cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal volume and memory performance in a community‐based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse

Childhood abuse is linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which follows abuse survivors into adulthood. This study identified the neuropsychological and neuromorphological sequelae of PTSD among prepubescently abused women. Right-handed women aged 20-40 years were placed into PTSD and abuse, abuse only, and normal control groups (n = 17 per group). Participants were screened for trauma history and psychiatric symptoms, demographically matched, and given neuropsychological tests and a magnetic resonance scan of their brain. Women with PTSD did not express significant deficits in memory performance or hippocampal volume when compared with the abuse and normal control groups.
Odd Moments of the Cross-Correlation Function for Library Searching of Infrared Spectra

The odd moments of the autocorrelation function are zero, and the moments of the cross-correlation function for an unknown spectrum with a library entry have been used here to select the best fits. The use of the first moment or average wavenumber in six separate spectral ranges requires only 12 values per library entry, and 24 values are required per library entry if twelve separate ranges are used. The odd moment methods were found to yield results for searches with both library and experimental spectra that were comparable to correlation coefficients in selection of the proper chemical class for the unknown spectra and in making of the proper identification.
Correlated Errors in the Random Model

Abstract The usual one-way random model for the analysis of variance is broadened to allow for negative correlation between true residuals in the same row or cluster. This gives rise to an essential unidentifiability of parameters. Nonetheless, the likelihood function is typically such that the joint posterior distribution of all parameters is quite informative and there is enormous evidence for negative correlation whenever the sum of squares within is sufficiently large. Indeed, as this sum of squares goes to infinity, the joint posterior distribution converges to a limiting distribution which is very nearly the same as that in which it is known a priori that residuals are negatively correlated in the most extreme way possible.
Autism genetics: emerging data from genome-wide copy-number and single nucleotide polymorphism scans

Autism and related traits are highly heritable but cannot be explained by currently known genetic risk factors. Therefore, the advent of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number variant (CNV) microarray technologies heralded identification of additional autism loci. CNVs associated with autism seem to show variable expressivity, also leading to other phenotypes, such as schizophrenia, mental retardation/developmental delay and epilepsy. Initial genome-wide SNP-association studies have each identified a single novel associated locus with modest effect. Based on the lessons from other complex common disease, larger sample sizes and meta-analyses are likely to identify additional SNP loci, and the genes implicated may act on multiple related disorders. Even if common alleles or rare variants hold little predictive value, neurodevelopmental pathways disrupted in autism may be identified. Future research might yet uncover common CNV risk loci and rare single nucleotide risk alleles, which are currently difficult to detect. The genetic architecture and phenotypic heterogeneity identified so far suggest additional approaches, such as population-based research and study of relevant neurobiological endophenotypes.
Measuring Constituent Policy Preferences in Congress, State Legislatures, and Cities

Little is known about the American public’s policy preferences at the level of Congressional districts, state legislative districts, and local municipalities. In this article, we overcome the limited sample sizes that have hindered previous research by jointly scaling the policy preferences of 275,000 Americans based on their responses to policy questions. We combine this large dataset of Americans’ policy preferences with recent advances in opinion estimation to estimate the preferences of every state, congressional district, state legislative district, and large city. We show that our estimates outperform previous measures of citizens’ policy preferences. These new estimates enable scholars to examine representation at a variety of geographic levels. We demonstrate the utility of these estimates through applications of our measures to examine representation in state legislatures and city governments.
Separable Markovian Decision Problems

The special structure of a class of Markovian decision problems is exploited to simplify the determination of optimum policies. For certain pairs consisting of a state i and decision k, the cost cki separates cki = ai + bk, while the transition probabilities pkij and transition time distributions Fkij are independent of i. Equivalence of a second Markovian decision problem which exploits this structure is demonstrated for the discounted and averaging cases. In addition, streamlined approaches are presented for dealing directly with the original problem, and a particular inventory model is further simplified.
Estimating the Ages of Children in Nonliterate Populations A Field Method

Due to problems in determining the specific ages of children in societies where age records are inaccurate or nonexistent, an alternative age estimation technique is described. This technique involves observation of the exact stage of tooth eruption at each position in the mouth, making possible simultaneous utilization of a wide variety of known dental landmarks in making age judgments. The method, in a pilot study, produced a correlation of .92 between estimated and actual ages within a sample of 131 children in Ghana. This correlation exceeds those found using other age estimation procedures.
Gastric dysmotility at the organ level in gastroparesis

Gastric motor functions are regulated by a complex series of events that are controlled by the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous system, smooth muscle cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and hormones. The stomach has specific functional regions, the fundus, which serves as the reservoir, and the antrum. The latter triturates and mixes an ingested meal to maximize the digestion of nutrients. Organ level abnormalities of gastric function have been described, specifically, impairment in gastric accommodation, antral hypomotility, pylorospasm, and gastric dysrhythmias. Diseases, such as diabetes mellitus with autonomic neuropathy, hyperglycemia, systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis among others, impact the mechanisms underlying the gastric motor functions leading to dysmotility at one or more levels. These abnormalities present clinically with symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal fullness, early satiety, and pain. These symptoms can all impact the quality of life and have presented a significant burden to the public health.
Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: New Understandings

▪ Abstract The primary or hereditary form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), although rare, has received increased attention recently because of dramatic advances in the understanding of its genetic basis. The final regulation of renal acid excretion is effected by various acid/base transporters localized in specialized cells in the cortical collecting and outer medullary collecting tubules. Inherited defects in two of the key acid/base transporters involved in distal acidification, as well as mutations in the cytosolic carbonic anhydrase gene, can cause dRTA. The syndrome is inherited in both autosomal dominant and recessive patterns; patients with recessive dRTA present with either acute illness or growth failure at a young age, sometimes accompanied by deafness, whereas dominant dRTA is usually a milder disease and involves no hearing loss. The AE1 gene encodes two Cl−/HCO3− exchangers that are expressed in the erythrocyte and in the acid-secreting intercalated cells of the kidney. AE1 contribute...
Determination of Events Leading to Sport Utility Vehicle Rollover

To determine the major event pathways that result in sport utility vehicle (SUV) rollover, researchers at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute examined SUV rollover cases selected from the National Automotive Sampling System crashworthiness data system files for 1999 to 2001. Selected SUVs included the Ford Explorer, Jeep Cherokee, Chevrolet Blazer, Toyota 4-Runner, and GMC Jimmy for model years 1989 to 2001. Researchers coded up to six pre-rollover events, along with the stability of the vehicle (tracking or skidding) after each event. In addition, crash avoidance and recovery maneuvers were recorded, along with the rollover initiation type, location of rollover initiation, direction of roll, number of quarter turns of roll, location of roll, and surface condition at rollover initiation. Approximately 34% of SUV rollovers began with a loss of control caused by tire saturation, and about 75 % of the loss-of-control cases were on icy, wet, or snowy roads. Of the SUVs that ran off the road as the first event, 47% returned to the road before rolling over, and of these, 76% were tracking (presumed under control) before initial road departure. Between 40% and 49% of SUV rollover crashes experienced yaw instability while still on the roadway before roll. These rollovers may be addressed by electronic stability control devices if such devices can increase the control limits of the vehicle.
Role of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Cannabinoid Actions in the Substantia Nigra of the Rat

Sanudo-Pena, M. Clara and J. Michael Walker. Role of the subthalamic nucleus in cannabinoid actions in the substantia nigra of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1635–1638, 1997. The effect of cannabinoids on the excitatory input to the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) from the subthalamic nucleus was explored. For this purpose a knife cut was performed rostral to the subthalamic nucleus to isolate the subthalamic nucleus and the SNr from the striatum, a major source of cannabinoid receptors to the SNr. The data showed that the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 blocked the increase in the firing rate of SNr neurons induced by stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus with bicuculline. Furthermore, the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A antagonized the effect of the cannabinoid agonist. This study showed that cannabinoids regulate not only the striatonigral pathway, as previously reported, but also the subthalamonigral pathway. The opposite influences of these two inputs to the SNr, inhibitory and excitatory respectively, suggest that endogenous cannabinoids play a major role in the physiological regulation of the SNr.
Absence of glucocorticoid negative feedback to moderate hemorrhage in conscious rats

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stressors elicit and are modulated by glucocorticoids. In the present study, pituitary-adrenal responses to repeated 14 ml/kg (approximately 20%) blood losses separated by 90 min were evaluated in chronically cannulated male rats. Plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone (Cort) levels peaked by 9 and 18 min after hemorrhage, respectively. ACTH returned toward prestimulus values upon retransfusion, whereas Cort remained elevated. Repeated hemorrhage was associated with significantly larger pituitary-adrenal secretory responses, as compared with the initial hemorrhage. These responses were characterized by a more rapid rate of rise in plasma ACTH and delayed Cort secretion. Treatment of rats with intravenous Cort in place of the initial hemorrhage was without effect on the magnitude of pituitary-adrenal responses to a hemorrhage 90 min later. From these observations, it is suggested that 1) the physical stressor of hemorrhage elicits reproducible activation of the HPA axis in rats, 2) HPA axis activation after hemorrhage appears to be mediated via glucocorticoid-independent pathways, and 3) responsiveness to repeated hemorrhage is modestly amplified by some aspect of the initial stimulus.
ADVANCES IN NUMERICAL MODELING OF DUNE EROSION

Estimating dune erosion during severe storm events continues to be a major coastal engineering problem. In the United States, for example, numerous state and federal regulatory programs now require an estimate of the erosion caused by the 100-year hurricane or extratropical storm. In addition, most beach replenishment projects include storm protection berm and dune systems that must be sized to survive some design storm event.
A Three-Point Property

(1962). A Three-Point Property. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 22-25.
Life after Founder: Exploring the Link between Organization and Leader Image Following Succession

In this study, I explore the interplay between organization image and leader image after a drastic change in organization: when the founder leaves the organization in a sudden fashion and the succe...
A Multisite Qualitative Comparison of Community Wildfire Risk Perceptions

It is increasingly important that natural resource managers understand residents’ perceptions of wildfire risks, particularly as the wildland– urban interface expands. Risk perceptions influence resident risk reduction strategies that are crucial to effective hazard management. This study compares key informant responses about community wildfire risk from five areas of the eastern United States. Perceptions are influenced by ecological characteristics as well as economic and sociodemographic factors. These include, e.g., the proliferation of low-density housing and second home development, local values and norms, and the strength of public services. Despite federal designation of wildfire risk, most informants said their communities were relatively unconcerned about wildfire. In some places, informants noted awareness of wildfire but lack of concern. Findings illustrate how social and cultural characteristics of participants’ communities intersected with biophysical elements of wildfire to attenuate risk perceptions. Implications for community wildfire risk mitigation policy are discussed.
Abstract 3848: Abrogation of TGF-β signaling promotes mammary carcinoma progression by enhanced Th17 response

We have shown that TGF-β signaling in carcinoma cells can suppress the expression of chemokines that are responsible for the expansion and recruitment of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in tumor bearing mice. Using mice with conditional deletion of the type II TGF-β receptor gene (Tgfbr2) in mammary epithelial cells we have shown that derivative MMTV-PyMT induced carcinomas were better able to recruit tumor-promoting MDSCs than carcinomas with intact TGF-β signaling. This recruitment correlated with higher levels of Cxcl1/5 expression in tumors lacking intact TGF-β signaling. Cxcl1/5 signal through the CXCR2 receptor and it has been shown that CXCR2 signaling in vitro was able to promote migration and invasion of MDSC. IL-17 can up-regulate secretion of Cxc chemokines by epithelial cells. Differentiation of Th17 cells in the tumor microenvironment depends on the balance of cytokines such as TGF-β, IL-6 and IL-23, which are primarily produced by tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Based on this information, we hypothesize that loss of TGF-β signaling in carcinoma cells results in increased tumor volume through an enhanced Th17 response. In vivo studies were performed using a spontaneous tumor model MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-PyMT/Tgfbr2 KO. On 7-9 days after tumor formation we isolated tumor tissue and prepared single cell suspensions which were used for flow cytometry analysis and for FACS sorting. CD4+ cells were isolated by CD4 Microbeads from Miltenyi Biotec. For in vitro studies we used immortalized epithelial cell lines which were prepared from PyMT tumors of MMTV-WT and MMTV-KO mice. Levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA. We found that MDSCs don9t express CXCR2 in the lung and tumor tissue compared with MDSCs from the spleen and bone marrow. Carcinoma cells without Tgbr2 produce more CXCL1/5 and ELISA data showed that release of these two chemokines is upregulated by IL-17. Also, we have found increased expression of IL-17r on knockout epithelial cells and these cells are 4 times more sensitive to low concentrations of IL-17. In parallel, we found that TGF-β decreases secretion of CXCL1/5 from normal epithelial cells but not from cells without Tgbr2. Levels of TGF-β and IL-6, which are important for differentiation of Th17 cells, are increased in tumor tissue without Tgbr2. These data are paralleled with an increased number of Th-17 cells and level of IL-17. In addition, we discovered a secondary effect of IL-17 in increasing the suppressive function of MDSC9s on T cells through the upregulation of Arg, IDO and COX2. We conclude that the tumor microenvironment of mammary carcinomas with defective TGF-β signaling in epithelial cells have increased levels of IL-17 which enhance tumor progression thru increased MDSCs migration and enhanced suppressive function. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3848.
Fully ordered Sr 2 CrReO 6 epitaxial films: A high-temperature ferrimagnetic semiconductor

We report growth of Sr${}_{2}$CrReO${}_{6}$ epitaxial films with 99$%$ Cr/Re ordering and crystalline perfection comparable to those of high-quality semiconductor films. The Sr${}_{2}$CrReO${}_{6}$ films show a Curie temperature of 508 K and a saturation magnetization of 1.29 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ per formula unit, which confirms the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling. Unexpectedly, electrical transport and optical absorption measurements indicate that Sr${}_{2}$CrReO${}_{6}$ is a semiconductor with a band gap of 0.21 eV. The unique combination of high temperature ferrimagnetism and semiconductivity is both scientifically interesting and highly attractive for applications.
Analysis of the monitoring results of urban and rural pupils′ health in Tinghu area

Objective:To understand the health status of pupils in Tinghu district.Methods:Students of two primary school were selected for health examination in 2010,one of the urban and one of the rural.Results: The top three common diseases among the pupils are poor vision(51.36%),anemia(12.06%),obesity(7.59%).Girls with poor eyesight reached 61.30%,far more than the 43.31% of the boys(χ2=15.76,P0.01).Conclusion:The problem of frequent common diseases attacking pupils shall cause great concern in whole society and it′s urgent for all the schools to enhance the health education and health promotion.
Operational Risk Metric for Dynamic Security Assessment of Renewable Generation

The objective of this paper is to explore the efficacy of applying risk-based security assessment (RBSA) to define reliability standards for electricity grids with high penetration of converter-interfaced generation. A novel approach to estimate the impact of transient instability is presented in this paper by modeling several important protection systems in the transient stability analysis. In addition, a probabilistic model is developed to capture the uncertainty of increased converter-interfaced renewable penetration. A synthetic test case is derived from a realistic power system to verify the proposed method. The simulation results show that RBSA not only provides significantly relaxed security limits, but also helps in identifying critical aspects of system reliability that are not possible using conventional deterministic methods.
The Early Death of Charles Tiebout

Charles Tiebout initiated a firestorm of discussion. In fact, his seminal article is perhaps the most frequently cited in public finance, and cited more than the treatises of Buchanan or Musgrave. The works by Buchanan notoriously attracted the attention of Paul Samuelson, the godfather of modern neoclassical economics. But by the time these debates with Samuelson and Buchanan had reached their apex, Charles Tiebout had moved on from Northwestern to the hotbed of Institutional Economics at the University of California in Los Angeles.
CRISPR-Cas Systems Optimize Their Immune Response by Specifying the Site of Spacer Integration

CRISPR-Cas systems defend prokaryotes against viruses and plasmids. Short DNA segments of the invader, known as spacers, are stored in the CRISPR array as immunological memories. New spacers are added invariably to the 5' end of the array; therefore, the first spacer matches the latest foreign threat. Whether this highly polarized order of spacer insertion influences CRISPR-Cas immunity has not been explored. Here we show that a conserved sequence located immediately upstream of the CRISPR array specifies the site of new spacer integration. Mutation of this sequence results in erroneous incorporation of new spacers into the middle of the array. We show that spacers added through polarized acquisition give rise to more robust CRISPR-Cas immunity than spacers added to the middle of the array. This study demonstrates that the CRISPR-Cas system specifies the site of spacer integration to optimize the immune response against the most immediate threat to the host.
Gut microbiota induce IGF-1 and promote bone formation and growth

Appreciation of the role of the gut microbiome in regulating vertebrate metabolism has exploded recently. However, the effects of gut microbiota on skeletal growth and homeostasis have only recently begun to be explored. Here, we report that colonization of sexually mature germ-free (GF) mice with conventional specific pathogen-free (SPF) gut microbiota increases both bone formation and resorption, with the net effect of colonization varying with the duration of colonization. Although colonization of adult mice acutely reduces bone mass, in long-term colonized mice, an increase in bone formation and growth plate activity predominates, resulting in equalization of bone mass and increased longitudinal and radial bone growth. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone with known actions on skeletal growth, are substantially increased in response to microbial colonization, with significant increases in liver and adipose tissue IGF-1 production. Antibiotic treatment of conventional mice, in contrast, decreases serum IGF-1 and inhibits bone formation. Supplementation of antibiotic-treated mice with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), products of microbial metabolism, restores IGF-1 and bone mass to levels seen in nonantibiotic-treated mice. Thus, SCFA production may be one mechanism by which microbiota increase serum IGF-1. Our study demonstrates that gut microbiota provide a net anabolic stimulus to the skeleton, which is likely mediated by IGF-1. Manipulation of the microbiome or its metabolites may afford opportunities to optimize bone health and growth.
Women's perception of adolescent marijuana use in a hispanic seasonal farm worker community: A qualitative study.

ABSTRACTWe examined the perception of adolescent children’s marijuana use and its consequences in the Hispanic seasonal farmworking community of South Florida via three focus groups with Hispanic adult female seasonal workers (n = 29). The women described how adolescents’ marijuana use increased over the past five years. Social networks for marijuana use were reported near schools and bus stations. Although participants expressed concern over adolescent marijuana use and involvement in selling marijuana, they reported that their job demands preclude their ability to supervise their children. Participants do not report unlawful marijuana use due to fear of deportation.
Joint optimization of fluence field modulation and regularization in task-driven computed tomography

Purpose: This work presents a task-driven joint optimization of fluence field modulation (FFM) and regularization in quadratic penalized-likelihood (PL) reconstruction. Conventional FFM strategies proposed for filtered-backprojection (FBP) are evaluated in the context of PL reconstruction for comparison. Methods: We present a task-driven framework that leverages prior knowledge of the patient anatomy and imaging task to identify FFM and regularization. We adopted a maxi-min objective that ensures a minimum level of detectability index (d’) across sample locations in the image volume. The FFM designs were parameterized by 2D Gaussian basis functions to reduce dimensionality of the optimization and basis function coefficients were estimated using the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES) algorithm. The FFM was jointly optimized with both space-invariant and spatially-varying regularization strength (β) - the former via an exhaustive search through discrete values and the latter using an alternating optimization where β was exhaustively optimized locally and interpolated to form a spatially-varying map. Results: The optimal FFM inverts as β increases, demonstrating the importance of a joint optimization. For the task and object investigated, the optimal FFM assigns more fluence through less attenuating views, counter to conventional FFM schemes proposed for FBP. The maxi-min objective homogenizes detectability throughout the image and achieves a higher minimum detectability than conventional FFM strategies. Conclusions: The task-driven FFM designs found in this work are counter to conventional patterns for FBP and yield better performance in terms of the maxi-min objective, suggesting opportunities for improved image quality and/or dose reduction when model-based reconstructions are applied in conjunction with FFM.
Introduction: Literature as Academic Discipline During Hard Times

Until the middle of the last century, the study of literature in secondary education was the privilege of an elite. Since then, as part of the core secondary curriculum, it has become virtually universal. The general education status of literary pedagogy raises the questions of whether literature should be taught to a general audience, and if so, how? Are utilitarian goals necessary to justify literary study at the secondary level, or is “literariness” the only legitimate foundation of the discipline? Throughout the last 150 years, France has been at the forefront of these discussions and has much to teach the rest of the world as it struggles to define the goals and methods of literature in secondary education.
Noise assessment framework for optimizing ECG key generation

Bioelectrical signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) have shown promise as biometrics, but their continuous nature and drastic acquisition variations make it difficult to deploy them for biometric-based key generation. In particular, it is nearly impossible to obtain raw ECG measurements from a large population under all possible test conditions. In this paper, we build upon our recent approach called IOMBA by combining it with a pre-assessment framework that uses synthetic ECGs to characterize the impact of different sources of noise on ECG-based keys. Our framework uses an auto-regressive (AR) model with three modulated sources of noise - baseline wander (BW), electromyography (EMG), and motion artifact (MA). The performance of the proposed framework is validated using normal ECG signals from popular ECG databases. Different feature extraction methods are applied for ECG key generation and the performance of each approach with each noise source is evaluated. The proposed framework can be used to optimize pre-processing approaches for low-cost applications.
A New Hope: The Idea of a Strategic Defense

Since August 1953, when the Soviet Union detonated its own "Super Bomb" (multimegaton thermonuclear device), the best national defense against nuclear attack was to have so many nuclear weapons that no enemy would dare risk a retaliatory strike. This idea soon became policy. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) was the heart of all policies of Deterrence; and (at least initially) 1 all the players in the Cold War seemed to agree with Robert Oppenheimer that starting World War III would soon lead to a world where the only way super powers could resolve their conflicts would be "with sticks and stones." 2 By 1983, the possibility of a sudden - no, instantaneous - nuclear holocaust had become the whole planet's worst nightmare. President Reagan stumbled onto a way to give humanity an alternative.
NASA's current initiative to improve operations planning

As a follow-on to the Technical Capability Assessment Team, in 2015 NASA began seven Agency-wide efforts to seek out opportunities to improve the effectiveness of NASA operations. One of these technical teams is the Mission Operations Planning team, charged with increasing interactions and efficiency for planning of mission activities. That team is chaired by the author with representatives from eight other centers across the Agency. As the strategic architects for the vision of agency-wide ops planning, the team has identified a number of new initiatives and techniques to improve planning, including: breaking down walls within centers which obstruct multi-mission planning; breaking down walls agency-wide which obstruct the sharing of ops planning lessons and capabilities; strengthening the community of practice of ops planning capability developers; establishing best practices for a variety of types of ops planning; defining standards for activity plans and timelines, and plan inputs; and recommending the presence of “multi-mission operations champions” within each center to implement these recommendations into the next decade.
Glycan alterations on serum mucins in pancreatic cancer patients

5513 The carbohydrate structures on certain mucins are frequently altered in pancreatic cancer patients. A characterization of the variation in those structures over many cancer patients could be used to assess their diagnostic value and to identify possible functional relationships with disease. Using a novel method of profiling glycans on native proteins using antibody arrays, we characterized certain glycan levels on several mucins (MUC1, MUC5ac, MUC16) in the sera of pancreatic cancer patients (n = 23) and control subjects (n = 23). Probing the proteins with 22 different glycan binding lectins or antibodies revealed several groups of glycans that were elevated in cancer, including Lewis antigens, T/Tn antigens, and fucose groups. Glycan detection greatly improved the discrimination between cancer and control samples relative to detecting the glycoprotein alone. For example, at a threshold defining an 87% specificity (3/23 control samples above the threshold), 7/23 cancer patients (30% sensitivity) showed an elevation in the MUC5ac core protein (AUC=0.72), but 23/23 cancer patients (100% sensitivity) showed an elevation in WGA binding on MUC5ac (AUC=0.90). Using a panel of the top six glycan measurements, we detected all but one (96% sensitivity) at a 100% specificity, which was an improvement over the use of CA 19-9 alone. These data provide the first look at the variability in glycan structures between people and molecules and have revealed previously unknown associations with cancer. These results also validate the concept of using glycan detection for improved biomarker accuracy and highlight the advantage of this approach for that research.
Deep Neural Networks for Automatic Android Malware Detection

Because of the explosive growth of Android malware and due to the severity of its damages, the detection of Android malware has become an increasing important topic in cybersecurity. Currently, the major defense against Android malware is commercial mobile security products which mainly use signature-based method for detection. However, attackers can easily devise methods, such as obfuscation and repackaging, to evade the detection, which calls for new defensive techniques that are harder to evade. In this paper, resting on the analysis of Application Programming Interface (API) calls extracted from the smali files, we further categorize the API calls which belong to the some method in the smali code into a block. Based on the generated API call blocks, we then explore deep neural networks (i.e., Deep Belief Network (DBN) and Stacked AutoEncoders (SAEs)) for newly unknown Android malware detection. Using a real sample collection from Comodo Cloud Security Center, a comprehensive experimental study is performed to compare various malware detection approaches. The experimental results demonstrate that (1) our proposed feature extraction method (i.e., using API call blocks) outperforms using API calls directly in Android malware detection; (2) DBN works better than SAEs in this application; and (3) the detection performance of deep neural networks is better than shallow learning architectures.
Role of Nerve Growth Factor in Neuronal Injury and Survival

The response of the central and the peripheral nervous system to injury has several common elements. In particular, the population of molecules that serve as intercellular signals among neurons and glial elements is altered. The intracellular environment changes in response to the injurious event itself, directly, or to secondary events associated with the disruptive events and permeability changes at the interface of the endothelial barrier to the circulatory and lymphoid systems. It has been demonstrated for the hippocampal region of the CNS and the sciatic nerve in the PNS that injury results in synthesis, secretion and accumulation of neuronotrophic substances, and that glial cells proliferate and, with microglia in CNS or satellite cells in PNS, actively carry out phagocytosis and eventually participate in glial scar formation (Hendry, 1975; Nieto-Sampedro & Cotman, 1985; Rich et al, 1987).
Basic Principles, Techniques, and Instruments

To achieve predictable and optimal results, the surgeon must adhere to sound diagnostic and therapeutic principles, be skilled in basic surgical techniques, and have proper instrumentation. This chapter discusses the preoperative process including history, exam, family dynamics, consent, and procedural planning. It details intraoperative considerations including instruments, needles, and suture materials, as well as surgical principles from incision through closure. Methods for specific flaps and grafts (skin, oral mucous membrane, ear cartilage, hard palate, and dermis fat) are described in stepwise fashion. Postoperative wound care and healing are also reviewed.
Isolation of Au and Pt radionuclides from deuteron-irradiated platinum using TBP resin

A separation procedure was developed and implemented for the isolation of gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) radionuclides from deuteron irradiated Pt using tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) resin. Computational modeling and experimental results of the Au and Pt radionuclide production were reported and compared to literature values. Results of the separation procedure demonstrated a Pt recovery of 98 ± 2% and a Au recovery of 92 ± 7%, in their respective fractions (n = 4 ± 1σ) The decontamination factors were 2900 ± 500 for Au removal from the Pt fraction and 830 ± 30 for Pt removal from the Au fraction (n = 4 ± 1σ).
Robotic Cardiac Surgery Part I: Anesthetic Considerations in Totally Endoscopic Robotic Cardiac Surgery (TERCS)

The application and evolution of total endoscopic robotic cardiac surgery (TERCS) has become greater as institutions and surgeons become more comfortable with robotic technology. Over the years many improvements have been made to facilitate technically challenging cardiac procedures using robotics and increase overall survival and quality of life for these patients. However, a dedicated multidisciplinary approach led by a core group of clinicians is necessary for good patient experience and outcomes. In addition, good communication and performance improvement measures with attention to detailed perioperative management are essential to a successful robotic cardiac program.
A Hypothesis for a Unified Mechanism of Formation and Enantioenrichment of Polyols and Aldaric, Aldonic, Amino, Hydroxy and Sugar Acids in Carbonaceous Chondrites

Carbonaceous chondrites are a type of meteorite with a high organic content, which formed early in the history of the solar system. In addition to large amounts of insoluble high molecular weight organic polymer, they contain a variety of small organic molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polyols and aldaric, aldonic, amino, hydroxy and sugar acids, among others. Intriguingly, some of the amino acids and hydroxy acids have been found to display a chiral bias. The types of compounds present, their isotopic distributions and relative abundances may provide clues to the mechanisms by which they were synthesized in meteorite parent bodies. A unified set of mechanisms which may explain some of these properties is presented here. It involves simple addition reactions of cosmically abundant 1-carbon compounds such as HCHO and HCN undergoing well-established aqueous chemistry. Although aqueous processes could amplify and pass a chiral bias from one type of compound to another, circularly polarized light or another pre-accretion mechanism may have been required to initiate the chiral bias observed. Most of the small organic molecules present in these meteorites (90 to > 99% by number) to date remain unidentified; these mechanisms may provide a framework for identifying them.
Segmenting and classifying activities in robot-assisted surgery with recurrent neural networks.

Automatically segmenting and classifying surgical activities is an important prerequisite to providing automated, targeted assessment and feedback during surgical training. Prior work has focused almost exclusively on recognizing gestures, or short, atomic units of activity such as pushing needle through tissue, whereas we also focus on recognizing higher-level maneuvers, such as suture throw. Maneuvers exhibit more complexity and variability than the gestures from which they are composed, however working at this granularity has the benefit of being consistent with existing training curricula. Prior work has focused on hidden Markov model and conditional-random-field-based methods, which typically leverage unary terms that are local in time and linear in model parameters. Because maneuvers are governed by long-term, nonlinear dynamics, we argue that the more expressive unary terms offered by recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are better suited for this task. Four RNN architectures are compared for recognizing activities from kinematics: simple RNNs, long short-term memory, gated recurrent units, and mixed history RNNs. We report performance in terms of error rate and edit distance, and we use a functional analysis-of-variance framework to assess hyperparameter sensitivity for each architecture. We obtain state-of-the-art performance for both maneuver recognition from kinematics (4 maneuvers; error rate of $$8.6 \pm 3.4\%$$; normalized edit distance of $$9.3 \pm 4.3\%$$) and gesture recognition from kinematics (10 gestures; error rate of $$15.2 \pm 6.0\%$$; normalized edit distance of $$8.4 \pm 6.3\%$$). Automated maneuver recognition is feasible with RNNs, an exciting result which offers the opportunity to provide targeted assessment and feedback at a higher level of granularity. In addition, we show that multiple hyperparameters are important for achieving good performance, and our hyperparameter analysis serves to aid future work in RNN-based activity recognition.
Deterministic period mean flow boundary condition for unsteady flow predictions

Abstract The boundary conditions for an unsteady time-marching flow solver are used to specify the particular flow problem of interest. Often, the boundaries of the computational domain are located in the flow itself, artificially truncating the physical flow problem. Such ‘free’ boundary conditions must allow outgoing disturbances to exit the computational domain without generating spurious nonphysical reflections, while simultaneously maintaining the desired mean flow conditions and imposing any unsteady incoming disturbances. In this work, a new Deterministic Period Mean Flow Boundary Condition (DP-MFBC) method for accurately and efficiently obtaining the desired time-averaged mean flow at these computational boundaries is presented. The DP-MFBC method is designed to be used in combination with existing nonreflecting boundary conditions, and establishes and maintains the desired mean flow without introducing additional spurious reflections of the outgoing disturbances. Results for the DP-MFBC method are shown for representative model problems and compared to previous approaches.
Immunocytochemical Identification of Pneumocystis cariniiin Formalin-Fixed, paraffin-Embedded Tissues

Until recently, the most common methods employed for identifying Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage or tissue sections were histochemical stains such as methenamine silver, Giemsa, or toluidine blue O. Recent reports have demonstrated the usefulness of immunocytochemistry in the identification of P carinii in histologic sections of routinely processed tissue. Two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 2G2 and 3F6, directed against P carinii epitopes are now commercially available. In order to compare the relative abilities of these two MAbs to identify P carinii in formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded tissues, we applied both antibodies to tissue sections previously established to contain P carinii, as well as to negative specimens. Immunoperoxidase labeling with 2G2 and 3F6 resulted in 100% (36/36)
Approaches to Perineural, Lymphovascular, and Single-Cell Disease.

Background Mohs micrographic surgeons should be adept in identifying and managing perineural invasion (PNI), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and single-cell spread (SCS), features denoting high-risk behavior of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC). Objective The purpose of this article is to review the literature and guidelines regarding the diagnosis of PNI, LVI, and SCS in BCC, cSCC, and MAC and examine the role of advanced diagnostic studies, adjuvant therapy, and reconstructive techniques of these high-risk tumors. Materials and methods We performed a literature search including the following terms: PNI, LVI, SCS, BCC, cSCC, keratinocyte carcinoma, MAC, sentinel lymph node biopsy, radiation, chemotherapy, and staging. Relevant studies, case reports, and review articles were included, as well as National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. Results Pancytokeratin immunohistochemistry may aid in the diagnosis of high-risk features of BCC and cSCC. Reconstruction of the Mohs defect should be carefully considered to allow for thorough inspection. Radiation therapy should be considered as an adjuvant treatment option for high-risk cSCC and BCC. Close surveillance for recurrence is warranted. Conclusion The Mohs surgeon should be competent in identification of high-risk tumors and to understand how best to manage, further treat, and follow these tumors.
Ridged plains on Europa reveal a compressive past

Abstract Europa's young surface implies relatively recent resurfacing. Ridged plains, which make up >50% of Europa's surface, have not yet been fully analyzed for a potential formation mechanism. Because ridged plains dominate Europa's surface, this terrain is key to understanding how Europa has resurfaced and how the resurfacing mechanisms may have evolved through time. In this work, we create a new high-resolution topographic model and a two-layer physical analog model to investigate the formation of ridged plains. We find that the ridged plains most closely resemble the compressional physical analog experiments which generate folds. Specifically, the analog experiments with a brittle layer ~3000 m. Compared to the predicted current ice shell thickness, this would imply that Europa's ice-shell has thickened through the visible surface history.
Abstract ES4-3: The genomic landscape of endocrine-resistant metastatic breast cancer

Recent efforts to characterize the genomes of metastatic breast cancers hold promise for understanding the evolution of the disease through comparative analyses with primary breast cancers. However, these analyses have proven challenging due to the number of differences including differences in tumor representation and spatial tumor heterogeneity resulting in less accurate representation of metastatic disease, and temporal heterogeneity often due to the selective pressures of treatments, all of which may independently alter the ongoing natural evolution of the tumor containing disrupted DNA and/or DNA repair processes. Advances in genomic analyses and large repositories of samples with detailed clinical annotation have enabled rational deconvolution of these datasets, revealing novel insights into the unique drivers shaping advanced and lethal disease. In particular, large cohorts of patients with exposure to therapy with hormonal therapy has enabled the identification of specific genomic alterations that can promote resistance to hormonal therapy. This classification of genomic mechanisms of endocrine resistance has helped uncover the forces that shape the hormone dependence of ER+ breast cancer while also identifying new therapeutic targets with the promise to treat or even prevent endocrine resistant disease. In this presentation, we will review the genomic features of endocrine resistance metastatic breast cancer, detail evidence for (or against) specific alterations as likely mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapy and describe next steps for clinical utilization of genomic information for the management of this disease. Citation Format: P Razavi. The genomic landscape of endocrine-resistant metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES4-3.
Inverse design of microfluidic concentration gradient generator using deep learning and physics-based component model

This paper presents a new paradigm of deep neural network (DNN) for the inverse design of microfluidic concentration gradient generators (µCGGs) with complex network topology. In this method, a concentration gradient (CG) and design parameters yielding the CG are, respectively, used as inputs and outputs of DNN, and the relationship between them is mapped. Several new elements are also proposed, including utilization of fast-running physics-based component model in the closed form to generate a large amount of data for DNN learning which otherwise is not available through computationally demanding computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation; and a divide-and-conquer strategy and DNN formulation combining classification and regression to mitigate many-to-one design complications for enhanced accuracy. Several DNN structures are investigated and developed, including single fully connected neural network (FCNN), convolutional neural network, and a new cascade FCNN for a divide-and-conquer implementation. Case studies are performed on a triple-Y µCGG to evaluate design performance of the proposed method in a six-dimensional space that only includes sample concentrations at inlet reservoirs as design parameters, and in a nine-dimensional design space, to which inlet flow pressures are also added. It is verified in high-fidelity CFD simulation that widely used CGs can be produced using DNN-predicted design parameters accurately with average error < 4% and < 8.5% relative to the prescribed CGs, respectively, in the six- and nine-dimensional design space. The learned design rules are packaged into the DNN model that allows to generate accurate µCGGs designs instantaneously (~ 3 ms) and eliminates requirements of simulation and optimization knowledge, facilitating distribution of the design capabilities to microfluidic end users.