal expansion valve for flow control while the other unit used a short tube orifice. Performance of the units was quantified by the capacity, power, coefficient of performance, and sensible heat ratio. Results at 35°C indicated that the reduction in air produced a larger drop in capacity and coefficient of performance for the orifice controlled unit than the thermal expansion valve controlled unit. The power showed less than a 4% reduction for either unit as the airflow was reduced by 50%.
The role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in neuroendocrine-immune interactions.

Neuroendocrine-immune interactions are profoundly regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) indirectly, through activation of a global stress response, and directly, through pro-inflammatory actions on peripheral immune functions. The indirect effects of stress on immune/inflammatory responses occur via the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic/adrenomedullary system. We have demonstrated that glucocorticoids and catecholamines favor T helper 2 (TH2) over T helper 1 (TH1) immune cells and mediators, by controlling the production of specific key regulatory cytokines. This could explain the influences of chronic stress on the development, course, and pathology of certain allergic, autoimmune/inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. We have also shown that ‘immune CRH’ is secreted peripherally and plays a direct immuno-modulatory role as an autocrine or paracrine mediator of inflammation. Upon release from immune cells and peripheral sensory afferent and/or postganglionic sympathetic nerves, CRH acts locally to elicit pro-inflammatory responses. This would explain the triggering or exacerbation of certain allergic or vasokinetic states by acute stress.
Evidence of a microtrabecular cytoskeletal lattice in glandular cells of hydrozoan planulae.

Hydrozoan planulae of Pennaria tiarella and Podocoryne carnea were processed for transmission electron microscopy using diethylene glycol distearate (DGD). The DGD functions as a removable embedding medium to produce embedment-free sections of intact planulae. Images of glandular cells obtained using embedment-free sections were compared with those from conventional Spurr-embedded sections. In unembedded sections a large number of thin anastomosing fibers were observed throughout the cytoplasm of the glandular cell. The fibers appeared to coalesce in certain areas to form thick bundles of fibers that partitioned the glandular cytoplasm into spherical compartments. The meshwork of fibers is three-dimensional and resembles a microtrabecular lattice. Mitochondria are suspended within and attached to the network of fibers, thus suggesting a cytoskeletal role of the fibers. This study documents the presence of a cytoplasmic fiber system within cells of intact invertebrate larvae.
Vicarious Trauma in Social Workers: The Role of Trauma History, Social Support, and Years of Experience

Vicarious trauma, a disruption in schemas and worldview often accompanied by symptoms similar to those of posttraumatic stress disorder, occurs as a result of chronic secondary exposure to traumatic material. The aim of this study was to examine the role of personal trauma history, social support, and experience level in the development of vicarious trauma among licensed social workers in Maryland (N = 160). Results indicated an increase in social support and in experience level of social workers predicted less severe vicarious trauma. In addition, an interaction effect between trauma history and social support trending on significance indicated higher levels of social support might help protect those without a trauma history but not those with a trauma history against vicarious trauma. Research and clinical implications are discussed.
Genetic diagnosis of lynch syndrome II in an extended colorectal cancer‐prone family

Knowledge of colon cancer genetics, with particular attention to precision in hereditary cancer syndrome diagnosis, can often enable highly targeted surveillance and management strategies for patients at high genetic risk. Unfortunately, the patient's family history of cancer is often given minimal attention, and knowledge of hereditary cancer syndromes is frequently limited. Indeed, many physicians still consider familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) as the only genetic risk factor for colorectal cancer. This concern with FAP was noted in a colorectal cancer-prone kindred which for decades had been thought to manifest that syndrome. However, after meticulous genetic, medical, and pathologic studies, the cardinal phenotypic characteristics of Lynch syndrome II were observed. The potential for cancer control in current and future generations of families like this one clearly mandates the need for computerized registries which could transmit current information about hereditary colon cancer syndrome diagnosis, surveillance, and management.
Acute intraperitoneal toxicity of ochratoxins A and B in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract The acute intraperitoneal toxicities of two metabolites of Aspergillus ochraceus , ochratoxins A and B, and their dihydroisocoumarin derivatives, ochratoxins a and b , were studied in 6-month-old Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). Ochratoxin A was the only compound found to be lethal to trout at the levels administered, its acute intraperitoneal LD 50 being 4·67 mg/kg. Pathological changes in the liver and kidneys were produced by ochratoxins A and B but not by ochratoxin a or b . Ochratoxin A produced degenerative changes in the hepatic parenchymal cells, including nuclear swelling and cytoplasmic and nuclear lipid vacuolation, necrosis in the proximal tubules, haematopoietic tissue and glomeruli of the kidneys and pycnotic nuclei, cast formation and lipid vacuolation in the renal tubules. Ochratoxin B administered at levels up to 66·7 mg/kg caused no deaths but the highest dose induced pathological changes in the liver and kidneys similar to those produced by relatively low levels of ochratoxin A. Ochratoxins a and b administered at levels up to 28·0 and 26·7 mg/kg, respectively, failed to cause any deaths or induce any microscopic lesions that were not seen in control trout dosed with 0·1 n -sodium bicarbonate. It is suggested that ochratoxins A and B are metabolized to their non-toxic water-soluble dihydroisocoumarin moieties, which are readily excreted.
Towards Billion-Body Dynamics Simulation of Granular Material

Advances are being made in the simulation of granular material, such that billion- body simulations are, perhaps, feasible using a combination of existing hardware and new modeling software technology. This capability is predicted to lead to a better understanding of granular materials, contributing to many areas of research. However, these capabilities are only useful if they are shown to agree well with reality. Beginning at a simple level, a study was conducted to compare the simulation of primitive joints in the Chrono::Engine simulation package with the MSC/ADAMS commercial software package. This simple effort provides a measure for the accuracy with which the software models the interaction of a joint and one or two bodies. This allows more complex analyses to be carried out with knowledge of the software’s accuracy at this level.
Determinants of community coalition ability to support evidence-based programs.

This study examines how aspects of coalition functioning predict a coalition’s ability to promote high-quality implementation of evidence-based programs (EBPs). The study involved 62 Communities That Care (CTC) coalitions in Pennsylvania measured annually from 2003 to 2007. Findings indicate that the communities with higher levels of poverty and longer existing coalitions are related to lower support for high-quality EBP implementation. Several aspects of coalition functioning—including higher levels of funding; leadership strength; board efficiency; strong internal and external relationships; and fidelity to the CTC model—significantly predicted support for high-quality EBP implementation. Earlier measurements of coalition functioning (2003–2004 and 2005–2006) predicted EBP implementation (2007) more strongly than concurrent coalition assessments (2007). The discussion focuses on how coalitions and technical assistance providers can improve coalition support for the implementation of EBPs.