cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do ages of authigenic K-feldspar date the formation of Mississippi valley-type Pb-Zn deposits, central and southeastern United States?: Pb isotopic evidence

Pb concentrations and isotopic compositions have been determined for authigenic over-growths and detrital cores of K-feldspar from Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Texas, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania (referred to as group 1) and southeastern Missouri (referred to as group 2). Overgrowths and cores were separated by abrasion and analyzed separately. In three group 1 samples, cores have Pb isotopic ratios similar to initial ratios in K-feldspar from nearby Middle Proterozoic basement rocks ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb =16.7-17.0). Pb ratios in overgrowths are radiogenic ( 206 Pb/ 204 Pb up to 19.3) and mostly are distinct from those in ore deposits in the southern Appalachians. Pb isotopic data for two samples of K-feldspar from southeastern Missouri are scattered; in one sample, cores and overgrowths contain radiogenic Pb, suggesting at least two periods of authigenic replacement, in agreement with petrographic evidence. Proterozoic material must still be present because 40 Ar/ 39 Ar stepwise analysis of a total (cores plus overgrowths) sample yields incremental ages ranging from about 500 to 750 Ma. The disparity in Pb isotopic ratios of group 1 overgrowths and Pb in nearby Mississippi Valley-type deposits implies that the regional authigenic K-feldspar event was not synchronous with ore deposition in the southeastern United States. In contrast, Pb isotopic ratios from group 2 authigenic K-feldspar are similar to ratios in ores of southeastern Missouri, suggesting a genetic relation in late Paleozoic time.
An event-related fMRI study of auditory motion perception: No evidence for a specialized cortical system

The existence of a specialized human cortical area for the processing of auditory motion is still a matter of debate. Initial functional imaging studies identified the planum temporale as being motion selective. Recent data contrasting spatially varying stationary stimuli with moving stimuli found no difference in the amount of activation between the two types of stimuli in the planum temporale. The present study re-examines this issue using an event-related paradigm. Ten subjects were scanned while listening to pairs of stimuli that were either both moving or both stationary. Consistent with the aforementioned study, we found no difference in the activation levels in the planum temporale when comparing motion and stationary conditions.
Structure and Change in the Political Economy of Douglass North

In Structure and Change in Economic History Douglass North outlines a non-Marxist structural analysis that he uses to describe behavior that cannot be accounted for with a simple rational actor model. His consideration of political structures as a context for economic activity carries him far beyond the limits of historical neoclassical analysis. Problematic assumptions produce difficulties for his attempt to build a macrohistorical theory, but his approach is potentially invaluable for social scientists studying behavior within a single general structure such as the modern state.
The Behavior of Organisms: purposive behavior as a type of reflex.

Skinner's major goal in writing The BehaviorofOrganisms (1938) was to extend the rigor, simplicity, and lawfulness of the study of spinal reflexes (Crozier & Hoagland, 1934; Magnus, 1924; Sherrington, 1906) to the study of purposive behavior. As Skinner (1938) notes, "the older study of spinal reflexes and the modern study of behavior are logically and to a great extent historically continuous" (p. 378). Skinner's goal contrasts with the common tendency in psychological theory to draw a sharp distinction between reflexive and purposive behavior. Control of reflexive behavior typically is attributed to an external stimulus that need not engage a nervous level higher than the spinal cord. In contrast, purposive behavior has been attributed to mentalistic causes residing in the organism, such as thoughts, goals, purposes, attitudes, intentions, reason, will, desire, information processing, and decision making. Even among fellow learning psychologists interested in a reflex analysis of purposive behavior (e.g., Guthrie, 1930; Hull, 1937; Pavlov, 1928; Watson, 1916), Skinner's approach was unique. For most learning theorists, the extension of the reflex to purposive behavior was mediated by the mechanism of Pavlovian conditioning. Purposive behavior was explained as the chaining of covert conditioned reflexes. For Skinner, the common framework underlying reflexes and purposive behavior did not depend on any Pavlovian intermediary. To achieve his aim of a common framework for the study of purposive and reflexive behavior, Skinner had to surmount two obstacles.
Increased Brain Size and Glial Cell Number in CD81-Null Mice

A key issue in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) is understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating cell number. The present study examines the role of CD81 (previously known as TAPA, the target of the antiproliferative antibody) in the control of brain size and glial cell number. CD81 is a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins. This group of small membrane proteins is associated with the regulation of cell migration and mitotic activity. Glial cells express CD81, and antibodies directed against this protein suppress the mitotic activity of cultured cells. In this study, we examine the effects of the CD81 -/- mutation on the CNS of mature mice. These mice have extremely large brains, as much as 30% larger than the brains of wild-type (+/+) littermates. The increase in brain weight is accompanied by an increase in the number astrocytes and microglia, whereas the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes in the CD81 -/- animals appears to be normal. When the CD81 -/- mutation is placed on different genetic backgrounds, there is a remarkable range in the penetrance of the null allele phenotype, demonstrating that the mutation can be affected by modifier loci. This work provides support for the role of CD81 in the regulation of astrocyte and microglial number, perhaps by regulating cell proliferation by a contact inhibition-dependent mechanism.
Mingling: mixed-integer rounding with bounds

Mixed-integer rounding (MIR) is a simple, yet powerful procedure for generating valid inequalities for mixed-integer programs. When used as cutting planes, MIR inequalities are very effective for mixed-integer programming problems with unbounded integer variables. For problems with bounded integer variables, however, cutting planes based on lifting techniques appear to be more effective. This is not surprising as lifting techniques make explicit use of the bounds on variables, whereas the MIR procedure does not. In this paper we describe a simple procedure, which we call mingling, for incorporating variable bound information into MIR. By explicitly using the variable bounds, the mingling procedure leads to strong inequalities for mixed-integer sets with bounded variables. We show that facets of mixed-integer knapsack sets derived earlier by superadditive lifting techniques can be obtained by the mingling procedure. In particular, the mingling inequalities developed in this paper subsume the continuous cover and reverse continuous cover inequalities of Marchand and Wolsey (Math Program 85:15–33, 1999) as well as the continuous integer knapsack cover and pack inequalities of Atamturk (Math Program 98:145–175, 2003; Ann Oper Res 139:21–38, 2005). In addition, mingling inequalities give a generalization of the two-step MIR inequalities of Dash and Gunluk (Math Program 105:29–53, 2006) under some conditions.
Regulatory Decision-Making in the United States Based on a Single Pivotal Clinical Study: Principles and Precedents

The concept of regulatory approval in the United States based on substantial evidence from a single adequate and well‐controlled clinical study is not a new or radical concept. Appropriate discussions and developmental milestone meetings between sponsors and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have provided a means to reach a shared understanding of specific situations where a single adequate and well‐controlled study may yield substantial evidence to enable a regulatory approval in the United States. FDA's issuance of its final guidance document on evidence of clinical effectiveness brought additional attention to this topic. The basis in US law, regulations, and guidance for regulatory decision making based on a single adequate and well‐controlled trial is reviewed. Further, to illustrate practical implementation of these provisions, this paper summarizes a number of examples of situations in which a single clinical study was the basis for approval by FDA. These examples were grouped into categories...
The Social Psychology of Access in Ethnographic Research

This article uses social psychological theories to unify and expand current conceptions of access in ethnographic research—the process by which researchers gather data via interpersonal relationships with participants. Although this process is acknowledged as central to the practice of ethnography, understanding of access is fragmented. A review of the ethnographic methods literature, along with “tales of the field” from published ethnographies, suggests the appropriateness of reframing these segments in terms of social identity and self-presentation theories. This makes two major contributions to the ethnographic methods literature. First, it integrates present formulations of the access problem, many of which employ social psychological concepts but are not in explicit dialogue with the theories—or with each other. Second, it allows us to take a fresh perspective on current controversies in the field, complicating notions of power and identity while offering more specificity about how these processes op...
Generalized frequency coding: a method of preparing polymorphic multistate characters for phylogenetic analysis.

A new method of coding polymorphic multistate characters for phylogenetic analysis is presented. By dividing such characters into subcharacters, their frequency distributions can be rep- resented with discrete states. Differential weighting is used to counter the effect of representing one character with multiple characters. The new method, generalized frequency coding (GFC), is poten- tially superior to previously used methods in that it incorporates more information and is applicable to both qualitative and quantitative characters. When applied to a previously published data set that includes both types of polymorphic multistate characters, the method performed well, as assessed with g1 and nonparametric bootstrap statistics and giving results congruent with those of other stud- ies. The data set was also used to compare GFC with both gap-weighting and Manhattan distance step matrix coding. On these grounds and for philosophical reasons, we consider GFC to be a bet- ter estimator of phylogeny. (Generalized frequency coding; phylogenetic systematics; polymorphic multistate characters; step matrix coding.) Questions about polymorphic characters (i.e., characters that vary within as well as among species) are critical to our efforts to reconstruct phylogeny. Should polymorphic characters be included in phylogenetic anal- yses at all? If so, what is the best way to code such characters? Campbell and Frost (1993), Wiens (1995, 1998), and Wiens and Servedio (1997, 1998) have argued and demonstrated that polymorphic characters can be phylo- genetically informative. Of the various par- simony coding methods evaluated by these authors, frequency methods (both frequency bins and step matrix coding: Wiens, 1993, 1995) were consistently found to be the most effective (Wiens, 1995, 1998; Wiens and Servedio, 1997, 1998). In the frequency bins method, polymor- phic binary characters (i.e., characters with only two states but with both states present in at least one taxon) are divided into a max- imum of 25 lettered bins based on the ob- served frequency of the derived condition in each taxon. Letters represent frequency bins (e.g., a D 0-3%, b D 4-7%,...,y D 96-100%). Thus, for a given character, if all specimens examined of a single taxon ex- hibit the ancestral condition, that taxon is assigned an a. If all specimens examined of another taxon exhibit the derived condi- tion, that taxon is coded with a y. If a taxon
Compact microstrip low-pass filter with sharp rejection

This letter presents a compact multisection sharp-rejection microstrip low-pass filter. Each section consists of a microstrip line section and an interdigital capacitor. The analysis for optimizing the attenuation poles by adjusting the finger number, and the width and length of the microstrip line section, is presented. The cascaded four-section low-pass filter has a return loss of better than 17 dB and an insertion loss of less than 0.7 dB from DC to 1.6 GHz. The rejection is better than 20 dB from 2.1 to 7.5 GHz.
Research and Managerial Strategies for Integrating Evaluation Research Into Agency Decision Making

This article discusses the strategies employed in integrating evaluation research into the management of an organization. The project employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to develop information on the processes, procedures, and behavior of the agency. The project is guided by the belief that if evaluation research is to become an integral part of management, the methods and results must be easily understood by the managers. This article also discusses the methodological and managerial problems encountered in integrating evaluation research into the policymaking of new public agencies.
A Survey of Hospice Volunteer Coordinators: Training Methods and Objectives of Current Hospice Volunteer Training Programs.

Introduction:Currently more than 5800 hospice organizations operate in the United States.1 Hospice organizations are required by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to use volunteers for services provided to patients.2 Although CMS regulates the amount of hours hospice volunteers should provide, there are currently no national requirements for objectives of training.3 The purpose of this study was to gather information from a sample of hospices regarding volunteer coordinator background, current training for volunteers, importance of training objectives, and any comments regarding additional objectives.Methods:Representative state hospice organizations were contacted by e-mail requesting their participation and distribution of the survey throughout their member hospices. The survey asked demographical questions, along with ratings of training components based on perceived level of importance and time spent on each objective.Results:A total of 90 surveys were received, and the response rat...
History of the Robotic Surgical System

Robotics has its roots back to ancient human history. The current conception of the surgical robot began with NASA, as a government project in telepresence surgery for use in remote battlefield surgery. The concept then quickly evolved into what we use today in the operating room. The da Vinci robot, the most commonly used robotic platform, is now pervasively used for all types of surgery. This chapter serves to explore the origins of the surgical robot and provide a brief overview of its current and, perhaps, future applications.
Blocking Borrelia in the brain

Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne infection, is caused by Borrelia spirochetes that are transmitted to humans by ticks of the genus Ixodes . Since it was first described in 1975, the number of reported cases in the US has been rising, and the CDC estimates an incidence of 300,000 per year.
Assessment of Pavement Damage from Bus Rapid Transit: Case Study for Nevada:

This study presents the determination of rutting and fatigue-based load equivalency factors (LEFs) for the bus rapid transit (BRT) buses operating in northern and southern Nevada. The methodology presented in this study was based on performance models calibrated to local material, traffic, and environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were accomplished by obtaining pavement responses corresponding to all cases of bus loading and climatic conditions by using the three-dimensional Move software, Version 2.1. The critical pavement responses were then used to estimate the LEFs for the various BRT vehicles. In the assessment of pavement damage, simplified and extended methodologies were developed. The interaction between pavement temperature and axle loading for both northern and southern Nevada BRT buses was considered in the extended method, which considered seasonal distributions of pavement temperature and bus passenger ridership to determine LEFs. In the simplified method, pavement responses ...
Emerging technology in critical care: continuous intra-arterial blood gas monitoring

The blood-conserving technology of continuous intra-arterial blood gas monitoring has recently been introduced into the field of critical care. This type of monitoring is a real-time method for concomitantly assessing oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base status in pediatric and adult populations through an indwelling (in vivo) sensor residing in a peripheral artery. This article examines the technology underpinning in vivo blood gas monitoring and reviews research documenting clinical performance, as well as benefits and clinical applications of three-analyte systems in critically ill patients. A majority of research has revealed clinically acceptable accuracy and reliability of in vivo blood gas sensors in critically ill adults subjected to a variety of adverse, but common, physiological conditions. Although most clinical research in critically ill adults has revealed good clinical performance of in vivo blood gas sensors, reports of aberrant blood gas values and sensor problems remain; no reports have been published to date evaluating continuous intra-arterial blood gas monitoring in children or infants. Many benefits of this technology have been postulated, and research examining its effect on patient and cost outcomes in critically ill populations is pending. Clinicians in critical care must keep abreast of this emerging technology, because it holds significant potential for improving the quality of care and outcomes of critically ill patients.
‘They are like badges of honour’: embodied respectability and women rugby players’ experiences of their bruises

AbstractThis paper considers sportswomen’s injuries through a lens attentive to discourses of women’s empowerment in sport and women’s experience of sexual violence. In-depth interviews with women rugby players in Texas and California suggest that although sportswomen consider their bruises to be a sign of their toughness, whether they experience sympathy or harassment for showing these bruises in public depends on their perceived adherence to norms of middle-class respectability. Although women rugby players are proud of their bruises, the kinds of resistance practices they engage in by showing off their injuries is complicated by their embodiment of respectability, and risks reproducing forms of social inequality by marginalizing other women.
Cancer of the cecum; a review of the clinical features.

(1) Cancer of the cecum is estimated to comprise 6 to 20 per cent of carcinomas of the large bowel. (2) A review of 50 case histories showed an average age of 47.8 years. The incidence was equal for males and females. (3) The average duration of symptoms before operation was 10.1 months. (4) The presenting symptoms in order of frequency were pain, weight loss, the presence of a right a lower quadrant mass, and moderate to marked anemia. (5) Radiologic examination by barium enema is the most accurate aid in diagnosis. (6) Cancer of the cecum may simulate acute or recurring appendicitis. When a history suggestive of appendicitis is obtained in middle-aged persons, adequate examination of the cecal region should be done at the time of operation. (7) Cecal carcinomas are slow-growing and only moderately invasive. Distant metastases occur comparatively late. (8) Cancer of the cecum must always be considered in the differential diagnosis of right lower quadrant pain, a right lower quadrant mass, or severe unexplained anemia occurring in adults.
Run-Time Scheduling Framework for Event-Driven Applications on a GPU-Based Embedded System

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been employed in the critical path of applications in embedded systems due to the GPUs’ programmability, high-performance, and low power consumption. State-of-the-art GPUs have the capability to process multiple GPU workloads concurrently. Moreover, GPU-based embedded systems have been considered to be essential because of the increased number of throughput-oriented applications and system events. However, existing application scheduling frameworks on a GPU do not have enough flexibility to handle the dynamic behavior of the event-driven applications. This is because in the existing scheduling frameworks: 1) only temporal preemption is considered and 2) one application occupies the GPU at a time. In order to tackle these problems, we propose a novel run-time scheduling framework that considers both temporal and spatial preemptions concurrently. We demonstrate the capability and novelty of our framework compared to the existing scheduling frameworks with realistic benchmark applications and with different execution scenarios. Experimental results show that our scheduling framework is able to guarantee up to 1.37 times as many applications compared to other scheduling frameworks. Moreover, the total amount of timing violation is decreased by up to 54.57%.
Evaluation of antiviral drug synergy in an infectious HCV system.

BackgroundDirect-acting antivirals (DAAs) have greatly improved the treatment of HCV infection. To improve response and prevent resistance, combination regimens have been the focus of clinical deve...
COEXISTENT PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL AND COLD HEMOGLOBINURIA PRECEDED BY APLASTIC ANEMIA: A CASE REPORT AND FAMILY STUDY.

This report described a patient with coexistent paroxysmal cold and nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The hemolytic processes were preceded by a period of marrow aplasia. He demonstrated two complications of prolonged hemolysis and hemoglobinuria, namely iron deficiency and probably "relative folate deficiency." Forty of his family members were investigated for evidence of PNH or PCH and none was found. The need for evaluation and follow up of patients with aplastic anemia in terms of PNH was emphasized.
‘The Single Supplie’: Some Observations on Zeugma with Particular Reference to Vergil

Writers from Homer to O. Henry have used it. Critics from Servius to Bomer have commented on it. Students of rhetoric from Quintilian to Laussberg have analysed it. Yet there is very little agreement about what zeugma is and what it does. Some editors note its existence and leave it at that. Others distinguish (sometimes passionately) between zeugma and syllepsis, zeugma and equivoque, zeugma and attelage, zeugma and plokē , zeugma and amphibole. Therefore I shall do well to clarify at the start my own use of the term. It is probably best to begin by distinguishing between a group of figures (most commonly called zeugma or syllepsis) which link several notions into one, and another group (hendiadys and related figures) which expand one concept by expressing it in two ways or from two points of view. Zeugma implies yoking ( zeugnumi ), two or more elements joined so as to make a team. The yoked words are in some way incongruous — perhaps abstract linked with concrete, animate with inanimate, or physical with mental — and the resulting team is, accordingly, both surprising and noteworthy, rather as if a horse were yoked with an ox.
Malignant Primary Neoplasms of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus

Malignant primary neoplasms of the sinonasal cavities are rare, comprising 3–5 % of all head and neck cancers. This manuscript reviews and describes the unique aspects of the epidemiology, histopathologic and clinicopathologic characteristics, as well as treatment options for the more commonly encountered sinonasal malignancies. In the recent past, population-based studies have further expanded our knowledge about these cancers. In the past decade, endoscopic endonasal surgery has become the treatment of choice for a significant number of cases, reported from major academic centers throughout the world. In many instances, there is a role for adjunct treatment modalities such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. More recently however, molecular-targeted therapies in the form of monoclonal antibodies have also entered the mix and are generating, as yet unproven, exciting prospects. Malignant primary neoplasms of the sinonasal cavity are rare tumors that are difficult to treat. The best outcome is most likely to be achieved by a multidisciplinary treatment approach.
War games and diagnostic errors

Could lessons from the cold war help reduce diagnostic error, ask Valerie Vaughn and colleagues
Health Literacy Universal Precautions: Strategies for Communication with All Patients

We have already discussed the state of low health literacy, affecting up to 90 million Americans. Almost 90% of adults may be affected by low health literacy, with only 12% of adults demonstrating proficient literacy skills (NAAL 2006). Clinicians cannot tell by looking which patient is the one in ten who will have proficient literacy skills and, hence, should use the universal precaution approach to low health literacy by implementing strategies for clear communication with all patients.
Jet measurements in heavy ion physics

A hot, dense medium called a quark gluon plasma (QGP) is created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. Early in the collision, hard parton scatterings generate high momentum partons that traverse the medium, which then fragment into sprays of particles called jets. Understanding how these partons interact with the QGP and fragment into final state particles provides critical insight into quantum chromodynamics. Experimental measurements from high momentum hadrons, two particle correlations, and full jet reconstruction at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) continue to improve our understanding of energy loss in the QGP. Run 2 at the LHC recently began and there is a jet detector at RHIC under development. Now is the perfect time to reflect on what the experimental measurements have taught us so far, the limitations of the techniques used for studying jets, how the techniques can be improved, and how to move forward with the wealth of experimental data such that a complete description of energy loss in the QGP can be achieved. Measurements of jets to date clearly indicate that hard partons lose energy. Detailed comparisons of the nuclear modification factor between data and model calculations led to quantitative constraints on the opacity of the medium to hard probes. However, while there is substantial evidence for softening and broadening jets through medium interactions, the difficulties comparing measurements to theoretical calculations limit further quantitative constraints on energy loss mechanisms. Since jets are algorithmic descriptions of the initial parton, the same jet definitions must be used, including the treatment of the underlying heavy ion background, when making data and theory comparisons. An agreement is called for between theorists and experimentalists on the appropriate treatment of the background, Monte Carlo generators that enable experimental algorithms to be applied to theoretical calculations, and a clear understanding of which observables are most sensitive to the properties of the medium, even in the presence of background. This will enable us to determine the best strategy for the field to improve quantitative constraints on properties of the medium in the face of these challenges.
RNA Period 1962–1971

Fred was still working with active centers of enzymes and with proteins in general. He liked the visual methods of paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, and he held a certain disdain for work on columns. Protein sequencing, however, had largely gone to column methods because they were more quantitative.
Portable (handheld) clinical device for quantitative spectroscopy of skin, utilizing spatial frequency domain reflectance techniques

Spatial Frequency Domain Spectroscopy (SFDS) is a technique for quantifying in-vivo tissue optical properties. SFDS employs structured light patterns that are projected onto tissues using a spatial light modulator, such as a digital micromirror device. In combination with appropriate models of light propagation, this technique can be used to quantify tissue optical properties (absorption, μa, and scattering, μs′, coefficients) and chromophore concentrations. Here we present a handheld implementation of an SFDS device that employs line (one dimensional) imaging. This instrument can measure 1088 spatial locations that span a 3 cm line as opposed to our original benchtop SFDS system that only collects a single 1 mm diameter spot. This imager, however, retains the spectral resolution (∼1 nm) and range (450–1000 nm) of our original benchtop SFDS device. In the context of homogeneous turbid media, we demonstrate that this new system matches the spectral response of our original system to within 1% across a typi...
An Inquiry-Based Approach to Engaging Undergraduate Students in On-Campus Conservation Research Using Camera Traps

Inquiry-based instruction has been shown to increase student motivation, engagement, and achievement in biology education. In this paper, we describe how we used an open-inquiry—based approach to engage undergraduate and graduate students in an upper-level conservation-biology class. As part of this course, students designed and implemented a research project using camera traps to examine questions related to wildlife conservation on their local campus. Students derived their research question through introductory readings and discussion regarding on-campus conservation issues. This approach allowed students to take ownership of the project, fueling enthusiasm and motivation, and promoting the development of core scientific skills. The students organized themselves into research teams at the beginning of the semester, a technique that mimicked how realworld conservation biologists collaborate on large-scale projects that require a range of knowledge and skills. In addition, teamwork allowed students to develop collaboration and communication skills and made them accountable to their peers for class performance. Given the applied nature of this course, the students also engaged in public outreach related to their research via social media and public presentations. These activities gave students the opportunity to learn how to interact with multiple stakeholders and deal with controversial issues in conservation biology.
Stress measurement from tongue color imaging

A growing number of studies show links between changes in tongue appearance and human health conditions. This paper studies tongue color changes in the context of stress to explore the feasibility of providing a novel and non-invasive stress measurement method. In a laboratory study, 24 participants were asked to perform a calm and a stressful math task and to take a photo of their tongue right after each of the tasks. We observed subtle but consistent color differences between calm and stress tasks for up to 75% of the participants, which was consistent with both self-report and physiological metrics of stress. Moreover, we observed significant correlations of up to 0.72 between certain tongue colors and long-term stress assessed with the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale questionnaire. We discuss the potential implications of this work and highlight some lines of future research.
ENSO Influence on TRMM Tropical Oceanic Precipitation Characteristics and Rain Rates

AbstractDiscrepancies between Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and Precipitation Radar (PR) oceanic rainfall retrievals are prevalent between El Nino and La Nina conditions with TMI exhibiting systematic shifts in precipitation. To investigate the causality of this relationship, this paper focuses on the evolution of precipitation organization between El Nino and La Nina and their impacts on TRMM precipitation. The results indicate that discrepancies are related to shifts from isolated deep convection during La Nina toward organized precipitation during El Nino with the largest variability occurring in the Pacific basins. During El Nino, organized systems are more frequent, have increased areal coverage of stratiform rainfall, and penetrate deeper into the troposphere compared to La Nina. The increased stratiform raining fraction leads to larger increases in TMI rain rates than PR rain rate retrievals. Reanalysis and water vapor data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (...
Identifying and Providing Evidence-Based Services for Twice-Exceptional Students

Twice-exceptional students have complex cognitive, academic, and psychosocial profiles that present challenges to identification and intervention practices. A high ability student’s disability or mental health diagnosis may go unidentified; a student’s talent domain may go unnoticed as they receive disability accommodations; or a student’s ability and disability may mask each other, resulting in neither being acknowledged. Most of the extant research literature has focused on identifying twice-exceptional students’ cognitive and academic profiles, potentially at the expense of examining their behavioral, social, and emotional strengths and areas for growth. Comprehensive assessment of all domains is needed to guide appropriate interventions. There are few individual, group, and school-based empirically validated interventions for twice-exceptional populations, yet best-practice guidelines exist within the clinical psychology, special education, and gifted education literatures. Educators and mental health professionals should consult these resources while considering ability and disability among the numerous contextual factors that influence a child’s presentation. To improve services for twice-exceptional students, we recommend increasing professional development opportunities regarding twice-exceptional students’ presentations and multifaceted needs; adapting for twice-exceptional populations current empirically supported treatments; assuming a strengths-based perspective where talent development is regarded first; and disseminating resources about twice-exceptionality to parents, school personnel, and mental health providers.
A review of fast radiative transfer techniques

Atmospheric radiative transfer involves gas absorption coupled with molecular Rayleigh scattering, in addition to scattering and absorption by clouds and aerosols. Further, computation of heating rates are dependent on absorption and emission of radiation, processes that have a complex dependence on various quantities. Typically, spectral regions contain several overlapping lines with intensities varying over many orders of magnitude. The most accurate method for computing the radiative terms in a molecular atmosphere involves a detailed line-by-line (LBL) calculation of the absorption coefficient versus wavenumber. However, direct numerical solution of the radiative transfer equation over frequency is in most cases too computationally expensive to be used on a routine basis. Therefore a variety of approximations have been developed to accelerate the computational process. This chapter discusses several of these techniques.
Problem Areas in the First-Wall Materials of a Controlled Thermonuclear Reactor

There are at present several design schemes for controlled thermonuclear reactors (CTR) which involve magnetic containment of a D-T reaction. In these designs thermal energy will be extracted through a heat-transfer wall to a coolant which is coupled to a steam power conversion system. The coolant will be liquid lithium or lithium salts to permit the continuous generation of tritium.
Improved lower bounds on the compatibility of quartets, triplets, and multi-state characters

We study a long standing conjecture on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the compatibility of multi-state characters: There exists a function f(r) such that, for any set C of r-state characters, C is compatible if and only if every subset of f(r) characters of C is compatible. We show that for every r≥2, there exists an incompatible set C of $\lfloor\frac{r}{2}\rfloor\cdot\lceil\frac{r}{2}\rceil + 1$ r-state characters such that every proper subset of C is compatible. Thus, f(r) ≥ $\lfloor\frac{r}{2}\rfloor\cdot\lceil\frac{r}{2}\rceil + 1$ for every r≥2. This improves the previous lower bound of f(r)≥r given by Meacham (1983), and generalizes the construction showing that f(4)≥5 given by Habib and To (2011). We prove our result via a result on quartet compatibility that may be of independent interest: For every integer n≥4, there exists an incompatible set Q of $\lfloor\frac{n-2}{2}\rfloor\cdot\lceil\frac{n-2}{2}\rceil + 1$ quartets over n labels such that every proper subset of Q is compatible. We contrast this with a result on the compatibility of triplets: For every n≥3, if R is an incompatible set of more than n−1 triplets over n labels, then some proper subset of R is incompatible. We show this bound is tight by exhibiting, for every n≥3, a set of n−1 triplets over n taxa such that R is incompatible, but every proper subset of R is compatible.
The Effects of Story Mapping Instruction on the Reading Comprehension of Students with Behavioral Disorders

A repeated measures multiple baseline across subjects design was used to evaluate the effects of story mapping instruction on the reading comprehension of four upper-elementary school students with...
Data-Driven Static Load Model Parameter Estimation with Confidence Factor

In this paper, the probability of the estimated load parameters accuracy is evaluated using condition number and fuzzy rule base. The voltage and power measured in the field are buffered to form data vector and the exponential dependence of load parameter on voltage magnitude is computed when the voltage at the load bus changes due to external factors. The condition number of Vandermonde matrix and the normalized residue error are provided to a fuzzy rule base to compute the probability of the estimated load parameter being accurate. Several cases of voltage change (discrete and continuous) at the load bus are considered in this work for evaluating the parameters and probability of load model accuracy. The probability of the accuracy of load model parameter assists the system operator to reliably increase the tie line power flow through the voltage constrained interface which is otherwise restricted due to constant power model during the planning stage.
The chromatic norm image: skin color as mathematically significant somatic trait

In consideration of race and other somatic traits Hoetink coined the terms ldquo somatic norm image rdquo As per somatic norm image the dominant race and its associated features are the standard ideal Notwithstanding difficulty the racial classification of human populations is ascertained by the assessment of somatic attributes primarily skin color In a Hispanic context dark skinned non Caucasian people have been no less susceptible to the idealization of light skin than light skinned Caucasians More germane to the dynamics of human social interaction and its corresponding behavior is the heretofore non existing reference to the chromatic norm image defined by skin color The prevailing challenge for the academy is then to construct a mechanism to process the dynamics of a new era
Mutualism or parasitism: Partner abundance affects host fitness in a fish reproductive interaction

Mutualisms are ubiquitous in nature but are understudied in freshwater ecosystems. Mutualisms can be unstable, shifting to commensal or even negative outcomes with context. Quantifying context dependency in mutualisms is critical for understanding how biotic interactions will shift along disturbance gradients in freshwater systems. A common reproductive interaction among stream fishes, nest association occurs when individuals of one species spawn in nests constructed by a host fish. Hosts benefit from a dilution effect: high proportions of associate eggs decrease the odds of host brood predation. Thus, partner abundance can be an important source of biotic context influencing the outcome of an association. We conducted a large in situ experiment manipulating abundance of partner yellowfin shiner (Leuciscidae: Notropis lutipinnis) (absent, low, high) at constant abundance of host bluehead chub (Leuciscidae: Nocomis leptocephalus), and quantified chub reproductive success using genetic tools. Evidence suggests that the nest association switched from mutualistic to parasitic outcomes as shiner abundance decreased. Chub reproductive success was highest at high shiner abundances. However, chub reproductive success was actually higher in the complete absence of shiners than at low shiner densities. This study shows that outcomes of biotic interactions in freshwater systems are context‐dependent, and that partner abundance can be a key source of context‐dependency in nest associations. We encourage future studies on freshwater mutualisms, which are thus far largely overlooked, relative to competition and predation.
How Does a Metalinguistic Phonological Intervention Impact the Reading Achievement and Language of African American Boys

Researchers consistently find a correlation between low literacy levels and high school dropout rates, expulsion, reading achievement, and failing grades for African American males. Low literacy ac...
An RCVS Spectrum Disorder? New Daily Persistent Headache Starting as a Single Thunderclap Headache (3 New Cases).

Objective To describe 3 new cases of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) starting as a single thunderclap headache. Background NDPH is a form of chronic daily headache that is unique in its temporal profile of onset. Distinct subtypes of NDPH are being described with specific efficacious treatments. A single case of NDPH starting as a single thunderclap headache has been previously reported but no further cases have been documented in the literature. New cases need to be published to better define the syndrome. Methods To report a case series of patients diagnosed with this unique NDPH subtype at an academic headache center from 2016 to 2018. Results Three new cases of NDPH starting as a single thunderclap headache at onset were diagnosed. All patients were female with an average age of onset of 46 years. All presented with neurologic symptoms/stroke-like spells at headache onset. No defined triggering events were noted in any of the patients. There is a possible seasonal predilection to develop the syndrome around the fall clock change to the winter solstice. Neuroimaging was normal in the case patients. All patients rapidly responded to nimodipine. The duration of headache prior to nimodipine therapy ranged from 3 months to 4 years. Conclusion This NDPH subtype appears to be rare. The key to diagnosis is asking about the temporal profile of the onset of the first ever NDPH headache. None of the case patients had been asked about the initial headache and its pattern of onset. Nimodipine seems to be very effective in treating this NDPH subtype. This syndrome is most likely precipitated by persistent or intermittent cerebral artery vasospasm. It is possibly a subform of the reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome.
Directing Long-Range Molecular Ordering in Ionic Liquid Films: A Tale of Two Interfaces

We report surface-dependent, long-range ordering behavior of two ionic liquids, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tetracyanoborate (P14 B(CN)4) and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide (P14 N(CN)2...
SARS coronavirus protein nsp1 disrupts localization of Nup93 from the nuclear pore complex

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) is a key factor in virus-induced down-regulation of host gene expression. In infected cells, nsp1 engages in a multipron...
Programmed increases in LXRα induced by paternal alcohol use enhance offspring metabolic adaptation to high-fat diet induced obesity.

Abstract Objectives Paternally inherited alterations in epigenetic programming are emerging as relevant factors in numerous disease states, including the growth and metabolic defects observed in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In rodents, chronic paternal alcohol use induces fetal growth restriction, as well as sex-specific alterations in insulin signaling and lipid homeostasis in the offspring. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that the observed metabolic irregularities are the consequence of paternally inherited alterations liver x receptor (LXR) activity. Methods Male offspring of alcohol-exposed sires were challenged with a high-fat diet and the molecular pathways controlling glucose and lipid homeostasis assayed for LXR-induced alterations. Results Similar to findings in studies employing LXR agonists we found that the male offspring of alcohol-exposed sires display resistance to diet-induced obesity and improved glucose homeostasis when challenged with a high-fat diet. This improved metabolic adaptation is mediated by LXRα trans-repression of inflammatory cytokines, releasing IKKβ inhibition of the insulin signaling pathway. Interestingly, paternally programmed increases in LXRα expression are liver-specific and do not manifest in the pancreas or visceral fat. Conclusions These studies identify LXRα as a key mediator of the long-term metabolic alterations induced by preconception paternal alcohol use.
Plasma membrane integrity and oxidative stress index outcomes of canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEKs) exposed to virgin coconut oil (VCO)

Background There is a rapidly growing market for topical use of virgin coconut oil (VCO). Studies of topical use in dogs are lacking. Hypothesis/objective The objective of this study was to measure the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, a plasma membrane disruption marker) and production of nitrite (Griess reaction, an oxidative stress marker) from a canine keratinocyte cell line after exposure to VCO as an initial toxicity screening to suggest future studies. Methods and materials Canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes (CPEKs) were plated onto permeable transwell membranes and cultured with undiluted organic VCO or control media. Following a 24 h incubation, an LDH assay and a Griess reaction were performed on the collected subnatants. Results Exposure of CPEKs to VCO significantly increased LDH release compared to controls, 62.29 ± 16.32% versus 8.88 ± 5.82% (P = 0.0056) and there was no significant difference in production of nitrite compared to controls, 2.47 ± 1.56 μmol/L versus 1.42 ± 0.95 μmol/L (P = 0.086). Conclusions and clinical importance Based on this study VCO induced an increased disruption of plasma membrane integrity, as measured by LDH. However, VCO did not induce increased oxidative stress, as measured by nitrite production. Based on these preliminary data, further studies to assess the toxicity of VCO are needed.
Democracy, Liberalism, and Discretion: The Political Puzzle of the Administrative State

Conventional accounts of liberal democracy tend to obscure a basic fact: the phenomenon of administration. The American reception of the administrative state was self-consciously imitative of Continental models of state bureaucracy, as a remedy for the ills of democratic politics, but construed as a means of saving democracy from itself, and from lawyers and legalism, in the name of efficiency. The means was discretionary power, unaccountable to the courts and to voters. Reconciling this to democracy proved a challenge, and continues to be one.