cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrology, geochemistry and tectonic settings of the mafic dikes and sills associated with the evolution of the Proterozoic Cuddapah Basin of south India

In this article we summarize the petrological, geochemical and tectonic processes involved in the evolution of the Proterozoic intracratonic Cuddapah basin. We use new and available ages of Cuddapah igneous rocks, together with field, stratigraphic, geophysical and other criteria, to arrive at a plausible model for the timing of these processes during basin evolution. We present petrological and geochronological evidence of dike emplacement along preferred lineament directions around the basin in response to stresses, which may have been responsible for the evolution of the basin itself. Basaltic dike intrusion started on the south Indian shield around 2400 Ma and continued throughout the Cuddapah basin evolution and sedimentation. A deep mantle perturbation, currently manifested by a lopolithic cupola-like intrusion under the southwestern part of the basin, may have occurred at the onset of basin evolution and played an important role in its development. Paleomagnetic, gravity and geochronological evidence indicates that it was a constant thermal source responsible for dike and sill emplacement between 1500 and 1200 Ma both inside and out-side the basin. Lineament reactivation in the NW-SE and NE-SW directions, in response to the mantle perturbation, intensified between 1400 and 1200 Ma, leading to the emplacement of several cross cutting dikes.
Hartree-Fock calculations of bubble nuclei

Abstract Hartree-Fock calculations of 36 Ar and of 200 Hg in spherical configurations exhibit densities which are very much depleted in the interior region. The depletion agrees well with previous theoretical predictions of bubble nuclei.
Discrimination in the provision of fringe benefits

Abstract Minorities and women are shown to be less likely to receive fringe benefits than those with comparable characteristics but equally likely to receive benefits as those with comparable characteristics and earnings. This is shown to be consistent with a model in which earnings are the primary determinants of benefit provision and in which minorities and women suffer earnings discrimination but not direct discrimination in benefit provision.
Diamond-like carbon: state of the art

Abstract Diamond-like carbon films, amorphous hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated forms of carbon, are metastable amorphous materials characterized by attractive mechanical, optical, electrical, chemical and tribological properties. The films can be prepared at low temperatures by different techniques using a large variety of precursors and can be modified by incorporation of different elements such as N, F, Si or metals. The diversity of methods used for the deposition of diamond-like carbon films provides the flexibility to tailor their properties according to specific needs and potential applications. The hydrogenated form of DLC appears to reach a maturity in understanding its properties and finding old and new practical applications for it. The non-hydrogenated diamond-like carbon, or tetrahedral carbon, is at a much younger state of preparation and characterization and practical applications have yet to be proven. The paper will review the state of the art of the preparation of the different types of diamond-like carbon films, the characterization and understanding of their properties, and their practical applications.
Frequency and initiation of debris flows in Grand Canyon, Arizona

[1] Debris flows from 740 tributaries transport sediment into the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona, creating rapids that control its longitudinal profile. Debris flows mostly occur when runoff triggers failures in colluvium by a process termed “the fire hose effect.” Debris flows originate from a limited number of geologic strata, almost exclusively shales or other clay-rich, fine-grained formations. Observations from 1984 through 2003 provide a 20 year record of all debris flows that reached the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, and repeat photography provides a 100 year record of debris flows from 147 tributaries. Observed frequencies are 5.1 events/year from 1984 to 2003, and historic frequencies are 5.0 events/year from 1890 to 1983. Logistic regression is used to model historic frequencies based on drainage basin parameters observed to control debris flow initiation and transport. From 5 to 7 of the 16 parameters evaluated are statistically significant, including drainage area, basin relief, and the height of and gradient below debris flow source areas, variables which reflect transport distance and potential energy. The aspect of the river channel, which at least partially reflects storm movement within the canyon, is also significant. Model results are used to calculate the probability of debris flow occurrence at the river over a century for all 740 tributaries. Owing to the variability of underlying geomorphic controls, the distribution of this probability is not uniform among tributaries of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon.
Euclidean semi-matchings of random samples

A linear programming relaxation of the minimal matching problem is studied for graphs with edge weights determined by the distances between points in a Euclidean space. The relaxed problem has a simple geometric interpretation that suggests the name minimal semi-matching. The main result is the determination of the asymptotic behavior of the length of the minimal semi-matching. It is analogous to the theorem of Beardwood, Halton and Hammersley (1959) on the asymptotic behavior of the traveling salesman problem. Associated results on the length of non-random Euclidean semi-matchings and large deviation inequalities for random semi-matchings are also given.
Electrocatalytic interaction of nano-engineered palladium on carbon nanofibers with hydrogen peroxide and β-NADH

The growing demands for reagentless hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NADH) sensors from food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and biochemical fields have stimulated extensive research interest on nano-engineered Pd. In this paper, Pd/carbon composite nanofibers were prepared by electrodepositing Pd onto electrospun carbon nanofibers to act as a catalyst toward the electrocatalytic redox reactions of H2O2 and β-NADH. The morphology of nano-engineered Pd was controlled by selectively adjusting the electrodeposition time and potential. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that nanocactus- and nanoflower-like Pd depositions were obtained on the surface of carbon nanofibers. Electrocatalytic analysis demonstrated a high electrocatalytic activity of the composite nanofibers for the redox of H2O2 and oxidation of β-NADH.
Women in Sustainable Development: Empowerment through Partnerships for Healthy Living

Abstract This article seeks to take partnerships seriously. Specifically, it is concerned with the nature, opportunities, and challenges facing women's nongovernmental organization (NGOs), which seek to make real contributions to sustainable development. It uses a case study of COFERENE, a successful women's NGO in Costa Rica, to explore the nature of partnerships, the contextual factors that shape them, the successes that can be realized from their wise use, and the potential problems that may arise. There are lessons, both optimistic and cautionary, to be learned from COFERENE'S experiences. This article analyzes these lessons. In synthesis, partnerships are complex and demanding, though there are cases in which women's NGOs have used them effectively to foster sustainable development.
Social Constructions of Masculinity and Male Survivors of Wartime Sexual Violence: an Analytical Review

ABSTRACT Male sexual violence has been reported in 25 armed conflicts in recent years. However, communities and organizations are not equipped to deal with male survivors of sexual violence because it undermines the ideals of social constructions of masculinity. Compared with females, male survivors lack access to reproductive health programs and are generally ignored in gender-based violence discourse. Yet, male survivors are known to suffer from numerous physical injuries and psychosocial disorders. In this review, we call for a move beyond the paradigm of female-only sexual violence victims and for programs that address both male and female survivors.
Platelet-inhibitor drugs' role in coronary artery disease

0 VER THE LAST DECADE considerable interest has been focused on the understanding of the role of platelets and platelet inhibitor therapy in three coronary artery disease processes: coronary atherosclerotic disease, aortocoronary artery vein graft disease, and restenosis following successful coronary angioplasty. The three processes appear to be similar, and their development and prevention are based on similar principles. We will review (1) The current understanding of the role of platelet activation and fibrin formation in thrombogenesis, particularly in coronary artery disease; (2) the current understanding of the pharmacology of platelet inhibitor drugs; and (3) the role of these agents in coronary atherosclerotic disease, aortocoronary vein graft disease, and postcoronary angioplasty.
Pathways to Organizational Commitment

ABSTRACT This study uses an attribution of employer responsibility framework to empirically examine how aspects ofwork and the work environment affect organizational commitment. The study estimates a structural equation model using data from a cross-sectional survey of child welfare employees within the Iowa Department of Human Services. Results support the existence of two pathways to organizational commitment. Work-related variables to which employees attribute greater employer responsibility affect employees' commitment through the social exchange mediator of perceived organizational support, while aspects of work to which employees attribute less employer responsibility affect commitment through job satisfaction. Supervisor support is unique in affecting commitment through both pathways.
Cultural Adaptation of an Evidence Based Intervention: From Theory to Practice in a Latino/a Community Context

The cultural tailoring of interventions to reach underserved groups has moved from descriptive and proscriptive models to their application with existing evidence based treatments. To date few published examples illustrate the process of cultural adaptation. The current paper documents the adaptation of an evidence based parent training intervention, Parent Management Training—Oregon Model (PMTO™), for Spanish-speaking Latino parents using both process (Domenech Rodriguez and Wieling in Voices of color: first-person accounts of ethnic minority therapists, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2004) and content (Bernal et al. in J Abnorm Child Psychol 23:67–82, 1995) models. The adaptation took place in stages: a pilot study to ensure feasibility, focus groups to establish appropriate format and goals, and a test of the intervention. Throughout the process the treatment manual was treated as a living document. Changes were applied and documented as the team developed improvements for the adaptation. The present discussion details both process adaptations, (e.g., engaging the treatment developer, community leaders, and parents, and decentering the manual), and content adaptations, (e.g., shaping the appropriateness of language, persons, metaphors, concepts, contexts, methods, and goals). The current research provides support for the idea that cultural adaptations can improve service delivery to diverse groups and can be conducted systematically with documentation for replication purposes. Suggestions for improving the empirical measurement and documentation of the adaptation process are included.
Persistence and distribution of chlordane and dieldrin applied as termiticides.

The persistence and movement of many chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in soils have been found to be dependent upon the chemical formulation used, the method of application, and especially the environmental conditions (weathering) to which they are exposed (CARTER and STRINGER 1970a, 1970b, LICHTENSTEIN 1966, LICHTENSTEIN et al. 1960, 1962, 1964, 1971, SMITH 1968). Soil type, the amount of organic matter in a particular soil type, and soil moisture are major factors affecting persistence and distribution. Other climatic conditions and the chemical and microorganismic composition of the soil are less influential. Most of the organochlorlne compounds studied as soil insecticides have been reported to be relatively persistent. Fifteen or more years after being applied, aldrin and DDT have been found to move vertically and horizontally only very slightly unless the treated soil is physically moved (LICHTENSTEIN et al. 1971, SMITH 1968). HERMANSON et al. (1971) reported measurable enduring insecticide residues in soil treated with DDT, toxaphene, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, and aldrin ii years after application.
Photosynthetic responses of Larrea tridentata to a step-increase in atmospheric CO2 at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility

Abstract Of all terrestrial ecosystems, the productivity of deserts has been suggested to be the most responsive to increasing atmospheric CO2. The extent to which this prediction holds will depend in part on plant responses to elevated CO2under the highly variable conditions characteristic of arid regions. The photosynthetic responses ofLarrea tridentata , an evergreen shrub, to a step-increase in atmospheric CO2(to 550 μmolmol−1) were examined in the field using Free-Air CO2Enrichment (FACE) under seasonally varying moisture conditions. Elevated CO2substantially increased net assimilation rate (Anet) in Larrea during both moist and dry periods of the potential growing season, while stomatal conductance (gs) did not differ between elevated and ambient CO2treatments. Seasonal and diurnal gas exchange dynamics in elevated CO2mirrored patterns in ambient CO2, indicating that elevated CO2did not extend photosynthetic activity longer into the dry season or during more stressful times of the day. Net assimilation vs. internal CO2(A/Ci) responses showed no evidence of photosynthetic down-regulation during the dry season. In contrast, after significant autumn rains, Amax(the CO2saturated rate of photosynthesis) and CE (carboxylation efficiency) were lower in Larrea under elevated CO2. In situ chlorophyll fluorescence estimation ofLarrea Photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) responded more to water limitation than to elevated CO2. These findings suggest that predictions regarding desert plant responses to elevated CO2should account for seasonal patterns of photosynthetic regulatory responses, which may vary across species and plant functional types.
Minimum variance estimation and prediction theory

Abstract The problem of estimating values of signal parameters in the presence of noise can be approached via communication theory methods or through classical statistical techniques. The theories used appear unrelated even though superficially it seems that both methods should yield the same results. It is the purpose of this paper to show that both approaches accomplish the same ends; and that the mathematical steps, if appropriately interpreted, are essentially identical.
A sensitivity study of micro-TLDs for in vivo dosimetry of radioimmunotherapy.

The sensitivity and precision of teflon-imbedded CaSO4:Dy microthermoluminescent dosimeters (micro-TLDs) were determined. The micro-TLDs were sectioned from miniature TLDs (200 microns x 400 microns x 5 mm) that were fabricated using standard techniques. In order to measure absorbed dose, the miniature TLDs can be implanted directly into tissues (e.g., tumor xenografts) that have received injections of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies. Micro-TLDs recovered from tissue sections cut with a microtome can be read out to determine local absorbed dose. The precision of dose estimation was quantified for uniformly irradiated 32-, 96-, and 192-microns TLD chips; coefficients of variation ranged from 22% to 41%, depending on chip size. The coefficients of variation were reduced to less than 12% using individual relative sensitivity factors for each micro-TLD. The spatial resolution of the micro-TLDs was studied by placing miniature TLDs across the sharp penumbral region of a linear accelerator x-ray field. TLDs were sectioned into 32-microns chips which were read out to determine the relative absorbed dose. The sharpness of the penumbra was readily quantified by the micro-TLDs.
The Importance of Imagination in Aesthetic Experience: Polanyian Thoughts on Elcombe

In his recent work, ‘Sport, Aesthetic Experience, and Art as the Ideal Embodied Metaphor’, Tim L. Elcombe explores links between sport and art from a pragmatically informed conception of aesthetic experience. However, Elcombe's work does not highlight the role of the imagination in the interpretation of the aesthetic something Michael Polanyi claims to be the ‘cornerstone of aesthetic theory’. With the backdrop of an increased interest in the aesthetics, phenomenology, and epistemology of sport, this discussion essay seeks to defend the usefulness and value of definitional demarcation debates between sport and art, to use Polanyi’s distinctions among technical, scientific and artistic problems to support the claim that sport is not art, and to offer an account of how sport contributes in its own way to human flourishing and why it is no less valuable experientially than art.
Peirce's Philosophy of Mathematical Education: Fostering Reasoning Abilities for Mathematical Inquiry.

I articulate Charles S. Peirce’s philosophy of mathematical education as related to his conception of mathematics, the nature of its method of inquiry, and especially, the reasoning abilities required for mathematical inquiry. The main thesis is that Peirce’s philosophy of mathematical education primarily aims at fostering the development of the students’ semeiotic abilities of imagination, concentration, and generalization required for conducting mathematical inquiry by way of experimentation upon diagrams. This involves an emphasis on the relation between theory and practice and between mathematics and other fields including the arts and sciences. For achieving its goals, the article is divided in three sections. First, I expound Peirce’s philosophical account of mathematical reasoning. Second, I illustrate this account by way of a geometrical example, placing special emphasis on its relation to mathematical education. Finally, I put forth some Peircean philosophical principles for mathematical education.
Comparison of midazolam and simvastatin as cytochrome P450 3A probes.

Objective Our objective was to compare simvastatin with the validated probe midazolam in the assessment of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activity. Methods This study used an open-label, fixed-sequential, 3-way crossover study design. Nineteen subjects received oral doses of 0.075 mg/kg midazolam and 40 mg simvastatin during 3 phases (baseline, after inhibition with 400 mg ketoconazole for 10 days, and after induction with 600 mg rifampin [INN, rifampicin] for 9 days). Serial plasma concentrations of midazolam and simvastatin were obtained. Oral clearances of midazolam and simvastatin were compared. Results Oral midazolam clearance decreased after pretreatment with ketoconazole (from a geometric mean of 25 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 12–57 mL · min−1 · kg−1] to 2.7 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 1.2–8.5 mL · min−1 · kg−1], P < .001) and increased after pretreatment with rifampin (to a geometric mean of 203 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 125–371 mL · min−1 · kg−1], P < .001). Oral simvastatin clearance decreased after ketoconazole (from a geometric mean of 312 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 151–1478 mL · min−1 · kg−1] to 25 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 8.0–147 mL · min−1 · kg−1], P < .001) and increased after rifampin (to a geometric mean of 3536 mL · min−1 · kg−1 [range, 413–10,329 mL · min−1 · kg−1], P < .001). The change in simvastatin clearance was highly variable from baseline to inhibition (6- to 33-fold decrease) and from baseline to induction (2- to 39-fold increase) compared with midazolam (7- to 18-fold decrease during inhibition and 4- to 12-fold increase during induction). Midazolam and simvastatin oral clearances were correlated for all study phases (r = 0.5 and P = .03 for baseline and r = 0.53 and P = .02 for inhibition) but were weakest for induction (r = −0.031, P = .22). The area under the concentration-time curve inhibitory ratio for midazolam was 9.4 versus 12.4 for simvastatin (r = 0.3, P = .03). Conclusions Compared with midazolam, simvastatin is a nonvalidated, suboptimal probe for studying CYP3A drug interactions because of its lack of CYP3A specificity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2006) 79, 350–361; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.11.016
Acute gamma-irradiation-induced mortality in chickens. I. Mechanism of resistance afforded by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide or sublethal irradiation.

SummaryChickens given a lethal dose of γ-irradiation die of generalized vascular collapse within 24 hr after irradiation. This syndrome can be prevented by pretreatment with soybean trypsin inhibitor, cyclophos-phamide, or sublethal doses of irradiation; injection of trypsin, vitamin A, or cortisone gives partial protection. Hormonal bursec-tomy by testosterone, without cyclophos-phamide treatment does not protect nearly as effectively. Reconstitution of cyclophos-phamide-treated birds with bone marrow or lymphoid cells does not reinstate sensitivity to irradiation. Spontaneous reconstitution of this sensitivity after a sublethal dose of y-irradiation takes 7 to 10 days.Variations in the sensitivities of four different chicken strains to the lethal effects of γ-irradiation and of iv-injected trypsin ran in parallel. The possible activation by irradiation of a kinin system to which chickens are particularly sensitive is discussed as the cause of death. It is also pointed out that parameters of irradiation-...
A syndrome of seizures and pervasive developmental disorder associated with excessive cellular nucleotidase activity.

Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is defined broadly as impaired reciprocal social interaction, communication, and imaginative activity combined with a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests.1 PDD includes such disorders as childhood schizophrenia, infantile autism, and Asperger’s syndrome. PDD is often associated with neurological symptoms such as seizures and ataxia. A number of single-gene defects and chromosomal abnormalities are associated with PDD; these include Fragile X, Down’s syndrome, histidenemia, phenylketonuria, neurolipidosis, and tuberous sclerosis.
Solving soft contact lens problems.

Abstract Soft contact lens wearers encounter a variety of problems affecting their vision and comfort. Six patients with soft lens-related problems are discussed, illustrating the various sources of problems and approaches to their solution.
Specificity of Ligand-Induced Conformational Change of Lipoprotein(a)†

The conformation of Lp(a) was probed with a set of ω-aminocarboxylic acids and other analogs of 6-aminohexanoic acid (6-AHA). Using the viscosity-corrected sedimentation coefficient, six additional ligands were shown to induce a major conformational change in Lp(a), from a compact form to an extended form. These were trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), proline, 4-aminobutyric acid, 8-aminooctanoic acid, Nα-acetyllysine, and glycine. Lysine, Ne-acetyllysine, glutamic acid, and adipic acid were determined not to cause a conformational change. Urea and guanidine hydrochloride were ineffective at inducing this conformational change at concentrations at which the above ligands did unfold Lp(a). The conformational change was inhibited by 100 mM NaCl and to a lesser extent by 20 mM sodium glutamate. Despite the fact that these two salts have nearly the same ionic strengths, the greater inhibition of the unfolding by NaCl is consistent with a proposed stabilization of interkringle interacti...
Vacuum polarization effects in the non-linear σ, ω-model

Abstract Vacuum renormalization of the σ, ω relativistic nuclear field theory, constrained by four saturation properties is studied for nuclear matter.
Multimedia over mobile networks using the H.324 family

As mobile terminals become more common in society, the expectations placed on them are becoming more demanding. All of the standard applications of a desktop computer and also on-line applications such as Internet access are now available to the mobile worker. The migration of applications such as video conferencing and interactive multimedia services from fixed network (such as ISDN and General Switched Telephone Network, GSTN) working to mobile network (such as GSM and DECT) working is an important next step. This paper looks at some of the problems unique to mobile channels and describes studies of the effectiveness of the GSTN multimedia conferencing standard H.324 running over a single GSM channel.
Changes in Technologist Productivity with Implementation of an Enterprisewide PACS

The purpose of this report is to determine what effect filmless operation has on technologist productivity when compared with traditional film-based operation. Retrospective data on technologist productivity was collected from the study institution before and after implementation of PACS using workload reports and payroll records. Departmentwide technologist productivity was defined as the number of examinations per full-time equivalent (exams/FTE) and correlated with local and nationwide standards operating in traditional film-based operations. During filmbased operation, technologist productivity was comparable between the study institution and nationwide standards, allowing for the unique examination volumes and modality mix. After implementation of a large-scale PACS, technologist productivity was found to increase 34% above that of national standards and 48% that of the local control site. Implementation of an enterprisewide PACS offers the potential to significantly improve departmentwide technologist productivity when compared with traditional film-based operation.
Methods of Measuring Faking Behavior

This article reviews different methods of measuring the extent that faking has distorted responses to a personality test. Based on the idea that faking causes shifts in the means and construct relationships, a three-factor framework is proposed for classifying such measures based on the data required for computation and the effect of faking that the measure is intended to gauge. Advantages and disadvantages for each method are discussed along with recommendations for measuring faking in research and practice.
On a possible similarity between the heavy lepton and heavy constituent quark mass spectra

Abstract We raise the possibility that the heavy (charged) lepton mass spectrum and the heavy constituent quark mass spectrum are both geometric with ratio fixed by the weak and strong interaction coupling constants, respectively.
Design Optimization of Response Amplitudes in Viscously Damped Structures

A two-part function represents the design objective as a weighted sum of a function of the response levels at important locations on the structure in critical frequency ranges, and a function of the cost of potential design changes
Assessing Accuracy and Reliability: A Note Based on Approaches Used in National Accounts and Balance of Payments Statistics

Both national accounts and balance of payments are based on multiple, complex source data and typically undergo several routine revisions as more and better source data are incorporated into the final estimates. As a result, neither dataset can be subjected directly to the usual statistical measures of sampling biases, variances, and other measurement error properties. In this context, this note, which is addressed to those interested in these datasets and others, explores four approaches that shed light on the accuracy and reliability of these datasets: examination of statistical discrepancies, comparison with other data, analysis of revisions, and judgmental evaluation.
The role of the alongshore wind stress in the heat budget of the North Carolina inner shelf

The heat budget of a cross-shelf section extending 16 km offshore of the outer banks of North Carolina is studied during two time periods: August 1994 and October 1994, using data collected as part of the Coastal Ocean Processes (CoOP) Inner Shelf Study. Heat budgets are computed on two different timescales: monthly averages over August and October, which reflect seasonal variations, and a fluctuation budget, which reflects variation on daily to weekly timescales. During August, a period of strong stratification, the increase in the area-averaged water temperature (approximately 3.2°C) was due primarily to the surface heat flux. Fluctuations in temperature during August were caused primarily by the cross-shelf heat flux, due to wind-driven upwelling and downwelling circulation. In October, the area-averaged shelf temperature dropped by approximately 3.5°C due to both surface heat loss and the alongshore transport of heat. Weak vertical stratification in October led to small cross-shelf heat fluxes, and temperature fluctuations in October were due primarily to fluctuations in the surface and alongshore heat fluxes. In both August and October, variation on daily to weekly timescales of the area-averaged temperature of the shelf was strongly correlated with the alongshore component of the wind stress. In August, alongshore poleward winds caused upwelling and the area-averaged temperature decreased; conversely, equatorward winds caused downwelling and warming. In October, although the variations in temperature were smaller, alongshore winds were positively correlated with alongshore currents and the surface heat flux (for reasons discussed by Austin and Lentz [this issue]), so that poleward winds resulted in warming; conversely, equatorward winds resulted in cooling. Therefore the dependence of the change in heat content on the alongshore wind stress changed sign between August and October. A simple dynamical model was constructed to relate changes in heat content to the alongshore wind stress. The model results were compared to 12 years of meteorological records from the Coastal Engineering Research Center's Field Research Facility, directly onshore of the experimental site. The results suggest a seasonal cycle in the dominant fluctuating heat balance, consistent with the field results found for August and October 1994. In May through August, cross-shelf flux dominates variation in the heat content. In October through March, the surface heat flux and alongshore heat flux dominate the variation.
Isospin sum rule for nuclear photoabsorption: Effect of retardation.

Motivated by the close similarity between a sum rule originally derived by Cabibbo and Radicati and a simplified version based on nonrelativistic nuclear physics in the long-wavelength limit, we have investigated the effect of retardation corrections. An account of the contributions due to higher multipolarities is presented, together with a physical interpretation of the results.
Therapeutic Considerations for Ureaplasma urealyticum Infections in Neonates

Appreciation of Ureaplasma urealyticum as a human pathogen and documentation of antibiotic resistance have heightened interest in susceptibility testing and treatment alternatives. Treatment of neonates poses special problems because of potential drug toxicity, clinical unfamiliarity with the various conditions that may be due to or associated with ureaplasmal infection, and frequent isolation of the organism from mucosal surfaces in the absence of overt illness. Case reports have undeniably demonstrated the ability of U. urealyticum to cause neonatal bacteremia, pneumonia, and meningitis, although the frequency with which such clinically significant infections occur among the greater population of colonized neonates is unknown. The association of U. urealyticum with development of chronic lung disease of prematurity further intensifies the need for knowledge concerning effective antimicrobial treatment. Despite controversy stemming from nonstandardized susceptibility testing, erythromycin is the drug of choice for treating neonatal ureaplasmal infections not involving the central nervous system. The use of erythromycin is supported by its activity in vitro, limited data from clinical experience, and preliminary pharmacokinetic and safety studies.
Understanding the educational value of first-year medical students' patient encounter data.

Background: Many medical schools use patient-encounter logs to track students’ clinical experiences, but few have investigated the student-user perspective to understand how students enter, review, and use patient-encounter information.Aims: This study examines first-year medical students’ use of a web-based tracking system and whether students thought logging patient-encounters was educationally valuable.Methods: This mixed-methods study uses data from student encounter log entries, a focus group with first-year students, and a survey. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics for quantitative data, qualitative content analysis of students’ free-response entries in the logs, and thematic analysis for focus group and survey responses.Results: Most students logged at least one encounter (90%), but used the system substantially less than expected. Focus group and survey data indicated that students found minimal educational value in the encounter tracking system as designed, but identified several ways ...
HALOGENATION IN THE RHODOPHYTA1,2 A REVIEW

SUMMARY The halogens—chlorine, bromine and iodine—play an important, role in the biochemical processes of marine red algae. Recent studies show that various species from at least 5 orders of the Rhodophyta possess the unique ability to synthesize organic halogen-containing compounds which are derived from seawater components. A variety of substances have been reported, with various structures from simple aliphatic halo-ketones and brominated phenols to more sophisticated mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes. While the biological functions of these compounds are not clearly understood, they appear to provide environmental advantage, probably involving predator avoidance responses and microflora antibiosis.
An emerging paradigm of colony health: microbial balance of the honey bee and hive ( Apis mellifera )

Across the globe, honey bee populations have been declining at an unprecedented rate. Managed honey bees are highly social, frequent a multitude of environmental niches, and continually share food, conditions that promote the transmission of parasites and pathogens. Additionally, commercial honey bees used in agriculture are stressed by crowding and frequent transport, and exposed to a plethora of agricultural chemicals and their associated byproducts. When considering this problem, the hive of the honey bee may be best characterized as an extended organism that not only houses developing young and nutrient rich food stores, but also serves as a niche for symbiotic microbial communities that aid in nutrition and defend against pathogens. The niche requirements and maintenance of beneficial honey bee symbionts are largely unknown, as are the ways in which such communities contribute to honey bee nutrition, immunity, and overall health. In this review, we argue that the honey bee should be viewed as a model system to examine the effect of microbial communities on host nutrition and pathogen defense. A systems view focused on the interaction of the honey bee with its associated microbial community is needed to understand the growing agricultural challenges faced by this economically important organism. The road to sustainable honey bee pollination may eventually require the detoxification of agricultural systems, and in the short term, the integrated management of honey bee microbial systems.
Sexual risk factors for partner age discordance in adolescent girls and their male partners.

Aims and objectives. To investigate differences in sexual risk factors between adolescent girls reporting similar-aged or older sex partners. Background. Adolescent girls are at significant risk of heterosexual-acquired HIV infection and other long-term reproductive health issues. Sexual partner age discordance in teen girls has been correlated with STIs, lack of protection, multiple partners and earlier age of sexual transition. Design. A descriptive study comparing girls currently involved with age-discordant partners to those with similar-aged partners. Two-sample t-test for continuous variables and chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables were used to compare groups. Methods. Baseline data from 738 sexually active, urban, adolescent girls aged 15–19 were analysed to determine which behaviours were more likely to occur in girls with older partners. Data were collected as part of a gender-specific HIV-prevention intervention in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) tailored to adolescent girls. Results. Multiple reported sexual risk behaviours were found to significantly differ between the two groups at baseline. Overall, girls with older partners had more episodes of sexual instances (vaginal, anal and oral). Specific sexual risk behaviours were found to be statistically significant between the two groups. Girls with older partners started having sex at earlier ages, had more lifetime sexual partners, higher incidents of STIs and were reluctant to discuss using condoms with their partners. Girls with similar-aged partners were less willing to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Conclusions. Findings from this investigation support data from other studies. Relationships with older male partners place adolescent girls at increased risk of HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy. Relevance to clinical practice. Adolescent girls in age-discordant relationships are at risk of immediate and long-term sexual health morbidities. Identifying girls who are at increased risk by asking tailored questions will enable nurses to recommend appropriate diagnostics for this population and provide age-specific counselling.
From Separate Corners to Dialogue and Action

How can higher education programs engage students in building a shared commons to address inequalities and foster commitment to intergroup collaboration? Intergroup dialogue is one such possibility to provide forums for meaningful engagement among students from diverse backgrounds. Findings from field experiments at nine colleges and universities show that students in intergroup dialogues increased significantly more than counterparts in control groups and social science comparison groups in their critiques of inequality and their commitments to post-college action to redress inequalities. Further, students in intergroup dialogues rated the frequency of the core communication processes more highly than the social science comparison students. The communication processes help account for the greater increase in students’ critiques of inequality and commitment to post-college actions.
Effects of Lactose‐Containing vs Lactose‐Free Infant Formula on Postprandial Superior Mesenteric Artery Flow in Term Infants

Background: Dietary dextrose and fructose may promote vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. In certain infant populations, altered postprandial mesenteric hyperemia (PPH) may increase risk for feeding intolerance. Objective: To compare superior mesenteric artery (SMA) PPH following feeds of lactose-containing (LC) formula vs lactose-free (LF; dextrose + sucrose) formula. Methods: In a 2 × 2 crossover study with 6 term newborns, 3 received LC first followed by LF 3 hours later. The remaining 3 received the reverse order. Ultrasound measures of pre- and postprandial SMA flow, diameter, and resistance were taken 5 minutes preprandial and 10, 30, and 40 minutes postprandial. Results: Mean ± SD age and weight (n = 6) were 24.1 ± 2.3 hours and 3.1 ± 0.21 kg. Formula intake was similar for LC and LF (22.5 ± 2.8 mL and 25 ± 1.8 mL, respectively; P = .076). Both formulas increased SMA flow at 10 and 30 minutes. However, postprandial flow was greater for LC overall (P = .004) and especially at 30 minut...
Measuring Flux Distributions for Diffusion in the Small-Numbers Limit

For the classical diffusion of independent particles, Fick's law gives a well-known relationship between the average flux and the average concentration gradient. What has not yet been explored experimentally, however, is the dynamical distribution of diffusion rates in the limit of small particle numbers. Here, we measure the distribution of diffusional fluxes using a microfluidics device filled with a colloidal suspension of a small number of microspheres. Our experiments show that (1) the flux distribution is accurately described by a Gaussian function; (2) Fick's law, that the average flux is proportional to the particle gradient, holds even for particle gradients down to a single particle difference; (3) the variance in the flux is proportional to the sum of the particle numbers; and (4) there are backward flows, where particles flow up a concentration gradient, rather than down it. In addition, in recent years, two key theorems about nonequilibrium systems have been introduced: Evans' fluctuation theorem for the distribution of entropies and Jarzynski's work theorem. Here, we introduce a new fluctuation theorem, for the fluxes, and we find that it is confirmed quantitatively by our experiments.
II. A combined model for determining capacity usage and battery size for hybrid and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

Abstract We combine a detailed battery model with a simple vehicle model to examine the battery size and capacity usage of a Li x C 6 /Li y +0.16 Mn 1.84 O 4 cell (with a normal and artificially flat equilibrium potential) and a Li 4+3 x Ti 5 O 12 /Li y FePO 4 cell. The features of cell chemistry we are concerned with are the magnitude and shape of the cell equilibrium potential and internal resistance. Our key findings include that a battery for a hybrid electric vehicle application has a capacity usage from 15 to 25% (for a minimum separator area size), and as one moves from a HEV battery to a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery there is a change in the slope of the separator area vs. equivalent-electric range curve due to the shape of the pulse-power capability. We also find that defining the resistance using the HPPC protocol has limitations because in general the pulse resistance depends on the applied current and pulse duration. Our detailed, combined model also shows that the benefits of a flat-potential system may be limited because of the relative positions of a flat and sloped equilibrium potential, and the lack of a driving force for the relaxation of solid-phase concentration gradients throughout the electrode. That latter effect is shown to be more significant for electrodes with a non-uniform current distribution.
Spectral dependence of Faraday rotation in magnetite-polymer nanocomposites

Abstract We report the size-dependent magneto-optical properties of nanometer-sized magnetite particles embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate). The nanocomposite material contains Fe 3 O 4 particles with diameters ranging from 8 to 200 nm. Faraday rotation spectra are measured in the wavelength range of 400–900 nm. A broad spectral band centered at 650 nm (1.91 eV) is observed in the for the larger (200 nm) particles. Decreasing of nanoparticle size leads to a significant narrowing of this band and appearance of an additional peak in the 2.5–3.2 eV range. We propose that the changes to the spectrum are caused by structural changes in the small particles, which affect the magneto-optically active charge transfer and orbital promotion electronic transitions. In addition, the Faraday rotation spectrum of the composite containing 8 nm particles is sensitive to nanoparticle concentration. Increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in the composite results in a red shift of the spectral feature at approximately 450 nm. We propose that the shift of the peak in Faraday rotation spectrum is due to particle–particle interactions in the concentrated sample. Ferromagnetic Resonance measurements confirm a magneto-static interaction in the concentrated sample not present in the diluted sample.
Designing technology for managing the information exchange of decision making teams

Abstract Ill-structured decision-making by teams is conceptualized in terms of information exchange. A linear system for the dynamics of information types is used to formulate “optimal” information exchange over time as a control problem. The control problem highlights issues in managing the exchange of evaluations across stage transitions in heuristic decision-making. The managerial problem is then extended to represent social structure in teams as a regulator of the amount and type of information that members exchange. A non-linear system in information exchange as mediated by the distribution of status among team members is defined and used in numerical exercises to examine parameter sensitivities. Finally, the technology of managing information exchange to follow a defined quality maximizing path is reviewed and the capabilities of recent GDSSs to implement the control variables in the conceptualization are described in detail.
PUTTING THE HOUSE IN ORDER: USING INNOPAC TO MANAGE PROBLEMATIC REFERENCE SERIALS AND PSEUDOSERIALS

Reference department collections contain a wide variety of serials and serial‐like publications. These include (among others) indexing and abstracting services, directories, almanacs, books‐in‐prints ources, statistical works, trade and national bibliographies, union lists, biographical sources, government publications, and travel guides. Such publications are ideally updated via subscriptions or standing orders with vendors or publishers, and managed by sophisticated integrated systems with serials control features to facilitate claiming, check‐in, and other serials functions such as binding.
Mapping team collaboration in software development projects

Low success rates continue to plague software development projects (Standish Group, 2006). One often cited reason for project failure is poor communication and coordination across project teams and subgroups, a growing problem as development efforts become more complex and geographically dispersed. Our study examines the use of a soft tool methodology, organizational network analysis (ONA), to help identify patterns in communication that affect performance. In this study we use ONA to examine a mission-critical software development project at a Fortune 200 company in the IT solutions industry. The project began to show time and scope slippage, due in part to challenges in integrating four project teams residing in different locations in the U.S. and Russia. A detailed analysis was performed on who each person on the project was connected to, using what methods of communication, for what reasons. Based on a series of mappings of the projects human network and calculation of key connectivity measures, management was able to diagnose root causes of problems and institute appropriate solutions. After presenting the results of the case study, we offer prescriptive recommendations on how and when ONA can be effectively used as a diagnostic tool in software development and other project environments.