cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Visualization of High-Rate Material Response with Dynamic Proton Radiography

Proton Radiography or pRad was invented at Los Alamos National laboratory employing a very high-energy proton beam to acquire up to 37 images of dynamic experiments often driven by high explosives (HE). The high energy of the beam from the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center’s 800-mega-electron-volt (MeV) proton linear accelerator (LINAC) provides penetrating power sufficient to resolve fine details (~65 μm resolution) in materials and structures under extreme conditions that are difficult to discern with other techniques. Three experiments utilizing pRAD to quantitative visualize the dynamic response of materials are presented. High strain-rate (107 s−1) strength measurements are performed by visualizing a Rayleigh-Taylor unstable interface driven by HE products with pRAD tied to material pedigree, processing and phase changes. High-explosive driven ejecta experiments probing the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in metals employ pRAD’s ability to visualize the nuances of unstable spike growth with complementary diagnostics. Experiments impacting and penetrating glass probe the anomalous material response and Equation-of-State under a complex three-dimensional loading using both pRAD’s ability to visualize and determine material density. In all three experiments proton radiography provides temporal and spatial visualization of dynamic material deformation and the ability to make in situ measurement of material state.
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli

This chapter discusses the emergence and impact of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in human disease, the biology of the Shiga toxins (Stx) family, and approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infection with STEC. The occurrence of the seminal STEC outbreaks highlighted the need to implement laboratory methods to readily detect E. coli O157:H7. Although early characterization of STEC strains was made possible by Whittam’s multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) method, genetic techniques now allow comparison of strains at the nucleotide level. The current model of the predominant pathway by which Stx intoxicates sensitive cells is as follows: (i) the B pentamer of holotoxin binds to Gb3 within lipid rafts; (ii) the entire receptor-holotoxin complex is endocytosed; (iii) the complex moves by retrograde transport to the Golgi and then to the endoplasmic reticulum; and (iv) the A1 subunit is released into the cytoplasm, where it targets the ribosome. Although transduction of stx genes into E. coli via bacteriophages was crucial to the emergence of STEC, the biology of these toxin-converting phages also contributes significantly to the degree of toxin expression and hence the virulence exhibited by STEC. Although the pathogenicity of various STEC strains that synthesize different types of Stx2 cannot be compared directly because the strains are not isogenic, the authors have found that an O91 strain that produces Stx2 is not virulent in the streptomycin-treated mouse model for STEC infection, whereas O91 strains that produce Stx2d-activatable are highly virulent in those mice.
SU 6 and supersymmetry

We show that theSU6 symmetry obtained by Salam and Strathdee from a supersymmetry cannot be identified with the usualSU6 rest symmetry of the quark model.
Host-Mediated Repair of Discontinuities in DNA From T4 Bacteriophage

Discontinuities of T4 DNA which are caused by excision of UV-damaged areas, by decay of (32)P atoms, or which are present in DNA from rII(-)lig(am) (-) phage produced in a host nonpermissive for amber mutants are all repaired by bacterial enzymes after infection in the presence of chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I participates in the host-mediated repair, but an approximately 20-fold variation in the levels of host polynucleotide ligase does not affect either the kinetics or the extent of repair observed. Upon removal of chloramphenicol, host-repaired DNA from UV-irradiated phage undergoes a secondary cycle of breakage, which ultimately results in solubilization of most of the phage DNA. If the cells are co-infected with nonirradiated helper phage, the secondary breaks are repaired and the continuity of the polynucleotide chain is restored. The close coincidence in the extent of primary and secondary breakage suggests that phage-coded enzymes recognize and excise areas improperly repaired by the host. In contrast to host-mediated repair, repair mediated by rescuing phage probably restored functionality to the damaged DNA.
Comparisons Between New Methods for Reduction of Ionograms to Electron Density Profiles

The uniform lamination analysis method is used for the solution of the simplified integral equation which relates the electron density profiles in the ionosphere to the average measured virtual heights, taking the wave refractive index as the kernel function. The arbitrary auxiliary function is chosen to be ϕ(fN) = µ(fN), which simplifies the calculation as compared to taking ϕ(fN) = fN. Four examples are calculated for both cases and compared with the original assumed electron density profiles. Accuracy and required computer times are discussed.
Status of thermophysical properties data for pure fluids and mixtures of cryogenic interest

The importance of thermophysical properties data for fluids involved in cryogenic processing is generally recognized within the engineering community. Cryogenic fluid properties have played significant roles in the development of technologies in such areas as follow: aerospace program, air separation plants, liquefied natural and petroleum gases, fuels, food freezing, ethylene production, ethane recovery, natural gas processing, health and medicine, chemical process plants, and electric power generating systems. With the spiraling inflation in the costs of energy, materials, feedstocks, labor, and environmental compliance and with the increase in capacity of individual plants, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of the accuracy of the thermophysical properties data for fluids in process design and operation. Recently there have been numerous studies1–13 published on the importance of thermophysical properties data of fluids, and many of the examples cited deal with cryogenic systems.1–7 The economic impact of uncertainties in fluid properties data has been presented in many of these papers.1–7
Dielectron production in heavy ion collisions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon

In this paper, the low-mass electron pair production in 158 AGeV/c Pb-Au collisions is investigated with the Cherenkov Ring Electron Spectrometer (CERES) at the Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator (SPS) at CERN. The main goal is to search for modifications of hadron properties in hot and dense nuclear matter. The presented re-analysis of the 1996 data set is focused on a detailed study of the combinatorial-background subtraction by means of the mixed-event technique. The results confirm previous findings of CERES. The dielectron production in the mass range of 0.25 < mee < 2 GeV/c2 is enhanced by a factor of 3.0±1.3(stat.)±1.2(syst.) over the expectation from neutral meson decays. The data is compared to transport model calculations and seem to favor the version including in-medium effects. Furthermore, the development of a new technology to manufacture ultralightweight mirrors for Ring Imaging Cherenkov detectors (RICH) is described. Replacement of the RICH-2 glass mirror by a mirror almost transparent to electrons would considerably improve the performance of the upgraded CERES detector system including a radial Time Projection Chamber (TPC).
Freeze tolerance in turtles: visual analysis by microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging

Two visual techniques were used to analyze the patterns of natural freezing and thawing in freeze-tolerant hatchling painted turtles Chrysemys picta marginata. Directional solidification plus light microscopy of liver, heart, and skeletal muscle slices was used to compare freezing at -4 degrees C (a survivable temperature in vivo) and -20 degrees C (not survivable). At -4 degrees C tissues showed large amounts of ice in expanded extracellular and vascular spaces, occupying 36% (liver) and 61% (muscle) of total tissue volume. Cells at -4 degrees C were shrunken, but intracellular water remained; at -20 degrees C, however, cells showed little evidence of free water. Liver micrographs showed novel spherical shells of water associated with intracellular particles (apparently glycogen granules) suggesting that a noncolligative method of cell water retention was employed. Proton magnetic resonance imaging was used for noninvasive analysis of freezing and thawing in the intact animal. Images showed that freezing propagated in a directional manner through the body with ice formed first in extraorgan spaces (e.g., abdominal cavity, brain ventricles). However, thawing occurred uniformly throughout the body core, and organs melted more rapidly than the extraorgan ice surrounding them.
A Pheophytin-like Pigment in Dark-Adapted Euglena gracilis

SYNOPSIS. The pigments of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris change when cultures of light-grown organisms are placed in the dark; the alterations in spectrum indicate the formation of a pheophytin-like substance from chlorophyll. This pheophytin-like compound is not an artifact of extraction and separation of the pigments; the spectral changes occur in the intact cells. The “dark” pigment is not yet definitely characterized. Formation of this material on dark adaptation seems dependent on the nutritional history of the cells.
Structure of polyethylene solid solutions from vibrational spectroscopy and thermal analysis

Solid solutions of two low-molecular-weight polyethylene fractions, formed by rapid quenching from the melt, were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Two kinds of defects exist in these solid solutions; namely, a disruption of chain extension and the presence of monoclinic packing. The distribution of fully extended chain-segment lengths and the intensity of the 717 cm−1 infrared band, characteristic of the monoclinic phase, are found to be composition dependent. Our spectroscopic studies of the solid solutions support the model first proposed by Ott and Slagle.
Fractionation of the ribosomal protein from Escherichia coli

The proteins isolated from purified 70 s ribosomes of Escherichia coli have been studied in 6 to 8 M-urea by starch gel electrophoresis and by fractionation on carboxymethyl-cellulose columns. Evidence now exists for the presence of at least 24 different starch gel bands, each of which we believe represents a specific protein. No reason exists to believe that any of the bands represent artifacts caused by the procedure for isolating the ribosomal proteins. The band patterns from the 30 s and 50 s subunits are quite different which strongly argues against the origin of the 50 s subunit by aggregation of two 30 s subunits. The majority of proteins in both the 30 s and 50 s subunits are basic. There is considerable spread in the excess of basic over acid groups in the different proteins. This variation in charge is the principal factor underlying the electrophoretic separation on the starch gel.
Enhanced boron diffusion in silicon with BF2-implanted CoSi2 as diffusion source and under rapid thermal annealing

In this paper, B diffusion in Si with BF2-implanted C0Si2 as a diffusion source has been studied using SIMS analysis. The concentration-dependent diffusivity of B in single crystal Si is obtained by Boltzmann-Matano analysis. The data show that the B diffusivity in single crystal Si is more than one order of magnitude higher than the published data where a conventional B diffusion source (BN or B2H6) is used. Anomalous concentration dependence of the B diffusivity in Si for ultra-shallow B SIMS profiles was also observed. Possible physical mechanisms which involve implant damage in the Si substrate, the generation of point defects such as Si vacancies and interstitials during silicide formation, and B-defect interactions are discussed.
Kappa opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen is primarily associated with synaptic vesicles in axons

A rabbit polyclonal antiserum, raised against a C-terminal oligopeptide of the mouse kappa opioid receptor, was used to localize the cellular distribution of kappa receptors in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rats with light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Prominent, diffuse kappa receptor immunoreactivity was present in the nucleus accumbens, particularly in the shell, ventral caudate-putamen and olfactory tubercle. The density of receptor immunoreactivity decreased in more dorsal areas of the caudate-putamen. In contrast, neuronal cell bodies stained clearly in the dorsal endopiriform nucleus, claustrum and layer VI of the adjacent cerebral cortex. Observations at the electron microscopic level in the dorsomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen revealed that the kappa receptor immunoreactivity was predominantly located in axons, often associated with synaptic vesicles, remote from the terminal or preterminal area. The few terminals which were labeled made slightly more asymmetrical than symmetrical contacts and the percentage of asymmetrical contacts observed was greater in the caudate than in the accumbens. A small number of postsynaptic spines was labeled; most of them were contacted by asymmetrical terminals. No labeling was observed in dendritic shafts.Thus, the predominant localization of kappa receptor immunoreactivity in axons is consistent with its role as a major inhibitor of glutamate and dopamine release in the dorsal and ventral striatum.
Revisiting sea level and energy budgets

Various factors contribute to sea level rise, including changing groundwater storage, thermal expansion of the oceans, and melting glaciers and ice sheets. However, studies that add up the observed contributions from these effects have not been able to account for the entire observed sea level rise over the past several decades. To help resolve the discrepancy, Church et al. revisited sea level budgets and considered sea level and Earth's energy budgets together using new and updated estimates of all contributing factors for the past several decades, including a new estimate of groundwater depletion. They were able to account for the entire observed sea level change from 1972 to the present.
Design for manufacturing excellence (DFMX) begins at the freshman level

Abstract A freshman engineering course taught by experienced faculty members can attract students to the challenges and demands of career as modern manufacturing engineers. The article illustrates this general approach with the specific details for one successful, inexpensive, challenging but “fun” project. Students work within a multi-disciplinary team to design, produce and test a production aircraft that meets statistical quality control performance goals set by the customer. The team optimizes the manufacturing floor to minimize variable and fixed costs using the basic skills provided in the introductory lectures and laboratories. The project includes an executive summary, a preliminary report, a performance trial of the aircraft, a final report, detailed drawings and a capstone team presentation. Teamwork is demanded of all participants at all levels.
Temperature Dependence of Hydrolysis of Polyimide Wire Insulation

Degradation of polymeric materials as a chemical reaction rate, related to exposure temperature, has been confirmed by many laboratory studies, and the rate equation, enhanced by other stresses and environmental conditions, has been utilized to compare the service life expectancy of various electrical insulation materials and systems for many years. In recent Naval aircraft wiring applications it has been experienced that a popular polyimide insulation undergoes degradation by a hydrolytic chain-splitting reaction that can be attributed to an unexpected number of service failures. In this initial study it has been determined that the reaction does proceed in a neutral pH aqueous environment at a rate that is temperature dependent, and the data of life versus temperature conforms to an Arrhenius plot so that from accelerated tests at elevated temperatures it is possible to extrapolate to service temperatures. Continuing studies will lead to the development of a functional aging procedure for applying a moisture exposure step into each cycle in order to more nearly predict service life of this insulation system and provide a comparison with other candidate systems.
Oxidations of erogorgiaene in pseudopterosin biosynthesis

Pseudopterosins are potent anti-inflammatory diterpene glycosides initially isolated from the gorgonian coral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. In continuation of pathway elucidation studies focused on this family of terpenes, we report the isolation of 7-hydroxyerogorgiaene and 7,8-dihydroxyerogorgiaene from P. elisabethae and confirm the intermediacy of these compounds in pseudopterosin biosynthesis by in vitro incubation experiments with these metabolites in radiolabeled form.
Computer programs for analysis of diffractometer data in residual stress measurement

Abstract Procedures for x-ray diffractometer determination of residual stress are described. The procedures are intended for analysis of cold worked materials producing diffuse diffraction lines. The methods adopted provide a semiautomatic analysis in which composite Kα line profiles are resolved, strains are calculated from Kα 1 peak positions, and stresses are computed by least-squares analysis from multi-orientation strain measurements.
Phospholipases. I. Effect of n-alkanols on the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of egg phosphatidylcholine.

The rate of hydrolysis of unsonicated liposomes of egg lecithin by phospholipase A (from bee venom and Russell viper venom) and phospholipase C (fromBacillus cereus andClostridium welchii) is markedly dependent on the nature and concentration of a variety of added alcohols. Typical plots of rate against alcohol concentration are bell-shaped. The maximum rate and the alcohol concentration at which it is achieved are alcohol-specific. In a homologous series ofn-alkanols, the maximal rates increase and the optimal concentrations decrease as the chain length is increased from C4 to C8. For longer alcohols (C9 to C12), progressively higher concentrations are required to elicit maximal activation. The optimal activating concentrationsC for C4 to C8n-alkanols obey the relationshipp C=a logPoctanol+constant [cf. Hansch & Dunn,J. Pharm. Sci.61:1 (1972)], suggesting that the alcohol-activating effect is a consequence of their incorporation into the liposomes with resultant modification of liposomal structure.
Variability of auditory evoked potentials in human newborns.

Abstract Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were recorded in 6 normal full-term newborns throughout sleep cycles on 2 consecutive days. AEP configuration, latencies, and voltages were examined and analyzed with attention to relationships with the wakefulness-sleep cycle and intra-and intersession consistency. The following conclusions have been reached: 1. 1. Previous reports of AEP differences between active and quiet sleep were confirmed. The late components of the AEP tend to be of higher voltage and longer latency during quiet sleep. The AEP of wakefulness tends to resemble that of active sleep. 2. 2. The AEP consists of 7 components. Component P2 (latency approximately 250 msec) is far the most consistently detected. Its latency and voltage are reasonably stable both within and between recording sessions, taking state into account. 3. 3. The AEP of the full-term newborn is more mature than the visual evoked potential by several criteria.
Novel work on problems of novelty? Comments on Hudson

Hudson’s paper, ‘‘Novelty and the 1919 Eclipse Experiments,’’ focuses on two main questions, both of which have been the subject of debate among philosophers of science: The first is (1) when, and why, should novel data be preferred or required in evaluating hypotheses and theories? The second is (2) were there good grounds for discounting one of the eclipse results in the 1919 testing of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity? Hudson sets out to provide answers to (1) and (2) that differ from, or improve upon, those that I discuss (in Mayo, 1991, 1996), but I do not see that he has made his case. He has not shown that his answer to (1) goes beyond a rewording of my condition; nor has he adduced historical information that speaks to an altered answer to question (2) (i.e., a ‘‘no’’ rather than a ‘‘yes’’). Nevertheless, further discussion of these issues is needed, and the main goal of my comments will be to highlight two broad problem areas or queries to which new experimentalists might turn their attention—if they are seeking to make real and interesting progress beyond what has already been done. The first is (i) when do violations of use-novelty, and more generally, ‘‘double counting’’ of data prevent hypotheses from passing severe or reliable tests? The second is (ii) what are some general strategies for informal assessments of reliability or severity? Can we identify a handful of canonical models of error and informal arguments from error? Tackling these, it seems to me, will require careful study of historical episodes including an analysis—or reanalysis—of the relevant data and statistical techniques.
Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of cleaved and annealed Ge(111) surfaces

Abstract The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is used to study the structural and electronic properties of cleaved and annealed Ge(111) surfaces. High quality cleaves, with typical step separations of 2000 A, are obtained. After annealing at 270 °C, the cleaved 2 × 1 surface converts into a well-ordered c(2 × 8) reconstruction. The major source of disorder in a single c(2 × 8) domain is found to be extra rows of atoms which result in a local 2 × 2 stacking arrangement. The difference in surface atom density between 2 × 1 and c(2 × 8) leads to the formation of bilayer-deep holes in the surface. Spectroscopy and voltage-dependent imaging of the c(2 × 8) structure is performed, and is compared with previous results. The simple adatom model for the c(2 × 8) structure is confirmed.
Progress of the University of Texas 7.6m Telescope Design

The University of Texas 7.6m telescope design has evolved through several stages, each bringing added strength and efficiency to a well-planned overall approach. The current design is based on an f/1.8-f/13.5 Nasmyth beam directed through either of the elevation bearings. Recent studies include consideration of a class of correctors defined for an f/4.0 internal Cassegrain focus by Charles F. W. Harmer, optical consultant. An implementation of a truss design suggested by Meinel and Meinel has the possibility of zero coma at the Nasmyth focus. In the area of primary mirror design and support, research toward a superlative design is still in progress, primarily to take advantage of the rapidly emerging techniques of high efficiency borosilicate spin casting developed at Steward Observatory. There exist designs of ribbed borosilicate mirrors of the 7.6m class which are very nearly passively supportable. The figure stability can be made considerably better than any mirror extant with a modest number of controlled supports in the axial support mechanism. Mirror support consists of a combination of pneumatic and counterweighted flotation systems with a low bandwidth tuning system added for figure improvement. Certain classes of external loads, to be expected in a realistic observatory environment, may be obviated by such a system. There are also designs for the ribbed mirror that lend themselves to laboratory-grade fabrication, where modern NC cutting machines are not common, but are somewhat more difficult, yet not impossible, to support. One such design is a candidate for the 7.6m mirror.
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging for ablation of hepatic tumors.

The most significant rise in the use of hepatic ablation has come from image-guided techniques with both computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US). The recent development of open-configuration magnetic resonance scanners has opened up an entire new area of image-guided surgical and interventional procedures. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of intraoperative MRI (iMRI) ablation of hepatic tumors performed by surgeons. Percutaneous iMRI hepatic ablation was performed from January 2003 to February 2005 for control of either primary or secondary hepatic disease. Eighteen hepatic ablations were performed on 11 patients with a median age of 71 (range: 51–81) years for metastatic colorectal cancer (n = 6), hepatocellular cancer (n = 2), cholangiocarcinoma (n = 2), and metastatic neuroendocrine (n = 1). Median hospital stay was 1 day, with complications occurring in 2 patients. After a median follow up of 18 months, there have been no local ablation recurrences, 5 patients are free of disease, 4 are alive with disease, 1 has died of disease, and 1 has died of other causes. Image-guided hepatic ablations represent a useful technique in managing hepatic tumors. Intraoperative MRI represents a new technique with initial success that has been limited to European centers. Further evaluation in U.S. centers has demonstrated iMRI to be useful for certain hepatic tumors that cannot be adequately visualized by US or CT.
Pharmacogenetics in Heart Failure: Genomic Markers of Endothelial and Neurohumoral Function

There is a high potential for pharmacogenetic interaction in the management of many diseases including heart failure. Although genetic tailoring of therapy is not yet a common medical practice, it is foreseeable that some forms of genetic targeting will become standard care by the end of the current decade. This review will summary how genetic variation in two genes involved in both endothelial function and heart failure pathogenesis, angiotensin-converting enzyme and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, influence both heart failure outcomes and the effects of standard therapies.
Transport in packed-bed and wall-coated steam-methanol reformers

Methanol-steam reforming can be utilized as a fuel processing system for hydrogen fuel cells. A study of the reacting flow in packed-bed and wall-coated catalytic reactors is presented. The wall-coated reformer has a smaller power requirement for delivering fuel than the packed catalytic bed reformer. Also, the coated catalytic layer has a smaller thermal resistance compared to the packed catalytic bed. This yields enhanced thermal field management for the wall-coated reformer that is essential for reformer performance. Understanding the transport in reformers is essential for improving both the efficiency of the reforming process and the quality of the processed fuel.
Aging, alcoholism, anxiety, and sensation seeking: An explaratory investigation☆

Abstract Aging alcoholic ( n = 36) and aging nonalcoholic ( n = 35) male veterans were compared on biographic/demographic variables and psychological characteristics. Results indicated that aging alcoholics and nonalcoholics were married at approximately the same ages, married roughly the same number of times, and produced similar numbers of offspring, but aging alcoholics were better educated and had fewer persons economically dependent on them. They had higher scores than aging nonalcoholics on objective measures of state anxiety, trait anxiety, overall fears, tissue damage fears, social-interpersonal fears, miscellaneous fears, and failure/ loss of self-esteem fears. Aging alcoholics also had higher scores on the sensation-seeking variables of boredom susceptibility and disinhibition, suggesting the existence of a relationship between need for sensory stimulation and maladaptive drinking among aging alcoholics.
Mechanisms of tolerance induction and prevention of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in miniature swine: The effect of augmentation of donor antigen load ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Objective: Cotransplantation of a donor kidney along with a heart allograft can induce tolerance to both organs and prevent cardiac allograft vasculopathy in miniature swine. To determine whether the tolerogenic effect of donor kidney cotransplantation was due to an effect specific to the kidney graft or to an increase in donor antigen load, we compared heart-kidney recipients with recipients receiving two class I disparate hearts or with recipients receiving donor peripheral mononuclear cells at the time of isolated heart transplantation. Methods: Recipients of major histocompatibility complex class I disparate allografts received 12 days of cyclosporine (INN: ciclosporin; 10-13 mg/kg administered intravenously on days 0-11). Group 1 animals received a heart alone (n = 5). Group 2 animals received heart and kidney allografts (n = 4). Group 3 animals received two major histocompatibility complex–matched heart allografts (n = 4). Two double-heart recipients were thymectomized 21 days before transplantation. Group 4 animals received a heart allograft and an infusion of high-dose donor peripheral blood leukocytes (2.5 × 10 9 cells/kg, n=2). Results: Vasculopathy developed in group 1 recipients and the allografts were rejected within 55 days. Group 2 recipients accepted their heart and kidney allografts indefinitely without vasculopathy. Euthymic recipients from group 3 accepted their hearts long-term (>190 and >197 days), but vascular lesions developed. In thymectomized recipients from group 3, the hearts were rejected in 63 and 96 days with severe vasculopathy. Group 4 recipients demonstrated transient macrochimerism but their hearts were rejected within 47 and 63 days. Conclusions: The beneficial effects of donor kidney cotransplantation on cardiac allograft survival and prevention of cardiac allograft vasculopathy are likely to involve both an increase in donor antigen load and an effect specific to the kidney allograft. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:709-19)
Restoration of declining morphogenetic capacity in long term tissue cultures ofDaucus carota by kinetin

Les cultures de tissu deDaucus carota L. recemment isolees possedent une capacite embryogenique considerable. L'intensite de cette reponse morphologique decline graduellement dans les cultures subsequentes. La kinetine et, a un moindre degre, l'auxine 2,4-D retablissent la capacite embryogenique originale dans de vieilles cultures. Les changements de l'etat hormonal au cours du vieillissement des cultures pourraient ětat hormonal au cours du vieillissement des cultures pourraient ětre impliques dans ces manifestations.
Vitamin D metabolism in familial benign hypercalcemia (hypocalciuric hypercalcemia) differs from that in primary hyperparathyroidism

We compared serum concentrations of immunoreactive PTH and plasma levels of vitamin D metabolites in 11 patients with adenomatous primary hyperparathyroidism and 32 individuals with the syndrome of familial benign hypercalcemia or familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Serum immunoreactive PTH was elevated in the hyperparathyroid group but indistinguishable from control in FHH, despite comparable degrees of hypercalcemia. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were normal in both groups, but plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in FHH were significantly lower than control (P less than 0.0025) or hyperparathyroid (P less than 0.01) values. FHH is pathogenetically distinct from primary hyperparathyroidism and should not be thought of simply as a variant of that condition.
Performance analysis and application of grid interpolation techniques for fluid flows

Although it is common for automated image processing techniques to claim subpixel accuracy in the identification of particles, or centroids of displacements of groups of particles, additional errors are inevitably introduced when and if these data are reinterpolated back onto a grid mesh whose nodes lie at different locations from the original data. Moreover, these errors can be large compared to the errors introduced in the original image processing step.
Leukocyte transmembrane potential in bipolar illness

Abnormalities in ion regulation and distribution are commonly reported in bipolar disorder. In an effort to determine if these alter cellular physiological function, we determined the transmembrane potential (TMP) in mononuclear leukocytes from normal individuals and patients with bipolar illness either during normal phase or manic and hypomanic episodes. TMP was analyzed by flow cytometry using dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DIOC6(3)), a cationic potential sensitive fluorescent dye. A normal range was established from measurements on leukocytes from 5 control individuals. TMP of manic and hypomanic patients was significantly hyperpolarized (P = 0.0036). The TMP of euthymic bipolar individuals was not different from normal controls. Pathologic moods in bipolar illness may be associated with altered cellular membrane physiology.
Do small dual-task costs reflect ideomotor compatibility or the absence of crosstalk?

Dual-task costs can be greatly reduced or even eliminated when both tasks use highly-compatible S-R associations. According to Greenwald (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 632–636, 2003), this occurs because the appropriate response can be accessed without engaging performance-limiting response selection processes, a proposal consistent with the embodied cognition framework in that it suggests that stimuli can automatically activate motor codes (e.g., Pezzulo et al., New Ideas in Psychology, 31(3), 270-290, 2013). To test this account, we reversed the stimulus-response mappings for one or both tasks so that some participants had to “do the opposite” of what they perceived. In these reversed conditions, stimuli resembled the environmental outcome of the alternative (incorrect) response. Nonetheless, reversed tasks were performed without costs even when paired with an unreversed task. This finding suggests that the separation of the central codes across tasks (e.g., Wickens, 1984) is more critical than the specific S-R relationships; dual-task costs can be avoided when the tasks engage distinct modality-based systems.
Genetic heterogeneity of syndromic X-linked recessive microphthalmia-anophthalmia: is Lenz microphthalmia a single disorder?

Nonsyndromic congenital microphthalmia or anophthalmia is a heterogeneous malformation with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked modes of inheritance. Lenz microphthalmia syndrome comprises microphthalmia with mental retardation, malformed ears, skeletal anomalies, and is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. Prior studies have shown linkage of both isolated (or nonsyndromic) anophthalmos (ANOP1, [MIM 301590]) and Lenz syndrome [MIM 309800] to Xq27-q28. Nonsyndromic colobomatous microphthalmia [MIM 300345] has been linked to Xp11.4-Xq11.1. We describe a five-generation African-American family with microphthalmia or anophthalmia, mental retardation, and urogenital anomalies, in an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern, consistent with Lenz syndrome. Initial linkage analysis with microsatellite markers excluded the region in Xq27-q28 previously reported as a candidate region for ANOP1 [MIM 301590]. An X-chromosome scan revealed linkage to a 10-cM region between markers DXS228 and DXS992 in Xp11.4-p21.2. Multipoint analysis gave a maximum LOD score of 2.46 at marker DXS993. These data show that X-linked recessive syndromic microphthalmia exhibits genetic heterogeneity. In addition, it suggests that Lenz microphthalmia syndrome, previously thought to be a single disorder, may represent an amalgam of two distinct disorders.
Reassociation and hybridization properties of DNAs from several species of fish

Abstract Reassociation and hybridization properties from spectrophotometric studies of DNAs from 10 species of fish indicate: 1. 1. Great diversity in the amounts of repeated sequences in the genomes of different species—more specialized fish had less redundancy. 2. 2. Large differences in the complexities of the DNAs—more specialized fish had less information. 3. 3. Little homology between sequences of remotely related species but substantial homology between sequences of closely related species.
In vitro biologic toxicity of native and surface-modified silica and kaolin.

An in vitro study of the biologic responses of surface‐modified and native silica and kaolin was made to provide comparative information on the supression of cytotoxicity by pulmonary surfactant. The release of alveolar macrophage cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lysosomal enzymes β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase (β‐NAG) and β‐glucuronidase (β‐GLUC) and sheep blood‐cell hemolysis were monitored as indicators of cell membrane damage and cytotoxicity. Surface modification of silica and kaolin with dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) resulted in complete abrogation of cytotoxicity of both minerals. These findings indicate that surface modification of minerals with different adsorption properties by pulmonary surfactant generally lessens their prompt adverse effects.
Using Rhetorical Cases to Teach Writing Skills and Enhance Economic Learning

Several principles of writing in different contexts are explained. Although the effect of writing on learning economics is yet to be established, students appreciate writing assignments because they see professional value in them.
Apomorphine-induced hypothermia increases during ethanol withdrawal

Abstract Changes in several measures of dopamine function have been observed following acute or chronic ethanol exposure. The present study examined the effects of chronic ethanol exposure on the hypothermia following acute administration of the dopamine agonist apomorphine. Animals withdrawn from chronic ethanol exposure showed a significantly greater decrease in body temperature following apomorphine than did ethanolnaive controls, suggesting an increase in sensitivity to dopaminergic stimulation during ethanol withdrawal.
A simple beryllium target for thermal neutron production

Abstract Be targets have been prepared as thick as 100 μm for use with a high current ion accelerator.
Kinocilia Mediate Mechanosensitivity in Developing Zebrafish Hair Cells

Mechanosensitive cilia are vital to signaling and development across many species. In sensory hair cells, sound and movement are transduced by apical hair bundles. Each bundle is comprised of a single primary cilium (kinocilium) flanked by multiple rows of actin-filled projections (stereocilia). Extracellular tip links that interconnect stereocilia are thought to gate mechanosensitive channels. In contrast to stereocilia, kinocilia are not critical for hair-cell mechanotransduction. However, by sequentially imaging the structure of hair bundles and mechanosensitivity of individual lateral-line hair cells in vivo, we uncovered a central role for kinocilia in mechanosensation during development. Our data demonstrate that nascent hair cells require kinocilia and kinocilial links for mechanosensitivity. Although nascent hair bundles have correct planar polarity, the polarity of their responses to mechanical stimuli is initially reversed. Later in development, a switch to correctly polarized mechanosensitivity coincides with the formation of tip links and the onset of tip-link-dependent mechanotransduction.
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Definitive Therapy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer

Objectives:The definitive treatment of early-stage cervical cancer involves multidisciplinary decision making. This expert panel was convened to reach consensus on the selection of appropriate therapies based on patient and disease characteristics at presentation.Methods:The American College of Radi
A case study in parallel computing. I: Homogeneous turbulence on a hypercube

In this article we discuss the detailed implementation of a parallel pseudospectral code for integration of the Navier-Stokes equations on an Intel iPSC/860 Hypercube. Issues related to the basic efficient parallelization of the algorithm on a hypercube are discussed, as well as optimization issues specific to the iPSC/860 system. With the combination of optimizations presented, the code runs on a 32-node iPSC/860 system at a speed exceeding that of the fastest implementation on a Cray YMP by nearly 25%.
Phase changes and diffusivity in the carbon-lithium electrode

Abstract Using a coulometric technique, the phase and diffusivity changes during lithium intercalation in graphite have been studied. A carbon-lithium intercalation cell using molten LiCl-KCl (Eut.) electrolyte was prepared and used under an argon atmosphere. An approximate solution to the cylindrical Fick's diffusion problem was applied to calculate the lithium diffusivity values in graphite. Phase and diffusivity variations in the higher, and lower, stage lithium intercalation regions have been obtained for spectroscopic graphite at 476 – 482 °C.
Effect of various inducers on electron transport system associated with drug metabolism by liver microsomes.

Abstract The metabolism of a wide variety of drugs and other compounds is catalyzed by liver microsomal enzyme systems involving cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. The sequence of events in these reactions is presumably as follows: The drug substrate reacts with the oxidized form of cytochrome P-450 to form a complex which is reduced either directly by NADPH-cytochrome c reductase or indirectly via an unidentified electron carrier. The reduced cytochrome P-450-substrate complex then reacts with oxygen to form an “active oxygen” complex, which decomposes with the formation of the oxidized drug and oxidized cytochrome P-450. Since the rate of reduction of the cytochrome P-450-substrate is considerably slower than the rate of oxidation of the complex under steady-state conditions, most of the cytochrome P-450-substrate complex is in the oxidized form. The rate of electron flux through the system, however, may be modified by altering the amount of cytochrome P-450-substrate complex, or the rate at which it is reduced. Inducers of drug metabolism may be classified according to their effects on the various components of the system. Phenobarbital-like inducers cause increases in NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P-450, and thus increases in the amount of cytochrome P-450-substrate complex and its rate of reduction. Polycyclic hydrocarbons, such as methylcholanthrene, induce the formation of a variant of cytochrome P-450, which has different affinities for the various drug substrates than does the usual form. This kind of inducer does not increase either NADPH-cytochrome c reductase or the rate of cytochrome P-450 reduction; indeed in some experiments they decrease the rate of cytochrome P-450 reduction per cytochrome P-450. In female rats, spironolactone and perhaps other anabolic steroids increase NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and the rate of cytochrome P-450-substrate reduction, but have little or no effect on the amount of cytochrome P-450. The relationship between the electron flux and drug metabolism in liver microsomes depends on the substrate. For example, the demethylation of ethylmorphine and NADPH oxidation (or cytochrome P-450 reduction) approaches the theoretical 1:1 relationship, whereas, the rate of hydroxylation of hexobarbital may be considerably less than the substrate induced rate of NADPH oxidation (and cytochrome P-450 reduction).
Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma With Involvement of Extremity Musculature: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Hematogenous dissemination of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) metastatic to skeletal musculature in the absence of osseous involvement is an infrequent occurrence. We retrospectively reviewed our institution's indexed database for patients evaluated from 1975 through 1997 who were diagnosed as having skeletal musculature metastases from NSCLC. Eight men and 2 women were identified (age range, 51-80 years at time of metastases). Four primary adenocarcinomas, 4 primary lung squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and 2 poorly differentiated primary NSCLCs were identified. Approximate tumor sizes ranged from 10 cm3 to 288 cm3. External-beam radiation therapy was used in 7 of 10 cases; complete surgical excision was performed in 3 cases. Patients with known neoplasm who have extremity pain and negative findings on bone scan should be evaluated for soft tissue tumor involvement because such findings significantly affect clinical management. One case of lung SCC metastatic to the quadratus femoris muscle in a 63-year-old man is discussed in detail.
Growth characteristics of poliovirus in HeLa cells: nucleic acid metabolism.

The RNA and DNA contents of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the HeLa cell were determined. The rates of incorporation of P32 into the various nucleic acid fractions were established for the ordinary HeLa cell maintained under a set of standard conditions. The changes in the rates of incorporation of P32 and in the amounts of RNA and DNA which occurred subsequent to infection with poliovirus were followed throughout the infectious cycle. These changes were correlated with the intracellular appearance of the newly formed virus. A net synthesis of RNA occurred in the cytoplasmic component of the cell. The increase was detectable 2 hours before the first appearance of demonstrable virus and reached a maximum (2.5 times normal) at 6 hours. Viral increase was not maximal before the 7th hour after infection.
Acute effects of triazolam in women: relationships with progesterone, estradiol and allopregnanolone.

This study investigated hormone levels and mood in normal women to explore relationships between levels of circulating hormones and i) baseline mood states and ii) effects of triazolam on mood. Certain ovarian hormones or their metabolites have direct actions on neuronal receptors. These actions may result in changes in mood state, or changes in responses to psychoactive drugs which act on the same receptors. The present study explored relationships between estrogen, progesterone and a metabolite of progesterone, allopregnanolone, and the mood-altering and performance effects of an acute dose of triazolam. Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine which acts via the GABAA receptor complex. Twenty women received triazolam (0.25 mg) or placebo at the follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. Each subject participated in six conditions (i.e., drug and placebo at each of the three phases), across two menstrual cycles. Dependent measures included self-reported mood states, psychomotor performance, and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, allopregnanolone, and triazolam. Mood and performance measures were not clearly related to hormone levels when data from all three phases were examined. However, within the luteal phase, higher levels of allopregnanolone were associated with lower self-reported arousal before any drug administration (i.e., at baseline). After administration of triazolam, most subjects reported the expected decreases in rating of arousal. However, the subjects with the highest levels of allopregnanolone reported increases in ratings of arousal. Thus, hormone levels were related to mood and responses to triazolam, particularly during the luteal phase of the cycle. However, the drug-hormone interactions on mood and behavior were complex.