cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of self-monitoring in adolescents’ susceptibility to passive peer pressure

Abstract This paper provides the theoretical orientation as well as empirical data to support self-monitoring as a moderator of the relation between peer influence and problem behavior during adolescence. A group of nonsmoking fifth and seventh graders ( N =359) were included in a longitudinal study to predict smoking one year later. Ten items from the Junior Self-Monitoring Scale were administered as well as self-reports of lifetime and current cigarette smoking, and measures of active peer pressure (direct offers) and passive peer pressure (normative beliefs). As expected, self-monitoring demonstrated a moderating influence on the relationship between passive forms of peer pressure and smoking onset, but did not influence the relationship between active forms of peer pressure and smoking due to the strength of active peer pressure situations (i.e., salient scripts for behavioral responses). Specifically, high self-monitors who believed that cigarette smoking was a normative behavior were more than three and a half times more likely to show progression from complete nonsmoker to current smoker over a one year period than were high self-monitors who did not believe that smoking was a normative behavior. In contrast, the rate of onset for low self-monitors was not dependent on normative beliefs. The implications of these findings for the design of adaptive prevention programs are discussed.
An instrument system for the investigation of particle fluxes

Abstract We present the rationale, design, and use of an instrument system to measure the variability of vertical and horizontal particle fluxes. The system features a new sequentially sampling sediment trap which collects and seals 10 separate samples during a single deployment. Horizontal particle fluxes are simultaneously monitored with a beam transmissometer interfaced to a standard Aanderaa current meter. Results from a 10-week deployment of instruments at several depths in a deep fjord estuary indicate that the trapping rate increases from ∼0.5g m−2 day−1 at 20 m to ∼ 150g m−2 day−1 at 200 m (5 m above bottom) because of frequent erosion in the deep waters. Periodic flushing of the deep water by intrusions of marine water over the seaward sill markedly enhances erosion and causes an up-estuary particle transport comparable to the vertical particle flux originating at the surface.
In vitro replicative arrest in dnaAts mutants

Abstract Toluene-treated Escherichia coli , conditionally defective in initiation of DNA replication, have been studied. Toluenized mutants of the dnaA ts , class rapidly stop DNA synthesis at the restrictive temperature. This is in contrast to the slow arrest of replicative synthesis noted in vivo in these strains. The in vitro cessation of replicative DNA synthesis can be prevented by the presence of the detergent Triton X-100. Our results suggest a role in elongation of DNA by the dnaA gene product during replicative synthesis in vitro .
The Chemical Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: The Brief Case of the Vile Humour.

This story is a chemical mystery with an emphasis on qualitative analysis. It is, as well, part of a body of work that presents a scientific problem in mystery format in the context of the popular and beloved characters of 221B Baker Street. A break within the story allows readers to ponder and solve the mystery. Holmes and Watson provide the solution in the final paragraphs.
Cone models of mountain peaks associated with atmospheric vortex streets

The shedding of atmospheric vortex streets from mountain peaks has been simulated in the wakes of several shapes of circular cones and one combination of two such cones placed in the uniform, unstratified flow of a wind tunnel. Conditions for vortex shedding are more favorable the steeper the slopes of the peaks. From the laboratory measurements and with the assumption of Reynolds number independence, predictions are made of the periodicities of vortex shedding from six volcanic peaks whose periodicities of vortex shedding have been determined by others from satellite photographs of wake clouds. The predicted periods agree with the measured periods in three cases and are significantly smaller in three cases. For the latter cases it is concluded that stratification has so altered the atmospheric flow that either the Strouhal number has been lowered or the barrier effect of the topographic obstacle has been considerably enhanced. It is also concluded that stratification sufficient to reduce turbulence is necessary for the existence of an extended atmospheric vortex street. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00963.x
Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. XXVII. 5‐methoxy‐6‐halo‐3‐β‐acetamidoethylbenzo[b]thiophenes, blocked analogs of melatonin

The preparation of the 6-fluoro and 6-chloro analogs of the title compound is described, in a seven-step synthesis giving 30-40% overall yields. All intermediates have been isolated and characterized, including important by-products, such as the corresponding benzo[b]thienyl-3-acetic acids, and 3-methylbenzo[b]thiophenes. Cyclization of the 3-halo-4-methoxyphenylthioacetoacetic esters gave more ortho-cyclization in the chlorine case than was observed for the fluorine derivative. The title compounds were shown to have weak antiovulatory action, with the fluoro analog most active.
ac response of pinned-charge-density-wave conductors.

The ac response of the pinned-charge-density-wave conductor orthorhombic ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{3}$ at low frequencies is found to be strongly ac-amplitude dependent for amplitudes well below the dc threshold field. In the low-amplitude regime, the behavior is strongly temperature dependent suggesting the existence of thermally activated relaxation processes. The ac-amplitude dependence reflects the presence of a distribution of local pinning fields.
Determination of free lysine ϵ-amino groups in cottonseed meals and preliminary studies on relation to protein quality

Abstract A procedure is described for the determination of free lysine ϵ-amino groups in cottonseed meal. In preliminary tests, a relationship was found between the content of lysine with free ϵ-amino groups and protein quality as determined in rat protein repletion tests.
“Neighborhood Matters”: Assessment of Neighborhood Social Processes

Neighborhoods are important contexts for understanding development and behavior, but cost and difficulty have challenged attempts to develop measures of neighborhood social processes at the neighborhood level. This article reports the development, reliability, and validity of Neighborhood Matters, a collection of instruments assessing three aspects of neighborhood social processes, namely, norms (five subscales), informal social control (six subscales and total scale), social connection (two subscales), as well as individual scales for assessing neighborhood change, neighborhood resources, and neighborhood problems. Six hundred six residents of Chicago, chosen at random from 30 neighborhoods (defined by US Census tracts), completed the measures. Neighborhoods were selected randomly from pools that balanced poverty and predominant (African-American vs. Latino Hispanic) ethnicity. Within each neighborhood 20 individuals were selected at random, balanced by age (18-24 vs. 30+) and gender. Scaling and item analysis permitted reduction of the number of items in each scale. All subscales had individual-level internal consistency in excess of .7. Generalizability theory analysis using random effects regression models found significant shared variance at the neighborhood level for three norms subscales, four informal social control subscales, both social connection subscales, and the neighborhood change, resources and problems scales. Validity analyses found significant associations between neighborhood-level scores on multiple Neighborhood Matters scales and neighborhood levels of violent, property, and drug-related crime. Discussion focuses on potential applications of the Neighborhood Matters scales in community research.
Zinc and cadmium metabolism in euglena gracilis: Metal distribution in normal and zinc-deficient cells

Abstract The effect of cadmium (5 μ/ml) on the growth of Euglena gracilis is moderated by the addition of supplemental zinc levels above the normal 1 μ/ml level found in the growth medium. Gel chromatography reveals that th majority (ca. 85%) of cytosolic cadmium is localized in a cadmium-binding protein (CdBP). The CdBP appears to elute in a position slightly lower in molecular weight than mammalian metallothionein, contains thiol, and upon ion-exchange chromatography elutes in multiple peaks at ionic strengths greater than mammalian metallothioneins. The remaining cadmium is associated with high molecular weight components. Cytosolic zinc is found primarily (> 80%) in a low molecular weight peak distinct from cadmium, with the remainder as high molecular weight species. As the cells become zinc-deficient and cease proliferation, zinc is lost from the low molecular weight peak while, based on cytosolic protein, the zinc content of the high molecular weight peak remains essentially constant.
EFFECTS OF AXIAL PRESSURE DROP ON THE LENGTH-AVERAGED PERMEATE FLUX IN CROSSFLOW MICROFILTRATION

Abstract A hydrodynamic model is presented which predicts the dependence of the steady-state, length-averaged permeate flux on the longitudinal pressure drop during crossflow microfiltration in both flat slit and tubular channels. The integral approach described by Romero and Davis (1988) has been extended to predict the axial variation of the transmembrane pressure drop along with that of permeate flux and cake layer thickness. The mechanism of shear-induced diffusion is employed in the analysis, which is restricted to particles with diameters of approximately 0.5–20μm (Davis, 1992), but the procedures may be extended to other particle transport mechanisms. The model predictions have been compared to the corresponding values calculated using a constant transmembrane pressure drop set equal to the arithmetic mean of those at the channel entrance and exit. The simulation results show the axial pressure drop to have the most significant effect on the average, steady-state permeate flux predictions for long,...
The ten commandments and insights from group psychotherapy.

Modern developments in psycho therapeutic treatment increasingly tend to stress the use of group approaches for the treatment of many psychiat ric conditions, e.g., group psychotherapy and family psychotherapy. In their writings, group psychotherapists do not usually discuss group for mation and group cohesiveness from a sociological point of view, and even less from a political point of view. Their main interests are the treatment of an individual in the group setting, or an expanding experi ence that encourages self-actualization, or the creation of a therapeutic society. The more particular issue of what makes a group enduringly cohesive and functioning is of much greater importance from a political and even a military point of view. Psychotherapists have small interest in this area; sociologists have discussed it more. But group therapists have by this time accumulated a wealth of experience with groups, their forma tion, structure, function, and endurance. As one works over a period of years with groups and families, it is hard not to form conclusions about what factors make a group viable. These factors seem common to all groups?a treatment group of patients, a family, a class, a peer group, an administrative team, a military group, and even a society.
Recovery High Schools: Students and Responsive Academic and Therapeutic Services

This article reviews findings from the authors’ studies of recovery high schools (RHS), including a 1995 program evaluation of a school in New Mexico (Moberg & Thaler, 1995), a 2006–09 descriptive study of 17 recovery high schools (Moberg & Finch, 2008), and presents early findings from a current study of the effectiveness of recovery high schools. Descriptive and qualitative findings are presented. The focus is on characteristics of RHS students and, in light of those student characteristics, findings regarding academic and recovery support programming in recovery high schools.
Disparities in auditory physiology and pathology between C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains.

C57BL/6 inbred mice are frequently used as models in auditory research, mostly the C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N substrains. Genetic variation and phenotypic disparities between these two substrains have been extensively investigated, but conflicting information exists about differences in their auditory and vestibular phenotypes. Literature-based comparisons are rendered difficult or impossible because most auditory publications do not designate the substrain used. We therefore evaluated commercial C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice for their baseline auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds at 3 months of age as well as their susceptibility to noise exposure and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Both substrains have similar thresholds at 4 and 12 kHz, but C57BL/6N show significantly higher baseline thresholds at 24 and 32 kHz. Because of these elevated thresholds, the N substrain is unsuitable as a model for drug ototoxicity, which primarily affects high frequencies. Exposure to 2–20 kHz broadband noise for 2 h at 110 dB produced significantly higher threshold shifts in the J substrain. These results suggest caution in the selection of C57BL/6 substrains for auditory research and indicate the need to specify substrains, age and the breeding source in all publications.
Degradation of halogenated carbons in alkaline alcohol

Abstract 1,1,2-Trichloro-trifluoroethane, 1,2-dibromo-tetrafluoroethane, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and 2,4,6-trichloroanisole were dissolved in alkaline isopropyl alcohol and irradiated with 60Co gamma rays after purged with pure nitrogen gas. The concentration of the hydroxide ions and the parent molecules decreased with the dose, while that of the halide ions and the organic products, with less halogen atoms than the parent, increased. Chain degradation will occur in alkaline isopropyl alcohol.
Magnification of affect using frame-by-frame film analysis

Frame-by-frame film analysis of social interaction enhances the observer's ability to make inferences about the affective component of the interaction by allowing a detailed and precise review of the interpersonal behavior. An example of leave-taking behavior between a parent and preschool child is presented. The magnification of the interaction by repeated slow-motion viewing allows one to draw out emotional behavioral components that occur too rapidly to be perceived at normal speed. The technique is applicable to any type of interpersonal analysis.
Carbon nanotube sheet electrodes for anisotropic actuation of dielectric elastomers

Abstract The performance of dielectric electroactive polymer (D-EAP) based actuators depends critically on the electrode characteristics. Among the most challenging issues in the application of D-EAPs is the device-level complexity in producing sufficient directional actuation at acceptably low electric fields. In this work, a simple carbon nanotube (CNT) based electrode for D-EAP actuators is demonstrated that vastly improves directional strain response originating from the mechanical anisotropy of the electrode material. In this novel approach, highly aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet electrodes are applied on acrylate adhesive films show high directed linear actuation strain of greater than 40% at a relatively low electric field (100 V μm −1 ). The fiber-oriented CNT sheet applied around the D-EAP film, exhibits strong interaction between CNT fibers in the electrode and the D-EAP film to produce a robust conductive-nanolayer at the interface, on actuation cycling. The design paradigm provides a great potential for the fabrication of soft linear actuators.
Forced flow He II in relation to stability of internally cooled superconductors

Current understanding of forced flow He II as it is used to cool large superconducting devices is presented. Experimental measurements of pressure loss and heat transfer to He II at relatively high flow rates are compared with classical hydrodynamic relations and theoretical models based on two fluid hydrodynamics. The results of this analysis suggest that reliable design of large scale systems is achievable. Implications to forced flow He II cooling of superconducting magnets are discussed in the context of model stability experiments on internally cooled composite superconductors.
Near-surface composition modifications in AgAuCu alloys by ion sputtering at elevated temperatures

Abstract Surface and subsurface compositional changes in a Ag40at%Au20at%Cu alloy at temperatures between 30 and 600°C were investigated using ion scattering spectroscopy. Upon heating the alloy, Cu and Au atoms segregated away from the surface. The entropies and enthalpies of Gibbsian segregation were determined to be 0.69 k and 0.134 eV for Cu, and − 0.21 k and 0.06 eV for Au, respectively, in the temperature range of 400–700°C. The time evolution of the surface compositions during 3 keV Ne + sputtering and corresponding steady-state compositional profiles were measured as a function of temperature. By comparing model calculations of near-surface compositional changes in the alloy with the experimental observations, useful information about the depth of origin of sputtered atoms and the defect properties in Ag-Au-Cu alloys was derived. The sputter fraction from the second atom layer was γ = 0.1; the effective vacancy formation energy was 1.12 eV; and the energies of vacancy and interstitial migration via Ag, Au and Cu were 0.66, 0.84 and 0.75 eV, and 0.06, 0.15 and 0.14 eV, respectively.
Hypertension in Childhood and Adolescence

Through the benefit of a large body of normative data on blood pressure throughout childhood, along with the clinical practice of regular blood pressure measurement in the young, mild elevation of blood pressure can be detected in the young. Unlike secondary hypertension in the young which is more severe, slight to mild elevations in blood pressure during childhood may be an early expression of essential hypertension. Mildly elevated blood pressure in the young is usually associated with other risk factors including obesity, family history of cardiovascular disease, and metabolic alterations in lipids and insulin. Environmental factors, which include health related behaviors can modulate the expression of the risk factors including elevated blood pressure. The extent to which the health behaviors of diet and exercise can be modified in the young may be important for risk factor intervention during the early phases of hypertension.
On the Time-Resolved Optogalvanic Spectra of Neon and Krypton

In this work time resolved optogalvanic signals associated with transitions excited from the first metastable state of neon and krypton have been studied. These gases have similar energy state configurations and it is of significant interest to study their time resolved optogalvanic waveforms resulting from transitions belonging to the states of same quantum numbers. The experimentally observed optogalvanic signals recorded for different discharge currents have been fitted to a theoretical model to obtain parameters that determine amplitudes, instrumental time constants and decay rates of the 1s levels. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extracting Events and Temporal Expressions from Text

Extracting temporal information from raw text is fundamental for deep language understanding, and key to many applications like question answering, information extraction, and document summarization. Our long-term goal is to build complete temporal structure of documents and apply the temporal structure in other applications like textual entailment, question answering, dialog systems or others. In this paper, we present a first step, a system for extracting event, event features, temporal expression and its normalized values from raw text. Our system is a combination of deep semantic parsing with extraction rules, Markov Logic Network classifiers and Conditional Random Field classifiers. To compare with existing systems, we evaluated our system on the TimeBank corpus. Our system outperforms or does equally well with all existing systems that evaluate on the TimeBank corpus and our performance is very close to inter-annotator agreement of the TimeBank annotators.
Band-engineering of novel channel materials for high performance nanoscale MOSFETs

In order to continue the scaling of silicon-based CMOS and maintain the historic progress in information processing and transmission, innovative device structures and new materials have to be created. A channel material with high mobility and therefore high injection velocity can increase on current and reduce delay. Currently, strained-Si is the dominant technology for high performance MOSFETs and increasing the strain provides a viable solution to scaling. However, looking into future scaling of nanoscale MOSFETs it becomes important to look at higher mobility materials, like Ge and III-V materials together with innovative device structures and strain, which may perform better than even very highly strained Si. For both Ge and III-V devices problems of leakage need to be solved. Novel heterostructure quantum-well (QW) FETs will be needed to exploit the promised advantages of Ge and III-V based devices.
Identification, characterization and comparative genomics of chimpanzee endogenous retroviruses.

Background: Retrotransposons, the most abundant and widespread class of eukaryotic transposable elements, are believed to play a significant role in mutation and disease and to have contributed significantly to the evolution of genome structure and function. The recent sequencing of the chimpanzee genome is providing an unprecedented opportunity to study the functional significance of these elements in two closely related primate species and to better evaluate their role in primate evolution. Results: We report here that the chimpanzee genome contains at least 42 separate families of endogenous retroviruses, nine of which were not previously identified. All but two (CERV 1/ PTERV1 and CERV 2) of the 42 families of chimpanzee endogenous retroviruses were found to have orthologs in humans. Molecular analysis (PCR and Southern hybridization) of CERV 2 elements demonstrates that this family is present in chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla and old-world monkeys but absent in human, orangutan and new-world monkeys. A survey of endogenous retroviral positional variation between chimpanzees and humans determined that approximately 7% of all chimpanzee-human INDEL variation is associated with endogenous retroviral sequences. Conclusion: Nine families of chimpanzee endogenous retroviruses have been transpositionally active since chimpanzees and humans diverged from a common ancestor. Seven of these transpositionally active families have orthologs in humans, one of which has also been transpositionally active in humans since the human-chimpanzee divergence about six million years ago. Comparative analyses of orthologous regions of the human and chimpanzee genomes have revealed that a significant portion of INDEL variation between chimpanzees and humans is attributable to endogenous retroviruses and may be of evolutionary significance.
Identification and Dissection of a Complex DNA Repair Sensitivity Phenotype in Baker's Yeast

Complex traits typically involve the contribution of multiple gene variants. In this study, we took advantage of a high-density genotyping analysis of the BY (S288c) and RM strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and of 123 derived spore progeny to identify the genetic loci that underlie a complex DNA repair sensitivity phenotype. This was accomplished by screening hybrid yeast progeny for sensitivity to a variety of DNA damaging agents. Both the BY and RM strains are resistant to the ultraviolet light–mimetic agent 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO); however, hybrid progeny from a BY×RM cross displayed varying sensitivities to the drug. We mapped a major quantitative trait locus (QTL), RAD5, and identified the exact polymorphism within this locus responsible for 4-NQO sensitivity. By using a backcrossing strategy along with array-assisted bulk segregant analysis, we identified one other locus, MKT1, and a QTL on Chromosome VII that also link to the hybrid 4-NQO–sensitive phenotype but confer more minor effects. This work suggests an additive model for sensitivity to 4-NQO and provides a strategy for mapping both major and minor QTL that confer background-specific phenotypes. It also provides tools for understanding the effect of genetic background on sensitivity to genotoxic agents.
Experiment in eastern Mediterranean probes origin of deep water masses

During the last decade the oceanography community has focused much attention on the Mediterranean Sea. One reason for the growing interest is that the Mediterranean's impact on the Northern Atlantic Ocean is more significant than previously realized. The warm, salty Mediterranean water tongue exits the Gibraltar Straits and spreads throughout the North Atlantic at all depths between 1000 and 2500 m. The second reason for the surge in interest is the well-recognized role of the Mediterranean Sea as a laboratory for studying ocean processes that are important in global climate dynamics [Malanotte-Rizzoli and Robinson, 1991; Malanotte-Rizzoli and Robinson, 1994].
Electrocardiographic Diagnosis of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction

The ECG is an essential part of the initial evaluation of patients who have chest pain, especially in the immediate decision-making process in patients who have ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This article reviews and summarizes the current information that can be obtained from the admission ECG in patients who have ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction, with an emphasis on: (1) prediction of final infarct size, (2) estimation of prognosis, and (3) the correlations between various ECG patterns and the localization of the infarct and the underlying coronary anatomy.
Physical Activity in Youth With Well-Controlled Versus Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose. Type 2 diabetes increases risk of chronic disease. The recommendations are for youth to attain at least 60 minutes of daily physical activity (PA). Fewer than 20% achieve this goal. This study examines differences between blood glucose control and PA in youth with type 2 diabetes. Methods. A1c levels and PA were tested in youth 9 to 17 years old with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes during clinic visits. Average daily minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was calculated. Differences in MVPA were investigated. Results. Slightly more than half of youth had well-controlled diabetes. All engaged in less PA than recommended. Youth with well-controlled diabetes engaged in slightly less MVPA than those whose diabetes was not in control. There were no significant differences in minutes of MVPA by gender, race, or diabetes control. Conclusions. It is necessary to identify ways to increase PA among youth with type 2 diabetes.
Distinct fluvial and adfluvial migration patterns of a relict charr, Salvelinus confluentus, stock in a mountainous watershed, Idaho, USA

Sixty-five large (>385 mm fork length) bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), a threatened relict charr (Family Salmonidae), were captured in the upper East Fork South Fork Salmon River (EFSFSR), Idaho, USA and implanted with radio tags to investigate their spatial and temporal movements and distribution throughout the South Fork Salmon River (SFSR) basin and beyond. All radio-tagged fish were migratory. Most fish displayed a fluvial migration pattern. They typically overwintered in the larger rivers downriver of the EFSFSR (SFSR and the Salmon River further downstream), migrated upriver to the EFSFSR in June and further upriver into small (<2 m wide) tributaries to spawn in August and September. Both consecutive-year and nonconsecutive-year spawners were found. A typical migration distance between the overwintering habitat and the spawning habitat was 100 km. A minor fraction (<10%) of the fish displayed an adfluvial life history pattern, overwintering in a small (2 ha) 60-year-old flooded mine pit in the EFSFSR upstream of the spawning tributaries. The stock exhibited distinct site fidelity for spawning and overwintering. Similar fluvial and adfluvial migration patterns have been reported for bull trout in the region as well as for other charr species worldwide. Effective management of this and other migratory charr stocks will require protection of a wide range of habitats, from large rivers to the smallest tributaries.
Electroanalysis with electrodes modified by inorganic films

The electroanalytical utility of electrodes modified with inorganic films is reviewed. Various types of inorganic layers (metal oxides, polynuclear transition metal cyanides, zeolites, metal porphyrins and phthalocyanines) are assessed. Various detection schemes based on these modified surfaces are described in 129 references.
Presence of a calcium-activated chloride current in mouse ventricular myocytes.

The properties of several components of outward K+ currents, including the pharmacological and kinetics profiles as well as the respective molecular correlates, have been identified in mouse cardia...
Alcohol-induced state-dependent learning in non-alcoholics.

Abstract The generality of the dissociative effects of a high dosage (1.40 g/kg) of rapidly ingested ethyl alcohol in non-alcoholic human subjects was examined. Verbal memory was found to be more susceptible to dissociation than either motor-skills learning or autonomic (heart-rate) control training. The dissociation of the verbal material appeared to be asymmetrical in that subjects who originally learned the material while intoxicated but were tested 48 hr later while sober showed a greater memory decrement than a group which learned the material originally while sober but was tested while intoxicated.
A comparison of student reactions to biology instruction by interactive videodisc or conventional laboratory

This study was designed to learn if students perceived an interactive computer/videodisc learning system to represent a viable alternative to (or extension of) the conventional laboratory for learning biology skills and concepts normally taught under classroom laboratory conditions. Data were collected by questionnaire for introductory biology classes at a large midwestern university where students were randomly assigned to two interactive videodisc/computer lessons titled Respiration and Climate and Life or traditional laboratory investigation with the same titles and concepts. The interactive videodisc system consisted of a TRS-80 Model III microcomputer interfaced to a Pioneer laser-disc player and a color TV monitor. Students indicated an overall level satisfaction with this strategy very similar to that of conventional laboratory instruction. Students frequently remarked that videodisc instruction gave them more experimental and procedural options and more efficient use of instructional time than did the conventional laboratory mode. These two results are consistent with past CAI research. Students also had a strong perception that the images on the videodisc “were not real” and this factor was perceived as having both advantages and disadvantages. Students found the two approaches to be equivalent to conventional laboratory instruction in the areas of general interest, understanding of basic principles, help on examinations, and attitude toward science. The student-opinion data in this study do not suggest that interactive videodisc technology serve as a substitute to the “wet” laboratory experience, but that this medium may enrich the spectrum of educational experiences usually not possible in typical classroom settings.
Chronic hypoxia increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in mouse soleus muscle.

People living at high altitude appear to have lower blood glucose levels and decreased incidence of diabetes. Faster glucose uptake and increased insulin sensitivity are likely explanations for the...
Invasive Fungal Infections in the ICU

Invasive fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Foremost among these is invasive candidiasis. In recent years, invasive aspergillosis (IA) and zygomycosis have emerged as major problems in susceptible, critically ill patients. Risk factors for invasive fungal infections, including disrupted anatomic barriers, suppressed antifungal host responses, and exposure to potentially opportunistic fungi are common in critically ill patients. The expanded antifungal armamentarium and advent of rapid diagnostic techniques are altering the approach to invasive fungal infections in the intensive care unit (ICU). Herein, we review recent developments in the field of antifungal host defenses, the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the ICU, the pharmacology of antifungal agents of importance to critically ill patients, and the evolving approaches to therapy in this setting.
Cervical insufficiency and placenta accreta after prior pelvic radiation.

Pregnancy in patients who have had prior pelvic radiation has been associated with spontaneous abortion, preterm labour, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and abnormal placentation (Critchley...
Preserving Source-Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have the potential to be widely used in many areas for unattended event monitoring. Mainly due to lack of a protected physical boundary, wireless communications are vulnerable to unauthorized interception and detection. Privacy is becoming one of the major issues that jeopardize the successful deployment of wireless sensor networks. While confidentiality of the message can be ensured through content encryption, it is much more difficult to adequately address the source-location privacy. For WSN, source-location privacy service is further complicated by the fact that the sensor nodes consist of low-cost and low-power radio devices, computationally intensive cryptographic algorithms (such as public-key cryptosystems) and large scale broadcasting-based protocols are not suitable for WSN. In this paper, we propose a scheme to provide both content confidentiality and source-location privacy through routing to a randomly selected intermediate node (RRIN) and a network mixing ring (NMR), where the RRIN provides local source-location privacy and NMR yields network-level (global) source-location privacy. While being able to provide source-location privacy for WSN, our simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed scheme is very efficient and can be used for practical applications.
Analysis of plasma cyanate as 2-nitro-5-thiocarbamylbenzoic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography.

A method for the determination of cyanate concentration in blood plasma over the range I to 1000 pM is presented. Cyanate present in the dried residue of acetone-deproteinized plasma is converted to a chromophoric thiocarbamyl derivative by addition of pH 3.0-buffered thionitrobenzoic acid. The derivative is then analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with detection at 3 I3 nm, near the absorption maximum. Carbamyl thionitrobenzoic acid peak height is quantified by comparison to a standard curve made by analysis of plasma samples to which known quantities of cyanate have been added. This technique is sensitive and linear with respect to cyanate concentration, and is faster than other reported methods; sample analysis and column regeneration are accomplished within 20 min. cyanate; carbamyl thionitrobenzoic acid: high-performance liquid chromatography.
Wideband slope in interference channels with imperfect CSI at transmitters

In this paper we investigate the wideband slope of a K-user interference channel. We show that delay-based inteference alignment can achieve a wideband slope of S 0 over S 0 , no interference = 1 over 2 independent of the number of users K, when the delays are known exactly. This result is similar to recent results on degrees of freedom in the high SNR regime. We also show that in many cases the wideband slope is upper bounded by S 0 over S 0 , no interference ≤ 1 over 2 for large number of users K. We then consider delay uncertainty at the transmitter side. We present a modified delay-based interference alignment scheme. Its achievable wideband slope can get arbitrarily close S 0 over S 0 , no interference = 1 over 2 -the best achievable wideband slope for the channel without delay uncertainty‥
Tailoring texture for the elderly: theoretical aspects and technological options

Abstract The perception of what is known as “texture” is a result of a variety of primarily mechanical and acoustical events. These are sensed by receptors of different kinds that are unevenly distributed in the sensing organ(s) (tongue, jaws, fingers) and neighboring tissues. The perceived intensity of textural properties is time dependent and can be influenced by other stimuli, notably chemical and thermal. The exact mode in which mechanical and geometrical properties are translated into perceived texture is not known. There are, however, known trends based on empirical observations, and growing understanding of the operation of individual receptors and the physiology and biomechanics of the sensation process itself. This body of knowledge can provide rational guidelines” for the development of special products for the elderly and other people with special needs. For example, it is possible to increase fragility and maintain crunchiness or to make chewy foods that require a reduced effort in mastication...
Optimizing and validating the technical infrastructure of a novel tele-cystoscopy system.

IntroductionBladder cancer is the most costly malignancy to manage per capita due to the technical nature and intensity of follow-up. There are few urologists in rural areas, often necessitating that patients travel hours to receive follow-up care multiple times per year. We plan to train registered nurses and allied health professionals to perform cystoscopies which are monitored and interpreted in real-time by board-certified urologists. The key is to ensure optimal picture resolution to guarantee this technology is not inferior to traditional cystoscopy. Our objective was to develop the technical infrastructure needed for a tele-cystoscopy system through assessment of the transmitted video quality using expert reviewers and crowd-sourcing.MethodsAll combinations of the tele-cystoscopy system were systematically tested using a single Thiel cadaver. The videos were reviewed by expert urologists and general reviewers using a crowd-sourcing website. The video quality responses were assessed to determine co...
Sprint training restores normal contractility in postinfarction rat myocytes.

The significance of 6–8 wk of high-intensity sprint training (HIST) on contractile abnormalities of myocytes isolated from rat hearts with prior myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated. Compare...
Kallikrein and Kinins in Epithelial Ion Transport

Despite several decades of work there is still no evidence proving that tissue kallikrein and its kinin products have any causal, or compensatory role in any form of experimental or human hypertension. Nevertheless, such participation continues to be reasonable because of findings which established that: 1) changes in endogenous renal kallikrein-kinin activity are correlated with changes in renal excretory or hemodynamic behavior (1,2); 2) correlations are present between urinary kallikrein excretion rates and levels of blood pressure in some normal children (3); 3) altered urinary and renal kallikrein levels are present in various forms of renal and hypertensive diseases (4,5); and 4) changes in system component activity occur during treatment with antihypertensive and/or diuretic drugs (6).
Factors that predict student performance in dual credit courses in Kentucky community and technical colleges.

FACTORS THAT PREDICT STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN DUAL CREDIT COURSES IN KENTUCKY COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGES Nicholas Brake August 26, 2003 This research addresses the problem of productivity in the P-16 system of education, emphasizing the repetition of the senior year of high school with the first year of postsecondary education. This study analyzes this integration through dual credit courses in the context of both P-12 and higher education reform in Kentucky. An analysis of these factors is critical in light of the deregulation of dual credit and dual enrollment in Kentucky since 2000 and the increased enrollment of high school students in college courses both nationally and in Kentucky. Dual credit courses in Kentucky community and technical colleges are evaluated based on the learning productivity in transition from secondary to postsecondary education for students according to their gender, race, residence, socio-economic status, high school performance, and a student preparation for college. The design incorporates methods prevalent from the literature in research conducted on dual credit programs. Student performance in dual credit courses is the criterion variable, while high school performance and preparation for college are the
Native Voting Rights

American Indians' status as citizens of federal, state, and tribal nations has been riddled with ambiguity since the Founding of the American Republic. This short paper surveys the history and law of Native political rights in the American constitutional structure before concluding with a discussion about special problems in tribal elections.
Inadvertence and the Internal Revenue Code: Federal Tax Consequences of State Unclaimed Property Laws

Each year Americans lose track of personal property worth, in the aggregate, hundreds of millions of dollars. We fail, for example, to cash checks for stock dividends or salary payments and neglect to claim security deposits or insurance benefits. Laws in all 50 states require businesses that hold certain kinds of unclaimed property to transfer such property to the state after periods of inactivity that vary from less than one to seven years. State governments do not themselves take title to this unclaimed property, but hold the property in perpetuity as custodian for the owner or the owner's heirs and devisees. As a result of the unclaimed property laws, states have acquired many billions of dollars of unclaimed property. This article discusses how the practical effects of these laws force us to reconsider some of the theoretical underpinnings of a variety of tax doctrines, including constructive receipt, the definition of debt, and the tax benefit rule. In particular, it exposes how our substantive tax laws assume that taxpayers act intentionally, as rational actors knowledgeable about and aware of their actions. The case of unclaimed property reminds us that our tax laws apply to human behavior and that our tax base needs to allow for human frailty. It helps us to highlight those tax doctrines, such as surrogate taxation or the rules applicable to fiduciaries, that allow for human carelessness. The study further suggests that the contours of many tax doctrines be limited to voluntary, or at least conscious, actions. Of special significance would be rethinking our notion of debt to require some conscious intention on the part of the taxpayer to make a loan.
An Experiment on Policy Accountability and Institutional Choice

If voters recognize that they lack expertise about policy, then delegating decisions to informed elected officials has the potential to improve public welfare. But if there is a possibility that elected officials' interests diverge from those of the public, elections will often be insufficient to induce their proper alignment. In theory, policy accountability undermines electoral delegation by creating reputational incentives for politicians to pander, and under the right conditions, it may be preferable to remove such incentives by removing accountability altogether. I investigate the extent to which reputational incentives affect policy choices in the context of a controlled laboratory experiment. The data suggest that voters indeed create the predicted electoral incentives, but politicians surprisingly fail to make policy choices that take advantage of voters. In addition, subjects prefer to retain electoral accountability or to make decisions themselves through direct democracy, even though both institutions yield lower expected payoffs than delegation to unaccountable agents.
Deterministic Squeezed States with Collective Measurements and Feedback.

We demonstrate the creation of entangled, spin-squeezed states using a collective, or joint, measurement and real-time feedback. The pseudospin state of an ensemble of $N=5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ laser-cooled $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms is deterministically driven to a specified population state with angular resolution that is a factor of 5.5(8) [7.4(6) dB] in variance below the standard quantum limit for unentangled atoms---comparable to the best enhancements using only unitary evolution. Without feedback, conditioning on the outcome of the joint premeasurement, we directly observe up to 59(8) times [17.7(6) dB] improvement in quantum phase variance relative to the standard quantum limit for $N=4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{atoms}$. This is one of the largest reported entanglement enhancements to date in any system.
Telecoms' Path to Global Progress

Sir, Iraq is not Vietnam. Different times, different places and different geopolitics. Yet both whisper a warning about the difficulties of taming developing nations that defy our values and views of social progress: the cost may be too high.
Inhibition of renin release by 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in renal cortical slices

The effects of products of the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase pathway of arachidonate metabolism on renin have not been previously examined. Initial high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chr...
Assessing Attribute Significance in Conjoint Analysis: Nonparametric Tests and Empirical Validation:

Statistical testing of attribute significance is not possible in conjoint studies that use nonmetric algorithms to analyze respondent ranks of multiattribute product profiles. Procedures that test ...
Femtosecond laser pulse shaping: Applications to computing and communications

Femtosecond laser pulse shaping and novel pulse shape detection methods can be used to develop Tb/s communications architectures, measure the onset of fiber nonlinearity, correct for distortions in optical amplifiers, and improve characterization of surfaces.
Distribution network planning with distributed generation based on immune genetic algorithm

With the increasing of distributed generation,distribution network planning has become more complex.The planning model of minimizing the annual cost is built with limiting DG capacity and many constraints.A new immune genetic algorithm(IGA) is proposed for this model,which combines the advantages of immune system and genetic algorithm.This algorithm keeps individual diversity and has good global convergence.Both genetic algorithm and immune genetic algorithm are used for planning the distribution network with DG.The results show IGA is superior to genetic algorithm and the planning with DG is proved to be more economical.