cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA sequence organization in the genome of Nicotiana tabacum

The genome of Nicotiana tabacum was investigated by DNA/DNA reassociation for its spectrum of DNA repetition components and pattern of DNA sequence organization. The reassociation of 300 nucleotide DNA fragments analyzed by hydroxyapatite chromatography reveals the presence of three major classes of DNA differing in reiteration frequency. Each class of DNA was isolated and characterized with respect to kinetic homogeneity and thermal properties on melting. These measurements demonstrate that the genome of N. tabacum has a 1C DNA content of 1.65 pg and that DNA sequences are represented an average of 12,400, 252, and 1 times each. — The organization of the DNA sequences in the N. tabacum genome was determined from the reassociation kinetics of long DNA fragments as well as S1 nuclease resistance and hyperchromicity measurements on DNA fragments after annealing to C0t values at which only repetitive DNA sequences will reassociate. At least 55% of the total DNA sequences are organized in a short period interspersion pattern consisting of an alternation of single copy sequences, averaging 1400 nucleotides, with short repetitive elements approximately 300 nucleotides in length. Another 25% of the genome contains long repetitive DNA sequences having a minimal genomic length of 1500 nucleotides. These repetitive DNA sequences are much less divergent than the short interspersed DNA sequence elements. These results indicate that the pattern of DNA sequence organization in the tobacco genome bears remarkable similarity to that found in the genomes of most animal species investigated to date.
Chemical, magnetic and charge ordering in the system hematite–ilmenite, Fe2O3–FeTiO3

Spin polarized electronic structure calculations of total energies for ordered supercells in the system Fe2O3–FeTiO3 suggest that some layered ordered phases are more stable than an isocompositional mechanical mixture of hematite, Fe2O3, and ilmenite, FeTiO3. This result contradicts established ideas about hematite–ilmenite phase relations because it suggests that there is at least one stable ordered phase with a bulk composition intermediate between hematite and ilmenite. It is not clear if this result is an artifact of the approximations made in generalized gradient spin density functional calculations, or if an intermediate phase, or phases, is in fact stable. The electronic structure of a 30-atom layered supercell was studied by a variety of techniques. The supercell structure is FTFFFT, where F is an Fe layer and T is a Ti layer perpendicular to the hexagonal c axis. The idea was to investigate possible charge ordering on Fe sites, that is a postulate of the ‘lamellar magnetism hypothesis’, but signi...
Dynamics of defects and dopants in complex systems: silicon and oxide surfaces and interfaces

Precise control of dopant redistribution and activation in the vicinity of the semiconductor-dielectric interface has become crucial for fabrication of deep sub-micron metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices. During the process of ion implantation and thermal oxidation a great number of native defects (such as vacancies and interstitials) can be created in the substrate. These defects are known to be mainly responsible for transient enhanced diffusion and electrical activation/deactivation of dopant impurities. In this work we seek to develop a detailed understanding of the exact mechanisms of defect annihilation, and dopant diffusion and clustering/dissolution in complex systems such as Si surfaces and amorphous-crystalline Si-Si and Si-SiO2 interfaces using density functional theory total energy calculations. Si(001) surface: (1) We examine structure, energetics, and bonding of vacancies and interstitials on the clean and terminated Si(001) surface and its subsurface layers. (2) We propose mechanism of vacancy stabilization at the surface and subsurface layers. (3) We find Si(001) surface to be an effective sink for vacancies and interstitials, irrespective of surface passivation. (4) We present diffusion pathways and barriers of vacancies at and in the vicinity of the clean surface. (5) We have demonstrated that the stability of native defects within the top-most three subsurface layers is greatly influenced by surface passivation. Amorphous-crystalline Si interface: (1) We present native defect configurations, energetics and the origin of their stabilization at amorphous-crystalline Si interface and in amorphous Si. (2) A continuous random network model is employed in the construction of a realistic a-c interface structures. (3) We propose the ‘sponge-like’ behavior of the amorphous phase toward native defects. Si/SiO2 interface: (1) We present stable Si interstitial structures at interface and in the oxide. (2) We propose mechanism of interstitial diffusion from Si into a-SiO 2. (3) We consider Boron-Interstitial pair behavior in vicinity of interface. (4) We propose a novel mechanism of vacancy stabilization and vacancy clustering at interface. We believe the findings we present here show the importance of understanding the role of surfaces and interfaces in affecting defect and dopant behavior in their vicinity. This research leads to an understanding of the broad range of phenomena applicable to modern microelectronics device fabrication and process modeling.
Grating degeneration technique and sandwich structures for holographic N*N passive star couplers

Design for an efficient N*N passive integrated optical star coupler are proposed. The concepts of grating degeneration and sandwich structures are presented. The techniques and their combinations can significantly reduce the number of gratings required by the coupler and thus make it possible to build holographic N*N star couplers with recording materials of a moderate dynamic range. >
Distribution and Fine Structure of Antennal Sensilla in Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

The antennal sensilla of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Male and female antennae have a scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. Both male and female antennae share five sensillum types: sensilla chaetica (mechanoreceptors), three types of sensilla basiconica (olfactory), and uniporous gustatory/taste sensilla. Apical depressions containing large sensory fields of uniporous sensilla were seen on the eight most distal flagellomeres of both sexes. Counts of sensillum types showed that males possessed significantly more uniporous sensilla than females. We hypothesize that antennal contact is important for mate recognition by male A. planipennis. The distal apices of the eight outer flagellomeres were seen to have “tufts” composed of two types of sensilla basiconica. A third type of sensilla basiconica was observed within the perimeter of the uniporous sensory fields. The structure and putative function of each sensillum type are discussed.
Impacts of television viewing on young children's literacy development in the USA: A review of the literature

Television viewing plays an important role in the lives of many young children and has received a great deal of attention in the public as well as in research. This review examined research on tele...
Second Grade is Important: Literacy Instruction and Learning of Young Children in a High-Poverty School

This article is centered on the literacy learning and instruction that 13 children received from kindergarten through second grade. The children were enrolled in a school deemed at risk because of the children's home backgrounds — low SES, minority status, and home language other than English. The purpose of this research was to provide a clearer picture of the day-to-day literacy instruction and learning of children in such a setting to better understand the documented achievement results of children in high-poverty schools. Although there was great variability in the literacy instruction provided to these children from skills-based to more meaning-based instruction, the majority of the children were considered to be at grade level or above at the end of second grade. However, the children displayed variable patterns of literacy development across these grades. During the second grade year meaning-based instruction was made available to students. The second grade teachers were able to build from the skil...
Quality-of-Protection (QoP): A Quantitative Methodology to Grade Security Services

A tree based quality of protection (QoP) evaluation method for cyber system is presented. The elements of a security system structure are represented as normalized weighted tree. We show that our weighted tree representation of security system structure is informative and useful. Based on this unique representation QoP evaluation methodology is introduced and the foundations of QoP modeling and evaluation are established. The important steps in the evaluation process are the introduction of normalized weighted tree which establishes the hierarchy of the requirements of a secure system and the formulation of the normalized weighted tree. This is used to compute the QoP in a quantitative manner. We demonstrate through several examples, how the proposed methodology can assess QoP from a holistic view.
Posttranslational oligomerization and cooperative acid activation of mixed influenza hemagglutinin trimers

The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a well-characterized integral membrane glycoprotein composed of three identical subunits. We have analyzed the formation of mixed trimers in cells expressing two different HA gene products. The results show efficient and essentially random assembly of functional hybrid trimers provided that the HAs are from the same HA subtype. Trimerization is thus a posttranslational event, and subunits are recruited randomly from a common pool of monomers in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mixed trimers were not observed between HAs derived from different subtypes, indicating that the trimerization event is sequence specific. Mixed trimers containing mutant subunits were, moreover, used to establish that the acid-induced conformational change involved in the membrane fusion activity of HA is a highly cooperative event.
Urbanism, Militarism, and Architectural Design: An Analysis of Epidassic sociopolitical structure at Xochicalco

The form and organization of urban architecture is examined at the central Mexico site of Xochicalco to reconstruct aspects of both its internal community structure and regional political organization during the Epiclassic period (A.D. 700-900). Analysis of the site's defensive architecture provides unique information about the city's internal design. Dry moats, walled roads, and steep terrace facades subdivide the community into a series of population segments that on the basis of both size and architecture type resemble ward divisions found in central Mexico cities at the time of Conquest. Furthermore, Xochicalco does not have a single defensive perimeter characteristic of a strongly centralized polity; instead, it possesses a series of defensive precincts located on the hills and ridges adjacent to Cerro Xochicalco that are equivalent in form and redundant in function. The model that best approximates the segmentary nature of this structure is that of a regional confederacy dominated by Xochicalco during the Epiclassic.
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Propagation Along a Horizontal Wire Located Above or Buried in the Earth

The propagation constant of an electromagnetic wave on a long horizontal thin wire is determined from a modal equation for various situations: an elevated wire; a buried bare wire; a bare wire located in the air-earth interface; and a buried insulated wire. Analytical expressions are derived under the assumption that the height or depth of the wire is much less than the skin depth of the conducting earth and that the angular variation around the wire can be ignored. Although not restrictive in frequency, these conditions are satisfied for extremely low frequency (ELF) and very low frequency (VLF) applications except possibly for deeply buried wires when the effect of the interface is negligible anyway. We show that the propagation constant of a buried bare wire is significantly different from an elevated one for almost all heights of practical interest. When the bare wire is in the interface or buried in close proximity of the earth surface, we find that the square of the wave propagation constant is the average of the squares of the propagation constants in the two media. Of particular interest is the fact that a buried insulated wire has a much smaller propagation constant than a bare wire at the same location. Thus, a horizontal ELF radiating structure, such as the Sanguine antenna, could behave in much the same manner whether it is elevated or located in a buried cylindrical insulating cavity. This conclusion is strictly valid when the length of the structure is small compared with the wavelength of the propagating current in either case, and when adequate grounding of the structure can be achieved.
A Short-Term Memory Architecture for the Learning of Morphophonemic Rules

Despite its successes, Rumelhart and McClelland's (1986) well-known approach to the learning of morphophonemic rules suffers from two deficiencies: (1) It performs the artificial task of associating forms with forms rather than perception or production. (2) It is not constrained in ways that humans learners are. This paper describes a model which addresses both objections. Using a simple recurrent architecture which takes both forms and "meanings" as inputs, the model learns to generate verbs in one or another "tense", given arbitrary meanings, and to recognize the tenses of verbs. Furthermore, it fails to learn reversal processes unknown in human language.
Real-time kinetics of restriction–modification gene expression after entry into a new host cell

Most type II restriction–modification (R–M) systems produce separate restriction endonuclease (REase) and methyltransferase (MTase) proteins. After R–M system genes enter a new cell, protective MTase must appear before REase to avoid host chromosome cleavage. The basis for this apparent temporal regulation is not well understood. PvuII and some other R–M systems appear to achieve this delay by cotranscribing the REase gene with the gene for an autogenous transcription activator/repressor (the ‘C’ protein C.PvuII). To test this model, bacteriophage M13 was used to introduce the PvuII genes intoabacterialpopulationinarelatively synchronous manner. REase mRNA and activity appeared »10min after those of the MTase, but never rose if there was an inactivating pvuIIC mutation. Infection with recombinant M13pvuII phage had little effect on cell growth, relative to infection with parental M13. However, infection of cells pre-expressing C.PvuII led to cessation of growth. This study presents the first direct demonstration of delayed REase expression, relative to MTase, when type II R–M genes enter a new host cell. Surprisingly, though the C and REase genes are cotranscribed, the pvuIIC portion of the mRNA was more abundant than the pvuIIR portion after stable establishment of the R–M system.
Eight-Year Experience With a Neurosurgical Checklist:

Increased emphasis on patient safety in hospitals worldwide has become a critical goal for health care facilities and providers over the past decade. Resident work hour restrictions, handwashing efforts, medication reconciliation, procedural pauses, and a variety of improved communication mechanisms among all providers have been instituted. In an effort to improve patient safety and quality in the operating room and to reduce any potential errors in care, the Department of Neurological Surgery at Mayo Clinic in Arizona initiated an intraoperative checklist program 8 years ago. The concept was to develop a tool to maintain and improve patient safety in the operating rooms that would be both effective and practical. The authors report on their 8-year experience with this tool and review the literature concerning surgical checklists.
The RR1 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 is uniquely trans activated by ICP0 during infection.

Abstract As has been demonstrated for herpes simplex virus type 2, we show in this report that the herpes simplex virus type 1 ribonucleotide reductase large subunit (RR1) gene is trans activated in transient transfection assays by VP16 and ICP0 but not by ICP4. Deletion analysis demonstrated that responsiveness to induction to VP16 resides in an octamer/TAATGARAT sequence of the RR1 promoter and that the TATA box alone is sufficient to provide induction by ICP0. The induction of the RR1 gene by ICP0 but not by ICP4 suggested that it might be possible to identify the cis-acting element(s) responsive to ICP4 in an ICP4-inducible promoter. To this end, a series of chimeric promoters containing various portions of the regulatory sequences of the RR1 promoter and thymidine kinase (TK) promoter were constructed. The TK promoter is trans activated by both ICP0 and ICP4 in transient transfection assays and by ICP4 in infection. The data show that replacing the RR1 TATA region with the TK TATA region permits ICP4 inducibility even if the rest of the RR1 promoter elements remain intact. To test whether the RR1 gene is induced by ICP0 during infection, four mutant viruses were constructed. (i) TAATGARAT+ has the wild-type RR1 promoter driving chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and the RR2 promoter driving the lacZ gene. The RR2 gene codes for the small subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase and is expressed as a beta gene. (ii) TAATGARAT- has a triple-base change in the octamer/TAATGARAT element which renders it unresponsive to VP16 trans activation, eliminating that portion of the activation of the RR1 gene. (iii) TAATGARAT- delta alpha 0 has a deletion of the alpha 0 gene. (iv) TAATGARAT- delta alpha 4 has a deletion of the alpha 4 gene. Infections were carried out in Vero cells at a multiplicity of infection of 10 per cell; cells were assayed for CAT and beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) activities and for virus yields. The first two infections gave strong CAT and beta-Gal activities and high yields of progeny virus. Infection with the third virus showed no CAT activity but did produce high levels of beta-Gal activity and virus progeny. The fourth infection resulted in strong CAT activity but no beta-Gal activity or progeny virus. The data demonstrated that the RR1 promoter was activated in the absence of ICP4 but not in the absence of ICP0 in these infections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Numerical Modeling of Precipitation Cores on Cold Fronts

Abstract A nonhydrostatic, three-dimensional, mesoscale model, including cloud physics, is used to simulate the structure of a narrow cold-frontal rainband (NCFR). The model simulations reproduce the observed “core–gap” structure of the NCFR. Trapped gravity waves, triggered by regions of stronger convection on the cold front, induce subsidence and regions of warming aloft. In these regions, precipitation is suppressed, thereby creating precipitation gaps along the front separated by precipitation cores. The advection of hydrometeors is responsible for the parallel orientation and the elliptical shapes of the precipitation cores. Gravity waves produce pressure perturbations just behind the cold front, which modify the wind and thermal structure. Parts of the front behave locally like a gravity current, traveling at the theoretical gravity current speed in a direction perpendicular to the local orientation of the front, but the motion of the front as a whole is not well described by the gravity current spe...
Spread-spectrum sequences from unstable periodic orbits

I find that it is possible to use the unstable periodic orbits (UPO's) from a chaotic system to approximate a chaotic signal from that system. The UPO's are used to create possible sequences of motion for the chaotic system, and these possible sequences are then compared to a noise-contaminated chaotic signal to determine which possible sequence is the best estimate for the noise-free signal. The comparison process has some similarity to CDMA.
Effect of Betaxolol on the Hemodynamic, Gas Exchange, and Cardiac Output Response to Exercise in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation

Background: b-blockade controls the ventricular response to exercise in chronic atrial fibrillation (AF), but the effects of b-blockers on exercise capacity in AF have been debated. Methods: Twelve men with AF (65 6 8 years) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of betaxolol (20 mg daily). Patients underwent maximal exercise testing with ventilatory gas exchange analysis, and a separate, submaximal test (50% of maximum) during which cardiac output was measured by a CO2 rebreathing technique. Results: After betaxolol therapy, heart rate was reduced both at rest (92 6 27 vs 62 6 12 beats/min; p < 0.001) and at peak exercise (173 6 22 vs 116 6 24 beats/min; p < 0.001). Maximal
Huntington’s disease and the heart: Electrocardiogram abnormalities suggest cardiac involvement (P5.294)

OBJECTIVE: We assessed electrocardiograms (ECG) from a large cohort of patients with early Huntington’s disease (HD), to determine the prevalence of ECG abnormalities in the HD population BACKGROUND: HD is an autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative disorder due to a CAG triplet repeat expansion in the Huntington disease gene on chromosome 4q. There is increasing evidence that, in addition to central nervous system pathology, peripheral organs and tissues may also be affected. Significant cardiac dysregulation has been identified in transgenic mouse models of HD. Human studies reveal evidence of sympathovagal disturbance and sudden cardiac death has been reported in advanced HD. We sought to identify ECG abnormalities in a large cohort of patients with early symptoms of HD participating in a clinical trial. DESIGN/METHODS: Standard 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were obtained from 598 early HD patients age >18 at their baseline examination. Basic demographics, relevant past medical history and medication data were available for all subjects. Disease stage in all subjects was assessed by the UHDRS total functional capacity (TFC) scores. RESULTS: ECGs were from 288 males and 310 females, mean age 50.5±11.5 years (range 21-78) with 98.7[percnt] in disease stages 1 and 2. Abnormal ECGs were found in 25.3[percnt]. Controlling for medications with cardiac effects and relevant medical conditions, rates of bradycardia (23.7[percnt] with marked bradycardia 4.8[percnt] vs 4.0[percnt]) and prolonged intraventricular conduction (4.3[percnt] vs 1.3[percnt]) were significantly higher than comparable non-HD populations. Unexplained QTc prolongation was seen in 1.8[percnt]. CONCLUSIONS: The increased prevalence in conduction abnormalities and bradycardia in early HD suggests possible compromise of the cardiac bundles and sinoatrial node, which could lower the threshold for arrhythmia and aggravate cardiac failure. These results suggest caution is indicated in using medications or experimental therapies that may have additive cardiac toxicity. Disclosure: Dr. Stephen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hersch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rosas has nothing to disclose.
Predicting High School Students’ Interest in Majoring in a STEM Field: Insight into High School Students’ Postsecondary Plans

This study examined how various individual, family, and school level contextual factors impact the likelihood of planning to major in one of the science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields for high school students. A binary logistic regression model was developed to determine the extent to which each of the covariates helped to predict such academic interest. High school course taking in science and performance on science and math standardized tests were significantly and positively related to an increased interest in STEM. College aspirations were significant, and those with loftier educational goals were generally more likely to plan to major in a STEM field. Other individual-level factors also played a significant role, as male high school students were significantly more likely to have an early interest in STEM relative to their female peers, as were African American high school students compared with White students. Low-income students were significantly more likely to be interested in STEM majors than higher income students, respectively. In terms of school-level context, while teacher academic qualifications had a negative but significant relationship with an early interest in STEM, teacher experience had a small but significant positive relationship.
Connection across a Separatrix with Dissipation

Dissipative perturbations of strongly nonlinear oscillators that correspond to slowly varying double-well potentials are considered. The method of averaging, which describes the solution as nearly periodic, fails as the trajectory approaches the unperturbed separatrix, a homoclinic orbit of the saddle point, significantly before it is captured in either well. Nevertheless, perturbed initial conditions corresponding to the boundary of the basin of attraction for each well, which are the perturbed stable manifolds of the saddle point, are accurately determined using only the method of averaging modified by Melnikov energy ideas near the separatrix. To determine the amplitude and phase of the captured oscillations after crossing the separatrix, a transition region is constructed consisting of a large sequence of nearly solitary pulses along the separatrix. The amplitude and phases of the slowly varying nonlinear oscillations away from the separatrix, both before and after capture, are matched to this transition region. In this way, analytic connection formulas across the separatrix are obtained and are shown to depend on the perturbed initial conditions.
LARP6 Meets Collagen mRNA: Specific Regulation of Type I Collagen Expression

Type I collagen is the most abundant structural protein in all vertebrates, but its constitutive rate of synthesis is low due to long half-life of the protein (60–70 days). However, several hundred fold increased production of type I collagen is often seen in reparative or reactive fibrosis. The mechanism which is responsible for this dramatic upregulation is complex, including multiple levels of regulation. However, posttranscriptional regulation evidently plays a predominant role. Posttranscriptional regulation comprises processing, transport, stabilization and translation of mRNAs and is executed by RNA binding proteins. There are about 800 RNA binding proteins, but only one, La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (LARP6), is specifically involved in type I collagen regulation. In the 5′untranslated region (5’UTR) of mRNAs encoding for type I and type III collagens there is an evolutionally conserved stem-loop (SL) structure; this structure is not found in any other mRNA, including any other collagen mRNA. LARP6 binds to the 5′SL in sequence specific manner to regulate stability of collagen mRNAs and their translatability. Here, we will review current understanding of how is LARP6 involved in posttranscriptional regulation of collagen mRNAs. We will also discuss how other proteins recruited by LARP6, including nonmuscle myosin, vimentin, serine threonine kinase receptor associated protein (STRAP), 25 kD FK506 binding protein (FKBP25) and RNA helicase A (RHA), contribute to this process.
Emergent electronic and magnetic state in Ca 3 Ru 2 O 7 induced by Ti doping

We report an emergent electronic and magnetic state in the bilayer ruthenate Ca${}_{3}$Ru${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ upon doping with a small concentration of Ti on the Ru sites. In contrast to a quasi-two-dimensional metallic state in Ca${}_{3}$Ru${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$, which has an antiferromagnetic (AF) state formed by ferromagnetic (F) bilayers stacked antiferromagnetically along the $c$-axis, we find an insulating ground state with a ``G''-type nearest-neighbor AF order in Ca${}_{3}$(Ru${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Ti${}_{x}$)${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$ for $x$ \ensuremath{\ge} 0.03. The close proximity of these two distinct electronic and magnetic states demonstrates unique competing magnetic interactions in Ca${}_{3}$Ru${}_{2}$O${}_{7}$, which provides a rare opportunity to investigate the interplay between correlated metal physics and Mott physics.
Origins and development of peptide antibiotic research. From extracts to abstracts to contracts

That cationic proteins might be factors on the antimicrobial defenses of mammalian hosts and are apparently associated with the cytoplasmic granules of phagocytic leukocytes first became evident on the late nineteenth century. It remained, however, for development of sophisticated microanalytic techniques in microbiology, cell biology and protein biochemistry to place these hypotheses in the realm of established theory. This article is a brief summary of significant steps in the development of this theory. It also attempts to outline the firmly established scope and significance of these developments both for the theory of immunity to infection in the different phyla and for the now global quest for new antibiotics.
Correction of anterior tooth crossbite with bonded resin-composite slopes

Chief disadvantages of the reversed stainless steel crown method for crossbite correction are the difficulty in adapting a preformed crown to fit the tooth in crossbite and the metallic appearance of the steel crown form. An inclined plane with ideal mechanical advantage for correction of individual anterior tooth crossbite can often be custom sculpted of resin composite and bonded in position. Treatment is rapid and inexpensive and requires little cooperation from the patient. The report describes and documents two cases that used bonded resin-composite slopes for anterior tooth crossbite correction.
"Litigation cells" in the Papanicolaou smear: extramural review of smears by "experts".

This paper presents a historical review of litigation involving false-negative Papanicolaou smears. The impact of the look back provision of the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 and the media attention focused on false-negative Papanicolaou smears is discussed. The problem types of cervicovaginal smears, including the categories of atypical squamous and/or glandular cells of undetermined significance, are also described.
Consumer-driven media planning and buying

AbstractMedia planning and buying has historically focused on efficient message distribution. Thus, most media planning approaches have focused on optimization models based on estimated reach and frequency. Those models assumed a hierarchy of effects base where consumers move through a purchasing journey driven by assumed media exposures. In this exploratory paper, an argument is made for a consumer-generated media consumption model. Thus, their focus is on media influence rather than simply exposures. The model is demonstrated with data from a US-based online consumer data-set. The authors posit technology has made their approach superior to traditional models. A set of managerial implications is included.
Ion contents and other properties of isolated cells from dog tracheal epithelium

We have developed a preparation of isolated cells from dog tracheal mucosa. The three major cell types of the intact epithelium (ciliated, secretory, and basal) are present in approximately the same proportions as in the intact tissue. These cells show high viability as judged by exclusion of vital dyes, high O2 consumption, and incorporation of amino acids into protein. The intracellular ion contents (in mmol/l cell H2O) are [K]i, 150; [Na]i, 20; and [Cl]i, 50. Ouabain (10(-4) M) causes a rise in [Na]i and a reciprocal loss of intracellular K.
Imaging Through Turbid Media Using Time-Gating Holographic Detection

We present an approach to extend underwater imaging range by employing time-gating that is achieved through holographic detection of short laser pulses.
Novel Anti-glycemic Drugs and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes: Expectations Realized, Promises Unmet

The purpose is to review evidence on cardiovascular risks and benefits of new treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In response to guidance issued by the Food and Drug Administration, thousands of patients have been enrolled in large randomized trials evaluating the cardiovascular effects of the three newest diabetes drug classes: glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Two studies of GLP-1 receptor agonists—one of liraglutide and one of semaglutide—have shown cardiovascular benefit relative to placebo, and one study of the SGLT-2 inhibitor empagliflozin has shown benefit. The other published cardiovascular outcome studies of the newest drug classes have generally supported safety, apart from an as-yet unresolved safety concern about increased rates of heart failure with DPP-4 inhibitors. Recent research suggests the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone may have beneficial effects on some cardiovascular outcomes as well, but these are counterbalanced by a known increase of the risk of heart failure with this drug. In general, more prospective randomized trial data is now available regarding the cardiovascular effects of the newer diabetes drugs than on the older drug classes. New evidence suggests that the newest diabetes drugs are safe from a cardiovascular perspective. Evidence on benefit from at least some members of the GLP-1 receptor agonist and SGLT-2 inhibitor classes is encouraging but not yet decisive.
Control as an Aspect of Group Leadership in Classrooms: A Review of Research

A problem with the concept of classroom control as it is frequently used is that it has too many overtones and connotations. This review differentiates among several aspects of teacher leadership behavior that could be included in the concept of teacher control: (1) specific response to deviant behavior. (2) characteristics of the teacher's emotional relationship to the class, and (3) the teacher's structuring of the classroom (i.e., limits imposed on freedom of choice). A precise conceptualization of teacher control is offered based on the concept of boundary control from social systems theory. Research studies on teacher leadership in the classroom are examined for findings relevant to the concept of teacher control as precisely defined. A major distinction is emphasized between the concepts of teacher warmth or emotional responsiveness and teacher control.
Immune responses related to the hamster lung.

The respiratory tract is exposed continuously to immunogenic and infectious agents. The host controls these potentially harmful agents by nonspecific and immune defense mechanisms. It is known that nonspecific mechanisms involve filtration, mucocilliary movement and active phagocytosis and that these nonspecific defenses may be amplified and directed by specific immune responses (1). The lower respiratory tract generally is protected by the defense mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract. This protection, however, is not always complete, and it now appears that the lower respiratory tract (lung) may have unique mechanisms for protection (2).
Thermal Compatibility Studies of Unirradiated Uranium Silicide Dispersed in Aluminum

Powder metallurgy dispersions of uranium silicides in an aluminum matrix have been developed by the international Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors program as a new generation of proliferation-resistant fuels. A major issue of concern is the compatibility of the fuel with the matrix material and the dimensional stability of this fuel type. A total of 45 miniplate-type fuel plates were annealed at 400/sup 0/C for up to 1981 h. A data base for the thermal compatibility of unirradiated uranium silicide dispersed in aluminum was established. No tested modification of a standard fuel plate showed any significant reduction in plate swelling. The cause of thermal growth of silicide fuel plates was determined to be a two-step process: (a) the reaction of the uranium silicide with aluminum to form U(AlSi)/sub 3/ and (b) the release of hydrogen and subsequent creep and pillowing of the fuel plate.
Introduction to Ground, Start and End of Being Theologies

The title of this section suggests for consideration two new types of theistic models which, given their focus on a particular aspect of God’s relationship to being, group naturally with the venerable model of ground of being theology. I call the first ‘start of being theology’, to cover views such as deism that identify God as the efficient cause of the universe, and the second ‘end of being theology’, for views such as those here by John Bishop and John Bacon that identify God as the final cause of the universe or humanity, respectively. Notice that start of being theology is distinct from those ground of being theologies that deny God is the efficient cause of the universe, e.g., as Tillich seems to when he argues against a God who “brings the universe into being at a certain moment” and who more generally is “a cause alongside other causes” (1957, 6).
Revisiting the equable climate problem during the Late Cretaceous greenhouse using paleosol carbonate clumped isotope temperatures from the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin, USA

Abstract Greenhouse climates such as the Late Cretaceous period provide important reference frames for understanding modern anthropogenic climate change. Upper Cretaceous terrestrial climate proxies have been interpreted as evidence for “equable” climates with reduced seasonal variations in temperature. However, climate models have largely failed to reproduce these reconstructions unless parameters such as atmospheric CO2 concentrations are set to unreasonable values. To help resolve such model-proxy disagreements, we reconstruct mean annual range in temperature (MART) for the Campanian (~75 Ma) Kaiparowits (south-central Utah) and Two Medicine (northwest Montana) Formations using warmest mean monthly temperature reconstructions from the clumped isotope composition of paleosol carbonate nodules, and reconstructions of local mean annual air temperatures from other methods. An evaluation of the applicability of bulk elemental soil geochemistry temperature proxies in these deposits supports the use of previous leaf physiognomy-based estimates of mean annual temperature for our MART reconstructions. We test the validity of several common assumptions made in reconstructing MART in two novel ways. First, MART is commonly calculated as twice the difference between local mean annual air temperature and warmest mean monthly temperature, and we validate this method by estimating modern MART for a range of environments using climate reanalysis data. Second, we constrain the effect of radiative soil heating on our soil carbonate temperature estimates by showing that for most environments likely to be preserved in the geologic record, summer soil temperatures are 9 °C) larger than previous proxy reconstructions of Late Cretaceous MART. These results add to a growing body of literature showing that terrestrial MART during ancient greenhouse periods was not significantly different from modern seasonal temperature variations. Finally, the similarity in MART between the Kaiparowits and Two Medicine formations suggests that latitudinal changes in MART did not contribute to the faunal provincialism that has been proposed by some paleontologists.
Compassionate deactivation of ventricular assist devices in children: A survey of pediatric ventricular assist device clinicians' perspectives and practices.

Objectives This study's objective was to investigate compassionate ventricular assist device deactivation (VADdeact) in children from the perspective of the pediatric heart failure provider. Background Pediatric VAD use is a standard therapy for advanced heart failure. Serious adverse events may affect relative benefit of continued support, leading to consideration of VADdeact. Perspectives and practices regarding VADdeact have been studied in adults but not in children. Methods A web-based anonymous survey of clinicians for pediatric VAD patients ( Results A total of 106 respondents met inclusion criteria of caring for pediatric VAD patients. Annual VAD volume per clinician ranged from 9 (20%). Seventy percent of respondents had performed VADdeact of a child. Response varied to VADdeact requests by parent or patient and was influenced by professional degree and region of practice. Except for the scenario of intractable suffering, no consensus on VADdeact appropriateness was reported. Age of child thought capable of making informed requests for VADdeact varied by subspecialty. The majority of respondents (62%) do not feel fully informed of relevant legal issues; 84% reported that professional society supported guidelines for VADdeact in children had utility. Conclusion There is limited consensus regarding indications for VADdeact in children reported by pediatric VAD provider survey respondents. Knowledge gaps related to legal issues are evident; therefore, professional guidelines and educational resources related to pediatric VADdeact are needed.
Acyclicity of Schur complexes and torsion freeness of Schur modules

Abstract Let R be a Noetherian commutative ring and M a R-module with pd R M ≤ 1 that has rank. Necessary and sufficient conditions were provided in [1] for an exterior power ∧ k M to be torsion free. When M is an ideal of R similar necessary and sufficient conditions were provided in [2] for a symmetric power S k M to be torsion free. We extend these results to a broad class of Schur modules L λ / μ M . En route, for any map of finite free R modules ϕ : F → G we also study the general structure of the Schur complexes L λ / μ ϕ , and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the acyclicity of any given L λ / μ ϕ by computing explicitly the radicals of the ideals of maximal minors of all its differentials.
Corneal Clouding in a Young Woman With Low HDL Cholesterol

This report describes the early diagnosis of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase deficiency in a young asymptomatic woman who initially presented to ophthalmology with bilateral corneal clouding. The diagnosis was suggested by characteristic slit-lamp findings, undetectable high-density lipoprotein, and proteinuria, and it was confirmed by cardiology consultation and genetic testing. (Level of Difficulty: Beginner.).
The association between health insurance coverage disruptions and access to care and affordability among cancer survivors in the United States.

121Background: Having health insurance is a strong predictor of access to care and affordability. To date, most studies evaluating the effects of insurance coverage measured it only at a single tim...
Discussion of the Hamermesh Paper

Daniel Hamermesh has undertaken an extensive survey of what we know about the impact of income maintenance programs on employment, unemployment and labor force participation. Reflected in this paper is an awesome amount of research, both that of others and his own. And, on balance, he has done an excellent job of synthesizing this literature. He is, certainly, the resident expert in this area among us. If this conference is a supply-side harvest, we may note that Hamermesh has been busy tilling the fields, and gathering the crops.
On Rayleigh expansion for nonlinear long water waves

We consider strongly nonlinear long waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. By modifying the formulation for the high-order spectral (HOS) method for waves in water of finite depth, we present a higher-order nonlinear system for the surface elevation and the velocity potential on the free surface to describe the two-dimensional evolution of large amplitude long waves. It is shown that the resulting system preserves the Hamiltonian structure of the Euler equations and can be transformed to the strongly nonlinear long-wave model for the depth-averaged velocity. Due to truncation of the linear dispersion relation for water waves, both the system for the surface velocity potential and that for the depth-averaged velocity are ill-posed when the order of approximation is odd and even, respectively. To avoid this ill-posedness, fully dispersive models are also proposed. Under the same order approximation, the long-wave model is found more effective for numeral studies of large amplitude long waves than the finite-depth model.
Vaping-induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

There are growing reports of adverse health effects from e-cigarette use or vaping. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported 2409 cases and 52 deaths associated with e-cigarette use as of December 10, 2019. Vaping has been associated with acute eosinophilic pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, lipoid pneumonia, diffuse alveolar damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypersensitivity pneumonia, and giant cell interstitial pneumonitis. Here we present a case of vaping-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.
Pension Reform and Capital Market Development

Private pension funds are neither necessary nor sufficient for capital market development. But if they are subject to conducive regulations, adopt optimizing policies, and operate in a pluralistic structure, they can have a large impact on capital market modernization and development once they reach a critical mass. The link between pension reform and capital market development has become a perennial question, raised every time the potential benefits and preconditions of pension reform are discussed. Vittas asks two questions. First, what are the basic feasibility preconditions for the successful launch of a pension reform program? And second, what are the necessary impact preconditions for the realization of the potential benefits of funded pension plans for capital market development? His main conclusion is that the feasibility preconditions are not as demanding as is sometimes assumed. In contrast, the impact preconditions are more onerous. The most important feasibility precondition is a strong and lasting commitment of the authorities to maintaining macroeconomic and financial stability, fostering a small core of solvent and efficient banks and insurance companies, and creating an effective regulatory and supervisory agency. Opening the domestic banking and insurance markets to foreign participation can easily fulfill the second requirement. The main impact preconditions include the attainment of critical mass; the adoption of conducive regulations, especially on pension fund investments; the pursuit of optimizing policies by the pension funds; and a prevalence of pluralistic structures. Vittas also argues that pension funds are neither necessary nor sufficient for capital market development. Other forces, such as advances in technology, deregulation, privatization, foreign direct investment, and especially regional and global economic integration, may be equally important. But pension funds are critical players in symbiotic finance, the simultaneous and mutually reinforcing presence of many important elements of modern financial systems. They can support the development of factoring, leasing, and venture capital companies, all of which specialize in financing new and expanding small firms. This paper - a product of Finance, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the impact of institutional investing on capital markets. The author may be contacted at dvittas@worldbank.org.
Machine learning for radiation outcome modeling and prediction

Aims This review paper intends to summarize the application of machine learning to radiotherapy outcome modeling based on structured and un-structured radiation oncology datasets. Materials and methods The most appropriate machine learning approaches for structured datasets in terms of accuracy and interpretability are identified. For un-structured datasets, deep learning algorithms are explored and a critical view of the use of these approaches in radiation oncology is also provided. Conclusions We discuss the challenges in radiotherapy outcome prediction, and suggest to improve radiation outcome modeling by developing appropriate machine learning approaches where both accuracy and interpretability are taken into account.