cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SparseTrain: Leveraging Dynamic Sparsity in Software for Training DNNs on General-Purpose SIMD Processors

Our community has improved the efficiency of deep learning applications by exploiting sparsity in inputs. Most of that work, though, is for inference, where weight sparsity is known statically, and/or for specialized hardware. In this paper, we propose SparseTrain, a software-only scheme to leverage dynamic sparsity during training on general-purpose SIMD processors. SparseTrain exploits zeros introduced by the ReLU activation function to both feature maps and their gradients. Exploiting such sparsity is challenging because the sparsity degree is moderate and the locations of zeros change over time. SparseTrain identifies zeros in a dense data representation and performs vectorized computation. Variations of the scheme are applicable to all major components of training: forward propagation, backward propagation by inputs, and backward propagation by weights. Our experiments on a 6-core Intel Skylake-X server show that SparseTrain is very effective. In end-to-end training of VGG16, ResNet-34, and ResNet-50 with ImageNet, SparseTrain outperforms a highly-optimized direct convolution on the non-initial convolutional layers by 2.19x, 1.37x, and 1.31x, respectively. SparseTrain also benefits inference. It accelerates the non-initial convolutional layers of the aforementioned models by 1.88x, 1.64x, and 1.44x, respectively.
Clinicopathologic and radiographic features in 33 cats with aspiration and 26 cats with bronchopneumonia (2007-2017).

Author(s): Dear, Jonathan D; Vernau, William; Johnson, Eric G; Hulsebosch, Sean E; Johnson, Lynelle R | Abstract: BackgroundAspiration pneumonia (AP) and bronchopneumonia (BP) are poorly characterized diseases in cats that share clinical similarities to inflammatory airway disease (IAD).ObjectivesDescribe clinicopathologic, radiographic, and microbiologic features in cats with AP and BP and compare findings to those in cats with IAD.AnimalsThirty-three cats with AP and 26 with BP; 44 cats with IAD.MethodsRetrospective case-control study. Results extracted for all cats included signalment, physical examination findings, historical details, and potential risk factors for aspiration. Diagnostic test results were summarized including CBC, bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid analysis and microbial culture. Radiographs were reviewed in masked fashion and scored for severity. Results of BAL fluid analysis were assessed for evidence of septic inflammation.ResultsCats with AP were less likely to be presented for evaluation of cough (P l .001) and more likely to be hypothermic (P = .01) than were cats with IAD or BP. Median duration of signs was significantly shorter in cats with AP (12 days) compared to cats with BP or IAD (270 and 180 days; P = .01). Radiographically, cats with AP were more likely to have an alveolar pattern and higher total score than were cats with BP or IAD. Mycoplasma spp. were the organisms most commonly cultured from BAL fluid in cats with BP, but were not cultured from any cats with AP.Conclusion and clinical importancePneumonia must be distinguished from IAD in cats with cough and AP should be considered in cats with acute onset of tachypnea.
The natural environment, plant diversity, and adult asthma: A retrospective observational study using the CDC's 500 Cities Project Data.

Abstract A wealth of evidence links microbial exposure to better human immune function. However, few studies have examined whether exposure to plant diversity is protective of immune diseases, despite the fact that plant leaves support ~1026 bacterial cells. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 500 cities project data, we found that a 1-SD increase in exposure to taxonomic plant diversity is associated with a 5.3 (95% CI: 4.2–6.4; p
Document Analysis of State Dyslexia Legislation Suggests Likely Heterogeneous Effects on Student and School Outcomes

Previous studies of K-12 dyslexia legislation have described broad trends in legislative content, such as the presence or absence of screening and intervention requirements. This study uses documen...
Information Theory for Quantum Systems

Basic concepts and results of physical information theory are presented. The entropy defect and Shannon’s measure of information are introduced and the entropy defect principle is formulated for both quasiclassical and consistently quantum description of a physical system. Results related to ideal physical information channels are discussed. The entropy defect and the amount of information coincide in the quasiclassical case, but the latter quantity is, in general, smaller than the former in quantum case due to the quantum-mechanical irreversibility of measurement. The physical meaning of both quantities is analyzed in connection with Gibbs paradox and the maximum work obtainable from a non-equilibrium system. Indirect (generalized) vs. direct (von Neumann’s) quantum measurements are considered. It is shown that in any separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space direct and indirect quantum measurements yield equal maximum information.
Characterization of sun and sky glint from wind ruffled sea surfaces for improved estimation of polarized remote sensing reflectance

During two cruises in 2014, the polarized radiance of the ocean and the sky were continuously acquired using a HyperSAS-POL system. The system consists of seven hyperspectral radiometric sensors, three of which (one unpolarized and two polarized) look at the water and similarly three at the sky. The system autonomously tracks the Sun position and the heading of the research vessel to which it is attached in order to maintain a fixed relative azimuth angle with respect to the Sun (i.e. 90°) and therefore avoid the specular reflection of the sunlight. For the duration of both cruises, (NASA Ship Aircraft Bio-Optical Research (SABOR), and NOAA VIIRS Validation/Calibration), in situ inherent optical properties (IOPs) were continuously acquired using a set of instrument packages modified for underway measurement, and hyperspectral radiometric measurements were taken manually at all stations. During SABOR, an underwater polarimeter was deployed when conditions permitted. All measurements were combined in an effort to first develop a glint (sky + Sun) correction scheme for the upwelling polarized signal from a wind driven ocean surface and compare with one assuming that the ocean surface is flat.
Potential hazard of therapy for Reye's syndrome with urea cycle intermediates.

To the Editor: In the December 1975 issue (Pediatrics 56:1081, 1975), Thaler presents a working hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Reye9s syndrome. Included in the report is a section on therapeutic implications, where it is suggested that ornithine, arginine, or citrulline might be a specific treatment for this disorder. However, this treatment potentially could make the hyperammonemia worse.1 Therefore, I would like to point out several difficulties with the hypothesis and review the potential hazard
Seismic evaluation of the shear behavior in reinforced concrete bridge columns including effect of vertical accelerations

SUMMARY The effect of vertical excitation on shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns is important. Field evidences, analytical studies and static or hybrid simulations suggested that excessive tension or tensile strain of the column may lead to shear strength degradation, and therefore vertical excitation can be one of the causes of shear failure. This paper describes an experimental study consisting of shaking table tests on reduced-scale bridge columns. Results of the tests indicate that tension in the columns has the potential to degrade the shear capacity, which is mainly due to the degradation of the concrete contribution to this capacity. The presented computational results and code evaluations also support this shear strength degradation. The presented dynamic tests contribute to better understanding of the effect of vertical excitation on the shear failure, which is one of the most critical brittle failure mechanisms. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The McLean County JDC: An Evaluative Tool for Determining the Feasibility of Outsourcing Juvenile Detention

The purpose of this research is to compose a systematic procedure, using cost-benefit analysis, to determine the feasibility of expanding government services by adding juvenile detention facilities, as opposed to outsourcing juvenile detention to other nearby counties.
Nanomanipulation with the Atomic Force Microscope

Manipulation with scanning probe microscopes has been under development for over a decade, and now provides the capability of building nanostructures automatically, from the bottom up, by assembling nanoscale objects such as particles, rods, and tubes. In this chapter, the current research on nanomanipulation is surveyed, with special emphasis placed on techniques that use the atomic force microscope (AFM) as a robot, the nanoscopic end-effector of which – the tip – interacts directly with the nanoscale features of the sample. The principles of operation of the AFM, and the spatial uncertainties associated with it, are briefly described. Protocols for moving nano-objects with the AFM tip are discussed, and experimental results presented which show that AFM manipulation can be used to accurately and reliably position molecular-sized components. These can then be linked by chemical or physical means to form subassemblies, which in turn can be further manipulated. Interactive AFM manipulation systems are discussed, as well as recent results on automated nanomanipulation. Keywords: nanoassembly; nanomanipulation; nanorobotics; atomic force microscopy; scanning probe microscopy; nanoparticle structures
Selenium in biology and human health: controversies and perspectives

Important unresolved questions raised by the contributors of this book and addressing roles of selenium in biology and human health are discussed. Resolving major scientific controversies in the field should further highlight a bright future for selenium in fundamental science, biotechnology and medicine.
Supplementary motor area activation in patients with frontal lobe tumors and arteriovenous malformations.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Some patients who undergo surgical resection of portions of the supplementary motor area (SMA) have severe postoperative motor and language deficits, whereas others have no deficits. We tested the hypothesis that in some patients with lesions affecting the SMA, the contralateral SMA exhibits some of the activation normally associated with the ipsilateral SMA. METHODS: Functional MR imaging studies in seven healthy volunteers and 19 patients with frontal lobe tumors or arteriovenous malformations were reviewed retrospectively. The hemisphere in which the SMA activation predominated was tabulated for right and left motor tasks. The relative hemispheric dominance in the SMA for the right and left motor tasks was compared in the healthy and patient groups and with the location of the lesion in the patient group. RESULTS: None of the control subjects performing a right hand motor task activated predominantly the right SMA. Fifty percent of the patients with lesions overlapping the left SMA performing the right motor task activated predominantly the right SMA. Fifty-seven percent of control subjects performing the left hand motor task activated the left SMA predominantly. One hundred percent of patients with lesions overlapping the right frontal SMA performing the left motor task activated the left SMA predominantly. Differences between patients and controls were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: A lesion that contacts or overlaps the SMA is associated with an increased functional MR imaging response within the contralateral SMA.
Preparing and writing a failure analysis report

Afailure analysis report is the summation of all of the tests and analyses performed during the course of an investigation. The report coalesces the results and presents them in a concise and logical format that describes the particulars of the subject being studied, conveys pertinent information gathered from testing and analysis, and logically and accurately interprets and explains the data and results.
Critical Race Theory and Method: Rendering Race in Urban Ethnographic Research:

North American critical race theorists maintain race is a central feature in the social and economic organization of the United States. Rather than describing an objective reality or a psychologica...
Lean limit combustion in an expanding chamber

Incomplete combustion of methane-air mixtures in the bulk gas, as opposed to the wall boundary layer, due to chamber expansion has been observed over the equivalence ratio range 0.563≤≤0.615. Experimental observations and corresponding numerical calculations indicate that the unburned gas density plays a critical role in the process. Thus, the point of “bulk quenching” is dependent on the amount of volume expansion and is fund to be nearly indenpendent of the rate of chamber expansion. Flame stretch is found to contribute to the process for flame kernel Karlovitz numbers greater than 0.15, indicating that bulk quenching is likely to assume greater importance relative to other means of flame extinguishment as ignition timing is retarded.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Materials via Enhanced Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction

A general method based on two-phase polymerization has been described to synthesize mesoporous carbons via self-assembly. Mild reacting conditions and wide composition ranges are the obvious advantages of this method over the techniques previously reported.
Molecular Dynamics Study on the Solvent Dependent Heme Cooling Following Ligand Photolysis in Carbonmonoxy Myoglobin

The time scale and mechanism of vibrational energy relaxation of the heme moiety in myoglobin was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. Five different solvent models, including normal water, heavy water, normal glycerol, deuterated glycerol and a nonpolar solvent, and two forms of the heme, one native and one lacking acidic side chains, were studied. Structural alteration of the protein was observed in native myoglobin glycerol solution and native myoglobin water solution. The single-exponential decay of the excess kinetic energy of the heme following ligand photolysis was observed in all systems studied. The relaxation rate depends on the solvent used. However, this dependence cannot be explained using bulk transport properties of the solvent including macroscopic thermal diffusion. The rate and mechanism of heme cooling depends upon the detailed microscopic interaction between the heme and solvent. Three intermolecular energy transfer mechanisms were considered: (i) energy transfer mediated by h...
Family and Line Selection for Seed Yield of Soybean

Plant-row-yield tests (PRYT) are used by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders for the initial evaluation of experimental lines. The highest yielding lines in the PRYT are advanced for additional testing in replicated tests. The objective of this study was to determine the reliability of selection for seed yield in unreplicated plots by the Family and line methods of selection. Four F 3 -derived lines from each of 21 F 2 families from four populations were grown in a PRYT during 1995 and in replicated tests at four environments in 1996. For the family method, the mean seed yield of the four F 3 -derived lines of each F 2 family was used to identify superior families from which to select individual lines. For the line method, lines were selected without regard to the family structure. The seed yield of the selected and unselected lines on the basis of data from the PRYT was compared with their mean seed yield in the 1996 environments. The total number of lines selected by the family method was less than for the line method in all populations, The percentage of selected lines that were correctly classified was similar for both methods. There was a greater percentage of lines incorrectly rejected by the family method than by the line method. The use of replication at an individual location did not improve the selection of lines by the family or line methods of selection. For the selection of lines for seed yield in unreplicated plots, breeding methods that rely on family performance would not be more effective or efficient than methods that ignore family struc ture. To obtain lines for yield tests at multiple locations, selection of lines by the line method on the basis of their performance in a PRYT would be better than the use of random lines.
Pressure dependence of the laser-induced breakdown thresholds of gases and droplets

Laser-induced breakdown threshold intensities for helium, argon, xenon and clean air were measured as a function of pressure (p 140 Torr, the breakdown occurs outside the droplet and is dependent on pressure. Transition from the breakdown inside to outside the droplet takes place in the pressure region where the breakdown thresholds of the bulk liquid and the pure gas are approximately equal.
Voltage and frequency island optimizations for many-core/networks-on-chip designs

Many-core chips interconnected by networks-on-chip (NoC) are increasingly challenged by the tight power consumption constraints. The concept of voltage and frequency island (VFI) which has been recently introduced for achieving fine-grain core-level power management fits well with an NoC design style. This paper will discuss some recent advancement of VFI optimizations for many-core/NoC designs. We will also discuss other research challenges for low-power many-core/NoC designs from an electronic system level (ESL) perspective.
Acetazolamide affects Aquaporin 1 expression of cultured choroid plexus cells.

Background Acetazolamide (AZA), the only drug generally approved for hydrocephalus, is effective in only 25-30% of patients, and its effect on basal fluid flow in choroid plexus (CP) is unknown. The drug reversibly inhibits Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the most highly expressed ‘water pore’ in the brain, and it is postulated that it reduces CSF production by modulating the expression and/or function of AQP1 (mostly found in the apical membrane of CP). In this study, we sought to elucidate the direct effect of AZA on basal fluid flow in CP.
A new single-stage mass spectrometric method for studying charge transfer reactions

Abstract A method using a conventional retarding potential difference ion source in a new way to study charge transfer reactions is described. Potentials on five focus plates between the filament and ion box are applied so as to accelerate electrons, produce positive ions, decelerate the electrons and accelerate the positive ion beam. Only the primary positive ion beam traverses the ion box and is collected on the trap. This primary ion beam has momentum perpendicular to the mass analysis slit and is not collected. If charge transfer from the primary ions to a gas in the ion box occurs, the secondary ions are collected through the analysis slit with high efficiency. This method has features in common with the Cermak—Herman mode of ion source operation but also provides measurement of the primary ion beam. Thus dissociative charge transfer and total charge transfer between different molecules can be measured. Results compre favorably with those obtained by tandem mass spectrometers.
A criterion validation of multiattribute utility analysis and of group communication strategy

Abstract This study investigates the use of an external criterion for validating additive utility assessments under certainty. Utilities were elicited from 24 groups via consensus judgment for 10 hypothetical applicants for bank credit cards. The research design completely crossed two factors relevant to group utility assessment: (1) using a decomposition (MAUA) procedure or not, and (2) using a formal group communication strategy or not. The quality of each group's utility judgments was defined to be the Pearson product-moment correlation between the group's judged utilities and utilities output from a configural (nonlinear) model used by Security Pacific National Bank in evaluating applicants for Master Charge. Group satisfaction measures were also obtained. The decomposition methodology and the group communication strategy both aided groups in making assessments that are more consistent with those of the bank model, which is based on a systematic collection and interpretation of a large amount of relevant data. Simplified procedures for obtaining weight parameters in the multiattribute utility analysis yielded better overall utilities than more complicated ratio-estimation techniques.
Toxic hepatitis with isoniazid and rifampin. A meta-analysis

ALT = serum alanine aminotransferase; AST serum aspartate aminotransferase; BIU bilirubin; EMB ethambutol; INH isoniazid; NSM not specifically mentioned; PAS para-aminosalicylate; PZA pyrazinamide; RMP rifampin; S = streptomycin; TH thioacetazone T here is some, although by flO means unanimous, opinion as well as some evidence to suggest that drug-induced hepatitis occurs with greater frequency, and may be more severe, when isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RMP) are administered in combination than when INH is given alone. It has been speculated that this is due to a drug-drug interaction in which induc
SHED: A FORTRAN IV program for the analysis of small group sociometric structure

"scapegoating" or "outcasts.", SHED is able to analyzetrichotomized sociometric data (e.g., positive, negative,and indifferent) and computes statistics using formulasdeveloped by Hallinan (1974) and Holland andLeinhardt (1970). The program, a trichotomous ana­logue to Leinhardt's SOCPAC I program (Leinhardt,1971) counts and sorts the N(N - 1)(N - 2)/6 triads inan N by N sociomatrix into 138 nonisomorphic triadtypes. Statistics include observed, expected, observedminus expected, variance of expected value, and az score and significance level for each of the 138 triadtypes. In addition, summary statistics rand r-split arecomputed for groups of critical triads (see Hallinan,1974, and Holland
Traffic-aware techniques to reduce 3G/LTE wireless energy consumption

The 3G/LTE wireless interface is a significant contributor to battery drain on mobile devices. A large portion of the energy is consumed by unnecessarily keeping the mobile device's radio in its "Active" mode even when there is no traffic. This paper describes the design of methods to reduce this portion of energy consumption by learning the traffic patterns and predicting when a burst of traffic will start or end. We develop a technique to determine when to change the radio's state from Active to Idle, and another to change the radio's state from Idle to Active. In evaluating the methods on real usage data from 9 users over 28 total days on four different carriers, we find that the energy savings range between 51% and 66% across the carriers for 3G, and is 67% on the Verizon LTE network. When allowing for delays of a few seconds (acceptable for background applications), the energy savings increase to between 62% and 75% for 3G, and 71% for LTE. The increased delays reduce the number of state switches to be the same as in current networks with existing inactivity timers.
Reasoning about joint beliefs for execution-time communication decisions

Just as POMDPs have been used to reason explicitly about uncertainty in single-agent systems, there has been recent interest in using multi-agent POMDPs to coordinate teams of agents in the presence of uncertainty. Although multi-agent POMDPs are known to be highly intractable, communication at every time step transforms a multi-agent POMDP into a more tractable single-agent POMDP. In this paper, we present an approach that generates "centralized" policies for multi-agent POMDPs at plan-time by assuming the presence of free communication, and at run-time, handles the problem of limited communication resources by reasoning about the use of communication as needed for effective execution. This approach trades off the need to do some computation at execution-time for the ability to generate policies more tractably at plan-time. In our algorithm, each agent, at run-time, models the distribution of possible joint beliefs. Joint actions are selected over this distribution, ensuring that agents remain synchronized. Communication is used to integrate local observations into the team belief only when those observations would improve team performance. We show, both through a detailed example and with experimental results, that our approach allows for effective decentralized execution while avoiding unnecessary instances of communication.
Quality Control Pharmacy Tasks: Big Five Personality Model and Accuracy of Error Detection

Summary The relationships between extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and performance were examined in the context of an error detection task completed under stable and shifting workload conditions. 114 participants checked two sets of 40 fictitious prescriptions for errors. Errors were inserted at rates varying from 26% to 38%. Workload was manipulated by altering the amount of time allowed to complete each set. The stable workload group had 45 min. per set, the workload upshift group had 60 min. for the first set and 30 min. for the second set. Performance was measured using hit rates and false alarms. Analysis indicated that extraversion and conscientiousness were correlated with hit rates, but only in the stable workload condition. Results are discussed and research directions are considered.
New issues in zero dimensions: magnetic molecules

Abstract We discuss some major features of isolated magnetic molecules where intermolecular magnetic interactions are negligible and the magnetic properties are determined using a Heisenberg model of intramolecular exchange between a relatively small number of diverse paramagnetic ions. We survey some of the more challenging issues and results that have emerged to date, including the spectrum of excitations, effects of geometric frustration, and critical slowing down of the spin dynamics at low temperatures. Primary attention is given to realizable magnetic molecules.
Korean-American student perceptions on literacy and identity: perspectives from an ethnographic case study

This ethnographic case study examines perceptions of literacy and identity for a Korean-American student in a third-grade classroom. The researchers examine how teachers can misinterpret Asian identity in the classroom due to perceptions related to the Model Minority Myth and other stereotypical representations of Asian culture. By focusing solely on academic success, teachers miss opportunities to gain insight for nurturing other areas of student success and adjustment in the classroom environment. Implications for identity formation and authentic integration of language and literacy practices are discussed. Educators interested in culturally-relevant instruction for immigrant students should find this study informative.
The magmatic evolution of the Midcontinent rift: New geochronologic and geochemical evidence from felsic magmatism

The Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) is an example of a mafic-dominated continental rift where silicic magmatism is locally significant. The best-preserved example of this is on the NE limb of the rift along the North Shore of Lake Superior where rhyolites comprise a large percentage (up to 25%; Green, J.C., Fitz, T.J., III, 1993. Extensive felsic lavas and rheoignimbrites in the Keweenawan Midcontinent rift plateau volcanics, Minnesota: petrographic and field recognition. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 54, 177–196) of lava flows and where hypabyssal granophyric intrusive complexes are common. In this paper, we report U–Pb zircon ages, Nd isotopic compositions, and major and trace-element data for seven granophyric complexes of the MRS exposed in NE Minnesota. U–Pb zircon ages for the granophyres define two different age groups: an older group with ages from 1109 to 1106 Ma; and a younger group with ages from 1099 to 1095 Ma. These ages coincide with the “early” and “main” magmatic stages of Midcontinent rift evolution suggested by Miller and Vervoort [Miller, J.D., Jr., Vervoort, J.D., 1996. The latent magmatic stage of the Midcontinent rift: a period of magmatic underplating and melting of the lower crust. Inst. Lake Superior Geol., 42nd Ann. Mtg., Proceedings, vol. 42, pp. 33–35] and Miller and Severson [Miller, J.D., Jr., Severson, M.J., 2002. Geology of the Duluth Complex. In: Miller, J.D., Jr., Green, J.C., Severson, M.J., Chandler, V.W., Hauck, S.A., Peterson, D.M., and Wahl, T.E. (Eds.), Geology and Mineral Potential of the Duluth Complex and Related Rocks of Northeastern Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Report of Investigations, vol. 58, pp. 106–143]. Although the two groups of granophyres have similar major and trace-element compositions, they have different Nd isotopic compositions. The older, or “early stage”, granophyres have more radiogenic Nd isotopic compositions (eNd(i) = −3.7 to −0.5) whereas the younger, or “main stage”, granophyres have more crustal, unradiogenic Nd isotopic compositions (eNd(i) = −7.6 to −3.1). The age correlative Nd isotopic signatures of the granophyres are broadly consistent with the ages and isotopic compositions of the rhyolites within the North Shore Volcanic Group (NSVG) and illustrate the episodic nature of the Midcontinent rift evolution. The early stage (1109–1106 Ma) of MRS magmatism is characterized by mafic mantle-derived magmas with minor amounts of silicic magmas. The evolved magmas were likely derived by partial melting of either earlier formed rift related rocks or older crust with near chondritic Nd isotopic composition. This was followed by a period of relative quiescence lasting about 5 million years from which no significant MRS magmatism has been preserved. The main stage of MRS magmatism resumes at ca. 1100 Ma
Colloidal Silicon Nanorod Synthesis

The colloidal synthesis of crystalline silicon (Si) nanorods with diameters of 5 to 10 nm and lengths of 15 to 75 nm is demonstrated. Trisilane was decomposed in a hot solvent in the presence of dodecylamine and gold (Au) nanocrystals. Nanorods form by Au-seeded solution−liquid−solid growth with dodecylamine serving as capping ligands that stabilize the nanorod dispersion. Post-synthesis etching of the Au seeds from the nanorod tips is also demonstrated.
Prostaglandin E1 as a Screening Vasodilator in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary vasodilators are variably efficacious in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). None has consistently improved hemodynamics enough to obviate the need for complex and potentially hazardous testing of several vasodilators. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), a potent, short-acting pulmonary vasodilator, was administered to seven patients with PPH in order to determine whether PGE1 could accurately predict the hemodynamic and gas exchange effects of other commonly used vasodilators. Prostaglandin E1, nifedipine and hydralazine were administered to the patients while measuring pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics and arterial blood gases. Prostaglandin E1 was easily titrated but was inconsistent as a predictor of the effects of the other vasodilators with respect to pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output and adverse effects on arterial oxygenation. This study suggests that patients with PPH must still receive carefully monitored trials of several vasodilators to determine whether there is a beneficial response and to select the appropriate treatment.
The structure of the membrane systems in a novel muscle cell modified for heat production

A thermogenic organ, modified from an eye muscle, warms the brain and eyes of several oceanic fish. The extraocular muscles associated with thermogenesis are composed of modified muscle cells that are structurally distinct from all other types of muscle previously described. In "heater" cells, contractile filaments are virtually absent and the cell volume is packed with mitochondria and smooth membranes. Freeze-fracture studies and negative staining of microsomal fractions treated with vanadate indicate that most of the membrane system of heater cells has a high Ca2+-ATPase density and is equivalent to skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). High voltage electron micrographs of heater cells infiltrated with the Golgi stain demonstrate that the cells also have an extensive transverse tubule system with a complicated three-dimensional structure. Junctional regions between transverse tubules and SR occur in the heater cell and contain feet protein. Activation of thermogenesis in heater cells may occur through the same protein components involved in excitation-contraction coupling and appears to be associated with the ATP-dependent cycling of calcium at the SR.
Charge-density waves studied with the use of a scanning tunneling microscope

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images of charge-density waves (CDW's) formed in the layered-structure dichalcogenide crystals ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ have been obtained with a microscope operating in a bath of liquid nitrogen. In 1T-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ and 1T-${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ the images show a hexagonal network of mounds spaced at the CDW wavelength, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{CDW}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\surd}}13\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{a}_{0}}$ where ${a}_{0}$ is the atom spacing. The microscope tip deflection in the constant-current mode is extremely large (\ensuremath{\sim}2 A\r{}) which gives an image of the 1T-phase surface which is completely dominated by the CDW. In 2H-${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ the CDW is much weaker and careful adjustment of the microscope parameters can give STM images which show superimposed modulations at the atomic wavelength and at the CDW wavelength, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{CDW}=3{a}_{0}}$. However, in general the STM scans of the 2H phases are dominated by patterns at the atomic wavelength. At 77 K the 4Hb-${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ crystals produce STM images with some areas showing atoms only and others showing CDW's only consistent with the existence of a CDW in the octahedral layers only. The STM results for all of the phases of ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{TaSe}}_{2}$ are consistent with the expected variations in the CDW formation and electron transfer as determined by calculation and experiment. However, the unusually large deflection of the tunneling tip caused by the stronger CDW amplitudes in the 1T phases needs further analysis.
Ionic equilibria in ion-exchange membranes: a comparison of pore model predictions with experimental results

Abstract The predictions of three different pore models for the equilibrium electrolyte absorption in ion-exchange membranes are compared to experimental results from the literature for Nafion 120 and Nafion 117 membranes as well as to new experimental results for Nafion 117 and for a Permion radiation-grafted membrane. The pore models studied were: (1) the Poisson-Boltzmann equation approach assuming constant electrical permittivity and a bank of uniformly-charged pores, (2) a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation allowing for a variable electrical permittivity and hydration effects, also for a bank of uniformly-charged pores, and (3) model (1) with the addition of a non-uniform charge distribution among the pores. The variable electrical permittivity model was able to provide reasonable predictions of electrolyte equilibria in Nafion for three different Nafion-electrolyte systems if the pore diameter was calculated from the Bragg spacing determined in X-ray diffraction studies. Whena smaller pore diameter estimated from transport coefficients was assumed, the constant electrical permittivity approach predicted the electrolyte sorption if 5% of the pores were assumed to be uncharged, and 10% of the imbibed water was assumed to be bound in the polymer phase and free of ions. A high level of electrolyte absorption by the Permion membrane at low concentrations indicates that almost 20% of the pore volume in this membrane may be uncharged or weakly charged, causing reduced coion exclusion.
Microporous membranes of isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) from a melt-extrusion process. I. Effects of resin variables and extrusion conditions

A study utilizing isotactic poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP) was undertaken to investigate a three-stage process (melt-extrusion/annealing/uniaxial-stretching) (MEAUS) employed to produce microporous films. The results of this study will be reported in the course of two articles. In this first part, three PMP resins were melt-extruded into tubular films (blowup ratio; BUR = 1), where the resins each differ in weight-average molecular weight (Mw). Specific attention was focused upon the morphological and crystal orientation results as a function of the melt-relaxation times as influenced by the resin characteristics and the processing parameters. The results of a number of melt-extrusion conditions are presented. A stacked lamellar morphology was obtained in each case; however, the type of stacked lamellar morphology, planar or twisted, and the orientation state was found to depend upon both the resin characteristics, specifically Mw, and the melt-extrusion conditions. Atomic force microscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) were the main techniques utilized to study the melt-extruded films, while oscillatory shear measurements, in conjunction with a Carreau–Yasuda analysis, aided in differentiating the melt-flow behavior of the three resins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2095–2113, 2002
Parallel spectral-element—Fourier simulation of turbulent flow over riblet-mounted surfaces

The flow in a channel with its lower wall mounted with streamwise V-shaped riblets is simulated using a highly efficient spectral-element—Fourier method. The range of Reynolds numbers investigated is 500 to 4000, which corresponds to laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow states. Our results suggest that in the laminar regime there is no drag reduction, while in the transitional and turbulent regimes drag reduction up to 10% exists for the riblet-mounted wall in comparison with the smooth wall of the channel. For the first time, we present detailed turbulent statistics in a complex geometry. These results are in good agreement with available experimental data and provide a quantitative picture of the drag-reduction mechanism of the riblets.
Internal gravity waves in the solar atmosphere. II. Effects of radiative damping

In the solar photosphere, temperature fluctuations associated with acoustic-gravity waves may be rapidly smoothed by the transfer mechanism of radiation between hotter and cooler regions. The present investigation of the radiative effects on internal gravity waves takes into account the parameterization of the radiative energy, employing the Newtonian cooling approximation. A linear analysis of the propagation of internal gravity waves is carried out in a model of the solar atmosphere which is taken to be homogeneous in the horizontal coordinates. Linear wave properties both with and without radiative cooling are summarized, and the variation with height of energy fluxes and of nonlinearities in the waves is discussed. Attention is given to the significance of the obtained results in terms of energy balance in the chromosphere and in relation to spectral line observations.
Longitudinal trends of alcohol and tobacco consumption among Australian physicians and nurses, 1989–2005

Aim: This study examined alcohol and tobacco consumption trends among a national sample of Australian health care workers between 1989 and 2005.Method: Alcohol and tobacco smoking data specific for physicians and nurses was obtained during four national health surveys. Data were analysed by alcohol consumption level, tobacco smoking status, job category and year of study. The relative risk of substance use between physicians, nurses and the general Australian population was also evaluated.Results: The proportion of Australian physicians and nurses with risky alcohol consumption habits appears to have fluctuated over time, particularly among nurses. Although tobacco smoking among Australian nurses has declined in recent years, the relatively low proportion of physician smokers remained fairly stable over the same time period. Both professional groups were considerably less likely to use tobacco when compared with the general population.Conclusion: This study provides one of the first clear insights into lo...
Is your layout density verification exact?: a fast exact algorithm for density calculation

As the device shapes keep shrinking, the designs are more sensitive to manufacturing processes. In order to improve performance predictability and yield, mask layout uniformity/evenness is highly desired, and it is usually measured by the feature density with defined feasible range in manufacture process design rules. To address the density control problem, one fundamental problem is how to calculate density accurately and efficiently. In this paper, we propose a fast exact algorithm to identify the maximum density for a given layout. Compared with the existing exact algorithms, our algorithm reduces the running time from days/hours to a few minutes/seconds. And it is even faster than the existing approximate algorithms in literature.
Arcuate scotoma associated with traction at the optic disc.

Sir, We report a patient with an arcuate scotoma, attributable to traction of neural tissue at the optic disc.
Averaged Conservation Laws in Pipes

As is well known (see, for example, [I, vol. 1, Chap. III]), the fundamental partial differential equations for fluid motion and heat transfer are based on physical conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy. However, it is not usually feasible to integrate these in full, since they involve three independent space variables X, y, z and (in problems involving transients) the time variable t. Hence, in many practical applications to flow in pipes and channels, one simplifies these equations by using average values of such dependent variables as density p, velocity u, mass velocity G = pu, enthalpy H, temperature T, etc. These values are usually averaged over the cross-section area A(x) = js d’ dz at a fixed distance x along the pipe or channell. In transient problems, one considers averaged quantities
Detection of peptide nucleic acids in tissue extracts of treated animals by gel mobility shift assay.

Abstract We have developed a sensitive and reproducible gel mobility shift assay to detect PNA oligomers in tissue of treated animals. PNA present in purified tissue extracts of treated animals is hybridized to a 33P-labelled DNA oligomer probe, and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The PNA–DNA hybrid migrates more slowly than the DNA probe alone and can be quantified relative to a standard curve. This detection method is useful for detecting PNAs in many different tissues, including brain, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, and serum, as well as cells in culture.
ON THE INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF CONSUMERS' COGNITIVE SCHEMATA

Summary.-An operational definition for internal-based versus external-based schema variables via the tangible versus intangible dichotomy is provided. Using strings of one-word associations made in response to a verbal stimulus, the stochastic structute associated with the use of these variables is investigated. Analysis shows that a first-order Markov chain model which allows for dependence between two consecutive schema variables is more appropriate than a Bernoulli model in the description of the internal organization of cognitive schemata. The phenomena of "chunking" and tangible versus intangible dominance are expressed in the context of the parameters associated with a first-order Markov chain. The acquisition of cognitive schemata has traditionally been studied on the assumption that a schema is abstracted from the person's experience with a member of a particular category of product, event, individual, and so forth. These are called instance-based schemata, and can be thought of as extrinsically determined. Nevertheless, Crocker (1983) also points out that a schema can be learned through generalizations encountered in our socialization process for instance, without any exposure to instances of the category. Such schemata are labeled abstraction-based and can be thought of as being intrinsically determined. It could be further conceptualized that hybrid combinations of both types of schemata are also plausible. Based on research addressing the dimensionality of cognitive structures (e.g., Scott, 1969; Bieri, 1971), Mittal (1983) posits that the dimensions that individuals use in acquiring cognitive structures may be intrinsic or extrinsic to the product stimulus being considered. He argues that the building blocks of these cognitive structures are some abstracted feature of the stimulus under consideration and not the objects themselves. Further, he suggests that, when more than one dimension is used, they are used sequentially. Hence, the categorization process that brings about the cognitive structure can perhaps be viewed as a Markov process. The order of the process is the length of the chain of previous cognitions on which the current one is dependent. The reason for this conceptualization is that the typical parameters characterizing Markov processes have meaningful interpretations in the context of cognitive schemata. For instance, steady-state probabilities can be viewed as describing an individual's tendency to use a particular type of schema variable in his building blocks.
Simulating dependent binary variables through multinomial sampling

A new method for simulating dependent binary data is presented. This methodology does not require specification of a parametric joint distribution, and instead uses desired dependence levels and marginal probabilities to construct a cumulative distribution function for the multinomial distribution of all possible combinations of binary outcomes. This method is simple to use and compute, and through simulation studies is found to be comparable with the gold-standard approach by Emrich and Piedmonte [A method for generating high-dimensional multivariate binary variates. Amer Statist. 1991;45(4):302–304].
Signal conditioning circuit between a-Si:H p-i-n photodetector and A/D converter

A CMOS charge-to-voltage converting circuit is designed. This circuit works with a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-SiH) p-i-n photodetector in either dc bias mode or charge- storage mode, converts the photo-charge of the detector into a voltage with a high linearity at 10 MHz, and eliminates the effect of the dark current. The modeling of the a-Si:H p-i-n photodetector in the two working modes is implemented using SPICE switches.
Concerning Optimum Frequencies for Space Vehicle Communication

In an earlier paper, on the same subject, a number of factors affecting communication with space vehicles were discussed. Among these were receiver signal-to-noise ratio as a function of temperature, cosmic noise, auroral displays, Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization, and gaseous refraction and absorption. The additional material in this paper treats in a semiquantitative manner and in greater detail the application of elevated heights for earth terminals of space communication systems. This expedient takes advantage of elevated heights to reduce the effects of water vapor and oxygen on limiting the spectrum for radio communication. It is possible to attain some isolation of circuits and extend the range of communication in selected portions of band of 10 to 60 kmc.
An efficient approach to machine health diagnosis based on harmonic wavelet packet transform

Abstract This paper presents an efficient approach to machine condition monitoring and health diagnosis, based on the Discrete Harmonic Wavelet Packet Transform (DHWPT). Specifically, vibration signals measured from a bearing test bed were decomposed into a number of frequency sub-bands, and key features associated with each sub-band were selected, based on the Fisher linear discriminant criterion. The key features were then used as inputs to a neural network classifiers for assessing the system's health status. Comparing to the conventional approach where statistical parameters from raw vibration signals are used, the presented approach enables higher signal-to-noise ratios and consequently, more effective and intelligent use of the available sensor information, leading to more accurate system health evaluation.