cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural convection on one side of a vertical wall embedded in a Brinkman-porous medium coupled with film condensation on the other side

Abstract A theoretical study of conjugate natural convection and film condensation in porous media is reported. The natural convection phenomenon takes place along one side of a vertical impermeable wall and the condensation phenomenon along the other side. This wall constitutes the interface between two spaces filled with fluid-saturated porous media. The flow in both porous spaces is modelled on the basis of the Brinkman-modified Darcy momentum equation which satisfies the condition of zero velocity on a solid boundary. The temperature and flow fields in the porous medium are completely determined in the natural convection side as well as in the condensation side of the wall. In addition, the dependence of the wall heat flux and temperature distributions on height and on a number of dimensionless groups relevant to the problem is thoroughly documented. Important results pertinent to the impact of the problem parameters on the overall heat leak from the condensation space to the natural convection space are also reported. These results are presented with the help of the Nusselt number. Finally, the effect of the wall thermal resistance on the heat and fluid flow characteristics of the system is determined.
Instability in dynamic fracture

Cracks in brittle materials have terminal velocities far below theoretical predictions. To address this problem we have investigated the propagation of cracks in a brittle plastic (polymethylmethacrylate). Velocity measurements with resolution an order of magnitude better than past experiments reveal the existence of a critical velocity at which the velocity begins to oscillate, the mean acceleration drops sharply, and a pattern is formed on the fracture surface. Thus the dynamics of cracks may be governed by a dynamical instability.
Granular Pneumocyte and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Electron microscopic study of lung tissue in the state of fibrosis from desquamative interestitial pneumonia, idiopathic hemosiderosis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis of unknown etiology demonstrated the abundant presence of acanthosomes in granular pneumocytes which were adjacent to developing elastin fibers or collagen. By analogy with similar observations in fibroblasts, it is suggested that the granular pneumocyte may be important to the process of repair in the lung.
Metalloporphyrin solubility: A trigger for catalyzing reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene

Metalloporphyrins are well known for their electron-transfer roles in many natural redox systems. In addition, several metalloporphyrins and related tetrapyrrole macrocycles complexed with various core metals have been shown to catalyze the reductive dechlorination of certain organic compounds, thus demonstrating the potential for using naturally occurring metalloporphyrins to attenuate toxic and persistent chlorinated organic pollutants in the environment. However, despite the great interest in reductive dechlorination reactions and the wide variety of natural and synthetic porphyrins currently available, only soluble porphyrins, which comprise a small fraction of this particular family of organic macrocycles, have been used as electron-transfer shuttles in these reactions. Results from the present study clearly demonstrate that metalloporphyrin solubility is a key factor in their ability to catalyze the reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene and its daughter compounds. Additionally, we show that certain insoluble and nonreactive metalloporphyrins can be activated as catalysts merely by changing solution conditions to bring about their dissolution. Furthermore, once a metalloporphyrin is fully dissolved and activated, tetrachloroethylene transformation proceeds rapidly, giving nonchlorinated and less toxic alkenes as the major reaction products. Results from the present study suggest that if the right environmental conditions exist or can be created, specific metalloporphyrins may provide a solution for cleaning up sites that are contaminated with chlorinated organic pollutants.
Volatilization of mercury byThiobacillus ferrooxidans

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans became significantly more tolerant to mercury stress after culturing in media of increasing mercury(II) concentrations. When mercuric chloride was added to the growth medium, the resistant organisms were found to volatilize elemental mercury (Hg0).T. ferrooxidans may be an important factor in the natural mercury cycle, since the environments whereT. ferrooxidans is found typically contain elevated levels of heavy metals, including mercury.
Reflections on an argument that won't go away: Or, a turn of the ideological screw

This essay revisits the discussion that followed the 1983 publication of Philip Wander's “The Ideological Turn in Modern Criticism.” It reviews the debate briefly, clarifies the meaning of the term “ideological criticism,” and demonstrates that the critics who opposed Wander's position themselves adhered to a partial and exclusionary academic ideology. Specifically, the essay shows how those critics subscribed to an essentialist notion of rhetoric, adopted a theory of innocent reading, and displayed unexamined prejudices about canonical texts. This essay concludes with a call for academic rhetoricians to realize the ethical urgency of their acknowledging that all rhetorical criticism is saturated with ideological presuppositions.
Invariant manifolds and the interplanetary superhighway

We propose a different model to study the Solar System by considering it as a series of Three Body Problems (Sun-Planet-Infinitesimal Body). The invariant manifolds of each Three Body System intersect in space to provide a transport mechanism spanning the entire Solar System which is popularly called the “Interplanetary Superhighway”. This concept is useful for designing space missions and for understanding the motions of minor bodies in the Solar System. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Women in relationships with cross-dressing men: a descriptive study from a nonclinical setting

Over a 6-year period, 106 women involved with men who cross-dress (mostly heterosexual transvestites) completed a questionnaire regarding themselves, their male partners, and their relationships. Interview data supplemented these questionnaires for 75% of the respondents. All respondents were recruited from nonclinical settings. The "modal" female partner was a 40-year-old Protestant, Caucasian woman, who was a firstborn child, in her first marriage. She was more likely than other women her age to be childless, and to have earned at least a 2-year college degree. She was no more likely to have had lesbian experiences or substance use problems than comparably aged American women. She had been married to her cross-dressing mate for 13 years and had known of his activities for 9 years. A quarter of women reported at least occasional sexual arousal to their mate's cross-dressing. The two variables associated with low acceptance of cross-dressing were discovery of their partner's cross-dressing after marriage and lack of sexual arousal to cross-dressing stimuli. Low acceptance was unrelated to firstborn status, amount of exposure to cross-dressing activities, or having had children. This group may be more representative of women in relationships with cross-dressing men than previous reports limited to cross-dressers and spouses who are in treatment.
Lumpectomy Closure Technique Does Not Affect Dosimetry in Patients Undergoing External-Beam-Based Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation

During the breast lumpectomy procedure, surgeons traditionally elect to use either a superficial or full-thickness closure when sealing the wound depending on surgeon preference as well as desired outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine dosimetric endpoints in patients with superficial versus full-thickness closures with accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). Patients who underwent breast conservation surgery followed by 3D conformal external-beam APBI were identified (n = 45) and were separated according to the type of cavity closure performed: superficial and full thickness. Data gathered from the retrospective review of patient charts was analyzed according to criteria in the NSABP B-39 protocol in order to quantify the amount of radiation delivered to organs at risk. The patient seroma cavity was further given a cavity visualization score to assess the impact of wound closure on treatment planning. There was no significant difference in the mean CVS score for the 2 groups. There were no statistical differences in all dosimetric endpoints compared for the 2 types of closure, and both groups met NSABP B-39 guidelines for the ipsilateral breast, heart, and ipsilateral lung dosimetry. We found no significant difference in dosimetric outcomes in either the superficial or deep closure treatment groups. Breast surgeons should not alter their preferred closure strategy in anticipation of 3D-CRT APBI.
Ca2+-activated Cl− channels at a glance

Cl− channels are membrane proteins that are responsible for the passive flow of Cl− into and out of the cell. The Ca2+-activated Cl− channels (CaCCs) are attracting a lot of attention lately. The molecular identity of these channels remained elusive (for a review, see [Hartzell et al., 2005][1
Major depression and drug disorders in adolescence: general and specific impairments in early adulthood.

OBJECTIVE: To identify adulthood impairments associated with major depression and drug disorders in adolescence, distinguishing between general impairments for both disorders and specific impairments for each disorder. METHOD: Within a longitudinal community study (N= 365), the Diagnostic Interview Schedule provided 1-year diagnoses of major depression and drug abuse/dependence at age 18. At age 21, current functioning was assessed. RESULTS: Adolescents with either depression or drug disorders had substantial deficits in later functioning, with few impairments shared in common. General areas of impairment included lower global functioning, externalizing behavior problems, and suicidal behaviors. Difficulties specific to depression encompassed multiple internalizing problems: interpersonal difficulties, decreased psychological well-being, career dissatisfaction, and active major depression at age 21. For males only, overall poor health was also a specific depression outcome. Age 21 problems unique to drug disorders included lower likelihood of post-high school education, being fired, and active drug disorders. Males, but not females, were also more likely to report antisocial behaviors in adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several significant commonalities, including suicide attempts, deficits associated with depression and drug disorders were primarily specific, suggesting distinct trajectories. Results highlight the need for specific follow-up services to alleviate continuing problems associated with these disorders. Language: en
Bounded memory scheduling of dynamic task graphs

It is now widely recognized that increased levels of parallelism is a necessary condition for improved application performance on multicore computers. However, as the number of cores increases, the memory-per-core ratio is expected to further decrease, making per-core memory efficiency of parallel programs an even more important concern in future systems. For many parallel applications, the memory requirements can be significantly larger than for their sequential counterparts and, more importantly, their memory utilization depends critically on the schedule used when running them. To address this problem we propose bounded memory scheduling (BMS) for parallel programs expressed as dynamic task graphs, in which an upper bound is imposed on the program's peak memory. Using the inspector/executor model, BMS tailors the set of allowable schedules to either guarantee that the program can be executed within the given memory bound, or throw an error during the inspector phase without running the computation if no feasible schedule can be found. Since solving BMS is NP-hard, we propose an approach in which we first use our heuristic algorithm, and if it fails we fall back on a more expensive optimal approach which is sped up by the best-effort result of the heuristic. Through evaluation on seven benchmarks, we show that BMS gracefully spans the spectrum between fully parallel and serial execution with decreasing memory bounds. Comparison with OpenMP shows that BMS-CnC can execute in 53% of the memory required by OpenMP while running at 90% (or more) of OpenMP's performance.
Three-dimensional sub-wavelength fabrication by integration of additive and subtractive femtosecond-laser direct writing

Additive nanofabrication by two-photon polymerization (TPP) has recently drawn increased attention due to its sub-100 nm resolution and truly three-dimensional (3D) structuring capability. However, besides additive processes, subtractive process is also demanded for many 3D fabrications. Method possessing both additive and subtractive fabrication capabilities was rarely reported. In this study, we developed a complementary 3D micro/nano-fabrication process by integrating both additive two-photon polymerization (TPP) and subtractive multi-photon ablation (MPA) into a single platform of femtosecond-laser direct writing process. Functional device structures were successfully fabricated including: polymer fiber Bragg gratings containing periodic holes of 500-nm diameter and 3D micro-fluidic systems containing arrays of channels of 1-µm diameter. The integration of TPP and MPA processes enhances the nanofabrication efficiency and enables the fabrication of complex 3D micro/nano-structures that are impractical to produce by either TPP or MPA alone, which is promising for a wide range of applications including integrated optics, metamaterials, MEMS, and micro-fluidics.
Acylation of α-aminoalkyl- copper and cuprate reagents with acid chlorides: Improved yields with soluble copper (I) salts

Abstract α-Aminoalkylcopper reagents prepared from soluble CuX·2LiCl give modest to good yields of α-aminoketones upon reaction with acid chlorides. Higher yields are generally obtained with CuCl·2LiCl than with CuCN·2LiCl. Improved yields can be obtained by utilization of cuprate reagents prepared from CuCN·2LiCl and 2.0 equivalents of α-lithiocarbamates.
Quantum optics: Cool computation, hot bits

Quantum information processing provides novel methods for pumping heat and refrigerating photons. Devices that obtain and manipulate information at the quantum level can function as quantum 'Maxwell's demons' to cool systems in ways that liquid helium cannot.
The earth summit and Japan's initiative in environmental diplomacy

Abstract The official Japanese position at the earth summit and many other pieces of evidence suggest that Japan is taking a more active role in international environmental issues. The Japanese initiative is significant in the post-Cold-War era when environmental issues are gaining the same prominence as national security and economic development. Although reluctant to take the initiative in global political and economic issues, Japan is more aggressive in seeking a leading role in global environmental issues. It may be motivated by a combination of factors, such as: a desire to take more responsibility to match its economic status; a feeling that it should repay the international community for its rapid accumulation of prosperity; and a calculated effort towards its own commercial interests. Japan's willingness in the environmental arena, its advanced technology, and its economic power work in its favour in implementing this strategy. However, its mixed environmental record and other historical and social factors may work against this initiative.
Calcium carbonate and the in situ pH

Abstract The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the dissociation constants of carbonic acid and on the solubility product of calcium carbonate are used for estimating the effect of depth and of calcareous sediments on the in situ pH.
Estimation of stream nutrient uptake from nutrient addition experiments

Nutrient uptake in streams is often quantified by determining nutrient uptake length. However, current methods for measuring nutrient uptake length are often impractical, expensive, or demonstrably incorrect. We have developed a new method to estimate ambient nutrient uptake lengths using field experiments involving several levels of nutrient addition. Data analysis involves plotting nutrient addition uptake lengths versus added concentration and extrapolating to the negative ambient concentration. This method is relatively easy, inexpensive, and based on sound theoretical development. It is more accurate than the commonly used method involving a single nutrient addition. The utility of the method is supported by field studies directly comparing our new method with isotopic tracer methods for determining uptake lengths of phosphorus, ammonium, and nitrate. Our method also provides parameters for comparing potential nutrient limitation among streams.
Mutations in Astasia longa Induced by Radiation

About 3,000 clones of Astasia longa J, a colorless protozoan flagellate, were available for testing for biochemical mutations. Each clone was derived from a single flagellate which had been exposed to either ultraviolet or X-radiation and which had been cultured subsequent to irradiation in a complete medium. To test for biochemical mutations, an attempt was made to grow each clone in the minimal medium that suffices for the parent strain. Some clones were incapable of continuous growth in complete medium, others failed to grow or grew slowly in minimal medium, and still others grew abnormally in minimal medium when first tested but later reverted back to normal. These results are compared with those reported for various fungi and certain tentative conclusions made regarding gene mutations.
Expression of LIM-homeodomain transcription factors in the developing and mature mouse retina.

LIM-homeodomain (LIM-HD) transcription factors have been extensively studied for their role in the development of the central nervous system. Their function is key to several developmental events like cell proliferation, differentiation and subtype specification. However, their roles in retinal neurogenesis remain largely unknown. Here we report a detailed expression study of LIM-HD transcription factors LHX9 and LHX2, LHX3 and LHX4, and LHX6 in the developing and mature mouse retina using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. We show that LHX9 is expressed during the early stages of development in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the inner nuclear layer. We also show that LHX9 is expressed in a subset of amacrine cells in the adult retina. LHX2 is known to be expressed in retinal progenitor cells during development and in Muller glial cells and a subset of amacrine cells in the adult retina. We found that the LHX2 subset of amacrine cells is not cholinergic and that a very few of LHX2 amacrine cells express calretinin. LHX3 and LHX4 are expressed in a subset of bipolar cells in the adult retina. LHX6 is expressed in cells in the ganglion cell layer and the neuroblast layer starting at embryonic stage 13.5 (E13.5) and continues to be expressed in cells in the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer, postnatally, suggesting its likely expression in amacrine cells or a subset thereof. Taken together, our comprehensive assay of expression patterns of LIM-HD transcription factors during mouse retinal development will help further studies elucidating their biological functions in the differentiation of retinal cell subtypes.
The Impact of Sexually Objectifying Media Exposure on Negative Body Emotions and Sexual Self-Perceptions: Investigating the Mediating Role of Body Self-Consciousness

Objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) contends that an objectifying culture can create a heightened level of body self-consciousness among young people. This study explores the role of body self-consciousness in mediating the relationship between exposure to sexually objectifying media (television and magazines) and two sets of criterion variables: negative body emotions and sexual dysfunction. A survey of 384 undergraduates was conducted. Results suggested that body surveillance partially mediated the relation between exposure to sexually objectifying television and magazines and body shame, appearance anxiety, and body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy. Surprisingly few gender differences were found in these relation.
Time-of-flight heavy ion backscattering spectrometry

A new time-of-flight (TOF) ion detection system for Heavy Ion Backscattering Spectrometry (HIBS) is described. Examples are also given of the use of the system for measuring low-level contamination on Si wafers. Currently, the TOF-HBIS system has a sensitivity of 1 {times} 10{sup 9}/cm{sup 2} for the heaviest of surface impurity atoms and a mass resolution capable of separating Fe from Cu. The sensitivity is expected to improve by an additional order of magnitude on a industrial TOF-HIBS system being constructed for SEMATECH.
Collision-Free Multi-UAV Optimal Path Planning and Cooperative Control for Tactical Applications

Stemming from previous work that addressed the optimal path planning of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in obstacle-rich environments, this paper demonstrates the approach’s scalability to that of a multi-UAV application. The proposed concept, based on optimal control techniques and pseudospectral methods, offers the improved system flexibility and autonomy demanded by UAV tactical missions in urban areas. As demonstrated, employing optimal control methods for path planning problems provides a simplistic yet powerful capability of flight trajectory optimization that includes simultaneous collision avoidance between vehicles and terrain obstacles. Departing from traditional techniques that harbor non-optimal architectures, the employed method facilitates real-time, onboard computations that may potentially improve overall system performance. Recent developments in the field of optimal control theory point at an emerging paradigm shift that may involve less dependency on the typical inner-loop control. Extending these developments, this paper provides not only a fresh perspective, but also illustrates a viable technique for efficiently generating maneuvering flight trajectories for single vehicles or multiple vehicle sorties.
Cone beam CT planning and guidance for TIPS in patients with portal vein thrombosis

Learning Objectives To demonstrate the use of Cone beam CT guidance. To plan the tract for TIPS to the SMV. To demonstrate the techniques of software analysis to aide in TIPS creation where no Portal vein exists. Background Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) placement has been proven effective in lowering portal venous pressure, thereby reducing complications in patients with portal hypertension(1) and it also reconstructs portal vein flow(2) in patients with portal vein thrombosis. Portal vein thrombosis makes it very difficult both technically and in the effectiveness of the shunt, with only 40% - 66% success reported(3). Portal vein atrophy and development of portal cavernoma makes it more difficult if delay occurs in performing the TIPS. Different techniques have been suggested by transhepatic and transsplenic approach in performing the procedure. Most of these procedures involve recanalisation of the portal vein by thrombectomy or stenting. Cone Beam CT guidance gives a path of direction by utilizing the 3D registration software, created by the Cone beam CT which is used to perform on-table angiography and mark the location of the occluded portal vein and present a target for placement of the needle into the SMV through a path that avoids bowel and other vital structures. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details Six cases of bleeding patients (age 11 to 67) with Portal Hypertension and clinically occluded PV will be described, including planning techniques, mapping and position of needle. Outcomes including surgical consideration for future transplant will be discussed. Conclusion and/or Teaching Points Cone Beam CT involvement in the interventional radiology procedures is an innovation with various applications growing day by day and this poster will familiarize with the uses of Cone Beam CT and TIPS creation in patients with occluded PV. References 1. Rossle M et al. The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for variceal bleeding. NEJM. 1994;330. 2. Qi X, Han G, Fan D. The preferable treatment for cirrhotic portal vein thrombosis: anticoagulation or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt? Hepatology 2010;51. 3. Walser EM et al. Portal venous thrombosis: percutaneous therapy and outcome. JVIR. 1998;9.
Transcellular Chloride Pathways in Ambystoma Proximal Tubule

The transport mechanisms of Ambystoma proximal tubule that mediate transcellular Cl− absorption linked to Na+ were investigated in isolated perfused tubules using Cl−-selective and voltage-recording microelectrodes. In control solutions intracellular activity of Cl− (aiCl) is 11.3 ± 0.5 mm, the basolateral (V1), apical (V2), and transepithelial (V3) potential differences are −68 ± 1.2 mV, +62 ± 1.2 mV and −6.4 ± 0.3 mV, respectively. When Na+ absorption is decreased by removal of organic substrates from the lumen, aiCl falls by 1.3 ± 0.3 mm and V2 hyperpolarizes by +11.4 ± 1.7 mV. Subsequent removal of Na+ from the lumen causes aiCl to fall further by 2.3 ± 0.4 mm and V2 to hyperpolarize further by +15.3 ± 2.4 mV. The contribution of transporters and channels to the observed changes of aiCl was examined using ion substitutions and inhibitors. Apical Na/Cl or Na/K/2Cl symport is excluded because bumetanide, furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide have no effect on aiCl. The effects of luminal HCO−3 removal and/or of disulfonic stilbenes argue against the presence of apical Cl-base exchange such as Cl-HCO3 or Cl-OH. The effects of basolateral HCO−3 removal, of basolateral Na+ removal and/or of disulfonic stilbenes are compatible with presence of basolateral Na-independent Cl-base exchange and Na-driven Cl-HCO3 exchange. Several lines of evidence favor conductive Cl− transport across both the apical and basolateral membrane. Addition of the chloride-channel blocker diphenylamine-2-carboxylate to the lumen or bath, increases the aiCl by 2.4 ± 0.6 mm or 2.9 ± 1.0 mm respectively. Moreover, following inhibition by DIDS of all anion exchangers in HCO−3-free Ringer, the equilibrium potential for Cl− does not differ from the membrane potential V2. Finally, the logarithmic changes in aiCl in various experimental conditions correlate well with the simultaneous changes in either basolateral or apical membrane potential. These findings strongly support the presence of Cl− channels at the apical and basolateral cell membranes of the proximal tubule.
On the variance of eigenvalues of the community matrix : Derivation and appraisal

Eigenvalues, the solutions to the characteristic polynomial, are important measures of community behavior. Their range and practical measurement present difficult challenges in ecology. We therefore present the derivation of variance of eigenvalues of the community matrix, var(λ) = var (aii) + (n − 1)aijaji, as well as a novel related formula, namely, the expectancy of pairwise eigenvalues (EPV), var(λpairwise) = var(aii−pairwise) + aijaji. We propose that the two formulae may be useful in evaluating the relative contributions of inter- and intraspecific effects on the behavior of large systems. EPV allows estimating eigenvalue distribution of systems of unknown size.
Determinants of Residential Satisfaction: Ordered Logit vs. Regression Models

Residential satisfaction is not only an important component of individuals' quality of life but also determines the way they respond to residential environment. An understanding of the factors that facilitate a satisfied or dissatisfied response can play a critical part in making successful housing policies. This study reinvestigates the effects of housing, neighborhood, and household characteristics on individuals' satisfaction with both dwelling and neighborhood, in order to reconcile the inconsistencies in the previous research. The empirical analysis uses data drawn from the American Housing Survey (AHS) and ordered logit models (OLM). OLM is more appropriate than the widely-used regression technique in such analysis due to the ordinal nature of the dependent variables representing satisfaction. The results show that residential satisfaction is a complex construct, affected by a variety of environmental and socio-demographic variables. While the actual effects of the variables by and large confirm earlier findings in the literature, significant differences between the results from the OLM and regression models were found. This indicates that regression models should be used with caution and their results accepted with a grain of salt.
The Childhood Living Arrangements of Children and the Characteristics of Their Marriages

In this article, the author uses data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth to examine the impact of childhood living arrangements on the characteristics of marriages formed by womenbetween 1970and 1989.The focus is on sociodemographic characteristics of marriage that may be taken to indicate a heightened risk of marital stress or marital disruption. With the exception of parental death,it is foundthat any time spent in an alternative family increases the likelihood that a woman forms a union with characteristics that decrease the like-lihood of a successful union (i.e., women who experience parental divorce are more likely to cohabit before marriage). The author provides several theoretical alternatives for explaining the effects of childhood living arrangements. Two alternatives, selectivity and socialization, appear to be most consistent with the data.
Retrospective accounts of injection initiation in intimate partnerships.

a b s t r a c t Background: The influence of family members, peers and sexual partners on initiation to injection drug use is well established. Furthermore, research on gender differences in injection initiation has recognized the increased vulnerability of women, in particular, to injection-related health risks, and the gendered nature of the injection initiation experience. Yet more research is needed on the interpersonal and structural dynamics that shape injection initiation within intimate partnerships. Methods: This paper draws on narrative data from semi-structured ethnographic interviews with 25, relatively stable, drug-using couples from two New York City neighbourhoods. The study was conducted between 2007 and 2009. Our analyses focus on retrospective accounts of injection initiation from IDUs who were initiated to injection (or initiated their partners) in current or former intimate partnerships. In particular we analyse narratives of injection initiation events where both partners participated as initiates or initiators. Results: Transition to injection within intimate partnerships was common, especially for women, and occurred in specific contexts. Structural and interpersonal dynamics, including the ubiquity of drugs in poor communities and the gendered nature of drug acquisition and use strategies, as well as the problem of increased drug tolerance, situational impediments to drug access, and the perceived cost-benefit of injecting, all influenced the process of initiation to injection drug use within couples. The data also suggest that, even when risks associated with injection initiation were understood, both pragmatic and emotional considerations within relationships tended to offset concerns about potential dangers. Conclusion: The findings suggest the need for a broad range of interventions (including couples-focussed interventions) to minimize rates of injection initiation within intimate partnerships.
Mutagenic Processing of Ribonucleotides in DNA by Yeast Topoisomerase I

The ribonuclease (RNase) H class of enzymes degrades the RNA component of RNA:DNA hybrids and is important in nucleic acid metabolism. RNase H2 is specialized to remove single ribonucleotides [ribonucleoside monophosphates (rNMPs)] from duplex DNA, and its absence in budding yeast has been associated with the accumulation of deletions within short tandem repeats. Here, we demonstrate that rNMP-associated deletion formation requires the activity of Top1, a topoisomerase that relaxes supercoils by reversibly nicking duplex DNA. The reported studies extend the role of Top1 to include the processing of rNMPs in genomic DNA into irreversible single-strand breaks, an activity that can have distinct mutagenic consequences and may be relevant to human disease.
Single versus two-incision arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The purpose of this study was to compare single (endoscopic) versus two-incision arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone in a population of young athletes. All patients followed a similar postoperative rehabilitation program. The Lysholm knee score, the International Knee Documentation Committee Score, KT-1000 arthrometric measurements, Lachman tests, pivot shift tests, isokinetic and functional testing, and perioperative complications were used to compare the two techniques. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were also evaluated and compared. Group I comprised 51 patients who underwent two-incision arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. The average age was 19.8 years, with a range of 18 to 22. The average follow-up in this group was 31 months (range, 24 to 43 months). Group II, the endoscopic group, consisted of 31 patients with an average age of 19.4 years (range, 18 to 22). The average follow-up was 25 months (range, 24 to 31 months). There were no significant differences between the two groups using subjective, objective, and functional criteria. There did appear to be a trend toward a residual pivot glide in the endoscopic group, but this did not achieve statistical significance. Radiographic analysis demonstrated an increased incidence of screw divergence in the endoscopic group. Intraoperative complications were more common with the endoscopic method.
New Insights into the Developmental History of the Bacterial Cell Division Site

Cell division in Escherichia coli involves several sequential stages: identification of the correct site for septum formation, differentiation of this site in preparation for the septation event, and fabrication of the division septum by the coordinated ingrowth of all of the cell envelope layers.
Analysis of Intrinsic Optical Bistability in Tm3+ Doped Crystals

The phenomenon of intrinsic optical bistability (IOB)1 is of great interest because of its potential applications in optical switches, telecommunication, etc. In this work, we theoretically study IOB in Tm doped laser crystals co-doped with Ho and Yb.
Consumption of caffeinated and artificially sweetened soft drinks is associated with risk of early menarche

Background Early menarche has been linked to risk of several chronic diseases. Prospective research on whether the intake of soft drinks containing caffeine, a modulator of the female reproductive axis, is associated with risk of early menarche is sparse. Objective We examined the hypothesis that consumption of caffeinated soft drinks in childhood is associated with higher risk of early menarche. Design The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study recruited and enrolled 2379 (1213 African American, 1166 Caucasian) girls aged 9-10 y (from Richmond, CA; Cincinnati, OH; and Washington, DC) and followed them for 10 y. After exclusions were made, there were 1988 girls in whom we examined prospective associations between consumption of caffeinated and noncaffeinated sugar- and artificially sweetened soft drinks and early menarche (defined as menarche age Results Incident early menarche occurred in 165 (8.3%) of the girls. After adjustment for confounders and premenarcheal percentage body fat, greater consumption of caffeinated soft drinks was associated with a higher risk of early menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.79). Consumption of artificially sweetened soft drinks was also positively associated with risk of early menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.88). Consumption of noncaffeinated soft drinks was not significantly associated with early menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.25); nor was consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 1.15; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.39). Consistent with the beverage findings, intakes of caffeine (RR for 1-SD increment: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.37) and aspartame (RR for 1-SD increment: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.31) were positively associated with risk of early menarche. Conclusion Consumption of caffeinated and artificially sweetened soft drinks was positively associated with risk of early menarche in a US cohort of African American and Caucasian girls.
A quantitative approach to functional debugging

We introduce a novel cut-based debugging paradigm. It coordinates design emulation and simulation and enables fast transition from one to another. Emulation or functional implementation is used for fast application execution; simulation provides complete design observability and controllability. The implementation of the new debugging approach poses several CAD tasks. We formulate the optimization tasks and develop constraint-based heuristics to solve them. Effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on a set of designs.
Transient synchronous intrapartum late deceleration patterns of concordant twins due to maternal-related etiologies

An unusual case is presented in which intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring of concordant monochorionic twins at 39 weeks gestation revealed two separate occurrences of transient synchronous repetitive late deceleration patterns of both fetal heart rates. Both episodes were considered due to correctable maternal-related etiologies. Each of these occurrences resolved immediately with correction of the respective underlying etiologies, and the subsequent FHR tracings were reactive.
Technical information and the 1989 debate about high definition TV

In 1989 a bipartisan group of US congressmen attempted to use high-definition television (HDTV) as a vehicle to redirect government policy toward the consumer electronics industry. The authors explore why that effort ultimately failed. It is noted that important technical issues were rarely reflected accurately in the public policy debate. In spite of efforts by the IEEE, engineers were largely absent from the debate and failed to influence it. Technical arguments were carried on primarily by those who did not understand the technical issues involved or who distorted them to fit an established political philosophy. How technical information about HDTV was used by the participants, and how political factors set the terms by which technical information could or could not be presented are examined. How engineers might have made a more effective technical case for HDTV is considered. >
Substituted trifluoroketones as potent, selective inhibitors of mammalian carboxylesterases.

A series of substituted trifluoroketones were tested as inhibitors of mammalian liver microsomal carboxylesterase(s) hydrolyzing a variety of substrates including malathion, diethylsuccinate (DES) and p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NpAc). The trifluoroketones used were very potent "transition state" inhibitors of crude mouse and human liver microsomal carboxylesterases as well as commercial porcine liver carboxylesterase (Sigma EC 3.1.1.1 Type I). These enzymes were found to differ in their sensitivity to the inhibitors employed, and some compounds caused dramatic activation of the hydrolysis of DES. In some but not all cases, a thioether beta to the carbonyl increased the inhibitory potency of the compound. Structure-activity relationships also were evaluated among aliphatic versus substituted and unsubstituted aromatic trifluoroketones. Kinetic parameters [i.e. Km, Vmax and (T1/2)e] for the mouse liver microsomes and the porcine carboxylesterase hydrolyzing DES were determined. Apparent high- and low-affinity forms were observed with each preparation. 3-Nonylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one was synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding thiol with 3-bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroacetone, and apparent synergism was observed when it was coadministered i.p. with malathion to mice.
RDAP12 summit: Challenges and opportunities for data management

Editor's Summary Librarians, data managers and educators convened at ASIS&T's third annual Research Data Access and Preservation Summit in March 2012 to discuss the complex issues involved in managing research data. Major topics included the sociocultural landscape of data management, education and training for data managers, and data citation practices. Among the many questions without answers were the issues of revenue sources and whether science data curation services are better handled by institutions or scientific communities. Financial and technical sustainability are critical, together with human sustainability, including data managers' training and education. While the relative importance of data management theory and technical skills was a matter of debate, all supported the need for continuing education in data curation. There was agreement that current data citation practices are inconsistent and that citation metadata standards and unique and persistent identifiers for datasets are necessary.
Kinetics and mechanism of dissimilative Fe(III) reduction by Pseudomonas sp. 200.

The kinetics and mechanism of Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) were studied in pure batch cultures of Pseudomonas sp. 200. The rate of iron reduction has been mechanistically related to aqueous phase iron speciation. In the absence of microbial activity the iron reduction rate was negligible. Initial rates of microbial iron reduction were accelerated more than 20-fold by the addition of equimolar quantities of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to media initially containing 1.86 × 10^(−3)M total Fe(III). Numerical techniques were utilized to quantify relationships between the observed rate of Fe(II) production and the calculated (equilibrium) aqueous phase speciation. These results indicate that soluble ferric iron species are not equivalent in terms of their susceptibility to bacterial (dissimilative) iron reduction. The concentration of Fe(NTA)(OH)math image correlated strongly with observed iron reduction rates. Ferrous iron species appeared to inhibit the reduction process.
How Does Context Affect Intimate Relationships? Linking External Stress and Cognitive Processes within Marriage

Stressors external to the marriage frequently affect the way spouses evaluate their marital quality. To date, however, understanding of the interplay between external stress and internal relationship processes has been limited in two ways. First, research has generally examined only the short-term consequences of stress. Second, the mechanisms through which external stressors influence relationship outcomes are unclear. This study addressed both limitations by examining relationship cognitions that may mediate the effects of external stress throughout 4 years of marriage. Analyses confirmed that stressful experiences were associated with the trajectory of marital quality overtime. Furthermore, both the content and the organization of spouses' specific relationship cognitions mediated this effect. That is, stress negatively influenced the nature of spouses' marital perceptions as well as the way spouses interpreted and processed those perceptions. These findings draw attention to ways that the context of relationships shapes and constrains relationship processes.
Capabilities and limitations of a current FORTRAN implementation of the T-matrix method for randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric scatterers

We describe in detail a software implementation of a current version of the ¹-matrix method for computing light scattering by polydisperse, randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric particles. The FORTRAN ¹-matrix codes are publicly available on the World Wide We ba thttp://www.giss.nasa.gov/&crmim .W egiv eal lnecessar yformulas ,describ einpu tand output parameters, discuss numerical aspects of ¹-matrix computations, demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of the codes, and discuss the performance of the codes in comparison with other available numerical approaches. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. 1. I NTRODUCTION The ¹-matrix method is a powerful exact technique for computing light scattering by nonspherical particles based on numerically solving Maxwell's equations. Although the method is, potentially, applicable to any particle shape, most practical implementations of the technique pertain to bodies of revolution. The method was initially developed by Waterman and has been significantly improved as described in Refs. 2—6. Specifically, Refs. 4 and 6 extend the method to much larger size parameters and aspect ratios, Ref. 2 presents an efficient analytical procedure for computing the scattering properties of randomly oriented particles, Ref. 3 describes an automatic convergence procedure convenient in massive computer calculations for particle polydispersions, and Ref. 5 presents benchmark ¹-matrix computations for particles with non-smooth surfaces (finite circular cylinders). A general review of the ¹-matrix method can be found in Ref. 7. In this paper we provide a detailed description of modern ¹-matrix FORTRAN codes which incorporate all recent developments, are publicly available on the World Wide Web, and are, apparently, the most efficient and powerful tool for accurately computing light scattering by randomly oriented rotationally symmetric particles. For the first time, we collect in one place all necessary formulas, discuss numerical aspects for ¹-matrix computations, describe the input and output parameters, and demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of the codes. The paper is intended to serve as a detailed user guide to a versatile tool suitable for a wide range of practical applications. We specifically target the users who are interested in practical applications of the ¹-matrix method rather than in details of its mathematical formulation.
Taiwanese Gifted Students' Views of Nature of Science

This study examined the conceptions of nature of science (NOS) possessed by a group of gifted seventh-grade students from Taiwan. The students were engaged in a 1-week science camp with emphasis on scientific inquiry and NOS. A Chinese version of a NOS questionnaire was developed, specifically addressing the context of Chinese culture, to assess students' views on the development of scientific knowledge. Pretest results indicated that the majority of participants had a basic understanding of the tentative, subjective, empirical, and socially and culturally embedded aspects of NOS. Some conflicting views and misconceptions held by the participants are discussed. There were no significant changes in students' views of NOS after instruction, possibly due to time limitations and a ceiling effect. The relationship between students' cultural values and development of NOS conceptions and the impact of NOS knowledge on students' science learning are worth further investigation.