cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel power amplifier module for quad-band wireless handset applications

This paper presents a novel power amplifier module (PAM) designed for GSM850MHz, GSM900MHz, DCS1800MHz and PCS1900MHz handset applications. The module combines an InGaP HBT GSM/DCS/PCS power amplifier IC, two integrated couplers, a dual-band logarithmic RF power detector/controller and some additional passive components. The logarithmic RF power detector was implemented in the module to accomplish linear-in-dB output power dependency. The module features closed loop automatic power control, fully integrated impedance matching at input and output ports with DC blocks and plastic encapsulated on a 10mm/spl times/10mm GTek substrate. The module offers higher accuracy of output power (Pout) control, smaller size, lower bill-of-materials and a shorter Pout calibration time to handset manufacturers. Compared with other conventional power amplifier modules in the market, due to higher accuracy our novel design significantly reduces the power consumption during normal operation. It is a very desirable RF PAM to handset designers because of its unique features. Our design makes it possible for the handset manufacturers to calibrate Pout at one or two points, with error as low as +/-0.3dB, thus reducing test time in mass production. Under a low single supply voltage of 3.2V, the PAM provides 35dBm output power, 55% PAE in GSM900 band and 33dBm and 50% PAE in DCS1800 band.
Academic achievement and behavioral health among Asian American and African American adolescents: testing the model minority and inferior minority assumptions

The present study tested the model minority and inferior minority assumptions by examining the relationship between academic performance and measures of behavioral health in a subsample of 3,008 (22 %) participants in a nationally representative, multicultural sample of 13,601 students in the 2001 Youth Risk Behavioral Survey, comparing Asian Americans (N = 408) and African Americans (N = 2,600). Specifically, the study examined associations of students' self-reported grades with suicide risk, substance abuse, and violent behaviors. The findings revealed that high academic performance is a protective factor against behavioral health problems for both ethnic groups. The results raise questions about the focus on high achievement among Asian Americans versus academic underachievement among African Americans. Implications for theory, research, training and practice in addressing the mental health implications of achievement behavior in Asian American and African American youth are discussed. Language: en
Wall Thickness and Radial Breathing Modes of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

We postulate that an equivalent continuum structure (ECS) of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is a hollow cylinder with mean radius and length equal to that of the SWCNT, and find the thickness of the ECS so that its mechanical response in free vibrations is the same as that of the SWCNT. That is, for mechanical deformations, the ECS is energetically equivalent to the SWCNT. We use MM3 potential to study axial, torsional, radial breathing and bending vibrations of several traction free-traction free SWCNTs of different helicities and diameters and compare them with the corresponding vibrational modes and frequencies of traction free-traction free ECSs obtained by using the three-dimensional linear elasticity theory and the finite element analysis (3D-FEA). The consideration of free ends eliminates the effects of boundary conditions and avoids resolving equivalence between boundary conditions in the analyses of SWCNTs and their ECSs. It is found that the wall thickness of the ECS (and hence of a SWCNT) is ∼1 A and Young's modulus of the material of the ECS (and hence. of the SWCNT) is ∼3.3 TPa. Both quantities are independent of the helicity and the diameter of the SWCNT. We also study radial breathing mode (RBM) vibrations with the molecular dynamics and the 3D-FEA simulations, and compare them with experimental findings. Accuracy in the assignment of spectral lines for RBMs in the Roman spectroscopy is discussed.
Prolonged Quadriceps Activity Following Imposed Hip Extension: A Neurophysiological Mechanism for Stiff-Knee Gait?

The biomechanical characteristics of stiff knee gait following neurological injury include decreased knee flexion velocity at toe-off, which may be due to exaggerated quadriceps activity. The neuromuscular mechanism underlying this abnormal activity is unclear, although hyperexcitable heteronymous reflexes may be a source of impaired coordination. The present study examines the contribution of reflex activity from hip flexors on knee extensors following stroke and its association with reduced swing-phase knee flexion during walking. Twelve individuals poststroke and six control subjects were positioned in supine on a Biodex dynamometer with the ankle and knee held in a static position. Isolated hip extension movements were imposed at 60, 90, and 120°/s through a 50° excursion to end-range hip extension. Reflexive responses of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) were quantified during and after the imposed hip rotation. Gait analysis was also performed for all subjects in the stroke group. In subjects with stroke, imposed hip extension evoked a brief reflexive response in the quadriceps, followed by a heightened level of sustained activity. The initial response was velocity dependent and was larger in the stroke group than in the control group. In contrast, the prolonged response was not velocity dependent, was significantly greater in the VL and RF in subjects with stroke, and, importantly, was correlated to decreased swing-phase knee flexion. Hyperexcitable heteronymous connections from hip flexors to knee extensors appear to elicit prolonged quadriceps activity and may contribute to altered swing-phase knee kinematics following stroke.
The Ku Protein Complex Interacts with YY1, Is Up-Regulated in Human Heart Failure, and Represses α Myosin Heavy-Chain Gene Expression

Human heart failure is accompanied by repression of genes such as alpha myosin heavy chain (alphaMyHC) and SERCA2A and the induction of fetal genes such as betaMyHC and atrial natriuretic factor. It seems likely that changes in MyHC isoforms contribute to the poor contractility seen in heart failure, because small changes in isoform composition can have a major effect on the contractility of cardiac myocytes and the heart. Our laboratory has recently shown that YY1 protein levels are increased in human heart failure and that YY1 represses the activity of the human alphaMyHC promoter. We have now identified a region of the alphaMyHC promoter that binds a factor whose expression is increased sixfold in failing human hearts. Through peptide mass spectrometry, we identified this binding activity to be a heterodimer of Ku70 and Ku80. Expression of Ku represses the human alphaMyHC promoter in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Moreover, overexpression of Ku70/80 decreases alphaMyHC mRNA expression and increases skeletal alpha-actin. Interestingly, YY1 interacts with Ku70 and Ku80 in HeLa cells. Together, YY1, Ku70, and Ku80 repress the alphaMyHC promoter to an extent that is greater than that with YY1 or Ku70/80 alone. Our results suggest that Ku is an important factor in the repression of the human alphaMyHC promoter during heart failure.
Posterolateral Mini-incision Total Hip Arthroplasty

The posterior approach to the hip was first popularized by Von Langenbeck in the 1870s and later modified by Moore,1 Gibson,2 and Marcy.3 All of these modifications included release of the posterior soft tissue sleeve posterior to the gluteus medius and minimus muscles. They varied with respect to the precise location of skin incision and the exact description of the soft tissue exposure. All resulted in a posterior dislocation of the femoral head in relationship to the acetabulum.
Evidence for a novel set of small heat-shock proteins that associates with the mitochondria of murine PC12 cells and protects NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase from heat and oxidative stress.

Several previously unreported small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) were detected in mitochondria from heat-stressed rat PC12 cells, but not in unstressed controls. Functional inactivation of the mitochondrial sHsps with murine Hsp25 antibody indicated that these sHsps protect NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase and NADH dehydrogenase activity (i.e., complex I) in submitochondrial vesicles during heat and oxidative stress. These results (i) confirm the existence of multiple sHsps in mammals and indicate that several of these sHsps associate with the mitochondria, (ii) indicate a conserved function between plant and mammalian mitochondrial sHsps in protecting electron transport during stress, and (iii) suggest that these sHsps may play an important role in diseases whose etiology is based upon oxidative damage of complex I.
China's agenda building and image polishing in the US: Assessing an international public relations campaign

Abstract A content analysis with an interrupted time-series design assessed the impact of an international public relations campaign launched by the Chinese government in the United States. The extent and nature of coverage of China in major US newspapers, particularly the New York Times , during and after the campaign suggest that the press appeared to have been affected by the campaign. This study explored a rarely tapped domain of public relations research, international public relations by state governments, and added to the literature of effectiveness evaluation of public relations and its methods.
The Life-Course Trajectory toward Living Alone Racial Differences

Objectives: Dramatic increases in living alone in late life have been associated with higher incomes and better health, obscuring the risk to subgroups living alone with diminished health and socio...
Optimization approaches to dynamic routing of measurements and models in a sensor network object tracking problem

Inter-sensor communication often comprises a significant portion of energy expenditures in a sensor network as compared to sensing and computation. We discuss an integrated approach to dynamically routing measurements and models in a sensor network. Specifically, we examine the problem of tracking objects within a region wherein the responsibility for combining measurements and updating a posterior state distribution is assigned to a single sensor at any given time step. The so called leader node may change over time. Sensor nodes communicate for two reasons: firstly, measurements of target state are transmitted from sensors to the current leader node for incorporation into the state estimate model; secondly, the state model is transmitted between sensors when the leader node changes. The trade-off between these two types of communication is of primary importance to dynamic selection of the leader node. We propose an algorithm based on a dynamic programming roll-out formulation of the minimum cost problem. We obtain a cost function which can be efficiently minimized by simplifying the problem to that of an open loop feedback controller which is an upper bound to the optimal cost. We present empirical results which compare methods previously proposed in the literature to the algorithm presented here.
GPR40 Modulators: New Kid on the Block

Impairments in insulin secretion and action are the pathophysiological hallmarks of type 2 diabetes (1,2). Pharmacological approaches to restore β-cell function have led to the use of insulin secretagogues that include sulphonylureas, glinides, and glucagon-like peptide-1–based therapies. Of these, the latter hold particular clinical advantage because glucagon-like peptide-1–modulated insulin secretion is glucose dependent (3,4), thereby minimizing the risk for hypoglycemia—the bane of clinicians managing diabetes across the world. Fatty acids have long been known (5) to modulate human β-cell function. While acutely fatty acids amplify glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, chronic elevation of free fatty acid (FFA) levels has been thought to inhibit insulin secretion through the phenomenon of “lipotoxicity” (6,7). The cellular/molecular intermediates that are involved in this complex modulation, elegantly summarized in ref. 5, include malonyl CoA/long-chain acyl-CoA, triglyceride/FFA cycling through diacylglycerol, G-protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and phospholipase A2. G-protein–coupled receptors have recently emerged as novel therapeutic targets because they appear to be closely involved in the pathology of various metabolic disorders including obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes (8). Since the seminal article (9) in 2003 about the role of GPR40 (also known as FFA1R: free fatty acid 1 receptor) in long-chain fatty acid–mediated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rodent and human β-cells, there have been over 60 publications investigating the properties and modulators of this receptor as yet another potential therapeutic approach for the management of type 2 diabetes. GPR40 is expressed most abundantly in humans in pancreatic β-cells …
Biofuels: good science must precede good policy

ILUC analysis does not meet standards of scientific significance yet. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
On the Applicability of Compressive Sampling in Fine Grained Processor Performance Monitoring

Real-time performance analysis of processor behaviourrequires the efficient gathering of micro-architecturalinformation from processor cores. Such information can beexpected to be highly structured allowing it to be compressed, but the computational burden of conventional compression techniques exclude their use in this environment. We consider the use of new mathematical techniques that allow a signal to be compressed and recovered from a relatively small number of samples. These techniques, collectively termed Compressive Sampling,are asymmetric in that compression is simple, but recovery is complex. This makes them appropriate for applications in which the simplicity of the sensor can be offset against complexity at the ultimate recipient of the sensed information. We evaluate the practicality of using such techniques in the transfer of signals representing one or more micro-architectural counters from a processor core. We show that compressive sampling is usable to recover such performance signals, evaluating the trade-off between efficiency, accuracy and practicability within its variousvariants.
ORF3 Protein of Hepatitis E Virus Is Not Required for Replication, Virion Assembly, or Infection of Hepatoma Cells In Vitro

A subclone of Huh-7 cells that could be relatively efficiently transfected and infected with hepatitis E virus was identified. Following transfection, infectious virus was produced but remained predominantly cell associated. Intracellular virus, recovered by lysis of transfected cells, infected naive cells. This in vitro-produced virus appeared to be antigenically identical to virus isolated from clinical samples. Lysates from cells transfected with mutant viral genomes unable to synthesize ORF3 protein contained infectious virions that were similar in number, thermostability, and sedimentation characteristics to those in lysates transfected with wild-type viral genomes. Therefore, in contrast to its requirement in vivo, ORF3 protein is not required for infection of Huh-7 cells or production of infectious virus in vitro.
Detection of Intracardiac Right to Left Shunting by Echocardiography

The clinical diagnosis of minimal cyanosis in the pediatric patient is often difficult. A simplified technique for identifying intracardiac right to left shunting would be of great value. In previous studies, intracardiac injections have been used to produce ultrasonic reflections (UR) which outline cardiac structures and intracardiac flow patterns. In this study peripheral vein injections (PVI) were used as a modified technique to produce UR. The UR were followed echocardiographically to detect intracardiac right to left shunts.
Preventive Medicine Training The Case for Integrating Integrative Medicine

This special issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine is devoted to preventive medicine residency program curricular innovations in the area of integrative medicine, implemented in the context of a Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) grant. Funds were awarded competitively to one coordinating center and a group of participating centers. The American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) received funding as the coordinating center and established the Integrative Medicine in Preventive Medicine Education program. A dozen preventive medicine residency programs were funded as participants. Project funds were made available through a Funding Opportunity Announcement by HRSA in 2012, inviting applicants to compete for the awards. The Announcement followed an extended period of discussion involving the ACPM, among others, about the need for just such an effort with both HRSA, and interested members of Congress, notably then Senator TomHarkin (D-Iowa). The case made was fairly straightforward. Preventive medicine residents are trained to prevent disease and promote health. Integrative medicine places a considerable emphasis on these same goals, on holistic models of care to facilitate them, and on lifestyle practices. The readership of this journal reliably requires no clarifying definition of preventive medicine. Integrative medicine may be rather less familiar, however. There are competing definitions in this area, and perennial dissatisfaction with the relevant nomenclature. Within the context of the project chronicled in this supplement, the operational definition of integrative medicine was informed by those of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly, IOM), the Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine and Health (formerly, The Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine), and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (formerly, the
A REVIEW OF "EXISTENCE AND OPTIMALITY OF COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIA" BY C. D. ALIPRANTIS, D. J. BROWN, AND O. BURKINSHAW*

The theory of general economic equilibrium is surely one of the central achievements of modern economics. Although economists hold a wide range of views about the theory's usefulness as a guide to understanding or ameliorating the behavior of actual economies, its theorems and results concerning the efficiencY'of price-taking be­ havior in appropriately decentralized economic environments will no doubt continue to plague, perplex, or perhaps delight graduate stu­ dents for years to come. General equilibr ium theory (GET) had its beginnings in the late nineteenth century in the work of L. Walras and F.Y. Edgeworth. It began to flower in the 1950's, with significant work done by K. Arrow, G. Debreu, and L. MacKenzie, among others. This body of work is perhaps most concisely articulated in Debreu's (1959 ) Theory of Value, which lays out theoretical results on the existence and effi­ ciency of competitive equilibria in particular environments as well as a general framework for future research. In this framework, economies are represented by mathematical objects independently susceptible to rigorous formal mathematical analysis. Thus, the means of analysis and the interpretation of analytical results are conceptually distinct, which has the benefit of allowing researchers to express and commu­ nicate their results in an unambiguous and widely understandable language, that of mathematics. A related cost is that these research results can appear intimidating at best, and arbitrary and misleading at worst, to the mathematically unsophisticated.
Physical and hydraulic properties of a sandy loam soil under zero, shallow and deep tillage practices

Abstract The effect of tillage depth on physical properties in sandy soils under sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.) is not well understood and documented. A 4-yr study was conducted to investigate the effect of zero tillage (ZT), shallow tillage (ST), and deep tillage (DT) practices on soil bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), and moisture content (MC) in a sandy loam. Undisturbed soil cores were collected at 0- to 10, 10- to 20, 20- to 30, and 30- to 40 cm depths to measure BD and MC under each tillage practice. Soil Ks for the surface and subsurface layers were measured using a single head pressure ring infiltrometer and a constant head well permeameter, respectively. Soil BD was not significantly influenced by tillage in the 0- to 10, 10- to 20, 20- to 30, and 30- to 40 cm layers when averaged for four years. When averaged across the 0- to 40 cm depth, soil BD did not differ significantly among three tillages in 2008, 2009 and 2010; however, BD was significantly lower in DT (1.50 Mg m −3 ) than in ZT (1.61 Mg m −3 ) and ST (1.59 Mg m −3 ) in 2011. Soil BD averaged over all years and layers resulted in nonsignificant differences among three tillage practices. Soil Ks did not differ significantly among three tillage practices in 2008, 2009, and 2011 for the 0- to 40 cm depth. Similarly, soil Ks averaged across four years and four layers was not affected by tillage. In 2010, Ks was significantly greater in ST (27.60 mm h −1 ) than in ZT (17.21 mm h −1 ) and DT (12.46 mm h −1 ). Soil MC was not significantly influenced by tillage in any of the four depths when averaged across four years and when also averaged across four depths for each year. Across four years and four depths, averaged MC was not influenced by tillage. Large variations in Ks among ZT, ST and DT were likely caused by soil variability among replications within each tillage treatment. We concluded that tillage did not significantly affect BD, Ks and soil MC most likely due to the unchanging total porosity in sandy loam soil regardless of tillage type.
Brand Equity Development in College Football

While the marketing literature contains a substantial body of research focused on the benefits of strong brands, there is less research focused on the processes by which strong brands are created. In this research, the authors focus on the development of brand equity in the realm of college football. This non-traditional branding application provides an opportunity to study brand equity formation because data is available both on performance and consumer demand over time. College football is also of interest because of its cultural importance, and because organizational elements such as conference affiliations and the Bowl Championship Series may influence schools’ brand building investments. The authors investigate the influence of brand equity and customer base on investments in college football programs using a structural dynamic programming model. It is found that brand equity is primarily created through participation in BCS bowls. Notably, the authors find that after controlling for level of investment, small conference schools actually have preferred access to major bowl games.
A Process for Systems of Systems Architecting

The use of architectures for the design, development, and documentation of system-ofsystems engineering has become a common practice in recent years. This practice became mandatory in the defense industry in 2004 when the Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) Promulgation Memo mandated that all Department of Defense (DoD) architectures must be DoDAF compliant. Despite this mandate, there has been significant confusion and a lack of consistency in the creation and the use of the architecture products. Products are typically created as static documents that are difficult to change and do not sufficiently support engineering design activities and decision making. This research proposes and demonstrates a structured process for developing DoDAF products and then using these products as an input to modeling and simulation in support of early-phase acquisition decision making.
Adrenal medullary stimulating action of tetraethylammonium.

SummaryThe injection of .25 to 4 mg of TEA into the blood supplying the adrenal gland of cats with restricted circulation caused definite pressor effects and contraction of the nictitating membrane. The same amounts injected into the jugular vein were without effect. Since adrenalectomy or administration of adrenergic blocking agents abolished the responses, it is concluded that the effects observed were probably due to epinephrine and/or nor-epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla. It is suggested that this simulated nicotinic action is responsible for the pressor effects of TEA that are observed in man and animals under the conditions discussed.
Summer Behavior of a Family of Beavers in New York State

From June 16 to September 14, 1947, I studied the behavior of a family of beavers (Castor canadensis) at the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, Rensselaerville, New York. An adult male and female, two yearlings, and three kits constituted the family. Their lodge was on the shore of a ten-acre pond surrounded by hemlock forest, deciduous wood, and grassy fields. No other beavers lived within a mile. It was hoped that a record of the habits of this family might serve for comparison with the activities and social relations of other individuals living under different environmental conditions, as well as contribute to the long-time study of ecological changes on the Preserve. In 1931 the Preserve was founded to fulfill the late Mr. Huyck's wish that his land be held in trust for the greatest number of people who could enjoy it without spoiling its natural beauty. As stated in the certificate of incorporation, its objectives are to protect the natural beauty and the wildlife of the area and to increase knowledge and love of nature. In 1939 these objectives were furthered by the establishment of a biological research station. During my one summer's stay as a research fellow I tried to observe the beavers whenever they were active and visible, and daily I examined their lodges, dams, trails, and feeding areas. About 250 hours were spent in observation of the animals. Eastern Standard Time was used. This summary of the record was prepared at the University of California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. I wish to thank Drs. Seth B. Benson and Jean M. Linsdale for their advice and assistance. Dr. W. J. Hamilton, Jr., who is chairman of the scientific advisory committee of the Preserve, made helpful suggestions. The Preserve is about twenty-seven miles southwest of Albany on the Helderberg plateau, a rolling land of low hills and shallow valleys. To the south are the Catskill mountains. To the north and east, fronted by the bold escarpment of the Helderbergs, is the plain of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers. Extensive farming in the past depleted the thin soil of the Helderbergs, and today the Preserve is an instructive example of deserted farmland reverting to seminatural conditions. It has a few stands of fairly mature second growth forest. The original beavers of the Helderbergs were exterminated (Radford, 1907). Recently, though, the New York State Conservation Department introduced stock that may be a mixture of the Canadian and western races (Johnson, 1922, 1927). No animals were released on Huyck lands, and none had moved in by the time W. J. Hamilton, Jr., completed a biological survey of the area in 1937. They first appeared in October of 1939, when E. P. Odum found cuttings on Lincoln Pond. And it was there that the one family of the summer of 1947 lived. Because Lincoln Pond (Fig. 1) is held by a stone dam, the animals do not have to maintain one of their own. The average depth of the pond is five feet with eleven feet the maximum. In the spring and early summer a torrent of water 40 Vol. 31, No. i
A New Doubly Curved Reflector Antenna

A new doubly curved reflector antenna with a simple method for design is presented. Results are also presented. Results show that part of reflector of this new antenna of lower illumination level has focal effects in vertical plane and the gain of the reflecting beam of this part is higher. The analytic expression of the new doubly curved reflector and the focal effects in vertical plane of the part of lower vertical-plane illumination level (from -3.39dB to -21.97dB) of the doubly curved reflector are also given in this paper.
The senescence of the immune system.

Age-correlated enhancement of susceptibility to infections and to autoimmune diseases suggests the possibility that the programmed decline in physiologic competence, which we know as aging, may be ...
Empirical and Intelligible Character in the Critique of Pure Reason

Kant’s conception of free agency has been much criticized and little understood. Since one of the basic criticisms is that it is incoherent, this combination is quite understandable. At the heart of the problem lies the connection between free agency and some of the more problematic and mysterious aspects of transcendental idealism. This connection leads to a familiar dilemma from which there seems to be no escape: either freedom is located in some timeless noumenal realm, in which case it is perhaps conceivable but also irrelevant to the understanding of human agency, or, alternatively, the exercise of free agency is thought to make a difference in the spatio-temporal world in which we live and act, in which case it comes into an irreconcilable conflict with the “causality of nature.”1
Variation in the Incidence and Magnitude of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Systematic Review

Importance The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a favorable prognostic factor in breast cancer, and TILs may synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for improved clinical response. A more detailed understanding of the variation in lymphocytic infiltration in breast cancer may aid in identifying subtypes more amenable to immunomodulation. Objective To determine the median percentage of patients with breast cancer with no, intermediate, or high levels of TIL and assess variations in lymphocytic cell subsets across breast cancer subtypes. Evidence Review Eligible studies (PubMed, 1990-2015) analyzed tumor lymphocytic, CD8 + , and FOXP3 + cellular infiltrates, and used multivariable analyses and quantitative methods for enumerating cell populations. Selection of of studies was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and evaluated by 2 independent appraisers. Findings Fifteen studies (n = 13 914) met prespecified criteria and were reviewed in December 2015. A median of 11% (range, 5%-26%) of breast cancers demonstrate lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC), with approximately 16% of cancers showing no evidence of TILs. Triple-negative (TN) breast cancers demonstrated the highest incidence of LPBC (20%; range, 4%-37%). This incidence is similar to that of breast cancers that are human epidermal growth factor 2 positive and either hormone receptor positive or negative (HER2 + ) at 16% (range 11%-24%). Hormone receptor positive/HER2 − (HR + ) breast cancer showed the lowest incidence of LPBC at 6% (range, 3%-12%). CD8 + T-cell infiltrates, indicative of type I immunity, were found in 48% of all breast cancers (range, 32%-80%) with similar levels observed in TN (60%; range, 40%-91%) and HER2 + disease (61%; range, 40%-83%). Fewer HR + tumors demonstrated CD8 + TIL (43%; range, 30%-73%). The highest levels of FOXP3 + cells were observed in TN (70%; range, 65%-76%) and HER2 + disease (67%; range, 61%-74%). A minority of HR + breast cancers demonstrated high levels of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3 + cells (38%; range, 35%-41%). Conclusions and Relevance The magnitude of TIL is variable within and between breast cancer subtypes. Levels of lymphocytic subpopulations may identify breast cancers more amenable to immunomodulation and indicate additional strategies to enhance immunity in patients with low to moderate levels of TILs.
Golden Eagle Territories and Ecology at Site 300

Garcia and Associates (GANDA) was contracted by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to collect information on golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) use of Site 300. During 2014, we conducted surveys at Site 300 and for an area including a 10-mile radius of Site 300. Those surveys documented 42 golden eagle territories including two territories that overlapped with Site 300. These were named ‘Tesla’ and ‘Linac Road’. In 2015, we conducted surveys to refine the territory boundaries of golden eagle territories that overlapped with Site 300 and to document eagle activity at Site 300.
Preverbal Infants Infer Third‐Party Social Relationships Based on Language

Language provides rich social information about its speakers. For instance, adults and children make inferences about a speaker's social identity, geographic origins, and group membership based on her language and accent. Although infants prefer speakers of familiar languages (Kinzler, Dupoux, & Spelke, 2007), little is known about the developmental origins of humans' sensitivity to language as marker of social identity. We investigated whether 9-month-olds use the language a person speaks as an indicator of that person's likely social relationships. Infants were familiarized with videos of two people who spoke the same or different languages, and then viewed test videos of those two individuals affiliating or disengaging. Results suggest that infants expected two people who spoke the same language to be more likely to affiliate than two people who spoke different languages. Thus, infants view language as a meaningful social marker and use language to make inferences about third-party social relationships.
The Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior of Wild White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar)

Torso-orthograde (TO)-positional behavior is a unifying characteristic of extant hominoids. Previous studies have highlighted the unique use of forelimb-suspensory dominated locomotion and posture among hylobatids, a tremendously successful radiation of small hominoid primates, often neglecting the importance of other TO-positional behaviors, causing hylobatid locomotion and posture to appear more stereotypic and less versatile, relative to the closely related large-bodied nonhuman hominids (great apes). However, early and recent studies of hylobatid positional behavior have lacked the categorical detail necessary to effectively analyze and compare their TO-diversity and contextual use of TO-positional behaviors to those of other primates and in particular the large-bodied nonhuman hominids. To address the deficit of knowledge of the complete positional repertoire of hylobatids, we observed in detail the positional behavior of a large sample of adult white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar) at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We evaluated the TO-positional repertoire of 24 adult gibbons (11 females and 13 males), and the contextual use of their TO-positional repertoire. Our results indicate that lar gibbons possess and use a diverse TO-positional repertoire that is comparable to that of large-bodied hominids. A collective and flexible use of TO-locomotion and -posture allows lar gibbons to maximize their exploitation of the arboreal canopy. We argue that hylobatids unique suspensory locomotion and posture coupled with a previously undocumented TO-versatility more accurately reflect the pattern of positional behaviors responsible for the small apes’ successful radiation and subsequent diversification across all of South and Southeast Asia’s forest habitats.
Fine Needle Aspiration of Lung Lesion

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for fine needle aspiration (FNA) of lung lesion procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications, and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
FAK deletion accelerates liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration is essential to improve the survival rate of patients after surgical resection of large amounts of liver tissue. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates different cellular functions, including cell survival, proliferation and cell migration. The role of FAK in liver regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we found that Fak is activated and induced during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx). We used mice with liver-specific deletion of Fak and investigated the role of Fak in liver regeneration in 2/3 PHx model (removal of 2/3 of the liver). We found that specific deletion of Fak accelerates liver regeneration. Fak deletion enhances hepatocyte proliferation prior to day 3 post-PHx but attenuates hepatocyte proliferation 3 days after PHx. Moreover, we demonstrated that the deletion of Fak in liver transiently increases EGFR activation by regulating the TNFα/HB-EGF axis during liver regeneration. Furthermore, we found more apoptosis in Fak-deficient mouse livers compared to WT mouse livers after PHx. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Fak is involved in the process of liver regeneration, and inhibition of FAK may be a promising strategy to accelerate liver regeneration in recipients after liver transplantation.
Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system

The subterranean world hosts up to one-fifth of all biomass, including microbial communities that drive transformations central to Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. However, little is known about how complex microbial communities in such environments are structured, and how inter-organism interactions shape ecosystem function. Here we apply terabase-scale cultivation-independent metagenomics to aquifer sediments and groundwater, and reconstruct 2,540 draft-quality, near-complete and complete strain-resolved genomes that represent the majority of known bacterial phyla as well as 47 newly discovered phylum-level lineages. Metabolic analyses spanning this vast phylogenetic diversity and representing up to 36% of organisms detected in the system are used to document the distribution of pathways in coexisting organisms. Consistent with prior findings indicating metabolic handoffs in simple consortia, we find that few organisms within the community can conduct multiple sequential redox transformations. As environmental conditions change, different assemblages of organisms are selected for, altering linkages among the major biogeochemical cycles. Microorganisms from the terrestrial subsurface are understudied. Here, Anantharamanet al. analyse aquifer sediments and groundwater by genome-resolved metagenomics and reconstruct 2,540 genomes representing the majority of known bacterial phyla as well as 47 new phylum-level lineages.
Polymers for asphaltene dispersion: Interaction mechanisms and molecular design considerations

Abstract The prevention of asphaltene self-assembly is a technical challenge of broad scope since asphaltene aggregates can precipitate and cause fouling in production facilities, pipelines and refineries. Although polymeric dispersants are often used as flow improvers and offer great promise for affordable and effective prevention of deposition, the mechanism by which they affect aggregation is relatively understudied. In order to clarify the nature of interactions between polymers and asphaltenes in aliphatic solvents, systematic molecular dynamics simulations were employed to test several organic polymer structures that were reported to be effective in previous experimental studies. Bulk phase simulations with model asphaltenes with different functional groups revealed that several particular structural attributes are effective for maintaining asphaltene dispersity while preventing full aggregation. A specific polymer was determined to be most effective due to its unique capability to occupy the active stacking sites of asphaltene aggregates (i.e. aromatic cores), thereby preventing further π–π stacking of asphaltenes. In addition, the favored polymer was shown to possess superior solubility in aliphatic solvents and exhibit less chain collapse when compared to the other structures tested. Several suggestions are presented to provide insight to the design of more effective polymeric flow improvers.
Medical Consequences of Unhealthy Alcohol

Alcohol consumption may increase the risk of causing a myriad of medical and mental health conditions and contributing to the morbidity of these conditions. Risky alcohol use (consumption amounts that place a person at risk for health consequences) may also complicate medical treatment by reducing adherence to medication and attention to treatment plans. Unhealthy behaviors, including unprotected sex, illicit drug use, drinking while driving, often occur with alcohol consumption and additionally contribute to medical diseases and trauma. Furthermore, co-existing health conditions, use of tobacco and other abused substances, and genetic and environmental factors can also influence development of specific disease in alcohol users. Alcohol use is the third leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
Finite Difference Time Domain: A Case Study Using FPGAs

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a reconfigurable hardware accelerator that implements the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. It presents the background, including applications of the FDTD method, and provides the analysis and design details of the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) accelerator for FDTD. Implementing the FDTD algorithm in hardware greatly increases its computational speed. The speedup is due to three major factors: fixed-point representation, custom memory interface design, and pipelining and parallelism. FDTD is a data-intense algorithm; the bottleneck of the hardware design is its memory interface. With the limited bandwidth between the FPGA and data memories, a carefully designed custom memory interface allows for full utilization of the memory bandwidth and greatly improves performance. The FDTD algorithm is also a computationally intense algorithm; by considering the tradeoffs between resources and performance, one has to implement as much pipelining and parallelism as possible to speed up the design. The FDTD algorithm is also a cellular automata, sharing a similar algorithmic structure with many other CA problems. The hardware design techniques and memory interface architecture presented in this chapter can be applied to a wide range of other CA problems to achieve speedup on an FPGA and to provide fast, small, low-power, and inexpensive implementations.
Movies, Insects in

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates the role of insects in movies and other media. The ubiquity of insects and the frequency of their interactions with humans virtually ensure that they will feature prominently in cultural contexts. Throughout history, insects have conspicuously appeared in a range of visual media, including painting, sculpture, printing, and engraving. Thus, with the advent of film in the late-19th century, insects were depicted in some of the earliest efforts; since then, they have made appearances in virtually every form of this modern medium. As the 21st century begins, insect images are common in film and television, and their role in cinema is firmly established. In fact, their impact on culture has been so pronounced that references to insect movies even serve on occasion as punch lines in jokes and cartoons, and the expressions “big bug film” and “insect fear film” are widely recognized. With the continuing development of computer-generated imaging (CGI) and the explosion of such outlets for films as cable stations, satellite television, DVD, and video markets, the future of insects and other arthropods in the movies looks secured. Arthropods will certainly continue to be objects of distaste and unease for audiences throughout the world and so will remain staples of horror films and sci-fi adventures. Moreover, CGI and developments in macrophotography ensure that insect images on screen will become increasingly sophisticated, although scriptwriting will doubtless remain as resolutely unrealistic as it has since the earliest days of insects in cinema.
Association of Cold Ischemia Time With Acute Renal Transplant Rejection.

BackgroundKidney transplantation holds much promise as a treatment of choice for patients with end-stage kidney disease. The impact of cold ischemia time (CIT) on acute renal transplant rejection (ARTR) remains to be fully studied in a large cohort of renal transplant patients.MethodsFrom the Organ
Emulation-Instrumented Fuzz Testing of 4G/LTE Android Mobile Devices Guided by Reinforcement Learning

The proliferation of 4G/LTE (Long Term Evolution)-capable mobile devices calls for new techniques and tools for assessing their vulnerabilities effectively and efficiently. Existing methods require significant human efforts, such as manual examination of LTE protocol specifications or manual analysis of LTE network traffic, to identify potential vulnerabilities. In this work, we investigate the possibility of automating vulnerability assessment of 4G/LTE mobile devices based on AI (Artificial Intelligence) techniques. Towards this end, we develop LEFT (LTE-Oriented Emulation-Instrumented Fuzzing Testbed), which perturbs the behavior of LTE network modules to elicit vulnerable internal states of mobile devices under test. To balance exploration and exploitation, LEFT uses reinforcement learning to guide behavior perturbation in an instrumented LTE network emulator. We have implemented LEFT in a laboratory environment to fuzz two key LTE protocols and used it to assess the vulnerabilities of four COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) Android mobile phones. The experimental results have shown that LEFT can evaluate the security of 4G/LTE-capable mobile devices automatically and effectively.
Renal Adiposity Does not Preclude Quantitative Assessment of Renal Function Using Dual-Energy Multidetector CT in Mildly Obese Human Subjects.

Rationale and Objectives Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is useful for measuring in the research setting single-kidney perfusion and function using iodinated contrast time-attenuation curves. Obesity promotes deposition of intrarenal fat, which might decrease tissue attenuation and thereby interfere with quantification of renal function using MDCT. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that background subtraction adequately accounts for intrarenal fat deposition in mildly obese human subjects during renal contrast enhanced dynamic CT. Materials and Methods We prospectively recruited seventeen human subjects stratified as lean or mildly obese based on body mass index below or over 30 kg/m2, respectively. Renal perfusion was quantified from CT-derived indicator-dilution curves after background subtraction. Dual-energy MDCT images were postprocessed to generate iodine and virtual-noncontrast datasets, and the ratios between kidney/aorta CT numbers and iodine values calculated as surrogates of renal function. Results Subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased in obese subjects. Virtual-noncontrast maps revealed in obese patients a decrease in basal cortical and medullary attenuation. Overall, basal attenuation inversely correlated with body mass index, in line with renal fat deposition. Contrarily, the kidney/aorta CT attenuation (after background subtraction) and kidney/aorta iodine ratios were similar between lean and obese subjects and correlated directly. These observations show that following background subtraction, the CT number reliably reflects basal tissue attenuation. Conclusion Therefore, our findings support our hypothesis that background subtraction enables reliable assessment of kidney function in mildly obese subjects using MDCT, despite decreased basal attenuation due to renal adiposity.
Psychological profiles among high ability undergraduate students

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychological constructs of personality, academic self-concept, and perfectionism using latent profile analysis in order to explore the notion of an und...