cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of gas permeation in convective burning

Abstract Convective burning is commonly identified in the literature as the key step in deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) of granular explosives. The prevalent physical picture of convective burning is of rapid and deep penetration of hot gases which controls the propagation rate via convective heat transfer. This investigation includes a review of relevant literature, new transient measurements of permeability at high pressures, and analysis of the experimental results. Results presented here show that deep penetration (many particle diameters) of gas at high velocities is not physically plausible for the low porosity granular beds of interest. The measured permeabilities are consistent with measurements made at lower pressures in similar materials, but are significantly lower than predictions based on beds of spherical particles. The important time and space scales of this experiment are identified. The interface region between the reservoir and porous bed is analysed. The wave hierarchy of the permeation experiment is studied, and short- and long-time limits are investigated using simplified asymptotic analysis. The low-speed flow approximation is also considered for flow within the bed. It is shown that drag dissipation terms in the energy equation cannot be neglected under adiabatic conditions as is commonly done. These results indicate that compaction processes play a larger role than commonly thought, and motivate the consideration of an asymptotic large drag limit of two-phase, two-velocity models.
Hypertension Management in Diabetic Kidney Disease

IN BRIEF Hypertension is prevalent in most individuals with diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Failure to treat hypertension appropriately in this subgroup of patients results in an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as a faster progression of kidney disease. The current guidance for appropriate treatment of hypertension in this high-risk population provides an opportunity to improve both kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. This review discusses the current state of evidence-based hypertension management in patients with DKD.
The use of technology and perceptions of its effectiveness in training physicians.

AbstractBackground: Technology has been incorporated into the classrooms of future healthcare professionals for decades and vast research has investigated its effectiveness. Much less attention, however, has examined how medical schools are actually using technology and telemedicine to aid teaching.Aims: It is unclear how medical schools use technology as pedagogical aids. This study investigates technology and telemedicine use in physician training in the United States.Methods: We distributed an online survey on technology and telemedicine use through the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine and the Association of American Medical Colleges.Results: Both allopathic and osteopathic institutions train students with various forms of technology, but appear to be doing so differently. Few schools use telemedicine in the classroom and even fewer require it.Conclusion: Osteopathic institutions report more positive attitudes toward e-learning and technology, but allopathic schools on an averag...
Revised estimates of human cochlear tuning from otoacoustic and behavioral measurements

We develop an objective, noninvasive method for determining the frequency selectivity of cochlear tuning at low and moderate sound levels. Applicable in humans at frequencies of 1 kHz and above, the method is based on the measurement of stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emissions and, unlike previous noninvasive physiological methods, does not depend on the frequency selectivity of masking or suppression. The otoacoustic measurements indicate that at low sound levels human cochlear tuning is more than twice as sharp as implied by standard behavioral studies and has a different dependence on frequency. New behavioral measurements designed to minimize the influence of nonlinear effects such as suppression agree with the emission-based values. A comparison of cochlear tuning in cat, guinea pig, and human indicates that, contrary to common belief, tuning in the human cochlea is considerably sharper than that found in the other mammals. The sharper tuning may facilitate human speech communication.
Patterns in the compositions of oxysalt and sulfosalt minerals, and the paradoxical nature of quartz

Compositions of oxysalt, sulfosalt, seleniosalt, tellurisalt, and fluosalt minerals all follow the same generalizable patterns with regard to hardness or softness of cations, and with regard to ionic potential. For example, the hard F1− anion forms simple fluosalt minerals (fluoborates and fluosilicates) with hard cations. The relatively hard O2− anion forms simple oxysalts (e.g., sulfates and arsenates) largely with hard to intermediate cations. On the other hand, the softer S2− anion forms sulfosalt minerals almost entirely with intermediate to soft cations, and the still softer anions Se2− and Te2− form seleniosalt and tellurisalt minerals with an even more predominately soft suite of cations. Thus, across all these classes of minerals, harder anions generally form minerals with harder cations, and softer anions form minerals with softer cations. The compositions of simple oxysalt minerals of one inter-radical cation vary greatly, but they do not include minerals in which both the inter-radical cation and intra-radical cation (e.g., Ca2+ and S6+ in CaSO4) have high ionic potential. Their compositions thus reach, but do not exceed, a limit on a plot of the ionic potential of cations in these minerals. The same general relationship, wherein no simple minerals contain both inter-radical and intra-radical cations of high ionic potential, also exists among sulfosalts, seleniosalts, tellurisalts, and fluosalts. These limits of ionic potential of cations are greatest in oxysalts and progressively less in fluosalts, sulfosalts, seleniosalts, and tellurisalts. The limits thus decrease, both through the 2− anions and across the hard anions, from more negative ionic potential of the anion to less so, seemingly because anions of less negative ionic potential have lesser capability to shield cations from each other and thereby preclude cation-cation repulsion. Among the simple oxysalts of one inter-radical cation, three minerals near the oxysalt limit form less commonly, or with greater inhibition, than one might expect. For example, thermodynamic calculations indicate that magnesite should precipitate abundantly from seawater, but it does not instead, in low-temperature systems Mg2+ only forms simple carbonate minerals with a cation of lesser ionic potential (Ca2+). Similarly, the chemistry of Earth’s crust suggests that (Al,Fe3+)2(SO4)3 would be a common mineral, but instead analogous hydrous minerals with additional cations of lesser ionic potential are common. Finally, SiO2 minerals crystallize at distinctly low temperatures in magmatic systems, and they either fail to nucleate or precipitate as a hydrous disordered mineral in many low-temperature systems. In all three cases, cation-cation repulsion seemingly inhibits formation of what might otherwise be more common or more readily forming minerals.
A model of function-based representations

The need to model and to reason about design alternatives throughout the design process demands robust representation schemes of function, behavior, and structure. Function describes the physical effect imposed on an energy or material flow by a design entity without regard for the working principles or physical solutions used to accomplish this effect. Behaviors are the physical events associated with a physical artifact (or hypothesized concept) over time (or simulated time) as perceived by an observer. Structure, the most tangible concept, partitions an artifact into meaningful constituents such as features, Wirk elements, and interfaces in addition to the widely used assemblies and components. The focus of this work is on defining a model for function-based representations that can be used across various design methodologies and for a variety of design tasks throughout all stages of the design process. In particular, the mapping between function and structure is explored and, to a lesser extent, its impact on behavior is noted. Clearly, the issues of a function-based representation's composition and mappings directly impact certain computational synthesis methods that rely on (digitally) archived product design knowledge. Moreover, functions have already been related to not only form, but also information of user actions, performance parameters in the form of equations, and failure mode data. It is essential to understand the composition and mappings of functions and their relation to design activities because this information is part of the foundation for function-based methods, and consequently dictates the performance of those methods. Toward this end, the important findings of this work include a formalism for two aspects of function-based representations (composition and mappings), the supported design activities of the model for function-based representations, and examples of how computational design methods benefit from this formalism.
Severe Sepsis in Do-not-resuscitate Patients: Intervention and Mortality Rates

Abstract Background Severe sepsis is a high-mortality disease, and early resuscitation decreases mortality. Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status may influence physician decisions beyond cardiopulmonary resuscitation, but this has not been investigated in sepsis. Objective Among Emergency Department (ED) severe sepsis patients, define the incidence of DNR status, prevalence of central venous catheter placement, and vasopressor administration (invasive measures), and mortality. Methods Retrospective observational cohort of consecutive severe sepsis patients to single ED in 2009–2010. Charts abstracted for DNR status on presentation, demographics, vitals, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, inpatient and 60-day mortality, and discharge disposition. Primary outcomes were mortality, discharge to skilled nursing facility (SNF), and invasive measure compliance. Chi-squared test was used for univariate association of DNR status and outcome variables; multivariate logistic regression analyses for outcome variables controlling for age, gender, SOFA score, and DNR status. Results In 376 severe sepsis patients, 50 (13.3%) had DNR status. DNR patients were older (79.2 vs 60.3 years, p p = 0.07). DNR inpatient and 60-day mortalities were higher (50.5% vs. 19.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 15.9–44.9%; 64.0% vs. 24.9%, 95% CI 25.1–53.3%, respectively), and remained higher in multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR] 3.01, 95% CI 1.48–6.17; OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.88–7.69, respectively). The groups had similar rates of discharge to SNF, and in persistently hypotensive patients (n = 326) had similar rates of invasive measures in univariate and multivariate analyses (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.45–3.15). Conclusion In this sample, 13.3% of severe sepsis patients had DNR status, and 50% of DNR patients survived to hospital discharge. DNR patients received invasive measures at a rate similar to patients without DNR status.
A Numerical Analysis of Fracture and High Temperature Creep Characteristics of Composites with Discontinuous Ductile Reinforcements

The role of the material parameters on the fracture and creep behavior of discontinuous ductile fiber reinforced brittle matrix composite system was numerically investigated. For simulation of fracture behavior, the ductile fibers were modeled using a constitutive relationship that accounts for strength degradation resulting from nucleation and growth of the voids. The matrix is assumed to be elastic and fails according to requirements of a stress criterion. Results indicate that the contribution of ductile reinforcement to the work of fracture value (toughness) of the composite increases with less exhaustion of its work hardening capacity before the onset of matrix failure. At creep regime, for rigidly bonded interfaces, the creep rate of the composite is not significantly influenced by the material properties of the ductile reinforcing phase due to development of large hydrostatic stress and constrained deformation in the reinforcement. Significant increases in room temperature fracture toughness can be achieved without extensively sacrificing the creep strength by ductile discontinuous reinforcements.
Diisopropyl Chlorosilane, Polymer-supported

(reagent used as a linker for solid-phase organic synthesis) Alternate Name: (diisopropylchlorosilyl)polystyrene. Preparative Methods: lithiated polystyrene can be prepared via direct lithiation of cross-linked polystyrene with (1:1) BuLi and TMEDA at 65 °C in cyclohexane (eq 1).1 Subsequent addition of diisopropyl-dichlorosilane in benzene followed by washing with excess benzene and drying in vacuo provides the desired functionalized polymer. Loading can be determined by hydrolysis and acid-base titration.2 (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: reagent is water sensitive and cannot be stored for prolonged periods.
Predicting absolute ligand binding free energies to a simple model site

A central challenge in structure-based ligand design is the accurate prediction of binding free energies. Here we apply alchemical free energy calculations in explicit solvent to predict ligand binding in a model cavity in T4 lysozyme. Even in this simple site, there are challenges. We made systematic improvements, beginning with single poses from docking, then including multiple poses, additional protein conformational changes, and using an improved charge model. Computed absolute binding free energies had an RMS error of 1.9 kcal/mol relative to previously determined experimental values. In blind prospective tests, the methods correctly discriminated between several true ligands and decoys in a set of putative binders identified by docking. In these prospective tests, the RMS error in predicted binding free energies relative to those subsequently determined experimentally was only 0.6 kcal/mol. X-ray crystal structures of the new ligands bound in the cavity corresponded closely to predictions from the free energy calculations, but sometimes differed from those predicted by docking. Finally, we examined the impact of holding the protein rigid, as in docking, with a view to learning how approximations made in docking affect accuracy and how they may be improved.
Impact of two different types of El Niño events on runoff over the conterminous United States

Abstract. The responses of river runoff to shifts of large-scale climatic patterns are of increasing concerns to water resource planners and managers for long-term climate change adaptation. El Nino, as one of the most dominant modes of climate variability, is closely linked to hydrologic extremes such as floods and droughts that cause great loss of lives and properties. However, the different impacts of the two types of El Nino, i.e., central Pacific (CP-) and eastern Pacific (EP-)El Nino, on runoff across the conterminous US (CONUS) are not well understood. This study characterizes the impacts of the CP- and EP-El Nino on seasonal and annual runoff using observed streamflow data from 658 reference gaging stations and the NCAR-CCSM4 model. We found that surface runoff responds similarly to the two types of El Nino events in southeastern, central, southern, and western coastal regions, but differently in northeast (NE), Pacific northwest (PNW) and west north central (WNC) climatic zones. Specifically, EP-El Nino events tend to bring above-average runoff in NE, WNC, and PNW throughout the year while CP-El Nino events cause below-than normal runoff in the three regions. Similar findings were also found by analyzing NCAR-CCSM4 model outputs that captured both the CP- and EP-El Nino events, representing the best data set among CMIP5 models. The CCSM4 model simulates lower runoff values during CP-El Nino years than those in EP-El Nino over all of the three climatic regions (NE, PNW, and WNC) during 1950–1999. In the future (2050–2099), for both types of El Nino years, runoff is projected to increase over the NE and PNW regions, mainly due to increased precipitation ( P ). In contrast, the increase of future evapotranspiration (ET) exceeds that of future P , leading to a projected decrease in runoff over the WNC region. In addition, model analysis indicates that all of the three regions (NE, PNW, and WNC) are projected to have lower runoff in CP-El Nino years than in EP-El Nino years. Our study suggests that the US water resources may be distributed more unevenly in space and time with more frequent and intense flood and drought events. The findings from this study have important implications to water resource management at regional scales. Information generated from this study may help water resource planners to anticipate the influence of two different types of El Nino events on droughts and floods across the CONUS.
School Shootings, High School Size, and Neurobiological Considerations

SUMMARY In the last decade 17 multiple-injury student school shootings have occurred in the United States, 13 at high schools and 4 at middle schools. Research suggests that high schools function best academically as well as socially at enrollments around 600 (150 students per grade), the natural group size of humans. Eleven of 13 high school shootings occurred in schools with enrollments over 600 students, and many with over 1,000 students. Violent and antisocial behavior is associated with deficits in social information processing, which is necessarily exacerbated by complex social environments. School shootings may be in part a response to the unprecedented social complexity of large schools. Median public high school enrollment now stands at 1,200 in suburbs and 1,600 in cities despite the fact that smaller schools are superior to large schools on nearly all academic and social measures of success including graduation rate, student satisfaction, conduct infractions, athletic participation, absenteeism...
Research and Education of the Mentally Retarded Preschool Children in the Soviet Union

Preschool education of exceptional children in the Soviet Union differs in some important respects from education in the United States. The beginning of formal first grade instruction starts at 7 years of age. There is a categorical approach to the education of handicapped children. The preschool education is an integral part of ideological indoctrination.This article provides a sample of research with the mentally retarded preschoolers and is based on recently published studies Defectologia.
Recruitment of functionally distinct membrane proteins to chromatin mediates nuclear envelope formation in vivo

Formation of the nuclear envelope (NE) around segregated chromosomes occurs by the reshaping of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a reservoir for disassembled nuclear membrane components during mitosis. In this study, we show that inner nuclear membrane proteins such as lamin B receptor (LBR), MAN1, Lap2β, and the trans-membrane nucleoporins Ndc1 and POM121 drive the spreading of ER membranes into the emerging NE via their capacity to bind chromatin in a collaborative manner. Despite their redundant functions, decreasing the levels of any of these trans-membrane proteins by RNAi-mediated knockdown delayed NE formation, whereas increasing the levels of any of them had the opposite effect. Furthermore, acceleration of NE formation interferes with chromosome separation during mitosis, indicating that the time frame over which chromatin becomes membrane enclosed is physiologically relevant and regulated. These data suggest that functionally distinct classes of chromatin-interacting membrane proteins, which are present at nonsaturating levels, collaborate to rapidly reestablish the nuclear compartment at the end of mitosis.
Second Cancers and Richter Transformation Are the Leading Causes of Death in Patients With Trisomy 12 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Background Trisomy 12 (+12) is detected by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in up to 20% of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patients with +12 are known to have unique features and to carry an intermediate prognosis. Patients and Methods In order to better define this large group, we reviewed the characteristics of 250 untreated patients with +12. Results When compared to 516 untreated patients negative for +12 by FISH, patients with +12 showed a higher incidence of thrombocytopenia, Richter transformation, and second malignant neoplasms (SMN), in addition to the expected increased rate of CD38 positivity and atypical immunophenotype. At a median follow-up of 51 months, 57% of patients needed first-line treatment; median time to first treatment was 38 months, and on multivariate analysis (MVA), it was found to be shorter in patients with advanced Rai stage, palpable splenomegaly, and deletion of 14q by conventional cytogenetic analysis. The overall response rate with first-line treatment was 94%. The median failure-free survival has not been reached, but on MVA, it was found to be shorter in patients whose disease responded in a manner other than complete remission or with FISH negativity for deletion 13q. The median overall survival for the entire group has not been reached, but MVA revealed it to be shorter in patients with an absolute lymphocyte count of > 30 × 10 9 /L or who developed SMN. Eighteen deaths have been observed so far, and Richter transformation and SMN were the leading causes of death (3 and 6, respectively). Conclusion Patients with +12 CLL show characteristic clinical and biologic features, and may benefit from increased surveillance for second cancers.
VLIW processors: once blue sky, now commonplace

Very long instruction word (VLIW) is an architectural style that one of the authors-Josh Fisher-proposed about 30 years ago to speed up computers and otherwise enhance their performance. Those listening to Fisher's first public "blue-sky" expositions of this technology in the early 1980s did not generally expect it to succeed. Indeed, they would have been stunned to hear of the success these processors are enjoying today, especially as embedded processors, designed to perform special-purpose functions, usually in real time, in some kind of hardware. VLIWs obtain high performance from ordinary programs in a way that is simple to describe: Instead of issuing a single operation from an instruction stream in a given cycle, a VLIW processor issues many of them together in a single execution stream, and it issues new operations before old ones have finished.
Effect of a Longer Versus Shorter Test-Release Interval on Recidivism Prediction With the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS)

The General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) was correlated with recidivism data obtained on 284 released male federal prisoners. The sample was divided into those inmates who had been released within 24 months of having completed the PICTS (shorter test-release interval; n = 138) and those inmates who had been released more than 24 months after having completed the PICTS (longer test-release interval; n = 146), and recidivism was measured by subsequent arrests and convictions accrued during a 6- to 78-month follow-up. Although the GCT score successfully predicted release outcome in the shorter test-release interval group, it failed to predict release outcome in the longer test-release interval group. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Wetting and Spreading Of Liquid Metals Through Open Microgrooves and Surface Alterations

Surface-tension-driven flows (isothermal or non-isothermal) of microlayers of complex liquids over substrates under reactive wetting conditions at elevated temperatures are greatly influenced by interface interactions and topography of surface alterations. For example, understanding of the spreading of molten metals over metal substrates with complex topography may be interpreted as spreading over multiple connected networks of open microchannels. Hence, understanding of the kinetics of wetting and spreading of such reactive systems through microchannels is of a key interest. This article provides an overview of wetting/spreading phenomena related to migration of molten metal microlayer over smooth, rough, and/or well-organized-topography surfaces, such as microchannels. Systems involving a liquid metal medium temperature range (at ∼850–873 K, Al-Si over Al), and a low temperature range (∼420–520 K, Pb-Sn and Ag-Sn over Cu and Cu-Sn) have been considered. Kinetics data involving triple-line movement and i...
Review of the New World species of Pharaxonotha Reitter (Coleoptera: Languriidae)

The New World species of Pharaxonotha Reitter are reviewed . Four species are recognized: Pharaxo­ notha iloridana (Casey) is known on1y from Florida, breeding in the eones of Zamia pumua; P. kirschii Reitter is a widespread, stored products pest, often associated with cotton bolls, stored grain, and edible tubers; two new species from Costa Rica, P. clarkorum and P. confusa, feed on the pollen of Zamia IJkinneri and Z. fairchildeana respectively. A key to the species found in the New World is presented.
Representing ductile damage with the dual domain material point method

Abstract In this paper, we incorporate a ductile damage material model into a computational framework based on the Dual Domain Material Point (DDMP) method. As an example, simulations of a flyer plate experiment involving ductile void growth and material failure are performed. The results are compared with experiments performed on high purity tantalum. We also compare the numerical results obtained from the DDMP method with those obtained from the traditional Material Point Method (MPM). Effects of an overstress model, artificial viscosity, and physical viscosity are investigated. Our results show that a physical bulk viscosity and overstress model are important in this impact and failure problem, while physical shear viscosity and artificial shock viscosity have negligible effects. A simple numerical procedure with guaranteed convergence is introduced to solve for the equilibrium plastic state from the ductile damage model.
Adjuvant intraoperative post-dissectional tumor bed chemotherapy—A novel approach in treating midgut neuroendocrine tumors

Background: Midgut neuroendocrine tumor (NET) patients are often diagnosed at an advanced stage with extensive mesenteric lymph node and liver metastasis. Even with skillful surgical dissection, macro and microscopic residual disease at the dissection site remains a possibility. We hypothesize these potential tumor residuals in mesenteric lymph node dissection beds can be eliminated safely by a local application of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We describe a novel technique invented by the author to treat these micro and macro residuals. Methods: Retrospectively, charts of 62 consecutive midgut NET patients with boggy mesenteric lymphadenopathy who underwent cytoreductive debulking surgeries from 1/2007 to 12/2009 were reviewed. A total of 32 patients received an intraoperative application of 5-FU saturated gelfoam strips secured into the mesenteric defect following the extensive lymphadenectomy. A total of 30 untreated patients served as a control. Results: The 5-year survival after cytoreductive surgeries was 22/32 (68.8%) for the treated group, vs. 20/30 (66.7%) for the control. Six patients (6/32, 18.8%) among the study group required additional debulking surgeries, vs. 16 patients (16/30, 53.3%) in the control group. Upon reoperation, loco-regional recurrence was noted in 9 of the 16 patients (56.3%) in the control group, vs. only 2/6 (33.3%) of treated patients. Overall, local recurrence rate is 6.25% (2/32) in the treated group vs. 30% (9/30) in the control group. Post-op complication rates are similar in the two arms. Conclusions: Intraoperative application of chemotherapy is a safe and effective adjuvant to reduce local recurrence and the need of reoperation by the tumoricidal or tumorstatic effects of 5-FU on any potential microscopic residual disease after extensive cytoreductive surgeries in advanced stage NET patients with mesenteric lymph node metastasis. It provides patients with sustained, slow releasing, high dose of 5-FU within the surgical bed with a negligible side effect profile. Further studies are required to evaluate its effect on long term survival.
Transparent and Commercialized?: Managing the Public-Private Model for Data Production and Use

This Article examines the relationship between two trends: the move towards transparency in government data and information and the increasing commercialization of data through social network and other sites. The author presents a normative framework for reconciling these two trends, analyzes the legal implications of this normative framework, and examines three case studies: the private use of government real estate assessment records, the creation of websites like data.gov, and governmental protection of databases. The Article concludes with a proposal for an open source licensing model for data and information.
Interrogating Torture and Finding Race

"Performing Race and Torture on the Early Modern Stage" provides the first sustained reading of Restoration plays through a performance theory lens. This approach shows that an analysis of the conjoined performances of torture and race not only reveals the early modern interest in the nature of racial identity, but also how race was initially coded in a paradoxical fashion as both essentially fixed and socially constructed. An examination of scenes of torture provides the most effective way to unearth these seemingly contradictory representations of race because depictions of torture often interrogate the incongruous desire to substitute the visible and manipulable materiality of the body for the more illusive performative nature of identity. In turn, "Performing Race and Torture on the Early Modern Stage" challenges the long-standing assumption that early modern conceptions of race were radically different in their fluidity from post-Enlightenment ones by demonstrating how many of the debates we continue to have about the nature of racial identity were engendered by these seventeenth-century performances.
ASSESSMENT OF MATERNAL AND PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS AMONG BOOKED AND UN BOOKED ANTENATAL WOMEN

Objective: To find out the frequency of the maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality among booked and un-booked antenatal women.Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted at Moulvi Ameer Shah Memorial Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan from January 2013 to December 2013 on 2000 randomly selected antenatal women with single pregnancy. Patients were divided in two groups, booked and un-booked. Details of demographic features and antenatal complications were recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Significance of the difference between the booked and un-booked patients was calculated by Chi square test.Results: Out of 2000 antenatal women, 1160 (58%) were booked and 840 (42%) were un-booked. Instrumental delivery rate was 3.6% among un-booked mothers versus 2.3% in booked mothers (p<0.001). Emergency caesarean section rate was 8.89% in un-booked and 4.15% in booked patients (p<0.001). Anemia, Pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature rupture of membranes were observed in 223 (11.15%), 109 (5.45%), 102 (5.1%) un-booked and 90 (4.5%), 38 (1.9%) and 53 (2.65%) booked patients respectively. Birth asphyxia, low Apgar score, low birth weight and septicemia were observed in 170(8.5%), 76(3.8%), 208(10.4%) and 62 (3.1%) neonates of un-booked mothers and in 104(5.2%), 43 (2.15%), 61(3.05%) & 40(2%) neonates of booked mothers (p<0.001). The perinatal mortality rate was 3.6% (n=72) and 1.65% (n=33) in neonates of un-booked and booked mothers respectively (p<0.001). There was no maternal mortality. Conclusion: The study showed a positive correlation between un-booked mothers and increased risks of maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. All the obstetric complications were more common among un-booked mothers.
Enthalpy of formation of disodium acetylide and of monosodium acetylide at 298.15 K, heat capacity of disodium acetylide from 5 to 350 K, and some derived thermodynamic properties

The enthalpies of reaction of Na 2 C 2 and of NaHC 2 with water were measured, and the standard enthalpies of formation of Na 2 C 2 and NaHC 2 at 298.15 K were determined to be (4.80 ± 0.40) and (23.10 ± 0.27) kcal th mol −1 , respectively. The heat capacity of Na 2 C 2 was measured from 5 K to 350 K. The following values were obtained for Na 2 C 2 (c) at 298.15 K: heat capacity at constant pressure: C o p (298.15 K) = (90.98 ± 0.27) J K −1 mol −1 ; entropy: S o (298.15 K) = (111.24 ± 0.33) J K −1 mol −1 ; enthalpy: { H o (298.15 K) − H o (0)} = (17389 ± 52) J mol −1 ; Gibbs energy divided by temperature: { G o (298.15 K) − H o (0)}/298.15 K = −(52.92 ± 0.16) J K −1 mol −1 . The standard Gibbs energy of formation, Δ G o f , of Na 2 C 2 at 298.15 K is (5.02 ± 0.41) kcal th mol −1 . The standard Gibbs energy of formation at higher temperatures was estimated from an extrapolation of the heat capacity curve. The concentration of Na 2 C 2 in liquid sodium in equilibrium with graphite was calculated from Δ G o f and the solubility of Na 2 C 2 in liquid sodium, and a comparison was made with experimental values for the solubility of graphite in liquid sodium. The comparison indicates that dissolved Na 2 C 2 can be an important species, and possibly the only species, formed when graphite dissolves in liquid sodium. It concluded that models based on dissolved Na 2 C 2 for the transport of carbon in liquidsodium-cooled reactors are thermodynamically possible.
The Glass Ceiling Revisited: Moving Beyond Discrimination in the Study of Gender in Public Organizations

Gender continues to shape organizational life in profound ways. Theorizing about gender in public institutions has been scarce. This article is an attempt to reinsert gender in our research agenda. First, macro-level theories of gender in organizations are discussed; then, the literature in public administration is surveyed. The author contends that the theory of representative bureaucracy provides a tremendous theoretical platform for understanding gender’s sociocultural forces as well as normative avenues and prospects for change. Such an approach will move us beyond description (i.e., lack of representation) to a better understanding of how gender is deployed and acquires signification in organizational life.
Two Treatments of a Subject: Proust's "La regarder dormir" and Valery's la Dormeuse

A critical cliche often heard today is that Proust was fundamentally a poet rather than a novelist. The historians of literature and the critics do not put it quite as crudely as that, but their remarks frequently permit such an assumption on the part of the reader. Thus the Castex and Surer manual, in its twentieth-century volume, finds in “toute l'œuvre [de Proust] un climat d'intense Poesie” (p. 82). And Georges Cattaui, in his recent survey of the present status of Proust, though he does not in so many words call Proust a poet or his novel a poem, does say that Proust is above all the heir “de Nerval, de Baudelaire, de Mallarme,—de ces poetes qui lui ont enseigne l'art de transfigurer les choses, l'art de delivrer la beaute prisonniere … ” Now all this is true if it is merely taken as a vivifying figure of speech, if it merely means that Proust was not a realistic novelist, and that he shows the influence of the great French poets of the late nineteenth century, or that, to use a convenient term, he was a symbolist, like his contemporaries, Claudel, Gide, and Valery. But it has so often been said in our time that the twentieth century has seen the breaking down of the distinctions between the novel and poetry, that it seems to me useful to demonstrate, by studying two treatments of the same subject, one that of a novelist, Proust, the other that of a poet, Valery, that there remains a fundamental and profound difference between the intent and the method of prose fiction and of poetry, at least the type that is today called “pure” poetry.
Industrial Hand Wheel Valves: Effects of Height and Torque Direction on Maximum Torque and Muscle Activity:

Maximum torque and electromyography (EMG) of muscle activity when turning an 18 inch dia. hand wheel valve was measured at 3 different heights to determine the biomechanical loading on a worker's body. Twenty-four electric utility plant mechanics and operators participated in this study. The major independent variables were valve height (overhead, chest, and knee level) and torque direction (right and left). The major dependent variables were maximum torque (ft-lbs) and maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) of EMG. Subject's exerted an average of 111 ft-lbs counterclockwise torque, which was greater that the mean 104 ft-lbs generated in the clockwise direction. Furthermore, participants exerted 13 to 16% greater torque at the overhead level than at chest level. When turning the valve counterclockwise (left), the %MVC of the left side muscles was greater than the right side muscles and vice versa for turning the valve clockwise (right).
Characterization Of The Binding of Inorganic Polymers To Oxide Surfaces By NMR and NMR/MAS Spectroscopy

Solution and solid state Magic Angle Spinning (MAS) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have been used to monitor the 31P signal of cyclic phosphazenes and associated linear polymers in solution and of these materials bound to alumina in stabilized dispersions. The differences between the simple solution experiments and the suspensions are being studied to determine the viability of NMR techniques to probe the chemical interactions between inorganic polymer dispersants and alumina particles. It has been observed in colloidal suspensions that the adsorption of phosphazenes onto an aluminum oxide surface causes a broadening of the 31P signal in solution NMR. This broadening is dependant on the amount of solid to polymer concentration, the amount of solids loading, the solvent polarity and the phosphazene substituent under investigation [1]. Conversely, the solid MAS experiments show a narrowing of the 31P signal upon adsorption of the phosphazene to alumina.
Factors Related to the Financial Vulnerability of Small Business Owner-Manager Households

We investigate financial vulnerability of households with small business owner managers, using 1992 to 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances datasets. Based on regression analyses of two ratios, business assets to total household assets and business income to total household income, we find that vulnerability in terms of both ratios increases with the number of employees and the number of years in business. The income ratio increases with age up to age 48, then decreases. Black households are less vulnerable (have lower income ratios) than White households. Single head households are more vulnerable than married couples in terms of the business to household income ratio. Those willing to take substantial investment risks have higher business asset ratios than those unwilling to take any risks.
Surgical emergencies in the third trimester of pregnancy.

To reduce the fetal mortality attributable to disturbances of the umbilical cord and the placenta, anticipation of complications and a better understanding of. the pathophysiology of these organs are necessary. Successful treatment in surgical emergencies depends on timing; selecting the appropriate route of delivery; judicious use of analgesia, anesthesia and replacement transfusions; and recognition of clotting deficiencies in the mother.Nonobstetric emergencies must be recognized and treated early. The more common complications must be distinguished from less common acute complications that cause hemorrhage or torsion or obstruction of a viscus.
Theoretical Vision of Constructing a Harmonious Society

Harmony is an ideal realm that all people desire.It is also ideological treasure for all nations.The idea of constructing a harmonious socialist society conforms perfectly to China's present situation and is also in line with the development of Marxist theory.Some relationships concerning the theories of China's constructing a harmonious society have been explored and discussed.
Unit Decay: A Clinically Oriented Perspective on Teaching Exponential Decay

The concept of exponential phenomena can be difficult. Exponential processes in nuclear medicine can be simplified by using a new concept, the unit decay constant (UDC). The UDC is the dimensionless percentage expressed as a fraction that is found to be remaining of an initial value. V0, after a “unit” length of measure, such as time, has elapsed. This change results in a new value, V1 and the ratio of V1/V0 is the UDC. This paper demonstrates the development of this constant and its use in the clinical setting. The UDC provides a different perspective of the exponential process that is easily understood and more intuitive than exponentiation in base “e.” In addition, the UDC allows for rapid calculations of decay and attenuation using only simple multiplication in some cases.
The Only Thing We Have to Fear is Fear Itself

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was the first economic commander in chief of the modern era. It is ironic that his first economic action once he was inaugurated on March 4, 1933 was to promptly shut down banks and financial markets for two weeks. Everyone needs a holiday once in a while, but this bank holiday was of absolute necessity. As discussed, there was a terrible run on the banks that threatened the industry, with half the banks in the United States wiped out between the years 1929 to 1933.
Lessons from the History of U.S. Banking and Regulation

Since inception, commercial banking in the United States has been regulated. It began at the state level, progressively moved to the national level and then to increasing amounts of regulation at both the state and national level. Along with a steady growth in regulation has been the steady growth in the federal safety net. Yet, as this book clearly illustrates, banking has also become increasingly unstable over time. Indeed, perhaps the most stable time in banking history was the minimally regulated antebellum era; there were far fewer failures and crises were not systemic but, rather, largely isolated. Certainly, the world we live in today is much different from the antebellum era but we still must reconcile how banking has become both more regulated and more unstable. This chapter attempts to offer an explanation through the lens of history.
Cryogenic ultra low power CMOS

This paper reports 7-stage 1.5 /spl mu/m zeroVt CMOS ring oscillators operating at 170 MHz/V down to V/sub dd/=70 mV at room temperature, and 360 MHz/V down to V/sub dd/=27 mV at 77 K.
Imaging gently? Higher rates of computed tomography imaging for pediatric appendicitis in non–children's hospitals

Background Growing concerns regarding radiation exposure in children have led to recommendations to minimize computed tomography imaging for appendicitis. We hypothesized that within a metropolitan hospital system (1 children's hospital and 8 non–children's hospitals), use of preoperative computed tomography is much greater in non–children's hospitals. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients <18 years of age undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis from April 2012 to April 2015. Patient demographics, location, and imaging modality (computed tomography and ultrasonography) were evaluated. Results A total of 1,448 pediatric patients were identified (children's hospital = 215, 15%; non–children's hospitals = 1,233, 85%). Children's hospital patients had fewer computed tomography scans (23% vs 70%, P 10: odds ratio 2.4, 95% confidence interval 1.8–3.1) and higher patient weight (>45 kg odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.4–2.8) predicted computed tomography use. Children presenting at a children's hospital were much more likely to undergo ultrasonography (odds ratio 11.7, 95% confidence interval 8.3–16.6). Conclusion There are significant differences in imaging modalities for pediatric appendicitis between a children's hospital and non–children's hospitals. Further investigation is needed to identify other factors contributing to imaging preference in the pediatric population in order to establish clinical practice guidelines to decrease or prevent unnecessary radiation exposure in children.
Thrombohemorrhagic Defects and Recurrent Miscarriage Syndrome.

We have assessed 351 women referred for thrombosis & hemostasis evaluation after suffering recurrent miscariages. All patients were referred by a high-risk obstetrician or reproductive medicine specialist after anatomic, hormonal or chromosomal defects had been ruled out. These patients were assessed over a three year period. The mean patient age at referral was 34 yrs. and the mean number of miscarriages was 3.4 (2–9). All patients underwent a thorough evaluation for thrombophilia and, when indicated, a hemorrhagic disorder. Of the 351 patients, 29 (8%) had no defect. Of the remaining 322 patients, 7 (2%) had a bleeding disorder: 3 with platelet dysfunction, 1 with Factor XIII deficiency, 3 with von Willebrands and 3 with Osler-Weber-Rendu. The remainder of the patients had a thrombophilia as follows: 195 (60%) had antiphospholipid syndrome, 64 (20%) had Sticky Platelet Syndrome, 38 (12%) had MTHFR mutation, 23 (7.1%) had PAI-1 polymorphism, 12 (3.7%) had Protein S deficiency, 12 (3.7%) had Factor V Leiden, 3 (1%), had AT deficiency, 3 (1%) had Heparin-Cofactor II deficiency, 3 (1%) had TPA deficiency, and 6 (2%) had Protein C deficiency. There were a total of 364 defects found in the 312 patients harboring thrombophilia; thus, several harbored two and a few harbored three separate defects. All patients with thrombophilia were treated with preconception ASA at 81 mg. / day with the immediate post-conception addition of heparin or LMW heparin (Dalteparin). Both ASA and heparin / LMW heparin were used to term. The first 120 patients were treated with unfractionated heparin at 5,000 U every 12 hours, subcutaneously and the last 192 have been treated with Dalteparin at 5,000 U / day subcutaneously. The patients with MTHFR were also treated with folate at 5 mg. / day + pyridoxine at 50 mg. / day. All patients were carefully monitored with CBC & platelet counts, anti-Xa levels, frequent ultrasounds and physical exams. Only 2 of the thrombophilia patients suffered another miscarriage; all others had a normal term delivery. There were no pregnancy-related thromboses, no delivery complications and no episodes of post-partum thrombosis. The only bleeding consisted of 1 – 4 cm bruises at injection sites. No episodes of thrombocytopenia (HIT) were noted. In our experience, thrombophilia is a common cause of recurrent miscariage and all patients with no anatomical, hormonal or chromosomal defect should be evaluated for thrombophilia or a bleeding disorder. The success rate of normal term delivery in these 312 patients was 94% using ASA + heparin or Dalteparin. In addition, side effects of therapy were minimal.
A flying capacitor multilevel converter with sampled valley-current detection for multi-mode operation and capacitor voltage balancing

Multi-level hybrid converters have been shown to be a promising class of DC-DC converters. One member of this class is the Flying Capacitor Multilevel (FCML) Converter, which is explored in this work. The multi-mode approach is discussed as a tool to affect high efficiency and power-density across a wide load range, provide variable regulation, and as a general framework to conceptualize the advantages and opportunities of the approach compared to more traditional DC-DC converters. Sampled valley-current detection is explored as a robust control approach for multi-mode regulation. Furthermore, a theoretical framework is developed to show that flying capacitor voltages can be balanced through valley current balancing. Experimental results from a 4-level FCML converter are presented to verify the findings.