cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in the University Student Population

University counseling centers are faced with the challenge of effectively treating bipolar students while also utilizing brief treatment frameworks and managing high patient volumes. Potential destabilization, particularly within the elevated mood phase, poses significant behavioral management issues for university clinicians and administrators, though for many years the common default position for university counseling centers has been to refer students with bipolar disorder to off-campus resources for longer-term treatment. The author argues against this and instead poses a four-point rationale for treating most bipolar students on campus. The recommended treatment approach includes the integration of brief individual psychotherapy, psychiatric medication, and a bipolar student support group. An important additional component entails lifestyle modifications which include healthy sleep hygiene, the application of stable life patterns, effective stress management, and abstinence from the use of psychoacti...
Identified neurons implanted into leech ganglia sprout and form synaptic connections

Abstract Individual neurons of known function, have been dissected out of leech ganglia and implanted into other leech ganglia maintained in culture. Such ‘extra’ cells survived within the ganglion, sprouted to enter the roots and connectives, maintained their membrane properties and formed synaptic connections. Thus when two extra Retzius cells were implanted into a ganglion, they became electrically coupled to each other and received synaptic inputs from other neurons.
Robust but plastic: gender differences in emotional responses to sexual debut.

Data reported by Sprecher (2014) indicate that gender differences in emotional responses to sexual debut should be included among the handful of exceptions to Hyde's (2005) gender similarities hypo...
Expression of the whey acidic protein in transgenic pigs impairs mammary development.

The whey acidic protein has been found in milk of mice, rats, rabbits and camels, and its gene is expressed specifically in mammary tissue at late pregnancy and throughout lactation. A characteristic of whey acidic protein is the ‘four-disulfide-core’ signature which is also present in proteins involved in organ development. We have generated six lines of transgenic pigs which carry a mouse whey acidic protein transgene and express it at high levels in their mammary glands. Transgenic sows from three lines could not produce sufficient quantities of milk to support normal development of healthy offspring. This phenotype appears to be similar, if not identical, to themilchlos phenotype exhibited by mice expressing whey acidic protein transgenes. Mammary tissue from post-partummilchlos sows had an immature histological appearance, which was distinct from that observed during normal development or involution. Expression of the whey acidic protein transgene was found in mammary tissue from sexually immature pigs frommilchlos lines, but not in sows from lines that appeared to lactate normally. We suggest that precocious synthesis of whey acidic protein impairs mammary development and function. Impaired mammary development due to inappropriate timing of whey acidic protein expression is consistent with the notion that proteins with the ‘four-disulfide-core’ signature participate in tissue formation.
Provincialism in Modern India: the Multiple Narratives of Education and their Pain

'Provincialism', or the separation of inferior spaces from normative ones, is seen in this essay as a key trope for interpreting modern Indian history.' Provincialism, or provinciality, is a space recognizable instantly. It is marked by slowness, by absence of the new and recent, by what is seen on the national level as a brake-effect in an otherwise promising march forwards. Cities, which is what I concentrate on in this essay, are characterizable as provincial by a certain appearance: a topography of narrow streets, by the sloppy merger of the inside and outside, by an absence of discrimination between the jungle and the civilized as animal life proliferates on the roads. Their space is marked by a lack of discipline, and this lack is further exacerbated by an attitude almost aggressive, at any rate stubborn, that seems to embrace every other dimension of life. The provincial citizen is one whose body identifies with the provincial space. It revels in an indifference to the rules of obedience to arbitrary external exercises of power. The provincial space and its citizen are marked in the use of languages by the dominance of regional language over English. Overall, the provincial space is signified in the state as an obstacle, political, economic, and most of all cultural, to what could otherwise 1I would like to thank the American Institute for Indian Studies for funding the research, and Brandeis University for the Madeleine Haas Russell Professorship in Non-Western Studies for the opportunity for writing, on this topic. Much of the central interpretive inspiration for the paper comes from the ideas of Som Majumdar, who made the pain of alternative narratives explicit in his discussion and work. Also responsible is Sanjay Srivastava who gave me a glimpse of what I wanted to say through a chance remark that Lucknow-ites were behind Delhi-ites in that they had not 'cottoned on' to the value of a metropolitan rather than a provincial education. Thanks to both these astute ethnographers who may well be impatient with the rest
Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project

Water resources scientists face complex tasks in evaluating aspects of water projects, but relatively few assessment procedures have been applied and accepted as standards applications. Decision-makers often rely on environmental assessments to evaluate the value and operation of projects. There is often confusion about scientists' role in policy decisions. The scientist can affect policy-making as an expert witness, an advocate or a surrogate. By understanding the policy process, scientists can make their work more policy relevant. Using the Terror Lake hydro project in Alaska as a guide, three lessons are discussed: (1) not all problems are able to be solved with technology; (2) policy-relevant technology is rarely imposed on a problem; and (3) the scientist need not just to react to the policy process, but can have an impact on how that process unfolds.
The impact of monetary expansion with terms of trade effects and trade in securities

Abstract This paper analyzes the role of monetary expansion in a two-country, two-sector model of accumulation. In addition, the model permits trade in securities and allows for feedback effects due to the variability of the terms of trade, and the world interest rate. It is shown that many of the results in small-country or other simpler models no longer hold. For instance, the neutrality of the saving rate implied by the small-country assumption no longer exists. It is now possible to choose combinations of the saving rate and the rate of monetary expansion to attain certain goals.
Next-generation technologies in the USA

This presentation describes the highlights of exploratory research into next-generation photovoltaic (PV) technologies funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of finding disruptive or “leap frog” technologies that have a chance of leaping ahead, both in terms of vastly higher conversion efficiencies and greater penetration of the PV energy marketplace. Next-generation PV technologies are defined as those not in production or only in limited production because of the need for additional long-term research, development, innovation, and commercialization. Since 1999, DOE and the National Renewable Energy Lab-oratory have funded 33 universities and companies to explore these concepts, with a total annual budget of about $2 million per year.
A 10-Year Review of the Food Science Summer Scholars Program: A Model for Research Training and for Recruiting Undergraduate Students into Graduate Programs and Careers in Food Science.

Abstract: A pressing problem facing regulatory agencies, academia, and the food industry is a shortage of qualified food science graduates, particularly those with advanced degrees (that is, M.S. or Ph.D.). In 2000, the Cornell Institute of Food Science established the annual Food Science Summer Scholars Program as an experiential summer research program for undergraduate students with the goal of increasing the number of individuals enrolling in graduate programs in Food Science and entering careers in food science. In 2008, to explore expansion to other food science programs, the program also included 5 students placed at the Univ. of Massachusetts. Between 2000 and 2009, a total of 147 undergraduate students, representing a nationally and internationally diverse student body, have participated in the program. Sixty program participants have been recruited from nonfood science majors and 25 have been U.S. citizens representing traditionally underrepresented minorities. Forty-five program alumni have completed graduate degrees with a food science or related major, and 56 alumni are currently pursuing graduate degrees in food science or related disciplines. Thirty program alumni are working in the food industry. The Food Science Summer Scholars Program at Cornell and the Univ. of Massachusetts has proved to be an effective program for recruiting students into graduate programs and careers in food science. Furthermore, the Summer Scholars Program at Cornell and the Univ. of Massachusetts serves as a model for the development of a cooperative multi-institutional food science summer research program for undergraduates to further increase the supply of students for graduate study and careers in food science.
CCR2 gene deletion and pharmacologic blockade ameliorate a severe murine experimental autoimmune neuritis model of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The molecular determinants and signaling pathways responsible for hematogenous leukocyte trafficking during peripheral neuroinflammation are incompletely elucidated. Chemokine ligand/receptor pair CCL2/CCR2 has been pathogenically implicated in the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). We evaluated the role of CCR2 in peripheral neuroinflammation utilizing a severe murine experimental autoimmune neuritis (sm-EAN) model. Sm-EAN was induced in 8–12 week old female SJL CCR2 knockout (CCR2KO), heterozygote (CCR2HT) and wild type (CCR2WT) mice, and daily neuromuscular severity scores and weights recorded. In vitro and in vivo splenocyte proliferation and cytokine expression assays, and sciatic nerve Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4 and CCL2 expression assays were performed to evaluate systemic and local innate immune activation at disease onset. Motor nerve electrophysiology and sciatic nerve histology were also performed to characterize the inflammatory neuropathy at expected peak severity. To further determine the functional relevance of CCR2 in sm-EAN, 20 mg/kg CCR2 antagonist, RS 102895 was administered daily for 5 days to a cohort of CCR2WT mice following sm-EAN disease onset, with efficacy compared to 400 mg/kg human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). CCR2KO mice were relatively resistant to sm-EAN compared to CCR2WT and CCR2HT mice, associated with attenuated peripheral nerve demyelinating neuritis. Partial CCR2 gene deletion did not confer any protection against sm-EAN. CCR2KO mice demonstrated similar splenocyte activation or proliferation profiles, as well as TLR2, TLR4 and CCL2 expression to CCR2WT or CCR2HT mice, implying a direct role for CCR2 in sm-EAN pathogenesis. CCR2 signaling blockade resulted in rapid, near complete recovery from sm-EAN following disease onset. RS 102895 was significantly more efficacious than IVIg. CCR2 mediates pathogenic hematogenous monocyte trafficking into peripheral nerves, with consequential demyelination in sm-EAN. CCR2 is amenable to pharmacologic blockade, making it a plausible drug target for GBS.
Tests of coherence unbiasing methods

The causes of bias in the mean-squared coherence (MSC) estimate are discussed, assuming that the estimate is made using the FFT method. Two known unbiasing methods, prewhitening and MSC averaging, are tested in situations where the true MSC is known, and are seen to reduce bias. MSC averaging is recommended as the best unbiasing method.
Evaluating database management systems

This report documents a methodology developed and used for the evaluation and selection of database management software. The basic methodology can be used in the evaluation of other types of software. The report describes the step-by-step process and provides an extensive discussion of the definition of evaluation and selection criteria. The report will be of most use to first-time evaluators, but may also be of use to more experienced personnel.
The Effect of Solid Surface Roughness on Dynamic Contact Angles in Solid-Liquid-Liquid Systems

The engineering applications of spreading and adhesion phenomena involving fluids on solids are numerous. The adhesive and spreading interactions at the solid-fluid interfaces are well characterized by dynamic contact angles. This study reports on the results of an experimental investigation into the effect of solid surface roughness on dynamic contact angles in solid-liquid-liquid (S-L-L) systems. The experiment involved the use of Wilhelmy Plate apparatus to measure adhesion tension (which is the product of interfacial tension and cosine of the contact angle between the liquid-liquid interface and the solid surface), the DuNuoy tensiometer to measure the liquid-liquid interfacial tension, and a profilometer to characterize the roughness of the solid surfaces used. The components of the solid-liquid-liquid systems studied consisted of: (i) smooth glass, roughened quartz and an actual rock surface for the solid phase, (ii) normal-hexane and deionized water as the two immiscible liquid phases. The dynamic contact angles (advancing and receding angles) of the three-phase (rock-oil-water) system provide essential information about the wettability of petroleum resrvoirs. The wettability of a reservoir is an important parameter that affects oil recovery in primary, secondary, and enhanced recovery operations [1]. Contact angle measurements on smooth surfaces are generally used to characterize reservoir wettability. However pore surfaces within reservoir rocks are essentially rough and hence it is important to determine the effect of such roughness on measured contact angles. There is very little information in the open literature on the effect of surface roughness on dynamic contact angles in S-L-L systems. In the present work, four levels of roughness of solid surfaces of similar mineralogy (quartz and glass) were tested in hexane-deionized water fluid pair. The advancing and receding contact angles measured at ambient conditions were analyzed for wettability effects. It was found that as surface roughness increased, the dynamic contact angles also increased. The wettability of the rock-oil-water system shifted from weakly water-wet for the smooth glass to intermediate-wet for the roughened surface. The general trends observed in our study were found to be in good agreement with other published results. However, the generally held notion of increasing contact angle hysteresis with increasing roughness appears to be incorrect in solid-liquid-liquid systems.© 2002 ASME
Optimal solutions of unobservable orbit determination problems

The method of data augmentation, in the form ofa priori covariance information on the reference solution, as a means to overcome the effects of ill-conditioning in orbit determination problems has been investigated. Specifically, for the case when ill-conditioning results from parameter non-observability and an appropriatea priori covariance is unknown, methods by which thea priori covariance is optimally chosen are presented. In problems where an inaccuratea priori covariance is provided, the optimal weighting of this data set is obtained. The feasibility of these ‘ridge-type’ solution methods is demonstrated by their application to a non-observable gravity field recovery simulation. In the simulation, both ‘ridge-type’ and conventional solutions are compared. Substantial improvement in the accuracy of the conventional solution is realized by the use of these ridge-type solution methods. The solution techniques presented in this study are applicable to observable, but ill-conditioned problems as well as the unobservable problems directly addressed. For the case of observable problems, the ridge-type solutions provide an improvement in the accuracy of the ordinary least squares solutions.
Association of experience with illness and end-of-life care with advance care planning in older adults

Objectives: To examine whether experiences with illness and end-of-life care are associated with readiness to participate in advance care planning (ACP). Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Community. Participants: Persons aged 60 and older recruited from physician offices and a senior center. Measurements: Participants were asked about personal experience with major illness or surgery and experience with others' end-of-life care, including whether they had made a medical decision for someone dying, knew someone who had a bad death due to too much or too little medical care, or experienced the death of a loved one who made end-of-life wishes known. Stages of change were assessed for specific ACP behaviors: completion of living will and healthcare proxy, communication with loved ones regarding life-sustaining treatments and quantity versus quality of life, and communication with physicians about these same topics. Stages of change included precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action or maintenance, corresponding to whether the participant was not ready to complete the behavior, was considering participation in the next 6 months, was planning participation within 30 days, or had already participated. Results: Of 304 participants, 84% had one or more personal experiences or experience with others. Personal experiences were not associated with greater readiness for most ACP behaviors. In contrast, having one or more experiences with others was associated with greater readiness to complete a living will and healthcare proxy, discuss life-sustaining treatment with loved ones, and discuss quantity versus quality of life with loved ones and with physicians. Conclusion: Older individuals who have experience with end-of-life care of others demonstrate greater readiness to participate in ACP. Discussions with older adults regarding these experiences may be a useful tool in promoting ACP.
Electromagnetic effects associated with a cavity-backed aperture loaded with nonlinear elements

The electromagnetic properties of cavity-backed apertures loaded with nonlinearly-loaded, electrically small dipole antennas are studied with an extended FDTD simulator. A nonlinearity in the antenna load is introduced by connecting a nonlinear circuit to the dipole antenna. The simplest nonlinear circuit, a nonlinear diode in series with a resistor, is treated in detail to illustrate the effects of a device that will generate well-defined harmonics to any driving frequency. Computational results are generated for both TM and TE cases and for broadband and narrowband excitations. The extended FDTD simulations show that various EMC and RCS effects associated with the presence of a nonlinearly-loaded electrically small dipole antenna are closely connected to the resonant features associated with the cavity-backed aperture. It is illustrated that if the antenna position is properly correlated to peaks of the modal distribution supported by the open cavity, then the fields associated with frequencies generate...
New imperfect rankings models for ranked set sampling

Ranked set sampling is a sampling approach that leads to improved statistical inference in situations where the units to be sampled can be ranked relative to each other prior to formal measurement. This ranking may be done either by subjective judgment or according to an auxiliary variable, and it need not be completely accurate. In fact, results in the literature have shown that no matter how poor the quality of the ranking, procedures based on ranked set sampling tend to be at least as efficient as procedures based on simple random sampling. However, efforts to quantify the gains in efficiency for ranked set sampling procedures have been hampered by a shortage of available models for imperfect rankings. In this paper, we introduce a new class of models for imperfect rankings, and we provide a rigorous proof that essentially any reasonable model for imperfect rankings is a limit of models in this class. We then describe a specific, easily applied method for selecting an appropriate imperfect rankings model from the class.
Studies ofSalvia divinorum (Lamiaceae), an Hallucinogenic mint from the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca, Central Mexico

Salvia divinorum Epling & Mtiva-M. is one of the vision-inducing plants used in ritual curing by the Mazatec Indians of central Mexico. The present status of research is summarized. Experiments with material collected at different Oaxacan sites confirmed that the mint has white (rather than blue) flowers with a purple calyx and that flowering is induced by short day length.
Comparison of the genome sequence of FP9, an attenuated, tissue culture-adapted European strain of Fowlpox virus, with those of virulent American and European viruses.

The 266 kbp genome sequence of plaque-purified, tissue culture-adapted, attenuated European Fowlpox virus FP9 has been determined and compared with the 288 kbp sequence of a pathogenic US strain (FPVUS). FP9 carries 244 of the 260 reported FPVUS ORFs (both viruses also have an unreported orthologue of conserved poxvirus gene A14.5L). Relative to FPVUS, FP9 differed by 118 mutations (26 deletions, 15 insertions and 77 base substitutions), affecting FP9 equivalents of 71 FPVUS ORFs. To help to identify mutations involved in adaptation and attenuation, the virulent parent of FP9, HP1, was sequenced at positions where FP9 differed from FPVUS. At 68 positions, FP9 and HP1 sequences were identical, reflecting differences between American and European lineages. Mutations at the remaining 50 positions in FP9 relative to FPVUS and HP1, involving 46 ORFs, therefore accounted for adaptation and attenuation. ORFs deleted during passage included those encoding members of multigene families: 12 ankyrin repeat proteins, three C-type lectin-like proteins, two C4L/C10L-like proteins, one G-protein coupled receptor protein, one V-type Ig domain protein, two N1R/p28 proteins and one EFc family protein. Tandem ORFs encoding Variola virus B22R orthologues were fused by a 5·8 kbp deletion. Single-copy genes disrupted or deleted during passage included those encoding a homologue of murine T10, a conserved DNA/pantothenate metabolism flavoprotein, photolyase, the A-type inclusion protein and an orthologue of vaccinia A47L. Gene assignments have been updated for DNase II/DLAD, binding proteins for IL-18 and interferon-γ, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX/GPX-4) and for a highly conserved homologue of ELOVL4.
EFFECT OF CASTRATION IN ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT MALES UPON FURTHER CHANGES IN THE PROPORTIONS OF BARE AND HAIRY SCALP

ABSTRACT A study of 21 adolescent and young adult males, before castration and for eight to eighteen years afterwards, showed that after orchiectomy there was no development of male pattern baldness (MPB) nor of any grossly recognizable denudation of the scalp. There was no expansion of bald areas in existence at the time of castration. At the end of the study the eunuchs, compared with intact males of similar age, exhibited a significantly lower incidence of MPB (P = .01) and had no further loss of coarse hairs in the pattern that in most males results in recession of the frontal hairline (P < .01). After castration, no increase in the number of coarse hairs was detected in bald or sparsely-haired areas of recession of the frontal hairline. It is concluded that the remedial value of drastic reduction in androgenic stimulation is probably nil with regard to return of coarse hairs which have been lost along the frontal hairline in young men. In 3 men with baldness of the crown of the head at the time of or...
Interfacing whispering gallery mode optical microresonator biosensors with the plant defense elicitor chitin.

Abstract The biomaterial class of chitooligosaccharides (chitin), commonly found in insects and fungi, is one of the most abundant on earth. Substantial evidence implicates chitin in mediating a diverse array of plant cellular signaling events, including the induction of plant defense mechanisms against invading pests. However, these recognition and mediation mechanisms, including the binding kinetics between chitin and their plant recognition receptors, are not fully understood. Therefore, the creation of a platform capable of both interfacing with chitin and plant cell receptors, and monitoring their interactions, would significantly advance our understanding of this plant defense elicitor. Recently, a label-free, highly sensitive biosensor platform, based on Whispering Gallery Mode optical microresonators, has been developed to study such biomolecular interactions. Here, we demonstrate how this unique platform can be interfaced with chitin using simple carbohydrate chemistry. The surface chemistry is demonstrated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, optical profilometry, ellipsometry, and contact angle measurements. The resulting surface is uniform, with an average surface roughness of 1.25 nm, and is active toward chitin recognition elements. Optical loss measurements using standard quantitative cavity analysis techniques demonstrate that the bioconjugated platforms maintain the high performance ( Q > 10 6 ) required to track binding interactions in this system. The platform is able to detect lectin, which binds COs, at 10 μg/mL concentration. This biosensor platform's unique capabilities for label-free, high sensitivity biodetection, when properly interfaced with the biomaterials of interest, could provide the basis for a robust analytical technique to probe the binding dynamics of chitin–plant cell receptors.
Application of Response Surface Methods for Evaluating the Interactions of Soman, Atropine, and Pralidioxime Chloride

Abstract Response surface methods were employed to model survival data obtained in guinea pigs following subcutaneous exposure to soman (GD; 30–84.6 μg/kg) with various treatment regimens (i.e., atropine/pralidioxime chloride [ATR/2-PAM] combinations, given im, 1 min post-GD). The analysis of the proportions of surviving animals in the various groups revealed that the use of individual treatment agents (i.e., ATR or 2-PAM) was effective in increasing survival. The level of GD exposure altered the nature of the ATR/2-PAM interaction. Exploration of the response surface indicates that the optimal treatment combinations (>94% survival) of ATR/2-PAM change as a function of GD exposure in the following manner: GD 30 μg/kg-ATR/2-PAM, 217 mg/kg/0 mg/kg; GD 42.4 μg/kg-179/29 mg/kg; GD 60 μg/kg-148/83 mg/kg; GD 84.6 μg/kg-168/150 mg/kg. At higher exposures of GD (>42.4 μg/kg), therapeutic synergy was observed with the use of the treatment combinations, as compared to optimal single agent treatments. Evaluation of the apparent toxicities of treatment combinations can also be determined in this procedure. RSM is not geometrically restricted by the number of variables under consideration. A variety of experimental designs, when used in conjunction with RSM, permit the modeling of multiple responses and provide estimates of optimal therapeutic modalities subject to constraints (e.g., behavioral toxicity).
XLVI. A general property of two-dimensional thermal stress distribution

(1935). XLVI. A general property of two-dimensional thermal stress distribution. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 19, No. 127, pp. 540-549.
Synapses between neurons regenerate accurately after destruction of ensheathing glial cells in the leech

Individual glial cells that ensheathe axons in the central nervous system of the leech were destroyed by intracellular injection of protease. The axons were then severed, and regeneration by particular neurons was studied physiologically and morphologically. Although certain axons sprouted more in the absence of the glial cell, functional synapses were accurately regenerated with normal frequency.
Intraaneurysmal flow dynamics study featuring an acrylic aneurysm model manufactured using a computerized tomography angiogram as a mold.

Object. To obtain precise flow profiles in patients' aneurysms, the authors developed a new in vitro study method featuring an aneurysm model manufactured using three-dimensional computerized tomography (3D CT) angiography. Methods. A clear acrylic basilar artery (BA) tip aneurysm model manufactured from a patient's 3D CT angiogram was used to analyze flow modifications during one cardiac cycle. Stereolithography was utilized to create the aneurysm model. Three-dimensional flow profiles within the aneurysm model were obtained from velocity measurements by using laser Doppler velocimetry. The aneurysm inflow/outflow zones changed dynamically in their location, size of their cross-sectional area, and also in their shapes over one cardiac cycle. The flow velocity at the inflow zone was 16.8 to 81.9% of the highest axial velocity in the BA with a pulsatility index (PI) of 1.1. The flow velocity at the outflow zone was 16.8 to 34.3% of the highest axial velocity of the BA, with a PI of 0.68. The shear stress a...
A simple method for calculating Km and V from a single enzyme reaction progress curve

Abstract A method of calculating Km and V from a single reaction progress curve is presented. The integrated Michaelis-Menten equation Vt = S0 + Km 1n(S0/S), may be rearranged to the form 1 υ = 1 V + K m VS , where υ = (S i − S i ) Δt = ΔS Δt and S = (S i − S i ) ln ( S i S j ) or S is approximated by (S i + S i ) 2 . Siand Si represent substrate concentrations at two points along a reaction progress curve separated by the time interval, Δt. The error resulting from the approximation depends on the magnitude of ΔS i S i ; when ΔS i S i , the error is insignificant; when ΔS i S i > 0.3 , the error becomes significant. Procedures are presented to correct this error. Simulated data and application to the direct spectrophotometric assay of AMP aminohydrolase and the lactate dehydrogenase coupled assay of pyruvate kinase are provided. The method is recommended when routine Km and V values are desired. Compared to the initial rate method, it is faster, requires less substrate, and eliminates pipetting errors.
Impact of 44 000-kg (97,000-lb) Six-Axle Semitrailer Trucks on Bridges on Rural and Urban U.S. Interstate System

The impact of a 44 000-kg (97,000-lb) tridem semitrailer truck on bridges on the urban and rural U.S. Interstate system is examined. The impacts are determined using a suite of models developed for FHWA policy use, and both agency and user costs are estimated. Bridges on the Interstate system that are already deficient at current loads are excluded from this analysis, which utilizes the National Bridge Inventory database and reports results for the rural and urban Interstate systems.
Cytogenetic Evidence of the Multistep Origin of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas

BACKGROUND Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas are associated with tobacco and alcohol use; therefore, the incidence of this type of tumor is expected to rise in the future as a result of the increasing numbers of female and adolescent smokers. Previous reports of cytogenetic analysis of this type of tumor have implicated a number of chromosomal regions in recurring changes, but no clear pattern of characteristic changes has emerged. PURPOSE We have undertaken cytogenetic analysis of 10 cell lines which were established from squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, to determine the possible sites of additional tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes that may contribute to malignant transformation. METHODS Metaphases were harvested from cultures of cells in the exponential growth phase, following exposure to Colcemid (demecolcine) at a final concentration of 30 ng/mL for 5 hours. Air-dried slides were G-banded using trypsin and Giemsa. Fifteen metaphases were photographed and fully karyotyped. RESULTS We observed that several chromosomal regions were lost at high frequency, including 18q (10 of 10 lines), 10p (eight of 10 lines), 3p (six of 10 lines), 8p (seven of 10 lines), and the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes (seven of 10 lines). Nine of 10 lines had additional copies of 7p. We also noted clustering of breakpoints in a number of chromosome bands, including 1p22, 10q11.2, 11q13, and the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes. CONCLUSION The observation of loss of multiple chromosomal regions in a significant number of lines analyzed is consistent with the theory that tumorigenesis occurs as the result of the accumulation of a number of genetic alterations, as proposed for colorectal carcinoma. The high frequency with which these changes are seen suggests that genes located in these regions have a role in the etiology of this type of tumor.
EFFECT OF MOISTURE IN COAL ON ITS ORGANIC SULFUR EXTRACTABILITY

Abstract The extent of organic sulfur removed by the perchloroethylene desulfurization process depends upon several factors including the type of coal, the amount of catalyst present in it, and the temperature of organosulfiir extraction. Moisture in coal also plays a very important role in this extraction process. In this paper, the role played by moisture and its subsequent effect on the process efficiency has been investigated. It has been found that the moisture in coal affects the extraction process in two ways. Firstly, in presence of water, the temperature of the operation is reduced. This affects the organosulfiir extraction efficiency adversely. Secondly, the naturally available catalytic ingredients in coal, essential for the organosulfiir extraction, are soluble in water. Therefore, in presence of water, the catalytic potency of these catalytic species is lost, and thus reducing the organosulfiir extractability. The data presented in this paper are also important from the point of view of proce...
Nonlinear-elastic finite axisymmetric deformation of flexible matrix composite membranes under internal pressure and axial force

A model for the nonlinear-elastic finite axisymmetric deformation of cylindrical flexible matrix composite membranes under internal pressure and external axial force has been developed. The model is unique in that it combines large deformation membrane theory and large deformation theory for laminated fiber-reinforced composites. The model is therefore capable of including fiber extensibility as well as material and geometric nonlinearities that arise from large deformation and fiber reorientation. A numerical procedure is employed for solving the nonlinear model. The numerical procedure is stable, converges easily, and can be easily implemented on computers. Some model predictions are presented in the paper with an emphasis on the behavior of one type of membrane well-suited for contraction under a high tensile axial force. Results obtained from experiments show good agreement with the model predictions. Flexible matrix composite membranes may be applied to the design of pressure controlled robotic actuators and morphing structures.
Computer exploration of a model of explosive decompression.

A model is explored describing the changes of volume and pressure in the lungs following explosive decompression. The model is based on two simultaneous nonlinear differential equations, and solutions are obtained on an analog computer. The values of two coefficients are estimated by bringing the radius of a sphere, equivalent in volume to the lungs, to a maximum at the same time as observed by means of high speed cinematography. Values of the instantaneous volume and transthoracic pressure difference, the derivatives of these variables with respect to time, and the time integral of the transthoracic pressure difference are estimated for 21 conditions of explosive decompression resulting in LD50 for rats. Measured variables and computed variables are combined in a multiple regression analysis yielding an empirical equation for prediction of LD50 conditions, which accounts for 98.5 per cent of the deviations from the mean. The model has descriptive and heuristic value for the estimation of physical characteristics of the lung-thorax system.
The factorization of a polynomial defined by partitions

Polynomials whose vanishing is necessary and sufficient for the existence of primary holomorphic conformal fields are introduced, and in certain cases decomposed into linear factors.
The discrete Lyapunov function for scalar differential delay equations

Abstract The discrete Lyapunov function is introduced to determine whether or not a solution of a scalar differential delay equation is a super-exponential solution (small solution). Furthermore, for a solution of periodic systems, the relations between the exponential decay rate, the limit of the Lyapunov function, and the asymptotic exponential expansions are discussed. For an application of our results, we show that homoclinic orbits of scalar differential delay equations will never correspond to super-exponential solutions.
Equatorial ring‐like channels in the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule

Under certain conditions, India ink particles can penetrate the capsule of the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. India ink penetration gave two distinct patterns, one as a ring in the middle of the capsule, and another as a double spot located at opposite poles of the cells. These spots were perpendicularly orientated to the bud. This pattern suggests the existence of a localized structure deep in the capsule that can accumulate large insoluble particles. Although the mechanisms responsible for the assemblage and maintenance of ring-like channels are not understood, their existence deep within the capsule implies a new level of complexity for this enigmatic structure.
A Reduction Procedure for One-Dimensional Joint Models and Application to a Lap Joint

A reduction procedure for joint models that was developed in earlier work is extended to allow for relative motion between surfaces, and the effect of this procedure on timestep issues is considered. A general one-dimensional structure containing a frictional interface is considered. Coulomb friction is approximated with nonlinear springs of large but finite stiffness. The system of equations describing this structure is reduced in a procedure similar to Guyan reduction by assuming that the system deforms only in the shapes that it takes when the interface is massless. The result of this procedure is that the dynamics associated with the interface region are removed from the analysis. Following the development of the reduction procedure, the reduced formulation is specialized to the case of a simple lap joint. A numerical example problem is considered in which both the full and reduced equations of motion are integrated over time. It is seen that, for the example problem considered, the reduction procedure results in tremendous computational savings with little loss of accuracy. Based on the results of the simple example problem, it appears that the proposed reduction procedure has potential to be an accurate and effective method of alleviating the timestep difficulties associated with direct finite element analysis of joints in structural dynamics applications.
Biodegradable Pseudolatexes: The Chemical Stability of Poly(D,L-Lactide) and Poly (ε-Caprolactone) Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media

Pseudolatexes of the biodegradable polyesters poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) have been developed as potential aqueous coatings for sustained release. Since PLA and PCL are known to hydrolyze, the influence of the surfactant system, temperature, pH, and particle size on the chemical stability of the polymers as aqueous colloidal dispersions was investigated. Pseudolatexes of PLA and PCL formulated with a nonionic surfactant system were the most stable. When these dispersions were stored in unbuffered media for 350 days at 5°C, only small changes in the weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of the polymers were observed. At 37°C there was rapid degradation of both polymers in the dispersions. Arrhenius plots for the degradation of PLA and PCL resulted in a linear relationship for PCL. The nonlinear relationship for PLA was attributed to the polymer being in two different physical states within the 5 to 37°C range which was used for the Arrhenius plots. PCL was in the rubbery state at all temperatures studied. Storage of the pseudolatexes in pH 1.65 buffer at 37°C catalyzed the rates of degradation of both PLA and PCL. However, refrigeration of the pseudolatexes stabilized the polymers even at pH 1.65 for up to 4 months. Particle size had an insignificant effect on PLA and PCL stability in pseudolatexes prepared with either a nonionic or an anionic surfactant system.
Extendable Steiner designs from finite geometries

Abstract We describe a simple procedure for constructing Steiner 2-designs with the parameters of the designs of points and lines of a finite projective or affine geometry of dimension m⩾3; the codes of many of the designs constructed in this way will contain the code of the relevant finite-geometry design (a Reed-Muller or generalized Reed-Muller code). The designs can be extended to 3-designs provided that planes in the finite-geometry design extend.
The amino acid contents of horse globin and of its component polypeptides.

Horse globin and its component polypeptide chains obtained by fractional precipitation and column chromatography have been analyzed for their constituent amino acids. The principal difference between the two chains is that the valyl-leucyl chain is rich in serine and threonine and poor in glutamic acid and tryptophan compared to the valyl-glutaminyl chain.
Computational aeroacoustics: progress on nonlinear problems of sound generation

Abstract Computational approaches are being developed to study a range of problems in aeroacoustics. These aeroacoustic problems may be classified based on the physical processes responsible for the sound radiation, and range from linear problems of radiation, refraction, and scattering in known base flows or by solid bodies, to sound generation by turbulence. In this article, we focus mainly on the challenges and successes associated with numerically simulating sound generation by turbulent flows. We discuss a hierarchy of computational approaches that range from semi-empirical schemes that estimate the noise sources using mean-flow and turbulence statistics, to high-fidelity unsteady flow simulations that resolve the sound generation process by direct application of the fundamental conservation principles. We stress that high-fidelity methods such as Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) have their merits in helping to unravel the flow physics and the mechanisms of sound generation. They also provide rich databases for modeling activities that will ultimately be needed to improve existing predictive capabilities. Spatial and temporal discretization schemes that are well-suited for aeroacoustic calculations are analyzed, including the effects of artificial dispersion and dissipation on uniform and nonuniform grids. We stress the importance of the resolving power of the discretization as well as computational efficiency of the overall scheme. Boundary conditions to treat the flow of disturbances in and out of the computational domain, as well as methods to mimic anechoic domain extension are discussed. Test cases on some benchmark problems are included to provide a realistic assessment of several boundary condition treatments. Finally, highlights of recent progress are given using selected model problems. These include subsonic cavity noise and jet noise. In the end, the current challenges in aeroacoustic modeling and in simulation algorithms are revisited with a look toward the future developments.
PIGMENT COMPOSITION OF THE SCALY GREEN FLAGELLATE MESOSTIGMA VIRIDE (MICROMONADOPHYCEAE) IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF THE SIPHONOUS GREEN ALGA BRYOPIS PLUMOSA (ULVOPHYCEAE)1

Pigments were isolated from Mesostigma viride Lauterborn by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and compared to standards from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. and Bryopsis plumose (Huds.) Ag. M. viride possesses chlorophylls a and b, α and β-carotenes, and the xanthophylls siphonaxanthis, siphonein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and echinenone. In addition, three unidentified xanthophylla were detected. Neither lutein nor zeaxanthin were detected. The pigment composition of M. viride was similar to that of B. plumosa which had chlorophylls a and b, ɛ- and α-carotenes, siphonaxanthin, siphonein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and two of the unidentified xanthophylls found in M. viride. The similarities in the pigments of Mesostigma and Bryopsis and other characters suggest that Mesostigma may be related to a flagellate ancestor of the Ulvophyceae.
Using multiple clause constructors in inductive logic programming for semantic parsing

In this paper, we explored a learning approach which combines different learning methods in inductive logic programming (ILP) to allow a learner to produce more expressive hypotheses than that of each individual learner. Such a learning approach may be useful when the performance of the task depends on solving a large amount of classification problems and each has its own characteristics which may or may not fit a particular learning method. The task of semantic parser acquisition in two different domains was attempted and preliminary results demonstrated that such an approach is promising.
Extensive mononuclear infiltration and myogenesis characterize recovery of dysferlin-null skeletal muscle from contraction-induced injuries

We studied the response of dysferlin-null and control skeletal muscle to large- and small-strain injuries to the ankle dorsiflexors in mice. We measured contractile torque and counted fibers retaining 10-kDa fluorescein dextran, necrotic fibers, macrophages, and fibers with central nuclei and expressing developmental myosin heavy chain to assess contractile function, membrane resealing, necrosis, inflammation, and myogenesis. We also studied recovery after blunting myogenesis with X-irradiation. We report that dysferlin-null myofibers retain 10-kDa dextran for 3 days after large-strain injury but are lost thereafter, following necrosis and inflammation. Recovery of dysferlin-null muscle requires myogenesis, which delays the return of contractile function compared with controls, which recover from large-strain injury by repairing damaged myofibers without significant inflammation, necrosis, or myogenesis. Recovery of control and dysferlin-null muscles from small-strain injury involved inflammation and necrosis followed by myogenesis, all of which were more pronounced in the dysferlin-null muscles, which recovered more slowly. Both control and dysferlin-null muscles also retained 10-kDa dextran for 3 days after small-strain injury. We conclude that dysferlin-null myofibers can survive contraction-induced injury for at least 3 days but are subsequently eliminated by necrosis and inflammation. Myogenesis to replace lost fibers does not appear to be significantly compromised in dysferlin-null mice.