cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antigen-presenting cells for Lyt-2+ cells. II. Primary mixed-lymphocyte reactions stimulated by la+ dendritic cells and la −peritoneal exudate cells

Information was sought on the antigen-presenting cells (APC) required for stimulating primary mixed-lymphocyte reactions (MLR) by unprimed Lyt-2+ cells in the absence of added lymphokines. Like L3T4+ cells, Lyt-2+ cells gave very high MLR in response to H-2-different dendritic cells (DC). Surprisingly, high MLR were also elicited by thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), including Ia- PEC; these cells were non-immunogenic for L3T4+ cells. Since PEC consisted almost entirely of macrophages (M phi), the data suggest that at least two different cell types, DC and M phi, can express APC function for unprimed Lyt-2+ cells. Since resident peritoneal M phi and in vitro cultured PEC were poorly immunogenic, the APC function of M phi might be limited to a subset of these cells, e.g. to immature M phi.
Defective Receptors for Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA in Human Fibroblasts with Mutant Insulin Receptors

Abstract Leprechaunism is an inherited disorder characterized by growth restriction and severe insulin resistance and caused by mutations in the insulin receptor gene. Cells from these patients have defective insulin binding. Fibroblasts from some patients have concomitant defects in other tyrosine kinase receptors, such as those for Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I) and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). In this report, binding of insulin, IGF-I, EGF, and Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) AA and PDGF-BB is compared among fibroblasts of patients with defined mutations in their insulin receptor gene. Fibroblasts from patient Atl-1, homozygous for a R86P substitution in the insulin receptor, had reduced binding of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor AA (PDGF-AA), a specific ligand for type α PDGF receptors. The reduction in PDGF binding impaired the ability of this growth factor to stimulate DNA synthesis.
Effects of activated macrophages and fibroblast growth factor on random skin flap survival in swine

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of application of activated autologous macrophages and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) on random skin flap survival in swine. DESIGN: A randomized nonblinded controlled trial. According to a standard design, six dorsally based, random-pattern skin flaps were raised in each of 12 Yorkshire pigs. METHODS: Twenty-five milliliters of blood is harvested from each animal 20 to 24 hours prior to flap creation. Monocytes are isolated, placed in culture medium, and then activated by the addition of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and tissue growth factor beta (TGF-alpha). Following an 18-hour incubation period, the monocytes are decanted and quantified, and their viability confirmed. These cells are then infused into the wound bed of the treatment flaps immediately following flap creation, and FGF is added prior to flap closure. The position of treatment and control flaps is systematically varied with regard to anterior-to-posterior and side-to-side flap positions within each animal. The area of superficial flap necrosis is evaluated on postoperative day 7, digitally scanned, and analyzed using graphics software. Control flaps are elevated similarly, but receive no placebo treatment. RESULTS: Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated nonsignificant differences between pig side and anterior, middle, and posterior flap positions within treatment and control flap groups. Using side and position pooled data, a one-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences between treatment and control flaps. CONCLUSIONS: The cellular and biochemical events following creation of a surgical wound are complex and incompletely understood. Our attempt to augment the natural role of the macrophage in wound healing by employing cytokines to activate these cells and to accelerate their arrival by implanting them into the wound bed failed to enhance flap survival. Further study is warranted to ascertain the details of wound healing, particularly with respect to cytokine concentrations and the timing of their roles, if we are to find a clinically applicable means of enhancing flap survival.
African American suspicion of the healthcare system is justified: what do we do about it?

A recent message on one of the e-mail bulletin boards sent by a college student read, “I believe that the AIDS virus was developed in government labs for the purpose of controlling black folks.” In September 1990, Essence, an African American magazine with a circulation of 900,000, had as a lead article “AIDS: Is It Genocide?” In 1991, the New York Times quoted Clarence Page, African American columnist and Pulitzer prize winner: “You could call conspiracy theories about AIDS and drugs fringe ideas, but they seem, to have a large following among the black intelligentsia. … [And] you find it at all levels.” In April 1992, Lorene Gary explained in Newsweek “Why it's not just paranoia.” In that same month, another New York Times article reported: “Bizarre as it may seem to most people, many black Americans believe that AIDS and the health measures used against it are part of a conspiracy to wipe out the black race.”4 In February 1992, Science quoted Peter Breggin, director of the Center for the Study of Psychiatry in Bethesda, Maryland, as saying that research on violence “cloaks the intention to identify problem black children and then … prescribe pacifying drugs.”
Particle solutions in a unified field theory

A numerical solution is obtained for the static electric spherically symmetric field in Bonnor's unified field theory. This solution can be interpreted as a distributed particle with a finite self-energy. Important constants of the theory k and p are evaluated by assuming the particle carries the electron's charge and mass.
Bifurcations in the dynamics of an orthogonal double pendulum

The weakly nonlinear resonant response of an orthogonal double pendulum to planar harmonic motions of the point of suspension is investigated. The two pendulums in the double pendulum are confined to two orthogonal planes. For nearly equal length of the two pendulums, the system exhibits 1:1 internal resonance. The method of averaging is used to derive a set of four first order autonomous differential equations in the amplitude and phase variables. Constant solutions of the amplitude and phase equations are studied as a function of physical parameters of interest using the local bifurcation theory. It is shown that, for excitation restricted in either plane, there may be as many as six pitchfork bifurcation points at which the nonplanar solutions bifurcate from the planar solutions. These nonplanar motions can become unstable by a saddle-node or a Hopf bifurcation, giving rise to a new branch of constant solutions or limit cycle solutions, respectively. The dynamics of the amplitude equations in parameter regions of the Hopf bifurcations is then explored using direct numerical integration. The results indicate a complicated amplitude dynamics including multiple limit cycle solutions, period-doubling route to chaos, and sudden disappearance of chaotic attractors.
Phosphorus deficiency in the Atlantic: An emerging paradigm in oceanography

Nitrogen, iron, and silica are widely considered to be the most important nutrients that limit phytoplankton growth in the world's oceans. Though clearly important in lakes, the role of phosphorus has been largely ignored in the ocean. In part, this is because of early studies that suggested there was excess phosphate (P) relative to the needs of the phytoplankton in open ocean waters. Thanks to recent studies at the Hawaiian Ocean Time (HOT) series station (Station ALOHA) in the North Pacific subtropical gyre [Karl et al., 2001, and references therein], there is a growing appreciation of the potential importance of phosphorus as a limiting nutrient in subtropical Pacific waters.
Stage I lung cancer survivorship: risk of second malignancies and need for individualized care plan.

Background: Survivors of stage I lung cancer are at increased risk of subsequent malignancies. Specific data on risk of subsequent malignancies are underreported in the literature. We studied the incidence of stage I lung cancer and the incidence of all second malignancies in survivors. Methods: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results 9 database were analyzed to calculate the incidence of stage I lung cancer and subsequent malignancies from 1998 to 2007. The risk of subsequent malignancies is reported as a standardized incidence ratio (observed incidence [O]/expected incidence [E]). Results: The incidence rate of stage I lung cancer increased slowly from 1988 (8, confidence interval [CI]: 7.6–8.4) to 2003 (9.2, CI: 8.9–9.6) and more rapidly from 2003 to 2007 (11.2, CI: 10.8–11.7). The risk of developing a second lung cancer is highest in the first year with the O/E at 6.78 (CI: 6.29–7.31) and continues to be high at 10 years (O/E 4.12; CI: 4.44–4.80). Laryngeal cancer has the highest incidence in the first year (O/E 9.78; CI: 7.51–12.51) and continues to be high at 10 years (O/E 3.55; CI: 1.77–6.34). For gastrointestinal cancers, there is increased risk of colon (O/E 1.33; CI: 1.22–1.44), esophagus (O/E 2.29; CI: 1.85–2.89), and stomach (O/E 1.43; CI: 1.15–1.75) cancers. The increased risk of bladder cancer (O/E 1.83; CI: 1.65–2.03) remains high even at 10 years after the diagnosis of stage I lung cancer. Conclusions: There is increasing incidence of stage I lung cancer. Survivors of stage I are at increased risk of certain second malignancies.
Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress

Venezuela has experienced stress in its socioeconomic and political order. From authoritarian rule, to civilian government and the problems of consolidation, this work looks at the question of whether Venezuela's democracy can be renewed or whether it will deteriorate to the point of collapse.
A Mile Wide or an Inch Deep? Improving Elementary Preservice Teachers’ Science Content Knowledge Within the Context of a Science Methods Course

Since the beginning of the reform movement in science education, there has been concern that elementary teachers lack the science content knowledge (SCK) needed to engage students in authentic scientific inquiry. This study included 19 preservice elementary teachers and examined the development of their SCK within the context of a uniquely designed elementary science methods course. A project-developed science knowledge test was administered at the beginning and the end of the science methods course, before and after science content was covered concurrent with modeled pedagogy. The preservice elementary teachers had adequate knowledge of low difficulty science content on the pretest, but demonstrated improvement on moderate and difficult science content, especially on topics emphasized in the methods course. Data analyses conducted on change in SCK using analysis of variance were statistically significant and demonstrated a large effect size. Details are discussed, along with large-scale implications and recommendations for elementary science teacher education.
A Depressive Symptom Scale for the California Psychological Inventory: Construct Validation of the CPI-D

To facilitate life span research on depressive symptomatology, a depressive symptom scale for the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is needed. The authors constructed such a scale (the CPI-D) and compared its psychometric properties with 2 widely used self-report depression scales: the Beck Depression Inventory and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Construct validity of the CPI-D was examined in 3 studies. Study 1 established content validity, classifying CPI-D items into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition depressive symptoms. Study 2 used 3 large samples to gather evidence for reliability and validity: correlational analyses demonstrated alpha reliability and convergent and discriminant validity; factor analysis provided evidence for discriminant validity with anxiety; and regression analyses demonstrated comparative validity with existing standard PI scales. Study 3 used clinician ratings of depression and anxiety as criteria for external validity.
Progressive deformation and superposed fabrics related to Cretaceous crustal underthrusting in western Arizona, U.S.A.

Abstract In the Maria fold and thrust belt, a newly recognized E-trending Cretaceous orogenic belt in the southwestern United States, ductile thrusts, large folds and superposed cleavages record discordant emplacement of crystalline thrust sheets across previously tilted sections of crust. Style of deformation and direction of thrusting are in sharp contrast to those of the foreland fold-thrust belt in adjacent segments of the Cordillera. The net effect of polyphase deformation in the Maria belt was underthrusting of Paleozoic and Mesozoic metasedimentary rocks under the Proterozoic crystalline basement of North America. The structure of the Maria belt is illustrated by the Granite Wash Mountains in west-central Arizona, where at least four non-coaxial deformation events ( D 1 – D 4 ) occurred during the Cretaceous. SSE-facing D 1 folds are associated with S-directed thrusts and a low-grade slaty cleavage. D 1 structures are truncated by the gently-dipping Hercules thrust zone ( D 2 ), a regional SW-vergent shear zone that placed Proterozoic and Jurassic crystalline rocks over upturned Paleozoic and Mesozoic supracrustal rocks. Exposures across the footwall margin of the Hercules thrust zone show the progressive development of folds, cleavage and metamorphism related to thrusting. D 3 and D 4 structures include open folds and spaced cleavages that refold or transect D 1 and D 2 folds. The D 2 Hercules thrust zone and a D 3 shear zone are discordantly crosscut by late Cretaceous plutons.
Catalytic activity of a thermosensitive hydrophilic diblock copolymer-supported 4-N,N-dialkylaminopyridine in hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate in aqueous buffers

This article reports on the synthesis of a thermosensitive hydrophilic diblock copolymer with the thermosensitive block containing a catalytic 4-N,N-dialkylaminopyridine and the study of the effect of thermo-induced micellization on its catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA). The block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(methoxydi(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-2-(N-methyl-N-(4-pyridyl)amino)ethyl methacrylate), was synthesized by ATRP. The critical micellization temperatures (CMTs) of this block copolymer in the pH 7.06 and 7.56 buffers were 40 and 37 °C, respectively. The polymer was used as the catalyst for the hydrolysis of NPA. We found that below CMT, the logarithm of initial hydrolysis rate changed linearly with inverse temperature. With the increase of temperature above CMT, the plot of logarithm of reaction rate versus 1/T leveled off, i.e., the hydrolysis rate did not increase as much as anticipated from the Arrhenius equation. This is likely because the reaction rate at temperatures above CMT was controlled by mass transport of NPA from bulk water phase to the core of micelles where the catalytic sites were located.
An unexpected role for the clock protein timeless in developmental apoptosis.

Background: Programmed cell death is critical not only in adult tissue homeostasis but for embryogenesis as well. One of the earliest steps in development, formation of the proamniotic cavity, involves coordinated apoptosis of embryonic cells. Recent work from our group demonstrated that c-Src protein-tyrosine kinase activity triggers differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells to primitive ectoderm-like cells. In this report, we identified Timeless (Tim), the mammalian ortholog of a Drosophila circadian rhythm protein, as a binding partner and substrate for c-Src and probed its role in the differentiation of mES cells. Methodology/Principal Findings: To determine whether Tim is involved in ES cell differentiation, Tim protein levels were stably suppressed using shRNA. Tim-defective ES cell lines were then tested for embryoid body (EB) formation, which models early mammalian development. Remarkably, confocal microscopy revealed that EBs formed from the Tim-knockdown ES cells failed to cavitate. Cells retained within the centers of the failed cavities strongly expressed the pluripotency marker Oct4, suggesting that further development is arrested without Tim. Immunoblots revealed reduced basal Caspase activity in the Tim-defective EBs compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore, EBs formed from Tim-knockdown cells demonstrated resistance to staurosporine-induced apoptosis, consistent with a link between Tim and programmed cell death during cavitation. Conclusions/Significance: Our data demonstrate a novel function for the clock protein Tim during a key stage of early development. Specifically, EBs formed from ES cells lacking Tim showed reduced caspase activity and failed to cavitate. As a consequence, further development was halted, and the cells present in the failed cavity remained pluripotent. These findings reveal a new function for Tim in the coordination of ES cell differentiation, and raise the intriguing possibility that circadian rhythms and early development may be intimately linked. © 2011 O'Reilly et al.
Leaf Area Development of Corn as Affected by Windbreak Shelter

Windbreaks generally have positive effects on crop yield because of improved growing conditions. To quantify these effects, leaf area and vertical leaf area distribution of corn (Zea mays L.; cv. Wilson 2100) were studied with and without windbreak shelter during 1991 and 1992. Simulation models for leaf area estimation were also evaluated for the two years. Leaf area, length, and width were measured for the whole canopy several times during each growing season. Two types of area prediction models were developed and tested: a simple length-width model using a correction factor (C) and a statistical model. Although the statistical model gave a slightly better overall estimate of leaf area, the simple model was the preferred choice because of its simplicity and better area predictions when leaves were small. Regardless of windbreak shelter or year, values of C were stable. The average C for this corn hybrid was 0.75, which is consistent with other reported values for corn. Windbreaks did not affect total leaf area nor alter the vertical distribution of leaf area for the two years. With or without shelter, the height of maximal leaf area was at 1/2 of the canopy in 1991 and in the lower 1/3 of the canopy in 1992. This downward shift of maximal leaf area was probably due to lower temperatures and more evenly distributed rainfall in 1992 and may have been positive for plant productivity. The variations of windbreak effect on leaf area development with species and environmental conditions indicate the need of similar future studies on other major crops to formulate an effective strategy for windbreak evaluation.
The Alaskan Arctic Frontal Zone: Forcing by Orography, Coastal Contrast, and the Boreal Forest

Abstract Experiments have been conducted with a regional climate model to indicate the conditions required to generate preferred regions of frontal activity in the Alaskan region. Several objective methods of frontal identification were first investigated. It was found that· the vertical component of relative vorticity,· a thermal front parameter −∇|∇T850| · n, where T850 is the 850-hPa temperature and n is a unit vector in the direction of the 850-hPa temperature gradient, and· a parameter derived from the Q vector as a measure of vertical motionwere useful in combination to determine the occurrence of fronts. The preferred locations for frontal activity were located to the southern side of the eastern Brooks Range and over the Alaska Range. These diagnostics were then used to characterize frontal frequency in a series of experiments removing topographic and vegetation contrasts. It was found that the removal of the treeline contrast and its associated heating gradient had a small effect on frontal frequ...
PREDICTING YIELD LOSS IN INDETERMINATE SOYBEAN FROM POD DENSITY USING SIMULATED DAMAGE STUDIES

Developing relationships between seed yield and pod density can be useful for predicting yield loss in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] damaged by deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The objectives of this research were to (i) develop a modeling tool using differences between biomass removal treatments and controls for pod density and seed yield to quantify yield loss and (ii) assess the tool using double cross-validation. Model development using linear and polynomial exponential (PE) equations was accomplished using 1998-2001 data from studies examining different biomass removal treatments, varieties, and row spacings. The PE model had a slightly higher coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.93) than the linear model (R 2 = 0.92). Double cross-validation of both models produced strong relationships with high coefficients of determination and predictive ability; however, the model performance statistics indicated that the PE model had higher coefficients of determination, lower mean bias error, and more robust slope estimates than the linear model. Depending on the end-user, the simplicity of the linear model should be carefully considered in weighing the benefits of each tool. Nevertheless, these approaches provide robust tools that are not sensitive to moderate abiotic fluctuations, varying cultural practices, and a wide range of temporal biomass removal. Validating the relationship using additional data should be the next step before implementation.
The kidney in rheumatoid arthritis: studies by renal biopsy.

Renal biospsies and renal function tests were done on 41 rheumatoid arthritis patients. Histologically, vascular disease was found in 14, amyloidosis in 4, and lupus nephritis in 2. The kidney was' normal in 21. “Rheumatoid” glomerulitis was not found in any biopsy, but occurred in 6 of 16 autopsies. The significance of these results is discussed with particular reference to the effect of gold salts on the kidney and the interrelationships of cortisone treatment and amyloidosis. Biopsias renal e tests de function renal esseva effectuate in 41 patientes de arthritis rheumatoide. Histologicamente, morbo vascular esseva trovate in 14, amyloidosis in 4, e nephritis a lupus in 2. Le ren esseva normal in 21. Glomerulitis “rheumatoide” non esseva trovate in ulle biopsia sed Occurreva in 6 inter 16 necropsias. Le signification de iste resultatos es discutite con referentias particular al effecto de sales de auro in le ren e al relation inter therapia a cortisona e amyloidosis.
Metabolism at several levels of organization in the fruit of the avocado, Persea americana, Mill.

Studies conducted over a number of years offer opportunities for comparisons of oxidative and phosphorylative activities in fruits at the cellular and subcellular levels.
Pharmacokinetics of desogestrel.

Summary A synthetic form of desogestrel, a gonane progestin, was developed because desogestrel's enhanced selectivity eliminates adverse, androgen-dependent, metabolic effects at contraceptive doses. Desogestrel is rapidly and completely metabolized in the liver and gut wall to 3-keto-desogestrel, which is the active metabolite mediating the progestin effects. Because of its unique 11-methylene side chain, desogestrel cannot be metabolized to any other known progestin, nor is desogestrel a naturally occurring metabolite of any other progestin. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 3-keto-desogestrel are generally comparable with those of levonorgestrel and norethindrone. Therefore any differences in pharmacologic activities must be attributed to differences in intrinsic activities. Unlike gestodene, 3-keto-desogestrel has a lower affinity for sex hormone-binding globulin, which results in markedly lower plasma levels after administration. After oral administration of 150 µg of desogestrel, plasma levels are less than half the levels of gestodene after an oral dose of 75 µg.
A closed-loop stepper motor waist-pull system for inducing protective stepping in humans

Past approaches for inducing protective stepping to preserve standing balance in humans have either lacked the flexibility of control over the initial conditions of falling, or involved considerable mass which limits mobility of the system. This report describes the design and function of a stepper motor closed-loop waist-pull system for evoking protective stepping responses. Bench testing with applied load-motion profile combinations indicated performance degradation for force levels greater than 204 N which was well within the levels encountered in human experiments. An optical encoder feedback design allowed a positional accuracy of 0.00225 mm per step. A regression analysis of specified versus recorded velocities resulted in an acceptable fit (r2 = 0.99). The mean rise time was 63.0+/-18.0 (SD) ms and was consistent up to the load limits of the device. In human experiments repeated perturbations were consistently realized. Applied motion profiles were generally comparable at the pelvic level for subjects of different geometry, weight, and inertia despite a tendency for slight positional lag. The method allows flexible and accurate control of the initial conditions of a perturbation-induced fall to elicit steps. The system dimensions and moveability allow it to be implemented into clinical environments.
Training the teachers. The clinician-educator track of the University of Washington Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Program.

The University of Washington was the first pulmonary and critical care medicine fellowship training program accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education to create a dedicated clinician-educator fellowship track that has its own National Residency Matching Program number. This track was created in response to increasing demand for focused training in medical education in pulmonary and critical care. Through the Veterans Health Administration we obtained a stipend for a clinician-educator fellow to dedicate 12 months to training in medical education. This takes place predominantly in the second year of fellowship and is composed of several core activities: fellows complete the University of Washington’s Teaching Scholars Program, a professional development program designed to train leaders in medical education; they teach in a variety of settings and receive feedback on their work from clinician-educator faculty and the learners; and they engage in scholarly activity, which may tak...
Automated method for identifying and prioritizing project risk factors

This paper describes an approach for automatically determining project risk factors based on answers to an interactive questionnaire. Stored knowledge of complex interrelationships is used to transform qualitative inputs into quantitative factors used to rank and compare identified risks. A tool called the Software Technology Risk Advisor is described which implements these techniques and provides a testbed for further refinement.
Radiant ignition of a surface-cooled reactive solid

Abstract A semi-infinite solid with constant properties absorbs incident energy according to Bouguer's law and reacts exothermically according to Arrhenius' formula, without reactant depletion. In addition, a semi-infinite ideal gas adjacent to the solid conducts heat away in a one-dimensional, transient manner. Under these conditions, an ignition event is initiated in the interior of the solid, instead of at its surface. These interior ignitions are analyzed here by treating the ratio of gas to solid thermal responsivities as a small parameter. Ignition time formulas, according to a criterion of thermal runaway, are derived and compared with earlier results for surface runaway.
Determination of Fraction of Left Ventricular Volume Ejected per Beat and of Ventricular End-Diastolic and Residual Volumes Experimental and Clinical Observations with a Precordial Dilution Technic

A technic has been developed for determining the fraction of left ventricular end-diastolic volume that is ejected during each cardiac cycle. Radioiodinated Diodrast was rapidly injected into the left ventricle at the time of transseptal left heart catheterization and the fraction of isotope discharged from this chamber per beat was determined with a well-shielded scintillation probe placed on the chest wall over the left ventricle. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was estimated from the stroke volume, determined by the dye-dilution method, and the fraction of isotope discharged per beat. Difficulties resulting from inadequate mixing of isotope in the left ventricle were minimized by this technic, since the probe detected indicator in the entire left ventricular cavity. The accuracy of this technic was first demonstrated in a circulatory model and then in open-chest dogs in which ventricular dimensions were continuously monitored by means of mercury-in-rubber gages. In 21 patients without detectable ...
Large amplitude oscillatory shear of ER suspensions

Abstract Electrorheological (ER) fluids are fascinating materials that undergo dramatic reversible changes in their rheological properties upon the application of electric fields. In many proposed applications, the fluids will be subjected to a dynamic stimulus with finite deformation. We use a particle-level simulation method to investigate the dynamic behavior of monolayer ER fluids. ER fluids are linear viscoelastic for only very small strain amplitudes. The transition to nonlinear deformation arises from very slight rearrangements of unstable structures. At large strain amplitudes, the behavior is viscoplastic, while at large dimensionless frequencies (∝ ω/E02, where ω is the oscillation frequency and E0 is the electric field strength), the response is Newtonian for all strain amplitudes. Simulation results agree qualitatively with experiments. The dependence of the flow behavior on the strain amplitude and dimensionless frequency is summarized in the form of a Pipkin diagram.
Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by 2-(α-naphthoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium and related compounds

Summary A choline acetyltransferase (ChA) inhibitor with an optimum combination of properties of potency, stability and membrane permeability is required to study several functional aspects of acetylcholine in nervous and non-nervous tissues. Therefore, 2-(α-naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (α-NETA), 2-(β-naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (β-NETA), 2-(9′-anthroyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (9′-AETA) and their corresponding tertiary dimethylamine hydrochloride analogs (α-NEDA, β-NEDA, 9′-AEDA) were synthesized and tested for their ChA inhibitory activities. The quaternary ammonium compounds were more potent inhibitors (150 in μM: α-NETA, 9; β-NETA, 76; 9′-AETA, 32) than the corresponding tertiary compounds (150 in μM: α-NEDA, 63; β-NEDA, 1400; 9′-AEDA, 77). The α-naphthyl moiety was preferable to the β-naphthyl- or 9′-anthryl moieties for alignment with the enzyme for inhibition. α-NETA and α-NEDA exhibited adequate ChA inhibitory potencies for further pharmacological studies and localization of membrane bound ChA. They exhibited fluorescent characteristics of the α-naphthyl moiety. Their ChA inhibition was not reversible by dialysis. They were considerably more potent for inhibiting ChA than cholinesterases and carnitine acetyltransferase.
Controversies in the Management of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Esophagogastric Junction.

In the past, adenocarcinomas were thought to occur rarely in the esophagus and to comprise a small percentage of the tumors. In recent years the incidence has risen so that they represent 25% to 35% of all esophageal tumors. Epidemiological studies have shown that the tumor is more common in men than women (∼8:1) and in whites than non-whites (∼7:1). The most common associated condition is Barrett's esophagus, but the evaluation is clouded by the inconsistent definition of Barrett's esophagus in the gastroenterology literature. The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus requires the identification of metaplastic glandular epithelium with goblet cells in the esophagus. The management of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus is difficult to evaluate because the tumors are frequently included with squamous carcinomas of the esophagus or adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia. Esophageal adenocarcinomas are associated with a high rate of local recurrence when treated with surgery or radiation alone. Their pattern of spread is different from that of gastric carcinomas in that peritoneal seeding is uncommon and liver and pulmonary parenchymal metastases are less common, whereas pleural and bony metastases are more common. This would suggest that they should be analyzed as a separate clinical entity. In the absence of prospective trials, the reported experience suggests that these patients should be considered for combined surgery and preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy and radiation. Patients who are not candidates for surgery can receive effective and durable palliation from chemosensitized radiation. There are theoretical advantages to both preoperative and postoperative therapy and the selection of treatment programs should be individualized.
Statins and proteinuria

The proteinuria associated with 3-hydrodoxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors is composed of primarily low-molecular weight proteins that disappear rapidly following discontinuation of the statin agent. More importantly, no evidence exists of nephrotoxicity or reduced renal function observed with the approved clinical dosages of any available statins. Recent clinical studies have suggested actual improvement in renal function demonstrated by decreases in creatinine concentrations and improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rates with both short-term and long-term administration of these agents. The progressive fibrosis and renal scarring of chronic kidney disease appears to be the end result of increased protein traffic in the proximal renal tubule. Early animal and recent clinical studies have suggested that treatment with statin agents in established chronic kidney disease can, in fact, provide renoprotection over and above that observed with aggressive blood pressure control and the use of angiotensin II antagonists.
Profiling multiple provider prescribing of opioids, benzodiazepines, stimulants, and anorectics

Abstract Background The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of multiple providers for different controlled substances using the largest electronic prescription monitoring program (PMP) in the United States. A secondary objective was to explore patient and medication variables associated with prescriptions involving multiple providers. PMPs monitor the final allocation of controlled substances from pharmacist to patient. The primary purpose of this scrutiny is to diminish the utilization of multiple providers for controlled substances. Methods This is a secondary data analysis of the California PMP, the Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System (CURES). The prevalence of multiple provider episodes was determined using data collected during 2007. A series of binomial logistic regressions was used to predict the odds ratio (OR) of multiple prescriber episodes for each generic type of controlled substance (i.e., opioid, benzodiazepine, stimulant, or diet pill (anorectic) using demographic and prescription variables. Results Opioid prescriptions (12.8%) were most frequently involved in multiple provider episodes followed by benzodiazepines (4.2%), stimulants (1.4%), and anorectics (0.9%), respectively. The greatest associations with multiple provider episodes were simultaneously receiving prescriptions for different controlled substances. Conclusions Opioids were involved in multiple provider prescribing more frequently than other controlled substances. The likelihood of using multiple providers to obtain one class of medications was substantially elevated as patients received additional categories of controlled substances from the same provider or from multiple practitioners. Polypharmacy represents a signal that requires additional vigilance to detect the potential presence of doctor shopping.
Interactive Failure in High Velocity Impact of Two Box Beams

The research reported in the present paper has been motivated mainly by the need of reconstructing the airplane impact damage of the WTC Towers. The initial phase of this catastrophic event was dominated by fracture, leading to breakup and fragmentation of the airplane and severance of a large number of external columns. However, the role of fracture has been de-emphasized in the recent attempt to reconstruct the 9/11 attack [1–3]. The objective of this paper is to raise the phenomenon of ductile fracture to the level of a main factor controlling the initial phase of the September 11th event. Our philosophy is similar to that employed by Lawver et al [4], but we are treating ductile fracture in a much more comprehensive way including the topics of material testing, calibration, validation and finite element implementation. A particular scenario considered is the impact of a corresponding section of the wing of the Boeing 767 into one external box column of a Twin Tower. Real dimensions are taken for the WTC column and the wing section is represented as a thin-walled box beam. Both members undergo extensive plastic deformation and fracture. In developing computer models, special attention was paid to the choice of the element type (shell vs. solid), contact algorithm, element removal (erosion) option, and above all the fracture criterion. Most calculations were done using LS-DYNA for several combinations of the equivalent strain to fracture of the aluminum alloy wing and the steel columns. In addition five ABAQUS runs were made with a newly developed criterion for ductile fracture with a cut-off value for negative triaxialities. Impact velocities considered ranged from 120 to 480 m/sec where 240 m/sec was the actual impact speed of the Boeing 767. It was found that the damage process is localized in the immediate velocity of the impact area. The fracture process initiates at the impacting flanges in the Mode III out-of-plane shear, continues down the webs as a combined shear/tension (tearing) and finally ends up as a tensile fracture of the rear flanges. While the airplane wing box was almost always completely cut, the WTC column was often partially penetrated for a wide range of the equivalent strain to fracture. It was also found that introducing a modified fracture locus changes the sequence of failure pattern as well as the mode of fracture.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Improving the estimation of total and direction-based heavy-duty vehicle annual average daily traffic

Abstract The estimation of annual average daily traffic (AADT) is an important parameter collected and maintained by all US departments of transportation. There have been many past research studies that have focused on ways to improve the estimation of AADT. This paper builds upon previous research and compares eight methods, both traditional and cluster-based methodologies, for aggregating monthly adjustment factors for heavy-duty vehicles (US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) vehicle classes 4–13). In addition to the direct comparison between the methodologies, the results from the analysis of variance show at the 95% confidence level that the four cluster-based methods produce statistically lower variance and coefficient of variation over the more traditional approaches. In addition to these findings – which are consistent with previous total volume studies – further analysis is performed to compare total heavy-duty monthly adjustment factors, both directions of traffic...
Role of toll-like receptors in cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancers: a review.

Abstract Objective The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in inflammation, innate immunity and cancer. The goal of this paper is to review the available published research about Toll-like receptors and their roles in gynecologic malignancies. Methods A Medline search was conducted and published articles from the late 1990s to the present (2014) were reviewed using search phrases, Toll-like receptors and cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancers. Results TLR4 and TLR5 are commonly absent in normal cervix, however TLR5 expression is strong in high grade cervical dysplasia as well as invasive cancer. The expression of TLR3 and TLR4 is low in endometrial cancer. TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5 are highly expressed in normal and neoplastic ovarian epithelium. TLR3 has been shown to have a dual function: it can contribute to tumor elimination by upregulation of interferons α and β (INF) and natural killer cell (NK) activation or it can indirectly contribute to tumor progression. Conclusions Inflammation is an essential element in tumorigenesis. Toll-like receptors can trigger an inflammatory response and cell survival in the tumor micro-environment. TLRs are critical immunomodulators that may play an important role in the development of gynecologic cancers. Currently TLR agonists are being investigated for a potential role as an adjuvant in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies.
Toxicologic classification of thermal decomposition products of synthetic and natural polymers

Abstract A classification is presented for the acute toxicity of smoke from synthetic and natural polymers. The classification combines both the amount of polymer required to produce sufficient smoke resulting in 50% mortality (LC50) and the exposure duration needed for such an effect (LT50). The classification should be useful for selection of materials in various applications.
Seismic critical-angle anisotropy analysis in the τ -p domain

Seismic critical-angle reflectometry is a relatively new field for estimating seismic anisotropy parameters. The theory relates changes in the critical angle with azimuth of the seismic line to the principal axis and anisotropy parameters. Current implementation of the critical-angle reflectometry process has certain shortcomings in that the critical angle is determined from critical offset and the process is vulnerable to different approximation errors. Seismic critical-angle analysis in the plane-wave (τ-p) domain can handle these issues and has the potential to become an independent tool for estimating anisotropy parameters. The theory of seismic critical-angle reflectometry is modified to make it suitable for τ-p domain analysis. Then using full-wave synthetic seismograms at three different azimuths for a transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal axis of symmetry (HTI), the effectiveness of anisotropy parameter estimation is demonstrated.
Measured Albumen Quality as Affected by Time After Break-out

Abstract INSTRUCTIONS for measuring interior quality of eggs were published by Brant and Shrader (1952). These instructions specify that the egg should be weighed, broken out on a flat glass plate, and the thick albumen measured using a spherometer. These measurements are converted into Haugh units by means of an interior quality calculator described by these authors. This procedure has been widely accepted as a technique in egg quality research. Brant, Otte and Norris (1951) compared Haugh unit values, calculated by this procedure (Brant and Shrader, 1952), with albumen index values (Heiman and Carver, 1936) and with Van Wagenen scores (Van Wagenen and Wilgus, 1935). Their publication makes possible conversion of published data, using albumen index or Van Wagenen score as measures of egg quality, to Haugh units. At the present time the method described by Brant and Shrader (1952) is being used widely in egg quality research laboratories and egg …
Influence of infiltrating lobular histology on local tumor control in breast cancer patients treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy

To determine the influence of infiltrating lobular histology on local tumor control, the authors studied 49 patients with Stages I and II infiltrating lobular breast carcinoma treated by limited excision of the tumor and radiotherapy between 1968 and 1981 (median follow-up, 75 months). Results were compared with those in 561 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma similarly treated during the same period. The 5-year actuarial risk of local recurrence was similar for patients with infiltrating lobular or ductal carcinoma when the latter was evaluated as a single group (12% versus 11%). However, the 12% 5-year actuarial local recurrence risk for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma was intermediate between that for patients with infiltrating ductal carcinomas with an extensive intraductal component (23%) and those without an extensive intraductal component (5%). The pattern of recurrence in the breast was similar in the infiltrating lobular and ductal groups. All recurrences in patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma and 80% of recurrences in the infiltrating ductal group occurred in the vicinity of the primary tumor (P = not significant). None of the clinical or morphologic features examined significantly influenced the risk of local recurrence in patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma. The authors conclude that combined conservative surgery and radiotherapy appear to be a reasonable treatment option for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma, but further follow-up will be required to confirm these results.
Organization, integration, and transcription of transforming genes of oncogenic human adenovirus types 12 and 7.

Thirty-one well-defined human adenovirus (Ad) serotypes are classified into five subgroups, A to E, according to their DNA-DNA homology (Green et al. 1979) as shown in Table 1. The members of subgroup A (Ad12, Ad18, and Ad31) are highly oncogenic, inducing tumors in newborn rodents at a high frequency within a few months; those of subgroup B (Ad3, Ad7, Ad14, Ad16, and Ad21) are weakly oncogenic, inducing tumors infrequently and only after longer periods; members of subgroups C to E are nononcogenic but transform rodent cells in culture (summarized by Green 1970; Tooze 1981). Transforming genes of the human adenoviruses Ad12 (Yano et al. 1977; Shiroki et al. 1977; Mak et al. 1979; Yamashita et al. 1982; Byrd et al. 1982), Ad31 (Yamashita and Fujinaga 1983), Ad3 (Dijkema et al. 1979), Ad7 (Sekikawa et al. 1978; Dijkema et al. 1979), Ad2 (Graham et al. 1974), Ad5 (Graham et al. 1974), and Ad4 (Yamashita, Nara, Suzuki, Ueno and Fujinaga, unpublished work) are located in the terminal region, early gene block E1 of the viral genome, and restriction DNA fragments containing these regions can transform rodent cells in culture. This review summarizes our studies on the organization, integration, and transcription of transforming genes of oncogenic Ad12 and Ad7.
5B-5 High-Frequency Duplex Ultrasound Imaging System for Biomedical Applications Using 30 MHz Linear Arrays

High-frequency (HF) ultrasound imaging has been shown to be useful for imaging anatomical structures of the eye and small animals in biological and pharmaceutical research, achieving good spatial resolution at an affordable price. Cardiovascular research utilizing mice requires not only real-time B-scan imaging, but also ultrasound Doppler to evaluate both movements and blood flow of the mouse heart. In this paper, we report the development of the first real-time duplex HF ultrasound system with both B-scan imaging and Doppler imaging, using a 30 MHz 64-element linear array. The system included a HF pulsed-wave Doppler module, a 16-channel HF analog beamformer module, a PC with a 200 MS/s 14-bit PCI A/D card, and real-time Labview software. Both a wire phantom and a micro flow phantom were used to evaluate system performance. The system has a lateral resolution better than 160 urn and is capable of measuring motion velocity as low as 0.1 mm/s and as high as 1 m/s. B-scan images of excised rabbit eyes have been achieved, as well as clear blood flow velocity profiles in mouse superficial vessels with diameters of 200 mum and major aortas. The system is able to acquire real-time B-mode and Doppler images. The system will also have the capability of acquiring 400 B-mode images per second. In vivo zebrafish and mouse experiment results show a promising future of this system in small animal research.