cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Direction of response selectivity between conspecific and heterospecific auditory stimuli varies with response metric.

Abstract Species recognition is an essential behavioral outcome of social discrimination, flocking, mobbing, mating, and/or parental care. In songbirds, auditory species recognition cues are processed through specialized forebrain circuits dedicated to acoustic discrimination. Here we addressed the direction of behavioral and neural metrics of zebra finches’ (Taeniopygia guttata) responses to acoustic cues of unfamiliar conspecifics vs. heterospecifics. Behaviorally, vocal response rates were greater for conspecific male zebra finch songs over heterospecific Pin-tailed Whydah (Vidua macroura) songs, which paralleled greater multiunit spike rates in the auditory forebrain in response to the same type of conspecific over heterospecific auditory stimuli. In contrast, forebrain activation levels were reversed to species-specific song playbacks during two functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments: we detected consistently greater responses to whydah songs over finch songs and did so independently of whether subjects had been co-housed or not with heterospecifics. These results imply that the directionality of behavioral and neural response selectivity metrics are not always consistent and appear to be experience-independent in this set of stimulus-and-subject experimental paradigms.
Raster Thomson scattering in large-scale laser plasmas produced at high repetition rate

We present optical Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in a large-scale (∼2 cm) exploding laser plasma produced by irradiating a solid target with a high-energy (5–10 J) laser pulse at a high repetition rate (1 Hz). The Thomson scattering diagnostic matches this high repetition rate. Unlike previous work performed in single shots at much higher energies, the instrument allows for point measurements anywhere inside the plasma by automatically translating the scattering volume using motorized stages as the experiment is repeated at 1 Hz. Measured densities around 4 × 1016 cm−3 and temperatures around 7 eV result in a scattering parameter near unity, depending on the distance from the target. The measured spectra show the transition from collective scattering close to the target to non-collective scattering at larger distances. Densities obtained by fitting the weakly collective spectra agree to within 10% with an irradiance calibration performed via Raman scattering in nitrogen.
Building Adaptive Capacity Through Civic Environmental Stewardship: Responding to COVID-19 Alongside Compounding and Concurrent Crises

A growing body of community resilience literature emphasizes the importance of social resources in preparing for and responding to disturbances. In particular, scholars have noted that community based organizations and strong social networks positively contribute to adaptive capacity, or the ability to adjust and respond to change while enhancing the conditions necessary to withstand future events. While it is well established that strong civic engagement and social networks contribute to enhanced adaptive capacity in times of change, there is more to learn about how adaptive capacity at the civic group and network level is impacted temporally by multiple and compounding crises. Research has shown that the ability for communities to adapt and respond to crisis is closely tied to longer term recovery. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has overlapped and intersected with multiple additional climate crises as well as a reigniting of the ongoing American reckoning with racial injustice, the ability for communities to adapt and respond to compounding crises seems more crucial than ever. This paper uses qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with 34 civic environmental stewardship groups in New York City to explore their role in building adaptive capacity. In order to better understand how past crises have impacted stewardship groups’ response to COVID-19, we focus on how groups have demonstrated flexibility and learning at an organizational scale. We look at two other crises, both acute (Superstorm Sandy, which hit the East Coast in 2012) and chronic (systemic racism) to identify instances of learning that lead to organizational transformation. We further aim to understand how group professionalization, measured by budget and staff size, and network connectivity impact their actions. By comparing the groups’ experiences and responses to each event, we uncover strategies learned from past events (e.g. sharing contact lists, holding internal dialogues, leveraging new funding sources) that enable stewardship groups to respond to disaster in a way that builds their organizational adaptive capacity as well as contributes to the long-term resilience of their communities.
SU‐E‐T‐746: The Use of Radiochromic Film Analyzed with Three Channel Dosimetry as a Secondary Patient‐Specific QA Tool for Small SBRT Fields

Introduction: As diagnostic techniques become more sensitive and targeting methods grow in accuracy, target volumes continue to shrink and SBRT becomes more prevalent. Due to this fact, patient-specific QA must also enhance resolution and accuracy in order to verify dose delivery in these volumes. It has been suggested that when measuring small fields at least two separate detectors be used to verify delivered dose. Therefore, we have instituted a secondary patient QA verification for small (<3cm) SBRT fields using Gafchromic EBT2 film. Methods: Films were cross-calibrated using a Farmer chamber in plastic water at reference conditions as defined by TG-51. Films were scanned, and an RGB calibration curve was created according to best practices published by Ashland, Inc. Four SBRT cases were evaluated both with the Scandidos Delta4 and with EBT2 films sandwiched in plastic water. Raw values obtained from the film were converted to dose using an in-house algorithm employing all three color channels to increase accuracy and dosimetric range. Gamma and dose profile comparisons to Eclipse dose calculations were obtained using RIT and compared to values obtained with the Delta4. Results: Film gamma pass rates at 2% and 2mm were similar to those obtained with the Delta4. However, dose difference histograms showed better absolute dose agreement, with the average mean film dose agreeing with calculation to 0.3% and the Delta4 only agreeing to 3.1% across the cases. Additionally, films provided more resolution than the Delta4 and thus their dose profiles better succeeded in diagnosing dose calculation inaccuracies. Conclusion: We believe that the implementation of secondary patient QA using EBT2 film analyzed with all three color channels is an invaluable tool for evaluation of small SBRT fields. Furthermore, we have shown that this method can sometimes provide a more detailed and faithful reproduction of plan dose than the Delta4.
Regulation of the transport and metabolism of amino acids in isolated fat cells. Effect of insulin and a possible role for adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.

Abstract We investigated the effects of insulin on amino acid transport, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown in fat cells isolated from rat epididymal adipose tissue. Insulin stimulated the accumulation of 14C-labeled proteins in fat cells incubated with 14C-labeled l-leucine, l-alanine, glycine, and l-serine. With l-leucine-1-14C as a model amino acid, we observed that the effects of insulin did not require the addition of glucose or other carbohydrate to the incubation medium, and were produced by insulin concentrations comparable to those required to accelerate glucose transport. The accumulation of 14C-labeled proteins was inhibited by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and theophylline at concentrations known to increase adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in isolated fat cells. The inhibitory effects of ACTH were reversed by insulin, while the inhibitory effects of theophylline and ACTH plus theophylline were only partially reversed. High concentrations of N6, 21-O-dibutyryl cyclic AMP duplicated the effects of ACTH and theophylline. Insulin had only slight effects on the inhibition produced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Amino acid transport was assessed by measuring the intracellular accumulation of 14C-labeled α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), 1-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid, and certain natural amino acids. The labeled amino acids achieved intracellular to extracellular concentration ratios which were similar to the concentration ratios of the natural amino acids measured in fresh adipose tissue. AIB transport was Na+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and inhibited by a 20:1 molar excess of l-leucine, but was glucose-independent and not affected by ACTH, theophylline, or N6, 21-O-dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Insulin did not change the initial rate of AIB uptake, the initial rate of AIB efflux, or the equilibrium concentration ratios of AIB and cycloleucine. When protein synthesis was blocked by 10-4 m puromycin, insulin had a slight inhibitory effect on protein breakdown. This "antiproteolytic" effect of insulin could not fully account for the stimulatory effect of insulin on the accumulation of 14C-labeled proteins. We concluded that the predominant effect of insulin was exerted on some unidentified step in protein synthesis rather than on the steps of amino acid transport or protein breakdown. Furthermore, we postulated that cyclic AMP might act as a negative effector for the action of insulin on protein synthesis.
Sheared-root inocula of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

For efficient handling, vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi should be processed into small and uniform inocula; however, processing can reduce the inoculum density. In this article we describe the preparation and use of sheared-root inocula of Glomus spp. in which inoculum densities were increased during processing. Our objectives were to determine inoculum viability and density after shearing and to ascertain if the sheared inocula could be pelletized or used with a gel carrier. Root samples were harvested from aeroponic cultures, blotted dry, cut into 1-cm lengths, and sheared in a food processor for up to 80 s. After shearing, the inoculum was washed over sieves, and the propagule density in each fraction was determined. Sheared inocula were also encapsulated in carrageenan or used in a gel carrier. Shearing aeroponically produced root inocula reduced particle size. Propagule density increased with decreasing size fraction down to a size of 63 μm, after which propagule density decreased. The weighted-average propagule density of the inoculum was 135,380 propagules g (dry weight) of sheared root material-1. Sheared roots were encapsulated successfully in carrageenan, and the gel served as an effective carrier. Aeroponic root inoculum was stored dry at 4°C for 23 months without significant reduction in propagule density; however, this material was not appropriate for shearing. Moist roots, useful for shearing, began to lose propagule density after 1 month of storage. Shearing proved to be an excellent method to prepare viable root inocula of small and uniform size, allowing for more efficient and effective use of limited inoculum supplies.
FPCNA: A Carbon Nanotube-Based Programmable Architecture

In the hunt to find a replacement for CMOS, material scientists are developing a wide range of nanomaterials and nanomaterial-based devices that offer significant performance improvements. One example is the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET), which replaces the traditional silicon channel with an array of semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Due to the increased variation and defects in nanometer-scale fabrication and the regular nature of bottom-up self-assembly, field-programmable devices are a promising initial application for such technologies. In this chapter, we detail the design and evaluation of a nanomaterial-based architecture called FPCNA (field-programmable carbon nanotube array). Nanomaterial-based devices and circuit building blocks are developed and characterized, including a lookup table created entirely from continuous CNT ribbons. To determine the performance of these building blocks, variation-aware physical design tools are used, with statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) that can handle both Gaussian and non-Gaussian random variables. When the FPCNA architecture is evaluated using this computer-aided design (CAD) flow, a 2.75× performance improvement is seen over an equivalent CMOS FPGA at a 95% yield. In addition, FPCNA offers a 5.07× footprint reduction compared with a baseline FPGA.
Association of thrombocytopenia with the use of intra-aortic balloon pumps ☆

Abstract Purpose: The intra-aortic balloon pump has become an important tool in the management of patients with severe coronary artery disease. Although pump-induced thrombocytopenia was described more than 20 years ago, there has been no prospective study of this condition. Patients and Methods: In a prospective study of consecutive adult intensive care patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes, we compared serial platelet counts in 58 patients treated with an intra-aortic balloon pump with 51 patients who were not. All patients received intravenous heparin. Results: Clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar, except that unstable angina was more frequent among balloon pump patients. On each of 6 consecutive days, the mean platelet counts of patients treated with a balloon pump were significantly lower than those of non-pump patients. Platelet counts (mean ± SD) of balloon pump patients decreased to a nadir of 63% ± 4% of the initial count on day 4, but subsequently stabilized. There was only a slight, transient decrease in the platelet counts of non-pump patients. Overall, 47% of balloon pump patients developed thrombocytopenia (platelet count 3 ) compared with 12% of non-pump patients ( P P P = 0.03). Removal of the balloon pump was associated with a rapid increase in platelet count. Conclusions: The use of an intra-aortic balloon pump led to a steady and predictable decrease in platelet count, which recovered rapidly if the balloon pump was removed or slowly if the device remained in place.
Diagnostic procedures using the patient's existing dentures☆☆☆

Abstract 1. 1. A technique that uses the patient's existing dentures as a valuable part of the complete denture diagnostic evaluation has been presented. 2. 2. The procedures require no more time than most conventional diagnostic techniques and yield much more diagnostic information. 3. 3. The patient can see and feel, to a degree, what new dentures would be like. 4. 4. The dentist can better estimate the time needed to complete a successful denture service. 5. 5. The procedure is beneficial to the dentist and the patient. 6. 6. The dentist can terminate the patient with courtesy when, from the diagnostic procedures with the patient's existing dentures, it is determined that the patient cannot be satisfied.
Ice Water Testing Reveals Hypersensitivity in Adult Rats That Experienced Neonatal Bladder Inflammation: Implications for Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

Purpose: We determined whether clinical observations of hypersensitivity to ice water testing, that is infusion of ice-cold saline into the bladder, in patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis have a parallel in a rat model of bladder hypersensitivity produced by neonatal inflammation.Materials and Methods: Rat pups were anesthetized as neonates (postnatal days 14 to 16). In some pups the bladder was inflamed by intravesical zymosan treatment. As adults, the rats were re-anesthetized and tested for abdominal muscle contractions to ice water testing, measured on electromyogram. Various neonatally treated groups of rats underwent bladder re-inflammation/no re-inflammation and/or bladder distention before ice water testing. Other control rats were treated only in adulthood.Results: Rats that underwent bladder inflammation as neonates manifested bladder hypersensitivity in adulthood, as indexed by significantly greater mean electromyogram responses during ice water testing. This bladder hy...
The effect of spatial discretization on the magnitude and direction response of simple differential edge operators on a step edge

For a unit step edge, we calculate the gradient magnitude and direction reported by various simple differential edge operators as a function of the edge's actual orientation and offset with respect to the pixel grid. To be consistent with previous work (of Abdou and Pratt) we have initially chosen to analyse (among others) the Sobel, Prewitt, and Roberts Cross operators, using a digitization model in which the pixels have uniform square receptive fields that tesselate the image plane. Our quantitative results provide insights into the behavior of these commonly used operators, insights that can guide their proper application in problems of image understanding and robot vision. We also suggest novel techniques for improving the performance of these operators.
Haematological complete remission by ponatinib and bortezomib in a patient with relapsed, Ph+ pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

A 74-year-old man was previously diagnosed with BCR-ABL1-positive pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre-B ALL) based on bone marrow cytology, flow cytometry, cytogenetics and fluorescent in situ hybridisation findings. Following a highly complicated hospital course, the patient achieved cytogenetic remission by consolidated chemotherapy and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib. He subsequently presented with relapsed pre-B ALL after 3 years in remission. In consideration of his challenging clinical history, he was started on concurrent ponatinib (45 mg daily) and bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2 intravenous weekly). The major molecular response was achieved (
The use of bi-layer silk fibroin scaffolds and small intestinal submucosa matrices to support bladder tissue regeneration in a rat model of spinal cord injury

Adverse side-effects associated with enterocystoplasty for neurogenic bladder reconstruction have spawned the need for the development of alternative graft substitutes. Bi-layer silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds and small intestinal submucosa (SIS) matrices were investigated for their ability to support bladder tissue regeneration and function in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Bladder augmentation was performed with each scaffold configuration in SCI animals for 10 wk of implantation and compared to non-augmented control groups (normal and SCI alone). Animals subjected to SCI alone exhibited a 72% survival rate (13/18) while SCI rats receiving SIS and bi-layer SF scaffolds displayed respective survival rates of 83% (10/12) and 75% (9/12) over the course of the study period. Histological (Masson's trichrome analysis) and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations demonstrated both implant groups supported de novo formation of smooth muscle layers with contractile protein expression [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and SM22α] as well as maturation of multi-layer urothelia expressing cytokeratin (CK) and uroplakin 3A proteins. Histomorphometric analysis revealed bi-layer SF and SIS scaffolds respectively reconstituted 64% and 56% of the level of α-SMA+ smooth muscle bundles present in SCI-alone controls, while similar degrees of CK+ urothelium across all experimental groups were detected. Parallel evaluations showed similar degrees of vascular area and synaptophysin+ boutons in all regenerated tissues compared to SCI-alone controls. In addition, improvements in certain urodynamic parameters in SCI animals, such as decreased peak intravesical pressure, following implantation with both matrix configurations were also observed. The data presented in this study detail the ability of acellular SIS and bi-layer SF scaffolds to support formation of innervated, vascularized smooth muscle and urothelial tissues in a neurogenic bladder model.
Simian virus 40 protein VP1 is involved in spacing nucleosomes in minichromosomes

Abstract We have investigated the average nucleosome spacing in the chromatin from several simian virus 40 virion assembly mutants temperature-sensitive in the major capsid protein VP1. Viral assembly intermediates that accumulate in cells infected with mutants that block virion assembly at the propagation step (tsB) have an average nucleosome repeat length similar to that of wild-type SV40 chromatin, approximately 198(± 4) base-pairs. This repeat length is longer than that of the host (BSC-40) cellular chromatin, which has a value of 187(±4) base-pairs. In contrast, SV40 chromatin from cells infected with virus containing a mutation that blocks virion assembly at the initiation step (tsC) has a significantly shorter average repeat length of 177(±4) base-pairs. At the permissive temperature (33 °C), tsC chromatin has a nucleosome spacing periodicity essentially the same as that of wild-type SV40 chromatin. In addition to possessing a chromatin structure with nucleosomes that are, on the average, closer together, tsC chromatin contains a nuclease-hypersensitive or open region in nearly all molecules, but apparently the same number of nucleosomes. These findings suggest that nucleosomes are deposited initially on newly replicated SV40 chromatin in such a way as to leave the DNA region containing the origin of replication and transcription enhancers uncovered. Subsequent interaction with capsid proteins appears to increase the average nucleosome spacing and consequently to cover the open region for encapsidation.
Pharmacy students’ perspectives on a PharmD/MPH dual degree program at a large metropolitan school of pharmacy

Objective: To determine doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students’ perceptions of a PharmD and master of public health (MPH) dual degree program.Methods: A seven-item survey instrument was developed and distributed to students at a large metropolitan school of pharmacy during scheduled class time in April 2012.Results: Among the 611 students enrolled in the PharmD program, 447 (73%) responded. Of those who responded, 72.3% were either “very likely” or “likely” to consider enrolling in such a PharmD/MPH dual degree program, and 77.4% believed that it would be attractive to future students. The most commonly identified potential limitations to pursuing the dual degree were time commitment (19.9%), increased workload and stress (11.2%), and tuition cost (10.3%). The most notable advantages documented were increased job opportunities for public health-related pharmacy positions (26.9%), increased ability to serve patients and the community (13.4%), and increased marketability for future jobs (8.7%).Conclusions: PharmD student participants demonstrated overall positive attitudes and interest towards a PharmD/MPH dual degree program.
Correlates of Race and Color Bias among Preschool Children

This paper reports the findings of an investigation of preschool Euro-American children in which were explored the relationship of individual differences in racial bias and white-black color bias to the children's general responses to light and darkness, and to certain maternal attitudes and personality traits. Using the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II and Color Meaning Test II procedures developed by Williams and his associates, significant (p < .01) correlations were found between the child's white-black color bias and race bias, and between white-black color bias and reports of aversive experiences with darkness. There was also a significant (p < .05) correlation between the racial attitudes of mothers and their children. Findings with a behavioral measure of dark avoidance and measures of the mother's anxiety and authoritarianism were inconclusive. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for the development of race and color bias in preschool children.
Inflammation of Atrium After Cardiac Surgery Is Associated With Inhomogeneity of Atrial Conduction and Atrial Fibrillation

Background— Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common after cardiac surgery. Abnormal conduction is an important substrate for AF. We hypothesized that atrial inflammation alters atrial conduction properties. Methods and Results— Normal mongrel canines (n=24) were divided into 4 groups consisting of anesthesia alone (control group); pericardiotomy (pericardiotomy group); lateral right atriotomy (atriotomy group); and lateral right atriotomy with antiinflammatory therapy (methylprednisolone 2 mg/kg per day) (antiinflammatory group). Right atrial activation was examined 3 days after surgery. Inhomogeneity of conduction was quantified by the variation of maximum local activation phase difference. To initiate AF, burst pacing was performed. Myeloperoxidase activity and neutrophil cell infiltration in the atrial myocardium were measured to quantify the degree of inflammation. The inhomogeneity of atrial conduction of the atriotomy and pericardiotomy groups was higher than that of the control group (2.02±0.10, 1.51±0....
SPSS vs. excel: Computing software, criminal justice students, and statistics

This study examines the impact of two different types of statistical software on student knowledge and perceptions of statistics. Students enrolled in a summer session introductory statistics class were randomly assigned to either Excel or SPSS. Weekly lab sessions were conducted providing instruction in statistical calculations using Excel and SPSS. The groups were then compared on two levels of knowledge: conceptual and computational. An additional comparison was made in relation to students' perceptions of their understanding of statistics. Results showed Excel students scored higher on both measures of knowledge and had higher ratings of statistical understanding compared to SPSS students.
Direct Quantitative Analysis of Nicotine Alkaloids from Biofluid Samples using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry

The determination of tobacco derived nicotine alkaloids in biofluid samples is of great importance to testing for tobacco use, tobacco cessation treatment, and studies on exposure to secondhand smoke. Paper spray mass spectrometry (MS) has been adapted for direct, quantitative analysis of tobacco alkaloids from biofluid samples, such as blood, urine, and saliva in liquid and dried form. Limits of quantitation as low as several nanograms per milliliter were obtained for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, and anabasine. Direct analysis of fresh blood samples has also been achieved with improved sensitivity using print paper substrates of high density. Quantitation of the cotinine in the blood of a rat was performed with both direct analysis using paper spray and a traditional analysis protocol using liquid chromatography MS. Comparable results were obtained and the precision of the two methods was similar. The paper spray MS method is rapid and shows potential for significantly improved analytical efficiency in clinical laboratories as well as for point-of-care tobacco use assessment.
Energy forecasting: Predictions, reality and analysis of causes of error

Energy forecasting is an important task of immense value for predicting the future development and implementation of energy technologies. While a certain degree of uncertainty is to be expected in foreseeing future conditions, energy forecasts are typically quite inaccurate in their predictions. The possible causes of such inaccuracy are examined in this paper in the context of an energy forecast study conducted more than 30 years ago. This study, conducted using the Delphi technique, provided predictions for the development of nuclear energy production, nuclear reactor safety, fossil energy, energy transmission, environmental effects and the renewable energy in the years 1985 and 2000. A comparison with the current progress of the energy industry indicates that the predictions of the study were highly optimistic, and most of the predictions did not materialize nor are likely to be realized in the near future. An analysis of the probable causes of failure is presented in this paper. Such analysis can provide a better understanding of the forecasting process and will be valuable in designing a strategy for reducing the errors in energy forecasting.
Teaching and Learning Science through Song: Exploring the Experiences of Students and Teachers.

This qualitative, multi-case study explored the use of science-content music for teaching and learning in six middle school science classrooms. The researcher sought to understand how teachers made use of content-rich songs for teaching science, how they impacted student engagement and learning, and what the experiences of these teachers and students suggested about using songs for middle school classroom science instruction. Data gathered included three teacher interviews, one classroom observation and a student focus-group discussion from each of six cases. The data from each unit of analysis were examined independently and then synthesized in a multi-case analysis, resulting in a number of merged findings, or assertions, about the experience. The results of this study indicated that teachers used content-rich music to enhance student understanding of concepts in science by developing content-based vocabulary, providing students with alternative examples and explanations of concepts, and as a sense-maki...
A novel biosynthesis of medium chain length α-ketodicarboxylic acids in methanogenic archaebacteria

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis on the distribution of alpha-ketodicarboxylic acids in various bacteria determined that alpha-ketoglutarate and alpha-ketoadipate are widely distributed in all the bacteria examined, whereas alpha-ketopimelate and alpha-ketosuberate are found only in the methanogenic archaebacteria. Labeling experiments with stable isotopes indicated that each of these acids arises from alpha-ketoglutarate by repeated alpha-ketoacid chain elongation. The final product in this series of reactions, alpha-ketosuberate, serves in the methanogenic bacteria as the biosynthetic precursor to the 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid portion of 7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate, a methanogenic coenzyme.
Positive and Negative Thermionic Emission from Columbium

The positive ion and electron work functions have been determined for well outgassed columbium and found to be for the electrons 3.96 volts with A equal to 57 amp./ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{degree}}^{2}$ and for positive ions 5.52 volts. It has been found that by bombarding the ionization gauge at a high temperature the specimen could be contaminated so as to change the electron work function by about 16 percent. The effect of impurities on the positive ion work function has been studied and it is shown that these will in general cause an increase in this quantity.
Contributing Factors to Poor Health Among Incarcerated Women: A Conceptual Model

This article presents a conceptual model that depicts the relevant factors that explain why incarcerated women are generally in poor health. These factors include oppressive societal ideologies and practices, personal behavior, and the environments of prisons and jails, all of which have profound effects on health status. The interrelationships among these factors are explored, and implications for research and program planning are provided.
Thin Sections cut at Temperatures of -70° to -90° C

IN developing a satisfactory system for high-resolution autoradiography of soluble or unbound compounds1, we have investigated the possibility of frozen sectioning at low temperatures. At temperatures above −30° C adequate sections can be obtained for certain purposes, but in the temperature range commonly achieved in the standard laboratory cryostat, disruptive crystal formation limits the histological quality, and the thickness of the tissue section limits microscopic and autoradiographic resolution. At −20° C 4µ sections are difficult to prepare and the limit is about 2µ Optimal conditions for avoiding disruptive ice crystal formation obtain in the range of vitreous ice at temperatures below −130° (refs. 2–4). Above −130° C both cubic and vitreous ice may be converted into the stable hexagonal phase during which the individual crystals can grow to 10µ and cause membrane disruption5. The transformation occurs rapidly above −70° C and is pronounced at −60° C. In order to utilize the technique of frozen sectioning for dry high-resolution autoradiography, a method is required which will reduce the risk of ice crystal formation and which will provide thin tissue sections in the range of 0.5µ. to 1.0µ or lower.
Synthesis and structure of two tris(pyrazolyl)boratotin(II) compounds

Abstract The reaction of SnCl 2 with 2 or 1 equivalents of [HB(pz * ) 3 ]K in CH 2 Cl 2 affords [HB(pz * ) 3 ] 2 Sn (I) or [HB(pz * ) 3 ]SnCl (II) (pz * = 3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl), respectively. The structures of I and II have been established by X-ray crystallography; I possesses a novel geometry. Compound I crystallizes in the P 1 − space group with a 10.975(1), b 11.067(2), c 14.578(3) A, α 88.64(1), β 85.71(1), and γ 83.74(1)°. Compound II crystallizes in the P 1 − space group with a 8.148(1), b 8.827(1), c 13.546(2) A, α 77.81(1), β 90.02(1), and γ 80.50(1)°.
Crosstalk Superposition of Multiple Aggressors in Electronic Package System Pre-PD Signal Integrity Simulations

A new method of crosstalk superposition of multiple aggressors is proposed to make the system pre-PD signal integrity simulations simpler, easier, and faster. The new method uses a single virtual aggressor to represent multiple aggressors based on the concept of directional junction. The accuracy of this method is verified by comparing the simulated waveforms with those by conventional method in both single ended and differential applications. This method is for general-purpose circuit/system simulation tools and can be applied to multi-coupled transmission line models as well as component quasi-static and fullwave models.
Seed yield and oil content of cuphea as affected by harvest date

Cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. X C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton) can serve as an oilseed crop substitute for small- and medium-chain triglycerides, which are in high demand for chemical manufacturing. Domesticated genotypes of cuphea show good potential for agricultural production, but their indeterminate growth may result in seed shatter if left in the field too long. Little information exists on when to harvest cuphea to obtain greatest seed yield and oil content. A study was conducted on a Barnes soil in west-central Minnesota to determine the best time to harvest cuphea when sown at an optimum time in the spring. Harvests were taken at 1- to 2-wk intervals from mid-August through mid-October during 2001 and 2002. Seed yields were greatest within a time period of about 20 d in late September to early October. Soon after a killing frost (≤-2°C), S October in 2001 and 9 October in 2002, yield declined sharply at a rate of about 10.6 kg ha -1 d -1 , probably due to increased shattering. However, shattering due to mechanical harvesting was greater than that from natural causes. Total seed oil content also was influenced by harvest date. Across years, oil content averaged 247 g kg -1 in August, increasing to 304 g kg -1 by late September and thereafter. For greatest seed yield and oil content, the optimum time to harvest cuphea is in late September to early October in west-central Minnesota. However, until more shatter-resistant, determinate genotypes are developed, improved harvest management is needed to reduce shatter-induced yield loss.
Planar very high aspect ratio microstructures for large loading forces

Abstract We report on a novel technology called Scream for High Aspect Ratio proportions (SHARP) which adds a new dimension to the Single Crystal Reactive Etching And Metallization (SCREAM) process. The fabrication technology increases the height and capacitive area of mechanical beams to improve the planarity and further extend the loading capabilities of very deep actuator structures. The process is based on a repeated sequence of thermal oxidations and reactive ion etches (RIE). Part of the technique consists of oxidizing through single crystal silicon (SCS) structural beams of a device by thermally growing a thick silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) layer ( H 2 O 2 precursors) after the first trench RIE etch, thus yielding an ultra-thick (>30 μm) SiO 2 etch mask for further deep vertical etching (>100 μm) to form high aspect ratio structures.
Caloric restriction attenuates the age-associated increase of adipose-derived stem cells but further reduces their proliferative capacity

White adipose tissue is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells. Currently, little is known about the effect of age and caloric restriction (CR) on adipose-derived stem cells (ASC). This is important for three reasons: firstly, age and CR cause extensive remodeling of WAT; it is currently unknown how this remodeling affects the resident stem cell population. Secondly, stem cell senescence has been theorized as one of the causes of aging and could reduce the utility of a stem cell as a reagent. Thirdly, the mechanism by which CR extends lifespan is currently not known, one theory postulates that CR maintains the resident stem cell population in youthful “fit” state. For the purpose of this study, we define ASC as lineage negative (lin−)/CD34+(low)/CD31−. We show that aging increases the abundance of ASC and the expression of Cdkn2a 9.8-fold and Isl1 60.6-fold. This would suggest that aging causes an accumulation of non-replicative ASC. CR reduced the percentage of ASC in the lin− SVF while also reducing colony forming ability. Therefore, CR appears to have anti-proliferative effects on ASC that may be advantageous from the perspective of cancer, but our data raises the possibility that it may be disadvantageous for regenerative medicine applications.
THE BEHLEN OBSERVATORY VARIABLE STAR SURVEY: FIRST RESULTS

Various light curve parameters are presented for the first 93 objects in a photometric survey of poorly studied variable stars. Stars from the General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GVCS) fainter than tenth magnitude, north of the equator which were classified as pulsating variables (but excluding the long period, semiregular, and irregular variables) were included. It is shown that two parameters, the acuteness and the rise time, are useful for characterizing the light curves. Several criteria are applied to the photometric data to test the classification of the stars. For 26 stars new or improved classifications are suggested. In particular, there are six eclipsing or ellipsoidal variables among the 79 stars classed in the GCVS as RR Lyrae stars
Protein C anticoagulant system--anti-inflammatory effects

Activated protein C (APC) plays active roles in preventing progression of a number of disease processes. These include thrombosis due to its direct anticoagulant activity which is likely augmented by its cytoprotective activity, thereby limiting exposure of procoagulant cellular membrane surfaces on cells. Beyond that, the pathway signals the cells to prevent apoptosis, to dampen inflammation, to increase endothelial barrier function, and to selectively downregulate some genes implicated in disease progression. Most of these functions are manifested to APC binding to endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) allowing PAR1 activation, but activation of other PARS is also implicated in some cases. In addition to EPCR orchestrating these changes, CD11b is also capable of supporting APC signaling. Selective control of these pathways offers potential in new therapeutic approaches to disease.
On the origin of sexual behavior

Abstract All-female parthenogenetic species afford a unique opportunity to probe the nature and origin of sexual behavior. Whereas the majority of vertebrates are gonochoristic (that is, they rely for reproduction on fertilization of female ova by male sperm), at least 27 species of squamate reptiles representing seven families consist mostly or entirely of female individuals and produce clones of all-female offspring. Male-like (pseudomale) behavior patterns have been observed in five parthenogenetic lizard species that are remarkably similar to the courtship and copulatory behavior of closely related gonochoristic species. This behavior is directed only toward preovulatory females and can be elicited by administration of exogenous androgens. While this pseudomale courtship and copulatory behavior is not obligatory or essential for reproduction, it does have a facilitatory effect, increasing a female's fecundity. These experiments demonstrate that the presence and behavior of conspecifics serve as a neuroendocrine primer in all-female parthenogenetic lizards, as does male sexual behavior in sexually reproducing vertebrates. These findings, and other evidence, also suggest that sexual behavior antedated and was a prerequisite for the evolution of gonadal sex.
Probing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors with monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Many laboratories have made monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) 1–6 . In this article, I will briefly review how mAbs have been used to study the synthesis, structure, function and autoimmune response to AChRs in mammalian skeletal muscle and fish electric organs and how they have been used to identify AChRs in neurons. In order to remain within the reference limit, recent articles and reviews are cited, and I apologize in advance to those whose work has not been adequately referenced.
Delayed Treatment with Aminoguanidine Decreases Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage and Enhances Neurologic Recovery in Rats

Delayed treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), a relatively selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ameliorates brain damage produced by occlusion of the rat's middle cerebral artery (MCA). We investigated whether the protection exerted by AG is dose-dependent and whether it is associated with improved neurologic outcome. We also studied the effect of the timing of administration of AG relative to the induction of cerebral ischemia. Halothane-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent permanent MCA occlusion distal to the lenticulostriate branches. Neurologic deficits were assessed daily by the postural reflex test and beam balance test. Infarct volume was determined in thionin- stained sections 96 hours after ischemia and values corrected for swelling. Treatment with AG (intraperitoneally, twice daily), starting 24 hours after MCA occlusion, decreased neocortical infarct volume in comparison to vehicle-treated rats. After correction for swelling, the decrease was 8 +/- 12% at 50 mg/kg (n = 8; P > .05; analysis of variance), 25 +/- 13% at 100 mg/kg (n = 7; P .05). However, from 48 to 96 hours after ischemia, neurologic deficits improved significantly in rats treated with AG (100 to 400 mg/kg) compared to rats in which vehicle was administered (P < .05). The decrease in neocortical infarct volume was greatest when AG (100 mg/ kg; twice daily) was administered 12 (26 +/- 17%; n = 9) or 24 hours (25 +/- 13, n = 7) after MCA occlusion. The findings show that AG decreases ischemic brain damage dose-dependently and improves neurologic recovery. Delayed treatment with AG may be a therapeutic strategy to selectively target the evolution of ischemic damage that occurs in the post-ischemic period.
Partial transplant cardiectomy mitral exposure.

Case Previous operation Index operation Outcome Although a traditional groove of Sondergaard left atriotomy incision gives adequate mitral valve exposure in most instances, for difficult cases alternative approaches can be helpful. Radical approaches to the difficult mitral valve through sternotomy have included azygos division with superior vena cava mobilization, superior vena cava transection, and the superior transseptal approach. Drawbacks to these approaches include loss of azygos venous drainage, possible stenosis of the reconstructed superior vena cava, and possible sinoatrial node dysfunction. In a difficult mitral case, however, possible transient sinus node dysfunction is a small trade-off in light of the generally excellent exposure the transseptal exposure provides, and so this approach has become relatively common. Occasionally, though, even the transseptal incision does not provide good mitral exposure through a sternotomy. The partial cardiectomy approach begins with a standard superior transseptal incision, with bicaval cannulation and caval snares. After aortic crossclamping, the right atrium is opened on the appendage, the dome of the left atrium is identified, and a transatrial septal incision through the fossa ovalis is carried onto the dome, leaving enough atrium toward the aorta for easy reconstruction, as depicted by Smith and Guiraudon and colleagues. The right atrial and atrial septal incisions are carried down toward but short of the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus, respectively. If this transseptal exposure is insufficient, the aorta is transected just above the sinotubular junction, the atrial dome incision is extended, and the heart is retracted anteriorly. If mitral exposure is still inadequate, the pulmonary artery is also transected just above the sinotubular junction, and the dome atriotomy is continued leftward in front of the left pulmonary veins and behind the left atrial appendage. The heart is rolled toward the feet, exposing all 4 valves (Figure 1). After the mitral operation, closure proceeds similarly to a heart transplant: the left atrium, followed by the medial right atrium (the free wall of the right atrium can be left unsewn until after crossclamp release), the
Functioning free muscle transplantation for brachial plexus injury.

Sixty-four cases of functioning free muscle transplantation to reconstruct brachial plexus injuries were reviewed for the years 1986 to 1991. Results were assessed using the Medical Research Council grading system, and success was defined as a muscle strength rating of 4 (ability to lift at least 1 kg). Functioning free muscle transplantation for shoulder abduction was ineffective because of its complex requirements. Functioning free muscle transplantation for biceps replacement using 2 or 3 intercostal nerves for innervation is a recommended procedure (success rate, to 80%). For function below the elbow, an intercostal nerve or spinal accessory (XI) nerve to innervate the functioning free muscle transplantation in flexor digitorum profundus replacement was inadequate. A new strategy for functions below the elbow was developed as a staged operation. The first operative stage involved either transfer of the ipsilateral upper trunk (in cases with lower plexus avulsion injury associated with upper trunk rupture) or contralateral C7 spinal nerve (in cases with total root avulsion injury) to the selected paralytic nerve. The second stage involved functioning free muscle transplantation, such as biceps or flexor digitorum profundus replacement for special function. No functioning free muscle transplantation for triceps or intrinsic hand function was tried. Language: en
Pediatric traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: challenges in care delivery.

The provision of rehabilitation and long-term services to children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury is a challenge, in part related to the issues of growth and development. The needs of and the demands on the child change over time with different stages of development. This can be further complicated by the emergence of new deficits which often become apparent during transitions requiring more independent functioning. Additionally, changing models of care delivery and the need to improve efficiency and effectiveness of services present challenges for the systems providing services to these children and adolescents and their families. Communication and cooperation between and within these systems (medical and educational) must be optimal, to encourage appropriate, effective services and timely transitions. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
SEVERE HYPOTENSION, BRONCHOSPASM, AND URTICARIA FROM INTRAVENOUS INDIGO CARMINE

Indigo carmine is generally believed to be a safe, biologically inert substance. Adverse reactions to the intravenous administration of this dye have been seen only rarely. We report a life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction to indigo carmine that may have been due to either a drug allergy or to its intrinsic serotonergic properties.