cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chlorite-illite/muscovite interlayered and interstratified crystals: A TEM/STEM study

Phyllosilicates in rocks which are transitional from mudstone to slate from Lehigh Gap, Pa., have been studied by a variety of techniques, including high resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Analytical Electron Microscopy. The principal minerals are “white mica” which is transitional from illite in mudstone to ordered twolayer mica in slate, and chlorite. 7A berthierine occurs more rarely. Dioctahedral and trioctahedral layers are shown to be interleaved in individual crystals at all scales between the following two end members: (1) both random and regular 1∶1 interlayering at the scale of individual layers, as shown, in part, by lattice fringe images. (2) packets of trioctahedral and dioctahedral layers up to a few thousand Angstroms or microns in thickness, detectable with ordinary optical techniques. The complete range of intermediate structures is represented in samples which are in transition to slate. Bulk analytical (EMPA), X-ray diffraction or other measurements are shown to result in averages over both kinds of layers when TEM techniques are not used.
Intraarticular Abnormalities in Overhead Athletes Are Variable

Background The cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in the overhead athlete can be variable. Several studies illustrate the wide variety of lesions seen at the time of arthroscopy in overhead athletes who require surgery but it is unclear whether these differ by sport.
Visual determination of suprathreshold color‐difference tolerances using probit analysis

As part of a research program to improve the relationship between visual and numerical color-difference evaluation for industrial colorimetry, a color-difference tolerance data set for fitting and testing of color-difference metrics has been extended to include 156 individual color-tolerance determinations. These tolerances were designed to sample 19 color centers over a surface color gamut with balanced sampling of lightness and chromaticness differences. The tolerance determination procedures emphasized accurate estimation of population visual color-difference response and rigorous estimation of tolerance precision. Tolerance accuracy was confirmed by excellent agreement of these results and the majority of previous experiments on five color centers selected for CIE color-difference evaluations. The average uncertainty of the tolerance determinations was ± 11% of the tolerance value at a 2 o level (95% confidence interval). The completed data set is suitable for estimating the parameters of color-difference metrics or testing the performance of such metrics. The color tolerances indicated the systematic lack of uniformity of the CIELAB space, in general agreement with previous experiments. A simple modification of the CIELAB color-difference metric was shown to account for much of the systematic lack of uniformity.
Inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in response to lithium. Evidence for autoregulation of GSK-3.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a critical, negative regulator of diverse signaling pathways. Lithium is a direct inhibitor of GSK-3 and has been widely used to test the putative role of GSK-3 in multiple settings. However, lithium also inhibits other targets, including inositol monophosphatase and structurally related phosphomonoesterases, and thus additional approaches are needed to attribute a given biological effect of lithium to a specific target. For example, lithium is known to increase the inhibitory N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3, but the target of lithium responsible for this indirect regulation has not been identified. We have characterized a short peptide derived from the GSK-3 interaction domain of Axin that potently inhibits GSK-3 activity in vitro and in mammalian cells and robustly activates Wnt-dependent transcription, mimicking lithium action. We show here, using the GSK-3 interaction domain peptide, as well as small molecule inhibitors of GSK-3, that lithium induces GSK-3 N-terminal phosphorylation through direct inhibition of GSK-3 itself. Reduction of GSK-3 protein levels, either by RNA interference or by disruption of the mouse GSK-3β gene, causes increased N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3, confirming that GSK-3 regulates its own phosphorylation status. Finally, evidence is presented that N-terminal phosphorylation of GSK-3 can be regulated by the GSK-3-dependent protein phosphatase-1·inhibitor-2 complex.
Covalent binding to α-macroglobulins of a protein with free SH groups produced by activated B cells: Blocking by d-penicillamine and gold compounds

alpha 2-Macroglobulin (alpha 2M) complexed with proteinases or modified by the action of amines has been shown to affect immune responses in vitro, though as yet the mechanisms are poorly understood. Supernates from rabbit lymphoid cells cultured in medium with normal rabbit serum and 35S-methionine (or 14C-leucine) were found to contain intensely radiolabeled alpha-macroglobulins (alpha M) (alpha 1 and alpha 2) on electrophoresis. When human alpha 2 M, instead of rabbit serum, was added to cultures, it also appeared radiolabeled, suggesting that lymphocyte-produced proteins (LyP) formed complexes with serum alpha M. These alpha M-associated LyP were produced in greater quantity when lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of mitogens; they were not produced by cells cultured in the presence of cycloheximide; they were produced primarily by B cells rather than T cells or macrophages. Pretreatment of serum or alpha M with methylamine, enhanced rather than inhibited the formation of LyP-alpha M complexes, a finding which is contrary to that expected if the LyP were a proteinase. Since this methylamine treatment of alpha M also results in the generation of free SH groups from the internal thioester bonds of alpha M, the formation of disulfide bonds between LyP and alpha M was considered. Indeed, (a) the LyP-alpha M complex formation was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, aurothiomalate, sodium aurothioglucose or D-penicillamine; (b) blocking the SH groups with NEM, of either culture fluid supernates or serum, had an inhibitory effect on the formation of these complexes; (c) the LyP-alpha M complexes were dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) only after their reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME). Thus, a disulfide bond was formed between alpha M and LyP with free SH groups (SH-LyP). Molecular sieving by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the serum-free radiolabeled supernates indicated that SH-LyP eluted at a position corresponding to a polypeptide of mol. wt of about 22,000. However, SDS-PAGE of the 22,000 mol. wt HPLC fraction showed that the major protein was approximately mol. wt 11,000 under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. In addition, the SH-LyP reduced by 2-ME from its binding site on alpha 2M had a mol. wt of about 11,000 in SDS-PAGE, suggesting that it was a non-covalent homodimer of mol. wt 11,000 polypeptides. We suggest that alpha 2M as well as SH-LyP may affect the immune system by functioning as SH-reactive agents.
Choosing Outcome Assessment Devices: An Organizational and Conceptual Scheme.

The assessment of counseling outcome is an important issue that has theoretical, ethical, empirical, and practical significance. Our examination of the state of the science, however, revealed much diversity and disorder. To impose order on this chaos, an organizational and conceptual scheme consisting of content, source, technology, and time orientation dimensions was proposed. The scheme's utility was demonstrated through a review of and application to outcome studies found in two leading counseling journals over the past 3 years. The conceptual scheme was further illustrated through an in-depth application to one specific outcome study. This scheme may guide future outcome research efforts, and its utility may be broadened to include the selection of outcome instruments in career counseling and supervision research.
A Golgi study of the human neostriatum: neurons and afferent fibers.

The neostriatum of 20 adult humans was examined in Golgi-Kopsch and rapid Golgi preparations. At least five types of neurons and four types of afferent fibers are described. Neurons of medium size with spine-rich dendrites (spiny type I) are the most frequent type. These cells exhibit a greater morphological diversity than those previously studied in the monkey. Also, quantitative data show that, compared to the monkey, spiny type I neurons in man have a greater somal size and dendritic field radius. Although the types of spines are similar, the mean density and radial distribution of spines along dendrites differ in the two species. Morphologic features of the axon, which is usually long with extensive collateral branches, suggest that more than one process from the axon may be efferent. Medium to large neurons with sparsely spined dendrites (spiny-type II) differ from type I neurons in having a poorer branching and greater radial spread of their dendrites and a lower density of spines. They also differ from spiny type I neurons in their distribution and relative proportion of various spine types. The axon of the spiny type II neuron is long and has collaterals which are poorly arborized in comparison to those of spiny type I cells. Aspiny neurons are of medium (aspiny type I) and large (aspiny type II) size. They have varicose, curved dendrites and a short axon which arborizes mostly within the dendritic field. A group of smaller neurons with more variable dendritic morphology is also seen. Observations suggest that in the human brain the proportion of medium-sized aspiny neurons and small neurons may be greater than in other species.
Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulfur dioxide mixtures☆

Abstract Eleven plant species were exposed to ozone and/or sulfur dioxide to determine if a mixture of the two gases enhanced foliar injury. Tobacco, radish, and alfalfa developed more injury than the additive injury of the single gases. In other species, such as cabbage, broccoli, and tomato, the foliar injury from mixed-gas exposures was additive or less than additive. Leaf injury from the ozone/sulfur dioxide mixture appeared as upper surface flecking, stipple, bifacial necrosis, and lower surface glazing and, in general, appeared similar to injury from oxidant or ozone. The concentrations of ozone and sulfur dioxide that caused plant injury were similar to those found in urban areas. These concentrations may result in yield losses to plants grown under field conditions.
Stability and Dynamic Evolution of Three-dimensional Flux Ropes

A crucial problem in the study of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares is the identification of initial configurations and boundary conditions that can produce an eruption of the field configuration. In this paper we use (ideal) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations to investigate the stability and dynamic evolution of two (approximate) equilibrium configurations. The initial models investigated are derived within a general framework for the construction of series of suitable coronal states. They consist of twisted flux ropes, connected to the photosphere and anchored in the corona by an overlying arcade, embedded in a helmet streamer type configuration. The two models studied differ by the magnitude of the toroidal field and, correspondingly, the degree of twist and the amount of plasma pressure. The model with the least twist remains stable and settles into an equilibrium that differs only slightly from the initial state. In contrast, the more strongly twisted flux rope becomes unstable. Some portion of it breaks out in a kinklike fashion and moves rapidly outward, while another portion remains below. The evolved stage is characterized by the formation of a thin current sheet below an outward-moving rope.
Enhanced near-neighbour aggregation of dichloro-and trichloromethane in liquid methane solution from molecular dynamics simulation of radial site-site distribution functions : a simple predictor of solute-solvent compatibility

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for a range of equi-site and site–site radial distribution functions for the five-atom halomethane species dichloro-, trichloro-, and tetrachloromethane dissolved in the low-molecular weight hydrocarbons liquefied methane and cyclopropane, with the general aim of using this approach to predict good or bad solvent characteristics. It was found that methane solutions of dichloro- and trichloromethane showed an enhancement of near-neighbour occupancy, the methane solvent seemingly exhibiting a phobic, structure-promoting solvation behaviour towards the two solutes by increasing the number of nearest neighbours above the values that would result from a pure dilution effect caused by the solvent. It was verified that there were no significant regions of solid-like conformations nor remnants of imperfect average homogeneity within the system at the necessarily low temperature (183 K). On the other hand, simulated site–site radial functions with solvents tetrach...
Use of guanylyl cyclase c for detecting micrometastases in lymph nodes of patients with colon cancer

INTRODUCTION: Guanylyl cyclase C appears to be expressed only in colorectal cancer cells in extraintestinal tissues. Thus, guanylyl cyclase C may be useful as a marker to detect colorectal cancer micrometastases not detectable by histopathology in lymph nodes of patients. METHODS: Twelve patients with colon adenocarcinoma, Dukes Stages A through C2, and one patient with a tubulovillous adenoma were included in this study. Forty-two lymph nodes were collected from fresh surgical specimens, and each was examined by histopathology and reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction using guanylyl cyclase C-specific primers. Histopathology identified colon cancer cells in 6 of 16 lymph nodes from five Dukes Stage C patients but not in lymph nodes from the patient with a tubulovillous adenoma, the Dukes Stage A patient, or six Dukes Stage B patients. Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction using guanylyl cyclase C-specific primers was performed on all 42 lymph nodes. RESULTS: Guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA was not detected by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction in lymph nodes from the patient with the tubulovillous adenoma or the patient with Dukes Stage A colon carcinoma. Seven lymph nodes from Dukes Stage C patients revealed guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA including six lymph nodes containing histopathologically confirmed metastases. Of significance, guanylyl cyclase C messenger RNA was detected in 6 of 21 lymph nodes from Dukes Stage B patients. Indeed, clinical staging of two patients could be upgraded from B to C using reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and guanylyl cyclase C-specific primers. CONCLUSION: Reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction using guanylyl cyclase C-specific primers might be useful to more accurately assess micrometastases in lymph nodes of colorectal cancer patients undergoing disease staging.
Effects of career exploration on career undecided reentry women: An intervention and follow-up study☆

Abstract This study examined the effects of two different career interventions on career undecided reentry women. A total of 34 women were randomly assigned to either a Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) or a Vocational Card Sort (VCS) treatment program. The effects of treatment were assessed 3 weeks after the interventions and again 6 months later. The domains assessed included vocational needs, treatment satisfaction, career indecision, and career choice change. Statistically significant effects were found for both treatments, with the women experiencing less career indecision following the interventions. The career choice changes that were found suggested that the interventions were equally effective, and the women expressed equal satisfaction with both treatments. The results overall support the usefulness of both the SCII and VCS with reentry women. These results are discussed along with their implications for counseling practice as well as future research.
Dimensional fault diagnosis for compliant beam structure assemblies

A model-based diagnostic methodology is proposed for the dimensional fault diagnosis of compliant beam structures in automotive or aerospace assembly processes. In the diagnosis procedure, the product measurement data are used to detect and isolate dimensional faults caused by part fabrication error in compliant beam assemblies. The proposed method includes a predetermined fault patterns model and a fault mapping procedure. The fault patterns are modeled by the diagnostic vectors derived from the inversed stiffness matrix of the beam structure. The fault mapping procedure combines principal component analysis (PCA) of measurement data and fault pattern recognition using statistical hypothesis tests. Verification of the proposed method is presented through simulations and one case study.
A Note on Conditional and Quasi-Conditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Polytomous Item Response Models: Robust Inference in the Presence of Individual Differences in Response Scale Use

Several item response models have been proposed to account for individual differences in response scale use that extend existing models to include respondent-specific threshold parameters. Inferenc...
Two African nephelines

In order to determine the relationship between nepheline phenocrysts and the magma from which they separate, the chemical composition has been determined of nepheline from a soda-rich rock, phonolite, typical of the East African Rift, and that of a nepheline from a potash-rich rock, melilite-leucite nephellnite, typical of the Central African Rift. The two nephelines are, respectively, soda-rich and potash-rich and thus emphasize the variability of the composition of nephelines and its control by the magma from which they form. The results will be given in detail in a paper by Bowen and Ellestad to be published in The American Mineralogist.
FishEYE: A Forensic Tool for the visualization of change-over-time in Windows VSS

For the digital forensic examiner, being able to perceive change-over-time supports the goal of being able to explain "what happened." In our thesis, we focus on the improvements brought to digital forensic analysis by the visualization of forensic data and its application to digital forensic data that records change-over-time, specifically for a directorytree structure and its content. By perceiving digital evidence visually, investigators are able to speed up the forensic analysis process, and at the same time better comprehend new unique relationships between data as well as more easily comprehend it in terms of its global context. To provide multiple snapshots of a directory-tree structure, we chose to utilize Shadow Copy (also known as Volume Snapshot Servie or Volume Shadow Copy Service or VSS), a technology included in Microsoft Windows which allows for the taking of manual or automatic backup copies or snapshots of data (including whole volumes) over regular intervals. VSS was chosen since it is a potential gold mine of forensic information, having been included in every version of Microsoft Windows since Windows XP. In this thesis, we propose and develop a tool to take advantage of the information contained within VSS by applying the fisheye focus+context visualization approach to the directory tree structure, with a series of segmented boxes for each to represent changeover-time for each directory/file, accomplishing our goal of providing investigators a clear picture of how a directory-tree structure has changed over time at a glance.
Dynamic Viscoelasticity in Polyelectrolyte Multilayers: Nanodamping

We report on the time-dependent viscoelastic response of nanoblended films of a polyelectrolyte complex prepared by the multilayering method. The ion-pairing interactions within polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMUs) are reversibly broken by adding salt to the electrolyte in which the PEMU is immersed. Thus, the bulk modulus of these ultrathin films may be regulated without changing temperature. We have measured surprisingly effective mechanical damping exhibited by PEMUs. Compared to other hydrogel damping materials such as articular bovine cartilage and polyethyleneoxide−terephtalate/polybutylene−terephtalate networks, PEMUs provided enhancement in damping properties over the frequency range of 0.3−10 Hz. This was obtained when the multilayer dry thickness was orders of magnitude less than that of the hydrogels. The mechanism for enhanced damping may be related to the high proportion of ladder-like ion pairing between complexed polyelectrolytes.
Temperature-resistant variants in clonal populations of pig kidney cells☆

Abstract The reactions of pig kidney cells to thermal stress have been examined with an experimental model which measures survival after short term exposure to elevated temperatures. In this system, heat-induced mortality follows an exponential time course when viability is determined by plating procedures. The slopes of dose-response curves provide a quantitative index of thermal sensitivity. Variant cell types with increased resistance to heat treatment can be isolated from clonal populations, either by cycling between 47° and 37°C, or by one-step heat exposures which reduce the plating efficiency to 1.0 × 10 −5 or less. Sublines from variant strains may exhibit two or more levels of thermotolerance, and retain their marker properties for long periods when propagated at 37°C. Heat-resistant cells do not differ from their sensitive precursors in morphology, cell size, growth rate, or chromosome pattern. The origins and mechanisms for expression of acquired thermotolerance remain to be determined.
Further experiments on habit reversal in the fish

Progressive improvement in habit reversal was sought without success under conditions in which two previous experiments with the fish had led us to expect that it might appear.
Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances tyrosine hydroxylase activation in bovine chromaffin cells.

Previous studies have shown that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) enhances secretagogue-stimulated Ca2+ uptake and catecholamine release in bovine chromaffin cells. This report describes the effect of IGF-I on the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.16.2), the major regulatory enzyme in the pathway of catecholamine biosynthesis. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was assayed by measuring 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa) accumulation in the presence of brocresine, an inhibitor of Dopa decarboxylase. Chromaffin cells cultured in serum-free medium produced ∼40% less Dopa when stimulated by 55 mM K+ than did cells that had been cultured in the presence of serum. Incubation of cells for 3 days in serum-free medium containing 10 nM IGF-I restored high K+-stimulated Dopa accumulation to a level comparable to that seen in cells cultured continuously in serum-containing medium. In eight experiments, IGF-I increased high K+-stimulated Dopa accumulation (expressed as picomoles per minute per milligram of protein) by 96 ± 13%. IGF-I increased the protein content of chromaffin cells by ∼30%; consequently, its effect on tyrosine hydroxylase activity was even greater when Dopa synthesis was expressed as picomoles per minute per 107 cells. IGF-I also enhanced the rate of Dopa accumulation in cells stimulated by dimethylphenyl-piperazinium, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate, or Ba2+. The effect of IGF-I on high K+-stimulated tyrosine hydroxylase activity was measurable when enzyme activity was assayed in vitro, suggesting that this effect was due to a stable modification of the enzyme. Immunoblotting studies indicated that cells cultured in the presence of IGF-I had a small selective increase (36 ±12%) in the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase per unit of protein. The effect of IGF-I on tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine synthesis appears to be due to an integrated response of the cells to this agonist: IGF-I increases the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in the cells and promotes the activation of this enzyme by a variety of agents.
An End User Approach to Teaching Specifications

This paper presents a method for teaching specifications and estimating that emphasizes linkage of drawing content to accompanying specification information to determine project details for estimating and bidding, which are complete and which incorporate an intent or strategy for their execution. In this approach, the CSI MasterFormat is taught using an organizational approach (one that focuses on how the format is organized and how to find information within its structure) instead of a specification development approach (i.e., those approaches that teach the organizational structure of the CSI MasterFormat by having students develop specification content, then organize and write a specification(s) using the CSI MasterFormat structure). A set of non-CSI MasterFormat based specifications is used for this. Students are required to reorganize the content into specifications using the CSI MasterFormat. Thus, they must read and understand the content, and develop understanding of how CSI MasterFormat specifica...
SOME NEW OBSERVATIONS ON SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS

Subacute (granulomatous, acute) nonsuppurative thyroiditis has been generally accepted as being a true inflammation of the thyroid gland since it was first described by de Quervain in 1904 (1). Its course may vary from an acute systemic inflammatory reaction to a smoldering lowgrade one (2). The clinical diagnosis of the acute form is usually not difficult for the physician who is familiar with the disease. However, recently we have observed some atypical features which either complicated the clinical diagnosis or resulted in a failure to make the correct clinical diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to describe these atypical clinical features; to present findings obtained with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) tests, electrophoretic protein pattern determinations and serum colloidal gold tests in both typical and atypical subacute thyroiditis; and to present results with the use of prednisone as a therapeutic agent.
Coexisting with Cattle

Many large plant-eating mammals have evolved to live in multispecies assemblages, with species competing for food and other resources. Through domestication and animal husbandry, however, humans have enabled a few species of livestock, such as cattle, to dominate such assemblages. One standard practice in livestock production on rangelands, espoused by commercial ranchers and subsistence pastoralists alike, is the eradication of large, indigenous herbivores that are believed to compete with livestock for food. These eradication efforts have increasingly problematic implications for biodiversity conservation ( 1 ). So it is timely that on page 1753 of this issue, Odadi et al. ( 2 ) report on a relatively simple experiment that tested the assumption that cattle and wildlife compete for food. Their study, conducted in an East African savanna renowned for its large herbivore diversity, revealed that cattle do compete with herbivores such as zebras and gazelles during the dry season, when food quantity is low. In contrast, during the wet season, when food quantity is high, grazing by wildlife benefits cattle by improving the quality of forage. The findings highlight ecological processes that promote coexistence among large herbivores in grasslands and savannas, and hence could be useful for conservation.
CHLOROPLAST PIGMENTS OF CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAE

The chloroplast pigments of 2 species of Chloro-monadophyceae have been examined. Both Gonyo-stomum semen and Vacuolaria virescens possessed only one chlorophyll, chlorophyll a. Gonyostomum contained 4 carotenoids, but not fucoxanthin and peridinin. Vacuolaria also possessed 4 carotenoids which have been identified as β-carotene and the 3 xanthophylls commonly found in the Xanthophyceae (as represented by Tribonema aequale). These are antheraxanthin, lutein monoepoxide, and an hydroxy lutein monoepoxide-like xanthophyll. The taxonomic significance of these findings, the first for the Chloromonadophyceae, is discussed.
Thermodynamic analysis of 5′ and 3′ single- and 3′ double-nucleotide overhangs neighboring wobble terminal base pairs

Thermodynamic parameters are reported for duplex formation of 40 self-complementary RNA duplexes containing wobble terminal base pairs with all possible 3′ single and double-nucleotide overhangs, mimicking the structures of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNAs (miRNA). Based on nearest neighbor analysis, the addition of a single 3′ dangling nucleotide increases the stability of duplex formation up to 1 kcal/mol in a sequence-dependent manner. The addition of a second dangling nucleotide increases the stability of duplexes closed with wobble base pairs in an idiosyncratic manner. The results allow for the development of a nearest neighbor model, which improves the predication of free energy and melting temperature for duplexes closed by wobble base pairs with 3′ single or double-nucleotide overhangs. Phylogenetic analysis of naturally occurring miRNAs was performed. Selection of the effector miR strand of the mature miRNA duplex appears to be dependent on the orientation of the GU closing base pair rather than the identity of the 3′ double-nucleotide overhang. Thermodynamic parameters for the 5′ single terminal overhangs adjacent to wobble closing base pairs are also presented.
Identification of an Operon Required for Ferrichrome Iron Utilization in Vibrio cholerae

Mutagenesis of Vibrio cholerae with TnphoA, followed by screening for fusions that were activated under low-iron conditions, led to the identification of seven independent fusion strains, each of which was deficient in the ability to utilize ferrichrome as a sole iron source for growth in a plate bioassay and had an insertion in genes encoding products homologous to Escherichia coli FhuA or FhuD. Expression of the gene fusions was independent of IrgB but regulated by Fur. We report here a map of the operon and the predicted amino acid sequence of FhuA, based on the nucleotide sequence. Unlike those of the E. coli fhu operon, the V. cholerae ferrichrome utilization genes are located adjacent and opposite in orientation to a gene encoding an ATP-binding cassette transporter homolog, but this gene, if disrupted, does not affect the utilization of ferrichrome in vitro.
The Magician, the Witch, and the Law

In the early Middle Ages, magic was considered a practical science, requiring study and skill. But as European society became more articulate and self-conscious, the old tradition of magic as a science became associated with heresy and sorcery. Thereafter the Middle Ages knew no safe, learned magic that was not subject to accusation of diabolism in one form or another, and the magician, like the later witch, could be punished for both spiritual and temporal offenses. Through Peters's analysis of the legal, ecclesiastical, and literary responses to this problem, magic and witchcraft are located more accurately in the cultural context of the time, providing important insight into medieval history.
Development of elastic and plastic properties of polyoxymethylene during bending fatigue

The development of the plastic and viscoelastic properties and the corresponding failure limits of the acetal homopolymer polyoxymethylene were studied in unidirectional cyclic fatigue. Samples with molecular weights (MWs) ranging from 90 to 142 kg/kmol were tested in displacement-controlled conditions, resulting in maximum stress amplitudes between 30 and 59 MPa and strain amplitudes between 35.8 and 92.6 μe. The zero-hour material properties and the cycle-dependent property development were predominantly dictated by deformations in the crystalline regions and showed a negligible dependence on MW. However, the final failure limits were found to be primarily dependent on the length of the amorphous tie chains that connect the crystallites. As such, fatigue life analysis showed a strong dependence on MW. Results are interpreted in light of the primary mechanical failure mechanisms and the corresponding molecular deformations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40762.
GANGLIOSIDES OF HUMAN MYELIN: SIALOSYLGALACTOSYLCERAMIDE (G7) AS A MAJOR COMPONENT

— Gangliosides were isolated from purified human myelin in a yield of 62 μg of lipid-bound sialic acid per 100 mg of dry myelin. Sialosylgalactosyl ceramide (G7) was found to be a major component of the ganglioside fraction, amounting to 15 per cent of the total sialic acid. It accounted for 10 per cent of lipid-bound sialic acid in adult human white matter, making it the third most abundant ganglioside on a molar basis. These results were obtained with an improved method for isolating total gangliosides in high yield, by employing DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. Myelin from other mammalian species had considerably less G7, and there were also indications of maturational changes. Both 2-hydroxy and unsubstituted fatty acids were components of the ceramide unit, in a ratio of 3:2, respectively. The overall fatty acid pattern was very similar to that for myelin cerebroside and sulphatide. Long-chain bases included only C18 species, with sphingosine predominating (>90 per cent). These observations suggest a metabolic relationship between G7 and either cerebroside or sulphatide.
AN IMPROVED ANALYSIS FOR THERMAL TRACK BUCKLING

Abstract In a previous analysis of track buckling by the author, a simplifying assumption was made that the axial resistance which the ballast exerts on the rail-tie structure is constant. In the present paper this assumption is dropped, by presenting the axial resistance as a bi-linear response, which agrees better with the corresponding test data over the entire range of axial displacements. The obtained analytical results were evaluated numerically for the track parameters currently in use and the results are compared with the results of previous analyses, in order to establish the effect of the introduced analytical improvement.
Induction of NANOG expression by targeting promoter sequence with small activating RNA antagonizes retinoic acid-induced differentiation

RNAa (RNA activation) is a mechanism by which small dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), termed saRNA (small activating RNA), target promoter sequences to induce gene expression. This technique represents a novel approach to gene overexpression without the use of exogenous DNA. In the present study, we investigated whether RNAa can modulate expression of the development-related gene NANOG and manipulate cell fate. Using a lentivirus-based reporter system as a screening tool, we identified synthetic saRNAs that stimulate NANOG expression in human NCCIT embryonic carcinoma cells. Mismatch mutations to saRNA duplexes define sequence requirement for gene activation. Functional analysis of NANOG induction reveals saRNA treatment predictably modulates the expression of several known downstream target genes, including FOXH1 (forkhead box H1), REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor), OCT4 (octamer-binding protein 4) and REX1 (reduced expression protein 1). Treatment with RA (retinoic acid) triggers NCCIT cell differentiation, reducing NANOG and OCT4 expression and up-regulating several neural markers [i.e. ASCL1 (achaete-scute complex homologue 1), NEUROD1 (neuronal differentiation 1) and PAX6 (paired box 6)]. However, co-treatment with saRNA antagonizes NANOG down-regulation and RA-induced differentiation. Ectopic overexpression of NANOG via lentiviral transduction further recapitulates saRNA results, providing proof-of-concept that RNAa may be utilized to activate development-related genes and manipulate cell fate.
Stabilities of isomers of LaC12+ and LaC13+

Abstract Theoretical studies that employ ab initio density functional techniques have been presented for the relative stabilities of isomers of LaC 12 + and LaC 13 + . While LaC 12 + exhibits the most stable isomer with La inserted into the carbon ring, LaC 13 + exhibits the most stable structure in which the La atom is inside the ring. Our computations are consistent with the recent experimental study on LaC n + isomers which suggests alternation of fast and slow ring isomers as a function of n .
Comments on "On deembedding of port discontinuities in full-wave CAD models of multiport circuits"

For original paper see Okhmatovski et al. (IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol.51, p.2355-65, Dec. 2003). The present author provides some additional comments on electromagnetic deembedding.
Expanded Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia

Background Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has been documented to cause community-acquired pneumonias (CAP), notable for necrotizing features. The frequency of occurrence, risk factors, and optimal treatment of CA-MRSA CAP are unclear. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to Northwestern Memorial Hospital from January 2005 to April 2007 with initial clinical presentation of pneumonia and respiratory or blood culture positive for CA-MRSA. Definition of CA-MRSA was based on sensitivity to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin. Results Fifteen patients with CA-MRSA CAP were identified during the 28-month period. Only one of the 14 patients tested had evidence of preceding influenza, and no seasonal pattern was seen. Seven patients were never admitted to the ICU. Eight of 14 with chest CT scans had evidence of lung necrosis. Nine of 15 had evidence of pleural effusions early in their hospital course, and five of nine required at least one pleural drainage procedure. Seven of 15 were immunocompromised (three HIV, one acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL], one high-dose steroids, and two immunoglobulin deficiency) with an additional three patients with diabetes. Mortality was only 13% (two of 15); both deaths occurred in patients with severe immunocompromise (ALL post chemotherapy and AIDS). Fourteen of 15 patients were treated with antimicrobials that inhibit exotoxin production (clindamycin or linezolid). Conclusions CA-MRSA pneumonia is not necessarily a post-influenza infection. Despite necrotizing features in many, the mortality of CA-MRSA pneumonia in our series is lower than previously reported, and patients do not routinely require ICU care. Treatment with antibiotics that inhibit exotoxin production and/or nontoxigenic strains may explain this improved outcome.
Atomic crystal and molecular dynamics simulation structures of human carbonic anhydrase II: insights into the proton transfer mechanism

Human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) is a zinc-metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of CO2 and HCO3-. The rate-limiting step of this catalysis is the transfer of a proton between the Zn-bound solvent molecule and residue His64. In order to fully characterize the active site structural features implicated in the proton transfer mechanism, the refined X-ray crystal structure of uncomplexed wild type HCA II to 1.05 A resolution with an Rcryst value of 12.0% and an Rfree value of 15.1% has been elucidated. This structure provides strong clues as to the pathway of the intramolecular proton transfer between the Zn-bound solvent and His64. The structure emphasizes the role of the solvent network, the unique positioning of solvent molecule W2, and the significance of the dual conformation of His64 in the active site. The structure is compared with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation calculations of the Zn-bound hydroxyl/His64+ (charged) and the Zn-bound water/His64 (uncharged) HCA II states....
Serum Prolactin Levels in Lactating Rats after Suckling or Exposure to Ether

Prolactin was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in blood samples withdrawn through chronic intracardiac cannulas from undisturbed lactating mother rats after isolation from their pups for 6.5–12hr. Each mother was then caged with 6 of her pups for suckling or placed in an ether jar for 6 min. Additional blood samples for RIA were withdrawn at various times during and after suckling or treatment with ether. Plasma prolactin levels remained very low in mothers caring for their pups unless suckling occurred. With the onset of suckling, the plasma prolactin levels rose rapidly after a latency of 4 min to values elevated 14–fold within IS min. On the other hand, ether “stress” caused a 2–fold increase beginning 1–2 min after exposure and reaching its maximum by 4 min. The results suggest that suckling and ether “stress” trigger the release of prolactin by different mechanisms. (Endocrinology 91: 49, 1972)
Fabric Ignition by Flame Impingement

An apparatus has been constructed and data evaluation techniques developed for quantifying the ease of ignition of fabrics exposed to a small flame. The method takes careful account of fabric moisture content, which can have a substantial influence on this form of ignitability. A proposed specific ignition resistance coefficient, obtained from yes-no trials at preset exposure times, is inde pendent of fabric weight and ambient humidity, so that ignitability can be compared on a common basis.
Addressing the Controversy: Do Bisphosphonates Directly Affect Primary Tumors?

The recent article by Junankar and colleagues focuses on demonstrating the uptake of bisphosphonates (BP) into the primary tumor in both animal models and human samples. Interestingly, the authors were able to establish tumor-associated macrophages as the cell type that takes up the BPs. These studies are an important advancement for understanding the potential benefits of using BPs as adjuvant therapy in patients with cancer.
The New Direct Proximate Cause: How the United States Supreme Court Has Attempted to Limit Civil Rico in a Manner Congress Aimed to Protect

This comment explores a heavily litigated issue since civil RICO's enactment - its unclear statutory scope and private party standing. To illustrate this issue, this comment explores recent RICO litigation related to the unlawful hiring of undocumented workers as an example of a Congressionally supported application of civil RICO, but in a manner wholly unrelated to organized crime or the mafia. While the Supreme Court has continued to limit civil RICO's outer boundaries, Congress seems to go the complete opposite direction by expanding the statute.
Alcohol‐Induced Blackouts as Predictors of Other Drinking Related Harms Among Emerging Young Adults

BACKGROUND: Alcohol-related blackouts are periods of amnesia that reflect the failure of the brain to record memories of what transpires while drinking. This paper examined the incidence, predictors, and behavioral correlates of blackouts among emerging adults and examined whether questions about blackouts could serve as better markers of risk for other alcohol related harms than questions about levels of consumption. METHODS: In 2012 to 2013, 1,463 (68%) of 2,140 respondents 1-year past high school reported having consumed alcohol. They were asked whether, in the past 6 months because of drinking, they forgot where they were or what they did. The survey also explored demographics, substance use behaviors, and other alcohol-related problems in the past 6 months. Chi-square and logistic regression analyses explored bivariate and multivariate predictors of blackouts and other alcohol-related problems. RESULTS: Twenty percent of respondents who ever drank alcohol reported a blackout in the past 6 months. Blackouts were more prevalent among females and those who, in the past 30 days, used multiple drugs, more frequently binged, were drunk, smoked, had lower body weight, and lived in college dorms. After controlling for drinking levels, having a blackout was the strongest independent predictor of most other alcohol problems examined, including in the past 6 months because of drinking, missing class or work, getting behind in work or school, doing something respondents later regretted, arguing with friends, experiencing an overdose, and total number of alcohol problems reported. It was also an independent predictor of hangovers, damaging property, getting hurt, and trouble with police. CONCLUSIONS: Because blackouts indicate drinking at levels that result in significant cognitive and behavioral impairment, questions about blackouts could serve as important, simple screeners for the risk of experiencing other alcohol related harms. Additional work on this subject is warranted.Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Language: en
Microfabricated gas chromatograph for rapid, trace-level determinations of gas-phase explosive marker compounds

A prototype microfabricated gas chromatograph (μGC) adapted specifically for the rapid determination of selected gas-phase marker compounds of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) at sub-parts-per-billion (<ppb) concentrations in complex mixtures is described. Si-microfabricated focuser, separation column, and sensor array components are integrated with a high-volume sampler of conventional construction to reduce analysis time and the limit of detection (LOD). The primary markers selected as target analytes were 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT, a persistent impurity of TNT) and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB, a taggant), along with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT, a less-prominent TNT impurity), which was also included in numerous tests. Selective preconcentration, on-column focusing, temperature-programmed chromatographic separation, and sensor array detection/recognition facilitated determinations of the primary markers in the presence of 20 (or more) interferences within ∼2 min under laptop control....
Role of Surface Chemistry and Morphology in the Reactive Adsorption of H2S on Iron (Hydr)Oxide/Graphite Oxide Composites

Composites of magnetite and two-line ferrihydrite with graphite oxide (GO) were synthesized and tested as hydrogen sulfide adsorbents. Exhausted and initial composites were characterized by the adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray diffraction, potentiometric titration, thermal analysis, and FTIR. The addition of GO increased the surface area of the composites due to the formation of new micropores. The extent of the increase depended on the nature of the iron (hydr)oxide and the content of GO. The addition of GO did not considerably change the crystal structure but increased the number of acidic functional groups. While for the magnetite composites an increase in the H2S adsorption capacity after GO addition was found, the opposite effect was recorded for the ferrihydrite composites. That increase in the adsorption capacity was linked to the affinity of the composites to adsorb water in mesopores of specific sizes in which the reaction with basic surface groups takes place. Elemental sulfur and ferric and ferrou...
Some aspects of linear irreversible thermodynamics in the presence of electromagnetic fields

Skew symmetricOnsager coefficients, which arise in the presence of magnetic fields, are included in the linear theory of irreversible thermodynamics. The motion of the thermodynamic coordinates is affected by a) decrease of the damping terms; b) an oscillatory motion is imparted; and c) the motion cannot be expanded in orthogonal components. Irreversible thermodynamics, conservation principles, andMaxwell relations are then applied to a charged particle moving in an electromagnetic field.
Billing for pharmacists’ services provided to ambulatory care patients

In this issue of AJHP , Maldonado et al.[1][1] bring to the fore important information on billing the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for patient care services provided by pharmacists. Based on my experience in advising numerous clinicians and administrators on creating financially