cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feed management practices to reduce manure phosphorus excretion in dairy cattle

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral that needs to be supplied in sufficient quantities for maintenance and growth and milk production in dairy cattle. However, over 60% of the P consumed can be excreted in faeces with a potential to cause environmental pollution. Concern over higher levels of P in intensively managed livestock systems has led to legislation such as the Water Framework Directive in the European Union. In this manuscript, several methods of reducing P pollution are discussed. A major source of environmental P pollution has been overfeeding P mainly due to addition of ‘safety margin’ over the animal’s requirement and concerns related to fertility. Matching the animal’s requirement and feeding in groups so that animals at the same physiological status are fed according to their requirement has a potential to reduce P excretion significantly. P can also be reduced by matching available P with the metabolizable energy content of the diet because more P can be incorporated into milk when P is utilized by rumen microbes, which are limited by energy. Plants contain phytate bound P that need to be broken up before they can be absorbed by the animal. Although ruminants can digest phytate, use of phytase enzyme could help either directly by acting on phytate P or improvement of feed digestibility. Pasture management can lead to improved nutrient cycling, particularly if the soil is deficient in P. However, overfertilizing pasture could result is higher runoff of dissolved reactive P. Management practices that leave adequate forage residue on the surface such as rotational grazing will improve infiltration and decrease runoff, reducing nutrient losses.
CRAVAT: cancer-related analysis of variants toolkit

Summary: Advances in sequencing technology have greatly reduced the costs incurred in collecting raw sequencing data. Academic laboratories and researchers therefore now have access to very large datasets of genomic alterations but limited time and computational resources to analyse their potential biological importance. Here, we provide a web-based application, Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit, designed with an easy-to-use interface to facilitate the high-throughput assessment and prioritization of genes and missense alterations important for cancer tumorigenesis. Cancer-Related Analysis of Variants Toolkit provides predictive scores for germline variants, somatic mutations and relative gene importance, as well as annotations from published literature and databases. Results are emailed to users as MS Excel spreadsheets and/or tab-separated text files.
On the verification of time-dependent protocols using timed reachability analysis

An automated approach to verifying general properties of time-dependent protocols, using a formal model called time transmission grammar plus (TTG/sup +/), is introduced. The novel part of the approach is to represent the global state of the model as a pair of state and timing constraint matrices. Timed reachability analysis based on such a representation is then developed to verify various protocol properties. A simple multidestination stop-and-wait protocol is used to illustrate the model and the reachability algorithm. >
Multidisciplinary Care of Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer

There is a compelling need for close coordination and integration of multiple specialties in the management of patients with early-stage breast cancer. Optimal patient care and outcomes depend on the sequential and often simultaneous participation and dialogue between specialists in imaging, pathologic and molecular diagnostic and prognostic stratification, and the therapeutic specialties of surgery, radiation oncology, and medical oncology. These are but a few of the various disciplines needed to provide modern, sophisticated management. The essential role for coordinated involvement of the entire health care team in optimal management of patients with early-stage breast cancer is likely to increase further.
Visual disability variables. I: the importance and difficulty of activity goals for a sample of low-vision patients.

Abstract Massof RW, Hsu CT, Baker FH, Barnett GD, Park WL, Deremeik JT, Rainey C, Epstein C. Visual disability variables. I: The importance and difficulty of activity goals for a sample of low-vision patients. Objective To test the validity and reliability of latent trait measures estimated from ratings by low-vision patients of the importance and difficulty of selected activity goals. Design Validation of a telephone-administered functional assessment instrument using Rasch analysis of self-assessment ratings. Setting Telephone interviews of respondents in their homes. Participants Consecutive series of 600 outpatients with low vision. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measures Ratings of the importance and difficulty of achieving 41 activity goals. Person and item traits were measured with the Andrich rating scale model. Measurement validity and reliability were tested statistically by comparing response patterns and distributions with measurement model expectations. Results Patients could distinguish only 3 categories of importance and 4 categories of difficulty. The distributions of person and item measure fit statistics were consistent with 2 unidimensional constructs: value of independence estimated from importance ratings and visual ability estimated from difficulty ratings. However, 8 of 41 activity goals were poor estimators of value of independence and 7 of 41 activity goals were poor estimators of visual ability. Person measure distributions could be divided into 3 statistically distinct strata for estimates from both importance ratings and difficulty ratings. Item measure distributions could be divided into 21 strata for estimates from importance ratings and 7 strata for estimates from difficulty ratings. Conclusions The 2 variables that define visual disability—value of independence and visual ability—are valid constructs that can be estimated accurately and reliably from patient ratings of the importance and difficulty of activity goals.
An interpretation of the logic of J.S. Mill

An interpretation of quasi axiomatic theory and Mill's logic (1872) is made to support bi-level situational logic.
Volunteer corn presents new challenges for insect resistance management.

Genetically-modifi ed (GM) corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] dominate the North American agricultural landscape and are becoming increasingly important as biofuels. However, as herbicide-tolerance and insecticidal traits are oft en simultaneously expressed by individual plants, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine]-resistant (GR) volunteer corn is becoming a widespread problem as a weed in corn-soybean rotational systems. We show that these volunteer corn plants not only have herbicide-tolerance genes but also express insecticidal “Bt” protein. We also report high levels of damage to these plants from larvae of the target pest, the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). Th is suggests that volunteer herbicide-tolerant Bt corn has the potential to present problems both for weed management and insect resistance management, as it may facilitate more rapid evolution of Bt resistance in corn rootworm populations.
Consistency and accuracy of measurement of lower-limb amputee anthropometrics.

Lower-limb amputees often exhibit large fluctuation in residual-limb shape, necessitating careful observation and anthropometric measurement for prosthetists to ensure socket fit. Anthropometric measurement may become more important as an outcome measure indicating success in rehabilitation. This study investigated the accuracy and reliability of seven prosthetic anthropometric measurement devices as used by a group of eight prosthetic-orthotic practitioners and a group of five prosthetic- orthotic students to measure six common anthropometric dimen- sions on three foam positive models of transtibial amputee resid- ual limbs. Two of the models were identical, enabling assessment of individual repeatability. Some clinically significant errors were noted in the results; however, the general variability in meas- urements was not clinically significant. Students were slightly more consistent than practitioners; students were more consistent with linear measurements, while practitioners were more consis- tent with circumferential measures. The results further demon- strated that the VAPC measurement device used in the study was both inaccurate and unreliable.
Legitimizing Justice: The American Press and the International Military Tribunal, 1945–1946

(2004). Legitimizing Justice: The American Press and the International Military Tribunal, 1945–1946. The Historian: Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 300-319.
From Paths to Networks: The Evolving Science of Networks

Path models were always a kludge; a hodgepodge of available technologies cobbled together, as best as possible, to make sense of naturally occurring networks. Scientists in the past simply did not possess the analytical power to map more than a few links at a time. PLS-PA, LISREL, and systems of regressions were designed for calculation on paper and with adding machines; they were disappointingly inadequate, but the best we had at the time. Statistical power has always lagged the size and complexity of the networks under analysis, and as a result generated unreliable, simplistic, and inapplicable results. This is doubly unfortunate when we consider how important network models have reigned throughout mankind’s history. For example:
Further Evidence on the Usefulness of CTA Performance Information in Public Commodity Pool Prospectuses and a Proposal for Reform

This study investigates the informational value of Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) returns contained in prospectuses for multiple-CTA public commodity pools. Historical CTA returns are substantially inflated relative to actual returns, and historical CTA returns and actual pool returns are uncorrelated. Hence, historical CTA returns contain little or no information that is useful in predicting actual returns. In light of this evidence, a modified disclosure policy is suggested. The policy involves a two-part presentation of performance data in prospectuses. In the first and required part, the actual returns of an unbiased public commodity pool index over the most recent three-year period would be presented. In the second and optional part, historical CTA performance data would be presented. The reporting format and amount of CTA data presented would be at the discretion of the pool operator.
Accentuation of Plaques of Myxoma and Fibroma Viruses by Immune Serum.

SummaryIncorporation of specific immune serum in the agar overlay does not inhibit the appearance or normal development of myxoma or fibroma virus plaques. On the contrary, these plaques are clearly visible on an unstained cell sheet; thus enabling an accurate and sensitive plaque count to be made with greater ease at least 2 or 3 days earlier than assays using the standard overlay. The accentuation of the plaques appeared to be due to 2 factors: (1) a precipitate in the agar around the plaque resulting from antibody-antigen reaction, and (2) an increased thickening of the cell layer at focus of infection. The former was directly proportional to the concentration of antibody in the overlay while the latter was related to the percentage of rabbit serum, either normal or immune, in the overlay. A clear distinction between plaques resulting from inoculation of an artificial mixture of myxoma and fibroma viruses was easily provided when fibroma antiserum was present in the overlay since the plaques differed b...
A Complete Family of Terminal Uranium Chalcogenides, [U(E)(N{SiMe3}2)3]− (E = O, S, Se, Te)

Addition of 1 equiv of E (E = 0.125 S8, Se, Te) to U(H2C═PPh3)(NR2)3 (R = SiMe3) (1) in Et2O results in generation of the terminal chalcogenide complexes, [Ph3PCH3][U(E)(NR2)3] (E = S, 2; Se, 3; Te, 4; R = SiMe3), in modest yield. Complexes 2–4 represent extremely rare examples of terminal uranium monochalcogenides. Synthesis of the oxo analogue, [Cp*2Co][U(O)(NR2)3] (5), was achieved by reduction of [U(O)(NR2)3] with Cp*2Co. All complexes were fully characterized, including analysis by X-ray crystallography. In the solid state, complexes 2–5 feature short U–E bond lengths, suggestive of actinide–ligand multiple bonding.
Modifying the Properties of Collagen Scaffolds with Microfluidics

It is now well accepted that the mechanical properties and cell adhesion profile of 2D and 3D extracellular matrix molecules combine to dictate cellular fate processes, such as differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, through a process generally known as 'mechanotransduction', or the conversion of mechanical signals into a cellular response. The stiffness and adhesion density combine to affect the force balance that exists between an adherent cell and the surrounding substrate. We have established BioMEMS, microfluidic technology to alter the mechanical properties and cell adhesion profile of collagen scaffolds. Using soft lithography, we fabricate elastomeric networks that serve as conduits for the controlled mixing of type I collagen solutions. Our technology enables us to generate reproducible, controlled homogeneous and inhomogeneous microenvironments for 3D cell culture, assays of cell behavior in 3D, and the development of bioartificial tissue equivalents for regenerative and reparative therapies. The adhesivity of collagen is modulated by covalently grafting peptides (such as RGD) or proteins (such as albumin) to soluble collagen molecules with 1- ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), a hetero-bifunctional coupling agent. EDC activates the carboxylic group of collagen and forms an amine bond with the grafting molecule. The grafted collagen self-assembles into a fibrillar gel at physiological temperature and pH with no measurable changes in rheological properties compared to controls. A solution of peptide-grafted collagen is then mixed in microfluidic networks with unaltered collagen to form controlled gradients or other patterns of the two solutions, which immobilize upon self-assembly. Separately or in the same network, the mechanical properties of the collagen gel can be altered regionally by the microfluidic delivery a solution of a cell-tolerated crosslinking agent. We use genipin, which has the unique property of generating crosslinks that autofluoresce. The intensity of the fluorescence correlates with the degree of crosslinking (and thus the mechanical properties) enabling us to monitor and measure changes in mechanical properties dynamically and non-invasively. Lastly, though it requires constant delivery or recirculation, the same networks can be used to impose gradients of soluble factors, such as growth factors and cytokines. Thus, we have developed a platform to examine the response of cells to simultaneous chemotactic, haptotactic, and durotactic gradients in a 3D environment. We are employing this technology to examine the response of neural cells to gradients of biomaterial properties to optimize cues for spinal cord regeneration.
Steered Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Potential of Mean Force for Peptide Amphiphile Self-Assembly into Cylindrical Nanofibers

Steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations were applied to determine the potential of mean force for the self-assembly of peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers, specifically considering a single PA adding to a growing cylindrical nanofiber at 310 K. It is found that the free energy, enthalpy, and entropy differences for this assembly process are −67 kcal/mol, −71.5 kcal/ml, and −14.5 cal/(mol K), respectively, and therefore that enthalpy provides the driving force for self-assembly to form a fiber. A pairwise interaction analysis shows that both electrostatic and van der Waals interactions play important roles in the self-assembly process, with the van der Waals interaction being the larger effect. The mechanistic picture that emerges from this work is that as the PA is pulled from the fiber, the interaction evolves through three stages: (1) initially electrostatic interactions between the charged head of the pulled PA and other PAs, and between the pulled PA and solvent are dominant, (2) after the charged...
Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography - Tandem mass spectrometry urinary pterinomics workflow.

Abstract Pteridines have evoked considerable interest from the scientific community owing to their prominent roles in human health and disease. The availability of analytical methodologies suitable for comprehensive pteridine profiling, termed here as “pterinomics”, has been limited by inconsistent sample preparation and the exclusion of lesser studied pteridine derivatives. In response, the present study describes a new pterinomics workflow using a high-performance liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methodology for the simultaneous analysis of 15 pteridine derivatives including four structural isomers, marking the largest quantitative pteridine panel that has been studied to-date. The validated method possessed excellent sensitivity with method detection limits (0.025 μg L−1 to 0.5 μg L−1) that were comparable or superior to existing techniques. Spiked recovery studies demonstrated the technique was both accurate (88–112%) and precise (RSD: 0–6%). A comparative study of commonly used oxidative pretreatments, including triiodide, permanganate, and manganese dioxide, revealed that the oxidative mechanisms were inefficient, complex, and concentration dependent. Finally, 50 clinical urine specimens were examined with the new technique wherein 10 pteridine derivatives were quantified and population ranges have been given. This technique can be used to examine pteridine molecular epidemiology and biochemistry to support related research applications, and may further be readily extended to include additional pteridine derivatives and biological matrices for specific applications.
A Mobility Architecture for Terrestrial and Space Networks

Internet Protocol (IP) mobility can be handled at different layers of the protocol stack. Mobile IP has been developed to handle mobility of Internet hosts at the network layer. Mobile IP suffers from a number of drawbacks such as the requirement for infrastructure change, high handover latency, high packet loss rate, and conflict with network security solutions. As an alternative solution, a few transport layer mobility protocols have been proposed in the context of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), for example, MSOCKS and TCP connection migration. In this dissertation, a Sbeamless IbP-diversity-based Gbeneralized Mbobility Architecture (SIGMA) is described. SIGMA works at the transport layer and utilizes IP diversity to achieve seamless handover, and is designed to solve many of the drawbacks of Mobile IP. It can also cooperate with normal IPv4 or IPv6 infrastructure without the support of Mobile IP. The handover performance, signaling cost, and survivability issues of SIGMA are evaluated and compared with those of Mobile IP. A hierarchical location management scheme for SIGMA is developed to reduce the signaling cost of SIGMA, which is also useful to other transport layer mobility solutions. SIGMA is shown to be also applicable to managing satellite handovers in space. Finally, the interoperability between SIGMA and existing Internet security mechanisms is discussed.
Generation of educational content through gameplay.

Language learning games require large quantities of content to be educational. This paper presents a boot-strapping method to generate game content using a combination of existing digital resources and the human computation of game players themselves. It describes a baseline method for hint generation to be used in a two-player game in which players select hints to assist each other. It then shows that the data gathered from player actions contains significant agreement in evaluation of automatically generated content. The quality of this data is verified against data from tasked-based crowdsourcing. Results demonstrate that this type of data may be used to extend and improve the hint generation method.
The Association between Compensated Absences Liabilities and Interest Cost on Public School Districts' General Obligation Bonds

SYNOPSIS: In this study, I examine whether compensated absences liabilities are associated with interest cost on public school districts' general obligation bonds. This research question is motivated by the lack of transparency surrounding the accounting for compensated absences and by how the potential size of the liability can affect the government debt market. Using archival data, I analyze public school districts' bond issuance reports along with corresponding financial information. Separating the liability for compensated absences into the current and non-current portions due, I find a significant positive association between the current (but not the non-current) portion and interest cost. The results suggest that the debt market may be unsure about what is being reported as non-current. The amount may be considered too noisy a measure because of uncertainty tied to the quality of the numbers and/or thoughts that longer-term management decisions related to the liability can be altered.
Creative Interpretations of Educational Contradictions

This chapter explores the various relationships that exist between contradictions and creativity. The focus is education, with implications for both teachers and students. Contradictions are defined and contrasted with problems, disequilibria, and dilemmae. Product, place, personality, and process perspectives on creativity as also compared. The advantages of the process view are detailed and recommendations offered. These include (a) optimal challenges for authentic learning and the fulfillment of creative potentials, and (b) the recognition that contradictions and creativity both depend on interpretations.
An unpublished letter from La Gasca to De Candolle

A letter in latin fram Mariano La Gasca to A. P. De Candolle is presented in English and Spanish translations. La Gasea, whose bicentennial will be celebrated in 1976, was a patriot and one of the most important Spanish botanists of the early XIX Century. He played a significant role in the development of the classification of the Umbelliferae; the letter, dealing mainly with this subject, was written fram london during his years in exile, and came to light among specimens of Umbelliferae loaned to the senior author by the Conservatoire de Botanique, Geneve.
Locating Genetic Modifiers for Inherited Neurodegenerative Diseases

Advances in molecular and statistical genetics have heralded discoveries of the basis of many disorders, including those affecting the central nervous system. The principal strategy, often referred to as “reverse genetics,” does not require any knowledge of the biochemistry or pathogenesis of a disease. This approach, however, presumes the existence of a major disease susceptibility gene whose various forms, called alleles, are faithfully transmitted from one generation to the next in a predictable Mendelian fashion. The first step entails localizing the gene to a chromosome using one of several methodologies, most frequently genetic linkage analysis. Then other strategies, including positional cloning and physical mapping, are employed to isolate (i.e., clone) the gene. Next the gene is sequenced to deduce the predicted primary protein structure that it encodes and is evaluated for mutations associated with the disease. Finally, experiments are pursued to delineate the expression of the gene product in various tissues from individuals with and without disease.
Bisphenol A (BPA) and Bisphenol S (BPS) increase Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in female and male BALB/c mice by activating mast cells, increasing immune cell infiltrate and activating the inflammasome

Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that is the leading cause of heart failure in young adults. Sex hormones play a vital role in development of myocarditis with testosterone driving disease in males. Whereas, estrogen, via Estrogen Receptor α (ERα) mediates cardioprotection in females. Since myocarditis is influenced by sex hormones, it is highly probable that endocrine disruptors (EDs); which interfere with natural hormones, will play a part in the progression of the disease. The human population is exposed to Bisphenol A (BPA), a known ED that binds the ER, from plastics, such as water bottles and plastic food containers. BPA could increase myocarditis through deleterious actions of the ERβ rather than beneficial effects via ERα. To our knowledge no one has examined the role of EDs like BPA on myocarditis. We found that clinically relevant doses (25 μg/L and 250 μg/L) of BPA increased acute myocarditis compared to control water in females. In females we found BPA significantly decreased ERα, while ERβ was significantly increased. We found that mast cells (cKit) are largely responsible for the increase in inflammation along with CD4 Thelper cells, IL-1β, IFN-γ, TLR4, Caspase-1, Mmp9, and ST2. In male mice, we found that at the high dose of BPA increased myocarditis and increased all immune cell markers and the inflammasome. We also investigated the compound Bisphenol S (BPS) which has replaced BPA in a number of products and found that BPS also increases myocarditis. Interestingly this effect was only seen in Balb/c mice and not BL/6 suggesting that race could be a factor in evaluating ED role in disease. We have found that ED exposure is having a significant effect on myocarditis and could potentially influence a number of human diseases.
Deciding to Apply and Successfully Gaining Admission to Graduate Schools in Psychology

Psychology is the most popular major on a large proportion of college campuses. Many thousands of students apply to graduate schools with hopes of pursuing a career in the science or practice of mental health services. Yet, as compared to other types of graduate programs (e.g., law, medicine), remarkably little information is available to help students determine the career path that offers the best match to their interests. Specific practical advice on how to successfully navigate the application process also is lacking.
Characterizing the Hydrophobicity of Surfaces Using the Dynamics of Interfacial Water Molecules

As most interfacial processes of practical interest occur in aqueous media where the presence of water may have an impact on desired functional properties, it is important to understand the structural and dynamical properties of interfacial water. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the properties of interfacial water molecules in contact with model atactic polystyrene surfaces of varying polarity. We find that interfacial water molecules, which do not make hydrogen bonds with the substrate, have a faster dynamics and appear to have a universal water–water hydrogen bond relaxation time of about 5 ps. The diffusion coefficients and the relaxation times of the water molecules involved in hydrogen bonding with the surface, on the other hand, have strong dependence on surface polarity and reveal a hydrophobic to hydrophilic transition regime with contact angle in the range of 40–50°. The results presented will be of broad interest to researchers working in the area of surface science, biotec...
Application of chemical shift imaging for measurement of NAA in head injured patients.

Neurochemical damage following brain injury can be assessed non-invasively by measurement of N-Acetyl-Aspartate (NAA) using Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (*HMRS). This report documents results of applying Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) postprocessing for measuring NAA in traumatically injured brain.
Using Interactions among Species, Landscapes, and Climate to Inform Ecological Niche Models: A Case Study of American Marten (Martes americana) Distribution in Alaska

Climate change is acting to reallocate biomes and shift the distribution of species in Alaska, where many animals exist near their thermodynamic limits. Machine-learning based ecological niche models that account for landscape characteristics and changes in climate have been effective tools for deciphering patterns in messy, presence-only datasets, and predicting shifts in wildlife distributions over time. Bioclimatic niche models are sometimes criticized for failing to include interspecific interactions into predictions of species distributions. Here I address this shortcoming by including the previously-modeled distributions of 17 species of small mammal prey as well as 36 environmental predictors to develop distribution models for a generalist predator, the American marten (Martes americana) in Alaska. I used TreeNet and a set of public, online, occurrence records as training data in 13 model variations to create the most accurate ecological niche model for marten in 2015. I also used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change A2 scenario climate forecasts and future small mammal distributions to forecast marten distribution in 2100. Additionally, I used TreeNet to quantify the magnitude of variable interactions, and network maps to visualize structure in predictor set relationships. I found that (1) sub-models with a reduced set of predictors are capable of achieving higher predicted accuracies than models based on the entire predictor set, (2) top predictors and interaction strengths can be disproportionately influenced by high-level categorical predictors, and (3) a landscape change analysis identified regions of Alaska where the distribution of marten is predicted to expand with climate change over the coming century. Incorporating the interactive influence of prey and other environmental variables in order to improve distribution change projections should aid wildlife and land managers in developing adaptive strategies for conserving dispersal corridors, biodiversity, and ecosystem function into the future.
UML and Its Usage: A Game WheelFortune In-Text

This chapter intends to initialize the introduction about the unified modeling language (UML). The UML supports class diagram, sequence diagram, state machine diagram, and others. In this book, we mainly apply class diagrams for visually describing classes and their relationships, apply sequence diagrams for illustrating the dynamic behaviors among objects, and also apply state machine diagrams for exploring the game states and their transitions in order to structure a guideline for designing games. This chapter also goes through the construction of a new game to investigate the data structure Array and ArrayList, as well as the algorithms for searching and sorting an array.
Characterization of the New Class of Driving Cycles for Connected and Automated Vehicles

Connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) provide the most intriguing opportunity to improve traffic flow and eventually reshape the driving cycle of a typical commute. In this paper, we use a corridor consisting of a four-way intersection, a merging roadway, and a speed reduction zone to evaluate and quantify the impact of CAVs on a typical driving cycle. First, we use conventional vehicles that travel through this corridor to identify the baseline driving cycle, and then we use CAVs to determine how the baseline driving cycle is altered. We introduce specific metrics to quantitatively characterize a driving cycle and use these metrics to prescribe the new class of driving cycles for CAVs.
UNIT 11.11 Analysis of the Cell Cycle Using Xenopus Egg Extracts

In this unit, Xenopus eggs are isolated from hormonally primed female frogs, and then the extract is treated with cyclohexamide so it remains in interphase of the cell cycle. In the presence of sperm chromatin and ATP, membrane vesicles in the extract fuse to assemble nuclei, making the extract suitable for studies of DNA replication and nuclear transport.
Chapter 9 – Geological Hazards

The physical properties of gas hydrates are introduced and the geological controls together with their mode of formation discussed. The manifestation of physical properties due to cementation−cohesion of sediments grains is explained. A discussion is included on the stability of methane hydrates, which is delicately constrained by the thermobaric conditions, temperature, and presence of impurities in the gas. The dissociation of gas hydrates due to alteration in the physical conditions by various mechanisms, release of methane gas, and consequent changes in atmospheric balance are discussed. A description of how hydrate fluidizes sediments in the shallow geosphere and its relevance to gradation changes in relief are presented in details. Consequent geological hazards over many continental margins of the world, including the Storrega Slide in the Norwegian Sea, Cape Fear Slide in the Atlantic Margin, Beaufort Sea, and Cascadian margins, are discussed. A full discussion on the risks involved in the extraction of oil and gas in deep waters due to destabilization of gas hydrates is included.
Experiential Learning and Education Abroad: Examining the Experiences of Students in the Semester Abroad and Intercultural Leadership Program

In the Fall of 2016, the University of Dayton launched the Semester Abroad and Intercultural Leadership (SAIL) program in order to address a number of strategic objectives. The SAIL program is a year-long program that entails a fall semester abroad at a designated exchange partner in Ireland, Spain, or at the University of Dayton China Institute, and a one-credit re-entry course the subsequent spring semester with the option for students to live in special, cohort-style housing with each other. The re-entry course curriculum was primarily influenced by Intercultural Theory and Constructivism to help students unpack and frame their semester abroad as well as their return to the USA. After analyzing quantitative information derived from pre- and post-scores on the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) by SAIL students—and corresponding control groups that participated on different semester programs abroad with no re-entry course—before and after the program and qualitative information derived from student assignments and experiences in the re-entry class, SAIL students increased their intercultural competency overall, also in comparison with their control groups, though there were indicators that SAIL students struggled the most with Hardiness competency level during and after their semester abroad while their largest competency level increase was in Interpersonal Engagement.
Evaluation of a Brief, Bystander Bullying Intervention (STAC) for Ethnically Blended Middle Schools in Low-Income Communities:

We evaluated a brief, bystander bullying intervention (STAC) adapted for ethnically blended, low-income middle schools. We examined changes in bullying victimization and bias-based bullying victimi...
Correction to: Decomposing supply-side and demand-side impacts of climate change on the US electricity system through 2050

The article “Decomposing supply-side and demand-side impacts of climate change on the US electricity system through 2050”.
Quantitative metrics to experimentally benchmark geoacoustic inversion methods

Geoacoustic inversion schemes are complex methods that combine various experimental designs (e.g., arrays or single receivers, fixed or moving sources,…), different data processing methods (e.g., tracking ray arrivals, filtering modes, estimating spectral matrices,…) and different inversion methods (e.g., brute force grid search, stochastic optimization,…). Because of this complexity and variability, geoacoustic inversion methods are difficult to benchmark. Although simulated benchmarks are possible, experimental benchmarks are more difficult since (1) experimental ground truth is never fully available and (2) different methods may sense different features/scales of the seabed. Nonetheless, assessing the performance of geoacoustic inversion methods is of paramount importance, since the resulting geoacoustic models are used to predict acoustic field for various applications, including Navy operations or noise pollution monitoring. In this presentation, we propose quantitative metrics to assess the experimental performances of inversion methods. The proposed metrics allow inter-comparison of various geoacoustic models, but also comparison of predicted acoustic field with experimental (independently collected) data. The metrics are successfully applied on a subset of data collected during the Shallow Water 2006 experiment.
Same or Different?: An Aesthetic Design Question

Should brands selling status goods design high-end and low-end products to look the same or different? In this paper, we study how brands make this aesthetic design differentiation decision. We first empirically analyze the impact of a brand's aesthetic design differentiation on consumers' preferences for the brand's products using seven years of data of a status good (i.e., cars). We find that consumers prefer high-end products of a brand to look more differentiated but prefer low-end products of the brand to look less differentiated, which seems to present brands a product design dilemma, i.e., neither design unification nor diversification within a brand can enhance the appeal of the brand's high-end and low-end products at the same time. Based on this finding, we set up a game-theoretic model to analyze brands' equilibrium design strategies. Interestingly, we find that the opposing preferences for design differentiation can lead brands to choose asymmetric design strategies, i.e., one brand unifies design while another brand diversifies design, which can be a win-win outcome. We also give conditions where both brands unify design or both brands diversify design while the latter can be a prisoner's dilemma. Furthermore, vertical differentiation (e.g., in brand strength) between brands affects the profitability of design diversification or unification. In addition, we show that the aesthetic design decision has important implications on how brands should set prices and functionalities of products and how much brands should invest in brand-building activities (e.g., advertising).
Governance for living better together: A special issue on public administration and self-governance

The modern notions of public governance and public administration are inextricably linked to government and an expanding scope and scale of government programs and regulations. However, an alternative notion of governance, based on the ideas of classical liberalism, focuses on the role of citizens, non-elites, and collective action to find ways to live better together. Two recent books, Public Governance and the Classical Liberal Perspective by Paul Dragos Aligica, Peter J. Boettke, and Vlad Tarko (2019) and Public Entrepreneurship, Citizenship, and Self-Governance by Paul Dragos Aligica (2018) advance this notion of governance. In this special issue, scholars react to these books and discuss the implications for academic and policy research.
Bimonoidal Categories, $E_n$-Monoidal Categories, and Algebraic $K$-Theory

Bimonoidal categories are categorical analogues of rings without additive inverses. They have been actively studied in category theory, homotopy theory, and algebraic $K$-theory since around 1970. There is an abundance of new applications and questions of bimonoidal categories in mathematics and other sciences. This work provides a unified treatment of bimonoidal and higher ring-like categories, their connection with algebraic $K$-theory and homotopy theory, and applications to quantum groups and topological quantum computation. With ample background material, extensive coverage, detailed presentation of both well-known and new theorems, and a list of open questions, this work is a user friendly resource for beginners and experts alike.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on the Utilization of Spinal Imaging.

BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the general correlation between socioeconomic status and imaging. This study is the first to analyze this relationship in the spine patient population. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of socioeconomic status on the frequency with which imaging studies of the lumbar spine are ordered and completed. METHODS Patients that were diagnosed with lumbar radiculopathy and/or myelopathy and had at least 1 subsequent lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), or X-ray ordered were retrospectively identified. Demographic information and the number of ordered and completed imaging studies were among the data collected. Patient insurance status and income level (estimated based on zip code) served as representations of socioeconomic status. RESULTS A total of 24,105 patients met the inclusion criteria for this study. Regression analyses demonstrated that uninsured patients were significantly less likely to have an MRI, CT, or X-ray study ordered (P < .001 for all modalities) and completed (P < .001 for MRI and X-ray, P = .03 for CT). Patients with lower income had higher rates of MRI, CT, and X-ray (P < .001 for all) imaging ordered but were less likely to have an ordered X-ray be completed (P = .009). There was no significant difference in the completion rate of ordered MRIs or CTs. CONCLUSION Disparities in image utilization based on socioeconomic characteristics such as insurance status and income level highlight a critical gap in access to health care. Physicians should work to mitigate the influence of such factors when deciding whether to order imaging studies, especially in light of the ongoing shift in health policy in the United States.
Chapter 8 The Physiological Ecology of Nuisance Algae in an Oligotrophy Lake

Abstract Periphyton growth in oligotrophic Lake Tahoe appears to be regulated by nutrient Input and provides additional evidence of cultural eutrophication. A stalked diatom community, Gomphoneis herculeana , dominates the biomass in the eulittoral (splash) zone, and it is the luxuriant growth of this alga which has caused algal biofouling problems in this pristine lake. 15N-labelled nitrate and ammonium uptake experiments showed that this community had a greater affinity for these nutrients than did the sublittoral periphyton community which depended on nitrogen fixation to meet its cellular demands. The rates of nitrogen uptake at natural substrate levels, measured under no flow (static) conditions were too low to account for this community's N-demand. We suggest that water movement (e.g., wave action) is an important mechanism which acts to increase the bio-availability of nutrients and therefore allows these algae to achieve high rates of growth even though ambient substrate concentrations are low.
Computer Analysis of Lighting in Realist Master Art: Current Methods and Future Challenges

We review several computer based techniques for analyzing the lighting in images that have proven valuable when addressing questions in the history and interpretation of realist art. These techniques fall into two general classes: model independent (where one makes no assumption about the three-dimensional shape of the rendered objects) and model dependent (where one does make some assumptions about their three-dimensional shape). An additiona, statistical algorithm integrates the estimates of lighting position or direction produced by different such techniques. We conclude by discussing several outstanding problems and future directions in the analysis of lighting in realist art.
Biofiltration and Bioodors

Odors in Biological Treatment Systems Odor Treatment by Biofiltration Microbiological Aspects of Biofiltration Keywords: air pollution control; biofiltration; bioodors control in waste treatment facilities
Market Driven Manufacturing

World-Class Manufacturing has received a great dealof attention in the past few years, drawing largely on successfulJapanese manufacturing practices. There has also been a separateexplosion in the use of conjoint analysis to determine customerpreferences for marketing purposes. In this paper these two developmentsare used together to determine the most advantageous manufacturingpriorities for a given competitive situation. For illustrationpurposes we use customer preference data from automobiles; thesepreferences are segmented and we then show how the various segmentslink to differing sets of manufacturing priorities. Finally,we examine how strategic manufacturing priorities can be translatedinto specific action-oriented improvement programs.
The institute for the study of metals: The first 15 years

The research conducted at the Institute for the Study of Metals during its first decade was dominated by the faculty members who came to the institute during its first year. However, the loss of Zener in 1951, the resignation of Smith from the directorship in 1957, and, in particular, Smith’s departure from the university in 1961, promoted a significant change in the character of the institute. Although Barrett, a metallurgist, remained on the faculty until his retirement in 1970, no young metallurgist served on the faculty after the departure of Birnbaum in 1961.
Relating mesocarnivore relative abundance to anthropogenic land-use with a hierarchical spatial count model

There is growing need to develop models of spatial patterns in animal abundance, yet comparatively few examples of such models exist. This is especially true in situations where the abundance of one species may inhibit that of another, such as the intensively-farmed landscape of the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of the central United States, where waterfowl production is largely constrained by mesocarnivore nest predation. We used a hierarchical Bayesian approach to relate the distribution of various land-cover types to the relative abundances of four mesocarnivores in the PPR: coyote Canis latrans, raccoon Procyon lotor, red fox Vulpes vulpes, and striped skunk Mephitis mephitis. We developed models for each species at multiple spatial resolutions (41.4 km2, 10.4 km2, and 2.6 km2) to address different ecological and management-related questions. Model results for each species were similar irrespective of resolution. We found that the amount of row-crop agriculture was nearly ubiquitous in our best models, exhibiting a positive relationship with relative abundance for each species. The amount of native grassland land-cover was positively associated with coyote and raccoon relative abundance, but generally absent from models for red fox and skunk. Red fox and skunk were positively associated with each other, suggesting potential niche overlap. We found no evidence that coyote abundance limited that of other mesocarnivore species, as might be expected under a hypothesis of mesopredator release. The relationships between relative abundance and land-cover types were similar across spatial resolutions. Our results indicated that mesocarnivores in the PPR are most likely to occur in portions of the landscape with large amounts of agricultural land-cover. Further, our results indicated that track-survey data can be used in a hierarchical framework to gain inferences regarding spatial patterns in animal relative abundance.