cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy management as a service over fog computing platform

Cyber-Physical Energy System (CPES) has been seen as the new paradigm of tight integration of power systems, embedded systems, control, and communication. CPES is capable of improving power grid reliability, efficiency, and performance by managing the supply and demand functionalities of the power systems effectively and intelligently. In this demo, we present an energy management system prototype for home and microgrid levels (both from residential domain), implemented over a fog computing platform. The prototype is capable of supporting interoperability, scalability, ease of deployment, cost effectiveness, open architecture, plug-n-play, and local and remote monitoring in a single package to fulfill the mandates by US Department of Energy (DOE) [1].
Seasonal variations in atmospheric SOx and NOy species in the adirondacks

This paper reports the results of over 2 years of measurements of several of the species comprising atmospheric SOx (=SO2+SO42−) and NOy (=NO+NO2 + PAN + HNO3+NO3−+ organicnitrates + HONO + 2N2O5 …) at Whiteface Mountain, New York. Continuous real-time measurements of SO2 and total gaseous NOy provided data for about 50% and 65% of the period, respectively, and 122 filter pack samples were obtained for HNO3, SO2 and aerosol SO42−, NO3−, H+ and NH4+. Concentrations of SO2 and NOy were greatest in winter, whereas concentrations of the reaction products SO42− and HNO3were greatest in summer. The seasonal variation in SO42− was considerably more pronounced than that of HNO3and the high concentrations of SO42− aerosol present in summer were also relatively more acidic than SO42− aerosol in other seasons. As a result, SO42− aerosol was the predominant acidic species present in summer, HNO3was predominant in other seasons. Aerosol NO3− concentrations were low in all seasons and appeared unrelated to simultaneous NOy and HNO3concentrations. These data are consistent with seasonal variations in photochemical oxidation rates and with existing data on seasonal variations in precipitation composition. The results of this study suggest that emission reductions targeted at the summer season might be a cost-effective way to reduce deposition of S species, but would not be similarly cost-effective in reducing deposition of N species. kwAcid deposition, seasonal variation, sulfate, nitrate, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, air pollution, Adirondack Mountains
A New Ultra Small Battery Operated Portable Multi-Channel Analyzer

A newly designed portable multi-channel analyzer (MCA) has been developed at Los Alamos that has much improved physical and performance characteristics over previous designs. Namely, the instrument is very compact (25 cm wide × 14 cm deep × 21 cm high) and has a mass of 4.2 Kg (9.2 lb). The device has 1024 channels and is microprocessor controlled. The instrument has most of the standard features of present laboratory-based pulse height analyzers, including CRT display, region of interest integration, etc. Battery life of the MCA is nearly eight hours, with full charging over night. An accessory case carries a small audio cassette recorder for data storage. The case also contains two different NaI (Tl) detectors. Another case contains a 10% efficient hyperpure germanium (HpGe) detector for very high energy resolution gamuna ray spectroscopy. That detector (commercially available) is portable and can carry enough liquid nitrogen for 10 hours of field use. All necessary electronics to acquire data from the various detectors are located on the detectors themselves. No additional power supplies, NIM equipment, etc., are necessary for field operation.
MIXED STATE OF TYPE-I SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS IN A PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC FIELD.

Thin films of type-I superconductors are shown to exist in a variety of quite distinct mixed states, depending on their thicknesses. The most interesting of these states consist of hexagonal arrays of vortices of larger than unit quantum number. Their general character falls between that of the ordinary mixed state, a triangular array of unit vortices which occurs for sufficiently thin films, and the intermediate states consisting of islands of superconducting phase in a matrix of normal phase which occurs for sufficiently thick films. The theory is developed in Abrikosov's high-field approximation, which gives solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equations that are exact in the limit as the applied field approaches the second critical field ${\mathrm{H}}_{c2}$. Two critical thicknesses are found and determined as functions of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}$. The first and smaller critical thickness is the maximum film thickness for which the ordinary mixed state will exist near ${\mathrm{H}}_{c2}$. The second critical thickness is the maximum for which a second-order field transition occurs at ${\mathrm{H}}_{c2}$. The new types of mixed state are stable for values of film thickness intermediate between these two.
Generating Multiset Permutations in Constant Time

An algorithm is presented that generates multiset permutations taking constant time between each permutation.
Alterations in fear conditioning and amygdalar activation following chronic wheel running in rats.

Abstract Several convergent lines of evidence point to the amygdala as a key site of plasticity underlying most forms of fear conditioning. Studies have shown that chronic physical activity, such as wheel running, can alter learning in a variety of contexts, including aversive conditioning. The ability of chronic wheel running (WR) to alter both behavioral correlates of fear conditioning and indices of amygdalar activation, however, has not been simultaneously assessed. Here, rats were given constant access to either free-turning or–as a control–locked (LC) running wheels in their home cages. After 8 weeks of housing under these conditions, animals were exposed to a series of shocks in a separate testing chamber. Twenty-four hours later, the animals were returned to the shock chamber and freezing behavior was measured as an indicator of contextual fear conditioning. The animals were then sacrificed and their brains processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos to assess patterns of putative neuronal activation. WR rats spent significantly more time freezing than their LC counterparts upon return to the shock-paired context. The enhanced conditioned freezing response was most pronounced in animals showing high levels of nightly wheel running activity. WR animals also had significantly higher levels of neuronal activation, as indicated by Fos expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala, but less activation in the basolateral nucleus, compared to sedentary controls. These data demonstrate the ability of chronic physical activity to alter contextual fear conditioning and implicate the amygdala as a potential site of plasticity underlying this phenomenon.
A sensitivity based approach for flexibility analysis and design of linear process systems

Abstract A novel solution approach that addresses uncertainty, flexibility evaluation and design of linear processes is presented based on sensitivity analysis and linear programming. The idea is to evaluate the flexibility index of a process by successively expanding within a bounding search procedure a hyper-rectangle around a nominal point in the uncertainty parameter domain, thus expanding the limits of feasibility for an existing design. Sensitivity information, derived from the solution of a special form of the embedded min-max problem, is utilized for the identification and investigation of the supporting active sets. Since the proposed approach automatically generates all the supporting active sets, it is incorporated within a design model for automatically generating flexibility constraints. As demonstrated by example problems, this approach identifies all critical points that limit flexibility, including multiple equidistant points, without enumerating (explicitly or implicitly) all possible active sets, and considering only the supporting active sets. Therefore, it offers an efficient and constructive way for the evaluation and design of linear processes.
Structural-functional relationships in type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in humans

The major renal pathologic changes of diabetes include thickening of all renal extracellular basement membranes and mesangial matrix and, to a lesser extent, mesangial cell expansion. Two renal lesions appear critical in diabetic nephropathy. Mesangial expansion out of proportion to the size of the glomerulus is closely and inversely related to measures of peripheral capillary wall filtration surface and to clinical features of proteinuria, hypertension, and decreasing glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Arteriolar hyalinosis is related to global glomerulosclerosis, and both are correlated with the clinical features of nephropathy. These lesions are markedly advanced by the time renal dysfunction is clinically detectable. Relationships of structure and function early in the course of the diabetes have not been examined satisfactorily.
Recognition of the DNA minor groove by pyrrole-imidazole polyamides: comparison of desmethyl- and N-methylpyrrole

Polyamides consisting of N-methylpyrrole (Py), N-methylimidazole (Im), and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyrrole (Hp) are synthetic ligands that recognize predetermined DNA sequences with affinities and specificities comparable to many DNA-binding proteins. As derivatives of the natural products distamycin and netropsin, Py/Im/Hp polyamides have retained the N-methyl substituent, although structural studies of polyamide:DNA complexes have not revealed an obvious function for the N-methyl. In order to assess the role of the N-methyl moiety in polyamide:DNA recognition, a new monomer, desmethylpyrrole (Ds), where the N-methyl moiety has been replaced with hydrogen, was incorporated into an eight-ring hairpin polyamide by solid-phase synthesis. MPE footprinting, affinity cleavage, and quantitative DNase I footprinting revealed that replacement of each Py residue with Ds resulted in identical binding site size and orientation and similar binding affinity for the six-base-pair (bp) target DNA sequence. Remarkably, the Ds-containing polyamide exhibited an 8-fold loss in specificity for the match site versus a mismatched DNA site, relative to the all-Py parent. Polyamides with Ds exhibit increased water solubility, which may alter the cell membrane permeability properties of the polyamide. The addition of Ds to the repertoire of available monomers may prove useful as polyamides are applied to gene regulation in vivo. However, the benefits of Ds incorporation must be balanced with a potential loss in specificity.
Cryogenic indentation-induced grain growth in nanotwinned copper

Nanocrystalline copper thin films with as-deposited Σ3 twin boundaries were indented while immersed in liquid nitrogen. Quantification using precession-enhanced electron diffraction determined the crystallographic texture and grain-to-grain misorientation of the undeformed, pile-up and compressed regions. Grains in the undeformed region retained a high density of Σ3 recrystallization twins, whereas the pile-up showed significant coarsening, prevalent Σ7 subgrain formation and a decrease in twin boundaries. The abnormal grain growth is attributed to a detwinning mechanism. The compressed region showed significant grain refinement.
The extended finite element method for fracture in composite materials

Methods for treating fracture in composite material by the extended finite element method with meshes that are independent of matrix/fiber interfaces and crack morphology are described. All discontinuities and near-tip enrichments are modeled using the framework of local partition of unity. Level sets are used to describe the geometry of the interfaces and cracks so that no explicit representation of either the cracks or the material interfaces are needed. Both full 12 function enrichments and approximate enrichments for bimaterial crack tips are employed. A technique to correct the approximation in blending elements is used to improve the accuracy. Several numerical results for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional examples illustrate the versatility of the technique. The results clearly demonstrate that interface enrichment is sufficient to model the correct mechanics of an interface crack. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory action of erythromycin on protein biosynthesis by isolated polyribosomes

Abstract Consistent with the previous work by Pestka (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.5, 255, 1974) on the binding of erythromycin to polyribosomes, we found that erythromycin does not inhibit protein synthesis catalyzed by polyribosomes. This is due to the presence of nascent peptidyl tRNA on the naturally occurring polyribosomes. In a soluble extract from E. coli pretreated to remove the ribosome releasing factor, polyribosomes without nascent polypeptides remain intact and can catalyze protein synthesis in the absence of initiation. In this system erythromycin effectively inhibited protein synthesis. The inhibition by erythromycin was caused by premature release of oligopeptidyl tRNA from polyribosomes.
A review of heterogeneous sediments in coastal environments

Abstract The influence of heterogeneous sediment properties on coastal processes is commonly underestimated due to the difficulty in characterizing and quantifying these types of sediments. Careful examination of previous research reveals that not only is sediment heterogeneity significant in terms of its impact on coastal processes, but that heterogeneous sedimentary environments comprise the majority of the world's coasts. Using geologic and oceanographic field descriptions as a guide, we define sediment heterogeneity to include mixed grain sizes or types, spatial diversity in sediment properties and bedforms, and/or rapidly changing sediment characteristics. We categorize the dominant heterogeneous environments as 1) gravel-sand coasts, 2) sorted bedform fields, 3) sand-ridge fields, 4) cheniers, 5) mud transgressed coasts, 6) mixed tidal flats, and 7) graded foreshores and surf zones. We also specifically tabulate numerical ranges of sediment heterogeneity within each category. These categorizations exemplify the numerous natural patterns of important sediment variability and suggest that environmental characterizations that generalize complexity in terms of simplified descriptions, such as median grain size, are insufficient to describe the influence of many coastal sediments.
Theoretical Study of Substituted PBPB Dimers: Structural Analysis, Tetraradical Character, and Excited States

The radicaloid nature of para and meta 1,3-diborata-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane-1,3-diyl doubly substituted benzene is assessed from several electronic structure perspectives. Orbital occupation numbers computed by perfect pairing (PP), complete active space SCF (CASSCF), and restricted active space double spin-flip (RAS-2SF) reveal the presence of less than one unpaired electron in the planar molecules. Thus, the surprising stability of the "para tetraradical" can be rationalized by its moderate extent of radical character. Estimation of the delocalization energy, low-lying excited states, and short and long-range magnetic coupling constants all indicate a rather weak interaction to occur between two singlet PBPB units. Communication between two triplet units was found to be negligible. Comparison between para and meta isomers confirms a distinctly larger communication via the pi framework for the former. However, this communication, which was recently proposed to be the main factor for the different behavior of meta and para isomers regarding their preferred geometries, was found to account for only one-third of their energy difference. The study shows the important contribution of steric and/or electronic effects of the bulky (i)Pr and (t)Bu substituents on P and B.
Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, unilateral oophorectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer in the Nurses’ Health Studies

Objective To prospectively examine whether the association between tubal ligation, hysterectomy, unilateral oophorectomy, and ovarian cancer varied by patient, tumor, and surgical characteristics. Design Two prospective cohort studies (Nurses' Health Study and Nurses' Health Study II). Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A cohort of 121,700 married US female nurses, aged 30–55 years at baseline and another cohort of 116,430 US female nurses aged 25–42 years at baseline. Intervention(s) We obtained data on gynecologic surgeries and ovarian cancer incidence through biennial questionnaires. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for known and suspected ovarian cancer risk factors. Main Outcome Measure(s) Confirmed incident epithelial ovarian cancer. Result(s) Overall, tubal ligation was associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer (HR, 0.76; 95% CI 0.64–0.90). The inverse association was stronger for nonserous tumors (HR, 0.57; 95% CI 0.40–0.82) and among women younger than 35 years at surgery (HR, 0.67; 95% CI 0.49–0.90). Hysterectomy was associated with a decreased risk of ovarian cancer (HR, 0.80; 95% CI 0.66–0.97) and was somewhat stronger for nonserous tumors (HR, 0.70; 95% CI 0.49–1.02). Unilateral oophorectomy was associated with a 30% lower risk (HR, 0.70; 95% CI 0.53–0.91), which did not differ by histologic subtype. Conclusion(s) Our study provides further support that tubal ligation reduces the risk of ovarian cancer, particularly for nonserous tumors and when conducted before the age of 35 years. The inverse association with hysterectomy, along with the stronger associations for nonserous tumors, supports shared biologic mechanisms for tubal ligation and hysterectomy.
Evidence for CALM in Directing VAMP2 Trafficking

Clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein (CALM) is a clathrin assembly protein with a domain structure similar to the neuron-specific assembly protein AP180. We have previously found that CALM is expressed in neurons and present in synapses. We now report that CALM has a neuron-related function: it facilitates the endocytosis of the synaptic vesicle protein VAMP2 from the plasma membrane. Overexpression of CALM leads to the reduction of cell surface VAMP2, whereas knockdown of CALM by RNA interference results in the accumulation of surface VAMP2. The AP180 N-terminal homology (ANTH) domain of CALM is required for its effect on VAMP2 trafficking, and the ANTH domain itself acts as a dominant-negative mutant. Thus, our results reveal a role for CALM in directing VAMP2 trafficking during endocytosis.
Evaluation of hip pain in the young adult

Hip pain in the young adult either can originate from the hip joint, may be referred from another location, or may be the result of a systemic process. Evaluation of this pain requires a careful and thorough history and physical examination. The evaluation should include both an orthopedic and a nonorthopedic component since many nonorthopedic conditions may mask themselves as hip pain.
The effects of LSD on indoleamine enzymes in embryonic Xenopus laevis

Abstract 1. 1. Neurulae and post-hatched Xenopus embryos were exposed to LSD at a concentration of 0.06 μg. per ml. for 6 hours. 2. 2. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD) activities in whole embryos were changed. 3. 3. Hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT) was unchanged in whole embryos. 4. 4. MAO and 5-HTPD were unaltered in brain. 5. 5. HIOMT was altered in brains of embryos exposed to LSD at post-hatching. The level was almost zero. It was not lowered in brains of neurulae exposed to LSD. 6. 6. It is suggested that the result is a secondary effect of altered 5-HT ontogeny.
Surface rheological transitions in Langmuir monolayers of bi-competitive fatty acids

This paper discusses a rheological and structural transition that is observed for Langmuir films of 12-hydroxystearic acid. This molecule presents an interesting bi-competitive absorption between primary and secondary hydrophilic groups on either end of an alkane chain, which leads to a sharp transition from an expanded phase to a crystalline condensed morphology as surface pressure is increased. This abrupt morphological transition is accompanied by a strong change in the interfacial rheology of the films. These observations are obtained using an instrument that allows the acquisition of Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) simultaneously with the measurement of dynamic interfacial moduli. Below the transition, it is demonstrated that the films are purely viscous and characterized by a Newtonian rheology. However, above a transition pressure, the films behave as solidlike and crystalline with high elasticity. It is argued that the transition occurs through an evolution from a flat molecular configuration on t...
Collegiality and its Role in Teacher Development: perspectives from veteran and novice teachers

Abstract The nature of collegiality and its role in teachers' professional development is explored by comparing two data sets: one analysing the interviews with a veteran social studies teacher reflecting on her 30-year teaching career, and the other analyzing the conversations of six beginning teachers as they participated in a shared inquiry group. Two different types of relationships with colleagues are described, one that provides a supportive working environment and one that results in significant professional growth. Implications for in-service professional development are discussed.
Recent advances in nickel-hydrogen technology at nasa Lewis research center

Abstract NASA/Lewis Research Center has concentrated its efforts on advancing the NiH 2 system technology for low earth orbit applications. Component
Ecdysone Analog: Conversion to Alpha Ecdysone and 20-Hydroxyecdysone by an Insect

The tritium-labeled synthetic ecdysone analog Δ7-5β-cholestene-2β,-3β,14α-triol-6-one terminated diapause when injected into diapausing tobacco hornworm pupae and was converted into tritium-labeled α-ecdysone and tritium-labeled 20-hydroxyecdysone. About half of the crystalline α-ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone isolated from the tobacco hornworms 7½ to 8½ days after injection was derived from endogenous steroid precursors and half from the transformation of the synthetic ecdysone analog.
Buprenorphine for pain relief in a patient with drug abuse.

AbstractBuprenorphine is a mixed opioid agonistlantagonist which appears to produce less physical dependence and respiratory depression than typical μ-agonist opioids. These effects suggest its use for analgesia for drug abusers. However, buprenorphine may precipitate withdrawal from other opioids. The present case illustrates the utility of buprenorphine and describes a method to transfer a patient from a μ-agonist to buprenorphine without precipitating withdrawal or interrupting analgesia.
Cytoplasmic Ca2+ in platelets is controlled by cyclic AMP: antagonism between stimulators and inhibitors of adenylate cyclase.

Activation of platelets by thrombin rapidly increases cytoplasmic free calcium, [Ca2+]i, measured by Quin -2, and induces secretion. Stimulators of adenylate cyclase (i.e. PGI2, PGD2, forskolin) suppressed or reversed the increase of [Ca2+]i. Inhibitors of adenylate cyclase (i.e. epinephrine, ADP), added before or after thrombin, counteracted PGI2, PGD2 and forskolin and thereby increased [Ca2+]i and restored secretion. Responses to epinephrine (via alpha-2 adrenoreceptors) and ADP were independent of extracellular Ca2+, but required maintained occupancy of thrombin receptors and intact cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity. These results indicate that cAMP serves as an inhibitory second-messenger that antagonizes the mobilization of Ca2+, an activator second-messenger.
Nitric Oxide (NO)-Cyclic GMP (cGMP) Responses of Premature and Adult Rat Brain Synaptosomes to Morphine Sulfate (MS) and Morphine-3-Glucuronide (M-3-G)

Nitric Oxide (NO)-Cyclic GMP (cGMP) Responses of Premature and Adult Rat Brain Synaptosomes to Morphine Sulfate (MS) and Morphine-3-Glucuronide (M-3-G)
The post-mortem image: Peter Greenaway's documentary Death in the Seine and writing the history of a corpse

AbstractThis article explores Peter Greenaway's film, Death in the Seine, as a relationship between the act of documentation, the document in-itself, and the implicit conflict between reality, memories and records. The film documents events during post-revolution France through the observations by two mortuary attendants named Bouille and Daude whose notes list those who drowned in the Seine. The facts that comprise the film come from the work of the historian Richard Cobb who painstakingly researched the contents of the eighteenth-century French mortuary log. Death in the Seine relies on actual facts, but simultaneously questions the viability of their truth-claims. The truth-claims reflect an emerging conflict between history and the fragile objective technologies used to document and organize events. I demonstrate how the film directly challenges truth-claims through the medium of rememberingk—writing., filming and recollection—and. to understand their implications I will examine them through the lens ...
Antidepressant-like actions of an AMPA receptor potentiator (LY392098).

LY392098 is a member of a novel class of biarylpropylsulfonamides that potentiates AMPA receptor-mediated responses both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the effects of LY392098 were evaluated in two "behavioral despair" models (the forced swim and tail suspension tests) commonly used to identify clinically useful antidepressants. LY392098 reduced immobility in the forced swim test in both rats and mice, with a minimum effective dose of 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.) in both species. LY392098 (0.1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect motor activity of rats, indicating that the ability of this compound to reduce immobility in the forced swim test is unrelated to a motor stimulant action. LY392098 also reduced immobility in the tail suspension test in a dose-dependent manner, with a minimum effective dose of 5 mg/kg (i.p). A non-competitive AMPA antagonist (LY300168) blocked the activity of LY392098 in the forced swim test, but did not affect imipramine-induced reductions in immobility. Thus, AMPA receptor activation appears to be required for the antidepressant-like effect of LY392098, but not imipramine. These findings indicate that biarylpropylsulfonamides, exemplified by LY392098, may represent a novel class of antidepressants.
A Fixed Quality, Variable Rate Finite State Vector Quantizer For Encoding Video Over Packet Networks

The advent of packet-switched networks has renewed interest in variable rate video coding schemes which can deliver a specified level of image quality. This paper describes one such scheme, using a variable rate Finite State Vector Quantizer (FSVQ). The codec alternates between an intraframe mode, for encoding foreground (moving) areas, and an interframe mode, for background areas. Separate FSVQs are used for the two modes, each with its own set of super-codebooks. Background blocks having low residual energies are conditionally replenished. The codec maintains a fixed SNR by using sub-codebooks having various numbers of codevectors and dimensions, making it an adaptive multi-rate FSVQ. Image quality is controlled by a set of SNR status variables which dynamically select classes of sub-codebooks. Each status variable is a temporally filtered measure of the SNR in a pre-assigned region of the frame that is updated each frame time. The codec may also be configured to include a rate buffer so that image quality can be degraded in a controlled fashion, should the attached network become congested. Distortion during non-congested operation is maintained to within about 1 dB of the desired value over a range of SNRs up to about 45 dB, with rates as high as 1.5 bpp.
Incomplete detachment of parental coliphage T4 DNA from the host cell membrane

Abstract One-half of parental coliphage T4 DNA remains attached to the host membrane during infection and is not packaged into progeny phage. This DNA consists of equal parts of both strands.
Reverse brain drain in South Korea: state-led model.

Korea’s reverse brain drain (RBD) has been an organized government effort, rather than a spontaneous social phenomenon, in that various policies and the political support of President Park, Chung-Hee were instrumental in laying the ground work for its success. Particular features of Korea’s RBD policies are the creation of a conducive domestic environment (i.e., government-sponsored strategic R & D institution-building, legal and administrative reforms), and importantly, the empowerment of returnees (via, i.e., exceptionally good material benefits, guarantees of research autonomy). President Park played the cardinal role in empowering repatriates at the expense of his own civil bureaucracy, and his capacity for such patronage derived from Korea’s bureaucratic-authoritarian political system. Returning scientists and engineers directly benefited from this political system as well as Park’s personal guardianship. For Park, empowerment of returning “brains” was necessary to accomplish his national industrialization plan, thereby enhancing his political legitimacy in domestic politics. An alliance with the R & D cadre was functionally necessary to successfully consolidate strong presidential power, and politically non-threatening due to the particular form of “pact of domination” in Korea’s power structure. RBD in Korea will continue in the near future given Korea’s drive for high technology, and the remarkable expansion of local industrial and educational sectors. Korea’s future RBD, however, needs to pay closer attention to the following four problems: research autonomy; equality issues; skill-based repatriation of technicians and engineers rather than Ph.D.’s; and subsidies to small and medium industry for RBD.
The Airline Discount Fare Allocation Problem

This paper describes a useful extension of the well-known, single-period inventory or newsboy problem. Given a fixed number of identical seats available on a scheduled airline flight, what percentage should be offered for early sale at a predetermined discount fare and what percentage reserved for later sale at a higher full fare? This two-tiered pricing strategy with early discount pricing might be appropriate in any situation in which the price sensitivity of the inventoried items decreases as the end of the period approaches. Similar to the newsboy problem solution, the decision rule that maximizes expected profit is expressed as a simple function of the percentage difference in the two fares and two carefully defined probabilities.
SITUATING ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY: A COMPARISON OF MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN AND MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC ADMINISTRATIVE THOUGHT

Contemporary studies of administrative thought allow only a limited range of viability for medieval and non-Western thought on the subject of public administration. This tendency belies the wealth of thought embedded within this broad literature. This paper investigates the matter of administrative accountability and responsibility through the lens of a comparative theorist of historical administrative thought. In order to assess the explanatory potential of early and non-Western administrative studies, two texts have been chosen, both previously unanalysed in conjunction (to the best of my knowledge) from the perspective of the administrative theorist – John of Salisbury’s Policraticus and Abu al-Hassan Al-Mawardi’s Al-Akham al-Sultaniyya w’al-Wilayat al Diniyya (The Ordinances of Government). Through an analysis of ideas of delegation and responsibility within these texts, the paper seeks to develop a critique of the place of revealed religious authority in the solution to the questions ‘who are administrators responsible to?’ and ‘what are administrators responsible for?’
The Web and School Counseling.

Abstract The Web and related technologies are creating a revolution in the practice of school counseling. This paper describes emerging trends and identifies critical issues that need to be addressed to facilitate increased use. The article summarizes current uses and identifies ways the Web can be used to improve practice and professional competence. To make full use of the potential of Web-based technology, we believe that the school counseling profession needs to (a) develop a research base that identifies best practices in technology use for promoting both effective school counseling practice and professional development education; (b) develop and disseminate standards for ethical and professional technology use in school counseling practices that are based on both professional judgment and research; (c) conduct a national study that describes current uses of Web-based technology, identifies current school counselor competencies, and determines the most important ways technology can enhance profession...
Relationship of catalase and sodium nitrite to protection against x-rays.

Abstract The ability of sodium nitrite to protect various biological systems against X-rays has been attributed to several mechanisms, one of which, enhancement of the ability of catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide, has been investigated with bacteriophage T1. In order to establish the validity of using catalase as a protective agent for phage against X-rays, the ability of catalase to withstand X-irradiation was determined under the conditions of these experiments, and the sensitivity of bacteriophage T1 to hydrogen peroxide was established. The phage was then irradiated in the presence of varying concentrations of catalase and of sodium nitrite, and of the two combined. High protection was afforded the phage by high concentrations of catalase and of nitrite, with gross protection falling off rapidly when low concentrations of solutes were employed although specific protection (protection per microgram of solute) was increased. In the presence of the two protective agents combined, there was impairment rather than enhancement of the ability of catalase to protect T1 against X-rays. The impaired activity is explained by increased peroxidatic action, which proceeds at the expense of the catalatic action, of catalase. In the catalatic reaction, hydrogen peroxide acts as both substrate and donor molecule, and the velocity constant for the reaction with hydrogen peroxide as donor is many times greater than with nitrite as donor. Sodium nitrite does not enhance the protective ability of catalase for irradiated T1, nor does it enhance the ability of catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide; nevertheless, nitrite alone is an efficient protector, acting presumably as a reducing agent.
A fast lower bound for the minimum cost perfect 2-matching linear program

SYNOPTIC ABSTRACTThe minimum cost perfect 2-matching problem is defined on a weighted undirected graph G = (V, e, c) and is the problem of finding a minimum weight subset of edges ⊆ e such that each vertex is incident to exactly two edges in . The problem appears as a relaxation subproblem in routing environments where the distance matrices are symmetric. This paper presents a multiplier adjustment approach for obtaining a quick lower bound on the linear programming relaxation of the minimum cost perfect 2-matching problem. The lower bound is constructed by generating a feasible solution to the dual of the linear programming (LP) relaxation. On a collection of 100 random Euclidean and non-Euclidean problems, the value of the lower bound as a percent of the optimal LP objective value averaged over 97 percent with a standard deviation of only 1.15. The approach is also shown to compare favorably with alternative methods for generating fast lower bounds for the symmetric Traveling Salesman Problem.
The effects of inbreeding, outbreeding and long-distance gene flow on survivorship in North American populations of Silene vulgaris.

Summary 1 Silene vulgaris was introduced from Europe to North America prior to 1800. We evaluated the influence of the resulting population structure on traits related to fitness in a two generation series of glasshouse crosses. Plants were either self-fertilized, outcrossed within local populations, outcrossed between local populations or outcrossed between three geographical regions separated by > 150 km. 2 Inbreeding depression following self-fertilization occurred in nearly every maternal lineage studied but its magnitude varied among geographical regions, especially when the fitness component compared was seed germination. 3 The consequences of long-distance gene flow varied among geographical regions: crosses between some pairs of regions resulted in fitter offspring than within region outcrosses (i.e. heterosis), whereas other pairs of regions showed outbreeding depression (offspring of more distant crosses were less fit). 4 Individuals derived from self-fertilization of F1 individuals were fitter if the first crosses had been made between populations or regions rather than within populations, both in terms of seed germination and seedling survivorship. The benefits of gene flow therefore persist for at least one generation beyond that created by the gene flow event. 5 The fitness of offspring of crosses between F1 individuals and their maternal population did not depend on the relatedness of the parents of the F1. Thus, there was no evidence of outbreeding depression following recombination within F1 individuals whose creation involved gene flow. 6 Our results imply that alteration of the rate of self-fertilization or the rate of gene flow between populations of S. vulgaris could affect the demographic characters that influence population establishment and persistence in this species.
Scenarios of future land use change around United States' protected areas

Abstract Land use change around protected areas can diminish their conservation value, making it important to predict future land use changes nearby. Our goal was to evaluate future land use changes around protected areas of different types in the United States under different socioeconomic scenarios. We analyzed econometric-based projections of future land use change to capture changes around 1260 protected areas, including National Forests, Parks, Refuges, and Wilderness Areas, from 2001 to 2051, under different land use policies and crop prices. Our results showed that urban expansion around protected areas will continue to be a major threat, and expand by 67% under business-as-usual conditions. Concomitantly, a substantial number of protected areas will lose natural vegetation in their surroundings. National land-use policies or changes in crop prices are not likely to affect the overall pattern of land use, but can have effects in certain regions. Discouraging urbanization through zoning, for example, can reduce future urban pressures around National Forests and Refuges in the East, while the implementation of an afforestation policy can increase the amount of natural vegetation around some Refuges throughout the U.S. On the other hand, increases in crop prices can increase crop/pasture cover around some protected areas, and limit the potential recovery of natural vegetation. Overall, our results highlight that future land-use change around protected areas is likely to be substantial but variable among regions and protected area types. Safeguarding the conservation value of protected areas may require serious consideration of threats and opportunities arising from future land use.
The minimal polymorphism of class II E alpha chains is not due to the functional neutrality of mutations.

Given the extensive allelic amino acid sequence polymorphism present in the first domain of Aα, Aβ, and Eβ chains and its profound effects on class II function, the minimal polymorphism in the mouse Eα chain (and in its human homologue DRα) is paradox. Two possible explanations for the lack of polymorphism in Eα are: (1) the Eα chain plays such a uniquely critical structural/functional role in antigen presentation, T-cell activation, repertoire selection, and/or pairing with Eβ or other proteins for expression that it cannot vary, and mutations are selected against; (2) the Eα chain plays a less significant role than the outer domains of other major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in determining the interactions with processed peptides or with T-cell receptor (TCR), so there is no selective pressure to maintain new mutations. To explore this question we compared the ability of transfectants expressing wild type (wt) EαEβd and mutant Eα wt Eβd proteins to present peptides and bacterial superantigens to T-cell hybridomas. Mutations at the Eα amino acid positions 31, 52, and 65&66, to residues that represent allelic alternatives in Aα chains, significantly reduced activation of peptide-specific T hybridomas, and mutations at 71 sometimes enhanced T-cell stimulation. None of the Eα mutations reduced, and some enhanced, superantigen stimulation of T-cell hybridomas. These results argue against the hypothesis that Eα chains are minimally polymorphic because mutations in Eα are functionally neutral.
Transcriptional Activity of the Uteroglobin Gene in Rabbit Endometrial Nuclei during Early Pregnancy

In studies on the regulation of rabbit uteroglobin production by progesterone, we have shown previously that the increase in uteroglobin secretion by the uterus in early pregnancy is preceded by an increase in uteroglobin synthesis and a parallel increase in uteroglobin messenger (m) RNA activity, which is accounted for by a rise in the steady state level of this specific mRNA in uterine epithelial cells. To investigate whether similar changes in the transcriptional activity of the uteroglobin gene occur during this period, we have transcribed endometrial nuclei in a “run-off” endogenous transcription system with [32P]uridine triphosphate as the precursor, given as a short pulse over 7 min at 25 C in vitro. Specific uteroglobin RNA transcripts were quantitated by hybridization of [32P]RNA to nitrocellulose filters containing cloned, full length uteroglobin complementary DNA. The percentage of uteroglobin RNA transcripts rose from day 0 (nonpregnant rabbits) to a peak on day 4 and declined on day 6 of preg...
Global reconstructions of Cenozoic seafloor ages: Implications for bathymetry and sea level

Abstract Although accurate estimates of Cenozoic seafloor ages will serve to further our understanding of the relationship between mantle dynamics, plate tectonics, and a variety of surficial geological processes, it is difficult to estimate ages of subducted seafloor. However, given the near-constancy of surface velocities within a tectonic stage, we can estimate Cenozoic plate ages, even for subducted lithosphere. We reconstruct seafloor ages based on the Cenozoic plate reconstructions and absolute rotation poles of Gordon and Jurdy [R.G. Gordon and D.M. Jurdy, Cenozoic Global Plate Motions, J. Geophys. Res. 91 (1986) 12389–12406.]. For the western Pacific, we explore alternative models based on the reconstructions of Hall [R. Hall, Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations, J. Asian Earth Sci. 20 (2002) 353–434.]. Both reconstructions indicate an increase in average seafloor age since the early Cenozoic, resulting in an increase in the volume of ocean basins and a decreased sea level since the Early Cenozoic. These trends are more pronounced for the Gordon and Jurdy [R.G. Gordon and D.M. Jurdy, Cenozoic Global Plate Motions, J. Geophys. Res. 91 (1986) 12,389–12,406.] reconstruction because the Hall [R. Hall, Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations, J. Asian Earth Sci. 20 (2002) 353–434.] reconstruction retains older seafloor in the western Pacific, which approximately halves the predicted sea level decrease since the early Cenozoic (250 vs. 125 m compared to geologic estimates of ∼150 m). These changes in sea level occur despite decreases in oceanic lithosphere production rates of only about 20% in both models. Thus, the changing distribution of seafloor age has a larger effect on sea level than changes in spreading rates or ridge lengths. These reconstructions can also be used to estimate past heat flow, the volume of subducted buoyancy and changes in the bathymetry of the Cenozoic ocean basins.
An Off-Road Bicycle With Adjustable Suspension Kinematics

The purpose of designing and constructing the adjustable dual suspension off-road bicycle presented was to provide a research tool for quantifying and optimizing off-road bicycle performance in three categories: energy efficiency, comfort, and handling. Key variables affecting performance in each category were identified and then the bicycle was designed and constructed so that one variable may be changed at a time. For both the front and rear suspensions, independent modular springs and dampers may be used, so that the travel limit, damper quantities, and spring quantities can all be independently tested. On the rear suspension, the swingarm pivot point height may be moved along the seat tube from the bottom bracket to 22 cm above the bottom bracket. The swingarm was integrated into a four-bar linkage such that the effective spring and damping rates at any pivot point height were constant as the suspension compressed. For the front suspension a four-bar linkage was also used. The links may be adjusted to change the trajectory of the front wheel as the suspension compresses. Additionally, the shock mounts may be moved to prevent any change in effective spring and damping rates resulting from a change in linkage geometry. To demonstrate the usefulness of the design, an experiment was performed to determine the pivot point height at which the energy dissipated from the rear shock was a minimum. At various pivot point heights, the bike was ridden on an inclined (6 percent grade) treadmill at 23.3 km/hr. Minimum energy was dissipated at a pivot height of 8.4 cm above the bottom bracket.
Femoral arterial catheterization in paediatric burn patients

Despite the obvious drawbacks associated with prolonged arterial cannulation, arterial catheters are frequently required in paediatric burn patients with respiratory failure to facilitate monitoring of oxygenation, ventilation and blood pressure, and to allow for the painless performance of phlebotomy. Burn patients with respiratory failure frequently require prolonged arterial catheterization, often for more than 72 h, and many of their cannulation sites are burned. We report our favourable 3-year experience with 81 femoral arterial catheters in 36 paediatric burn patients. When small diameter pressure monitoring catheters are used, femoral cannulation sites are associated with a low rate of mechanical and infectious complications.
Computational analysis of embedded droplet impingement for integrated cooling of electronics

An embedded droplet impingement device is being designed for cooling electronic chip packages which utilizes the latent heat of vaporization of dielectric coolants and provides adaptive on-demand cooling. The device must generate micro- droplets in the 50 - 250 micron range and must be small enough to be embedded in the chip package. A simplex swirl atomizer is one of the designs being considered to generate the spray. This numerical study investigates the design and performance of a micro-scale simplex swirl atomizer. Alternative atomizer designs are considered, and the flow field inside the atomizer is computed over a range of operating parameters. Local and global flow quantities, including exit swirl velocity and pressure profiles, as well as overall pressure drop parameters are computed to characterize alternative designs. These indices are useful in predicting spray quality and in identifying important geometric variables.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.