cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osmolarity is an independent trigger of Acanthamoeba castellanii differentiation.

Like many yeasts, bacteria, and other sporulating microorganisms, Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff), a free-living amoeba with pathogenic relatives, differentiates into a dormant form when deprived of nutrients. Acanthamoeba cysts redifferentiate into trophozoites when food is resupplied. We report here that Acanthamoeba encystment is also triggered by elevated osmolarity, and that osmolarity and cell surface receptor binding are synergistic in triggering differentiation. Additions of sodium chloride or glucose to rich growth media were used to produce specific osmolarity increases and similar encystment results were obtained with either additive. Although many organisms, including Acanthamoeba and mammalian cells, have been shown to adapt to hyperosmolar conditions, this is the first demonstration that hyperosmolarity can be a primary differentiation signal. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
NONREINFORCED RESPONSE VIGOR AS A FUNCTION OF NUMBER OF TRAINING REWARDS

This report concerns the relationship between number of training rewards and the frustration-vigor effect (FVE), as these have been assumed to operate in the overtraining extinction effect (OEE) . The experimentation was designed to test differential implications of two accounts of the OEE. According to Theios and Brelsford ( 1964), the mechanism underlying this inversion in the relationship between number of training rewards and resistance to extinction is that of frustrative nonreward, as posrulated by Amsel (1958, 1962). They explained the OEE by assuming that the number of responses, the determinant of habit, reaches an earlier asymptote than the number of rewards, the determinant of incentive motivation and thus, in extinction, frustration. Frustration-produced stimuli in extinction are presumed to disrupt the instrumental response. Since the amount of frustration d~~ring extinction is held to be a function of the amount of prior reward (and the build-up of incentive motivation), the inverse relations3ip that identifies the OEE occurs after a sufficient number of rewards. An alternative account, developed in accordance with but not directly from an instrumental-motivation framework (Marx, 1966), involves the assumption that with extended training there is a progressive reduction in the affective loading with which an instrumeatal response is vested during acquisition. More specifically, the organism is assumed to acquire: (1) a habit- S-R dispositionwhich in simple learning siniations like runways and operant boxes reaches a relatively quick asymptote; (2) an activating component for the habit; and (3) an emotional or affective overlaying of the motive (the activated habit) which 'This research was supported ir. part by USPHS Research Gtant HD-00895 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and by USPHS Research Career Award 1-KG-MH-22,023 from che National Inscimte of Mental Health.
Hepatic insulin production for type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, along with its long-term complications, imposes a serious impact on public health. In spite of the development and application of various insulin formulations, exogenous insulin neither achieves the same degree of glycemic control as that provided by endogenous insulin, nor prevents the long-term complications associated with type 1 diabetes. As an alternative strategy, insulin gene transfer is being explored to restore endogenous insulin production in type 1 diabetes. Sustained hepatic insulin production has been shown to reverse ketonuria, prevent ketoacidosis, improve body weight gain and significantly ameliorate the adverse effects of insulin deficiency in diabetic animals. However, to achieve adequately regulated insulin production in response to changes in blood glucose concentrations remains a major hurdle. This article will review the most recent advances made to address this crucial limitation. In addition, based on the significance of maintaining basal plasma insulin for management of type 1 diabetes, we discuss the feasibility of developing basal hepatic insulin production as an auxiliary treatment to current insulin therapy for achieving tight glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.
Studies of uptake of 1-norepinephrine-14C

During a constant slow infusion, l-norepinephrine-14C accumulates in the tissues. The rate of accumulation from the circulation depends upon the relative blood flow to each tissue and the ability of the tissue to extract the delivered compound. The efficiency of extraction from the circulation seems to be related to the norepinephrine content of the tissue which, in turn, reflects sympathetic nerve density. The heart, which has a very high relative blood flow and a high norepinephrine concentration, accumulates the labeled catecholamine most rapidly. The seminal vesicle, which has a high norepinephrine concentration but a low blood flow, extracts norepinephrine efficiently so that its rate of norepinephrine-14C accumulation is about the same as that of the intestine, which has a high blood flow but a low norepinephrine concentration. After a long infusion period, there is a steady state in which the ratio of the specific activities of norepinephrine in the tissue and urine can be used to estimate the proportion of the catecholamine in the tissue derived from the circulation. Only 20 per cent of the norepinephrine in the heart appears to be derived from the circulation. In other tissues less than 10 per cent comes from the circulation. Thus synthesis appears to be the main source of tissue catecholamine, with uptake from the circulation playing only a minor role in maintaining stores of this catecholamine.
The Effects of Sotalol and Propranolol on Contractile Force and Atrioventricular Conduction Time of the Dog Heart In Situ

The articles which follow contain data which were presented in part at the Sotalol Colloquy held in Atlantic City, April 15, 1968. Co-chairmen of the Colloquy were Alfred Soffer, M.D., Chicago, Illinois and Eugene Braunwald, M.D., La Jolla, California. The participants were: Ronald C. Kite, M.D. Highland General Hospital, Oakland, California Joseph Levy, Ph.D. Presbyterian Hospital, San Francisco, California H. P. Mack, M.D. Mead Johnson Research Center, Evansville, Indiana Daniel Martin, M.D. University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri John Arnold, M.D. University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri Lester Baker, M.D. Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Thomas J. Bigger, M.D. Columbia University, New York, New York John R. Blinks, M.D. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Harold Brooks, M.D. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Solomon Fisch, M.D. Bronx VA Hospital, Bronx, New York Walter Floyd, M.D. Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina Allen W. Gomoll, Ph.D. Mead Johnson Research Center, Evansville, Indiana
The Capacity of a Channel with an Image as the Information Source

We consider the physical limitations imposed on the information content of an image by the wave and quantum nature of light, when the image is obtained by illuminating a reflecting or transmitting planar object by natural (i.e., fully thermalized) light, or by observation of an object emitting incoherent (thermal) radiation. The discreteness of the degrees of freedom and the statistical properties of thermal radiation are taken into account. We derive the maximum amount of information that can be retrieved from the object. This amount is always finite and is proportional to the area of the object, the solid angle under which the entrance pupil of the receiver is seen from the object, and the time of observation. An explicit expression for the information in the case where the information recorded by the receiver obeys Planck’s spectral distribution is obtained. The amount of information per photon of recorded radiation is a universal numerical constant, independent of the parameters of observation.
Application of hot-wire anemometry in shock-tube flows

Several techniques associated with the use of hot wire anemometry in compressible turbulence measurements are described and tested in shock tube flows. These techniques include 1. in-situ calibration of the hot-wire probe by firing several shock waves of different strengths in the shock tube; 2. on-line analog frequency compensation or off-line digital compensation of the temperature-wire; 3. simultaneous acquisition of time-dependent flow velocity and temperature of the flow without invoking Morkovin's hypothesis of strong Reynolds analogy. The techniques were tested in two different shock tube facilities, where a grid generated turbulent flow interacting with a moving shock was set up.
Impaired efficiency in female alcoholics' neuropsychological performance

Forty-eight female detoxified alcoholics and 36 female nonalcoholic controls were administered a short computerized neuropsychological test battery; accuracy and speed were assessed for each item. The accuracy and speed scores were used to create summary efficiency ratios (accuracy/speed) for each test. Alcoholics had significantly lower efficiency ratios than controls on each of the tests, and this deficit was maintained across instructional conditions (emphasizing speed, accuracy, or speed and accuracy equally) and level of task difficulty. In addition, alcoholics and controls manifested similar types of relationships between response speed and correctness of the response, with these relationships varying as a function of type of task. The results of this study illustrate the benefits of including speed of response as a performance variable, and provide further support for the use of efficiency as a measure sensitive to alcoholic neuropsychological impairment.
Validation of reanalysis upper‐level winds in the Arctic with independent rawinsonde data

[1] Reanalysis products from meteorological forecast centers perform well in areas where conventional data are dense, but the realism of their fields in data-sparse regions, such as the Arctic Ocean, is less certain. Upper-level winds from two reanalysis data sets, the NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) and the ECMWF (European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting) Reanalyses are evaluated in this study. Rawinsonde data from two Arctic field programs that were not assimilated by the models are compared to reanalysis wind products for five layers between 1000 and 300 hPa. Both reanalysis products exhibit large biases and are significantly too westerly and too northerly. Total wind speeds are too strong by 25 to 65% relative to rawinsonde values. Root-mean-square errors in u- and v-component winds are substantially larger than the mean values. Possible sources and ramifications of these discrepancies are discussed.
The Role of Family Configuration, Income, and Gender in the Academic Achievement of Young Self-Care Children.

Two hundred and thirty nine self‐care children from grades three to five were selected from eight different sites to investigate the effects of family configuration, income, and gender on academic achievement as measured by the Reading, Language, and Math subscales of the California Achievement Test. The data indicated that girls scored higher than boys on reading in grade 4 but this gender difference disappeared with increased schooling. Family income was not found a statistically significant factor in explaining differences in achievement. Family configuration did not affect achievement of the third graders, but children of single parents scored lower on the Reading and Language subscales in the fourth grade. In the 5th grade, boys of two‐parent families outperformed boys of single parents on all three subscales. The fifth‐grade girls showed no difference in achievement as a result of family configuration. Stress in the family and inadequate attention to academic matters were considered possible reasons...
Collisional relaxation in a nonintegrable mean-field potential

Abstract We summarize recent investigations showing how and why, for systems characterized by a non-integrable mean-field potential, collisional effects may be important already on time scales much shorter than the standard relaxation time.
Reactions of halofluorocarbons with group 6 complexes M(C(5)H(5))(2)L (M = Mo, W; L = C(2)H(4), CO). Fluoroalkylation at molybdenum and tungsten, and at cyclopentadienyl or ethylene ligands.

The molybdenum(II) and tungsten(II) complexes [MCp2L] (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl; L = C2H4, CO) react with perfluoroalkyl iodides to give a variety of products. The Mo(II) complex [MoCp2(C2H4)] reac...
Journey to the Center of the Earth:The Caribbean as Master Symbol

As we turn the corner on the 21st century, a great deal of discussion (popular, academic, and otherwise) has focused on this moment as heralding a giant leap toward heretofore unimagined ways of life. The unprecedented transformations the world is to witness are viewed largely in terms of increasing and intensifying globalization-a world bound ever more tightly, particularly through technological media and the flow of people and commodities across shifting and porous borders. These currents tend to be portrayed as distinct from earlier such processes, in speed as well as intensity.1 Moreover, for at least some scholars, acceleration and potency are presumed to engender diversity. As Ulf Hannerz argued in an early consideration of these macrocosmic transformations, "the world system, rather than creating massive cultural homogeneity on a global scale, is replacing one diversity with another; and the new diversity is based relatively more on interrelations and less on autonomy" (Hannerz 1987:555). Accordingly, he concludes, the idea of a "creole" culture "may be our most promising root metaphor" (1987:551), because creole cultures evoke the "sense of a continuous spectrum of interacting forms" (1987: 552).2 Depicted today as uncertain, variegated, and unfinished-as creole-the world seems to have found its emblem in the Caribbean.3 If the world is catching up to the Caribbean, the concept of creolization has long been a central symbol of the region-one might say a gatekeeping concept that establishes its defining characteristics.4 Proclaimed since its colonization as both crucible and
Literary Studies: General and Comparative

This paper examines the historical relationship between Comparative Literature (CL) and General Literature (GL) as two approaches or practices. It argues that, over the course of the past century, CL as an elitist pursuit initially emerged from GL, the kind of enriched literary study which is conducted using mainly texts adopted into local languages, alongside texts created in the local culture. But gradually CL has succumbed to the pressures of an enormously expanded repertory and has found a new working partnership with GL.
Task Force report: The macroenviroment and community mental health

The U.S. President's Commission on Mental Health (1978) has called for a broader conception of mental health and the factors that influence it. The “macro”-social environment is emerging as one area of concern. The influence of two macroenvironmental domains, the physical and economic, on several areas of human functioning is documented in this article. Topics in the physical domain include noise and crowding; and in the economic domain, socio-economic status, unemployment, and economic change. The implications of this research for community mental health practice is described.
The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography

For photon-based maskless lithography we show that a system based on the incoherent addition of scanned, multiplexed, and on-axis focal spots from an array of diffractive-optical elements, such as binary-phase zone plates, has significant advantages over systems based on partially coherent projection of the image of a micromechanical mirror array through a large refractive or reflective lens. We show that zone-plate arrays with numerical apertures up to 0.9 can be manufactured with near-ideal performance, and used to achieve high-quality lithography of arbitrary patterns. Using a wavelength of 400 nm we demonstrate k1 factors as low as 0.32, without the use of any resolution-enhancement techniques; that sufficient contrast is achieved in dense patterns despite the presence of diffracted orders other than +1; and that a process-latitude greater than 10% is achieved for 150 nm lines and spaces. Advantages of our diffractive-optical approach include: the feasibility of wave-front engineering by using element...
Damage and quality assessment in wheat by NIR hyperspectral imaging

Fusarium head blight is a fungal disease that affects the world's small grains, such as wheat and barley. Attacking the spikelets during development, the fungus causes a reduction of yield and grain of poorer processing quality. It also is a health concern because of the secondary metabolite, deoxynivalenol, which often accompanies the fungus. While chemical methods exist to measure the concentration of the mycotoxin and manual visual inspection is used to ascertain the level of Fusarium damage, research has been active in developing fast, optically based techniques that can assess this form of damage. In the current study a near-infrared (1000-1700 nm) hyperspectral image system was assembled and applied to Fusarium-damaged kernel recognition. With anticipation of an eventual multispectral imaging system design, 5 wavelengths were manually selected from a pool of 146 images as the most promising, such that when combined in pairs or triplets, Fusarium damage could be identified. We present the results of two pairs of wavelengths [(1199, 1474 nm) and (1315, 1474 nm)] whose reflectance values produced adequate separation of kernels of healthy appearance (i.e., asymptomatic condition) from kernels possessing Fusarium damage.
Partitioning and availability of uranium and nickel in contaminated riparian sediments.

The effects of iron oxides and organic matter on the partitioning and chemical lability of U and Ni were examined for contaminated riparian sediments from the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site. In sequential extractions of four sediments that ranged from 12.7 to 82.2 g kg(-1) in organic carbon, U was found almost exclusively in moderately labile fractions (93% in acid-soluble + organically bound). Nickel was distributed across all operationally defined fractions, including substantial amounts in the very labile fractions (4-15% in water-soluble + exchangeable), noncrystalline and crystalline iron oxides (38-49%), and in the nonlabile residual fraction (25-34%). Aqueous U concentrations in 1:1 sediment-water extracts were highly correlated to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (R2 = 0.96; p < 0.0001) and ranged from 29 to 410 microg L(-1). Aqueous concentrations of Ni exceeded U by two to three orders of magnitude (124-2227 microg L(-1)) but were not correlated with DOC (R2 = 0.04; p = 0.53). Partitioning and solubility trends suggest that Ni availability is controlled primarily by iron-oxide phases, whereas U availability is dominated by naturally occurring organic carbon. Discrete mineral phases were also identified as nonlabile reservoirs of anthropogenic metals. In spite of comparably high sediment concentrations, Ni appears to be significantly more available than U in riparian sediments and therefore warrants greater consideration in terms of environmental consequences (i.e., transport, biological uptake, and toxicity).
Nitrogen and urea metabolism during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

During continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), concentrations of serum urea nitrogen (SUN) have been reported that are lower than what would be predicted from estimated dietary protein intake and the calculated urea clearance by dialysis. Net urea generation (urea nitrogen appearance) and losses of various nitrogenous constituents were measured during 12 metabolic studies in patients undergoing CAPD. Patients ingested constant diets containing either 1.0 or 1.4 g or protein per kilogram of body wt per day; total daily urea "clearance" from peritoneal dialysis plus renal clearance averaged 10.8 +/- 0.3 liters/day. Urea nitrogen appearance was only 55 and 68% of total nitrogen output with the low and high protein diets, respectively, values that are substantially lower than those reported in normal subjects, patients with chronic renal failure, and those undergoing hemodialysis. The reduction fraction of nitrogen appearing as urea was largely accounted for by the loss of protein and free amino acids into the dialysate. These respective constituents accounted fro 11.5 and 4.4% of total nitrogen output. Urea nitrogen appearance correlated closely (r = 0.96) with total nitrogen output in the patients undergoing CAPD.
BCL-2 blocks glutamate toxicity in neural cell lines.

Abstract Glutamate has been shown, at high concentrations (5–10 mM), to lead to death in cells of the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. We report that similar concentrations of glutamate also kill immortalized central neural cell lines, and that the expression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 in these cell lines blocks glutamate neurotoxicity. Potassium chloride (25 mM) also protects a cerebellar neuronal cell line, but not PC12 cells, from glutamate toxicity.
Relationship of mast cell population and endogenous histamine concentration in the canine stomach.

SummaryThe distribution of histamine and mast cells in the fundic, corporal and antral mucosa of the canine stomach was assayed. Twelve areas from each of 4 stomachs were studied. Mast cell profiles of these areas showed the cell population to be similar in all mucosal areas, although the greatest number of cells occurred deeper in the glandular mucosa of the antrum than in the glandular mucosa of the fundus and corpus. In contrast, the amount of histamine in the antral mucosa (73.3 ± 4.9 μg/g) was roughly one half of that noted in fundic and corporal mucosa (133.6 ± 1.4 μg/g), a difference which is statistically significant, (p<.05). One possible explanation for these observations is that the major portion of corporal and fundic histamine is not associated with mast cells.
Isolation and characterization of an RNA relaxed mutant of B. subtilis.

An RNA relaxed strain of B . subtilis was isolated. This strain, auxotrophic for lysine, synthesizes ribosomal RNA when starved for lysine. The parental stringent strain stops stable RNA synthesis when starved for lysine. Upon starvation, the stringent strain synthesizes two unusual nucleotides which appear to be the same as those synthesized in amino acid starved stringent E . coli strains. The lysine starved relaxed B . subtilis mutant does not synthesize these nucleotides to a significant extent.
Comparison of Krypton and Argon Laser Photocoagulation: Results of Simulated Clinical Treatment of Primate Retina

• We compared the clinical and histological effects of argon blue-green laser (ABGL), argon green laser (AGL), and krypton red laser (KRL) photocoagulation on the primate retina. Burns were produced in juxtafoveal and papillomacular bundle and in nonmacular areas in a manner simulating treatment of a choroidal neovascular membrane (NVM). In the juxtafoveal and papillomacular bundle areas, ABGL photocoagulation caused extensive inner retinal damage while KRL photocoagulation spared inner retinal structures. The effects of AGL photocoagulation in the fovea were intermediate in extent between KRL and ABGL photocoagulation. Axonal transport studies also showed differential effects of these wavelengths on retinal ganglion cell function. Nonmacular effects were similar for all three modalities. These results suggest that the krypton red wavelength may be more suitable than the argon green or argon blue-green wavelengths in treating choroidal NVMs near the fovea.
Palaeontology: Extinction promoted fire

The extinction of megafauna in Australia roughly coincided with shifts in vegetation and fire regimes. Sediment geochemistry shows that the vegetation shift followed the extinction, indicating that the loss of browsers promoted fire and altered plant composition.
Pharmacists’ Perception of Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Distance Learning for Continuing Education Programs

Objective. To evaluate and compare pharmacists’ satisfaction with the content and learning environment of a continuing education program series offered as either synchronous or asynchronous webinars.Methods. An 8-lecture series of online presentations on the topic of new drug therapies was offered to pharmacists in synchronous and asynchronous webinar formats. Participants completed a 50-question online survey at the end of the program series to evaluate their perceptions of the distance learning experience.Results. Eighty-two participants completed the survey instrument (41 participants from the live webinar series and 41 participants from the asynchronous webinar series.) Responses indicated that while both groups were satisfied with the program content, the asynchronous group showed greater satisfaction with many aspects of the learning environment.Conclusion. The synchronous and asynchronous webinar participants responded positively regarding the quality of the programming and the method of delivery, ...
Reducing severity of comorbid psychiatric symptoms in an epilepsy clinic using a colocation model: results of a pilot intervention.

Abstract Rationale Patients with epilepsy (PWEs) and patients with nonepileptic seizures (PWNESs) constitute particularly vulnerable patient populations and have high rates of psychiatric comorbidities. This potentially decreases quality of life and increases health-care utilization and expenditures. However, lack of access to care or concern of stigma may preclude referral to outpatient psychiatric clinics. Furthermore, the optimal treatment for NESs includes longitudinal psychiatric management. No published literature has assessed the impact of colocated psychiatric services within outpatient epilepsy clinics. We, therefore, evaluated the colocation of psychiatric services within a level 4 epilepsy center. Methods From July 2013 to June 2014, we piloted an intervention to colocate a psychiatrist in the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Epilepsy Center outpatient clinic one afternoon a week (0.1 FTE) to provide medication management and time-limited structural psychotherapeutic interventions to all patients who scored greater than 15 on the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E) and who agreed to referral. Psychiatric symptom severity was assessed at baseline and follow-up visits using validated scales including NDDI-E, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and cognitive subscale items from Quality of Life in Epilepsy-31 (QOLIE-31) scores. Results Forty-three patients (18 males; 25 females) were referred to the clinic over a one-year interval; 27 (64.3%) were seen in follow-up with a median of 3 follow-up visits (range: 1 to 7). Thirty-seven percent of the patients had NESs exclusive of epilepsy, and 11% of the patients had dual diagnosis of epilepsy and NESs. Psychiatric symptom severity decreased in 84% of the patients, with PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores improving significantly from baseline (4.6 ± 0.4 SD improvement in PHQ-9 and 4.0 ± 0.4 SD improvement in GAD-7, p-values Conclusion A colocated psychiatrist demonstrated reduction in psychiatric symptoms of PWEs and PWNESs, improving psychiatric access and streamlining their care. Epileptologists were able to dedicate more time to managing epilepsy as opposed to psychiatric comorbidities. As integrated models of collaborative and colocated care are becoming more widespread, mental health-care providers located in outpatient neurology clinics may benefit both patients and providers.
Early cardiac catheterization laboratory activation by paramedics for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on prehospital 12-lead electrocardiograms.

Background. Prompt reperfusion in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) saves lives. Although studies have shown that paramedics can reliably interpret STEMI on prehospital 12-lead ele...
CT appearance of incidental pancreatic lipomas: a case series

Pancreatic lipomas are rare benign lesions, with only 15 examples documented in the current literature. We describe five cases of intrapancreatic lipomas from a single institution, all incidentally found using computed tomography within a 14-month period. Computed tomography depicted lipomas as homogeneous, nonenhancing, well-marginated lesions with a density coefficient consistent with adipose tissue.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome in children

Background:Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile, respiratory tract illness caused by infection with the newly identified SARS-associated coronavirus. A notable feature of the 2003 global SARS outbreak was the relative paucity of cases reported among children. We reviewed the epidemi
Promoting internalized motivation for environmentally responsible behavior: A prospective study of environmental goals

We used a prospective design and structural equation modeling procedures to examine the processes by which people internalize the doing of new environmental behaviors. As predicted by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985: Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behaviour, Plenum, New York; Deci & Ryan, 2000: Psychol. Inquiry 11, 227), participants who perceived the experimenter as autonomy-supportive evidenced greater internalized motivation regarding a set of self-selected environmental goals. Internalized motivation in turn predicted goal performance during the following week, which in turn predicted intentions to keep on striving after the study was over. Implications for the question of how to motivate people to engage in more environmentally responsible behavior are discussed.
The reduced local curvature approximation for rough surface scattering

A description of the reduced local curvature approximation of third order for rough surface scattering is provided, including a history of the development of the method from the local curvature approximation. Sample results from the literature are also shown in order to illustrate the method's properties.
A Royal Garden: The Ideology of Eden

ABSTRACTBefore “Paradise” became concerned with explaining the pre-sent “fallen” condition of humanity, due to a primal sin, which later also be-came eschatologised into the locus of a human post-mortem felicitous destiny, it already symbolised royal power and the king’s role in the ritual manage-ment of the state. And before the Garden of Eden came to be understood as “in the east,” or in some other place remote from the present real world, it was understood to be located in Jerusalem, as the setting of the royal cult. Adam the gardener was originally a type of the king. This paper examines the evidence for these elements in the biblical Eden story (Genesis 2-3) and in Mesopotamian and Egyptian iconography and ideology, and attempts to set the final form of the tradition within its historical context, the destruction of the state in 597/586 BCE and its non-monarchical succeeding period under Persian rule.
Information translation, mediation, and mosaic-based browsing in the TSIMMIS system

Information Translation, Mediation, and Mosaic-Based Browsing in the TSIMMIS System Joachim Hammer, Hector Garcia-Molina, Kelly Ireland, Yannis Papakonstantinou, Jeffrey Ullman, Jennifer Widom Department of Computer Science Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2140, USA E-mail: joachim@cs.stanford.edu The tsimmis project [1] provides an architecture and tools for accessing multiple heterogeneous information sources by translating source information into a common self-describing object model, called the Object Exchange Model (OEM) [2]. tsimmis provides integrated access to heterogeneous sources through a layer of source specific translators as well as "intelligent" modules, called mediators. Translators (wrappers) convert queries over information in the common del (OEM) into requests the source can execute. The data returned by the source is converted back into the common model. Mediators are programs that collect information from one or more sources, process and combine it, and export the resulting information to the end user or an application program. Users or applications can choose to interact either directly with the translators or indirectly via one or more mediators. End users can access information either by writing applications that request OEM objects, or by using one of the generic browsing tools we have developed: a graphical user interface based on DOS and Microsoft Windows, a UNIX-based textual interface, and a graphical interface based on the HTTP protocol called mobie (MOsaic-Based Information Explorer) 1 . Our demo uses mobie since it is the most interesting of the three. mobie is a platform-independent tool for displaying and exploring OEM objects that are returned as a result of queries. mobie provides a mechanism for This work was supported by ARPA Contract F33615-93-11339, by the Anderson Faculty Scholar Fund, by the Center for Integrated Systems at Stanford University, and by equipment grants from Digital Equipment Corporation and IBM Corporporation
Supraventricular tachycardia initiated and terminated by a single electrical stimulus

Abstract In a patient with normal atrioventricular conduction, a Supraventricular tachycardia was repeatedly initiated and terminated by a single premature atrial beat. During the tachycardia, the atrial to His bundle activation time (A-H time) of the His bundle electrogram increased (P-R interval prolonged), and the polarity of the P wave remained unaltered. These observations suggest the creation and abolition of a circus movement of an unusual type, probably solely intraatrial, by a single premature atrial beat.
Generic buckling curves for specially orthotropic rectangular plates

Using a double affine transformation, the classical buckling equation for specially orthotropic plates and the corresponding virtual work theorem are presented in a particularly simple fashion. These dual representations are characterized by a single material constant, called the generalized rigidity ratio, whose range is predicted to be the closed interval from 0 to 1 (if this prediction is correct then the numerical results using a ratio greater than 1 in the specially orthotropic plate literature are incorrect); when natural boundary conditions are considered a generalized Poisson's ratio is introduced. Thus the buckling results are valid for any specially orthotropic material; hence the curves presented in the text are generic rather than specific. The solution trends are twofold; the buckling coefficients decrease with decreasing generalized rigidity ratio and, when applicable, they decrease with increasing generalized Poisson's ratio. Since the isotropic plate is one limiting case of the above analysis, it is also true that isotropic buckling coefficients decrease with increasing Poission's ratio.
Reflector cells in the skin of Octopus dofleini

The cells that form the reflecting layer beneath the chromatophore organs of the octopus are conspicuous elements of its dermal chromatic system. Each flattened, ellipsoidal reflector cell in this layer bears thousands of peripherally radiating, discoidal, reflecting lamellae. Each lamella consists of a proteinaceous reflecting platelet enveloped by the plasmalemma. The lamellae average 90 nm in thickness and have variable diameters with a maximum of about 1.7 μm. Sets of reflecting lamellae are organized into functional units called reflectosomes. The lamellae in each reflectosome form a parallel array - similar to a stack of coins. The average number of lamellae in a reflectosome is 11. Adjacent lamellae are uniformly separated by an extracellular gap of about 60 nm in embedded specimens. The reflectosomes are randomly disposed over the surface of the reflector cell. The observed organization of the reflectosome is compatible with its role as a quarter-wave thin-film interference device. The alternating reflecting lamellae and interlamellar spaces constitute layers of high and low refractive indices. Using measurements of the thicknesses and refractive indices of the platelets and interlamellar spaces, we have calculated that the color of reflected light should be blue ⊔reen, as seen in vivo. The sequence of events leading to the definitive arrangement of the reflectosomes is uncertain. The reflector cells of O. dofleini are compared and contrasted with the iridophores of squid.
Influence of financial distress on foreign exchange exposure

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a non-monotonic relationship may exist between financial distress and foreign exchange (FX) exposure. The authors hypothesize that firms with higher FX exposures are those with the lowest levels of financial distress because the costs of hedging exceed the benefits and those with highest levels of financial distress due to the conflict of interest between shareholders and bondholders. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology allows for the possibility of a non-monotonic relation between financial distress and FX exposure for firms known to have ex-ante exposures. The approach is to include a Black-Scholes-Merton financial distress measure and standard accounting-based financial distress measures. Findings – The results support the hypothesis of a non-monotonic relationship between financial distress and exposure; companies with the lowest and highest levels of financial distress are willing to bear greater FX exposures. Originality/value –...
HEMCO v1.0: A Versatile, ESMF-Compliant Component for Calculating Emissions in Atmospheric Models

Abstract. We describe the Harvard–NASA Emission Component version 1.0 (HEMCO), a stand-alone software component for computing emissions in global atmospheric models. HEMCO determines emissions from different sources, regions, and species on a user-defined grid and can combine, overlay, and update a set of data inventories and scale factors, as specified by the user through the HEMCO configuration file. New emission inventories at any spatial and temporal resolution are readily added to HEMCO and can be accessed by the user without any preprocessing of the data files or modification of the source code. Emissions that depend on dynamic source types and local environmental variables such as wind speed or surface temperature are calculated in separate HEMCO extensions. HEMCO is fully compliant with the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF) environment. It is highly portable and can be deployed in a new model environment with only few adjustments at the top-level interface. So far, we have implemented HEMCO in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Earth system model (ESM) and in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM). By providing a widely applicable framework for specifying constituent emissions, HEMCO is designed to ease sensitivity studies and model comparisons, as well as inverse modeling in which emissions are adjusted iteratively. The HEMCO code, extensions, and the full set of emissions data files used in GEOS-Chem are available at http://wiki.geos-chem.org/HEMCO .
Feminist Dilemmatic Theorizing: New Materialism in Communication Studies

Feminist communication scholars often adopt seemingly incommensurate stances to navigate tensions among agency, discourse, materiality, and history. I argue that valuing these “contradictions” is a hallmark of feminist communication research, a tradition I label feminist dilemmatic theorizing. Because feminists seek to describe and transform the world, they employ constitutive and representative understandings of communication. Rather than assert these approaches as paradoxical, I reread existing scholarship for nascent feminist new materialisms. Using sexual violence as an example, I argue that feminist communication theory develops a distinct approach to the force of communication, one in which discourse is not all-powerful. Accordingly, I suggest communication theorists draw upon existing feminist scholarship to meet critiques of social construction and develop a material turn.
An Experimental Examination of Students’ Attitudes Toward Classroom Cell Phone Policies

This study examined the manipulation of instructors’ persuasive messages to introduce classroom cell phone policies to college students. Guided by Chaiken's (1980, 1987) heuristic-systematic model, we predicted significant differences in students’ systematic message processing and favorable attitudes held toward a cell phone policy based on the number of arguments presented and involvement (i.e., motivation). Using a 2 (number of arguments: high; low) × 2 (involvement: high; low) experimental design, 101 undergraduate students participated by watching a video-recorded persuasive message about a hypothetical cell phone policy. Results indicated that participants did not differ significantly in systematic or heuristic message processing based on the assigned condition but held more favorable attitudes toward the cell phone policy when assigned to the lower number of arguments condition.
EXPERIENCE, AGENCY, AND PERSONAL IDENTITY

Psychologically based accounts of personal identity over time start from a view of persons as experiencing subjects. Derek Parfit argues that if such an account is to justify the importance we attach to identity it will need to provide a deep unity of consciousness throughout the life of a person, and no such unity is possible. In response, many philosophers have switched to a view of persons as essentially agents, arguing that the importance of identity depends upon agential unity rather than unity of consciousness. While this shift contributes significantly to the discussion, it does not offer a fully satisfying alternative. Unity of consciousness still seems required if identity is to be as important as we think it is. Views of identity based on agential unity do, however, point to a new understanding of unity of consciousness which meets Parfit's challenge, yielding an integrated view of identity which sees persons as both subjects and agents.
Engineered Regulatory T Cells Coexpressing MHC Class II:Peptide Complexes Are Efficient Inhibitors of Autoimmune T Cell Function and Prevent the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical homeostatic components in preventing the development of autoimmunity, and are a major focus for their therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases. To enhance the efficacy of Tregs in adoptive therapy, we developed a strategy for generating engineered Tregs that have the capacity to target autoimmune T cells in an Ag-specific manner. Using a retroviral expression system encoding Foxp3 and HLA-DR1 covalently linked to the immunodominant peptide of the autoantigen type II collagen (DR1-CII), naive T cells were engineered to become Tregs that express DR1-CII complexes on their surface. When these cells were tested for their ability to prevent the development of collagen induced arthritis, both the engineered DR1-CII-Foxp3 and Foxp3 only Tregs significantly reduced the severity and incidence of disease. However, the mechanism by which these two populations of Tregs inhibited disease differed significantly. Disease inhibition by the DR1-CII-Foxp3 Tregs was accompanied by significantly lower numbers of autoimmune CII-specific T cells in vivo and lower levels of autoantibodies in comparison with engineered Tregs expressing Foxp3 alone. In addition, the numbers of IFN-γ- and IL-17-expressing T cells in mice treated with DR1-CII-Foxp3 Tregs were also significantly reduced in comparison with mice treated with Foxp3 engineered Tregs or vector control cells. These data indicate that the coexpression of class II autoantigen-peptide complexes on Tregs provides these cells with a distinct capacity to regulate autoimmune T cell responses that differs from that used by conventional Tregs.
Neuropeptide receptors on small cell lung cancer cells

INTRODUCTION Neuropeptides are produced in the central nervous system (CNS) and modulate neural activity. Also, neuropeptides are biologically active in the periphery where they function in a paracrine manner and regulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility and enzyme (amylase) secretion from the exocrine pancreas. In particular, guinea pig pancreatic acini have vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (cGRP) receptors which are tightly coupled to the enzyme adenylate cyclase and increase amylase secretion (i). Also, bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide (BN/GRP), substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors increase phosphatidyl inositol turnover resulting in elevated amylase secretion (i). Thus numerous neuropeptide receptors may be present on a cell which induces second messenger production and a biological response. Small cell lung cancer is a neuroendocrine tumor which produces high level neuropeptides such as bombesin(BN)-like peptides and neurotensin (NT) (2-7). While the role of NT remains unkown, BN-like peptides may function as autocrine growth factors (8). High levels of mRNA are present in lung carcinoids and SCLC for BN/GRP (9,10). Also, BN/GRP is secreted from SCLC cells (11,12) and receptors for BN/GRP are present on the cell surface of SCLC cells (13). Exogenous addition of BN/GRP elevates the cytosolic Ca 2+ levels in SCLC cells and induces growth (14,15). Addition of an anti-BN monoclonal antibody reduces the growth rate of SCLC cells in vitro and in vivo (8). Recently, we found that VIP and the structurally related peptide secretin increase the secretion rate of BN/GRP from SCLC cells (12). In particular, VIP elevates the cAMP levels in SCLC cells whereas somatostatin (SRIF) inhibits the increased secretion of BN/GRP and cAMP levels caused by VIP (16). Here the multiple neuropeptide receptors that are present on SCLC cells will be described.
Predictors of survival in carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Background Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca ex PA) is a high-grade carcinoma arising from benign pleomorphic adenoma. This is the first population-level analysis of prognosis and prognostic features of parotid Ca ex PA. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1988-2009) was used to identify 278 patients with parotid Ca ex PA. Results Extraparenchymal extension of the primary tumor was associated with cervical metastasis (35.7% vs 2.9%; p Conclusion The presence of 2 or more cervical lymph node metastases identifies patients with Ca ex PA with a poor prognosis.
Meeting the needs of primary care physicians: a guide to content for programs on depression.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to identify literature-based content for the design of educational programs on depression for practicing primary care physicians. Methods: A MEDLINE search was conducted of English-language medical literature published from 1982 through July 1997 for studies describing primary care physicians' knowledge, skills, practice patterns, and perceived barriers related to care of depressed patients. Studies focusing exclusively on residency training and those describing physician practices outside North America were excluded. Of 377 articles identified, forty met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Recommendations for educational content were identified from the literature review. For recognition, educators should prioritize communication skills and strategies for the use of depression questionnaires. For diagnosis, practice interpreting symptoms in the medically ill, strategies for efficient diagnosis, and systematic approaches to assessing suicide risk should be emphasized. For treatment, greater attention to the therapeutic alliance, staged therapy, and strategies for improving medication adherence are indicated. Conclusions: There is a moderately well developed literature describing self-perceived and observed gaps in the current care for depression in primary care. Addressing the entire list of needs would take more time than practicing physicians are likely to have. An important challenge for educators is to design flexible programs based on individualized needs assessment or, when not possible, to prioritize the most generalizable needs.