cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear relationship between stimulus intensity and audiogenic seizures in inbred mice.

Abstract An examination of the manifestations of convulsive seizure activity in hundreds of inbred audiosensitive O'Grady mice exposed to auditory signals revealed that, apart from the maximal manifestation itself, the lag time prior to its obset is a suitable criterion for evaluation of the seizure response. Following exposure of a random population of 100 inbred mice to a fixed signal of average intensity which led to approximately 60% of tonic seizures, a scale of weighted values was designed. Animals responding with the maximal tonic seizures were subdivided further according to the lag time to the onset of response. Each group was assigned a value number. A scale of responses of individual mice, ranging from 1 to 10 points, approximately equivalent in terms of distribution of responses, was constructed thereby; individual results could be summed up for group totals. The statistical validity of the scale was proved in 583 typical inbred mice picked at random. Its usefulness was established when the evoked response of a group increased with increased stimulus intensity, the relationship being nearly linear between 69 and 85 dB, at 22 KHz. Group responses to signals of fixed sound pressure at frequencies ranging from 8 to 17 KHz were found to follow a bell-shaped response curve with peak seizure activity near 13 KHz, the frequency corresponding to the greatest mouse hearing acuity.
Beyond competency: a context-driven CSO course

In the process of revising our general education course, which is required of a large fraction of students, we attempted to answer the question "What should a graduate of a liberal arts university understand about computational technology?" As computing technology has impacted and created drastic change in nearly all aspects of everyday life, university students may know more about narrow areas of technology but the true impact on their lives cannot be understood without an appreciation for the nature and limitations of the technology. This paper presents a set of assumptions about the impact of technology on individuals and society and describes elements of a computing context designed to enable students to critically evaluate the technology that has such an impact on their lives. Assessment of the approach indicates that students are more aware of the impact of technology and the importance of an understanding of the technology.
Minimal repetition evoked potentials by modified adaptive line enhancement

A method called modified adaptive line enhancement (MALE) for obtaining evoked potentials with minimum stimulus repetitions is described. The theory of MALE is developed and the assumptions made are tested and shown to be adequate in the case of brainstem auditory evoked potential. The signal distortion is characterized, and methods to alleviate the problem are developed. Using the weighted exact least squares lattice algorithm, the MALE method is implemented and applied to real data. It is shown that brainstem auditory evoked potentials can be obtained with less than 40 repetitions using the MALE method, compared to the 2000 required if the conventional ensemble averaging method is used. >
Inter-Party Advantage and Intra-Party Diversity: A Response to Wirls

Interest in the politics of constitutional amendment has increased dramatically over the past decade. In particular, there have been a number of recent works addressing the causes and consequences of the Seventeenth Amendment. Daniel Wirls is to be commended for his contribution regarding regional differences in interest and attitudes toward the direct versus indirect election of senators.
Fossil tracks of α-particle interactions in minerals

Fossil tracks of length ∼20 µm created by the spontaneous fission of 238U impurities were discovered in 19621 and form the basis of the well-known fission-track dating technique, which is broadly applicable to minerals and natural glasses2. Fossil tracks formed by recoil daughter nuclei released in the α decay of nuclei in the Th and U decay chains were discovered in 19673, but because of their very short ranges (<0.02 µm) have been seen only on cleavage planes of mica crystals. (Artificially produced α-recoil tracks have also been seen in albite4.) During a search for tracks of slow, supermassive magnetic monopoles in large muscovite mica crystals5,6, we have discovered a third type of natural track caused by nuclear interactions of α particles from radioactive impurities with nuclei in mica. These ‘α-interaction tracks’, with length intermediate between fission tracks and α-recoil tracks, provide a measure of mild thermal events and are valuable in simulating the appearance and stability of tracks of hypothetical monopole-nucleus bound pairs.
CENTRAL LIMIT THEORMS IN C[0,1] FOR A CLASS OF ESTIMATORS OF A DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

As non–parametric estimates of an unknown distribution function (d.f.) F based on i.i.d. observations X1 Xn with this d.f. are used, where Hn is a sequence of d.f.'s converging weakly to the unit mass at zero. Under regularity conditions on F and the sequence (Hn) it is shown that √n(Fn–F) and √n(Rn– F) in C[0,1] converge in distribution to a process G with G(t) =W° (F(t)), where W° is a Brownian bridge in C[0,1]. Further the a.s. uniform convergence of R., is considered and some examples are given.
Role of inflammation in bladder function and interstitial cystitis

Cystitis, or inflammation of the bladder, has a direct effect on bladder function. Interstitial cystitis is a syndrome characterized by urinary bladder pain and irritative symptoms of more than 6 months duration. It commonly occurs in young to middle-aged women with no known cause and in fact represents a diagnosis of exclusion. Many factors have been suggested, including chronic or subclinical infection, autoimmunity and genetic susceptibility, which could be responsible for initiating the inflammatory response. However, a central role of inflammation has been confirmed in the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis. Patients with interstitial cystitis are usually managed with multimodal therapy to break the vicious cycle of chronic inflammation at every step. Patients who develop irreversible pathologies such as fibrosis are managed surgically, which is usually reserved for refractory cases.
Comment on ``Adiabatic domain wall motion and Landau-Lifshitz damping''

A recent article by Stiles et al. [Phys. Rev. B 75, 214423 (2007)] has argued, using analysis of spin-transfer torque driven domain wall motion in magnetic nanowires, that the original Landau-Lifshitz form of phenomenological damping in the micromagnetic equations of motion provides a more physically sensible interpretation than that of the Gilbert damping form, and specifically claims that only Landau-Lifshitz damping uniquely maintains the physically intuitive damping property of always reducing magnetic free energy with spin-transfer torques present. The present article considers a more general, energy-based comparison of these two sets of equations when any nonconservative (e.g., spin-transfer) torques are present. It is instead concluded here that Gilbert damping provides the more physically sensible model over the form of Landau-Lifshitz argued in favor of by Stiles et al., and that of these two only Gilbert damping guarantees a negative-definite contribution to changes in magnetic free energy.
Endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation in infants with hydranencephaly or hydrocephalus with a minimal cortical mantle.

Background/Aims: This study evaluates endoscopic choroid plexus coagulation, in conjunction with third ventriculostomy when technically feasible, as a strategy to
Photoluminescence Studies Of InGaAlAs Quaternary Alloys

Photoluminescence data are used to obtain the concentration and temperature dependence of the bandgap energies of epitaxial layers of quaternary alloy In Ga Al As for Al concentrations less than 0.6. The samples were grown by MBE without an intervening buffer layer. For an In concentration of 0.1, the transition from a direct to an indirect bandgap material occurs at Al concentration of about 0.5. Coefficients of the temperature dependence of the bandgap energy are also presented.
N-Methyl-D, L-aspartate modulation of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion from pig pituitary cells in culture

Administration of n-methyl-d, l-aspartate (NMA) to pigs in vivo increased GH and suppressed LH secretion. Cultures of anterior pituitary cells from pigs in the follicular phase (FOL; n = 3) and luteal phase (LUT; n = 3) of the estrous cycle, and ovariectomized (OVX; n = 10) pigs were treated with NMA (10(-4), 10(-6) or 10(-8) M) or the NMA antagonist, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5; 10(-4), 10(-6) or 10(-8) M), to determine if NMA affects the pituitary directly. Secreted LH and GH were measured at 4 h after treatment. Basal LH and GH secretion (control; C) were 1.1 +/- 0.6, 4.4 +/- 2.1 and 5.6 +/- 1.3 ng/well and 5.2 +/- 1.2, 7.5 +/- 1.2 and 5.2 +/- 1.7 ng/well for FOL, LUT and OVX, respectively. Relative to C, 10(-4) M NMA increased (P < 0.001) LH secretion 2.4-, 2.2- and 5.1-fold in FOL, LUT and OVX cultures, respectively. The effect of 10(-4) M NMA was inhibited by 10(-4) M AP5 (P < 0.05) in FOL cultures, but not in OVX cultures. GnRH increased (P < 0.001) LH levels 3.1-, 2.3- and 3.8-fold in FOL, LUT and OVX cultures, respectively. Relative to C, 10(-4), 10(-6) and 10(-8) M NMA increased (P < 0.03) GH secretion 1.5-, 1.5- and 2.3-fold in LUT and 1.7-, 2.3- 2.0-fold in OVX cultures, respectively. AP5 alone or in combination with NMA failed to alter basal GH secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ages of crystalline rocks from fra mauro.

Crystallization ages for six rocks from Fra Mauro have been measured by the argon-40-argon-39 method. All six rocks give an age of 3.77 ± 0.15 x 10 9 years, which is the same as for fragmental rocks from this site. It is concluded that the Imbrium event and the crystallization of a significant portion of the pre-Imbrian basalts were essentially contemporaneous.
pH homeostasis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in critically ill patients

We investigated the effect of repeated administration of sodium bicarbonate on acid-base balance and serum chemistry in a group of patients who developed cardiac arrest. A mixed acidosis persisted throughout the duration of resuscitation in the majority of patients in spite of the large ventilatory volume and multiple doses of bicarbonate they received. However, the repeated administration of bicarbonate prevented a severe fall in serum pH. Our study demonstrated the beneficial role of bicarbonate in the treatment of metabolic acidosis associated with cardiac arrest of prolonged duration. Analysis of our data strongly indicated that the primary factors which determine the serum pH during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are the duration of circulatory arrest, adequacy of ventilation and circulation, pH immediately before arrest, and quantity of bicarbonate administered and its volume of distribution in the various fluid and tissue compartments.
The "two bag system" for variable intravenous dextrose and fluid administration: benefits in diabetic ketoacidosis management

1 case-controlled retrospective analysis compared the "two bag system," based on the euglycemic clamp technique, versus the traditional "one bag" method for intravenous diabetic ketoacidosis management. The two bag system can provide more cost-effective intravenous dextrose and fluid delivery and enhance quality of care by improving the efficiency, timeliness, and flexibility of overall control.
Application of elastic network models to proteins in the crystalline state.

Normal mode analysis using elastic network models has grown popular for probing the low-frequency collective dynamics of proteins and other biomolecular assemblies. In most previous studies, these models were validated by comparing calculated atomic fluctuations for isolated proteins with experimental temperature factors determined in the crystalline state, although there were also hints that including crystal contacts in the calculations has an impact on the comparison. In this study, a set of 83 ultra-high resolution crystal structures with experimentally determined anisotropic displacement parameters is used to evaluate several Cα-based elastic network models that either ignore or treat the crystal environment in different ways; the latter include using periodic boundary conditions defined with respect to the asymmetric unit or the primitive unit cell as well as using the Born-von Karman boundary condition that accounts for lattice vibrations. For all elastic network models, treating the crystal environment leads to better agreement with experimental anisotropic displacement parameters with the Born-von Karman boundary condition giving the best agreement. Atomic correlations over the entire protein are clearly affected by the presence of the crystal contacts and fairly sensitive to the way that the crystal environment is treated. These observations highlight the importance of properly treating the protein system in an environment consistent with experiment when either evaluating approximate protein models or using approximate dynamic models in structural refinement application types. Finally, investigation of the scaling behaviors of the cumulative density of states and the heat capacity indicates that there are still gaps between simplified elastic models and all-atom models for proteins.
Mechanism of Fibrillation Potentials in Denervated Mammalian Skeletal Muscle

This report concerns the origin and mechanism of fibrillation potentials. It is proposed that these potentials do not necessarily arise from degenerated endplate organs. The precursor is the rhythmic oscillations of the membrane potential. This mechanism may also occur in the case of epileptic discharges from epileptic cells in the cerebral cortex.
Measuring pressure with cavity ring-down spectroscopy

This paper discusses recent research at NIST aimed towards the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy as an absolute partial pressure sensor. The motivation for this work is reviewed, the concepts behind cavity ring-down spectroscopy are outlined, and recent results are summarized. The paper ends with a look at future metrological uses of this technique.
Moving to Educational Validity: A Reply to Test, Spooner, and Cooke:

Our article on educational validity summarized the major questions to be addressed for the evaluation of educational outcomes in programs for students with severe disabilities (Voeltz & Evans, 1983). In particular, we argued that the predominant emphasis upon single-subject research designs and the demonstration of the internal validity of intervention experiments were not sufficient for educational validity—a concept that requires systematic attention to larger issues of meaning-fulness in relationship to criterion environments. In this paper we respond to the arguments of Test, Spooner, and Cooke (1987) that single-subject design methodologies are capable of expansion to address educational validity. Based upon both theory and empirical data, we maintain that the serious limitations of the existing traditional methodologies continue to be problematic, so that we encourage movement toward a more comprehensive evaluative framework. Such a framework is critical to ensure that services and practices for per...
Geochemistry in the modern soil survey program

Elemental analysis has played an important role in the characterization of soils since inception of the soil survey in the US. Recent efforts in analysis of trace and major elements (geochemistry) have provided necessary data to soil survey users in a variety of areas. The first part of this paper provides a brief overview of elemental sources, forms, mobility, and bioavailability; critical aspects important to users of soil survey geochemical data for appropriate use and interpretations. Examples are provided based on data gathered as part of the US soil survey program. The second part addresses the organization of sample collection in soil survey and how soil surveys are ideally suited as a sampling strategy for soil geochemical studies. Geochemistry is functional in characterization of soil types, determining soil processes, ecological evaluation, or issues related to soil quality and health, such as evaluating suitability of soils for urban or agricultural land use. Applications of geochemistry are on-going across the US and are documented herein. This analytical direction of soil survey complements historic efforts of the National Cooperative Soil Survey Program and addresses the increasing need of soil survey users for data that assists in understanding the influence of human activities on soil properties.
An Antidiuretic Effect Produced by Certain Preparations of Heparin.

In attempts to get evidence of the presence of an antidiuretic hormone in blood1 it was found that commercial preparations of heparin produce antidiuresis when injected intravenously into diuretic rabbits in doses of 1 to 4 mg. Six preparations have been used in 62 injections. Three of 4 lots, obtained from the Connaught laboratories and derived from beef lung, contained 15 anticoagulant units per mg; the fourth, a highly purified solution (lot 43-1), obtained through the courtesy of Dr. C. H. Best, contained 1000 units per cc. Of 2 lots obtained from Hynson, Westcott and Dunning. both derived from dog liver, one contained 5 units per mg, the other 20 units per mg. All except lot 43-1 consistently produced brief definite antidiuresis (Fig. 1), characteristically preceded by a 10-minute latent period, when injected intravenously into rabbits. No effect was produced by subcutaneous injection into rats or frogs.The antidiuretic action is not a property of the anticoagulant factor in the heparin, for the most...
Effects of Bradykinesia and Hypokinesia on Falls in Parkinson's Disease (P06.048)

Objective: Falls, with serious injuries, are a major problem in Parkinson disease (PD). In this study, the influence of body bradykinesia on falls in PD was investigated. Background Bradykinesia is a complex consisting of slowness of movement (also called bradykinesia), hypokinesia (small or decreasing amplitude movement), and akinesia (inability to initiate movement). Bradykinesia (the complex) leads to motor tasks difficulties and its effect on falls in PD is unclear. Design/Methods: We assessed slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and hypokinesia in 103 consecutive non-demented PD patients in medication-on state, of them 17 had ≥ 3 falls per month (fallers). Hypokinesia was assessed by the time taken for waist bending (WB) ten times in the sitting position and bradykinesia was assessed by Unified Parkinson9s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score (item 3.14). The t-test and chi-square tests were used to compare appropriate variables and a logistic regression model was constructed to predict sensitivities and specificities. Results: Fifty-one patients had a bradykinesia score of ≥ 2 and 52 of 103 patients took more than 21 seconds (mean time taken across subjects) to complete WB ten times. The 17 fallers had a higher UPDRS motor score. A significantly higher number of fallers had a bradykinesia score of ≥ 2 (88.2%) and had a WB time > 21seconds (76.5%). Bradykinesia predicted falls with 88.2% sensitivity and 72.1% specificity and WB time predicted falls with 76.5% sensitivity and 55.8% specificity. The combination of WB time and bradykinesia predicted falls with 76.5% sensitivity and 82.6% specificity. Motor UPDRS scores, WB time, and bradykinesia were improved by medication in 10 patients who underwent medication-on/off testing. Conclusions: Falls can be predicted by a combination of bradykinesia and hypokinesia. As both respond to dopaminergic drugs (and deep brain stimulation) both these should be considered in managing patients with falls. Disclosure: Dr. Lieberman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krishnamurthi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Santiago has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhall has received personal compensation for activities with Teva Pharmacuticals as a speaker. Dr. Moguel-Cobos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sadreddin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Husain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Salins has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dhanani has nothing to disclose.
Carbonation of geothermal grouts — Part 2: CO2 attack at 250°C

Exposure of cement grouts containing a range of added silica contents to CO2 dissolved in water at 250°C has shown that the preferred binding phases xonotolite and truscottite are reasonably resistant to CO2 attack. However, their carbonation products are permeable so that some carbonation occurs through the center of samples, reducing alkalinity and the ability to protect well casings. Specimens which contain less than 10% added silica form hydrates, which when carbonated, form an impervious layer of calcite which slows CO2 penetration. Ultimately, all portland cement based grouts will carbonate and allow penetration of ions such as chloride. Corrosion will occur in fluids that are under-saturated with respect to calcium carbonate.
Encrypting Keys Securely

Encryption keys are sometimes encrypted themselves; doing that properly requires special care. Although it might look like an oversight at first, the broadly accepted formal security definitions for cryptosystems don't allow encryption of key-dependent messages. Furthermore, key-management systems frequently use key encryption or wrapping, which might create dependencies among keys that lead to problems with simple access-control checks. Security professionals should be aware of this risk and take appropriate measures. Novel cryptosystems offer protection for key-dependent messages and should be considered for practical use. Through enhanced access control in key-management systems, you can prevent security-interface attacks.
Acute and long-term neuronal deficits in the rat olfactory bulb following alcohol exposure during the brain growth spurt.

Abstract This study demonstrates that there is a relative recovery in the number of olfactory bulb granule cells following an initial alcohol-induced deficit, while the number of mitral cells remains permanently and severely depressed. The importance of pattern of exposure in influencing the severity of alcohol-induced neuronal loss in the olfactory bulb is also demonstrated. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were reared artificially and were administered alcohol over postnatal days (PD) 4 through 9, a period of rapid brain growth comparable to part of the human third trimester. Two groups received a daily alcohol dose of 4.5 g/kg, administered either as a 5.1% or 10.2% solution. A third group received a higher daily alcohol dose of 6.6 g/kg administered continuously as a 2.5% solution. Pups were either sacrificed on PD 10 or were allowed to grow to adulthood and sacrificed on PD 90. The number of mitral cells and granule cells and the area of the subependymal zone were determined from single sections. On PD 10, immediately following the alcohol exposure, both the mitral cells and the granule cells were significantly reduced in number, relative to controls, in both of the groups receiving the concentrated (5.1% and 10.2%) alcohol treatments. On PD 90, however, only the mitral cell number remained significantly reduced in the groups receiving the concentrated solutions, while the number of granule cells no longer differed significantly from that of controls. The group receiving the higher daily dose (6.6 g/kg) in continuous fractions had no significant cell loss at 10 or 90 days of age. There was no significant effect of any treatment or at any age on the area of the subependymal zone. These results suggest that the acute and long-term effects of alcohol on neuronal number vary among neuronal populations and that compensatory changes may occur in some neuronal complements following cessation of the alcohol exposure.
Understanding the Kinetics of Membrane Recruitment of Rac GTPases using Single Particle Tracking

Rho family of small GTPases are involved in majority of cellular processes, from cell growth, to cell migration, cell division etc. Of these proteins, the Rac GTPases are key regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics and remodeling of actin. Besides cycling between a GTP-bound and a GDP-bound state, Rac also undergoes a membrane targeting cycle. The precise steps of activation and/or membrane-trafficking of Rac are still the subject of a lot of speculations. To address the in-vivo transition kinetics of Rac GTPases from inactive cytosolic state to membrane-associated state, we employed total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy and single particle tracking methods. Epithelial MCF-7 cells and constructs expressing wtRac1 GTPase fused with photo-convertible fluorophore, mEos3, were used for the study. From displacement histogram analysis, we identified two populations of membrane-bound Rac 1 GTPases - a highly mobile population and a relatively stationary population. Also, further analysis with Hidden Markov Model (HMM) revealed that the molecules may exist in different mobility states and undergo state-switching during their membrane lifetime. The fast diffusive state with Diffusion coefficient of 0.28μm2/sec possibly corresponds to freely-moving GDP-bound Rac. The slow diffusing state, with a 10-fold lower diffusion coefficient might indicate some interaction with GTP Exchange Factor (GEF). The diffusion of Rac GTPases also showed a differential pattern in the leading edge/lamellipodia under stimulation with EGF or under conditions of constitutive Rac expression with higher percentage of active GTP-bound molecules. These differences might be explained by the activated versus the inactivated states of the membrane targeted Rac GTPases.
Contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrification in Oregon forest soils

Ammonia oxidation, the first step of nitrification, is mediated by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB); however, the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to soil nitrification are not well understood. In this study we used 1-octyne to discriminate between AOA- and AOB-supported nitrification determined both in soil-water slurries and in unsaturated whole soil at field moisture. Soils were collected from stands of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco) at three sites (Cascade Head, the H.J. Andrews, and McDonald Forest) on acidic soils (pH 3.9–5.7) in Oregon, USA. The abundances of AOA and AOB were measured using quantitative PCR by targeting the amoA gene, which encodes subunit A of ammonia monooxygenase. Total and AOA-specific (octyne-resistant) nitrification activities in soil slurries were significantly higher at Cascade Head (the most acidic soils, pH < 5) than at either the H.J. Andrews or McDonald Forest, and greater in red alder compared with Douglas-fir soils. The fraction of octyne-resistant nitrification varied among sites (21–74%) and was highest at Cascade Head than at the other two locations. Net nitrification rates of whole soil without NH4+ amendment ranged from 0.4 to 3.3 mg N kg−1 soil d−1. Overall, net nitrification rates of whole soil were stimulated 2- to 8-fold by addition of 140 mg NH4+-N kg−1 soil; this was significant for red alder at Cascade Head and the H.J. Andrews. Red alder at Cascade Head was unique in that the majority of NH4+-stimulated nitrifying activity was octyne-resistant (73%). At all other sites, NH4+-stimulated nitrification was octyne-sensitive (68–90%). The octyne-sensitive activity—presumably AOB—was affected more by soil pH whereas the octyne-resistant (AOA) activity was more strongly related to N availability.
Evaluation of Phenylephrine Stability in Polyvinyl Chloride Bags

Purpose: Phenylephrine hydrochloride (HCl) is commonly used to maintain adequate blood pressure during shock and shocklike states. Phenylephrine is prepared in concentrated stock vials that require further dilution prior to administration. This study evaluated the physical and chemical stability of phenylephrine in extemporaneously prepared polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags. Methods: Phenylephrine HCl 10 mg/mL solution was diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride for injection to final concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL and stored at room temperature (23°C-25°C) exposed to fluorescent light. Stability of phenylephrine HCl was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 30, 45, and 60. Results: Phenylephrine HCl 200 and 400 µg/mL solutions in PVC bags were physically stable during the entire 60-day study period. Phenylephrine HCl retained ≯ 95% of the original concentration. Conclusion: Phenylephrine HCl diluted to 200 or 400 µg/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride for injection is both p...
The Black Schools

The recent national High School and Beyond (HSB then I will compare the similarities and differences between the Black schools and White schools on ethnic segregation, facilities, financing, teacher composition, teacher quality, curriculum, school discipline, and educational achievement.
Conformally exact metric and dilaton in string theory on curved spacetime

Using a Hamiltonian approach to gauged WZW models, we present a general method for computing the conformally exact metric and dilaton, to all orders in the $1/k$ expansion, for any bosonic, heterotic, or type-II superstring model based on a coset $G/H$. We prove the following relations: (i) For type-II superstrings the conformally exact metric and dilaton are identical to those of the non-supersymmetric {\it semi-classical} bosonic model except for an overall renormalization of the metric obtained by $k\to k- g$. (ii) The exact expressions for the heterotic superstring are derived from their exact bosonic string counterparts by shifting the central extension $k\to 2k-h$ (but an overall factor $(k-g)$ remains unshifted). (iii) The combination $e^\Phi\sqrt{-G}$ is independent of $k$ and therefore can be computed in lowest order perturbation theory as required by the correct formulation of a conformally invariant path integral measure. The general formalism is applied to the coset models $SO(d-1,2)_{-k}/SO(d-1,1)_{-k}$ that are relevant for string theory on curved spacetime. Explicit expressions for the conformally exact metric and dilaton for the cases $d=2,3,4$ are given. In the semiclassical limit $(k\to \infty)$ our results agree with those obtained with the Lagrangian method up to 1-loop in perturbation theory.
Fine structure of Haemoproteus columbae Kruse during macrogametogenesis and fertilization.

SYNOPSIS When blood is withdrawn from a pigeon (Columba livia) infected with gametocytes of Haemoproteus columbae, differentiation of the gametes begins immediately. This study examines the formation of the macrogamete and its fertilization. The first visible signs of differentiation are the elongation of the nucleus along with the appearance of an intranuclear spindle and atypical centrioles. Then maturation bodies, the products of nuclear reduction, form in both erythrocytic macrogametocytes and macrogametocytes free of their host cells. Penetration of the macrogamete by the microgamete occurs rapidly. Their plasma membranes fuse, and the microgamete's nucleus, axonemes and cytoplasm enter the macrogamete. The nucleus of the microgamete expands and migrates to lie at an angle to the macrogamete nucleus. The 2 fuse across a small area. The nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane of the zygote are a mosaic of the membranes of the 2 gametes.
Li-rich anti-perovskite Li3OCl films with enhanced ionic conductivity†

Anti-perovskite solid electrolyte films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition, and their room-temperature ionic conductivity can be improved by more than an order of magnitude in comparison with its bulk counterpart. The cyclability of Li3OCl films in contact with lithium was evaluated using a Li/Li3OCl/Li symmetric cell, showing self-stabilization during cycling test.
In situ UV-visible reflection absorption wavelength modulation spectroscopy of species irreversibly adsorbed on electrode surfaces

A method is herein described for the in situ detection of species adsorbed on electrode surfaces which employs a vibrating grating to modulate the wavelength of the incident light. This technique denoted as reflection absorption wavelength modulation spectroscopy (RAWMS) has made it possible to obtain at a fixed electrode potential normalized, differential UV-visible spectra of a single, irreversibly adsorbed monolayer of cobalt tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine (Co[sup II]TsPc) on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG(bp)) and of methylene blue (MB) on graphite. The (wavelength) integrated difference RAWMS spectra for these adsorbed species were remarkably similar to those observed for the same compounds in aqueous solutions when present in the monomeric form. Complementary wavelength modulation experiments involving a conventional transmission geometry have shown that the instrument involved in the in situ RAWMS measurements is capable of resolving absorbance changes on the order of 0.002 units. 20 refs.
Femtosecond free-electron laser by chirped pulse amplification

In this work we combine elements of chirped pulse amplification techniques, now familiar in solid-state lasers, with an amplifier based upon a seeded free-electron laser (FEL). The resulting device would produce amplified pulses of unprecedented brevity at wavelengths shorter than can be currently obtained by any tunable laser system. We use a subharmonically seeded FEL to illustrate the concept. Radiation from a Ti:sapphire laser is frequency tripled and stretched optically to provide a coherent seed pulse for the FEL. When coupled to an electron beam inside a magnetic wiggler, the seed radiation introduces an additional energy modulation on the electron bunch, which has been prepared with an energy chirp to match the chirp in the optical pulse. The energy modulated electrons are then spatially bunched in a dispersion magnet and introduced to a wiggler configured to be resonant to a harmonic of the seed laser, providing additional frequency multiplication. The coherent radiation produced by these electrons is amplified as it traverses the wiggler and is recompressed optically. The preservation of phase coherence provided by this scheme results in a device which can yield 4-fs pulses with 0.3 mJ at a central wavelength of ca. 8 nm, easily the shortest duration of amplified pulses produced by any laser. In this paper we discuss various aspects of the concept, including the generation of short pulses, temporal stretching and compression, and potential applications of the device. The phase distortion during the wide bandwidth FEL amplification is discussed in detail, and is shown to be within the bounds required to produce a 4-fs pulse upon compression.
Work-family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences

Abstract Researchers have begun to test the idea that work and family can benefit, rather than just conflict with one another; yet, theoretical development is lacking. In this paper, we define work–family facilitation — or the positive influence of an individual's engagement in a domain on functioning of another life system. We merge and extend ideas from Positive Organizational Scholarship [Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn, (Eds.), Positive Organizational Scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler], Ecological Systems Theory [Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press] and Conservation of Resources Theory [Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American Psychologist, 44, 513–524] to develop the Resource–Gain–Development perspective. Using this perspective, we explain why and how facilitation occurs, what contributes to it, and why it relates to domain outcomes. We use this perspective to draw broad constructs representing predictors, moderators, and consequences of facilitation. To illustrate how one might test these theoretical propositions and to provide an agenda for research, we provide specific exemplars of the work-to-family direction. Implications for human resource research and practice are discussed.
Measured Productivity Growth in Japan, 1952-1968

Japanese economic developments during the 1950s and 1960s invite study. This period was one of dramatic economic growth, growth that has attracted the intense interest of admirers and critics alike. What is extremely interesting about the growth patterns of the period is that they were generally not correctly anticipated or predicted. Typically, the growth rate was under-predicted, for example, and balance of payments deficits over-predicted. It seems clear to me that a good deal more research into the Japanese experience will be of great value both in understanding the period and in forecasting future developments. The purpose of this study is to measure the quantitative importance of productivity growth or total factor productivity change and to help prepare the way for a more detailed explanation of this important force.
Orbitozygomatic resection for hypothalamic hamartoma and epilepsy: patient selection and outcome

This study aims to examine the outcomes of ten patients after orbitozygomatic (OZ) pterional surgery in cases of refractory epilepsy caused by hypothalamic hamartomas (HH). Ten patients with HH and treatment-resistant epilepsy (mean age 18.3 years, range 0.7 to 42.7) underwent HH resection with an OZ approach (n = 8) or an OZ approach combined with a transventricular endoscopic approach (n = 2). Follow-up for the patients ranged from 0.5 to 6.2 years (mean 3.1). Outcomes were prospectively monitored with the use of a proprietary database. Four patients (40%) are seizure-free, and four (40%) have had greater than 50% reduction in seizures. One patient had no significant change in seizure frequency, and one patient died unexpectedly 2.8 years after surgery. Six patients had total or near-total HH resection (98–100% of HH lesion volume). Of these, four of six (66%) were seizure-free, and two had at least greater than 50% reduction in seizures. Residual complications include diabetes insipidus (n = 1), poikilothermia (n = 1), visual field deficit (n = 1), and hemiparesis (n = 1). Eight families (80%) reported improved quality of life. Patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy and tumors with an inferior or horizontal plane of attachment to the hypothalamus should continue to be approached from below. Those with both intrahypothalamic and parahypothalamic components may require approaches from above and below, either simultaneously or staged. For appropriately selected patients, the success of controlling seizures with an OZ is comparable to results utilizing transcallosal or transventricular approaches. The likelihood of controlling seizures appears to correlate with extent of resection.
Neutralization of Endogenous Glucagon by High Titer Glucagon Antiserum

Immunization of rabbits and guinea pigs with glucagon conjugated to Limulus hemocyanin using the bifunctional imidoester diethylmalonimidate as the coupling agent resulted in the production of high titered glucagon antiserum. The production of acute glucagon deficiency in the fasted rat by the intravenous injection of glucagon antiserum resulted in significant hypoglycemia. This is the first demonstration of a biologic effect of acute glucagon deficiency and supports the contention that glucagon plays an important regulatory role in the maintenance of euglycemia in the starved rat. Similar effects were not noted in fed rats, suggesting that the hormone does not have a comparable gluco-regulatory function in the fed rat. Glucagon antibodies also inhibited the lipolytic effects of the hormone on the isolated rat epididymal fat cell. The ability to induce a specific and isolated deficiency of glucagon in the intact animal should permit elucidation of the physiological role of the hormone in the maintenance o...
Left-right development in Xenopus and zebrafish.

Abstract One of the most striking features of the vertebrate body plan is that most exterior structures are bilaterally symmetric while many interior structures are left–right asymmetric. Left–right asymmetries are displayed in the heart, the circulatory, digestive and respiratory systems and in the central nervous system. A fundamental question in the study of all patterning events, including left–right axis formation, is how does asymmetry arise from apparent symmetry. A second important question that is perhaps unique to the study of left–right development, is how does the left–right axis align with the asymmetries that develop along the orthogonal axes; dorsal–ventral and anterior–posterior. Recent experiments in Xenopus laevis and zebrafish address both of these questions and have identified signaling molecules and interactions with midline cells that regulate left–right development.
A Comparison of Adaptation to Childhood Disability in Korean Immigrant and Korean Mothers

We examined the variables that exacerbated or buffered the impact of child's problem behavior and/or physical differences on mothers. Participants were 32 Korean mothers of children with disabiliti...
Potential energy demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world: Implications for developing countries

Air conditioning of dwellings in developing countries is currently rather rare, but increasing personal income is expected to change that. This study examined the potential energy demand for cooling in the 50 most populous metropolitan areas of the world, and assessed the incremental demand in developing countries that this would create on top of the current energy demand due to heating. The analysis used local cooling and heating degree-day data. The main results are as follows: (1) Most of the largest metropolitan areas are in developing countries (38 out of 50), and most of them, in turn, are in warm to hot climates. (2) All but two of the top 30 metropolitan areas in terms of cooling degree days are in developing countries. (3) The potential cooling demands are greater than heating demands in most of the metropolitan areas that are in developing countries (24 out of 38). The main implication of these findings is that increasing personal income is likely to lead to an unprecedented increase in energy demand in many developing countries. For example, the potential cooling demand in metropolitan Mumbai is about 24% of the demand for the entire United States.
Inhibition of S37 ascites cell amino acid transport systems by α-chloromethylketone analogs

Abstract Alanine chloromethylketone and leucine chloromethylketone were synthesized and their effects on amino acid transport in sarcoma 37 murine ascites tumor (S37) cells were studied. Alanine chloromethylketone preincubation weakly inhibited system A. Leucine chloromethylketone preincubation strongly inhibited both amino acid transport systems L and A. Leucine chloromethylketone was also a competitive inhibitor of leucine transport. Labeled leucine chloromethylketone was concentrated by S37 cells. Leucine chloromethylketone preincubation inhibition was concentration dependent and partial protection of transport was afforded by leucine. Steady-state retention of amino acids was decreased more than the initial velocity of transport by leucine chloromethylketone preincubation. Glutathione was also depleted. Labeled leucine chloromethylketone was incorporated in a plasma membrane protein fraction comigrating on a DEAE-cellulose column (DE52) with γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity. There was a modest increase in vital staining after treatment of S37 cells with leucine chloromethylketone, and glucose uptake was also inhibited. Whilst several effects occur during treatment of S37 cells with leucine chloromethylketone, it is suggested that one prominent effect is alkylation of amino acid transport system components.
Kondo effect induced by a magnetic field

We study peculiarities of transport through a Coulomb blockade system tuned to the vicinity of the spin transition in its ground state. Such transitions can be induced in practice by application of a magnetic field. Tunneling of electrons between the dot and leads mixes the states belonging to the ground state manifold of the dot. Remarkably, both the orbital and spin degrees of freedom of the electrons are engaged in the mixing at the singlet-triplet transition point. We present a model that provides an adequate theoretical description of recent experiments with semiconductor quantum dots and carbon nanotubes.
Structural Properties of Epitaxial Co-Cr Superlattices

We demonstrate the growth of epitaxially ordered Cobalt-Chromium (Co-Cr) superlattices by ultrahigh-vacuum deposition techniques. The superlattices, consisting of hcp Co (00.1) and hcp Cr (00.1) layers with their [11.0] crystallographic axes parallel to GaAs [110] have a hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure with the c-axis normal to the film plane.
A dimensionality-reduction technique inspired by receptor convergence in the olfactory system

In this paper, we propose a new technique for feature extraction/selection based on the projection of sensor features in class space while taking into account the sensor variance. The proposed technique is inspired by the organization of the early stages in the biological olfactory system. The algorithm proves to be highly suitable for high-dimensional feature vectors. The performance shows robustness with problems where only a small number of samples are available as a training dataset. We demonstrate the method on experimental data from two metal oxide sensors driven by a sinusoidal temperature profile.
Component-Based Design: A Summary and Scheme for Implementation

This paper summarizes the major advantages of component-based design as a paradigm for handling all design and construction information about a building at every stage of design. The paper reviews some of the current issues that plague the building design and construction industry. The component-based paradigm is reviewed as a model that reunites the fragmented building industry and as a solution for dealing with vast amounts of information that accretes during the design-construction process. Based on interviews with architects, engineers, contractors and fabricators as well as on-site documentation of construction we feature the design and construction of the main stair in the Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art designed by Zaha Hadid as a specific case study to illustrate the viability of component-based design and to highlight the obstacles challenging its implementation.
THE PROCESS OF RECOVERY: A TALE OF TWO MEN

Recovery has been identified as a focus for mental health care. Recovery requires learning to live again after a life-altering acute event or during a chronic illness, mental or physical. By analyzing within-person change over time, utilizing multiple sources of evidence, two cases illustrated particular dimensions that influenced the recovery process after stroke, within a biopsychosocial framework. Restoration of the self, through co-occurring, dual processes of grief and reconstruction, appeared to be an essential dimension in the recovery process. Suggestions for integrating this concept into current adult clinical practice are congruent with current models of disease management of several chronic conditions.