cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation Goals, Objectives, and Questions

The kinds of outcomes considered legitimate in American schools appear to be an ever-changing phenomenon. Every governor’s conference, political campaign, professional meeting, and state educational reform brings new objectives and a redistribution of priorities. Unfortunately, all too often there is no redistribution of revenues. Several seemingly contradictory trends are evident. On the one hand, there appears to be a push on the part of society to force the schools back to a basic skill development orientation. The often heated rhetoric about reading, math, and minimum competencies attest to this public concern. From another standpoint the schools appear to be taking over many of the educational responsibilities that were historically considered the prerogative of parents and other socializing agencies of society. Such areas as sex and health education, human relations (including marriage), and the strands of values, morality, and ethics are now addressed in the schools. Overlaying these trends is the desire to develop and enhance higher order thinking skills and problem-solving abilities.
Abstract 311: Nifedipine Attenuates Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Ang II-infused hph-1 Mice

We have previously shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) perfusion of hph-1 mice results in development of severe abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA, 79% within 2 wks) that is associated sudden death and regulation of blood pressure. This phenotype can be completely attenuated by recoupling of eNOS with oral folic acid (FA) administration, which restores eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) bioavailability via restoration of endothelial H4B salvage enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In view of the unclear relationship between blood pressure and AAA formation, we investigated the potential effects of L-type calcium channel blocker (CCB) Nifedipine (Nif) on AAA formation using the Ang II infused hph-1 model. Six-month old hph-1 mice were infused with Ang II (0.7 mg/kg/day) for 2 wks using Alzet osmotic pumps. The animals were fed Nif chew (20 mg/kg/day) two days prior to Ang II infusion and throughout the study period of 2 wks. Of note, the incidence rate of AAA dropped from 79% to 21% (2 out of 13). The Ang II induced hypertension (telemetry) and expansion of abdominal aorta (ultrasound) in hph-1 mice were abolished by Nif diet. Increased aortic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (DHE) was also attenuated by Nif administration. L-NAME sensitive superoxide production, reflective of eNOS uncoupling activity, was measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). Treatment with Nif restored eNOS function completely, resulting in -2.49± 0.71 fold change in L-NAME sensitive superoxide production. Our previous data demonstrated extensive eNOS uncoupling activity (>10 fold) in Ang II-infused hph-1 mice that is attenuated by restoration of endothelial DHFR function (Hypertension 2012). Nif treatment also markedly improved NO bioavailability (ESR) by 2.42± 0.23 fold. These data demonstrate that an oral treatment of Nif is effective in correcting eNOS dysfunction to attenuate AAA formation. Although it does not differentiate the contributions from attenuation of oxidative stress and blood pressure lowering, it once again suggests that eNOS uncoupling can an important mediator of AAA formation.
How Environments and Persons Combine to Influence Problem Drinking

In this chapter, a brief review of existing empirical research on environmental correlates of problem drinking is presented. The review shows that environmental factors do relate to the prevalence of drinking problems and also to the way drinking problems are expressed. In the major section of the chapter, however, it is shown that our present knowledge of how environmental and personal factors combine to influence problem drinking is quite limited, perhaps because almost all of the existing empirical research has attempted to account for problem drinking by means of individual variables alone, environmental variables alone, or in terms of linear combinations of individual and environmental variables. It is shown that alternative approaches offer more promise for understanding how individual and environmental factors combine to influence problem drinking; these approaches are aimed at accounting for problem drinking in terms of the mutual interdependence between persons and their environments. Within two hypothetical sets of data, a number of conceptual and methodological issues, problems, and features of these kinds of interactional or transactional approaches are then illustrated. It is shown that although such approaches offer a promise of greater understanding, they also present a set of interrelated problems which run the gamut from measurement, statistical analysis, experimental design, and sampling issues to paradigm issues lying close to the realm of the philosophy of science.
The Antiquities Act of 1906 : The Public Response to the Use of Presidential Power in Managing Public Lands

An Abstract of the thesis of Barbara L. Grover for the Master of Science in Geography presented April 21, 1998. Title: The Antiquities Act of 1906: The Public Response to the Use of Presidential Power in Managing Public Lands. President Clinton created Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument on September 17, 1996. The Antiquities Act of 1906 gives the president power to establish national monuments on public lands through presidential proclamation. The Act has been used to create national monuments in places such as Muir Woods, Grand Canyon, Mount Olympus, Jackson Hole, and the 1978 Alaskan d-2 lands. Its use has also produced negative public response, manifested as demonstrations, lawsuits, and congressional bills. In spite of significant legal and legislative challenges, the Antiquities Act and most of the monuments established through its use remain. The negative public response to the Act and the monuments has not been able to dissuade presidents from using executive authority. In each of the controversial cases the scope of the Antiquities Act was expanded in regards to the values being protected, monument size, or land use. The public had little influence in reversing that expansion. The
The Puzzle of Democratic Authorization

Most of the dominant versions of democratic theory conceive of political decisions as authorized by citizens, either directly or indirectly through their representatives, yet theorists rarely attend directly to the meaning of the concept of authorization itself. Theorists frequently debate the character of democratic authorization, yet they rarely ask the prior question of whether the concept of authorization can properly be applied to democratic citizens' conduct in the first place. After submitting the concept to critical scrutiny, the article reaches the surprising conclusion that, contrary to expectations, contemporary democratic practice cannot, strictly speaking, be properly characterized as a practice of citizen authorization at all. Although incorrect, there is an element of truth in the characterization of democratic decision making as a practice of citizen authorization. Understanding what is true and false in this characterization illuminates the distinctive character of modern democratic politics.
The opening and closing mechanism of the spiracle in the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias (918.20)

Benthic sharks ventilate their gills by using a dual pump mechanism. They take water in by sequentially opening their spiracle and mouth, and expel water through their gills by closing their mouth ...
Effect of food patch discovery on the number of American Crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) using a flight lane

In winter, American Crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) move back and forth between night roosts and foraging sites along flight lanes. If communal roosts act as information centres, we would expect more birds to use a particular flight lane after discovery of a new food patch on that route. In this study, I investigated how the number of crows using different flight lanes was affected by the establishment of artificial food patches, as well as how crows responded to multiple days of provisioning and to the location of the food patch relative to the flight lane. After discovery of a food patch, the number of crows using the flight lane closest to it increased, while numbers using adjacent flight lanes remained the same or decreased, particularly when the patch was in the path of the flight lane and when food provisioning occurred for 2 consecutive days. These results support the idea that crows using winter roosts may make use of information on food availability obtained at the roost.
Next generation data mining tools: power laws and self-similarity for graphs, streams and traditional data

What patterns can we find in a bursty web traffic? On the web or internet graph itself? How about the distributions of galaxies in the sky, or the distribution of a company's customers in geographical space? How long should we expect a nearest-neighbor search to take, when there are 100 attributes per patient or customer record? The traditional assumptions (uniformity, independence, Poisson arrivals, Gaussian distributions), often fail miserably. Should we give up trying to find patterns in such settings? Self-similarity, fractals and power laws are extremely successful in describing real datasets (coast-lines, rivers basins, stock-prices, brain-surfaces, communication-line noise, to name a few). We show some old and new successes, involving modeling of graph topologies (internet, web and social networks); modeling galaxy and video data; dimensionality reduction; and more.
Bond-Valence Analysis of the Structure of (Ba0.875Sr0.125)RuO3

Abstract The structure of T RuO 3 ( T =Ba 0.875 Sr 0.125 ) has been analyzed using the bond valence procedures developed by Brown [e.g., Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 48, 553 (1992)] and O'Keeffe [ Structure and Bonding 71, 161 (1989)]. The experimental results, which show “overbonded” and “underbonded” T and Ru cations, respectively, are explained by the fact that the theoretical T –O and Ru–O distances that completely satisfy the valence requirements of the atoms are incommensurate under the constraints imposed by the site symmetries of the special positions occupied by the atoms. Starting from a model derived from sphere packing geometry and the theoretical bond lengths, it is possible to evaluate the lattice parameters and the atomic shifts that minimize the strains introduced into the structure by the incommensurability of the theoretical Ru–O and T –O distances, and to arrive at a model quite close to the experimental results without making use of any prior knowledge of the structure. According to this analysis, therefore, the observed structure is interpreted as resulting from a compromise between the different bond distance requirements of the Ru and T cations.
Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Vindesine Sulfate, A New Vinca Alkaloid

Vindesine is a new vinca alkaloid antineoplastic agent derived from vinblastine. However, its antineoplastic spectrum more closely resembles that of vincristine. Clinical studies indicate activity against acute leukemia, lung cancer, carcinoma of the breast, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and head and neck, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that vindesine exhibits a triphasic elimination pattern with a terminal half-life of 24.2 hours. Elimination is primarily through hepatic metabolism. The major side effects associated with vindesine therapy are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Other side effects include alopecia, nausea and vomiting and local tissue irritation associated with extravasation. Vindesine will be a positive addition to the antineoplastic armamentarium. The full extent of its activity remains to be established.
Numerical Study of Internal Flow Structures Within Hydrocyclones With Parabolic and Hyperbolic Swirl Chambers

In this work we examine the internal flow structures within hydrocyclones used for liquid-liquid separation, especially those used for the removal of oil droplets from water. The internal flow structures and patterns are greatly influenced by the geometric shape of the swirl chamber. The effects of parabolic and hyperbolic wall profiles of the swirl chamber on the reverse flow vortex core, short circuit flows, and the separation efficiency are investigated numerically by solving the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes equations closed by an equation of change for the Reynolds stress. Droplets (forming the dispersed phase) trajectories are predicted by solving a kinematic equation of motion and force balance. Internal flow structures for different geometric conditions have partially motivated the redesign of the hydrocyclone geometry so as to support a longer and stable reverse flow vortex core and for greater separation efficiency. Results indicate that both the parabolic and hyperbolic swirl chambers provide improved separation efficiency. However, the hyperbolic swirl chamber has a greater potential for the reduction of effective length of the hydrocyclone with maintaining the same separation efficiency.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Designing Effective Graphs

Abstract Actuaries, like other business professionals, communicate quantitative ideas graphically. Because the process of reading, or decoding, graphs is more complex than reading text, graphs are vulnerable to abuse. To underscore this vulnerability, we give several examples of commonly encountered graphs that mislead and hide information. To help creators design more effective graphs and to help viewers recognize misleading graphs, this article summarizes guidelines for designing graphs that show important numerical information. When designing graphs, creators should: (1) Avoid chartjunk (2) Use small multiples to promote comparisons and assess change (3) Use complex graphs to portray complex patterns (4) Relate graph size to information content (5) Use graphical forms that promote comparisons (6) Integrate graphs and text (7) Demonstrate an important message (8) Know the audience. Some of these guidelines for designing effective graphs, such as (6), (7) and (8), are drawn directly from principles for e...
Spectral reconstruction methods in fast NMR: Reduced dimensionality, random sampling and maximum entropy

The need to reduce data acquisition times of multidimensional NMR experiments has fostered considerable interest in novel data acquisition schemes. A recurring theme is that of reduced dimensionality experiments, in which time evolutions in the indirect dimensions are incremented together, rather than independently. Spectral analysis of such data is carried out using methods such as filtered back-projection, GFT, or parametric signal modeling. By using Maximum Entropy reconstruction of reduced-dimensionality data, we show that the artifacts that arise in reduced dimensionality experiments are intrinsic to the data sampling, and are not, in general, the result of the methods used to compute spectra. Our results illustrate that reduced dimensionality is a special case of non-uniform sampling in the time domain. We show that MaxEnt reconstruction yields more accurate spectra for reduced dimensionality data than back-projection reconstruction and that randomly choosing time increments based on an exponentially weighted distribution is more efficient, with fewer artifacts, than the systematic coupling of time increments used in most reduced dimensionality approaches.
A multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique-simultaneous proton and sodium imaging

Abstract Simultaneous imaging of proton and sodium is achieved using a new two coil system and a time-multiplexing technique with a 1.5 T NMR imaging system. Distinctly different NMR parameters of protons and sodium, such as resonant frequencies and T1 relaxation rates, are incorporated in the imaging with a new dual coil arrangement. Since the T1 relaxation time of sodium is substantially shorter than that of protons, a set of fast repeating sodium pulse sequences is inserted between the proton pulse repetition intervals. The different resonant frequencies of the nuclei provide good isolation between the two RF coils. In this paper, the system configuration and the pulse sequence employed for the proposed simultaneous multinuclear imaging of protons and sodium are presented along with some preliminary results.
Gender Preference and Stereotypes in Hiring of Licensed Beauty Operators

The Male Mystique The male mystique is a complex quasi-mystical mixture of attitudes and expectations concerning the American male (2 ) . In our society the sex-role appropriate behavior, acquired developmentally, may leave a male with a broad and sometimes exaggcrated definition of "masculinity" and his expected "sex role" ( 4 ) . The extent to which social roles are reflected in American society was studled by Broverman, et al. ( 1 ) : aggressiveness, independence and emotional control are considered "masculine," while non-aggressiveness, dependence, and lack of emotional control are seen as "feminine" attributes. Fasteau ( 3 ) noted that work can be viewed as economic reward, a socially approved area for competition, and/or the only area where life accomplishments can be measured and rewarded. The male liberation movement is having profound effects on traditional work patterns for the movement means breaking down of stereotypic roles so that men may change places with women. or switch jobs, without tisking the entire family income (2, 4 ) . Pilot Stitdy Sex-role stereotypes affect occupational choices ( 5 ) . Cosmetology is interesting since it has been traditionally regarded as a "feminine" occupation despite the inroads of several influential male stylists, e.g., Vidal Sassoon, Antoine of Paris, Mr. Kenneth. The U. S. Department of Labor (6) estimated 495,000 persons working as hairdressers and cosmetologists in 1972; 10% were men. Most beauty salons were small, having fewer than four employees (p. 171). The present pilot study investigated the gender preferences and stereotypes of 48 female owner-operators of beauty salons in the City and County of Honolulu. A specially designed questionnaire covered owner-operators' preferences for hiring, task stereotypes, work traits, and perceived customers' preferences. Responses of the owner-o rators demonstrated a strong preference for hiring female operators: 92% will hire a Emale operator, 65 % a male operator, 42 0/0 a homosexual (male) operator and 17% a transvestite operator. The female operator was stereotyped as better qualified on 19 salon tasks, e.g., shampooing, manicuring, make-up, etc. The female operator received first-choice preference on 11 of 13 work traits The male operator was rated higher on two items: more prestigious for the salon and can demand more monies for services rendered. Finally, a majority of owner-operators (5196) indicated that female customers prefer a female operator to the other options. Conclusion As men move into female-dominated fields, such as cosmetology. changes should occur in traditional stereotypic roles and perceptions. To influence the job market, longrange educational programs might help open the field equally to men and women. In view of the clear resistance to males working in this area, suggested by the above data, prevocational counseling seems needed to anticipate potential adjustment problems.
Beating heart versus conventional single-vessel reoperative coronary artery bypass.

Abstract Background . Reoperative (redo) coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump) is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality than first-time CABG. It is unknown, however, whether CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (off-pump) may yield an improved clinical outcome over conventional on-pump redo CABG. Methods . We compared the perioperative outcomes of patients with single-vessel disease who underwent on-pump (n = 41) versus off-pump (n = 91) redo CABG between April 1992 and July 1999. The two groups were similar with respect to baseline characteristics and risk stratification: mean Parsonnet scores were 26 ± 9 for on-pump versus 24 ± 8 for off-pump patients ( p = nonsignificant). Results . On-pump redo patients had a higher rate of postoperative transfusions (58% on-pump versus 27% off-pump, p = 0.001), prolonged ventilatory support (17% on-pump versus 4% off-pump, p = 0.03), and a higher rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation (29% on-pump versus 14% off-pump, p = 0.04). On-pump redo CABG was also associated with prolonged postoperative length of stay (8 ± 4 days on-pump versus 5 ± 2 days off-pump, p p = 0.03). Conclusions . Single-vessel off-pump redo CABG can be performed safely with a lower operative morbidity and mortality than on-pump CABG and an abbreviated hospital stay compared with conventional on-pump redo CABG.
Status of Early 19th-Century Names Authored in Parallel by Wied and Schinz for South American Reptiles and Amphibians, with Designations of Three Nomina Protecta

ABSTRACT Prince Maximilian zu Wied's great exploration of coastal Brazil in 1815–1817 resulted in important collections of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals, many of which were new species later described by Wied himself. The bulk of his collection was purchased for the American Museum of Natural History in 1869, although many “type specimens” had disappeared earlier. Wied carefully identified his localities but did not designate type specimens or type localities, which are taxonomic concepts that were not yet established. Information and manuscript names on a fraction (17 species) of his Brazilian reptiles and amphibians were transmitted by Wied to Prof. Heinrich Rudolf Schinz at the University of Zurich. Schinz included these species (credited to their discoverer “Princ. Max.”) in the second volume of Das Thierreich … (1822). Most are junior objective synonyms of names published by Wied.
Unique 2D metalloporphyrin networks constructed from iron(II) and meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin

A one-pot solvothermal reaction of iron(II) with meso-tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP) leads to two novel layered structures with an unprecedented two-dimensional paddle-wheel-like pattern; the two structures have the same composition Fe(TPyP) but a different packing sequence, namely ⋯ABAB⋯ and ⋯ABCDABCD⋯.
Evaluating ecosystem services provided by non-native species: an experimental test in California grasslands.

The concept of ecosystem services – the benefits that nature provides to human's society – has gained increasing attention over the past decade. Increasing global abiotic and biotic change, including species invasions, is threatening the secure delivery of these ecosystem services. Efficient evaluation methods of ecosystem services are urgently needed to improve our ability to determine management strategies and restoration goals in face of these new emerging ecosystems. Considering a range of multiple ecosystem functions may be a useful way to determine such strategies. We tested this framework experimentally in California grasslands, where large shifts in species composition have occurred since the late 1700's. We compared a suite of ecosystem functions within one historic native and two non-native species assemblages under different grazing intensities to address how different species assemblages vary in provisioning, regulatory and supporting ecosystem services. Forage production was reduced in one non-native assemblage (medusahead). Cultural ecosystem services, such as native species diversity, were inherently lower in both non-native assemblages, whereas most other services were maintained across grazing intensities. All systems provided similar ecosystem services under the highest grazing intensity treatment, which simulated unsustainable grazing intensity. We suggest that applying a more comprehensive ecosystem framework that considers multiple ecosystem services to evaluate new emerging ecosystems is a valuable tool to determine management goals and how to intervene in a changing ecosystem.
Slave or Free? White or Black? The Representation of George Latimer

Abstract When George Latimer fled Southern slavery in 1842, white abolitionists embraced the light-skinned fugitive as essentially white; yet when he died, though he had lived and worked in freedom for half a century, he was memorialized as a black slave. Such differing descriptions expose a radical transformation in the representation of black Americans across the nineteenth century.
A Review of Community Psychology: Linking Individuals and Communities (3rd ed.)

THIS IS THE THIRD EDITION OF the text originally written by James Dalton (PhD University of Connecticut, professor of psychology at Bloomsburg University in Pennsylvania), Maurice Elias (PhD Univer...
Transmission electron microscope study of the bainite transformation in iron-chromium-carbon alloys

Abstract Thin foil electron microscope studies of lower bainite formed in two iron-chromium-carbon alloys have been carried out. One of these alloys (Fe-7.9% Cr-1.11% C) has been used previously for the X-ray measurements of the habit plane and the specific variant of the austenite-ferrite orientation relationship. These results have been confirmed in the present thin foil studies. Selected area diffraction and trace analysis studies of carbides in this bainite indicate that there are two types of carbides. One of these carbides precipitates on striations parallel to the major growth direction of the plate. The other carbide appears in the form of short transverse rods between these striations at an angle of 60–70° to the longitudinal direction in a manner characteristic of bainitic carbide in low alloy steels. While the structure of the carbides on the striations has not been uniquely determined, the short rods appearing between the striations were found to exhibit the usual orthorhombic structure of cementite. Trace analysis of the cementite rods shows that they appear to precipitate on a definite (112) ferrite plane. Electron diffraction patterns showing spots from austenite, ferrite, and cementite show that these structures are uniquely related. The ferrite-cementite relationship in this bainite is the standard one exhibited by tempered martensite and lower bainite in other alloys. No evidence of internal twinning was observed in this bainite. The above results have been analysed in terms of a shear model of step-wise lateral growth of the bainite plate. Comparative thin foil studies of lower bainite in a lower chromium alloy (Fe-3.3 Cr-0.66 C) were also made, which show that the mode of carbide formation is different in the two alloys.
Balloon Dilation of the Ureter: A Contemporary Review of Outcomes and Complications.

Purpose: During ureteroscopy ureteral balloon dilation may be necessary to allow for passage of endoscopic instruments or access sheaths. We assessed the efficacy and complications associated with ureteral balloon dilation.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records at 2 institutions from 2000 to 2012 to identify patients who underwent ureteral balloon dilation during ureteroscopic treatment of upper tract stones. An 18Fr balloon dilator was used in all cases. Patients with documented ureteral stricture, radiation therapy or urothelial cancer were excluded from analysis. Primary outcomes were the stone-free rate, operative complications, balloon dilation failure and the postoperative ureteral stricture rate. Complications were divided into intraoperative and postoperative groups according to the Satava and Clavien-Dindo classifications, respectively.Results: A total of 151 patients fulfilled study criteria. Median followup was 12 months. The stone-free rate was 72% and median time to fi...
The Fn method for the one-angle radiative transfer equation applied to plant canopies☆

The paper presents a semianalytical solution method, called the F(N) method, for the one-angle radiative transfer equation in slab geometry. The F(N) method is based on two integral equations specifying the intensities exiting the boundaries of the vegetation canopy; the solution is obtained through an expansion in a set of basis functions with expansion coefficients to be determined. The advantage of this method is that it avoids spatial truncation error entirely because it requires discretization only in the angular variable.
Lectin immunoassays using antibody fragments to detect glycoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by choriocarcinoma cells.

Abstract Immobilized antibodies are commonly used to recognize and bind proteins of interest from heterogeneous samples; however, subsequent probing of the glycan(s) of captured glycoproteins with lectins is limited by interference due to the competing oligosaccharides inherently present on antibodies. To prepare capture antibodies with significantly reduced binding of any lectin, the glycosylated protein domains (Fc) of two anti-human chorionic gonadotropin antibodies were proteolytically removed. Depending on the individual antibody, usable fragments were generated either directly or effectively separated after cleavage through partial reduction and thiol coupling to an appropriate matrix. Importantly, neither method required additional purification of the antibody fragments before immobilization. Binding of a variety of lectins to the functional fragments was reduced by approximately 90% compared with intact immunoglobulin G in both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a biosensor format. These carbohydrate-free antibody fragments were used to bind the glycoprotein hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, produced during normal pregnancy and that secreted by three human choriocarcinoma cell lines. Lectins bound to the unpurified gonadotropin glycoforms in distinct patterns consistent with glycan structures previously elucidated by others on hormone samples purified from the urine of pregnant women and of patients with choriocarcinoma. The methods described in this article are applicable for generating capture reagents universally suitable for lectin immunoassays of glycoproteins.
Electronic simulation of ganglion cells of generalized vertebrate cone retina.

Electronic simulation of generalized vertebrate cone retina consists of 43x41 grid of red-, green-, and blue-sensitive cones. Each retinal element is simulated by a linear summator in series with a leaky integrator and spatial-temporal properties are developed by spatial organization of cone mosaic into unit hexagons and interplay of antagonistic inputs of differing time courses. Model has full compliments of horizontal and bipolar cells including color- and noncolor coding as well as single- and double-opponent receptive fields for bipolar cells. Electronic simulation also has negative feedback from L-horizontal cells to cones. Ganglion cells are formed by convergence of 7 bipolar cells, either all same and thus homogeneous, or else with a central-DPBC (or HPBC) and 6 surround-HPBCs (or DPBCs) and thus non-homogeneous. Responses of color- and non-color-coded ganglion cells as well as single- and double-opponents are investigated with stationary and moving light spots using white and colored lights. While responses to stationary light spots are predictable from digital models, responses to moving spots are complicated by differing time lags of components involved in total response. Therefore, responses to moving stimuli are more readily simulated by analogue models.
Effect of uracil, thiouracil, & guanine on cold resistance & nitrogen metabolism of alfalfa.

Persistence of plants under conditions of low temperature is related to their inherent ability to make metabolic adjustments conducive to the maintenance of their living processes, a phenomenon referred to as cold resistance. For ages efforts have been directed toward illucidation of the mechanism(s) which enables certain plants to live during periods of sub-freezing temperatures. Investigations (2, 3, 5, 8, 10-12) have revealed close associations between cold resistance and specific nitrogenous constituents of alfalfa. Inasmuch as certain mineral constituents (4, 6) and carbohydrate fractions (1, 3, 5, 9) have been shown to be closely associated with cold resistance in alfalfa, it has been difficult to evaluate the role and importance of the nitrogenous constituents during cold resistance development. Kessler (7) reported that the free amino acids and the protein nitrogen content of olive trees and grape vines sprayed with uracil increased whereas a concomitant decrease was noted with the use of thiouracil. That similar changes might be induced in alfalfa with these metabolites was very suggestive. It also seemed reasonable to believe that this might be a means of studying in detail the relationship between nitrogenous constituents and cold resistance development. Experimental work began in 1957 on a preliminary basis. Early fall spray applications of several chemicals were made on a 4 year old stand of Vernal alfalfa. Stand counts the following spring indicated that guanine (0.3 lb/acre) significantly (5 % level) reduced the percentage of winter killing. With uracil, the reduction in winter killing was not quite significant at the 5 % level. No chemical analyses were made on the plant tissue. This report describes the results of the study designed to investigate the influence of uracil, guanine, and thiouracil on the cold resistance and nitrogen metabolism of alfalfa. Specific objectives were to determine A, whether cold resistance development and nitrogen metabolism would be affected by these chemicals, and B, if any association existed between certain nitrogen fractions and cold resistance development. Materials & Methods
PADF electromagnetic source localization using extremum seeking control

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a significant technology attracting considerable research interest. Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power and multi-functional sensors that are small in size and communicate over short distances. Most WSN applications require knowing or measuring locations of thousands of sensors accurately. For example, sensing data without knowing the sensor location is often meaningless. Locations of sensor nodes are fundamental to providing location stamps, locating and tracking objects, forming clusters, and facilitating routing. This research focused on the modeling and implementation of distributed, mobile radar sensor networks. In particular, we worked on the problem of Position-Adaptive Direction Finding (PADF), to determine the location of a non- collaborative transmitter, possibly hidden within a structure, by using a team of cooperative intelligent sensor networks. Position-Adaptive radar concepts have been formulated and investigated at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) within the past few years. In this paper, we present the simulation performance analysis on the application aspect. We apply Extremum Seeking Control (ESC) schemes by using the swarm seeking problem, where the goal is to design a control law for each individual sensor that can minimize the error metric by adapting the sensor positions in real-time, thereby minimizing the unknown estimation error. As a result we achieved source seeking and collision avoidance of the entire group of the sensor positions.
QAL: A Language for Nuclear Physics Data Acquisition

QAL is a data-acquisition language designed to facilitate the experimental interface to the LAMPF-designed Q data-acquisition system. The language constructs available will be reviewed. The language is designed around the CAMAC standard and provides experimenters a language interface to the hardware which is easy to understand. Software written in the QAL language is modular and simple to modify.
German speech education

Following is a report of German Speech Education based on two visits to Europe, one from January to June 1939 and one from August 1954 to September 1955. It is the hope that these observations may add to what others have found and help to encourage an exchange of philosophies and methods.
An analytical preaveraging approximation for the evaluation of matrix elements

Abstract A method is developed for the rapid numerical evaluation of matrix elements which may be averaged in order to approximately account for explicit uncertainties in the integrand caused by, for example, uncertainties in the interaction potential. The exact matrix element average is approximated by an analytically preaveraged integrand which selectively filters out high-frequency, long-range components of the original integrand. Results of this approximation are compared with the original matrix elements and their exact averages over these uncertainties. The analytical preaveraging approximation (APA) is applied first to a simple, analytically soluble integral and is then extended to treat inelastic matrix elements which utilize more complicated (and realistic) uniformized JWKB wavefunctions. APA matrix elements are computed for vibrationally inelastic transitions in Ar-N2 scattering and are compared with exactly averaged results.
Family Names from Forebears' Occupations

What's in a name? The relationship between family names and occupations may be used to advantage by the clever classroom teacher. Here are some suggestions which show the fascinating possibilities of this game.
Review: Nitric Oxide, Sepsis, and Arginine Metabolism:

Nitric oxide is one of the most versatile molecules produced by mammalian cells. Its role in sepsis and inflammation has been the subject of intense investigation since its discovery as a cell product in 1987. The role of arginine in sepsis and trauma has also received considerable attention, but most of the earlier studies on arginine preceded the studies on nitric oxide and the discovery that arginine serves as the nitrogen donor for nitric oxide synthesis. This review will explore the role that nitric oxide plays in sepsis and the effects of arginine metabolism on nitric oxide synthesis. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 19:234-238, 1995)
The branched respiratory system of photosynthetically grown Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.

Abstract Various respiratory electron transport activities of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were studied in membrane fragments prepared from photosynthetically grown cells of a parental strain and two terminal oxidase-defective mutant strains. The NADH and succinate oxidase activities of the mutant having a functional N,N,N 1 ,N 1 - tetramethyl -p- phenylenediamine oxidase, M6, were considerably more sensitive to inhibition by either antimycin A or cyanide than the corresponding activities of the mutant lacking a functional N,N,N, 1 N 1 - tetramethyl -p- phenylenediamine oxidase, M7. The parental strain, Z-1, but not the mutants, showed biphasic inhibitory responses of NADH and succinate oxidase activities with either antimycin A or cyanide. In certain reactions no differences in inhibitor susceptibility were found among the strains tested, implying that the pathways involved were unaffected in the mutants. In this category were the actions of rotenone on NADH oxidase, antimycin A on cytochrome c reductase and, in M6 and Z-1, cyanide on N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyl -p- phenylenediamine oxidase. These results suggest that the respiratory chain of the parental strain branches at the ubiquinone-cytochrome b region into two pathways, each branch goes to a distinct terminal oxidase, and either may be blocked independently by genetic mutation.
The yttrium-rich side of the yttrium-niobium-titanium system

Abstract The ternary Nb-Ti-Y system was examined at the yttrium-rich corner and the position of the eutectic trough was determined. The compositions of the two binary eutectics Nb-Y and Ti-Y were shown to be slightly lower in solute content than previous literature data have indicated. It was demonstrated that aligned Nb-Ti filaments can be grown in an yttrium matrix by directional freezing of ternary Nb-Ti-Y alloys.
States and Beliefs

I hasten to add that Schiffer is describing a position that he goes on to criticize. I have no doubt, however, that his characterization is fair, that is, that there are many who find the view that the quotation introduces to be reasonable indeed. My own view is different: I believe that the view in the quotation harbours deep and serious confusion. My aim in this paper is to show why. In order to do that, I shall have to spend some time getting clear about the chief villain, namely, states. This is what part I is about. In parts II and III, I shall apply what we will have learned to the particular case of belief-states.
Melting of polyoxymethylene

The melting of polyoxymethylene has been analyzed by differential thermal analysis at varying heating rates. Extended chain crystals (F) and folded chain single crystals (SC), hedrites (H), dentrites (D), and spherulites (S) were made and characterized by interference microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and density and refractive index measurement. Each morphology showed a different time dependent melting behavior. F superheat before melting. SC, H, and D reorganize or recrystallize on heating. S may show cold crystallization of ill crystallized portions on heating. Crystallinities decrease in order F, SC, H. D, S, while zero entropy production melting points decrease in order F, S, SC, H. D. The equilibrium melting point of extended chain crystals is 182.5 °C. The free energy of fold surfaces is estimated to be 49 ergs/cm2. A scheme of characterizing polymer samples by the change in melting temperature with heating rate is developed. A comparison with earlier measurements on polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene is attempted. Literature data are discussed.
Charge form factors of 3He and 3H in hybrid quark hadron model

Abstract The charge form factors of 3 He and 3 H are calculated for 0 ≲ q 2 ≲ 1 (GeV/ c ) 2 in the hybrid quark hadron (HQH) model. The main parameter is the separation parameter, r 0 , between the internal quark cluster region and the external hadronic region, where solutions to the Faddeev equations are used. We find r 0 = 1.0 fm for 3 He. With no adjustment of parameters the 3 H charge form factor is fit quite well, testing the isospin nature of the long-range impulse and pion pair processes. The multiquark cluster contributions play a major role, with the probability for a nucleon to be in a six-quark cluster being about 14%. The six-quark cluster has a radius of 1.2 fm.
Evaluation of LEACH Protocol Subject to Different Traffic Models

Different traffic models are introduced to LEACH protocol for wireless sensor network. Network performance of LEACH with these traffic models is analyzed. Our results provide design guidelines for LEACH implementation under a realistic traffic model in which each node has a range of transmission probabilities and for a range of network sizes. Furthermore, by incorporating realistic energy model from Crossbow MICA2 motes, our simulation results also show that LEACH has promising performance when implemented with Crossbow MICA2 motes.
Microchamber integration unifies distinct separation modes for two-dimensional electrophoresis.

By combining isoelectric focusing (IEF) with subsequent gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) affords more specific characterization of proteins than each constituent unit separation. In a new approach to integrating the two assay dimensions in a microscope slide-sized glass device, we introduce microfluidic 2DE using photopatterned polyacrylamide (PA) gel elements housed in a millimeter-scale, 20-μm-deep chamber. The microchamber minimizes information loss inherent to channel network architectures commonly used for microfluidic 2DE. To define the IEF axis along a “lane” at the top of the chamber, we used free solution carrier ampholytes and immobilized acrylamido buffers in the PA gels. This approach yielded high-resolution (0.1 pH unit) and rapid (<20 min) IEF. Next, protein transfer to the second dimension was accomplished by chemical mobilization perpendicular to the IEF axis. Mobilization drove focused proteins off the IEF lane and into a region for protein gel electrophoresis. U...
Estimating the size of the calling population in finite-source election queues by bilinear programming techniques

Finite source multi-server queuing systems represent a particular type of an exact model of voting places (precincts) servicing voters on the election day. The size of the calling population from which the arrivals (voters) come to vote in a precinct at each time segment of the election day is among key parameters of such systems. The problem of finding this parameter is formulated as the problem of maximizing the maximum function of a finite number of bilinear functions on polyhedra, and it can be solved with the use of bilinear programming techniques.
Dual actuator logging disk architecture and modeling

In this paper, we present a dual actuator logging disk architecture to minimize write access latencies. We reduce small synchronous write latency using the notion of logging writes, i.e. writing to free sectors near the current disk head location. However, we show through analytic models and simulations that logging writes by itself is not sufficient to reduce write access latencies, particularly in environments with writes to new data and intermixed reads and writes. Therefore, we augment the logging write method with the addition of a second disk actuator. Our models and simulations show that the addition of the second actuator offers significant performance benefits over a normal disk over a wide range of disk access patterns, and comparisons to strictly logging disk architectures show advantages over a range of disk access patterns.
Precise Estimation of the Numbers of Chronic Carriers of Salmonella typhi in Santiago, Chile, an Endemic Area

As part of a program to control endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile, an assessment was made of the magnitude of the reservoir of chronic carriers of Salmonella typhi. The availability of an accurate census and reliable data on the prevalence of biliary disease and of S. typhi carriage among persons with cholecystitis allowed an unusually precise estimate of the number of carriers. In 1980 there existed 25,019 female and 4,575 male carries in a population of 4,264,514, yielding a crude prevalence of 694 carriers per 10(5) population. Because of the magnitude of this human reservoir, which includes many females of greater than 40 years of age, it is recommended that a typhoid control program include the identification of carriers followed by health education and therapeutic interventions.
The Brittle Versus the Ductile Nature of Fracture Modes I and II

Failure surface orientations are determined for states of uniaxail tensile stress and shiar stree appropriate to fracture Modes I and II. The method uses a newly developed failure criterion along with the associated flow rule. The failure angles show a sharp demarcation between ductile and brittle material types. Only the brittle materials class show consistency and likely represents a shear localization effect rether than explicit fracture.
Internal frame dragging and a global analog of the Aharonov-Bohm effect

It is shown that the breakdown of a global symmetry group to a discrete subgroup can lead to analogs of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. At sufficiently low momentum transfer, the cross section for scattering of a particle with nontrivial Z2 charge off a global vortex is almost equal to (but definitely different from) maximal Aharonov-Bohm scattering; the effect goes away at large momentum transfer. The scattering of a spin-1/2 particle off a magnetic vortex provides an amusing experimentally realizable example.