cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic divergence predicts morphological and ecological variation underlying an adaptive radiation

Groups of sympatric taxa with low inter-specific genetic differentiation, but considerable ecological differences, offer great opportunities to study the dynamics of divergence and speciation. This is the case of ciscoes (Coregonus spp.) in the Laurentian Great Lakes, which are characterized by a complex evolutionary history and are commonly described as having undergone an adaptive radiation. In this study, morphometrics, stable isotopes and transcriptome sequencing were used to study the relationships within the Coregonus artedi complex in western Lake Superior. We observed general concordance for morphological, ecological and genomic variation, but the latter was more taxonomically informative as it showed less overlap among species in multivariate space. Low levels of genetic differentiation were observed between individuals morphologically identified as C. hoyi and C. zenithicus, and we hypothesize this could be associated with recent hybridization between the two species. Transcriptome-based single nucleotide polymorphisms exhibited significant divergence for genes associated with vision, development, metabolism and immunity, among species that occupy different habitats. This study highlights the importance of using an integrative approach when studying groups of taxa with a complex evolutionary history, as individual-level analyses of multiple independent datasets can provide a clearer picture of the patterns and processes associated with the origins of biodiversity.
Does GEC1 Enhance Expression and Forward Trafficking of the Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR) via Its Ability to Interact with NSF Directly

We reported previously that GEC1 (glandular epithelial cell 1), a member of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), interacted directly with the C-tail of KOR (KCT) and tubulin and enhanced cell surface expression of KOR in CHO cells by facilitating its trafficking along the export pathway. Two GEC1 analogs (GABARAP and GATE16) were also shown to increase KOR expression. In addition, to understand the underlying mechanism, we demonstrated that N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), an essential component for membrane fusion, co-immunoprecipitated with GEC1 from brain extracts. In this study, using pull-down techniques, we have found that (1) GEC1 interacts with NSF directly and prefers the ADP-bound NSF to the ATP-bound NSF; (2) D1 and/or D2 domain(s) of NSF interact with GEC1, but the N domain of NSF does not; (3) NSF does not interact with KCT directly, but forms a protein complex with KCT via GEC1; (4) NSF and/or α-SNAP do not affect KCT-GEC1 interaction. Thus, GEC1 (vs the α-SNAP/SNAREs complex) binds to NSF in distinctive ways in terms of the ADP- or ATP-bound form and domains of NSF involved. In conclusion, GEC1 may, via its direct interactions with KOR, NSF, and tubulin, enhance trafficking and fusion of KOR-containing vesicles selectively along the export pathway, which leads to increase in surface expression of KOR. GABARAP and GATE16 may enhance KOR expression in a similar way.
Testing independence between discrete random variables

In this paper we develop a likelihood ratio test for independence between multivariate discrete random vectors whose components may be dependent or may have different marginal distributions. A spec...
Whose Backyard? Siting and Fighting Over Wind

Controversies rage over the siting of industrial wind turbines. Beyond the caricature of Not in My Backyard (NIMBY) opponents are serious arguments made by critics of industrial wind as well as its defenders. Who, exactly, are these critics? What is their gravamen? Is the legal and regulatory deck stacked against them? At which level of government should siting decisions be made? Site-specific debates are also examined, such as that regarding Cape Wind, a proposed offshore wind development that roused the Kennedy family and others on Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket to vigorous protest. The pro-wind movement seems determined to cast all opposition as fundamentally irrational, superstitious, fact-free, and entirely subjective. It is as if this was a good-versus-evil struggle between the forces of science and rationalism versus ignorance and savagery. No common ground exists; no compromise is possible—all that can be done is to roll over the recusants. The NIMBY smear has proven remarkably effective in rebutting critics and fostering widespread elite disapprobation toward those who would rather not have large, usually government-subsidized projects shattering the nature of their places.
Acute Concussion Assessment and Management in the Emergency Department

This review summarizes how a concussion is defined and diagnosed. We seek to give physicians and other providers a better understanding of the tools available to help diagnose and manage concussion in the Emergency Department. There is a paucity of research on how to diagnose and manage concussion in the Emergency Department. What has been done has demonstrated that there are patients with concussion who are not being diagnosed correctly or given proper discharge instructions on their condition. Most of the existing research focuses on sports-specific concussion. Emergency Department physicians have an opportunity to correctly diagnose concussions and ensure patients have a plan for follow-up care and for gradual return to activity.
Estimating Expected Losses and Liquidity Discounts Implicit in Debt Prices

This paper provides an empirical implementation of a reduced form credit risk model that incorporates both liquidity risk and correlated defaults. Liquidity risk is modeled as a convenience yield and default correlation is modeled via an intensity process that depends on market factors. Various different liquidity risk and intensity process models are investigated. Firstly, the evidence supports a non-zero liquidity premium that is firm specific, reflecting idiosyncratic and not systematic risk. Secondly, the credit risk model with correlated defaults fits the data quite well with an average R of .87 and a pricing error of only 1.1 percent.
Juvenile Juxtapapillary Hemorrhagic Choroiditis

Lesions adjacent to the optic nerve head have always been of great interest to ophthalmologists; the etiology has remained obscure. A hemorrhagic exudative lesion involving choroid and retina adjacent to the optic disc has been described in presumed ocular histoplasmosis (SCHLAEGEL & KENNEY, 1966), a disease once thought to occur exclusively in the U.S.A. However, this entity appears to affect on the other side of the Atlantic (BRAUNSTEIN et al., 1974). A typical macular disciform lesion in presumed ocular histoplasmosis is common, but its counterpart near the disc is rare and may be difficult to categorize in the absence of peripheral punched-out chorio-retinal scars. The following two cases will illustrate this point.
Designing Research to Include Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Marginalized Voices

Environmental education research designs will either exclude or include voices outside the dominant culture. Examining the questions we ask and the data collection techniques we use may enable us to design research that is more sensitive to marginalized voices. This article puts forward several methodological considerations that either draw out the voices of marginalized people or silence them. Research considerations addressed in this article include the delimitations of the study, conceptualizing the research question, ethnocentrism, sample selection, and who should conduct the research.
Concentration-dependent effects of AY-9944 and U18666A on sterol synthesis in brain. Variable sensitivities of metabolic steps.

Abstract The possibility that the effects of inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis in brain are concentration dependent was examined. The drugs 3β-(2-diethylaminoethoxy) androst-5-en-17-one-HCl (U18666A) and trans -1,4-bis (2-chlorobenzylaminomethyl) cyclohexane-2HCl (AY-9944) were evaluated, because both substances markedly affect brain sterol metabolism and have been reported to alter the structure and/or function of developing brain. Incorporation of [2- 14 C]-DL-mevalonate by cell-free homogenates of rat brain into squalene and individual sterol fractions was measured in the absence and presence of a wide range of inhibitor concentrations. The qualitative and quantitative effects of U18666A and, to a lesser extent of AY-9944 on the formation of radiolabeled brain sterols were highly dependent on inhibitor concentration. The results indicate that there are two categories of metabolic steps in the pathways for sterol synthesis that were sensitive to inhibition by U18666A and AY-9944. The first category comprises steps that are located before lanosterol formation and were suppressed only by relatively high concentrations of inhibitors. At these higher inhibitor concentrations essentially all sterol synthesis was eliminated and drug effects at sites after lanosterol were therefore obscured. U18666A was over 6000 times more active than AY-9944 in inhibiting at category one sites. The second category of steps comprises those that are located late in cholesterol biosynthesis and were very sensitive to inhibition. Inhibitor effects at these late steps appeared to be drug-specific.
Promoting Environmental Innovation with Intellectual Property Innovation: A New Basis for Patent Rewards

Despite numerous and diverse efforts, environmental law generally fails to promote technological innovation with environmental benefits. Such innovation could have myriad human health and environmental benefits, while simultaneously reducing the cost of environmental protection for industry and society. This Article explores whether intellectual property law can step in where environmental law has failed to efficiently provide greater incentives for environmental innovation. A patent rewards system for environmental innovation holds substantial promise. Because environmental innovation often produces significant positive externalities by reducing environmental harms for many individuals beyond the implementing firm, inventors do not face efficient incentives for environmental innovation - a market failure that patent rewards can ameliorate. Along these lines, the analysis reveals a previously unrecognized benefit of patent rewards in certain circumstances.
Effects of PIN diode switches on the performance of reconfigurable slot-ring antenna

The effect of PIN diode switches on the performance of reconfigurable slot-ring antenna is studied and presented. An equivalent circuit is used to model the ON and OFF states of the switches in the antenna structure. Two different antennas with ideal switches and real switches are fabricated and measured. Measured results show that the PIN diode switches have some loading effects on the antenna. Parametric analysis of each circuit element is also simulated and provided in this paper. Numerical simulations using HFSS is verified by measurements.
Population ‐ and Quantitative‐Genetic Models of Selection Limits

∗ The author is very pleased to dedicate this paper to John Dudley for his contributions to both maize and quantitative genetics. John answered what must have seemed to be an endless number of trivial questions and I thank him for his patience. Torbert Rocheford and Irwin Goldman also provided valuable input on the Illinois selection lines, and Jean-Luc Jannink for many useful comments on a draft version of this paper.
Symptoms and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of epidemiologists

To identify symptoms and risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection, a cohort of 341 epidemiologists was studied. All subjects had one banked serum (collected between 1969 and 1987) and one recent serum sample (collected in 1988) evaluated for H. pylori immunoglobulin G by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; subjects provided information on gastrointestinal symptoms and risk factors for gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Prevalence of infection decreased from the early 1970s to the present. Eleven subjects (3% of the total cohort) seroconverted during the interval between serum samples, giving a crude conversion rate of 0.49% per person-year (95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.9). Nonreactors on the 1988 serum sample described similar symptoms to reactors. However, subjects who seroconverted in the interval between the two serum samples were more likely than either persistent nonreactors [relative risk (RR), 4.1] or persistent reactors (RR, 3.7) to have experienced upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the interval years. Consumption of caffeinated beverages (RR, 4.6) and residence in the northeastern United States (RR, 5.3) seemed to increase risk for infection. Because pain was similarly common in H. pylori-positive and -negative patients, H. pylori cannot be summarily accepted as the cause of dyspeptic symptoms even when infection is confirmed.
Stroke: Advances in Medical Therapy and Acute Stroke Intervention

Evidence-based therapeutic options for stroke continue to emerge based on results from well-designed clinical studies. Ischemic stroke far exceeds hemorrhagic stroke in terms of prevalence and incidence, both in the USA and worldwide. The public health effect of reducing death and disability related to ischemic stroke justifies the resources that have been invested in identifying safe and effective treatments. The emergence of novel oral anticoagulants for ischemic stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation has introduced complexity to clinical decision making for patients with this common cardiac arrhythmia. Some accepted ischemic stroke preventative strategies, such as carotid revascularization for asymptomatic carotid stenosis, require reassessment, given advances in risk factor management, antithrombotic therapy, and surgical techniques. Intra-arterial therapy, particularly with stent retrievers after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, has recently been demonstrated to improve functional outcomes and will require investment in system-based care models to ensure that effective treatments are received by patients in a timely fashion. The purpose of this review is to describe recent advances in medical and surgical approaches to ischemic stroke prevention and acute treatment. Results from recently published clinical trials will be highlighted along with ongoing clinical trials addressing key questions in ischemic stroke management and prevention where equipoise remains.
Inferring Synchronization under Limited Observability

This paper addresses the problem of automatically inferring synchronization for concurrent programs. Given a program and a specification, we infer synchronization that avoids all interleavings violating the specification, but permits as many valid interleavings as possible. We let the user specify an upper bound on the cost of synchronization, which may limit the observability -- what observations on program state can be made by the synchronization code. We present an algorithm that infers, under certain conditions, the maximally permissive synchronization for a given cost. We implemented a prototype of our approach and applied it to infer synchronization in a number of small programs.
The Impossibility of a Theoretical Science of Economic Dynamics

No scientific theory of economic dynamics exists, 1. — The basic concepts and postulates of contemporary economic theory, 3. — The method of constructing and verifying traditional economic theory, 6. — Theoretical dynamics of Newtonian mechanics, 8. — Economics compared with physics, 10. — Bearing of this upon the possibility of a theoretical economic dynamics, 12. — The precise capacity of contemporary economic theory, 13. — Diagrammatical summary, 16.
Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Implications for the Heliosphere

We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157–313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (-0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (-0.5, +0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is ~ 8.3 x 10-7 s-1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is ~ 1.0 x 10-15 cm2 at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(-0.7, +0.9) x 10-5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock.
Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and pharmacologic treatment of Parkinson's disease in residents in long-term care facilities

Despite the high prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the elderly, little information is available regarding the epidemiology of the disease in residents in long-term care facilities. Using a population-based database with over 470,000 residents (1992-1996) of all Medicare- or Medicaid-certified nursing homes of five states, we identified 24,402 residents with a diagnosis of PD. We examined data collected with the federally mandated Minimum Data Set, and sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment information. The prevalence of PD in nursing homes was 5.2%, with peak age-specific prevalence between ages 75 and 84 years. Seventy percent of patients had moderate to severe cognitive impairment, and over 80% had moderate to severe functional disability. Less than 10% had verbal and physical signs of grief and anxiety, and 80% exhibited poor psychosocial well-being, yet only 15% were actively treated for depression. Only 44% received antiparkinsonian drugs. Female gender, black race, age, level of cognitive impairment, and level of physical functioning were inversely related to the likelihood of receiving one of these drugs. When antipsychotic drugs were administered (15%), only 1% were atypical agents. Although PD is a relatively common diagnosis among nursing home residents, pharmacologic management of these individuals appears to be less than optimal.
The lack of adrenergic effect on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in normal man

Abstract In vitro studies have demonstrated that α adrenergic and dopaminergic administration alter somatostatin release. The effect of such agents in vivo has not been documented and we therefore studied the action of pharmacologic doses of the biogenic amines, isoproterenol and dopamine, as well as the β adrenergic receptor blocker, propranolol, on serum somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SRIF-Li) when administered to normal subjects. Five healthy males received, on separate occasions, 0.15μ g isoproterenolol intradermally, 5 μg per kg dopamine intravenously and 8.2 mg D-L propranolol intravenously. Venous blood was collected basally in the fasting state and thereafter at specified time intervals for determination of SRIF-Li which was measured by a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. The results indicated that infusions and injections of pharmacologic doses of biogenic amines produced no significant effect on serum levels of SRIF-Li and that β receptor blockade produced a very small but significant decrease at two hours after administration when compared to basal levels. We conclude that the biogenic amines are not major modulators of SRIF-Li secretion in normal man.
Demethylation of trimethylphosphite promoted by dichlorodiphosphineplatinum and palladium complexes. Structures of the metallophosphonate complexes [Pt(P∧P){P(O)(OMe)2}2] (P∧P=dppe, dppp)

Abstract Platinum and palladium complexes of the type [MCl2(P∧P)] (P∧P=dppm, dppe, dppp) react with P(OMe)3 at low temperatures to generate the bis(phosphite) species [M(P∧P){P(OMe)3}2]2+, which have been characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy at low temperatures. On warming, the [M(P∧P){P(OMe)3}2]Cl2 complexes undergo an Arbuzov-like reaction to generate the bis(phosphonate) derivatives [M(P∧P){P(O)(OMe)2}2], which have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The platinum complexes with P∧P=dppe and dppp have been characterized in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction; each complex exhibits square planar geometry about the metal center. [Pt(dppe){P(OMe)3}2][PF6]2 was isolated by performing the reaction of [PtCl2(dppe)] with P(OMe)3 in the presence of 2 mol equiv. of TlPF6, whereas the mixed phosphite–phosphonate complex [Pt(dppe){P(OMe)3}{P(O)(OMe)2}]PF6 was prepared by carrying out the reaction in the presence of only 1 mol equiv. of TlPF6. Formation of the phosphite complexes is rapid and quantitative for both metals, as observed by low temperature 31P NMR spectroscopy. At ambient temperature, an equilibrium exists between free and coordinated phosphite, the latter being favored for platinum but apparently not for palladium. This results in formation of the phosphonate complexes being much faster for Pt than for Pd, unless a considerable excess of P(OMe)3 is added. The demethylation reactions could be reversed by treating [Pt(dppe){P(O)(OMe)2}2] or [Pt(dppe){P(OMe)3}{P(O)(OMe)2}]PF6 with Me3O+BF4−, although the reactions were not quantitative. Protonation of [Pt(dppe){P(O)(OMe)2}2][PF6]2 with HBF4 gave first [Pt(dppe){P(O)(OMe)2}2H]+ and, finally, [Pt(dppe){P(OH)(OMe)2}2]2+.
A comparison or digital differential analyzer and general purpose equipment in guidance systems

Qualitative comparisons are often made between a digital differential analyzer (DDA) and a general purpose (GP) computer for real-time control applications. Such comparisons consider static and dynamic accuracy, flexibility, equipment complexity, solution stability, influence of random errors, and ability to cope with discontinuities. They do not clearly point to a machine for solution of a problem since the DDA is found preferable in some characteristics while the GP excels in others. This ground is not to be covered.
The rcsA Promoter of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii Features a Low-Level Constitutive Promoter and an EsaR Quorum-Sensing-Regulated Promoter

The upstream region of the Pantoea stewartii rcsA gene features two promoters, one for constitutive basal-level expression and a second autoregulated promoter for induced expression. The EsaR quorum-sensing repressor binds to a site centered between the two promoters, blocking transcription elongation from the regulated promoter under noninducing conditions.
Divergent effects of phenothiazines on Leydig tumor cell steroidogenesis and adenylate cyclase activity.

The dose and temporal (1-24 h) effects of two phenothiazines, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, on steroidogenesis and adenylate cyclase activity of gonadotropin-responsive Leydig tumor cells (M5480A) in primary culture were examined. At low doses (e.g. 0.1-1 microM) these antipsychotic drugs were slightly inhibitory (trifluoperazine) or without effect (chlorpromazine), while at 25 microM each drug was weakly stimulatory to basal testosterone production. Trifluoperazine was, in general, inhibitory to HCG-stimulated testosterone production, but chlorpromazine exhibited paradoxical effects. At 5 and 10 microM this neuroleptic agent increased HCG-stimulated steroidogenesis, while at 25 microM testosterone production was inhibited. In a particulate fraction prepared from the tumor the activity of adenylate cyclase was stimulated 3.4-fold in the presence of 10 microM 5'-guanylimidodiphosphate and 5-fold in the presence of HCG plus the non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue. Between doses of 1-100 microM neither drug altered the basal activity of adenylate cyclase. Trifluoperazine at doses of 1-100 microM inhibited 5'-guanylimidodiphosphate-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity both with and without added gonadotropin. At doses of 1-10 microM chlorpromazine had no effect on adenylate cyclase activity, but it stimulated activity in the dose range of 20-100 microM. Interestingly, in the presence of 5'-guanylimidodiphosphate this drug did not alter the stimulated enzymic activity achieved with a maximal dose of HCG. Therefore, these phenothiazines exhibit quite divergent dose-dependent effects and their actions must occur at multiple loci. Also, it seems unlikely that the effects of these agents on steroidogenesis and adenylate cyclase activity can be reconciled solely in terms of calmodulin-mediated processes.
Research on 760mm Hot Tandem Mill Hydraulic AGC Control System

Through analyzing the 760mm hydraulic AGC production line of a Shandong factory, the characteristics, compositions and the mathematical model of hydraulic system of the hydraulic AGC are introduced. Based on those the system performance is analyzed on the working conditions by simulations through introducing the PID and fuzzy PID controller. The simulation analysis concluded that the system response time and overshoots with the fuzzy PID controller were better than before, which is in flavor of the production line commissioning and eventually running. The performance of AGC system affects the controlling accuracy of sheet thickness and yield of sheet directly. In order to accommodate the requirement of market and improve the competition of product, a steel plant from Shandong province entrusts relevant department to develop a set of hydraulic system, which is being debugged at present. Our paper mainly introduces the structure and feature of the system. With the mathematical model that accord with the working conditions being founded and PID and fuzzy PID based on the mathematical model being added, We have simulated the system using the software of MATLAB/SIMULINK, which supplies corresponding theoretical basis for the system’s final operation [1].
Comparative studies of acarine limb regeneration, apolysis, and ecdysis

Abstract A comparative study of acarine limb regenerative capacity, apolysis, and ecdysis was based on nine species representing the five major suborders of Acari. An autotomy plane was lacking in all. The ixodid completely regenerated limbs (regardless of site of amputation) after one apolysis. The argasid required two apolyses to completely regenerate amputated limbs. The uropodid regenerated a maximum of two distorted segments bevond the site of amputation. In the gamasid, the site of amputation generally formed the terminal end of the limb in the next instar. Regardless of the number of apolyses or site of amputation, the astigmatid and cryptostigmatids possessed limbs in subsequent instars which displayed segmental reduction · and/or distortion proximal to the site of amputation. Over 90 per cent of the prostigmatids died following amputation of any part of a leg. Following amputation the haemolymph coagulated quickly and a good clot formed in the ixodid, gamasid, uropodid, and astigmatid. The clot was diffused in the cryptostigmatids. Coagulation was very slow in the argasid, but a clot eventually formed. Coagulation did not occur in the prostigmatid, and a clot was never observed. The limbs of the gamasid, argasid, uropodid, prostigmatid, and both cryptostigmatids apolysed in place. The pharate form of the gamasid, uropodid, and argasid was mobile. The pharate form of the prostigmatid and both cryptostigmatids is immobile, but withdrew the newly formed limbs from the old leg hulls prior to ecdysis. The ixodid and astigmatid had an extended inactive stage in each instar during which the limb regressed to the coxal region and the pharate limb grew into the ventral exuvial space. At ecdysis the cuticle split anteriorly in the gamasid, argasid, ixodid, and uropodid, while the cuticle split posteriorly in the astigmatid and both superior cryptostigmatids. The cuticle split in the prostigmatid around the middle of the mite.
Evaluation of a 6-month multi-disciplinary healthy weight management program targeting urban, overweight adolescents: Effects on physical fitness, physical activity, and blood lipid profiles

This study evaluated preliminary physical fitness, physical activity, and blood lipid profile data obtained from overweight adolescents upon enrolling in a healthy weight management program and following 6 months of program participation. One hundred and sixty-eight participants (13.4+/-1.8 years, 37.9+/-8.3 kg/m(2), 59.5% female and 76.2% African-American) enrolled in the program. The intervention addressed factors related to nutrition, physical activity, and other behaviors related to weight management. Sixty-four participants (38.1%) completed 6 months of program participation. While there was no significant reduction in body mass or body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score was reduced by 1.2% (p < 0.05), cardiorespiratory fitness was increased by 10.8% (p = 0.001), body fat percentage was reduced by 2.6% (p = 0.001), total cholesterol was reduced by 7.2% (p < 0.001), and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) was reduced by 8.4% (p < 0.001) at 6 months. Continued development and evaluation of programs designed to prevent and treat child and adolescent overweight is warranted to address this major public health issue.
Unarticulated Constituents and Propositional Structure

Attempts to characterize unarticulated constituents (henceforth: UCs) by means of quantification over the parts of a sentence and the constituents of the proposition it expresses come to grief in more complicated cases than are commonly considered. In particular, UC definitions are inadequate when we consider cases in which the same constituent appears more than once in a proposition that only has one word with the constituent as its semantic value. This article explores some consequences of trying to repair the formal definitions.
Lethal effect of heterologous nuclei in amoeba heterokaryons.

Abstract The viability of heterokaryons obtained by nuclear transplantation between different strains of amoebae was studied. A heterokaryon gave rise to two kinds of cells, one containing the host and the other the heterologous nucleus. The latter were never viable, and more than 90 % of the host cells also failed to form clones when the heterologous nuclei were present 15 min or longer. The lethal action was apparently caused by a diffusible factor which acted primarily on the nuclei of the host cells.
Computer interpreted fetal electroencephalogram: Sharp wave detection and classification of infants for one year neurological outcome

Abstract The presence of visually discernible sharp waves (SWs) in the fetal electroencephalogram (FEEG) has been found to be associated with abnormal neurological infant outcome, but no method of programmed SW detection for FEEG was available. In order to develop an algorithm for SW detection, the first and second derivatives for visually identified SWs and non-SWs were examined and five random variables chosen for discriminant function analysis (DFA). The resulting equation, incorporated into program logic along with logic for artifact rejection, produced classifications from 85% to 89% consistent with visual identifications, suggesting that the number of SWs/epoch (NSW) corresponds with visually identified SWs. In addition, in 61 cases using a threshold for NSW derived by DFA, computer recognized SWs were found to be significantly related to the overall visual interpretation of the tracings ( P Finally, NSW alone produced correct classification of 65.5% of infants for 1 year neurological outcome. The overall consistency was increased to as high as 80% using additional FEEG and neonatal data. These findings imply that some forms of brain damage are present before birth and can be detected during labor using FEEG.
Design and fabrication of a single leakage-channel grating coupler

We describe the modeling and fabrication of waveguide grating couplers with theoretical outcoupling efficiencies into a single diffracted order nearing 100%. Termed single leakage-channel grating couplers (or SLCGC's), these devices utilize a high-reflectivity dielectric stack to reflect the outcoupled beam diffracted toward the substrate and back up into the air region, where it constructively adds with the beam diffracted into the air region. Computer modeling shows that the branching ratio and the leakage rate can be independently controlled, and that the branching ratio is independent of grating depth and grating period. A SLCGC with a branching ratio of 97.1% is fabricated by the use of a combination of vacuum-evaporation and wet-chemical techniques.
Dispersed polaron simulations of electron transfer in photosynthetic reaction centers

A microscopic method for simulating quantum mechanical, nuclear tunneling effects in biological electron transfer reactions is presented and applied to several electron transfer steps in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. In this "dispersed polaron" method the fluctuations of the protein and the electron carriers are projected as effective normal modes onto an appropriate reaction coordinate and used to evaluate the quantum mechanical rate constant. The simulations, based on the crystallographic structure of the reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis, focus on electron transfer from a bacteriopheophytin to a quinone and the subsequent back-reaction. The rates of both of these reactions are almost independent of temperature or even increase with decreasing temperature. The simulations reproduce this unusual temperature dependence in a qualitative way, without the use of adjustable parameters for the protein's Franck-Condon factors. The observed dependence of the back-reaction on the free energy of the reaction also is reproduced, including the special behavior in the "inverted region."
Lorentzian Iterative Hard Thresholding: Robust Compressed Sensing With Prior Information

Commonly employed reconstruction algorithms in compressed sensing (CS) use the L2 norm as the metric for the residual error. However, it is well-known that least squares (LS) based estimators are highly sensitive to outliers present in the measurement vector leading to a poor performance when the noise no longer follows the Gaussian assumption but, instead, is better characterized by heavier-than-Gaussian tailed distributions. In this paper, we propose a robust iterative hard Thresholding (IHT) algorithm for reconstructing sparse signals in the presence of impulsive noise. To address this problem, we use a Lorentzian cost function instead of the L2 cost function employed by the traditional IHT algorithm. We also modify the algorithm to incorporate prior signal information in the recovery process. Specifically, we study the case of CS with partially known support. The proposed algorithm is a fast method with computational load comparable to the LS based IHT, whilst having the advantage of robustness against heavy-tailed impulsive noise. Sufficient conditions for stability are studied and a reconstruction error bound is derived. We also derive sufficient conditions for stable sparse signal recovery with partially known support. Theoretical analysis shows that including prior support information relaxes the conditions for successful reconstruction. Simulation results demonstrate that the Lorentzian-based IHT algorithm significantly outperform commonly employed sparse reconstruction techniques in impulsive environments, while providing comparable performance in less demanding, light-tailed environments. Numerical results also demonstrate that the partially known support inclusion improves the performance of the proposed algorithm, thereby requiring fewer samples to yield an approximate reconstruction.
Influence of tetraalkyl ammonium ions on the structure of poly (rG-dC).poly (rG-dC): unexpected transitions among the Z, A and B conformations.

The conformation of the double-stranded, mixed ribodeoxyribo polynucleotide, poly (rG-dC).poly (rG-dC), has been examined in the presence of tetraalkyl ammonium ions. Tetramethyl ammonium ion stabilizes the "low salt" Z conformation (1) of the polymer from submillimolar to molar concentrations of the counterion. In the presence of tetraethyl and tetrapropyl ammonium ions the polymer exists in the low salt Z form up to 2 mM concentration of the counterions and then flips to the right hand helical A form. With tetrabutyl ammonium counterions the polymer is in an A conformation at low ion concentrations and converts to a B form at concentrations greater than thirty millimolar. These results are interpreted in terms of electrostatic and solvent interactions of the polynucleotide.
Building Community on Campus: Student Affairs Professionals as Group Workers.

This article describes the role of student affairs professionals in building campus community through work with natural groups such as residence halls, clubs and organizations, classes, and service-learning groups. Challenges to the creation of campus community are discussed. The Social Change Model of leadership development is highlighted as an example of a model for working with groups. In addition, other campus community-building approaches such as service learning, learning communities, and ceremonies, rituals, and traditions are described. The role of student affairs professionals as group workers and community builders—and the potential for their involvement in these approaches—is highlighted.
A meta-analysis of the effects of various science teaching strategies on achievement

This study is a meta-analysis of the question “What are the effects on achievement of different teaching techniques?” Twelve categories of teaching techniques were specified. Among these are questioning, wait-time, testing, focusing, manipulative, presentation approach, inquiry or discovery, audio-visual, and teacher direction. A coding form was then developed to allow for the uniform examination and recording of 76 variables from each study. One or more effect sizes were calculated and coded for each study. Over 300 microfilmed dissertations covering the past 30 years were examined. Some 2000 ERIC science abstracts were reviewed and suitable studies obtained. Finally, journal articles were reviewed. A total of 400 effect sizes representing 160 studies were produced. The main effect size overall was 0.34. Thus, for all samples considered the experimental science teaching techniques on the average resulted in one-third of a standard deviation improvement over traditional techniques. Mean effect sizes also were calculated for each technique. More than 20 other variables such as class size, community type, and science subject area were cross-tabulated with effect size.
Approximate Floor Acceleration Demands in Multistory Buildings. I: Formulation

An approximate method to estimate floor acceleration demands in multistory buildings responding elastically or practically elastic when subjected to earthquake ground motion is presented. The method can be used to estimate floor acceleration demands at any floor level for a given ground motion record. The dynamic characteristics of the building are approximated by using a simplified model based on equivalent continuum structure that consists of a combination of a flexural beam and a shear beam. Closed-form solutions for mode shapes, period ratios, and modal participation factors are presented. The effect of reduction of lateral stiffness along the height is investigated. It is shown that the effect of reduction in lateral stiffness on the dynamic characteristics of the structure is small in buildings that deflect laterally like flexural beams. For other buildings, approximate correction factors to the closed-form solutions of the uniform case are presented to take into account the effects of reduction of lateral stiffness. Approximate dynamic properties of the building are then used to estimate acceleration demands in the building using modal analysis.
A note on computer graph plots of physician practice locations.

This note examines the distribution of a medical school's physician graduates among states. Computer graph plots of this distribution are shown to be an alternative way of providing information to health care administration decision-makers concerned with physician practice location.
The dynamics of nuclear reactions.

Abstract The dynamics of nuclear reactions are surveyed on an elemental basis with emphasis upon the c.g. system of coordinate axes. Corrections are given for angular distributions, angular straggling, and thin target straggling.
Strength of the Benzene−Water Hydrogen Bond

Very large basis set, correlated calculations of the benzene−water complex predict a geometry in which the water molecule sits above the aromatic ring with oxygen pointed away from the benzene center of mass. The purely electronic binding energy, in the complete basis set limit, was found to be −3.9 ± 0.2 kcal/mol, or only 20% weaker than the water−water interaction. When zero-point energies are included, the ΔE0(0 K) values are identical within their estimated uncertainties. Core/valence and higher-order correlation recovery via coupled cluster calculations were found to play a minor role. The present ΔE0(0 K) value of −2.9 ± 0.2 kcal/mol is in good agreement with a recent threshold photoionization experiment that yielded −2.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol.
The effect of varying numbers of rewarded and nonrewarded trials on subsequent performance in a straight runway

Sixty male albino rats were assigned randomly to groups in a design in which one variable was whether rewarded or nonrewarded (latent learning) sessions began the experiment, and the second variable was whether one, two, or four sessions preceded a final rewarded session and extinction session. Extinction speed in a straight runway increased with number of sessions and with initial rewarded rather than nonrewarded sessions. Latent learning sessions facilitated performance on the first rewarded session, the facilitation increasing with number of latent learning sessions.
Solving the Information Accumulation Problem in Mesh Structured Agent System

In this letter, the authors propose a spanning tree-based algorithm for an agent system, which breaks the mesh-structured agent system into a single tree-structured agent system. Then an algorithm for recalculating the information flow among agents without redundant information accumulation is presented. Finally, the proposed methodology is illustrated through a simple mesh structured agent system
Color effects in the scattering of white light by cylinders and spheres

Abstract The chromaticity coordinates of the white light scattered by systems of spheres and cylinders have beenexactly calculated in order to elucidate precisely the phenomenon of Higher Order Tyndall Spectra (H.O.T.S.). For infinite cylinders at perpendicular incidence, the calculations were carried out for m = 1.31 (ice) andm = 1.46 (glass) and for radii from 0.4 to 1.4 microns in increments of 0.1. Two light sources (source B and 3200°K.) and three polarizations (vertical, horizontal, and natural) were used. For water spheres with a modal radius of 0.4 micron, results were obtained for size distributions corresponding to 9 breadth parameters. As the radius of the cylinder becomes larger than the wavelength (a > 1.0 μ) the H.O.T.S. wash out and the scattered light becomes uniformly yellow. For the spheres, the H.O.T.S. wash out with increasing breadth of the distribution and the scattered light again becomes uniformly yellow.
Factors involved in the interpretation of fetal monitor tracings.

Abstract In order to study how physicians choose to use electronic fetal monitoring and interpret tracings, we administered a questionnaire to which 107 practicing obstetricians and 11 experts in electronic fetal monitoring responded. Sixty-one (57%) of the respondents monitored more than half of their deliveries (high users). In comparison to the less frequent users of electronic fetal monitoring (low users), they showed more positive attitudes toward electronic fetal monitoring and were nearly always more likely to perform cesarean sections on hypothetical patients described in the questionnaire. These differences appeared to be due to the high users' higher estimate of danger to the fetus. We also found that most physicians were generally more likely to perform a cesarean section on a high-risk mother than a low-risk mother with the same tracing. The majority of high and low users and nearly all of the experts, however, felt that antepartum risk factors are not of value in deciding what to do about an abnormal tracing. We conclude that there is wide variation in the way in which obstetricians use, interpret, and act on electronic fetal monitoring tracings. Some of these differences may be due to differing attitudes toward electronic fetal monitoring, differences in interpretation of electronic fetal monotoring tracings, and differences in the way obstetricians incorporate maternal risk factors into their decision-making.
Diet and Prey Selection of Naturalized Smallmouth Bass in an Oligotrophic Adirondack Lake

ABSTRACT Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) introduced nearly 50 years ago have established a permanent population in Little Moose Lake, NY. Over 500 smallmouth bass were collected by angling in the littoral zone from June to August. Gut contents were compared for differences based on length of bass, date of capture, and substrate type where each fish was caught. Crayfish were the most frequent diet item and made up the largest percent composition by number. The average number of crayfish per stomach increased with bass length as did the number of fish per stomach. Crayfish, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, and fish made up 77% of the total number of diet items, excluding zooplankton. A noticeable diet shift from smaller diet items (Ephemeroptera) to larger ones (crayfish and fish) occurred when smallmouth bass approached 150 mm. A high amount of diet overlap occurred between bass caught over different substrate types and among most size classes. Smallmouth bass in Little Moose Lake were opportunistic feeders,...
Comparison of Gastrointestinal pH in Dogs and Humans: Implications on the Use of the Beagle Dog as a Model for Oral Absorption in Humans

Gastrointestinal pH as a function of time was recorded for 4 beagle dogs and 10 human subjects using radiotelemetric pH measuring equipment. Results indicated that in the quiescent phase, gastric pH in the dogs (mean = 1.8 ± 0.07 SEM) was significantly (p 0.05). The fasting intestinal pH in dogs was consistently higher than in humans, with an average canine intestinal pH of 7.3 ± 0.09 versus 6.0 ± 0.14 for humans. The implication of these observations for extrapolation of drug absorption data from dogs to humans are discussed.