cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fan action and political participation on The Colbert Report

The Colbert Report merges the increasingly popular political satire genre with fan activism. The result is that the fan community helps to construct Colbert's malleable character and demonstrates symbolic power through its willingness to act. The fans are usually a nonpartisan force, acting to produce entertainment rather than substantive political change. However, this can be politically meaningful, as the fans' projects promote collective action, parallel political activities like voting and protesting, and encourage critical thinking about political information.
Effect of IT Trading Platform on Financial Risk-Taking and Portfolio Performance

As a fast growing area in Finance, Information technology (IT) plays an important role in how traders trade online. Investigating whether online trading has a significant effect on financial returns and risks is central to this inquiry. This study, using perceived usefulness and satisfaction categories, addresses how the IT trading platform affects the trader's trading risk-taking behavior and stock portfolio performance. We examined two unique data sets: 2,726 proprietary online trading accounts and 178 professional investors' field survey. The results revealed that while the perceived usefulness category presented significant differences between the risk-taking groups and significant impact on stock portfolio performance, the satisfaction category showed no significant results.
Brain Imaging and Neuropathologic Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease: Vascular Versus Neurodegenerative and Amyloid-β Versus Tau

Over the past several decades, there has been extensive research devoted toward determining the cause of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous biochemical, histological, and imaging investigations have elegantly characterized the neuropathologic and functional changes associated with AD. Proponents of one theory or another can find supporting data among the myriad of studies in the literature. This paper attempts to summarize some of the major conclusions and controversies in imaging literature (especially, magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine) in relation to pathogenesis theories of Alzheimer's disease. In spite of considerable progress, the primary cause of Alzheimer's disease remains elusive.
Effect of Cocaine Use on Buprenorphine Pharmacokinetics in Humans

The effect of chronic cocaine use on buprenorphine pharmacokinetics was investigated to identify drug interactions and potential toxicities. In a retrospective analysis, pharmacokinetics were compared for 16 studies completed on subjects who were regular cocaine users and 74 studies on subjects who used cocaine only occasionally or not at all. All participants were stably maintained on buprenorphine/naloxone 16/4 mg daily. Participants who used cocaine regularly had lower buprenorphine exposure (AUC 34% lower; C(max) 27% lower and C(24) 37% lower; p <or= .001 for all comparisons). Regular cocaine users were younger (p = .0007), and used more heroin (p = .004) and cocaine (p < .0001). Regular cocaine use may result in lower buprenorphine plasma concentrations with potential for adverse clinical outcomes.
Ultrastructural Alterations of Term Human Amnionic Epithelium Following Incubation With Group B Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci

: The association between the group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GBBHS) and premature labor, premature rupture of the membranes, and chorioamnionitis with intact membranes is well known. However, the mechanisms involved in this association remain unclear. In this study we incubated term chorioamniotic membranes from patients undergoing elective repeat cesarean section in double-armed incubation vessels that isolated the maternal from the fetal surfaces. The GBBHS was placed adjacent to the maternal surface and incubated for 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr. Control membrane specimens from the same patient were incubated under identical conditions for identical time periods but without the presence of GBBHS. Examination of the specimens by transmission electron microscopy revealed progressive nuclear and basement membrane alteration in the study group that was maximal at 12 hr. There was also a progressive decrease in desmosome counts in the study membranes. These in vitro changes support the in vivo association of GBBHS with the aforementioned obstetric complications.
Evidence for a neuroprotective microRNA pathway in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate mRNA stability have been linked to amyloid production, tau phosphorylation, and inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, whether cerebral miRNA networks are dysregulated during the earliest stages of AD remains underexplored. We performed miRNA expression analysis using frontal cortex tissue harvested from subjects who died with a clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, a prodromal AD stage), or mild AD. Analysis revealed that the miRNA clusters miR-212/132 and miR-23a/23b were down-regulated in the frontal cortex of aMCI subjects. Both miR-212/132 and miR23a/b are predicted to destabilize the message for sirtuin 1 (sirt1); hence, down-regulation of either miR-212/132 or miR-23a/b in frontal cortex should promote sirt1 mRNA expression in this region. qPCR studies revealed that frontal cortex levels of sirt1 were increased in aMCI. Given the ability of frontal cortex to respond to the onset of dementia by neuronal reorganization, these data suggest that miRNA-mediated up-regulation of the sirt1 pathway represents a compensatory response to the onset of the disease. By contrast, qPCR analysis of inferior temporal cortex, an area affected early in the progression of AD, showed no changes in miR-212/132, miR-23a/b, or sirt1 transcripts in the same aMCI subjects. In vitro mechanistic studies showed that coordinated down-regulation of miR-212 and miR-23a increased sirt1 protein expression and provided neuroprotection from β-amyloid toxicity in human neuronal cells. Taken together, these data suggest a novel miRNA-mediated neuroprotective pathway activated during the progression of AD that may be amenable to therapeutic manipulation.
DNA replication in Escherichia coli made permeable by treatment with high sucrose.

Abstract Plasmolysed unE. coli (pol A−, end−)1 carry out semiconservative, ATP-dependent incorporation of (α32P) deoxynucleoside monophosphates into DNA. The incorporation is temperature-sensitive in dna B, dna E and dna G temperature sensitive mutants, requires four deoxynucleotides (dNTP's or dNMP's) and Mg++, and is sensitive to inhibition by nalidixic acid or N-ethylmaleimide. Pulse-labeled DNA resembles Okazaki fragments and can be chased into larger material. Cells which have stopped DNA replication in vivo due to chloramphenicol treatment show little incorporation after plasmolysis. The plasmolysed cells are permeable to added DNase I as shown by degradation of 95% of parental DNA and 90–95% inhibition of synthesis of new DNA. Trypsin or exonuclease III also inhibits deoxynucleotide incorporation about 90%.
Discharge disposition after bariatric surgery.

Weight loss continues for extended time post-bariatric surgery; thus, discharge destination is an important factor to consider when examining outcomes of surgery. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality State Inpatient Database was utilized to identify patients with bariatric surgery and to determine factors associated with and predictive of home discharge. Patients that were discharged home had shorter length of stays, lower total hospital costs, fewer chronic conditions, and lower readmission rates. Factors predictive of discharge were identified. Being discharged home could be associated with characteristics vital to patient’s long-term weight loss. It is imperative to focus on factors predictive of home discharge in order to reap the most beneficial outcomes of surgery.
Anxiety reduction through self-administered relaxation.

Possible usefulness of self-administered instructions for relaxation is illustrated by the case of a bright, 40-yr.-old male who reported chronic anxiety.
Plasticizing and Antiplasticizing Effects of Water and Polyols on a Meat‐Starch Extruded Matri

: The effects of plasticizers on the mechanical properties and glass transitions of a meat-starch extruded system were studied. Mixtures of meat and potato granules (1.48:1) and up to 4% glycerol and propylene glycol, respectively, were extruded and equilibrated at different relative humidities. Storage moduli and glass transitions were determined by mechanical spectroscopy. Water was the major plasticizer of the system, decreasing its mechanical properties and glass transition temperatures. At low-moisture content, the addition of water determined an increase in mechanical properties, interpreted as antiplasticization. Glycerol and propylene glycol had a softening effect on the matrix at aw> 0.67. Propylene glycol also determined a significant decrease of the starch phase Tg.
Solid-State Power Controller for Electrothermal Atomizers

The usefulness of electrothermal atomizers (ETA) is attested to by the recent publication of an increasing number of papers dealing with various aspects of the technique. Very high sensitivity with small sample volumes is its most noteworthy asset.
Changes in cerebral vasomotor reactivity to CO2 and autoregulation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage

Abstract Cerebral vasomotor capacitance to CO 2 and to autoregulation was measured before and after SAH. Carbon dioxide vasodilator capacitance was impaired shortly after SAH, but the vasoconstrictor response was not altered at this interval of time. Also impaired was the ability of autoregulation to compensate for a lack in perfusion pressure by vasodilatation shortly after SAH. One to 2 days after SAH, when cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure were present, all types of vasomotor responses were impaired when CO 2 capacitance and autoregulation were evaluated. Explanation for these patterns of response related to changes in cerebral metabolism, vasomotor tone, and autonomic innervation during the early and later stages of SAH are discussed. Autoregulation was studied also before and after SAH. An autoregulation index was developed in order to compare the degree of impairment in the different groups of animals with various steady state values. During the early stage of SAH, impaired autoregulation was demonstrated only when CPP was reduced; however, after 24–48 hr, autoregulation was grossly impaired for increases and decreases in CPP.
Timely data delivery in sensor networks using whirlpool

In this paper, we introduce a rotating interrogation technique for sensor networks called Whirlpool. Whirlpool provides opportunities to optimize data delivery in time-critical monitoring applications. We explore concurrency opportunities while delivering data using the whirlpool strategy and investigate several whirlpool algorithms. We also demonstrate extra benefits of using whirlpool with our algebraic optimization framework based on Data Transmission Algebra.
Fertilization stimulates long-lasting oscillations of CaMKII activity in mouse eggs.

Abstract Elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which specific proteins transduce the all important intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signal at fertilization into events of egg activation will increase our understanding of the regulation of the onset of development and the extent to which these signals can be experimentally modified. Previously, we reported data supporting the hypothesis that mouse eggs have the capability to generate oscillations of the activity of Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), regulating the cell cycle and secretion. This study directly demonstrates transient increases of enzyme activity in relatively close synchrony with Ca2+ oscillations for the first hour of fertilization in single mouse eggs monitored for both Ca2+ and CaMKII activity. The extent of the enzyme activity increase was correlated with the level of intracellular Ca2+. After a rise in activity, the decrease in activity did not appear to be due to negative feedback from elevated Ca2+ or CaMKII activity over time, since enzyme activity persisted after 8 min of elevated Ca2+ from 7% ethanol activation. The contribution of CaMKII from a single sperm to the rise in CaMKII activity at fertilization appeared to be negligible. Also, long-term cell cycle inhibition was observed in fertilized eggs with the CaMKII antagonist myrAIP (50 μM), which did not inhibit the first large Ca2+ transient or subsequent early oscillations but did reduce the percentage of eggs fertilized. Thus, mammalian eggs appear to drive many activation events over time to completion with repeated short bursts of Ca2+ oscillation-dependent CaMKII activity, rather than by a steady-state, continuously elevated level of CaMKII activity that is maintained by periodic Ca2+ oscillations.
Arthur Purdy Stout (1885-1967), a pioneer of surgical pathology: a survey of his Notes on the Education of an "Oncological" Surgical Pathologist.

Arthur Purdy Stout (1885–1967) started his medical career as a surgical intern and house surgeon at institutions that were to join the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. With virtualy no formal training in pathology and little supervision, he was given the opportunity to work in a laboratory of surgical pathology. He focused his attention on neoplasms and tumor-like conditions, and authored Human Cancer in 1932. This book was organized according to topography of lesions and set a model for the Atlas of Tumor Pathology project. In addition to his many articles and slide seminars, Stout embarked during his “postretirement” years, with the help of residents and fellows, on a systematic study of soft tissue tumors in children. In 1950, he also began his Notes on the Education of an “Oncological” Surgical Pathologist. This manuscript of 427 typewritten pages offers candid details on his development as a surgical pathologist from rather primitive and chaotic beginnings, and on the post-World War II rise of surgical pathology. Notes provides interesting glimpses of his rapidly changing world, particularly of New York, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, and other pathologists. It also portrays an individual absorbed by his work and intent on leaving behind the legacy of a pioneer in the field of surgical pathology.
Hydrodynamics in the renal tubule.

Explicit solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are presented for axially symmetric slow flow in an infinite cylinder whose walls reabsorb fluid at a rate which varies exponentially with the longitudinal coordinate. Results similar to those of a previous paper which assumed a constant rate of reabsorption are obtained. When the radius of the tube is small the solutions resemble Poiseuille flow; the longitudinal velocity profile is parabolic, and the drop in mean pressure is proportional to the mean axial flow, the length of tube between reference points, and inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius. By expressing the tubular reabsorption as a Fourier integral, solutions are obtained for the general case where the rate of reabsorption is an arbitrary function of the longitudinal coordinate.
The optimal linear combination of control variates in the presence of asymptotically negligible bias

The optimal linear combination of control variates is well known when the controls are assumed to be unbiased. We derive here the optimal linear combination of controls in the situation where asymptotically negligible bias is present. The small-sample linear control which minimizes the mean square error (MSE) is derived. When the optimal asymptotic linear control is used rather than the optimal small-sample control, the degradation in MSE is cln’, where n is the sample size and c is a known constant. This analysis is particularly relevant to the small-sample theory for control variates as applied to the steady-state estimation problem. Results for the method of multiple estimates are also given. The method of control variates has been extensively studied as a technique for obtaining variance reductions for complex simulations. The method basically requires that the practitioner be able to identify processes for which the exact or asymptotic mean is known; the knowledge of these means is then used to obtain a variance reduction. Our goal here is to study a specific aspect of the small-sample theory for control variates. Our particular interest focuses on the loss of efficiency incurred when only the asymptotic mean is known, as opposed to the true (small-sample) mean. The results obtained here have implications for the application of control variates to the steadystate estimation problem. Specifically, in many steady-state simulations, only the asymptotic means of the control variates are known; see, for example, Section 8 of Glynn and Whitt [6J in which the arrival process to a queue is used as a control. The results obtained here complement other small-sample studies on control variates (where it is assumed that the exact mean is known) in which the focus is on the degradation in performance caused by estimation of the optimal control coefficients; see, for example, Lavenberg, Moeller, and Welch [lo], Rubinstein and Marcus [12], and Venkatraman and Wilson [ 131. Our methods can also be used to study small-sample properties of the method of multiple estimates; see Section 6. Concluding remarks are stated in Section 7.
Developmental Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on 5-HT1A Receptors in Male and Female Rat Offspring

Prenatal cocaine exposure results in behavioral abnormalities throughout development in rats, but little is known regarding the biological mechanisms underlying these abnormalities. Pregnant rats received subcutaneous twice-daily injections (1 ml/kg) of normal saline or 15 mg/kg of cocaine hydrochloride throughout gestation (gestation days 1–20). Following delivery, pups were placed with untreated surrogates. Male and female pups were killed on postnatal days 30, 60 or 120 for assessment of 5-HT1A receptor development in the forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain and pons using radiolabel immunocytochemistry. Findings revealed gender and age differences in developmental regulation of 5-HT1A receptors, indicating that male rats are more susceptible to long-term consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure in comparison to females. This study also demonstrates gender-specific development of serotonin (5-HT1A) receptors across postnatal ages, demonstrating a fundamentally different pattern of development of 5-HT1A receptors between males and females.
Studies on the epimerization of 2-acetamido-2-deoxyhexoses: preparation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-[2-3H]-glucose and -mannose

Abstract Epimerization of either 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose (1) or 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -mannose (2) in basic tritium oxide gave 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -[2- 3 H]-glucose (3) and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d [2- 3 H]mannose (4) . In both cases, compound 3 was isolated in higher proportion and higher specific activity than 4 . The mechanism of the epimerization of 1 and 2 is discussed.
A unified scheme for carbon and electron flow coupled to ATP synthesis by substrate-level phosphorylation in the methanogenic bacteria

Abstract Due primarily to considerations of the nature of the electron transfer reactions which drive ATP synthesis in the methanogenic bacteria, substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) has been generally ruled out. Recent studies, however, have cast doubt on an obligatory role for a transmembrane ion gradient in coupling. In this paper, a scheme is proposed for SLP coupled to methane formation. The essential features are phosphorylation of bound C1 intermediate coupled to intermolecular electron transfer in a multifunctional protein complex containing a collection of bound C1 and electron carriers. ATP synthesis is accomplished by subsequent phosphoryl transfer. The scheme is analogous to all known mechanisms of SLP and is compatible with most of the data published to date.
Reversible 5′-end biotinylation and affinity purification of synthetic RNA

Abstract A reversible biotinylation phosphoramidite was synthesized and incorporated onto the 5′-end of an oligoribonucleotide on a solid phase synthesizer. After cleavage and deprotection, the crude synthetic oligomer mixture was incubated with NeutrAvidin® coated microspheres, and the failure sequences removed by washing with a buffer followed by treating the microspheres with tetrabutylammonium fluoride to give a high quality unmodified full-length oligoribonucleotide.
On imputing continuous data when the eventual interest pertains to ordinalized outcomes via threshold concept

Multiple imputation under the multivariate normality assumption has often been considered a workable model-based approach in dealing with incomplete continuous data. A situation where the measurements are taken on a continuous scale with an eventual interest in ordinalized versions via threshold concept is commonly encountered in applied research, especially in medical and social sciences. In practice, researchers ordinarily impute missing values for continuous outcomes under a Gaussian imputation model, and then ordinalize them via pre-specified cutoff points. An alternate strategy is creating multiply imputed data sets after ordinalization under a log-linear imputation model that uses a saturated multinomial structure. In this work, the performances of the two imputation methods were examined on a fairly broad range of simulated incomplete data sets that exhibit varying distributional characteristics such as skewness and multimodality. Behavior of efficiency and accuracy measures was investigated to determine the degree to which the procedures work appositely. The conclusion drawn is that ordinalization before carrying out a log-linear imputation should be the preferred procedure except for a few special cases. It is recommended that researchers use the less common second strategy whenever the interest centers on ordinal quantities that are obtained through underlying continuous measurements. This postulate is probably due to the transformation of non-Gaussian features into better-behaving categorical trends in this particular missing-data environment. This premise preponderates the factual argument that continuous variables intrinsically convey more information, leading to a counter-intuitive, but potentially beneficial result for practitioners.
Plant invaders, global change and landscape restoration

Modifications in land uses, technology, transportation and biogeochemical cycles currently influence the spread of organisms by reducing the barriers that once restricted their movements. We provide an overview of the spatial and temporal extent for agents of environmental change (land and disturbance transformations, biogeochemical modifications, biotic additions and losses) and highlight those that strongly influence rangeland ecosystems. Restoration may provide a mechanism for ameliorating the impacts of invasive species, but applications of restoration practices over large scales, e.g. ecoregions, will yield benefits earlier when the landscape is prioritised by criteria that identify locations where critical restoration species can grow and where success will be high. We used the Great Basin, USA as our region of interest where the invasive annual grass, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), dominates millions of hectares. A landscape-level restoration model for sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata...
Measurement of cardiac output in pregnancy by thoracic electrical bioimpedance and thermodilution. A preliminary report.

Abstract Thoracic electrical bioimpedance is a noninvasive, continuous method of obtaining cardiac output that requires no operator skill. However, the most recent thoracic electrical bioimpedance technology has not been validated in pregnancy. We therefore compared two methods of measuring cardiac output in pregnancy, thoracic electrical bioimpedance and thermodilution. We studied 11 patients who required pulmonary artery catheterization for peripartum management and measured cardiac output simultaneously by thoracic electrical bioimpedance and thermodilution. Among eight of nine patients, there was agreement (within ± 20%) between the two methods. Bivariate linear regression with these nine cases showed excellent correlation (r = 0.91, p
Formulation and optimization of the connection preemption problem

In the literature, the connection preemption policy is proposed for the resource allocation method in the prioritized multi-class networks. However, the connection preemption problem that is defined in the literature does not consider the rerouting of the preempted connections. When some connections are preempted at a connection preemption event, a part of the preempted connections will be rerouted with their own preemption priorities. Therefore, each rerouted connection setup can also trigger new connection preemption events. In this work, we propose to extend the existing connection preemption problem to include the subsequent connection preemption events (triggered by new or rerouted connections). We call the new extended problem the extended connection preemption problem. We formulate the existing connection preemption problem and the extended connection preemption problem with their decision variables and cost function. This is the first work that formulates the connection preemption problem in terms of its cost function. And we also analyze how to optimize the cost function of the extended connection preemption problem.
Gonadal hormones modulate the display of submissive behavior in socially defeated female Syrian hamsters.

There are striking differences in the behavioral response to social defeat between male and female Syrian hamsters. Whereas males exhibit a prolonged behavioral response to defeat (i.e., conditioned defeat), many females remain aggressive or show only a transient submissive response following defeat. The current study tested the hypothesis that sex steroids underlie this differential behavioral responsivity to social defeat. Female hamsters were ovariectomized and implanted with Silastic capsules containing estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), progesterone (P), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or a blank capsule (no hormone replacement). After a 3-week recovery period, each subject was placed inside the home cage of a larger, more aggressive female for four 5-min defeat trials. The following day, each animal was tested for conditioned defeat by testing it in its own home cage in the presence of a smaller, non-aggressive intruder. Submissive, aggressive, social, and nonsocial behaviors were subsequently scored. Hamsters receiving E2 or T displayed significantly lower levels of submissive behavior than did animals receiving P, DHT, or no hormone replacement. There were no significant differences in aggressive behavior among groups. These data suggest that gonadal hormones can influence submissive behavior in female hamsters. Collectively, these results suggest that the sex differences observed in conditioned defeat may, in part, be explained by sex differences in circulating gonadal hormones.
Therapeutic potential of oral tolerance

The immune system has the daunting task of distinguishing between self and non-self. The mucosal immune system, present along the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, has the additional burden of coexisting with an abundance of dietary antigens and lumenal bacterial flora. A key feature of the mucosal immune system is its ability to remain tolerant to these antigens while retaining the capacity to repel pathogens effectively. Furthermore, tolerance generated at mucosal surfaces can translate to a more generalized systemic tolerance — a characteristic of great therapeutic potential, but with many unforeseen complexities that are explored in this review.
X-Ray Structure of the Nucleosome Core Particle

Two monoclinic crystal forms (P2(1),C2) of chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes have been under study in this laboratory. The x-ray structure of the P2(1) crystal form has been solved to 15 A resolution. The B-DNA superhelix has a relatively uniform curvature, with only several local distortions observed in the superhelix. The individual histone domains have been localized and specific contacts between each histone and the DNA can be observed. Histone contacts to the inner surface of the DNA superhelix occur predominantly at the minor groove sites. Most of the histone core is contained within the inner surface of the superhelical DNA, except for part of H2A which extends between the DNA gyres near the terminus of the DNA. No part of H2A blocks the DNA terminus or would prevent a smooth exit of the DNA into the linker region. A similar extension of a portion of histone H4 between the DNA gyres occurs close to the dyad axis. Both unique nucleosomes in the P2(1) asymmetric unit demonstrate good dyad symmetry and are similar to each other throughout the histone core and DNA regions.
Cross-cultural insight and empathy among Chinese immigrants to the United States.

(1975). Cross-Cultural Insight and Empathy among Chinese Immigrants to the United States. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 96, No. 2, pp. 305-306.
Gas-phase atmospheric chemistry of 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene and 1,4-naphthoquinone

The gas-phase photolysis of 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene and the reactions of these nitroarenes with OH and NO3 radicals, N2O5 and O3 have been investigated at 298±2K and 1 atm total pressure of air. Since 1,4-naphthoquinone was observed as a photolysis product of 1-nitronaphthalene in air, its photolysis and reactions with OH and NO3 radicals, N2O5 and O3 were also studied. Using relative rate methods for the determination of rate constants for the reactions with OH radicals and NO3 radicals and/or N2O5, and rate constants of k(OH+cyclohexane) = 7.49 × 10−12cm3molecule−1 s−1 and k(NO3 + propene) = 9.4 × 1015 cm3 molecule−1s−1 and the equilibrium constant for the NO3 + NO2ahN2O5 reactions of K = 2.3 × 10−11 cm3molecule−1, the rate constants obtained for these reactions were (in cm3molecule−1s−1 units): for reaction with the OH radical; 1-nitronaphthalene, (5.4±1.8)× 10−12; 2-nitronaphthalene, (5.6±0.9)× 10−12; 1,4-naphthoquinone, (3.1±1.2) × 10−12; for reaction with the NO3 radical; 1-nitronaphthalene, ≤7.2× 10−15; 2-nitronaphthalene, ≤7.2×10−15; 1,4-naphthoquinone, <1 × 10−15; for reaction with N2O5; 1-nitronaphthalene, (1.3±0.7) × 10−18; 2-nitronaphthalene, (1.2±0.5) ×10−18; 1,4-naphthoquinone, <4×10−19; for reaction with O3; 1-nitronaphthalene, include the uncertainties in the rate constants for the reference reactions or in the eq <6×10−19; 2-nitronaphthalene, <6×10−19; 1,4-naphthoquinone, <2×10−19 (where the cited error limits do notuilibrium constant K). The photolysis reactions were investigated under blacklamp irradiation and under natural solar irradiation. With solar irradiation at an NO2 photolysis rate of JNO2 = 4.3 × 10−3s−1, the outdoor photolysis rates were (in s−1 units): 1-nitronaphthalene, (1.37±0.10) × 10−4; 2-nitronaphthalene, (1.06±0.08)× 10−41,4-naphthoquinone, ~ 9 × 10−5. These data show that under atmospheric conditions the dominant loss process of 1- and 2-nitronaphthalene and 1,4-naphthoquinone is photolysis, with calculated photolysis lifetimes of ~2 h for all three compounds. The OH radical reactions are calculated to be an order of magnitude less important than photolysis as an atmospheric loss process, with the N2O5, NO3 radical and O3 reactions being of negligible importance.
Separation, Widowhood, and Divorce

Widowhood is akin to separation or divorce. The traumas usually are difficult to overcome although, strangely enough, when the relationship between the partners is strained it is sometimes a blessing. Talking with friends, counselors, social workers, therapists and the like can alleviate the wounds and hasten recovery.
Flow of a binary mixture of linearly incompressible viscous fluids between two horizontal parallel plates

In this paper, we use the classical Mixture Theory and present exact solutions to the equations of motion for the steady flow of two linearly viscous fluids between two horizontal plates. We show that for a saturated mixture and under very special conditions, namely when the body forces are assumed negligible, the only interaction force is due to relative velocity (drag force), and if the two velocities are assumed to be related to each other in a linear fashion, then it is possible to integrate the coupled ordinary differential equations and obtain analytical expressions for the velocities and the volume fraction.
Degree relations of triangles in real-world networks and graph models

Triangles are an important building block and distinguishing feature of real-world networks, but their structure is still poorly understood. Despite numerous reports on the abundance of triangles, there is very little information on what these triangles look like. We initiate the study of degree-labeled triangles, - specifically, degree homogeneity versus heterogeneity in triangles. This yields new insight into the structure of real-world graphs. We observe that networks coming from social and collaborative situations are dominated by homogeneous triangles, i.e., degrees of vertices in a triangle are quite similar to each other. On the other hand, information networks (e.g., web graphs) are dominated by heterogeneous triangles, i.e., the degrees in triangles are quite disparate. Surprisingly, nodes within the top 1% of degrees participate in the vast majority of triangles in heterogeneous graphs. We investigate whether current graph models reproduce the types of triangles that are observed in real data and observe that most models fail to accurately capture these salient features.
Characterization of Carbohydrate Fermentation in Feces of Formula-Fed and Breast-Fed Infants

ABSTRACT: We wished to characterize the carbohydrate fermentation by intestinal flora in formula-fed infants and in breast-fed infants. We also wished to compare the carbohydrate fermentation process in the two groups to determine whether differences that existed between groups could help explain the observation that breast-fed infants usually have milder forms of acute gastroenteritis. We performed in vitro incubations of fecal samples from nine formula-fed and 14 breast-fed infants and examined the samples for fermentation characteristics, the effect of acid pH on bacterial fermentation, and changes in carbohydrate fermentation in relation to the age of the infant. Fecal samples were incubated, with and without the addition of lactose, at a pH of 6.8 and at a pH of 5.5. Volatile fatty acids and carbohydrates were determined in the incubates. The addition of lactose to the incubate at pH 6.8 resulted in significantly increased volatile fatty acid production and larger amounts of lactose, glucose, and galactose compared with the values observed in 1-h incubates to which no lactose was added. At pH 5.5, volatile fatty acid production was significantly lower in both groups compared with that at pH 6.8, and the accumulation of monosaccharides in the incubate of feces of formula-fed infants increased significantly (p < 0.05). In contrast, in stools from breast-fed infants, incubation at pH 5.5 resulted in a greater proportion of saccharides as lactose, i.e. a decrease in the amount of lactose hydrolyzed (p < 0.01), accompanied by a nonsignificant increase in the amount of hexose. The decrease in lactose hydrolysis in breast-fed infants results in a lower luminal osmolar load, which may provide a partial explanation for the fact that acute gastroenteritis is milder in this population.
An operational method to model carrier degeneracy and band gap narrowing

Abstract In this paper an operational method of modeling heavily doped silicon to include effects of carrier degeneracy and band gap narrowing is presented. The issue of carier degeneracy on majority carrier flow is discussed together with the question of the ambiguity in the electrostatic potential associated with identifying which band edge is narrowed. Using an exact numerical analysis of a bipolar transistor as an example it is shown that when modeling carrier flow in quasi-neutral regions, classical statistics can be used for the majority carrier and the ambiguity in the electrostatic potential can be ignored. Overall, it is shown that for the same quasi-neutral heavily doped regions the effects of carrier degeneracy and band gap narrowing are accurately modeled within the context of classical statistics by adding the quasi field term to the minority carrier transport equation that is based on the commonly used “band gap narrowing” data available from measurements of minority carrier transport in heavily doped regions. While it is recognized that this is not rigorously correct the result of this paper is to establish the accuracy for the operational method most commonly used to model heavy doping effects.
A statistical study of the properties of interplanetary coronal mass ejections from 0.3 to 5.4 AU

Abstract We make a comprehensive survey of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) observed by the Helios 1 and 2, Ulysses, WIND and ACE spacecraft, which together cover heliocentric distances from 0.3 to 5.4 AU. The signatures used to identify ICMEs are enhanced helium abundances and depressed proton temperatures. We use the ICME list to study the radial evolution of ICMEs in a statistical sense. We find that ICMEs expand during propagation in the solar wind; the radial width increases as R 0.92 . Most ICMEs (10 out of 13) observed at Ulysses from 5.15 to 5.4 AU seem to be co-moving with the solar wind. The density and magnetic field magnitude decrease faster with distance than the ambient solar wind, as expected for an expanding feature. The temperature, in contrast, decreases more slowly inside ICMEs than in the ambient solar wind, so the plasma in the ICMEs must be heated. The expansion behaves more like an isothermal than adiabatic process, with a polytropic index of γ ∼ 1.15 . This index is constant over distance and solar cycle, and is unchanged when the electron pressure and the magnetic pressure are included. The polytropic index for ICME electrons is less than unity ( γ e ∼ 0.73 ), inconsistent with their decreasing temperature observed by Ulysses. The occurrence rate of ICMEs at 1 AU approximately tracks the sunspot numbers and the CMEs observed by LASCO, with a temporary reduction between 1998 and 1999. The radial width of near-Earth ICMEs has a solar cycle dependence, with a mean radial width of 0.34 AU.
Holocaust-Denial Literature in Public Libraries: An Investigation of Public Librarians' Attitudes Regarding Acquisition and Access.

This study was undertaken to learn about public librarians' attitudes and opinions concerning the sometimes conflicting issues of intellectual freedom, collection balance, and controversial materials. The investigation focused on Holocaust-denial literature, a body of work which tries to dispute or deny outright the historical reality of the Holocaust. The results, while ambiguous in some areas, indicate that librarians are more open to Holocaust-revisionist literature than had been predicted and, regardless of outside pressures, would acquire and provide ready access to this material in their libraries.
Metal-metal epitaxy on silicon near room temperature: rhodium and iridium

Abstract Rhodium and iridium films with controlled orientations have been grown at room temperature using the technique of metal-metal epitaxy on silicon (MMES) developed recently, Cu films, epitaxially deposited on Si(100) and Si(111), are used as seed layers for the deposition of Rh and Ir films. The (100) and (111) films of Rh and Ir thus grown allow in situ surface studies with extensive preparation procedures. The same technique has allowed the growth of a number of other metals with controlled orientations, including (100) films of both face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic metals.
Structural predictors of problematic friendship in later life

The purpose of this study was to examine the constraining and facilitating effects of social structural position (age, sex, race, class, financial sufficiency, and number of friends) on opportunities for friendship. We hypothesized that the greater the number of people who share a given social structural location and the more access they have to situations where it is possible to meet new people, the less likely they are to have problematic friendships. The sample comprised 53 male and female community residents aged 55 to 84 years who enjoyed fairly good health. Logistic and multiple regression procedures revealed outcomes opposite to our predictions: those who were supposedly more social structurally advantaged actually reported greater numbers of problematic friendships. Potential interpretations include the possibility that these people are more critical than others of their friend relationships or more willing to acknowledge problems, that the norms regarding commitment to friends are weaker among these individuals, or that they learn to acquire friends but not to avoid and solve problems in their relationships. Apparently, people with more friends are not more likely than others to terminate problematic friendships or to redefine them as mere associations.
Supplementation with Vitamin B12 and Amino Acids of Chick Diets Containing Soybean or Cottonseed Meal

Abstract NUTRITIONISTS have made numerous attempts to devise adequate poultry rations by the use of vegetable products as the sole source of protein. Many studies have been conducted with diets based chiefly on corn and soybean oil meal. The work of Bird and Mattingly (1945), Clandinin et al. (1946), Gerry et al. (1948), and Milligan et al. (1951) has demonstrated that such diets are deficient in methionine. In the report of Briggs et al. (1950), evidence of growth stimulation in normal chicks by vitamin B12 concentrates and crystalline vitamin B12 was presented. The basal diet consisted primarily of corn and soybean oil meal. Their paper included a review of the literature concerning the effect of vitamin B12 supplements in chick diets. Fewer studies have been conducted with cottonseed meal as a protein supplement in all-vegetable rations. Grau (1946) reported that when cottonseed meal was the sole source of protein, such diets . . .
Sexual dimorphism inDryopithecus africanus

Among the numerous specimens presently classified withinDryopithecus africanus only one can be identified as a male of this species. Poor sampling is not the reason for the unequal numbers of male and female specimens. Rather, the males have been classified elsewhere, specifically withinDryopithecus nyanzae and “Kenyapithecus africanus.” The specimens to be transferred from these two taxa are proved to be males ofD. africanus. The newly transferred males are compared with the females to show the cranial dimorphism of the species.
Abstract 3872: A lineage-selective transcriptional pathway linking lung differentiation and cancer metastasis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This poor prognosis is due to the rapid metastatic progression of this disease, yet the mechanisms that govern lung cancer dissemination and colonization are unclear. Through an integrated approach, we identified an alveolar cell-selective gene signature that stratifies lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) into molecular subtypes of distinct prognosis and differentiation states. This transcriptional program is regulated in part by the cell fate transcription factors, GATA6 and HOPX, which are normally required for proper alveolar differentiation. In an experimental model, suppression of GATA6 and HOPX cooperatively enhances metastatic competence of lung ADC cells. Whole genome RNA sequencing reveals that this transcriptional network can modulate specific target genes and pathways involved in airway epithelial differentiation and invasion. Our findings identify a novel cell lineage molecular program whose perturbation enhances lung cancer metastasis. Citation Format: William K.C. Cheung, Minghui Zhao, Zongzhi Liu, Paul D. Cao, Laura E. Stevens, Thomas F. Westbrook, Don X. Nguyen. A lineage-selective transcriptional pathway linking lung differentiation and cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3872. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3872
Estimation of the Reliability of Differences Under Revised Reliabilities of Component Scores

Projecting the changes in the reliability of a difference score (d =× - Y) as a consequence of changes in the reliabilities of Xand Y does not represent a straightforward application of the Spearman-Brown formula. Formulas are developed for estimating the changes in the reliability of X-Yunder two possible assumptions: (a) ×and Y have equal variances both before and after their reliabilities are altered, and (b) ×and Y have unequal variances before and after×and Y are modified. The second of these situations, which includes the first as a special case, is probably the more common.
Letter and configuration information in word identification

Subjects learned meanings for 16 invented words (e.g., BARDREL) and practiced categorizing each word on the basis of its meaning. During learning and practice, each word appeared consistently in either script or uppercase type. Subsequently subjects categorized both versions of each word (BARDREL and Bardrel) on the basis of meaning. On the first exposure to each word during the test phase, categorization times were about 50 msec slower for unfamiliar versions. The difference diminished rapidly, disappearing after two to six presentations of the previously unfamiliar versions, depending on prior practice. Training transferred better from uppercase to script than from script to uppercase. The results suggest that subjects relied on configuration information, especially for script words, as well as letter identity information.
Doppler evidence of subclavian steal in neonates with interrupted aortic arch using transthoracic echocardiography.

Since the initial description by Massumi in 1963, there have been numerous case reports describing the congenital form of the “subclavian steal syndrome.” Infants with interrupted aortic arch (IAA) and a subclavian artery distal to the site of interruption have the anatomic set up for retrograde flow, or “steal,” in the vertebral and subclavian arteries distal to the interruption. Although subclavian steal has been demonstrated using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, transthoracic echocardiography has not been routinely used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of transthoracic echocardiography in detecting subclavian steal in neonates with IAA.
Survival after bilateral breast cancer: results from a population-based study

Background Controversy exists on the impact of bilaterality of breast cancer on survival. We used population-based data to compare survival of women with unilateral versus bilateral breast cancer.
Health locus of control, humor, and reduction in aggression.

Humor appreciation has been posited to provide a socially acceptable method to release hostility and experience a positive mood state. Research into this relationship has produced equivocal results. The present study examined the proposition that previous inconsistencies were based on no assessment of Health Locus of Control. Differentiated as internal and external scorers on the health scale, 144 college women experienced either an induction of arousal of aggression or a neutral nonarousing procedure. They were presented three stimulus conditions, neutral humor, aggressive humor, or nonhumorous material, and then assessed for mood state. Scores on the Health Locus of Control were significant showing effective use of humor to reduce anger. Internal scorers on the health scale registered, when angered, most enjoyment of aggressive humor. Health Locus of Control appears a significant factor in college women's capacity to use humor for mood regulation.