cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LESS LETHAL FORCE POLICY AND POLICE OFFICER PERCEPTIONS A Multisite Examination

The relationship between administrative policy and deadly force has been well established in the policing literature. Surprisingly, there has been no similarly oriented research with respect to less lethal force. The current inquiry seeks to start this process. Utilizing data collected from a national multiagency use of force project, we focus on those charged with the street-level application of organizational use of force policy. In doing so, patrol officers (N = 990) from three agencies, each varying in terms of policy direction, are surveyed regarding the extent to which they believe their agency policy offers appropriate forms of guidance and restrictiveness. The findings show a number of significant policy effects. In particular, officers working in a department that uses a loosely coupled nonlinear model are significantly less likely to believe their agency policy offers adequate guidance in terms of when force can and cannot be used. However, the findings also illustrate that officers do not want to be too tightly constrained within a linear policy model in relation to restrictiveness. Such findings suggest that agency leaders may wish to consider a linear-based design that offers some degree of policy guidance, but not so much that force options are overly restricted. The implications of these findings for police practitioners and researchers are considered. Language: en
Smartphone based health accessory for colorimetric detection of biomarkers in sweat and saliva

The mobile health market is rapidly expanding and portable diagnostics tools offer an opportunity to decrease costs and increase the availability of healthcare. Here we present a smartphone based accessory and method for the rapid colorimetric detection of pH in sweat and saliva. Sweat pH can be correlated to sodium concentration and sweat rate in order to indicate to users the proper time to hydrate during physical exercise and avoid the risk of muscle cramps. Salivary pH below a critical threshold is correlated with enamel decalcification, an acidic breakdown of calcium in the teeth. We conduct a number of human trials with the device on a treadmill to demonstrate the ability to monitor changes in sweat pH due to exercise and electrolyte intake and predict optimal hydration. Additionally, we perform trials to measure salivary pH over time to monitor the effects of diet on oral health risks.
High δ13C Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks in western North America

13 C-rich marbles from the Neoproterozoic McCoy Creek Group having δ 13 C values up to +12% have been discovered at three separate localities in eastern Nevada and western Utah. Detailed isotopic profiles measured across individual amphibolite facies, metre-thick marble layers have extremely uniform 13 C/ 12 C ratios, which probably represent depositional values. Because individual carbonate horizons have distinctly different but abnormally high values of δ 13 C, the discovery permits the use of 13 C/ 12 C ratios for stratigraphic correlation within the generally nonfossiliferous Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences of western North America, even where these rocks have been strongly metamorphosed. The anomalous values add to a growing array of data from western North America and elsewhere delineating a large and geographically widespread Neoproterozoic carbon isotope anomaly.
Review Essay: The Scholar Practitioner Gap and the Dilemma of Expertise and Democracy

Despite major efforts, the gap between scholars and practitioners in the fields of nonprofit and voluntary action research remains unbridged. A recent volume by New York University cultural historian Thomas Bender suggests that the problem is due less to the peculiarities of these fields than it is to the institutional configuration of American intellectual life. Changes in occupational structures since the 1 970s that have led people with advanced academic training to seek careers in community-based nonprofit organizations may constitute a basis for reconstructing American public culture.
Coding for distributed computation

Summary form only given. The author describes analogous coding theorems for the more general, interactive, communications required in computation. In this case the bits transmitted in the protocol are not known to the processors in advance but are determined dynamically. First he shows that any interactive protocol of length T between two processors connected by a noiseless channel can be simulated, if the channel is noisy (a binary symmetric channel of capacity C), in time proportional to T 1/C, and with error probability exponentially small in T. He then shows that this result can be extended to arbitrary distributed network protocols. He shows that any distributed protocol which runs in time T on a network of degree d having noiseless communication channels, can, if the channels are in fact noisy, be simulated on that network in time proportional to T 1/C log d. The probability of failure of the protocol is exponentially small in T.
Secure Unified Cellular Ad Hoc Network Routing

Previous simulations have shown substantial performance gains can be achieved by using hybrid cellular and wireless LAN (WLAN) approaches [1]. In a hybrid system, a proxy in an area of strong connectivity (and therefore higher bandwidth) forwards traffic on behalf of a client in an area of weaker connectivity (and therefore lower bandwidth). The proxy routes traffic between the base station (over a cellular link) and the client (over a WLAN). Such approaches have had limited practical applicability due to substantial security risks, including eavesdropping, intentional performance degradation and cheating the incentive schemes. The Secure Unified Cellular Ad Hoc Network (SUCAN) protocol is designed to address these risks, allowing the deployment of hybrid networks. SUCAN uses incentives and cryptographic techniques to eliminate cheating by self-interested hosts, while limiting the damage caused by malicious hosts. We implemented SUCAN on Verizon's Broadband Access network. To our knowledge, this is the first real-world implementation of a hybrid cellular network protocol. Our implementation results show that the SUCAN system can provide substantial performance increases and protects against performance degradation even in the presence of malicious behavior.
Some Sixties Influences on Suellen Glashausser's Artists' Books

I examine the influence of two other major artist movements of the 1960s—pop art and conceptual art—and the contemporary idea of camp. I will argue that pop art and conceptualism helped to provide Glashausser with materials and subject matter, even the opportunity to choose the book as an artistic medium, and the contemporary notion of personal taste served to warrant the value of Glashausser's art.
Pharmaceuticals suppress algal growth and microbial respiration and alter bacterial communities in stream biofilms

Pharmaceutical and personal care products are ubiquitous in surface waters but their effects on aquatic biofilms and associated ecosystem properties are not well understood. We measured in situ responses of stream biofilms to six common pharmaceutical compounds (caffeine, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, diphenhydramine, metformin, ranitidine, and a mixture of each) by deploying pharmaceutical-diffusing substrates in streams in Indiana, Maryland, and New York. Results were consistent across seasons and geographic locations. On average, algal biomass was suppressed by 22%, 4%, 22%, and 18% relative to controls by caffeine, ciprofloxacin, diphenhydramine, and the mixed treatment, respectively. Biofilm respiration was significantly suppressed by caffeine (53%), cimetidine (51%), ciprofloxacin (91%), diphenhydramine (63%), and the mixed treatment (40%). In autumn in New York, photosynthesis was also significantly suppressed by diphenhydramine (99%) and the mixed treatment (88%). Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes was used to examine the effects of caffeine and diphenhydramine on biofilm bacterial community composition at the three sites. Relative to the controls, diphenhydramine exposure significantly altered bacterial community composition and resulted in significant relative increases in Pseudomonas sp. and decreases in Flavobacterium sp. in all three streams. These ubiquitous pharmaceuticals, alone or in combination, influenced stream biofilms, which could have consequences for higher trophic levels and important ecosystem processes.
COMPOSITIONAL END MEMBERS AND THERMODYNAMIC COMPONENTS OF ILLITE AND DIOCTAHEDRAL ALUMINOUS SMECTITE SOLID SOLUTIONS

Consideration of XRD, TEM, AEM, and analytical data reported in the literature indicates that dioctahedral aluminous smectite and illite form two separate solid solutions that differ chemically from one another primarily by the extent of Al substitution for Si, the amount of interlayer K, and the presence of interlayer H2O. The data indicate that limited dioctahedral-trioctahedral and dioctahedral-vacancy compositional variations occur in both minerals. Excluding interlayer H2O and based on a half unit cell [i.e., O10(OH)2], natural dioctahedral smectite and illite solid solutions fall within the compositional limits represented by A0.3 ${\rm{R}}_{1.9}^{3 + }$ Si4O10(OH)2-AR2+ R3+ Si4O10(OH)2-A0.25 ${\rm{R}}_{0.3}^{2 + }{\rm{R}}_{1.8}^{3 + }$ Al0.25Si3.75O10(OH)2 for smectites and A0.8 ${\rm{R}}_{1.9}^{3 + }$ Al0.5Si3.5O10(OH)2-A0.55 ${\rm{R}}_{0.45}^{2 + }{\rm{R}}_{1.55}^{3 + }$ Al0.1Si3.9O10(OH)2-A0.9 ${\rm{R}}_{0.3}^{2 + }{\rm{R}}_{1.8}^{3 + }$ Al0.9Si3.1O10(OH)2 for illites, where A represents either monovalent cations or divalent cations expressed as their monovalent equivalent (e.g., Ca2+/2); R2+ stands for the divalent cations Mg2+ and Fe2+ and R3+ refers to the trivalent cations Al3+ and Fe3+. Taking account of these compositional limits, smectite and illite solid solutions can be described in terms of nine and six thermodynamic components, respectively, all of which are consistent with both the law of definite proportions and the concept of a unit cell. Thermodynamic components that can be used to describe natural smectite solid solutions in terms of a half unit cell [i.e., O10(OH)2] can be expressed as NaAl3Si3O10(OH)2, NaAl3Si3O10(OH)2 ·4.5H2O, Al2Si4O10(OH)2, Fe2Si4O10(OH)2, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2, Fe3Si4O10(OH)2, K3AlSi4O10(OH)2, KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, and Ca0.5Al3Si3O10(OH)2. Of these, NaAl3Si3O10(OH)2 ·4.5H2O provides explicitly for the presence of interlayer H2O in the mineral. Thermodynamic components representing illite solid solutions in natural systems can be written for a half unit cell as KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2, KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2, Al2Si4O10(OH)2, KFe2AlSi3O10(OH)2, and K3AlSi4O10(OH)2. The calculations and observations summarized below indicate that neither smectite nor illite occur in nature as stoichiometric phases and that the two minerals do not form a mutual solid solution corresponding to mixed-layered illite/smectite.
Reports of abusive experiences during childhood and adult health ratings: personal control as a pathway?

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationship between reports of childhood abuse and self-rated health in adulthood, and the potential of personal control to serve as a mediator. METHOD: Regression models were estimated using data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS). RESULTS: Reported emotional abuse was associated with lower personal control. In addition, women who reported emotional abuse by mother or both parents were more likely than women who were not abused to report lower self-rated health. The relationship between emotional abuse by both parents and self-rated health was mediated by personal control. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that there are long-term health consequences of early childhood abuse. The effects of childhood abusive experiences, however, operate differently for men and women and are dependent on the outcome examined. Childhood abuse compromises personal control that, in turn, leads to lower health ratings. Language: en
Noise Properties in Helical Cone-beam CT Images

Modern computed tomography (CT) scanners use helical cone-beam configurations for increasing volume coverage and yielding isotropic spatial resolution. Recently, the backprojection filtration (BPF) algorithm has been proposed for image reconstruction in helical cone-beam scans, which is able to obtain the exact reconstruction of images within a region of interest (ROI) from truncated projection data. However, little effort has been devoted to studying the response of the algorithm implementations to physical factors such as data noise. In this work, we have performed an investigation on the noise properties of the reconstructed images by use of the BPF algorithm. A semi-analytical formula has been proposed for the estimation of the image variances.
Contribution of oxygen-sensitive neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla to hypoxic cerebral vasodilatation in the rat

1. We sought to determine whether hypoxic stimulation of neurons of the rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL) would elevate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in anaesthetized paralysed rats. 2. Microinjection of sodium cyanide (NaCN; 150-450 pmol) into the RVL rapidly (within 1-2 s), transiently, dose-dependently and site-specifically elevated rCBF1 measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, by 61.3 +/- 22.1% (P < 0.01), increased arterial pressure (AP; +30 +/- 8 mmHg; P < 0.01)1 and triggered a synchronized 6 Hz rhythm of EEG activity. 3. Following cervical spinal cord transection, NaCN and also dinitrophenol (DNP) significantly (P < 0.05) elevated rCBF and synchronized the EEG but did not elevate AP; the response to NaCN was attenuated by hyperoxia and deepening of anaesthesia. 4. Electrical stimulation of NaCN-sensitive sites in the RVL in spinalized rats increased rCBF measured autoradiographically with 14C iodoantipyrine (Kety method) in the mid-line thalamus (by 182.3 +/- 17.2%; P < 0.05) and cerebral cortex (by 172.6 +/- 15.6%; P < 0.05) regions, respectively, directly or indirectly innervated by RVL neurons, and in the remainder of the brain. In contrast regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCGU), measured autoradiographically with 14C-2-deoxyglucose (Sokoloff method), was increased in proportion to rCBF in the mid-line thalamus (165.6 +/- 17.8%, P < 0.05) but was unchanged in the cortex. 5. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of NaCN sensitive sites of RVL, while not altering resting rCBF or the elevation elicited by hypercarbia (arterial CO2 pressure, Pa,CO2, approximately 69 mmHg), reduced the vasodilatation elicited by normocapnic hypoxaemia (arterial O2 pressure, Pa,O2, approximately 27 mmHg) by 67% (P < 0.01) and flattened the slope of the Pa,O2-rCBF response curve. 6. We conclude that the elevation of rCBF produced in the cerebral cortex by hypoxaemia is in large measure neurogenic, mediated trans-synaptically over intrinsic neuronal pathways, and initiated by excitation of oxygen sensitive neurons in the RVL.
Thermoplastic Green Machining for Textured Dielectric Substrate for Broadband Miniature Antenna

Therefore, in this article, we fabricated a textured dielectric substrate using the thermoplastic green machining. This textured dielectric substrate comprised of three steps with optimized distribution of a dielectric ceramic and an epoxy. A commercial low-temperature co-fired ceramics (Bi–Ba–Nd–Titania, denoted as BBNT) was used, since such low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), comprised of multiphase glass ceramics or crystallizable glass, 15–18 can be co-fired with similar silver-alloy metallization with good microwave dielectric properties. A thermoplastic BBNT block was CNC-machined in green stage to make a three-dimensional void. The BBNT material was characterized, including microstructural evolutions, chemical compositions, and crystalline phases, and dielectric properties after sintering at 9801C for various dwelling times. After sintering, the void in the dense BBNT material was filled with an epoxy to fabricate a textured dielectric substrate. Bandwidth and gain of the patch antenna with the textured dielectric substrate were measured to evaluate the antenna performance.
Cyclodextrin mediates rapid changes in lipid balance in Npc1−/− mice without carrying cholesterol through the bloodstream

An injection of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) to mice lacking Niemann Pick type C (NPC) protein results in delayed neurodegeneration, decreased inflammation, and prolonged lifespan. Changes in sterol balance observed in Npc1−/− mice 24 h after HP-β-CD administration suggest that HP-β-CD facilitates the release of accumulated lysosomal cholesterol, the molecular hallmark of this genetic disorder. Current studies were performed to evaluate the time course of HP-β-CD effects. Within 3 h after HP-β-CD injection, decreases in cholesterol synthesis rates and increases in cholesteryl ester levels were detected in tissues of Npc1−/− mice. The levels of RNAs for target genes of sterol-sensing transcription factors were altered by 6 h in liver, spleen, and ileum. Despite the cholesterol-binding capacity of HP-β-CD, there was no evidence of increased cholesterol in plasma or urine of treated Npc1−/− mice, suggesting that HP-β-CD does not carry sterol from the lysosome into the bloodstream for ultimate urinary excretion. Similar changes in sterol balance were observed in cultured cells from Npc1−/− mice using HP-β-CD and sulfobutylether-β-CD, a variant that can interact with sterol but not facilitate its solubilization. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HP-β-CD works in cells of Npc1−/− mice by rapidly liberating lysosomal cholesterol for normal sterol processing within the cytosolic compartment.
Of Arsenic and Old Laws: Looking Anew at Criminal Justice in Late Imperial China

+ Acting Professor of Law, University of California, Los Angeles. B.A. 1970, Amherst College; LL.B. 1972, University of Cambridge; M.A. 1974, Chinese Studies, Yale University; M.A. 1975, Chinese History, Yale University; J.D. 1977, Harvard University. In the course of researching and writing this Article, I have been fortunate to have received inspiration and guidance from colleagues, mentors, friends, and students here and abroad all too numerous to mention individually. I would, however, be gravely remiss were I not to single out for special thanks Dean Susan Westerberg Prager and Professor Richard L. Abel, Kenneth L. Karst, Arthur I. Rossett, Gary T. Schwartz and Phillip R. Trimble of the U.C.L.A. School of Law; Professors Richard Baum of the Political Science Department and E. Perry Link of the East Asian Languages and Cultures Department of U.C.L.A.; Mr. Chang Wejen (Director) and Ms. Cecilia Kuo-ying Hsu of the Legal History Project of the Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica; Jerome A. Cohen, Esq., formerly Professor of Law and Director of East Asian Legal Studies at the Harvard Law School; Dr. Fu-mei Chang Chen of the Hoover Institution on War, Peace and Revolution at Stanford University; Professor Andrew C.K. Hsieh of the History Department of Grinnell College; Professor Jonathan D. Spence of the Department of History of Yale Uniersity; Stanley B. Lubman, Esq.; and my parents, Dr. Hyman and Mrs. Rose Alford.
Continuous display using heterogeneous disk-subsystems

A number of recent technological trends have made data intensive applications such as continuous media (audio and video) servers a reality. These servers store and retrieve a large volume of data using magnetic disks. Servers consisting of heterogeneous disk drives have become a fact of life for several reasons. First, disks are mechanical devices that might fail. The failed disks are almost always replaced with new models. Second, the current technological trend for these devices is one of annual increase in both performance and storage capacity. Older disk models are discontinued because they cannot compete with the newer ones in the commercial arena. With a heterogeneous disk subsystem, the system should support continuous display while managing resources intelligently in order to maximize their utilization. This study describes a taxonomy of techniques that ensure a continuous display of objects using a heterogeneous disk subsystem. This taxonomy consists of: (a) strategies that partition resources into homogeneous groups of disks and manage each independently, and (b) techniques that treat all disks uniformly, termed non-partitioning techniques. We introduce three non-partitioning techniques: disk merging, disk grouping, and staggered grouping. We investigate these techniques using analytical models. Our results demonstrate that disk merging is the most fle xible scheme while providing among the lowest cost per simultaneous display. Finally, using an open simulation model, we compare disk merging with a partitioning technique. The obtained results demonstrate the superiority of disk merging.
General practitioners' knowledge of and attitudes to the management of hypertension in elderly patients.

BACKGROUND. It is not known whether the results from randomized controlled trials influence general practitioners' knowledge of and attitudes to clinical practice. AIM. This study set out to assess general practitioners' knowledge of and attitudes to the management of hypertension in patients aged 65 years and over after the publication of three randomized controlled trials. METHOD. A cross-sectional survey of principals in general practice was undertaken using a self-administrated questionnaire. The study was confined to 35 randomly selected general practices whose patient catchment area lay within the boundary of Northamptonshire Family Health Services Authority. A total of 92 general practitioners from 27 practices responded. The main outcome measures were: the reported use of a protocol to manage elderly patients with hypertension; method and frequency of blood pressure measurement; influence of patients' age on diagnosing and initiating treatment of hypertension; and use of non-pharmacological and pharmacological therapies. RESULTS. Eighty four per cent of the general practitioners reported starting treatment only after measuring blood pressure on three separate occasions; 99% measured blood pressure with the patient seated while 29% also measured blood pressure while the patient was standing. Half of the respondents reported treating patients with isolated systolic hypertension once systolic blood pressure exceeded 179 mmHg. All the general practitioners reported recommending non-pharmacological treatment prior to drug therapy; 83% would use a diuretic as their drug of first choice. CONCLUSION. It appears that despite the publication of several sets of guidelines for the management of hypertension in elderly people, based on randomized controlled trials, there is still considerable variation in the knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners. However, compared with a previous survey in Leicestershire in 1991, the general practitioners in this study reported a lower blood pressure threshold for initiating treatment of elevated blood pressure in elderly patients, including those with isolated systolic hypertension, which may in part be attributed to the introduction of the guidelines.
Load commitment of distribution grid with high penetration of photovoltaics (PV) using hybrid series-parallel prediction algorithm and storage

Abstract Battery energy storage system (BESS) is one of the promising solutions to deal with intermittency of renewable generation. In this paper, BESS is used for peak shaving and smoothing the distribution load curve of an actual circuit in island of Maui in Hawaii. The distribution circuit has about 850 kW of installed rooftop PV generation. This amount of PV and future expansion, raises some concerns about potential impacts on the transmission system. This paper aims to mitigate these effects. First of all, two load forecasting methods are presented. The forecast load data is then used to control BESS for two main purposes, peak shaving and smoothing. To achieve these goals, two approaches are explained. In approach I, a nonlinear programming method is utilized and equations for simultaneous load shifting and smoothing are derived. In the next approach, a real time control is developed which performs smoothing and peak shaving simultaneously. These methods are applied on 108 days of historical data and pros and cons of each approach is discussed.
Clickers: A Strategy for Active Learning in a Hospitality Classroom

Increasing student engagement and performance through active learning should be a concern for all instructors, and using technology in the classroom has been found as a way to accomplish this. The purpose of this article is to analyze whether using educational technology in the form of clickers in a hospitality financial accounting class engages students and ultimately increases their course performance. Data from students (N = 260) over three semesters were analyzed using t-tests, descriptive analyses, and qualitative analyses. Results showed that students did perform significantly better when clickers were used compared to when they were not. Results also showed that students felt engaged in the class when clickers were used.
Physical Therapists' Attitudes Toward Teaching

The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of physical therapists toward teaching as part of their professional role. A questionnaire survey of physical therapists was conducted using a semantic differential scale designed by the author. Results indicated a strongly positive attitude toward teaching among physical therapists; this positive attitude was significant ( p < .01) in therapists employed in private practice settings. A set of descriptors about the attitudes of physical therapists toward teaching was identified. The results indicated that teaching is a positively valued component of physical therapy practice.
Luminal influences on potassium secretion: low sodium concentration

In vivo microperfusion techniques were employed in anesthetized rats to determine whether K secretion by renal distal tubules requires the presence of Na in luminal fluid, and, if it does, in what concentration range do changes in Na concentration have the most effect. In a first series of experiments Na in perfusion fluid was replaced at constant Cl with tetramethylammonium (TMA). When the perfusion fluid Na concentration was reduced from 96 or 34 mM to 10 or 3 mM, K secretion was reduced by 50-60% and transepithelial voltage ( VTE ) was reduced by 40-60%. In a second series of experiments, in which NaCl was replaced with urea, perfusion fluid Na concentration again was reduced to 3 mM, and K secretion and VTE were reduced. In a third series of experiments, Na was replaced with rubidium. The reduced K secretion could not be explained solely by changes in electrical driving forces. The results indicate that some luminal Na (half-maximal concentration approx 10 mM) is necessary to permit K secretion to proceed at a normal rate. Considering prior measurements of luminal Na concentration in rat distal tubules, it is unlikely that changes in luminal Na concentration play an important role in regulating the rate of distal K secretion.
Survival outcomes of combined external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy vs. brachytherapy alone for intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients using the National Cancer Data Base

PURPOSE: The purpose was to evaluate survival outcomes between external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) plus brachytherapy and brachytherapy alone for intermediate-risk prostate cancer, using the National Cancer Data Base. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The National Cancer Data Base was queried for cN0M0 intermediate-risk patients treated from 2004 to 2006, with available data for Gleason score (GS), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), tumor stage, and receipt of radiation therapy (RT) and androgen deprivation therapy. RT comparison groups were the following: EBRT (40e50.4 Gy) plus brachy- therapy and brachytherapy alone. RESULTS: A total of 10,571 patients were included: 3,148 received EBRT plus brachytherapy and 7,423 received brachytherapy alone. Median followup was 84 months (2e122 months); median age was 68 years (40e90 years). Unadjusted 5- and 7-year overall survival (OS) rates between EBRT plus brachytherapy vs. brachytherapy alone were 91.4% vs. 90.2% and 85.7% vs. 82.9%, respec- tively (p ! 0.001). EBRT plus brachytherapy was associated with longer OS compared with brachytherapy alone under multivariate (hazard ratio (HR), 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75e0.93; p 5 0.001) and propensity score-matched analyses (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.75e0.97; p 5 0.006). Further subset analysis performed based on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0232 inclusion criteria (GS 7 if PSA ! 10 or GS ! 7 if PSA 10e20) also demonstrated longer OS with EBRT plus brachytherapy (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77e0.98; p 5 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: EBRT plus brachytherapy is associated with a modest OS improvement compared with brachytherapy alone in this population-based analysis. Although this benefit appears statistically significant, the relatively small difference in OS raises the question of overall clinical benefit with combined modality RT for intermediate-risk prostate cancer, given the potential increased risk for toxicities. Future results from Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 0232 should provide further insight on this topic. 2016 American Brachytherapy Society. Published by Elsev- ier Inc. All rights reserved.
Ligand Adsorption and Exchange on Pegylated Gold Nanoparticles

Previous researchers proposed that thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-SH) adopts a “mushroom-like” conformation on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in water. However, information regarding the size and permeability of the PEG-SH mushroom caps and surface area passivated by the PEG-SH mushroom stems are unavailable. Reported herein is our finding that AuNPs that are covered by saturation packed PEG-SHs all have large fractions of AuNP surface area available for ligand adsorption and exchange. The model ligands adenine and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (2-MBI) can rapidly penetrate the PEG-SH overlayer and adsorb onto the AuNP surface. Most of the ligand adsorption and exchange occurs within the first minutes of the ligand addition. The fraction of AuNP surface area passivated by saturation packed model PEG-SHs are ∼25%, ∼20%, and ∼9% for PEG-SHs with molecular weights of 2000, 5000, and 30 000 g/mol, respectively. Localized surface plasmonic resonance and dynamic light scattering show that the PEG-SH overlayer is dr...
Compensation or Opportunity? The Effects of International Recessions upon Direct Foreign Investment and Growth in Third World States, 1970–1978

This research investigates the effects of international recessions upon the role of direct foreign investment in underdeveloped countries. Arguments for two schools of thought are examined: (1) the opportunity school, which regards recessions as presenting poor countries with a chance to reduce the role of foreign investment in their societies; and (2) the compensation school, which sees economic disturbances as leading multinational corporations to use underdeveloped states to offset the problems posed by the recession. The results from the analysis indicate that recessions only are used as a moment of opportunity under the very limited circumstances found when the underdeveloped host state has a high total stock of investments in mining that are predominantly from a home state perceived as domineering in its relations with the host state. Attempts at compensation were found to center around the protection of valuable Third World markets and sources of raw materials. No evidence was found indicating that foreign investors increase their repatriation of profits, nor was there any effect by foreign investment on growth during a recession.
Optimizing the use of inferior vena cava filters in oncology patients: are all filters created equally?

Many studies have supported the efficacy of inferior vena cava filters (IVCF) in the setting of venous thromboembolic disease, particularly in oncologic patients who are at increased risk. The advent of retrievable IVCF designs has prompted dramatically expanded use for patients with widely accepted indications but also disproportionately so in patients with so-called extended indications. At the same time, an alarming increase in filter-related complications has been reported both in the literature and through regulatory agencies, leading to government agency-issued warnings. The synergistic effect of these two interconnected phenomena is explained through a careful review of the evolution of IVCF device design. Critical differences exist when comparing retrievable IVCF and permanent IVCF. IVCF utilization can be optimized by prospectively identifying which patients are best served by a specific IVCF device. Careful follow-up strategies are also needed to ensure that all IVCFs are removed as soon as they are no longer needed. Finally, adjunctive techniques for removing “difficult” filters help maximize the number of IVCF removed and minimize IVCF left implanted needlessly.
Diagnostic imaging of fracture complications.

Complications with radiographic findings are stressed, although those without definite radiographic manifestations are mentioned for completeness. We have arbitrarily divided the complications according to the time of their appearance related to the fracture. The categories are designated immediate, during healing, and delayed
Frequency-modulation spectroscopy with buried-heterostructure lead-salt diode lasers

Frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy1 with injection modulated lead-salt diode lasers promises quantum-noise-limited detection of numerous molecular species in the mid-IR spectral region. Recent experimental work with mesa-stripe geometry lead-salt lasers has focused on a comparison of single-tone and two-tone methods of implementing the technique.2 Absorption sensitivities of 10-5 have been achieved using the two-tone method, a result primarily limited by the relative low (<100-μW) single-mode output power and high incidental amplitude modulation (AM) of the mesa-stripe lasers.
Assessing Leadership Using National Assessment Tools

Determining the appropriate use of national or multicampus leadership assessments requires careful consideration of program goals and resources. This chapter explores quantitative dimensions of assessing leadership.
New Alternatives for Electronic Structure Calculations: Renormalized, Extended, and Generalized Coupled-Cluster Theories

New single-reference coupled-cluster (CC) methods that can be applied to quasi-degenerate electronic states and molecular potential energy surfaces involving bond breaking and that can provide the virtually exact results for many-electron systems are reviewed. Three types of approaches are discussed: (i) the renormalized CC methods, which represent the approximate variants of the more general formalism of the method of moments of coupled-cluster equations (MMCC), (ii) the extended CC (ECC) methods, and (iii) the generalized CC (GCC) theory, in which many-electron wave functions are represented by the exponential cluster expansions involving general two-body operators. The main idea of the renormalized CC and other MMCC theories is that of the noniterative energy corrections which, when added to the energies obtained in the standard CC calculations, such as CCSD (CC singles and doubles), recover the exact or virtually exact energies. It is demonstrated that the completely renormalized CCSD(T) and CCSD(TQ) methods and their quadratic MMCC analogs represent “blackbox” approaches, which are capable of removing the failing of the standard CCSD, CCSD(T), and similar methods at larger internuclear separations. The ECC methods, in which products involving low-order cluster components mimic the effects of higher-order clusters, are based on the idea of optimizing two cluster operators. It is shown that the ECC methods with singles and doubles (ECCSD), including the quadratic and bilinear ECCSD theories, provide great improvements in the poor description of multiple bond breaking by the standard CC approaches. Finally, we provide strong arguments that the GCC theory may represent the exact many-body formalism. This result may have a significant impact on future quantum calcalatems for many-electron and other pairwise interacting many-fermion systems.
BLOCK BACKSTEPPING FOR ADAPTIVE NONLINEAR CONTROL

Abstract We formulate a new design tool for adaptive nonlinear control, called block backstepping. Instead of backstepping a single integratorat a time, this tool allows us to backstep a whole nonlinear block which has relative degree one and bounded-input-bounded-state stable zero dynamics, with respect to appropriately defined inputs and outputs. We then show that, using this tool, recently developed adaptive nonlinear control designs can be extended to larger classes of nonlinear systems.
"Please Don't Just Hang a Feather on a Program or Put a Medicine Wheel on Your Logo and Think 'Oh Well, This Will Work'": Theoretical Perspectives of American Indian and Alaska Native Substance Abuse Prevention Programs

Many current theories guiding substance abuse prevention (SAP) programs stem from Western ideologies, leading to a scarcity of research on theories from, and a disconnect with, Indigenous perspectives. This qualitative research study explored perceptions of theory by SAP researchers (N = 22) working with American Indian and Alaska Native communities. In-depth interviews identified components of Indigenous theoretical perspectives, including cultural elements such as balance, social cohesion, and belonging as being particularly significant and currently absent from many SAP programs. Recommendations for conducting metatheory studies and operationalization of Indigenous perspectives into guiding theoretical underpinnings for future SAP programming are provided.
Research output and performance in Central Asia a bibliometric study

The Central Asian region is made up of a rich diversity in cultures and each country has faced its own challenges and opportunities but a common theme today is that they all to shift towards knowledge-based economies and a key component of that is research and development. This study sought to evaluate output and impact of published research using bibliometric indicators to determine whether these indicators were influenced by the number and activity of researchers in each country and whether their collaboration with the international research community influenced the impact in their field. The findings showed that Turkey's dominant position has been compromised by the improvement of several regional countries including Iran and that international collaboration improves the proportion of papers cited globally but does not increase the number of citations received. The findings show that integration with the global research community is not consistent across the region with some countries remaining more isolated than others.
The North-Trending Swarm of Mesozoic Dikes in the Southern Appalachians: Its Map Pattern and Significance for Mesozoic Extension

The N-trending swarm of Mesozoic mafic dikes extends northward from near Charleston, South Carolina, across central North Carolina into SW Virginia. Over most of its extent in the Carolinas, major dikes of this swarm have been traced primarily by magnetic anomalies, whereas in SW Virginia, individual dikes have been mapped on 1:24,000-scale geologic maps by numerous investigators. Within SW Virginia, mapped patterns of this dike swarm include numerous en echelon sequences of smaller dikes. These en echelon dike sequences consistently defined left-lateral, NE-SW-trending shears and right-lateral, NW-SE-trending shears indicating that the N-trending dike swarm was emplaced with an E-W-oriented σ3 and a vertical σ2. The N-trending dike swarm crosses two major Triassic rift basins: the Dan River Basin of southwestern Virginia and adjacent North Carolina, and the Deep River Basin of North Carolina.
The Impact of Disasters: Implications for the Well-Being of Older Adults

Since 2000, there has been a notable increase in the number of major disasters. Disasters frequently occur, with older adults experiencing a disproportionate number of adverse effects. Disasters may be either natural, such as hurricanes, tornados, and earthquakes, or human-made, such as terrorism or technological accidents. This increase has been accompanied by an upturn in the number of government and nonprofit organizations promulgating detailed instructions describing how to mitigate, prepare for disasters, obtain safe shelter, cope with adverse events, and initiate the recovery process. However, despite these efforts, government officials and researchers consistently report that older adults are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes, but are the least prepared subgroup of the population.
Adipose derived delivery vehicle for encapsulated adipogenic factors.

Abstract Hydrogels derived from adipose tissue extracellular matrix (AdECM) have shown potential in the ability to generate new adipose tissue in vivo. To further enhance adipogenesis, a composite adipose derived delivery system (CADDS) containing single- and double-walled dexamethasone encapsulated microspheres (SW and DW Dex MS) has been developed. Previously, our laboratory has published the use of Dex MS as an additive to enhance adipogenesis and angiogenesis in adipose tissue grafts. In the current work, AdECM and CADDS are extensively characterized, in addition to conducting in vitro cell culture analysis. Study results indicate the AdECM used for the CADDS has minimal cellular and lipid content allowing for gelation of its collagen structure under physiological conditions. Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) culture studies confirmed biocompatibility with the CADDS, and adipogenesis was increased in experimental groups containing the hydrogel scaffold. In vitro studies of AdECM hydrogel containing microspheres demonstrated a controlled release of dexamethasone from SW and DW formulations. The delivery of Dex MS via an injectable hydrogel scaffold combines two biologically responsive components to develop a minimally, invasive, off-the-shelf biomaterial for adipose tissue engineering. Statement of significance Scientists and doctors have yet to develop an off-the-shelf product for patients with soft tissue defects. Recently, the use of adipose derived extracellular matrix (adECM) to generate new adipose tissue in vivo has shown great promise but individually, adECM still has limitations in terms of volume and consistency. The current work introduces a novel composite off-the-shelf construct comprised of an adECM-based hydrogel and dexamethasone encapsulated microspheres (Dex MS). The hydrogel construct serves not only as an injectable protein-rich scaffold but also a delivery system for the Dex MS for non-invasive application to the defect site. The methods and results presented are a progressive step forward in the field of adipose tissue engineering.
Influence of Diabetes on Long-Term Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patency

Abstract Background Nearly 50% of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting have diabetes. However, little is known about the influence of diabetes on long-term patency of bypass grafts. Because patients with diabetes have more severe coronary artery stenosis, we hypothesized that graft patency is worse in patients with than without diabetes. Objectives This study sought to examine the influence of diabetes on long-term patency of bypass grafts. Methods From 1972 to 2011, 57,961 patients underwent primary isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Of these, 1,372 pharmacologically treated patients with diabetes and 10,147 patients without diabetes had 15,887 postoperative angiograms; stenosis was quantified for 7,903 internal thoracic artery (ITA) grafts and 20,066 saphenous vein grafts. Status of graft patency across time was analyzed by longitudinal nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Results ITA graft patency was stable over time and similar in patients with and without diabetes: at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years, 97%, 97%, 96%, and 96% in patients with diabetes, and 96%, 96%, 95%, and 93% in patients without diabetes, respectively (early p = 0.20; late p = 0.30). In contrast, saphenous vein graft patency declined over time and similarly in patients with and without diabetes: at 1, 5, 10, and 20 years, 78%, 70%, 57%, and 42% in patients with diabetes, and 82%, 72%, 58%, and 41% in patients without diabetes, respectively (early p Conclusions Contrary to our hypothesis, diabetes did not influence long-term patency of bypass grafts. Use of ITA grafts should be maximized in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting because they have excellent patency in patients with and without diabetes even after 20 years.
Performance of Arch-Style Road Crossing Structures from Relative Movement Rates of Large Mammals

In recent decades, an increasing number of highway construction and reconstruction projects have included mitigation measures aimed at reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions and maintaining habitat connectivity for wildlife. The most effective and robust measures include wildlife fences combined with wildlife underpasses and overpasses. The 39 wildlife crossing structures included along a 90 km stretch of US Highway 93 on the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana represent one of the most extensive of such projects. We measured movements of large mammal species at 15 elliptical arch-style wildlife underpasses and adjacent habitat between April and November 2015. We investigated if the movements of large mammals through the underpasses were similar to large mammal movements in the adjacent habitat. Across all structures, large mammals (all species combined) were more likely to move through the structures than pass at a random location in the surrounding habitat. At the species level, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) used the underpasses significantly more than could be expected based on their movement through the surrounding habitat. However, carnivorous species such as bear (Ursus americanus) and coyote (Canis latrans) moved through the underpasses in similar numbers compared to the surrounding habitat.
Looking beyond the indication: Bone scan for trauma providing unsuspected initial diagnosis of acute critical lower limb arterial compromise.

We report a case of rare incidental initial detection of unsuspected arterial supply compromise to the right lower extremity on a bone scan obtained to rule out fracture in a patient with right hip pain after a fall. Follow-up CT angiogram confirmed near-complete occlusion of right lower extremity arteries for which patient underwent above-knee amputation.
Emission Lines of CI and N II in Planetary Nebulae

A model potential method (Caves and Dalgarno, 1972, J. Quant. Spect. Rad. Transf., 12, 1539) was used to calculate accurate nonhydrogenic radiative recombination rates and transition probabilities of singly excited states of CI and N II. The results can be used to determine the excitation mechanism of emission lines and to estimate N III concentrations in nebulae with CI and N II emission lines. In most nebulae, observed permitted lines of N II are produced by radiative recombination, but sometimes stronger recombination lines are missing in their spectra. The [CI] lines observed in NGC 7027 cannot be explained by simple radiative and dielectronic recombination. The low [CI] λλ9850 + 23/ λ8727 value may indicate that the emission is produced in high density (Ne ~ 105 cm-3) condensations where partial collisional deexcitation of metastable levels, takes place. N III concentrations were determined using published data of NGC 3242, NGC 3918, and NGC 6572. The procedure outlined by Wilkes et al. (1981, M.N.R.A.S., 197, l) to determine N abundances from (N+ + N++)/He+ ratios does not always give consistent results with UV or [N II] data. The problem may be due to errors in the calculation of transition probabilities involving the doubly excited levels 2s2p3 3P° and 3D° of N II that affect the branching and effective recombination rate of the multiplet N II λ5680.