cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2010 Special Issue: Infants' ability to parse continuous actions: Further evidence

In two experiments, we examined 6- and 8-month-old infants' capacities to detect target actions in a continuous action sequence. The primary question was whether action segments consisting of an event (e.g., occlusion, containment) are more salient than action segments consisting of a transition (e.g., bounce, slide). In Experiment 1, infants were habituated to long action sequences. After meeting the habituation criterion, infants were shown an alternation between test trials consisting of either novel or familiar segments made up of an event and transition. The results demonstrate that infants dishabituated to the novel test segments. In Experiment 2, infants were habituated to the same long action sequences but the novelty/familiarity of the events and transitions were crossed with each other. The results demonstrate that infants looked longer at test trials with novel events compared to test trials with novel transitions. These experiments replicated and extended the phenomena reported in Hespos, Saylor, and Grossman (2009). Together these findings demonstrated that in event processing, events having greater relative salience than transitions. These findings suggest that object knowledge could provide insights to the process of event segmentation.
Motivating Action and Maintaining Change: The Time-Varying Role of Homework Following a Brief Couples' Intervention.

Studies regarding the effectiveness of homework assignments in cognitive-behavioral treatments have demonstrated mixed results. This study investigated predictors of compliance with homework recommendations and the time-varying relationship of recommendation completion with treatment response in a brief couples' intervention (N = 108). More satisfied couples and couples with more motivation to change completed more recommendations, whereas couples with children completed fewer. The association between recommendation completion and treatment response varied with the passage of time, with the strongest effect observed 6 months after the intervention, but no discernible differences at 1 year postintervention. Couples that completed more recommendations experienced more rapid treatment gains, but even those couples doing substantially fewer recommendations ultimately realized equivalent treatment effects, although they progressed more slowly. Implications are discussed.
The Political Heritage of the Olympic Games: Relevance, Risks, and Possible Rewards

The Olympic movement sometimes claims that sport has nothing to do with politics, yet its goal of promoting peace is explicitly political. The Olympics' association with peace, furthermore, is inherited from the ancient version of the festival which took place in a very distant time and place. This essay examines the ancient political heritage of the Olympic Games and questions its relevance to such modern Olympic challenges as globalisation, cultural hegemony, social discrimination and environmental degradation. It suggests that these challenges are not so different from those addressed in the ancient Olympic Games, and argues that a better understanding of the ancient games' political achievements may increase the modern Olympic movement's chances of realising their own political goals. After all, the basic structures of sport, which underpin the political achievements of the Olympic Games, have changed little over the last 2,500 years.
The Theory and Practice of Simulated Annealing

Simulated annealing is a popular local search meta-heuristic used to address discrete and, to a lesser extent, continuous optimization problems. The key feature of simulated annealing is that it provides a means to escape local optima by allowing hill-climbing moves (i.e., moves which worsen the objective function value) in hopes of finding a global optimum. A brief history of simulated annealing is presented, including a review of its application to discrete and continuous optimization problems. Convergence theory for simulated annealing is reviewed, as well as recent advances in the analysis of finite time performance. Other local search algorithms are discussed in terms of their relationship to simulated annealing. The chapter also presents practical guidelines for the implementation of simulated annealing in terms of cooling schedules, neighborhood functions, and appropriate applications.
Ligand Effects on the Regioselectivity of Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation: Density Functional Calculations Illuminate the Role of Long-Range Noncovalent Interactions

Density functional theory calculations have been performed to gain insight into the origin of ligand effects in rhodium (Rh)-catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins. In particular, the olefin insertion step of the Wilkinson catalytic cycle, which is commonly invoked as the regioselectivity-determining step, has been examined by considering a large variety of density functionals (e.g., B3LYP, M06-L); a range of substrates, including simple terminal (e.g., hexene, octene), heteroatom-containing (e.g., vinyl acetate), and aromatic-substituted (e.g., styrene) alkenes, and different ligand structures (e.g., monodentate PPh3 ligands and bidentate ligands such as DIOP, DIPHOS). The calculations indicate that the M06-L functional reproduces the experimental regioselectivities with a reasonable degree of accuracy, while the commonly employed B3LYP functional fails to do so when the equatorial–equatorial arrangement of phosphine ligands around the Rh center is considered. The different behavior of the two functionals...
Laser Assisted CVD of Aluminum from a Novel Liquid Alane Precursor

We describe pyrolytic laser assisted chemical vapor deposition of Al from dimethylethylamine-alane with 514 nm radiation from an Ar+ laser. Results from deposition on different substrates, including Pt, Au, W, and Si, provide insight into to thermal and nucleation effects in the laser writing process. High purity Al lines with resistivity close to bulk Al are reported for a range of operating conditions. The relationship between operating parameters and the resulting properties of the deposited lines is investigated. We also demonstrate a two-step fast writing process based on fast laser nucleation of lines followed by selective chemical vapor deposition of Al on the nucleated pattern.
Versatile temperature controlled tissue bath for studies of isolated cells using an inverted microscope

The design of a small, inexpensive temperature controlled bath (0.25 ml volume) for electrophysiological studies of isolated cells is described. The design creates a uniform temperature (±1° C) from ambient temperature to approximately 37° C over a bath chamber area of 0.6×1 cm for flow rates from zero to 2ml/min. Access for microelectrodes and unobstructed preparation viewing with an inverted microscope is afforded by a finely stranded heater sandwiched between two glass cover slips and located bencath the bath chamber. Battery operation of the feedback temperature controller and solution pre-heater minimizes electrical interference.
Security analysis of bytecode interpreters using alloy

Security of programming languages, particularly programming languages used for network applications, is a major issue at this time. Despite the best efforts of language designers and implementers, serious security vulnerabilities continue to be discovered at an alarming rate. Thus, development of analysis tools that can be used to uncover insecure or malicious code is an important area of research. This thesis focuses on the use of the lightweight formal method tool Alloy to perform static analysis on binary code, Byte-compiled languages that run on virtual machines are of particular interest because of their relatively small instruction sets, and also because they are well represented on the Internet. This thesis describes a static analysis methodology in which desired security properties of a language are expressed as constraints in Alloy, while the actual bytes being analyzed are expressed as Alloy model initializers. The combination of these two components yields a complete Alloy model in which any model counterexample represents a constraint violation, and hence a security vulnerability. The general method of expressing security requirements as constraints is studied, and results are presented for Java bytecodes running on the Java Virtual Machine, as well as for Adobe Flash SWF files containing ActionScript bytecodes running on the ActionScript Virtual Machine. It is demonstrated that many examples of malware are detected by this technique. In addition, analysis of benign software is shown to not produce any counterexamples. This represents a significant departure from standard methods based on signatures or anomaly detection.
The Experience of Inguinal Hernia Treated by Lichtenstein on Tension-free Hernioplasty

Objective:To summarize the clinical effect of lichtenstein on tension-free hernioplasty in strengthening back wall of inquinal canal.Method:Lichtenstein on tension-free hernioplasty means using lichtenstein to repair back wall.Result: a total of 33 cases were cured after 5 to 7 days.and the recurrences not occured.Conclusion:Lichtenstein tension-free herioplasty in treating inguinal hernia has some advantage of tension-free,no recurrences and less injury,quick and seldom complication.
Anesthesia before and after curare

Before the advent of curare, muscular relaxation essential for upper abdominal and intrathoracic surgery adequate operating conditions, could only be provided by deep ether or cyclopropane anaesthesia. The required depth of anaesthesia frequently caused severe cardiovascular depression, metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alteration of kidney and liver function. Ether, and especially cyclopropane sensitized the heart to the development of arrhythmias and the danger of explosion was never far away. For fear of anaesthetic mortality essential, life saving operations were often abandoned in poor risk patients. The administration of anaesthesia was more an art, mastered by relatively few, than a science that could be taught to many. It is a tribute to the early masters of anaesthesiology that they were able to carry their patients through the dangers associated with the provision of anaesthesia for major surgical procedures, with relatively low morbidity and mortality. The introduction of curare into anaesthetic practice, by Griffith and Johnson, in 1942, caused profound changes in the efficacy and safety of anaesthesiology. It made possible the development of true balanced anaesthesia, and the elimination of the explosive inhalation anaesthetics and the profound metabolic disturbances associated with their use. The concept of "inoperability," due to severe pathology or extremes of age became obsolete. It would be hard to envisage how open heart, organ transplant and radical brain and cranio-facial surgery could have developed without muscle relaxants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Combining Possibly Related Estimation Problems

SUMMARY We have two sets of parameters we wish to estimate, and wonder whether the James-Stein estimator should be applied separately to the two sets or once to the combined problem. We show that there is a class of compromise estimators, Bayesian in nature, which will usually be preferred to either alternative. "The difficulty here is to know what problems are to be combined togetherwhy should not all our estimation problems be lumped together into one grand melee ?" GEORGE BARNARD commenting on the James-Stein estimator, 1962.
Perceptual learning in a non-human primate model of artificial vision

Visual perceptual grouping, the process of forming global percepts from discrete elements, is experience-dependent. Here we show that the learning time course in an animal model of artificial vision is predicted primarily from the density of visual elements. Three naive adult non-human primates were tasked with recognizing the letters of the Roman alphabet presented at variable size and visualized through patterns of discrete visual elements, specifically, simulated phosphenes mimicking a thalamic visual prosthesis. The animals viewed a spatially static letter using a gaze-contingent pattern and then chose, by gaze fixation, between a matching letter and a non-matching distractor. Months of learning were required for the animals to recognize letters using simulated phosphene vision. Learning rates increased in proportion to the mean density of the phosphenes in each pattern. Furthermore, skill acquisition transferred from trained to untrained patterns, not depending on the precise retinal layout of the simulated phosphenes. Taken together, the findings suggest that learning of perceptual grouping in a gaze-contingent visual prosthesis can be described simply by the density of visual activation.
The impact of antibiotics on bacterial cellulose in vivo

This study investigated how antibiotics, to which Gluconacetobacter hansenii is naturally resistant, impact cellulose crystallinity, allomorph, aggregation into bundles and layers, cellulose yield, and cell morphology. G. hansenii was exposed to 100 μg/mL ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin for 7 days, and cellulose structure was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biomass and cellulose weights were also assessed. Ampicillin increased bundle thickness, and the bundles also showed nodular deposits indicative of non-cellulosic exopolysaccharide deposition. Ampicillin also yielded the lowest amount of cellulose per gram of biomass (p < 0.01) and induced significant filamentation behavior. Chloramphenicol inhibited biomass production (p < 0.01), increased the I-α allomorph content (p < 0.01), and also induced filamentation, though not as profusely as ampicillin. We hypothesize that defects in the peptidoglycan layer and in protein production lowered cellulose yield and promoted cells to undergo filamentation as a survival tactic. Additionally, we hypothesize that antibiotic stress caused additional exopolysaccharides to be produced and that they likely enhanced glucan chain aggregation into higher-order structures. Our findings have significant implications for downstream applications such as genetically engineering G. hansenii to produce bacterial cellulose with modified properties.
New Research on East Germany: An Introduction

Over a quarter century has elapsed since the end of the Cold War and the unification of Germany, enough time for writers, artists, scholars, and the general public to have both remembered their pre-1990 experience and witnessed a series of controversies in the retelling or rewriting of that past. Now we are in the process of a generational shift, not only in the sense of a young adult generation with few of their own memories of divided Germany but also of a younger generation of scholars whose knowledge about the two Germanys has been mediated by their older mentors. I am one of those older mentors and suspect that the next-generation scholars are developing new approaches, sources, and methodologies for research on the German past and present. I have repeatedly considered and reconsidered my own scholarly trajectory vis-a-vis East Germany both before and after unification. But I am convinced that our younger colleagues, who­—for reasons of their own—are drawn to the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and what since unification is known as eastern Germany as an object of interest and even fascination, have important things to communicate.
Human paleoecological integration in subarctic eastern Beringia

Abstract We contribute to the understanding of megafauna extinction and human dispersal in subarctic eastern Beringia by focusing on changes in the trophic dynamics of the large mammal community as well as the ecological role of humans as a predator and competitor. We reconstruct habitat use by megafauna and humans throughout the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary based on zooarchaeological data and stable isotope ratios of collagen. Our results are consistent with habitat heterogeneity and availability being important factors in the changing abundance of large herbivores. We argue that an increase in herbivore diversity and biomass at the beginning of the Bolling-Allerod interstadial and a relative lack of competitors favored the initial human colonization of subarctic eastern Beringia. As herbivore resources dwindled later in the Late Glacial, people increasingly relied on bison and wapiti. By efficiently extracting some of the highest-ranked resources in the landscape, people are likely to have contributed to the trophic displacement or regional extirpation of other large predators. The ecological patterns that we observe in subarctic eastern Beringia are consistent with a mixture of both top-down and bottom-up controls over biotic turnover.
Navigating the research-clinical interface in genomic medicine: analysis from the CSER Consortium.

Navigating the research–clinical interface in genomic medicine: analysis from the CSER Consortium
Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. Israelensis to Chironomids in Pond Mesocosms

A pond mesocosm study was conducted in a central Minnesota wetland to evaluate the potential toxicity of the microbially-derived insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to chironomids. B.t.i. was applied as VectoBac® G to mesocosms on two occasions (21 d apart) at five rates (0.3X, 1X, 2.5X, 5X, 10X) with three replicate mesocosms per rate. The 1X rate (9 kg/ha) was that operationally used by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Mosquito Control District for early summer mosquito control. Chironomid abundances following B.t.i. treatment were compared to abundances in untreated control mesocosms. The abundance of Chironomidae larvae was significantly reduced at the 10X treatment 4 d after the first B.t.i. application. Chironomid abundance was also reduced after the second application with 10X, but showed strong signs of recovery within 32 d. Chironominae, the numerically dominant subfamily within the Chironomidae, showed a similar response. The abundance of Orthocladiinae larvae was significantly reduced at both the 10X and 5X treatments, whereas the Tanypodinae appeared unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments. Of the two tribes comprising the Chironominae, the Chironomini displayed a response very similar to that of its parent subfamily, although reductions in abundance were not statistically significant. The tribe was dominated by Dicrotendipes, Einfeldia, and Endochironomus, none of which were significantly reduced following either 10X application. The second tribe, the Tanytarsini, were slightly more susceptible to B.t.i. than the Chironomini, displaying significant reductions in abundance after both 10X applications. The Tanytarsini were dominated by Paratanytarsus, which were reduced by 91% 4 d after both 10X B.t.i. applications. Tanytarsini and Chironomini were also reduced in abundance (by 83 and 75%, respectively) at the 5X treatment, but reductions were not statistically significant. Regressions of larval chironomid abundance versus B.t.i. treatment rate indicated that the B.t.i. rates required to reduce chironomid abundance by 25, 50, and 75% were 1.5–2.0X, 2.1–3.3X, and 3.5–11.0X, respectively. Emergence of adult Chironomidae was significantly reduced at the 10X B.t.i. treatment, but not at 5X. The same trend was observed for the Chironominae, which comprised 82% of the family, but not for Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Emergence of Ceratopogonidae and Chaoboridae was unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments.
A Grounded Theory of the Process of Spiritual Change Among Homicide Survivors.

Grounded theory was used to generate a mid-range theory of the process of spiritual change in the lives of survivors of homicide victims. Theoretical sampling guided the selection of 30 participants from a larger study of spiritual change after homicide (N = 112). Individual interviews were analyzed using a four-step sequence of line-by-line, focused, axial, and selective coding. Analysis generated a closed theory consisting of three fluids, consecutive but nonlinear stages. Each stage consisted of an overarching process and a state of being in the world: (a) Disintegrating: living in a state of shock; (b) Reckoning: living in a state of stagnation; (c) Recreating and reintegrating the self: living in a state of renewal. Movement through the stages was fueled by processes of spiritual connection that yielded changes that permeated the theory. Findings can be used to help practitioners address the processes that drive spiritual change in the lives of homicide survivors.
Chapter Nineteen – Quantitative Analysis in Absorption Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of absorption spectroscopy in quantitative analysis. Typical applications are for drug assay, determination of purity of organic compounds, clinical analysis, and trace metal analysis. It discusses the steps for quantitative measurements in absorption spectroscopy. There are some important parameters that helps in evaluating spectrophotometric procedures—such as molar absorptivity, stability and sensitivity with respect to time and temperature, effect of pH, absorption spectra of reactants and products, nature of reaction that includes establishing the stoichiometry and other experimental details, Beer's law plot and concentration range in which the linear relationship is followed, and interferences and how they are eliminated. The chapter also describes several experimental techniques, which help in improving sensitivity and accuracy. These are precision colorimetry, complex formation, photometric titration, and quenching.
Construction of Cloning Vectors from the IncW Plasmid pSa and their use in Analysis of Crown Gall Tumor Formation

A set of four cloning vectors has been constructed from the wide host range IncW plasmid pSa. Although the vectors are transfer defective, three of them can be efficiently transferred into a wide variety of Gram-negative bacteria by a separate mobilizing plasmid. One of the vectors is a cosmid and can be used for cloning large DNA fragments. The vectors, which can be selected on the basis of kanamycin, spectinomycin, or chloramphenicol resistance, contain cloning sites for seven different restriction endonucleases. DNA fragments from the A. tumefaciens plasmid TiC58 have been cloned into these vectors, and used to complement avirulent TiC58::Tn5 mutants.
Design of Real-Time Fault-Tolerant Computing Stations

The steady increase observed during the past decade in distributed computer system (DCS) use in safety-critical real-time applications is expected to continue through the 1990’s. For example, DCS’s have been increasingly adopted in applications such as space navigation, air-traffic control, hospital automation, national defense, etc. [11, 16, 21, 43, 47]. To attain the desired level of reliability, such DCS’s must be designed to possess effective fault tolerance capabilities.
New Insights into the Topography, Gating and Modulation of MaxiK Channels

Large conductance voltage and calcium sensitive K channels (MaxiK, Kca, or BK channels) are stimulated upon membrane depolarization and/or by a raise in intracellular calcium. Mammalian MaxiK channels are distinguished from other calcium-sensitive potassium channels, by their large conductance and sensitivities to toxins. For example, they are insensitive to apamin (which inhibits small conductance calcium-activated K channels) and sensitive to charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin (for review see Garcia et al., 1991). MaxiK channels are present in almost every tissue with an important exception, the heart myocytes. Their abundance in the plasma membrane varies from tissue to tissue; the most notable cell type for their high expression are smooth muscles. MaxiK channels are modulators of neuronal excitability in brain (Crest and Gola, 1993; Robitaille et al., 1993) and in smooth muscles they set the level of contractile activity (Anwer et al., 1993; Nelson et al., 1995). One of the mechanisms (perhaps the most important) by which MaxiK channels exert their function is by sensing the intracellular Ca2+ levels in their vicinity (for a comment see Fay, 1995). An increase in intracellular Ca2+, via Ca2+ entry or Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, promotes their activation leading to a prompt hyperpolarization and decrease in neuronal excitability or to relaxation in smooth muscles. Conversely, their inhibition and consequent membrane depolarization causes constriction of smooth muscles (Anwer et al., 1993; Nelson et al., 1995).
Quadrature error expansions

We continue the work of Part I, treating in detail the theory of numerical quadrature over a square [0, 1]2 using anm 2 copy,Q (m), of a one-point quadrature rule. As before, we determine the nature of an asymptotic expansion for the quadrature error functionalQ (m) F--IF in inverse powers ofm and related functions, valid for specified classes of the integrand functionF. The extreme case treated here is one in which the integrand function has a full-corner algebraic singularity. This has the formx ? yμ r?, (x, y). Here ?, μ, and ? need not be integer, andr ? is (x 2+y 2)?/2 or some other similar homogeneous function. The error expansion forms the theoretic basis for the use of extrapolation, for this kind of integrand.
Peoples Temple: A Lost Legacy for the Current Moment

What is the legacy of Peoples Temple? Forty years after the events at Jonestown it seems that “Jonestown” has solidified itself as a landmark moment in American religious history. Jonestown has become synonymous with the problems of charismatic religious leadership and religious violence. Yet, the group who died at Jonestown, Peoples Temple, is largely unknown to people who reference the Jonestown murders/suicides. This article argues that revisiting Peoples Temple’s goals of apostolic socialism and racial reconciliation offer important insights for understanding the group’s legacy that can contribute insight into ways of solving ongoing social problems related to poverty and racial inequality in the United States.
[Genetic analysis of two pediatric patients with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome].

Objective To explore the genetic cause for two children with omphalocele. Methods The patients were examined, and the medical history of their families was collected. Methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) was performed to detect potential mutation in the patients. Results Loss of methylation of imprinting center 2 (IC2) at the 11p15.5 region of the maternal chromosome was detected in both children. Conclusion The two patients were diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome by MS-MLPA. The loss of methylation of IC2 probably underlies the disease in both patients. Key words: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; Methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification; Imprinting center
Long-term neurotoxicity in women with breast cancer.

e23089Background: Taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are commonly administered as part of chemotherapy for breast cancer, but long-term data on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) are...
KCNRG as tumor suppressor gene candidate in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma

196 Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease originating from follicle center B-lymphocytes which differentiate to plasma cells accumulating in the bone marrow. Chromosome 13q14 harbor a critical tumor suppressor gene since deletion of 13q14 is a strong adverse prognostic indicator in MM. The same chromosomal region is deleted in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. For both diseases, haploinsufficiency mode of tumor suppression has been proposed. Haploinsufficiency implies that mutation screening might be ineffective as a primary mean of search for MM and/or CLL tumor suppressor gene, as deletion of one copy of TSG is enough for tumor progression. We created a detailed map of transcripts located in 13q14 area and pinpointed KCNRG gene encoding potassium channel inhibitor protein as a primary candidate for MM/CLL TSG. KCNRG encodes a protein with a high homology to the tetramerization domain of voltage-gated K+ channels. This protein may interfere with the normal assembly of the K+ channel proteins, binding to their tetramerization domain and causing the suppression of Kv channels. Using the patch-clamp technique, we determined that KCNRG indeed suppresses Kv channel activity in the human prostate cell line LNCaP. Experiments producing stable overexpression of the KCNRG-L and KCNRG-S protein isoform in the model cell lines LNCaP, HL60 and RPMI8226 demonstrated significant suppression of their proliferation rates. We also observed changes in the phenotypes of the both stably and transiently transfected LnCaP and RPMI8226, particularly, multinucleated cells. There were also indications of an importance of the KCNRG-L in the process of cell adhesion and differentiation as after transfection, LNCaP cell line demonstrated more contact inhibition and does not grow as confluently as do the nontransfected cells. Apoptosis Caspase-Glo assays showed a significant 26% increase in apoptosis for transfected cells of RPMI8226 line. We also performed expression profiling of transfected and nontransfected cell lines and revealed that in the cells transfected with KCNRG the expression of genes related to cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosisis increased. Transfected RPMI8226 cells demonstrated a marked upregulation of TP53. Taken together, these data indicate that the human KCNRG gene might behave as a tumor suppressor via a decrease of Kv channel activity. As KCNRG is indeed haploinsufficient and one wild-type copy of the gene remains in tumor cells, it may be possible to boost its expression or the activity of its protein product to achieve a therapeutic effect. In addition to that, potassium-channel inhibitors could be used to simulate activity of intact KCNRG in tumor cells. The excellent track record of nanomolar concentrations of K+ channel blockers in the management of epilepsy, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias and high blood pressure enhances the attractiveness of this therapeutic approach.
Dual Nonlocked Plating as an Alternative to Locked Plating for Comminuted Distal Fibula Fractures: A Biomechanical Comparison Study

ABSTRACT The purpose of this cadaveric study was to compare the biomechanical properties of dual nonlocked plating and single-locked plating using matched pairs of isolated fibula specimens. Fractures were simulated in 10 matched pairs of isolated cadaveric fibulae and plated with a single lateral locking plate for right-sided specimens, or with a one-third tubular plate and a 7-hole 2.4-mm minifragment adaption plate for left-sided specimens. An external rotation torque was applied at a rate of 1°/second, and torque at 10° was measured. Each fibula specimen was evaluated using a micro computed tomography scanner, and bone mineral density was calculated as milligrams of bone per cubic centimeter of volume. Dual nonlocked plating and locked plating specimens demonstrated torque measurements that were not significantly different at 10° of external rotation (1.48 N·m and 1.92 N·m, respectively; p = .093). The stiffness of the dual nonlocked plated and locked plating constructs were not significantly different (p = .228 and p = .543, respectively). The effect of bone mineral density on maximum torque at failure was not a reliable predictor of maximum torque in either the dual nonlocked plating or locked plating specimens (R2 = 0.548 and R2 = 0.096, respectively). We found no differences in torque at 10° of external rotation or stiffness between locking plate and dual nonlocking plate fixation constructs. This study provides evidence that dual nonlocked plating likely constitutes adequate fixation in situations in which a locking plate is being considered for comminuted distal fibula fractures.
The CMU Array: A 3D Nano-Printed, Fully Customizable Ultra-High-Density Microelectrode Array Platform

Abstract Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) provide the means to record electrophysiological activity fundamental to both basic and clinical neuroscience (e.g. brain-computer interfaces). Despite recent advances, current MEAs have significant limitations – including recording density, fragility, expense, and the inability to optimize the probe to individualized study or patient needs. Here we address the technological limitations through the utilization of the newest developments in 3D nanoparticle printing.1 Our ‘CMU Arrays’ possess previously impossible electrode densities (> 6000 channels/cm2) with tip diameters as small as 10μm. Most importantly, the probes are entirely customizable owing to the adaptive manufacturing process. Any combination of individual shank lengths, impedances, and layouts are possible. This is achieved in part via our new multi-layer, multi material, custom 3D-printed circuit boards, a fabrication advancement in itself. This device design enables new experimental avenues of targeted, large-scale recording of electrical signals from a variety of biological tissues.
Lower extremity arterial thrombosis associated with COVID-19 is characterized by greater thrombus burden and increased rate of amputation and death

Patients with COVID-19 had lower-extremity arterial thrombosis characterized by a higher clot burden, involvement of proximal lower-extremity arteries, and a worse prognosis compared with control p...
Enhancing Privacy in Robotics via Judicious Sensor Selection

Roboticists are grappling with how to address privacy in robot design at a time when regulatory frameworks around the world increasingly require systems to be engineered to preserve and protect privacy. This paper surveys the top robotics journals and conferences over the past four decades to identify contributions with respect to privacy in robot design. Our survey revealed that less than half of one percent of the ~89,120 papers in our study even mention the word privacy. Herein, we propose privacy preserving approaches for roboticists to employ in robot design, including, assessing a robot’s purpose and environment; ensuring privacy by design by selecting sensors that do not collect information that is not essential to the core objectives of that robot; embracing both privacy and performance as fundamental design challenges to be addressed early in the robot lifecycle; and performing privacy impact assessments.
To test or not to test: genetic cancer predisposition testing in paediatric patients with cancer.

Genetic cancer predisposition testing in the paediatric population poses unique ethical dilemmas. Using the hypothetical example of a teenager with cancer with a high probability of having an underlying cancer predisposition syndrome, we discuss the ethical considerations that affect the decision-making process. Because legally these decisions are made by parents, genetic testing in paediatrics can remove a child’s autonomy to preserve his or her own ‘open future’. However, knowledge of results confirming a predisposition syndrome can potentially be beneficial in modifying treatment and surveillance plans and enabling at-risk family members to obtain cascade testing for themselves. Considering virtue ethics to envision the best characters of the patient, parents and healthcare providers can guide them to the better choice to test or not to test, with the ultimate goal of achieving the best outcome for survival and eudaimonia, human flourishing reliably sought out.
Does Generic Advertising Warp Demand Curvature

This paper reconsiders the impacts of generic advertising on commodity prices induced through demand effects. Rather than considering a simple demand shift, we consider the possibility that advertising leads to a change in curvature of the demand curve. To evaluate this possibility we consider U.S. aggregate demand for beef. Quarterly data from 1976 through 1996 is used. Based on parametric tests, we find evidence consistent with convexity in the demand curve for beef with respect to its own price. Further, we find evidence that the demand elasticity and the convexity of demand are affected by the intensity of generic advertising.
GAFA’s Information Infrastructure Distribution: Implications for the Global South

We address the implications of GAFA’s choice of points of interconnection in the global North versus the global South to understand the degree to which the global South is underserved, if at all. We find that more than twice as many countries in the global South have no GAFA presence at all than countries in the global North. Apple has approximately 92% of its points of interconnection in the North, followed by Amazon (82.5%), Facebook (73%), and Google (72%). We assert that regulatory authorities investigate the information infrastructure to understand the implications of GAFA’s market concentration at a global level.
Anomaly Detection in Smart Home Networks Using Kalman Filter

Throughout the recent decades, smart homes have made an enormous expansion around the world among residential customers; hence the most intimate place for people became connected to cyberspace. This environment attracts more hackers because of the amount and nature of data. Therefore, the cybersecurity in smart home is a real concern for many reasons, and the conventional security methods are not effective in the smart home environment. Therefore, there is an insistent demand to detect these malicious attacks that target smart appliances in smart homes. This paper proposes a novel approach as a real-time cybersecurity monitoring system based on tracking smart home behavior. We utilize a Kalman Filtering algorithm to create an optimal normal behavior for the smart connected devices. Furthermore, energy consumption is utilized as an input to the proposed system, and the Shapiro-Wilk test to detect abnormal behavior. This composite approach leverages the well-known power of Kalman filter and Shapiro-Wilk test to guarantee the effectiveness of the approach. Moreover, energy consumption is an optimal way that exposes smart devices' behavior which makes the other two components more powerful.
Towards Electrically-Pumped Monolithic InP-Based Topological Lasers

We report the design and process development efforts made towards realizing electrically-pumped InP-based topological lasers. Preliminary data on optically-pumped structures reported here serve as the stepping-stone for achieving this new class of lasers.
Human CD1D gene has TATA boxless dual promoters: an SP1-binding element determines the function of the proximal promoter.

CD1d presents lipid Ags to a specific population of NK T cells, which are involved in the host immune defense, suppression of autoimmunity, and the rejection of tumor cells. The transcriptional control mechanism that determines the regulation and the tissue distribution of CD1d remains largely unknown. After investigating 3.7 kb 5′ upstream of the coding region, we found that human gene encoding CD1d molecule (CD1D) has TATA boxless dual promoters with multiple transcription initiation sites. The proximal promoter is located within the region of −106 to +24, and the distal promoter is located within the region of −665 to −202 with the A of the translational start codon defined as +1. The longest 5′-untranslated region derived from 5′-RACE and apparently generated by the distal promoter has 272 bp in length covering the genomic sequence of the proximal promoter. The region covering the proximal promoter gave a much higher luciferase activity in Jurkat cells than in K562 cells, whereas it was in reverse for the region covering the distal promoter, indicating a cell type sp. act. of the two promoters. Transcription factor SP1 plays a crucial role in the function of the proximal promoter. The analysis of the CD1D promoter region indicates that IFN-γ, NF-IL-6, and T cell factor 1/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 are most likely involved in the regulation of CD1d expression. The illustration of the dual CD1D gene promoters will help to reveal the regulatory factors that control CD1d expression and its tissue distribution for a better understanding of the cross-regulation between CD1d and NK T cells.
Myopic Investor Myth Debunked: The Long-Term Efficacy of Shareholder Advocacy in the Boardroom

Over the past two decades, hedge fund activism has emerged as new form of corporate governance mechanism that brings about operational, financial and governance reforms to a corporation. Many prominent business executives and legal scholars are convinced that the entire American economy will suffer unless hedge fund activism with its perceived short-termism agenda is significantly restricted. Shareholder activists and their proponents claim they function as a disciplinary mechanism to monitor management and are instrumental in mitigating the agency conflict between managers and shareholders. We find statistically meaningful empirical evidence to reject the anecdotal conventional wisdom that hedge fund activism is detrimental to the long term interests of companies and their long term shareholders. Moreover, our findings suggest that hedge funds generate substantial long term value for target firms and its long term shareholders when they function as a shareholder advocate to monitor management through active board engagement.
COMPUTER-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ON- AND OFF-ROAD PERFORMANCE OF HIGH MOBILITY TRAILERS

This paper describes a computer–based modelling, simulation and validation effort to aid in the development, testing and procurement of a lightweight, High Mobility Trailer (HMT) towed by the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV). The US Army is acquiring an HMT capable of performing strategic operations in various climates and environments while hauling payloads up to 1140 kg. A series of field tests and analytical studies were conducted to evaluate candidate trailers. This study employed computer–based modelling and simulation to determine the upper bounds of vehicle performance under various adverse operating conditions, and parameter and design sensitivity studies to identify more stable system configurations. This paper reports on the modelling, simulation, validation and analysis of a HMMWV towing multiple–configuration HMT's.
Society, Culture, and Person: A Systems View of Creativity

It is customary to date the renewal of interest in creativity among psychologists to Guillord’s presidential address to the APA more than 30 years ago (Guilford 1950). Ever since that date, an increasing tide of publications on the subject has been appearing in our journals. Many of these books and articles have tried to answer what has been thought to be the most fundamental question: What is creativity? But no one has raised the simple question that should precede attempts at defining, measuring, or enhancing, namely: Where is creativity?
Towards a configuration interaction method with flexible spaces

A configuration interaction (CI) method is presented in which the space of configuration state functions expands in every iteration until all numerically significant configurations are taken into account. The algorithm is based on a new scheme of addressing unstructured sets of configurations and on the projection into the space of intermediate spin-adapted configurations with 2 electrons fixed on “ghost” orbitals.
Crystal structure of the red cesium molybdenum bronze, Cs0.33MoO3

Abstract The crystal structure of Cs0.33MoO3 has been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Cs0.33MoO3 crystallizes in space group C2 m with a = 15.862(2) A, b = 7.728(2) A, c = 6.4080(7) A, β = 94.37(1)°, Z = 12, and RF = 0.033 for 1746 reflections with F2o ≥ 3σ(F2o). The crystal is isostructural with those of the red molybdenum bronzes K0.33MoO3 and Tl0.33MoO3, but is significantly different from a crystal of the red cesium bronze Cs0.25MoO3. A blue powder, obtained by grinding red single crystals of Cs00.33MoO3, can be indexed on the basis of the cell parameters reported above.
B 74-34 Fortran and Algol:A Programmed Course for Students of Science and Technology

This book consists of three self-pacing programmed instruction courses: Introduction to Computer Systems and Programming Languages, Fortran, and Algol. The courses consist of brief (typically, 1 page) instructional exposition followed by questions and answers (1 frame). The introductory unit is 21 pages (25 frames) long and assumes no particular background on the part of the reader.
Two ligands signal through the Drosophila PDGF/VEGF receptor to ensure proper salivary gland positioning

The Drosophila embryonic salivary gland is a migrating tissue that undergoes a stereotypic pattern of migration into the embryo. We demonstrate that the migratory path of the salivary gland requires the PDGF/VEGF pathway. The PDGF/VEGF receptor, Pvr, is strongly expressed in the salivary glands, and Pvr mutations cause abnormal ventral curving of the glands, suggesting that Pvr is involved in gland migration. Although the Pvr ligands, Pvf1 and Pvf2, have distinct expression patterns in the Drosophila embryo, mutations for either one of the ligands result in salivary gland migration defects similar to those seen in embryos that lack Pvr. Rescue experiments indicate that the PDGF/VEGF pathway functions autonomously in the salivary gland. The results of this study demonstrate that the Drosophila PDGF/VEGF pathway is essential for proper positioning of the salivary glands.
Trends in elderly hospitalization and readmission rates for a geographically defined population: pre- and post-prospective payment.

To address the paucity of patient-level data regarding the effectiveness of Medicare's prospective payment system (PPS), we conducted a population-based study of inpatient hospitalizations among individually identified elderly residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970-1987. A 4.3% increase in total days of care/1000 population from 2,652/1,000 in 1970 to 2,766/1,000 in 1980 was followed by a 9.8% decline from 1980 to 1987 (2,495/1,000). The decline was due primarily to a 13.4% decrease in mean length stay (9.7 days in 1980 to 8.4 days in 1987). The number of hospitalizations/1,000 Olmsted County elderly in 1980 was already below 1987 U.S. figures and did not exhibit the decline evidenced nationally between 1980 and 1987. A 4.6% decline in the proportion of county residents age 65-74 years who were hospitalized (174/1,000 in 1980 to 166/1,000 in 1987) was offset by an 8.3% increase for persons age greater than or equal to 75 (252/1,000 to 273/1,000) and by a 5.7% increase in the number of hospitalizations per individual hospitalized for persons age 65-74 years (1.34 to 1.42). Using a time-dependent Cox model, which adjusted for differences in patients characteristics between years, there was a significantly higher risk of readmission within 14 days in 1987 vs 1980 (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.70). The difference between years was no longer evident at 30 or 60 days (HR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.63-1.11 between 15 and 30 days; HR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.84-1.49 between 31 and 60 days). This study suggests that initial effects of PPS on utilization may be temporary and that more research is needed to appreciate the impact of cost-containment on patient outcome.
Evaporation Characteristics of Tungsten

Rate of evaporation from tungsten filaments at 2825\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.---Using the Langmuir method, it was found that in vacuum the rate of evaporation per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ $m$ is independent of the diameter $a$, 1/20 to 1/4 mm, but is over forty per cent greater for fine-grained than for very coarse-grained wires, probably because the evaporation at the boundaries of the crystals is abnormal. In nitrogen the rate varied from 2 to 5 per cent of that for the same wire in vacuum, and in argon from 1.3 to 3 per cent, increasing as the diameter decreased from 1/4 to 1/15 mm. The variation with size when gas was present is in agreement with the Langmuir theory of heat conduction for hot filaments which supposes that there is around the wire a stationary film of gas through which the evaporated atoms must diffuse. The diameter of the outer surface of this film $b$ varies with $a$ according to the equation: $b log (\frac{b}{a})=0.86$; and this leads to the equation: $\mathrm{ma} log (\frac{b}{a})=\mathrm{const}.$, with which the experimental results agree. The constants for nitrogen and argon are inversely proportional to the molecular weights.