cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An information-processing model of the decision to seek professional help.

Despite the presence of quality mental health care in many communities, people tend to avoid seeking help and wind up languishing in their problems unnecessarily. For the professional to better understand how to reach these individuals, an information-processing model is presented that examines the effects of people's interpretation of their environment and their symptoms on their decision to seek mental health services. Using the model as a guide, suggestions are presented for practitioners who wish to provide services to those who are in need of professional help, yet are hesitant to obtain it. One of the common frustrations of many mental health practitio- ners is the knowledge that many people are reluctant to seek profes- sional help, even when they desperately need it. The extant literature on professional help seeking has made some progress in understand- ing the role of specific factors (e.g., public stigma, fears about emo- tional disclosure) that affect people's professional help-seeking atti- tudes and intentions. However, surprisingly few models have been developed that focus on the active decision-making processes that might encourage greater use of the available services. Relevant information-processing (Anderson, 1982) and social-cognitive (Ban- dura, 1997) theories have been available for some time, yet we are unaware of any research linking these concepts to the process of seeking professional help. Such a link would have the advantage of providing mental health professionals with a clearer understanding of the help-seeking process. This would allow them to both improve their ability to reach and serve diverse groups of clients and to provide needed information to the public. Therefore, the goal of this article is to present an information- processing model of help-seeking decisions to provide a clearer
CONDITIONAL NEOPLASMS AND SUBTHRESHOLD NEOPLASTIC STATES : A STUDY OF THE TAR TUMORS OF RABBITS.

The "warts" which tar elicits on rabbit skin (papillomas, carcinomatoids, frill horns) are true tumors, benign growths expressive of slight yet irreversible deviations of epidermal cells from the normal. The neoplastic condition gives the cells a superiority over their neighbors when both are submitted to the same encouraging influences, and then they proliferate into tumors. Their state entails such disabilities, though, that they are unable to maintain themselves under ordinary circumstances, and consequently growths composed of them disappear when no longer aided. Often the neoplastic cells resume the normal aspect and habit of life long before the tumor mass is gone; and they may persist as part of an apparently normal epidermis, retaining their neoplastic potentialities for months after all signs of the growth have disappeared. In these instances it can be made to appear again, sometimes repeatedly, by non-carcinogenic stimulation of the skin (wound healing, turpentining). There is reason however to suppose that in the end the tumor cells, unless helped, die or are cast off. It is plain that the neoplastic state does not necessarily connote independence of behavior or success in tumor formation. On the contrary it may render cells unable to survive or endow them with powers which they can exert only under favoring conditions. This is the case with the cells composing the tar warts of rabbits. In the lack of such conditions the cells of these growths do not manifest themselves but remain in a subthreshold neoplastic state, whereas if aided they form neoplasms. The deviations from the normal represented by the benign tar tumors of rabbits are slight and limited in character, but further deviations in larger variety may be superimposed upon them, with result in malignant tumors, growths possessed of a greater, though not always absolute, independence. Tar cancers usually come about in this way, by successive, step-like deviations from the normal, and so also do the cancers which derive from virus-induced papillomas as well as many human carcinomas. After cells have become cancerous they frequently undergo further changes, some apparently step-like in character, and all taking the direction of greater malignancy. The hypotheses that tumors are due to somatic mutations and to viruses respectively are discussed in the light of these phenomena.
Effects of Intravenously Infused Zeranol on Glucose Kinetics in Growing Holstein Steers

Four Holstein steers fed 2.86 kg of corn and 3.50 kg of chopped alfalfa hay in 12 equal portions daily were used to determine effects of intravenously infused zeranol on glucose kinetics. In period I (1 wk), only carrier (9:1, propylene glycol:ethanol) was infused. Five [6-3H] glucose kinetic experiments were conducted on each of three steers, and three experiments were done on the fourth. In period II (2 wk), two steers were infused continuously with .9 mg zeranol daily via a vena cava catheter, and two were infused with 2.3 mg of zeranol. Six experiments were conducted per steer. In period III (2 wk), dosages were reversed for six more experiments. Period IV (2 wk) was a repeat of carrier infusion with three kinetic experiments per steer. Glucose kinetic averages for initial control, .9 mg zeranol, 2.3 mg zeranol, and final control were: irreversible loss (g/day), 1032, 1016, 992, and 1025; total entry rate (g/day), 2395, 2542, 2617, and 2438; recycling (g/day), 1362, 1558, 1625, and 1413; and pool size (g), 43.4, 45.4, 43.9, and 46.5. Combined control and treatment means were significantly different for total entry rate and recycling. Glucose irreversible loss is not affected by .9 or 2.3 mg of zeranol infused directly into the blood. Increases in total entry rate and recycling, however, suggest that zeranol may affect some aspects of glucose utilization and synthesis. Zeranol caused no changes in concentrations of blood glucose, growth hormone, insulin, or cortisol of plasma.
Evaluating the Implementation of Expert Committee Recommendations for Obesity Assessment

The increasing prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and their associated morbidities are well established, yet rates of diagnosis and screening for related conditions by clinicians are low. Expert Committee recommendations were released in 2007 to facilitate management of pediatric overweight/obesity. From well-child visits to a Massachusetts multisite group practice, we randomly selected 1 visit per child in 2006 (n = 56 374) and in 2008 (n = 69 681) and used electronic health record data to identify children with incident overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) and ascertained whether clinicians assigned relevant ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision) codes and ordered laboratory tests recommended for children ≥10 years old. In the year following the release of recommendations, a large majority of children 2 to 17 years old with a BMI ≥85th percentile lack diagnosis codes for overweight/obesity and recommended laboratory orders for assessment of obesity-related como...
Déjà vu All Over Again and Peacekeeping Reform

In June 2015, a special UN panel issued the latest in a series of reports on the reform of UN peace operations. The report includes a large number of recommendations that constitute major policy changes as well as those concerned with addressed administrative and disciplinary problems associated with peacekeeping deployment. This article focuses on four significant sets of recommendations dealing with the former set: mandate reform, expanding collaborative activities with other actors, taking preventive action, and accelerating rapid reaction. For each of these, we discuss some of the barriers to implementation and associated limitations. The conclusion is that the suggested reforms might be adopted on an inconsistent and case-by-case basis with the risk that they will appear once again in a future UN report.
Polylogarithmic Fully Retroactive Priority Queues via Hierarchical Checkpointing

Since the introduction of retroactive data structures at SODA 2004 [1], a major open question has been the difference between partial retroactivity (where updates can be made in the past) and full retroactivity (where queries can also be made in the past). In particular, for priority queues, partial retroactivity is possible in \(O(\log m)\) time per operation on a m-operation timeline, but the best previously known fully retroactive priority queue has cost \(\varTheta (\sqrt{m} \log m)\) time per operation.
The Impact of Corruption on the Timing and Mode of Entry by U.S. Firms in China

This chapter investigates the factors that determine U.S. firms’ expansion strategies with respect to the timing and resource commitment in China between 1980 and 2005. We collect a new firm-level, cross-industry sample to document when and how firms invest. We find that earlier entry is undertaken by firms with larger advertising expenditures and ones that are more labor intensive. Additionally, investments by firms with high R&D expenditures occur in the later years. We analyze the role of corruption using three popular indexes: The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Project (1996-2005), Transparency International’s corruption perceptions index (1980-2005), and Political Risk Services Group’s quality of government index (1984-2005). We find evidence to support the hypothesis that higher corruption levels delay firms’ entry and discourage high-equity commitment.
Modeling and simulation of tumor-influenced high resolution real-time physics-based breast models for model-guided robotic interventions

Breast radiation therapy is typically delivered to the patient in either supine or prone position. Each of these positioning systems has its limitations in terms of tumor localization, dose to the surrounding normal structures, and patient comfort. We envision developing a pneumatically controlled breast immobilization device that will enable the benefits of both supine and prone positioning. In this paper, we present a physics-based breast deformable model that aids in both the design of the breast immobilization device as well as a control module for the device during every day positioning. The model geometry is generated from a subject’s CT scan acquired during the treatment planning stage. A GPU based deformable model is then generated for the breast. A mass-spring-damper approach is then employed for the deformable model, with the spring modeled to represent a hyperelastic tissue behavior. Each voxel of the CT scan is then associated with a mass element, which gives the model its high resolution nature. The subject specific elasticity is then estimated from a CT scan in prone position. Our results show that the model can deform at >60 deformations per second, which satisfies the real-time requirement for robotic positioning. The model interacts with a computer designed immobilization device to position the breast and tumor anatomy in a reproducible location. The design of the immobilization device was also systematically varied based on the breast geometry, tumor location, elasticity distribution and the reproducibility of the desired tumor location.
Continuous passive motion in the postoperative treatment of patients with total knee replacement. A retrospective study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding three 1-hour sessions of continuous passive motion (CPM) each day to the entire postoperative program of patients who received a total knee replacement (TKR). A retrospective chart review was completed for 55 patients (8 with bilateral involvement, totaling 63 knees) who received a TKR between 1981 and 1984. The data analysis compared the following variables for 32 patients who received CPM and 23 patients who received no CPM: the length of hospital stay (LOS), the number of postoperative days (PODs) before discharge, the frequency of postoperative complications, and the knee range of motion at discharge. The CPM Group showed significant decreases in the frequency of complications (p less than .05), the LOS (p less than .01), and in the number of PODs (p less than .001). No difference was demonstrated in the ROM of the two groups. These results support the use of postoperative applications of CPM, but not as strongly as those reported from studies that used longer periods of CPM. Further research is indicated to delineate the minimum dosage of CPM needed to obtain the maximum beneficial effects.
Application of Microscale Devices for Megawatt Scale Concentrating Solar Power Plants

Concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have the potential to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources and greenhouse gas emissions in electricity production. In CSP systems, a field of heliostats focuses solar radiation on a central receiver, which is ultimately transferred to thermal electrical power plant at high temperature. However, the maximum receiver surface fluxes are low (30–100 W cm−2) with high thermal losses, which has limited the market penetration of CSP systems.Recently, small (∼ 4 cm2), laminated micro-channel devices have shown potential to achieve concentrated surface fluxes over 100 W cm−2 using supercritical CO2 as the working fluid. The present study explores the feasibility of using these microscale devices as building blocks for a megawatt scale (250 MW thermal) open solar receiver. This allows for a modular design of the central receiver with non-standard shapes customized to the heliostat field. The results show that the microscale unit-cells have the potential to be scaled to megawatt applications while providing high heat flux and thermal efficiency. At the design incident flux and surface emissivity, a global receiver thermal efficiency of > 90% can be achieved.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Premature diagnostic closure in palliative medicine

Rates of diagnostic error among clinicians are estimated to be as high as 10–15%. Diagnostic errors occur for many reasons, but the majority are due to cognitive shortcuts in clinical decision-making. These shortcuts are useful because they allow for efficient practice and usually lead experienced clinicians to a correct diagnosis within minutes. They can nonetheless fail with uncommon disease processes or in atypical presentations. Premature diagnostic closure, ‘the failure to consider other possibilities once an initial diagnosis has been reached’, is the most insidious and pervasive type of cognitive error.1 There is a large body of literature on this error in family medicine, internal medicine and emergency medicine, as these are the fields with the highest levels of diagnostic uncertainty. Premature diagnostic closure has not previously been described in palliative medicine. Palliative medicine clinicians are rarely involved in the initial diagnosis of life-limiting illness. Rather, they are usually asked to provide expert symptom management and guidance with patient/family …
Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1) was purified from the supernatant and particulate fractions of bovine adrenal medulla. The bulk of the enzymatic activity was associated with the supernatant fraction, but 15-20% of the activity was found to be associated with the particulate fraction (100,000 x g sediment). The enzyme from the particulate fraction was solubilized and partially purified. The enzyme from the supernatant fraction was isolated in pure form and has a molecular weight of approximately 40,000. The enzyme also occurs in two higher molecular forms, with molecular weights of approximately 80,000 and 160,000. Differently charged isozymes were separated from the low molecular weight form of the enzyme by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Amino acid analysis revealed a relatively high content of dicarboxylic acids or their amides and the presence of hexosamine. It is possible that the charge isozymes may arise by deamidation, or that a difference in the carbohydrate residues exists. The two major charge isozymes (designated here as B1 and B2) are indistinguishable from each other on immunoelectrophoresis. The immunochemical analyses revealed heterogeneity of adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase among different species. It appears that the corticoid-inducible, mammalian adrenal enzyme is immunologically distinguishable from the uninducible, frog adrenal enzyme.
Challenges in personal and public health promotion: the primary care physician perspective

I develop an analytical framework for understanding the effectiveness of health promotion in primary care, applying the health belief and social learning models to health activities. Although the importance of prevention is widely recognized, strategies to implement preventive health care are not always obvious. I examine attitudes of both patients and physicians toward prevention activities, along with strategies for increasing health promotion. Physicians are often caught up in screening high-risk populations based on the health belief model, when they should instead focus on health prevention activities for the entire population. Primary care physicians should practice preventive medicine by providing recommendations for preventive measures to patients in the workplace, in schools, and in community centers and by making prevention a part of every patient visit.
Book Review: Vasudha Dalmia and Munis D. Faruqui, eds, Religious Interactions in Mughal India:

Vasudha Dalmia and Munis D. Faruqui, eds, Religious Interactions in Mughal India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014, 391 pp.
Functional Comparison and Longitudinal Assessment of Tri-Functional T-Cells Recognizing CMV pp65 and IE-1 Polypeptides in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Abstract Reconstitution of adaptive T-cell responses to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is critical to protection from CMV disease following hematopoietic stem cell (HSCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT). However, there is an incomplete understanding of which CMV antigens and epitopes are most crucial to providing protective responses. The functional status of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) populations recognizing cytomegalovirus IE-1 and pp65 polypeptides was investigated in PBMC from either HSCT or SOT recipients. Our previous finding of differing levels of degranulation between CMV IE1 and pp65/pp50 specific T-cells was complicated by the possibility that differences were epitope and/or HLA-specific. We generalized the approach using a combined flow-based CD107a/b degranulation/mobilization and intracellular cytokine (ICC) assays using peptide libraries as antigens. These assays indicated that a significantly higher proportion of pp65-specific CTLs were in a more mature functional state compared to IE-1-specific CTLs. Degranulation/multicytokine ICC assays also indicated that a significantly higher proportion of the pp65-specific versus IE-1-specific CTLs secreted both IFN-γ and TNF-α, in addition to possessing greater cytotoxic potential. These results support our earlier findings of functional differences between CTLs recognizing individual epitopes within the IE-1 and pp65 antigens in HSCT recipients, and extend them to a broader array of HLA-restricted responses to those antigens. A report that a subset of HIV-1 specific CTLs capable of producing both IFN-γ and TNF-α was associated with improved cytotoxic activity prompted us to investigate whether degranulation, a functional correlate of cytotoxicity, was positively associated with dual cytokine production and predicted differences between IE1 and pp65-specific CD8+ T-cells. A higher proportion of pp65-specific compared to IE1-specific T-cells were present in the trifunctional IFN-γ+,TNF-α+, CD107+ population (p=0.008) in HSCT recipients. We have extended these findings to investigate the role of donor CMV status in terms of functional maturity of CMV-specific T cell response in transplant recipients. T cell maturation/function may act as a mechanistic correlate to the survival advantage of recipients receiving a stem-cell graft from CMV sero-positive donors. These principles have also been applied to investigations of a high risk population of sero-negative recipients of a sero-positive liver allograft. Data from this study will also be reviewed in the context of the model of trifunctional T cells being indicative of enhanced protective capacity against CMV disease and associated with survival.
The optical and chemical properties of discharge generated organic haze using in-situ real-time techniques

Abstract Organic hazes formed from methane are present in many planetary and satellite atmospheres and influence surface and atmospheric processes. Here we examine the compositional and optical properties of laboratory generated hazes, or tholins, formed with varying amounts of methane using spark discharge excitation. By studying the optical and chemical properties together as a function of methane precursor concentration, the radiative impact of haze can be better understood. To determine the complex refractive index of tholin, we combine two spectroscopic techniques: photoacoustic spectroscopy and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (PASCaRD). The refractive indices are retrieved at λ = 405 and 532 nm. Quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometry is used along with a technique that utilizes isotopically labeled and unlabeled methane gas to quantify elemental composition. Tholin optical and compositional measurements are performed within a flow system, eliminating the need for tholin collection on a substrate and possible post-collection changes. We observe n values within the range of n values from most previous studies. However, the observed k values, like most others from recent studies, are significantly lower than the values from Khare et al. (1984) (Khare, B.N., Sagan, C., Arakawa, E.T., Suits, F., Callcott, T.A., Williams, M.W. [1984]. Icarus 60, 127–137) that are commonly used in data retrieval programs and models. In addition, comparing the tholin k values to their approximate nitrogen and aromatic content suggests both chemical constituents are important factors for increased aerosol absorption.
Epidemiologic Evidence in Cardiovascular Disease

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS) are two common sleep disorders, affecting approximately 5–10% of the general population. The association between RLS/PLMS and cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors has been examined extensively during the past decade. However, most of these studies are cross-sectional and thus the temporary relationship between RLS and CVD cannot be determined. There are only few well-designed prospective studies on this topic available to date, generating inconsistent results. Further large-scale prospective studies, using standardized approach for RLS/PLMS assessment, are warranted.
Two Additions to the Cenozoic Muricinae (Gastropoda:Muricidae) of the Western Atlantic Region

It should be an axiom of systematic paleontology that there is never a complete catalogue of any group. This is certainly the case in the Cenozoic Muricinae, where only recently a updated study, with additions and corrections (Vokes, 1990, 1992) has been presented. No sooner were these revisions published than two additional, unusually spectacular species were discovered. As there are no plans for another revision in the foreseeable future, these two species are described.
Southwest Airlines: Where's the Luv?

This case details the history of Southwest Airlines (LUV) and emphasizes the benefits of a focused strategy. The case demonstrates how a competent service strategy together with operations efficiency can lead to profit, and it explains the concept of an integrated approach tying together the customer value proposition with operational and human resource capabilities. At the time of the case, LUV must consider whether or not it should change some of its operational tactics. Excerpts from a talk that LUV's former CEO, Herb Kelleher, gave at the Darden School of Business is available to complement the case. Please see Elliott N. Weiss, "Herb Kelleher and the Four Ps Toward High Performance: People, Purpose, Process, Philosophy (MEDIA)," UVA-OM-1173M. Excerpt UVA-OM-1571 Rev. Jul. 8, 2019 Southwest Airlines: Where's the Luv? Q4 2016 Gary Kelly, the CEO of Southwest Airlines (LUV), examined his computer screen once more, hoping to see something different. It was October 26, 2016, and LUV's stock price (NYSE: LUV) had just dropped more than 8.5% in premarket trading. After more than four decades of consecutive profitability, LUV's most recent earnings call had indicated a 4%-to-5% expected drop in Q4 revenue per available passenger seat mile. But as noted by industry analysts, many other airlines had seen a Q3 and Q4 boost “due to stronger September results, following a summer in which the Zika virus and terrorism deterred some passengers from flying.” On July 20, a major information-technology failure had put the entire operation into disarray. This failure had required several days to rectify, left tens of thousands of passengers stranded, and cost the company tens of millions of dollars. Shortly after the meltdown, four of the major employee unions (pilots, flight attendants, mechanics, and ramp agents) at LUV had issued a vote of no confidence in Kelly's leadership and in that of COO Mike Van de Ven. Both the pilot and flight-attendant unions had new contracts with LUV that were finally moving to a union vote; these might now be in jeopardy. Several hundred pilots had recently picketed both the board meeting in Chicago and Dallas Love Field, one of the main domiciles of LUV, for the first time in the airline's history. LUV sought concessions from flight attendants such as a longer duty day, but with the impact of the IT meltdown fresh in their memories, flight attendants were pushing back. . . .
EGFR Inhibition Reverses Alveolar Epithelial Cell Preneoplasia Induced by Oncogenic K-ras

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 6076 Gefitinib is an EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is under investigation in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Its favorable toxicity profile warrants investigation of gefitinib as a cancer preventive agent. Previous studies have shown that EGFR is activated in cells with mutant ras , and 30-50% of lung adenocarcinomas harbor K-ras mutations. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of gefitinib in K-rasLA1 mice, a model in which oncogenic K-ras is activated through somatic recombination and recapitulates features of lung adenocarcinoma progression. Quantitative PCR analysis of RNA prepared from lung tissues revealed that, relative to wild type littermates, K-rasLA1 mice expressed increased levels of ErbB3 and the ErbB ligands amphiregulin, epigen, epiregulin, and neuregulin-4. We examined the effect of 4 weeks of gefitinib (100 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg) or vehicle on atypical alveolar hyperplasia (AAH) and adenoma, which are precursors of lung adenocarcinoma, at the time of autopsy and by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which was performed at the beginning and completion of treatment. Mean adenoma numbers at autopsy in mice treated with high-dose gefitinib and vehicle were 16.80±7.94 and 20.22±7.84, respectively (p=0.08). Volumetric analysis of adenomas by micro-CT scanning demonstrated a significant shrinkage in adenoma size by gefitinib. Mean adenoma volume changes in mice treated with high dose gefitinib and vehicle were -0.38±1.65 and 0.52±0.51, respectively (p<0.001). Gefitinib decreased expression levels of ErbB3 and ErbB ligands. Experiments with low dose gefitinib and analysis of the effects of gefitinib on AAH lesions are ongoing. Together, these findings implicate ErbB signaling in lung adenocarcinoma induced by mutant K-ras and provide a rationale for clinical trials investigating the efficacy of gefitinib in lung cancer prevention.
LENS: a lyric meditation

This lyric/scholarly meditation engages perception and vision in both the scientific and the personal senses of the words, with an eye in particular on how the lenses we use for seeing (both such i...
Binary Tree Classifier Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test

The classification of large dimensional data sets arising from the merging of remote sensing data with more traditional forms of ancillary data causes a significant computational problem. Decision, tree classification is a popular approach to the problem and an efficient form for representing a decision process in hierarchical pattern recognition systems. They are characterized by the property that samples are subjected to a sequence of decision rules before they assigned to a unique class.
A feature-based color threshold selection approach to pupil tracking

Pupil tracking can be achieved by intrusive methods (where equipment is on or inside the user) and non-intrusive methods. Intrusive methods are not preferred because they are frequently cumbersome and require a large investment in equipment. One non-intrusive approach to eye-gaze tracking involves active infrared illumination. This research investigates a novel approach to bright-pupil tracking that takes advantage of the data resolution provided by color. This method is shown to be functional and potentially robust.
Birth Trauma: The Causes and Consequences of Childbirth-Related Trauma and PTSD

Birth can be a time of great joy for women. While difficult, it can be empowering and satisfying. But for some women, childbirth is psychologically traumatic and, in some cases, leads to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter outlines the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for PTSD and reviews recent studies that document the incidence of birth in the USA and in other parts of the world. Traumatic birth can also have a negative impact on breastfeeding, yet breastfeeding can also be healing for women who experienced traumatic birth. Risk factors for traumatic birth include the actions of health care providers, prior perinatal loss, history of previous abuse or trauma, and ethnicity. The phenomenon of vicarious traumatization is described, specifically how health care providers can be traumatized by witnessing the experiences of others. Finally, posttraumatic growth and possible interventions are discussed.
An Empirical Investigation of International Project Management Practices: The Role of International Experience:

This paper reports the results of a survey of 56 United States (U.S.) and 25 international construction project managers. Project management areas and related tools important to international const...
OP222: Stem-like populations of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and tumor-sphere formation

Background The morphologic heterogeneity of human salivary gland tumors belies the traditional concept of tumor progression through stepwise alterations in multiple molecular and cellular pathways. The cancer stem-like cell (CSC) hypothesis states that a subpopulation of intratumoral cells is uniquely capable of propagating the tumor, relying on hierarchical model to explain tumor heterogeneity and behavior. CSCs are a subset of self-sustaining cancer cells with exclusive ability to maintain the tumor. Self-renewal, multipotency, and increased proliferative capacity allow CSC populations to maintain a pluripotent phenotype, while also producing a heterogeneous tumor. CSCs have been reported in solid tumors: breast, brain, prostate, lung, colon, pancreas, liver, and skin. The CSC concept – if applicable to adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) – allows for a better understanding of aggressive tumor cell biologic traits, such as chemoresistance and metastasis. We hypothesize that salivary AdCC contains CSC-like cells. The present project was designed to test the ability of salivary adenoid cystic cancer stem-like cells derived from primary tumors to form tumor spheres. Material and Methods ACC cell lines: SACC-83 cells. Clinical samples: 2 solid tumor samples were collected from patients with AdCC of salivary glands. Sphere formation: we adapted the protocol published for mammospheres formation. Results Identification and enrichment of stem-like cells. Cell clusters could be identified within 24 h, and after 48 h, spheres ⩾ 60 μm were evident as determined with an eyepiece reticle and stage micrometer. Tumor spheroids. To characterize the tumorsphere cells, cytospin cell preparations were immunostained for markers of differentiated luminal epithelial cells (cytokeratin cocktail, CK7), differentiated myoepithelial cells (cytokeratin, CK 14, p63), and progenitor cells (p63, NOXA). Tumorspheres from both passages were positive for cytokeratin cocktail and cytokeratin 7 was present in smaller procentage of cells. Both keratins were decorating the cells in a cytoplasmic and membranous pattern of staining. p63, a myoepithelial nuclear marker was detected in spheroids from both passages although the number of p63 positive cells in the second spheroid passage was lower compared to the first passage. ALDH activity. As an alternative, the Aldefluor assay is used to identify and isolate stem-like cells from primary adenoid cystic carcinoma samples. In our attempts with the Aldefluor assay, the second passage showed a small procentage of ALDH + CD133 + stem cells present in the SACC-83 cell line and tumorspheres derived from solid tumor. Conclusion Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are believed to be responsible for ACC formation and recurrence. These cells can be identified in established cell lines and primary patient samples. CSCs can be identified on the basis on functional activity (self-renewal, serial tumor propagation) and phenotypic markers.
Small Angle Neutron Scattering an NDE Tool

Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is a method where the very small angle neutron scattering (2 θ ≈2° to 5°) profile from test specimens is recorded and analyzed. The analysis of the scattering profile is very similar to that already developed extensively for x-ray scattering. The method provides micro-structure information on test samples which correlates very well with traditional microstucture analysis methods like TEM and SEM. The main difference and advantage of SANS is that it is a bulk measurement as opposed to thin film or surface. Recent developments in the application of this powerful analytic tool have provided the potential to use this technique as an NDE tool. This paper presents a brief overview of the SANS technique, the developments which may allow the application of this technique to NDE problems, and a few examples of how this technique is being utilized at Sandia National Laboratories (SNLL) and elsewhere for microstructure investigation.
Progress with pathogen-reduced blood.

In this issue of Blood , van der Meer et al 1 make an important contribution to the further adoption of pathogen reduction technology (PRT), a new paradigm to improve the safety of transfused blood products, 2 into clinical practice.
Daily Bread: Ideas of Sufficiency in Early Modern England

The concept of sufficiency—what it meant to have enough—was fundamentally a religious category in early modern England, debated through a series of scriptural passages, notably the petition in the Lord’s Prayer for daily bread. In the era of the Reformation, Protestant writers interpreted these passages to require the equitable redistribution of wealth so that everyone might have enough. In the increasingly capitalist context of Elizabethan and Stuart England, however, these passages were reinterpreted to authorise private wealth, culminating in the work of John Locke, for whom the accumulation of riches represented sufficiency rather than excess because money, unlike bread, does not spoil. This article thus traces the process by which the Christian ethics of sufficiency ceased to provide a theoretical constraint upon capitalism.
Runway Detection Using Classification Based on Polarimetric Decomposed Features

Current developments in the arena of remote sensing technology has opened innovative prospects and impelled the way of analyzing images from remote sensing satellites to detect or identify an object, or a place, which is selected as an area of interest. The detection of airport becomes a motivating topic recently because of its applications and importance in military and civil aviation fields. This paper presents an approach for airport detection using remote sensing images by implementing unsupervised classification techniques based on polarimetric decomposed features that include Entropy, Eigenvalue parameters, and Alpha angle. The obtained results reveal that classification based on decomposed polarimetric features provides better results for the detection of the target. The classification based Eigenvalue parameter 2 gives superior results compared to Eigenvalue parameter 1 and 3. In this work, the effectiveness of the algorithms was demonstrated using quad-polarimetric L-band Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (poISAR) imagery from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL‘s) Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR). The study area is Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport, Louisiana, USA.
Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Borderline Personality Disorder: Patient Characteristics and Outcomes in US Hospitals.

Background and objectives: The quality of life and disease outcomes in bipolar patients, including increased risk of psychiatric hospitalizations and suicide, are adversely affected by the presence of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Our study aims to determine the impact of BPD on the inpatient outcomes of bipolar disorder patients. Methods: We used Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the US hospitals and identified cases with bipolar disorder and comorbid BPD (N = 268,232) and controls with bipolar disorder only (N = 242,379), using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, and Clinical Modification codes. We used multinomial logistic regression to generate odds ratios (OR) and evaluate inpatient outcomes. Results: The majority of the bipolar patients with BPD were female (84.2%), Caucasian (83.1%) and 18–35 years age (53.9%). Significantly longer inpatient stays, higher inpatient charges, and higher prevalence of drug abuse were noted in bipolar patients with BPD. The suicide risk was higher in bipolar patients with BPD (OR = 1.418; 95% CI 1.384–1.454; p < 0.001). In addition, utilization of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) was higher in bipolar patients with comorbid BPD (OR = 1.442; 95% CI 1.373–1.515; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The presence of comorbid BPD in bipolar disorder is associated with higher acute inpatient care due to a longer inpatient stay and higher cost during hospitalization, and higher suicide risk, and utilization of ECT. Further studies in the inpatient setting are warranted to develop effective clinical strategies for optimal outcomes and reduction of suicide risk in bipolar patients with BPD.
Dynamic sensor selection for path coverage

We study the problem of dynamically selecting sensors to maximize the number of steps covered on the path of a mobile target. The sensors are selected from those already deployed in a network as the target moves. The total number of sensors selected and rounds of selection are limited according to budget constraints. The variables are which sensors to select, when, and how. The best settings depend on how much is known about the target's path, such as its start and end locations and mobility pattern, which is updated as the target moves. We study how coverage is affected by these parameters, and how much such dynamic selection strategies can improve coverage over sensors selected in advance.
Variable-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations from the galactic microquasar grs 1915+105

We show that the galactic microquasar GRS 1915+105 exhibits quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) whose frequency varies continuously from 1 to 15 Hz during spectrally hard dips when the source is in a flaring state. We report here analyses of simultaneous energy spectra and power density spectra at 4 s intervals. The energy spectrum is well fit at each time step by an optically thick accretion disk plus power-law model, while the power density spectrum consists of a varying red noise component plus the variable-frequency QPO. The features of both spectra are strongly correlated with one another. The 1-15 Hz QPOs appear when the power-law component becomes hard and intense and themselves have an energy spectrum consistent with the power-law component (with rms amplitudes as high as 10%). The frequency of the oscillations, however, is most strikingly correlated with the parameters of the thermal disk component. The tightest correlation is between QPO frequency and disk X-ray flux. This fact indicates that the properties of the QPO are not determined solely by a disk or solely by a corona.
Advancement and Leadership Development

Faculty advancement and leadership development plays a significant role in decreasing attrition of talented minorities in academic surgery. It is also imperative to any effort to diversify the physician workforce as faculty role models are necessary for the recruitment and retention of students and trainees from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Formalized advancement and leadership development programs specifically designed to meet the needs of minority faculty are most successful when customized to fit the specific needs of an institution or organization. These efforts should not simply exist, but instead must become an integral part of the organizational culture and structure, championed by the highest levels of leadership. In this chapter, we review barriers to leadership and promotion for minority faculty and discuss programmatic strategies that have been proposed to address equitable career advancement.
The Sphere Project: Next Steps in Moving Toward a Rights-Based Approach to Humanitarian Assistance

Since the Sphere Project was launched in 1997, it has sought to integrate principles of human rights norms with adherence to technical standards. While the Sphere Handbook has evolved as both a field tool and a resource for articulating human rights, it does not fully offer a rights-based approach to humanitarian assistance. In the handbook's current edition, its Humanitarian Charter asserts and affirms human rights principles, but the technical Minimum Standards Section that follows has yet to truly embody a rights-based approach; that is, it does not clarify how to operationalize human rights in the field, particularly with respect to the health sector. Using human rights documents, the Sphere documents, and existing, published literature in the field of humanitarian practice and human rights, this article provides critical commentary and suggests how strengthening the link between rights and standards, as well as rhetoric and action, can advance the Sphere Project beyond its current applicability as a handbook of technical standards in the field to operationalizing an effective rights-based approach to humanitarian aid.
Buffered non-fermenter system for lab-scale production of secreted recombinant His-tagged proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Expression of recombinant proteins using a secretion system can minimize co-purification of contaminating host proteins. Production of His-tagged recombinant proteins in the yeast α-factor secretio...
Principles of corticospinal system organization and function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a set of principles on the current state of knowledge about the organization and function of the corticospinal system in primates. The functional roles of cortical output neurons are (1) movement execution-related, (2) reflex modulation-related, (3) sensory modulation-related, and (4) internal motor program-related. Corticospinal neurons are distributed over broad regions of the fronto-parietal cortex including six premotor areas in the frontal lobe. The map of major body parts within the M1 cortex shows consistent and orderly features as does the intra-areal representation. The chapter discusses the functional properties of the corticospinal system. The secondary cortical motor areas (SMAs) contain a complete motor map of major body parts and corticospinal neurons that terminate largely in the intermediate zone of the spinal cord, produce relatively weak direct output effects on muscle activity, and have been implicated in a number of functions including movement sequence learning, movement programming and execution associated with postural control, coordination of bimanual movements, and execution of internally guided movements. Three cingulate motor areas (CMAs) are located within the cingulate gyrus beneath the SMA. Two lateral premotor areas (PMd and PMv) are located in area 6 anterior to the hand/arm representation of M1. PMd contains a representation of the forelimb, hind limb and face, whereas only forelimb and face representations have been found in the PMv.
High performance thin layer chromatography ELISAGRAM: Application of a multi-hapten immunoassay to analysis of the zearalenone and aflatoxin mycotoxin families

A new immunoblot approach called ELISAGRAM was devised that combines the sensitivity and selectivity of competitive ELISA with the capacity of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to separate structurally related haptens. The procedure involved (1) separation of haptens by monoclonal antibody, (3) incubation of NC with hapten-enzyme conjugate to identify unreacted antibody binding sites. (4) detection of bound enzyme conjugate with a precipitating substrate and (5) visual or densitometric assessment of inhibition bands indicative of a cross-reacting hapten. The technique was applied to two major mycotoxin families, the zearalenones and aflatoxins (AFs), which are to toxicological significance. Detection limit for zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol in the method was 300 pg/assay. AFB1, AFB2, and AFG1 were detectable at 380 pg/assay and AFG2 was detectable at 1500 pg/assay. Multiple standard curves for the zearalenones and AFs could be constructed using scanning densitometry. Cross-reactivity in ELISAGRAM curves was analogous to that found in competitive ELISA. This procedure should be widely applicable to the simultaneous quantitation and confirmation of multiple haptens with a single cross-reactive antibody.
Toward a Byzantine Definition of Metaphrasis

Metaphrasis became a major hagiographical practice from the tenth century on, with Choiroboskos (ninth cent.) a key figure in its development; but it gained only limited recognition in Byzantine rhetorical theory.
Localization on low-order eigenvectors of data matrices

Eigenvector localization refers to the situation when most of the components of an eigenvector are zero or near-zero. This phenomenon has been observed on eigenvectors associated with extremal eigenvalues, and in many of those cases it can be meaningfully interpreted in terms of "structural heterogeneities" in the data. For example, the largest eigenvectors of adjacency matrices of large complex networks often have most of their mass localized on high-degree nodes; and the smallest eigenvectors of the Laplacians of such networks are often localized on small but meaningful community-like sets of nodes. Here, we describe localization associated with low-order eigenvectors, i.e., eigenvectors corresponding to eigenvalues that are not extremal but that are "buried" further down in the spectrum. Although we have observed it in several unrelated applications, this phenomenon of low-order eigenvector localization defies common intuitions and simple explanations, and it creates serious difficulties for the applicability of popular eigenvector-based machine learning and data analysis tools. After describing two examples where low-order eigenvector localization arises, we present a very simple model that qualitatively reproduces several of the empirically-observed results. This model suggests certain coarse structural similarities among the seemingly-unrelated applications where we have observed low-order eigenvector localization, and it may be used as a diagnostic tool to help extract insight from data graphs when such low-order eigenvector localization is present.