cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Do We Know When a Lymph Node Dissection is Adequate

How do we know when a lymph node dissection is adequate? Like so many questions, the answer depends in part on who is asking. For our melanoma patients, the answer is pragmatic. Their node dissection is adequate if it fulfills the primary goals of the procedure of providing life-long regional disease control and accurate staging information— ideally with the lowest possible morbidity. Of course, this ‘‘answer’’ for an individual patient cannot readily be determined early on after surgery; only time will tell. For melanoma surgeons, as well as for our oncology colleagues evaluating patients for clinical trial eligibility, there are occasions when we must assess whether a lymph node dissection is adequate during the early postoperative period. Some adjuvant therapy clinical trials mandate a minimum number of nodes be removed, although this number is rarely evidence-based. A scenario surgical oncologists confront with some frequency is the need to assess the adequacy of a node dissection that yielded only a relatively small number of pathologically examined lymph nodes. Possible explanations: the node dissection was adequate and there were simply few lymph nodes in that patient; the dissection was adequate but the pathologic evaluation did not identify or enumerate every harvested node (most of which were likely small and tumor-free); or an inadequate node dissection was performed, leaving lymph nodes behind that ought to have been removed and raising the specter of an increased risk of regional recurrence and potentially underestimating the patient’s risk of distant metastasis. Increasingly, others besides the patient and the surgeon or oncologist are asking about the adequacy of surgery: quality assurance evaluations have become a fact of life for most clinicians, and an appropriate goal of these evaluations should be to identify surgeons who consistently fail to perform adequate surgeries and correct this through remedial education and mentoring or, failing that, restricted privileges. Finally, it is increasingly easy to envision a future where reimbursement for individual surgical procedures is tied to fulfillment of specific criteria that demonstrate its ‘‘adequacy.’’ Will we soon see reimbursement for lymph node dissections tied to removal of a minimum number of lymph nodes? In this issue of the Annals of Surgical Oncology, Spil
Green moms: the social construction of a green mothering identity via environmental advertising appeals

This study explores emerging green motherhood discourse as framed by green advertising in pregnancy magazines. It takes an interdisciplinary perspective, drawing on reflexive modernization, feminist studies and critical discourse analysis and reveals how advertising represents a double bind for mothers. Textual analysis of a sample of green ads in FitPregnancy indicates ads present expectant mothers with solutions for resolving the challenges of parenting in an age of widespread environmental threat, while simultaneously reinforcing those same lifestyle choices that are thought to exacerbate the environmental crisis. This green mothering discourse appears to empower mothers and offer solutions to the risks of pregnancy, while in reality relegating the mother to the sidelines, rendering her nearly invisible while the child is promoted as the primary subject and brands as sources of expert knowledge. These results speak to the broader ways in which seemingly neutral texts work to frame and reinforce certain...
Strain-specific colonization patterns and serum modulation of multi-species oral biofilm development

Periodontitis results from an ecological shift in the composition of subgingival biofilms. Subgingival community maturation is modulated by inter-organismal interactions and the relationship of communities with the host. In an effort to better understand this process, we evaluated biofilm formation, with oral commensal species, by three strains of the subgingivally prevalent microorganism Fusobacterium nucleatum and four strains of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. We also tested the effect of serum, which resembles gingival exudates, on subgingival biofilms. Biofilms were allowed to develop in flow cells using salivary medium. We found that although not all strains of F. nucleatum were able to grow in mono-species biofilms, forming a community with health-associated partners Actinomyces oris and Veillonella parvula promoted biofilm growth of all F. nucleatum strains. Strains of P. gingivalis also showed variable ability to form mono-species biofilms. P. gingivalis W50 and W83 did not form biofilms, while ATCC 33277 and 381 formed biofilm structures, but only strain ATCC 33277 grew over time. Unlike the enhanced growth of F. nucleatum with the two health-associated species, no strain of P. gingivalis grew in three-species communities with A. oris and V. parvula. However, addition of F. nucleatum facilitated growth of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 with health-associated partners. Importantly, serum negatively affected the adhesion of F. nucleatum, while it favored biofilm growth by P. gingivalis. This work highlights strain specificity in subgingival biofilm formation. Environmental factors such as serum alter the colonization patterns of oral microorganisms and could impact subgingival biofilms by selectively promoting pathogenic species.
Positive impacts using POGIL in organic chemistry

A student-centered learning technique, process-oriented, guided-inquiry learning (POGIL), has been developed as a pedagogical technique that facilitates collaborative and cooperative learning in the chemistry classroom. With the use of this technique, students enhance their higher-order thinking skills and process skills synergistically. In addition, they develop positive relationships with other students in the course. POGIL was recently implemented at a mid-sized, comprehensive public institution and used in the organic chemistry sequence. Comparisons of the ACS exam percentile rankings and incoming proficiency (ACS scores and grade point averages) data were made to determine the extent of the effect that POGIL had on student learning when compared to students who had been taught using traditional methods. Overall, the data provide evidence to suggest that students learning by the POGIL method have a greater grasp of content knowledge than students who learned by the traditional lecture approach, as evi...
Medical problems of marathon runners

Several organ systems can be affected by marathon running. Acute musculoskeletal injuries are common, but running does not result in increased rates of musculoskeletal disability. Gastrointestinal complaints are also common among runners; some of these complaints are explained by the decreased mesenteric blood flow during exercise. Although cardiac events are rare, they can be devastating. Symptomatic hyponatremia is another serious but mostly preventable problem.
Instability at the winter stratopause: A mechanism for the 4-day wave

Studies using climatological fields in a three-dimensional stability model show unstable modes near the polar winter stratopause with periods near 4 days. The calculated modes exhibit equatorward momentum and heat fluxes near the stratopause, similar to characteristics of observed 4-day wave events, demonstrating that both baroclinic and barotropic processes are important for this instability. The baroclinic and barotropic components are considered separately by selectively removing either horizontal or vertical shear from the background flow. Although both situations reveal instability, growth rates are very slow; realistic growth rates occur only for climatological flows including both horizontal and vertical shears. Similar unstable, fast-moving waves are found near the polar stratopause for several winter months in both hemispheres.
The agency for healthcare research and quality (ahrq) pediatric quality indicators (pdis): Accidental puncture or laceration during surgery in children

Context:The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) pediatric quality indicators (PDIs) are measures designed to evaluate the quality of pediatric healthcare. They specifically focus on adverse events that are potentially avoidable, including complications and iatrogenic events. PDI 1 refe
Promotion of variant human mammary epithelial cell outgrowth by ionizing radiation: an agent-based model supported by in vitro studies

Most human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) cultured from histologically normal breast tissues enter a senescent state termed stasis after 5 to 20 population doublings. These senescent cells display increased size, contain senescence associated β-galactosidase activity, and express cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p16INK4A (CDKN2A; p16). However, HMEC grown in a serum-free medium, spontaneously yield, at low frequency, variant (v) HMEC that are capable of long-term growth and are susceptible to genomic instability. We investigated whether ionizing radiation, which increases breast cancer risk in women, affects the rate of vHMEC outgrowth. Pre-stasis HMEC cultures were exposed to 5 to 200 cGy of sparsely (X- or γ-rays) or densely (1 GeV/amu 56Fe) ionizing radiation. Proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine incorporation), senescence (senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity), and p16 expression were assayed in subcultured irradiated or unirradiated populations four to six weeks following radiation exposure, when patches of vHMEC became apparent. Long-term growth potential and p16 promoter methylation in subsequent passages were also monitored. Agent-based modeling, incorporating a simple set of rules and underlying assumptions, was used to simulate vHMEC outgrowth and evaluate mechanistic hypotheses. Cultures derived from irradiated cells contained significantly more vHMEC, lacking senescence associated β-galactosidase or p16 expression, than cultures derived from unirradiated cells. As expected, post-stasis vHMEC cultures derived from both unirradiated and irradiated cells exhibited more extensive methylation of the p16 gene than pre-stasis HMEC cultures. However, the extent of methylation of individual CpG sites in vHMEC samples did not correlate with passage number or treatment. Exposure to sparsely or densely ionizing radiation elicited similar increases in the numbers of vHMEC compared to unirradiated controls. Agent-based modeling indicated that radiation-induced premature senescence of normal HMEC most likely accelerated vHMEC outgrowth through alleviation of spatial constraints. Subsequent experiments using defined co-cultures of vHMEC and senescent cells supported this mechanism. Our studies indicate that ionizing radiation can promote the outgrowth of epigenetically altered cells with pre-malignant potential.
Unified strategy for the synthesis of C-aryl glycosides

A unified approach for the synthesis of the four major groups of C-aryl glycosides has been developed. The strategy incorporates two integrated approaches, the first of which features the (4+2) cycloaddition of a glycosyl furan with a substituted benzyne followed by the acid-catalyzed opening of the resultant adduct. The second route involves the sequential palladium-catalyzed opening of a benzyne-furan cycloadduct with an iodo glycal followed by oxidation of the resultant dihydronaphthol ring and reduction of the glycal moiety. The utility of this strategy has been established by a concise formal synthesis of the C-aryl gly- coside antibiotic galtamycinone.
A link layer protocol and link-state routing protocol suite for multi-channel ad hoc networks

We propose a link layer protocol and link-state routing protocol suite for multi-channel ad hoc networks. The proposed protocol suite addresses several practical issues that arise when nodes equipped with two radio interfaces want to utilize available channels. The routing layer makes a hybrid channel assignment where one interface is fixed and the other is switchable. Based on that, the routing layer runs a shortest path routing algorithm augmented with channel diversity. The link layer implements a slotted structure to minimize broadcast overhead inherent to multi-channel networks. By using flow- and packet-level simulators, we make some important observations. First, a hybrid channel assignment is good for connectivity and amenable to shortest-path routing. Second, seeking a shortest-path can be a better routing strategy in terms of global system throughput than complex channel-diverse routing. Third, channel switching delay is not a throttling factor in terms of global system throughput. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domain wall dynamics in Co/Pd multilayers

Domain wall dynamics in Co/Pd multilayered films having different thickness are studied. Saturation of the domain wall velocity is observed in films having from 10 to 50 Co/Pd bilayers. The saturation velocities and wall mobilities appeared to be dependent on total film thickness, but their ratio was independent of the thickness.
A heuristic fuzzy logic approach to EMG pattern recognition for multifunctional prosthesis control

This paper presents a heuristic fuzzy logic approach to multiple electromyogram (EMG) pattern recognition for multifunctional prosthesis control. Basic signal statistics (mean and standard deviation) are used for membership function construction, and fuzzy c-means (FCMs) data clustering is used to automate the construction of a simple amplitude-driven inference rule base. The result is a system that is transparent to, and easily "tweaked" by, the prosthetist/clinician. Other algorithms in current literature assume a longer period of unperceivable delay, while the system we present has an update rate of 45.7 ms with little postprocessing time, making it suitable for real-time application. Five subjects were investigated (three with intact limbs, one with a unilateral transradial amputation, and one with a unilateral transradial limb-deficiency from birth). Four subjects were used for system offline analysis, and the remaining intact-limbed subject was used for system real-time analysis. We discriminated between four EMG patterns for subjects with intact limbs, and between three patterns for limb-deficient subjects. Overall classification rates ranged from 94% to 99%. The fuzzy algorithm also demonstrated success in real-time classification, both during steady state motions and motion state transitioning. This functionality allows for seamless control of multiple degrees-of-freedom in a multifunctional prosthesis.
A methodology for defining application-specific security requirements for C/sup 3/ systems

It is noted that novel approaches are needed to ensure that the potential security risks inherent in the technologically advanced C3 (command, control, and communications) systems of the future are overcome. Crucial to these approaches is the ability to define system security requirements and security policies early in the development process and to refine them as needed throughout the process. A security requirements definition methodology (SRDM) has been developed for addressing these needs by helping nonsecurity technologists analyze and specify the security requirements of their C3 applications in application-specific terms. SRDM features a security requirements specification language (SRSL); a library of reusable SRSL specification building blocks derived from a comprehensive taxonomy of C3 security requirements; and a requirements definition process to promote optimal use of the language and library. >
T cell anergy and costimulation

T lymphocytes play a key role in immunity by distinguishing self from nonself peptide antigens and regulating both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system. Acquired, antigen-specific unresponsiveness is an important mechanism by which T cell responses to antigen are regulated in vivo. Clonal anergy is the term that describes T cell unresponsiveness at the cellular level. Anergic T cells do not proliferate or secrete interleukin (IL)-2 in response to appropriate antigenic stimulation. However, anergic T cells express the IL-2 receptor, and anergy can be broken by exogenous IL-2. Anergy can be induced by submitogenic exposure to peptide antigen in the absence of a costimulatory signal provided by soluble cytokines or by interactions between costimulatory receptors on T cells and counter-receptors on antigen-presenting cells. The molecular events that mediate the induction and maintenance of T cell anergy are the focus of this review. The molecular consequences of CD28-B7 interaction are discussed as a model for the costimulatory signal that leads to T cell activation rather than the induction of anergy.
Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema: items that need to be addressed in practice parameter

Background: Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a rare, autosomal dominant (AD) disorder caused by a C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-inh) deficiency or qualitative defect. Treatment of HAE in many parts of the world fall short and certain items need to be addressed in future guidelines. Objective: To identify those individuals who should be on long-term prophylaxis for HAE. Additionally, to determine if prodromal symptoms are sensitive and specific enough to start treatment with C-1 INH and possibly other newly approved therapies. Also, to discuss who is appropriate to self-administer medications at home and to discuss training of such patients. Methods: A literature review (PubMed and Google) was performed and articles published in peer-reviewed journals, which addressed HAE prophylaxis, current HAE treatments, prodromal symptoms of HAE and self-administration of injected home medications were selected, reviewed and summarized. Results: Individuals whom have a significant decrease in QOL or have frequent or severe attacks and who fail or are intolerant to androgens should be considered for long-term prophylaxis with C1INH. Prodromal symptoms are sensitive, but non-specific, and precede acute HAE attacks in the majority of patients. Although the treatment of prodromal symptoms could lead to occasional overtreatment, it could be a viable option for those patients able to adequately predict their attacks. Finally, self-administration, has been shown to be feasible, safe and effective for patients who require IV therapy for multiple other diseases to include, but not limited to, hemophilia. Conclusions: Prophylactic therapy, treatment at the time of prodromal symptoms and self-administration at home all should allow a reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with HAE.
Incidence of Enuresis and Encopresis Among Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Population-Based Birth Cohort

Abstract Objective This study reports the incidence of enuresis and encopresis among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) versus those without ADHD. Methods Subjects included 358 children (74.5% boys) with research-identified ADHD from a 1976 to 1982 population-based birth cohort (n = 5718) and 729 (75.2% boys) non-ADHD control subjects from the same birth cohort, matched by gender and age. All subjects were retrospectively followed from birth until a diagnosis of enuresis or encopresis was made or last follow-up before 18 years of age. The complete medical record for each subject was reviewed to obtain information on age of initial diagnosis of an elimination disorder, frequency and duration of symptoms, and identification of exclusionary criteria specified by DSM-IV, with confirmation of the diagnosis by expert consensus. Results Children with ADHD were 2.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–3.4; P = .002) times more likely to meet DSM-IV criteria for enuresis than non-ADHD controls; they were 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2–2.7; P = .006) times more likely to do so than non-ADHD controls when less stringent criteria for a diagnosis of enuresis were employed. Though not significant, children with ADHD were 1.8 (95% CI, 0.7–4.6; P = .23) times more likely to meet criteria for encopresis than non-ADHD controls. The relative risk was 2.0 (95% CI, 1.0–4.1; P = .05) when a less stringent definition for encopresis was utilized. Conclusions Children with ADHD are more likely than their peers without ADHD to develop enuresis with a similar trend for encopresis.
Mediators of Pulmonary Injury Induced by Inhalation of Bacterial Endotoxin

The purpose of this study has been to further define the pathophysiologic aspects of lung injury caused by the inhalation of endotoxin (LPS) using the morphometric approach to identify mediators that influence distal lung structure and function. Hamsters were divided into 3 groups 24 h prior to low dose LPS inhalation exposure (4 µg/m3 for 5 h): (1) pretreated with cobra venom factor to deplete complement in vivo, (2) pretreated with indomethacin to block prostaglandin production, and (3) untreated control group. Both pretreatments abolished LPS-induced decreases in lung volume as well as increases in capillary PMN and platelets seen in untreated control animals. Neither pretreatment had any effect on the LPS-induced decreases of other capillary leukocytes. Similarly, both methods of pretreatment failed to block increases in cellular interstitium of distal capillary septa induced with LPS alone. LPS provoked changes in capillary endothelium, especially seen as an increase in numerical density of endotheli...
A Pharmacist and Health Promoter Team to Improve Medication Adherence Among Latinos with Diabetes

BACKGROUNDThere is a need to improve blood glucose levels of underserved Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes.OBJECTIVETo determine the feasibility of a pharmacist and health promoter team designed to address the barriers to medication adherence and adjustment and improve self-care among Latinos with type 2 diabetes.METHODSClinical staff at the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center referred Latino patients with uncontrolled diabetes (hemoglobin A1c [A1C] ≥8.0%) to the study. A research assistant assessed patients on diabetes and medical history, medication list, medication adherence and related habits, health literacy, diabetes knowledge and numeracy, beliefs in benefits of diabetes therapy, depression, social support, and access to care. A bilingual, bicultural health promoter reviewed these assessments and worked with patients through home and clinic visits and telephone calls. The health promoter communicated with a pharmacist to receive assistance in medication management (reconciliat...
Resistance of Peanut Germplasm to Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum

Abstract Several peanut cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions were screened in the field for susceptibility to Sclerotinia blight, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Differences in su...
Letter From Yamada et al Regarding Article, “Differentiation of Papillary Muscle From Fascicular and Mitral Annular Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With and Without Structural Heart Disease”

We read with great interest the most recent publication by Dr Al’ Aref et al1 on the differentiation of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the left ventricular papillary muscle, the anterior and posterior fascicules, and the mitral annulus in patients with and without structural heart disease. We agree with the authors that a useful algorithm that could differentiate papillary muscle from fascicular and mitral annular VAs would be welcome. However, we are concerned with the authors’ anatomic representation of the fascicles of the left …
Strong Tornadoes and Flash-Flood-Producing Rainstorms During the Warm Season in the Mid-Atlantic Region

Abstract Storm-related literature spanning 45 years (1942–1986) was examined to 1) establish a climatology of strong tornadoes and intense rainstorms for the Mid-Atlantic region, and 2) identify the key environmental features that distinguish the days producing strong convective events. Ninety-three strong tornado events (F3 or greater) and 63 intense rain events (19 cm or more in 12 h or less) were found for the 45-year period and were investigated. The diurnal and monthly distributions of the tornado and rainstorm events correspond well with other known climatological studies of similar events. Analysis of the upper-level flow patterns during the events shows that the Mid-Atlantic region is affected by two distinct regimes during the warm season. Events near the East Coast most frequently have southwest flow aloft. However, for the Upper Ohio Valley, the direction of the flow aloft varies as the warm season progresses. Spring and autumn events occur mostly with southwest flow aloft, while summer events ...
With a Pox to You! The Slow Defeat of Anti-Vaccinators Before 1950

There is a long history of opposition to vaccination that dates back to its earliest uses in Europe and North America to fight smallpox. Opponents have made claims ranging from accusations that vaccination interferes with "God’s will" to claims that it actually contributed to the spread of smallpox instead of preventing it. In 1967, with the potential elimination of smallpox as a disease within reach, historian Martin Kaufman wrote, "With the improvements in medical practice and the popular acceptance of the state and federal governments' role in public health, the anti-vaccinationists slowly faded from view, and the movement collapsed."In this paper, I ask: is Kaufman’s opinion an accurate assessment of the historical record? And if it is, how did this transition occur, and what role did anti-vaccinationists play in their own demise? If Kaufman’s assessment was indeed accurate, what lessons can we learn from the growth and demise of pre-1950 anti-vaccination movements that may be applicable to the contemporary vaccination debate?
The complexity of diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection in older adults in long-term care facilities.

Summary Objectives In the USA, tuberculosis disease rates are highest in older adults. Diagnostic testing for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has not been evaluated carefully in this group. The aim of this study was to define the relationship between tuberculin skin test (TST) results, T-SPOT. TB results, and T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Methods Long-term care facility residents with known prior TST results (positive or negative) were retested with TSTs and T-SPOT. TB . Prior exposure to M. tuberculosis was assessed by quantifying T-cell activation to mycobacterial antigens in vitro. Results The median age of the 37 participants was 77 years (range 57–98 years). Among 18 participants with a prior positive TST, three (16.7%) had a negative TST when retested (TST reversion); two had a negative T-SPOT. TB . Of the 15 who were historically and currently TST-positive, four (26.7%) had a negative T-SPOT. TB and one (6.7%) had a borderline result. Percentages of CD4+ T-cells responding to mycobacterial antigens were higher in participants with positive TST and T-SPOT. TB (18.2%) compared to those with a positive TST but negative T-SPOT. TB (6.4%, p =0.16) and negative TST and T-SPOT. TB (5.9%, p Conclusions LTBI testing in older adults is complicated by TST reversion and TST-positive/T-SPOT. TB -negative discordance, which may reflect clearance of infection or waning immunity.
The Flight Speed of Honeybees: a Quantitative Approach

SUMMARYForaging bees were trained to feeding stations 210 and 420 m. from their hive, and individually marked. Wind speeds were measured 7 m. from the ground; bees were regarded as flying with or against the wind according to whether the wind struck them at angles of 135–180° or 0–45° from the flight path. Winds at 45–90° were not considered; those at 90–135° were regarded as neutral winds.Wind affected speed of flight, but much less than if wind speed were simply superimposed on a constant air speed. Regression lines gave ground speeds of 7·5 and 6·5 m./sec. respectively for unloaded and loaded bees, the difference being significant (P<0·00l); in neutral winds these speeds were 7·8 and 7·0 m./sec. respectively. At wind speeds above 4 m./sec. bees flew just above the ground instead of at 7·8 m., and thus maintained a fairly constant ground speed. Bees foraging at 420 m. spent less time feeding, and more in the hive (average differences −16 sec., +20 sec.) than bees foraging at 210 m.
Blood Libel and Its Derivatives: The Scourge of Anti-Semitism

This book, depressing and alarming by turn, is one of several similarly titled works by Raphael Israeli, an eminent emeritus professor at the Hebrew University. The purpose of these books is to sou...
Alterations in the focal adhesion kinase/Src signal transduction pathway correlate with increased migratory capacity of prostate carcinoma cells

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been implicated in the regulation of cell migration. In addition, FAK expression is increased in a number of highly metastatic tumor cell lines. Therefore, we investigated the role of FAK in regulating migration of prostate carcinoma cell lines with increasing metastatic potential. We show that highly tumorigenic PC3 and DU145 cells exhibit intrinsic migratory capacity, while poorly tumorigenic LNCaP cells require a stimulus to migrate. Increased metastatic potential of PC3 and DU145 cells correlates with increased FAK expression, overall tyrosine phosphorylation and activity, as measured by autophosphorylation of tyrosine 397. However, in PC3 and DU145 cells, FAK autophosphorylation is adhesion dependent whereas a second site of tyrosine phosphorylation, tyrosine 861, a Src specific site, is uncoupled from adhesion-dependent signaling events. Finally, inhibiting the FAK/Src signal transduction pathway by over expressing FRNK (Focal adhesion kinase-Related Non-Kinase), an inhibitor of FAK activation, or treatment with PP2, a Src family kinase inhibitor, significantly inhibited migration of prostate carcinoma cell lines, demonstrating that tumor cell migration continues to be dependent on signals emanating from this pathway.
Enabling Building Service Robots to Guide Blind People: A Participatory Design Approach

Building service robots-robots that perform various services in buildings-are becoming more common in large buildings such as hotels and stores. We aim to leverage such robots to serve as guides for blind people. In this paper, we sought to design specifications that detail how a building service robot could interact with and guide a blind person through a building in an effective and socially acceptable way. We conducted participatory design sessions with three designers and five non-designers. Two of the designers and all of the non-designers had a vision disability. Primary features of the design include allowing the user to (1) summon the robot after entering the building, (2) choose from three modes of assistance (Sighted Guide, Escort, and Information Kiosk), and (3) receive information about the building's layout from the robot. We conclude with a discussion of themes and a reflection about our design process that can benefit robot design for blind people in general.
Additions to the flora of Colorado—VII

The continuing study of the flora of Colorado has turned up 27 new records and has made necessary 14 new combinations and the re-evaluation or reinstatement of 6 species.
Source of the dayside cusp aurora

Monochromatic all-sky imagers at South Pole and other Antarctic stations of the Automatic Geophysical Observatory chain recorded the aurora in the region where the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) satellites crossed the dayside magnetopause. In several cases the magnetic field lines threading the satellites when mapped to the atmosphere were inside the imagers' field of view. From the THEMIS magnetic field and the plasma density measurements, we were able to locate the position of the magnetopause crossings and map it to the ionosphere using the Tsyganenko-96 field model. Field line mapping is reasonably accurate on the dayside subsolar region where the field is strong, almost dipolar even though compressed. From these coordinated observations, we were able to prove that the dayside cusp aurora of high 630 nm brightness is on open field lines, and it is therefore direct precipitation from the magnetosheath. The cusp aurora contained significant highly structured N2+ 427.8 nm emission. The THEMIS measurements of the magnetosheath particle energy and density taken just outside the magnetopause compared to the intensity of the structured N2+ 427.8 nm emissions showed that the precipitating magnetosheath particles had to be accelerated. The most likely electron acceleration mechanism is by dispersive Alfven waves propagating along the field line. Wave-accelerated suprathermal electrons were seen by FAST and DMSP. The 427.8 nm wavelength channel also shows the presence of a lower latitude hard-electron precipitation zone originating inside the magnetosphere.
Method to eliminate even harmonics in flux-switching permanent magnet machines

This paper presents an analytical method to realize even order harmonic elimination in flux-switching permanent magnet machines. The proposed method enables the calculation of total offset angle of flux linkages, taking into account an offset angle of stator slot and rotor poles. The 6-slot, 12-slot, and dual structure flux-switching permanent magnet machines are analyzed using the proposed method which is verified by finite element analysis. The advantage of the proposed method is that it clearly explains the reason for different winding configurations of even and odd number of rotor poles flux-switching permanent magnet machines.
Union Liability for Wildcat Strikes: A Look at Carbon Fuel

This article examines the Carbon Fuel Company case regarding the issue of union liability when employees engage in wildcat strikes.
A Position Paper on Accreditation on Nonprofit/Philanthropy University Curricula

In this position paper, we describe the discussions leading to formal consideration of an accreditation process for university curricula in nonprofit and philanthropic studies. The paper includes motivations for launching an accreditation process, objections to accreditation, and a description of a first-stage level of accreditation. Given the concerns with the complexity of launching a fully developed, outcomes-focused accreditation system, we argue for an accreditation system that is initially focused just on full degree programs (full master or bachelor degrees in nonprofit or philanthropy administration and studies). After review of this position paper, Nonprofit Academic Centers Council members voted (December 6, 2016) to create a task force and working groups to continue the development of a possible NACC accreditation system, including a proposed accreditation process, staffing, and business plan. The work of the task force and working groups is scheduled to be presented at the 2017 NACC Biennial Conference July 31 to August 2, 2017, at the Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy in Indiana, Indianapolis.
Experiments in Culture

We spend the time and effort to culture cells for a purpose, that is, to use them as tools to gather information or produce a product. This chapter describes how experimental systems can be developed with minor changes in the routine culture conditions. Stocks of cell cultures are maintained using their standard conditions. Some of these cells can then be used in the types of experiments outlined in this chapter.
Determinants of fatigue improvement in outpatient oncology according to baseline categories of fatigue severity.

9112 Background: Understanding the determinants of fatigue response may help distinguish between different fatigue phenotypes and inform trial designs. Methods: Patients with invasive cancer of the...
Evaluation of Early Onset Sepsis, Complete Blood Count, and Antibiotic Use in Gastroschisis

Objective Gastroschisis is a congenital defect in which the abdominal viscera herniate through the abdominal wall. In this population, antibiotics are often initiated immediately following delivery; however, this may be unnecessary as infections typically develop as a consequence of chronic issues in gastroschisis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of culture positive early onset sepsis, the reliability of the immature to mature neutrophil count (I:T) ratio as an infectious biomarker, and antibiotic use in infants with gastroschisis. Study Design This retrospective chart review analyzed clinical data from 103 infants with gastroschisis and 103 weight-matched controls that were evaluated for early onset infection. Results Compared with the control group, there was a significantly increased percentage of infants with an I:T ratio > 0.2 in the gastroschisis group (43% vs. 12%, p Conclusion Our results indicate that I:T ratio is not a reliable marker of infection in gastroschisis, and suggest that empiric septic evaluation and antibiotic use, immediately following delivery in gastroschisis infants, may be unnecessary.
Libraries As the Spaces Between Us: Recognizing and Valuing the Third Space

Much has been written recently about the “library as place.” This essay approaches the question of library space philosophically, arguing that developing commercial attitudes toward space leads us away from more productive ways of conceiving libraries. A concept called Third Space is introduced, and its relevance to libraries and librarianship is explored. Third Space is defined and applied to various library concepts, especially information literacy. The article contends that thinking about Third Space can help libraries and librarians develop ways of working with increasingly diverse populations in increasingly dynamic contexts.
Spontaneous Infra-slow Brain Activity Has Unique Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Laminar Structure.

Systems-level organization in spontaneous infra-slow (<0.1Hz) brain activity, measured using blood oxygen signals in fMRI and optical imaging, has become a major theme in the study of neural function in both humans and animal models. Yet the neurophysiological basis of infra-slow activity (ISA) remains unresolved. In particular, is ISA a distinct physiological process, or is it a low-frequency analog of faster neural activity? Here, using whole-cortex calcium/hemoglobin imaging in mice, we show that ISA in each of these modalities travels through the cortex along stereotypical spatiotemporal trajectories that are state dependent (wake versus anesthesia) and distinct from trajectories in delta (1-4 Hz) activity. Moreover, mouse laminar electrophysiology reveals that ISA travels through specific cortical layers and is organized into unique cross-laminar temporal dynamics that are different from higher frequency local field potential activity. These findings suggest that ISA is a distinct neurophysiological process that is reflected in fMRI blood oxygen signals.
Boosted Backpropagation Learning for Training Deep Modular Networks

Divide-and-conquer is key to building sophisticated learning machines: hard problems are solved by composing a network of modules that solve simpler problems (LeCun et al., 1998; Rohde, 2002; Bradley, 2009). Many such existing systems rely on learning algorithms which are based on simple parametric gradient descent where the parametrization must be predetermined, or more specialized per-application algorithms which are usually ad-hoc and complicated. We present a novel approach for training generic modular networks that uses two existing techniques: the error propagation strategy of backpropagation and more recent research on descent in spaces of functions (Mason et al., 1999; Scholkopf & Smola, 2001). Combining these two methods of optimization gives a simple algorithm for training heterogeneous networks of functional modules using simple gradient propagation mechanics and established learning algorithms. The resulting separation of concerns between learning individual modules and error propagation mechanics eases implementation, enables a larger class of modular learning strategies, and allows per-module control of complexity/regularization. We derive and demonstrate this functional backpropagation and contrast it with traditional gradient descent in parameter space, observing that in our example domain the method is significantly more robust to local optima.
Energy Trapping and Electron Transfer in Chloroflexus Aurantiacus

Green photosynthetic bacteria are characterized by the presence of chlorosomes, antenna structures attached to the cytoplasmic side of the inner cell membrane. These complexes contain BChl c, d or e and function by absorbing tight energy and transferring it to the photochemical reaction center which is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane (Olson, 1960). In the reaction center a portion of the photon energy is conserved by a series of electron transfer reactions, and the products of these reactions are used to drive cellular processes.
Condoning Free Loafers: What Do Role, Care, and Justice Have to Do with it?

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to explore students’ reactions to a case involving peer rating. We asked undergraduate and graduate students at a Midwestern liberal arts university to rate the performance of a close friend. To explore how role might impact the students’ decisions, we randomly assigned participants to one of two rating scenarios. In the first scenario, students rated a fellow student who had not completed his or her fair share of a group project. In the second scenario, students were asked to play the role of a professor who had to rate a peer. We found significant differences in the overall quantitative ratings assigned by participants in the two scenarios. Participants’ answers also involved more justice considerations in the professor scenario than in the student scenario. The results suggest that students may have difficulty in being honest during peer evaluation processes.
Improving Molecular Sensitivity in X-Ray Fluorescence Molecular Imaging (XFMI) of Iodine Distribution in Mouse-Sized Phantoms via Excitation Spectrum Optimization

X-ray fluorescence molecular imaging (XFMI) has shown great promise as a low-cost molecular imaging modality for clinical and pre-clinical applications with high sensitivity. Recently, progress has been made in enabling the XFMI technique with laboratory X-ray sources for various biomedical applications. However, the sensitivity of XFMI still needs to be improved for in vivo biomedical applications at a reasonably low radiation dose. In laboratory X-ray source-based XFMI, the main factor that limits the molecular sensitivity of XFMI is the scatter X-rays that coincide with the fluorescence X-rays from the targeted material. In this paper, we experimentally investigated the effects of excitation beam spectrum on the molecular sensitivity of XFMI, by quantitatively deriving minimum detectable concentration (MDC) under a fixed surface entrance dose of 200 mR at three different excitation beam spectra. XFMI experiments were carried out on two customized mouse-sized phantoms. The result shows that the MDC can be readily increased by a factor of 5.26 via excitation spectrum optimization. Furthermore, a numerical model was developed and validated by the experimental data. The numerical model can be used to optimize XFMI system configurations to further improve the molecular sensitivity. Findings from this investigation could find applications for in vivo pre-clinical small-animal XFMI in the future.
Office‐based laryngology: Technical and visual optimization by patient‐positioning maneuvers

Objective/hypothesis To qualitatively and quantitatively assess the effect of discrete head postures/maneuvers during flexible laryngoscopy on visualization of specific anatomical structures within the laryngopharynx. Study design Prospective, observational study. Methods Flexible laryngoscopy was performed on 18 sequential patients. Videos of the laryngopharynx were captured during the neutral head position and five discrete maneuvers: maximal sniffing, head extension, right turn, left turn, and chin down. Images were analyzed using ImageJ, and differences in the (normalized) anatomical areas of interest were examined with each maneuver (paired t test]. Covariates for surgeon, nostril, and gender were evaluated. Results There was a significantly increased (P = 0.009) area of view of the anterior space (petiole of epiglottis/anterior laryngeal vestibule) with head extension. Right head turn led to a significantly increased view of the left pyriform sinus (P = 0.00001), whereas left head turn yielded an increased view of the right pyriform sinus (P = 0.0001). The right and left vocal fold/ventricle were better visualized during right head turn (with the scope traversing the right nostril) and left head turn (with the scope traversing the left nostril), respectively. Chin-down posture achieved a more distal view of the airway more frequently than the other maneuvers. Conclusion The anterior space (supraglottic larynx) may be best visualized and accessed with head extension. Right and left head turn improve visualization of the contralateral piriform sinus. Chin down provides improved airway visualization in a plurality of patients. Future studies examining maneuvers are warranted to create a catalog of validated techniques to optimize the efficacy of the office-based proceduralist. Level of evidence 2 Laryngoscope, 129:330-334, 2019.
Leveraging the variable natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to select optimal therapy

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor to invasive ductal carcinoma. The authors sought to discuss the evidence suggesting that not all DCIS will progress to invasive disease if left untreated. Four lines of evidence align to suggest that not all of this in-situ disease progresses to invasive cancer: its prevalence on screening mammography, studies of missed diagnoses, incidental findings in autopsy specimens, and large retrospective reviews of those treated with excision alone. A clearer understanding of the variable history of DCIS coupled with advances in genomic profiling of the disease holds the promise of reducing widespread over-treatment of this non-invasive cancer. Additionally, identification of higher risk of recurrence subsets may select patients for whom more aggressive treatment may be appropriate.
79 - Research in Urologic Surgery

This chapter illustrates some of the techniques and methods of research that are making an impact on the field of urology today. Basic molecular biology techniques have provided the urologist with an array of data pertaining to the genetic makeup of cells and new insight into possible alterations in cellular DNA that result in aberrant phenotypic expressions. These tools afford investigators the capability to characterize DNA according to a particular disease process and to expand it for both in vitro and in vivo investigations. In turn, DNA markers may provide the urologist with additional means of identifying certain risky groups of patients and developing new treatment algorithms for their care. Molecular genetics starts with the isolation of particular sequences of DNA using enzymatic nucleases that cleave the DNA at specific points. DNA fragments can be isolated by gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and detected by hybridization with a radio labeled DNA probe. Cellular DNA can also be amplified by denaturing the double-stranded DNA into single strands and then replicating these strands with a specific DNA polymerase.
From Mothers to Daughters: Literary Patronage as Political Work in Ponthieu

Women’s literary patronage is both underplayed and undervalued by the “received narrative” of medieval literary history. This article counters the standard, domesticating picture of female literary patronage in the Central Middle Ages by examining the patronage of an inheriting countess of a small, but strategically located, county: Marie, countess of Ponthieu, c. 1196–c. 1250. The generically diverse works written for Marie or within her orbit demonstrate that literary patronage allowed female patrons not only to demonstrate their cultural prestige but also to perform significant political work in service of their family and their domain.