cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Female Supervisors in Business and Government Organizations.

Abstract This exploratory study compared the life style and interpersonal need orientation, leadership style, and perception of the organization structure of female supervisors in business and government organizations. The government group had a significantly higher formalistic and lower sociocentric and personalistic life style orientation; lower needs for expressed control, expressed affection, wanted inclusion, wanted affection, and a higher need for wanted control; were lower on consideration and higher on structure leadership dimensions; and perceived their organization as being more bureaucratic and less collaborative and coordinative than the business group. The findings were discussed in terms of the processes of individual-organization congruity and organizational socialization.
Biogeochemical and Ecological Impacts of Livestock Grazing in Semi-Arid Southeastern Utah, USA

Abstract Relatively few studies have examined the ecological and biogeochemical effects of livestock grazing in southeastern Utah. In this study, we evaluated how grazing has affected soil organic carbon and nitrogen to a depth of 50 cm in grasslands located in relict and actively-grazed sites in the Canyonlands physiographic section of the Colorado Plateau. We also evaluated differences in plant ground cover and the spatial distribution of soil resources. Results show that areas used by domestic livestock have 20% less plant cover and 100% less soil organic carbon and nitrogen compared to relict sites browsed by native ungulates. In actively grazed sites, domestic livestock grazing also appears to lead to clustered, rather than random, spatial distribution of soil resources. Magnetic susceptibility, a proxy for soil stability in this region, suggests that grazing increases soil erosion leading to an increase in the area of nutrient-depleted bare ground. Overall, these results, combined with previous studies in the region, suggest that livestock grazing affects both plant cover and soil fertility with potential long-term implications for the sustainability of grazing operations in this semi-arid landscape.
Processing, characterization, and modeling of carbon nanotube-reinforced multiscale composites

Abstract Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated and characterized. High-energy sonication was used to disperse CNTs in the resin, followed by infiltration of fiber preform with the resin/CNT mixture. The effects of sonication time on the mechanical properties of “multiscale” composites, which contain reinforcements at varying scales, were studied. A low CNT loading of 0.3 wt% in resin had little influence on tensile properties, while it improved the flexural modulus, strength, and percent strain to break by 11.6%, 18.0%, and 11.4%, respectively, as compared to the control carbon fiber/epoxy composite. While sonication is an effective method to disperse CNTs in a resin, duration, intensity, and temperature need to be controlled to prevent damages imposed on CNTs and premature resin curing. A combination of Halpin–Tsai equations and woven fiber micromechanics was used in hierarchy to predict the mechanical properties of multiscale composites, and the discrepancies between the predicted and experimental values are explained.
Sex and situational influences on the use of power: A follow-up study

This study, which is patterned after an earlier study of male students by Goodstadt and Kipnis [1970], investigated the influence of sex and self-confidence of the subject and kind of worker problem encountered (motivation vs. ability) on the use of supervisory powers by male and female students in a simulated production situation. Contrary to previous research and sex-role stereotypes, males and females were not found to differ in power use or in self-ratings of self-confidence. Neither sex of the subject nor level of self-confidence was found to influence choice of power. Rather, type of worker problem influenced the use of power, with ability problems evoking the use of expert and coercive powers and motivation problems evoking the use of reward powers.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(p-phenylene)s with Nonlinear Optical Side Chains

A highly substituted side chain NLO poly(p-phenylene) (∼70.1 wt % NLOphore) has been prepared by the nickel-catalyzed coupling of 4‘-(N,N-diethylamino)-2,5-dichlorobenzophenone. Poly((4‘-N,N-diethylamino)-2,5-benzophenone), PDEABP, is a modest molecular weight material (Mn = 5300) that is thermally stable up to 400 °C with a glass transition temperature of 186 °C. The system showed virtually no decay of SHG at 100 °C hours after removal of the corona poling field. A stretched exponential was used to fit the relaxation data. At 170 °C, the SHG decayed to 1/e of its initial value with a relaxation time of τ = 120 min. PDEABP exhibits a nonlinear coefficient of d33 = 67.8 ± 20 pm/V.
Effect of a Low-Cost, Teacher-Directed Classroom Intervention on Elementary Students' Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Effective physical activity (PA) interventions are warranted for youth, and schools have been identified as logical locations for such involvement. Experts and professionals in the field promote comprehensive school PA programs, including classroom PA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a low-cost, teacher-directed classroom-based intervention on the school PA of elementary children. METHODS: Nine classroom teachers were provided inexpensive curricula and trained to implement and instruct PA breaks (2 × 30 minute training sessions). The teachers were encouraged to lead 1 activity break per day after the training. One hundred and six elementary students wore pedometers up to 12 days over 3 monitoring periods during the school year (baseline, follow-up, post follow-up) to assess the effectiveness and the sustainability of the intervention. The teachers self-reported the frequency of activity breaks instructed. RESULTS: The teachers (n = 5) who complied with the recommended 1 activity break per day had students who accrued ∼33% more mean school steps/day at follow-up (∼1100) and post follow-up (∼1350) compared to controls. Teachers (n = 4) in the intervention who did not comply with the 1 activity break per day recommendation had students accrue similar mean school steps/day as controls. CONCLUSION: Inexpensive, teacher-directed classroom-based PA interventions can be effective in improving children's PA levels if teachers implement 1 activity break per school day. We recommend promoting the notion of 1 activity break per day in the classroom as part of a comprehensive school PA program that includes quality physical education, recess, and before/after school programs.
MEASUREMENT OF TENSILE STRENGTH BY DIAMETRAL COMPRESSION OF DISCS AND ANNULI

Abstract In the first part of the paper, the validity of diametral compression tests for indirect measurement of tensile strength is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Linear elastic theory for diametral compression of discs and annuli by opposed strip loads is reviewed, and the significance of failure criteria in fracture initiation and test interpretation is considered. Results of careful tests are given for three types of rock, two plastics, glass, and ice, and the experimental results are compared with theoretical expectations. Close consideration of the conflicts between theory and experiment leads to the conclusion that, while there are very serious objections to the ring test, the Brazil test is capable of giving a good measure of uniaxial tensile strength for Griffith-type materials. In the second part of the paper, practical problems involved in diametral compression testing are considered in some detail. Special attention is given to contact stresses under the applied loads, and a design is given for a loading jig that reduces contact stresses. Specimen dimensions, size effects, loading rate, force readout, and specimen preparation are discussed, and some recommended practical procedures for Brazil tests are outlined.
Explaining quality of life for persons with traumatic brain injuries 2 years after injury

Abstract Objective: To model the complex effects of demographic, psychosocial, physical, and rehabilitation variables on quality of life 2 years after hospital discharge. Design: Medical record and longitudinal survey data on traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors who did or did not receive formal rehabilitation services after being injured were analyzed. Setting: The study sample was selected from a representative sample of hospitals in north-central Alabama. Participants: Criteria for inclusion were: (1) 18 years and older with TBI; (2) discharged after hospital stay of 3 or more days; and (3) resided and injured in Alabama. There were 293 persons eligible for the 24-month follow-up survey, 186 (63%) of whom participated; the focus was on the 116 persons (of 186) who responded to the surveys themselves. Main Outcome Measure: A causal model of hypothesized direct and indirect effects of several variables on quality of life outcomes. Results: Employment was the strongest contributor of improved quality of life. Persons unable to pay for health care showed less improvement in functional independence 12 to 24 months postinjury and reported a poorer quality of life. The psychosocial variables of self-blame and family support improved quality of life by reducing impairments and increasing the likelihood of employment. Family support also improved quality of life by increasing functional independence. Fewer physical impairments and gains in functional independence directly improved quality of life. Conclusion: The interrelationships between psychosocial and physical variables are important when examining quality of life. Interventions are recommended targeting psychosocial variables and functional independence in efforts to improve quality of life.
Action theories for occupational science: The contributions of Dewey and Bourdieu

Occupational scientists have argued that occupation implies action, but they have not produced sufficient analyses of action theories as potential bases for understanding occupation. We describe this situation and the corresponding need to theorize action as a necessary step for more carefully and powerfully conceptualizing occupation. To begin addressing the problem and need, we provide an analysis of two theorists, John Dewey and Pierre Bourdieu, whose writings about action may be applied to deepen understandings of occupation. Our analysis focuses on three dimensions of action common to both scholars’ theories—habit, context, and creativity. In comparing and contrasting the theories, we find them largely in agreement but also complementary. Through a discussion of the theories via these dimensions, we extend and deepen the transactional view of occupation. In addition, we offer a conceptualization of occupation consistent with the two theorists’ works.
Homomeric and native α7 acetylcholine receptors exhibit remarkably similar but non‐identical pharmacological properties, suggesting that the native receptor is a heteromeric protein complex

Sucrose gradient analysis of chick acetylcholine receptor (AChR) α7 subunits expressed in oocytes indicates that they form pharmacologically active homomers of the same size as native α7 AChRs, a size compatible with a complex of five α7 subunits. By immunoisolating the [35S]methionine-labeled α7 subunits we also demonstrate that they do not appear to assemble with endogenous Xenopus AChR subunits. Pharmacological characterization of detergent-solubilized brain α7 AChRs and α7 homomers reveals that they have similar but nonidentical properties. The pharmacological difference is most accentuated for cytisine (~50-fold). Thus, at least in E18 chicken brain, most or all of the native α7 AChRs do not appear to be homomeric.
Asymmetric crotylation reactions in synthesis of polypropionate-derived macrolides: application to total synthesis of oleandolide.

Complete details of a convergent asymmetric synthesis of oleandolide (1), the aglycon of the macrolide antibiotic oleandomycin, is described. The synthesis has been achieved through the assembly and coupling of the left- and right-hand subunits 12 and 38, respectively. These subunits were prepared from chiral silane-based asymmetric crotylation reactions to control the stereochemical relationships. The left- and right-hand subunits (C1−C7 and C8−C14) were brought together through a Pd(0)-catalyzed sp3−sp2 cross-coupling reaction between the zinc intermediate 40 and vinyl triflate 38 to give 27. This product was converted to seco acid 42a and cyclized to lactone 35 under Yamaguchi conditions. This material was then epoxidized with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) to install the correct C8 epoxide as a single diastereomer, which after a short deprotection sequence completed the synthesis of oleandolide.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst with Intralaryngeal Extension

Results and Conclusions: A TGDC with intralaryngeal extension is a rare cause of dysphagia, hoarseness, and shortness of breath. The literature review shows only 11 previously reported cases. The acute management of this lesion is to manage airway. Our case demonstrates that needle aspiration of the cyst is a good alternative to intubation or tracheostomy. Definitive surgical intervention can be accomplished through a Sistrunk procedure with complete excision of the cyst and tract. Thyroglossal Duct Cyst with Intralaryngeal Extension
Effect of elastic interaction on the formation of a complex multi-domain microstructural pattern during a coherent hexagonal to orthorhombic transformation

Abstract The effect of elastic interaction on the formation and dynamic evolution of multi-domain microstructures during a hexagonal to orthorhombic transformation in the absence and presence of an externally applied strain field is investigated numerically using the phase field model. In particular, three cases are considered, which include a single variant, two variants, and all three variants of the orthorhombic phase produced by the transformation. In each case, the morphology and spatial distribution of the orientation variants are characterized. It is shown that nucleation and growth of a single variant produces thin plates of the orthorhombic domains with definite habit planes. In the case of two variants, the domains developed at the initial stages are also platelets of well-defined habit planes, which is similar to the case of a single variant. However, the impingement and intersection of the platelets of different variants results in the formation of twin boundaries and “zig-zag” patterns. The overlap regions of the “zig-zag” cross sections remain untransformed which agrees very well with experimental observations. If all three variants are present, the hexagonal to orthorhombic transformation results in a number of unique multi-domain structures such as the star patterns, compound star patterns, fan patterns, etc., which have been frequently observed experimentally in systems undergoing hexagonal to orthorhombic or similar transformations. It is found that if the boundary of the system is constrained, e.g. a grain embedded in a polycrystalline material, the transformation can go to completion only when all three variants are present. In the presence of external strain field, the coupling between the applied strain field and the stress-free transformation strain associated with the domain formation leads to selective growth of variants.
Interaction of methylglyoxal with poly-L-lysine

The reaction of methylglyoxal with polypeptides is accompanied by an electron spin resonance absorption in the free radial region. Analysing the interaction of methylglyoxal with poly-L-lysine we found that methylglyoxal polymer formation is a major process in our system. The electron spin resonance signal seems to originate both from the polymer itself and its interaction with the polypeptide. Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements show that the methylglyoxal polymer interacts with the polypeptide via the NH groups of peptide bonds.
Localization of cholinergic synapses in mammalian retina with peroxidase-conjugated α-bungarotoxin

Abstract A conjugate of α-bungarotoxin with horseradish peroxidase was used for cytochemical localization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the mouse retina. Reactive synapses were seen at contacts of amacrine cells with bipolar cells and other amacrine cells. The data indicates that a relatively small population of amacrine cells are involved in cholinergic transmission.
Does the substitution of a resident for a flight nurse alter scene time

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of a nurse resident crew (N/R) to that of the usual nurse/nurse (N/N) crew in a helicopter transport service using scene time as a measure of overall teamwork. It was designed as a retrospective case control study carried out by a university-based helicopter emergency transport service. Emergency Medicine second-year residents who volunteered to be assigned to the helicopter transport service for 1 month rotations flew with an experienced flight nurse. This nurse/resident (N/R) team was compared to the usual nurse/nurse (N/N) team in scene trauma flights. The average ground time for the N/N crew (10.5 minutes, n = 43) was not significantly different from that of the the N/R crew (10.3 minutes, n = 43). This study suggests that an emergency medicine resident can be incorporated into a flight crew without adversely affecting scene time.
Multimodal imaging in evaluation of two cases of adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis.

Primary adenocarcinoma arising in the renal pelvis is a rare entity. Two cases are presented in which computed tomography (CT), ultrasound, and antegrade pyelography were performed in addition to conventional urographic methods. One patient’s multifocal tumor involving several calyces was best demonstrated by ultrasound; the other patient’s centrally placed pelvic mass was seen by CT. Adenocarcinomas are etiologically linked to repeated infection. Although it has been stated in previous reviews that the diagnosis of malignancy is seldom made preoperatively in these patients, the use of CT, ultrasound, and antegrade pyelography allowed the diagnosis to be made prospectively in both cases.
The cone oil droplets of avian retinas.

The cone oil droplets of 19 species of birds from 11 families were examined by microspectrophotometry. Individual droplets were expanded with mineral oil, suspended in aqueous glycerol, and absorbance spectra measured between 700 and 320 nm. A classification of oil droplets is proposed, in which objective measurements of their carotenoids are related to the size, position and visual appearance of the droplets under the microscope. Some droplets contain no carotenoid and are transparent at wavelengths longer than 320 nm. Other droplets appear colorless but contain carotenoids absorbing at 385 or 402 nm. The pale droplets that have traditionally been described as greenish contain a mixture of two carotenoids. All of these types are distinct from yellow and red droplets. Red droplets contain astaxanthin esters, and yellow droplets contain a carotenoid with a spectrum similar to zeaxanthin. The 402 nm chromophore is galloxanthin, a C27 apo-carotenoid with 8 double bonds. The in vivo optical densities are 1-4 in the paler droplets, range up to about 8 in the yellow droplets, and can exceed 20 in the red droplets. All droplets that contain carotenoid can exhibit substantial absorption in the near u.v. The frequencies of the several droplet types in the retinas of different species suggests that these organelles respond readily to natural selection and may be involved in more than one function.
Analysis of a physician tool for evaluating dysphagia on an inpatient stroke unit: the modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability.

Background Although many dysphagia screening protocols have been introduced in recent years, no validated, physician-administered dysphagia screening tool exists for acute stroke that can be performed at the bedside. Based on the psychometrically validated Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA), we developed the Modified MASA (MMASA) as a physician-administered screening tool for dysphagia in acute stroke. Objective The purpose of this study was to complete initial validation of this new screening tool for dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke. Methods Two stroke neurologists independently performed the MMASA on 150 patients with ischemic stroke. Speech-language pathologists performed the standard MASA on all patients. All examiners were blinded to the results of the other assessments. Interjudge reliability was evaluated between the neurologists. Validity between the screening tool (MMASA) and the clinical evaluation (MASA) was assessed with sensitivity/specificity and predictive value assessment. Results Interobserver agreement between the neurologists using the MMASA was good (k=0.76; SE=0.082). Based on the comprehensive clinical evaluation (MASA), 36.2% of patients demonstrated dysphagia. Screening results from the neurologists (N1 and N2) identified 38% and 36.7% prevalence of dysphagia, respectively. Sensitivity (N1: 92%, N2: 87%), specificity (N1: 86.3%, N2: 84.2%), positive predictive value (N1: 79.4%, N2: 75.8%), and negative predictive value (N1: 95.3%, N2: 92%) were high between the screen and the comprehensive clinical evaluation. Conclusions This preliminary study suggests that the MMASA is a potentially valid and reliable physician-administered screening tool for dysphagia in acute ischemic stroke. Use of this tool may facilitate earlier identification of dysphagia in patients with stroke prompting more rapid comprehensive evaluation and intervention.
A Systems Thinking Approach to Cost Growth in DoD Weapon Systems

This paper presents a systems thinking approach to cost growth estimation for the Department of Defense weapon system life cycle costing. The research herein clarifies the effects of human behaviors, time delays, inaccurate expectations of cost growth behavior and other factors, offering improved conceptualization of the impact of abstract variables on cost growth. Methods of research include analysis of numerical data, statistical findings by research and development groups (RAND), Department of Defense system acquisition reports, and application of the developed model to a relevant program. A systems thinking approach to cost growth behavior analysis provides decision-makers with a holistic understanding of cause, effect and reaction in order to more realistically estimate cost growth. This paper provides a foundation for such an approach.
The effect of varying alveolar carbon dioxide levels on free recall

Abstract A recent study suggested that students who have increased minute ventilation receive poorer grades. The present study was interested in determining the role alveolar carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels play with cognitive abilities. A free recall task was used to examine list learning under two conditions of alveolar CO 2 level: normal and decreased. The results suggested that decreased alveolar CO 2 levels affect the participant's ability to rehearse and recall information. It was concluded that conditions that reduce alveolar CO 2 levels, such as hyperventilation resulting from stress, nervousness, or inappropriate breathing habits, can lead to poorer learning. If these conditions produce a habitual breathing pattern, the academic performance of the individual may suffer.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and Occlusive Vascular Disease: Identification and Characterization

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a respiratory pathogen, has been associated with occlusive vascular disease, including atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia, through seroepidemiologic studies. Furthermore, using immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ hybridization, this association has been reconfirmed by detecting this organism in atherosclerotic vascular tissue. This review summarizes and critically analyzes these findings and also discusses various mechanisms of how Chlamydia pneumoniae could be involved in the pathogenesis of occlusive vascular disease. Although more studies are needed to reproduce these results and, possibly, uncover a mechanism, the current literature fails to include detailed methodologies for studying Chlamydia pneumoniae. Therefore, to provide a general standard, we have also outlined specific protocols for IHC, PCR, and TEM. These protocols incorporate essential components from various studies and are presented in a concise and easily adaptable format.
The power of silence: ethical dilemmas of informed consent in practice evaluation

This paper critically examines the concepts of minimal risk and informed consent when practitioners use their own case material for practice evaluation and single subject research. Two student research projects conducted as requirements of a second year masters seminar in practice evaluation are used to identify specific ethical dilemmas and practice research implications are discussed.
Eco-Guilt Motivates Eco-Friendly Behavior

Abstract Despite widespread support for environmentalism, few people consistently engage in proenvironmental behavior. The present research investigates the potential of eco-guilt to increase engagement in proenvironmental behavior. Eco-guilt is guilt that arises when people think about times they have not met personal or societal standards for environmental behavior. Highlighting instances when people fail to meet standards for environmental protection should create guilt which should then motivate eco-friendly behavior. Study 1 (n=277) shows that eco-guilt predicts eco-friendly behavioral intentions above and beyond individual differences in trait guilt and proenvironmental attitudes. Study 2 (n=96) shows that eco-guilt mediates the relation between perceptions regarding personal standards about environmentally harmful behavior and both public and private efforts to protect the environment. When college students bring to mind their standards for environmental behavior, ranging from recycling to buying a...
Spectral domain phase microscopy: a new tool for measuring cellular dynamics and cytoplasmic flow

Broadband interferometry is an attractive technique for the detection of cellular motions because it provides depth-resolved interferometric phase information via coherence gating. Here a phase sensitive technique called spectral domain phase microscopy (SDPM) is presented. SDPM is a functional extension of spectral domain optical coherence tomography that allows for the detection of cellular motions and dynamics with nanometer-scale sensitivity. This sensitivity is made possible by the inherent phase stability of spectral domain OCT combined with common-path interferometry. The theory that underlies this technique is presented, the sensitivity of the technique is demonstrated by the measurement of the thermal expansion coefficient of borosilicate glass, and the response of an Amoeba proteus to puncture of its cell membrane is measured. We also exploit the phase stability of SDPM to perform Doppler flow imaging of cytoplasmic streaming in A. proteus. We show reversal of cytoplasmic flow in response to stimuli, and we show that the cytoplasmic flow is laminar (i.e. parabolic) in nature. We are currently investigating the use of SDPM in a variety of different cell types.
Optical Finite Element Processor

A new high-accuracy optical linear algebra processor (OLAP) with many advantageous features is described. It achieves floating point accuracy, handles bipolar data by sign-magnitude representation, performs LU decomposition using only one channel, easily partitions and considers data flow. A new application (finite element (FE) structural analysis) for OLAPs is introduced and the results of a case study presented. Error sources in encoded OLAPs are addressed for the first time. Their modeling and simulation are discussed and quantitative data are presented. Dominant error sources and the effects of composite error sources are analyzed.
Immunogenic properties of vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein

Summary The ability to construct recombinant viruses expressing foreign genes clearlyhas great potential for vaccine development. In the case of rabies, the V-RG virus has proved to be highly immunogenic, and has outperformed conventional rabies vaccines in every comparative protection test. The question remains, however, whether recombinant vaccines based on vaccinia viruses will ever be accepted for human or veterinary use. In this regard, it should be noted that the lessons learned in the construction and evaluation of V-RG virus can be rapidly applied for the development of other recombinant viruses (bases on adenoviruses, for example).
High-dose VP-16 with intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of relapsed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

In a study of 11 adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), infusion therapy with high-dose VP-16 and intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside was administered. Response was assessed with reference to bone marrow aspirations performed on days 1; 12, 13, or 14; and 21 of treatment. All 7 of the patients with ANLL in relapse achieved marrow hypoplasia, and 3 of them achieved complete response. LFTs were elevated in most patients but no evidence of hepatocellular necrosis was observed. It is concluded that the value of VP-16 in ANLL may have been underestimated in the past because of inadequate dosing.
Use of a lyophilized bovine collagen matrix in postoperative wound healing.

Background. Immediate reconstruction is the preferred approach to the management of defects following Mohs micrographic surgery. In a minority of patients, however, reconstruction is contraindicated, and a long-term biological dressing that stimulates wound healing and minimizes wound care is desirable. Objective. We wanted to assess the utility of a lyophilized, type I bovine collagen matrix (SkinTemp) in wound care and wound healing following Mohs micrographic surgery. Methods. Fifteen patients were treated with a bovine collagen matrix following Mohs micrographic surgery. Study wounds were evaluated for time to complete granulation, time to complete epithelialization, and adverse reactions including infection and allergy. The time to complete healing (granulation and epithelialization) for this group was compared to 15 size- and site-matched surgical defects. Results. The use of bovine collagen matrix provided more rapid wound healing than traditional second intention healing at all anatomic sites studied. The time to complete healing averaged 6.1 weeks with bovine collagen matrix versus 9.4 weeks for the control group. Use of bovine collagen matrix required an average of 3.0 dressing changes weekly compared to 7.0 changes weekly in the control group. There were no wound infections or allergic reactions to it. Conclusions. A Type I bovine collagen matrix provided a safe, readily available alternative to traditional methods of second intention healing. It minimized wound care while reducing the time for complete healing. A larger study should be performed to confirm the results of this pilot study.
Canopy shadow in IKONOS satellite observations of tropical forests and savannas

Abstract The biological and structural complexity of tropical forests and savannas results in marked spatial variation in shadows inherent to remotely sensed measurements. While the biophysical and observational factors driving variations in apparent shadow are known, little quantitative information exists on the magnitude and variability of shadow in remotely sensed data acquired over tropical regions. Even less is known about shadow effects in multispectral observations from satellites (e.g., Landsat). The IKONOS satellite, with 1-m panchromatic and 4-m multispectral capabilities, provides an opportunity to observe tropical canopies and their shadows at spatial scales approaching the size of individual crowns and vegetation clusters. We used 44 IKONOS images from the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) data archive to quantify the spatial variation of canopy shadow fraction across a broad range of forests in the Brazilian Amazon and savannas in the Brazilian Cerrado. Forests had substantial apparent shadow fractions as viewed from the satellite vantage point. The global mean (±S.D.) shadow fraction was 0.25±0.12, and within-scene (e.g., forest stand) variability was similar to interscene (e.g., regional) variation. The distribution of shadow fractions for forest stands was skewed, with 30% of pixels having fractional shadow values above 0.30. Shadow fractions in savannas increased from 0.0±0.01 to 0.12±0.04 to 0.16±0.05 for areas with woody vegetation at low ( 75%) density, respectively. Landsat-like observations using both red (0.63–0.70 μm) and near-infrared (NIR) (0.76–0.85 μm) wavelength regions were highly sensitive to sub-pixel shadow fractions in tropical forests, accounting for ∼30–50% of the variance in red and NIR responses. A 10% increase in shadow fraction resulted in a 3% and 10% decrease in red and NIR channel response, respectively. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of tropical forests was weakly sensitive to changes in shadow fraction. For low-, medium-, and high-density savannas, a 10% increase in shadow fraction resulted in a 5–7% decrease in red-channel response. Shadows accounted for ∼15–50% of the overall variance in red-wavelength responses in the savanna image archive. Weak to no relationship occurred between shadow fraction and either NIR reflectance or the NDVI of savannas. Quantitative information on shadowing is needed to validate or constrain radiative transfer, spectral mixture, and land-surface models used to estimate material and energy exchanges between the tropical biosphere and atmosphere.
Risk and revocation in community corrections: The role of gender

Actuarial risk assessment instruments have become integral to the functioning of the correctional systems in North America, the United Kingdom, and many other parts of the world. While research on the classification of female offenders has been ongoing since the 1980s, there is still more work to be done. Adding to the growing body of literature, the present study analyses agency records from a Community Supervision Department located in a Southwestern state in the United States. Findings reveal the Wisconsin Risk/Needs Assessment instrument has predictive validity for both male and female probationers. Further, successful completion rates for males and females are found to be similar.
Co-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist improves human islet survival and function.

Purpose Ex vivo gene therapy approaches can improve the outcome of islet transplantation for treating type I diabetes. We have previously shown the improvement in islet function and vascularization following ex vivo transfection for human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) gene expression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that co-expression of two genes, which target different challenges faced by islets post-transplantation, supplement each other to improve the survival and function of islets. We determined whether there is an additive effect of hVEGF and human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (hIL-1Ra) gene expression in human islets.
The hypolipidemic effects of lovastatin and clofibrate alone and in combination in patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia.

Abstract The hypolipidemic effects of lovastatin and clofibrate have been evaluated in 12 patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia. In these patients plasma concentrations of total cholesterol decreased from 500 ± 56 mg/dL (mean ± SEM) at baseline to 278 ± 23 mg/dL on lovastatin (20 mg twice daily), and were 299 ± 15 mg/dL during treatment with clofibrate (1 g twice daily). Nine patients were treated sequentillly with lovastatin at doses of 20 and 40 mg twice daily and clofibrate; in these patients total plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased from 549 ± 67 mg/dL at baseline to 291 ± 24 mg/dL on lovastatin (20 mg twice daily), 247 ± 20 mg/dL (40 mg twice daily) and were 297 ± 18 mg/dL on monotherapy with clofibrate. Concentrations of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were similar on clofibrate and the higher dose of lovastatin, whereas concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were significantly lower on lovastatin. In six patients who remained hyperlipidemic on monotherapy with either drug, combination drug therapy with lovastatin (20 mg twice daily) plus clofibrate reduced plasma concentrations of total cholesterol from 635 ± 79 mg/dL to 205 ± 11 mg/dL. No patients were discontinued from single or combined drug therapy and no significant biochemical abnormalities were observed. The results of this study demonstrate the potential usefulness of lovastatin in the therapy of type III hyperlipoproteinemia and indicate that, in selected patients who remain hypercholesterolemic on monotherapy with either clofibrate or lovastatin, combination drug therapy with both of these drugs is effective in further reducing plasma concentrations of total, VLDL, and LDL cholesterol. Although none of the six patients treated with lovastatin plus clofibrate developed myopathy, we would urge caution in the use of this combination in view of the known increased risk of myopathy associated with the use of lovastatin plus gemfibrozil.
Respiration and glycolysis in the hypophysis and hypothalamus of the rat.

Abstract Studies have been made of the respiratory and glycolytic activities of anterior and posterior hypophyseal and hypothalamic tissue of the rat. The maximum metabolic activity of hypophyseal tissue in a glucose medium was found to be less than one-half that of hypothalamic tissue. The neurohypophysis appeared to be intermediate between the adenohypophysis and the hypothalamus in its dependence on added carbohydrate as a source of energy.
1968: The Election That Changed America

Introduction Chapter 1: On the Eve of 1968 Chapter 2: The President Withdraws Chapter 3: The Violent Spring Chapter 4: Nixon's the One Chapter 5: Democratic Disaster at Chicago Chapter 6: October Surprises Recommended Reading
Spirits of ‘Dark Finance’ in Thailand A Local Hazard for the International Moral Fund

Moral discourses condemning Asian finance since the 1997 Thai currency crash have trickled down to small-time financial practices within informal money markets of Thailand. These practices include personal moneylending, gambling, underground lotteries, and number forecasting by spirit mediums. Moral devaluation of these socially complex practices, even inadvertently by anthropologists who might classify them as ‘occult’ or as ‘casino capitalism’, may obscure forms of economy that can question the authority of knowledge that backs international financial liberalization.
The dynamics of presidential support during international conflict situations: The Iranian hostage crisis

Public opinion data concerning President Carter's handling of the Iranian hostage crisis are used to analyze (1) the factors that facilitate support for the President's handling of international conflict situations, and (2) the factors that influence the persistence of such support. Analysis reveals that support for the President's performance is enhanced if one holds a favorable personal image of the President, if one's own policy preferences are congruent with the President's actions, and if one belongs to the President's party. Over time, the impact of these factors grows, reflecting the fact that those who hold unfavorable images of the President, who disagree with the policies he is pursuing, and who belong to the opposition party fall out of the support coalition at an unusually high rate.
Transition to Ohmic conduction in microscopic tunnel junctions at low temperatures.

The crossover from weak to strong coupling in tunneling is studied by relating the effective dc conductance to the susceptibility of the one-dimensional plane rotator model with 1/${\mathit{n}}^{2}$ interaction. The susceptibility and specific heat, all calculated using Monte Carlo simulation, confirm the existence of a precipitous breakdown of the Coulomb blockade for the ratios of thermal to charging energy as small as ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$.
Phosphine adsorption and decomposition on Si(100) 2×1 studied by STM

The adsorption and decomposition of phosphine molecules on clean Si(100) 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surfaces have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and total energy calculations. Phosphine decomposition depends strongly on the substrate temperature and results in a variety of surface structures depending on the relative rates of phosphine adsorption, hydrogen and phosphorus desorption, and hydrogen, phosphorus, and silicon surface diffusion. Between room temperature and 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the phosphine mainly dissociatively adsorbs, most likely into P-P dimers. Near defect sites nondissociative adsorption of ${\mathrm{PH}}_{3}$ is also found. For temperatures up to about 400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C surface diffusion allows the generation of small P-P dimer rows. Above 400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, beyond the onset of hydrogen desorption, larger islands with width not exceeding approximately eight dimer rows are formed. At maximum phosphorus coverage, obtained by phosphine adsorption at 625 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, straight vacancy lines are found, which most likely consist of phosphorus passivated Si(111) microfacets. Total energy calculations suggest that these may result from surface stress induced by the phosphorus overlayer.
Research Universities: Core of the US science and technology system

Abstract Research universities are a recent innovation, having emerged in Prussia in the early 19th century, and in the United States only in the aftermath of the Civil War. By 1940, perhaps a dozen American universities could be regarded as first-class research institutions. However, they received virtually no financial support from the US government. The most far-reaching recommendation of Vannevar Bush's famous July 1945 report, Science—the Endless Frontier, was that it was in the nation's best interest for the federal government to fund university research. From 1950 through the mid-1970s, such federal support expanded rapidly, resulting in the flowering of the American academic research system, but was accompanied by a decline in industrial support. Beginning in the late 1970s, several federal agencies established largely successful programs to encourage university–industry research cooperation as a means of reestablishing links between universities and industry. Other countries have tried to replicate the success of US research universities, but with limited results. Yet despite the success of US universities, they face a number of significant challenges. The record of the past 60 years suggests that they can continue to remain at the forefront in the search for knowledge, but only if they, and the wider US public, understand and are prepared to deal with these challenges.
Histopathologic inflammatory response induced by recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 causing radiculopathy after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Abstract Background context A significant increase in off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) in posterior lumbar interbody fusion techniques has been seen in the spine community. Numerous reports have demonstrated complications with use of this proinflammatory agent; however, the in vivo response caused by rhBMP-2 has not been characterized on a cellular level. Purpose To report the case of lumbar radiculopathy and the associated histopathologic findings stemming from the inflammatory response to rhBMP-2 used in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery. Study design/setting Case report. Patient sample Single patient case report of rhBMP-2 off-label use causing an inflammatory response that resulted in radiculopathy after TLIF surgery. Outcomes measures Clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic evidence was used to determine outcomes in this report. Methods A 27-year-old male presented with low back pain and radiculopathy and radiographic evidence of degenerative disc disease and foraminal stenosis. Four weeks after L4–L5 TLIF surgery augmented with rhBMP-2, the patient developed right-sided lower extremity radiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine demonstrated bilateral fluid collections with the larger right-sided mass compressing the right L4 nerve root. Results Surgical decompression of this mass resulted in resolution of his right-sided radicular symptoms. Histologic analysis of the surgical pathology demonstrated diffuse osteoid and woven bone amidst a fibrovascular stroma densely populated by lymphocytes and eosinophils. Conclusions Off-label rhBMP-2 use in posterior interbody fusion techniques can lead to complications. This case serves to identify potential hazards of this growth factor and highlight areas for further study to better understand its in vivo behavior.
Regional stratigraphic framework linking continental shelf and coastal sedimentary deposits of west-central Florida

Abstract A regional study of the Holocene sequence onlapping the west-central Florida Platform was undertaken to merge our understanding of the barrier-island system with that of the depositional history of the adjacent inner continental shelf. Key objectives were to better understand the sedimentary processes, sediment accumulation patterns, and the history of coastal evolution during the post-glacial sea-level rise. In the subsurface, deformed limestone bedrock is attributed to mid-Cenozoic karstic processes. This stratigraphic interval is truncated by an erosional surface, commonly exposed, that regionally forms the base of the Holocene section. The Holocene section is thin and discontinuous and, north or south of the Tampa Bay area, is dominated by low-relief sand-ridge morphologies. Depositional geometries tend to be more sheet-like nearshore, and mounded or ridge-like offshore. Sand ridges exhibit 0.5–4 m of relief, with ridge widths on the order of 1 km and ridge spacing of a few kilometers. The central portion of the study area is dominated nearshore by a contiguous sand sheet associated with the Tampa Bay ebb-tidal delta. Sedimentary facies in this system consist mostly of redistributed siliciclastics, local carbonate production, and residual sediments derived from erosion of older strata. Hardground exposures are common throughout the study area. Regional trends in Holocene sediment thickness patterns are strongly correlated to antecedent topographic control. Both the present barrier-island system and thicker sediment accumulations offshore correlate with steeper slope gradients of the basal Holocene transgressive surface. Proposed models for coastal evolution during the Holocene transgression suggest a spatial and temporal combination of back-stepping barrier-island systems combined with open-marine, low-energy coastal environments. The present distribution of sand resources reflects the reworking of these earlier deposits by the late Holocene inner-shelf hydraulic regime.