cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the large subunit (R1) of human ribonucleotide reductase synergistically increase the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and paclitaxel to MCF-7 breast cancer cells

e14626 Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides for use in DNA synthesis. Human RR consists of two subunits, a la...
Observation Care: Ethical and Legal Considerations for the Emergency Physician.

Abstract Background The Medicare observation rules remain controversial despite Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services revisions and the new 2-midnight rule. The increased financial risks for patients and heightened awareness of the rule have placed emergency physicians (EPs) at the center of the controversy. Discussion This article reviews the primary ethical and legal (particularly with respect to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act) implications of the existing observation rule for EPs and offers practical solutions for EPs faced with counseling patients on the meaning and ramifications of the observation rule. Conclusions We conclude that while we believe it does not violate the intent of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act to respond to patient questions about their admission status, the observation rules challenge the ethical principles of transparency related to the physician–patient relationship and justice as fairness. Guidance for physicians is offered to improve transparency and patient fairness.
Characteristics of Nitrogen Fractions and Amino Acids of Feedstuffs Common to the Pacific Northwest

Abstract Thirty-nine forage samples and 47 grain and by-product feed samples were collected from various sites in Washington. Total crude protein (total N), soluble protein (soluble N), soluble nonprotein N (soluble NPN), soluble true PN, neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN), and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) were determined. The soluble N in forages contributed 30 to 70% of total N, in which 60 to 80% was soluble NPN. Grains and by-product feeds had a lower percentage of soluble Nand NPN. Nitrogen degradability of feeds was estimated by Streptomyces grise us fermentation and in situ disappearance in the rumen. Effective N degradability of feeds was calculated. The rate and extent of N degradability offeeds, estimated by in situ technique, were generally greater than by S. griseus. In situ N degradability of most feeds could be accurately predicted by its DM degradability or by S. griseus N degradability. The proportion of microbial N in the incubated feeds was calculated from concentrations of purines or diaminopimelic acid. Eighty to 90% of total N for most feeds was degraded in the rumen after 24 h of incubation.
Difficult biopsy and drainage: just say yes

Abdominal radiologists are often asked to perform difficult percutaneous chest, abdomen, and pelvis biopsies and drainages with imaging guidance. Many of these procedures involve small target lesions far from the skin surface, in close proximity to critical structures. Organ location is changeable due to respiration, peristalsis, and pulsation, further complicating the planning process. High-level three-dimensional spatial awareness is critical to mastery of complex image-guided procedures. A comprehensive grasp of anatomy and expected changes can be exploited in certain cases to target lesions within a solid organ or to avoid injury to sensitive structures during biopsy, drain placement, or thermal ablation. In this article, we will use illustrative cases to explore the use of anatomic knowledge and the ability to synthesize this three-dimensional data dynamically during planning and execution of difficult CT- and ultrasound-guided procedures. We will discuss unusual biopsy requests-such as bowel biopsies-and the benefits of using ultrasound guidance for certain procedures in the chest. Additionally, we will describe multiple special techniques, including out of standard plane angulation and endocavitary techniques, in order to maximize chances of success.
The Culture of Tissue Cells in Clots Formed from Purified Bovine Fibrinogen and Thrombin.

SummaryProcedures are described for the successful culture of tissue cells in clots formed from purified bovine fibrinogen and thrombin. The influence on clot characteristics of pH and temperature, effective during clot formation, and the influence of fibrinogen concentration on the subsequent cell migration in the clot are indicated. Cultures grown in these clots can be transferred with the same ease as those grown in clots derived from chick plasma. The problem of fibrinoly-sis is briefly mentioned.
Interaction of temperature and feeding rate in determining the rate of development of larval Culex tarsalis (Diptera, Culicidae).

The duration of larval stages (logarithm) of Culex tarsalis Coquillett shows a linear relationship to feeding rate (logarithm) at 20° and 30°C. At the feeding rates at which larvae can complete development in 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24 days, they use 87, 83, 78, 74, 69, 62, or 52% more food at 20°C than they do at 30°C. Pupae were 12 and 18% heavier at 20°C than they were at 30°C. At 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg per larva per day the larval developmental time was 5.5, 6.7, 7.8, and 8.1 days shorter at 30°C than at 20°C. The shortening of the duration of larval stages at 30°C over 20°C was accompanied by a greater decrease in the duration of stages I and III than of stages II and IV.
Compliance and Practice with Current Recommendations for RSV Prophylaxis In Infants and Young Children with Congenital Heart Disease

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. In the United States RSV is responsible for 90,000 hospitalizations and 4,500 deaths each year 1, 1. Fleming, Pannell, and Cross3 reported that the average death rate from RSV is 6.7 per 100,000 population. Infants with congenital cardiac defects are at greater risk because changes associated with congestive heart failure and cardiac defects limit the ability to compensate during viral bronchiolitis, which in turn increases morbidity and mortality associated with this viral illness4,5. The infection can cause serious illness, prolonged hospitalization, and increased post-operative complications after surgical repair for children with congenital heart malformations6’ 7 ’8. There may also be long term sequelae, proven by a number of studies linking the infection with increased risk of subsequent development of reactive airway disease9,10, 11 compromising the ability of children with congenital heart disease to return to baseline.
Local Wound Care for Primary Cleft Lip Repair: Treatment and Outcomes With use of Topical Hydrogen Peroxide

Objectives This study highlights and validates a peroxide-based wound healing strategy for treatment of surgically closed facial wounds in a pediatric population. The authors identified pediatric patients undergoing primary cleft lip repair as a specific population to evaluate the outcomes of such a protocol. Through analysis of defined outcome measures, a reliable and reproducible protocol for postoperative wound care following primary cleft lip repair with favorable results is described. Methods This retrospective study analyzes wound healing outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing primary cleft lip repair from 2006 to 2011 at a tertiary academic center. The wound healing protocol was used in both primary unilateral and bilateral repairs. One hundred fortysix patients between the ages of 0 and 4 years underwent primary cleft lip repair and cleft rhinoplasty by a single, fellowship-trained craniofacial surgeon. Postoperatively, wounds were treated with half-strength hydrogen peroxide and bacitracin, as well as scar massage. Incisional dehiscence, hypertrophic scar formation, discoloration, infection, and reoperation were studied. Outcomes were evaluated in light of parent compliance, demographics, preoperative nasoalveolar molding (PNAM), and diagnosis. Results The authors identified 146 patients for inclusion in this study. There was no wound or incisional dehiscence. One hundred twenty-four patients demonstrated favorable cosmetic outcome. Only 3 (2%) of patients who developed suboptimal outcomes underwent secondary surgical revision (> 1 year after surgery). Demographic differences were not statistically significant, and PNAM treatment did not influence outcomes. Conclusion These data validate the use of halfstrength hydrogen peroxide and bacitracin as part of a wound healing strategy in pediatric incisional wounds. The use of hydrogen peroxide produced comparable outcomes to previously published studies utilizing other wound healing strategies and, therefore, these study findings support the further use of this regimen for this particular population.
Characterization of Coal Liquefaction Residues by Thermal Methods of Analysis

Recent years have seen vast experimentation with many different process designs for the liquefaction of coals. The degree of coal conversion and composition of the product oil vary with both the coal rank, maceral composition, mineral matter content, and conversion process. Whereas much attention has been focused on the separation and characterization of the product oil by chromatographic and spectroscopic means, less work has been done on the unconverted or process altered residues from liquefaction processes. Although many of the processes do incorporate some sort of “bottoms processing”, other possible uses of these residues include road materials, carbon electrodes, coal gasification feedstocks, and as direct combustion fuels. Recently, coal conversion by-products have been used as raw materials in the synthesis of thermosetting polyesters1.
Cross-corpora unsupervised learning of trajectories in autism spectrum disorders

Patients with developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), present with symptoms that change with time even if the named diagnosis remains fixed. For example, language impairments may present as delayed speech in a toddler and difficulty reading in a school-age child. Characterizing these trajectories is important for early treatment. However, deriving these trajectories from observational sources is challenging: electronic health records only reflect observations of patients at irregular intervals and only record what factors are clinically relevant at the time of observation. Meanwhile, caretakers discuss daily developments and concerns on social media. In this work, we present a fully unsupervised approach for learning disease trajectories from incomplete medical records and social media posts, including cases in which we have only a single observation of each patient. In particular, we use a dynamic topic model approach which embeds each disease trajectory as a path in RD. A Polya-gamma augmentation scheme is used to efficiently perform inference as well as incorporate multiple data sources. We learn disease trajectories from the electronic health records of 13,435 patients with ASD and the forum posts of 13,743 caretakers of children with ASD, deriving interesting clinical insights as well as good predictions.
Management of familial benign chronic pemphigus

Benign familial chronic pemphigus or Hailey-Hailey disease is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation in the ATP2C1 gene leading to suprabasilar acantholysis. The disease most commonly affects intertriginous areas symmetrically. The chronic nature of the disease and multiple recurrences make the disease bothersome for patients and a treatment challenge for physicians. Treatments include topical and/or systemic agents and surgery including laser. This review summarizes the available treatment options.
Simultaneous Identification and Adaptive Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

This paper presents an experimentally verified, Lyapunov-based adaptive control design for permanent magnet synchronous ac machines, which exploits overactuation to achieve parameter identification and torque regulation objectives simultaneously. This is achieved by regulating the states of the system (i.e., the stator currents) to the output error-zeroing manifold, along which they are varied to provide excitation for parameter identification. The proposed control law utilizes a combination of adaptively tuned feedforward and feedback decoupling terms, in addition to proportional feedback, to achieve reference current tracking in the presence of parameter uncertainty. A switching-sigma modification to the adaptive update law is used to ensure robust stability of the closed-loop adaptive system, and excitation for parameter estimation is introduced via the direct-axis current reference input. The resulting controller achieves the simultaneous identification and control objective while providing consistent transient response characteristics with zero steady-state error over a wide range of operating points.
Precipitation Events and Management Practices Affect Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Vineyards in a Mediterranean Climate

To evaluate the effect of precipitation events, management practices, and soil type in wine grape (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) vineyard systems and provide data for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions calculators, we monitored nine vineyards in the Lodi wine grape district, California, from April 2011 to December 2012. These commercial vineyards exist on three soil series (Redding, San Joaquin, and Tokay), representing a spectrum of soil textures and degrees of soil development. We hypothesized that soil characteristics would be a dominating factor affecting GHG fluxes, but the magnitude of fluxes would be influenced by precipitation and management events. We measured N₂O fluxes, soil NO₃–N and NH₄–N, and gravimetric water content (GWC) from vine and intervine (alleys) rows bimonthly (April–October) and monthly (November–March). Monthly, we collected soil samples for dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved organic N (DON) determination. Path analysis revealed that the effects of soil type and vineyard zone on N₂O emissions were influenced by soil texture (i.e., gravel and clay contents) but that this effect was mediated by GWC through soil temperature and soil inorganic N content. Management practices such as irrigation, fertigation, cover cropping, and tillage affected differences between vine rows and alleys for soil inorganic pools, DOC, and DON from June to October 2012. This 20-mo study indicated that precipitation events strongly influenced N₂O fluxes.
Contribution of Proteins to the Dielectric Properties of Dielectrically Heated Biomaterials

In this article, we report results on the behavior of selected proteins in solution and on how they could affect the overall absorption and distribution of electromagnetic energy within dielectrically heated biomaterials. Ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-lactoglobulin (BLG), and lysozyme (Lys) proteins varying in molecular weight, structure, and isoelectric point were systematically screened for this study. Measurements were performed using an open-ended coaxial probe over a frequency range encompassing the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands (1–1800 MHz) at six concentration levels and 25 °C. Primary findings include discovery of an additional δ-dispersion region in addition to the previously observed two regions between the well-established β- and γ-dispersion regions for protein solutions, which we propose are a sub-set of multiple δ-dispersions in the said region. We hypothesize that the β-dispersion is a summation of these multiple δ-dispersions and their cumulative effect is manifested in the amount of heat generated within a dielectrically treated biomaterial. An individual protein’s contribution to the overall dielectric absorption was quantitatively determined to account for up to 10% of the energy absorbed by free water molecules. We derived a mixture formula that accurately predicted the dielectric constant (e′) at the critical industrial 915 MHz frequency, which we propose to use in computational simulations for purposes of design and development of dielectric heating devices. Theoretical calculation of the local e′ of individual proteins from their amino acid makeup resulted in an average of 2.7, closely matching previously reported results. An increase in the physical size of a protein resulted in a decrease in the overall electromagnetic absorption of the mixture. A similar effect was observed as protein concentration increased with more pronounced effects on the dielectric increments (∆e′) and absorption decrements (∆e″); the implication of such effect on energy absorption and heating is discussed.
Hiding behind the party brand or currying favor with constituents: Why do representatives engage in different types of constituency-oriented behavior?:

Why do representatives prioritize certain types of constituency service in parliamentary systems? This study argues that the choice for constituency-oriented activities is conditioned by both parti...
DOES MUSIC IMPACT EXERCISE CAPACITY DURING CARDIAC STRESS TEST? A SINGLE BLINDED PILOT RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY

It is not uncommon to see individuals listening to music while exercising. Currently, there are few studies that support the benefits of music on exercise tolerance. The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as is the standard in evidence based practice of medicine, to
The Americas; Epilogue

Once I read about some survivors of the Pacific war who spent many weeks adrift in a dinghy with only a pocket map to guide them. They finally drifted onto an island thousands of miles from where they thought they were. The key to their survival, they said, lay in always keeping a steady hand on the tiller despite the winds and currents, and in thinking of themselves as masters of their own destiny — an illusion, but this illusion was their salvation.
Career Guidance and Counselling in Primary and Secondary Educational Settings

This chapter describes the development and implementation of career guidance and counselling in primary and secondary educational settings covering ages five to 18 years, between 1990 and the present. The author begins with some background information about the administrative authority for career guidance and counselling and whether or not that authority is centralised or decentralised. Some examples of career guidance and counselling programs and practices from around the world are presented. The focus is on what career guidance and counselling knowledge, skills and attitudes, i.e. learning outcomes, children and adolescents are being expected to acquire, along with the delivery systems and methods being used. Some unresolved issues that affect the conceptualisation, delivery and practice of career guidance and counselling in primary and secondary educational settings are discussed in the conclusion of the chapter.
Individuality in Bacteria and Its Relationship to Higher Species

Individuality is at once one of the most highly prized possessions of human beings, and at the same time the source of some of our greatest difficulties. Each of us wants to be an individual and, in fact, a great preoccupation of the current press and psychiatric social workers is to be devoted to “finding one’s identity.” Even the news media recognizes, however, that we inherit a certain amount of our behavior, and that many of our characteristics are common to our fellowman of quite different heredities and who have grown up in quite different environments. One of the important assessments of human behavior, therefore, becomes an attempt to identify those features that are individual and those that are characteristic of the species or of some large subset of the species.
Non-Photoreceptor Photoreception

In the mammalian retina, a rare subtype of ganglion cells function as photoreceptors. These intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate various non-image-forming visual functions, such as circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex. In this article, various aspects of ipRGC physiology are described, including the properties of their light-evoked responses, the photopigment and phototransduction cascade in these cells, their axonal projections to the brain, and their synaptic interactions with other retinal neurons.
A Review of: “Martin C. Libicki. Conquest in Cyberspace: National Security and Information Warfare.”: New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, 323 pp., ISBN 978-0-521-69214-4 (paperback)

With Conquest in Cyberspace, senior RAND Corporation policy analyst Martin Libicki addresses information warfare, especially as it pertains to the Internet. In tackling issues surrounding hostile a...
Evidence for the splicing of grablovirus transcripts reveals a putative novel open reading frame.

Grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) is type member of the newly identified genus Grablovirus. It possesses a single-stranded circular DNA genome of around 3200 nucleotides encoding three open reading frames (ORFs) in both the virion sense, the V1 (CP), V2 and V3, and complementary sense, C1 (RepA), C2 and C3. As shown for members of the genus Mastrevirus, the C1 and C2 ORFs are predicted to fuse through splicing to form a replication-associated protein (Rep). Data obtained using high-throughput sequencing (RNA-Seq) of three RNA-enriched populations, extracted from GRBV-infected grapevine (Vitis vinifera), confirmed the presence of the predicted C1–C2 intron (nts 2288–2450), but in addition identified a larger virion-sense intron (nts 251–589) spanning the V2 ORF. Evidence for both introns in a number of isolates was supported by bioinformatic analysis of publicly available datasets (n=20). These observations were further supported by RT-PCR analyses in both GRBV-infected grapevine and transient expression assays where GRBV genome segments were agro-inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana. The donor site of the virion-sense intron is located within two small ORFs, V0 and V02, while the acceptor site is two-thirds along the V2 ORF. Splicing at these positions is predicted to delete the N terminus of the encoded V2 protein. Comparative analyses of full-length GRBV sequences and the related tentative grabloviruses Prunus geminivirus A and wild Vitis virus 1 support the existence of both introns and V0. The probable regulatory role of these introns in the GRBV infection cycle is discussed.
DYSPNEA: DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM BY CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION

Dyspnea has a broad differential diagnosis and early identification of reversible causes can optimize patient care. A 45 year-old woman with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and prediabetes presented with progressive dyspnea and chest tightness over 4 weeks, worse with exertional activity and relieved
Crisis as Opportunity: Nixon’s Announcement to Close the Gold Window:

The authors reexamine the announcement of the August 1971 decision to suspend convertibility of U.S. dollars to gold, or closing of the gold window, which ended the Bretton Woods system and ushered...
Changes in emergency department visits for zolpidem‐attributed adverse drug reactions after FDA Drug Safety Communications

Purpose To identify possible changes in U.S. emergency department (ED) visits from zolpidem-attributed adverse drug reactions (ADRs) after 2013 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Drug Safety Communications (DSCs), which notified the public about FDA's new dosing recommendations for zolpidem. Methods We estimated the occurrence of ED visits from zolpidem-attributed ADRs using nationally representative, public health surveillance of medication harms (National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-Cooperative Adverse Drug Event Surveillance project, 2010-2017). We estimated the number of zolpidem prescriptions using IQVIA National Prescription Audit, 2010-2017. We calculated rates of ED visits for zolpidem-attributed ADRs per 10 000 dispensed zolpidem prescriptions and identified time trends and potential inflection points using joinpoint regression. For comparison, we repeated these analyses for sedating antidepressants commonly used to treat disordered sleep (trazodone, doxepin, and mirtazapine). Results The best-fit regression model for rates of ED visits for zolpidem-attributed ADRs by 6-month intervals identified a single inflection point in the second half of 2014 (P = .024) with a 6.7% biannual decrease from 2010 to 2014 ([-13.1%, 0.3%], P = .059) and a 13.9% biannual increase from the second half of 2014 through 2017 ([-1.1%, 31.3%], P = .068). No change or inflection points were identified for rates of ED visits for sedating antidepressant-attributed ADRs. Conclusions While there was a nominal decline in the rate of ED visits for ADRs in the time period before and for 18 months after FDA's 2013 zolpidem DSCs, the decrease was not sustained, and thus questions remain concerning the long-term impact of the zolpidem DSCs on ADRs.
A Rockin’ Good Way

Once upon a time, long before the regal recordings of Beyonce, Mary J. Blige, and Rihanna graced 21st century airwaves, the American musical realm was ruled by talented black women. Bessie Smith wa...
Some Sanctifying Precepts for Science and Religion

This chapter presents the lessons learned from the Helmholtz-Cohen-Frege debate and from Cohen’s corpus about wisely navigating revolutionary changes in science, religion, and other cultural practices. Section 5.1 draws on the work of Bas van Fraassen and Michael Friedman to explain the problems that Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions poses for the notion of scientific progress. Because Helmholtz, Cohen, and Frege initiated and reacted to radical modifications to the mathematical sciences and the Kantian epistemological framework for housing them, the material covered in Chaps. 1, 2, 3, and 4 delivers tactical rules for addressing these Kuhnian challenges. The section ends with summarizing these rules. Section 5.2 turns to examining the political and epistemic crises threatening Cohen’s German Jewish community. Drawing on the work of Kristi Dotson and Miranda Fricker, I argue that these crises include instances of epistemic injustice. I show how Cohen’s works in ethics, history of philosophy, and Jewish philosophy serve to launch a conceptual revolution aimed at redressing this injustice. The section ends by summarizing what Cohen teaches us about reasonably responding to epistemic crises within Abrahamic religious traditions. Section 5.3 then applies these rules and lessons to an epistemic crisis currently confronting my own religious community, namely, the debate over the redefinition of Christian marriage.
Learning to Innovate with Big Data Analytics in Inter-Organizational Relationships

Organizations must learn to innovate in new ways when pursuing digital transformation with big data analytics (BDA). By analyzing an inter-organizational relationship where both vendor and client t...
Effects of water saturation and low temperature coupling on the mechanical behavior of carbon and E-Glass epoxy laminates

Abstract An experimentally based study has been conducted to quantify the effects of coupled water saturation and low temperatures on the quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior of E-Glass and Carbon Epoxy laminates. The relative performance of the materials as a function of water saturation and decreasing temperature was characterized through detailed experiments, specifically in-plane (tensile/compressive) and shear material properties, static and dynamic Mode-I fracture, and impact/flexure after impact strength. In the investigation temperatures from Room Temperature (20 °C) down to arctic seawater and extreme ocean depth conditions (−2 °C) were evaluated. The materials utilized in the study, Carbon/Epoxy and E-glass/Epoxy, are chosen due to their primary interest to the underwater vehicle and marine industry communities. The results of the quasi-static and dynamic material experiments show that all properties are affected by both water saturation and decreasing temperature, although the trends are specific to the property under consideration.
Pay communication: Where do we go from here?

Abstract Recently, there has been a movement towards pay openness in the workplace. However, the pay communication literature is narrow in scope, considering only a limited range of outcomes, which makes the reasoning for this recent trend of pay openness practices hard to determine. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to encourage expansion of the pay communication research, specifically focusing on pay openness practices. A definitive description of pay communication, as well as its two extremes (pay openness and pay secrecy) are provided. Additionally, a typology of the two aspects of pay communication (organizational restriction and employee restriction) that has been identified from the literature is developed. Based on the organizational justice framework, propositions are developed for pay openness practices' influence on previously overlooked dependent variables such as workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behaviors, organizational commitment, and perceived organizational support. Several propositions, models, and additional new directions are presented for future research.
Dynamic Query-Based Debugging

Program errors are hard to find because of the cause-effect gap between the time when an error occurs and the time when the error becomes apparent to the programmer. Although debugging techniques such as conditional and data breakpoints help to find error causes in simple cases, they fail to effectively bridge the cause-effect gap in many situations. Dynamic query-based debuggers offer programmers an effective tool that provides instant error alert by continuously checking inter-object relationships while the debugged program is running. To speed up dynamic query evaluation, our debugger (implemented in portable Java) uses a combination of program instrumentation, load-time code generation, query optimization, and incremental reevaluation. Experiments and a query cost model show that selection queries are efficient in most cases, while more costly join queries are practical when query evaluations are infrequent or query domains are small.
Fuel economy improvement via hybridization vs. vehicle performance level.

Although many of the studies that use vehicle simulation models to estimate fuel economy gains for a range of hybrid vehicles have attempted to control for the comparability of performance between conventional and hybrid vehicles, different rules and simulation models have been used. This paper reviews the estimates of city, highway, and corporate average fuel economy gain vs. varying measures of performance change for a set of those studies. We examine the causes for the wide range in estimates when hybridizing a vehicle, establish a database, and provide detailed discussions of relationships using several of the studies. Statistical models developed on the basis of the data reveal the causes of variation in mpg gain among conventional/hybrid pairs that have the same 0–60 mph acceleration times. Our study reveals that potential mpg gain via hybridization is greater as the 0–60 mph acceleration time of the pair of compared vehicles drops (and power-to-weight ratios increase). We demonstrate that engine downsizing is necessary to obtain large benefits, and that an increase in electric motor power relative to engine power — up to a point — improves the fuel economy of hybrids.
An unusual foreign body in the buccal vestibule. Report of a case.

Abstract As the case presented here demonstrates, impressions should be taken carefully with nontraumatic trays and all tissues which involve exposed bone or traumatized soft tissues should be thoroughly irrigated after the taking of an impression.
A model system for the enzymic formation of 6-deoxyhexoses

Abstract Catalytic oxidation of methyl α- and β- d -galactopyranoside, followed by catalytic reduction, led to the formation of methyl α- and β- d -fucopyranoside (15% and 35% yield), respectively. This oxidation-reduction sequence with selective oxidation at C-4 as the first step is structurally closely related to the pathway of 6-deoxyhexose biosynthesis. In the model system as well as in the enzymatic reaction, a labile 4-hexulose derivative is formed. It appears that it is the intrinsic property of this intermediate to undergo molecular rearrangement, thereby resulting, after subsequent reduction, in the formation of a 6-deoxyhexose.
Inpatient and emergency department utilization: The effect of distance, social class, age, sex, and marital status

This study attempted to measure whether patients using two hospital services — inpatient facilities and the emergency department — were representative of the population. It sought to confirm the assumptions that, if patient demands were uniform and there were no barriers to emergency department use: (1) emergency patients would closely represent the population in the geographic service area of the hospital, and (2) factors such as distance from residence, age, marital status, social class, and sex, would be relatively uniform between inpatients and emergency patients. The first assumption was supported by the results of the study. Concerning the second, the 0- to 19-year-old group had a high emergency department utilization and low utilization of inpatient facilities when compared to their prevalance in the general service area population. The 35- to 65-year-old group had a lower emergency department and a higher inpatient usage pattern. The 65-year-old and over group had two and one-half times as many inpatient admissions as their number in the general service area would suggest. More men than women used the emergency department. Separated and divorced people were heavy users of the emergency department whereas widows heavily used inpatient facilities. Social class was not found to be significantly different among those using the inpatient service or emergency department.
Measuring Brain Lesion Progression with a Supervised Tissue Classification System

Brain lesions, especially White Matter Lesions (WMLs), are associated with cardiac and vascular disease, but also with normal aging. Quantitative analysis of WML in large clinical trials is becoming more and more important. In this paper, we present a computer-assisted WML segmentation method, based on local features extracted from conventional multi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) sequences. A framework for preprocessing the temporal data by jointly equalizing histograms reduces the spatial and temporal variance of data, thereby improving the longitudinal stability of such measurements and hence the estimate of lesion progression. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier trained on expert-defined WML's is applied for lesion segmentation on each scan using the AdaBoost algorithm. Validation on a population of 23 patients from 3 different imaging sites with follow-up studies and WMLs of varying sizes, shapes and locations tests the robustness and accuracy of the proposed segmentation method, compared to the manual segmentation results from an experienced neuroradiologist. The results show that our CAD-system achieves consistent lesion segmentation in the 4D data facilitating the disease monitoring.
Mood changes in stroke patients: Relationship to lesion location

Abstract During the past several years we have been studying mood changes in stroke patients. 1–9 We have reported recently in a follow-up study of 103 outpatients that the duration of untreated post-stroke depression was at least 7–8 mo in two-thirds of the patients. 1 We also found that during the period from 6 mo to 2 yr post-stroke, there was a significant increase in the prevalence and severity of depression as compared to other post-stroke time periods. 1 In addition, we are presently conducting a 2 yr longitudinal study on a separate group of 103 stroke patients and have reported during the acute stroke period that severity of depression was significantly correlated with the severity of the patient's intellectual and functional physical impairment as well as their age and the quality of their social supports. 2 However, the most consistent finding from our studies is the importance of lesion location. 1–5,9 For instance, we have shown that patients with left hemisphere lesions have higher depression scores than those with right hemisphere lesions. However, intrahemispheric lesion location seems to have as great an impact as interhemisphere lesion location. Patients with left anterior lesions were significantly more depressed than patients with left posterior lesions 2–4 even if the patient had bilateral lesions. 9 In addition, we have shown that the closer the lesion was to the left frontal pole the greater the depression score 3,4 even in the presence of bilateral hemisphere strokes. 9 Thus, although multiple factors including severity of impairment and quality of social supports contribute to the development of post-stroke depression, 2 lesion location seems to be one of the most important variables. Therefore, in the present study we wanted to examine the role of lesion location by selecting a group of stroke patients with single stroke lesions and no prior history of psychiatric disorder to determine what clinical symptoms develop in the acute post-stroke period, and we wanted to analyze what relationship these symptoms might have to size or location of the brain lesion.
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY IN THE WOMEN'S COLLEGES.

A composite picture of the women's colleges shows that each offers one or two courses in plant physiology, generally only one in the physiology of the higher plants. Such courses are usually for juniors and seniors although sophomores or graduate students may be included. They may meet for one-half year or one year, but this in no way indicates that more or longer courses are any better than one short, well-taught course. Classes in plant physiology are relatively small, often about four students, partly because of the keen competition of the social sciences and liberal arts. Laboratory space is not a factor governing the type of work, although planning seems to be required in some cases. Lack of apparatus becomes a problem only when it is complex or expensive. Individual work is preferred, especially for simpler problems, but often two students to an experiment is necessary to conserve apparatus. May it not be that two students paired wisely, perhaps a chemist and botanist as Dr. Lyon suggested last year, might stimulate each other to good advantage? Although stock solutions may be prepared by the instructor or an assistant, it is considered advisable for the student to make some of them, as emphasis on laboratory technique and cleanliness is training that reflects on the college after graduation. In the recording of experiments variation is great, but there is a hint of informality rather than adherence to rigid specifications. There is clear emphasis, however, on accurate recording of observations with proper discussion or explanation. Student results do not always agree with theory. This may mean that students work until results are obtained which check with accepted theory, or more often they are required to account, if possible, for the deviation. Sometimes this helps them to understand how their inadequate technique may cause errors. Too often they have high aspirations which are never realized because of their inexperience. Errors from lack of practice and from poor technique may blast their high hopes but may also bring a greater appreciation of fine critical research. The living plant is used more than physical and chemical illustrations. Prerequisites emphasize the botanical background more than the chemical, and perhaps do this to a greater extent than in the large universities. They include elementary botany, plus a second course in botany in several cases. Chemistry as a prerequisite varies through all degrees from none at all to the advice that "some knowledge of organic chemistry is desirable"; or a ? Summarized from the report at the Richmond Meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists, December 30, 1938. Contributions from the Department of Botany, Smith College, New Series, no. 3.
Noncovalent encapsulation of cobaltocenium inside resorcinarene molecular capsules.

The encapsulation of cobaltocenium (Cob+) inside hexameric molecular capsules of two different resorcinarenes was investigated in dichloromethane solution. Both 1H NMR spectroscopic and voltammetric experiments clearly reveal that Cob+ experiences encapsulation. Diffusion coefficient measurements obtained from PGSE NMR experiments indicate that the molecular capsules exist in dichloromethane solution in the absence of any cations. Bound and free Cob+ ions undergo slow exchange on the NMR time scale, but the bound Cob+ ions rotate and/or tumble freely inside the molecular capsules. Under experimental conditions suitable for voltammetry the encapsulation of Cob+ depends on the nature of the supporting electrolyte. Tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, and perchlorate supporting electrolytes prevent the encapsulation of Cob+, while tetraalkylammonium chloride and bromide salts allow it. The nature of the tetraalkylammonium cation plays a smaller role in the encapsulation. Finally, the st...
Expression and selective cellular localization of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and GM-CSF alpha and beta receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in human ovarian tissue.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical observations revealed that human ovarian tissue expresses granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as well as GM-CSF α and β receptor (R) mRNA and protein. The RT-PCR products revealed the predicted 286-, 546-, and 380-bp fragments for GM-CSF, GM-CSF αR, and GM-CSF βR, respectively, which were further verified by restriction enzyme digestion analysis. In situ hybridization revealed that the theca interna of the large follicles and luteal cells are the exclusive site of GM-CSF mRNA expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical studies using specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the theca interna of the large follicles are the exclusive site of GM-CSF protein, whereas theca externa and to a lesser extent the granulosa cells are the major sites of GM-CSF αR and βR proteins. Atretic follicles and follicular cysts showed very low or no detectable levels of GM-CSF and GM-CSF αR and βR. In the luteal tissue, both the small and large luteal cells of early luteal (Days 14-19) and midluteal (Days 20-25) phase expressed GM-CSF mRNA and protein as well as GM-CSF αR and βR proteins, and their immunostaining intensity was similar to that seen with theca cells. Luteal cells from late luteal phase (Days 26-281, corpus albicans, and ectopic pregnancy expressed a low level of GM-CSF, GM-CSF αR, and GM-CSF βR mRNA and protein. Ovarian stromal, luteal tissue fibroblast, and arteriole endothelial and smooth muscle cells did not express GM-CSF but showed weak expression of immunoreactive GM-CSF αR and βR. These data provide the first evidence that human ovarian tissue expresses GM-CSF and GM-CSF αR and βR mRNA and protein. Their selective compartmental expression in the follicles and luteal tissue imply an autocrine/paracrine role for theca- and luteal-derived GM-CSF affecting, respectively, the later stages of follicular development and a variety of ovarian biological functions.
STABLE GENES AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS: BODY MASS INDEX ACROSS ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD

The transition between adolescence and young adulthood is a developmentally sensitive time where children are at an increased risk for becoming overweight and developing obesity. Twin studies have reported that body mass index [BMI] is highly heritable, however, it remains unclear whether the genetic influences are sex-limited and whether non-additive genetic influences contribute to body mass index [BMI] during these ages. In the current report, we examined self-reported data on BMI in same [n = 2,744] and opposite-sex [n = 1,178] siblings participating in the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health [Add Health]. To investigate whether the same or different genes contributed to BMI for both sexes, we fit quantitative sex-limited genetic models to three waves of data collection. At each of the three Waves of assessment, models that included additive genetic, individual-specific environment, and no sex-limited genetic influences fit the data most parsimoniously. Heritable effects on BMI at each of the three Waves were large for both sexes and ranged between .75 and .86. While genetic contributions across the ages were highly correlated, longitudinal analyses indicated that the relevant individual-specific environmental influences on BMI in adolescence and young adulthood change sizably. These results underscore the importance of understanding early genetic influences on BMI and highlight the role environmental experiences have at later ages when new genetic influences appear to make a small contribution to individual variation in BMI.
Optimizing the stack size of recursive functions

For memory constrained environments, optimization for program size is often as important as, if not more important than, optimization for execution speed. Commonly, compilers try to reduce the code segment but neglect the stack segment, although the stack can significantly grow during the execution of recursive functions because a separate activation record is required for each recursive call. If a formal parameter or local variable is dead at all recursive calls, then it can be declared global so that only one instance exists independent of the recursion depth. We found that in 70% of our benchmark functions, it is possible to reduce the stack size by declaring formal parameters and local variables global. Often, live ranges of formal parameters and local variables can be split at recursive calls through program transformations. These splitting transformations allowed us to further optimize the stack size of all our benchmark functions. If all formal parameters and local variables can be declared global, then such functions may be transformable into iterations. This was possible for all such benchmark functions.
Campath-1H does not alter bone marrow cell regulatory function.

Abstract We have previously reported in laboratory volunteers ( in vitro ) and renal transplant recipients ( ex vivo ) that bone marrow cells (BMC) are potent downregulators of the immune response. Also, the use of alemtuzumab (Campath-1H, C1H) for immunodepletion is associated with the most potent lasting effects yet seen on T-cell immunity in renal transplantation. We questioned whether the administration of C1H to kidney allograft recipients of donor bone marrow cell (DBMC) infusions would lead to stronger or weaker immunoregulatory effects. Human BMC depleted of T cells (nT-BMC) were either untreated or treated with C1H and rabbit complement and compared for their ability to downregulate autologous or allogeneic T-cell responses and to generate T regulatory (T reg) cells. The proliferative responses to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody of T cells derived from cocultures with C1H-treated or untreated autologous nT-BMC were equally suppressed, i.e. , an equivalent alteration in CD3 complex signaling, not regained by the addition of interleukin 2. Adenosine triphosphate levels were also markedly reduced in T cells both from C1H-treated and untreated nT-BMC cocultures. The ability of C1H-treated or untreated nT-BMC to suppress autologous T-cell cytotoxic function was also equivalent, with a marked, but equivalent, capacity to induce CD4/CD25 high T regs from CD3 + cells, which effectively downregulated cytotoxic T cells. To mimic the clinical infusion of DBMC into (allogeneic) recipients, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also cultured with allogeneic C1H-treated and untreated nT-BMC. T cells derived from these cultures secondarily stimulated with the same-donor mature antigen-presenting cells exhibited suppressed cytotoxicity by 85% and 54%, respectively. These in vitro studies suggest that C1H does not abrogate BMC immunoregulation and thus may allow its lympho-depleting effect to be synergistic.