cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New findings: Depression, suicide, and Toxoplasma gondii infection

PURPOSE: This article provides an overview of the evidence of a potential pathophysiological relationship between depression, suicide, and the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection. It discusses the role of inflammatory processes in depressive illness and the infection theory of psychiatric disease. It also provides guidelines for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of depression for nurse practitioners (NPs). DATA SOURCE: A narrative review was conducted of the literature from PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. References of identified articles were also reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositivity of the obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, T. gondii is related to various mental health disorders including schizophrenia, suicide attempt, depression, and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Depressive symptoms have been linked to interferon-γ (IFN-γ) blocking T. gondii growth by inducing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activation and tryptophan depletion, which results in a decrease of serotonin production in the brain. Although exposure to T. gondii was considered unlikely to reactivate in immune-competent individuals, new findings report that this reactivation may be triggered by immune imbalance. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: NPs caring for patients with psychiatric illness need to understand the potential mechanisms associated with depression and the T. gondii infection in order to provide effective screening, treatment, and disease prevention. Language: en
Impact jetting of water ice, with application to the accretion of icy planetesimals and Pluto

Jetting can occur during oblique impacts of water-ice bodies at relative velocities as low as 500 m/sec, because of the low Hugoniot elastic limit and high compressibility of ice compared to rock. In jetted ice, incipient melting, complete melting, and incipient vaporization occur, upon release to low pressure, at impact velocities of 1.3, 2.0, and 2.7 km/sec, respectively, much less than the 3.4, 4.4, and 5.3 km/sec, required in head-on collisions. Uncertainties in the shock equation-of-state may allow complete melting during jetting of relative velocities as low as 1.2 km/sec. Because jet speeds exceed impact speeds during the accretion of icy bodies greater than a few 100 km in radius, there may be a significant loss of icy material. Thus, jetting during a Charon-forming collision (and not vaporization) may account for Pluto-Charon's relatively large rock/ice ratio, should the C/O ratio of the solar nebula turn out to be too low to sufficiently raise the rock/ice ratio of outer solar nebula condensates by formation of noncondensable CO.
A quantitative, theoretical framework for understanding mammalian sleep.

Sleep is one of the most noticeable and widespread phenomena occurring in multicellular animals. Nevertheless, no consensus for a theory of its origins has emerged. In particular, no explicit, quantitative theory exists that elucidates or distinguishes between the myriad hypotheses proposed for sleep. Here, we develop a general, quantitative theory for mammalian sleep that relates many of its fundamental parameters to metabolic rate and body size. Several mechanisms suggested for the function of sleep can be placed in this framework, e.g., cellular repair of damage caused by metabolic processes as well as cortical reorganization to process sensory input. Our theory leads to predictions for sleep time, sleep cycle time, and rapid eye movement time as functions of body and brain mass, and it explains, for example, why mice sleep ≈14 hours per day relative to the 3.5 hours per day that elephants sleep. Data for 96 species of mammals, spanning six orders of magnitude in body size, are consistent with these predictions and provide strong evidence that time scales for sleep are set by the brain's, not the whole-body, metabolic rate.
12-( 9-ANTHROYL)-STEARIC ACID AND ATEBRIN AS FLUORESCENCE PROBES FOR ENERGETIC STATES OF CHLOROPLASTS

Ever since the introduction of the chemiosmotic hypothesis [l] for the coupling of phosphorylation to electron flow, the role of the two major components (pH gradient, ApH, and membrane potential, a$) of the total electrochemical energy gradient utilized for ATP synthesis has been actively investigated in several systems [2-91. The importance of both the proton gradient [6,7] and the membrane potential [8,9] aspects of the total proton motive force has been demonstrated in chloroplast systems. In this report, a comparison of the effects of antibiotics (valinomycin, gramicidin, nigericin) on the light and dark responses of the fluorescence probes 12(9-anthroyl) stearate (AS) and atebrin illustrates their potential usefulness in the investigation of the relation of the membrane potential to the energy conservation mechanism. It is believed that these probes may provide valuable information regarding an energetic membrane state involved in the coupling of phosphorylation to photosynthetic electron flow, including any participating membrane conformational changes. The experiments reported in this paper demonstrate a light-indticed, phenazine methylsulfate (PMS) catalyzed, biphasic increase in AS fluorescence inhibited by uncouplers of phosphorylation e.g. NH4 Cl and suppressed by phosphorylating conditions (ADP, Pi, Mg’+). Valinomycin (in the presence of K+) in the dark produced a diffusion-potential-induced stimulation of AS fluorescence which may be correlated to a stimulation of ATP synthesis by a membrane potential [9]. The effect of valinomycin on the light response of the 186 fluorescence probe atebrin, reported here, which monitors some function of the ‘energized state’ in chloroplasts [lo- 131, could also be correlated with the effects of valinomycin on AS fluorescence. Thus, the fluorescent probe, AS, used here for the first time with chloroplasts, is suggested to report an ‘energy state’ of the thylakoid membrane.
Mathematical Model of Cryospheric Response to Climate Changes

AbstractThis paper focuses on the development of simplified mathematical models of the cryosphere which may be useful in further understanding possible global climate change impacts and in further assessing future impacts captured by global circulation models (GCMs). The mathematical models developed by leveraging the dominating effects of freezing and thawing within the cryosphere to simplify the relevant heat transport equations are tractable to direct solution or numerical modeling. In this paper, the heat forcing function is assumed to be a linear transformation of temperature (assumed to be represented by proxy realizations). The output from the governing mathematical model is total ice volume of the cryosphere. The basic mathematical model provides information as a systems modeling approach that includes sufficient detail to explain ice volume given the estimation of the heat forcing function. A comparison between modeling results in the estimation of ice volume versus ice volume estimates developed...
Commentary: Outcomes of Carpal Tunnel Surgery With and Without Supervised Postoperative Therapy

w s e s T n this randomized, controlled clinical trial (RCT), the uthors showed that postoperative therapy does not nhance outcomes of surgery for carpal tunnel synrome. Biases were minimized as much as possible in his level I evidence study. RCTs have received increasng attention and interest in the field of surgery. The andom allocation of treatments eliminates selection ias and obviates the need for the extensive amount of tatistical adjustment that is necessary to control for nown confounders. In addition, with a sufficiently arge sample size, unknown confounders should be alanced between the two treatment groups. If there is ny treatment difference, it will be due to the treatment ffect and not be influenced by other factors. Because RCT study design yields the highest level of vidence, the American Society for Surgery of the and has convened the Clinical Trial and Outcomes ommittee (CTOC) to organize RCTs to answer imortant questions in hand surgery and to advance the cience of this specialty. The charge of this committee s to assist the membership in participating in multienter clinical trials, which will generate data with high evels of evidence to guide treatments. Using the Delphi ethod, members of this committee will plan pilot tudies with input from the membership and through a ystematic approach, propose large-scale RCTs to fedral agencies for funding purposes. This committee ay assist interested members with research project lanning and can guide participants of the sponsored linical trials in navigating through the complex instiutional review board requirements. Similar initiatives ave been successful in other specialties, particularly he American College of Surgeons with their trauma nd cancer trials and in the orthopaedic trauma organiations in studying knee and shoulder reconstructive rocedures. Hand surgery desperately needs these types of tudies. A recent audit of 17 years of outcomes esearch in this field revealed a paucity of clinical c
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING IN HOME SETTINGS

A four-phase study was conducted in the homes of 4 young children who displayed aberrant behavior. Phases 1 and 2 consisted of a series of descriptive and experimental analyses to identify the environmental antecedents and consequences that controlled aberrant behavior. Phases 3 and 4 evaluated the short- and long-term effects of treatment on aberrant behavior, target mands, and collateral (social and toy play) behaviors. The effects of treatment were monitored for up to 27 months to assess long-term suppression of aberrant behavior. The assessment results successfully identified environmental events that occasioned and maintained aberrant behavior for all children. The short-term treatment resulted in immediate decreases in aberrant behavior for 3 of 4 children. Long-term treatment was successful for all children and was correlated with substantial response generalization. These results are interpreted in relation to functional equivalence, pivotal responding, and response generalization.
Thermal Decomposition Of Hydroxylamine Nitrate

used hydroxylamine nitrate decomposes within a few minutes in the temperature range 130-140°C. Added ammonium ion is converted to N2, while hydrazinium ion is converted to HN3. Nitrous acid is an intermediate and its formation is rate-determining. A hygride transfer process is postulated. The reaction pathways have been elucidated by use of N tracers.
Anechoic chamber design using ray tracing and theory of images

A ray-tracing technique which was used to help find the best possible anechoic chamber design in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 300 MHz is discussed. The electromagnetic fields due to a source inside the chamber are calculated. The scattered field is compared to the free space field to calculate the performance of the anechoic chamber in free space. The chamber is modeled as a rectangular cavity having walls made of lossy dielectric material. An electric dipole is used as a real model for actual currents on metallic surfaces. Fresnel reflection analysis is made with the electric field resolved into its components. The directions at which rays will leave the source are calculated using the theory of images. A numerical example of the technique is given. >
Troubleshooting and Artifacts in Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Although polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) methods have been used extensively over the past two decades and the use of two-dimensional electrophoresis systems are becoming increasingly popular, the data generated by these techniques are frequently far from optimal. Not only are numerous problems associated with this technology that are frustrating and discouraging to students and technicians as well as to investigators just starting this methodology, but the data that are eventually published are frequently not interpretable or reproducible in other laboratories. Most of these technical difficulties can now be overcome if the nature of the problems encountered is understood. Some of these problems were previously addressed (VanBlerkom, 1978; Bravo, 1984). The problems discussed in this text are those that students and technicians have commonly encountered in my laboratory over the past few years.
Movement between wild and cultivated blueberry by two species of sharpnosed leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North Carolina

Field-collected Scaphytopius spp. adults were marked with fluorescent pigment, released in a cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) field and an adjacent wooded site in Bladen Lakes State Forest, NC, and recaptured on yellow sticky traps. Of those S. magdalensis (Provancher) released in the wooded site, 17.3, 27.1 and 43.7% were recaptured in the wooded area during generations I-III, respectively. Of those S. magdalensis released in the cultivated field, recapture in the same field was 11.5 and 27.9% during the first two generations, but only 1.5% at the beginning of the 3rd generation. Adults apparently moved out of the wild habitat during the 1st generation and out of cultivated fields during the 3rd. This movement pattern was not found in S. verecundus (Van Duzee). First-generation S. magdalensis should be controlled during their flight into cultivated fields.
Polarization-Independent Two-Channel MUX/DEMUX Using a Photorefractive Lithium Niobate Crystal

We present the design and construction of a two-channel MUX/DEMUX at 1310 nm with a channel spacing of 0.8 nm, using a photorefractive LiNbO3: Fe crystal. To achieve polarization independence, four holographic gratings are superimposed in the crystal, two per wavelength, in order to satisfy the Bragg condition for both polarization-modes of the birefringent LiNbOs. Theoretical studies investigating the feasibility of matched diffraction efficiencies for each polarization component are presented. The gratings are written in transmission geometry with the 514 nm line of an Argon-ion laser; the infrared readout is carried out in reflection geometry. Thermal fixing is used to achieve non-destructive readout, and the results of several modified fixing procedures are compared. Preliminary experimental results with a HeNe readout beam in transmission geometry are discussed. Fixed diffraction efficiencies of about 50% per channel for the superposition of 4 gratings in a 0.05 wt.% iron-doped LiNbO3 crystal are achieved. We describe similar experiments in a 0.1 wt.% iron-doped LiNbO3 and a BaTiO3 crystal for comparison purposes. An active phase stabilization setup is incorporated in order to stabilize the interference pattern during the writing process.
Appropriate or Inappropriate Practice: Exercise as Punishment in Physical Education Class.

There is an expectation that physical educators will provide games, activities, and interactions that will positively affect student attitudes toward being physically active throughout their lives. Unfortunately, certain pedagogical practices have been employed in physical education (PE) classes that negatively affect attitudes toward physical activity. Of those practices, incorporating student exercise as punishment (EAP) was the focus of this investigation. The purpose of this study was to explore individuals’ (i.e., former students in PE) perspectives regarding their experiences of EAP. Findings suggest the use of EAP negatively affected the classroom environment as well as perceptions toward physical educators. Former PE students reported EAP did not teach valuable life lessons, with running and push-ups identified as the most common methods that physical educators used to punish students. Results of this study reveal that EAP may not be an appropriate practice and that physical educators should identify other methods of classroom management to create a more positive learning environment.
Economic Biases in Representation: Using New Data to Shed Light on How Wealth Aects Access to Political Representation

While recent research has advanced our understanding of the relationship between wealth and representation, this work has been hampered by limitations in existing data sources. To date, research on economic biases in representation has depended almost exclusively on cross-sectional survey data. These data suffer from a number of limitations - especially very small samples of wealthy individuals and very coarse measures of wealth - that preclude investigation of whether truly wealthy persons (as opposed to the merely well-to-do) enjoy disproportionate political influence. More important, these data are not well-positioned to determine whether individual wealth has a causal influence on political representation. Because survey-based studies lack control over the key variable in the analysis - individual wealth - the observed link between wealth and representation remains tentative.This paper advances our understanding of the relationship between economic inequality and political representation in several ways, drawing on a new dataset provided by Catalist, a political data vendor that sells detailed registration and micro-targeting information to the Democratic Party, unions, and progressive interest groups. First, and consistent with previous studies, our research demonstrates that wealth is related to representation. Second, and more important, we provide the first evidence for a causal influence of wealth on representation. We show that individuals who make large up-ward (downward) moves in their districts' wealth distributions as a result of redistricting receive much more (less) representation from their legislators than do those whose positions in district wealth distributions do not change.
Frequency composition in naval communication transmitters

The demand for improvement in Naval transmitters during the early stages of the war led to the adoption of a frequency-composition system for the control of frequency. The system here described provides complete flexibility of the generated frequency with a stability of the same order as that of direct crystal control, and has many incidental advantages. The most important of these is the possibility of accurate and direct frequency calibration. The main disadvantage lies in the production of unwanted frequencies that are not harmonically related to the required frequency. A full treatment of the mechanism of generation of these frequencies, and of methods by which they can be reduced, is given. The application of the system to certain standard Naval equipment is also described.
An Implantable Wireless Interstitial Pressure Sensor With Integrated Guyton Chamber: in vivo Study in Solid Tumors

A wireless implantable interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) sensor with an integrated Guyton chamber is presented. This implantable device enables noninvasive and continuous measurements of IFP. The Guyton chamber allows for an accurate measurement of IFP without the interference from various cellular/tissue components. The sensor consists of a coil, an air chamber, a silicone membrane embedded with a nickel plate, and a Guyton chamber. The fabricated device is 3 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness. The sensor shows a linear response to the pressure with a sensitivity of 60 kHz/mmHg and a resolution of 1 mmHg. Experiments in human prostate cancer tumors grown in mice confirm the sensor's capability to operate in vivo and provide continuous wireless measurement of IFP, a surrogate parameter indicating the “window of opportunity” for delivering chemo- and radio-therapeutic agents.
Late results after Starr-Edwards valve replacement in children

Selection of types of prosthetic heart valves for children remains controversial. The case histories of 50 children surviving valve replacement with Starr-Edwards prostheses between 1963 and 1978 were reviewed to evaluate the long-term performance of mechanical valves. The 31 boys and 19 girls ranged from 6 months to 18 years in age (mean 10.4 years); 19 patients had had aortic valve replacement, 24 patients had had mitral valve replacement, and one patient had had both. Among the six patients who had had tricuspid valve replacement, four had corrected transposition, so that the tricuspid valve was the systemic atrioventricular valve. Mean (± standard deviation) follow-up interval was 7.9 ± 4.9 years (maximum 17 years). For all patients, the 5 year survival rate was 86% ± 6%. At 10 years postoperatively, the survival rate (± standard error) was 90% ± 7% after aortic valve replacement and 76% ± 8% after systemic atrioventricular valve replacement. At follow-up, 39 patients were alive, and 38 were in New York Heart Association Class I or II. Of the 11 deaths, four were valve-related. Seven patients had major (requiring hospitalization) thromboembolic events, and five patients had minor transient neurological symptoms suggesting thromboembolism; 50% of these patients were not taking warfarin (Coumadin) at the time of the thromboembolic event. The incidence of late (>30 days) thromboembolism was 5.3 per 100 patient-years after aortic and 2.0 per 100 patient-years after systemic atrioventricular valve replacement. At 10 years postoperatively, 66% ± 15% of patients who had had aortic valve replacement and 91% ± 6% of those who had had systemic atrioventricular valve replacement were free of thromboembolism. The excellent long-term survival, absence of mechanical failure, and relatively low rate of thromboembolism with this prosthesis contrast with our experience with biological valves, in which 41 % of children required reoperation in 5 years. Currently, mechanical valves, such as the Starr-Edwards prostheses, are our preferred valves for pediatric patients.
Made-by-measure

To date, precision medicine efforts have relied on bulk genetic or epigenetic profiling of a tumor, masking differences between individual cancer cells that can drive drug resistance and relapse. Sequencing those same cells independently, rather than en masse, could reveal the various malignant cell
Randomized controlled trial of concurrent hepatitis A and B vaccination.

Hepatitis A and B viruses are threats to deployed military forces. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of concurrent vaccination against hepatitis A and B viruses. One hundred five healthy persons, 20 to 49 years of age and without serologic markers to hepatitis A or B viruses, were randomized to receive an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (HEP A; 25 units in 0.5 mL), recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HEP B; 10 micrograms in 1.0 mL), or both (HEP A & B) concurrently in separate arms. Vaccines were administered intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Sera obtained at 1, 2, 6, 7, and 12 months after the first dose were tested for quantitative antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Local reactions (e.g., pain) were reported by less than half of the volunteers and were similar at the site of HEP A, whether given alone or concurrently. However, more persons complained of pain (usually mild) at the HEP B site when HEP B was given concurrently with HEP A compared with HEP B alone (43% vs. 15%, 34% vs. 9%, and 42% vs. 15% for doses 1, 2, and 3, respectively; p or = 10 mIU/mL anti-HAV was 83% in both groups 1 month after dose 1 and 100% at months 2, 7, and 12. The geometric mean concentrations of anti-HAV increased from 21 mIU/mL at month 1 to 2,649 and 2,312 mIU/mL in the HEP A and HEP A & B groups, respectively, at month 7. The response to HEP B was similar whether administered alone or concurrently. Antibody responses were similar in those receiving HEP A or HEP B concurrently or alone, but more subjects reported pain (usually mild) at the HEP B site after concurrent vaccination than after HEP B alone. Further work should be conducted to approve HEP A for patients younger than 2 years of age and to develop combined HEP A and HEP B vaccines in the United States.
Human Cytomegalovirus nuclear egress and secondary envelopment are negatively affected in the absence of cellular p53

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is compromised in cells lacking p53, a transcription factor that mediates cellular stress responses. In this study we have investigated compromised functional virion production in cells with p53 knocked out (p53KOs). Infectious center assays found most p53KOs released functional virions. Analysis of electron micrographs revealed modestly decreased capsid production in infected p53KOs compared to wt. Substantially fewer p53KOs displayed HCMV-induced infoldings of the inner nuclear membrane (IINMs). In p53KOs, fewer capsids were found in IINMs and in the cytoplasm. The deficit in virus-induced membrane remodeling within the nucleus of p53KOs was mirrored in the cytoplasm, with a disproportionately smaller number of capsids re-enveloped. Reintroduction of p53 substantially recovered these deficits. Overall, the absence of p53 contributed to inhibition of the formation and function of IINMs and re-envelopment of the reduced number of capsids able to reach the cytoplasm.
Double-Bundle and Single-Bundle ACL Reconstruction Techniques Did Not Differ in Terms of Clinical Outcomes at 2 or 5 Years.

Sasaki S, Tsuda E, Hiraga Y, Yamamoto Y, Maeda S, Sasaki E, Ishibashi Y. Prospective randomized study of objective and subjective clinical results between double-bundle and single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Apr;44(4):855-64. ### Question: What is the relative effectiveness of double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with hamstring tendon graft (DB-HT) and rectangular-tunnel single-bundle ACL reconstruction with patellar tendon graft (RTSB-PT) at 2 years? ### Design: Randomized (unclear allocation concealment), unblinded, controlled trial with a mean of 3.2 years of follow-up. ### Setting: 1 clinical center at Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan. ### Patients: 150 patients (mean age, 26 years; 58% women) who needed ACL reconstruction. Exclusion criteria were skeletal immaturity with an open physis of the femur or tibia, bilateral ACL injury or multiple knee ligament injury, revision ACL surgery, knee osteoarthritis, knee surgery with high tibial osteotomy or medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, or failure to complete the study questionnaire. 91% of patients completed follow-up. ### Intervention: DB-HT (n = 76) or RTSB-PT (n = 74). For the DB-HT technique, the semitendinosus tendon was used in 94% of patients. The graft was split and used for the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB). The femoral and tibial tunnel positions were created according to accepted anatomical guidelines. The femoral tunnel for the AMB was made with use of either a transtibial or outside-in technique. Fixation on the femur and tibia was done with a cortical-button suspension technique. For the RTSB-PT technique, the bone blocks of the bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts …
Childhood exposure to emotional abuse and later life stress among Kenyan women: a mediation analysis of cross-sectional data.

ABSTRACTBackground and objective: We explore whether perceived stress among Kenyan mothers is predicted by childhood exposure to emotional abuse – both witnessed among parents and experienced directly. Further, we explore whether this association is mediated by social support, family functioning and polygynous marriage.Design: We used cross-sectional data from a systematic random sample (n = 1974) of mothers in semi-rural Kenya.Methods: Data were collected using validated scales and trained interviewers. Analyses were conducted using bootstrapped structural equation models and fixed-effects linear regression models, controlling for age and household wealth.Results: Reported experience of emotional abuse – both directly experienced and observed among household adults – was high in the present population (72.5% and 69%, respectively). Perceived stress among women was significantly higher if they were exposed to more emotional abuse during childhood (p < .001). Lower social support, worse family functioning ...
Hardware-Software Codesign of Wireless Transceivers on Zynq Heterogeneous Systems

Recently, wireless technology has seen many new devices, protocols, and applications. As standards adapt to keep pace with hardware availability and user needs, the trend points towards systems that achieve high data rates with low energy consumption. Moreover, there is an emerging vision of a transceiver architecture that can adapt to multiple protocols, existing and evolving. This architecture maps computation to underlying heterogeneous computing elements, composed of processors and field programmable gate array (FPGA) fabric. Here, we introduce a method for modeling a generic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless transceiver on the Zynq system-on-chip by decomposing the standard specifications into a set of functional blocks used in multiple protocols. Implementing the 802.11a physical (PHY) layer as an example, our approach creates Simulink model variants for both transmitter and receiver, each with a different boundary between hardware and software components. We use these models to generate hardware description language (HDL) code and bitstream for the programmable logic and C code with an executable for the advanced RISC machine (ARM) processor. We validate, profile, and analyze the models using metrics including frame time, resource utilization, and energy consumption. Our results demonstrate how to select a co-design configuration considering execution time and energy, and show how our platform can be reused for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and protocol coexistence.
Length-dependent intracellular bundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes influences retention

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are increasingly being investigated for biomedical imaging, sensing, and drug delivery. Cell types, cellular entry mechanisms, and SWCNT lengths dictate SWCNT uptake, subsequent intracellular trafficking, and retention. Specialized immune cells known as macrophages are capable of two size-dependent entry mechanisms: endocytosis of small particles (diameter 500 nm). In comparison, fibroblasts uptake particles predominantly through endocytosis. We report dependence of cellular processing including uptake, subcellular distribution, and retention on the SWCNT length and immune cell-specific processes. We chose SWCNTs of three different average lengths: 50 nm (ultrashort, US), 150 nm (short) and 500 nm (long) to encompass two different entry mechanisms, and noncovalently dispersed them in water, cell culture media, and phosphate buffer (pH 5) with bovine serum albumin, which maintains the SWCNT optical properties and promotes their cellular uptake. Using confocal Raman imaging and spectroscopy, we quantified cellular uptake, tracked the intracellular dispersion state (i.e., individualized versus bundled), and monitored recovery as a function of SWCNT lengths in macrophages. Cellular uptake of SWCNTs increases with decreasing SWCNT length. Interestingly, short-SWCNTs become highly bundled in concentrated phase dense regions of macrophages after uptake and most of these SWCNTs are retained for at least 24 h. On the other hand, both US- and long-SWCNTs remain largely individualized after uptake into macrophages and are lost over a similar elapsed time. After uptake into fibroblasts, however, short-SWCNTs remain individualized and are exocytosed over 24 h. We hypothesize that aggregation of SWCNTs within macrophages but not fibroblasts may facilitate the retention of SWCNTs within the former cell type. Furthermore, the differential length-dependent cellular processing suggests potential applications of macrophages as live cell carriers of SWCNTs into tumors and regions of inflammation for therapy and imaging.
Poster: Application-Layer Optimization of Performance vs Energy in Mobile Network I/O

The number of smartphone users globally has already exceeded 2 Billion, and this number is expected to reach 3 Billion by 2020 [2]. It is also estimated that smartphone mobile data traffic (cellular + WiFi) will reach 370 Exabytes per year by that time, exceeding PC Internet traffic the first time in the history [4]. An average smartphone consumes between 300 -- 1200 milliwatts power [1] depending on the type of applications it is running, and most of the energy in smartphone applications is spent for networked I/O. During an active data transfer, the cellular (i.e., GSM) and WiFi components of a smartphone consume more power than its CPU, RAM, and even LCD+graphics card at the highest brightness level [3,1]. Although the mobile data traffic and the amount of energy spent for it increase at a very fast pace, the battery capacities of smartphones do not increase at the same rate. In this work, we analyze the effects of different application layer data transfer protocol parameters (such as the number of parallel data streams per file, the level of concurrent file transfers, and the I/O request size) on mobile data transfer throughput and energy consumption. Figure 1 shows the achieved end-to-end throughput, total energy consumption, and the change in instantaneous power consumption during a wide-area data transfer with increased concurrency level. This figure presents the break point for the throughput versus energy consumption trade-off very well. As long as the energy gain due to the decreased transfer time is more than the loss due to the increased instantaneous power consumption, then we save energy at this device while increasing the throughput. But this is not always the case. We observe that although the throughput continues to increase up to a certain concurrency level, the total energy consumption does not continue to decrease, instead comes to a balance and starts increasing again. The main reason for this is the server and network components are typically not energy proportional. When used wisely, these parameters have a potential to improve the end-to-end data transfer performance and decrease total energy consumption at a great extent, but improper use of these parameters can also hurt the performance of the data transfers due to increased load at the end-systems and congested links in the network. For this reason, it is crucial to find the best combination for these parameters with the least intrusion and overhead to the system resource utilization and power consumption. Our contributions within this work are the following: (1) To the best of our knowledge, we are first to provide an in depth analysis of the effects of application layer data transfer protocol parameters on the energy consumption of mobile phones. (2) We show that significant energy savings can be achieved with application-layer solutions at the mobile systems during data transfer with no or minimal performance penalty. (3) We also show that, in many cases, performance increase and energy savings can be achieved simultaneously.
A Self-study of Integrating Computer Technology in a Geometry Course for Prospective Elementary Teachers

This chapter documented a mathematics teacher educator’s development in the domain of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through the examination of the changes she made to the way technology was used in the course and the rationales behind those changes over four semesters. Challenges and opportunities that arose from making these changes were also identified. Such an account opens dialogues among mathematics teacher educators to critically examine our uses of technology in courses for future teachers. Implications for teacher education were also discussed.
Breaking free from the NETs

Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate ischemia reperfusion injury associated with neonatal midgut volvulus and serve as a therapeutic target.
Precautionary saving in a Markovian earnings environment

Abstract Under what conditions does an increase in the future income risk (in the sense of second order stochastic dominance) result in an increase in savings? This paper establishes a novel sufficient condition for the case in which income follows a Markov process. The sufficient condition applies to a broad class of preferences and processes that are often adopted in the applied literature.
Beta-Alanine Does Not Enhance the Effects of Resistance Training in Older Adults.

To investigate the potential of beta-alanine to increase muscular endurance of elder individuals in specific resistance-training protocols, we randomly assigned 27 participants (60–82 years of age)...
Comparison of Subjective and Objective Measures of Hearing, Auditory Processing, and Cognition Among Older Adults With and Without Mild Cognitive Impairment

Purpose The aims of the study were to compare the Cognitive Self-Report Questionnaire (CSRQ; Spina, Ruff, & Mahncke, 2006) Hearing and Cognitive subscale ratings among older adults with and without...
UNCOOKED CORNSTARCH (UCS): A DIETARY SOURCE OF CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE I GLYCOGENOSIS (GSD-1)

UNCOOKED CORNSTARCH (UCS): A DIETARY SOURCE OF CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE I GLYCOGENOSIS (GSD-1)
Customary Law and Modernization in Indonesia

In the innumerable, ever changing manifestations of reality, the realm of events, man has a special position as a behaving and acting being. Through the development of his mind, he is able to overcome the static harmony between vegetative and animal behaviour and to interact with the surrounding world in a continuous dynamic dialectical interplay between his behaviour and his environment. The decisive moment in this dialectical interplay occurs when man, with the capacity of his mind to evaluate continuously the things, relations and occurrences in his surroundings, arrives at decisions in terms of his human motivations and goals, i. e., values. What we call cultural behaviour is nothing else than value-oriented behaviour and the totality of culture is nothing more than the realization of a system of values at a certain place and at a certain time.
Silent Myocardial Ischemia and Sudden Cardiac Death

Coronary artery disease is the major cause of death in Western society and the mechanism of death is usually a malignant ventricular arrhythmia. These arrhythmias commonly cause sudden cardiac death and in fact the initial clinical manifestation of coronary artery disease is sudden cardiac death in a substantial number of patients. These malignant ventricular arrhythmias may result from one or more of several mechanisms. They may be caused by scarring and an electrophysiologic-anatomic melieu which allows the initiation of sustained ventricular arrhythmias or acute myocardial infarction. Recently, interest has been growing in the study of silent myocardial ischemia and its role in sudden cardiac death. This chapter reviews the relationship between silent myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death.
Ultrastructure of the human neurohypophysis

The ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis has been extensively studied in non-human mammals as well as non-mammalian species in the past. By contrast, studies on human tissue have been only rarely conducted. This can largely be attributable to the difficulty in obtaining the normal human neurohypophysis suitable for electron microscopy. However, with the advent of hypophysectomy for the palliative treatment of patients with diabetic retinopathy or with metastasizing carcinomas of breast or prostate, the problem has been alleviated and adequate tissue has become available for ultrastructural study (1–6).
Regression verification for multi-threaded programs

Regression verification is the problem of deciding whether two similar programs are equivalent under an arbitrary yet equal context, given some definition of equivalence. So far this problem has only been studied for the case of single-threaded deterministic programs. We present a method for regression verification to establish partial equivalence (i.e., input/output equivalence of terminating executions) of multi-threaded programs. Specifically, we develop two proof-rules that decompose the regression verification between concurrent programs to that of regression verification between sequential functions, a more tractable problem. This ability to avoid composing threads altogether when discharging premises, in a fully automatic way and for general programs, uniquely distinguishes our proof rules from others used for classical verification of concurrent programs.
Effects of Alfuzosin, an α1-Adrenergic Antagonist, on Anal Pressures and Bowel Habits in Women With and Without Defecatory Disorders.

Background & Aims Some patients with defecatory disorders (DD) have high anal pressures that may impede rectal evacuation. Alpha-1 adrenoreceptors mediate as much as 50% of anal resting pressure in humans. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of alfuzosin, an alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, on anal pressures alone in healthy women and also on bowel symptoms in women with DD. Methods In a double-blind study performed from March 2013 through March 2017, anal pressures were evaluated before and after 36 women with DD (constipation for at least 1 year) and 36 healthy women (controls) were randomly assigned (1:1) to groups given oral alfuzosin (2.5 mg immediate release) or placebo. Thereafter, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to groups given oral alfuzosin (10 mg extended release) or placebo each day for 2 weeks. Participants kept daily diaries of bowel symptoms for 2 weeks before (baseline) and during administration of the test articles (treatment). Weekly questionnaires recorded the overall severity of constipation symptoms, bloating, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; overall satisfaction with treatment of constipation was evaluated at weeks 2 and 4. The primary endpoint was the change in the number of spontaneous (SBMs) and complete SBMs (CSBMs) between the treatment and baseline periods. We evaluated relationships between stool form, passage, and complete evacuation. Results Alfuzosin reduced anal resting pressure by 32 ± 3 mm Hg versus 16 ± 3 mm Hg for placebo (P = .0001) and anal pressure during evacuation by 26 ± 3 mm Hg versus 16 ± 3 mm Hg for placebo, (P = .03). However, alfuzosin did not significantly increase the rectoanal gradient, SBMs or CSBMs compared with placebo. Both formulations of alfuzosin were well tolerated. Hard stools and the ease of passage during defecation accounted for 72% and 76% of the variance in the satisfaction after defecation, respectively, during baseline and treatment periods. Conclusions In a randomized trial, alfuzosin reduced anal pressure at rest and during simulated evacuation in healthy and constipated women, compared with placebo, but did not improve bowel symptoms in constipated women. This could be because the drug does not improve stool form or dyssynergia, which also contribute to DD. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT 01834729.
On Generating A Variety of Unsafe Counterexamples for Linear Dynamical Systems

Abstract Counterexamples encountered in formal verification are typically used as evidence for violation of specification. They also play a crucial role in CEGAR based techniques, where the counterexample guides the refinements to be performed on the abstractions. While several scalable techniques for verification have been developed for safety verification of hybrid systems, less attention has been paid to extracting the various types of counterexamples for safety violations. Since these systems are infinite state systems, the number of counterexamples for safety violations are potentially infinite and hence searching for the right counterexample becomes a challenging task. In this paper, we present a technique for providing various types of counterexamples for a safety violation of the linear dynamical system. More specifically, we develop algorithms to extract the longest counterexample — the execution that stays in the unsafe set for most time, and deepest counterexample — the execution that ventures the most into the unsafe set in a specific direction provided by the user.
Changes in oncological outcomes: Comparision of conventional and minimally invasive esophagectomy over ten years.

e15524Background: Minimally invasive esophagectomy is becoming a routine for resectable esophageal cancer. Aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate oncologic adequacy of the procedure at our ...
A 3D hydrodynamics study of gravitational instabilities in a young circumbinary disc

We present a 3D hydrodynamics study of gravitational instabilities (GIs) in a 0.14 M$_{\odot}$ circumbinary protoplanetary disc orbiting a 1 M$_{\odot}$ star and a 0.02 M$_{\odot}$ brown dwarf companion. We examine the thermodynamical state of the disc and determine the strengths of GI-induced density waves, nonaxisymmetric density structures, mass inflow and outflow, and gravitational torques. Results are compared with a parallel simulation of a protoplanetary disc without the brown dwarf binary companion. Simulations are performed using CHYMERA, a radiative 3D hydrodynamics code. The onset of GIs in the circumbinary disc is much more violent due to the stimulation of a strong one-armed density wave by the brown dwarf. Despite this early difference, detailed analyses show that both discs relax to a very similar quasi-steady phase by 2,500 years after the beginning of the simulations. Similarities include the thermodynamics of the quasi-steady phase, the final surface density distribution, radial mass influx, and nonaxisymmetric power and torques for spiral arm multiplicities of two or more. Effects of binarity in the disc are evident in gravitational torque profiles, temperature profiles in the inner discs, and radial mass transport. After 3,800 years, the semimajor axis of the binary decreases by about one percentage and the eccentricity roughly doubles. The mass transport in the outer circumbinary disc associated with the one-armed wave may influence planet formation.
A soft configuration model for wearless sliding friction

A phenomenological model of soft potential configurations is proposed to describe sliding friction in the wearless regime. This model accounts for the static and dynamic behavior. The physical origin of the logarithmic speed or time dependence for the friction coefficient is described. Means to control the friction coefficient by controlling the soft defect density are discussed.
Randomized Experiments in Education, with Implications for Multilevel Causal Inference

Education research has experienced a methodological renaissance over the past two decades, with a new focus on large-scale randomized experiments. This wave of experiments has made education resear...
Chapter II – Defect structure

Publisher Summary This chapter presents knowledge related to the stability of the void network in as-deposited films. The fact that leads one to question this stability is the existence of an intrinsic tensile stress in most films deposited from vapors having the thermal spectrum of energies. Such intrinsic tensile stress in as-deposited films can arise only by a decrease in length of the film in the film plane that occurs during the deposition process, while it is bonded to the substrate. The most obvious origin of a decrement in film length is the onset of bonding across intercolumnar voids subsequent to their formation. Thin films of grown under the conditions of low-adatom mobility (T < 0.25TM), incident particle energy less than about 1 eV, and with a unidirectional flux of impinging atoms, develop a fibrous or columnar structure in which the inter column space is less dense than that in the intra column space. The region of lower density is described as a “void” network, although the shape of the “void” is more ribbon-like than “void-like”, the columns or fibers, may be either crystalline or amorphous.
Copy number variations and primary immunodeficiency diseases

Copy number variation(CNV) is an important part of genomic structural variation.Studies have shown that CNV is closely related to the occurrence of diseases, such as neuro-developmental diseases, congenital metabolic diseases and viral infections.Primary immunodeficiency diseases(PIDs) are inheritary disorders in which part of the immune system is missing or has not function normally.With the development of sequencing technology, more and more attention has been paid in the CNV research of immune diseases.This article reviewed the progress between CNV and PIDs, as well as the important role of CNV in the diagnosis of PIDs. Key words: Copy number variation; Primary immunodeficiency diseases