cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method of evaluating fast-neutron differential scattering cross sections with short experimental runs

Abstract The method utilized a pulsed neutron source with a smooth, broad spectrum, making it possible to measure neutron scattering from 0.5 to 10 MeV in a single run of 1 to 2 h duration for each scattering angle θ. Scattering samples of carbon, aluminum, iron, lithium hydride and concrete about 5 cm in dia. were located about 1/3 m from the pulsed neutron source, and neutrons scattered through an angle θ were directed down a 55-m flight path to a liquid organic scintillator used to measure the time-of-flight spectrum of scattered neutrons. The energy-dependent neutron intensity thus obtained was compared with Monte Carlo calculations whose inputs were the measured neutron source term and neutron elastic, inelastic, and reaction cross sections compiled from the existing literature. The comparison provides direct corrections to the cross sections for the lighter elements because single scattering is about ten times more probable than multiple scattering with the sample sizes chosen. These corrections can be further improved by repeating the calculation with the improved cross-section values. Inelastic scattering into any given energy region was small compared with elastic scattering for low Z scatterers because of the shape of the source spectrum. In this case, the method provides an unambiguous check on the elastic differential scattering cross sections used as input for the Monte Carlo calculations, and good first-order corrections to these cross-sections. Several modifications of both experiment and calculation are proposed for reducing the statistical uncertainty, for improving the experimental and calculational efficiencies, and for increasing the range of energy covered.
Finite-temperature second-order many-body perturbation and Hartree–Fock theories for one-dimensional solids: An application to Peierls and charge-density-wave transitions in conjugated polymers

Finite-temperature extensions of ab initio Gaussian-basis-set spin-restricted Hartree–Fock (HF) and second-order many-body perturbation (MP2) theories are implemented for infinitely extended, periodic, one-dimensional solids and applied to the Peierls and charge-density-wave (CDW) transitions in polyyne and all-trans polyacetylene. The HF theory predicts insulating CDW ground states for both systems in their equidistant structures at low temperatures. In the same structures, they turn metallic at high temperatures. Starting from the “dimerized” low-temperature equilibrium structures, the systems need even higher temperatures to undergo a Peierls transition, which is accompanied by geometric as well as electronic distortions from dimerized to non-dimerized forms. The conventional finite-temperature MP2 theory shows a sign of divergence in any phase at any nonzero temperature and is useless. The renormalized finite-temperature MP2 (MP2R) theory is divergent only near metallic electronic structures, but is well behaved elsewhere. MP2R also predicts CDW and Peierls transitions occurring at two different temperatures. The effect of electron correlation is primarily to lower the Peierls transition temperature.
High Yields of Small and Flat Adenomas With High-Definition Colonoscopes Using Either White Light or Narrow Band Imaging

Background & Aims: Detection of adenomas is an important goal of colonoscopy. Narrow band imaging (NBI) might highlight adenomas and lead to higher rates of adenoma detection. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial of colonoscopy withdrawal in white light versus NBI in 434 patients aged 50 years or older with intact colons. All examinations were performed by a single experienced endoscopist with a known high detection rate of adenomas using high-definition, wide-angle (170° field of view) colonoscopes. Results: There was no difference in the percent of patients with ≥1 adenoma for the entire cohort in white light (67%) versus NBI (65%) (P = .61) or in the subset of 257 patients with indication screening (58% vs 57%; P = .91). Both the prevalences of adenomas and the numbers of adenomas per colonoscopy are the highest ever reported in colonoscopy studies. The high prevalence rates of adenomas were accounted for by detection of large numbers of adenomas, including flat adenomas, which were ≤5 mm. Conclusions: NBI did not result in better detection of adenomas by an endoscopist with a known high detection rate using white light. This result does not exclude a possible benefit of NBI in reducing variation between endoscopists in detection of adenomas. The very high adenoma detection rate in this study suggests that high definition should be directly tested for its effect on detection of adenomas.
Bilirubin binding capacity and free bilirubin concentration: fluorescence quenching compared with peroxidase oxidation and Sephadex column elution techniques

Abstract Fluorescence quenching was compared with the techniques of peroxidase oxidaion and Sephadex column elution for determining free bilirubin concentrations and the capacity of albumin to bind bilirubin and assessed as to its suitability for use as a routine method in a clinical laboratory. The poor reproducibility of the fluorescence quenching method made it unacceptable and peroxidase oxidation was found to be the most satisfactory technique. The Sephadex column elution technique did not measure free bilirubin concentration but gave a good estimate of binding capacity. This method is, however, limited by the sample size required for performing the determinations.
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

The cares of your country are a paramount duty - the Republicans in 1861 now is the time for making money, by honest contracts, out of the government - war bonds a centralization of power, such as Hamilton might have eulogized as magnificent - monetary legislation directing the legislation of the country to the improvement of the country - tariff and tax legislation a large crop is more than a great victory - agricultural legislation it was statesmanship to give treeless prairies value - the transcontinental railroad see that all their blessings are the result of their own labour - republicans and slavery.
Identification of novel HSP90α/β isoform selective inhibitors using structure-based drug design. demonstration of potential utility in treating CNS disorders such as Huntington's disease.

A structure-based drug design strategy was used to optimize a novel benzolactam series of HSP90α/β inhibitors to achieve >1000-fold selectivity versus the HSP90 endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial isoforms (GRP94 and TRAP1, respectively). Selective HSP90α/β inhibitors were found to be equipotent to pan-HSP90 inhibitors in promoting the clearance of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) in vitro, however with less cellular toxicity. Improved tolerability profiles may enable the use of HSP90α/β selective inhibitors in treating chronic neurodegenerative indications such as Huntington’s disease (HD). A potent, selective, orally available HSP90α/β inhibitor was identified (compound 31) that crosses the blood–brain barrier. Compound 31 demonstrated proof of concept by successfully reducing brain Htt levels following oral dosing in rats.
Compression of Deuterium to Extreme Pressures with Laser Driven Shock‐Reflection Experiments

Laser-driven shock experiments have been used to study the Equation-of-State (EOS) properties of liquid deuterium in the pressure range of 100-600Gpa. Reflected shocks are utilized to increase the shock pressure and to enhance the sensitivity to differences in compressibility. The results of these experiments differ substantially from the predictions of the Sesame EOS. EOS models showing large dissociation effects and having a greater compressibility (up to factor of 2) agree with the data.
Solid Cell Nests, Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma, and HBME1

To the Editor We read with great interest the article by Nasr et al1 in which the authors concluded that caution must be exercised in the interpretation of HBME1 immunohistochemical stains in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. We agree entirely that there are several potential morphologic and immunophenotypic pitfalls in the interpretation of small atypical foci in the setting of thyroiditis. In fact, …
Resonantly Coupled Accelerating Structures for High-Current Proton Linacs

The results of model studies and an equivalent circuit analysis of the operation of a chain of cavities in the /g=P//2 mode is given. Various /g=p//2 mode structures are described and the performance of models of these structures is discussed. Results of numerical solutions to an equivalent circuit applicable to the problem are also given, which include frequency error tolerances and coupling tolerances, for typical cases of interest. Multiple drive of a long resonator chain is also discussed.
Study of power efficiency of non-foster impedance matching for electrically small antenna

Electrically small antenna has attracted much attention because of its potential application in compact wireless communication and sensing systems. Matching is needed before any practical application for an electrically small antenna (ka < 1, k — wavelength number, a — radius of the smallest sphere that can surround the antenna) because it has an input impedance consisting of large reactance and small radiation resistance. An electrically small antenna matched by a lossless passive matching network, according to the Bode-Fano limit, has a narrow bandwidth limitation determined by the high-Q-factor property. A non-Foster element provides a negative reactance slope versus frequency which can cancel the corresponding positive reactance slope of the input impedance of an electrically small antenna. Thus by adding an active matching circuit properly designed with non-Foster element, the electrically small antenna may have a larger impedance bandwidth. Other than the antenna bandwidth, the power efficiency involving DC power dissipation of the antenna system can also be important.
Solid State Magnetic Field Sensor With Zero Power Consumption

This paper introduces a new type of solid-state magnetic field sensor that is similar in size to a Hall effect sensor and that offers a sensitivity that is approximately an order of magnitude better than a Hall effect sensor. The significant advantage of the new sensor, however, is that it consumes no power. The sensor consists of a radioactive β-particle source and a silicon p-n junction. If no magnetic field is applied, the β particles enter the p-n junction and generate a steady dc voltage. Under the influence of a magnetic field, however, the β particles (or secondary electrons generated therefrom) follow a curved path and miss the p-n junction, and the magnitude of the output voltage drops. The new sensor will be very advantageous in battery-powered consumer products applications because it consumes no power.
High-performance multilayered phosphorescent OLEDs by solution-processed commercial electron-transport materials

Highly efficient multilayered polymer-based phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) are realized by orthogonal sequential solution-processing of commercial small-molecule electron-transport materials (ETMs), including 1,3,5-tri(3-pyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene (TmPyPB), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP). The performance of PhOLEDs with solution-deposited ETMs is found to be far superior compared to devices with vacuum-deposited ETMs. PhOLEDs with a solution-deposited BPhen electron-transport layer gave a luminous efficiency of 53.8 cd A−1 with an external quantum efficiency of 16.1%. The solution-processed electron-transport layer exhibits a unique rough surface morphology which facilitates charge-injection and transport from the cathode metal. The nanostructured surface morphology and charge carrier mobility of the solution-processed electron-transport layers could be tuned and controlled by the solution concentration. The orthogonal solution-processing demonstrated here is a promising strategy for applications in various solution-processed multilayered organic electronic devices.
What price parenthood

Current reproductive technology challenges us to think seriously about social values surrounding childbearing. Thoughtful discussion must combine careful attention to the experience of pursuing parenthood by technological means with principled reflection on the morality of this pursuit.
The analysis of native proteins and peptides in the clinical lab using mass spectrometry.

Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins and peptides has now enjoyed more than 2 decades of vigorous development and growth. As a key analytical technology that has been used with great success for the analysis of small molecules, the development of mass spectrometry instrumentation, software, and informatics tools in support of proteomics research has set the stage for protein and peptide analysis to emerge in the clinical lab. This transition is aided by an emphasis on translational research wherein one aim is the focused conversion of laboratory discoveries into useful clinical tools. Mass spectrometry (MS) is now being driven into service in the clinical laboratory as both a research tool and analytical platform on which accurate and precise diagnostic measurements of proteins and peptides can be made. Mass spectrometry is not a newcomer to the clinical lab. The implementation of metabolite screening for inborn errors of metabolism is a tremendous success story and established the credibility of mass spectrometry in the diagnostics field in the early 1990’s. 1 Since that time, many commercial and hospital labs have adopted MS tools for the quantitative analysis of therapeutic drugs, drugs of abuse, and steroids. 2,3 The benefits of these approaches have been well documented, with improved selectivity, precision and accuracy affording improved clinical utility of diagnostic results. In addition, mass spectrometry-based assays can readily be automated, providing improvements in productivity compared to manual assays that are difficult to implement on robotic platforms. While the analysis of polypeptides in the clinical lab has traditionally been performed using immunochemical techniques, it appears that mass spectrometry is poised to make significant inroads in this area by bringing a new level of
Consumer Guide to Fast Foods Based On Caloric and Fat Gram Limitations

Abstract The purpose of this project was to develop an educational tool for consumers frequenting fast food restaurants. The Fast Food Freeway Guide TM was developed to help people select SizeWise TM meals that would keep them below a certain level of calories and grams of fat. Surveys show that dietary fat is the number one consumer nutrition concern. It consistently ranks higher than concern for salt, cholesterol, sugar, and caloric intake. According to the Prevention Index, the majority of adults are trying to avoid too much fat. However, according to The Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring, there does not appear to be sufficient public knowledge on how to reduce dietary fat from various sources. Consumers also complain of hearing about "what not to eat" rather than "what they should eat," and state by a 62 percent margin that they would prefer to learn how to choose foods rather than about individual nutrients. The Fast Food Freeway Guide TM addresses these issues by providing consumers with SizeWise TM meals they can consume while on the road that are below 400 calories/15 grams of fat for women and 600 calories/25 grams of fat for men.
Heat Sensitivity of Pectinesterase Activity in Papaya Purée and of Catalase-Like Activity in Passion Fruit Juice

SUMMARY Passion fruit juice catalyzed hydrogen per-oxide decomposition as a first-order reaction with a rate constant equal to 0.009/min/ml of juice at 77°F. The activity was destroyed by mild heat and did not regenerate after storage. It was affected only slightly by increasing juice pH from 3.0 to 6.8, although the fresh juice inactivated commercial catalase. Pectinesterase (PE) activity in ripe papaya flesh averaged 0.013 meq/min/g at 86°F. Rate of destruction for PE in acidified puree was determined in the range 169–186°F, giving a z value of 11°F from the thermal inactivation curve and a D180= 10 min. Further experiments on heat-processed acidified puree in No. 2 cans indicated a residual activity more heat resistant than that predicted by extrapolation of the thermal-in-activation curve.
Section activities advanced at Spring Meeting

Hydrology Section President Steve Burges brought several new initiatives to the Executive Committee meeting held in Baltimore on May 22, 1996. The following highlights of that meeting are offered to bring you up to date on the latest happenings in the Hydrology Section.
Quantitative studies of coccidial development in miniature cultures of animal cells

The use of miniature culture chambers reduces the time required to count intracellular coccidia in standard areas of infected monolayer cell cultures. The saving in time allows an increased number of replicate cultures, thereby producing a 50% reduction in standard error. We use a commercially available non-plastic device which (a) provides easily cleaned, reusable chambers, (b) allows easy fixing and staining of culture slides which (c) can be examined at any magnification under a light microscope and (d) can be retained as a permanent record.
Editorial: Architecture as a Communicative Medium

Environmental psychology categorizes "physicalenvironment” as "typically neutral,” only coming into selfconscious awareness when individuals form stable andenduring representations of it [1]. We see this manifest inthe real world when the steeple of a church is able to communicate that it is a place for reflection and religious gathering; the bricks and ivy of Harvard Yard signifies years of scholarly research and education; the solid grey walls ofa prison conjures up images of torture and punishment; and the bright colors of a playground indicates play and joyfulness. In our relationship with architecture, we are ableto construct an understanding of our environment becausewe pick up such clues and cues from parts of ourenvironment and then construct a formulation of the whole based on our memories and knowledge. Thus, we are ableto communicate with the places we live in and the placeswe live in are able to act as interfaces for information interchange.
Nephrotoxic action of a synthetic plastic material.

Abstract The use of polypropylene in a system for perfusing the dog kidney caused a reduction in glucose reabsorption. This was a local response limited to the denervated kidney exposed to polypropylene. A similar effect was noted in the kidney, which was infused with saline extract of this plastic material. It is suspected that chromium may be partially responsible for the renal effect.
Computer-based environmental exposure and risk assessment methodology for hazardous materials

Abstract The Chemical Migration and Risk Assessment (CMRA) methodology consists of state-of-the-art overland and surface water models and a statistical program that analyzes the simulation results. These computer models simulate the transport and fate of both dissolved and sediment-sorbed contaminants and provide the risk assessment by predicting acute and chronic impacts to aquatic biota. The CMRA methodology was applied to the Yazoo River Basin, Mississippi, and the Wolf Creek Basin, Iowa, to assess the impact on fish of the pesticides, toxaphene and Alachlor, applied to farmland in those areas. Study results indicated that toxaphene caused both lethal and sublethal damage to four species of fish studied in the Yazoo River Basin, while Alachlor did not have a measureable impact in Wolf Creek Basin. These studies demonstrated the usefulness of this methodology as both a decision-making and research tool. Partially because of the results of the Yazoo River Basin Study, the United States banned the use of toxaphene in this country.
Fruit and vegetable consumption is inversely associated with having pancreatic cancer.

Objective Studies on fruit, vegetable, fiber, and grain consumption and pancreatic cancer risk are inconclusive. We used a clinic-based case–control study specifically designed to address limitations of both cohort and case–control studies to examine the relationship.
Association of Functional Status With Changes in Physical Activity: Insights From a Behavioral Intervention for Participants With Arthritis

Abstract Feinglass J, Song J, Semanik P, Lee J, Manheim L, Dunlop D, Chang RW. Association of functional status with changes in physical activity: insights from a behavioral intervention for participants with arthritis. Objective To analyze change over 6 months in accelerometer-measured physical activity for participants with arthritis in a physical activity promotion trial. We tested the hypothesis that participants with the highest baseline functional capacity, regardless of their intervention status, experienced the greatest increases in physical activity levels at 6-month follow-up. Design At baseline, participants were interviewed in person, completed a 5-minute timed walk, and wore a biaxial accelerometer for 1 week, with a subsequent week of accelerometer wear at 6 months. We present data on the changes in accelerometer-measured physical activity across baseline function quartiles derived from participants' walking speed. Analyses were controlled for sociodemographic, health status, and seasonal covariates as well as exposure to the study's behavioral intervention. Setting A Midwest academic medical center. Participants Participants (N=226) with knee osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis currently enrolled in the Improving Motivation for Physical Activity in Persons With Arthritis Clinical Trial. Intervention Counseling by physical activity coaches versus control group physician advice to exercise. Main Outcome Measure Change in average daily counts between baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, and after controlling for other predictors of change, the lowest quartile function participants had the largest mean absolute and relative physical improvement over baseline, regardless of intervention group status. Conclusions Participants at a higher risk of immanent mobility loss may have been more committed to improve lifestyle physical activity, reflecting the wisdom of targeting older adults at risk of mobility loss for physical activity behavior change interventions.
Use of recombinant activated factor VII for controlling refractory postoperative bleeding in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Objective To review the efficacy, safety, and dose of recombinant activated factor VII in off-label management of refractory bleeding in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Design A retrospective database analysis with medical records review. Setting A single research hospital. Participants Ninety pediatric patients with uncontrolled postoperative hemorrhage after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for congenital heart disease. Interventions Intravenous recombinant activated factor VII treatment according to institutional treatment protocol. Measurements and Main Results The recombinant activated factor VII treatment was effective in reducing bleeding in 78 pediatric patients. The 12 patients who failed to respond had surgical sources of bleeding. The mean blood loss decreased from 51.04 mL/kg/2 h to 7.8 mL/kg/2 h (p Conclusions Recombinant activated factor VII treatment reduced blood loss and transfusion requirements and prevented re-exploration in the majority (83.8%) of pediatric cardiac surgery patients. High doses were required to discontinue bleeding promptly in neonates, the majority of whom had hypoplastic left-heart syndrome. No treatment-related thrombotic events were observed.
Posthypoxic glucose supplement reduces hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the neonatal rat

We evaluated the effect of posthypoxic glucose supplement in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic animal model. Seven-day-old rats underwent bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries, followed by exposure to an 8% oxygen atmosphere for 1 hour. The extent of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage was assessed histologically 72 hours later. Gulcose load immediately after the end of the hypoxic exposure reduced the volume of neocortical infarction to 37% of the unsupplemented value, and attenuated ischemic damage in the striatum and the dentate gyrus. At the end of the hypoxic exposure, the brain level of glucose was 0.3 mmol/kg and the level of lactate, 9 mmol/kg. Glucose supplement produced a rapid rise in brain glucose level to 3 to 5 mmol/kg over the next 2 hours. Lactate in both brain and plasma gradually fell toward the baseline level during the first hour of recovery. Posthypoxic glucose supplement slightly retarded lactate restitution. At any period of this neonatal model, brain lactate levels did not exceed the toxic level, which is postulated to be responsible for cerebral infarction in adult ischemic models. These results illustrate the important role of glucose in the development of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the fact that full cortical infarction can develop even if brain lactate levels are low.
Opportunity or Obligation? Redefining Germany's Military Role Outside of NATO

For decades, deployment of the German Bundeswehr beyond the NATO Treaty area has been officially regarded as unconstitutional, a position that also reflected a broad ambivalence in postwar Germany about the use of military power. While this attitude remains largely unchanged, Bonn's leaders have recently begun discussing a less restrictive policy on out-of-area commitments. They want united Germany to be seen as a fully sovereign international actor, willing to fulfill its commitments as a member of the United Nations, NATO, and the European Community, and able to help enforce international law or support humanitarian missions. Yet the deep aversion to policies based on military power has hindered development of a broad consensus in favor of any step beyond participation in UN peacekeeping operations. German politicians feel caught between what they regard as the expectations of the world community and their own country's "culture of caution."
The bandwagon effect of collaborative filtering technology

Advancements in collaborative filtering and related technologies have resulted in the ubiquitous presence of other users' opinions and actions on a variety of Websites and portals, ranging from news to music to photo sites. But, do these cues about others' behaviors guide our own decisions online? Our lab group has begun exploring this "bandwagon effect" from a variety of perspectives. In one pilot study reported here, outcomes such as purchase intention and attitudes toward products on an e-commerce site are dictated by user perceptions of others' opinions about the site's products. Empirical determination of the cues triggered by collaborative filtering technologies and the psychological mechanisms by which they lead to bandwagon effects have important implications for interface design of technologies that display user input.
The risk of axillary relapse after sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer is comparable with that of axillary lymph node dissection: a follow-up study of 4008 procedures

Objective: We sought to identify the rate of axillary recurrence after sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for breast cancer.
The Effect of Stem Length on Femoral Component Positioning in Canine Total Hip Arthroplasty

Objective— To determine the effects of femoral prosthesis stem length on positioning of the femoral component within the canine femur. Study Design— An in vitro experimental study. Sample Population— Eleven adult, mixed breed, canine cadaver femurs. Methods— Polymethylmethacrylate centralized Biomedtrixtm size 5, 6, and 7 standard and 1cm shortened implants were placed in specimens, manipulated to achieve maximal displacements of the implant tip in each plane, and radiographed. Measurements of the implant angle, tip offset, and minimal tip to endosteal surface distance were obtained with image processing software. The effects of implant length and size on implant positioning were evaluated with the use of Student's t, χ2 exact, and 2-way ANOVA testing. Results— Statistically significant increases were noted in tip to caudal cortex distance in the sagittal plane, and available angle variability and tip offset variability in the transverse plane for shortened size 6 and 7 stems relative to the standard stems. No significant differences were noted in size 5 stems. Statistically significant increases in tip to caudal cortex distance and transverse plane available angle variability for standard 6 compared to standard 7 stems were noted. Conclusions— Shortened stems result in statistical improvement of several variables of femoral component positioning. However, the improvement appears to be clinically negligible. Clinical Relevance— Alteration of current stem lengths is not recommended. The use of undersized standard implants may improve femoral component positioning in total hip arthroplasty.
Time to Evaluate the Standards for Issuance of Interim Measures of Protection in International Investment Arbitration

The pressure on international arbitral tribunals to decide on requests for interim measures in high stakes international arbitration is likely to grow rapidly as the global economy continues to weaken and the number of investment disputes, both before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals and ad hoc tribunal proceedings under United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Rules, increases. Although the individual decisions of the tribunals are not binding on one another, it is generally accepted that from these decisions there is the development of a special jurisprudence in investment arbitration. The danger inherent in this situation is that all decisions of all tribunals ‘have in principle equal status as concerns the potential for normative influence’. This influence will only increase as more awards are available for review. Recently, in Sergei Paushok, CJSC Golden East Company and CJSC Vostokneftegaz Company, Claimants v. Government of Mongolia (‘Paushok v. Mongolia’), a 2008 ad hoc investment arbitration conducted under UNCITRAL Rules, the tribunal entered an interim award without reference to any specific authority but nonetheless applied a list of criteria taken from international investment arbitration jurisprudence as a guide to its decision-making. Using Paushok v. Mongolia as a framework, the authors have critically evaluated tribunals’ reliance on what they deem ‘leading authority’ and the reasoning process used. From this analysis, the authors propose standards for tribunals to consider in the application for issuance of interim measures in international investment arbitration under both ICSID and UNCITRAL Rules and discuss how each factor should be analysed, as well as the quantum of proof required for each. At a minimum, the authors hope that their proposed standards provoke discussion on whether there is in actuality a set of internationally recognised standards to be met before a tribunal will issue an order in support of interim measures, and if so what should provide the basis for that standard.
The impact on dentistry of recent advances in the management of hypertension.

Dentistry has played an important role in the detection of patients with hypertension. Patients found to have high blood pressure at or beyond defined levels should be referred for a medical diagnosis and indicated treatment. Once the hypertensive condition is under control, oral and dental evaluation and treatment can be initiated. Beginning in 1976, the percentage of the general population in the United States with undetected hypertension declined steadily. However, this decline reversed, beginning in 1994. In addition, fewer than 50% of the patients who are aware of their hypertension have it medically under control. Thus, a significant number of patients with undetected high blood pressure or uncontrolled hypertension today are seeking dental treatment. These patients are at high risk for significant complications such as stroke, heart disease, kidney disease, and retinal disease. Those with very high blood pressure are at great risk for acute medical problems when receiving dental treatment. For those reasons, dentistry must continue to place an emphasis on the detection and referral of patients with high blood pressure. In addition, increased numbers of medically compromised patients are seeking dental treatment who should have their blood pressure monitored during the more stressful dental procedures, such as oral surgery, periodontal surgery, and placement of dental implants. This article reviews the recent advances in the dental and medical management of hypertension. It is important for dentists to be aware of hypertension in relation to the practice of dentistry. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:591-9)
Economics of solid waste recovery

A brief review of the origins and quantities of combustible refuse generated in the United States is followed by estimates of quantities collectable into aggregates that permit reasonably economic conversion to energy or fuels. The principal processes for conversion are briefly described and their status (research, development, demonstration or commercial plants) noted.
Conducting research on social media--is Facebook like the public square?

Up until a few years ago, Facebook's privacy settings were somewhat opaque. Even rather savvy users did not take the time to adjust the settings on their accounts so that their postings would only ...
Methylene carbon resonance spectra of epimerized isotactic polystyrene

The methylene carbon resonance patterns of partially epimerized isotactic polystyrenes were measured and interpreted in terms of tetrad and hexad stereosequence distributions that were calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of the epimerization process. Empirical rules were developed for assigning hexad resonances. Calculated spectra based on these assignments and on the Monte Carlo results were in reasonably good agreement with experimental spectra. The resonances of mmtype methine carbons were noted to occur about 0.2 ppm downfield from other methine carbon resonances.
Preribosomal RNA processing in Xenopus oocytes does not include cleavage within the external transcribed spacer as an early step.

Abstract Recently it has been reported that U3 snRNA is necessary for: (a) internal cleavage at +651/+657 within the external transcribed spacer (ETS) of mouse precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA); and (b) cleavage at the 5′ end of 5.8S rRNA in Xenopus oocytes. To study if U3 snRNA plays a role at more than one processing site in the same system, we have investigated whether internal cleavage sites exist within the ETS of Xenopus oocyte pre-rRNA. The ETSof Xenopus pre-rRNA contains the consensus sequence for the mammalian early processing site (+651/+657 in mouse pre-rRNA), but freshly prepared RNA from Xenopus oocytes has no cuts in this region. The only putative cleavage sites we found in the ETS of Xenopus oocyte pre-rRNA are a cluster further down-stream of the mouse early processing site consensus sequence. This cluster is not homologous to the mouse +651/+657 sites because unlike the latter it is (a) not abolished by disruption of U3 snRNA, (b) not cleave during early steps of pre-rRNA processing, and (c) lack sequence similarity to the +651/+657 consensus. Therefore, pre-rRNA of Xenopus oocytes does not cleave within the ETS as an early step in rRNA processing. We conclude that cleavage within the ETS is not an obligatory early step needed for the rest of rRNA maturation.
Alterations of LKB1 and KRAS and risk of brain metastasis: comprehensive characterization by mutation analysis, copy number, and gene expression in non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Background Brain metastases are one of the most malignant complications of lung cancer and constitute a significant cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent years of investigation suggested a role of LKB1 in NSCLC development and progression, in synergy with KRAS alteration. In this study, we systematically analyzed how LKB1 and KRAS alteration, measured by mutation, gene expression (GE) and copy number (CN), are associated with brain metastasis in NSCLC.
Intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation

Abstract Intermediate-energy Coulomb excitation is a powerful spectroscopic tool to study nuclei produced at exotic fast-beam facilities. With incident exotic beam rates of as little as a few particles / s, the technique can establish transition energies between bound excited states and the corresponding transition matrix elements. It thus lends itself to studying the evolution of the structure of nuclei along chains of isotopes from the proton dripline to the most neutron-rich nuclei accessible.
Quantum tunneling in dissipative systems.

As a prelude to a discussion of tunneling in the presence of dissipation, we discuss the damped harmonic oscillator. We show that for a harmonic-oscillator potential, the Caldeira-Leggett Hamiltonian can be reduced to a sum of independent harmonic-oscillator Hamiltonians by a normal-mode transformation. We then discuss tunneling through a parabolic barrier and explain the apparently contradictory results in the literature. The decay of a metastable state is then discussed. We argue that much of the published work on tunneling in dissipative systems has assumed unphysical initial conditions. We calculate the tunneling out of a metastable state, on the assumption that the environment is initially at zero temperature, and find that quantum tunneling is enhanced by dissipation.
Distribution and valency of receptor for IgE on rodent mast cells and related tumour cells

MONOMERIC IgE binds tightly to the surface of mast cells and basophils without, by itself, causing any known perturbation. Interaction of the IgE with an appropriate antigen (or experimentally with anti-IgE) causes the cells to degranulate. Little is known about the initial molecular events in IgE-mediated triggering, but there is considerable evidence that crosslinking of the IgE molecules is a critical step (see refs 1 and 2 for discussion). The available data suggest that only limited bridging rather than an aggregation-induced extensive redistribution of the surface IgE3,4 is required; indeed if the bridging is extensive enough to induce such gross redistribution within the time that degranulation would ordinarily be expected, the latter is inhibited3,5. Since bridging of the IgE, and therefore of the receptor to which it is bound, seems to be a critical signal, it is important to know if the cellular binding sites for IgE are integrated into larger functional units; the receptor molecules themselves might be multivalent, or individual receptors might be connected to each other by some other component (Fig. 1). The experiments described here were directed towards investigating this point. We saturated cells with a mixture of two distinguishable types of rat IgE and determined whether by redistributing one of them with specific antibody, the other would comigrate.
Ammonia Kills Spoilage Molds in Corn

Abstract Corn containing 26% and 12% moisture were treated with ammonia at 2% and .5% of corn dry weight, respectively. Ammoniation at both concentrations eliminated external and infecting molds and yeasts and tended to reduce bacterial counts. Molds killed were species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Rhizopus. In feeding trials, mice showed no preference between tempered and 2% ammoniated corn that initially had a pungent odor, but mice consumed more control corn than com ammoniated at, 5%.
Exploring consumers’ attitude towards relationship marketing

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore consumers’ overall attitude toward relationship marketing and to determine the influence of consumers’ overall attitude on consumers’ intentions and behaviors. Many services companies practice relationship marketing and customer relationship management. Although the benefits and drawbacks of relationship marketing for consumers have been established, little is known about whether consumers have a relatively positive or negative attitude toward relationship marketing practices. Design/methodology/approach – This research investigates consumers’ attitudes toward relationship marketing using a national survey of 245 consumers and a survey of 417 consumers living in the southern region of the USA. Findings – Although approximately 70 per cent of our national consumer sample had a somewhat positive attitude toward relationship marketing, about 30 per cent had a somewhat negative or neutral attitude. Furthermore, approximately 39 per cent of consumers in the stu...
MANAGEMENT OF OVARIAN BORDERLINE MALIGNANCY

Objective: Ovarian tumors of borderline malignancy are not as aggressive as, and tend to occur in younger patients than, their invasive counterparts. We retrospectively reviewed our experience to assess the safety of conservative management of patients with limited disease. Materials and Methods: the clinical and pathologic records of 57 patients with ovarian borderline malignant tumors from 1988 to 1998 were identified from the database of the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. The International federation of gynecology and Obstertrics staging was retrospectively assigned, follow-up information was obtained, and clinicopathologic correlations were made. Results: Forty-three of the 57 patients (75.4%) were at stage la, six (10.5%) were at stage lb, seven (12.3%) were at stage lc, and only one (1.8%) was at stage lllc. Forty-three patients (75.4%) had mucinous cystadenoma of borderline malignancy, while 14 (24.6%) had the serous type. Twenty-eight patients (49.1%) underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or bilateral oophorectomy. Twenty-four patients (42.1%) were treated with unilateral oophorectomy or unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Two patients (3.5%) underwent debulking surgery. Five patients (8.8%) underwent enucleation of the ovarian tumor. Five patients (8.8%) received chemotherapy after surgery. The median follow-up period was 44 months, and no recurrence was found. Conclusions: Conservative procedures appear to be warranted in young patients with clinically localized disease, which might preserve fertility and decrease surgical morbidity.
Treatment of Autoimmune-Related Retinopathy and Optic Neuropathy Syndrome (ARRON) with Plasma Exchange and IVIg

The autoimmune-related retinopathy and optic neuropathy (ARRON) syndrome represents a group of patients with unexplained visual loss who demonstrate antibodies that are reactive with the optic nerve and/or retina. We describe a patient with ARRON syndrome who responded to plasma exchange (PE) followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg).
Interlaminar stress analysis of composite laminates using a sublaminate/layer model

Abstract A stress-function-based variational method developed in a previous work is extended and modified into a sublaminate/layer approach applicable to a laminated strip composed of a large number of differently orientated, anisotropic elastic plies. Lekhnitskii’s stress functions are used for two interior layers adjacent to a particular interface. The remaining layers are grouped into an upper sublaminate and a lower sublaminate. The stress functions are expanded in truncated power series of the thickness coordinate and the differential equations governing the coefficient functions are derived by using the complementary virtual work principle. The new approach limits the dimension of the eigenvalue problem to a fixed number irrespective of the number of layers in the sublaminates, so that reasonably accurate solutions of the interlaminar stresses can be computed with extreme ease. For symmetric, four-layer, angle-ply and cross-ply laminates, a comparison of the previous analysis results based on the pure layer model and new results based on two different sublaminate/layer models indicates reasonable overall agreement in the interlaminar stresses and superior agreement in the resultant peeling and shearing forces across end segments of the interface. Additional results are obtained for eight-layer, quasi-isotropic laminates under the strain loads of axial extension, bending and twisting.
SCD5, a suppressor of clathrin deficiency, encodes a novel protein with a late secretory function in yeast.

Abstract Clathrin and its associated proteins constitute a major class of coat proteins involved in vesicle budding during membrane transport. An interesting characteristic of the yeast clathrin heavy chain gene (CHC1) is that in some strains a CHC1 deletion is lethal, while in others it is not. Recently, our laboratory developed a screen that identified five multicopy suppressors that can rescue lethal strains of clathrin heavy chain-deficient yeast (Chc - scd1-i) to viability. One of these suppressors, SCD5, encodes a novel protein of 872 amino acids containing two regions of repeated motifs of unknown function. Deletion of SCD5 has shown that it is essential for cell growth at 30 degrees C. scd5-delta strains carrying low copy plasmids encoding C-terminal truncations of Scd5p are temperature sensitive for growth at 37 degrees C. At the nonpermissive temperature, cells expressing a 338-amino acid deletion (Scd5P-delta 338) accumulate an internal pool of fully glycosylated invertase and mature alpha-factor, while processing and sorting of the vacuolar hydrolase carboxypeptidase Y is normal. The truncation mutant also accumulates 80- to 100-nm vesicles similar to many late sec mutants. Moreover, at 34 degrees C, overexpression of Scd5p suppresses the temperature sensitivity of a sec2 mutant, which is blocked at a post-Golgi step of the secretory pathway. Biochemical analyses indicate that approximately 50% of Scd5p sediments with a 100,000 x g membrane fraction and is associated as a peripheral membrane protein. Overall, these results indicate that Scd5p is involved in vesicular transport at a late stage of the secretory pathway. Furthermore, this suggests that the lethality of clathrin-deficient yeast can be rescued by modulation of vesicular transport at this late secretory step.
Prussian Green: A High Rate Capacity Cathode for Potassium Ion Batteries

Abstract The influence of the precursors, namely potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide on the particles sizes of Prussian Blue (PB) and Prussian Green (PG), under identical reaction conditions have been investigated. It was found that the particle sizes influence the gravimetric capacity utilization of these materials as cathodes for aqueous potassium (K + ) ion batteries. The PG particle sizes were on the order of 50–75 nm, whereas PB particles size were on the order of 2–10 microns. The PG cathodes demonstrated a reversible capacity of 121.4 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 98.7% compared to PB cathodes which demonstrated 53.8 mAhr/g, with a coulombic efficiency of 100%. We interpret the increased capacity of PG batteries relative to PB batteries as being a result of the smaller particle size of PG, which results in greater accessibility of the cathode to K+ ions.