cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The intracellular distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT; serotonin) in the rat's brain

Abstract Differential centrifugation of homogenates of rat's brain has revealed that approximately one-fifth of the endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT; serotonin) is present in the non-particulate fraction, while two-thirds resides in the granules. The administration of reserpine causes a shift of the particulate/non-particulate (bound/free) ratio from 3.5 to 1.5, by virtue of a much greater depletion of the particulate store of HT than of the HT present in the non-particulate fraction. Iproniazad causes a rise in the HT of both fractions, but yields a ratio of 1.4. The administration of iproniazid followed by reserpine produces a result similar to that found after iproniazid alone. Thus, it would appear that iproniazid inhibits the release of HT elicited by reserpine. It is emphasised that the data presented can only be considered in a relative sense because of two difficulties inherent in the technique, which have been elucidated: (1) the granules isolated from brain lose a large portion of their HT upon re-suspension and re-centrifugation; and (2) there is a certain affinity of particulate material of brain for HT added to the suspending medium.
Quantum coherent operators: A generalization of coherent states

We introduce a technique to compare different, but related, quantum systems, thereby generalizing the way that coherent states are used to compare quantum systems to classical systems in semiclassical analysis. We then use this technique to estimate the dependence of the free energy of the quantum Heisenberg model on the spin value, and to estimate the relation between the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic free energies.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND THE QUEST FOR NATIONAL IDENTITY IN ZIMBABWE

This article traces and analyses efforts by practitioners of traditional medicine to obtain official recognition of their sector in post<olonial Zimbabwe. Beginning with a brief historical background of the role of traditional medicine in the colonial period, during which traditional medical practice was marginalised and denigrated, while efforts were made to promote western medicine by the colonial settlers who benefited most from it, the article highlights the various post-colonial campaigns to get traditional medicine officially recognised as "a legitimate form of health care" and the struggles to "reshape traditional medicine into a health service parallel to western medicine". These campaigns are analysed within the broader context of Zimbabwe's search for national identity.
PARATHYROID HORMONE REGULATION IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RENAL DISEASE

The regulation of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) levels has been examined in three groups of children. I. In 5 children with renal insufficiency, 4 had renal osteodystrophy. Calcium infusions of 4 mg/kg/hour for 4 hours reduced IPTH to less than 40% of the elevated baseline levels. Following glucagon administration, which lowered serum calcium in 4 of 5 children, IPTH levels in 3 increased transiently by 20%. These changes indicated that these children had suppressible parathyroid function (non-autonomous). II. In 4 children being hemodialyzed against a bath with Ca++ concentration ranging from 7-8 mg/dl,the (Ca++) of the venous line progressively rose. It also always exceeded that of the arterial line, indicating net calcium absorption by the body. IPTH levels fell as serum(Ca++) increased. These changes indicate that the use of a high(Ca++) in the dialysis bath is useful in suppressing parathyroid hyperactivity. III. Changes in (Ca++), (PO−4) and IPTH were determined following 5 episodes in 4 children of acute transplant rejection being treated by 15 mg/kg of IV prednisolone.(Ca++) fell in all 5. Changes in IPTH levels were not consistent and failed to parallel changes in (Ca++). These changes suggest that high doses of steroids may acutely affect serum (Ca++), independently of their effect on the parathyroid glands. Supported by NIH grants RR-5624, RR-75 and HD-04840.
Integrated impedance matching layer

Improved design of clinical and industrial ultrasonic transducers requires an impedance matching layer with efficient coupling of acoustic energy between the piezoelectric ceramic and the propagating medium with controlled acoustic properties and ease of manufacturing. Traditional impedance matching layers comprise solid particles surrounded by a polymer matrix. This is prepared separately and then bonded to the piezoelectric layer. In this paper a new technique for making an integrated acoustic impedance matching layer is described. This is made by making a series of shallow grooves at the surface of the bulk piezoelectric ceramic layer. These grooves extend partially into the bulk piezoelectric ceramic. The depth of the grooves determines the thickness of the integrated impedance matching layer. By depositing an electrode that extends into the grooves the electrical potential distribution inside the integrated impedance matching layer is controlled. The integrated impedance matching layer is piezoelectrically inert. The principle of operation for the integrated impedance matching layer is described here. The impulse response for a transducer with the integrated impedance matching layer radiating into water is presented here. The experimental and the simulation results are compared showing a good correlation.
Rayleigh Laser Guide Star Systems: Application to the University of Illinois Seeing Improvement System

ABSTRACT Laser guide stars created by Rayleigh scattering provide a reasonable means to monitor atmospheric wavefront distortions for real‐time correction by adaptive optics systems. Because of the λ−4 wavelength dependence of Rayleigh scattering, short‐wavelength lasers are a logical first choice for astronomical laser guide star systems, and in this paper we describe the results from a sustained experimental effort to integrate into an adaptive optics system a 351 nm Rayleigh laser guide star created at an altitude of 20 km (above mean sea level) at the Mount Wilson 2.5 m telescope. In addition to providing obvious scientific benefits, the 351 nm laser guide star projected by the University of Illinois Seeing Improvement System is “stealth qualified” in terms of the Federal Aviation Administration and airplane avoidance. Because of the excellent return signal at the wavefront sensor, there is no doubt that future applications will be found for short‐wavelength Rayleigh‐scattered laser guide stars.
A case for smaller class size with integrated lab for introductory computer science

Prompted by changes in the numbers and demographics of students enrolled and being retained in computer science, the Department of Computer Science at NC State University is revising its undergraduate curriculum to better meet the needs of its students, and increase student attraction and retention. One set of changes concerns introductory computer science courses (CS1). This paper reports on a study conducted to assess the impact of class size and active learning in our CS1 courses. We find that smaller classes with integrated laboratories improve both learning and retention, as well as satisfaction of the students. Among other benefits, we found retention rates in small classes to be about 20% better than large classes.
Water-washing to reduce metals in oils extracted from Nannochloropsis algae for potential FCC feedstock

Abstract Algae cultivation offers the potential to produce biofuels with much higher productivity than conventional soil-based crops. Organic oils can be extracted from algae using solvents such as alcohols and paraffins. A challenge is to define the most economical means to process these extracted oils into products such as chemical intermediates and liquid fuels. One approach is to add algal oils directly into the petroleum-based feeds to existing refinery processes such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) or hydroprocessing. Maximum acceptable levels were defined for contaminants such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen in the feed to an FCC unit, based on refinery experience. Cracking runs in a laboratory unit confirmed the large decrease in conversion for high levels of sodium and potassium. For a laboratory sample of Nannochloropsis algae, the level of metals was far too high in the whole algae or in oils extracted from the algae using ethanol or n-heptane to allow their inclusion in FCC feedstock, even at a level of 2% algal product in the FCC feed. Washing the extracted oil with water removed only modest amounts of metals. It was found that washing the algae with water first, and then doing solvent extractions, resulted in oils with metals levels low enough for co-feeding to an FCC unit at a level of 2%. The oil yields by mass from the starting algae from this route were 21% for ethanol solvent, and 10% for heptane solvent. If an FCC unit were completely dedicated to bio-feeds without the necessity of co-processing petroleum feedstocks, the unit might operate with a different catalyst and different set of operating constraints, but that is beyond the scope of this study.
Roles for thromboxane A2 and leukotrienes in endotoxin–induced acute renal failure

Roles for thromboxane A 2 and leukotrienes in endotoxin–induced acute renal failure. Bolus i.v. administration of 100 µg/kg of E. Coli lipopoly-saccharide endotoxin (LPS) to adult male Munich–Wistar rats (N = 18) resulted in a progressive fall in RBF and GFR from 6.9 ± 0.2 SE and 1.1 ± 0.05ml/min to minimal values at 50 minutes of 3.8 ± 0.4 and 0.32 ± 0.08 (P 2 (1075 ± 108 pg/mg tissue), 6 keto PGF 1α (221 ± 41 pg/mg), and TxB 2 (106 ± 12 pg/mg) were significantly higher than those of vehicle–treated control rats (N=10, PGE 2 = 466 ± 107, 6 keto PGF 1α = 94 ± 3, and TxB 2 = 35 ± 3 pg/mg), and morphologic examination revealed normal histology with notable absence of leukocytes and platelets. Pretreatment of a third group of nine rats with TxA 2 synthetase inhibitor UK-37.248 (dazoxiben, 10 mg/kg) selectively abolished the LPS-induced rise in TxB 2 (29 ± 3 pg/mg), but not PGE 2 (837± 62 pg/mg) or 6 keto PGF 1α (179 ± 5 pg/mg), prevented the fall in RBF at 50 minutes (6.3 ± 0.4 ml/min), and allowed for significant preservation of GFR (0.67 ± 0.08ml/min). In addition, antagonism of endogenously produced LTs with the putative receptor antagonist FPL55712 (N = 10, 500 µg/kg/min × 40 min), while not preventing the LPS-induced rise in TxB 2 generation rate (97 ± pg/mg); significantly ameliorated the fall in RBF at 50 minutes (5.9 ± 0.5 ml/min), whereas GFR was depressed (0.46 ± 0.13 ml/min), but recovered to 0.57 ± 0.08ml/min at 70min post-LPS (P 2 and sulfidopeptide LTs in mediating the renal functional impairment of experimental endotoxemia.
p53 and bcl-2 immunohistochemical alterations in prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy☆

Objectives. Radiation therapy is definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer. It causes cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, which, if irreparable, results in apoptosis or programmed cell death. Overexpression of mutant p53 and/or bcl-2 proteins prolongs cell survival despite exposure to damaging agents. We examined whether abnormal expression of either gene could help to explain radiation therapy failures in prostate cancer. Methods. Archival tissue from patients who had failed radiation therapy as treatment for prostate cancer was obtained before and after treatment. These cancer samples were examined immunohistochemically for accumulation of p53 and bcl-2 proteins. Comparison was made with specimens from patients who had no evidence of recurrent or persistent disease at least 3 years following radiation therapy. Results. High rates of p53 immunopositivity were found in the prostate tissue from all groups studied. More patients who had failed radiation therapy were found to have bcl-2 immunopositive specimens than were those without evidence for recurrent disease (41% preradiation and 61% postradiation versus 8%, P <0.05). More patients who failed radiation therapy had both p53 and bcl-2 immunopositive prostate tissue than did those who were treated successfully (32% preradiation and 48% postradiation versus 8%). Conclusions. bcl-2 immunopositivity, with or without concomitant detection of p53, was found in significantly more cancers of patients who failed radiation therapy. Positive staining for bcl-2 may serve as a marker for determining the radiation sensitivity of a tumor and thus may help to guide treatment options. It is also notable that a high proportion of the prostate cancers examined were immunopositive for p53.
Discussion for oncologic surveillance of breast cancer patients after lipofilling.

Level of Evidence IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of
Spectral correlation of atmospheric lidar returns with range-dependent backscatter

Expressions are derived for the spectrum of atmospheric backscatter coherent lidar returns in the presence of arbitrary line-of-sight backscatter nonuniformities. It is shown that, in contrast to microwave weather radar, sample measurement spectra are smoothed, although mean spectra and therefore the first-order coherence of the return are unaffected. Simulated data are used to demonstrate that estimates of return power are degraded by sample smoothing, but some estimates of mean Doppler shift are improved.
Development of a Design Tool for Flow Rate Optimization in the Tata Swach Water Filter

When developing a first-generation product, an iterative approach often yields the shortest time-to-market. In order to optimize its performance, however, a fundamental understanding of the theory governing its operation becomes necessary. This paper details the optimization of the Tata Swach, a consumer water purifier produced for India. The primary objective of the work was to increase flow rate while considering other factors such as cost, manufacturability, and efficacy. A mathematical model of the flow characteristics through the filter was developed. Based on this model, a design tool was created to allow designers to predict flow behavior without prototyping, significantly reducing the necessity of iteration. Sensitivity analysis was used to identify simple ways to increase flow rate as well as potential weak points in the design. Finally, it was demonstrated that maximum flow rate can be increased by 50% by increasing the diameter of a flowrestricting feature while simultaneously increasing the length of the active purification zone. This can be accomplished without significantly affecting cost, manufacturability, and efficacy.
Aqueous-ammonia delignification of miscanthus followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to sugars

Abstract This work concerns the effect of aqueous ammonia pretreatment at four temperatures and at 10, 20 or 30 wt.% ammonia. After 1 h, more than 65% delignification is achieved at 150 or 180 °C for high and for low concentrations of ammonia. When the delignified miscanthus is enzymatically hydrolyzed for 96 h using cellulases and beta-glucosidase, conversion of the recovered solid to glucose is 53.4% and to xylose 70.0%. Additional glucose and xylose can be obtained from the ammonia-containing aqueous phase. Increased ammonia concentration leads to better conversion. Fourier-transform infrared and Two-dimensional 13C–1H Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy provide data for the composition of the pretreated miscanthus and for that of the liquid extract. These spectra indicate that pretreatment with ammonia leads to de-acetylation of the xylan-backbone. The β-O-4′ linked aryl ether remains the most abundant linkage in the pretreated miscanthus.
Factors Affecting the Posttransition Intensification of Hurricane Irene (1999)

Abstract Hurricane Irene (1999) is examined as a case study of extratropical transition. Irene began its life in the Gulf of Mexico and made quick landfalls over both Cuba and Florida before entering the Atlantic Ocean at about 0900 UTC 16 October; the storm then paralleled the East Coast, tracking along the Gulf Stream for 2 days. Extratropical transition took place from 1800 UTC 17 October to 0000 UTC 19 October; during this time, the interaction of Irene with an upper-level jet streak contributed to intensification during and after transition. The details of the interaction are examined here using simulations of storm interactions with surface and upper-level features as well as quasigeostrophic omega and potential vorticity diagnostics. These analyses reveal that the extratropical transition of Irene was facilitated by the presence of an upper-level trough and jet streak, which contributed to the cyclogenesis ahead of the transitioning storm as well as to the posttransition intensification of the storm.
Degree of mapping for nonlinear mappings of monotone type

Abstract A classical degree function is constructed for pseudomonotone mappings from a reflexive Banach space to its dual, using Galerkin approximations. This generalizes the Leray-Schauder degree when the Banach space is a Hilbert space and yields a flexible analytical tool for the study of nonlinear elliptic problems of higher order in divergence form.
Highway and rural propagation channel modeling for vehicle-to-vehicle communications at 5.9 GHz

In this article, we have reported experimental studies of signal strength as a function of vehicle separation for outdoor vehicle-to-vehicle propagation at 5.9 GHz. Statistical measurement campaigns were conducted in highway and rural driving environments. These measurements were used to obtain parameters for a dual-slope log-normal propagation model. The effects of antenna pattern variations for passing vehicles were also discussed.
Bayesian credible sets for the risk difference in binomial data with a fallible classifier and a gold standard

We consider two-sample binary data consisting of two independent studies. One study is the main study where individuals are classified using a fallible classifier prone to error; the other study is a validation study where individuals are classified using both the fallible classifier and a gold standard which does not misclassify individuals. For such data, we propose a Bayesian model for making statistical inference for all model parameters and particularly the risk difference. We derive a closed-form algorithm for sampling from the posterior distribution. We then illustrate our algorithm using a real data example and conduct Monte Carlo simulation studies to show that our algorithm performs very well under various scenarios.
Stability of Labetalol Hydrochloride in Distilled Water, Simple Syrup, and Three Fruit Juices

Labetalol hydrochloride (HCl) is an effective antihypertensive drug. It is available in a tablet dosage form, which may be difficult to administer to geriatric and pediatric patients. The tablets can be suspended in various liquid vehicles, but its stability under these conditions is unknown. The objective of our study was to determine the stability of labetalol HCl in five liquid vehicles, in both plastic and glass prescription bottles, over a four-week period at room temperature and under refrigeration. Labetalol HCl tablets (Trandate, Glaxo) were triturated, and suspended in distilled water, simple syrup, apple juice, grape juice, and orange juice to approximate concentrations of 7–10 mg/mL. After filtration, the liquids were stored in five amber, plastic prescription bottles, and five amber, glass prescription bottles at 4°C and 23°C. The samples were collected at 0, 24, and 72 hours, and 1. 2, and 4 weeks after initiation of the study. Labetalol HCl was measured by an HPLC method. Because there was n...
Nonoperative management of pectus carinatum.

Background: Although surgery has been the mainstay of treatment of chondrogladiolar pectus carinatum (PC), several authors have advocated the benefits of nonoperative approaches to induce chest wall remodeling. Based on our initial success with compression bracing, we have integrated this modality into our treatment algorithm. Method: We reviewed the charts of all patients treated for PC at our pediatric hospital between 1997 and 2004. Patients were managed with observation, operative repair, and orthotic bracing that provides continuous anteroposterior sternal compression. The brace was worn for 14 to 16 hours per day until linear growth was complete or for a minimum of 2 years. Results: One hundred patients were diagnosed with PC. Fifty-seven patients had no treatment and were monitored. Twenty-nine patients were fitted with a brace. Of these 29 patients, 3 were noncompliant, resulting in a compliance rate of 90%. Of the remaining brace patients, all have had positive outcomes with no observed complications. Seventeen patients underwent surgical repair. Their outcomes were also positive with no major complications. Conclusion: Our findings clearly demonstrate that compression bracing is a safe and effective treatment for children with chondrogladiolar PC. We currently offer this approach as a first-line treatment, reserving surgery for patients who are noncompliant and those who fail the nonoperative modality.
Mechanism of Yarn Failure

The importance of interfiber friction in determining yarn strength has been acknowledged by several authors. Studies of the effect of friction on yarn strength were often based on determining the influence of twist level, a structural factor, to change the level of friction. To our knowledge, no study is available in which varying fiber frictional characteristics are introduced into a constant yarn structure (i.e., the same twist, fiber type, fiber length, etc.). This effect has been accomplished through a surface treatment that changes the level of interfiber friction, and subsequent yarn testing provides useful and interesting information about how fiber interaction contributes to yarn strength. The results presented here show that interfiber friction can (under certain circumstances) be the dominant factor in determining the tensile properties of a ring spun staple yarn. Friction and yarn strength results show that moderate changes in the interfiber friction can produce large changes in yarn strength. ...
Suspension for the Aging Face

Rejuvenation of the aging face involves modalities that refill, resurface, relax, and resuspend. As cosmetic rejuvenation procedures have become simpler and less aggressive, they have become safer, with less downtime and morbidity. Most facial rejuvenation involves a combination of these procedures, which can then be tailored to the needs of the patient.
A note on a theorem on the summation of driving-point and transfer network impedances

An alternative algebraic proof of a network theorem given in [1] is given. The theorem is also extended to include the case when the network contains coupled elements.
Mandated child health insurance: an approach whose time has come?

Pediatric health services research has documented that uninsured children are less likely to receive needed medical, mental health, and dental services and are more likely to experience adverse health outcomes.1 Uninsured children can be defined in 1 of the following 3 ways: 1) lacking insurance during a specified period of time, usually the most recent calendar year or past 12 months; 2) lacking insurance at any time during a specified period of time; or 3) lacking insurance at the specific point in time when a survey is done. During the first 3 years of life about one quarter of our nation’s children have at least 1 month when they are uninsured and over one half of these children remain uninsured for >6 months.2 The rate of uninsured children is constantly changing with the state of the economy, increases in employer insurance premiums, and changes in access to public insurance programs. Current economic conditions suggest that the number of uninsured children is rising from ∼8.5 million reported from 1998 to 2000 to perhaps more than the 11 million reported for 1997.3 However, there is a great deal of confusion associated with estimating the number of uninsured children because of differences among surveys with respect to when and how often they are administered, numbers of survey respondents and their geographic distribution, insurance definitions, age classifications, and other measurement issues.4 Using the 1999 National Survey of America’s Families survey, the Urban Institute estimated that among the country’s 72 million children, 51.2% were eligible for a publicly financed health plan, 33.4% were eligible for Medicaid, and 17.8% were eligible for the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP).5 During this time period only 20.4% of children were enrolled in Medicaid and SCHIP based on Current Population Survey survey data. This … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, Children’s Hospital, 1056 E 19th Ave, B032, Denver, CO 80218. E-mail: berman.stephen{at}tchden.org
Sexual behavior and penile reflexes of neonatally castrated male rats treated in infancy with estrogen and dihydrotestosterone.

Abstract Male rats castrated neonatally and treated with a combination of 0.5 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) plus 50μg dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP) for the next 14 days displayed normal sexual behavior when injected with testosterone propionate (TP) in adulthood. Neither EB nor DHTP alone had this developmental effect inasmuch as only 20–25% of the neonatal castrates treated with just 0.1, 0.5, or 10 μg EB, or 50 μg DHTP, displayed ejaculatory responses. The periodic application of mildly painful electric shock, which has been previously shown to markedly facilitate ejaculatory responding in normal male rats, failed to improve sexual performance in these latter subjects. This was true even of the castrates treated neonatally with DHTP which frequently intromitted. Castrates treated with EB or DHTP alone neonatally were subjected to spinal transection (after testing of sexual behavior) for examination of penile reflexes. Those treated with DHTP showed normal reflexes, characterized by numerous erections and flips, indicating the presumably nonaromatizable DHTP has developmental effects on penile reflexes similar to those of testosterone. Subjects treated with EB, including four animals that had ejaculated at least once, displayed very few, if any, erections on reflex tests and no flips. These results show that sometimes intromissive and ejaculatory patterns can occur even though the animal appears to have little or no capacity for penile reflexes.
Advanced Training in Vascular Surgery: How Does it Need to Change?

Fellowship training in vascular surgery over the last several decades has typically involved 1 to 2 years of clinical training incorporating open surgical techniques, some noninvasive vascular diagnostic laboratory, outpatient and inpatient experiences, occasionally basic science research, and more recently training in endovascular procedures. In order to meet the projected increased need for vascular care in the future, vascular surgery training needs to undergo both structural and content modifications if the field is to stay at the forefront in caring for the patient with vascular disease. This article addresses these issues and potential solutions.
Bilingualism and testing: A special case of bias . G. Valdes and R. Figueroa. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1994. Pp. 255.

Guadalupe Valdes and Richard Figueroa carefully and clearly craft an argument for why bilingualism and testing constitute a special case of bias that continues to have serious consequences for today's school-age minority population in the United States. This argument could not be more timely, given the drive in the United States for standards and a rising wave of state-mandated standardized testing programs for all students, including bilinguals. Perhaps a summary of this book should be on the desk of every educational leader and policymaker charged with the mandate of administering standardized tests to bilingual students and comparing their scores with those of monolingual groups for the purpose of special education and vocational placements.
1.1 W/mm high power GaAs/InGaP composite channel FET with asymmetrical LDD structure at 26 V operation

A GaAs/InGaP composite channel is proposed in order to improve the electron transport properties of an InGaP FET. Adopting an LDD (Lightly Doped Drain) structure and optimizing gate to drain spacing improved the breakdown characteristic and enabled high voltage operation of the FET. With this novel FET, we could achieve a high output power density of 1.1 W/mm at high voltage operation such as 26 V. The FET showed better distortion characteristics than the conventional GaAs MESFET. Third order inter modulation distortion (IM3) was improved by 7 dB.
Prognostic impact of marginal mandibulectomy in the presence of superficial bone invasion and the nononcologic outcome

Background Treatment of oral cavity cancer may require variable extent of mandibular resection. Marginal mandibulectomy is a controversial technique in providing oncologic resection margin. This study analyzes the efficacy of local oncologic control and the morbidity of marginal mandibulectomy in oral cavity carcinoma. Nononcologic complication of osteoradionecrosis is discussed. Methods A retrospective cohort study analyzed clinicopathologic features of 43 patients with oral cavity cancer who underwent marginal mandibulectomy. Histologic mandibular invasion was examined as a function of local control and contribution to osteoradionecrosis. Results Bone invasion was present in 16.3% of patients with marginal mandibulectomy. Local control rates were 85.7% in the bone invasion group and 77.8% in the no bone invasion group (p = .7). Osteoradionecrosis rates were 16.7% and 17.6%, respectively (p = .96). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusions Marginal mandibulectomy is oncologically sound in providing a safe resection margin in oral cavity cancer abutting or superficially invading the mandible. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Assessing dormant season organophosphate use in California almonds

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides were recommended during the dormant season to control overwintering insects such as peach twig borer, San Jose scale, European red mite, and brown mite in California almond and stone fruit orchards. However, since 1990, dormant OP use had fallen under increased scrutiny due to surface water contamination concerns. Studies have shown positive correlation between OP use and residue load in surface water. The purpose of this study is to assess the trends and regional patterns of OP use in almond orchards, and to identify factors that may have influenced those trends, including weather, pest pressure, and use of alternatives to OP such as pyrethroid, dormant oils, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the assessment of the impacts to surface water quality. Pesticide use data from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation were analyzed. Regression analyses were used to assess trends from 1992 to 2000, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used to visualize the spatial variation in pesticide use. Results from this study indicated that, statewide, dormant OP use decreased while the use of some alternatives, such as dormant pyrethroid, no dormant insecticides, and in-season pyrethroid, oil alone, and Bt, increased in the last 9 years. The significant decreasing trend of OP use was observed for the measures of kilogram per hectare crop planted, percentage of total planted hectare treated, and numbers of growers who applied dormant OP. The reduction of dormant OP use appeared in all major almond-growing counties. Correlation analyses revealed that more rain was associated with less dormant OP use. A higher percent of almond damage, or rejects, was related to higher OP use in the following dormant season and in-season periods. However, the effects of weather and percent of nut rejects can only explain small portion of the variations in dormant OP use. Therefore, in addition to weather and pest pressures, economic pressures and various outreach and extension programs may also have played a role in encouraging farmers to reduce their use of dormant OP.
Metals, alloys and compounds-high purities do make a difference

Abstract The influence of impurity atoms, especially the interstitial elements, on some of the properties of the pure rare earth metals and the stabilization of non-equilibrium structures of the metals (i.e. non-existent polymorphs) is discussed. The effect of impurities on rare earth intermetallic and non-metallic compounds is examined: this includes the composition and structure of line compounds; the nominal vs. true composition of solid solution intermediate phases; and the stabilization of non-existent binary phases (i.e. ternary compounds).
Decentralized selection and participatory approaches in plant breeding for low-input systems

Heterogeneous environments make it difficult to apply consistent selection pressure because often it is difficult to identify a single or a few superior genotypes across all sets of conditions. However, when the target system is characterized by heterogeneity of environmental stress, varieties developed in high-yielding conditions may fail to satisfy farmers’ needs. Although this type of system is often found in marginal environments of developing countries, heterogeneous environmental conditions are also a feature of organic and low-external-input systems in developed countries. To meet the needs of these systems, breeding programs must decentralize selection, and although decentralized selection can be done in formal breeding programs, it is more efficient to involve farmers in the selection and testing of early generation materials. Breeding within these target systems is challenging, both genetically and logistically, but can identify varieties that are adapted to farming systems in marginal environments or that use very few external inputs. A great deal has been published in recent years on the need for local adaptation and participatory plant breeding; this article reviews and synthesizes that literature.
Development of the physiological control scheme for an electrohydraulic total artificial heart

A totally implantable artificial heart actuated by an electrohydraulic energy converter is described, and the requirements for its physiological control scheme are listed. Based on these specifications and on previous work on control schemes for the electrohydraulic total artificial heart, preliminary experiments were conducted which confirmed the feasibility of the proposed control scheme for the current device configuration. Experiments were conducted by attaching an electrohydraulic ventricle to pump the right side, and a pneumatic U-100 ventricle along with its drive and monitoring unit to pump the left side of an instrumented Donovan mock circulation. Each ventricle was controlled by manually adjusting its heart rate, percent systole, and drive pressures/motor speeds until the left and right atrial pressures were within 4 mmHg of each other, i.e. until the two sides of the circulation were balanced. The pressure waveforms sensed in the base of the electrohydraulic ventricle were recorded for a range of cardiac outputs (4-8.5 l/min) and of left atrial pressures (4-11 mmHg). >
125 CHANGES IN INTRAFOLLICULAR CONCENTRATIONS OF FREE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1, ACTIVIN-A, INHIBIN-A, VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR, ESTRADIOL, AND PRL BEFORE OVULATION IN MARES

Intrafollicular factors and hormones during the process of follicle deviation have been studied extensively in mares. However, knowledge is still lacking concerning the dominance and preovulatory (postdeviation) phases of the oestrous cycle. Furthermore, information about intrafollicular growth factors and hormones during postdeviation growth is critical for understanding the ovulatory and post-ovulatory physiological mechanisms that have important in vivo and in vitro applications, such as oocyte maturation, ovulation, and embryo development and survival. Changes in intrafollicular growth factors and hormones were evaluated in vivo in postdeviation and impending ovulation follicles. Hormone and growth factor concentrations were determined by ELISA or RIA. Mares (n = 30) were randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups based on target diameters of 25, 30, 35, 40 mm, and impending signs of ovulation. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, paired-test, and Pearson correlation. Data belonging to 2 or more proximal diameter groups that were not different were combined and regrouped for each factor separately. When the data were regrouped (all results shown below), follicular fluid-free insulin-like growth factor-1 was higher (P 0.05) among groups. Additionally, follicular fluid activin-A tended (P < 0.06) to be higher in impending ovulation follicles when compared to the 25- to 40-mm follicle group. Concentrations of intrafollicular oestradiol were higher (P < 0.0001) in 40-mm impending ovulation follicles than in the other follicle groups. Follicular fluid concentrations of inhibin-A and vascular endothelial growth factor were lower (P < 0.02–0.002) in the 40-mm impending ovulation follicle group when compared to the 25- to 35-mm follicle group. Systemic and intrafollicular PRL were lower (P < 0.05) in the impending ovulation group when compared to the 25- to 40-mm follicle group. PRL concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in the follicular fluid than in the plasma. The novel findings of this study, a decrease in intrafollicular free insulin-like growth factor-1, inhibin-A, vascular endothelial growth factor, and PRL during the final stages of follicular growth, document for the first time the occurrence of dynamic changes among intrafollicular factors and hormones during the stages of follicle dominance and as ovulation approaches. Overall, the elucidation of the role of follicular fluid factors and hormones and their interactions need to be studied further to allow a better understanding of the ovulatory process in mares. This knowledge will potentially assist in obtaining better outcomes during the use of assisted reproductive technologies and will also help to understand mechanisms of ovulatory dysfunctions in mares and perhaps in other species.
The link between childhood trauma and mental illness: effective interventions for mental health professionals by barbara everett and ruth gallop.

SAGE Publications, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States of America 344 pages Hardback ISBN 0-7619-1698-9 ($73.95), Paperback ISBN 0-7619-1699-7,($33.95) e-mail: textbooks@sagepub.com www.sagepub.com Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2005, 17(1): 45–46
Putting the Spotlight on Invisible Family Caregivers

Almost every aspect of the American health care system is changing rapidly. If there is one constant in these efforts, it is the move from expensive hospital-based care to less expensive care at home and in the community. To provide care for an aging population with multiple chronic conditions in this new environment, policy makers and health care professionals recognize the need for an expanded workforce trained in geriatrics.1 To date, workforce discussions have focused almost exclusively on expanding the pool ofwell-trained professionals and paraprofessionals. This perspective fails to fully recognize the invisible workforce of unpaid and largely untrained family caregivers (including relatives, friends, and neighbors)whoprovidemostof thecareathome. Inaddition to their more familiar roles assisting with personal care and household tasks, family caregivers provide and coordinate complex chronic care. Usingdata fromthe2011NationalHealthandAgingTrends Study and the linked National Study of Caregiving,Wolff and colleagues2 in this issueof JAMAInternalMedicinehaveadded compelling evidence toother studiesdemonstrating that family caregivers are anessential butvulnerable componentof the newhealth careworkforce.3While other national family caregiver surveys look at a broad age range of the estimated 40 to 44millionAmericans caring for adultswith chronic illnesses, the National Health and Aging Trends Study findings describe family caregiving for people 65 years and older, a particularly vulnerable population estimated in this study at 14.7 million. The study by Wolff and colleagues2 focuses on help provided by family caregivers in care coordination and medication management, two of the most common and challenging tasks in chronic care. Care coordination can include accompanying the person to physician visits and asking questions about treatments and medications. It can also include communications with a range of health care professionals, payers, and community services. Medication management may includeorganizingmultipledrugs inmany forms,making sure that the person takes them appropriately, and giving injections, infusions, and other treatments, as well as reporting adverse effects. While essential, such assistance takes a toll on caregivers. In the study by Wolff and colleagues,2 family caregiverswhoprovidedsubstantialhelp (definedasassistingwith bothcarecoordinationandmedicationmanagement)weresignificantlymore likely thanothers tobecaring for apersonwith dementia aloneordementia in conjunctionwitha severe functional disability. These caregivers were also more likely to be older, less likely to report their ownhealth as excellent or very good, and more likely to experience emotional and physical problems. Caregiving negatively affected their employment and their ability to participate in valued activities, supplementing evidence about the financial burden on families caring for people with dementia in the last 5 years of life.
Renal Dysfunction, Rather Than Nonrenal Vascular Dysfunction, Mediates Salt-Induced Hypertension

Chronic excess salt intake increases the risk for hypertension and moderation of salt intake is an important strategy for prevention of cardiovascular and kidney disease, especially in salt-sensitive subjects. Although short-term blood pressure (BP) responses to high salt intake over several days are highly variable, chronic high salt intake worsens BP salt-sensitivity. Aging, diabetes, hypertension, and various acquired and genetic kidney disorders also exacerbate salt-sensitivity of BP. Kidney dysfunction, characterized by impaired pressure natriuresis, has been demonstrated in all forms of experimental and human genetic or acquired salt-sensitive hypertension studied thus far. Abnormalities of kidney function that directly or indirectly increase NaCl reabsorption, decrease glomerular capillary filtration coefficient, or cause nephron injury/loss exacerbate BP salt-sensitivity. In most cases, salt-sensitive hypertension is effectively treated with drugs that increase glomerular filtration rate or reduce renal NaCl reabsorption (e.g. diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers). Increased vascular resistance may occur concomitantly or secondarily to kidney dysfunction and increased BP in salt-sensitive hypertension. However, primary increases in non-renal vascular resistance have not been shown to cause salt-sensitive hypertension or long-term changes in BP in the absence of impaired renal-pressure natriuresis. The mechanisms responsible for increased total peripheral resistance (TPR) during high salt intake in salt-sensitive subjects are not fully understood but likely involve pressure-dependent and/or flow-dependent autoregulation in peripheral tissues as well as neurohormonal factors that occur concomitantly with kidney dysfunction. Physiological studies have demonstrated that increased BP almost invariably initiates secondary pressure-dependent functional and structural vascular changes that increase TPR.
You can’t handle my truth: Reality TV’s trompe-l’oeil effect and the (im)possible reality of its participants

Although reality TV’s presentation of authenticity has been contested since the genre emerged at the turn of the century, discourse dedicated to debunking its halfhearted claim to the real continues to persist. This article adopts a psychoanalytic framework to explain this compulsion in the context of a broader ideological disposition that finds enjoyment in the detection of artifice. To do this, it examines reality TV from the perspective of Lacan’s discussion of the eye and trompe-l’oeil to argue that reality TV is appealing because its depictions of authenticity can so easily be (mis)recognized as (im)possible.
Morphological assessment of embryo viability.

Morphological assessment is discussed in the context of significant literature at all stages of in vitro development, beginning with the oocyte and culminating at the blastocyst stage. Current evidence is used to debate the inclusion of commonly observed morphological features in grading schemes. The biological rationale behind observed phenomena such as multinucleation and fragmentation are also explored. Current limitations as well as technological advancements that increase our ability to assess viability are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between developmental timing and assessment schemes. Failure to standardize assessment timing and inclusion criteria are glaring weaknesses of the literature that currently make consensus unattainable. Mounting evidence suggests that the future of static assessment is very likely to be influenced by information gathered from preimplantation genetic screening and other invasive techniques as well as from continuous monitoring tools such as time lapse.
A Proposal for Fishery Habitat Conservation Decision-Support Indicators

ABSTRACTU.S. fisheries management is increasingly moving toward an ecosystem-based approach that considers multiple factors in setting targets to achieve fishery objectives. This approach is informed by ecological, social, and economic indicators of functioning and productive fishery ecosystems. However, a relatively limited number of habitat indicators, especially indicators that are related to fishery goals, have been developed and included in this approach. Fishery and habitat managers have had some success in establishing habitat metrics to guide fishery management decisions at smaller scales (e.g., sub-estuaries or river systems) but have not successfully scaled-up those types of metrics or applied them at broader regional or shelf-wide extents, where specific constraints on fish habitat are unknown or harder to quantify. This article explores indicators to guide marine fishery habitat conservation actions, with particular emphasis at the fish population and community levels. We propose a suite of po...
Vested interest: developing scales for assessing flooding preparedness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report research testing scales developed from a combination of vested interest (VI) theory and the extended parallel process model of fear appeals. The scales were created to measure variables specified by an expanded model of VI: certainty, salience, immediacy, self-efficacy, response-efficacy, and susceptibility. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was designed with subscales for each element and combined with additional disaster and risk perception variables. Survey data were collected from two populations in the US state of Oklahoma. Results from scale development and regression analyses are reported. Findings – Results show that the scales are robust and flexible to contextual modification. The scales return good to excellent reliabilities, providing evidence that the variables articulated by VI theory predict perceived salience and perceived preparedness. Practical implications – This study adds to the research pointing to the efficacy of VI theory in pro...