cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compensatory Increase in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity in Rat Brain After Intraventricular Injections of 6-Hydroxydopamine

The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine produced a permanent loss of endogenous norepinephrine and of 3H-labeled norepinephrine uptake sites in the hippocampus within 5 days. These losses were initially accompanied by parallel decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and synaptosomal norepinephrine synthesis. Within 21 days, however, hippocampal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and norepinephrine synthesis rate increased three- to fivefold. These data suggest a novel form of plasticity in brain-damaged animals characterized by an increase in the capacity for transmitter biosynthesis in residual neurons.
Shallow subsurface temperature surveys in the basin and range province—II. Ground temperatures in the upsal hogback geothermal area, West-Central Nevada, U.S.A.

Abstract Numerous temperature surveys at a depth of 1 m were made in 1973–1985 in the Upsal Hogback and Soda Lakes geothermal areas in west-central Nevada. Whereas the surveys effectively delineated temperature at depth and heat flow within the relatively intense Soda Lakes thermal anomaly, they were not effective at the diffuse Upsal Hogback anomaly, where several perturbing factors that affect shallow subsurface temperatures are exceedingly variable. Albedo is the most important factor in the Upsal Hogback area, even at a depth of 30 m. All possible perturbing factors should be considered when designing a shallow temperature-based prospecting scheme.
Total Hip Arthroplasty and Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty in the Very Young Patient

Severe hip arthritis in an adolescent or very young adult can be a devastating disability that affects all aspects of a patient’s life. Newer treatment strategies in pediatric orthopedic surgery and hip preservation potentially could lessen the impact of this severe disorder in the future. Careful patient selection can lead to excellent outcomes for both THA and/or HRA in young patients. Further study will likely shed more light on whether HRA truly has more improved functional results than THA, and studies with longer follow-up that show definitive revision rates also should affect the future of HRA.
Systemic hypothermia in acute cervical spinal cord injury: a case-controlled study.

Systemic hypothermia remains a promising neuroprotective strategy. There has been recent interest in its use in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In this article, we describe our extended single center experience using intravascular hypothermia for the treatment of cervical SCI. Thirty-five acute cervical SCI patients received modest (33 °C) intravascular hypothermia for 48 h. Neurological outcome was assessed by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury scale (ISNCSCI) developed by the American Spinal Injury Association. Local and systemic complications were recorded. All patients were complete ISNCSCI A on admission, but four converted to ISNCSCI B in 18 h). Fifteen of total 35 patients (43%) improved at least one ISNCSCI grade at latest follow up 10.07 (±1.03) months. Even excluding those patients who converted from ISNCSCI A within 24 h, 35.5% (11 out of 31) improved at least one ISNCSCI grade. Both retrospective (n=14) and prospective (n=21) groups revealed similar number of respiratory complications. The overall risk of any thromboembolic complication was 14.2%. The results are promising in terms of safety and improvement in neurological outcome. To date, the study represents the largest study cohort of cervical SCI patients treated by modest hypothermia. A multi-center, randomized study is needed to determine if systemic hypothermia should be a part of SCI patients’ treatment for whom few options exist.
Electrical transport and 1/f noise in semiconducting carbon nanotubes

We investigate electrical transport and noise in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. By studying carbon nanotube devices with various diameters and contact metals, we show that the ON-currents of CNFETs are governed by the heights of the Schottky barriers at the metal/nanotube interfaces. The current fluctuations are dominated by 1/f noise at low-frequencies and correlate with the number of transport carriers in the device regardless of contact metal.
Enhanced sampling of chemical and biochemical reactions with metadynamics

Metadynamics (MetaD) is a method that augments molecular dynamics (MD) calculations of all types (classical and quantum) to help systems overcome energy barriers and explore regions of phase space that would otherwise not be seen during a simulation. The method has seen wide ranging uses, and it has proven especially useful for the study of reactions in which bonds break and form. In such cases, the timescale challenges of MD are profoundly limiting, and the advent of this new paradigm for biasing simulations has proven to be incredibly useful. In this review, we set out to summarise the large body of work that uses MetaD for studying reactions so that others can more easily implement this method in their own work. After a brief introduction of the method, we provide detailed summaries of the method applied in various contexts including condensed phase and biological reactions.
Multiphoton above-threshold detachment of Li − : Exterior-complex-scaling– generalized-pseudospectral method for calculations of complex-quasienergy resonances in Floquet formulation of time-dependent density-functional theory

We extend the exterior-complex-scaling--generalized-pseudospectral (ECSGPS) method [D. A. Telnov and S. I. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 59, 2864 (1999)] to the nonperturbative calculations of complex-quasienergy resonances of many-electron quantum systems within the Floquet formulation of time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) [D. A. Telnov and S. I. Chu, Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 466 (1997)]. The ECSGPS technique appears very useful in TDDFT-Floquet calculations where the exchange-correlation potentials may exhibit quite complicated behavior as functions of the electron coordinates and cannot be easily treated by means of the uniform-complex-scaling techniques. We have applied this procedure to the study of one-photon detachment and two-photon dominant above-threshold detachment of ${\mathrm{Li}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ negative ions. In the one-photon case, the photodetachment cross section has been calculated as a function of the photon energy with results in good agreement with the experimental data. In the two-photon case, both the partial detachment rates and electron angular distributions for the dominant and above-threshold channels are presented for a range of laser field frequencies and intensities. Dramatic transformations of the angular distributions in the vicinity of the two-photon threshold are observed and analyzed.
Economic Impacts of the 1981 Agricultural Act and the 1981 Tax Act on Texas High Plains Farmers

During 1981 two major pieces of legislation were passed that will greatly influence the economic welfare of farmers in the United States. First to be passed was the Economic Recovery Tax Act, and second was the Agriculture and Food Act. These two laws will likely have significant impacts on commercial farmers throughout the next decade.
Politics and Youth Gangs: a Follow‐up Study*

Scholarly interest in the political relationships of youth gangs recently has revived, following mass media reports of the politicization of some gangs and federal and private funding in support of economic and socially constructive programs in which a few large gangs participated. Unlike earlier gang political activities (which supported entrenched political power) recent reports suggest that youth gangs and their young adult counterparts have become radicalized, alienated from traditional political approaches and ideologies. This paper focuses on the political attitudes and activities, especially with respect to civil rights programs of young men. now aged 21 to 35, who were members of black youth gangs studied initially between 1959 and 1962. Assimilationist organizations and approaches receive higher recognition and support than do protest, black nationalist, and other groups, and violent methods. Variations in response reflect gang and community differences. The crientation to politics reflected in the findings appears more pragmatic than ideological. The potential for effective organization is related to recent reports of militant organization within prisons, a common experience for gang members.
Thermally stimulated optical scintillations in preheated plastic scintillators

Abstract PVT-based plastic scintillators, irrespective of their radiation history, are found to exhibit thermally stimulated optical scintillations in the temperature interval 40–80°C following a preheat to 200°C or above and cooling to RT. Maximum scintillation activity occurs near 65°C, which is the glass transition temperature T g of the scintillators. Comparing our results with the literature data of similar work it is suggested that pyroelectricity is the mechanism producing these scintillations. They occur due to electrical breakdown of air caused by depolarization of polarized dipoles in the crystalline moiety and detrapping of the trapped charges in the crystal-amorphous interfaces of the material, which were formed by preheating.
Individual Variation in Inbreeding Depression: The Roles of Inbreeding History and Mutation

We use mutation-selection recursion models to evaluate the relative contributions of mutation and inbreeding history to variation among individuals in inbreeding depression and the ability of experiments to detect associations between individual inbreeding depression and mating system genotypes within populations. Poisson mutation to deleterious additive or recessive alleles generally produces far more variation among individuals in inbreeding depression than variation in history of inbreeding, regardless of selfing rate. Moreover, variation in inbreeding depression can be higher in a completely outcrossing or selfing population than in a mixed-mating population. In an initially random mating population, the spread of a dominant selfing modifier with no pleiotropic effects on male outcross success causes a measurable increase in inbreeding depression variation if its selfing rate is large and inbreeding depression is caused by recessive lethals. This increase is observable during a short period as the modifier spreads rapidly to fixation. If the modifier alters selfing rate only slightly, it fails to spread or causes no measurable increase in inbreeding depression variance. These results suggest that genetic associations between mating loci and inbreeding depression loci could be difficult to demonstrate within populations and observable only transiently during rapid evolution to a substantially new selfing rate.
Interference Subspace Tracking for Network Interference Alignment in Cellular Systems

In this paper, a practical solution to implement the distributed interference alignment (IA) algorithm of [1] in a cellular communication system is proposed. In the training period of the proposed strategy, the User Equipment (UE) and the Base Station (BS), without knowing a priori the interference covariance matrix, update directly the precoding and interference suppression matrices based on the received signals by a minor subspace tracking algorithm. At the end of the training phase, the precoding and interference suppression matrices are then used at the UE and BS, respectively, for the transmission period. A special spatial reuse method is also proposed for the training period to lower the system overhead. Numerical system performance results are provided, showing that the algorithm, referred to as Interference Subspace Tracking IA (IST-IA), yields a good trade-off between throughput gains, on one side, and training overhead and computational complexity, on the other. It is also argued that IST-IA is a promising solution not only for training but also for the tracking phase, if applicable.
Risk factors for the development of auditory toxicity in patients receiving aminoglycosides

Risk factors for the development of auditory toxicity in patients receiving aminoglycosides were determined from the analysis of 135 patients enrolled in three prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trials of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Auditory toxicity, defined as a decrease in auditory acuity of greater than or equal to 15 dB, occurred in 30 patients (22.3%). Patients with auditory toxicity underwent therapy for a longer period, were more likely to be bacteremic, and had, on the average, a higher temperature (P less than 0.05). Using stepwise discriminant analysis, we selected these factors with liver dysfunction and the serum urea nitrogen:serum creatinine ratio in a function that accurately discriminates between toxic and nontoxic patients. Factors not adding significantly to the predictive accuracy of the equation were plasma aminoglycoside levels, aminoglycoside type, furosemide use, diabetes, age, sex, renal function, initial auditory acuity, hematocrit value, and shock. This analysis may be important both for determining the pathophysiology of auditory toxicity and for the prognostic stratification of patients receiving aminoglycosides in clinical trials.
A Lagrangian subgridscale model for particle transport improvement and application in the Adriatic Sea using the Navy Coastal Ocean Model

An accurate estimation of Lagrangian transport in the ocean is important for a number of practical problems such as dispersion of pollutants, biological species, and sediments. Forecasting of the Lagrangian pathways necessarily relies on the accuracy of ocean and coastal models. However, these models include a number of errors that propagate directly from the Eulerian velocity field to the Lagrangian transport. In this study, so-called Lagrangian sub-grid-scale, or LSGS, model is developed to reduce errors projected to Lagrangian transport from errors arising from missing physics, uncertainties in forcing and unresolved scales in OGCMs. The LSGS method acts on the diagnostics of particle transport computed from coastal or ocean models, and it allows to minimize the discrepancy between the statistical behavior of the modeled (synthetic) and real (observed) trajectories. The method is shown to work well using both a so-called Markov velocity field model, representing an idealized turbulent flow field, and in the context of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) configured in the Adriatic Sea for realistic, highresolution, complex ocean flows. The simplicity and computational efficiency of this technique, combined with applicability to ocean models at a wide range of resolutions, appears promising in light of the challenge of capturing exactly the oceanic turbulent fields, which is critical for Lagrangian dispersion.
Sensing the epigenome

Recent studies of plant development and environmental stress responses have converged on the roles of RNA and its metabolism as primary regulators of gene action. This RNA-based system appears to represent a versatile platform both for maintaining epigenetic memory and for reprogramming gene control in response to external signals. The fast-paced research reviewed here highlights exciting new trends in plant research relating to mechanisms and roles of the RNA-dependent epigenome in both development and evolution.
Effects of Lead, EDTA, and IAA on Nutrient Uptake by Alfalfa Plants

ABSTRACT The element concentrations of alfalfa plants exposed for 10 d to 40 mg lead (Pb) L− 1 from lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] alone, or combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Indole-3-acetic acid at 10 μ M and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 10 μ M increased potassium (K) concentration in roots by 87% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, IAA at 100 μ M decreased K concentration in leaves (P < 0.05). Plants exposed to 100 μ M IAA, Pb/IAA at 100 μ M, and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 100 μ M had, respectively, 30%, 55%, and 40% more sulfur (S) in leaves than control plants (P < 0.05). Lead and Pb/IAA reduced Ca concentration in stems and leaves (P < 0.05). Conversely, Pb and Pb/EDTA increased Cu concentration in roots and stems. IAA at 100 μ M, Pb, and Pb/EDTA/IAA decreased Zn concentration in roots (P < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) concentration in roots and stems was lower in plants treated...
Observation of lasing from vertically self-organized InAs three-dimensional island quantum boxes on GaAs (001)

We report the first observation of lasing from vertically self-organized multiple stacks of electronically uncoupled InAs three-dimensional island quantum boxes grown via molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates. A low-threshold current density of 310 A/cm/sup 2/ at 79 K is found for a stack of five sets of islands corresponding to 2 ML InAs depositions separated by 36 monolayer GaAs spacers grown via migration enhanced epitaxy. The distribution of the island volumes (1.5/spl times/10/sup 5/ /spl Aring//sup 3/-4 /spl times/10/sup 5/ /spl Aring//sup 3/) gives, as expected, a multitude of laser lines between 980 mm and 996 nm.
GoGene: gene annotation in the fast lane.

High-throughput screens such as microarrays and RNAi screens produce huge amounts of data. They typically result in hundreds of genes, which are often further explored and clustered via enriched GeneOntology terms. The strength of such analyses is that they build on high-quality manual annotations provided with the GeneOntology. However, the weakness is that annotations are restricted to process, function and location and that they do not cover all known genes in model organisms. GoGene addresses this weakness by complementing highquality manual annotation with high-throughput text mining extracting co-occurrences of genes and ontology terms from literature. GoGene contains over 4000000 associations between genes and gene-related terms for 10 model organisms extracted from more than 18000000 PubMed entries. It does not cover only process, function and location of genes, but also biomedical categories such as diseases, compounds, techniques and mutations. By bringing it all together, GoGene provides the most recent and most complete facts about genes and can rank them according to novelty and importance. GoGene accepts keywords, gene lists, gene sequences and protein sequences as input and supports search for genes in PubMed, EntrezGene and via BLAST. Since all associations of genes to terms are supported by evidence in the literature, the results are transparent and can be verified by the user. GoGene is available at http:// gopubmed.org/gogene.
RTT-based optimal waiting time for best route selection in ad hoc routing protocols

Routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are usually classified into two categories, proactive and reactive. Unlike proactive routing protocols, which maintain and update their routing tables periodically, reactive routing protocols do not discover routes until they are requested. Therefore, reactive protocols consume less system resources and produce less control overheads comparing to proactive protocols. However, the biggest drawback of reactive protocols is their large route discovery latency. It is this undesired character of reactive protocols that incurs the most criticism. In this paper, we propose a dynamic RTT-based algorithm which can dramatically reduce the route discovery latency. This algorithm can be generally applied to any source selection based reactive routing protocols. Our simulation study has also shown some interesting results about packet traversal time and route discovery latency in a contention-based channel like IEEE 802.11 which have not been discussed before.
Usefulness of the Twinkling Artifact in Identifying Implanted Mesh After Inguinal Hernia Repair

Objectives Implanted mesh for inguinal hernia repair is often difficult to visualize with gray scale sonography and may present without the knowledge of the sonographer. We sought to evaluate the utility of the twinkling artifact produced by inguinal mesh to assist in mesh identification. Methods Two reviewers evaluated focused sonographic examinations of 44 inguinal regions, 24 of which had implanted inguinal mesh. The sonographic examinations consisted of static gray scale and color Doppler images with both linear and curvilinear array transducers. The presence of the twinkling artifact and visibility of the mesh were graded on a 4-point visibility scale. Results Inguinal mesh was not easily identified on gray scale imaging using either the curvilinear array (P = .5) or linear array (P = .5) transducer. The mesh was definitely seen in 3 of 24 inguinal regions using the linear array transducer and 2 of 24 inguinal regions using the curvilinear array transducer. In 79% of inguinal regions with mesh, the twinkling artifact was produced with the curvilinear array transducer only. The artifact was not elicited when using the linear array transducer. With the use of the curvilinear array transducer and the presence of the twinkling artifact, there was a significant chance of correctly identifying the presence of mesh (P Conclusions Standard gray scale imaging alone is not reliable when identifying inguinal mesh. The twinkling artifact was present in 79% of inguinal regions with mesh when evaluated with a low-frequency curvilinear array transducer.
Problem solving as a function of race and incarceration.

Summary The study employed a 2 (race = black, white) × 2 (environment = incarcerated, nonincarcerated) quasi-experimental design to test Ss' interpersonal problem-solving abilities and field-dependence/independence. One hundred males completed the Means-End Problem Solving Procedure, Problem Solving Inventory, and Embedded Figures Test. Analysis of covariance with age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status as covariants showed that environment made little difference in Ss' problem-solving ability or in perceptions of problem-solving strategies. Blacks generated fewer total alternative means to interpersonal problems, primarily because of the greater quantity of irrelevant means generated by White Ss. There were no significant racial differences on relevant means, indicating no difference in the quantity of high quality means generated. Blacks perceived themselves as using a more systematic approach to solving problems, while Whites perceived themselves as less impulsive. Blacks were found to be more fiel...
Investigation of particle velocities in a gas‐solid system

A method of calculating particle velocities in gas-solid systems was developed using a cross-correlation technique. The particle velocity calculation was then used to test the validity of the theoretical gas-solid two-phase vertical flow diagram. Glass beads with a range of particle sizes from 150 to 200 ..mu..m were employed under solid-gas loadings to 10. Experiments were carried out in 0.0254 m dia. Plexiglas tube at low humidity (25%). The particle velocity could be measured within +-0.305 m/s using electrostatic ring probes with a probe separation of 0.61 m. No signal filtering was required. Comparison was made between the experimental results and the theoretical phase diagram.
Effects of Oxidants and Glutamate Receptor Activation on Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Rat Forebrain Neurons

Both glutamate and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in excitotoxic neuronal injury, and mitochondria may play a key role in the mediation of this process. In this study, we examined whether glutamate-receptor stimulation and oxidative stress interact to affect the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi). We measured delta psi in rat forebrain neurons with the ratiometric fluorescent dye JC-1 by using laser scanning confocal imaging. Intracellular oxidant levels were measured by using the oxidation-sensitive dyes 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2) and dihydroethidium (DHE). Application of hydrogen peroxide (0.3-3 mM) or 1 mM xanthine/0.06 U/ml xanthine oxidase decreased delta psi in a way that was independent of the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and was not affected by the addition of cyclosporin A, suggesting the presence of either a cyclosporin A-insensitive form of permeability transition, or a separate mechanism. tert-Butylhydroperoxide (730 microM) had less of an effect on delta psi than hydrogen peroxide despite similar effects on intracellular DCFH2 or DHE oxidation. Hydrogen peroxide-, tert-butylhydroperoxide-, and superoxide-enhanced glutamate, but not kainate, induced decreases in delta psi. The combined effect of peroxide or superoxide plus glutamate was Ca2+ dependent and was partially inhibited by cyclosporin A. These results suggest that oxidants and glutamate depolarize mitochondria by different mechanisms, and that oxidative stress may enhance glutamate-mediated mitochondrial depolarization.
Severe compression injury of the soft tissue of the parotid

Abstract Introduction : Parotid gland injuries occur infrequently following blunt trauma, which typically involves significant force resulting in complicated gland injury. Case report : We present a case of uncomplicated parotid gland injury that resolved with conservative management. Discussion : Injury to the parotid gland can result in complicated gland injury involving facial nerve neuropathy, hematoma or pseudocyst formation. Patients with blunt trauma to the parotid gland should be evaluated for any associated injury and be managed conservatively for uncomplicated injury.
Mapping a high-speed wireless communication function to the reconfigurable J-platform

We map a software radio function to a coarse grain platform, namely the J-platform. In our previous work the J-platform was based on two types of cells, namely the MA PLUS, which is an enhanced multiply-add cell, and the UNL, a Universal NonLinear cell. We introduce one more cell, namely the DF cell, which is a Data Fabric cell. These three cells account for the versatility of the approach and provide an unprecedented capability for coarse-grain reconfigurable computing. Although the applications range from FIR filtering of images and video to large-scale inverse problems, and from reconstruction of computerized tomography images to color conversion of video from the RGB to HSI domain, we present a new type of application, namely a computation intensive function of software radio. Specifically, we discuss very high "spur free dynamic range (SFDR)" interpolation for sample rate conversion in IF band. The high SFDR values, up to 130 dB, are achieved through a new family of interpolation filters as proposed in the paper. Significant improvement in both performance and design time is thereby achieved.
Morphology and evolution of the ectethmoid-mandibular articulation in the meliphagidae (Aves)

The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation in Melithreptus and Manorina (Meliphagidae: Aves) consists of the dorsal mandibular process fitting into and abutting against the ventral ectethmoid fossa; it forms a brace for the mandible. This articulation in Melithreptus is a typical diarthrosis with long folded capsular walls. The mandible, thus, has two separate articulations, each with a different axis of rotation. No other genus of Meliphagidae (except Ptiloprora) or any other avian family possesses a similar feature. The jaw and tongue musculature of Melithreptus are described. The two muscles opening the jaws are well developed, while those closing the jaws are small. The tongue muscles show no special developments. A large maxillary gland, presumably muscus secreting, covers the ventral surface of the jaw muscles. Its duct opens into the oral cavity just behind the tip of the upper jaw. The frilled tip of the tongue rests against the duct opening. The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation braces the adducted mandible against dorsoposteriorly directed forces. The mandible can be held closed without a compression force exerted by the mandible on the quadrate, permitting the bird to raise its upper jaw with greater ease and less loss of force. The tongue can be protruded through the slight gap between the jaws, moving against the duct opening and thus be coated with mucus. Presumably, these birds capture insects with their sticky tongue. Hence, the ectethmoid-mandibular articulation is an adaptation for this feeding method; it evolved independently in three genera of the Meliphagidae. The ectethmoid-mandibular articulation demonstrates that a bone can have two articulations with different axes of rotation, that the two articular halves can separate widely, and that articular cartilages can be flat and remain in contact over a large area. Its function suggests that the basitemporal articulation of the mandible found in many other birds has a similar function. And it demonstrates that in the evolution of the mammalian dentary-squamosal articulation, the new hinge did not have to lie on the same rotational axis as the existing quadrate-articular hinge.
Operative ultrasound in general surgery

BACKGROUND: Since the introduction of real-time B-mode ultrasound during surgery almost 20 years ago, the use of operative ultrasound (OUS) has gradually expanded to a variety of surgical fields. METHODS: A review of the history, technology, and specific applications of OUS in general surgery is presented with our clinical results of over 2300 operations. RESULTS: The benefits provided by OUS are the acquisition of new information not otherwise available, complement to or replacement for operative radiography, confirmation of satisfactory completion of an operation, and guidance of surgical procedures. OUS possesses many advantages as an intraoperative tool, including safety, speed, unique imaging information, wide applicability, high accuracy and procedure guidance capability. CONCLUSION: OUS is gaining wider acceptance in hepatobiliary, pancreatic, endocrine, and vascular surgery. Newer OUS modalities-color Doppler imaging and laparoscopic ultrasound-potentially may widen the applications of OUS in general surgery.
The Nature of CISK in a Generalized Continuous Model

Abstract In spite of the fundamental difficulties in interpreting the growth of tropical storms, the basic idea of CISK remains valuable in understanding the instability resulting from the interaction between cumulus convection and large-scale flows. A generalized solution of a quasi-balanced continuous model, which can be applied to various types of vertical heating distribution and basic-state stratification, is derived and used to explore the behaviors of the CISK mode. In the absence of cumulus momentum mixing, the CISK solution exhibits, in general, a scale selection. However, two types of unbounded growth rates associated with different closure assumptions may exist. Both of them take place in a common situation that is characterized by local warming at the top of the moist convergence layer in the area of rising motion. In these circumstances, the direct coupling between the heating and the large-scale moisture supply through the divergent wind component dominates over the indirect coupling through...
A cleavable biotin tagging reagent that enables the enrichment and identification of carbonylation sites in proteins

The utility of a new, cleavable tag for identifying and enriching protein carbonyls is examined. Using a model system, human serum albumin modified with acrolein, the EZ-Link alkoxyamine-PEG4-SS-PEG4-biotin affinity tag, was tested for its ability to label protein carbonyls in proteomic analyses of protein carbonylation. The efficiency of the labeling was assayed and compared to standard biotin hydrazide reagents. The label was also tested in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) experiments. The quality of the fragmentation spectra was assessed and the relative detection efficiency of various modification sites was compared to standard biotin hydrazide reagents. Finally, the viability of using the label with streptavidin bead enrichment protocols in a standard proteomics workflow was probed.
Efficient aspect object models using pre-trained convolutional neural networks

We study the problem of object recognition on robotic platforms where large image collections of target objects are unavailable and where new models of previously unseen objects must be added dynamically. This situation is common in robotics, where task related objects can require recognition over multiple viewpoints and training examples are sparse. The proposed framework uses pre-trained convolutional neural network layers to support aspect object models while emphasizing a minimal computational footprint. In this paper, we maintain an object model database consisting of aspect and class descriptors computed from images of target objects at varying view points. By querying the model database we show how to recognize objects with respect to previously seen exemplars. We investigate the effectiveness of different dimensionality reduction techniques for key generation on query efficiency and accuracy. We also demonstrate a working system with a small collection of objects including classes that do not appear in the network's pre-training data set.
Improving policing by integrating craft and science: what can patrol officers teach us about good police work?

ABSTRACTEvidence-based policing is one of the latest attempts to change what the police do and how they do it. Within this context the craft of policing is acknowledged but generally undervalued. Neglecting what craft can contribute to science is an overlooked opportunity. This paper examines the insights that officers’ experiences can offer into the kinds of reforms that are both pressing and possible. To do so, we conducted in-depth interviews with 38 patrol officers in a US police department and asked, ‘What are the features of the contemporary police craft that should be taken into account to make science more meaningful and useful for the improvement of actual police practices?’ Our results suggested meaningful reform may require the following: (1) a greater focus on testing a wide array of police responses and the interaction effects between theoretically relevant characteristics of the police officer and the tactic or strategy being tested; (2) using science to help establish performance criteria f...
Turbine airfoil degradation in the persian gulf war

Helicopter turbine engines used in the Desert Shield and Desert Storm operations experienced excessive sand ingestion. Fine particles were able to bypass filters and proceed through the combustor or cooling gaspaths. The first-stage turbine vanes were impacted with viscous silicate particles, forming a deposit on the leading-edge root platform and resulting in overheating and oxidation. The chemistry of the raw sand determines that of the ingested powders, the deposits, and the material reactions.
Sonic -Boom Generated Underwater Noise as Problem in Unsteady Aerodynamics

Recent studies on sonic -boom generated underwater sound fields are reviewed. In the deeper part of the water, the sound pressure level and tonal content of interest are found to be affected strongly by interactions with surface waves at the air -water interface and with the elasti c medium of the sea bed. The models and problem formulations in these two aspects are examined; the essential findings from analyses, laboratory and field measurements are discussed.
Insulin resistance and brain function impairment

Insulin is a significant endocrine in human body, which not only participate in adjustment of energy metabolism,but also have nutritive function to neurocyte.Insulin resistance and brain function have intensive correlation.Insulin resistance and(or) insulin inadequacy can affect glucose metabolism of the brain and nerve nutritive action,then change the physiological function of nervous system and anatomical construction,result in cognitive dysfunction and accelerate the progress of brain ageing.The various and unstable symptoms in diabetic brain dysfunction increase the difficulty of diagnosis and treatment.Some surveys indicated that sever tests about study,memory,comprehension,judgement and other sentience are very useful to early diagnosis of diabetic brain dysfunction.
Managing a Policy Experiment: Adopting and Implementing Recreational Marijuana Policies in Colorado

The unique nature of recreational marijuana policy makes for a compelling study in the policy adoption and implementation process. As a local control state, Colorado cities, municipalities, and counties may choose whether or not to adopt marijuana legalization policies in their jurisdictions and how to do so. This research is based on survey and panel data from Colorado local officials regarding issues of adoption and implementation in their jurisdictions. Overall, the initial findings show that the decision regarding adoption was a result of a combination of policy determinants (both cultural and economic) and policy diffusion (from prior policies on medical marijuana). Factors related to public opinion, economics, and prior policy on medical marijuana affected both the decision to permit and the decision to prohibit. Policy diffusion also appears important in early implementation, as cities use the existing medical marijuana policies to shape recreational marijuana policies.
Changes in the vascular plant diversity of the Monomoy Islands, Massachusetts

Abstract The Monomoy Islands, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, were surveyed for vascular plants from September 2010 through September 2012. The islands' flora, 1954 to 2012, is comprised of 71 families, 181 genera, and 283 species, of which 227 species (80%) are native and 56 species (20%) are non-native. The most species-rich families are Asteraceae (40 spp.), Cyperaceae (32 spp.), and Poaceae (31 spp.). The largest genera are Carex (13 spp.), Juncus (11 spp.), and Eleocharis (6 spp.). Floristic studies of five earlier investigators are also discussed. During the past 60 years the islands' flora has continually changed partially in response to a dynamic landscape repeatedly impacted by hurricanes and other severe coastal storms. Seventy two species (26% of the flora) have been reported from the islands by only one author, thus reflecting a changing flora with many species being established for relatively short periods (less than a decade or two) before becoming extirpated.
Practical issues and considerations in the design of clinical trials for HIV-infected infants and children.

In the design of clinical trials for the treatment of infants and children, it must be recognized that the numbers of infants and children with AIDS are small compared with those of adults. In the United States, children account for only 2% of the known cases (1). Although the numbers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are increasing dramatically, the comparatively small number of children mandates that clinical trials be economical in their design. In essence, clinical studies must be large enough to answer the key questions, but not so large that they become overlapping and competing. Accordingly, it is important to enter as many children as possible into clinical trials in order to assure that the major questions can be addressed as rapidly and efficiently as possible. A precedent for this exists in the design and execution of clinical trials in pediatric oncology. Similar to pediatric AIDS, pediatric cancers also constitute about 2% of all malignancies, which means that the numbers of children with cancer are also small. Progress in pediatric oncology has been optimized by multicenter cooperation whereby over 60% of children with cancer are enrolled in clinical studies.
Effect of Thromboxane Inhibition on Renal Blood Flow in Dogs with Complete Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

The effect of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor OKY-046 on renal blood flow and ureteral pressure in awake dogs during 18 hours of complete unilateral ureteral obstruction was studied. OKY-046 was infused continuously throughout the period of obstruction and post-release. Renal blood flow and ureteral pressure were constantly monitored during the study. Urinary thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 excretion served as markers for inhibition of renal thromboxane A2 synthesis. The triphasic relationship between ipsilateral renal blood flow and ureteral pressure previously found following unilateral ureteral obstruction was observed despite OKY-046 infusion. Inhibition of ipsilateral urinary thromboxane B2 excretion was greater than 90% compared to control while ipsilateral urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion was not consistently decreased showing specific thromboxane inhibition. These results suggest that urinary thromboxane B2 may serve as a useful marker for determining the effects of inhibition on renal thromboxane A2 production. At the level of inhibition of thromboxane synthesis achieved we did not observe any change in the late decrease in renal blood flow which is typically seen with chronic unilateral ureteral obstruction.
Cold nuclear matter effects on ϕ meson and heavy flavor production in d + Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV

Abstract The PHENIX collaboration studies the cold nuclear matter effects by measuring the spectra of various probes over a wide range of transverse momentum and rapidity in d +Au collisions. The lepton decay channels of the ϕ meson and heavy flavor make them especially interesting probes since leptons interact only electromagnetically, thus retain information from their production phase. In 2008, the PHENIX collaboration collected ∼ 60 nb − 1 from d +Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . We report recent PHENIX results of ϕ meson and heavy flavor invariant production spectra and nuclear modification factors from this data set.
Can Screening with the Ages and Stages Questionnaire Detect Autism

ABSTRACT:Objective:Parents rely on pediatricians to monitor their child's development. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine developmental screening with both broadband and autism-specific instruments at specified ages. If broadband screeners can detect autism risk, this might minimi
An engineered heterodimeric model to investigate SULT1B1 dependence on intersubunit communication.

Abstract Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) biotransform small molecules to polar sulfate esters as a means to alter their activities within the body. Understanding the molecular mechanism by which the SULTs perform their function is important for optimizing future therapeutic applications. Recent evidence suggests each SULT isoform acts by a half-site reaction (HSR) mechanism, in which a single SULT dimer subunit is active at any given time. HSR requires communication through the highly conserved KxxxTVxxxE dimerization motif. In this investigation, we sought to test the intersubunit interactions of SULT1B1 as it relates to enzyme activity. We generated two populations of SULT1B1 isoforms that efficiently heterodimerize upon mixing by targeted point mutation of the KxxxTVxxxE motif to KxxxTVxxxK or ExxxTVxxxE. The heterodimer exhibited wildtype-like activity with regard to native size, thermal integrity, PAP affinity, and PAPS K m , therefore serving as a valid model for investigating SULT1B1 dimer subunit interactions. The approach granted control over each independent subunit, permitting mutation of the critical 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) binding residue Arg258 and/or the catalytic base His109 in a single subunit of the dimer. Substitution of the dysfunctional subunits for fully active subunits yielded dimeric SULT1B1 with 50% the activity of the fully competent dimer, suggesting SULT1B1 intersubunit communication does not significantly contribute to the isoform’s activity. These results are a testament to the unique properties of individual SULT isoforms. The dimerization system described in this manuscript can be used to study subunit interactions in other SULT isoforms as well as proteins in other families.
Sakura: Services for Efficient Data-Consumption in Support of Incremental Web-Service Development

To meet the demand for rapid web-service development, developers seek to efficiently consume existing data from multiple sources into a form that can be used by the new service. In this paper, we discuss our SAKURA prototype in which we created two services to facilitate such data consumption. The first, a &#x0022;resource-aggregation&#x0022; service, gives developers a &#x0022;composed object&#x0022; abstraction across multiple web-services. The second, a &#x0022;business object&#x0022; caching service, improves the performance of accessing existing web-services from the new application. We describe these two services and illustrate their benefits in the context of an extended scenario.
Activation of NQO1 in NQO1*2 polymorphic human leukemic HL-60 cells by diet-derived sulforaphane.

The NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) confers protection against semiquinones and also elicits oxidative stress. The C609T polymorphism of the NQO1 gene, designated NQO1*2, significantly reduces its enzymatic activity due to rapid degradation of protein. Since down regulation of NQO1 mRNA expression correlates with increased susceptibility for developing different types of cancers, we investigated the link between leukemia and the NQO1*2 genotype by mining a web-based microarray dataset, ONCOMINE. Phytochemicals prevent DNA damage through activation of phase II detoxification enzymes including NQO1. Whether NQO1 expression/activity in leukemia cells that carry the labile NQO1*2 genotype can be induced by broccoli-derived phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) is currently unknown. The ONCOMINE query showed that: (1) acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia are associated with reduced NQO1 levels, and (2) under-expressed NQO1 was found in human HL-60 leukemia cell line containing the heterozygous NQO1*2 polymorphism. We examined induction of NQO1 activity/expression by SFN in HL-60 cells. A dose-dependent increase in NQO1 level/activity is accompanied by upregulation of the transcription factor, Nrf2, following 1–10 μM SFN treatment. Treatment with 25 µM SFN drastically reduced NQO1 levels, inhibited cell proliferation, caused sub-G1 cell arrest, and induced apoptosis, and a decrease in the levels of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB). Up to 10 μM of SFN increases NQO1 expression and suppresses HL-60 cell proliferation whereas ≥ 25 μM of SFN induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Further, SFN treatment restores NQO1 activity/levels in HL-60 cells expressing the NQO1*2 genotype.
The Evolution of Agricultural Drought Transition Periods in the U.S. Corn Belt

AbstractAgricultural drought in the U.S. Corn Belt region (CBR) has tremendous global socioeconomic implications. Unfortunately, the weather and climate factors that contribute to transition events toward or away from such droughts are poorly understood. This study applies composite, trajectory clusters, and a vertically integrated moisture budget to understand the phenomena that influence transition events that evolve over 20 and 60 days as modulated by interannual, intraseasonal, and synoptic-time-scale variability during May–August over the CBR. Results show that a shift in the low-frequency base state does not explain onset or decay of the 20- or 60-day drought transition cases. Instead, amplification of an intraseasonal Rossby wave train across the Pacific Ocean into North America, which occurs coincident with intraseasonal tropical convection on its equatorward side, triggers the transition. Trajectory analysis reveals similar source regions for air parcels associated with drought development and br...