cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of aluminium toxicity with supplemental boron. II. Stimulation of root growth in an acidic, high‐aluminium subsoil

Root growth inhibition is an early symptom of Al toxicity and B deficiency. Our hypothesis is that Al toxicity may induce B deficiency, and it was our objective to determine if incorporation of supplemental B would promote root penetration into an acidic, high-Al subsoil. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Hy-Phy) was grown in slanted tubes with a Plexiglas window along their length. The top half of the tube contained silt loam soil and the bottom half contained subsoil from the Bt1 horizon (26% Al saturation) of a Creldon silty clay loam. Both soils originally contained 0.9 kg B ha -1 . When root growth was measured in the bottom half of the high-Al subsoil, all measurements - depth of rooting, total root growth, final root lengths and root dry weight - demonstrated greater root growth in treatments where additional B was incorporated into the high-Al subsoil. Results from this soil study extend those obtained in our hydroponic study in which supplemental B prevented Al inhibition of root growth. Boron concentrations may need to be increased under acidic 'high-Al' soil conditions to promote root penetration into these soil zones, and this could be especially important during periods of drought stress.
Mental motor imagery and the body schema: evidence for proprioceptive dominance

Previous studies have demonstrated that both visual and proprioceptive feedback influence motor control. The relative contributions of these sensory modalities to the on-line computation of body position—that is, the body schema—remain unclear. We report a study designed to explore the roles of vision and proprioception in motor planning. The task required subjects to judge if a pictured stimulus was a right or left hand; stimuli included pictures of a right or left hand in a palm up or palm down position and in six different angular rotations (0 ◦ ,6 0 ◦ , 120 ◦ , 180 ◦ , 240 ◦ , 300 ◦ ). Each subject was tested with his/her right hand palm down and palm up. There were three conditions: a “control” condition (real hand in view), a “fake hand” condition (fake hand in view, real hand out of view), and a “proprioception” condition (no fake hand, real hand out of view). We found that proprioceptive input (that is, the subject’s “felt position”) had a significant influence on mental rotation whereas the visually perceived posture of the hand did not. We suggest that, at least under some circumstances, proprioceptive inflow may represent the dominant sensory input to the on-line representation of the body in space. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Improved preservation of ultrastructure in difficult-to-fix organisms by high pressure freezing and freeze substitution: I. Drosophila melanogaster and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos.

In this study, we have applied the techniques of high pressure freezing and freeze substitution to embryonic cell types which are usually difficult to fix properly for electron microscopy. In both Drosophila and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, we see improved preservation of both membrane systems and cytoskeleton when compared to published results on the same cells using conventional electron microscope (EM) fixation methods. Finally, we have seen that postembedding labelling of sections is possible even after light osmium fixation during freeze substitution. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Getting More from Less Algorithms for Rapid Protein Identification with Multiple Short Peptide Sequences

We describe two novel sequence similarity search algorithms, FASTS and FASTF, that use multiple short peptide sequences to identify homologous sequences in protein or DNA databases. FASTS searches with peptide sequences of unknown order, as obtained by mass spectrometry-based sequencing, evaluating all possible arrangements of the peptides. FASTF searches with mixed peptide sequences, as generated by Edman sequencing of unseparated mixtures of peptides. FASTF deconvolutes the mixture, using a greedy heuristic that allows rapid identification of high scoring alignments while reducing the total number of explored alternatives. Both algorithms use the heuristic FASTA comparison strategy to accelerate the search but use alignment probability, rather than similarity score, as the criterion for alignment optimality. Statistical estimates are calculated using an empirical correction to a theoretical probability. These calculated estimates were accurate within a factor of 10 for FASTS and 1000 for FASTF on our test dataset. FASTS requires only 15-20 total residues in three or four peptides to robustly identify homologues sharing 50% or greater protein sequence identity. FASTF requires about 25% more sequence data than FASTS for equivalent sensitivity, but additional sequence data are usually available from mixed Edman experiments. Thus, both algorithms can identify homologues that diverged 100 to 500 million years ago, allowing proteomic identification from organisms whose genomes have not been sequenced.
High-Energy Fragmentation in Nanophotonic Ion Production by Laser-Induced Silicon Microcolumn Arrays †

Laser-induced silicon microcolumn arrays (LISMA) exhibit nanophotonic ion production in laser desorption ionization experiments (Walker et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1669) for small-to-m...
“It Helps You Not Feel So Bad—Feel Like You Again”: The Importance of Community for Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities

Community integration refers to the notion that individuals with disabilities should have opportunities to live, work, engage with others, and enjoy recreational activities in the same manner as peers without disabilities. Community integration research has emerged as a high priority among mental health advocates, policy makers, and researchers. Currently, our understanding of community integration comes primarily from definitions and theories provided by researchers. Although these are helpful, it is important to uncover the ways in which mental health consumers understand and experience community for themselves. To this end, 30 individuals with psychiatric disabilities were engaged in semi-structured interviews about their definitions of community, the types of communities they belong to, and the relative importance they place on community inclusion and participation. It is expected that results of this study will inform our conceptualization and measurement of community integration; and call attention to the need to develop new programs or refine existing interventions to promote community integration of individuals with psychiatric disabilities.
A Computer-Based Instrument That Identifies Common Science Misconceptions.

This article describes the rationale for and development of a computer-based instrument that helps identify commonly held science misconceptions. The instrument, known as the Science Beliefs Test, is a 47 -item instrument that targets topics in chemistry, physics, biology, earth science, and astronomy. The use of an online data collection system aided in developing this instrument and in ascertaining its validity and reliability. Validity was also established through use of expert panels, previously published items, and feedback from pilot tests. Using KR-21, internal consistency was established at 0.77. A test-retest reliability coefficient was established at 0.776, or moderate. As of December 2005, 1,071 respondents participated in this study, including 17 college and university educators, 40 members of the general public, and 41 K-12 educators. Eighty -five graduate students, 254 K-12 students, and 634 undergraduates also took the survey. This instrument continues to be revised to clarify items and add others to further its usefulness. Although many instruments have been developed that target individuals’ misconceptions about a variety of specific science topics, an online instrument targeting a wide range of science beliefs has not yet been developed. As society becomes more at ease with the use of the Internet, the development of instruments that effectively use technology for educational research are needed. This article will describe the rationale for and development of an easily administered instrument, known as the Science Beliefs Test, which helps researchers, science educators, and science teachers understand more about commonly held scientific misconceptions. A description o f the Science Beliefs Test and an explanation of how its validity and reliability were established are included in this discussion. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 6(3) 307 Accessing Students’ Thinking About Science
Basic Research in Nephrology: Are We in Decline?

There is a specter haunting nephrologic research today, the specter of decline. Perhaps I am simply parroting a recent spate of books arguing that everything is in a state of decline: countries, the United States in particular, Western civilization, quality of life, and manners. Declinism, made
The Risk of AKI in Patients Treated with Intravenous Solutions Containing Hydroxyethyl Starch

Intravenous fluids are arguably one of the most commonly administered inpatient therapies and for the most part have been viewed as part of the nephrologist's toolkit in the management of acute kidney disease. Recently, findings have suggested that intravenous fluids may be harmful if given in excess (quantitative toxicity) and that some may be more harmful than others (qualitative toxicity), particularly for patients who already have AKI. Recent clinical trials have investigated hydroxyethyl starch solutions and found worrying results for the renal community. In this brief review, we consider the published literature on the role of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in AKI, with particular emphasis on two large recent randomized clinical trials conducted in Europe and Australia.
Signal selection for non-symmetric sources in two dimensions

An attempt is made to determine which two-dimensional signal constellation minimizes the probability of error under an average power constraint for nonsymmetric sources. Two different approaches to the problem are presented. First, a numerical method with the help of Lagrange multipliers is described. Then, a normalized conjugate gradient method and a normalized gradient method based on the approach given by G.J. Foschini et al. (1974) are provided. The gradient-based methods are powerful tools that can be applied to signal sets of any size and of any statistics. The normalized conjugate gradient method is a faster than the normalized gradient method. >
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Select Visual Signals to Prevent Bird-window Collisions

Abstract Billions of birds are estimated to be killed striking clear and reflective windows worldwide, and conservation, ethical, and legal reasons justify preventing this unintended human-associated avian mortality. Field experiments reveal that to be effective, UV signals used to prevent bird-window collisions must minimally reflect 20–40% from 300–400 nm. Field experiments reveal 3.175 mm parachute cord hung in front of clear and reflective windows separated by 10.8 cm and 8.9 cm are effective bird-window collision preventive methods. The results of the parachute cord experiment and those of previous studies support the importance of applying collision prevention methods to the outside window surface reflecting the facing habitat and sky. Comparison of field and tunnel testing experimental protocols to evaluate bird-window collision preventive methods suggest that tunnel testing is useful for initial assessment but not as a definitive measure of effectiveness.
FS2: dynamic data replication in free disk space for improving disk performance and energy consumption

Disk performance is increasingly limited by its head positioning latencies, i.e., seek time and rotational delay. To reduce the head positioning latencies, we propose a novel technique that dynamically places copies of data in file system's free blocks according to the disk access patterns observed at runtime. As one or more replicas can now be accessed in addition to their original data block, choosing the "nearest" replica that provides fastest access can significantly improve performance for disk I/O operations.We implemented and evaluated a prototype based on the popular Ext2 file system. In our prototype, since the file system layout is modified only by using the free/unused disk space (hence the name Free Space File System, or FS2), users are completely oblivious to how the file system layout is modified in the background; they will only notice performance improvements over time. For a wide range of workloads running under Linux, FS2 is shown to reduce disk access time by 41--68% (as a result of a 37--78% shorter seek time and a 31--68% shorter rotational delay) making a 16--34% overall user-perceived performance improvement. The reduced disk access time also leads to a 40--71% energy savings per access.
Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes.

By analyzing the effects of single base substitutions around the ATG initiator codon in a cloned preproinsulin gene, I have identified ACCATGG as the optimal sequence for initiation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Mutations within that sequence modulate the yield of proinsulin over a 20-fold range. A purine in position -3 (i.e., 3 nucleotides upstream from the ATG codon) has a dominant effect; when a pyrimidine replaces the purine in position -3, translation becomes more sensitive to changes in positions -1, -2, and +4. Single base substitutions around an upstream, out-of-frame ATG codon affect the efficiency with which it acts as a barrier to initiating at the downstream start site for preproinsulin. The optimal sequence for initiation defined by mutagenesis is identical to the consensus sequence that emerged previously from surveys of translational start sites in eukaryotic mRNAs. The mechanism by which nucleotides flanking the ATG codon might exert their effect is discussed.
A Type of Orthogonal Contrasts for Unbalanced Data

A simple method of making a type of orthogonal contrasts among treatments for unbalanced two-way classification data has been described. The method begins with the direct use of absorbing equations, derived from normal equations. Then it is shown that the single components of the treatment sum of squares, adjusted for blocks, are independently distributed.
Insulin-like growth factor-I feedback regulation of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone secretion in the pig: evidence for a pituitary site of action

Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the control of growth hormone (GH) and LH secretion. In EXP I, prepuberal gilts, 65 ± 6 kg body weight and 140 days of age received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of saline (n = 4), 25 μg (n = 4) or 75 μg (n = 4) IGF-I and jugular blood samples were collected. In EXP II, anterior pituitary cells in culture collected from 150-day-old prepuberal gilts (n = 6) were challenged with 0.1, 10 or 1000 nM [Ala15]-h growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)NH2 (GHRH), or 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 30 nM IGF-I individually or in combinations with 1000 nM GHRH. Secreted GH was measured at 4 and 24 h after treatment. In EXP III, anterior pituitary cells in culture collected from 150-day-old barrows (n = 5) were challenged with 10, 100 or 1000 nM gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 30 nM IGF-I individually or in combinations with 100 nM GnRH. Secreted LH was measured at 4 h after treatment. In EXP I, serum GH and LH concentrations were unaffected by ICV IGF-I treatment. In EXP II, relative to control all doses of GHRH increased (P 0.1). In conclusion, under these experimental conditions the results suggest that the pituitary is the putative site for IGF-I modulation of GH and LH secretion. Further examination of the role of IGF-I on GH and LH secretion is needed to understand the inhibitory and stimulatory action of IGF-I on GH and LH secretion.
Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus after peripheral nerve injury

Peripheral nerve injury is known to up-regulate the expression of rapidly-repriming Nav1.3 sodium channel within first-order dorsal root ganglion neurons and second-order dorsal horn nociceptive neurons, but it is not known if pain-processing neurons higher along the neuraxis also undergo changes in sodium channel expression. In this study, we hypothesized that after peripheral nerve injury, third-order neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus undergo changes in expression of sodium channels. To test this hypothesis, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Ten days after CCI, when allodynia and hyperalgesia were evident, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical analysis revealed up-regulation of Nav1.3 mRNA, but no changes in expression of Nav1.1, Nav1.2, or Nav1.6 in VPL neurons, and unit recordings demonstrated increased background firing, which persisted after spinal cord transection, and evoked hyperresponsiveness to peripheral stimuli. These results demonstrate that injury to the peripheral nervous system induces alterations in sodium channel expression within higher-order VPL neurons, and suggest that misexpression of the Nav1.3 sodium channel increases the excitability of VPL neurons injury, contributing to neuropathic pain.
Electronic Transport in Lithiated Iron and Bismuth Fluoride

Metal networks are formed during the lithiation of metal fluorides. Previous reports indicate that these networks are bi-continuous with the possibility to support electronic transport, though no quantitative analysis has been performed. In this study, thin films of FeF2 and BiF3 were chemically lithiated using n-butyllithium to form these metal networks. Direct current (DC) polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were utilized to find electronic conductivity and results were compared to their pure metals. Results indicate films to have higher than expected conductivity value which indicates that these metal networks support electronic transport during lithiation.
Evaporation from an extended meniscus for nonisothermal interfacial conditions

A study is presented to determine the effects of evaporation from the thin film region of a liquid-vapor meniscus within the micropores of a heat pipe porous or grooved wick on the interfacial shape, temperature distribution, and pressure distribution. Wayner's theoretical treatment of evaporating thin films is applied to the problem of an evaporating extended meniscus within circular or slotted pores. In this application of Wayner's model, the nondimensional momentum equation is uniquely scaled in terms of the capillary number, to justify the use of the static meniscus curvature as a boundary condition for the extended meniscus profile even for the dynamic evaporating conditions studied herein. This boundary condition for small capillary numbers is consistent with the observation of the nearly constant meniscus curvature with evaporation rate that the thin film must asymptotically approach. From these basic tenets, the mechanical and thermal behavior of a stably, evaporating, nonisothermal extended meniscus is predicted. The resulting predictions are qualitatively consistent with the experimental findings of Wayner and the previous theoretical studies. They further support the claims that for the cases studied herein, both thermocapillary stresses and vapor recoil stresses at the liquid-vapor interface are negligible. However, scaling arguments are presented that identify the conditions necessary for these terms to be important.
Alcoholism in Irish American Catholics

Alcoholism has been a major public health problem among Irish Catholics for centuries. Until recently, however, the etiology of this phenomenon has been poorly understood. This article attempts to 1) explore the political and socio-historical roots of Irish American Catholic attitudes toward alcohol; 2) describe how patterns of heavy drinking among Irish Catholics have been handed down through generations; and 3) examine the role of cultural stereotyping in promoting and maintaining pathological drinking behavior among Irish Catholics from the middle of the 19th century until the present day. The author considers implications for psychotherapy with this population.
The Effects of Leverage on the Pricing S&P 500 Index Call Options

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether leverage has a significant statistical and economic effect on the pricing of S&P 500 index options. This is the first paper to directly test for leverage effects in stock index options. To analyze these effects we use the Geske (1979) compound option model. The Geske model is closed form, implies stochastic equity volatility, is consistent with Modigliani and Miller, incorporates debt refinancing, and includes possibly differential default and bankruptcy. Black-Scholes (1973) is a special case of the Geske model. In this paper we show that during the years 1996-2004 the aggregate market based debt to equity (D/E) ratio of the firms comprising the S&P 500 equity index varies from about 40-120 percent. We believe this is the first presentation of a market D/E ratio derived from option theory. Next and more importantly we are the first to report the details of the statistically significant economic effects that market leverage has on pricing S&P 500 index call options. We measure that the Geske model improves the net option valuation of listed in the money (or out of the money) S&P 500 index call options on average by about 35% (28%) compared to Black-Scholes values. We demonstrate that the improvement is directly (and monotonically) related to both the time to expiration of the option and the amount of leverage in this market index. For options with longer expirations and/or periods of higher market leverage the improvement is greater, ranging from about 40% to 80%. We also demonstrate economic significance in basis points by showing that dealers making a book in index options can expect benefits of at least several 100 basis points using Geske instead of Black-Scholes.
Mesochronal structure learning

Standard time series structure learning algorithms assume that the measurement timescale is approximately the same as the timescale of the underlying (causal) system. In many scientific contexts, however, this assumption is violated: the measurement timescale can be substantially slower than the system timescale (so intermediate time series datapoints will be missing). This assumption violation can lead to significant learning errors. In this paper, we provide a novel learning algorithm to extract system-timescale structure from measurement data that undersample the underlying system. We employ multiple algorithmic optimizations that exploit the problem structure in order to achieve computational tractability. The resulting algorithm is highly reliable at extracting system-timescale structure from undersampled data.
Postoperative metabolic acidosis following the minimally invasive radiofrequency maze procedure

Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia treated in the world. While medical treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs remains the primary treatment modality, symptomatic refractory AF often requires treatment with a catheter or surgical ablation. One minimally invasive therapy is the Mini-Maze procedure, which utilizes epicardial radiofrequency ablation via a subxiphoid approach to rid the heart of arrhythmogenic atrial foci without a median sternotomy or cardiopulmonary bypass. The goal of this retrospective cohort study was to identify clinical factors associated with metabolic acidosis following the Mini-Maze procedure. Materials and Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, we studied patients undergoing the Mini-Maze procedure, off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting or patients conventional Cox-Maze on cardiopulmonary bypass. The first base deficit value obtained in the Intensive Care Unit was used as a measure of metabolic acidosis. Using logistic regression with Akaike information criteria, we analyzed preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data to determine the factors associated with changes in base deficit. Results: A multivariable model using stepwise selection demonstrated that diabetes mellitus and weight were associated with a decrease in the base deficit by 2.87 mEq/L (95% CI: −5.55-−0.19) and 0.04 mEq/L (95%CI: −0.08, 0.004), respectively. Furthermore, creatinine was associated with a 1.57 mEq/L (95% CI: 0.14, 2.99) increase in the base deficit. Conclusion: The Mini-Maze procedure was not associated with postoperative metabolic acidosis. Instead, nondiabetic patients and patients with higher creatinine were associated with greater base deficits after undergoing cardiac surgery.
POWER AND STATUS IN GROUPS

Differences in power and status are the basis for social relations and interactions within workgroups. While a small body of research has investigated the consequences of power and status in groups...
Subtractive methods to form pyrite and sulfide nanostructures of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn

Abstract The low Z metals Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn are Earth abundant, i.e. inexpensive, and their sulfides are of low toxicity. This makes them appealing candidates for materials applications requiring semiconductors or, in the case of CoS 2 , a metal since they can potentially be produced in large quantities and low cost. Though of great potential little work has explored how subtractive methods can be used to form nanostructured and/or porous structures in, e.g. FeS 2 , CoS 2 , NiS, Cu 2 S and ZnS.
Bioluminescence for biological sensing in living mammals.

Noninvasive in vivo assays are required for the study of biological processes that are dynamic involving intact organ systems and complex physiologic changes, such as tissue oxygenation. Optical methods that use external light sources in the near infrared (nir) have been developed for oxygenation determinations and have widespread application in medicine and biomedical research (Jobsis, 1977; Benaron et al., 1997). Further refinements in these methods are providing powerful tools for research; however, access to in vivo information relating to some physiologic changes can not be assessed using nir monitoring and imaging. To address this unmet need for additional real-time bioassays, we have developed an in vivo method utilizing bioluminescent reporters, or photoproteins, as indicators of biological functions (Contag et al., 1995). In contrast to other optical methods which use external sources of light, the photoproteins provide an internal source of light that can be monitored externally as an indicator of biological processes such as infection and gene expression (Contag et al., 1995, 1996, 1997).
Workload profiles: A continuous measure of mental workload

Abstract The required frequency and disruptive method in which existing subjective measures of mental workload are collected make them infeasible for many types of task allocation decisions. In this paper, we present a method for continually estimating workload without interrupting the operator. When expressed as a time-series, this continual workload assessment becomes a workload profile which can serve purposes before, during, and after task execution. We identify five thrusts areas for using workload profiles which cannot be accomplished using existing workload measures. These thrust areas include characterization of workload over time; identifying the impacts of task management strategy on mission accomplishment; evaluating potential effects of systems design options—including automation—on task performance; informing manpower allocation decisions; and enhancing physiological computing and neuroergonomic research.
Race differences in platelet reactivity: is protease activated receptor 4 a predictor of response to therapy?

Several factors influence the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease, such as environmental exposures, medical adherence, and genetic polymorphisms.1 One of the genetic components is a heritable interindividual variation in platelet reactivity, which is greater in black individuals than whites. This correlates strongly with the historical observations that black individuals develop cardiovascular disease at a younger age and have a higher incidence of mortality from the disease.2–4 Platelet RNA And eXpression study (PRAX-1) was designed to identify the specific genetic components that correlate with variations in platelet reactivity.5 This study recently identified an expression profile of mRNAs and microRNAs that are associated with race and protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) reactivity. See accompanying article on page 2644 Thrombin is a potent platelet activator that initiates signaling in platelets and other cells via the G-protein coupled receptors called protease activated receptors (PARs); human platelets express PAR1 and PAR4.6 PARs are activated by proteolytic cleavage of the N-terminus to expose the tethered ligand, which interacts with the extracellular loops of the receptor. The primary determinant of PAR activation is the nature of the enzyme–substrate interaction, which determines the rate of proteolysis of the N-terminus. PAR1 is more efficiently cleaved by thrombin than PAR4. As a result, PAR4 is often thought of as a low-affinity backup receptor with redundant function because PAR1 and PAR4 initiate overlapping signaling cascades. Like many G-protein coupled receptors, PARs form homo- and hetero-oligomers (Figure).7 These lateral associations of PAR4 directly influence its activation and signaling.8–11 For example, interactions between PAR1 and PAR4 result in a 6- to 10-fold increase in the rate of PAR4 cleavage. …
A novel Ag-Cu lamination process

A novel direct lamination process of Ag foil on Cu substrate is developed successfully. The Ag foil is 280μm in thickness. In electronic packaging, Si chips are preferably joined to Cu substrate to dissipate heat. However, the mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between Si (2.7×10‒6/°C) and Cu (17×10‒-6/°C) is quite large. A buffer is thus designed to absorb and reduce the shear stress in a bonded pair. Our analysis shows that Ag is an excellent candidate as a buffer. It has low yield strength and can deform up to 50%. Therefore, in this paper, we develop novel laminating process to bond Ag foil to Cu substrate. After appropriate polishing, Ag and Cu surfaces become mirror finish. The Ag foil is then placed over the Cu substrate in a specific graphite fixture. The fixture applies static pressure of 600 psi to ensure Ag and Cu contact in atomic scale. The lamination process is conducted at 400°C for 5 minutes in a 50-millitorr vacuum environment. Nearly void-free joints are produced as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Transmission Scanning Acoustic Microscope (TSAM) identifies that approximately 60 % of the area is perfectly bonded. By this laminating process, Ag foil can be bonded to Cu substrate and function as a buffer. Progress is underway to refine the laminating process. Some applications such as flip-chip joint and high-temperature joint are being studied.
Developing Complete Ultrasonic Management of Kidney Stones for Spaceflight

Bone demineralization, dehydration, and stasis put astronauts at an increased risk of forming kidney stones in space. The incidence of kidney stones and the potential for a mission-critical event are expected to rise as expeditions become longer and immediate transport to Earth becomes more problematic. At the University of Washington, we are developing an ultrasound-based stone management system to detect stones with S-mode™ ultrasound imaging, break stones with burst wave lithotripsy (BWL™), and reposition stones with ultrasonic propulsion (UP™) on Earth and in space. This review discusses the development and current state of these technologies, as well as integration on the flexible ultrasound system sponsored by NASA and the National Space Biomedical Research Institute.
SURROGATE ENDPOINTS AND THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE TO ASV FOR SLEEP APNEA IN HFREF VERSUS HFPEF IN THE CAT-HF TRIAL

Background: The CAT-HF trial was designed to evaluate outcomes in hospitalized heart failure patients with HFrEF and HFpEF with moderate to severe sleep apnea, randomized to adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) or usual care (OMT). The primary endpoint of CAT-HF was a global rank composite of death,
Comparative Genomics of the Ectomycorrhizal Sister Species Rhizopogon vinicolor and Rhizopogon vesiculosus (Basidiomycota: Boletales) Reveals a Divergence of the Mating Type B Locus

Divergence of breeding system plays an important role in fungal speciation. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, however, pose a challenge for the study of reproductive biology because most cannot be mated under laboratory conditions. To overcome this barrier, we sequenced the draft genomes of the ectomycorrhizal sister species Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith and Zeller and R. vesiculosus Smith and Zeller (Basidiomycota, Boletales)-the first genomes available for Basidiomycota truffles-and characterized gene content and organization surrounding their mating type loci. Both species possess a pair of homeodomain transcription factor homologs at the mating type A-locus as well as pheromone receptor and pheromone precursor homologs at the mating type B-locus. Comparison of Rhizopogon genomes with genomes from Boletales, Agaricales, and Polyporales revealed synteny of the A-locus region within Boletales, but several genomic rearrangements across orders. Our findings suggest correlation between gene content at the B-locus region and breeding system in Boletales with tetrapolar species possessing more diverse gene content than bipolar species. Rhizopogon vinicolor possesses a greater number of B-locus pheromone receptor and precursor genes than R. vesiculosus, as well as a pair of isoprenyl cysteine methyltransferase genes flanking the B-locus compared to a single copy in R. vesiculosus Examination of dikaryotic single nucleotide polymorphisms within genomes revealed greater heterozygosity in R. vinicolor, consistent with increased rates of outcrossing. Both species possess the components of a heterothallic breeding system with R. vinicolor possessing a B-locus region structure consistent with tetrapolar Boletales and R. vesiculosus possessing a B-locus region structure intermediate between bipolar and tetrapolar Boletales.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) occurs in 1 of every 500 adults in the general population. Its perioperative management presents a challenge to anesthesiologists. This review covers the genetic background, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic options for patients with HCM. It summarizes the principles of perioperative management of HCM patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
Digital information consumption and external political efficacy in Latin America: Does institutional context matter?

Digital information consumption has a positive effect on external political efficacy in that the Internet provides factual support for the belief that governments are responsive to the demands of c...
Elements of Quantum Mechanics

As a result of the material in Chapter 6, it is clear that we need to develop a wave theory in order to provide a quantitative description of matter on the atomic scale. There are many ways of getting started at this task. The method employed here is to make a set of assumptions which is known to lead to the correct results. This technique has the disadvantage of neglecting the historical development of the theory; also, our assumptions will not appear in their most general form. The advantage is that we shall be able to calculate results more quickly without calling on a detailed knowledge of various classical theories.
Retinal and Choroidal Vascular Diseases

The diagnosis and monitoring of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases has evolved significantly over the last two decades with the advent of new imaging techniques such as enhanced depth optical coherence tomography, ultrawide field imaging and angiography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and more. Advances in therapeutics and scientific elucidation of retinal and choroidal vascular disease pathophysiology have further moved the field forward. This chapter covers past, present, and new practices and developments in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases beyond diabetic eye disease, including retinal artery and vein occlusions, ocular ischemic syndrome, sickle cell retinopathy, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, retinal macroaneurysms, macular telangiectasia, thin choroid, and pachychoroid spectrum diseases.
Abdominal Wall Tumors and Their Reconstruction

The abdominal wall protects and contains the abdominal viscera, and serves to position and stabilize the thorax and upper body in space during movement. Components of the abdominal wall may be completely replaced if needed. The internal protective function of the abdominal wall can be replaced with synthetic meshes, fascial flaps, or grafts. External skin can usually be replaced with advancement of adjacent skin or regional thigh flaps. The loss of muscle function of the abdominal wall is generally well tolerated and can be adjusted to with time.
An Application of the Group-Oriented Concurrent-Chains Arrangement

Group contingencies are a set of behavior management procedures used to improve the behavior of several students simultaneously. Despite evidence supporting the effectiveness of each group contingency in managing academic and challenging behaviors, the decision to select one group contingency over another may be difficult for teachers, especially if similar efficacy is found. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of three group contingencies on disruptive behavior with 13 typically developing eighth-grade students. Results showed that all three group contingencies reduced levels of disruptive behavior from baseline levels. We then assessed the students’ individual preferences for the group contingencies using a group-oriented concurrent-chains procedure. Most students showed preference for one of the group contingencies, and most preferred the independent group contingency. These results demonstrated that the group-oriented concurrent-chains procedure was an effective and efficient method of identifying individual preferences for behavior-change procedures in a classroom setting.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

Disease overview Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity. Diagnosis Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in >90% of patients and is found in the majority of IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients. Risk stratification Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics that are predictive of outcomes. Risk-adapted therapy Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab-monotherapy is inferior to regimens that combine it with bendamustine, an alkylating agent, a proteosome inhibitor, or ibrutinib. Purine nucleoside analogs are active but usage is declining for less toxic alternatives. The preferred Mayo Clinic induction is rituximab and bendamustine. Potential for stem cell transplantation should be considered in selected younger patients. Management of refractory disease Bortezomib, fludarabine, thalidomide, everolimus, ibrutinib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in relapsed WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of therapy toxicity is an important part of treatment selection.
Improved methodologies for Earth system modelling of atmospheric soluble iron and observation comparisons using the Mechanism of Intermediate complexity for Modelling Iron (MIMI v1.0)

Abstract. Herein, we present a description of the Mechanism of Intermediate complexity for Modelling Iron (MIMI v1.0). This iron processing module was developed for use within Earth system models and has been updated within a modal aerosol framework from the original implementation in a bulk aerosol model. MIMI simulates the emission and atmospheric processing of two main sources of iron in aerosol prior to deposition: mineral dust and combustion processes. Atmospheric dissolution of insoluble to soluble iron is parameterized by an acidic interstitial aerosol reaction and a separate in-cloud aerosol reaction scheme based on observations of enhanced aerosol iron solubility in the presence of oxalate. Updates include a more comprehensive treatment of combustion iron emissions, improvements to the iron dissolution scheme, and an improved physical dust mobilization scheme. An extensive dataset consisting predominantly of cruise-based observations was compiled to compare to the model. The annual mean modelled concentration of surface-level total iron compared well with observations but less so in the soluble fraction (iron solubility) for which observations are much more variable in space and time. Comparing model and observational data is sensitive to the definition of the average as well as the temporal and spatial range over which it is calculated. Through statistical analysis and examples, we show that a median or log-normal distribution is preferred when comparing with soluble iron observations. The iron solubility calculated at each model time step versus that calculated based on a ratio of the monthly mean values, which is routinely presented in aerosol studies and used in ocean biogeochemistry models, is on average globally one-third (34 %) higher. We redefined ocean deposition regions based on dominant iron emission sources and found that the daily variability in soluble iron simulated by MIMI was larger than that of previous model simulations. MIMI simulated a general increase in soluble iron deposition to Southern Hemisphere oceans by a factor of 2 to 4 compared with the previous version, which has implications for our understanding of the ocean biogeochemistry of these predominantly iron-limited ocean regions.
A Qualitative Analysis of College Counseling Center Staff Experiences of the Utility of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Programs on Campus.

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based practice for suicidal and self-injuring behavior with growing popularity in college counseling centers (CCCs). With the exception of a single...
Understanding Through Involvement.

Jbducators have known for a long time that maximum learning occurs when children become actively involved in the learning process. Principals, classroom teachers, and those involved in teacher training have long proclaimed the desirability of such active involvement on the part of the learner; yet observations of classrooms in action often do not give evidence of anything beyond lip service to this fundamental principle. Considering the importance of a thorough understanding of basic number concepts as a foundation for successful study of more sophisticated number topics, the involvement of the learner assumes even greater importance in the curricular area of mathematics.
Discovery and priority

Abstract The publication of Wolff's paper in German, in Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, led to the reaction being known in the west as the “Wolff Reduction.” Kizhner remonstrated with Wolff about the fact that his earlier discovery of the reaction had been ignored, and Wolff acknowledged the justice of Kizhner's claims. Despite Kizhner being the first to disclose the reaction, however, his name still remains in second position in western journals and textbooks.
The dual angle solar harvest (DASH) method: An alternative method for organizing large solar panel arrays that optimizes incident solar energy in conjunction with land use

Abstract Plummeting costs of solar panels along with rising costs of land makes it imperative to consider both the per-panel and unit-area incident solar energy. An alternative approach of organizing large solar panel arrays that considers this co-optimization problem is suggested and a new dual-angle technique is introduced, called the dual-angle solar harvest (DASH) method, in which a solar array is composed of two tilt angles. This paper evaluates the DASH method at two climatically and geographically different locations: Akron, OH and Barstow, CA. Use of the DASH method can enable potential better handling of complex radiation fields in partly cloudy climates, allow for preferential weighting of irradiation during different seasons, and may be a tool to increase array-wide incident irradiation at a pre-existing array in a cost-effective manner. This latter example is tested nationwide, in which one angle is constrained at the single optimum tilt angle. Results show the lowest percentage of panel-rows that require an adjustment to a different tilt angle to achieve the desired gain in array-wide incident energy. The more cost-effective solutions tend to be located in cloudier climates and at higher latitudes.
Mourner-confessors: The masala intercommunity of women in Rudaali and Hamlet

This essay adopts critical impurity or masala as theoretical methodology and ethical practice to offer an affective reading of the mourner-confessor women in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Kalpana Lajmi’s Rudaali, the film adaptation of Mahashweta Devi’s story about mercenary women wailers designated to mourn the deaths of upper caste men of their rural community in northern India. While ritual mourning offers Shanichari, Bhikni, Ophelia, and Gertrude conventional opportunities to articulate their own or others’ losses within contained environments, the women encroach on the spaces and practices of confession to re-signify grief as a critique of institutional structures that liminalize their affective experiences of injustice. By amalgamating mourning and confession, the women of Hamlet and Rudaali publicly claim their positionality as marked and remarkable beings co-constituted also in their affective resistance of the state’s purity politics that strives to sequester (by rendering inarticulable) their subjects’ collective experiences of suffering and marginalization.
A Review of Methods for the Reliability Testing of Flexible Hybrid Electronics

This article presents an overview of testing methods applied to flexible hybrid electronics (FHE). It starts by briefly summarizing and discussing the main properties of substrates, chips, and materials commonly used for flip-chip bonding of FHE. It also describes general accelerated testing methods and how they are related to the current progress in FHE testing. Stressors, such as temperature cycling, temperature/humidity, bending, stretching, and torsion, have been commonly applied to FHE. The application of those stressors and the corresponding failure modes, mechanisms, and factors that impact reliability is summarized and discussed. Methods for testing the reliability of FHE devices, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, have been developed, but there are no industry-wide standards yet to address all aspects of this emerging technology.