cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical evaluation of techniques for use of a laser Doppler velocimeter to measure flow and turbulence

Results of autocorrelation functions and power spectral densities of laser Doppler velocimeters in the reference-beam-heterodyning and the cross-beam-mixing mode are derived to handle turbulence measurements, Doppler ambiguity, spatial coherence, and effects of particle concentration and detection aperture. A useful definition of signal-to-noise ratio is given for both correlation and spectral analyses. The signal-to-noise calculation provides a direct comparison of the figures of merit between various arrangements of a laser Doppler velocimeter with methods for signal processing to measure optically the flow properties of a fluid under given experimental conditions.
Paracytic (Syndetocheilic) Stomata in Carboniferous Seed Ferns

Stomata of the paracytic type have been discovered on the lower pinnule surface of the Carboniferous seed fern foliage species Alethopteris sullivanti. The stomatal complex is not visible when the cuticle is in place. This is apparently the first report of paracytic stomata in Carboniferous plants.
ER-BOC Calculations of Crystal Bulk Properties from Smallest-Cluster Models

Ab initio calculation of bulk properties of crystals with a high accuracy, which is a long-time goal of solid chemistry and physics, is still difficult and expensive because a large cluster is required as a crystal structure model. This article proposes a model based on density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemistry calculations and the assumption that the bond order of a given atom with its nearest atoms in a compound is conserved over the entire range from its diatomic molecules to clusters and further to crystals. This entire range bond order conservation (ER-BOC) provides an effective way to correlate bulk properties of crystals with those of the corresponding molecules and small clusters. By combining this ER-BOC principle with hybrid DFT quantum chemistry calculations, accurate predictions of the bulk bond lengths of a crystal can be made using calculations on small clusters.
Metastatic properties of murine sarcomas and carcinomas I. Positive correlation with lung colonization and lack of correlation with s.c. tumor take

The spontaneous metastatic properties of six sarcomas and seven carcinomas syngeneic to C3Hf/Kam mice were investigated and the correlation between spontaneous metastasis, the lung colony forming efficiency (LCFE) of i.v. injected tumor cells, and s.c. tumor take was determined. The incidence and number of spontaneous metastases in the lung were determined in mice that had primary tumors in the leg removed 17 to 120 days earlier, depending on tumor type. There was a significant positive correlation between spontaneous metastasis and LCFE when all 13 tumors were compared, but the significance was lost when carcinomas and sarcomas were considered separately. No significant correlation between spontaneous metastasis and the s.c. tumor take was observed. Also, no correlation was found between LCFE and the s.c. tumor take of carcinomas, but there was a strong inverse relationship between these two properties of sarcomas. The number of cells shed from primary tumors was estimated and found to be more extensive in tumors with higher metastatic properties. Thus, in general, highly metastatic tumors were characterized by a high LCFE and a significant cell shedding. Furthermore, LCFE was greatly increased by treatment of animals with cyclophosphamide and by admixing heavily irradiated tumor cells to viable cells, implying that local environmental factors are important in determining the establishment of tumor cell clonogens into metastasis.
Receptor specificity of subtype H1 influenza A viruses isolated from swine and humans in the United States.

The evolution of classical swine influenza viruses receptor specificity preceding the emergence of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus was analyzed in glycan microarrays. Classical swine influenza viruses from the α, β, and γ antigenic clusters isolated between 1945 and 2009 revealed a binding profile very similar to that of 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses, with selectivity for α2-6-linked sialosides and very limited binding to α2-3 sialosides. Despite considerable genetic divergence, the ‘human-like’ H1N1 viruses circulating in swine retained strong binding preference for α2-6 sialylated glycans. Interspecies transmission of H1N1 influenza viruses from swine to humans or from humans to swine has not driven selection of viruses with distinct novel receptor binding specificities. Classical swine and human seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses have conserved specificity for similar α2-6-sialoside receptors in spite of long term circulation in separate hosts, suggesting that humans and swine impose analogous selection pressures on the evolution of receptor binding function.
Relation between the earthquake statistics and fault patterns, and fractals and percolation

Abstract Using computer simulations and analyzing experimental data, we investigate the structure of fault patterns in heterogeneous rock, and the distribution of earthquake hypocentral locations. At large length scales, the fracture networks of rock are fractal with a fractal dimension D ⋍1.9 and 2.5, in 2D and 3D, respectively. We present a computer simulation model that explains these results in terms of percolation fractals. Three-dimensional fractal analysis of regional hypocentral locations yields a fractal dimension of about 1.8. This result can be explained if earthquakes are distributed on the backbone of the fractal network of fault structure with a fractal dimension equal to that of the percolation backbone. Thus, percolation provides a unified theory for the geometry of fault patterns and the spatial distribution of earthquakes.
Modeling of cross-regulation in multiple-output flyback converters

In this paper, the complex operation of multiple-output flyback power converters is explained in terms of the extended cantilever magnetics model. Analytical results are derived that can accurately predict steady-state cross-regulation properties of a power converter with any number of outputs and with arbitrarily complex magnetics configuration. Two snubber configurations are considered: a passive voltage-clamp snubber; and an active-clamp snubber. Predictions of the model are verified by experiments. The analytical models are the basis for a discussion of magnetics design guidelines that can result in improved cross-regulation in multiple-output flyback power converters.
Improving Physics Instruction by Analyzing Video Games

Video games can be very powerful teaching systems, and game designers have become adept at optimizing player engagement while scaffolding development of complex skills and situated knowledge. One implication is that we might create games to teach physics. Another, which I explore here, is that we might learn to improve classroom physics instruction by studying effective games. James Gee, in his book What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy (2007), articulates 36 principles that make good video games highly effective as learning environments. In this theoretical work, I identify 16 themes running through Gee's principles, and explore how these themes and Gee's principles could be applied to the design of an on-campus physics course. I argue that the process pushes us to confront aspects of learning that physics instructors and even physics education researchers generally neglect, and suggest some novel ideas for course design.
Boehmite and yttrium oxide coatings on silicon nitride from aqueous sols

To improve the processing of silicon nitride, boehmite and yttrium oxide were coated on silicon nitride particles by an aqueous sol-gel method. It is shown that boehmite and Y2O3 can be coated on Si3N4 particles from aqueous solutions. However, the Y2O3 coating is not as complete as boehmite coating. The coating of a yttria coating followed by a boehmite coating was attempted and the TEM showed a coating twice as thick as the Y2O3 or AlOOH coating. Hydrothermal treatment of yttrium nitrate hydrous hydroxide results in the formation and growth of Y(OH)3 fibers which can be calcined and transformed into Y2O3 fibers at 500°C.
Classification of physical activity intensities using a wrist-worn accelerometer in 8-12-year-old children.

SummaryBackground Population-specific accelerometer cut-points are required to accurately determine the accumulation of physical activity of various intensities. Objectives A calibration study was conducted (i) to determine the cut-points for the ActiGraph GT3X+, non-dominant, wrist-mounted accelerometer in children aged 8–12 years and (ii) to compare classification accuracies among the accelerometer's three axes and vector magnitude (VM) values. Methods Forty-five children aged 8–12 years performed up to seven activities while wearing accelerometers on their non-dominant wrist. Activities were performed in a summer day camp setting, represented free-living activities, and lasted for 10 min with minutes 5–8.5 used for analysis. Direct observation and percentage of heart rate reserve were used to determine activity intensity. Results Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses resulted in area under the curve values of all three axes and VM ranging 0.82–0.89, 0.80–0.83, 0.62–0.67 and 0.86–0.89 for light, moderate, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous activity intensities. Additionally, regression analyses resulted in prediction equations with R2 values ranging from 0.70 to 0.77. Conclusion Results found comparable activity intensity classification accuracies from the ActiGraph GT3X+ wrist-worn accelerometer to previously published studies. Based on ROC and regression analyses, activity intensities can be distilled from this accelerometer using axis 1, axis 2 or VM values with similar classification accuracy.
Compliance With Sarbanes-Oxley Requires Formal Ethics Training: Are You Doing It?

This paper focuses on the business environment post Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The premise of this paper is that after decades of an eroding of regulations to prevent corporate and personal self-serving behavior, the legislation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is not enough to prevent unethical behavior. Kohlberg’s moral development theory states that cognitive ethical reasoning becomes more complex as one matures and gains cognitive processes. This theory assumes anyone with lower-order ethical reasoning is not able to process higher-order ethical reasoning. The theory is another indication that high ethical standards exhibited today do not guarantee the same standards tomorrow. Ethics theories and Rest’s four-component model is briefly discussed. This paper concludes with an ethical business training model which can serve as a guideline for accessing and improving individual organizational ethics standards of ethical behavior .
Formal verification of superscalar microprocessors with multicycle functional units, exceptions, and branch prediction

We extend the Burch and Dill flushing technique [6] for formal verification of microprocessors to be applicable to designs where the functional units and memories have multicycle and possibly arbitrary latency. We also show ways to incorporate exceptions and branch prediction by exploiting the properties of the logic of Positive Equality with Uninterpreted Functions [4][5]. We study the modeling of the above features in different versions of dual-issue superscalar processors.
Evolving neural network controllers for unstable systems

The author describes how genetic algorithms (GAs) were used to create recurrent neural networks to control a series of unstable systems. The systems considered are variations of the pole balancing problem: network controllers with two, one, and zero inputs, variable length pole, multiple poles on one cart, and a jointed pole. GAs were able to quickly evolve networks for the one- and two-input pole balancing problems. Networks with zero inputs were only able to valance poles for a few seconds of simulated time due to the network's inability to maintain accurate estimates of their position and pole angle. Also, work in progress on a two-legged walker is briefly described. >
Investigations of radiative electron capture by ion channeling techniques

The unique constraints imposed on the interactions of energetic heavy ions as a result of the channeling effect are utilized to investigate the phenomenon of radiative electron capture (REC) for 17 to 40 MeV oxygen ions. Measured cross-sections and widths of the REC radiation are compared with calculations made specifically for the channeling situation.
How does the design community think about design

Design is a term that brings many people together. Collectively, we distinguish ourselves from others by the fact that we are designers and members of a design community. But, design is also a term that pushes people apart. The design that some value in the new fashions in the boutiques in Milan is not seen by everyone as design. While some are impressed with the design of a new telephone, not everyone sees this as design. As a community, we believe design is important. But, as a community, we do not have a common definition of what it is. Many views of design have been proposed. Several classifications of design have been proposed. In this paper, we also seek to classify views on design. Unlike earlier efforts, however, we want to find the classification that the global community of designers uses. To this end, we examine the patterns of citations to key authors' works (Author Co-citation Analysis) to uncover this classification and identify seven key author clusters representing identifiable theory groups or schools of thought/practice in design.
Detection of coronary occlusions using autoregressive modeling of diastolic heart sounds

Recordings of diastolic heart sound segments were modeled by autoregressive (AR) methods including the adaptive recursive least-squares lattice (RLSL) and the gradient lattice predictor (GAL). Application of the Akaike criterion demonstrated that between 5 and 15 AR coefficients are required to describe a diastolic segment completely. The reflection coefficients, prediction coefficients, zeros of the polynomial of the inverse filter, and AR spectrum were determined over a number (N=20-30) of diastolic segments. Preliminary results indicate that the averaged AR spectrum and the zeros of the inverse filter polynomial can be used to distinguish between normal patients and those with coronary artery disease. >
Expression of Herpes Simplex Virus ICP0 Inhibits the Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Viral Infection

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant d109 does not express any of the immediate-early (IE) proteins and persists in cells for a prolonged length of time. As has been shown by Nicholl et al. (J. Gen. Virol. 81:2215-2218, 2000) and Mossman et al. (J. Virol. 75:750-758, 2001) using other mutants defective for IE gene expression, infection with d109 induced the expression of a number of interferon-stimulated genes. Induction of these genes was significantly greater at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 10 PFU/cell or greater, and the resulting antiviral effect was only seen at MOIs greater than 10 PFU/cell. Using mutants defective for sets of IE genes established that the lack of ICP0 expression was necessary for high levels of interferon-stimulated gene expression in HEL cells. The induction of interferon-stimulated genes by d109 could also be inhibited by infection with an E1-:E3-:E4- adenovirus expressing levels of ICP0 that are comparable to those expressed within the first hour of wild-type virus infection. Lastly, the addition of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 to cells infected with a mutant that expresses ICP0, d106, also resulted in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes. Thus, ICP0 may function through the proteasome very early in HSV infection to inhibit a cellular antiviral response induced by the virion.
A field technique for estimating aquifer parameters using flow log data

A numerical model is used to predict flow along intervals between producing zones in open boreholes for comparison with measurements of borehole flow. The model gives flow under quasi-steady conditions as a function of the transmissivity and hydraulic head in an arbitrary number of zones communicating with each other along open boreholes. The theory shows that the amount of inflow to or outflow from the borehole under any one flow condition may not indicate relative zone transmissivity. A unique inversion for both hydraulic-head and transmissivity values is possible if flow is measured under two different conditions such as ambient and quasi-steady pumping, and if the difference in open-borehole water level between the two flow conditions is measured. The technique is shown to give useful estimates of water levels and transmissivities of two or more water-producing zones intersecting a single interval of open borehole under typical field conditions. Although the modeling technique involves some approximation, the principle limit on the accuracy of the method under field conditions is the measurement error in the flow log data. Flow measurements and pumping conditions are usually adjusted so that transmissivity estimates are most accurate for the most transmissive zones, and relative measurement error is proportionately larger for less transmissive zones. The most effective general application of the borehole-flow model results when the data are fit to models that systematically include more production zones of progressively smaller transmissivity values until model results show that all accuracy in the data set is exhausted.
An Empirical Test of the Descriptive Validity of the Theory of Demographic Transition on a Fifty-Three Nation Sample

(1969). An Empirical Test of the Descriptive Validity of the Theory of Demographic Transition on a Fifty-Three Nation Sample. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 190-203.
Improving product instruction compliance: “If you tell me why, I might comply”

Although prior research into product instructions has been limited to investigating the effect of warnings such that people might avoid possible product dangers by heeding warnings, this research considers methods of improving consumer product instruction compliance when noncompliance with a product instruction does not necessarily lead to a hazardous situation. In particular, this research investigates the impact of providing instructions that specify the process by which compliance with the instructions will lead to the desired end state (e.g., product outcome), called process-cause information. The results of a first field experiment indicate that intention to comply with product instructions is enhanced when people are told how compliance with the instructions will lead to the desired outcome (i.e., when process-cause information is included in a product instruction). This finding is substantiated by results of a follow-up laboratory experiment where subject compliance with an instruction-based behavior was observed. The importance of the present research is discussed in terms of the potential impacts on customer satisfaction, service recovery, product returns, product liability, and warranties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals.
Synthesis of 3H-Labeled Tetrabenazine (TBZ)

Tetrabenazine (TBZ) (1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-9,10-dimethoxy-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2H-benzo[a]quinolin-2-one), a vesicular monamine transporter 2 inhibitor, was prepared as a tritium-labeled compound with high specific activity and radiochemical purity. Catalytic hydrogenation of a precursor with the terminal double bond was used to introduce the tritium. This method provides tritium-labeled TBZ with high specific activity and radiochemical purity, which allow the further investigation of a TBZ in the neurological field.
Cancer of the neovagina.

Abstract Objective Cancer of the neovagina has been documented, and found to occur at younger ages than cancer of the native vagina. A review of the world literature was performed to evaluate risk based on type of tissue used for replacement or reconstruction of the vagina, as well as signs and symptoms of tumor occurrence and follow-up possibilities for early detection/screening for cancer and precancerous changes. Method Comprehensive review of relevant published literature. Results Creation of a neovagina is infrequently performed with no established follow-up pattern. Neovaginal construction uses a variety of tissues: bowel, skin graft, vulvar skin flaps, rectus abdominus (myocutaneous) flaps, inverted penile skin. When exogenous tissue is used, tissue dysplasia can be expected because the tissue is suddenly subjected to new contacts/stresses. Pathological criteria of abnormality in epithelium transplanted to a vaginal location are not well established. Case reports suggest that squamous cell cancers occur in skin-graft vaginal constructions and adenocarcinomas occur in vaginas constructed of bowel. Clear or bloody discharge and postcoital bleeding are the most frequent first symptoms. Endoscopy and biopsy are needed for diagnosis. Conclusion Although considered rare, many cases of cancer of the neovagina are documented in the literature. Careful follow up of patients who have undergone neovagina construction is important.
Altered Calcium/Calmodulin Kinase II Activity Changes Calcium Homeostasis That Underlies Epileptiform Activity in Hippocampal Neurons in Culture

Epilepsy is characterized by the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs) in neurons. A decrease in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK-II) activity has been shown to occur with the development of SREDs in a hippocampal neuronal culture model of acquired epilepsy, and altered calcium (Ca 2+ ) homeostasis has been implicated in the development of SREDs. Using antisense oligonucleotides, this study was conducted to determine whether selective suppression of CaMK-II activity, with subsequent induction of SREDs, was associated with altered Ca 2+ homeostasis in hippocampal neurons in culture. Antisense knockdown resulted in the development of SREDs and a decrease in both immunocytochemical staining and enzyme activity of CaMK-II. Evaluation of [Ca 2+ ] i using Fura indicators revealed that antisense-treated neurons manifested increased basal [Ca 2+ ] i , whereas missense-treated neurons showed no change in basal [Ca 2+ ] i . Antisense suppression of CaMK-II was also associated with an inability of neurons to restore a Ca 2+ load. Upon removal of oligonucleotide treatment, CaMK-II suppression and Ca 2+ homeostasis recovered to control levels and SREDs were abolished. To our knowledge, the results demonstrate the first evidence that selective suppression of CaMK-II activity results in alterations in Ca 2+ homeostasis and the development of SREDs in hippocampal neurons and suggest that CaMK-II suppression may be causing epileptogenesis by altering Ca 2+ homeostatic mechanisms.
The Adolescent English Language Learner

Theory and research on second language acquisition have long acknowledged the significant influence of learner identities—that is, how learners see themselves and are seen by others in relation to the target language and culture. Learner age has likewise been a central theme in second language acquisition research. These two important factors intersect in the case of adolescent language learners. Adolescence is regarded as a particularly malleable and difficult age in the development of social identity and conception of self, and even more potentially problematic for multilingual and multiethnic English learners. In this chapter, I first briefly outline current debates and cross-cultural research about adolescence as a unique developmental stage in identity development and suggest potential implications for English language learning. I then outline major strands of investigation on the role of social context and social identity in adolescent English language learning, including research in social psychology and intercultural communication; research in social psychology, clinical psychology, and clinical health; research in educational anthropology and sociology; and research on critical theory, cultural studies, and poststructuralism. The chapter concludes with a summary of current debates and directions for further research.
EVIDENCE FOR A CONTRIBUTION BY THE INTESTINAL WALL TO THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL OF THE RAT.

Rats were fed cholesterol in order to block hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and their intestinal lymph ducts were cannulated. Experiments with these rats showed that cholesterol synthesized in the intestinal wall enters into the circulating cholesterol pool. The quantitative significance of this source of serum cholesterol has not been established.
A Fuel Cell Stack Architecture to Make all Cells Have Equal Operational Conditions and Performance

This paper presents a novel architecture for a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, which is based on the concept that every cell in the stack works at the same condition and thus each cell has the same contribution to the overall output voltage and power. To meet this proposed requirement, special flow distributors were used to evenly distribute fuel and airflow to every fuel cell in the stack. Details of the flow distributor and experimental tests of a four-cell fuel cell stack are presented in the paper. The experimental results demonstrated the desired high performance of the fuel cell stack. It is proved that the novel architecture for fuel cell stack is successful and of significance to the development of high performance fuel cell stacks.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Ultrastructure of the ascocarps, asci, and ascospores of Mycosphaerella populorum.

Mycosphaerella populorum ascocarps, developing in overwintering poplar leaves, exhibit characteristics typical of the Dothideales of the Loculoascomycetidae. Each pseudothecium develops a locule co...
P2-S8.06 Using electronic diaries prospectively to capture STI-related phenomenology

Objective To describe electronic diary study adherence, completion and sexual behaviour patterns among a high-risk sample clinically recruited for a prospective study of incident STI. Method Participants (N=243; 18–29 yrs; 61% female; 88% African American) completed 12-weeks of weekly STI testing and 3x/day electronic diaries assessing individual and partner-specific affect, daily activities, substance use and sexual and contraceptive behaviour. We analysed event- and subject-level completion rates, and subject-level STI and behaviour response effects among subjects who had completed the study and who had not been incarcerated during study. Results In total, 82.3% (200/243) of participants individually submitted at least 250 diaries (252 expected) during the study; as a group, participants submitted 89.7% (54 900/61 236) of the total number diaries expected. The average number of diaries weekly submitted varied between 17.03 and 19.45 (21 expected). Total and weekly submissions were similar by gender, age and race. The overall median survey completion time was 1.77 min (1.68 min: if no partners; 3.00 min: if any partners). Among those with only one partner, median completion time when no sex occurred was 2.47 min and was 3.87 min when any sex occurred. About 35% (85/243) of participants had an STI at some point in the study. Subjects reported the following sexual behaviours: vaginal sex (86.4%: 210/243), anal sex (29.6%: 72/243), giving oral sex (70.8%: 172/243) and receiving oral sex (82.7%: 201/243). Of those reporting vaginal sex, 60.4% (127/210) had only one partner and 23.3% (49/210) reported two partners. The median number of partner changes was one. Event level data suggest no response effects: sensitive behaviours, such as substance use or vaginal sex, exhibited similar stability in reports over time as compared to non-sexual activities such as eating or taking a walk. Conclusion Data suggest excellent study protocol adherence and stable behaviour reporting among a high-risk sample. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of prospective, incident STI data collection methods, particularly in clinically recruited samples, which are often assumed to be non-compliant or unreliable around such methods.
Aquinas's Two Pedagogies: A Reconsideration of the Relation between Law and Moral Virtue

assisting the well-intentioned person to grasp and develop the "social and civic" dimensions of the ethical virtues. I then consider what relevance this aspect of Aquinas's theory might hold for contemporary liberal democracy, focusing on the institution of the "legal holiday." -y Ai That legitimate role does human or civil law properly play in ILI \/ moral education, according to Thomas Aquinas? And what can v T we learn from him on this count that is of interest to us in our contemporary liberal-democratic polity? These are the questions I will address in this article. As is well known, Aquinas distinguishes "human" or "acquired" moral virtue, from the divinely "infused" moral virtues and the "theological" virtues (see Summa Theologiae I-II 63, 3-4).1 In this essay, I intend to focus primarily on the former, on Aquinas's view of the proper perfection of human nature as such.2 This limited context of inquiry has two advantages: First, the arguments we will examine are principally those which, on Thomas's own terms, do not per se presuppose the possession of supernatural grace and the acceptance of Christian revelation. Hence they are open to the rational scrutiny of believers and nonbelievers alike. Second, a clearer understanding of this element of the connection Thomas posits between ethics and politics should serve as necessary groundwork
TREC 2009 at the University of Buffalo: Interactive Legal E-Discovery With Enron Emails.

For the TREC 2009, the team from University at Bufialo, the State University of New York participated in the Legal E-Discovery track, working on the interactive search task. We explored indexing and searching at both the record level and the document level with the Enron email collection. We studied the usefulness of flelded search and document presentation features such as clustering documents based on email threads. For query formulation for the selected search topic, we combined a precision-oriented Speciflc Query method that a recall-oriented Generic Query method. Future evaluation of the efiectiveness of these query techniques is still needed.
Localized In Vivo 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and In Vitro Analyses of Heterogeneous Brain Tumors

Results of magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) studies of the chemical patterns in brain tumors have been inconsistent. Actual biochemical correlations are needed. In 2 patients with heterogeneous intracranial tumors, in vivo 1H MRS and in vitro biochemical analyses were correlated. Histology confirmed the tumor heterogeneity. Choline was elevated in the cellular portion of both tumors but decreased in the necrotic or cystic portions. Creatine was diffusely decreased while lactate was elevated in all regions of both tumors. Furthermore, the increase in the choline peak on 1H MRS appeared to be due to increases in water-soluble choline compounds. This study illustrates the value of small localized voxels for differentiating regional chemical differences in tumors.
6‐4: High Efficacy, High Color Quality Hybrid White OLEDs Incorporating Red Quantum Dots with Narrow Emission Bands

We propose a hybrid WOLED technology that combines colloidal quantum dot narrow red emitters with organic emitters for high efficacy, high color quality solid state lighting. Spectra analysis indicates this approach will lead to WOLEDs that could achieve high color quality (CRI≥91; R9≥32) at high luminous efficacy of radiation (≥359lm/W).
Using Social Marketing Theory as a Framework for Understanding and Increasing HPV Vaccine Series Completion Among Hispanic Adolescents: A Qualitative Study

HPV vaccine series completion rates among adolescent Hispanic females and males (~39 and 21 %, respectively) are far below the Healthy People 80 % coverage goal. Completion of the 3-dose vaccine series is critical to reducing the incidence of HPV-associated cancers. This formative study applies social marketing theory to assess the needs and preferences of Hispanic mothers in order to guide the development of interventions to increase HPV vaccine completion. We conducted 51 in-depth interviews with Hispanic mothers of adolescents to identify the key concepts of social marketing theory (i.e., the four P's: product, price, place and promotion). Results suggest that a desire complete the vaccine series, vaccine reminders and preventing illnesses and protecting their children against illnesses and HPV all influence vaccination (product). The majority of Completed mothers did not experience barriers that prevented vaccine series completion and Initiated mothers perceived a lack of health insurance and the cost of the vaccine as potential barriers. Informational barriers were prevalent across both market segments (price). Clinics are important locations for deciding to complete the vaccine series (place). They are the preferred sources to obtain information about the HPV vaccine thus making them ideal locations to deliver intervention messages, followed by television, the child's school and brochures (promotion). Increasing HPV vaccine coverage among Hispanic adolescents will reduce the rates of HPV-associated cancers and the cervical cancer health disparity among Hispanic women. This research can inform the development of an intervention to increase HPV vaccine series completion in this population.
The Black Jesus, the Mestizo Jesus, and the Historical Jesus

This paper identifies a modern racial ideology prevalent not only in U.S. society and culture at large, but also one to which historical Jesus studies is susceptible: the ideology of white invisibility. In fact, so pervasive is this ideology that it can be detected even in the most constructive efforts to diversify contemporary biblical scholarship. My point of departure for this critique is an important essay published in Biblical Interpretation by Jeffrey Siker: “Historicizing a Racialized Jesus: Case Studies in the ‘Black Christ,’ the ‘Mestizo Christ,’ and White Critique” (2007). My aim is to show how the logic of white invisibility functions implicitly in the locations and relations of the four Jesuses invoked by Siker’s essay – namely, the black, mestizo, white, and historical Jesuses. Although I am critical of Siker’s analysis, my ultimate aim, like his, is to move the conversation forward in a constructive manner. Indeed, I have chosen to engage his essay because I believe it is a valuable contribution that helpfully frames the thorny problematic of competing representations of the white, black, brown, red, and yellow Jesuses. Iden­tifying the strengths and limitations of Siker’s analysis, then, not only renders visible the ideology of white invisibility, but also points to ways of moving beyond the impasse of competing representations.
Progress in tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-targeted therapeutics

As an essential innate immune population for maintaining body homeostasis and warding off foreign pathogens, macrophages display high plasticity and perform diverse supportive functions specialized to different tissue compartments. Consequently, aberrance in macrophage functions contributes substantially to progression of several diseases including cancer, fibrosis, and diabetes. In the context of cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor microenvironment (TME) typically promote cancer cell proliferation, immunosuppression, and angiogenesis in support of tumor growth and metastasis. Oftentimes, the abundance of TAMs in tumor is correlated with poor disease prognosis. Hence, significant attention has been drawn towards development of cancer immunotherapies targeting these TAMs; either depleting them from tumor, blocking their pro-tumoral functions, or restoring their immunostimulatory/tumoricidal properties. This review aims to introduce readers to various aspects in development and evaluation of TAM-targeted therapeutics in pre-clinical and clinical stages.
Valuing information security from a phishing attack

In most cyber security contexts, users need to make trade-offs for information security. This research examined this issue by quantifying the relative value of information security within a value system that comprises of multiple conflicting objectives. Using this quantification as a platform, this research also examined the effect of different usage contexts on information security concern. Users were asked to indicate how much loss in productivity and time, and how much more money they were willing to incur to acquire an effective phishing filter. The results indicated that users prioritize productivity and time over information security while there was much more heterogeneity in the concern about cost. The value of information security was insignificantly different across different usage contexts. The relative value of information security was found to be predictive of self-reported online security behaviors. These results offer valuable implications for the design of a more usable information security system.
Intermittent Hypoxemia in Preterm Infants: Etiology and Clinical Relevance

Intermittent hypoxemia (IH), episodic drops in hemoglobin oxygen saturation, is a common problem in preterm infants. The extent of IH is not apparent clinically because accurately documenting cardiorespiratory events for day-to-day patient care management is challenging. Multiple factors place preterm infants at high risk for increased IH. These factors include respiratory immaturity, lung disease, and anemia. Brief episodes of oxygen desaturation may seem clinically insignificant; however, these events may have a cumulative effect on neonatal outcomes. There is mounting evidence from both animal models and clinical studies suggesting that IH is associated with injury and poor outcomes such as increased inflammation, impaired growth, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental impairment. In this article, the author reviews the etiology and consequences of IH in preterm infants.
Dietary requirements for leucine, isoleucine and valine (branched‐chain amino acids) by juvenile red drum Sciaenops ocellatus

The objective of this study was to determine the minimum dietary requirements of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine [Leu], isoleucine [Ile] and valine [Val]) for juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. This was accomplished by conducting three independent 49-day feeding trials with juvenile red drum. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing a basal diet containing 370 g/kg crude protein from red drum muscle and crystalline amino acids with incremental levels of Leu (9.0, 13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0 and 29.0 g/kg of dry diet), Ile (5.0, 8.0, 11.0, 14.0, 17.0 and 20.0 g/kg of dry diet) and Val (6.8, 8.0, 9.2, 10.4, 11.6, 12.8 and 14.0 g/kg of dry diet). Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice daily in each trial, after which growth performance parameters were calculated and body composition and concentrations of BCAAs in plasma were analysed. Incremental levels of dietary Leu, Ile and Val significantly affected weight gain, feed efficiency and protein retention. Analyses of the weight gain data using a broken-line regression model estimated the minimum Leu, Ile and Val requirements for maximum growth of juvenile red drum to be 15.7 ± 1.7 g/kg (±95% confidence interval), 11.1 ± 2.3 g/kg and 12.4 ± 0.6 g/kg of dry diet, respectively.
Decay of the de Sitter vacuum

The decay rate of the Bunch-Davies state of a massive scalar field in the expanding flat spatial sections of de Sitter space is determined by an analysis of the particle pair creation process in real time. The Feynman definition of particle and antiparticle Fourier mode solutions of the scalar wave equation and their adiabatic phase analytically continued to the complexified time domain show conclusively that the Bunch-Davies state is not the vacuum state at late times. The closely analogous creation of charged particle pairs in a uniform electric field is reviewed and Schwinger's result for the vacuum decay rate is recovered by this same real time analysis. The vacuum decay rate in each case is also calculated by switching the background field on adiabatically, allowing it to act for a very long time, and then adiabatically switching it off again. In both the uniform electric field and de Sitter cases, the particles created while the field is switched on are verified to be real, in the sense that they persist in the final asymptotic flat zero-field region. In the de Sitter case, there is an interesting residual dependence of the rate on how the de Sitter phase is ended, indicating a greater sensitivity to spatial boundary conditions. The electric current of the created particles in the $E$-field case and their energy density and pressure in the de Sitter case are also computed, and the magnitude of their backreaction effects on the background field estimated. Possible consequences of the Hubble scale instability of the de Sitter vacuum for cosmology, vacuum dark energy, and the cosmological ``constant'' problem are discussed.
Informality as a strategy to formalize: Finding housing in Bamako, Mali

Informality can be a gateway to formality. The growing urban population of Bamako believed that peri-urban land not yet deeded offered potential for future ownership. Village chiefs collaborated with them to allocate plots, sometimes mimicking formal procedures, believing it improved prospects for subsequent legalization. The very prospects of future formalization motivated action.
Internalizing Capitalist Norms: A Grounded Theory Study of how North Korean Escapees Adapt to Work

As the global mobility of the workforce increases, little is known regarding how cross-regime migrants from a centralized planned economy to a free market economy adapt to working in capitalist org...
Balancing throughput and safety: An autonomous approach and landing system (AALS)

One of the bottlenecks in air traffic flow is the final approach segment and the runway. Flights must be sequenced and spaced before the Final Approach Fix (FAF) to meet the safety separation requirements on the final approach segment. The final approach segment is conducted in a highly stochastic environment due to factors such as atmospheric conditions, aircraft performance, fleet mix, and flight crew technique. The stochasticity is evident in the inter-arrival time distribution at the runway threshold. The magnitude of the left-tail of this distribution determines the Actual Level of Safety (ALS) of the process. When spacing methods such as Required Time of Arrivals (RTA) and self-separation are applied to the approach to eliminate gaps in the traffic flow, they result in a shift of the inter-arrival distribution to the left, and an increase in the magnitude of the left-tail resulting in a degradation in the ALS. A proposed Autonomous Approach & Landing Spacing (AALS) System is designed to continuously balance the throughput gains of RTA and self-separation with the safety for the approach and landing process. The AALS monitors the stochasticity of the approach process (via the runway threshold inter-arrival time distribution), and adjusts the spacing buffer-time to ensure the Target Level of Safety (TLS) is maintained even as the stochasticity in the approach changes. This paper describes the analysis of runway throughput and safety in the presence of stochastic approach performance with the AALS. The implications and limitations of this technology are discussed.
Bacterial toxicity and metabolism of hydrazine fuels

The toxicity of hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine, and unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine were determined for mixed and uniculture cultures of nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and anaerobic methanogenic bacteria. Monomethyl hydrazine was more toxic than hydrazine, which was more toxic than dimethyl hydrazine. The toxicity levels were low enough to preclude biological waste treatment of these compounds. Hydrazine was cometabolized to nitrogen gas byNitrosomonas.
Urbanization alters fear behavior in black-capped chickadees

Urban landscapes contain a multitude of novel sensory stimuli, and urban dwelling animals, such as songbirds living near human dwellings, must quickly learn how to respond to these unfamiliar cues. When exposure reveals that a stimulus is associated with a cost, fearful behavior should increase. Conversely, neophobic fear should decrease when negative outcomes do not regularly follow the stimulus. Because exposure to anthropogenic stimuli is more common in birds that inhabit urbanized landscapes, their fear response patterns should more accurately reflect the risks associated with these stimuli. We conducted a series of feeder and playback experiments to explore whether urbanization altered black-capped chickadees’ (Poecile atricapillus) fear responses to model cats, humans, a novel object, and anthropogenic noise. We predicted that fearful responses to cat models would increase in birds as urbanization increased because negative interactions with cats are more common in the city. However, we expected urban birds to be less fearful of our other stimuli because fitness costs are absent or less severe. As predicted, the fear of cats increased with urbanization, but the fear of noise decreased - as indicated by willingness to visit a feeding station. Other stimuli were not associated with urbanization, which may be related to the use of county and city parks where human presence is relatively common. Nonetheless, our results suggest that plastic fear responses to novel stimuli may facilitate urban success in the black-capped chickadee. More generally, behavioral plasticity may indicate the ability of a species to thrive in the urban environment.
Failure of the twin situation to influence twin differences in cognition.

No substantial correlations were found between twin differences on the six Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) subtests and 28 questionnaire items designed to measure the degree to which twins are seen, by themselves and their mothers, to have a close relationship. Intercorrelations of the items in this “twinness” questionnaire only modestly exceeded chance expectation. Use of stepwise multiple regression to attempt to “predict” twin differences on the PMA subtests from combinations of the 28 indices of closeness produced no statistically significant multiple correlations. It is suggested that the twin situation may not have a significant influence on cognitive variables.