cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fundamental-to-Market Ratio and the Value Premium Decline

Recent evidence indicates the value premium declined over time. In this paper, we argue this decline happened because book equity, BE, is no longer a good proxy for fundamental equity, FE, defined as the equity value originating purely from cash flows. Specifically, we estimate FE for public US firms (from 1973 to 2018) and find that the premium associated with the fundamental-to-market ratio, FE/ME, subsumes the BE/ME premium and has been stable while the cross-sectional correlation between FE/ME and BE/ME decreased over time, inducing an apparent decline in the value premium. We also show that FE/ME provides a better value premium signal than several alternative valuation ratios beyond BE/ME.
An Empirical View of Contract

Professor Stewart Macaulay reflects on his 1963 article Non-Contractual Relations in Business and assesses its current significance. Analysis of the gap between contract doctrine and the daily functioning of the business and commercial world has proven to be a fruitful source of theoretical insight into the social functions of law. While the teaching of doctrine remains a central element of legal education and even predominates, the theoretical potential of an empirical approach to legal education remains vast.
581 Effects of acoustic immune priming with low-intensity focused ultrasound (LOFU) and trabectedin on a murine model of osteosarcoma

Background Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor and has a peak incidence in adolescence. The prognosis for recurrent and metastatic disease is poor and over one-third of patients with localized disease at presentation will recur after treatment with metastases. LOFU produces non-lethal, transient mechanical and thermal stress to cause protein misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and induction of the heat shock response (refs). Trabectedin is directly tumoricidal through inhibiting transcription and DNA repair, modulates the tumor microenvironment by selectively depleting M2 macrophages, and inhibits the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) (refs). We hypothesized that combination therapy would synergistically intensify the unfolded protein response and heat shock response to facilitate antigen presenting cell activation and efficient presentation to cytotoxic T cells. To examine this, experiments are being conducted to investigate the effect of LOFU in combination with trabectedin and/or radiation therapy (RT) in a murine model of osteosarcoma. Methods Palpable ( Results Mean tumor volume in the combination therapy group (428 mm3) was less than nontreated controls (887 mm3), LOFU alone (670 mm3), trabectedin alone (1218 mm3, p=0.0386). Radiation therapy resulted in complete ablation of the tumors. None of the combination therapy mice had grossly detectable lung metastases at time of death but metastases were present in the trabectedin only (20%), LOFU only (50%), and control (50%) groups (not statistically significant). Conclusions Combination therapy with trabectedin and LOFU yielded smaller tumor size and fewer pulmonary metastases compared to individual therapies alone.
Satisfactory Myocardial Suppression of FDG Uptake in the Evaluation of Infected Devices by PET/CT

3091 Objectives: Appropriate suppression of physiologic myocardial 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake is absolutely crucial for FDG PET/CT imaging for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) and other cardiac device infections. We previously reported a 91% success rate of myocardial suppression for cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) FDG PET/CT studies. Despite similarities, CS and CIED patient preparation protocols have differences at our institution. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the rate of successful myocardial suppression in patients referred for FDG PET/CT for CIED and other cardiac device infection. Methods: A total of 87 consecutive FDG PET/CT were performed on 73 patients from October 2018 to October 2019 for the indication of “cardiac infection.” Prior to the test, patients are provided detailed written instructions for preparation as recommended by the SNMMI/ASNC of at least 2 high-fat (>35 gm), low-carbohydrate (HFPLC) meals followed by a prolonged fast the day before the FDG PET/CT. However, unlike patient preparation for CS FDG PET/CT, nurses do not call patients to emphasize the importance of following the instructions and to answer questions. All 87 exams were performed according to the clinical protocol and an experienced observer graded myocardial suppression of FDG PET/CT images as either poor or satisfactory myocardial suppression using criteria described in the prior paper of CS FDG PET/CT. Results: Of the 87 FDG PET/CT images, satisfactory myocardial suppression was observed in 70 (80.5%). All patients who underwent image acquisition reported following preparation instructions. The mean fasting time was 13.3 hours (range 4 to 22 hours) and average blood glucose was 93.7 mg/dl (range 62-135 mg/dl) immediately before FDG injection. Conclusions: In this single-center study, the rate of satisfactory myocardial suppression of FDG uptake was lower than in a previously reported study for CS FDG PET/CT by 10%. Although a systematic evaluation of differences instructions and an intervention were not performed, we identified the lack of contact by nurses to emphasize the importance of following preparation instructions and to answer questions as one of the important missing steps that should be added to CIED infection FDG PET/CT protocols to increase the success rate of myocardial suppression.
CREATING A CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER OF FREEDOM IN EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES1

Economic liberalisation offers the greatest hope for bringing the developing world out of poverty, but to be successful economic liberalisation also requires political and constitutional reform to safeguard private property rights and secure the rule of law. This article examines the process of constitutional reform in a number of developing nations that have recently undergone economic liberalisation, with particular reference to the experience of reform in China.
Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease

There is nothing like seeing the patient. The approach to a patient with liver disease concerns a history, and a physical examination, from which an assessment and plan are generated.
Analysis of measles epidemiology and control strategy in Zaozhuang City during 2004-2008.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the measles in Zaozhuang city from 2004 to 2008,so as to provide a scientific basis to adjust the prevention and control strategy and to eliminate measles.Methods The incidence and vaccination of measles were analyzed to a propose control strategy in light of the factual cases.Results It was reported a total of 1626 cases of measles in the past 5 years in the city,1 604 of which were local people.The average annual incidence rate was 9.02 per 10,000 population.Cases were widely distributed.The prevalent season was from February to April. The incidence of measles tends to be polarized.Children between 0-8 months old and older than 15 years old were at in higher risk than before,accounting for 21.89%and 19.99%of the total cases.The analysis of vaccination history showed that only 17.28%of the total measles cases were immunized,while 57.01%were not immunized and 25.71%without vaccination records. Conclusion The incidence rate of the measles in Zaozhuang is increasing.The important measures to eliminate measles are to enhance the monitoring of measles,eliminate the immune blank zone,improve the coverage of measles vaccine and carry out and strengthen immunization timely in key areas.
H1N1 Preventive Health Behaviors in a University Setting

Background: When H1N1 emerged in 2009, institutions of higher education were immediately faced with questions about how best to protect their community from the virus, yet limited information existed to help predict student preventive behaviors. Methods: The authors surveyed students at a large urban university in November 2009 to better understand how students perceived their susceptibility to and the severity of H1N1, which preventive behaviors they engaged in, and if policies impacted their preventive health decisions. Results: Preventive health behavior messaging had a mixed impact on students. Students made simple behavior changes to protect themselves from H1N1, especially if they perceived a high personal risk of contracting H1N1. Although policies were instituted to enable students to avoid classes when ill, almost no student self-isolated for the entire duration of their illness. Conclusions: These findings can help inform future decision making in a university setting to best influence preventive health behaviors.
Herfindahl-Hirschman meets international trade and development theories

To date there does not exist one a generally acceptable measure or index of Specialization in International Trade. Development Economic Theory embraces the expectation of a direct relationship between economic growth and export diversification. However, International Trade Theory supports the association of export expansion with increased specialization. The paper proposes a Specialization Index and applies it to six small developing countries: Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Tunisia and Morocco, during the years of their take offs. Additionally, the index is applied to the two large fast growing economies of Chine and India.
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Premature Neonates With Severe Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Cardiac catheterization studies have demonstrated that Doppler-derived flow velocities in the ductal flow jet and the left pulmonary artery accurately predict the aortopulmonary pressure difference and left-to-right shunt size in newborns. To assess the presence of persistent pulmonary hypertension in premature newborns with various degrees of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) severity, we estimated pulmonary artery pressure from the aortopulmonary pressure difference and pulmonary blood flow from the left pulmonary artery flow velocity with color-flow-directed, pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Seventy-nine premature neonates were divided into three groups--no or mild RDS (n = 27), severe RDS (n = 38), and fatal RDS (n = 14)--and compared with a group of healthy term neonates (n = 34). In premature and term neonates with no/mild RDS the mean +/- SEM aortopulmonary pressure difference increased from 7.3 +/- 0.4 and 6.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg to 22.8 +/- 1.4 and 21.4 +/- 1.1 mm Hg over the first 24 hours (P < .001). The mean aortopulmonary pressure difference was 0.9 +/- 0.3 mm Hg during the first 72 hours in neonates with fatal RDS, but increased from 1.5 +/- 0.3 mm Hg at 4 hours to 7.4 +/- 0.6 at 24 hours and 21.5 +/- 0.7 mm Hg at 72 hours of age in neonates with severe RDS. Left pulmonary artery velocity time integrals were 18.3 +/- 0.5 cm in premature and 18.8 +/- 0.5 cm in term neonates with no/mild RDS at 12 hours vs 11.2 +/- 0.4 cm in neonates with severe and 9.9 +/- 0.5 cm in neonates with fatal RDS (P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Susceptibility of Human Cell Strains to Transformation by Simian Virus 40 and Simian Virus 40 Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Marked differences were found in the susceptibility of human fibroblasts to transformation by simian virus 40 (SV40). Highly susceptible cell strains were derived from patients with diseases associated with chromosomal abnormalities and a high incidence of tumors. In the present study, SV40 transformation-susceptible cell strains were not found to have a generalized increase in viral sensitivity. The differences in transformation frequency among cell strains with whole virus are eliminated by the use of isolated SV40 deoxyribonucleic acid, suggesting that the relative resistance of most cell strains to transformation by whole virus is due to a block at an early step in infection.
Simplified current and delay models for deep submicron CMOS digital circuits

This paper presents a model for estimating the drain current in deep submicron (DSM) CMOS devices based on Sakurai and Newton's (1991) work, and hence is referred to as the modified SN-model. The proposed model preserves the simplicity of the SN-model while providing accurate drain current estimates for varying device widths. Manually computed current and delay values for inverter circuits via the proposed model match SPICE level 49 within 1.2% average (3% maximum) error in 0.25 /spl mu/m and 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS processes over a wide range of transistor widths, fanouts, and input rise/fall times. A generalized delay model for circuits with interconnect is also proposed with accuracy within 3% error over a wide range of buffer sizes and interconnect lengths. The proposed model has been successfully incorporated into a senior level circuit design course at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Methods for Study of the Chest Wall

The sections in this article are: 1 Measurements of Displacement 1.1 Measurement of Chest Wall Dimensions 1.2 Techniques for Measuring Volume Displacements 1.3 Assessment of Muscle Action 2 Pressure Measurements for Chest Wall 3 Neuromuscular Electrophysiological Measurements 3.1 Types of Electrodes 3.2 Characteristics of Neuromuscular Electrical Signals 3.3 Amplification and Filtering of Neuromuscular Electrical Signals 3.4 Introduction to Processing of Neuromuscular Electrical Signals 3.5 Mass Discharge Recordings: Extracting Respiratory Periodic Signal 3.6 Alternative Characterizations of Mass Discharge Recordings 3.7 Comparing Two Signals 3.8 Processing Single-Unit Activity 4 Conclusion
Comparison of the In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum and Leukocytes Against Bacteroides fragilis and Fusobacterium mortiferum in Aerobic and Anaerobic Environments

In aerobic and anaerobic in vitro environments, Fusobacterium mortiferum was killed by human leukocytes or serum alone or in combination; clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis were killed only by leukocytes in the presence of serum.
Comparison of photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance and transmission infrared spectroscopy for the study of carbon fibres

Abstract Three infrared spectroscopic methods—photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance and transmission—were evaluated for the qualitative analysis of carbon fibres. Transmission spectra of a potassium bromide (KBr) pellet detect the bulk of a carbon fibre, and are subject to interference by water in the KBr pellet. Extensive dehydration of a KBr pellet at elevated temperatures may cause chemical changes. In contrast, photoacoustic and diffuse reflectance methods are free of water interference. Both methods differentiate the near-surface region of a carbon fibre from its bulk, thus providing information about chemical structures in the near-surface. The photoacoustic, diffuse reflectance and transmission infrared spectra of a carbon fibre have similar band frequencies. Therefore diffuse reflectance and photoacoustic methods can be used for reliable qualitative analysis of carbon fibres.
Designing a First Experiment: A Project for Design of Experiment Courses

Abstract A project suitable for use as a first and last assignment given in an introductory experimental design course is outlined, and its implementation discussed. Phase 1 of the project is designed to be given at the beginning of a first course in experimental design and involves designing an experiment within instructor-specified parameters based initially on intuition and common sense. Phase 2, at the conclusion of the course, represents the final assignment of the course and encourages the student to critique their first design, suggest a “new and improved” design based on their newly acquired knowledge, and finally conduct an analysis of computer generated data (here using MINITAB, although choice of package is flexible) from an actual run of their experiment.
How many copepods

At present there are approximately 11 500 known species of copepods. The number of species described during the past 27 years is nearly two-thirds of all those described in the previous 100 years. Approximately one-third of marine copepod species are parasites or associates, nearly equally divided between those on fishes and those on invertebrates. Individual copepods are extremely abundant, not only as free-living species or parasites of fishes, but as associates of invertebrates, especially in the tropical regions of the world.
(Triethyl phosphate) pentaamminechromium (III) Perchlorate—A Potentially Useful Intermediate for the Synthesis of Pentaamminechromium (III) Complexes

Abstract (Triethy1 phosphate) pentaamminechromium (III) perchlorate has been prepared by the reaction of the corresponding azido complex with nitrosyl perchlorate in triethyl phosphate at 20–25°. An improved procedure for the preparation of the azido complex from the aquo complex by reaction of the latter with azide ion in aqueous solution is also presented.
NanoMesh: An Asynchronous Kilo-Core System-on-Chip

Innovative asynchronous circuits are central to the Ethernet switch chips from Intel's Switch and Router Division (formerly Fulcrum Microsystems). These circuits are complex, and it can be hard to gauge their benefits since there are few direct comparisons. For this paper, we apply the technology and tool flow developed for these commercial products to a familiar benchmark: a network of general purpose processors on a chip. The processor is a single-issue 32-bit integer RISC core, a from-scratch implementation mostly compatible with the MIPS R3000. The network uses a 16-port 32-bit fully connected Nexus crossbar. We achieve greater scalability by linking these crossbars in a 2D mesh with clusters of 8 cores and 4 cardinal and 4 diagonal links per tile. Each core has 64KB of local memory and can access the memory of any other core in the mesh. Our design makes heavy use of the Proteus synthesis, place & route flow, as well as existing custom cells. It required only a few man-months of effort to develop a complete gate-level design and physical floor-plan which can run simple C programs such as Dhrystone. A few more man-months will produce a test chip, expected in 2013.
Haloperidol differentially affects reinforcement and motivational processes in rats running an alley for intravenous heroin.

The role of drug-paired environmental stimuli in opiate self-administration was investigated by exposing animals to discrete cues that were predictive of the availability or unavailability of heroin reinforcement. Rats were trained to traverse a straight arm runway for a reinforcement consisting of a single 0.1 mg/kg intravenous infusion of heroin delivered upon entrance to the goal box. On each trial, one of two discriminative olfactory stimuli (orange and almond) was used: one which signaled the availability of heroin in the goal box (S+), and one which signaled its absence (S-). The effect of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonism on reinforcement and motivational processes was investigated by pretreating subjects with 0.0, 0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg of the DA receptor antagonist drug, haloperidol. Haloperidol had no effect on operant runway performance (i.e. goal time) in any condition. However, 24 h later, on the first post-treatment trial, those haloperidol animals that received heroin in the goal box on the previous trial (i.e. the S+ condition) ran reliably more slowly than subjects that received vehicle on the previous S+ trial. These results suggest that haloperidol does not affect the motivational properties of stimuli which predict the availability of heroin, while it does diminish the reinforcing effects of actually receiving heroin.
High temperature X-ray studies of mayenite synthesized using the citrate sol–gel method

Abstract Room temperature and high temperature x-ray powder diffraction and differential thermal analysis/thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA) have been used to characterize the phase evolution of bulk mayenite (Ca 12 Al 14 O 33 ) prepared using the citrate sol–gel method. These studies have shown that single phase mayenite forms at 900 °C in air after approximately three hours. High temperature x-ray powder diffraction data show that when firing in air at temperatures 600 °C and below only amorphous content is observed; above 600 °C CaCO 3 is the first phase to crystallize. For samples quenched at 800 °C and evaluated using room temperature x-ray powder diffraction mayenite, CaAl 2 O 4 , and CaCO 3 were present. High temperature x-ray diffraction data collected while firing in 4% H 2 /96% N 2 reveals that CaCO 3 does not form and Ca 12 Al 14 O 33 starts to form around 850 °C. DTA/TGA data collected either in a nitrogen environment or air on samples synthesized using the citrate gel method support the complete decomposition of metastable phases and the formation of mayenite at 900 °C, although the phase evolution is different depending on the environment.
An Instrument to Measure the Backscattering Coefficient bb for Arbitrary Phase Functions

We present the ocean optics community with the first instrumentation to directly measure the backscattering coefficient of natural waters for arbitrary phase functions. It is suitable for in situ applications and has the requisite resolution.
15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 attenuates endothelial-monocyte interaction: implication for inflammatory diseases

Background The Infiltration of leukocytes across the brain endothelium is a hallmark of various neuroinflammatory disorders. Under inflammatory conditions, there is increased expression of specific cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on activated vascular endothelial cells which increases the adhesion and infiltration of leukocytes. TNFα is one of the major proinflammatory cytokines that causes endothelial dysfunction by various mechanisms including activation of transcription factor NF-κB, a key transcription factor that regulates expression of CAMs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear hormone superfamily of ligand-activated transcriptional factors. 15-deoxy-δ 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a well recognized natural ligand of PPARγ and possesses anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of 15-PGJ2 on the adhesion of mononuclear cells to activated endothelial cells.
Effect of Symmetric and Asymmetric Aberrations on the Phase of the Transfer Function

The effect of symmetric and asymmetric aberrations on the phase of the optical transfer function is examined, and it is shown that abrupt phase jumps do not occur; in addition, an unambiguous method of presenting the phase of the transfer function is presented.
That's what friends are for: facilitating 'who knows what' across group boundaries

We describe the design and evaluation of K-net, a social matching system to help people learn 'who knows what' in an organization by matching people with skills with those who need them. Transactive memory theory predicts that K-net will improve individuals' awareness of 'who knows what'. This should lead to improved performance through sharing knowledge across group boundaries. We evaluate K-net in terms of these predictions in an experiment with 41 students in seven groups working on software engineering projects. Accurate recommendations improved awareness of 'who knows what' versus 'random' recommendations, but did not improve performance. Our results highlight issues related to the evaluation of systems for sharing knowledge across group boundaries.
Observation and analysis of weak-fringing faults in Ti-6 wt% Al

Abstract Weak-fringing faults have been observed in planar slip bands in a Ti-6 wt% Al alloy by transmission electron microscopy. The magnitude of the contrast was observed to increase with the number of dislocations shearing a particular region in the slip plane, and the fringe contrast was observed to saturate along a slip band. The fault fringes were determined to be caused by a residual displacement of the form R =(1/n)(1110). An upper bound on the magnitude of increasing R for prism slip bands was estimated to be between 1/145(1120) - 1/104(1120) using quantitative image matching simulations. The sign of R is found to be antiparallel to the direction of the Burgers vector b of the a-type dislocations in the slip bands. It was also observed that fringe contrast was always weaker for basal slip bands. Comparison with image simulations indicated that the magnitude of the residual displacement is smaller on the basal plane. The origin of the residual displacements is attributed to the relaxation processe...
Race And Ethnicity: Powerful Cultural Forecasters Of Science Learning And Performance

This article addresses the impact of race and ethnicity on students' science learning in US schools. Specifically, it discusses (a) the constructs of race, ethnicity, and culture, and the racial and ethnic student composition in US public schools; (b) effective classroom practices for curriculum, instruction, and assessment related to race and ethnicity; and (c) future policy and practice regarding race and ethnicity in science education. We discuss the science learning and teaching of African American, Latino, and Asian American students. Even though Asian American students are viewed as the model minority, some struggle with science learning, because their languages and cultures are seen as hurdles. As there is little defendable science education research related to Native Americans at the precollege level, we remain silent in this area.
Four-regular graphs with rigid vertices associated to DNA recombination

Genome rearrangement and homological recombination processes have been modeled by Angeleska et al. [A. Angeleska, N. Jonoska, M. Saito, DNA recombinations through assembly graphs, Discrete Appl. Math. 157 (2009) 3020-3037] as 4-regular spacial graphs with rigid vertices, called assembly graphs. These graphs can also be represented by double occurrence words called assembly words. The rearranged DNA segments are modeled by certain types of paths in the assembly graphs called polygonal paths. The minimum number of polygonal paths visiting all vertices in a graph is called an assembly number for the graph. In this paper, we give formulas for counting certain types of assembly graphs and assembly words. Some of these formulas produce sequences not previously reported at the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (http://oeis.org). We provide a sharp upper bound for the number of polygonal paths in Hamiltonian sets of polygonal paths, and present a family of graphs that achieves this bound. We investigate changes in the assembly numbers as a result of graph compositions. Finally, we introduce a polynomial invariant for assembly graphs and show properties of this invariant.
Rates of retrieval of self-injectable epinephrine prescriptions: a descriptive report

Background Some studies have demonstrated poor patient compliance with carrying and administering self-injectable epinephrine (SIE). No study has attempted to define the number or characteristics of patients who are prescribed SIE and subsequently do not retrieve the prescription. Objectives To determine fill rates of SIE prescriptions and to provide a descriptive report of patients who do not fill those prescriptions. Methods This was a retrospective review of electronic medical records of patients prescribed SIE at a large military medical center in a 1-year period. Rates of prescription retrieval were determined, and patient demographic information was collected. Additional information recorded included the number of devices prescribed per prescription, the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision , code associated with each prescription, and the ambulatory care setting associated with the patient encounter resulting in the prescription. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ 2 test. Results There were 881 SIE prescriptions entered for 769 patients, and 630 patients (82%) filled at least 1 prescription. Individuals older than 55 years filled their SIE prescriptions more often than those 55 years and younger ( P P Conclusions Elderly patients and those receiving care in clinic settings are more likely to fill an SIE prescription. Determining why patients do not fill an SIE prescription may help focus patient education efforts.
Development of high dielectric constant epitaxial oxides on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy

Thin films of perovskite-type oxide SrTiO 3 have been grown epitaxially on Si(001) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) we have determined the optimum growth conditions for these type of oxides directly on silicon. Also, observations of RHEED during growth and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicate that high quality heteroepitaxy on Si takes place with SrTiO 3 (001)//Si(001) and SrTiO 3 [010]//Si[110]. Thin SrTiO 3 layers grown directly on Si were used as the gate dielectric for the fabrication of MOSFET devices. An effective oxide thickness < 10 A has been obtained for a 110 A thick SrTiO 3 dielectric film with interface state density around 6.4 x 10 10 cm -2 eV -1 , and the inversion layer carrier mobilities of 220 and 62 cm 2 V -1 s -1 for NMOS and PMOS devices, respectively.
Signal Degradation through a 12 × 12 Optical Packet Switching Network

The Q factor for a 10 Gbps signal is extrapolated from eye diagram time and amplitude window measurements after each hop through a five-node path in a complete 12 × 12 optical packet switching fabric.
On the possibility of obtaining stimulated emission without inversion

Abstract It is shown that in a two photon emission at frequencies ω and ω′, amplication at frequency ω can be achieved without population inversion if (i)ω
Sexually Dimorphic Response of TRPM2 Inhibition Following Cardiac Arrest-Induced Global Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Transient global cerebral ischemia due to cardiac arrest followed by resuscitation (CA/CPR) causes significant neurological damage in vulnerable neuron populations within the brain, such as hippocampal CA1 neurons. In recent years, we have implicated the transient receptor potential M2 (TRPM2) channel as a mediator of ischemic injury to neurons. We previously demonstrated that genetic and pharmacological strategies that reduce TRPM2 function preferentially protect male neurons in vitro and reduce infarct volume following experimental stroke. Due to the narrow therapeutic window for intervention following ischemic stroke, it is important to assess the role of TRPM2 in other models of cerebral ischemia. Therefore, this study utilized a modified mouse model of CA/CPR to mimic more accurately the clinical condition by maintaining body and head temperatures near the physiological range throughout. Here, we report that inhibition of TRPM2 activity with clotrimazole reduces hippocampal CA1 neuronal injury when administered 30 min after resuscitation from cardiac arrest. Consistent with our previous observations, neuroprotection was observed in male mice and no effect on injury was observed in the female. These findings provide further evidence for TRPM2 as a target for protection against cerebral ischemia in the male brain.
Promoting environmental sensitivity within the fishing industry

The traditional fishing and shellfishing industries of New England depend on the vitality and renewability of the marine environment for their economic health, yet they have historically overfished species to near-depletion, resisted attempts to manage their resources, and discharged their wastes into coastal waters. In 1979, the Massachusetts Audubon Society established Resources for Cape Ann, a local program based in Gloucester, Massachusetts (the highest volume fishing port in New England), designed to encourage environmental sensitivity within the fishing and shellfishing industry. Among the techniques available for environmental education, Resources for Cape Ann chose to pursue cooperative political alliances on issues of common concern (e.g. Outer Continental Shelf oil and gas exploration and pollution of intertidal shellfish flats). Through these alliances, program staff built credibility and mutual understanding with key leaders of the industry, and then sought to translate that understanding into support for improved shellfish resource management and reduced fish processing waste discharges. Though this approach relies heavily on intense personal contact and though it at times requires the submergence of purely environmental concerns so as not to antagonize political allies, it has succeeded in improving shellfishermen awareness and building credibility among the fishing industry in general.
Self-Registration Methods for Increasing Membrane Utilization within Compression-Sealed Microchannel Hemodialysers

More than 1.2 million people worldwide require regular hemodialysis therapy to treat end stage renal failure. Current hemodialysis systems are too expensive to support at-home hemodialysis where more frequent and longer duration treatment can lead to better patient outcomes. The key cost driver for hemodialysers is the cost of the hemodialysis membrane. Microchannel hemodialysers are smaller providing the potential to use significantly less membrane. Prior work has demonstrated the use of sealing bosses to form compression seals in microchannel hemodialysers. In this paper, estimates show that the percentage of the membrane utilized for mass transfer is highly dependent on the design and registration accuracy of adjacent blood and dialysate laminae. Efforts here focus on the development of a self-registration method to align polycarbonate laminae compatible with compression sealing schemes for membrane separation applications. Self-nesting registration methods were demonstrated with average registration accuracies of 11.4 ± 7.2 μm measured over a 50 mm scale. Analysis shows that the registration accuracy is constrained by tolerances in the embossing process. A dialysis test article was produced using the self-nesting registration method showing a measured average one-dimensional misregistration of 18.5 μm allowing a potential 41.4% of the membrane to be utilized for mass transfer when considering both microchannel and header regions. Mass transfer results provide evidence of a twofold to threefold increase in membrane utilization over other designs in the existing literature.
Cylindrical void in a rigid-ideally plastic single crystal. Part I: Anisotropic slip line theory solution for face-centered cubic crystals

Abstract The fracture toughness of ductile materials depends upon the ability of the material to resist the growth of microscale voids near a crack tip. Mechanics analyses of the elastic–plastic deformation state around such voids typically assume the surrounding material to be isotropic. However, the voids exist predominantly within a single grain of a polycrystalline material, so it is necessary to account for the anisotropic nature of the surrounding material. In the present work, anisotropic slip line theory is employed to derive the stress and deformation state around a cylindrical void in a single crystal oriented so that plane strain conditions are admitted from three effective in-plane slip systems. The deformation state takes the form of angular sectors around the circumference of the void. Only one of the three effective slip systems is active within each sector. Each slip sector is further subdivided into smaller sectors inside of which it is possible to derive the stress state. Thus the theory predicts a highly heterogeneous stress and deformation state. In addition, it is shown that the in-plane pressure necessary to activate plastic deformation around a cylindrical void in an anisotropic material is significantly higher than that necessary for an isotropic material. Experiments and single crystal plasticity finite element simulations of cylindrical voids in single crystals, both of which exhibit a close correspondence to the analytical theory, are discussed in a companion paper.
Residency Requirement for Pharmacists Providing Direct Patient Care

A residency requirement has been proposed as a prerequisite for all pharmacists providing direct patient care. This editorial explores the basis for requiring a residency, direct patient care offered by pharmacists with or without a residency, needs to increase interprofessional team-based health care, importance of distinguishing levels of pharmacy practice, role of pharmacy technicians, availability of residency positions, and future of pharmacy residencies. All PharmD graduates should be able to provide a certain level of direct patient care, including medication therapy management services, without completing a residency, and residency programs should be offered for complex levels of direct patient care in all practice settings.
Thermally enhanced high performance cellulose nano fibril barrier membranes

Reported here is a method of thermal treatment to enhance the barrier properties of membranes made from Cellulose Nano Fibrils (CNFs). CNF membranes of 75 ± 5 μm thickness were prepared by evaporation of water from a suspension of CNFs. This was followed by thermal treatment at different temperatures (100 °C, 125 °C, 150 °C, and 175 °C) for 3 hours and subsequent conditioning at 23 °C and 50% relative humidity for 24 hours. Increasing thermal treatment temperature correlated with enhanced barrier properties; the oxygen and water vapor permeability decreased by 25 fold and 2 fold respectively after treatment at 175 °C. The reduction in permeability was attributed to an increase in crystallinity, reduction of the inter fibril space or porosity, and increase in hydrophobicity. These effects were also demonstrated to be analogous to hornification of cellulose fibers.
Technically Efficient Movement Patterns and Manufacturing Plant Locations under Regionally Coordinated Milk Assembly

The organization and subsequent marketing activities of regional dairy producer cooperatives in the United States have recently been the subject of public debate (Hudek, Hutt). The debate has centered on what role, if any, such regional organizations should be permitted in the assembly, movement, and processing of raw milk. To date, these public discussions have focused attention on what effect, if any, the regional dairy cooperatives have had on the level of raw milk prices. A related question within the context of these public sector concerns is how the activities of these regional organizations affect the technical operating efficiencies (i.e., the costs) involved in performing the raw milk assembly function. For the most part, this question has been ignored. It has been simply assumed that an atomized milk assembly system would also be technically efficient. The research reported in this paper is an attempt to determine the seasonal raw milk movement patterns and manufacturing plant locations that would minimize the combined costs of assembling all raw milk produced in a specific geographic region and processing the raw milk not delivered to bottling plants for fluid use into a manufactured product form. It is hypothesized that if (a) the economies of size in manufactured product processing are substantial relative to transportation costs, so that the optimal number of such plants "needed" within the region is small, and (b) the optimal movement patterns from production areas to all plants in the region are seasonal in nature, then cost minimization for the region can only be accomplished with a relatively high level of coordination in the handling of raw milk and within an organizational structure that allows individual producers to be indifferent as to the ultimate disposition of their production. The analysis is conducted within the southeastern region of the United States, roughly including the nine-state area east of the Mississippi River and extending south from Ohio and West Virginia. A regional dairy producer cooperative in the area makes ex ante commitments to deliver specified quantities of fluid eligible raw milk to the already existing bottling plants in the region. The raw milk produced but not sold for use in the fluid form is then processed into cheese, butter, or powdered milk by either the cooperative or proprietary handlers. Thus, taking as given the number, size, and location of the fluid bottling plants, the research problem becomes one of determining the seasonal movements for all milk and the number, size, and location of "hard-product" manufacturing plants that will minimize movement and processing costs. Obviously, the size and location of the manufacturing plants cannot be determined without simultaneously considering optimal movement patterns to the fluid bottling plants.
Finite element error estimates and adaptive grid refinement

A procedure for estimating errors in a finite element solution is used to guide local refinement of the grid. Coupled with an unstructured grid generator, this method is used in an iterative process to resolve the solution to an electric field problem in a more efficient manner than the global grid refinement used in the past. The analysis and refinement are automated to reduce the error in the gradients to some predetermined level of accuracy allowing the solution to be used with more confidence.
Try a little history

This presentation describes ways in which teachers could use computing history to enrich topics in their courses. Computing history can be a very effective tool to teach computing courses. Using history as a pedagogical technique contributes to students' understanding and their life-long learning experiences. History also encourages students to appreciate better the subject at hand and enables them to gain a better sense of the nature of inquiry surrounding their area of study that includes the human dimension.
Occult stress urinary incontinence and the effect of vaginal vault prolapse on abdominal leak point pressures.

Abstract Objectives. To compare the difference in abdominal leak point pressures (ALPPs) between patients with large cystoceles and severe vaginal vault prolapse and to assess the frequency of occult stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in these groups. Methods. A total of 24 adult female patients with pelvic prolapse underwent prospective fluorourodynamic testing to determine the change in ALPP with and without reduction of the pelvic prolapse. Twelve patients had grade III-IV vaginal vault prolapse and 12 had large cystoceles without vault prolapse. ALPP testing was performed with the prolapse unreduced and then reduced using gauze packing and a vaginal speculum. Results. In patients with vault prolapse, the frequency of occult SUI was 50% (6 of 12) and the mean decrease in ALPP was 59 cm H 2 O after prolapse reduction. In the patients with cystocele, all patients had overt SUI, and the mean change in ALPP was 11 cm H 2 O after prolapse reduction. A component of intrinsic sphincter deficiency was identified in 9 (75%) of 12 women with vault prolapse after reduction, and 8 (66%) of 12 women with no vault prolapse had a component of intrinsic sphincter deficiency before reduction, with an additional 2 (17%) of 12 patients after reduction. Conclusions. There is a high incidence of occult SUI in patients with vault prolapse and the ALPP after reduction is decreased to a much greater degree in patients with vaginal vault prolapse than in patients with cystocele alone. By reducing the pelvic prolapse during urodynamic testing, an accurate ALPP can be obtained, allowing the appropriate incontinence procedure to be performed.
A thermodynamic model for determining pressure and temperature effects on the bandgap energies and other properties of some semiconductors

Abstract Semiconductor bandgap energies are shown to be equal to the difference between the sum of the standard chemical potentials of free electrons and holes and standard chemical potential of the recombined electron-hole pairs when equilibrium occurs at a given temperature and pressure. The decrease in the bandgap energies of diamond semiconductors with increasing temperature is shown to be caused by the interaction of the free electrons, holes and recombined electron-hole pairs with lattice phonons and linear expansion of the lattice constant. The determined bandgap energies and other intrinsic properties of nondegenerate GaAs are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental data as a function of temperature and pressure. The proposed model is also shown to be useful in determining the effects of temperature and pressure on the intrinsic properties of epilayers and substrate in the metal-semiconductor junctions and heterojunctions.
Chip multiprocessing and the cell broadband engine

Chip multiprocessing has become an exciting new direction for system designers to deliver increased performance by exploiting CMOS scaling. We discuss key design decisions facing the system architect of a chip multiprocessor and describe how these choices were made in the design of the Cell Broadband Engine.An important decision is whether to base system performance on thread-level parallelism alone, or to complement thread-level parallelism with other forms of parallelism. Depending on workload characteristics, providing parallelism at the processor core level may increase overall system efficiency.Parallelism is also a key to utilize available memory bandwidth more efficiently, by overlapping and interleaving multiple accesses to system memory. By interleaving the access streams of multiple threads, memory level parallelism can be increased to allow better memory interface utilization. In addition, compute-transfer parallelism (CTP) offers a new form of parallelism to initiate memory transfers under software control without stalling the requesting thread.We describe how the Cell Broadband Enginetmuses parallelism at all levels of the system abstraction to deliver a quantum leap in application performance, and how the Cell Synergistic Memory Flow engine exploits compute-transfer level parallelism by providing efficient block transfer capabilities.
The Attachment Between Tooth and Gingival Tissues After Periodic Root Planing and Soft Tissue Curettage

Utilizing a nonhuman primate model, a study was carried out to determine the nature of the attachment between the tooth and the gingival tissues following periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. Under the conditions of this investigation, periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage combined with thrice weekly plaque control resulted in the formation of a long junctional epithelium with no new connective tissue attachment. In eight of the 22 experimental pockets, however, this procedure produced discontinuities or "windows" in the junctional epithelium. The coronal attachment of gingival tissues to the root surface (increased resistance to probing) commonly reported following root planing and soft tissue curettage appears to result from the formation of a long junctional epithelium rather than new connective tissue attachment.
The effect of multiple mating on genetic relatedness in larval aggregations of the imported willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolora, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The effect of multiple mating on the average genetic relatedness within socially interacting sib groups was studied in the imported willow leaf beetle. Using an electrophoretically determined genetic marker, it was demonstrated that between 49 and 96% of wild caught females produce egg clutches expressing multiple sires. Following theoretical predictions of Wade (1982), this information was used to estimate the harmonic mean number of sires per family and then the average relatedness within families. Average relatedness was estimated to be 0.38. An alternate form of data analysis suggested by Pamilo and Crozier (1982) did not require any knowledge of paternity and resulted in a slightly higher estimate of relatedness, 0.44.