cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anti-Oxidation and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Al-Si Metal Anodes

Al-Si metal anode was fabricated by cold-press sintering with Al and Si as embedded powder in argon atmosphere. The anti-oxidation in the air and anti-corrosion in molten cryolite properties of Al-Si metal anode at high temperature were examined. The experimental results showed that the oxidation kinetics curve obeyed the parabolic law. The corrosion behavior Al-Si metal anode was studied in electrolysis test. The electrolyte consisted of Na3AlF6(90 wt%),CaF2(5 wt%) and Al2O3(5 wt%) which corresponded to molecular ratio of 2.4. The results indicated that the cell voltage was stable and the electric polarized corrosion rate was higher than the static corrosion rate of metal anode. SEM photographs showed an oxidation film formed in the surface of Al-Si metal anode which can obstruct the further corrosion in molten cryolite. It may be concluded that Al-Si metal anode has good combination property and can replace the carbon anode in the aluminum cell.
The relative effectiveness of segment specific level and non-specific level spinal joint mobilization on pain and range of motion: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study design: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Objective: In symptomatic subjects to: (1) examine the effects of a single session of joint mobilization on pain at rest and with most p...
THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF INORGANIC RING CHEMISTRY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW POLYMERS

The field of phosphazene high polymers has developed into a large area of more than 700 different types of macromolecules with novel combinations of properties and diverse applications. Small-molecule phosphazene rings have played a major role in these developments, first as starting materials for polymer synthesis, second as synthetic and structural models for the high polymers, and third as components of hybrid inorganic-organic macromolecules. These three aspects are reviewed, with examples taken from our recent work, together with some thoughts on the development of this and related fields in the future.
The fixed point formulation for large sample PGNAA—Part 1: theory

The determination of large sample composition via prompt gamma measurements is examined as a non-linear inverse problem. We show that this non-linear problem can be formulated as a fixed point problem that always has a physically meaningful solution, even in the presence of significant contributions to photopeak area from gammas emitted by the surroundings. The formulation involves only ratios of measured photopeak areas, and, separately, ratios of modeled photopeak areas. It therefore does not require the absolute comparison of measured or modeled quantities. The proof of the existence of meaningful solutions relies on very simple and natural hypotheses of positivity and continuity. The natural fixed point iteration is examined, and certain physical limits where its global convergence can be guaranteed are examined. Several computational examples are presented.
Electronic band structure and Raman property of mixed MX chain : PtIxCl1-x

We investigated theoretically the electronic and optical properties of the mixed halogen-bridged-mixed-valence-transition-metal (MX) linear chain compounds PtI x Cl 1-x . Similar to our earlier results for PtBr x Cl 1-x [1], PtI 2 Cl 1-x exhibits a segment length dependence of optical Raman spectra, but shows a different quantitative behavior. The competition between the PtI segment length and its characteristic coherence length, coupled with electron-lattice coupling results in the initial increase and then decrease of PtI Raman segment frequency as a function of its segment length. The PtI segment Raman modes and their accompanying PtCl modes have good agreement with the experimental data. A possible novel charge separation effect associated with photo-excitation (e.g. exciton) is discussed
Sex ratios of Boophilus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) reaching adulthood on cattle

The sex ratios were determined for Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), B. annulatus (Say), and hybridized Boophilus ticks reaching the adult stage on cattle. The sex ratios (females to males) of B. microplus and B. annulatus were 1.36:1 and 1.35:1, respectively. In a hybrid of these two species, the ratio was 1.20:1. Thus, proportionately more hybrid males reached adulthood than in either pure strain. The proportion of male hybrids reaching adulthood may have been the result of hybrid vigor. The fact that more females than males reached adulthood in the three types of ticks is probably because these ticks have an XX-XO sex-determining mechanism. Any recessively lethal mutations occurring on the X chromosome, therefore, will be expressed in the male but not in the female unless it is homozygous recessive for the lethal trait. The presence of more hybrid males is discussed with respect to their potential use in a control strategy against Boophilus ticks.
Development of the Vanderbilt Compton X-ray facility

Abstract The intense IR photon output of the Vanderbilt FEL is to be made to collide with its own high-energy electron beam to create nearly monochromatic Compton backscattered X-rays. At Vanderbilt, a sub-project of FEL-generated X-rays is under development parallel to the construction and initial operation of the FEL main project. The electron beamline and IR photon beamline designs are near completion, including design of electron beamline magnets and their layout, design of IR optical beamline elements and their layout, electron and IR optical beam diagnostics and alignment methods.
Evaluation of kinetic and energetic parameters of active sodium transport

Active sodium transport is classically analyzed in terms of an equivalent circuit, comprising an active conductanceka and an electromotive force of sodium transportENa. AlthoughENa is commonly considered the driving force of transport, model experiments have suggested thatENa is a composite parameter, incorporating both kinetic and energetic factors. An alternative approach considers both transport and the associated oxidative metabolism in terms of a nonequilibrium thermodynamic (NET) formulation, involving phenomenological coefficients and the affinityA, presumed to represent kinetic and energetic factors, respectively. Model experiments testing the NET formulation suggest that the affinity is indeed an energetic parameter. Calculated values ofA in untreated frog skins and toad bladders range from about 20 to 80 kcal per mole of O2 consumption. Assuming a P/O ratio of 3, this range corresponds to about 3–13 kcal per mole of ATP utilization, values compatible with reported direct measurements. Although brief perturbations of transepithelial electrical potential ΔΨ resulted in linear current-voltage relationships, indicating constancy ofENa andka, 15-min perturbations of ΔΨ resulted in nonlinearity, indicating changes inENa andka: perturbations of ΔΨ enhancing active transport were associated with decrease ofENa and increase ofka; slowing of active transport produced the converse effects.
Lipid effects of a phenolic ether (Su-13437) in the rat: Comparison with CPIB

Abstract The effect on serum and liver lipids of rats fed 2-methyl-2-[ p -(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)-phenoxy]-propionic acid (Su-13437), has been studied. At a concentration in the diet of 0.01% in young males and 0.05% in young females, a significant increase in wet weight of the liver was observed. A significant reduction in serum triglyceride was noted in males fed 0.002 % and in females fed 0.05 %. Su-13437 did not significantly reduce mean serum cholesterol in any of the groups and at 0.25 produced a significant increase. At 0.25 % Su-13437 resulted in reduced liver triglyceride concentration in both males and females. It appears that somewhat less than one-fifth as much Su-13437 as CPIB is required to produce similar degrees of hepatomegaly and of reduction in serum triglyceride. In addition to this quantitative difference in activity, Su-13437 and CPIB differ in respect to their effects on serum cholesterol.
Supplementary Books on Critical Thinking

To complement our companion study of critical thinking in introductory psychology textbooks and ancillary workbooks and readers, we describe 12 critical thinking books that instructors could use as...
Linking the pacific decadal oscillation to seasonal stream discharge patterns in Southeast Alaska

Abstract This study identified and examined differences in Southeast Alaskan streamflow patterns between the two most recent modes of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). Identifying relationships between the PDO and specific regional phenomena is important for understanding climate variability, interpreting historical hydrological variability, and improving water-resources forecasting. Stream discharge data from six watersheds in Southeast Alaska were divided into cold-PDO (1947–1976) and warm-PDO (1977–1998) subsets. For all watersheds, the average annual streamflows during cold-PDO years were not significantly different from warm-PDO years. Monthly and seasonal discharges, however, did differ significantly between the two subsets, with the warm-PDO winter flows being typically higher than the cold-PDO winter flows and the warm-PDO summer flows being typically lower than the cold-PDO flows. These results were consistent with and driven by observed temperature and snowfall patterns for the region. During warm-PDO winters, precipitation fell as rain and ran-off immediately, causing higher than normal winter streamflow. During cold-PDO winters, precipitation was stored as snow and ran off during the summer snowmelt, creating greater summer streamflows. The Mendenhall River was unique in that it experienced higher flows for all seasons during the warm-PDO relative to the cold-PDO. The large amount of Mendenhall River discharge caused by glacial melt during warm-PDO summers offset any flow reduction caused by lack of snow accumulation during warm-PDO winters. The effect of the PDO on Southeast Alaskan watersheds differs from other regions of the Pacific Coast of North America in that monthly/seasonal discharge patterns changed dramatically with the switch in PDO modes but annual discharge did not.
Liouville closed H-fields

H-fields are fields with an ordering and a derivation subject to some compatibilities. (Hardy fields extending R and fields of transseries over R are H-fields.) We prove basic facts about the location of zeros of differential polynomials in Liouville closed H-fields, and study various constructions in the category of H-fields: closure under powers, constant field extension, completion, and building H-fields with prescribed constant field and H-couple. We indicate difficulties in obtaining a good model theory of H-fields, including an undecidability result. We finish with open questions that motivate our work.
Estimating Subglottal Pressure using Incomplete Airflow Interruption

Objective/Hypothesis: Subglottal pressure (SGP) measurements are often used to assess laryngeal function; however, current methods to measure SGP are invasive or do not estimate SGP during phonation. The purpose of this study was to devise a noninvasive technique to estimate SGP without interrupting phonation. Study Design: This was a methodologic study designed to calculate the SGP of a human subject. Methods: A new technique to estimate SGP was developed in which subject airflow was partially interrupted by introducing two different impedances (pneumatic resistors) through a balloon valve controlled mouthpiece. The changes in airflow across varying impedances were used to estimate SGP in human subjects based on the predictable relationships between SGP, impedance, and airflow measurements. The technique was used to assess eight human subjects (age 19–30) phonating at intensities of 65, 72, and 80 dB. Results: The estimated SGP from the human subjects fell within a range (5.52–8.91 cm H20) that was consistent with previous studies. As other studies have found, SGP estimations significantly increased as subjects phonated at greater intensities (P < .01). Intrasubject standard deviations compared favorably with those from previous studies of complete airflow interruption, suggesting satisfactory reliability. The technique was validated using a mechanical “pseudolung” device (r2 = 0.9982). Conclusions: Incomplete airflow interruption offers the potential for useful clinical application to assess the severity of vocal pathology by estimating SGP during continuous phonation.
The Pedagogy of Invention as the Architectonic Production of Communication and of Humanness.

The pedagogy of invention continues to be a difficult task even though it is one of the oldest and most persistent pedagogical domains. The overwhelming variety of invention techniques can be effectively interfaced with the pluralistic habits and belief systems of modern culture. This interface can be accomplished by using McKeon's methods of “architectonic productive arts.” These methods and McKeon's “four modes of thought” are presented as pedagogical tools whereas previously they have been treated only as philosophical formularies. This methodology is optimal since it not only can formulate the guiding principles of the pedagogy of invention, but also can be used to invent concrete classroom procedures.
Storm time occurrence of relativistic electron microbursts in relation to the plasmapause

[1] Microbursts, or short-duration bursts of precipitating relativistic electrons observed at low altitudes, are associated with whistler mode chorus and have been proposed as one of the primary mechanisms for storm time depletion of the outer radiation belt. Whistler chorus occurs outside the plasmapause and is generated by wave-particle interactions involving soft electrons (1–100 keV). We use low-altitude identifications of the plasmapause from the DMSP satellites and microburst observations from the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite to identify the relationship between the plasmapause and microburst locations. Microbursts move radially inward during geomagnetic storms in concert with plasmapause movement, with the microbursts consistently located outside the plasmapause. Near storm peak, as Dst reaches minimum values, microbursts occur at a given L value within hours of erosion of the plasmasphere. This time delay between erosion of the plasmasphere and the appearance of microbursts is positively correlated with L value. We find the occurrence of relativistic microbursts to be associated with a combination of daily averaged 1.5–6 MeV electron fluxes exceeding about 1 particle s−1 sr−1 cm−2 (observed at SAMPEX altitudes) and the presence of soft electrons from the plasma sheet. These observations are consistent with the suggestion that microbursts are associated with chorus and contribute significantly to storm time radiation belt depletion.
Developmental potential of isolated blastomeres from early murine embryos

Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of blastomere separation on blastocoele formation and development of viable fetuses. Two-cell and four-cell murine embryos were dissociated into individual blastomeres and cultured to the blastocyst stage. For embryos of both stages, zona removal and blastomere separation reduced (P<0.05) the number of viable embryos at the onset of culture and reduced (P<0.01) the frequency of continuation of development of blastomeres to the blastocyst stage. Attempts to repeatedly split two-cell stage embryos decreased in vitro development to blastocysts. The number of cells in two-cell embryos that were cultured to blastocyst was not different for control (64.8 +/- 11.5) or for two-cell embryos cultured without the zona pellucida (60.9 +/- 10.1) but was reduced (P<0.01) for one-half embryos that were cultured to blastocysts (35.6 +/- 10.6). The cell number of blastocysts obtained from dissociated four-cell (1/4) embryos (17.4 +/- 1.4) was similarly reduced (P<0.01). In vivo development was assessed after cultured embryos were transferred to the uteri of day 3 pseudopregnant females. Zona free intact embryos (2/36, 6%) and zona free half embryos (7/36; 19%) developed less frequently (P<0.05) than intact controls (45/100). Noncultured morula briefly exposed to pronase to thin the zona had similar impaired development. Embryos with thinned zona or no zona developed less frequently (21/82, 2/72 respectively, P<0.05) than nonpronase-treated controls (50/83).
Supporting parent-child interactions: music therapy as an intervention for promoting mutually responsive orientation.

Background Music therapists working with families address relationship and interpersonal communication issues. Few controlled studies exist in the literature but a growing body of documented practice is emerging. This study makes a contribution by documenting how music therapy supports mutuality and reciprocity in parent-child interactions. Objective This study investigated mutually responsive orientation (MRO) behaviors of young children (aged 3-5) and their family members during music therapy. Methods Participants were 4 families with low income and history of maternal depression as common risk factors. Data were collected by videotaping sessions, creating field notes and analytic memos, conducting parent interviews and reviewing parent journals. A cross-case analysis using MRO theory as a conceptualizing framework was used for the purpose of data reduction. Results Greeting and farewell rituals, and the flexibility of music-based therapeutic applications facilitated development of coordinated routines. Therapist's actions (e.g., encouraging and modeling musical interactions) and bidirectional parent-child actions (e.g., joint attention, turn-taking, being playful) facilitated harmonious communication. Behaviors promoting mutual cooperation were evident when adults attempted to scaffold a child's participation or when children sought comfort from parents, engaged in social referencing and made requests that shaped the direction of the session. The novelty of musical tasks captivated attention, increasing impulse inhibition. Parent actions (e.g., finding delight in watching their child participate, acting silly) and parent-child interactions (e.g., play exploration, shared excitement, cuddling) contributed to positive emotional ambiance. Conclusion Music therapy assisted development of MRO within parent-child dyads by providing opportunities to rehearse adaptive ways of connecting with each other. Results of this study may serve as an archetypal model guiding clinical treatment planning.
“Show and tell” persuasion

Objective: To engage in the process of formulating compelling persuasive arguments Type of speech: Persuasive Point value: Incorporated into participation points Requirements: (a) References: 0; (b) Length: 1–2 minutes; (c) Visual aid: No; (d) Outline: No; (e) Prerequisite reading: Chapter 19 (DeVito, 2003); (f) Additional requirements: None All students have opinions about a variety of subjects and issues. What they often lack, however, is the ability to clearly express their opinion in a persuasive manner. The goal of this assignment is to show students how to formulate a compelling persuasive argument, after which they should be able to think carefully about arguments before the arguments are made, consider the basis of their opinions, select and create the best persuasive appeals to express their opinions to others, and consider the possible counter-arguments to their opinion. In short, this assignment provides students with the opportunity to “show” the validity of their position and then “tell” that...
The effect of glucose and glucagon-like peptide-1 stimulation on insulin release in the perfused pancreas in a non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus animal model

This study was designed to investigate the effect of glucogon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on pancreatic beta-cell function in normal, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a model for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or type II diabetes) and their heterozygous siblings. Pancreas perfusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the changes in insulin release under fasting and hyperglycemic conditions and following stimulation with GLP-1. Animals from the ZDF/Gmi-fa rats (ZDF) were grouped according to age, sex, and phenotype (obese or lean), and compared with LA lean rats. Glucose stimulation (10 mmol/L) in obese rats showed repressed response in insulin release. Glucose plus GLP-1 stimulation caused increased insulin release in all groups. The degree of this response differed between groups: lean > obese; young > adult; female > male. The LA lean control group was most sensitive, while the ZDF overtly diabetic group had the lowest response. In addition, the pulsatile pattern of insulin secretion was suppressed in ZDF rats, especially in obese groups. These results support the hypothesis that GLP-1 can effectively stimulate insulin secretion. Insulin release was defective in ZDF obese rats and could be partially restored with GLP-1. ZDF lean rats also showed suppression of beta-cell function and there was a difference in beta-cell function related to sex in ZDF strain. This study documents the efficacy of GLP-1 to stimulate insulin release and contributes to our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying NIDDM.
Acquired jejunal pseudodiverticula in a yearling Arabian filly.

Objective— To report a case of multiple acquired jejunal pseudodiverticula managed successfully by resection and jejunojejunostomy. Study Design— Clinical report. Animals— Arabian filly. Methods— The filly was referred for signs of acute colic of several hours duration and had a 2-week history of inappetence and weight loss. Three meters of thickened, edematous, and dilated jejunum removed during exploratory celiotomy had an intussusception and numerous diverticula; jejunojejunostomy performed. The pathoanatomic diagnosis was proliferative enteropathy with pseudodiverticula formation and jejunal muscular hypertrophy and diverticulosis. The diverticula appeared to be acquired; however, the exact cause was not determined. Results— There were no postoperative gastrointestinal complications and 1 year later, the filly was doing well. Conclusion— Multiple acquired jejunal pseudodiverticula not associated with classic muscular hypertrophy can occur in young horses. Long-term prognosis seemingly can be excellent after resection and jejunojejunostomy. Clinical Relevance— Compared with other reports of small intestinal diverticula in horses, this case is unique because it was not congenital or associated with classic muscular hypertrophy.
Thermal expansion coefficient of steels used in LWR vessels

Abstract Because of the impact that melt relocation and vessel failure have on subsequent progression and associated consequences of a light water reactor (LWR) accident, it is important to accurately predict the heat-up and relocation of materials within the reactor vessel and heat transfer to and from the reactor vessel. Accurate predictions of such heat transfer phenomena require high temperature thermal properties. However, a review of vessel and structural steel material properties in severe accident analysis codes reveals that the required high temperature material properties are extrapolated with little, if any, data above 700 °C. To reduce uncertainties in predictions relying upon this extrapolated high temperature data, new thermal expansion data were obtained using pushrod dilatometry techniques for two steels used in LWR vessels: SA 533 Grade B, Class 1 (SA533B1) low alloy steel, which is used to fabricate most US LWR reactor vessels; and Type 304 stainless steel (SS304), which is used in LWR vessel piping, penetration tubes, and internal structures. This paper summarizes the new data and compares it to existing, lower temperature data in the literature.
Milton and the Early Mormon Defense of Polygamy

Les Mormons, ayant admis la polygamie, penserent trouver une justification dans le " De doctrina christiana " de Milton| a partir de 1854, ils vulgariserent le passage concerne de cet ouvrage decouvert en 1823| mais ils cesserent de s'y referer des 1855, pour trois raisons probables : la suppression des bulletins mormons locaux, la justification revelee de la polygamie, l'inconvenient d'utiliser Milton taxe de diverses heresies
Investigation of the mechanism of enzymatic carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate.

Reaction mechanisms involved in enzymatic carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in carboxylase were studied. Carboxylase isolated from germinating peanut cotyledons was used in the studies. Results suggest that in the reaction catalyzed by PEP carboxylase the bicarbonate, or carbonate, ion rather than CO/sub 2/ is the active substrate species involved, and nucleophtlic attack by the bicarbonate, or carbonate, anion on the electrophilic phosphoryl P atom of PEP is involved. (C.H.)
Status of the Endangered Pecos Gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) and Comanche Springs Pupfish (Cyprinodon elegans) in Phantom Lake Spring, Texas

Abstract The Pecos gambusia (Gambusia nobilis) and the Comanche Springs pupfish (Cyprinodon elegans) are federally listed as endangered, and they inhabit Phantom Lake Spring, the headwaters of the Balmorhea Springs Complex in western Texas. We censused both species to update their current status within Phantom Lake Spring, and we sought to determine whether the introduced largespring gambusia (G. geiseri) or any G. nobilis-G. geiseri hybrids were present in the spring.
Lattice Modes in Ferroelectric Perovskites: PbTi O 3

A complete study of the lattice-dynamical behavior of the ferroelectric tetragonal perovskite PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been carried out using Raman spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of all the long-wavelength mode frequencies are determined. We show that a damped-harmonic-oscillator model with a frequency-independent damping coefficient is sufficient to explain the observed shape of the soft $E(1\mathrm{TO})$ mode in the ferroelectric phase at all temperatures below ${T}_{c}=493$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Moreover, by combining our experimental mode-frequency data with pyroelectric measurements of the change in spontaneous polarization ${P}_{s}$ with temperature, we obtain values of ${P}_{s}(25 ^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C})=81$ \ensuremath{\mu}C/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ and ${P}_{s}({T}_{c})=42$ \ensuremath{\mu}C/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. This is in excellent agreement with a recent direct experimental measurement. The temperature dependence of all the mode strengths has also been determined to ${T}_{c}$. These results are used to extract the temperature dependence of the clamped dielectric constants. In PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the dielectric constant along the ferroelectric axis ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{c}$ is determined primarily by the lowest frequency ${A}_{1}(1\mathrm{TO})$ mode at all temperatures to ${T}_{c}$, in contrast to BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ where in the ferroelectric phase the lowest mode determines only $\ensuremath{\approx}25%$ of ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{c}$. In PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ the dielectric constant perpendicular to the $c$ axis ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{a}$ is also determined by the lowest $E(1\mathrm{TO})$ mode at all temperatures. The possibility of observing critical effects near ${T}_{c}$ in the soft-mode data of PbTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been examined. These effects are not observed. Also, it is shown that very careful fitting of the soft-mode temperature dependence to a functional form containing a minimum number of separately determined parameters is required before critical effects can be invoked in first-order phase transitions of the displacive type.
MICROBIOLOGY OF INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE PORK

Cooked samples of pork tenderloin were equilibrated in glycerol solutions at both high (55°± 2°C) and low (5°± 1°C) temperatures and the preservative effect of intermediate moisture conditions in meat was studied. Meat stored at room temperature was compared to controls held at refrigeration temperature for microbial numbers. In natural flora studies, bacterial counts were reduced to <101 per gram at both equilibration temperatures and both storage temperatures. The process was successful in preservation of pork for up to 3 wk after equilibration at high or low temperature and storage at room temperature or under refrigeration.
Neutron Form-Factor Measurement Using Electron-Neutron Coincidences

An electron-deuteron inelastic scattering experiment was performed at incident electron energies of 620 and 350 Mev. The ratio of electron-neutron to electron-proton coincidences was measured at two scattering angles for the interaction e + d yields e + n + p. The data were analyzed in terms of the alternative form factors G/sub E/ and G/sub M/. The calculated neutron form factors are G/sub En/ = plus or minus (0.16 plus or minus 0.04) and G/sub Mn/ = plus or minus (1.06 plus or minus 0.06). (H.D.R.)
Embryonic Development of the Turkey Male Genitalia

Embryonic development of male turkey genitalia was examined to define more clearly the origin of the structures comprising the Phallus nonprotrudens. At Day 7 of incubation, the knob-like genital (g.) eminence became evident just cranial to the tail fold. A raised caudal extension of the g. eminence, the g. crest, joined the tail fold medial to the paired g. swellings. Between Days 8 and 12 of incubation, the g. eminence differentiated into the g. tubercle (which by Day 18 formed the Phallus nonprotrudens), and the g. crest formed the ventral floor of the proctodeum. By Days 10 to 11 of incubation, the g. swellings had become confluent with the lateral extensions originating from the base of the g. tubercule forming both a collar-like structure around the vent and the dorsal wall of the proctodeum. By Day 23 of incubation, the urodeum and proctodeum had become patent and the overall anatomy of the genitalia resembled that of an immature male poult.
Simple explanation of tunneling spin-polarization of Fe, Co, Ni and its alloys

Abstract Values of the electron spin-polarization and their proportionality to bulk moments are easily explained by realizing that they are due to the itinerant d-like electrons. The proportionality of the tunneling current of superconductors and ferromagnets to the three-dimensional density-of-states is seen to occur naturally in the independent particle model. In contrast to tunneling, photoelectrons are dominated by localized electrons; these are also seen to be in agreement with calculated band structure.
Effects of performing two visual tasks on single-trial detection of event-related potentials

The detection of event-related potentials (ERPs) in brain-computer interface (BCI) depends on the ability of the subject to pay attention to specific stimuli presented during the BCI task. For healthy users, a BCI shall be used as a complement to other existing devices, which involve the response to other tasks. Those tasks may impair selective attention, particularly if the stimuli have the same modality e.g. visual. It is therefore critical to analyze how single-trial detection of brain evoked response is impaired by the addition of tasks concerning the same modality. We tested 10 healthy participants using an application that has two visual target detection tasks. The first one corresponds to a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm where target detection is achieved by brain-evoked single-trial detection in the recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. The second task is the detection of a visual event on a tactical map by a behavioral response. These tasks were tested individually (single task) and in parallel (dual-task). Whereas the performance of single-trial detection was not impaired between single and dual-task conditions, the behavioral performance decreased during the dual-task condition. These results quantify the performance drop that can occur in a dual-task system using both brain-evoked responses and behavioral responses.
The influence of intercultural communication apprehension and socio‐communicative orientation on uncertainty reduction during initial cross‐cultural interaction

This study is an investigation of the influence of intercultural communication apprehension, socio‐communicative orientation, and uncertainty during initial cross‐cultural communication. Prior to i...
Epidemiology of Candida Endocarditis

Candida endocarditis is a rare infection that for many years has been associated with injection drug users in the community setting. Over the last 20 years, there has been a shift in the epidemiology of Candida endocarditis from community onset towards a healthcare-associated disease. Major risk factors now identified are prior infective endocarditis, immunosuppression, prolonged use of intravenous antibiotics, central venous catheters, and prosthetic heart valves. The increased use of cardiac rhythm management devices and ventricular assist devices has become a new risk factor for the development of healthcare-associated Candida endocarditis. Of concern is the emergence of Candida endocarditis in the pediatric population, especially amongst neonates with prolonged hospital stays and/or intracardiac defects. Whether seeing community or healthcare associated Candida endocarditis, mortality from this disease remains unacceptably high, and suspicion for infection in patients with risk factor warrants early diagnosis.
Channel-Bed Scour with High versus Low Deflectors

Deflectors are recognized as one of the best devices for enhancing deep-water habitat in low-gradient channels. Modern design standards recommended the use of low-profile structures intended to fun...
Equity and Efficiency in Public Sector Pricing: The Optimal Two-Part Tariff

I. Introduction, 175. — II. The optimal price, 176. — III. The welfare loss due to incorrect pricing, 182. — IV. An example, 183. — V. Concluding remarks, 187.
A complex EPR signal in mung bean mitoghondria and its possible relation to the alternate pathwaya

Summary Low temperature EPR investigations of mung bean mitochondria in various respiratory states have revealed a complex signal split aroung g = 2.00. The signal is paramagnetic in the partially oxidized state and under conditions in which an alternative pathway to molecular oxygen is operative. The signal is absent from mung bean mitochondria respiring in State 3 but can be observed in State 4 or in the presence of cyanide. The signal is not observed in the presence of SHAM, an inhibitor of the alternative pathway. It is proposed that the observed spectrum may be related to, but more complex than, that observed previously in animal mitochondria, which has been interpeted as a spin-spion interaction between two ubisemiquinones relaxed by Center S-3.
Targeting multiple types of tumors using NKG2D-coated iron oxide nanoparticles

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) hold great potential for cancer therapy. Actively targeting IONPs to tumor cells can further increase therapeutic efficacy and decrease off-target side effects. To target tumor cells, a natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor, NKG2D, was utilized to develop pan-tumor targeting IONPs. NKG2D ligands are expressed on many tumor types and its ligands are not found on most normal tissues under steady state conditions. The data showed that mouse and human fragment crystallizable (Fc)-fusion NKG2D (Fc-NKG2D) coated IONPs (NKG2D/NPs) can target multiple NKG2D ligand positive tumor types in vitro in a dose dependent manner by magnetic cell sorting. Tumor targeting effect was robust even under a very low tumor cell to normal cell ratio and targeting efficiency correlated with NKG2D ligand expression level on tumor cells. Furthermore, the magnetic separation platform utilized to test NKG2D/NP specificity has the potential to be developed into high throughput screening strategies to identify ideal fusion proteins or antibodies for targeting IONPs. In conclusion, NKG2D/NPs can be used to target multiple tumor types and magnetic separation platform can facilitate the proof-of-concept phase of tumor targeting IONP development.
Knowledge-based real time control: The use of abstraction to satisfy deadlines

Abstract In this paper we address the use of model-based knowledge representation and reasoning techniques under a blackboard framework in real time computer-based control. Representing knowledge using models is one of the most powerful ways to codify the controller's knowledge about the system being controlled. By using a model and the current values for the monitored parameters, the controller can base all their process automation tasks on the outcomes of a precise simulation of the system behavior. But models have a serious drawback: they have difficulty accommodating normal quantities of components found in current systems. To overcome this problem when working under real time constraints, we propose a technique which allows a control system to achieve real time performance by means of the following computational steps: 1. (1) starting with the basic user-defined domain model, the engineer precomputes a hierarchy of abstract models, at increasing levels of abstraction, using the aggregation of causal links to guide the abstraction process; 2. (2) continuing off-line, the engineer estimates the worst-case processing time for every model in the hierarchy; 3. (3) on-line, the controller uses the time constraints of the situation and the worst-case processing times of the models to choose one model with the level of abstraction that will guarantee deadline satisfaction; and 4. (4) the controller performs system simulation using the selected model. We have used the BB1 blackboard architecture (Hayes-Roth, 1985; 1988; 1990) to implement our work. The results, however, can easily be transferred to another computational framework.
Local motions in a benchmark of allosteric proteins.

Allosteric proteins have been stud- ied extensively in the last 40 years, but so far, no systematic analysis of conformational changes bet- ween allosteric structures has been carried out. Here, we compile a set of 51 pairs of known inac- tive and active allosteric protein structures from the Protein Data Bank. We calculate local confor- mational differences between the two structures of each protein using simple metrics, such as backbone and side-chain Cartesian displacement, and torsion angle change and rearrangement in residue-residue contacts. Thresholds for each met- ric arise from distributions of motions in two con- trol sets of pairs of protein structures in the same biochemical state. Statistical analysis of motions in allosteric proteins quantifies the magnitude of allosteric effects and reveals simple structural principles about allostery. For example, allosteric proteins exhibit substantial conformational changes comprising about 20% of the residues. In addition, motions in allosteric proteins show strong bias to- ward weakly constrained regions such as loops and the protein surface. Correlation functions show that motions communicate through protein structures over distances averaging 10-20 residues in sequence space and 10-20 Ain Cartesian space. Comparison of motions in the allosteric set and a set of 21 nonallos- teric ligand-binding proteins shows that nonallos- teric proteins also exhibit bias of motion toward weakly constrained regions and local correlation of motion. However, allosteric proteins exhibit twice as much percent motion on average as nonallosteric proteins with ligand-induced motion. These observa- tions may guide efforts to design flexibility and allos- tery into proteins. Proteins 2007;67:385-399. V C 2007
Supercritical carbon dioxide as a carrier for sample introduction in atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract The use of a supercritical carbon dioxide carrier to transport organic solutions of metal complexes to a heated restrictor is demonstrated as a means of aerosol or vapour generation for sample introduction in flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Calibrations obtained using conventional pneumatic nebulisation of continuously aspirated solutions or using flow injection into a water carrier are compared with those obtained using the carbon dioxide carrier. Injection of solutions of copper pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate in 4-methyl pentan-2-one into a carbon dioxide carrier at 1000 p.s.i. was shown to 1.2 times more sensitive than injection of the same solutions into a water carrier with conventional nebulisation. The sensitivity of continuous nebulisation of the solutions, however, was not achieved. Dissolution of solid copper acetyl acetonate in supercritical carbon dioxide is demonstrated and subsequent vaporisation followed by atomisation in a heated quartz furnace is shown to occur.
Sexual behaviour in unisexual lizards

In captivity, females of parthenogenetic species of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus) occasionally mount other females and behave as if attempting to mate. This occurs under crowded conditions, and probably is not related to reproduction.
Trends in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of spasticity

Spasticity develops after supraspinal or spinal lesions of descending motor systems, with obligate involvement of the corticospinal tract. Spasticity is characterized by an increase in muscle tone, which, in contrast to many other types of enhanced muscle tone, shows a marked velocity-dependent increase when the muscle is passively stretched. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this spastic muscle tone remain obscure. Three major causes are currently considered possible: (1) changes in the excitability of spinal interneurones; (2) receptor hypersensitivity; (3) formation of new synapses by sprouting. The latter mechanism could account for the long time course over which spastic muscle tone develops in hemiplegic or paraplegic patients, but there is no experimental evidence for this hypothesis. The electromyographic (EMG) gait analysis of patients with spasticity has thrown doubt on the common belief that the velocity-dependent increase in spastic muscle tone is evoked by stretch reflex activity and has led to the idea that spastic muscle tone resides in the muscle fibres themselves. While such a mechanism may contribute to the slowness of active movements in spastic patients, recent experiments on patients with spastic arm paresis have confirmed the classical view that the spastic muscle tone is related to the EMG activity evoked in the passively stretched muscle. This pathological EMG activity is seen during the entire range of the dynamic phase of the stretch, during which a normal muscle exhibits only an early, phasic burst at the highest stretch velocities employed. For the pharmacological treatment of spasticity, substances with different central or peripheral actions are available. Their assumed receptor actions are described, together with their main indications and side-effects. A new way to treat severe spasticity is the continuous intrathecal application of baclofen via an implantable pump. This application has the benefit that the sedative effect of baclofen when applied in high oral dosage is avoided.
Sequential approximate optimization in the problem solving environment WBCSim

This paper presents a data driven, surrogate based optimization algorithm that uses a sequential approximate optimization (SAO) framework and a statistical sampling approach. The biggest concern in using the SAO framework based on statistical sampling is the generation of the required database. A data driven approach is proposed to tackle this situation, where the trick is to run the expensive simulation if and only if a nearby data point does not exist in the cumulatively growing database. Results show that the proposed methodology dramatically reduces the total number of calls to the expensive simulation runs during the optimization process. Utilizing parallel or distributed computing for generating the required database can further reduce the optimization time, as can a high performance parallel computing back-end for each single simulation run.
Effects of Processing on Aflatoxin Levels and on Mutagenic Potential of Tortillas made from Naturally Contaminated Corn

Naturally contaminated corn containing 127 μ total aflatoxin per kg was divided into kg samples and treated with Ca(OH)2 for making tortillas. The treatments varied in % Ca(OH)2, boiling time, and holding time. Samples were taken after each processing step. Afla-toxin levels and mutagenic activity of acetone extractions of alka-line and reacidified products were measured. All treatments caused a decrease of aflatoxin (up to 46%); however, acidifying products prior to analysis caused reformation of much of the original aflatoxin. All treatments also effected a decrease in the mutagenic potential of the products, except for that of the acidified tortillas which was higher than that of the control corn. The tortilla manufacturing process may not be as effective in aflatoxin destruction as originally surmised.
HIV and liver disease forum: conference proceedings.

Liver disease has emerged as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly in regions where highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) is widely available. This dramatic change in disease epidemiology is attributable to a complex interaction between etiologic factors that appear to increase the rate of hepatic fibrosis and accelerate progression to end-stage liver disease. Key factors include ART related hepatoxicity, frequent coinfection with hepatitis B and C, and possibly the direct interaction of HIV virus or soluble protein viral products that interact with hepatocytes and other liver resident cell types. Additionally, there is some evidence that gut permeability is altered during active HIV replication, which affects the complex mix of toxins and growth factors present in the portal circulation. It is critical that hepatologists maintain a strong knowledge base to provide the best possible guidance to HIV-infected patients and their healthcare providers. To this end, the second international forum on HIV and Liver Disease was convened in Jackson Hole, WY in September 2008. The first forum, held two years earlier was previously summarized in Hepatology, and has been widely cited by experts in the field.1 However, the fast moving nature of this critical health issue led to development of a second meeting, supported by grants from three institutes of the National Institutes of Health (NIAID, NIDDK, NIAAA) and by unrestricted grants provided by the pharmaceutical industry. As before, the meeting sought to bring together basic and clinical researchers representing multiple disciplines including hepatology, infectious diseases, epidemiology, virology, and drug development as well as governmental experts in health policy, research and research funding. This document provides a summary of key presentations and highlights the current state of knowledge and future directions this field will take.
929 THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION (ET) WITH SETTLED CELLS ON ALTERING MORTALITY IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS < 1100 GMS WITH SEVERE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS) AT BIRTH

In infants of VLBW with severe RDS, in spite of supportive care including ventilation and ET, mortality remains high. The purpose of this study is to report the therapeutic benefits achieved by employing ET with fresh blood anticoagulated with citrate phosphate dextrose and allowed to “settle” to an Hct. of 55-60%. Thirty-nine infants 750-1100 gms. with severe RDS requiring an FiO2 > 60% for PaO2 ≥ 60 mmHg within the first few hours of life were divided into 2 groups matched for weight and gestational age. All infants received supportive care including ventilation. Group I consisted of 20 infants 991 ± 104 g. who were exchanged within the first 8 hrs. of life with settled cells in addition to receiving supportive care. Group II consisted of 19 infants 929 ± 118 g. who served as controls. Mean hematocrit prior to exchange transfusion was 45 ± 1.86% and increased to 51 ± 1.9% post ET (p < 0.03). In non-exchanged infants the hematocrit was maintained at 45 ± 2.9% with boost transfusions. Twelve out of 20 infants exchanged survived (60%) while there was only 1 (5%) survivor in the non-exchanged group. These results indicate that early exchange transfusion with settled cells presumably by improved tissue oxygenation, increases the survival rate of VLBW infants with severe RDS and is a useful adjunct to supportive therapy.