cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward optimal therapy for inhibitors in hemophilia

Treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B has undergone significant advances during the past 2 decades. However, despite these advances, the development of antibodies that inhibit the function of infused clotting factor remains a major challenge and is considered the most significant complication of hemophilia treatment. This chapter reviews current tools available for the care of patients with inhibitors and highlights areas where progress is imminent or strongly needed. For management of bleeding, bypassing agents remain the mainstay of therapy. Recombinant factor VIIa and activated prothrombin complex concentrates are similarly effective in populations of patients with hemophilia and inhibitors; however, individuals may show a better response to one agent over another. Recent studies have shown that prophylaxis with bypassing agents can reduce bleeding episodes by ∼50%-80%. The prophylactic use of bypassing agents is an important tool to reduce morbidity in patients before they undergo immune tolerance induction (ITI) and in those with persistent high titer inhibitors, but cost and lack of convenience remain barriers. Because of the significant burden that inhibitors add to the individual patient and the health care system, inhibitor eradication should be pursued in as many patients as possible. ITI is an effective tool, particularly in patients with severe hemophilia A and good risk profiles, and leads to a return to a normal factor VIII response in ∼60% of patients. However, for the group of patients who fail to respond to ITI or have hemophilia B, new and improved tools are needed.
THERMAL TIDES IN FLUID EXTRASOLAR PLANETS

Asynchronous rotation and orbital eccentricity lead to time-dependent irradiation of the close-in gas giant exoplanets—the hot Jupiters. This time-dependent surface heating gives rise to fluid motions which propagate throughout the planet. We investigate the ability of this "thermal tide" to produce a quadrupole moment which can couple to the stellar gravitational tidal force. While previous investigations discussed planets with solid surfaces, here we focus on entirely fluid planets in order to understand gas giants with small cores. The Coriolis force, thermal diffusion, and self-gravity of the perturbations are ignored for simplicity. First, we examine the response to thermal forcing through analytic solutions of the fluid equations which treat the forcing frequency as a small parameter. In the "equilibrium tide" limit of zero frequency, fluid motion is present but does not induce a quadrupole moment. In the next approximation, finite frequency corrections to the equilibrium tide do lead to a nonzero quadrupole moment, the sign of which torques the planet away from synchronous spin. We then numerically solve the boundary value problem for the thermally forced, linear response of a planet with neutrally stratified interior and a stably stratified envelope. The numerical results find quadrupole moments in agreement with the analytic non-resonant result at a sufficiently long forcing period. Surprisingly, in the range of forcing periods of 1-30 days, the induced quadrupole moments can be far larger than the analytic result due to response of internal gravity waves which propagate in the radiative envelope. We discuss the relevance of our results for the spin, eccentricity, and thermal evolution of hot Jupiters.
Convergence of Nonlocal Threshold Dynamics Approximations to Front Propagation

In this note we prove that appropriately scaled threshold dynamics-type algorithms corresponding to the fractional Laplacian of order α ∈ (0, 2) converge to moving fronts. When α ≧ 1 the resulting interface moves by weighted mean curvature, while for α < 1 the normal velocity is nonlocal of “fractional-type.” The results easily extend to general nonlocal anisotropic threshold dynamics schemes.
Semidefinite representation of convex sets

Let $${S =\{x\in \mathbb{R}^n: g_1(x)\geq 0, \ldots, g_m(x)\geq 0\}}$$be a semialgebraic set defined by multivariate polynomials g i (x). Assume S is convex, compact and has nonempty interior. Let $${S_i =\{x\in \mathbb{R}^n:\, g_i(x)\geq 0\}}$$, and ∂ S (resp. ∂ S i ) be the boundary of S (resp. S i ). This paper, as does the subject of semidefinite programming (SDP), concerns linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The set S is said to have an LMI representation if it equals the set of solutions to some LMI and it is known that some convex S may not be LMI representable (Helton and Vinnikov in Commun Pure Appl Math 60(5):654–674, 2007). A question arising from Nesterov and Nemirovski (SIAM studies in applied mathematics. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, 1994), see Helton and Vinnikov in Commun Pure Appl Math 60(5):654–674, 2007 and Nemirovski in Plenary lecture, International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM), Madrid, Spain, 2006, is: given a subset S of $${\mathbb{R}^n}$$, does there exist an LMI representable set Ŝ in some higher dimensional space $${ \mathbb{R}^{n+N}}$$whose projection down onto $${\mathbb{R}^n}$$equals S. Such S is called semidefinite representable or SDP representable. This paper addresses the SDP representability problem. The following are the main contributions of this paper: (i) assume g i (x) are all concave on S. If the positive definite Lagrange Hessian condition holds, i.e., the Hessian of the Lagrange function for optimization problem of minimizing any nonzero linear function l T x on S is positive definite at the minimizer, then S is SDP representable. (ii) If each g i (x) is either sos-concave ( − ∇2 g i (x) = W(x)T W(x) for some possibly nonsquare matrix polynomial W(x)) or strictly quasi-concave on S, then S is SDP representable. (iii) If each S i is either sos-convex or poscurv-convex (S i is compact convex, whose boundary has positive curvature and is nonsingular, i.e., ∇g i (x) ≠ 0 on ∂ S i ∩ S), then S is SDP representable. This also holds for S i for which ∂ S i ∩ S extends smoothly to the boundary of a poscurv-convex set containing S. (iv) We give the complexity of Schmudgen and Putinar’s matrix Positivstellensatz, which are critical to the proofs of (i)–(iii).
Impurity effects on adhesion at an interface between NiAl and Mo

Abstract Fully self-consistent (LDA) density functional calculations have been performed to obtain the ideal adhesion energy and peak interfacial stress for rigid fracture of an [001] interface between NiAl and Mo with and without interfacial impurities. These calculations shed light on interfaces in NiAl–Mo eutectic composites in which [001] interfaces between NiAl (CsCl structure) and Mo (b.c.c.) are prominent. In all cases impurities reduce the adhesion energy, from 3.3 J/m2 for the clean interface to 2.4, 1.5, and 1.4 J/m2 for C, O, and S impurities, respectively. Interestingly, however, C increases (40.0 GPa), while O (26.0 GPa) and S (18.0 GPa) decrease the peak interfacial stress from that for the clean interface (37.0 GPa). The Harris functional was also tested, and it was found that the ordering of adhesion energies and peak interfacial stresses were the same as for the fully self-consistent results, but errors in the magnitudes were significant. Misfit dislocations play an important role and are estimated to reduce the adhesion energy of the clean interface by an amount of the order of 10%.
DISCOVERY OF A NEW FAINT DWARF GALAXY ASSOCIATED WITH NGC 253

We report the discovery of a new faint dwarf galaxy, which we dub Scl-MM-Dw1, at a projected distance of ~65 kpc from the spiral galaxy NGC 253. The discovery results from the Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor (PISCeS), a program with the Magellan/Megacam imager to study faint substructure in resolved stellar light around massive galaxies outside of the Local Group. We measure a tip of the red giant branch distance to Scl-MM-Dw1 of D = 3.9 ± 0.5 Mpc, consistent with that of NGC 253, making their association likely. The new dwarf's stellar population is complex, with an old, metal-poor red giant branch (10 Gyr, [Fe/H] ~ –2), and an asymptotic giant branch with an age of ~500 Myr. Scl-MM-Dw1 has a half-light radius of rh = 340 ± 50 pc and an absolute magnitude of MV = –10.3 ± 0.6 mag, comparable to the Milky Way's satellites at the same luminosity. Once complete, our imaging survey of NGC 253 and other nearby massive galaxies will provide a census of faint substructure in halos beyond the Local Group, both to put our own environment into context and to confront models of hierarchical structure formation.
Ligand-Controlled Regioselectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions

The reversal of regioselectivity in a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of an aryl chloro triflate with different ligands, established by Fu and co-workers, has been studied computationally. C-O insertion was found to be controlled by Pd-HOMO ArO-LUMO interaction, where C-Cl insertion is facilitated by the lower C-Cl TS distortion energy. The greater reactivities of monoligated Pd species are due primarily to the lack of distortion of the Pd species.
Relevance of enantiomeric separations in environmental science.

Abstract A significant number of all organic chemicals that are released into the environment are racemic mixtures. Most environmental regulations and scientific environmental studies treat racemic mixtures as though they were single, pure compounds. This can lead to incorrect toxicological, distribution, degradation and other data. A series of new enantioselective chromatographic techniques have been developed that allow the facile separation and quantitation of chiral compounds of environmental importance. Nineteen racemic compounds that have been or currently are being released to the environment are resolved. These include: rodenticides—Warfarin, Coumachlor and Coumafuryl; insecticides—Crufomate, Bulan, Fonofos, Mitotane; insect repellent—Ethohexadiol; herbicides and fungicides—Ancymidol, Silvex, Napropamide, phenyl mercuric lactate, 2-[3-chlorophenoxy]propionamide, and 2-chloropropionic acid; and halocarbons—1,2-dichloropropane, 2-bromo-1-chloropropane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 2,3-dichlorobutane and α-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. Several examples are given to illustrate the importance of enantioselective measurements of these and other compounds. Choosing the proper chromatographic technique and chiral stationary phase based on analyte structure is also discussed.
Non-perturbative effects near the upper critical field in type-II superconductors

The properties of a conventional type-II superconductor near the upper critical field are usually calculated using a perturbative expansion in the strength of the order parameter. Here we show that perturbation theory breaks down near the upper critical field and that this breakdown leads to unusual behavior near the phase transition.
Interannual variability of Mars global dust storms: an example of self-organized criticality?

Previous simulations of martian global dust storms with a simple low-order model showed the desired interannual variability of storms if one of the model parameters—the threshold wind speed for starting saltation and lifting dust from the surface—was finely tuned. In this paper we show that the fine-tuning of this parameter could be the result of negative feedback in which processes associated with global dust storms raise the threshold and small-scale processes like dust devils, which are active in years between the storms, lower the threshold.
Is Reputation Good or Bad? An Experiment

We investigate the impact of reputation in a laboratory experiment. We do so by varying whether the past choices of a long-run player are observable by the short-run players. Our framework allows for reputation to have either a beneficial or a harmful effect on the long-run player. We find that reputation is seldom harmful and its beneficial effects are not as strong as theory suggests. When reputational concerns are at odds with other-regarding preferences, we find the latter overwhelm the former. (JEL C91, D12, D82, D83, Z13) A central concern of many long-lived agents is their reputation. A doctor, who hopes to treat many different patients over her career, and whose treatments are observed by potential future patients, needs to be concerned about the reputation she has for providing quality health care. Without such a reputation the doctor may not be visited by many patients. An entrepreneur, who needs loans from many, possibly different, financial institutions over time, ought to be concerned about whether she has a good credit history and hence a reputation for paying back loans promptly. In the absence of such a reputation the entrepreneur may not obtain the loans she requires to meet her current needs and, hence, may face bankruptcy. Similarly, a retailer who serves many consumers over time needs to be concerned about whether she has a reputation for providing quality service. Without it, potential customers might go to her competitors. A suitable reputation may play an important role in the success of a long-lived agent, whatever her objectives.
The Limits of Equality: An Economic Analysis of the Israeli Kibbutz

The Israeli Kibbutz movement is a voluntary cooperative based on equality, mutual assistance, partnership, and common ownership of property. It is one of the last socialist experiments that successfully survived for most of the twentieth century. How did a voluntary egalitarian institution exist in a more capitalist environment? What level of equality can be sustained as an equilibrium? I study the Kibbutz movement as a risk-sharing, self-enforcing institution, whose redistributive ability is limited by adverse selection. I build a simple model of the Kibbutz movement and test it using new micro-level data sets I assemble from primary sources. The predictions of the model are consistent with the Kibbutz’s equal income distribution, the relative quality of migrants from the Kibbutz, its membership patterns, the shift away from full equality, and the substantial heterogeneity across Kibbutzes with respect to the magnitude of the differential reforms. ∗Stanford University. I am indebted to Joel Mokyr for his guidance and encouragement. I am grateful to Fabio Braggion, Eddie Dekel, Adeline Delavande, Zvi Eckstein, Joe Ferrie, Avner Greif, Reuben Gronau, Timothy Guinnane, Nisan Langberg, Charles Manski, Deirdre McCloskey, Jacob Metzer, Chiaki Moriguchi, Rob Porter, Bill Rogerson, Kathy Spier and Luis Vasconcelos for helpful discussions and comments. Special thanks to Icho Abramitzky for his invaluable assistance with data collection and entry. Financial support from the Northwestern Dissertation Dean Fellowship, Northwestern’s center of Jewish Studies, the Economic History Association Dissertation Award and the Mellon Fellowship is gratefully acknowledged.
A microscopic picture of strangeness production at the SPS

The microscopic origin of the strangeness enhancements observed in PbPb collisions at the SPS is studied by testing the effects of three mechanisms. First, the junction processes found in the HIJING/BB event generator are reviewed showing that they can account for only part of the observed hyperon enhancements. Second, the efficient final state chemical changing processes (e.g. Λ + K↔Ξ + π) are included by adding the General Cascade Program (GCP) to HIJING/BB. While these processes are shown to further enhance multistrange baryon production, HIJING/BB+GCP is still unable to fully describe either the large hyperon yields or the increasing K+/π+ ratio. Finally, the addition of transient field fluctuations or ropes to HIJING/BB+GCP is shown to be needed to account for the large hyperon yields and for the behaviour of the K+/π+ ratio.
DETECTION OF X-RAY EMISSION FROM THE VERY OLD PULSAR J0108-1431

PSR J0108-1431 is a nearby, 170 Myr old, very faint radio pulsar near the "pulsar death line" in the P- diagram. We observed the pulsar field with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and detected a point source (53 counts in a 30 ks exposure; energy flux (9 ± 2) × 10–15 erg cm–2 s–1 in the 0.3-8 keV band) close to the radio pulsar position. Based on the large X-ray/optical flux ratio at the X-ray source position, we conclude that the source is the X-ray counterpart of PSR J0108-1431. The pulsar spectrum can be described by a power-law model with photon index Γ ≈ 2.2 and luminosity L 0.3-8 keV ≈ 2 × 1028 d 2 130 erg s–1, or by a blackbody model with temperature kT ≈ 0.28 keV and bolometric luminosity L bol ≈ 1.3 × 1028 d 2 130 erg s–1, for a plausible hydrogen column density N H = 7.3 × 1019 cm–2 (d 130 = d/130 pc). The pulsar converts ~0.4% of its spin-down power into X-ray luminosity, i.e., its X-ray efficiency is higher than for most younger pulsars. From the comparison of the X-ray position with the previously measured radio positions, we estimated the pulsar proper motion of 0.2 arcsec yr–1 (V ⊥ ≈ 130d 130 km s–1), in the south-southeast direction.
Real-time radar interferometry of ocean surface height

This paper discusses processing of interferometric signal to measure ocean topography. The method corrects for channel misregistration and geometric decorrelation using estimates of the current Earth geoid scenario. The channel misregistration is caused by slight change in the differential time delay between the signal received at one antenna with respect to the other. This algorithm corrects the misregistration over the entire swath with the Chirp-Z transform which resamples the signals appropriately. Another source of error, the geometric decorrelation (or baseline decorrelation), occurs because the targets within the resolution cell contribute different interferometric phases. In essence, the ground projected wavelengths are different for various look angles which produces a shift of the effective spectrum. This is corrected by shifting the spectra relative to one another and by applying filters to eliminate the non-overlapping part of the spectra. However, the co-registration and the spectral shift require the estimation of the current look and incidence angles. We use the Earth Ellipsoid WGS-84 and the Geoid EGM-96 to estimate the geometric parameters to describe the various viewing scenarios encountered around the Earth Geoid. We finally discuss the implications on the signal processing algorithm.
Chandra Observations of the X-Ray Halo around the Crab Nebula

Two Chandra observations have been used to search for thermal X-ray emission from within and around the Crab Nebula. Dead time was minimized by excluding the brightest part of the nebula from the field of view. A dust-scattered halo comprising 5% of the strength of the Crab is clearly detected, with surface brightness measured out to a radial distance of 18'. Coverage is 100% at 4', 50% at 12', and 25% at 18'. The observed halo is compared with predictions based on three different interstellar grain models, and one can be adjusted to fit the observation. This dust halo and mirror scattering form a high background region that has been searched for emission from shock-heated material in an outer shell. We find no evidence for such emission. We can set upper limits a factor of 10-1000 less than the surface brightness observed from outer shells around similar remnants. The upper limit for X-ray luminosity of an outer shell is ≈1034 ergs s-1. Although it is possible to reconcile our observation with an 8-13 M☉ progenitor, we argue that this is unlikely.
Robust Estimation of Latent Tree Graphical Models: Inferring Hidden States With Inexact Parameters

Latent tree graphical models are widely used in computational biology, signal and image processing, and network tomography. Here, we design a new efficient, estimation procedure for latent tree models, including Gaussian and discrete, reversible models, that significantly improves on previous sample requirement bounds. Our techniques are based on a new hidden state estimator that is robust to inaccuracies in estimated parameters. More precisely, we prove that latent tree models can be estimated with high probability in the so-called Kesten-Stigum regime with O(log2n) samples, where n is the number of nodes.
Synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2′-isopropylphenyl)- 3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: A nifedipine analogue

Abstract We report the synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2′-isopropylphenyl)-3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester ( 4 ), an analogue of the 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, nifedipine. Solution state NOE data indicate the presence of both rotameric forms. The solid state shows exclusively one rotamer of 4 (that in which the 2′-isopropyl substituent is syn with C4H, which is also the major solution state rotamer). The 3,5-methyl esters adopt an ap/sp orientation with respect to the dihydropyridine double bonds in the solid state.
State of the Art: Automated Black-Box Web Application Vulnerability Testing

Black-box web application vulnerability scanners are automated tools that probe web applications for security vulnerabilities. In order to assess the current state of the art, we obtained access to eight leading tools and carried out a study of: (i) the class of vulnerabilities tested by these scanners, (ii) their effectiveness against target vulnerabilities, and (iii) the relevance of the target vulnerabilities to vulnerabilities found in the wild. To conduct our study we used a custom web application vulnerable to known and projected vulnerabilities, and previous versions of widely used web applications containing known vulnerabilities. Our results show the promise and effectiveness of automated tools, as a group, and also some limitations. In particular, "stored" forms of Cross Site Scripting (XSS) and SQL Injection (SQLI) vulnerabilities are not currently found by many tools. Because our goal is to assess the potential of future research, not to evaluate specific vendors, we do not report comparative data or make any recommendations about purchase of specific tools.
Do the Infrared Emission Features Need Ultraviolet Excitation

We present the results of imaging spectroscopy of the reflection nebula vdB 133, obtained with the infrared camera and circular variable filter wheel on the Infrared Space Observatory. Our observations reveal the infrared emission features (IEFs), at 6.2, 7.7, 8.7, 11.3, and 12.7 μm, and associated 5-15 μm continuum emission. The stellar system illuminating vdB 133 has the lowest ratio of ultraviolet (shortward of 0.4 μm) to total flux of any stars demonstrated to date to excite the IEFs and associated continuum emission from adjacent interstellar dust, as opposed to circumstellar dust. The low fraction of UV flux from this system poses a problem for existing models for the emission mechanism and emitting material, which all require substantial UV radiation for the excitation of the IEFs and associated continuum.
Lattice vibrations of LaCl3 and LaBr3 from vibronic spectra

Abstract Polarized absorption spectra of Pr+3 in LaCl3 and LaBr3 as well as in PrCl3 and PrBr3 were observed. In crystals with 1 mol. % doping generally only the pure electronic transitions are seen. In more concentrated crystals, satellites lying close to the electronic transitions appear, which are interpreted as being due to vibronic transitions. The theory of vibronic transitions for the dilute salt is developed and it predicts a spectrum very similar to that of the pure salt. This is in agreement with experiment. Approximations valid when the optical phonon branch energies are relatively independent of k lead to factor group selection rules. These selection rules are found to be consistent with the observed spectra with a few exceptions which are readily explained. Tentative identifications of crystalline vibrational modes are made from a consideration of: 1 polarized vibronic spectra and selection rules; 2 frequency shift in the comparison of LaCl3 and LaBr3 spectra; 3 far infrared data of B uchanan , M urphy and C aspers .(1) The difference between longitudinal and transverse frequencies of an optical phonon branch is discussed.
Loss of matrix-dependent cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase signals may regulate intestinal epithelial differentiation during mucosal healing

Intestinal epithelial restitution and the migratory phenotype appear regulated by the extracellular matrix. Since integrin-associated adhesion to matrix triggers tyrosine kinase activity, we hypothesized that matrix-specific tyrosine kinase signals might modulate the intestinal epithelial migratory phenotype, particularly via focal adhesion kinase. Caco-2 cells were seeded at two densities on collagen I, laminin, fibronectin, and tissue culture plastic. Four days later the first cells were confluent, whereas the second cells were not contact inhibited and expressed migratory lamellipodia. Cells were fractionated into membrane/cytoskeletal and cytosolic fractions. Cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase activity in static cells was matrix dependent and, unlike cytoscolic tyrosine kinase, correlated with adhesion, highest on collagen and lowest on plastic. Migrating cells exhibited matrix-dependent increases in cystosolic tyrosine kinase activity. Cytosolic changes in tyrosine kinase activity in motile cells exceeded membrane/cytoskeletal changes. However, matrix-dependent variations in increase in cytosolic tyrosine kinase activity correlated inversely with changes in cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase translocation to the cytosol during motility. Indeed cytoskeletal focal adhesion kinase activity decreased during migration on collagen. Tyrosine kinase inhibition by genistein both inhibited migration and stimulated expression of brush-border enzymes downregulated during motility. Although enterocyte-matrix interactions alter both cytosolic and cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase activity, matrix-dependent cytoskeletal events are likely to regulate adhesion and differentiation in static cells. Loss of matrix-dependent cytoskeletal tyrosine kinase signals such as focal adhesion kinase during restitution may trigger a phenotypic switch to the "dedifferentiated" migrating intestinal epithelial phenotype.
STABILITY OF LEVITRONS

The Levitron is a magnetic spinning top which can levitate in the constant field of a repelling base magnet. The present work develops an exact theory of the Levitron with six degrees of freedom. The stability of the symmetric relative equilibrium is calculated. The main result is a complete classification of possible Levitrons that allow for an interval of stable spin rates. Stability of the relative equilibrium is lost in Hamiltonian Hopf bifurcations if either the span rate is too large or too small.
TRANSIENT VIBRATION OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS WITH UNSTEADY SUPERPOSED MOTION

Abstract The equation of motion for a gyroscopic system with unsteady superposed motion is derived for the prototypical problem in which motion of an oscillating particle is measured relative to a non-inertial frame. The resulting coefficient matrices are time-dependent, and skew-symmetric acceleration terms are present both as Coriolis acceleration and as a component of net stiffness. Such mathematical structure is also demonstrated in the context of other unsteady gyroscopic systems, including flexible media that translate with time-dependent speed. Following the asymptotic approach of Krylov, Bogoliubov, and Mitropolsky, a perturbation method is developed for the case in which the superposed motion varies slowly when viewed on the time scale of the system's natural periods of oscillation. First-order approximations for the modal amplitude and phase are obtained in closed form. The method is illustrated through two examples of technical interest: a two-degree-of-freedom model of a rotating shaft, and a distributed parameter model of a moving tape or web.
Haplotypes versus genotypes on pedigrees

Genome sequencing will soon produce haplotype data for individuals. For pedigrees of related individuals, sequencing appears to be an attractive alternative to genotyping. However, methods for pedigree analysis with haplotype data have not yet been developed, and the computational complexity of such problems has been an open question. Furthermore, it is not clear in which scenarios haplotype data would provide better estimates than genotype data for quantities such as recombination rates. To answer these questions, a reduction is given from genotype problem instances to haplotype problem instances, and it is shown that solving the haplotype problem yields the solution to the genotype problem, up to constant factors or coefficients. The pedigree analysis problems we will consider are the likelihood, maximum probability haplotype, and minimum recombination haplotype problems. Two algorithms are introduced: an exponential-time hidden Markov model (HMM) for haplotype data where some individuals are untyped, and a linear-time algorithm for pedigrees having haplotype data for all individuals. Recombination estimates from the general haplotype HMM algorithm are compared to recombination estimates produced by a genotype HMM. Having haplotype data on all individuals produces better estimates. However, having several untyped individuals can drastically reduce the utility of haplotype data.
Benchmark calculations on the electron detachment energies of MO3* and M2O6* (M = Cr, Mo, W).

Neutral and anionic molecules of the monomers and dimers of the group VIB transition metal oxides (MO3 and M2O6) were studied with density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster CCSD(T) theory. Franck−Condon simulations of the photoelectron spectra were carried out for the transition from the ground state of the anion to that of the neutral molecule. Molecular structures from the DFT and CCSD(T) methods are compared. Electron detachment energies reported in the literature were evaluated. The calculated adiabatic and vertical electron detachment energies (ADEs and VDEs) were compared with the experimental results. CCSD(T) gives results within 0.12 eV for the ADEs. CCSD(T) predicts VDEs that are in error by as much as 0.3 eV for M = Cr. DFT hybrid functionals were found to give poor results for the ADEs and VDEs for M = Cr due to the substantial amount of multireference character in the wavefunction, whereas the pure DFT functionals give superior results. For M = Mo and W, excellent agreement was found...
Cash Transfers and Anemia Among Women of Reproductive Age

Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting more than 2 billion people in developing countries. We show that a modest cash transfer substantially reduced anemia among women of reproductive age in rural Ecuador.
Esophageal dysfunction in dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis: a controlled cohort study.

Objectives: To compare esophageal function in dogs with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis (ILP) to age- and breed-matched controls; to determine if dysfunction is associated with aspiration pneumonia over one year; and to compare clinical neurologic examination of dogs with ILP at enrollment and one year. Study Design: Prospective controlled cohort study Animals or Sample Population: 32 dogs with ILP, and 34 age- and breed-matched healthy dogs. Methods: Three-phase esophagrams were performed on all dogs. Blinded analyses of the esophagrams were performed, and the mean esophageal score determined in each phase. Following unilateral crico-arytenoid laryngoplasty, dogs with ILP were re-examined including thoracic radiography at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Neurologic status was recorded at enrollment, 6 and 12 months. Results: Esophagram scores in dogs with ILP were significantly higher in each phase compared to the controls, most notably with liquid (P<.0001). Dysfunction was more pronounced in the cervical and cran...
Faith in Humanity

Many of the people we regard as moral exemplars have profound faith in people’s decency: When segregationists bombed a black church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four little girls, Martin Luther King, Jr. insisted that “somehow we must believe that the most misguided among them can learn to respect the dignity and worth of all human personality”. Returning to his work in psychotherapy after spending two and a half years in Nazi concentration camps, Viktor Frankl adopted as a guiding principle the view that “if we treat people as if they were what they ought to be, we help them become what they are capable of becoming”. During his campaign to secure civil rights for Indians living in South Africa, and later to secure independence for India, Gandhi urged his followers to treat as “an article of faith” the view that there is “no one so fallen” that he cannot be “converted by love”. That these and other moral exemplars have such faith is no accident. As I will argue, having a certain form of faith in people’s decency, which
Real-time model of three-dimensional dynamic reattachment using neural networks

The reattachment of unsteady separated flow fields is a critical issue in the determination of both helicopter and wind-turbine blade performance as well as for poststall maneuvers in aircraft. To fully understand this process and to enable control, numerical techniques that provide real-time models of the reattachment process over a broad parameter range must be realized. This article describes real-time models, using neural networks, for the dynamic reattachment of three-dimensional unsteady separated flow fields. The results indicate that the neural network model accurately predicts the dynamic reattachment process to within 5% of the experimental data across the parameter space bounded by nondimensional pitch rates a of 0.01 and 0.20. However, the error was substantially larger for an a+ of 0.02. Analyses indicate that the parameter space is governed by two different sets of flow physics that transition at roughly an a of 0.03. As such, the results show that neural network models can be used not only to detect changes in the flow physics, but for defining areas within the parameter space where additional experimental characterization would be useful. Further, the results indicate that the flow field wing interactions are three dimensional, however, the spanwise effects of the three dimensionality are subdued relative to dynamic stall.
Pentaquarks in high-energy colliding experiments: perspectives from HERA

Several issues related to pentaquark searches relevant for current and future high-energy colliding experiments are discussed. We make an attempt to explain why pentaquark candidates are not seen by some experiments, and what makes the HERA experiments so special in such searches.
The Galley parallel file system

Abstract Most current multiprocessor file systems are designed to use multiple disks in parallel, using the high aggregate bandwidth to meet the growing I/O requirements of parallel scientific applications. Many multiprocessor file systems provide applications with a conventional Unix-like interface, allowing the application to access multiple disks transparently. This interface conceals the parallelism within the file system, increasing the ease of programmability, but making it difficult or impossible for sophisticated programmers and libraries to use knowledge about their I/O needs to exploit that parallelism. In addition to providing an insufficient interface, most current multiprocessor file systems are optimized for a different workload than they are being asked to support. We introduce Galley, a new parallel file system that is intended to efficiently support realistic scientific multiprocessor workloads. We discuss Galley's file structure and application interface, as well as the performance advantages offered by that interface.
Color pattern recognition using fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

A fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (JTC) based technique for improved color pattern recognition is introduced. in the proposed technique, a real-valued fringe-adjusted filter is used to reshape the joint power spectrum to yield better correlation output. A color image is processed through three channels, and fringe-adjusted filtering is applied to each of these channels to achieve excellent correlation discrimination. The correlation outputs from these channels are then fused together to make a decision on the detection of a desired color pattern. It is also shown that the fringe-adjusted filtering can be effectively applied to a multichannel single-output JTC to obtain excellent correlation discrimination between an unknown input scene target and a reference image for all color channels. The proposed techniques can be implemented in real time for practical color pattern recognition applications. Two architectures for all-optical implementation of the proposed techniques are presented.
APSE ALIGNMENT OF NARROW ECCENTRIC PLANETARY RINGS

The boundaries of the Uranian ∈, α, and β rings can be fitted by Keplerian ellipses. The pair of ellipses that outline a given ring share a common line of apsides. Apse alignment is surprising because the quadrupole moment of Uranus induces differential precession. We propose that rigid precession is maintained by a balance of forces due to ring self-gravity, planetary oblateness, and interparticle collisions. Collisional impulses play an especially dramatic role near ring edges. Pressure-induced accelerations are maximal near edges because there (1) velocity dispersions are enhanced by resonant satellite perturbations and (2) the surface density declines steeply. Remarkably, collisional forces felt by material in the last ~100 m of a ~10 km wide ring can increase equilibrium masses up to a factor of ~100. New ring surface densities are derived that accord with Voyager radio measurements. In contrast to previous models, collisionally modified self-gravity appears to allow for both negative and positive eccentricity gradients; why all narrow planetary rings exhibit positive eccentricity gradients remains an open question.
The Sizes of the Nearest Young Stars

We present moderate resolution (R ~ 3575) optical spectra of 19 known or suspected members of the AB Doradus and ? Pictoris Moving Groups, obtained with the DeVeny Spectrograph on the 72 inch Perkins telescope at Lowell Observatory. For four of five recently proposed members, signatures of youth such as Li I 6708 ? absorption and H? emission further strengthen the case for youth and membership. The lack of detected lithium in the proposed ? Pic member TYC?2211-1309-1 implies that it is older than all other K-type members and weakens the case for membership. Effective temperatures are determined via line ratio analyses for the 11 F, G, and early-K stars observed, and via spectral comparisons for the eight late-K and M?stars observed. We assemble updated candidate membership lists for these moving groups that account for known binarity. Currently, the AB Dor Moving Group contains 127 proposed members and the ? Pic Moving Group holds 77 proposed members. We then use temperature, luminosity, and distance estimates to predict angular diameters for these stars; the motivation is to identify?stars that can be spatially resolved with long-baseline optical/infrared interferometers in order to improve age estimates for these groups and to constrain evolutionary models at young ages. Considering the portion of the sky accessible to northern hemisphere facilities (decl. > ? 30), six?stars have diameters large enough to be spatially resolved (? > 0.4?mas) with the CHARA Array, which currently has the world's longest baseline of 331 m; this subsample includes the low-mass M2.5 member of AB Dor, GJ 393, which is likely to still be pre-main sequence. For southern hemisphere facilities (decl. < + 30), 18 stars have diameters larger than this limiting size, including the low-mass debris disk?star AU Mic (0.72?mas). However, the longest baselines of southern hemisphere interferometers (160?m) are only able to resolve the largest of these, the B6?star ? Gru (1.17?mas); proposed long-baseline stations may alleviate the current limitations.
The exact superconformal R-symmetry maximizes a

Abstract An exact and general solution is presented for a previously open problem. We show that the superconformal R-symmetry of any 4d SCFT is exactly and uniquely determined by a maximization principle: it is the R-symmetry, among all possibilities, which (locally) maximizes the combination of 't Hooft anomalies atrial(R)≡(9TrR3−3TrR)/32. The maximal value of atrial is then, by a result of Anselmi et al. the central charge a of the SCFT. Our atrial maximization principle almost immediately ensures that the central charge a decreases upon any RG flow, since relevant deformations force atrial to be maximized over a subset of the previously possible R-symmetries. Using atrial maximization, we find the exact superconformal R-symmetry (and thus the exact anomalous dimensions of all chiral operators) in a variety of previously mysterious 4d N =1 SCFTs. As a check, we verify that our exact results reproduce the perturbative anomalous dimensions in all perturbatively accessible RG fixed points. Our result implies that N =1 SCFTs are algebraic: the exact scaling dimensions of all chiral primary operators, and the central charges a and c, are always algebraic numbers.
Enzymatic oxidative coupling of monohalogenated tyrosine derivatives

Abstract The regioselectivity of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative phenolic coupling of monohalogenated tyrosine derivatives could be altered by the halogen substituent and the enzyme-substrate ratio. This ability to shift the coupling pattern (CC vs. CO) provides chemists with added versatility for synthetic applications.
How robust are linear sketches to adaptive inputs

Linear sketches are powerful algorithmic tools that turn an n-dimensional input into a concise lower-dimensional representation via a linear transformation. Such sketches have seen a wide range of applications including norm estimation over data streams, compressed sensing, and distributed computing. In almost any realistic setting, however, a linear sketch faces the possibility that its inputs are correlated with previous evaluations of the sketch. Known techniques no longer guarantee the correctness of the output in the presence of such correlations. We therefore ask: Are linear sketches inherently non-robust to adaptively chosen inputs? We give a strong affirmative answer to this question. Specifically, we show that no linear sketch approximates the Euclidean norm of its input to within an arbitrary multiplicative approximation factor on a polynomial number of adaptively chosen inputs. The result remains true even if the dimension of the sketch is d=n-o(n) and the sketch is given unbounded computation time. Our result is based on an algorithm with running time polynomial in d that adaptively finds a distribution over inputs on which the sketch is incorrect with constant probability. Our result implies several corollaries for related problems including lp-norm estimation and compressed sensing. Notably, we resolve an open problem in compressed sensing regarding the feasibility of l2/l2-recovery guarantees in presence of computationally bounded adversaries.
A comparative study of oxidative methylation of toluene with methane to styrene and ethylbenzene over bi-alkali-promoted MgO, CaO, SrO or BaO

Abstract The selectivity to styrene and ethylbenzene (C8 selectivity), their yields (C8 yield), and the stability with time-on-stream in the oxidative methylation of toluene with methane have been compared for superbasic catalysts prepared by promoting MgO, CaO, SrO or BaO with binary alkali metal compounds. The bi-alkali-promoted substrates are more effective than the mono-alkali promoted systems. The most effective catalytic system (5 mol-% Na+ + 5 mol-% Cs+)/CaO gave a toluene conversion as high as 45.0 mol-% and a total C8 selectivity of 60.0 mol-% (styrene/ethylbenzene = 2.2) resulting in a total C8 yield of 27%, and operated in a stable manner for 60 h. These are the highest values ever reported in the open literature. The bi-alkali-promoted MgO also showed similar performances but somewhat smaller than those of promoted CaO. In contrast, the bi-alkali-promoted SrO and BaO were less effective under the same conditions, both exhibiting much lower performances than the promoted CaO or MgO. In terms of the toluene conversion, the C8 selectivity and the stability with time-on-stream, the following sequence was observed for the bi-alkali-promoted substrates: CaO > MgO > BaO > SrO. The relatively high performances of the bi-alkali-promoted CaO or MgO compared to the mono-alkali ones are attributed to the synergistic increase in surface basicity (superbasicity) caused by the enrichment of the surface with the bi-alkali mixtures. Unlike SrO and BaO, which form stable carbonates with the CO2 formed during the reaction which inhibits the surface basicity, the Ca or Mg carbonates decompose to oxides under the reaction conditions, thereby ensuring a higher catalytic performance. It is shown that there exists an optimum substrate, CaO, which upon promotion with bi-alkali becomes the most effective in the oxidative methylation of toluene.
The anthropometric legacy of Franz Boas

Franz Boas was responsible for obtaining anthropometric data from approximately 27,000 subjects living around the turn-of-the-century. The subjects are of Native American, Siberian and European ancestry. These data have been entered into databases and are available for research. This paper describes the circumstances under which these data were collected and discusses their research potential.
Impact of Subsystem Reliability on Satellite Revenue Generation and Present Value

A new framework is developed that analytically links an engineering concept, a system's reliability, with both managerial and financial concepts, the system's revenue generation capability, and its present value. A communications satellite is used as an example to illustrate the use and insights that can be generated from this framework. For instance, after the development of a revenue model for a communications satellite, the cost of unreliability was quantified: the present value penalty for the lack of 100% payload reliability. Next, the value of redundancy was also analytically captured: the satellite incremental present value provided by payload redundancy. The central finding is that present value calculations of a technical revenue-generating system, in this instance, a communications satellite, that do not account for system's reliability overestimate the system's present value and, thus, can lead to flawed investment decisions. Finally, when sensitivity analysis is performed on the various drivers of the satellite present value, it was found, against conventional wisdom, that redundancy in communications satellite payload is overrated; in other words, that increasing payload redundancy provides limited incremental value to the spacecraft.
Single-virus analysis by correlated optical spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy

Single adeno- and tobacco mosaic viruses have been studied by correlated fluorescence spectroscopy and tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. The size and shape of spatially isolated, fluorescently tagged viruses are measured on the nanometer scale, and the fluorescent labels in each virus are determined by wavelength-resolved spectroscopy. This work extends ultrasensitive measurement to the single-virus level and is expected to have applications in studying gene therapy vectors and virus-cell interactions.
A concise proof of Kruskal’s theorem on tensor decomposition

A theorem of J. Kruskal from 1977, motivated by a latent-class statistical model, established that under certain explicit conditions the expression of a third-order tensor as the sum of rank-1 tensors is essentially unique. We give a new proof of this fundamental result, which is substantially shorter than both the original one and recent versions along the original lines.
Environmental Taxation and the “Double Dividend:” A Reader’s Guide

Economists have long favored the use of taxes as instruments of environmental protection. Many economic analysts assert that in situations involving serious externalities taxes are the most effective mechanism for “getting the prices right” -- that is, for helping prices closely approximate marginal social costs. The notion that taxes can improve welfare outcomes by internalizing externalities traces back at least as far as Pigou (1938) and is a central tenet of environmental economics.