cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating candidate networks for optimization: The CO2 capture and storage optimization problem

We develop a new framework for spatially optimizing infrastructure for CO2 capture and storage (CCS). CCS is a complex and challenging problem: domestically deploying CCS at a meaningful scale will require linking hundreds of coal-fired power plants with CO2 sequestration reservoirs through a dedicated and extensive (many tens-of-thousands of miles) CO2 pipeline network. We introduce a unique method for generating a candidate network from scratch, from which the optimization model selects the optimal set of arcs to form the pipeline network. This new generation method can be applied to any network optimization problem including transmission line, roads, and telecommunication applications. We demonstrate the model and candidate network methodology using a real example of capturing CO2 from coal-fired power plants in the US Midwest and storing the CO2 in depleted oil and gas fields. Results illustrate the critical need to balance CCS investments with generating a candidate network of arcs.
Uncertainty quantification in model verification and validation as applied to large scale historic masonry monuments

This publication focuses on the Verification and Validation (V&V) of numerical models for establishing confidence in model predictions, and demonstrates the complete process through a case study application completed on the Washington National Cathedral masonry vaults. The goal herein is to understand where modeling errors and uncertainty originate from, and obtain model predictions that are statistically consistent with their respective measurements. The approach presented in this manuscript is comprehensive, as it considers all major sources of errors and uncertainty that originate from numerical solutions of differential equations (numerical uncertainty), imprecise model input parameter values (parameter uncertainty), incomplete definitions of underlying physics due to assumptions and idealizations (bias error) and variability in measurements (experimental uncertainty). The experimental evidence necessary for reducing the uncertainty in model predictions is obtained through in situ vibration measurements conducted on the masonry vaults of Washington National Cathedral. By deploying the prescribed method, uncertainty in model predictions is reduced by approximately two thirds.
Selecting quenchants to maximize tensile properties and minimize distortion in aluminum parts

Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of metal parts from the solution treating temperature which is typically in the range of 465 to 565‡ C (870 to 1050‡ F) for aluminum alloys. Several factors including the kind of quenchant, the quenchant use conditions, the section thickness of the part, and the transformation rate of the alloy being quenched determine whether a part can be successfully quenched and then aged to produce the desired strength.
p‐Aminophenol‐induced liver toxicity: Tentative evidence of a role for acetaminophen

p-Aminophenol (PAP) is a widely used industrial chemical and a metabolite of analgesics, such as acetaminophen (APAP). It was found recently that PAP, a known nephrotoxicant, could cause acute hepatotoxicity in mice but not in rats. The mechanism of hepatotoxicity is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of N-acetylation of PAP to APAP in PAP-induced toxicity. Male C57BL/6 mice injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with various doses of PAP were sacrificed at 12 hours for measurement of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) levels and determination of the extent of hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Plasma levels of APAP and its metabolites were measured by HPLC after PAP administration. p-Aminophenol depleted NPSH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Depletion of NPSH in mouse liver occurred at PAP doses above 400 mg/kg. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, potentiated the PAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Ascorbate, a reducing agent, did not affect PAP-induced hepatotoxicity and NPSH depletion. After PAP treatment, APAP and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates as well as GSH conjugates (APAP-cysteine and APAP-mercapturate) were detected in the plasma. The results suggest the roles of GSH and N-acetylation of PAP to APAP in PAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
3892 How many supervised procedures does it take to become competent in eus?-results of a multicenter three year study.

Background: The amount of experience required to train new endosonographers is unknown. Competency in technical performance is likely to precede interpretive competence. Methods: Over a 3 year period, recognized experts in EUS provided one on one proctorship; evaluated the performance of new trainees in the specific categories listed below; and rated each procedure category as 0=Failed; 1=Unsatisfactory; 2=Satisfactory; 3=Excellent. Competency was defined as achieving a consistent score of 2. Results:10 third tier fellowship trainees and 2 PGY 6 trainees were evaluated. All were male. Only one had performed EUS prior to beginning his training. None had prior abdominal US experience. 10/12 were trained in ERCP. Mean number of ERCPs performed before EUS training was 229 ( SD 167). The median (range) of the number of EUS procedures required for competency is listed for the following categories: Esophageal Intubation 1(1-21), Pylorus Intubation 2(1-14), Duodenal Intubation 2(1-23), Esophageal wall visualization 10(1-36), Gastric wall 15(1-47), Mediastinum 10(1-33), Celiac axis 25(8-36), Pancreas body and tail 26(1-34), Pancreas head 34(15-74), CBD/PD 55(13-135), Ampulla 54(13-134) , Normal anatomy interpretation 54(9-92), and Pathology interpretation 60(16-134). The number of procedures needed to successfully visualize the head, tail and body of the pancreas was not different among the trainees who had performed more than 100 ERCPs compared to those who had performed less (p>0.05). In addition, the number of procedures needed to adequately interpret normal anatomy or EUS related pathology was not different among the two groups. Conclusions: With intensive hands-on experience and tutelage by an expert in a facility performing a high volume of EUS procedures, a trainee may become competent to perform EUS within a relatively short time-period. There is, however, a broad range in the ability to interpret normal anatomy and pathology. This information may alter the current pattern of advanced training and also be of importance to private practitioners wishing to develop skills in EUS. This study was support by a grant from the American Digestive Health Foundation.
Anomalously weak adsorption of Cu on SiO2 and MgO surfaces

Abstract Using medium-energy ion-scattering (MEIS) as an in situ probe of coverage, we have investigated the adsorption of Cu on SiO2 and MgO(001) surfaces at 300 K. For the clean surfaces, only 35% (Cu/SiO2) and 50% (Cu/MgO) of the initially incident Cu atoms stick to the surfaces and are detected by MEIS. Our results are discussed in terms of a model in which desorption competes with migration and sticking of Cu adatoms onto defects and growing Cu nuclei.
Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Theory Calculations of Group 10 Transition Metal Sulfide Molecules and Complexes

Laser-ablated Ni, Pd, and Pt atoms were reacted with sulfur molecules emerging from a microwave discharge in argon during condensation at 7 K. Reaction products were identified from matrix infrared spectra, sulfur isotopic shifts, spectra of sulfur isotopic mixtures, and frequencies from density functional calculations. The strongest absorptions are observed at 597.9, 596.1, and 583.6 cm−1, respectively, for the group 10 metals. These absorptions show large sulfur-34 shifts and 32/34 isotopic frequency ratios (1.0282, 1.0285, 1.0298) that are appropriate for S−S stretching modes. Of most importance, mixed 32/34 isotopic 1/4/4/2/4/1 sextets identify this product with two equivalent S2 molecules containing equivalent atomic positions as the bisdisulfur π complexes M(S2)2. Our DFT calculations find stable D2h structures with B1u ground states and intense b1u infrared active modes a few wavenumbers higher than the observed values. A minor Ni product at 505.8, 502.7 cm−1 shows the proper sulfur-34 shift for as...
Interaction of environmental moisture with powdered green tea formulations: effect on catechin chemical stability.

Green tea and tea catechins must be stable in finished products to deliver health benefits; however, they may be adversely affected by tea processing/storage conditions and the presence of other components. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of storage relative humidity (RH) and addition of other ingredients on catechin stability in simulated dry beverage mixtures. Samples of green tea powder alone and mixed with sucrose, citric acid, and/or ascorbic acid were prepared and stored in desiccators at 22 °C and 0−85% RH for up to 3 months. Epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Formulation and the interaction of formulation and RH significantly promoted catechin degradation (P < 0.0001). The chemical degradation of total and individual catechins in green tea powder formulations was significantly increased (P < 0.0001) by exposure to increasing RH, and the degradation was exacerbate...
Cloning and functional expression of invertebrate connexins from Halocynthia pyriformis.

Unlike many other ion channels, unrelated gene families encode gap junctions in different animal phyla. Connexin and pannexin genes are found in deuterostomes, while protostomal species use innexin genes. Connexins are often described as vertebrate genes, despite the existence of invertebrate deuterostomes. We have cloned connexin sequences from an invertebrate chordate, Halocynthia pyriformis. Invertebrate connexins shared 25–40% sequence identity with human connexins, had extracellular domains containing six invariant cysteine residues, coding regions that were interrupted by introns, and formed functional channels in vitro. These data show that gap junction channels based on connexins are present in animals that predate vertebrate evolution.
Overtone absorption in a two-overtone frequency field

We examine the third-overtone absorption of diatomic molecules in the presence of a tunable field in near-third-overtone resonance using a one-dimensional anharmonic-oscillator model. We find that the tunable mode causes modulation of the absorption as a result of an intensity-induced quenching effect. At high intensities the absorption diminishes accompanied with the disappearance of the modulation. Our investigations also show that these effects are insensitive to the dephasing of the interaction.
SU-E-T-294: Simulations to Investigate the Feasibility of ‘dry’ Optical-CT Imaging for 3D Dosimetry

Purpose: To perform simulations investigating the feasibility of “dry” optical-CT, and determine optimal design and scanning parameters for a novel dry tank telecentric optical-CT 3D dosimetry system. Such a system would have important advantages in terms of practical convenience and reduced cost. Methods: A Matlab based ray-tracing simulation platform, ScanSim, was used to model a telecentric system with a polyurethane dry tank, cylindrical dosimeter, and surrounding fluid. This program's capabilities were expanded for the geometry and physics of dry scanning. To categorize the effects of refractive index (RI) mismatches, simulations were run for several dosimeter (RI = 1.5−1.48) and fluid (RI = 1.55−1.33) combinations. Additional simulations examined the effect of increasing gap size (1–5mm) between the dosimeter and tank wall, and of changing the telecentric lens tolerance (0.5°−5°). The evaluation metric is the usable radius; the distance from the dosimeter center where the measured and true doses differ by less than 2%. Results: As the tank/dosimeter RI mismatch increases from 0–0.02, the usable radius decreases from 97.6% to 50.2%. The fluid RI for matching is lower than either the tank or dosimeter RI. Changing gap sizes has drastic effects on the usable radius, requiring more closely matched fluid at large gap sizes. Increasing the telecentric tolerance through a range from 0.5°–5.0° improved the usable radius for every combination of media. Conclusion: Dry optical-CT with telecentric lenses is feasible when the dosimeter and tank RIs are closely matched (<0.01 difference), or when data in the periphery is not required. The ScanSim tool proved very useful in situations when the tank and dosimeter have slight differences in RI by enabling estimation of the optimal choice of RI of the small amount of fluid still required. Some spoiling of the telecentric beam and increasing the tolerance helps recover the usable radius.
Sediment surface effects on methane hydrate formation and dissociation

Abstract The effects of sediment surfaces on methane hydrate formation and dissociation were investigated using colloidal suspensions and new experimental methods developed for a large volume (72 liters), temperature-controlled pressure vessel. Hydrates were formed by bubbling methane gas through test solutions at temperatures and pressures within the hydrate stability field. Hydrate formation was visually detected by the accumulation of hydrate-encrusted gas bubbles. To measure hydrate dissociation conditions, the pressure vessel was warmed while temperature was monitored within a zone of previously formed hydrate-encrusted gas bubbles. Hydrate dissociation was indicated by a distinct plateau in the hydrate zone temperature, while temperatures of the gas and liquid phases within the vessel continued to rise. The ‘dissociation plateau’ appears to be a phenomenon that is unique to the large volume of the pressure vessel used for the experiments. In experiments where hydrates were formed in pure water, temperature and corresponding pressure conditions measured during the temperature plateau matched model-predicted values for hydrate stability in water, thus confirming the validity of this new method for measuring hydrate dissociation conditions. Formation and dissociation conditions were measured for methane hydrates in colloidal suspensions containing bentonite. Hydrate formation experiments indicated that the presence of bentonite in water at 200 mg/l significantly decreased pressures required for hydrate formation relative to formation in pure water alone. On the other hand, hydrate dissociation conditions measured in bentonite and silica suspensions with solids concentrations of 34 g/l did not differ significantly from that of water. These results are relevant to the origin and stability of natural gas hydrate deposits known to exist in deep permafrost and marine sediments, where the effects of sediment surfaces are largely unknown.
Structure of genital organs and mating process of the spiderHemicloea sundevalliThorell, 1870 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Abstract A detailed morphology of the male and female copulatory organs of the Australian ground spider Hemicloea sundevalli Thorell, 1870 is presented. The genitalia of the female are characterized by a pair of spermathecae on both sides of vulva. On one side, each spermatheca is connected with the bursa copulatrix, and on the other side, they are connected with the uterus externus that leads to the genital opening. The female epigynum of the genus Hemicloea have a peculiar, folded scapus, which expands during copulation. The structure of the male copulatory bulb was compared with bulbs of other gnaphosid spiders. The embolar part of the male bulb has only an embolus. The embolus is attached to the tegulum by a flexible membrane. This kind of male bulb organization is also characteristic in spiders of the genus Zelanda. During copulation, the male inserts completely the right palp embolus into the right bursa copulatrix of the female. The male tibial retrolateral apophysis is used as a lock mechanism to ...
Nanofabrication Of Quantum Coupled Devices

A new generation of integrated circuits is foreseen in which quantum dots with discrete electronic states are used to construct logic and memory elements. Successful implementation of this technology will require significant improvements in semiconductor processing technology.
BOOM: experiences in language and tool design for distributed systems (keynote)

With the rapid expansion of cloud infrastructure and mobile devices, distributed systems have quickly emerged as a dominant computing platform. Distributed systems bring significant complexity to programming, due to platform issues including asynchrony, concurrency, and partial failure. Meanwhile, scalable distributed infrastructure--notably "NoSQL" systems--have put additional burdens on programmers by sacrificing traditional infrastructure contracts like linearizable or transactional I/O in favor of high availability. A growing segment of the developer community needs to deal with these issues today, and for the most part developers are still using languages and tools designed for sequential computation on tightly coupled architectures. This has led to software that is increasingly hard to test and hard to trust.Over the past 5 years, the BOOM project at Berkeley has focused on making it easier to write correct and maintainable code for distributed systems. Our work has taken a number of forms, including the development of the Bloom programming language for distributed systems, tools for testing and checking distributed programs, and the CALM Theorem, which connects programmer level concerns of determinism to system-level concerns about the need for distributed coordination. This talk will reflect on this work, and highlight opportunities for improved collaboration between the software engineering and distributed systems research communities.
An Analysis of Stereotype Refutation in Playboy by an Editorial Voice: The Advisor Hypothesis

Recent accounts of the contact hypothesis have stressed the cognitive aspects of the phenomenon. On the basis of this call for reformulation, we propose the existence of the advisor hypothesis, i.e., the idea that third parties can use their influence to inhibit stereotyping about in-group and out-group members. We conducted an examination of this construct, with reference to gender stereotypes, using an archival data set of 38 years of the “Playboy Advisor” column. Evidence from both qualitative and quantitative analyses indicated that the Playboy Advisor carried out several actions to inhibit misogyny and discourage the application of stereotypes to both men and women. Implications and limitations of the present research are discussed.
Divergent Transcription from Active Promoters

Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is thought to occur unidirectionally from most genes. Here, we present evidence of widespread divergent transcription at protein-encoding gene promoters. Transcription start site-associated RNAs (TSSa-RNAs) nonrandomly flank active promoters, with peaks of antisense and sense short RNAs at 250 nucleotides upstream and 50 nucleotides downstream of TSSs, respectively. Northern analysis shows that TSSa-RNAs are subsets of an RNA population 20 to 90 nucleotides in length. Promoter-associated RNAPII and H3K4-trimethylated histones, transcription initiation hallmarks, colocalize at sense and antisense TSSa-RNA positions; however, H3K79-dimethylated histones, characteristic of elongating RNAPII, are only present downstream of TSSs. These results suggest that divergent transcription over short distances is common for active promoters and may help promoter regions maintain a state poised for subsequent regulation.
Niebauer trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty: A long-term follow-up

A retrospective review of long-term follow-up of Niebauer trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty for treatment of disabling arthritis of the basal joint was performed. Thirty implants in 27 patients were reviewed, with an average follow-up of 9 years (minimum, 4 years). All surgical procedures were performed by the senior author. Eighty-eight percent of the patients were subjectively pleased and would undergo the procedure again. Postoperative subluxation occurred in 83% of the patients. This was not painful unless the prosthesis dislocated. Subluxation increased with time. One case of silicone synovitis necessitated implant removal; however, this was also after removal of a previous Eaton prosthesis. In the light of our results, we believe that the Niebauer trapeziometacarpal arthroplasty is a worthwhile procedure with a rare incidence of particulate synovitis. In 24 of 27 patients, pain was relieved and satisfactory motion and stability were achieved.
Energy Barriers in the Conversion of Bicyclobutane to gauche-1,3-Butadiene from the Anti-Hermitian Contracted Schrödinger Equation

In 1959 Charles Coulson popularized the idea of computing a molecule’s ground-state energy as a functional of the two-electron reduced density matrix (2-RDM) without the many-electron wave function. For 50 years, however, a practical, direct calculation of the 2-RDM was not achieved because the 2-RDM must be constrained by N-representability conditions to represent an N-electron system. Recently, two general approaches to the direct calculation of the 2-RDM have emerged including the solution of the anti-Hermitian contracted Schrodinger equation (ACSE) [Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2006, 97, 143002]. In this article, after further extending the theoretical development of the ACSE method for multireference correlation, we apply the ACSE to studying an unresolved question regarding the opening of bicyclobutane to gauche-1,3-butadiene by conrotatory and disrotatory pathways. Previous theoretical values for the disrotatory energy barrier reveal a disagreement between correlation methods on the order of 10 kca...
A nuclear magnetic resonance study of sodium in the saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

Abstract NMR was used to study the binding of Na in the saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether Na binding can account for the inhibition of Na transport in the duct of the salivary gland which prevents Na reabsorption and results in much higher than normal concentrations of Na in the saliva of CFP patients. It was found that most of the Na in the saliva of CFP patients is not exchanging slowly onto a macromolecule. The same results were found for controls. Therefore, Na binding cannot account for the high concentrations of Na found in the saliva of CFP patients.
Moult Varies with Parasites in Laysan Albatrosses

In Laysan Albatrosses the extent of primary moult is severely constrained by time, and should be considered in the context of life history trade-offs between current and future reproduction. In this study we asked whether differences in moult patterns varied with levels of the nematode Seuratia spp., and whether any of the observed variation in moult patterns could be explained by condition differences as reflected by parasite levels. Laysans with more nematodes replace fewer primaries, grow fewer feathers at a time, begin their moult later, and are more likely to replace only their outermost feathers-indicating that an individual bird9s condition may affect the extent of its primary moult-which, in turn, may have significant effects on future reproduction.
Classification of the Spectrum of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a very common injury, resulting in immediate and possible long-term symptoms. The accurate and consistent definition of mild TBI is important in the initial and rehabilitation management of the injury, and in research concerning mild TBI. A definition of mild TBI has been developed by the Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Within the spectrum of injury severity in mild TBI there are several classification systems, primarily used in management of acute mild TBI, that breakdown mild TBI into grades of injury severity. These are based upon the presence or absence of mental status changes, amnesia, loss of consciousness, anatomical lesion or neurological deficit.
Clinical outcomes and implications of failed infrainguinal endovascular stents

Objective While the influence of initial TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC) II classification has been clearly shown to influence the primary patency of infrainguinal stenting procedures, its effect on outcomes once stent failure has occurred is less well documented. It is the objective of this paper to determine whether clinical outcomes and implications of anatomic stent failure vary according to initial TASC II classification. Methods Results were analyzed by TASC II classification. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted and differences between groups tested by log-rank method. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to perform the multivariate analysis. Results During a 5-year period, 239 angioplasties and stents were performed in 192 patients. Primary patency was lost in 69 stented arteries. Failure was due to one or more hemodynamically significant stenoses in 43 patients, and occlusion in 26 patients. After primary stenting, limbs initially classified as TASC C and D were more likely to fail with occlusion (P Conclusions Following primary stenting of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) and popliteal artery, lesions classified as TASC C or D are more likely to fail with occlusion, lose run-off vessels, and alter the site of subsequent open operation than their TASC A and B counterparts. Although these complications are infrequent, they may negatively impact later attempts at revascularization, and this must be considered when deciding upon the proper treatment strategy for patients with infrainguinal occlusive disease.
RENAL INFARCTION SECONDARY TO INFILTRATIVE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

A 64-year-old white female with no history of flank pain presented with gross painless hematuria. Medical history wassignificant for diabetesmellitus, neurogenic bladder and hypertension. The patient denied any history of tobacco use or occupational exposure to chemicals. Initial cystoscopy revealed inflammatory changesand washingsfavoring reactive atypia. One week following discharge home the patient returned in clot retention. Review of systems was negative for any history of flank pain or traumatic catheterization. On further evaluation computerized tomography showed nonenhancement of the right renal unit with a heterogeneousmas s involving the entire kidney (fig. 1). The collecting system was not visualized. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated ring enhancement with no apparent vascular flow to the right kidney (fig. 2). Angiography confirmed renal infarction with minimal flow to the renal capsule. Repeat cystoscopy and right ureteroscopy revealed that the proximal portion of the right ureter ended blindly with no renal pelvic filling on retrograde instillation of contrast medium. Ureteral washings were inconclusive. Right radical nephrectomy wasundertaken through a right thoracoabdominal approach. The right renal unit wasdens ely adhered to the vena cava, necessitating caval reconstruction. Frozen section analysis favored poorly differentiated renal cell carcinoma. Gross sections showed obliteration of the renal pelvis and renal vessel encasement. Final pathological analysis confirmed poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) with clear cell and squamousdifferentiation. The masswas10 cm in greatest diameter and 4 of 4 lymph nodeswere pos itive for TCC. The ipsilateral adrenal gland contained metastases of TCC. DISCUSSION
A time-resolved study of sub-nanosecond pulse generation by the combined effects of stimulated brillouin scattering and laser-induced breakdown

The generation of subnanosecond pulses by the combined effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and laser-induced breakdown has been investigated by obtaining simultaneous streak photographs of the spark, the backscattered and the transmitted pulses. The results demonstrate that the output from an excimer pumped dye laser can yield subnanosecond pulses with a duration of ≧20ps. The pulse shortening effect results from the nonlinear reflection properties of the Brillouin mirror and the strong absorption of visible radiation by the laser-breakdown plasma.
Adhesion and Physicochemical Properties of Soy Protein Modified by Sodium Bisulfite

Soy protein adhesives with a high solid content (28–39 %) were extracted from soy flour slurry modified with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) at different concentrations. 11S-dominated soy protein fractions (SP 5.4) and 7S-dominated soy protein fractions (SP 4.5) were precipitated at pH 5.4 and pH 4.5, respectively. The objective of this work was to study the effects of NaHSO3 on adhesion and physicochemical properties of soy protein. The adhesion performance of NaHSO3-modified SP 4.5 was better than SP 5.4; the wet strength of these two fractions was from 2.5 to 3.2 MPa compared with 1.6 MPa of control soy protein isolate. SDS-PAGE results revealed the reducing effects of NaHSO3 on soy protein. The isoelectric pH of soy protein decreased as NaHSO3 increased due to the induced extra negative charges (RS-SO3 −) on the protein surface. The rheological properties of soy protein adhesives were improved significantly. Unmodified samples SP 5.4 and SP 4.5 had clay-like properties and extremely high viscosity, respectively; with 2–8 g/L NaHSO3 modification, both SP 5.4 and SP 4.5 had a viscous cohesive phase with good flowability. Overall, NaHSO3-modified soy protein adhesives in our study have many advantages over the traditional soy protein isolate adhesive such as better adhesion performance, higher solid content but with good flowability and longer shelf life.
Prototypes in the courtroom: Lay representations of legal concepts.

To select a verdict, jurors must integrate the evidence presented at trial with the law presented in the judge's instructions. Jurors are assumed to have no prior knowledge of the law or to set aside that knowledge after instruction. Several experiments tested these assumptions and revealed that (a) uninstructed Ss had built naive representations of crime categories that included legally incorrect information; (b) these representations contained category prototypes that influenced Ss' verdict choices; and (c) Ss' reliance on prototype information for verdict selection was resistant to change by instruction.
No Formation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and No Activation of Recombination Repair with UVA

Longwave UVA is an independent class I carcinogen. A complete understanding of UVA-induced DNA damage and how this damage is processed in skin cells is therefore of utmost importance. A particular question that has remained contentious is whether UVA induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), either directly or through processing of other types of DNA damage, such as recombination repair of replication forks stalled at DNA photoproducts. We therefore studied activation of the recombination repair pathway by solar available doses of UVA and assessed formation of DNA DSBs in primary skin fibroblasts. We found that, unlike ionizing radiation or UVB, UVA does not activate the Fanconi anemia/BRCA DNA damage response pathway or the "recombinase" RAD51 in primary skin fibroblasts. The fact that this pathway mediates recombination repair of DNA DSBs suggests that DNA DSBs are not formed by UVA. This is further supported by findings that UVA did not induce DNA DSBs, as assayed by neutral single-cell electrophoresis or by formation of γ-H2AX nuclear foci, considered the most sensitive assay for DNA DSBs. The lack of sufficient evidence for formation of DNA DSBs underlines the pivotal role of UVA-induced DNA photoproducts in UVA mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.
Separation of malignant cells from transplantable rodent tumors.

Abstract A method was devised for separation of viable mammalian cells on density gradients of Ficoll (polysucrose) in tissue culture medium using computer-simulated experiments to determine the optimal gradient and centrifugational conditions for maximum purification of the desired cell type (Pretlow and Boone, 1969b) . The present study was undertaken in order to determine the applicability of this technique to isolation of malignant cells from disaggregated transplantable solid tumors. Melanin-producing hamster “melanotic melanoma” cells were cloned twice in tissue culture. Upon disaggregation, this tumor contained 49.5–54% cells having the capacity to convert dihydroxyphenylalanine to melanin. These cells were reproducibly concentrated to 89–91.5% purity. Melanotic tumor cells from the B16 and S91v/La transplantable mouse melanomas were concentrated 2.2–3.2- and 2.0–2.7-fold, respectively.
Sa1647 Surveillance of Gastric Ulcer in a Hispanic and African American Predominant Community

Surveillance of Gastric Ulcer in a Hispanic and African American Predominant Community Prospere Remy, Haritha R. Chelimilla, Umair Siddiqui, Harish Patel, Myrta Daniel, David Widjaja Medicine, Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center, Bronx, NY Background: Endoscopic surveillance for benign gastric ulcer (GU) has been a common practice although it is neither recommended by the US GI societies nor is cost effective. Furthermore, the yield of the endoscopic surveillance in Hispanic and African American community has not been studied, particularly with the advent of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) treatment. Purpose: To analyze key factors and outcomes associated with endoscopic surveillance of GU in our South Bronx hospital. Methods: Persons aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with GU on initial esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at GI division of Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center between January 1, 2002 and April 3
Taking the High (or Low) Road: A Quantifier Priming Perspective on Basic Anchoring Effects

ABSTRACT Current explanations of basic anchoring effects, defined as the influence of an arbitrary number standard on an uncertain judgment, confound numerical values with vague quantifiers. I show that the consideration of numerical anchors may bias subsequent judgments primarily through the priming of quantifiers, rather than the numbers themselves. Study 1 varied the target of a numerical comparison judgment in a between-participants design, while holding the numerical anchor value constant. This design yielded an anchoring effect consistent with a quantifier priming hypothesis. Study 2 included a direct manipulation of vague quantifiers in the traditional anchoring paradigm. Finally, Study 3 examined the notion that specific associations between quantifiers, reflecting values on separate judgmental dimensions (i.e., the price and height of a target) can affect the direction of anchoring effects. Discussion focuses on the nature of vague quantifier priming in numerically anchored judgments.
Melanin Solubility in Tissue Sections

QUANTITATIVE estimations of staining reactions and histochemical observations on melanomas are not readily made because cellular detail is often obscured by melanin granules. One of the most promising solvents for melanin is ethylene chlorohydrin1. This solvent, and others mentioned by Mason2 (alcohol, pyridine and water), are said to be satisfactory only after melanin has been separated from its protein component. Neither ethylene chlorohydrin nor any of the other solvents removed melanin from tissue sections in the following experiments. Tissue blocks from a malignant melanoma and from negro skin were fixed in a variety of fixatives and were dehydrated and embedded in paraifin. Sections were treated with ethylene chlorohydrin (Eastman Kodak) and with pyridine, at 22° and at 60° C., for periods from fifteen minutes to twenty-four hours. No diminution in the amount of melanin was observed in any of the sections. Frozen sections of unfixed negro skin were prepared by the Adamstone–Taylor technique3 and immersed without fixation or other pre-treatment in pyridine and ethylene chlorohydrin. The structure and staining reactions of the sections were markedly altered, as they were in those sections heated to 60° (above), but there was no decrease in the amount of melanin.
A linear relationship between ENSO intensity and tropical instability wave activity in the eastern Pacific Ocean

The interannual variations of tropical instability waves (TIWs) in the eastern Pacific Ocean and their relationships with ENSO intensity are studied using a 28-year long coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (CGCM) simulation. The activity of TIWs is measured by the root-mean-square value of the 50-day high-pass filtered sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations produced in the simulation. The CGCM realistically produces two branches of large TIW activity near the equator: one at 2°N and the other at 2°S. It is found that along both branches there are linear relationships between the year-to-year variations of TIW activity and those of ENSO intensity. TIW activity is enhanced or reduced in proportion to the NINO3 SST anomalies, with larger activity in La Nina years and smaller activity in El Nino years. It is found that ENSO modulates TIW activity in both branches primarily by changing the latitudinal SST gradient associated with the SST front immediately north of the equator. Weaker correlations are found between the year-to-year variations of TIW activity and those of the ocean current shears between the south equatorial current and the equatorial undercurrent or the north equatorial countercurrent. This CGCM study suggests that the baroclinic instability associated with the northern SST front is a major generation mechanism for both the northern and southern TIW branches in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Comparison of Physiological and Psychological Responses to Exergaming and Treadmill Walking in Healthy Adults.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare treadmill walking with exergame play on the “EA Sports Active™” (Entertainment Arts, Redwood City, CA) for the Nintendo™ (Kyoto, Japan) Wii™. Thirty healthy adults (13 male, 17 female; 24.1±6.6 years old) spent 30 minutes walking briskly on a treadmill and approximately 40 minutes playing “Island Cardio Blast” on “EA Sports Active.” Heart rate (HR) monitors, accelerometers, and Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) were used to measure intensity. Participants also rated affect measures with the Feeling Scale and the Felt Arousal Scale and completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale following completion of exercise. Participants had a significantly higher HR and RPE on the exergame but a higher percentage of minutes in moderate- or higher-intensity activity on the treadmill. Affect measures were consistent with past research, with positive affect following exercise in both conditions. Play on the “EA Sports Active” game for the Nintendo Wii elicited highe...
The Utility of Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scintigraphy in Patients with Pheochromocytoma

Radiolabeled metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy (MIBG) can be used to image pheochromocytomas. While cross-sectional imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) usually localize the tumor, MIBG is often obtained to rule out multifocal and metastatic disease, and to corroborate anatomic imaging with functional data. We questioned the utility of MIBG in the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma. All patients who received MIBG at one academic center from 1999 to 2004 were identified. For the subset of patients who received MIBG in the work-up of possible pheochromocytoma, the following data were reviewed: demographics, symptoms, results of biochemical and imaging studies, histopathological diagnosis, and management. A total of 60 patients received MIBG, including 27 patients for the evaluation of a possible pheochromocytoma. Biochemical testing was performed in all patients. Fourteen patients received MIBG despite normal biochemistry and an absence of risk factors such as a hereditary syndrome or prior history of pheochromocytoma. None of these 14 low-risk patients with negative biochemistry had a final diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. In the ten patients with pheochromocytoma, all tumors were localized by CT and/or MRI. Importantly, MIBG did not identify any foci of disease not seen on cross sectional imaging, and MIBG did not alter the surgical management of any patient in this series. In patients with clinical findings suggestive of pheochromocytoma, biochemical testing should be used to confirm the diagnosis, and cross-sectional imaging is sufficient for tumor localization. In the absence of hereditary disease or a past history of pheochromocytoma, MIBG does not alter the treatment plan and therefore should not be routinely performed. Instead, MIBG should be used selectively, such as for the rare patient with a biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and no tumor seen on exhaustive anatomical imaging.
Spectral Agility: Rationale And Concepts

Any electro-optical (EO) sensor operating in an environment in which there is a scarcity of information with which to discriminate one type of object from another needs to use all avenues available to it. For passive, nonimaging EO sensors, there are very few discriminants available; the spectral content of the radiation emitted by the object is one. The effective and efficient real-time use of this discriminant is, however, technologically difficult to implement. Recent studies have reviewed a wide range of possible techniques and have identified the relevant critical technologies involved. Thirty-two such concepts, listed here, have been developed over the years for a variety of applications both in the laboratory and in the field. Most of these are too cumbersome, too complex, or too slow to operate reliably and in real-time stressing environments. Two near-term techniques are multiple fixed filters and exchangeable edge filters. Two mid-term techniques are miniature dual-tunable Fabry-Perot (DTFP) devices and slit spectrometers. Two advanced techniques that use emerging technologies are electrically tunable detector materials and integrated-optics interferometers.
The impact of orbital sampling, monthly averaging and vertical resolution on climate chemistry model evaluation with satellite observations

Abstract. Ensemble climate model simulations used for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments have become important tools for exploring the response of the Earth System to changes in anthropogenic and natural forcings. The systematic evaluation of these models through global satellite observations is a critical step in assessing the uncertainty of climate change projections. This paper presents the technical steps required for using nadir sun-synchronous infrared satellite observations for multi-model evaluation and the uncertainties associated with each step. This is motivated by need to use satellite observations to evaluate climate models. We quantified the implications of the effect of satellite orbit and spatial coverage, the effect of variations in vertical sensitivity as quantified by the observation operator and the impact of averaging the operators for use with monthly-mean model output. We calculated these biases in ozone, carbon monoxide, atmospheric temperature and water vapour by using the output from two global chemistry climate models (ECHAM5-MOZ and GISS-PUCCINI) and the observations from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) instrument on board the NASA-Aura satellite from January 2005 to December 2008. The results show that sampling and monthly averaging of the observation operators produce zonal-mean biases of less than ±3 % for ozone and carbon monoxide throughout the entire troposphere in both models. Water vapour sampling zonal-mean biases were also within the insignificant range of ±3 % (that is ±0.14 g kg −1 ) in both models. Sampling led to a temperature zonal-mean bias of ±0.3 K over the tropical and mid-latitudes in both models, and up to −1.4 K over the boundary layer in the higher latitudes. Using the monthly average of temperature and water vapour operators lead to large biases over the boundary layer in the southern-hemispheric higher latitudes and in the upper troposphere, respectively. Up to 8 % bias was calculated in the upper troposphere water vapour due to monthly-mean operators, which may impact the detection of water vapour feedback in response to global warming. Our results reveal the importance of using the averaging kernel and the a priori profiles to account for the limited vertical resolution and clouds of a nadir observation during model application. Neglecting the observation operators resulted in large biases, which are more than 60 % for ozone, ±30 % for carbon monoxide, and range between −1.5 K and 5 K for atmospheric temperature, and between −60 % and 100 % for water vapour.
Reachability and the power of local ordering

The L \(L \mathop = \limits^? NL\) NL question remains one of the major unresolved problems in complexity theory. Both L and NL have logical characterizations as the sets of ordered structures expressible in first-order logic augmented with the appropriate Transitive Closure operator [I87]: Over ordered structures, (FO + DTC) captures L and (FO + TC) captures NL. On the other hand, in the absence of ordering, (FO + TC) is strictly more powerful than (FO + DTC) [GM92]. An apparently quite different “structured” model of logspace machines is the Jumping Automaton on Graphs (JAG), [CR80]. We show that the JAG model is intimately related to these logics on “locally ordered” structures. We argue that the usual JAG model is unreasonably weak and should be replaced, wherever possible, by the two-way JAG model, which we define. Furthermore, we have shown that the language (FO + DTC) over two-way locally ordered graphs is more robust than even the two-way JAG model, and yet lower bounds remain accessible. We prove an upper bound on the power of TC over locally ordered graphs, and three lower bounds on DTC.
Particle size limits for quantitative aerosol analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Temporal considerations

Abstract The temporal evolution of the Si atomic emission signal produced from individual silica microspheres in an aerosolized air stream was investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Specifically, the temporal evolution of Si emission from 2.47 and 4.09-micrometer-sized particles is evaluated over discrete delay times ranging from 15 to 70 µs following plasma initiation. The analyte signal profile from the microspheres, taken as the silicon atomic emission peak-to-continuum ratio, was observed to follow the same profile of silicon-rich nanoparticles over the range of delay times. The ratio of analyte signals for the 2.47 and 4.09-micrometer particles was observed to be approximately constant with plasma decay time and less than the expected mass ratio, leading to the conclusion that further vaporization and enhanced analyte response do not continue with increasing delay times for these microsphere sizes. While recent research suggests that the temporal component of analyte response is important for quantitative LIBS analysis, the current study does confirm earlier research demonstrating an upper size limit for quantitative aerosol particle analysis in the diameter range of 2 to 2.5 µm for silica microspheres.
Helminths in the lungs

Parasitic helminths infect well over one billion people and typically cause chronic and recurrent infections that exert a considerable toll on human health and productivity. A significant number of important intestinal- and tissue-dwelling helminth parasites have evolved a scripted migration through select organ systems. Of specific interest here are the helminth parasites that interact with respiratory tissues and the pulmonary immune system. This review will consider the nature of the interactions between helminth parasites and the lung environment, as well as the consequences of these interactions on the evolution of parasitism and host immunity.