cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Shock-Tube Study of the Rate Constant of PH3 + M ⇄ PH2 + H + M (M = Ar) Using PH3 Laser Absorption

Phosphine (PH3) is a highly reactive and toxic gas. Prior experimental investigations of PH3 pyrolysis reactions have included only low-temperature measurements. This study reports the first shock-tube measurements of PH3 pyrolysis using a new PH3 laser absorption technique near 4.56 μm. Experiments were conducted in mixtures of 0.5% PH3/Ar behind reflected shock waves at temperatures of 1460-2013 K and pressures of ∼1.3 and ∼0.5 atm. The PH3 time histories displayed two-stage behavior similar to that previously observed for NH3 decomposition, suggesting by analogy that the rate constant for PH3 + M ⇄ PH2 + H + M (R1) could be determined. A simple three-step mechanism was assembled for data analysis. In a detailed kinetic analysis of the first-stage PH3 decomposition, values of k1,0 were obtained and best described by (in cm3·mol-1·s-1) k1,0 = 7.78 × 1017 exp(-80,400/RT), with units of cal, mol, K, s, and cm3. Agreement between the 1.3 and 0.5 atm data confirmed that the measured k1,0 was in the low-pressure limit. Agreement of the experimental k1,0 with ab initio estimates resolved the question of the main pathway of PH3 decomposition: it proceeds as PH3 ⇄ PH2 + H instead of PH3 ⇄ PH + H2.
A Reconfigurable Surface Acoustic Wave Filter on ZnO/AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure

With the increasing number of filters on radio frequency front ends, especially in handheld systems, such as cell phones, there has been a growing interest developing reconfigurable filters to accommodate all of the frequencies used modern communication protocols. This article demonstrates a voltage-tunable filter by utilizing the acoustoelectric effect between acoustic waves on zinc oxide (ZnO) and the 2-D electron gas (2DEG) in the interface of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) and gallium nitride (GaN). The device is capable of tuning the center frequency by up to 0.78%. Furthermore, the emergence of an accumulation region at the ZnO/AlGaN interface allows for control of the sideband rejection ratio by 16 dB and the bandwidth by 12 dB, demonstrating a degree of reconfigurability that is previously not reported.
Multiple selectivity-determining mechanisms of H2O2 formation in iron porphyrin-catalysed oxygen reduction

Multiple H2O2-forming mechanisms are accessible in Fe(porphyrin)-catalysed oxygen reduction, a key reaction in both fuel cell technologies and oxygen-utilizing enzymes. Our kinetic analysis reveals that the porphyrin secondary structure dictates the pathway for H2O2 formation. This approach is generalizable to other electrocatalytic processes and provides insight into the selectivity-determining steps.
Social behaviors and gray matter volumes of brain areas supporting social cognition in children and adolescents with prenatal alcohol exposure.

Abstract The goal of this study was to examine: 1) differences in parent-reported prosocial and antisocial behaviors between children and adolescents with and without prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE); 2) differences in gray matter volumes of brain areas supporting social cognition between children and adolescents with and without PAE; 3) correlations between gray matter volumes of brain areas supporting social cognition and parent-reported prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Parents of children and adolescents ages 8–16 years completed measures on their prosocial and antisocial behaviors (i.e., Behavior Assessment Scale for Children, Vineland Adaptive Behaviors Scales, and Child Behavior Checklist) (n = 84; 41 with PAE, 43 without PAE). Seventy-nine participants (40 with PAE, 39 without PAE) also completed a structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan with quality data. Gray matter volumes of seven brain areas supporting social cognitive processes were computed using automated procedures (FreeSurfer 6.0): bilateral fusiform gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, medial orbitofrontal cortex, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and temporal pole. Children and adolescents with PAE showed decreased prosocial behaviors and increased antisocial behaviors as well as smaller volumes of the precuneus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, even when controlling for total intracranial volume. Social brain volumes were not significantly correlated with prosocial or antisocial behaviors. These findings suggest that children and adolescents with PAE show worse social functioning and smaller volumes of brain areas supporting self-awareness, perspective-taking and emotion-regulation than their same-age peers without PAE.
Assessing the Impact of Ad Characteristics on Consumer Behavior and Electrodermal Activity

The use of mobile, low-cost, and wearable sensors to measure physiological activity, continuously and non-intrusively during everyday tasks has the potential to improve our understanding of human perception, cognition, and behavior at large. One applied field with the practical use of such expansive assessment is consumer neuroergonomics. In this study, we demonstrated the use of ultramobile battery operated and wireless electrodermal activity (EDA) sensors to estimate emotional arousal during the viewing of various out-of-house, printed, and e-mail advertisements of law-firm services. A total of 33 participants’ EDA data and self-reported questionnaires were analyzed to assess the impact of different ad types on consumers in terms of their age, gender and prior experience with firms (client vs. non-client). EDA results confirmed as expected that e-mail ads were the least engaging to all participants. Furthermore, participants were engaged significantly less on ads that they are already familiar with, that is existing customers. Results indicate that the use of accessible and low-cost sensors like EDA could be widely deployed to enhance our understanding of customer behavior in order to optimize ad development and delivery.
Auditors and Net Transfers Into Level 3 Fair-Valued Financial Instruments

Prior research shows that managers use discretion in estimating Level 3 financial instruments to opportunistically manage capital and earnings. We investigate an earlier decision, subsequent classification changes that result in net transfers into the Level 3 classification, to examine whether firms use their discretion to engage in opportunistic transfers. We then investigate whether auditors influence the decision to transfer into the Level 3 classification and/or alter audit fees. Using a hand collected sample of public bank fair value disclosures from 2008 through 2010, we find evidence consistent with firms engaging in opportunistic transfers into the Level 3 classification. We further find evidence that high quality auditors appear to constrain this behavior, consistent with higher quality auditors mitigating some risks associated with Level 3 instruments. We also find evidence that auditors increase fees when managers transfer instruments into the Level 3 classification. Collectively, our findings suggest auditors manage risks related to Level 3 by both restricting transfers into the Level 3 classification and charging higher audit fees when transfers occur.
Role of Alcohol in the Development of Chronic Pancreatitis

Ethanol is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver by a complex mixture of isoenzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase) that oxidize it to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde may be formed in the pancreas or released from albumin complexes with subsequent preferential binding to target cells including pancreatic acinar and ductal cells.
Population Growth in the 1990s: Patterns within the United States.

Census 2000 counted 281.4 million people in the UnitedStates, up 13.2 percentfrom the 1990 Census population of 248.7 million and thehighest percent increasefor the nation since the 1960s. Population growth in the1990s was not only higherthan in recent decades, it was also more geographicallywidespread, with more states,counties, and cities experiencing population gains.This paper examines populationgrowth during the 1990s for a variety of geographiclevels, including regions, divisions,states, metropolitan areas, counties and large cities.It then compares growth rates forthe 1990s with earlier decades to provide a historicalcontext to present-day trends inpopulation growth and decline. Finally, it discusses howdifferential population growthin recent decades has resulted in a new form of populationdistribution in the US.
The Mechanism of Action of Ethanolamine Ammonia-Lyase, a B12-dependent Enzyme VIII. FURTHER STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS LABELED WITH ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN: IDENTIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF THE RATE-LIMITING STEP

Abstract The previous observation (Babior, B. M., J. Biol. Chem., 244, 449 (1969)) that the tritium isotope effect for the coenzyme B12-dependent deamination of ethanolamine was smaller than the deuterium isotope effect prompted a reexamination of the various isotope effects observed in this reaction. Measurements of the rates of deamination of [1-D]- and [1,1-D2]ethanolamine showed that no secondary isotope effect was detectable within the limits of experimental error. Activation parameters for the deamination of unlabeled ethanolamine and [1,1-D2]ethanolamine at 23° were as follows: for the unlabeled substrate, Ea = 3.9 kcal per mole and S = -9.7 e.u.; for the deuterated substrate, Ea = 5.5 kcal per mole and S = -9.4 e.u. The similarity of these values implies that the rate-limiting step does not change on passing from the unlabeled to the deuterium-labeled substrate. Measurement of the tritium isotope effect for each of the two individual hydrogen transfer steps of the reaction gave the following results: for the first step (transfer of hydrogen from substrate to coenzyme), kt/kh = 4.7; for the second step (transfer of hydrogen from coenzyme to product), kt/kh = 160 and kt/kd = 22. The over-all deuterium isotope effect was found to be 7.4, confirming previous results. From these and other observations the following conclusions were drawn: (a) the rate-limiting step is the transfer of hydrogen from coenzyme to product; (b) an irreversible step occurs between the first hydrogen transfer step and the second; and (c) exchange between free and enzyme-bound coenzyme B12 during the course of the reaction is slow.
George Eliot and Rational Economic Agents

Conventional economists analyze human behavior by assuming a “rational economic agent” who is motivated solely by material self interest. This assumption has come to permeate our analyses of econom...
Vaporizing Foil Actuator: a Tool for Creating High‐Pressure Impulses for Metalworking

Impulse based metalworking has significant advantages, in that short time scales change the fundamental nature of the forming process and short duration impulses can be used with much lighter and more agile equipment because large static forces do not need to be resisted. Electrically vaporized thin conductors, termed as Vaporizing Foil Actuators (VFA), can be used to develop significantly high driving pressures over short time scales. The driving pressures can be a few GPa’s, and have been used to launch sheet metal workpieces to velocities in excess of 1 km/s. Applications include, but are not limited to, impact welding, forming, embossing, shearing, tube joining, and powder compaction.
Some mathematical notes on three-mode factor analysis

The model for three-mode factor analysis is discussed in terms of newer applications of mathematical processes including a type of matrix process termed the Kronecker product and the definition of combination variables. Three methods of analysis to a type of extension of principal components analysis are discussed. Methods II and III are applicable to analysis of data collected for a large sample of individuals. An extension of the model is described in which allowance is made for unique variance for each combination variable when the data are collected for a large sample of individuals.
Spontaneous spin polarization in GaAs/AlGaAs split-gate heterostructures

Abstract The spontaneous spin polarization of a quantum point contact (QPC) formed by the lateral confinement of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs split-gate heterostructure is investigated. We present self-consistent calculations of the electronic structure of the QPC using the spin-polarized density functional formalism of Kohn and Sham. Spin polarization occurs at low electron densities and exchange potential is found to be the dominant mechanism driving the local polarization within the QPC. We compute the conductance using the cascading scattering matrix approach and observe the conductance anomaly at ∼0.7 (2 e 2 / h ).
The copper content of foods based on a critical evaluation of published analytical data

Abstract Increasing interest in the copper (Cu) intake of Americans has generated a need for the compilation, evaluation, and improvement of data for Cu in foods. In order to estimate dietary Cu intake, accurate and precise Cu values for foods are needed. A system of criteria developed to evaluate the quality of published selenium data has been adapted to evaluate analytical data for Cu in foods. Mean Cu values for each food were calculated from the evaluated data and combined with USDA frequency of consumption data, resulting in a list of 218 major contributors of dietary Cu. The richest sources of Cu are legumes, wheat bran cereals, organ meats, shellfish, and grains. Confidence codes, indicators of the relative degree of confidence the user of the data can have in that mean value, were included. More than half of the mean values for the foods listed are of limited quality or result from a limited quantity of data, indicating a need for improvement in food Cu data. This proposed dynamic system for the compilation and evaluation of Cu data can be used to generate Cu data bases for specific purposes, provide a ranked list of foods which are significant contributors of that nutrient, and establish priorities for further improvements in the database.
Effects of Shifts in Delay of Reward in Rats as a Function of Reward Magnitude

Summary Four groups of rats first received either small or large reward following either zero or 30-second delay in a 2 × 2 design. Then each main group was divided into two equal groups, one subgroup continuing on the original delay interval (resulting in a 2 × 2 × 2 design). No shift in magnitude of reward was made throughout the experiment. The results showed no positive contrast effect (PCE) or negative contrast effect (NCE) under either small or large reward conditions. The absence of an NCE was discussed in terms of a possible “floor effect” associated with long delay.
Characterization of Viscoelasticity of Molding Compounds in Time Domain

Although polymer-based materials are widely used in microelectronics packaging and viscoelasticity is an intrinsic characteristic of polymers, viscoelastic properties of polymeric materials are often ignored in package stress analyses due to the difficulty of measuring this property. However, it is necessary to consider the viscoelastic behavior when an accurate stress model is required. Viscoelastic properties of materials can be characterized either in the time domain or frequency domain. In this study, stress relaxation experiments were performed on a molding compound in the time domain. Prony series expansion was used to express the material’s relaxation behavior. Thermo-rheologically simple model was assumed to deduce the master curve of relaxation modulus using the time-temperature equivalence assumption. Two methods were compared to determine the Prony pairs and shift factor.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Usefulness of Unilateral Interictal Sharp Waves of Temporal Lobe Origin in Prolonged Video‐EEG Monitoring Studies

Summary: The value of EEG interictal epileptiform activity in predicting location of the seizure focus remains controversial. In 64 patients, scalp video-EEG monitoring studies showed one or two ipsilateral interictal foci in the temporal lobe. The site of these interictal foci correlated with location of the seizure focus recorded during prolonged video-electrocorticography (ECoG) with use of subdural grids placed under the mesiobasal temporal region and over the lateral temporal convexity. Our findings suggest that unilateral anterotemporal interictal foci can accurately predict location of seizure onset. This is also true in patients with two ipsilateral temporal interictal foci, provided that the dominant focus is localized in anterotemporal regions. We believe that in such patients invasive recordings are not warranted, but we caution against sole use of interictal epileptiform criteria for localization of the seizure focus. Correlation with clinical information, ictal EEG, neuropsychometric, and neu-roimaging studies is required before performance of epilepsy surgery.
Ribavirin efficacy in an in vivo model of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF) infection.

After intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection of infant mice with CCHF virus, virus titers in liver remained significantly higher than in other organs except blood (serum). Within the liver, virus antigen was first found by immunofluorescence (IFA) in Kupffer cells followed by more extensive hepatic spread. Later, virus was found in other organs including brain and heart. Ribavirin treatment significantly reduced infant mouse mortality and extended the geometric mean time to death. Ribavirin treatment reduced CCHF virus growth in liver and significantly decreased, but did not prevent, viremia. Despite a substantial viremia, infection of other organs including brain and heart was not detected in ribavirin-treated mice. A hepatotropic virus subpopulation with less neurovirulence than the parent was isolated from liver of ribavirin-treated mice (single dose, 100 mg/kg). After serial passage in placebo-treated mice, the exclusive hepatotropism was lost.
Recombination in plants expressing viral transgenes

Abstract When a segment of a specific viral genome is expressed in a transgenic plant, the plant is often resistant to that virus. This promising method of deriving virus resistance appears also to provide an opportunity for RNA recombination. Several reports confirm that the viral transgenic transcript is available to a challenging virus for recombination. Using cowpea chlorotic mottle virus as a model, modifications of the transgene significantly reduced the recovery of viable recombinants from transgenic plants. Several recommendations are made for reducing the involvement of the transgene in RNA recombination events.
Peripheral nerve carbonic anhydrase activity and chronic acetazolamide treatment of rats

Examination of cranial nerves shows that the sensory infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve contains many carbonic anhydrase-reactive axons whereas axons of the motor facial nerve are non-reactive. This motor/sensory axon staining difference holds for both cranial and spinal nerves. Chronic treatment with acetazolamide produced no apparent changes in carbonic anhydrase histochemical activity or the structure of peripheral nerve fibers.
Social Insect Pheromones: Their Chemistry and Function

Exocrine secretions of social insects are often characterized by extraordinarily complex mixtures of natural products. Thus, chemical communication in social insects must be interpreted in terms of signals generated by multicomponent systems, the individual constituents of which can affect the informational content of the message. Alarm pheromones have been identified chiefly in three subfamilies of ants and their distribution appears to be chemosystematically significant. Myrmicine genera emphasize 3-alkanones as alarm releasers, whereas methyl ketones, primarily of terpenoidal origin, are widely utilized as alarm pheromones in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. Formicine species may employ formic acidas an alarm pheromone in addition to the compounds produced in the mandibular and Dufour's glands. The mandibular gland pheromones are chiefly acyclic monoterpene aldehydes (e.g., citronellal) which are relatively low boiling compounds. Higher boiling n -alkanes are produced in the Dufour's glands and may serve as more persistent releasers of alarm behavior. Alarm pheromones as well as the caste-specific pheromones of male bees and ants, probably also serve as defensive products. In many cases it is likely that pheromones were originally utilized as defensive compounds and their communicative function is a secondary development.
Electroless Deposition of LaMnO3 Perovskite Film on Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Substrate

Abstract Electroless deposition of LaMnO 3 precursors on YSZ substrate from a solution containing Mn 2+ , La 3+ , and an oxidizing agent was investigated. Peroxydisulfate was used as the oxidizing agent. Pretreatment of the substrate, sensitization in a solution of SnCl 2 , and activation in a solution of PdCl 2 were necessary for deposition of the oxide film. The La/Mn atomic ratio in the oxide film increased with increases in the [La 3+ ]/[Mn 2+ ] ratio and in the pH of the solution. The additives CH 3 COONa and AgNO 3 in the solution improved the incorporation of La 3+ ion into the oxide film during the electroless deposition and the adhesion of the as-deposited oxide film on YSZ. It was judged from the cyclic voltammetry of the as-deposited oxide film and from XPS, IR and XRD measurements that the as-deposited oxide film on YSZ was amorphous hydrous MnO 2 which contained La 3+ ions by specific adsorption. La 3+ ions existed in a state similar to that in La 2 O 3 , according to an XPS measurement. La 1- x MnO 3 perovskite film ( x ≈ 0.85, 0.96) was prepared by heat treatment of the deposited oxide film at 800°C for 5 hr. The mechanism of the electroless deposition of the LaMnO 3 precursor is discussed.
In vitro expression and characterization of MYH9 mutant alleles linked to hereditary hearing loss

Objective: To assess whether MYH9 mutant alleles linked to hereditary hearing loss induce disruption of cellular functions and associated phenotype following transient expression within cultured human cell lines.Study Design: Dominantly inherited MYH9 mutant alleles, MYH9R702C and MYH9R705H, were integrated within eukaryotic expression vector and then transfected into cultured human cell lines for transient expression and analysis. The transfected cells were assessed for transgene-induced alterations of the cellular phenotype, including NMHC-IIA-dependent cell shape, actin cytoskeleton integrity, and inhibition of cytokinesis.Setting: Laboratories of Molecular Otology and Molecular Genetics at the New York University School of Medicine.Subjects and Methods: HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cultured cell lines were transiently transfected with an expression vector carrying a wild type or mutant MYH9 alleles, linked to nonsyndromic and syndromic hearing loss. Expression of exogenous transgene product was detected with a...
Visualization and quantification of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ in renal cells using confocal microscopy and Fluo5F

Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) is the most abundant store of intracellular Ca(2+), and its release is an important trigger of physiological and cell death pathways. Previous work in our laboratory revealed the importance of ER Ca(2+) in toxicant-induced renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of confocal microscopy and Fluo5F, a low affinity Ca(2+) indicator, to directly monitor changes in RPTC ER Ca(2+). Fluo5F staining reflected ER Ca(2+), resolved ER structure, and showed no colocalization with tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), a marker of mitochondrial membrane potential. Thapsigargin, an ER Ca(2+) pump inhibitor, decreased ER fluorescence by 30% and 55% at 5 and 15 min, respectively, whereas A23187, a Ca(2+) ionophore caused more rapid ER Ca(2+) release (55% and 75% decrease in fluorescence at 5 and 15 min). Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial uncoupler, added at the end of the experiment, further decreased ER fluorescence after thapsigargin treatment, revealing that thapsigargin did not release all ER Ca(2+). In contrast, FCCP did not decrease ER fluorescence after A23187 treatment, suggesting complete ER Ca(2+) release. ER Ca(2+) release in response to A23187 or thapsigargin resulted in a modest but significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These data provide evidence that confocal microscopy and Fluo5F are useful and effective tools for directly monitoring ER Ca(2+) in live cells.
Learning for Dynamic Assignments Reordering

In this paper a new learning scheme for SAT is proposed. The originality of our approach arises from its ability to achieve clause learning even if no conflict occurs. This clearly contrasts with all the traditional learning approaches which generally refer to conflict analysis. To make such learning possible, relevant clauses, taken from the satisfied part of the formula are conjointly used with the classical implication graph to derive new and more powerful reasons for the implication of a given literal. Based on this extension a first learning scheme called Learning for Dynamic Assignments Reordering (LDAR) is proposed. It exploits the new derived reasons to dynamically reorder partial assignments. Experimental results show that the integration of LDAR within a state-of-the-art SAT solver achieves interesting improvements particularly on satisfiable instances.
Method for image interpolation based on a novel multirate filter bank structure and properties of the human visual system

Image interpolation systems are used to render a high resolution version of an image from a lower resolution representation. Conventional interpolation systems such as bilinear interpolation and nearest neighbor interpolation often perform poorly (in a subjective sense) when acting on a spatial region of an image which has an oriented structure such as an edge, line, or corner. Recently, systems based on directional interpolation have been presented which yield improved performance on these oriented structures. However, separate models are used for the detection of edges, lines, and corners. In this work, we combine simple building blocks (a Sobel edge detector, directional interpolation, and the directional filter bank) to form a system which exploits the orientational tuning and the spatial-frequency variant sensitivity of the human visual system. The new system handles all of the oriented features in the same manner. First, the image to be processed is split into its directional components. These directional components are then individually interpolated using the directional interpolation system. Since orthogonal (or nearly orthogonal components) are contained in different directional components, corners do not exist in the directional components. Furthermore, since the directional filter bank is an exactly reconstructing structure, the representation of the image in terms of its directional components is complete and thereby an invertible decomposition. In the absence of an oriented component, the directional interpolation system reverts to bilinear interpolation (though any other interpolant could be used).© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tau-neutrino appearance with a 1000 megaparsec baseline

A high-energy neutrino telescope, such as the AMANDA detector, may detect neutrinos produced in sources, distant by a 1000 megaparsecs, which produce mostly ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ neutrinos. Above 1 PeV, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ are absorbed by charged-current interactions in the Earth, but the Earth never becomes opaque to ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ since the ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ produced in a charged-current ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ interaction decays back into ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$. This provides an experimental signature for neutrino oscillations. The appearance of a ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ component would be evident as a flat zenith angle dependence of a source intensity at the highest neutrino energies, which would indicate ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ mixing with a sensitivity to $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}$ as low as ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$, for the farthest sources. In addition, the presence of tau neutrino mixing would allow neutrino astronomy well beyond the PeV cutoff, possibly out to the energies of protons observed above ${10}^{20}\mathrm{eV}$.
Cofactor activity in factor VIIIa of the blood clotting pathway is stabilized by an interdomain bond between His281 and Ser524 formed in factor VIII.

The factor VIII (FVIII) crystal structure suggests a possible bonding interaction of His(281) (A1 domain) with Ser(524) (A2 domain), although the resolution of the structure (∼4 A) does not firmly establish this bonding. To establish that side chains of these residues participate in an interdomain bond, we prepared and examined the functional properties of a residue swap variant (H281S/S524H) where His(281) and Ser(524) residues were exchanged with one another and a disulfide-bridged variant (H281C/S524C) where the two residues were replaced with Cys. The latter variant showed efficient disulfide bonding of the A1 and A2 domains. The swap variant showed WT-like FVIII and FVIIIa stability, which were markedly reduced for H281A and S524A variants in an earlier study. The disulfide-bridged variant showed ∼20% increased FVIII stability, and FVIIIa did not decay during the time course measured. This variant also yielded 35% increased thrombin peak values compared with WT in a plasma-based thrombin generation assay. Binding analyses of H281S-A1/A3C1C2 dimer with S524H-A2 subunit yielded a near WT-like affinity value, whereas combining the variant dimer or A2 subunit with the WT complement yielded ∼5- and ∼10-fold reductions, respectively, in affinity. Other functional properties including thrombin generation potential, FIXa binding affinity, Km for FX of FXase complexes, thrombin activation efficiency, and down-regulation by activated protein C showed similar results for the two variants compared with WT FVIII. These results indicate that the side chains of His(281) and Ser(524) are in close proximity and contribute to a bonding interaction in FVIII that is retained in FVIIIa.
LV. On accidental double refraction in liquids

(1899). LV. On accidental double refraction in liquids. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 48, No. 295, pp. 485-498.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Intracellular dTTP Pools

Abstract The size of intracellular 2′-deoxythymidine-5′-triphosphate (dTTP) pools is an important indicator of cytotoxicity in cells exposed to antiviral drugs and mutagens. We describe an ion paired reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the quantification of thymidine triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cell extracts are first purified by solid phase extraction using strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. The resulting fraction is analyzed by isocratic HPLC using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of triethylamine phosphate buffer with 2% acetonitrile. UV detection at 267 nm is used. Coefficients of variation for the assay are in the range of 6.0–9.8%. The overall recovery is 86.84%. LOQ for this assay is 48 ng/mL (100 nM), which is equivalent to 5 pmol/106 cells and give a signal to noise ratio of 4:1. The method described is used for the determination of dTTP pools in PHA-stimulated PBMC from healthy volunteers.
Automated kinetics-enhanced flow-injection method for histamine in regulatory laboratories: rapid screening and suitability requirements

Scombroid poisoning continues to be a leading cause of finfish-borne illness. Histamine found in implicated fish has been traditionally used as a marker, if not the cause, of scombrotoxicity. The most accepted method for detecting histamine in fish meat requires extensive manual manipulations and sample cleanup steps. To address the need for more rapid methodology, an automated, kinetically-enhanced flow injection method for histamine has been used to screen thousands of sub-samples of various fish and seafood products. Selectivity (expressed as molar fluorescence ratios) for histamine versus histidine in the sample matrix is a function of reaction kinetics. Fine-tuning this effect is sufficient to remove the need for ion-exchange sample conditioning. This fine-tuning of reaction kinetics is easily accomplished via control of flow rates, reaction temperature, etc. Method performance is excellent, with detection and quantitation limits near 0.8 and 2.4 mg/kg, and linearity to approximately 340 mg/kg. Each sample produces a response in < 1 min. The method is more rapid and more practical than other proposed screening methods including alternative chemistries, HPLC methods, and immunoassays. For widespread use in the regulatory environment, an analytical method must produce similar results in other laboratories. Success requires simplified rugged procedures, a knowledge of which specific variables are important in determining method ruggedness, and demonstration of system suitability. Consistent with the methods' reliance on chemical kinetics, the most important factors are reaction time and temperature, and the condensation reagent concentration. These factors are not so sensitive that they limit ruggedness and practicality. A temperature change of 3°C results in a 4% change in peak height, and a 1 cm change in reactor length results in a 0.4% difference. These effects are then easily controlled using commercial instrumentation. With no sample cleanup other than extraction and crude filtration, tuna can be screened for histamine with R.S.D. of <3% (N = 5 extracts, five injections/extract). Recoveries at 50 and 100 mg/kg were 97 and 118% (each spike extracted to five replicates, five injections/extract). Agreement with histamine levels using the alternate (official) method is also very good.
Impairments in saline intake induced by deposit-free electrolytic lesions in the thalamic gustatory area

Previous studies demonstrating impairments in sodium appetite following destruction of the thalamic gustatory relay of the rat utilized lesion procedures which depositd irritative ferric ions around the lesion site. The present study used a deposit free lesioning procedure to determine whether the disruption in sodium appetite is attributable to factors other than tissue destruction. The results showed that deposite free lesions produce deficits in sodium appetite which are similar in specificity, intensity, and uniformity to those produced by irritative lesion procedures.
Lattice Monte Carlo Simulations of Dilute Mixed Micelles

Three-dimensional lattice-based Monte Carlo simulations of mixed amphiphile systems are investigated, and the simulated critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) are compared with the predictions of both a molecular thermodynamic theory and a regular solution theory. The head−head interactions between identical surfactant species are varied to mimic nonideal mixing and to manipulate the net attraction (or repulsion) between surfactant species. The simulations indicate that the head−head interaction affects not only the cmc but also aggregate size and structure. The simulated cmc as a function of overall surfactant composition is in reasonable agreement with the theoretical models when a fitted value for the interaction parameter, β, is used. The fitted value is in good agreement with a value estimated a priori from the lattice model for the surfactants with attractive headgroups, but there are large discrepancies for the case of repulsive headgroups. The discrepancies in the latter are caused by nonrandom m...
A Survey of Dental Alloys

No other material is so universally and successfully employed in restoring carious teeth to a state of usefulness as is dental amalgam. Besides forming such a large proportion of the fillings, the number of amalgam restorations made annually is tremendous. The office of the Surgeon General stated that 68,170,326 permanent fillings were inserted by Army dentists from December 7, 1941, to September 1, 1945, and most of them were of amal­ gam.1 Historically, amalgams were first intro­ duced in Europe in 1826 (under the name of “ silver pastes” ) and in America in 1833. Partly because of their inferior and undependable performance, but largely because they were first used by charlatans, the adoption of amalgams by the dental profession was slow. What has been called an “ amalgam war” raged, beginning in 1845. The American Society of Dental Surgeons passed a resolution in 1845 which reads: Resolved, That any member of the Society who shall hereafter refuse to sign a certificate pledging himself not to use any amalgam, and, moreover, protesting against its use, under any circumstance, in dental practice, shall be ex­ pelled from the Society.
Psychotherapy and the Mormon Faith

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the Mormon Church, is a Christian faith with a large presence across the globe. Although Mormon doctrine suggests that faith in Jesus allows people to overcome weakness and heal from pain, Mormon people are not immune from experiencing periods of mental and emotional suffering. The deeply held religious beliefs of Mormons can influence the nature of the psychological difficulties a Mormon individual is prone to experiencing, how and when they choose to seek treatment, as well as the types of treatment that may be most beneficial.
National cultural values, sustainability beliefs, and organizational initiatives

Purpose – Organizations are implementing sustainability initiatives in different countries with varied socio-cultural systems. The literature on sustainability, however, does not present a clear picture of how national culture can influence interpretations of the meaning of sustainability and how these differences in interpretation can result in different sustainability practices. The purpose of this paper is to build upon the current literature by identifying mechanisms (i.e. sustainability beliefs and perceptions) that mediate the relationship between national cultural values and organizational sustainability initiatives. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine the literature on culture and sustainability practices, and develop a conceptual model that identifies how cultural values influence the sustainability initiatives of organizations. Several propositions are identified that specify relationships among the constructs, and guidelines are provided for testing the model in future research. F...
Thermal characteristics of the polymeric components of a CF-18 flight data recorderα

Abstract A study of the thermal characteristics of the polymeric components of a flight data recorder has been initiated to assist in the recovery of data from fire damaged tapes, associated with the investigation of accidents involving modem high speed military fighter aircraft. Preliminary results, using dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetry in a nitrogen atmosphere, indicate that the polymeric components in the flight data recorder of one accident experienced a temperature of approximately 500°C over a three to four hour period.
The use of Library of Congress Subject Headings in digital collections

Purpose – This paper attempts to explain the wide dissemination of Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) within digital libraries and presents some of the advantages and disadvantages of using this controlled vocabulary in digital collections. The paper also presents other classifications used in digital collections for subject access and explores ways of improving search functionality in digital collections that employ LCSH.Design/methodology/approach – Unlike traditional libraries that use Library of Congress Classification for organization and retrieval, digital libraries use metadata forms for organization and retrieval. The collections exist in cyberspace of the internet which is known for containing the universe of knowledge. The use of LCSH for information retrieval has been widely criticized for its difficulty of use and its information retrieval effectiveness in online environments. The Library of Congress (LOC) has claimed the headings were not based on comprehensive principles nor ever in...
Explaining metropolitan housing price differences

Abstract Housing prices differ substantially among metropolitan areas. The rent and house price indexes used here measure this variation among 54 metropolitan areas. A model of metropolitan housing price determination is presented and used to identify the sources of intermetropolitan price variation. Reduced-form equations explain close to 90% of the variation in rental prices and close to 60% of the variation in house prices.
Mask defect printability at 0.18-μm design rules for 193-nm lithography

In this paper, the printability of mask defects at 0.18 micrometers design rule is studied via 193 nm top surface imaging (TSI) resist process. The mask defect printability is determined by taking into account the wafer process critical dimension (CD) variability. In the experiment, an 193 nm microstepper with 0.6 NA imaging lens was used to expose the programmed defect mask. The resist CD response to the mask defect area is measured under the different process conditions, i.e., different exposure dose or focus. It is found that similar to a single layer 248 nm DUV resist case that has been studied before, the TSI resist CD responds to the mask defect area linearly for the small mask defects. From such a set of CD-defect response lines, the allowable mask defect requirement is assessed via the statistical explanation of the printable mask defect size which is tied to the wafer process specifications and the actual wafer process CD controllability. Its printability is further verified by the process window measurements. Our results showed that for 193 nm exposure and TSI resist process, a mask defect as small as 0.13 micrometers (4X) is printable at 0.18 micrometers design rule. This printable mask defect size is approximately independent of mask bias in a linear CD region, i.e., a region in which the resist CD responds to the mask CD linearly. Although the above experimental results are obtained based on a TSI process, many characteristics of mask defect behavior can be generalized to the other resist processes. Based on the statistical defect printability analysis method that we have developed, the printable mask defect size can always be re-defined without additional data collection when the process control or the process specification changes.
Identification of a major xylanase from Aspergillus flavus as a 14-kD protein.

Aspergillus flavus K49 secreted at least two xylanase activities when grown on a medium containing larch (wood) xylan as a sole carbon source. Enzyme activity was assayed using an agar medium containing Remazol Brilliant Blue R conjugated oat spelt xylan as substrate. Crude enzyme preparations were inhibited by Hg ?2 , with an ED50 of 17.5 mM and maximum inhibition of 83% at 50 mM. A concentrated sample of A. flavus K49 xylanase preparation was subjected to gel filtration chromatography on a P-30 column. A small protein peak coinciding with the major peak of xylanase activity was separated from the other secreted fungal proteins. An additional peak of xylanase activity was observed in fractions containing multiple fungal proteins. Analysis by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro- phoresis (SDS-PAGE) of fractions containing the smaller molecular weight xylanase revealed a major and minor protein band in the vicinity of 14 kD. Analysis of these same fractions by acidic native PAGE revealed a single band. Confirmation of identity for the isolated xylanase was provided by isolation of a protein band from a SDS-PAGE gel, followed by trypsin digestion/analysis by tandem mass spectrom- etry. Comparison of the peptide library derived from this protein band with sequence data from the A. oryzae genomic data base provided a solid match with an endo-1,4-b-xylanase, XlnA. This identification is consistent with a low molecular weight protein asso- ciated with the major xylanolytic activity. XlnA may be a highly mobile (diffusible), plant wall hemicellu- lose degrading factor with significant activity during plant infection.
Vacancy concentrations in metals in equilibrium with H2-gas at high pressures

Abstract The effect of equilibrium vacancy formation on the solubility of hydrogen in metals has been derived. The treatment is based on a Fermi–Dirac distribution function so that problems which arise at low temperatures in Maxwell–Boltzmann formulations are obviated. Using input data for Ni, the effect of vacancy formation on the validity of Sieverts' law is calculated and the ( pT )-region in which the thermodynamic functions of the solute (H) atoms can be easily extracted from measured solubility has been mapped.
Effect of Sarkosyl on the fidelity of preribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoli.

Abstract When nucleoli isolated from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells were treated with 2% Sarkosyl, 95% of the nucleolar proteins were extracted. In addition to RNA polymerase I, a heterogeneous group of proteins remained bound to DNA. The homochromatography fingerprinting analysis of the transcripts of the Sarkosyl pellet had virtually all of the marker oligonucleotides that are found in transcripts from whole nucleoli. In addition, seven discrete spots were present which were not found either in transcripts from intact nucleoli or in 45S pre-rRNA labeled in vivo . These results suggest that the endogenous RNA polymerase I present in the Sarkosyl pellet may have transcribed sequences juxtaposed to pre-rRNA coding region in addition to faithfully transcribing the ribosomal genes. It is possible that Sarkosyl extracted factor(s) necessary for proper termination or processing of pre-rRNA.
Polariton luminescence and additional boundary conditions: comparison between theory and experiment

Abstract Polariton luminescence spectra in semiconductors have been calculated as a function of temperature and impurity trapping rates using a two branch polariton model. Typically, the theoretical spectra show two structures: a peak near the transverse exciton energy and a shoulder near the longitudinal exciton energy. While the lower energy peak is relatively insensitive to the choice of additional boundary conditions (ABC), the higher energy shoulder strongly depends on ABC. The theoretical curves obtained with Pekar's ABC are in quantitative agreement with experimental spectra reported in CdS, CdSe and CuCl. However, significant discrepancies between theory and experiment are found in GaAs and ZnTe.