cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System-Like Consolidation of Olfactory Memories in Drosophila

System consolidation, as opposed to cellular consolidation, is defined as the relatively slow process of reorganizing the brain circuits that maintain long-term memory. This concept is founded in part on observations made in mammals that recently formed memories become progressively independent of brain regions initially involved in their acquisition and retrieval and dependent on other brain regions for their long-term storage. Here we present evidence that olfactory appetitive and aversive memories in Drosophila evolve using a system-like consolidation process. We show that all three classes of mushroom body neurons (MBNs) are involved in the retrieval of short- and intermediate-term memory. With the passage of time, memory retrieval becomes independent of α′/β′ and γ MBNs, and long-term memory becomes completely dependent on α/β MBNs. This shift in neuronal dependency for behavioral performance is paralleled by shifts in the activity of the relevant neurons during the retrieval of short-term versus long-term memories. Moreover, transient neuron inactivation experiments using flies trained to have both early and remote memories showed that the α′/β′ MBNs have a time-limited role in memory processing. These results argue that system consolidation is not a unique feature of the mammalian brain and memory systems, but rather a general and conserved feature of how different temporal memories are encoded from relatively simple to complex brains.
Solid support synthesis of 14-membered macrocycles containing the thioether bridge via SNAr methodology

Abstract An efficient assembly of 14-membered macrocycles utilizing the S N Ar of fluorine in 3-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoic acid with the SH of cysteine on solid support is reported. The flexibility of this synthesis, as well as the excellent purity (>90%) of the final products, are the distinctive characteristics of the resulting library.
Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in a thin liquid film over a rotating disk

The results of a numerical simulation of the flow field and associated heat transfer coefficient are presented for the free surface flow of a thin liquid film adjacent to a horizontal rotating disk. The computation has been performed for different flow rates and rotational velocities using a three-dimensional boundary-fitted coordinate system. Since the geometry of the free surface is unknown and dependent on flow rate, rate of rotation, and other parameters, an interative procedure had to be used to ascertain its location. The computed film height agreed well with existing experimental measurements. The flow was dominated by inertia near the entrance and close to the free surface, and dominated by centrifugal force at larger radii and adjacent to the disk. The rotation enhanced the heat transfer coefficient by a significant amount.
DYADIC GREEN'S FUNCTION EXPANSIONS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

ABSTRACT The complete eigenfunction expansion of the electric field dyadic Green's function in spherical coordinates is presented with particular attention given to the significance of the longitudinal eigenfunctions in this expansion. It is shown that the spectrum of the transverse eigenfunctions contribute zero frequency static like modes that cancel the longitudinal modes outside the source region. Inside the source region the cancellation is not complete but the non-cancelling part can be expressed as a delta function contribution in full agreement with the results obtained by Tai by a different method. Various representations for the dyadic Green's function in free space and in a spherical cavity are presented. The paper includes a brief historical survey of the development of the eigenfunction expansion method for the dyadic Green's function in order to highlight some of the early difficulties that were encountered.
Paradox In The Aphorisms Of La Rochefoucauld And Some Representative English Followers

The best remembered aphorists have contrived to state new truths in brief and telling ways. Less fascinated than most authors with leaf, twig, and branch, they strike immediately for the pith. Almost every reader of their work first pays tribute to this concentration of effort with the repeated shock of joy and enlightenment that marks his response. It seems likely that such writers try to achieve a compression of statement that corresponds to the instantaneous character of their insights. Like Dante, they are stirred by the hope of economizing glimpses of eternity into single-worded statements; unlike him, they never quite despair of doing so. Anyone who has responded to the success of their efforts can appreciate the temptation to discover something about the means by which these paradoxical compositions achieve their effects, particularly those that time and again tumble their reader's complacency. It is with the ways in which those effects derive from the structural patterns of the aphorism that this essay is concerned. The method will be first to classify aphorisms according to structure and then to examine the ways in which each class affects the reader.
Concentrations, distributions, and energy yields of dissolved neutral aldoses in a shallow hydrothermal vent system of Vulcano, Italy

Abstract Large numbers of heterotrophic microorganisms inhabit hydrothermal systems, but few organic geochemistry studies have been carried out on these environments. This study presents the first data on total dissolved neutral aldose (TDNA) composition in a shallow hydrothermal system on the Island of Vulcano, Italy. Samples were collected from geothermal wells, sediment seeps, and shallow submarine vents. Temperatures and geochemical conditions varied between sample locations. Concentrations of TDNA were 56–55,128 nM, a larger range than those reported for non-hydrothermal systems. TDNA yields ranged from 0.47% to 16.54%. The highest yields were observed in sediment seeps and these yields are higher than any reported for non-hydrothermal systems. Similar to other marine environments, glucose and galactose had the highest mole fractions in most samples. Mole fractions of the deoxysugars fucose and rhamnose were low, indicating that algal material is not a likely source for TDNA. High TDNA concentrations correlated with high amino acid (AA) concentrations, indicating that the source and sink processes for AA and TDNA may be similar. High concentrations of both TDNA and AA occurred in samples with low pH and high temperature, but only pH showed a significant correlation with organic parameters. At the in situ geochemical conditions and per mole of aldose reacted, fermentation yields 220–420 kJ, anaerobic respiration yields 500–2400 kJ, and aerobic respiration yields ∼2750 kJ. The generally high aldose yields indicate a large fraction of biologically labile material, and energy calculations show that aldose respiration is more exergonic than chemolithotrophic reactions within the system.
(Non)depressed persons’ cognitive and affective reactions to (un)successful interpersonal influence

Weiner's (1986) theory of attribution and affect was juxtaposed with the literature on depression in order to develop hypotheses about the attributional and emotional reactions of depressed and nondepressed persons to three different outcomes of an interpersonal interaction. An experiment was conducted in which depressed and nondepressed participants, who attempted to exert interpersonal influence, met with success, ambiguity, or failure. The results showed that depressed persons reacted to success and ambiguity in a way that was both attributionally and affectively similar to the nondepressed. However, interpersonal failure provoked considerably more negative affect in persons who were depressed than those who were not depressed.
Accurate modeling of interelectrode resistance and power dissipation in electric glass melters

An accurate technique for modeling the interelectrode resistances as well as the potential and power density distributions in electric glass melters is presented. The model also provides necessary data for sizing the supply transformers associated with such melters. The solution technique involves only algebraic equations, and therefore can be implemented by simple computer software. An example melter with a two-phase supply and eight electrodes was simulated using the proposed three-dimensional modeling technique. Because of the general nature of the proposed model, this technique provides a valuable as well as reliable and easily implemented design tool for melters with multiphase power supplies and general electrode configurations. >
Model for Optimization of Ecodriving at Signalized Intersections

In urban areas, signalized intersections are hot spots of emissions and have significant negative environmental and health impacts. Ecodriving is a strategy that aims to reduce fuel consumption and emissions through the modification or optimization of driver behaviors. By the use of information on the signal phases and the queue discharge time, ecodriving could optimize the speed trajectories for a vehicle approaching an intersection to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. This research developed an optimization model to determine the optimal ecodriving trajectory (the speed profile) at a signalized intersection. The model aimed to achieve the minimization of a linear combination of emissions and travel time. The Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator was used to estimate the emissions (nitrogen oxide), and the genetic algorithm was selected to solve the optimization problem that was developed. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to analyze and compare the performance of the optimal solution in various scen...
Spontaneous regression of cardiac rhabdomyoma.

Abstract Multiple cardiac rhabdomyomas in a neonate with tuberous sclerosis were first described by Von Recklinghausen in 1862. These hamartomas are the cardiac tumors most frequently encountered during infancy and childhood. Rhabdomyomas account for 45% of primary heart tumors in children and represent 53% of primary benign childhood cardiac tumors. 1 Approximately 30% of patients with tuberous sclerosis have cardiac rhabdomyomas. 2 Their natural history is unclear because most reviews on this subject are based on autopsy data. The prognosis for cardiac rhabdomyomas is believed to be grim because of reported fatality rates of 53% by the first week of life and 78% by 1 year of age. 2,3 With widespread use of echocardiography in pediatrics during the last 2 decades, it has become clear that rhabdomyomas result in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from a total absence of symptoms to intrauterine or sudden postnatal death. Also reported are hydrops fetalis, dysrhythmias, inflow or outflow obstruction, congestive heart failure and possibly cerebral embolization. Histologic examination of these masses in 1923 was suggestive of spontaneous regression. 4 Isolated clinical reports of spontaneous regression have recently appeared. 5 We now describe a series of 5 infants with tuberous sclerosis who had close documentation of the size of their 13 tumors.
Two planar facility location problems with high-speed corridors and continuous demand

Abstract The planar minisam (‘median’) and minimax (‘center’) facility location problems are examined under the assumptions that: demand is continuously and uniformly distributed: the L 1 (right-angle) metric is in use; and the planar region is traversed by a high-speed corridor (highway) running parallel to one of the directions of travel. For the minisum problem in a rectangular region, it is shown that, for any combination of problem parameters, there are only two candidate points in the region for the optimum location of the facility. This is also shown to be true for any convex and symmetric planar region. For the minimax problem in a rectangular region, there are only three candidate points for the optimal location. Some extensions and conjectures for the minisum problem involving more than one highway are also discussed.
Off-label use of recombinant igf-I to promote growth: is it appropriate?

Recombinant human (rh) IGF-I (mecasermin) was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005 for the orphan indication of severe primary IGF-I deficiency (IGFD) in individuals unresponsive to rhGH as a result of GH receptor or postreceptor defects or who have GH gene deletion with the development of GH inactivating antibodies after rhGH treatment. The clinical andbiochemicaldefinition includedheight SDscoreandbasal IGF-I SD score 3 or less, with normal or elevated GH. This indication applies to probably no more than a few hundred children worldwide, about 70 of whom provided the databasefortheFDAapproval (1).Therefore, it isnotunexpected that the manufacturer would promote the product beyond the orphan indication, dropping the severe qualification. “Approximately 1 million children in the United States have short stature, and we believe that there are an equal number of children with short stature in Western Europe. Of the approximately 380,000 children in the United States referred to pediatric endocrinologists for evaluation of possible short stature, we believe that approximately 30,000 in the United States and an equal number in Western Europe, for a total of 60,000 children, have primary IGFD and may be treated with (rhIGF-I)” (2). The clinical rationale for such off-label promotion of mecasermin, however, has been challenged (3). The comprehensive report by Midyett et al. (4) in the current issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism provides important information about this approach. Described is one year of treatment of children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) thought to have partial defects in GH sensitivity resulting in IGFD, based on a single measurement of circulating IGF-I less than 2 SD for chronological age. The FDA approved the use of rhGH for the treatment of ISS in 2003, after nearly 20 yr of such use (5), a decision that has not been without controversy (6, 7). Nonetheless, there is considerable experience of improvement in adult stature with rhGH treatment of ISS (5, 8, 9). It is against this background of long and safe use of rhGH that the introduction of an alternative hormonal approach must be viewed. Considering the FDA approved use of rhGH for growth promotion in children with ISS and the potential limitations of simply enhancing endocrine IGF-I and suppressing GH secretion and thereby local GH effects of chondrocyte proliferation and autocrine/paracrine secretion of IGF-I (3), the design of a trial of rhIGF-I would be expected to include a rhGH treatment arm. The randomized,unblinded,no-treatment-controlled studyofMidyett et al. (4) is seriously limited by not including a rhGH comparator arm for safety and efficacy. Other concerns that have been previously expressed (3) and persist with this report include the use of a single IGF-I measurement as an inclusion criterion, the notion of partial GH insensitivity as justification for rhIGF-I treatment of a substantial number of children with ISS, absolute and relative efficacy (compared with rhGH or no therapy), and safety.
Influence of Flow Properties on the Performance of the Monolith Froth Reactor for Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Acetic Acid

The aqueous phase oxidation of acetic acid, used as a model compound for the treatment of CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) waste, was carried out in the monolith froth reactor (MFR) which utilizes two-phase flow in the monolith channels. A perforated plate was used to disperse the gas into the liquid, allowing for precise control of the distribution parameters. These distribution parameters controlled the size of the gas bubbles at the entrance to the monolith. In turn, the bubble size at the monolith entrance was the key parameter in determining the performance of the MFR. Important control parameters include the ease in which the bubbles enter the monolith channels, uniform coverage of the monolith entrance by gas bubbles, and the resulting gas-liquid flow patterns that are developed within the channels of the monolith. The observed results are described in terms of detailed flow phenomena that have previously been determined and reported. Based on the experimental observations and the theoretical analysis of the results, we have determined that optimal performance of the MFR occurs when a maximum number of channels are operating in bubble-train flow.
Slicing the Toxic Pizza: An Analysis of FDIC’s Legacy Loan Program for Receivership Assets

The Legacy Loans Program is an elaborate way of slicing the FDIC’s receivership assets. At best, the financial structure is irrelevant to the FDIC’s expected long-run recovery rates. Yet, it may boost short-term prices by creating bond insurance liabilities that will come due several years down the road. If the private investor can increase the value of the toxic loans through non-contractible investments, then the public equity stake and subsidized leverage may hinder the FDIC from obtaining the best recovery rates from these troubled loan portfolios.
Interstitial microwave-induced hyperthermia and iridium brachytherapy for the treatment of obstructing biliary carcinomas

In a phase I clinical study. 10 patients with obstructive biliary carcinomas were treated with single-antenna interstitial microwave hyperthermia and iridium-192 brachytherapy. For each patient a standard biliary drainage catheter was implanted percutaneously through the obstructed common bile duct. This catheter accommodated a single microwave antenna which operated at 915 MHz, and one or two fibreoptic thermometry probes for temperature measurement. Under fluoroscopic guidance the microwave antenna and temperature probes were positioned in the CT-determined tumour mass. The 60-min heat treatment achieved a central tumour temperature of 45–55 °C while keeping temperatures at the proximal and distal margins at 43 °C. Immediately following the hyperthermia treatment the microwave antenna and temperature probes were removed, and a single strand of iridium-192 double-strength seeds was inserted to irradiate the tumour length. A dose of 5500–7900 cGy calculated at 0.5 cm radially from the catheter was adminis...
The Relationship Between Diet, Activity, and Other Factors, and Postpartum Weight Change by Race

Objective To identify the impact of dietary intake and activity level on postpartum weight change. Methods White ( n = 121) and black ( n = 224) women, 7–12 months postpartum, participating in the Special Supplemental Feeding Program for Women, Infants, and Children were assessed for dietary intake, activity level, body weight, and other maternal characteristics. Results For both black and white women, the most important variables in predicting postpartum weight loss were pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, parity, and prenatal exercise. After these factors were controlled, race predicted that black women retained 6.4 lb more than white women. These results may be due to the finding that black women reported significantly higher mean energy intake (2039 versus 1552 kcal, P P Conclusion Higher energy intake and lower activity levels in black postpartum mothers compared with white mothers may contribute to the significantly higher rates of obesity found in black mothers. This study suggests the need for intervention strategies in the prenatal and postpartum periods to help those at risk of retaining weight gained during pregnancy.
An Experimental Investigation of Applying Mica2 Motes in Pavement Condition Monitoring

Pavement maintenance is vital for travel safety, thus detecting dangerous road conditions in a real-time fashion is desirable. Using an off-the-shelf wireless sensor network to detect such conditions at a low cost poses many challenges. In order to meet these challenges, a Mica2 Mote sensor network is adopted in this study to process and transmit data collected from three external analog sensors. Consequentially, several hardware and software interfaces are developed to complete a pavement monitoring system that uses temperature and moisture presence to detect hazardous road conditions. Surge Time Synchronization is explored in this specific application to enable the wireless sensor network to operate in a low power consumption mode. A fairly simplistic pattern classification algorithm is embedded into the motes to create the smart wireless sensing application. A series of outdoor tests are conducted in this study paying special attention to the survivability of fragile analog sensors in harsh roadway con...
Surface relaxation of Ni(110), Al(110) and Ag(110) determined by the convolution-transform method☆

Experimental (LEED) intensity-voltage (I–V) beam profiles for clean Ni(110), Al(110) and Ag(110) have been analyzed by the convolution-transform method. Results indicate that the first layer spacing of Ni(110), Al(110) and Ag(110) is contracted by 5%, 4% and 7% of their bulk spacing, respectively. These results are in good agreement with the results obtained earlier using dynamical calculations.
A Review of the Immunotoxicity of the Pesticide 3,4-Dichloropropionanalide

The pesticide 3,4-dichloropropionanilide (propanil or, alternatively, DCPA) is a member of the acetanilide chemical family and is predominantly used for the control of weeds on commercial rice crops worldwide. This article was written to provide a brief review of the general toxicity of propanil followed by a detailed summary of the immunotoxicity studies that were performed to date in mammalian in vivo and in vitro models. Propanil affects the immune system at organ, cellular, and molecular levels. Studies demonstrated that it produces thymic atrophy and splenomegaly and decreases developing T- and B-cell populations in the thymus and bone marrow. Natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages are critical components of the innate immune system. NK cell cytotoxicity and the ability of macrophages to phagocytose, kill pathogenic bacteria, and produce inflammatory cytokines are suppressed by propanil. Propanil also affects the respiratory burst of macrophages, inhibiting reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production. Molecular mechanisms responsible for propanil's effects have begun to be elucidated and include alterations in nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB transcription factor activity and intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. Propanil exposure alters a number of functions of mature T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes that impacts the adaptive immune response. T-cell cytotoxic activity and cytokine production are major T-cell functions inhibited by propanil. The humoral antibody response to model antigens and intact bacteria is differentially affected after propanil exposure. How these changes in innate and adaptive immune responses impact the host response to bacterial challenge or vaccination has begun to be examined.
A computational study of a fast sampling valve designed to sample soot precursors inside a forming diesel spray plume

Accurate chemical reaction mechanisms are critically needed to fully optimize combustion strategies for modern internal-combustion engines. These mechanisms are needed to predict emission formation and the chemical heat release characteristics for traditional direct-injection diesel as well as recently-developed and proposed variant combustion strategies. Experimental data acquired under conditions representative of such combustion strategies are required to validate these reaction mechanisms. This paper explores the feasibility of developing a fast sampling valve which extracts reactants at known locations in the spray reaction structure to provide these data. CHEMKIN software is used to establish the reaction timescales which dictate the required fast sampling capabilities. The sampling process is analyzed using separate FLUENT and CHEMKIN calculations. The non-reacting FLUENT CFD calculations give a quantitative estimate of the sample quantity as well as the fluid mixing and thermal history. A CHEMKIN reactor network has been created that reflects these mixing and thermal time scales and allows a theoretical evaluation of the quenching process.
Reducing Mother-to-Infant Transmission of HIV — The Door Remains Open

As of the end of 1995, over 90 percent of the reported cases of AIDS in children were acquired through mother-to-infant transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1 Nearly all HIV infections in children are now thought to be acquired in this manner. The prospective, observational study by Landesman et al. of obstetrical factors associated with mother-to-infant transmission that appears in this issue of the Journal 2 has major implications for the care of pregnant women with HIV and the choices they face. In late 1994, a highly publicized report in the Journal 3 from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 showed . . .
Monotone optimal preventive maintenance policies for stochastically failing equipment

This paper examines various models for maintenance of a machine operating subject to stochastic deterioration. Three alternative models are presented for the deterioration process. For each model, in addition to the replacement decision, the option exists of performing preventive maintenance. The effect of this maintenance is to “slow” the deterioration process. With an appropriate reward structure imposed on the processes, the models are formulated as continuous time Markov decision processes. the optimality criterion being the maximization of expected discounted reward earned over an infinite time horizon. For each model conditions are presented under which the optimal maintenance policy exhibits the following monotonic structure. First, there exists a control limit rule for replacement. That is, there exists a number i* such that if the state of machine deterioration exceeds i* the optimal policy replaces the machine by a new machine. Secondly, prior to replacement the optimal level of preventive maintenance is a nonincreasing function of the state of machine deterioration. The conditions which guarantee this result have a cost/benefit interpretation.
Over-the-counter and out-of-control: legal strategies to protect youths from abusing products for weight control.

Abuse of widely available, over-the-counter drugs and supplements such as laxatives and diet pills for weight control by youths is well documented in the epidemiological literature. Many such products are not medically recommended for healthy weight control or are especially susceptible to abuse, and their misuse can result in serious health consequences.We analyzed the government’s role in regulating these products to protect public health. We examined federal and state regulatory authority, and referred to international examples to inform our analysis. Several legal interventions are indicated to protect youths, including increased warnings and restrictions on access through behind-the-counter placement or age verification.We suggest future directions for governments internationally to address this pervasive public health problem.
Evidence for the role of energy resources in producing long waves in the United States economy

Abstract A hypothesis is proposed and tested concerning the existence of the following causal pathway. Some event, such as a war, creates a shortage of whichever resource is currently the most critical limit for a society. That event drives up prices of that resource more than those of other resources or manufactured goods. After a lag, there is a shift of capital investment to industries that had the highest such price increase. After a further lag, there is an excessive ratio of supply to demand in industries which had that elevated capital investment, and a price collapse. In industries from which capital had been shifted, shortages relative to long run trajectories drive up prices relative to wages. These phenomena in combination cause layoffs, then a depression. The nation or nations in the world which have greatest internal strains produced by depression or serious recession, then use an armaments buildup to stimulate their economies. This sharply increases the likelihood of the next war, and the cycle repeats. The steps in this hypothesis are tested by determining the proportion of the variance in system variables that can be accounted for using nonlinear equations to describe growth and wavelike behavior of the United States since the mid-nineteeth century. Parameters were estimated using the iterative Matyas and Simplex curve-fitting algorithms.
Asparagine synthetase in normal and malignant tissues, correlation with tumor sensitivity to asparaginase.

Abstract Asparagine synthetase activity has been measured in normal and malignant mouse and normal guinea pig tissues. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0, requires ATP, uses either glutamine or NH 4 Cl as a source of amide, and yields increased amounts of asparagine in the presence of puromycin. Significantly higher ASase activity has been observed in four asparaginase resistant mouse lymphomas than in two susceptible tumors or in normal mouse tissue. Liver is an exception, but exact values are rendered uncertain by the presence of asparaginase. When asparaginase is administered to tumor-bearing mice, resistant tumors respond with large increases (5 to 19-fold) in ASase activity over a 24-hr period while susceptible tumors respond only transiently, ASase levels reaching a maximum in 4 hr and then decreasing concomitantly with cell death. These observations confirm and extend the idea that ASase activity may provide a basis for tumor resistance or sensitivity to asparaginase. The moderate increases in ASase in normal tissue following asparaginase administration account for the low toxicity of the enzyme. The levels reached in normal mouse tissue are equivalent to those of the tissues of guinea pigs which have asparaginase in the circulation as a natural constituent. The increased ASase activity following asparaginase administration may be accounted for by contributions of both reduced product inhibition and derepression of ASase synthesis. Induction apparently plays no role in these tumors. ASase appears in the postmicrosomal supernates of tumor cells and to a lesser degree in microsomes. In liver essentially all of the detectable ASase is in the microsomes, and asparaginase is present in the supernate.
Experimental investigation of damage detection on composite plates using wave analysis

Accurate interpretation of data measurement is a major challenge for development of reliable and effective diagnostic system. This paper presents experimental results of a proposed damage identification candidate based on Lamb wave propagation analysis. Carbon/epoxy laminated composite plate specimens with various damage, i.e., delamination and impact damage, are evaluated. Damage location is extracted from the measured time history data of the propagated wave and the wave traveling time. Assuming the wave propagates with a constant speed, the summation of the distance from the transmitter to the damage and the distance from the damage to the receiver is constant. The possible damage location combining with the locations of the transmitter and receiver forms an elliptical path, where the locations of the transmitter and receiver serve as the foci of the ellipse. Piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) are used as the wave transmitters and receivers. Post-processing of the recorded signals using wavelet transform allows better isolation of the interested propagation mode and the extraction of the traveling time, which enhance the accuracy of damage localization. Results of the damage location estimation are presented.
South Polar in situ radio-frequency ice attenuation

We have determined the in situ electric field attenuation length L α (defined as the length over which the signal amplitude diminishes by a factor 1/e) for radio-frequency signals broadcast vertically through South Polar ice and reflected off the underlying bed. Conservatively assuming a bedrock field reflectivity R = 1.0, we estimate L α = 1450 +300 -150 m for f = 380 MHz, and T = -50°C; the errors incorporate uncertainties in R. This value is consistent with previous estimates that the radio-frequency attenuation length exceeds the attenuation length at optical frequencies by an order of magnitude.
Electromyographic, but not mechanomyographic amplitude-force relationships, distinguished differences in voluntary activation capabilities between individuals.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of activation capabilities on the electromyography (EMGRMS) and mechanomyography amplitude (MMGRMS)–force relationships of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF). Thirteen men (mean ± SD; age = 22 ± 3 year) performed nine submaximal contractions (10–90% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) with the interpolated twitch technique performed during a separate contraction at 90% MVC to calculate percent voluntary activation (%VA). Nine participants with >90% VA were categorized into the high-activated group with the remaining categorized into the moderate-activated group. Slopes (b terms) were calculated from the log-transformed EMGRMS and MMGRMS–force relationships. The b terms (collapsed across the VL and RF) for the EMGRMS–force relationships were greater for the high- (1.29 ± 0.31) than the moderate-activated (1.10 ± 0.20) group. In contrast, there were no differences in the b terms for the MMGRMS–force relationships between the high- and moderate-activated groups. For the EMGRMS and MMGRMS–force relationships, the b terms were greater for the RF (1.38 ± 0.30, 0.81 ± 0.20) than the VL (1.08 ± 0.19, 0.60 ± 0.13) collapsed across groups. The b terms from the EMGRMS–force relationships, but not the MMGRMS–force relationships, reflected differences in %VA.
Effect of media size in stirred ball mill grinding of coal

Abstract As a prerequisite to producing super-clean coal with any physical coal-cleaning process, such as microbubble flotation, the feed coal must be micronized to liberate finely disseminated mineral matter. The stirred ball mill is regarded as one of the most efficient devices for micronizing coal. Using a 13.4 cm batch mill, the optimum operating conditions have been determined in terms of media size, feed size and media type. The rate of breakage determined with monosized feeds are compared on the basis of specific energy consumption. It has been found that a 20:1 ball size/particle size ratio gives optimum grinding conditions.
Antimicrobic diffusion susceptibility tests on a defined medium solidified with a synthetic polymer (neutra-gel)

A synthetic polymer (Neutra-Gel) has been developed to serve as a substitute for agar. Since the polymer is neutral and inert, it is ideally suited for in vitro studies of antimicrobial agents. Diffusion susceptibility tests were performed on three types of media: a synthetic amino acid medium (SAAM) with agar, SAAM with the synthetic hydrogel, and Mueller-Hinton agar. Ten different antimicrobics were tested, each giving somewhat different results. Varying results were also obtained with 171 different clinical isolates. BecauseStaphylococcus aureus grew poorly on SAAM, diffusion tests were not entirely statisfactory. With the enteric bacilli, the defined synthetic medium is advantageous especially when testing drugs which interact with agar, i.e., polymyxins and aminoglycosides.
Profiling desired state type problem recognizers

Style of recognizing consumer problems has been identified in past research as a unique variable for effectively segmenting a market based upon potential purchase behavior. However, only one product category has been examined in previous studies thereby limiting the generalizability of the results. The present study examined shopping orientation and demographic characteristics of problem recognizers for six different product categories, with special attention devoted to Desired State Type Problem Recognizers. Profiles developed for these Desired State Type consumers were significantly different from Actual State Types for each of the six products. Some limited commonality was found for Desired State Types across five of the six product categories.
An integrative review of dignity in end-of-life care:

Background:Dying with dignity is regarded as a goal of quality end-of-life care. However, the meaning of dying with dignity is ambiguous, and no comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature has been published.Aim:To synthesize the meaning of dying with dignity and to identify common aspects of dignity in end-of-life care.Design:This is an integrative review article. Methodological strategies specific to the integrative review method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl were followed to conduct data analysis. The matrix method was used to summarize characteristics of included articles.Data sources:Five electronic databases were searched in October 2012, with no date restriction: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, and Social Sciences Abstracts. Theoretical reports, and both qualitative and quantitative empirical reports, focused on dignity in end-of-life care were included.Results:Themes of dying with dignity are as follows: a human right, autonomy and independence, relieved symptom distre...
Engineering epidermal growth factor for enhanced mitogenic potency

Successful use of growth factois in therapeutic and bioprocessig application requires overcoming two attenuation mechanisms: growth factor depletion and receptor down-regulation. current ameliorative strategies use physiologically inappropriate high growth-factor concentrations, along with periodic media refeeding in vitro and reinjection or controlled-release devices in vivo. We demonstrate a new approach derived from understanding how these attenuation mechanisms arise from ligand/receptor trafficking processes. Specifically, a recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) mutant with reduced receptor binding affinity is a more potent migogenic stimulus of fibroblasts than natural EGF or transforming growth factor alpha because of its altered trafficking properties.
Pedagogical reconstruction: Incorporating African-American perspectives into the curriculum

(1995). Pedagogical reconstruction: Incorporating African-American perspectives into the curriculum. Journal of Criminal Justice Education: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 85-104.
Social science research and military agendas: Safe distance or bridging a troubling divide?

Recent calls for more public social science have sometimes faltered at the idea that better relations with the military should be part of the project. Better relations with social movements, sure. With NGOs—why not? And certainly with the departments of state, education, or commerce. But is it the job of academic social scientists to inform the military?
Climatic factors associated with risk of seroconversion of cattle to bluetongue viruses in Queensland

The risk of seroconversion to bluetongue viruses of 464 cattle in 44 sentinel herds in Queensland, Australia, was examined using survival analysis. The association between risk of seroconversion and three climatic variables, mean daily maximum temperature (° C), mean daily minimum temperature (° C), and mean daily rainfall (mm) was assessed. Using stepwise regression techniques, the statistical model explaining the most variation in risk of seroconversion included: maximum temperature 1 and 2 months previously, minimum temperature 2 and 3 months previously, and rainfall 1 and 3 months previously. The model also included an interaction term between maximum and minimum temperature 2 months previously. All variable coefficients in the model except for maximum temperature 2 months previously were significantly (P < 0.001) different from zero. The model predicted that nearly 100% of cases of seroconversion to bluetongue viruses at a typical location in south-east Queensland could be attributed to climatic events occurring in autumn and early winter. Results from this study suggest a causal association between infection of cattle with bluetongue viruses and temperature and rainfall. The lag period identified is most likely related to the effect of temperature and rainfall on vector population dynamics.
Post-breeding season distribution of black-footed and Laysan albatrosses satellite-tagged in Alaska: inter-specific differences in spatial overlap with North Pacific fisheries.

Abstract We integrated satellite-tracking data from black-footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes; n = 7) and Laysan albatrosses captured in Alaska (Phoebastria immutabilis; n = 18) with data on fishing effort and distribution from commercial fisheries in the North Pacific in order to assess potential risk from bycatch. Albatrosses were satellite-tagged at-sea in the Central Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and tracked during the post-breeding season, July–October 2005 and 2006. In Alaskan waters, fishing effort occurred almost exclusively within continental shelf and slope waters. Potential fishery interaction for black-footed albatrosses, which most often frequented shelf-slope waters, was greatest with sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) longline and pot fisheries and with the Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepsis) longline fishery. In contrast, Laysan albatrosses spent as much time over oceanic waters beyond the continental shelf and slope, thereby overlapping less with fisheries in Alaska than black-footed albatrosses. Regionally, Laysan albatrosses had the greatest potential fishery interaction with the Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) trawl fishery in the Western Aleutian Islands and the sablefish pot fishery in the Central Aleutian Islands. Black-footed albatrosses ranged further beyond Alaskan waters than Laysan albatrosses, overlapping west coast Canada fisheries and pelagic longline fisheries in the subarctic transition domain; Laysan albatrosses remained north of these pelagic fisheries. Due to inter-specific differences in oceanic distribution and habitat use, the overlap of fisheries with the post-breeding distribution of black-footed albatrosses is greater than that for Laysan albatrosses, highlighting inter-specific differences in potential vulnerability to bycatch and risk of population-level impacts from fisheries.
How can the functional response best be determined

We evaluated three methods for the analysis of functional response data by asking whether a given method could discriminate among functional responses and whether it could accurately identify regions of positive density-dependent predation. We evaluated comparative curve fitting with foraging models, linear least-squares analysis using the angular transformation, and logit analysis. Using data from nature and simulations, we found that the analyses of predation rates with the angular transformation and logit analysis were best at consistently determining the “true” functional response, i.e. the model used to generate simulated data. These methods also produced the most accurate estimates of the “true” regions of density dependence. Of these two methods, functional response data best fulfill the assumptions of logit analysis. Angularly transformed predation rates only approximate the assumptions of linear leastsquares analysis for predation rates between 0.1 and 0.9. Lack-of-fit statistics can reveal inadequate fit of a model to a data set where simple regression statistics might erroneously suggest a good match.
Absolute Moment Block Truncation Coding and Its Application to Color Images

A new quantization method that uses the criterion of preserving sample absolute moments is presented. This is based on the same basic idea for block truncation coding of Delp and Mitchell but it is simpler in any practical implementation. Moreover, output equations are those for a two-level nonparametric minimum mean square error quantizer when the threshold is fixed to the sample mean. The application of this method to single frame color images is developed. A color image coding system that uses absolute moment block truncation coding of luminance and chroma information is presented. Resulting color images show reasonable performance with bit rates as low as 2.13 bits/pixel.
A Comparative Study of Co-electrodeposited Cu2ZnSnS4 Absorber Material on Fluorinated Tin Oxide and Molybdenum Substrates

A comparative study of electrochemically grown Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films on transparent conducting fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) electrodes and molybdenum-coated substrates was conducted. CZTS on FTO is highly desirable for bifacial-semitransparent photovoltaic applications for next-generation, environmentally friendly, high-efficiency solar panels. CZTS films were synthesized using single-stage electrochemical deposition followed by sulfur diffusion. Detailed comparisons of structural, morphological, electrochemical, and optical properties were performed using several techniques including Raman and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and photoelectrochemical characterization. All of the characterization experiments indicated that there is sufficient potential for electrochemically grown CZTS on FTO-coated glass as an alternative to CZTS on molybdenum-coated glass.
Parasomnias and Their Mimics

Parasomnias are classified into nonrapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias. It is important for the clinician to consider other parasomnia mimics that present to the sleep disorders clinic. These conditions can be differentiated by taking a detailed sleep history and conducting nocturnal polysomnograms to evaluate for potential comorbidities and better characterize the disorder. Mainstays of treatment include treating any underlying primary sleep disorders that induce sleep fragmentation and could trigger the parasomnia, as well as implementing safety precautions to protect patients and their household. Pharmacologic treatment of many parasomnias is also available if needed and clinically indicated.
The $${\bar{\partial}}$$ -Neumann problem on product domains in $${\mathbb{C}^{n}}$$

Let \({\Omega=\Omega_{1}\times\cdots\times\Omega_{n}\subset\mathbb{C}^{n}}\) , where \({\Omega_{j}\subset\mathbb{C}}\) is a bounded domain with smooth boundary. We study the solution operator to the \({\overline\partial}\) -Neumann problem for (0,1)-forms on Ω. In particular, we construct singular functions which describe the singular behavior of the solution. As a corollary our results carry over to the \({\overline\partial}\) -Neumann problem for (0,q)-forms. Despite the singularities, we show that the canonical solution to the \({\overline\partial}\) -equation, obtained from the Neumann operator, does not exhibit singularities when given smooth data.
Bayes Optimum and Maximum-Likelihood Approaches in an Array Processing Problem

A comparison of the structure and performance of two detectors for an array processing problem is discussed. The first is optimal for detection performance in the Bayesian sense and the second models a maximum-likelihood (beam-forming) approach. Of particular interest is the loss in performance due to nonoptimal processing.
Contarinia washingtonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), New Species Infesting the Cones of Douglas-Fir.

Contarinia washingtonensis is morphologically distinct from C. oregonensis Foote in all stages of development as well as in its life history and habits. Both species attack the cones of Douglas-fir. C. oregonensis forms a gall around the seed; C. washingtonensis mines in the cone scales without causing gall formation.