cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent autonomy for unmanned naval systems

This paper provides an overview of the development and demonstration of intelligent autonomy technologies for control of heterogeneous unmanned naval air and sea vehicles and describes some of the current limitations of such technologies. The focus is on modular technologies that support highly automated retasking and fully autonomous dynamic replanning for up to ten heterogeneous unmanned systems based on high-level mission objectives, priorities, constraints, and Rules-of-Engagement. A key aspect of the demonstrations is incorporating frequent naval operator evaluations in order to gain better understanding of the integrated man/machine system and its tactical utility. These evaluations help ensure that the automation can provide information to the user in a meaningful way and that the user has a sufficient level of control and situation awareness to task the system as needed to complete complex mission tasks. Another important aspect of the program is examination of the interactions of higher-level autonomy algorithms with other relevant components that would be needed within the decision-making and control loops. Examples of these are vision and other sensor processing algorithms, sensor fusion, obstacle avoidance, and other lower level vehicle autonomous navigation, guidance, and control functions. Initial experiments have been completed using medium and high-fidelity vehicle simulations in a virtual warfare environment and inexpensive surrogate vehicles in flight and in-water demonstrations. Simulation experiments included integration of multi-vehicle task allocation, dynamic replanning under constraints, lower level autonomous vehicle control, automatic assessment of the impact of contingencies on plans, management of situation awareness data, operator alert management, and a mixed-initiative operator interface. In-water demonstrations of a maritime situation awareness capability were completed in both a river and a harbor environment using unmanned surface vehicles and a buoy as surrogate platforms. In addition, a multiple heterogeneous vehicle demonstration was performed using five different types of small unmanned air and ground vehicles. This provided some initial experimentation with specifying tasking for high-level mission objectives and then mapping those objectives onto heterogeneous unmanned vehicles that each have different lower-level autonomy software. Finally, this paper will discuss lessons learned.
Breast cancer and oral contraceptive use: a case-control study.

The effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) was examined among parous breast cancer cases diagnosed at <or= 45 years of age and in 2 different general population control groups of parous women. The primary analysis compared 278 cases with 520 controls. In the secondary analysis a subgroup of 190 cases were compared with 190 controls from another reference group. In both analyses ever use of OCs duration of OC use and OC use prior to 1st pregnancy showed no significant association with breast cancer risk. Also in both analyses in women with prior benign breast disease OC use increased the risk of breast cancer although this finding was statistically significant only in the larger group used in the primary analysis. (authors modified)
Sequence and phylogenetic position of a class II aldolase gene in the amitochondriate protist, Giardia lamblia.

Abstract A Giardia lamblia gene, Glfba, was cloned and sequenced. This gene codes for a 324-residue-long putative class II fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase. The positions of gaps and phylogenetic analysis with maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods showed the sequence to be most closely related to the as-yet uncharacterized aldolases of Helicobacter pylori and Aquifex aeolicus and to the group that comprises the Calvin-cycle aldolases of photosynthetic proteobacteria and cyanobacteria. In combination with the known taxonomic and functional distribution of class I and II aldolases, the results indicate that the G. lamblia enzyme is distinct in its evolutionary history from all eukaryotic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases studied so far.
Teaching Kinematics and Kinetics From a Project-Based Experience Analyzing Sci-Fi Motion Pictures: A Star Trek Example

In engineering subjects both simple and complex, retention is an issue. Interested students appear to excel in such subjects, but the retention rates for everyone else suffer somewhat. In this paper an example is laid out of how to utilize motion pictures, and specifically the scientific errors therein, to create interesting problems that this author has found helps in student retention of complex engineering material. Why linking elements of entertainment aids in retention is due to creating emotionally arousing stimuli that enhances memory for central details, as has been shown in neurological studies. The example here focuses on dynamics in general, and calculating kinematic and kinetic elements in particular. The problem from motion pictures is both interesting and complex enough to engage students in a meaningful experience where engineering tools are utilized.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The Cdk1 Complex Plays a Prime Role in Regulating N-Myc Phosphorylation and Turnover in Neural Precursors

Summary Myc family transcription factors are destabilized by phosphorylation of a conserved amino-terminal GSK-3β motif. In proliferating cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs), Sonic hedgehog signaling induces N- myc expression, and N-myc protein is stabilized by insulin-like growth factor-mediated suppression of GSK-3β. N-myc phosphorylation-mediated degradation is a prerequisite for CGNP growth arrest and differentiation. We investigated whether N-myc phosphorylation and turnover are thus linked to cell cycle exit in primary mouse CGNP cultures and the developing cerebellum. We report that phosphorylation-induced turnover of endogenous N-myc protein in CGNPs increases during mitosis, due to increased priming phosphorylation of N-myc for GSK-3β. The priming phosphorylation requires the Cdk1 complex, whose cyclin subunits are indirect Sonic hedgehog targets. These findings provide a mechanism for promoting growth arrest in the final cycle of neural precursor proliferation competency, or for resetting the cell cycle in the G1 phase, by destabilizing N-myc in mitosis.
Determination of ubiquinone in electron transport particles from beef heart.

Abstract Ubiquinone (Q) can be extracted with hexane-methanol-triethanolamine mixtures from buffered suspensions of beef heart electron transport particles (ETP) as the only component reducible by borohydride, whereas petroleum ether-methanol mixtures extract other reducible pigments along with Q. The Q is assayed in the extract by the absorption decrease at 275–290 mμ using a double-beam spectrophotometer. Reduction of Q by succinate in cyanide-treated ETP can also be followed directly by absorption decrease in the ETP suspension at the same wavelength pair. If the redox state of Q is set at the desired point by stopping the reduction with malonate, followed by extraction, the absorption decrease in the extract on borohydride reduction correlates with the original absorption decrease in the particle suspension. The extraction method validates the use of the simpler direct optical method for measuring the oxidation-reduction reactions of Q in ETP; it also yields the value of ϵ′ of 12.5 m m −1 cm −1 at 275–290 mμ for Q in ETP.
Solar Dish Field System Model for Spacing Optimization

Dish Stirling power generation systems have been identified by DOE, Sandia National Laboratories, and Stirling Energy Systems (SES) as having the capability of delivering utility-scale renewable energy to the nation’s electrical grid. SES has proposed large plants, 20,000 units or more (0.5 GW rated power) in one place, in order to rapidly ramp up production automation. With the large capital investment needed in such a plant it becomes critical to optimize the system at the field level, as well as at the individual unit level. In this new software model, we provide a tool that predicts the annual and monthly energy performance of a field of dishes, in particular taking into account the impact of dish-to-dish shading on the energy and revenue streams. The Excel-based model goes beyond prior models in that it incorporates the true dish shape (flexible to accommodate many dish designs), multiple-row shading, and a revenue stream model that incorporates time-of-day and time-of-year pricing. This last feature is critical to understanding key shading tradeoffs on a financial basis. The model uses TMY or 15-minute meteorological data for the selected location. It can incorporate local ground slope across the plant, as well as stagger between the rows of dish systems. It also incorporates field-edge effects, which can be significant on smaller plants. It also incorporates factors for measured degraded performance due to shading. This tool provides one aspect of the decision process for fielding many systems, and must be combined with land costs, copper layout and costs, and O&M predictions (driving distance issues) in order to optimize the loss of power due to shading against the added expense of a larger spatial array. Considering only the energy and revenue stream, the model indicates that a rectangular, unstaggered field layout maximizes field performance. We also found that recognizing and accounting for true performance degradation due to shading significantly impacts plant production, compared with prior modeling attempts.
Renal agenesis: Spectrum of in utero findings

Three cases of renal agenesis are presented, representing the spectrum of abnormality seen in utero. Severe oligohydramnios was seen in all three cases. In two cases ultrasound demonstrated fetal paraspinal structures resembling kidneys, while in the third no renal shapes were identified. The urinary bladder could not be imaged in any of the cases. Autopsy findings demonstrated that the reniform structures represented only fetal adrenal glands of varying sizes. It is suggested that the examination of the renal tract in severe oligohydramnios should be directed toward the fetal urinary bladder, because the identification of reniform outlines can be misleading.
Essential Terrestrial Variable data workflows for distributed water resources modeling

This paper discusses a prototype infrastructure, HydroTerre, that provides researchers, educators and resource managers with seamless access to geospatial/geotemporal data for supporting physics-based numerical models. The prototype defines the supporting data as Essential Terrestrial Variables (ETV's) and includes data fusion tools necessary to predict and manage surface and groundwater resources that resolve important dynamics of upland stream networks. The evaluation of ecosystem and watershed services, such as the detection and attribution of the impact of climatic change, provides one of many examples of the pressing need for high resolution, spatially explicit resource assessments in upland catchments. However, the current infrastructure for supporting models and data anywhere in the continental USA (CONUS) must overcome important problems of: efficient accessibility to high resolution geospatial datasets from multiple sources, scalability of geospatial data in support of distributed models and data-intensive computation for multi-scale, multi-state simulations. We discuss data workflows for web access to ETV data processing in support of catchment modeling, as part of a larger strategy for consuming this data within a framework that enables hydrological modelers to build and test models with fast data access at a United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Hydrography Dataset Hydrological Unit Code (HUC) level-12 scale. Given the prospect of petabytes of existing high resolution environmental data (NRC, 2012), we limit our investigation to a limited set of ETV's necessary to provide the first level of support for model implementation anywhere in the CONUS, and that resolve important features of upland watersheds (e.g. hill slopes within 1st-2nd-3rd order streams). The paper demonstrates HydroTerre tools for fast ETV data access to web users, and describes the computational resources necessary for using ETV's as the basis for implementing spatially distributed models at scales approaching the native resolution of the data (>=30 m). The Penn State Integrated Hydrologic Model (PIHM) serves as an example although other models are currently being considered.
Multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies: adverse effect surveillance and management

There are five approved, partially effective, parenteral disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), including three interferon-β preparations, glatiramer acetate and the antineoplastic agent mitoxantrone. A sixth drug, natalizumab, was withdrawn from the market in 2005 but could return with increased safety measures. Careful surveillance for, and management of, the minor and serious adverse effects associated with these therapies in routine practice provides the best opportunity for maintaining compliance and achieving maximal therapeutic efficacy. This review outlines the strategies for the prevention, identification and management of the complications associated with administration and ongoing use of current MS therapies. These skills will become increasingly important to those caring for MS patients as contemporary treatment regimens become increasingly complex.
Organic and conventional milk purchase behaviors in Central Ohio

The authors use weekly milk scanner data from six stores of a national supermarket chain to investigate empirically the purchasing patterns of suburban and inner-city residents for conventional and organic milk. They disaggregate conventional milk products into four categories based on fat content (whole, 2%, 1%, and skim); organic milk is disaggregated into these same categories, but for empirical estimation, some categories are combined. Their descriptive statistics show that suburban consumers, relative to inner-city consumers, purchase more organic and lower-fat conventional milk. These same consumers pay higher prices for conventional and organic milk, save for conventional 1% and skim milk. Our econometric results indicate that suburban consumers are price insensitive toward the purchase of all conventional and organic classes; inner-city consumers are price-sensitive toward conventional whole and 2% milk—products that constitute 89% of their milk expenditure; these same consumers are price insensitive toward all other classes of conventional and organic milk. [JEL codes: Q110, Q130, Q180]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laryngopharyngoesophagectomy for advanced hypopharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: The yale experience

The 5-year survival rate for patients with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma invading the upper esophagus is below 25% regardless of therapy. Most patients with advanced disease--unable to eat or breathe--die within 18 months of diagnosis. Because these patients, on average, have a limited time to live, surgical treatment should aim to maximize the quality of remaining life. Essential to this goal are complete tumor removal and rapid return to oral feeding. Furthermore, short hospital stay and low perioperative morbidity are especially important in these patients. We performed total laryngopharyngoesophagectomy (LPE) with gastric transposition in 34 patients with hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. There has been one perioperative death (3%) and 1 temporary fistula (3%). No major mediastinal or intrathoracic complication occurred. On average, patients began oral feeding by postoperative day 10, with return to a full diet and discharge home within 16 days, maximizing both quality and quantity of time remaining outside the hospital.
Why do we have a caudate nucleus

In order to understand the physiological role of the caudate nucleus, we combine here our laboratory data on cats with reports of patients with selective damage to this nucleus. Cats with bilateral removal of the caudate nuclei showed a stereotyped behavior consisting of persistently approaching and then following a person, another cat, or any object, and attempting to contact the target. Simultaneously, the animals exhibited a friendly disposition and persistent docility together with purring and forelimbs treading/kneading. The magnitude and duration of this behavior was proportional to the extent of the removal reaching a maximum after ablations of 65% or more of the caudate tissue. These cats were hyperactive but they had lost the feline elegance of movements. Additional features of acaudate cats were: (1) postural and accuracy deficits (plus perseveration) in paw usage tasks including bar pressing for food reward; (2) cognitive and perceptual impairments on a T-maze battery of tasks and on the bar pressing tasks; (3) blockage or blunting of the species-specific behavioral response to a single injection of morphine; Unilateral caudate nucleus removal did not produce global behavioral effects, but only deficit in the contralateral paw contact placing reaction and paw usage/bar pressing. Moreover and surprisingly, we found hypertrophy of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus following prenatal focal neocortical removal. The findings in human were also behavioral (not neurological) and also occurred with unilateral caudate damage. The main manifestations consisted of loss of drive (apathy), obsessive-compulsive behavior, cognitive deficits, stimulus-bound perseverative behavior, and hyperactivity. Based on all of the above data we propose that the specific function of the caudate nucleus is to control approach-attachment behavior, ranging from plain approach to a target, to romantic love. This putative function would account well for the caudate involvement in the pathophysiology of a number of clinical syndromes that we mention, all of which compromise approach-attachment- affect behaviors. In addition we conclude that the caudate nucleus contributes importantly to body and limbs posture as well as to the accuracy and speed of directed movements.
Some Aspects of the Controversy between Cardinal Wiseman and the Westminster Chapter

Within a decade after the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy to England and Wales in 1850, cardinal Nicholas Wiseman found himself engaged in a significant struggle with the archdiocesan chapter of Westminster. The fundamental issue involved the right of the chapter to interfere in matters which, as they appeared to Wiseman, were clearly within the sole jurisdiction of the bishop. A number of other controversial matters became almost inextricably tied to the dispute, so that litigation, in England and in Rome, plagued the cardinal to the end of his life.
Common Neural Substrates for Inhibition of Spoken and Manual Responses

The inhibition of speech acts is a critical aspect of human executive control over thought and action, but its neural underpinnings are poorly understood. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and the stop-signal paradigm, we examined the neural correlates of speech control in comparison to manual motor control. Initiation of a verbal response activated left inferior frontal cortex (IFC: Broca’s area). Successful inhibition of speech (naming of letters or pseudowords) engaged a region of right IFC (including pars opercularis and anterior insular cortex) as well as presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA); these regions were also activated by successful inhibition of a hand response (i.e., a button press). Moreover, the speed with which subjects inhibited their responses, stop-signal reaction time, was significantly correlated between speech and manual inhibition tasks. These findings suggest a functional dissociation of left and right IFC in initiating versus inhibiting vocal responses, and that manual responses and speech acts share a common inhibitory mechanism localized in the right IFC and pre-SMA.
Speaking freely: on free will and the epistemology of testimony

Peter Graham has recently given a dilemma purportedly showing the compatibility of libertarianism about free will and the anti-skeptical epistemology of testimony. In the first part of this paper I criticize his dilemma: the first horn either involves a false premise or makes the dilemma invalid. The second horn relies without argument on an implausible assumption about testimonial knowledge, and even if granted, nothing on this horn shows libertarianism does not entail skepticism about testimonial justification. I then argue for the incompatibility of (i) a view entailed by Open Theism, viz., that there are no true counterfactuals of freedom, (ii) a popular form of process reliabilism about justification and knowledge, and (iii) a weak anti-skepticism about testimonial justification and knowledge. I conclude that there is a costly tension between certain views about testimony and about free will.
When Religion Demands Ignorance in Biology Classrooms

All but a tiny percentage of scientists accept that evolution by natural selection is an established scientific theory. We accept evolution not because of some professional creed or inducement, but instead because of the overwhelming evidence. That evidence ranges from molecular data and comparative anatomy to fossils and biogeography. Nevertheless, instruction about evolution “has been absent, cursory, or fraught with misinformation” (Rutledge & Mitchell, 2002), and fewer than 30% of biology teachers consistently show that evolution has occurred and design their courses to show that evolution is a unifying theme in biology (Berkman & Plutzer, 2010). In socially conservative school districts, nearly 40% of biology teachers do not accept human evolution (Berkman & Plutzer, 2011). Despite decades of science education reform, many biology teachers continue to ignore, question, or reject evolution in favor of creationism as the best explanation for life’s diversity. There is “a pervasive reluctance of teachers to forthrightly explain evolutionary biology” (Berkman & Plutzer, 2011). Biologists have responded to this problem in many ways, the most popular of which is to provide educational opportunities and resources …
Enhanced spectral viscosity approximations for conservation laws

In this paper we construct, analyze and implement a new procedure for the spectral approximations of nonlinear conservation laws. It is well known that using spectral methods for nonlinear conservation laws will result in the formation of the Gibbs phenomenon once spontaneous shock discontinuities appear in the solution. These spurious oscillations will in turn lead to loss of resolution and render the standard spectral approximations unstable. The Spectral Viscosity (SV-) method (Tadmor, 1989) was developed to stabilize the spectral method by adding a spectrally small amount of high-frequencies diffusion carried out in the dual space. The resulting SV-approximation is stable without sacrificing spectral accuracy. The SV-method recovers a spectrally accurate approximation to the projection of the entropy solution; the exact projection, however, is at best a first order approximation to the exact solution as a result of the formation of the shock discontinuities. The issue of spectral resolution is addressed by post-processing the SV-solution to remove the spurious oscillations at the discontinuities, as well as increase the first-order—O.1=N/ accuracy away from the shock discontinuities. Successful post-processing methods have been developed to eliminate the Gibbs phenomenon and recover spectral accuracy for the SV-approximation. However, such reconstruction methods require a priori knowledge of the locations of the shock discontinuities. Therefore, the detection of these discontinuities is essential to obtain an overall spectrally accurate solution. To this end, we employ the recently constructed enhanced edge detectorsbased on appropriate concentration factors (Gelb and Tadmor, 1999). Once the edges of these discontinuities are identified, we can utilize a post-processing reconstruction method, and show that the post-processed SV-solution recovers the exact entropy solution with remarkably high-resolution. We apply our new numerical method, the Enhanced SV-method, to two numerical examples, the scalar periodic Burgers’ equation and the one-dimensional system of Euler equations of gas dynamics. Both approximations exhibit high accuracy and resolution to the exact entropy solution. © 2000 IMACS. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Transabdominal Sonocystography: A Novel Technique to Assess Vesicourethral Extravasation Following Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: We describe our new technique of transabdominal sonocystography in men following radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: From May 2007 to January 2008, 75 men underwent gravity transabdominal sonocystography and fluorocystography 8 days following open radical retropubic prostatectomy. Bladder volume after the instillation of 150 cc saline was determined by measuring bladder height, width and length in the longitudinal and transverse planes. Extravasation volume was calculated by subtracting the calculated bladder volume after filling from a volume of 165 ml, which represents the instilled saline volume of 150 ml plus 15 ml in the urinary catheter balloon. Extravasation was then qualitatively graded as none, slight, moderate or severe after instilling 150 cc contrast medium into the bladder.Results: The correlation between fluorocystography and transabdominal sonocystography was ascertained by determining the mean extravasation volume corresponding to the qualitatively graded categories of ex...
Olefin terpolymerizations. III. Symmetry, sterics, and monomer structure in ansa‐zirconocenium catalysis of EPDM synthesis

Ethylenebis (η5-fluorenyl) zirconium dichloride (1) and rac-dimethylsilylene bis (1-η5-in-denyl) zirconium dichloride (2) were activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO) to catalyze ethylene (E) propylene (P) copolymerizations. The former produces high MW copolymer at 20°C rich in ethylene with reactivity ratio values of rE = 1.7 and rP <0.01, whereas the latter produces lower MW random copolymers with rE = 1.32 and rp = 0.36. Ethylidene norbornene (ENB) complexes with 1/MAO but does not undergo insertion in the presence of E and P. In contrast, 2/MAO catalyzes terpolymerization incorporating 9-15 mol % of ENB with slightly lower MW and activity than the corresponding copolymerizations. In comparison, 1,4–hexadiene was incorporated by 2/MAO with much lower A and MW. Terpolymerizations were also conducted with vinylcyclohexene using both catalyst systems. The steric and electronic effects in these processes were discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of a New Carbon-11–Labeled Sulfamate Derivative as a Potential PET Tracer for Imaging of Breast Cancer Aromatase and Steroid Sulfatase Expression

Abstract A carbon-11-labeled sulfamate derivative was designed and synthesized as a new potential positron-emission-tomography dual aromatase–steroid sulfatase inhibitor radiotracer for imaging of aromatase and steroid sulfatase expression in breast cancer. The target tracer 2-chloro-4-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-6-[11C]methoxyphenyl sulfamate ([11C]7) was prepared from its corresponding precursor 2-chloro-4-(((4-cyanophenyl)(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-6-hydroxyphenyl sulfamate (18) with [11C]CH3OTf under basic conditions through the O-[11C]methylation and isolated by the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in 40–45% radiochemical yields based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment. The specific activity at end of synthesis was 111-185 GBq/μmol.
Friction and Wear of Radiation Resistant Composites, Coatings and Ceramics in Vacuum and Low Temperature Environment

Superconducting magnets used in accelerators such as the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) are exposed to fast neutron and gamma irradiation. Some of the components used in the SSC cryostat are fabricated from organic materials with low radiation resistance. The slide bearing material presently supporting the magnet assembly contains Teflon and must be replaced with a material of improved radiation resistance. A group of sliding materials, most of which have suitable radiation resistance, were tested under conditions of pressure, temperature, velocity, and vacuum typically encountered in normal cryostat operation. As this was a preliminary screening test, the samples were only cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature. The group of materials tested consists of composites, coated base metals, and ceramics. The criteria was to maintain a low coefficient of friction throughout the experiment in spite of changes in temperature and vacuum. Subsequent tests will expose finalist materials to fast neutron irradiation at liquid helium temperatures. This paper describes the experimental setup and presents data of the friction coefficient measurements taken for the various samples.
Coupling between borehole acoustic modes in anisotropic formations

When the formation anisotropy is of monoclinic or lower symmetry, the normal and shear stresses become functions of both normal and shear strains through some additional anisotropic constants that are not present in materials with orthorhombic or higher symmetry. These additional elastic constants cause a coupling between the Stoneley and flexural modes. Under these circumstances, an on-axis monopole or dipole source excites both modes. Coupling coefficients account for the excitation of quasi-flexural motion by a monopole source, and of the quasi-Stoneley mode by a dipole. A transversely isotropic (TI) formation with its symmetry axis obliquely inclined with the borehole exhibits monoclinic symmetry in its rotated constants referred to the borehole axis. The monoclinic symmetry of the surrounding formation in such cases causes a coupling between the Stoneley and flexural modes. Computational results show that a borehole inclined at an angle of 60 degrees from the symmetry axis of Austin chalk, a slow TI medium, exhibits coupling between the Stoneley and qSV-polarized flexural mode acceleration amplitudes on the order of 20 dB or less in the frequency range of interest. A similar obliquely inclined borehole in Bakken shale exhibits a far weaker coupling between the Stoneley and qSV-polarized flexural modes. The stronger coupling in the case of Austin chalk is a result of relatively large anisotropic constants together with close proximity of the Stoneley and qSV-polarized flexural dispersions. On the other hand, weaker coupling in Bakken shale is caused by relatively small anisotropic constants and a large separation between the Stoneley and qSV-polarized flexural dispersions in the moderate frequency range of interest.
Everything New Is Old Again: What Place Should Applied Science Have in the History of Science?

Science studies scholars of the twenty-first century have been arguing for a reconceptualization of science based on the emergence of new values and practices. Allegedly, these new norms have come from science in the context of application. However, the argument here is that science in the context of application is a phenomenon with as long and rich a history as so-called pure or basic science. Science in the context of application only appears to be new since so little light has been shined on applied science by historians and philosophers of science. This article explores the consequences of reaching back into remote history seeking science in the context of application and finds that doing so helps scholars understand present day developments, as well. Three examples of historical applied science are explored: ancient Roman engineering, Enlightenment-era navigation and surveying, and American early Republic engineering. In addition, the work of I. Bernard Cohen is examined for historiographical evidence of a narrowing account of what counts as science in the post-WWII period.
Mannitol extravasation during partial nephrectomy leading to forearm compartment syndrome

We present the first known complication of forearm compartment syndrome after mannitol infusion during partial nephrectomy. We stress the importance of excellent intravenous catheter access and constant visual monitoring of the intravenous catheter site during and after mannitol infusion as ways to prevent this complication. Prompt recognition of compartment syndrome with appropriate intervention can prevent long-term sequelae.
Anisotropic Diffusion of Large Neutral Solute in Cartilage

Articular cartilage is an avascular soft tissue that covers the ends of the bones in diarthrodial joints. Since there are no blood vessels, chondrocytes rely on solute diffusion to receive nutrients and remove waste products. Diffusive transport is thus essential to the operation and maintenance of cartilage tissue. Cartilage is composed mainly of interstitial water and extracellular matrix, which consists of collagen fibers and proteoglycan. The distribution of collagen fibers and proteoglycan impart an inhomogeneous and anisotropic microstructure to the cartilage.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Morphological grayscale reconstruction in image analysis: applications and efficient algorithms

Two different formal definitions of gray-scale reconstruction are presented. The use of gray-scale reconstruction in various image processing applications discussed to illustrate the usefulness of this transformation for image filtering and segmentation tasks. The standard parallel and sequential approaches to reconstruction are reviewed. It is shown that their common drawback is their inefficiency on conventional computers. To improve this situation, an algorithm that is based on the notion of regional maxima and makes use of breadth-first image scannings implemented using a queue of pixels is introduced. Its combination with the sequential technique results in a hybrid gray-scale reconstruction algorithm which is an order of magnitude faster than any previously known algorithm. >
TOPOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY OF SV40 MINICHROMOSOMES

Abstract During attempts to measure the extent to which the proteins of simian virus 40 (SV40) minichromosomes restrain the ability of SV40 DNA to alter its twist in response to temperature changes, we found that temperature- shift-induced linking number changes are not reversible for isolated minichromosomes, suggesting that such changes, both in isolated minichromosomes and in cells, may be a consequence of structural alterations in chromatin proteins rather than of simple changes in DNA twist. We also found that the SV40 minichromosome pool is composed of subpopulations that display different responses to temperature shifts. For example, the linking number of DNA in newly replicated minichromo somes is more responsive to in vivo temperature changes than is the linking number of DNA in bulk minichromosomes. In addition, the linking number profiles of both isolated and intracellular minichromosomes change during the course of infection. These observations emphasize the topological complexity of SV40 minichromosomes and encourage caution in the interpretation of experiments carried out on bulk minichromosomes.
Algebraic Methods in Unstable Homotopy Theory: Odd primary exponent theorems

In order to prove the odd primary exponent theorems for spheres and Moore spaces, we have to use techniques from most of the chapters of this book. We have to use localization. The theorems are not true without localization. We have to use homotopy groups with coefficients and the structure of Samelson products on these groups in order to construct the maps which will give product decomposition theorems for certain loop spaces. We have to use the fibre extensions of cubes and squares in order to tie together in fibration sequences different product decompositions. We have to use Bockstein spectral sequences to analyse the torsion in the homology and homotopy of these loop spaces. We have to use exact sequences of free differential graded Lie algebras in order to construct tensor product decompositions of universal enveloping algebras. In fact, it might be said that the main result of this chapter is the geometric realization via an infinite weak product of just such a tensor product decomposition of the universal enveloping algebra of a free differential graded Lie algebra. We have to use differential homological algebra, not so much in the form of the Eilenberg–Moore spectral sequence, but in the chain equivalences with differential Cotor which underlie the Eilenberg–Moore theory. Surprisingly, the only chapters in this book which we do not use much of here are the chapters on the Hopf invariants of Hilton, James, and Toda.
Comparative Adjectives in Terms of Peirce’s Phenomenological Categories

This paper explores ways in which semiotic concepts of Charles Sanders Peirce illuminate the meaning-potential of English comparative adjectives. Having classified all phenomena into categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness, Peirce describes the three degrees of adjectives in terms of these categories: “Firstness is the mode of being of that which is such as it is, positively and without reference to anything else” (Hardwick, 1977: 24). The uncompared positive degree of an adjective such as red or hard, then, is Peirce’s example of Firstness. We return to this idea later.
Cell entry mechanisms of HSV: what we have learned in recent years

HSV type-1 and -2 are widespread pathogens producing lifelong infection with multiple sequelae, including oral, ocular and genital disease. The process of herpesvirus entry is a highly complex process involving numerous viral and cellular factors. Entry begins with attachment of virus to the cell surface followed by interactions between viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors to facilitate capsid penetration. The nucleocapsid is then transported along microtubules to the nuclear membrane, where viral DNA is released for replication in the nucleus. The work reviewed here comprises the most recent advancements in our understanding of the mechanism involved in the herpesvirus entry process.
Trust in Doctors

Prior research yields mixed results about black–white difference in trust in their doctors, and existing studies are often based on nonrepresentative, local, or cross-sectional samples. Using data from the 1998, 2002, and 2006 General Social Surveys—nationally representative samples—and ordinary least squares regression, this study reexamines this issue. It was expected that blacks are less likely to trust their doctors than whites either before or after controlling for other predictors of trust and that there was no significant change in this relationship over the time period under study. The results indicate that blacks were less likely to trust their doctors than whites only in 2002, but not in 1998 and 2006. This finding suggests that, even with the same source of data, empirical support for the claim about the less trust of blacks in doctors than whites is less robust than conventional belief, and it calls for additional, careful reexamination.
The Health System and the Social System

The major intent of this paper is to present a synthetic view of the health system as an integral component of the social system for which it performs a series of critical functions and from which, in turn, it receives a number of problematic supports or resources. As such an attempt is made to place the health system in its proper perspective, i.e. not at the exclusive center of sociological interest but alongside a group of complementary and differentiated sub-systems, each one performing its own tasks and necessarily competing for the scarce resources necessary for the performance of these tasks. My conceptual scheme is ‘structural-functional’ and derives, in its greater part, from the insights elaborated by Talcott Parsons and his view of society as an equilibrium-maintaining system, and made up of meaningfully interrelated sub-systems in such a way that change in one sub-system is potentially bound to affect other sub-systems and the system as a whole.
Multiple Cyclooxygenases: Cloning of a Mitogen-Inducible Form

Cyclooxygenase (prostaglandin G/H synthase, E.C. 1.14.99.1, abbreviated hereafter as PGHS) is a bifunctional, membrane-bound hemeprotein which catalyzes the oxygenation and endoperoxide reduction reactions required for the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. This dimeric enzyme consists of two very similar, if not identical, 70–72 kilodalton subunits which are anchored in the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum and other cellular membranes. The structure of the enzyme within biological membranes is unknown, although models based on the amino acid sequence have been proposed (1–3).
Dietary reconstruction of small-bodied omomyoid primates

This study examined the dietary adaptations of 38 species of small-bodied omomyoid primates known from North America and Europe. Two parameters were examined to investigate the dietary proclivities of these early primates: body mass and relative molar shearing crest development. Body mass was estimated from dental dimensions. Based upon size distributions of modern mammals of known diets, species with estimated masses of under 500 g were categorized as faunivores/frugivores. In order to partition this dietary grouping more precisely into faunivory and frugivory, measurements reflecting shearing crest development were compared to an extant prosimian base line. Based on these data it appears that the majority of the taxa sampled from this early primate radiation were primarily frugivorous.
Screening for Psychopathy in Youth: An Investigation of Three Measures

Psychopathy is a robust predictor of violence and recidivism in criminal populations. Interest in the developmental aspects of psychopathy is increasing, with a particular emphasis on early intervention. The Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV; Forth, Kosson, amp; Hare, 2004) is considered to be the gold standard for assessing psychopathic personality in youth, but it is impractical for use as a first line assessment. Currently, three potential youth psychopathic trait screeners exist: the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD: Frick amp; Hare, 2002) staff-report (S-APSD), the Antisocial Process Screening Device -Youth Self Report (APSD-Y) and the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI; Andershed, Kerr, Stattin, amp; Levander, 2002). Few data exist regarding the effectiveness of any as a screener. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the S-APSD, APSD-Y and YPI as screening instruments for psychopathic traits in adolescents. Participants were 100 adjudicated youths, aged 14-17 years. The diagnostic efficiency of the S-APSD, APSD-Y and YPI was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves (Kraemer, 1992; McFall amp; Treat, 1999; Swets, Dawes, amp; Monahan, 2000). A comparison of diagnostic efficiencies revealed the APSD-Y to be the superior measure. This was confirmed by logistic regression. Optimal decision thresholds were computed using Kraemer s (1992) Q-ROC procedure. In the interest of generalizability, multi-level likelihood ratios and costworthiness analyses are presented for various base rates. Findings indicate that if the APSD-Y is to be used at all, it is most useful at its extreme scores.
THE EVENT OF CEO SUCCESSION, PERFORMANCE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

The article discusses the results of a research which examined the specific aspects of performance and environmental volatility that might be related to the event of executive succession. The autho...
The assessment and management of cancer cachexia: hypogonadism and hypermetabolism among supportive and palliative care patients.

Purpose of review To update the healthcare providers on the potential contribution of increased basal metabolic rate, hypermetabolism, and low testosterone in the development of weight loss in cancer patients. Recent findings Cancer cachexia, the loss of skeletal muscle with or without the loss of fat, is a multifactorial syndrome. A wide variation in the frequency of hypermetabolism exists in cancer patients and can only be accurately identified by an indirect calorimeter. The frequency of hypermetabolism increases depending on the histology and stage of tumor, associated with the presence of an acute inflammatory response, and is often accompanied by weight loss. Hypogonadism, as a result of chemotherapy, radiation treatment, or the use of opioids to treat chronic pain, is frequently noted in male cancer patients and has been reported to be also associated with anorexia and weight loss. Summary Cancer patients may develop weight loss, cachexia, which can be distressing for both patients and their family. Treatments directed at reducing the basal metabolic rate and supplementation of testosterone in hypogonadic male patients may have the potential to improve lean body mass, but more research is needed.
Abstract LB-231: p 190RhoGAP-B is required for rho down-regulation and ductal morphogenesis of breast epithelial cells in compliant collagen gels

Breast epithelial cells cultured in compliant (floating), but not stiff (attached), 3-dimensional collagen gels differentiate into tubules. While the mechanisms of breast ductal morphogenesis are not well understood, we have previously shown that this process requires down-regulation of the small GTPase Rho in compliant collagen gels. In this study we sought to better define the signaling pathways regulating Rho activity when epithelial cells are cultured in compliant vs. stiff 3D collagen gels. Of the known Rho regulators, expression of p190RhoGAP has been detected at the terminal end buds in the mouse mammary gland, suggesting that proper breast development in vivo requires Rho down-regulation through this protein. Therefore, we specifically investigated the role of p190RhoGAP in ductal morphogenesis. We found that shRNA against p190RhoGAP-B, but not p190RhoGAP-A, blocked down-regulation of Rho activity and inhibited tubule formation in T47D cells cultured in compliant 3D collagen gels. Additionally, both Rho and p190RhoGAP-B co-localized with the adherens junction protein, p120-catenin at sites of cell-cell adhesion when cultured in 3D collagen gels. Similar to our results with p190B knockdown, shRNA against p120-catenin resulted in disruption of ductal morphogenesis and disregulation of Rho activity in cells cultured in compliant 3D collagen gels. Interestingly, we found that the association between p190RhoGAP-B and p120-catenin, which has been shown by others to play a role in Rho regulation, increases in compliant vs. stiff collagen gels. Interaction between p190RhoGAP-B is not mediated by Rho, as it does not require the Rho binding domain of p120-catenin. Together these results demonstrate that p190RhoGAP-B is required for Rho regulation and ductal morphogenesis of breast epithelial cells in floating collagen gels through a mechanism that may involve p 120-catenin. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-231.