cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INELASTIC SCATTERING OF COLD NEUTRONS FROM LIQUID ARGON AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

Abstract The scattering of 4 A neutrons from liquid argon has been measured. The temperature dependence of the quasi-elastic width is inconsistent with the free diffusion hypothesis. The data are in agreement with Singwi's theory of coherent quasi-elastic scattering from liquids.
In vivo neuroreceptor imaging by SPECT in migraine

In vivo imaging of neuroreceptor ligand binding in the human brain is a young discipline. In migraine patients only few studies on dopamine D2 receptor binding have been reported. Many potentially useful radiolabeled receptor ligands for SPECT investigations in humans are currently being treated in animal models. There are no reports on development of radiolabeled, specific 5HT 1D receptor ligands, which would be of considerable interest in studies of migraine patients. The radiochemistry of receptor ligand development for SPECT is complex and expensive. However, once a suitable radiolabeled ligand has been developed, e.g. labeled with 1-123 with a fairly long decay ratio, it can be made widely accessible to nuclear medical units. SPECT might even prove to be as powerful a tool as PET for quantification of neuroreceptor binding profiles. Quantification, though, is not a trivial problem and there is still a need for development of kinetic models that can be applied in the clinical setting, particularly for studies of acute conditions like a migraine attack.
Pharmacokinetic studies using microdialysis probes in subcutaneous tissue: effects of the co-administration of ethanol and acetaminophen

Abstract Loop geometry microdialysis probes with membrane lengths of 40–60 mm were used to monitor the effects of acute and chronic doses of ethanol on acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in awake, freely-moving rats. Microdialysis probes used in this configuration provide very high concentration recoveries and good precision at flow rates below 2 μl min −1 . The ability of microdialysis to monitor pharmacokinetics in subcutaneous tissue and blood vessels is compared. Dialysates acquired simultaneously from both blood vessels and subcutaneous tissue showed corresponding disposition for acetaminophen. Acute intraperitoneal doses of ethanol (1 ml kg −1 ) are shown to increase the relative bioavailability, measured as AUC, by 40%, elimination half-life by 24%, and changes in CL and V d were also observed. Larger doses of ethanol, up to 2 ml kg −1 , had a similar incremental effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters in some animals, but apparent decreased abdominal blood flow in others caused diminished absorption and drastically altered pharmacokinetic parameters. Chronic doses of ethanol (5% in drinking water for 14 days) caused an increase in bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic parameters, but changes were not as significant as following acute doses. Acute doses of ethanol (1 ml kg −1 ) were also observed to change the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen at hepatotoxic levels of the drug. However, acute intraperitoneal doses of acetaminophen (10 mg kg −1 ) were observed not to have an effect on ethanol pharmacokinetics.
Measurement of capillary basement membrane thickness by magnification on a rear opaque projection screen.

Abstract 2190 measurements of capillary basement membrane thickness were obtained from the images of magnified micrographs using a rear opaque projection screen. This method proved to be reproducible and reliable. The electron microscope magnification used, 2500x, permits sharp definition of structures in the resulting micrographs. Projection on the opaque rear screen magnified the image 16x, yielding a final magnification of 40,000x. This high final magnification of micrographs of good quality minimized the error in measurement. The use of a special dial caliper with pins attached allows an open field and decreases the subjective components of measurements. Moreover, this technique results in less stress for the persons performing the measurements.
Trade-off or invention: Experimental integration of active networking and programmable networks

This paper discusses future requirements for enabling rapid service deployment by active networks. To enable the integration of programmable networks and active networking an object-oriented, distributed approach based on Object Request Broker (ORB) technology is presented. A Distributed Processing Environment (DPE) is described as an interoperable service platform, for dynamic and secure service provisioning support. As a platform service, a resource control framework adaptively manages router resource allocation, provides virtual resource abstraction and dynamic partitioning, to achieve the goal of scalable and secure active networking. As an example of active services, advanced reservation is developed and measured to evaluate the performance of object-oriented implementation of network services and the efficiency of underlying resource control paradigm.
Cocaine Decreases Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mGluR1 Currents in Dopamine Neurons by Activating mGluR5

Midbrain dopamine neurons are important mediators of reward and movement and are sensitive to cocaine-induced plasticity. After even a single injection of cocaine, there is an increase in AMPA-dependent synaptic transmission. The present study examines cocaine-induced plasticity of mGluR-dependent currents in dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5 resulted in a mixture of inward and outward currents mediated by a nonselective cation conductance and a calcium-activated potassium conductance (SK), respectively. A single injection of cocaine decreased the current activated by mGluR1 in dopamine neurons, and it had no effect on the size of the mGluR5-mediated current. When the injection of cocaine was preceded by treatment of the animals with a blocker of mGluR5 receptors (MPEP), cocaine no longer decreased the mGluR1 current. Thus, the activation of mGluR5 was required for the cocaine-mediated suppression of mGluR1-mediated currents in dopamine neurons. The results support the hypothesis that mGluR5 coordinates a reduction in mGluR1 functional activity after cocaine treatment.
Triangulation in practice

Abstract An evaluation study was designed using a between-method triangulation strategy. Two study teams gathered and analyzed data about the effectiveness of a formal process for long range program planning. One team used a mail questionnaire and the other, on-site open-ended interviews. Initial plans for coordination between the two teams were misguided and, fortunately, were subverted during data collection and analysis. The evaluation strategy and its derailment are discussed in terms of the purposes of triangulation and the forces that work against sensible intentions for coordination in multimethod studies.
Stability analysis of a tangentially loaded column with a Maxwell type viscoelastic foundation

The stability of a uniform cantilever column supported by a Maxwell type viscoelastic foundation and subjected to a constant tangential force is investigated. Stability conditions are obtained for the entire range of system parameters through an application of Routh-Hurwitz criteria. Unlike the case of conservative loading, the Maxwell foundation is shown to produce a stabilizing effect on this nonconservative problem. Furthermore, an optimum combination of foundation parameters exist to yield the maximum flutter load. An approximate analysis is also presented through an application of the Galerkin's method. It is shown that a two-term approximation may not be adequate to yield meaning-ful results in a certain range of system parameters.
On capacity bounds for networks containing two-way channels

In earlier work, Koetter, Effros, and Me´dard introduce a technique for bounding network capacities. The approach involves bounding the capacity of a network of independent stochastic channels by the capacity of a network of noiseless links. The noiseless network is derived by replacing each channel by a noiseless bounding model. In this paradigm, a lower-bounding model for a given channel has the property that replacing the channel by the given model yields a new network whose capacity region is a subset of the capacity region of the original network. Similarly, replacing the channel by its upper bounding model yields a new network whose capacity region is a superset of the capacity region of the original network. The technique is useful since it bounds the capacity of a stochastic network by the network coding capacity of a noiseless network, and computational tools are available for deriving network coding capacities. To date, bounding models have been derived for point-to-point, broadcast, multiple access, and interference channels. Deriving bounding models for new channels increases the family of networks for which capacity bounds can be derived. This paper derives upper and lower bounding models for the two-way channel. Among the channels for which bounding models have been derived, the two-way channel is the first for which the set of input nodes and the set of output nodes have a non-empty intersection.
Making space for restorative justice in criminal justice and criminology curricula and courses

Restorative justice, rooted in the practices of indigenous people across the globe, has grown exponentially in both theory and practice since its beginnings in Canada in the 1970s. Restorative justice has influenced the interactions between offenders and victims, helped community members address crime and develop self-efficacy, and changed the way some countries rebuild after a history of oppression. Despite these restorative justice influenced changes, many criminology and criminal justice programs pay scant attention to restorative justice in curricula. This paper will examine ways to include restorative justice in criminal justice and criminology curriculum and the challenges involved in the process. The paper will then examine how the Law and Justice Department at Central Washington University has incrementally added restorative justice components to its curriculum, culminating most recently with the addition of a Community and Social Justice course. The paper will conclude with several examples of cl...
A Patient Navigator Intervention to Reduce Hospital Readmissions among High-Risk Safety-Net Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Evidence-based interventions to reduce hospital readmissions may not generalize to resource-constrained safety-net hospitals.
Great circles: the analysis of a concept in mathematics and poetry

This article looks at analysis of concepts as a search for conditions of intelligibility, where intelligibility is recognized to be a value. Choosing the circle as an exemplary concept, we trace the discovery of a quadratic polynomial equation, the sine and cosine functions, and the nth roots of unity ‘inside’ the circle, as mathematicians discover new conditions of intelligibility for the abstract notion of a circle. Then we trace the uses of circles in poems by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Keats. What we discover ‘inside’ the circle there is of course quite different (a devil, a planet, a sleeping girl), for what the poet seeks are really conditions of the meaningfulness (intelligibility) of human life. The notion of containment and of intelligibility changes as we move from the investigation of mathematical problems to that of problematic human beings. Still, the circle remains as part of experience and part of our best conceptualization of the natural world.
Sexual behavior of male rats following removal of the glans penis at weaning.

Male rats in which the glans penis was removed at 20 days of age showed all of the sexual behavior patterns of normal rats, including ejaculation, when tested as adults. However, the distribution of the behaviors within the patterns was statistically different from normal: the experimental males required a greater number of mounts and a longer time for ejaculation than did control males.
The relationship of lithology and watershed characteristics to fine sediment deposition in streams of the Oregon coast range.

Lithology is one of many factors influencing the amount, grain size distribution, and location of fine sediment deposition on the bed of mountain stream channels. In the Oregon Coast Range, 18 pool-riffle stream reaches with similar slope and intact riparian area and relatively unaffected by logjams were surveyed for assessment of fine sediment deposition. Half of the streams were in watersheds underlain by relatively erodible sandstone. The other half were underlain by a more resistant basalt. Channel morphology, hydraulic variables, particle size, relative pool volume of fine sediment (V*), and wood characteristics were measured in the streams. A significantly higher amount of fine sediment was deposited in the sandstone channels than in the basalt channels, as indicated by V*. Grab samples of sediment from pools also were significantly finer grained in the sandstone channels. Geographic information systems (GIS) software was used to derive several variables that might correlate with fine sediment deposition. These variables were combined with those derived from field data to create multiple linear regression models to be used for further exploration of the type and relative influence of factors affecting fine sediment deposition. Lithology appeared to be significant in some of these models, but usually was not the primary driver. The results from these models indicate that V* at the reach scale is best explained by stream power per unit area and by the volume of wood perpendicular to the flow per channel area (R2 = 0.46). Findings show that V* is best explained using only watershed scale variables, including negative correlations with relief ratio and basin precipitation index, and positive correlations with maximum slope and circularity.
Calliphorin and soluble protein of haemolymph and tissues during larval growth and adult development of Calliphora vicina.

Abstract A new procedure for the purification of calliphorin from blowfly ( Calliphora vicina ) larvae is described. The pure protein is unstable to heating in sodium dodecyl sulphate or to storage in low salt, but is well preserved in 70% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . The A 280 nm 1% is 18.6. Total soluble protein and calliphorin titres were measured throughout the life cycle. Calliphorin biosynthesis commences at the beginning of the third instar; the protein accumulates rapidly during the period of larval feeding, and is stored principally in the haemolymph. Some redistribution of calliphorin from haemolymph to tissues occurs during post-feeding wandering, and a small amount is utilized at pupariation. There is little or no change in total soluble protein or calliphorin titres during the first six or so days of the nine days of metamorphosis, but active utilization subsequently enzues, and calliphorin is barely detectable immunologically in the two-day imago.
Effect of speckle on coherent and incoherent Doppler lidar

Doppler lidars can be separated into two main categories by the detection technique used, coherent or incoherent. This paper focuses on the differences between the two types of Doppler lidar and the effect of speckle on each. Coherent Doppler lidars make use of a local oscillator heterodyning system similar in principle to a Doppler radar to determine Doppler shift while incoherent lidars typically use an interferometric technique to resolve the small spectral shift. The effect of laser speckle on lidar measurements in general has become a topic of great interest in recent years because in many cases it limits the ultimate resolution or accuracy of the measurement. In the case of Doppler lidars, speckle has very different effects on coherent and incoherent Doppler detection systems. Due to the single-shot nature of coherent lidar measurements and the narrow field of view required, many shots of data are lost due to speckle. The larger fields of view used for incoherent Doppler lidar as well as the inherent multiple pulse averaging make speckle significantly less of a problem for these systems.
Bilateral uveal melanoma in an arc welder

To report sequential bilateral uveal melanoma in an arc welder. Case report. A 57-year-old Caucasian male, with a 15-year profession of arc welding, was found to have an iridociliary mass in his left eye (OS), measuring 14 × 10 × 4 mm, and proven on fine needle aspiration biopsy to be spindle B-cell melanoma. A coincidental small choroidal nevus was observed in the right eye (OD). There was no ocular melanocytosis. Plaque radiotherapy was applied OS, with regression of the iridociliary melanoma. Four years later, the choroidal nevus OD enlarged into melanoma measuring 8 × 7 × 2.7 mm and was treated successfully with plaque radiotherapy. There was no evidence of systemic metastasis at 56-month follow-up. Arc welding is a known environmental risk for unilateral uveal melanoma, and possibly predisposed our patient to bilateral uveal melanoma.
Teaching Empathy: A Framework Rooted in Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Social Justice.

We propose that a targeted and structured explication of empathy is a useful, if not essential, foundation for social work theory and practice. We outline a social work framework for empathy, one that is rooted in an interdisciplinary context, emphasizes recent findings in the field of social cognitive neuroscience, and yet is embedded in a social work context. The framework lends itself to identifiable education components that social work educators can implement across the curriculum. We can help students understand the basic process of neural path-way development that determines their affective empathic responses and develop and maintain cognitive empathic abilities. In addition, students can learn to use their knowledge, values, and skills, informed by empathy, to take empathic action consciously.
The mitotic index in psoriatic plaques and their response to PUVA therapy.

SUMMARY The mitotic index of pretreatment plaques of chronic psoriasis was determined before treatment with PUVA. There was a wide variation in mitotic indices in different patients. Treatment was given with UV-A 2 h after oral ingestion of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) two or three times per week, with increasing doses of UV-A. Patients were considered cleared if there was 95% clearing of all psoriatic plaques. There was no correlation between the mitotic index and the response to treatment, as measured by either the number of joules administered or the number of treatments until the lesions cleared. This suggests that the action of PUVA in psoriasis is not dependent on the amount of increase in epidermal proliferation.
Comparison of dimercaptosuccinic acid and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid versus dimercaptopropanol and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in children with lead poisoning.

Abstract Objectives: To compare the response to dimercaptopropanol (BAL) and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) versus orally administered meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and EDTA in children with lead poisoning. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of children admitted to MetroHealth Medical Center with a whole blood lead (BPb) concentration of 2.17 μmol/L (45 μg/dl) or more (or less than 2.17 μmol/L and not a candidate for outpatient oral chelation) and treated with BAL + EDTA or DMSA + EDTA. In each group, the mean BPb values at the end of therapy and at 14 and 33 days after chelation were compared with pretreatment BPb by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare percentage change from pretreatment at each follow-up day between the two groups. Results: Twenty-three children received BAL + EDTA and 22 received DMSA + EDTA.The BPb values (mean ± SD) at the end of therapy and at 14 and 33 days after chelation were significantly lower than pretreatment in both groups (BAL + EDTA: 17 ± 10, 34 ± 7, 36 ± 11 vs 58 ± 14 μg/dl, p 0.20). Elevation of alanine aminotransferase and vomiting during therapy were observed more frequently in the BAL + EDTA group compared with the DMSA + EDTA group. Conclusions: Treatment with DMSA or BAL combined with EDTA results in a comparable reduction in BPb. (J Ppediatr 1997;130:966-71)
Fluidic assembly and packing of microspheres in confined channels

We study fluidic assembly and packing of spherical particles in rectilinear microchannels that are terminated by a flow constriction. First, we introduce a method for active assembly of particles in the confined microchannels by triggering a local constriction in the fluid channel using a partially closed membrane valve. This microfluidic valve allows active, on-demand particle assembly as opposed to previous passive assembly methods based on terminal channels and weirs. Second, we study the three-dimensional assembly and packing of particles against a weir in confined rectilinear microchannels. The packings result in achiral particle chains with alternating (zigzag) structure. This structure is characterized by a single, repeated bond angle whose components projected into the frame of the channel are quantified by confocal microscopy and image processing. Brownian dynamics simulation of the packing comprehensively delineates the range of bond angles possible in narrow, rectilinear microchannels as well as the complex dependence of these angles on the relative dimensions of the channel and particles. The simulations of the three-dimensional packings are accurately modeled by a compact theory based on trigonometric relationships. The experimentally measured bond angles show excellent agreement with the simulations, thereby validating the functional dependence of the achiral packing bond angles on channel dimensions. This functional relationship is immediately useful for the design of anisotropic particles by microfluidic synthesis.
Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in neurologically normal elderly: Prodromal multiple system atrophy?

In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to screen for α-synuclein pathology in the brains of 241 individuals without clinical evidence of neurologic disease, and discovered 36 cases (15%) with incidental Lewy bodies (LBs) and one case, a 96-year-old woman (0.4%), with inclusions similar to those seen in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a non-familial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia and autonomic dysfunction and α-synuclein immunoreactive glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI). In a routine hospital autopsy series of 125 brains, we detected GCI in a neurologically normal 82-year-old man (0.8%). Both cases showed widespread GCI in the central nervous system, as well as a few neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, but no neuronal loss or gliosis in vulnerable brain regions, including the substantia nigra, putamen, inferior olive and pontine base. Applying a recently proposed grading scale for MSA, the two cases showed pathology far below that detected in patients with clinically overt MSA, suggesting the possibility that these two individuals had preclinical MSA. The prevalence of clinically overt MSA is estimated to be about 4 per 100,000 persons (0.004%), which is far less than the frequency of GCI in this series (0.4–0.8%). Further studies are needed to determine if GCI in neurologically normal elderly represents prodromal MSA or a rare non-progressive age-related α-synucleinopathy.
Antioxidant vitamins and cancer

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States as well as most developed countries. Although advances in treatment have afforded tremendous benefits to large numbers of patients, effective primary prevention measures could, in theory, have an even greater public health impact. Diet has been postulated to account for as much as 35% of all human cancers, raising the possibility that specific constituents of diet with cancer chemopreventive effects could be identified. Risk reductions of even 20-30%, which is the most likely magnitude of any protective effect of nutritional agents, could have a significant public health impact on so common and serious a disease. Antioxidant vitamins are among the constituents of diet hypothesized to exert chemopreventive effects. Antioxidant vitamins, which include beta-carotene (pro-vitamin A), vitamin E, and vitamin C, are hypothesized to decrease cancer risk by preventing tissue damage by trapping organic free radicals and/or deactivating excited oxygen molecules, a by-product of many metabolic functions. Over 100 observational epidemiologic studies have assessed the relationship of dietary antioxidant intake or blood nutrient levels with cancer risk. Such studies are not entirely consistent but provide support for the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamin intake may decrease cancer risk. However, the chief limitation of such observational studies is their inability to control for all factors associated with vitamin intake that might independently affect cancer risk. Such unknown or unmeasured confounding variables could account for all or part of any observed associations. For this reason, definitive data on the role of antioxidant vitamins and cancer can derive only from properly conducted large-scale randomized trials of sufficient sample size, dose, and duration of treatment and follow-up. Two large-scale trials have been completed, and several are currently ongoing among well-nourished populations at high risk for cancer as well as among individuals at usual risk. Over the next several years, these trials should provide clear evidence concerning the role of antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cancer. Such data are crucial for both individual clinical decision making as well as rational public health policy.
Prevalence and natural history of progressive supranuclear palsy

We surveyed neurologists and chronic care facilities in and near two New Jersey counties with a combined population of 799,022, regarding cases of progressive supranuclear palsy. All suspected cases were examined personally, using rigid criteria. The prevalence ratio was 1.39/100,000. A total of 50 New Jersey cases yielded median intervals to onset of requiring gait assistance, 3.1 years; visual symptoms, 3.9 years; dysarthria, 3.4 years; dysphagia, 4.4 years; requiring wheelchair, 8.2 years; and death, 9.7 years.
X-ray Spray Diagnostics: Comparing Sources and Techniques

Unveiling the internal structure of sprays for propulsion applications is difficult under conditions with high optical extinction. While a number of laser-based techniques have been utilized at intermediate to high optical densities of 2 to 4 (Log10 scale), it is difficult to extract quantitative information under these conditions. The ability of X-rays to penetrate even the most optically dense sprays has enabled quantitative investigation of liquid volume fractions for a variety of applications. Much of the development in this area has taken place utilizing the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. This paper makes a comparison between two sources: including the bright, coherent, monochromatic, pulsed beam at the Advanced Photon Source and an incoherent, polychromatic, sealed-tube source at the X-ray Flow Visualization Facility at Iowa State University. Studies of dense sprays and static fluid samples were conducted at both facilities to compare performance characteristics of each source for a variety of operating conditions. Data for solid-cone and impinging-jet sprays are presented, and challenges with utilizing polychromatic, incoherent sources are discussed.
The reproductive biology of Nelumbo pentapetala (Nelumbonaceae) on the Upper Mississippi River. II. The insects associated with the transfer of pollen

An in-depth study of the insects associated with the transfer of pollen in the American lotus was undertaken in a selected population on the Upper Mississippi River near La Crosse, Wisconsin. The study showed that members of the Coleoptera (Coleomegilla fascilabris Malsant, Diabrotica unidecimpunctata howardi Barber, D. virgifera Lec.), Diptera (Eristalis tenax (L.), Parhelophilus laetus (Locw)) and Hymenoptera (Agapostemon radiatus (Say), Apis mellifera L., Dialictus sp., Lasioglossum zonulum (Smith)) were the principal visitors and most obvious vectors in pollination. Although there are features of the flowers of the lotus that indicate cantharophily, such as the diurnal movements of the tepals and the food bodies of the anthers, in the area of study no special beetle-pollination system, as reported for such genera as Magnolia and Nuphar, appears to occur.
Influence of riparian alteration on canopy coverage and macrophyte abundance in Southeastern USA blackwater streams

Abstract Two tributary streams (Fourmile branch and Pen branch) located on the US Department of Energy's Savannah river site in west-central South Carolina, USA received thermal discharges from nuclear production reactors for over 30 years. Effluent releases produced stream water temperatures of over 50°C and stream flows of ten times above their base level. Consequently, existing plant and animal communities within the stream channels were killed and riparian zones largely destroyed. We compared canopy coverage and macrophyte abundance in these disturbed streams after 7–13 years of ambient flows and compared them to two similar, undisturbed streams. We also examined the effects of a more recent woody canopy removal associated with a restoration effort in ‘treated’ sections of Pen branch. We collected data in Spring and Fall from May 1995 through May 1997. A gradient in canopy cover existed, ranging from a fully open herbaceous canopy in the treated sections of Pen branch, through a moderately closed canopy of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and willows in the post-thermal ‘control’ streams, to a nearly closed hardwood tree canopy in the undisturbed streams. Even though Fourmile branch had 3 more years of growth, Pen branch had a more closed upper canopy. Total aquatic macrophyte abundance was negatively related to canopy cover producing nearly the reverse gradient among streams as did the canopy cover. However, control sections of Pen branch had a more closed canopy than Fourmile branch, but total macrophyte abundance was higher in Pen branch. This can be attributed to the presence of submergent macrophytes in Pen branch that were absent in Fourmile branch. Different structural types of macrophytes varied in their degree of limitation by canopy coverage and in their seasonal patterns of growth. Stream habitats remain severely altered due to destruction of the riparian vegetation by past thermal effluents. The full range of effects of the alteration of canopy coverage and the resultant macrophyte abundances on these streams should be the focus of future analyses.
Preparative chromatographic isolation of hydroxy acids fromLesquerella fendleri andL. gordonii seed oils

To conduct product development research onLesquerella seed oils, we explored methods to obtain >100 g quantities of lesquerolic (14-hydroxy-cis-11-eicosenoic) acid. Preliminary experiments with open-column silica gel chromatography showed thatL. fendleri oil could be separated into 3 triglyceride (TG) fractions. The first (10%) contained nonhydroxy 16-(13%) and 18-carbon acids (65% 18∶1,2,3). The second fraction (15%) contained monolesquerolins (39% lesquerolic acid). The major TG fraction (73%) was mainly dilesquerolins (66% lesquerolic acid) showing that a hydroxy acid-enriched TG oil was obtainable by this procedure. Silica gel chromatography easily separatedL. fendleri fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) into a hydroxy-free ester fraction (40–44%) consisting largely of 18∶1 (39%), 18∶2 (19%) and 18∶3 (31%), and a hydroxy ester fraction (56–60%) that was largely methyl lesquerolate (94%) with small amounts of auricolate (5%) (14-hydroxy-cis-11,cis-17-eicosadienoate) and traces of 18-carbon hydroxy esters. This process for isolating the hydroxy FAME ofLesquerella oil was scaled up 15-to 100-fold with a preparative high performance liquid chromatograph. Thirty-gram samples ofL. gordonii FAME were dissolved in eluting solvent, pumped onto the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) silica column and eluted with 97∶3 hexane/ethyl acetate. In an 8-hr period, up to 200 g of methyl lesquerolate could be obtained with a purity >98%, the only contaminants being methyl auricolate and methyl ricinoleate.
Elegant space systems: How do we get there?

Can the space industry produce elegant systems? If so, how? Space systems development has become process-centric, e.g., process creation or modification is the default response to most development and/or operations challenges when problems are encountered. But is that really effective? An increasing number of researchers and practitioners disagree with such an approach and suggest that elegance is as important to a system and its operation as fulfillment of technical and contractual requirements; consequently they are proposing a review and refreshment of the systems engineering practice. Elegance is generally recognizable, but hard to achieve deterministically. The research community has begun an endeavor to define what elegance is in systems engineering terms, find ways to measure or at least characterize it, and create or adapt philosophies and methodologies that promote elegance as a design objective (driver?). This paper asserts that while elegance cannot be engineered in a traditional sense, it can emerge as a natural result of design activity. This needs to be enabled and can be facilitated, but ultimately depends on the talent of the design teams as individuals and as a group. This paper summarizes existing technical definitions of elegance and discusses a) how it can be pursued and b) cultural conditions and habits that help elegance emerge during the development and operation of a space system.
Mathematics education research embracing arts and sciences

As a young field in its own right (unlike the ancient discipline of mathematics), mathematics education research has been eclectic in drawing upon the established knowledge bases and methodologies of other fields. Psychology served as an early model for a paradigm that valorized psychometric research, largely based in the theoretical frameworks of cognitive science. More recently, with the recognition of the need for sociocultural theories, because mathematics is generally learned in social groups, sociology and anthropology have contributed to methodologies that gradually moved away from psychometrics towards qualitative methods that sought a deeper understanding of issues involved. The emergent perspective struck a balance between research on individual learning (including learners’ beliefs and affect) and the dynamics of classroom mathematical practices. Now, as the field matures, the value of both quantitative and qualitative methods is acknowledged, and these are frequently combined in research that uses mixed methods, sometimes taking the form of design experiments or multi-tiered teaching experiments. Creativity and rigor are required in all mathematics education research, thus it is argued in this paper, using examples, that characteristics of both the arts and the sciences are implicated in this work.
Studies concerning the regulation and importance of plasma angiotensinogen concentration in the dog.

The present study was designed to examine the effects of bilateral adrenalectomy and subsequent administration of dexamethasone or aldosterone on plasma angiotensinogen concentration (PAC) in the dog. A second purpose of the study was to determine if the changes in PAC which occur during these maneuvers influence the formation of angiotensin I. This was done by comparing the accompanying changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma renin concentration (PRC). Following adrenalectomy PAC decreased; PRA and PRC both increased but the increase in PRA was considerably less than the increase in PRC. Dexamethasone administration was associated with a marked increase in PAC; PRA also increased but PRC did not change significantly. On the other hand, PAC decreased during aldosterone administration; PRA also decreased while PRC usually increased. Thus these studies confirm previous reports that adrenalectomy decreases PAC and indicate that this decrease is a consequence of loss of glucocorticoid rather than mi...
Combination immunotherapy with Interleukin-2 and CTLA-4 blockade decreases tumor growth and improves overall survival

Meeting abstracts Combination immunotherapy is quickly gaining attention in the field of cancer treatment. IL-2, a cytokine which activates T cells, and ipilimumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks CTLA-4, are both approved as monotherapy for metastatic melanoma. To date, combination immunotherapy
Divergent folding pathways of two homologous proteins, BPTI and tick anticoagulant peptide: compartmentalization of folding intermediates and identification of kinetic traps.

Abstract Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) are two structurally homologous proteins, which have been shown to exhibit distinct mechanisms of oxidative folding. We demonstrate here differences of their folding properties using the technique of disulfide scrambling. Two extensively unfolded homologous isomers (beads-form) of BPTI (Cys5–Cys14, Cys30–Cys38, Cys51–Cys55) and TAP (Cys5–Cys15, Cys33–Cys39, Cys55–Cys59) were allowed to refold in parallel via disulfide shuffling of 13 potential isomers to form the native structure. Folding intermediates were trapped by acid quenching and analyzed by HPLC. The results reveal the following diversities: (a) there are two predominant folding intermediates of BPTI and seven well-populated folding intermediates of TAP. One of the two predominant BPTI intermediates (Cys5–Cys14, Cys30–Cys51, Cys38–Cys55) contains a native disulfide Cys30–Cys51 and constitutes about 34% of the total BPTI folding intermediates. In contrast, the TAP counterpart (Cys5–Cys15, Cys33–Cys55, Cys39–Cys59) represents only 5% of the total TAP intermediates; (b) three isomers of TAP sharing a stable non-native disulfide bond Cys15–Cys33 are shown to act as kinetic traps of TAP folding. Their counterparts are conspicuously absent in the BPTI folding; and (c) most significantly, folding intermediates of BPTI are found to be energetically compartmentalized, whereas most folding intermediates of TAP are inter-convertible and exist in dynamic equilibrium. Our studies further demonstrate optimal concentrations of denaturant required for destabilization of kinetic traps and acceleration of TAP folding.
Vibration and Damping Analysis of Multi-Span Sandwich Beams with Arbitrary Boundary Conditions

Abstract This paper presents an analytical model for the study of the coupled transverse and longitudinal vibration of multi-span sandwich beam systems with arbitrary boundary conditions. The energy method and Hamilton's principle approach is used to derive the governing equations of motion and the natural and forced boundary condition equations for each span. The shear, longitudinal and transverse strain energy of the adhesive layer are included in the analysis, together with the transverse and the longitudinal inertia of the composite beam system. A matrix equation to obtain the system natural frequencies and loss factors is developed based on the governing equations of motion for individual spans and system boundary and continuity conditions. Possible boundary conditions that can be programmed to obtain numerical solutions are discussed. Numerical results are generated for an example case of a two-span sandwich beam. The effects of the adhesive thickness, location of the intermediate support, operating temperature and the damping material properties on the system resonance frequency and modal loss factor are studied for the example case.
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: the role of radical cystectomy.

h m g e adical cystectomy remains the definitive standard therapy for patients with muscle-invasive rothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Multiple treatent options, however, can be considered firstine therapy for noninvasive bladder cancer. This is argely because noninvasive bladder cancer enompasses a broad and biologically diverse cateory of tumors, ranging from the so-called nuiance tumors with low malignant potential to hose with aggressive biologic behavior and peraps lethal characteristics. For those who have reurrent disease after intravesical therapy or disease efractory to attempted conservative therapy, radcal cystectomy should be considered.1 This deciion process of “if” and “when” to proceed with adical cystectomy can be difficult and must be indiidualized on the basis of the tumor characteristics, atient desires, and quality-of-life considerations. In the decision process, most of these patients ith noninvasive tumors are offered what is conidered by some to be “early cystectomy,” with the mplication that aggressive surgery is being offered efore the onset of invasive disease. Many patients ave tumor characteristics that would be considred at high risk of disease progression, and many ave previously undergone multiple failed atempts at bladder preservation, providing ample ustification for exenterative surgery. However, the athologic stage at cystectomy would indicate that p to one half of these patients, in fact, harbor nappreciated muscle-invasive disease and even icrometastases in 10% to 15% of the cases. Paient outcomes appear directly related to the pathoogic stage, implying an adverse effect due to a delay n treatment.2 Thus, even when being “aggressive”
Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation of Midwestern Asian-American Children

This 2-year qualitative study attempts to raise teacher awareness of the racial and ethnic identity formation of Asian-American children in the cultural contexts of their families and communities. It gives ‘voice’ to Asian-American parents, who share their perspectives on race and ethnicity, their experiences developing racial and ethnic identities of their own, and their descriptions of how they socialized their children to understand and deal with stereotyping, prejudice and racism. It examines how racial and ethnic identities develop in pre-school and elementary aged children and what expectations Asian-American parents have of teachers and schools regarding this development.
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome: medullary sponge kidney, a new component

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance, extreme hyperinsulinemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, growth retardation, and dysmorphisms. Enlargement of the kidneys and nephrocalcinosis have been described previously. We report a 10-year-old boy who presented with gross hematuria, unilateral hydronephrosis, and the initial diagnosis of bilateral extensive medullary nephrocalcinosis. Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) was included in the differential diagnosis given the ultrasound findings. Further evaluation by intravenous pyelogram confirmed the suspected bilateral MSK. Given the patient’s history of hydronephrosis due to an obstructing renal stone and MSK, urine calcium excretion was assessed and found to be markedly increased at 9.5 mg/kg per day. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome and an association with MSK. We recommend evaluation for nephrocalcinosis, MSK, and hypercalciuria in all children diagnosed with Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome.
Sensitivity analysis based heuristic algorithms for mathematical programs with variational inequality constraints

In this paper we consider heuristic algorithms for a special case of the generalized bilevel mathematical programming problem in which one of the levels is represented as a variational inequality problem. Such problems arise in network design and economic planning. We obtain derivative information needed to implement these algorithms for such bilevel problems from the theory of sensitivity analysis for variational inequalities. We provide computational results for several numerical examples.
Comparative predictors of mortality for endovascular and open repair of ruptured infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background The continued success of elective endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has led to an extension of this technology to ruptured aortas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our results of ruptured infrarenal aortic aneurysm (rAAA). Methods The treatment results of all patients who underwent repair of rAAAs between January 1990 and May 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. Comorbidities, intraoperative details, and postoperative complications were tabulated. EVAR and open repair were compared. Results Between January 1990 and May 2008, 160 patients underwent repair of rAAA. Of these, 32 (20%) underwent EVAR for rAAA; of 160 patients, 112 were considered to have free rupture (70%) and 48 had contained rupture (30%). The average Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was 13.3 ± 6.7. The Kaplan–Meier survival rates at 30 days, 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years were 69% (62,77), 57% (50,65), 50% (43,59), and 25% (19,34), respectively, with no difference seen in EVAR group as compared with open surgery (p = 0.24). Intraoperative mortality was 5.6%, with no patient undergoing EVAR suffering an intraoperative death (p = 0.03). However, 30-day mortality was 31.9% with no difference between EVAR and open surgery (31.2% vs. 32%; p = 0.93) results. Multivariate analysis for 30-day mortality found renal insufficiency (RI) odds ratio (OR): 2.4 (1.1, 5.3), p = 0.04; hypotension OR: 2.4 (1.1, 5.3), p = 0.02; and cardiac arrest OR: 3.8 (1.1, 11.6, p = 0.03), were all associated with the greatest mortality. Of all predictors analyzed, multivariate analysis found preoperative RI OR: 2.32 (1.55, 3.47), p < 0.001, was the only independent predictor of decreased long-term survival. Conclusions Mortality rates for rAAA remain high. The use of EVAR for these procedures equals that for open repair with regard to 30-day and long-term mortality. Preoperative cardiac arrest and RI were associated with inferior results for both EVAR and open repair. Clinical judgment on when to use EVAR as a primary repair modality must be exercised.
The Trend in the Rate of Labor Force Participation of Older Men, 1870–1930: A Reply to Moen

In the 1986 volume of this JOURNAL we discussed the frequency of retirement and downward occupational mobility (on-the-job retirement) of older men in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.' As we noted, study of retirement in the years before World War II is hampered by the lack of data on the labor force status of individuals. Indeed, until the concept of "gainful employment" was replaced by that of the "labor force" in 1940, the official census figures on occupations contained a large proportion of older men and women who by today's standard would be regarded as retired.2 Our analysis was based, in part, on estimates of the 1900 labor force participation rates for males by age, which we constructed from a one-in-760 sample taken from the original manuscript returns of the population census.3 As far as we are aware, ours was the first direct attempt to measure the size of the labor force for a date before 1930. Previous interpretations were based on adjustments to "gainful employment" data reported by the census from 1890 through 1920 or on
Use of plasma-deposited Si3N4 as an oxidation mask in the fabrication of GaAs shallow-homojunction solar cells

Description du procede de preparation des couches minces de Si 3 N 4 et etude des proprietes de celles-ci. Etude des caracteristiques des cellules solaires a homojonction peu profonde de GaAs preparees en utilisant les couches minces de Si 3 N 4 comme masque d'oxydation