cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The hydrazine flame

Abstract Experimental data on the hydrazine flame speed are pressure-independent at low pressures. Thus, a second-order reaction mechanism is assumed to be controlling. Kinetics are given for a chain mechanism in which the NH 2 radical is formed by a pseudo-unimolecular process, tending to first order at high pressures, but second order at low pressures. The consequent set of flame equations can be solved using the chemical steady-state hypothesis. In this instance, however, the solution to the flame equation leaves both the flame speed and the overall chemical rate constant undetermined for the hydrazine decomposition. By inserting the experimental flame speed, a value for this rate constant is obtained. It is also possible to calculate the second-order rate constant for the formation of activated N 2 H 4 radicals. The rate k a ⋍3 × 10 18 exp (−60 000/RT) cm 3 /mole sec. The unusually high value for this constant suggests energy transfer to the NN bond from many vibrational modes of N 2 H 4 . Re-examination of earlier data of Szwarc on the formation of NH 2 radicals treated as a first-order process indicates that a second-order process may be implied from the data and, also, a value for k a ⋍10 19 exp (−60 000/RT) cm 3 /mole sec may be deduced. Investigation of the validity of the chemical steady state for free radicals in the hydrazine flame is made. It is determined that the flame may only be roughly approximated by the chemical steady state.
Infrared Coagulator Ablation of High-Grade Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions in HIV-Negative Males Who Have Sex with Males

The incidence of anal squamous carcinoma in males who have sex with males is rising. We reported that infrared coagulation of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive males who have sex with males yielded a recurrence rate after the first ablation of 65 percent and 58 percent after a second ablation. The cure rate of an individual lesion was 72 percent. We endeavored to determine whether this technique demonstrates improved results in HIV-negative males who have sex with males. We performed a retrospective review of medical records on HIV-negative males who have sex with males who had infrared coagulation ablation of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Patients had at least six months' follow-up with cytology, high-resolution anoscopy, and biopsy. Recurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were retreated. Seventy-five patients were enrolled, with a median age of 36 years, and 113 lesions were treated. Forty patients (53 percent) developed a recurrence in a median time of 238 days and 35 patients (47 percent) were disease free for a median of 516 days. When patients were treated a second or third time, recurrence rates dropped to 28 and 0 percent, respectively. The probability of successfully treating an individual lesion at first infrared coagulation was 81 percent and 93 percent when retreated. HIV-positive patients were twice as likely to have lesions persist and 1.7 times more likely to develop a recurrent high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. No patient developed squamous-cell carcinoma, anal stenosis, or had a serious complication. Infrared coagulation is a safe and effective office-based procedure for treating anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Although recurrence was high after the first infrared coagulation, repeated treatment led to resolution of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Treatment success with infrared coagulation is significantly superior in HIV-negative patients compared with HIV-positive patients.
A high-temperature, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium--Hydrogenomonas thermophilus, n.sp.

WE have succeeded in isolating in pure culture from petroliferous soil a thermophilic bacterium which utilizes hydrogen. The isolation was accomplished by streaking material from a soil enrichment culture on to Repaske's mineral salts medium prepared by mixing equal volumes of a sterile 4 per cent agar solution in water and a sterile, double-strength solution of mineral salts containing ammonium chloride, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2·2H2O, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, and several trace elements. On cooling to about 50° C, 1 ml. of a solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate was added, the plates poured, allowed to solidify and immediately streaked. The plates were incubated in an atmosphere containing 70 per cent hydrogen, 20 per cent oxygen, and 10 per cent carbon dioxide at 50° C. By picking the minute, flat, smooth, translucent colonies into liquid mineral salts medium and incubating in the 70–20–10 gas mixture, a pure culture was obtained.
New heat transfer factors for flat plate solar collectors

Abstract New expressions for the heat transfer factor FR based on inlet, outlet and mean fluid temperature are derived for use with the Hottel-Whillier collector model by the use of restrictive heat transfer assumptions. The new factors are simple algebraic functions which are shown to be equivalent to the generally accepted exponential relationships in realistic collector applications. Their utility is demonstrated through a set of equations by which efficiency curves based on inlet, outlet or mean fluid temperatures may be converted to an alternate basis if the flow rate and the slope and intercept of one efficiency curve are known.
High temperature thermodynamic investigation of the iridium-rich portion of the titanium-iridium system by Knudsen cell mass spectrometry and predicted enthalpies of formation for some transition metal-iridium intermetallic compounds

Abstract The vapor pressures of titanium over solid titanium-iridium alloys (Ti = 0.5, 0.4 and 0.25) were determined in the temperature range 1850–2100 K by means of the Knudsen cell mass spectrometric method. The activity of titanium (standard state- solid Ti) was determined as 3.32 × 10−4 (NTi = 0.5), 1.67 × 10−4 (NTi = 0.4) and 1.76 × 10−5 (NTi = 0.25). The activity of iridium (standard state- solid Ir) for the composition NTi = 0.25 was estimated to be 0.35 by analogy with that of Rh in the Ti-Rh system of the same composition. From the Gibbs-Duhem treatment of the titanium activities, the activity of iridium was derived as 0.187 (NTi = 0.4) and 0.135 (NTi = 0.5). The derived, highly-negative Gibbs energies of formation of Tilr (−19.9 ± 1.5 kcal/g-at.) and TiIr3 (−14.0 ± 1.0 kcal/g-at.) attest to the predominant role played by electron-electron interactions in determining the stability, which is consistent with the Engel-Brewer concepts of alloying behavior in transition metals. In the light of the present experimental stability values for TiIr and TiIr3, the literature estimates for the enthalpies of formation of other transition metal-iridium compounds have been revised and, when necessary, new values have been predicted from the knowledge of stability trends in M-Pt systems.
Acceleration of Synthetic Organic Reactions Using Supercritical Water: Noncatalytic Beckmann and Pinacol Rearrangements

A high-pressure and high-temperature FTIR was used to study noncatalytic Beckmann and pinacol rearrangements using supercritical water (scH2O). Significant acceleration of Beckmann and pinacol rearrangements can be achieved by using scH2O, especially near the critical point, even in the absence of any acid catalysts. It has been demonstrated that scH2O acts effectively in the place of conventional acid catalysts for both the rearrangements. The rate of pinacol rearrangement using scH2O is significantly larger by a factor of 28200 than that in 0.871 M HCl solution at 46.7 MPa under distillation conditions. The activation energy for the former at 25 MPa was found to be markedly reduced to about one-third of that for the latter. The accelerated rates of reaction may be attributed to a great increase in the local proton concentration around the organic reactants. In addition, the nature of scH2O can be adjustable to weak acidity in the near-critical region, and then it does not catalyze the pinacol rearrangem...
Changes in Sino-atrial Node Transmembrane Potentials on Vagal Stimulation of the Isolated Rabbit Atrium

Hutter and Trautwein1 reported that vagal stimulation results in hyperpolarization, complete disappearance of action potentials, and a shortening of duration of the post-stimulation pacemaker potentials of the frog sinus venosus. No report has appeared regarding the effects of stimulation of external vagal fibres on sino-atrial (S-A) node action potentials of mammalian heart. In the experiments described here, we set out to test the responses of the various types of S-A node fibres2 to vagal stimulation of isolated rabbit atria.
Theoretical study of small silicon clusters on a graphite layer

In a series of recent experiments, the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of small Si clusters deposited on a graphite substrate have been determined by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). The values obtained were found to be substantially smaller than the energy gaps of corresponding passivated clusters. This work considers dimensional reduction as a possible mechanism for a sizeable energy gap narrowing by the example of the system Si5. The impact of the graphite substrate on the deposited species is investigated in the framework of a pseudocluster model.
Review of Medical Education Articles in Psychiatry 2009–2010

This Journal Watch is sponsored by the Alliance for Clinical Education (ACE) and is the annual review of medical education articles on behalf of the Association of Directors of Medical Student Educ...
Glycemic control with use of insulin glargine after cardiothoracic surgery: a retrospective study.

Objective: Perioperative glycemic control in critically ill cardiothoracic surgery patients may improve postsurgical outcomes. The objective of the study was to compare outcomes before and after the implementation of a protocol using subcutaneous (SC) glargine at transition from intravenous insulin infusion (IVII).Methods: In August 2006, the Cleveland Clinic began using glargine and supplemental rapid-acting sliding scale insulin (SSI) at transition from IVII (glargine-SSI group). Before August 2006, only supplemental insulin was used (SSI-only group). The primary outcome was first blood glucose (BG1) after discontinuation of IVII. Secondary outcomes included the absolute difference between the last glucose before discontinuation of IVII (BG0) and BG1, mean glucose in the first 24 hours after discontinuation of IVII (BG24), need for SSI, and hypoglycemia.Results: Mean BG0, BG1, and BG24, and the difference between BG1 and BG0 and between BG24 and BG0 were not significantly different between groups. Diabe...
Oral bioavailability of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) from contaminated site soils in rats.

Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), a commonly used military explosive, was detected as a contaminant of soil and water at Army facilities and ranges. This study was conducted to determine the relative oral bioavailability of RDX in contaminated soil and to develop a method to derive bioavailability adjustments for risk assessments using rodents. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats preimplanted with femoral artery catheters were dosed orally with gelatin capsules containing either pure RDX or an equivalent amount of RDX in contaminated soils from Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) (2300 μg/g of soil) or Fort Meade (FM) (670 μg/g of soil). After dosing rats, blood samples were collected from catheters at 2-h intervals (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12) and at 24 and 48 h. RDX levels in the blood were determined by gas chromatography. The results show that the peak absorption of RDX in blood was 6 h for neat RDX (1.24 mg/kg) and for RDX from contaminated soil (1.24 mg/kg) of LAAP. Rats dosed with RDX-contaminated FM ...
Why we need response shift: an appeal to functionalism

opinion exist, there also seems to be agreement on several key points. First, there appears to be at least some conceptual confusion surrounding response shift that is in need of resolution. Second, the term response shift is frequently misused to account for anomalous findings a sort of "catch-all" receptacle for scientific findings that are difficult to explain. And third, a more emphatic clarification is needed that response shift is more than just recai ibration. Certainly, all of these issues merit attention. But will abandoning the term response shift, as Ubel and colleagues suggest [2], move our field forward? I believe that it won't.
Fabrication of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite doped degradable composite hollow fiber for guided and biomimetic bone tissue engineering

Natural bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite structure interwoven in a three-dimensional (3-D) matrix, which plays critical roles in conferring appropriate physical and biological properties to the bone tissue. Single type of material may not be sufficient to mimic the composition, structure and properties of native bone, therefore, composite materials consisting of both polymers, bioceramics, and other inorganic materials have to be designed. Among a variety of candidate materials, polymer-nanoparticle composites appear most promising for bone tissue engineering applications because of superior mechanical properties, improved durability, and surface bioactivity when compared with conventional polymers or composites. The long term objective of this project is to use highly aligned, bioactive, biodegradable scaffold mimicking natural histological structure of human long bone, and to engineer and regenerate human long bone both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, bioactive, degradable, and highly permeable composite hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) were fabricated using a wet phase phase-inversion approach. The structure of the hollow fiber membranes was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); degradation behavior was examined using weigh loss assay, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); and bioactivity was evaluated with the amount of calcium deposition from the culture media onto HFM surface. Doping PLGA HFMs with nanoHA results in a more bioactive and slower degrading HFM than pure PLGA HFMs.
Locating Relationship and Communication Issues Among Stressors Associated With Breast Cancer

This article clarifies how the social contexts in which breast cancer survivors live can contribute to the stress they experience because of the disease. Guided by Solomon and Knobloch's (2004) relational turbulence model and Petronio's (2002) communication privacy management theory, this study explores personal relationship and communication boundary issues within stressors that are associated with the diagnosis, treatment, and early survivorship of breast cancer. A qualitative analysis of discourse posted on breast cancer discussion boards and weblogs using the constant comparative method and open-coding techniques revealed 12 sources of stress. Using axial coding methods and probing these topics for underlying relationship and communication issues yielded 5 themes. The discussion highlights the implications of the findings for the theories that guided this investigation and for breast cancer survivorship more generally.
Fuel cell power plants for automotive applications

The SPE®fuel cell has been under continuous development since the mid-fifties. For the most part the applications have been of a specialty type such as for space vehicle electrical power, remote or mobile ground power, and undersea systems. The common denominator of these specialty power plant applications is that each is obliged to pay a premium for electric power generation. As a result the SPE fuel cell has been economically competitive in the specialty powerplant market. Until recently the SPE fuel cell has not been considered economically viable in the industrial/commercial markets in competition with gas turbine generators or internal combustion engines. However, in the last few years the electrical current density capability of the SPE fuel cell has markedly increased which has the impact of reducing capital costs on the basis of the kW output rating. During 1981, a study was conducted for the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) to determine the feasibility of using this SPE fuel cell technology for vehicular propulsion. The results show that with adequate development, a power plant is possible which will meet the performance, size, and weight objectives, and that the costs for such a system could be competitive with other potential advanced power systems.
Rubber-modified epoxy resins containing high functionality acrylic elastomers

The effect of the functionality of n-butylacrylate/acrylic acid copolymers upon the impact resistance of epoxy resins modified with these rubbery copolymers as a second phase was investigated using a high speed tensile test and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that an optimum functionality of copolymer existed for maximum impact resistance. This optimum value was the result of the competition between the amount of rubber–matrix reaction, an increases in which tended to increase toughness, and solubility of the rubber in the epoxy matrix, which eventually decreased toughness.
Damage detection and mitigation of composite structures using smart materials

This paper reports the results of an ongoing experimental program for damage assessment and mitigation of composite structures using smart materials. One consequence of all damage to a composite structure is a change in its stiffness. This change in stiffness is measured by modal analysis which can be carried out using piezoelectric films as both sensor and actuator on the structure member. It is shown that the presence of damage can be detected by the change in natural frequencies and the location of the damage can be detected from the ratio of changes in frequencies between two successive modes.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1615 PROGNOSIS IN CHILDHOOD EPILEPSY: A 15 TO 23 YEAR FOLLOWUP

In a 5 to 12 yr followup, 36 of 148 epileptic children (24%) who had been seizure-free for 4 yrs on anticonvulsant medication (ACM) relapsed after drug withdrawal (W) (N Engl J Med 286:169, 1972). This report concerns a 15 to 23 yr followup of the same children. There were only 5 new relapses, increasing the relapse rate to 28%. Fifty-four percent of the relapses occurred in the first yr after W of ACM; 83% before 5 yrs (91% of the jacksonian cases relapsed within 2 yrs). There was no significant overall relation of relapse to sex, race, heredity, age at onset of seizures, age at W of ACM (puberty) or total number of seizures. Seventy-four percent of EEGs showed paroxysmal activity (focal or non-focal) at the time of W of ACM; the presence and degree of EEG abnormalities were not significantly related to relapse. Relapse rates varied significantly among seizure types (jacksonian, 58%; multiple seizure types, 43%; psychomotor, 31%; grand mal, 14%; petit mal, 12%; simple febrile seizures, 12%); among those with and without neurologic and/or psychologic deficits, 43% vs 23% (P<0.05); and in those with a seizure duration of more than 6 yrs, 89% vs 22% with a shorter duration (P<0.001). The data suggest helpful prognostic clues as to the likelihood of relapse after W of ACM and its timing. With the exception of those who have jacksonian or multiple seizure types, most epileptic children “outgrow” their seizures (84% in this study).
SURVEY OF ATMOSPHERE RE-ENTRY GUIDANCE AND CONTROL METHODS

measured acceleration D/W, gr's drag coefficient lift coefficient drag, force along the total velocity vector ( Ib local gravitational acceleration, ft/sec altitude, distance along radial axis, ft constant feedback control gain lift, force normal to the total velocity vector (<7z,$/ 2)PVVb distance from planet center, ft surface area upon which force coefficients are based, ft differential operator notation time circumferential velocity normal to radius vector, fps dimensionless ratio u/(circular orbital velocity), u/ (gr) total velocity, fps vertical velocity along radial axis, fps weight of vehicle, Ib downrange, distance to destination along great circle route, ft vehicle angle of attack atmosphere density decay parameter, ft ~~ variation in quantity from that of nominal trajectory flight-path angle, positive for climb influence function time-varying feedback control gain atmosphere density, slugs /ft* vehicle roll angle heading angle between the instantaneous great circle route and the great circle route to the target damping factor = natural frequency final value initial value : respect to nominal trajectory
Alteration of Crystalline Androsterone and Dehydroisoandrosterone by Alcohol as a Vehicle

SummaryProlonged contact of crystalline androsterone and dehydroisandrosterone with alcohol results in an enhanced biological response as compared with the response obtained from oily solutions of these androgens, when tested by the chick-comb-weigh't method. When these androgens are applied to the combs immediately after going into alcoholic solution, such an enhancement does not occur. Recovery of the crystals from alcoholic solution, after 6 days contact, and subsequent solution in oil gives an altered biological response indicating a possible change in the character of the original materials. These observations suggest that an inert vehicle, such as sesame oil, is to be preferred to alcohol as a vehicle in assaying such androgens.
Maternal and postnatal hypermagnesemia and the meconium plug syndrome

Thirty dated pregnant Srague-Dawley rats received IM MgSO4 (750 mg/kg/ X 5 days) until birth. Fifteen untreated pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats of similar gestation served as controls. A total of 453 rats were born. Ninety neonates (two from each of 45 liters) were randomly removed before suckling, sacrificed, and the water content of the meconium and serum magnesium determined. The remaining 363 bewborn rats were observed for delayed passage of meconium or abdominal distention. Hypermagnesemic (6.3 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml) neonates had neither abdominal distention nor delayed passage of meconium. The water content of meconium in hypermagnesemic rats (84.7 +/- 4.2% and in untreated controls (85.5 +/- 3.8%) were statistically similar. Dated pregnant mongrel dogs were given magnesium sulfate by continuous intravenous infusion and by bolus intravenous injection. The water content of meconium, transit time, and basic electrical rhythm (BER) of treated neonates were similar to untreated neonatal controls. The water content of meconium, transit time, and BER of neonatal dogs made hypermagnesemic (12.0 +/- 1.2 mg/100 ml) in the postnatal period were similar tp untreated neonatal controls. In adult and newborn pupies, receiving a continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate infusion, deep tendon reflexes ceased at serum magnesium levels of 9.0-10.0 mg/100 ml, spontaneous respiration at 14.0-15.0 mg/100 ml, and BER was suppressed (transiently) at 20.0-25.0 mg/10 ml. These data suggest that high (sublethal) doses of MgSO4 in pregnant and newborn animals have little effect on BER, meconium transit time or water content of the neonates. No correlation between MgSO4 treatment and the meconium plug syndrome was observed in the experiments.
Dynamic versus static splints: a prospective case for sustained stress.

Application of constant tension to elongate tissue has been shown to be beneficial. A dynamic splint was used to achieve tissue creep and full elbow extension. Use of a static splint on the contralateral elbow did not allow elbow extension. This case report demonstrates for this patient the superiority of a dynamic elbow extension splint over a static splint when used to correct progressive loss of elbow range of motion. (J BURN CARE
Somatic evolution of cancer cells

Cancers develop through a process called genomic instability, which generates diversity, from which clonal evolution may occur. In colorectal cancers, this process has been extensively studied, and there are three identifiable processes involved in generating diversity at the genetic or epigenetic level. Colorectal cancers may have chromosomal instability (CIN), microsatellite instability (MSI), or the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). Each of these processes is associated with a unique mutational or epigenetic "signature" identifiable in the tumor cells, and there are important conceptual and clinical implications of each.
Nitrogenase-catalyzed reactions

Abstract 1. H2 evolution, N2 reduction and ATP hydrolysis, catalyzed by a particulate nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii, showed similar dependence on the concentration of ATP. Higher concentrations of ATP were inhibitory. 2. Evolution of H2 by nitrogenase under the conditions studied could not be completely stopped. 3. An average of 4.3 ATPs was required per two electrons transferred for the evolution of 1 H2 or for the formation of 2 3 NH3 from N2 (corrected for H2 evolution). 2.7 ATPs were required for two electron transfer needed for C2H2 reduction to C2H4 (no appreciable H2 evolved); this lower requirement suggested that the mechanisms for H2 evolution (or N2 reduction) and C2H2 reduction might differ. 4. The minimal number of ATPs required per two electrons to support the formation of 2 3 NH3 from 1 3 N2, 1 NH3 from N3−, 1 C2H4 from C2H2, 1 3 CH4 from 1 3 HCN and 1 3 CH4 from 1 3 CH3NC were found to be 7, 10, 2.7, 23 and 19 (uncorrected for H2 evolution), respectively. The higher numbers among these indicate that more H2 was evolved in the system. 5. Optimal concentrations of electron acceptors were 0.4–1.0 atm N2, 5–20 mM NaN3, 0.2 atm C2H2, 3 mM KCN and 6–12 mM CH3NC. Nitrogenase-catalyzed ATP hydrolysis was enhanced by the presence of N2, NaN3, KCN or CH3NC. 60% enhancement was observed with 3 mM KCN and with 10 mM CH3NC; this enhancement was decreased by higher concentrations of KCN and CH3NC. 6. Km values for N2, NaN3, C2H2, KCN and CH3NC were 0.122 atm, 1.15 mM, 0.015 atm, 1.28 mM and 2 mM, respectively.
A Technique for Computing Dispersion Characteristics of Shielded Microstrip Lines with the Application to the Junction Problems

The problem of computing the dispersion characteristics of shielded microstrip lines is studied using Galerkin's method employed in the Fourier transform domain. Numerical results are compared with other available data and experimental measurements. The dispersion characteristics computed in this paper are also shown to be useful for predicting the end effects of a finite section of microstrip line. Some advantages of the method include simplicity and rapid convergence.
Self-Regulated Strategy Development in Writing: Going beyond NLEs to a More Balanced Approach.

In this article, we present an argument for consideration by those researching and promoting new learning environments (NLEs). We believe advocates of NLEs should consider the literature and research base indicating effective instruction is not based on a forced dichotomy between theoretical perspectives, but rather a thoughtful, pragmatic blending of practices based on evidence gained from various perspectives and lines of research. While unguided or minimally guided instructional approaches are popular and intuitively appealing, these approaches ignore substantial evidence indicating these approaches are less effective and less efficient than instructional approaches that incorporate guidance of the learning process that is faded as internal guidance is developed (Kirschner et al., Educ Psychol 41:75–86, 2006). We illustrate how integrating evidence from multiple theoretical perspectives leads to the development of more powerful approaches to learning and instruction through a review of the premises, evolution, and research behind Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) in the area of writing.
Characteristics of Students With High-Incidence Disabilities Broadly Defined

Students with high-incidence disabilities are the most prevalent among children and youth with disabilities in U.S. schools. This group typically includes students with emotional and/or behavioral disorders (E/BD), learning disabilities (LD), and mild intellectual disability (MID). However, students with other disabilities, including high-functioning autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and speech and language impairment are now being identified at higher rates and occupy an aggregate “other” category within high-incidence disabilities. Yet, little research has examined similarities between students identified in the traditional high-incidence group (emotional disorder, LD, MID) and students in the growing “other” category. This study was designed to examine similarities and differences between students with high-incidence disabilities broadly defined. Using an extant database, cognitive ability, academic performance, and behavioral performances were examined across disability categories. Fin...
Stochastic dynamic systems with complex‐valued eigensolutions

A dimensional decomposition method is presented for calculating the probabilistic characteristics of complex-valued eigenvalues and eigenvectors of linear, stochastic, dynamic systems. The method involves a function decomposition allowing lower-dimensional approximations of eigensolutions, Lagrange interpolation of lower-dimensional component functions, and Monte Carlo simulation. Compared with the commonly used perturbation method, neither the assumption of small input variability nor the calculation of the derivatives of eigensolutions is required by the method developed. Results of numerical examples from linear stochastic dynamics indicate that the decomposition method provides excellent estimates of the moments and/or probability densities of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for various cases including large statistical variations of input. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p50 cdc37 Binds Directly to the Catalytic Domain of Raf as Well as to a Site on hsp90 That Is Topologically Adjacent to the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Binding Site

Several protein kinases (e.g.pp60src , v-Raf) exist in heterocomplexes with hsp90 and a 50-kDa protein that is the mammalian homolog of the yeast cell cycle control protein Cdc37. In contrast, unliganded steroid receptors exist in heterocomplexes with hsp90 and a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain protein, such as an immunophilin. Although p50cdc37 and TPR domain proteins bind directly to hsp90, p50cdc37 is not present in native steroid receptor·hsp90 heterocomplexes. To obtain some insight as to how v-Raf selects predominantly hsp90·p50cdc37 heterocomplexes, rather than hsp90·TPR protein heterocomplexes, we have examined the binding of p50cdc37 to hsp90 and to Raf. We show that p50cdc37 exists in separate hsp90 heterocomplexes from the TPR domain proteins and that intact TPR proteins compete for p50cdc37 binding to hsp90 but a protein fragment containing a TPR domain does not. This suggests that the binding site for p50cdc37 lies topologically adjacent to the TPR acceptor site on the surface of hsp90. Also, we show that p50cdc37 binds directly to v-Raf, with the catalytic domain of Raf being sufficient. We propose that the combination of exclusive binding of p50cdc37 versus a TPR domain protein to hsp90 plus direct binding of p50cdc37 to Raf allows the protein kinase to select for the dominant hsp90·p50cdc37 composition that is observed with a variety of protein kinase heterocomplexes immunoadsorbed from cytosols.
The Mre11 complex is required for ATM activation and the G2/M checkpoint

The maintenance of genome integrity requires a rapid and specific response to many types of DNA damage. The conserved and related PI3-like protein kinases, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM-Rad3-related (ATR), orchestrate signal transduction pathways in response to genomic insults, such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). It is unclear which proteins recognize DSBs and activate these pathways, but the Mre11/Rad50/NBS1 complex has been suggested to act as a damage sensor. Here we show that infection with an adenovirus lacking the E4 region also induces a cellular DNA damage response, with activation of ATM and ATR. Wild-type virus blocks this signaling through degradation of the Mre11 complex by the viral E1b55K/E4orf6 proteins. Using these viral proteins, we show that the Mre11 complex is required for both ATM activation and the ATM-dependent G(2)/M checkpoint in response to DSBs. These results demonstrate that the Mre11 complex can function as a damage sensor upstream of ATM/ATR signaling in mammalian cells.
Effect of Additives on Silver Iodide Particles Exposed to Light

Abstract A number of available compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the deteriorating effect of light on the ice-nucleating properties of silver iodide. They were evaluated by a comparison of the powder x-ray diffraction diagrams before and after irradiation. A characteristic change of the diffraction profile occurs for silver iodide, which was completely suppressed by a number of additives. A total of 18 compounds are grouped in three different ranges of effectiveness.
Footnote to the Scottish Survey of Intelligence.

Summary. A major conclusion of the 1947 Scottish survey of intelligence was that there had been a gain since 1932 on the group test but no gain on the individual Stanford-Binet test. This conclusion is marred, however, by the use of regression methods of equating the 1916 and 1937 editions of the individual test for which only 89 cases were available. Avoidance of the sample of 89 cases who had been administered both editions of the individual test by the use of the equipercentile method of equation reveals parallel gains for both the group and the individual test. There is no need to qualify the conclusion that a small increase in intelligence among Scottish school children occurred between 1933 and 1947.
Experimental Evaluation of Deformation and Constraint Characteristics in Precracked Charpy and Other Three-Point Bend Specimens

To enable determination of the fracture toughness reference temperature, T0 , with reactor pressure vessel surveillance specimens, the precracked Charpy (PCVN) three-point bend, SE(B), specimen is of interest. Compared with the 25-mm (1 in.) thick compact, 1TC(T), specimen, tests with the PCVN specimen (10×10×55 mm) have resulted in T0 temperatures as much as 40°C lower (a so-called specimen bias effect). The Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation (HSSI) Program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory developed a two-part project to evaluate the C(T) versus PCVN differences, (1) calibration experiments concentrating on test practices, and (2) a matrix of transition range tests with various specimen geometries and sizes, including 1T SE(B) and 1TC(T). The test material selected was a plate of A533 grade B class 1 steel. The calibration experiments included assessment of the computational validity of J-integral determinations, while the constraint characteristics of various specimen types and sizes were evaluated using key curves and notch strength determinations. The results indicate that J-integral solutions for the small PCVN specimen are comparable in terms of J-integral validity with 1T bend specimens. Regarding constraint evaluations, Phase I deformation is defined where plastic deformation is confined to crack tip plastic zone development, whereas Phase II deformation is defined where plastic hinging deformation develops. In Phase II deformation, the 0.5T SE(B) BxB specimen (slightly larger than the PCVN specimen) consistently showed the highest constraint of all SE(B) specimens evaluated for constraint comparisons. The PCVN specimen begins the Phase II type of deformation at relatively low KR levels, with the result that KJc values above about 70 MPa√m from precracked Charpy specimens are under extensive plastic hinging deformation. For the second part, about twenty specimens of each type and size (65 PCVN) have been tested to enable statistically reliable comparisons of T0 for the various cases, with tests completed at temperatures from −28 to −37°C. The KJc test data obtained for HSST Plates 13B and 13A show PCVN bias values from −30 to −40°C relative to 1TC(T), but the standard 1TSE(B) specimen shows a bias of about −10°C. However, the SE(B) specimens exhibit a tendency for decreasing T0 with decreasing specimen size (B and/or b). The results are compared with those from other materials and observations are noted regarding potential effects of test temperature and metallurgical factors.
Simulation of granular layer inversion in liquid fluidized beds

Abstract A hydrodynamic computer model for describing multiparticle fluidization has been developed. Each group of particles, identical in density and in diameter, is treated as a particulate phase in this model. The computer code solves the mass and momentum balance equations for the fluidizing fluid and for the required number of particulate phases. The model has been used to simulate granular layer inversion in a liquid fluidized bed. This phenomenon occurs during the fluidization of a binary mixture of particles in which the denser particles are smaller. In such a system at low fluid velocities, the larger particles segregate into a top layer; at higher fluid velocities, they sink to form a bottom layer. At intermediate fluid velocities, the extent to which the particles mix is determined by the fluid velocity. The simulation results using the multiparticle code are in good agreement with experimental data on granular layer inversion. It is also shown that under some conditions, a radial segregation pattern exists in addition to the experimentally observed axial segregation pattern.
Nonparabolic Conduction Band in HgSe and Hg Se 0.5 Te 0.5

The dependence of electron effective mass (${m}^{*}$) on carrier concentration ($N$) has been determined for samples of $n$-type HgSe ($N=5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17} \mathrm{to} 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) and Hg${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{0.5}$ alloy ($N=9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17} \mathrm{to} 9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) by means of infrared reflectivity and magnetoreflectivity measurements. In both cases, ${m}^{*}$ increases markedly with $N$. For HgSe, the variation of ${m}^{*}$ with $N$ is quantitatiely consistent with the conduction band model derived by Kane for InSb. The band parameters derived from the data are $P=8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ev-cm, in close agreement with the values determined for InSb and other III-V compounds, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{g}\ensuremath{\sim}0.2$ ev. The data for Hg${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.5}$${\mathrm{Te}}_{0.5}$ appear to be qualitatively consistent with Kane's model, although they exhibit too much scatter for quantitative comparison.
Comment on “Stationary equilibria of self-gravitating quasineutral dusty plasmas” [Phys. Plasmas 8, 4740 (2001)]

It is pointed out that the recently published study on the stationary equilibria of a self-gravitating quasineutral dusty plasma is not correct. The claim of Rao et al. that a “closed form equation for the dust flow speed” [their Eq. (19)] is derived is misleading since a term proportional to the electrostatic potential φ0 has erroneously been left out. Further, the claim of Rao et al. that the singularities displayed by their Eqs. (19) and (22) at the characteristic speed are due to the inhomogeneity of the self-gravitating potential is devoid of any mathematical merit or physical reasoning.
Short communication: Insertion of an intravaginal progesterone device at the time of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection affects neither GnRH-induced release of luteinizing hormone nor development of dominant follicle in early diestrus of lactating dairy cows

Our objectives were to evaluate the acute effects of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert containing 1.38 g of progesterone (P4) on the release of LH, follicular growth, and circulating concentrations of P4 in cows treated with GnRH at the time of CIDR insertion. Nonpregnant, lactating dairy cows (n=27) were blocked by parity, predicted 305-d mature-equivalent milk production, and body condition score and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: (1) CIDR insertion concurrent with an injection of 200 µg of GnRH (n=10; 2GP4); (2) CIDR insertion concurrent with an injection of 100 µg of GnRH (n=10; 1GP4); and (3) injection of 100 µg of GnRH (n=7; CON). Prior to onset of treatments, cows were submitted to a presynchronization protocol that consisted of a CIDR insert containing 1.38 g of P4 from d -7 to -2, 25mg of PGF2α on d -2 and -1, and 100 µg of GnRH on d 0. Experimental treatments were applied on d 6, the early luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Concentrations of P4 in plasma were determined on d -2 and 0 and at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 345, 600, and 1,200 min relative to treatment on d 6. Concentrations of LH were determined in plasma samples obtained at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 345 min relative to treatment on d 6. Ultrasonography examinations of ovarian structures were performed on d -2, 0, 2, and at 0, 600, and 1,200 min relative to treatment on d 6. Mean concentrations of P4 in the CON group (1.91±0.28 ng/mL) were lower than in 2GP4 (3.40±0.26 ng/mL) and 1GP4 (3.31±0.24 ng/mL) groups, but concentrations in 2GP4 and 1GP4 were similar. Mean concentration of LH in response to the GnRH injection on d 6 was greatest in 2GP4 cows (3.08±0.21 ng/mL) and did not differ between 1GP4 (2.23±0.21 ng/mL) and CON (2.14±0.25 ng/mL) cows. The diameter of the dominant follicle on d 6 was similar among treatments (2GP4=15.34±0.50; 1GP4=15.31±0.50; CON=14.77±0.62 mm). In conclusion, CIDR insertion concurrent with a 100- or 200-µg dose of GnRH neither altered GnRH-induced LH release nor had an acute effect on dominant follicle growth.
Chemical segregation during induction melting of high-magnesia systems

We carried out studies on the chemical segregation during continuous induction melting of the materials of high-magnesia systems. It was established that the relative length (size) of the zone of columnar grains can be used as a qualitative criterion for evaluating the degree of chemical segregation along the cross section of the ingots obtained by continuous induction melting. Consequently, it was possible to find wider application of induction melting. The applications include the possibility of studying the composition vs property diagrams of the high-temperature engineering systems. Based on the theory of directional solidification and zone refining as applied to the technology of continuous IMCC process, we obtained the numerical values of the diffusion coefficient of the aluminum and chromium oxides and the impurities in molten magnesium oxide. A well-founded method (approach) is suggested for selecting the additives that permit one to obtain chemically homogeneous ingots.
Low-energy magnetoplasmon excitations in semimetallic carbon nanotubes

The low-energy electron spectrum of semimetallic carbon nanotubes consists of two pairs of electron and hole subbands with linear dispersion intersecting at the Fermi level. An external perturbation such as a magnetic or electric field lifts the degeneracy of the subbands and opens a minigap at the band crossing. A quasi-one-dimensional massless Dirac-like Hamiltonian has been used to model the low-energy electron spectrum of this system as a function of the wave vector along the nanotube axis. Within this model, the plasmon dispersion formula is obtained for the arbitrary allowed angular- and linear-momentum transfer. The plasmon energies are calculated as a function of the transferred momentum and the nanotube radius when there is no transferred angular momentum. We show that both the low-frequency (quasiacoustic) and the high-frequency (optical) plasmon excitations are obtained in this system, depending on the position of the Fermi level with respect to the energy gap induced by the external perturbation. We calculate the phase velocity ${C}_{p}$ as a function of the Fermi level. Our results show that ${C}_{p}$ has kinks that are due to an increased density of states within the band. There is a discontinuity in the curve near which the minigap opens up.
The cascade of interactions in the digital library interface

Each design element or layer in an information system interacts with every other design layer in a synergistic, neutral, or conflicting manner. This cascade of interactions culminates in the interface, where all the prior interactions have either worked to produce effective information retrieval or to produce a hodgepodge of system elements working at cross-purposes. Very large networked and World-Wide-Web-based online databases and online public access catalogs provide numerous illustrative examples of how the cascade works. Good design requires that these interactions be well understood and properly designed for the purposes of the information system in question. Interactions among metadata and indexing systems, information system front-ends, user search capabilities, and interface design are discussed and used as illustrations for the effective design of digital library access.
Observation of Emergency Medicine Residents at the Bedside: How Often Does It Happen?

Objective: To determine how often trainees in emergency medicine (EM) are observed while performing a history, a physical examination, or specific procedures. Methods: The 26 members of the National Consensus Group on Clinical Skills in Emergency Medicine affiliated with an EM residency program were asked to circulate a survey to their residents during February and March 1994. Twenty-one programs participated. surveying a total of 514 residents. The residents were asked how many times they had been observed by an attending physician while they performed a history, a physical examination. endotracheal intubation. or central vein catheterization during training. The residents also were asked about observation of specific components of the physical examination. such as the heart. lung, and genitourinary systems. Results: Three hundred nineteen residents (62%) responded to the survey. Thirteen percent of the residents reported that they had never been observed taking a history during training. During their PGYI training, 19% of the residents reported that they had never been observed taking a history, 42% had been observed one to three times, 255% had been observed four to 12 times. and 13% had been observed >12 times. Six percent of the residents reported that they had never been observed doing a physical examination during training. During their PGYI training, 10% of the residents had never been observed performing a physical examination, 38% had been observed one to three times. 34% had been observed four to 12 times, and 18% had been observed >12 times. Conclusions: Many residents report that they are infrequently observed performing histories and physical examinations during their EM training. with a significant number of residents reporting that they were never observed performing basic bedside clinical skills. More direct observation with trained faculty observers may provide an opportunity for better evaluation and remediation of bedside clinical skills.
Contraceptives for Victims of Rape and for the Mentally Disabled: A Reply to Stephen Napier

Abstract In this paper I argue for the following claims. First, contraceptive acts are intrinsically wrong, and not merely always wrong within the marital context. Second, in consequence, the defense of the administration of contraceptives in case of rape must be understood under the rubric of the principle of double effect. Third, the existence or threat of rape is therefore not a sufficient condition for the permissible administration of contraceptives; the intention must be upright. Fourth, in the case as described by Stephen Napier, the intention with which contraceptives would be administered is almost certainly contraceptive; thus this administration would be an instance of an intrinsically evil act. Recognition of why this is so is the key to understanding why, despite a prima facie agreement, as noted by Napier, between his own position and that of Germain Grisez, there is nevertheless a rather deep disagreement. I articulate that disagreement, and indicate why I believe the question has not be...