cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Will Trump's Tax Reform Affect Real Estate Investments and Capital Markets?

This article gives a brief overview of how changes to the federal tax code, as envisioned by the Trump administration and the Republican-led Congress, will impact real estate finance in the U.S.
Using collaborative discourse theory to partially automate dialogue tree authoring

We have developed a novel methodology combining hierarchical task networks with traditional dialogue trees that both partially automates dialogue authoring and improves the degree of dialogue structure reuse. The key to this methodology is a lightweight utterance semantics derived from collaborative discourse theory, making it a step towards dialogue generation based on cognitive models rather than manual authoring. We have implemented an open-source tool, called Disco for Games (D4g), to support the methodology and present a fully worked example of using this tool to generate a dialogue about baseball.
Patching Up the “Leaking Leadership Pipeline”: Fostering Mid-career Faculty Succession Management

The research presented here contributes to research and practice focused on faculty leadership development by examining the leadership pipeline for mid-career faculty in a consortium of 13 liberal arts colleges. Research findings revealed that mid-career faculty members are in the leadership pipeline, with the department chair position serving as an entry point. However, leadership aspirations beyond the department chair position decline serving as a source of the leaking leadership pipeline. Differences were found by gender. Further, issues of lack of preparation for current and future leadership roles was connected to few mid-career faculty members aspiring to executive leadership positions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
An Uncertainty Aware Method for Geographic Data Conflation

With a significant amount of spatial data archives online, data conflation is becoming more and more critical in the domain of Geographical Information Science (GIScience) because of its broad applications such as detecting the development of road networks and the change of river course. Existing conflation approaches usually rely on the vector data of corresponding features in multiple sources to have an approximate location. However, they commonly overlook the uncertainty produced during the vector data generation process in the data sources. In previous work, we presented a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) recognition system that automatically recognizes areas of geographic features from maps and then generates a centerline representation of the area feature (e.g., from pixels of road areas to a road network). In this paper, we propose a method to systematically quantify the uncertainty generated by an image recognition model and the centerline extraction process. We provide an end-to-end evaluation method that exploits the distance map to calculate the uncertainty value for centerline extraction. Compared with methods that do not consider uncertainty value, our algorithm avoids using a fixed buffer size to identify corresponding features from multiple sources and generate accurate conflation results.
Self-assembly of highly asymmetric, poly(ionic liquid)-rich diblock copolymers and the effects of simple structural modification on phase behaviour

A series of thermally processable, phase-separating diblock copolymers made via sequential ATRP of styrene and styrenic ionic liquid (IL) monomers with various alkyl imidazolium substituents were synthesized to cover a wide range of volume fractions, most notably those on the IL-rich side of the phase diagram. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis was used to confirm melt-state (and glassy state) phase behavior in which all four classic equilibrium diblock copolymer morphologies – body-centered cubic spheres (SBCC), hexagonally packed cylinders (Hex), lamellae (Lam), and notably, bicontinuous gyroid (Gyr) – were observed. These PS-PIL diblock copolymers were found to have a high degree of conformational asymmetry and/or electrostatic cohesion within the PIL block, highlighted by the shift of the Lam phase window with boundaries falling between fPIL = 0.31 and 0.55. Variation of the alkyl group appeared to influence the strength of the Flory-like interaction parameter of the system, χPS/PIL, such that simple substitution of methyl by n-butyl on the imidazolium IL substituent resulted in the emergence of the (notoriously segregation-sensitive) Gyr phase, superseding the persistent coexistence of Lam and Hex in the methyl-substituted imidazolium diblock copolymer phase diagram.
Codes over Zm

In this paper we study cyclic codes inZ m. i.e., ideals inZ mG, G a finite abelian group, and we give a classification of such codes.We also study the minimum Hamming distance and the generalized Hamming weight of BCH codes overZ m.
Approximate determinations of the center of shear by use of the St. Venant solution for the flexure problem of plates of variable thickness

We extend a recent analysis of the shear center problem in the context of the linear theory of transverse bending of orthotropic elastic plates by an explicit comparison of results based on several differing definitions of the center of shear within the framework of the St. Venant flexure solution for the problem of orthotropic plates. We also consider transverse bending of anisotropic plates where we find a significant aspect ratio effect not present in the orthotropic, case, and the shear center problem for plates with combined midplane bending and stretching as a consequence of constitutive coupling.
Variable-Temperature ESI-IMS-MS Analysis of Myohemerythrin Reveals Ligand Losses, Unfolding, and a Non-Native Disulfide Bond.

Variable-temperature electrospray ionization combined with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are used to monitor structural transitions of the protein myohemerythrin from peanut worm in aqueous ammonium acetate solutions from ∼15 to 92 °C. At physiological temperatures, myohemerythrin favors a four-helix bundle motif and has a diiron oxo cofactor that binds oxygen. As the solution temperature is increased from ∼15 to 35 °C, some bound oxygen dissociates; at ∼66 °C, the cofactor dissociates to produce populations of both folded and unfolded apoprotein. At higher temperatures (∼85 °C and above), the IMS-MS spectrum indicates that the folded apoprotein dominates, and provides evidence for stabilization of the structure by formation of a non-native disulfide bond. In total, we find evidence for 18 unique forms of myohemerythrin as well as information about the structures and stabilities of these states. The high-fidelity of IMS-MS techniques provides a means of examining th...
Calibration of highway safety manual predictive models for Kansas freeway segments.

AbstractThe Safety Performance Functions (SPFs) in the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) are statistical formulas developed based on limited data gathered from selected few states. Therefore, the HSM rec...
Extra-large and morphologically unique microfossils of the 2.52 Ga Gamohaan Formation, South Africa

The microorganisms that evolved during the Archean era had extraordinary impacts on this planet. If not for them, Earth would not have developed the oxygen-rich atmosphere needed to support the evo...
Verifiable Adaptive Control with Analytical Stability Margins by Optimal Control Modification

This paper presents a verifiable model-reference adaptive control method based on an optimal control formulation for linear uncertain systems. A predictor model is formulated to enable a parameter estimation of the system parametric uncertainty. The adaptation is based on both the tracking error and predictor error. Using a singular perturbation argument, it can be shown that the closed-loop system tends to a linear time invariant model asymptotically under an assumption of fast adaptation. A stability margin analysis is given to estimate a lower bound of the time delay margin using a matrix measure method. Using this analytical method, the free design parameter n of the optimal control modification adaptive law can be determined to meet a specification of stability margin for verification purposes.
Heat Flux Data Reduction Using a Preconditioning Trial Function

This paper presents 1) a new preconditioned data reduction formulation, and 2) enhanced thin-film temperature gauge model for estimating the source heat flux applicable to impulsive test facilities...
Single-Turnover Activation of Arp2/3 Complex by Dip1 May Balance Nucleation of Linear versus Branched Actin Filaments

Summary Arp2/3 complex nucleates branched actin filaments important for cellular motility, endocytosis, meiosis, and cellular differentiation [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins (WASPs), the prototypical Arp2/3 complex activators, activate Arp2/3 complex only once it is bound to the side of an actin filament [ 5 , 6 ]. This ensures WASP-activated Arp2/3 complex only nucleates branched actin filaments but means branched actin networks must be seeded with an initial preformed filament. Dip1 and other WISH/DIP/SPIN90 family proteins activate Arp2/3 complex without preformed filaments [ 7 ], creating seed filaments that activate WASP-bound Arp2/3 complex [ 8 ]. Importantly, Dip1-mediated activation of Arp2/3 complex creates linear filaments instead of branches [ 7 ]. Cells may therefore need to limit Dip1 activity relative to WASP to preserve the dendritic nature of actin networks, although it is unclear whether such regulatory mechanisms exist. Here, we use total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to show that Dip1 causes actin assembled with WASP and Arp2/3 complex to form disconnected networks with many linear filaments rather than highly branched arrays. We discover a key biochemical difference between Dip1 and WASP that may limit linear filament nucleation in cells; although WASP must be released for nucleation, Dip1 stays associated with Arp2/3 complex on the pointed ends of nucleated actin filaments, so Dip1 is consumed in the reaction. Using live-cell imaging of fission yeast, we provide evidence that Dip1 is a single-turnover activator of Arp2/3 complex in vivo, revealing a mechanism by which Dip1 can initiate branched actin networks at endocytic sites without disrupting their branched architectures.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients With Solid Tumors Before Initiating Chemotherapy.

Background & Aims Patients with solid tumors who undergo chemotherapy have an increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation, but a low proportion of these patients are screened for HBV infection and guidelines make conflicting recommendations. Further, the cost-effectiveness of newer treatments for HBV prophylaxis has not been examined for this population. We aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of HBV screening before chemotherapy for patients with solid tumors. Methods We compared 3 HBV screening strategies (screen all, screen only high-risk patients, or screen none) using a Markov model of a population of adults in the United States who initiated chemotherapy for a solid tumor. We modeled use of entecavir prophylaxis for HB surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients and surveillance for HBsAg-negative patients who are positive for HBV core antibody. The Markov cycle length was 1 year, with model simulation for up to 5 years. Results The screen all strategy was the most cost effective, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $42,761 compared to screening only high-risk patients. The screen none strategy was less effective and less costly than screening all patients or only high-risk patients. The screen-all strategy was the most cost effective for all estimates of prevalence of HBsAg-positive patients and estimates of HBV reactivation in HBsAg-positive patients. Screening only high-risk patients was the most cost-effective strategy when more than 25% of high-risk patients were screened for HBV infection. Conclusions In a Markov model analysis, we found screening all patients with solid tumors for HBV infection before chemotherapy to be the most cost-effective strategy. Guidelines should consider recommending HBV tests for patients initiating chemotherapy.
Medication Use to Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer

E.F., a 40-year-old woman, comes to your office for a routine gynecologic visit. She is not taking any medications and is generally healthy. She is sexually active, and her last menstrual period started 10 days ago.
[Mo2O2S8]2− small molecule dimer as a basis for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst materials

Molybdenum sulfides have emerged as promising, low cost alternatives to platinum for catalysis of the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A wide variety of sulfides already achieve impressive catalysis, but further development could be enabled by an understanding of the relative activities of different sulfur sites. To contribute towards a better understanding, the small molecule dimer [Mo2O2S8]2−, which is rich in terminal and unsaturated sulfur, has been investigated for HER. Homogeneous catalysis has been attempted in acidified DMF but is precluded by electrodeposition. The resulting deposit ultimately proves to be an active heterogeneous HER catalyst in aqueous acid and is compared to dropcasts of the molecular dimer which are also HER catalysts. XPS elucidates the end structures of the electrodeposits and dropcasts showing a shift away from molecular features in both cases. Investigation of HER performance reveals that the activity of both dimer-based heterogeneous catalysts lags behind that of other reported molybdenum sulfides. However, detailed performance comparisons allow for consideration of key design parameters. Density functional theory calculations are presented for the reduced molecular dimer as well as possible molecular catalytic pathways. These give insight into the cathodic structural transformations of the dimer as well as the observation of heterogeneous but not homogeneous catalysis.
Assessing Microhabitat Characteristics as Predictors of Nest-Box Occupancy in a Declining Bird Species, the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius)

Falco sparverius (American Kestrel) is a declining species that readily uses human-provided nest boxes. We test several hypotheses from the literature regarding nest microhabitat preferences of American Kestrels, including putative preferences for brighter cavities and cavities with a given compass orientation, both of which are believed to provide some thermal benefit. We placed light and temperature data loggers in 26 nest boxes in Massachusetts after young had fledged from occupied boxes. Cavity interior light and temperature were not correlated, and while nest-box orientation did affect cavity interior light levels, none of these variables was significantly associated with occupancy. Microhabitat variables may be more important in some geographic areas than in others; the results of our study suggest that existing hypotheses need experimental verification. It is possible that multi-region studies integrating the effects of ambient temperature and wind on cavity selection will better explain apparent differences in microhabitat preferences across the species' range.
Quantifying Kinematic Adaptations of Gait During Walking on Terrains of Varying Surface Compliance

Locomotion is essential for a person’s ability to function in society. When an individual has a condition that limits locomotion, such as a lower limb amputation, the performance of a prosthetic often determines the quality of life an individual regains. In recent years, powered prosthetic devices have shown nearly identical replication for human leg motion on non-compliant terrains. However, they still face numerous functional deficits such as increased metabolic cost and instability for walking on surfaces of varying compliance and complexity. This paper proposes joint angles of the biological leg are uniquely altered by surface compliance regardless of a subject’s individual walking pattern. These differences are then displayed and quantified as a way to better characterize able-bodied walking compensation typical with three common terrains: sand, grass and gravel. This study also collects data outdoors using IMU sensors and is not limited by lab setup and conditions. These results are important since better understanding of joint angle kinematics on varying terrains could enable the formulation of advanced controllers for current prosthetic devices allowing them to anticipate surface changes and adapt accordingly.
Comparison of Some Exact Tests for a Common Location Parameter of Several Truncated Exponential Distributions with Different Scale Parameters

In this paper we derive some exact tests and one conservative test for a common location parameter μ of several independent truncated exponential distributions with different scale parameters. Tests for μ = μ0 against two-sided alternatives are suggested based on suitable combinations of natural pivots. The exact tests are based on non-minimal sufficient statistics while the conservative test is based on minimal sufficient statistics. Expressions for local power for alternatives μ > μ0 are derived and compared. It turns out that the power for alternatives μ < μ0 is the same for all proposed exact tests. We observe that the test based on a combination of inverse normal cdf of P-values is locally best in most cases. The performance of the conservative test is indeed remarkable in large samples. Some interesting features of a familiar test in the case of one population are also pointed out.
A Call for Change. Can 3D Printing Replace Cadavers for Surgical Training

While cadaveric dissection has stood the test of time because of its widely accepted educational value by experienced surgeons, the introduction advances in 3D printing and biomaterial technologies could potentially provide alternative tools for surgical training. This novel concept in simulation (physical reality) would encompass all the benefits of cadavers in terms of realism and clinical relevance without any of its ethical, infection, safety, and financial concerns.
Playing in the Sandbox: A Methodological Conversation

When Michael Maltz invited me to contribute a methodological autobiography to this volume, I turned for help to Amy Farrell, whom I knew first as a graduate student (I chaired her dissertation committee) and now as a colleague (we teach in the same department). Amy is a topnotch methodologist, and I knew she would be able to help me figure out whether I did, indeed, have a methodological autobiography. We conducted four open-ended interviews structured around an academic life history. We transcribed the interviews and condensed those four interviews into this edited piece.—NR
The Primary Parental Investment in Children in the Contemporary USA is Education

This paper tests the Trivers-Willard hypothesis that high-status individuals will invest more in sons and low-status individuals will invest more in daughters using data from the 2000 to 2010 General Social Survey and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We argue that the primary investment U.S. parents make in their children is in their children’s education, and this investment is facilitated by a diverse market of educational choices at every educational level. We examine two measures of this investment: children’s years of education and the highest degree attained. Results show that sons of high-status fathers receive more years of education and higher degrees than daughters, whereas daughters of low-status fathers receive more years of education and higher degrees than sons. Further analyses of possible mechanisms for these findings yield null results. We also find that males are more likely to have high-status fathers than females.
Thiamine Depletion in Sugar Catabolism: Yet Another Cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (P4.099)

OBJECTIVE: Case presentation of a patient who presented with thiamine deficiency secondary to glucose consumption using up thiamine and malnutrition over the course of a month. BACKGROUND: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is often attributed to alcohol consumption interfering with thiamine uptake as well as disruption of thiamine transformation to its active form. There have also been reports of thiamine deficiency due primarily to malnutrition and malnourished states including end-stage cancer, gastric reductions and prolonged hospitalizations without enteral feeding. Thiamine metabolism is important to understand as a potential mechanism for thiamine deficiency. DESIGN/METHODS: Thiamine metabolism is important in the breakdown of simple sugars and metabolism. This case report presents the mechanism of this as well as a comparison to pure malnutrition as an etiology of thiamine deficiency. RESULTS: Thiamine deficiency secondary to decreased PO intake can take 2-3 months to develop. In this case presentation, the patient developed thiamine deficiency manifested as ophthalmoplegia, anterograde amnesia, ataxia and confusion in the span of less than a month likely due to consumption of sugary soft drinks with a surplus of simple sugars requiring thiamine for breakdown. CONCLUSIONS: When suspecting patients of thiamine deficiency, not only is the length of time of malnutrition important but the types of food the patient is consuming. Study Supported by: Disclosure: Dr. Lane has nothing to disclose. Dr. Anandaram has nothing to disclose. Dr. Stommel has received research support from Biogen Idec.
More in Sorrow Than in Anger

Within William Lloyd Prosser there dwelled two persons. First there was a character endowed with a fantastic capacity to absorb the richness of the world around him, a prodigious memory to retain in photographic detail all that he took in, an organizational genius to put it together in meaningful ways and a power of expression that enabled him to pass his world along to others with new fullness and fascination. All these talents were driven in perpetual high gear by some kind of galvanic magic that nobody fully understood. This was Prosser the legendary character who could absorb the content of a written page almost as fast as he could turn it over; who when scarcely a teenager, would graze in the meadows of history and literature munching contentedly upon such pasturage as Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and other fare intended only for adult consumption. The other dweller within the person of Prosser was none other than a quite little boy, with all the caprices that little boys are made of. There was in Bill always a sense of high excitement and readiness for adventure. When you encountered him, even after a lengthy separation, there were no greetings, no preliminary inquiries. Instead would come "Hi! Peter Lorre is here at the hotel. How can we use him to pull off some scary business for the benefit of Jim Harno?" Poor Dean Albert Harno (affectionately known to Bill as "Jim") was the chief target of most of Bill's practical jokes in the old days. When Harno arrived at his office on the morning of his birthday, he knew immediately who was responsible for the enormous iced octopus that had arrived by express and was waiting to greet him. How this perpetual goading of Harno came about I shall now probably never know. There was a deep friendship between the two and an exchange of pranks was always in order, with Prosser usually getting the best of it. If any one feature of Bill's makeup was more prominent than any other, I suppose it was his yearning to put on a performance. He was born an actor and once confided to me that he always had wanted to go on the stage. I am sure that this is why he was a lively and interesting teacher and garnered such a fabulous assortment of yarns and after-dinner stories. It was this same urge to act that brought about the evening sessions at which Bill fascinated students and their ladies
Effect of 4-azaleucine upon leucine metabolism in Salmonella typhimurium.

dl-4-Azaleucine (5 × 3−3m) added to exponentially growing cells of Salmonella typhimurium resulted in an abrupt cessation of growth lasting 4 to 8 hr followed by a resumption of division. The transitory nature of inhibition was not due to the instability or modification of the analogue or to a derepression of leucine-forming enzymes. Of many compounds tested, leucine served most efficiently to reverse 4-azaleucine-induced inhibition. Inhibition of growth can be explained by the fact that 4-azaleucine inhibits α-isopropylmalate synthase, the first enzyme unique to leucine biosynthesis. The analogue was a poor inhibitor of both the transamination of α-ketoisocaproate to leucine and the charging of leucine to transfer ribonucleic acid. With a leucine auxotroph starved for leucine, the analogue was incorporated into protein specifically in place of leucine. Such incorporation was accompanied by the death of almost all of the cells.
The Thermodynamic Mechanism of Peptide–MHC Class II Complex Formation Is a Determinant of Susceptibility to HLA-DM

Peptides bind MHC class II molecules through a thermodynamically nonadditive process consequent to the flexibility of the reactants. Currently, how the specific outcome of this binding process affects the ensuing epitope selection needs resolution. Calorimetric assessment of binding thermodynamics for hemagglutinin 306–319 peptide variants to the human MHC class II HLA-DR1 (DR1) and a mutant DR1 reveals that peptide/DR1 complexes can be formed with different enthalpic and entropic contributions. Complexes formed with a smaller entropic penalty feature circular dichroism spectra consistent with a non–compact form, and molecular dynamics simulation shows a more flexible structure. The opposite binding mode, compact and less flexible, is associated with greater entropic penalty. These structural variations are associated with rearrangements of residues known to be involved in HLA-DR (DM) binding, affinity of DM for the complex, and complex susceptibility to DM-mediated peptide exchange. Thus, the thermodynamic mechanism of peptide binding to DR1 correlates with the structural rigidity of the complex, and DM mediates peptide exchange by “sensing” flexible complexes in which the aforementioned residues are rearranged at a higher frequency than in more rigid ones.
Invasive carcinoma of the endometrium: A 5 to 16 year follow-up of 183 patients

Abstract The associated pathology, circumstances, type of treatment, and 5 year survival rate of 183 cases of invasive endometrial carcinoma seen in a 16 year period at the Indiana University Medical Center were reviewed. The over-all 5 year survival rate, free of disease, was 63.4 per cent. An assessment of the role of preoperative radiation in Stages I and II was made. Significant delays were noted between the onset of symptoms and establishment of the diagnosis.
Dietary stress and development of resistance to listeria monocytogenes in mice.

The native and acquired cell-mediated immune resistance against Listeria monocytogenes steadily developed in young mice after weaning and reached maximum activity at 6 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. Mice fed a high fat (20% corn oil) diet from 3 weeks of age had a significantly more rapid development of resistance against L. monocytogenes. Mice fed the high fat diet beginning at 6 and 12 weeks of age had significantly lower native preimmune resistance against L. monocytogenes after 3 weeks on the diet. On the other hand, 3-week-old mice fed a low protein (4% casein) diet had a significantly retarded development of native and acquired resistance against L. monocytogenes. However, mice consuming the low protein diet at 6, 12 or 24 weeks of age did not exhibit an impairment in this resistance. Therefore age at which the dietary stress, either low protein or high fat, was initiated had an important effect on native and acquired resistance of mice against L. monocytogenes.
Critical thresholds for co-citation clusters and emergence of the giant component

Abstract The behavior of co-citation clusters is studied over a wide range of similarity values, and we demonstrate the existence of critical or percolation transitions marked by a sudden expansion of cluster size with a small decrease in similarity which, in most cases, reflects the emergence of a giant component on the overall graph for the dataset. The study was motivated by the question of how to set appropriate thresholds for delineating individual research areas that identify, as far as possible, natural boundaries, in view of the fact that a threshold or criterion appropriate for one area may not be appropriate for another. We explore the rate of change in cluster size as a possible boundary indicator. The relationship of this critical behavior to maps of science is discussed.
Changing mortality from coronary heart disease among smokers and nonsmokers over a 20-year interval.

Abstract A comparison of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in two large American Cancer Society studies, Cancer Prevention Study (CPS) I (1959–1965) and CPS-II (1982–1988) suggests that surprisingly large declines occurred in two groups so defined to minimize the influence of change of smoking status. CHD mortality fell essentially in half when comparing nearly 300,000 persons who were actively smoking cigarettes at entry into CPS-I with about 228,000 persons who were similarly actively smoking at entry into CPS-II, about 20 years later. CHD mortality also declined by more than 50% among nearly half a million lifelong nonsmokers recruited for CPS-I in the early 1960s and for CPS-II in the mid-1980s. Possible explanations for these large declines include unmeasured decreases in smoking related to trial design, errors in ascertainment of causes of death, greater improvement among smokers of other risk factors for CHD, and changes in cigarettes or the pattern of smoking that have been salutary for CHD, but not for lung disease or lung cancer; none of these putative explanations can be supported by data from these studies. CHD mortality, much lower in absolute terms in recent years, is still much higher among smokers vs nonsmokers, so that the beneficial trends observed from CPS-I to CPS-II should stimulate further exploration of how CHD is related to smoking, and not serve as an excuse to ignore continued smoking.
Behavior of the ferroresonant series circuit containing a square-loop reactor

An analysis is given for the behavior of the ferroresonant series circuit containing a reactor with 50% NiFe grain-oriented core material. Consideration is given to several different kinds (or modes) of steady-state circuit response at fundamental as well as at subharmonic frequencies for both sinusoidal and square-wave applied voltages. Conditions are derived which are necessary for the stable existence of these modes, and methods are given for the study of the transient processes by which these various steady-state modes are attained.
Anabolic steroids and head injury.

Background The suggestion has been made that neurological changes seen in the syndrome of chronic traumatic encephalopathy may be due to exogenous anabolic steroid use rather than traumatic brain injury. Objective To determine whether administration of anabolic steroids alters the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Methods Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and a linear acceleration model of traumatic brain injury were used. Experimental groups were (1) preinjury anabolic steroids, (2) preinjury placebo carrier, (3) anabolic steroids without injury, (4) no steroids and no injury, (5) postinjury placebo carrier, and (6) postinjury anabolic steroids. Following a 30-day recovery, rats were euthanized, and brainstem white matter tracts underwent fluorescent immunohistochemical processing and labeling of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), a marker of axonal injury. Digital imaging and statistical analyses were used to determine whether anabolic steroid administration resulted in a significant change in the number of injured axons. Results There was no statistically significant difference in number of APP-positive axons by immunohistochemical analysis between respective anabolic steroid and placebo groups. Conclusion Using a standard acceleration-deceleration model of mild traumatic brain injury, we have shown successful visualization of traumatically injured axons with antibody staining of APP. Our results indicate no statistically significant effect of anabolic steroids on the number of APP-positive axons. With the use of this model, and within its limitations, we see no adverse effect or causative role of anabolic steroid administration on the brain following mild traumatic brain injury using APP counts as a marker for anatomic injury.
Recent trends in Soviet psycholinguistics

As is the case in the United States, psycholinguistics in the Soviet Union is a new and growing science. In both countries it is often difficult to identify a common theoretical or methodological denominator that characterizes all the research being conducted. However, it is possible to point to a few factors that have greatly influencedthe development of the science. These factors may be concerned with the political system under which research is conducted, or with the intellectual heritage of the investigators. In either case they account for many of the ways in which Soviet and American approaches to psycholinguistics differ.
Speed Functions, Vocabulary Ability, and Age.

The present study investigated the relationship between verbal ability (as exemplified by Vocabulary test performance) and the ability to perform quickly (as exemplified by three tests varied in how important perceptual-integrative skills were thought to be involved in successful performance). In addition, the influence of Ss age on this relationship was examined. The WAIS Vocabulary, WAIS Digit Symbol, a pencil-and-paper Crossing-off test, plus a reaction-time procedure were given to Ss aged about 19 and about 71 yr. As the importance of speed relative to perceptual-integrative ability increased in successful performance, correlations with Vocabulary decreased. Principal component analyses suggested that Digit Symbol and Vocabulary performances shared equal variance in Cognition. Digit Symbol performance was also associated with Speed. While older age was associated with poorer performances, correlations among test scores were similar for old and young Ss.
Modification of radiation injury to normal tissues by chemotherapeutic agents

The effects of several cancer chemotherapeutic agents on radiation damage to normal intestine, esophagus, and lung tissue were evaluated in LAF 1 mice using quantitative endpoints. In all tissues tested, actinomycin D increased injury and BCNU did not. In the intestine, adriamycin enhanced radiation damage more than any other agent. Bleomycin increased damage in the esophagus but not in the lung or intestine. Cyclophosphamide increased injury only in the lung, where vincristine caused minimal injury, and hydroxyurea, none. Only prednisolone caused significant radioprotection when given at the time of irradiation or at the time of expected death from pulmonary injury.
INDUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN MYELOID LEUKEMIAS BY PHORBOL DIESTERS: PHENOTYPIC CHANGES AND MODE OF ACTION*

Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) of acute myeloblastic leukemia cells halts proliferation and induces expression of monocyte/macrophage markers. Surface characteristics of leukemic HL60 cells, as defined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, were found to be similar to those of normal human promyelocytes. TPA treatment, however, induced a phenotype that, unlike normal monocytes, contained several myeloid-specific markers and lacked several monocyte-specific markers. TPA treatment of HL60 cells causes the rapid disappearance of the transferrin receptor from the cell surface. Because transferrin is essential for HL60 cell proliferation in culture, the disappearance of this receptor is followed by an irreversible accumulation of the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The TPA-induced arrest of cell proliferation suggests the potential of this agent in experimentally treating myeloblastic leukemias.
Mood disturbance versus other symptoms of depression in multiple sclerosis.

We administered the Multiscale Depression Inventory (MDI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to 84 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, 101 patients diagnosed with major depression and 87 nonmedical, nonpsychiatric controls. The MDI consists of three separate depression scales measuring mood, vegetative, and evaluative symptoms. We found that: (a) MS patients did not significantly differ from the controls in mood symptoms, (b) the depression prevalence rate in MS patients was significantly lower when measured by the mood scale (17·7%) than by the BDI (30·5%) or MDI total score (26·6%), and (c) MS patients showed significantly less mood disturbance than a non-MS comparison group matched on BDI measured depression severity. We suggest that the inclusion of nonmood symptoms in self-report depression scales may artificially raise both prevalence rates and severity ratings of MS related depression and that the most valid measure of depression in MS is mood disturbance. (JINS, 1995, I, 291–296.)
Improving quality in echocardiography laboratories.

Echocardiographers and cardiac sonographers can certainly agree that evaluating and improving the quality of echocardiography laboratories is a topic of high interest and importance. As professionals, we always strive to provide the best services possible to our patients. We know that every member of the echocardiographic ‘‘team’’, including the cardiac sonographers, nurses, physicians, and laboratory support personnel, has an important role in producing our final work product—diagnostic evaluations that answer clinical questions, address important findings, and help requesting caregivers to provide high quality care to their patients. We realize that when patients come to us for an echocardiogram, in some ways they also become ‘‘our’’ patients; while we may not be responsible for the details of their day-to-day care, we want to do our best to facilitate what ultimately is best for them. Toward that end, we understand that high quality echocardiography depends upon proper training and skills for all members of the team, and proper operation of the environment in which echocardiography is performed, regardless of where the services are provided. The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) has for years emphasized the importance of physician training and expertise, sonographer training and professional credentialing including professional licensure (where applicable), and accreditation of the laboratories in which services are provided. In this issue of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, an important ASE Guideline article by Picard et al. describes a framework for evaluating and improving the provision of echocardiographic services. Written by a distinguished group of leaders in our field, this document describes how echocardiography laboratories ought to be structured (including the space, personnel, and equipment needed to provide echocardiographic services), discusses the process of acquiring and interpreting images, and makes recommendations about how to evaluate and improve operational quality. We believe that this is an important document, and urge all echocardiography professionals to read it carefully. While we certainly endorse the importance of assessing quality, identifying areas in need of improvement, and instituting methods for quality improvement, we also believe that several specific points deserve emphasis.
The response of bone to metabolic acidosis in man

Abstract A metabolic acidosis was produced in obese women by a fasting regimen with no caloric intake. The acidosis was then partially corrected by administering NaHCO 3 while continuing caloric starvation. During acidosis the net negative calcium balance was 156 mg. daily and during the alkali administration this calcium loss was reduced to 51 mg. daily. It was calculated that the anions lost from bone accompanying the calcium loss would combine with 4–8 mMoles H + daily and thus act as a buffer for the extracellular fluid during the acidosis.
Dehydrogenase Binding to the 3′-Untranslated Region of GLUT1 mRNA

Employing RNA gel mobility shift assays we detected specific binding events between several dehydrogenases and various regions of the GLUT1 mRNA 3'-untranslated region. In particular, the enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) bound to the GLUT1 3'-UTR while isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GluDH) did not. Comparison of shifts obtained with purified dehydrogenases to those obtained using authentic cell extracts indicate that G3PDH and G6PDH may play a role in the intact cell.
The effect of catchment geochemistry and geomorphology on the productivity of a tropical African montane lake (Little Connemara Dam No. 3, Rhodesia)

SUMMARY. An extensive limnological study of a tropical African montane lake (Little Connemara Dam No. 3) was undertaken in 1975 to explain the discrepancy between the high nutrient content of the bottom muds and the oligotrophic status of the water column. Little Connemara Dam (No. 3) lies in a small dolerite catchment. The dolerite is strongly jointed allowing considerable water movement and it weathers easily under high rainfall. A number of homes are built in the small catchment. The results of the study showed that the majority of the nutrients were being flushed into the lake from septic tanks via underground streams. As the dolerite weathers, large amounts of iron and manganese, but little calcium or carbonate, are released. The PO4-P in the water column is complexed with the Fe and Mn allowing only small concentrations for use by algae. Nitrogen enters the lake mainly as particulate nitrogen but is not significantly converted to soluble combined forms of nitrogen at the low pH values (6.2—6.7) found in the lake. Bioassay experiments indicated that combined forms of nitrogen limited phytoplankton growth.
Evaluating Time-Series Models to Forecast the Demand for Tourism in Singapore Comparing Within-Sample And Postsample Results

The authors look at eight models to forecast inbound tourist arrivals to Singapore, six of which were analyzed by Chan and by Chu. The authors explore model performance from a different perspective than either of these authors and arrive at different conclusions. Major suggestions are as follows: (1) a complete comparison among competing models during the estimation phase and a battery of performance statistics when evaluating these models sheds light on several top-performing models; (2) when evaluating the forecasting performance of competing models, different performance statistics may lead to different model selections; (3) among competing models, a model that performs best during the within-sample period does not necessarily perform best in the postsample period; (4) changing the length of the forecast horizon can have an effect on the choice of the best model; and (5) a combined model may be the one that provides the best forecasting performance.
The water regime of asteroid (1) Ceres

Abstract An analytical model is presented which describes the water regime of asteroid Ceres. The model predicts surface and subsurface temperatures, water fluxes, and ice depths as well as integrated water supply rates and residual atmospheric/surface water as a function of time, lattitude, and assumed regolith properties. We find that ice could have survived for 4.5 byr at depths of only 10–100 m near the equator and less than 1.0 to 10 m at latitudes greater than 40°. The current global water supply rate is expected to be between 30 and 300 g sec−1, which corresponds to a near surface number density of ∼1 × 104molecules cm−3. At least one current interpretation of the near-infrared reflectance of Ceres requires coverage by a very thin layer of ice down to 48° lat. Our model suggests that ice with the overall albedo of Ceres (0.09) could exist in transient steady state with the above supply rate only at latitudes greater than 80°. Otherwise the water loss rate from Ceres would exceed the supply rate by orders of magnitude. Stirring of the regolith substantially alters the distribution of ice only at latitudes greater than 70°. At lower latitudes ice depletion is faster than impact rehomogenization at all relevant depths and time scales. Possible contributors to the spectral feature at 3.1 μm other than free surface ice, such as interlayer ice within the optical surface, are considered.
SEX SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF PLAY IN GAMES AND SPORTS

In two studies, 374 participants gave retrospective reports of their favorite games, toys, and hobbies (games) and of their favorite exercise and sports (sports) in elementary school, high school, and college. We tested Gilligan's (1982) expectation that more of males' play would be group activities played in public places, whereas more of females' games and sports would be home-based play in “intimate” dyads. Results showed that sex similarities and differences varied as a function of kind of play. For both sexes, games tended to be home-based and individual or dyadic play, however sports tended to be group, public-based play. Whereas team sports play was most frequent in childhood for both sexes and decreased in frequency from childhood into adulthood, the decrease in team, as compared to individual and dyadic, sports was significantly more dramatic for girls than for boys. The data indicated that whereas girls participate in a variety of types of play, boys' sports play is dominated by team activity across development. Thus, sex differences in the types of sports play provided the strongest support for Gilligan's hypothesis that socialization in team play may foster a reliance upon rights-based moral reasoning in boys.
Simulated null-gravity environments as applied to electrophoretic separations of biological species

The scale-up of electrophoretic separations to provide preparative quantities of materials has been hampered by gravity induced convection and sedimentation. The separation of biologically important species may be significantly enhanced by electrophoretic space processing. Simple demonstrations on past space flights have proven some principles. Several techniques have been evolved to study electrophoretic separations where the effects of gravity have been nullified or significantly reduced. These techniques employ mechanical design, density gradients and computer modeling. Utilization of these techniques for ground based studies will yield clues as to which biological species can be considered prime candidates for electrophoretic processing in zero-G.
Tertiary structure of sickle cell hemoglobin and its functional significance.

Precision scale models of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules indicate that the genetic substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position in the two β chains allows an intramolecular hydrophobic bond to form. This changes the conformation in such a way as to allow molecular stacking. Results of subjection of Hb S solution to temperature change and to propane are consistent with the presence of such a bond. Examination of sickled erythrocytes in a magnetic field and in polarized light indicates that the Hb S molecules are aligned in situ. Filaments interpreted as hollow cables of six Hb S monofilaments have been demonstrated by electron microscopy.
Characteristics of KTN Pyroelectric Detectors

Various properties of potassium tantalate potassium niobate (KTN) related to pyroelectric detection were studied. Measurements of dielectric constant, spontaneous polarization, and pyroelectric coefficient versus electric field for various temperatures are given. Enhanced responsivity and D* due to improved pyroelectric coefficient with biasing was observed. Theoretical expressions exhibit similar results. A D* of 3×107Hz12cm12 with no biasing and 1.3×108Hz12cm12 at optimum biasing were obtained.
Family support for physical activity in girls from 8th to 12th grade in South Carolina

Objective To examine the relationship between perceived family support and other selected correlates of physical activity (PA) with changes in PA over time.