cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional and biochemical alterations in the rabbit urinary bladder following ileocystoplasty.

Abstract Although the use of ileocystoplasty has increased significantly in recent years, very little is known concerning the smooth muscle properties of the implanted bowel segment. In a previous study, preliminary evidence was presented which indicated that the pharmacological response of the cystoplastic ileal segment to autonomic agonists changed toward that of the bladder. The present study extends and expands these pharmacological studies were carried out one and three months after surgery. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) in-vivo CMG at one month was similar to that of the preoperative bladder, but at three months there was a 24% increase in capacity, with the presence of multiple phasic contractions beginning at a volume of approximately 65% of capacity. 2) The frequency and magnitude of spontaneous activity in the cystoplastic ileum did not significantly alter from that of the normal ileum. 3) Cystoplastic ileum responded to muscarinic stimulation differently from the normal ileum. The bladder responded with an increase in the tension whereas the ileum responded with an increase in the frequency and amplitude of phasic contractions. The cystoplastic ileum responded with a pronounced sustained contraction with phasic contractions superimposed. The tonic contraction at three months was of a significantly greater magnitude than that at one month. 4) The qualitative and quantitative response to field stimulation of the cystoplastic ileum was altered from that of the ileum towards that of the bladder. 5) The normal bladder contains greater amount of creatine phosphate and lesser amounts of creatine than the normal ileum. Cystoplasty, after three months induced a change in the ileal segment towards the bladder (increased creatine phosphate and decreased creatine). 6) The normal ileum was found to have greater number of muscarinic receptors than the normal bladder whereas the cystoplastic ileum at three months was intermediate. (J. Urol, 142: 860–864, 1989)
NEUROENDOCRINE CHALLENGE TESTS IN AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neuroendocrine challenge tests in affective disorders. It reviews one paradigm used to assess the role of catecholamine and indoleamine neurotransmission in depression and the mechanism of antidepressant action: neuroendocrine challenge strategies. The use of neuroendocrine challenge tests in the investigation of the neurobiology of depression and the mechanism of antidepressant action has paralleled the growth in the understanding of the regulation of pituitary hormones by central nervous system catecholamine and indoleamine neurotransmitters and technological advances in the ability to measure small amounts of various drugs, hormones, and neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Initial investigations of neuroendocrine abnormalities in depression resulted from the observations of the increased occurrence of depression in disorders of endocrine dysfunction, such as Cushing's disease and hypothyroidism. In parallel to the development of the catecholamine hypotheses of depression, the regulation of the pituitary hormone secretion by catecholamine and indoleamine neurotransmitters was discovered. The most significant limitation of the neuroendocrine challenge strategy is the uncertainty involved in extrapolating from a neuroendocrine measure of the responsiveness of a particular neurotransmitter system to the presumed responsiveness of that system in other brain areas.
Dielectric characteristics of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 /P(VDF-TrFE) nanocomposites

Composite thin film is highly desirable for the dielectric applications. In order to develop composite thin film, a nanocomposite, in which nanosized CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) particles are used as filler and P(VDF–TrFE) 55/45 mol% copolymer is used as polymer matrix, is investigated. The contents of CCTO in the nanocomposites range from 0% to 50 vol%. The dielectric property of these nanocomposites was characterized at frequencies ranging from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and at temperatures ranging from 200 K to 370 K. A dielectric constant of 62 with a loss of 0.05 was obtained in nanocomposite with 50 vol% CCTO at room temperature at 1 kHz. At the phase transition temperature (∼340 K) of the copolymer, a dielectric constant of 150 with a loss less than 0.1 was obtained in this nanocomposite. It is found that the dielectric loss of the nanocomposites is dominated by the polymer which has a relaxation process. Comparing to composites made using microsized CCTO, the nanocomposites exhibit a much lower dielectric loss and a lower dielectric constant. This indicates that the nanosized CCTO particles have a lower dielectric constant than the microsized CCTO particles.
Economic Interests and Threat Assessment in the US Congress, 1890–1914

ABSTRACTWhy do some domestic actors see the international environment as a threatening place populated by untrustworthy powers, when others find opportunities for peaceful cooperation in the same conditions? Because these actors confront the same international environment, the reasons for their divergent evaluations must rest on differences in their own beliefs and interests. In this article, we consider the impact of societal interests in trade and trade protection on elite assessments of the international environment. We examine evaluations of the international environment in speeches given in the US Congress during naval appropriations debates between 1890 and 1914. The manufacturing sector’s interest in trade protection led political leaders who represented manufacturing regions to offer more negative assessments of the international environment, while those representing export-oriented agricultural areas of the country gave more positive evaluations. These effects were roughly comparable to those ass...
Music and Adolescent Behavior

The role of music in the lives of adolescents and the use of music preferences as clues to the emotional and mental health of adolescents is reviewed from the Group on Science and Technology, American Medical Association, Chicago, IL.
Documenting/Performing the Vulnerable Body: Pain and Agency in Works by Boris Mikhailov and Petr Pavlensky

This article explores the concepts of pain and agency in the photography series Case History (1997–1998) by the Ukrainian photographer Boris Mikhailov, and in four performance-actions (2012–2014) by the Russian performance-activist Petr Pavlensky. Although they represent different generations and respond to different historical contexts, Mikhailov and Pavlensky share a focus on the wounded body. Taking both the documentary and performative aspects of these artworks into account, Nordgaard argues that the wounded body stands forth as a body of agency which also reflects the social, political, and historical settings in which it exists. The relational consideration of the two artists therefore offers important insights for understanding post-Soviet Ukraine and present-day Russia, and reflects on the correlation between the private and the public body. By placing Mikhailov and Pavlensky in dialogue with a broader discussion on spectatorship and the role and significance of “shock imagery” and spectacle in contemporary media, the article further suggests why artworks depicting the body in pain have both an ethical and political function.
The Hemodynamic Effects and Safety of Repetitive Levosimendan Infusions on Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Background:Limited treatment options are available for children with decompensated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), while they wait for either functional recovery or heart transplantation. We evaluate...
Rare spinal cord infarction in a patient with acute type B aortic dissection.

A 69-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with acute epigastric discomfort and subsequent paraplegia. Computed tomography revealed acute type B aortic dissection with a thrombosed false lumen. Magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal spinal cord infarction. Paraplegia resolved completely within 1 h. However, on the following day, the patient developed motor impairment in the left leg, sensory disorder of the bilateral legs and urinary retention. The symptoms gradually improved with conservative medical therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging on hospitalization Day 20 revealed spinal cord infarction limited to the right posterior area at level T7/T8 and the conus medullaris. The patient was discharged 44 days after admission. The presented case is notable for its atypical presentation of spinal cord infarction resulting from acute aortic dissection. The aetiology of neurological symptoms, especially that of lower extremity monoplegia, remained undiagnosed.
Environmental Compliance and U.S. Industrial Productivity Growth

While the decade of 1970s is generally known for the chronic oil shortages and the dramatic ris in the price of oil a significant slow down in rate of growth of productivity has also marked this and the subsequent decade of 1980s in the U.S. Though many studies have provided insight into the effect of these higher oil prices on industrial output and input demands etc., the reasons for this productivity slow down still remains somewhat of mystery. Complicating the task of unraveling this mystery is the fact that 1970s was also marked as a period of unprecedented tight environmental regulations as Congress passed a series of Amendments to the Clean Air Act Legislation during this period. As a result, many industries have faced substantial increases in cost of compliance due to the new environmental regulations. Though environmental regulation is generally believed to impair growth empirical research on the subject has been rather slow so that the real impact of these tighter environmental regulations on industrial productivity is not yet clearly understood.
Multiple order diffractive Fresnel lens (MOD-DFL) for atmospheric transit surveying of earthlike exoplanets

A MOD-DFL is designed in the format of a large deployable space-based telescope for characterization of atmospheric content of potentially habitable exoplanets. Performance and function over a 1-2µm wavelength range is described.
Novel natural product discovery from obligate symbiotic organisms of marine sponges

A rich source for the discovery of novel, pharmacologically active natural products has been terrestrial plants and microbes, accounting for about 85% of the approved natural products in pharmaceutical use (1), and about 60% of approved pharmaceuticals and new drug applications annually (2). Discovery in the marine environment has lagged due to the difficulty of exploration in this ecological niche. Such exploration began in the 1950’s, after technological advances such as scuba diving allowed collection of marine organisms, primarily to a depth of about 15m, which was the limit of that technology. Natural products from filter feeding marine invertebrates and in particular, sponges, have proven to be a rich source of structurally unique pharmacologically active compounds, with over 16,000 molecules isolated thus far (3, 1) and a continuing pace of discovery at hundreds of novel bioactive molecules per year. All classes of pharmaceuticals have been represented in this discovery process, including antiprotozoals, pesticides, TGF-beta inhibitors, cationic channel blockers, anticancer, cytotoxic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial compounds. Important biosynthetic pathways found in sponges which give rise to these compounds include the terpenoid (4), fatty acid, polyketoid, quinone reductase, alkaloid, isoprenoid (5), and non-ribosomal protein synthase pathways.
Time Heals All Wounds … But Wounds Heal Faster with Lactobacillus

Chronic nonhealing wounds represent a significant clinical problem and cost the healthcare system $19 billion annually. Recently, Vagesjo et al. (2018) demonstrated a promising therapeutic approach for nonhealing wounds with topical application of CXCL12-producing Lactobacilli that enhanced healing through alterations in the wound microenvironment.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene variants and nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate.

BACKGROUND Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a debilitating condition that not only affects the individual, but the entire family. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes with NSCL/P. METHODS Twelve polymorphisms in/nearby BRCA1 and BRCA2 were genotyped using Taqman chemistry. Our data set consisted of 3,473 individuals including 2,191 nonHispanic white (NHW) individuals (from 151 multiplex and 348 simplex families) and 1,282 Hispanic individuals (from 92 multiplex and 216 simplex families). Data analysis was performed using Family-Based Association Test (FBAT), stratified by ethnicity and family history of NSCL/P. RESULTS Nominal associations were found between NSCL/P and BRCA1 in Hispanics and BRCA2 in NHW and Hispanics (p < .05). Significant haplotype associations were found between NSCL/P and both BRCA1 and BRCA2 (p ≤ .004). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a modest association between BRCA1 and BRCA2 and NSCL/P. Further studies in additional populations and functional studies are needed to elucidate the role of these genes in developmental processes and signaling pathways contributing to NSCL/P.
Micronutrients and Cancer: Add Spice to Your Life

An abundance of epidemiological evidence has shown that lifestyle plays a major role in the aetiology of human cancers. Approximately 90% of all cancers are caused by an adverse lifestyle, and as much as 30–40% of all cancers have been linked to diet. Consumption of a high-fat diet with low physical activity causes overweight and obesity, which is now recognized as a major cause of cancer in Western countries (Klurfeld and Kritchevsky 1986). Relatively low intake of fruit and vegetables is also a risk factor for many of the most important cancers (Block et al. 1992); in contrast, several epidemiological studies have revealed that greater consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer (Ames and Wakimoto 2002). How fruits and vegetables reduce cancer risk is not completely known. However, it has been hypothesized that this association is due to the presence of naturally occurring micronutrients or trace compounds that act as inhibitors of carcinogenesis. Micronutrients are essential and nonessential dietary components that are consumed in minute quantities and bring about a physiological effect. Polyphenols, which are found in different plants, phytoestrogens present in soy, and other phytochemicals are some examples of micronutrients.
Wage and the price of labour

The theory says that the balance on labour market is achieved through a wage. Nevertheless, the reality is more complicated. For employers, the wage (paid in money and in kind), represents two thirds of labour costs. The issue specifically concerns the low qualified workers, especially in relation to minimum wage. The minimum wage is in the Czech Republic influenced by two factors. First, by the relation between minimum wage and average age. Second, from the national economy point of view, wages and salaries are part of employees compensations, their share on GDP is decisively influenced by the rate of economic growth and rate of inflation.
A model for analysis of the temperature distribution with injection of a heated jet into an isothermal flow

Heated jet injection into isothermal turbulent boundary layer, investigating temperature distribution downstream with conduction model
Sociological Evidence in Suicide Litigation

Sociologists and other researchers can assist defense and plaintiff attorneys and law firms with various aspects of litigation related to suicide and attempted suicide. Sociological research has focused on various aspects of suicidal behavior, including the causes, incidence, and risk factors of suicide and suicidal behaviors, social aspects of the treatment at suicidal patients, suicide prevention training, and suicide prevention policies and procedures. In this chapter, the author analyzes research in the above areas and presents several case composite studies to illustrate how social scientists use the research information when serving as expert witnesses in litigation involving suicide and suicidal behavior.
Microstructures with extraordinary dynamic work hardening and strain rate sensitivity in Al0.3CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy

Abstract Al0.3CoCrFeNi is an FCC-based high entropy alloy (HEA) that can display a wide spectrum of mechanical properties. Cold work and precipitation are good strengthening mechanisms in this HEA, and their effect on dynamic work hardening and strain rate sensitivity (SRS) was investigated. Dynamic deformation testing using split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) at 2 × 103 s−1 and quasistatic tensile deformation at 10−3 s−1 were conducted on thermomechanically processed conditions. The HEA behaved like a conventional FCC alloy with higher flow tresses and work hardening in the dynamic regime. All the conditions showed substantial dynamic work hardening due to the low stacking fault energy (SFE) of the HEA. Precipitates enhanced twinning, as observed from post-SHPB deformed microstructures, and resulted in an extraordinary work hardening rate > 2200 MPa. Cold work introduced large-scale deformation twins and these suppressed further twin nucleation during testing, and a lower work hardening of 1000 MPa was observed. SRS was highly microstructure-sensitive and varied from an exceptional m = 0.063 in the cast condition, where the biggest flow stress contributor is solute strengthening of short-range nature and can be thermally activated. Introduction of long-range athermal incoherent precipitates reduced SRS slightly. Cold work, which introduces much higher density of athermal defects, dislocations and large-scale deformation twins, drastically reduced SRS to m = 0.006. Upon annealing the rolled material, partial recovery of cold work and precipitation occurred together and coupled to result in a moderate SRS, m= 0.02.
Let’s Talk About Sexual Immaturity in Adolescence: Implications for School-Based Sex Education

While rates of sexual activity among adolescents have declined, they remain high among adolescents living in poverty. Risky sexual behaviors are often compounded, placing adolescents at greater risk for increased prevalence of sexual behaviors during later adolescence and other behaviors that may compromise later life chances. Sexual immaturity may influence sexual initiation and trajectories of sexual behavior. In the current study, using a growth curve framework, data from the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study are used to model how sexual immaturity develops across adolescence as a function of age, gender, and sex education. Results suggest that girls are less sexually immature than boys, regardless of exposure to school-based sex education. For girls, sexual immaturity trajectories were similar throughout adolescence. However, during early adolescence, boys receiving school-based sex education had more immature sexual beliefs than those who had not. By middle adolescence, these differences had disappeared, and by late adolescence, boys receiving sex education had more mature attitudes boys who had not. Our results suggest that school-based sex education curricula should take into consideration how sexual maturity is portrayed among adolescents, particularly those who live in impoverished communities.
The Impact of Message Source on the Effectiveness of Communications About Climate Change

We conducted a survey experiment in which we presented 1,850 respondents with one of two versions of an appeal emphasizing either the threats to the environment or threats to national security of t...
Vitamins and Cancer

The requirement of vitamins for growth and development, as well as their central role in carcinogen metabolism, has called the attention of many investigators toward their potential involvement in tumor induction and growth. Vitamins A, C, and E have been most associated with cancer (Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, 1982), and the consumption of foods rich in these nutrients has been encouraged in public information brochures by major cancer organizations (e.g., the American Institute for Cancer Research and the American Cancer Society), and most recently, The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health (Nutrition Policy Board, 1988) and Diet and Health (National Research Council, 1989).
Introduction to the Healthcare Transformation Journal's Book Review Section and an Invitation to Book Reviewers

Each issue of the Healthcare Transformation Journal will include a book review on a topic related to healthcare transformation. There are three types of book reviews that will appear in Healthcare ...
Inclusion of the homeless in health equity curricula: a needs assessment study

Exposure to homeless patients is a potential strategy to teach about social determinants of health and health inequities. Little is known about student attitudes and preferences for learning about ...
Creative Pedagogic Methods: Dynamic Processes and Strategies

This chapter presents a methodological translation of the Four C Model of Creativity and adaptation for exploratory study in three urban glocal cultures. Of interest are postsecondary educators’ perspectives on creativity in relation to accountability within different contexts. Stimulating the creative intervention in universities, the central research question was, Can diverse college students and educators discover creativity when encouraged under educational constraint? Germane to this project were creative pedagogic methods for spurring dynamic approaches to creativity research. Multiple data collection sessions occurred using validated protocols: Individuals partaking in group sessions and interviews dealt with creativity and accountability in education. The longitudinal qualitative methodology encompassed (1) broad literature review for locating relevant educational creativity theories and sources; (2) tailored literature review for identifying select sources on creativity and accountability in China (Chap. 5), Canada (Chap. 6), and Australia (Chap. 7); and (3) case study treatments of the 4-C theory. Also, six data sources are covered: 4-C Classroom Activity and Conversation Protocol for Glocal Adaptation; 4-C creative activities with classes and groups; 4-C interviews with individuals and groups; local documents; photographic archive; and researcher’s field notes.
Individuals with a spinal cord injury who use a manual wheelchair spend more of their day in humeral elevation levels associated with tendon compression

Shoulder pain and pathology are extremely common for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) who use manual wheelchairs (MWC). Although risky humeral kinematics have been measured during wheelchair-based activities performed in the lab, little is known about arm motion in the free-living environment. The purpose of this study was to measure the humeral elevation workspace throughout a typical day for individuals with SCI and able-bodied matched controls. Thirty-four individuals with SCI who use a MWC (42.7 +/- 12.7 years of age, 28 males/6 females, C6-L1) and 34 age-and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Participants wore three inertial measurement units (IMU) on their upper arms and torso for one to two days. Humeral elevation angles were estimated and the percentage of time individuals spent in five elevation bins (0-30 degrees, 30-60 degrees, 60-90 degrees, 90-120 degrees, and 120-180 degrees) were calculated. For both arms, the SCI cohort spent a significantly lower percentage of the day in 0-30 degrees of humeral elevation (Dominant: SCI= 15.7 +/- 12.6%, Control= 32.1 +/- 15.6%, p<0.0001; Non-Dominant: SCI= 21.9 +/- 17.8%, Control= 34.3 +/- 15.5%, p=0.001) and a significantly higher percentage of time in elevations associated with tendon compression (30-60 degrees of humeral elevation, Dominant: SCI= 62.8 +/- 14.4%, Control= 49.9.1 +/- 13.0%, p<0.0001; Non-Dominant: SCI= 58.8 +/- 14.9%, Control= 48.3 +/- 13.6%, p=0.003) than controls. The increased percentage of time individuals with SCI spent in elevations associated with tendon compression may contribute to increased shoulder pathology. Characterizing the humeral elevation workspace utilized throughout a typical day may help in understanding the increased prevalence of shoulder pain and pathology in individuals with SCI who use MWCs.
To leave or to stay? The differential factors that determine turnover and retention of Massachusetts social workers

The turnover rate of social welfare workers across the USA is incredibly high. The Administration for Children and Families report that some jurisdictions experience turnover rates of up to 90%. This has been an ongoing challenge faced by agencies across the USA since the 1960s (Strolin-Grotzman et al., 2010). In this study, the attempt was to answer three main questions: 1) what are some of the factors that lead to social workers leaving their jobs?; 2) what are some of the factors that determine why some social workers stay?; 3) are the recent reforms made at the Massachusetts Department of Children and Families effective? While social worker turnover has been widely studied, literature on the causes of social worker retention, i.e., why do some social workers continue in their jobs, is relatively scarce. Therefore, the in depth interviews provided understudied insights on the causes of social worker retention. Findings show that the factors that make people leave this profession are different from those that make people want to stay. Based on these findings, the study provides several recommendations that can help increase retention in the field.
A Kidney Transplant Recipient With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Utility of a Prognostication Score.

Abstract Background Cytokine release storm (CRS) is a potentially fatal, hyperinflammatory condition common to both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and reactive hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (rHLH). We present our experience with the use of a diagnostic score, developed for rHLH, in a kidney transplant recipient hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods We applied the H-Score to risk-stratify our patient to help predict his hospital course. This study was exempt from requiring specific Institutional Review Board approval, but met all the criteria required by our institution for this type of study and report including consent from the patient. Results The calculated H-Score for our patient fell below the diagnostic cut-off value for rHLH. Because rHLH is characterized by CRS, we expected him to have a milder hospital course with COVID-19. Correlating with his below cut-off H-score, the patient had a more benign than expected hospital course. Conclusions Because this is only a single case, we plan to retrospectively review a series of patients to validate our initial experience—that a low H-Score may correlate with a milder hospital course in kidney transplant patients with COVID-19.
Overleveraging, the Cascading Debt Crisis, and the Necessary Inadequacy of Increased Regulation in the Face of the Inevitable Crisis of Overproduction

Mortgage companies sold on the mortgages or debt obligations they held, to other financial institutions, which provided them with more money to finance further mortgages which could be likewise securitized, and so on. A leveraging which when housing prices collapsed left these financial institutions with inadequate collateral to cover their extensively overleveraged loans, resulting in a cascading debt crisis and implosion of financial markets. This left them, and those who had extended credit via credit cards and student loans and so on, unable to extend further credit when it was most needed by indebted borrowers to meet basic living costs, which resulted in a general economic depression and recession. A recession resulting from the overextension of credit which, as previously noted, was invoked by a crisis of overproduction ultimately rooted in an intranscendable contradiction at the heart of capitalism.
Aortic Pulsatility Index: A Novel Hemodynamic Variable for Evaluation of Decompensated Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Right heart catheterization for invasive hemodynamics has shown only modest correlation with clinical outcomes. We designed a novel hemodynamic variable that incorporates ventricular output and filling pressure. We anticipated that the aortic pulsatility index (API) would correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients undergoing right heart catheterization with milrinone drug study at our institution (February 2013 to November 2019). The API was calculated as (systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure)/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. The primary outcome was freedom from advanced therapies, defined as the need for inotropes, temporary mechanical circulatory support, a left ventricular assist device, or orthotopic heart transplantation, or death at 30 days. A total of 224 patient encounters, age 57 years (48–66 years; 34% women; 31% ischemic cardiomyopathy) were included. In univariable analysis, lower baseline API was significantly associated with progression to advanced therapies or death at 30-days (odds ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.30–0.61; P Conclusions The API is a novel invasive hemodynamic measurement that is associated independently with freedom from advanced therapies or death at 30-day follow-up.
Autonomy and the Folk Concept of Valid Consent

Consent governs innumerable everyday social interactions, including sex, medical exams, the use of property, and economic transactions. Yet little is known about how ordinary people reason about the validity of consent. Across the domains of sex, medicine, and police entry, Study 1 showed that when agents lack autonomous decision-making capacities, participants are less likely to view their consent as valid; however, failing to exercise this capacity and deciding in a nonautonomous way did not reduce consent judgments. Study 2 found that specific and concrete incapacities reduced judgments of valid consent, but failing to exercise these specific capacities did not, even when the consenter makes an irrational and inauthentic decision. Finally, Study 3 showed that the effect of autonomy on judgments of valid consent carries important downstream consequences for moral reasoning about the rights and obligations of third parties, even when the consented-to action is morally wrong. Overall, these findings suggest that laypeople embrace a normative, domain-general concept of valid consent that depends on the possession of autonomous capacities, but not the exercise of these capacities. Autonomous decisions and autonomous capacities thus play divergent roles in moral reasoning about consent interactions: while the former appears relevant for assessing the wrongfulness of consented-to acts, the latter plays a role in whether consent is regarded as authoritative and therefore as transforming moral rights.
A Loss Curvature Perspective on Training Instability in Deep Learning

In this work, we study the evolution of the loss Hessian across many classification tasks in order to understand the effect the curvature of the loss has on the training dynamics. Whereas prior work has focused on how different learning rates affect the loss Hessian observed during training, we also analyze the effects of model initialization, architectural choices, and common training heuristics such as gradient clipping and learning rate warmup. Our results demonstrate that successful model and hyperparameter choices allow the early optimization trajectory to either avoid -- or navigate out of -- regions of high curvature and into flatter regions that tolerate a higher learning rate. Our results suggest a unifying perspective on how disparate mitigation strategies for training instability ultimately address the same underlying failure mode of neural network optimization, namely poor conditioning. Inspired by the conditioning perspective, we show that learning rate warmup can improve training stability just as much as batch normalization, layer normalization, MetaInit, GradInit, and Fixup initialization.
Static Analysis in the Continuously Changing World

In this talk, we examine static analysis techniques for continuous-time dynamical systems. Continuous time systems arise in many domains including engineered control systems, physical and biological systems. They are increasingly of interest to the static analysis community, due to the focus on hybrid (cyber-physical) systems that capture discrete programs interacting with a continuous external environment. We examine two types of properties that are typically verified: reachability and stability, and explore parallels between commonly used static analysis approaches and a variety of approaches to prove/disprove reachability and stability properties.
Dynamic spectrum management - applying optical networking techniques to wireless DSA networks

We describe an enabling technology for spectrum management in wireless dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks. The technology is based on an open architecture and protocols developed for optical networks, and deployed in an all-optical testbed that supports dynamic wavelength (i.e., optical spectrum) provisioning. We summarize the basic requirements for spectrum management in commercial-sector wireless DSA networks, and briefly describe candidate architecture vis-a-vis its signaling protocols, message structure, dynamic provisioning features, and performance. The architecture supports signaling times on the order of a microsecond, and can manage applications with spectrum holding times ranging from a few milliseconds to months
Photochemical and non-photochemical routes to derivatives of 5-beta, 7-beta-cyclocholestane. A new class of cyclosteroids.

Abstract Derivatives of 5β,7β-cyclosteroids have been prepared by photochemical means from cholesta-4,6-diene and by methylene addition to β-norcholesterol acetate. The synthesis of both 3- and 4-substituted derivatives of 5β,7β-cyclocholestane has been accomplished. With the synthesis of 3-substituted 5β,7β-cyclocholestanes, the first derivatives of any 5,7-cyclosteroid, related to naturally occurring 3-substituted compounds, have become readily available. A photochemically generated bicyclo[1.1.0]butane intermediate is suggested in the irradiation of cholesta-4,6-diene. The mechanistic aspects of the reaction of this intermediate with ethanol are discussed.
Optimal Sizing of a Wind/Solar/Battery Hybrid Microgrid System Using the Forever Power Method

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a very vast area and has villages which are very far from the national power grid. Although Saudi Arabia has very high energy potentials from renewable energy resources such as solar and wind energy, diesel generators are still used to supply power for remote villages. However, the concept of an islanded micro grid (MG) is a new method of generating power which involves integrating renewable energy sources with appropriate energy storage technologies to supply power to an area. Optimizing the size of hybrid micro sources for an islanded MG with minimum capital and operational cost while achieving the targeted availability of power supply, is a challenging task. In this paper, typical meteorological data is analyzed using the forever power method. Many combinations of PV panels and wind turbines are generated with their all corresponding availabilities. The goal of this study is to allow the designer to select the size that best fits the targeted availability, cost, environmental benefit, and reliability. This method is applied to an islanded MG for four houses at a rural area near Yanbu City, Saudi Arabia.
Abstract 404: Function of Brg1 chromatin remodeling factor in sonic hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma development

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Overactive Shh signaling in cerebellum granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) is the leading cause of the childhood medulloblastoma (Shh-subtype). Previously we have shown that chromatin remodeler Brg1 is required for Shh target gene expression, and Brg1 deletion reduced CGNP proliferation in developing cerebellum. Current study focuses on the function of Brg1 in mouse model of Shh-subtype medulloblastoma. In CGNP cultured from SmoM2 transgenic mice where Shh pathway is constitutively active, we found Brg1 is required for CGNP mitogenic target gene expression and proliferation. In SmoM2 medulloblastoma cultures, we observed that tumor cell growth was inhibited by conditional knockout of Brg1. In subcutaneous transplantation, we found that tumors were significantly shrunk upon induction of Brg1 deletion. Detailed analysis indicated that Shh-dependent mitogenic target genes decreased by loss of Brg1. Further evidences showed that medulloblastoma cell proliferation was significant inhibited by conditional knockout of Brg1. Effect of Brg1 on the chromatin environment of target genes during medulloblastoma development will be discussed. Our study will provide insights to the epigenetic mechanism of Shh-dependent tumor development and new therapeutic targets. Citation Format: Xuanming Shi, Zilai Zhang, Qiu Wang, Jiang Wu. Function of Brg1 chromatin remodeling factor in sonic hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma development. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 404. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-404
ML grid programming with ConCert

Grid computing has become increasingly popular with the growth of the Internet, especially in large-scale scientific computation. Computational Grids are characterized by their scale, their heterogeneity, and their unreliability, making the creation of Grid software quite a challenge. Security concerns make the deployment of Grid infrastructure similarly daunting.We argue that functional programming techniques, both well-known and new, make an excellent practical foundation for Grid computing. We present a prototype Grid framework called ConCert built entirely in Standard ML which allows for the trustless dissemination of Grid programs through the use of certified code. The framework is fault-tolerant and relatively easy to implement, owing to a simplified network abstraction. This network abstraction is tedious to program for directly, so we present a high level ML-like language Grid/ML and a compiler Hemlock for the language.
Rapid Method, for Quantitative Analysis of Individual Free Fatty Acids in Cheddar Cheese

Abstract A reliable method for routine quantification of carbon-4 to carbon 18:3 free fatty acids in Cheddar cheese was developed. The free fatty acids were isolated on a modified silicic acid-potassium hydroxide arrestant column following removal of lactic acid with a partition precolumn. Rapid separation and quantification of free fatty acids in formic acid-mobilized eluates was achieved by gas chromatographing on 5% diethylene glycol succinate (DEGS-PS) in packed, glass columns. Quantitative free fatty acid profiles of nonrancid and rancid Cheddar cheese samples were obtained.
[Co(phen3)]2[Cu11I15]: a mixed-metal iodocuprate containing the novel [Cu10I15]5− and [Cu12I15]3−clusters

A new mixed-metal compound, [Co(phen3)]2[Cu11I15] (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), containing the two novel copper(I) iodide anionic clusters [Cu10I15]5− and [Cu12I15]3−, has been synthesized solvothermally and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The synthesis and structures of the two clusters are presented and the extensive edge-to-face and offset face-to-face interactions between the [Co(phen3)]2+ cations are described.
Experimental Investigation of Methods to Enhance Stock Removal for Superfinishing

Abstract Superfinishing is widely used as a subsequent operation after grinding to reduce surface roughness and increase bearing load capacity The present investigation was undertaken to explore methods for enhancing superfinishing performance. Experiments conducted on hardened bearing steel indicate the existence of an optimal applied contact pressure where both the stock removal and the finishing ratio are maximum and the specific energy is minimum. Above the critical pressure, the stock removal is adversely affected by loading of debris on the stone surface. Applying ultrasonic vibrations normal to the surface was found to reduce loading by promoting stone wear. Further enhancement in superfinishing performance was achieved by providing axial grooves on the stone surface. The use of ultrasonic vibrations together with axially grooved stones increased the stock removal by as much as 65% while providing comparable surface roughness.
More than a procedure.

AJR:195, October 2010 of the disease entity itself. You need to talk the talk. Your colleagues should rely on you to highlight new published studies in your field or the development of new techniques. It is quite obvious to others when a member either is passive and not a true contributor or is just “blowing smoke.” These groups do not suffer fools lightly. Many years ago, Charles T. Dotter, the founder of interventional radiology, warned us about being too focused on the technical aspects of the procedures. In time, anyone can learn how to do a specific procedure. It’s about being a doctor first and then a proceduralist. Intake and follow-up clinics have been emphasized over the past two decades for interventional radiologists. Drs. Trerotola and Pyeritz and the University of Pennsylvania HHT Center of Excellence have expanded on this concept with coordinated care from multiple subspecialty groups whose members share an interest in, common approach to, and broad knowledge of this complex disease entity. Their approach emphasizes the fact that an interventional radiology practice is more than a procedure. Matthew A. Mauro AJR Section Editor Vascular and Interventional Radiology The Ernest H. Wood Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Radiology University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC m_mauro@med.unc.edu DOI:10.2214/AJR.10.5320
First-principles calculation of kinetic barriers and metastability for the corundum-to-Rh2O3(II) transition in Al2O3

We demonstrate that the rhombohedral corundum crystal and the orthorhombic Rh2O3(II) crystal are structurally related by a diffusionless monoclinic common subgroup pathway, along which the intermediate structures have the space group P 2/c symmetry. This transformation pathway is energetically favored because the majority of Al?O bonds are preserved during the transition. Only 1/3 of the four-coordinated anions and 1/2 of the six-coordinated cations break and reform a single bond. No other bonds are broken in the transformation. Our calculated forward (corundum-to-Rh2O3(II)) enthalpy barrier (about 140?meV/atom) in Al2O3 is not pressure-sensitive at least up to 160?GPa, which is consistent with the observed metastability of the corundum phase around room temperature. In contrast, we predict a significantly decreasing backward (Rh2O3(II)-to-corundum) enthalpy barrier on decompression, which suggests that the high-pressure Rh2O3(II) phase of Al2O3 is unlikely to be recoverable at ambient conditions. In addition, we propose a general, common subgroup-based approach to compare elastic properties of two phases with different Bravais lattices. By treating both rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases with common monoclinic P 2/c unit cells (non-primitive for the corundum phase), we show that the elastic properties of the high-pressure Rh2O3(II) phase are very comparable to those of the ambient corundum phase.
Citation accuracy in environmental science journals

Citations in five leading environmental science journals were examined for accuracy. 24.41% of the 2,650 citations checked were found to contain errors. The largest category of errors was in the author field. Of the five journals Conservation Biology had the lowest percentage of citations with errors and Climatic Change had the highest. Of the citations with errors that could be checked in Web of Science, 18.18% of the errors caused a search for the cited article to fail. Citations containing electronic links had fewer errors than those without.
Massive catecholamine release from caffeine poisoning.

CAFFEINE is widely consumed both in beverages such as coffee, tea, or cola soft drinks and in over-the-counter anorectic, stimulant, diuretic, and analgesic drugs. The sympathomimetic effects of caffeine are well known and are believed to result from inhibition of phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that degrades the β-adrenergic messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Recently, it was shown that caffeine in doses that might be consumed in beverages increases plasma catecholamine concentrations.1We have observed a patient who took a suicidal overdose of caffeine and had a hyperadrenergic syndrome associated with markedly elevated circulating catecholamine concentrations. Report of a Case A 30-year-old woman was found on the floor of her room, acting bizarrely. She had a history of bipolar affective illness with hypomanic behavior and hallucinations. For several days, she had been obsessed with the idea that her body was ridden with cancer, which led to her ingestion of four bottles of
Relationship of Monoamine Metabolites in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid to Age

HOMOVANILLIC acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), metabolites of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine, have been detected and measured in animal and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (refs. 1–3). Although these substances in CSF probably derive from neuronal populations in the central nervous system, their precise relationship to altered brain function remains to be determined. Nevertheless, several clinical studies have reported a decrease in 5HIAA and HVA in certain groups of patients, notably depressed psychiatric patients and individuals suffering from Parkinsonism2–4. In the course of our studies on monoamine metabolites in CSF, we have found that values for these substances vary with age, both in psychiatric and neurological groups of patients. This finding may be crucial for the interpretation of values for CSF monoamine metabolites in clinical studies.
The inductive effect of rickets on glycolytic enzymes of rat epiphyseal cartilage and its reversal by vitamin D and phosphate.

Abstract In rickets produced in rats by low phosphate, vitamin D-free diets, epiphyseal cartilage increases in wet weight, and in deoxyribonucleic acid, glycogen, and protein content. Dietary phosphate reverses all of these effects. Vitamin D reverses all of these rachitic changes with the exception of that in deoxyribonucleic acid content. The effectiveness of vitamin D in reducing cartilage cell hypertrophy without decreasing cell numbers differentiates the mechanism of vitamin D action from that of phosphate. Glycolysis is doubled per cell in rachitic cartilage and there is a corresponding coordinate increase in specific activities (EU/mg protein) of phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Both effects are reversed by dietary phosphate or vitamin D. It is suggested that increased glycolysis may be due to a specific increment in glycolytic enzyme levels supplemented by a general increase in tissue protein. A proportional relationship between cellular lactate production and glycolytic enzyme activity is demonstrated in nine different physiological states. The hypothesis is advanced that a regulatory mechanism operates in cartilage to coordinately control the levels of glycolytic enzymes and cellular metabolism.
Beam Transport Optics For Laser Fusion

The performance of large laser systems for laser fusion is limited by self-induced damage to optical components, arising from the interaction of the intense light with the optical materials in the laser system. In the design of the beam transport optics, due consideration must be given to high intensity effects, including self-focusing, surface damage, and internal reflection focusing. The constraints imposed on the design of optical components by these considerations are discussed.