cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revision of a lumbar disc arthroplasty following late infection.

Anterior removal of a lumbar total disc replacement implant is often a very technically demanding procedure. The anterior retroperitoneal anatomy is prone to scarring, limiting remobilization and making a direct anterior exposure above the L5–S1 level difficult if not impossible to achieve safely. Anterolateral approach strategies can be more safely achieved at L4–L5 and above, but may require vertebral osteotomy in order to remove a keeled prosthesis. Successful conversion to a fusion with implant removal can be achieved, even when osteotomy is needed for implant removal. This Grand Rounds case presentation involves an unusual late retroperitoneal abscess following two-level TDR with direct extension to one of the implants, and the subsequent nonoperative and operative management. Removal of a well-fixed keeled implant at the L4–L5 level following nonoperative treatment of a surrounding retroperitoneal abscess and conversion to fusion represents close to, if not a ‘worst-case’ scenario for revision TDR. However, with proper preoperative planning and surgical experience, a safe and successful procedure can be the end result.
Segmentation, modeling and classification of the compact objects in a pile

The problem of interpreting dense range images obtained from the scene of a heap of man-made objects is discussed. A range image interpretation system consisting of segmentation, modeling, verification, and classification procedures is described. First, the range image is segmented into regions and reasoning is done about the physical support of these regions. Second, for each region several possible three-dimensional interpretations are made based on various scenarios of the objects physical support. Finally each interpretation is tested against the data for its consistency. The superquadric model is selected as the three-dimensional shape descriptor, plus tapering deformations along the major axis. Experimental results obtained from some complex range images of mail pieces are reported to demonstrate the soundness and the robustness of our approach.
Comparative in vitro activity of the new erythromycin derivative dirithromycin against gram-positive bacteria isolated from cancer patients

The in vitro activity of dirithromycin (LY-237216), a new macrolide erythromycin derivative, was compared to that of four other agents (clarithromycin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin) against 334 gram-positive isolates obtained from cancer patients. Dirithromycin was similar in potency and antimicrobial spectrum to the other agents tested. It was very active against beta-haemolytic streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and moderately active against penicillin and methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Corynebacterium jeikeium. Erythromycin resistant organisms were also resistant to dirithromycin.
A Domestic Violence Shelter Parent Training Program for Mothers with Young Children

Eight mother-child dyads living at an urban domestic violence extended stay shelter participated in a parent training program modeled on the Child Directed Interaction (CDI) component of Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). The goal of this study is to report mother’s capacity to learn and practice the parenting skills taught in the model while living in the shelter environment. Labeled praises, behavioral descriptions, and reflections were coded as positive comments and criticisms, commands and questions were coded as negative comments during the first 5 min of each session. Positive comments increased from a median of five positive comments during the first session to 30 positive comments at their last session for a median increase of 17.5 positive comments between the first and last sessions. A significant decrease in the use of negative comments was also observed. Mothers demonstrated an increased capacity for using positive comments and an ability to omit negative comments during individual coaching sessions with their children. Further research on the acceptability, practicality, and efficacy of parent training programs in extended stay domestic violence shelters for mothers with young children is warranted.
Modeling kinetics of 2,4-D degradation by two new Pseudomonas isolates

Abstract Degradation of 2,4-D was studied using two new Pseudomonas isolates capable of utilizing it as their sole source of carbon and energy. The experimental
Torque curves in ψFe2O3 tape - A new reptation effect?

Abstract Torque curves in ψFe2O3 tape with a field rotating through many revolutions were studied. A contribution dependent on the number of revolutions, reminiscent of Neel's reptation effect was observed.
Country boy to scientist.

This account is focused upon the early part of my career in order to illuminate the logistics and the culture of our science in the period 1936 to 1949. A roundabout path took me from a farm in Pennsylvania to a PhD under George Burr at Minnesota in 1939. In studying the photosynthetic competence of chlorophyll formed by the green alga Chlorella in darkness, I stumbled upon the phenomenon of photoinhibition. In a two-year postdoctorate at the Smithsonian Institution, I worked under E.D. McAlister. Our major accomplishment was in making simultaneous recordings of fluorescence and CO2 uptake during the induction period. Variations in photosynthetic behavior of Chlorella led to a study of culture conditions and a recognition of the changing conditions which occur in batch cultures. A continuous culture apparatus (turbidostat) was developed as a means of attaining steady-state growth and production of uniform experimental material. I exploited the device in work at my first (and only) position at The University of Texas in 1941 and subsequent years. Study of the CO2/O2 gas exchange ratio led to the recognition of the important role of nitrate in the photosynthetic metabolism of algae. The account ends with the 1949 American Association for the Advancement of Science symposium.
The Sartre–Camus Quarrel and the Fall of the French Intellectual

Over the past thirty years, the disappearance, if not the death, of the intellectual in France has been the focus of significant conversation and debate. Yet a good bit earlier, two writers who epitomized that very figure of the intellectual, Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, in works written after their bitter break, seemed to have already sensed this decline. The present essay explores what Camus's novel La Chute [The fall] and Sartre's autobiography Les Mots [The words] share thematically and, in particular, how both works anticipate the fall of the French intellectual.
Women and Higher Education in Russia: Preparation for Careers in the Apparel Industry

This qualitative study explored the motivations, goals, and experiences of 25 female apparel majors enrolled at two large Russian universities. Data were collected via in-depth interviews and a demographic questionnaire, and interpreted thematically to explore commonalities and differences across student narratives. Substantial reforms resulting from profound socioeconomic and political changes have affected both higher education and industry in Russia. Based on the analysis of student narratives, three topical areas are used to structure the thematic interpretation and to address key issues stemming from the students' perceptions regarding the relationship between Russian apparel programs and the country's apparel industry. The results establish the significance of apparel programs for facilitating Russian women's career aspirations and have implications for understanding the educational and employment goals of women from an international perspective. Further research is needed to understand the roles th...
The decay of a false vacuum and the density of states in a random, repulsive potential

Abstract The replica method is applied to a disordered system built out of ramdomly distributed, purely repulsive scattering centers. The emerging field theoretical model has a classical solution, a bounce, which gives both the leading form of the level density and the typical ground-state wave function.
Simulation of surface ozone pollution in the Central Gulf Coast region during summer synoptic condition using WRF/Chem air quality model

Abstract WRF/Chem, a fully coupled meteorology–chemistry model, was used for the simulation of surface ozone pollution over the Central Gulf Coast region in Southeast United States of America (USA). Two ozone episodes during June 8–11, 2006 and July 18–22, 2006 characterized with hourly mixing ratios of 60–100 ppbv, were selected for the study. Suite of sensitivity experiments were conducted with three different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes and three land surface models (LSM). The results indicate that Yonsei–University (YSU) PBL scheme in combination with NOAH and SOIL LSMs produce better simulations of both the meteorological and chemical species than others. YSU PBL scheme in combination with NOAH LSM had slightly better simulation than with SOIL scheme. Spatial comparison with observations showed that YSUNOAH experiment well simulated the diurnal mean ozone mixing ratio, timing of diurnal cycle as well as range in ozone mixing ratio at most monitoring stations with an overall correlation of 0.726, bias of –1.55 ppbv, mean absolute error of 8.11 ppbv and root mean square error of 14.5 ppbv; and with an underestimation of 7 ppbv in the daytime peak ozone and about 8% in the daily average ozone. Model produced 1–hr, and 8–hr average ozone values were well correlated with corresponding observed means. The minor underestimation of daytime ozone is attributed to the slight underestimation of air temperature which tend to slow–down the ozone production and overestimation of wind speeds which transport the produced ozone at a faster rate. Simulated mean horizontal and vertical flow patterns suggest the role of the horizontal transport and the PBL diffusion in the development of high ozone during the episode. Overall, the model is found to perform reasonably well to simulate the ozone and other precursor pollutants with good correlations and low error metrics. Thus the study demonstrates the potential of WRF/Chem model for air quality prediction in coastal environments.
Magnetorheological Elastomers With Increased Structural Integrity for Multifunction Applications

Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs) are composite materials formed of a soft elastomer matrix and a magnetic-powder filler. The interaction of the matrix and filler in a magnetic field causes the effective elastic modulus of the MRE to be controllable by an external field. In previous studies the applications of MREs have been severely limited by their lack of structural integrity, forcing them to be applied only as soft pads or as the filler in sandwich beams. This study represents initial steps towards improving the structural integrity of MREs while retaining some level of modulus variability. Specimens are made from Sylgard 184 Silicone with a variety of cure temperatures and filler volume percentages. Longitudinal swept-sine vibration tests are performed to measure the dependence of elastic modulus on applied fields of up to 40 kA/m. It is found that the softer specimen (ie: the lowest cure temperature) with 27% percent filler exhibits the largest percent change in effective modulus of almost 40%. The zero-field modulus for this specimen is 5.7 MPa giving it the structural integrity needed for multifunction applications in which the material is both active and load bearing. Many novel applications exist including active modulus control of sound radiating plates, novel design of vibration isolation tables, and more.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Atmospheric mesoscale modeling of water and clouds during northern summer on Mars

Abstract For a key season in the annual water cycle ( L s ∼ 120°) a mesoscale model is used to study atmospheric water vapor and water ice clouds in the northern polar region of Mars. Model results at high-resolution (15 km) allow the examination of various mesoscale aspects of the circulation in this complex (topography, albedo and thermal inertia) region. A simple cloud scheme is used, where only the mean cloud particle size is carried, and nucleation is not explicitly treated. For this study, new high-resolution maps of albedo and thermal inertia were developed (poleward of 60°N), and model ground temperatures are in good agreement with observations at high resolution, typically within ∼5 K of TES (for ice and non-ice locations at AM and PM times of day). Diurnal mean sublimation rates are greatest along the edges of the polar dome and the largest outliers (∼25–50 μm/sol). This is a consequence of widespread stability (atmospheric inversion) over the cold interiors of the largest ice surfaces, as well as strong ventilating winds that are modeled around the polar dome with sufficient spatial resolution. The structure of high latitude atmospheric water vapor is complex, especially so near Phoenix. Dynamically, two factors are responsible: (1) the transient circulations that form in the baroclinic zone around the polar dome and (2) a “storm zone” that forms on the poleward slopes of Alba Patera where there is additional transient activity that has a sizeable effect on the Phoenix region. This “storm zone” forms because of a rapidly evolving aspect of the regional circulation, and it plays a key role in the seasonally recurring annular cloud (that is simulated in this study). Also simulated are observations made during the Phoenix mission that seem to be dynamically related to the appearance of the annular cloud. Together this may signify a seasonal transition in the region. To simulate realistic clouds over the polar region (compared with opacity observations and imagery), a sufficiently realistic circulation appears to be important, and relatively high spatial resolution is needed for this. If a low-resolution run (135 km, no nests) is compared to a high-resolution run (two levels of nesting to 15 km in the polar region), we find that the high-resolution case produces ten times less cloud ice over the most polar latitudes. The activation of the first nest (45 km) produces a sufficiently realistic circulation, such that excess vapor and cloud ice are readily ventilated equatorward from polar latitudes. A more sophisticated cloud scheme might serve to reduce the sensitivity seen in this study. However, sufficient spatial resolution is what causes the circulation to become realistic, and in this regard microphysics is not involved.
Comparison of kaolinite and bentonite influence on substrate concentration effect.

Summary Increasing concentrations of glucose (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 per cent) were added to previously with standard doses of clays (bentonite or kaolinite), with mineral nutrient solution, and with soil infusion amended sand. The CO 2 evolution was measured. Both the clays decreased the glucose mineralization on all substrate levels. Kaolinite was more effective than bentonite. Bentonite increased the oxidation in the initial phases of metabolism, kaolinite depressed it. With increasing doses of glucose, the secondary peaks appeared more and more frequently. Bentonite addition removed these secondary peaks completely. The smoothening of the respiration curves, due to the kaolinite amendment, was less effective than that caused by bentonite. The different adsorption of primary substrate (glucose) and of its metabolites by bentonite and by kaolinite was suggested as an explanation for these items.
Nicotinic ACh receptors as therapeutic targets in CNS disorders

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) can regulate neuronal excitability by acting on the cys-loop cation-conducting ligand-gated nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) channels. These receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), being expressed on neurons and non-neuronal cells, where they participate in a variety of physiological responses such as anxiety, the central processing of pain, food intake, nicotine seeking behavior, and cognitive functions. In the mammalian brain, nine different subunits have been found thus far, which assemble into pentameric complexes with much subunit diversity; however, the α7 and α4β2 subtypes predominate in the CNS. Neuronal nAChR dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Here we will briefly discuss the functional makeup and expression of the nAChRs in mammalian brain, and their role as targets in neurodegenerative diseases (in particular Alzheimer's disease, AD), neurodevelopmental disorders (in particular autism and schizophrenia), and neuropathic pain.
553 Temporal Leukocyte Profiles and Granulocyte Activation in LVAD Recipients

male. Length of stay and survival to discharge were similar. Longer term survival favored Tx patients. Of all 98 patients listed for Tx during the study period, 32/98 (33%) required an LVAD for bridging to decision or transplant and overall 59/98 (60%) were transplanted of which 11/59 (19%) were on device at the time of transplant. Pre-LVAD mortality was 0/102 vs. pre-Tx mortality 15/98 (15%), p .05. Post-operatively 9/28 (32%) HMII deaths were related to mechanical support whereas all 6/6 deaths in the Tx group were immunosuppression related.
The Economics of Eradicating Helicobacter pylori Infection in Duodenal Ulcer Disease

Approximately 5 million people in the United States suffer from peptic ulcer disease, making this an important clinical problem. In addition to the huge costs associated with treatment, peptic ulcer disease also results in losses to industry as a result of loss of productivity. Infection with Helicobacter pylori is now accepted as the cause of duodenal ulcer in the majority of patients. Eradication of this infection leads to healing of the ulcer and prevents disease recurrence. A number of treatment regimens have been described for the eradication of H. pylori, but there is uncertainty regarding the optimum regimen to be used. Economic analyses allow an assessment of the probable costs associated with existing and new treatment strategies. In an era of increasing cost awareness, the results of such analyses are becoming increasingly important determinants of management strategies for the treatment of H. pylori infection.
Nursing research centers: a survey of their prevalence, functions and school characteristics

Abstract A survey of all 124 NLN accredited schools of nursing with graduate programs in 1984 identified 50 nursing research centers. Their functions focused on research support, unlike most university research centers that focus on performing externally financed research. Secondary analysis of characteristics associated with research support and research productivity was done comparing schools with and without nursing research centers. Schools with research centers were significantly more likely to be large, have a history of an early commitment to research development, grant more graduate degrees, have more doctorally prepared faculty, and be more research productive than schools without. Nursing research centers seem to contribute to research productivity within the profession.
Serum selenium and risk of prostate cancer in U.S. blacks and whites.

Prostate cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men worldwide and the most common cancer in men in the United States, with reported incidence rates for U.S. blacks being the highest in the world. The etiology of prostate cancer and an explanation for the racial disparity in incidence in the United States remain elusive. Epidemiologic studies suggest that selenium, an essential trace element, may protect against the disease. To further explore this hypothesis, we measured serum selenium in 212 cases and 233 controls participating in a multicenter, population-based case-control study that included comparable numbers of U.S. black and white men aged 40-79 years. Serum selenium was inversely associated with risk of prostate cancer (comparing highest to lowest quartiles, OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.39-1.28; p for trend = 0.11), with similar patterns seen in both blacks and whites. Cubic regression spline analysis of continuous serum selenium indicated a reduced risk of prostate cancer above concentrations of 0.135 microg/ml (median among controls) compared to a reference value set at the median of the lowest selenium quartile. Because both the selenoenzyme GPX and vitamin E can function as antioxidants, we also explored their joint effect. Consistent with other studies, the inverse association with selenium was strongest among men with low serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations. In conclusion, our results suggest a moderately reduced risk of prostate cancer at higher serum selenium concentrations, a finding that can now be extended to include U.S. blacks. Since selenium exposure varies widely throughout the world, further research on optimal concentrations for cancer prevention is justified.
Particle separation by dielectrophoresis

The application of dielectrophoresis to particle discrimination, separation, and fractionation is reviewed, some advantages and disadvantages of currently available approaches are considered, and some caveats are noted.
Implications of positive and negative sociometric status for assessing the social competence of young children

Positive and negative sociometric status were examined with reference to observed classroom behavior and performance on two laboratory measures of social skills: decoding emotion from facial expression and referential communication. Based on a sample of 38 preschool children, results indicated different patterns of correlations for liked (positive nomination) and disliked (negative nomination) scores. High-liked children were observed to spend more time in positive interaction with peers and less time in solitary play or alone with an adult. High-disliked children scored less well on both laboratory measures. Using median splits on the liked and disliked dimensions, results indicated that children who were rated by their peers as Low-Liked/High-Disliked were the most deviant with respect to both classroom behaviors and task scores. The importance of obtaining both positive and negative nominations in investigations of social competence is stressed. Implications of the results for the identification of preschool children with social problems and the planning of intervention strategies for these children are discussed.
Choice, Expectations and Measurability

I. Introduction, 503. — II. Basic postulates of choice, 505. — III. Wants vs. utility, 510. — IV. Structure of wants, 513. — V. Wants and choice, 518. — VI. Indifference and substitutability, 521. — VII. Choice and psychological threshold, 523. — VIII. Choice and risk, 524. — IX. Choice and uncertainty, 527. — X. Concluding remarks, 531.
Radiation mode coupling between active and passive chips based on a self-formed compact polymer interconnect for single-mode chip-to-chip optoelectronic integration

Based on radiation mode coupling through a self-formed polymer waveguide extension, efficient single-mode optical coupling can be achieved between active and passive chips while relaxing the stringent positioning requirements. A 20dB improvement can be achieved according to simulation results. Single-mode waveguides have been successfully demonstrated using GE photo-definable polymer materials.
Evolving Global Structures and the Challenges Facing International Relief and Development Organizations

Most current executives of the largest international relief and development organizations (NGOs) expect their organizations to move toward more global governance structures that incorporate fully vested partners from the north and south. This article seeks to pre- sent the potential opportunities and challenges of transition to a global governance structure. As NGOs have adapted their governance structures to the pressures of globalization, two variations of the international federation structure have emerged: the donor-member-dominated federation and the global bumblebee federation. The governance histories of World Vision International and Habitat for Humanity International reveal how these two structures may evolve. NGOs considering transition to a global governance structure can expect to deal with management issues such as role conflicts, staff skills, and maintenance costs. Global structures provide the framework within which NGOs can engage multiple stakeholders, but global structures must be accom...
Role of β-endorphin in the control of body temperature in the rabbit

Abstract There is evidence of release of the opioid peptide β-endorphin (β-E) in the hypothalamus during development of fever and stress-induced hyperthermia. In the unanesthetized rabbit, microinjection of β-E in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus (POAH) results in peripheral vasoconstriction, inhibition of evaporative heat loss, and a prolonged elevation of body temperature. These reactions are magnified with increases in ambient temperature. Injections of β-E nearly abolish vasodilation to back heating and also postural enhancement of heat dissipation (sprawling, limb extension) in a hot environment. β-E has also been found to reduce the thermal sensitivity of single POAH neurons to ambient heating. However, POAH β-E injections do not alter metabolic rate at ambient temperatures from 2 to 27°C, and to this extent β-E-induced hyperthermia is distinct from fever. It is suggested that β-E reduces sensitivity of POAH neurons to high ambient temperature and that this reduction leads to increased peripheral vasoconstriction, inhibition of evaporative heat loss, and modification of behavioral thermoregulation resulting in a regulated-type elevation in body temperature. A general neural model is proposed to explain the thermoregulatory effects of β-E in the rabbit.
Hydrocarbon emissions from spruce species using environmental chamber and branch enclosure methods

Abstract Isoprene emission rates from Engelmann ( Picea engelmannii ), red ( Picea rubens ), and black ( Picea mariana ) spruce were measured from groups of seedlings in a controlled environmental chamber. Standard isoprene emission rate factors, obtained from measurements over an array of light and temperature conditions, ranged from 1 to 16 μgCg −1 h −1 at 30°C and 1000 μmolm −2 s −1 photosynthetically active radiation. Emission measurements were also collected using a dynamic enclosure technique from branches of a mature white spruce ( Picea glauca ) through a complete growing season. These data indicate that isoprene emissions, normalized to standard conditions, are moderate in spring and fall (∼ 7 μgC g −1 h −1 at 30°C, 1000 μmol m −2 s −1 ) with a maximum in mid-summer (∼ 12 μgCg −1 h −1 at 30°C, 1000 μmolm −2 s −1 ) Isoprene from white spruce represented more than 90% of the total identified hydrocarbons. Branch enclosure measurements from limited survey samples for blue spruce ( Picea pungens ) yielded a standard emission rate of 12 μgC g −1 h −1 while samples for Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) indicated very little isoprene emitted ( −1 h −1 ). The wide range of isoprene emissions from these different spruce species suggest that improvements in hydrocarbon emission inventories may require detailed species distribution data. On a regional basis, this may be especially true in Europe where 22% of isoprene emissions are estimated to be from spruce and in boreal regions where spruce is a dominant part of the ecosystem.
All-Digital PLL With Ultra Fast Settling

A fully digital frequency synthesizer for RF wireless applications has recently been proposed. At its foundation lies a digitally controlled oscillator with sufficiently fine frequency resolution to avoid analog tuning. The conventional phase/frequency detector, charge pump and RC loop filter are replaced by a time-to-digital converter and a simple digital loop filter. When implemented in highly scaled digital CMOS processes, the proposed architecture is more advantageous over conventional charge-pump-based phase-locked loops (PLLs) since it exploits signal processing capabilities of digital circuits and avoids relying on the fine voltage resolution of analog circuits. In this brief, we present novel techniques used in the all-digital PLL to achieve an ultra-fast frequency acquisition of <50 mus while maintaining excellent phase noise and spurious performance during transmission and reception. This approach has been validated and incorporated in commercial single-chip Bluetooth and Global System for Mobile Communications radios realized in deep-submicrometer CMOS
A head above the rest: Height and adolescent psychological well-being

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the effect of adolescent height on mental health as measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scores and Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) scores. We find evidence that height is associated with fewer symptoms of depression among females 17-19 years of age, and among males 12-19 years of age. The negative relationship between height and depression among males persists after controlling for body mass index (BMI), differences in pubertal timing, and individual fixed effects, but does not explain the effect of height on educational attainment. We conclude that there is a small psychological benefit for males to being taller as an adolescent.
A Two-Element L-Band Quasi-Yagi Antenna Array With Omnidirectional Coverage

The design of a two-element quasi-Yagi antenna array with omnidirectional coverage is presented. The prototype array has a 50% bandwidth (|S11| les -10 dB) of 1.2-2.0 GHz. E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns of the single antenna element are shown at 1.3 and 1.7 GHz. The prototype two-element array exhibits an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the H-plane, with a maximum gain of 4.5 dBi at 1.3 GHz with ripples of less than 2.6 dB and 2.6 dBi at 1.7 GHz with ripples of less than 1.5 dB. The antenna has potential use in broadband mobile applications.
Neural Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone Are a Source of Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes, but Not Microglia

The developmental origin of microglia remains a controversial subject. While it is generally accepted that primitive fetal macrophages that migrate from the yolk sac to the brain become microglia, it also has been argued that there is a second source of microglia that are of neuroectodermal lineage. To determine whether progenitors in the dorsolateral subventricular zone (SVZDL) are capable of producing microglia as well as macroglia, we infected perinatal rat SVZDL cells with a mixture of two replication-deficient retroviruses, placed these progenitors in vitro and then varied the media formulations to promote microglial differentiation. Mixed macroglial clones were obtained, but no heterogeneous clones containing microglia were observed, regardless of the media components. Among the macroglial clones, we observed every possible combination of type 1 astrocyte and O-2A lineage cells. Some clones were homogeneous and contained cells belonging to a single macroglial lineage. Other clonal clusters were heterogeneous and were comprised of type 1 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, type 1 and type 2 astrocytes, or type 2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Of 130 clones examined, where we used triple immunofluorescence with antibodies that recognize microglia, 2 clonal clusters contained OX-42+ microglia that were retrovirally labeled, but all of the cells in those clones expressed the microglial marker and none expressed either GFAP or O4. In addition, we isolated neural stem cells from the perinatal SVZDL and assessed their capacity to generate macroglia and microglia. Confirming and extending our previous analyses, neural stem cells generated homogeneous and heterogeneous macroglial clones, but they did not generate microglia. We conclude that brain macroglia and microglia do not share a common precursor, even though the neural stem cells in the SVZDL cells can produce neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Therefore, the microglia that reside in the SVZDL are immigrants from nonneural precursors.
Long-term Evaluation of a Psychiatry Clerkship

For over 14 years, students completing a psychiatry clerkship were asked to rate their educational experience. Comparisons were made across clinical assignment, length of rotation (6 vs. 8 weeks), and teaching modes. Consultation and acute services were rated higher than open adult or child/adolescent services. General units were rated higher than specialty units. Ratings were higher for 8-week rotations, and case conferences were preferred to lecture formats. Ratings were not significantly correlated with National Board of Medical Examiners examination scores, which were higher during years with 8-week rotations and case conferences. There was a tendency for students on the consultation and acute services to enter psychiatry residencies at a higher rate.
Granular cell tumor of the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct: No invasive behavior with incomplete resection

Abstract Objective Granular cell tumors are rare tumors of the periorbital region, and we present the second such case in the lacrimal sac. The natural history and clinical behavior of these tumors is reviewed. Design Case report. Methods The clinical presentation, workup, surgical approach, and pathology of a case of granular cell tumor of the lacrimal sac are presented. Results There has been no recurrence of the lacrimal sac tumor with incomplete resection. Conclusions This case history further adds to the understanding of the biologic behavior of granular cell tumors in the periorbital region.
Personal space preferences of hospitalized adults.

The questions addressed in this study were whether hospitalized adults' personal space preferences (PSP) differed between the hospital and home setting and whether these patients assigned different PSP to a nurse, doctor, family member, or stranger. The effects of age and sex of the subjects were also examined. Sixty subjects (30 men and 30 women) meeting selected criteria participated. The figure-placement technique (Little, 1965; Guardo, 1976) was used to measure PSP. Data were analyzed using a four-factor ANOVA (age X sex X role X setting) with repeated measures on the last two factors. Main effects were found fer setting, F(1,54) = 11.54, p less than .001, and role, F(3,162) = 112.95, p less than .0001; no other variables approached statistical significance. The major findings indicated that preferred distances in the hospital were smaller than in the home and that in both settings the family member was placed closest to the "self" silhousette followed by a doctor, nurse, and stranger, respectively.
Production and service of tarred dolomite — Magnesite refractories at the Enakiev Metallurgical Factory

The tarred dolomite department of EMZ has mastered a technology for producing tarred dolomite—magnesite refractories, the main parameters of which were the use of dolomite with a maximum grain size of 8 mm, the use of crushed dolomite, and the use of prepared coal tar with a coking number of 40–42.
Carboxylation of polypropylene by reactive extrusion with functionalised peroxides

Abstract Variable quantities of functionalised peroxides bearing carboxylic acid groups were reacted with polypropylene in a twin-screw extruder. Systematic variations in the molecular structure of the peroxides were found to significantly affect the grafting efficiency of the carboxylic acid group onto the polypropylene backbone, as well as affect the polymer degradation process. This behaviour was attributed to the relative reactivities of the different free radicals generated by thermal decomposition of the peroxides. The peroxides which yielded reactive methyl radicals were more efficient at producing polymeric radicals, relative to the peroxides which generated less reactive ethyl radicals. Increased grafting efficiency and PP degradation was attributed to this increase in the quantity of polymeric radicals. In addition, the peroxides which yielded radicals bearing double bonds were found to have a higher grafting efficiency. This behaviour was attributed to an increased reactivity of the alkenyl radicals, relative to the alkyl radicals, and to the potential for the polymeric radicals to add across the double bond to create the graft.
Nightly aeration to increase production of channel catfish.

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were stocked in 0.02- and 0.04-hectare ponds at 20,385 fish per hectare and fed daily. Fish averaged 11 cm total length and 6.2 g at stocking. Six ponds received nightly aeration (2 to 6 hours) and six ponds received no aeration. A maximum feeding rate of 90 kg/hectare was reached in October. In aerated ponds, no dissolved oxygen (DO) problems occurred, and survival was 92%. Fish mortalities resulted from DO depletion in all unaerated ponds, and survival was 40%. Nitrite-nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in the aerated ponds, though never at levels reported as lethal to channel catfish. Concentrations of un-ionized ammonia were high enough in both aerated and unaerated ponds to have adversely affected growth. Aerated ponds yielded an average of 5,307 kg/hectare of channel catfish and had a net economic gain of $1,500 per hectare. The unaerated ponds yielded an average of 1,400 kg/hectare and were an obvious economic failure. Direct extrapolati...
Serum creatine kinase isoenzyme measurements in master male and female marathon runners

This study investigated exercise‐induced muscle enzyme release in master runners by assessing the activity of total serum creatine kinase (total CK) and the concentration of the isoenzyme creatine kinase MB (CK‐MB). Subjects were 12 male (54 ± 9 years) and seven female (50 ± 6 years) master marathon runners. Premarathon (24 hours before) and postmarathon serum samples were collected (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after the race). Total CK was measured enzymatically and CK‐MB concentration was assayed utilizing a double antibody procedure. The men's and women's 24 hour (1012 U/L, 782 U/L) and 48 hour (581 U/L, 441 U/L) postrace mean total CK activities were significantly (p≤0.05) elevated above prerace values (66 U/L, 119 U/L). CK‐MB concentration 24 hours postrace was also significantly (≤0.05) elevated from prerace values (0.27 ng/ml, 0.0 ng/ml) in both males (34.4 ng/ml) and females (16.7 ng/ml). The results of this study indicate that the pattern of exercise‐induced muscle enzyme release from the stress of ...
Architectural Support for Dynamic Linking

All software in use today relies on libraries, including standard libraries (e.g., C, C++) and application-specific libraries (e.g., libxml, libpng). Most libraries are loaded in memory and dynamically linked when programs are launched, resolving symbol addresses across the applications and libraries. Dynamic linking has many benefits: It allows code to be reused between applications, conserves memory (because only one copy of a library is kept in memory for all the applications that share it), and allows libraries to be patched and updated without modifying programs, among numerous other benefits. However, these benefits come at the cost of performance. For every call made to a function in a dynamically linked library, a trampoline is used to read the function address from a lookup table and branch to the function, incurring memory load and branch operations. Static linking avoids this performance penalty, but loses all the benefits of dynamic linking. Given its myriad benefits, dynamic linking is the predominant choice today, despite the performance cost. In this work, we propose a speculative hardware mechanism to optimize dynamic linking by avoiding executing the trampolines for library function calls, providing the benefits of dynamic linking with the performance of static linking. Speculatively skipping the memory load and branch operations of the library call trampolines improves performance by reducing the number of executed instructions and gains additional performance by reducing pressure on the instruction and data caches, TLBs, and branch predictors. Because the indirect targets of library call trampolines do not change during program execution, our speculative mechanism never misspeculates in practice. We evaluate our technique on real hardware with production software and observe up to 4% speedup using only 1.5KB of on-chip storage.
Effect of 5-thio-D-glucose on hexose transport and metabolism in the mouse small intestine.

Thio-~-glucose (5TG) elicits a timedependent effect on net glucose transport and metabolism in the mouse small intestine. When incubation periods were less than 45 min, 5TG inhibited net glucose transport. As incubation periods were lengthened to 60 min or greater, net glucose transport was potentiated by 5TG, with a concomitant inhibition of lactate production from exogenous Dglucose. Furthermore, glucose inhibited 5TG transport at every time point studied. Initial velocity profiles done with 5TG and ~glucose, respectively, resulted in a KT of 6.3 mM and a T,, of 18.5 pmole/g/30 min for 5TG; while for glucose the KT was 1 1.7 mM and the T,, was 43.4 pmole/g/30 min. Competitive inhibition between 5TG and D- glucose was demonstrated. The apparent K,'s for 5TG and glucose were 3.0 mM and 9.3 mM, respectively. These findings indicated that 5TG has a lower affinity for the hexose-transport camer than Dglucose. 5TG was also found to inhibit 3-O-methyl-~glucose (3MG) and D galactose transport in a dose-dependent manner. Basal levels of lactate production were not affected by 5TG nor did 5TG affect lactate levels in the presence of 3MG. These results suggest that 5TG decreases intestinal utilization of glucose via glycolysis to partially account for the observed increase in net transmural transport of ~glucose.
Digital vasodilatation during mental stress in patients with Raynaud's disease

Fingertip blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography before and during a stressful mental task consisting of rapid serial arithmetic calculations in a 25°C room. Significant rises in heart rate and blood pressure indicated that stress was actually induced in all individuals. During mental stress in normal subjects, blood flow decreased (46.4±6.2 to 22.4±4.9 ml·min−1 per 100 ml tissue; P 0.10). The digital vasodilatation which occurs during mental stress in patients with Raynaud's disease was not altered by pretreatment with oral indomethacin, with intra-arterial propranolol or atropine, or by digital nerve block. These findings suggest the existence of an active digital vasodilatory mechanism in patients with Raynaud's disease.
Inferring the nature of semantic processes by varying priming procedure: a reply to Koivisto and Laine.

Koivisto and Laine (2000, this issue, henceforth KL) describe two semantic priming experiments in support of a new theory of semantic processing across the cerebral hemispheres. According to the model, automatic meaning activation spreads only within the left hemisphere (LH), and the LH is needed to activate word meanings within the right hemisphere (RH). Next, a LH expectancy process focuses attention on relevant meanings and suppresses irrelevant meanings; as no such process is available to the RH, close and distant meanings remain activated there. If LH processing does not produce a coherent interpretation, then the RH integrates distant or unexpected meanings into the context. This is a provocative account, deserving careful scrutiny. KL report priming data using weakly related category members to support two premises of this theory: (1) when semantic priming occurs within the LVF/RH, this is attributable to postlexical semantic integration, and (2) when priming can be attributed to automatic meaning ...
Roles of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and of the amygdala in N/OFQ-mediated anxiety and HPA axis activation.

Abstract Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an opioid-related neuropeptide that is widely distributed in limbic regions of the brain. After intracerebroventricular (icv) injections in rodents, N/OFQ produces elevations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity, and has been reported to produce both anxiogenic and anxiolytic actions. We examined the neuroanatomical basis of these effects with injections of N/OFQ (0.01–1.0 nmol) into the lateral ventricle, the amygdala, and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in independent groups of well-handled rats under low stress conditions. Anxiety-related behaviors were evaluated in a neophobic test of anxiety. The latency to enter, total time spent in, and number of entries into an unfamiliar open field and its central zone were measured. After the open field testing, plasma samples were obtained for analysis of HPA axis activity. The N/OFQ-treated rats displayed more anxiety-related behaviors than vehicle-treated rats did with all three of the injection types. However, these effects were greater and more consistent after the icv injections (0.01–1.0 nmol) than they were after the amygdala (0.10–1.0 nmol) or BNST (1.0 nmol) injections. The icv and BNST injections also produced elevations in circulating corticosterone, indicating that the HPA axis was activated in these rats. Intra-amygdaloid injections did not affect corticosterone levels during the open field testing. These results indicate that the amygdala and BNST participate in the anxiogenic behavioral effects of N/OFQ. However, since the most potent effects were seen after icv N/OFQ injections, the anxiogenic and HPA axis-activating effects of N/OFQ appear to occur through additive actions in multiple limbic (and perhaps cortical and brainstem) sites.
Adjusting the 1990 census.

The author outlines the process by which the U.S. Census Bureau counts the countrys population. He reviews two current techniques for evaluating or adjusting census results the use of administrative records to make alternative population estimates and capture-recapture methods using data from an independent sample survey. The author concludes that the census is remarkably accurate that there is little hard evidence that current adjustment methodologies would improve the accuracy of the census results and that "the present state of the art probably cannot support adjustment of the 1990 census."
Genetic control of mammalian T-cell proliferation with synthetic RNA regulatory systems

RNA molecules perform diverse regulatory functions in natural biological systems, and numerous synthetic RNA-based control devices that integrate sensing and gene-regulatory functions have been demonstrated, predominantly in bacteria and yeast. Despite potential advantages of RNA-based genetic control strategies in clinical applications, there has been limited success in extending engineered RNA devices to mammalian gene-expression control and no example of their application to functional response regulation in mammalian systems. Here we describe a synthetic RNA-based regulatory system and its application in advancing cellular therapies by linking rationally designed, drug-responsive, ribozyme-based regulatory devices to growth cytokine targets to control mouse and primary human T-cell proliferation. We further demonstrate the ability of our synthetic controllers to effectively modulate T-cell growth rate in response to drug input in vivo. Our RNA-based regulatory system exhibits unique properties critical for translation to therapeutic applications, including adaptability to diverse ligand inputs and regulatory targets, tunable regulatory stringency, and rapid response to input availability. By providing tight gene-expression control with customizable ligand inputs, RNA-based regulatory systems can greatly improve cellular therapies and advance broad applications in health and medicine.