cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture in Neoinstitutional Economics: An Integration of Myrdal and Galbraith into the Veblen‐Ayres Matrix

. Neoinstitutional economics, exemplified in this instance by the contributions of Gunnaar Myrdal and John K. Galbraith, exhibits a basic proclivity toward fragmentation. It is argued that a further advance of the Veblen-Ayres general theory of economic development will serve as the foundation to reverse such centrifugal tendencies and provide a basis for integration and synthesis. The key conceptual framework for analysis and theory resides in culture and its evolution. The core of culture is transformed through the processes of economic development fed by the dynamics of technological change. In a modified Veblen- Ayres matrix, social institutions are assumed to be integral to the organic whole of technology. Given further modifications of mainstream institutional economics contained in the “dichotomy of useful knowledge” and the “wheel of economic development,” it is suggested that the cultural approaches of Myrdal and Galbraith might then be integrated into the culture-analysis of economic evolution inherent in mainstream institutional economics
Range estimation from two-dimensional images using phase modulation

A new approach for estimating the depth of both diffuse and specular surlaces is presented. The method uses the 1-D local spatial phase of a 2-D image of the object acquired using structured-light illumination. The induced phase modulation of the structured-light pattern is used as a depth cue. For diffuse surfaces, the local phase is used directly to estimate the depth. For specular surfaces, fiduciary level crossings of the phase are used. The use of level crossings has been found to enhance the performance for specular targets. The spatial phase is estimated using both an analytic signal representation and a linear prediction model. The analytic signal representation requires less computation and is shown to give performance comparable to the linear-prediction method. The new approach provides high-resolution depth maps and avoids the difficulty of image registration.
Bio-renewable precursor fibers from lignin/polylactide blends for conversion to carbon fibers

Abstract Lignin, a highly aromatic biopolymer extracted as a coproduct of wood pulping, was investigated as a suitable precursor for carbon fibers. Lignin was chemically modified and blended with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer before melt spinning into lignin fibers. The chemical modification of raw lignin involved butyration to form ester functional groups in place of polar hydroxyl (–OH) groups, which enhanced the miscibility of lignin with PLA. Fine fibers were extracted and spooled continuously from lignin/PLA blends with an overall lignin concentration of 75 wt.%. The influence of chemical modification and physical blending of lignin with PLA on the resulting fiber was studied by analyzing the microstructure of the fibers using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The influence of blend composition on the phase behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of composition on the mechanical properties was studied by tensile tests of the lignin/PLA blend fibers. The thermal stability and carbon yield of the blended fibers with different concentrations of lignin were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The microstructure analysis of carbon fibers produced from lignin/PLA blends revealed composition dependent microporous structures inside the fine fibers.
Nonlinear characterization of breast cancer using multi-compression 3D ultrasound elastography in vivo.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to introduce a new nonlinear elastography based classification method for human breast masses. Multi-compression elastography imaging is elucidated in this study to differentiate malignant from benign lesions, based on their nonlinear mechanical behavior under compression. Three classification parameters were used and compared in this work: a new nonlinear parameter based on a power-law behavior of the strain difference between breast masses and healthy tissues, mass-soft tissue strain ratio and the mass relative volume between B-mode and elastography imaging. Using 3D elastography, these parameters were tested in vivo. A pilot study on 10 patients was performed, and results were compared with biopsy diagnosis as a gold standard. Initial elastography results showed a good agreement with biopsy outcomes. The new estimated nonlinear parameter had an average value of 0.163 ± 0.063 and 1.642 ± 0.261 for benign and malignant masses, respectively. Strain ratio values for the benign and malignant masses had an average value of 2.135 ± 0.707 and 4.21 ± 2.108, respectively. Relative mass volume was 0.848 ± 0.237 and 2.18 ± 0.522 for benign and malignant masses. In addition to the traditional normal axial strain, new strain types were used for elastography and constructed in 3D, including the first principal, maximum shear and Von Mises strains. The new strains provided an enhanced distinction of the stiff lesion from the soft tissue. In summary, the proposed elastographic techniques can be used as a noninvasive quantitative characterization tool for breast cancer, with the capability of visualizing and separating the masses in a three dimensional space. This may reduce the number of unnecessary painful breast biopsies.
Trace metal ion partitioning at polymer film-metal oxide interfaces: long-period X-ray standing wave study.

The distributions of Pb(II) and As(V)O 4 3- ions in the interfacial region between thin poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) coatings and α-Al 2 O 3 (0001), α-Al 2 O 3 (1-102), and α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) single-crystal substrates were studied using long-period X-ray standing wave fluorescent yield (XSW-FY) and X-ray reflectivity techniques. The PAA film serves as a simplified analogue of natural organic matter (NOM) coatings on mineral surfaces. Such coatings are often assumed to play an important role in the partitioning and speciation of trace heavy metals in soils and aquatic systems. On the α-Al 2 O 3 (1-102) surface, Pb(II) ions were found to preferentially bind to the PAA coating, even at sub-micromolar Pb(II) concentrations, and to partition increasingly onto the metal oxide surface as the Pb(II) concentration was increased ([Pb(II)] = 5 x 10 -8 to 2 × 10 -5 M, pH = 4.5; 0.01 M NaCl background electrolyte). This observation suggests that the binding sites in the PAA coating outcompete those on the α-Al 2 O 3 (1-102) surface for Pb(II) under these conditions. The As(V)O 4 3- oxoanion partitions preferentially to the α-Al 2 O 3 (1-102) surface for the As(V)O 4 3- concentrations examined (1 x 10 -7 to 5 x 10 -7 M, pH = 4.5; 0.01 M NaCl background electrolyte). Partitioning of Pb(II) (at 1 x 10 -7 M and pH 4.5) was also examined at PAA/α-Al 2 O 3 (0001), and PAA/α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) interfaces using XSW-FY measurements. Our results show that the PAA coating was the dominant sink for Pb(II) in all three samples; however, the relative order of reactivity of these metal oxide surfaces with respect to Pb(II) sorption is α-Fe 2 O 3 (0001) > α-Al 2 O 3 (1-102) > α-Al 2 O 3 (0001). This order is consistent with that found in previous studies of the PAA-free surfaces. These XSW results strongly suggest that the characteristics of the organic film (i.e., binding affinity, type, and density of binding sites) as well as metal oxide substrate reactivity are key factors determining the distribution and speciation of Pb(II) and As(V)O 4 3- at organic film/metal oxide interfaces.
Marginal leakage of visible light-cured glass ionomer restorative materials

This study examined the sealing of two visible light-cured glass ionomer restorative materials and a conventional glass ionomer. Class V cavity preparations were completed at the cementoenamel junction on the facial and lingual surfaces of extracted human molars. The cavity preparations were restored with either VariGlass VLC, GC Fuji II LC, or GC Fuji II glass ionomer cements. The restored teeth were thermocycled, immersed in fuchsin dye for 24 hours, sectioned, and evaluated with a measuring microscope. No microleakage occurred at the enamel/glass ionomer or dentin/glass ionomer cement interfaces of any samples, but the enamel adjacent to the VariGlass glass ionomer cement restorations exhibited crazing and staining.
Soil greenhouse gas fluxes and global warming potential in four high‐yielding maize systems

Crop intensification is often thought to increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but studies in which crop management is optimized to exploit crop yield potential are rare. We conducted a field study in eastern Nebraska, USA to quantify GHG emissions, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) and the net global warming potential (GWP) in four irrigated systems: continuous maize with recommended best management practices (CC-rec) or intensive management (CC-int) and maize-soybean rotation with recommended (CS-rec) or intensive management (CS-int). Grain yields of maize and soybean were generally within 80-100% of the estimated site yield potential. Large soil surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes were mostly associated with rapid crop growth, high temperature and high soil water content. Within each crop rotation, soil CO₂ efflux under intensive management was not consistently higher than with recommended management. Owing to differences in residue inputs, SOC increased in the two continuous maize systems, but decreased in CS-rec or remained unchanged in CS-int. N₂O emission peaks were mainly associated with high temperature and high soil water content resulting from rainfall or irrigation events, but less clearly related to soil NO₃-N levels. N₂O fluxes in intensively managed systems were only occasionally greater than those measured in the CC-rec and CS-rec systems. Fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions ranged from 1.9% to 3.5% in 2003, from 0.8% to 1.5% in 2004 and from 0.4% to 0.5% in 2005, with no consistent differences among the four systems. All four cropping systems where net sources of GHG. However, due to increased soil C sequestration continuous maize systems had lower GWP than maize-soybean systems and intensive management did not cause a significant increase in GWP. Converting maize grain to ethanol in the two continuous maize systems resulted in a net reduction in life cycle GHG emissions of maize ethanol relative to petrol-based gasoline by 33-38%. Our study provided evidence that net GHG emissions from agricultural systems can be kept low when management is optimized toward better exploitation of the yield potential. Major components for this included (i) choosing the right combination of adopted varieties, planting date and plant population to maximize crop biomass productivity, (ii) tactical water and nitrogen (N) management decisions that contributed to high N use efficiency and avoided extreme N₂O emissions, and (iii) a deep tillage and residue management approach that favored the build-up of soil organic matter from large amounts of crop residues returned.
Optimization of performance and minimization of silicate interference in continuous flow phosphate analysis.

Specific reaction conditions for automated continuous flow analysis of phosphate are optimized in regard to minimizing coating and silicate interference, while maintaining high sensitivity. Use of Sb in the reagent increases sensitivity and yields absorbances with little temperature dependence. Coating can be minimized by using a final solution at a pH>0.5. At final pH of 0.78 there is maximum interference from silicate in the sample. We recommend therefore as an optimal reaction condition with minimal silicate interference, the use of Sb, a final solution pH of 1.00, room temperature for the reaction and a [H+]/[Mo] ratio of 70. An equation is provided to correct silicate interference in high precision phosphate determination.
Reorientation measurements in the even nickel isotopes

Abstract The reorientation effect in Coulomb excitation was used to measure the static electric quadrupole moments, Q2+, of the first excited (21+) states in 58Ni and 60Ni. A 70 MeV beam of 32S ions was used to excite the 21+ states and the de-excitation γ-rays were observed in coincidence with scattered particles, using a multiple detector system. The results of these measurements are in excellent agreement with two previous Rochester measurements which employed different experimental techniques. A weighted average of all Rochester measurements gives: Q 2+ ( 58 Ni ) = −0.10 ± 0.06 e · b and Q 2+ ( 60 Ni ) = + 0.03 ± 0.05 e · b , ignoring the possible effects of higher excited 2+ states in both cases. The experimental results are compared with shell model calculations assuming an inert 56Ni core with valence neutrons in the p 1 2 , f 1 2 , and p 1 2 orbitals.
The prevalence of plasma heparin neutralizing activity and the effect of treatment on it in women with a gynecologic malignancy

Plasma samples from some women with a variety of advanced gynecologic malignancies have been shown to neutralize exogenous heparin. The purposes of this investigation were to determine the prevalence of neutralizing activity in a referral population of women with a gynecologic malignancy and to determine whether the level of neutralizing activity is related either to histology or stage or whether it is affected by treatment. One hundred thirty-eight patients were studied over a 1-year interval; 121 had a documented malignancy, 16 were healthy, and one had a benign ovarian neoplasm. The mean heparin neutralizing activity in the healthy patients was 4.5% +/- 7% and it was 46.2% +/- 26% in the group with malignancy (p less than 0.0000, two-tailed). Seventy-five percent of all patients with malignancy had neutralizing activity greater than 25%. The percent of staged, untreated patients with neutralizing activity increased significantly with advancing stage (from 59% with stage I to 85% with stages III and IV disease). There was no significant relationship between neutralizing activity and histology, site of origin, or patient weight. In 10 patients in whom the disease outcome was clear, the change in neutralizing activity reflected (or predicted) the response to therapy. We conclude that heparin neutralizing activity is a generalized phenomenon in women with one of the malignancies studied, and it may potentially be useful in the evaluation of the patient's response to therapy.
An Electrochemical and XPS Investigation of Sputter Deposited Ni44 Fe32Cr11P8B5 on 304 Stainless Steel

An Ni 44 Fe 32 Cr 11 P 8 B 5 (at.%) alloy was sputter deposited on to water cooled 304 stainless steel substrates. Electrochemical testing was performed in 0.1N H 2 So 4 with and without the addition of O.06N NaCI. The surface layers of specimens polarized into the active and passive regions of the anodic polarization curves were analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to check for preferential dissolution and possible segregation of the constituent elements. A significant improvement in the overall corrosion behaviour of 304 stainless steel was observed due to the sputter deposited layer.
A Queueing System with Auxiliary Servers

We examine a queueing system with multiple primary servers and a fewer number of auxiliary servers. There are two classes of customers-those who require service from a primary server working alone and those who require service from a primary server who is assisted by an auxiliary server. Though the apparent Markovian state space is five-dimensional, we show that an aggregation results in an exact two-dimensional representation which is Markovian. Matrix geometric theory is used to obtain approximations for the mean delay and blocking probability of each customer type.
Calculation of the contribution of the nonuniformity of the scene projector to the nonuniformity of the output image of a test article

The inherent non-uniformity of a Wideband Infrared Scene Projector (WISP) necessitates an analytical prediction of the contribution of the scene projector's non-uniformity to a test article's output image non-uniformity. A mathematical model has been developed to calculate this non-uniformity based upon a number of input parameters. The output image non-uniformity is dependent on both the non-uniformity of the scene projector and the test article, as well as a weighting factor that results from the relative contribution of the different emitters to the individual detector elements. It is through this weighting factor that parameters such as the sampling ratio, the optical blur of the emitters on the detector' focal plane array, the fill factor of the detector array, and the alignment of the emitters with respect to the detector elements affect the non-uniformity of the output image. Using this model, a theoretical limit for the maximum output image non-uniformity can be calculated for particular values of the scene projector's non-uniformity and the test article's non- uniformity. Realistic situations likely to be encountered during simulation testing were all found to be below the maximum. In order to make this model a useful tool for the laboratory environment, a computer program has been written that calculates the output image non-uniformity based on a given set of input parameters and a numerical approximation of the weighting factor.
Reflections from University Students in a South African Gay and Lesbian Society

This exploratory study examines the experiences of 20 gay and lesbian students and their involvement in a gay and lesbian Society at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. This study occurred under the theoretical framework of McCarn and Fassinger’s (1996) model of sexual minority identity formation. Participants ranged in age from 20–31 years old and included 17 men and three women. Eighteen were White, 1 was Colored, and 1 was Euro-Asian. Participants discussed positive and negative effects of belonging to the Society, counseling services available on campus, patterns of victimization, and cultural norms regarding gay men and lesbians in South Africa. Recommendations for counselors, staff, educators, and administrators are provided.
Calculation of the in situ pH of seawater1

The in situ pH at oceanic temperatures and pressures is calculated from the exact solution to the cubic equation relating total inorganic carbon dioxide to total alkalinity. The method does not require iteration. The equations for calculating pH from the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the total alkalinity are also given.
The Application of Mode-Superposition Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Calculation of the Boiler Steel Structure

The boiler steel structure is the main parts of the boiler, its stability directly determines the normal operation of the boiler and the security of the surrounding environment. For analyzing the boiler steel structure, first respectively using matrix displacement method, energy method and the empirical formula method to calculate the periodic of the boiler steel structure; then using the bottom shear method and the mode-superposition response spectrum method to calculate the shear and the axial force of the boiler steel structure in same situation, and through comparing the results to gain the correction coefficient of the mode-superposition response spectrum for the engineering practice and discussing the calculation of the boiler steel structure under earthquake using mode-superposition response spectrum method. Providing the theoretical basis for the seismic design, the reinforcement and the maintenance of the boiler steel structure.
Broad-Band Dielectric Study on Poly(4-vinylphenol)/Poly(ethyl methacrylate) Blends

The dielectric relaxation behavior of miscible poly(4-vinylphenol)/poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PVPh/PEMA) blends has been studied using broad-band dielectric spectroscopy in the frequency domain from 10-2 to 107 Hz and at temperatures between 30 and 180 °C. The α and β processes are resolved from the dielectric spectra by modeling with Havriliak−Negami (HN) functions. PVPh enhances the splitting between the α and β processes and provides a better understanding of the splitting and merging mechanism. Arrhenius plots support the proposal that the α and β processes have the same molecular origin above the merging temperature. The local β process in the blends originates from side-chain rotation of PEMA and is only slightly influenced by PVPh. On the other hand, the α process includes contributions from both components, and its relaxation time increases rapidly with PVPh concentration. However, a fragility plot reveals that the presence of PVPh does not change the cooperativity beyond shifting Tg for the blends...
A model with long-term survivors for the analysis of current-status nuptiality data

The model proposed in this paper combines a logistic regression model and a Weibull regression model for the analysis of current-status data. This joint model allows a simultaneous estimation of two sets of effects on the covariates: one on the probability that the event occurs (also known as quantum) and the other on the timing of the event. Thus, the model can be seen either as an extension of a survival-analysis model for use with current-status data where a survival fraction is added in order explicitly to take into account the possibility that the event may never occur, or as an extension of survival analysis with long-term survivors to the analysis of current-status data. As an illustrative application we apply our model to a study of nuptiality in seventeenth-century Italy.
Traffic Dynamics: Studies in Car Following

The manner in which vehicles follow each other on a highway without passing and the propagation disturbances down a line of vehicles has been investigated. Experimental data is presented which indicates that the acceleration at time t of a car which is attempting to follow a leader is proportional to the difference in velocity of the two cars at a time t-Δ, Δ being about 1.5 sec and the proportionality constant being about 0.37 sec-1. It is shown theoretically that the motion of a long line of vehicles becomes unstable when the product of the lag time and the proportionality constant exceeds one-half. The experimental data implies that driving is done on the verge of instability. A variety of other laws of following is analyzed theoretically.
Nondialyzable urinary hydroxyproline as an index of bone collagen formation.

ABSTRACT Total and nondialyzable urinary hydroxyproline was measured in normal subjects and patients with metabolic bone disease. Normal adult urinary nondialyzable hydroxyproline was approximately 10% of the total urinary excretion of this imino acid. Dietary deprivation of hydroxyproline resulted in a decreased dialyzable hydroxyprolinuria, whereas the excretion of the nondialyzable form remained constant. Corrective surgery in 7 hyperparathyroid subjects was followed by an increased urinary excretion of nondialyzable hydroxyproline, and decreased amounts of the dialyzable form. The infusion of calcium into an acromegalic, hyperparathyroid subject was associated with a decrease in dialyzable hydroxyproline excretion, without alteration in the excretion of the nondialyzable component. The administration of growth hormone to hypopituitary dwarfs and normal subjects caused proportional increases in dialyzable and nondialyzable hydroxyproline excretion. Proportional decreases in dialyzable and nondialyzable...
Effect of neonatal deafferentation on synaptogenesis in the rat interpeduncular nucleus

Changes in the normal synaptogenetic pattern of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) were induced by destruction of one or both habenular nuclei in neonatal rats. The S synapses, the principal habenulointerpeduncular (H-IPN) afferents, were reduced in number and delayed in time of appearance by unilateral lesions. They were eliminated by bilateral lesions. The crest synapses, also of habenular origin, appeared at ten days of age and were apparently normal in structure after unilateral lesions. However, this actually represented a change in connectivity, since normal crest synapses are of bilateral origin. Following bilateral habenular lesions abnormal crest synapses appeared at 28 days of age. These had normal postsynaptic structure, but presynaptically were formed by non-habenular axons, usually of two different types at each crest synapse. Lesions induced an early appearance of F synapses, at three days, instead of the normal time after six days of age. Apparently similar processes containing flattened vesicles formed somatic contacts only in lesioned animals beginning at 21 days of age. The axosomatic synapses which were only occasional appeared in the adult appeared at the normal time in lesioned animals. At 28 days of age in both unilaterally and bilaterally lesioned animals these was an increase in number of somatic synapses. This increase was due to an increase of the normal somatic endings plus the appearance of somatic synapses containing flattened vesicles. Both types of somatic contacts were found in similar numbers at subsequent ages up to three months. The changes in S synapses represent Wallerian degeneration. The formation of unilaterally derived crest synapses in unilaterally lesioned animals is interpreted as evidence for a specific recognition mechanism. A postsynaptic control mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of heterologous crest synapses, with the usual distinctive geometry but involving abnormal, non-habenular presynaptic elements four weeks following neonatal bilateral lesions. The increase in axosomatic synapses is unusual since the dendrites of IPN neurons were deafferented, not their somata. The factors leading to the changes in somatic synapses are discussed. The findings reveal new examples of the complexity of neuronal adaptation to CNS lesions in early life.
Conversion of a primary amine to a labeled secondary amine by the addition of phenolic group and radioiodination

To preserve the nucleophilicity of amino compounds during conjugative radioiodination, a new method for converting primary amines to phenolic secondary amines was developed. Amino acids were used as model compounds for establishing optimal conditions for the reductive amination. In the first step of the reaction, the aldehyde group of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (formylphenol) was reacted reversibly with an amino group to form an imine. The irreversible attachment of formylphenol to the amino group was accomplished by reduction of the imine with sodium cyanoborohydride. The pH optimum for the reaction was 5.0. Higher temperature has favorable effects on the rate and extent of the conjugation. Phenolic derivatives of amino compounds suitable for radioiodination are produced by the reactions described.
Prognostics and Health Management Software for Gas Turbine Engine Bearings

Based on the results of a successful Phase I and II SBIR program performed by Impact Technologies, a suite of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) algorithms have been developed for detecting incipient faults in the critical bearings associated with aircraft gas turbine engines. The component-level prognostic approach is presented that utilizes available sensor information from vibration transducers, along with material-level component fatigue models to calculate remaining useful life for the engine’s critical components. Specifically, correlation between the sensed data and fatigue-based damage accumulation models were developed to provide remaining useful life assessments for life limited components. The combination of health monitoring data and model-based techniques provides a unique and knowledge rich capability that can be utilized throughout the bearings’s entire life, using model-based estimates when no diagnostic indicators are present and using the monitored vibration features at later stages when incipient failure indications are detectable, thus reducing the uncertainty in model-based predictions. A description and specific implementation of this prognosis approach with application to high speed bearings is illustrated herein, using gas turbine engine and bearing test rig data as validation for the methods.Copyright © 2007 by Impact Technologies, LLC
Modeling Change in Large-Scale Longitudinal Studies of Educational Growth: Four Decades of Contributions to the Assessment of Educational Growth

This chapter provides a history of ETS’s role in developing assessment instruments and psychometric procedures for measuring change in large-scale national assessments funded by the Longitudinal Studies branch of the National Center for Education Statistics. The chapter documents the innovations developed over more than 30 years of conducting longitudinal studies based on national samples. In addition to describing these innovations, it provides their rationale and presents relevant empirical results.
Facilitating generalization in assertiveness training.

Theoretical writings suggest expressiveness is a positive psychotherapeutic goal. A brief review was made of experimental studies of the cathartic hypothesis and studies reflecting on inability to express anger adequately. It is asserted that a constructive method for expression of anger is needed. A discussion focuses on the distinctions between anger and aggression, and a distinction is drawn between destructive and constructive expression of anger. A description is given of how constructive expression of anger can be employed in assertive training.
The relationship of theory to therapy in stuttering.

The first question posed at this Second Emil Froeschels Conference is, “How do the various theories of stuttering facilitate our therapeutic approach?” I should like to begin by removing the first word of the question. The word “how” implies a positive answer; I think it is more realistic to ask first whether the various theories do facilitate a therapeutic approach. The relationship between stuttering theory and therapy is a matter that has concerned me for a long time. It is a matter that I think is the proper concern of everyone in the field, simply because it profoundly affects not only speech pathologists and persons in related professions but, more importantly, the patients with whom they deal-and their families. Unfortunately, it seems that many clinicians remain insulated from an appreciation of the relationship between theory and therapy. As a matter of fact, many people in the field have said to me, quite openly and sincerely, that they are more interested in therapy than in theory. This forthright statement seems to reflect the more common distinction that is drawn between matters thought to be practical as compared to what is viewed as being theoretical. It is possible, of course, to make a distinction‘between the practical and the theoretical, but that is not where the issue ends, at least not in this particular case. The statement that one is more interested in therapy than in theory reflects a belief that theory is a separate domain, an area of ideational endeavor removed from the actual activity of therapy. It is, furthermore, an attitude that implies that one can make a clear-cut choice between the two. Persons who express this attitude seem to believe that they carry on (or support) therapeutic activity independent of the cumbersome intricacies of theoretical considerations. In some measure they may be right. Unfortunately, however, this attitude loses sight of the fact that at least some part of what is done (and not done) in therapy is very substantially influenced by theory-most often by some particular theory. Most efforts to deal with stuttering reflect the influence of theory whether or not one recognizes, acknowledges, or accepts this fact. One functions under the
"Are you at risk for hereditary breast cancer?": development of a personal risk assessment tool for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.

Identification of risk for the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) is important, as research has demonstrated the benefits of risk-reducing interventions for women with or at risk for this disorder. Knowledge among women regarding risk factors for hereditary breast cancer and the existence of cancer genetics services appears limited. The goal of this project was to develop a tool to broaden women’s awareness regarding their potential risk for HBOC. A formal instructional design process was used to develop a brochure to facilitate recognition of HBOC risk among women attending a no-cost breast and cervical cancer screening clinic. Brochure development was guided by gathering feedback from potential users early and often. The resulting brochure included four parts: (1) a brief description of the impact of hereditary breast cancer risk on one’s health; (2) a personal and family history collection table; (3) a series of questions enabling the user to self-assess HBOC risk; (4) a list of resources for women at risk for HBOC. User feedback indicated that the brochure was easy to use. The project demonstrated that women can self-evaluate their risk for HBOC. Future work will evaluate this tool among a broader population of women.
Magnetic studies and removal of non‐stoichiometry in MnO and CoO

A major impediment in accurately determining the magnetic properties of the transition‐metal oxides (MnO, CoO, NiO, FeO) has been the presence of non‐stoichiometry (NS) in the available crystals. From studies in crystals of MnO and CoO, we report two important developments: First, the temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility (χ) provides an excellent probe for detecting NS and second, a method has been developed to remove NS. From these studies, the presence of Mn3O4 in MnO and that of cation vacanies in CoO is inferred. In MnO and CoO, NS has been removed to undetectable levels by annealing the single crystals in the presence of Mn and Co atmospheres, respectively, at 1300 K for about 200 hours. Possible applications of these techniques to other systems are also discussed.
Bilateral hypothalamic dopamine infusion in male Zucker rat suppresses feeding due to reduced meal size.

Lateral hypothalamic area dopamine activity (LHA-DA) appears to play a contributory role in regulating food intake, in particular, meal size. In this study we examined our hypothesis that bilateral LHA-DA injection induced depression of food intake via reduced meal size. Dopamine (11 mg/ml) or vehicle was infused into bilateral LHA at 0.5 μl/h via two osmotic minipumps in six study or six control obese male Zucker rats for 13 days, respectively. Meal size, meal number, as well as food intake were continuously measured before, during, and after dopamine infusion. Intra-LHA-DA infusion significantly depressed food intake. The decreased food intake was solely caused by a significant and profound reduction in meal size. There was a modest compensatory rise in meal number that gradually increased food intake so that it reached control level on 10th dopamine infusion day. However, feeding pattern did not normalize until dopamine infusion ceased. The findings support our hypothesis that LHA-DA may participate in regulating meal size. Data also demonstrate that meal size and meal number are regulated in a reciprocal and independent manner to compensate for each other.
A resource dependence perspective of EMNE FDI strategy

Abstract Using Resource Dependence Theory as a lens, we explore current explanations of how and why Emerging Market Multinationals (EMNEs) seek to compete internationally through Foreign Direct Investment. We find that all three dominant explanations and much of the ongoing literature either explicitly or implicitly highlight the importance of a firm's ability to acquire and maintain resources to its own survival and ability to compete as latecomers on a global stage. Through our conceptual model we show that whether EMNEs seek to exploit existing resources, seek to augment their resource base, or pursue a combination of both it is reflected by their generic internationalization strategy. This generic strategy is also reflective of the firm's strategic focus, as well as predictive of its entry mode and resulting resource dependence. Taking this perspective informs the current literature by clarifying how an internationalization strategy alters EMNE dependence on the external environment for critical resources.
Exploring predictors and consequences of Personal Fable ideation on Facebook

Two-study paper with American and Dutch adolescent samples.Constructs of adolescent development relate to adolescents' Facebook activity.There is a relationship between Facebook use and Personal Fable ideation.Behavioral rehearsal and Imaginary Audience mediate this relationship.Heightened Personal Fable does not necessarily relate to risky self-disclosure. Research has begun to examine adolescents' motivations for using social networking sites. The present set of studies supplement this literature by considering the relationships between characteristics of adolescent development and media use. Using American and Dutch samples of adolescents, the paper examines predictors and consequences of a developmental construct, Personal Fable, which is characterized by feelings of uniqueness and invulnerability. Overall, results indicate that Facebook use is associated with Personal Fable ideation, which is then related to certain media use behaviors such as posting a new photo or status update. By nature, these practices constitute self-disclosure; however, results from the second study indicated that Personal Fable does not moderate the relationship between Facebook use and problematic self-disclosure, contrary to predictions. Such findings provide important information about the link between Facebook use and constructs of adolescent development, with implications for researchers' understanding of predictors of adolescents' online behaviors.
Genetic studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with emphasis on p16, MLL , and ETV6 gene abnormalities: results of St Jude Total Therapy Study XII

To determine the frequency and prognostic significance of recently described genetic lesions in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), all cases with available leukemic cell samples treated on St Jude Study XII were analyzed by molecular techniques for alterations of the p16, MLL and ETV6 genes. Homozygous p16 deletion was seen in 36 of 155 cases, including 14 of 23 T cell cases, but had no prognostic value. Rearrangement of MLL was seen in nine of 170 cases (5%) and conferred a poor prognosis, with a 5-year EFS estimate of only 11 +/- 7%, compared with 74 +/- 5% for the germline MLL group (P=0.0001). By contrast, rearrangement of ETV6 was found in 35 cases (21%) and was significantly associated with a better outcome (5-year EFS estimates: 87 +/- 7% vs 64 +/- 6%). In a Cox regression model adjusted for age, DNA index, race, leukocyte count, treatment group, and CNS status, ETV6 rearrangement retained independent prognostic significance (two-sided P value 0.012). Thus, in this uniformly treated group of patients, we confirmed the unfavorable prognostic significance of MLL rearrangement and demonstrated the favorable impact of ETV6 rearrangement, suggesting that these factors be added to ALL risk classification schemes.
Retrospective evaluation of systemic corticosteroids for the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Purpose. The use of systemic corticosteroids for the management of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) was studied. Methods. Medical charts of patients admitted to the hospital between July 2002 and November 2003 with a primary diagnosis of AECOPD were retrospectively reviewed. The primary objective was to characterize the drug, dosage, route, frequency, and duration of systemic corticosteroids prescribed for the management of AECOPD. The secondary objective was to compare the mean length of stay (LOS) and 30-day relapse rate between patients who received lower and higher dosages of corticosteroids. Results. One hundred forty-five admissions (123 patients) for AECOPD (mean ± S.D. age, 65 ± 11 years) were evaluated. Higher dosages of systemic corticosteroids (>80 mg of prednisone equivalent [PE] per day) were prescribed for 51% and i.v. therapy for 56% of admissions. The mean ± S.D. total systemic corticosteroid exposure during hospitalization for all admissions was 759 ± 971 mg of PE (mean ± S.D. daily exposure = 134 ± 111 mg of PE per day). The mean LOS was significantly longer for the higher-dosage group than for the lower-dosage group (6.1 versus 4.2 days, p = 0.0004). A tapered regimen was prescribed for 79% of discharges. Twenty-seven percent of the discharges with routine follow-up care had a relapse of disease within 30 days. Conclusion. This retrospective observational study confirmed a wide variability in the dosages of systemic corticosteroids for the inpatient management of AECOPD, including the use of higher dosages and tapered regimens. Prospective randomized studies are needed to determine the most effective regimen of systemic corticosteroids in patients with AECOPD.
Math and Science Education for African-American Youth: A Curriculum Challenge.

The recommendations offered here are applicable to all youths in mathe matics and science. The emphasis, however, is placed on African-Ameri cans, because not enough of these youngsters are doing well in these subject areas.
The use of freely diffusible, NMR-detectable tracers for measuring organ perfusion

The application of NMR techniques to tracer methods for measuring organ perfusion is a relatively recent development. The general theory for measurement of organ perfusion after the administration of exogenous, freely diffusible tracers is discussed with special attention to NMR-detectable tracers. Different routes of tracer administration are available and are presented in the context of the effect of route of administration on data analysis. A review of the recent literature validating the use of deuterium and fluorine as NMR flow tracers is provided.
Endovascular repair of subclavian/axillary artery injury with a covered stent. A case report and review of literature:

Experience with and acceptance of endovascular repair of arch vessel injuries continues to increase. This manuscript reports the case of a 65-year-oldman with a gunshot wound to the right supraclavicular area with a hematoma, pulsating mass and loss of neurological function of the right upper extremity. As he was hemodynamically stable, a computed tomography angiogram was performed and it demonstrated a 6 cm right subclavian/axillary artery pseudoaneurysm. The patient was taken to the angiogram/ hybrid room and an arch angiogram was performed. A selective right subclavian angiogram was performed and a covered stent was deployed across the pseudoaneurysm and a completion angiogram showed complete exclusion with normal runoff to the upper extremity. In conclusion, penetrating subclavian/axillary artery trauma can be successfully managed with minimal morbidity via early utilization of endovascular covered stent therapy. A literature review suggests that the endovascular approach will soon be the standard of care for traumatic disruption of subclavian arteries.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer in Microchannels

Heat transport in microchannels is experimentally investigated to explore the validity of classical correlations for conventional-sized rectangular channels in predicting the thermal behavior and the onset of transition in microchannels. The microchannels considered range in width from 194 μm to 534 μm, with the channel depth being nominally five times the width in each case. Ten microchannels were machined into a 2.54 cm by 2.54 cm copper substrate for each test piece. The experiments were conducted with deionized water, with the Reynolds number ranging from approximately 300 to 3500. The results show that the heat transfer in microchannels is satisfactorily predicted with a classical, continuum approach. However, the applicable classical correlations need to be chosen carefully to match the boundary and entrance length conditions imposed in the experiment.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Labor induction with prostaglandin E1 misoprostol compared with dinoprostone vaginal insert: A randomized trial

Abstract Objective : To compare the safety, efficacy, and costs of intravaginal misoprostol versus dinoprostone vaginal inserts for cervical ripening and labor induction. Methods : Two hundred twenty-three labor induction patients were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups: 1) intravaginal misoprostol or 2) dinoprostone vaginal inserts. Fifty micrograms of misoprostol were placed in the posterior vaginal fornix every 3 hours for a maximum period of 24 hours. Ten milligrams of dinoprostone was administered in a single application as a vaginal insert for 12 hours. Results : Among 223 patients evaluated, 108 were allocated to the misoprostol group and 115 to the dinoprostone group. The median interval from induction to vaginal delivery was significantly shorter in the misoprostol group: 698 (range 395–1053) versus 1041 (range 792–1531) minutes ( P P P = .004). Nevertheless, no statistically significant differences were noted between the groups with respect to intrapartum complications, including uterine hyperstimulation, mode of delivery, and neonatal or maternal adverse outcomes. The average cost per patient for misoprostol treatment was $85 compared with $606 for treatment with the vaginal insert. Conclusion : Intravaginal misoprostol and the dinoprosone vaginal insert appear to be safe agents for cervical ripening and labor induction. However, misoprostol is less expensive and more effective than the dinoprostone vaginal insert.
Influence of Freezing Methods, Extenders, and Storage Temperatures on Motility and pH of Frozen Bovine Semen,

Summary Fourteen ejaculates, two from each of seven bulls, were extended in heated, whole homogenized milk (milk) and egg yolk-citrate (EYC), frozen with either dry ice-alcohol (DI) or liquid nitrogen (LN), then divided for storage at −79C (DI), −92C (Mechanical), and −196C (LN). Samples from each ejaculate and each treatment were evaluated for pH and per cent progressive motility at prefreeze, post-freeze, one day, ten days, one, three, six, and nine months. EYC extender maintained significantly higher (P There was little variation in mean pH values within extenders due to freezing methods or storage temperatures. The correlation coefficients between pH and motility and between change in pH and change in motility were low and in most instances nonsignificant.
Thermal stability evaluation for passive FTIR spectrometry

Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry furnishes a viable method of assessing a variety of airborne pollutants with passive remote monitoring. Ensuring accurate and precise open-air monitoring requires evaluation of FTIR spectrometer radiometric performance. The noise equivalent radiance per root Hertz is a radiometric figure of merit that is independent of integration time, interferometer mirror velocity, and spectral resolution. This study demonstrates the utility of the NER per root Hertz metric by examining FTIR spectrometer performance as a function of internal thermal stability, spectral resolution, and integration time. The effect of internal stability on spectrometer radiometric performance is evaluated as a function of external spectrometer temperature. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 3: 81–94, 1999
Brain norepinephrine levels in parathyroidectomized rats induced to convulse by pinealectomy.

Abstract Pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, in the dosage of either 60 or 30 mg/kg body wt prevented seizures in parathyroidectomized rats that were induced to convulse with pinealectomy. Pargyline treatment caused elevations in telencephalic norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations and in brainstem norepinephrine levels. Convulsing rats that did not receive pargyline had depressed levels of brain norepinephrine while there was no correlation between dopamine concentrations and the propensity of the parathyroidectomized-pinalectomized rats to convulse.
Prolonged migraine aura status

Two patients with migraine experienced a prolonged migraine aura status consisting of frequent recurrence of auras, hour after hour, day after day, for successive weeks.