cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Assumptions Underlying England's Adoption of Trial by Jury for Crime

Within a few years of Lateran IV’s prohibition of priestly involvement in trial by ordeal, England moved definitively toward a criminal justice system based on trial by jury. This paper will explore the underlying assumptions of king, council and justices at the time of the criminal trial jury’s introduction (c. 1220) as to the jury’s precise function within a prosecutory system that countenanced only capital sanctions for those convicted of felony. Unearthing these assumptions will require careful consideration of earlier ordeal procedure and other kinds of juries in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, most notably juries of presentment, coroners’ inquests, and juries tasked with responding to writs de odio et atia. It will also require situating trial by jury within the broader context of felony adjudication with its manifold escape valves, including benefit of clergy, sanctuary, abjuration and pardons. The paper will rely on a re-examination of primary source materials and engagement with the existing secondary literature to grapple with the broad questions of what constituted serious criminal wrongdoing, what jurors were expected to know and do in adjudicating felony cases, and the extent to which jurors’ verdicts were based on knowledge or belief in the guilt of an individual, as opposed to such factors as reputation, rumor or expected recidivism. With regard to the issue of jury independence, the paper will query whether juries engaged in unilateral nullification of the law, or whether verdicts that appear to be contrary to the law reflect instead a consensus of judge and jury. Related to this is the macro-level question of what constituted the law, including the related matters of how jurors were to know the law and respond to it. As a think piece, this paper will test several hypotheses regarding problems fundamental to the history of English criminal law, some of which may prove unresolvable.
Mass Selection for Improved Milling Performance

Milling yield is one of the most important quality characteristics for millers of oats; it is defined as the weight of oats required to produce 100 lbs of milled groats. Milling percentage can be described as the groat percentage of the fraction of a seed left after discarding slim, pin and double or bosom oats(l). Seed characteristics of oats have been studied extensively. The conclusion of several studies is that groat percentage is one of the most important factors determining milling yield and is more tightly correlated to milling yield than other traditionally used traits such as test weight(l,2). Groat percentage is a quantitatively inherited trait. Wesenberg and Shands determined that the trait had a broad sense heritability ranging from 36% to 93%(2). Stuthman and Granger obtained a similar range of heritabi1ities in their later paper and were able to realise a gain from selection by selecting for groat percentage among F4 headrows(3). Groat percentage, however, is a time consuming trait to measure as it requires dehulling and cleaning samples.
Tumor Resistance to Antibody-Mediated Immunotherapy and Reversal of Resistance: Rituximab as Prototype

It took over a century to validate what Behring [153] and Ehrlich [154] have reasoned and predicted of the potential clinical use of antibody-mediated therapies against infectious diseases and cancer. However, the practical application of antibody-mediated therapies was only possible several decades later. Porter [155] and Edelman et al. [156] published the molecular structure of the immunoglobulin molecule and through the ingenuity of Kohler and Milstein they engineered the production of hybridoma cell lines capable of producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Such mAbs are one of the most important and fastest growing classes of therapeutic drugs in the treatment of non-malignant and malignant diseases. The first FDA approved cancer therapeutic antibody was in 1997 for the treatment of B-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL). The mAb is a chimeric anti-CD20 mAb, rituximab, which targets both non-malignant and malignant B cells. Rituximab is currently the standard therapy when used in combination with chemotherapy (CHOP). However, like other therapeutics, a subset of patients initially does not respond and a subset responding patients develops resistance to further treatments. Such patients are in an urgent need of novel therapies to reverse resistance. This review will cover rituximab as a therapeutic prototype mAb for analyses of its several modes of action on sensitive and resistant B-NHL tumor cells, its chemo-immuno-sensitizing effects and applications of various means to reverse resistance through the use of small molecule inhibitors targeting members of the constitutively overactivated survival/antiapoptotic pathways.
Pancreas and Islet Transplantation for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease associated with poor quality of life and significant complications including cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower limb amputations. Improvement of patient outcomes is achieved with careful monitoring of blood glucose and self-adjusted insulin injections. Unfortunately, despite rigorous monitoring and treatment, life-threatening complications and significant disease remain in a proportion of patients. Pancreas (PanTx) and islet transplantation (IT) are the only treatments that can potentially achieve complete normalization of the glucose metabolism by replacing the insulin-producing beta cells. Although there are significant complications of pancreas transplantation particularly in the early posttransplantation period, this procedure is routinely done with good medium- and long-term results. Success with IT can be achieved in the short term, but long-term results are still very modest. The current article describes the main aspects of pancreas and IT with particular emphasis on indications, general technical aspects, and posttransplant monitoring and also discusses the main pathological processes leading to graft failure.
Closed geodesics on stiefel manifolds

In this note we prove that on a simply-connected Stiefel manifold that is not a sphere, there are infinitely many closed geodesics in any riemannian metric.
Women of Fortune: Money, Marriage, and Murder in Early Modern England

Women of Fortune tells the compelling story of mercantile wealth, arranged marriages, and merchant heiresses who asserted their rights despite loss, imprisonment, and murder. Following three generations of the Bennet and Morewood families, who made their fortune in Crown finance, the East Indies, the Americas, and moneylending, Linda Levy Peck explores the changing society, economy, and culture of early modern England. The heiresses - curious, intrepid, entrepreneurial, scholarly - married into the aristocracy, fought for their property, and wrote philosophy. One spent years on the Grand Tour. Her life in Europe, despite the outbreak of war, is vividly documented. Another's husband went to debtors' prison. She recovered the fortune and bought shares. Husbands, sons, and contemporaries challenged their independence legally, financially, even violently, but new forms of wealth, education, and the law enabled these heiresses to insist on their own agency, create their own identities, and provide examples for later generations.
The Effects of Eye Design on the Perception of Social Robots

Engagement with social robots is influenced by their appearance and shape. While robots are designed with various features, almost all designs have some form of eyes. In this paper, we evaluate eye design variations for tabletop robots in a lab study, with the goal of learning how they influence participants' perception of the robots' personality and functionality. This evaluation is conducted with non-working “paper prototypes”, a common design methodology which enables quick evaluation of a variety of designs. By comparing sixteen eye designs we found: (1) The more lifelike the design of the eyes was, the higher the robot was rated on personable qualities, and the more suitable it was perceived to be for the home; (2) Eye design did not affect how professional and how suitable for the office the robot was perceived to be. We suggest that designers can use paper prototypes as a design methodology to quickly evaluate variations of a particular feature for social robots.
Resettled Burmese Refugee Youths’ Identity Work in an Afterschool STEM Learning Setting

Youth from nondominant racial and linguistic backgrounds often have limited access to school science learning opportunities. Afterschool settings may provide learning environments in which they imp...
New Directions in EU-Africa Development Initiatives

This chapter analyzes the European Union’s (EU) development initiatives in Africa. The relationship between the EU and Africa dates back to the inauguration of the EU in the 1950s and has since undergone different iterations as a paragon of Global North and Global South development interactions. The analysis includes the Joint Africa-Europe Strategy, because of its sui generis approach as a framework for development. In addition to normative power Europe theory, the discourse employs neoliberalism and neorealism to explicate the enduring relationship. The chapter demonstrates that the relationship between the EU and Africa is still profoundly asymmetrical, notwithstanding the rhetoric to the contrary, and that the EU’s development policies toward Africa are positioned somewhere between its normative ideals and the realities of competing emerging alternative frameworks.
Anthropogenic alluvial sediments in North Carolina Piedmont gullies indicate swift geomorphic response to 18th century land-use practices

Gullies are common erosional features in the Piedmont of North Carolina that have often been studied as indicators of poor land-management practices. However, the timing of gully formation, and thu...
Brazil’s defense industry: Challenges and opportunities

AbstractBrazil is reformatting its domestic defense industry. In the last three decades, Brazil has seen its defense industry go through a number of different phases: from being vibrant and export ...
Mentoring, Sexual Harassment, and Black Women Academics

The #MeToo Movement both within academia and popular culture has largely been seen as an issue for white women (and men). While the phrase Me Too was originally coined by Tarana Burke in 2006 to ra...
Increasing survival and growth in larval leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) using intensively cultured Parvocalanus crassirostris nauplii

Leopard coral grouper, Plectropomus leopardus are a heavily exploited, high‐value fish commonly found in the Asian live reef food fish trade. In past decades, many attempts at the mass culture of various grouper species have been undertaken; however, their small mouth gape at first feed has resulted in very low survival when using traditional live feeds such as rotifers. The use of wild caught or extensively cultured copepods has yielded potentially promising increases in survival and growth, but overall survival to the juvenile stage remains low, making mass culture currently impractical. The current study sought to build on past developments in grouper culture and recent advancements in copepod culture technology by observing how growth and survival were influenced by the addition of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus larvae. Six tanks of larvae, three replicates per treatment, were fed either eggs and nauplii of the calanoid copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris, at a starting density of 5 mL⁻¹, and the rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis, at a starting density of 10 mL⁻¹, or were fed only B. rotundiformis, at a density of 15 mL⁻¹, starting on the evening of 2 days post‐hatch (dph) and continuing until 9 dph. After this initial period, all larvae were fed the same diet of rotifers, Artemia, and dry feed until the cessation of the trial at 21 dph. Larvae fed P. crassirostris in addition to rotifers had a significantly higher survival, 9.9 versus 0.5%, than those fed only rotifers. Growth was also significantly enhanced in larvae offered copepods. Larvae only fed rotifers were, on average, 1.5 mm shorter at 21 dph than those that had been fed copepods. More rapid development and the earlier onset of flexion were also noted in the larvae that were offered copepods. The use of intensively cultured copepods, in this study, increased survival tenfold over previous studies, with P. leopardus larvae fed wild‐caught copepods. The application of intensively cultured copepods to the early diet of P. leopardus, along with future research to evaluate late‐stage mortality issues, may facilitate commercial production of this species.
A Federer-style characterization of sets of finite perimeter on metric spaces

In the setting of a metric space equipped with a doubling measure that supports a Poincare inequality, we show that a set E is of finite perimeter if and only if $${\mathcal {H}}(\partial ^1 I_E)<\infty $$ , that is, if and only if the codimension one Hausdorff measure of the 1-fine boundary of the set’s measure theoretic interior $$I_E$$ is finite. To obtain the necessity of the above condition, we prove a suitable characterization of the 1-fine boundary, analogously to what is known in the case $$p>1$$ , and apply a quasicontinuity-type result for $$\mathrm {BV}$$ functions proved in the metric setting by Lahti and Shanmugalingam (J Math Pures Appl (9) 107(2):150–182, 2017). To obtain the sufficiency, we generalize further results of fine potential theory from the case $$p>1$$ to the case $$p=1$$ , including weak analogs of a Cartan property for solutions of obstacle problems, and of the Choquet property for finely open sets.
Fluorescence-Based Quantitative Synapse Analysis for Cell Type-Specific Connectomics

Abstract Anatomical methods for determining cell-type specific connectivity are essential to inspire and constrain our understanding of neural circuit function. We developed genetically-encoded reagents for fluorescence-synapse labeling and connectivity analysis in brain tissue, using a fluorogen-activating protein (FAP)- or YFP-coupled, postsynaptically-localized neuroligin-1 targeting sequence (FAP/YFPpost). FAPpost expression did not alter mEPSC or mIPSC properties. Sparse AAV-mediated expression of FAP/YFPpost with the cell-filling, red fluorophore dTomato (dTom) enabled high-throughput, compartment-specific detection of putative synapses across diverse neuron types in mouse somatosensory cortex. We took advantage of the bright, far-red emission of FAPpost puncta for multichannel fluorescence alignment of dendrites, FAPpost puncta, and presynaptic neurites in transgenic mice with saturated labeling of parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing neurons using Cre-reporter driven expression of YFP. Subtype-specific inhibitory connectivity onto L2 neocortical pyramidal (Pyr) neurons was assessed using automated puncta detection and neurite apposition. Quantitative and compartment-specific comparisons show that PV inputs are the predominant source of inhibition at both the soma and the dendrites and were particularly concentrated at the primary apical dendrite. SST inputs were interleaved with PV inputs at all secondary- and higher-order dendritic branches. These fluorescence-based synapse labeling reagents can facilitate large-scale and cell-type specific quantitation of changes in synaptic connectivity across development, learning, and disease states. Significance Statement High-throughput quantitation of synapse number and distribution can reveal principles of circuit function and their adaptive or pathological alterations. Molecular genetic, fluorescence-based approaches targeted to discrete cell types can enable automated detection and quantification of input-specific synapses in complex brain tissues. In addition, these tools present a low barrier to use within the neuroscience community through volumetric confocal analysis of tissue specimens. Here we evaluate inhibitory synapse distribution across layer 2 (L2) pyramidal neurons using postsynaptic expression of a previously characterized, neuroligin-based construct. We find that inhibitory inputs from fluorescently-labeled parvalbumin and somatostatin neurons are intermingled across the proximal dendrites, and that inputs from vasoactive-intestinal peptide neurons are rare for L2 pyramidal neurons.
The Leucetta alkaloids: Synthetic aspects

Abstract The Leucetta alkaloids are a modestly sized, c. 70+ members, group of marine sponge derived natural products which are characterized by the presence of polysubstituted 2-aminoimidazole moiety. The first member of this family of alkaloids was described in the early 1980s and additional examples have been reported at a steady rate since that time. The majority of the early examples contained a 2-amino-1-methylimidazole substituted at the 4- and 5-positions with oxygenated benzyl groups which were generally termed the naamines. A closely related set of derivatives in which the 2-amino group is substituted with an N-methyl parabanic acid moiety have been described and are known as the naamidines. Increasingly, over the last few years, additional examples in this family of alkaloids have been reported, but the basic naamine/naamidine framework has undergone extensive remodeling, presenting more challenging targets for total synthesis efforts. Some of these molecules, specifically spiroleucettadine and spirocalcaridine A and B, have provided additional challenges in terms of structure determinations as a result of their hydrogen deficient frameworks. Synthesis of these molecules likely provides the opportunity to confirm or refute the assigned structures. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of recently isolated members of the family and synthetic approaches to the naamine/naamide group of Leucetta alkaloids as these have been adequately reviewed by us and others. The major focus of this chapter will be on synthetic approaches to the more complex family members including the naphthimidazole congeners (kealiinines A–C, kealiiquinone and 2-deoxy-2-aminokealiiquinone), the spirocyclic derivatives (spiroleucettadine, spirocalcaridine A and B) and calcaridine A.
Understanding culturally responsive practices in teacher preparation: an avenue to address disproportionality in special education

With the rapid increase of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds bringing a shift in the landscape in today’s schools, equity discourses continue to arise. For example, mo...
Age of Onset of the Sex Difference in Coronary Fibroplasia

Intimal fibroplasia in the right coronary artery of men fails to differ significantly from that of women at age 20 years, but comes to exceed it by increasing amounts after age 30 years. Data examined in this chapter raise interesting suggestions: (1) Major events appear to evolve chiefly at premenopausal ages giving no reason to invoke estrogen effects. (2) Coevolution of the two variables PF and FC supports the hypothesis that fibroplasia may act as a lipid trap. (3) No support is found for significance of intimai cell masses of infancy.
Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces Ventricular Arrhythmias by Attenuating Reactive Gliosis and Activation of Spinal Interneurons.

Abstract Objectives This study investigated spinal cord neuronal and glial cell activation during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-triggered ventricular arrhythmias and neuromodulation therapy by ...
Faith in Politics: Religion and Liberal Democracy

No account of contemporary politics can ignore religion. The liberal democratic tradition in political thought has long treated religion with some suspicion, regarding it as a source of division and instability. Faith in Politics shows how such arguments are unpersuasive and dependent on questionable empirical claims: rather than being a serious threat to democracies' legitimacy, stability and freedom, religion can be democratically constructive. Using historical cases of important religious political movements to add empirical weight, Bryan McGraw suggests that religion will remain a significant political force for the foreseeable future and that pluralist democracies would do well to welcome rather than marginalize it.
ROLE OF RAT LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS IN THE MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE (MLC)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the role of rat lymphocyte subpopulations in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Inbred rats, Brown Norway (BN), Ag-B3 Lewis (Lew) Ag-B1, and the F-hybrid Lew/BN (LBN) were purchased from Microbiological Associates, Walkersville, MD in a study described in the chapter. Lew and BN thymus, spleen, and lymph node cells were harvested under sterile conditions from exsanguinated animals and were suspended in culture medium supplemented with heat inactivated fetal calf serum. The cells were subsequently separated into nylon wool adherent (Adh) and non-adherent (NAd) cell fractions by a standard technique. MLCs containing 106 Lew and 106 LBN were incubated in microplates for 68 h at 37°C. They were then pulsed for 4 h with thymidine (3HTdR) prior to harvest. The one-way MLC Lew NAd spleen cells vs. LBN thymus give the best and most reliable blastogenesis. These Lew cells also respond to LBN NAd spleen and LBN lymph node cells. The response of Lew cells to unfractionated LBN spleen is inferior to the response against LBN NAd cells. The Lew lymph-node cell response to LBN thymus and Lew thymocyte response to LBN are also satisfactory.
SU-E-T-764: Track Repeating Algorithm for Proton Therapy Applied to Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Head-And-Neck Patients

Purpose: To determine the suitability of fast Monte Carlo techniques for dose calculation in particle therapy based on track-repeating algorithm for Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy, IMPT. The application of this technique will make possible detailed retrospective studies of large cohort of patients, which may lead to a better determination of Relative Biological Effects from the analysis of patient data. Methods: A cohort of six head-and-neck patients treated at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center with IMPT were utilized. The dose distributions were calculated with the standard Treatment Plan System, TPS, MCNPX, GEANT4 and FDC, a fast track-repeating algorithm for proton therapy for the verification and the patient plans. FDC is based on a GEANT4 database of trajectories of protons in a water. The obtained dose distributions were compared to each other utilizing the g-index criteria for 3mm-3% and 2mm-2%, for the maximum spatial and dose differences. The γ-index was calculated for voxels with a dose at least 10% of the maximum delivered dose. Dose Volume Histograms are also calculated for the various dose distributions. Results: Good agreement between GEANT4 and FDC is found with less than 1% of the voxels with a γ-index larger than 1 for 2 mm-2%. The agreement between MCNPX with FDC is within the requirements of clinical standards, even though it is slightly worse than the comparison with GEANT4.The comparison with TPS yielded larger differences, what is also to be expected because pencil beam algorithm do not always performed well in highly inhomogeneous areas like head-and-neck. Conclusion: The good agreement between a track-repeating algorithm and a full Monte Carlo for a large cohort of patients and a challenging, site like head-and-neck, opens the path to systematic and detailed studies of large cohorts, which may yield better understanding of biological effects.
Correction of Magnetization Sextupole in One-Meter Long Dipole Magnets Using Passive Superconductor

The generation of higher multipoles due to the magnetization of the superconductor in the dipoles of the SSC is a problem during injection of the beam into the machine. The use of passive superconductor was proposed some years ago to correct the magnetization sextupole in the dipole magnet. This paper presents the LBL test results in which the magnetization sextupole was greatly reduced in two one-meter long dipole magnets by the use of passive superconductor mounted on the magnet bore tube. The magnetization sextupole was reduced a factor of five on one magnet and a factor of eight on the other magnet using this technique. Magnetization decapole was also reduced by the passive superconductor. The passive superconductor method of correction also reduced the temperature dependence of the magnetization multipoles. In addition, the drift in the magnetization sextupole due to flux creep was also reduced. Passive superconductor correction appears to be a promising method of correcting out the effects of superconductor magnetization in SSC dipoles and quadrupoles.
A Phenomenological Control Oriented Lean NOx Trap Model

Lean NOx Trap (LNT) is an aftertreatment device typically used to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions for a lean burn engine. NOx is stored in the LNT during the lean operation of an engine. When the air-fuel ratiobecomes rich, the stored NOx is released and catalytically reduced by the reductants such as CO, H 2 and HC. Tailpipe NOx emissions can be significantly reduced by properly modulating the lean (storage) and rich (purge) periods. A control-oriented lumped parameter model is presented in this paper. The model captures the key steady state and transient characteristics of an LNT and includes the effects of the important engine operating parameters. The model can be used for system performance evaluation and control strategy development.
More on Trigonometric Functions and the Hyperbolic Functions

This chapter discusses the trigonometric functions and the hyperbolic functions. The inverse sine function is the function that assigns to each number x in [−1, 1] the unique number y in [− π /2, π /2] such that x = sin y . Thus, one can write, y = sin -1 x. However, the −1 appearing in equation does not mean l/(sin x), which is equal to (sin x) -1 =cos x. Another commonly used notation for the inverse sine function is y = arcsine x . The inverse cosine function is the function that assigns to each number x in [−1, 1], the unique number y in [0, π ] such that x =cos y. Thus, one can write, y =cos -1 x, and cos -1 x is also written as arccos x . The inverse hyperbolic sine function, on the other hand, is defined by y = cos -1 x if and only if x =sinhy. The domain of y = sin -1 x is (−∞, ∞).
Using Covariate-Species Community Dissimilarity to Guide Sampling for Estimating Breeding Bird Species Richness

Estimating species richness over a certain geographic region becomes a problem of sampling enough area to reach the plateau of the true species-area curve. Sampling efficiency is then achieved by minimizing the area that requires measurement. Johnson and Patil (1995) suggested that covariate-directed sampling may help achieve efficiency by choosing sample units that have the greatest chance of containing different habitat and therefore different species. By retrospectively sampling the breeding bird community in Pennsylvania, various sampling protocols are investigated in conjunction with various covariate species. Results indicate which combinations of covariate species and sampling protocols may be more efficient than random sampling and which may be less efficient.
Computing the Density Function for a Nonlinear Stochastic Delay System

Abstract We develop a numerical method to compute the density of a specific nonlinear stochastic delay system, with no sampling. This system arises as a switch-type control model for human balance. Numerical tests against the Euler-Maruyama method show that our method is capable of computing accurate solutions. In particular, the method captures the covariance of the solution at the present and delayed times. This is accomplished through the time-evolution of a Gaussian approximation of the joint density at the present and delayed times. Issues of circularity prevent the numerical solution of the Fokker-Planck equation for stochastic delay systems. Our method bypasses these issues and offers one of the first deterministic algorithms to compute the density of a nonlinear stochastic delay system.
Developmental cues modulate GABAA receptor subunit mRNA expression in cultured cerebellar granule neurons

The developmental expression of mRNAs encoding the GABAA receptor was analyzed in the rat cerebellar cortex and in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Our studies in vivo reveal that the alpha 1-, beta 2-, and gamma 2-subunit mRNA levels in the cerebellar cortex rise dramatically during the second post-natal week, a period temporally correlated with extensive cerebellar maturation. To determine if these increases were preprogrammed or dependent on extrinsic factors, we examined subunit mRNA expression in granule cell cultures prepared at embryonic day 19 (E19) and postnatal day 10 (P10), immature and mature stages of cerebellar development, respectively. In E19 cultures, the alpha 1, beta 2, and gamma 2 GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs were present and their levels remained constant over the 21 d culture period. These results suggest that GABAA receptor gene expression is not intrinsic to the immature granule cells. A different pattern was found in P10 cultures where the three subunit mRNAs were initially present at levels approximately sixfold higher than those found at E19. The beta 2- and gamma 2-subunit mRNAs remained constant for 4 d and then increased sixfold between 4 and 7 d in culture. The magnitude and time course of these increases were similar to the developmental changes that occurred in vivo. Thus, our findings raise the possibility that signals encountered during development are necessary to induce GABAA receptor subunit mRNA expression. Moreover, these cues have been received by granule neurons prior to P10.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Constraints for flow regimes on smooth fracture surfaces

[1] In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the complex flow processes in individual fractures, aided by flow visualization experiments and conceptual modeling efforts. These advances have led to the recognition of several flow regimes in unsaturated individual fractures subjected to different initial and boundary conditions. For an idealized smooth fracture surface the most important regimes are film flow, rivulet flow, and sliding of droplets. The existence of such significantly dissimilar flow regimes has been a major hindrance in the development of self-consistent conceptual models of flow for single fracture surfaces that encompass all the flow regimes. The objective of this study is to delineate the existence of the different flow regimes in individual fracture surfaces. For steady state flow conditions, we developed physical constraints on the different flow regimes that satisfy minimum energy configurations, which enabled us to segregate the wide range of fracture flux (volumetric flow rate per fracture width) into several flow regimes. These are, in increasing order of flow rate, flow of adsorbed films, flow of sliding drops, rivulet flow, stable film flow, and unstable (turbulent) film flow. The scope of this study is limited to wide-aperture smooth fractures with the flow on the opposing sides of fracture being independent.
Instructional Insights: Audio Feedback as Means of Engaging the Occupational Therapy Student

Constructivist learning approaches require faculty to engage students in the reflective learning process, yet students can begin to view this process as mundane and at times not engage in the process or utilize feedback provided. This article describes the results of applying audio feedback to overcome these obstacles in a practicum integration course. Student report and assignment performance indicated increased learning and engagement. The instructor found giving audio feedback more efficient than written feedback as it overcame inflection issues associated with the written word. Recorded files also alleviated additional student appointments for clarification of the feedback.
Deuterium NMR spectroscopy is a versatile and economical tool for monitoring reaction kinetics in ionic liquids

Time-resolved 2H NMR spectroscopy is used to monitor the progress of and gain kinetic information for a variety of reactions in different ionic media.
Theory of filling of high-aspect ratio trenches and vias in presence of additives

Numerical simulations are employed to estimate the importance of parameters such as leveling‐additive mobility and concentration on a process's capability of filling trenches or vias of a given size. Geometries relevant to ultralarge scale integration‐copper technologies are considered. Simulation results are presented within the context of a suggested experimental protocol. The importance of controlling the operating conditions is demonstrated. For example, simulations indicate that a poorly controlled additive concentration can lead to an increase in void size over that which would be obtained in an additive‐free bath. Finally, the design of robust processes is discussed in terms of the need to account for apparently random variations in the process. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Notch strengthening in titanium aluminides under monotonic loading

An important concern for titanium aluminides is their limited ductility and its consequences for TiAl components containing stress concentrators. In recent experiments, evidence of notch strengthening has been found in one TiAl alloy under monotonic loading. The goal of this study is to fully explore this issue through tests on two cast alloys, one with a microstructure consisting of predominantly equiaxed gamma grains and the other having a fully lamellar microstructure. Tests involve monotonic tensile loading of notched specimens at room temperature under conditions of plane stress, where the notch radii are large relative to grain size. For each material, results from the testing of three notched specimen geometries are presented and finite element models are used to interpret the test results. This includes using the numerical models to apply Weibull statistical methods to predict notch strengthening in the specimens. It is shown that notch strengthening is clearly seen in both alloys tested and thus is likely to be a characteristic of TiAl alloys in general; however, strengthening is not as great as would be predicted by Weibull statistical methods as applied to brittle materials.
Studies on the 2060-JH viruses. I. Biological characteristics of the agents.

Data are presented on some biologic and antigenic characteristics of the 2060 and JH viruses.
Cyclosporine inhibits soluble antigen and alloantigen presentation by human monocytes in vitro.

We examined whether cyclosporine (CsA) interferes with human monocyte processing and presentation of soluble and particulate antigens. Human monocytes were pulsed in the presence of CsA with one of three antigens: tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid (DIP) or cytomegalovirus (CMVx). When these monocytes were co-cultured with immunocompetent T-lymphocytes they were found to be impaired in the induction of proliferative and cytotoxic T-cell responses. At CsA concentrations higher that 0.5 μg/ml, proliferation induced by the particulate CMVx antigen was markedly more sensitive than that i9nduced by the soluble TT antigen. In the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), pretreatment of responder haplotype monocytes alone with CsA led to reduced reactivity as determined in both proliferative (P<0.01) and cell-mediated lympholysis (P<0.001) assays. These effects of CsA were not due to direct CsA action of residual CsA carried over with treated monocytes, and were not apparently due to inhibition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) production since exogenous IL-1 could not restore normal responses.
Effects ofin vivo taurine depletion on induced- chemiluminescence production in macrophages isolated from rat lungs

Alveolar macrophages isolated by pulmonary lavage from partially taurine-depleted ratsdemonstrated increased (2–2.6 fold) chemiluminescence due to the extracellular reaction between exogenous zymosan and various reactive forms of oxygen compared to macrophages isolated from control animals. Partial taurine depletion was achieved by adding 3% s-alanine to the drinking water of the rats for 5 weeks prior to harvesting the macrophages. Superoxide dismutase activity was not increased in the lung tissue of the taurine-depleted rats. These data suggest that taurine has antioxidant properties and that taurine depletion is potentially deleterious to alveolar macrophages and pulmonary tissue.
Extraction of object-oriented structures from existing relational databases

Due to the wide use of object-oriented technology in software development and the existence of many relational databases, reverse engineering of relational schemas to object-oriented schemas is gaining in interest. One of the major problems with existing approaches for this schema mapping is that they fail to take into consideration many modern relational database design alternatives (e.g., use of binary data to store multiple-valued attributes). This paper presents a schema mapping procedure that can be applied on existing relational databases without changing their schema. The procedure maps a relational schema that is at least in 2NF into an object-oriented schema by taking into consideration various types of relational database design optimizations.
Surgical Management of Melanoma

Melanoma is an increasing health care problem worldwide. Up to 80,000 cases of melanoma are diagnosed per year and it is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The lifetime risk is estimated to be 1 in 75 individuals for the development of melanoma. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment of melanoma, and in most cases it is curative. Several important surgical issues are discussed in this review, including the extent of surgical margins, Mohs micrographic surgery for melanoma in situ, the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, the usefulness of lymphadenectomy, isolated limb perfusion, and the role of metastasectomy.
Scaled structure in visualized TREC data and query feedback

Abstract A specific hypothesis arising from an earlier exploratory study (Rorvig & Fitzpatrick, 1998) was tested in this experiment. The data confirm that in the use of the query feedback technique in retrieval, query surrogate documents chosen from within dense inter-document structures appearing in scaled and visualized TREC Topic-document datasets raise the number of relevant documents subsequently retrieved by 26–46%, depending on the method of calculation. Use of documents as query surrogates which were chosen from the periphery of such dense inter-document structures did not differ significantly from the results retrieved by use of the topic specification document itself, submitted as a query. Some anomalies appear in one of the datasets from which a specific pattern is suggested for further exploration. Retrieval performance of IR systems on datasets for which relevant documents are located primarily outside dense inter-document structures was predicted to be poor in Rorvig and Fitzpatrick. This prediction was confirmed. It is suggested that some aspects of these findings may be incorporated into commercial IR systems.
Whole-house arsenic water treatment provided more effective arsenic exposure reduction than point-of-use water treatment at New Jersey homes with arsenic in well water.

Abstract A comparison of the effectiveness of whole house (point-of-entry) and point-of-use arsenic water treatment systems in reducing arsenic exposure from well water was conducted. The non-randomized observational study recruited 49 subjects having elevated arsenic in their residential home well water in New Jersey. The subjects obtained either point-of-entry or point-of-use arsenic water treatment. Prior ingestion exposure to arsenic in well water was calculated by measuring arsenic concentrations in the well water and obtaining water-use histories for each subject, including years of residence with the current well and amount of water consumed from the well per day. A series of urine samples was collected from the subjects, some starting before water treatment was installed and continuing for at least nine months after treatment had begun. Urine samples were analyzed and speciated for inorganic-related arsenic concentrations. A two-phase clearance of inorganic-related arsenic from urine and the likelihood of a significant body burden from chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water were identified. After nine months of water treatment the adjusted mean of the urinary inorganic-related arsenic concentrations was significantly lower (p
From Boots to Buoys: Promises and Challenges of Dielectric Elastomer Energy Harvesting

Dielectric elastomers offer the promise of energy harvesting with few moving parts. Power can be produced simply by stretching and contracting a relatively low-cost rubbery material. This simplicity, combined with demonstrated high energy density and high efficiency, suggests that dielectric elastomers are promising for a wide range of energy harvesting applications. Indeed, dielectric elastomers have been demonstrated to harvest energy from human walking, ocean waves, flowing water, blowing wind, and pushing buttons. While the technology is promising, there are challenges that must be addressed if dielectric elastomers are to be a successful and economically viable energy harvesting technology. These challenges include developing materials and packaging that sustains long lifetime over a range of environmental conditions, design of the devices that stretch the elastomer material, as well as system issues such as practical and efficient energy harvesting circuits. Progress has been made in many of these areas. We have demonstrated energy harvesting transducers that have operated over 5 million cycles. We have also shown the ability of dielectric elastomer material to survive for months underwater while undergoing voltage cycling. We have shown circuits capable of 78% energy harvesting efficiency. While the possibility of long lifetime has been demonstrated at the watt level, reliably scaling up to the power levels required for providing renewable energy to the power grid or for local use will likely require further development from the material through to the systems level.
Bone marrow stromal cells as immunomodulators. A primer for dermatologists

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as mesenchymal stem cells or MSCs) represent a unique cell population in the bone marrow with a long-known function to support hematopoiesis and replace skeletal tissues. The recent discovery that BMSCs also possess potent immunoregulatory features attracted a great deal of attention from stem cell biologists, immunologists and clinicians of different specialties worldwide. Initial clinical experience along with several animal models suggested that intravenously delivered BMSCs are able to regulate a wide variety of host immune cells and act in a way that is beneficial for the recipient in a variety of diseases. The role of the present review is to give a short introduction to the biology of BMSCs and to summarize our current understanding of how BMSCs modulate the immune system with special emphasis on available clinical data. Considering the audience of this journal we will also attempt to guide dermatologists in choosing the right skin conditions where BMSCs might be considered as a therapeutic alternative.
Evaluation of biphasic transthoracic defibrillation in an animal model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation.

. Objectives: To determine whether a biphasic defibrillation waveform (BDW) would produce a superior rate of converting prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF) into a perfusing rhythm and delay the occurrence of asystole and/or pulseless electrical activity (PEA) during the resuscitation attempt, when compared with a monophasic defibrillation waveform (MDW). Methods: The authors performed a prospective, randomized, blinded experiment using an established swine model of prolonged VF. Thirty-four mixed-breed domestic swine (mean mass 22.9 kg) were sedated (ketamine/xylazine), anesthetized (isoflurane), and intubated. Aortic and femoral venous catheters were placed. ECG was monitored continuously. The animals were shocked into VF (3-s, 100-mA, 60-Hz shock), and were untreated for 8 minutes. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) began with 1 minute of standardized (Thumper) chest compressions and ventilation. The animals were randomized to treatment with either BDW or MDW. Standard ACLS protocols were followed. The energy sequence was 2.5 J/kg first, 3.5 J/kg second, and 4.5 J/kg for all subsequent shocks. Outcome variables were time to event of asystole/PEA, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and one-hour survival. Data were analyzed with two-tailed Fisher's exact test and Kaplan-Meier survival plots (alpha = 0.05). Results: ROSC occurred more frequently in the BDW group (7/17) compared with the MDW group (1/17); p = 0.04. Survival analysis showed that the BDW significantly delayed the occurrence of asystole/PEA during the resuscitation attempt when compared with the MDW; log-ranked p = 0.02. One-hour survival rates (5/17 BDW and 1/17 MDW, p = 0.17) did not differ. Conclusions: BDW resulted in a superior rate of ROSC and delay in the occurrence of asystole/PEA during the resuscitation attempt when compared with MDW.
Fitness is a stronger predictor of fasting insulin levels than fatness in overweight male middle-school children.

Objective We studied the relationship between % body fat (%BF), cardiovascular fitness (CVF), and insulin resistance (IR) in overweight middle-school children. Study design Middle school children (n = 106, body mass index [BMI] > 95 th percentile for age) underwent evaluation of body composition, maximal volume of oxygen utilization (Vo 2 ) uptake/kg lean body mass (Vo 2 max/kgLBM), and fasting glucose and insulin (FI) concentrations and derived homeostasis model assessment index (HOMA IR ). Results Both %BF (r = .33, P 2 max/kgLBM (r = −0.42, P P = .008 vs FI, P = .035 vs HOMA IR ) and VO 2max /kgLBM ( P P = .009 vs HOMA IR ) to be independent predictors of insulin sensitivity. In males, VO 2 max/kgLBM was a better predictor of FI and HOMA IR than %BF. Conclusions In obese middle-school children, both %BF and VO 2 max/kgLBM are independent predictors of FI levels. The relationship between CVF and FI levels was significant in both sexes but was particularly profound and stronger than %BF in males. Efforts to reduce risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an increasingly obese child population should include exercise intervention sustained enough to improve CVF.
Rheological properties of selected bituminous coals

Abstract The rheological behaviour of several bituminous coals has been evaluated by means of a constant torque Gieseler plastometer, utilizing both steadily increasing (3 °C min −1 ) and isothermal (410 °C) temperature conditions. The results indicated that under either thermal treatment, the coals investigated showed predominantly pseudoplastic behaviour. The greatest degree of non-Newtonian behaviour occurred at or near the temperature of maximum fluidity for coals heated at 3 °C min −1 , or within the early stages of melting when isothermal heating was used. Empirical relationships relating the Gieseler fluidities to apparent viscosity were derived from the data.
Some model problems of polycrystal plasticity with deficient basic crystals

We consider the yield set of a (rigid-perfectly-plastic) polycrystal, where the basic crystal has very few slip systems. One would like to predict whether the effective behavior is ductile or rigid. We address this issue for some model problems of antiplane shear and plane stress. Our main tools are nonlinear homogenization, bounds via compensated compactness, and the elastic comparison method.
STM Analysis of Pit Formation In Organic Worm Media

Pits made in organic WORM media have been examined using an STM. The relationships of STM observations to media performance and properties are discussed.