cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1α by neurons and axons in the cochlear nucleus: In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry

mGluR1alpha is a metabotropic glutamate receptor involved in synaptic modifiability. A differential expression in specific neuronal types could reflect their different connections and response properties in central auditory processing. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we studied mGluR1alpha receptor expression throughout the cochlear nucleus. Robust labeling occurred in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and small cell shell, with less in the ventral cochlear nucleus. Among the most intensely labeled were the granule cells of the small cell shell. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus, most cell types expressed message and receptor protein, except granule cells. High levels of receptor were expressed by corn cells and cartwheel cells. The terminal dendrites and synaptic spines of cartwheel and fusiform cells contained receptor protein in the molecular layer, where they could synapse with parallel fibers. Fusiform dendrites also expressed mRNA for mGluR1alpha. The basal dendrites of fusiform cells contained receptor protein in the region where they receive cochlear nerve synapses. Immunostaining of terminal axons was prominent in the molecular layer and the small cell shell, where they were associated with synaptic nests, structures thought to provide long-term changes in excitability. Differential expression levels may reflect different functional requirements of specific cell types, including inhibitory interneurons, like corn cells and cartwheel cells, and excitatory interneurons, like granule cells in the small cell shell, which may participate in local circuits involved in modulatory or gating functions, such as stimulus enhancement or suppression. In presynaptic axons, mGluR1alpha may relate to the long-term signaling requirements of their modulatory functions.
A novel post-exposure medical countermeasure L-97-1 improves survival and acute lung injury following intratracheal infection with Yersinia pestis.

Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacillus causing plague and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classified Category A pathogen, has high potential as a bioweapon. Lipopolysaccharide, a virulence factor for Y. pestis, binds to and activates A1 adenosine receptor (AR)s and, in animals, A1AR antagonists block induced acute lung injury (ALI) and increase survival following cecal ligation and perforation. In this study, rats were infected intratracheally with viable Y. pestis [CO99 (pCD1+/Δpgm) 1 × 108 CFU/animal] and treated daily for 3 d with ciprofloxacin (cipro), the A1AR antagonist L-97-1, or cipro plus L-97-1 starting at 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 h post-Y. pestis. At 72 h post-Y. pestis, cipro plus L-97-1 significantly improved 6-d survival to 60–70% vs 28% for cipro plus H2O and 33% for untreated Y. pestis controls (P = 0.02, logrank test). Lung edema, hemorrhage and leukocyte infiltration index (LII) were evaluated histologically to produce ALI scores. Cipro plus L-97-1 significantly reduced lu...
Histochemical localization of rhodanese activity in rat liver and skeletal muscle.

Abstract A previously described histochemical technique was applied to the localization of rhodanese (thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) activity in rat skeletal muscle and liver. The physiological function of rhodanese is controversial, but it and other sulfurtransferases can catalyze the conversion of cyanide to the much less toxic thiocyanate. The volume of distribution of cyanide in human and dog is said to correspond roughly to the blood volume. Because of this and other observations, it was hypothesized that sulfurtransferase activity associated with the vascular endothelium or smooth muscle layers of blood vessels might play a role in cyanide detoxification. However, little enzyme activity as identified histochemically was associated with those sites in comparison with others examined. As expected, high activity was found in the liver and moderately high levels were present in skeletal muscle. In muscles sectioned longitudinally, points of rhodanese staining occurred in linear arrays along the lengths of the muscle fiber corresponding to the location of mitochondria within the fiber. The original technique called for incubation of tissue sections with both thiosulfate and cyanide. When thiosulfate was omitted, staining for rhodanese activity was still clearly identifiable in both liver and muscle sections with cyanide alone. In muscle sections the inclusion of both thiosulfate and cyanide resulted in a preferential staining of type I fibers presumably because of their higher content of mitochondria. Thus, this technique is a potential alternative to the NADH dehydrogenase stain for distinguishing between type I and type II muscle fibers. Incubation of tissue sections with only thiosulfate produced results that did not appear to differ from those obtained when both substrates were omitted. From these observations it may be inferred that the endogenous pool of sulfane-sulfur available to sulfurtransferases is larger than any alleged endogenous pool of cyanide. Although sulfurtransferase activity in muscle appeared to be lower than that in liver, the total body muscle mass is greater than the liver mass. Thus, these results support other evidence that skeletal muscle may make a significant contribution to total cyanide biotransformation in the absence of exogenously added thiosulfate.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Measurement of Total Sugar Content of Breakfast Cereals

Two different computerized scanning near-infrared (NIR) reflectance instruments were used to determine the total sugar content of 84 samples of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. One of the instruments was commercially built, the Neotec 6350, and the other was built in the Instrumentation Research Laboratory, HSI, ARS, USDA. The total sugar content of the cereals, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), ranged from 0 to 54%. The samples were divided into two sets, one used for calibration of both NIR instruments and the other used for prediction. Various mathematical treatments of the spectral reflectance data were evaluated for optimal prediction of sugar content, and best prediction by both instruments was obtained by a two-term regression equation using ratios of first derivatives of log 1/R. The correlation between the NIR measurement and the GLC analysis was the same for both instruments. The standard errors of prediction of 2.8% and 2.7% total sugar are only slightly larger than the errors associated with the GLC method with which they are compared. Two different types of spectra were observed in the cereal samples. One was identified as characteristic of crystalline sugar, and the other characteristic of amorphous sugar.
Cyclosilicate nanocomposite: A novel resorbable bioactive tissue engineering scaffold for BMP and bone‐marrow cell delivery

Porous bioactive resorbable silica–calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC) was prepared by a sintering technique. XRD analyses showed that the main crystalline phases of the SCPC are Na3CaPSiO7 (clinophosinaite), β-NaCaPO4 (rhenanite), Na2CaSiO4, and β-quartz (SiO2). The clinophosinaite is a novel cyclosilicate bioactive mineral that enhanced the mechanical and bioactivity properties of the SCPC. TEM analysis showed that the grain sizes of the multiphase SCPC are in the nanometer scale. Moreover, the SCPC was engineered with nano- and microscale porosity. The SCPC had significantly higher compressive strength than porous hydroxyapatite (HA). FTIR analyses revealed the formation of biological hydroxyapatite layer on the SCPC surface after 4 days of immersion in SBF. When SCPC was loaded with rhBMP-2, it provided a superior release profile of biologically active rhBMP-2 compared to porous HA. Bone-marrow cells incubated with medium treated with the rhBMP-2 released from the SCPC-rhBMP-2 hybrid expressed significantly higher alkaline phosphatase activity than that expressed by cells incubated with media treated with rhBMP-2 released from HA-rhBMP-2. In addition, cells attached to the SCPC-rhBMP-2 hybrid produced mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) and bone-like tissue that covered the material surface and filled pores in the entire thickness of the template after 3 weeks in culture. In contrary, cells attached to the HA-rhBMP-2 produced limited amount of unmineralized ECM after the same time period. Results of the study strongly suggest that the porous bioactive silica–calcium phosphate nanocomposite can serve as a delivery system for cells and biological molecules. The SCPC-rhBMP-2-marrow cell hybrid may serve as an alternative to autologous bone grafting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 71A: 377–390, 2004
An in vitro evolved glmS ribozyme has the wild-type fold but loses coenzyme dependence

Uniquely among known ribozymes, the glmS ribozyme-riboswitch requires a small-molecule coenzyme, glucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcN6P). Although consistent with its gene-regulatory function, the use of GlcN6P is unexpected because all of the other characterized self-cleaving ribozymes use RNA functional groups or divalent cations for catalysis. To determine what active site features make this ribozyme reliant on GlcN6P and to evaluate whether it might have evolved from a coenzyme-independent ancestor, we isolated a GlcN6P-independent variant through in vitro selection. Three active site mutations suffice to generate a highly reactive RNA that adopts the wild-type fold but uses divalent cations for catalysis and is insensitive to GlcN6P. Biochemical and crystallographic comparisons of wild-type and mutant ribozymes show that a handful of functional groups fine-tune the RNA to be either coenzyme or cation dependent. These results indicate that a few mutations can confer new biochemical activities on structured RNAs. Thus, families of structurally related ribozymes with divergent function may exist.
Transient operation of monolith catalytic converters: a two-dimensional reactor model and the effects of radially nonuniform flow distributions

Abstract The transient operation of monolithic catalytic converters was stimulated using a two-dimensional equivalent continuum model that allowed us to systematically evaluate the effects of nonuniform flow disributions, of ambient heat losses, and of radially varying catalytic activity profiles on reactor performance. Non-uniform flow distributions characterized by high fluid velocities in an inner core of the reactor may substantially degrade its light-off performance, but such adverse effects can be alleviated by using “flow-tailoring” devices. The simulation results show that a step decrease in the feedstream temperature can lead to “wrong-way” behavior that here takes the form of large and highly localized overtemperature excursions. Ambient heat losses may substantially decrease the steady-state conversions obtained in a converter, although they only slightly retard the light-off process. Finally, the effects of radially nonuniform catalytic activity profiles are investigated. The presented results demonstrate that flow nonuniformities must be considered in comprehensive converter models together with other important design parameters that include the thermal mass of the reactor, exhaust gas temperature and stoichiometry, catalyst loading and gas—solid contact area.
Effects of glucagon on myocardial contractility and hemodynamics in acute experimental myocardial infarction. Basis for its possible use in cardiogenic shock

Abstract Effects of glucagon administered intravenously either as a bolus or as an infusion were investigated in dogs with acute myocardial infarction. Glucagon was found to augment the contractile state of the noninfarcted portion of the left ventricle, as indicated by an upward shift of the forcevelocity relation. Left ventricular performance as estimated from the relation between left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left ventricular minute work fell after myocardial infarction. In a similar manner, the left ventricular contractility, as defined by the rate of left ventricular pressure rise from a given level of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, also showed a decline after myocardial infarction. Glucagon reversed these changes: It resulted in a lowering of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and an increase in left ventricular work and the rate of left ventricular pressure rise. Cardiac output, which fell after infarction, rose after glucagon. Glucagon resulted in a rise in the mean arterial pressure from the lowered values which prevailed after infarction. The peripheral vascular resistance varied after infarction. After glucagon, there was a uniform decline in peripheral resistance. While an increase in the heart rate as a manifestation of the positive chronotropic effect of glucagon was marked, absence of cardiac arrhythmias was noteworthy. These effects of glucagon point to its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of the circulatory and/or myocardial failure which may accompany an acute myocardial infarction.
Augmentation mastopexy: to stage or not.

Dr. Nahai: The first patient is a woman in her mid 30s (Figure 1). She has 2 children and wants her breasts to be larger and lifted. The thickness of her breasts in the upper inner quadrant measures 2 cm. Dr. Fisher, how would you help this woman achieve her goals? Figure 1 This woman, in her mid 30s, has had 2 children. She would like her breasts lifted and enlarged. Foad Nahai, MD Dr. Fisher: The first issue would be to find out what size she wants to be. One rule of thumb is that the larger the implant, the less lift is required. If you look at her side view, her nipple is almost at her inframammary fold. I think she has adequate tissue for me to consider subglandular placement of gel implants, using a periareolar incision. Once the implant is inserted, I could determine the amount of skin to excise in the periareolar area. Jack Fisher, MD Dr. Nahai: You would be comfortable using the gel implant with a thickness of 2 cm in the upper inner quadrant? Dr. Fisher: Yes. Dr. Nahai: You feel that, because of nipple position, the augmentation alone might correct her ptosis. But if not, would you then alter the skin envelope? Dr. Fisher: Exactly. Dr. Nahai: Dr. Maxwell, how would you approach treating this patient? Dr. Maxwell: I agree to a certain extent with Dr. Fisher, but this patient has a little too much ptosis for me to anticipate correction with an implant only. I would plan a periareolar approach augmentation mastopexy, incorporating an appropriate purse-string suture. I would use a silicone gel implant of appropriate base width, and I would place it subfascially. Patrick G. Maxwell, MD I am more comfortable using the subfascial position. From my perspective it is a better …
A novel formulation of the volume integral equation for general large electromagnetic scattering problems

A set of volume integral equation formulations for general inhomogeneous anisotropic dielectric objects has been given. MLFMA combined with the proposed method is used to reduce the memory cost and matrix-vector computation. General examples shows the advantage of the method.
Dynamic model of a one-link robot manipulator with both structural and joint flexibility

Equations were developed which describe the motion of a robot manipulator which incorporates both structural and joint flexibility. The emphasis was on the dynamic model of a one-link flexible manipulator to show how critical it is to incorporate joint flexibility and to demonstrate the significance of cross coupling among state variables for small deflection. A set of decoupled dynamic equations was obtained based on the assumed-mode method and on orthogonality relations. By comparison to a model which incorporates cross coupling, it was shown that it is sufficiently accurate to use the decoupled dynamic equations for small joint and structural deflections. Simulations of varying joint stiffness characteristics indicates that there is no rigid mode for the flexible joint system. As such, both structural and joint flexibility must be considered in the analysis and control of such systems. >
High-Involvement Management: Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance

The article reviews the book “High-Involvement Management: Participative Strategies for Improving Organizational Performance,” by Edward E. Lawler III.
Flk-1, a Receptor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Is Expressed by Retinal Progenitor Cells

Throughout development of the vertebrate retina, progenitor cells are multipotential, producing a variety of distinctive cell types. Little is known of the molecular mechanisms directing the determination of cell fate. We have examined retinal progenitor cells for expression of receptor tyrosine kinases in an attempt to define receptors that could allow a progenitor to respond to its environment. We found that the receptor tyrosine kinase Flk-1, previously shown to be expressed in endothelial cells, is also expressed in neural progenitor cells of the mouse retina. Flk-1 RNA expression in the retinal progenitors commences with the onset of neuronal differentiation and persists throughout retinal neurogenesis. Flk-1 RNA and protein levels in the retina vary temporally during development, as shown by in situ hybridization and Western blot analysis. Patterns of beta-galactosidase expression in mice containing the lacZ gene in place of the Flk-1 gene are consistent with Flk-1 being expressed in retinal progenitors. In addition, we show that the ligand of Flk-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is expressed in the developing retina by differentiated cells and that a chimeric ligand of VEGF fused to alkaline phosphatase binds to proliferating retinal progenitors. Furthermore, the neural retina-derived Flk-1 protein kinase is activated by VEGF in vitro. Thus, the Flk-1 receptor protein kinase is expressed on the surface of neural progenitors in mouse retina and may play a critical role in neurogenesis as well as in vasculogenesis.
The Role of Special Education Training in the Development of Socially Just Leaders: Building an Equity Consciousness in Educational Leadership Programs

Over the past two decades, colleges of education along with a number of national organizations and specialized professional associations have sought to improve educational administration programs through the incorporation of a broad policy framework designed to develop socially just leaders. Central to the growth of these new leaders is a commitment to acknowledge and embrace difference and to create educational spaces within which all children can learn. As the notion of social justice within education has been evolving, certain students, particularly those with disabilities, have been railing against persistent inequities within schools. Special education has emerged as one of the most litigious issues that school leaders must confront in their daily practice. Nevertheless, content related to special education and special education law has been a long neglected area within university-based administrator preparation programs and has been strangely absent in conversations relevant to the creation of admin...
Hematopoietic Stem Cells in HIV Disease

The hematopoietic stem cell has long been hypothesized to be a target of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection that limits the potential for compensatory immune cell production. Data have recently emerged documenting stem cell dysfunction in HIV disease and indicating that immune recovery from potent antiretroviral therapy is partly driven by new T-cell generation. Effects of HIV on stem cell physiology, however, appear to be indirect, as stem cells are highly resistant to HIV infection. Despite the presence of surface receptors for HIV, the hematopoietic stem cell is not infectible with HIV. However, stem transduction can be achieved with HIV constructs in which the envelope glycoproteins have been replaced by vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Therefore, hematopoietic stem cells are likely participants in HIV-related cytopenias, but they are spared direct infection and can serve as a resource for cellular therapies for AIDS.
Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of dense plasmas: The Cimarron Project

Abstract We describe the status of a new time-dependent simulation capability for dense plasmas. The backbone of this multi-institutional effort – the Cimarron Project – is the massively parallel molecular dynamics (MD) code “ddcMD,” developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The project’s focus is material conditions such as exist in inertial confinement fusion experiments, and in many stellar interiors: high temperatures, high densities, significant electromagnetic fields, mixtures of high- and low-Z elements, and non-Maxwellian particle distributions. Of particular importance is our ability to incorporate into this classical MD code key atomic, radiative, and nuclear processes, so that their interacting effects under non-ideal plasma conditions can be investigated. This paper summarizes progress in computational methodology, discusses strengths and weaknesses of quantum statistical potentials as effective interactions for MD, explains the model used for quantum events possibly occurring in a collision, describes two new experimental efforts that play a central role in our validation work, highlights some significant results obtained to date, outlines concepts now being explored to deal more efficiently with the very disparate dynamical timescales that arise in fusion plasmas, and provides a careful comparison of quantum effects on electron trajectories predicted by more elaborate dynamical methods.
Disproportionate sales of crime guns among licensed handgun retailers in the United States: a case-control study.

Objective: To determine risk factors among licensed firearm retailers for disproportionate sales of handguns that are later subjected to ownership tracing, generally after use in crime. Design: Case–control; the study period was 1998–2003. Cases were all eligible firearm retailers whose handguns were later traced at a rate that significantly (p Subjects and setting: 60 cases and 240 controls, from the 573 retailers in California selling ⩾ 50 handguns annually during the study period. Main outcome measure: Status as a case. Odds ratios were used to measure relative risk. Results: In multivariate analyses, cases had larger sales volumes, sold inexpensive handguns more often, had a higher percentage of sales denied because the prospective purchasers were prohibited from owning firearms, and were more likely to be in an urban area, in or near a city with a policy of tracing all recovered crime guns. The effects of several risk factors, including status as a pawnbroker and sales to law enforcement personnel, appeared to be mediated by purchaser characteristics for which denied sales are a proxy measure. Conclusions: A number of factors—most of them characteristics of the retailers or of their handgun purchasers, and most of them available in existing data—were linked to disproportionate sales of handguns that are later used in crime.
Multiphase Detonations in Pulse Detonation Engines - A Status Report

Motivated by the current interest in pulse detonation engines, a brief review of previous work on multiphase detonations is presented in this paper. The primary focus is on liquid-fuelled detonations in tubes. Theoretical, computational and experimental studies have shown that if the droplets are fine enough (less than about 10 microns), detonations propagating at about the equivalent gas-phase Chapman-Jouguet detonation velocity can be attained in a variety of fueloxygen systems. With larger droplet sizes, a deficit in the propagation velocity when compared to the gas-phase velocity is observed. Various explanations for this deficit are presented. The minimum droplet size required for fuel-air mixtures is not yet clear. Heating the initial mixture helps both by easing the detonation initiation process as well as aiding in the detonation propagation by introducing some prevaporization and reducing the droplet size. The need for additional research on multiphase detonations to aid in the further development of liquid-fuelled pulse detonation engines is also highlighted.
Generalized pustular psoriasis. A clinical and epidemiological study of 104 cases.

SUMMARY.— A series of 104 cases of generalized pustular psoriasis has been studied. The syndrome occurs predominantly in the second half of life, affecting both sexes. Two quite distinct sub-groups were discernible. In the first the pre-pustular phase of psoriasis began early in life, was typical through-out and was prolonged. At least one third of these cases were apparently precipitated by the withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid therapy. Others were provoked by pregnancy or infection. It is likely that this type is usually extraneously provoked. In the second, the psoriasis was of late onset and atypical, acral or flexural patterns predominating in the pre-pustular phase. In these progress to generalized pustular disease was rapid and apparently spontaneous. Four clinical patterns of generalized pustular phase were apparent and have been named the Zumbusch, annular, localized and exanthematic types. The Zumbusch type was characterized by widespread fiery erythema, sheeted pustulation and scarlatiniform peeling, accompanied by malaise, fever and often leucocytosis. The annular type was a more low-grade sub-acute affection characterized by gyrate and annular pustular lesions and little systemic disturbance. The exanthematic type arose de novo, usually as a single short-lived episode following infection or drug exposure. In the localized type restricted areas of pustular psoriasis developed in and around ordinary psoriatic plaques. Two thirds were erythrodermic at some stage and one third had polyarthritis. Oral lesions occurred in 5 and hypocalcaemia in 5 during pustular phases. The different clinical patterns of pustular psoriasis have been interpreted in terms of the balance between vascular hypertrophy, epidermopoiesis and leucocytic immigration into the epidermis.
Overt Naming fMRI Pre- and Post-TMS: Two Nonfluent Aphasia Patients, with and without Improved Naming Post-TMS.

Abstract Two chronic, nonfluent aphasia patients participated in overt naming fMRI scans, pre- and post-a series of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatments as part of a TMS study to improve naming. Each patient received 10, 1-Hz rTMS treatments to suppress a part of R pars triangularis. P1 was a ‘good responder’ with improved naming and phrase length; P2 was a ‘poor responder’ without improved naming. Pre-TMS (10 years poststroke), P1 had significant activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex, R IFG, and in both L and R SMA during overt naming fMRI (28% pictures named). At 3 mo. post-TMS (42% named), P1 showed continued activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex, R IFG, and in R and L SMA. At 16 mo. post-TMS (58% named), he also showed significant activation in R and L sensorimotor cortex mouth and R IFG. He now showed a significant increase in activation in the L SMA compared to pre-TMS and at 3 mo. post-TMS (p Pre-TMS (1.5 years poststroke), P2 had significant activation in R IFG (3% pictures named). At 3 and 6 mo. post-TMS, there was no longer significant activation in R IFG, but significant activation was present in R sensorimotor cortex. On all three fMRI scans, P2 had significant activation in both the L and R SMA. There was no new, lasting perilesional LH activation across sessions for this patient. Over time, there was little or no change in his activation. His naming remained only at 1–2 pictures during all three fMRI scans. His BNT score and longest phrase length remained at one word, post-TMS. Lesion site may play a role in each patient’s fMRI activation pattern and response to TMS treatment. P2, the poor responder, had an atypical frontal lesion in the L motor and premotor cortex that extended high, near brain vertex, with deep white matter lesion near L SMA. P2 also had frontal lesion in the posterior middle frontal gyrus, an area important for naming ( Duffau et al., 2003 ); P1 did not. Additionally, P2 had lesion inferior and posterior to Wernicke’s area, in parts of BA 21 and 37, whereas P1 did not. The fMRI data of our patient who had good response following TMS support the notion that restoration of the LH language network is linked in part, to better recovery of naming and phrase length in nonfluent aphasia.
Physical Distance and AIDS: Too Close for Comfort?1

The purpose of the study was to assess attitudes toward AIDS as measured by physical distance. Fifty-two female students were told that they would be interviewing an AIDS patient, a homosexual, a cancer patient, or another student. While waiting, they arranged the two chairs for the interview. The distance between chairs was measured. Subjects placed the chairs significantly farther apart when they anticipated interviewing an AIDS patient than when they anticipated interviewing people under the other conditions. The results suggest that people are still uncomfortable with AIDS patients even under casual circumstances that require minimal physical contact. Implications for social interactions are discussed.
Diagnosis of the Three-Dimensional Circulation Associated with Mesoscale Motion in the California Current

A high-resolution upper-ocean survey of a cyclonic jet meander and an adjacent cyclonic eddy in the California Current region near 388N, 1268W was conducted as part of the summer of 1993 Eastern Boundary Currents program. Temperature and salinity were measured from a SeaSoar vehicle, and velocity was measured by shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). SeaSoar data show a density front at a depth of 70‐100 m with strong cyclonic curvature. The geostrophic velocity fields, referenced to the ADCP data at 200 m, show a strong surface-intensified jet (maximum speed of 0.9 m s 21) that follows the density front along a cyclonic meander. Relative vorticities within the jet are large, ranging from 20.8 f to 11.2 f, where f is the local Coriolis parameter. The SeaSoar density and ADCP velocity data are used to diagnose the vertical velocity via the Q-vector form of the quasigeostrophic omega equation. The diagnosed vertical velocity field shows a maximum speed of 40‐45 m d21. The lateral distribution of vertical velocity is characterized by two length scales: a large (;75 km) pattern where there is downwelling upstream and upwelling downstream of the cyclonic bend, and smaller patches arrayed along the jet core with diameters of 20‐30 km. Geostrophic streamline analysis of vertical velocity indicates that water parcels make net vertical excursions of 20‐30 m over 2‐3 days, resulting in net vertical velocities of 7‐15 m d21. Water parcels moving along geostrophic streamlines experience maximum vertical velocities in the regions of maximum alongstream change in relative vorticity, an indication of potential vorticity conservation.
AUTOMATED ALGORITHM FINDING

The use of a computer to automatically generate original algorithms is discussed in this paper. The problems in the construction of a computer algorithm finder are discussed. An actual computer algorithm finder is described and demonstrated.
Inhibition of plasmid reporter gene expression in cho cells by DNA adducts of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5–b]pyridine

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b)]pyridine (PhIP) are two members of a family of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines (HAs) found in cooked meats that form DNA adducts after activation to N-acetoxy derivatives. The ability of IQ- and PhlP-DNA adducts to inhibit gene expression was investigated using a human growth hormone (hGH) reporter gene in a pUC12-based mammalian expression vector under the control of either the herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase promoter or the human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat. The plasmids were treated in vitro with 0, 5, 10, or 40 μM N-hydroxy-IQ or N-hydroxy-PhIP in the presence of a 10-fold molar excess of acetic anhydride to generate the N-acetoxy derivatives in situ. The adduct levels in the plasmids were quantitated by the 32P-postlabeling method. The adducted (and control) plasmids were each transfected into repair-deficient or -proficient Chinese hamster ovary cells, and expression of hGH was measured by immunoassay of growth hormone secreted into the cell medium. The results showed that IQ- and PhlP-DNA adducts inhibited gene expression in both plasmids and that the degree of inhibition of hGH production was proportional to the levels of IQ- and PhlP-DNA adducts. The degree of inhibition, however, was independent of the promoter, despite the differences in the strengths of the two promoters to drive hGH production. Repair capacity influenced the extent of inhibition of gene expression by HA adducts since, in general, fewer adducts were needed to inhibit reporter gene expression in repair-deficient cells than in repair-proficient cells. In both cell lines, DNA adducts of PhIP appeared to be more potent in inhibiting hGH expression than adducts of IQ. Whether alteration of gene expression by HA adducts plays a role in the carcinogenicity of these compounds deserves further study. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Forkhead Box m1 transcription factor stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells during development of lung cancer.

The proliferation-specific Forkhead Box m1 (Foxm1 or Foxm1b) transcription factor (previously called HFH-11B, Trident, Win, or MPP2) regulates expression of cell cycle genes essential for progression into DNA replication and mitosis. Expression of Foxm1 is found in a variety of distinct human cancers including hepatocellular carcinomas, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, ductal breast carcinomas, and anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. In this study, we show that human Foxm1 protein is abundantly expressed in highly proliferative human non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) as well as in mouse lung tumors induced by urethane. To determine the role of Foxm1 during the development of mouse lung tumors, we used IFN-inducible Mx-Cre recombinase transgene to delete mouse Foxm1 fl/fl–targeted allele before inducing lung tumors with urethane. We show that Mx-Cre Foxm1 −/− mice exhibit diminished proliferation of lung tumor cells causing a significant reduction in number and size of lung adenomas. Transient transfection experiments with A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells show that depletion of Foxm1 levels by short interfering RNA caused diminished DNA replication and mitosis and reduced anchorage-independent growth of cell colonies on soft agar. Foxm1-depleted A549 cells exhibit reduced expression of cell cycle–promoting cyclin A2 and cyclin B1 genes. These data show that Foxm1 stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells during progression of NSCLC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 2153-61)
Les variétés du français en Louisiane et leur statut sociolinguistique

Le francais en Louisiane est parle depuis la colonisation de ce territoire par la France, a partir du 17s. Au cours de son histoire, la Louisiane a connu au moins quatre varietes du francais: francais colonial, francais cadien, francais creole louisianais et francais standard. Le francais colonial, le francais cadien et le francais creole louisianais sont des varietes vernaculaires, “propres au pays” (Dictionnaire Petit Robert, [1988]. Paris : Robert, 1890), a une communaute. En raison de contacts linguistiques des populations, de leurs interference et assimilation l’une a l’autre, ainsi que de la forte presence de variations intracommunautaires, aujourd’hui il est difficile de tracer une nette ligne de demarcation entre ces vernaculaires. Neanmoins, il existe une hierarchisation sociolinguistique et socioethnique importante qui caracterise les varietes franco-louisianaises. La communication a pour objectif de demontrer l’usage differentiel de ces parlers en fonction de leurs statuts sociolinguistiques respectifs. Au depart, l’auteur fait une breve analyse des origines et de l’evolution de chacune des varietes du francais, puis une etude sociologique de leur utilisation, et en conclusion, il discutera de la stratification sociolinguistique de ces parlers ou le francais standard occupe une place privilegiee face aux autres trois varietes qui constituent le patrimoine linguistique de la Louisiane francophone.
Dacites of Bunsen Peak, the Birch Hills, and the Washakie Needles, northwestern Wyoming, and their relationship to the Absaroka volcanic field, Wyoming and Montana

Three porphyritic dacite plugs from the western Absaroka volcanic belt in northwestern Wyoming have been studied, and their petrography, chemistry, and ages are treated in terms of the regional igneous geology of the Absaroka volcanic field. The dacite from the northernmost plug studied, Bunsen Peak, is 47.6 ± 1.9 m.y. old, as dated by the fission-track method on apatite; the Birch Hills dacite is 40.5 ± 2.6 m.y. old, as dated by the fission-track method on apatite; and the dacite from the southernmost plug, Washakie Needles, is 38.8 ± 1.6 m.y. old, as dated by the fission-track method on sphene. It appears from the dates available that the oldest igneous activity in the Absaroka volcanic field occurred at the northwestern end about 53.5 m.y. ago. The activity migrated to the southeast, ending about 38.8 m.y. ago at the Washakie Needles. The Absaroka volcanic field has been subdivided into two belts. The western belt is composed of normal calc-alkalic igneous rocks, and the eastern belt is composed of potassium-rich rocks. When the available analyses of the province are treated in terms of the system quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase, it becomes apparent that the rocks of the two belts lie on two distinct differentiation trends. The trend for rocks of the western belt is best explained by fractional crystallization of plagioclase from an intermediate magma. The trend for rocks of the eastern belt is best explained by crystallization of both plagioclase and potassium feldspars. The mafic members of the eastern belt rocks are similar to shoshonitic rocks.
Upregulation of EGFR signaling is correlated with tumor stroma remodeling and tumor recurrence in FGFR1-driven breast cancer

Despite advances in early detection and adjuvant targeted therapies, breast cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer mortality among women. Tumor recurrence is one of the major contributors to breast cancer mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of tumor dormancy and recurrence in a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer. To elucidate the mechanisms driving tumor recurrence, we employed a transplantable Wnt1/inducible fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1 mouse mammary tumor model and utilized an FGFR specific inhibitor, BGJ398, to study the recurrence after treatment. Histological staining was performed to analyze the residual tumor cells and tumor stroma. Reverse phase protein array was performed to compare primary and recurrent tumors to investigate the molecular mechanisms leading to tumor recurrence. Treatment with BGJ398 resulted in rapid tumor regression, leaving a nonpalpable mass of dormant tumor cells organized into a luminal and basal epithelial layer similar to the normal mammary gland, but surrounded by dense stroma with markedly reduced levels of myeloid-derived tumor suppressor cells (MDSCs) and decreased tumor vasculature. Following cessation of treatment the tumors recurred over a period of 1 to 4 months. The recurrent tumors displayed dense stroma with increased collagen, tenascin-C expression, and MDSC infiltration. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway was observed in recurrent tumors, and inhibition of EGFR with lapatinib in combination with BGJ398 resulted in a significant delay in tumor recurrence accompanied by reduced stroma, yet there was no difference observed in initial tumor regression between the groups treated with BGJ398 alone or in combination with lapatinib. These studies have revealed a correlation between tumor recurrence and changes of stromal microenvironment accompanied by altered EGFR signaling.
Turn-and-Earn in a Product Line

When manufacturers do not have sufficient capacity to meet demand and they cannot increase prices, they have to determine other methods to allocate goods among retailers. A common allocation mechanism is based on a retailer's sales history: a retailer that has ordered larger quantities in the past should get a greater allocation than a retailer that has historically ordered smaller quantities. This mechanism, known as a turn-and-earn allocation rule, is commonly used in many industries such as automobiles, microprocessors, video game consoles, etc. The existing literature has considered the effect of turn-and-earn allocation rules when a manufacturer sells a single product. However, when we consider a product line, it is not clear whether the manufacturer is better off basing its allocation on the sales history of the entire product line or basing allocation solely on the sales history of the product in short supply. In particular, a shortage of one product can lead retailers and consumers to move toward other products in the line. This, in turn, can have an effect on the manufacturer's optimal allocation mechanism. We examine this issue by developing a model of a supplier selling two substitutable goods through two retailers. Within this setup, we introduce a general turn-and-earn allocation rule that allows the entire sales history to influence allocation levels. Counter to previous work, we show that certain turn-and-earn rules not only help the manufacturer, but they can also help the retailer and increase total supply chain profits.
LGBTQ Collection Assessment: Library Ownership of Resources Cited by Master’s Students

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) Studies and the broader discipline of sexuality studies are multidisciplinary fields that require a different approach to collection development in academic libraries. Many library collections budgets reflect the traditional divisions by academic department, and multidisciplinary fields often transcend these conventional boundaries. The concept of one selector for one department, while being a well-established and practical approach to collection building, is limited in breadth and scope and is not necessarily suitable for multidisciplinary fields. This study uses citation analysis to assess the LGBTQ collection at Concordia University Libraries, to ascertain collection strengths and weaknesses, and to recommend collaborative collection development as a viable method of building an excellent collection in a multidisciplinary subject area.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Pulses

This paper begins with a brief historical description of how electromagnetic waves were discovered, first theoretically and then experimentally, and how they were originally utilized for radio transmission. It addresses the relation between wireless and transmission line propagation and the approximations involved in the mathematical description of the propagation process. Since pulse transmission at faster rates have become a necessity in all communication and digital data systems, the problems associated with the propagation of such signals need to be addressed. The paper includes a brief description of the Linear Filter approach developed by the author to evaluate both quantitatively and qualitatively dispersion effects in optical and superconductive lines. Nonlinear effects are briefly described as difficult to analyze, but promising in terms of new applications. Power line surges, including nonlinear effects, are also described to include contributions from the author. More recent issues of interest include the potential problems associated with electromagnetic pulses produced by nuclear detonations and solar activity. Finally, the challenges posed by the Smart Grid are briefly addressed, including a novel application of transients to monitor energy consumption in the “Smart House”. References were chosen with the intent of emphasizing the contribution of Brazilian researchers and, whenever possible, giving preference to publications easily available on the web
Typing and identification of the acute flaccid paralysis-associated non-polio enterovirus isolated from Guangdong province in 1999

The 28 strains of the acute flaccid paralysis(AFP)-associated non-polio enterovirus(NPRV) isolated from Guangdong provice in 1999 were typed by molecular biological methods,in which a specific target gene fragment was amplified by RTPCR with degenerate primers and sequenced,and the sequence was compared with that of GenBank database.Then,the homology identity was analysed by CLUSTALW,and thereby the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The sequence analysis indicated that in cases of AFP,in addition to poliovirus,other types of enteroviruses were isolated,including 15 different types,such as CA21,CA24,E7,E13,E11,E29 and E25,among which E13 and E7 accounted for the most frequently isolated types of virus.It is evident that molecular biological methods can be used for the typing and identification of the unknown enteroviruses that can not be identified by the traditional neutralization test.
Influence of greenhouse environment on neurobehavioral function of planters

[Objective]To explore the influence of greenhouse environment on neurobehavioral function of planters.[Methods]By using the neurobehavioral measuring technology,83 planters who worked in greenhouse of a modern agriculture zone in Pudong(observation group) and 54 employees who worked in flower market near greenhouse(control group) were studied for neurobehavioral function.[Results]The functions of visual retention,memory scanning and auditory simple reaction time of the observation group were significantly worse than those of the control group.The abnormal rates of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group,while there was no significant difference in distribution characteristics of the indexes between the observation group and the control group.[Conclusion]Although different occupational risk factors have different target organs,the neurobehavioral measuring technology can be used as the important reference for estimating the early health damage of long-term and low-dose occupational exposure.
Anatomical Connections of the Functionally Defined “Face Patches” in the Macaque Monkey

The neural circuits underlying face recognition provide a model for understanding visual object representation, social cognition, and hierarchical information processing. A fundamental piece of information lacking to date is the detailed anatomical connections of the face patches. Here, we injected retrograde tracers into four different face patches (PL, ML, AL, AM) to characterize their anatomical connectivity. We found that the patches are strongly and specifically connected to each other, and individual patches receive inputs from extrastriate cortex, the medial temporal lobe, and three subcortical structures (the pulvinar, claustrum, and amygdala). Inputs from prefrontal cortex were surprisingly weak. Patches were densely interconnected to one another in both feedforward and feedback directions, inconsistent with a serial hierarchy. These results provide the first direct anatomical evidence that the face patches constitute a highly specialized system and suggest that subcortical regions may play a vital role in routing face-related information to subsequent processing stages.