cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiogenic Shock Due to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in a Young Adult Female

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) was initially described by pediatricians after reporting a temporal association of a mimicker of Kawasaki disease shortly after the resolution of a COVID-19 illness. Since June 2020, there have been an increased amount of reports of adults and adolescents above the age of 18 presenting with the syndrome. We report a case of a 20-year-old female with no medical history who presented with cardiogenic shock and was found to have MIS-A.
Assessing Biofilm Dispersal in Murine Wounds

Biofilm-related infections are implicated in a wide array of chronic conditions such as non-healing diabetic foot ulcers, chronic sinusitis, reoccurring otitis media, and many more. Microbial cells within these infections are protected by an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which can prevent antibiotics and host immune cells from clearing the infection. To overcome this obstacle, investigators have begun developing dispersal agents as potential therapeutics. These agents target various components within the biofilm EPS, weakening the structure, and initiating dispersal of the bacteria, which can theoretically improve antibiotic potency and immune clearance. To determine the efficacy of dispersal agents for wound infections, we have developed protocols that measure biofilm dispersal both ex vivo and in vivo. We use a mouse surgical excision model that has been well-described to create biofilm-associated chronic wound infections. To monitor dispersal in vivo, we infect the wounds with bacterial strains that express luciferase. Once mature infections have established, we irrigate the wounds with a solution containing enzymes that degrade components of the biofilm EPS. We then monitor the location and intensity of the luminescent signal in the wound and filtering organs to provide information about the level of dispersal achieved. For ex vivo analysis of biofilm dispersal, infected wound tissue is submerged in biofilm-degrading enzyme solution, after which the bacterial load remaining in the tissue, versus the bacterial load in solution, is assessed. Both protocols have strengths and weaknesses and can be optimized to help accurately determine the efficacy of dispersal treatments.
43 Childhood narcolepsy and autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective case notes review of clinical characteristics

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often seen alongside narcolepsy in childhood; however, little is known about the potential link between the two. Our objective was to identify any similarities or differences between children with narcolepsy who also have ASD and those who do not. Methods A single-centre retrospective records review was undertaken of all children attending narcolepsy clinics as of 1st of August 2021. Data collected included: date and method of narcolepsy diagnosis, severity of narcolepsy at diagnosis, Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depressions Scale (RCADS) scores from parent and child, presence of autistic traits, date of ASD diagnosis and support received by the child’s family. Results Data was collected from 83 sets of patient records. of this sample, 75 (90.4%) had a confirmed diagnosis of narcolepsy, further analysis was conducted on this group only. A total of 21 (28.0%) children were recorded to have autistic traits, 9 (12.0%) had a confirmed diagnosis of ASD; 88% of ASD diagnoses were made before investigation for narcolepsy. Children with and without ASD had similar SOL and REMSOP results on MSLT. When collecting RCADS data, 55.6% of questionnaires from children with ASD were incomplete for both parent and child, compared to 29.6% of questionnaires from cases without, there was greater discrepancy between parent and child scores in the ASD group and higher parent-rated anxiety scores. Children with ASD were also more likely to receive enhanced school support. Discussion Descriptive analysis of this sample has shown that 40% of children with narcolepsy also have and ASD diagnosis or autistic traits. These children were more likely to be rated as anxious by their parents and went on to require enhanced support throughout school. This may suggest that ASD is could act as a clinical indicator to offer enhanced support where possible.
Patient Tampering with Electronic Intravenous Fluid Regulators

Intravenous (IV) fluid controllers and pumps have generally made administration of parenteral fluids and medications safer and more reliable. In addition, they have permitted more effective utilization of nursing services to pediatric patients, because less time is required to monitor the progress of IV fluid infusions. These devices may be classified as either volumetric infusion controllers or volumetric infusion pumps. In the former type, the force of gravity provides the fluid flow through the IV tubing, and an electronic controller limits the flow of solution to a rate that the operator has preset on an indicator. Such infusion controllers are useful for the delivery of most parenteral fluid therapy when moderate flow rates are needed.
Sterol Requirements of T-Strain Mycoplasmas

Abstract T-strain mycoplasmas are very sensitive to digitonin, amphotericin B, and progesterone. This sensitivity and the relatively high content of cholesterol found in the cells indicated a possible requirement of T-strain mycoplasmas for sterols. This suspected requirement was demonstrated directly in a lipid-poor medium and can be met by cholesterol, as well as by β-sitosterol and to a lesser degree by 7-dehydrocholesterol, cholestanol, stigmasterol, and ergosterol but not by cholesterol laurate or cholestan-3-one. Coprostanol, epicoprostanol, and epicholestanol inhibited cell growth. This inhibition could be partially reversed by increasing the cholesterol concentration in the growth medium. Because of their sterol requirement and their unique requirement for urea, T-strain mycoplasmas might be classified as the third genus in the order Mycoplasmatales.
Improved attenuation and scatter correction using continuous bed motion (CBM) and a novel waveform-matched respiratory imaging technique

266 Objectives Respiratory motion during PET/CT imaging results in mismatched functional and anatomical data. This mismatch results in inaccurately applied attenuation and scatter correction. This study examines the impact of using a new waveform-matched technique compared to standard CBM PET imaging and amplitude-based gating (HD•Chest). Methods Patients were imaged with PET/CT using a Biograph mCT Flow and a respiratory band for measurement of respiratory signals. Data were collected using CBM, CBM+HD•Chest, and CBM with the new waveform-matched respiratory gating technique. Visual comparison of the improved co-registration with this new technique was investigated separately, (see abstract control ID: 1888224). Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn at various locations within the lung and descriptive statistics calculated and compared across the three PET/CT datasets. Results Data show significant improvements in quantitative PET results when using the new method. ROIs measured on each PET dataset show an increase in max SUV of up to 73% compared to standard CBM imaging and up to 12% increase compared to CBM+HD•Chest. Average increases in SUV max using this technique were found to be ~23% and 8% when comparing to standard CBM and CBM+HD•Chest, respectively. Conclusions The waveform-matched imaging technique improves PET/CT data matching leading to improved attenuation and scatter correction. This is especially clear in disease sites with little separation. More accurate application of scatter correction leads to improved resolution in sites of respiratory motion compared to standard whole-body imaging while the accurate application of attenuation correction leads to significant increases in SUV measurements. This method significantly improves quantitative and qualitative aspects of PET/CT imaging in sites affected by respiratory motion. Specifically, this technique provides improved performance over current commercially available techniques while also guaranteeing PET/CT registration in the presence of motion.
Investigation of a structure for continuous-time adaptive signal processing

An investigation of a continuous-time adaptive filter based on a minimum-mean-square-error (MSE) performance criterion is presented. The filter is implemented using a transversal topology with a basic analog block between tap lines. The characteristics of the MSE performance surface and the effects of the basic analog block are discussed. The results of a digital computer simulation demonstrating the performance of the filter as an adaptive equalizer are presented. >
The Limits of Mathematics---Tutorial Version

The latest in a series of reports presenting the information-theoretic incompleteness theorems of algorithmic information theory via algorithms written in specially designed versions of LISP. Previously in this LISP code only one-character identifiers were allowed, and arithmetic had to be programmed out. Now identifiers can be many characters long, and arithmetic with arbitrarily large unsigned decimal integers is built in. This and many other changes in the software have made this material much easier to understand and to use.
Abstract 740: Investigating the role of epigenetic mechanisms upon aberrant signaling network activation.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Growth factor (GF) stimulation of quiescent cells activates critical receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways as well as waves of downstream gene expression to drive cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Aberrant activation of RTK signaling networks is a root cause of the uncontrolled cell growth and cell survival seen in cancer. In this study, we aim to uncover the role of epigenetic mechanisms in controlling the dynamic gene expression changes that occur as a cell is activated from a quiescent state, in normal and oncogenic cellular contexts. In order to compare controlled RTK signaling with hyperactive RTK signaling cellular states, we created a cell culture system to modulate the duration and intensity of RTK activation. We genetically deleted the Sprouty (Spry) genes, a family of negative feedback inhibitors of RTK signaling that function as putative tumor suppressors. The Spry deficient cells are hypersensitive to several GFs and show significantly enhanced and prolonged activation of several critical RTK signaling pathways, including the Ras-MAPK pathway. Additionally, the Spry deficient cells possess accelerated cell growth and increased tumorigenic potential compared to their wild-type counterparts. To determine whether this deregulated signaling results in aberrant gene expression, quiescent Spry wild-type and deficient cells were stimulated with GFs, and microarrays were used to profile changes in gene expression over time. Deregulated RTK signaling due to the absence of Spry leads to abnormal expression of a large subset of genes. Specifically, many genes display display not only changes in the level of expression, but aberrant patterns of response to GF stimulation. We determined that genes with deregulated activation in Spry deficient cells display significant differences in histone tail modifications at promoter regions and distal regulatory elements. Interestingly, these changes are evident in the quiescent cellular state as well as upon GF-mediated RTK network activation. Our work suggests that dynamic changes in a cell's epigenetic landscape contribute to the deregulated activation of genes upon hyperactive RTK signaling. Our study will provide a comprehensive view of how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to aberrant gene expression in oncogenic cellular contexts. Citation Format: Behnam Nabet, Rosemary Braun, Relja Popovic, Jonathan D. Licht. Investigating the role of epigenetic mechanisms upon aberrant signaling network activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 740. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-740
Variable Armature Leakage Reactance in Salient-Pole Synchronous Machines

The electrical performance characteristics of a polyphase synchronous machine, that is, its voltage-current relations under load, depend essentially upon the nature and the extent of the magnetomotive forces of the armature currents. Broadly speaking, the effect of these magnetomotive forces is two-fold; i. e., (a) they oppose and distort the field magnetomotive force and (b) they create leakage fields linked with the armature conductors. The first influence is known as the armature reaction, and the second as the armature reactance. More specifically, in a machine with salient poles, the armature reaction may be resolved for purposes of computation into the direct reaction (along the center lines of the poles) and the transverse reaction, midway between the poles. In polyphase machines of usual proportions, the armature leakage reactance, x, usually plays a secondary role, and for most purposes is assumed to be constant and independent of the power factor of the load. The vector of the reactive drop, Ix, is simply drawn in a leading time quadrature with the current I. However, in machines with considerable armature reactance, or where higher accuracy is required, the assumption of a constant x leads to noticeable discrepancies between the computed and observed data. This is of particular importance in problems which involve hunting, instability, etc., and in which the torque (or displacement) angle must be predicted. This angle depends to a considerable degree upon the leakage reactance of the machine.
Dinitriles as ligands—I studies on complexes of cobalt(II) with adiponitrile

Abstract Several cobalt(II)-adiponitrile complexes have been prepared with perchlorate and halide anions. Infrared data provide evidence that the bonding is through the lone pair of the nitrogen in the nitrile group in every case. This excludes chelation and indicates bridging adiponitrile moieties. Thermal decomposition temperatures are given. The spectral and magnetic parameters Dq, B, β and μ are given for both tetrahedral and octahedral species, indicating that adiponitrile is high in the spectrochemical series toward cobalt(II), and that there is considerable covalence in the bonding to the metal ion.
Relationship between frontal dust storms and transient eddy activity in the northern hemisphere of Mars as observed by Mars Global Surveyor

We have compiled a catalog of frontal dust storms in the northern hemisphere using Mars Orbiter Camera daily global maps spanning ~2.3 Martian years of Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) observations (from 1999 to 2003). The most vigorous frontal storms that flush dust to the low latitudes occur in early-mid fall and mid-late winter, away from the northern winter solstice. While many streaks are observed in the polar hood during the winter solstice period, no frontal dust storms are observed in the vicinity of the north polar region. We have also analyzed simultaneous MGS Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) temperature data and found statistically significant negative temperature anomalies associated with frontal storms. In the lowest scale height of the atmosphere, the geographical and seasonal distributions of temperature standard deviations associated with transient variations agree well with the distributions of frontal storms. The correlation deteriorates with increasing altitude, suggesting that lower-level temperature waves are associated with the frontal dust storms. Specifically, eastward traveling m = 3 waves with periods of 2–3 sols appear to be closely related to the development of flushing frontal storms.
Potentially immunogenic proteins expressed similarly in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells

A major limitation of the use of cellular therapies is the loss of donor-derived cells because of immune incompatibility. While induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer the potential for autologous transplant therapies, questions have been raised using a mouse model that specific antigens mediate the rejection of grafts after syngeneic transplants with iPS, but not embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, we examined whether the human homologs of these markers, HORMAD1, ZG16, and Cyp3A, are differentially expressed in human iPS versus ES cells, as well as undifferentiated and in vitro-differentiated cells. Both qRT-PCR and flow cytometric analyses demonstrated similar gene and protein expression profiles for iPS and ES cells regardless of differentiation state. Our data are consistent with a recent study in mice that showed no evidence of rejection of differentiated syngeneic iPS cells. Furthermore, our results suggest that expression of these gene products cannot predict differences in clinical outcomes between human iPS and ES-derived cells.
Inspection and Repair Techniques and Strategies for Alloy 600 PWSCC in Reactor Vessel Head CRD Nozzles and Welds

As a result of the Alloy 600 PWSCC CRD nozzle leaks discovered in the fall of 2000 and spring of 2001 in several US plants, the NRC has recommended a more pro-active effort by U.S. utilities to inspect similarly susceptible nozzles in all US plants. The primary safety concern is circumferential cracks that can permit the nozzle to separate from the head at high velocity and produce a large-break leak in the reactor vessel. A secondary concern is head leakage from any through-wall cracks in the nozzle or J-groove weld area. Although the fundamental weld and seal design are similar for all US PWR plants, the various surrounding geometry and repair probability considerations require multiple inspection and repair alternatives. Geometry issues include the head insulation design that influences the ability to perform visual examinations from above the head, and the presence or absence of thermal sleeves and funnels governing the type of NDE probes than can be used. Repair probability considerations primarily include the likelihood for repair of a small or large number of nozzles and the length of time the repair must last before a head replacement. This paper discusses the various inspection and repair alternatives offered by one service vendor and discusses a decision process for planning the inspection and repair effort.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
High‐Affinity Rabbit Antibodies Directed Against Methotrexate: Production, Purification, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics in the Rat

We describe the production, purification, characterization, and disposition of rabbit polyclonal methotrexate antibodies. These antibodies are prepared for subsequent testing of a drug delivery approach to reduce systemic toxicity upon regional administration of methotrexate. The polyclonal antibodies were raised in New Zealand white female rabbits immunized with a methotrexate–bovine serum albumin conjugate. The anti–methotrexate antibodies were sequestered from rabbit serum through the use of a protein‐G affinity column which allowed for purification of up to 100 mg of rabbit IgG in 30–40 min. The extent of purification was demonstrated through SDS–PAGE and calculation of specific binding activity relative to total protein concentration. The purified antibodies have been shown to have high affinity (Keq range: 1.8 × 108 to 8.75 × 109 M−1) and high selectivity for methotrexate. Preliminary pharmaco‐kinetic studies of the purified antibodies in the rat following a 6 mg/kg intravenous infusion (n = 4) indicate a steady state volume of distribution of 38.0 ± 11.2 mL kg−1, a systemic clearance of 0.92 ± 0.67 mL kg−1 h−1 and an elimination half life of 28.9 ± 7.9 h (mean ± SD).
Stochastic sensing of IP3 has Far-reaching consequences

Abstract Hagan Bayley's group at Texas A&M University has devised a stochastic sensing methodology for the quantitation of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The unique sensing scheme is very selective and has the potential to measure cytosolic concentrations of IP 3 .
The Influence of Phosphate on the Determination of Calcium by Flame Methods of Analysis—A New Approach

Abstract The depression of the analytical signal of calcium by phosphate ion when using turbulent (H2/02 and H2/A/entrained air) and laminar (C2/H2/air) flames in flame spectro-ietry is studied. Measurements of flame emission of calcium as a function of calcium to phosphate and pyrophosphate molar ratios for various flame heights in both turbulent and laminar flames are made. The phosphate interference when using turbulent flames is shown to be a result of a slow vaporization of the calcium phosphate particles. The phosphate interference when using laminar flames with chamber type aspirators is only important at high calcium and phosphate concentrations. The cause of the interference is probably a result of either slow vaporization of the calcium phosphate particles or a slow rate of change of the orthophosphate to pyrophosphate during the decomposition step.
Gender differences in bipolar disorder: retrospective data from the first 500 STEP-BD participants.

Objective: To examine gender differences in a large sample of patients with bipolar illness. Methods: Exploratory analysis of baseline data from the first 500 patients in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), a multi-center NIMH project. Participants are allowed to have medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and to enter in any mood state, thus making the population more generalizable than many research cohorts. Diagnoses and history were assessed using structured clinical instruments administered by certified investigators. Given the exploratory nature of these analyses, there is no correction of for multiple comparisons. However, we emphasize findings that are statistically significant at the more stringent p < 0.01 level. Results: Compared with men, women had higher rates of BPII (15.3% M versus 29.0% F, p < 0.01), comorbid thyroid disease (5.7% M versus 26.9% F, p < 0.01), bulimia (1.5% M versus 11.6% F, p < .0.01) and post-traumatic stress disorder (10.6% M versus 20.9% F, p < 0.01). Women and men had equal rates of history of lifetime rapid cycling and depressive episodes. Men were more likely to have a history of legal problems (36% M versus 17.5% F, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Potentially important gender differences in certain illness characteristics were found in our study; however, in contrast to other reports, we did not find higher rates of lifetime depressive episodes or rapid cycling in women. Although our study is limited by its retrospective study design, its results are strengthened by our large sample size and use of structured interviews.
Correlation of closo-carborane 11B-H spin-coupling constants with structural features including cage “umbrella” angle

The magnitude of 1J(11B1H) values for the closo-carboranes are correlated to structural characteristics. Among the various parameters considered, both the number of adjacent cage carbon atoms and cage “umbrella” angle appear to contribute significantly to changes in the observed spin-coupling constants with smaller cage umbrella angles contributing to higher J(11B-H) values. A derived empirical method enables the prediction, or confirmation, of certain NMR assignments in those instances where some uncertainty previously existed.
SeaWiFS observations of the Arabian Sea southwest monsoon bloom for the year 2000

During the southwest monsoon (SWM) in the northern Arabian Sea, the phytoplankton bloom associated with upwelling has remained incompletely characterized by satellite ocean-color observations. This is due to the prevalence of dust storms in the region from May to September that prevents good satellite-derived chlorophyll retrievals. To ameliorate this problem, SeaWiFS data from May to September 2000 were processed with the spectral-matching algorithm (SMA) using a suite of Saharan dust models. The use of SMA significantly increased chlorophyll data recovery in areas otherwise completely masked by standard SeaWiFS processing, and permitted a description of the bloom over the SWM period. Maps of the frequency and spatial distribution of TOMS-absorbing aerosol index indicate that Africa and Arabia are the most probable dust sources, and that the nearshore area parallel to the Arabian coast was the most affected by dust events during the SWM, which is also where chlorophyll retrievals are also poorest. Weekly averages of the SeaWiFS images produced using the SMA show that at the onset of upwelling in June, the bloom along the Omani coast has limited offshore extent except for a few small thin filaments. From July to September, the high-chlorophyll features evolve into more complex structures that extend offshore into the Arabian Sea interior. In October, when the SWM has ended, the filaments appear to merge, forming a high-chlorophyll band off the Omani coast. Quikscat wind data suggest that the widespread filament formation occurs only when the SWM winds begin to weaken, which results in greater spatial variability in the zone of maximum wind stress (the Findlater Jet). Although the bloom is generally restricted to the cold-water upwelling area (as indicated by TMI sea-surface temperatures) that lies northwest of the Findlater Jet axis, the high-chlorophyll structures do not occur solely in association with coldest upwelling features. This suggests that thermal satellite imagery cannot be used to infer chlorophyll distributions for periods in which no ocean-color data are available, e.g., the earlier JGOFS cruises.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Monometallo-, Bimetallo-, and Heterobimetallo-1,2-Ethene-Linked Cofacial Bisporphyrins.

The stepwise synthesis and characterization of a family of selectively metalated 1,2-bis[5-(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinyl)]ethenes is described. These compounds are distinct from most of the previously reported bisporphyrin systems which possessed rigid linking groups or multiple strapping units, and their syntheses offer several advantages over the previously prepared systems. Among the members of this family we report the first heterobimetallic bisporphyrins able to exist as either cis (cofacial) or trans (extended) isomers including cis 13 {[NiII][ZnII]}, cis 14 {[NiII][CuII]}, and trans 15 {[CuII][MnIII]}. Products were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy (except those containing CuII and/or MnIII), visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. X-ray structural data are provided for bisporphyrins 4, 10, and 13−15: cis 4 (C74H88N8Co2), monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 21.097(15) A, b = 14.120(5) A, c = 22.987(11) A, β = 108.59(4)°, Z = 4; cis 10 (C74H90N8Cu) monoclinic...
What Can Constitutions Do?: The Afghan Case

What aims should guide a new constitution's drafters? Aspirational homilies about the rule of law, human rights, or democracy aside, there remains a surprising dearth of tools with which to gauge the success or failure of a constitution. We suggest four mid-range metrics for constitution-making: the legitimation of a new state; the channeling of political conflict; the dampening of agency costs from representational government; and the creation of national public goods. We apply these metrics to the 2004 Afghan constitution, arguing that it has had some modest successes in some areas, while failing in others.
Recovery of vascular function after exposure to a single bout of segmental vibration.

Work rotation schedules may be used to reduce the negative effects of vibration on vascular function. This study determined how long it takes vascular function to recover after a single exposure to vibration in rats (125 Hz, acceleration 5g). The responsiveness of rat-tail arteries to the vasoconstricting factor UK14304, an α2C-adrenoreceptor agonist, and the vasodilating factor acetylcholine (ACh) were measured ex vivo 1, 2, 7, or 9 d after exposure to a single bout of vibration. Vasoconstriction induced by UK14304 returned to control levels after 1 d of recovery. However, re-dilation induced by ACh did not return to baseline until after 9 d of recovery. Exposure to vibration exerted prolonged effects on peripheral vascular function, and altered vascular responses to a subsequent exposure. To optimize the positive results of work rotation schedules, it is suggested that studies assessing recovery of vascular function after exposure to a single bout of vibration be performed in humans.
Third-compartment cannulation in alpacas using a polyurethane gastrostomy tube.

Objective To develop a simple and effective surgical technique for third-compartment cannulation in alpacas. Design Prospective study using six adult male alpacas. Methods General anaesthesia was induced and a polyurethane gastrostomy tube was surgically implanted into the distal portion of the third compartment. Results Three of the alpacas retained their cannulas for a 100-day period; however, three cannulas were dislodged during the study. Two of the three dislodged cannulas were replaced during a second surgical procedure. Cannulas were well tolerated by the alpacas and all animals remained clinically healthy during the study period. Third compartment contents did not leak from the cannulation site. The tubes were manually removed following the completion of the study and the small defect in the body wall quickly healed over in all animals. Conclusion Surgical placement of polyurethane tubes designed for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a useful method of cannulating the third compartment in camelids. This technique can be used for experimental studies and possibly could be used for nutritional support and fluid therapy in sick camelids that might need long-term care.
A Dialogue on Space and Method in Qualitative Research on Education

In this article, the authors critically examine the use of space in education research and illustrate how spatial analyses of education reframe persistent educational problems in productive, actionable ways. The authors juxtapose critical spatial analyses with traditional temporal analyses. The authors approach the knowledge-construction process in dialogue, emphasizing the spatial identity-markers of the historical moments and social spaces within/through which they investigate these ideas. The authors problematize traditional temporal notions of education research and illustrate how educational problems and research practices might be reconceptualized through a dialogic process. Cumulatively, the authors hope that their dialogue will promote understanding of how space matters in education research through dialogic knowledge construction.
How poor readers and spellers use interactive speech in a computerized spelling program

The ‘Spello’ program was designed to use interactive speech feedback on a talking-computer system to improve children's spelling and phonological skills. In two versions of the program, the synthesizer pronounced the word to be spelled and the student tried to type in the word correctly. Both versions of the program showed the students which letters were correct in their spelling attempts. One version pronounced only the target word, as often as the child requested. The other version also provided intermediate speech feedback for children's spelling attempts, so they could hear how their own attempts sounded, and compare them to the target word. Twenty-eight children aged seven to fourteen studied 16 words they had misspelled on pretests and 16 words of related word structure. For children ten years or older, training with intermediate speech feedback led to greater benefits in phonological coding skills than training with word-only feedback, reflected in the ability to read nonsense words related in structure to the trained words. Intermediate speech feedback also led to a marginally significant advantage in spelling the trained words. When the groups switched conditions, however, there was no difference in their tested skills after a second week of training.
An Implantable Vascularized Protein Gel Construct That Supports Human Fetal Hepatoblast Survival and Infection by Hepatitis C Virus in Mice

Background Widely accessible small animal models suitable for the study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vivo are lacking, primarily because rodent hepatocytes cannot be productively infected and because human hepatocytes are not easily engrafted in immunodeficient mice. Methodology/Principal Findings We report here on a novel approach for human hepatocyte engraftment that involves subcutaneous implantation of primary human fetal hepatoblasts (HFH) within a vascularized rat collagen type I/human fibronectin (rCI/hFN) gel containing Bcl-2-transduced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Bcl-2-HUVEC) in severe combined immunodeficient X beige (SCID/bg) mice. Maturing hepatic epithelial cells in HFH/Bcl-2-HUVEC co-implants displayed endocytotic activity at the basolateral surface, canalicular microvilli and apical tight junctions between adjacent cells assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Some primary HFH, but not Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells, appeared to differentiate towards a cholangiocyte lineage within the gels, based on histological appearance and cytokeratin 7 (CK7) mRNA and protein expression. Levels of human albumin and hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) mRNA expression in gel implants and plasma human albumin levels in mice engrafted with HFH and Bcl-2-HUVEC were somewhat enhanced by including murine liver-like basement membrane (mLBM) components and/or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-HUVEC within the gel matrix. Following ex vivo viral adsorption, both HFH/Bcl-2-HUVEC and Huh-7.5/Bcl-2-HUVEC co-implants sustained HCV Jc1 infection for at least 2 weeks in vivo, based on qRT-PCR and immunoelectron microscopic (IEM) analyses of gel tissue. Conclusion/Significance The system described here thus provides the basis for a simple and robust small animal model of HFH engraftment that is applicable to the study of HCV infections in vivo.
Ondine's curse with accompanying trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia secondary to medullary telangiectasia.

Central hypoventilation syndrome (“Ondine’s Curse”) is an infrequent disorder that can lead to serious acute or chronic health consequences. This syndrome, especially in adults, is rare, and even less frequent in the absence of clear pathogenic lesions on MRI. In addition, we are not aware of any previously reported cases with associated cranial nerve neuralgias. We describe a patient with baseline trigeminal and glossopharyngeal neuralgia, admitted with episodes of severe hypoventilatory failure of central origin, consistent with “Ondine’s Curse”. After evaluation, she was found to have a medullary capillary telangiectasia, thought to be the causative lesion, and which could explain her complete neurologic and hypoventilatory syndrome. The patient was treated with placement of a diaphragmatic pacing system, which has been effective thus far. This case illustrates the need for investigation of centrally mediated apnea, especially when co-occurring cranial nerve neuralgia is present and cardiopulmonary evaluation is negative. It provides an example of capillary telangiectasia as the causative lesion, one that to our knowledge has not been reported before. Placement of a diaphragmatic pacing system was warranted and became lifesaving as the patient was deemed to be severely incapacitated by chronic ventilatory insufficiency.
An assessment of the radiological module of NEONATE as an aid in interpreting chest x-ray findings by nonradiologists

NEONATE is a prototype of an expert system for the Newborn Intensive Care Unit developed at the Primary Children's Medical Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. A pilot study was undertaken to see if the addition of radiological frames to the NEONATE software could aid attending Neonatologists to interpret chest X-ray films. A set of radiological frames was created from rules generated by a radiologist. The performance of these radiological frames was compared to the performance of other radiologists using the Kappa statistic to measure agreement. There is a good agreement between the computer's decisions and the radiologists' decisions. The radiological frames were also tested to see if they help physicians who are not trained in radiology. A system that compares the residents' interpretation and the computer's interpretation to a gold standard interpretation was developed. It shows that the computer helps the first and second year residents, but not the third year residents. This article suggests that NEONATE's interpretation of chest X-ray findings are close to the radiologists' interpretations. While NEONATE's radiological frames help novice physicians in reaching better chest X-ray interpretation, the current study suggests that they are not likely to help a Neonatologist.
Electronic Band Structure of Arsenic. I. Pseudopotential Approach

The electronic band structure of arsenic is studied by means of a pseudopotential approach. The pseudopotential has been chosen by (a) fitting the "atomic" pseudopotential of Ge to a four-parameter curve and (b) adjusting the parameters slightly so as to allow comparison of the various theoretical curves with the experimental data. The energy bands are determined by diagonalizing a fairly large (\ensuremath{\approx}90\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}90) secular determinant. Spin-orbit coupling is included a posteriori. Group-theoretical analysis is carried out throughout the Brillouin zone and use is made of the classification of the levels as well as the compatibility relations. It is found that the holes are located at $T$, the center of the hexagonal face. The electrons are probably distributed in six equivalent pockets, each one located along a binary axis in a pseudohexagonal face, near its center $L$.
Direct generation of accelerating Airy beams using a 3/2 phase-only pattern

Accelerated Airy beams have previously been generated using a cubic phase pattern that represents the Fourier transform of the Airy beam. The Fourier transform of this pattern is formed using a system length of 2f, where f is the focal length of the Fourier transform lens. In this work, we directly generate the Airy beam using a 3/2 phase pattern encoded onto an LCD. Experimental results show a deflection that depends on the square of the distance from the LCD and match theoretical predictions. However the system length is much shorter.
An Enantiomerically Pure Adamantylimido Molybdenum Alkylidene Complex. An Effective New Catalyst for Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis

An enantiomerically pure Mo-based complex that bears an alkylimido ligand is prepared and characterized through NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. Mo complex 4 is the only reported chiral alkylimido catalyst; all previous chiral complexes are arylimido systems. These studies show that the chiral Mo catalyst exists exclusively as the syn isomer and that it offers unique reactivity and selectivity profiles in asymmetric olefin metathesis.
Conjunctival epithelial cell hypermitosis and goblet cell hyperplasia in atopic keratoconjunctivitis.

Atopic diseases that include eczema (atopic dermatitis), asthma, and seasonal and perennial rhinoconjunctivitis are common manifestations of abnormal immediate hypersensitivity. Ocular involvement, such as atopic keratoconjunctivitis, characteristically includes conjunctival and corneal inflammation, and in a severe form, conjunctival scarring, symblepharon, corneal epitheliopathy, and visual loss. To examine the conjunctival cellular abnormalities in atopic keratoconjunctivitis, we studied the in vivo differentiation and tissue-culture growth characteristics of conjunctiva from normal subjects and patients with severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. We examined conjunctival biopsy specimens to determine epithelial mitotic rate and goblet cell frequency, and we studied conjunctival explants to determine the latent period for fibroblast outgrowth and fibroblast doubling time. The mitotic rate for atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 6.7% +/- 2.1% (11 patients), was statistically significantly greater than for normal subjects, 2.0% +/- 0.63% (seven subjects) (P = .05). Also the goblet cell frequency for atopic keratoconjunctivitis, 14.6% +/- 3.4% (11 patients), was statistically significantly greater than for normal subjects, 4.8% +/- 0.92% (seven subjects) (P = .02). The latent period for fibroblast outgrowth and the fibroblast doubling time for atopic keratoconjunctivitis were not statistically significantly different from normal control subjects. Therefore, atopic keratoconjunctivitis was associated with conjunctival epithelial hypermitosis, goblet cell hyperplasia, and normal fibroblast tissue-culture growth. These characteristics may be useful in the diagnosis of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. We previously studied another disease characterized by chronic conjunctival inflammation and scarring, cicatricial pemphigoid, which also demonstrated conjunctival epithelial hypermitosis, but in contrast there was near absence of goblet cells, and the fibroblasts were hyperproliferative. These differences may be used to distinguish atopic keratoconjunctivitis from cicatricial pemphigoid.
Comparing and contrasting the properties of urethane/acrylic hybrids with those of corresponding blends of urethane dispersions and acrylic emulsions

Abstract In this work the effect of acrylic emulsion design on polyurethane–acrylic emulsion blend properties has been examined. A series of model acrylic emulsions were prepared and blended with a commercial polyurethane dispersion (PUD). Corresponding polyurethane/acrylic hybrid (U/A) systems were prepared from the same commercial PUD. The acrylic to urethane ratio was kept at 50:50 by weight throughout. The acrylic emulsion parameters varied were: particle size, composition (acid monomer level), Tg and molecular weight. Modulated DSC was used to qualitatively determine the amount of polyurethane and acrylic polymer in the interphase of the blends and hybrids. Results show that there is approximately 5–20% by weight of each of the acrylic and polyurethane in the interphase in the blends. While in the U/A hybrids there is approximately 20–30% polyurethane and 35–50% of acrylic in the interphase. The mechanical properties of the dry films were measured by tensile testing. The hybrids were found to compare favorably with, and in some areas exceed, the PUD alone in tensile performance. In contrast the performance of all of the blend systems fell short of the PUD and of the corresponding hybrids. Within the set of blends the best tensile results were achieved using the low Tg, high molecular weight acrylic emulsions. There were no clear trends with changes in acrylic emulsion particle size or acid content. The difference in performance between blends and hybrids is attributed to the increased phase mixing and the improved dispersion of phase domains in the hybrids.
The Pathogenesis of Postinfectious Myocarditis

Myocarditis is an important cause of heart failure among adolescents and young adults. A remarkable observation is the discrepancy between the limited overt evidence of myocyte injury and the global impairment of left ventricular function. This discrepancy has stimulated suggestions that immunological mechanisms contribute to cardiac damage. We have developed two murine models of myocarditis, one elicited by cardiotropic Coxsackie B3 (CB3) virus infection and the other by cardiac myosin immunization, to better analyze the pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for immune-mediated heart-muscle disease. Both virus infection and myosin immunization produce myocardial inflammation and elicit heart-reactive antibodies which bind to the myocardium in vivo and which recognize the cardiac myosin heavy chain. Each model offers unique advantages. The virus-induced disease more closely resembles human myocarditis; myosin immunization isolates the autoimmune components of the disease since no virus infection is involved. We have also distinguished strains of mice resistant to autoimmune myocarditis (such as B10.A) from those susceptible to the autoimmune phase of disease (such as A.CA and A/J). Mice from a resistant strain to virus-or myosin-induced autoimmune heart disease develop myocardial inflammation and myosin antibodies if co-treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interleukin (IL)-1 when infected or immunized. Thus, cytokines can modulate the outcome of cardiotropic virus infection and enhance its autoimmune sequela. We also found that blocking IL-1 receptor inhibits autoimmune myocarditis in genetically susceptible mice.
Are stone-age genes created out of whole cloth? Evaluating claims about the evolution of behavior

This paper provides an overview of historical and current standard scientific practices for investigating the evolution of behavior. I argue that Evolutionary Psychology (EP) ignores its historical precedents—ethology and the instinct critics—and while acknowledging current perspectives—epigenetics and developmental systems theories—does so only in terms of lip service. In particular, EP does not investigate the dynamic interplay between genes and context that is essential for understanding the development and evolution of behavior. Thus, EP does not conform to the rigorous standards of biology or psychology, is often unresponsive to methodological critiques, skirts theoretical controversies, and is disconnected from a large body of scholarship on issues surrounding the evolution of behavior.
The Delayed-Start Study Design

Delayed-start study designs are a new way to distinguish a treatment's effects on long-term disease progression from its potential short-term effects on disease symptoms. In this article, the strengths, weaknesses, and key design assumptions of this type of trial are examined.
Response of Digitaria decumbens leaf carbohydrate levels and glucan degrading enzymes to chilling night temperature

Experiments were performed to analyze how chilling temperatures present during the night period affect leaf carbohydrate metabolism in pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens Stent.), a warm-season forage grass. Plants were exposed to three consecutive 14h night periods of either 25 or 10°C. Control plants (25°C nights) displayed an average 75% decline in leaf glucose levels during the night. This decline was more than 50% smaller in chilled plants (10°C nights) during all three nights. In control plants, leaf sucrose levels declined 78% during the night period. In chilled plants, this decline was inhibited to less than 2% of the available sucrose during the first night, and 47 and 44%, respectively, during two subsequent chilling nights. Greater than 90% of leaf starch was mobilized in control plants during the night, whereas 52, 46, and 16% of leaf starch was mobilized during three consecutive chilling nights, respectively. Chilling did not cause observable alterations in the ex planta activity of specific amylase enzymes; however, two diurnally regulated extrachloroplastic amylolytic enzymes were identified. Total leaf α-1,4-glucan phosphorylase (GP) activity was diurnally regulated with highest activity at the end of the night period, and activity increased in chilled plants after two consecutive chilling nights. Therefore, during three consecutive chilling nights the diurnal fluctuations in neither leaf carbohydrate levels nor GP activity remained constant. This dynamic response indicates that previous chilling night exposure influenced subsequent night-period carbohydrate metabolism despite each night period being separated with a warm (25-33°C) 10-h d period