cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doping engineering for improved immunity against BV softness and BV shift in trench power MOSFET

In this paper, we report typical soft breakdown and BVdss walk-in/walk-out phenomena observed in the development of ON semiconductor's T8 60V trench power MOSFET. These breakdown behaviors show strong correlation with doping profile. We propose two 1D location-dependent variables, Qint(y) and Cave(y), to assist the study, and demonstrate the effectiveness of them in revealing hidden information behind regular SIMS data. Our study details the methodology of engineering doping profiles for improved breakdown stability.
The superconducting properties of Pb-Tl alloys

Abstract Isothermal magnetization data have been obtained for a series of well annealed Pb-Tl alloys ranging from Pb-4 at.% Tl to Pb-27 at.% Tl measured m the temperature interval from 1.5°K to the corresponding transition temperature. The parameter h∗(t)= H c2 (t) −(dH c2 /dt) t=1 is found to be independent of the alloy concentration for these materials and is in fair agreement with the prediction of Helfand and Werthamer. Values of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter at the transition temperature determined in several ways are found to agree. This agreement indicates that in most cases integration of the magnetization curves taken in a monotonically increasing field yields values of the thermodynamic critical field to within 3 or 4%. When the strong coupling characteristics of these alloys are considered, it is shown that the temperature dependence of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter is expected to be larger than that based on the BCS model and is in good agreement with the experimental results. The dependence of the Ginzburg-Landau parameter on alloy concentration is also experimentally determined.
Abstract Coherent State Transforms Over Homogeneous Spaces of Compact Groups

This paper presents theoretical aspects of a unified generalization for the abstract theory of coherent state/voice transforms over homogeneous spaces of compact groups using operator theory. Let G be a compact group and H be a closed subgroup of G. Let G/H be the left coset space of H in G and $$\mu $$ be the normalized G-invariant measure on G/H associated to the Weil’s formula with respect to the probability measures of G, H. Let $$(\pi ,\mathcal {H}_\pi )$$ be a continuous unitary representation of G with non-zero mean over H. In this article, we introduce the generalized notion of coherent state/voice transform associated to $$\pi $$ on the Hilbert function $$L^2(G/H,\mu )$$ . We then study basic analytic properties of these transforms.
The Palliative Care Journey in Kenya and Uganda

Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems. This update is aimed at examining palliative care development/achievements and challenges in Kenya and Uganda and the role of various actors in palliative care establishment in the region. It assesses the policy environment, progress in education, access to essential medicines, palliative care implementation efforts, and legal and human rights work. East African nations have huge disease burdens, both communicable and noncommunicable. HIV and cancer are the major causes of mortality in Kenya and Uganda and put huge demands on the health care system and on the country's economies. All these conditions will require palliative care services as the disease burden increases. Unfortunately, for many African countries, accessing palliative care services, including access to pain relief, remains very limited resulting in serious suffering for patients and their families. The interventions in Kenya and Uganda help palliative care organizations engage with their respective governments to ensure that the social and legal barriers impeding access to palliative care services are removed.
Abstract 19084: Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Determinants of Increased Left Ventricular Mechanical Dispersion in Severe Aortic Stenosis

Introduction: Left ventricular (LV) mechanical dispersion by strain echocardiography has been associated with presence of myocardial fibrosis on late gadolinium contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic r...
In situ Investigation of Magnetism in Metastable Phases of Levitated Fe 83 B 17 During Solidification

Understanding transient phases that evolve during solidification can be critical to phase selection and the resulting microstructure of an alloy. However, the nature of high-temperature metastable phases makes them difficult to study with conventional techniques. The authors combine a tunnel-diode oscillator, electrostatic levitator, and x-ray diffraction for contactless precision measurement of magnetic transitions during the freezing of Fe-B, an industrially important material. This technique will prove invaluable for studying high-temperature magnetism in challenging systems.
Cumulative Effect of Preoperative Risk Factors on Mortality After Pediatric Heart Transplantation.

Background Risk assessment in heart transplantation is critical for candidate selection, but current models inadequately assess individual risk of postoperative mortality. We sought to identify risk factors and develop a scoring system to predict mortality after heart transplantation in children. Methods The records of patients undergoing heart transplantation at our institution from 2010 through 2016 were reviewed. Clinical characteristics were recorded and compared between survivors and nonsurvivors. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling of factors associated with postoperative mortality to develop a risk factor score. Results There were 74 patients who underwent heart transplantation at a mean age of 8.8 ± 6.6 years. Congenital heart disease was the most common indication, comprising 48.6% of the cohort. Overall mortality was 18.9%, with 10 of 14 dying within 30 days of the operation or during the initial postoperative admission (early mortality). Preoperative factors associated with overall mortality were single-ventricle congenital heart disease (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; p = 0.042), biventricular assist device (HR, 4.8; p = 0.043), history of four or more sternotomies (HR, 3.9; p = 0.023), panel reactive antibody exceeding 10% (HR, 4.4; p = 0.013), any previous operation at another institution (HR, 3.2; p = 0.038), and pulmonary vein disease (HR, 4.7; p = 0.045). Each risk factor was assigned a point value, based on similar magnitude of the HRs. A score of 4 or higher predicted mortality with 57% sensitivity and 90% specificity. Conclusions In this single-center pediatric cohort, postheart transplantation mortality could be predicted using patient-specific risk factors. The cumulative effect of these risk factors predicted mortality with high specificity.
11 – Stochastic Models of Physiology

While modelling physiological systems, randomness exists at several intertwined levels ranging from errors in measurement to intrinsically stochastic (random) processes, such as diffusion and Poisson processes. In this chapter, we walk the reader through several stages of quantifying probability, beginning with a heuristic description of the concept of chance, random variables, statistical observation, basic probability distributions, limit theorems, and the basics of random processes. Further, we proceed with identification and estimation of stochastic models and present standard techniques including correlation and regression, statistical comparisons, classification, clustering, discriminant analysis, and principal components. We then continue with advanced methods embracing the framework of Markov chains (e.g., Chapman–Kolmogorov equation) and Markov processes (e.g., stochastic differential equations and Kalman filtering). Throughout the chapter, we present examples relating the discussed methods to problems encountered in physiology. We conclude that stochastic methods and probability are inherent in many physiological models and are essential for their characterization.
Compounds in Vegetables Including Okra and Fenugreek of Potential Value in the Treatment of Diabetes

The effects of compounds in vegetables were compared with mechanisms of action that have been suggested for oral agents used clinically in the management of diabetes mellitus. Attention was particularly directed to activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-dependent protein kinase, inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption, stimulation of insulin release from the pancreatic islets, reduction of insulin resistance, and antioxidant action. The potential roles of two vegetables used in traditional medicine, namely okra and fenugreek, were considered in terms of these mechanisms of action.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solvent Correlations

One of the main challenges encountered in the investigations of the electrical double layer is the complexity of ion specific effects, especially in regard to quantifying ion-solvent correlations.
Metabolic Failure, Oxidative Stress, and Neurodegeneration Following Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion

In the United States, 650,000 people die annually from cardiac disease; cardiac arrest accounts for 2/3 (435,000) of these deaths. If an individual suffers a cardiac arrest outside the hospital, he has less than a 15% chance of leaving the hospital alive.1 Even if one survives initial resuscitative efforts, damage to the brain occurring during ischemia and reperfusion often results in neurologic morbidity or mortality. In one recent study of 262 initially comatose survivors of cardiac arrest, 79% of the patients had died within one year; cerebral failure was the cause of death in 37% of cases. Only 14% of patients were either neurologically normal or slightly impaired at 12 months.2 Recent advances in preclinical research on brain injury due to transient, global cerebral ischemia have demonstrated that at least four classes of interrelated molecular mechanisms contribute to ischemic neurological impairment. These classes are excitotoxicity, cellular calcium overload, metabolic failure and oxidative stress. This brief review focuses on mechanisms falling within the last two of these classifications.
Numerical and biomass caste proportions in colonies of the termites Nasutitermes corniger and N. ephratae (Isoptera; Termitidae)

Caste ratios among monogynousN. corniger colonies are less variable (higher correlation coefficients and lower variances) than among polygynous colonies. Polygynous colony caste proportions are more constant than for queenless colonies. Correlation coefficients are not significantly different between numerical and biomass neuter caste ratios (large workers: small workers; total worker population: soldiers) inN. corniger orN. ephratae. The intraspecific range of both numerical and biomass percentages of soldiers, small workers, and large workers is large inN. corniger andN. ephratae. Numerical and biomass percentage of soldiers, small workers, and large workers were all significantly different between monogynousN. corniger and monogynousN. ephratae colonies. Mean individual weights of soldiers, large workers, and small workers did not differ between species. Single queenN. corniger colonies tend to have a higher ratio of the number of small workers: large workers and the number of soldiers: workers, and a lower proportion of presoldiers: soldiers than do monogynousN. ephratae nest. PolygynousN. corniger colonies have a statistically larger ratio of number of larvae: number of workers, and a higher number of presoldiers: soldiers than do single queen colonies. These all suggest differences in growth rate related to single versus multiple queens. Monogynous and polygynous nests have significantly higher ratios of larvae: workers than do queenless colonies. In both numerical and biomass analyses of variousN. corniger caste ratios, correlation coefficients were highest in comparisons between the total number or dry weight of all workers vs soldiers. Mean individual dry weights of large and small workers in queenlessN. corniger colonies are significantly higher than in queenright colonies. This may be because the queenless colony population is aging without generating more young so fewer individuals are in the early worker instars.
First-Order Logic

This chapter explores First-Order Logic, an extension of Propositional Logic, which was the focus of Chapter 1. First-Order Logic takes into account the inner logical structure of proposition resulting from the presence of quantifiers and from specifying individuals, properties, and relations. After showing how to read and write sentences using the symbolism of First-Order Logic, the chapter discusses the need for and use of interpretations in its semantics. Based on that, natural deduction inference rules for identity and for the universal and existential quantifiers are given. As in Chapter 1, developing an understanding of mathematical proof strategies based upon these rules is the end goal of this study. The chapter concludes by comparing formal and informal modes of proof in mathematics and reflecting upon the value of logic for constructing proofs.
Nematode Management for Golf Courses in Florida

Of all the pests that commonly affect golf course turf in Florida, nematodes are probably the least understood and most difficult to manage. Nematode problems are more common and more severe in Florida than in most other states because our climate and soils provide a perfect habitat for many of the most destructive nematode species. This 8-page fact sheet explains what plant-parasitic nematodes are, how they affect turf, how to tell if they are a problem, and how to manage them. Written by William T. Crow and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, January 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in124
Prostate specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) undergoing docetaxel chemotherapy as a predictor of overall survival

15556 Background: Few data correlating PSADT and overall survival(OS) in patients with HRPC undergoing chemotherapy exist. Docetaxel has recently been shown to significantly improve OS in patients ...
E-Cigarettes, Vaping Devices, and Acute Lung Injury

“E-cigarettes” are a class of consumer devices designed to deliver drugs, primarily nicotine or marijuana oils, to the lung by vaporization. Regulation of the devices in the United States is relatively minimal, and research on both epidemiology and potential toxicity has focused on nicotine devices. In 2019, an outbreak of an acute respiratory illness in the United States was traced back to the contamination of e-cigarette fluids with vitamin E acetate, which had been used to disguise the dilution of marijuana oils. The outbreak, termed “e-cigarette or vaping associated lung injury” by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, was characterized by pulmonary infiltrates and hypoxia, which usually required hospitalization and, often, admission to ICUs. The syndrome sickened >2,600 people, mostly young men, and killed >50 people before it began to abate 6 months later. No current regulations exist to prevent a similar event with the same or different chemical contaminants. Absent such regulation, respiratory practitioners should be prepared to evaluate, identify, and treat future cases of acute lung toxicity from e-cigarettes.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

This article describes the anatomy of the median nerve and components that make up the carpal tunnel. It describes the etiology and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome as well as common methods for diagnosing the condition. Different treatment modalities for the entrapment neuropathy are also discussed.
Quantitative PAT with simplified $P_N$ approximation

The photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a hybrid modality that combines the optics and acoustics to obtain high resolution and high contrast imaging of heterogeneous media. In this work, our objective is to study the inverse problem in the quantitative step of PAT which aims to reconstruct the optical coefficients of the governing radiative transport equation from the ultrasound measurements. In our analysis, we take the simplified $P_N$ approximation of the radiative transport equation as the physical model and then show the uniqueness and stability for this modified inverse problem. Numerical simulations based on synthetic data are presented to validate our analysis.
Abstract PS17-33: Sumo-modified androgen receptors support the metastatic phenotype of endocrine-resistant hormone receptor-positive breast cancer

Background: Conventional endocrine therapy is the first-line treatment for hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer (BCa) subtype. Frequently, intrinsic and acquired ET resistance (ET-R) persists to support a disease with poor prognosis and limited therapy than the ET-sensitive carcinoma. High levels of androgen receptors (AR) in HR+ BCa correlate with insensitivity to ET tamoxifen and greater susceptibility to cancer metastasis. However, targeting AR with antagonist enzalutamide (Enz) in ET-R HR+ BCa present conflicting results. In the current report, we present novel findings of a constitutively active modified AR population that accumulates in the ET-R HR+ BCa cells to drive cell migration and metastatic phenotype. Methods: Cell-free protein modification tests, in-house SUMOylation assays, and PLA imaging were used to determine the AR protein profile in multiple ET-sensitive, intrinsic-, and acquired-ET HR+-BCa lines. Reporter assay and targeted transcriptome studies evaluate the genomic activity of native and modified-AR mimetic. Finally, the inhibitory effect of Enz with or without combination therapy was determined using migration and spheroid growth studies. Results: In acquired and intrinsic ET-R BCa cell lines, a constitutively active, higher molecular weight SUMO-modified AR (SUMO-AR) persists at the chromatin. The SUMO-AR is resilient to ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. We now report that the canonical AR chaperone protein HSPB1/Hsp27 functions as a novel SUMO-E3 ligase for AR. SUMO-AR interacts with a unique repertoire of biomolecules as compared to unmodified AR in the same cell lines. An increase in the SUMO protein and global SUMO-modified proteome supports this multimeric complex. The ligand-independent SUMO-AR activity promotes a gene-expression profile that favors epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Treatment with Enz alone or in combination with a SUMO inhibitor attenuates migration and metastatic phenotype of ET-R HR+ BCa. Conclusion: SUMO-AR dictates metastatic susceptibility and Enz responsiveness of ET-R HR+ BCa. Consistently, targeting both unmodified and SUMO-modified AR serves as a better therapeutic strategy for advanced HR+ BCa. Citation Format: Tasneem Bawa-Khalfe, Shaymaa Bahnassy, Hariprasad Thangavel, Maram Quttina, Ashfia Fatima Khan, Dhanya Dhanyalayam, Joan Ritho, Samaneh Karami, Jing Ren. Sumo-modified androgen receptors support the metastatic phenotype of endocrine-resistant hormone receptor-positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS17-33.
Giving Voice: Nurse-Patient Communication in the Intensive Care Unit

Communication is the essence of the nurse-patient relationship. The critical care nurse's role in facilitating patient communication and enabling communication between patients and their families has never been more important or poignant than during the COVID-19 pandemic. We have witnessed tremendous examples of resourceful, caring nurses serving as the primary communication partner and support for isolated seriously ill patients during this pandemic. However, evidence-based tools and techniques for assisting awake, communication-impaired, seriously ill patients to communicate are not yet systematically applied across all settings. Missed communication or misinterpretation of patients' messages induces panic and fear in patients receiving mechanical ventilation and can have serious deleterious consequences. This lecture presents a 23-year program of research in developing and testing combination interventions (eg, training, tailored assessment, and tools) for best practice in facilitating patient communication during critical illness. Evidence from related nursing and inter pro fessional research is also included. Guidance for unit-based assessment, tailoring, and implementation of evidence-based patient communication protocols also is provided.
Detection of changes of functioning over time after asthma exacerbation in children with the use of PROMIS domains.

OBJECTIVES Patient reported outcome measures, such as the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) may be utilized to understand experiences of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of PROMIS domains to detect changes in pain, physical functioning, and asthma impact over time for children experiencing asthma exacerbation. METHODS Our prospective cohort study included children presenting to the emergency department (ED) for asthma exacerbation. Children completed PROMIS surveys in the ED, 7-10 days, and 1-3 months post-discharge. We used linear mixed models adjusted for age, gender, acute care utilization, and child global health to determine changes in PROMIS T-scores. We used self-reported child health response (Much better now versus a little better now or worse) at discharge as an anchor to determine if change in PROMIS scores corresponded with changes in health. A change was statistically significant if the 95% CI did not include 0. RESULTS Our study included 63 children who presented to the ED for acute asthma exacerbation. We identified that children improved significantly in all domains over time. There was improvement over time following discharge from ED for all pain and physical functioning domains, and asthma impact. Using the clinical anchor, those with considerable improvement in asthma symptoms had improved T scores from 4-17. CONCLUSIONS PROMIS domains of pain, physical functioning, depression, fatigue, peer relationships, and asthma impact are responsive to changes in health states over time. These domains may be used to measure clinically significant change in children experiencing asthma exacerbation.
Are good soldiers good

Abstract The “good soldier” syndrome, or organization citizenship behavior (OCB), is traditionally defined as extra-role behavior which serves to advance the purposes of the organization. However, these behaviors may be ethical or unethical. Implicit in the definition of OCB is some role of personal ethics: indeed, the various measures of OCB contain many items that are ethically based. This study examined the relationship between ethics and organization citizenship, and found high correlations, with “more ethical” individuals being rated higher on OCB. “More ethical” individuals were perceived to be more productive than “less ethical” workers. The differential contributions of individual citizenship behaviors to productivity among “more” and “less” ethical individuals were also identified. Results suggest that the phenomenon popularized as organizational citizenship behavior may be the manifestation of ethical behavior in the workplace. Identification of individual behaviors among those comprising the OCB phenomenon that contribute the greatest to individual productivity suggests a time difference in the results of good soldier behaviors. Some citizenship behaviors may have immediate results (e.g., obedience), while others (e.g., creativity) may require some period before benefits are realized. New areas for research are presented.
Role of ruminant livestock in sustainable agricultural systems.

Ruminants have served and will continue to serve a valuable role in sustainable agricultural systems. They are particularly useful in converting vast renewable resources from rangeland, pasture, and crop residues or other by-products into food edible for humans. With ruminants, land that is too poor or too erodable to cultivate becomes productive. Also, nutrients in by-products are utilized and do not become a waste-disposal problem. The need to maintain ruminants to utilize these humanly inedible foodstuffs and convert them into high-quality foods for human consumption has been a characteristic of advanced societies for several thousand years. Further, ruminant livestock production is entirely consistent with proper agronomy practices in which forages are grown on 25% of arable land to minimize water and soil erosion. Questions have been asked, however, about the use of humanly edible foodstuffs (grains, protein sources, etc.) in ruminant diets. Does their use create a net loss of nutrients for human consumption? What level of their use is necessary or desirable? Does the use of some of these improve the nutrient (e.g. protein) quality or product value? Too often the opponents of animal agriculture evaluate the desirability of animal production on gross calorie or protein intake/output values. However, in many cases the feeds used in animal production are not consumable by humans, and in order to properly evaluate animal production, humanly consumable energy and protein intake should be used for efficiency comparisons. Analysis of the costs/returns of humanly edible energy and protein for a variety of dairy and beef cattle production systems shows that food value is increased with ruminant products, and that net returns of humanly edible nutrients are dependent on the production system used. The efficiency with which ruminants convert humanly edible energy and protein into meat or milk is highly dependent on diet, and hence, on regional production practices. Previous studies suggest that in the United States, dairy production efficiency ranges from 96 to 276% on a humanly consumable protein basis. Beef production efficiency is very dependent on the time spent in the feedlot and digestible energy and protein efficiencies range from 28 to 59% and 52 to 104%, respectively. However, beef production can add to the humanly consumable protein pool depending on the feeding schedule. In addition, the protein resulting from ruminant livestock production is of higher quality with a greater biological value than protein in the substrate feeds. The evidence that ruminant livestock belong in sustainable livestock production systems is convincing.
Molecular regulation of neuronal apoptosis.

Apoptosis is a fundamental biological process used by all muticellular organisms to eliminate unwanted or superfluous cells, and is a prominent feature of normal neural development. Developmentally occurring neuronal apoptosis serves to match the number of neurons to the requirements of their synaptic targets and to rid the nervous system of inappropriate connections. While it is generally accepted that apoptosis is a “suicide program” inherent in all cells, the molecular basis of this program is just beginning to be unraveled. Evidence from numerous recent studies indicate that a variety of proteins are involved in the transmission of external signals to the cell-death machinery within the cell. This review describes many of the recent findings of the regulatory pathways and genes that have been implicated in the induction or suppression of apoptosis in neurons.
Fuzzy Statistics and Policy Analysis

In this paper we report on the development of analytic methods which enable us to model and analyze physical systems by utilizing qualitative and quantitative fuzzy techniques. The main body of our research contains the development of a model for fuzzy statistics and its possible applications to evaluation of knowledge-base systems, modeling of social-economic systems, and the analysis of the policy decision.
Three-dimensional wake formations behind a family of regular polygonal plates

The experiments were conducted in water to study the initial wake formations behind various polygonal plates placed normal to the starting flow. The models included triangular, square, hexagonal, and octagonal plates. Because of nonuniform self-induced velocity, the initial vortex structure behind each polygonal plate was arched in the axial direction, and pairs of counter-rotating longitudinal vortices induced inward motion of the vortex structure at each corner. The evolution of free polygonal vortex loops was numerically simulated using a simplified three-dimensional vortex segment method to demonstrate the mechanism for the observed vortex deformation. Nomenclature Ap . = acceleration parameter, Deqa/ UQ a = acceleration, dU/dt D = side length of square plate Z)eq = equivalent disk diameter Re = steady-state Reynolds number, Rec = acceleration Reynolds number, T = nondimensional time, U0t/Deq t = time tc = time scale, J(Deq/d) U = freestream velocity UQ = steady freestream velocity X = axial distance v = kinematic viscosity
For The Love Of Boys

Foucault’s late studies of classical Greek and Roman texts are significant for the attention they give to the nuances and complexities the authors of those texts attribute to the relations between men and boys. Foucault follows carefully the considerations the classical writers gave to the bodies, pleasures and knowledge that formed and were formed by these relations. His aim is not to capture what was said in these texts but to think with them about what it might have taken, lacking any standard or model, for boys and men, both, to become, in the context of their relations with one another, beautiful examples of what it means to be alive. What interests him, ultimately, is not boys or the ancient pleasures associated with boys but this practice of making one’s life admirable, to oneself and to those with whom one associates freely and intimately, in the absence of a given standard or code. If there is a Foucauldean ethics, it can be nothing more or less than this becoming an admirable instance of a life worth living.
Acute intestinal iron intoxication. I. Iron absorption, serum iron and autopsy findings.

To simulate the fatal iron poisoning reported in children and to study the mechanism of the iron toxicity, dissociable iron salts were given by stomach or duodenal tube or by enema to rabbits and dogs. In either route of administration, the lethal dose was found to be approximately 150 to 200 mg. Fe per kilogram body weight. Dissociable iron salts in toxic doses were rapidly absorbed through the histologically intact mucosa both from the small and from the large bowel. In the majority of the animals, no histological changes were seen in the intestinal mucosa, but intestinal bleeding occurred in some instances by diapedesis from the greatly congested capillaries. Serum iron levels of several milligrams per cent developed within sixty minutes after ingestion of the iron salts, and with the exception of 300 to 400 micrograms per cent, the serum iron was non-beta1-globulin bound and in ferric state. Although only a fraction of the total dose administered was found to be absorbed within nine hours, the observed serum iron rise was roughly proportional to the dose ingested, and the survival time varied inversely with the dose. Acute intestinal iron poisoning must therefore be considered as a true absorptive intoxication. Any possibly occurring mucosal damage in stomach and intestines is of secondary importance.
Teaching Ethics to Nurses

Nursing education in the United States was strongly influenced by a hospital-based apprenticeship system that developed in Great Britain after the Crimean War and was imported to the United States in 1883. Commonly called the Nightingale model, early American nursing education was hierarchical and stressed learning by doing or habitual practice. As students matured, they assumed more responsibility for sicker patients, engaged in ward management activities, and taught and mentored younger students. In their third and final year, they were often placed in charge of hospital wards.
Soft tissue injection of hydrocarbons: a case report and review of the literature

Hydrocarbon injection, while commonly seen in domestic accidents or attempted suicide, is not extensively addressed in the literature. This article comprises a review of the various complications of intravascular and soft tissue injection of petroleum distillates, and provides recommendations for patient management. An illustrative case involving the subcutaneous injection of dripless oil, a mixture of mineral oil, nonionic detergents, and petroleum naphtha, is presented.
An energy-efficient reconfigurable analog-to-digital converter for orthopedic implants

This paper presents a pipelined analog to digital converter (ADC) with reconfigurable resolution and sampling rate for biomedical applications. Significant power saving is achieved by turning off the sample-and-hold stage and the first two pipeline stages of the ADC instead of turning off the last two stages. The reconfiguration scheme allows having three modes of operation with variable resolutions and sampling rates. Reconfigurable operational transconductance amplifiers and an interference elimination technique have been employed to optimize power-speed-accuracy performance in biomedical instrumentation. The proposed ADC exhibits a 56.9 dB SNDR with 35.4 mW power consumption in 10-bit, 40 MS/s mode and 49.2 dB SNDR with only 7.9 mW power consumption in 8-bit, 2.5 MS/s mode. The area of the core layout is 1.9 mm2 in a 0.35 μm bulk-CMOS process.
Crystal Plasticity Analysis of Stress Partitioning Mechanisms and Their Microstructural Dependence in Advanced Steels

Two-phase advanced steels contain an optimized combination of high yield strength and large elongation strain at failure, as a result of stress partitioning between a hard phase (martensite) and a ductile phase (ferrite or austenite). Provided with strong interfaces between the constituent phases, the failure in the brittle martensite phase will be delayed by the surrounding geometric constraints, while the rule of mixture will dictate a large strength of the composite. To this end, the microstructural design of these composites is imperative especially in terms of the stress partitioning mechanisms among the constituent phases. Based on the characteristic microstructures of dual phase and multilayered steels, two polycrystalline aggregate models are constructed to simulate the microscopic lattice strain evolution of these materials during uniaxial tensile tests. By comparing the lattice strain evolution from crystal plasticity finite element simulations with advanced in situ diffraction measurements in literature, this study investigates the correlations between the material microstructure and the micromechanical interactions on the intergranular and interphase levels. Finally, it is found that although the applied stress will be ultimately accommodated by the hard phase and hard grain families, the sequence of the stress partitioning on grain and phase levels can be altered bymore » microstructural designs. Implications of these findings on delaying localized failure are also discussed.« less
Plasma etching uniformity control for making large and thick dual-focus zone plates

A typical zone plate structure is composed of concentric rings with a radially decreasing feature size such that the path of light through every second zone to the focus differs by one optical wavelength. In order to minimize the wavefront error, the etching depth has to be controlled uniformly across the whole substrate area to a phase difference of one half wavelength between adjacent zones. In this study, an optimized plasma etching process has been developed to minimize the feature size variation effect and a Teflon ring has been made to eliminate the edge effect on thick fused silica. A large phase type dual-focus zone plate with varied concentric ring sizes with good etching profile and better than 2.0% etching depth uniformity was successfully made.
Chemical thermodynamic representation of nonstoichiometry in 〈UO2−xN3x4〉

Abstract The nonstoichiometry of 〈UO2−xN 3x 4 〉, † the 〈UO2〉-based solid solution extending toward 〈U2N3〉, was determined experimentally and represented by an adaptation of solution thermodynamics. This resulted in expressions that accurately reflect the interdependence of x on temperature and the partial pressure of (N2) and (O2). Partial molal Gibbs free energy expressions were derived for UO2 and U 4 3 /N2 and are useful for any thermodynamic calculation involving the solution within the range of the data.
Electron microscopy of the nuclear membrane in prophase and telophase in Yoshida sarcoma cells

Yoshida sarcoma cells in four days after inoculation have been studied with the electron microscope in thin sections. The mitochondria found attached to the nuclear membrane in the prophase look to serve a removal of nuclear membrane. In the telophase, the mitochondria are not found in the juxtanuclear region of the cytoplasm, while the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum makes its appearance surrounding the surface of nucleus. These findings suggest that the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum participates directly in the development of the nuclear membrane. Single or double particles 23–60 mμ in diameter are found at the nuclear terminal of the double layer of endoplasmic reticulum. The development of the nuclear membrane may be ascribed to such structural elements.
The use of naturally-occurring copper and iron tools by monkeys: Possible implications for the emergence of metal-tool technology in hominids

This research examined the use of naturally-occurring metal tools by monkeys. We presented groups of capuchins (Cebus apella) with copper nuggets and apparatus that accommodated the use of tools to crack open nuts and penetrate barriers. Six of fourteen monkeys placed copper nuggets in forceful contact with hard surfaces. Five of these animals used copper nuggets to crack open nuts and penetrate acetate. In follow-up tests capuchins preferred stone tools over copper tools, and used an iron meteorite as a multi-purpose tool. We hypothesize that human metal-tool technology probably came about as a consequence of existing stone-tool practices.
Observations of glide and decomposition of a dislocations at high temperatures in Ni-Al single crystals deformed along the hard orientation

Ni-44at.% Al and Ni-50at.% single crystals were tested in compression in the hard (001) orientations. The dislocation processes and deformation behavior were studied as a function of temperature, strain and strain rate. A slip transition in NiAl occurs from alpha(111) slip to non-alphaaaaaaaaaaa9111) slip at intermediate temperatures. In Ni-50at.% Al single crystal, only alpha(010) dislocations are observed above the slip transition temperature. In contrast, alpha(101)(101) glide has been observed to control deformation beyond the slip transition temperature in Ni-44at.%Al. alpha(101) dislocations are observed primarily along both (111) directions in the glide plane. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy observations show that the core of the alpha(101) dislocations along these directions is decomposed into two alpha(010) dislocations, separated by a distance of approximately 2nm. The temperature window of stability for these alpha(101) dislocations depends upon the strain rate. At a strain rate of 1.4 x 10(exp -4)/s, lpha(101) dislocations are observed between 800 and 1000K. Complete decomposition of a alpha(101) dislocations into alpha(010) dislocations occurs beyond 1000K, leading to alpha(010) climb as the deformation mode at higher temperature. At lower strain rates, decomposition of a alpha(101) dislocations has been observed to occur along the edge orientation at temperatures below 1000K. Embedded-atom method calculations and experimental results indicate that alpha(101) dislocation have a large Peieris stress at low temperature. Based on the present microstructural observations and a survey of the literature with respect to vacancy content and diffusion in NiAl, a model is proposed for alpha(101)(101) glide in Ni-44at.%Al, and for the observed yield strength versus temperature behavior of Ni-Al alloys at intermediate and high temperatures.
Validation of a Short Stress State Questionnaire

Stress is an important aspect of operational settings. This article presents two studies providing initial psychometric and validation evidence of a short multidimensional self-report measure of stress state, the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ) based on the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ; Matthews et al., 1999, 2002). The first study involved the construction and exploration of the factor structure of the SSSQ using data pooled from three samples. These factor analyses differentiated three aspects of subjective stress similar to the DSSQ: Task Engagement, Distress, and Worry. The second study aimed at providing validity information on the SSSQ in regards to its sensitivity to task-stressors. Different task conditions elicited unique patterns of stress state on the three factors of the SSSQ in line with predictions. The 24-item SSSQ appears to be a useful measure of stress state based on the substantially longer DSSQ from which it was derived.
On restricted one-counter machines

Let ℂ be the class of real-time nondeterministic one-counter machines whose counters make at mostone reversal. Let ℂ1 (respectively, ℂ2) be the subclass consisting of machines whose only nondeterministic move is in the choice of when to reverse the counter (respectively, when to start using the counter). ℂ1 and ℂ2 are among the simplest known classes of machines for which the universe problem has been shown undecidable. (The universe problem for a class of machines is the problem of deciding if an arbitrary machine in the class accepts all its inputs.) Here, we show that the classes of languages accepted by machines in ℂ1 and ℂ2 are incomparable. Moreover, the union of the language classes is properly contained in the class defined by ℂ. We also, briefly, look at the closure properties of these machines.
Deactivation of internally excited H3+ ions: comparison of experimental product distributions of reactions of H3+ ions with CH3NH2, CH3OH and CH3SH with predictions of quasiequilibrium theory calculations☆

Abstract The proton transfer reaction of H3+ ions with CH3NH2, CH3OH and CH3SH produces the excited intermediate complexes [CH3NH3+]★, [CH3,OH2+]★, and [CH3SH2+]★ which subsequently decompose in two ways; by vicinal hydrogen elimination, and by C-X bond scission to give the methyl cation. The condensation reaction of methyl cations with NH3, H2O, and H2S is the reverse of the latter decomposition pathway and proceeds to give the same excited intermediates followed also either by vicinal hydrogen elimination or by back reaction. The H2+ ions formed by reaction of H2+ with H2 are highly excited, and the presence of excess internal energy in the H3+ ion is shown to be a critical factor in the ratio of decomposition products obtained. A detailed analysis of the deactivation of excited H3+ is made. The rate for deactivation of excited H3+ ions by H2 is measured and the internal energy in H3+ obtained as a function of H2 pressure. Quasiequilibrium calculations are applied to the unimolecular decomposition of the excited intermediate complexes formed in the proton transfer and methyl cation condensation reactions. The experimental product distribution as a function of H3+ internal energy is readily reproduced by quasiequilibrium theory. It is shown that barriers of 2.6, 1.1 and
Bichromatic two-photon coherent excitation of sodium for adaptive optics

We propose a new concept for an artificial beacon for adaptive optics. A direct extension of the work on sodium is the application of two-photon coherent excitation to create a multiple wavelength beacon.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Modern Dilemma for Chemistry and Civic Responsibility: The Tragic Life of Clara Immerwahr

Clara Immerwahr was a talented chemist born at the end of the 19th century. In 1900, she received the first doctorate in chemistry awarded to a woman candidate at Breslau University, Germany. She married Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber and vehemently opposed his well-known work on chemical warfare during WWI. Popular works, including theater and documentary film, dramatize her dilemma in a way that can catalyze meaningful discussion in college-level chemistry courses on scientists' ethical and civic responsibilities. This paper surveys her life, accomplishments in chemistry, and her legacy.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS. A METABOLIC STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF PITUITARY ADMINISTRATION

Introduction: The following paper contains: 1. A brief resume of the literature in which most of the recent writers regard the disease as due to hypofunction of the hypophysis. 2. A clinical description of a case in a woman, age 58 years, in which the chief symptoms were thirst; polyuria; pain in head, back, and limbs; impaired eyesight; loss of weight. 3. Physical examination; leucodermic patches on arms and chest, dry skin, body otherwise normal. Patient nervous and irritable. 4. Previous illness negative; family history of cancer, diabetes, and insanity. 5. X-ray examination; sella turcica slightly enlarged, anterior clinoidal processes thin; posterior clinoidal processes thin and of mushroom type. 6. Eyes; concentric contraction of visual and color fields, and other changes suggesting a functional disturbance due to physiological factors. 7. Average amount of urine passed daily when no pituitrin was given (78 days), 6277 cc. Average amount passed daily when pituitrin was given (142 days), 3767 cc.
Modeling plant canopy effects on variability of soil temperature and water

Abstract Vegetative cover affects the spatial and temporal variability of heat and water in the soil. The ability to predict temperature and water conditions enhances our ability to evaluate management options for soil and water conservation, plant establishment and pest control. The simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model is a detailed process model of heat and water movement in a snow-residue-soil system. This paper describes provisions added to the SHAW model for vegetative cover and simulation of heat and water transfer through the soil-plant-air continuum. The model was applied without calibration to one full year of data on semiarid sagebrush rangeland to simulate vegetation effects on the spatial and temporal variability of soil temperature and water. The model currently has no provisions for plant growth or annual variation in leaf area index, resulting in insufficient shading of the soil surface during summer months. Nevertheless, the model accounted for over 96% of the variation in near-surface soil temperature for sagebrush-covered areas and over 91% of the variation for bare soil surfaces. Simulated water potential and total water use also agreed well with measured values.
Simplified Spherical Harmonics Methods for Modeling Light Transport in Biological Tissue

We have developed simplified spherical harmonics methods for modeling light transport in tissue with diffusive and non-diffusive properties at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. They improve diffusion solutions, but are computationally less expensive than transport calculations.