cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Dynamical Causes of Variability in the Rain-Shadow Effect: A Case Study of the Washington Cascades

AbstractWashington State’s Cascade Mountains exhibit a strong orographic rain shadow, with much wetter western slopes than eastern slopes due to prevailing westerly flow during the winter storm season. There is significant interannual variability in the magnitude of this rain-shadow effect, however, which has important consequences for water resource management, especially where water is a critically limited resource east of the crest. Here the influence of the large-scale circulation on the Cascade rain shadow is investigated using observations from the Snowfall Telemetry (SNOTEL) monitoring network, supplemented by stream gauge measurements. Two orthogonal indices are introduced as a basis set for representing variability in wintertime Cascade precipitation. First, the total precipitation index is a measure of regionwide precipitation and explains the majority of the variance in wintertime precipitation everywhere. Second, the rain-shadow index is a measure of the east–west precipitation gradient. It ex...
Decision Analysis: A Basic Overview for the Pediatric Surgeon

Decision making in medicine requires choosing the option that best maximizes benefit while minimizing risk and cost. Even though uncertainty is an inherent feature of any clinical issue, clinicians and policy makers frequently are required to evaluate the best evidence and make therapeutic or policy decisions based on that evidence. Decision analysis is a quantitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty that can be applied to specific types of clinical problems. This method disaggregates a complex clinical problem into its most important components that then can be understood more easily and analyzed quantitatively. Decision analysis has many potential applications in medicine and can be applied to solve specific clinical problems, analyze health care costs, or develop health care policies. In this review, the basic methods for constructing and analyzing decision analyses will be presented, and specific applications of this method to pediatric surgery will be discussed.
Deliquescence lowering in food ingredient mixtures

Many common food ingredients (crystalline sugars, inorganic salts, and organic acids) exhibit deliquescence, a moisture-induced solid to solution phase transition that occurs at a characteristic relative humidity, RH0. An automated gravimetric water vapor sorption balance was used to measure RH0, and a water activity (aW) meter was used to measure aW of saturated solutions to characterize deliquescence of individual food ingredients and their mixtures. Measured RH0 and aW values were similar (P > 0.01), except for ingredients that form hydrates (confirmed by FT-Raman spectroscopy) and for mixtures containing more than 2 ingredients. A significantly lower (P < 0.01) RH0 was obtained for all mixtures compared with individual ingredients, and optical microscopy images demonstrated the impact of ingredient contact on RH0 lowering. Increasing temperature significantly decreased RH0 (P < 0.01). Results demonstrate that deliquescence lowering in ingredient mixtures has the potential to impact both chemical (for example, sucrose and citric acid mixtures) and physical stability (caking) of powdered ingredient mixtures.
Response Properties of Cochlear Nucleus Neurons in Monkeys

Much of what is known about how the cochlear nuclei participate in mammalian hearing comes from studies of non-primate mammalian species. To determine to what extent the cochlear nuclei of primates resemble those of other mammalian orders, we have recorded responses to sound in three primate species: marmosets, cynomolgus macaques, and squirrel monkeys. These recordings show that the same types of temporal firing patterns are found in primates that have been described in other mammals. Responses to tones of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus have similar tuning, latencies, post-stimulus time and interspike interval histograms as those recorded in non-primate cochlear nucleus neurons. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus, too, responses were similar. From these results it is evident that insights gained from non-primate studies can be applied to the peripheral auditory system of primates.
6D-2 MEMS-Enabled Miniaturized Particulate Matter Monitor Employing 1.6 GHz Aluminum Nitride Thin-Film Bulk Acoustic Wave Resonator (FBAR) and Thermophoretic Precipitator

We describe a miniaturized MEMS particulate matter (PM) monitor that employs the deposition of particulates from a sample stream onto a 1.6 GHz piezoelectric thin-film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR) by means of thermophoresis, and determination of the mass deposited by measuring the resonant frequency shift of a Pierce oscillator. Real-time measurements made in an environmental chamber over several weeks and during a week-long field study in a residence showed excellent correlation with the responses of other commercial aerosol instruments. An added mass of 1 pg could be resolved with the sensor, and the level of detection was 18 mug / m3. The monitor weighs 114 g, has a volume of approximately 245 cm3, consumes less than 100 mW, and would cost less than $100 USD in small quantities. Efforts to further miniaturize the sensor and integrate it with a cell-phone are described.
Filter Design for ℒ 1 Adaptive Output-Feedback Controller

In this paper we exploit the connection between disturbance observer and ℒ 1 adaptive control theories. We consider ℒ 1 adaptive output-feedback control framework, for which the ℒ 1 reference controller is equivalent to the disturbance observer. Using this fact, we investigate several properties of the disturbance observer architecture, leading to various filter design methods towards verification of the stability conditions for the ℒ 1 adaptive output-feedback controller.
The Adequacy of Full‐Cost‐Based Pricing Heuristics

We investigate the performance of a full‐cost heuristic in a service setting. In our model, a service firm determines the amount of capacity, a price, and a price discount each period. Based upon the price, a stochastic number of customers will place service orders. If too many orders arrive in a period, the firm will offer a price discount to those customers willing to back order and accept service the next period. Even though the model is fairly simple, the optimal pricing, price discount, and capacity rules are complex and require extensive calculations. We examine how closely three distinct heuristics approximate the optimal performance. The best‐performing heuristic is a full‐cost pricing rule based upon a constrained version of the firm's optimization program. It consists of setting a price using full costs plus an adjustment based upon the nonlinear elasticity of demand. In 500 random simulations our full‐cost heuristic obtains 99.5 percent of the optimal performance. Preliminary analysis suggests ...
The exit of some human dipliod fibroblasts (WI-38 cells) from the cell cycle in early G1☆

The inducibility of DNA synthesis in WI-38 cells synchronized for different parts of G1 upon fusion with HeLa cells in S has been studied. In the heterokaryons 70 to 80% of WI-38 cell nuclei responded to HeLa inducers within one hour after cell fusion. The remainder of WI-38 cell nuclei responded to HeLa inducers after a lag of 3 hours or more. This lag was independent of duration of G1 traversed by WI-38 cells before cell fusion. The results of these studies suggest that 20 to 30% of WI-38 cells retire from the cell cycle in very early G1.
Myocardial Osteopontin Expression Coincides With the Development of Heart Failure

Abstract —To identify genes that are differentially expressed during the transition from compensated hypertrophy to failure, myocardial mRNA from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with heart failure (SHR-F) was compared with that from age-matched SHR with compensated hypertrophy (SHR-NF) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) by differential display reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Characterization of a transcript differentially expressed in SHR-F yielded a cDNA with homology to the extracellular matrix protein osteopontin. Northern analysis showed low levels of osteopontin mRNA in left ventricular myocardium from WKY and SHR-NF but a markedly increased (≈10-fold) level in SHR-F. In myocardium from WKY and SHR-NF, in situ hybridization showed only scant osteopontin mRNA, primarily in arteriolar cells. In SHR-F, in situ hybridization revealed abundant expression of osteopontin mRNA, primarily in nonmyocytes in the interstitial and perivascular space. Similar findings for osteopontin protein were observed in the midwall region of myocardium from the SHR-F group. Consistent with the findings in SHR, osteopontin mRNA was minimally increased (≈1.9-fold) in left ventricular myocardium from nonfailing aortic-banded rats with pressure-overload hypertrophy but was markedly increased (≈8-fold) in banded rats with failure. Treatment with captopril starting before or after the onset of failure in the SHR reduced the increase in left ventricular osteopontin mRNA levels. Thus, osteopontin expression is markedly increased in the heart coincident with the development of heart failure. The source of osteopontin in SHR-F is primarily nonmyocytes, and its induction is inhibited by an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, suggesting a role for angiotensin II. Given the known biological activities of osteopontin, including cell adhesion and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression, these data suggest that it could play a role in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
Differential Rates of Productivity Growth and International Imbalance

I. Introduction, 371. — II. Differential rates of productivity growth, 372. — III. The case of uniformity, 372. — IV. The case of nonuniformity, 374. — V. The record examined, 377. — VI. Hypothesis rejected, 385. — VII. The changing structure of world trade and international imbalance, 387. — VIII. Hypothesis rejected, 388. — IX. Conclusions, 398.
A dual approach to tuning the porosity of porous organic polymers: controlling the porogen size and supercritical CO2 processing

Porous organic polymers (POPs) with tunable pore volumes and surface areas can be made from a series of SnIV(porphyrins) functionalized with labile, bulky trans-diaxial ligands. Varying the ligand size allows for the tuning of the micropore volume while supercritical CO2 processing resulted in excellent enhancements of the total pore volumes.
Evaluating Inclusive Educational Practices for Students With Severe Disabilities Using the Program Quality Measurement Tool

Recent legislative and school reform efforts require schools to evaluate and improve educational practices for students with severe disabilities. The authors developed the Program Quality Measurement Tool (PQMT) to enable administrators and educators to evaluate the educational programming provided to students with severe disabilities against best practice indicators, identify programmatic strengths and needs, and assess improvements in educational service delivery over time. The PQMT incorporates a multimethod approach to assessing inclusive practices for students with severe disabilities at the levels of the local education agency, school building, and student. The results indicate acceptable levels of interobserver agreement, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, congruent validity, and discriminative validity for the PQMT.
Single-link and time communicating finite state machines

We propose two variants of the classical communicating finite state machines (CFSMs) model, single-link communicating finite state machines (SLCFSMs) and time communicating finite state machines (TCFSMs). For SLCFSMs the notion of well-formedness, which provides a necessary condition for SLCFSMs to be free of some logical errors, is proposed. For TCFSMs, it is argued that they are more suitable for modeling delay-sensitive distributed algorithms/communication protocols. Two practical communication protocols, a token ring and a sliding window protocol, are modeled using TCFSMs. >
Cavity-QED-based unconventional geometric phase gates with bichromatic field modes

Realization of two-qubit quantum phase gate is demonstrated using unconventional geometric phase in a cavity sustaining bichromatic field modes which are highly detuned from the atomic transition frequency. The two cavity modes are displaced simultaneously and thus acquire a geometric phase which can be used for realization of approximate phase gate operation.
From Brigades to Blogs: Environmentalism Online in Slovakia 20 Years after the Velvet Revolution

This article examines aspects of contemporary Slovak environmental activist discourse in the digital realm of blogging and cyberspace. It explores this subject by fi rst comparing volunteer brigades and samizdat writing from the late communist period with present digital forms of environmentalism in the new millennium. Current environmental blogs are then analysed accord- ing to material, substantive, and discursive aspects as these suggest obstacles and benefi ts to promoting environmentalism in the wake of political trans- formation. In examining this issue in one Central and East European context, the paper aims to raise broader questions regarding both research on environ- mental behaviour and policy in post-socialist Europe as well as the relation- ships between culture, political consciousness and technology in an age of globalisation.
Popcorn-Shaped Magnetic Core–Plasmonic Shell Multifunctional Nanoparticles for the Targeted Magnetic Separation and Enrichment, Label-Free SERS Imaging, and Photothermal Destruction of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Over the last few years, one of the most important and complex problems facing our society is treating infectious diseases caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), by using current market-existing antibiotics. Driven by this need, we report for the first time the development of the multifunctional popcorn-shaped iron magnetic core-gold plasmonic shell nanotechnology-driven approach for targeted magnetic separation and enrichment, label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection, and the selective photothermal destruction of MDR Salmonella DT104. Due to the presence of the "lightning-rod effect", the core-shell popcorn-shaped gold-nanoparticle tips provided a huge field of SERS enhancement. The experimental data show that the M3038 antibody-conjugated nanoparticles can be used for targeted separation and SERS imaging of MDR Salmonella DT104. A targeted photothermal-lysis experiment, by using 670 nm light at 1.5 W cm(-2) for 10 min, results in selective and irreparable cellular-damage to MDR Salmonella. We discuss the possible mechanism and operating principle for the targeted separation, label-free SERS imaging, and photothermal destruction of MDRB by using the popcorn-shaped magnetic/plasmonic nanotechnology.
A novel phase-locked-loop and its application in STATCOM system

Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) plays important role in grid connected power electronics system. A good PLL system can detect the grid phase angle and frequency fast and accurately, and additionally it can extract the positive sequence exactly. In real applications, source signal (voltage or current) usually includes harmonic distortion, unbalanced components. Conventional PLL strategy cannot solve the unbalanced and harmonic distortion problems. Different PLL solutions are proposed in literature in recent years. The general considerations for these different approaches are to design positive sequence estimator to eliminate the negative sequence components and use filters to filter out the higher order harmonic distortions. In this paper, a novel moving average filter based synchronous reference frame PLL with positive sequence estimation feature is presented. The proposed PLL has good performances in filtering harmonic, eliminating unbalanced components. To verify the proposed PLL, a STATCOM system is built in Matlab/Sim PowerSystems. Simulation results of different operation modes are shown in this paper.
BRANCHIOPOD MONOPHYLY AND INTERORDINAL PHYLOGENY INFERRED FROM 18S RIBOSOMAL DNA

Abstract Sequence data for the complete 18S rDNA gene were used to address unresolved phylogenetic issues concerning branchiopod evolution. Representative taxa include all 8 extant orders of branchiopods, additional crustaceans from the Malacostraca, and 3 alternative outgroups (Myriapoda, Chelicerata, and Insecta). The results of both maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining phylogenetic analyses are congruent and indicate that branchiopods are a monophyletic class of crustaceans, and that the Anostraca are monophyletic and the sister group to all other branchiopods. The phylogenetic position of the Laevicaudata cannot be resolved, but analyses suggest a notostracan clade that is the sister group to the Diplostraca (=Conchostraca and Cladocera). Within the Diplostraca, the Conchostraca and Spinicaudata are paraphyletic as currently recognized, because the spinicaudatan clam shrimp Cyclestheria hislopi is the sister taxon to a clade (Gymnomera) comprising the cladoceran orders Anomopoda, Ctenopoda, Haplopod...
Hierarchically Porous Urchin-Like Ni2P Superstructures Supported on Nickel Foam as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

The development of high-performance nonprecious electrocatalysts with both H2 and O2 evolution reaction (HER and OER) activities for overall water splitting is highly desirable but remains a grand challenge. Herein, we report a facile two-step method to synthesize three-dimensional hierarchically porous urchin-like Ni2P microsphere superstructures anchored on nickel foam (Ni2P/Ni/NF) as bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The Ni2P/Ni/NF catalysts were prepared by template-free electrodeposition of porous nickel microspheres on nickel foam followed by phosphidation. The hierarchically macroporous superstructures with 3D configuration can reduce ion transport resistance and facilitate the diffusion of gaseous products (H2 and O2). The optimal Ni2P/Ni/NF exhibited remarkable catalytic performance and outstanding stability for both the HER and OER in alkaline electrolyte (1.0 M KOH). For the HER, Ni2P/Ni/NF afforded a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at a low overpotential of only −98 mV. ...
The Dangerous Intersection at 'Prior Restraint' and 'Time, Place, Manner': A Comment on Thomas v. Chicago Park District

In its most recent look at two pivotal free speech concepts, the U.S. Supreme Court denied a challenge to the constitutionality of a city ordinance that requires a license for use of a city park. The two implicated free speech concepts, highly familiar to students of free speech jurisprudence, are those of "prior restraints" and "time, place, manner" restrictions. The following comment examines the Thomas v. Chicago Park decision, reflecting on whether the decision adds any clarity to the relationship between these terms. After the introduction, Part II briefly discusses the factual and procedural background for the Court's decision. Parts III and IV, respectively, discuss, in a way relevant to the facts in Thomas, some of the Court's development of prior restraint and time, place, manner restrictions doctrine. Part V adds to this development mention of the licensing discretion problem at issue in Freedman v. Maryland, a case heavily relied on by Petitioners in their argument to the Court. Part VI discusses the Thomas opinion itself. Here, the article concludes that, while the outcome in the case may be consistent with the Court's trend away from an earlier and purer form of prior restraint doctrine, the decision leaves extant a surprising lack of clarity regarding the relationship of these pivotal free speech concepts.
Towards a transactional view of rhetorical and feminist theory: Rereading Helene Cixous's the laugh of the medusa

This essay argues that by rereading Helene Cixous's The Laugh of the Medusa as a rhetoric—that is, an essay which posits what can and must be done by women if they are to intervene effectively in the public sphere through written and oral discourse—we can enrich both rhetorical and feminist theory and criticism.
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Duration: A Review of Current Available Evidence

Abstract Purpose Multiple regimens of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy have been used in the past in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Later trials of PCI stenting demonstrated the efficacy of dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in reducing stent- and non–stent-related thrombotic events in this specific population. Nonetheless, the required duration of DAPT has not yet been elucidated. In this article we sought to identify various randomized clinical trials (RCTs), pooled analyses, meta-analyses, and data pertaining to the optimal duration of DAPT and attempt some recommendations based on patients’ clinical and procedural profiles. Methods We performed an extensive search using MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Internet sources for abstracts, manuscripts, and conference reports without any language or date restrictions. In our review we included all available evidence from RCTs, meta-analyses, observational studies, and abstracts pertaining to our topic. Search results that were deemed irrelevant or that would not serve the goal or topic of our review were excluded. Results Our search yielded 10 RCTs directly comparing different durations of DAPT, 3 meta-analyses amassing the evidence resulting from randomized data, and numerous observational studies that served the aim of our review. The observational studies included in the manuscript are directly related to instances in which RCTs could not be performed or introduce important concepts related to the duration of DAPT. Implications There is no conclusive evidence that determines the mandatory DAPT duration after PCI. In addition, there are distinct patient populations that need specific treatment regimens, such as diabetic patients or those on long-term oral anticoagulation. Therefore, clinical judgement and meticulous examination of all pertaining risk factors are required for each individual. These factors include those related to a patient’s characteristics, treatment procedures, lesion complexity, and stent type. Currently ongoing studies are anticipated to further elucidate and integrate our understanding with regard to DAPT.
Seasonal Abundance and Impact of the Cottonwood Twig Borer on Cottonwood Trees

Overwintered larvae of Gypsonoma haimbachiana (Kearfott) resumed feeding in new twig growth during mid-March in 1970 and 1971. Adult moths appeared in mid-April and were present until late November. There were 2 seasonal peaks in egg numbers for both years. Late season peaks gave rise to damaging larval populations with near 100% terminal kill by late August or September.
[Cp*Ru(CO)2]2-Catalyzed Hydrodeoxygenation and Hydrocracking of Diols and Epoxides

The hydrogenolysis of glycols to hydrocarbons is a reaction of potential value for the production of chemicals and fuels from biomass-derived polyols. We find that [Cp*Ru(CO)2]2 (Cp* = 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) catalyzes the hydrogenolysis of glycols to alkanes and of epoxides to alkanes/alkenes by molecular hydrogen at 170–200 °C and 4–27 atm; the product yields range from moderate to excellent. Moreover, we also established a novel process that produces alkanes with a lower number of carbons from glycols: e.g., toluene from 1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol.
High-Fidelity Simulations of a Corrugated Airfoil

Bio-inspired corrugated wings are known to increase structural rigidity, improve aerodynamics at low Reynolds numbers, and delay ow separation. Previous numerical studies have been limited to two-dimensional simulations at very low Reynolds numbers (< 1 10) and few experimental studies exist to explain the detailed physics underlying the observed phenomenon. The current work explores the ow structure of a corrugated airfoil using a highdelity implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) approach. The e ects of transition were investigated at several angles of attack and a range of Reynolds numbers. Transitional ow was observed at Reynolds numbers as low as Rec = 7:5 10 for low angles of attack and became signi cant on the lower airfoil surface near Rec = 2 10. The ow behavior was found to be strongly a ected by the leading edge geometry due to interaction between the detached shear layer emanating from the leading edge and the rst corrugation peak. Additionally, ow structure and aerodynamic forces appeared to become less sensitive to Reynolds number at the higher values computed.
Characterization of electrochemically deposited films from aqueous and ionic liquid cobalt precursors toward hydrogen evolution reactions

Abstract Electrodepositions of cobalt films were achieved using an aqueous or an ethylene glycol based non-aqueous solution containing choline chloride (vitamin B4) with cobalt chloride hexahydrate precursor toward hydrogen evolution reactions from sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) as solid hydrogen feedstock (SHF). The resulting cobalt films had reflectivity at 550 nm of 2.2% for aqueously deposited films (ACoF) and 1.3% for non-aqueously deposited films (NCoF). Surface morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy showed a positive correlation between particle size and thickness. The film thicknesses were tunable between >100 μm and 2 catalytic surface with aqueous NaBH 4 solutions generated rate constants (K) = equal to 4.9 × 10 −3 min −1 , 4.6 × 10 −3 min −1 , and 3.3 × 10 −3 min −1 for ACoF, NCoF, and copper substrate respectively.
Preparing SC Spreads with RNs for EM Analysis

Recombination nodules (RNs) are associated with synaptonemal complexes (SCs) during early prophase I of meiosis. RNs are too small to be resolved by light microscopy and can be observed directly only by electron microscopy. The patterns of RNs on SCs can be analyzed using three-dimensional reconstructions of nuclei using serial thin sections, but this method is time consuming and technically difficult. In contrast, spreads of SCs are in one plane so all RNs in each set can be visualized simultaneously, and the patterns of both early and late nodules (ENs and LNs) can be analyzed far more easily than using sections. Here, we describe methods for preparing spreads of SCs and RNs from tomato primary microsporocytes on plastic-coated slides for visualization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Postoperative Management of Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is one of the most severe complications of anterior neck surgery. Although a rare complication, it imparts a massive impact on affected patients. While stabilization of the airway to provide adequate ventilation is the initial primary concern, the management of bilateral vocal fold mobility impairment remains an unsatisfactory compromise between voice, breathing, and swallowing. The lack of an ideal solution is aptly illustrated by the abundance of technical reports in the literature over the last 100 years. Current techniques restore airway patency at the cost of worse glottic closure and vocal quality. Therapy tends to be grouped into immediate interventions in the acute setting of respiratory compromise, and long-term interventions aimed restoring glottic patency after the airway has been acutely stabilized. The majority of procedures currently performed are aimed at physically enlarging the laryngeal lumen. Although an area of rapid progress and active development, laryngeal reinnervation has yielded rare mobility gains. Another promising line of research is of implantable stimulators, which maintain mobility and voice patterns, but these have not yet become a mainstream option available to patients outside of experimental protocols.
The Economics of Conservation Agriculture in Africa: Implications of Climate Change

In this chapter, we summarize the available evidence on the agronomic and economic viability of conservation agriculture (CA) in sub-Saharan Africa and assess the likely impact of climate change on the agronomic and economic viability of CA. Using detailed data from Zambia, we compare the net present value of using various CA and conventional practices over a 10-year period and then analyze how those results are likely to change if rainfall becomes more erratic. CA is economically attractive especially when it allows farmers to overcome labor constraints during planting by distributing land preparation labor during the dry season. The results also show that when all three principles of CA are implemented, farmers will likely have more stable and higher yields than conventional tillage methods, although all types of farming will be negatively affected by dry spells. For these benefits to be realized, farmers must retain control of their residues, which, in turn, will require changing community norms about dry season grazing. Furthermore, the development of reliable markets for leguminous crops are necessary for achieving adequate rotations. Given the dynamic nature of smallholder agriculture, driven by climatic as well as socio-economic uncertainty, increasing farmers’ capacity to adapt is of utmost importance. Working with farmers to adapt CA to match their specific priorities and constraints provides an opportunity to develop skills for resilient and adaptable farming systems.
Land use and household energy dynamics in Malawi

Interventions to mitigate household air pollution (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels often fail to take into account the role of access to freely available woodfuels in determining fuel choice and willingness to adopt clean cooking technologies, key factors in mitigating the burden of HAP. We use national-scale remote sensing data on land use land cover change, and population representative data from two waves of the Malawi Living Standards Measurement Survey to explore the relationship between land use change and the type of fuel households use, time spent collecting fuel, and expenditures on fuel, hypothesizing that land use dynamics influence household-level choice of primary cooking fuel. We find considerable heterogeneity with respect to regeneration and deforestation/degradation dynamics and evidence of spatial clustering. We find that regeneration of forests and woodlands increases the share of households that collect fuelwood, whereas deforestation and degradation lead households to purchase fuelwood. We also find that relatively large share of land under woody savannah or degraded forest (vs. fully stocked forest) increases fuel collection time. Areas with regeneration happening at broader scale experience increases in fuel expenditures. Our findings have implications for the spatial targeting of interventions designed to mitigate household air pollution.
A Comparison of Sexual Relationships Among Hispanic Men by Sexual Orientation: Implications for HIV/STI Prevention

Hispanic men experience high rates of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) when compared to non-Hispanic whites. Many factors contribute to HIV/STI risk among Hispanic men. Some researchers have suggested that primary relationships may be a source of HIV/STIs because some men engage in sexual relationships outside of the primary relationship. However, little is known about this among Hispanic men, and less is known about how sexual relationships differ by sexual orientation. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine if Hispanic men engage in sexual relationships outside of primary relationships; and (2) to compare sex outside of primary relationships by sexual orientation. Data for this study were obtained from a larger study that investigated health risks of Hispanic men residing in the U.S.–Mexico border community. Participants were recruited from agencies that provided services to Hispanic men. Participants completed a structured interview that included questions about primary relationships and sex outside of primary relationships. The sample consisted of 103 Hispanic men (50 heterosexual, 43 gay, and 10 bisexual Hispanic men), but two participants refused to answer relationship questions, resulting in a sample of 101 Hispanic men. About one-third of the participants (n = 29) reported sex outside of the primary relationship, but no differences were found between the gay/bisexual and heterosexual men, X 2 (2, N = 101) = 9.91, p = .128. More gay/bisexual men reported sex with the primary partner and another person at the same time than heterosexual men, X 2 (2, N = 101) = 13.32, p = .010. More gay/bisexual men reported open relationships when compared to heterosexual men, X 2 (2, N = 101) = 17.23, p = .008, and more gay/bisexual men reported sex outside the primary relationship without the primary partner’s knowledge, X 2 (2, N = 101) = 15.09. p = .020. However, more heterosexual men reported that condoms were not used for sex outside the primary relationship when compared to gay/bisexual men, X 2 (2, N = 101) = 14.01, p = .029. Sex outside of primary relationships presents some implications for HIV/STI prevention among Hispanic men. Because gay/bisexual men experience higher rates of HIV/STI, more attention needs to be focused on all forms of relationships to prevent acquisition of HIV/STIs. Among heterosexual Hispanic men more attention needs to be given to reinforcement of safer sex practices both outside the primary relationship, and within the primary relationship if high risk sex is occurring outside the primary relationship. More research is needed on the reasons for sex outside the primary relationship among Hispanic men, as well as research to promote safer sex practices when sex occurs outside of the primary relationship.
Intra-arterial Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Agents

Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) has been described in the treatment of retinoblastoma [1–3], sarcoma [4, 5], and malignant glioma [6, 7]. Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in these settings has generally been considered adjuvant therapy along with systemic chemotherapy, surgical resection, and/or radiation therapy. IAC is appealing given the potential to limit systemic toxicity from chemotherapeutic agents while increasing the concentration in areas of active malignancy. Within the central nervous system, the blood brain barrier (BBB) has proven to be a hurdle to the delivery of chemotherapy agents with various protocols described to help breakdown the BBB to facilitate chemotherapy delivery [8]. Within the pediatric population, IAC for the treatment of retinoblastoma (Rb) has become well studied with a good safety profile and efficacy.
Ranking the Greatest Nba Players: A Sport Metrics Analysis

The purpose of this investigation was to present a statistical model to rank the top National Basketball Association (NBA) players of all-time. Creating a statistical model to rank players may help sport scientists determine important variables for player analysis, as well as aid coaches in the development of basketball-specific, data-driven performance indicators. Nonetheless, computing this type of model is difficult due to the plethora of individual player statistics and achievements that require consideration, as well as the impact of changes to the game over time on individual player performance analysis. This study used linear regression to create a reliable model for the top 150 player rankings in NBA history. The independent variables within the regression equation included points per game (PPG), rebounds per game (RPG), assists per game (APG), win shares per 48 minutes (WSPER48), and number of NBA championships won (CHMPS). The results revealed that PPG, RPG, APG, and CHMPS were all necessary for...
Role of the Bradykinin B2 Receptor in Salt-Induced Hypertension

P189 The kallikrein-kinin system may contribute to blood pressure (BP) regulation via its vasodilatory, natriuretic and diuretic activity. In order to explore the role of bradykinin in this respect, we studied knockout mice (n=16) with deleted gene for the B 2 receptor of bradykinin (BKB 2 R -/-), submitted to subtotal nephrectomy (SN) and dietary salt-loading, in comparison to their wildtype counterparts (BKB 2 R +/+, n=10). Systolic BP mmHg (by tail cuff), heart rate (HR b/min), plasma catecholamines, (NEPI, EPI ng/ml) and heart weight/body weight ratio (mg/g) are shown in the Table below. *p 2 R gene knockout mice had higher BP at baseline and developed more severe hypertension. Moreover, they became hypertensive in 19±2 days versus 28±2 days for the wildtype (p 2 receptor, contributes to maintenance of normotension and protects against salt-induced hypertension.
The local socio-economic impacts of large hydropower plant development in a developing country

Abstract Despite extensive discussion in the literature about the socio-economic impacts of hydropower development on surrounding communities, there is (1) a lack of quantitative studies that look at impacts over extended periods of time and (2) a lack of studies including multiple projects in the context of a developing country. Here, we use econometric methods to evaluate the relationship between county-level socio-economic indicators and hydropower development for 56 Brazilian hydropower plants built between 1991 and 2010. We find that counties that built hydropower plants had greater GDP and tax revenues during their first few years of development than a control group that consisted of counties with hydropower projects planned but not yet built. However, those positive economic effects were short lived (
Improving Predictive Accuracy in Elections.

Abstract The problem of accurately predicting vote counts in elections is considered in this article. Typically, small-sample polls are used to estimate or predict election outcomes. In this study, a machine-learning hybrid approach is proposed. This approach utilizes multiple sets of static data sources, such as voter registration data, and dynamic data sources, such as polls and donor data, to develop individualized voter scores for each member of the population. These voter scores are used to estimate expected vote counts under different turnout scenarios. The proposed technique has been tested with data collected during U.S. Senate and Louisiana gubernatorial elections. The predicted results (expected vote counts, predicted several days before the actual election) were accurate within 1%.
Distinguishing the Ratio Bias from Unsystematic Error: Situation and Individual‐difference Effects

Research that tries to distinguish ratio bias, implying greater perceived likelihood with gambles involving larger versus smaller numbers, from unsystematic error, which results from not seeing the equivalence of the presentations more generally.
Increased Heat Generation in Postcardiac Arrest Patients During Targeted Temperature Management Is Associated With Better Outcomes.

Objectives Assess if amount of heat generated by postcardiac arrest patients to reach target temperature (Ttarget) during targeted temperature management is associated with outcomes by serving as a proxy for thermoregulatory ability, and whether it modifies the relationship between time to Ttarget and outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Urban tertiary-care hospital. Patients Successfully resuscitated targeted temperature management-treated adult postarrest patients between 2008 and 2015 with serial temperature data and Ttarget less than or equal to 34°C. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Time to Ttarget was defined as time from targeted temperature management initiation to first recorded patient temperature less than or equal to 34°C. Patient heat generation ("heat units") was calculated as inverse of average water temperature × hours between initiation and Ttarget × 100. Primary outcome was neurologic status measured by Cerebral Performance Category score; secondary outcome was survival, both at hospital discharge. Univariate analyses were performed using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests; multivariate analyses used logistic regression. Of 203 patients included, those with Cerebral Performance Category score 3-5 generated less heat before reaching Ttarget (median, 8.1 heat units [interquartile range, 3.6-21.6 heat units] vs median, 20.0 heat units [interquartile range, 9.0-33.5 heat units]; p = 0.001) and reached Ttarget quicker (median, 2.3 hr [interquartile range, 1.5-4.0 hr] vs median, 3.6 hr [interquartile range, 2.0-5.0 hr]; p = 0.01) than patients with Cerebral Performance Category score 1-2. Nonsurvivors generated less heat than survivors (median, 8.1 heat units [interquartile range, 3.6-20.8 heat units] vs median, 19.0 heat units [interquartile range, 6.5-33.5 heat units]; p = 0.001) and reached Ttarget quicker (median, 2.2 hr [interquartile range, 1.5-3.8 hr] vs median, 3.6 hr [interquartile range, 2.0-5.0 hr]; p = 0.01). Controlling for average water temperature between initiation and Ttarget, the relationship between outcomes and time to Ttarget was no longer significant. Controlling for location, witnessed arrest, age, initial rhythm, and neuromuscular blockade use, increased heat generation was associated with better neurologic (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00-1.03]; p = 0.039) and survival (adjusted odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 1.00-1.03]; p = 0.045) outcomes. Conclusions Increased heat generation during targeted temperature management initiation is associated with better outcomes at hospital discharge and may affect the relationship between time to Ttarget and outcomes.
The toxic triangle in academia: A case analysis of the emergence and manifestation of toxicity in a public university:

In this case analysis, we apply the toxic triangle framework, in its entirety, to a public university upon the entry of a new president. We found considerable fit of the theoretical triad to the un...
Veblen goods and urban distinction: The economic geography of conspicuous consumption

A fundamental observation of 21st century cities is that they have become great centers of consumption. In this paper, we seek to understand the geographic variation in consumer behavior. Using Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE), we analyze how consumption differs across 21 major U.S. metropolitan areas, and the association between urban characteristics and consumption. We extend previous geographic analysis of consumption to include luxury goods that are socially visible (conspicuous consumption) and luxury goods that are relatively less visible (inconspicuous consumption). Our analysis shows that conspicuous consumption is more sensitive to an urban context than is inconspicuous consumption.
Protein Micro-Characterization by Mass Spectrometry: Sample Handling and Data Flow

Mass spectrometry (MS) occupies center position in most current protein identification schemes. “Mass fingerprinting” techniques rely on composite mass patterns of proteolytic fragments, or dissociation products thereof, to query databases [1–6]. Two issues, however, need to be addressed at the present time. Are we ready for high throughput analyses in a reliable, efficient and timely manner, and to apply these tools towards rationally selected, meaningful research problems?
Inconsistent Models (and Infinite Models) for Arithmetics with Constructible Falsity

An earlier paper on formulating arithmetic in a connexive logic ended with a conjecture concerning C♯ , the closure of the Peano axioms in Wansing’s connexive logic C. Namely, the paper conjectured that C♯ is Post consistent relative to Heyting arithmetic, i.e., is nontrivial if Heyting arithmetic is nontrivial. The present paper borrows techniques from relevant logic to demonstrate that C♯ is Post consistent simpliciter, rendering the earlier conjecture redundant. Given the close relationship between C and Nelson’s paraconsistent N4, this also supplements Nelson’s own proof of the Post consistency of N4♯ . Insofar as the present technique allows infinite models, this resolves Nelson’s concern that N4♯ is of interest only to those accepting that there are finitely many natural numbers.
Fast computation of time-domain scattering by an inhomogeneous stratified seafloor

Marine sediment properties exhibit fluctuations on a very wide range of scales in all three spatial dimensions. These fluctuations lead to scattering of acoustic waves. Seabed scattering models that treat such fluctuations are reasonably well developed under the plane-wave assumption. A recent model, called TDSS (time domain model for seafloor scattering), accurately treats the important point-source-point-receiver geometry for generally stratified fluid sediments-important because this is the geometry employed in many seabed scattering measurements. The computational cost associated with this model is very high and scales roughly with the product of mean source-receiver height above the basement to the fifth power and both bandwidth and wavenumber to the second power. Thus, modeling deep ocean scattering from a near sea surface source and receiver is prohibitive at frequencies above a few tens of hertz. A computational approach was developed based on Levin's method of oscillatory integration, which is orders of magnitude faster than standard numerical integration techniques and makes deep ocean seabed scattering computations practical up to many kilohertz. This approach was demonstrated to agree with the narrowband sonar equation in several simple environments in the limit of small bandwidths, but the TDSS model is expected to be valid for a much wider range of environments.
Optimal composition of heterogeneous multi-agent teams for coverage problems with performance bound guarantees

Abstract We consider the problem of determining the optimal composition of a heterogeneous multi-agent team for coverage problems by including costs associated with different agents and subject to an upper bound on the maximal allowable number of agents. We formulate a resource allocation problem without introducing additional non-convexities to the original problem. We develop a distributed Projected Gradient Ascent (PGA) algorithm to solve the optimal team composition problem. To deal with non-convexity, we initialize the algorithm using a greedy method and exploit the submodularity and curvature properties of the coverage objective function to derive novel tighter performance bound guarantees on the optimization problem solution. Numerical examples are included to validate the effectiveness of this approach in diverse mission space configurations and different heterogeneous multi-agent collections. Comparative results obtained using a commercial mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem solver demonstrate both the accuracy and computational efficiency of the distributed PGA algorithm.
The Relationship between Mathematical Practice and Mathematics Pedagogy in Mathematics Education Research.

This paper introduces two central questions (1) what are available methodologies for making claims about mathematical practice and (2) when and how do claims about mathematical practice influence mathematics instruction. To motivate these questions, we critically analyze the relationship between research into mathematicians’ practice and the design of mathematics instruction in three ways. First, we describe three influential research programs in mathematics education and illustrate how each research program uses claims about mathematical practice to inform their instructional goals. Second, by examining these important works, we highlight intrinsic difficulties in investigating mathematical practice. Our conclusion is that every research methodology for investigating mathematical practice is fundamentally limited and we require triangulation from multiple methods and theoretical lenses to fully understand mathematical practice. Third, we highlight reasons for why mathematical practice sometimes should not inform mathematics instruction. We conclude this paper by discussing how the articles in this special issue address our two central questions.