cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The genesis of the EEG.

Publisher Summary EEG is derived from wave activity of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex. The elementary generators of the EEG are relatively small patches of the cell membrane, including several synapses and some passive membrane through which the synaptic current returns into the cell. However, there is still no definitive evidence as to the approximate size of such unitary generators and their relative distribution on the cell body and dendrites. An analysis of the relationships between the gross EEG and the wave activity of individual nerve cells is presented in the chapter. The analysis indicates that the gross activity is produced through summation of the synchronized activity of a comparatively small fraction of the cerebral neuronal population. Although the rest of the population also is active, their contributions are not synchronized and summate much less effectively, not reaching the limit of resolution of EEG recorders. Implications for computer analysis of EEG data are presented in the chapter.
Michigan Studies of Fear of Failure

The theory of resistance proposed in Dynamics of Action (Atkinson & Birch, 1970, 1974) treats motivational implications of expectation of failure as analogous to expectation of success, but as opposite in motivational effect. We have yet to achieve consensus in the consideration of “fear of failure,” that is, whether it sometimes has a facilitating effect on motivation (Heck-hausen, 1984 a) or whether it always has a dampening effect (Atkinson, 1974 b). I take this opportunity to review developments in the work at Michigan that led to our conception of resistance (Atkinson & Birch, 1970) and to two important conclusions: (a) that self-report measures of Test Anxiety provide the best assessment of individual differences in “fear of failure”; and (b) that sometimes the dampening of task motivation has the paradoxical effect of enhancing rather than inhibiting task performance. According to the latter conclusion, one cannot infer facilitating motivational effects of fear of failure from facilitating performance effects. Our discussion will supplement other recent discussions of resistance (Atkinson, 1982, 1983, 1984) in identifying some facts that any analysis of fear of failure must take into account.
Critical Thinking Versus Vocationalism: A Matter of Class?

Popular demands for greater access to higher education may have diluted the “college isn't for everyone” claim, but some members of the privileged class are making a more subtle argument: A classical liberal arts curriculum should be reserved for the elite with low and middle income students receiving vocational training. In this article, we examine the historical and contemporary manifestations of differentiated educational experiences based on class and highlight how this bifurcated phenomenon continues to surface within post-secondary's newest venue—online education. Drawing upon the theoretical tenets of knowledge production and class formation, the methodology section of this article constructs a multilayered sequence model to analyze how the college admission process reinforces this binary in stark, yet unassuming, ways. We present the resulting social justice implications in terms of students’ participation in a classist educational system as well as the antidemocratic repercussions for public inst...
Plasma Thyroid Hormone Kinetics Are Altered in Iron-Deficient Rats

Iron deficiency anemia is associated with lower plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in rodents and, in some studies, in humans. The objective of this project was to determine if plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) kinetics were affected by iron deficiency. Studies were done at a near-thermoneutral temperature (30 degrees C), and a cool environmental temperature (15 degrees C), to determine plasma T3 and T4 kinetics as a function of dietary iron intake and environmental need for the hormones. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a low Fe diet [iron-deficient group (ID), 60% lower (89 +/- 6 vs. 256 +/- 53 pmol/h, P < 0.001) in ID rats than in controls at 30 degrees C, and approximately 40% lower (192 +/- 27 vs. 372 +/- 26 pmol/h, P < 0.01) in ID rats at 15 degrees C. Exogenous T4 replacement in a cohort of ID rats at 15 degrees C normalized the T4 concentration and the disposal rate. For T3, the disposal rate was significantly lower in ID rats in a cool environment (92 +/- 11 vs. 129 +/- 11 pmol/h, P < 0.01); thyroxine replacement again normalized the T3 disposal rate (126 +/- 12 pmol/h). Neither liver nor brown fat thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activities were sufficiently different to explain the lower T3 disposal rates in iron deficiency. Thus, plasma thyroid hormone kinetics in iron deficiency anemia are corrected by simply providing more thyroxine. This suggests a central regulatory defect as the primary lesion and not peripheral alterations.
CXCL9 and CXCL10 Expression Are Critical for Control of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection through Mobilization of HSV-Specific CTL and NK Cells to the Nervous System

CXCL9 and CXCL10 mediate the recruitment of T lymphocytes and NK cells known to be important in viral surveillance. The relevance of CXCL10 in comparison to CXCL9 in response to genital HSV-2 infection was determined using mice deficient in CXCL9 (CXCL9-/-) and deficient in CXCL10 (CXCL10-/-) along with wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. An increased sensitivity to infection was found in CXCL10-/- mice in comparison to CXCL9-/- or WT mice as determined by detection of HSV-2 in the CNS at day 3 postinfection. However, by day 7 postinfection both CXCL9-/- and CXCL10-/- mice possessed significantly higher viral titers in the CNS in comparison to WT mice consistent with mortality (18-35%) of these mice within the first 7 days after infection. Even though CXCL9-/- and CXCL10-/- mice expressed elevated levels of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL1 in the spinal cord in comparison to WT mice, there was a reduction in NK cell and virus-specific CD8+ T cell mobilization to this tissue, suggesting CXCL9 and CXCL10 are critical for recruitment of these effector cells to the spinal cord following genital HSV-2 infection. Moreover, leukocytes from the spinal cord but not from draining lymph nodes or spleens of infected CXCL9-/- or CXCL10-/- mice displayed reduced CTL activity in comparison to effector cells from WT mice. Thus, the absence of CXCL9 or CXCL10 expression significantly alters the ability of the host to control genital HSV-2 infection through the mobilization of effector cells to sites of infection.
Lexical configuration and lexical engagement: When adults learn new words

People know thousands of words in their native language, and each of these words must be learned at some time in the person’s lifetime. A large number of these words will be learned when the person is an adult, reflecting the fact that the mental lexicon is continuously changing. We explore how new words get added to the mental lexicon, and provide empirical support for a theoretical distinction between what we call lexical configuration and lexical engagement. Lexical configuration is the set of factual knowledge associated with a word (e.g., the word’s sound, spelling, meaning, or syntactic role). Almost all previous research on word learning has focused on this aspect. However, it is also critical to understand the process by which a word becomes capable of lexical engagement—the ways in which a lexical entry dynamically interacts with other lexical entries, and with sublexical representations. For example, lexical entries compete with each other during word recognition (inhibition within the lexical level), and they also support the activation of their constituents (top-down lexical-phonemic facilitation, and lexically-based perceptual learning). We systematically vary the learning conditions for new words, and use separate measures of lexical configuration and engagement. Several surprising dissociations in behavior demonstrate the importance of the theoretical distinction between configuration and engagement.
Capitalism and Freedom: Manumissions and the Slave Market in Louisiana, 1725-1820

I use a rich new dataset of Louisiana slave records to answer long-standing questions about manumission. I examine who was manumitted, by whom, and whether manumittees paid prices above market for their freedom, shedding some light on the debate of the efficiency of slavery. Legal changes after the Louisiana Purchase allow us to conclude that manumission laws were quite important in determining the terms at which manumission agreements were struck: when slaves lost the right to sue for self-purchase at market price, there was a precipitous drop in the number of manumissions, while prices paid increased.
Diode-pumped nonresonant continuous-wave Raman laser in H2 with resonant optical feedback stabilization.

We demonstrate a nonresonant cw Raman laser pumped by an optically locked diode laser at 790 nm that produces cw Stokes (1178-nm) and coherent anti-Stokes (595-nm) emission. Considering the modest pump powers, relative low cost, and predicted spectral purity, we expect that frequency downconversion of tunable diode lasers through stimulated Raman scattering will provide an attractive source for remote sensing, spectroscopic, and atomic physics applications. The Stokes laser threshold is 240±19 µW pump power, and emission is observed over a roughly 10-nm range by adjustment of the optical locking feedback phase. Photon-conversion efficiency rises throughout the pump-power region, with a peak value of 15±2%.
Preflare conditions, changes and events

Prefiare conditions, changes and events are loosely categorized as distinct, evolutionary or statistical. Distinct preflare phenomena are those for which direct physical associations with flares are implied. Also, they are not known to occur in a like manner during the absence of flares. These include the early stage of filament eruptions within active centers, preflare vortical structures, some transient X-ray emitting features, 5303 A accelerating coronal arches, and increases in circular polarization at cm wavelengths. Evolutionary preflare changes are considered to be any long-term effect that may be related to the flare build-up even though the same changes may occur in the absence of flares. This category covers the development of current sheets or strongly sheared magnetic fields, evolving magnetic features, emerging flux regions, the development of satellite fields around sunspots, the evolution of reverse polarity field configurations, the merging of adjacent active centers, sunspot motions and the development of velocity patterns. Statistical preflare changes logically include both distinct and evolutionary preflare changes. However, in addition, there are preflare conditions and events that are not necessarily linked to the flare in either a direct physical or indirect evolutionary way. Such parameters or events that may only be statistically significant are certain magnetic field properties, the brightness of active centers at various wavelengths, the previous occurrence of flares and subflares, increased turbulence in filaments and certain radio events.
Time Pressure and Performance of Scientists and Engineers; A Five-Year Panel Study

Abstract Time pressure experienced by scientists and engineers predicted positively to several aspects of performance including usefulness, innovation, and productivity. Higher time pressure was associated with above average performance during the following five years, even when supervisory status, education, and seniority were controlled. Performance, however, did not predict well to subsequent reports of time pressure, suggesting a possible causal relationship from pressure to performance. High performing scientists also desired more pressure. Innovation and productivity (but not usefulness) were low if the pressure experienced was markedly above that desired. The five-year panel data derived from approximately. 100 scientists in a NASA laboratory. Some theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Influence of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults

Evidence suggests that consumption of over-the-counter cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors may interfere with the positive effects that resistance exercise training has on reversing sarcopenia in older...
Place perception in perspective

Abstract This paper describes the Place Perception Project, a research program at Clark University and other institutions which studied place (macro-environmental) learning and behavior of children aged 3 to 9 years in several cultures. It was found that place learning displays marked differences from other forms of learning in children and that map-like spatial cognition is observable at the age of 3. The findings proved useful in elementary education and other applications.
Pleural effusion in cancer patients. A prospective randomized study of pleural drainage with the addition of radioactive phosphorous to the pleural space vs. pleural drainage alone

Sixty-seven patients with disseminated cancer were randomly allocated to treatment with continuous closed chest drainage removing all fluid for 72 hours (PD) or pleural drainage for 72 hours with the instillation into the pleural space of radioactive colloidal chromic phosphate (PD + 32P). Forty-nine patients had breast carcinoma, and the remaining 18 patients had other cancers. Four of 49 patients with breast cancer and 13 of 18 with other cancer were dead in 8 weeks from the onset of effusion. In the group of patients with breast cancer PD + 32P controlled the effusion in 12 of 22 (54%) and PD alone in 15 of 30 episodes (50%). In the nonbreast group of patients PD + 32P controlled the effusion in five of six evaluable episodes (83%), and PD alone was successful in two of nine (22%). In 33% of breast cancer patients and 25% of the nonbreast-cancer patients, systemic chemotherapy produced objective remissions. Pleural effusion did not recur in any of these patients.
Interfacial properties and high-temperature mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites

Abstract Mechanical properties of ceramic composites reinforced with continuous fibers have been extensively studied in recent years. Most of these studies have been performed to characterize, both analytically and experimentally, the mechanical response of composites at relatively low temperatures where the constituents of the composite behave in a brittle manner. These studies have shown that ceramic composites with carefully tailored fiber-matrix interfacial properties can be created to display impressive strength and toughness. However, a similar understanding of the mechanical response of these composites at elevated temperatures is lacking at the present time. An initial attempt is made in this paper to describe mechanical properties of ceramic composites at elevated temperatures. For the sake of brevity only short-term mechanical properties are considered, and time-dependent mechanical behavior such as creep and fatigue is not considered. These results are illustrated using a model composite materials system comprising a zircon matrix uniaxially reinforced with silicon carbide fibers. Constituent properties of the fiber, matrix, and fiber-matrix interface are considered in describing the overall mechanical response of these composites at elevated temperatures. General remarks on the mechanical behavior of composites at elevated temperatures and the role of interfacial properties are made based on results of this study. In addition, an attempt is made to identify research needs for the future.
Receptor tyrosine kinases: specific outcomes from general signals.

The three important studies described here all support the idea that the specificity seen in the responses of cells to RTK activation is generated by combining a general RTK signaling pathway with inputs both from other signaling pathways and from preexisting cell or tissue-specific transcription factors. Does this mean that the primary function of RTKs in vivo is to provide a “go” signal that initiates a response that has been programmed by other inputs to the cell? Certainly, recent studies demonstrating the similarity of the transcriptional responses of fibroblasts to either PDGF or FGF are consistent with this idea (Fambrough et al. 1999xFambrough, D, McClure, K, Kazlauskas, A, and Lander, E.S. Cell. 1999; 97: 727–741Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (380)See all ReferencesFambrough et al. 1999). However, many more RTK-based developmental decisions will need to be unraveled before we can come to this conclusion. It is particularly important to note that the studies described here deal only with the transcriptional responses to RTK activation during cell fate decisions. Cells also respond to RTK activation in many other ways, for example with changes in their metabolism and cytoskeletal organization. It is certainly plausible, if not likely, that the differences between RTKs may be crucial in regulating these and other processes.*E-mail: msimon@leland.stanford.edu
Geometry-driven visualization of microscopic structures in biology

At a microscopic resolution, biological structures are composed of cells, red blood corpuscles (RBCs), cytoplasm and other microstructural components. There is a natural pattern in terms of distribution, arrangement and packing density of these components in biological organization. In this work, we propose to use N-point correlation functions to guide the analysis and exploration process in microscopic datasets. These functions provide useful feature spaces to aid segmentation and visualization tasks. We show 3D visualizations of mouse placenta tissue layers and mouse mammary ducts as well as 2D segmentation/tracking of clonal populations. Further confidence in our results stems from validation studies that were performed with manual ground-truth for segmentation.
Bayes Optimal Designs for Two- and Three-Level Factorial Experiments

Abstract Two- and three-level factorial designs are often used for exploratory experiments with many independent variables. The purpose of such experiments is to estimate the effects of all active independent variables and their interactions. For reasons of economy or other constraints, only a fraction of the full number of experimental settings of the independent variables may be run, precluding the separate data-based estimation of all the effects. In this situation of relatively sparse data and many unknown parameters, the benefits of reliable prior information, used in the estimation and experimental design, can be especially significant. In this article, exact Bayes-optimal designs of two- and three-level fractional factorial experiments and of blocked two- and three-level factorial experiments are derived. The optimality criteria used in this process are versions of the Bayes ψ criterion introduced by Duncan and DeGroot. It is shown that the classical fractional factorial designs for the 2k experime...
Patient characteristics relevant to effective self-management: scales for assessing attitudes of adults toward asthma.

The Asthma Opinion Survey, a 33-item Likert-type instrument, was designed to measure attitudes relevant to self-management in adult outpatients. Items fall into eleven clusters; General Vulnerability, Specific Vulnerability, Attitudes Toward Patient Knowledge, Recognition of Airway Obstruction, Accessibility of Health Care, Panic-Fear, Belief in Treatment Efficacy, Staff-Patient Relationships, Sense of Control, Personal Impact, and Social Impact. Factor analysis of the clusters yielded three factors Vulnerability, Perceived Quality of Care and Recognition and Control. The items, clusters, and factors all had adequate to good score spreads and internal consistencies. Asthma opinions covaried significantly with demographic characteristics, asthma severity, and intensity of health care utilization, and correlated with the Asthma Symptoms Checklist, an instrument developed at the National Jewish Hospital-National Asthma Center, in ways supporting construct validity. These results suggest the Asthma Opinion Su...
Clinical evaluation of high copper amalgam restorations

A comprehensive clinical investigation of amalgam restorations was undertaken to evaluate the performance of "high copper' amalgams and the methods used to examine the marginal integrity of restorations. Six alloys, Aristaloy CR (A), Dispersalloy (D), Indiloy (I), an experimental "high copper' amalgam (E), Tytin (T), and New True Dentalloy (N) as a control, were randomly placed by four operators in 435 Class 1 and Class II restorations. Black and white 1 x photographs were taken at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months and evaluated using the method described by Mahler & Marantz (1979). In addition, the U.S. Public Health Service system (Cvar & Ryge, 1971) was used at each recall. An analysis of variance based on photographic scoring indicated significant differences (P less than 0.05) among alloys at each recall. The use of Duncan's multiple range test resulted in two homogeneous subsets at 18 months: D, I, E and T, N, A. Six and 12 months recall data showed a close similarity in the rank order of the six alloys. The U.S.P.H.S. system showed no statistically significant differences between the alloys using the chi-square test, however, at each recall the rank order was comparable to that obtained with the photographic method.
Family therapy for the child with a communicative disorder

Abstract This paper demonstrates social casework and family therapy as treatment modalities of choice to enable a child and her family to achieve maximum benefit from speech services offered in a hospital clinic setting. Individual and family therapy sessions revealed speech problems were a symptomatic picture throughout the family and focus on distorted family motivation and interaction were handled directly through family sessions parallel with speech services. This resulted in the family reevaluating their expectations of speech goals, focusing on the underlying family distortions, and freed the child to a more appropriate response to speech goals.
Convection patterns: Time evolution of the wave-vector field.

In many nonlinear systems, a homogeneous state becomes unstable to spatially periodic perturbations when the critical value of a parameter is exceeded. Hydrodynamic instabilities and morphological instabilities of growing crystals are examples. Stability theory yields the onset and critical wave number of the instability, but does not generally give unique predictions for the form or evolution of the resulting patterns at a finite distance above the onset. A particularly challenging problem is that of the formation of RayleighBenard convection patterns in a large layer. ' These are often textured structures containing defects; they cannot be described by a single wave number, but may be specified by a two-dimensional wave-vector field q(r) that contains the full information about orientations and spacings in the pattern. We show in this paper that q(r) can be measured experimentally using digital image processing methods. We use this information, in conjunction with a two-dimensional models '0 for convective pattern evolution, to study various contributions to the dynamics, including defects, roll curvature, and the effects of boundaries. Model equations are useful in part because it is difficult to integrate the full hydrodynamic equations over the long time scales characterizing pattern evolution. Various models have been studied numerically " and analytically, ' but none of them have yet been tested experimentally. The particular model we consider (due originally to Swift and Hohenberg9) is a simplification of the hydrodynamic equations having the following interesting property: a functional F of the dynamical fields decreases montonically, in analogy to the minimization of the free energy in equilibrium processes. We find that the validity of the model depends strongly on the distance e= (R — R, )/R, above the onset of convection. The experiments are consistent with the model provided that e is neither too close to onset, nor larger than a cutoff e „=2. Using the model as a framework for analysis, we find that changes in the magnitude of the wave-vector field due to defect motion are particularly important, while roll curvature and lateral boundaries contribute much less E= 0.68
MPH education for the 21st century: motivation, rationale, and key principles for the new Columbia public health curriculum.

Public health is at a watershed moment. The world’s health needs are changing, and complex problems require interdisciplinary approaches and systems-based solutions. Our longer lives and changing environments necessitate life-course and structural approaches to prevention.This argues strongly for public health graduate education that adequately prepares trainees to tackle emerging challenges and to lead now and in the future. Nearly a century of scholarship and scientific advances may offer a blueprint for training the next generation of public health leaders.We articulate a case for change; discuss some of the foundational principles that should guide public health education; and discuss what such a change might look like building on prior scholarship, on the examples set by other disciplines, and on our own experience.
Synthesis of PEG–iridium conjugates and their use as hydrogenation catalysts in a water/substrate two-phase medium

Abstract New syntheses of PEG-(OCH 2 C 5 H 4 N) 2 and PEG-(OC 6 H 4 PPh 2 ) 2 (PEG: poly(ethylene glycol)) conjugates are reported. An iridium hydrogenation catalyst 1 , is shown to catalyze hydrogenation in a water/substrate two-phase system. Attachment of 1 to PEG to make 2 and 3 succeeds in making the complex water-soluble and allows it to retain some of its catalytic ability, but leads to micelle formation that inhibits the separation of organic and aqueous phases.
Detecting Mechanically Induced Displacements in Human Cell Cultures using Quantitative Phase Imaging

We present a platform for detecting cellular deformations from mechanical stimuli. Rapid quantitative phase imaging was used to analyze changes in the optical path length of skin cancer cells during mechanical displacement.
Ribosomal proteins S5, S11, S13 and S19 localized by ekectron microscopy of antibody-labeled subunits

Specific antibodies prepared against purified Escherichia coli small subunit proteins were used to map protein locations by electron microscopy of bound antibody in negatively contrasted small subunit preparations. By identifying and interpreting characteristic views as projections of a single structure, the protein distributions on the surface of the small subunit have been mapped in three dimensions. Antibodies against ribosomal proteins S5, S11 and S13 bind to single regions of the ribosome surface. In contrast, anti-S19 immunoglobulin G binds to two separated regions of the ribosome surface, suggesting that S19 has an elongated conformation in situ. Proteins S13 and S19 are located on the smaller portion of elongated profiles, while S5 and S11 are located on the larger portion of the subunit profile, near the partition traversing the subunit image. The locations of exposed regions of S11, S13 and S19, in combination with the crosslinking results of others, suggest a binding site for initiation factor IF3 on a region of the 30 S surface, comprising the platform, the cleft, part of the partition, and part of the upper “one third” of the subunit.
Long-term tillage and wheel traffic effects on a poorly drained mollic ochraqualf in northwest Ohio. 1. Soil physical properties, root distribution and grain yield of corn and soybean

Abstract Effects of 12 years of 4 tillage systems, were studied on soil bulk density, infiltration rate, penetration resistance, structural stability of aggregates, root length density, moisture release characteristics and grain yield. The objective of this study was to assess long-term effects of tillage methods and guided traffic on soil properties and crop response on a heavy-textured poorly drained soil. Tillage systems included: (A) continuous no-till for 12 years; (B) no-till for 10 years followed by plow-till for 2 years; (C) plow-till for 10 years followed by no-till for 2 years; (D) continuous plow-till for 12 years. Wheel tracks had significant effects on soil physical properties. Soil in the traffic zone (TZ) in no-till treatment had higher bulk density and penetration resistance (PR) for the upper 0–30-cm layer than plow-till treatment. The PR for the surface layer in TZ was 25–46% more than in the row zone (RZ). Mean soil bulk density in the TZ of no-till plots was about 12% more than in the RZ (1.53 vs. 1.36 g cm−3). Changeover from no-till to plow-till decreased PR in RZ and TZ by 50–60% while that from plow-till to no-till increased PR by 10–20%. Similar effects were observed in percent aggregation and the mean weight diameter. In no-till treatments both initial and equilibrium infiltration rates were significantly lower in TZ than RZ (27.5 vs. 6.8 cm h−1 initial and 10.0 vs. 1.5 cm h−1 final). There were more macropores (> 2 mm) for the TZ in no-till compared with the plow-till treatments. Fine or micropores were comparatively more numerous in the sub-soil of no-till than plow-till treatments. The median aggregate size (D50) was 6.2, 4.2, 4.8 and 3.5 mm for Treatments A, B, C and D, respectively. Root length density of corn in plow-till plots was significantly more than that in no-till plots for the top 0–20-cm layer. Corn and soybean yields were greater in plow-till than no-till treatments. Grain yields in Treatment D were greater than those in Treatment A by 10% for corn and by 6% for soybean.
Topographic constraints on the origin of the equatorial ridge on Iapetus

Abstract Saturn’s moon Iapetus has an equatorial ridge system, which may be as high as 20 km, that may have formed by endogenic forces, such as tectonic and convective forces, or exogenic processes such as debris infall. We use high-resolution topographic data to conduct a topographic analysis of the ridge, which suggests a predominantly triangular morphology, with some ridge face slopes reaching 40°, allowing for an exogenic formation mechanism.
Distal radius fractures and the volar lunate facet fragment: Kirschner wire fixation in addition to volar-locked plating

The volar lunate facet fragment of a distal radius fracture may not be stabilized with volar-locked plating alone due to the small size and distal location of the fragment. Identification and stabilization of this small fragment is critical as unstable fixation may result in radiocarpal and radioulnar joint subluxation. The addition of spring wire fixation with volar plating can provide stable internal fixation of this critical fracture fragment. A retrospective review (2006–2011) identified nine patients with distal radius fractures with an associated volar lunate facet fragment that were treated with volar-locked plating and spring wire fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment. Radiographic indices, range of motion, grip strength, and postoperative Patient-related wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores were obtained to assess pain and function. All distal radius fractures healed, and the volar lunate facet fragment reduction was maintained. The mean follow-up was 54 weeks. Mean active range of motion was 46° wrist flexion, 51° wrist extension, 80° pronation, and 68° supination. The mean grip strength was 21 Kg, achieving 66 % of the uninjured limb. The average PRWE score was 17. No patient required removal of hardware or had evidence of tendon irritation. The addition of spring wire fixation to volar-locked plating provided stable fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment of distal radius fractures without complication. This technique addresses a limitation of volar-locked plating to control the small volar lunate facet fragment in distal radius fractures otherwise amenable to volar plating. A retrospective case series, Level IV.
Cervical neoplasia-related factors and decreased prevalence of uterine fibroids among a cohort of African American women.

Objective To investigate whether the previously reported inverse association between cervical neoplasia and uterine fibroids is corroborated. Design Cross-sectional analysis of enrollment data from an ongoing prospective study of fibroid development. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Self-reported data on abnormal Pap smear, colposcopy, and cervical treatment were obtained from 1,008 African American women ages 23–34 with no previous fibroid diagnosis and no reported history of human papillomavirus vaccination. Presence of fibroids was assessed at a standardized ultrasound examination. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The association between the three cervical neoplasia–related variables and the presence of fibroids was evaluated with logistic regression to estimate age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (aORs). Result(s) Of the analysis sample, 46%, 29%, and 14% reported a prior abnormal Pap smear, colposcopy, and cervical treatment, respectively. Twenty-five percent had fibroids at ultrasound. Those reporting cervical treatment had a 39% (aOR, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.38–0.96]) reduction in fibroid risk. Weak nonsignificant associations were found for abnormal Pap smear and colposcopy. Conclusion(s) Although a protective-type association of cervical neoplasia with uterine fibroids seems counterintuitive, a causal pathway is possible, and the findings are consistent with two prior studies. Further investigation is needed on the relationship between fibroids and cervical neoplasia and human papillomavirus–related mechanisms.
Dissection of the Transformation of Primary Human Hematopoietic Cells by the Oncogene NUP98-HOXA9

NUP98-HOXA9 is the prototype of a group of oncoproteins associated with acute myeloid leukemia. It consists of an N-terminal portion of NUP98 fused to the homeodomain of HOXA9 and is believed to act as an aberrant transcription factor that binds DNA through the homeodomain. Here we show that NUP98-HOXA9 can regulate transcription without binding to DNA. In order to determine the relative contributions of the NUP98 and HOXA9 portions to the transforming ability of NUP98-HOXA9, the effects of NUP98-HOXA9 on primary human CD34+ cells were dissected and compared to those of wild-type HOXA9. In contrast to previous findings in mouse cells, HOXA9 had only mild effects on the differentiation and proliferation of primary human hematopoietic cells. The ability of NUP98-HOXA9 to disrupt the differentiation of primary human CD34+ cells was found to depend primarily on the NUP98 portion, whereas induction of long-term proliferation required both the NUP98 moiety and an intact homeodomain. Using oligonucleotide microarrays in primary human CD34+ cells, a group of genes was identified whose dysregulation by NUP98-HOXA9 is attributable primarily to the NUP98 portion. These include RAP1A, HEY1, and PTGS2 (COX-2). Their functions may reflect the contribution of the NUP98 moiety of NUP98-HOXA9 to leukemic transformation. Taken together, these results suggest that the effects of NUP98-HOXA9 on gene transcription and cell transformation are mediated by at least two distinct mechanisms: one that involves promoter binding through the homeodomain with direct transcriptional activation, and another that depends predominantly on the NUP98 moiety and does not involve direct DNA binding.
Abstract 2298: BP1 upregulates Twist, a trigger of EMT and cancer metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC BP1 Upregulates Twist, a Trigger of EMT and Cancer Metastasis Bin-Jin Hwang, Jinguen Rheey, and Patricia E. Berg George Washington University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Washington, D.C. Background. We have cloned a gene, BP1, which is a member of the homeobox gene family of transcription factors. Increasing evidence suggests that homeobox genes are important in malignant transformation and tumorigenesis, and our recent studies have shown that BP1 may play a role in breast cancer cell survival, aggressiveness and metastasis. BP1 protein (pBP1) is expressed in 80% of invasive ductal breast tumors, and is associated with breast cancer aggressiveness: 100% of estrogen receptor negative tumors and 89% of the tumors of African American women are BP1 positive. Now we have evidence that BP1 may regulate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT, a process in which cancer cells lose their epithelial features and gain mesenchymal markers, enables tumor cells to become more invasive and migratory, and can lead to metastasis. BP1 upregulates Twist, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor which triggers EMT. Our objective is to determine whether BP1 plays a role in induction of EMT. Materials and Methods. The expression levels of Twist, E-cadherin and vimentin were observed on microarrays after probing with RNA from MCF-7 cell lines overexpressing BP1. RNA levels were verified by real-time PCR and protein levels by Western blotting and, in some cases, by confocal microscopy. Summary. Twist mRNA expression on microarrays is higher in MCF-7 cells overexpressing BP1 compared with cells containing an empty vector. Real-time PCR confirmed that Twist mRNA is increased five-fold in cells with high levels of BP1, and Western blots demonstrated that Twist protein is also elevated in the same cells. We have discovered a potential DNA binding site for pBP1 in the Twist promoter, suggesting that BP1 may directly regulate Twist. This will be verified by ChIP. Expression of two genes regulated by Twist was also examined: Twist activates vimentin and represses E-cadherin. Cells overexpressing pBP1 also show increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin. The effect of increased pBP1 on cell migration is under investigation. Conclusions: BP1 stimulates Twist expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, resulting in increased vimentin and decreased E-cadherin levels. We therefore hypothesize that BP1 is upstream of Twist and induces EMT. If BP1 is required for EMT, it may be a good target for therapy of metastatic tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2298.
The global analysis of DEER data.

Double Electron–Electron Resonance (DEER) has emerged as a powerful technique for measuring long range distances and distance distributions between paramagnetic centers in biomolecules. This information can then be used to characterize functionally relevant structural and dynamic properties of biological molecules and their macromolecular assemblies. Approaches have been developed for analyzing experimental data from standard four-pulse DEER experiments to extract distance distributions. However, these methods typically use an a priori baseline correction to account for background signals. In the current work an approach is described for direct fitting of the DEER signal using a model for the distance distribution which permits a rigorous error analysis of the fitting parameters. Moreover, this approach does not require a priori background correction of the experimental data and can take into account excluded volume effects on the background signal when necessary. The global analysis of multiple DEER data sets is also demonstrated. Global analysis has the potential to provide new capabilities for extracting distance distributions and additional structural parameters in a wide range of studies.
Ouabain-insensitivity of highly active Na+, K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase from rat kidney.

Abstract Highly purified preparations of Na + +K + -dependent adenosinetriphosphatase were isolated from rat kidney by two different procedures. The I 50 values for ouabain inhibition of the rat kidney enzyme at various stages of purification were determined to be essentially the same for all fractions tested (0.7 to 1.0 × 10 −4 M). These results suggest that the marked insensitivity of the rat enzyme to inhibition by cardiac glycosides is due to the primary structure of the enzyme, and not to some other component in the tissue.
Repellency of essential oils against the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

The behavioral responses of the female cigarette beetle to 57 plant essential oils commonly used for the flavoring of foods and cosmetics, were investigated with an olfactometer. Forty-eight of these essential oils exhibited repellency and only patchouli oil exhibited attractiveness at a dose of 1 μl. The repellency of the 28 essential oils that strongly repelled the beetles at this dose were furthermore evaluated at a dose of 0.1 μl. Six plant oils (shiso, savory, cassia, thyme, peppermint and Litsea cubeba oils) strongly repelled the beetles at this dose. Then, the dose-responses of these six oils on repellency against the beetles were investigated. These oils exhibited attractiveness at lower doses than each threshold except shiso oil, which did not attract the beetles at any doses tested. The first major components of these six oils repelled the beetles at a dose of 1 μl or 1 mg. However the repellency of these components was less than that of each essential oil. The repellency of shiso oil in the presence of cured tobacco odor, which attracted the beetles, was further evaluated. Shiso oil repelled the beetles at a dose of 10 μl even in the presence of the tobacco odor.
The Meanings of Citizenship

It is no accident that this annual meeting is devoted to a grand advanced course in citizenship. As the twentieth century draws to a close, events conspire to demand that we be attentive to the meanings of citizenship. (So many historians responded so creatively to our invitation to explore those meanings that sessions on citizenship absorbed nearly two-thirds of the program.) The last great periods of attentiveness to citizenship in the United States occurred amid the massive immigration of the turn of the century and again in the late 1930s, when the flood of refugees from Nazi Germany challenged the residents of democracies to decide whom they would accept as fellow citizens. At the end of the Cold War, we again find ourselves in a time of extraordinary political fluidity. Is national citizenship, a concept that was invented in the era of the American and French revolutions, sufficiently resilient in a post-Cold War world? All over the globe individuals' rights as citizens are being recast. The status of citizen, which in stable times we tend to assume is permanent and fixed, has become contested, variable, fluid. Fluidity can mean advantage: Travelers holding the burgundy-colored European passport whisk through checkpoints; students in the European Union's Erasmus Project can wander across Europe as they pursue university degrees. We hear voices announcing that national citizenship will be a thing of the past; it's multinational citizenship that we need. But many elements of destabilized citizenships remain problematic. Ask the members of the United States Congress who voted for the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act how they have reconstructed the relationship between citizens and legal immigrants or, better yet, ask the citizen spouse of a legal immigrant.1 Ask the citizens of California who voted for Proposition 187, making radical changes in the relationship of citizens to undocumented aliens. Ask the citizens of Hong Kong. Two years ago, when we chose the theme of this meeting, we could not have predicted that the meanings of citizenship would be so destabilized.
The Cleveland Indians – By Franklin Lewis The Cincinnati Reds – By Lee Allen

In the days before the study of baseball became the province of the professionally trained historian, economist, sociologist, and cultural critic, the collection of writings that came closest to an...
Formation of large climb loops at decorated dislocations in gadolinium gallium garnet

Dislocations in large crystals of gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd3Ga5O12 or GGG) are sometimes decorated with precipitate particles. Examination of these particles in a polarizing light microscope reveals that they are frequently encircled by large (≈ 0.1 mm in diameter) climb loops on {111} and {110} planes. The loops are of interstitial type. They increase the dislocation density of the sample, and modify the stress field of the decorated dislocation. They also provide sites for further precipitation, and lead to clusters of etch pits where a single long decorated dislocation meets the sample surface. In grosen Gadolinium-Gallium-Granatkristallen (Gd3Ga5O12 oder GGG) sind die Versetzungen gelegentlich mit Ausscheidungsteilchen dekoriert. Eine mikroskopische Untersuchung im polarisierten Licht zeigt, das diese Teilchen haufig von grosen (≈ 0,1 mm Durchmesser) Kletterringen auf {111}- und {110}-Ebenen umgeben sind. Die Ringe sind vom Zwischengittertyp. Sie erhohen die Versetzungsdichte in der Probe und verandern das Spannungsfeld der dekorierten Versetzung. Sie dienen auch als Keimbildungsstellen fur weitere Ausscheidungen und fuhren dort, wo eine einzelne dekorierte lange Versetzung auf die Probenoberflache trifft, zu einer Ansammlung von Atzgrubchen.
Climate Negotiators Create an Opportunity for Scholars

The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) launched a process to confront risks posed by global climate change. It has led to a dichotomy between countries with serious emission-reduction responsibilities and others with no responsibilities whatsoever. This has prevented progress, but recent talks suggest the prospect for a better way forward and an openness to outside-the-box thinking. Scholars and practitioners have a new opportunity to contribute innovative proposals for a future international climate policy architecture.
Determining dissociation pathways in the 193 nm photolysis of monoethylamine

Abstract Atomic hydrogen is produced subsequent to the 193 nm photolysis of monoethylamine under collisionless conditions. Experiments utilizing the selectively deuterated compounds C2H5ND2 and C2D5NH2 are used to determine the site(s) from which H (or D) atoms are produced. At low to moderate photolysis power, the dominant route for atomic hydrogen generation involves NH (or ND) bond cleavage. The results of photolysis-power-dependence studies and H-atom Doppler profiles are also used to investigate the overall mechanism for H-atom production.
High gain requirements and high field tokamak experiments

Operation at sufficiently high gain (ratio of fusion power to external heating power) is a fundamental requirement for tokamak power reactors. For typical reactor concepts, the gain is greater than 25. Self-heating from alpha particles in deuterium-tritium plasmas can greatly reducenτ/temperature requirements for high gain. A range of high gain operating conditions is possible with different values of alpha-particle efficiency (fraction of alpha-particle power that actually heats the plasma) and with different ratios of self heating to external heating. At one extreme, there is ignited operation, where all of the required plasma heating is provided by alpha particles and the alpha-particle efficiency is 100%. At the other extreme, there is the case of no heating contribution from alpha particles.nτ/temperature requirements for high gain are determined as a function of alpha-particle heating efficiency. Possibilities for high gain experiments in deuterium-tritium, deuterium, and hydrogen plasmas are discussed.