cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sinonasal and skull base pleomorphic adenoma: a case series and literature review

Background Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common benign neoplasm of the major salivary glands. PA of the paranasal sinuses and skull base is an extremely rare pathologic entity. We report 3 cases of sinonasal and skull-base PA (including locoregionally advanced parotid disease) and review other cases in the literature, with special attention to clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Methods Retrospective review of patients with PA of the sinuses and skull base treated at 2 tertiary academic medical centers between January 1, 1993 and July 1, 2014. The MEDLINE database was additionally searched for all case series or reports of sinonasal or skull-base PA. Results A total of 32 articles were identified for review. In combination with the authors’ cases, a total of 39 patients were found to have sinonasal and/or skull-base PA. The most common primary sites were the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall. Endoscopic resection was employed in 66% of cases, which achieved oncologic control in more than 80% of cases at a mean follow-up of 2 years. Conclusion PA of the sinonasal tract and skull base is a rare, benign tumor that often may be surgically accessible through an endonasal, endoscopic approach. Recurrent disease may behave more aggressively than PA found in the major salivary glands. Accurate tumor sampling is essential for surgical planning, because malignant transformation does occur. In certain cases of unresectable tumors, endoscopic debulking may improve patient symptoms and quality of life.
Influence flows in the academy: Using affiliation networks to assess peer effects among researchers

Abstract Little is known about how influence flows in the academy, because of inherent difficulties in collecting data on large samples of friendship and advice-seeking networks over time. We propose taking advantage of the relative abundance of “affiliation network” data to assess aggregate patterns of how individual and dyadic characteristics channel influence among researchers. We formulate and test our approach using new data on 2034 faculty members at Stanford University over a 15-year period, analyzing different affiliations as potential influence channels for changes in grant productivity. Results indicate that research productivity is more malleable to ongoing interpersonal influence processes than suggested in prior research: a strong, salient tie to a colleague in an authority position is most likely to transmit influence, and most forms of influence are likely to spill over to behaviors outside those jointly produced by collaborators. However, the genders and institutional locations of ego-alter pairs significantly affect how influence flows.
UV and melanoma: the TP53 link

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major risk factor for melanoma development, but it has been unclear exactly how UVR leads to melanomagenesis. In a recent publication in Nature, Viros et al. identify TP53/Trp53 as a UVR-target gene in melanoma and show that UVR-induced TP53/Trp53 mutations accelerate BRAF(V600E)-driven melanomagenesis.
Effect of Pavement Damping and Aircraft Speed on Stress-Based Load Transfer Efficiency: Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

This paper documents a study of the dynamic mechanical responses of rigid pavement at the joint under moving aircraft loads. The MRC (pavement constructed on conventional base) section of Construction Cycle 2 test pavement at FAA's National Airport Pavement Test Facility was modeled with the three-dimensional finite element program ABAQUS. The model was calibrated by determining pavement damping parameters and joint stiffness values on the basis of heavy weight deflectometer data and strain profiles captured from dynamic sensors installed within the pavement at various locations. The effect of moving aircraft under varying speeds on tensile strains at the bottom of the portland cement concrete at the joint (ecritical) and dynamic stress-based load transfer efficiency [LTE (S)] at the joint is studied with three-dimensional finite element analysis. A decrease in ecritical at the joint with increasing speed was observed. The dynamic LTE (S) at the joint was enhanced at higher speeds. Sensitivity of dynamic ...
Patent Foramen Ovale and Recurrent Stroke Another Paradoxical Twist

Clinical management of patients with acute stroke and the approach used for secondary prevention depends upon clarification of pathogenesis. Although most strokes are a consequence of cerebrovascular disease, ≈15% to 20% of ischemic (nonhemorrhagic) strokes have been attributed to cardiogenic embolism.1 In practice, determination of the stroke mechanism is fraught with uncertainty, particularly when the possibility of thromboembolism emanating from atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta or cervical arteries is considered. When cardiogenic embolism is suspected, cardiac ultrasound is the principal method used to identify the potential source. The finding of left atrial enlargement has been shown to bear a significant relationship to the risk of stroke in a multivariate analysis of population-based data from the Framingham Heart Study2. The most frequent confounding variable is atrial fibrillation, occurring in >2 million patients in North America and in over half of all patients with cardiogenic embolism. Criteria for selection of patients with acute ischemic stroke for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to search for a potential cardiac source of embolism are controversial, particularly because cardiogenic embolism is often an uncertain diagnosis that is inferred merely on the basis of the finding of potential cardiac source. Even after extensive investigation, ≈40% of ischemic stroke patients have no clearly identifiable pathogenesis (cryptogenic stroke).3 In one study, 62% of patients younger than 60 years of age without an obvious source of cerebral infarction and 23% of those with arterial lesions had potential sources of cardiogenic embolism identified by TEE ( P =0.0007 for the difference).4 See p 2625 Among the cardiac anomalies detected by TEE that have been implicated as risk factors for stroke are patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA).5,6⇓ The foramen ovale, a remnant of the fetal circulation, remains patent through adulthood in ≈1 in 4 …
Hierarchy, causation and explanation: ubiquity, locality and pluralism.

The ubiquity of top-down causal explanations within and across the sciences is prima facie evidence for the existence of top-down causation. Much debate has been focused on whether top-down causation is coherent or in conflict with reductionism. Less attention has been given to the question of whether these representations of hierarchical relations pick out a single, common hierarchy. A negative answer to this question undermines a commonplace view that the world is divided into stratified ‘levels’ of organization and suggests that attributions of causal responsibility in different hierarchical representations may not have a meaningful basis for comparison. Representations used in top-down and bottom-up explanations are primarily ‘local’ and tied to distinct domains of science, illustrated here by protein structure and folding. This locality suggests that no single metaphysical account of hierarchy for causal relations to obtain within emerges from the epistemology of scientific explanation. Instead, a pluralist perspective is recommended—many different kinds of top-down causation (explanation) can exist alongside many different kinds of bottom-up causation (explanation). Pluralism makes plausible why different senses of top-down causation can be coherent and not in conflict with reductionism, thereby illustrating a productive interface between philosophical analysis and scientific inquiry.
My child is better than average: The extension and restriction of unrealistic optimism

The purpose of the current study was to determine whether parents make unrealistic evaluations of children and what factors predict these evaluations. Parents of 5- and 6-year-olds rated their child’s risk for various positive and negative outcomes, temperament, and health and behavior problems. Parents also completed an adult attachment measure. Parents appeared to give relatively little consideration to realistic constraints when predicting their child’s future. Parents scoring higher on attachment avoidance were less optimistic that their child would attain positive outcomes and avoid negative outcomes, consistent with the view that optimism is a motivated phenomenon. Greater child internalizing behaviors also were associated with less parental optimism for positive outcomes. Findings have implications for the delivery of health messages to parents.
Non-BPS D-Brane Systems

In this set of lectures various properties of D-branes are discussed. After reviewing the basics, we discuss unstable D-brane/anti-D-brane systems, a subject pioneered by Sen. Following him, we discuss the construction of the non-BPS DO-brane in type I theory. This state is stable since it carries a conserved Z2 charge. The general classification of Dbrane charges using K-theory is discussed. The results for the type I theory, and the T-dual type I’ theory, are emphasized. Compactification of type I on a circle or torus gives a theory with 16 supersymmetries in 9d or 3d. In each case the moduli space has three branches. The spectrum of non-BPS D-branes are different for each of these branches. We conclude by pointing out some problems with the type I D7-brane and D3-brane predicted by K-theory.
Orion's cloak as a model for supershells of gas around OB associations

Orion OB1 was the association most heavily observed by the Copernicus satellite UV spectrometer, which detected very unusual, strong interstellar UV absorption lines. Negative velocity gas at -100 km/sec was also noted, together with the absence of a corresponding, very high positive velocity feature. These and other characteristics have led to the present inferrence of a radially expanding, thin, uniform and low column density shell of fast moving gas which surrounds the Ori OB1 and Lambda Ori regions. Inside this shell is a more slowly moving inhomogeneous region of higher density gas which produces the more sporadically distributed gas at velocities in the 30-100 km/sec range. Within this framework, it is suggested that the most recent supernova is seen in the highest velocity gas, while the composite effects of the history of supernova formation lie in the denser, slower material.
Late Proton MR Spectroscopy in Children after Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlation with Cognitive Outcomes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Proton MR spectroscopy has demonstrated reduced levels of N -acetylaspartate (NAA) in normal-appearing occipital and frontal regions of patients with acute nonpenetrating traumatic brain injury (TBI). We studied the relationship of frontoparietal NAA, choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr) to test the hypothesis that reduction in NAA is predictive of cognitive outcome. METHODS: Proton spectra were collected by using conventional 2D chemical shift imaging in five healthy children and seven children (6 weeks to 3 years) with severe ( n = 4), moderate ( n = 2), or mild ( n = 1) TBI. Spectra in the anterior and posterior regions of the left and right frontoparietal areas were averaged for analysis by using LCModel, with a phantom-established basis function, for quantification of NAA, Cho, and Cr concentrations. Intellectual function, expressive language, and arithmetic capability were measured within 4 months of imaging. RESULTS: NAA/Cho concentration was lower in TBI patients than in control subjects, but no group differences were present for Cho or Cr. Hemispheric levels for NAA, Cho, and Cr were higher on the left than on the right, but we found no effect of region and no interactions. Cognition was lower in the TBI group than the control group and correlated with NAA levels. Left frontal Cho was also correlated with arithmetic scores, whereas Cr was not significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: NAA levels remain low after TBI and are related to cognitive function. Neurometabolite values are greater in the left frontoparietal region than in the right, and the left frontal Cho level is related to arithmetic ability.
Two Fast Methods for Estimating the Minimum Standby Supply Voltage for Large SRAMs

The data retention voltage (DRV) defines the minimum supply voltage for an SRAM cell to hold its state. Intra-die variation causes a statistical distribution of DRV for individual cells in a memory array. We present two fast and accurate methods to estimate the tail of the DRV distribution. The first method uses a new analytical model based on the relationship between DRV and static noise margin. The second method extends the statistical blockade technique to a recursive formulation. It uses conditional sampling for rapid statistical simulation and fits the results to a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model. Both the analytical DRV model and the generic GPD model show a good match with Monte Carlo simulation results and offer speedups of up to four or five orders of magnitude over Monte Carlo at the 6σ point. In addition, the two models show a very close agreement with each other at the tail up to 8σ. For error within 5% with a confidence of 95%, the analytical DRV model and the GPD model can predict DRV quantiles out to 8σ and 6.6σ respectively; and for the mean of the estimate, both models offer within 1% error relative to Monte Carlo at the 4σ point.
One-Dimensional Holography with Spatially Incoherent Light*

In previous attempts to record holograms of incoherent objects, the fringe contrast has been quite low, often barely exceeding the photographic grain noise. A method is presented which improves the fringe contrast by allowing only a limited number of object points to contribute to any local fringe pattern in the hologram. The number of object points is reduced by taking the holographic transformation in only one direction while imaging the object onto the hologram plane in the orthogonal direction, using an astigmatic lens system. An interferometric device divides the wavefront and inverts one leg about a line in the imaging direction. The interference patterns from corresponding points are then incoherently superimposed on the hologram. Some experimental results are shown. The objects were illuminated with spatially incoherent light; a rotating diffuser was introduced in a laser beam.
Induction of APOBEC3 family proteins, a defensive maneuver underlying interferon-induced anti–HIV-1 activity

Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G), a cytidine deaminase, is a recently recognized innate intracellular protein with lethal activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Packaged into progeny virions, APOBEC3G enzymatic activity leads to HIV DNA degradation. As a counterattack, HIV virion infectivity factor (Vif) targets APOBEC3G for proteasomal proteolysis to exclude it from budding virions. Based on the ability of APOBEC3G to antagonize HIV infection, considerable interest hinges on elucidating its mechanism(s) of regulation. In this study, we provide the first evidence that an innate, endogenous host defense factor has the potential to promote APOBEC3G and rebuke the virus-mediated attempt to control its cellular host. We identify interferon (IFN)-α as a potent inducer of APOBEC3G to override HIV Vif neutralization of APOBEC3 proteins that pose a threat to efficient macrophage HIV replication. Our data provide a new dimension by which IFN-α mediates its antiviral activity and suggest a means to render the host nonpermissive for viral replication.
Observations on Coagulum Characteristics of the Rhesus Monkey Electroejaculate

One hundred and twenty-one ejaculates obtained by penile electrical stimulation of five highly fertile rhesus males are described in appearance, interaction of coagulum and liquid components, and liquid to coagulum ratios. Three types of gross coaguluni appearance are identified. The coagulum comprises 55-68% of the ejaculate by volume displacement measurement. A low volume of semen is never trapped in the coagulum and has a much higher sperm density than liquid released by contraction of the coagulum within 15 mm after ejaculation. No evidence of coagulum liquefaction was found and both liquid volume and liquid portion sperm count were reduced by incorporation into the coagulum if contact was continued. Enzymatic digestion of the coagulum unsatisfactorily causes sperm destruction and loss of motility, limiting its usefulness. Early separation of the coagulum and liquid portions of the ejaculate is recommended for semen assessment studies, and other contemplated utilization of electroejaculates. Surgical removal of the coagulating gland would be ideal if long-term use of electroejaculated semen is contemplated for certain animals. Despite the reports of good success in obtaining nonhuman primate ejaculates by electroejaculation, there are few data on the characteristics of the ejaculates. Mastroianni et a!. (1963) described the ejaculate in the rhesus monkey as initially liquid, with coagulation occurring within seconds of ejaculation, followed by liquefaction of 30% of the total volume within 30 mm. His observations were that liquefaction continued very slowly after 30 mm and was never complete. Weisbroth et at. (1965) stated that enzymatically digested coagulum contained about half the total sperm and that the number of sperm present in liquid semen was dependent upon the amount of coagulum which was autolyzed. Hoskins et a!. (1967) reported that 30-70% of the total spermatozoa were found in the coagulum after 30 mm of incubation. For none of these reports are data available dealing with times involved from ejaculation to examination and sperm counting, or the length of time for which coagulum was allowed to remain in contact with the liquid portion of the semen after initial examination. Van Pelt et at. (1970) described most carefully detailed observations on the physical characteristics of the rhesus monkey ejaculate. He stated that the initial portion was a tan liquid of extremely high sperm count followed by a clear, more viscuous liquid which coagulated entrapping the initial liquid portion. He then described “liquefaction” as actually an exudation of sperm-containing liquid, caused by contraction of the coagulum, which was virtually complete within 30 mm.
A synthesis approach to the design of oversampled data converters

A synthesis approach to the generation of a quantized sequence based on an oversampled input sequence is presented. The generation algorithm is chosen to minimize a metric that measures the amount of error power that resides in the bandwidth occupied by the desired signal. The first-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator is a special case of the synthesis approach when the input is constant. The synthesis approach has superior in-band noise performance over the first-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for finite oversampling ratios, and superior in-band noise performance over conventional /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ converters of arbitrary order when the oversampling ratio is less than 2.862. >
Detection of chemical vapors using neural networks

This paper presents an application of neural networks as detectors in a class of chemical vapor sensors. One approach to chemical vapor detection is based on the steady state frequency shift of piezoelectric crystals in an oscillator circuit. The frequency of oscillation is a function of the surface wave velocity, which in turn, is affected by the changes in mass loading on the surface of the crystal. When the sensor is exposed to chemical vapors, the frequency of the oscillator changes with time. This paper discusses the detection of chemical vapors based on the dynamic behavior of the frequency shift. Neural network techniques have been used to identify the dynamic responses of the sensors and detect the chemical vapors generating the specific responses.
Ipsenol and Ipsdienol Attract Monochamus titillator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Associated Large Pine Woodborers in Southeastern United States

Abstract We determined the responses of the southern pine sawyer, Monochamus titillator (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), to the pheromones (ipsenol, ipsdienol, and lanierone) used by pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the southeastern United States. (±)-Ipsenol, (±)-ipsdienol, or a combination increased catches of M. titillator in Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, and North Carolina. Catches of Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier) (Cerambycidae) were increased by (±)-ipsenol and (±)-ipsdienol in Florida and North Carolina, whereas only (±)-ipsenol was attractive in Georgia. (±)-Ipsenol and (±)-ipsdienol were attractive to Pachylobius picivorus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida, whereas only (±)-ipsdienol was active in Louisiana. In Florida, catches of M. titillator, A. obsoletus, and P. picivorus were greatest in traps baited with both (±)-ipsenol and (±)-ipsdienol. In Louisiana, catches of the woodborer Chalcophora virginiensis (Drury) (Buprestidae) were increased by (±)-ipsenol. Lani...
No evidence of altered in vivo benzodiazepine receptor binding in schizophrenia.

Deficits in gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter systems have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia for more than two decades. Previous postmortem and in vivo studies of benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor density have reported alterations in several brain regions of schizophrenic patients. The goal of this study was to better characterize possible alterations of the in vivo regional distribution volume (VT) of BDZ receptors in schizophrenia, using the selective BDZ antagonist [123I]iomazenil and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). Regional BDZ VT was measured under sustained radiotracer equilibrium conditions. The reproducibility and reliability of this measurement was established in four healthy volunteers. No differences in regional BDZ VT were observed between 16 male schizophrenic patients and 16 matched controls. No relationships were observed between BDZ VT and severity of psychotic symptoms in any of the regions examined. In conclusion, this study failed to identify alterations of BDZ receptors density in schizophrenia. If this illness is associated with deficits in GABA transmission, these deficits do not substantially involve BDZ receptor expression or regulation.
Children's participation in research: their right to consent.

Abstract This article discusses the ethical and legal considerations related to the inclusion of children in the research process. Specific attention is paid to situations in which customary guidelines are inappropriate. In addition, the results of a survery to determine the manner in which Institutional Review Boards are addressing these issues is presented with suggestions to assist nurse researchers in acquiring review board approvals.
In Vitro Selection of Resistance to Four β-Lactams and Azithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Selection of resistance to amoxicillin (with or without clavulanate), cefaclor, cefuroxime, and azithromycin among six penicillin G- and azithromycin-susceptible pneumococcal strains and among four strains with intermediate penicillin sensitivities (azithromycin MICs, 0.125 to 4 microg/ml) was studied by performing 50 sequential subcultures in medium with sub-MICs of these antimicrobial agents. For only one of the six penicillin-susceptible strains did subculturing in medium with amoxicillin (with or without clavulanate) lead to an increased MIC, with the MIC rising from 0.008 to 0.125 microg/ml. Five of the six penicillin-susceptible strains showed increased azithromycin MICs (0.5 to >256.0 microg/ml) after 17 to 45 subcultures. Subculturing in medium with cefaclor did not affect the cefaclor MICs of three strains but and led to increased cefaclor MICs (from 0.5 to 2.0 to 4.0 microg/ml) for three of the six strains, with MICs of other beta-lactams rising 1 to 3 twofold dilutions. Subculturing in cefuroxime led to increased cefuroxime MICs (from 0.03 to 0.06 microg/ml to 0.125 to 0.5 microg/ml) for all six strains without significantly altering the MICs of other beta-lactams, except for one strain, which developed an increased cefaclor MIC. Subculturing in azithromycin did not affect beta-lactam MICs. Subculturing of the four strains with decreased penicillin susceptibility in amoxicillin (with or without clavulanate) or cefuroxime did not select for beta-lactam resistance. Subculturing of one strain in cefaclor led to an increase in MIC from 0.5 to 2.0 microg/ml after 19 passages. In contrast to strains that were initially azithromycin susceptible, which required >10 subcultures for resistance selection, three of four strains with azithromycin MICs of 0.125 to 4.0 microg/ml showed increased MICs after 7 to 13 passages, with the MICs increasing to 16 to 32 microg/ml. All azithromycin-resistant strains were clarithromycin resistant. With the exception of strains that contained mefE at the onset, no strains that developed resistance to azithromycin contained ermB or mefE, genes that have been found in macrolide-resistant pneumococci obtained from clinic patients.
Journalism Degree Motivations The Development of a Scale

Scientific knowledge should reflect valid, consistent measurement. It is argued research on scale development needs to be more systematic and prevalent. The intent of this article is to address sca...
Three-dimensional neuroblastoma cell culture: proteomic analysis between monolayer and multicellular tumor spheroids.

Introduction Solid tumors, such as neuroblastoma (NB), are associated with a heterogeneous cell environment. Multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) cultures have been shown to better mimic growth characteristics of in vivo solid tumors. Because tumor spheroid growth patterns may be quite different from standard two-dimensional culture systems, we sought to compare the protein expression profiles of two- and three-dimensional in vitro NB cultures, i.e., monolayers and MCTS.
Outcome of Arthroscopic Repair of Type II SLAP Lesions in Worker’s Compensation Patients

Purpose: Arthroscopic stabilization has be- come the accepted treatment for type II superior labral anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesions. Short-term results using a variety of techniques were promising, but most reports focus on motivated athletes. The purpose of our report is to evaluate the results of arthroscopic fixation of type II SLAP lesions in 21 patients who suffered a work- related injury and are receiving workers_ compensation. The hypothesis was that in patients with a single event trauma who were receiving workers_ compensation, clini- cal results would be inferior to those previously reported. Methods: Twenty-two consecutive workers_ compensation patients with type II SLAP lesions underwent arthroscopic stabilization between October 1994 and December 1996. All patients received suture anchors with nonabsorbable suture secured around the labrum for definitive fixation. Average age at surgery was 43 and average follow-up time was 27.9 months. Seventeen patients (89%) had an acro- mioplasty at the time of labral stabilization. Outcome was assessed by analysis of visual analog pain scale, simple shoulder test (SST) and general health status questionnaire (SF-36), subjective patient satisfaction, and ability to return to work. Results: Visual analog pain scales improved by an average of 3 points although all patients had significant complaints of pain at follow-up. Simple shoulder test responses showed improvement in 9 out of 12 categories. The SF-36 results showed significant improvements only in the bodily pain category and role: physical category. Five patients required reoperation for persistent pain. However, only seven patients (437%) returned to work at their previous functional level, nine patients (47%) returned to work but at less strenuous jobs, and three patients (16%) did not return to work. Conclusions: Currently recommen- ded treatment for type II SLAP lesions is arthroscopic stabilization. When this procedure is performed in workers_ compensation, patients a with single event trauma to the shoulder, objective parameters, and patient self-assessment surveys do show improvement. However, results are inferior to those previously reported in the literature.
Community mental health service use by older adults in California

The objective of this research was to examine older Californians who used county mental health services between 1999 and 2002. We estimated treated prevalence rates, identified repeat service users, depicted service mix patterns and tested for differences among these service process outcomes. We observed 36,230 older Californians who used at least one service between 1999 and 2002. Logistic regressions estimated the effects of time, geographic region, age, diagnosis and insurance status on service process outcomes across 49 county mental health departments. The number of older adults who used services increased significantly during the observation period. Odds of accessing care were higher in the state's northern region, for those diagnosed with mood disorders and Medi-Cal beneficiaries. Repeat service use increased over time, and odds were higher for mood disorders and Medi-Cal beneficiaries. Odds of one-time service use were higher for persons with dementia and other psychiatric diagnoses; mood disorders and Medi-Cal beneficiaries had higher odds of consistent and continuous service use. The counties entered a period of diversification between 1999 and 2002, and varied significantly across treated prevalence rates, service continuity and service mix patterns. We considered how these differences may relate to administrative polices, service management practices, local market conditions and individual characteristics, and called for future research to determine how the public mental health system can assume a more critical role in providing care to older adults.
Temperament, Behavioral Inhibition, and Shyness in Childhood

One of the major advances of science in this century has been our increased understanding of the molecular basis of the genetic code. In the same century, advances in the neurosciences and in the employment of behavioral genetic techniques have allowed psychologists to consider more seriously the possibility of biologically based contributions to personality dispositions. These individual differences, called temperament, have proven to be of increasing interest and importance to students of socioemotional development. McCall (in Goldsmith et al., 1987) has recently synthesized current definitions of temperament as relatively consistent, basic dispositions inherent in the person that underlie and modulate the expression of activity, reactivity, emotionality, and sociability. Major elements of temperament are present early in life, and those elements are likely to be strongly influenced by biological factors. As development proceeds, the expression of temperament increasingly becomes more influenced by experience and context. (p. 524)
Increased arterial stiffness in South Dakota American Indian children

Arterial stiffness has been observed in white American obese children, yet there are no data in American Indian youth, who are affected disproportionately by the cardiovascular consequences of chil...
Privacy, Predictive Analytics, and Electronic Commerce Regulation

This chapter discusses the implications of predictive analytics for consumer privacy and surveys the existing law that could reach predictive analytics in ecommerce. Part II summarizes the prevailing theoretical accounts of privacy. Part III introduces predictive analytics and illustrates its potential uses in ecommerce. Part IV examines how using predictive analytics in ecommerce affects consumer privacy. Part V examines how existing state and federal law could reach merchants’ use of predictive analytics in ecommerce. Finally, Part VI concludes by summarizing the uncertain application of existing law to predictive analytics.
Are we on the same page? Examining the “good citizen” in the curriculums of citizenship education in Hong Kong

Purpose – Hong Kong is a case that demonstrates the distinctively multi-dimensional nature of citizenship within and in relation to a given nation. The purposes of this paper are to: first, discuss Hong Kongers’ unique identity and the influence of political, historical and economic factors on them in order to show the value of challenging the “national citizenship” approach as a dominant discourse in the intended curriculum of Hong Kong citizenship education; second, analyze the efforts of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to foster a stronger sense of Chinese national identity in Hong Kong students; and third, evaluate the appropriateness of this nationalistic approach by examining its compatibility with and coherence to in relation to the implemented and attained curriculum. Design/methodology/approach – This study analyzes existing scholarly discussions on the PRC’s emphasis on Chinese national identity in citizenship education and negative perceptions held by teachers and students regarding the ap...
Immune Mediated Diseases of the Sclera

Episcleritis is a self-limited, usually benign, inflammation of the episcleral tissue, which is the connective tissue layer between the conjunctiva and sclera. An underlying systemic disease may be found in some cases. Scleritis is a much more severe and potentially sight-threatening ocular inflammatory condition. In contrast to episcleritis, scleritis is commonly associated with an underlying systemic connective tissue or autoimmune disease.
Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors: MR appearance.

PURPOSE Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) is a newly described, pathologically benign tumor arising within the supratentorial cortex and having a 100% association with partial complex seizures. We reviewed the MR appearance of the brains of six patients with DNT, without and with administration of gadolinium-DTPA, emphasizing the clinical and radiologic features. METHODS The MR images in six patients (five male, one female) with pathologically proved DNT were reviewed. Five had partial complex seizures and one had partial simple seizures. Age at onset of partial seizures ranged from 2 to 19 years. Scans were obtained with conventional T1 and T2 weighting without and with the administration of gadolinium-DTPA. All patients had craniotomies for medically refractory seizures and pathologic examination of all specimens was available for review. RESULTS MR demonstrated a focal cortical mass in all patients. Five were located in the temporal lobe and one was located within the occipital lobe. Two showed enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA. Calcification occurred in one lesion. Common features included very low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal on T2-weighted images, similar to cerebrospinal fluid. Proton density images demonstrated slightly higher signal intensity in the lesion than cerebrospinal fluid. The margin of the tumor is well-circumscribed and may remodel the adjacent calvarium. CONCLUSIONS DNT, a newly described pathologic entity resulting in chronic, often medically, intractable seizures, has characteristic features on MR that allow it to be suggested in the differential diagnosis. These lesions may simulate benign cysts; however, increased signal intensity on proton density images should prompt further investigation in the proper clinical setting. Differentiation from low-grade astrocytomas and ganglioglioma is not possible by MR.
Optimizing extraction process for the concentrated breast pills by orthogonal design method

OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction techniques of concentrated breast pill.METHODS To investigate the effects of extraction rate of active components in the concentrated breast pills with different ethanol concentration,the amount of ethanol,water extraction time and the volume of water by orthogonal design method.High performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of active components,screening the optimal process through statistical analysis.RESULTS The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: adding 5 times amount of 70% ethanol,7 times the amount of water,extracting for 3 times and 120 minutes each time.The contents of ferulic acid,saikosaponin d and paeoniflorin in concentrated breast pills prepared by this process were higher than those in breast pills(P0.01).CONCLUSION The preferred preparation process of ferulic acid,saikosaponin d and paeoniflorin have higher extraction efficiency.The process is feasible and stable.
The Effect of Praeruptorin C on the Concentration of Free calcium in Cultured Myocardial Cells of Neonatal Rat Exposed to Ischemia and Reperfusion Observed by Laser Confocal Microscopy

Objective To study the effects of praeruptorin C on intracellular calcium concentration in cultured myocardial cells of neonatal SD rat exposed to ischemia and reperfusion,intracellular calcium was detected with Fluo-3/AM by laser confocal microscopy.Cultures of cardiomyocytes were used to establish hypoxia-reoxygenation models by means of reagent chemicals depleting oxygen. Methods The primary cadiomyocytes were randomly divided into 4 groups: the normally cultured group(control),the hypoxia preconditioning(HP)group,the hypoxia-reoxygenation(HR) group and the praeruptorin C preconditioning(PP) group.Each group was untreated or treated with 100 μmolPL praeruptorin C.The value of LDH of celluar supernatant was detected by automatic biochemistry analyzer.The fluorescence intensity of intracellular Ca2+ was detected respectively with Fluo-3/AM loading by the laser confocal microscopy.Result After ischemia reperfusion treatment the intracellular calcium increased remarkably from normal level of 28.4330±3.05465 to43.3290±2.48112.Theconcentrationofintracellularcalciumwasinhibitedsignificantlyto 33.9750±3.46351 after praeruptorin C treatment.Conclusion The results suggested that hypoxia and reperfusion treatment could induce the calcium overloading in cultured myocardial cells and the praeruptorin C could inhibit that intracellular calcium overloading significantly.Laser confocal microscopy can be used to intuitively observe intracellular Ca2+.
Dietary regulation of intestinal ascorbate uptake in guinea pigs

We measured ascorbic acid (AA) uptake across the intestinal brush border in vitro in intact tissue from guinea pigs fed maintenance AA (200 mg/kg diet) or made hypervitaminotic (5,000 mg/kg diet) o...
The Incidence and Significance of Detectable Levels of Serum Prostate Specific Antigen After Radical Prostatectomy

AbstractA total of 601 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer at our institution was followed with serial prostatic specific antigen (PSA) determinations. Three separate groups were delineated by pathological stage: 293 patients with organ confined disease, 215 with involvement of the capsule or positive margins and 93 with extension to the seminal vesicles. Followup ranged from 12 to 237 months (median 34). Five and 10-year disease-free survival rates for the 601 patients were 86 ± 2% and 78 ± 3%, respectively. The rate of detectable PSA (greater than 0.4 ng./ml.), used as an indicator of cancer progression, revealed 5 and 10-year disease-free rates of 69 ± 2% and 47 ± 3%, respectively.When comparing the patients from an earlier series to those who underwent surgery after 1986, an improvement in the 5-year clinical disease-free rate was noted (78 ± 2% versus 93 ± 2%, respectively). Similarly, an improvement in the 5-year disease-free survival rate with nonde...
The implications of using group-based offenses versus non-group-based offenses in peer deviance scales

ABSTRACTA key distinction from Warr’s research is “groupy” (deviant acts commonly committed with peers) versus “non-groupy” (acts that are likely committed alone) deviance. Drawing on Warr’s important (and underutilized) distinction, this study’s goal is to determine whether measures of perceptual groupy peer deviance more accurately reflect a peer’s true deviance than perceptions of nongroupy peer deviance. Using dyadic data, results demonstrate that perceptions of a peer’s non-groupy deviance are largely inaccurate but perceptions of a peer’s groupy deviance are quite accurate. Despite this discrepancy, groupy and non-groupy perceptual measures function similarly in multivariate models and consistently outperform peer self-reports.
Postharvest noninvasive classification of tough-fibrous asparagus using computed tomography images

Abstract This research was devised to evaluate Computed Tomography (CT) for asparagus fibrousness detection and more specifically develop and test an automatic image analysis method (algorithm) to classify CT images obtained from 859 asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) segment (samples), collected during two harvesting seasons (2014 and 2015). Classification accuracy was calculated by comparing the classes obtained using a combination of imaging, image processing, feature extraction, and classification schemes per asparagus segment against an industry-simulated invasive quality assessment. Grayscale intensity and textural features, 3762 total, were extracted from minimum and maximum resultant images from three CT planer views. A 4-fold cross-validation linear discriminant classifier with a performance accuracy of 91.2% was developed using 75 relevant features, which were selected using a sequential forward selection algorithm with the Fisher discriminant objective function. This objective method is accurate in determining the presence of tough-fibrous tissue in asparagus, which demonstrates a potential for such technology to objectively forecast asparagus quality and thus supports the asparagus industry through optimizing consumer acceptability and product utilization.
Spreading Disease — It's Contagious! Using a Model & Simulations to Understand How Antibiotics Work

We describe how to enable students to learn about the transmission of disease, resistant bacteria, and the importance of taking a “full course” of antibiotics by developing models and simulations to represent the growth and demise of bacteria. By doing these activities, students experience a model of the effects of antibiotics on the population of disease-causing bacteria during an infection. Students learn about the spread of infection through game playing and then, using a simulation, investigate how different variables, such as skipping a day of medication, affect the persistence of the disease. A key concept is that almost every naturally occurring population of bacteria that causes disease has a component that is resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, through graphing data and computer models, students can visually understand why it is important to take a complete course of antibiotics to kill all the bacteria and decrease the likelihood of bacteria becoming resistant, which can be harmful to human health. In this hands-on, inquiry-based activity that is seamlessly integrated with technology, the teacher becomes the facilitator of learning while the student is an active, engaged partner.
Λ c → Λ l + ν l Form Factors and Decay Rates from Lattice QCD with Physical Quark Masses

National Science Foundation [PHY-1520996, ACI-1053575]; RHIC Physics Fellow Program of the RIKEN BNL Research Center; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
Outcomes of an inpatient medical nutritional rehabilitation protocol in children and adolescents with eating disorders.

Medical stabilization through inpatient nutritional rehabilitation is often necessary for patients with eating disorders (EDs) but includes the inherent risk of refeeding syndrome. Here we describe our experience of implementing and sustaining an inpatient nutritional rehabilitation protocol designed to strategically prepare patients with EDs and their families for discharge to a home setting in an efficient and effective manner from a general adolescent medicine unit. We report outcomes at admission, discharge, and 4-weeks follow-up. Protocol development, implementation, and unique features of the protocol, are described. Data were collected retrospectively as part of a continuous quality improvement (QI) initiative. Safety outcomes were the clinical need for phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium supplementation, other evidence of refeeding syndrome, and unexpected readmissions within one month of discharge. The value outcome was length of stay (LOS). Treatment outcomes were the percentage median BMI (MBMI) change from admission to discharge, and from discharge to 4-weeks follow-up visit. A total of 215 patients (88% F, 12% M) were included. Patients averaged 15.3 years old (5.8–23.2y); 64% had AN, 18% had atypical anorexia (AtAN), 6% bulimia nervosa (BN), 5% purging disorder (PD), 4% avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), and 3% had an unspecified food and eating disorder (UFED). Average LOS was 11 days. Initial mean calorie level for patients at admission was 1466 and at discharge 3800 kcals/day. Phosphorus supplementation for refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) was needed in 14% of inpatients; full-threshold refeeding syndrome did not occur. Only 3.8% were rehospitalized in the thirty days after discharge. Patients averaged 86.1% of a median MBMI for age and gender, 91.4% MBMI at discharge, and 100.9% MBMI at 4-weeks follow-up. Mean percentage MBMI differences between time points were significantly different (admission-discharge: 5.3%, p <0.001; discharge-follow-up: 9.2%, p <0.001). Implementation of the CHOP inpatient nutritional rehabilitation protocol aimed at rapid, efficient, and safe weight gain and integration of caregivers in treatment of patients with diverse ED diagnoses led to excellent QI outcomes in percentage MBMI at discharge and 4-weeks follow-up, while maintaining a short LOS and low rates of RH phosphorus supplementation.
Biocompatible swelling graphene oxide reinforced double network hydrogels with high toughness and stiffness

Tough swelling nanocomposite hydrogels have been fabricated via introducing graphene oxide (GO) and in situ synthesis. Upon addition of GO, the swelling properties of a calcium alginate/polyacrylamide (CA/PAAm) double network (DN) are considerably suppressed. Moreover, the mechanical properties of CA/PAAm DN gels and GO reinforced DN gels in swelling and as-prepared states have been systematically explored. The results affirm that the swelling largely damages the mechanical properties of gels, due to the osmotic pressure introducing solvents into the gaps between polymer chains and cross-linkers, thereby leading to weak spots in the gels. GO demonstrates the ability to improve the mechanical properties of pristine DN gels in both swelling and as-prepared states by offering large numbers of physical interpenetrations and chemical bindings between long polymeric chains and GO nanosheets, and building a Ca2+ coordination-induced GO network. The toughness of swelling nanocomposite gels is around 106 kJ m−3 that is comparable to that of cartilage in large animal joints. Furthermore, the consecutive loading–unloading tests and cytotoxicity tests show that the swelling nanocomposite gels, respectively, obtain superior fatigue resistance and high biocompatibility. Therefore, these swelling nanocomposite gels are promising as substitutes for load-bearing tissues.