cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High BAS, but not low BIS, predicts externalizing symptoms in adults

Abstract The current study examined the role of Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity in predicting symptoms along the externalizing dimension of psychopathology. A sample of 273 undergraduates completed measures of BAS, BIS, and externalizing disorder symptomatology. Regression analyses indicated that high BAS predicted drug abuse, alcohol abuse, primary and secondary psychopathy, and hyperactive–impulsive AD/HD symptoms. Whereas low BIS predicted drug use and hyperactive–impulsive symptoms only, high BIS predicted secondary psychopathy and inattentive AD/HD symptoms. These results replicate previous findings and suggest that high BAS is closely associated with the externalizing dimension. In contrast, the results from the current study call into question the role of low BIS in externalizing disorders and provide only limited support for the joint-subsystems hypothesis in this context.
Multilingualism in Educational Contexts: Ideologies and Identities

There is a growing body of research that addresses the sociolinguistics of multilingual classrooms. Three themes within the research can be identified. The first is classroom discourse strategies; these studies address the interactional functions of language choice. Another theme is how power relations in the larger society influence language use in the school and classroom. The third theme in this body of research is the construction of social identity by students in bilingual settings. These three intertwining areas of research are a reflection of the themes of interest in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology in general: language ideologies, social identities, and the mapping of linguistic forms on to interactional functions. Educational implications of these studies include challenging perspectives on multilingualism as exceptional and creating policies that encourage multilingual practices.
Fiber Reinforced Ceramics for Electromagnetic Window Applications

This paper presents the results of a program for the development of aircraft and missile electromagnetic windows to operate at temperatures above 800°F. Included is a review of the experimental work involved in developing a radome composite, high temperature design data and electromagnetic window model fabrication. Experimental work performed in developing the basic composite and much of the design data was sponsored under Air Force Contract No. AF 33(657)-11469. Investigation has shown that the material offers an electromagnetic window life of several hundred hours at 1000°F and several minutes life at 2500°F. This is accomplished from a reinforced aluminum phosphate ceramic material that is processed by conventional fiberglass reinforced plastic fabrication methods.
Application of silicon microphysiometry to tissue slices: detection of metabolic correlates of selective vulnerability

Abstract The silicon microphysiometer is a recently developed instrument which measures rates of proton efflux in real time from small numbers of cultured cells. Since the main products of cellular metabolism are lactic acid and carbon dioxide, this instrument affords an indirect but sensitive measure of cellular metabolism. We previously described the use of the instrument with primary neuronal cultures (Raley-Susman, K.M., Miller, K.R., Owicki, J.C. and Sapolsky, R.M., Effects of excitotoxin exposure on metabolic rate of primary hippocampal cultures: application of silicon microphysiometer to neurobiology, J. Neurosci., 12 (1992) 773–780). In the present report, we adapt the instrument for the indirect measurement of metabolism in tissue slices. In initial studies, we demonstrate stable measures of metabolism with low background noise in hippocampal slices. In addition, measures were relatively insensitive to slice thickness, preparation time or the possible contribution of contaminating bacteria. We then demonstrate the ability to detect metabolic correlates of selective vulnerability in individual hippocampal cell fields. Specifically, we observe a metabolic response to kainic acid that was selective for CA3-derived tissue, and a response to cyanide that was selective for CA1-derived tissue. This corresponds to the well-known vulnerability of CA3 and CA1 to excitotoxic and ischemic insults, respectively. Finally, we show that glucocorticoids, stress-sensitive steroid hormones which are known to exacerbate the toxicity in kainic acid in CA3 neurons, exacerbate the metabolic effects of this excitotoxin as well; in this case, the steroid manipulation was carried out in rats prior to killing. Thus, this instrument represents a complement to more traditional approaches for assessing metabolism in specific brain regions and it can potentially be used for a broad variety of studies with animals of differing ages and pre-mortem manipulations.
Nimbus-7 earth radiation budget data set and its uses

The Nimbus-7 Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) instrument began recording data on November 16 1978 and it is now in its 12th data year. The principle products are nine years of global albedo outgoing longwave and net radiation plus continuing solar irradiance measurements. The presence of an associated six-year Nimbus-7 global cloud data set enhances the usefulness of the ERB products. The chief purpose of this paper is to describe some uses that have been made of the data. These include studies in: regional energy heat budgets the improvement of climate and weather prediction models interannual climate variations shortwave bidirectional reflectance from Earth atmosphere scenes and solar physics. The evolution of the data products with time and some algorithm and calibration problems are also briefly discussed. Despite numerous problems the experiment continues to prove its usefulness. 1.
A Multi‐National Study of Family Decision‐making

In the globalization age, with worldwide increases in dual income households, decision‐making has become more difficult and even more important than in the past. In this article, a five‐countries cross ‐ cultural comparisons of husband and wife decision‐making roles in the purchase of various goods and services in unlike environments is presented. Despite substantial cultural variation, there are surprisingly high degrees of similarities in family purchasing decision roles among the five countries. This study provides insights for managerial and public policy makers on the implications of cross‐cultural similarities and differences in consumer decision‐making.
Metastable phases in the Al3X (X = Ti, Zr, and Hf) intermetallic system

The paper concentrates on mechanical alloying (MA), a high-energy ball-milling technique, used for preparing powders of Al3Ti, Al3Zr, and Al3Hf. The synthesis of these alloys by MA is reported, and the formation of metastable phases, the thermal stability of these phases, and their lattice parameters are discussed. It is noted that the closeness of the lattice and structure parameters between Al and the Al3X intermetallic phases offers the possibility of coherent precipitates in the Al matrix, while the use of hexane during MA leads to the formation of fine uniformly dispersed carbide precipitates in the matrix. It is pointed out that this, in combination with the fine grain size of the matrix and intermetallic precipitates should lead to cumulative improvements in the properties of the alloys. 23 refs.
A Tale of Two Travelers: The Divergent Journeys of Critical Scholars and Rhetorical Theorists

The authors describe the divergent approaches of critical scholars and rhetorical critics as two different kinds of travelers, making their way through critical analysis in different ways. The two approaches are contrasted in terms of intended destination, itinerary, luggage, jet lag, and mementos from the journey.
Item-domain relationships in the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS).

The internal consistency reliability of the domains on the Adaptive Behavior Scale was examined using ratings provided by client care-staff on 265 institutionalized, mentally retarded persons. Nine of the 10 Part I domains and 6 of the 14 Part II domains had coefficient alpha reliabilities of .80 or greater. An item analysis was obtained by correlating each ABS item with each domain score. About 62% of Part I items and 61% of Part II items were judged as satisfactory by item analytic criteria. The implications of these results for users of the ABS were discussed.
Social class and help-seeking behavior

Using Bernstein's theory of childhood socialization and Kohn's research on adult occupational experiences as the theoretical base, research was undertaken to study the relationship between social class (as measured by occupation and education) and help-seeking behavior. Intensive interviews (n = 42) and surveys (n = 838) were used as data. No evidence of an age or race effect was found. A sex-by-class effect was found. It was found that the lower the social class, the more likely were high values of conformity and the use of didactic help-seeking behavior for both males and females. The higher the respondent's social class, the more likely he or she valued autonomy and had had experiences using a negotiating help-seeking style if the respondent was a female. Males overwhelmingly employed a didactic style regardless of class.
Dangerous Liaisons: When Two Wrongs Just Might Make a Right

Pancreatic cancer is a physically painful disease with one of the poorest survival rates of all cancers. This is partly due to its proclivity to spread early and create metastases. Current therapies are ineffective because of the difficulty in delivering therapy specifically and thoroughly to the primary tumor and its metastases. Moreover, the pancreatic tumor stroma (or local microenvironment) often serves as a physical barrier limiting drug delivery. Quispe-Tintaya and colleagues take an unconventional approach to specifically target pancreatic metastases by administering live, attenuated radioactive bacteria. Previous studies have suggested that the local pancreatic tumor microenvironment may have reduced immune activity compared with that of normal tissues, providing a therapeutic window to deliver bacteria specifically to tumor tissue. To accomplish this, the authors coupled 188Rhenium to a live, attenuated version of the normally pathogenic, food-borne bacteria Listeria monocytogenes . The radioactive bacteria were then delivered to a mouse model of metastatic pancreatic cancer, and the number of metastases and tumor size were measured and compared with those of controls. The authors found that the radioactive bacteria preferentially localized to metastases and significantly reduced both the number of metastases and size of the primary tumor. Importantly, they observed rapid clearance of the radioactive bacteria in normal tissues with no overt toxicity. Indeed, vaccines derived from live, attenuated L. monocytogenes have been found to be safe in phase I clinical trials and have been exploited to express tumor antigens. The current study suggests the further possibility of harnessing this bacteria to deliver radiation and provides a clear rationale for testing the safety of this delivery method in humans. Moving forward, bacteria such as these could potentially be adapted to deliver therapies other than radiation and may be useful for targeting other tumor microenvironments with localized immune suppression. Although radiation safety issues and appropriate dosage must be optimized for use in humans, these findings provide an innovative approach to promote human health by manipulating one normally pathogenic substance (bacteria) to treat another (cancer). W. Quispe-Tintaya et al ., Nontoxic radioactive Listeria at is a highly effective therapy against metastatic pancreatic cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , published online 22 April 2013 (10.1073/pnas.1211287110). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/04/17/1211287110
Traits, Predictors, and Consequences of Facebook Self-Presentation

With Mowen's Meta-theoretic Model of Motivation (3M Model) as a theoretical framework, this article examines the hierarchical trait predictors and consequence of one's perceived ability to modify self-presentation on Facebook (Facebook self-presentation). The study identifies several hierarchical routes to Facebook self-presentation (e.g., agreeableness, need to belong, online public self-consciousness, Facebook self-presentation, or conscientiousness self-efficacy, Internet self-efficacy, Facebook self-presentation). Facebook self-presentation is also significantly correlated with its outcome variable of Facebook intensity. Theoretical implications are provided.
Susceptible period of nitrous oxide teratogenicity in sprague‐dawley rats

The susceptible period of nitrous oxide (N2O) teratogenicity was studied in 170 Sprague-Dawley rats. Seven groups of 20 timed-pregnant rats were exposed to 60% N2O for 24 hours on each of days 6-12 of gestation; a control group of 30 timed-pregnant rats was exposed to air on day 9. On day 20 of gestation, dams were killed and reproductive indices were determined; their fetuses were subsequently examined for external, skeletal, and visceral abnormalities. There were no differences among the groups in the number of implantations and live fetuses, mean fetal weight, and sex ratio. The incidence of fetal wastage was higher than control in N2O-treated groups exposed on days 8 and 11 of gestation. Skeletal malformations of the ribs and vertebrae were increased following exposure on day 9 of gestation. However, the specific minor anomaly, cervical rib, was increased only following exposure on day 8 of gestation. The incidences of right-sided aortic arch and left-sided umbilical artery, abnormalities indicative of altered laterality, were increased following exposure on day 8 of gestation. Nitrous oxide administration during organogenesis causes several reproductive defects by mechanisms which remain to be determined.
Differential Response of Cultured Chicken Glial Cells to Infection with Virulent and Non-Virulent Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus

Abstract THE culture characteristics of chicken brain neuroglial cells has been described by Adams (1965). Trypsin-dispersed chicken brains yield a population of cells which readily grow and multiply to form confluent monolayers of glial cells. Although astrocytes and various transitional astrocytic forms predominate in these cultures, small colonies of oligodendroglia usually are also present. Cultured chicken neuroglial cells readily support the growth of Rous sarcoma virus (Adams, 1966Adams, 1968) and avian encephalomyelitis virus (Mancini and Yates, 1967). Although these cells support the multiplication of these two viruses, they do not undergo any apparent cytopathogenic changes. The differentiation of velogenic (highly virulent for chickens), mesogenic (less virulent) and lentogenic (non-virulent) strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), according to their plaque-forming ability on monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts, has been described by Schloer and Hanson (1968) and by Daniel and Hanson (1968). This report describes the differentiation of neurotropic and non-neurotropic strains of…
NONLINEAR, ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF AN AEROELASTIC SYSTEM VIA GEOMETRIC METHODS

A nonlinear control problem for suppressing flutter in a typical wing section with torsional nonlinearity is investigated. Based on earlier results by the authors, Lie algebraic partial feedback linearization is utilized for the construction of a nominal feedback controller. An adaptive method is used to augment the partial feedback linearization to ensure the stability of the closed-loop system under the presence of uncertainties in structural parameters of the aeroelastic model. The closed-loop system is guaranteed to be stable via the application of La Salle's invariance principle. Although the adaptive controller derived in this paper is based on a simple quasi-steady aerodynamic model, numerical experiments show that it also is stable for a full unsteady aerodynamic model.
Self‐condensation reaction of aromatic tetraamines in polyphosphoric acid

Ladder and partial ladder polymers have been obtained by self-condensation reactions of 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene, 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl ether, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine and 3,3′,4,4′-tetraaminodiphenyl sulfone in polyphosphoric acid. The products thus obtained are highly colored compounds with good thermal stability. They seem to be made up of polyquinoxaline or dihydrophenazine or a mixture of these two recurring units. They are slightly soluble in methanesulfonic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid and have inherent viscosities in the 0.2 to 0.4 range.
2011 Special Issue: Origins of a repetitive and co-contractive biphasic pattern of muscle activation in Parkinson's disease

In studies of electromyographic (EMG) patterns during movements in Parkinson's disease, often a repetitive and sometimes co-contractive pattern of antagonist muscle activation is observed. It has been suggested that the origin of such patterns of muscle activation is a central one arising from impairments in the basal ganglia structures and/or the cortex, although afferent inputs can also modulate the voluntary activity. A neural network model of Parkinson's disease, bradykinesia and rigidity, is extended to quantitatively study the conditions under which such a repetitive and co-contractive pattern of muscle activation appears. Computer simulations show that an oscillatory disrupted globus pallidus internal segment (GPi) response signal comprising at least two excitation-inhibition sequences as an input to a normally functioning cortico-spinal model of movement generation results in a repetitive, but not co-contractive agonist-antagonist pattern of muscle activation. A repetitive and co-contractive pattern of muscle activation results when also dopamine is depleted in the cortex. Finally, additional dopamine depletion in the spinal cord sites results in a reduction of the size, duration and rate of change of the repetitive and co-contractive EMG bursts. These results have important consequences in the development of Parkinson's Disease therapies such as dopamine replacement in cortex and spinal cord, which can alleviate some of the impairments of Parkinson's Disease such as slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and rigidity.
SmartCAM: An adaptive clinical SPECT camera.

An adaptive pinhole aperture that fits a GE MaxiCam Single-Photon-Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) system has been designed, built, and is undergoing testing. The purpose of an adaptive aperture is to allow the imaging system to make adjustments to the aperture while imaging data are being acquired. Our adaptive pinhole aperture can alter several imaging parameters, including field of view, resolution, sensitivity, and magnification. The dynamic nature of such an aperture allows for imaging of specific regions of interest based on initial measurements of the patient. Ideally, this mode of data collection will improve the understanding of a patient’s condition, and will facilitate better diagnosis and treatment. The aperture was constructed using aluminum and a low melting point, high-stopping-power metal alloy called Cerrobend. The aperture utilizes a rotating disk for the selection of a pinhole configuration; as the aluminum disk rotates, different pinholes move into view of the camera face and allow the passage of gamma rays through that particular pinhole. By controlling the angular position of the disk, the optical characteristics of the aperture can be modified, allowing the system to acquire data from controlled regions of interest. First testing was performed with a small radioactive source to prove the functionality of the aperture.
Quantitative Classification of Plant Functional Types Based on Photosynthesis

Classifying plant functional types by a general and quantitative technique is important for sustainable forest management. Here, the time series of diurnal net photosynthetic rate and other related external and internal factors of 11 tree species in a young mixed broadleaf and coniferous Korean pine forest in Northeast China were recorded during the growing season. All time series data were analyzed by a newly proposed model, by which the relative importance of external environmental factors and internal factors on leaf photosynthetic rate among tree species was evaluated. The analysis showed that this method can be useful to identify environmentally sensitive tree species and to quantitatively classify plant functional types. Photosynthetic rate in most pioneer tree species is less sensitive to variation in environmental conditions than in late successional species. The photosynthetic rate of all 11 tree species was mainly determined by their internal factors. The results may also have implications for t...
Hall Effect in Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, and Manganese

The Hall effect in Ti, V, Cr, and Mn has been measured at room temperature with fields up to 30 kilooersteds. The Hall constant was positive for all of these elements. The effect is extremely small in Ti and apparently sensitive to small amounts of impurities. The results for these transition elements indicate that electrical conduction is predominantly due to hole conduction.
Influence of group selective reagents in tissues containing α- and β-adrenoceptors☆

N-ethylmaleimide which is known to react irreversibly with free -SH groups of protein when incubated with rabbit aorta (alpha-adrenoreceptor) or atria (beta-adrenoreceptor) markedly depressed the dose-response curves of norepinephrine isomers in the aorta but not in atria. Dithiothreitol, a reagent which reduces S-S linkages caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curves of both isomers to an equal degree in aorta. However, in atria the reagent drastically and selectively reduced the maximal effects of (+)-norepinephrine and dopamine. This selective alteration of the (+)-isomer by the reagent probably reflects the conformational changes at the beta-adrenoreceptor. The concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide and dithiothreitol required to alter the activity of norepinephrine isomers was higher for atria than for aorta. It may be that alpha-adrenoreceptors are more susceptible than the beta-adrenoreceptors on the -SH group selective reagents. In the highest concentration tested, two other reagents 2,4-dimethoxybenzylamine and N-acetylimidazole, did not influence the activity of the steroisomers on aorta. In the presence of dithiothreitol, the pharmacologic effects of a nonadrenoreceptor stimulant drug, histamine was potentiated on aorta (H1) and not on atria (H2). Results are discussed in the light of similarity and dissimilarity of adrenoreceptors as reflected by the group selective reagents and the stereoisomers.
Considerations concerning the straggling of 100-MeV protons in Xe

The interpretation of straggling experiments in thin absorbers is examined. It is made plausible that the Landau-type solutions of the transport equation are invalid for very thin absorbers. Another solution of the problem is presented. It is shown that the customarily assumed form of the atomic-structure correction for the straggling parameter is incorrect, Finally, various effects influencing the relation between energy lost by the charged particles and the ionization observed in the absorber material are enumerated. (auth)
Determination of the Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow in Man

A method is described for the measurement of the pulmonary capillary blood flow in human subjects with normal lungs. The method depends on the performance of a vital capacity maneuver using nitrous oxide as the test gas. It attempts to circumvent the deficiencies of previous respiratory methods by using an infrared analyzer for the continuous measurement of the concentration of N 2 O in expired air, by ensuring that the respiratory maneuver is completed before recirculation occurs, and by determining simultaneously the values involved in the formula used for the calculation of the flow. As a basis for the method, the pulmonary recirculation time and the rate of N 2 O absorption by the lungs were measured separately. The values for the pul monary capillary blood flow obtained by the N 2 O method correlate well with those obtained by the direct Fick method: in 12 subjects, the average value by the N 2 O method was 5.65 L./min. in comparison with 5.55 L./min. by the direct Pick method; the mean Percentile deviation between the values obtained by the two methods in each subject was 11 per cent. The results obtained by the N 2 O method were also shown to be reproducible : In 14 subjects, successive measurements on the same occasion showed a mean percentile deviation of 6 per cent.
A local discontinuous Galerkin method for the Korteweg-de Vries equation with boundary effect

A local discontinuous Galerkin method for solving Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-type equations with non-homogeneous boundary effect is developed. We provide a criterion for imposing appropriate boundary conditions for general KdV-type equations. The discussion is then focused on the KdV equation posed on the negative half-plane, which arises in the modeling of transition dynamics in the plasma sheath formation [H. Liu, M. Slemrod, KdV dynamics in the plasma-sheath transition, Appl. Math. Lett. 17(4) (2004) 401-410]. The guiding principle for selecting inter-cell fluxes and boundary fluxes is to ensure the L^2 stability and to incorporate given boundary conditions. The local discontinuous Galerkin method thus constructed is shown to be stable and efficient. Numerical examples are given to confirm the theoretical result and the capability of this method for capturing soliton wave phenomena and various boundary wave patterns.
Competence, Integrity, and the Electoral Success of Congressional Incumbents

All voters may share a common interest in maximizing the quality of representatives in the U.S. House. If voters act on this interest when evaluating congressional candidates, then the electoral system will function with a collective sense of rationality. Incumbents who lack competence or integrity will be voted out, whereas skilled and principled incumbents will be retained. Quality, competence, and integrity scores are produced in this study for representatives who entered the U.S. House in the period 1969-1981. These values then are used to assess the role of incumbent quality within the electoral system. Results reveal that incumbents who are low in quality are highly likely to leave Congress after only a few years, either because of voluntary retirement or electoral defeat. Further, incumbent quality is shown to affect the dynamics of primary elections, the level of challenger spending in general elections, and the general election margin. Cumulatively, this study's findings strongly support the clai...
Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion

Why do secular states pursue substantially different policies toward religion? The United States, France, and Turkey are secular states that lack any official religion and have legal systems free from religious control. The French and Turkish states have banned students' headscarves in public schools, whereas the U.S. has allowed students to wear religious symbols and attire. Using the method of process tracing, the author argues that state policies toward religion are the result of ideological struggles. In France and Turkey the dominant ideology is "assertive secularism," which aims to exclude religion from the public sphere, while in the U.S., it is "passive secularism," which tolerates public visibility of religion. Whether assertive or passive secularism became dominant in a particular case was the result of the particular historical conditions during the secular state-building period, especially the presence or absence of an ancien regime based on a marriage of monarchy and hegemonic religion.
Saying It Like It Isn't: Mixed Messages From Men and Women in the Workplace1

Participants in a simulated work environment were exposed to I of 4 feedback conditions that varied in verbal and nonverbal positivity (positive contentlpositive tone, positive contenvnegative tone, negative contentlpositive tone, or negative contentlnegative tone). Either a male or a female supervisor provided this feedback. Results indicate that both productivity and general work satisfaction varied by feedback condition and gender. For example, female subordinates reported higher rates of satisfaction to positive contentlnegative tone messages and male subordinates reported higher rates of satisfaction to negative contentlpositive tone messages. Additionally, the productivity of male subordinates with male supervisors appeared to be distinctly influenced by positive tone relative to all other dyadic compositions. These results demonstrate the importance of examining both verbal and nonverbal components of feedback messages, along with the gender of the supervisor
Touching Hearts, Touching Minds: Using Emotion-based Messaging to Promote Healthful Behavior in the Massachusetts WIC Program

The Touching Hearts, Touching Minds initiative was funded through a 2003 United States Department of Agriculture Special Projects grant to revitalize nutrition education and services in the Massachusetts Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program. The 30 nutrition education materials and facilitated group counseling techniques developed through the project use the power of parent-identified emotional "pulse points" to become more influential in guiding WIC participants to practice positive eating and physical activity behaviors that lead to healthier families. Touching Hearts, Touching Minds materials and strategies have been well received and provide opportunities to transform the nutrition counseling relationship between WIC families and WIC staff. Touching Hearts, Touching Minds has changed nutrition education in Massachusetts and is influencing nutrition education across the country and beyond in numerous venues.
Wafer level vacuum packaging of MEMS sensors

A process has been developed for wafer level vacuum packaging MEMS sensors, which are fabricated from etched, single crystal silicon structures, anodically bonded to metallized glass wafers. Key objectives of the process design were to minimize the number of changes to sensor fabrication, insure a high level of vacuum integrity, and flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of sensor designs. Only a single change to the standard sensor fabrication is required to implement the vacuum sealing process. A seal ring of gold, 250 microns wide by 1 micron thick is applied around the perimeter of the sensor and its electrical contact pads. The key features of this vacuum sealing technology are incorporated in the silicon cap wafer. It is 200 microns thick and contains an array of cavities, 50 microns deep, which align with the MEMS devices on the glass wafer. The opposite side of the wafer is coated with 2000 angstroms of silicon dioxide and is arrayed with aluminum bond pads, which align with those on the sensor wafer. These pads are connected to the sensor by through wafer vias, which are coated with a layer of parylene, one micron thick. The parylene is applied in a vapor deposition process, and then an excimer laser is used to ablate it from the bottom of the vias to allow electrical connections to be made to the aluminum bond pads. The vias are metallized with an adhesion layer of 500 angstroms of titanium and a conduction layer of 2000 angstroms of gold. This metal is photo-patterned, to produce pads that align with those of the sensor, and then all exposed parylene is removed by reactive ion etching. This cap wafer is bonded to the sensor wafer in an ultra-high vacuum system with a base pressure of 10/sup -8/ Torr. The two wafers are held on electrostatic chucks, one of which is hinged, so that in the degas phase, both wafers can be cleaned in-situ with an ion gun. For bonding, the hinge is actuated to position the cap wafer above the sensor wafer. A pair of prisms is positioned between the wafers to allow them to be precisely aligned prior to sealing. The wafers are bonded together by heating them to 300 /spl deg/C and actuating a pair of ball screws, which clamps them together under a load of 500 Newtons. The load and temperature is maintained for one hour to allow the gold of the sensor seal ring to react with the silicon of the cap wafer. The bonded pair is slowly cooled under load to complete the sealing process. The ultimate goal of this sealing approach is to use the control ASIC chip that is paired with the sensor, as the cap structure. This would minimize the length of signal paths between the ASIC and sensor, while realizing a very compact vacuum package.
Hydrologic comparison between a forested and a wetland/lake dominated watershed using SWAT

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a physically-based hydrologic model developed for agricultural watersheds, which has been infrequently validated for forested watersheds, particularly those with deep overwinter snow accumulation and abundant lakes and wetlands. The goal of this study was to determine the applicability of SWAT for modelling streamflow in two watersheds of the Ontonagon River basin of northern Michigan which differ in proportion of wetland and lake area. The forest-dominated East Branch watershed contains 17% wetland and lake area, whereas the wetland/lake-dominated Middle Branch watershed contains 26% wetland and lake area. The specific objectives were to: (1) calibrate and validate SWAT models for the East Branch and Middle Branch watersheds to simulate monthly stream flow, and (2) compare the effects of wetland and lake abundance on the magnitude and timing of streamflow. Model calibration and validation was satisfactory, as determined by deviation of discharge D and Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient values E that compared simulated monthly mean discharge versus measured monthly mean discharge. Streamflow simulation discrepancies occurred during summer and fall months and dry years. Several snow melting parameters were found to be critical for the SWAT simulation: TIMP (snow temperature lag factor) and SMFMX and SMFMN (melting factors). Snow melting parameters were not transferable between adjacent watersheds. Differences in seasonal pattern of long-term monthly streamflow were found, with the forest-dominated watershed having a higher peak flow during April but a lower flow during the remainder of the year in comparison to the wetland and lake-dominated watershed. The results suggested that a greater proportion of wetland and lake area increases the capacity of a watershed to impound surface runoff and to delay storm and snow melting events. Representation of wetlands and lakes in a watershed model is required to simulate monthly stream flow in a wetland/lake-dominated watershed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interesting Errors in Sulfur Chemistry, 12

Abstract I. IN THE LEUCKART SYNTHESIS OF THIOPHENOLS In a study of the Leuckart synthesis, along with the expected aryl ethylxanthates 1, which could be hydrolyzed as usual to the arenethiols, aryl dithiolcarbonates 2were isolated in crude yields of up to 72% (Eq. 1).1 All early indications were that our product (“XXIII” in ref. 1) from a p-nitrobenzenediazonium salt also was a dithiolcarbonate, just as had been found with five other diazonium salts. We assumed that the difference of our mp (183.5–184.5°C) for the product (“XXIII” in ref. 1) from one reported for the nitro dithiolcarbonate (174.5°C, no range given) merely reflected greater purity for our product. Later,2 however, conversation with Dr. Terence C. Owen (then of England and now at the University of South Florida) led to concern that the infrared spectrum of “XXIII”, which we had presumed to be bis-(p-nitrophenyl) dithiolcarbonate, lacked a carbonyl band closer to ca. 1700cm−1 than ca. 1590cm−1. Since the other dithiol-carbonates showed bands...
The Major Element Chemistry of Libyan Desert Glass and the Mineralogy of its Precursor

Pieces of high-silica, natural glass (Libyan Desert Glass), found on the desert surface of western Egypt, have been treated as an enigma for 50 years although it is virtually certain they are similar to tektites in being impact-derived products. New major element analyses of four Libyan Desert Glass specimens agree extremely well with the only other recent analysis and demonstrate that the original bulk analyses reported by Spencer (1939) are in error. The five modern analyses define a very tight chemical range for SiO2 (97.38–98.25 wt %), Al2O3 (1.16–2.26 wt %), total Fe (0.15–0.60 wt % as Fe2O3) and TiO2 (0.13–0.19 wt %). Measurable MgO (0.04–0.20 wt %) was found in one specimen. No other elements are present in greater than trace amounts. Microprobe analyses show that Al, Fe and Ti are all positively correlated with one another and are almost ubiquitously distributed throughout the glass. They must also have been so distributed in the LDG precursor material as mechanical mixing and elemental diffusion in the short-lived melt were limited. In contrast, Mg is sharply restricted in occurrence and correlates only with Fe, strongly suggesting a precursor Mg-Fe oxide or silicate mineral present as rare, discrete grains. Aside from rare accessory minerals, the parent material was a sand or sandstone composed of quartz grains coated with a mixture of kaolinite, hematite and anatase. This conclusion is based solely on the elemental distribution in the glass but is buttressed by the occurrence of both sand and sandstone, in southwestern Egypt, with the requisite mineralogy. However, mineralogic identity need not, in general, translate to a chemical match and it is entirely possible that the specific sand or sandstone facies involved in the glass formation no longer exists after 28 million years. Consequently, it may well be that evidence other than chemical comparisons will be needed to identify the presently unknown parent crater.
Cognitive Impairment and Other Psychological Scores Derived from the Content Analysis of Speech in Detoxified Male Chronic Alcoholics

Sober chronic alcoholic males, sober nonalcoholic males, and intoxicated nonalcoholic males were assessed along several psychological dimensions by means of the content analysis of speech. Average cognitive impairment scores were significantly greater among intoxicated nonalcoholics than sober chronic alcoholics and significantly greater in sober chronic alcoholics than in sober nonalcoholics. Sober chronic alcoholics, also, had a significantly higher score than sober nonalcoholics on depression, social alienation-personal disorganization (schizoid traits), separation, guilt, and diffuse anxiety, and hostility inward. The general mental health, including cognitive function, of sober chronic alcoholics is clearly impaired when compared to sober nonalcoholic individuals.
On the road to Accra, via Canada and County Kerry

A workshop was convened in February 2008 to identify the role of civil-society organisations (CSOs) in the post-Paris Declaration aid agenda, prior to the High-Level Forum to review progress towards achieving aid harmonisation that was held in Accra in September 2008. The article presents concerns about the focus on the mechanisms rather than the purpose or impacts of aid; the ways in which donors force through their own agendas; and the continuing gap between rhetoric and practice on issues such as gender equity and local ownership.
Complex number representation in RCBNS form for arithmetic operations and conversion of the result into standard binary form

We introduce a novel method for complex number representation. The proposed, redundant complex binary number system (RCBNS) is developed by combining a redundant binary number and a complex number in base (-1+j). Donald (1960) and Walter Penny (1964, 1965) represented complex numbers using base -j and (-1+j) in the classified algorithmic models. A redundant complex binary number system consists of both real and imaginary-radix number systems that form a redundant integer digit set. This system is formed by using complex radix of (-1+j) and a digit set of /spl alpha/=3, where /spl alpha/ assumes a value of -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. The arithmetic operations of complex numbers with this system treat the real and imaginary parts as one unit. The carry-free addition has the advantage of redundancy in number representation in the arithmetic operations. Results of the arithmetic operations are in the RCBNS form. The two methods for conversion from the RCBNS form to the standard binary number form have been presented. The RCBNS reduces the number of steps required to perform complex number arithmetic operations, thus enhancing the speed.
Season-Dependent Condition-Based Maintenance for a Wind Turbine Using a Partially Observed Markov Decision Process

We develop models and the associated solution tools for devising optimal maintenance strategies, helping reduce the operation costs, and enhancing the marketability of wind power. We consider a multi-state deteriorating wind turbine subject to failures of several modes. We also examine a number of critical factors, affecting the feasibility of maintenance, especially the dynamic weather conditions, which makes the subsequent modeling and the resulting strategy season-dependent. We formulate the problem as a partially observed Markov decision process with heterogeneous parameters. The model is solved using a backward dynamic programming method, producing a dynamic strategy. We highlight the benefits of the resulting strategy through a case study using data from the wind industry. The case study shows that the optimal policy can be adapted to the operating conditions, choosing the most cost-effective action. Compared with fixed, scheduled maintenances and a static strategy, the dynamic strategy can achieve the considerable improvements in both reliability and costs.
Infertility, cancer, and changing gender norms

Introduction Recent improvements in cancer detection, treatment, and technology have increased survivorship rates. These same life-saving treatments, however, can lead to infertility or sterility. Oncofertility, an emerging field at the intersection of cancer and oncology, centers on providing cancer patients with the potential to preserve their biological fertility.
Linguistic Summarization Using IF–THEN Rules and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

Linguistic summarization (LS) is a data mining or knowledge discovery approach to extract patterns from databases. Many authors have used this technique to generate summaries like “Most senior workers have high salary,” which can be used to better understand and communicate about data; however, few of them have used it to generate IF-THEN rules like “IF X is large and Y is medium, THEN Z is small,” which not only facilitate understanding and communication of data but can also be used in decision-making. In this paper, an LS approach to generate IF-THEN rules for causal databases is proposed. Both type-1 and interval type-2 fuzzy sets are considered. Five quality measures-the degrees of truth, sufficient coverage, reliability, outlier, and simplicity-are defined. Among them, the degree of reliability is especially valuable for finding the most reliable and representative rules, and the degree of outlier can be used to identify outlier rules and data for close-up investigation. An improved parallel coordinates approach for visualizing the IF-THEN rules is also proposed. Experiments on two datasets demonstrate our LS and rule visualization approaches. Finally, the relationships between our LS approach and the Wang-Mendel (WM) method, perceptual reasoning, and granular computing are pointed out.
The Surprising Effectiveness of Hostile Mediators

Although conflict resolution guidebooks recommend that mediators use a gentle approach to diffuse negative emotions between parties in dispute, we demonstrate the surprising effectiveness of hostile mediators. Adversaries seem less negative in the presence of hostile mediators, leading to greater propensity to make deals (Study 1). Such mediators serve as points of contrast, making adversaries seem suddenly more attractive in comparison (Study 2). A path model demonstrates that the perceived warmth of the mediator influences negotiators’ social attraction toward their counterpart, explaining the relationship between the mediator’s hostility and negotiators’ increased willingness to reach agreement (Study 3). We discuss implications for research and practice.
Squirrel: a decentralized peer-to-peer web cache

This paper presents a decentralized, peer-to-peer web cache called Squirrel. The key idea is to enable web browsers on desktop machines to share their local caches, to form an efficient and scalable web cache, without the need for dedicated hardware and the associated administrative cost. We propose and evaluate decentralized web caching algorithms for Squirrel, and discover that it exhibits performance comparable to a centralized web cache in terms of hit ratio, bandwidth usage and latency. It also achieves the benefits of decentralization, such as being scalable, self-organizing and resilient to node failures, while imposing low overhead on the participating nodes.
Context-dependent generalization

The pattern of generalization following motor learning can provide a probe on the neural mechanisms underlying learning. For example, the breadth of generalization to untrained regions of space after visuomotor adaptation to targets in a restricted region of space has been attributed to the directional tuning properties of neurons in the motor system. Building on this idea, the effect of different types of perturbations on generalization (e.g., rotation versus visual translation) have been attributed to the selection of differentially tuned populations. Overlooked in this discussion is consideration of how the context of the training environment may constrain generalization. Here, we explore the role of context by having participants learn a visuomotor rotation or a translational shift in two different contexts, one in which the array of targets were presented in a circular arrangement and the other in which they were presented in a rectilinear arrangement. The perturbation and environments were either consistent (e.g., rotation with circular arrangement) or inconsistent (e.g., rotation with rectilinear arrangement). The pattern of generalization across the workspace was much more dependent on the context of the environment than on the perturbation, with broad generalization for the rectilinear arrangement for both types of perturbations. Moreover, the generalization pattern for this context was evident, even when the perturbation was introduced in a gradual manner, precluding the use of an explicit strategy. We describe how current models of generalization might be modified to incorporate these results, building on the idea that context provides a strong bias for how the motor system infers the nature of the visuomotor perturbation and, in turn, how this information influences the pattern of generalization.