cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceived unsatisfactory care as a barrier to diabetes self-management for Coeur d'Alene tribal members with type 2 diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes and related complications are disproportionally higher in Native Americans. Diabetes self-management (DSM) is instrumental in preventing complications. The results presented here are a part of a larger hermeneutic phenomenology study to explore living with diabetes for one Pacific Northwest tribe. This study identified barriers to DSM within the worldview of the tribal people. Using purposive sampling, 10 Coeur d’Alene tribal members, ages 26 to 86 years, participated in in-depth interviews. Data interpretation used a three-step method leading to integrated themes across the transcripts. Perceived unsatisfactory care emerged as the major barrier to self-management, including communication barriers (distrust, misunderstanding, and educational methods) and organizational barriers (quality of care and access issues). Findings highlight the need to improve cross-cultural communication and calls for different approaches to diabetes education. Our profession is challenged to create ne...
A business-mapping approach to multi-criteria group selection of collection centers and recovery facilities

For a prospective reverse supply chain to operate efficiently, the designing of that chain must involve selection of collection centers and recovery facilities that have sufficient success potentials. In this paper, we proposed a three-phase selection approach. In the first phase of the approach, we identified criteria for evaluation of the alternatives (collection centers and recovery facilities), for each group participating in the reverse supply chain. In the second phase, we gave weights to the criteria of each group using the eigen vector method, and then, employed the TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) to find the success potential of each alternative, as evaluated by that group. Then, in the third and final phase, we used Borda's choice rule to combine individual success potentials of each alternative into a maximized consensus ranking. We also employ a GIS-based application, MapLand, to "map" the results obtained in the second and the third phases of our approach.
Principles of protein folding--a perspective from simple exact models.

General principles of protein structure, stability, and folding kinetics have recently been explored in computer simulations of simple exact lattice models. These models represent protein chains at a rudimentary level, but they involve few parameters, approximations, or implicit biases, and they allow complete explorations of conformational and sequence spaces. Such simulations have resulted in testable predictions that are sometimes unanticipated: The folding code is mainly binary and delocalized throughout the amino acid sequence. The secondary and tertiary structures of a protein are specified mainly by the sequence of polar and nonpolar monomers. More specific interactions may refine the structure, rather than dominate the folding code. Simple exact models can account for the properties that characterize protein folding: two-state cooperativity, secondary and tertiary structures, and multistage folding kinetics-fast hydrophobic collapse followed by slower annealing. These studies suggest the possibility of creating "foldable" chain molecules other than proteins. The encoding of a unique compact chain conformation may not require amino acids; it may require only the ability to synthesize specific monomer sequences in which at least one monomer type is solvent-averse.
Neuropsychological Impairment After Closed Head Injury in Children and Adolescents

Studied 64 children and adolescents who sustained blunt trauma to the head and were admitted to a neurosurgical service. Ss were divided into 2 groups at the time of injury: (a) 22 6-12 yr olds and (b) 42 12-18 yr olds. Neuropsychological sequelae were pervasive in both groups when they were evaluated after cessation of posttraumatic amnesia. Impairment of long-term storage and retrieval processes in memory was found in about half of the total sample. Residual neuropsychological deficit was directly related to severity of acute injury as reflected by duration of coma and the Glasgow Coma Scale. Language: en
Classification and Distribution of WR Stars and an Interpretation of the WN Sequence

In the three years since the Boulder Wolf-Rayet Conference, a great deal of observational material has been collected and processed. That conference was, of course, the stimulus for a great deal of the work, since it made clear where some of the large gaps in our observational knowledge lay. As a result the greatest progress has been in directions which were previously underexplored, and some subjects which were actively pursued before the last conference have been left almost untouched since. Thus, much of what was said in 1968 need not be reviewed again; I can confine my attention to topics which have been significantly changed by new observations. The new observations comprise, in particular, the systematic observation of spectra of many stars at moderately high dispersion, observation of far ultraviolet spectra, and discovery of some WR stars in M33 – the first outside of our own Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds.
The entropy of Markov trajectories

The idea of thermodynamic depth put forth by S. Lloyd and H. Pagels (1988) requires the computation of the entropy of Markov trajectories. Toward this end, the authors consider an irreducible finite state Markov chain with transition matrix P and associated entropy rate H(X)=- Sigma /sub i,j/ mu /sub i/P/sub ij/ log P/sub ij/ where mu is the stationary distribution given by the solution of mu = mu P. A trajectory T/sub ij/ of the Markov chain is a path with initial state i, final state j, and no intervening states equal to j. It is shown that the entropy H(T/sub ii/) of the random trajectory originating and terminating in state i is given by H(T/sub ii/)=H(X)/ mu /sub i/. Thus the entropy of the random trajectory T/sub ii/ is the product of the expected number of steps 1/ mu /sub i/ to return to state i and the entropy rate H(X) per step for the stationary Markov chain. A general closed form solution for the entropies H(T/sub ij/) is given by H=K-K+H/sub Delta /, where H is the matrix of trajectory entropies H/sub ij/=H(T/sub ij/); K=(I-P+A)/sup -1/ (H*-H/sub Delta /); K is a matrix in which the ijth element K/sub ij/ equals the diagonal element K/sub jj/ of K; A is the matrix of stationary probabilities with entries A/sub ij/= mu /sub j/; H* is the matrix of single-step entropies with entries H*/sub ij/=H(P/sub i/)=- Sigma /sub k/ P/sub ik/ log P/sub ik/; and H/sub Delta / is a diagonal matrix with entries (H/sub Delta /)/sub ii/=H(X)/ mu /sub i/. >
Financial Distress and the Credibility of Management Earnings Forecasts

This study examines the relation between financial distress, bias in forecasting, and the credibility of voluntary earnings forecasts made by management. Prior research suggests that penalties to misreporting are, in general, sufficient to deter management from issuing intentionally biased forecasts. I examine the special case of distressed firms and develop the prediction that managers of distressed firms perceive a greater incentive to release upwardly biased forecasts because the firm, or their position at that firm, may not last long enough for them to face the institutional penalties for inaccurate disclosures. Given these incentives to misreport, I also predict that disclosures made by firms exhibiting signs of financial distress will be met with skepticism. Empirical evidence supports my hypotheses that management earnings forecasts issued by distressed firms exhibit greater upward bias and are viewed as less credible than similar forecasts made by non-distressed firms. For management earnings forecasts in excess of analysts' existing expectations, I find that the degree of over-optimism in management earnings forecasts increases as financial distress intensifies. In addition, an examination of revisions in analyst forecasts suggests that the financial community views forecasts made by firms in financial distress with skepticism. Analysts essentially ignore good news forecasts made by distressed firms, while there is actually an exaggerated negative analyst reaction to bad news forecasts made by distressed firms.
Engagement of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) Induces Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) Production by Murine CD4+ T Cells

Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) may negatively regulate T cell activation, but the basis for the inhibitory effect remains unknown. We report here that cross-linking of CTLA-4 induces transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production by murine CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th0 clones all secrete TGF-β after antibody cross-linking of CTLA-4, indicating that induction of TGF-β by CTLA-4 signaling represents a ubiquitous feature of murine CD4+ T cells. Stimulation of the CD3–T cell antigen receptor complex does not independently induce TGF-β, but is required for optimal CTLA-4–mediated TGF-β production. The consequences of cross-linking of CTLA-4, together with CD3 and CD28, include inhibition of T cell proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 secretion, as well as suppression of both interferon γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2). Moreover, addition of anti–TGF-β partially reverses this T cell suppression. When CTLA-4 was cross-linked in T cell populations from TGF-β1 gene–deleted (TGF-β1−/−) mice, the T cell responses were only suppressed 38% compared with 95% in wild-type mice. Our data demonstrate that engagement of CTLA-4 leads to CD4+ T cell production of TGF-β, which, in part, contributes to the downregulation of T cell activation. CTLA-4, through TGF-β, may serve as a counterbalance for CD28 costimulation of IL-2 and CD4+ T cell activation.
Perceptions and Responses of High- and Low-Competitive Trait-Anxious Males to Competition.

Abstract This experiment investigated the manner in which high- and low-competitive trait-anxious men perceive an evaluative competition situation compared with a noncompetition situation, and how they respond to competition. Specifically, the perception of threat to self-esteem was examined as indicated by state anxiety. State anxiety was measured at rest, during noncompetition, and while competing against an opponent of equal ability. Responses included whether the men preferred performing in the noncompetition or competition situation, and whether they sought comparative appraisal information regarding their motoric competence through opponent selection. The findings revealed that high-competitive trait-anxious men perceived greater personal threat during competition than low-anxious men, but that both groups preferred performing in the competition situation and sought evaluative ability information by selecting opponents of equal or greater relative ability. These results, combined with the findings o...
Mechanisms of drug‐induced lupus. IV. Comparison of procainamide and hydralazine with analogs in vitro and in vivo

Objective. T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors overexpress lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), which results in autoreactivity, and the autoreactive cells cause a lupus-like disease in vivo, suggesting a mechanism by which some agents may cause drug-induced lupus. This study compared the effects of procainamide (Pca) and hydralazine (Hyd) with those of structural analogs, to determine if the degree of LFA-1 overexpression and T cell autoreactivity correlated with the ability of the agents to induce autoimmunity. Methods. Cloned murine T helper 2 cells were treated with Pca, N-acetylprocainamide, Hyd, Phthalazine, or hydroxyurea (HU). The treated cells were then compared for LFA-1 overexpression, autoreactivity, and the ability to induce autoimmunity in vivo. Results. Pca and Hyd were more potent than their analogs or HU in all 3 assays. Conclusion. The results support a relationship between LFA-1 overexpression, T cell autoreactivity, and autoimmunity, and suggest a mechanism by which Pca and Hyd, but not the analogs, may cause drug-induced lupus.
Procoagulant Activity in Trauma Patients

Elevated levels of circulating procoagulants like tissue factor may increase the risk of systemic coagulation activation, thrombin generation, and consumptive coagulopathy. I measured procoagulant activity in plasma by using a clot-based assay that incorporated normal plasma to replace missing factors, corn trypsin inhibitor to block contact activation, factor VIIa to improve sensitivity to tissue factor activity, and anti–tissue factor antibodies to measure tissue factor–specific activity. Procoagulant activity was evaluated in 58 trauma patients. Trauma patients without coagulopathy (n = 50) showed 5-fold higher procoagulant activity than did control subjects (P < .001), whereas trauma patients with coagulopathy (n = 8) showed 10-fold higher activity than control subjects (P < .001) and 2-fold higher activity than trauma patients without coagulopathy (P = .03). In control subjects, tissue factor activity was below the detection limit of the assay. Tissue factor activity was 3- to 4-fold higher in trauma patients with coagulopathy vs patients without coagulopathy (P = .002). Trauma patients with coagulopathy have increased circulating tissue factor activity. In a number of clinical disorders, including shock, trauma, and sepsis, systemic coagulation activation can occur, leading to varying degrees of coagulation factor consumption and vascular fibrin deposition. Systemic exposure or release into the vascular system of substances that activate the coagulation system (procoagulants) may have a role in consumptive coagulopathies. Normal blood from healthy patients contains little procoagulant activity. 1 If contact activation is blocked in normal blood, little if any thrombin generation occurs. 2 In disease states, though, blood may contain several different forms of procoagulant that can help initiate thrombin generation, including soluble, cell, and microparticle-bound tissue factor; cancer-derived procoagulants; procoagulant phospholipids; activated factor XIa; and others. 3-6 Acute coagulopathy of trauma (ACT) has been described that can have adverse effects on patient outcome. 7-9 This trauma coagulopathy seems to arise from a combination of tissue trauma and shock, exacerbated by hemodilution, hypothermia, acidemia, and inflammation. ACT is associated with activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic
A novel optical frequency shifting scheme using guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg diffraction in cascade

A novel guided-wave optical frequency shifter has been fabricated in a Y-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ substrate. This frequency shifter utilizes acoustooptic (AO) Bragg diffraction in cascade to maintain the propagation direction of doubly diffracted light with tunable frequency shift. A frequency shift with center frequency of 1 GHz and a -3-dB bandwidth of 165 MHz has been obtained with this preliminary device. The resulting integrated-optic frequency shifter module should be applicable to heterodyning integrated- and fiber-optic systems. >
Quantifying population exposure to airborne particulate matter during extreme events in California due to climate change

Abstract. The effect of climate change on population-weighted concentrations of particulate matter (PM) during extreme pollution events was studied using the Parallel Climate Model (PCM), the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the UCD/CIT 3-D photochemical air quality model. A "business as usual" (B06.44) global emissions scenario was dynamically downscaled for the entire state of California between the years 2000–2006 and 2047–2053. Air quality simulations were carried out for 1008 days in each of the present-day and future climate conditions using year-2000 emissions. Population-weighted concentrations of PM0.1, PM2.5, and PM10 total mass, components species, and primary source contributions were calculated for California and three air basins: the Sacramento Valley air basin (SV), the San Joaquin Valley air basin (SJV) and the South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB). Results over annual-average periods were contrasted with extreme events. The current study found that the change in annual-average population-weighted PM2.5 mass concentrations due to climate change between 2000 vs. 2050 within any major sub-region in California was not statistically significant. However, climate change did alter the annual-average composition of the airborne particles in the SoCAB, with notable reductions of elemental carbon (EC; −3%) and organic carbon (OC; −3%) due to increased annual-average wind speeds that diluted primary concentrations from gasoline combustion (−3%) and food cooking (−4%). In contrast, climate change caused significant increases in population-weighted PM2.5 mass concentrations in central California during extreme events. The maximum 24-h average PM2.5 concentration experienced by an average person during a ten-yr period in the SJV increased by 21% due to enhanced production of secondary particulate matter (manifested as NH4NO3). In general, climate change caused increased stagnation during future extreme pollution events, leading to higher exposure to diesel engines particles (+32%) and wood combustion particles (+14%) when averaging across the population of the entire state. Enhanced stagnation also isolated populations from distant sources such as shipping (−61%) during extreme events. The combination of these factors altered the statewide population-averaged composition of particles during extreme events, with EC increasing by 23 %, nitrate increasing by 58%, and sulfate decreasing by 46%.
Voluntaryism: An Irish Catholic Tradition

Oscar Handlin noted some years ago that most immigrants to the United States found the voluntary practices of American religious institutions "unfamilar and disturbing."' This was not the case with the Irish Catholic immigrants in this country. They had little difficulty adjusting to these practices in America since they had developed them in Ireland before coming to the United States. Thus, many American Irish Catholics viewed voluntaryism not as a uniquely Protestant or American experience; they saw it as part of their Irish Catholic tradition. This tradition is clearly evident in early nineteenth-century Irish Catholicism, even though its roots can be found in earlier Post-Reformation Catholicism in Ireland. This study focuses upon the transition of the tradition from Ireland to the United States, and concentrates upon the efforts of John England (1786-1842), a nineteenth-century Irish priest (18081820) and Bishop of Charleston, South Carolina (1820-1842), to articulate and defend that tradition in Ireland and the United States. Before analyzing England's advocacy of the practices and principles, however, the paper outlines the historical context of the tradition.
The Role of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments in Cortical and Cytoplasmic Mechanics

The mechanical properties of a cell determine many aspects of its behavior, and these mechanics are largely determined by the cytoskeleton. Although the contribution of actin filaments and microtubules to the mechanics of cells has been investigated in great detail, relatively little is known about the contribution of the third major cytoskeletal component, intermediate filaments (IFs). To determine the role of vimentin IF (VIF) in modulating intracellular and cortical mechanics, we carried out studies using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) derived from wild-type or vimentin(-/-) mice. The VIFs contribute little to cortical stiffness but are critical for regulating intracellular mechanics. Active microrheology measurements using optical tweezers in living cells reveal that the presence of VIFs doubles the value of the cytoplasmic shear modulus to ∼10 Pa. The higher levels of cytoplasmic stiffness appear to stabilize organelles in the cell, as measured by tracking endogenous vesicle movement. These studies show that VIFs both increase the mechanical integrity of cells and localize intracellular components.
The Effect of Length of Daily Light Periods on Reproduction in Female Chickens

Abstract ALTHOUGH numerous studies concerned with photoperiodism on the sexual development of female chickens have been reported, most of them have involved Leghorn type birds and have been limited to the influence of lights during the rearing period. Also, most studies have limited light restriction to 6 or 8 hours although Rider (1938) and King (1961, 1962) reported pullets reared in darkness would come into egg production. Parker and McCluskey (1961) reported onset of semen production in cockerels on as little as a 1 hour single light period per day. This study involved heavy breed pullets reared and maintained on light periods as short as 1 hour per day. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chicks used in this experiment consisted of 21 Delaware pullets per treatment hatched November 11, 1961, from a flock maintained at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. They were reared from time of hatch on 1, 3, 9 and 13…
Coordinating the simultaneous upgrade of multiple CORBA application objects

The Eternal system provides CORBA applications with robust fault tolerance and the ability to be upgraded without a service interruption. The Eternal Evolution Manager handles both interface-preserving upgrades and interface-changing upgrades. The syntax and semantics of the application objects' IDL interfaces are unchanged by an interface-preserving upgrade. Interface-changing upgrades allow modification to one or more application object's IDL interfaces. Because modification to an object's IDL interface can affect clients of that object, an interface-changing upgrade requires coordinating the upgrade of multiple application objects at the same time.
A first-principles model of the zirconia oxygen sensor

Zirconia oxygen sensors are used extensively to monitor the air-to-fuel ratio of internal combustion engines. The basic physical and chemical processes involved in the sensing operation have been examined in detail to develop a first-principles model whose results agree well with experiments. Additionally, a wide variety of response is predicted from the model, depending upon the gas mixture, the electrode material, the reactivities of the gases, etc. The analysis is helpful in providing insight and design guidance in optimizing sensor operation for specific applications.
Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P5 inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor migration

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) acts as an extracellular ligand for a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are crucial in cell migration. S1P5 is exclusively expressed in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which migrate considerable distances during brain development. The current studies suggest a physiological role for S1P and S1P5 in regulation of OPC migration. mRNA expression levels of S1P2 and S1P5 are comparable in OPCs, but S1P binding specifically to the S1P5 receptor blocked OPC migration (IC50=29 nM). Thus, knocking down S1P5 using siRNA prevented the S1P-induced decrease in OPC migration, whereas knocking down S1P2 did not have any effect. S1P-induced modulation of OPC migration was insensitive to pertussis toxin, suggesting that S1P5-initiated signaling is not mediated by the G alpha(i)-protein coupled pathway. Furthermore, S1P5 appears to engage the G alpha(12/13) protein coupled Rho/ROCK signaling pathway to impede OPC migration. To modulate OPC motility, extracellular S1P could be derived from the export of intracellular S1P generated in response to glutamate treatment of OPCs. These studies suggest that S1P could be a part of the neuron-oligodendroglial communication network regulating OPC migration and may provide directional guidance cues for migrating OPCs in the developing brain.
Inkontinenz: Vesikale und urethrale Fisteln

Es wird haufig behauptet, das ein Gynakologe, der fur die Korrektur urogenitaler Fisteln Erfahrungen sammeln mochte, in ein Entwicklungsland reisen sollte. Moglicherweise stimmt diese Aussage im Hinblick auf geburtshilfliche Fisteln, die in den Vereinigten Staaten nahezu verschwunden sind; demgegenuber mussen aber Fisteln, die durch Operationen und Bestrahlungen verursacht wurden, als ein Ubel einer wohlhabenden Gesellschaft betrachtet werden, einer Gesellschaft, die sich eine grose Anzahl elektiver Operationen und adaquate Behandlung maligner Genitalerkrankungen leisten kann. Operation oder Bestrahlung oder beides zusammen sind heute in den USA fur 95% der Fisteln verantwortlich.
Allosteric Switching by Mutually Exclusive Folding of Protein Domains

Many proteins are built from structurally and functionally distinct domains. A major goal is to understand how conformational change transmits information between domains in order to achieve biological activity. A two-domain, bi-functional fusion protein has been designed so that the mechanical stress imposed by the folded structure of one subunit causes the other subunit to unfold, and vice versa. The construct consists of ubiquitin inserted into a surface loop of barnase. The distance between the amino and carboxyl ends of ubiquitin is much greater than the distance between the termini of the barnase loop. This topological constraint causes the two domains to engage in a thermodynamic tug-of-war in which only one can exist in its folded state at any given time. This conformational equilibrium, which is cooperative, reversible, and controllable by ligand binding, serves as a model for the coupled binding and folding mechanism widely used to mediate protein-protein interactions and cellular signaling processes. The position of the equilibrium can be adjusted by temperature or ligand binding and is monitored in vivo by cell death. This design forms the basis for a new class of cytotoxic proteins that can be activated by cell-specific effector molecules, and can thus target particular cell types for destruction.
Reconciling Homeostatic and Use-Dependent Plasticity in the Context of Somatosensory Deprivation

The concept of homeostatic plasticity postulates that neurons maintain relatively stable rates of firing despite changing inputs. Homeostatic and use-dependent plasticity mechanisms operate concurrently, although they have different requirements for induction. Depriving central somatosensory neurons of their primary activating inputs reduces activity and results in compensatory changes that favor excitation. Both a reduction of GABAergic inhibition and increase in glutamatergic excitatory transmission are observed in input-deprived cortex. Topographic reorganization of the adult somatosensory cortex is likely driven by both homeostatic and use-dependent mechanisms. Plasticity is induced by changes in the strengths of synaptic inputs, as well as changes in temporal correlation of neuronal activity. However, there is less certainty regarding the in vivo contribution of homeostatic mechanisms as in vitro experiments rely on manipulations that create states that do not normally occur in the living nervous system. Homeostatic plasticity seems to occur, but more in vivo research is needed to determine mechanisms. In vitro research is also needed but should better conform to conditions that might occur naturally in vivo.
Slow External Beam Ejection Magnets and Power Supplies

Detailed electrical and mechanical parameters and design is given for thin septum type magnets and supplies required in the final step of the slow extracted beam in the 30 GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Thermal considerations for both magnets and power supplies are of prime importance. Primary and secondary protection schemes are described. Radiation hardening of the magnet components is greatly emphasized due to the expected severe radiation damage on these components.
Fine Particle Synthesis by Spark Erosion

The technique of spark erosion can be used to prepare magnetlc fine particles of almost any composition in sizes from a few nm to tens of µm. The spark erosion method is described, including several recent improvements designed to permit the production of ultrafine particles without contamination.
Optical characterization of epidermal cells and their relationship to DNA recovery from touch samples

The goal of this study was to investigate the relative contributions of different cellular and genetic components to biological samples created by touch or contact with a surface - one of the most challenging forms of forensic evidence. Touch samples were generated by having individuals hold an object for five minutes and analyzed for quantity of intact epidermal cells, extracellular DNA, and DNA from pelleted cell material after elution from the collection swab. Comparisons were made between samples where individuals had washed their hands immediately prior to handling and those where hand washing was not controlled. The vast majority (84-100%) of DNA detected in these touch samples was extracellular and was uncorrelated to the number of epidermal cells detected. Although little to no extracellular or cell pellet-associated DNA was detected when individuals washed their hands prior to substrate handling, we found that a significant number of epidermal cells (between ~5x10 (3) and ~1x10 (5)) could still be recovered from these samples, suggesting that other types of biological information may be present even when no amplifiable nuclear DNA is present. These results help to elucidate the biological context for touch samples and characterize factors that may contribute to patterns of transfer and persistence of genetic material in forensic evidence.
Spinally mediated inhibition of abdominal and lumbar sympathetic activities

Renal, splenic, and lumbar sympathetic nerve activities were recorded in the paralyzed, anesthetized, artificially ventilated, and spinally transected rat. Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral funiculus caudal to the spinal transection was used to generate stimulus-response curves for changes in sympathetic activity in each of the three sympathetic nerves using five stimulus frequencies. In all rats, spinal stimulation inhibited sympathetic activity in renal and splenogastric nerves by approximately 50%. In grouped data, threshold frequency for inhibition of renal and splenogastric sympathetic nerve activity was 5 Hz, and inhibitions were maximal (50-60%) at 10 Hz. In contrast, activity in the lumbar sympathetic chain was inhibited in only two of five rats, and grouped data did not exhibit any statistically significant inhibitions. We conclude that lumbar sympathetic activity which remains after spinal transection can be inhibited only marginally by spinal stimulation, which substantially reduces renal and splenogastric sympathetic activity.
3-D nano- and micro-processing by femtosecond laser for photonic applications

When femtosecond laser pulses are focused tightly into a transparent material, permanent structural or chemical changes occur. These changes can be used for micromachining bulk transparent materials. A number of applications in the fabrication of micro-optical devices and in biology and medicine will be discussed.
Lawyerly fidelity: an ethical and empirical critique

How do lawyers’ loyalty to clients and advocacy on their behalf contribute to political legitimacy? How, if at all, does legal representation facilitate compliance with law? This Article draws on empirical research about lawyers in different areas of practice to suggest the complexity of these questions and offer some possible answers.The Article begins by examining and critiquing a theory of lawyerly fidelity put forth by Daniel Markovits in a companion article (also in NOMOS). Markovits argues that adversary advocacy – resting on lawyers’ loyalty to clients, client control, and legal assertiveness – leads to fidelity, which in turn contributes in important ways to political legitimacy. However, his construct of lawyerly fidelity presents a narrow, one-dimensional picture of lawyers. It overstates the force and clarity of ethical rules favoring clients and it marginalizes or overlooks lawyers’ ethical obligations to substantive law and to third parties such as agencies and courts. More significantly, empirical research about lawyers and clients provides an even stronger critique of Markovits’ theory of fidelity. The Article draws on numerous socio-legal studies to demonstrate the considerable variation in lawyers across the profession in loyalty to clients and adversary advocacy. And, of course, many clients with civil law problems lack access to lawyers of any type. The model lawyer for Markovits appears to be a corporate litigator who represents a knowledgeable, well-resourced client. In contrast, most lawyers - whether in business transactional practices or in other areas of law such as family, personal injury, criminal, or bankruptcy – show far less adversary advocacy. The Article concludes with speculation about the implications of these different lawyering styles for clients’ acceptance of case outcomes and perceptions of law.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism Affects the Relationship Between an Anxiety-Related Personality Trait and Resting Regional Cerebral Blood Flow

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important modulator of constitutive stress responses mediated by limbic frontotemporal circuits, and its gene contains a functional polymorphism (Val66Met) that may influence trait stress sensitivity. Reports of an association of this polymorphism with anxiety-related personality traits have been controversial and without clear neurophysiological support. We, therefore, determined the relationship between resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and a well-validated measure of anxiety-related personality, the TPQ Harm Avoidance (HA) scale, as a function of BDNF Val66Met genotype. Sixty-four healthy participants of European ancestry underwent resting H215O positron emission tomography scans. For each genotype group separately, we first determined the relationship between participants' HA scores and their resting rCBF values in each voxel across the entire brain, and then directly compared these HA-rCBF relationships between Val66Met genotype groups. HA-rCBF relationships differed between Val homozygotes and Met carriers in several regions relevant to stress regulation: subgenual cingulate, orbital frontal cortex, and the hippocampal/parahippocampal region. In each of these areas, the relationship was positive in Val homozygotes and negative in Met carriers. These data demonstrate a coupling between trait anxiety and basal resting blood flow in frontolimbic neurocircuitry that may be determined in part by genetically mediated BDNF signaling.
Breathing Through a Straw: Considerations for Tracheal Stenosis Surgery

Tracheal stenosis can be a grave threat to patients’ lives. Absent invasive, and temporary, devices available only in intensive care units, the trachea is the only conduit for oxygen entering the body. Repairing tracheal stenosis requires advanced planning by both surgical and anesthesiology teams to ensure safety throughout the procedure. This paper aims to discuss key management highlights of tracheal stenosis from the preoperative stages through completion of surgery.
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Studies of Mn 55 in Ni-Mn Alloys

The nuclear-magnetic-resonance line shapes of ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ have been studied in ferromagnetic Ni-rich Ni-Mn alloys with Mn concentrations of between 0.8 and 20.5 at.% Mn. Measurements were made at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and over smaller concentration ranges at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and room temperature by plotting the spin-echo amplitudes as a function of frequency across the inhomogeneously broadened nuclear resonance lines. Satellites are observed at low Mn concentrations at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on both the high- and low-frequency sides of the dilute Mn in Ni line. A detailed analysis of the satellite structure is made by considering contributions to the hyperfine fields at the nuclei from the parent atom as well as from neighboring atoms, taking into account the antiferromagnetic interactions which exist in these alloys. In addition to the localized effects associated with the satellite structure, a shift of the dilute-Mn-in-Ni line is observed at low Mn concentrations which may be due to a long-range increase of moments on Mn atoms due to the addition of Mn. Studies made on a dilute (0.8 at.%) Mn-in-Ni alloy in external dc magnetic fields indicate the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$ hyperfine field to be negative.
Feasibility of modeling HL7 FHIR profiles using RDF shape expressions language

This presentation describes our progress to date in developing tools to mechanically parse the core models in the HL7 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) DSTU2 Ballot, and produce corresponding Shape Expressions (ShEx) schemas. In it we describe the transformation process, and how the resulting artifacts can be used in modeling FHIR profiles, and its validation and information mapping. We also discuss our plans to integrate this process into the OpenRefine platform to provide a user-friendly interface to support RDF/FHIR data element harmonization and model transformation.
No impairment of local intestinal immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin in the absence of Peyer's patches

The role of Peyer's patches in the local intestinal and serum antibody responses to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) was studied in rabbits with chronically isolated ileal loops. Four weekly doses of 400 microgram KLH were administered into loops prepared with and without Peyer's patches. Isotype-specific IgA and IgG anti-KLH in loop secretions collected twice each week and in sera collected weekly were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fluid IgA anti-KLH in loops without Peyer's patches first showed a statistically significant increase on day 25, 1 week later than control loops with Peyer's patches. However, some animals in the group without Peyer's patches showed a rise as early as day 7, and the differences from controls were not statistically significant at any time. No statistically significant rise in fluid or serum IgG anti-KLH occurred in either group. Thus, Peyer's patches were not essential for local intestinal antibody response to KLH, a soluble macromolecular antigen. The findings suggest that the innumerable small lymphoid nodules in the gastrointestinal tract, or other mechanisms of antigen processing, play an important role in local intestinal immune responses.
Monitoring the synthesis of biomolecules using mass spectrometry

The controlled and selective synthesis/clearance of biomolecules is critical for most cellular processes. In most high-throughput 'omics' studies, we measure the static quantities of only one class of biomolecules (e.g. DNA, mRNA, proteins or metabolites). It is, however, important to recognize that biological systems are highly dynamic in which biomolecules are continuously renewed and different classes of biomolecules interact and affect each other's production/clearance. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the turnover of diverse classes of biomolecules to understand the dynamic nature of biological systems. Herein, we explain why the kinetic analysis of a diverse range of biomolecules is important and how such an analysis can be done. We argue that heavy water ((2)H2O) could be a universal tracer for monitoring the synthesis of biomolecules on a global scale.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Independent Softmax for Large Scale Face Recognition

In this paper, we present our solution to the MS-Celeb-1M Challenge. This challenge aims to recognize 100k celebrities at the same time. The huge number of celebrities is the bottleneck for training a deep convolutional neural network of which the output is equal to the number of celebrities. To solve this problem, an independent softmax model is proposed to split the single classifier into several small classifiers. Meanwhile, the training data are split into several partitions. This decomposes the large scale training procedure into several medium training procedures which can be solved separately. Besides, a large model is also trained and a simple strategy is introduced to merge the two models. Extensive experiments on the MSR-Celeb-1M dataset demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. Our solution ranks the first and second in two tracks of the final evaluation.
Necessary conditions of learning

Marton addresses learning from a phenomenological perspective. This volume compiles and synthesizes a large body of existing research. Proponents of Marton's previous publications on the variation ...
Spray ignition experiments for alkylbenzenes and alkylbenzene/n-alkane blends

Abstract Spray ignition experiments were carried out in a heated constant volume vessel for pure n-octylbenzene and n-decylbenzene and blends of smaller alkylbenzenes (toluene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, and n-butylbenzene) with n-heptane and n-decane. The experiments provide determinations of the derived cetane number (DCN) and the temperature dependence of the spray ignition delay time in air for initial ambient conditions of 650–820 K and 2.14 MPa. The alkylbenzene/n-alkane blends were found to exhibit nonlinear blending for DCN that is well explained using a proposed DCN blending model that accounts for an apparent reaction order of the blend components. Comparisons between n-octylbenzene and n-decylbenzene with blends of smaller n-alkylbenzenes (toluene or n-propylbenzene) and n-alkanes that seek to match functional group distributions, illustrate a synergistic reactivity promotion that occurs for n-alkylbenzenes with long chain alkyl side chain substitutions. This synergism is thought to be result of the weaker benzylic bond strengths within n-alkylbenzenes, providing increased rates of alkyl radical formation and subsequently enhanced low-temperature oxidation. Hence, this finding shows that mixtures of n-alkanes and n-alkylbenzenes with short side chains (e.g., toluene or n-propylbenzene) are not suitable surrogates to emulate low-temperature reactivity of n-alkylbenzenes with long side chains.
Efficacy of Low-Cost, Side-Scan Sonar for Surveying Alligator Gars

AbstractSide-scan sonar (SSS) provides an efficient, nonintrusive sampling tool for many fisheries applications. Professional-grade systems have proven useful for species-specific detection of large, distinctive fishes; however, these systems are often cost-prohibitive for widespread use. Lower-cost, consumer-grade systems are becoming increasingly popular for fisheries applications, and have been used extensively to map aquatic habitat. However, these systems often produce lower resolution imagery that may limit species-specific applications. We used experimental ponds stocked with known fish assemblages and a field-based mark:recapture study to determine the efficacy of a consumer-grade SSS system in surveying Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula. Three ponds were stocked with known abundances of Alligator Gar and other sympatric fishes. A fourth pond remained unstocked to assess false positives; a fifth was stocked only with other species to quantify misidentification. Replicate sonar images of each pond...
Filament turnover tunes both force generation and dissipation to control long-range flows in a model actomyosin cortex

Actomyosin-based cortical flow is a fundamental engine for cellular morphogenesis. Cortical flows are generated by cross-linked networks of actin filaments and myosin motors, in which active stress produced by motor activity is opposed by passive resistance to network deformation. Continuous flow requires local remodeling through crosslink unbinding and and/or filament disassembly. But how local remodeling tunes stress production and dissipation, and how this in turn shapes long range flow, remains poorly understood. Here, we study a computational model for a cross-linked network with active motors based on minimal requirements for production and dissipation of contractile stress: Asymmetric filament compliance, spatial heterogeneity of motor activity, reversible cross-links and filament turnover. We characterize how the production and dissipation of network stress depend, individually, on cross-link dynamics and filament turnover, and how these dependencies combine to determine overall rates of cortical flow. Our analysis predicts that filament turnover is required to maintain active stress against external resistance and steady state flow in response to external stress. Steady state stress increases with filament lifetime up to a characteristic time τm, then decreases with lifetime above τm. Effective viscosity increases with filament lifetime up to a characteristic time τc, and then becomes independent of filament lifetime and sharply dependent on crosslink dynamics. These individual dependencies of active stress and effective viscosity define multiple regimes of steady state flow. In particular our model predicts that when filament lifetimes are shorter than both τc and τm, the dependencies of effective viscosity and steady state stress on filament turnover cancel one another, such that flow speed is insensitive to filament turnover, and shows a simple dependence on motor activity and crosslink dynamics. These results provide a framework for understanding how animal cells tune cortical flow through local control of network remodeling.
Lymphovenous Anastomosis Bypass Surgery

The field of lymphedema surgery has witnessed tremendous advancements over the years and has been coupled to the rapid growth of supermicrosurgical techniques. A lymphovenous bypass or lymphaticovenular anastomosis is a new technique that requires identification of patent, residual lymphatic channels and performing an anastomosis to a recipient venule, thereby allowing outflow of lymphatic fluid and improvement in a patient's lymphedema. This article provides a summary of the maturation of the technique, as well as the technical aspects of the approach and the current outcomes in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema.