cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, ethnicity and the portrait of inequality: Approaching the 1990s

This paper illustrates how socioeconomic inequality changed along color lines during the 1970s and early 1980s, first by documenting changes in the relative and absolute well‐being of Black and Hispanic families, and second, by establishing a connection between declining family incomes and the labor market status of minority heads of households. Tabulations from the 1970 and 1980 Census of Population and the 1985 Current Population Survey show modest gains in median family incomes, declines in aggregate poverty rates, and a narrowing of economic differentials between immigrant and native families and between some minorities (notably Mexicans and Cubans) and non‐Hispanic Whites over the 15‐year period analyzed. However, greater disparities between Puerto Ricans and other minority groups, as well as non‐Hispanic Whites, were observed on virtually all economic indicators, signaling a deterioration in the economic position of this group. The concluding section discusses the persistence of color in shaping the...
Highlight Commentary on "Influence of lung oxidant and antioxidant status on alveolarization: role of light-exposed total parenteral nutrition"

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a frequent complication of premature newborns, particularly very low birth-weight babies (<1500 g). Undoubtedly multiple mechanisms contribute to the adverse outcomes associated with BPD but oxidative stress is one causative factor. In this issue of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Lavoie et al. describe the increased peroxide generation when the multivitamin solution used for nutritional support, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), is exposed to ambient light. Because the premature newborn has limited antioxidant capacity, this increased oxidative burden from the TPN becomes increasingly significant. Infusion of this light-exposed solution in a newborn guinea pig decreased lung tissue vitamin C but not vitamin E. When the multivitamin and lipid solutions were mixed and then exposed to light, alveolarization of the developing lung was decreased. This study by Lavoie et al. highlights simple measures that can potentially decrease the oxidant burden delivered to this vulnerable population and improve alveolarization.
Affinity chromatographic purification of antibody subsets depends on the mode of cross-linking of antigen to the affinity matrix.

Affinity columns for the separation of rabbit antibodies (Abs) to the purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica electroplax were constructed in two ways: (1) by direct cross-linking of purified AcChR to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B, and (2) by first cross-linking a purified curarimimetic neurotoxin to cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose 4B, subsequently saturating with AcChR, and finally cross-linking the toxin to noncovalently bound receptors with bisimidate cross-linkers such as dimethyl suberimidate (DMS). Ab(AcChR) from pooled rabbit antisera were chromatographed in near stoichiometric proportions to the AcChR bound to the column to allow equilibrium selection of antibodies directed against sites which were not sterically hindered. The concept that columns of the second type subfractionate Ab(AcChR) was tested by analyzing Ab(AcChR) from column fractions with an ELISA and radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure. The ELISA was constructed to that the exposed face of the AcChR was the same as that expected for columns of the second type, i.e. for the internal or cytoplasmic face. Enhanced ratios of ELISA to RIA measures of Ab(AcChR) reflected substantial purification of cytoplasmic face antibodies in DMS-cross-linked columns. Total Ab(AcChR) was measured by RIA. Both types of columns gave substantial purification of tightly bound antibodies, i.e. those which were eluted with 3M potassium thiocyanate. Thirty-fifty percent of the IgG eluted was found in these fractions, which contained 2–6% of the total eluted protein. Approximately half of the total IgG present in these fractions represented specific IgG against AcChR. Both types of columns could be reutilized giving similar results; however, their efficiency was diminished.
Special interest subgroups at the ASCB: Regulation of actin dynamics by ADF/cofilins in vivo and in vitro

Abstract The annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) is a large and diverse gathering. At last year's meeting**The American Society for Cell Biology 38 th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA; 12–16 December, 1998. Program chair: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz., there were over 8000 attendees, and the topics discussed covered many areas of cell biology. It would be impossible to cover the entire meeting within a trends in CELL BIOLOGY report, so instead we are focusing on an aspect of it that provided some of the most interesting and fruitful discussions. On Saturday afternoon, before the main symposia began, there were 11 special-interest subgroup meetings. The atmosphere at these meetings was informal, and they encouraged open and frank discussion of data and issues. This report provides a brief summary of the discussions at seven of the special-interest subgroup meetings.
Memory, Trauma, and Embodied Distress: The Management of Disruption in the Stories of Cambodians in Exile

Embodied memories of terror and violence create new meaning and reorder the world, but in doing so they encompass the inexplicable aspects of cultural processes that have allowed the world one lives in to become an unspeakable place, hostile and death-ridden. In this article, we examine the narratives of Cambodian refugees'experiences of the Khmer Rouge regime against the backdrop of an ethnographic study of older Cambodians' lives in an inner-city neighborhood. The stories from this study of 40 Cambodians between the ages of 50 and 79 illustrate the relationship between bodily distress and memory, and between personal history and collective experience. These narratives reveal how people strive to create continuity in their lives but under certain circumstances are unable to do so.
Rho GTPases regulate rhabdom morphology in octopus photoreceptors

In the cephalopod retina, light/dark adaptation is accompanied by a decrease/increase in rhabdom size and redistribution of rhodopsin and retinochrome. Rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton probably govern changes in rhabdom size by regulating the degradation/formation of rhabdomere microvilli. Photopigment movements may be directed by microtubules present in the outer segment core cytoplasm. We believe that rhodopsin activation by light stimulates Rho and Rac signaling pathways, affecting these cytoskeletal systems and their possible functions in controlling rhabdom morphology and protein movements. In this study, we localized cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in octopus photoreceptors to determine their concurrence between the lighting conditions. We used toxin B from Clostridium difficile to inhibit the activity of Rho/Rac and observed its effect on the location of signaling proteins and actin and tubulin. In both lighting conditions, we found Rho in specific sets of juxtaposed rhabdomeres in embryonic and adult retinas. In the light, Rho and actin were localized along the length of the rhabdomere, but, in the dark, both proteins were absent from a space beneath the inner limiting membrane. Rac colocalized with tubulin in the outer segment core cytoplasm and, like Rho, the two proteins were also absent beneath the inner limiting membrane in the dark. The distribution of actin and Rho was affected by toxin B and, in dark-adapted retinas, actin and Rho distribution was similar to that observed in the light. Our results suggest that the Rho/Rac GTPases are candidates for the regulation of rhabdomere size and protein movements in light-dark-adapted octopus photoreceptors.
The Symbolism of Subversion: Notes on Some Cold War Icons

‘Ours is an era of “cases”,’ Diana Trilling wrote several years ago, ‘starting with the Sacco-Vanzetti case in the 1920s, proceeding through the Hiss and Oppenheimer cases to the Rosenberg case, the Chessman case, the Eichmann case, and [the subject of Mrs Trilling's essay]…culminating…in the Profumo case.’ We could add several since then, of course, and her chronology is misleading – the Rosenbergs having followed Hiss but preceded Oppenheimer – but Mrs Trilling's point, that such cases and others provoked within their society basic ‘confrontation(s) between opposing social principles’, remains valid. The Hiss, Rosenberg and Oppenheimer episodes were American society's most controversial post-World War II security cases. Each in turn dramatized the political and cultural impact of the Cold War for large numbers of Americans. They serve as useful paradigms, when examined together, for studying the process by which complex problems of evidence are reduced to compelling images of an event. Almost from the moment the ‘facts’ emerged in each case they congealed, first into partisan accounts and then into minor mythologies, in which each case became the subject-matter for a simple morality tale. Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Robert Oppenheimer, and the supporting caste in each drama achieved, in their own time, the status of icons in the demonologies and hagiographies of the opposing camps. Looking recently through the dreary record of trials and hearings connected with security problems during the Truman-Eisenhower era, I found certain continuities in the appraisal by intellectuals and politicians of these three otherwise singular episodes.
The Concert signature representation: IDL as intermediate language

In the Concert multilanguage distributed programming system, interface specification is the responsibility of programming languages, not a separate IDL. However, an IDL is still necessary in order to define equivalence between declarations in different languages. A single representation is also desirable internally to economize on aspects of the implementation. Consequently, Concert has an IDL as an intermediate language, produced by compiler front-ends and not normally manipulated by programmers. It is formally separated into a contract, which defines interoperability and an endpoint modifier, which captures the local choice of representation. Only contracts are used to define interface equivalence. Our choice of what kinds of information to put in the contract was motivated by a desire to be minimal, thereby enabling maximum feasible interoperability between different expressions of the same abstraction in the same or different languages.
If you build it, will it fly? Criteria for success in a digital repository

International collaborations have produced a standard describing the functions of a digital repository and the characteristics of one that can be trusted. These results provide an abstract frame of reference for evaluating such repositories, but meaningful evaluation requires that they be supplemented by empirical data on the purpose of each repository and the institutional, cultural and resource context in which it operates. Informed evaluation will consider how a repository balances the competing objectives of preservation and dissemination, whether it is defined primarily in terms of a community of producers or a community or users, and the extent to which it operates in isolation or in collaboration with other institutions.
A comparison of keying methods in the Hubenko architecture as applied to wireless sensor networks

As wireless sensor networks (WSNs) become more prolific, the need to secure their communications increases. This paper describes the impact of using three rekey protocols – pair-wise, hierarchical and secure lock – for a WSN using the Hubenko architecture. The performance of each protocol is evaluated within a Matlab simulation to determine the impact of each on the number of bits transmitted, total power required and memory occupied. Results indicate that the Hubenko architecture does significantly increase system performance with the selection of the rekey protocol being driven by the size of the network and available memory. In terms of the number of bits transmitted, secure lock is the most efficient for small networks, while hierarchical is best for networks of 500 or more nodes. In terms of memory used, secure lock performs best for small networks, while hierarchical is best for networks with 100 or more nodes.
Phorbol diester-induced H2O2 production by peritoneal macrophages: Different H2O2 production by macrophages from normal and BCG-infected mice despite comparable phorbol diester receptors

Abstract Mouse peritoneal macrophages respond to environmental stimuli in different ways depending on their state of differentiation. Macrophages from mice with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection produced large amounts of H2O2 in response to phorbol diesters (PDEs), while those from noninfected mice produced little or no H2O2. The effects of PDEs on cells are mediated by specific cellular receptors for these ligands. The purpose of this study was to determine if the varying responses of macrophages from different groups of mice were caused by differences in their receptors for the PDE ligands. By all parameters studied, the binding of [20-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) was similar in all macrophages irrespective of their ability to produce H2O2 in response to PDEs. Binding of [3H]PDBu was rapid at 23°C reaching a maximum at 10–20 min with a subsequent decline to 50–60% of maximum by 30–60 min. Binding was slower at 0 °C reaching a maximum at 90–120 min. The binding was reversible, with dissociation kinetics paralleling association kinetics. The binding was saturable; the Kd's (45 to 91 nM) and number of binding sites (about 7–14 × 105/cell or 11–12 pmol/mg protein) were essentially the same for the different classes of macrophages. The binding was specific, and analogs of PDBu inhibited [3H]PDBu binding to macrophages with potencies comparable to their potencies in causing in vivo tumor promotion and elicitation of other cellular responses in vitro. The ligands [3H]PDBu and [3H]PMA were degraded to comparable degrees by macrophages from normal or BCG-infected mice. Macrophages from C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN mice, although known to differ in their abilities to respond to stimuli such as lymphokines and LPS, did not differ in their ability to produce H2O2 in response to PDEs or in their receptors for PDEs. Results of this study suggest that in vivo “activation” of macrophages in mice infected with BCG is not associated with a change in the cells' receptors for PDEs, but may be associated with “postreceptor” changes such as linkage of the PDE receptor with NAD(P)H oxidase, a change in NAD(P)H oxidase, or induction of synthesis of NAD(P)H oxidase.
Four grams of glucose

Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg. This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose, a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant. Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated. The body has a remarkable capacity to satisfy the nutritional need for glucose, while still maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. The essential role of glucagon and insulin and the importance of distributed control of glucose fluxes are highlighted in this review. With regard to the latter, studies are presented that show how regulation of muscle glucose uptake is regulated by glucose delivery to muscle, glucose transport into muscle, and glucose phosphorylation within muscle.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage presenting as acute chest pain: A variant of le coup de poignard

A 39-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with symptoms of acute knifelike chest pain and was discharged with a diagnosis of musculoskeletal pain syndrome. One day later, she returned with a complaint of persistent chest pain. Physical examination disclosed meningismus; this led to a lumbar puncture and the subsequent diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiography later revealed findings consistent with dissection of the vertebral artery. This case illustrates an unusual presentation and cause of spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage, a potentially treatable emergency condition.
Differential expression of connexin26 and connexin32 in the pre-Bötzinger complex of neonatal and adult rat

The pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) is hypothesized to be the site for respiratory rhythm generation in mammals. Studies examining the cellular mechanisms mediating rhythm generation have focused on the role of chemically mediated synaptic interactions; however, electrotonic synaptic interactions (i.e., electrotonic coupling), which occur by means of gap junctions, may also play a role. Here, we used immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses to determine whether the pre-BotC contains the gap junction proteins necessary for electrotonic communication and whether the presence and distribution of these gap junction proteins show a developmental change in expression. We found that both connexin26 (Cx26) and connexin32 (Cx32) were expressed in pre-BotC neurons of neonatal and adult rats; however, the relative amounts and their distribution varied by age. Cx26 labeling was seen in a high proportion of pre-BotC neurons in neonatal rats < or = 7 days postnatal (P7) but declined with increasing age. In contrast, Cx32 labeling was sparse in pre-BotC neurons of neonatal rats < or = P7, but increased with increasing age; the highest proportion was seen in adult rats. These data suggest the potential for gap junctional communication in the pre-BotC of both neonatal and adult rats, and we propose that the gap junction proteins Cx26 and Cx32 form the neuroanatomic substrate for this gap junctional communication, which may be important in the synchronization of neural activity generating respiratory rhythm.
Analysis of C. elegans NR2E nuclear receptors defines three conserved clades and ligand-independent functions

The nuclear receptors (NRs) are an important class of transcription factors that are conserved across animal phyla. Canonical NRs consist of a DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD). While most animals have 20–40 NRs, nematodes of the genus Caenorhabditis have experienced a spectacular proliferation and divergence of NR genes. The LBDs of evolutionarily-conserved Caenorhabditis NRs have diverged sharply from their Drosophila and vertebrate orthologs, while the DBDs have been strongly conserved. The NR2E family of NRs play critical roles in development, especially in the nervous system. In this study, we explore the phylogenetics and function of the NR2E family of Caenorhabditis elegans, using an in vivo assay to test LBD function. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the NR2E family of NRs consists of three broadly-conserved clades of orthologous NRs. In C. elegans, these clades are defined by nhr-67, fax-1 and nhr-239. The vertebrate orthologs of nhr-67 and fax-1 are Tlx and PNR, respectively. While the nhr-239 clade includes orthologs in insects (Hr83), an echinoderm, and a hemichordate, the gene appears to have been lost from vertebrate lineages. The C. elegans and C. briggsae nhr-239 genes have an apparently-truncated and highly-diverged LBD region. An additional C. elegans NR2E gene, nhr-111, appears to be a recently-evolved paralog of fax-1; it is present in C. elegans, but not C. briggsae or other animals with completely-sequenced genomes. Analysis of the relatively unstudied nhr-111 and nhr-239 genes demonstrates that they are both expressed—nhr-111 very broadly and nhr-239 in a small subset of neurons. Analysis of the FAX-1 LBD in an in vivo assay revealed that it is not required for at least some developmental functions. Our analysis supports three conserved clades of NR2E receptors, only two of which are represented in vertebrates, indicating three ancestral NR2E genes in the urbilateria. The lack of a requirement for a FAX-1 LBD suggests that the relatively high level of sequence divergence for Caenorhabditis LBDs reflects relaxed selection on the primary sequence as opposed to divergent positive selection. This observation is consistent with a model in which divergence of some Caenorhabditis LBDs is allowed, at least in part, by the absence of a ligand requirement.
Limits of the Wong-Zakai Type with a Modified Drift Term

We study Stratonovich stochastic differential equations driven by an m -dimensional Wiener process W , with m ≥ 2. If W is approximated by processes W v with more regular sample paths, then it is known that the solutions of the equations driven by the W v will converge to the solution of the equation driven by W , provided that the approximations satisfy the conditions of the Wong-Zakai theorem. McShane gave an example showing that, if those conditions are not satisfied, then a different limiting equation can arise. Here we describe a large class of equations, obtained from the original one by suitably modifying the drift term, that can arise as limiting equations by some choice of the sequence { W v }.
Compounds in the series from boron subphthalocyanine to boron subnaphthalocyanine

The four compounds in the series from chloro[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III) to chlo-ro[subnaphthalocyaninato]boron(III) were synthesized in a one-pot reaction. To obtain a more soluble set of compounds, the mixture was then reacted with the sodium salt of trihexylsilanol. This mixture was separated by chromatography to provide trihexylsiloxy[subphthalocyaninato]boron(III), trihexylsiloxy[SubN1P2]boron(III), trihexylsiloxy[SubN2P1]boron(III) and trihexylsiloxy[subnaphthalocyaninato]boron(III). These compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, EI-MS and UV-vis. They show interesting spectral features in the visible region.
Shading the Past: Models in Archeology

Archeologists create and interpret the past. Attempts to arrive at the “best explanation” of that past are misguided, ignoring the differing perspectives of those who are looking backward, as well as the imperfections in our cognitive abilities. The latter is the focus of this article: How do we best relate our models, as metaphors, to a presumed real past world? Archeological thought is argued to be embedded in traditional Western dichotomies by which we view the world in general. Different models are not necessarily in competition; rather, they provide different modes of understanding. Several models for the “origin” of agriculture are examined in this light and are then applied to the prehistory of the American Midwest.
Numerical Simulation of the Flow and Friction in a Helically-Finned Tube

As the populations and the economies of the world grow, the demand for electricity rises and necessitates an increase in the supply. Moreover, the primary fuels that are used to generate electricity are finite and exhausting. This is a problem. However, an abatement of such is to increase the efficiency of the modern steam cycle, which is used to generate most of the world’s electricity. Improving the components of the steam cycle, or the boiler component in particular, can affect the efficiency of the steam cycle significantly. An integral constituent of the boiler is the boiler tube. There are several types of boiler tubes, and the helically-finned tube is one type that has proven to increase the efficiency of the boiler. However, insight of the internal flow within the helically-finned tube is still developing and incomplete. The objective of this study was to model the internal flow and measure the friction factor of a helically-finned tube for which experimental data was obtained previously. The flow was modeled numerically using Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics software package. Having solved the problem using three different modeling techniques, the percent difference between the numerical and experimental results ranged between 14% and 27%. The short tube wrapping technique, in which the exit conditions at the end of one iteration are used as the inlet conditions for the next iteration until convergence is met, proved to be the most economical in terms of computer model size and simulation time.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Developing Glassy Magnets from simulated Composition of Moon/Mars Regolith for Exploration Applications

The feasibility of preparing glasses and developing glass-ceramic materials that display magnetic characteristics using the simulated compositions of Lunar and Martian regoliths have been demonstrated. The reported results are preliminary at this time, and are part of a larger on-going research activity at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) with an overall goal aimed at (i) developing glass, ceramic and glass-ceramic type materials from the Lunar and Martian soil compositions in their respective simulated atmospheric conditions, (ii) exploring the potential application areas of these materials through extensive materials characterization, and (iii) further improving the related materials properties through a variation of the processing methods. This research activity is an important component of NASA’s current space exploration program, which encourages feasibility studies for materials development using in situ resources on planetary bodies to meet the technological and scientific needs of future human habitats on these extra terrestrial outposts. This paper presents an overview of this on-going work at NASA (MSFC) and reports on a few selected results obtained to date.
Extracellular ATP Is Cytotoxic to Mononuclear Phagocytes but Does Not Induce Killing of Intracellular Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Johne9s disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. ATP has been reported to induce cell death of macrophages and killing of Mycobacterium species in human and murine macrophages. In this study we investigated the short-term effect of ATP on the viability of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis -infected bovine mononuclear phagocytes and the bacilli within them. Addition of 5 mM ATP to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis -infected bovine monocytes resulted in 50% cytotoxicity of bovine monocytes at 24 h. Addition of 2′(3′)- O -(4-benzoylbenzoyl) ATP triethylammonium salt (Bz-ATP), which is a longer-lived ATP homologue and purinergic receptor agonist, significantly increased the uptake of YO-PRO, which is a marker for membrane pore activation by P2X receptors. Addition of Bz-ATP also stimulated lactate dehydrogenase release and caspase-3 activity in infected bovine monocytes. Neither ATP nor Bz-ATP reduced the survival of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine mononuclear phagocytes. Likewise, addition of ATP or Bz-ATP was cytotoxic to murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells) but did not affect the intracellular survival of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis , nor were the numbers of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium or Mycobacterium bovis BCG cells altered in bovine mononuclear phagocytes or J774A.1 cells following ATP or Bz-ATP treatment. These data suggest that extracellular ATP does not induce the killing of intracellular M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in bovine mononuclear phagocytes.
Toward automated quantification of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology

Quantitative analysis of biological microstructures using unbiased stereology plays a large and growing role in bioscience research. Our aim is to add a fully automatic, high-throughput mode to a commercially available, computerized stereology device (Stereologer). The current method for estimation of first- and second order parameters of biological microstructures, requires a trained user to manually select objects of interest (cells, fibers etc.,) while stepping through the depth of a stained tissue section in fixed intervals. The proposed approach uses a combination of color and gray-level processing. Color processing is used to identify the objects of interest, by training on the images to obtain the threshold range for objects of interest. In gray-level processing, a region-growing approach was used to assign a unique identity to the objects of interest and enumerate them. This automatic approach achieved an overall object detection rate of 93.27%. Thus, these results support the view that automatic color and gray-level processing combined with unbiased sampling and assumption and model-free geometric probes can provide accurate and efficient quantification of biological objects.
A generalization of the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm for multisequence shift-register synthesis with applications to decoding cyclic codes

A generalization of the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm is presented for synthesizing minimum length linear feedback shift registers for generating prescribed multiple sequences. A more general problem is first considered, that of finding the smallest initial set of linearly dependent columns in a matrix over an arbitrary field, which includes the multisequence problem as a special case. A simple iterative algorithm, the fundamental iterative algorithm (FIA), is presented for solving this problem. The generalized algorithm is then derived through a refinement of the FIA. Application of this generalized algorithm to decoding cyclic codes up to the Hartmann-Tzeng (HT) bound and Roos bound making use of multiple syndrome sequences is considered. Conditions for guaranteeing that the connection polynomial of the shortest linear feedback shift register obtained by the algorithm will be the error-locator polynomial are determined with respect to decoding up to the HT bound and special cases of the Roos bound. >
Capillary bridge rupture in dip-pen nanolithography.

Here, we explore fluid transfer from a nanoscale tip to a surface and elucidate the role of fluid flows in dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) of liquid inks. We find that while fluid transfer in this context is affected by dwell time and tip retraction speed from the substrate, their specific roles are dictated by the contact angle of the ink on the surface. This is shown by two observations: (1) the power law scaling of transferred fluid with dwell time depends on contact angle, and (2) slower retraction speeds result in more transfer on hydrophilic surfaces, but less transfer on hydrophobic surfaces. These trends, coupled with the observation of a transition from quasi-static to dynamic capillary rupture at a capillary number of 6 × 10−6, show that the transfer process is a competition between surface energy and viscosity. Based on this, we introduce retraction speed as an important parameter in DPN and show that it is possible to print polymer features as small as 14 nm. Further explorations of this kind may provide a useful platform for studying capillary phenomena at the nanoscale.
Dimensions of Attitudes Underlying Search and Seizure Decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada

While prior studies have applied schema theory to belief systems in the mass public, it has yet to be used to assess attitudes held by elites in society. This article uses schema theory to suggest that justices of the Supreme Court of Canada employ an information processing model when deciding search and seizure cases. Specifically, it implies that the justices have a schema, or an organized set of attitudes, that are triggered by the factual and legal circumstances in particular search and seizure cases. The belief that justices would use such a heuristic device makes sense, given that they are expected to resolve disputes in a quick and efficient manner as well as maintain consistency in the law. The study uses factor analysis to provide evidence that there is an underlying structure to the attitudes that Canadian justices use in these cases (1984–1994). It adds to the prior research in this area, because it moves schema theory beyond the study of mass belief systems, and it represents a unique way of assessing the judicial decision-making process of Canadian justices since the adoption in 1982 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Retinyl ester retention in chronic renal failure. Further evidence for a defect in chylomicron remnant metabolism.

Abstract The metabolic remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are atherogenic in man and experimental animals. Particles resembling lipoprotein remnants have been found in plasma from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). In this study we took advantage of the observation that retinyl esters are transported only by lipoproteins that originate in the intestine, that is, by chylomicrons (CM) and their remnants. To investigate further remnant metabolism in CRF, plasma RE were measured by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography in 20 non-diabetic hemodialyzed patients with CRF and 20 hospitalized non-diabetic control subjects 12–15 h after the administration of retinyl ester, 25 000 IU orally. Total plasma RE were increased 3-fold in the CRF patients ( P
Recently disclosed chemical entities as potential candidates for management of tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. The drug discovery process of novel, safe and effective agents to combat TB involves identification of new molecular targets and novel chemical scaffolds. The current anti-TB drug pipeline includes several small molecules with more to follow as new candidates are disclosed. This review highlights the most significant findings described in 78 international, European and US patents for chemically diverse compounds as prospective anti-TB medications. Main points of emphasis include chemical classification, in vitro and in vivo activity, ADME/Tox profile and mycobacterial target as described in each patent. The collective mass of compounds disclosed in the reviewed patents introduces new candidates as potential therapeutic agents for TB infections.
A Communitarian Perspective on Privacy

Internet Privacy and the State by Paul Schwartz raises many issues on many levels, ranging from questions of rhetoric or law to matters of sociology of privacy or communitarian philosophy. In this commentary, however, I will focus on a few specific areas, as it is impossible to do justice to all of his arguments, nor do I have the technical legal background to do so.
Blade Pitch Control with Preview Wind Measurements y

Light detection and ranging systems are able to measure conditions at a distance in front of wind turbines and are therefore suited to providing preview information of wind disturbances before they impact the turbine blades. In this study, preview-based disturbance feedforward control is investigated for load mitigation both with and without the use of multi-blade coordinate based controllers. Performance is evaluated assuming highly idealized wind measurements that rotate with the blades and more realistic stationary measurements. The results obtained using idealized, \best case" measurements show that excellent performance gains are possible with reasonable pitch rates. However, the results using more realistic wind measurements show that without further optimization of the controller and/or better processing of measurements, errors in determining the shear local to each blade can remove any advantage obtained by using preview-based feedforward techniques.
Comparative effects of chemotherapeutic agents on Brown-Pearce tumor and normal rabbit testis in vitro.

Summary1. The effects of 8-azaguanine, 8-azaxanthine, benzimidazole, and 1,4-dimethanesulfonyloxybutane on the Brown-Pearce tumor in vitro were investigated. 8-Azaguanine proved lethal in 0.0016 M concentration in 5 days and in 0.0008 M concentration in 10 days, and benzimidazole was lethal in 0.005 M concentration in 10 days. 8-Azaxanthine and 1,4-dimethanesulfonyloxybutane proved ineffective in all concentrations used. 2. The comparative effects of 8-azaguanine on the Brown-Pearce tumor, which does not exhibit azaguanine deaminase activity, and on the normal rabbit testis, which also lacks this deaminase, were studied; and in both instances complete inhibition was obtained in the same time and at the same concentration. Paper chromatography tests on the feeding fluids of these 2 tissues also showed them to have negligible deaminase activity. 3. No reason is yet known for the disagreement, in the case of this rabbit tumor, between the results in vivo and those in vitro as regards inhibition by benzimidaz...
(Dys) Functional Diagnosing Mental Health Diagnosis, Medicalization, and the Making of Transgender Patients

This article contributes to the burgeoning literatures on the sociology of diagnosis and transgender studies by examining the relationship between diagnostic processes and the legitimation of gender identity—the medicalization of transgender people. In order for trans-identified people to access medical and surgical services, they must submit to a complex mental health diagnostic process that relies on criteria set by the American Psychiatric Association and the World Professional Association of Transgender Health (WPATH). By focusing on provider experiences of using the Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosis in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, Fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) to meet the requirements of WPATH’s Standards of Care (SOC-6), we show that diagnostic processes can both support and inhibit a transpatient’s abilities to access services. Participants reveal how deeply held cultural views pertaining to gender, mental health, and patient competency are entren...
A compressed sensing approach for MR tissue contrast synthesis

The tissue contrast of a magnetic resonance (MR) neuroimaging data set has a major impact on image analysis tasks like registration and segmentation. It has been one of the core challenges of medical imaging to guarantee the consistency of these tasks regardless of the contrasts of the MR data. Inconsistencies in image analysis are attributable in part to variations in tissue contrast, which in turn arise from operator variations during image acquisition as well as software and hardware differences in the MR scanners. It is also a common problem that images with a desired tissue contrast are completely missing in a given data set for reasons of cost, acquisition time, forgetfulness, or patient comfort. Absence of this data can hamper the detailed, automatic analysis of some or all data sets in a scientific study. A method to synthesize missing MR tissue contrasts from available acquired images using an atlas containing the desired contrast and a patch-based compressed sensing strategy is described. An important application of this general approach is to synthesize a particular tissue contrast from multiple studies using a single atlas, thereby normalizing all data sets into a common intensity space. Experiments on real data, obtained using different scanners and pulse sequences, show improvement in segmentation consistency, which could be extremely valuable in the pooling of multi-site multiscanner neuroimaging studies.
Algorithm on Scan Trajectory for Laser Rapid Prototyping Based on Square Lattice

Laser Rapid Prototyping (LRP) can make the material accumulating by layer. And during the process, it has been known that shrinking stress may cause curl distortion. We have attempted to improve the processing speed and reduce the frequency of ON/OFF the laser. In this paper, we propose a new trajectory scan algorithm based on square lattice for Laser Rapid Prototyping (LRP). First, side-length of the square lattice is determined by the metal type and the material properties, and a set of regular square lattices is arranged based on the slices. Then, following the principles of not repeating and fewer breakpoints in solving Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), the scanning sequence for each area is calculated. Therefore, a certain scan strategy can be determined, followed by the output of trajectory scan. We present the specific steps of the algorithm. The experiment proves the feasibility and superiority of the algorithm.
Public Service Ethics and the Literary Imagination: Remarks at ASPA Ethics Conference, Portland State University, May 2000

The author believes that the study of literature can bring out moral tensions embedded in the structure of any serious examination of ethics in government.
Real-time attack and failure detection for next generation networks

In today's modern networks, routers rely on high-performance multi-core packet processing systems to implement a variety of applications and operations required to forward traffic. This leads to an increase in the complexity of such systems and hence the number of processing cores. Managing such processing cores and ensuring their correct operation become a difficult task. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing another novel approach to verify the correct operation of network processor and detect any attack/failure. This approach monitors the power consumption of such cores at the OS level during run-time and correlates it statistically with predetermined benchmark information. We show that based on this correlation, any failure/attack can be detected.
Inflation in a closed universe

To derive a power spectrum for energy density inhomogeneities in a closed universe, we study a spatially-closed inflation-modified hot big bang model whose evolutionary history is divided into three epochs: an early slowly-rolling scalar field inflation epoch and the usual radiation and nonrelativistic matter epochs. (For our purposes it is not necessary to consider a final dark energy dominated epoch.) We derive general solutions of the relativistic linear perturbation equations in each epoch. The constants of integration in the inflation epoch solutions are determined from de Sitter invariant quantum-mechanical initial conditions in the Lorentzian section of the inflating closed de Sitter space derived from Hawking's prescription that the quantum state of the universe only include field configurations that are regular on the Euclidean (de Sitter) sphere section. The constants of integration in the radiation and matter epoch solutions are determined from joining conditions derived by requiring that the linear perturbation equations remain nonsingular at the transitions between epochs. The matter epoch power spectrum of gauge-invariant energy density inhomogeneities is not a power law, and depends on spatial wave number in the way expected for a generalization to the closed model of the standard flat-space scale-invariant power spectrum. The power spectrum we derive appears to differ from a number of other closed inflation model power spectra derived assuming different (presumably non de Sitter invariant) initial conditions.
Examining the influence of a STEM certification model on female, minority science outcomes

ABSTRACTThe authors of this exploratory study examine the influence of the Georgia science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) model; gender; race; and other achievement on elementary ...
New therapeutic approaches to cognitive impairment

Therapeutic approaches to the cognitive impairment of dementia are making their way into clinical practice. Clinical pharmacologic approaches toward improvement of cognitive symptoms are discussed, with an emphasis on cholinergic approaches, since they currently appear most promising and since several cholinesterase inhibitors may soon be available for prescribing. As more knowledge is gained about dosing, side effects, and mechanisms of action, these drugs can be prescribed more efficiently. Current research approaches to slowing the rate of cognitive decline are discussed, including the use of antioxidants, monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors, and cholinesterase inhibitors. Drugs that improve cognition may also have effects on behavioral symptoms, severe dementia, and non-Alzheimer's dementia. Evidence suggests that some dementia patients may be particularly responsive to intervention and that other medications may enhance response. Psychosocial interventions may also contribute to prolonging the time to institutionalization.
SIMIAN VIRUS 40 AS A PROBE FOR STUDYING DNA REPAIR PATHWAYS IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

Publisher Summary Simian Virus 40 (SV40) can be used as a probe for studying constitutive and inducible DNA repair pathways in mammalian cells. This virus and its isolated DNA are easy to handle and its molecular biology is well documented. This chapter discusses the fate of ultraviolet irradiated SV40 DNA in monkey kidney cells. This approach permits to treat cultured cells by various chemical or physical agents without interfering with the DNA template to be repaired. The chapter describes the results obtained by employing this approach to examine (1) the effect of preconditioning the host cells upon survival of the damaged virus and (2) the mechanism of DNA replication on the damaged viral template. The treatment of monkey kidney cells (CV-1P) with various chemical carcinogens enhances the survival of 1300 J/m2-UV-irradiated SV40. The effective doses are very low and do not affect the capacity of cells to grow unirradiated viruses.
Introduction: Setting the Stage

“It is a dream come true for criminals and terrorists to find a place where no one can look for them, and where they can mix with, ally with … and work with minimum interference from legal authority” (Levitsky, International Studies Review 10: 392–395, 2008). These safe havens have been called a variety of names from ‘dark corners’ (Crane, International Studies Review 10: 387–391, 2008) to “geopolitical black holes” (Naim, Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Anchor Books, 2005)—areas governed by transnational criminal, terrorist, and insurgent organizations that are outside effective state-based government control and are sustained by illicit economic activities. The Daniel Patrick Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs in its Mapping Global Insecurity Project has, to date, identified 150 such places around the globe and completed in-depth case studies of 80. We call these geographic locations ‘black spots,’ recognizing that they represent particular locations that do not fit within our usual definitions of a state. Much like the black holes in astronomy that defy the laws of Newtonian physics, these black spots defy the world as defined by the Westphalian state system. In effect, they provide us with a map of the world as viewed through the eyes of organizations engaged in transnational criminal activities. These black spots are the nodes connecting and facilitating the illicit activities of such organizations and their trafficking in drugs, weapons, people, money, natural resources, household goods, and violence. This chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, describing the project, its methodology, and the various research questions it was intended to address such as the nature of black spots; how they are governed, financed, and operate; and how they challenge us to rethink sovereignty and the global economy. Throughout the book, we use examples from 80 in-depth case studies and the data that have resulted from asking the same questions of each case.