cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parapoxviral vulvovaginitis in Holstein cows

A group of Holstein first-calved heifers developed small pustules and ulcers on the vulva and in the vagina during the first 1-4 wk postpartum. The lesions varied from small red pinpoint foci to pustules and ulcers, 3-5 mm diameter. Some ulcers coalesced to form large ulcerated areas up to 15 mm diameter. In some animals, these ulcers progressed to become deep ulceration of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with >50% of the mucosa involved. Vaginal biopsies from 4 heifers and vaginal individual swabs from 8 heifers for a combined sampling of 9 heifers were taken for clinical assessment. Six of the 9 heifers had parapoxvirus based on histopathology and/or PCR. Histologic examination of the biopsies of the pustules identified ballooning degeneration of the epithelium with degenerate epithelium containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions consistent with a parapoxvirus in 3 of 4 biopsies. Testing for bovine herpesvirus 1, 2, and 4, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, and orf virus remained negative.
Effects of vedolizumab, adalimumab and infliximab on biliary inflammation in individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Background Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, progressive cholestatic biliary disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with no known cure. Aim To evaluate the effect of biological therapies on PSC progression in IBD patients. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of 88 cases (75 unique patients with 12 patients treated >1 biologics) of IBD (48 ulcerative colitis, 24 Crohn's disease and 3 indeterminate colitis) with concomitant PSC who received biological therapy (42 infliximab, 19 adalimumab, 27 vedolizumab) between June 2002 and October 2017. Hepatic biochemistries were compared using the paired t-test (patients served as their own controls) ≤3 months before and 6-8 and 12-14 months after biological initiation. Radiographic information of biliary stenosis and liver fibrosis were obtained via abdominal ultrasound, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography. Results Use of adalimumab was associated with a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) after 6-8 months (P = 0.03; mean change -70 U/L, standard deviation [SD] 88 U/L) compared to vedolizumab (mean change +50 U/L, SD 142 U/L) or infliximab (mean change +37 U/L, SD 183 U/L) but the change was not significant after 12-14 months (P = 0.24). No significant decreases were observed with AST, ALT, total or direct bilirubin, elastography score or radiographic imaging of biliary tree dilation/strictures with any biological therapy after 6-8 or 12-14 months. Conclusions Current evidence suggests that biological therapies used for the treatment of IBD are not effective treatments for PSC. Further study is needed to elucidate any potential beneficial effect of adalimumab on PSC.
Active Control of Flexible Cylinders Undergoing Vortex-Induced Vibrations Using Piezo Stripe Actuators

In this study, piezo stripe actuators were used to control the vibrations of a flexible cylinder undergoing underwater flow-induced vibrations. The piezo actuators were attached at the anti-nodes of a rectangular plastic beam and urethane rubber was used to mold the test model to have a circular cylinder shape. Forced base oscillation experiments were first carried out in air to characterize the system and piezo responses. Experiments were then performed in a recirculating water channel with the flexible cylinder in a uniform free stream, where the cylinder undergoes self-excitation due to vortex shedding in the wake and forced excitation due to the piezo actuators. The actuators were oriented to apply an excitation only in the in-line direction of the flow. In the tests, two separate cases were investigated. In the first case, the piezo actuators were activated at a flow speed corresponding to a flow-induced response with a spatial mode change, causing the cylinder to be excited with a higher mode, leading to a significantly smaller amplitude response than without the piezo actuation (vibration suppression). In the second case, piezo actuators were activated at a flow speed corresponding to a significant flow-induced amplitude increase. The interaction of the piezo forcing and the forced response of the cylinder results in a jump to the higher amplitude response regime (vibration enhancement). This study presents two important observations: (1) it is possible that piezo actuators can trip the response frequency to force the cylinder to oscillate with a different mode thus reducing the total response amplitude significantly, (2) it is also possible to prematurely increase the response amplitude for a particular flow speed (i.e. jumping from a lower branch to upper branch response).
Taking Math to Heart: Mathematical Challenges in Cardiac Electrophysiology

O nhiswebsite, University of Utahmathematicsprofessor JamesKeener poses the question, “Did you know that heart attacks can give you mathematics!?” Indeed, there are a host of important research problems in cardiology that appear ideal for unified attack by mathematicians, clinicians, and biomedical engineers.What follows is a survey of six ongoing Challenge Problems that (i) seem tractable and (ii) draw from a variety of mathematical subdisciplines. We hope that this article will serve as a “call to arms” for mathematicians so that we, as a community, can contribute to an improved understanding of cardiac abnormalities. The emphasis of this article will be on cardiac electrophysiology, because some of the most exciting research problems in mathematical cardiology involve electrical wave propagation in heart tissue. The quantitative study of electrophysiology has a fascinating history, with its notable milestones touched by tragedy and triumph. Nearly a century has passed since the tragically premature death of George Ralph Mines (1886–1914), a brilliant physiologist who apparently died from self-experimentation in his laboratory. Perhaps Mines would be comforted to know that his pioneering research continues to influence the mathematical study of reentrant arrhythmia (see Temporal Pattern Challenge below). Nearly half a century afterMines’s death, in a stunningly elegant blendofmathematicsand experimentation,British physiologists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley introduced amodel of electrical propagation in the squid giant axon [11]. Their mathematical model
The Enforceability Deficit Concerning Victims’ Remedies

Traditionally, states would not grant enforcement of criminal judgments from other states. As a result, there has been a large deficit in enforcement of monetary and other remedies for victims of criminal violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. In recent decades, there has been some progress in national law and treaty law towards allowing or requiring transnational enforcement of victims’ remedies contained in foreign criminal judgments. This article examines the traditional law, modern progress concerning criminal remedies, and recent United Nations work in the area. Even with modern trends in the international law of criminal enforcement jurisdiction, it may turn out that civil judgments of restitution and reparation will be easier to obtain and enforce than criminal judgments in many, if not most, cases.
Promoting Positive Technological Development in a Kindergarten Makerspace: A Qualitative Case Study.

As education communities grow more interested in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), schools have integrated more technology and engineering opportunities into their curricula. Makerspaces for all ages have emerged as a way to support STEM learning through creativity, community building, and hands-on learning. However, little research has evaluated the learning that happens in these spaces, especially in young children. One framework that has been used successfully as an evaluative tool in informal and technology-rich learning spaces is Positive Technological Development (PTD). PTD is an educational framework that describes positive behaviors children exhibit while engaging in digital learning experiences. In this exploratory case study, researchers observed children in a makerspace to determine whether the environment (the space and teachers) contributed to children’s Positive Technological Development. N = 20 children and teachers from a Kindergarten classroom were observed over 6 hours as they engaged in makerspace activities. The children’s activity, teacher’s facilitation, and the physical space were evaluated for alignment with the PTD framework. Results reveal that children showed high overall PTD engagement, and that teachers and the space supported children’s learning in complementary aspects of PTD. Recommendations for practitioners hoping to design and implement a young children’s makerspace are discussed.
Dual Purpose Use of Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon for Management of Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures

Background: Chronic Achilles tendon ruptures are uncommon and increase long-term morbidity when untreated. There is no standard treatment for this condition. Methods: Chronic Achilles tendon rupture was repaired in 10 patients by harvesting the flexor hallucis longus tendon (FHL) using a minimally invasive technique. It was then transferred to the calcaneus and the remnant used to bridge the gap for reconstructing the Achilles tendon itself. The patients were assessed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Results: Patients were evaluated postoperatively to assess pain, function, and alignment of the ankle and hindfoot. Average follow-up time was 30.9 months (range = 17-43 months). The average postoperative AOFAS score was 78.5 (range = 54-94). The average postoperative score for pain was 33.5 out of 40; for function, 38.7 out of 50; and for alignment, 6.3 out of 10. A single surgical site infection requiring Incision and Drainage (I&D) was the only operative complication noted. No patient developed a significant deformity of the hallux after transfer. Conclusions: FHL transfer using a minimally invasive harvest for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon ruptures produces good to excellent outcome measures as judged by an AOFAS score of 75 or greater while minimizing risk to the medial neurovascular bundle. Levels of Evidence: Case series, Level IV: Retrospective.
Teaching and Learning Without a Textbook: Undergraduate Student Perceptions of Open Educational Resources

Given the upsurge of textbook costs, college students increasingly expect universities and instructors to offer alternatives to traditional textbooks. One textbook alternative is using open educational resources (OER). While OER unquestionably save students money, the question remains whether the adoption of OER (instructional materials) is aligned with open pedagogy (methods). This study investigated 46 undergraduate students’ perceptions of using only OER in an introductory course in a large American public university. As reported by study participants, advantages of using OER include textbook cost savings, access to dynamic and plentiful OER materials, that OER enabling mobile learning, and that OER foster the development of self-directed skills and copyright guidelines. Challenges reported include lacking a tactile sense with OER, slow Internet connections, unclear instruction and guidance, and insufficient self-regulation skills. Course design and implementation considerations were discussed.
Patient's Knowledge and Use of Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in a Rheumatology Clinic.

Introduction We evaluated the knowledge of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including their dosage, side effects, contraindications, and drug interactions among the patients in an outpatient rheumatology clinic. Methods Patients in a rheumatology clinic completed a short survey assessing their knowledge of over-the-counter NSAIDs. Results The survey was provided to 400 participants and 275 (68.5%) were using over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs. The majority of the participants identified their commonly used NSAID. Almost a third were unaware of the contraindication of NSAIDs such as peptic ulcer disease, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension. Nearly 53.9% participants denied having any discussion of OTC medications with their providers. Two-thirds of the respondents reported seeing only the medication packaging for the dose determination (67.8%). Conclusions The gap in patient knowledge of the potential side effects and the lack of discussion of OTC medications by the providers may be predisposing the patients to preventable side effects from NSAIDs.
Mixed-Integer SDP Relaxation-based Volt/Var Optimization for Unbalanced Distribution Systems

This paper aims to conduct volt/var optimization for unbalanced distribution systems considering discrete tap changers, such as voltage regulators (VRs). There are two challenges to tackle this mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem, namely, the difficulty to judge the quality of the solution and the lack of an effective solver. In this paper, we tackle both challenges. A sparse convex relaxation of branch flow model for multiphase distribution systems is adopted for the underlying optimal power flow problem. The overall problem becomes a mixed-integer semidefinite programming (MISDP) problem. Further, an effective generalized Benders decomposition (GBD) algorithm is developed in this paper to solve the problem. Boundtightening technique is employed in this research to reduce the search region of the main problem, which renders a significantly faster convergence. Numerical tests on an IEEE 37-bus system demonstrate the convergence of the GBD and success in finding a global optimal setting of VR taps while abiding by the system's constraints.
A nationwide assessment of perceptions of research-intense academic careers among predoctoral MD and MD-PhD trainees.

Introduction While previous studies have described career outcomes of physician-scientist trainees after graduation, trainee perceptions of research-intensive career pathways remain unclear. This study sought to identify the perceived interests, factors, and challenges associated with academic and research careers among predoctoral MD trainees, MD trainees with research-intense (>50%) career intentions (MD-RI), and MD-PhD trainees. Methods A 70-question survey was administered to 16,418 trainees at 32 academic medical centers from September 2012 to December 2014. MD vs. MD-RI (>50% research intentions) vs. MD-PhD trainee responses were compared by chi-square tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with academic and research career intentions. Results There were 4433 respondents (27% response rate), including 2625 MD (64%), 653 MD-RI (15%), and 856 MD-PhD (21%) trainees. MD-PhDs were most interested in pursuing academia (85.8%), followed by MD-RIs (57.3%) and MDs (31.2%). Translational research was the primary career intention for MD-PhD trainees (42.9%). Clinical duties were the primary career intention for MD-RIs (51.9%) and MDs (84.2%). While 39.8% of MD-PhD respondents identified opportunities for research as the most important career selection factor, only 12.9% of MD-RI and 0.5% of MD respondents shared this perspective. Interest in basic research, translational research, clinical research, education, and the ability to identify a mentor were each independently associated with academic career intentions by multivariate regression. Conclusions Predoctoral MD, MD-RI, and MD-PhD trainees are unique cohorts with different perceptions and interests toward academic and research careers. Understanding these differences may help to guide efforts to mentor the next generation of physician-scientists.
Rising student loan burdens and what to do about them

Student loans help many individuals obtain higher education that they otherwise could not fund, but concerns have arisen in recent years about the large number of borrowers that appear to be struggling to make their payments. This article considers the economic consequences of excessive student debt. It then turns to policy options for relieving excessive debt burdens—most notably, the debate over student debt forgiveness and ways to change the federal student loan program to limit the number of new borrowers that will struggle to make debt payments.
Decomposition-based real-time control of multi-stage transfer lines with residence time constraints

It is commonly observed in the food industry, battery production, automotive paint shop, and semiconductor manufacturing that an intermediate product’s residence time in the buffer within a product...
Unbiased Atlas Construction for Neonatal Cortical Surfaces via Unsupervised Learning

Due to the dynamic cortical development of neonates after birth, existing cortical surface atlases for adults are not suitable for representing neonatal brains. It has been proposed that pediatric spatio-temporal atlases are more appropriate to characterize the neural development. We present a novel network comprised of an atlas inference module and a non-linear surface registration module, SphereMorph, to construct a continuous neonatal cortical surface atlas with respect to post-menstrual age. We explicitly aim to diminish bias in the constructed atlas by regularizing the mean displacement field. We trained the network on 445 neonatal cortical surfaces from the developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP). We assessed the quality of the constructed atlas by evaluating the accuracy of the spatial normalization of another 100 dHCP surfaces as well as the parcellation accuracy of 10 subjects from an independent dataset that included manual parcellations. We also compared the network’s performance to that of existing spatio-temporal cortical surface atlases, i.e. the 4D University of North Carolina (UNC) neonatal atlases. The proposed network provides continuous spatial-temporal atlases rather than other 4D atlases at discrete time points and we demonstrate that our representation preserves better alignment in cortical folding patterns across subjects than the 4D UNC neonatal atlases.
Safety and efficacy of robotic-assisted Burch for pure stress urinary incontinence: a large case series.

Burch urethropexy is one of the earliest and most effective surgeries for stress urinary incontinence. Minimally invasive robotic surgery is becoming more popular in the field of urogynecology. Her...
Muscle Tension Dysphagia Evaluation and Treatment

Purpose This clinical focus article introduces primary and secondary muscle tension dysphagia (MTDg) as a functional idiopathic dysphagia that is often encountered in the otolaryngology clinic sett...
The role of striated muscle Pik3r1 in glucose and protein metabolism following chronic glucocorticoid exposure.

Chronic glucocorticoid exposure causes insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in skeletal muscle. We previously identified phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (Pik3r1) as a primary target gene of skeletal muscle glucocorticoid receptors involved in the glucocorticoid-mediated suppression of insulin action. However, the in vivo functions of Pik3r1 remain unclear. Here, we generated striated muscle-specific Pik3r1 knockout (MKO) mice and treated them with a dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid. Treating wildtype (WT) mice with DEX attenuated insulin activated Akt activity in liver, epididymal white adipose tissue, and gastrocnemius (GA) muscle. This DEX effect was diminished in GA muscle of MKO mice, therefore, resulting in improved glucose and insulin tolerance in DEX-treated MKO mice. Stable isotope labeling techniques revealed that in WT mice, DEX treatment decreased protein fractional synthesis rates in GA muscle. Furthermore, histology showed that in WT mice, DEX treatment reduced GA myotube diameters. In MKO mice, myotube diameters were smaller than in WT mice, and there were more fast oxidative fibers. Importantly, DEX failed to further reduce myotube diameters. Pik3r1 knockout also decreased basal protein synthesis rate (likely caused by lower 4E-BP1 phosphorylation at Thr37/Thr46) and curbed the ability of DEX to attenuate protein synthesis rate. Finally, the ability of DEX to inhibit eIF2α phosphorylation and insulin-induced 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was reduced in MKO mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of Pik3r1 in glucocorticoid-mediated effects on glucose and protein metabolism in skeletal muscle.
The First Cillaeinae (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) Described from Amber

An overview of previously described fossil nitidulids is given with details on deposits with confirmed nitidulid representation. Notes on estimated ages and potential placement of fossils described to the species level is also given. A new genus and species of cillaeine sap beetle, Palaeopeplus cascus Powell & Cline is described from Dominican amber. A diagnosis and images are provided to distinguish this genus from all other New World Cillaeinae.
To speed or not to speed: Thematic analysis of American driving narratives.

Abstract Introduction Speeding is a major cause of unintentional roadway death in the United States. Existing data show that U.S. drivers tend to speed less as they age, but reasons for this change remain largely unknown. Limited research has examined why U.S. drivers decide to speed or why U.S. drivers decide not to speed, and none to date has determined why speeding behaviors change over the life course. Research into these issues can provide insight that may be harnessed for more effective anti-speeding interventions that catalyze decisions not to speed. Methods: The current study asked a national sample of U.S. drivers (N = 309) about their driving behaviors and how they have changed over time using an open-ended prompt in an online survey. The authors qualitatively coded responses using a narrative analysis lens to identify common themes. Results: Results show U.S. drivers often make deliberate choices to speed and some do not consider speeding to be dangerous after achieving perceived mastery of driving skills. Participants tended to report speeding less over time, citing increased concern for family and other roadway users, which may help explain national speeding data trends. Several other themes emerged identifying individual cognitive factors, environmental contexts, and key persons impacting speeding decisions. Practical Applications: Findings show that the most effective means of encouraging U.S. drivers to decide not to speed may be multi-pronged intervention approaches highlighting how speeding reduces roadway driver control, connecting speeding with safety, and encompassing road design and law enforcement strategies.
Colloid cyst of the third ventricle.

A colloid cyst is a malformation composed of an amorphous, gelatinous material surrounded by epithelial and connective tissue. It is typically located in the third ventricle, leading to signs of increased intracranial pressure and hydrocephalus. In this case report, we discuss a classic presentation of a patient presenting with a colloid cyst of the third ventricle. This includes the patient's symptoms before arriving at the emergency department and presentation upon arrival and during their hospital stay. We also discuss the diagnostic approach to colloid cysts, providing radiographic imaging to support the diagnosis. Finally, we discuss the approach to treatment of a colloid cyst, including temporizing measures to relieve symptoms and definitive measures for removal of the colloid cyst. The overall approach from diagnosis to management to definitive treatment of a colloid cyst requires an interdisciplinary approach but prompt recognition of the signs and symptoms in the ED can decrease both morbidity and mortality associated with this potentially fatal diagnosis.
Reconciling the Chicago River for birds and people.

The Chicago River’s north branch intersects multiple urban land uses, including residential, industrial, commercial, and recreational. The north branch also supports a diversity of birds exploiting a variety of resources and structures along the river as habitat. From three breeding seasons of point count surveys, I assess the breeding bird communities in four different sections, representing four different restoration or management styles. These four river sections are also very different with regards to the surrounding neighborhood demographics. These data serve as both a baseline for future studies to evaluate restoration projects along the Chicago River, and as a snapshot to compare bird diversity and community composition between these river sections given current conditions. Unsurprisingly, the section of the river with the most extensive and longest established restoration effort had the highest species richness (number of species) of native birds. In terms of aquatic and riparian birds, however, that section was comparable to river sections with much less management in measures of both species richness and species composition. I discuss ways that river restoration efforts can be sensitive to demographic context, to avoid contributing to eco-gentrification and displacement.
Optical isotope shift and hyperfine structure measurements of 152,154-158,160Gd.

Laser spectroscopic measurement of the optical isotope shifts of all the naturally occurring Gd isotopes have been made using a collimated atomic beam system. The isotope shift and hyperfine splitting of all the stable isotopes have been measured for five optical transitions of Gd I at 570.135, 574.466, 574.636, 575.188, and 579.138 nm. The data were combined with the available muonic and electronic x-ray isotope shift data to extract the specific mass shift and the field shift constant. The change in charge radii, \ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approxeq}\ensuremath{\delta}〈${\mathit{r}}^{2}$〉, have been extracted and compared with droplet model predictions. The accuracy of the isotope shift measurements is 0.1% and the extracted charge radius changes have an uncertainty of about 3%.
The role of pediatric nurses in a federal program for infants and young children with handicaps.

Abstract The Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 (PL 99–457) represent the most far-reaching public legislation ever enacted for handicapped and developmentally vulnerable children. This article presents a basic overview of the law and discusses potential roles for pediatric nurses.
The intrinsic spirituality scale: A new six-item instrument for assessing the salience of spirituality as a motivational construct.

ABSTRACT One facet of the growing interest in spirituality and religion has been the tendency to conceptualize spirituality and religion as distinct, but overlapping, constructs. While this recent distinction has lead to the creation of new spirituality measures, many of these instruments can be faulted on two grounds: they use terms (e.g., God) that limit their validity with non-theistic populations, and they fail to build upon pre-existing scientific work. To address these two concerns, this paper modifies the most prominent instrument in the field of the psychology of religion, Allport and Ross' (1967) measure of intrinsic religion, to tap spirituality. The modified six-item intrinsic spirituality scale assesses the degree to which spirituality functions as an individual's master motive, for both theistic and non-theistic populations, both within and outside of religious frameworks.
O-GlcNAc occurs in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii and is part of the histone code (790.4)

O-GlcNAcylation, the addition of N-acetylglucosamine to Serine or Threonine residues, is an abundant, dynamic posttranslational modification that occurs in many eukaryotes; very little is known abo...
The Role of Drugs in Adolescent Suicide Attempts

Drug histories of 46 adolescent suicide attempters and their parents are described. In addition, these attempters and their parents are compared with a group of non-attempters and their parents on selected measures of drug use. Findings indicate that adolescent drug use is closely related to and perhaps symptomatic of suicidal behaviors and overall pathology. The relationship between adolescent suicidal behaviors and parental drug use is unclear because of the discrepancy between parent-adolescent responses.
Measurement of Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase Activity

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) catalyzes decarboxylation of the four acetate side chains of urophyrinogen to form coproporphyrinogen. Activity of UROD can be measured using an enzymatically prepared substrate or a chemically prepared one. For the former, bacterial porphobilinogen deaminase is prepared and used to prepare the porphyrinogen substrate for the enzymatic assay. Erythrocyte lysates can be used to measure hemoglobin content as an indicator of UROD activity.
Teaching to the Student: Charter School Effectiveness in Spite of Perverse Incentives

AbstractRecent work has shown that Boston charter schools raise standardized test scores more than their traditional school counterparts. Critics of charter schools argue that charter schools create those achievement gains by focusing exclusively on test preparation, at the expense of deeper learning. In this paper, I test that critique by estimating the impact of charter school attendance on subscales of the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System and examining them for evidence of score inflation. If charter schools are teaching to the test to a greater extent than their counterparts, one would expect to see higher scores on commonly tested standards, higher-stakes subjects, and frequently tested topics. Despite incentives to reallocate effort away from less frequently tested content to highly tested content, and to coach to item type, I find no evidence of this type of test preparation. Boston charter middle schools perform consistently across all standardized test subscales.
A Preliminary Evaluation of a Driver-Infrastructure Interface for a Left-Turn Warning

To examine the viability of an infrastructure-based, left-turn warning, twenty test participants drove through a test-track intersection with oncoming traffic. Participants decided, both with and without the aide of an infrastructure-based real-time warning, whether or not there was enough time to complete the turn in front of the oncoming traffic. In order to allow for natural driving behaviors such as turning without stopping, a new metric, the predicted trailing buffer (spare time), was introduced to describe the synthesis of vehicle movements, and as a basis for a warning algorithm. This study also examined the effect of or the timeliness of three different warning onset points. Gap (lag) acceptance increased as the predicted trailing buffer increased with almost all gaps being accepted with greater than one second of predicted spare time. Overall, the activation of an infrastructure-based warning reduced the percentage of turns made by about twenty percent. As the predicted spare time decreased, the activation of a warning was even more effective in persuading the drivers to both stop and to agree with the warning. Drivers were largely insensitive to the onset of the warning; however, a warning onset of 32 m or 4 s before reaching the stop bar was mostly considered acceptable. Language: en
Superoxide Production After Spinal Injury Detected by Microperfusion of Cytochrome c

Highly reactive oxygen-containing species may form upon CNS injury and cause oxidative damage to important cellular components, thereby destroying cells. To test this hypothesis, free radical formation following such insults should be characterized first. In this study, we measured the time course of superoxide production following impact injury to the rat spinal cord using a novel microcannula perfusion technique developed by us. Cytochrome c (50 microM in artificial cerebrospinal fluid) was perfused into the rat spinal cord through the cannula inserted laterally into the gray matter of the cord, and reduced cytochrome c was measured from perfusates spectrophotometrically. We found that the levels of superoxide in the extracellular space increased to approximately twice the basal level and remained elevated for over 10 h. Superoxide dismutase (60 U/ml) significantly reduced the elevation of superoxide levels (p = .016) and ferric chloride (0.1 mM)/EDTA (0.25 mM) infused together with cytochrome c completely removed the superoxide measured, validating the measurement of superoxide. The relatively long-lasting formation of superoxide reported herein suggests that removal of superoxide may be a realistic treatment strategy for reducing injury caused by free radicals.
The Light of the Night Sky: Astronomical, Interplanetary and Geophysical

We bring together our general results in two figures. Figure 14 portrays the resolution of the light of the night sky into its three principal components based on a series of zenith observations extending over a year at the two stationse: Fritz Peak in Colorado, U.S.A., (latitude N 39°.9, longitude W 105°.5) and Haleakala in Hawaii, U.S.A. (latitude N 20°.7, longitude W 156°.3). The observations are from a current study by Roach and Smith (1964a) using photometers centered on wavelength 5300 A. With respect to sidereal time the airglow continuum is a constant. 1 The two Milky Way traverses are conspicuous features of the integrated starlight curves. The variation of the zodiacal light is the result of the variable ecliptic latitude of the zenith throughout the year. A refined analysis of the data, not shown in the plot, gives a further variation of the zodiacal light as a function of λ- λbd, the differential ecliptic longitude between the zenith and the sun. The zodiacal light is the brighter of the three components except when the Milky Way is in the zenith. The zodiacal light tends to be systematically brighter toward the horizon so that it is definitely the most prominent of the three for the sky as a whole.
Influence of oxygen pressure on defect concentrations in olivine with a fixed cationic ratio

Abstract The variation of the point-defect concentrations with oxygen partial pressure, P O 2 , and temperature are derived for forsterite, Mg 2 SiO 4 , and Mg-rich olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 assuming the cation/cation ratios are fixed. These dependencies differ from the open-system situation in which matter is easily transferable between forsterite or olivine and other solid phases. The details depend on whether the cation/cation ratio is exactly stoichiometric, or, if non-stoichiometric, the nature of the majority defects at precise oxygen stoichiometry. One generality which emerges is that regardless of the cation/cation stoichiometry the dominant defects in forsterite at low P O 2 are free electrons, Mg and Si interstitials; at high P O 2 the majority defects are holes, Mg and Si vacancies. In Mg-rich olivine the same defect species exist at the extremes of oxygen partial pressure with the exception of trivalent Fe on Mg sites replacing holes. At low P O 2 , therefore, both behave as n-type conductors. The models also suggest that in the P O 2 range around precise oxygen stoichiometry the electrical conductivity in both materials can be a complex function of P O 2 .
Modality-specific coding in matching letters

Auditory and visual similarity was manipulated in a same-different reaction-time task to investigate the use of modality-specific codes in same-different judgments for pairs of letters. Experiment 1 showed that letters presented simultaneously in the auditory and visual modalities were matched on the auditory dimension. In Experiment 2, the letters were presented sequentially, and the modality of the second letter was randomly varied. Subjects matched the pairs on the modality dimension of the second letter even though the modality could not be reliably predicted. In Experiment 3, subjects judged adjacent pairs of letters presented for 50 msec, and in one condition they also named the letters. Matches were made on visual codes in both conditions. In general, the results indicate that when subjects are instructed to determine if two letters are the same, the letters will be matched on a modality-specific code in a way that will minimize the information processing necessary to complete the match.
Novel Surface‐Modified Solids by Topochemical Oxidation of Zintl Anions

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 766. DOI:10.1002/anie.198307660
Effects of surface condition on the mechanical properties of ice crystals

A comparative study of the deformation behaviour of mechanically and chemically polished ice crystals is described. For single crystals, mechanical disturbance of the surface layer greatly reduces the maximum stress for basal glide in constant strain rate tests in compression. Single crystals with sub-boundaries do not show any prominent surface effect, but exhibit quite a low maximum stress. The results indicate that mechanically disturbed surface layers and sub-boundaries do not appear to act as strong barriers to dislocation movement in ice crystals, but rather as sources of dislocations. Surface condition does not appear to affect the maximum stress for polycrystals. The influence of strain rate (range 21 × 10−5 to 17 × 10−4 s−1) and temperature (range −10 to −30°C) upon the maximum stress was also investigated for both single crystals and polycrystals of ice.
Further Studies of Overlapping Absorption Bands

Spectral transmittance of mixture of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide for overlapping absorption bands
Optimal network proxy caching for image-rich contents

ABSTRACT This paper addresses optimizing cache allocation in a distributed image database system over computer net- works. We consider progressive image file formats, and "soft" caching strategies, in which each image is allocateda variable amount of cache memory, in an effort to minimize the expected image transmission delay time. A sim- ple and efficient optimization algorithm is proposed, and is generalized to include multiple proxies in a networkscenario. With optimality proven, our algorithms are surprisingly simple, and are based on sorting the imagesaccording to a special priority index. We also present an adaptive cache allocation/replacement strategy that canbe incorporated into web browsers with little computational overhead. Simulation results are presented.Keywords: Internet, World Wide Web, proxy, caching, image-rich contents, progressive formats. 1 Introduction With the popularity of the Internet and various web browsing applications, an increasing amount of imagedata are transmitted over the network. Proxies, or intermediate network nodes in which frequently used data are
Broadcasting on Meshes with Wormhole Routing

We address the problem of broadcasting on two-dimensional mesh architectures with an arbitrary (non-power-of-two) number of nodes in each dimension. It is assumed that such mesh architectures employ cut-through or wormhole routing. The primary focus is on avoiding network conflicts in the various proposed algorithms. We give algorithms for performing a conflict-free minimum-spanning tree broadcast, a pipelined algorithm that is similar to Ho and Johnsson's EDST algorithm for hypercubes, and a novelscatter?collectapproach that is a natural choice for communication libraries due to its simplicity. Results obtained on the Intel Paragon system are included.
Feasibility study of a current mode gamma radiation dosimeter based on a commercial pin photodiode and a custom made auto-ranging electrometer

An experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a current mode gamma radiation dosimeter, consisting of a commercial PIN photodiode as a radiation sensor, and a custom made auto-ranging electrometer for real-time measurement of the PIN photodiode’s response under radiation exposure. The radiation induced direct current response for single PIN photodiodes with different active areas, as well as for multiple PIN photodiodes connected in parallel, has been investigated. Three types of commercial silicon PIN photodiodes have been chosen for evaluation - S1223, BPW34, and PS100-6-CER2 PIN. During the experiment, five samples have been tested - three samples made of single PIN photodiodes (one sample of each photodiode type) and two samples formed by connecting multiple photodiodes in parallel (two BPW34 photodiodes in parallel and four BPW34 photodiodes in parallel). The samples have been irradiated with a 60Co gamma ray source and the relations between the induced photocurrent and the dose rate, and between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose, have been determined. For measuring the photodiodes response, a custom made auto-ranging electrometer controlled by a personal computer, and capable of measuring direct currents from 50 pA to 10 mA with relative error less than 2.5%, has been used. Obtained results have shown very good linearity between the dose rate and the induced photocurrent for dose rates ranging from 0.93 Gy/h to 67 Gy/h. Also, very good linearity has been observed between the accumulated charge and the absorbed dose for all tested samples, within the investigated range of absorbed doses from 472 mGy to 3.3 Gy. On the basis of the obtained results, a simple model has been derived, enabling the estimation of the photodiode’s current response as a function of the dose rate and the photodiode’s geometry (active area and depletion layer width). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43011]
Torsional loads in the early postoperative period following total hip replacement

Torques generated in one subject during the early postoperative period were measured with a telemeterized total hip component. The patient was examined during gait, stair ascent, rising from a chair, and single-limb stance. The torques were plotted against both the resultant joint contact force and the force component directed along the stem axis. During gait, the maximum torque was 35 Nm, recorded at a walking velocity of 1.7 m/sec. The peak torques during stair ascent and during rising from a seated position were found to be 23 and 15 Nm, respectively. The maximum value for torque measured in this study was 37 Nm during one attempt at single-limb stance. Comparison of plots for torque versus stem-axis component for the four activities shows that the torque increased more rapidly for chair exits than for gait up to resultant contact force values of as much as 1,000 N. For stair ascent, the same was true to values of 1,400 N. Within any given activity, the relationship between stem torque and resultant or stem-axis force showed considerable variability. These results indicate that experiments evaluating the stability of femoral components in total hip arthroplasty should incorporate a component directed along the stem axis, as well as a component normal to the plane of the prosthesis. The results also suggest that theoretical stress analysis models should consider the broad variability in the orientation of the joint force at the hip.
Cellular uptake of N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamide-dye conjugates

The cellular uptake and localization properties of DNA binding N-methylpyrrole/N-methylimidazole polyamide-dye conjugates in a variety of living cells have been examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. With the exception of certain T-cell lines, polyamide-dye conjugates localize mainly in the cytoplasm and not in the nucleus. Reagents such as methanol typically used to fix cells for microscopy significantly alter the cellular localization of these DNA-binding ligands.
A randomized, controlled trial of mindfulness‐based art therapy (MBAT) for women with cancer

The purpose of this study was to gather data on the efficacy of a newly developed psychosocial group intervention for cancer patients, called mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT). One hundred and eleven women with a variety of cancer diagnoses were paired by age and randomized to either an eight-week MBAT intervention group or a wait-list control group. Ninety-three participants (84%) completed both the pre- and post-study measurements. As compared to the control group, the MBAT group demonstrated a significant decrease in symptoms of distress (as measured by the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised) and significant improvements in key aspects of health-related quality of life (as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey). This investigation of MBAT provides initial encouraging data that support a possible future role for the intervention as a psychosocial treatment option for cancer patients.
Community justice/restorative justice: Prospects for a new social ecology for community corrections

Community corrections policies and programs have lacked a framework which articulates strategies for engaging community groups and defines roles for citizens in the corrections process. In this paper we critique both traditional approaches to community corrections based on an individual treatment model and the new “get tough” approaches which emphasize punitive sanctions and surveillance. We outline a restorative justice model as an alternative to both of these one‐dimensional, case‐driven approaches. The restorative model targets victims, communities, and offenders for intervention and attempts to engage each of these correctional clients in an effort to repair harm, strengthen communities, and reintegrate offenders following appropriate sanctioning. Obstacles to implementation and threats to cooptation and dilution of a restorative agenda are discussed.
Morphine distribution following infusion into lateral ventricle during hibernation and euthermia.

Abstract The intracerebral pattern of diffusion of 3 H-morphine was studied autoradiographically following continuous infusion (4, 9 and 18 hr; 1 μl/hr) into the lateral ventricle during hibernation and euthermia (i.e., not hibernating) in ground squirrels ( Citellus lateralis ). Morphine diffusion into the parenchyma during both states was extensive, resulting in increased autoradiographic optical density of 34 structures examined. The zone of radiolabeled tissue was primarily ipsilateral, and it expanded with increasing duration of infusion. Diffusion into contralateral regions was more evident in hibernation, although the total area of radiolabeled tissue was not significantly greater than that of euthermic animals. The average optical densities of autoradiographs from hibernating brains were significantly greater than those from euthermic animals, suggesting greater accumulation of labeled material during hibernation. These data suggest that neuroactive compounds released into the ventricular space can achieve widespread distribution within the brain during hibernation (in which all physiological parameters are profoundly depressed) as well as during euthermia. Thus, the apparent lack of development of physical dependence to morphine during hibernation [3] is not due to a restricted distribution of morphine in the hibernating brain.
Red blood cell blood group antigens: Structure and function

Red blood cell (RBC) blood group antigens are polymorphic, inherited, carbohydrate or protein structures located on the extracellular surface of the RBC membrane. They contribute to the architecture of the RBC membrane, and their individual function(s) are being slowly revealed. The biological qualities assigned to these RBC membrane structures are based on observed physiological alteration in RBCs that lack the component, by documenting similarities in its protein sequence (predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the gene) to proteins of known function and by extrapolation to identified functional homologues in other cells. The varied roles of RBC antigens include membrane structural integrity, the transport of molecules through the membrane, as receptors for extracellular ligands, adhesion molecules, enzymes, complement components and regulators, and in glycocalyx formation.