cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
T-Cell Subsets and T-Cell Antigens in Protective Immunity Against Experimental Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a chronic protozoal infection of man found in South and Central America, Mexico, Africa, Asia, and Europe. The parasite life cycle involves two forms, promastigotes and amastigotes. Promastigotes, found within the sandfly vector, initiate infection by invading macrophages. Once inside macrophages, promastigotes rapidly transform to the nonflagellated amastigote stage, which multiplies intracellularly. Eventually the infected cells rupture, and amastigotes reinvade other macrophages. The ensuing infection can manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from healing cutaneous lesions to non-healing cutaneous or visceral infections. This spectral nature is due, in part, to the host’s immunologic response. Thus, although the various species of Leishmania exhibit significant differences, most species appear to be able to produce an inapparent, healing, or nonhealing infection. For example, although the visceral species of Leishmania have long been considered to produce a fatal infection in the absence of drug treatment, it is now known that these parasites may also produce relatively benign cutaneous lesions or completely inapparent infections (BADARO et al. 1986). Similarly, L. braziliensis species often produce a healing cutaneous lesion, although in a small percentage of patients severe mucocutaneous lesions develop.
Chapter 9 Computational complexity

Publisher Summary The computational complexity of a problem is a measure of the computational resources, typically time, required to solve the problem. The computational complexity of a problem should not be confused with the time used by a particular algorithm for the problem. However, the analysis of a particular algorithm can provide a useful upper bound on a problem's complexity. The term “inherent complexity” is sometimes used to emphasize that the complexity of a problem is a property of the problem itself, rather than a property of a particular algorithm. This chapter discusses computational complexity of NP-complete problems. This class of problems includes the traveling salesman problem, the Chinese postman problem, the vertex cover problem, and the edge cover problem. The chapter also discusses the class of problems having polynomial-time algorithms. This class is viewed as a paradigm for the class of “tractable” problems. Finally the chapter concludes with a discussion of an emerging theory of parallel computation.
The Earth's climate and variability of the Sun over recent millennia: Geophysical, astronomical and archaeological aspects

At the outer limits of the range of topics covered in these proceedings from a joint meeting of the British Royal Society and the French Academie des Sciences lie speculation and inaccessible places and times. The causes of the Sun's variability are hidden beneath its surface, and we can only speculate about whether solar magnetism, which provides the energy for the variations, is generated just below the surface or is a remnant of an ancient magnetism trapped in the core. An equally distant and inaccessible sphere is the gassy envelope around the prehistoric Earth where changes in climate presumably drove early man to alter his habits and homes. But as P. I. Kuniholm writes in this volume, climate change has often been appealed to in accounting for phenomena that cannot otherwise be accounted for. Archaeologists never imagined that physicists would try to reconstruct the Sun's past from such speculations. Between the two extremes of ignorance, however, a solid foundation is being built for a scientific account of the Sun's role in climate change.
An overview of diving in contaminated water

Unfortunately, diving in contaminated water is a problem that most diving operations must confront, and we at NEDU are developing a program to address the myriad of concerns about diving in hazardous environments. Our approach includes creating strategies for identifying and characterizing hazards, optimizing diver protection, and establishing effective decontamination procedures. A recent survey of commercial and governmental diving agencies has elucidated current best practices for diving in contaminated water.
Preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide on Co/CeO2 nanoparticles

Abstract A highly active CoOx/CeO2 nanoparticle catalyst with high surface area (78 m2/g) has been prepared and tested in the preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide (PROX) in the presence of hydrogen. Three distinct temperature regions of catalyst activity are observed corresponding to CO oxidation, H2 oxidation and methanation. The catalyst achieves near 100% CO conversion under a wide range of reaction conditions demonstrating peak activity near 175 °C. The catalyst is stable with time-on-stream at the temperature of highest CO conversion. The presence of H2 decreases the CO oxidation rate, possibly due to competitive adsorption between H2 and CO. CO oxidation and H2 oxidation activation energies were 52 and 74 kJ/mol, respectively. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments have demonstrated that the cobalt takes the form of Co3O4 and no CoO was detected under any experimental conditions.
Math Anxiety: A Comparison of Social Work and Non-Social Work Students.

Social work students often complain and grumble about having to take courses in research methods and statistics. Do their complaints originate from deep-seated math anxiety? The current study investigated the math anxiety and math backgrounds of 163 undergraduate social work students and 256 non—social work majors. Social work majors were found to have much higher levels of math anxiety than a cross section of students enrolled in introductory statistics courses and found to have taken fewer math courses in high school and college.
Genetic Differences in Red Cell Osmotic Fragility: Analysis in Allophenic Mice

Mice of strain DBA/2J were found to produce red cells considerably more resistant to osmotic lysis than cells from C57BL/6J or the F1 hybrid between the two strains. Such strain-specific differences in osmotic fragility could be the result of genetically determined humoral or other systemic differences that indirectly influence red cell properties. Alternatively, this phenotypic variation might be an inherent property of the erythrocyte themselves and be directly controlled by their genotype. Analysis of red cells from allophenic (mosaic) mice of the strain composition C57BL/6J in equilibrium DBA/2J demonstrated that the latter possibility is the case. In such mice, erythrocytes of the DBA/2J genotype are relatively more resistant to osmotic lysis than are those of the C57BL/6J genotype; partial lysis of allophenic blood at intermediate salt concentrations results in marked enrichment for DBA/2J cells among the survivors. Future experiments designed to determine the mechanism underlying this difference can now focus on the properties of the red blood cells per se with the certainty that this property is inherent to the genotype of each cell.
BRAF V600E Mutational Status in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer

Background Clinical outcome of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in children differs significantly from that of adults. There is no clear explanation of this difference although previous studies have demonstrated a lower prevalence of the BRAFV600E mutation in PTC of children. However, data are limited due to the rarity of this diagnosis. BRAFV600E mutation prevalence and its relationship with outcome in pediatric PTC remain unclear. Procedure BRAFV600E mutational status was determined in 27 PTC patients less than 22 years of age using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The relationship between BRAFV600E mutation status, patient and tumor characteristics as well as progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Results BRAFV600E was present in 63% of patients and occurred more often in male patients versus females (P = 0.033). Presence of the mutation did not correlate with any difference in extent of disease at diagnosis, tumor size, capsular invasion, vascular invasion, soft tissue invasion, or margin status. At 10 years, PFS for BRAFV600E positive versus negative patients was 55.5% versus 70.0%, respectively (P = 0.48). Overall survival was 100% and median follow-up was 13.9 years. Conclusions This study of pediatric PTC demonstrates that BRAFV600E mutations occur in children at a rate comparable to adults. We found a correlation of BRAFV600E with the male gender, but no evidence that the mutation correlates with more extensive or aggressive disease. This analysis suggests that differences in disease course of PTC in children versus adults are not strongly dependent upon the presence of the BRAFV600E mutation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1168–1172. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UNSUPERVISED DISCOVERY OF SPEECH SEGMENTS USING RECURRENT NETWORKS

Abstract The purpose of the project described here is to find what segments a network can discover by itself, using only prediction as a teacher. A recurrent network was trained to do a prediction task, using a speech spectrogram as both input and teacher signals. The error vector and hidden unit activation transitions were used to extract segments from the multi-speaker, continuous speech TIMIT database. The network was analysed to see what speech segments it discovered. Many of the segments the network found correspond to TIMIT phones and are very well segmented, but some TIMIT phones are not extracted. We are examining the use of these segments to drive a second network to label speech. Early results are encouraging because the system gives the same error rate whether network segments or the segments provided with the TIMIT database are used.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA for the catalytic subunit of rabbit muscle phosphorylase phosphatase.

A cDNA coding for the catalytic subunit of phosphorylase phosphatase (phosphatase C-I/phosphatase-1c) was cloned from a rabbit muscle cDNA library by screening with oligonucleotide probes. Ten clones were analyzed. The full cDNA sequence of 1395 base pairs contained an open reading frame of 990 base pairs flanked by 3' and 5' noncoding regions of 84 and 321 base pairs, respectively. The DNA sequence (and deduced amino acid sequence) of this cDNA is distinctly different from that of a clone of 1492 base pairs previously reported. Our cDNA is essentially identical to the 1492-base pair clone from residue 182 in the 3' direction, but it is completely different in the 5' direction. Consequently, the amino acid sequence deduced from our cDNA differs by 14 amino acids in the amino terminal from that previously reported and extends for an additional 19 amino acids. Probes to the divergent and common region of our cDNA clone hybridized to an mRNA of the same size by Northern blotting. Thus the cDNA we have isolat...
Understanding Earnings Quiet Periods (Executive Summary)

This executive summary presents key insights from the working paper “Understanding Earnings Quiet Periods” (Calvin, 2013), which analyzed survey responses from 455 members of the S&P 1500 regarding quarterly quiet period policies. Formal quiet period policies exist for 81% of respondents. Firms with quiet period policies exhibit substantially lower levels of disclosure during quiet periods than when outside of quiet periods, but this reduction in disclosure levels is also observed in firms without formal quiet period policies. These results are potentially consistent with the informal adoption of quiet period policies by firms who do not formally label themselves as quiet period firms. In such a case, the formal adoption of a quiet period policy may not signal any meaningful difference in disclosure practices to capital market participants.
Mutual Perceptions of Racial Images: White, Black, and Japanese Americans.

Mutual and self-perceptions of the racial images of white, blacks, and the Japanese Americans were studied among adults, college students, and school children in California. For adults and college students, Katz and Braly's adjective list was used, in which subjects were asked to choose 5 traits out of 84 to describe each racial group. Children were instructed to describe racial images in their own words. The hypothesis that whites occupying the dominant position are endowed with positive traits and minority groups with negative traits was only partially supported. Minority acceptance of the negative image ascribed by the dominant group, which was generally true in the 1930 Katz and Braly work, did not hold in this study. Whites were portrayed as materialistic and pleasure loving; blacks as musical, aggressive, and straightforward; and the Japanese as industrious, ambitious, loyal to family, and quiet.
Winter Wheat Yield and Grain Protein across Varied Landscape Positions

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield varies greatly among landscape positions in the Palouse region of eastern Washington, yet N fertilizer is typically applied uniformly. Varying N fertilizer rates within fields to match site-specific N requirements can increase fertilizer use efficiency; however, spatially variable N management programs are limited by their ability to predict site-specific yield potentials and the resultant N requirements. The objective of this study was to ascertain the role of yield components and soil properties in determining soft white winter wheat grain yield and protein when N application rates are varied among landscape positions. Nitrogen fertilizer (0 to 140 kg N ha −1 ) was fall-applied on footslope, south-backslope, shoulder, and northbackslope landscape positions at each of two farms in 1989 and in 1990. Grain yield among landscapes varied by up to 55% in 1990 and by up to 33% in 1991. Landscape position grain yields increased by 199 kg ha −1 /(cm precipitation+soil water reduction) (r 2 = 0.51) and by 706 kg ha −1 per 100 spikes m −2 (r 2 = 0.76). Grain protein concentration among landscapes increased by 2.7 g kg −1 per each increase of 10 kg residual soil NO 3 -N ha −1 (r 2 = 0.82). The large differences in grain yield among landscape positions may justify spatially variable N application. Improved N management should favorably reduce soft white winter wheat protein concentrations by minimizing high residual N levels as well as improve net returns and reduce environmental degradation. The basis for this improved N management may be site-specific yield estimates calculated from soil water availability and spike density
Se-methylselenocysteine offers selective protection against toxicity and potentiates the antitumour activity of anticancer drugs in preclinical animal models.

Se-methylselenocysteine offers selective protection against toxicity and potentiates the antitumour activity of anticancer drugs in preclinical animal models
Broadband excitation and detection of cross-relaxation NMR spectra

Nuclear magnetic resonance cross-relaxation spectroscopy maps the proton solidstate NMR spectrum onto the proton water NMR signal of aqueous heterogeneous materials ( Z-3). Application of a relatively long, low-intensity RF pulse, off resonance from the water Larmor frequency but within the linewidth of the solid, partially saturates the nuclear magnetism of the solid protons. Magnetic cross relaxation between the immobile and mobile protons transfers the saturation of the solid protons to the water protons, decreasing the magnitude of the water NMR signal. A cross-relaxation spectrum is obtained by saturating the immobile protons at many discrete frequencies and plotting the ratio of the water signal with and without RF saturation as a function of the saturation frequency. The intensity and the width ofthe cross-relaxation spectrum are a function of the longitudinal, transverse, and cross-relaxation rates of the liquid and solid components, the mole fraction of liquid to solid protons, and the magnitude and duration of the saturating RF pulse. This Communication describes a method for obtaining the entire cross-relaxation spectrum of a spatially homogeneous material with two acquisitions: RF saturation on and RF saturation off. The pulse sequence is demomtrated schematically in Fig. I. A magnetic field gradient and RF pulse are applied to the sample concurrently. The gradient creates a continuum of frequencies across the !;ample and establishes at once all conditions of off-resonance saturation for the RF pulse. The decrease in water magnetization by cross relaxation as a function of off-resonance frequency is stored in the sample as a function of the position in the sample and detected by recording a onedimensional image with the readout gradient applied along the same axis as the frequency-dispersal gradient. The cross-relaxation spectrum is created by dividing the image obtained with RF saturation turned on by one obtained with RF saturation turned off. The pulse sequence shown in Fig. 1 represents the simplest implementation of broadband cross-relaxation spectroscopy. The sequence may be modified to include slice selection, spin-echo detection, and imaging by phase encoding in either or both of the two spatial dimensions which are not needed to record the cross-relaxation spectrum. In addition the magnitude of the readout gradient may be decreased to lower the bandwidths of the receiver and increase the signal-to-noise of the crossrelaxation spectrum.
Monetary Policy and Stabilization Problems in Bangladesh: Some Current Issues**The author expresses his deepest gratitude to the anonymous referees for their valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper. However, the author is solely responsible for any remaining flaws.

Abstract Bangladesh has been subject to balance of payments difficulties since its inception. The government first tried to improve this situation with traditional monetary measures but experienced disappointing results. Among other reasons, this failure can be attributed to the fact that the balance of payments problems in Bangladesh are, in general, the consequence of rigidities of demand and supply in various factor and product markets. In line with this assessment, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund persuaded Bangladesh to embark upon a medium- term, comprehensive Structural Adjustment Facility plan in the mid-1980s. This paper is a critical evaluation of this plan and Bangladesh's recent macroeconomic experiences.
Factors Responsible for Smaller Pelvic Muscle Mass in Dysplastic Dogs

Pectineus muscles of 23 German shephard dogs were studied. 10 dogs had normal hips, 13 dogs had hip dysplasia. The relative weight of each pectineus muscle was determined, when the dogs were 24 months old. Cryostat sections were stained for demonstration of ATPase, thereby differentiating muscle fibres into type I (slow twitch), type II (fast twitch) and intermediate fibres. The results (Tables 1–3) shows, that the relative pectineus muscle weight was smaller in dysplastic dogs and there were significantly fewer type I muscle fibres in the pectineus muscles of dysplastic dogs.
Foreign body impaction of the vertebral canal

Foreign body impactions in the aerodigestive tract are common, but have the potential for serious complications. A foreign body may disrupt the mucosal lining and migrate regionally thereby risking impingement or injury to critical neurovascular structures in the cervical region. It is important to recognize potential complications that may arise from luminal compromise. In such cases, expeditious surgical treatment is warranted.
SPHERICAL-COORDINATE FDTD ANALYSIS OF CONICAL ANTENNAS MOUNTED ABOVE FINITE GROUND PLANES

Conical antennas mounted on finite ground planes are analyzed using a spherical-coordinate finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model. Key features of the model are discussed, with particular emphasis placed upon modeling of the source region. Results demonstrate how ground plane size can be used for impedance matching or to adjust the radiation pattern and gain. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 23: 78–82, 1999.
Epidemiologic characteristics of cancer of the breast in Taiwan.

An attempt was made to identify and interview all cases of breast cancer diagnosed during a 3-year period in the population of a defined area of Northern Taiwan; 232 cases were identified, and 213 were interviewed. For comparison, similar interviews were conducted with 648 patients with diseases other than breast cancer. Mortality data for Taiwan as a whole have also been used in certain analyses. The average annual incidence rate in the study area was 6.11 per 100,000 female population. Age-specific incidence rates show a pattern similar to that noted in Japan and in the Chinese population of Singapore, rates plateauing in middle-age and then declining in the older age groups. However, mortality rates show a consistent increase with age throughout the life span. There was no evidence of an increase or decrease in mortality rates over the decade 1954-1963. Mortality and incidence rates were both substantially higher among persons born in mainland China than among nativeborn Taiwanese. Risk of breast cancer was sharply lower in women of parity 1 than in nulliparous women, and in women of parity 2 than in those of parity 1. There was no further appreciable decline with increase in parity higher than parity 2. Association with parity was particularly marked for women whose breast cancer was diagnosed after 50 years of age. There was no significant or consistent difference between cases and controls with respect to any of several measures of lactation experience. There was a tendency towards earlier menarche and later menopause in the cases than in the controls, but the differences were not significant. A strong and significant association with weight was found, women weighing more than 55 kg having more than twice the breast cancer risk of those weighing less than 45 kg. There was no consistent or significant association with height. In general, these findings are similar to observations made both in Japan and in high risk areas, but the data from Taiwan are unusual in showing a strong relationship to parity and only a weak association with age at first pregnancy.
The crystal structure of a tricarbonyliron-substituted cyclobutadiene complex: Tricarbonyl[1,2,2a,12a-η-5,10-dimethyldibenzo[a,c]cyclobuta[f]cyclooctene-3,12-dione] iron

Abstract The crystal structure of tricarbonyl[1,2,2a,12a-η-5,10-dimethyldibenzo[a,c] cyclobuta[f] cyclooctene-3,12-dione] iron, C20O2H14Fe(CO)3, has been determined by the single crystal X-ray diffraction technique using data collected with a fully automated diffractometer. The unit cell is monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 12.025(2), b = 23.204(3), c = 14.614(2) A, β = 102.16(2)°, and contains eight molecules (two per asymmetric unit). The structure was elucidated to study the coordination of the iron atom and to correlate the conformation of the eight-membered ring with an NMR study. The final structure was obtained by Patterson-superposition and Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to a crystallographic residual of 0.070. In both independent molecules the iron atom is 1.77 A from the cyclobutadiene ring to which it is coordinated. The eight-membered ring is flattened from a boat conformation and the six-membered rings are twisted from coplanarity by an angle of 74°. The twist is such that if one ring points above the eight-membered ring, the other ring will point below it with concomitant pointing in the opposite sense by neighboring carbonyl groups. Such a structure has conformational chirality. It is postulated that the stability of each enantiometer is due to the particularly high energy of the transition state through which each would pass to achieve inter-conversion.
Homozygosity for a missense mutation (G20R) associated with neonatal onset adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA-SCID)

Mutations at the adenosine deaminase (ADA) locus can result in varying degrees of immunodeficiency, including rapidly fulminant severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) as well as a slowly progressive immunodeficiency not diagnosed until later in childhood. Genetic heterogeneity is a factor in the clinical heterogeneity. We have now identified, by direct sequencing of PCR-amplified genomic DNA, a G to A transition at a CpG dinucleotide predicting a glycine to arginine substitution at codon 20 (G20R). The mutation, in homozygosity, was associated with neonatal-onset rapidly fatal SCID. Consistent with homozygosity, the child was derived from a small isolated inbred community in Newfoundland. The mutation abolishes a site for the restriction enzyme BamHI and can be simply detected by agarose gel electrophoresis following amplification of exon 2 from genomic DNA and digestion with BamHI. The majority of ADA missense mutations can now be detected by similar amplification and enzyme digestion. We demonstrated that the G20R mutation is deleterious since introduction of the mutation into a normal ADA minigene abolished enzyme activity, as determined by transient expression in monkey kidney (Cos) cells. The amino acid substitution occurs in an area of the molecule conserved from Escherichia coli to man and that, as shown by crystallographic analysis, is involved in the binding of Zn2+ at the catalytic site. Although the mutation is in a CpG dinucleotide, known "hotspots" for G to A transitions, it was not found in a series of 43 additional ADA- chromosomes. Identification of mutations in additional ADA- patients with immunodeficiency of varying severity should further define the role that genotype plays in determining the extent of immunologic dysfunction.
A new species of the genus Oreophrynella (Anura; Bufonidae) from the Guiana highlands

Descreve-se Oreophrynella weiassipuensis sp. nov. proveniente de Wei-Assipu-tepui, na fronteira da Guyana com o Brasil. A nova especie distingue-se das outras especies do genero pela presence de cristas pos-orbitais bem desenvolvidas, membrane entre os artelhos, pele no dorso coberta por grânulos e ornamentada por grandes tuberculos esparsos, coloracao do dorso e do ventre marrom avermelhada.
Group-Based Pfair Scheduling

We consider the problem of supertasking in Pfair-scheduled multiprocessor systems. In this approach, a set of tasks, called component tasks, is assigned to a server task, called a supertask, which is then scheduled as an ordinary Pfair task. Whenever a supertask is scheduled, its processor time is allocated to its component tasks according to an internal scheduling algorithm. Hence, supertasking is an example of hierarchal (or group-based) scheduling. In this paper, we present a generalized framework for "reweighting" supertasks. The goal of reweighting is to assign a fraction of a processor to a given supertask so that all timing requirements of its component tasks are met. We consider the use of both fully preemptive and quantum-based scheduling within a supertask.
High-Speed Separation of Linear and Supercoiled DNA by Capillary Electrophoresis. Buffer, Entangling Polymer, and Electric Field Effects

Capillary electrophoresis in dilute and semidilute (slightly entangled) hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is shown to separate linear double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) and supercoiled plasmid DNA in the size range 1−16 thousand base pairs in 3 min. The mobilities of linear ds-DNA fragments are stronger functions of electric field strength and buffer concentration than the mobilities of supercoiled plasmids. The effects of HEC concentration and molecular weight are similar for both forms of DNA. The behavioral differences, which are attributed to the greater stiffness of the plasmids, can be used to define conditions that maximize resolution of supercoiled and linear ds-DNA of the same or similar number of base pairs.
On the complexity of growth of the number of distinct fuzzy switching functions

Abstract Several attempts have been made to enumerate fuzzy switching (FSF's) and to develop upper and lower bounds for the number of FSF's of n variables in an effort to better understand the properties and the complexity of FSF's. Previous upper bounds are 2 4n [9] and 2 2–3n—2n—1 [7]. It has also been shown that the exact numbers of FSF's of n variables for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 are 2, 6, 8, 84, 43 918 and 160 297 985 276 respectively. This paper will give a brief overview of previous approaches to the problem, study some of the properties of fuzzy switching functions and give improved upper and lower bounds for a general n .
Regional geochronology of New Zealand

Almost all of the acidic plutonic rocks in New Zealand occur in western South Island where they are of batholithic dimensions. Rb-Sr and U-Pb geochronology of regionally selected samples of these and associated metamorphic rocks indicate two main periods of plutonic and metamorphic activity. The older occurred in the mid-Paleozoic probably about 350–370 m.y. ago and the younger during the late Mesozoic with a strong pulse about 100–120 m.y. ago. The late Mesozoic results associate plutonic and metamorphic activity in southwestern New Zealand with the Rangitata Orogeny which uplifted and regionally metamorphosed sediments of the New Zealand Geosyncline of eastern and northern New Zealand. Plutonic rocks, dominantly ultrabasic or basic, occur in the marginal area of the New Zealand Geosyncline and at least some of these were emplaeed early in the history of the geosyncline during Permian times. No crystalline in situ rocks of primary Precambrian age have been found; metaplutonic parts of the Charleston Gneiss, previously mapped as Precambrian, are probably middle or lower Paleozoic plutonic rocks metamorphosed during the Rangitata Orogeny. However, Pb207Pb206 ages ranging from 1170 to 1480 m.y. have been determined for several fractions of rounded detrital zircon from three widespread samples of the Greenland Series, an extensive pre-Devonian sedimentary unit of western South Island. The U-Pb ages for these zircons are highly discordant and indicate the Pb207Pb208 ages are minimum ages for the oldest source rocks which supplied the zircons. These results are fundamental for the tectonic picture of the southwest Pacific continental margin and show the presence of an acidic Precambrian terrane near western New Zealand.
Satisfaction with foster parenting: Assessment one year after training

Abstract Retaining active foster parents has been a challenge, especially during their first year. The focus of this analysis was to ascertain whether demographic characteristics, preservice training, and prior experience with children and families predicted satisfaction with foster parenting among licensed first-year foster parents one year after completion of preservice training. Data were taken from a larger longitudinal study ( N = 313) of potential foster parents in preservice training in a midwestern state. This analysis was based on 48 foster mothers. An exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that underlie satisfaction with foster parenting: Role Demands Satisfaction, Social Service Support Satisfaction, and Personal Needs Satisfaction. Analysis of covariance revealed one factor, Role Demands Satisfaction, was predicted by the model; perception of preservice training as useful was the significant explanatory variable. Foster mothers who rated preservice training as useful also had greater satisfaction in the role demands as a foster parent. Demographic characteristics were not predictive. Satisfaction with foster parenting is multidimensional and preservice training is a key component that supports the multifaceted role of the foster mother. Implications for the quality of preservice training are discussed.
Determination of signal-to-noise ratios and spectral SNRs in cryo-EM low-dose imaging of molecules

Attempts to develop efficient classification approaches to the problem of heterogeneity in single-particle reconstruction of macromolecules require phantom data with realistic noise models. We have estimated the signal-to-noise ratios and spectral signal-to-noise ratios for three steps in the electron microscopic image formation from data obtained experimentally. An important result is that structural noise, i.e., the irreproducible component of the object prior to image formation, is substantial, and of the same order of magnitude as the reproducible signal. Based on this result, the noise modeling for testing new classification techniques can be improved.
Virial theorem for localized states of a quantum particle in classical fluids close to the critical point

Abstract Localized states of a light quantum particle, thermalized in a dense classical fluid close to the critical point, obey a simple virial identity as a result of the scaling properties of the host medium. This identity may serve as a self-consistency check for coarse-grained theories of localization.
Characterization of β‐lactams by photodissociation and collision‐activated dissociation in a quadrupole ion trap

Electrospray ionization was used to introduce β-lactams, including cephalosporin and penicillin analogs, into a quadrupole ion trap for analysis by collision-activated dissociation (CAD) and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). The two dissociation methods provided similar spectra; however, photodissociation requires substantially less tuning than is typically required to optimize CAD. Moreover, IRMPD was effective even at the elevated pressures introduced by the electrospray source. Both CAD and IRMPD promote cleavage across the β-lactam ring, resulting in highly diagnostic fragmentation patterns. Time-resolved and SWIFT methods were used to determine fragmentation genealogies of the ions created by IRMPD. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wet and cold thick atmosphere on early Mars

The evidence of past fluvial activity on the surface of Mars indicates that since the end of the intense period of crater formation liquid water has flowed on the surface. There is also evidence that indicates that Mars has maintained a cold dry climate over this same time. This apparent contradiction can be resolved if the early martian atmosphere is thick (>100 hPa) but cold (less then -20°C). Snow based hydrological cycles such as found in the dry valleys of Antarctica can then explain both the fluvial features and the cold arid climate. Life could flourish under such conditions.
Tailoring the Plasmonic Modes of a Grating‐Nanocube Assembly to Achieve Broadband Absorption in the Visible Spectrum

Engineered metal-dielectric-metal nanostructures with broadband absorbing properties in the visible spectral range are fabricated by combining the plasmonic resonances of different noble metal nanostructures. Silver nanocubes and gold nanogratings couple to each other using a dielectric polymer spacer with controllable thickness, resulting in a large multiplicative enhancement of absorption properties across a broad spectral range. Narrow, long nanogrooves in a gold fi lm are fi rst fabricated using electron beam lithography, after which a polymer spacer layer with a controllable thickness ranging from 4 to 12 nm is assembled by spin-assisted layer-by-layer assembly. Finally, silver nanocubes with different surface coverages ranging from 12% to 22% are deposited using the Langmuir‐Blodgett technique. The individual plasmon resonances of these different nanostructures are located at signifi cantly different optical frequencies and are tuned in this study to allow a signifi cant increase of light absorbance of the original gratings to an average value of 84% across the broad wavelength range of 450‐850 nm.
Keynes and Hayek betrayed: on the curious stance of Europe’s Keynesian and libertarian political economists in the context of the eurozone crisis

Following the Crash of 1929, an epic debate began between liberals, led by Friedrich von Hayek, who believed in capitalism’s automatic stabilisers and John Maynard Keynes who did not. Today, in Europe, this debate has taken an interesting twist. On the one hand, most libertarians have succumbed to the conventional wisdom of the eurozone’s massive bailouts; while on the other, the majority of Keynesians have adopted analyses that deny much that was central to Keynes’ thinking about macroeconomies caught in the clutches of debt-recessionary cycles. This paper sums up these internal inconsistencies of European libertarians and Keynesians and hints at explanations regarding the reasons behind them.
How We Die Now: Intimacy and the Work of Dying, by Karla Erickson

How We Die Now: Intimacy and the Work of Dying takes the reader on an engaging journey through the terrain of aging in America, with an emphasis on how our ideas about aging itself have changed the...
Surface temperature patterns in complex terrain: Daily variations and long-term change in the central Sierra Nevada, California

[1] A realistic description of how temperatures vary with elevation is crucial for ecosystem studies and for models of basin-scale snowmelt and spring streamflow. This paper explores surface temperature variability using temperature data from an array of 37 sensors, called the Yosemite network, which traverses both slopes of the Sierra Nevada in the vicinity of Yosemite National Park, California. These data indicate that a simple lapse rate is often a poor description of the spatial temperature structure. Rather, the spatial pattern of temperature over the Yosemite network varies considerably with synoptic conditions. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were used to identify the dominant spatial temperature patterns and how they vary in time. Temporal variations of these surface temperature patterns were correlated with large-scale weather conditions, as described by National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research Reanalysis data. Regression equations were used to downscale larger-scale weather parameters, such as Reanalysis winds and pressure, to the surface temperature structure over the Yosemite network. These relationships demonstrate that strong westerly winds are associated with relatively warmer temperatures on the east slope and cooler temperatures on the west slope of the Sierra, and weaker westerly winds are associated with the opposite pattern. Reanalysis data from 1948 to 2005 indicate weakening westerlies over this time period, a trend leading to relatively cooler temperatures on the east slope over decadal timescales. This trend also appears in long-term observations and demonstrates the need to consider topographic effects when examining long-term changes in mountain regions.
A role for the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in the regulation of potassium-stimulated aldosterone production.

Potassium is a major regulator of aldosterone production. It also increases adrenal renin. The causal relationship between potassium and adrenal renin is not known. To evaluate the role of the intraadrenal renin-angiotensin (ANG) system in potassium–stimulated aldosterone synthesis and release, specific adrenal renin activity, PRA, and plasma aldosterone were measured during potassium loading or captopril treatment in the rat. Adrenal ANGs were determined using a HPLC system combined with RIA to obtain quantitative information on the components of the adrenal renin–ANG system. In addition, the effect of pretreatment with captopril on aldosterone production by isolated adrenal glomerulosa cells was examined. In intact animals potassium loading markedly increased adrenal renin and plasma aldosterone, whereas PRA was suppressed. The administration of captopril to rats in normal potassium balance did not suppress plasma aldosterone. Captopril treatment during potassium loading inhibited the potassiuminduced i...
Prediction of crack coalescence of steam generator tubes in nuclear power plants

Prediction of failure pressures of cracked steam generator tubes of nuclear power plants is an important ingredient in scheduling inspection and repair of tubes. Prediction is usually based on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of cracks. NDE often reveals two neighboring cracks. If the cracks interact, the tube pressure under which the ligament between the two cracks fails could be much lower than the critical burst pressure of an individual equivalent crack. The ability to accurately predict the ligament failure pressure, called “coalescence pressure,” is important. The failure criterion was established by nonlinear finite element model (FEM) analyses of coalescence of two 100% through-wall collinear cracks. The ligament failure is precipitated by local instability of the ligament under plane strain conditions. As a result of this local instability, the ligament thickness in the radial direction decreases abruptly with pressure. Good correlation of FEM analysis results with experimental data obtained at Argonne National Laboratory’s Energy Technology Division demonstrated that nonlinear FEM analyses are capable of predicting the coalescence pressure accurately for 100% through-wall cracks. This failure criterion and FEA work have been extended to axial cracks of varying ligament width, crack length, and cases where cracks are offset by axial or circumferential ligaments.
Effects of a Restraint Reduction Intervention and OBRA '87 Regulations on Psychoactive Drug Use in Nursing Homes

OBJECTIVES: To describe the changes in psychoactive drug use in nursing homes after implementation of physical restraint reduction interventions and mandates of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA '87). METHODS:A secondary analysis was conducted using data from a controlled clinical trial that took place in three nursing homes: a control home, one that received an educational intervention, and one that received an educational/consultation intervention. All three homes were influenced by the OBRA mandates. Complete pre- and 6 months' post-intervention data on use of psychoactive drugs and physical restraints were available for 446 resident subjects. Changes were first analyzed with the resident subject as the unit of analysis and then using the nursing home ward (n = 16) as the unit of analysis. RESULTS: While physical restraint use declined in the home that received the educational/consultation intervention, neither neuroleptic nor benzodiazepine use increased in any of the homes after the interventions. The percentage of residents taking neuroleptics declined in the control home (18.6% to 11.3%, P = .014). Benzodiazepine use, which was more prevalent than described previously in the literature, declined in all three homes (P < .001). Of those residents whose physical restraints were discontinued, only 2% were started on neuroleptics. When the effect of OBRA mandates on appropriateness of neuroleptic use was examined, the percentage of residents on neuroleptics who lacked an OBRA-approved indication declined from 21.3% to 14.6% in the total sample, and from 39.9% to 8% in the control home. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce physical restraint did not lead to an increase in psychoactive drug use; further, reduction in both can occur simultaneously. OBRA mandates regarding psychoactive drug use were not uniformly effective, but appear, at minimum, to have increased awareness of the indications for neuroleptics.
The Chinese cultural style of warfare

Abstract An examination of Chinese history, stretching back over the centuries, reveals that certain themes recur sufficiently often and are sufficiently distinct from Western modes of military thought and action as to constitute a Chinese style of warfare. Among these themes are: an emphasis on stratagem over brute force; attacks on military as opposed to economic targets; a willingness to end a conflict once essential political goals have been met; and an emphasis on man as opposed to machinery (i.e., technology) as being the most vital element determining military strength.
Syntax-based alignment: supervised or unsupervised?

Tree-based approaches to alignment model translation as a sequence of probabilistic operations transforming the syntactic parse tree of a sentence in one language into that of the other. The trees may be learned directly from parallel corpora (Wu, 1997), or provided by a parser trained on hand-annotated treebanks (Yamada and Knight, 2001). In this paper, we compare these approaches on Chinese-English and French-English datasets, and find that automatically derived trees result in better agreement with human-annotated word-level alignments for unseen test data.
Using Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Study Electron Transfer

Techniques in single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy now allow sophisticated studies of photophysical processes in single molecules. As interest grows in the possibilities of molecular electronics, researchers have begun to turn these techniques to the study of electron transfer. Electron-transfer reactions have now been detected and measured at the single-molecule level in a variety of systems and on a variety of timescales by adapting techniques from previous single-molecule fluorescence studies.
Coal combustion in a jet-mix stirred reactor

Coal burned in a 200 cm 3 jet mixed reactor lost 40 to 70% of its mass, mostly by pyrolysis, in 10 to 20 msec, with the reactor operating at 800 to 1700 K. Three reactor configurations and two very similar bituminous coals, A and B, (one a mixture) were used. The reactor configurations differed in number of jets (2 and 4), type of wall meterial (hot face insulation and castable), and exhaust direction (up or down). The results appeared to be independent of reactor configuration and insensitive to coal type (noting their close analyses). Optimum operation (max. flame temperature) was obtained at a whole-coal equivalence ratio of 1.4 (fuel rich) but this corresponded to unity VM equivalence ratio when corrected for the Q-factor effect. Whole coal equivalence ratios ranged from 0.5 to 2. Coal B (pure coal) was used “As Received” with a particle size distribution over the full range; the mixture, Coal A, was used in the size range 45 to 65 μm and would not sustain operation below unity whole-coal equivalence ratio. Particle size did not appear to change significantly during reaction. The coal pyrolysis was the reaction principally followed. On a one-step, first order basis an activation energy of 18.8 kcal/mode was obtained; using a Two-Component interpretation this value could be almost doubled. Heterogenous (char or whole coal) reaction was found to have a negative temperature coefficient. VM-products reaction appeared to have a very low temperature coefficient (2.5 to 7.5 kcal/mole). The results also showed mass loss of the VM-products. Air rich, up to 50% fixed carbon reaction was obtained, but with the combustion efficiency of the VM-products approaching 100%. The reaction also followed the heterogeneous (whole coal) reaction path up to 40 or 50% total reaction. Differentiation was made between true and apparent Q-factors, with true Q-factors of 1.65 and 1.95 for the two coals. The relevance of the results to control of dust explosions is also discussed.