cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NONINTERVENTION INTO SIBLINGS' FIGHTING AS A CATALYST FOR LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

The hypothesis that siblings fight simply to attract adults' attention has enjoyed much speculation and some study of children's fighting in recent years. Current research indicates that refusing to intervene causes fighting to wane, supposedly because children will adequately solve problems by themselves if left to do so. The phenomenon of learned helplessness, in which lethargy and despair result from an inability to escape pain, has been applied to battered spouses. This work tests the hypothesis that nonintervention into siblings' fighting is more likely to allow one child to establish superiority over another and that fighting stops because the defeated learns helplessness in the manner of an abused spouse. Implications and alternative methods of dealing with fighting are explored.
An analytical approach to floorplan design and optimization

An analytical method for VLSI general floorplan design and optimization is proposed. This method is based on a mixed integer programming model and all application of a standard mathematical software. The method allows arbitrary combinations of rigid and flexible modules. Various objective functions, such as chip area, interconnection length, timing delays or any combinations of them, are permitted. Routing space is estimated by the global router. Experimental data are provided. >
Green synthesis via electrolysis in microemulsions

Electrolysis in microemulsions is a promising approach for environmentally friend- ly chemical synthetic methods of the future. Employing microemulsions instead of organic solvents for electrosynthesis has the advantages of lower toxicity and cost, high dissolving power for reactants and mediators of unlike solubility, enhancement of reaction rates by con- trolling the reduction potentials of mediators, possible reaction pathway control, and recy- cling of microemulsion components. This paper reviews recent progress in using microemul- sions for direct and mediated electrosynthesis, including formation of carbon-carbon bonds. Rates of mediated reactions can be controlled by manipulating microemulsion composition. Examples are presented, in which reaction pathways of direct and mediated electrolyses can be controlled with microemulsions to give desired products in high yields. Such control has been demonstrated with dissolved and surface-bound mediators. For a covalently linked scaf- fold of poly(L-lysine) and cobalt corrin vitamin B 12 hexacarboxylate attached to graphite, catalytic turnover rate for reduction of 1,2-dibromocylcohexane was optimized by optimiz- ing microemulsion composition.
High-recall protein entity recognition using a dictionary

Summary: Protein name extraction is an important step in mining biological literature. We describe two new methods for this task: semiCRFs and dictionary HMMs. SemiCRFs are a recently-proposed extension to conditional random fields (CRFs) that enables more effective use of dictionary information as features. Dictionary HMMs are a technique in which a dictionary is converted to a large HMM that recognizes phrases from the dictionary, as well as variations of these phrases. Standard training methods for HMMs can be used to learn which variants should be recognized. We compared the performance of our new approaches with that of Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and normal CRFs on three datasets, and improvement was obtained for all four methods over the best published results for two of the datasets. CRFs and semiCRFs achieved the highest overall performance according to the widely-used F-measure, while the dictionary HMMs performed the best at finding entities that actually appear in the dictionary---the measure of most interest in our intended application. Availability: Dictionary HMMs were implemented in Java. Algorithms are available through an information extraction package MINORTHIRD on http://minorthird.sourceforge.net Contact: zkou@andrew.cmu.edu
Fluid Model of Plasma Sheath Involving Ion Energy Spectrum

A common fluid model of ion drift in a strong electric field, appearing, e.g., in the sheath, describes ions by the Newtonian equation of motion, with ion-neutral collisions involved by an effective friction force. Such an approach implicitly anticipates a monoenergetic ion beam. We demonstrate that, due to nonlinear effects, the concept based on “average” ions is too simplified. In the suggested model, the conventional equation of ion motion is replaced by a formula considering the energy spectrum of ion flux. The formula is based on the 1-D description of charge-exchange collisions of ions with neutrals. The Newtonian equation of motion is then interpreted from the suggested collision model. It is shown that the ion fluid velocity should be identified with the rms velocity in the ion beam and that the effective ion mean free path appearing in the friction term should be chosen as a double of the ion mean free path for the charge-exchange collisions.
Low-threshold high-To constricted double heterojunction AlGaAs diode lasers

Constricted double heterojunction diode lasers of relatively low CW thresholds (28-40 mA) are obtained by growing structures that maximize the amount of current flow into the lasing spot. These values are obtained while still using standard 10 microns wide oxide-defined stripe contacts. Over the 20-70 C temperature interval, threshold current temperature coefficients as high as 320 C and a virtually constant external differential quantum efficiency, are found.
Measurement-based analysis of fault and error sensitivities of dynamic memory

This paper presents a measurement-based analysis of the fault and error sensitivities of dynamic memory. We extend a software-implemented fault injector to support data-type-aware fault injection into dynamic memory. The results indicate that dynamic memory exhibits about 18 times higher fault sensitivity than static memory, mainly because of the higher activation rate. Furthermore, we show that errors in a large portion of static and dynamic memory space are recoverable by simple software techniques (e.g., reloading data from a disk). The recoverable data include pages filled with identical values (e.g., ‘0’) and pages loaded from files unmodified during the computation. Consequently, the selection of targets for protection should be based on knowledge of recoverability rather than on error sensitivity alone.
Methods for comparing center-specific survival outcomes using direct standardization.

The evaluation of center-specific outcomes is often through survival analysis methods. Such evaluations must account for differences in the distribution of patient characteristics across centers. In the context of censored event times, it is also important that the measure chosen to evaluate centers not be influenced by imbalances in the center-specific censoring distributions. The practice of using center indicators in a hazard regression model is often invalid, inconvenient, or undesirable to carry out. We propose a semiparametric version of the standardized rate ratio (SRR) useful for the evaluation of centers with respect to a right-censored event time. The SRR for center j can be interpreted as the ratio of the expected number of deaths in the total population (if the total population were in fact subject to the center j mortality hazard), to the observed number of events. The proposed measure is not affected by differences in center-specific covariate or censoring distributions. Asymptotic properties of the proposed estimators are derived, with finite-sample properties examined through simulation studies. The proposed methods are applied to national kidney transplant data.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Medically Treated Childhood Constipation:

We describe the long-term (mean 6.8 years) follow-up of 43 children treated medically for chronic constipation and encopresis. Overall outcome was quite good. Thirty children (70%) were entirely asymptomatic at follow-up. Intermittent mild constipation persisted in 13 patients; only two required persistent but infrequent laxative therapy. Encopresis persisted in three of 17 children who initially reported this symptom, and was associated with significant behavioral problems.
A taxonomy of glyph placement strategies for multidimensional data visualization

Glyphs are graphical entities that convey one or more data values via attributes such as shape, size, color, and position. They have been widely used in the visualization of data and information, and are especially well suited for displaying complex, multivariate data sets. The placement or layout of glyphs on a display can communicate significant information regarding the data values themselves as well as relationships between data points, and a wide assortment of placement strategies have been developed to date. Methods range from simply using data dimensions as positional attributes to basing placement on implicit or explicit structure within the data set. This paper presents an overview of multivariate glyphs, a list of issues regarding the layout of glyphs, and a comprehensive taxonomy of placement strategies to assist the visualization designer in selecting the technique most suitable to his or her data and task. Examples, strengths, weaknesses, and design considerations are given for each category of technique. We conclude with some general guidelines for selecting a placement strategy, along with a brief description of some of our future research directions.
Determinants of Entry Cofactor Utilization and Tropism in a Dualtropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain 89.6 is a dualtropic isolate that replicates in macrophages and transformed T cells, and its envelope mediates CD4-dependent fusion and entry with CCR5, CXCR-4, and CCR3. To map determinants of cofactor utilization by 89.6 and determine the relationship between cofactor use and tropism, we analyzed recombinants generated between 89.6 and T-cell-tropic (HXB) or macrophage-tropic (JRFL) strains. These chimeras showed that regions of 89.6 env outside V3 through V5 determine CXCR-4 utilization and T-cell line tropism as well as CCR5 utilization and macrophage tropism. However, the 89.6 env V3 domain also conferred on HXB the ability to use CCR5 for fusion and entry but not the ability to establish productive macrophage infection. CCR3 use was conferred on HXB by 89.6 env V3 or V3 through V5 sequences. While replacement of the 89.6 V3 through V5 region with HXB sequences abrogated CCR3 utilization, replacement of V3 or V4 through V5 separately did not. Thus, CCR3 use is determined by sequences within V3 through V5 and most likely can be conferred by either the V3 or the V4 through V5 domains. These results indicate that cofactor utilization and tropism in this dualtropic isolate are determined by complex interactions among multiple env segments, that distinct regions of the Env glycoprotein may be important for utilization of different chemokine receptors, and that determinants in addition to cofactor usage participate in postentry stages in the virus replication cycle that contribute to target cell tropism.
Navajo Uranium Workers and the Effects of Occupational Illnesses: A Case Study

Fifty-five Navajo uranium workers and residents from the Navajo Reservation in Arizona and New Mexico were interviewed in a community study to determine the psychosocial effects of uncompensated occupational illnesses. Summary findings indicate that psychological trauma, resulting from long-term occupational illnesses and environmental degradation, was as serious a repercussion as physical trauma from work-related exposures. The perceptions of Navajo workers, their families, and residents are presented with regard to the uranium mining and milling processes which occurred on the reservation between the 1940s and the 1980s. Because the workers and residents were never informed about the dangers of radiation, they were not able to make rational decisions regarding their health and employment; consequently, they felt a sense of betrayal by both the government and their employers. A reduction in the incidence of occupational illnesses and death among the Navajo may have occurred had prevention and detection b...
Coherence as an Alternative to Strategic Complementarity at an Entrepreneurial Firm

Organisational change processes are complex, idiosyncratic, and seemingly nonstochastic. Theories of strategic complementarity present change as the evolution of systems of mutual reinforcement among heterogeneous elements within the firm. This paper combines theories of strategic complementarity and entrepreneurial sense-making to develop an alternate heuristic of entrepreneurial adaptation as a search for coherence. Within a framework of narrative rationality, I define coherence as inference or search for the best explanation. A case study of organisational change at an entrepreneurial biotechnology firm provides the backdrop for the modeling exercise. A constraint satisfaction model reveals coherent systems of heterogeneous organizational elements. The model recapitulates organizational structuring observed at the firm. The success of the organization despite violating the primary heuristic of complementarity suggests that strategic theories of fitness must be applied with caution in entrepreneurial contexts. This paper contributes to the study of fitness generally and the specific application of fitness regimes in entrepreneurial contexts, specially when high uncertainty and resource scarcity limits strategic analysis and implementation.
One View of the Dungeon: The Ticking Time Bomb between Governmentality and Sovereignty

This paper analyzes "ticking time bomb" scenarios in the discursive legitimation of torture and other coercive interrogation techniques. Judith Butler proposes a Foucauldian framework to suggest that Adminstration policies can be read as the irruption of sovereignty within governmentality. Rereading Foucault, I suggest that the policies could equally be understood as an exercise of governmentality, i.e., the subordination of juridical law to economy. I then propose as a reconciliation of these readings that time bomb scenarios serve rhetorically to make the exercise of arbitrary power Butler identifies appear as an exercise of governmentality; sanitized of complications, coercive interrogation appears efficient.
Regiospecifically Fluorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons via Julia-Kocienski Olefination and Oxidative Photocyclization. Effect of Fluorine Atom Substitution on Molecular Shape.

A modular synthesis of regiospecifically fluorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is described. 1,2-Diarylfluoroalkenes, synthesized via Julia–Kocienski olefination (70–99% yields), were converted to isomeric 5- and 6-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene, 5-and 6-fluorochrysene, and 9- and 10-benzo[g]chrysene (66–83% yields) by oxidative photocyclization. Photocyclization to 6-fluorochrysene proceeded more slowly than conversion of 1-styrylnaphthalene to chrysene. Higher fluoroalkene dilution led to a more rapid cyclization. Therefore, photocyclizations were performed at higher dilutions. To evaluate the effect of fluorine atom on molecular shapes, X-ray data for 5- and 6-fluorobenzo[c]phenanthrene, 6-fluorochrysene, 9- and 10-fluorobenzo[g]chrysene, and unfluorinated chrysene as well as benzo[g]chrysene were obtained and compared. The fluorine atom caused a small deviation from planarity in the chrysene series and decreased nonplanarity in the benzo[c]phenanthrene derivatives, but its influence was most...
Development of a Technique for the in-situ Measurement of the Mechanical Properties of Ultra-Thin Interfacially Polymerized Films

Crosslinked polyamide barrier layers made by a self-limiting interfacial polymerization (IP) process are extremely thin (= 1000 A), relatively defect-free and possess excellent perm selective properties which enable their commercial application in thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Little information has been reported in the open literature concerning the physical as well as mechanical properties of these polyamide IP films due to the substantial difficulties in making direct measurements on such thin crosslinked materials. Consequently, the development of IP-TFC membranes for commercial separations has been largely a trial-and-error process. We are developing a novel experimental technique, Pendant Drop Mechanical Analysis (PDMA) that utilizes the capabilities of the pendant-drop tensiometer for in-situ measurements of the mechanical behavior of the IP films. The current effort focuses on relating the mechanical behavior of the IP films to their structure, which in turn will be related to the permselective performance. Preliminary PDMA results indicate significant differences in the mechanical behavior of the IP films as a function of composition and contact time. These differences can be related to changes in the network characteristics.
The Gram-Schmidt Process Is Not So Bad!

(1970). The Gram-Schmidt Process Is Not So Bad! Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 261-263.
Air Pollution and Global Warming: Indoor Air Pollution

People spend most of their time indoors, so the composition and quality of indoor air has a significant impact on human health. Because people's time is often divided between home and work, it is important to examine air quality in both residences and workplaces. Sources of indoor air pollution include outdoor air that infiltrates indoors and indoor emissions. Outdoor air contains the constituents of smog, but some of these constituents dissipate quickly indoors because of the lack of UV radiation to regenerate them indoors. Major indoor sources of pollution include stoves, heaters, carpets, fireplaces, tobacco smoke, motor vehicle exhaust from garages, building materials, and insulation. In developing countries, major sources of indoor air pollution include the products of solid biofuel and coal combustion for home heating and cooking. Such pollution is responsible for significant premature mortality worldwide. Whereas indoor air pollution is often regulated in workplaces, it is not regulated in residences. In this chapter, characteristics, sources, and regulation of indoor air pollution are discussed. Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources Throughout the world, people spend most of their time indoors. One study found that, in the United States, about 89 percent of time was spent indoors, 6 percent was spent in vehicles, and 5 percent was spent outdoors (Robinson et al., 1991). A study of less developed countries showed that people in urban areas spent about 79 percent of their time indoors, and those in rural areas spent about 65 percent of their time indoors (Smith, 1993). Because people breathe indoor air more than outdoor air, an examination of indoor air is warranted. Nearly 1.6 million people worldwide die each year prematurely from indoor air pollution (not including smoking), making it one of the leading causes of death worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2005). Most of these deaths are due to indoor burning of solid biofuels and coal for home heating and cooking with inefficient cook stoves and heaters.
Exploring a measure of science attitude for different groups of students enrolled in introductory college chemistry

Decisions about instruction, research, or policy often require the interpretation of student assessment scores. Increasingly, attitudinal variables are included in an assessment strategy, and it is important to ensure that interpretations of students' attitudinal status are based on instrument scores that apply similarly for diverse students. In this study, a shortened version of the Test of Science Related Attitudes (TOSRA) was used to gather validity evidence based on the internal structure of the instrument in an introductory chemistry course. Using measurement invariance analysis by sex and race/ethnicity, it was found that the internal structure holds by sex, but it did not hold by race/ethnicity in our sample. Further analysis revealed problems with the normality scales for Black students in our sample. Also, this study examined the relationship between the scales of the Shortened TOSRA, achievement in chemistry, and prior math knowledge. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) it was found that two of the scales, attitude toward inquiry and career interest in science, have a small but significant influence on students' achievement in chemistry. This study highlights the importance of examining if the scores apply similarly for different groups of students in a population, since the scores of these assessments could be used to make decisions that will affect the students.
Impact of Renal Artery Angulation on Procedure Efficiency During Fenestrated and Snorkel/Chimney Endovascular Aneurysm Repair

Purpose: To determine the impact of renal artery angulation on time to successful renal artery cannulation and procedure efficiency during fenestrated and snorkel/chimney endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods: The imaging and procedure logs of 77 patients (mean age 74.2 years; 63 men) who underwent complex EVAR (24 fenestrated, 53 snorkel/chimney) from 2009 to 2013 were reviewed. Renal artery angulation was measured on preoperative computed tomographic angiography scans. Time to renal artery cannulation was retrieved from the EVAR procedure logs and compared to preoperative renal artery angulation and other metrics of procedure efficiency (eg, procedure time, fluoroscopy time, blood loss, etc). In all, 111 renal arteries were available for renal artery angulation measurement (39 fenestrated, 72 snorkel/chimney); 22 renal cannulations were inappropriate for the comparative analyses due to concomitant visceral artery stenting (n=15), combined procedures (n=6), or unsuccessful cannulation (n=1). Resul...
The effect of phenobarbital on the synthesis of nascent protein on free and membrane-bound polyribosomes of normal and regenerating liver.

The synthesis of nascent protein on free and membrane-bound polyribosomes or normal and regenerating liver was measured following a pulse injection of [3H]leucine into the portal vein of rats. Neither the pool size nor specific activity of leucine was markedly affected by the various experimental conditions. A single dose of phenobarbital (100 mg/kg) elevated maximally (2-2.3-fold) the synthesis of nascent peptide on membrane-bound polyribosomes 3-14 hr after treatment with the inducer, whereas formation of protein on free polyribosomes increased 1.6-fold only 5 hr after the barbiturate. Partial hepatectomy caused a 2-fold increase in the synthesis of nascent protein on membrane-bound polyribosomes as early as 1 hr after the operation. The rate of peptide synthesis on membrane-bound polyribosomes increased up to 3.5-fold over sham-operated controls 12 hr posthepatectomy. The formation of protein on free polyribosomes following partial hepatectomy was elevated approximately 2-fold 1-12 hr after the operation. When partially hepatectomized animals were treated 1 hr before surgery with a single dose of phenobarbital, no further increase in the synthesis of nascent protein occurred on either population of polyribosomes, suggesting (a) maximal translation in response to the stress of partial hepatectomy and (b) the competitive nature of hyperplasia and the functional process of protein synthesis on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Immunoprecipitation of pulse-labeled nascent protein on free and membrane-bound po1yribosomes with an antiglobulin to rat liver NADPH-cytochrome c reductase revealed a 2-fold elevation in the amount of reductase synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes 3-5 hr after phenobarbital administration; no concomitant change in the synthesis of nascent enzyme was noted on free polyribosomes. Although NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was equally distributed between the two populations of polyribosomes, the total concentration of enzyme was 20 times higher on membrane-bound polyribosomes than on free polyribosomes.
Manometric configuration of the lower esophageal sphincter in normal human subjects.

The manometric characteristics of the lower esophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) in 15 young human subjects were studied with three continuously perfused side-opening recording catheters whose orifices were at an identical level and equidistant around the circumference of a circle. Withdrawal tracings were obtained during quiet respiration and with the breath held in inspiration and in expiration. With each type of tracing, there were marked differences between the three leads with respect to levels of entry into and exit from the HPZ, point of maximum pressure within the HPZ, maximum HPZ pressure, and point of respiratory reversal. A double respiratory reversal, in one lead only, was observed in 8 of the 15 subjects. Similar recordings for a given lead were obtained through each of the three transducers. These results indicate that the spatial orientation of the recording orifice has an important effect upon the type of tracing obtained from the HPZ. Further, they indicate that an incomplete and potentially misleading profile of the HPZ is obtained by standard recording techniques. The similarity of HPZ profiles recorded by a given lead in different subjects suggests that the observed difference between the three leads reflects an anatomical or physiological situation common to normal individuals. Several manometric features proposed for the diagnosis of hiatal hernia were observed frequently in this group of young, asymptomatic subjects. Hence, the diagnostic usefulness of these features is probably very limited.
On Differentially Private Longest Increasing Subsequence Computation in Data Stream

Many important applications require a continuous computation of statistics over data streams. Activities monitoring, surveillance and fraud detections are some settings where it is crucial for the monitoring applications to protect user's sensitive information in addition to efficiently compute the required statistics. In the last two decades, a broad range of techniques for time-series and stream data monitoring has been developed to provide provable privacy guarantees employing the formal notion of differential privacy. Although these solutions are well established, they are mostly limited to count based statistics e.g. number of distinct elements, heavy hitters and do not apply in settings where more complex statistics are needed. In this paper, we consider a more general problem of estimating the sortedness of a data stream by privately computing the length of the longest increasing subsequence LIS. This important statistic can be used to detect surprising trends in time-series data e.g. finance and perform approximate string matching in computational biology domains. Our proposed approaches employ the differential privacy notion which provides strong and provable privacy guarantees. Our solutions estimate the length of the LIS using block decomposition and local approximation techniques. We provide a rigorous analysis to bound the approximation error of our algorithms in terms of privacy level and length of the stream. Furthermore, we extend our solutions to computing the length of the LIS over sliding windows and we show the beneficial effects of this formulation on the final utility. An extensive experimental evaluation of our proposed solutions on real-world data streams demonstrates the effectiveness of our approaches for computing accurate statistics and detecting surprising trends.
The Rising Federal Funds Rate in the Current Low Long-Term Interest Rate Environment

The low long-term yield is likely a result of high foreign demand for Treasuries rather than a near-zero federal funds rate.
The role of South Pacific atmospheric variability in the development of different types of ENSO

Recent advances in tropical Pacific climate variability have focused on understanding the development of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, specifically the types or “flavors" of ENSO (i.e., central vs. eastern Pacific events). While precursors to ENSO events exist, distinguishing the particular flavor of the expected ENSO event remains unresolved. This study offers a new look at ENSO predictability using South Pacific atmospheric variability during austral winter as an indicator. The positive phase of the leading mode of South Pacific sea level pressure variability, which we term the South Pacific Oscillation (SPO), exhibits a meridional dipole with a(n) (anti-)cyclonic anomaly dominating the subtropics (extratropics/high latitudes). Once energized, the cyclonic anomalies in the subtropical node of the SPO weaken the southeasterly trade winds and promote the charging of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, giving rise to eastern Pacific ENSO events. Indeed, the type of ENSO event can be determined accurately using only the magnitude and phase of the SPO during austral winter as a predictor (18 out of 23 cases). The SPO may also play a role in explaining the asymmetry of warm and cold events. Collectively, our findings present a new perspective on ENSO-South Pacific interactions that can advance overall understanding of the ENSO system and enhance its predictability across multiple timescales.
Heritability and genetic integration of tooth size in the South Carolina Gullah.

Objectives This article provides estimates of narrow-sense heritability and genetic pleiotropy for mesiodistal tooth dimensions for a sample of 20th century African American individuals. Results inform biological distance analysis and offer insights into patterns of integration in the human dentition. Materials and Methods Maximum mesiodistal crown dimensions were measured using Hillson-FitzGerald calipers on 469 stone dental casts from the Menegaz-Bock Collection. Narrow-sense heritability estimates and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated using SOLAR 8.1.1 with covariate screening for age, sex, age*sex interaction, and birth year. Results Heritability estimates were moderate (∼0.10 – 0.90; h2 mean = 0.51) for most measured variables with sex as the only significant covariate. Patterns of genetic correlation indicate strong integration across tooth classes, except molars. Comparison of these results to previously published work suggests lower overall heritability relative to other human populations and much stronger genetic integration across tooth classes than obtained from nonhuman primate genetic pleiotropy estimates. Conclusions These results suggest that the high heritabilities previously published may reflect overestimates inherent in previous study designs; as such the standard estimate of 0.55 used in biodistance analyses may not be appropriate. For the Gullah, isolation and endogamy coupled with elevated levels of physiological and economic stress may suppress narrow-sense heritability estimates. Pleiotropy analyses suggest a more highly integrated dentition in humans than in other mammals.
Relationships between species composition, fractional cover and land surface temperature in a mediterranean ecosystem

HyspIRI is a proposed satellite mission combining two 60 m spatial resolution sensors: a Visible-Shortwave Infrared (VSWIR) imaging spectrometer and a multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) scanner. HyspIRI offers the potential to combine the ability of a VSWIR sensor to discriminate plant species and estimate accurate surface fractions of biotic and abiotic materials using multispectral emissivity with improved Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval from the TIR sensor. We evaluate potential synergies between AVIRIS maps of species/cover and fractions and MASTER LST utilizing multiple flight lines acquired in July 2011 in the Santa Barbara area. Cover was mapped using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis using a spectral library derived from the 7.5 m imagery and endmembers selected using Iterative Endmember Selection. Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) was accomplished using the MASTER TES algorithm. Pixel-based accuracy was 55% for 21 classes, but 84.7% based on pixel majority in reference polygons. An inverse relationship was observed between green vegetation (GV) fractions and LST, but varied by plant species, generating unique LST-GV clusters.
What Went Wrong and Why? Diagnosing Situated Interaction Failures in the Wild

Effective situated interaction hinges on the well-coordinated operation of a set of competencies, including computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language, as well as higher-level inferences about turn taking and engagement. Systems often rely on a set of hand-coded and machine-learned components organized into several sensing and decision-making pipelines. Given their complexity and inter-dependencies, developing and debugging such systems can be challenging. “In-the-wild” deployments outside of controlled lab conditions bring further challenges due to unanticipated phenomena, including unexpected interactions such as playful engagements. We present a methodology for assessing performance, identifying problems, and diagnosing the root causes and influences of different types of failures on the overall performance of a situated interaction system functioning in the wild. We apply the methodology to a dataset of interactions collected with a robot deployed in a public space inside an office building. The analyses identify and characterize multiple types of failures, their causes, and their relationship to overall performance. We employ models that predict overall interaction quality from various combinations of failures. Finally, we discuss lessons learned with such a diagnostic methodology for improving situated systems deployed in the wild.
Places/Non-places: Galicia on the Road of St. James

This chapter offers a critical reconsideration of the theory according to which the Road of St. James (Camino de Santiago) provides a site for ethnic identity-making capable of modernizing Galicia as a rural region. By definition, a route or itinerary—rather than a fixed site of any kind—provides a sequence of places to pass through, overlapping in an intriguing way with Marc Auge’s concept of “non-places.” Putting into a comparative perspective the measures that led to the consolidation of the Road as a trans-regional and transnational itinerary during the presidency of the conservative Partido Popular in Galicia between 1990 and 2005, the essay demonstrates that the configuration of a regional image based on a larger itinerary may respond to broader, questionable, European agendas.
Association of body weight perception and unhealthy weight control behaviors in adolescence

Abstract The purpose of this article was to determine how body weight perception is related to weight control behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Data came from the CDC's nationally representative Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2013 (n = 13,857). Mean age was 16.2 years old. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to analyze the relationship between body weight perception (very underweight, slightly underweight, about the right weight, slightly overweight, and very overweight) and both unhealthy weight control behaviors individually (fasting, taking diet pills, and vomiting or taking laxatives) and any unhealthy weight control behavior, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and BMI percentile and stratifying by gender. 13.35% of the sample reported fasting, 5.13% reported taking diet pills, and 4.20% reported vomiting or taking laxatives. Among girls, there was a significant positive association between feeling very underweight compared to about the right weight and all unhealthy weight control behaviors. In addition, feeling slightly overweight and very overweight increased the odds of fasting behavior or any unhealthy weight control behavior. Among boys, feeling very underweight, slightly overweight, and very overweight was associated with fasting, taking diet pills, vomiting or using laxatives, and any unhealthy weight control behavior. Both boys and girls engage in unhealthy weight control behaviors at a high rate, and the association with feeling under- and overweight overall increases the odds of these unhealthy behaviors. Health promotion efforts should focus on encouraging a healthy, normal body weight perception among adolescents in an effort to reduce unhealthy weight control behaviors.
Biomarker predictors of outcome from a randomized trial of nivolumab +/- stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in metastatic (M1) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

6063Background: A minority of patients with M1 HNSCC respond to the anti-programmed death (PD-1) monoclonal antibody, Nivolumab (Nivo). We sought to determine biomarker predictors of outcome to Niv...
Looking in the Past for a Discourse of Motherhood: Birgitta of Sweden and Julia Kristeva

n 1975, julia kristeva, the Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, psychoanalyst, sociologist, and feminist, was pregnant.1 She was also writing, and the essays from the years surrounding the birth of her son in 1976 reflect a deep concern for maternity and its relationship to female sexuality and feminism. In one of her most provocative essays, which first appeared as the article “Herethique de l’amour” in 1977 in the periodical Tel Quel (Winter 1977) and later as a chapter titled “Stabat Mater” in her book Histoires de l’amour in 1983, Kristeva delves into the history of the cult of the Virgin, engaging with the early Christian and medieval Marian tradition by means of Marina Warner’s influential book, Alone of All Her Sex: the Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary (1976). As critic Toril Moi explains in her Kristeva Reader, where this essay is reprinted, Kristeva’s main concern is “to point out that today, due to the demise of the cult of the Virgin, and of religion in general, we are left without a satisfactory discourse on motherhood.”2 But Kristeva does something unusual in this essay: she intersperses stream-of-consciousness, intimately personal observations of her own experience of pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood. This inner narrative is set off typographically from the main critical narrative (fig. 1). Neither narrative acknowledges the other, leaving it to the reader to deduce the meaning of this startling juxtaposition of individual story and Christian history. Six hundred years earlier, another female author was also writing in search of a discourse of motherhood, also struggling to incorporate an inner narrative within a larger critical narrative. St. Birgitta of Sweden, born in 1303, married and had eight children before receiving a calling vision in which God stated her role as “bride and channel” of Christ.3 I
A 100-V Battery Charger Voltage Extender IC With 97% Efficiency at 4-A and ±0.5% Voltage Accuracy

This paper presents an IC that extends the voltage capability of a low voltage battery charger to 100V for accurately and reliably charging lithium ion (Li-Ion) battery stacks of up to 18 cells. The IC interfaces with a buck converter battery charger that utilizes external nFET control and an external inductor current sensing resistor. The voltage extender IC provides voltage level translation for the nFET control signals and the current sensing function while supporting an input power supply voltage of up to 100V and output battery voltage of up to 80V. The inductor current sense voltage is translated with a ping-pong amplifier capable of driving a bi-directional input voltage to a fully differential output with a maximum load current of 10 mA at 20 MHz bandwidth and less than $500~\mu \text{V}$ offset. The combined system of the voltage extender IC and battery charger achieved 97% efficiency at a 4-A charging current. The battery charging voltage accuracy was better than ± 0.5% at 80V.
Maritime Transport and the Threat of Bio Invasion and the Spread of Infectious Disease

We overview the threat that shipping poses for the invasive spread of non-indigenous species and spread of infectious disease, focusing in particular on invasions of the aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus mosquitos and their role in the spread of infectious disease. We conclude with a brief discussion of the computational prediction of these processes.
Borna Disease Virus

Borna disease virus, a negative-strand RNA virus, infects a wide variety of warm-blooded animals. Depending on the age of the host and the integrity of its immune response, infection may be asymptomatic or cause a broad spectrum of behavioral disorders. Unusual features of Borna disease virus biology include nuclear localization of replication and transcription; diverse strategies for regulation of gene expression; and interaction with signaling pathways resulting in subtle neuropathology. Although the question of human infection remains unresolved, burgeoning interest in this unique pathogen has provided tools for exploring the pharmacology and neurochemistry of neuropsychiatric disorders potentially linked to infection. Analysis of rodent models of infection has yielded insights into mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and/or immune factors may impact developing or mature central nervous system circuitry to effect complex disturbances in movement and behavior.
Controlling the Emulsion Type Using Adjustable Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Complexes.

The combination of polyelectrolytes and ionic surfactants in precise proportions presents the possibility of producing a new class of emulsifiers with tunable emulsification properties. We use chit...
Developmental ablation of mature oligodendrocytes exacerbates adult CNS demyelination.

Abstract Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CNS neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin in the brain and the spinal cord that results in localized functional deficits. Several risk factors have been associated with MS, however none fully explain the enhanced susceptibility seen in older individuals. Epidemiological data, based on geographical prevalence studies suggest that susceptibility is established early in life and frequently long before the diagnosis of disease raising the possibility that developmental events influence adult disease onset and progression. Here we test the hypothesis that selective loss of mature oligodendrocytes during postnatal development results in enhanced susceptibility to a demyelinating insult to the mature CNS. A transgenic mouse model was utilized to specifically induce apoptotic cell death in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes (MBP-iCP9) during the first 2 postnatal weeks followed by either a local LPC spinal cord injection or the induction of EAE in the adult animal. Immunostaining, immunoblotting, behavioral testing, and electron microscopy were utilized to examine the differences in the response between animals with developmental loss of oligodendrocytes and controls. We show that during development, oligodendrocyte apoptosis results in transient reductions in myelination and functional deficits that recover after 10–14 days. Compared to animals in which oligodendrocyte development was unperturbed, animals subjected to postnatal oligodendrocyte loss showed delayed recovery from an LPC lesion to the mature spinal cord. Unexpectedly, the induction and severity of MOG induced EAE was not significantly altered in animals following oligodendrocyte developmental loss even though there was a substantial increase in spinal cord tissue damage and CNS inflammation. It is unclear why the elevated glial responses seen in developmentally compromised animals were not reflected in enhanced functional deficits. These observations suggest that developmental loss of oligodendrocytes results in long lasting tissue changes that alter its response to subsequent insults and the capacity for repair in the adult.
Without Crossing a Border: Exploring the Impact of Shifting Study Abroad Online on Students' Learning and Intercultural Competence Development during the COVID-19 Pandemic

While all higher education was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, study abroad programs were uniquely challenged by the associated restrictions and limitations. This case study integrates a Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) pedagogy approach and virtual reality (VR) technologies into the curriculum redesign process to transform a business study abroad course into an online format. Using VR technology, U.S. students and their international partners in Germany, Brazil, and India created and shared cultural exchange virtual tours. The redesigned online study abroad course engaged students in active learning activities and cultivated students’ intercultural competence development.
Expanding Role of Technology in Rehabilitation After Lower-Extremity Joint Replacement: A Systematic Review.

Background The effectiveness of telehealth programs in the administration of rehabilitation and the monitoring of postoperative progress after joint replacement is not well studied. The purpose of the present study was to systematically review the currently available evidence on the use of smart-device technology and telehealth programs to guide and monitor postoperative rehabilitation following total joint arthroplasty and to assess their impact on outcomes following surgery. Methods A literature search of the MEDLINE database was performed using keywords "mobile," "app," "telehealth," "virtual," "arthroplasty," "outcomes," "joint replacement," "web based," "telemedicine," "TKA," "THA," "activity tracker," "fitness tracker," "monitor," "rehab," "online," and "stepcounter" in all possible combinations. All English studies with a level of evidence of I to III that were published from January 1, 2010, to December 19, 2020 were considered for inclusion. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on the data collected. Results A total of 28 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and reviewed. With regard to objective functional outcome measures, such as strength, range of motion, or results of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, the virtual physical therapy group had equivalent or slightly superior outcomes compared with in-person physical therapy. There was similar improvement overall in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient satisfaction between virtual and in-person physical therapy. Virtual physical therapy resulted in cost savings ranging from $206 to $4,100 per patient compared with in-person physical therapy. Conclusions Telerehabilitation following lower-extremity joint replacement is less expensive compared with in-person physical therapy, with equivalent outcomes and patient satisfaction. Telerehabilitation and electronic health adjuncts can be used to substitute for traditional rehabilitation and augment postoperative care following total joint arthroplasty, respectively. Telerehabilitation that provides outcomes equivalent to in-person physical therapy not only increases convenience for patients but also decreases the cost burden on the health-care system. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Convergence Innovation Competition: Helping Students Create Innovative Products and Experiences via Technical and Business Mentorship

The Convergence Innovation Competition is an annual event designed to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship among students from multiple disciplines and experience levels. The competition provides a unique model for engaging industrial partners to work with students through category definition, mentoring and judging. In this paper we describe the evolution of the program over the last eight years, lessons learned and new opportunities for engaging students in a meaningful learning experience.