cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic additive manufacturing of zirconium: Pilot results

Abstract Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) was successfully applied to the Zirconium material system to create a three-dimensional component prototype. The UAM process resulted in grain size refinement and significant localized deformation. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis revealed activated slip systems only applicable at high deformation temperatures, while texture analysis showed a decrease in measurable texture of the UAM build in comparison to the initial Zr-foil. Average tensile strengths in the X (sonotrode travel), Y (vibration), and Z (build) directions averaged 435 MPa, 458 MPa, and 359 MPa, respectively, demonstrating the viability of UAM for Zr-based materials. The delamination of some Z specimens along foil boundaries during loading suggests an interplay between interfacial Ti impurities introduced during welding and the spatial dependence of weld quality for this material system.
Forest and Plantation Soil Microbiomes Differ in Their Capacity to Suppress Feedback Between Geosmithia morbida and Rhizosphere Pathogens of J. nigra Seedlings

Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is hypothesized to have a greater impact on eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra) in urban forests and plantations compared to natural forest stands. Along with other ...
Pragian conodont zonal classification in Nevada, Western North America

A tripartite global zonal scale for the Pragian Stage (Devonian) was recommended by the Subcomission on Devonian Stratigraphy in 1989. Since that time, additions to the data on the two primary lineages used for the subdivision of the Pragian, Eognathodus and early Polygnathus, have shown: 1) that the Lochkovian-Pragian boundary criterion is useable as defi ned and is applicable on a global scale, but that the boundary-stratotype section in the Barrandian region of the Czech Republic has serious limitations as a reference section; 2) the criteria for the internal subdivision of the Pragian are not globally applicable; and 3) that the taxon that we have used in Nevada to mark the base of the Emsian is Polygnathus lenzi, whose range may be different from that of Australian P. dehiscens, the supposed criterion for the base of the Emsian. This paper reviews the Pragian of Nevada and compares it with Alaska, Canada, eastern Australia, and central Europe and suggests a regional scale for use in the western North American Cordillera. The subdivisions proposed here (irregularis-profunda Zone; profunda–brevicauda Zone; brevicauda-mariannae Zone; mariannae-lenzi Zone) are not the same of the SDS and cannot be applied on a global scale. The first two are based on evolutionary appearances; the last two on the lowest occurrences of distinctive and widespread taxa in North America. One new genus, Masaraella and four new species, Masaraella epsilon, Masaraella riosi, Gondwania profunda, and Pedavis longicauda, are described.
Intron‐encoded endonuclease I‐TevI binds as a monomer to effect sequential cleavage via conformational changes in the td homing site.

I-TevI, the intron-encoded endonuclease from the thymidylate synthase (td) gene of bacteriophage T4, binds its DNA substrate across the minor groove in a sequence-tolerant fashion. We demonstrate here that the 28 kDa I-TevI binds the extensive 37 bp td homing site as a monomer and significantly distorts its substrate. In situ cleavage assays and phasing analyses indicate that upon nicking the bottom strand of the td homing site, I-TevI induces a directed bend of 38 degrees towards the major groove near the cleavage site. Formation of the bent I-TevI-DNA complex is proposed to promote top-strand cleavage of the homing site. Furthermore, reductions in the degree of distortion and in the efficiency of binding base-substitution variants of the td homing site indicate that sequences flanking the cleavage site contribute to the I-TevI-induced conformational change. These results, combined with genetic, physical and computer-modeling studies, form the basis of a model, wherein I-TevI acts as a hinged monomer to induce a distortion that widens the minor groove, facilitating access to the top-strand cleavage site. The model is compatible with both unmodified DNA and glucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine-containing DNA, as exists in the T-even phages.
A study of pauses in oral reading of one's native language and English.

Seventy-two students, representing equally Hindi, Spamsh, and Japanese speakers, served as experimental subjects. Each group was equally subdivided between students who were more and ones who were less proficient in aural comprehension of English. All participants recorded a philosophical essay in both their native language and in English. The statistical treatment was based upon the median duration of each speaker's distribution of pauses in reading a two-minute portion of the passage. The groups of higher and lower levels of proficiency in the aural reception of English differed significantly both in the median length of pauses and the accompanying semi-interquartile range. Language groups differed in median duration of pauses, but not in semi-interquartile range. There was no difference in the length or distribution of pauses that the students used in reading in their native language and in English.
Guest editorial: Electro-Optical Displays

This Special Issue Guest Editorial provides an overview of the topical area and an introduction to the articles featured in the special issue.
Urban Latina/o Undergraduate Students' Negotiations of Identities and Participation in an Emerging Scholars Calculus I Workshop.

In this article, the author presents a qualitative multiple case study that explored how two urban Latina/o undergraduate students’ emerging mathematical and racial identity constructions influenced their participation in a culturally diverse, Emerging Scholars Program, Calculus I workshop at a predominately White urban university. Drawing on critical race theory and Latina/o critical theory, cross-case analysis illustrates that participants’ emerging mathematical and racial identities—co-constructed with their other salient identities—contributed to positively shifting their participation by: (a) changing their perceptions of their and peers’ mathematics abilities, (b) allowing them to challenge racialized mathematical experiences, and (c) strengthening their comfort levels in the workshop environment. The Latina/o participants’ counter-stories support that the sociopolitical nature of identity development and participation in mathematical learning contexts should be embraced because it provides additional knowledge regarding how and why Latina/o students attain mathematical success.
THE ARTIST IN BRAND CULTURE

Artists produce the world's most expensive objects - paintings. Rather than apply marketing concepts to promoting art, let us instead turn to artists for insights into brands, marketing and strategy. For it is art that is based on images, value, and identity above all other sectors of the market. Who produces an artwork is the key determinant of its value. A painting by Rembrandt is worth much, much less if it is determined to be by one of his followers - yet the artwork remains the same, only the producer has changed. Artists are subject to market forces, career management issues, substitution effects, and economic cycles, just like brands. In other words, artists can be discussed within a branding perspective. This chapter turns to Andy Warhol as an illustrative example of new directions in arts marketing. An art-centered approach to marketing, branding and consumer research suggests re-framing research to acknowledge the commercial mechanisms inherent in the art market, branding's prominent place in visual culture, as well as the interactions of aesthetics and economics.
A model of monocular cell development by competition for neurotrophic factor: effects of excess NT with monocular deprivation and effects of NT antagonist

Several lines of experimental data indicate that neurotrophic factors (NTs) such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and NT-4/5 may play a role in the activity- dependent competition between thalamocortical afferents from each eye during ocular dominance (OD) column segregation. Application of excess NT can prevent OD segregation by allowing inputs from both eyes to remain2, and we have previously presented a model which accounts for both normal OD column development and the prevention of that segregation with excess NT4,5.
The Bosnian crisis: Anatomy of the conflict

(1993). The Bosnian crisis: Anatomy of the conflict. New Community: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 507-512.
Anion vacancies as a source of persistent photoconductivity in II-VI and chalcopyrite semiconductors

Using first-principles electronic structure calculations we identify the anion vacancies in II-VI and chalcopyrite $\mathrm{Cu}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{III}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{VI}}_{2}$ semiconductors as a class of intrinsic defects that can exhibit metastable behavior. Specifically, we predict persistent electron photoconductivity ($n$-type PPC) caused by the oxygen vacancy ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$ in $n$-ZnO, originating from a metastable shallow donor state of ${V}_{\mathrm{O}}$. In contrast, we predict persistent hole photoconductivity ($p$-type PPC) caused by the Se vacancy ${V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$ in $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{CuGaSe}}_{2}$. We find that ${V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$ in the chalcopyrite materials is amphoteric having two ``negative-$U$''-like transitions, i.e., a double-donor transition $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(2+∕0)$ close to the valence band and a double-acceptor transition $\ensuremath{\epsilon}(0∕2\ensuremath{-})$ closer to the conduction band. We introduce a classification scheme that distinguishes two types of defects: type $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, which have a defect-localized-state (DLS) in the band gap, and type $\ensuremath{\beta}$, which have a resonant DLS within the host bands (e.g., the conduction band for donors). In the latter case, the introduced carriers (e.g., electrons) relax to the band edge where they can occupy a perturbed-host state. Type $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is nonconducting, whereas type $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is conducting. We identify the neutral anion vacancy as type $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and the doubly positively charged vacancy as type $\ensuremath{\beta}$. We suggest that illumination changes the charge state of the anion vacancy and leads to a crossover between $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-type behavior, resulting in metastability and PPC. In ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$, the metastable behavior of ${V}_{\mathrm{Se}}$ is carried over to the $({V}_{\mathrm{Se}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{V}_{\mathrm{Cu}})$ complex, which we identify as the physical origin of PPC observed experimentally. We explain previous puzzling experimental results in ZnO and ${\mathrm{CuInSe}}_{2}$ in the light of this model.
Is nonoperative treatment of pediatric type I open fractures safe and effective

Purpose There is limited literature on nonoperative treatment of open type I pediatric fractures. Our purpose was to evaluate the rate of infection in pediatric patients with type I open fractures treated nonoperatively at our institution without admission from the emergency department (ED).
Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States

Large predators potentially can help shape the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, yet strong evidence of top-down herbivore limitation has not been widely reported in the scientific literature. Herein we synthesize outcomes of recent tri-trophic cascades studies involving the presence and absence of large predators for five national parks in the western United States, including Olympic, Yosemite, Yellowstone, Zion, and Wind Cave. Historical observations by park biologists regarding woody browse species and recently compiled age structure data for deciduous trees indicate major impacts to woody plant communities by ungulates following the extirpation or displacement of large predators. Declines in long-term tree recruitment indexed additional effects to plant communities and ecological processes, as well as shifts towards alternative ecosystem states. The magnitude and consistency of vegetation impacts found within these five parks, in conjunction with other recent North American studies, indicate that broad changes to ecosystem processes and the lower trophic level may have occurred in other parts of the western United States where large predators have been extirpated or displaced. Thus, where ungulates have significantly altered native plant communities in the absence of large predators, restoration of native flora is urgently needed to recover former ecosystem services. Following the reintroduction of previously extirpated gray wolves Canis lupus into Yellowstone National Park, a spatially patchy recovery of woody browse species (e.g., aspen Populus tremuloides, willow Salix spp., cottonwood Populus spp.) has begun, indicating that large predator recovery may represent an important restoration strategy for ecosystems degraded by wild ungulates.
An Application of Differentially Private Linear Mixed Modeling

We consider a differentially private MLE for the linear mixed-effects model with normal random errors. This model is important because it is frequently used in small area estimation and detailed industry tabulations that present significant challenges for confidentiality protection of the underlying data. The differentially private estimator performs well compared to the regular MLE, and deteriorates as the protection increases, for a problem in which small-area variation is at the county level. More dimensions of random effects are needed to adequately represent the time-dimension of the data, and for these cases the differentially private MLE cannot be computed.
Impact of ETO propellants on the aerothermodynamic analyses of propulsion components

The operating conditions and the propellant transport properties used in Earth-to-Orbit (ETO) applications affect the aerothermodynamic design of ETO turbomachinery in a number of ways. Some aerodynamic and heat transfer implications of the low molecular weight fluids and high Reynolds number operating conditions on future ETO turbomachinery are discussed. Using the current SSME high pressure fuel turbine as a baseline, the aerothermodynamic comparisons are made for two alternate fuel turbine geometries. The first is a revised first stage rotor blade designed to reduce peak heat transfer. This alternate design resulted in a 23 percent reduction in peak heat transfer. The second design concept was a single stage rotor to yield the same power output as the baseline two stage rotor. Since the rotor tip speed was held constant, the turbine work factor doubled. In this alternate design, the peak heat transfer remained the same as the baseline. While the efficiency of the single stage design was 3.1 points less than the baseline two stage turbine, the design was aerothermodynamically feasible, and may be structurally desirable.
Mineralo- and glucocorticoid effects on renal excretion of electrolytes

The acute effects of mineralo- and glucocorticoids on urinary electrolyte excretion were studied in the conscious, acutely potassium deprived, adrenalectomized rat. Sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in the urine excreted from 2.5 to 5.5 h after injection of one or more of the following steroids: aldosterone (Aldo), 9-alpha fluorocortisol (FC), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), dexamethasone (Dex), and spironolactone (Spiro). The hierarchy (a) for increasing creatinine excretion was Dex>FC>Aldo>DOC>Spiro >none, a hierarchy consistent with glucocorticoid potency; and (b) for producing anti-natriuresis was Aldo>DOC≥FC ≥none=Spiro>Dex, a hierarchy consistent with mineralocorticoid potency. In contrast, the kaliuresis produced by mineralo- and glucocorticoids appears different. A “mineralocorticoid” kaliuresis is 1) elicited by anti-natriuretic doses of Aldo and FC, 2) approximately twice control UKV, 3) unrelated to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and 4) inhibited by Spiro. A “glucocorticoid” kaliuresis is 1) elicited by Dex and high doses of Aldo and FC, 2) about seven to twenty-fold greater than control UKV, 3) possibly dependent, in part, on changes in GFR, and, 4) not inhibited by Spiro. DOC was not kaliuretic at anti-natriuretic doses. The urinary Na/K ratio was an unreliable index of mineralocorticoid action.
Generalized Green's theories

A generalization is given of the relations and equivalences on a semigroup S associated with J. A. Green by introducing the concepts of Green's pairs and generalized Green's theories first on an arbitrary set X and finally on a semigroup S. Most of the results about the usual Green's relations and equivalences are proved, and it is shown that previous generalizations obtained by Wallace, Anscombre, Marki and Steinfeld, and Pastijn may be obtained as special cases of the theory developed.
Preliminary measurements of mesospheric OH X2II by ISO on ATLAS 1

The Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) carried by the Atlas 1 mission conducted observations of the resonance fluorescence of the OH radical, on whose bases a density profile has been determined at 70-80 km altitude. OH observations were conducted during most of the dayside phases during the mission, covering much of the Northern Hemisphere to 57 deg N latitude. Attention is given to results from an observation at 39 deg N, where OH densities rapidly decreased above 80 km.
Chemical kinetics of beta decay reactions in degenerate quark matter

The validity of the assumption that a chemical equilibrium is maintained during the quark beta decay reactions in degenerate quark matter is examined. If the decay mechanism is such that only the one-way reaction u+e/sup -/..-->..d+..nu../sub e/ is kinematically allowed without its inverse (d..-->..u+e/sup -/+nu-bar/sub e/), it drives the system away from the state of chemical beta equilibrium, eventually choking the reaction itself. By solving the kinetic equations which describe the time evolution of the chemical composition, it is shown that such a reaction is ineffective as a neutrino-emission mechanism for neutron-star cooling. In contrast to this, for a mechanism in which the decay proceeds in both directions, it is demonstrated that any perturbation in the chemical composition relaxes at an enhanced rate and chemical equilibrium is maintained thereafter.
Effect of annealing on starch–palmitic acid interaction

The effects of annealing on the complexing of added palmitic acid (PA) and on the physicochemical properties of starch were studied. Palmitic acid was used because of its predominance in starch lipids. Starches naturally low in lipids, including potato, tapioca, and waxy corn, were subjected to the PA treatment. Common corn starch, which is high in lipids, was also included for comparison. More PA was complexed by annealed starches than by native starches and the amount of bound PA was mainly influenced by the amylose content. The introduction of PA decreased the gelatinization temperature and increased the gelatinization range of both native and annealed potato and tapioca starches. Leaching of amylose was reduced by the annealing treatment and further decreased by adding PA. Annealing did not change the swelling power of the PA-complexed starches. A small portion of the added PA formed complexes with amylopectin and still remained in the Naegeli dextrins after 10 days of acid hydrolysis. The reorganization of starch molecules with starch granules from annealing strongly affected the amount of complexed PA and some physicochemical properties of the introduced starches.
Wie Shock: Television Commentary About Playing on the PGA and LPGA Tours

Three identity-oriented attributes of golfer Michelle Wie stand out: (a) her gender as a women playing against men, (b) her ethnicity/nationality as an Asian American, and (c) her very young age (and thus presumed inexperience). Previous studies of televised sports have nearly uniformly found announcers to denigrate female athletes as compared to male athletes and undervalue the achievements of ethnic minorities. This study looked at biases in televised commentary related to Wie's gender, age, and ethnicity and asked whether she was treated like other female golfers or more like male golfers. Results showed that although depictions of Michelle Wie were anomalous to any other gender or ethnic group, she more frequently fit characterizations of female and non-American golfers. Increased comments about her lack of experience also emerged when assessing potential age biases.
Cellular and multicellular form and function

Engineering artificial tissue constructs requires the appropriate spatial arrangement of cells within scaffolds. The introduction of microengineering tools to the biological community has provided a valuable set of techniques to manipulate the cellular environment, and to examine how cell structure affects cellular function. Using micropatterning techniques, investigators have found that the geometric presentation of cell-matrix adhesions are important regulators of various cell behaviors including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, polarity and migration. Furthermore, the presence of neighboring cells in multicellular aggregates has a significant impact on the proliferative and differentiated state of cells. Using microengineering tools, it will now be possible to manipulate the various environmental factors for practical applications such as engineering tissue constructs with greater control over the physical structure and spatial arrangement of cells within their surrounding microenvironment.
Using pattern-models to guide SSD deployment for Big Data applications in HPC systems

Flash-memory based Solid State Drives (SSDs) embrace higher performance and lower power consumption compared to traditional storage devices (HDDs). These benefits are needed in HPC systems, especially with the growing demand of supporting Big Data applications. In this paper, we study placement and deployment strategies of SSDs in HPC systems to maximize the performance improvement, given a practical fixed hardware budget constraint. We propose a pattern-model approach to guide SSD deployment for HPC systems through two steps; characterizing workload and mapping deployment strategy. The first step is responsible for characterizing the access patterns of the workload and the second step contributes the actual deployment recommendation for Parallel File System (PFS) configuration combining with an analytical model. We have carried out initial experimental tests and the results confirmed that the proposed approach can guide placement of SSDs in HPC systems for accelerating data accesses. Our research will be helpful in guiding designs and developments for Big Data applications in current and projected HPC systems including exascale systems.
Phase transformations in uranium, plutonium, and neptunium

The actinide metals uranium and neptunium are characterized by three allotropes, and plutonium has six solid phases with two of the allotropes having complex, low symmetry, crystal structures. Further, many phase changes in these metals are accompanied by a large specific volume change and a large enthalpy change. Phase transformations in uranium and plutonium have been studied extensively but very little experimental work has been conducted to understand the phase transformations in neptunium. The low temperature transformations occur isothermally and exhibit simple TTT curves similar to many alloys. The kinetics in the metals are controlled more by purity and thermal history than by any inherent feature of the metals. Mechanisms in the pure metals are inadequately understood, and the crystal-lographic relations are complex. The β → α transformations in uranium and plutonium are diffusional near the α β equilibrium temperature, and they are both reminiscent of shear transformations at low temperatures. Skip transformations have been studied in these metals and the role of grain size on transformation behavior has been investigated more than in other metals. Accordingly, the roles of metal purity, thermal history, microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermodynamic variables are discussed, particularly as they might be related to phase transformations in other systems. Generalities have been difficult to establish for plutonium and uranium alloys. Among well-known metals the zirconium and titanium transformations form the closest analogs to the uranium transformations, but there is no obvious analog to the plutonium transformations.
Chemical tagging and customizing of cellular chromatin states using ultrafast trans -splicing inteins

Post-translational modification of the histone proteins in chromatin plays a central role in the epigenetic control of DNA-templated processes in eukaryotic cells. Developing methods that enable the structure of histones to be manipulated is, therefore, essential to understand the biochemical mechanisms that underlie genomic regulation. Here we present a synthetic biology method to engineer histones that bear site-specific modifications on cellular chromatin using protein trans-splicing (PTS). We genetically fused the N-terminal fragment of ultrafast split intein to the C terminus of histone H2B, which, on reaction with a complementary synthetic C intein, generated labelled histone. Using this approach, we incorporated various non-native chemical modifications into chromatin in vivo with temporal control. Furthermore, the time and concentration dependence of PTS performed in nucleo enabled us to examine differences in the accessibility of the euchromatin and heterochromatin regions of the epigenome. Finally, we used PTS to semisynthesize a native histone modification, H2BK120 ubiquitination, in isolated nuclei and showed that this can trigger downstream epigenetic crosstalk of H3K79 methylation.
X-ray Absorption Edge and EXAFS Studies of the Blue Copper Site in Stellacyanin: Effects of Axial Amide Coordination†

The blue copper sites in Cucumis sativus stellacyanin and Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin have been investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) in order to probe the effects of axial amide coordination. EXAFS results show a slight lengthening of the Cu−S(Cys) bond in both stellacyanins compared to the classic blue copper site in azurin. The 1s → 3d transition in the Cu K-edge of stellacyanin is ∼0.5 eV lower in energy than those of the classic blue copper sites, consistent with a stronger ligand donor set. A configuration interaction (CI) model applied to the 1s → 4p and 1s → 4p + shakedown transitions in the edge predicts less covalent bonding for stellacyanin than for plastocyanin, which is attributed to a weaker thiolate bond. These studies demonstrate that the strength of the axial ligand interaction inversely affects the strength of the thiolate−copper bond.
Expanders, sorting in rounds and superconcentrators of limited depth

Expanding graphs and superconcentrators are relevant to theoretical computer science in several ways. Here we use finite geometries to construct explicitly highly expanding graphs with essentially the smallest possible number of edges.Our graphs enable us to improve significantly previous results on a parallel sorting problem, by describing an explicit algorithm to sort n elements in k time units using O(nak) processors, where, e.g., a2 = 7/4.Using our graphs we can also construct efficient n-superconcentrators of limited depth. For example, we construct an n superconcentrator of depth 3 with O(n4/3) edges; better than the previous known results.
Dynamic mechanical properties of partially oriented polyester (POY) and draw‐textured polyester (PTY) yarns

Spinning speed is one of the most important process parameters for change in properties of yarn and efficiency of polyester production. In this paper the effect of spinning speed (3000–6200 ypm) on dynamic mechanical properties is presented, and shows a good qualitative picture on the influence of structure change on the dynamic modulus and the height and position of glass transition peak on POY (partially oriented polyester) and PTY (draw-textured polyester) yarns. The dynamic moduli of POY yarns in a temperature range of 25–160°C are increased with increasing spinning speed. Large glass transition peaks (α peak) are observed for POY yarn spun at 3000 and 2800 ypm at about 98°C. This indicates that the yarns are low oriented with low crystallinity (5–6%). But the Tg of POY spun at 5600 or 6200 ypm is about 125°C and shows about 35% crystallinity with high amorphous orientation. An approximately linear relation was found between the height of the loss peak (tan δ) and the degree of amorphous orientation (fa) by using these analyses.
A comparative study of algorithms for matrix balancing

The problem of adjusting the entries of a large matrix to satisfy prior consistency requirements occurs in economics, urban planning, statistics, demography, and stochastic modeling; these problems are called Matrix Balancing Problems. We describe five applications of matrix balancing and compare the algorithmic and computational performance of balancing procedures that represent the two primary approaches for matrix balancing-matrix scaling and nonlinear optimization. The algorithms we study are the RAS algorithm, a diagonal similarity scaling algorithm, and a truncated Newton algorithm for network optimization. We present results from computational experiments with large-scale problems based on producing consistent estimates of Social Accounting Matrices for developing countries.
Swing-arm profilometry of aspherics

Abstract A profilometer is described that utilizes the swing-arm geometry to provide surface profilemeasurements oflarge, highly aspheric surfaces. The profilometer measurement is shown to be robustagainst stiffness and alignment induced errors in the probe motion.Keywords: profflometry, aspheric testing, surface profile Introduction The rapid and economical fabrication of highly aspheric surfaces having aspheric departures of morethan 1OO generally demands that the aspheric departure be ground into the surface and not polished inas can be done with surfaces having lesser departure. Measurements of the ground asphere as the surfaceis being worked can be a difficult task particularly when the surfaces are large, convex aspheresconunonly found on large telescope secondary mirrors such as those being fabricated at the Mirror Lab.The basic fabrication strategy for these secondary mirrors will be to generate and grind the surface to asphere, then lap in the aspheric correction with loose abrasives using the stressed-lap. When the asphereis about 90% corrected polishing will begin and the correction completed. The surface will be testedinterferometrically with a holographic test plate for the final figuring.To monitor the aspherization a swing-arm profilometer mounted directly on the polishing machinewill be used until the surface is within 1 micron p-v ofthe finished asphere. The ability to measure in situis a tremendous advantage ofthis type of profilometer. In addition, the profflometer will measure thesurface under complete computer control allowing for both rapid and repeated testing.In a previous paper' the swing-arm profilometer was first described and an example of its use wasshown. In this paper we will elaborate on the design features ofthis somewhat odd geometry that make itso useful in fabricating aspherics and estimate its accuracy. We will also point out some ofthe limitationsofthis form of profilometer.
Consequences of a weak vector boson in radiative muon decay

Consequences of a weak vector boson, W, for radiative muon decay μ→e+ν+ν+γ are calculated, including the effects of anomalous electromagnetic properties for the W-boson. All effects are small, of order λ=mμ2mw−2, relative to the spectrum in the absence of a W-boson. This is consistent with present experiments.
Electromechanical Forces and Flexoelectricity in Plasma Membranes

Flexoelectricity is a phenomenon analagous to piezoelectricity which describes the evolution of electric fields in two dimensional liquid crystals in response to curvature changes (and, conversely, changes in curvature due to applied electric fields). It provides a mechanism for cellular electromechanical transduction in flexoelectric membranes, a process which is important to the physiology of outer hair cells of the inner ear and touch sensitive nerve cells.We have developed a simple electrostatic model for a bilayer containing anionic phospholipids. Charged ions surrounding the bilayer are distributed according to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The correct way to treat the adsorption of positive ions into the bilayer (the “Stern layer” of Gouy-Chapman-Stern theory) is not clear. Different regimes are investigated, including a Langmuir Isotherm and a fixed chemical potential approach. It is found that the presence/absense of a flexoelectric effect is critically dependent upon how this adsorption is handled.Additionally, recent experimental work conducted on cell membrane tethers which are extended in an optical trap setup provides direct estimates for the tensile forces in these tethers as a function of applied voltages. We describe a model which gives quantitative agreement with these measurements.
Student Ratings and Professor Self-Ratings of College Teaching: Effects of Gender and Divisional Affiliation

Twenty female and 23 male professors at a liberal arts college participated along with their 803 undergraduate students in a questionnaire study of the effects of professor gender, student gender, and divisional affiliation on student ratings of professors and professor self-ratings. Students rated their professors on 26 questions tapping five teaching factors as well as overall teaching effectiveness. Professors rated themselves on the same questions as well as on nine exploratory ones. On student ratings, there were main effects for both professor gender (female professors were rated higher than male professors on the two interpersonal factors) and division (natural science courses were rated lowest on most factors). These patterns were qualified by significant interactions between professor gender and division. Although professor self-ratings varied by division, there were few significant correlations between professor self-ratings and students' ratings. Implications for future research are discussed.
The Supersingleton I: Free Dipole and Interactions at Infinity

The program of this Letter, and the one following it, is to develop a formulation of supersymmetric electrodynamics in which the massless fields (photons and neutrinos) are bilinear (actually, commutators) of constituent singleton fields. here we lay the foundations, describing the unique gauge invariant interaction that is allowed in the context of conventional quantum field theory. New quantization rules, leading to super QED, are dealt with in the second Letter.
An emergency physician's guide to prosthetic heart valves: Valve-related complications

Summary Serious valve-related complications that occur in patients with prosthetic valves have been discussed. The emergency physician's role primarily is to recognize the high probability that one of these serious complications exists and hospitalize the patient so that rapid definitive diagnoses and therapeutic decisions are not delayed.
Cracks in functionally graded materials

A semi-infinite crack in a strip of an isotropic, functionally graded material under edge loading and in-plane deformation conditions is analyzed. Mixed mode stress intensity factors are analytically solved for up to a numerically determined parameter. The effects of material gradients on the mode I and mode II stress intensity factors and the phase angle used to measure mode mixity are determined. The solution is extended to the case where the strip is made of an orthotropic, functionally graded material. These results are applied to solve a four-point bending specimen configuration that may be used to test the fracture behavior of functionally graded materials. The nature of the crack tip fields and possible fracture criterion for functionally graded materials are discussed.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing and Personal Genomics Services: A Review of Recent Empirical Studies

Direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) has sparked much controversy and undergone dramatic changes in its brief history. Debates over appropriate health policies regarding DTC-GT would benefit from empirical research on its benefits, harms, and limitations. We review the recent literature (2011-present) and summarize findings across (1) content analyses of DTC-GT websites, (2) studies of consumer perspectives and experiences, and (3) surveys of relevant health care providers. Findings suggest that neither the health benefits envisioned by DTC-GT proponents (e.g., significant improvements in positive health behaviors) nor the worst fears expressed by its critics (e.g., catastrophic psychological distress and misunderstanding of test results, undue burden on the health care system) have materialized to date. However, research in this area is in its early stages and possesses numerous key limitations. We note needs for future studies to illuminate the impact of DTC-GT and thereby guide practice and policy regarding this rapidly evolving approach to personal genomics.
Dissonance: A nervous system analog to quantum incompatibility

Motor control in animals, including development of motor control, has an important discrete aspect, even though the mechanics of body movement are well described by continuous mathematics. Physiologically, movement is controlled in large part as transitions between and efforts to remain within discrete spatial regions, such as chair seats and doorways. Based on observations in human development and rehabilitation, this study continues efforts to unify discrete with continuous aspects of motor control. The continuous aspects arise mostly from mechanics; the discrete, from physiology.
Coronary revascularization in patients with type 2 diabetes and results of the BARI 2D trial.

Objectives This Perspective reviews the results of early and contemporary studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of coronary revascularization in patients with diabetes. It also addresses the implications of some of the data in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in type 2 diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Methods Review of the literature and discussion of the implications of results in the BARI 2D trial. Results Patients with diabetes benefit from revascularization by coronary thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). However, with each intervention the benefit is less and the risks and complications are greater than in patients without diabetes. Revascularization for treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction increases survival. When used for treatment of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction or unstable angina, it does not except in those at very high risk. In patients with chronic, symptomatic coronary artery disease, long-term mortality is comparable after CABG or PCI. However, the incidence of major adverse cardiac events is greater after PCI primarily because of the need for more subsequent revascularization procedures. Both interventions relieve symptoms, but neither improves survival except in patients at high risk. In patients with clinically stable chronic coronary disease, survival after CABG or PCI is comparable with that in patients treated with optimal medical therapy alone. Accordingly, evaluation for revascularization can be deferred until signs and symptoms worsen except in patients at high risk. In patients at high risk survival after promptly implemented CABG is greater than that with optimal medical therapy, especially when the diabetes is being treated with insulin sensitizing agents.
Callitrichids as phyletic dwarfs, and the place of the callitrichidae in platyrrhini

Cebuella, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, andSaguinus share five distinguishing features. All of these features are best interpreted as derived character states within Platyrrhini, and these animals are phyletic dwarfs. These derived traits may form a single complex that evolved as a result of dwarfing. Two changes in the dentition are shown to be correlated with dwarfing in mammals. These four platyrrhine genera may or may not form a monophyletic group. It is suggested thatCallimico is an “incipient dwarf platyrrhine.” Causes of dwarfing in mammals are discussed.
Surgical management of transposition with ventricular septal defect and obstruction to the left ventricular outflow tract.

The arterial switch operation has become the preferred surgical procedure for the management of simple and complex transposition, defined on the basis of concordant atrioventricular but discordant ventriculo-arterial connections, with excellent results over the short-term, and thus far over the long-term. When transposition is associated with a ventricular septal defect, and there is additional obstruction within the left ventricular outflow tract, the complexity of the surgical repair is increased, and the surgical options are not as attractive.
Nationwide practice patterns for the use of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis among men undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Purpose To examine the practice patterns and predictors of VTE prophylaxis following radical prostatectomy (RP).
Neuroprotective signaling pathways are modulated by adenosine in the anoxia tolerant turtle

Cumulative evidence shows a protective role for adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) in hypoxia/ischemia; A1R stimulation reduces neuronal damage, whereas blockade exacerbates damage. The signal transduction pathways may involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and serine/threonine kinase (AKT), with cell survival depending on the timing and degree of upregulation of these cascades as well as the balance between pro-survival and pro-death pathways. Here, we show in vitro that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K/AKT) activation is dependent on A1R stimulation, with further downstream effects that promote neuronal survival. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK) and AKT (p-AKT) as well as Bcl-2 are upregulated in anoxic neuronally enriched primary cultures from turtle brain. This native upregulation is further increased by the selective A1R agonist 2-chloro-N-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), whereas the selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dihydropylxanthine (DPCPX) decreases p-ERK and p-AKT expression. Conversely, A1R antagonism resulted in increases in phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), p38 (p-p38), and Bax. As pathological and adaptive changes occur simultaneously during anoxia/ischemia in mammalian neurons, the turtle provides an alternative model to analyze protective mechanisms in the absence of evident pathologies.
Sleep problems as a risk factor for falls in a sample of community-dwelling adults aged 64-99 years.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine if reported nighttime sleep problems and daytime sleepiness were associated with reported falling during the previous 12 months in a representatively sampled older adult population. DESIGN: Random-digit dial telephone survey. SETTING: Representatively sampled older adult population living in northern California. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 971 women and 555 men, aged 64 to 99 years. MEASUREMENTS: Twenty-minute telephone interview adapted from the National Health Interview Survey. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-four participants reported falling during the previous 12 months (19% of the sample). Significantly more women fell than men (20% and 14%, respectively, P < .001). The following variables were significant risk factors for falling in univariate analyses: female gender, being unmarried, living alone, income less than $15,000 per year, difficulty walking, having more than one chronic medical condition, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, arthritis, sensory impairment, psychological difficulties, and nighttime sleep problems. All of the nighttime sleep problem variables remained significant risk factors for falling after controlling for other risk factors for falling. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide support for an independent association between reported sleep problems and falls in an older population. One of the implications of these data is that behavioral research focusing on the effectiveness of insomnia treatment in old age should not only examine typical sleep-related outcomes (e.g., total time asleep, number of awakenings) but also the occurrence of falls as well.
Peering into the Dendritic Machinery of Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons

Striatal medium spiny neurons are principal players in the basal ganglia macrocircuits implicated in an astonishing array of psychomotor disorders, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, and drug abuse. Using an elegant combination of 2-photon laser scanning microscopy and 2-photon uncaging of glutamate, Carter and Sabatini (this issue of Neuron) provide our first glimpse into the dendrites and spines of striatal medium spiny neurons. The results offer new insights into the workings of these clinically important yet mysterious neurons.
Mobile information re-finding as a continuing dialogue

Mobile users have many needs to re-find information across a variety of computing devices, locations, and situations. My research explores two areas to support mobile information re-finding. First, I am investigating how users re-find information first found on the web: how people approach re-finding, what information they recall when trying to re-find, and how they converse about re-finding. Second, I am examining how shared context can be established and utilized between a user and a computer system to improve future re-finding interactions. In this paper, I present two efforts to explore these areas. I briefly describe a prototype system to support mobile information re-finding through a telephone-based voice interface, and then present preliminary results from a study of how people converse when engaging in collaborative information refinding tasks with another person. The results of this study suggest that context plays an important role in re-finding.