cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not All AI are Equal: Exploring the Accessibility of AI-Mediated Communication Technology

Abstract While AI technologies and tools offer various potential benefits to their users, it is not clear whether opportunities to access these benefits are equally accessible to all. We examine this gap between availability and accessibility as it relates to the adoption of AI-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) tools, which enable interpersonal communication where an intelligent agent operates on behalf of a communicator. Upon defining six functional AI-MC types (voice-assisted communication, language correction, predictive text suggestion, transcription, translation, personalized language learning) we conducted an online survey of 519 U.S. participants that combined closed- and open-ended measures. Our quantitative results revealed how AI-MC adoption is related to software, device, and internet access for tools such as voice-assisted communication; demographic factors such as age, education and income in the case of translation and transcription tools; and some components of AI-MC literacy for specific functional tools. Our qualitative analyses provide additional nuance for these findings, and we articulate a number of barriers to access, understanding, and usage of AI-MC tools, which we suggest hinder AI-MC accessibility for user groups traditionally disadvantaged by one-size-fits-all technological tools. We end with a call for broadly addressing accessibility concerns within the digital technology industry.
Data Preparation of the nuMoM2b Dataset

Abstract In 2010, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) started the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b), a prospective cohort study of a racially/ethnically/geographically diverse population of nulliparous women with singleton gestation. The nuMoM2b is a very large dataset, consisting of data for 10,038 patients with over 4,600 features per patient, spread out over 80 files. In this report, we share our experience preparing and working with this dataset. We present our data preprocessing of the nuMoM2b dataset to get a deeper understanding of the data, extract the most relevant features, make the fewest assumptions when filling in unknown values, and reducing the dimensionality of the data. We hope this report is useful to researchers interested in building machine learning and statistical models from the nuMoM2b dataset.
Ultrasound Imaging of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury

Injury of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is common in overhead-throwing athletes leading to significant functional limitations and disability. Treatment of UCL injury requires a prolonged rehabilitation prior to returning to full activity. UCL injury, however, can be diagnostically challenging for even the most experienced orthopaedic surgeon. Traditionally, orthopaedists have utilized static imaging studies such as plain X-ray, stress radiography and magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance arthrography (MRI/MRA), but these are time consuming, costly, and may be accompanied by radiation exposure. Ultrasonography complements conventional imaging by providing a rapid, low-cost, non-invasive, dynamic assessment of medial elbow stability including visualization and evaluation of the anterior band of the UCL. Currently, stress ultrasound can be particularly beneficial when evaluating partial tears of the UCL, athletes that have failed non-operative treatment, or in the setting of recurrent injury. Stress ultrasonography adds to the diagnostic evaluation of UCL injury in the overhead-throwing athlete.
Are All of These Vaccinations Really Needed? Vaccinations and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Patients

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk for vaccine-preventable illnesses. Some of these infections can be devastating, especially in immunocompromised patients. Several reports have demonstrated that patients with IBD have low overall vaccination rates. Furthermore, immune response rates to vaccinations may be impaired, especially when vaccines are administered while patients are on immunosuppressive therapies. Therefore, patients with IBD should be up-to-date with recommended vaccinations. Most vaccinations can be administered regardless of immune suppression status and have not been shown to cause flares of disease activity. There are several commonly recommended vaccinations for adult IBD patients (listed in Table 18.1). IBD patients should consider obtaining these vaccines prior to starting immunosuppressive therapies, although most vaccinations are safe and at least partially effective even when administered to patients on immunosuppression.
Ion-Molecule Reactions by Photoionization Techniques

The vast majority of investigations of ion-molecule reactions have been carried out with ions produced by electron impact. However, within the past several years photoionization techniques have been applied to this area of research. The experimental techniques of photoionization are generally more difficult to apply than those of electron impact, but have certain strong advantages in the ability to provide more precisely characterized preparations of the reactant ions. Not only can reactant ions of one species often be prepared with high purity, but their internal energy may be known as well. In favorable cases, ions can be prepared in rather pure internal-energy states or known distributions of states which can be varied in order to study the effects of the various forms of internal energy on the course of the subsequent reactions of the ions. Furthermore, photons produce no space charge and no pyrolysis and are unaffected by electric or magnetic fields. Thus conditions in the ionization region are better controlled than is the case with electron-impact sources. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the photoionization technique with its advantages and disadvantages, to show how the characteristics of the ion preparation can be controlled, and to describe some experiments in which the advantages of the technique have been exploited to provide information which has not been obtainable by other techniques.
Robust Controller Design for Discrete-Time Systems

A robust controller which guarantees stability under linear or nonlinear time-varying plant model uncertainties is designed for MIMO linear shift invariant discrete-time systems. Conditions for robust stability are derived.
Comparison of RNA Polymerase Associated With Newcastle Disease Virus and a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Persistently Infected L Cells

An in vitro comparison was made of the RNA polymerase activity associated with Newcastle disease virus (NDVo) and three clones of the temperature-sensitive mutant (NDVpi) isolated from persistently infected L cells. Less polymerase activity was associated with the NDVpi clones. Also, compared to NDVo, an increase in incubation temperature from 32 to 37 or 42 C resulted in a marked decrease in polymerase activity for the temperature-sensitive mutants which coincided with their inability to replicate at 42 C.
'We Don’t Want Dollars, Just Change': Narrative Counter-Terrorism Strategy, an Inclusive Model of Social Healing, and the Truth About Torture Commission

In 2007, Professor Eric K. Yamamoto acknowledged that reparations theory and practice had reached a crossroads and called for a new strategic framework that reparations advocates could utilize in working to achieve redress for social and historical wrongs. My Article attempts to answer Yamamoto’s call. In it, I situate my proposal for a truth commission to redress the post-9/11 torture program in a new Inclusive Model for Social Healing. In the past, reparations advocates have relied on litigation – a model that excludes participants other than the named parties – to obtain redress. By increasing the number of stakeholders in a reparations scheme, the Inclusive Model of Social Healing has the potential to attract more widespread support from the public and is more resilient to criticism than exclusive litigation models.
A Survey of Lagrangian Techniques for Discrete Optimization.

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes Lagrangean techniques for discrete optimization problems. A simple method for trying to solve zero–one integer programming (IP) problems is discussed. This method is used as a starting point for discussing many of the developments since then. The behavior of Lagrangean techniques in analyzing and solving zero–one IP problems is typical of their use on other discrete optimization problems. The chapter discusses a number of questions about this method and its relevance for optimizing the original IP problem. The goal of Lagrangean techniques is to try to establish sufficient optimality conditions: Lagrangean techniques are useful in computing zero–one solutions to IP problems with soft constraints or in parametric analysis of an IP problem over a family of right hand sides. Parametric analysis of discrete optimization problems is also discussed. The use of Lagrangean techniques as a distinct approach to discrete optimization has proven theoretically and computationally important for three reasons. First, dual problems derived from more complex discrete optimization problems can be represented as linear programming (LP) problems, but ones of immense size, which cannot be explicitly constructed and then solved by the simplex algorithm. Second, reason for considering the application of Lagrangean techniques to dual problems, in addition to the simplex algorithm, is that the simplex algorithm is exact and the dual problems are relaxation approximations. Lagrangean techniques as a distinct approach to discrete optimization problems emphasize the need they satisfy for exploiting special structures, which arise in various models.
Occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in Standardbred racehorses

Summary Reasons for performing study Cardiac arrhythmias are a recognised but poorly characterised problem in the Standardbred racehorse. Frequency data could aid the development of cardiac arrhythmia screening programmes. Objectives To characterise the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in Standardbreds prior to racing and in the late post race period using a handheld, noncontinuous recording device. Study design Prospective, observational study, convenience sampling. Methods Noncontinuous electrocardiographic recordings were obtained over a 12 week period from Standardbred horses competing at a single racetrack. Electrocardiograms were obtained before racing and between 6 and 29 min after the race using a handheld recording device. Prevalence of arrhythmias was calculated for all horses and overall frequency of arrhythmias was calculated for race starts and poor performers. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for cardiac arrhythmias. Results A total of 8657 electrocardiogram recordings were obtained from 1816 horses. Six horses had atrial fibrillation after racing (prevalence = 0.11%, frequency = 0.14%), one horse had supraventricular tachycardia before racing (prevalence = 0.06%, frequency = 0.02%), and 2 horses had ventricular tachyarrhythmias after racing (prevalence = 0.06%, frequency = 0.05%). The frequency of atrial fibrillation among race starts with poor performance was 1.3–2.0%. Increasing age was a significant risk factor for the presence of atrial premature contractions before racing and atrial fibrillation and ventricular ectopy after racing. Conclusions Both physiological and pathological cardiac arrhythmias can be detected in apparently healthy Standardbred horses in the prerace and late post race period using noncontinuous recording methods. Future studies should examine cumulative training or racing hours as a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia. The prevalence and frequency information may be useful for track veterinarians and regulatory personnel following trends in cardiac arrhythmias.
Hybrid approach for secure mobile agent computations

Mobile agent applications are particularly vulnerable to malicious parties and thus require more stringent security measures– benefiting greatly from schemes where cryptographic protocols are utilized. We review and analyze methods proposed for securing agent operations in the face of passive and active adversaries by means of secure multi-party computations. We examine the strengths and weaknesses of such techniques and pose hybrid schemes which reduce communication overhead and maintain flexibility in the application of particular protocols.
Old men and metatheatre in terence: Terence's dramatic competition

Within the Terentian corpus the senes ('old men') Simo (of the Andria) and Chremes (of the Heauton Timorumenos) enjoy an extraordinary understanding of the conventions of Roman comedy. While slaves in Plautine comedy certainly exhibit similar knowledge of their genre's conventions, as do the young men who are allied with them (one thinks of Charinus' prologue to the Mercator), Plautine senes do not usually share in this awareness. This paper focuses on the Andria's Simo and the Heauton's Chremes because - despite their unusual generic knowledge, which each man reveals in several metatheatrical remarks - they nevertheless misinterpret their slaves. Indeed, we shall see that both men's knowledge of the character type of the clever slave leads to their belief that they can control the slaves and see through their attempts at deception. However, in the end both men actually deceive themselves because their knowledge leads them to see deceptions where there are none - to interpret truth as a fiction contrived by their slaves. Interestingly, Simo and Chremes have something else in common: they both appear in plays whose prologues feature references to an unnamed opponent of Terence - the maleuolus uetus poeta ('spiteful old poet'). This individual is alleged to have charged Terence with (1) mixing the plots of multiple Greek comedies together in the composition of his own plays, and (2) accepting the help of powerful friends in the writing of his comedies. This paper first presents the evidence for the generic knowledge of Simo, Chremes, and their seruus callidus ('clever slave') opponents, Davos and Syrus respectively. I then argue that the presentation of Simo and Chremes as selfdeceiving old men with an inflated sense of their own knowledge parallels Terence's characterisation of the unusual maleuolus uetus poeta as a senex 'blocking figure'. In contrast, then, Terence emerges as the parallel to the quick-thinking and adaptable slaves Davos and Syrus, who seize any opportunity they are given to influence the course of events in their plays, and thus are the only effective poet-figures of the Andria and Heauton respectively. While the association of a slave character with the comic poet is an accepted aspect of Plautine criticism, no one has yet made this case for Terentian comedy. Such an association would have important implications for the study of Roman comedy in general, as I shall argue at the end of this paper. That Terence should make these two men (rather than their slaves) the dramatic centres of each of his comedies is itself a major innovation from the practice of Plautus, but the parallels he starts to establish in his prologues (between the senes and the maleuolus uetus poeta and between the clever slave and himself) add further complexity to his productions.
ECO: an empirical-based compilation and optimization system

In this paper, we describe a compilation system that automates much of the process of performance tuning that is currently done manually by application programmers interested in high performance. Due to the growing complexity of accurate performance prediction, our system incorporates empirical techniques to execute variants of code segments with representative data on the target architecture. In this paper, we discuss how empirical techniques and performance modeling can be effectively combined. We also discuss the role of historical information from prior runs, and programmer specifications supporting run-time adaptation. These techniques can be employed to alleviate some of the performance problems that lead to inefficiencies in key applications today: register pressure, cache conflict misses, and the trade-off between synchronization, parallelism and locality in SMPs.
Prosody and language comprehension

This review provides a summary of the most recent advances on the study of how prosody is used during language comprehension. Prosody is characterized as an abstract structure composed of discrete tonal elements aligned with the segmental composition of the sentence organized in constituents of increasing size, and this structure is influenced by the phonological, syntactic, and informational structures of the sentence. Here, we discuss evidence that listeners are affected by prosody when establishing those linguistic structures. Prosody has been shown to influence the segmentation of the utterance into syllables and words, and, in some cases, whether a syllable or word is judged to be present or not. The literature on how prosody informs the structural relationship between words and phrases is also discussed, contrasting views that assume a direct (albeit probabilistic) link between syntax and prosody with those that posit a complex interface between syntax and prosodic structure. Finally, the role of prosody in conveying important aspects pertaining to the sentence's information structure (i.e., which parts of the sentence's meaning are highlighted and brought forward to the discourse, which ones are presupposed and left in the background, which attitudes are being conveyed about the concepts or propositional content) has long been recognized. Current research focuses on which prosodic elements contribute to marking the dimensions (or semantic primitives) of the information structure.
Dye-based non-volatile holographic data storage media

Holographic data storage materials are presented that are based on a thermoplastic host doped with narrow-band absorption dyes. The dyes are photosensitive and undergo non-reversible photobleaching reactions upon exposure. Samples were produced using different dyes and various concentrations in a polymer host with a focus on sensitivity and capacity of the media. A challenging obstacle for a successful dye-doped system is the inherent remaining photosensitivity of the material after the writing process. This paper will introduce the concept of a highly sensitive yet non-volatile dye-based data storage system. The chromophore is subjected to a post-treatment step at a second wavelength which removes the photosensitivity. The stored data can therefore be secured against degradation during read-out at the writing wavelength.
Constructing a modern cytology laboratory: A toolkit for planning and design.

Introduction: Constructing or renovating a laboratory can be both challenging and rewarding. UAB Cytology (UAB CY) recently undertook a project to relocate from a building constructed in 1928 to new space. UAB CY is part of an academic center that provides service to a large set of patients, support training of one cytotechnology program and one cytopathology fellowship training program and involve actively in research and scholarly activity. Our objectives were to provide a safe, aesthetically pleasing space and gain efficiencies through lean processes. Methods: The phases of any laboratory design project are Planning, Schematic Design (SD), Design Development (DD), Construction Documents (CD) and Construction. Lab personnel are most critical in the Planning phase. During this time stakeholders, relationships, budget, square footage and equipment were identified. Equipment lists, including what would be relocated, purchased new and projected for future growth ensure that utilities were matched to expected need. A chemical inventory was prepared and adequate storage space was planned. Regulatory and safety requirements were discussed. Tours and high level process flow diagrams helped architects and engineers understand the laboratory daily work. Future needs were addressed through a questionnaire which identified potential areas of growth and technological change. Throughout the project, decisions were driven by data from the planning phase. During the SD phase, objective information from the first phase was used by architects and planners to create a general floor plan. This was the basis of a series of meetings to brainstorm and suggest modifications. DD brings more detail to the plans with engineering, casework, equipment specifics, finishes. Design changes should be completed at this phase. The next phase, CD took the project from the lab purview into purely technical mode. Construction documents were used by the contractor for the bidding process and ultimately the Construction phase. Results: The project fitted out a total of 9,000 square feet; 4,000 laboratory and 5,000 office/support. Lab space includes areas for Prep, CT screening, sign out and Imaging. Adjacent space houses faculty offices and conferencing facilities. Transportation time was reduced (waste removal) by a Pneumatic Tube System, specimen drop window to Prep Lab and a pass thru window to the screening area. Open screening and prep areas allow visual management control. Efficiencies were gained by ergonomically placing CT Manual and Imaging microscopes and computers in close proximity, also facilitating a paperless workflow for additional savings. Logistically, closer proximity to Surgical Pathology maximized the natural synergies between the areas. Conclusions: Lab construction should be a systematic process based on sound principles for safety, high quality testing, and finance. Our detailed planning and design process can be a model for others undertaking similar projects
π-Cyclization reactions of thio N-acyliminium ions for heterocyclic synthesis

Thio N-acyliminium ions are readily generated from the reaction of thioamides with bromoacetyl chloride. In the presence of tethered π-nucleophiles, cyclization occurs to give S,N-acetals which can be further converted into various alkaloid skeletons.
Application of the saddle‐point variational method to self‐consistent‐field wave functions

The unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) self-consistent-field (SCF) procedure is shown to be a special case of the saddle-point variational method for atoms and molecules containing inner-shell vacancies.
Variability and relationships of fish visual pigments.

Abstract The present paper presents the results of analysing retinal extracts from four species of fish, each possessing two visual pigments based respectively on vitamins A 2 and A 2 . Two of these species ( Belonesox and Notemigonus ) were taken in batches from their natural habitats (near Miami, Florida) for a period of about fifteen months. The proportions of vitamin A 1 and A 2 pigments in the retinae of the fish in each of these batches was found to vary considerably with the time of year, there being more of the vitamin A 2 -based pigment in the winter and less in the summer. It was found that there was considerable variation of retinal pigment composition between individual fish of the same species collected in the same place and at the same time. This was observed in all four species examined ( Hybopsis, Notemigonus, Mugil curema and Belonesox ), and could lead to differences of up to 15 nm in extract λ max . Two groups of Notemigonus taken from two widely separated locations in Florida consistently differed in the proportions of pigments in their retinae, although both groups exhibited individual and seasonal variation as well. The possible roˆle of variation and the relationships between single pigments (i.e. pigments based on either vitamin A 1 or A 2 which occur singly in species), paired pigments (i.e. pigments based on vitamin A 1 and A 2 mixed in the retina of a species), their absorption properties and habitat are discussed.
Concurrent and Retrospective Verbal Protocols in Usability Testing: Is there Value Added in Collecting Both?

This study compared the relative sensitivities of the concurrent and retrospective verbal protocol methods in an error analysis of human-computer interaction. Twelve subjects performed bibliographic retrieval tasks in “walk-up-and-use” usability test sessions. Each subject provided concurrent “think aloud” verbal reports throughout task performance, and then provided retrospective verbal reports while viewing their video taped performance without sound. Verbal reports that related specifically to errors were encoded as mistakes or slips, in an error classification schema which distinguished errors of intent (mistakes), from unintentional errors (slips). These data were analyzed in a 2×2 (error type x verbal protocol) repeated measures analysis of variance. In a second design, verbal protocols were encoded by statement type and analyzed in a 3×2 (statement type x verbal protocol) repeated measures analysis of variance. This study demonstrated an interaction between concurrent and retrospective methodologie...
Structure-based drug design: progress, results and challenges

Protein structure-based drug design is rapidly gaining momentum. The new opportunities, developments and results in this field are almost unbelievable compared with the situation less than a decade ago.
Ameliorating the negative impacts of tourism: a Caribbean perspective

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework to assist tourism planners to assess and respond to the negative consequences of tourism development.Design/methodology/approach – Proposes a collaborative, community‐based approach for tourism development.Findings – Provides a series of recommendations in the form of key points linked to the practical application of the framework. The paper also provides an example of a code for responsible conduct for destination managers and policy makers.Originality/value – The proposed framework is designed to guide tourism planners and policy‐makers as they develop policies that balance economic and ecological sustainability.
How does analysis cure?: An appreciation

(1986). How does analysis cure?: An appreciation. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 6, Commentaries on Heinz Kohut's How Does Analysis Cure?, pp. 403-428.
Rate-monotonic scheduling for reducing system-wide energy consumption for hard real-time systems

In this paper, we present system-wide dynamic scheduling algorithms to reduce the energy consumption by both the core DVS processor and multiple non-DVS peripheral devices for hard real-time systems scheduled with rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) scheme. In our research, we first present an approach to leverage the use of the critical speed strategy and the traditional DVS strategy based on the job workload to be finished within certain interval. Then dynamic scheduling approaches are proposed in the management of speed determination and device shut-down to reduce the energy at the system level. Compared with existing research, our approach can effectively reduce the overall energy consumption for both CPU and peripheral devices.
Energy dissipation of wind-generated waves and whitecap coverage

[1] The energy dissipation per unit area of the ocean surface attributed to fetch- or duration-limited wind-generated waves can be expressed in terms of wind speed, significant wave height and peak wave frequency. Such a parameterization equation can be exploited for obtaining a first order estimation of the rate of energy input through the air-sea interface in the world's oceans using satellite output of wind speed, wave height and wave period. For general wind wave events in the ocean with event duration longer than one hour, the energy dissipation (in W/m 2 ) is equal to the product of the density of air, wind speed cubed and a proportionality coefficient between 0.00037 and 0.00057. Using the equation to calculate the wave energy dissipation, the whitecap coverage is proportional linearly to the energy dissipation. The threshold energy dissipation for whitecap inception is between 0.013 and 0.038 W/m 2 , which corresponds to a threshold wind speed of between 2.5 and 3.6 m/s. The proportionality coefficient is relatively constant for a wide range of wave growth conditions in comparison to the data scatter in the whitecap measurements. This may explain why it is so difficult to establish an unequivocal dependence on the explicit surface wave parameters in the whitecap data. The weak explicit wave signal can be detected after the cubic wind speed dependence is removed.
Theoretical design of planar molecules with a nona- and decacoordinate central atom

The maximum coordination number of the central atom in planar molecules generated by now in mole-cular beams was 8. We made use of the chemical bond model developed for planar boron clusters to check the possibility of existence of planar molecules with the coordination numbers 9 and 10. The objects of or study were the AlB9 and AlB 10 + clusters which have local minima corresponding to highly symmetrical D 9h and D 10h structures, respectively. According to our calculations, the highly symmetrical structure of AlB9 is a global minimum or a low-lying isomer, and, therefore, it holds promise as a new ligand for coordination chemistry. The energy of the highly symmetrical structure of AlB 10 + with the coordination number 10 is too high, and this structure is hardly synthetically feasible. Thus, 9 is presently the maximum coordination number of an atom in a planar molecule.
The fine structure of phosphotungstic acid stained neuropathologic tissue.

The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid technique of Bloom and Aghajanian has been applied to formalin-fixed neuropathological specimens. The staining reactions of various normal organelles were studied as well as a number of pathological alterations including Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles, eosinophilic rod-like structures, corpora amylacea, lamellar bodies and honeycomb-like structures in the axoplasm.
Training new nurse scientists: grants and opportunities available through the NINR.

A s scientists and healthcare leaders, we must look beyond today’s horizons to future scientific endeavors that will advance our understanding of health, as well as explore ways to better and more quickly integrate research findings into evidence-based clinical practice. For nursing science to pursue this future, we need to continually attract and cultivate new scientists who bring new ideas, perspectives, questions, and approaches. Attracting and retaining these scientists requires the availability of consistent, strong, and innovative training programs. A core mission of the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR), one of the 27 institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is the support of research training and career development. The NINR devotes more than 7% of its annual budget to training, a vital investment in the growth of nursing science, and training continues to be one of our highest priorities. The NINR currently offers a wide range of comprehensive and rigorous training opportunities.
Intein-mediated purification of a recombinantly expressed peptide

A 26 amino acid peptide has successfully been purified via recombinant expression as an intein fusion protein accompanied by cleavage without the need for any exogenous proteases or cofactors, thus offering a practical, inexpensive approach to produce isotopically labelled peptides.
Effect of Family Structure on the Dental Caries Experience of Children

It was the purpose of this study to investigate several variables in family structure which might influence the caries experience in 3-12-year-old children for Central Oklahoma. These variables, which included parental age at marriage and at birth of the child for both mother and father, birth rank, family size, and age span differences between the siblings, were investigated in an attempt to identify those children at greatest risk to dental caries formation. It was suggested that differences in the caries experience for children from various family structures might be the result of the families' socioeconomic status and its influence upon the child's dietary habits. Because dental caries is a multifactorial disease complex governed by so many factors, single correlations between variables in family structure and a child's caries prevalence are not necessarily sufficient by themselves to form a basis for selection of high risk children. It should not be overlooked that subtle differences in family structure, however, may have significant consequences for a particular individual.
Silver and Entrepreneurshlp In Seventeenth-Century Potosi: The Life and Times of Antonio López de Qulroga

Silver and Entrepreneurshlp In Seventeenth-Century Potosi: The Life and Times of Antonio Lopez de Qulroga. Peter Bakewell. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. xviii+250 pp., figures, plates, notes, manuscript sources, bibliography, Index. $35.00 (cloth), $15.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8263-1097-4, ISBN 0-8263-1098-2.
Gastrointestinal mucosal injury in experimental models of shock, trauma, and sepsis.

Background and MethodsThe mucosa of the GI tract serves as an important barrier limiting the systemic absorption of luminal microbes and microbial products. Two methods commonly used to assess the integrity of the GI mucosal barrier are assessment of the extent of microbial translocation and measure
Development of mIBG as a cardiac innervation imaging agent.

The development of radioiodinated meta -iodobenzylguanidine ( m IBG) as a cardiac sympathetic innervation imaging agent is probably best thought of as a serendipitous outcome of another successfully realized scientific goal: the invention of a clinically useful marker of the adrenal medulla and
Using Advanced Computer Technologies to Increase Extension Effectiveness

Abstract Recent advances in microcomputer-based products provide Extension with the opportunity to revise and to update historic delivery systems. Decision support systems furnish Extension professionals, consultants, allied industries, and producers with a new resource to solve problems. Use of relational databases on the farm, updated from external databases, provides users with a new option for problem solving. Hypertext and authoring languages create new ways to manage more effectively the information available through the database. Decision support systems, using an on-farm database, can be developed to address and to evaluate more specific management problems. Use of tools that can directly access and manipulate producers’ external and internal data increases the effectiveness of the Extension professional.
Earthquake response analysis of multistorey buildings including foundation interaction

An efficient method, based on the Ritz concept, for dynamic analysis of response of multistorey buildings including foundation interaction to earthquake ground motion is presented. The system considered is a shear building on a rigid circular disc footing attached to the surface of a linearly elastic halfspace. In this method, the structural displacements are transformed to normal modes of vibration of the building on a rigid foundation. The analysis procedure is developed and numerical results are presented to demonstrate that excellent results can be obtained by considering only the first few modes of vibration. As the number of unknowns are reduced by transforming to generalized co-ordinates, the method presented is much more efficient than direct methods.
Hyperthermia of mouse lungs: technique and control of critical parameters.

A microwave heating technique which combines essential life support, monitoring and heating systems has been developed, and is in use for the investigation of pathophysiological responses of the murine lung to hyperthermia alone and in combination with other therapeutic modalities. The technique enables heating of most of the lung volume to within 1 to 1 · 5°C of the target temperature. To ensure reproducibility and develop a programmed heating regimen, we have controlled microwave power, coupling of microwave power into the animal and surface temperature as well as respiration frequency, volume and temperature of inspired air and central core temperature. Cardiac function is also monitored via EKG and heart rate. With these controls, and a thermal probe in contact with the lung, we can achieve a given target temperature at a specified microwave power level and maintain that temperature within ±0-5°C for the desired heating time without surface burns and little or no procedure-related acute lethality.
Construction of a Novel Virus That Targets HIV-1-Infected Cells and Controls HIV-1 Infection

We describe a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus lacking its glycoprotein gene and expressing instead the HIV-1 receptor CD4 and a coreceptor, CXCR4. This virus was unable to infect normal cells but did infect, propagate on, and kill cells that were first infected with HIV-1 and therefore had the HIV membrane fusion protein on their surface. Killing of HIV-1-infected cells controlled HIV infection in a T cell line and reduced titers of infectious HIV-1 in the culture by as much as 10(4)-fold. Such a targeted virus could have therapeutic value in reducing HIV viral load. Our results also demonstrate a general strategy of targeting one virus to the envelope protein of another virus to control infection.
A four-rooted quadrangular maxillary molar

The endodontic treatment of a maxillary molar with an aberrant root morphology can be diagnostically and technically challenging. This case report is presented to illustrate and describe the endodontic treatment of a four-rooted maxillary molar with a quadrangular root trunk morphology.
Effects of food factors on signal transduction pathways

Consumption of plant-derived foods, especially fruits and vegetables, has been linked to decreased risk of cancer. Laboratory studies with animals and cells in culture have shown cancer preventive activity of chemicals isolated from soy, tea, rice and many green, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables. Using cell culture, transgenic mice and knockout mice models to examine the anti-cancer effects of these dietary factors at the molecular level, we found that (11) (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major active polyphenol in green tea, and theaflavins, the major active components in black tea, inhibit epidermal growth factor (EGF)- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced JB6 cell transformation. At the same dose range that inhibited cell transformation, EGCG and theaflavins inhibited activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. These compounds also inhibited ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced AP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB)-dependent transcriptional activation; (2) resveratrol, found at high levels in grapes, inhibited cell transformation through the induction of apoptosis, mediated through JNK and p53-dependent pathways; (3) inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6), an active compound from rice and other grains, inhibited TPA- or EGF-induced transformation and signal transduction through its effects on phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3) kinase; (4) phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), which occurs as a conjugate in certain cruciferous vegetables, inhibited cell transformation corresponding with the induction of apoptosis. An elevation of p53 is required for PEITC-induced apoptosis. Our studies indicated that the chemopreventive effect of these food factors may be mediated by their effects on different signal transduction pathways; (5) retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites) inhibited tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and tumor promotion in transgenic mice through the inhibition of AP-1 action but not through the activation of retinoic acid response element (RARE).
Local criteria for ductile fracture

Strain distributions in specimens suitable for studying the initiation of fracture are reviewed, and distributions are developed for the steady-state propagation of cracks in plane strain lension of fully plastic materials. The functional forms of local fracture criteria are discussed for different metallurgical mechanisms. It is concluded that: a) pure Mode I (normal) fracture is unlikely to exist except in cleavage. b) there is both theoretical and experimental evidence for the development of both: sharp and flat-bottomed cracks. c) simultaneous diffuse and concentrated (Dugdale-Muskhelishvili) flow fields can occur in torsion of longitudinally grooved bars if the stress-strain curve has a maximum which causes band formation, so that a displacement criterion becomes appropriate for final fracture.
Artificial Urinary Sphincter Revision: The Role of Ultrasound

Objective To assess the accuracy of office-based ultrasound (US) to identify the fluid status of the AMS 800 artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) pressure-regulating balloon (PRB). Methods Patients who underwent AUS revision surgery (removal/replacement) from January 4, 2007, to January 4, 2010, were identified. US were done preoperatively to assess the system fluid status. Intraoperative findings were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated comparing US results with intra-/postoperative findings. When the PRB was underfilled, the location of the device fluid leak was determined, and the device was removed/replaced. In cases of a full PRB, patients had a cuff downsizing or total removal/replacement. Results A total of 27 patients were identified. Reasons for not obtaining US included: advanced device age (4), cuff erosion (2), volume determination by other modality (2), cuff site pain (1), isolated pump malfunctions (1), and other (3). Fourteen patients underwent an US before the removal/replacement. By US, PRB was full (21-23 mL) in 43% of the patients and empty/underfilled (0-6 mL) in 57%. US was 100% sensitive and specific determining fluid status. When PRB was full, management consisted of cuff downsizing (3), transcorporal cuff placement (1), and total removal/replacement (2). In all cases of device leak, an entire removal/replacement was performed. The cuff was identified as the site of leak in 50% of cases. Conclusion US is an effective and accurate way of determining the fluid status of the AMS 800 AUS. Given the accuracy of this modality, the system can be filled with saline solution without losing the ability to determine fluid status.
Formation of α-1,2- and α-1,3-linked mannose disaccharides from dolichyl mannosyl phosphate by rat liver membrane enzymes

Abstract Dolichyl mannosyl phosphate and GDPmannose were active substrates for the transfer of mannose to methyl-α- d -mannose, p -nitrophenyl-α- d -mannose, and free mannose with rat liver microsomal membranes. The products formed during dolichyl mannosyl phosphate incubation with methyl-α- d -mannose or with mannose were α-linked. The dissaccharides formed by incubation of dolichyl mannosyl phosphate or GDPmannose with mannose were identified by paper chromatography and electrophoresis as mannose-α-1,2-mannose and mannose-α-1,3-mannose. Synthesis of each product was dependent on the assay conditions used and was most markedly affected by the presence of detergent. Transfer of mannose from either substrate to form mannose-α-1,3-mannose was severely inhibited by Triton X-100.
Synthesis and Electronic Spectra of Fluorinated Aryloxide and Alkoxide (NiX4) 2- Anions

Five new homoleptic [NiX(4)](2-) compounds have been prepared with the fluorinated ligands OC(6)F(5) (OAr(F)), OC(6)H(3)(CF(3))(2) (OAr'), and OC(4)F(9) (OR(F)) and characterized with X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility, and elemental analysis. Electronic spectral studies show that these ligands engender a ligand-field environment similar to that of fluoride and thus act electronically like fluoride, but with none of the drawbacks of F(-) as a transition-metal ligand.
Cooling rates for glass containing lunar compositions

Cooling rates required to form glassy or partly-crystalline bodies of 14 lunar compositions have been estimated using a previously introduced, simplified model. The calculated cooling rates are found to be in good agreement with cooling rates measured for the same compositions. Measurements are also reported of the liquidus temperature and glass transition temperature for each composition. Inferred cooling rates are combined with heat flow analyses to obtain insight into the thermal histories of samples 15422, 14162, 15025, 74220, 74241, 10084, 15425, and 15427. The critical cooling rates required to form glasses of 24 lunar compositions, including the 14 compositions of the present study, are suggested to increase systematically with increasing ratio of total network modifiers/total network formers in the compositions. This reflects the importance of melt viscosity in affecting glass formation.
Experimental Measurements of the Temperature Variation Along Artery-Vein Pairs from 200 to 1000 μm Diameter in Rat Hind Limb

Theoretical studies have indicated that a significant fraction of all blood-tissue heat transfer occurs in artery-vein pairs whose arterial diameter varies between 200 and 1000 microns. In this study, we have developed a new in vivo technique in which it is possible to make the first direct measurements of the countercurrent thermal equilibration that occurs along thermally significant vessels of this size. Fine wire thermocouples were attached by superglue to the femoral arteries and veins and their subsequent branches in rats and the axial temperature variation in each vessel was measured under different physiological conditions. Unlike the blood vessels < 200 microns in diameter, where the blood rapidly equilibrates with the surrounding tissue, we found that the thermal equilibration length of blood vessels between 200 microns and 1000 microns in diameter is longer than or at least equivalent to the vessel length. It is shown that the axial arterial temperature decays from 44% to 76% of the total core-skin temperature difference along blood vessels of this size, and this decay depends strongly on the local blood perfusion rate and the vascular geometry. Our experimental measurements also showed that the SAV venous blood recaptured up to 41% of the total heat released from its countercurrent artery under normal conditions. The contribution of countercurrent heat exchange is significantly reduced in these larger thermally significant vessels for hyperemic conditions as predicted by previous theoretical analyses. Results from this study, when combined with previous analyses of vessel pairs less than 200 microns diameter, enable one estimate the arterial supply temperature and the correction coefficient in the modified perfusion source term developed by the authors.
γδ T Cells in Host Defense and Epithelial Cell Biology

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated increased numbers of γδ T cells in a variety of human infectious as well as noninfectious diseases. In some cases γδ T cells could be shown to destroy infected or transformed cells. Advances in the identification of ligands recognized by γδ T cells and the development of animal model systems to study these cells in vivo should overcome some of the major obstacles currently preventing a better understanding of γδ T cell function in immune responses. As we gain this knowledge it may become possible to design therapeutic strategies exploiting unique properties of γδ T cells to promote more effective immunity.