cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief report: Neurocognitive functioning in adolescents following childhood maltreatment and evidence for underlying planning & organizational deficits

Children and adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment are at risk for a host of psychiatric conditions, although the underlying neurocognitive functioning of these individuals remains largely understudied. This study examined the neurocognitive functioning of childhood maltreatment victims in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient setting. The sample consisted of adolescent inpatients (ages 13-19) that completed intellectual testing as part of a neuropsychological/psychological assessment during hospitalization (n = 39). The sample was grouped based on childhood maltreatment history with one group categorized by maltreatment history (n = 15) and the other group characterized by no maltreatment history (n = 24). Analyses revealed statistically significant differences (p < .01) between maltreatment groups on the majority of assessed domains. When controlling for intelligence, only performance differences on the RCFT remained. RCFT differences remained after controlling for the influence of visual-motor and visual-perceptual/visual-spatial functioning, highlighting the influence of organizational and planning difficulties in those individuals with maltreatment history. Group differences in the frequency of impaired performance for neuropsychological tasks were largest (p < .001) for FSIQ and RCFT. Compromised neurocognitive functioning may negatively contribute to the clinical presentation of this population, highlighting the importance of the child neuropsychologist in the effective treatment of children and adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Evaluation of risk-factor-based screening for thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity in pregnancy.

Objective To determine whether risk-factor-based screening for thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy performs well for detecting thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), a marker for autoimmune thyroid disease. Study design We prospectively evaluated pregnant women for thyroid dysfunction using The Endocrine Society's eleven screening questions. Serum was analysed for TPOAb. Result We enrolled 546 women. TPOAb positivity was higher in women with a personal (odds ratio (OR) = 8·0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·7-37·4; P = 0·02) or family history of thyroid disease (OR = 2·7; 95% CI = 1·3-5·7; P = 0·02). There was no association between the number of positive responses and TPOAb positivity (P = 0·41). Risk-factor-based screening missed 18 women (33%) with TPOAb. Conclusion One-third of women with TPOAb were missed by the case-finding method. A personal or family history of thyroid disease was most strongly associated with TPOAb positivity.
Differences in susceptibility to German cockroach frass and its associated proteases in induced allergic inflammation in mice

Background Cockroach exposure is a major risk factor for the development of asthma. Inhalation of fecal remnants (frass) is the likely sensitizing agent; however isolated frass has not been tested for its ability to induce experimental asthma in mice.
Profiling of gene expression changes caused by p53 gain-of-function mutant alleles in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND. Tumor suppressor p53 mutations are associated with the transition of prostate cancer to metastatic, hormone-refractory disease and stable expression of p53 gain-of-function (p53 GOF ) alleles support growth of LNCaP in androgen-depleted medium. In this study, we performed gene expression profiling of four LNCaP-p53 GOF sublines to test the hypothesis that different p53 GOF mutants mediated androgen independence via modulation of a common set of genes. METHODS. Expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix HG-U95Av2 arrays followed by hierarchical clustering to identify expression patterns associated with particular molecular alterations. p53 GOF -mediated regulation of Id-1 expression was validated by RT-PCR and dual-luciferase reporter assays. RNA interference was used to investigate the effects of Id-1 and Id-3 suppression. RESULTS. LNCaP-p53 GOF sublines possessed a molecular signature consisting of 95 differentially regulated genes that could be segregated into two clusters of transcripts induced (n=50) and repressed (n=45) by p53 GOF expression. To begin validating these genes as effectors of the p53 mutants, we evaluated one of the overexpressed genes, Id-1. RT-PCR confirmed the microarray results and revealed elevated Id-1 levels in LNCaP-p53-P151S (loss-of-function only mutant), thereby implicating p53 mutational inactivation, but not gain-of-function, as a basis for Id-1 deregulation. Reporter assays demonstrated enhanced Id-1 promoter activity in an LNCaP-p53 GOF subline. The contribution of Id-1 to p53 GOF -mediated biology was demonstrated by the ability of RNAi-mediated gene silencing to decrease both basal and androgen-independent proliferation. CONCLUSIONS. While different p53 GOF mutants result in overall distinct expression profiles, they share a common set of differentially-expressed genes that can be used to signify their presence and provide insight into mechanisms underlying androgen independence.
Train the Brain: Novel Electroencephalography Data Indicate Links between Motor Learning and Brain Adaptations

EEG differences were examined between part and whole practice in the learning of a novel motor task. Recording was done at 4 sites (i.e., O1, O2, C3, and C4) on 30 participants who performed a novel mirror star tracer task. Individuals were randomly assigned to 3 groups: whole practice, part practice, and control (no practice). Whole practice is defined as practicing a skill in its entirety. Part practice is defined as practicing separate, independent parts of the skill, and gradually combining those parts with parts that are dependent on one another. Each group was assessed during a pretest and posttest. EEG data was analyzed using a 2×2×2×3 (trials×hemisphere×site×practice) repeated measures mixed model ANOVA for each of the wave bands (lower alpha, upper alpha, lower beta, upper beta). All participants performed the task faster as no practice effect was found across the three groups; however the part practice group exhibited a significant decrease in errors. Reduced activation in the occipital and central sites was observed for lower alpha in the posttest compared to the pretest, for all participants. Hemispheric differences were present for all wavebands, with greater activation in the left hemisphere independent of practice type. The results of our study indicate that task learning was likely associated with the observed changes in the lower alpha waveband. Further, a concomitant behavior between the hemispheric lateralization of alpha and beta waveforms was observed. These results have implications for athlete training and rehabilitation. They indicate the utility of EEG for learning assessment in athletes. They also indicate learning strategies with a partial movement focus may be a beneficial strategy to support the development of complex sport skills training and rehabilitation strategies focused on reacquisition of skills prior to sport reintegration.
Reducing trace selection footprint for large-scale Java applications without performance loss

When optimizing large-scale applications, striking the balance between steady-state performance, start-up time, and code size has always been a grand challenge. While recent advances in trace compilation have significantly improved the steady-state performance of trace JITs for large-scale Java applications, the size control aspect of a trace compilation system remains largely overlooked. For instance, using the DaCapo 9.12 benchmarks, we observe that 40% of traces selected by a state-of-the-art trace selection algorithm are short-lived and, on average, each selected basic block is replicated 13 times in the trace cache.This paper studies the size control problem for a class of commonly used trace selection algorithms and proposes six techniques to reduce the footprint of trace selection without incurring any performance loss. The crux of our approach is to target redundancies in trace selection in the form of either short-lived traces or unnecessary trace duplication.Using one of the best performing selection algorithms as the baseline, we demonstrate that, on the DaCapo 9.12 benchmarks and DayTrader 2.0 on WebSphere Application Server 7.0, our techniques reduce the code size and compilation time by 69% and the start-up time by 43% while retaining the steady-state performance. On DayTrader 2.0, an example of large-scale application, our techniques also improve the steady-state performance by 10%.
High-speed quantum key distribution system supports one-time pad encryption of real-time video

NIST has developed a high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) test bed incorporating both free-space and fiber systems. These systems demonstrate a major increase in the attainable rate of QKD systems: over two orders of magnitude faster than other systems. NIST's approach to high-speed QKD is based on a synchronous model with hardware support. Practical one-time pad encryption requires high key generation rates since one bit of key is needed for each bit of data to be encrypted. A one-time pad encrypted surveillance video application was developed and serves as a demonstration of the speed, robustness and sustainability of the NIST QKD systems. We discuss our infrastructure, both hardware and software, its operation and performance along with our migration to quantum networks.
Ozone tolerance in snap bean is associated with elevated ascorbic acid in the leaf apoplast.

Ascorbic acid (AA) in the leaf apoplast has the potential to limit ozone injury by participating in reactions that detoxify ozone and reactive oxygen intermediates and thus prevent plasma membrane damage. Genotypes of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) were compared in controlled environments and in open-top field chambers to assess the relationship between extracellular AA content and ozone tolerance. Vacuum infiltration methods were employed to separate leaf AA into extracellular and intracellular fractions. For plants grown in controlled environments at low ozone concentration (4 nmol mol -1 ozone), leaf apoplast AA was significantly higher in tolerant genotypes (300-400 nmol g -1 FW) compared with sensitive genotypes (approximately 50 nmol g -1 FW), evidence that ozone tolerance is associated with elevated extracellular AA. For the open top chamber study, plants were grown in pots under charcoal-filtered air (CF) conditions and then either maintained under CF conditions (29 nmol mol -1 ozone) or exposed to elevated ozone (67 nmol mol -1 ozone). Following an 8-day treatment period, leaf apoplast AA was in the range of 100-190 nmol g -1 FW for all genotypes, but no relationship was observed between apoplast AA content and ozone tolerance. The contrasting results in the two studies demonstrated a potential limitation in the interpretation of extracellular AA data. Apoplast AA levels presumably reflect the steady-state condition between supply from the cytoplasm and utilization within the cell wall. The capacity to detoxify ozone in the extracellular space may be underestimated under elevated ozone conditions where the dynamics of AA supply and utilization are not adequately represented by a steady-state measurement.
A molecular genetic map and electrophoretic karyotype of the plant pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus sativus.

A molecular genetic map was constructed and an electrophoretic karyotype was resolved for Cochliobolus sativus, the causal agent of spot blotch of barley and wheat. The genetic map consists of 27 l...
Prediction of Schistosome Cercarial Shedding with a Physiological-Time Model

While making longitudinal observations on schistosome cercarial shedding, Pitchford and Visser found that there is an annual fluctuation in the minimum time for cercarial development, which is apparently related to temperature (1). Schistosome control strategy could be designed to take advantage of this fluctuation if it were predictable. Inspired by the successes of physiological time models ('heat-unit models') in predicting life-stage durations of various agricultural pests (2,3), we have developed a model of this type for the schistosomes. This model fits the data of Pitchford and Visser quite well. Coupled with recent temperature history and short term temperature forecast, it could be a useful tool for predicting the onset of cercarial shedding.
Secular trends in stroke incidence and mortality. The Framingham Study.

The reduction in US stroke mortality has been attributed to declining stroke incidence. However, evidence is accumulating of a trend in declining stroke severity.We examined secular trends in stroke incidence, prevalence, and fatality in Framingham Study subjects aged 55-64 years in three successive decades beginning in 1953, 1963, and 1973.No significant decline in overall stroke and transient ischemic attack incidence or prevalence occurred. In women, but not men, incidence of completed ischemic stroke declined significantly. Stroke severity, however, decreased significantly over time. Stroke with severe neurological deficit decreased in later decades, with a fall in rates of severe stroke cases in which patients were unconscious on admission to the hospital. There was no substantial change in the case mix of infarcts and hemorrhages and no decline in hemorrhage to account for the decline in severity. The proportion of isolated transient ischemic attacks increased significantly over the 30 years studied...
Dietary approaches to the treatment of obesity.

The growing incidence of obesity in the United States is due primarily to consumption of more energy (calories) than is expended. The basics of dietary therapy for obesity are straightforward. To lose weight, there must be an energy deficit so that intake is below expenditure. In affluent societies, in which there is an abundant supply of palatable, high-calorie foods, it may be difficult for individuals to limit caloric intake consistently to the level necessary for weight loss. Individuals may be willing to sacrifice their favorite foods or to cope with feeling hungry but only for a short period of time. The result of many weight-loss diets is that individuals lose some weight but fail to maintain the loss over the long term. This article considers the evidence from clinical trials and controlled laboratory-based studies on the effectiveness of various dietary strategies for weight loss and the maintenance of weight loss. Integral to this discussion is the consideration of how macronutrient composition affects food intake and hunger. Historically, dietary approaches for weight loss have focused on reducing energy intake or modifying the macronutrient composition of the diet. This article not only evaluates those approaches, but also proposes a new strategy for the treatment of obesity based on the energy density of food.
Cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis is essential for alternative activation of macrophages

Alternative (M2) activation of macrophages driven via the α-chain of the receptor for interleukin 4 (IL-4Rα) is important for immunity to parasites, wound healing, the prevention of atherosclerosis and metabolic homeostasis. M2 polarization is dependent on fatty acid oxidation (FAO), but the source of the fatty acids that support this metabolic program has not been clear. We found that the uptake of triacylglycerol substrates via the scavenger receptor CD36 and their subsequent lipolysis by lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) was important for the engagement of elevated oxidative phosphorylation, enhanced spare respiratory capacity (SRC), prolonged survival and expression of genes that together define M2 activation. Inhibition of lipolysis suppressed M2 activation during infection with a parasitic helminth and blocked protective responses to this pathogen. Our findings delineate a critical role for cell-intrinsic lysosomal lipolysis in M2 activation.
Competitive analysis of online real-time scheduling algorithms under hard energy constraint

In this paper, we undertake the competitive analysis of the online real-time scheduling problems under a given hard energy constraint. Specifically, we derive worst-case performance bounds that apply to any online algorithm, when compared to an optimal algorithm that has the knowledge of the input sequence in advance. First, by focusing on uniform value-density settings, we prove that no online algorithm can achieve a competitive factor greater than $1-\frac{e_{\max}}{E}$ , where e max? is the upper bound on the size of any job and E is the available energy budget. Then we propose a variant of EDF algorithm, EC-EDF, that is able to achieve this upper bound. We show that a priori information about the largest job size in the actual input sequence makes possible the design of a semi-online algorithm EC-EDF ? which achieves a constant competitive factor of 0.5. This turns out to be the best achievable competitive factor in these settings. In non-uniform value density settings, we derive an upper bound on the competitive factor achievable by any online algorithm, as well as the competitive factors of EC-EDF and EC-EDF ? algorithms. We also investigate the implications of having additional constraints on the online scheduling algorithm, including non-idling and non-preemptive execution constraints. Moreover, we analyze the case where the processor can adjust its speed at run-time through Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) capability.
Robust Stochastic Routing and Scheduling for Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

We discuss the design of robust protocols that despite poor knowledge about network connectivity achieve consistent performance. Optimal routes and schedules are obtained to (i) maximize a social network utility subject to a variance constraint; and (ii) minimize a variance cost subject to a minimum yield. Corresponding optimization problems are formulated and shown to be convex under mild conditions usually satisfied in practice. Protocols are obtained relying on dual decomposition algorithms that compute the solution of these optimization problems in a distributed manner. The resulting protocols yield utilities that come close to the prescribed requirement even when channel estimates are rough.
Selling to Corporate Marketing Intermediaries

Marketing of most products has today become a professional function drawing from a fast developing academic discipline. With the entry of the private corporate sector, agricultural marketing in India, traditionally a part of culture, is beginning to gain a professional character that brings it closer to high-paying consumers and incorporates the advances in information and other technologies that impact on the marketing process.
Infliximab may be effective in the treatment of steroid-resistant eosinophilic fasciitis: report of three cases.

Objective. EF is a rare fibrosing disorder that may involve skin and internal organs. Current therapies include moderate- to high-dose glucocorticoids with or without use of immunosuppressives. Methods. We report three cases of steroid-resistant EF in clinical practice who were treated with 3 mg/kg every 8 weeks infliximab therapy. Results. All patients noticed an improvement in their symptoms, joint contractures and skin thickening within 8 weeks of starting infliximab therapy, ultimately leading to a drug-free remission (range 1–3 years). Conclusion. Based on this and other reported cases, infliximab may be beneficial in patients with steroid-resistant EF.
Multi-UAV Simulator Utilizing X-Plane

This paper describes the development of a simulator for multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) utilizing the commercially available simulator X-Plane and Matlab. Coordinated control of unmanned systems is currently being researched for a wide range of applications, including search and rescue, convoy protection, and building clearing to name a few. Although coordination and control of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) has been a heavily researched area, the extension towards controlling multiple UAVs has seen minimal attention. This lack of development is due to numerous issues including the difficulty in realistically modeling and simulating multiple UAVs. This work attempts to overcome these limitations by creating an environment that can simultaneously simulate multiple air vehicles as well as provide state data and control input for the individual vehicles using a heavily developed and commercially available flight simulator (X-Plane). This framework will allow researchers to study multi-UAV control algorithms using realistic unmanned and manned aircraft models in real-world modeled environments. Validation of the system's ability is shown through the demonstration of formation control algorithms implemented on four UAV helicopters with formation and navigation controllers built in Matlab/Simulink.
A corpus analysis approach for automatic query expansion and its extension to multiple databases

Searching online text collections can be both rewarding and frustrating. While valuable information can be found, typically many irrelevant documents are also retrieved, while many relevant ones are missed. Terminology mismatches between the user's query and document contents are a main cause of retrieval failures. Expanding a user's query with related words can improve search performances, but finding and using related words is an open problem. This research uses corpus analysis techniques to automatically discover similar words directly from the contents of the databases which are not tagged with part-of-speech labels. Using these similarities, user queries are automatically expanded, resulting in conceptual retrieval rather than requiring exact word matches between queries and documents. We are able to achieve a 7.6% improvement for TREC 5 queries and up to a 28.5% improvement on the narrow-domain Cystic Fibrosis collection. This work has been extended to multidatabase collections where each subdatabase has a collection-specific similarity matrix associated with it. If the best matrix is selected, substantial search improvements are possible. Various techniques to select the appropriate matrix for a particular query are analyzed, and a 4.8% improvement in the results is validated.
MOLAR GESTATIONS AND HYDROPIC ABORTIONS DIFFERENTIATED BY p57 IMMUNOSTAINING

Classification of molar gestations into complete and partial and their differentiation from hydropic abortions traditionally are accomplished by morphology alone. The process sometimes may be inaccurate or inconclusive. With the availability of p57 immunostaining it may be possible to objectively classify these lesions. We used p57 for the differential diagnosis of hydropic abortions and molar gestations and correlated the findings with the clinical outcome of patients in each category. First, 86 cases were originally classified by histomorphology into hydropic abortion (42) and molar gestations (23 complete and 21partial). Based on the pattern of p57 staining the cases were reclassified into 45 hydropic abortions, 15 partial moles and 26 complete moles (3 cases with previous diagnosis of complete mole based on morphology were reclassified as hydropic abortion). Clinical follow-ups ranged from 6-24 months and showed persistent trophoblastic disease in 8 cases (31%) of complete moles and 3 cases (20%) of partial moles (p = 0.47). No hydropic abortion cases demonstrated persistent trophoblastic disease. One patient with partial mole developed choriocarcinoma. This study confirms that p57 objectively distinguishes hydropic abortions from molar gestations (partial and complete moles). This differentiation is clinically relevant since patients with hydropic abortions do not need to be followed while patients with molar gestations do.
Geomorphology, habitat, and spatial location influences on fish and macroinvertebrate communities in modified channels of an agriculturally-dominated watershed in Ohio, USA

Abstract We evaluated relationships between in-stream habitat, spatial distribution, and geomorphic features at 28 study sites within a predominantly agricultural watershed in Ohio. Objectives were to: (1) measure and compare the physical structure and biotic communities of highly modified drainage channels to those of minimally impacted channels, (2) identify significant environmental factors influencing fish and invertebrate assemblages in modified channels, and (3) relate them to biotic communities in a multivariate statistical model and then to compare fish species and macroinvertebrate taxa models to common multi-metric bioassessment index models. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and variance partitioning to relate environmental variables to fish and macroinvertebrate community attributes. Geomorphically, minimally impacted sites were statistically different than bench and trapezoidal sites. Bench sites were statistically different than trapezoidal sites in floodplain width and depth ratios indicating that bench formation provided some amount of attached floodplain for the inset channel and functioned more similar to how natural streams would function. Key ecological drivers for macroinvertebrate communities were stream size, gradient and connectivity to a floodplain. Key ecological drivers for fish communities were quality of in-stream habitat variables; however, stream size and connectivity to a floodplain also were important. Larger, perennial sites tended to support more aquatic biota and more diverse assemblages either as primary habitat or as conduits between higher quality upstream or downstream locations. The latter can be critical to sustaining biota in highly modified agricultural watersheds. In smaller systems, in-stream habitat was a limiting factor but, more importantly, they experienced smaller discharges and can become intermittent during dry months. We hypothesized that leaving vegetated benches in the agricultural ditch would improve local ecology, but our data do not support this hypothesis as measured benches were either intermittent or too small to be important fluvial features. In the agriculturally-dominated modified headwater systems studied, we hypothesize that the proximity to a nearby patch of high quality habitat might be the main driving factor.
Adenosquamous carcinoma of the small intestine. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Abstract Primary adenosquamous carcinomas of the intestine are rare tumors, particularly those occurring in the small bowel. We report the third case of an adenosquamous carcinoma of the ileum in a 55-year-old-man. Histologically, the tumor consisted of malignant glandular and squamous elements. A review of the literature is presented.
Consumable Electrode Melting of Reactive Metals

Consumable electrode melting of reactive metals was developed because conventional melting methods proved inadequate. Purification of these metals as a function of temperature and pressure is examined, and the problem of the resulting coarse grain size is considered.
Perioperative glucose control : does it really matter?

Perioperative management of the patient with diabetes presents unique challenges. The benefit of glycemic control must be balanced against the danger of hypoglycemia. Through a clear understanding of the hormonal and metabolic alterations that accompany surgery, as well as careful glucose monitoring, the diabetic can be safely and effectively managed during the perioperative period.
Analysis of the Long-Distance and Overnight Travel Tour Planning Process

For many households, long-distance and overnight travel (LDOT) requires considerably more planning and financial investment than everyday travel activities do. As LDOT occupies a larger portion of Americans’ total travel than it did in the past, it is necessary to better understand how planning for LDOT tours contributes to activity-based travel modeling. Existing studies suggest that factors associated with households, persons, and the tours themselves affect the complexity of planning for LDOT, but few studies have ever used data from a data set on the temporal process of planning for a tour over a long period of time. This study used data from a unique survey, the Longitudinal Survey of Overnight Travel, which collected information on planned and completed tours from 1,220 respondents over 1 year. This paper presents descriptive statistics and three statistical models that identify the factors that contribute to the complexity of LDOT tour planning, including the number of legs or stops on the tour, th...
Density functional energetics of α-quartz for calibration of SiO2 interatomic potentials

All-electron, Gaussian basis density functional theory (DFT) total energies for alpha-quartz were generated on a substantial grid of points for eventual use in a first-principles check of calibration of a widely used effective interionic potential for SiO2. Unlike a previous all-electron, Gaussian basis calculation, we do not find a weak double minimum with respect to cell volume. Rather there is a weak double minimum with respect to internal cell parameters that is at the margins of numerical precision and, hence, may only be the signal of a very flat potential surface. The results show typical dependence on the choice of approximate DFT functional and differ from experimental values enough that both aspects may be problematic for parametrization of potentials.
Plant polyploidy and pollination: Floral traits and insect visits to diploid and tetraploid Heuchera grossulariifolia

In many polyploid species, polyploids often have different suites of floral traits and different flowering times than their diploid progenitor species. We hypothesized that such differences in floral traits in polyploids may subsequently affect their interactions with pollinating and other insect visitors. We measured floral morphology and flowering phenology in 14 populations of diploid and autotetraploid Heuchera grossulariifolia Rydb. (Saxifragaceae), determined if repeated evolution of independent polyploid lineages resulted in differentiation in floral morphology among those lineages, and ascertained if there was a consistent pattern of differentiation among genetically similar diploid and autotetraploid populations. In addition, we evaluated the differences in suites of floral visitors within a natural community where diploids and autotetraploids occur sympatrically. Overall, flowers of autotetraploid plants were larger and shaped differently than those of diploids, had a different flowering phenology than that of diploids, and attracted different suites of floral visitors. In comparison with flowers of diploids, tetraploid floral morphology varied widely from pronounced differences between cytotypes in some populations to similar flower shapes and sizes between ploidal levels in other populations. Observations of floral visitors to diploids and autotetraploids in a natural sympatric population demonstrated that the cytotypes had different suites of floral visitors and six of the 15 common visitors preferentially visited one ploidy more frequently. Moreover, we also found that floral morphology differed among independent autotetraploid origins, but there was no consistent pattern of differentiation between genetically similar diploid and autotetraploid populations. Hence, the results suggest that the process of polyploidization creates the potential for attraction of different suites of floral visitors. Multiple origins of polyploidy also presents the opportunity for new or different plant-insect interactions among independent polyploid lineages. These differences in turn may affect patterns of gene flow between diploids and polyploids and also among plants of independent polyploid origin. Polyploidy, therefore, may result in a geographic mosaic of interspecific interactions across a species' range, contributing to diversification in both plant and insect groups.
Heterogeneous Chemistry of HO2NO2 in Liquid Sulfuric Acid

The interaction of HO2NO2 (peroxynitric acid, PNA) vapor with liquid sulfuric acid was investigated for acid contents ranging from 53 to 74 wt % and at temperatures between 205 and 230 K, using a fast-flow reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. PNA was observed to be physically taken up by liquid sulfuric acid, without undergoing irreversible aqueous-phase reactions. From the time-dependent uptake, the quantity H* (that is, the product of the effective Henry's law solubility constant and the square root of the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient) was obtained. The effective Henry's law solubility constant H* of PNA in liquid sulfuric acid was derived by estimating the liquid-phase diffusion coefficient based on a cubic cell model. In general, the solubility was found to increase with decreasing acid content and decreasing temperature. The heterogeneous reaction between PNA and HCl in liquid sulfuric acid was also examined and was found to be very slow (γ < 1 × 10-4). The measured solub...
Emerging use of Stem Cell Transplants for Systemic Sclerosis

Over the last 20 years stem cell transplant (SCT) has shown promising results in a variety of autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Of these conditions, systemic sclerosis (SSc) has garnered the most attention given the limited alternative options for advanced disease. Several early studies and now several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated improved skin, lung, and vascular outcomes. However complications associated with the immunoablating steps in the transplant process have led to cardiotoxicity, infections, and death in some transplant recipients. Growing efforts are being made to examine how to optimize the transplant process to improve safety but retain efficacy.
Label-free imaging of amyloids using their intrinsic linear and nonlinear optical properties

The optical properties of amyloid fibers are often distinct from those of the source protein in its non-fibrillar form. These differences can be utilized for label-free imaging or characterization of such structures, which is particularly important for understanding amyloid fiber related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. We demonstrate that two amyloid forming proteins, insulin and β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), show intrinsic fluorescence with emission spectra that are dependent on the excitation wavelength. Additionally, a new fluorescence peak at about 430 nm emerges for β-LG in its amyloid state. The shift in emission wavelength is related to the red edge excitation shift (REES), whereas the additional fluorescence peak is likely associated with charge delocalization along the fiber backbone. Furthermore, the spherulitic amyloid plaque-like superstructures formed from the respective proteins were imaged label-free with confocal fluorescence, multiphoton excitation fluorescence (MPEF), and second-harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. The latter two techniques in particular yield images with a high contrast between the amyloid fiber regions and the core of amorphously structured protein. Strong multiphoton absorption (MPA) for the amyloid fibers is a likely contributor to the observed contrast in the MPEF images. The crystalline fibrillar region provides even higher contrast in the SHG images, due to the inherently ordered non-centrosymmetric structure of the fibers together with their non-isotropic arrangement. Finally, we show that MPEF from the insulin spherulites exhibits a spectral dependence on the excitation wavelength. This behavior is consistent with the REES phenomenon, which we hypothesize is the origin of this observation. The presented results suggest that amyloid deposits can be identified and structurally characterized based on their intrinsic optical properties, which is important for probe-less and label-free identification and characterization of amyloid fibers in vitro and in complex biological samples.
A Good Heart Is Hard to Find: Even Early in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disease; yet, despite several decades of research, there is no specific disease-modifying therapy. Patients most often present with reduced exercise tolerance, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. The discovery of specific HCM-causing mutations, advances in molecular medicine, and improved diagnostic techniques have generated substantial interest in identifying new HCM-specific therapies and more importantly determining the optimal timing for initiation of such therapy. Research into mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms and complications in HCM has varied from genetics to molecular and cellular pathways. For some time, there has been burgeoning evidence that cardiac metabolism may play an important role in mediating the clinical consequences of HCM.1,2 See Article by Guclu et al Decreased efficiency in adenosine triphosphate utilization is a common feature of cardiomyocytes carrying diverse mutations. Crilley et al1 reported a decreased phosphocreatine-to-adenosine triphosphate in 7 HCM carriers without left ventricular hypertrophy by the use 31P spectroscopy, suggesting that a compromised energetic state may play a role in the early manifestation of hypertrophy. We previously demonstrated that myocardial phosphocreatine was significantly decreased by 24% in HCM patients with a β-myosin heavy chain mutation compared with controls; pseudo-first-order creatine kinase rate constant was 26% lower and the forward creatine kinase flux 44% lower in HCM.3 However, in this study, myocardial strain did not correlate with the metabolic indexes. Investigations of cardiac energetics have generally used magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Positron emission tomography (PET) introduces a new level for imaging cardiac pathophysiology using physiological tracers labeled with C-11, N-13, O-15, and F-18, which allow the synthesis of naturally occurring and biologically active compounds. Use of radiolabeled compounds allow for better in vivo quantification of specific biological processes. These PET techniques have unique advantages while investigating the role of cardiac …
Migration on Wings

Birds have been an object of human emotions, admiration, fascination, inspiration, and, of course, envy. Humans have always marveled at their ability to take to the skies and in some cases, seemingly effortlessly carry out seasonal migrations over unimaginably long distances. Birds are an engineer’s dream. Millions of years of evolution have perfected these flying machines. Their extremely light weight bone structure is essential to keeping them airborne. Their wings generate both thrust and lift, a feat that human-built flying contraptions had great difficulty imitating. They are not only ideally suited to flapping and in many cases soaring flight, but can be folded and stowed away into a compact package after the flight. Their flight muscles are adept at converting body fat directly into mechanical energy for flight. The eggs they use for propagation of their species are themselves an engineering marvel: extremely light weight but incredibly strong shell structures that enable the chicks inside to develop in safety. They are constructed such that they contain the nutrients necessary without leakage, yet permit diffusion of oxygen into the egg. Birds have also been the inspiration for human’s successful effort to build heavier-than-air flying machines that have revolutionized the way we travel. But by far, the most fascinating aspect of birds is their ability to migrate nonstop very long distances to their breeding grounds during summer, and to warmer regions during winter. Only recently have man-made jet planes been able to fly similarly long distances without refueling. This book is an effort to explore the technical aspects associated with bird flight and migration on wings. We will first explore the aerodynamics and energetics of long-range migration of birds. We will follow this up by examining the similarities between man-made and natural fliers, and the underlying universal scaling that yields the Great Flight Diagrams.
Comparison of projection and proximity printings--from UV to x ray

Projection and proximity printings are compared in terms of linewidth tolerance. Computer simulated exposure-defocus and gap-exposure diagrams are used to characterize the two techniques respectively. The depth of focus for projection printing in terms of the universal depth parameter k2 is evaluated as a function of the universal width parameter k1, for five long and short representative lithographic features, then three long features. Similarly, the depth of focus and working distance for proximity printing are evaluated for a O.25-jm system in x-ray and 2.5-,um system in uv and some preliminary comparison to experimental results is shown. The image contours and depth of focus of the two imaging techniques are compared. Proximity effects are present for both techniques. The distinction of working distance and depth of focus for proximity printing is observed for the first time. Against intuition, a shorter mask-to-wafer gap is not always better.
Tuning der problematischen SQL-Anweisungen

In diesem Kapitel sind einige praktische Ansatze des SQL-Tunings beschrieben, welche den Tuning-Prozess beschleunigen. Findet man einen akzeptablen Ausfuhrungsplan im Zuge des SQL-Tunings, ist es lediglich die Halfte der Problemlosung, weil man den verbesserten Ausfuhrungsplan noch umsetzen muss. Das kann auch problematisch sein, wenn keine Programmcodeanderungen moglich sind. In diesem Fall konnen versteckte (hidden) Hints behilflich sein, wenn die SQL-Anweisung mit Parametereinstellungen oder mit Hints getunt ist. Wenn man die SQL-Anweisung beim SQL-Tuning umschreibt, kann moglicherweise die Methode mit Hidden SQLs bei der Umsetzung dieser Losung ohne Programmcodeanderung helfen. Diese Methode ist zum Schlus dieses Kapitels beschrieben.
Measuring Burnout Among Psychiatry Clerkship Directors.

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of burnout among Psychiatry clerkship directors. Psychiatry clerkship directors were solicited via email to complete an electronic version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and the Respondent Information Form. Fifty-four out of 110 surveys (49%) were completed. Fourteen percent of respondents scored in the “high exhaustion” category, 21.6% scored in the “low professional efficacy” category, 20.4% scored in the “high cynicism” category, and 15.1% of respondents met threshold for at least two of the three categories. Those who scored in the “low professional efficacy” category reported higher levels of salary support for research, while those who scored in the “high cynicism” category reported lower levels of salary support at a trend level. Those who scored in the “high cynicism” category were younger. Approximately 14–22 percent of psychiatry clerkship directors reported some level of burnout depending on the subscale used. Future studies should aim to better identify those clerkship directors who are at greatest risk for becoming burned out by their educational role and to clarify the link between salary support for research, age, and burnout.
Equity-Minded Faculty Development: An Intersectional Identity-Conscious Community of Practice Model for Faculty Learning

Equity-minded institutional transformation requires robust faculty learning. Research has shown that the single most important factor in student success is faculty interaction. Positive, supportive, and empowering faculty interaction is particularly important to the success of female students, poor and working class students, and students of color, but most faculty are not prepared to offer the kind of support that has been shown to be most effective for marginalized students. If institutions are serious about equity and about transformation, then they are obligated to provide professional development that will support the learning necessary for faculty to fulfill these important roles and to support faculty financially or by buying their time to participate in it. An effective way to do this is to align such professional development with the urgent needs of the campus and their related campus-wide initiatives. This article describes a community of practice model of identity-conscious professional development that engages faculty in a scholarly approach to the science of learning and evidence-based teaching and curriculum development while at the same time insistently and consistently incorporating critical reflection on and exploration of how systems of power and oppression impact learning. We believe this faculty engagement is key to transforming our institution into a more equitable and inclusive learning environment for students and faculty alike.
Women and Leadership: Commitments to Nurturing, More-than-Human Worlds, and Fun

Many of the leadership practices frequently employed by women have greatly influenced mainstream outdoor learning environments (OLEs) and have been adopted as common practice. In general, women’s influence in the field of adventure programming and OLEs has brought greater congruency between ethical conduct towards participants and leaders of all genders and towards the environment, as well as recognition of the importance of healthy connections and spiritual relationships. This chapter explores how practitioners can ultimately increase participants’ learning opportunities by updating practices based on locus of control, challenge by choice, stress, co-regulation, tend and befriend, comfort zone, and familiar zone, resulting in and more fun into OLEs’ programming. The author relates experiences from the 1960s and 1970s of Outward Bound and Girl Scouts.
Stylistic Inversion In English: A Reconsideration

We argue that the phenomenon described and discussed in the literature as locative or stylistic inversion in English is actually a conflation of twoquite different constructions: on the one hand, light inversion (LI), inwhich the postverbal NP element can be phonologically and structurallyextremely simple, possibly consisting of a single name, and on the otherhand heavy inversion (HI), where the postverbal element is heavy in thesense of Heavy NP Shift.1 We present evidence that the preverbal PP in LI patterns with subjects but the PP in HI is a syntactic topic, usinga variety of tests which distinguish A-positions from Ā-positions.Other significant differences between HI and LI, such as the classesof verbs which support these two constructions respectively, and thedifferential behavior of HI and LI with respect to adverbial placement,provide support for interpreting HI as a case of Heavy NP Shiftapplying to subject constituents.
Improving adherence to treatment for hypertension.

The most effective strategy to improve patient compliance with antihypertensive medication is to simplify the dosing regimen. There is more limited evidence to support a variety of motivational strategies. Patient education alone is ineffective.
Phenolic Resin Adhesives

Phenolic resins have played an important role in industrial advancement for over 80 years. The term phenolic is applied to those materials formed during the condensation reaction between phenol or substituted phenols and formaldehyde. Although Adolph Baeyer1 first reacted phenol and an aldehyde in 1872 to produce a resinous material, and Arthur Smith was issued the first phenolic resin patent in 1899,2 it is Leo H. Baekeland who is considered the creator of the phenolic resin industry. He published a series of papers3, 4 beginning in 1905, and established the Bakelite Company in the U.S. in 1910. This eventually became a division of the Union Carbide Company in 1939.2 Over the years many scientists have helped make phenolic resin products an integral part of modern life.