cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of Crotonaldehyde over Sn/Pt(111) Alloy Model Catalysts

Abstract Gas-phase hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde (CH 3 CHCHCHO) was studied over the (2×2) Sn/Pt(111) and (□3×□3) R30° Sn/Pt(111) surface alloys which were used as model catalysts. The influence of the alloy structure, hydrogen pressure, and temperature on activity and selectivity toward 2-butenol (CH 3 CHCHCH 2 OH) formation was investigated. The results were compared to those obtained for the pure Pt(111) surface. All catalysts were characterized prior to use by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low-energy electron diffraction to ensure proper alloy formation. The hydrogenation activity was about two times higher for the bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts compared to that for Pt(111); however, little change in selectivity was observed. Butyraldehyde was formed as the main product in all cases. Therefore, alloy formation improves hydrogenation activity toward CC and CO functional groups and cannot solely explain the improvement in selectivity toward the formation of the unsaturated alcohol that has often been reported for supported Pt–Sn catalysts versus pure Pt catalysts. Both alloys investigated had similar catalytic activity and selectivity. An attempt was made to create oxidic tin species on the Pt(111) surface, because these species have been suggested to improve selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol product. However, the oxidic species formed by heating the alloys in 5 Torr O 2 for 5 min at 600 K were not stable under reaction conditions and were reduced to form a surface with low catalytic activity, probably consisting of metallic Sn rafts over the Pt(111) surface.
Electron spin resonance in polyphenylacetylene

By polymerizing phenylacetylene in the absence of initiator and in vacuo while observing electron spin resonance, it was established that the paramagnetism in the thermal polymer (PPA-T) cannot be ...
Getting reflection off the page: The challenges of developing support structures for pre-service teacher reflection

Abstract Recent international calls in teacher education include increased quantity and quality of field experiences for pre-service teachers ( International Alliance of Leading Education Institutes, 2008 , National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, 2010 ). Despite increased attention to the quality of field experiences, there remains “much disagreement about the conditions for teacher learning that must exist for this learning in and from practice to be educative and enduring” ( Zeichner, 2010 , p. 91). In this formative experiment study ( Reinking & Bradley, 2008 ), we use Dewey's (1933) ideas about judgment, analysis/synthesis, and balance to explore reflection as a communal process which results in “warranted assertabilities” ( Dewey, 1986 , p. 15) about teaching and learning. Findings show the presence of knowledgable others helped to focus the conversations on teaching and learning but that reflection, as conceived of by Dewey, did not occur. Therefore, additional inquiry is needed into the facilitation of the process of reflection.
Glucosylation of quercetin by a maize pollen enzyme

Abstract A glucosyltransferase present in maize pollen catalyses the formation of isoquercitrin from quercetin and uridine 5′-diphosphoglucose. The reaction also required reduced sylfhydryl groups and was stimulated by addition of magnesium ions. Two pH optima were observed for the catalytic activity, a minor one at 6·2 and a major one at 8·2. The enzyme has a temperature optimum of 37° and can be inhibited by mercuric salts. Whole pollen readily served as the source of the enzyme in the reaction mixture.
Development of an Automated Vegetable Oil Minirefinery

Four unit operations of a soybean oil minirefinery — refining, bleaching, hydrogenating, deodorizing — have been tested and are now operational. Major emphasis in this paper is design and testing of the minirefinery but transducer development for computer control is the primary objective of continuing research. Weight, flow, temperature, infrared, refractive index and other transducers have been incorporated. Data output from the computer contains measurements, calculations, instructions and/or warnings that the process may not be operating as desired. Capability for direct digital control of parameters, as for a hydrogenation reactor heater and a neutralization column preheater, have been incorporated. At this stage of the minirefinery development, transducers can now be tested under conditions similar to large scale operations. Entwicklung einer automatischen Miniraffinerie fur Pflanzenole Vier Verfahrensstufen einer Sojaol-Miniraffinerie, namlich Raffination, Bleichung, Hydrierung und Desodorierung, wurden getestet, und sie werden jetzt betriebsmasig praktiziert. Die vorliegende Mitteilung befast sich hauptsachlich mit der Konstruktion und Erprobung der Miniraffinerie; zukunftige Forschung zielt in erster Linie auf die Entwicklung der Transducer und Computer-Kontrolle. Transducer fur die Uberwachung von Gewicht, Stromung, Temperatur, Infrarot-Absorption und Brechungsindex wurden eingebaut. Computerdaten beinhalten Messungen, Berechnungen, Hinweise und/oder Warnungen daruber, ob das Verfahren wie gewunscht verlauft. Die Moglichkeit der direkten digitalen Kontrolle der Parameter, wie z. B. bei einem Hydrierungsreaktor und einem Vorwarmer zur Neutralisiersaule, ist gegeben. Beim augenblicklichen Stand der Entwicklung der Miniraffinerie konnen die Transducer unter den gleichen Bedingungen getestet werden wie bei der gros-technischen Verarbeitung.
EG-17SUV420-MEDIATED HETEROCHROMATIN CHANGES IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN CANCERS

Silencing mechanisms play a role in genomic stability by maintaining condensed, non-active regions of the genome. SUV420 enzymes contain a SET domain conferring methyltransferase activity toward histones. The Histone H4 lysine 20 trimethylation (H4K20me3) mark maintained by SUV420H2 is associated with heterochromatin formation and gene silencing, whereas the dimethylated mark (H4K20me2) is associated with DNA repair. In studies of epigenetic factors in large patient cohorts with ependymoma, it was found that SUV420H2 expression was lost or diminished in patients with reciprocal increases in prognostic markers such as hTERT. To better understand the normal function of Suv4-20H1/H2 enzyme in neural progenitors, and pathological changes in cancers, a variety of differentiation paradigms were used. The NT2D1 neurally restricted cell line, and BGO1V and H9 human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and differentiated progeny, were used alongside tumors to better understand enzyme targets and functional outcomes (e.g.,lineage, differentiation, regional chromatin modifications). Lineage stages were verified with stage-specific markers by immunofluorescence and qPCR. Suv4-20 H1 and H2 were present in ESCs and neural progenitors and decreased thereafter. RNAi knockdown of SUV420 enzymes led to decreased H4K20 methylation in cancer cells. DNA methylation microarrays and ChIP-PCR suggest 1) that SUV420 is not regulated by DNA methylation in ependymomas; 2) that active chromatin marks such as H3K4 dimethylation are enriched near the transcriptional start site in the SUV420H2 gene, and 3) that hTERT is hyper-methylated at specific CpG islands and histones in a tumor sub-group-specific manner. This data supports the hypothesis that Suv4-20H2 is highly active in progenitor cells and functionally lost in some brain cancers. These studies begin to elucidate coincident mechanisms of gene silencing active in neural progenitors that may be altered in a subset of pediatric brain cancers.
ODI and information literacy: Personal information management in a world of information overload

The proposed poster poster presents findings of a case study involving undergraduate students enrolled in an information literacy course that were surveyed regarding their experiences managing information found online. While information literacy courses teach students to identify, seek, analyze, and use needed information, it does not prepare them to manage and store information encountered while
Hydrodeoxygenation of O-containing polycyclic model compounds using a novel organometallic catalyst precursor

Abstract Compounds containing oxygen functional groups, especially phenols, are undesirable components of coal-derived liquids. Removal of these compounds from the products of coal liquefaction is required. A beneficial alternative would be the removal of these compounds, or the prevention of their formation, during the liquefaction reaction itself, rather than as a separate processing step. A novel organometallic catalyst precursor containing Co and Mo has been studied as a potential hydrogenation catalyst for coal liquefaction. To ascertain the hydrodeoxygenation activity of this catalyst under liquefaction conditions, model compounds were investigated. Anthrone, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenol, dinaphthyl ether, and xanthene were reacted in the presence of the Co-Mo catalyst precursor and a precursor containing only Mo over a range of temperatures, providing a comparison of conversions to deoxygenated products. These conversions give an indication of the hydrodeoxygenating abilities of organometallic catalyst precursors within a coal liquefaction system. For example, at 400°C dinaphthyl ether was converted 100% (4.5% O-containing products) in the presence of the Co-Mo organometallic precursor, compared to 76.5% conversion (7.4% O-products) in the presence of the Mo catalyst.
Rebels of Highland Guatemala: The Quiché‐Mayas of Momostenango

Rebels of Highland Guatemala: The Quiche-Mayas of Momostenango. ROBERT M. CARMACK. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. 525 pp., figures, illustrations, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
CLARK: fast and accurate classification of metagenomic and genomic sequences using discriminative k-mers

Background The problem of supervised DNA sequence classification arises in several fields of computational molecular biology. Although this problem has been extensively studied, it is still computationally challenging due to size of the datasets that modern sequencing technologies can produce.
Helium ion-induced fission of 204Pb at 65, 41, 37 and 25 MeV

Abstract A radiochemical study has been made of the 65, 41, 37 and 25 MeV helium ion-induced fission of 204Pb. The fission fragment mass distribution curves are primarily gaussian in shape with widths at half maximum of 20, 19, 18 and 11 a.m.u. respectively. Total fission cross sections obtained for 65, 41, 37 and 25 MeV were found to be 47,000, 1824, 320 and 18 μ barns respectively. Charge distribution determinations made for masses 92 and 112 at 41 and 37 MeV indicated a significant correction factor at 41 MeV.
The effects of impression management demands on heart rate, self-reported social anxiety, and social competence in undergraduate males.

The effects of self-presentation demands were evaluated through conversational probe (CP) role-play tasks. Participants (N=29) were required to manage their self-presentations (i.e., the impression they made, in each of two conditions). During high impression management (IM) demand, participants were evaluated on their performance. During Low IM demand, participants evaluated a confederate's performance. The High IM demand condition produced significantly higher heart rate (HR) and self-reported anxiety. HR and self-reported anxiety accounted for a significant amount of the variance in criterion measures of social competence. Greater social competence during High IM was associated with higher HR. Greater social competence during Low IM was associated with lower HR and lower self-reported anxiety. Although preliminary, these results suggest that uncontrolled IM demands contributed to mixed results found within and between social anxiety studies in the literature. Implications for the treatment of social anxiety are discussed.
The Paradox of Toughening During the Aging of Tender Steaks

Aging is the practice of holding meat at low temperatures to improve tenderness that is the most important sensory attribute affecting consumer acceptability of beef. Because of the inconsistencies in measured tenderness changes during aging, we attempted to look at the relationship between aging and initial tenderness irrespective of animal age, genetics, or nutritional status. Cattle were selected to represent a full range of quality grades from Utility to Prime. Steaks from these cattle were aged in vacuum bags for 0, 7, or 14 d and tenderness characteristics were assessed. Steaks were cut from the frozen loin sections, thawed, and cooked on open hearth grills to 70 °C. Sensory evaluation was completed by a 6-member trained sensory evaluation panel and Warner-Bratzler shear was determined. The average shear values decreased with aging time across most grade categories; however, improvement was not uniform. Steaks from Utility grade cattle improved the most while steaks of other grades improved less. Shear values overlapped a great deal across all grades and to gain a better understanding of changes with aging, steaks were grouped based on initial shear value differences of 1 kg. Shear value of the toughest steaks decreased the most during aging (−36%), while those with the lowest shear values increased (16%). The same pattern emerged when steaks were grouped by initial tenderness. These results suggest that initially tough steaks will benefit from aging while very tender steaks may be adversely affected.
SKELETAL RESPONSE TO DIETARY ZINC IN ADULT FEMALE MICE

The current studies were intended to assess dose- and time-dependent effects of dietary zinc (Zn) on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in adult female mice. In the first study, mice were given 0, 1×, 2×, 3×, or 4× normal dietary Zn for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, or 6 weeks. In the second study, mice were given 0, 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, and 5× normal dietary Zn for 4 weeks. Sera were collected for measurements of ALP and (in the second study) osteocalcin. Tibiae and calvaria were extracted for measurements of ALP, protein, and TRAP. The first study showed positive correlations between dietary Zn and serum ALP (4 and 6 weeks, P < 0.001), Zn and tibial ALP (2, 4, and 6 weeks, P < 0.03), and Zn and tibial protein (2, 4, and 6 weeks, P < 0.001), as well as a negative correlation between dietary Zn and tibial TRAP (2, 4, and 6 weeks, P < 0.001). Covariant analyses showed that serum ALP, tibial ALP, tibial protein, and tibial TRAP were affected by the dose of Zn (P < 0.005) and by the treatment time (P < 0.03). Supplemental studies showed that (1) the dose-dependent effect of dietary Zn on serum ALP (at 6 weeks) was proportional to the effects on tibial ALP and calvarial ALP, but not to the effects of Zn on renal, hepatic, or intestinal ALP; (2) 6 weeks of dietary Zn caused dose-dependent increases in ALP specific activity in the tibia, calvaria, and liver, but not kidneys or intestines; and (3) Zn increased ALP activity and cell layer protein and decreased TRAP activity in monolayer cultures of the murine osteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1. The second dietary study confirmed the results of the first: 4 weeks of treatment with Zn caused significant increases in serum ALP, calvarial ALP, and tibial ALP activities, and a significant decrease in tibial TRAP (P < 0.05–0.005 for each). This study also revealed an effect of Zn to increase serum osteocalcin (P < 0.03 at 2× normal Zn). Together, these data indicate that incremental increases in dietary Zn are associated with increases in ALP activity in serum and in bone. The effect of Zn to decrease TRAP activity in osteoblast-line cells precludes the interpretation of a Zn-dependent decrease in tibial TRAP activity as evidence of decreased bone resorption.
Drug effects on response duration differentiation. I: Differential effects of drugs of abuse.

Rats were trained to respond under a response duration differentiation schedule in which responses on a lever were reinforced if lever press durations were greater than or equal to 1.00 s but were also less than 1.30 s. Dose-effect curves were generated for cocaine, methamphetamine, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, delta-9-tetrahydrocanninabol (Δ9-THC), and morphine. All drugs produced dose-dependent decreases in accuracy (the percentage of total response durations that were reinforced); however, the degree to which changes in accuracy were accompanied by changes in response rates varied among drugs. Pentobarbital and morphine affected primarily longer (> 1.3 s) response durations, phencyclidine and Δ9-THC affected primarily shorter response durations, whereas cocaine and methamphetamine affected both shorter and longer response durations. High doses of methamphetamine and cocaine increased the dispersion of response duration distributions with increasing dose, whereas higher doses of pentobarbital, Δ9-THC and morphine did not increase dispersion of response duration distributions as much. These data show that behavior under this novel schedule is differentially sensitive to a number of pharmacologic manipulations, and that the schedule can provide a useful addition to the analysis of drug effects upon behavior.
Resonance Transitions Induced by Perturbations at Two or More Different Frequencies

Resonance transition probabilities for a system in the presence of oscillatory perturbations at two or more different frequencies are discussed. It is shown that if resonance transitions are induced by a perturbation at one frequency, then the presence of the other perturbations at nonresonant frequencies alters the resonance frequency for the first perturbation. Theoretical expressions for the alteration of the resonance frequency are derived. Various applications of the derived formulas are discussed, including resonance experiments with more than one oscillatory field, molecular beam experiments in a nonuniform constant field, evaluation of "collision-narrowing" effects in nuclear paramagnetic resonance, etc. The effects of the extraneous oscillatory perturbations are shown to be especially important if their frequencies are close to Bohr frequencies for the perturbation.
Impact of routine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surveillance and cohorting on MRSA-related bloodstream infection in neonatal intensive care unit.

Objective To study the impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surveillance on the incidence of MRSA-related bloodstream infection (BSI) in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and to evaluate cost-effectiveness of MRSA surveillance. Study Design MRSA surveillance policy was introduced in our NICU in April 2008. Pre-MRSA surveillance period (P1, April 2006–March 2008) was compared with the surveillance period (P2, April 2008–April 2010) for MRSA-related BSI (MRSA BSI). Results During P1 and P2, 1,576 and 1,512 neonates were enrolled. Of these, 3.8/1,000 and 5.3/1,000 developed MRSA BSI, respectively. During P2, 100% MRSA-related BSI occurred in MRSA-colonized neonates, as compared with zero in noncolonized group ( p p = 0.007). Direct screening cost was $208 per patient. Since 28 neonates had to be screened to detect one colonization, $5,824 estimated per detection, excluding indirect costs. Conclusions MRSA surveillance may protect non-MRSA colonized neonates from becoming colonized. This is of considerable importance because the acquisition of colonization during hospitalization was associated with a 10-fold increase in risk of developing MRSA BSI. Cost-effectiveness of MRSA surveillance remains debatable and further studies are needed to delineate cost-benefit ratio.
Extending Microcontact Printing as a Microlithographic Technique

This paper describes a number of approaches that have been employed to reduce the size of features of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) generated using microcontact printing (μCP). In μCP, an elastomeric stamp is used to print patterned SAMs of alkanethiolates on the surfaces of coinage metals and SAMs of alkylsiloxanes on Si/SiO2. It is a convenient technique for generating patterned microstructures with feature sizes ≥ 500 nm. The capability of this technique could be extended to produce features smaller than 500 nm using the following approaches: (1) μCP with mechanical deformation of the elastomeric stampthat is, with lateral compression or uniaxial stretching in the plane of the stamp and with pressure perpendicular to the plane of the stamp; (2) μCP with physical alternation of the elastomeric stampthat is, with a stamp that has been swelled with a solvent or a stamp whose dimensions have been reduced by extraction of an inert filler; (3) μCP with reduction in the size of features resulting from pro...
Murine Graft-Versus-Host Skin Disease: A Chronologic and Quantitative Analysis of Two Histologic Patterns

Human graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has several cutaneous manifestations, including a lichenoid and a sclerotic injury pattern. A versatile animal model of graft-versus-host skin disease (GVHSD) would facilitate study of the pathophysiology of these two cutaneous injury patterns. We have examined two murine chimeras histologically and have found two distinct patterns. Allogeneically transplanted B1/6 mice show a prolonged lichenoid-interface dermatitis that eventuates in clinical alopecia, whereas LP/J recipients of allogeneic cells do not show hair loss. Their histopathology consists of an early lichenoid phase that abates and is replaced by dermal sclerosis. Because of the versatility of the mouse as a laboratory animal, we feel that this model provides an excellent opportunity to define the immunopathologic mechanisms responsible for skin injury in GVHD. In addition, an understanding of the pathogenesis of the T cell-dependent, lichenoid, and sclerotic patterns of tissue injury in GVHSD might well provide insight into the pathogenesis of the GVHSD analogs, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and scleroderma.
Auxiliary heating in the residential sector

Abstract The contribution of auxiliary heating equipment toward meeting residential energy demand is estimated using conditional demand estimation techniques. Auxiliary heating equipment, excluding fireplaces is present in 22% of US single family homes heated primarily with gas, 22% of homes heated primarily with electricity, and 40% of homes heated primarily with oil. Wood stoves are the most prevalent form of auxiliary heating equipment, present in 8% of all single family homes. Among US regions, auxiliary heating equipment contributed as much as 75% of heating requirements in the case of wood stoves in homes in the South heated primarily with oil. The use of auxiliary heating equipment can be seen as a response to fuel price and availability uncertainties, its presence increasing demand price responsiveness.
Bayesian wavelet packet denoising for structural system identification

Non-parametric system identification has been widely applied in structural health monitoring and damage detection based on measured response data. However, the presence of noise in the measured data significantly affects the accuracy of structural system identification. A dilemma is that it is not possible to know with any measure of certainty whether and how much the measured data are corrupted by noise. This paper develops a Bayesian discrete wavelet packet transform denoising approach and investigates the effects of noise in the measured data on structural system identification. The denoising approach is based on the integration of Bayesian hypothesis testing and wavelet packet analysis. It avoids the arbitrary selection of threshold required in classical wavelet thresholding methods and considers the uncertainty of noise, thus resulting in more accurate denoising result. Both original and denoised data are used to investigate the effect of noise on structural system identification through error analysis, R2 statistic, and p-value analyses. The methodology is validated using both simulated data and experimental data. A non-parametric system identification method, the fuzzy wavelet neural network model, and experimental data from a 5-storey test steel frame and a 38-storey test concrete structure are employed to investigate the effect of noise on system identification. A comparative study demonstrates that the proposed denoising approach outperforms the wavelet soft thresholding methods. The results of this research provide a robust methodology to denoise the measured data for accurate structural system identification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmids in tributyltin-resistant bacteria from fresh and estuarine waters

Twenty-six tributyltin (TBT)-resistant bacterial strains isolated from sediments were examined for the presence of plasmids. Plasmids of the size reported to carry metal resistance genes were not found in 15 of the strains, indicating that resistance does not have to be plasmid-mediated. Attempts to cure plasmid-containing strains using acridine organge, ethidium bromide, novobiocin or sodium dodecylsulfate, or by growth at elevated temperature were not successful, nor were plasmids transferred from TBT-resistant strains into TBT-sensitive organisms by electroporation. In a broth mating experiment however, plasmid pUM505, a conjugative plasmid known to encode chromium resistance inPseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, was introduced into TBT-sensitiveBeijerinckia sp. MC-27 isolated from freshwater sediment. The TBT tolerance of theBeijerinckia sp. increased 100-fold, from 8.4 μM TBT inBeijerinckia sp. MC-27 to 840 μM TBT inBeijerinckia sp. MC-27 (pUM505) on solid medium. The plasmid was transferred at a frequency of approximately 6×10−4. TBT-resistant transconjugants grew faster in media containing TBT and lost their enhanced TBT tolerance and the plasmid upon serial transfer in medium without TBT. Spontaneous mutants of the donorP. aeruginosa lost both TBT resistance and the plasmid. Therefore, TBT resistance in bacteria can be plasmid-mediated. To our knowledge, this is the first report that resistance to a tin compound can be plasmid-mediated.
Accounting for meaning: On §22 of David Foster Wallace's The Pale King

Abstract The Pale King (2011) is David Foster Wallace's iconic portrait and parody of a modern workplace that is also, not accidentally, an accounting institution – namely, the United States Internal Revenue Service. Many reviewers summarize its topic as boredom – of work in general, and tax accounting in particular. However, its longest section is a nearly one hundred-page, first-person narrative of how one Chris Fogle found his “calling” in accounting, including an accidental encounter with a professor who deemed it to be nothing less than “heroic.” Examined through the lens of ethical criticism, §22 of The Pale King is an important text for examining moral questions about what makes work meaningful and whether we have obligations to perform it ourselves and provide it to others. Through the lens of literary critical theory, it can also be read as a commentary on the meaningfulness (or meaninglessness) of accounting and what its methods imply about what has meaning and value in work and life.
Mind the gap: The role of leadership in multiteam system collective cognition

Abstract The increasing prevalence of team-based organizations places a premium on leadership that will “mind the gap” and enable smooth synchronization of activities across multiple distinct teams. Prior work shows that leaders can be trained to directly facilitate between-team coordination processes. Yet, relatively little is known about the intervening psychological mechanisms that enable between-team coordination. Here, we advance multiteam-interaction mental models—cognitive structures containing knowledge of appropriate between-team activities—as one mechanism that facilitates coordination among multiple teams. We use leader and team cognition data gathered in DeChurch and Marks' (2006) MTS study to test these ideas. Results reveal leaders' multiteam-interaction mental model accuracy “transfers” to teams through strategic communication, and leader strategic communication enables between-team coordination by promoting accuracy in followers' mental models. This study highlights the importance of leadership for developing collective cognition that allows teams to “scale up” from small stand-alone teams to larger and more complex systems.
Theory of Resonance Frequency Shift due to Radiation Field

A formalism is developed to calculate radiative processes, and applied to the shift of resonance frequency due to the radiation field itself. The zeroth approximation gives the Bohr resonance condition, while the next approximation gives a shift proportional to the photon density. The first-order shift is made of two terms: electric and magnetic. They can be interpreted as second-order Stark effect and Zeeman effect due to the oscillating field, respectively. A comparison with experimental data on the Cs atom is made. A good agreement is obtained by choosing the value of parameters suitably. These values of parameters can be checked by a future experiment.
Song perception in the song sparrow: birds classify by song type but not by singer

Abstract Abstract. Recent theories have identified song repertoires and song sharing among neighbours as potential obstacles to individual recognition. These obstacles can be at least partially overcome if the differing song types of an individual have common 'voice' or 'signature' traits, for these would allow a listener to discriminate between different singers' renditions of the same song type and generalize between the different song types of the same singer. Two perceptual experiments were carried out in the laboratory using operant conditioning methods, to compare the relative effects of song sharing and vocal signature traits on song discrimination. Song sparrows were first trained to classify the songs of several singers and then tested on unfamiliar song types of the same singers and unfamiliar shared songs of neighbours of the singers. Subjects failed to generalize from the familiar to unfamiliar song types of a singer, suggesting that 'voice' traits in song sparrows are non-existent or trivial at best. Subjects did, on the other hand, confuse the shared song types of different singers. These findings suggest that learning to discriminate between the shared song types of neighbours in the field may be no simple task, and that the songs of newcomers might be confused with those of residents, at least for a time.
A sensitive period for learning about food

It is proposed here that there is a sensitive period in the first two to three years of life during which humans acquire a basic knowledge of what foods are safe to eat. In support of this, it is shown that willingness to eat a wide variety of foods is greatest between the ages of one and two years, and then declines to low levels by age four. These data also show that children who are introduced to solids unusually late have a narrower diet breadth throughout childhood, perhaps because the duration of the sensitive period has been shortened. By reducing the costs associated with learning, a sensitive period for food learning should be adaptive for any omnivore (including early humans) that remains in the same environment throughout its life.
Semiclassical analysis of the Wigner 12j symbol with one small angular momentum

We derive an asymptotic formula for the Wigner $12j$ symbol, in the limit of one small and 11 large angular momenta. There are two kinds of asymptotic formulas for the $12j$ symbol with one small angular momentum. We present the first kind of formula in this paper. Our derivation relies on the techniques developed in the semiclassical analysis of the Wigner $9j$ symbol [L. Yu and R. G. Littlejohn, Phys. Rev. A 83, 052114 (2011)], where we used a gauge-invariant form of the multicomponent WKB wave functions to derive asymptotic formulas for the $9j$ symbol with small and large angular momenta. When applying the same technique to the $12j$ symbol in this paper, we find that the spinor is diagonalized in the direction of an intermediate angular momentum. In addition, we find that the geometry of the derived asymptotic formula for the $12j$ symbol is expressed in terms of the vector diagram for a $9j$ symbol. This illustrates a general geometric connection between asymptotic limits of the various $3nj$ symbols. This work contributes an asymptotic formula for the $12j$ symbol to the quantum theory of angular momentum, and serves as a basis for finding asymptotic formulas for the Wigner $15j$ symbol with two small angular momenta.
Nitrate reductase for nitrate analysis in water

Nitrate analysis in water is one of the most frequently applied methods in environmental chemistry. Current methods for nitrate are generally based on toxic substances. Here, we show that a viable alternative method is to use the enzyme nitrate reductase. The key to applying this Green Chemistry solution for nitrate analysis is plentiful, inexpensive, analytical grade enzyme. We demonstrate that recombinant Arabidopsis nitrate reductase, expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, is a highly effective catalyst for nitrate analysis at 37°C. Recombinant production of enzyme ensures consistent quality and provides means to meet the needs of environmental chemistry.
A comparison of individual level risk factors for homelessness among older and younger adults: Findings in a homeless sample from Little Rock

homeostasis, reflection or self-understanding, value relativism and tolerance, and acknowledgment of and dealing effectively with uncertainty. These core components offer a roadmap for defining wisdom, and for continuing to explore its determinants and underlying structure. But how does wisdom develop and change over the course of a lifetime? Can wisdom be taught, and if so, what are the necessary characteristics of wisdom? How does adversity affect wisdom? These questions remain unanswered. But elderly adults, particularly those who are facing the end of their lives in hospice care, are well-suited to reflect on these issues. This population is uniquely poised to reflect back on their lives overall, with a prominent awareness of adversity due to their terminal illness. Methods: This study provides a qualitative analysis of hospice patients’ perspectives on the concept of wisdom. A focus is given to patients’ understanding about the definition, characteristics, and development of wisdom, as well as their perspectives on how wisdom has changed throughout their lives as a result of their illness. Furthermore, patients’ responses are compared to the six core components of wisdom as an assessment of the theory’s applicability in this population. Twenty-five hospice patients are completing individualized, semi-structured, qualitative interviews about wisdom. Each patient’s interview, lasting an average of 60 minutes, is being digitally recorded and transcribed. Using grounded theory, each interview is being analyzed and coded by the research team to ascertain the most common emergent themes. Results: Five of the 25 interviews have been completed to date, thereby allowing for preliminary results. Thus far, the most common theme expressed by hospice patients is that wisdom requires learning from mistakes and life experience, with the majority of patients noting their level of wisdom has increased due to their terminal illness. Additionally, patients have most often reported the following characteristics as necessary for wisdom: 1) patience, 2) good communication, and 3) a willingness to self-reflect. When mapping patients’ responses to the six components of wisdom, they have most frequently endorsed the link between wisdom and pro-social attitudes (44%), dealing with uncertainty (20%), and social decision making (19%). Hospice patients have less frequently described a link between wisdom and emotional homeostasis (8%), reflection (8%), or tolerance (1%). Conclusions: The remaining 20 interviews will lead to finalized qualitative analysis for presentation and to a better understanding of how people conceptualize wisdom at the end of their lives.
Serial intracoronary ultrasound in children: feasibility, reproducibility, limitations, and safety.

Abstract Pediatric patients with heart transplants and Kawasaki disease are at risk to develop coronary artery disease. Selective coronary angiography underestimates vasculopathy in transplant patients and intimal changes in Kawasaki disease. Routine intracoronary ultrasound imaging in adults accurately identifies histopathologic features not visualized by angiography. Little data are available regarding safety and efficacy in children. This study provides sequential data and experience in children between the ages of 2½ and 22 years. Thirty-two patients underwent 62 intracoronary ultrasound examinations at the time of coronary angiography. Careful correlation of the ultrasound crystal locations with the angiographic images of the vessels was made. Images were analyzed for intimal hyperplasia and luminal diameters. Intracoronary ultrasound was more sensitive than angiography in detecting vessel wall disease. Coronary vasospasm occurred in 11 of 62 studies after the intracoronary ultrasound study. All but 1 episode were asymptomatic and resolved after intracoronary nitroglycerine. When a standard protocol is followed and current technology is used, intracoronary ultrasound is feasible, reproducible, efficacious, and safe in the young patient. It allows earlier detection of vasculopathy and intimal disease at angiographically normal sites. As technology improves and greater experience is gained, the long-term safety and prognostic value of these studies in children should be forthcoming. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:782-90.)
Fine structure of cell plate formation in the apical meristem of Phaseolus roots.

The fine structure of dividing root tip cells of Phaseolus vulgaris L. has been studied in material fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide and poststained in uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Microtubules, observed in both longitudinal and transverse sections of the root tip, are abundant during the early stages of cell plate formation when vesicles from the dictyosomes are aggregating and beginning to fuse in the plate region, but disappear in later stages during which fusion continues and the vesicular aggregates grow laterally. The distribution of microtubules among the vesicles is observable in transverse sections in which the young plate is seen in face view. No consistent grouping of microtubules around the vesicles or structural association between microtubules and vesicles has been detected. Analysis of progressive stages of plate development made from transverse sections reveals that the fusing vesicles subsequently form conspicuous stellate or branched bodies, the prominent linear arms of which protrude at sharp angles from the central mass. It appears that the arms are the sites of further fusion and growth, and that the growth is confined to the plane of the plate. In later stages the branched bodies continue to grow and fuse, creating large interconnected expanses of cell plate material.
MTI ground data processing and science retrieval pipeline architecture

The major science goal for the Multispectral Thermal Imager (MTI) project is to measure surface properties such as vegetation health, temperatures, material composition and others for characterization of industrial facilities and environmental applications. To support this goal, this program has several coordinated components, including modeling, comprehensive ground-truth measurements, image acquisition planning, data processing and data interpretation. Algorithms have been developed to retrieve a multitude of physical quantities and these algorithms are integrated in a processing pipeline architecture that emphasizes automation, flexibility and robust operation. In addition, the MTI science team has produced detailed site, system and atmospheric models to aid in system design and data analysis. This paper will provide an introduction to the data processing and science algorithms for the MTI project. Detailed discussions of the retrieval techniques will follow in papers from the balance of this session.
Study of microbial biofilms using light microscope techniques

Abstract In industrial ecosystems biofilms can cause severe problems in terms of obstruction, heat transfer, fluid dynamics and corrosion, and so detection of biofilms is therefore important to engineers. Visualisation of biofilms provides a rapid technique for the clarification of biofilm presence. Light microscopy has provided a mechanism of visualising the topology of the biofouling as well as the substrata, identifying particular micro-organisms and determining whether or not the bacteria are viable. Differential interference contrast enabled initial examination of opaque substrata such as copper or stainless steel prior to staining for discrimination of the microorganisms. Subsequent staining of the biofilm with fluorochromes such as acridine orange enhanced differentiation of the micro-organisms against the substrata. Biofilms on galvanised and stainless steel coupons from laboratory chemostat models were exhibited as a heterogeneous film representing a mosaic. This mosaic nature of the biofilm would aggravate localised corrosion by setting up concentration cells. Vital dyes which fluoresce when reduced by metabolising cells have been utilised to determine the viability of bacteria within biofilms on coupons from laboratory models, as well as industrial samples after microbial control measures have been instigated. The position of the waterborne human pathogen Legionella pneumophila has been identified within biofilms with the use of direct labelling probes. The light microscope was equipped with various fluorescent filter combination blocks to enable different strains to be used simultaneously and with the use of long working distance lenses the specimen are not compressed.
Mechanical properties of 6061 Al-Mg-Si alloy after very rapid heating

Abstract The effects of time, temperature and strain rate on the yield strength determined at elevated temperature have been investigated for 6061-T6 Al-Mg-Si alloy. To achieve very short times-at-temperature, nanosecond pulse heating produced by electron beam energy deposition was used along with one-dimensional stress-wave loading. When a relatively thick sample is heated in this way it cannot expand on the same time scale as the temperature increase. As a result, stress relief waves propagate in the material after energy deposition, and this deformation occurring at high strain-rates and elevated temperatures produces microstructural changes that reduce the strength of the alloy on the time scale of a few μs. This strength reduction occurs in addition to that due to the lowered shear modulus at-temperature, and is an essentially permanent change reflected in the greatly reduced room temperature strength of the material following nanosecond pulse heating. If the material is heated slowly enough so that the sample can expand as the temperature increases, and if the soaking time at temperature is less than required for microstructural changes in the alloy (e.g. approximately 3 s at 260°C), the yield strength measured at-temperature under wave propagation conditions drops in proportion to the shear modulus. In addition, the yield strength measurement is sensitive to the rate of deformation at elevated temperatures even for short times-at-temperature. The nature of this sensitivity is discussed in terms of thermally-activated dislocation motion.
Antinociception induced by microinjection of substance P into the A7 catecholamine cell group in the rat.

Abstract Stimulation of neurons in the ventromedial medulla produces antinociception that is mediated in part by indirect activation of pontospinal noradrenergic neurons. Substance P-containing neurons located in the ventromedial medulla project to the A7 catecholamine cell group and may serve as an excitatory link between these two cell groups. Thus, the antinociception induced by stimulation of the neurons in ventromedial medulla may be mediated by substance P released from these projections which activates spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group. This hypothesis was tested by determining whether microinjection of various doses of substance P into the A7 cell group of the rat could induce antinociception. The results indicated that substance P induced dose-dependent antinociception that was more pronounced in the hindlimb ipsilateral to the microinjections. This observation is consistent with anatomical observations that noradrenergic A7 neurons project predominantly to the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn. Moreover, the antinociceptive effects of substance P microinjection appear to be mediated at least in part by activation of spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons in the A7 cell group, because intrathecal injections of the alpha-2 noradrenergic antagonists yohimbine and idazoxan blocked these antinociceptive effects. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that the antinociception induced by stimulation of neurons in the ventromedial medulla is mediated in part by activation of substance P-containing neurons that project to, and activate, spinally projecting noradrenergic neurons located in the A7 catecholamine cell group.
Digitalis-induced cell signaling by the sodium pump: on the relation of Src to Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase.

Abstract In addition to performing its essential transport function, the sodium pump also activates multiple cell signaling pathways in response to digitalis drugs such as ouabain. Based mainly on cell-free studies with mixtures of purified Src kinase and Na+/K+-ATPase, a well-advocated hypothesis on how ouabain initiates the activation of signaling pathways is that there is a preexisting physiological complex of inactive Src bound to the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase, and that ouabain binding to this subunit disrupts the bound Src and activates it. Because of the published disagreements of the results of such cell-free experiments of two other laboratories, our aim was to attempt the resolution of these discrepancies. We reexamined the effects of ouabain, vanadate, and oligomycin on mixtures of Src, Na+/K+-ATPase, Mg2+, and ATP as specified in prior studies; and assayed for Src-418 autophosphorylation as the measure of Src activation. In contrast to the findings of the proponents of the above hypothesis, our results showed similar effects of the three inhibitors of Na+/K+-ATPase; indicating that Src activation in such experiments is primarily due to the ATP-sparing effect of the ATPase inhibitor on the mixture of two enzymes competing for ATP. We conclude that there is no solid evidence for direct molecular interaction of Src with Na+/K+-ATPase under physiological conditions.
On the partial caching of streaming video

Video objects are much larger in size than traditional web objects and tend not to be viewed in entirety. Hence, caching them partially is a promising approach. Also, the projected growth in video traffic over wireless cellular networks calls for resource-efficient caching mechanisms in the wireless edge to lower traffic over the cellular backhaul and peering links and their associated costs. An evaluation of traditional partial caching solutions proposed in the literature shows that known solutions are not robust to video viewing patterns, increasing object pool size, changing object popularity, or limitation in the resources available for caching at the wireless network elements. In this paper, to overcome the limitations, we propose a novel approach that adopts a flexible segmentation policy and generalizes both LRU and LFU when applied to segmented accesses, and in our simulations, is shown to significantly lower wireless backhaul traffic (by around 20--30% and in some cases even higher).