cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical world ocean general circulation model. Part II. A baroclinic experiment

Abstract A baroclinic six-layer world ocean model has been developed and tested in response to climatological surface wind stress and heat flux as a preliminary step to its coupling with a global atmospheric GCM. The model has reached a seasonal equilibrium after a 210-year integration, and successfully simulates most of the large-scale features of the annual mean and seasonal variation of observed temperature and current. The model's coarse resolution and large eddy viscosity, however, prevent it from adequately simulating the relatively narrow equatorial and western boundary currents. In comparison to the barotropic integrations of the model presented in Part I the joint effect of baroclinicity and bottom topography acts in general to increase the transports of the gyral circulations and Antarctic circumpolar current, while the ocean's vertical stratification is shown to reduce the equatorial upwelling. Although the model successfully simulates the observed distribution of the average ocean surface warming near the equator and cooling near the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio, it underestimates the strong heating observed in the subtropical eastern oceans. The annual variation of the oceanic heat storage is largest in the northern oceans, and responds to the seasonal fluctuation of Ekman transports. In the low-latitude oceans the poleward transport of heat is achieved principally by the mean meridional circulation, while in the middle latitudes the gyral circulations and diffusion are more effective in this regard. The simulated meridional heat transport in the Northern Hemisphere is similar to that of previous studies and is significantly less than that observed, while the model's southern hemispheric transports agree reasonally well with observational estimates.
Disarming the Trojan Horse of the UAAA and SPARTA: How America Should Reform its Sports Agent Laws to Conform with True Agency Principles

The accompanying article argues that most sports agent laws subordinate athletes’ interests to those of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”), and that sports agent law needs to change to better protect both professional and amateur athletes. This article is timely in light of the Uniform Law Commission’s recent decision to amend the Uniform Athlete Agents Act to encompass a broader range of concerns. In addition, this article builds upon recent literature that calls into doubt the legitimacy of the NCAA’s power within American society.
QMP-MVIA: a message passing system for Linux clusters with gigabit Ethernet mesh connections

Recent progress in performance coupled with a decline in price for copper-based gigabit Ethernet (GigE) interconnects makes them an attractive alternative to expensive high speed network interconnects (NIC) when constructing Linux clusters. However traditional message passing systems based on TCP for GigE interconnects cannot fully utilize the raw performance of today's GigE interconnects due to the overhead of kernel involvement and multiple memory copies during sending and receiving messages. The overhead is more evident in the case of mesh connected Linux clusters using multiple GigE interconnects in a single host. We present a general message passing system called QMP-MVIA (QCD Message Passing over M-VIA) for Linux clusters with mesh connections using GigE interconnects. In particular, we evaluate and compare the performance characteristics of TCP and M-VIA (an implementation of the VIA specification) software for a mesh communication architecture to demonstrate the feasibility of using M-VIA as a point-to-point communication software, on which QMP-MVIA is based. Furthermore, we illustrate the design and implementation of QMP-MVIA for mesh connected Linux clusters with emphasis on both point-to-point and collective communications, and demonstrate that QMP-MVIA message passing system using GigE interconnects achieves bandwidth and latency that are not only better than systems based on TCP but also compare favorably to systems using some of the specialized high speed interconnects in a switched architecture at much lower cost.
2,7‐Dimethyl‐2,7‐Dinitroöctane

2,7-Dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane reactant: 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid product: 2,7-dimethyl-2,7-dinitrooctane Keywords: electrolytic reactions; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; 4-methyl-4-nitrovaleric acid, decomposition during distillation; electrolysis apparatus, for Kolbe's synthesis
Comparison of 5-Hour ENERGY and Caffeine on Cognitive Performance and Subjective Feelings in Young Men and Women

Background: Perhaps the most ubiquitous example of energy shots is the product known as 5-Hour ENERGY. With caffeine being the primary ingredient, it has been hypothesized that the claimed effects of this product are due in most part to the caffeine content, estimated to be ∼200 mg. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5-Hour ENERGY to caffeine only, as well as to a placebo, on subjective feelings of energy and mood, objective measures of cognitive performance, heart rate, and blood pressure in men and women. Methods: Ten healthy men (Mage=22.7±1.1 years) and 10 healthy women (Mage=22.1±0.4 years) ingested either 5-Hour ENERGY, caffeine only (200 mg), or a placebo on three different days, separated by ∼1 week using a randomized design. Before and at 1, 3, and 5 h following ingestion of the assigned condition, subjects completed a subjective assessment of energy and mood, as well as tests of cognitive performance (Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test). Heart rate and ...
Improved stability for the SiS2-P2S5-Li2S-LiI glass system

A highly conductive glass with the composition: 0.14SiS 2 −0.09P 2 S 5 −0.47Li 2 S−0.30LiI has been synthesized at ambient pressure and quenching in liquid nitrogen. Its conductivity at 25°C was 2.1 mS/cm using lithium electrodes and exhibited dramatically improved stability towards lithium compared to SiS 2 -Li 2 S-LiI glasses. Glasses were also synthesized incorporating B 2 S 3 or Al 2 S 3 in place of P 2 S 5 in the SiS 2 -Li 2 S glass network. These, too, showed high conductivity and some improvement in stability towards lithium.
The psychiatrist-administrator: odd man out?

The development of community psychiatry as a recognized subspecialty of psychiatry and the concomitant growth of community mental health programs have once again brought into focus the role of the psychiatrist-administrator in the practice of public psychiatry. This paper explores the principal conflicts that the psychiatrist-administrator faces in his multiple roles as a physician, psychiatrist, administrator, community services planner, and clinician. Unless he can work toward a resolution of the conflicts and problems that arise, he is in danger of becoming the “odd man out”-the psychiatrist-administrator who does not have complete acceptance from any of the groups to which he belongs and within which he is trying to define his combined and complex role.
CHARGE association with choanal atresia and inner ear hypoplasia in a child with a de novo chromosome translocation t(2;7)(p14;q21.11).

A 3-year-old boy was diagnosed with CHARGE association on the basis of bilateral choanal atresia, absence of the semicircular canals, hypoplastic cochleae, genital hypoplasia, growth and developmental delays, cranial nerve dysfunction, and facial anomalies. Ophthalmologic and cardiac evaluations were normal. He was found to have an apparently balanced t(2;7)(p14;q21.11) chromosomal translocation. Parental karyotypes were normal. Although there is evidence suggesting a genetic basis for CHARGE association, individuals with chromosomal abnormalities and CHARGE are rare. In the described patient, the presence of characteristic CHARGE features suggests that the t(2;7)(p14;q21.11) translocation breakpoints may cause a deletion or disruption of genes within the involved regions that are involved in the generation of the CHARGE association phenotype.
Discovery of Anthelmintic Drug Targets and Drugs Using Chokepoints in Nematode Metabolic Pathways

Parasitic roundworm infections plague more than 2 billion people (1/3 of humanity) and cause drastic losses in crops and livestock. New anthelmintic drugs are urgently needed as new drug resistance and environmental concerns arise. A “chokepoint reaction” is defined as a reaction that either consumes a unique substrate or produces a unique product. A chokepoint analysis provides a systematic method of identifying novel potential drug targets. Chokepoint enzymes were identified in the genomes of 10 nematode species, and the intersection and union of all chokepoint enzymes were found. By studying and experimentally testing available compounds known to target proteins orthologous to nematode chokepoint proteins in public databases, this study uncovers features of chokepoints that make them successful drug targets. Chemogenomic screening was performed on drug-like compounds from public drug databases to find existing compounds that target homologs of nematode chokepoints. The compounds were prioritized based on chemical properties frequently found in successful drugs and were experimentally tested using Caenorhabditis elegans. Several drugs that are already known anthelmintic drugs and novel candidate targets were identified. Seven of the compounds were tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and three yielded a detrimental phenotype. One of these three drug-like compounds, Perhexiline, also yielded a deleterious effect in Haemonchus contortus and Onchocerca lienalis, two nematodes with divergent forms of parasitism. Perhexiline, known to affect the fatty acid oxidation pathway in mammals, caused a reduction in oxygen consumption rates in C. elegans and genome-wide gene expression profiles provided an additional confirmation of its mode of action. Computational modeling of Perhexiline and its target provided structural insights regarding its binding mode and specificity. Our lists of prioritized drug targets and drug-like compounds have potential to expedite the discovery of new anthelmintic drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy.
Clustering of gene expression data based on shape similarity

A method for gene clustering from expression profiles using shape information is presented. The conventional clustering approaches such as K-means assume that genes with similar functions have similar expression levels and hence allocate genes with similar expression levels into the same cluster. However, genes with similar function often exhibit similarity in signal shape even though the expression magnitude can be far apart. Therefore, this investigation studies clustering according to signal shape similarity. This shape information is captured in the form of normalized and time-scaled forward first differences, which then are subject to a variational Bayes clustering plus a non-Bayesian (Silhouette) cluster statistic. The statistic shows an improved ability to identify the correct number of clusters and assign the components of cluster. Based on initial results for both generated test data and Escherichia coli microarray expression data and initial validation of the Escherichia coli results, it is shown that the method has promise in being able to better cluster time-series microarray data according to shape similarity.
SIMULATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC LOAD

The selection and evaluation of finite–element modeling approaches for predicting cyclic behavior of structural concrete is presented. Nonlinear material models for structural concrete are evaluated through comparison of simulations with one set of experiments. A set of models is further evaluated through comparison with experiments of cyclically loaded structural concrete components with varying geometry, loading conditions, and hysteretic response. It is found that representation of shear transfer across crack faces strongly influences hysteretic behavior. Modeling compression strain–softening and the Bauschinger effect in reinforcing steel improves predicted cyclic response relative to experiments. The selected set of material models are evaluated and found to capture flexure–dominated hysteretic behavior, indicate potential shear–dominated failure, predict local influences of bonded prestressing through joints, and capture the influences of unbonded vertical prestressing in bridge columns. Modeling bondslip, concrete shear distortion, and steel buckling are necessary for full failure mode prediction. This research uses models available in commercial finite–element codes and is intended for researchers and practitioners interested in using nonlinear finite–element analysis to predict cyclic response of new and existing structural concrete designs.
Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis in dogs

Primary diseases of the thyroid gland, especially lymphocytic thyroiditis and idiopathic follicular atrophy, were the most common lesions associated with clinical hypothyroidism in pet dogs. Lymphocytic thyroiditis resembled naturally occurring lymphocytic thyroiditis in the Obese-strain of White Leghorn chickens and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in man. The morphology of the thyroid lesion and frequent occurrence of circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies suggested that lymphocytic thyroiditis was immune-mediated in pet dogs. Thyroid lesions similar to naturally occurring autoimmune thyroiditis in experimental dogs were induced by a local thyroidal graft-versus-host reaction. The lesions observed in the thyroid lobe which was not injected with immunocompetent cells appeared to develop from the formation of thyroid antibodies in the gland by migrating host lymphocytes. Autoimmune lymphocytic thyroiditis occurred secondary to an unrelated immune response occurring in target tissue.
Evaluation of alternatives to the FERC SGIP screens for PV interconnection studies

Existing screening procedures contained in state and federal interconnection rules are designed to balance the need for efficiency and technical rigor for all Distributed Generation (DG). The interconnection of DG that pose no risk of system impacts based on the screens can be expedited without the need for further studies. While the interconnection screening procedures have served the industry well, they also need to evolve in order to remain relevant with respect to evolving standards, technology, and practical experience. This is particularly important considering the large and increasing volume of DG applications, particularly photovoltaic (PV) generation. This paper discusses the application of two screens from the point of view of PV: the 15% penetration on line sections and the 20 kW aggregate capacity screen for single-phase secondary circuits. We discuss extensions to the existing interconnection screens that allow for a more rigorous upfront technical evaluation to identify potential system impacts, based on the characteristics of PV generation. More effective and efficient screens will allow utilities to focus the interconnection study effort for PV systems on the cases most likely to impact the electric distribution system and avoid unnecessary interconnection study costs and delays.
Negotiation of meaning as a tool for evaluating conversational skills in the OPI

Abstract Though the oral proficiency interview (OPI) rates the examinee's overall language proficiency in face-to-face interaction, the rating is based solely upon the evaluation of the examinee's contribution in isolation. No attempt is made to evaluate conversational skills in interaction. A criticism that has been made of the OPI is that the format is not appropriate for the evaluation of such interactive dialogue events. As one way to enhance the understanding of language proficiency in interaction, this study undertakes a step-by-step analysis of negotiation of meaning of eight examinees in four different proficiency levels obtained from a OPI training workshop. More specifically, the study examines negotiation sequences, focusing on the interactional modifications used by the interviewers and communication strategies used by the examinees. The study explores how these problem-solving behaviors reflect the examinees’ conversational skills in interaction, and argues that the OPI evaluation protocols should be amended to explicitly take such skills into account.
The photolysis of dichlorotriphenylbismuth(V) in chloroform

Under 254 nm irradiation in chloroform, Bi(C6H5)3Cl2 reacts to yield HBiCl4 and H2BiCl5, in contrast to its behavior in acetonitrile, in which bismuth metal appears to be the eventual product, unless anhydrous HCl is present, in which case H2BiCl5 is also formed. The photolysis in CHCl3 is not significantly solvent-initiated. The rate depends directly on the light intensity absorbed by the metal complex, and the quantum yield is 0.026. In CCl4 a portion of the reaction occurs through absorption of light by the solvent.
Implicit Runge-Kutta methods for second kind Volterra integral equations

Implicit Runge-Kutta methods for ordinary differential equations which arise from interpolatory quadrature formulae are generalized to Volterra integral equations of the second kind. Two classes of methods are considered and shown to be convergent and numerically stable. In addition, for various choices of quadrature formulae the methods areA-stable and stifflyA-stable.
Approaching the Shockley-Queisser limit in GaAs solar cells

With recent advances in device design, single junction GaAs solar cells are approaching their theoretical efficiency limits. Accurate numerical simulation may offer insights that can lead to further improvement. Significant care must be taken, however, to ensure that the simulation properly comprehends thermodynamic limits. In this paper, we use rigorous photon recycling simulation coupled with carrier transport simulation to identify the dominant loss mechanisms that limit the performance of thin film GaAs solar cell.
Non-chemokinetic neutrophil attractants derived from arachidonic acid

Abstract Gradients of 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HPETE) were significantly and equally chemotactic for human neutrophils at 15–75μM. However, neither eicosanoid stimulated random migration when presented isotropically to cells, indicating a total lack of chemokinetic activity. These unique non-chemokinetic chemoattractants may be useful tools for dissecting the chemokinetic phase of neutrophil activation from the chemotactic phase.
Tracheal rupture after emergency endotracheal intubation

A 60-year-old woman presented to the emergency department (ED) of a suburban hospital with complaints of cough, fever, and dyspnea. She had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic steroid therapy. At presentation, she was in severe respiratory distress. Orotracheal intubation was decided due to persistence of severe hypoxia and hypercapnia with deterioration of consciousness despite a first attempt at noninvasive ventilation. The intubation was performed in rapid sequence using a 7.5-mm diameter single lumen tube without stylet. The patient had a regular and anatomically intact airway. The maneuver itself was reported to be an easy procedure and was considered successful after the first attempt. After about an hour of invasive ventilation, a subcutaneous emphysema appeared on the neck and anterior chest wall, respiratory failure worsened, and a slight hemoptysis occurred. The chest radiograph showed subcutaneous emphysema and protrusion of the cuff outside the tracheal lumen (Fig. 1). A computed tomography (CT) scan visualized the injury of the posterior tracheal wall due to the rupture of the pars membranacea (Fig. 2). The patient was then referred to our hospital to undergo a bronchoscopy, which revealed a longitudinal hole with sharp margins at the posterior part of the membranous portion, extending up to 2 cm from the carina with a total length of 5 cm. The lesion was surgically repaired via right thoracotomy. Fig. 1 a Chest radiograph in the anteroposterior view of the patient with tracheal rupture, showing subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. b Detailed view shows the protrusion of the cuff of the tube outside the tracheal lumen (white arrows) Fig. 2 a–c Corresponding CT axial scans corroborating the diagnosis of subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema. d The lumen of the tracheal tube appears enlarged and deformed after the herniation of the cuff Mechanisms that may determine tracheal laceration are mechanical and anatomical [1]. An over-distended balloon cuff coupled with fragility of the tracheal wall due to chronic lung diseases and steroid therapy may be crucial [2]. The appearance of specific symptoms after intubation, like subcutaneous emphysema, hemoptysis, and persistence of hypoxia despite adequate ventilation, are consistent with a possible tracheal rupture [1–4]. Radiology may confirm the clinical suspicion.
Explaining Contradictory Relations Between Risk Perception and Risk Taking

Different studies have documented opposite relations between perceived risk and behavior. The present study tested a theoretical explanation that reconciles these conflicting results. Adolescents (N= 596) completed alternative measures of risk perception that differed in cue specificity and response format. As predicted by fuzzy-trace theory, measures that emphasized verbatim retrieval and quantitative processing produced positive correlations between perceived risk and risky behavior; risk perceptions reflected the extent to which adolescents engaged in risky behavior. In contrast, measures that assessed global, gist-based judgments of risk produced negative correlations; higher risk perceptions were associated with less risk taking, a protective rather than reflective relation. Endorsement of simple values and principles provided the greatest protection against risk taking. Results support a dual-processes interpretation of the relation between risk perception and risk taking according to which observed relations depend on whether the cues in questions trigger verbatim or gist processing.
Surface self-diffusion on Pt(001) by an atomic exchange mechanism.

Field-ion microscopy has been used to map the surface sites visited by an individual Pt adatom migrating at 175 K on the Pt(001) plane and to determine its activation energy for surface diffusion. Atomic displacements are found to occur only in the (100) or (010) directions. A surprisingly low activation energy of 0.47 eV is measured. These results are consistent with a model in which the diffusion occurs by an adatom-substrate exchange mechanism. This mechanism is predicted theoretically for self-diffusion on Al(001).
Patterns of fatty acid deposition during development of soybean seed

Abstract Fatty acid deposition in developing soybean seeds of high- and low-linolenic acid cultivars show a great deal of similarity. In all cultivars, the greatest change in fatty acid content occurs during the first half of seed formation. The amount of linolenic acid is highest during the very early stage of seed formation and the relative amount decreases thereafter. Linolenic acid content in mature soybean seed is inversely proportional to that of oleic acid.
Algorithm 717: Subroutines for maximum likelihood and quasi-likelihood estimation of parameters in nonlinear regression models

We present FORTRAN 77 subroutines that solve statistical parameter estimation problems for general nonlinear models, e.g., nonlinear least-squares, maximum likelihood, maximum quasi-likelihood, generalized nonlinear least-squares, and some robust fitting problems. The accompanying test examples include members of the generalized linear model family, extensions using nonlinear predictors (“nonlinear GLIM”), and probabilistic choice models, such as linear-in-parameter multinomial probit models. The basic method, a generalization of the NL2SOL algorithm for nonlinear least-squares, employs a model/trust-region scheme for computing trial steps, exploits special structure by maintaining a secant approximation to the second-order part of the Hessian, and adaptively switches between a Gauss-Newton and an augmented Hessian approximation. Gauss-Newton steps are computed using a corrected seminormal equations approach. The subroutines include variants that handle simple bounds on the parameters, and that compute approximate regression diagnostics.
Visual fixation invariant

This paper deals with a visual-motion fixation invariant. We show that during fixation there is a measurable nonlinear function of optical flow that produces the same value for all points of a stationary environment regardless of the 3-D shape of the environment. During fixated camera motion relative to a rigid object, e.g., a stationary environment, the projection of the fixated point remains (by definition) at the same location in the image, and all other points located on the 3-D rigid object can only rotate relative to the 3-D fixation point. This rotation rate of the points is invariant for all points that lie on the particular environment, and it is measurable from a sequence of images. This new invariant is obtained from a set of monocular images, and is expressed explicitly as a closed form solution. In this paper we show how to extract this invariant analytically from a sequence of images using optical flow information, and we present results obtained from real data experiments.
CNDO/2 calculations of the interactions of formamide and imidazole: Another failure of CNDO/2

Abstract The interaction energy curve of the formamide-imidazole system resulting from the CNDO/2 method exhibits a superfluous minimum at a much smaller separation than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the closest atoms, and a low maximum at this latter distance. The relationship of the interaction energies using CNDO/2 and those using the atomic charges on the two molecules is investigated for this system.
Correlation of CdZnTe(211)B substrate surface morphology and HgCdTe(211)B epilayer defects

We present results on the surface morphology and recombination lifetimes of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown HgCdTe (211)B epilayers and correlate them with the roughness of the CdZnTe substrate surfaces. The substrate surface quality was monitored by in-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The SE roughness of the substrate was measured after oxide desorption in the growth chamber. The RHEED patterns collected show a strong correlation with the SE roughness. This proves that SE is a valuable CdZnTe prescreening tool. We also found a correlation between the substrate roughness and the epilayer morphologies. They are characterized by a high density of thin elongated defects, “needle defects,” which appear on most samples regardless of growth conditions. The HgCdTe epilayers grown on these substrates were characterized by temperature-dependent, photoconductive decay-lifetime data. Fits to the data indicate the presence of mid-gap recombination centers, which were not removed by 250°C/24-h annealing under a Hg-rich atmosphere. These centers are believed to originate from bulk defects rather than Hg vacancies. We show that Te annealing and CdTe growth on the CdZnTe substrates smooth the surface and lower substantially the density of needle defects. Additionally, a variety of interfacial layers were also introduced to reduce the defect density and improve the overall quality of the epilayer, even in the presence of less than perfect substrates. Both the perfection of the substrate surface and that of its crystalline structure are essential for the growth of high-quality material. Thus, CdZnTe surface polishing procedures and growth techniques are crucial issues.
Generalized convulsive status epilepticus in adults and children: treatment guidelines and protocols

Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) has a high morbidity and mortality, such that the rapid delivery of anticonvulsant therapy should be initiated within minutes of seizure onset to prevent permanent neuronal damage. GCSE is not a specific disease but is a manifestation of either a primary central nervous system (CNS) insult or a systemic disorder with secondary CNS effects. It is mandatory to look for an underlying cause. First-line therapies for seizures and status epilepticus include the use of a benzodiazepine, followed by an infusion of a phenytoin with a possible role for intravenous valproate or phenobarbital. If these first-line medications fail to terminate the GCSE, treatment includes the continuous infusion of midazolam, pentobarbital, or propofol.
Monte Carlo approach for studying microphases applied to the axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising and the Ising-Coulomb models

The equilibrium phase behavior of microphase-forming systems is notoriously difficult to obtain because of the extended metastability of their modulated phases. In this paper we present a systematic simulation methodology for studying layered microphases and apply the approach to two prototypical lattice-based systems: the three-dimensional axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) and Ising-Coulomb (IC) models. The method involves thermodynamically integrating along a reversible path established between a reference system of free spins under an ordering field and the system of interest. The resulting free-energy calculations unambiguously locate the phase boundaries. Simple phases are not found to play a particularly significant role in the devil's flowers and interfacial roughening plays at most a small role in the ANNNI layered regime. With the help of generalized order parameters, the paramagnetic-modulated critical transition of the ANNNI model is also studied. We confirm the $\mathit{XY}$ universality of the paramagnetic-modulated transition and its isotropic nature.
Infectious flare-ups and serious sequelae following endodontic treatment: A prospective randomized trial on efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in cases of asymptomatic pulpal-periapical lesions

Without peritreatment antibiotics, infectious flare-ups (about 15% incidence) and serious sequelae follow endodontic treatment of asymptomatic teeth with necrotic pulps and associated periapical lesions. Antibiotics administered after endodontic treatment (4-day regimen) reduce the flare-up incidence to about 2%, but hypersensitivity responses, sensitization, resistant microbes, and drug-taking compliance are potential problems. To ascertain whether a specific prophylactic antibiotic (high-dose, 1-day regimen) would preferentially maintain this low flare-up incidence while overcoming antibiotic-related problems, 315 patients with quiescent pulpal necrosis and an associated periapical lesion were randomly given either penicillin V or erythromycin (base or stearate). Evaluations of flare-up after endodontic treatment were done at 1 day, 1 week, and 2 months. A 2.2% flare-up incidence was found, with no statistically significant differences for penicillin (0.0%), base (2.9%), and stearate (3.8%). No hypersensitivity responses occurred. Gastrointestinal side effects were found primarily with the erythromycins (12.4%). A comparative analysis of the data from our first study (no peritreatment antibiotics) and the pooled data from our last two investigations (including the current trial) showed that peritreatment antibiotic coverage significantly reduced flare-ups and serious sequelae after endodontic treatment (p less than 0.001).
An analytical investigation of the impingement of jets on curved deflectors.

Numerical solutions are obtained for the cases of straight circular jets impinging on axisymmetric curved surfaces and plane jets impinging symmetrically on two-dimensional curved surfaces. These geometries are representative of some types of thrust reversers for transport aircraft. The solutions are based on the assumptions of incompressible and potential flow. The velocity field, pressure distribution at the deflector surface and reverser effectiveness are predicted for deflector turning angles of 15 to 75 deg, deflector width to jet diameter ratios of 1.5 to 2.0, and ratios of deflector clearance to jet diameter of 1.0 to 3.0. Reverser effectiveness is found to be a maximum for a ratio of deflector clearance to jet diameter of about 2.0. The effect of back pressuring due to the presence of the deflector is predicted. Experimental verification of the theoretical predictions is obtained. A compressible solution obtained for a limited number of cases indicates that the incompressible solution is satisfactory for jet exit Mach numbers less than 0.8.
Photoaffinity analogues of methotrexate as folate antagonist binding probes

A photoaffinity analogue of methotrexate, APA-[125I]ASA-Lys, specifically binds to dihydrofolate reductase and covalently modifies the enzyme following irradiation. An excess of methotrexate blocks incorporation of the photoprobe. Following cyanogen bromide digestion of the radiolabeled enzyme and high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of the generated peptides, a majority of the label was centered around residues 63-65 (Lys-Asn-Arg), part of the inhibitor binding domain. This photoprobe is also transported into murine L1210 cells in a temperature-dependent, sulfhydryl reagent inhibitable manner with a Vmax similar to that for methotrexate. Ultraviolet irradiation at 4 degrees C of a cell suspension that had been incubated with the radiolabeled photoprobe resulted in the covalent modification of a 46-48 Kd protein. This can be demonstrated when the plasma membranes from the labeled cells are analyzed via sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Labeling of this protein occurs half-maximally at a reagent concentration that correlates with the Kt for transport of the iodinated compound. Protection against labeling of this protein by increasing amounts of methotrexate parallels the concentration dependence of inhibition of photoprobe uptake by methotrexate. In addition, no labeling occurs when a cell line that has a defective methotrexate transport system is similarly treated. Evidence that, in the absence of irradiation and at 37 degrees C, the iodinated probe is actually internalized is demonstrated by the labeling of two soluble proteins (Mr = 38 Kd and 21 Kd) derived from the cell homogenate supernatant.
Sensitivity of Moist Convection Forced by Boundary Layer Processes to Low-Level Thermodynamic Fields

Abstract The sensitivity of moist convection to a number of low-level thermodynamic parameters is examined with a high-resolution, nonhydrostatic numerical model. The parameters examined are the surface temperature dropoff (defined as the difference between the potential temperature measured at the surface and that in the well-mixed boundary layer), the surface moisture dropoff (defined similarly for moisture), the boundary layer moisture dropoff (defined as the vertical decrease in moisture within the boundary layer), and the depth of the moisture. The typical variability in these parameters is estimated from two field experiments in northeastern Colorado. Sensitivity is then defined relative to this typical observational variability. Two convection initiation cases from northeastern Colorado are examined. In both cases, convection initiation is found to be most sensitive to the surface temperature dropoff and the surface moisture dropoff. It is found that variations in boundary layer temperature and moi...
Central regulation of gastric emptying of solid nutrient meals by corticotropin releasing factor.

Central regulation of gastric emptying of a solid nutrient meal and spatial and temporal parameters of gastro-pyloro-duodenal contractions by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) were investigated in conscious dogs. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of CRF at 0.033 nmol kg-1 min-1 for 15 min in a volume of 0.2 mL significantly delayed the total gastric emptying time of the meal. I.c.v infusion of CRF also increased the mean frequency of proximal duodenal contractions and decreased the percentage of distally propagating contractions in the whole duodenum. The remaining parameters of pyloric and duodenal contractions were not affected. A prior i.c.v. infusion of I-helical CRF9-41 (0.166 nmol kg-1 min-1 for 15 min in a volume of 0.2 mL) blocked the central effects of CRF on gastric emptying time and the duodenal contractions. Central infusion of CRF had no significant effect on the lag phase of gastric emptying. Bilateral truncal vagotomy significantly delayed the gastric emptying time of the solid nutrient meal. However, after vagotomy, i.c.v. infusion of CRF had no effect on gastric emptying time or the spatial and temporal parameters of gastro-pyloro-duodenal contractions. In conclusion, CRF, the mediator of stress response, delays the total gastric emptying time of solid nutrient meals. The delay in gastric emptying may not be due to a change in the spatial and temporal parameters of gastric or pyloric contractions, but mainly due to changes in the parameters of duodenal contractions. The central effects of CRF on gastric emptying and duodenal contractions may be mediated by the vagus nerves.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANAEROBIOSIS ON THE GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF HELA CELLS.

Abstract HeLa cells divided at a reduced rate under strict anaerobic conditions but only to a limited extent which was followed by cell death. In the absence of cell division, cells remained viable for longer periods under anaerobic conditions. The maximal amount of anaerobic growth was approximately 50 per cent of the starting population. Protein and nucleic acid contents paralleled cell numbers under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions indicating that anaerobiosis did not cause unbalanced growth. The reasons for the lack of sustained growth under anaerobic conditions is unknown but may be due to some oxygen dependent biosynthetic pathway.
Cholescintigraphy, ultrasonography and computerized tomography in the evaluation of biliary tract disorders.

Newer modalities available for the evaluation of hepatobiliary disease include cholescintigraphy, ultrasonography, and computerized tomography. We have examined the relative strengths and weaknesses of each of these noninvasive techniques and developed a rational diagnostic approach for the evaluation of acute cholecystitis, chronic cholecystitis, and cholestasis. The procedure of choice for suspected acute cholecystitis is 99m Tc-HIDA cholescintigraphy because it is a highly accurate method for obtaining functional information with regard to cystic duct patency. In suspected chronic cholecystitis, the oral cholecystogram is the best screening procedure, followed by ultrasound for confirmation of gallbladder disease as the cause of nonvisualization. The role of 99m Tc-HIDA cholescintigraphy in suspected chronic cholecystitis is limited to those cases where the oral cholecystogram and sonogram yield disparate results, or where a patient is known to have chronic gallbladder disease and superimposed acute exacerbation is suspected. Ultrasonography is recommended as the initial procedure for evaluation of the patient with cholestasis. It is highly accurate in distinguishing hepatocellular disease from obstructive jaundice, and when dilated biliary radicles are visualized, ultrasonography is frequently capable of identifying the cause of obstruction. If the patient's body habitus or gaseous distention makes ultrasonographic evaluation difficult, then computerized tomography is recommended, followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography or transhepatic cholangiography, when needed.
A protein engineering analysis of the transition state for protein folding: simulation in the lattice model

Background : Protein engineering has been used extensively to evaluate the properties of transition states in protein folding. Although the method has proved useful, its limitations and the details of interpretation of the obtained results remain largely unexplored. Results : Lattice model simulations are used to test and verify the protein engineering analysis of the transition state in protein folding. It is shown that in some cases – but not always – this method is able to determine the transition state with reasonable accuracy. Limitations of protein engineering are revealed and analyzed. In particular, the change in non-native interactions as a result of mutations is shown to influence the results of the protein engineering analysis. Furthermore, the temperature dependencies of ϕ values (which are a measure of the participation of a residue in the transition state) and the character of the transition state ensemble are studied. It is shown that as a general trend ϕ values decrease when the temperature decreases, a finding consistent with recent experimental results. Our analysis suggests that this trend results primarily from the formation of some contacts (native and non-native) in the unfolded state at a lower temperature, when the barrier for folding is energetic. Conclusions : Our analysis helps to interpret the results of protein engineering and allows observed ϕ values to be directly related to structural features of the unfolded state, the transition state and the native state.
Infrared-active heterostructured nanocrystals with ultralong carrier lifetimes.

We present the synthesis of composite PbSe/CdSe/CdS nanocrystals with two distinct geometries: core/shell/shell structures and tetrapods. These novel nanostructures exhibit extremely long carrier decay times up to 20 μs that are combined with high emission efficiencies in the infrared. The increase in carrier lifetimes is attributed to the reduction of the electron−hole overlap as a result of delocalization of the electron wave function into the outer CdS shell or arms. The ultralong carrier lifetimes and controlled geometry render these nanocrystals attractive for a variety of applications from lasing to photocatalysis and photovoltaics.
Official and Unofficial Diplomacy between Rome and Bologna: the de’ Grassi Family under Pope Julius II, 1503-1513

This article examines the position of the de’ Grassi brothers, Agamemnon, Achilles, and Paris, as diplomats and negotiators between Rome and Bologna. During Julius II della Rovere’s pontificate, relations between these cities were strained as the pope worked to permanently dislodge the usurping Bentivoglio family from power and to govern Bologna through an expanded patrician council (the Quaranta Consiglieri). As a member of the Quaranta, Agamemnon commandeered his brothers’ skills and resources to improve Bolognese relations with the pope. The other brothers, as members of the papal court, could press Bologna’s cause using their professional knowledge and contacts. As a reward for their support, in 1511 Julius provided Achilles with a cardinal’s hat and shortly thereafter the bishopric of Bologna, which immediately was challenged by the Bentivoglio faction. Although all three brothers privileged their dual loyalty, in the aftermath of the Bentivoglio expulsion in 1512, the pope’s anger with Agamemnon as a Bolognese orator reveals the malleability of civic patriotism and political allegiance.
Management of undiagnosed persistent pleural effusions

Difficult to diagnose pleural effusions are not uncommonly encountered in clinical practice. We define these effusions as those that remain undiagnosed after initial thoracentesis and repeat thoracentesis with pleural biopsy. Tuberculosis and malignancy are often found to be the underlying causes when a diagnosis is ultimately made, but other causes, including pulmonary embolism and intra-abdominal conditions, need to be considered as potential causes of the difficult to diagnose effusions. In selected cases, presumptive treatment of tuberculosis is indicated whereas in others, a decision must be made either to obtain a definitive diagnosis by invasive surgical procedures or to follow the patient with careful observation and watchful waiting.
Metabolic purine pathways in the developing ovary of the housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract 1. 1. A detailed knowledge of the enzymatic pathways of purine biosynthesis and interconversions in houseflies is important in determining if any biochemical differences exist that might allow exploitation in the selection of compounds that can be used in insect control. 2. 2. Accordingly, the present study demonstrates that the housefly ovaries are deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. When (8- 14 C) adenine was injected into houseflies prior to sacrifice, the purine was utilized in the formation of ovarian DNA adenine and guanine. 3. 3. The transformation of adenine into guanine is not reversible since no activity was observed in the adenine fraction when radioactive guanine was administered. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase appears to be the main salvage pathway enzyme of nucleotide synthesis. 4. 4. There was no evidence to indicate the presence of purine nucleoside phosphorylase or guanosine monophosphate reductase. 5. 5. The nucleoside kinases were present since radioactive guanosine was incorporated into guanine of DNA. The animal and bacterial cells have low kinase activity. 6. 6. The data indicate that free purine base analogues are not inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis and nucleotide formation is necessary for inhibition in the salvage pathway.
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome following shoulder arthroscopy. A report of three cases.

A nterior interosseous nerve syndrome is a clinical entity characterized by pain in the proximal part of the forearm and paresis of the pronator quadratus, the flexor pollicis longus, and the radial half of the flexor digitorum profundus. It was first described in association with brachial neuritis by Parsonage and Turner in 19481 and was later identified as a distinct entity by Kiloh and Nevin in 19522. Although anterior interosseous nerve syndrome often arises spontaneously, it has been associated with trauma and extrinsic compression. We report the cases of three patients in whom anterior interosseous nerve syndrome developed immediately after ipsilateral shoulder arthroscopy. The three arthroscopic procedures were performed by different surgeons. Two patients underwent subsequent exploration of the anterior interosseous nerve. All three recovered motor function nine to sixteen months after the arthroscopy. To our knowledge, anterior interosseous nerve syndrome as a complication of shoulder arthroscopy has not been previously described. In this report, we describe the complication and discuss three possible mechanisms. Our patients were informed that data concerning the cases would be submitted for publication. C ase 1. A forty-four-year-old healthy man presented with a six-month history of right shoulder pain. The physical examination suggested a rotator cuff tear, the presence of which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. The symptoms failed to decrease despite six weeks of physical therapy and one corticosteroid injection. Shoulder arthroscopy was performed with use of regional anesthesia with an interscalene block and with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position with the arm extended. Ten pounds (4.5 kg) of traction was applied with use of a boom attached to an adhesive foam sling on the distal part of the forearm. A partial supraspinatus tear was diagnosed, and debridement, subacromial decompression, and release of the coracoacromial ligament were …