cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clustering Molecular Dynamics Trajectories: 1. Characterizing the Performance of Different Clustering Algorithms.

Molecular dynamics simulation methods produce trajectories of atomic positions (and optionally velocities and energies) as a function of time and provide a representation of the sampling of a given molecule's energetically accessible conformational ensemble. As simulations on the 10-100 ns time scale become routine, with sampled configurations stored on the picosecond time scale, such trajectories contain large amounts of data. Data-mining techniques, like clustering, provide one means to group and make sense of the information in the trajectory. In this work, several clustering algorithms were implemented, compared, and utilized to understand MD trajectory data. The development of the algorithms into a freely available C code library, and their application to a simple test example of random (or systematically placed) points in a 2D plane (where the pairwise metric is the distance between points) provide a means to understand the relative performance. Eleven different clustering algorithms were developed, ranging from top-down splitting (hierarchical) and bottom-up aggregating (including single-linkage edge joining, centroid-linkage, average-linkage, complete-linkage, centripetal, and centripetal- complete) to various refinement (means, Bayesian, and self-organizing maps) and tree (COBWEB) algorithms. Systematic testing in the context of MD simulation of various DNA systems (including DNA single strands and the interaction of a minor groove binding drug DB226 with a DNA hairpin) allows a more direct assessment of the relative merits of the distinct clustering algorithms. Additionally, means to assess the relative performance and differences between the algorithms, to dynamically select the initial cluster count, and to achieve faster data mining by "sieved clustering" were evaluated. Overall, it was found that there is no one perfect "one size fits all" algorithm for clustering MD trajectories and that the results strongly depend on the choice of atoms for the pairwise comparison. Some algorithms tend to produce homogeneously sized clusters, whereas others have a tendency to produce singleton clusters. Issues related to the choice of a pairwise metric, clustering metrics, which atom selection is used for the comparison, and about the relative performance are discussed. Overall, the best performance was observed with the average-linkage, means, and SOM algorithms. If the cluster count is not known in advance, the hierarchical or average-linkage clustering algorithms are recommended. Although these algorithms perform well, it is important to be aware of the limitations or weaknesses of each algorithm, specifically the high sensitivity to outliers with hierarchical, the tendency to generate homogenously sized clusters with means, and the tendency to produce small or singleton clusters with average-linkage.
The Data Surveillance State in the US and Europe

The democracies on both sides of the Atlantic are trying to balance the legitimate needs of the law enforcement and intelligence communities to access online transactional data with the basic rights of citizens to be free from state intrusions on their privacy. From the recent revelations of massive collection of telecommunications data by the US government to the disclosures of the UK tapping transatlantic telecommunications cables, and of the Swedish government’s warrantless wiretap rules, national data surveillance seems to have few boundaries that the law has effectively protected. American law has generally focused on access restraints for government to obtain privately held information, ignored the collection and storage of data, and granted special privileges to national security actors. By contrast, Europe emphasizes rules related to the collection and retention of data and focuses less on due process obstacles for government access, while also giving government easier access for national security. In each system, the elusive linkage between retention and access, the privatization of state surveillance activity, and flawed oversight for national security create extensive transparency of citizen’s data and undermine values of democracy including the presumption of innocence, the state’s monopoly on law enforcement, and the zone of individual freedom. In effect, government data surveillance law in both Europe and the United States has reached a turning point for the future of information privacy online. Three proposals can help to secure privacy that is necessary to preserve democratic values: stricter retention limits must be combined with stronger access controls; government access to personal information must be logged and transparent to citizens; and government officials must be personally liable for over-reaching behavior.
8 The Pontryagin Maximum Principle

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a reformulation of the proof of the Pontryagin maximum principle and applies these techniques to give a proof of the bang-bang principle. The objective in reformulating the proof of the Pontryagin maximum principle is to emphasize one central fact. That fact is the existence of a simple family of controls—discontinuous in general—that produce differentiable effects on a solution. The types of controls so produced are rich enough to provide a full range of comparison trajectories. As a byproduct of these proof methods, the chapter establishes the validity of the bang-bang principle for nonlinear systems.
Neuroepithelial cells in the rat spinal cord express glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in vivo and in vitro.

It is unknown whether neuroepithelial cells in the mammalian central nervous system express neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes. In this study, expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-synthesizing enzyme, was examined in proliferative cells and postmitotic neuroblasts in embryonic rat spinal cord. Immunostaining coronal sections of the embryonic spinal cord with K2 antiserum, which recognizes GAD proteins encoded by the GAD67 gene, revealed intensely stained neuroepithelial cells in the basal plate at embryonic day (E) 13, in the intermediate plate between E 13–16, and last seen in the alar plate at E 16. Nissl counterstaining demonstrated that a small number of these GAD-immunoreactive cells adjacent to the neural tube lumen were mitotic. The ventral-to-dorsal gradient of GAD expression in precursor cells and postmitotic neuroblasts correlates anatomically and temporally with the sequential generation of motoneurons, commissural neurons, and interneurons in the dorsal horn. Some of these GAD-immunoreactive neuroepithelial cells may re-enter the mitotic cycle, while others are postmitotic neuroblasts presumably migrating to the intermediate zone to differentiate into young neurons. Double-immunostaining cells acutely dissociated from E 11–18 spinal cords with K2 and anti-bromodeoxyuridine antisera, following a bromodeoxyuridine pulse in vivo, revealed considerable numbers of DNA-synthesizing cells immunoreactive for GAD. The absolute number of double-stained cells peaked during E 12–15, coinciding with terminal cell division in most spinal neurons. These observations suggest that spinal neuronal precursors can synthesize GAD-related proteins prior to, or during, the terminal cell cycle. Although GAD immunoreactivity revealed by K2 antiserum was detected in proliferative cells and in migrating postmitotic neuroblasts, GABA immunoreactivity was never detectable in these cells. These early embryonic GAD-immunoreactive neuroepithelial cells may either synthesize levels of GABA that cannot be detected immunocytochemically, and/or express enzymatically inactive GAD-related proteins. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether depression is associated with reduced participation in social activities among older adults. Additionally, this study assesses whether high-quality familial ties diminish the negative association between depression and social activities.Methods: Using cross-sectional telephone interview data from a sample of individuals 60 years of age and older in Arizona and Florida (N = 2000), this study estimates a series of linear regression models to assess the relationship between depression and social activities, and test whether this association is conditioned by high-quality familial ties using multiplicative interaction terms.Results: As expected, an inverse relationship between depression and social activities is observed. Delving deeper, the regression models reveal that the depression–inactivity association is weaker among older individuals with strong, positive ties to spouses and children. Additional tests demonstrate the mere of exi...
Abstract 538: A PCSK9 Antibody that Blocks Binding to LDLR while Allowing Normal PCSK9 Inactivation by Furin is Afforded a Reduced Clearance Rate and a Longer Duration of Effect in Mice

Introduction: Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) that neutralize proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) have been shown to lower LDL-C in human trials. It is known that PCSK9 is cleaved by furin at Arg218 and that the cleaved PCSK9 is inactive in modulating LDLR. Antibodies whose epitopes are near the EGFA binding domain are more efficacious in increasing LDLR but may interfere with furin cleavage and thus normal PCSK9 clearance. Here we describe a unique antibody (LY) that both lowers LDL-C and allows for normal PCSK9 cleavage by furin. Hypothesis: An antibody with an epitope that permits furin cleavage of PCSK9 will show more durable LDL lowering compared to one with an epitope that interferes with cleavage. Methods: Furin cleavage of recombinant PCSK9 was evaluated by electrophoresis in the presence of antibodies. Antibodies were studied in mice expressing wild-type or a non-cleavable variant of human PCSK9. Results: We determined that LY3015014 (LY) permits furin cleavage of PCSK9 while Mab A...
Si-Al order and the I1-I2/c structural phase transition in synthetic CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 -SrAl 2 Si 2 O 8 feldspar; a 29 Si MAS-NMR spectroscopic study

We present {sup 29}Si MAS-NMR spectroscopic data for a series of synthetic feldspar samples along the join CaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}-SrAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}, from which the composition dependence and coupling of order parameters describing Si-Al order and the triclinic-monoclinic displacive transition were determined. Spectra of SrAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} contain narrow peaks for the two crystallographic Si sites, plus additional peaks for Si having three and two Al nearest neighbors, indicating the presence of approximately 0.14 Al-O-Al linkages per formula unit and a value of {sigma} = 0.93 for the short-range order parameter. For the triclinic feldspar samples, short-range Si-Al order increases continuously with Sr content from {sigma} = 0.89(3) for CaAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} to 0.97(1) for Sr{sub 0.80}Ca{sub 0.20}Al{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} but then decreases discontinuously to 0.93(2) for the monoclinic samples, Sr{sub 0.85}Ca{sub 015}Al{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} to SrAl{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8}. The variation of peak positions with composition is consistent with a structural phase transition near Sr{sub 0.85}Ca{sub 0.15}Al{sub 2}Si{sub 2}O{sub 8} from I1 to I2/c. The order parameter for this displacive transition is reflected by the chemical shift of the Tlmz crystallographic site, and its composition dependence gives an order-parameter critical exponent of {beta}more » - 0.49(2), indicating classical second-order behavior. 11 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.« less
Calcium-calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase in developing pancreas

To implicate the Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) in the secretory response of pancreatic acinar cells to postnatal neurohumoral stimulation, we examined enzymatic protein kinase activity during pancreatic development. CDPK was investigated by measuring the phosphorylation of endogenous proteins and an exogenous substrate, synapsin I. Ca2+-calmodulin (CaM)-stimulated phosphorylation of endogenous proteins as well as synapsin I progressively increased in pancreatic supernatants from rats of increasing age. When compared with embryonic pancreas (1 day before birth), Ca2+-CaM-stimulated protein kinase activity increased two- and sixfold in neonatal (1 day after birth) and adult pancreas (60 days after birth), respectively, when normalized to protein content. To further characterize CDPK activity, soluble fractions prepared from embryonic, neonatal, and adult pancreas were separated by gel filtration chromatography. CDPK activities from embryonic and neonatal pancreas were contained in fractions of relative molecular weights (Mr) less than 200,000. In contrast, kinase activity from adult pancreas was predominantly comprised of a Mr approximately 550,000 species that coeluted with a type II CDPK. Increasing amounts of a Mr = 51,000 CaM-binding protein as a function of increasing age were consistent with the developmental appearance of the CaM-binding subunit of type II Ca2+-CaM-stimulated protein kinase. CaM levels increased in parallel with total Ca2+-CaM-stimulated protein kinase activity. Coordinate enhancement of type II CDPK activity and secretagogue responsiveness during pancreatic maturation may suggest a role for this enzyme in the secretory process.
A Rapid and Versatile Method for Generating Proteins with Defined Ubiquitin Chains.

Ubiquitin and polyubiquitin chains target proteins for a wide variety of cellular processes. Ubiquitin-mediated targeting is regulated by the lysine through which the ubiquitins are linked as well as the broader ubiquitin landscape on the protein. The mechanisms of this regulation are not fully understood. For example, the canonical proteasome targeting signal is a lysine 48-linked polyubiquitin chain, and the canonical endocytosis signal is a lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chain. However, lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains can also target substrates for degradation. Biochemical studies of ubiquitinated proteins have been limited by the difficulty of building proteins with well-defined polyubiquitin chains. Here we describe an efficient and versatile method for synthesizing ubiquitin chains of defined linkage and length. The synthesized ubiquitin chains are then attached to any protein containing a ubiquitin moiety. These proteins can be used to study ubiquitin targeting in in vitro assays in the tight...
The bi-embeddability relation for finitely generated groups II

We study the isomorphism and bi-embeddability relations on the spaces of Kazhdan groups and finitely generated simple groups.
AlN acoustic wave sensors using excimer laser micromachining techniques

Aluminum Nitride (AlN) is a promising piezoelectric material for Acoustic Wave (AW) sensor application due to its high acoustic velocity, linear thermal coefficient and high electromechanical coupling coefficient. Epitaxial AlN thin films were successfully grown on the Sapphire C plane substrate by Plasma Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy (PSMBE). Standard two-port resonator structures were fabricated on the AlN/Sapphire by standard photolithography. Excimer laser micromachining techniques were utilized to fabricate microgroove gratings on the surface of thin film. Beside Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW), Surface Transverse Wave (STW) propagation was also found on the devices with those microgroove and classical metal strip gratings. Laser micromachinined microgroove gratings were found to enhance the propagation of STW. Further, sensors based on STW showed little attenuation in the liquid environment, while sensors based on SAW suffered excess loss when exposed to liquid.
TEM and HREM Investigation of The Precipitation of Cobalt and Nickel In Polycrystalline Silicon

The precipitation behavior of cobalt and nickel at grain boundaries in multicrystalline silicon is investigated. The metals are diffused into the specimens from a surface source between 800 -1000 °C and the precipitation after cooling is studied by conventional and high resolution TEM. Cobalt and nickel disilicide precipitates nucleate both in the bulk and at grain boundaries. They form few large (micrometer size) plate-like or three-dimensional precipitates depending on the cooling rate. Cobalt disilicide with a slightly larger lattice mismatch has a higher tendency to nucleate at large angle grain boundaries. Both suicides nucleate preferentially at coherent twin boundaries forming a few atomic layers thick platelet parallel to the {111} twin plane. HREM and image simulations are performed to analyze the Si / MS12 / twin interface structure (M = Co, Ni).
Reformulating the Statics Course: A Design-Based Approach

Statics is a pivotal course, whose concepts serve as the building blocks for future courses in engineering. From the experience of teaching the follow-on courses to statics, we found several systemic problems present in most statics textbooks. These problems manifest themselves as lower-than-expected abilities in the students when applying the concepts to design/analyze real systems in subsequent courses. The resulting disappointment in engineering educators is common and well documented. The pedagogy outlined in this paper is based on the premise that students learn more effectively when the relevance of the concepts to real world problems and a systematic improvement in their skill set is tactilely, emotionally, and rationally understood. To this end, the pedagogy brings design theory into the course content. The paper discusses rationale behind the pedagogy and its possible implementation scheme with examples. The pedagogy is flexible and can be integrated into an existing learning approach.© 2008 ASME
Association of Bacillus thuringiensis and Other Spore-Forming Bacteria with Calf-Hutch Bedding

Acetate selection and biochemical tests were used to characterize the gram positive, spore-forming bacteria associated with samples of straw and sawdust used as bedding in outdoor calf hutches. Bedding samples were collected from 25 calf-occupied hutches during 6-wk periods. More than 7,100 isolates representing Bacillus thuringiensis (4,616), Bacillus sphaericus (1,390), and Bacillus megaterium (1,182) were recovered. Fourteen biochemical types of B. thuringiensis were identified; these included galleriae, kurstaki, thuringiensis, israelensis, sotto, darmstadiensis, tenebrionis/morrisoni, dendrolimus , and indiana . Of these, tenebrionis/morrisoni and israelensis were associated most often with tulip poplar and maple sawdusts, respectively. Tulip poplar sawdust supported more diverse B. thuringiensis biochemical types than other types of sawdust or straw. B. thuringiensis were prevalent in calf-hutch bedding throughout 6-wk periods.
An anatomic atlas of the medulla oblongata of the adult goat.

An anatomic atlas of the goat brain stem was developed for use in studies that analyze medullary neuronal groups, and factors that influence variability in the location of neuronal groups were dete...
Damage control resuscitation.

• Damage control resuscitation involves hemorrhage control, careful use of crystalloids, and early delivery of high ratios of FFP to RBCs.
A New Method for Time-to-go using the Acceleration Along the Axis of Missile

The estimation of the time-to-go is very important in the missile terminal guidance.For the infrared seeker,the distance distance and velocity between the missile and the target are not accurately available because the missile and the target are maneuverable.Under the condition,a new method is derived,which the target maneuver is considered.
The Process of Writing a Constructivist Dissertation

The study depicts the procedure of writing a constructivist dissertation by reporting side by side the story of HIV-infected African American women’s reproductive health decision-making. The context of these women served as the framework from which the dissertation was written. The article describes how these women and their stakeholders experience HIV/AIDS and how they make their reproductive health decisions. These women’s perceptions and psychosocial factors are examined to understand what they view as important to them as women and as mothers. The article addresses how to teach doctoral students to complete doctoral research using the constructivist paradigm for research. Implications for social work education and practice are discussed.
Improving Productivity in Industrial Construction

Electric utility executivies ranked productivity, manual labor, union restrictions, and overtime at the top of the list of 10 problem areas where major improvements were needed. Previous research by manufacturing organizations that were faced with similar productivity problems indicate that 30% to 60% improvement is achievable by proper management of human resources. In this paper, attitudes of workmen, supervisors and managers on –100,000,000 to –1,000,000,000 3-yr to 10-yr projects are compared to those of individuals on much smaller commercial building projects. Deep hierarchical organizational structures which are familiar in government and manufacturing, but now appear on the larger construction projects are examined. Recommendations for improving motivation of workmen and supervisors on large projects plus alternative organization structures will be given to improve overall productivity.
Indication and effect of inhaled DSCG for the treatment of adult asthmatics

International guidelines have recommended the early use of anti-inflammatory therapy in the treatment of asthma. Currently available anti-inflammatory agents include the corticosteroid hormones and the non-steroid drugs, nedocromil sodium (currently not available in Japan) and disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). In general, DSCG has shown clinical activity in atopic young patients with mild asthma who do not require inhaled corticosteroids as maintenance therapy. However, nebulised DSCG showed early, significant improvements in symptoms and peak expiratory flow rate in non-atopic as well as atopic asthmatics with severe asthma who require high doses of inhaled and oral corticosteroids as maintenance therapy. In adult asthmatics, it is important that the choice of mode of administration of DSCG is made according to asthma severity, such as using metered dose inhaler (MDI) for mild asthma and the nebulised formulation for more severe asthma.
Standing out in the academic LIS job market: an interactive panel for doctoral students

This proposal builds on the previous successes of the interactive doctoral student panels sponsored by SIG ED at the 2013, 2012, and earlier ASIS&T annual meetings. The all-new 2015 panel features faculty in various stages of their academic careers, including a relatively new assistant professor to a seasoned chair or dean. The panelists are prepared to address audience questions on such topics as the traditional academic job market, alternative career paths including post-doctoral opportunities, the development of personal research agendas, and the challenges of online instruction. The panel discussion will focus around the academic job market and how applicants can present themselves in the best light depending upon the type of position sought. Doctoral students will gain valuable insights on finishing their dissertation, weighing postdoctoral opportunities, and preparing for their first academic position by interacting with the panelists. This panel will provide for an anonymous mechanism for doctoral students and new faculty to ask questions without feeling inhibited or intimidated. The panel may be of greatest benefit to those doctoral students nearing the end of their doctoral program, but will also be useful to new doctoral students and new assistant professors.
Demonstration of spike timing dependent plasticity in CBRAM devices with silicon neurons

Spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is an important neural process that enables biological neural networks to learn by strengthening or weakening synaptic connections between neurons. This work presents simulation results and post-silicon experimental data that demonstrate for the first time the possibility of tuning the on state resistance of a type of emerging resistive memory device known as conductive bridge random access memory (CBRAM) in accordance with the biological STDP rule for neuromorphic applications. STDP behavior is demonstrated for CBRAM devices integrated with CMOS spiking neuron circuitry through back end of line post-processing for different initial resistance values and spike durations.
Incidence, Causes and Predictors of 30-Day Readmission After Shoulder Arthroplasty.

Background The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Service has identified several quality metrics, including unplanned readmission within 30 days of surgery, to assess and compare surgeons and hospitals. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence, causes and risk factors for unplanned 30-day readmission after total shoulder arthroplasty.
Highly porous three-dimensional carbon nanotube foam as a freestanding anode for a lithium-ion battery

Anodes composed of freestanding, binder-free and hierarchical multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) foam have been demonstrated. These three-dimensional MWCNT foams are fabricated using a Ti–Al–Fe trilayer catalyst on Ni-foam through a microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. The MWCNT foam possesses a hierarchical graphitic microstructure, high porosity (99.8%), reduced impedance and specific capacitance of 790 mA h g−1 when cycled between 0 and 3 V for a lower current density (0.1C). At a higher current density (1C), the foam electrode retains a discharge capacity of 390 mA h g−1, significantly higher than that of the commercial graphite anode. Upon extended charge–discharge cycling, MWCNT foams shows stable capacities of 790 and 510 mA h g−1 at current densities of 0.1C and 1C respectively, maintaining a high coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. Preserved structural and chemical stability of the MWCNT foams during lithiation–delithiation cycling can be utilized as a basis for improved electrochemical energy storage in CNT based architectures.
Exploring the behavior of juveniles and young adults raised by custodial grandmothers

Abstract The present study compares behaviors of youth raised by a custodial grandmother, biological mother, or other female caregiver from adolescence to young adulthood using data from Waves I, II, and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data set. Caregiver type was not significantly related to antisocial behavior. However, respondents who were raised by a custodial grandmother reported being stopped by police more times than those respondents raised by their biological mothers. The effect of parenting characteristics such as warmth, control, and involvement by a custodial grandmother may operate differently than in a biological mother-headed household.
The phonetics and phonology of lexical prosody in San Jerónimo Acazulco Otomi

San Jeronimo Acazulco Otomi (SJAO) is an underdescribed and endangered Oto-Manguean language spoken in central Mexico. This paper provides an analysis of the phonology of tonal contrasts in SJAO and the phonetics of their realization based on pitch pattern data derived from audio recordings of citation forms of SJAO words. Each SJAO lexical word has one and only one tonal sequence – either /H/ or /HL/. This sequence is underlyingly associated with one syllable in the word. Other syllables are not specified for tone, and their phonetic realization is predictable depending on their position relative to the tonal syllable. A phonetic analysis revealed that underlyingly-tonal syllables are phonetically distinct from non-tonal syllables: those with /H/ are produced with greater vocal effort (measured by spectral tilt), and those with /HL/ are longer, louder, and bear a higher f0 (fundamental frequency), compared with non-tonal syllables. This analysis differs from previous accounts of lexical prosody in other Otomi varieties, which have either described a three-way system of high, low, and rising tones contrasting on every stem syllable, or a system where one syllable per word is assigned a stress-like ‘accent’. This difference from previous analyses suggests that there is a third possible characterization of lexical prosody for Otomi, which is appropriate for SJAO and potentially other understudied varieties.
Advancing Exposure Science and Its Applications

The mission of most environmental organizations around the world is to safeguard human health and the environment. In the United States, air quality management practice relies on the ambient concentrations of pollutants of concern and the success of a regulatory strategy is assessed by determining whether pollutant emissions have been reduced and ambient concentration levels have decreased. Some countries (e.g. United Kingdom) assess the success of their regulatory strategy by determining whether exposure reduction have occured. Exposure is defined as the contact of a stressor with a receptor for a given duration of time. It is now well-recognized that ambient concentrations and human exposure levels are not the same. Hence, it is important to better understand exposure levels since exposure is the link between environmental pollution and human and ecosystem health. Exposure science deals with comprehensive understanding of the relationship among pollutant emissions, pollutant transport and fate, pollutant levels that people breathe in and stressor levels to sensitive ecosystems, and associates health effects. Given the increasing complexity of current and emerging environmental problems, exposure science must play a pivotal role in developing and implementing most meaningfull and cost-effective emission control policies. Theis paper provides exposure framework to identify and minimize exposures to harmful pollutants, thereby better protectinf human ecosystem health.
Formalizing an Attribution Framework for Scientific Data/Software Products and Collections

As scientific research and development become more collaborative, the diversity of skills and expertise involved in producing scientific data are expanding as well. Since recognition of contribution has significant academic and professional impact for participants in scientific projects, it is important to integrate attribution and acknowledgement of scientific contributions into the research and data lifecycle. However, defining and clarifying contributions and the relationship of specific individuals and organizations can be challenging, especially when balancing the needs and interests of diverse partners. Designing an implementation method for attributing scientific contributions within complex projects that can allow ease of use and integration with existing documentation formats is another crucial consideration. To provide a versatile mechanism for organizing, documenting, and storing contributions to different types of scientific projects and their related products, an attribution and acknowledgement matrix and XML schema have been created as part of the Attribution and Acknowledgement Content Framework (AACF). Leveraging the taxonomies of contribution roles and types that have been developed and published previously, the authors consolidated 16 contribution types that could be considered and used when accrediting team member’s contributions. Using these contribution types, specific information regarding the contributing organizations and individuals can be documented using the AACF. This paper provides the background and motivations for creating the current version of the AACF Matrix and Schema, followed by demonstrations of the process and the results of using the Matrix and the Schema to record the contribution information of different sample datasets. The paper concludes by highlighting the key feedback and features to be examined in order to improve the next revisions of the Matrix and the Schema.
Validation of SMAP soil moisture for the SMAPVEX15 field campaign using a hyper-resolution model

Accurate global mapping of soil moisture is the goal of the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is expected to improve the estimation of water, energy, and carbon exchanges between the land and the atmosphere. Like other satellite products, the SMAP soil moisture retrievals need to be validated, with the validation relying heavily on in situ measurements. However, a one-to-one comparison is ill advised due to the spatial mismatch of the large SMAP footprint (∼40 km) and the point scale in situ measurements. This study uses a recently developed hyper-resolution land surface model—HydroBlocks—as a tool to upscale in situ soil moisture measurements for the SMAPVEX15 (SMAP Validation Experiment 2015) field campaign during 2–18 August 2015. Calibrated against in situ observation, HydroBlocks shows a satisfactory Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE) of 0.817 and RMSE of 0.019 m3/m3 for the calibration period. These results indicate that HydroBlocks can be used to upscale in situ measurements for this site. Different from previous studies, here in situ measurements are upscaled using a land surface model without bias correction. The upscaled soil moisture is then used to evaluate SMAP (passive) soil moisture products. The comparison of the upscaled network to SMAP shows that the retrievals are generally able to capture the areal-averaged soil moisture temporal variations. However, SMAP appears to be oversensitive to summer precipitation. We expect these findings can be used to improve the SMAP soil moisture product and thus facilitate its usage in studying the water, energy, and carbon cycles.
Conceptualizing Terrorism with the Complications of Unconventional Warfare in Mind

Conceptualizing terrorism, even defining the term, has been highly contentious. The lack of an agreed-upon definition or even an agreed-upon set of concepts that every definition should encompass creates rifts between scholars and potential confusion among practitioners. This article attempts to examine the difficulty of conceptualizing terrorism juxtaposed against the practice of unconventional warfare. Because Special Operations Forces help foment insurgencies when conducting unconventional warfare and because insurgencies often resort to terrorism, it is important for practitioners of unconventional warfare to understand what terrorism is, how to detect it, and, perhaps, how to steer insurgents away from this tactic. This article explores these concepts as well as the potentiality that the intersection of terrorism and unconventional warfare produces a new type of collateral damage not fully covered in the existing international law of warfare.
Correlates of Cervical Cancer Screening Among Adult Latino Women: A 5-Year Follow-Up

Background: Latinas have the highest incidence rates of cervical cancer in the United States, and Latinas in the United States are less likely to utilize cervical cancer screening. We used secondary data analysis of a nonclinical convenience sample (n = 316 women at baseline; n = 285 at 5-year follow-up) to examine correlates of cervical cancer screening among adult Latina women. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models using generalized estimated equations (GEE) algorithm were utilized to assess the influence of the independent variables. Women who reported their main health-care source as community health clinics, women who were sexually active, and women who reported that a health-care provider discussed HIV prevention with them were more likely to report having had a cervical cancer screening (aOR = 2.06; CI = 1.20, 3.52). The results suggest a need for continued efforts to ensure that medically underserved women (e.g., Latina women) receive counseling and education about the importance of preventive cervical cancer screening.
Thomas Eakins and the Uses of History. By Akela Reason

Thomas Eakins created images of the past throughout his career. AkelaReason contends that Eakins valued these historical works as much or more than the paintings commonly regarded as his masterpieces (works such as The Champion Single Sculls [1871] and The Gross Clinic [1875]), and that through his historical works Eakins sought to showcase his professional beliefs, to link his work to the great art of the past, and to establish his artistic legacy.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promotes Mitochondrial Toxicity

Combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) have had remarkable success in reducing morbidity and mortality among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, mild forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), characterized by loss of synapses, remain. cART may maintain an undetectable HIV RNA load but does not eliminate the expression of viral proteins such as trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and the envelope glycoprotein gp120 in the brain. These two viral proteins are known to promote synaptic simplifications by several mechanisms, including alteration of mitochondrial function and dynamics. In this review, we aim to outline the many targets and pathways used by viral proteins to alter mitochondria dynamics, which contribute to HIV-induced neurotoxicity. A better understanding of these pathways is crucial for the development of adjunct therapies for HAND.
Life in Color: Life Magazine and the Color Reproduction of Works of Art

Although Life magazine is best known for its black-and-white photography, it played a pioneering role in the history of color reproduction and color photography. This chapter looks at Life’s collaboration with the Chicago printing firm R. R. Donnelley & Sons and explores the impetus behind the magazine’s investment in color printing, especially in the color reproduction of works of art. Life played a key role in the promotion of American art and culture, and also published a wide range of art in color from around the world, from prehistoric cave paintings to Renaissance frescoes and African art. Through its investments in color technology, Life not only became a leader in color printing but also placed the United States at the center of the global art world.
City-scale traffic animation using statistical learning and metamodel-based optimization

Rapid urbanization and increasing traffic have caused severe social, economic, and environmental problems in metropolitan areas worldwide. Traffic reconstruction and visualization using existing traffic data can provide novel tools for vehicle navigation and routing, congestion analysis, and traffic management. While traditional data collection methods are becoming increasingly common (e.g. using in-road sensors), GPS devices are also becoming ubiquitous. In this paper, we address the problem of traffic reconstruction, visualization, and animation using mobile vehicle data (i.e. GPS traces). We first conduct city-scale traffic reconstruction using statistical learning on mobile vehicle data for traffic animation and visualization, and then dynamically complete missing data using metamodel-based simulation optimization in areas of insufficient data coverage. We evaluate our approach quantitatively and qualitatively, and demonstrate our results with 2D visualization of citywide traffic, as well as 2D and 3D animation of reconstructed traffic in virtual environments.
ESTIMATION OF POROSITY AND WATER SATURATION IN DUAL POROSITY PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS FROM JOINT ANALYSIS OF COMPRESSION, SHEAR, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC VELOCITIES

In situ measurements of porosity and water saturation of pyroclastic deposits have the potential to improve interpretations of geology and hydrology in volcanic regions, and provide more accurate estimates of dense rock equivalent for volcanic eruptions. However, rock property models must consider the dual porosity structure of pyroclastic deposits (i.e., vesicles within pumices and intergranular pores). Vesicularity, intergranular porosity, and water saturation all affect the density, elasticity, and dielectric properties of pyroclastic materials, which control seismic and electromagnetic velocities. The data from active seismic and ground-penetrating radar techniques may improve porosity and water saturation estimation if the responses of seismic and electromagnetic waves to porosity and water saturation variations are complementary in pyroclastic rocks. We develop a dual porosity petrophysical model to calculate seismic and electromagnetic velocities of pumice with known intergranular porosity, vesicul...
Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopic 3 mm and 5 mm cup biopsies to wedge biopsies of canine livers.

BACKGROUND Diagnostic accuracy of the 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps for collection of tissue samples from canine livers is unproven. HYPOTHESES/OBJECTIVES Compare sample surface area and portal triad count between 3 mm and 5 mm laparoscopic cup biopsies and compare the histologic diagnosis obtained by each instrument to a standard necropsy wedge. The hypothesis was that more portal triads and greater sample surface area would be found with the 5 mm samples and the laparoscopic instruments would not have significantly different levels of agreement with necropsy wedge diagnosis. ANIMALS Twenty-one client-owned dogs undergoing necropsy. METHODS Prospective ex vivo study. Three samples (3 mm, 5 mm, and wedge) were taken of 2 different hepatic divisions within 24 hours of death. Morphologic diagnosis, World Small Animal Veterinary Association histologic features, surface area, and portal triad numbers were compared among the 3 samples. RESULTS There were significantly more portal triads (mean 21.4 versus 13.8; P < .0001) and a higher surface area (20.3 mm2 versus 11.5 mm2 ; P < .0001) in the 5 mm samples compared to 3 mm samples. Kappa coefficients and percent agreement for histologic diagnosis as compared to the wedge biopsy were not significantly different between the 2 instrument sizes (κ = 0.383 and 0.436, respectively; 67% and 69%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite yielding smaller sample sizes, the 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy has a similar level of histologic diagnostic accuracy to the 5 mm instrument.
A Framework for Self-Supervision in Social Work Practice:

Self-supervision within the interview enables the worker to focus on the client's immediate psychosocial situation and utilize client motivation to the fullest. A conceptual framework based on prin...
High-Fluence Light-Emitting Diode-Generated Red Light Modulates the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Pathway in Human Skin Fibroblasts.

Background Skin fibrosis is a significant medical problem with limited available treatment modalities. The key cellular characteristics include increased fibroblast proliferation, collagen production, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B)/SMAD pathway signaling. The authors have previously shown that high-fluence light-emitting diode red light (HF-LED-RL) decreases cellular proliferation and collagen production. Objective Herein, the authors investigate the ability of HF-LED-RL to modulate the TGF-B/SMAD pathway. Materials and methods Normal human dermal fibroblasts were cultured and irradiated with a commercially available hand-held LED array. After irradiation, cell lysates were collected and levels of pSMAD2, TGF-Beta 1, and TGF-Beta I receptor were measured using Western blot. Results High-fluence light-emitting diode red light decreased TGF-Beta 1 ligand (TGF-B1) levels after irradiation. 320 J/cm HF-LED-RL resulted in 59% TGF-B1 and 640 J/cm HF-LED-RL resulted in 54% TGF-B1, relative to controls. 640 J/cm HF-LED-RL resulted in 62% pSMAD2 0 hours after irradiation, 65% pSMAD2 2 hours after irradiation, and 95% 4 hours after irradiation, compared with matched controls. High-fluence light-emitting diode red light resulted in no significant difference in transforming growth factor-beta receptor I levels compared with matched controls. Conclusion Skin fibrosis is a significant medical problem with limited available treatment modalities. Light-emitting diode-generated red light is a safe, economic, and noninvasive modality that has a body of in vitro evidence supporting the reduction of key cellular characteristics associated with skin fibrosis.
Comments on the Status of Composite Structures Technology

Historically, starting with the first conference in Dayton in 1972, these conferences have been specialists meetings for flight vehicle designers. Our attendance shows that this is still the highly devoted group of partisans for composites in structures and their devotion has been rewarded. Now, for instance, it is gratifying to realize that the technology has progressed to the stage where these materials are being considered, admittedly on an experimental basis, for numerous applications in which first cost considerations have to be taken into account. As the range of applications has expanded, so too has the scope of this 4th Conference. These proceedings include a variety of non-flight vehicle applications.
Elliptic Curves over Global Fields and ℓ-Adic Representations

In the previous two chapters the local study of elliptic curves was carried out and a substantial part of the theory was related to how the fundamental symmetry, the Frobenius element, behaved on the curve modulo a prime. For an elliptic curve E over a number field K (or more generally any global field), we have for each prime a Frobenius element acting on certain points of the curve. These Frobenius elements are in Gal(K s/K), and this Galois group acts on the K s-valued points E(K s) on the group N E = N E(K s), the subgroup of N-division points, and on the limit Tate modules T l(E) where N and l are prime to the characteristic of K. In Chapters 12 and 13 the action of Gal(K s/K) on the endomorphisms EndK s(E) and the automorphisms AutK s(E) over K s was considered in detail. As usual K s denotes a separable algebraic closure of K.
Utility and predictive value of a rapid measurement of urinary pregnanediol glucuronide by enzyme immunoassay in an infertility practice

Study Objective To assess the clinical utility of measuring urinary pregnanediol glucuronide in random samples in an infertility practice. Design Samples of urine were collected from patients approximately 3 weeks from their last menstrual period to ascertain if ovulation had occurred. Each sample was tested for specific gravity before analyzing for pregnanediol glucuronide. Simultaneous venipuncture was performed to compare results from the urinary assay to quantitative measures of serum progesterone (P). Setting All patients were randomly sampled. Patients Three hundred ninety women undergoing pituitary down regulation with leuprolide acetate were chosen for study because they routinely initiate medication after documentation of ovulation. Outcome Measures The performance of the urinary pregnanediol glucuronide was evaluated as to its sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and test efficiency compared with a serum measurement of 2.5 ng/mL and 10.0 ng/mL. Results The performance characteristics of the pregnanediol glucuronide assay were directly related to the hydration status of the patient at the time of sample collection. Regardless of urine specific gravity, if pregnanediol glucuronide was qualitatively detected (>3 μ g/mL), serum P was >2.5 ng/mL. However, in cases in which pregnanediol glucuronide was undetected ( μ g/mL), results were only accurate when the specific gravity was ≥1.020. When comparing urinary pregnanediol glucuronide values to serum > 10 ng/mL, both specificity and predictive value of a positive test decreased because of increased numbers of false-positive results. Conclusions The enzyme immunoassay measurement for pregnanediol glucuronide may replace the use of serum P in documenting the ovulatory status of many patients. However, all specimens must be checked for specific gravity and if