cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organohalogen and organophosphorous pesticide method for ginseng root--a comparison of gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

A method has been developed for the analysis of 170 organohalogen and organophosphorous pesticides, isomers, and metabolites in dried ground ginseng root. Pesticides were extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and primary/secondary amine modified silica (PSA)/graphitized carbon black (GCB) combination SPE column. Each purified pesticide extract was determined by both gas chromatography single quadrupole mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring (GC-qMS-SIM) and by gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HR-TOFMS). The geometric mean LOQs using the qMS and TOFMS were 4 and 3 ng/g ginseng, respectively. Mean recoveries from ginseng were 83, 79, and 75% with standard deviations of 4, 5, and 3%, respectively, for 25, 100, and 500 ng/g using GC-qMS-SIM. Mean recoveries using GC-HR-TOFMS were 93, 85, and 81% with mean standard deviations of 7, 7, and 8% for 25, 100, and 500 ng/g, respectively. Seven dried ginseng root products wer...
Novel Segment Polarity Gene Interactions during Embryonic Head Development in Drosophila

In the trunk of theDrosophilaembryo, the segment polarity genes are initially activated by the pair-rule genes, and later maintain each other's expression through a complex network of cross-regulatory interactions. These interactions, which are critical to cell fate specification, are similar in each of the trunk segments. To determine whether segment polarity gene expression is established differently outside the trunk, we studied the regulation of the geneshedgehog(hh),wingless(wg), andengrailed(en) in each of the segments of the developing head. We show that the cross-regulatory relationships among these genes, as well as their initial mode of activation, in the anterior head are significantly different from those in the trunk. In addition, each head segment exhibits a unique network of segment polarity gene interactions. We propose that these segment-specific interactions evolved to specify the high degree of structural diversity required for head morphogenesis.
Practice Guidelines for Recreation Therapy in the Care of People with Dementia (CE)

Activity is a basic human need expressed in work and leisure pursuits. Unfortunately, people with dementia have a low rate of activity participation because of associated physical and cognitive constraints. Recently, the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA) held a consensus meeting to address this issue and formulate practice guidelines for recreation therapy in the care of people with dementia. The consensus document presents an evidence-based intervention theory that draws on the science of two disciplines: nursing and recreation therapy. This article reports on the ATRA guidelines and illustrates their applicability in a case study of a resident with severe aggression associated with dementia.
Rat liver phosphofructokinase isozymes

Abstract The labile phosphofructokinase activity of rat liver was found to be stabilized and efficiently extracted in 50 m m Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 50 m m NaF, 10 m m dithiothreitol, and 1.0 m m ATP. By the method of DEAE-cellulose chromatography liver phosphofructokinase activity could be resolved into two isozymes. The major isozyme which was 85% of the total isolated activity was purified to homogeneity. This 15,000-fold purified isozyme had a specific activity of about 90 IU/mg protein with 25–30% recovery of the total activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-treated isozyme indicated a subunit molecular weight of 65,000. Antiserum to the major isozyme was obtained from rabbits, and immunotitration of the two isozymes indicated that they were immunologically different. Kinetic properties of the two isozymes indicated that the major isozyme was more susceptible to ATP and citrate inhibition as well as relief of ATP and citrate inhibition by fructose-6- P , AMP, and ammonia. With the use of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and antiserum titration of 100,000 g supernatant fluids, it was shown that the two hepatic isozymes were always found together in adult, embryonic, and neoplastic liver and in kidney.
Deletion of a nuclease-sensitive region between the Igf2 and H19 genes leads to Igf2 misregulation and increased adiposity

The insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (Igf2) is imprinted in most somatic tissues of the mouse with the exception of the choroid plexus and leptomeninges of the brain, where it is expressed from both alleles. The imprinting of Igf2 is dependent upon an imprinting control region (ICR) that lies 90 kb 3' of the gene and acts as a chromatin insulator to block enhancers that lie further 3' on the chromosome. Based on this model we would expect that enhancers of brain-specific expression of Igf2 would lie 5' of the ICR, and thus be insensitive to its action. Here we describe a 12 kb deletion of a region 5' of the ICR that is hypersensitive to nuclease digestion in chromatin. Its deletion results in a biallelic decrease in expression of Igf2, but not H19, in the brain, consistent with the proposal that it encodes a positive regulatory element. In addition, the deletion results in a minor relaxation of Igf2 imprinting in skeletal muscle and tongue. Lastly, the reduction in IGFII expression in the adult is accompanied by increased fat deposition and occasional obesity. Overweight animals are hypophagic, suggesting that IGFII affects fat metabolism rather than feeding behavior in adult mice.
The effects of chloramphenicol on mitosis of phytohemagglutinin stimulated human leukocytes

Abstract Lymphocyte transformation to blast cells induced by phytohemagglutinin was not inhibited by chloramphenicol in cultures. Chloramphenicol induced a decrease in the mitotic index in 6 out of 10 normal subjects, and these 6 individuals showed increased polyploidy in 4 day cultures. These 6 individuals were all positive to the tuberculin skin test. In 4 out of 10 individuals the chloramphenicol treated cultures showed no diminution of mitotic index, and no evidence of polyploidy in 4 day cultures. These 4 individuals were negative to the tuberculin skin test.
An analysis of federal court cases involving nine selection devices.

A content analysis of US federal court cases was conducted to assess the relative frequency of litigation associated with nine selection devices: 1) unstructured interviews; 2) structured interviews; 3) biographical information blanks; 4) cognitive ability tests; 5) personality tests; 6) honesty tests; 7) physical ability tests; 8) work sample tests; and 9) assessment centers. The outcomes of the cases (whether the devices were ruled to be discriminatory) for each of the nine types of selection devices were also examined. The possible implications of the current findings for organizations and researchers are discussed.
Inhibition of Axon Growth by Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells

The glial scar that forms at the site of injury is thought to be a biochemical and physical barrier to successful regeneration, although the molecules responsible for this barrier function are not well understood. Glia scars contain large numbers of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and these cells can produce several different growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), including NG2, neurocan, and phosphacan. Here, we used membrane-based assays to show that the surface of OPCs is both nonpermissive and inhibitory for neurite outgrowth. Inhibition of growth by OPC is reversed by treatment with antibodies against the NG2 CSPG and the expression of NG2 is sufficient to change a growth-permissive cell surface to a nonpermissive surface. These result suggest that the OPCs that accumulate rapidly at sites of CNS injury can contribute to the creation of an environment that inhibits nerve regeneration and that NG2 is a necessary feature of that environment.
Enhanced backscattering in a magnetic field

Abstract By means of numerical simulations the authors study the scattering of a beam of p-polarized light from a small RMS slope one-dimensional random surface on a semi-infinite metal or n-type semiconductor to which a constant magnetic field is applied. The surface is defined by the equation x 3=ξ(x 1), where the surface profile function ξ(x 1) is a stationary stochastic Gaussian process. The plane of incidence is the x 1 x 3 plane, and the magnetic field is directed along the x 2-axis. In the presence of the magnetic field the dispersion curve for the surface polaritons supported by the surface in the absence of the random roughness becomes non-reciprocal, i.e. the wavenumber k +(ω) for a surface polariton of frequency ω propagating in the +x 1-direction is unequal to the (magnitude of the) wavenumber k −(ω) for a surface polariton of the same frequency propagating in the −x 1-direction. As a consequence of this they find that the peak in the angular distribution of the intensity of the incoherent com...
The synthesis and structural analysis of the bis-Co2(CO)6 adduct of the cyclic tetrayne C20H8

Abstract The reaction of the cyclic tetrayne 2 with Co2(CO)8 at 25°C has yielded the double addition product, C20H8[Co2(CO)6]2, 3 in a 39% yield. Compound 3 was characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The two Co2(CO)6 groupings have been added to two alkyne groups on opposite sides of the tetrayne ring in order to minimize steric interactions. The molecule is centrosymmetrical and the central C12 ring is planar. The two Co–Co bonds are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the C12 ring.
Potentiometric titration of plutonium

In the potentiometric titration of plutonium(III), it has been customary to take the equivalence point as the inflection point on a plot of potential vs. volume of titrant.1 That the stoichiometric end point corresponds to the inflection point does not seem to have been theoretically demonstrated, however. The purpose of this letter is to suggest that these points may not correspond in the potentiometric titration of plutonium(III).
Outcomes of severely abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in structurally normal singleton fetuses

Objective: To construct a management guide for preterm pregnancies complicated by severely abnormal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on all cases of absent or reversed end-diastolic flow umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry identified through an ultrasound data base. Maternal and perinatal outcome variables were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed using both parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques. Seventy-one cases were identified over a 5-year period. After excluding multiple gestations, anomalous fetuses, and two cases that were terminated before 24 weeks' gestation, 56 singleton gestations remained for analysis. Results: Among the 56 subjects, there were 45 survivors and 11 deaths (five fetal and six neonatal deaths). Nonsurvivors had a significantly lower gestational age at diagnosis and delivery. Nonsurviving live-born neonates had lower Apgar scores and were significantly smaller; however, there were no differences in proportion or severity of fetal growth restriction in survivors and nonsurvivors. There were no differences in last biophysical profile before delivery or interval from diagnosis of reversed end-diastolic flow to delivery. Predictors of nonsurvival were the presence of reversed end-diastolic flow and oligohydramnios. Perinatal mortality for reversed end-diastolic flow was 333/1000 and 94/1000 for absent end-diastolic flow. Risk for perinatal death was highly gestational age dependent. For delivery at less than 26 weeks, survival was one of four; at 26–27.9 weeks, survival was seven of 12; and at 28 weeks or greater, survival was 37 of 40. Conclusion: Whereas severely abnormal umbilical artery blood flow poses significant risk for pregnancy, perinatal mortality is dominated by gestational age at diagnosis and delivery. This may reflect the severity of the disease or the low survival of very immature gestations. Interventions on behalf of the fetus at very early gestational ages should be undertaken with caution.
Impaired feeding responses to intragastric, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats with zona incerta lesions.

Abstract Rats with rostromedial zona incerta lesions displayed severely attenuated feeding responses to intragastric injections of 750, 1000, or 1250 mg/kg of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) which elicited optimal feeding and few debilitating side effects in neurologically intact controls. Rats with ZI lesions also ate little, if at all, in response to low doses (200 and 300 mg/kg) of 2-DG administered subcutaneously which were approximately as effective in controls as the intragastric injections of much larger doses. The experimental animals also responded poorly to a standard (600 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 2-DG but showed only a small impairment in responding to 8 Units/kg of insulin. These results suggest that less stressful routes of administration do not ameliorate the ZI rat's severe deficit in responding to 2-DG that has been reported after IP injections of large doses of the compound, and replicate the observation that insulin feeding is impaired relatively little if at all.
Commentary: Beyond historical precedent.

By giving lists of patients' A1C levels to physicians and health care institutions, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene is engaging not simply in surveillance but is altering the health system as well. Yet because of the ways in which we have historically discussed surveillance—either in terms of the state as intruder or state as provider—we risk missing the true import of the measure.
Convergent syntheses of [Sn7{C6H3-2,6-(C6H3-2,6-iPr2)2}2]: a cluster with a rare pentagonal bipyramidal motif

Two complementary synthetic routes to a pentagonal bipyramidal Sn7 cluster, Sn7Aryl2 (Aryl = terphenyl ligand), are reported.
Deformation and breakup of micro- and nanoparticle stabilized droplets in microfluidic extensional flows.

Using a microfluidic flow-focusing device, monodisperse water droplets in oil were generated and their interface populated by either 1 μm or 500 nm amine modified silica particles suspended in the water phase. The deformation and breakup of these Pickering droplets were studied in both pure extensional flow and combined extensional and shear flow at various capillary numbers using a microfluidic hyperbolic contraction. The shear resulted from droplet confinement and increased with droplet size and position along the hyperbolic contraction. Droplet deformation was found to increase with increasing confinement and capillary number. At low confinements and low capillary numbers, the droplet deformation followed the predictions of theory. For fully confined droplets, where the interface was populated by 1 μm silica particles, the droplet deformation increased precipitously and two tails were observed to form at the rear of the droplet. These tails were similar to those seen for surfactant covered droplets. At...
Designing better nano biosensors: Role of pore confinement of biomolecules

The goal of this work is to understand the role of nano confinement in designing molecular biosensors. We have been investigating micro devices incorporated with nanoporous membranes as molecular bio-sensor platforms. Ultra low detection of biomolecules is the key expectation from the new class of molecular biosensors utilizing nanomaterial. In this paper we have evaluated the role of the physical attributes of nano-porous aluminum oxide membranes in nanoconfinement and enhancing sensitivity of detection of protein biomolecules. In this biosensor configuration we have generated a sandwich assay in a high density array of nanoscale confined spaces generated by overlaying the nanoporous alumina membrane over metallic microscale sensing sites. The binding of the biomolecules results in the perturbation of the electrical double layer due to the binding of the test protein (C-reactive protein). Using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the capacitance changes in the electrical double layer associated with specific protein binding has been evaluated. The sensor performance metrics of sensitivity and dynamic range have been analyzed with changes in the pore diameter.
Discrimination in mortgage lending: The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act

There exists a long history of legislation at the national and state levels in the United States designed to have an impact on the home mortgage lending market. The present research makes use of data available through one national legislative act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, to ascertain if some census tracts in Memphis, Tennessee are experiencing lower than expected rates of mortgage lending from conventional and governmental sources due to the percent of their population which is black. The data indicate that even after instituting objective controls, i.e., income, neighborhood conditions, and two dimensions of demand, the percent of the population which is black significantly affects (negatively) lending rates. These results are discussed in regard to (1) the implications for patterns of city growth and development, and (2) further legislative action required to make the study of such dis-crimination easier for a public charged with that responsibility.
Quantification of carbaryl in pineapples by HPLC and GCMS-CI-NH3.

Les ananas importes aux USA en provenance du Mexique contiennent du carbaryl. Description du dosage de ce pesticide par deux methodes : chromatographie liquide haute performance et chromatographie gazeuse-spectrometrie de masse avec ionisation chimique de l'ammoniac. Etablissement des courbes d'etalonnage
OT-03WHEN TO BIOPSY A PINEAL REGION MASS IN CHILDREN

Pineal region tumors account for 2.8-9% of all CNS malignancies in children. The differential diagnosis of a pediatric pineal region tumor is broad and diagnostic strategies can vary. Literature combining medical and radiographic data prior to considering surgical biopsy is sparse. At times a biopsy and/or resection may not be necessary and carries associated morbidity. By using specific criteria to direct diagnosis these risks can be minimized. The criteria utilized show how tumor markers and presence of bifocal disease are utilized to diagnose different germ cell tumors without a biopsy. A pineal region tumor with elevation of AFP or B-hCG greater than 100mIU/ml is consistent with a nongerminomatous germ cell tumor. A pineal region tumor with normal AFP and B-hCG elevated but less than <50mUI/ml is consistent with a germinoma. The presence of fat on MRI makes mature teratoma likely and upfront resection should be pursued. Other important imaging features that help narrow differential diagnosis include presence of central calcification engulfed by tumor can be seen in germinoma, presence of peripheral calification in pinealoblastoma. Low ADC values are typical of cellular tumors like papillary tumors of the pineal region, germ cell tumor, and pinealoblastoma. High ADC values are noted in tectal gliomas or mature teratomas. By combining clinical, laboratory and radiographic modalities to derive the most accurate pre-surgical diagnosis a high pretest probability is achieved. Our proposed model facilitates consistent decision making as to whether or not to biopsy pediatric pineal region tumors.
Life safety in the perianesthesia care environment: planning for internal disasters.

Nurses in perianesthesia areas have a critical responsibility to provide a well throught-out safety plan in the event of internal disaster. Working together as a team, identifying key people, assigning responsibilities, and communicating the plan will prepare the staff to efficiently manage the unexpected event.
Computer Simulation of the Mechanical Properties of Amorphous Polymer Nanostructures

The mechanical properties of polymeric nanostructures have been investigated by means of Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. A continuum mechanics model was applied to determine an apparent modulus for such structures from results of virtual deformation simulations. A recently proposed method based on strain fluctuations was also used to calculate the elasticity tensor for the structures. The effect of size on the apparent modulus of ultra-small structures was explored. Our results indicate that, for a given system at a specified temperature, the modulus of a small structure can be significantly smaller than that of the bulk material. Furthermore, in small systems the elastic constants are shown to become anisotropic.
Exact bounds for exponential dichotomy roughness III. Semistrong dichotomy

Abstract In this part we extend the results of Part I by eliminating the restriction of orthogonality of the unperturbed subspaces or even of a constant angle between them. We shall call this case semistrong dichotomy.
Transition from compensated hypertrophy to systolic heart failure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat: Structure, function, and transcript analysis.

Gene expression, determined by micro-array analysis, and left ventricular (LV) remodeling associated with the transition to systolic heart failure (HF) were examined in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). By combining transcript and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the LV with assessment of function and structure in age-matched SHR with and without HF, we aimed to better understand the molecular events underlying the onset of hypertensive HF. Failing hearts demonstrated depressed LV ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, and LV papillary muscle force while LV end-diastolic and systolic volume and ventricular mass increased. 1431 transcripts were differentially expressed between failing and non-failing animals. GSEA identified multiple enriched gene sets, including those involving inflammation, oxidative stress, cell degradation and cell death, as well as TGF-β and insulin signaling pathways. Our findings support the concept that these pathways and mechanisms may contribute to deterioration of cardiac function and remodeling associated with hypertensive HF.
Maximizing survivorship in cold: thermogenic profiles of non-hibernating mammals

Winter-active small mammals residing in seasonal environments employ many different behavioral, anatomical and physiological mechanisms to cope with cold. Herein we review research on survival mechanisms in cold employed by small mammals with emphasis on the families Soricidae, Muridae and Sciuridae. The focus of this review is on research delineating the role of seasonal changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR), nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), body mass, and communal nesting in enhancing winter survivorship of six species of small mammals (masked shrewSorex cinereus, short-tailed shrewBlarina brevicauda, southern red-backed voleClethrionomys gapperi, white-footed mousePeromyscus leucopus, deer mouseP. maniculatus, and southern flying squirrelGlaucomys volans) residing in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania, USA. Each species shows good over-winter survivorship but exhibits a different suite of mechanisms to maximize survival in cold.B. brevicauda, S. cinereus, andG. volans show slight increases in RMR during winter, whereasPeromyscus andC. gapperi exhibit decreased RMR overwinter. All six species experience elevated NST in winter. The comparatively low RMR and NST ofG. volans during winter was attributable to a decreased energy expenditure due to a larger body mass, coupled with communal nesting in cavities of trees that provided insulation from low ambient temperatures. Squirrels nesting singly experienced a longer period of elevated NST in winter and higher mean NST year-round than did squirrels nesting communally. Energy conservation in the form of growth retardation in winter was exhibited byC. gapperi andS. cinereus but not the other species.
Genetic differences in a tail suspension test for evaluating antidepressant activity.

Tail suspension-induced immobility in rodents is specifically antagonized by antidepressants, and has been proposed as an animal model of depression. Marked differences in tail suspension-induced immobility were observed among nine inbred mouse strains, ranging from 1±0.3 to 96±8-s in a 300-s test period. Moreover, these nine strains could be ranked in four distinct groups based on their immobilities, in which Balb/cJ and DBA/2J mice displayed the highest and the lowest immobility times, respectively. While significant differences in open field activity were also observed among strains, these differences were unrelated to their immobility times in the tail suspension test. These findings strongly suggest that performance in this proposed animal model of depression is under specific genetic control, and may provide a useful tool to study neurochemical and neuroendocrine correlates of depression and antidepressant action.
The effects of uncontrollable failure and depression on memorial processes

Abstract Many investigators have argued that exposure to uncontrollable failure and depressed mood affect learning processes. However, little has been done to explore how information processing is affected by such events. Two experiments revealed that prior failure (Experiment 1) and depressed mood (Experiment 2) have similar effects on a simple free-recall task. These data are interpreted to suggest that the experience of uncontrollable failure and depression disrupt the transfer or retrieval of new information from a transient to a more permanent storage format. The implications of these data are discussed.
Application of Behavioral Technology to Small Group Discussion with University Students.

Tokens were given to university students in two separate experiments for participation in small group discussions. In the first experiment a multiple baseline design was used with two small groups in an educational psychology class. In the second, 10 small groups were assessed on group participation without and with a token condition. Results of the first experiment were inconclusive though favorable; the second experiment resulted in a significant difference (t=15.41; P<.001, df=77) in group participation when tokens were delivered contingent upon group participation. The results indicate that token technology can be an effective technique to increase small group participation when a variety of back-up reinforcers is offered. The results are discussed in terms of possible applications of token technology within a university setting.
Effects of children's self-regulation of eating on parental feeding practices and child weight.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-regulation of eating in minority preschool-aged children mediates the relationship between parent feeding practices and child weight. Participants were 299 low-income African American and Hispanic parents and their preschool-aged children who participated in Head Start. Parents completed questionnaires about controlling feeding practices (pressure to eat, restriction) and children's appetitive characteristics (enjoyment of food, food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness). Path analyses were used to determine whether children's self-regulation of eating mediated the relationship between feeding practices and child weight. Greater satiety responsiveness in African American preschool-age children partially mediated the inverse association between pressure to eat and children's weight, B (SE) = −0.073 (0.036), P p s > .05, nor did appetitive characteristics mediate the relationship between restriction and child weight, p s > .05. Appetitive characteristics did not mediate the relationship between controlling feeding practices and child weight in the Hispanic sample, p s > .05. Implications include the need for culturally sensitive self-report measures and for researchers to account for the possible effects of racial/ethnic differences when designing interventions.
Approaches to oxidation-resistant refractory metal alloys

The focus of the research reported here was on the design of high-temperature alloys which would form protective SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 scales on exposure to high-temperature, oxidizing environments. One way to promote the growth of such scales is to incorporate suf6cient amounts of Si or Al in the alloy substrate; typically, additions of approximately 35 to 45 weight percent (all alloy compositions are given in weight percent unless explicitly stated otherwise) of Si or Al would be required to form the respective scales, in the absence of additional protective-scale-forming elements. At such levels of alloying additions, the formation of intermetallic phases is likely, which may have undesirable features such as low melting temperatures or poor mechanical properties. The research described was an attempt to address these problems from a fundamentally different point of view, for Mo- and Nb-based alloys, through the use of a dispersed reservoir phase
Transient tyrosine phosphorylation of p34cdc2 is an early event in radiation-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells undergo radiation-induced apoptosis. The present study investigated the early events that trigger the apoptotic response of prostate cancer cells after exposure to ionizing irradiation. METHODS Human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) were exposed to single doses of ionizing irradiation, and the immediate protein phosphorylation events were temporally correlated with induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis among the irradiated cell populations was evaluated using the fluorescein-terminal transferase assay. RESULTS The kinetics of phosphorylation of a Mr 34,000 substrate followed a transient course: an initial increase was observed after 10 min postirradiation, reaching maximum levels by 60 min, and the protein subsequently underwent rapid dephosphorylation. Subsequent analysis revealed that the substrate for this tyrosine phosphorylation is the serine/threonine p34cdc2 protein kinase, a cell cycle regulatory protein that controls cell entry into mitosis. This enhanced phosphorylation temporally preceded the radiation-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation as detected by the terminal transferase technique. Arresting the cells in G0/G1 phase by pretreatment with suramin totally abrogated radiation-induced phosphorylation of p34cdc2 protein at the tyrosine residue, indicating that this posttranslational modification occurs in cell populations that escape G2 arrest and undergo apoptosis in response to radiation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a rapid and transient phosphorylation of a protein that controls mitotic progression precedes and potentially triggers radiation-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Prostrate 32:266–271, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The high-temperature strength of commercial-purity alpha uranium

The effects of adding less than 500 ppm of aluminum, iron, and silicon on the high-temperature properties of alpha uranium are characterized. Adding aluminum or adding iron and silicon increased the flow stress in all cases and also increased the activation energy if a fine dispersion of second-phase particles was retained. On solution treating the additives in the beta region and retesting the alpha phase, the flow stress increased by about 50 pct—a result of much larger alpha-phase grain size and dispersion-hardening effects. Strong crystallographic textures developed by rolling did not significantly affect flow stress.
Dipeptidase activity of brain.

AVAILABLE knowledge on the dipeptidase activity of brain is limited to the enzymatic hydrolysis of DL-alanyl-glycine1–3. Detailed studies by Pope et al. have dealt with the intralaminar distribution of dipeptidase activity towards DL-alanyl-glycine in the cerebral cortex of rat1,2 and man3. Our own studies on proteolytic activity of brain led to a systematic inquiry into the existence of any selective or preferential dipeptidase activity of brain towards any particular dipeptidase structure. The present preliminary report deals with the systematic quantitative differences observed in the hydrolysis of the series of N-glycyl-dipeptides by mouse brain.
Transurethral Balloon Dilatation of Prostate for Prostatism: Preliminary Report of Nonsurgical Technique

Ten men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia underwent transurethral balloon dilatation under sedation and topical anesthesia. There were no complications. Relief of symptoms and an improvement in urine flow occurred in six men. Balloon dilatation was repeated in two of the four failures without effect. The mechanism of improvement in the successful cases is not clear.
Biology of Euseius mesembrinus (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Life Tables and Feeding Behavior on Tetranychid Mites on Citrus

Feeding behavior and oviposition of Euseius mesembrinus (Dean) were studied in the laboratory at 26°C and 75% RH. Each prey species was allowed to increase on a citrus leaf arena before introducing newly mated adult females of E. mesembrinus . Adult females of E. mesembrinus were able to oviposit when fed ice plant pollen, Malephora crocea (Jacq.), the Texas citrus mite, Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor), the sixspotted mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley), and the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Life table parameters were constructed for E. mesembrinus where immatures developed on ice plant pollen and adult females were provided mixed life stages of one tetranychid mite species or ice plant pollen. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was calculated as 0.244, 0.199, 0.194, and 0.168 when adult females were provided ice plant pollen or the immatures of P. citri , E. banksi , and E. sexmaculatus , respectively. The prey type provided for E. mesembrinus adult females did not affect either progeny sex ratio or survival on ice plant pollen as a food source. Survivorship of E. mesembrinus immatures was significantly higher on ice plant pollen than other food types provided. All motile stages of exposed tetranychid mites were attacked except the adult stage of P. citri . Eggs of P. citri and E. banksi were not fed upon. Eggs of E. sexmaculatus were protected by its webbing; however, exposed eggs were consumed by E. mesembrinus . The citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead), was not a suitable prey.
Effects of ALA-mediated photodynamic therapy on the invasiveness of human glioma cells

Background and Objective: High-grade gliomas are characterized by rapid proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasive growth. Eradication or inhibition of infiltrating glioma cells poses a significant clinical challenge that is unlikely to be solved using conventional treatment regimens consisting of ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we evaluated the effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the invasiveness of human glioma cells migrating from implanted multicell human tumor spheroids. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Tumor spheroids, derived from the human glioma cell line ACBT, were implanted into a gel matrix of collagen type I. Twenty-four hours following implantation there was a significant invasion into the surrounding gel by individual tumor cells to an average distance of 400 mm. The cultures were incubated in ALA for 4 hours and then exposed to 635 nm laser light in a titration of fluence level, fluence rate, and drug concentration. Results: ALA-PDT at a light fluence of 6 J/cm 2 was sufficient to inhibit gloma cell migration distance by 80–90% compared to control cultures, but did not prevent spheroid growth nor was it cytotoxic to the migrating cells. The viability of the migrating cells both in control and PDTtreated cultures receiving 6 J/cm 2 was high, 85 and 65%, respectively. ALA-PDT at fluences of 25 J/cm 2 was clearly cytotoxic for both the infiltrating cells as well as the spheroids. Low fluence rates were more effective at inhibiting tumor cell infiltration than higher ones for a given total fluence. Conclusion: Measurement of cell survival, and results from cultures with blocked cell proliferation, indicated a direct migratory inhibition effect on the invading cells rather than cytotoxicity as the most likely mechanism for the inhibition of invasiveness observed following ALA-mediated PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:939–945, 2006. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The BMP antagonist Noggin promotes cranial and spinal neurulation by distinct mechanisms.

Here we characterize the consequences of elevated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling on neural tube morphogenesis by analyzing mice lacking the BMP antagonist, Noggin. Noggin is expressed dorsally in the closing neural folds and ventrally in the notochord and somites. All Noggin−/− pups are born with lumbar spina bifida; depending on genetic background, they may also have exencephaly. The exencephaly is due to a primary failure of neurulation, resulting from a lack of mid/hindbrain dorsolateral hinge point (DLHP) formation. Thus, as previously shown for Shh signaling at spinal levels, BMP activity may inhibit cranial DLHP morphogenesis. However, the increased BMP signaling observed in the Noggin−/− dorsal neural tube is not sufficient to cause exencephaly; it appears to also depend on the action of a genetic modifier, which may act to increase dorsal Shh signaling. The spinal neural tube defect results from a different mechanism: increased BMP signaling in the mesoderm between the limb buds leads to abnormal somite differentiation and axial skeletal malformation. The resulting lack of mechanical support for the neural tube causes spina bifida. We show that this defect is due to elevated BMP4 signaling. Thus, Noggin is required for mammalian neurulation in two contexts, dependent on position along the rostrocaudal axis.
Predictive Early Object Shedding in Media Processing Workflows

Media-rich ubiquitous distributed media processing workflow systems continuously sense users' needs, status, and the context, filter and fuse a multitude of real-time media data, and react by adapting the environment to the user. One challenge facing these systems is that they need to process real-time data arriving continuously from the sensors and data rates and qualities may vary dramatically. Thus, reducing the amount of unqualified data objects that need to be processed within the underlying media processing workflows can enhance the performance significantly. In this paper, we first focus on the prediction of the output qualities at the actuator, especially in the presence of fusion operators in the workflow. We then present quality-aware early object elimination schemes to enable informed resource savings in continuous real-time media processing workflow middleware.
A Method for Accurate Inference of Population Size from Serially Sampled Genealogies Distorted by Selection

The serial coalescent extends traditional coalescent theory to include genealogies in which not all individuals were sampled at the same time. Inference in this framework is powerful because population size and evolutionary rate may be estimated independently. However, when the sequences in question are affected by selection acting at many sites, the genealogies may differ significantly from their neutral expectation, and inference of demographic parameters may become inaccurate. I demonstrate that this inaccuracy is severe when the mutation rate and strength of selection are jointly large, and I develop a new likelihood calculation that, while approximate, improves the accuracy of population size estimates. When used in a Bayesian parameter estimation context, the new calculation allows for estimation of the shape of the pairwise coalescent rate function and can be used to detect the presence of selection acting at many sites in a sequence. Using the new method, I investigate two sets of dengue virus sequences from Puerto Rico and Thailand, and show that both genealogies are likely to have been distorted by selection.
Brief communication: Population variation in human maxillary premolar accessory ridges (MxPAR)

The purpose of this brief communication is to report the results of an analysis of maxillary premolar accessory ridges (MxPAR), a common but understudied accessory ridge that may occur both mesial and distal to the central ridge of the buccal cusp of upper premolars. We developed a new five-grade scoring plaque to better categorize MxPAR variation. Subsequently, we conducted a population analysis of MxPAR frequency in 749 dental casts of South African Indian, American Chinese, Alaskan Eskimo, Tohono O'odham (Papago), Akimel O'odham (Pima), Solomon Islander, South African Bantu, and both American and South African Whites. Northeast Asian and Asian-derived populations exhibited the highest MxPAR frequencies while Indo-European samples (South African Indians, American and South African Whites) exhibited relatively low frequencies. The Solomon Islanders and South African Bantu samples exhibited intermediate frequencies. Our analysis indicates that statistically significant differences in MxPAR frequency exist between major geographic populations. As a result, the MxPAR plaque has now been added to the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System, an important contribution as maxillary premolar traits are underrepresented in analyses of dental morphology.
Characterization of high-order diphtheria toxin oligomers.

In 3D domain swapping, a domain of a protein breaks its noncovalent bonds with the protein core and its place is taken by the identical domain of another molecule, creating a strongly bound dimer or higher order oligomer. For some proteins, including diphtheria toxin, 3D domain swapping may affect protein function. To explore the molecular basis of 3D domain swapping in a well-characterized protein system, domain-swapped oligomers of diphtheria toxin were produced by freezing and thawing under a variety conditions, including in various salts and buffers, and at various temperatures. Reaction yields were followed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. The traditional low pH pulse produced by freeze-thawing in mixed sodium phosphate buffer induces the oligomerization of DT, but the addition of alkali chloride salts was found to increase the yield in the order of Li + > Na + > K + . Unexpectedly, oligomers also formed when DT was frozen and thawed in the presence of 1 M LiCl alone. Slower freezing and thawing of the mixture led to the production of more and larger oligomers. DT oligomers were also produced by exposure to acidic buffers, and were found by electron microscopy to adopt both linear and cyclized forms in a wide distribution of sizes. Upon the basis of these results, the model for the production of DT oligomers by freezing and thawing was expanded to include a salt-mediated pathway. We present a mechanism for the formation of high-order DT oligomers by acidification that takes into account domain swapping and hydrophobic interactions.
Building a Knowledge Structure for English: Reflections on the Challenges of Coherence, Cumulative Learning, Portability and Face Validity:

Acurriculum is a knowledge structure outlining what is to be learned in what order. The Australian curriculum for English emphasises creation of a ‘coherent’ and ‘cumulative’ ‘body of knowledge about how the English language works’, with learning that is ‘portable and applicable to new settings across the school years and beyond’ (National Curriculum Board, 2008, p. 9, emphasis added). But what happens when those charged with implementing curriculum cannot agree on ‘what counts’? This article reflects on key differences between stakeholders about disciplinarity in English, drawing on sociological categories of Bernstein and Maton. The fourth challenge facing implementation is ‘face validity’. The creation of a viable knowledge structure for English makes it crucial that teachers and professional bodies find it acceptable. The article concludes with a heuristic and a proposal for interrelating different aspects of knowledge structure in English. .
Automating REA Policy Level Specifications with Semantic Web Technologies

ABSTRACT: Enterprise modelers require tools and techniques that consistently represent and logically apply domain knowledge. Current modeling approaches rely on entity relationship or unified modeling diagrams to represent semantic descriptions of business exchanges. However, it remains difficult to transform the implicit metadata, ontologies, and logic embedded in diagrams into a coherent form that can be interpreted by machines and delivered across the web. This study explores the uniting of machine processing capabilities of semantic web technologies with resource event agent (REA) enterprise ontologies to model complex multienterprise partnerships. Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) were used to model REA policies for a distributed e‐commerce partnership selling nearly new vehicles. We combine a specialized REA application ontology with semantic technologies to direct multienterprise collaborations. We present a prototype that encodes the ontology's concepts within OWL a...
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

1. Mary E. Rimsza, MD* 1. *Director of Health, Arizona State University, Professor of Pediatrics, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tempe, AZ After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the primary cause of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB). 2. Characterize the management of DUB. 3. Explain how coagulation disorders can cause menorrhagia. 4. Describe methods of reducing menstrual blood loss. 5. Delineate the most common ovarian cause of DUB. The normal menstrual cycle is defined as having a mean interval of 28±7 days, with a mean duration of 4±3 days. The amount of blood loss averages 30 mL per cycle but may be as high as 80 mL. Although abnormal endometrial bleeding occurs in women of all ages, it is particularly common in adolescence. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is defined as abnormal endometrial bleeding in the absence of pelvic pathology. Approximately 95% of the abnormal endometrial bleeding in adolescence is DUB due to anovulation. Patterns of abnormal endometrial bleeding include menorrhagia (prolonged bleeding occurring at regular intervals), metrorrhagia (uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals), and menometrorrhagia (uterine bleeding that is prolonged, excessive, and occurring at irregular intervals). DUB is most common during the first 2 years after menarche, when approximately 55% to 82% of menstrual cycles are anovulatory. Even after 5 years of menstruation, 20% of cycles remain anovulatory. The earlier the onset of menarche, the shorter the duration of anovulatory cycles. If menarche occurs before 12 years of age, 50% of cycles are ovulatory after 1 year, whereas if menarche occurs after 13 years of age, it may be 4.5 years until 50% of cycles are ovulatory. In the United States, the mean age of menarche is 12.88 years for Caucasian and 12.16 years for African-American girls. Approximately 90% of adolescents reach menarche by the time their breast and pubic hair development has reached sexual maturity rating (SMR) stage 4. Thelarche (onset of breast development) usually occurs 2 years before menarche. Ovulation leads …
If Local Weather Was Our Only Indicator: Modeling Length of Time to Majority Belief in Climate Change

It is understandably difficult for individuals and communities to recognize the effect of gradual climate change when it occurs in the context of local weather patterns, which normally vary from ye...