cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of hydrocarbon densities at extreme conditions using volume-translated SRK and PR equations of state fit to high temperature, high pressure PVT data

Abstract The performance of the SRK and PR cubic equations of state (EoS) for predicting molar volumes at the extremely high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) conditions associated with ultra-deep petroleum formations, are improved with a temperature-dependent volume-translation (VT) term. Rather than correlating the volume-correction to saturated liquid densities, as is done in most prior volume translation methods, the volume-translation term in the HTHP VT-SRK EoS and HTHP VT-PR EoS is correlated to pure component, single-phase density literature data at pressures between 7 and 276 MPa and temperatures between 278 and 533 K. VT parameters are determined for 17 compounds, including short- and long-chain alkanes ranging from CH4 to n-C40H82, several cycloalkanes, and several aromatics. Our recent HTHP density data for several hydrocarbons have been included in this HTHP density data base to enhance the accuracy of these models. The volume correction parameters are correlated to the inverse of the product of the molecular weight and acentric factor, (Мω)−1, allowing these models to be used for compounds not included in the data base. The mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) values of (1–2%) and (1–4%) obtained with the HTHP VT-SRK EoS and HTHP VT-PR, respectively, are substantially better than those obtained with other models. The proposed models are also successfully extended to mixtures. The new HTHP VT-EoSs do not exhibit any thermodynamic inconsistencies as illustrated by the determination of density, isothermal compressibility, and speed of sound calculations over a very broad range of temperature and pressure.
Intravascular ultrasound assessment of angiographic filling defects in native coronary arteries: do they always contain thrombi?

To the Editor: Angiographic “thrombi” are diagnosed as either filling defects surrounded by radiographic contrast material or persistent contrast staining. One previous report suggested that some angiographic filling defects are calcified “masses” when imaged using intravascular ultrasound (
Response of shock isolators with linear and quadratic damping

Abstract Performance of two types of shock isolators is analyzed (a) with linear damping and (b) with quadratic law damping. Input to the systems is a base acceleration pulse of rectangular shape. It is found that with quadratic damping the optimum damping ratio varies for different pulse durations.
Chemical point detection using differential fluorescence from molecularly imprinted polymers

Fluorescence represents one of the most attractive approaches for chemical sensing due to the abundant light produced by most fluorophores, resulting in excellent detection sensitivity. However, the broad and overlapping emission spectra of target and background species have made it difficult to perform species identification in a field instrument because of the need to perform spectral decomposition and analysis. This paper describes a new chemical sensing strategy based on differential fluorescence measurements from molecularly imprinted polymers, which eliminates the need to perform any spectral analysis. Species identification is accomplished by measuring the differential light output from a pair of polymers-one imprinted to a target species and the other identical, but not imprinted. The imprinted polymer selectively concentrates the target molecule and controls the energy (wavelength) of the emitted fluorescence signal and the differential output eliminates common mode signals associated with non-specific background interference. Because no spectral analysis is required, the sensors can be made extremely small and require very little power. Preliminary performance parameters from a prototype sensor are presented and discussed.
Contact hole patterning performance of ArF resist for 0.10 μm technology node

For the fabrication of IC devices, the patterning of C/H (contact holes) is essential but very difficult in comparison with L/S (lines and spaces). 193nm lithography following KrF lithography is expected to play a main role in 0.1micrometers technology node. However, many lithographers have reported various troubles such as poor profiles, resist shrinkage, and pattern edge roughness due to inherent flaws of ArF resist materials. In this study, we noticed such complex issues relating to patterning C/H and evaluated two resists (acrylate, ROMA), which are promising materials among ArF resists, at the condition of various baking temperatures of the soft bake and the post exposure bake. And then we investigated lithographic capability (resolution limit, exposure latitude, depth of focus, and CD uniformity) at the optimum bake conditions. Besides, the resist flow properties were estimated on both resists, respectively. Throughout experimentals, we were able to observe ArF resist properties for bake conditions and find optimum temperatures to improve several issues occurred on C/H pattern. Thus we directly achieved 0.12~0.10 micrometers C/H and also decade- nanometer C/H by applying the resist flow process.
Solution Structure of the Complex Formed by the Two N-terminal RNA-binding Domains of Nucleolin and a Pre-rRNA Target

Nucleolin is a 70 kDa multidomain protein involved in several steps of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis. In vitro selection in combination with mutagenesis and structural analysis identified binding sites in pre-rRNA with the consensus (U/G)CCCG(A/G) in the context of a hairpin structure, the nucleolin recognition element (NRE). The central region of the protein contains four tandem RNA-binding domains (RBDs), of which the first two are responsible for the RNA-binding specificity and affinity for NREs. Here, we present the solution structure of the 28 kDa complex formed by the two N-terminal RNA-binding domains of nucleolin (RBD12) and a natural pre-rRNA target, b2NRE. The structure demonstrates that the sequence-specific recognition of the pre-rRNA NRE is achieved by intermolecular hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions involving mainly the beta-sheet surfaces of the two RBDs and the linker residues. A comparison with our previously determined NMR structure of RBD12 in complex with an in vitro selected RNA target, sNRE, shows that although the sequence-specific recognition of the loop consensus nucleotides is the same in the two complexes, they differ in several aspects. While the protein makes numerous specific contacts to the non-consensus nucleotides in the loop E motif (S-turn) in the upper part of the sNRE stem, nucleolin RBD12 contacts only consensus nucleotides in b2NRE. The absence of these upper stem contacts from the RBD12/b2NRE complex results in a much less stable complex, as demonstrated by kinetic analyses. The role of the loop E motif in high-affinity binding is supported by gel-shift analyses with a series of sNRE mutants. The less stable interaction of RBD12 with the natural RNA target is consistent with the proposed role of nucleolin as a chaperone that interacts transiently with pre-rRNA to prevent misfolding.
A fluorescence assay for α-1,2-mannosidases involved in glycoprotein processing reactions

Abstract A highly specific, sensitive, and conveient fluorescence assay for α-1,2-mannosidases involved in glycoprotein processing reactions is described. The assay utilizes a coupled enzyme system to determine the amount of free mannose liberated from the disaccharide O -methyl-2- O -α- d -mannopyranosyl-α- d -mannopyranoside by the α-1,2-mannosidase. The assay was used to determine the substrate specificity of a calcium ion-activated α-1,2-mannosidase purified from rabbit liver microsomes. The microsomal mannosidase was specific for hydrolysis of the α-1,2 linkage. The mannosyl linkages in α-1,3- and α-1,6-linked methyl-disacchardes, in methyl-α- d -mannopyranoside, and in yeast mannan were hydrolyzed at rates of 2% or less than that noted with the α-1,2-linked disaccharide. Mannosidase activity was linear with time and was proportional to enzyme concentration. The K m for the α-1,2-linked methyl-disaccharide is 0.5 m m .
Z-Plasty Innovations in Vertical Lip Reconstructions

BACKGROUND Although the Z-plasty has been used on the lips in various applications, its novel utility in improving classic vertical (radial) lip reconstruction has not been described previously. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the advantages of Z-plasties in vertical lip reconstruction, to explore six distinct causes of lip deformities that arise during reconstructive surgery and how those complications can be avoided by employing traditional Z-plasties or a new modification we term the “sliding Z-plasty,” and to provide an entirely original first-time analysis of the geometry and physical dynamics of lip reconstruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS We explored the planning and execution of lip reconstruction using traditional Z-plasties and a new sliding Z-plasty modification. This analysis uses case reports, original illustrations, and an in-depth discussion of the spatial dynamics of lip reconstruction. CONCLUSION Traditional or sliding Z-plasties can improve the final outcome of vertical lip reconstruction while avoiding or mitigating six distinct potential complications associated with classic repairs. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.
Reconsidering Work—Family Interactions and Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis

Researchers studying work—family conflict, and to a lesser extent work—family enrichment, have often relied on Frone, Russell, and Cooper’s domain specificity model to explain the relationships between bidirectional work—family interactions and family and job satisfaction. However, in more recent times, theorists have proposed an alternative model, the source attribution perspective, which predicts a different pattern of relationships. Using meta-analytic path analysis, the present study compared competing hypotheses to examine the relative merits of each theory for both positive and negative work—family interactions. The results universally supported the less popular source attribution perspective. The moderating role of gender in the pattern of relationships was also considered.
Bringing out the agreeableness in everyone: Using a cognitive self-regulation model to reduce aggression

Research has shown that those individuals high in agreeableness recruit helpful thoughts in hostile contexts, presumably in the service of controlling aggressive behavior. The present experiment follows from such work, but importantly does so in a manner seeking to support causal conclusions. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental training condition, in which hostile prime words were followed by helpful target words, or to a control condition that did not involve such pairings. Those assigned to the experimental condition subsequently exhibited lower levels of aggression in a laboratory task. Additional considerations and findings support the potential involvement of self-regulation processes. In general terms, the experiment reveals that a brief cognitive manipulation targeting processes thought to underlie aggression control was in fact causally effective in reducing subsequent levels of aggressive behavior.
The Lost Cause? Examining the Southern Culture of Honor Through Defensive Gun Use:

This article reconsiders the “Southern culture of honor” thesis, which has enjoyed prevalence in the social sciences since the first half of the 20th century. The bulk of researchers investigating the link among Southern residence, culture of honor, and violence have focused on attitudinal measures of violence through surveys and ethnographic experiments indicating preferences and opinions toward engaging in hypothesized violence. The current research measures respondents’ actual violent behaviors in a national survey of defensive gun use (DGU). Although the results failed to support a relationship between Southern residence and defensive gun use, respondents’ age and victimization were significant. This finding is dissonant with the historical literature that suggests that the rural Southern White male is prone to a violent defense of honor; as such, the article orients discussion around the further theoretical advancement of the culture-of-honor perspective.
Necessity of Routine Pelvic Radiograph in the Pediatric Blunt Trauma Patient

Background Pelvic radiographs are obtained frequently in pediatric blunt trauma. The authors hypothesize that there are clinical indicators that can predict pelvic fracture on a pelvic radiograph in the pediatric blunt trauma patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 or 15.Methods A retrospective case-control study of 33 patients with pelvic fractures and 63 patients without pelvic fractures was performed.Results 8 evaluated clinical indicators showed that pelvic contusions and abrasions (P = .026), hip/pelvic pain (P<.001), abdominal pain and distension (P = .006), back pain (P = .080), hip held in rotation at presentation (P = .026), and femur deformity/pain (P = .002) were independently predictive of pelvic fracture. In combination, absence of hip/pelvic pain, pelvic contusions and abrasions, abdominal pain/distension, and femur deformity/pain showed a negative predictive value of 87%.Conclusion Clinical indicators may be useful in determining the need for pelvic radiographs in awake and alert pedi...
Exploration of vertical MOSFET and tunnel FET device architecture for Sub 10nm node applications

A vertical device architecture having ∼40% density improvement over planar for sub-10nm technology node has been evaluated for Si NMOS and III–V HTFET with L g =16nm. For LOP applications including the effect of parasitic elements, the HTFET presents superior energy efficiency and desired low-power analog performance for V DD &#60;0.6V, while MOSFET is superior for V DD >0.6V. To further improve MOSFET performance, I ON needs to be improved with higher injection velocity materials (e.g. III–V). For delay reduction, the parasitic capacitances (C ov and C g,fringe ) and contact resistance need to be further engineered for both MOSFETs and TFETs.
Learning to Do Less with Less: The Hawai'i State Budget for Fiscal Year 2011

THE CALIFORNIA Journal of Politics & Policy Volume 3, Issue 2 Learning to Do Less with Less: The Hawai‘i State Budget for Fiscal Year 2011 Todd L. Belt University of Hawai‘i at Hilo Abstract The economic downturn in 2008 created budgetary problems for the state of Hawai‘i through 2010. The 2009 biennial budget anticipated a shortfall of $2.1 billion. Tax increases, contract renegotiations, employee furloughs, and across-the-board cuts implemented in 2009 and continued in 2010, were not enough, and the governor and the legislature became locked in a struggle over priorities. For reasons unique to Hawai‘i, certain departments and programs shouldered the brunt of these cuts while others remained relatively unscathed. Keywords: Hawaii state budget, Hawaii politics, taxes, Linda Lingle www.bepress.com/cjpp
Treatment of dyslipidemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with lovastatin

Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death among whites with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Several risk factors—dyslipidemia induced by NIDDM, obesity, hypertension and hyperglycemia—likely contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis. The dyslipidemia in NIDDM is characterized by abnormalities in composition and metabolism of very low density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). However, because of the lack of long-term prospective epidemiologic studies, the relative importance of lipoprotein risk factors in the causation of CAD in diabetic patients is not clear. The World Health Organization Multinational Study of vascular disease in diabetics observed increased prevalence of CAD in diabetic populations with relatively high levels of plasma cholesterol and supports the concept that lowering cholesterol levels may significantly reduce coronary risk in NIDDM. To determine the effectiveness of lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, for lowering cholesterol levels, 16 patients with NIDDM and mild to moderate increases in plasma cholesterol were given lovastatin (20 mg twice daily) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled manner for 4 weeks. Compared with the placebo, lovastatin reduced concentrations of total cholesterol (233 ± 10 vs 172 ± 7 mg/dl [standard error of the mean], p
Understanding psychophysiological response to a Virtual Reality-based social communication system for children with ASD

Deficits in social communication skills are thought to be one of the core deficits in children with autism spectrum disorders. Specifically, these children are characterized by communicative impairments, particularly regarding expression of affective states. However, they often experience states of emotional or cognitive stress measured as Autonomic Nervous System activation without proper external expression placing limits on traditional conversational and observational methodologies. In recent years, several assistive technologies, particularly Virtual Reality (VR), have been investigated to promote social interactions in this population. Here we present the development of a VR-based social communication system that is made affect-sensitive by using a physiology based approach.
Case Report: Profound Neurobehavioral Deficits in an Oil Field Worker Overcome by Hydrogen Sulfide

A 24-year-old oil well tester was rendered semiconscious by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). He received oxygen and was hospitalized but released in 30 minutes. The next day, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and incontinence of urine and stool led to rehospitalization. These problems and leg shaking, dizziness, sweating, trouble sleeping, and nightmares prevented his return to work. A physical examination, chest x-ray, and pulmonary function tests were normal 39 months after the episode but vibration sense was diminished. Two choice visual reaction times were delayed. Balance was highly abnormal (5 to 6 cm/sec) with eyes closed. Blink reflex latency was slow (R-1 17.5 msec versus normal 14.3 msec). Numbers written on finger tips were not recognized. Verbal and visual recall were impaired but overlearned memory was intact. Cognitive functions measured by Culture Fair, block design, and digit symbol were impaired. Perceptual motor was slow. Scores for confusion, tension-anxiety, depression, and fatigue were elevated and vigor was reduced. Forty-nine months after exposure his reaction time, sway speed, and color vision had not improved. His recall and his cognitive, constructional, and psychomotor speeds had improved but remained abnormal. These deficits are most likely due to H2S. Similar testing of other survivors is recommended.
Telecommunications Systems and Evaluation Research Using SocNet and PoliNet as Examples

The parallel developments of sophisticated voice and data telephone technology and relatively low-cost microcomputers have created a situation in 1986 by which "knowledge workers," like the evaluation research community, can engage in large-scale tele communication on a nationwide scale. How the social organization of information and interpersonal interaction can be meshed with the technical organization of computing and computer-mediated telecommunications looms as the critical issue inhibiting adoption of this alternative mode of professional communication. A number of issues are discussed and two new international computer networks-SocNet and PoliNet-are used in detailed examples to illustrate how the evaluation research community can begin to make this transition possible.
Mapping out the roles of MAP kinases in plant defense

Arabidopsis contains 20 MAP kinase genes, but their roles in plant physiology have remained largely unknown because of a lack of mutants. Recent papers from two groups have shed new light on the function of two different MAP kinases. The Arabidopsis MPK4 gene appears to negatively regulate salicylic acid-mediated defense responses and positively regulate jasmonic acid-induced responses. The tobacco SIPK gene (orthologous to Arabidopsis MPK6) appears to positively regulate programmed cell death.
The potential benefits of hydrogen-rich saline in ischemia and reperfusion injury.

* Corresponding author. Department of Rese Studies, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI E-mail address: toledo@kcms.msu.edu (L 0022-4804/$ e see front matter a 2013 Elsev doi:10.1016/j.jss.2011.12.025 Hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) has been studied in various animal models for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Saturating saline solution with hydrogen gas, a known biochemical antioxidant, has been shown to confer protection from oxidative stress involving ischemic and reperfusioninduced (I/R) lung injury as demonstrated by Liu et al. in a recently published article in the Journal of Surgical Research [1]. Using HRS-treated rabbit models, Liu et al. demonstrated decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), markers for oxidative stress and neutrophilic infiltration, respectively; and increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidant enzyme known to diminish during I/R injuries. These outcomes agree with several other studies that examined the potentially protective effects of HRS in various organ systems including the lung, liver, heart, kidneys, intestines, and brain [2e6,8]. Though different in the types of cellular markers used, the majority of studies demonstrated changes in marker levels that suggest the attenuation oxidative stress and subsequent organ damage secondary to I/R injuries in HRS-treated specimens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to elevation in inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a and IL-8 [7]. Generation of ROS is highly reactive with the lipid bilayer of a cell
Universities Becoming The Outsourcing Solution

This paper provides a road map for universities to follow in responding to corporations that are in need of a solution to the dilemma of building an executive development program and simultaneously providing their executives with a high quality MBA degree. Difficulties experienced by many corporations are complicated by the fact that MBA programs vary by level of quality, emphasis, availability of concentrations and the degree to which they focus on the specific needs of their executive-level students. In addition, many MBA programs are taught by faculty that see their primary function as research scholars. In some business schools, (Bennis and O’Toole, 2005) there is little responsiveness to the needs of business “customers,” and often faculty have little high level executive experience to enhance the value of education for MBA’s. The solution to this issue is to outsource an executive development program and this paper will address the University of Indianapolis’ (UINDY) experience in providing such a program. The model presented in this paper is derived from years of experience in making the MBA cohorts into the recognized outsourcing solution for corporate universities. The model, which has been highly developed, begins with having an active business development and support services team that demonstrates commitment and responsiveness to the needs of the major corporations. UINDY builds on the success of multiple cohorts that have been delivered to these major corporations. This model prioritizes the attitude UINDY brings to this effort – one of responsiveness to the company’s needs and a passionate commitment to providing the highest quality accredited degree for their employees that will be ‘nominated,’ for an MBA. A customized curriculum that focuses on the unique issues, concerns and needs of the specific industry, company, and culture of the cohort is developed. As an example, one of our major successes has been in one of the world’s largest aircraft engines manufacturing companies. The choice of materials, cases, and the focus of discussions are specific to that industry. The cohorts are taught on the corporate premises, on the company’s schedule (not on the official academic schedule) and the students can immediately apply what they are learning to solving problems and providing value to their companies on a continuing basis. We detail the steps and stages of what has been successful in order to provide a toolkit that other universities can follow. The paper also details the pitfalls, problems, and issues that must be faced to increase the likelihood of success and continuity of the programs being extended to future cohorts.
Efficient Regularized Least Squares Classification

Kernel-based regularized least squares (RLS) algorithms are a promising technique for classification. RLS minimizes a regularized functional directly in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space defined by a kernel. In contrast, support vector machines (SVMs) implement the structure risk minimization principle and use the kernel trick to extend it to the nonlinear case. While both have a sound mathematical foundation, RLS is strikingly simple. On the other hand, SVMs in general have a sparse representation of the solution. In this paper, we introduce a very fast version of the RLS algorithm while maintaining the achievable level of performance. The proposed new algorithm computes solutions in O(m) time and O(1) space, where m is the number of training points. We demonstrate the efficacy of our very fast RLS algorithm using a number of (both real simulated) data sets.
Environmental Geometry: Its Effect on and Interaction with Sedimentation: ABSTRACT

Environmental geometry is defined as the three-dimensional shape of a locus of sedimentation as delineated by its bathymetry below a base level. Most depositional loci can be considered as open systems that exist within the framework of a larger system. Their geometry is thus nested within a hierarchy of geometric shapes, the largest of which is delineated by oceanic boundaries. Within any locus of deposition at any level in the nest of loci, the distribution, and often the rate of application of energy are functions of (1) the geometry of the locus and (2) the relative position of that locus in the geometrical hierarchy. Therefore, the characteristics of sediments within a locus of known bathymetry can often be predicted from environmental geometry alone. However, the re ative importance of environmental geometry as a parameter which produces sedimentary patterns depends upon the rate of deposition at any one hierarchical level and is most effective at low to medium rates of sedimentation. Since the geometry of the depositional loci at all levels of the nest is interdependent, influences on sedimentary patterns exist between all levels but are most effective between adjacent levels. Multiple non-linear regression provides, in environmental studies, a powerful tool that permits the analysis of the inter-level geometric effects on sedimentation. Examples are presented from estuaries, bays, lagoons, and the continental shelf. End_of_Article - Last_Page 341------------
PARTITIONING TASKS TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TEAMS

The principle of partitioning tasks among product development teams so as to minimize the cost of interactions across design teams is an important characteristic of complex engineered systems. Although there is growing literature that deals with the proper organization of product development tasks, little attention is given to rigorous modeling of the phenomena. To fill the void, we present a mathematical formulation for the problem. Two main issues are addressed by the model: 1) how to specify task dependencies, and 2) how to optimally partition the tasks among a number of teams. In this paper, we suggest to utilize the 'design matrix' representation of Axiomatic Design as a means for specifying tasks and their associated attributes. The developed model and solution technique can be applied to various scales of the product design and development process, and may open a variety of interesting questions.
ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES, SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND NEUROMODULATION IN SEROTONERGIC CAUDAL RAPHE NEURONS

SUMMARY 1. We studied electrophysiological properties, synaptic transmission and modulation by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) of caudal raphe neurons using whole-cell recording in a neonatal rat brain slice preparation; recorded neurons were identified as serotonergic by post-hoc immunohistochemical detection of tryptophan hydroxylase, the 5-HT-synthesizing enzyme. 2. Serotonergic neurons fired spontaneously (approximately 1 Hz), with maximal steady state firing rates of < 4 Hz. 5-Hydroxytryptamine caused hyperpolarization and cessation of spike activity in these neurons by activating inwardly rectifying K+ conductance via somatodendritic 5-HT1A receptors. 3. Unitary glutamatergic excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) and currents (EPSC) were evoked in serotonergic neurons by local electrical stimulation. Evoked EPSC were potently inhibited by 5-HT, an effect mediated by presynaptic 5-HTIB receptors. 4. In conclusion, serotonergic caudal raphe neurons are spontaneously active in vitro; they receive prominent glutamatergic synaptic inputs. 5-Hydroxytryptamine regulates serotonergic neuronal activity of the caudal raphe by decreasing spontaneous activity via somatodendritic 5-HTIA receptors and by inhibiting excitatory synaptic transmission onto these neurons via presynaptic 5-HTIB receptors. These local modulatory mechanisms provide multiple levels of feedback autoregulation of serotonergic raphe neurons by 5-HT.
In defense of language study

I would like to say ‘amen’ to the remarks by Frank T. Manheim in the September issue of EOS. Not only is more than half the world literature in the earth sciences published in Russian, but a good part of that is in monograph form (perhaps 60% of it) and thus not picked up by the translations of leading journals. As Dr. Manheim pointed out, those who can utilize the Russian literature directly have a distinct advantage over those who cannot. But there is an even more compelling reason why we need a ‘critical mass of prominent workers’ who can handle Russian, one which he only hinted at: Where else can we find potential translators of highly technical material? For translations will always be needed, and too few people understand that technical translation differs from other forms in that a sound grasp of the subject is of paramount importance. The English-speaking scientist with a fair reading knowledge of Russian (or any other foreign language) can turn out much more accurate translations than one who may be thoroughly bilingual but is not familiar with the subject. Even when a technical term is included in the available bilingual dictionaries, it takes a certain amount of familiarity with the subject to know which of several definitions offered is the correct one in a given context; and at the rate that all the sciences are progressing, even the best of dictionaries cannot possibly keep completely up to date.
Mapping erodibility in dust source regions based on geomorphology, meteorology, and remote sensing

Mineral dust in the atmosphere has implications for Earth's radiation budget, biogeochemical cycles, hydrological cycles, human health, and visibility. Currently, the simulated vertical mass flux of dust differs greatly among the existing dust models. While most of the models utilize an erodibility factor to characterize dust sources, this factor is assumed to be static, without sufficient characterization of the highly heterogeneous and dynamic nature of dust source regions. We present a high-resolution land cover map of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in which the terrain is classified by visually examining satellite images obtained from Google Earth Professional and Environmental Systems Research Institute Basemap. We show that the correlation between surface wind speed and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer deep blue aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be used as a proxy for erodibility, which satisfactorily represents the spatiotemporal distribution of soil-derived dust sources. This method also identifies agricultural dust sources and eliminates the satellite-observed dust component that arises from long-range transport, pollution, and biomass burning. The erodible land cover of the MENA region is grouped into nine categories: (1) bedrock: with sediment, (2) sand deposit, (3) sand deposit: on bedrock, (4) sand deposit: stabilized, (5) agricultural and urban area, (6) fluvial system, (7) stony surface, (8) playa/sabkha, and (9) savanna/grassland. Our results indicate that erodibility is linked to the land cover type and has regional variation. An improved land cover map, which explicitly accounts for sediment supply, availability, and transport capacity, may be necessary to represent the highly dynamic nature of dust sources in climate models.
Hurricane! - a simulation-based program for science education

We describe the development, testing and fielding of a PC-based instructional program, Hurricane!. This program educates students about the effects of hurricane winds on different kinds of residential structures. The effects on the residential structures are physics-based. The program has been developed both for schools and science museums. The format is game-based with realistic graphics and sounds and students see different degrees of damage depending on choices that make. For example, a one story masonry house built to current Florida building code standards, is much less vulnerable than a two story wood structure built before 1985. Therefore, students who make the first choice see less damage. Several tests in middle school science classes have demonstrated that the game is highly interesting and effectively teaches concepts central to understanding how to prepare for a hurricane.
Development of a Self‐Forming Ytterbium Silicate Skin on Silicon Nitride by Controlled Oxidation

A dense and uniform polycrystalline ytterbium silicate skin on silicon nitride ceramics was developed by a controlled oxidation process to improve the hot corrosion resistance of silicon nitride. The process consists of purposely oxidizing the silicon nitride by heating it at high temperatures. It was found that the ytterbium silicate phase was formed as an oxidation product on the surface of the silicon nitride when it was exposed to air at temperatures above 1250°C. The volume fraction of ytterbium silicate compared with that of SiO2 on the silicon nitride surface increased with increasing oxidation time and temperature. The formation and growth of ytterbium silicate on the surface of silicon nitride is attributed to a nucleation and growth mechanism. Ultimately, a dense and uniform ytterbium silicate skin with 3–4 μm of skin thickness was obtained by oxidation at 1450°C for 24 h. The ytterbium silicate layer, formed by oxidation of the silicon nitride, is associated with the reaction of SiO2 on the surface of silicon nitride with Yb2O3 introduced in the silicon nitride as a sintering additive. Preliminary tests showed that the ytterbium silicate skin appears to protect silicon nitride from hot corrosion. No observable evidence of a reaction between the skin and molten Na2SO4 was found when it was exposed to molten Na2SO4 at 1000°C for 30 min.
NICMOS spectroscopy of HD 189733b

Spectral features corresponding to methane and water opacity were reported based on transmission spectroscopy of HD 189733b with Hubble/NICMOS. Recently, these data, and a similar data set for XO-1b, have been reexamined in Gibson et al. (2010), who claim they cannot reliably reproduce prior results. We examine the methods used by the Gibson team and identify two specific issues that could act to increase the formal uncertainties and to create instability in the minimization process. This would also be consistent with the GPA10 finding that they could not identify a way to select among the several instrument models they constructed. In the case of XO-1b, the Gibson team significantly changed the way in which the instrument model is defined (both with respect to the three approaches they used for HD 189733b, and the approach used by previous authors); this change, which omits the effect of the spectrum position on the detector, makes direct intercomparison of results difficult. In the experience of our group, the position of the spectrum on the detector is an important element of the instrument model because of the significant residual structure in the NICMOS spectral flat field. The approach of changing instrument models significantly complicates understanding the data reduction process and interpreting the results. Our team favors establishing a consistent method of handling NICMOS instrument systematic errors and applying it uniformly to data sets.
Planar zero-divisor graphs

Abstract This paper answers the question of Anderson, Frazier, Lauve, and Livingston: for which finite commutative rings R is the zero-divisor graph Γ ( R ) planar? We build upon and extend work of Akbari, Maimani, and Yassemi, who proved that if R is any local ring with more than 32 elements, and R is not a field, then Γ ( R ) is not planar. They left open the question: “Is it true that, for any local ring R of cardinality 32, which is not a field, Γ ( R ) is not planar?” In this paper we answer this question in the affirmative. We prove that if R is any local ring with more than 27 elements, and R is not a field, then Γ ( R ) is not planar. Moreover, we determine all finite commutative local rings whose zero-divisor graph is planar.
Rational Bounds for the t-Tail Area

Abstract The bounds of Boyd (1959) for the tail area of the normal distribution are extended to the t distribution. The adequacy of the approximation is discussed and numerical examples provided.
Do Trade Unions Affect Compliance with Environmental Regulation

The author uses plant-level panel data from the Environmental Protection Agency's Permit Compliance System database to evaluate whether trade unions affect compliance with the Clean Water Act in the chemical manufacturing industries. Compliance is measured by pollution discharges relative to permitted limits and by the number of compliance violations. Results indicate that unionized plants and plants with relatively strong unions discharge more pollution relative to permitted limits than non-unionized plants and plants with relatively weak unions. However, results provide only weak evidence that plants with relatively strong unions incur more compliance violations than plants with relatively weak unions. These results contradict prior theoretical and empirical research that indicates unions have incentives to support stricter environmental regulation. In addition, there is evidence from compliance inspections that contradicts the argument that union members take an interest in environmental quality.
Attributable Burden of Neurological Disease in Older HIV-Positive Versus HIV-Negative Men: Findings from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1997-2009 (P01.257)

Objective: To study the burden of neurological disease in a large, older cohort of HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM) compared to age-matched HIV- MSM in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Background People age 40 years and older account for more than a quarter of the United States population living with AIDS. The Multi-Center AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) is an ongoing, prospective study of more than 6900 MSM in four United States cities. Design/Methods: We compared HIV+ versus HIV- MSM over 40 years old for total and category-specific burden of neurological diagnoses in the HAART era (January 1, 1997 to last known follow up or death, on or before January 1, 2010). Diagnoses were confirmed by semi-annual study visits, ICD-9 codes from medical records linkage, and death certificates. Poisson regression models were fit for subject-specific periods of person-time contributions. Results: The total person-time at risk among MSM over 40 years old was 27,750 person-years (16,013 HIV-, 11,737 HIV+) among 3,291 individuals. There were 163 neurological diagnoses (111 in HIV+ MSM on HAART, 22 HIV+ not on HAART, 30 HIV-) in 158 men over 40 years old (107 HIV+ on HAART, 24 HIV+ not on HAART, 27 HIV-). Neurological diagnoses were more frequent in HIV+ MSM in the categories of nervous system infections (p 0.60). Conclusions: HIV+ MSM over age 40 years old have a higher incidence of neurological disease compared to age-matched HIV- MSM. The excess burden is largely accounted for by sequelae of chronic HIV-1 infection in HAART-treated individuals and the persistence of HIV-1 related and opportunistic infections among the diagnosed but untreated HIV+ group. Supported by: Dr. Mateen is supported by the 2010-2012 American Academy of Neurology Practice Research Fellowship Grant. Mr. Russell Shinohara is supported by the Epidemiology and Biostatistics of Aging Training Grant T32 AG000247. Disclosure: Dr. Mateen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shinohara has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carone has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. McArthur holds stock and/or stock options in Gliamed. Dr. McArthur has received research support from Biogen Idec and Pfizer. Dr. Jacobson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sacktor has nothing to disclose.
Molecular cloning of protozoan myosin I heavy chain genes.

Summary Myosins I are ubiquitous, nonfilamentous, actin-based mechanoenzymes originally discovered in protozoa. The extensive in vitro biochemical studies of purified protozoan myosins I are now being complemented with in vivo studies using cloned myosin I heavy chain genes and gene targeting techniques. Here we review briefly the systems and methods being used in these efforts to dissect protozoan myosin I structure and function using molecular genetic approaches.
Reduced-dose fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas: maintenance of tumor control with improved hearing preservation.

Background Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) is a noninvasive treatment for acoustic neuromas (ANs). Initial reports from our institution demonstrated that the reduction of treatment dose to 46.8 Gy resulted in improved preservation of functional hearing status. Objective We now report the tumor control (TC), symptomatic outcome, and hearing preservation (HP) rate in patients treated with reduced-dose FSRT. Methods We analyzed all patients with AN treated from 2002 to 2011. All patients received 46.8 Gy in 1.8-Gy fractions. Follow-up audiogram and magnetic resonance imaging were performed in ≤ 1-year intervals. TC and HP were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Analysis of HP, defined as Gardner-Robertson value ≤ 2, was determined by audiometric data. Non-hearing-related symptoms were defined by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4. Results In total, 154 patients were analyzed. At a median follow-up of 35 months (range, 4-108), TC was achieved in 96% of patients (n = 148/154) and at 3 and 5 years was 99% and 93%. Eighty-seven patients had serviceable hearing at the time of FSRT and evaluable audiometric follow-up. Overall HP was 67% and at 3 and 5 years was 66% and 54%. Pure tone average decreased by a median of 13 dB in all patients. Nineteen percent (n = 31) of patients experienced symptom improvement, and 8% (n = 13) had worsening of symptoms. Cranial nerve dysfunction occurred in 3.8% of patients (n = 6). Conclusion Reduced-dose FSRT to 46.8 Gy for AN achieves excellent functional HP rates and limited toxicity without compromising long-term TC. Based on these promising outcomes, further attempts at dose deescalation may be warranted.
Electrostatic force curves in finite-size-ion electrolytes.

We obtain analytical expressions for electrostatic forces between an atomic force microscope tip and a sample immersed in an electrolyte. These simple expressions relate force to tip–sample separation explicitly incorporating tip size, solvent ion size, and solvent ion concentration. If the ions are much smaller than the tip–sample gap, the force decays monotonically, a consequence of the corresponding monotonic decays of the correlation function in the Debye–Huckel context. If the ions are of size comparable to the tip–sample gap, then oscillations appear superimposed on the overall decay, a consequence of the geometric mismatch between ion cluster size and the gap size.
Time and Rulemaking: An Empirical Test of Theory

Rulemaking is among the most important and controversial functions performed by public agencies. One of the most persistent and serious problems in rulemaking is delay in the issuance of rules. This research examines the factors influencing rulemaking by the Environmental Protection Agency. Theory directs us to legal requirements, bureaucratic elements, and political influences that may influence the passage of time in rulemaking. We develop a number of measures for each of these variables to determine their individual and combined effects on delay in rulemaking. While our models do account for a substantial amount of the variation in the time it takes to issue rules, their performance is erratic and much remains to be explained. Existing theory does offer more important insights into delay in rulemaking but more work is needed to refine important variables and to uncover forces that have yet to be identified.
Informational characterization of dialogue states.

We introduce multidimensional feature structures as a generalization of standard slot/filler representations commonly employed in spoken language dialogue systems. Nodes in multidimensional feature structures contain an n dimensional vector of values instead of one single filler element. The additional elements serve to represent, among other information, confidence measures of speech recognizers or the number of times a filler has been queried. We demonstrate the application of multidimensional feature structures to spoken dialogue systems. We show that unification based dialogue processing can be retained as long as the elements of the fillers are drawn from partially ordered sets. The dialogue manager employs a variant of constraint logic programming for representing dialogue strategies and update rules. The constraint logic program partitions the space of possible dialogue states in sets of states that are equivalent for the dialogue strategy.
What Can We Learn from Other Planets

Venus (especially) and Mars have atmospheric compositions strikingly similar to Earth’s near surface volatile inventory. The relative amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, the major gases, not only resemble Earth’s but also resemble the volatile fractions of a putative meteorite mix. The dominance of oxidized gases (even disregarding the oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere) suggest parallels and presumed support for the standard model for terrestrial planet degassing. Detailed consideration of processes that probably affected Venus indicate loss of enormous amounts of hydrogen from its hot atmosphere, to the extent of largely removing it from the planet. The oxygen (from water) left behind is responsible for oxidizing both the surface materials and the reduced carbon compounds that would have been present on early Venus if the current model (highly reduced primordial surface) were applied to Venus.