cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and Mechanics of Dynein Motors

Dyneins make up a family of AAA+ motors that move toward the minus end of microtubules. Cytoplasmic dynein is responsible for transporting intracellular cargos in interphase cells and mediating spindle assembly and chromosome positioning during cell division. Other dynein isoforms transport cargos in cilia and power ciliary beating. Dyneins were the least studied of the cytoskeletal motors due to challenges in the reconstitution of active dynein complexes in vitro and the scarcity of high-resolution methods for in-depth structural and biophysical characterization of these motors. These challenges have been recently addressed, and there have been major advances in our understanding of the activation, mechanism, and regulation of dyneins. This review synthesizes the results of structural and biophysical studies for each class of dynein motors. We highlight several outstanding questions about the regulation of bidirectional transport along microtubules and the mechanisms that sustain self-coordinated oscillations within motile cilia.
Auditory predator cues affect monarch (Danaus plexippus; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) development time and pupal weight

Abstract Predation risk is a key factor that impacts the growth and behavior of organisms. The ability to detect and react to potential predators provides a major competitive advantage, but the energetic costs associated with anti-predator behaviors can be severe. Monarch (Danaus plexippus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) caterpillars detect airborne predators through auditory predator cues, identifying the sound of a potential threat and exhibiting anti-predator behavior accordingly. Previous work on this species has examined only short-term behavioral changes in response to predation risk. We exposed monarch caterpillars to recorded predator cues in order to provoke anti-predator behaviors over an extended period of time in an effort to determine the long-term fitness costs associated with these behaviors. Our results show that exposure to wasp buzzing reduces development time and final pupal weight. These results imply that the stress of predation risk causes monarch caterpillars to accelerate their development, pupating more quickly in order to avoid the threat of predation. This shorter developmental time leads to the caterpillars pupating at a suboptimal weight, potentially reducing their future fecundity and lowering their ecological fitness as a whole.
Mapping-by-sequencing the locus of EMS-induced mutation responsible for tufted-fuzzless seed phenotype in cotton

Cotton fiber mutants are valuable resources for studying functions of altered genes and their roles in fiber development. The n4t is a recessive tufted-fuzzless seed mutant created through chemical mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. Genetic analysis indicated that the tufted-fuzzless phenotype is controlled by a single recessive locus. In this study, we developed an F2 population of 602 progeny plants and sequenced the genomes of the parents and two DNA bulks from F2 progenies showing the mutant phenotype. We identified DNA sequence variants between the tufted-fuzzless mutant and wild type by aligning the sequence reads to the reference TM-1 genome and designed subgenome-specific SNP markers. We mapped the n4t locus on chromosome D04 within a genomic interval of about 411 kb. In this region, seven genes showed significant differential expression between the tufted-fuzzless mutant and wild type. Possible candidate genes are discussed in this study. The utilization of the n4t mutant along with other fiber mutants will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cotton fiber cell growth and development.
Preoperative COVID-19 Testing in a Pediatric Ambulatory Setting: Lessons Learned

Background Information Perianesthesia nurses have a unique set of knowledge and skills, which allows them to quickly adapt and continuously improve processes to meet the perioperative needs of their patients. The recent global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic required many perianesthesia nurses to support the screening of surgical patients by performing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests preoperatively. Testing pediatric patients presents unique challenges that require constant assessment of processes that work well and the application of interventions to address barriers to success. Objective The development and implementation of a drive-thru COVID-19 preoperative testing site in a pediatric ambulatory setting. Process of Implementation A core group of perianesthesia nurses developed a drive-thru testing site for pediatric patients scheduled for surgery. All pediatric patients require PCR testing within 24-48 hours preoperatively. Obtaining oropharyngeal (OP), nasopharyngeal (NP), or anterior nares (AN) swab can be challenging in the pediatric population. Numerous techniques were found to help support successful testing such as social stories, involving child life specialists, and distraction techniques (bubbles, music). Nurses use of pretend play, small incentives, and comfort holds provided additional reassurance. Verbal and written testing instructions have been continuously revised to include reminders to wear a mask, limit exposure, and how to provide care at home if a test result is positive. State of Successful Practice The preoperative COVID-19 testing site initially allowed for testing of a small number of patients requiring time-sensitive surgery during the height of the pandemic. We have since vastly increased our caseload and currently support testing of up to 70 patients daily. In a 6-month span, there have only been four patients who were unable to successfully complete their preoperative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. Implications for Advancing the Practice of Perianesthesia Nursing As the global health pandemic continues it is imperative to utilize best practices for preoperative COVID-19 testing. Continuously reevaluating and implementing safe and effective testing techniques reduces the risk of transmission and supports quality care. Sharing ideas, lessons learned, and best practices of how nurses have implemented new perioperative processes is essential for advancing the practice of perianesthesia nursing during a global pandemic.
Herbert Marcuse Today: On Ecological Destruction, Neofascism, White Supremacy, Hate Speech, Racist Police Killings, and the Radical Goals of Socialism:

Herbert Marcuse’s political-philosophical vision, cultural critique, and social activism continue to offer an intelligent strategic perspective on current concerns – especially issues of ecological...
Neural codes and distributed representations: foundations of neural computation

Since its founding in 1989 by Terrence Sejnowski, Neural Computation has become the leading journal in the field. Foundations of Neural Computation collects, by topic, the most significant papers that have appeared in the journal over the past nine years. The present volume focuses on neural codes and representations, topics of broad interest to neuroscientists and modelers. The topics addressed are: how neurons encode information through action potential firing patterns, how populations of neurons represent information, and how individual neurons use dendritic processing and biophysical properties of synapses to decode spike trains. The papers encompass a wide range of levels of investigation, from dendrites and neurons to networks and systems.
Human liver cells in culture.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses methods to cultivate human hepatocytes. Source of tissue is from postmortem samples obtained from newborns less than 1 week old. The chapter discusses identification of hepatocyte products such as detection of albumin by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of albumin and transferrin by agar overlay of cell clones. The potential for obtaining hepatocyte cells can be increased by examining the possibility of growth enhancement by incorporating epidermal growth factor, glucagon, insulin, or chorionic gonadotropin in the medium. Another procedure used to increase the numbers of putative hepatocytes has been to plant cell suspensions in media lacking arginine, an amino acid required by most cells. Hepatocytes possess an active urea cycle and are able to synthesize arginine de novo. Nonhepatocytic cells do not contain enzymes of the urea cycle and therefore, cannot proliferate under these conditions. Putative hepatocyte cells can also be located functionally, as opposed to morphologically—namely, the “immunooverlay.” This is an excellent, nondestructive means of identifying cloned, functional, hepatocyte cells.
Cigarette smoke impairs autophagic flux in bronchial epithelial cells

Background : Autophagy describes the protective mechanism cells use to keep their interior “clean” and function optimal. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and life-threatening condition caused mainly by cigarette smoking. The role of autophagy in COPD remains controversial due to a lack of adequate measurements. Aim and objectives : We hypothesize that cigarette smoke exposure can impair autophagy in an in vitro model that mimics COPD. Methods : BEAS2B, a human lung epithelial cell line, were treated with cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) for 24 hours, media was replaced and the cells were incubated for another 24 hours. The formation of autophagosomes (AP) was assessed by the conversion of LC3B-I to LCE3B-II using Western blot and fluorescent microscopy. The flux of autophagy was investigated by measuring LC3B-II by CSE in the presence and absence of lysosomal inhibitor ammonium chloride and by the turnover of autophagy substrate protein p62. Autophagy initiation was measured by looking at phosphorylation of AMPK by Western blot. Lysosomal proteins LAMP1 and LAMP2 and the endosomal marker Rab7 were measured by Western blot. Results : CSE concentration-dependently increased the formation of autophagosomes as shown by increased LC3B-II and AP. Only high concentration of CSE (40%) impaired the flux of autophagy as shown by accumulation of p62. CSE (40%) decreased AMPK activity (>50%, p 75%) and LAMP1 protein levels but not Rab7. Conclusions : High levels of CSE can impair the autophagic flux in a bronchial epithelial cell line by possibly reducing AMPK activity and LAMP proteins. We propose that defective autophagy could play an important role in COPD pathogenesis.
Achieving first-mover advantage through product customization on the Internet

The Internet provides an unprecedented capability for sellers to learn about their customers and offer custom products at special prices. Advanced manufacturing technologies have improved sellers’ manufacturing flexibility. To examine how these advances affect sellers’ products and pricing, we first develop a model of product customization and flexible pricing to incorporate the salient roles of the Internet and flexible manufacturing technologies in reducing the costs of designing and producing tailored consumer goods. Simultaneous adoption of customization in a duopoly will lead to reduced product differentiation but will not facilitate the price competition between their standard products. Consumer surplus improves after sellers adopt customization but does not always increase as technologies advance. When firms face a fixed entry cost and adopt customization sequentially, the first entrant always achieves a profit advantage and may even deter the entry of the second entrant by choosing his customization scope strategically.
Meeting the Need for Special Education Teachers for Culturally Linguistically Diverse Students with Disabilities

This paper describes why special education teachers are needed to meet the needs of the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse students with disabilities in the United States. The paper presents innovative approaches to recruiting and training culturally responsive special education teachers.
Hormone replacement therapy and coronary heart disease. A new debate.

Hormone replacement therapy is extensively used in the United States, especially for the possible prevention of heart disease, osteoporotic fractures, and, more recently, dementia. The results of recent clinical trials have raised new questions about the risk and benefits of estrogen or estrogen / progesterone therapy to prevent heart attacks, the choice of specific drug therapy such as specialized estrogen receptor modulation (SERM). The change in risk factors, especially weight gain or obesity, may determine the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy.
Tuberculosis Vaccine Preclinical Screening and Development

Experimental-animal models of tuberculosis began to emerge shortly after the discovery of the bacterium itself. If one is an optimist, one can argue that the animal models are fully validated because they predict that the only vaccine fully tested in humans, BCG, will have a positive effect and that this will be mediated via CD4 Th1 T-cell responses. The primary models that are currently used in the preclinical screening program for vaccine candidates are (i) the low-dose aerosol mouse model and (ii) the low-dose aerosol guinea pig model. The National Institutes of Health preclinical tuberculosis vaccine screening program was established to identify novel vaccines that will eventually be used throughout the world to combat tuberculosis. The presence of the infection in the lung tissues sets up a local inflammation, creating chemokine gradients and blood vessel adhesion molecule expression, which facilitate the influx of granulocytes (which are short-lived and therefore not sustained) and monocytes from the bloodstream. The purpose of vaccination is to establish a long-lived state of heightened resistance to challenge infection, which in practical terms means many recirculating memory T cells capable of rapidly entering sites of inflammation in the lungs. With the current enthusiasm for attenuated live vaccines based on BCG or M. tuberculosis itself, this is a serious issue that needs to be resolved. Fortunately, such environmental mycobacteria (EM) effects may be less important in interfering with other classes of vaccines including DNAs and subunit nonliving vaccines.
Abstract 468: HIF-1α Mediates Initiation and Progression of Experimental Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening chronic disease. Although low mural oxygen tension is present in the aneurysmal aorta, with increased hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α expression, the role of HIF-1α in AAA pathogenesis remains uncertain. These experiments separately examined the influences of myeloid cell-specific HIF-1α deletion, as well as pharmacologic HIF-1α inhibition, on experimental AAA progression. Methods: AAAs were created via intra-aortic porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion in myeloid cell-specific HIF-1α conditional knockout (Lyz2 Cre+/HIF-1α Flox+/+) or control (HIF-1α Flox+/+) mice, as well as C57BL/6J mice treated with HIF-1α inhibitors or vehicle. AAA formation and progression was evaluated in vivo via ultrasonography, and histology at sacrifice. Results: HIF-1α mRNA expression was remarkably elevated in aneurysmal (PPE) as compared to non-aneurysmal (PBS), aortae. Flow cytometry detected nearly 65% of aortic CD11b+ myeloid cells expressed HIF-1α. Myeloid cell HIF-1α deletion reduced time-dependent aneurysmal enlargement noted following PPE infusion. Similar inhibition was observed in WT mice following daily treatment with acriflavine or doxorubicin (1 mg/kg), beginning 3 days prior to PPE infusion. Histologically, both myeloid cell HIF-1α deletion and pharmacologic HIF-1α inhibition attenuated medial elastin degradation and smooth muscle cell depletion, with reduced aortic mural macrophage and neovessel density compared to the corresponding controls. Conclusion: HIF-1α is an essential modulator of AAA pathogenesis, thus representing a novel pharmacologic target for medical disease management. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
A parametric study of the vertical electric source

Measurement of the vertical magnetic field caused by a vertical electric source (VES) is an attractive exploration option because the measured response is caused by only 2-D and 3-D structures. The absence of a host response markedly increases the detectability of confined structures. In addition, the VES configuration offers advantages such as alleviating masking resulting from conductive overburden and the option of having a source functioning in a collapsed borehole. Applications of the VES, as in mineral exploration, seafloor exploration, and process monitoring such as enhanced oil recovery, are varied, but we limit this study to a classic mining problem—the location of a confined, conductive target at depth in the vicinity of a borehole. By analyzing the electromagnetic responses of a thin, vertical prism, a horizontal slab and an equidimensional body, we investigate the resolving capabilities, identify survey design problems, and provide interpretational insight for vertical magnetic field responses...
Effects of Verbal and Physical Prompts on External Strategy Use in Children With and Without Mild Mental Retardation

Effects of type of prompt on the use of external strategies were examined. Participants were 7-, 9-, 11-, and 17-year-old children without mental retardation and 11- and 17-year-old children with mental retardation (N = 272). They were given a task requiring memory for object placement and assigned to one of four conditions: no prompt, verbal prompt, physical prompt, verbal and physical prompt. In the physical and verbal prompt condition, 17-year-old children with mental retardation used strategies at the same rate as 17-year-old children without mental retardation. Eleven-year-old children with mental retardation used similar types of strategies as the 7-year-old children without mental retardation. Thus, strategy use of older children with mental retardation may be activated to the same level of children without mental retardation with prompts.
Facile synthesis of K-region arene oxides

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons react at the K-region with N-bromoacetamide in acetic acid to provide trans-bromohydrin acetates which are readily cyclized to arene oxides. The simplicity of the approach makes radioactive and optically active K-region arene oxides easily available.
Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of indole. VI. A fully removable tether for intramolecular reactions with 1,2,4-triazines

Abstract The use of the fully removable β-sulfonoacetyl tether to link indole with 1,2,4-triazines allows for the preparation of β-carbolines unsubstituted at C1 and N9 via an intramolecular inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction. Mechanistic studies using 2- and 3-deuterated indole derivatives suggest involvement of a [1,5]-hydride shift following the cycloaddition and loss of N 2 that precedes desulfination.
Correcting flexion contractures: getting it straight.

Many factors play a role in causing a flexion contracture associated with TKA. The final goal of correction is to achieve and maintain a contracture that is 40 degrees. In these cases, under anesthesia the preoperative contracture need only be corrected to within one-third of its initial amount, and the remainder will usually resolve with postoperative physical therapy and serial casting or splinting.
Beta-adrenergic stimulation of transmembrane potential and short circuit current of isolated rabbit oviduct.

THE secretions of the mammalian oviduct provide the immediate environment for fertilization and the first 3–4 days of embryonic development. While the importance of oestrogen and progesterone in modifying oviductal secretions is well established, there have been few investigations of the influence of autonomic drugs. Bishop1 showed that pilocarpine, a parasympathomimetic agent, stimulated the rate of oviductal fluid secretion in anaesthetized rabbits, but others2, using unanaesthetized rabbits, found that pilocarpine, scopolamine (a parasympathetic blocking agent) and phenoxybenzamine (an alpha-adrenergic . blocking agent) had no such effect.
Empathy and response to distress in children with Down syndrome

Background: Most studies of empathy have focused on young children, and those who are typically developing. Thus, we know little about the emergence and manifestation of empathy in non-normally developing children. Method: Empathy and response to distress in others were examined in 30 children with Down syndrome, 22 children with nonspecific etiologies of mental retardation, and 22 typically developing children. Results: Results indicated that compared to the other children, children with Down syndrome responded to distress in others by looking to them more, and offering more comfort in the form of prosocial responses. However, in a hypothetical empathy situation, children with Down syndrome were less likely to feel the same emotion as the protagonist than were the typical children. Children with Down syndrome differed from the children with nonspecific mental retardation only in their response to distress in others. The children with nonspecific mental retardation were more similar to than different from the MA-matched typical children. Conclusions: These results suggest some etiology-associated differences in empathy and response to distress in children with mental retardation.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura and pulmonary hemorrhage: a report and literature review.

Pulmonary hemorrhage, a rare complication of Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) reported primarily in adults and adolescents, is associated with significant mortality. Although it has been suggested that pulmonary hemorrhage also occurs in children with HSP, the few cases reported lack a clear differentiation from pauci-immune vasculitis. We report a prepubertal child with HSP, pulmonary hemorrhage, and immunofluorescence-documented IgA deposits on renal biopsy. Aggressive supportive management and steroid therapy led to successful recovery. A review of the current literature is presented. Because other conditions clinically mimic HSP, appropriate serological studies and a kidney biopsy to confirm the diagnosis should be performed in severely affected patients with renal disease.
The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization – Bryan Ward-Perkins

This book examines what happened after the Roman Empire came to an end. The author summarizes two divergent views. First, the empire in the West collapsed, in large part because of barbarian invasi...
Neural mechanisms associated with reappraisal and attentional deployment

Attentional deployment is an emotion regulation strategy that involves shifting attentional focus within an emotional scene in order to modulate emotional experience. Attentional deployment is widely used and effective at reducing negative affect, yet the supporting neural mechanisms are poorly understood. The rich literature on the neural correlates of reappraisal may help inform our understanding of attentional deployment, as reappraisal recruits common control regions associated with emotion regulation and may tap into specific mechanisms associated with directing attention. We highlight commonalities between reappraisal and attentional deployment and then focus on potentially unique aspects of attentional deployment, including the importance of parietal regions and implications for understanding the normative development of emotion regulation, as well as both well-being and psychopathology.
Relationships between Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Statistics and Bibliometric Indicators: A Principal Components Analysis

This study analyzed 2005–2006 Web of Science bibliometric data from institutions belonging to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and corresponding ARL statistics to find any associations between indicators from the two data sets. Principal components analysis on 36 variables from 103 universities revealed obvious associations between size-dependent variables, such as institution size, gross totals of library measures, and gross totals of articles and citations. However, size-independent library measures did not associate positively or negatively with any bibliometric indicator. More quantitative research must be done to authentically assess academic libraries’ influence on research outcomes.
In live interaction, does familiarity promote attraction or contempt? Reply to Norton, Frost, and Ariely (2011)

In this reply, we address and refute each of Norton, Frost, and Ariely’s (2011) specific objections to the conclusion that, ceteris paribus, familiarity breeds liking in live interaction. In particular, we reiterate the importance of studying live interaction rather than decontextualized processes. These rebuttals notwithstanding, we concur with Norton et al.’s call for an integrative model that encompasses both Norton, Frost, and Ariely’s (2007) results and ours, and we point readers toward a description of a possible model presented in our original article.
Business Associates in the National Health Information Network: Implications for Medical Information Privacy

This article examines the role of the business associate of healthcare providers (BAHP) in the National Health Information Network. Current Health Insurance Portability and Accountability legislation has little to say about BAHPs and their potential impact on medical information privacy. For the good of the business enterprise, managers who are BAHPs or who supervise BAHPs need to be aware of the potential pitfalls of ignoring medical information privacy and take a proactive stance in protecting medical information privacy within the National Health Information Network. Among the approaches that managers can adopt include creating legal contracts between a business and BAHPs, proactively adopting more effective transmission security technologies, and insuring that BAHPs properly dispose of medical information after their use. Such proactive approaches will help to insure that the business is protected against a serious data breach that may result in popular and/or legal challenges to the business.
Characterization Of Optical Recording Disk Noise

Various sources of noise on Te-alloy optical recording disks are isolated and examined. Examples of disks in which substrate, Te-alloy coating, or recording noise dominates are presented. When a Te-alloy medium is properly chosen to minimize its coating and writing noise, a disk using a typical polymethylmethacrylate substrate has a carrier-to-noise ratio in excess of 60dB with a 30KHz bandwidth. For these low noise Te-alloy based disks, the substrate noise dominates.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Boundary element formulation for generalized plane strain

Abstract A boundary element formulation for generalized plane strain problems is presented using constant and quadratic elements. Generalized plane strain assumes that the strain e 33 normal to the x 1 - x 2 plane is constant. Generalized plane strain equations are obtained from the plane strain case ( e 33 = 0) by modifying the traction boundary conditions. An example problem is considered to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed formulation.
Weighted pooling high-throughput gene expression data sets to maximize the functional coherence of the top rank genes

In a typical gene expression study with high throughput technique, such as microarray, a biologist usually focuses on the top genes ranked by the P-values to establish gene functional relationship / network, biological pathway, and microbiologically ramifications of the gene's selection. With more datasets publically available, researchers pool data from independent experiments, typically by pooling P-values with equal weight assigned to each dataset, aiming to fetch more biological information from the pooled data. However, the qualities of datasets may vary substantially. Assigning equal weights may not guarantee the optimal result. Applying the equal weights approach to six independent datasets, we observe the top rank genes of data pooled with this approach have less functional coherence than the single dataset that has highest functional coherence. We propose a procedure based on enhanced simulated annealing (ESA) and literature semantic indexing cohesive (LSI-c) analysis to assign optimal weights to datasets so as to maximize the functional coherence of the top rank genes ordered by their pooled P-values. We observe significantly more functional coherence in optimally pooled data than any single dataset or data pooled with equal weights. Identification of top rank genes through our optimal procedure should improve the downstream analysis.
Long chain fatty acid deficits in brain myelin sphingolipids of undernourished rat pups.

A restricted maternal dietary intake (40% of ad libitum intake) is known to cause myelin deficit that is accompanied by decreased amounts of individual phospholipids and sphingolipids in brain myelin of suckling rats. This communication reports the effects of the same nutritional stress on the fatty acid composition of brain myelin lipids. In myelin of 19-day-old normally fed rats, palmitate (16∶0), stearate (18∶0) and oleate (18∶1) accounted for 80–90% of all fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Maternal dietary restriction resulted in deficits of total fatty acid content, but did not affect the proportional distribution of individual fatty acids among phospholipids. By contrast, longer chain (22- and 24-carbon) fatty acids accounted for more than half the fatty acid content of myelin cerebroside and sulfatide from the 19-day-old control rat pups. In undernourished rats of that age, proportions of lignocerate (24∶0) and nervonate (24∶1) in cerebroside and sulfatide were 40–50% lower than those in control rats. This, together with higher proportions of 16∶0, 18∶0 and 18∶1 and a higher ratio of C16−C20 to C22−C24 in under-nourished than in control rats, suggests an impairment in fatty acid chain elongation. Ten days of nutritional rehabilitation failed to restore the fatty acid imbalances; however, after an additional 5 days of ad libitum feeding, the experimental and control values were similar. The undernutrition results in hypomyelination, which is characterized by a proportional decrease in lignoceric and nervonic acids of sphingolipids.
ESTROGEN-LIKE EFFECT OF CHELATING AGENTS ON RAT UTERINE PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY.

An injection of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) increased phosphorylase a activity in uteri of spayed rats within 1 hr, an effect similar to that produced by estradiol after 48 hr. Phosphorylase a activity was also increased by the addition of EDTA to the homogenates of uteri from spayed rats. The effect of EDTA was duplicated with 8-hydroxyquinoline (sulfate). Phosphorylase a activity in uteri from estrogenprimed rats was increased in vivo and in vitro in the presence of EDTA, but to a lesser extent because of the initially higher enzyme activity. Analysis of the effect of EDTA revealed that the chelating agent was unable to increase the activity of partially purified uterine phosphorylase or of the supernatant fraction of homogenates centrifuged at 100 × μ for 30 min at O C. Reconstitution of the whole tissue homogenate permitted the EDTA effect to be manifested. No evidence was found for the involvement of cyclic 3',5'-AMP in the increase in phosphorylase a activity. The effect of EDTA in vivo u...
John B. Leighly, 1895–1986

(1988). John B. Leighly, 1895–1986. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 347-357.
Dark and bright soliton in fiber optics

Nonlinear Schrodinger equation is a general form for modeling and explaining the phenomenon of nonlinear physics system. Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NSE) describes the propagation of light pulses that are stable in Kerr medium. This paper discusses the analytic formulation of nonlinear Schrodinger equation which is influenced by Stimulated Raman Scattering and Self Steepening derived from Maxwell's equations. The NSE equation is also influenced by the linear response of a dielectric material and nonlinear dielectric response. The propagation profile of pulse soliton is stable and this is suitable to be implemented in optical communication to carry the information.
Smoking habits and reported illness in two communities with different systems of social support.

Abstract A retrospective comparison of smoking habits and reported illness in Roseto, Pennsylvania and Tecumseh, Michigan was undertaken to determine the role of different systems of social support in abating the consequences of risk behaviors such as smoking on chronic diseases. In this study of 898 adult inhabitants of Roseto, a demographically homogeneous Italian-American community and 4590 adult inhabitants of Tecumseh, a heterogeneous geographically defined community, smoking habits were related to health and social characteristics. Smokers in both communities of both sexes had less education than nonsmokers, although the reverse was true among women with 13 years or more of education. The smoking habits of husbands and wives were also similar. No significant relationship was found in either community between smoking (or the amount smoked in Roseto) and coronary heart disease, hypertension, or somatic complaints. Cigarette smoking was more common, however, among respondents with a history of peptic ulcers, and in Roseto these persons with ulcers also tended to be heavy smokers. A greater prevalence of hypertension was observed in Tecumseh among males and females than in Roseto. These results are interpreted in light of differing systems of social support in the two communities.
Substrate temperature change in III–V molecular beam epitaxy

The surface temperature (T s ), as inferred by desorption mass spectrometric determination of the Ga desorption rate, was followed in time after instantaneous changes were made in the setpoint temperature (T stpt ) during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of GaAs. Comparison between the time-evolution of T s and that of the non-contact thermocouple-indicated temperature (T TC ) shows that large T s overshoot is likely to occur under typical MBE growth conditions. Such T s overshoot can lead to significant compositional grading at nominally abrupt heterojunctions. Details of how T s evolves in time are found to depend on substrate conductivity, temperature controller settings (proportional band, integral, derivative), and maximum heater current setpoint.
NATO science programs: origins and influence

Abstract From the perspective of a longtime participant in scientific interchange at the international level, this paper explores a dichotomy of viewpoint between political and scientific leaders. The former tend to view science as a ‘natural bridge’ for bringing people and nations together in greater harmony, while scientists themselves more often emphasize material benefits to society. This dichotomy may help to explain why the participation of scientists in international activities is limited to a relatively few individuals and primarily in their own fields of research.
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING GOODNESS-OF-FIT FOR LOGIT MODELS

An inference strategy is presented to assess the goodness-of-fit for logit models. The conventional approach has emphasized likelihood ratio tests in which a distribution for the test statistic is assumed. A more recent development, the prediction success table, is based upon a ratio of predicted to observed choice patterns, yet it is primarily a descriptive index not placed within the context of an inference strategy/hypothesis-testing framework. An alternative method is put forward which uses residuals. Although problematic in a parametric context, residuals can be used in an approach which incorporates both a nonparametric randomization procedure and a sample reuse design. A test statistic is defined and compared to a reference distribution created under the assumption of random variation in the responses with variation in the explanatory variable(s). A numerical example is carried out to investigate the efficacy of using this approach.
Primary endosymbiosis events date to the later Proterozoic with cross-calibrated phylogenetic dating of duplicated ATPase proteins

Chloroplasts and mitochondria descended from bacterial ancestors, but the dating of these primary endosymbiosis events remains very uncertain, despite their importance for our understanding of the evolution of both bacteria and eukaryotes. All phylogenetic dating in the Proterozoic and before is difficult: Significant debates surround potential fossil calibration points based on the interpretation of the Precambrian microbial fossil record, and strict molecular clock methods cannot be expected to yield accurate dates over such vast timescales because of strong heterogeneity in rates. Even with more sophisticated relaxed-clock analyses, nodes that are distant from fossil calibrations will have a very high uncertainty in dating. However, endosymbiosis events and gene duplications provide some additional information that has never been exploited in dating; namely, that certain nodes on a gene tree must represent the same events, and thus must have the same or very similar dates, even if the exact date is uncertain. We devised techniques to exploit this information: cross-calibration, in which node date calibrations are reused across a phylogeny, and cross-bracing, in which node date calibrations are formally linked in a hierarchical Bayesian model. We apply these methods to proteins with ancient duplications that have remained associated and originated from plastid and mitochondrial endosymbionts: the α and β subunits of ATP synthase and its relatives, and the elongation factor thermo unstable. The methods yield reductions in dating uncertainty of 14–26% while only using date calibrations derived from phylogenetically unambiguous Phanerozoic fossils of multicellular plants and animals. Our results suggest that primary plastid endosymbiosis occurred ∼900 Mya and mitochondrial endosymbiosis occurred ∼1,200 Mya.
Surface reconstructions of InSb(001) during molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Surface reconstructions of InSb(001) during molecular beam epitaxy are studied using reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). We observe several previously unreported reconstruction regimes; namely 3D(1 × 1), co-existence of (4 × 2) with c(8 × 2), and co-existence of Sb-terminated and In-terminated structures. It is postulated that the only intrinsic structures in the growing InSb(001) surface are the (2 × 4) c(2 × 8) Sb-dimers-terminated and the corresponding (4 × 2) c(8 × 2) In-dimers-terminated structures. The pseudo-(l × 3) pattern is believed to result from a mixture of different (2 × 4) phases, rather than a single surface structure. The narrow transition region between In-rich and Sb-rich growth exhibits RHEED patterns which are temperature dependent. These patterns represent surfaces that contain mixtures of Sb-terminated and In-terminated structures.
Contemporaneous relationship between substance abuse treatment and poly-substance use: Evidence from the Persistent Effect of Treatment Studies

Data from the Persistent Effect of Treatment Studies (PETS) are used to explore the relationship between duration of substance use treatment and simultaneous poly-substance using behaviors. Studying such contemporaneous relationships is especially important given the chronic nature of the substance-using population (McLellan, 2002) in the PETS study. Data were collected at intake to treatment programs and follow-up interviews were performed periodically at treatment program sites. One of the features of the analysis was the development of a poly-substance scale to measure multiple substance use. Multilevel models were implemented to examine the relationship between three levels of care (i.e., intensive outpatient, outpatient, and residential) and simultaneous poly-substance use. Contemporaneous effects of treatment were obtained such that higher duration of treatment was associated with drops in substance-using behaviors. This result supports the need for sustaining treatment for a population of chronic substance abusers.
Proteolytic activity in human burn wounds

Wound healing is the result of a dynamic balance between synthetic and degradative processes. After a burn, proteolytic activity increases at the wound site. Excised burn wounds and donor skin were examined from 20 pediatric burn patients, to determine which of two classes of neutral proteinases, serine or metalloproteinases, accounts for the majority of this proteolytic activity in these tissues; to examine messenger RNA expression of three of the principal enzymes and inhibitors of this class; and to measure enzymatic activity of two of these metalloproteinases. The majority of the increased proteolysis was due to metalloproteinases. By polymerase chain reaction assays, messenger RNAs for matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, and -9 were strongly expressed in burn tissue and absent or weakly expressed in unburned skin. Messenger RNA for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 was consistently present in burned and unburned skin. By zymography, there was a significant increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (twofold to threefold) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (20- to 30-fold) activity in burned versus unburned skin. We suggest that postburn there is an upregulation of some matrix metalloproteinases that exceeds the level of inhibitors with the net result of an increase in proteolysis in burned tissue. This increased proteolysis may play a role in wound repair and scar formation.
Urodynamic differentiation of parkinson disease and the shy drager syndrome

The urodynamic findings of 29 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and lower urinary tract symptoms were compared with those of nine patients with the Shy-Drager syndrome (SD). All patients with PD had bladder contraction and normal filling pressures, and 90% had detrusor hyperreflexia. Among the patients with SD, 67% had detrusor areflexia, 33% had involuntary bladder contractions, and 45% had poor vesical compliance. In all patients with SD who had a voiding cystourethrogram, an open bladder neck at rest was demonstrated, but it was found only in those with PD who had prior prostatectomy. The electromyography of the external sphincter showed some form of lower motor neuron lesion in all patients with SD, but it was normal in 39% of PD patients and consistent with just involuntary sphincteric activity in 61%. A neurological evaluation of patients with typical and atypical Parkinsonism can assist in differentiating between these two entities.
Efficient outcomes in a repeated agency model without discounting

Abstract The basic result of repeated principal-agent models in which neither the principal nor the agent discounts the future is that the set of individually rational, Pareto efficient utility allocations of the associated single-period model without moral hazard coincide with the efficient outcomes in the repeated principal-agent model with moral hazard. This result is established here in a more general setting than that found in the literature; this is done with a simple alternative proof that highlights the roles of Pareto efficiency and the lack of discounting.
Measurements and predictions of the structure of evaporating sprays

In the present experimental and theoretical study of turbulent, evaporating sprays, round, Freon-11 sprays produced by an air-atomizing injector that is directed vertically downward in still air were subjected to structure measurements for mean and fluctuating gas velocities, total Freon-11 concentration, drop size and velocity contributions, mean gas temperature, and liquid flux distributions. An evaluation was then conducted of three spray models: (1) locally homogeneous flow, (2) deterministic separated flow, and (3) stochastic separated flow. The first two of these were found to perform poorly; the stochastic model yielded the best agreement between predictions and measurements.
The graphite-to-diamond transformation

Abstract An orbital model for a solid state transformation, the graphite-to-diamond high-pressure reaction, is presented. Using solid state Walsh diagrams we relate this transformation to chemical reactions having orbital symmetry constraints. During the transformation the π-delocalization in the graphite planes is gradually lost, leading to buckling and in-plane bond length elongation as inter-plane bonds form. The pacing of the different components of the reaction coordinate is important. We show that the transformation passes through way points of metallic band structure, which may be related to symmetry dictated level crossings in the Walsh diagrams.
Dynamic Behavior of Structure-mounted Disk-shape Piezoelectric Sensors Including the Adhesive Layer

Piezoelectric (PZT) transducers are commonly used for numerous diagnostic techniques for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of structures. Researchers in the past have shown that the presence of an adhesive layer between the PZT patch and the structure could have a significant impact both on the amplitude of the wave propagated into the structure and on its Electromechanical impedance (EMI) signature. To account for losses, models have been developed to describe the effects of the adhesive layer. Nonetheless, the models found in the literature are strictly valid for either 1D or rectangular PZT patches only. The aim of this article is to develop a dynamic model for a disk, PZT patch connected to a structure by means of a thin adhesive layer. Unlike previous works, it was found that for disk-shape sensors the effect of the adhesive layer is frequency dependent and that the losses due to the shear deformation of the adhesive layer for the case near the first radial resonant mode were considerably lower than for the quasi-static case. In order to validate the model developed in this article, experimental data are compared to the predicted EMI signatures of disk-shape sensors mounted on a structure for various configurations.
MO‐B‐352‐01: The Clinical Perspective — Multimodality and Multidimensional Imaging

Modalities like optical, CT, MR, PET/SPECT and US are used separately, but can be combined. Multimodality imaging is necessary when the results of two (or more) modalities differ, and each does something useful but not everything that's required. We will consider several practical examples: residual or recurrent tumor after treatment, eloquent cortex in the brain when a lesion is nearby, drug effect in situ — especially for cytostatic agents, control of thermal ablation, vulnerable plaque, evaluation of gene therapy, and assessment of revascularization benefits depending on tissue viability. All of these scenarios can be detected in one modality, where another provides a morphologic reference useful for guiding therapy. Not only are imaging modalities synergistic, but their performance can be altered and utility extended using exogenous agents, such as contrast media, radiopharmaceuticals, and other targeted compounds with desirable in vivo biological and physical characteristics. Optimizing the combination of modalities, agents, data acquisition, image reconstruction, visualization and analysis can be challenging, but may provide unique capabilities that no single technique could offer. We will evaluate the state‐of‐the‐art for combining modalities in animals and show how this could translate to clinical practice, recognizing the impediments of cost, complexity, reliability, crosstalk, and safety/regulatory restrictions. The need and potential for multimodality techniques and systems already far exceeds what's currently available, so we can identify some unsolved problems where the benefits are not yet available. Educational Objectives 1. To understand the synergy between modalities (optical, CT, MR, PET/SPECT, US), contrast agents or tracer compounds, and post‐processing image analysis that provides multimodality and multidimensional capability. 2. To provide examples of how multimodality/multidimensional imaging can solve clinical problems in diseases of the brain, cardiovascular system, cancer, and for regenerative medicine. 3. To identify several unsolved problems where multimodality/multidimensional imaging may provide clinically useful solutions.