cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GENOME-WIDE DNA METHYLATION SIGNATURES OF AGGRESSION RISK IN CHILDREN

Background Child abuse is a highly prevalent public health problem and a risk factor for numerous psychopathological disorders. Early physical abuse and neglect have been associated with an increased risk of childhood conduct disorders. However, not all children exposed to abuse develop aggression later in life, suggesting interplay between genetic and environmental factors in the predisposition to aggression. Methods This study investigated genome-wide DNA methylation changes associated with aggressive behavior in children. A total of 105 9–15 years old children of European ancestry were included in the study (56% female, 12 ± 1.8 mean of age). The Illumina Infinium 450 K Methylation BeadChip array was used to conduct the methylation study using the genomic DNA extracted from saliva samples. Aggression was evaluated using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) Scores ranged from 50–87 (mean: 57 ± 10.5), with 39% of the sample meeting the clinical cut-off (≤ 63). We conducted a linear mixed effects model to examine the main effect of trauma, main effect of DNA methylation and an interaction term, and adjusted for age, sex, cell composition, and 10 principal components (PCs) estimated using Barfield et al. method. Significance was set to 5.0×10-7 to correct for multiple comparisons. Results A total of eight methylation sites were genome-wide significant (GWS) for the DNA methylation term after adjusting for age, sex, cell type composition and 10 PCs. From these sites, cg18438793 (p=2.58×10-7) located within the hippocalcin like 4 (HPCAL4) gene is of importance due to its role in neuronal development and calcium signaling and brain-specific gene expression. Further, expression of this gene is induced after fear conditioning in the lateral amygdala of mice. Additional sites (p value range: 10-10 – 10-7) are involved in axon guidance, myelination and transcriptional regulation. Discussion This study increases our understanding of the epigenetic changes associated with aggression in children. By identifying predictors of aggression in early life, this study may provide novel tools to improve treatment and preventive interventions for aggression risk in children.
Leak Detection in Water Distribution Pipes Based on CNN with Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients

The acoustic signals collected by a listening device on pipelines are often utilized for detecting leakage in buried water pipelines. In practice, the operator carries with a listening device to collect the acoustic signal on the road along the direction of pipelines and justifies the acoustic signal whether it is the leakage or not. Based on operator's experiences and skills, such a detection method has successfully applied for detecting leak in the absence of a fixed non-leak acoustic source occurring in or outside the detected pipelines. However, the leak signals are always inevitably corrupted with non-leak acoustic sources. It affects not only the accuracy of leakage detection but also the time for locating the leakage. In this paper, an acoustic leak detection approach based on convolutional neural network with Mel frequency cepstrum coefficients for underground water pipelines is proposed. Mel frequency cepstrum coefficients of acoustic signals are first extracted as features. Then, a convolutional neural network model has been established as a classifier for detecting whether the pipes are leaky or not, which uses Mel frequency cepstral coefficients as the network inputs. As the result, the convolutional neural network model accuracy of classification is above 98%. The proposed method can provide highly detection efficiency than that of the traditional approach which depends on operator's experiences. The proposed leak detection method based on convolutional neural network can be implemented in the listing devices for real-time leak detection in water pipes.
A branch and bound algorithm to solve a two-machine no-wait flowshop scheduling problem with truncated learning function

This paper addresses a two-machine no-wait flowshop problem with the effect of the truncated learning function of jobs whose actual processing times depend on their positions in the sequence. By co...
Description of the Commemorative Medallion, Struck to Celebrate the Transit of Venus, Observed from South Africa on 8 June 2004

The winning design for the medallion to commemorate the transit of Venus was proposed by the author (BGE). His design was mod­ified by Tommy Sasseen (TS), the die sinker who designed the Kruger Rand. Descriptions of the medallion obverse and reverse are given here, based on the author’s speech at the Sun City Gala Dinner on June 9th.
Compact Wide-Stopband Bandpass Filter Based on Highly-Loaded Substrate Integrated Cavity Resonators

This paper presents a compact substrate integrated waveguide cavity-based bandpass filter with a wide stopband. The resonators are heavily capacitively-loaded to miniaturize the structures at the fundamental resonant mode. However, the heavy loading affects the resonant frequency of higher-order modes. This degrades the upper stopband rejection and narrows the spurious-free range. To mitigate the effect of closer spurious passbands, the structure of the filter is modified to incorporate stepped-impedance resonators (SIR). Compared to uniform-impedance resonators (UIR), the fields distribution in the SIRs are altered accordingly, which extends the spurious-free range of the response. To prove the concept, a compact second-order bandpass filter prototype, with capacitive loading and using stepped-impedance cavity resonators, is fabricated and measured. Measurements are shown to be in good agreement with simulations, demonstrating the validity of the proposed technique.
Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth Correlates with Baseline Diffusion-weighted MRI in Von Hippel–Lindau Disease

Background Identification of markers to aid in understanding the growth kinetics of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-associated clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has the potential to allow individualization of patient care, thereby helping prevent unnecessary screening and optimizing intervention. Purpose To determine whether the degree of restricted diffusion at baseline MRI holds predictive potential for the growth rate of VHL-associated ccRCC. Materials and Methods Patients with VHL disease who underwent surgical resection of tumors between November 2014 and October 2017 were analyzed retrospectively in this HIPAA-compliant study. The change in ccRCC volume between two time points and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) at baseline was calculated by using segmentations by two readers at nephrographic-phase CT and diffusion-weighted MRI, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement between readers. Repeated-measures correlation was used to investigate relationships between ADC (histogram parameters) and tumor size at baseline with growth rate and volume doubling time (VDT). Predictive performance of the ADC parameter with highest correlation and tumor size at baseline was reviewed to differentiate tumors based on their VDT (≤1 year or >1 year). Results Forty-six patients (mean age, 46 years ± 7 [standard deviation]; 25 women) with 100 ccRCCs were evaluated. Interreader agreement resulted in mean κ scores of 0.89, 0.82, and 0.93 for mean ADC, baseline tumor volume, and follow-up tumor volume, respectively. ADC percentiles correlated negatively with tumor growth rate but correlated positively with VDT. Lower ADC values demonstrated stronger correlations. The 25th percentile ADC had the strongest correlation with growth rate (ρ = -0.52, P 1 year) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86 (sensitivity, 67%; specificity, 89%) (P < .001). Conclusion Apparent diffusion coefficient at baseline was negatively correlated with tumor growth rate. Diffusion-weighted MRI may be useful to identify clear cell renal cell carcinomas with higher growth rates. © RSNA, 2020See also the editorial by Goh and Prezzi in this issue.
Undiagnosed Case of Signet Ring Cell Colorectal Carcinoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Abstract Colorectal cancer is third most common cancer in the United States. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of large intestine cancer. Signet ring cell adenocarcinoma (SRCC), a subtype of adenocarcinoma, is characterized by the tumor cells production of intracellular mucin. SRCC has several unique characteristics: it more commonly presents in younger patients, is located in the right hemi-colon or rectum, invades the lymphatic system, and metastasizes to the peritoneum. We describe the case of a 46-year-old female with undiagnosed SRCC who previously presented to an outside hospital, where she underwent both Computed Tomography imaging and a colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is the gold standard in diagnosing colorectal cancer, with a sensitivity of over 95%. Nevertheless, the patient’s colonoscopy biopsy was negative for malignancy, likely because the operator did not reach the tumor secondary to obstruction. Forty-two days later the patient presented to our hospital, where she underwent a right hemi-colectomy and resection of the tumor encompassing the ileocecal valve, cecum, and the ascending colon. Following this non-curative operation, the patient started chemotherapy and is progressing as anticipated.
Differentiators and detectors

Abstract Given two programs, say P and Q, a differentiator is a test suite T such that execution of P and Q on T produces different outcomes; this concept is used in mutation testing, where it is important to highlight semantic differences between non-equivalent mutants. Given a specification R and a program P, a detector is a test suite T such that execution of P on T disproves the correctness of P with respect to R; this concept is clearly useful in program testing. In this note I elaborate on previous research to refine and characterize these concepts.
Women and Leadership in Higher Education: Learning and Advancement in Leadership Programs

The Problem.Postsecondary institutions are struggling more than ever before to find qualified, effective leaders to move into key administrative positions. One reason for the continued lack of prep...
Uniform Continuity and Rates of Growth of Meromorphic Functions1)

Publisher Summary Several theories of the rate of growth of meromorphic functions can be treated in a unified fashion. This chapter discusses the mechanism of S -continuity to show the connection between these theories and the classic Picard Theorem. In standard terms this relates exceptional values and nonuniformity, but the use of nonstandard analysis and S -continuity results in considerable simplification because nonuniformity and sequences of Milloux circles are reflected in a single S -discontinuity at a remote point. The nonstandard approach can greatly simplify a number of proofs of known results, particularly in the extensive theory of normal meromorphic functions. The chapter also discusses a basic lemma on S -continuity for internal or *-meromorphic functions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Milloux circles and points of discontinuity.
Plädoyer für eine Evaluierung des Evaluierungsforschungsprozesses

In den letzten 15 Jahren hat sich die anwendungsorientierte sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Forschung und Analyse zu einer Wachstumsindustrie entwickelt. Zum Teil geschah dies in Reaktion auf die Wohlfahrtsprogramme, die durch die „Great Society“ initiiert worden waren, zum grosten Teil jedoch reifte und gedieh die anwendungsorientierte Forschung durch die Aktivitaten nachfolgender Regierungen. Grose Forschungsinstitutionen — einige offentlich-rechtlich, andere privatrechtlich organisiert — entstanden; der Anteil universitarer „Policy“-orientierter Sozialforschung wuchs weiter und gleichzeitig stieg auch die Zahl sozialwissenschaftlicher Hochschulabsolventen. Inzwischen wurden zahlreiche Publikationen zu diesem Themenfeld veroffentlicht, mit Diskussionen vor allem uber das benotigte methodische Instrumentarium fur die Durchfuhrung von Programmevaluierungen und Politikanalysen sowie zur adaquaten Nutzung von Evaluierungs- und Politikforschung durch die politischen Entscheidungstrager innerhalb der Regierungsburokratien.
Hysterotomy to effect vaginal delivery with mentum anterior head entrapment

Background : Entrapment of the aftercoming head after mentum anterior rotation is a life-threatening complication of vaginal breech delivery. Few options exist when rotation and flexion from this position cannot be performed successfully either transabdominally or with vaginal maneuvers. Case : A term primigravida presented with a singleton breech in advanced labor. The fetal torso and arms delivered vaginally, but the aftercoming head became extended and was entrapped in a mentum anterior position. The fetal head could not be rotated and flexed, either vaginally or transabdominally with suprapubic pressure. Laparotomy and hysterotomy were performed, and vaginal delivery of a live fetus was accomplished after rotation and flexion of the fetal head through this incision. Conclusion : Hysterotomy is a safe and effective maneuver for delivery of the entrapped fetal head with mentum anterior rotation after standard procedures have failed.
Management of severe hypertriglyceridemia in the hospital: A review†

For hospitalists, hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is more than cardiovascular risk. Severe HTG occurs when serum triglycerides rise above 1000 mg/dL, and it carries a risk of abdominal pain and pancreatitis. The etiology of severe HTG is usually a combination of genetic and secondary factors. A detailed history with attention to family history, medications, and alcohol consumption can often lead to the cause. Physical examination findings may stretch across multiple organ systems. Patients with severe HTG should be admitted to the hospital for aggressive medical therapy if they develop symptoms such as abdominal pain or pancreatitis. Asymptomatic patients with severe HTG who have significant short-term risk for developing symptoms require urgent consultation that may lead to a brief hospitalization to address exacerbating factors. Treatment of severe HTG includes a combination of pharmacologic agents and a restriction on dietary triglyceride intake. If oral medications fail to adequately lower triglyceride levels, intravenous insulin and in rare cases therapeutic plasma exchange may be required. To prevent recurrent severe HTG, the patient should be counseled about adherence to long-term medications and lifestyle changes.
Relationship Between Substrate Concentration and Fermentation Product Ratios in Clostridium thermocellum Cultures.

Growth of Clostridium thermocellum in batch cultures was studied over a broad range of cellobiose concentrations. Cultures displayed important differences in their substrate metabolism as determined by the end product yields. Bacterial growth was severely limited when the initial cellobiose concentration was 0.2 (wt/vol), was maximal at substrate concentrations between 0.5 and 2.0%, and did not occur at 5.0% cellobiose. Ethanol accumulated maximally (38.3 μmol/109 cells) in cultures with an initial cellobiose concentration of 0.8%, whereas cultures in 2.0% cellobiose accumulated only 17.3 μmol, and substrate-limited cultures (0.2% cellobiose) accumulated little, if any, ethanol beyond that initially detected (8.3 μmol/109 cells). In a medium with 0.8% cellobiose, ethanol was produced at a constant rate of approximately 1.1 μmol/109 cells per h from late-logarithmic phase (16 h) of growth well into stationary phase (44 h). When ethanol was added exogenously at levels more than twice the maximum produced by the cultures themselves (0.5% [vol/vol]), neither the extent of growth (maximum Klett units, 150) nor the amounts of ethanol produced (∼0.17%) by the culture was affected. The ratio of ethanol to acetate was highest (2.8) when cells were grown in 0.8% cellobiose and lowest (1.2) when cells were grown in 0.2% cellobiose.
Perturbation Theory of Control Elements. I

An exact expression for the reactivity effect of a control element placed in a reactor is derived within the limitation of validity of multigroup diffusion theory. The evaluation of the expression ...
Mechanisms of Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channel by SGK1 in A6 Cells

The serum and glucocorticoid induced kinase 1 (SGK1) participates in the regulation of sodium reabsorption in the distal segment of the renal tubule, where it may modify the function of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). The molecular mechanism underlying SGK1 regulation of ENaC in renal epithelial cells remains controversial. We have addressed this issue in an A6 renal epithelial cell line that expresses SGK1 under the control of a tetracycline-inducible system. Expression of a constitutively active mutant of SGK1 (SGK1T(S425D)) induced a sixfold increase in amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (Isc). Using noise analysis we demonstrate that SGK1 effect on Isc is due to a fourfold increase in the number of functional ENaCs in the membrane and a 43% increase in channel open probability. Impedance analysis indicated that SGK1T(S425D) increased the absolute value of cell equivalent capacitance by an average of 13.7%. SGK1T(S425D) also produced a 1.6-1.9-fold increase in total and plasma membrane subunit abundance, without changing the half-life of channels in the membrane. We conclude that in contrast to aldosterone, where stimulation of transport can be explained simply by an increase in channel synthesis, SGK1 effects are more complex and involve at least three actions: (1) increase of ENaC open probability; (2) increase of subunit abundance within apical membranes and intracellular compartments; and (3) activation of one or more pools of preexistent channels within the apical membranes and/or intracellular compartments.
Managing human capabilities

Human capabilities are people's unique sets of skills, knowledge, and personal values and beliefs. It is useful for an organization to determine what human capabilities it needs—by examining its strategic, business process, departmental, and job level requirements—and then identify what human capabilities it currently possesses and the steps it can take to close any gaps. © 2002 Kepner-Tregoe, Inc.
Evaluation of DLVO interaction between a sphere and a cylinder

Abstract Van der Waals (vdW) and electrostatic double layer (EDL) interactions between a sphere and a cylinder are determined using the surface element integration (SEI) technique. Compared with Derjaguin approximation, the SEI technique gives more accurate predictions for the EDL interaction between a sphere and a cylinder. However, the SEI technique slightly overestimates the vdW interaction compared with predictions based on Hamaker's approach. The curvature effect is important at small cylinder-to-sphere size ratios, but when the ratio is greater than 10, both EDL and vdW interactions between a sphere and a cylinder can be approximated adequately by that between a sphere and a flat plate. In addition, as Debye length decreases, the EDL interaction energy between a sphere and a cylinder decays more quickly. At small separation distances, a smaller Debye length leads to a stronger EDL interaction between a sphere and a cylinder, whereas at large separation distances, a larger Debye length results in a stronger EDL interaction. The combination of vdW and EDL interactions, known as the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, was applied to the problem of colloidal fouling in hollow fiber membrane filtration. At low ionic strength (0.001 M), a smaller energy barrier exists between smaller particles and the membrane, hence smaller particles more easily attach to the fiber and subsequently cause more severe colloidal fouling. At high ionic strength (0.1 M), the energy barrier is eliminated for all particle sizes, which implies that colloidal fouling is more severe at elevated ionic strength.
Genetic organization of transposon Tn10.

Abstract Transposon Tn10 is 9300 bp in length, with 1400 bp inverted repeats at its ends. The inverted repeats are structurally intact IS-like sequences (Ross et al., 1979). Analysis of deletion mutants and structural variants of Tn10, reported below, shows that the two IS10 segments contain all of the Tn10-encoded genetic determinants, both sites and functions, that are required for transposition. Furthermore, the two repeats (IS10-Right and IS10-Left) are not functionally equivalent: IS10-Right is fully functional and is capable by itself of promoting normal levels of Tn10 transposition; IS10-Left functions only poorly by itself, promoting transposition at a very low level when IS10-Right is inactivated. Complementation analysis shows that IS10-Right encodes at least one function, required for Tn10 transposition, which can act in trans and which works at the ends of the element. Also, all of the sites specifically required for normal Tn10 transposition have been localized to the outermost 70 bp at each end of the element; there is no evidence that specific sites internal to the element play an essential role. Finally, Tn10 modulates its own transposition in such a way that transposition-defective point mutants, unlike deletion mutants, are not complemented by functions provided in trans; and wild-type Tn10, unlike deletion mutants, is not affected by functions provided in trans from a "high hopper" Tn10 element.
Bayes and the Simplicity Principle in Perception.

Discussions of the foundations of perceptual inference have often centered on 2 governing principles, the likelihood principle and the simplicity principle. Historically, these principles have usually been seen as opposed, but contemporary statistical (e.g., Bayesian) theory tends to see them as consistent, because for a variety of reasons simpler models (i.e., those with fewer dimensions or free parameters) make better predictors than more complex ones. In perception, many interpretation spaces are naturally hierarchical, meaning that they consist of a set of mutually embedded model classes of various levels of complexity, including simpler (lower dimensional) classes that are special cases of more complex ones. This article shows how such spaces can be regarded as algebraic structures, for example, as partial orders or lattices, with interpretations ordered in terms of dimensionality. The natural inference rule in such a space is a kind of simplicity rule: Among all interpretations qualitatively consistent with the image, draw the one that is lowest in the partial order, called the maximum-depth interpretation. This interpretation also maximizes the Bayesian posterior under certain simplifying assumptions, consistent with a unification of simplicity and likelihood principles. Moreover, the algebraic approach brings out the compositional structure inherent in such spaces, showing how perceptual interpretations are composed from a lexicon of primitive perceptual descriptors.
Socrates' Aspasian Oration: The Play of Philosophy and Politics in Plato's Menexenus

Plato's Menexenus is overlooked, perhaps because of the difficulty of gauging its irony. In it, Socrates recites a funeral oration he says he learned from Aspasia, describing events that occurred after the deaths of both Socrates and Pericles' mistress. But the dialogue's ironic complexity is one reason it is a central part of Plato's political philosophy. In both style and substance, Menexenus rejects the heroic account of Athenian democracy proposed by Thucydides' Pericles, separating Athenian citizenship from the quest for immortal glory; its picture of the relationship of philosopher to polis illustrates Plato's conception of the true politikos in the Statesman. In both dialogues, philosophic response to politics is neither direct rule nor apolitical withdrawal. Menexenus presents a Socrates who influences politics indirectly, by recasting Athenian history and thus transforming the terms in which its political alternatives are conceived.
Selective hippocampal complex deafferentation and deefferentation and avoidance behavior in rats

Abstract The active and passive avoidance performance of rats was assessed following a fimbria-fornix tractotomy or an entorhinal cortex lesion. This allowed specific comparisons to be made between the functional significance of a dorsal hippocampal complex afferent and efferent system travelling via the fimbria-fornix and a ventral hippocampal complex afferent and efferent system associated with the entorhinal cortex. Group comparisons suggested that each anatomical system was unique in its particular contribution to the type avoidance performance required by the task. The findings are discussed in light of the anatomical organization of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, and in particular to the behavioral changes following subtotal ablations of the hippocampal complex.
Percutaneous transcatheter laser balloon ablation from the canine coronary sinus: implications for the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Transcatheter direct current electrical shocks for ablation of left-sided accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients have led to serious complications. We report the feasibility of percutaneous transcatheter laser balloon ablation of left-sided accessory pathways from the coronary sinus using a 1,064-nm, continuous wave Nd:YAG laser triple lumen catheter with an optical fiber terminating in a cylindrical diffusing tip within a 2-cm-long, 3-mm-diameter balloon transparent to Nd:YAG laser radiation. In eight mongrel dogs (18 to 31 kg), the laser balloon catheter was positioned via an 8 French guide catheter in the distal and proximal coronary sinus. During balloon inflation, two to three consecutive laser doses of 30 W × 20 sec were applied to each site (cumulative energy, 1,200 to 1,800 J). Coronary angiog-raphy, left ventriculography, and coronary sinus injection were performed before and after laser exposure. After percutaneous transcatheter laser balloon ablation, there was no evidence of mitral regurgitation, left circumflex artery, coronary sinus obstruction, or perforation. Coagulation necrosis and/or polymor-phonuclear infiltrates involving the atrioventricular groove and left atrial wall over a mean length of 17 mm were present in all eight dogs sacrificed 6 ± 1 hr postablation. In conclusion, percutaneous transcatheter laser balloon ablation from the coronary sinus is free of immediate major complications and may be feasible for potential interruption of left-sided accessory pathways.
Surface photometry of radio galaxies. II, Cluster sources

R-band CCD photometric observations are reported for 52 radio galaxies in clusters for which good radio maps are available. Data obtained with the No. 1 0.9-m telescope at KPNO (following the procedures described by Owen and Laing, 1989) are presented in tables and graphs and discussed in detail. Optical and radio luminosity are found to be well correlated in twin-jet, fat-double, narrow-angle-tail, and small-twin-jet sources, all of which are clearly distinguished from the classical doubles as in the scheme of Fanaroff and Riley (1974). It is also shown that the elliptical parent galaxies of the extended radio sources form a one-parameter family with the optical luminosity as the key parameter.
Stimulation of B-cell proliferation by membrane-associated molecules from activated T cells.

Abstract Activation of B cells to proliferation and antibody secretion is dependent on soluble lymphokines secreted by activated T cells. Activation of T cells results from physical contact between B cells and T cells through binding of the T-cell antigen receptor to a complex of antigen and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. To determine whether this interaction also contributes to B-cell activation by mechanisms other than those mediated by soluble T cell-derived lymphokines, I examined the ability of isolated T-cell plasma membranes to stimulate proliferation in cultures of unfractionated B cells. Membranes prepared from a cloned antigen-specific helper T-cell line induced substantial proliferation provided that the T cells had been mitogen-activated before isolation of membranes. Membranes from splenic Con A-treated blasts also stimulated B-cell proliferation, suggesting that this activity may be a common property of some subsets of activated T cells. Induction of B-cell proliferation was not found to be antigen-dependent or MHC-restricted, indicating no significant contribution by the T-cell receptor for antigen. The presence of interleukins 4 and 5 in membrane fractions was indicated by proliferation of lymphokine-sensitive cell lines, although culture supernatants from mitogen-activated T cells proved to be far more potent sources of these activities. The combined effect of membranes and lymphokine-containing culture supernatants in B-cell cultures was greater than their added effects in separate cultures. This observation suggests that lymphokines or molecules with mitogenic activity for B cells other than those found in abundance in culture supernatants may be present on activated T-cell membranes.
Asthma and diabetes mellitus: A biochemical basis for antithetical features

Diabetes mellitus and asthma have many antipodal features. Although both are common disorders, concurrence occurs less often than would be predicted. When co-existence does occur, the cases are generally mild, and effective treatment of one disease frequently exacerbates the other. The hypothesis is advanced that basilar membrane concentrations of heparan sulfate differ in these two diseases and that this difference may account for the antithetical features. An experimental basis for postulating increased concentrations of extracellular heparan sulfate in asthma and diminished concentrations in diabetes is cited. A rationale for tying these differences to the polar activities of cholinergic transmission and atherogenesis in the two diseases is advanced. Diminished heparan sulfate concentrations in diabetes may down-regulate the transmission of vagal impulses to insulin-producing pancreatic cells, and thereby impair both the continued vitality of these cells, and the acetylcholine modulated potentiation of glucose-induced insulin release.
Gender differences in acute psychomotor, cognitive, and pharmacokinetic response to alcohol.

Abstract This study investigated gender differences in acute response to alcohol. After practicing several cognitive and psychomotor tasks while sober, male ( n = 11) and female ( n = 13) social drinkers were administered a 0.65 g/kg dose of ethanol. Subjects were tested on both the ascending and descending limbs of the blood alcohol curve on measures of divided attention, short-term memory, body sway, pursuit tracking ability, and subjective level of intoxication. Blood alcohol level (BAL) was sampled frequently throughout the procedure. Females achieved consistently higher BALs than did males throughout, due mainly to higher BALs among women in the middle stage of the menstrual cycle. Women not using birth control medications also attained higher BALs than did males. When gender differences in BALs were controlled statistically, only memory functioning distinguished the groups: males recovered memory functioning more quickly on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve than did females. Stage of menstrual cycle or use of birth control medications did not influence psychomotor or cognitive performance while women were intoxicated.
Polar heterojunction interfaces: Isovalent interlayers.

Starting from nonpolar heterostructures, such as Ge/Si/Ge, polar heterojunction interfaces with isovalent interlayers are constructed by transferring protons between nuclei (Harrison et al.). The relation between isovalent interlayers and interface dipoles is explained and it is shown that, despite the chemical inhomogeniety represented by an isovalent interlayer, the valence-band discontinuity between the adjacent semiconductors may depend only on their bulk properties.
Cystic Fibrosis: A Review of Epidemiology and Pathobiology

Improvements in outcomes for patients who have cystic fibrosis (CF) have been striking in the last 30 years. Median survival now approaches the fifth decade of life. Advances in the understanding of the basic defect and the pathobiology of CF have led to new treatments, some of which have undoubtedly contributed to this success. Improved understanding of the basic defect and the acquisition and maintenance of epidemiologic resources for the CF population in the United States have allowed us to determine predictors of survival and identify genetic, environmental, and therapeutic factors that may influence it. This article reviews some of the key epidemiologic and pathobiologic factors discovered thus far.
Limitations on relating ocean surface chlorophyll to productivity

An important potential use of ocean color chlorophyll data is to determine other important properties of the marine biosphere, such as primary productivity, new production, and particulate fluxes at spatial scales larger and temporal scales longer than those possible with ground-based observations. Such determinations will likely progress from relatively simple empirical correlations to algorithms that are actually predictive models of ecosystem dynamics. As an example, this paper demonstrates how an empirical correlation between nitrate concentration and new production can be understood by a simple productivity model. Several models are then constructed to examine the functional relationship between total production and surface chlorophyll. The empirical correlation is substantially different than the analogous relation in the model. Understanding the relationship between surface chlorophyll and productivity on a global scale will probably require families of models for various marine ecosystems.
Continous, simultaneous, and instant display of aqueous humor dynamics with a micro-spectrophotometer and a sensitive drop counter

A dye marker perfusion method was developed for studying, simultaneously and instantly, the aqueous humor formation and aqueous humor outflow in the anaesthetized cat eye at a constant intraocular pressure. A micro-spectrophotometric monitor and a sensitive drop counter were used to record the change in blue dextran concentration in the aqueous humor solution and the rate of overflow of aqueous humor solution, respectively. Action mechanisms of three antiglaucoma agents, acetazolamide, pilocarpine and timolol were studied with this method. Acetazolamide and timolol reduced aqueous humor formation without affecting the outflow; pilocarpine increased aqueous humor outflow without affecting the formation. Compared with the conventional radioactive marker perfusion method, this method has the following advantages: (a) it displays simultaneously and instantly the aqueous humor formation and outflow; and (b) there is little variability in data collected.
Heterogeneous phase equilibria of the hydrogen sulfide–carbon dioxide system

An experimental study on the system hydrogen sulfide-carbon dioxide was performed from the critical region to the solid-liquid-vapor region. For seven mixtures individual phase diagrams were determined by the establishment of dew, volume percentage liquid, hubble, critical, and triple points. A splendid study of this system had been reported earlier by Bierlein and Kay (1) for temperatures above 32°F. However from a temperature point of view this earlier work represents about one half of the phase diagram from the critical locus to the locus of triple points. Hence in this study particular attention was devoted to the lower temperature regions. Equilibrium constants were determined from 100 to 1,200 lb./sq. in. abs. Vapor and liquid equilibrium compositions from this investigation were compared with those obtained by Bierlein and Kay (1) at 20, 40, 60, and 80 atm. Solid-liquid-vapor loci were found to meet at a minimum temperature, lower than either of the individual pure component triple points, due to the formation of a eutectic mixture consisting of 12.5 mole % carbon dioxide. Vapor and liquid compositions in equilibrium with solid were established along the vapor-liquid-solid carbon dioxide and vapor-liquid-solid hydrogen sulfide loci.
The Role of Skin Painting in Predicting Lung Cancer

The mouse skin cancer model provides an important system for studying mechanisms involved in the various stages of carcinogenesis and for bioassaying tobacco smoke constituents and additives for carcinogenic/cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting properties as well as for identifying compounds that may inhibit tumor formation and malignant conversion. In addition, it is an excellent model for studying the formation of precancerous lesions as well as squamous cell carcinomas. It relates very well to other squamous cell carcinoma models and contributes to better understanding of the human epithelial cancers including lung cancer. The SENCAR mouse is an established model system demonstrated to be more sensitive than the B6C3F1 or Swiss CD-1 strains in the initiation/promotion skin-painting test method. Although the relationship between mouse skin tumors and any manifestation of the toxicity of tobacco smoke and other complex environmental mixtures in humans is unknown, the skin-painting model is the only assay that provides a practical method of obtaining a tumorigenic end point with cigarette smoke condensates and other complex mixtures. This assay provides a rapid response with relative ease of quantification of various parameters of tumorigenic response including tumor incidence, latency, multiplicity, and malignancy.
Illness-Related Concerns in Caregivers of Psychiatrically Hospitalized Children with Depression

This article examines concerns expressed by caregivers facing childhood depression. Thirty-five primary caregivers of children with depression completed a semistructured interview during a psychiatric hospitalization and 2–6 weeks later. Caregivers listed concerns about their child's depression and rated their illness-related distress, their own emotional state, and family functioning. Concerns were reliably grouped into six categories. Concerns about current treatment, post-discharge psychosocial functioning, and overall distress decreased significantly at follow-up. Illness-related concerns can be meaningfully categorized. Awareness of common concerns can enable clinicians working in intensive psychiatric treatment settings to anticipate and address caretaker concerns proactively and supportively.
Cephalosporins: An Update

The cephalosporins are the largest and most diverse family of antimicrobial agents available. Although they rarely are considered drugs of first choice for the therapy of bacterial infections, they are the most commonly prescribed agents for both ambulatory and hospitalized patients. The first-generation agents have the most limited spectrum of bactericidal activity, but they are the most potent against Gram-positive microbes. The third- and fourth-generation agents have a broad spectrum of activity that includes the majority of Gram-negative pathogens. However, they are less active than their first-generation counterparts against Gram-positive bacteria, especially S aureus. The cephalosporins generally are well tolerated, and the oral agents are palatable. However, their use is limited by increasing resistance among certain groups of bacteria and high cost, especially of the parenteral and recently licensed oral agents. The prudent physician need not be familiar with all cephalosporins, but should be knowledgeable about a select few.
Successful reoperation for ascending aorta and arch aneurysm in a Jehovah's Witness.

Abstract A young woman of the Jehovah's Witness forth presented with a rupturing aneurysm of the ascending aorta and transverse aortic arch. She had Marfan syndrome and previous aortic valve replacement. Despite reoperation conditions, successful operation via median sternotomy was carried out using deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest.
ITEP: An integrated toolkit for exploration of microbial pan-genomes

Comparative genomics is a powerful approach for studying variation in physiological traits as well as the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Recent technological advances have enabled sequencing large numbers of related genomes in a single project, requiring computational tools for their integrated analysis. In particular, accurate annotations and identification of gene presence and absence are critical for understanding and modeling the cellular physiology of newly sequenced genomes. Although many tools are available to compare the gene contents of related genomes, new tools are necessary to enable close examination and curation of protein families from large numbers of closely related organisms, to integrate curation with the analysis of gain and loss, and to generate metabolic networks linking the annotations to observed phenotypes. We have developed ITEP, an Integrated Toolkit for Exploration of microbial Pan-genomes, to curate protein families, compute similarities to externally-defined domains, analyze gene gain and loss, and generate draft metabolic networks from one or more curated reference network reconstructions in groups of related microbial species among which the combination of core and variable genes constitute the their "pan-genomes". The ITEP toolkit consists of: (1) a series of modular command-line scripts for identification, comparison, curation, and analysis of protein families and their distribution across many genomes; (2) a set of Python libraries for programmatic access to the same data; and (3) pre-packaged scripts to perform common analysis workflows on a collection of genomes. ITEP’s capabilities include de novo protein family prediction, ortholog detection, analysis of functional domains, identification of core and variable genes and gene regions, sequence alignments and tree generation, annotation curation, and the integration of cross-genome analysis and metabolic networks for study of metabolic network evolution. ITEP is a powerful, flexible toolkit for generation and curation of protein families. ITEP's modular design allows for straightforward extension as analysis methods and tools evolve. By integrating comparative genomics with the development of draft metabolic networks, ITEP harnesses the power of comparative genomics to build confidence in links between genotype and phenotype and helps disambiguate gene annotations when they are evaluated in both evolutionary and metabolic network contexts.
Erich Fromm: From Social Unconscious to Class Consciousness

The principle of the lesser evil is the principle of despair. Most of the time it only lengthens the period until the greater evil wins out.
An Integrated Model of Academic Advising Program Development

Advising professionals were surveyed to ascertain the applicability of a Four-Stage Model to the process of program development: changes that occur in an advising program in response to students' needs and institutional pressures. Respondents agreed with the process of development as defined by the model but disagreed on the components of each stage and the sequence of change. To more accurately illustrate the dynamics of program development, the model was reconceptualized. An Integrated Model, depicted as a pinwheel, demonstrates (a) that the phases of development are interrelated, (b) that the direction and degree of change vary from one program to another, and (c) that every program has multifaceted potential for serving students.
THE APPEARANCE OF FREEDOM

This paper develops three points in response to Habermas's ‘The Language Game of Responsible Agency and the Problem of Free Will.’ First, while Habermas nicely characterizes the appearance of freedom, he misconstrues its connections to deliberate agency, responsibility, and our justificatory practice. Second, Habermas's discussion largely overlooks grave conceptual challenges to our idea of freedom, challenges more fundamental than those posed by naturalism. Finally, a physicalist view of ourselves may be able to save as much of the appearance of freedom as can the anti-physicalist naturalism that Habermas recommends.
Aleutian tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series I: The mafic phenocrysts

Diagnostic mafic silicate assemblages in a continuous spectrum of Aleutian volcanic rocks provide evidence for contrasts in magmatic processes in the Aleutian arc crust. Tectonic segmentation of the arc exerts a primary control on the variable mixing, fractional crystallization and possible assimilation undergone by the magmas. End members of the continuum are termed calc-alkaline (CA) and tholeiitic (TH). CA volcanic rocks (e.g., Buldir and Moffett volcanoes) have low FeO/MgO ratios and contain compositionally diverse phenocryst populations, indicating magma mixing. Their Ni and Cr-rich magnesian olivine and clinopyroxene come from mantle-derived mafic olivine basalts that have mixed with more fractionated magmas at mid-to lower-crustal levels immediately preceding eruption. High-Al amphibole is associated with the mafic end member. In contrast, TH lavas (e.g., Okmok and Westdahl volcanoes) have high FeO/MgO ratios and contain little evidence for mixing. Evolved lavas represent advanced stages of low pressure crystallization from a basaltic magma. These lavas contain groundmass olivine (FO 40–50) and lack Ca-poor pyroxene. Aleutian volcanic rocks with intermediate FeO/MgO ratios are termed transitional tholeiitic (TTH) and calc-alkaline (TCA). TCA magmas are common (e.g., Moffett, Adagdak, Great Sitkin, and Kasatochi volcanoes) and have resulted from mixing of high-Al basalt with more evolved magmas. They contain amphibole (high and low-Al) or orthopyroxene or both and are similar to the Japanese hypersthene-series. TTH magmas (e.g., Okmok and Westdahl) contain orthopyroxene or pigeonite or both, and show some indication of upper crustal mixing. They are mineralogically similar to the Japanese pigeonite-series. High-Al basalt lacks Mg-rich mafic phases and is a derivative magma produced by high pressure fractionation of an olivine tholeiite. The low pressure mineral assemblage of high-Al basalt results from crystallization at higher crustal levels.
Visualization of time projection chamber hits and tracks

Abstract In preparation for the Solenoidal Tracker at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, a computer program has been developed for examining the three-dimensional relationships of points and curves of high multiplicity expected in ultrarelativistic heavy ion reactions. The program features powerful animation and “fly-through” capability. It is adaptable to any situation involving drawing and examining curves and points in space.
The average number of alpha-particle hits to the cell nucleus required to eradicate a tumour cell population

Alpha-particle emitters are currently being considered for the treatment of micrometastatic disease. Based on in vitro studies, it has been speculated that only a few alpha-particle hits to the cell nucleus are considered lethal. However, such estimates do not consider the stochastic variations in the number of alpha-particle hits, energy deposited, or in the cell survival process itself. Using a tumour control probability (TCP) model for alpha-particle emitters, we derive an estimate of the average number of hits to the cell nucleus required to provide a high probability of eradicating a tumour cell population. In simulation studies, our results demonstrate that the average number of hits required to achieve a 90% TCP for 104 clonogenic cells ranges from 18 to 108. Those cells that have large cell nuclei, high radiosensitivities and alpha-particle emissions occurring primarily in the nuclei tended to require more hits. As the clinical implementation of alpha-particle emitters is considered, this type of analysis may be useful in interpreting clinical results and in designing treatment strategies to achieve a favourable therapeutic outcome.