cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on the genealogy of research traditions in modern phonology

This brief note is concerned with the notions of genealogy and continuity in linguistic research.1 Our natural methods of work require of us some beliefs about the origins of our intellectual tools, and these beliefs play an active role in the unfolding of our field's progress. In short, these beliefs matter, and they matter to all of us. Furthermore, any insights to be gained in this area are likely to have a salutary effect on our profession. For these remarks, I will focus on the area of African language phonology, and its relationship to phonological theory. Many other choices could have been made, and thus to some extent the choice is arbitrary; but it can hardly escape even the casual observer of the current phonological scene that it stands in profound debt to work on African languages. Our task, we may say, is to elucidate what such a statement of intellectual debt consists in. It would be disingenuous to press too far the arbitrariness of the choice of African-language phonology, for part of the choice rests on the personal, working experience of this writer. The choice is a reasonable one in other, less subjective ways: African lingiistics is a particularly unified field, experiencing remarkably little in the way of schisms based on the language or country of the investigators, or the theoretical background of the researcher. There is some of this, to be sure, but conferences and publications continue to show a thorough integration of workers in North America, Africa and Europe. Moreover, it is by no means a straightforward task, in many cases, to distinguish phonological theory and work on African-language phonology. To some degree, the difference between the two lies in the eye of the beholder, and this will hold true in most areal sub-disciplines. What may strike one reader today as a highly theoretical work may seem in forty years' time to be hardly theoretical at all, perhaps no more than a passing description of some
Acute airsacculitis in turkeys inoculated with Pasteurella multocida.

Thirty female turkeys, inoculated into the caudal thoracic air sacs with Pasteurella multocida, were examined from 0 to 6 hours post-inoculation (PI). The air sac reacted rapidly and intensely with exudation of heterophils. Circulating leukocyte and thrombocyte numbers remained normal except for an absolute lym- phopenia by 6 hours PI. P. multocida was initially isolated from blood at 3 hours PI. Total cell counts increased markedly in air sac lavage fluids by 1.5 hours PI and continued to increase until 6 hours PI. Heterophils predominated in lavage fluids (> 94%), with macrophages comprising the remaining cells. Microscopically, occasional heterophils were present within air sac blood vessels and perivascularly by 0.5 hour PI. They became more numerous by 1.5 and 3 hours PI when transepithelial migration into the air sac lumen was seen. By 6 hours PI, there was diffuse, severe swelling of air sac epithelium and mesothelium, and bacteria were located in air sac interstitium. Ultrastructurally, endothelial and air sac epithelial cells were swollen and vacuolated. Interdigitating processes of air sac epithelial cells were separated. These results indicate that air sacs can be the portal of entry for P. multocida into the systemic circulation, probably via damaged air sac epithelium. Airsacculitis, caused by a variety of infectious agents, is common in avian species8 In the turkey, morpho- logic changes have been described for experimental air sac inflammation using Mycoplasma spp.,'J 1~17,20,32 M. synoviae membranes,21 and Escherichia coli. 13sL7 Mor- phologic and cytologic changes during the initial stages (0 to 6 hours) of lesion development apparently are undescribed. Histologi~~,~J~ and ultrastructural studies4 show that normal air sacs consist of three layers: 1) an inner epithelial cell layer, composed primarily of a flattened epithelium with interspersed islands of cil- iated epithelial cells;8 2) a connective tissue layer, com- posed primarily of elastic and collagen fibers with few blood vessels; and 3) an outer mesothelial cell layer. These features make the air sac an ideal organ to study acute inflammatory reactions in avian species. Pasteurella multocida is a highly invasive bacterium which causes fowl cholera in turkeys, chickens, and numerous other avian species.22 Death often results from septicemia, but, in birds which survive, chronic disseminated pasteurellosis (i.e., local involvement of joints, sinuses, foot pads, sternal bursae, oviduct, me- ninges, middle ear, cranial bones, and other tissues) can occur. Pneumonia and airsacculitis are common findings in turkeys with fowl cholera; however, mor- phological descriptions of P. multocida-induced, acute experimental pneumonia and airsacculitis in the turkey are lacking. Observations on blood, air sac lavage fluids, and microscopic and ultrastructural air sac lesions dur- ing the 6 hours after intraairsac inoculation with P. multocida are reported.
Small pitch vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays

We show that mesa-isolated top emitting selectively oxidized 850 nm vertical cavity surface emitting lasers can be fabricated with 21 /spl mu/m separation with minimal thermal crosstalk.
Elevated CO2 alters leaf-litter-derived dissolved organic carbon: effects on stream periphyton and crayfish feeding preference

AbstractElevated atmospheric CO2 increases plant C fixation, and much of the soluble C content of deciduous leaf litter entering streams is leached as dissolved organic C (DOC). The effects of DOC from trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) leaf litter grown under elevated (ELEV = 720 ppm) and ambient (AMB = 360 ppm) CO2 on stream periphyton were measured during a 35-d experiment in outdoor artificial stream chambers. Crayfish feeding preferences for periphyton grown in AMB and ELEV treatments were evaluated in short-term foraging trials using a Y-maze. Periphyton was sampled through time for ash-free dry mass (AFDM), chlorophyll a, total C:N, algal biovolume and species composition, and bacterial productivity and biomass. Leaf litter from plants grown under ELEV CO2 produced higher concentrations of refractory DOC than did leaf litter from plants grown under AMB CO2, and chlorophyll a concentrations were lower in periphyton enriched with ELEV DOC than in periphyton enriched with AMB DOC. ELEV DOC ...
Politics by other means

Paul Brass’ latest book The Production of Hindu–Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (2003) is an extraordinary work that sums up almost 40 years of research on politics, religious identities and violence in northern India. Focusing on the politics of Hindu–Muslim relations in one city in Uttar Pradesh – Aligarh – over the entire post-Independence era, Brass argues that riots are permanent features of Indian politics, produced and staged by ‘institutionalized riot systems’. Condemning and bemoaning riots and casualties have become part of India’s modern political culture – as much as the riots themselves. Brass’s introductory chapter takes aim at what he sees as the unsatisfactory and, ultimately, mystifying explanations that have been advanced in explaining riots. ‘Naturalizing’ accounts portray riots as inevitable eruptions of anger between communities divided by deep and incommensurable differences. Others view riots as pathologies of Indian political life, resulting from the cynical manipulation of religious passions by criminal business people and ill-intentioned politicians focused on short-term electoral gains. These explanations, Brass argues, not only obscure the processes at work; they are complicit in the very regime of interpretation that perpetuates riots. Portraying them as either ‘justified’ or as short lived ‘aberrations’, these explanations fail to recognize the integral, normalized roles riots play in political competition and communal organization in large parts of India. R E V I E W S Y M P O S I U M
Hot-electron-induced effects on noise and jitter in submicron CMOS phase-locked loop circuits

In this paper, the hot-electron-induced degradation in voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is investigated. A current starved VCO is designed in 0.25 mum CMOS process to verify the VCO gain degradation due to hot-carrier effects. The loop dynamics, phase noise and output clock jitter of a second order PLL are studied. The loop parameters, i.e., damping factor and natural frequency, phase noise and jitter degradations due to VCO degradation are analyzed, considering hot-carrier effects. After four hours stress, there is a 23% decrease in the damping factor and natural frequency, also 1 dB increase in phase noise and 17% increase in output RMS jitter
Mode Matching Method

This chapter contains sections titled: Eigenmodes of a Planarly Layered Medium Eigenfunction Expansion of a Field Reflection and Transmission at a Junction Discontinuity A Numerical Method to Find the Eigenmodes The Cylindrically Layered Medium Case The Multiregion Problem This chapter contains sections titled: Exercises for Chapter 6 References for Chapter 6 Further Readings for Chapter 6
Representation after the 'Occupy' Movements

American government and politics have always been premised on traditional notions of representation. The actual nature of representation in the American system — existential representation — has always been problematic — even at local levels. Decennial census results regularly raise the same questions about whether location, philosophy, and/or ethnicity should be a factor in representation, and the courts intervene to decide such questions every decade. Recent developments in campaign finance — especially the aftermath of key court cases, among them Buckley v. Valeo and Citizens United v. FEC — have made representation even more problematic by entwining it with claims to rights to free speech. These issues are familiar, although recent developments have exacerbated them. However, the surprising emergence of the “Occupy” movements around the country has raised new questions about representation. These movements have claimed to represent “the 99%” as against the “1%” who are allegedly represented by the elected officials whose campaigns they largely finance, and whose interests the Republicans, at least, seem often to be representing. Some similar questions were raised earlier by what came to be called the “tea party movement.” Among the questions needing careful and imaginative examination — raised more clearly by these developments, although long present in less obvious ways — are these: Can activists legitimately claim to represent others who are not active and have not chosen them? Can circumstances, such as the extremes of wealth and poverty in contemporary America and the exacerbation of these extremes by economic crisis, legitimate such claims to representation? Does political money create the conditions of ostensible representation, both that of those who possess and use the money politically, and of those who lack it and so cannot compete? For that matter, does money itself represent political interests in a way similar to the way that currency represents some version of value or wealth today, even in the absence of its backing by gold and silver? Can activists (campaign contributors or demonstrators, for example) legitimately claim to represent the interests of those who don’t actually contribute or demonstrate? What actions can such self-declared representatives legitimately undertake as representatives in the service of those they claim to represent? Speaking for them? Lobbying for their asserted interests? Deciding policy by fiat (executive order, for example) or by legislation or creating stalemate consistent with their group’s interests? What roles do opinion polls legitimately play in revealing or manifesting interests to be so represented — or do they sometimes create those interests? Political philosophers have long addressed questions of representation in the abstract. Today what is needed is for practitioners and observers to address these new versions of such questions. This paper undertakes to do just that.
Piranha Pin Fin (PPF) — Advanced flow boiling microstructures with low surface tension dielectric fluids

Abstract Flow boiling of HFE7000 in a new class of structured microchannel, termed Piranha Pin Fin ( PPF ), is studied. The novel heat sink consists of an array of 150 micron diameter microstructures entrenched in a 2.4 mm wide silicon channel, with overall device dimensions of 12 by 28 mm. Mass fluxes ranging from 1200 to 7000 kg/s/m 2 are used to dissipate base heat loads up to 700 W/cm 2 , provided over a 6 mm 2 heating element located beneath the PPF array. Experimental single phase and flow boiling heat transfer data is presented for two flow configurations within the microdevice — open flow and extraction flow . The effect of system pressure on phase change heat transfer is experimentally examined at operating pressures of 1.4 atm and 2.8 atm. Single and two phase heat transfer coefficients, Nusselt numbers, exit quality, and pressure drop data is presented to develop a comprehensive system-level analysis of the unique heat sink.
Characterization and Classification of Vegetation Canopy Structure and Distribution within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Using LiDAR

Vegetation canopy structure is a critically important habitat characteristic for many threatened and endangered birds and other animal species, and it is key information needed by forest and wildlife managers for monitoring and managing forest resources, conservation planning and fostering biodiversity. Advances in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technologies have enabled remote sensing-based studies of vegetation canopies by capturing three-dimensional structures, yielding information not available in two-dimensional images of the landscape provided by traditional multi-spectral remote sensing platforms. However, the large volume data sets produced by airborne LiDAR instruments pose a significant computational challenge, requiring algorithms to identify and analyze patterns of interest buried within LiDAR point clouds in a computationally efficient manner, utilizing state-of-art computing infrastructure. We developed and applied a computationally efficient approach to analyze a large volume of LiDAR data and characterized the vegetation canopy structures for 139,859 hectares (540 sq. miles) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. This study helps improve our understanding of the distribution of vegetation and animalhabitats in this extremely diverse ecosystem.
Oncology Grand Rounds: Platelet transfusion—clinical applications in the oncology setting

The increased availability of platelets for transfusion has been a major factor in the improved prognosis noted in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. This review summarizes our current understanding of the proper use of platelet transfusion for patients with leukemia and cancer, with a particular emphasis on the management of alloimmunized patients. The need for careful and close collaboration between the blood bank and the referring clinicians is emphasized. Cryopreservation of autologous platelets, which can be of considerable assistance in the management of alloimmunized patients, and a summary of the large number of questions that still require further investigation are presented.
Variation of formal hydrogen-bonding networks within electronically delocalized π-conjugated oligopeptide nanostructures.

This photophysical study characterizes the generality of intermolecular electronic interactions present within nanomaterials derived from self-assembling oligopeptides with embedded π-conjugated oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) subunits stilbene and distyrylbenzene that in principle present two distinct β-sheet motifs. Two different synthetic approaches led to oligopeptides that upon self-assembly are expected to self-assemble into multimeric aggregates stabilized by β-sheet-like secondary structures. The target molecules express either two C-termini linked to the central OPV core (symmetric peptides) or the more common N-termini to C-termini polarity typical of natural oligopeptides (nonsymmetric peptides). Both peptide secondary structures were shown to form extended 1-D peptide aggregates with intimate intermolecular π-electron interactions. Differences in length of the π-conjugated OPV segments resulted in differing extents of intermolecular interactions and the resulting photophysics. The peptides contai...
Research survey suggests opportunities.

Six hundred twenty-four members of the Medical Library Association (MLA) took the time to respond to a survey about what they did and thought in their own research lives. Results are reported in this issue [1]. This impressive research presentation deserves some comment. First, we have to consider who filled out the survey. The response rate was less than 20%, meaning that 4 out of 5 MLA members did not respond. Who are these nonresponders? We can only speculate. My guess is they compose 2 groups: some too busy to take the relatively short survey (34 questions) and the rest just not interested in surveys about research. My estimate is the second was the larger group. They are probably younger, too. Most of those who did respond were more than 10 years out from their library degrees. Which means that interest in research and barriers to research that the survey found may not represent MLA membership in general. The other four out of five members may have totally different viewpoints. And opinions may have changed since the survey was done five years ago. Caution in interpretation of surveys is always wise. Still, there were some interesting findings. The researchers divided results into two groups, academics versus hospital librarians. An “Other” group was included but was too diverse to categorize. Most respondents read research literature at least between once a week and once a month. They generally felt that research had benefits for library decision making, to guide collections and improve or initiate new services. They also agreed that research can demonstrate library value to funding authorities. Because the academic environment is generally more supportive of research, it was no surprise that academics were more likely than hospital librarians to conduct research, present posters or papers at professional meetings, and apply for grants. Barriers to doing research were similar, except hospital librarians were much more likely to be restricted by lack of time.
Cloud Computing Architecture Research Based on Service Oriented Architecture

Cloud computing,as a new service-oriented computing paradigm,is aimed to share resources.Based on researching the concept,characteristics,service kinds of cloud computing,and service oriented architecture(SOA) the connection between cloud computing and SOA is studied.In this paper,the SOA of cloud computing is devised,physics resource layer,service constructed layer,service layer,virtual service layer,converge layer and application layer are depicted.Finally,the process of offering service is depicted.the model provides a usable research direction for studying clound computing architecture.
P076 : ASSESSMENT OF CELL FRACTION PURITY BY PCR ON SEQUENTIAL LINEGE-SPECIFIC CELL SEPARATIONS FOR CHIMERISM MONITORING

Monitoring the lineage-specific chimerism following stem cell transplantation is a valuable tool in detection of relapse and directing post-transplant treatment. Assessment of chimerism of multiple lineages is becoming a routine practice and may pose a problem when a limited amount of blood can be collected from a patient, especially a young child. In this case, the first round of positive selection may be followed by positive selection using the negative fraction from the first round. To evaluate the purity after sequential positive separations, we performed two- and three-step lineage separations using 5 ml of blood. CD3 and CD19 cells were separated from buffy coats using RoboSep robot and EasySep kits (StemCell Technologies); negative fraction was used for positive selection of CD19 and CD3 cells, respectively. Alternatively, negative fraction from CD33 positive selection was used for two more consecutive steps of separation of CD3 followed by CD19 cells or vice versa. The purity of cell populations was assessed by PCR-based Non-T and Non-B Genomic Detection Kit (Accumol). The Accumol PCR kits are based on amplification of the ultra-conserved sequence of human genome DNA along with the sequences that, due to excision during TCR and IGH gene rearrangement, are absent from CD3 or CD19 cells, respectively. The purity of the populations obtained in the first round was well within the acceptable range of purity specified for EasySep kits. Consecutively obtained cell populations showed a trend towards lower purity, with a few below the acceptable range. We conclude that sequential cell separations can be used, when only a limited volume of blood is available and multiple cell populations need to be tested for chimerism status; however, the purity of obtained cell populations should be closely monitored. Accumol PCR-based purity kit proved to be a convenient method that can be used instead of flow cytometry for assessment of lineage population purity.
Topics in NLSE Theory

In this chapter we shall examine somewhat briefly topics in the theory of nonlinear simultaneous equations (NLSE), including NLML (nonlinear maximum likelihood), NL2SLS, NL3SLS, the so called generalized method of moments (GMM), as well as issues related to “causality”, and the consequences of misspecification.
Time spent in state-recommended functions by consultant dietitians in Wisconsin skilled nursing facilities

In this study we determined how consultant dietitians working in Wisconsin skilled nursing facilities distributed their time among contracted duties. At the time of the study, the 400 skilled nursing facilities in Wisconsin employed 160 consultant dietitians. Of these, 135 consultant dietitians were eligible to participate in the study. A mailed questionnaire was used to collect data on educational background, experience, and actual time spent in state-recommended functions, additional resident-care functions, and additional non-resident-care functions. Completed, usable questionnaires were returned by 65 (48%) of the 135 consultant dietitians. Data were analyzed statistically and presented as medians, means, and standard deviations. Mean time (minutes) consultant dietitians spent per resident admission activity was as follows: data collection, 31.3; care planning, 28.9; resident counseling, 18.5; medical record review, 17.7; discharge referral, 15.4. Mean time (minutes) consultant dietitians spent per month in other activities was as follows: facility evaluation, 75.3; student training, 120; allied staff training, 38.7; foodservice staff training, 46.8; technician training, 128; menu planning, 76.9; diet manual review, 21.6; quality assurance programs, 31.8; quality assurance audits, 34; report preparation for facility administrator, 33.4; and policy development, 32.8. Mean times reported in this study may be used as time guidelines by the state of Wisconsin for evaluating how skilled nursing facilities contract for services of consultant dietitians. Other state and federal regulatory agencies could use the time guidelines for comparison and verification until future studies provide more data on time standards for state-recommended functions, additional resident-care functions, and additional non-resident-care functions.
The English Succession Crisis and Debates about Mary Stewart: Law, National Identity, Citizenship and the Queen’s Two Bodies

Sir Ralph Sadler wrote this speech for the House of Commons in 1563, shortly after Queen Elizabeth I had recovered from her almost life-depriving case of smallpox, and the question of succession was foremost in the thoughts of many of her subjects. Debated among many members of the Houses of Lords and Commons, discussed in private letters that circulated among the Members of Parliament, and read in various published pamphlets during the 1560s, the question of the Elizabethan succession became what J.E. Neale, using Elizabethan terminology, called the ‘great and weighty matter’ of 1560s English politics.2 The emphasis on the succession among members of the political nation of England and the importance of the issue resulted in great debate about the legal and philosophical reasons for and against the exclusion of the line of Margaret Tudor from the English throne. The arguments promoted by both sides in these debates discuss contemporary opinions about inheritance law and nascent ideas about citizenship in England in the mid-1560s. In addition, the Succession Crisis debates, which revolved around the right of Mary Stewart to inherit the throne, emphasized some of the great medieval political theories, such as that of the king’s ‘two bodies’. In their writings, English lawyers utilized the concept of the king’s two bodies in sixteenth-century political philosophy, demonstrating how early modernists understood the medieval concept.3
Alternative interpretation and scale-based context for “No evidence of recent (1995–2013) decrease of yellow-cedar in Alaska” (Barrett and Pattison 2017)

In their analysis of resampled and remeasured plot data from the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program, Barrett and Pattison (2017, Can. J. For. Res. 47(1): 97–105, doi:10...
Noncoronary Surgical Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease

Mechanical complications of coronary artery disease are rare but frequently lead to fatal outcomes. Saving critically ill patients may be possible with optimal timing of surgical intervention. While selecting the most appropriate patients for these life-saving therapies is difficult in the acuity of the moment, certain perioperative variables can guide clinicians’ decision-making.
Toward a Social Psychological Understanding of Migration and Assimilation

The experience of migrating and attempting to integrate into a host society is personally and interactionally daunting. This article suggests ways social psychological perspectives may deepen our u...
A cross-disciplinary evaluation of evidence for multipollutant effects on cardiovascular disease

Abstract Background The current single-pollutant approach to regulating ambient air pollutants is effective at protecting public health, but efficiencies may be gained by addressing issues in a multipollutant context since multiple pollutants often have common sources and individuals are exposed to more than one pollutant at a time. Objective We performed a cross-disciplinary review of the effects of multipollutant exposures on cardiovascular effects. Methods A broad literature search for references including at least two criteria air pollutants (particulate matter [PM], ozone [O3], oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide) was conducted. References were culled based on scientific discipline then searched for terms related to cardiovascular disease. Most multipollutant epidemiologic and experimental (i.e., controlled human exposure, animal toxicology) studies examined PM and O3 together. Discussion Epidemiologic and experimental studies provide some evidence for O3 concentration modifying the effect of PM, although PM did not modify O3 risk estimates. Experimental studies of combined exposure to PM and O3 provided evidence for additivity, synergism, and/or antagonism depending on the specific health endpoint. Evidence for other pollutant pairs was more limited. Conclusions Overall, the evidence for multipollutant effects was often heterogeneous, and the limited number of studies inhibited making a conclusion about the nature of the relationship between pollutant combinations and cardiovascular disease.
Meanings of Breast Cancer Survivorship Among Members of Ethnically-Identified Support Groups

Research on both cancer survivorship and support needs has been limited in its attention to survivors from culturally-diverse communities. This study examined the perspectives of members and leaders of ethnically-identified breast cancer support groups regarding the meanings and expectations attached to survivorship. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 African American and Latina survivors in Central Florida. Participant narratives invoked themes of spiritual renewal and deepening religious faith, and deemphasized individual responsibility for personal change. Participants emphasized the importance of shared cultural identity in shaping the survivor experience, and some Latina women drew parallels between survivorship and the challenges of migration to a new country. An unwavering display of optimism was held to be paramount. These themes are interpreted within the framework of the interplay between dominant societal discourses of survivorship and locally-constructed meanings. Findings underscore the importance for healthcare providers to be cognizant and respectful of diverse perspectives on illness.
Content-Rich Versus Content-Deficient Video-Based Visuals in L2 Academic Listening Tests: Pilot Study

This article compares second language test-takers' performance on an academic listening test in an audio-only mode versus an audio-video mode. A new method of classifying video-based visuals was de...
Nuclear Risks in Northeast Asia: Opportunities and Challenges for Extended Deterrence and Assurance

In February 2018, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Nagasaki University convened a conference on Nuclear Risks in North East Asia. The conference addressed two sources of nuclear r...
Abundance and Speciation of Surface Oxygen on Nanosized Platinum Catalysts and Effect on Catalytic Activity

Oxygen at the surface of nanosized platinum has a direct effect on catalytic activity of oxidation–reduction chemical reactions. However, the abundance and speciation of oxygen remain uncertain for platinum with different particle size and shape characteristics, which has hindered the development of fundamental property–activity relationships. We have characterized two commercially available platinum nanocatalysts known as Pt black and Pt nanopowder to evaluate the effects of synthesis and heating conditions on the physical and surface chemical properties, as well as on catalytic activity. Characterization using complementary electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and spectroscopic methods showed that the larger average crystallite size of Pt nanopowder (23 nm) compared to Pt black (11 nm) corresponds with a 70% greater surface oxygen concentration. Heating the samples in air resulted in an increase in surface oxygen concentration for both nanocatalysts. Surface oxygen associated with platinum is in the f...
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENERVATED NICTITATING MEMBRANE OF THE CAT DURING DEGENERATION OF THE ADRENERGIC INNERVATION

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the observations on the denervated nictitating membrane of the cat during degeneration of the adrenergic innervation. The sensitivity to norepinephrine of the denervated nictitating membrane of spinal cats was determined at various stages of the degeneration contraction. The earliest development of supersensitivity was found just before the degeneration contraction began and full supersensitivity was reached during relaxation from this contraction. At that time, the denervated nictitating membrane was 10 times more sensitive than the corresponding decentralized nictitating membrane, and for up to 14 days there was no further change in the difference in sensitivity to norepinephrine between the denervated, and the decentralized nictitating membrane and full dose-response curves were obtained with intravenous injections of tyramine. The maximal response of the denervated nictitating membrane to tyramine remained normal during the beginning of the degeneration contraction and began to decline when the maximum of this contraction was reached.
Ultrasound-guided intravenous catheter survival impacted by amount of catheter residing in the vein

Objective Ultrasound (US)-guided peripheral IVs have a high failure rate. We explore the relationship between the quantity of catheter residing within the vein and the functionality of the catheter over time. Methods This was a prospective, observational single-site study. Adult ED patients with US-guided IVs had the catheter visualised under ultrasound post-placement. IV placement time and catheter length residing in the vein was obtained. Exclusions included catheter not visualised, patient discharged from ED unless IV failed, Inpatient follow-up occurred within 24, 48 and 72 hours from the IV placement time. Catheter functionality was noted. If the catheter failed, the time and reason for failure was documented. Results 113 patients were enrolled; 27 were excluded. Of the 86 study subjects, 29 (33.7%) patients’ IVs failed and 57 (66.3%) remained functional. Median time to IV failure was 15.6 hours. 100% of IVs failed when Conclusion The quantity of catheter residing in the vein is a key predictor of long-term functionality of US-guided IVs and is strongly associated with the hazard of failure within 72 hours. Catheter failure is high when
Pilot Study of Audiometric Patterns in Fuchs Corneal Dystrophy.

Purpose Although Fuchs corneal dystrophy (FCD) is considered an eye disease, a small number of studies have identified genes related to both FCD and hearing loss. Whether FCD is related to hearing ...
Conclusions: Beyond Justice and Freedom!

The concluding chapter reiterates the urgent need to move the debate over political Islam and violence from theoretical postulation to examining the empirical evidence on the nature of Islamist polities and the extent to which they can be objectively judged based on their behaviors and outcomes. Some key themes become apparent: the political tragedies of post-World War II represent valid reasons for the emergence and resilience of political Islam; there is a need to look beyond the binary discussion of freedom and justice, and more into the values of a pluralistic society, with an emphasis on ethics; there is a wide range of unfounded optimism for a post-Islamism world, where political Islam would moderate its appeal; and there is a dire need to bring more justice to the global order. Finally, the chapter suggests the way forward based on a set of factors that have lingering effects and strategic leverage on the aspirations of Islamists.
The Interface of School, Community, and Health Care Reform: Organizational Directions Toward Effective Services for Children and Youth

A great deal of research and national discussion recently has focused on three areas of reform: school reform, community services reform, and health care reform. Yet, few have talked about how thes...
Brief of Constitutional Law Scholars in North Carolina v. Kaestner

Nominally, this case is about whether North Carolina may tax a trust’s undistributed net income because the trust’s beneficiary resided in North Carolina during the relevant tax years. But the broader problem is that many states seek to tax trust income based on the local residence of various persons or assets connected to the trust. The existence of multiple triggers for taxation raises a problem of overlapping jurisdiction that the Due Process Clause is ill-suited to address. For example, if a settlor in State W designates a trustee in state X, who holds assets in an account in state Y, for a beneficiary in State Z, four different states might seek to tax the trust’s income and might not provide offsetting credits. The Due Process Clause, as opposed to the Dormant Commerce Clause, is a poor fit for sorting out this regulatory overlap for at least three reasons. First, the Court’s due process jurisprudence is designed to identify when a given state may act in isolation, rather than when the overlapping authority of multiple states creates a risk of cumulative burdens. Second, current Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence provides robust tools for addressing the problem of cumulative burdens. Third, relying on the Dormant Commerce Clause rather than the Due Process Clause would preserve flexibility for Congress to provide comprehensive solutions if it identifies a problem arising from multistate taxation of trust income. In contrast, a ruling on Due Process grounds that North Carolina may not impose the tax at issue here, or that other states may not tax trusts in other circumstances, would tie Congress’s hands in the face of tax avoidance schemes that may undermine reasonable state interests.
Damaged Goods: Merchandise, Stories, and Gender in Chaucer’s the Man of Law’s Tale

Critics tend to impugn Chaucer’s Man of Law for possessing an economic attitude toward stories and storytelling. This chapter argues that the Man of Law’s view is not a product of poor storytelling or Chaucer’s satirical pen, but rather one shared by a wide range of medieval writers and rhetoricians who present stories as commodities to be merchandised through rhetoric. This economy of storytelling is tied to gender in two key ways. One, stories are depicted not only as commodities, but also as feminine corpora, and their advertising through rhetoric is often framed in sexual terms that take a disturbingly violent turn. Two, those writers who lack poetic property are described not only as poor, but also as emasculated. This chapter examines how gender ideology undergirds medieval economies of storytelling and the way in which that ideology is framed by sexual violence and nationalism.
The roles of motivation and metacognition in producing self-regulated learners of college physical science: a review of empirical studies

The goal of this review is to identify studies of self-regulated learning of students taking introductory physical science (chemistry, physics, and engineering) courses in college. This study analy...
A meta-analysis of self-reported anticipatory and consummatory pleasure in the schizophrenia-spectrum.

Abstract Objective Recent conceptual frameworks propose anhedonia reflects abnormalities in the temporal dynamics of positive emotion in schizophrenia, characterized by intact consummatory and impaired anticipatory pleasure. A comprehensive meta-analysis can directly test this theory using self-report data. Method A meta-analysis was performed on studies reporting Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) data from healthy controls and schizophrenia or schizotypy groups. The TEPS was examined as it contains subscales to measure both consummatory and anticipatory pleasure separately. Statistical heterogeneity and study bias were examined. Meta-regressions evaluated moderators. Results 53 studies were retrieved (7,797 participants). Results revealed small effect sizes for comparisons of combined schizophrenia/schizotypy and control groups for both consummatory and anticipatory pleasure. Within-group comparisons of pleasure conditions were nonsignificant. The percentage of male schizophrenia/schizotypy participants significantly moderated anticipatory and consummatory pleasure for the combined sample and schizotypy alone; male participants were found to report reduced pleasure. There was only minor evidence of bias; sensitivity analysis confirmed result robustness. Exploratory outlier removal for schizophrenia within-group pleasure comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference between reported anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, with consummatory pleasure reduced relative to anticipatory (i.e., in the opposite direction of the majority of experimental research findings). Conclusions These findings provided only modest support for the temporal dynamics of positive emotion conceptualization because they revealed no evidence for: 1) specific anticipatory pleasure deficits in schizophrenia-spectrum participants compared to controls; 2) significant reductions in anticipatory pleasure relative to consummatory pleasure in schizophrenia-spectrum participants.
X-ray synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles onto 2D and 3D graphene oxide supports

Abstract Gold (Au), Palladium (Pd), and Ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles were synthesized onto 2D and 3D graphene oxide using X-ray induced synthesis. Absorbed doses of ~20 kGy produced Pd and Au nanoparticles of ~5 nm and ~17 nm in size, respectively. Higher absorbed doses such as 60 kGy generated Ru nanoparticles with an average size of ~3 nm. CT-scan imaging confirmed metal particle formation inside the 3D graphene oxide supports, an advantage of X-ray induced synthesis over conventional approaches. The catalytic activity of Ru/GO monoliths, the smallest nanoparticles produced on monoliths, was tested through the olefination of alkyl acrylates. Results showed the high catalytic activity of the heterogeneous Ru catalysts structures similar to the homogeneous catalysis reported in the literature. Overall, this work demonstrates that X-ray assisted synthesis is a method that allows for nanoparticle formation at mild conditions of room temperature and pressure, in the absence of harsh chemicals in aqueous media suitable to fabricate catalysts in 2D and 3D carbon supports.
rmRNAseq: differential expression analysis for repeated-measures RNA-seq data.

Motivation With the reduction in price of next-generation sequencing technologies, gene expression profiling using RNA-seq has increased the scope of sequencing experiments to include more complex designs, such as designs involving repeated measures. In such designs, RNA samples are extracted from each experimental unit at multiple time points. The read counts that result from RNA sequencing of the samples extracted from the same experimental unit tend to be temporally correlated. Although there are many methods for RNA-seq differential expression analysis, existing methods do not properly account for within-unit correlations that arise in repeated-measures designs. Results We address this shortcoming by using normalized log-transformed counts and associated precision weights in a general linear model pipeline with continuous autoregressive structure to account for the correlation among observations within each experimental unit. We then utilize parametric bootstrap to conduct differential expression inference. Simulation studies show the advantages of our method over alternatives that do not account for the correlation among observations within experimental units. Availability and implementation We provide an R package rmRNAseq implementing our proposed method (function TC_CAR1) at https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rmRNAseq/index.html. Reproducible R codes for data analysis and simulation are available at https://github.com/ntyet/rmRNAseq/tree/master/simulation.
Why Will Won’t Destroy Section 1983 Damages Actions

In a recent article in the Criminal Law Bulletin, David L. and Lynne W. Abney concluded that the United States Supreme Court’s recent holding in Will v. Michigan Department of State Police was 'deceptively direct.' State officials are not liable in damages actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for acts that those state officials have committed within the scope of their official duties.” Moreover, the Abney’s suggested that a Section 1983 plaintiff could not 'avoid the effect of Will by simply designating the action as a suit against the state official in his or her individual capacity.' This broad and far-reaching interpretation has some apparent support in a portion of one sentence of the Court’s opinion. This article argues, however, that when one considers that sentence in the factual and legal context in which Will was decided, both the holding and the implications of Will become much narrower. The article suggests that the holding is limited to the viability of Section 1983 damages against states or state officials who are sued in their official capacities, and holds no implications for Section 1983 actions against state officials in their personal capacities.
Area-Level Variation and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States: A Systematic Review

Understanding how human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage varies by geography can help to identify areas of need for prevention and control efforts. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using a combination of keywords (HPV vaccination, geography, neighborhoods, and sociodemographic factors) on Medline and Embase databases. Studies had to provide information on HPV vaccination by area-level variables, be conducted in the United States, and be published in English (analyzing data from January 2006 to February 2020). Conference abstracts and opinion pieces were excluded. Of 733 records identified, 25 were included for systematic review. Across studies, the average initiation rate was 40.5% (range, 6.3%-78.0%). The average rate of completion was 23.4% (range, 1.7%-55.2%). Geographic regions and area-level factors were associated with HPV vaccination, including zip code tabulation area-level poverty, urbanicity/rurality, racial/ethnic composition, and health service region characteristics. Only three studies utilized geospatial approaches. None accounted for geospatial-temporal associations. Individual-level and area-level factors and their interactions are important for characterizing HPV vaccination. Results demonstrate the need to move beyond existing multilevel methods and toward the adoption of geospatial approaches that allow for the mapping and detection of geographic areas with low HPV vaccination coverage.
Mimicking Natural Photosynthesis: Designing Ultrafast Photosensitized Electron Transfer into Multiheme Cytochrome Protein Nanowires.

Efficient nanomaterials for artificial photosynthesis require fast and robust unidirectional electron transfer (ET) from photosensitizers through charge-separation and accumulation units to redox-active catalytic sites. We explored the ultrafast time-scale limits of photo-induced charge transfer between a Ru(II)tris(bipyridine) derivative photosensitizer and PpcA, a 3-heme c-type cytochrome serving as a nanoscale biological wire. Four covalent attachment sites (K28C, K29C, K52C, and G53C) were engineered in PpcA enabling site-specific covalent labeling with expected donor-acceptor (DA) distances of 4–8 A. X-ray scattering results demonstrated that mutations and chemical labeling did not disrupt the structure of the proteins. Time-resolved spectroscopy revealed three orders of magnitude difference in charge transfer rates for the systems with otherwise similar DA distances and the same number of covalent bonds separating donors and acceptors. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations provided additional insight into the structure-function requirements for ultrafast charge transfer and the requirement of van der Waals contact between aromatic atoms of photosensitizers and hemes in order to observe sub-nanosecond ET. This work demonstrates opportunities to utilize multi-heme c-cytochromes as frameworks for designing ultrafast light-driven ET into charge-accumulating biohybrid model systems, and ultimately for mimicking the photosynthetic paradigm of efficiently coupling ultrafast, light-driven electron transfer chemistry to multi-step catalysis within small, experimentally versatile photosynthetic biohybrid assemblies.