cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Wealth of Our Commonwealth: Money and Capital in the Productive Republic

There is a share of the investment capital available in any society that is generated by the public. In contemporary societies with well-developed payments systems and effective public governance, this share tends to grow large in comparison to that originated by non-public sources. For the latter is intermediated and thus must be pre-accumulated, while the former is generated and is the source of what is accumulated. In spite of these truths, the US outsources management of its public capital stock to private sector financial institutions. This is a practice which a host of under-appreciated collective action predicaments endemic to decentralized market exchange, most of them recursive and hence iteratively self-worsening without limit, ensures will result in misallocation and, therefore, poor modulation of credit aggregates as well. What is needed to draw public capital out of bubble-inflation and back into productive investment is to bring it back under public management, a project for which the present exposition provides a full architecture. This architecture is modeled as a stylized public balance sheet, taking the US Treasury and Federal Reserve System as consolidated case study. Public liabilities take the form of Democratic Digital Dollars issued through interest-bearing digital Business and Citizen Wallets. Public assets take the form of public credit extended by Treasury’s Federal Financing Bank (‘FFB’) and a newly ‘Spread Fed’ only for productive, not speculative, projects. A National Reconstruction & Development Council (‘NRDC’) and Price Stabilization Fund (‘The People’s Portfolio’) complete the picture, respectively affording democratic guidance as to what counts socially as ‘productive’ and collaring volatility among Systemically Important Prices and Indices (‘SIPIs’). Our public capital stock is a public resource in need of public management, which must be managed productively by and for the community.
Capturing Disruptions to Food Availability After Disasters: Assessing the Food Environment Following Hurricanes Florence and María.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the results of food environment assessments completed after Hurricane Florence in North Carolina (2018) and Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico (2017), and provide recommendations for assessing disaster food environments. METHODS Adapted structured observation protocols were used to conduct rapid assessments of the availability, price, and quality of specific foods in retail markets. RESULTS In both settings, unhealthful food items (soda, chips, fruit-flavored drinks) and milk were widely available and at lower prices than domestic averages. The adapted instrument in Puerto Rico allowed for documentation of greater availability of canned items compared with fresh or frozen foods. In both settings, researchers noted the inability of the instrument to document items that are important to assess postdisaster: ready-to-heat and ready-to-eat foods; food preparation facilities and supplies; hygiene supplies; and empty shelf-space. CONCLUSIONS The instruments, despite their limitations, were able to capture food availability issues in postdisaster environments. Future instrument adaptation is necessary to capture availability of all major food groups, healthful and unhealthful options, shelf-stable, ready-to-eat, and ready-to-heat foods versus other formats (fresh, frozen), and cooking and hygiene supplies.
On Gallium in the Alpha and Delta Plutonium Lattice

The stability of delta-phase plutonium-gallium alloys is a subject of great interest to plutonium metallurgists. A survey of progress on the subject could begin with reference to the paper by Goldberg and Shyne [1] and the use of the references given in that paper. The present effort introduces some general ideas that are offered in an attempt to further an understanding of the nature of the delta-phase plutonium-gallium alloys and their stability. Special attention is given to a hypothesis relating to the role of gallium atom positions in the plutonium lattice.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Sr10[Sb7O13(OH)]2[SbSe3]2Se·2H2O

Abstract A new strontium oxoselenoantimonate(III), Sr 10 [Sb 7 O 13 (OH)] 2 [SbSe 3 ] 2 ·2H 2 O, has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single crystal structure determination. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P 2 1 / n , with a =11.4013(6) A, b =18.417(1) A, c =13.0568(7) A, β =108.51(1)°, V =2599.9(2) A 3 , measured at 223 K. In the structure [SbO 3 ] pyramids share oxygen atoms to form [Sb 7 O 13 (OH)] single branched six-rings that are interconnected by Sr–O bonds into layers with composition [Sr 5 Sb 7 O 13 (OH)]. The interlayer spaces are occupied by [SbSe 3 ] pyramids and isolated Se 2− anions. Both the [Sb 7 O 13 (OH)] single branched six-rings and the [SbSe 3 ] pyramids can be considered as building blocks of the known structure K 6 [Sb 12 O 18 ][SbSe 3 ] 2 ·6H 2 O.
GaInAsP lattice matched to GaAs for solar cell applications

Initial results in the development of GaInAsP (1.55 eV) solar cells lattice matched to GaAs are presented. The films are grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on GaAs and on Ge substrates. As-grown films are n-type, with minority carrier lifetimes of up to 35 ns. p-on-p solar cells have been prepared, with AlGaAs window layers. Under AM1.5 direct light (100 mW/cm/sup 2/), a cell has been measured with a V/sub oc/ of 1.08 V, a J/sub sc/ of 20.6 mA/cm/sup 2/, a fill factor of 81.7%, and an active area efficiency of 18.2%. >
Caveolae‐Mediated Endocytosis of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles

Understanding the cellular entry pathways of synthetic biomaterials is highly important to improve overall labeling and delivery efficiency. Herein, cellular entry mechanisms of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) are presented. CPNs are intrinsic fluorescent materials used for various biological applications. While CPNs cause no toxicity, decreased CPN uptake is observed from cancer cells pretreated with genistein, which is an inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME). CvME is further confirmed by high co-localization with caveolin-1 proteins found in the caveolae and caveosomes. Excellent photophysical properties, non-toxicity, and non-destructive delivery pathways support that CPNs are promising multifunctional carriers minimizing degradation of contents during delivery.
Progressive image coding on noisy channels

Numerous sophisticated techniques have been developed over the last several decades to efficiently transmit images across noisy channels. Here, we cascade an existing image coder with carefully chosen error control coding, and thus produce a progressive image compression scheme whose performance on a noisy channel is significantly better than that of previously known image compression techniques. The main idea is to trade off the available transmission rate between source coding and channel coding in an efficient manner. This coding system is easy to implement and has acceptably low complexity. Furthermore, effectively no degradation due to channel noise can be detected; instead, the penalty paid due to channel noise is a reduction in source coding resolution. As an example, for the 512/spl times/512 Lena image, at an overall transmission rate of 1 bit per pixel, and for binary symmetric channels with bit error probabilities 10/sup -3/, 10/sup -2/, and 10/sup -1/, the proposed system typically outperforms other existing systems by at least 2.6 dB, 2.8 dB, and 8.9 dB, respectively.
Reflections on a Dance

In We Are in This Dance Together: Gender, Power, and Globalization at a Mexican Garment Firm, Nancy Plankey-Videla elucidates how changing international markets impacted the reorganization of factory work at a Mexican garment firm she calls Moctezuma. Plankey-Videla captures how shifts in global capitalism directly impacted workers at Moctezuma, and in particular, the women who represented 85% of the firm’s workers. Faced with increasing international pressure, managers at Moctezuma implemented changes in manufacturing practices that brought the firm in line with Japanese-style lean production. These changes appeared to be successful, as workers continued to meet management’s goals in terms of quality and productivity. Still, in a context of ongoing struggles, continued re-organization of production, and changing support from the state – to name a few of the issues plaguing Moctezuma – women workers eventually led a call for action and mobilized to strike. Plankey-Videla’s We Are in This Dance Together provides readers with an analysis of the interrelated global, state, and local factors that led to the activism and resistance of women workers, and, in the end, to the closing of Moctezuma. In the spirit of a symposium that enables interaction between Plankey-Videla and her reviewers, in this essay I ask the author to reflect on her work as an ethnographer at Moctezuma, ISSN: 1076-156X | Vol. # 21 No. 2 | http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2015.26 | jwsr.org
Phase-coded LIDAR

Summary form only given. Our approach represents an important improvement to the pseudo-noise (PN) coded LIDAR technique. We modulate the laser with a bipolar phase coded PN microwave signal rather than a baseband unipolar sequence. Hence, we can use the bipolar phase codes that have been developed for microwave ranging systems. Furthermore, as we have demonstrated, the LIDAR return sign can be processed using techniques and components that are already in place for microwave ranging. These results demonstrate the principle of operation for a bipolar phase coded LIDAR with range gated vibration signature capability. While this experiment was performed at close range and a moderate PN code rate of 1.3 GHz, one could envision extending the code rate to approximately 10 Gb/s in order to obtain a range resolution on the order of 1.5 cm. Furthermore, the addition of EDFAs and telescope apertures would allow the system to range distant targets.
Comparison of endoscope- versus microscope-assisted resection of deep-seated intracranial lesions using a minimally invasive port retractor system

OBJECT Tubular brain retractors may improve access to deep-seated brain lesions while potentially reducing the risks of collateral neurological injury associated with standard microsurgical approaches. Here, microscope-assisted resection of lesions using tubular retractors is assessed to determine if it is superior to endoscope-assisted surgery due to the technological advancements associated with modern tubular ports and surgical microscopes. METHODS Following institutional approval of the tubular port, data obtained from the initial 20 patients to undergo transportal resection of deep-seated brain lesions were analyzed in this study. The pathological entities of the resected tissues included metastatic tumors (8 patients), glioma (7), meningioma (1), neurocytoma (1), radiation necrosis (1), primitive neuroectodermal tumor (1), and hemangioblastoma (1). Surgery incorporated endoscopic (5 patients) or microscopic (15) assistance. The locations included the basal ganglia (11 patients), cerebellum (4), fron...
Utility of Peak Expiratory Flow Monitoring

(CHEST 1998; 114:861–876) Abbreviations: BHR=bronchial hyperresponsiveness; BTPS=body temperature and pressure saturated with water vapor; ED=emergency department; NAEPP=National Asthma Education and Prevention Program; PEF=peak expiratory flow
Differential cross section for Higgs boson production including all-orders soft gluon resummation

The transverse momentum ${Q}_{T}$ distribution is computed for inclusive Higgs boson production at the energy of the CERN Large Hadron Collider. We focus on the dominant gluon-gluon subprocess in perturbative quantum chromodynamics and incorporate contributions from the quark-gluon and quark-antiquark channels. Using an impact-parameter b-space formalism, we include all-orders resummation of large logarithms associated with emission of soft gluons. Our resummed results merge smoothly at large ${Q}_{T}$ with the fixed-order expectations in perturbative quantum chromodynamics, as they should, with no need for a matching procedure. They show a high degree of stability with respect to variation of parameters associated with the nonperturbative input at low ${Q}_{T}.$ We provide distributions $d\ensuremath{\sigma}{/dydQ}_{T}$ for Higgs boson masses from ${M}_{Z}$ to 200 GeV. The average transverse momentum at zero rapidity y grows approximately linearly with mass of the Higgs boson over the range ${M}_{Z}l{m}_{h}l200\mathrm{GeV},$ $〈{Q}_{T}〉\ensuremath{\simeq}{0.18m}_{h}+18\mathrm{GeV}.$ We provide analogous results for Z boson production, for which we compute $〈{Q}_{T}〉\ensuremath{\simeq}25\mathrm{GeV}.$ The harder transverse momentum distribution for the Higgs boson arises because there is more soft gluon radiation in Higgs boson production than in Z production.
Chemometric studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon shape selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

The molecular shape recognition differences between monomeric and polymeric C18 stationary phases in the reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) separation of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and methyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MPAHs) are examined through the use of partial least squares (PLS) analysis techniques. The resulting PLS models are able to describe the enhanced shape selectivity of the polymeric phase for recognizing subtle structural differences among planar and nonplanar isomers. PLS component analyses of these models reveal that spatial and topological descriptors are primarily used to rank structural differences among the PAHs (i.e., fused-ring patterns, molecular length and breadth) that control such shape-selective chromatographic processes. This is consistent with the view that polymeric alkyl chain stationary phases contain size- and shape-specific “slots” that promote the separation of structurally-related solutes. In contrast, the monomeric phase model is limited in resolving both the isomer classes and the nonplanarity shape differences among the PAHs. However, an improvement of shape recognition on the monomeric phase was elucidated by the PLS model for two PAHs (phenanthro[3,4-c]phenanthrene and dibenzo[g,p]chrysene) exhibiting the most extreme nonplanarity. These results suggest that a limited amount of space between alkyl chains may exist within the higher-density polymeric phase to recognize shape differences among the bulkier and nonplanar solutes.
Piecewise constant and piecewise linear expansions

Abstract We consider certain complete, orthonormal systems of piecewise-constant functions which include the Haar and the Walsh system as special cases. Using the properties of these systems we generate and study certain complete systems which are piecewise linear.
How low can it go? Declining black-white segregation in a multiethnic context.

We extend research on whites’ neighborhood contact with blacks, population composition, and prospects for desegregation by developing a new measure of the floor of racial residential segregation under conditions of low black-white contact. The measure incorporates the way in which multi ethnic contexts further constrain levels of black-white segregation. The results show that black-white desegregation is likely when the black population is small, but is unlikely otherwise. Yet, when multiple ethnic groups are sufficiently large, a moderate level of black-white segregation is necessary for whites to maintain low neighborhood contact with blacks, even when the proportion of African Americans is small.
Retinoid Induction of CRABP II mRNA in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Use as a Retinoid Bioassay

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP II) mRNA is selectively induced by all-trans retinoic acid in human skin and dermal fibroblasts. In order to determine whether this response can be used as a reliable measure of retinoid potency and activity, we treated human skin fibroblasts for 24 h with increasing concentrations of several natural and synthetic retinoids. CRABP II mRNA levels were measured by quantitative Northern blotting and compared, when possible, with those obtained after topical application of the same retinoids to human skin. All eight active retinoids tested induced a concentration-dependent CRABP II mRNA response in the fibroblast assay. In contrast, one known inactive retinoid (meta-carboxy TTNPB), differing from the active form only in the position of the carboxyl substituent, failed to evoke a response. The fibroblast and human skin bioassays agreed with respect to relative potency and response amplitude for three of the three retinoids tested. Retinoic acid was approximately 10-fold more potent than retinal in both assays, suggesting that oxidation to retinoic acid underlies the activity of retinol in fibroblasts as well as in intact skin. In support of this hypothesis, treatment with liarozole, an inhibitor of P450-mediated retinoic acid oxidative catabolism, significantly increased fibroblast CRABP II mRNA levels and potentiated the effects of retinol by 1.5-fold at concentrations at which it had no effect on its own. Taken together, these results identify the fibroblast CRABP II response as a reproducible measure of retinoid bioactivity with promise as a predictor of human skin responses and further suggest that metabolism is an important determinant of retinoid bioactivity in vivo.
Disruption of female rat vaginal cyclicity by daily treatment with imipramine

Intact, adult female rats were injected for 21 days with 10 mg/kg of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine. During this time, there was almost total suppression of reproductive cyclicity as indicated by the absence of vaginal proestrus and by the absence of sexual receptivity. However, there was no evidence for a permanent disturbance in the female reproductive system. When treatment with imipramine was terminated, vaginal cyclicity resumed within the next 2 to 8 days. The generality of the current findings to other antidepressants or to the human female is currently unknown. However, since human females are the primary consumers of antidepressants, caution should be exercised when females are given antidepressant therapy.
Analysis of the Alkaloid Content of Ergot

A new procedure for the assay of ergot is presented. Total alkaloids are extracted with ammonia-methanol-chloroform and water-soluble alkaloids are separated by column chromatography. Total and water-soluble ergot alkaloid contents are determined colorimetrically. The relative concentrations of ergonovine and ergonovinine in the water-soluble alkaloid fraction are estimated by paper chromatography. The new procedure yields higher values for water-soluble alkaloid content than does the current N. F. procedure.
Lattice dynamics of mixed alkali halides. I. Negative-ion substitution

Phonon frequencies of one-mode behavior of mixed alkali-halide crystals with negative-ion substitution have been calculated as a function of wave-vector and molar-mixing ratio. The mixed-crystal model utilizes a pseudo-unit-cell as a basic repetitive unit incorporated into the breathing-shell model of lattice dynamics. The fundamental repetitive unit cell for the mixed crystal $A{B}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{C}_{x}$ consists of $A$ ions at their normal lattice site and with nearest neighbors consisting of a fractional amount of $B$ and $C$ ions proportional to their mixing molar ratio. The model parameters are deduced from physical observables such as the elastic constants, long-wavelength transverse-optical mode frequency, and the high- and low-frequency dielectric constants of the parent compounds. Room-temperature calculations of one- and two-phonon densities of states and dispersion relations of $\mathrm{K}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Br}}_{x}$, $\mathrm{K}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{I}}_{x}$, and $\mathrm{K}{\mathrm{Br}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{I}}_{x}$ are found to agree with the available Raman scattering, infrared reflection, and absorption data.
An LMI approach for observer based model reference control

In this paper, the control of a class of linear model following systems with a full-state observer is investigated. We assume that the model dynamics are completely known and the order of the model can be different from that of the controlled plant. The observer-based controller is designed utilizing linear matrix inequality approach. The controller developed in this investigation is linear and under certain assumptions this controller forces the plant output to follow the output of a model. The controller also guarantees that every system response is asymptotically stable. The application of the theory is illustrated providing computer simulation results.
Spectrophotometric pH measurements of freshwater

Abstract The use of cresol red (CR) indicator for determination of freshwater pH is evaluated. Ionic strength effects and indicator pH perturbation are discussed and quantified using theoretical and empirical approaches. Spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods are directly compared by repeated analyses of a low ionic strength pH buffer. The mean and standard deviation of the two methods were 7.618±0.008 (spectrophotometric) and 7.484±0.040 (potentiometric) (N=18) with systematic errors of 0.003 and 0.137 pH units relative to the true pH (7.621). Field data from an alkaline river (pH∼7.8–8.8) show that measurement reproducibility is better than 0.01 pH units, making it possible to resolve very small spatial and temporal changes in riverine pH. Uncertainty in the indicator apparent dissociation constant limits the accuracy of the pH measurement to ∼0.05 pH units. An alternative method for estimating the dissociation constant, based on calculation of pH from two other carbonate parameters, is proposed.
A generalized optimization model of microbially driven aquatic biogeochemistry based on thermodynamic, kinetic, and stoichiometric ecological theory

Abstract We have developed a mechanistic model of aquatic microbial metabolism and growth, where we apply fundamental ecological theory to simulate the simultaneous influence of multiple potential metabolic reactions on system biogeochemistry. Software design was based on an anticipated cycle of adaptive hypothesis testing, requiring that the model implementation be highly modular, quickly extensible, and easily coupled with hydrologic models in a shared state space. Model testing scenarios were designed to assess the potential for competition over dissolved organic carbon, oxygen, and inorganic nitrogen in simulated batch reactors. Test results demonstrated that the model appropriately weights metabolic processes according to the amount of chemical energy available in the associated biochemical reactions, and results also demonstrated how simulated carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur dynamics were influenced by simultaneous microbial competition for multiple resources. This effort contributes an approach to generalized modeling of microbial metabolism that will be useful for a theoretically and mechanistically principled approach to biogeochemical analysis.
Electrode localization for planning surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone in pediatric epilepsy

Purpose In planning for a potentially curative resection of the epileptogenic zone in patients with pediatric epilepsy, invasive monitoring with intracranial EEG is often used to localize the seizure onset zone and eloquent cortex. A precise understanding of the location of subdural strip and grid electrodes on the brain surface, and of depth electrodes in the brain in relationship to eloquent areas is expected to facilitate pre-surgical planning.
Referenced automata and metaregular families

It is well-known that the set of strings (over some alphabet) definable by a read-only Turing machine in time intervals equal to the lengths of the strings is just a regular set over the given alphabet. The situation changes however if the machine is permitted to interrogate an oracle in the manner prescribed by Turing. We recall that in Turing machine theory [2] a computed function f is said to be recursive in a predicate ~ , if the change of state of the machine is permitted to depend upon whether or not the current number n (on the tape) is in ~ . As formalized in [2], there is no loss of computing time involved in consulting and responding to the oracle, but this desirable feature of the oracle may be lost if a particular model of realization (of the oracular operation) is adopted. In what follows, we shall be concerned with the notion of definability (of classes of sets) which results when a one-way read-only Turing machine is permitted to interrogate--in a style different from that of Turing--an oracle in the form of an additional tape R on which the oracular information is stored. R may be viewed as a (one-way infinite) sequence 7a7~73 "'" over an alphabet F. ( I f / ' i s considered as a subset of{0, 1} n then/" may be taken to represent a finite set of predicates 9~i, i = 1,..., n.) We permit the read-only Turing machine to ask, at the ith step of its operation, not whether the number on the input tape is in the oracle's predicate, but whether i is in the oracle's predicate(s). Thus we seek to model our construction on the type of computation which relies upon a table look-up, but which, at each next step of computation, may know only the next table entry. Thus, in contradistinction to Turing's oracle, the device here (which we call a referenced automaton) may be regarded as a real-time oracle. With respect to some initial positioning of the machine (with respect to the reference tape) a set of input strings is defined (accepted); if the initial position is changed, the corresponding machine-reference tape combination defines another set of input strings. Our interest is in the family of sets thus defined. (Such families we call metaregular families.) The referenced automata have recently been considered by Agasandyan [1] and Salomaa [5]. They studied the generalization of regular sets obtained from a time-
Skeletal Adaptation to Mechanical Loading

Over the past 40 years, much has been learnt about how mechanical loading affects bone structure. The latest studies suggest that bone cells detect mechanical loads through integrin linkages at focal adhesions. Loading stimulates new bone formation, which is due in part to increased signaling through the Wnt/LRP5 pathway. Skeletal disuse both suppresses periosteal bone formation and increases bone resorption. The latter effect is due mostly to increased RANKL signaling that stimulates new osteoclasts. Increasing the rate or frequency by which loading is applied greatly improves bone tissue mechanosensitivity, possibly due to loading-induced extracellular fluid forces around osteocytes, which serve as mechanosensors. In addition, osteogenesis after mechanical loading can be improved substantially by inserting rest periods between loading events. This remedy works presumably because bone cells quickly become refractory to applied loads and require “rest” time to recover their mechanosensitivity. The molecular mechanism by which bone cells are desensitized to loading has not yet been identified. Skeletal disuse causes apoptosis of osteoblasts and osteocytes, which results in rapid bone loss. Bone loss following disuse is greatest in weight-bearing bones, particularly the distal bones in the legs, but almost non-existent in bones that do not bear weight.
Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods for nonwadeable streams.

Bioassessment of nonwadeable streams in the United States is increasing, but methods for these systems are not as well-developed as for wadeable streams. In this study, we compared six macroinvertebrate field sampling methods for nonwadeable streams adapted from those used by three major programs: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program-Surface Waters, the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Quality Assessment Program, and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water Biocriteria Program. We performed all six methods at 60 sites across four rivers and measured water chemistry and physical habitat at each site to assess abiotic conditon. Sites were divided into two groups: those influenced by navigational lock and dam structures (restricted flow, or RF) and those free-flowing or with lowhead dams (run-of-the-river, or ROR). Metrics based on passive Hester-Dendy artificial substrate samplers differed greatly from active sampling methods (i.e., using nets) but represented abiotic conditions well in both ROR and RF sites. Although metric values were similar across certain sampling methods, the metrics significantly correlated with abiotic variables varied among methods and between ROR and RF sites. These results emphasize that methods are not interchangeable, and the ability to detect certain stressors depends on sampling method.
The role of economic value, social value, and perceptions of fairness in interorganizational relationship retention decisions

Although previous research provides a foundation for developing, maintaining, and exiting relationships, the extant literature has yet to consider the influence that patterns of economic and social forces have in guiding the future of deteriorating relationships. To understand better and respond to relationships in decline and to salvage relationships that are destined to fail needlessly, the authors use the political economic paradigm to identify symptoms of deteriorating relationships and provide a framework for combining relational forces that best guides relationship retention decisions. They propose a model based on the theoretical foundations of transactional cost analysis (TCA), social exchange, and distributive justice. Using relative dependence, interdependence, and mutual dependence to define the economic and social worth of the relationship, they incorporate dyadic patterns of behavior to illustrate similar and different interpretations and evaluations of fairness and the impact on relational out-comes. The article culminates with managerial implications and directions for future research.
The role of geometry change in high temperature design

Abstract It is shown that in high temperature pressure vessel design component geometry changes throughout life must be allowed for. The specific case of a cylinder-sphere intersection is examined and it is demonstrated that the standard procedure underestimates life by a factor of about four.
Matrix metalloproteinases as master regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastasis

Bone remodeling is a delicate balancing act between the bone matrix synthesizing osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts. Active bone metastases typically subvert this process to generate lesions that are comprised of extensive areas of pathological osteogenesis and osteolysis. The resultant increase in bone matrix remodeling enhances cytokine/growth factor bioavailability thus creating a vicious cycle that stimulates tumor progression. Given the extent of matrix remodeling occurring in the tumor-bone microenvironment, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) would be expected, since collectively they have the ability to degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). However, in addition to being "matrix bulldozers", MMPs control the bioavailability and bioactivity of factors such as RANKL and TGFβ that have been described as crucial for tumor-bone interaction, thus implicating MMPs as key regulators of the vicious cycle of bone metastases.
The Champion, Contender, and Challenger: Top-Ranked Books in Prison Studies:

This article seeks to identify the three most influential books in prison studies published throughout the 20th century. A diverse panel of 20 prison researchers has carried out book selections and...
A new variable for maximizing the superconductive transition temperature in oxide systems

Abstract The maximum transition temperature in superconductive oxides appears to occur when the oxygen sublattice is completely filled. Variation of the conditions of preparation may open an additional path to establish this condition.
Lifetime of the Excited I- Center in KCl

The lifetimes of two excited states of iodine centers in KCl single crystals were measured between 15 and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, following flash excitation. Previous and new results of the fluorescent yield of these same emission processes are presented for comparison. At low temperatures the radiative lifetime is 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ sec and the yield 100%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50% for the blue-green emission process; for the ultraviolet emission the lifetime is 1.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec and the maximum yield 70%\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35%. In an intermediate temperature range, the radiative lifetime starts to decrease whereas the yield stays constant. At still higher temperatures, the lifetime and the fluorescent yield both decrease rather sharply.
Teaching towards an ethnorelative worldview through psychology study abroad

This paper shares the results of research assessing the outcomes of teaching towards an ethnorelative worldview through psychology study abroad. Action research assessing the efficacy of intercultural pedagogy integrating psychology and the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity using the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) was conducted. Results of two different study‐abroad classroom research studies are reported and contrasted. A two‐week short‐term study abroad including cultural comparative pedagogy with an emphasis on multiple perspectives and on‐site facilitated reflection achieved significant changes in IDI subscales. Contrasted with year‐long study‐abroad ‘island’ classroom research, including group comparison with and without intentional intervention, results suggest that the pedagogy and the duration of study abroad make a difference in student intercultural growth.
Numerical approximation of conditional asymptotic variances using Monte Carlo simulation

We consider in this paper the use of Monte Carlo simulation to numerically approximate the asymptotic variance of an estimator of a population parameter. When the variance of an estimator does not exist in finite samples, the variance of its limiting distribution is often used for inferences. However, in this case, the numerical approximation of asymptotic variances is less straightforward, unless their analytical derivation is mathematically tractable. The method proposed does not assume the existence of variance in finite samples. If finite sample variance does exist, it provides a more efficient approximation than the one based on the convergence of finite sample variances. Furthermore, the results obtained will be potentially useful in evaluating and comparing different estimation procedures based on their asymptotic variances for various types of distributions. The method is also applicable in surveys where the sample size required to achieve a fixed margin of error is based on the asymptotic variance of the estimator. The proposed method can be routinely applied and alleviates the complex theoretical treatment usually associated with the analytical derivation of the asymptotic variance of an estimator which is often managed on a case by case basis. This is particularly appealing in view of the advance of modern computing technology. The proposed numerical approximation is based on the variances of a certain truncated statistic for two selected sample sizes, using a Richardson extrapolation type formulation. The variances of the truncated statistic for the two sample sizes are computed based on Monte Carlo simulations, and the theory for optimizing the computing resources is also given. The accuracy of the proposed method is numerically demonstrated in a classical errors-in-variables model where analytical results are available for the purpose of comparisons.
Systemic acquired resistance and induced systemic resistance in conventional agriculture

Plants possess a range of defenses that can be actively expressed in response to pathogens and parasites of various scales, ranging from microscopic viruses to insect herbivores. The timing of these defense responses is critical and can be the difference between being able to cope or succumbing to the challenge of a pathogen or parasite. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are two forms of induced resistance; in both SAR and ISR, plant defenses are preconditioned by prior infection or treatment that results in resistance (or tolerance) against subsequent challenge by a pathogen or parasite. Great strides have been made over the past 20 yr in understanding the physiological and biochemical basis of SAR and ISR. Much of this knowledge is due to the identification of a number of chemical and biological elicitors, some of which are commercially available for use in conventional agriculture. However, the effectiveness of these elicitors to induce SAR and ISR as a practical means to control various plant diseases is just being realized. In this review, we first briefly summarize the fundamentals of ISR and SAR, for which a number of critical reviews already exist. We then examine the efficacy of SAR and ISR in published field-based studies. We place special emphasis on the benefits, drawbacks, and future considerations for the improved use of chemical and biological elicitors of induced resistance in conventional agriculture; this includes the potential to exploit genetic variability within populations of crop species to improve the utility of SAR and ISR in the field.
Precipitation over Concave Terrain

Abstract Many topographic barriers are comprised of a series of concave or convex ridges that modulate the intensity and distribution of precipitation over mountainous areas. In this model-based idealized study, stratiform precipitation associated with stratified moist airflow past idealized concave ridges is investigated with a focus on windward blocking, flow confluence, and the associated precipitation enhancement. It is found that flow confluence and precipitation enhancement by a concave ridge are controlled by the nondimensional ridge height M (M = Nmhm/U, where Nm is the moist buoyancy frequency, hm is the maximum ridge height, and U is the wind speed), based on which three dynamical regimes can be defined. In the linear regime (M < 0.4), a flow confluence zone is present over the upwind slope of the ridge vertex, where precipitation is significantly enhanced. The precipitation enhancement is due to the additional updraft driven by the horizontal flow convergence with a considerable contribution fr...
The problem of “serious” fiction: Modernization and the textual politics of nineteenth‐century literary realism and ethnography

Ethnographic writing as a textual practice has come under scrutiny by post‐structuralist critical practice, an activity most suited to troubling the espoused political innocence and “objectivity” of documentary genres of representation by pointing out their performative dimensions. A critique of ethnographic discourse emerges from the work of Roland Barthes through its emphasis on the Text as a performative moment, a moment that both challenges received distinctions between genres of writing and emphasizes the role of fiction in the production of social values and their attendant social relations. By examining Stephen Crane's “New York City Sketches” in the specific context of the modernization of American culture, this essay argues that the authority for modern ethnographic practices and tropes is formed through the resonation of particular assumptions across genres of writing and experience. Crane's “serious” fiction played a pivotal role in the construction of this authority through its naturalization ...
Classical eyeblink conditioning in the bilaterally hemispherectomized cat

Abstract The classically conditioned eyeblink response was studied in cats with various forebrain lesions. The most extreme of these were three chronically prepared “diencephalic” cats in which the cerebral hemispheres were separated from the thalamus and removed bilaterally. Other animals studied included two animals with frontal cortex ablation, one neodecorticate cat, two animals with bilateral lesions of the caudate nucleus, and one cat with extensive bilateral damage to the thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis. Conditioning was established using a 400-msec duration auditory conditioning stimulus (CS) followed by a brief cutaneous shock to the eyelid as the reinforcing stimulus (US). The EMG was recorded bipolarly from orbicularis oculi, and integrated EMG for the CS interval served as an additional objective measure of conditioned response (CR) magnitude. The conditioned responses were characterized by a burst of EMG activity toward the end of the CS interval (latency 100 msec) which occurred as a result of systematic pairing of CS and US, and did not occur during random presentation of the CS and US, or CS alone. All of the experimental animals learned a conditioned blink response which appeared qualitatively similar to that obtained in the normal animals. All preparations acquired a response, showed extinction when reinforcement was discontinued, discriminated between two stimuli within the same sensory modality, showed discrimination reversal, and retained the acquired response over days. Our results are compatible with a growing body of evidence that telencephalic structures are not necessary for the acquisition and maintenance of a classically conditioned response. Further studies in this laboratory are aimed at investigating conditioning in the chronic decerebrate cat.
Inequality as a way of life: education and social class in Latin America

Abstract This article presents a regional analysis of educational inequalities in Latin America, drawing on a variety of sources at the national and cross-national levels. It traces how inequalities in education tend to manifest themselves and which population groups tend to be the most affected. The persistence of inequalities is a curious social phenomenon that operates between the interstices of the political promise and pervasive social acceptance that schooling serves to promote social mobility, and the tangible evidence that there are serious gaps in the schooling of the poor, rural children, ethnic minorities, and women. The analysis of Latin America is particularly illustrative because it suggests that educational systems may grow more unequal over time, especially as private schools function as outlets for those seeking to escape the poor quality of public schools and as global norms disseminate the idea of education as simply another tradeable commodity.
MRI of the human brain at 130 microtesla.

We present in vivo images of the human brain acquired with an ultralow field MRI (ULFMRI) system operating at a magnetic field B0 ∼ 130 μT. The system features prepolarization of the proton spins at Bp ∼ 80 mT and detection of the NMR signals with a superconducting, second-derivative gradiometer inductively coupled to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). We report measurements of the longitudinal relaxation time T1 of brain tissue, blood, and scalp fat at B0 and Bp, and cerebrospinal fluid at B0. We use these T1 values to construct inversion recovery sequences that we combine with Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill echo trains to obtain images in which one species can be nulled and another species emphasized. In particular, we show an image in which only blood is visible. Such techniques greatly enhance the already high intrinsic T1 contrast obtainable at ULF. We further present 2D images of T1 and the transverse relaxation time T2 of the brain and show that, as expected at ULF, they exhibit similar contrast. Applications of brain ULFMRI include integration with systems for magnetoencephalography. More generally, these techniques may be applicable, for example, to the imaging of tumors without the need for a contrast agent and to modalities recently demonstrated with T1ρ contrast imaging (T1 in the rotating frame) at fields of 1.5 T and above.
Integrating data across digital activities

The volume of data that can be captured and stored from students' everyday interactions with digital environments allows for the creation of models of student knowledge, skills, and attributes unobtrusively. However, models and techniques for transforming these data into information that is useful for educators have not been established. This paper explores the use of learning progressions and Bayesian networks (BayesNets) as tools for aggregating evidence across digital learning environments. It includes a worked example demonstrating both the technical creation of a BayesNet and potential classroom application to monitor students' proficiency as they interact with a range of digital media environments.
Scaling up MapReduce-based Big Data Processing on Multi-GPU systems

MapReduce is a popular data-parallel processing model encompassed with recent advances in computing technology and has been widely exploited for large-scale data analysis. The high demand on MapReduce has stimulated the investigation of MapReduce implementations with different architectural models and computing paradigms, such as multi-core clusters, Clouds, Cubieboards and GPUs. Particularly, current GPU-based MapReduce approaches mainly focus on single-GPU algorithms and cannot handle large data sets, due to the limited GPU memory capacity. Based on the previous multi-GPU MapReduce version MGMR, this paper proposes an upgrade version MGMR++ to eliminate GPU memory limitation and a pipelined version, PMGMR, to handle the Big Data challenge through both CPU memory and hard disks. MGMR++ is extended from MGMR with flexible C++ templates and CPU memory utilization, while PMGMR fine-tuned the performance through the latest GPU features such as streams and Hyper-Q as well as hard disk utilization. Compared to MGMR (Jiang et al., Cluster Computing 2013), the proposed schemes achieve about 2.5-fold performance improvement, increase system scalability, and allow programmers to write straightforward MapReduce code for Big Data.
Calcium translocation in liposome systems modeled on the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Ca2+ uptake by liposomes consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cardiolipin (CL) has recently been reported (Smaal, E.B. et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 897, 191-196). In eukaryotic cells, CL is localized exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it occurs in the presence of equimolar amounts of PC and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE). We have therefore re-examined CL-mediated Ca2+ translocation in liposomes of more nearly physiological composition, i.e., PC/PE/CL (2:2:1 and 4:4:1, mol/mol). In addition, the effect on Ca2+ uptake of plasmalogens of PE, which may account for up to 50% of mitochondrial PE, was determined. Our findings can be summarized as follows. (1) Ca2+ uptake into CL-containing liposomes was increased dramatically by PE. (2) Ca2+ entry into PC/CL liposomes was biphasic; in the presence of PE, uptake was dominated by a slow process. (3) Ca2+ uptake by PC/CL liposomes saturated at less than or equal to 2 mM external Ca2+, whereas uptake into PC/PE/CL liposomes increased with increasing Ca2+ concentration up to 10 mM or until Ca2+ release ensued. (4) Ca2+ translocation by PE-containing liposomes and the slow phase of Ca2+ uptake into PC/CL liposomes were similarly and highly dependent on temperature. It can therefore be proposed that PE amplifies the slow component of CL-mediated Ca2+ translocation. This process is characterized by a requirement for high external Ca2+ concentrations and a large apparent activation energy. Ca2+ uptake was not significantly modified by plasmalogens of PE.