cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Connecting urban and environmental catastrophe: linking natural disaster, the built environment, and capitalism

Outside of warfare, natural disaster represents the greatest challenge to the physical nature of cities. This is due to the relative fixity of cities, in which they are bound by particular historical and environmental conditions. Sociologists in the fields of disaster, environmental, and urban studies have addressed the social and political components of natural disaster, and its consequences for urban populations. However, despite the growth of work in this area, there are gaps between the varied sub-disciplinary approaches to urban disaster. To bridge these gaps, this paper examines the relationship between disaster, built environment, and capitalism in modern cities. In turn, this paper offers concepts for analysing how cities have lived with natural disaster – an environmental bad – and how such catastrophes have contributed to urban development.
Anthrax lethal toxin co-complexes are stabilized by contacts between adjacent lethal factors.

Anthrax toxin is a three-protein toxin that must first assemble before carrying out its physiological function of menacing its eukaryotic host. Much has been done, therefore, to study its assembly both in vitro and on cell surfaces. The three proteins that comprise the toxin are protective antigen (
Alkaliphiles and Acidophiles in Nanotechnology

Acidophiles and alkaliphiles have been exploited for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The nanomaterial synthesizing biocomponents of these microorganisms have an added advantage of providing excellent stability to the nanomaterial being synthesized. Some produce biomolecules such as proteins, peptides and a special class of metal-binding molecules referred to as phytochelatins that are used for the in vitro stabilization of synthesized nanomaterials. This chapter provides an overview of the many acidophilic and alkalophilic microorganisms capable of synthesizing nanoparticles.
Soft skills and hard numbers: Gender discourse in human resources

The cultural rise of “big data” in the recent years has pressured a number of occupations to make an epistemological shift toward data-driven science. Though expressed as a professional move, this article argues that the push incorporates gendered assumptions that disadvantage women. Using the human resource occupation as an example, I demonstrate how normative perceptions of feminine “soft skills” are seen as irreconcilable with the masculine “hard numbers” of a data-driven epistemology. The history of human resources reflects how assumptions of a biological fit with an occupation limit what women can convincingly describe as her skillsets. However, challenging this cannot stay within the confines of the occupation itself. To undo sexist thinking, it is necessary to understand the broader networks of patriarchal power that dictate how value is defined in corporate environments, especially within other high status professions in business.
First results of the High Efficiency Multi-mode Imager (HEMI)

The High Efficiency Multi-mode Imager (HEMI) is a combined Compton and coded mask imager designed to detect and image gamma rays from ~30 keV up to a few MeV. It consists of 1-cm3-size coplanar-grid CdZnTe detectors with an energy resolution of ~2 % FWHM at 662 keV. We present the simulation and data analysis pipeline for HEMI as well as first results from measurements with an eight-detector test setup in Compton mode (spectra, angular resolution, and reconstructed images) and comparisons with simulations.
Functional Mode Singlet Fission Theory

Singlet fission is a multiple exciton generation process that splits a singlet exciton (S0S1) into a correlated triplet pair (T1T1), affording a route to overcome the long-standing Shockley–Queisser thermodynamic limit for solar energy conversion. A new theory, based on multiconfiguration-constrained density functional theory and functional mode analysis, has been developed to model intermolecular singlet fission in organic photovoltaics. Specifically, constrained density functional theory is first employed to construct molecular orbitals for the six spin configurations comprising T1T1, the diabatic product state. In a subsequent step, linear response time-dependent density functional theory is utilized to formulate the S0S1 diabatic reactant state. Functional mode analysis is then applied to a thermalized ensemble of diabatic energy gaps to ascertain the reaction coordinate for the S0S1 → T1T1 transition. If singlet fission is assumed to follow a direct route, its rate may be evaluated using a modified J...
Non-Parametric Testing of U-Shaped Relationships

Many theories in economics predict U-shaped relationships between variables. However, satisfactory tools to examine U-shapes are lacking. After explaining the limitations of the commonly employed quadratic specification, I propose a non-parametric test of U-shaped regression functions based on critical bandwidth. The test allows one to determine whether an inherent U-shape exists between two variables or the relationship is instead caused by correlation with other variables. I apply the test to the commonly observed U-shape of life satisfaction in age, and find that much of the U-shape can be explained by the increase in financial satisfaction that typically occurs later in life. This novel insight into a long-studied puzzle is not revealed by using a quadratic specification. A user-friendly and efficient R package is provided.
Studies on analogues of L-cysteine and L-cystine. III. The effect of selenium cystine on leukemia.

Abstract Selenium cystine was administered orally to 2 patients with acute leukemia and to 2 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In all patients there was a rapid decrease in the total leukocyte count as well as a decrease in spleen size. This effect was observed in patients refractory to other chemotherapeutic agents as well as in the usually resistant types of leukemia. In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia the immature granulocytes disappeared much more rapidly than the mature granulocytes. The most striking and consistent effects were observed in acute leukemia. One patient who had become resistant to 6-mercaptopurine appeared to reacquire sensitivity to this compound after receiving selenium cystine. These effects of selenium cystine on leukocytes correlate with the ability of selenium cystine to decrease the influx of S35 L-cystine by leukemic leukocytes in vitro. Other potentially effective analogues of cystine (or cysteine) may therefore be selected by this technic. No changes were detected in any of the organs attributable to selenium cystine toxicity. The nausea and vomiting associated with the oral administration of selenium cystine was so severe that it was not possible to administer selenium cystine for a sufficient period of time to determine whether an appreciable remission can be obtained in leukemia. Further study is necessary to determine whether selenium cystine has any practical applicability in the chemotherapy of leukemia. Although the mechanism of action of selenium cystine is not known, these striking effects of an analogue of cystine on leukemia are further suggestive of the importance of cystine (cysteine) in the metabolism of leukocytes.
TypeTalker: A Speech Synthesis-Based Multi-Modal Commenting System

Speech commenting systems have been shown to facilitate asynchronous online communication from educational discussion to writing feedback. However, the production of speech comments introduces several challenges to users, including overcoming self-consciousness and time consuming editing. In this paper, we introduce TypeTalker, a speech commenting interface that presents speech as a synthesized generic voice to reduce speaker self-consciousness, while retaining the expressivity of the original speech with natural breaks and co-expressive gestures. TypeTalker streamlines speech editing through a simple textbox that respects temporal alignment across edits. A comparative evaluation shows that TypeTalker reduces speech anxiety during live-recording, and offers easier and more effective speech editing facilities than the previous state-of-the-art interface technique. A follow-up study on recipient perceptions of the produced comments suggests that while TypeTalker's generic voice may be traded-off with a loss of personal touch, it can also enhance the clarity of speech by refining the original speech's speed and accent.
Bandwidth control of near infrared frequency combs in high-order sideband generation

Optical excitation of excitons in semiconductor quantum wells driven by intense, monochromatic terahertz fields results in several-hundred meV-wide frequency combs. Appropriate scaling of the driving field and frequency result in predictable comb bandwidths.
Optically transparent superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane by periodic surface microtexture

Abstract To achieve surface microtexture on poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS), laser processing of an aluminum sample and replication through hot embossing to a polycarbonate sheet, followed by PDMS thermal curing on both the etched aluminum and embossed polycarbonate is used. Surface topology measurements of the microtextured aluminum reveal microtexture height near 12 μm, with slightly smaller microtexture height on the replicated surfaces. These PDMS samples exhibit optical transparency between 43% and 72% while retaining static contact angles above 150°, as the percent area without microtexture is increased from 53.8% to 81%. While samples replicated from the aluminum master exhibit roll-off angles of below 2°, samples produced using a PC master exhibit an almost complete loss of roll-off angle performance. This is a consequence of the microtexture profile being inverted at each embossing step. Optical analysis of evaporating water droplets revealed a strong pinning force at the smooth to microtexture interface, which also affects the observed roll-off angle. Samples with an untextured surface area above 81% exhibit a transition in wetting dynamics, resulting in a decrease in the static contact angle to near 130° and a change in the roll-off angle to values near 65° as exhibited on a smooth PDMS surface. The fabrication process is found to be repeatable over many months, without degradation in performance of the microtexture master or PDMS samples.
An entropy test for determining whether a MUX PUF is linear or nonlinear

This paper proposes a novel entropy test to determine whether a MUX PUF is linear or not. Three MUX PUF configurations are considered, namely linear, feed-forward and modified feed-forward. In addition to these, we also consider feed-forward structures like overlap, cascade and separate configurations. The approach is focused on computing the conditional entropy of responses to a set of predefined challenges. The challenge set consists of randomly chosen challenges and their 1-bit neighbors. The entropy is computed across the responses of two 1-bit neighboring challenges. For non-linear MUX PUFs like feed-forward, the method determines the MUX stages which are controlled by internally generated challenge bits as opposed to external challenge bits. This is based on the observation that the conditional entropy for each of these stages is zero. Also, the number of zero conditional entropy values across the MUX stages provide an upper bound on the number of internal arbiters present in the PUF. With the proposed approach, we observe 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying non-linearity. Furthermore, we show that the proposed approach requires very less number of stable random challenges (about 50) for successfully determining whether a PUF is linear or not for real chips.
Genetic Inactivation of the Phospholipase A2 Activity of Prdx6 Ameliorates Sepsis-induced Acute Lung Injury

Prdx6 is a multi-functional enzyme that expresses peroxidase, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and LPC acyltransferase activities. While the three activities of Prdx6 contribute to either the scavenging of lipid hydroperoxides or to the repair of peroxidized membranes, the PLA2 activity of Prdx6 (aiPLA2) is also required for Nox2 activation in pulmonary microvascular cells (PMVECs), alveolar macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils. During sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI), Nox2 generates superoxide radicals that contribute to vascular inflammation. To test whether inactivation of aiPLA2 ameliorates sepsis-induced ALI, we used a knock-in mouse model that lacks aiPLA2 activity due to a mutation of a key member of the aiPLA2 catalytic triad (Prdx6-D140A). Prdx6-D140A mice treated IP with LPS exhibited increased survival rates compared to WT mice. Total nucleated cells in BALF, MPO activity, BALF cytokine expression, lung VCAM-1 expression, lung PMN infiltration, lung nitrotyrosine levels and lung permeability increased significantly after 24 h treatment with LPS in WT but not in Prdx6-D140A mice. In PMVECs, LPS treatment increased Prdx6 phosphorylation and aiPLA2 activity by two-fold. Furthermore, phosphorylated Prdx6 was localized at the plasma membrane after LPS treatment. LPS also increased H2O2 generation, lipid peroxidation, protein nitration, NfkB nuclear localization and NLRP3:ASC inflammasome assembly in WT but not in Nox2 null or Prdx6-D140A PMVECs. Similarly, LPS increased intracellular H2O2 generation in WT PMVECs stably-expressing the pHyPer-Cyto sensor but not in cells pre-treated with MJ33, a pharmacological inhibitor of aiPLA2. These results demonstrate that aiPLA2 is needed for LPS-induced, Nox2-driven oxidant generation in PMVECs. Results also show that genetic inactivation of aiPLA2 reduces mortality, lung inflammation and oxidative stress in an animal model of sterile sepsis. Furthermore, these studies suggest that aiPLA2 could be a target for prevention or treatment of sepsis-induced ALI.
An objective road risk assessment method for multiple species: ranking 166 reptiles and amphibians in California

Transportation and wildlife agencies may consider the need for barrier structures and safe wildlife road-crossings to maintain the long-term viability of wildlife populations. In order to prioritize these efforts, it is important to identify species that are most at risk of extirpation from road-related impacts. Our goal was to identify reptiles and amphibians in California most susceptible to road mortality and fragmentation. With over 160 species and a lack of species-specific research data, we developed an objective risk assessment method based upon road ecology science. Risk scoring was based upon a suite of life history and space-use characteristics associated with negative road effects applied in a hierarchical manner from individuals to species. We evaluated risk to both aquatic and terrestrial connectivity and calculated buffer distances to encompass 95% of population-level movements. We ranked species into five relative categories of road-related risk (very-high to very-low) based upon 20% increments of all species scores. All chelonids, 72% of snakes, 50% of anurans, 18% of lizards and 17% of salamander species in California were ranked at high or very-high risk from negative road impacts. Results were largely consistent with local and global scientific literature in identifying high risk species and groups. This comparative risk assessment method provides a science-based framework to identify species most susceptible to negative road impacts. The results can inform regional-scale road mitigation planning and prioritization efforts and threat assessments for special-status species. We believe this approach is applicable to numerous landscapes and taxonomic groups.
The Strategic Relevance of Modern Foreign Internal Defense and Security Force Assistance Initiatives

This article highlights the necessity for the U.S. Department of Defense to increase focus and commitment of resources toward foreign internal defense and security force assistance capabilities. It...
Theme and Objectives of the Conference

Electrochemistry is undergoing a renaissance which involves both fundamental and applied electrochemistry. In the applied area this renaissance has been stimulated by the energy problem, the environmental problem and the materials problems faced by industry and individual countries in a competitive world. The surge of activity in applied electrochemistry has spilled over into the fundamental research area. An additional factor is a new level of vigor that has entered into the science of electrochemistry over the past decade. This is in turn attracting outstanding graduate students and younger scientists into electrochemical research.
Pandemic Influenza: A Comparative Ethical Approach

Community-networks such as families and schools may foster and propagate some types of public health disasters. For such disasters, a communitarian-oriented ethical lens offers useful perspectives into the underlying relational nexus that favors the spread of infection. This chapter compares two traditional bioethical lenses—the communitarian and care ethics framework—vis-a-vis their capacities to engage the moral quandaries elicited by pandemic influenza. It argues that these quandaries preclude the analytical lens of ethical prisms that are individual-oriented but warrant a people-oriented approach. Adopting this dual approach offers both a contrastive and a complementary way of rethinking the underlying socioethical tensions elicited by pandemic influenza in particular and other public health disasters generally.
Real-Time Dynamic Data Processing and Fusion: Multi-Degree-of-Freedom MEMS Inertial Sensors

Our scholarly research and algorithmic developments are focused on analysis and improvement of data quality in microsystem-technology inertial sensors. Triaxial precision accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers and pressure sensors must be integrated with physics-consistent and data-intensive processing microelectronics. The low-power inertial sensors combine physical and cyber components, such as, micromachined and solid-state sensing elements, processing and interfacing hybrid integrated circuits, processors, software, middleware, etc. High-performance inertial systems are of an importance in various applications, such as aerial, ground and underwater vehicles, precision instrumentation, robotics, machine control, wearable electronics, etc. We develop and substantiate analytic results, protocols and algorithms for data processing, fusion and management. Our experimental laboratory studies support proposed solutions, validate processing algorithms, prove software-hardware co-design, and, substantiate technology components.
Trace element mobility from coal combustion residuals exposed to landfill leachate.

Abstract Coal combustion residuals (CCR) from energy generation may pose a risk to human health and the environment if not managed properly. Because of new regulations for the management of CCR, generators must dispose of these materials in lined landfill units similar to municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. Generators could opt to construct dedicated units for CCR (monofilling) or by placing them in MSW landfills (co-disposal). The distinct chemical environments of these two disposal scenarios may cause a noticeable difference in pollutant mobilization from CCR. Batch leaching tests were employed to simulate CCR monofilling and MSW co-disposal. Landfill leachate promoted higher release of As and V from fly ash compared to ash leached with synthetic rainwater. Changes in pH do not account for the added release and other characteristics intrinsic to MSW leachate play a dominant role. When fly ash disposal is modeled, As release is forecasted to be almost 690 tons under a co-disposal scenario, compared to 18 tons when ash is monofilled. These observations highlight the need for better long-term planning when deciding the disposal routes for municipal, commercial, and industrial byproducts.
Blood Pressure Assessment in Adults in Clinical Practice and Clinic-Based Research: JACC Scientific Expert Panel

Abstract The accurate measurement of blood pressure (BP) is essential for the diagnosis and management of hypertension. Restricted use of mercury devices, increased use of oscillometric devices, discrepancies between clinic and out-of-clinic BP, and concerns about measurement error with manual BP measurement techniques have resulted in uncertainty for clinicians and researchers. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a working group of clinicians and researchers in October 2017 to review data on BP assessment among adults in clinical practice and clinic-based research. In this report, the authors review the topics discussed during a 2-day meeting including the current state of knowledge on BP assessment in clinical practice and clinic-based research, knowledge gaps pertaining to current BP assessment methods, research and clinical needs to improve BP assessment, and the strengths and limitations of using BP obtained in clinical practice for research and quality improvement activities.
Pediatric Celiac Disease and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Outcome of Dietary Therapy.

Objective The coexistence of celiac disease (CeD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in pediatric patients has been increasingly recognized. In the current study, we have aimed to assess the outcomes of therapeutic dietary interventions in a cohort of pediatric patients with CeD and EoE. Methods Pediatric patient records obtained from the University of Chicago Celiac Center Database from August 2008 to July 2013 were reviewed. Information was collected on patients with concomitant CeD and EoE regarding age, sex, dates of diagnoses, presenting symptoms, length of symptoms before diagnosis, familial and personal atopic history, dietary therapy, and esophageal histologic response to dietary therapy. Results A total of 350 records of patients with CeD were reviewed. Twenty-two (6.3%) had a confirmed diagnosis of CeD and EoE, 17 had repeat biopsies. Four of 17 (23.5%) had resolution of esophageal eosinophilia on an exclusive gluten-free diet, 10 of 17 (59%) required additional eliminations to show histologic resolution, 1 of 17 (6%) had not reached histological remission, and 2 of 17 (12%) were lost to follow-up. Success rates of single food reintroductions were: soy 5 of 5 (100%), eggs 3 of 5 (60%), dairy 3 of 7 (43%), nuts 2 of 4 (50%), and fish 2 of 4 (50%). Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the largest pediatric study to assess the histologic outcome of EoE-associated esophageal eosinophilia in response to dietary management of pediatric patients with concomitant CeD and EoE. We demonstrate that soy is well tolerated in this cohort, and suggest that reintroducing this food first, or trialing a soy-inclusive elimination diet is a viable strategy.
Cyanil. Synthesis and characterization of the strongest isolated electron acceptor and its reduced forms

We report a new procedure for the synthesis of a strong acceptor tetracyano-1,4-benzoquinone, cyanil, Q together with a wide range of physical and theorical studies for Q,[QH] - ,QH 2 ,[Q] .- and [Q] 2-
The Power of a Point for Some Real Algebraic Curves

According to various sources (e.g. [1, p. 102]), the terminology of the power of a point with respect to a circle is due to Steiner. His definition appears in most classical and contemporary geometry textbooks (to mention just a few references, see [2, 3, 4, 5]). The concept of the power of a point has been revisited not only in advanced Euclidean geometry, but also in computational geometry and other areas of mathematics. In the current literature there are two different definitions of the power of a point with respect to a circle, which we study in detail in section 2. In the first half of the twentieth century there have been published several attempts to generalise the concept of power of the point to real algebraic curves.
Decision Case: The Carbon County Ball Fields

Poor soil conditions, poor construction techniques, intense foot traffic, and limited budget often make it difficult to maintain a quality turfgrass cover on many municipal athletic fields. The Carbon County Ball Field complex was built in 1978 in Price, UT. During construction, the highly saline and shallow soil was severely compacted. By 1998, the turfgrass quality had deteriorated to the point where two of the fields were unplayable. Those responsible for the maintenance of the field tried numerous remedies, all of which failed. Roy Phillips, the county extension educator, was consulted about the condition of the fields. Mr. Phillips sought advice from Dr. Jeff Andersen, the Utah state extension turf specialist. Dr. Andersen agreed that the fields needed improvement and focused on the issues of salinity, compaction, drainage, and proper irrigation. This case was designed for use in an advanced turfgrass management course, and has proven to be useful in applying management options for an athletic field, especially when considering the typically high pH, saline conditions, and soils of the arid West. The students are asked to make recommendations that Dr. Andersen should present to the county commissioner and city officials. Recommendations should involve agronomic solutions that take into account the physical, economic, and social realities of the situation.
Marriage Order and the Quality and Stability of Marital Relationships: A Test of Lewis and Spanier’s Theory*

This paper presents a partial test of Lewis and Spanier’s (1979) theory. The theory posits a primary positive relationship between marital quality and marital stability as well as the intervening e...
Iatrogenic pulmonary edema as a cause of death in burns

Global mortality from the burn is decreasing while in Iraq is still rising. This study was designed to determine the paucity of data regarding the cause of death in the burn, which may be a participating factor and should eliminate it. A post-mortal field study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon, Iraq, for a year period, from the 1st of January 2017 to the 1st of January 2018. The total deaths were 1310, and the whole number of deaths by burn accidents in Babylon, Iraq, was 81(6.18% of all causes of death in a year). 65 were females (80.24%), 16 were males (19.75%). Deaths with no history of admission more than 3day in burn units, age over 45years, cardiovascular diseases patients, heavy smokers, inhalational injuries victims, all were excluded, so 68 burn victims were subjected to a full, typical autopsy at the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon for one year period, with all necessary laboratory tests, in order to diagnose the direct cause of their death. For assessing small size area burn, we used small paper the size of the victim whole hand (represent 1% of TBSA), for a larger area, the Lund and Browder chart was used. Deaths were divided into 2 groups according to the period of admission at the burn unit. The first group (3-7 days of admission) with 60 victims, and the second (more than 7 days) with 8 victims. 17 victims with in the first group, had no prominent autopsy findings, but severe pulmonary edema, edema of other organs, no pathogenic organisms were isolated, the laboratory tests were accepted. Their medical records in the burn unit showed overestimation in the assessment of burn area size above the actual percentage by (20-35%). The major causes of death in the first group were septicemia 42.46%, pneumonia 32.35% and primary pulmonary edema 25%, caused mainly by overloading the circulation with fluids. Precise assessment of burn area size, ensuring proper fluid replacement and lowering the mortality rate.
9 – Theoretical Behaviorism

Publisher Summary The chapter presents an overview of theoretical behaviorism (TB). Behaviorism began as a positivist reaction against introspection, which is a variety of mentalism. It was eclipsed by the “cognitive revolution” in the late 1970s. Two things seem to have favored the cognitive movement and they are “the digital computer,” which for the first time allowed mentalistic ideas to be simulated and overcame behavioristic criticisms that cognitive theories were vague and anecdotal and another is the takeover of behaviorism by the Skinnerian radical behaviorism, with its strong bias against formal theory and its belief that psychology is nothing but the collection of orderly experimental data. The core assumption of TB is parsimony and an ecumenical attitude toward theoretical constructs. The aim is “to find the point of view from which the subject appears in its greatest simplicity” without commitment in advance to constructs that are either mentalistic or neurophysiological. TB can deal with mentalistic problems such as “consciousness” without either ignoring them, obscuring the distinction between what is inside versus what is outside the organism or confusing what is felt with what can be measured. In addition, theoretical behaviorism promises to provide theoretical links between behavior and the brain that rest on the real understanding of the behavior, rather than on mentalistic presumptions about how brain–behavior relations “must” be arranged.
Pre-clinical evaluation of immunoPET imaging using agonist CD40 monoclonal antibody in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice.

Abstract Background A novel [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 immunoPET tracer was developed to image a CD40+ pancreatic tumor model in C57BL/6 mice and to study the biodistribution profile of the agonist CD40 (aCD40) monoclonal antibody (mAb) alone or combined with other mAbs. Procedures Copper-64 ([64Cu]Cu) labeled NOTA-aCD40 and NOTA-IgG (10 μg; 7 MBq) were injected intravenously into C57BL/6 mice with subcutaneous mT4 tumors to assess specificity 48 h post injection (p.i.) through positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging and biodistribution studies (n = 5). [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 was injected alone or simultaneously in combination with a therapeutic mass of cold aCD40 (100 μg), aPD-1 (200 μg) and aCTLA-4 (200 μg) mAbs. A group of mice with or without tumor received the second round of injections 1 or 3 weeks apart, respectively. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies were performed at 48 h p.i. The organ dose for [64Cu]Cu was estimated based on biodistribution studies with 2 μg [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 (corresponds to 5 mg patient dose) in non-tumor bearing mice. Results [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 accumulation was 2.3- and 7.8-fold higher than [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-IgG in tumors and spleen, respectively, indicating the specificity of aCD40 mAb in a mouse pancreatic tumor model. Tumor accumulation of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 was 21.2 ± 7.3%ID/g at 48 h after injection. Co-injection of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 with cold aCD40 mAb alone or with PD-1 and CTLA-4 mAbs reduced both spleen and tumor uptake, whereas liver uptake was increased. With the second round of injections, the liver was the only organ with substantial uptake. With a 2 μg administered dose of [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 in a dosimetry study, the liver to spleen ratio was greater compared to the 10 μg dose (2.8 vs 0.37; respectively). The human equivalent for the highest dose organ (liver) was 198 ± 28.7 μSv/MBq. Conclusions A CD40-immunoreactive [64Cu]Cu-NOTA-aCD40 probe was developed. The ratio of spleen to liver accumulation exceeded that of the IgG isotype and was greatest with a single small, injected mass. The safety of human patient imaging with [64Cu]Cu was established based on extrapolation of the organ specificity to human imaging.
Transitioning a Marquee Orientation and Transition Program for Increased New Student Engagement and Retention Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic

One mid-sized public flagship institution in the Mountain West was forced to abandon a brand-new marquee orientation and transition program, which had contributed to the first increase in first-time student retention numbers in a decade. As educators around the world were faced with similar challenges, three main concerns arose for this school: cancellation of all in-person instruction and events indefinitely in March 2020, a long-term downward trend in enrollment and retention, and a lack of adequate space to host in-person orientation activities. This paper seeks to discuss the ways in which these obstacles were overcome, and share the important lessons learned for consideration as colleges and universities continue to grapple with the uncertainty of onboarding our next cohort of students in fall 2021.
Statin gap in patients living with HIV: assessing dose appropriateness

OBJECTIVES Patients living with HIV (PLWH) are predisposed to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), resulting in concomitant antiretroviral and statin use. A statin prescribing gap for PLWH has been reported, but appropriateness of statin selection and dosing (ASD) has not been described. METHODS This is a comparative, retrospective study reviewing ASD in PLWH vs. uninfected patients at two outpatient clinics within an academic medical centre. Adults > 21 years old indicated for statin therapy were included. The primary outcome was percentage of PLWH prescribed an appropriately dosed statin, accounting for clinical- and patient-related variables, compared with uninfected patients. The secondary outcome was to identify patient characteristics associated with inappropriately dosed statins. RESULTS After propensity score matching, 879 PLWH and 879 uninfected patients were included for analysis. Fewer PLWH (27.8%, n = 244) were prescribed an ASD compared with uninfected patients (40.5%, n = 356, P < 0.001). Similar rates of statin omission were seen in both populations (P = 0.11). More PLWH received too low a dose compared with the uninfected population (P < 0.0064). There were lower ASD rates in PLWH for subgroups of patients with clinical ASCVD (P = 0.00013) and 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5% (P = 0.00055), but not in patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL or diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Although a statin gap exists in both PLWH and uninfected patients, the clinical significance may be greater for PLWH given the increased risk of ASCVD. This study confirms a larger statin gap in PLWH, particularly when underdosing of statin medications is considered. Additional analysis is warranted to investigate reasons for the ASD gap and beneficial clinical interventions.
Three-Dimensional Temperature Model for Shallow Lakes

A pseudo three-dimensional time-dependent analytical model is developed for the prediction of temperature distribution in lakes resulting from thermal discharges. For the special case of lakes having a uniform depth, rectangular geometry and a constant axial velocity explicit analytical solutions are presented. Sample calculations are performed to demonstrate the effects of the time variation of the thermal loading, different types of boundary conditions, circulation velocities, and eddy conductivity coefficients on the surface temperature distribution along the lake as a function of time.
Juvenile Gambling in North America: An Analysis of Long Term Trends and Future Prospects

Long term trends, based on findings from twenty independent prevalence studies surveying middle and high school youth in North America, suggest that within the past year two out of three legally underage youth have gambled for money. In the United States and Canada as many as 15.3 million 12–17 year olds have been gambling with or without adult awareness or approval, and 2.2 million of these are experiencing serious gambling-related problems. Lottery play dominates legalized forms of gambling among juveniles in both the United States and Canada. Trends between 1984–1999 indicate a substantial increase in the proportion of juveniles who report gambling within the past year, and a parallel increase in the proportion of juveniles reporting serious gambling-related problems. Yet, there continues to be little public awareness or concern about the extent, or the potential hazards associated with juvenile gambling. A composite profile of juveniles reporting numerous gambling problems is contrasted with their peers who reported few or none. Future prospects concerning this growing problem are offered.
Building robust planning and execution systems for virtual worlds

Planning and execution systems have been used in a wide variety of systems to create practical and successful automation. They have been used for everything from performing scientific research on the surface of Mars to controlling enemy characters in video games to performing military air campaign planning. After reviewing past work on these various planning and execution systems, we believe that most lack one or more key components contained in another system. To enable future researchers to build more complete systems, and avoid possible serious system failure, we identify the major technical problems any implementer of such a system would have to face. In addition we cite recent solutions to each of these technical problems. We limit our focus to planning and execution for virtual worlds and the unique problems faced therein.
Superfluid density and penetration depth in the iron pnictides

We consider the superfluid density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)$ in a two-band superconductor with sign-changing extended $s$-wave symmetry $({s}^{+})$ in the presence of nonmagnetic impurities and apply the results to Fe-pnictides. We show that the behavior of the superfluid density is essentially the same as in an ordinary $s$-wave superconductor with magnetic impurities. We show that, for moderate to strong interband impurity scattering, ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{s}(T)$ behaves as a power law ${T}^{n}$ with $n\ensuremath{\approx}1.6\textdiv{}2$ over a wide range of $T$. We argue that the power-law behavior is consistent with recent experiments on the penetration depth $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)$ in doped ${\text{BaFe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ but disagrees quantitatively with the data on LaFePO.
Perceptions of genetic discrimination among at-risk relatives of colorectal cancer patients

Purpose: To explore the concerns of at-risk relatives of colorectal cancer patients about genetic discrimination and their awareness of current legislative protections. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to unaffected individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer who had enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry (N = 777). Results: Of the 470 respondents, approximately half rated their level of concern about genetic discrimination as high. The majority of respondents, 79%, learned about genetic discrimination from at least one media source (television, newspapers, magazines, and radio). If they were to pursue genetic testing, respondents with a higher level of concern about genetic discrimination would be significantly more likely to pay out of pocket, use an alias, or ask for test results to be excluded from their medical record. Awareness and understanding of legislation regarding genetic discrimination was found to be minimal. Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrate the negative effect of concerns about genetic discrimination on decisions about utilization of genetic services. Stronger legislative protections against genetic discrimination and increased public education through the scientific community and media sources are needed.
Extension of computer-aided process engineering applications to environmental life cycle assessment and supply chain management

Abstract The potential of computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) tools to enable process engineers to improve the environmental performance of both their processes and across the life cycle (from cradle-to-grave) has long been proffered. However, this use of CAPE has not been fully achieved, largely because of the complexity of the systems being modeled. Traditional approaches to this problem often prove to be inadequate due to the inability of component simulations to interact and share data amongst various stakeholders. This current effort involves toward developing and implementing a data model that will enable users to conduct environmental evaluations not just of a single process, but on the entire supply chain. This project utilizes and expands emerging information technology paradigms such as web services, web agents and distributed computing for use by the various stakeholders to evaluate individual industrial facilities within the context of the industrial supply chain and across industrial sectors.
Morphological basis of sensation in hairy skin.

Publisher Summary The hairy skin of a man, rat, and bat was investigated electron microscopically and histochemically, paying particular attention to the non-nervous components of the nerve endings and to the microtopography of the receptor organs. In the fine hairs, terminal branches of each myelinated axon, including the terminal spindles, were invested by a single branching Schwann cell. The endings exhibited strong cholinesterase activity. They were shielded from non-mechanical stimuli by their deep position, and by the overlying hair shaft and sebaceous glands. The papillary endings were derived from myelinated axons. They occupied the dermal papillae next to the hair orifices and gave a positive cholinesterase reaction. These endings may be involved in the reception of cold stimuli. The penicillate endings were primarily derived from non-myelinated axons. They gave a negative cholinesterase reaction and were poor in axoplasmic organelles. Each penicillus ramified over a large subepidermal area overlapping the area of adjacent penicilli. These endings appear to be associated with modalities that do not have punctate representation in the skin. As each penicillus is composed of a number of axons derived from several nerve cells, it may constitute a multimodal sensory package rather than a receptor associated with a single modality.
Interpolating Spatial Interaction Data1

Spatial interpolation has been widely used to improve the spatial granularity of data, or to mediate between inconsistent zoning schemes of spatial data. Traditional areal interpolation methods translate values of source zones to those of target zones. These methods have difficulty in dealing with flow data, as each instance is associated with a pair of zones. This study develops a new concept, flow line interpolation, to fill the abovementioned gap. We also develop a first flow line interpolation method to estimate commuting flow data between spatial units in a target zoning scheme based on such data in a source zoning scheme. Three models (i.e., areal-weighted, intelligent, and gravity-type flow line interpolation) are presented. To test the estimation accuracy and the application potential of these models, a case study of Fulton County in Georgia is conducted. The results reveal that both the areal-weighted and intelligent models are very promising flow line interpolation methods.
Provider payment approaches and incentives to implement screening

Screening in primary care is widely recommended (e.g. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence), and is increasingly targeted for improvement. As health care payers try to influence the implementation and delivery of alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI), some are using provider payment approaches. These include specific reimbursement for conducting screening, other financial incentives and linking payment with performance measures. We present 2010 data from a nationally representative survey of private US health plans and US health plan claims data (private health plans and Medicare), supplemented by literature review. Results indicate, among private health plan products in the US, 72.6% report allowing primary care physicians to bill for alcohol SBI, yet claims data analysis found only 0.01% of individuals in private plans or Medicare had an SBI procedure code on a medical claim in 2010. As of April 2013 the UK National Health Service requires that primary care practices conduct screening of individuals 16 and over and reimburses for SBI. In the US, although financial incentives for providers are becoming more common in private health plans (used by 31.6% for any condition), only 6% of health plans provided financial incentives for primary care screening for alcohol and drug use problems. Provider payment policies may be tied to performance measures to improve the quality of care. Alcohol screening is one of more than 300 performance measures selected for inclusion in the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Quality Reporting System. Despite this recognition, CMS analyses indicate the alcohol screening measure was not among the top five measures chosen by primary care providers. Although alcohol SBI is beneficial, it is not as widely implemented as it could be. Favorable payment policies are necessary, but not sufficient to encourage implementation of SBI.
Breaks, Flows, and other in-between Spaces: Rethinking Piracy and Copyright Governance

This article uses three case studies to examine the intersecting developments of technology, capitalism, and globalization through the contradictions and paradoxes of copyright governance and piracy. China is used as a case study to investigate the relations among the state, law, and global capitalism.
Analogical Reasoning in the Classroom: Insights from Cognitive Science.

Applying knowledge from one context to another is a notoriously difficult problem, both for children and adults, but lies at the heart of educational endeavors. Analogical reasoning is a cognitive underpinning of the abil- ity to notice and draw similarities across contexts. Reasoning by analogy is especially challenging for students, who must transfer in the context-rich and often high-pressure settings of classrooms. In this brief article, we explore how best to facilitate children's analogical reasoning, with the aim of providing practical suggestions for classroom instruction. We first discuss what is known about the development and neurological underpinnings of analogical reasoning, and then review research directly relevant to supporting ana- logical reasoning in classroom contexts. We conclude with concrete suggestions for educators that may foster their students' spontaneous analogical reasoning and thereby enhance scholastic achievement.
Percutaneous transcatheter communication between the pulmonary artery and atrium following an extra-cardiac Fontan: an alternative approach to fenestration avoiding conduit perforation.

In a nonfenestrated modified Fontan, transcatheter creation of a fenestration presents technical difficulties, especially with the extra-cardiac modification where a Gore-Tex tube is placed between the inferior caval vein and the pulmonary arteries. The authors describe an alternative approach to perforating the Gore-Tex tube to create a fenestration by making a communication between the pulmonary artery and the atrial chamber, thus bridging the two circulations through native tissue. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Agarose gel electrophoresis of bacteriophages and related particles. IV. An improved procedure for determining the size of spherical particles

Attempts have been made to improve the accuracy with which sieving during electrophoresis in gels can be used to determine the size of viruses and related particles. Using as samples spherical bacteriophages and related particles of known radius (13.3–41.9 nm), it was found that electrophoretic mobility (μ) was a linear function of agarose concentration (A) in a hydroxyethylated agarose (SeaPlaque, Marine Colloids) for 0.4 ⩽ A ⩽ 1.6. The value of A extrapolated to a μ of 0 (A0) was a decreasing function of particle outer radius and was independent of the solid support-free μ. Procedures for determining outer particle radius from values of A0 have been developed. When used with internal standards, these procedures measure outer particle radius with an accuracy of ±4 %.