cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effective pressure law for permeability in Chelmsford granite and Barre granite

Abstract The permeability was measured of three samples of Chelmsford granite cored in mutually perpendicular directions, while varying the conditions of confining pressure P c and pore pressure P p . At intervals along the prssure path “local” values of the coefficient α of the effective pressure law ( P eff = P c − αP p ) were calculated. The values of α ranged between 0.6 and 0.7 for the three samples, showing almost no directional effect in Chelmsford granite. Similar procedures were applied on two samples of Barre granite. The measurements were made while decreasing P c (unloading) as well as increasing P c (loading). Large hysteresis in permeability was observed, and α was found strongly stress-history dependent (or path dependent). A simple model based on frictional sliding inside the rock seems to explain well these observations. Also, the data suggest a decrease of α with increasing confining pressure in both rocks. This can be interpreted in terms of changes in the geometry of the cracks during closure.
Complexes of the heavier alkaline earth metals containing β-diketiminato and iodide ligand sets

Treatment of [(2,6-iPr 2 C 6 H 3 )NC(tBu)CH 2 C(tBu)N(2,6-iPr 2 C 6 H 3 )](L A r ' H) with potassium hydride in tetrahydrofuran afforded K(η 1 -L A r ' )(THF) 3 (89%) as a yellow crystalline solid after workup. The crystal structure of K(η 1 -L A r ' )(THF) 3 revealed an open monomeric molecule in which the potassium ion is bonded to three tetrahydrofuran ligands and one η 1 -β-diketiminato ligand through one of the nitrogen atoms. Treatment of K(η 1 -L A r ' )(THF) 3 with equimolar amounts of MI 2 (M = Ca, Ba) afforded [Ca(η 5 -L A r ' )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 (62%) and [Ba(η 2 -L A r ' )(μ-I)] 2 (27%) as yellow crystalline solids. Treatment of M(η 5 -L t B u ) 2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, L t B u = tBuNC(CH 3 )CHC(CH 3 )NtBu - ) with the corresponding metal iodide in tetrahydrofuran afforded [Ca(η 5 -L t B u )-(μ-I)(THF)] 2 (68%), [Sr(η 5 -L t B u )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 (53%), and [(η 5 -L t B u )Ba(μ-I)(μ-η 2 :η 5 -L t B u )Ba(η 5 -L t B u )] 2 (24%). Structural assignments for these complexes were based on spectral and analytical data as well as X-ray crystallography. [Ca(η5-L t B u )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 and [Sr(η 5 -L t B u )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 are dimers that are held together by bridging iodide ligands, while [Ba(η 5 -L t B u )(μ-I)(μ-η 2 :η 5 '-L t B u )-Ba(η 5 -L t B u )] 2 is a tetramer containing two symmetrical dimeric units that are linked by two bridging iodide ligands. In benzene-d 6 solution, [Ca(η 5 -LA r ' )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 and [Ba(η 2 -L A r ' )(μ-I)] 2 are stable toward ligand redistribution. [Ca(η 5 -L t B u )(μ-I)(THF)] 2 exists as mixtures of three species in toluene-d 8 , but the mixed ligand complex is strongly favored under the conditions studied. At 31.3 °C, the equilibrium constant for ligand redistribution of [Sr(η 5 -L t B u )(μ-1)(THF)] 2 to Sr(η 5 -L t B u ) 2 and SrI 2 (THF) 2 in toluene-d 8 was 5.3 × 10 - 5 M.
Managerial humor and subordinate satisfaction

Humor may be a useful managerial tool, contributing to effectiveness and subordinate satisfaction. A survey was administered to measure the job satisfaction of 290 workers and their impressions of supervisors as a function of participant age, participant sex, supervisor sense of humor, and supervisor sexual humor. Participants rating their supervisors high in sense of humor reported higher job satisfaction and rated other supervisor qualities higher than did participants rating their supervisors low in sense of humor. In general, the differences between ratings, given low and high sense of humor supervisors, were greater for younger (aged under 15) participants than older. Older females downgraded supervisors who used sexual humor, while younger females and males did not. Future researchers should attempt to relate humor to objective measures of leader effectiveness.
Quantitative TLC Determination of Stevioside and Rebaudioside A in Beverages

Abstract A method for the determination of stevioside or rebaudioside A in beverages by TLC is described. The natural sweeteners are determined directly at concentrations of 100-200 ppm; below 100 ppm, the sample is purified by a reversed phase silica gel 60 silanized column chromatographic procedure. Quantification by scanning densitometry is carried out after TLC on C-18 preadsorbent layers and detection with anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagent. Recoveries from various beverages spiked at 10-200 ppm ranged from 81.8 to 111.0% (stevioside) 87.5 to 111.6% (rebaudioside A). TLC on HP silica gel allows separation of stevioside and rebaudioside A from each other, qualitative identification of the sweeteners, and rapid screening of beverages for their presence.
Abstract B09: Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is a novel mediator of tumor-stroma interaction in ovarian cancer

Sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the prosurvival second messenger sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) from the proapoptotic lipid sphingosine. The balance between sphingosine and S1P forms a sphingolipid rheostat that is primed for cell death when the balance shifts towards sphingosine/ceramide or to cell survival when S1P levels are increased. Elevated levels of S1P have been observed in several cancers, including ovarian cancer where it is elevated in both the ascites and serum of patients. Correspondingly, high expression of SPHK1 has also been described in multiple cancer types and has been linked to disease progression. Here we report that SPHK1 is overexpressed in a subset of epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC) and correlates with poor progression-free survival. Overexpression and knockdown of SPHK1 in multiple human EOC cell lines modulates in vitro cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and chemosensitivity. In mouse xenograft studies, intraperitoneal administration of a SPHK1-specific inhibitor (SKI-5c) decreases tumor size, indicating that SPHK1 may be a potential therapeutic target in EOC. S1P is a secreted factor that has been shown to influence the tumor microenvironment of other cancers; however its role in EOC has not been fully established. Using a co-culture model, we show that overexpression of SPHK1 in EOC cells stimulates the transition of normal ovarian stromal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, and enhances stromal SPHK1 expression. In a reciprocal manner, overexpression of SPHK1 in stromal fibroblast results in increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in EOC cells, which may contribute to a more invasive phenotype. Interestingly, stromal SPHK1 expression also enhanced expression of SPHK1 and the S1P receptor (S1PR1) in the EOC cells. Biostatistical analysis suggests a significant correlation between SPHK1 expression in EOC cells and the expression of several extracellular matrix genes (FN1, POSTN, VCAN), which have been shown to have role in the EOC tumor microenvironment. Overall, these results suggest that SPHK1 is a critical regulator of ovarian tumor cell proliferation and survival, and a mediator of tumor-stroma interaction. Citation Format: Jessica A. Beach, Paul-Joseph Aspuria, Dong-Joo Cheon, Maricel C. Gozo, Beth Y. Karlan, Sandra Orsulic. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) is a novel mediator of tumor-stroma interaction in ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B09. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B09
Determination of Power Absorption in Man Exposed to High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields by Thermographic Measurements on Scale Models

When the body of man, small compared to a wavelength, is exposed to high frequency (HF) electromagnetic (EM) fields, the absorbed power density patterns and total absorbed power may be approximated by the simple superposition of the internal electric fields obtained from the quasistatic coupling characteristics of the electric and magnetic field components determined independently. These characteristics were obtained for full scale man by thermographic studies of power absorption in scale models of man exposed to fields at frequencies scaled up inversely proportional to the model size. A VHF resonant cavity was used to provide the necessary field strengths for producing measurable power absorption patterns under simulated HF exposure conditions. The results indicate that peak power absorption densities as high as 5.63 W/kg can be produced in man exposed to 10 mW/cm 2 31 MHz radiation fields. The results show that the absorption decreases as the square of the frequency as predicted by theory for frequencies below 31 MHz.
New interventional technologies in cardiology.

In this issue of the Proceedings (pages 747 to 752), Kaufmann and associates provide a comprehensive review of their first 50 cases of coronary atherectomy with use of the Simpson Atherocath directional ath­ erectomy device at the Mayo Clinic. The term "ath­ erectomy" was coined by John Simpson, the pioneer in this field, who suggested that this term be re­ served for only those devices that physically and me­ chanically remove plaque from the diseased artery. Although this new technology is in its infancy, sev­ eral techniques have now been developed either to atherectomize and remove the tissue or to ablate the target lesion. The initial success rates reported with use of these devices are remarkable, in that they greatly exceed the original results of balloon angioplasty when that technology was first devel­ oped. In addition, further technologic improvements in these devices are anticipated, and such advance­ ments might enhance the success rates during the next several years. In the current article by Kaufmann and colleagues, 53 atherectomy procedures were performed in 50 patients at the Mayo Clinic between October 1988 and January 1989. These were highly selected pa­ tients who had stenoses that "seemed accessible for use of the atherectomy catheter," inasmuch as 50 patients is a small subset of all cardiac patients treated during that time interval at the Mayo Clinic. This case selection was likely responsible for the fact that almost half of the patients treated had restenotic lesions. Because of the soft nature of these lesions, the high-profile body of the Atherocath device can be passed through the site of the lesions relatively eas­ ily. Although the relatively large protective housing may provide some degree of safety in protecting the vessel wall from the cutting blade, it is likely to be a major limitation in traversing tight native coronary stenoses in contrast with the softer restenotic le­ sions. The wisdom of the investigators in the careful selection of patients, however, led to an extremely high success rate and relatively modest complication
On the History of the use of Geometry in the General Linear Model

Abstract The question of why a geometric or coordinate-free approach to linear models has been subordinated to an algebraic approach is considered by reviewing selected papers having a geometric slant. These begin with R.A. Fisher's 1915 paper on the distribution of the correlation coefficient and continue through William Kruskal's elegant 1975 paper on the geometry of generalized inverses. The thesis is put forward that the relative unpopularity of the geometric approach is not due to an inherent inferiority but rather to a combination of inertia, poor exposition, and a resistance to abstraction.
Carbon isotope signature of environmental change found in fossil ratite eggshells from a South Asian Neogene sequence

A >10-m.y.-long sequence of ratite (e.g., ostrich) eggshells from Siwalik Group sedimentary deposits of northern Pakistan and India shows a dramatic (∼8‰) increase in the δ 13 C in biomineralogic calcite by ∼4 Ma. Values of δ 13 C from ratite eggshell carbonate older than 7 Ma are about the same as those from carbonate from contemporaneous fossil mammal tooth enamel and paleosols. However, after 4 Ma, the ratite eggshell carbonate δ 13 C values are ∼5‰ less than these coexisting materials. These findings are evidence of the development of a C 3 -C 4 vegetative mosaic probably mirroring the sedimentologic-edaphic mosaic of the aggrading alluvial plain of the Siwalik depositional system.
Saturation of the Xe III 109-nm laser using traveling-wave laser-produced-plasma excitation

We describe the construction and operation of a 109-nm, photoionization-pumped, single-pass laser in Xe iii. The laser is pumped by soft x rays emitted from a laser-produced plasma in a traveling-wave geometry. Using a 3.5-J, 300-psec, 1064-nm laser pump pulse, we measure a small-signal gain coefficient of 4.4 cm−1 and a total small-signal gain of exp(40). The laser is fully saturated and produces an output energy of 20 μJ in a beam with 10-mrad divergence.
The KLYDE workbench for studying experimental algorithm analysis

KLYDE is a software workbench that helps students study issues related to the design, implementation, and empirical analysis of algorithms. Using the system's graphical user interface students can design and conduct experiments to study the efficiency of a variety of algorithms and their underlying implementations. The data generated by these experiments can be studied directly, or imported into speadsheet and presented graphically. This paper gives an overview of the KLYDE system and illustrates how the system can be used in a variety of undergraduate computer science courses.
Multilevel cervical fusion and its effect on disc degeneration and osteophyte formation.

Study design The effect of single and double cervical fusion on adjacent segments was investigated using a finite element model of the cervical spine. A healthy spine and a cervical spine with a single and double fusion at different levels were analyzed and evaluated. Disc degeneration and osteophyte formation at the endplates and joints can then be addressed. Objectives To evaluate the biomechanical effects of cervical fusion on the cervical spine from C3-C7. The goal was to asses the increase of intervertebral disc and bone stress induced by cervical fusion, the effects of single versus double level fusion, and whether the level in which the fusion is performed, might affect the biomechanics of the spine. Summary of background data Clinical studies have reported that 25% of fusion patients report further degenerative problems within 10 years of fusion. METHODS.: Four finite element models of single fusion at different levels were generated, as well as three additional models for the case of double fusion. The maximum von Mises stresses for anulus, nucleus, and endplates and the motion of the nonfused segments were obtained during lateral bending, flexion, axial torsion, and extension. Each case was compared with the normal cervical spine. Results Results showed stress increases of up to 96% in the anulus, nucleus, and endplates after fusion. Facet constraining prevents increases in stress during extension. The stresses at all levels tend to be larger for double than for single fusion. Conclusions The results of this study quantify the significant increase in the level of stresses below and above the fused segments in the cervical spine. A sustained level of this stress can lead to further discs degeneration and osteophytes.
Geometry of the neoproterozoic and paleozoic rift margin of western Laurentia: Implications for mineral deposit settings

The U.S. and Canadian Cordilleran miogeocline evolved during several phases of Cryogenian–Devonian intracontinental rifting that formed the western margin of Laurentia. Recent fi eld and dating studies across central Idaho and northern Nevada result in identifi cation of two segments of the rift margin. Resulting interpretations of rift geometry in the northern U.S. Cordillera are compatible with interpretations of northweststriking asymmetric extensional segments subdivided by northeast-striking transform and transfer segments. The new interpretation permits integration of miogeoclinal segments along the length of the western North American Cordillera. For the U.S. Cordillera, miogeoclinal segments include the St. Mary–Moyie transform, eastern Washington– eastern Idaho upper-plate margin, Snake River transfer, Nevada-Utah lower-plate margin, and Mina transfer. The rift is orthogonal to most older basement domains, but the location of the transform-transfer zones suggests control of them by basement domain boundaries. The zigzag geometry of reentrants and promontories along the rift is paralleled by salients and recesses in younger thrust belts and by segmentation of younger extensional domains. Likewise, transform-transfer zones localized subsequent transcurrent structures and igneous activity. Sediment-hosted mineral deposits trace the same zigzag geometry along the margin. Sedimentary exhalative (sedex) Zn-Pb-Ag ± Au and barite mineral deposits formed in continental-slope rocks during the Late Devonian–Mississippian and to a lesser degree, during the Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Such deposits formed during episodes of renewed extension along miogeoclinal segments. Carbonate-hosted Mississippi Valley– type (MVT) Zn-Pb deposits formed in structurally reactivated continental shelf rocks during the Late Devonian–Mississippian and Mesozoic due to reactivation of preexisting structures. The distribution and abundance of sedex and MVT deposits are controlled by the polarity and kinematics of the rift segment. Locally, discrete mineral belts parallel secondary structures such as rotated crustal blocks at depth that produced sedimentary subbasins and conduits for hydrothermal fl uids. Where the miogeocline was overprinted by Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformation and magmatism, igneous rock–related mineral deposits are common.
Use of stable isotope labeling technique and mass isotopomer distribution analysis of [13C]palmitate isolated from surfactant disaturated phospholipids to study surfactant in vivo kinetics in a premature infant

Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins which lowers surface tension and maintains alveolar expansion at end expiration. Developmental and genetic disruption of pulmonary surfactant metabolism leads to respiratory distress in newborns. Stable isotope labeling of metabolic precursors of disaturated phospholipids, the most abundant and specific component of pulmonary surfactant, permits the measurement of the kinetics of surfactant metabolism in vivo. We measured [U-13C6]glucose incorporation into palmitic acid derived from disaturated surfactant phospholipids. A 24 h infusion of [U-13C6]glucose (140 mg kg−1) was administered to a premature infant who required mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome; tracheal aspirate samples were obtained at the start of the infusion and at regular intervals for the next 70 h. Each tracheal aspirate sample was incubated with osmium tetroxide to isolate disaturated surfactant phospholipids. Methyl esters of the fatty acids in the disaturated phospholipids were prepared and the enrichment of [13C]methyl palmitate was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/combination/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). Mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA) was used to calculate the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of palmitate synthesized from acetate. With both GC/MS and GC/C/IRMS, palmitate 13C enrichment was first detected 12.3 h after the start of the tracer infusion. The enrichment increased in a linear fashion, reached a peak at 47 h and remained constant in the remainder of the samples. The FSR of palmitate from acetate was 5.2% per day. Stable isotope techniques and MIDA will provide insights into the kinetics of surfactant metabolism in newborns with respiratory dysfunction. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations in leukotriene synthase activity of the human 5-lipoxygenase by site-directed mutagenesis affecting its positional specificity.

The positional specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation is currently the decisive parameter for classification of lipoxygenases. Although the mechanistic basis of lipoxygenase specificity is not...
THE EFFECT OF 3-AMINO-1,2,4-TRIAZOLE ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PLASTIDS OF TRITICUM VULGARE SEEDLINGS'

A B S T R A C T The application of sublethal doses of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AT) to germinating, light-grown wheat grains causes chlorosis of the resulting leaves. An ultrastructural examination of the leaf tissue reveals that the plastids lack normal grana-fret membrane systems and chloroplast ribosomes. A few disorganized membranes are always present in these chloroplasts. However, ATtreated, dark-grown seedlings contain proplastids with non-crystalline prolamellar bodies and ribosomes. When these etiolated, treated plants are exposed to 600 ft-c light for various periods of time, the proplastids fail to develop into normal, grana-containing chloroplasts. THE MOST STRIKING symptom of 3-amino-1,2,4triazole (AT) action on wheat seedlings is the formation of albinistic leaves. Hall, Johnson, and Leinweber (1954) first suggested that AT inhibits chlorophyll synthesis. Later, Wolf (1960) found that AT reduces both the carotenoid and chlorophyll content, indicating that more than chlorophyll synthesis is affected. He suggested that AT inhibits chloroplast development rather than chlorophyll formation. Pyfrom, Appleman, and Heim (1957) observed that chlorotic leaves of AT-treated barley contain fewer plastids than untreated ones. Cytological examination of chlorotic pine leaves (Shiue and Hansen, 1958) and of chlorotic wheat seedlings (Weier and Imam, 1965) reveals the presence of proteinaceous structures which are probably deformed plastids. Ultrastructural studies of various AT-treated plants reveal that AT interferes with chloroplast development by inhibiting membrane formation. Jacobson and Rogers (1961) reported that chloroplasts of treated corn seedlings lack internal membranes; they did not publish electron micrographs with their study. In contrast, two later studies (Bartels, 1965; Guillot-Salomon, 1966) showed with the electron microscope that the chloroplasts are not completely empty but contain a few disorganized membranes along with large, osmiophilic globules. In the present report the morphological changes of the chloroplast caused by AT are described.
Synthesis, crystal structures, and laser flash photolysis of tert-butyl aroylperbenzoates.

tert-Butyl aroylperbenzoates (1−7) were synthesized. Single-crystal structures for 2 and 5 show that the perester and benzophenone carbonyl groups are almost coplanar in each. Laser flash photolysis (LFP, λex = 355 nm) of 1−5 in CCl4 produces the corresponding aroylphenyl radicals (9−13). The lifetimes of the para aroyl-substituted phenyl radicals (9−12) are similar (∼0.4 μs), but each is shorter lived than the meta aroyl-substituted phenyl radical (13). LFP of 2, 6, and 7 also produces different (tert-butyldioxycarbonylbenzoyl)benzyl radicals (8, 14, and 15, λmax ≈ 320 nm). The lifetimes of each in CCl4 have been found to be ∼17−18 μs. The effect of substituents on the quantum yield of decomposition of 1−7 and the lifetimes of 9−13 is discussed.
Band-structure calculations of the two-photon absorption coefficients of GaAs, InP, CdTe, and ZnSe

The two-photon absorption coefficients of crystalline GaAs, InP, CdTe, and ZnSe at 1.064 and 0.694 \ensuremath{\mu}m are calculated by means of a new model which combines the elements of second-order perturbation theory and band-structure calculations. A sufficient number of intermediate states are included to ensure adequate convergence. This calculational procedure is shown to represent a significant improvement over currently available theoretical models, and the results are in good agreement with available experimental data.
The Power of Public Ideas

Edited and contributed to by one of America s most respected political and economic thinkers, and containing essays by an impressive roster of experts, "The Power of Public Ideas" offers a controversial, timely, and incisive analysis of the impact of the public interest on governmental policy making."
Electrolyte effects on oxygen reduction kinetics at platinum: A rotating ring-disc electrode analysis

Abstract A comparative study of the electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction of platinum in perchloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, trifluoromethanesulfonic acids (all at pH = 0) and in potassium hydroxide (pH = 14) was made at 25°C using rotatating ring-disc electrode techniques. The platinum electrode was first characterised in these electrolytes using the cyclic voltammetric method. The results showed that in the potential region from 0.8 to 0.6 V/rhe, the kinetics of oxygen reduction in these electrolytes decreases in the order KOH > H2SO4 ∼ CF3SO3H > H3PO4 > HClO4. This order of activity is reflected in the effects of the electrolytes, in respect to specific adsorption of anions, on the platinum oxide formation reaction. The role of anion adsorption is also apparent in the dependence of the rate constant for oxygen reduction to water or to hydrogen peroxide and of hydrogen peroxide reduction to water on potential. The superior behavior of oxygen reduction in KOH is due to minimal adsorption of the OH− ion. The more complex adsorption behavior of the oxyanions in the investigated acid electrolytes than that of simple anions like the halide ions presents difficulties in drawing detailed correlations between oxygen reduction kinetics and adsorption behavior of oxyanions of platinum.
The application of power series to the solution of non-linear circuit problems

It is shown that Carson's power series solution of a triode circuit may be extended to the case in which the triode is associated with a linear network of any form. The reduction of non-linear distortion in an amplifier by negative feedback is discussed. The conditions of stability for a triode circuit are derived, and it is shown that the solution remains convergent even when the circuit is regenerative, failing completely only at the point of critical regeneration. When the circuit is unstable and an e.m.f. near the natural frequency is applied, the solution represents an unstable oscillation, but, when the applied frequency is not near resonance, the solution will represent a stable forced oscillation if the amplitude is sufficiently large.
Kantowski-Sachs cosmological models with constant deceleration parameter

We solve a Kantowski-Sachs cosmological model with a constant deceleration parameter, by means of a convenient definition of the overall scale factor. This model is very simple, and as such, it deserves attention.
Using the Edwards 9B3 diffusion pump for circulation in a dilution refrigerator

Abstract Problems with the oil cracking have been encountered in using the Edwards 9B3 diffusion pump with Edwards 200 grade pump fluid. These have been solved by using a different fluid, reducing the power to the heater without a loss of pumping speed and by constructing a more effective cold trap.
Moving beyond panaceas: a multi-tiered diagnostic approach for social-ecological analysis

Disturbances to key aspects of ecological systems, including biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution and natural resource degradation, have become a major concern to many policy analysts. Instead of learning from the study of biological complexity however, social scientists tend to recommend simple panaceas, particularly government or private ownership, as ‘the’ way to solve these problems. This paper reviews and assesses potential solutions for such overly simplified institutional prescriptions, referred to here as the ‘panacea problem’. In contrast to these simple prescriptions, recent research efforts are now illustrating the diversity of institutions around the world related to environmental conservation. The complexity of working institutions, however, presents a challenge to scholars who equate scientific knowledge with relatively simple models that predict optimal performance if specific institutional arrangements are in place. Dealing with this complexity has led to the development of frameworks as meta-theoretical tools. The institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework has been used over the last three decades as a foundation for a focused analysis of how institutions affect human incentives, actions and outcomes. Building on this foundation, the social-ecological systems (SES) framework has recently enabled researchers to begin the development of a common language that crosses social and ecological disciplines to analyse how interactions among a variety of factors affect outcomes. Such a framework may be able to facilitate a diagnostic approach that will help future analysts overcome the panacea problem. Using a common framework to diagnose the source, and possible amelioration, of poor outcomes for ecological and human systems enables a much finer understanding of these complex systems than has so far been obtained, and provides a basis for comparisons among many systems and ultimately more responsible policy prescriptions.
Exposure duration to long day lengths associated with the expression of photorefractoriness in turkey breeder hens

In addition to inducing egg production, exposure to long days concomitantly activates processes that eventually result in photorefractoriness (PR) and cessation of egg production. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the duration of exposure to long days that result in these processes. In each of 3 experiments, we subjected Large White turkey breeder hens to long days (16 or 18 h per day) for differing lengths of time from initial photostimulation and then returned them to a photoperiod (12L:12D) that provided sufficient, but decreased, photoperiodic drive to support egg production but not induce PR. Photoresponsiveness was then evaluated by egg production after a return to a longer day length (20 h per day) late in the lay period and beyond the mean onset of PR typical for these turkey hens. Hens that have undergone any reduction in photoresponsiveness should not increase egg production in response to the increased photoperiod. From experiments 1 and 2, exposure to long days for as little as 1 d and as much as 9 wk from initial photostimulation did not result in an alteration in subsequent photoresponsiveness. This was based on an increased egg production response to a change in photoperiod from 12L:12D to 20L:4D after 20 wk of photostimulation that was similar to controls held continuously on 12L:12D and opposite to the response of controls held continuously on 18L:6D. It was clear that PR had been fully programmed by 20 wk of exposure to long days. Exposure to long days for 12 wk (experiment 3) resulted in a partial alteration of subsequent photoresponsiveness. It was concluded that programming of PR during late spring-summer season occurs after 9 wk of long day exposure, is not fully expressed by 12 wk of long days, and can be fully expressed by 20 wk of photostimulation.
The role of RIAM in platelets put to a test.

In this issue of Blood , Stritt et al show that platelet functions dependent on integrin activation are unimpaired in mice lacking the Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM).[1][1] ![Figure][2] Pathways for talin-mediated activation of integrins. In the unstimulated platelet, integrin
A multi-resolution approach for filtering LiDAR altimetry data

Abstract Discrimination of above-ground objects from terrain has proven to be surprisingly difficult to automate in computers, especially for large areas of varied terrain characteristics. Several methods have been developed for filtering the LiDAR data, of which three approaches are more prevalent: linear prediction, slope based and morphological filtering. A common ground to all these approaches is that the range of scales at which feature variations exist tends to be smaller than the range of scales at which terrain variations exist. In this paper, a model-based approach is described in which multiscale gradient of the surface variation is computed and used to adaptively erode the gridded LiDAR data within a multi-resolution, analysis–synthesis framework, namely the multiscale Hermite transform (MHT). The method was tested over nineteen datasets, including urban and forest areas. An average coefficient of agreement was computed over all datasets and compared with that obtained from other methods. Results showed that the proposed method was within the top three among nine methods tested.
Information distortion in self-other decision making

In both organizational and social arenas, individuals make decisions for themselves and for other individuals. But research in decision making has provided little input into whether or how these decisions are psychologically different. In this paper, I propose that decisions—depending on whom they are for—vary according to the extent of information distortion, such that, individuals who choose for themselves demonstrate more postdecisional distortion, yet less predecisional distortion than individuals who choose on behalf of others. To test this hypothesis, participants in an experiment made a decision between two restaurants. Attributes about each restaurant were presented sequentially, and preferences were measured following each attribute. As expected, participants who chose for themselves experienced more postdecisional distortion. However, among participants who chose on behalf of others, greater distortion of predecisional attribute information was observed. These findings shed light on the differences in self-other decision making, as well as on research concerning information distortion.
Computational experience with a difficult mixed-integer multicommodity flow problem

The following problem arises in the study of lightwave networks. Given a demand matrix containing amounts to be routed between corresponding nodes, we wish to design a network with certain topological features, and in this network, route all the demands, so that the maximum load (total flow) on any edge is minimized. As we show, even small instances of this combined design/routing problem are extremely intractable. We describe computational experience with a cutting plane algorithm for this problem.
Reproductive endocrinology: Iodine intake in pregnancy—even a little excess is too much

Several studies have linked maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. A new study warns that excessive iodine exposure might also be detrimental to maternal thyroid health and recommends a lower limit for maternal iodine intake during pregnancy than that currently advised by the WHO.
Effects of edrophonium on end-plate currents in frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract The effects of edrophonium on end-plate currents measured at frog neuromuscular junctions were assessed using the two microelectrode voltage clamp technique. Low concentrations of edrophonium (10−5 M and 2.5 × 10−5 M) increased the peak amplitude and the kinetic parameters of end-plate currents measured in curare-Ringer and in 5 mM Ca2+–10 mM Mg2+-Ringer solutions. At the highest concentration tested (6 × 10−5 M), edrophonium decreased the peak amplitude and maximum rate of rise but had little effect on the time to peak. Time to half decay was the only parameter studied which continued to increase as edrophonium concentration was increased from 10−5 M to 6 × 10−5 M. Normalized values of the parameters for both 10−5 M and 2.5 × 10−5 M edrophonium revealed no significant difference between end plates bathed in curare-Ringer and those bathed in 5 mM Ca2+–10 mM Mg2+-Ringer. It is suggested that the low concentration of edrophonium inhibit the postjunctional acetylcholinesterase thereby causing an increase in transmitter concentration in the end-plate region, but that the highest concentration (6 × 10−5 M) has a direct desensitizing action as well as the anticholinesterase action on the end-plate membrane. This desensitizing action is present although no depolarization of the end-plate membrane is observable.
Extra lines in optical spectra of Tb(OH) 3

The fluorescence spectrum of Tb(OH)3 at liquid helium temperatures exhibits a complex structure. Beside the well known electronic transitions many intense extra lines were found. The behavior of the extra lines under an external magnetic field and at various temperatures has been investigated and compared to that of the parent electronic lines. It is shown that the extra lines can be explained by internal mechanical stress.
Olfactory behavior of convergent lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to alarm pheromone of green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Une recherche anterieure dans notre laboratoire avait demontre que l'odeur de Pucerons verts du pecher, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), vivants attire fortement la Coccinelle convergente, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville. Nous avons isole l'odeur et l'avons identifiee par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrometrie de masse. Il s'agit de l'(E)-β-farnesene (pheromone d'alerte des pucerons). La reponse olfactive de la Coccinelle convergente a ete evaluee au moyen d'un olfactometre a air, a huit bras, et par l'etude des parcours empruntes par les coccinelles. Les resultats montrent clairement que la coccinelle est capable de percevoir la pheromone emise par les pucerons et de s'orienter en consequence. Il semble donc que cette espece de coccinelle ait developpe un systeme sensoriel propre a detecter la pheromone d'alerte du Puceron vert du pecher et ainsi de reperer ses proies.
Hypervelocity then and now

Abstract A history of hypervelocity impact research, particularly in the United States, is discussed, emphasizing the technical areas and objectives, and to some extent, the funding sources. The reasons for a hiatus of 10 to 15 years, followed by the current resurgence of interest also are given.
UNDERSTANDING CONCERNS ABOUT INTERVENTIONS TO PROMOTE FORGIVENESS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

A new area in psychotherapy practice and research has arisen addressing therapeutic interventions to explicitly promote forgiveness. There is wide variation in the response to this new area including enthusiastic acceptance, wary openness, and vigorous opposition. Unfortunately, these reactions are not often based on a thorough understanding of the empirical literature and result in concerns about using forgiveness interventions in therapy that may or may not be warranted. The authors identify these potential concerns, framing them as concerns about the impact on clients, concerns related to therapist skill or knowledge, and concerns about the effect on the therapy process. The authors address these concerns with a review of the relevant research on forgiveness in therapy. Based on this review, the authors conclude that some skepticism of the new "forgiveness interventions" is warranted, although serious consideration needs to be given to these interventions at appropriate times. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Convection‐driven tectonics on Venus

An analysis is presented of convective stress coupling to an elastic lithosphere as applied to Venus. Theoretical solutions are introduced for the response of a mathematically thick elastic plate overlying a Newtonian viscous medium with an exponential depth dependence of viscosity, and a Green's function solution is obtained for the viscous flow driven by a harmonic density distribution at a specified depth. An elastic-plastic analysis is carried out for the deformation of a model Venus lithosphere. The results predict that dynamic uplift of Venusian topography must be accompanied by extensive brittle failure and viscous flow in the lithosphere.
Norepinephrine and dopamine levels in normal dog and monkey spinal cord.

Abstract Levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were determined for normal spinal cord of dog and monkey. Mean levels for both NE and DA in monkey were about twice those found in dog. Both NE and DA increased with descending cord levels. NE levels were highest in lower cervical and lumbosacral regions and showed a direct correlation without the amount of gray matter present in the segment. DA levels increased gradually from cervical to lumbosacral regions and did not show localized increases. NE levels were similar in isolated gray matter from each region indicating that total cord values are related to gray and white ratios.
Phosphoproteomics finds its timing

The temporal dynamics of EGFR signaling has been studied on a broad scale with mass spectrometry.
Cellular development of skeletal muscle during early periods of nutritional restriction and subsequent rehabilitation.

Summary: This study was designed to examine the effects of early periods of nutritional restrictions on the cellular growth potential of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle growth and cell development of male Sprague-Dawley rats were examined at 25 and 100 days of age in controls (c) and three treatment groups. Each of the three treatments consisted of a 50% restriction of food intake for 21 days through gestation (GR), lactation (LR), and an early postweanling period (PWR, 25–46 days of age). At the conclusion of the restrictions, body weights of the GR, LR, and PWR groups were 85, 42, and 59% of the weights of their respective age controls. Rehabilitation to 100 days of age enabled the GR, LR, and PWR groups to achieve, respectively, 93, 86, and 93% of the control group body weight. At 25 and 100 days of age, muscle weights, muscle fiber number, mean fiber diameter, DNA content, and protein content were determined in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Soleus and EDL muscle weights, DNA contents, and protein contents from the GR and LR groups were significantly less than C group values at 25 days, and the LR group values were significantly less than those from the GR group. When expressed as % of control values at 100 days, muscle weights and DNA contents were respectively: GR soleus 91%, 92%; GR EDL 87%, 89%; LR soleus 84%, 86%; LR EDL 89%, 80%; PWR soleus 87%, 83%; and PWR EDL 94%, 91%. Soleus and EDL muscle fiber numbers were unchanged by the gestational, lactational, and postweanling restrictions at both 25 and 100 days; however, an age-related decrease in fiber number occurred in both muscles for all groups. Reduction in muscle weights resulted from changes in muscle fiber size rather than fiber number. The ability of muscles to recover from a nutritional restriction appears to directly relate to the ability to achieve a normal complement of muscle nuclei (DNA).
Energy-aware data transfer tuning

The annual electricity consumed by data transfers in the U.S. is estimated to be 20 Terawatt hours, which translates to around 4 billion U.S. Dollars per year. There has been considerable amount of prior work looking at power management and energy efficiency in hardware and software systems, and more recently in power-aware networking. Despite the growing body of research in power management techniques for the networking infrastructure, there has been no prior work (to the best of our knowledge), focusing on saving energy at the end-systems (sender and receiver nodes) during the data transfer. We argue that although network-only approaches are part of the solution, the end-system power management is a key in optimizing energy efficiency of the data transfers, which has been long ignored. In this paper, we analyze various factors that will affect the power consumption in end-to-end data transfers, such as the level of parallelism, concurrency and pipelining. Our results show that significant amount of energy savings can be achieved at the end-systems during data transfer with no or minimal performance penalty.
Abstract LB-202: STAT3 induces pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC PTTG is overexpressed in multiple human tumors, but mechanisms regulating tumor PTTG abundance remain elusive. As EGF induces pituitary cell PTTG expression, and as STAT3 is required for pituitary cytokine responses, we investigated STAT3 regulation of PTTG. STAT3 and PTTG were both concordantly overexpressed in 79 human pituitary tumor specimens (62% and 56% respectively; p 90%). Knockdown of PTTG expression by RNAi strongly suppressed STAT3-induced cell migration and invasion by up to 80%. Attenuating PTTG expression by RNAi in STAT3-C stable cells constrained downstream myc, cyclin D3, K-Ras and MMP expression. Moreover, STAT3 inhibitor VI dose-dependently (10-150 M) suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation and subsequently inhibited PTTG, cyclin D3, POMC expression and ACTH secretion as treated for 24 hours. We also generated PTTG RNAi stable transfectants on STAT3-C stable cells and injected these compound transfectants s. c. to nude mice. PTTG RNAi decreased STAT3-C-induced in vivo tumor volume (32%, p<0.01), compared to injected scrambled control transfectants which readily formed tumors. These results elucidate a mechanism for tumor PTTG abundance, whereby STAT3 activation induces PTTG expression to facilitate tumor formation. These findings further elucidate PTTG actions in tumor progression and support the rationale for targeting PTTG to abrogate endocrine tumor growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-202.
Early cystectomy for clinical stage T1 bladder cancer.

Hollenbeck and Montie discuss the potential benefits and pitfalls of early extirpative surgery for T1 bladder cancer. The authors identify risk factors that, in their opinion, should prompt clinicians to consider radical cystectomy rather than a more conservative regimen of resection, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Neuroethics, Neuroeducation, and Classroom Teaching: Where the Brain Sciences Meet Pedagogy

The popularization of neuroscientific ideas about learning—sometimes legitimate, sometimes merely commercial—poses a real challenge for classroom teachers who want to understand how children learn. Until teacher preparation programs are reconceived to incorporate relevant research from the neuro- and cognitive sciences, teachers need translation and guidance to effectively use information about the brain and cognition. Absent such guidance, teachers, schools, and school districts may waste time and money pursuing so called “brain-based” interventions that lack a firm basis in research. Meanwhile, the success of our schools will continue to be narrowly defined by achievement standards that ignore knowledge of the neural and cognitive processes of learning. To achieve the goals of neuroeducation, its proponents must address unique ethical issues that neuroeducation raises for five different groups of individuals: a) practicing teachers, b) neuroscience researchers whose work could inform education, c) publishers and the popular media, d) educational policy-makers, and e) university-level teacher educators. We suggest ways in which these ethical challenges can be met and provide a model for teacher preparation that will enable teachers themselves to translate findings from the neuro-and cognitive sciences and use legitimate research to inform how they design and deliver effective instruction.