cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of source-to-drain tunnelling on the scalability of arbitrary oriented alternative channel material nMOSFETs

Abstract In this work, the scalability of alternative channel material double gate nano nMOSFETs has been investigated by the mean of semi-analytical models of I on / I off currents, accounting for quantum capacitance degradation, short channel effects, band-to-band and source-to-drain tunnelling in arbitrary substrate and channel direction. Contrary to most of the previous study neglecting source-to-drain tunnelling, it has been found that for devices with physical gate length below 13 nm (as required in the 22 and 16 nm nodes), this mechanism significantly penalises the I on / I off trade off of small effective masses channel materials like Ge or GaAs, much more than in the case of Si and biaxially strained Si (s-Si). In addition, only strained Si-MOSFETs has been found to meet the performance expectation of the International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductor for the 22 nm and 16 nm technological nodes.
Interaction of Sulfuric Acid Corrosion and Mechanical Wear of Iron

Friction and wear experiment were conducted with elemental iron sliding on aluminum oxide in aerated sulfuric acid at concentrations ranging from very dilute (0.00007 N; i.e., 4 ppm) to very concentrated (96 percent acid). Load and reciprocating sliding speed were kept constant. With the most dilute acid concentration of 0.00007 to 0.0002 N, a complex corrosion product formed that was friable and often increased friction and wear. At slightly higher concentrations of 0.001 N, metal losses were essentially by wear alone. Because no buildup of corrosion products occurred, this acid concentration became the standard from which to separate metal loss from direct corrosion and mechanical wear losses. When the acid concentration was increased to 5 percent (1 N), the well-established high corrosion rate of iron in sulfuric acid strongly dominated the total wear loss. This strong corrosion increased to 30 percent acid and decreased somewhat to 50 percent acid in accordance with expectations. However, the low corrosion of iron expected at acid concentrations of 65 to 96 percent was not observed in the wear area. It was apparent that the normal passivating film was being worn away and a galvanic cell established that rapidly attacked the wear area. Under the conditions where direct corrosion losses were highest, the coefficient of friction was the lowest.
High-Temperature Heat Pipes for Waste-Heat Recovery

Operation of heat pipes in air at temperatures above 1200/sup 0/K has been accomplished using SiC as a shell material and a chemical vapor deposit (CVD) tungsten inner liner for protection of the ceramic from the sodium working fluid. The CVD tungsten has been used as a distribution wick for the gravity assisted heat pipe through the development of a columnar tungsten surface structure, achieved by control of the metal vapor deposition rate. Wick performance has been demonstrated in tests at approximately 2 kW throughput with a 19-mm-i.d. SiC heat pipe. Operation of ceramic heat pipes in repeated start cycle tests has demonstrated their ability to withstand temperature rise rates of greater than 1.2 K/s.
Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter

Because of their distinct chemical signatures, ocean-island and mid-ocean-ridge basalts are traditionally inferred to arise from separate, isolated reservoirs in the Earth's mantle. Such mantle reservoir models, however, typically satisfy geochemical constraints, but not geophysical observations. Here we propose an alternative hypothesis that, rather than being divided into isolated reservoirs, the mantle is filtered at the 410-km-deep discontinuity. We propose that, as the ascending ambient mantle (forced up by the downward flux of subducting slabs) rises out of the high-water-solubility transition zone (between the 660 km and 410 km discontinuities) into the low-solubility upper mantle above 410 km, it undergoes dehydration-induced partial melting that filters out incompatible elements. The filtered, dry and depleted solid phase continues to rise to become the source material for mid-ocean-ridge basalts. The wet, enriched melt residue may be denser than the surrounding solid and accordingly trapped at the 410 km boundary until slab entrainment returns it to the deeper mantle. The filter could be suppressed for both mantle plumes (which therefore generate wetter and more enriched ocean-island basalts) as well as the hotter Archaean mantle (thereby allowing for early production of enriched continental crust). We propose that the transition-zone water-filter model can explain many geochemical observations while avoiding the major pitfalls of invoking isolated mantle reservoirs.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Guanacastepene N Using an Uncommon 7-Endo Heck Cyclization as a Pivotal Step

A convergent, enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-guanacastepene N was developed that features a 7-endo Heck cyclization as the key step. In the course of this synthesis, short syntheses of the enantiomerically pure cyclopentenone and cyclohexene building blocks 5 and 6, which constitute A and C ring fragments of guanacastepene N, were developed. These fragments were linked by a challenging conjugate addition reaction that also generated the C11 quaternary carbon stereocenter. Regioselective 7-endo Heck cyclization gave rise to a tricyclic intermediate, which was elaborated to complete the first total synthesis of guanacastepene N and the second enantioselective total synthesis of a guanacastepene natural product.
Diffraction-based Sensitivity Analysis of Apodized Pupil-mapping Systems

Pupil mapping is a promising and unconventional new method for high-contrast imaging being considered for terrestrial exoplanet searches. It employs two (or more) specially designed aspheric mirrors to create a high-contrast amplitude profile across the telescope pupil that does not appreciably attenuate amplitude. As such, it reaps significant benefits in light-collecting efficiency and inner working angle, both critical parameters for terrestrial planet detection. While much has been published on various aspects of pupil-mapping systems, the problem of sensitivity to wave front aberrations remains an open question. In this paper we present an efficient method for computing the diffraction propagation in a pupil-mapped system. This method can be used for accurate studies of aberration sensitivity in pupil mapping and other coronagraphs. We demonstrate calculations of sensitivity to Zernike aberrations for a particular pupil-mapping system, as well as a concentric-ring-shaped-pupil coronagraph.
HMD calibration and its effects on distance judgments

Most head-mounted displays (HMDs) suffer from substantial optical distortion, and vendor-supplied specifications for field-of-view often are at variance with reality. Unless corrected, such displays do not present perspective-related visual cues in a geometrically correct manner. Distorted geometry has the potential to affect applications of HMDs, which depend on precise spatial perception. This article provides empirical evidence for the degree to which common geometric distortions affect one type of spatial judgment in virtual environments. We show that minification or magnification in the HMD that would occur from misstated HMD field of view causes significant changes in distance judgments. Incorrectly calibrated pitch and pincushion distortion, however, do not cause statistically significant changes in distance judgments for the degree of distortions examined. While the means for determining the optical distortion of display systems are well known, they are often not used in non-see-through HMDs due to problems in measuring and correcting for distortion. As a result, we also provide practical guidelines for creating geometrically calibrated systems.
A comment on consumer demand systems with binding non-negativity constraints

Abstract Wales and Woodland (1983) have proposed an econometric model to deal with non-negativity constraints in systems of demand equations. This paper points out the relationship between the Wales-Woodland model and the simultaneous equation/limited dependent variable model of Amemiya (1974). This relationship is important because Amemiya has proposed a simple estimation procedure that can be utilized for some cases of the Wales-Woodland model. The issue of internal consistency (or coherency) for models of this type is discussed. I show that internal consistency for the Wales-Woodland model is equivalent to the second-order condition for systems of demand equations without binding quantity constraints.
Interactively test driving an object detector: Estimating performance on unlabeled data

In this paper, we study the problem of ‘test-driving’ a detector, i.e. allowing a human user to get a quick sense of how well the detector generalizes to their specific requirement. To this end, we present the first system that estimates detector performance interactively without extensive ground truthing using a human in the loop. We approach this as a problem of estimating proportions and show that it is possible to make accurate inferences on the proportion of classes or groups within a large data collection by observing only 5 – 10% of samples from the data. In estimating the false detections (for precision), the samples are chosen carefully such that the overall characteristics of the data collection are preserved. Next, inspired by its use in estimating disease propagation we apply pooled testing approaches to estimate missed detections (for recall) from the dataset. The estimates thus obtained are close to the ones obtained using ground truth, thus reducing the need for extensive labeling which is expensive and time consuming.
Relaxation and Localization in Interacting Quantum Maps

Quantum relaxation is studied in coupled quantum baker's maps. The classical systems are exactly solvable Kolmogorov systems, for which the exponential decay to equilibrium is known. They model the fundamental processes of transport in classically chaotic phase space. The quantum systems, in the absence of global symmetry, show a marked saturation in the level of transport, as the suppression of diffusion in the quantum kicked rotor, and eigenfunction localization in the position basis. In the presence of a global symmetry we study another model that has classically an identical decay to equilibrium, but-quantally shows resonant transport, no saturation, and large fluctuations around equilibrium. We generalize the quantization to finite multibaker maps. As a byproduct we introduce some simple models of quantal tunneling between classically chaotic regions of phase space.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of butane over orthovanadates

Abstract The oxidative dehydrogenation of butane was studied over NdVO4, SmVO4, EuVO4, and Ba3(VO4)2 at 500 and 540°C. It was found that NdVO4 and SMVO4 were both quite active and selective for dehydrogenation, but EUVO4 was less selective although very active. The products were butenes, butadiene, carbon oxides, and small amounts of CZ and C3 hydrocarbons. The selectivities for butenes over NdVO4, SMVO4, mixed V-Mg-oxide, and Mg3(VO4)2 were found to be the same, but V-Mg-0 was much more selective for butadiene than the other catalysts were. Ba3(VO4)2 was selective, but both its activity and selectivity declined with time on stream due to the formation of BaCO3. These oxides also showed different behaviors in temperature-programmed reduction and reoxidation. These observations can be explained by a model that relates the redox behavior of a catalyst to the availability of oxygen at the active site and thus to the catalytic behavior.
Chiral superconductivity from repulsive interactions in doped graphene

Chiral superconducting states are expected to support a variety of exotic and potentially useful phenomena. Theoretical analysis suggests that just such a state could emerge in a doped graphene monolayer.
Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions and the Bayesian restoration of images*

We make an analogy between images and statistical mechanics systems. Pixel gray levels and the presence and orientation of edges are viewed as states of atoms or molecules in a lattice-like physical system. The assignment of an energy function in the physical system determines its Gibbs distribution. Because of the Gibbs distribution, Markov random field (MRF) equivalence, this assignment also determines an MRF image model. The energy function is a more convenient and natural mechanism for embodying picture attributes than are the local characteristics of the MRF. For a range of degradation mechanisms, including blurring, non-linear deformations, and multiplicative or additive noise, the posterior distribution is an MRF with a structure akin to the image model. By the analogy, the posterior distribution defines another (imaginary) physical system. Gradual temperature reduction in the physical system isolates low-energy states (‘annealing’), or what is the same thing, the most probable states under the Gib...
The design and implementation of a simple programming language for microcomputers

GAMMA is a simple, interactive, expression-oriented programming language which grew out of a microcomputer development environment at UCLA. The language, its design and its implementation are described. GAMMA has three types of values: numbers, strings, and an undefined value, which is used for denoting errors. Numbers are variable precision decimal floating point and strings are of variable length. The only limitations on the number of digits of precision or string length is the amount of memory available. Memory management is automated leaving ease of use and response time as a user's only concerns. The major design goals of GAMMA were simplicity of the language and an easy implementation on a microcomputer.
Analytical study of level crossings in the Stark-Zeeman spectrum of ground state OH

The ground electronic, vibrational and rotational state of the OH molecule is currently of interest as it can be manipulated by electric and magnetic fields for experimental studies in ultracold chemistry and quantum degeneracy. Based on our recent exact solution of the corresponding effective Stark-Zeeman Hamiltonian, we present an analytical study of the crossings and avoided crossings in the spectrum. These features are relevant to non-adiabatic transitions, conical intersections and Berry phases. Specifically, for an avoided crossing employed in the evaporative cooling of OH, we compare our exact results to those derived earlier from perturbation theory.
A model for the kinetics of homotypic cellular aggregation under static conditions

We present the formulation and testing of a mathematical model for the kinetics of homotypic cellular aggregation. The model considers cellular aggregation under no-flow conditions as a two-step process. Individual cells and cell aggregates 1) move on the tissue culture surface and 2) collide with other cells (or aggregates). These collisions lead to the formation of intercellular bonds. The aggregation kinetics are described by a system of coupled, nonlinear ordinary differential equations, and the collision frequency kernel is derived by extending Smoluchowski's colloidal flocculation theory to cell migration and aggregation on a two-dimensional surface. Our results indicate that aggregation rates strongly depend upon the motility of cells and cell aggregates, the frequency of cell-cell collisions, and the strength of intercellular bonds. Model predictions agree well with data from homotypic lymphocyte aggregation experiments using Jurkat cells activated by 33B6, an antibody to the beta 1 integrin. Since cell migration speeds and all the other model parameters can be independently measured, the aggregation model provides a quantitative methodology by which we can accurately evaluate the adhesivity and aggregation behavior of cells.
Grignard reagents: alkoxide-directed iodine-magnesium exchange at sp3 centers.

Sequential addition of i-PrMgCl and BuLi to sp3 hybridized iodoalcohols triggers a facile iodine−metal exchange. Intercepting the resulting cyclic Grignard reagents with a slight excess of an electrophile leads to a diverse range of substituted alcohols. The iodine−magnesium exchange strategy is effective with 3-carbon iodoalcohols bearing alkyl substitutents on the carbinol or adjacent carbons and with the chain-extended homolog 4-iodobutan-1-ol.
One-Pot Phosphine-Catalyzed Syntheses of Quinolines

In this study we developed an efficient one-pot procedure for the preparation of 3-substituted and 3,4-disubstituted quinolines from stable starting materials (activated acetylenes reacting with o-tosylamidobenzaldehydes and o-tosylamidophenones, respectively) under mild conditions. The reaction appears to operate under a general base catalysis mechanism, instigated by the β-phosphonium enoate α-vinyl anion generated in situ through nucleophilic addition of PPh3 to the activated alkyne. Michael addition of the deprotonated tosylamides to the activated alkynes and subsequent rapid aldol cyclization led to the formation of labile N-tosyldihydroquinoline intermediates. Driven by aromatization, detosylation of the dihydroquinoline intermediates occurred readily in the presence of dilute aqueous HCl to give the final quinoline products.
Experiments on the generation of internal waves in a stratified fluid

This paper presents an overview of the results of an experimental study of internal gravity waves produced as a result of the motion of a self-propelled vehicle through a fluid in which the density varies with depth. Two ambient density profiles are considered: one for which the characteristic vertical length scale of the density change is large compared to the vehicle diameter, and a second in which this scale is smaller than the diameter. The most significant results show a strong coupling between wake turbulence and short, random internal waves. In the presence of sharp density gradients, the experiments reveal the onset of nonlinear influences on propagation, leading to the formation of solitary waves. Comparisons with theory are also presented.
THEORY OF ELECTROWEAK INTERACTIONS WITHOUT SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING

An electroweak theory without spontaneous symmetry breaking is studied in this paper. A new symmetry breaking of SU(2)L × U(1), axial-vector symmetry breaking, caused by the combination of the axial-vector component of the intermediate boson and the fermion mass is found in electroweak theory. The mass of the W boson is resulted in the combination of the axial-vector symmetry breaking and the explicit symmetry breaking by the fermion masses. The Z boson gains mass from the axial-vector symmetry breaking only. $m^2_W =\frac{1}{2} g^2 m^2_t$, $m^2_Z =m^2_W /\cos^2 \theta_W$, and $G_F =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2} m^2_t}$ are obtained. They are in excellent agreement with data. The SU(2)L × U(1) invariant generating functional of the Green functions is constructed and the theory is proved to be renormalizable.
C-2 functionalized N6-cyclosubstituted adenosines : highly selective agonists for the adenosine A1 receptor

Abstract Synthesis of novel N6-cyclosubstituted isoguanosines and related C-2 functionalized compounds utilizing methodologies with key thermal radical and photochemical steps developed in our laboratory is described. Data on the affinities of these new compounds for the adenosine A1 and A2 receptors clearly show that a number of N6-cyclosubstituted isoguanosines show excellent A1 agonist activity with the best activity and selectivity being associated with five-membered ring mono- or bicyclic systems at the N6-position. Interestingly, 2-iodo-N6-cyclopentyladenosine also shows excellent A1 receptor binding and A2/A1 selectivity.
Mixed Valence in YBaFe2O5

YBaFe(2)O(5) has been synthesized by heating a nanoscale citrate precursor in a carefully controlled reducing environment. Successful synthesis of a single-phase sample can only be achieved in a narrow window of oxygen partial pressures and temperatures. YBaFe(2)O(5) adopts an oxygen-deficient perovskite-type structure, which contains double layers of corner sharing FeO(5) square pyramids separated by Y(3+) ions. At T(N) congruent with 430 K, tetragonal (P4/mmm) and paramagnetic YBaFe(2)O(5) orders antiferromagnetically (AFM) experiencing a slight orthorhombic distortion (Pmmm). Around this temperature, it can be characterized as a class-III mixed valence (MV) compound, where all iron atoms exist as equivalent MV Fe(2.5+) ions. The magnetic structure is characterized by AFM Fe-O-Fe superexchange coupling within the double layers and a ferromagnetic Fe-Fe direct-exchange coupling between neighboring double layers. Upon cooling below approximately 335 K, a premonitory charge ordering (2Fe(2.5+) --> Fe(2.5+delta) + Fe(2.5)(-delta)) into a class-II MV phase takes place. This transition is detected by differential scanning calorimetry, but powder diffraction techniques fail to detect any volume change or a long-range structural order. At approximately 308 K, a complete charge ordering (2Fe(2.5+) --> Fe(2+) + Fe(3+)) into a class-I MV compound takes place. This charge localization triggers a number of changes in the crystal, magnetic, and electronic structure of YBaFe(2)O(5). The magnetic structure rearranges to a G-type AFM structure, where both the Fe-O-Fe superexchange and the Fe-Fe direct-exchange couplings are antiferromagnetic. The crystal structure rearranges (Pmma) to accommodate alternating chains of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) running along b and an unexpectedly large cooperative Jahn-Teller distortion about the high-spin Fe(2+) ions. This order of charges does not fulfill the Anderson condition, and it rather corresponds to an ordering of doubly occupied Fe(2+) d(xz) orbitals. Comparisons with YBaMn(2)O(5) and YBaCo(2)O(5) are made to highlight the impact of changing the d-electron count.
Autotaxin expression and its connection with the TNF-alpha-NF-κB axis in human hepatocellular carcinoma

Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular lysophospholipase D that generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Both ATX and LPA have been shown to be involved in many cancers. However, the functional role of ATX and the regulation of ATX expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. In this study, ATX expression was evaluated in tissues from 38 human HCC and 10 normal control subjects. ATX was detected mainly in tumor cells within tissue sections and its over-expression in HCC was specifically correlated with inflammation and liver cirrhosis. In addition, ATX expression was examined in normal human hepatocytes and liver cancer cell lines. Hepatoma Hep3B and Huh7 cells displayed stronger ATX expression than hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells and normal hepatocytes did. Proinflammtory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) promoted ATX expression and secretion selectively in Hep3B and Huh7 cells, which led to a corresponding increase in lysophospholipase-D activity. Moreover, we explored the mechanism governing the expression of ATX in hepatoma cells and established a critical role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in basal and TNF-α induced ATX expression. Further study showed that secreted enzymatically active ATX stimulated Hep3B cell invasion. This report highlights for the first time the clinical and biological evidence for the involvement of ATX in human HCC. Our observation that links the TNF-α/NF-κB axis and the ATX-LPA signaling pathway suggests that ATX is likely playing an important role in inflammation related liver tumorigenesis.
Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances

This article presents a procedure for formulation for the thermodynamic properties of pure substances using two primary sets of data, namely, the pvT data and the specific heat data, such as the constant-pressure specific heat c p as a function of pressure and temperature. The method makes use of a linkage, on the basis of the laws of thermodynamics, between the virial coefficients for the pvT data correlation and those for the corresponding specific heat data correlation for the substance. The resulting equations of state take on remarkably simple analytic forms that give accurate predictions over the range of input data employed.
Cultural Patterns in the Role of the Manager

Summary This is a preliminary report of data. More exhaustive analysis will appear later. Meanwhile, some general findings emerge: 1. One cannot help but be struck by the consistent groupings of countries through all three parts of the study. Not only is the grouping consistent, but it tends to follow ethnic lines rather than level of industrialization. 2. The pattern of uniformity and diversity in the data is also striking. It seems possible to identify variables which are enduring and relatively culture-free characteristics of people and other variables which are more situationally determined. This is outstanding in the uniformity of importance of needs and the great difference in their satisfaction. It also appears in the uniform swings on attitudes toward leadership while preserving national differences and in the similar grouping on the semantic differential. 3. Managers in all the countries studied could profitably examine these data. They might ask themselves if this is the way they see it, if this is the way they want it, and what the differences may mean to their countries' economies.
A kinematic wave theory of lane-changing traffic flow

Frequent lane-changes in highway merging, diverging, and weaving areas could disrupt traffic flow and, even worse, lead to accidents. In this paper, we propose a simple model for studying bottleneck effects of lane-changing traffic and aggregate traffic dynamics of a roadway with lane-changing areas. Based on the observation that, when changing its lane, a vehicle affects traffic on both its current and target lanes, we propose to capture such lateral interactions by introducing a new lane-changing intensity variable. With a modified fundamental diagram, we are able to study the impacts of lane-changing traffic on overall traffic flow. In addition, the corresponding traffic dynamics can be described with a simple kinematic wave model. For a location-dependent lane-changing intensity variable, we discuss kinematic wave solutions of the Riemann problem of the new model and introduce a supply-demand method for its numerical solutions. With both theoretical and empirical analysis, we demonstrate that lane-changes could have significant bottleneck effects on overall traffic flow. In the future, we will be interested in studying lane-changing intensities for different road geometries, locations, on-ramp/off-ramp flows, as well as traffic conditions. The new modeling framework could be helpful for developing ramp-metering and other lane management strategies to mitigate the bottleneck effects of lane-changes.
Metal–organic framework materials as catalysts

A critical review of the emerging field of MOF-based catalysis is presented. Discussed are examples of: (a) opportunistic catalysis with metal nodes, (b) designed catalysis with framework nodes, (c) catalysis by homogeneous catalysts incorporated as framework struts, (d) catalysis by MOF-encapsulated molecular species, (e) catalysis by metal-free organic struts or cavity modifiers, and (f) catalysis by MOF-encapsulated clusters (66 references).
Oseledets Regularity Functions for Anosov Flows

Oseledets regularity functions quantify the deviation of the growth associated with a dynamical system along its Lyapunov bundles from the corresponding uniform exponential growth. The precise degree of regularity of these functions is unknown. We show that for every invariant Lyapunov bundle of a volume preserving Anosov flow on a closed smooth Riemannian manifold, the corresponding Oseledets regularity functions are in Lp(m), for some p > 0, where m is the probability measure defined by the volume form. We prove an analogous result for essentially bounded cocycles over volume preserving Anosov flows.
Synthesis of 2-arylbenzo[b]furans via copper(I)-catalyzed coupling of o-iodophenols and aryl acetylenes.

We report a copper(I)-catalyzed procedure for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzo[b]furans. This protocol can be used to synthesize a variety of 2-arylbenzo[b]furans in good to excellent yields. This method can tolerate a variety of functional groups, does not require the use of expensive additives, and is palladium-free.
Universal space-time trellis codes

This article gives practical examples of space-time trellis codes performing as predicted by Root and Varaiya's (1968) compound channel theorem. Specifically, 32-state and 64-state 2/spl times/2 space-time trellis codes are presented that provide a bit-error rate (BER) of 10/sup -5/ on all 2/spl times/2 matrix channels with an excess mutual information (MI) within 8% of the excess MI required by standard trellis codes of the same complexity operating only in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). Not surprisingly, the universal space-time trellis-coded modulations (ST-TCMs) provide average bit- and frame-error rates in quasi-static Rayleigh fading (QRF) that are comparable to those achieved by ST-TCMs designed specifically for QRF as well as standard TCMs followed by the Alamouti (1998) space-time block code. However, all of these other schemes require more excess MI in the worst case, and some have a significantly wider variation in the required excess MI. The article also compares the universal and quasi-static Rayleigh fading design approaches analytically and bounds the worst case distance of a trellis code on a 2/spl times/2 channel using the distances of the code on singular and unitary channels. This bound is extended to the more general n/sub T//spl times/n/sub R/ scenario.
China and the Pol Pot regime

This article attempts to shed additional light on one of the most sensitive aspects of China's Cold War legacy – its support for Pol Pot's Democratic Kampuchea (DK) between April 1975 and January 1979. Drawing on field interviews with former Khmer Rouge cadres and official DK records, it examines how the terms of the Sino-DK entente were understood by the parties and affected Chinese influence on the ground. The evidence shows that despite providing important technical guidance, China developed little influence over high-level Khmer Rouge policies, even when such policies put China's own interests at risk. The Sino-DK relationship illustrates the capacity of weak states to exercise considerable autonomy in asymmetric alliances and some of the dangers of relatively unconditional great power assistance.
The Nonlinear Matter Power Spectrum

We modify the public PM code developed by Anatoly Klypin and Jon Holtzman to simulate cosmologies with arbitrary initial power spectra and the equation of state of dark energy. With this tool in hand, we perform the following studies on the matter power spectrum. With an artificial sharp peak at k ~ 0.2 h Mpc-1 in the initial power spectrum, we find that the position of the peak is not shifted by nonlinear evolution. An upper limit of the shift at the level of 0.02% is achieved by fitting the power spectrum local to the peak using a power law plus a Gaussian. We also find that the existence of a peak in the linear power spectrum would boost the nonlinear power at all scales evenly. This is contrary to what the HKLM scaling relation predicts, but roughly consistent with that of the halo model. We construct dark energy models with the same linear power spectra today but different linear growth histories. We demonstrate that their nonlinear power spectra differ at the level of the maximum deviation of the corresponding linear power spectra in the past. Similarly, two constructed dark energy models with the same growth histories result in consistent nonlinear power spectra. This is hinting, not a proof, that the linear power spectrum together with linear growth history uniquely determine the nonlinear power spectrum. Based on these results, we propose that linear growth history be included in the next-generation fitting formulae of the nonlinear power spectrum. Finally, we comment on the precision of existing fitting formulae when applied to dark energy models parametrized by w0 and wa.
Mass storage revisited

Mass Storage as a functional need in computer systems is continually increasing in importance with the growing trend to interactive terminal-oriented systems, serving as peripheral or external on-line memory for storing a systems data base and resident programming systems. The associated capacity, plus the ever expanding magnitude of such data, far exceeds the range where "electronic" memory is economically competitive. Included in the product category defined as mass storage are drum, disk, tape, card, strip, and chip recording structures. Direct access storage is becoming a standard feature of computer systems, with much the same type of distinctiveness as the CPU and main memory have achieved.
Application of magnetic forces to disk vacuum filtration in the laboratory and plant

Abstract The use of magnetic forces to enhance solid/liquid separation of magnetic pulps in a laboratory drum vacuum filter has previously been demonstrated to have potential, especially for steel industry waste materials and iron ore industry pulps. However, the novel process has been used to date in only limited applications, and has only been demonstrated on a bench top scale. This paper details the extension of magnetic vacuum filtration to a laboratory disk filter, and subsequently to an industrial vacuum disk filter. The design of the laboratory disk filter and the evaluation of magnetic field strengths and gradients is described, and results presented for the treatment of steelmaking and magnetite pulps. The modification of an industrial disk filter is then detailed and results presented for tests on the dewatering of pulps containing finely ground magnetite. The research results indicate that magnetic forces can be successfully applied to a disk filter with capacity enhancements of 30–50% being found for the treatment of steelmaking sludges containing approximately 20% magnetics, and for 50/50 magnetite/quartz mixtures. The filter cake was found to discharge easily from the disk despite the magnetic field, but cake moistures did increase due to the formation of magnetic flocs entrapping water. The magnetically modified industrial disk filter gave increased cake rates of over 100%, and the air pressure discharge had no difficulties removing the filter cake in the presence of the magnetic field. Cake moisture contents were slightly higher in the presence of a magnetic field.
The overlap passes a chiral dynamical test in two dimensions

Abstract A certain U (1) model in 2 dimensions, describing four right handed unit charged Weyl fermions interacting with one doubly charged left handed Weyl fermion, is exactly soluble and has massless Majorana-Weyl composites. Instanton induced fermion number violation is essential for 't Hooft anomaly consistency. The associated 't Hooft vertex can be analytically computed in the continuum, including finite size corrections. This number is reproduced in a dynamical simulation employing the overlap.
Design of a knowledge-based controller for intelligent control systems

A hierarchical knowledge-based controller is proposed to improve the performance of complex control systems such as robots. This controller is designed only to modify the reference input of a lower-level servo controller. Because the internal parameters and structure of the lower-level controller are not affected, commercial servo controllers can be made to perform more sophisticated tasks than originally intended. The principle of the knowledge-based controller, modification of the reference input, knowledge representation, existence of the solution, and analyses of the controller's stability and tracking error are described in detail. A self-tuning multiple-step predictor is designed as part of the controller to eliminate the undesirable effects of system time delay. Both linear and nonlinear example control systems are tested via extensive simulations and have all shown promising performances. >
Site specific protein labeling by enzymatic posttranslational modification

Site specific protein labeling plays a key role in elucidating the function of the proteins at the molecular level by revealing their locations in the cell, their interaction networks with other cellular components and the dynamic mechanisms of their bio-generation, trafficking and degradation in response to regulatory signals in a biological system. Site specific protein labeling is, in essence, artificial modification of proteins with new chemical entities at the posttranslational stage. Based on the analogy between protein labeling and protein posttranslational modification, enzymatic tools have been developed for site specific and efficient labeling of target proteins with chemical probes of diverse structures and functionalities. This perspective surveys a number of protein labeling methods based on the application of protein posttranslational modification enzymes.
Cooperation and self-interest: Pareto-inefficiency of Nash equilibria in finite random games

The relative merits of cooperation and self-interest in an ensemble of strategic interactions can be investigated by using finite random games. In finite random games, finitely many players have finite numbers of actions and independently and identically distributed (iid) random payoffs with continuous distribution functions. In each realization, players are shown the values of all payoffs and then choose their strategies simultaneously. Noncooperative self-interest is modeled by Nash equilibrium (NE). Cooperation is advantageous when a NE is Pareto-inefficient. In ordinal games, the numerical value of the payoff function gives each player’s ordinal ranking of payoffs. For a fixed number of players, as the number of actions of any player increases, the conditional probability that a pure strategic profile is not pure Pareto-optimal, given that it is a pure NE, apparently increases, but is bounded above strictly below 1. In games with transferable utility, the numerical payoff values may be averaged across actions (so that mixed NEs are meaningful) and added across players. In simulations of two-player games when both players have small, equal numbers of actions, as the number of actions increases, the probability that a NE (pure and mixed) attains the cooperative maximum declines rapidly; the gain from cooperation relative to the Nash high value decreases; and the gain from cooperation relative to the Nash low value rises dramatically. In the cases studied here, with an increasing number of actions, cooperation is increasingly likely to become advantageous compared with pure self-interest, but self-interest can achieve all that cooperation could achieve in a nonnegligible fraction of cases. These results can be interpreted in terms of cooperation in societies and mutualism in biology.
The Blissful Ignorance Effect: Pre- versus Post-action Effects on Outcome Expectancies Arising from Precise and Vague Information

This article examines the effects on outcome expectancies of precise versus vague information across two contexts: prior to an action taken by the consumer (pre-action) and after the action is taken (post-action). Across three experiments, we show that with vague information individuals are more optimistic of outcomes post-action compared to pre-action; this difference is attenuated with precise information. We term this inconsistency the blissful ignorance effect and show that it arises due to the interplay of two goals in decision making, the goal to arrive at a desired conclusion (directional goal) and the goal to be accurate (accuracy goal) about one's outcome expectancies.
Orthogonal Synthesis of Indolines and Isoquinolines via Aryne Annulation

Described in this report is the development of two unique methodologies exploiting the reactivity of arynes. Reaction of N-carbamoyl-functionalized enamine derivatives with benzyne affords substituted indolines. An orthogonal reactivity is uncovered when related enamine derivatives are modified as amides, such that isoquinolines are formed as the product of condensation with benzyne. This latter transformation is applied to a concise total synthesis of the opiate alkaloid papaverine.
Anomalously light states in super-Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theory

Abstract Inspired by our previous finding that supersymmetric Yang–Mills–Chern–Simons (SYM–CS) theory dimensionally reduced to 1+1 dimensions possesses approximate Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield (BPS) states, we study the analogous phenomenon in the three-dimensional theory. Approximate BPS states in two dimensions have masses which are nearly independent of the Yang–Mills coupling and proportional to their average number of partons. These states are a reflection of the exactly massless BPS states of the underlying pure SYM theory. In three dimensions we find that this mechanism leads to anomalously light bound states. While the mass scale is still proportional to the average number of partons times the square of the CS coupling, the average number of partons in these bound states changes with the Yang–Mills coupling. Therefore, the masses of these states are not independent of the coupling. Our numerical calculations are done using supersymmetric discrete light-cone quantization (SDLCQ).
Relaciones de género ritual: Parentesco, matrimonio, dominio y modalidades de condición de persona para los chamanes mapuche

Resumen es: En este articulo describo como los lazos de parentesco espiritual, los matrimonios espirituales y las relaciones de dominio entre los chamanes mapuche (m...
Electrical Properties of ZnO‐Bi2O3 Ceramics

The nonlinear volt-ampere characteristics and small-signal ac capacitance and resistance of sintered ZnO containing 0.5 mol% Bi2O3 were measured. Many of the electrical properties are related directly to the microstructure, which consists of conductive ZnO grains separated by a continuous amorphous Bl2O3, phase. The origin of the nonlinear conduction in the intergranular phase was confirmed by experiments with evaporated thin films. The proposed conduction mechanism in varistors containing ZnO and Bi2O3 is a combination of hopping and tunneling in the amorphous phase.
Formality for the nilpotent cone and a derived Springer correspondence

Abstract Recall that the Springer correspondence relates representations of the Weyl group to perverse sheaves on the nilpotent cone. We explain how to extend this to an equivalence between the triangulated category generated by the Springer perverse sheaf and the derived category of differential graded modules over a dg-ring related to the Weyl group.
X-Ray Properties of the Abell 644 Cluster of Galaxies

We use new ASCA observations and archival ROSAT PSPC data to determine the X-ray spectral properties of the intracluster gas in Abell 644. From the overall spectrum, we determine the average gas temperature to be 8.64 keV and an abundance of 0.32 ± 0.04 Z☉. The global ASCA and ROSAT spectra imply a cooling rate of 214 M☉ yr-1. The PSPC X-ray surface brightness profile and the ASCA data suggest a somewhat higher cooling rate. We determine the gravitational mass and gas mass as a function of radius. The total gravitating mass within 1.2 Mpc is 6.2 × 1014 M☉, of which 20% is in the form of hot gas. There is a region of elevated temperature 15-5' to the west of the cluster center. The south-southwest region of the cluster also shows excess emission in the ROSAT PSPC X-ray image, aligned with the major axis of the optical cD galaxy in the center of the cluster. We argue that the cluster is undergoing or has recently undergone a minor merger. The combination of a fairly strong cooling flow and evidence for a merger make this cluster an interesting case to test the disruption of cooling flow in mergers.
Breadth-first traversal of trees and integer sorting in parallel

Abstract We present a cost-optimal parallel algorithm for traversing a general tree in breadth-first fashion. For a tree with n nodes, this algorithm requires O(n/p+logn) time employing p processors on the EREW PRAM model. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first parallel algorithm for breadth-first tree-traversal, which has O(log n) time complexity and yet being cost-optimal for p=O(n/logn) on the EREW PRAM. Our approach is based on a novel idea which converts the breadth-first traversal problem into a parentheses matching problem. As an application of this technique, we design a simple but elegant parallel algorithm for sorting a special class of integers in which elements in any two consecutive places of the input sequence differ at most by unity. The proposed sorting algorithm is stable and it achieves the same performance as that of our breadth-first traversal algorithm.
Quantum channel capacities

A quantum communication channel can be put to many uses: it can transmit classical information, private classical information, or quantum information. It can be used alone, with shared entanglement, or together with other channels. For each of these settings there is a capacity that quantifies a channel's potential for communication. In this short review, I summarize what is known about the various capacities of a quantum channel, including a discussion of the relevant additivity questions. I also give some indication of potentially interesting directions for future research.
The antipode construction for sphere packings

A construction for sphere packings is introduced that is parallel to the “anticode” construction for codes. This provides a simple way to view Vardy's recent 20-dimensional sphere packing, and also produces packings in dimensions 22, 44–47 that are denser than any previously known.
A Case Study of Organizational Effects in a Distributed Sensor Network

1. Overview Distributed sensor networks (DSN) as an example application of distributed situation assessment and more generally distributed resource allocation has been studied in the MAS community since its infancy. This environment is particularly interesting when investigating issues of scale, because practical scenarios can be envisioned employing sensor networks that are arbitrarily large both in number and geographic size, making purely centralized control inefficient. We propose using organizational structures as a primary means to address the challenges embodied by the DSN domain. Rather than employing a single organizational scheme, we have found that exploiting the strengths of a collection of heterogeneous organizational styles can be quite effective. The specific design employed by a system can have both dramatic and subtle consequences, making the agent’s organization interesting from both practical and research perspectives. We will show that the system’s performance can be greatly influenced by varying just one aspect of such an organization. The notion of “organizational design” is used in many different fields, and generally refers to how entities in a society act and relate with one another. A design’s objectives will depend on the desired solution characteristics, so for different problems one might specify organizations which aim towards scalability, reliability, speed, or efficiency, among other things. To date, relatively little work has been done in the multi-agent community analyzing the characteristics and tradeoffs of different organizational types. We will provide quantitative results of our design to address this. The organizational design used in this solution primarily attempts to address the scalability problem, by exploiting locality of reference and organizational constraints to impose limits on how far classes of both control and data messages propagate. The environment’s most limiting resource is a shared wireless communication medium, and we will therefore use this resource to describe the effects of the organization. Our design uses environmental partitioning to create localized regions of interaction. Within these partitions, agents take on particular and different roles which dictate their individual behaviors. We will see that the number