cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphoproteomic analysis identifies phospho-Threonine-17 site of phospholamban important in low molecular weight isoform of fibroblast growth factor 2-induced protection against post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction

Abstract Rationale Among its many biological roles, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) protects the heart from dysfunction and damage associated with an ischemic attack. Our laboratory demonstrated that its protection against myocardial dysfunction occurs by the low molecular weight (LMW) isoform of FGF2, while the high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms are associated with a worsening in post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function. LMW FGF2-mediated cardioprotection is facilitated by activation of multiple kinases, including PKCalpha, PKCepsilon, and ERK, and inhibition of p38 and JNK. Objective Yet, the substrates of those kinases associated with LMW FGF2-induced cardioprotection against myocardial dysfunction remain to be elucidated. Methods and results To identify substrates in LMW FGF2 improvement of post-ischemic cardiac function, mouse hearts expressing only LMW FGF2 were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and analyzed by a mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative phosphoproteomic strategy. MS analysis identified 50 phosphorylation sites from 7 sarcoendoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins that were significantly altered in I/R-treated hearts only expressing LMW FGF2 compared to those hearts lacking FGF2. One of those phosphorylated SR proteins identified was phospholamban (PLB), which exhibited rapid, increased phosphorylation at Threonine-17 (Thr17) after I/R in hearts expressing only LMW FGF2; this was further validated using Selected Reaction Monitoring-based MS workflow. To demonstrate a mechanistic role of phospho-Thr17 PLB in LMW FGF2-mediated cardioprotection, hearts only expressing LMW FGF2 and those expressing only LMW FGF2 with a mutant PLB lacking phosphorylatable Thr17 (Thr17Ala PLB) were subjected to I/R. Hearts only expressing LMW FGF2 showed significantly improved recovery of cardiac function following I/R (p Conclusion The findings indicate that LMW FGF2 modulates intracellular calcium handling/cycling via regulatory changes in SR proteins essential for recovery from I/R injury, and thereby protects the heart from post-ischemic cardiac dysfunction.
Na’nilkad bee na’niltin – Learning from Herding: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Historic Pastoralism on the Navajo Nation

The scale and intensity of Navajo (Dine) sheepherding in the American Southwest has varied substantially over the centuries. In the 150 years since the signing of the Navajo Treaty of 1868, a varie...
A novel, open source, low-cost bioreactor for load-controlled cyclic loading of tendon explants

A major risk factor for tendinopathy is tendon overuse (i.e., fatigue loading). Fatigue loading of tendon damages the extracellular matrix and induces tissue degeneration. However, the specific mechanisms linking tendon fatigue damage with tissue degeneration are unclear. While explant models of tendon fatigue loading have been used to address this knowledge gap, they predominantly employ bioreactors that apply cyclic displacements/strains rather than loads/stresses, which are more physiologically relevant. This is because of the technical complexity and cost of building a load-controlled bioreactor, which requires multiple motors, load cells, and computationally intensive feedback loops. Here, we present a novel, low-cost, load-controlled bioreactor that applies cyclic loading to multiple tendon explants by offloading weights from a single motorized stage. Using an optional load cell, we validated that the bioreactor can effectively provide load-controlled fatigue testing of mouse and rat tendon explants while maintaining tissue viability. Furthermore, all the design files, bill of materials, and operating software are available "open source" (https://github.com/Szczesnytendon/Bioreactor) so that anyone can easily manufacture and use the bioreactor for their own research. Therefore, this novel load-controlled bioreactor will enable researchers to study the mechanisms driving fatigue-induced tendon degeneration in a more physiologically relevant and cost-effective manner.
SWIFT Bank Heists and Article 4A

Computer hackers are capable of anonymously stealing billions of dollars through fraudulent wire transfers. Banks in Ecuador, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Russia, and elsewhere have been attacked. When law enforcement is unsuccessful in tracking down the hackers, parties to the fraudulent transaction turn to the law to determine who must bear the loss. In the United States, responsibility for fraudulent wire transfers is governed by Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code. Because wire transfers are often routed through the United States or transferred pursuant to contracts with U.S. choice of law provisions, Article 4A will ultimately apportion the loss of at least some international cyber bank heists. This article explains how Article 4A works by considering the facts of a 2006 heist at Bangladesh Bank. It shows that Article 4A is unlikely to help most originators who find their SWIFT systems have been hacked. Originators of payment orders should carefully consider security procedures used to authenticate payment orders.
Investigating the Nature of the Active Sites for the CO 2 Reduction Reaction on Carbon-Based Electrocatalysts

To achieve a better understanding of the CO2 reduction reaction on carbon-based electrocatalysts, we synthesized a library of nitrogen-doped carbonaceous materials with atomically dispersed 3d transition metals and corresponding metal-free electrocatalysts. The sacrificial support method was used yielding catalyst materials of high dispersity and high graphitic content. The resulting electrocatalysts were impurity free, hence allowing a better understanding of the mech-anism of CO2 reduction. By combining the electrochemical results with density functional theo-ry, we were able to separate the electrocatalysts into several categories, based on their CO2 → COOHads free energy and their COads binding strength. The ‘strong-CO binder’ electrocatalysts (e.g. Cr, Mn and Fe – N – C) achieved a Faradaic efficiency up to 50% at – 0.35 V vs. RHE (at pH = 7.5, in 0.1 M phosphate buffer). Such Faradaic efficiency was also achieved for a metal-free electrocatalyst, therefore showing the high activity of the metal-free, N-containing, moieties toward the CO2 reduction reaction. This was confirmed by near ambient pressure X-ray photoe-lectron spectroscopy that confirmed pyridinic and hydrogenated (pyrrolic) nitrogen moieties act as preferential absorption sites for the CO2 on the Fe – N – C catalyst surface.
Modeling reality

My aim in this paper is to articulate an account of scientific modeling that reconciles pluralism about modeling with a modest form of scientific realism. The central claim of this approach is that the models of a given physical phenomenon can present different aspects of the phenomenon. This allows us, in certain special circumstances, to be confident that we are capturing genuine features of the world, even when our modeling occurs independently of a wholly theoretical motivation. This framework is illustrated using a recent debate from meteorology.
“What’s Going to Happen to Us?” Cultivating Partnerships with Immigrant Families in an Adverse Political Climate

With the increasing numbers of immigrant and refugee students across the US K-12 system, the xenophobia of the current political climate, and the effects of COVID-19 on the immigrant community, it is critical to examine schools that serve immigrant students and their families. Drawing on case studies of two public high schools that exclusively serve immigrant students, authors Adriana Villavicencio, Chandler Patton Miranda, Jia-Lin Liu, and Hua-Yu Sebastian Cherng examine how educators frame the current political context and how this frame informs their collective approach to engaging with and supporting families. The study finds that these schools shifted norms of parental engagement by proactively forging relationships with families, cultivating alliances with community partners, and mediating within families around challenges related to work and higher education to benefit the communities they serve. In so doing, these school actors have shifted the norms of parental engagement to center the perspectives, voices, and experiences of immigrant families.
Oculofacial plastic surgeon distribution by county in the United States, 2021.

Purpose To characterize the number of oculofacial plastic surgeons (OPS) per county in the United States (U.S.). Methods The 2021 public databases of the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the American Academy of Ophthalmology were used to identify all OPS in the U.S. Surgeon practice location was used to determine per capita physician density by county. Results A total of 1184 OPS in the U.S. were identified. Three hundred forty-eight counties were served by at least one OPS whereas 2795 counties (89%), and two states, North Dakota and Wyoming, had no OPS. The average ratio of OPS to 100,000 population was 0.3572 (1 per 279,955). Of the counties with at least one OPS, the average was 0.5860 surgeons per 100,000 population (1 per 170,648), ranging from 0.0705 (1 per 1,418,440) to 11.26 (1 per 8,881) per 100,000. The counties with the greatest OPS density were Pitkin County, CO (1 per 8,881), San Juan County, WA (1 per 17,580), and Montour County, PA (1 per 18,231). Counties with the lowest density of those with at least one OPS were Bronx County, NY (1 per 1,418,238), San Bernardino County, Ca (1 per 1,090,037), and Gwinnett County, GA (1 per 936,329). The counties with the most OPS were Los Angeles County, CA (46), New York County, NY (38), and Cook County, IL (25). Conclusions Geographic disparities in OPS distribution exist in the U.S. Future investigations of OPS supply according to population and other characteristics for demand may be useful.
A Pictorial Description of Cole's Parallel Merge Sort

A largely pictorial description is given of a variant of an ingenious parallel sorting algorithm due to Richard Cole. The new description strives to achieve greater simplicity by exploiting symmetries that were not explicit in the original exposition and that can be conveyed nicely with pictures. Not paying attention to constant factors allows an additional slight simplification of the algorithm.
London, Hub of the Industrial Revolution: A Revisionary History, 1775-1825, and: A History of London, and: Restoration London: From Poverty to Pets, From Medicine to Magic, From Slang to Sex, From Wallpaper to Women's Rights, and: London 1900: The Imperial Metropolis (review)

That four Londons are reviewed in this essay calls attention to the popularity of the topic, yet they represent only a few of the most recent publications. Each work touches variously on the city, as its title suggests. Inwoods's, a well-documented narrative, is a general up-date in accord with the latest scholarship. Barnett reinterprets the city's role during the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing that the metropolis did not play second-fiddle to the great Midlands' cities. Schneer captures the aura of imperial London at the dawn of a new century, exactly a hundred years ago. Finally, Picard's is a delightful vignette of Restoration life with lots of delicious anecdotes. That London history today is enjoying a renaissance speaks well for the city's continued resilience as well as its mystique. Each work reviewed here makes its special contribution to both.
Influence of Constituents on Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Melt Infiltrated SiC/SiC Composites.

Transverse thermal conductivity of the BN/SiC coated Sylramic SiC preforms, and melt infiltrated SiC/silicon and SiC/SiC composites were measured at room temperature and at 1300°C in argon. The preforms contained two different vol % of CVI SiC coatings. Influence of BN interface, vol% CVI SiC content, and matrix porosity on thermal conductivity was determined and compared with those predicted by a composite mechanics based model. The model was also used to determine the possibility of improving transverse thermal conductivity of SiC/SiC composites by replacing SiC in the MI matrix with AlN or TiB 2 particles. Preliminary results correlating constituents and thermal conductivity are discussed.
Inactivation of a flavoprotein, lactate oxidase, by an acetylenic substrate.

The acetylenic substrate, 2-hydroxy-3-butynoic acid, inactivates lactate oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. When inactivated lactate oxidase is separated into flavin and apoprotein components, the apoprotein is reactivatable by exogenous FMN while the flavin has been converted to a fluorescent, reduced species stable to autoxidation. Incubation of enzyme with 2-OH-3-[4-3H]butynoate produces a 3H-labeled covalent adduct with the flavin coenzyme upon inactivation. When 2-OH[2-3H]butynoate is used, no 3H is incorporated on inactivation into either the flavocoenzyme or the apoprotein, indicating that the C2-hydrogen must be lost in the inactivation process which involves adduct formation between substrate and flavin.
THROMBOMODULIN DEFICIENCY IN HUMAN DIABETIC NERVE MICROVASCULATURE

Human diabetic neuropathy is multifactorial in etiology, with ischemia as a final common pathology. Although impaired vascular endothelial cell function in diabetic microvascular injury is established, the role of thrombomodulin (TM)-dependent protein C antithrombotic mechanism in the pathogenesis of neuropathy is unclear. This neuropathologic case-control study investigated whether vascular endothelial TM expression is deficient in peripheral nerve microvessels in diabetic neuropathy. Sural nerve biopsies from 7 patients with diabetic neuropathy and 10 with axonal neuropathy without vasculopathy were immunostained with anti-TM and anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF; an endothelial cell marker) antibodies. The proportion of TM-positive microvessels was expressed relative to total vWF-staining vessels, according to vessel caliber and regional distribution within the nerve. In diabetic nerves compared with reference controls, the proportion of TM-positive endoneurial microvessels was 15-fold lower (0.02 vs. 0.30 in diabetic nerves vs. controls, P < 0.004), and the proportion of small-caliber epineurial microvessels was 10-fold lower (0.04 vs. 0.43, P < 0.001). No TM expression was detected at the perineurium in diabetic or control nerves. We demonstrate a substantial reduction of vascular endothelial TM expression throughout human diabetic neuropathy. These findings suggest that an impaired native TM-dependent protein C antithrombotic mechanism may contribute to microvascular ischemia in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
Minnesota Court of Appeals Hears Oral Argument Via Interactive Teleconferencing Technology

In an effort to provide affordable access to the appellate process, the Minnesota Court of Appeals has adopted Interactive Video Teleconferencing. The Chief Judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals discusses the history behind the decision, implementation, and the benefits along with the challenges of implementing Interactive Video Teleconferencing.
Population, Gender and Politics: Demographic Change in Rural North India

Population, Gender and Politics: Demographic Change in Rural North India. Roger Jeffery and Patricia Jeffery. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 278 pp.
Neurochemical consequences of ethanol on the nervous system.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains neurochemical consequences of ethanol on the nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is highly sensitive to the pharmacological effects of a wide variety of drugs including ethanol and its metabolic product acetaldehyde. Ethanol is a primary and continuous depressant of the CNS and reversibly inhibits a variety of cellular functions. In general, the effects of ethanol are proportional to its concentration in the blood and are very marked and dramatic on the CNS in spite of the fact that the liver is the principal organ of ethanol metabolism in the body. This chapter describes the biochemical and biophysical effects of ethanol on the CNS. The effects of ethanol on cerebral metabolism are also highlighted. During the metabolism of ethanol, it has been observed in the liver that the oxidation of other substrates, such as lipids and carbohydrates decreases. Oxidation of ethanol in the liver monopolizes 75% of the oxidative capacity of this tissue. The ethanol administered is oxidized only to acetate and the respiratory quotient (RQ) decreased. The effects on oxygen metabolism are also discussed in the chapter.
I know something you don't know!: The role of linking pin directors in monitoring and incentive alignment

Increasing regulatory pressures have created specialization within boards, with more requirements and responsibilities being refocused to the committee level. Using data from S&P 1,500 firms, we find that board committee overlap associated with linking pin directors (i.e., those serving simultaneously on the audit and compensation committees) is an important conduit for knowledge transfer between boards' monitoring and incentive alignment functions. These directors are associated with lower executive compensation and influence pay mix. In studying the dynamics behind this process, we find that newly created linking pins improve monitoring effectiveness whereas recently dissolved linking pins decrease it. We also find that linking pins are all the more important when managers make less conservative accounting choices
Multichannel detection using transmissive diffraction grating sensor

We report a novel transmissive diffraction grating pH sensor made of pH-sensitive hydrogel. The sensor provides inherently multichannels for a flexible selection of different detection ranges, without involving any additional tuning mechanisms or using multiple sensing elements. Each transmitted diffraction order from the hydrogel grating forms an individual detection channel dedicated to a specific pH range. This unique feature is achieved, simply by enabling hydrogel ridges of the grating to swell effectively in lateral directions, while inhibiting the ridges from swelling in vertical direction and keeping grating period unchanged. Thus by looking at different diffraction orders and measuring their intensity ratio, it is possible to achieve tunable dynamic detection range. Besides, this approach can lead to a high-sensitivity sensor for detecting subtle pH variations in a narrow pH range near the volume-phase transition point of hydrogel, with the resolution at the level of 10−3 pH units. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Efficacy and Safety of Triamcinolone Acetonide Aerosol in Chronic Asthma: Results of a Multicenter, Short-term Controlled and Long-term Open Study

Triamcinolone acetonide aerosol (TAA) and a placebo aerosol were compared in a six-week, double-blind multicenter study. Ninety-six steroid-independent asthmatic patients were randomized into two parallel groups. Each patient was evaluated weekly. After four weeks of treatment, those patients treated with TAA showed highly significant (P 1 , FVC, and FEF25-75%) and in asthmatic symptoms, whereas no significant improvement was observed in those patients who received placebo aerosol. In the TAA-treated patients, 78 percent were rated with an excellent or good response, compared with 24 percent in the placebo patients. During the subsequent one-week washout period, mean pulmonary function test values of the TAA-treated group were significantly reduced (P
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH): DNA Probe Production and Hybridization Criteria

We describe methods for the production of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes and the utilization of these probes for the detection of complementary DNA sequences with accuracy and sensitivity for application in both basic research and clinical diagnosis. Due to the frequent use of FISH in many laboratories, it is important to apply the most convenient and reproducible approach. This review describes some of the most recent techniques, and includes versatile, effective and simple methods of probe production and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We also describe methods for the production of region-specific and chromosome-specific DNA probes and hybridization techniques for the visualization of these probes.
The NRL thermal conductivity apparatus and reproducibility of Δt vs. tmean characteristics obtained with the comparator

Abstract Brief descriptions are given of the NRL thermal-conductivity apparatus for 1 4 × 1 4 × 1 2 in. samples. One apparatus is a calorimeter, while the other is a comparator used to determine the Δt vs. tmean characteristics of two samples. These latter values are used for screening purposes to indicate which materials may have satisfactory thermal-conductivity properties. Comparator results are given for several common metals, ceramics, and thermoelectric materials. Some of these results are compared with those obtained by investigators at two other laboratories. The Δt vs. tmean curves deviated from each other a minimum of 0·1 per cent and an average (approximate) of 1·0 per cent for most samples. The tests were made in air.
Hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase-mimetic solid catalyst

A novel cellulase-mimetic solid catalyst, sulfonated chloromethyl polystyrene resin (CP-SO3H), containing cellulose-binding sites (–Cl) and catalytic sites (–SO3H) was synthesized for hydrolyzing cellulose. Cellobiose could be completely hydrolyzed in 2–4 hours at 100–120 °C by CP-SO3H, and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) could be hydrolyzed into glucose with a yield of 93% within 10 hours at moderate temperature (120 °C). The apparent activation energies for the hydrolysis of cellobiose and Avicel with CP-SO3H were approximately 78 and 83 kJ mol−1, respectively, which are much lower than those for the hydrolysis of cellobiose and cellulose with sulfuric acid (133 and 170 kJ mol−1, respectively) but higher than that with cellulase (3–50 kJ mol−1). Low activation energy allows the CP-SO3H-catalyzed hydrolysis to proceed at low temperature, which reduces energy consumption and avoids undesirable sugar degradation. The low activation energy of CP-SO3H might be attributed to its ability to adsorb/attract cellobiose and cellulose and to disrupt hydrogen bonds of cellulose.
Comparison of some parameters of serum and uterine fluid of pregnant, viviparous sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) and serum of their near-term young

Abstract 1. 1. In eight females, serum urea concentrations of 134–336 mM/l. were interpreted as indications of previous environmental salinities. 2. 2. Fetal serum solute concentrations usually resembled those of the mother, but in two cases where fetal urea was higher, it was interpreted as a lag in urea reduction following movement from salt to fresh water. 3. 3. Uterine fluid was similar to maternal serum in all parameters except for its very low protein content. 4. 4. No flushing of the uteri with environmental water occurs. 5. 5. Independent osmoregulation apparently does not occur before birth, although required mechanisms may be present. 6. 6. The full range of urea tolerance is present before birth.
Level-rank duality of untwisted and twisted D-branes

Abstract Level-rank duality of untwisted and twisted D-branes of WZW models is explored. We derive the relation between D0-brane charges of level-rank dual untwisted D-branes of su ˆ ( N ) K and sp ˆ ( n ) k , and of level-rank dual twisted D-branes of su ˆ ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 k + 1 . The analysis of level-rank duality of twisted D-branes of su ˆ ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 k + 1 is facilitated by their close relation to untwisted D-branes of sp ˆ ( n ) k . We also demonstrate level-rank duality of the spectrum of an open string stretched between untwisted or twisted D-branes in each of these cases.
Proton--proton final-state interaction in the $sup 2$H(p, n)2p reaction

Neutron spectra from the $^{2}\mathrm{H}(p,n)2p$ reaction have been measured at nine proton energies between 16 and 26 MeV. The high-energy portions of the neutron spectra taken at a laboratory angle of 3.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} have been analyzed with impulse approximation calculations of the proton-proton final-state interaction to extract the proton-proton scattering length. The average value of the scattering length determined from these measurements is within approximately 1 fm of the - 7.8-fm result of $pp$ scattering but is not independent of the details of the comparison of experimental and calculated spectra. Experimental requirements for a determination of the neutron-neutron scattering length from the $^{2}\mathrm{H}(n,p)2n$ reaction are discussed.
Teager–Kaiser energy operator signal conditioning improves EMG onset detection

Accurate identification of the onset of muscle activity is an important element in the biomechanical analysis of human movement. The purpose of this study was to determine if inclusion of the Teager-Kaiser energy operator (TKEO) in signal conditioning would increase the accuracy of popular electromyography (EMG) onset detection methods. Three methods, visual determination, threshold-based method, and approximated generalized likelihood ratio were used to estimate the onset of EMG burst with and without TKEO conditioning. Reference signals, with known onset times, were constructed from EMG signals collected during isometric contraction of the vastus lateralis (n = 17). Additionally, vastus lateralis EMG signals (n = 255) recorded during gait were used to evaluate a clinical application of the TKEO conditioning. Inclusion of TKEO in signal conditioning significantly reduced mean detection error of all three methods compared with signal conditioning without TKEO, using artificially generated reference data (13 vs. 98 ms, p < 0.001) and also compared with experimental data collected during gait (55 vs. 124 ms, p < 0.001). In conclusion, addition of TKEO as a step in conditioning surface EMG signals increases the detection accuracy of EMG burst boundaries.
Role of anomalous warm gulf waters in the intensification of Hurricane Katrina

[1] The year 2005 experienced several strong hurricanes intensifying in the Gulf of Mexico before making landfall that severely damaged the Gulf States, especially Hurricane Katrina. Remarkable similarities between sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) and major hurricane (categories 3 and higher) activity over the Gulf are identified. However, the intensification of individual hurricanes may not necessarily be temporally and spatially coincident with the distribution of warm waters or high sea surface temperature (SST). High SST values are found in advance of significant intensification of Hurricane Katrina. We emphasize that high SSTA which occurred at the right time and right place was conducive to the hurricane intensification. In particular, high SSTA in the northeastern quadrant of the storm track induced significant increases in surface latent heat fluxes (LHF) contributing to the rapid intensification of Katrina. We also compared and verified model simulations with buoy observations.
Evaluation of Three Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes in the WRF Model

Abstract Accurate depiction of meteorological conditions, especially within the planetary boundary layer (PBL), is important for air pollution modeling, and PBL parameterization schemes play a critical role in simulating the boundary layer. This study examines the sensitivity of the performance of the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model to the use of three different PBL schemes [Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ), Yonsei University (YSU), and the asymmetric convective model, version 2 (ACM2)]. Comparison of surface and boundary layer observations with 92 sets of daily, 36-h high-resolution WRF simulations with different schemes over Texas in July–September 2005 shows that the simulations with the YSU and ACM2 schemes give much less bias than with the MYJ scheme. Simulations with the MYJ scheme, the only local closure scheme of the three, produced the coldest and moistest biases in the PBL. The differences among the schemes are found to be due predominantly to differences in vertical mixing strength and entr...
Toward Understanding Practices of Medical Interpreting: Interpreters' Involvement in History Taking

This article examines the role of medical interpreters in structuring interaction between physicians and their patients. Through a detailed analysis of interpreters' involvement in the history-taki...
The Hermit Kingdom in cyberspace: unveiling the North Korean internet

Arguably the world's most secretive government, North Korea remains largely isolated from the global information economy. However, despite stereotypes that the country lacks internet access entirely, it has recently shown signs of an emerging cyberstructure and population of netizens. This paper examines its internet in three stages. It opens with a contrast between the enormous differences between cyberspace in North and South Korea. Second, it explores the details of the internet structure and users in the North, including the growth of users of mobile phones, satellite contacts, government programs to facilitate the growth of information technology, an intranet, cybercafes, websites, and censorship. Third, it addresses the North's role in cyberattacks on South Korea and the United States, and conversely its position as a victim of similar assaults.
Concerning the dehydration oftrans-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]IO3·2H2O

Abstract The dehydration of trans -[Co(NH 3 ) 4 Cl 2 ]IO 3 ·2H 2 O was studed under reduced pressure. The kinetics of the single-step loss of water were investigated by measuring mass-loss on a thermobalance and were correlated with the isomerization behavior, microscopic observations and measurement of the heat of reaction. The reaction obeys the rate law − log (1− α )= kt 1/2 + c and appears to be diffusion-controlled. The Arrhenius activation energy for the dehydration is a nearly linear function of pressure from 0·1 to 650 torr and equals 14±1 kcal mol −1 at 0·1 torr. The enthalpy change for the dehydration-isomerization reaction is 15·2±0·3 kcal mol −1 .
A simple isohedral tiling of three-dimensional space by infinite tiles and with symmetry Ia{\bar 3}d

A tiling of space by tiles that have all hexagonal faces and are infinite in one direction is described. The tiling is simple (four tiles meet at each vertex, three at each edge and two at each face) and carries a 4-connected net whose vertices are the lattice complex S* with symmetry Ia\bar 3d. The tiling is closely related to the densest cubic cylinder packing, Γ. It is shown that the other invariant cubic lattice complexes unique to Ia\bar 3d (Y** and V*) are also related to the same cylinder packing.
A simple scheme for probehead background suppression in one-pulse 1H NMR

Abstract A very simple method for reducing probehead background signal in one-pulse 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra is presented. Two one-pulse spectra are recorded, the first with pulse length t p1 , the second with an L -times longer pulse, e.g. with L =2. The second spectrum scaled by 1/ L is subtracted from the first. Since the weak pulses experienced by spins outside the coil are in the linear regime, the background from outside the coil is effectively subtracted out. The background suppression efficiency is approximately 1.5 b 2 , where b is the ratio of the B 1 field inside the coil relative to that outside the coil. Experimentally, background suppression by at least a factor of 10 was achieved. Examples of background suppression in 1 H wideline as well as 1 H fast magic-angle spinning (MAS) one-pulse spectra of clay and polymer samples are shown.
The determination of convex bodies from derivatives of section functions

It is known that non-symmetric convex bodies generally cannot be characterized by the volumes of hyperplane sections through one interior point. Falconer and Gardner, however, independently proved that volumes of hyperplane sections through two different interior points determine the body uniquely. We prove that if −1 < q < n − 1 is not an integer, then the derivatives of the order q at zero of parallel section functions at one interior point completely characterize convex bodies in \({\mathbb{R}^{n}}\) . If 0 ≤ q < n − 1 is an integer then one needs the derivatives of order q at two different interior points (except for the case where q = n − 2, q odd), generalizing the results of Falconer and Gardner.
Magnetic bead capture of expressed sequences encoded within large genomic segments

Magnetic bead capture utilizes biotin-streptavidin magnetic bead technology to isolate cDNAs rapidly from large genomic intervals, giving several thousand-fold enrichment of the selected cDNAs. The technique can allow parallel analysis of several large genomic segments of varying complexities and can be applied to the isolation of expressed sequences from various tissue sources.
Multistakeholder regional collaboratives have been key drivers of public reporting, but now face challenges

Multistakeholder regional collaboratives have assumed a prominent role in producing public reports about health care providers’ performance. I conducted an in-depth study of eight such US collaboratives, examining their accomplishments, management practices, and future challenges. I found that these collaboratives have made key contributions to public reporting and have built trust and cooperation among stakeholders who, in other settings, are competitive or even adversarial. Challenges for collaboratives include securing ongoing funding; negotiating complex and contentious issues around expanded reporting activities, such as publishing measures of providers’ efficiency; and establishing more flexible and efficient decision-making processes.
Carrier mobility determination with a two-terminal `gridded' capacitor

Abstract We present a method to calculate the carrier mobility in MOSFET’s and charge trap, nonvolatile semiconductor memories (NVSMs) with a two terminal structure. The method employs a ‘gridded’ capacitor to supply minority carriers, thereby, alleviating the need to fabricate a transistor with source/drain contacts. Capacitance and conductance measurements are employed to extract carrier mobility. Although this approach is applied to silicon, the method is versatile and can be employed on other materials.
Quantitative trunk muscle electromyography during lifting at different speeds

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the effects of trunk motion under lifting conditions described by the Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting (NIOSH, 1981). Eight male volunteers were used as subjects in this study. Three independent variables; lift style, load location and subjective lift velocity, were controlled under sagittally symmetric lifting conditions. Dependent variables consisted of trunk muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity, actual trunk velocity and load acceleration. There was no effect of lift style. However, as the trunk velocity increased, EMG activity increased within the lastissimus dorsi and rectus abdominus muscles but not within the erector spinae muscles. The erector spinae muscles, unlike the other muscles, was also unaffected by load location and load acceleration. These findings suggest ways in which lifting guides should be adjusted to account for the effects of dynamic motion.
The Electrophysiology of Electric Organs of Marine Electric Fishes : I. Properties of electroplaques of Torpedo nobiliana.

Single electroplaques of Torpedo nobiliana have been studied with microelectrode recording. Direct evidence is presented that the only electrogenically reactive membrane of the cells is on the innervated surface and that this membrane is electrically inexcitable. Responses are not evoked by depolarizing currents applied to this membrane, but only by stimulating the innervating nerve fibers. The responses arise after a latency of 1 to 3 msec. This latency is not affected by large depolarizing or hyperpolarizing changes in membrane potential. Various properties that have been theoretically associated with electrically inexcitable responses have been also demonstrated to occur in the electroplaques. The neurally evoked response is not propagated actively in the membrane and may have different amplitudes and forms in closely adjacent regions. The maximal responses frequently are slightly larger than the recorded resting potential but the apparent small overshoot may be due to difficulty in recording the full resting potential. The responses are subject to electrochemical gradation and appear inverted in sign on applying strong outward currents across the innervated membrane. This membrane is cholinoceptive and shows marked desensitization. The membrane of the uninnervated surface has a very low resistance, a factor that aids maximum output of current during the discharge of the electric organ.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Oral Cancer: Supporting Evidence and Recent Novel Developments

Occult spread to regional lymphatics occurs in a significant percentage of patients with early-stage oral cavity cancer. While elective neck dissection continues to be the gold standard for assessing for the presence of occult regional disease, the optimal management strategy continues to evolve. Increasingly, sentinel lymph node biopsy is being recognized as a viable alternative to elective neck dissection for staging the neck in early-stage oral cavity cancer. In this article, we examine the evidence supporting sentinel lymph node biopsy for early-stage oral cancer and provide an update on some of the novel developments in this field.
A TELECOMMUNICATION'S LEAN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE UTILITY INDUSTRY

The system designers and developers (SD&Ds) of a leading global Fortune 500 telecommunication corporation developed a Lean Management Information System (LMIS) for a Metropolitan Utility Company (M...
The role of genotypic heterogeneity in wild type virus populations on the selection of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant viruses

Abstract Virus populations were selected in cell culture using two widely used protocols in order to evaluate the role of selection methodology on the genotype and phenotype of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistant viruses. Selection was performed by serial passage of virus in the presence of gradually increasing concentrations of antiviral compound or passage in the presence of a constant high concentration of compound. Using the CEM-SS cell line, the IIIB strain of HIV-1, and identical nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, resistant viruses were obtained and their phenotypic and genotypic properties were defined. Resistant virus populations containing the Y181C amino acid change in the reverse transcriptase were predominantly selected with each of the tested compounds. Several of the compounds selected secondary amino acid changes using both methods. A comparison of the resistant viruses selected in our laboratory using each of the two protocols with viruses reported by a second laboratory employing one of the two methods suggests that genotypic differences in the selected virus isolates may most likely result from variation in the genetic composition of the respective wild type virus pools, rather than the specific selection methodology employed. These results imply that HIV may select a wide variety of amino acid changes to avoid the inhibitory effects of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and the selection of compounds for clinical use in combination with agents possessing non-overlapping resistance phenotypes will require evaluation of the agents against virus isolates possessing each of the mutations known to confer drug resistance.
A statistical wear model for certain tool materials with applications to machining

Abstract The stochastic nature of tool life is explored using wear data from experimental tests on selected cutting tool materials. The theoretical predictions of the progressive wear of these materials as a function of time, for sliding under both wet and dry conditions, are compared with the experimental results. A statistical wear model, encompassing three stages of wear, is developed and the Birnbaum-Saunders cumulative damage distribution is used to describe the stochastic variability. The distribution of wear-out time is thereby determined.
Potential opportunities for materials research at the advanced photon source

Abstract Modern third generation synchrotron radiation facilities are designed to provide sources of extremely high brilliance. We describe the properties of such brilliant sources that enable optimised experiments to be carried out in the field of materials research. In particular, we describe the planned programme and experimental facilities of the materials research collaborative access team at the advanced photon source (APS) currently under construction at the Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, USA.
Is there a low-grade precursor pathway in breast cancer?

Newly proposed models of breast tumorigenesis suggest that low- and high-grade lesions have distinct tumor progression pathways. Our objective was to examine the relationship between histologic grade and molecular subtype in women with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) who developed subsequent ipsilateral invasive breast cancers. Patients who underwent surveillance for classical LCIS (1994–2007) and those followed after lumpectomy ± radiation for DCIS (1991–2004) who developed subsequent ipsilateral invasive cancers and had available tissue blocks were included. ER/PR/HER2 surrogates were used for molecular subtype. Material was available for 27 patients with classical LCIS who developed ipsilateral invasive cancer (12 invasive ductal cancer [IDC], 14 invasive lobular, 1 mixed), and 26 patients with DCIS (12 low-grade [LG], 14 high-grade [HG]) who developed ipsilateral IDC. No difference in age at diagnosis or median time to invasive cancer existed between groups with LCIS and DCIS. When stratified by grade, 0 of 12 LG-DCIS developed LG-IDC (3 grade II; 9 grade III), and only 1 of 12 LCIS patients who developed IDC had LG-IDC. Thirteen (93%) patients with HG-DCIS developed HG-IDC. In contrast, molecular subtype was maintained in 23 of 27 (85%) cases of LCIS and in 18 of 26 (69%) cases of DCIS. These data do not support a low-grade precursor pathway characterized by LCIS and LG-DCIS. ER/PR and HER2 status have a high rate of concordance between in situ and subsequent invasive lesions. Additional studies of metachronous in situ and invasive lesions are needed to better understand pathways of breast tumorigenesis.
How effective is human video surveillance performance

In surveillance situations, computer vision systems are often deployed to help humans perform their tasks more effectively. In a typical installation human observers are required to simultaneously monitor a number of video signals. Psychophysical research indicates that there are severe limitations in the ability of humans to monitor simultaneous signals. Do these same limitations extend to surveillance? We present a method for evaluating human surveillance performance in a situation that mimics demands of real world surveillance. A single computer monitor contained either nine display cells or four display cells. Each cell contained a stream of 2 to 4 moving objects. Observers were instructed to signal when a target event occurred - - when one of the objects entered a small square ldquoforbiddenrdquo region in the center of the display. Target events could occur individually or in groups of 2 or 3 temporally close events. The results indicate that the observers missed many targets (60%) when required to monitor 9 displays and many fewer when monitoring 4 displays (20%). Further, there were costs associated with target events occurring in close temporal succession. Understanding these limitations would help computer visions researchers to design algorithms and human-machine interfaces that result in improved overall performance.
Zeolite RHO-type net with the lightest elements.

Reported here are two highly porous examples of MOCOFs, a new family of framework materials seamlessly integrating the coordinate bonds of metal−organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent bonds of covalent organic framework materials (COFs). These two materials represent the lightest zeolite RHOs. Their synthesis is an extraordinary example in which the structure-directing effect of the substituent groups on the cross-linking imidazolyl ring strikes a perfect balance with their pore narrowing effect, leading to the creation of a very open zeolite RHO topology with highly accessible internal pores, characterized by a large surface area of 1818 m2/g and a high CO2 storage capability as high as 35.6 cm3/g at 760 Torr and 273 K.
Financial Markets and Marketing The Tradeoff between R&D and Advertising During an Economic Downturn

ABSTRACT This article examines the association between stock returns and earnings changes of firms that have made different tradeoffs with respect to R&D and advertising spending during an economic downturn. During the 2000–2002 bear market that was associated with a downturn in the U.S. economy, we find the coefficient that relates stock returns and earnings changes to be significantly greater for firms that increased their advertising expenditures and decreased their R&D expenditures than for firms that increased their R&D expenditures and decreased their advertising expenditures. Our results suggest that investors perceive that an increased emphasis on advertising can enable firms to stem earnings erosion that can potentially occur during an economic downturn.
Flexible substrata for the detection of cellular traction forces

By modulating adhesion signaling and cytoskeletal organization, mechanical forces play an important role in various cellular functions, from propelling cell migration to mediating communication between cells. Recent developments have resulted in several new approaches for the detection, analysis and visualization of mechanical forces generated by cultured cells. Combining these methods with other approaches, such as green-fluorescent protein (GFP) imaging and gene manipulation, proves to be particularly powerful for analyzing the interplay between extracellular physical forces and intracellular chemical events.
Rankings of Intimacy of Social Behaviors by Italians and Americans

Differences in intimacy were indicated by ranks assigned a series of “behaviors” (e.g., kiss, to go to movies with, to protect, to work with) by 63 Italian students and 39 Americans. There were no sex differences. Four behaviors seen as more intimate by Triandis' Greek students than by Americans were not ranked differently by the present groups of Italians and Americans.
Power, politics and social movements: a multi-institutional politics approach

How important is the state as a locus of social change for Islamic movements whose goal is to promote Islam (Gurbuz and Bernstein 2012)? Why do multi-racial movements create collective responses to...
Texture relaxation in 3He-A

Abstract Metastable magnetic textures are created in 3 He-A using pulsed NMR and subsequent frequency shifts are analyzed. The results are consistent with a model for splay composite solitons, assuming the NMR pulse produces these solitons at a high density.
Immediate free recall and three-week delayed recognition

Twenty-five S s were shown 10 lists of words, each list followed by a free-recall test. Overt rehearsal of the word lists was required during study and was tape-recorded. Three weeks later S s returned for a recognition test on these words. Initial recall and three-week delayed recognition were increasing functions of amount of rehearsal accorded the item. The probability of delayed recognition decreased as a function of the initial serial study position, and appeared to increase as a function of its output position on initial recall. Further analysis of this latter result suggested that delayed recognition first rises and then falls as a function of output position in initial recall.