cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveillance and Identity Performance: Some Thoughts Inspired by Martin Luther King

This essay applies Judith Butler's theory of identity performance - the idea that we create our identities by acting in ways designed to leave a particular impression - to the Fourth Amendment. As a jumping off point for that analysis, it details the FBI's extensive surveillance of Martin Luther King, JR. That surveillance may have altered King's behavior. It thus conflicted with a bedrock principle of our government, the idea that people ought to be able to self-actualize by behaving as they see fit. The essay suggests that our current Fourth Amendment jurisprudence fails to adequately curtail surveillance because it improperly defines the threshold issue of when the government's use of new surveillance technology constitutes a search. It thus critically reviews the Olmstead protected areas model, the Katz protected interests model, and the Kyllo hybrid model of the Fourth Amendment. Ultimately, the essay argues that Butler's theories help us think about the appropriate model. Butler's basic idea is that masculine or feminine actions do not express an essential self. Instead, we take our cues from cultural norms for how people who are masculine or feminine should act. That process is intersubjective, since the behaviors of others influence how our own identity will be perceived. Since performance constitutes identity, safeguarding the ability of individuals to behave as they see fit is crucial to allowing the possibility of self actualization. As the FBI surveillance of King demonstrates, surveillance can prevent people from performing as they see fit. The essay concludes that we should adopt a Fourth Amendment model that assures that new surveillance technology comes under Fourth Amendment scrutiny.
Collective Field Theory

The ideas of collective field theory are reviewed by using Kogut-Susskind Hamiltonian of U(N) gauge theory. It is shown that the large N limit is the classical limit of the collective Hamiltonian. A solution is obtained for the strong coupling case. As an exactly solvable example we discuss the one plaquette Kogut-Susskind model in detail. In the final section the possibility of weak coupling expansion is briefly discussed.
Steady-State Evolutionary Path Planning, Adaptive Replacement, and Hyper-Diversity

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in applying evolutionary computation to path planning [15]. To date, these evolutionary path planners have been single agent planners. In real-world environments where the knowledge of obstacles is naturally distributed, it is possible for single agent path planners to become overwhelmed by the volume of information needed to be processed in order to develop accurate paths quickly in non-stationary environments. In this paper, a new adaptive replacement strategy (ARS) is presented that allows steady-state evolutionary path planners to search efficiently in non-stationary environments. We compare this new ARS with another ARS using a test suite of 5 non-stationary path planning problems. Both of replacement strategies compared in this paper work by allowing an influx of diversity rather than increasing mutation rates. We refer to this influx of diversity as hyper-diversity.
Materials and other needs for advanced phase change memory (Presentation Recording)

Phase change memory (PCM), with its long history, may now hold its brightest promise to date. This bright future is being fueled by the "push" from big data. PCM is a non-volatile memory technology used to create solid-state random access memory devices that operate based the resistance properties of materials. Employing the electrical resistance differences-as opposed to differences in charge stored-between the amorphous and crystalline phases of the material, PCM can store bits, namely one’s and zero’s. Indeed, owing to the method of storage, PCM can in fact be designed to hold multiple bits thus leading to a high-density technology twice the storage density and less than half the cost of DRAM, the main kind found in typical personal computers. It has been long known that PCM can fill a need gap that spans 3 decades in performance from DRAM to solid state drive (NAND Flash). Furthermore, PCM devices can lead to performance and reliability improvements essential to enabling significant steps forward to supporting big data centric computing. This talk will focus on the science and challenges of aggressive scaling to realize the density needed, how this scaling challenge is intertwined with materials needs for endurance into the giga-cycles, and the associated forefront research aiming to realizing multi-level functionality into these nanoscale programmable resistor devices.
A pattern for sensor network architectures

Wireless sensor networks provide rapid, untethered access to information and computing, eliminating the barriers of distance, time, and location for many applications in national security, surveillance, healthcare, area/target monitoring, and many more. In this paper we use patterns to present an abstract view of the structure and general architecture of a wireless sensor network. Using a sensor network pattern makes the design of such a network simpler and more convenient, and can facilitate their integration with the rest of the IT system when applicable. The security aspects of a wireless sensor network are also addressed.
Chemical modification of copoly(methylsilylene/1,4-phenylene) by Pt-catalyzed hydrosilation reactions with functionally substituted alkenes

Copoly(methyl-3′-biphenoxypropylsilylene 1,4-phenylene), copoly(methyl-3′-cyanopropylsilylene 1,4-phenylene), copoly(methyl-3′-ethoxypropylsilylene 1,4-phenylene), copoly(methyl-3′-phenoxypropylsilylene 1,4-phenylene), and copoly(methyl-4′,7′,10′,13′-tetraoxatetradecanylsilylene 1,4-phenylene) have been prepared by platinum-catalyzed hydrosilation graft reactions between poly (methylsilylene 1,4-phenylene) and appropriate functionally substituted alkenes. These polymers have been characterized by1H,13C, and29Si NMR as well as by FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution of these polymers has been determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their glass transition temperatures (T e) by DSC.
Self-Consistent Subband Structure and Mobility of Two Dimensional Holes in Strained SiGe MOSFETs

The motivation to research strained SiGe layers on relaxed silicon is to enhance the very low hole mobility observed in conventional Si MOSFETs. This is mainly due to large hole effective masses and strong surface roughness scattering. In this work, the buried SiGe quantum well, chosen as the active channel for carrier transport, enhances mobility in two ways. First, the carriers are confined in the SiGe well and are removed from the Si-SiO2 interface, so interface roughness is not a big factor. Secondly, strained SiGe has a lower hole effective mass than unstrained Si and the mobility is expected to increase as the Ge concentration increases. We present the results of a self-consistent subband structure and low field mobility calculations for holes in a Si-SiGe heterostructure FET. Our results are in agreement with the experimental work by Garone and coworkers, indicating the validity of our model.
Outlines of the Management of Common Psychiatric Crises and Emergencies in the Community

DEFINITIONS Glasscote and Kanno sent questionnaires to 154 facilities which provided emergency services asking for formal definitions of what constitutes an emergency. Only 20 said that they had formal definitions and none of these would meet dictionary standards. Sixty replies described a workins definition which could essentialIy be classified into groups according to whether the patient, a relative, the examing physician or the referring physician regarded him as a psychiatric emergency. Glasscote, et. a1. adopted Ungerleider's definition: "AlI patients whose condition warrants prompt psychiatric attention for whatever reason are defined as emergencies.";o This definition was adopted in this paper; crises are included in this definition.
Search tactics as means of examining search processes in collaborative exploratory web search

Investigations on search processes can either be at macro-level or micro-level. The macro-level investigation focuses on establishing theoretical models while micro-level investigation focuses on the user actions. In this paper, we propose using search tactics as means of examining search processes in collaborative exploratory search, which can be seen as a middle layer between the macro-level and micro-level. We reported a user study in which participants worked on exploratory Web search tasks using our CollabSearch system under two conditions: collaborative and individual. Using the two methods - action pairs and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to model search tactics, we discovered some insights about the different patterns of search tactics that participants explored under collaborative and individual search conditions. In the future, we plan to improve the HMM model as a semi-automatic way to detect search tactics. In this study, we further analyze a particular search tactic - query reformulation in collaborative search and discovered the possible sources of new query terms. In the future, we plan to implement a query suggestion algorithm to better support team users' query reformulation tactics. This study provides some guidance for designers on the range of behaviors and activities that a collaborative search system should support. Further studies are needed to fully understand them.
A View From Riggs: Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority—XII. Examined Living: A Psychodynamic Treatment System

Hospitalized patients with treatment resistant comorbid Axis I and II psychiatric disorders have in common a developmental history that includes a lack of fit between their needs and their human environment. Adaptation of their personalities to this environmental failure contributes to these patients' lack of trust in authority. Treatment resistance may represent a repetition of this early experience, with the current biological and symptom focus of the field representing yet another insufficient environment. The author describes the components of a psychodynamic treatment institution that focuses on overcoming this dilemma through studying the process of relationships, attending to meaning, and maximizing patient authority. These principles may be applicable in a range of treatment settings where clinical staff members work with so-called "treatment resistant" patients.
Electroencephalographic changes following retrolental fibroplasia

Abstract EEG records were obtained from 28 children with severe visual incapacity due to retrolental fibroplasia and from 28 children with normal vision. The age range was 5–14 years. Simultaneous psychological and neurological studies were made. 1. 1. All totally blind children showed abnormal EEG records. There was no relationship between the severity of EEG abnormality and the age of the subject. 2. 2. Six of the subjects showed abnormalities in all lobes. The most common abnormalities were occipital spiking and/or slowing. The spike abnormalities were more prominent in the subjects who were totally blind or had light perception than in those with partial vision. 3. 3. Occipital alpha rhythm was either totally absent or poorly developed in the blind children; whereas, considerably better parietal alpha rhythm was often observed. 4. 4. Despite the high percentage of records showing seizure-like discharges, only four out of 28 subjects had clinical seizures.
Comparison of the pathogenicity of Nipah virus isolates from Bangladesh and Malaysia in the Syrian hamster

Nipah virus is a zoonotic pathogen that causes severe disease in humans. The mechanisms of pathogenesis are not well described. The first Nipah virus outbreak occurred in Malaysia, where human disease had a strong neurological component. Subsequent outbreaks have occurred in Bangladesh and India and transmission and disease processes in these outbreaks appear to be different from those of the Malaysian outbreak. Until this point, virtually all Nipah virus studies in vitro and in vivo, including vaccine and pathogenesis studies, have utilized a virus isolate from the original Malaysian outbreak (NiV-M). To investigate potential differences between NiV-M and a Nipah virus isolate from Bangladesh (NiV-B), we compared NiV-M and NiV-B infection in vitro and in vivo. In hamster kidney cells, NiV-M-infection resulted in extensive syncytia formation and cytopathic effects, whereas NiV-B-infection resulted in little to no morphological changes. In vivo, NiV-M-infected Syrian hamsters had accelerated virus replication, pathology and death when compared to NiV-B-infected animals. NiV-M infection also resulted in the activation of host immune response genes at an earlier time point. Pathogenicity was not only a result of direct effects of virus replication, but likely also had an immunopathogenic component. The differences observed between NiV-M and NiV-B pathogeneis in hamsters may relate to differences observed in human cases. Characterization of the hamster model for NiV-B infection allows for further research of the strain of Nipah virus responsible for the more recent outbreaks in humans. This model can be used to study NiV-B pathogenesis, transmission, and countermeasures that could be used to control outbreaks.
Perceptual importance of lighting phenomena in rendering of animated water

Recent years have seen increasing research in perceptually-driven reductions in the costs of realistically rendered imagery. Water is complex and recognizable, and continues to be in the forefront of research. However, the contribution of individual lighting phenomena to the perceived realism of virtual water has not been addressed. All these phenomena have costs associated with their rendering, but does the visual benefit outweigh these costsq This study investigates the human perception of various illumination components found in water-rich virtual environments. The investigation uses a traditional psychophysical analysis to examine viewer perception of these lighting phenomena as they relate to the rendering cost, and ultimately reveals common trends in perceptual value. Five different scenes with a wide range of water and lighting dynamics were tested for perceptual value by one hundred participants. Our results provide an importance comparison for lighting phenomena in the rendering of water, and cost reductions can be made with little or no effect on the perceived quality of the imagery if viewed in a scenario similar to our testing.
The role of lipoprotein[a] in atherosclerosis.

Recent studies confirm and extend previous evidence that lipoprotein[a] (Lp[a]) plays a significant role in atherosclerosis and is one of the top five or six risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In Japanese patients, Lp[a] levels and apo[a] phenotypes are significant predictors for myocardial infarction. Lp[a] levels are significantly higher in ischemic stroke patients than in controls. However, plasma concentrations of Lp[a] are not predictive of ischemic cerebral infarction in either men or women. Serum Lp[a] levels are significantly higher in patients with carotid plaques or measurable intima-media thickness than in controls without. Despite these associations, there is no significant relationship between Lp[a] level and arterial endothelial function, smooth muscle response, or carotid wall thickness, even though other lipid risk factors like low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and LDL-C/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio are correlated with abnormal arterial function and structure. There is new evidence that the association of Lp[a] with extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by arterial smooth muscle cells increases two- to threefold the subsequent specific binding of LDL. Alpha-defensins released from activated or senescent neutrophils stimulate the binding of Lp[a] to ECM of endothelial cells. Several factors that affect the accumulation of Lp[a] and oxidized LDL in the arterial intima have been identified. Several recent studies have provided new insights into the physiologic role that Lp[a] might play in compromising fibrinolysis. The interaction of Lp[a] with cells is clearly distinct from that with ECM and with fibrinogen; the regulation sites within Lp[a] and plasminogen for these regulatory molecules are not identical. These recent advances bring us significantly closer to understanding how Lp[a] exerts its atherogenic and thrombogenic properties.
No geochemical evidence for an asteroidal impact at late Devonian mass extinction horizon

One way to test the proposed causal relationship between mass biotic extinction and asteroidal impact is to search for the geochemical signature of such an event at additional mass extinction horizons other than the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary. We report here the results of an extensive search for an indium (Ir) anomaly across the late Devonian Frasnian–Famennian (F–F) extinction horizon, ±367 Myr BP. Over a decade ago, McLaren1 proposed that this extinction was caused by an astrophysical catastrophe. We have examined three sedimentary sequences in New York State (the standard reference section for eastern North America) and one in Belgium (the type locality) which cross the F–F boundary. No Ir anomaly was found in any of the analysed stratigraphie sections. The highest values of Ir detected ranged from only 0.2% to 2% of those reported for the marine and terrestrial Ir analyses at the K–T boundary. Further, Devonian pyrite-rich sediments similar to those at the K–T boundary do not contain high Ir concentrations.
Wind erosion and PM10 emission affected by tillage systems in the world's driest rainfed wheat region

Abstract The Horse Heaven Hills of south-central Washington is the driest rainfed wheat growing region in the world. Low precipitation, high winds, poorly aggregated soils, sparse residue cover, and a tillage-based winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) – summer fallow (WW-SF) cropping system often combine to create soil surfaces which are susceptible to wind erosion. No-tillage summer fallow (NTF) and conservation tillage fallow (CTF) with an undercutter sweep implement were examined as alternative practices to traditional tillage fallow (TTF) with a tandem disk implement for reducing wind erosion and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter) emissions during the fallow phase of the WW-SF rotation. Wind erosion and PM10 emissions were assessed with a wind tunnel after primary spring tillage in mid-to-late April and after sowing winter wheat in August. Sediment loss and PM10 vertical flux and loss were generally less for NTF than with TTF, likely due to retention of surface residue and maintaining a soil crust in NTF. Sediment and PM10 loss increased after sowing wheat in both the TTF and CTF treatments. Although NTF abated the loss of sediment and PM0 compared with TTF, NTF is not yet an economical option for most growers in the region. Conservation tillage fallow using the undercutter sweep is an economically viable alternative to TTF for reducing windblown sediment and PM10 loss from agricultural soils in the Horse Heaven Hills.
Beat to beat Ca2+-dependent regulation of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker cell rate and rhythm

Abstract Whether intracellular Ca2+ regulates sinoatrial node cell (SANC) action potential (AP) firing rate on a beat-to-beat basis is controversial. To directly test the hypothesis of beat-to-beat intracellular Ca2+ regulation of the rate and rhythm of SANC we loaded single isolated SANC with a caged Ca2+ buffer, NP-EGTA, and simultaneously recorded membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+. Prior to introduction of the caged Ca2+ buffer, spontaneous local Ca2+ releases (LCRs) during diastolic depolarization were tightly coupled to rhythmic APs (r2 = 0.9). The buffer markedly prolonged the decay time (T50) and moderately reduced the amplitude of the AP-induced Ca2+ transient and partially depleted the SR load, suppressed spontaneous diastolic LCRs and uncoupled them from AP generation, and caused AP firing to become markedly slower and dysrhythmic. When Ca2+ was acutely released from the caged compound by flash photolysis, intracellular Ca2+ dynamics were acutely restored and rhythmic APs resumed immediately at a normal rate. After a few rhythmic cycles, however, these effects of the flash waned as interference with Ca2+ dynamics by the caged buffer was reestablished. Our results directly support the hypothesis that intracellular Ca2+ regulates normal SANC automaticity on a beat-to-beat basis.
Identifying youth nonadherence in clinical settings: data-based recommendations for children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: To examine the validity of patient self-report of thiopurine adherence in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) against an objective electronic monitoring adherence measure, and to investigate the role of youth and maternal involvement in remembering to take daily medications as predictors of medication adherence. Methods: Fifty-one youths with IBD, ages 11–18 years, participated. Youths completed questionnaire assessments of their own and their maternal caregiver's involvement in remembering to take daily medications at baseline, completed monthly interviews assessing thiopurine adherence over the past week for a period of 6 months, and utilized a Medication Events Monitoring System (MEMS) electronic monitor for their thiopurine medication for 6 months. Participants were grouped into adherent (at least 80% of doses taken based on objective MEMS caps) or nonadherent for analyses. Results: Youths who were nonadherent based on electronic monitoring overestimated their adherence by 23%, whereas adherent youths overestimated their adherence by only 2%, and as such patient self-report offered little utility in identifying youths who were nonadherent. Youths who reported high levels of involvement in remembering to take their medications were nearly eight times less likely to be nonadherent. Conclusions: The current findings provide evidence that clinicians who work with children and adolescents with IBD may benefit from modifying their approach to nonadherence screening. Asking about youth involvement in remembering daily medications may be more informative than asking them to recall their medication-taking behavior over the last week in identifying those at highest risk for nonadherence. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Bayes' Theorem in the 21st Century

The term "controversial theorem" sounds like an oxymoron, but Bayes' theorem has played this part for two-and-a-half centuries. Twice it has soared to scientific celebrity, twice it has crashed, and it is currently enjoying another boom. The theorem itself is a landmark of logical reasoning and the first serious triumph of statistical inference, yet is still treated with suspicion by most statisticians. There are reasons to believe in the staying power of its current popularity, but also some signs of trouble ahead.
Low temperature direct bonding of non-hydrophilic surfaces

The authors have found that extremely strong bonds can be formed between wafer surfaces of LPCVD silicon dioxide after a dry plasma pretreatment. The bonded wafers were examined for bond yield, interfacial quality, and mechanical strength. Preliminary results indicate that successful low-temperature bonds can be formed to non-hydrophilic surfaces.
Identification of a Penicillium urticae metabolite which inhibits Beauveria bassiana

Abstract A metabolite of a common soil fungus, Penicillium urticae , which inhibits conidia germination and growth of Beauveria bassiana , was identified. The production, extraction from the culture, and purification of the metabolite is described. Two-dimension thin-layer chromatography, reverse-phase chromatography, mass spectrophotometer and bioassay data indicate that the metabolite is patulin. The implication of patulin inhibition of B. bassiana and its subsequent effect on the potential role of B. bassiana as a control agent of soil-inhabiting insects is discussed.
Response to Hammer et al.: Tuning genetic control--importance of thorough promoter characterization versus generating promoter diversity.

We are glad that our report on the fine-tuning of gene expression through promoter engineering has garnered such interest [1]. The expression level of a particular gene can span a continuum of expression levels, but gene function is typically studied at only a few discrete points in this continuum, such as strong overexpression or knockout. We agree with Hammer et al. [2] that such a characterization is incomplete. As our report showed, the relationship between expression level and obtaining the desired phenotype might contain points of optimality or might exhibit monotonic behavior.
Overexpression of cloned genes using recombinant Escherichia coli regulated by a T7 promoter: II. Two-stage continuous cultures and model simulations.

A two-stage culture strategy was studied for continuous high-level production of a foreign protein in the chemically inducible T7 expression system. The first stage is dedicated to the maintenance of plasmid-bearing cells and the second stage to the target protein synthesis by induction of cells coming from the first stage. On entering the second stage, recombinant cells undergo a gradual induction of the target gene expression. These plasmid-bearing cells experience dynamic changes in intracellular compositions and specific growth rates with their individual residence times. Therefore, the overall cultural characteristics in the production stage are really averages of the contributions from the various cells with different residence times. The behavior of the two-stage culture is described by a model, which accounts for dynamic variations of cell growth and protein synthesis rates with cell residence times. Model simulations were compared with experimental results at a variety of operating conditions such as inducer concentration and dilution rate. This model is useful for understanding the behavior of two-stage continuous cultures.
Existence and stability for partial functional differential equations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the existence and stability for a class of partial functional differential equations. As a model for this class, one may take the equation wt(x, t) = wxx (x, t) + ƒ(t, w(x, t − r)), 0 ≤ x ≤ Π, t ≥ 0, w(0, t) = w(Π, t) = 0, t ≥ 0, w(x, t) = Φ (x, t), 0 ≤ x ≤ Π, −r ≤ t ≤ 0, where ƒ is a linear or nonlinear scalar-valued function, r a positive real number, and Φ a given initial function. The second derivative term corresponds to a strongly continuous semigroup of linear operators on a Banach space of functions determined by the boundary conditions. Accordingly, the approach relies primarily on semigroup methods and the treatment of equation as an ordinary functional differential equation in a Banach space. The chapter also describes semigroup and infinitesimal generator in the autonomous case.
Effects of age and food restriction on oxidative DNA damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in the mouse aorta

In this study, DNA damage in mouse aortic cells was measured using the comet assay. The tail moment of the comet assay in aortic cells obtained from 26-month-old mice fed ad libitum (O-AL) was significantly increased as compared to 6-month-old mice fed ad libitum (Y-AL) after the cells were incubated with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg), which specifically recognizes oxidized purines, endonuclease III (Endo III), which specifically recognizes oxidized pyrimidines, or the combination of Endo III and Fpg. The tail moment in aortic cells obtained from 26-month-old mice fed a food-restricted diet (O-FR) was significantly reduced as compared to O-AL mice after the cells were incubated with the combination of Endo III and Fpg. These results indicate that oxidative DNA lesions, i.e. the Endo III- and Fpg-sensitive sites, increase with age in mouse aortic cells and that FR attenuates the age-related increase in oxidative DNA damage. To determine if the changes in oxidative DNA damage in mouse aortic cells are related to the antioxidant status in these cells, we measured the activities of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-SOD, extracellular-SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase-1 in the mouse aorta. We observed that the activities of all antioxidant enzymes studied were significantly increased with age and that FR attenuated the age-related increase. These data indicate that the age-related increase and FR-induced decrease in oxidative DNA damage, i.e. the Endo III- and Fpg-sensitive sites, in mouse aortic cells is not due to alteration of the antioxidant defense system.
Role of calcium-channel blockers in obstructive airway disease.

Calcium-channel blocking agents, which include nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem, have recently been licensed for use in this country. Calcium antagonists are a heterogeneous group of agents with dissimilar structural, electrophysiologic, and pharmacologic properties. 1 The chemical structures of the most commonly used calcium blocking agents (nifedipine, verapamil, and diltiazem) differ and the molecular basis of their action remains unknown. These agents not only have established beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but also serve as valuable research tools to elucidate the role of calcium flux in health and disease. Since many pathophysiologic events that underlie bronchial asthma and hyperreactive airway disease are calcium-dependent phenomena, it is possible that calcium antagonists may prove useful in both the therapy and prophylaxis of these conditions.
GROWTH PERIODICITY AND THE SHOOT TIP OF ABIES CONCOLOR

which the fully formed telescoped shoot remains in a state of suspended growth; the first growth phase, during which the telescoped shoot elongates rapidly and gives rise to numerous cataphylls; and, the second growth phase, during which shoot elongation is completed and a new unelongated axis bearing many needle primordia is formed. The shoot tip of Abies consists of 4 clearly definable cytohistological zones; the apical initials, the sub-terminal mother cells, the peripheral zone, and the
Conceptual and empirical themes regarding the design of technology transfer programs : a review of wood utilization research in the United States

Transfer of technologies produced by research is critical to innovation within all organizations. The intent of this paper is to take stock of the conceptual underpinnings of technology transfer processes as they relate to wood utilization research and to identify conditions that promote the successful transfer of research results. Conceptually, research utilization can be viewed from multiple perspectives, including the haphazard diffusion of knowledge in response to vague and imprecise demands for information, scanning of multiple information sources by individuals and organizations searching for useful scientific knowledge, engagement of third parties to organize research results and communicate them to potential users, and ongoing and active collaboration between researchers and potential users of research. Empirical evidence suggests that various types of programs can promote technology transfer (venture capital, angel investors, business incubators, extension services, tax incentives, and in-house entities), the fundamental effectiveness of which depends on research results that are scientifically valid and consistent with the information needs of potential users. Furthermore, evidence suggests preference toward programs that are appropriately organized and governed, suitably led and creatively administered, and periodically evaluated in accordance with clear standards of success.
Metabolic reprogramming by KSHV in cellular transformation

Oncogenic Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is causally linked to several human cancers including Kaposi’s sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Despite intensive studies, little is known about how KSHV alters cellular metabolism during cellular transformation. Using a novel model of KSHV-induced cellular transformation of primary rat embryonic metanephric mesenchymal stem cells (MM), we found that KSHV-transformed MM (KMM) cells did not require glucose for growth and formation of colonies in soft agar. Consistent with these results, KMM cells had lower levels of glucose consumption, lactate production, oxygen consumption and intracellular ATP levels. Compared to MM cells, KMM cells had lower levels of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. Genetic deletion of KSHV-encoded microRNA cluster or vFLIP gene from the viral genome, which resulted in reduced NF-κB activity, significantly increased glucose consumption and lactate production, and sensitized the cells to glucose deprivation. Accordingly, inhibition of the NF-κB pathway with either RelA siRNAs or inhibitor JSH-23 dramatically increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Thus, the insensitivity of KMM cells to glucose is mediated by the heightened NF-κB activity. In contrast to the insensitivity to glucose, KMM cells were sensitive to glutamine deprivation. Glucose deprivation further increased glutamine consumption of KMM cells. Inhibition of glutamine metabolism with amino oxyacetate (AOA), an inhibitor of glutamate-dependent transaminases, or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an inhibitor of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) mimicked the effect of glutamine deprivation and effectively suppressed cell growth and formation of colonies in soft agar. Addition of nonessential amino acid (NEAA) mixture or asparagine alone was sufficient to restore the growth of KMM cells upon glutamine deprivation while dimethyl α-ketoglutarate only had partial effect, indicating that glutamine not only provided a carbon source to fuel the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle but also supplied nitrogen for biosynthesis. Taken together, these results indicate that KMM cells depend neither on aerobic glycolysis nor on oxidative phosphorylation but instead on glutamine to support cell growth and transformation. Our findings also suggest that metabolic reprogramming might have a critical role in KSHV-induced cellular transformation.
Therapeutic options and treatment of muscle invasive bladder cancer

Carcinoma of the bladder is the second most common genitourinary malignancy. Although several treatments exist, the gold standard therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer (> stage T2) is cystectomy with urinary diversion. We review various surgical treatments for muscle invasive bladder cancer, focusing on the reported survival rates, complications, advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic modality.
Immediate Changes in Lung Compliance Following Natural Surfactant Administration in Premature Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome: a Controlled Trial

Immediate Changes in Lung Compliance Following Natural Surfactant Administration in Premature Infants with Respiratory Distress Syndrome: a Controlled Trial
Chemiluminescence detection of proteins from single cells.

Abstract The analysis of proteins from single cells requires techniques of supreme sensitivity. Although radiochemical procedures are capable of detecting small amounts of electrophoretically separated proteins, their sensitivity falls short of that required for routine detection of minor components of single cells. Utilizing the avidin-biotin interaction and the alkaline phosphatase substrate 3-(4-methoxyspiro[1,2-dioxetane-3,2'- tricyclo-[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decan]-4-yl)phenyl phosphate (AMPPD), we have developed an alternative, chemiluminescence-based method for protein detection whose sensitivity exceeds that of other methods. Applying this method to a purified protein, we could detect as little as 63 fg (0.9 amol) of biotinylated bovine serum albumin. The sensitivity of the method was demonstrated by the detection of proteins from individual photoreceptor outer segments, including proteins constituting approximately 1% of the total. Chemiluminescence detection also proved extremely sensitive for immunoblotting: a comparison of five methods for detection of antibody-antigen interactions showed that the AMPPD technique was more sensitive than detection with a colorimetric alkaline phosphatase substrate, 125I-labeled protein A, 125I-labeled anti-mouse IgG, or colloidal gold-conjugated anti-mouse IgG.
Clashes in the Classroom: The Importance of Norms for Authority.

ABSTRACT This paper concentrates on incidents of severe conflict in eighth-grade classrooms observed in studies of four socially diverse junior high schools in two districts. Severe conflict is generated when teachers violate students' conceptions of the character of legitimate classroom authority. In a cosmopolitan community. within an urban complex, students of both high and low social status and academic achievement were unusually skeptical of the schools' good faith. The school staffs bad especially small resources for exerciminq forms of control other than authority. Consequently, the character and importance of authority emerged with unusual clarity in classroom encounters. In a small, conservative, midwestern city, there was asignificant contrast. Neither teachers nor students were self-conscious about the character of authcrity, and at first glance classroom conflicts appeared to stem from personality characteristics-and conflicts. But, analysis of interaction in the light of findings in the first district suggests that, though the participants were less articulate in their claims, adherence to norms defining the legitimate character of authority was as crucial to harmony and conflict in the second district as in the first. (Author)
Balloon-Expandable Covered Stent Therapy of Complex Endovascular Pathology

The current study was designed to investigate our hypotheses that balloon-expandable covered stents display acceptable function over longitudinal follow-up in patients with complex vascular pathology and provide a suitable alternative for the treatment of recurrent in-stent restenosis. All stents were Atrium iCast, which is a balloon-mounted, polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent with a 6F/7F delivery system. A retrospective review was performed of 49 patients with 66 stented lesions. Data were analyzed with life tables and t-tests. The most commonly treated vessels were the iliac (61%) and renal (24%) arteries. Indications for covered stent placement were unstable atheromatous lesions (50%), recurrent in-stent restenosis (24%), aneurysm (8%), aortic bifurcation reconstruction (7.5%), dissection (4.5%), endovascular aneurysm repair-related (4.5%), and stent fracture (1.5%). Patency was assessed by angiogram or duplex ultrasonography. The primary end point was patency and secondary end points were technical success and access-site complications. Mean follow-up was 13 months (range 1.5-25). The technical success rate was 97%. Unsuccessful outcomes were due to deployment error (n = 1) and stent malpositioning (n = 1). The cohort (n = 64) 6- and 12-month primary patency rates were 96% and 84%, respectively. Twelve-month assisted primary patency was 98%. Iliac artery stents (n = 38) had a primary patency of 97% at 6 months and 84% at 12 months with an assisted primary patency of 100% at 12 months. Renal artery stents (n = 16) had a primary patency of 92% at 6 months and 72% at 12 months with an assisted primary patency of 92% at 6 and 12 months. Stents placed for recurrent in-stent restenosis (n = 16) had a primary patency of 85%, assisted primary patency of 93%, and a 15% restenosis rate at 12 months. Specifically, stents placed for renal artery recurrent in-stent restenosis (n = 10) had a primary patency of 73%, assisted primary patency of 82%, and a restenosis rate of 27%. The restenosis rate included two renal artery occlusions in patients noncompliant with clopidogrel use and resulted in ipsilateral kidney loss in both patients. In-stent peak systolic velocities decreased significantly (p
Get the picture? Visual servicescapes and self-image congruity

Abstract Examination of consumers' relationships with brands is available in depth only for the last decade. As brand relationship theory evolves from the early stages, researchers across disciplines have examined multiple theoretical traditions for guidance. To explore the reasons that consumers form relationships with some retailers, the authors borrow a method from the field of anthropology — the photo-elicitation technique. This method allows researchers to explore the deeply-held emotional responses that consumers have to retail servicescapes and provides insight regarding the specific factors that encourage the formation of lucrative relationships between consumer and retailer. The study finds and names five categories of relationships that differ on perceived self-image congruity and involvement: Perfect Matches, Mismatches, Fair-Weather Friends, Best Friends, and Acquaintances. A better understanding of these relationships may benefit both researchers and practitioners.
Toward ‘privatization’ of public sector output: decentralized contracting for public and private goods

Abstract Public sector goods and services can be produced in the private sector. The challenge is to provide incentives for allocative and technological efficiency. Either of two mechanisms is proposed to accomplish this. To ensure allocative efficiency, the proposed mechanisms require knowledge of the complete schedule of benefits. Alternatively, they can use information available on benefits in an efficient manner. Costs need not be known to authorities. Profit maximization leads to efficient private sector responses to cost changes over time. Either mechanism can be combined with the demand revealing process to circumvent the need for ex ante information on benefits.
A Quantitative Analysis of Consensus Building in Local Environmental Review

This study analyzes consensus-building efforts in environmental review. It provides evidence of the effectiveness of consensus building by assessing changes in participants' perceptions before and after their involvement in a stakeholder advisory panel. In contrast to qualitative case study investigations of consensus building, this study uses quantitative analysis based on a quasi-experimental research design.
Implanted solar helium, neon, and argon in individual lunar ilmenite grains: Surface effects and a temporal variation in the solar wind composition

Abstract Solar implanted helium, neon, and argon were extracted from individual ilmenite grains from lunar soil 71501 and soil breccia 79035 using laser vaporization and analyzed by static mass spectrometry. Clear differences were observed for these two grain populations, one from a contemporary soil and the other from an ancient soil exposed on the lunar surface approximately 1 Ga ago. The different trends between the 20 Ne 22 Ne ratios and the He Ne ratios do not simply reflect differences either in regolith gardening or in diffusive losses but rather suggest a greater relative helium abundance in the ancient solar wind by a factor of about 1.8. The majority of the grains are enriched in solar energetic particle (SEP) Ne relative to solar wind (SW) Ne in a manner that increases with surface exposure. The progressive enrichment in retained SEP Ne relative to SW Ne is explained by a combination of diffusion and nonfractionating losses of the less deeply implanted SW component. The neon isotopic differences observed in various analyses of ilmenite separates from these two soils and previously attributed to a secular variation of either the SW SEP flux ratio or the SW Ne isotopic composition may alternatively be a natural consequence of greater SW losses which accompany an enhanced helium flux in the ancient solar wind.
Membranous Nephropathy and Malignancy

An association between the glomerular disease membranous nephropathy (MN) and malignancy has long been appreciated, but evidence supporting this relationship remains limited, speculative, and, at times, controversial. Reports that the two disease processes often evolve in parallel, as well as the occasional findings of tumor antigens or tumor-reactive antibodies within glomerular immune deposits, are all supportive of an association. However, the diagnosis of both MN and malignancy in the same individual also may be coincidental, especially in an older demographic group in which both diseases tend to occur. This article briefly reviews the proposed pathogenetic mechanisms of idiopathic and secondary forms of MN, as well as the arguments for and against the contention that malignancy-associated MN is itself a distinct clinical entity. In addition, the recent identification of the M-type phospholipase A₂ receptor as a major glomerular antigen in idiopathic MN has the potential to offer fresh tools that might help resolve some of the controversy, and ultimately aid in the decision of how aggressively to screen for malignancy in an individual diagnosed with MN.
Exploration of receptor binding of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins

Wild type and mutant toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins were examined for their binding to midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV). CryIAa, CryIAb, and CryIAc were examined for their binding to Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) BBMV. The binding of CryIAa and CryIAc was directly correlated with their toxicity, while CryIAb was observed to have lower binding than expected from its toxicity. The latter observation confirms the observation of Wolfersberger (1990). The "rule" of reciprocity of binding and toxicity is apparently obeyed by CryIAa and CryIAc, but broken by CryIAb on L. dispar. Alanine substitutions were made in several positions of the putative loops of CryIAa to test the hypothesis that the loops are intimately involved in binding to the receptor. The mutant toxins showed minor shifts in heterologous binding to Bombyx mori BBMV, but not enough to conclude that the residues chosen play critical roles in receptor binding.
Factors Predicting Renal Functional Outcome After Partial Nephrectomy

Purpose: Compared to radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy better preserves renal parenchyma and function. Although several clinical factors may impact renal function after partial nephrectomy including preoperative function, age, gender and comorbidities, the contributions of tumor and surgical factors have not been well studied. We evaluate independent factors predicting functional outcomes after partial nephrectomy.Materials and Methods: Preoperative and all postoperative serum creatinine values for 1,169 patients undergoing partial nephrectomy were used to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Postoperative nadir glomerular filtration rate and ultimate glomerular filtration rate were analyzed using multiple pertinent covariates.Results: Median preoperative, postoperative nadir and ultimate glomerular filtration rates were 77, 57 and 71 ml per minute per 1.73 m2, respectively. Increasing age, gender, lower preoperative glomerular filtration rate, solitary kidney, tumor size, ischemia time and longer ...
Application of the Conservation Element and Solution Element Method in Numerical Modeling of Axisymmetric Heat Conduction with Melting and/or Freezing

The space-time conservation element and solution element (CE/SE) method, an accurate and efficient explicit numerical scheme for resolving moving discontinuities in fluid mechanics problems, is used to solve axisymmetric heat conduction problems with melting and/or freezing. The axisymmetric formulation is presented. Comparisons are made to existing analytical solutions. The CE/SE method is found to be accurate and robust for the numerical modeling of phase change problems.