cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Partial Molar Volumes from Simulation and Individual Group Contributions

Partial molar volumes (PMVs) for a range of organic solutes in aqueous solution are evaluated from molecular simulations using Kirkwood−Buff theory. Long-range oscillatory variations in the Kirkwood−Buff integrals are suppressed using the techniques of Lockwood, Rossky, and Levy [J. Phys. Chem. B, 1999, 103, 1982−1990 and J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 4210−4217], enhancing convergence of the calculated partial molar volumes to within the first hydration shell. Contributions from individual constituent groups, such as methylene carbons and alcohol oxygens, are evaluated using proximal correlation functions extended here to heterogeneous molecular species. We find the simulation partial molar volumes are systematically greater than experiment, with the difference between simulation and experiment increasing with solute size. These differences are attributed to possible deficiencies in the volumetric properties of the interaction potentials employed. Nevertheless, we find that the structure of water near iden...
Downregulation of connexin 43 gene expression in rat heart during inflammation. The role of tumour necrosis factor.

Abstract Gap junctions form channels that mediate the communication between adjacent cells. Alterations in gap junction function and/or expression are believed to contribute to cardiac dysfunction such as those observed in septic patients. The expression of connexin 43 (Cx43), the subunit component of the most abundant cardiac gap junction, was analysed in rat heart during inflammation induced by the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cx43 mRNA levels were found to be dramatically (>50%) and rapidly (2 h) reduced in the heart after injection of LPS (1 mg/kg). To investigate the possible mechanism of the decrease in Cx43 expression during inflammation, the promoter region of this gene was cloned. The basal Cx43 promoter activity was observed within 224–134 bp of the transcriptional initiation site after transfection into a rat myoblast cell-line (H9c2). The Cx43 promoter activity was found to be reduced by incubation of the transfected cells with serum obtained from LPS-treated rats. Moreover, Cx43 promoter activity was also decreased upon incubation with tumour necrosis factor α. These results suggest that Cx43 expression in the heart can be modulated by circulating cytokines. These observations may have important implications in the depression of heart function observed in septic patients.
Temperature Dependence of the Oxidative Rates of Mitochondria in Danthonia intermedia, Penstemon davidsonii and Sitanion hystrix

NUMEROUS investigations have shown that many plants exhibit optimum photosynthetic and respiratory rates at temperatures that are approximately equal to those of the growing season of their native habitat1. From an ecological point of view, however, adaptation in terms of metabolic patterns is very poorly understood2.
Quasilinear elliptic equations on $$\mathbb{R}^N $$ with infinitely many solutions

We give verifiable conditions ensuring that second order quasilinear elliptic equations on \(\mathbb{R}^N \) have infinitely many solutions in the Sobolev space \(W^{2,p} (\mathbb{R}^N )\) for generic right-hand sides. This amounts to translating in concrete terms the more elusive hypotheses of an abstract theorem. Salient points include the proof that a key denseness property is equivalent to the existence of nontrivial solutions to an auxiliary problem, and an estimate of the size of the set of critical points of nonlinear Schrodinger operators. Conditions for the real-analyticity of Nemytskii operators are also discussed.
Embolization of a large high-flow renal arteriovenous fistula using 035″ and 018″ detachable coils

Transcatheter embolization of renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is a minimally invasive procedure that, in some occasions, can replace surgery and potentially save the kidney. The embolization techniques for the renal AVFs have evolved considerably with the availability of newer hardwares. Still, the risk of inadvertent migration of the embolization materials to the pulmonary circulation is a concern. This article describes a novel technique of coiling the feeding segmental artery to a large high-flow renal AVF using 035″ and 018″ detachable coils only, and briefly reviews the previously described strategies to safely embolize renal AVFs.
The Non-Scholar Members of the Alexandrian Museum

P. Oxy. 2471, recently published in Volume XXVII of the seemingly inexhaustible Oxyrhynchus series, serves to remind us how scantily informed we are about the Alexandrian Museumafterthe Hellenistic era. Our best and fullest information for the Roman period comes from the papyri ; inscriptions add some details of interest.These sources have long since made it evident that under the Romans men of affairs as well as representatives of the arts and sciences were rewarded with membership in the Museum, with its attendant privileges of at??e?a and a?t?s??. It is in their capacity as public officials, or as parties to a business or legal transaction, that the non-scholar members occur in the papyri ; their Museum membership is mentioned incidentally among their honorific appellations. To the ten such members of the Museum already known an eleventh is added by the third-century papyrus published below with the permission of the Cornell University Library1). The essential data about the careers of these eleven men are
Towards a paradigm shift in biology.

The steady conversion of new techniques into purchasable kits and the accumulation of nucleotide sequence data in the electronic data banks leads one practitioner to cry, "Molecular biology is dead - Long live molecular biology!".
An improved method of transformation in Pseudomonads

A protocol for producing competent Pseuclomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Xanthomonas maltophilia was adapted and modified from existing methods. Cells were incubated on ice for 30 minutes in buffered 100 mM MgCl2 followed by 30 minutes in buffered 100 mM CaCl2 prior to addition of DNA. The MgCl2-CaCl2 incubation increased transformation efficiency two to three times, compared with protocols which use incubation in either Mg2+ or Ca2+, but not both.
Social Capital and Tax Morale in Spain

Abstract There is a growing literature on the individual determinants of the intrinsic motivation to pay taxes, what has been labeled ‘tax morale’. Most previous analyses of tax morale have utilized data from the World Values Survey and/or the European Values Survey. In this paper we use a unique data set from Spain’s Survey of Fiscal Policy; this data set also allows a much richer exploration of the role of various new measures of ‘social capital’ as determinants of tax morale than has been possible before, where social capital refers to the institutions, norms, and networks that promote cooperation and enable collective action. Our results indicate the important role of social capital measures as determinants of tax morale. In particular, we find that an individual’s tax morale is significantly and positively associated with his or her perception of the benefits derived by society from the public delivery of goods and services. The perceived size of fiscal fraud also influences directly and negatively the intrinsic motivation to pay taxes.
Plastic deformation of hafnium under uniaxial compression

The plastic behavior of polycrystalline hafnium (Hf) was investigated over a range of strain rates under uniaxial compression. Hafnium exhibited considerable ductility and a moderately rate-sensitive plastic behavior. The stress-strain response consisted of initial yielding followed by parabolic hardening. Microstructural observations on quasistatically deformed specimens revealed that yielding occurred by dislocation activity and that hardening was dominated by twinning on {1012} planes and by slip/twin interactions. A considerable reduction in dislocation and twinning activity was observed in specimens deformed at high strain rates. Failure occurred by shear localization and void growth and coalescence within the shear bands. Measurement of the temperature rise during high strain rate deformation was also made. From these measurements, the fraction of work converted to heat as a function of strain was determined and found to decrease with increasing strain.
A pharmacist based intervention to improve the care of patients with CKD: a pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial

Primary care providers do not routinely follow guidelines for the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Multidisciplinary efforts may improve care for patients with chronic disease. Pharmacist based interventions have effectively improved management of hypertension. We performed a pragmatic, randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a pharmacist based quality improvement program on 1) outcomes for patients with CKD and 2) adherence to CKD guidelines in the primary care setting. Patients with moderate to severe CKD receiving primary care services at one of thirteen community-based Veterans Affairs outpatient clinics were randomized to a multifactorial intervention that included a phone-based pharmacist intervention, pharmacist-physician collaboration, patient education, and a CKD registry (n = 1070) or usual care (n = 1129). The primary process outcome was measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) during the one year study period. The primary clinical outcome was blood pressure (BP) control in subjects with poorly controlled hypertension at baseline. Among those with poorly controlled baseline BP, there was no difference in the last recorded BP or the percent at goal BP during the study period (42.0% vs. 41.2% in the control arm). Subjects in the intervention arm were more likely to have a PTH measured during the study period (46.9% vs. 16.1% in the control arm, P <0.001) and were on more classes of antihypertensive medications at the end of the study (P = 0.02). A one-time pharmacist based intervention proved feasible in patients with CKD. While the intervention did not improve BP control, it did improve guideline adherence and increased the number of antihypertensive medications prescribed to subjects with poorly controlled BP. These findings can inform the design of quality improvement programs and future studies which are needed to improve care of patients with CKD. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01290614 .
The action of ketocholanic acids upon lower bowel motility

A preparation of sodium ketocholanate was studied for its effect upon lower bowel emptying in rabbit and in man. Administered into the rectum in the form of solution in 5 or 10 ml. quantities, or as a suppository it produces regularly, after a short latent period, copious defecation. Suggestions for its use are described.
Nuclear rotations and the double variational method

Abstract A self-consistent equation similar to the constrained variational equation is derived, which fully takes into account the effect of collective rotation on the internal dynamics of the nucleus. The derivation is based on the “double variation” method using a trial wave function with definite angular momentum. A geometry for the representation of the rotation group is introduced which makes it possible to obtain the linked cluster expansion in a compact form without symmetry assumptions about the intrinsic state. The relationship of the generator coordinate and cranking model formulations is discussed.
Phase analysis of BiCaSrCuO superconducting films at different growth temperatures from KCl supercooled solutions

Films of 80 K phase of BiCaSrCu-oxide superconductor referred as BCSCO have been grown from KCl-Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8+ϰ solutions at different growth temperature regimes by the LPE process. Twin-free single crystal substrates of NdGaO3 with (001) orientation are used for growing these films. The temperature range of 850-830°C is found to be the most favorable region for the formation of the 2122 phase of BCSCO. Above 850°C up to the peritectic melting point of the 2122 phase (885°C), formation of the 2122 phase is highly suppressed with the separation of Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8+ϰ into 2021, calcium copper oxide (Ca2CuO3 and CaCu2O3) and other non-superconducting phases. X-ray powder diffraction analysis is used to identify different phases of BCSCO films. Morphological examination of the films is carried out by scanning electron microscopy. The onset of transition of the 2122 phase films is observed at 90 K and zero resistance is reached at 83 K. Post-growth annealing has an adverse effect on the superconducting properties of the films.
The Magnetic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle

When I first read the table of contents of The Magnetic Field of the Earth: Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle, I admired the authors for attempting to write an up-to-date, integrated treatment of almost the entire subject matter of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. That is a heroic undertaking even if Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism is one of the AGU's smallest sections. The gulf between observationalists and theoreticians is particularly wide in geomagnetism, which makes the effort to bridge that gap as important as it is difficult. The authors are reasonably successful in this enterprise.
Sexual Behavior, Sexual Interference and Sexual Defense in the Salamanders Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma tigrinum and Plethodon jordani

Courtship behavior and ♂ - ♂ interactions in the salamanders Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma tigrinum and Plethodon jordani were investigated with the aim of determining their adaptive significance. The courtship behavior of approximately 30 pairs of A. maculatum, 10 pairs of A. tigrinum and 50 pairs of P. jordani was observed. Behaviors were recorded by verbal transcription, motion picture and still photography. A. maculatum ♂ ♂ court rapidly, deposit many spermatophores, have simple behavior and low success with each spermatophore. P. jordani ♂ ♂ court slowly, usually deposit a single spermatophore, have complex behavior and high success with each spermatophore. A. tigrinum is intermediate in these respects. ♂ ♂ of the two Ambystoma species actively cover the spermatophores of rival ♂ ♂. Male A. tigrinum and P. jordani dupe rival ♂ ♂ into unprofitable spermatophore depositions by mimicking female behavior. Male A. tigrinum actively transport the ♀ away from rivals. Male P. jordani chase rivals away from the ♀. A hypothesis is proposed which relates the evolution of courtship speed, spermatophore number and sexual defenses to the length of the courtship season, the probability of intrusion by rival ♂ ♂ and the sexual receptivity of the ♀. Zusammenfassung Drei Arten von Salamandern unterscheiden sich deutlich in der Lange der Zeit, die das ♂ vor einem ♀ balzt, ehe es die Spermatophore absetzt, und in der Zahl der Spermatophoren, die es pro Balz absetzt. Daraus lassen sich die folgenden Hypothesen zur Evolution der Salamanderbalz ableiten. Die Balzdauer pro Spermatophore scheint ein Kompromis zwischen dem Erfolg bei einem bestimmten ♀ und der Ausschaltung von Rivalen zu sein. Je langer die Balz ist, desto wahrscheinlicher findet das ♀ die Spermatophore. Also sollte das ♂ viel Zeit in jede Spermatophore investieren (z. B. Plethodon). Wenn aber Rivalen hinzukommen, konnten sie in dieser Zeit die Besamung stehlen. Deshalb balzen die polyandrische Ansammlungen bildenden Arten (z. B. Ambystoma maculatum) schnell und investieren wenig Zeit in jede Spermatophore. Die Zahl von Spermatophoren pro Balz scheint ein Kompromis zwischen dem Erfolg bei einem bestimmten ♀ und der Dauer der Balzzeit. Die ♂ ♂ haben nur einen beschrankten Vorrat von Spermatophoren. ♂ ♂, die in der Balz Spermatophoren sparen, konnten mehr ♀♀ begatten als ♂ ♂, die nicht sparsam sind. Das kann sogar den Nachteil eines geringeren Erfolgs pro ♀ wettmachen, wenn die Fortpflanzungszeit lang ist (z. B. Plethodon). Mannliche Salamander drangen sich in die Balz anderer ♂ ♂ hinein. Solche Storungen konnen einen Selektionsdruck auf Verteidigung des ♀, schnelle Balz, und auf Vergroserung der Zahl von Spermatophoren je Balz ausuben.
Long-term soil and shortleaf pine responses to site preparation ripping

A shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) ripping study was established by the Missouri Department of Conservation in March 1988 at the Logan Creek Conservation Area, USA. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of ripping on soil chemical and physical properties, on free-to-grow status, and on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine seedlings. After 16 years, ripping increased exchangeable calcium; however, it had no long-term effects on soil particle size, organic carbon, pH, exchangeable potassium and exchangeable magnesium. Ripping increased the percentage of free-to-grow saplings by 3.8% after two growing seasons. Ripping improved survival by 4% during the 1st three growing seasons and by 7.1% at age 16. After two growing seasons, ripping improved crown spread by 13.6%, height by 14.2%, diameter by 14%, and volume by 41.2%. At age 16, ripping no longer had an effect on shortleaf pine height and had reduced diameter by 5.3% and volume by 11.0%. Our results suggest that ripping 1) had no effect on long-term physical properties or chemical properties of the soil, 2) had no effect on the number of free-to-grow seedlings, and 3) produced short-term benefits on survival and growth of planted shortleaf pine.
Zebrafish kidney stromal cell lines support multilineage hematopoiesis

Studies of zebrafish hematopoiesis have been largely performed using mutagenesis approaches and retrospective analyses based upon gene expression patterns in whole embryos. We previously developed transplantation assays to test the repopulation potentials of candidate hematopoietic progenitor cells. We have been impaired, however, in determining cellular differentiation potentials by a lack of short-term functional assays. To enable more precise analyses of hematopoietic progenitor cells, we have created zebrafish kidney stromal (ZKS) cell lines. Culture of adult whole kidney marrow with ZKS cells results in the maintenance and expansion of hematopoietic precursor cells. Hematopoietic growth is dependent upon ZKS cells, and we show that ZKS cells express many growth factors and ligands previously demonstrated to be important in maintaining mammalian hematopoietic cells. In the absence of exogenous growth factors, ZKS cells maintain early hematopoietic precursors and support differentiation of lymphoid and myeloid cells. With the addition of zebrafish erythropoietin, ZKS cells also support the differentiation of erythroid precursors. These conditions have enabled the ability to ascertain more precisely the points at which hematopoietic mutants are defective. The development of robust in vitro assays now provide the means to track defined, functional outcomes for prospectively isolated blood cell subsets in the zebrafish.
The reconstruction of binary patterns from their projections

Given the horizontal and vertical projections of a finite binary pattern f, can we reconstruct the original pattern f? In this paper we give a characterization of patterns that are reconstructable from their projections. Three algorithms are developed to reconstruct both unambiguous and ambiguous patterns. It is shown that an unambiguous pattern can be perfectly reconstructed in time m × n and that a pattern similar to an ambiguous pattern can also be constructed in time m × n, where m, n are the dimensions of the pattern frame.
The Economic Impact of Transvenous Defibrillation Lead Systems

The purpose of this study was to compare implant charges and convalescence for transvenous and epicardial defibrillation systems. Hospital stay, intensive care utilization, professional fees, and hospital bills were compared in 44 patients who underwent implantation of a cardiac defibrillator between September 1991 and May 1993. Twenty-five consecutive patients received an epicardial lead system, while 19 consecutive patients underwent implantation of the entire transvenous defibrillation system in the electrophysiology laboratory. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean age or left ventricular ejection fraction. There was a significant reduction in postoperative hospital convalescence from 7.2 ± 2.0 days with epicardial systems to 3.1 ± 1.5 days with transvenous systems (P < 0.001). Postoperative intensive care unit stay was significantly reduced with transvenous systems compared with epicardial systems (0.1 ± 0.2 vs 1.5 ± 0.9 days; P < 0.001). Hospital charges were also significantly reduced with the transvenous lead system implants. Mean implant charges were lower with transvenous systems; $32,090 ±$2,620 vs $38,307 ±$2,701 (P < 0.001); convalescence charges were lower: $5,861 ±$5,010 vs $12,447 ±$4,969 (P < 0.001); the total hospital bill was also significantly lower with transvenous systems: $53,459 ±$12,588 vs $71,981 ±$16,172 (P < 0.001). Professional fees for implantation ($4,131 ±$1,724 vs $6,100 ± 0, P < 0.001), convalescence care ($1,258 ±$960 vs $2,846 ±$1,770; P < 0.001), and total professional fees ($12,925 ±$4,772 vs $15,731 ±$4,055, P < 0.05) were lower in the transvenous defibrillation group. In conclusion, transvenous defibrillation lead systems are associated with significantly shorter postoperative recovery and significantly lower hospital and professional charges.
Silicon abundances in stony meteorites by fast neutron activation analysis

Abstract Silicon has been determined in 107 chondrites and 11 achondrites by fast neutron activation analysis. The technique is essentially non-destructive and rapid, less than ten minutes being required for a single analysis. The precision of the silicon determinations, based on four separate analyses of each meteorite, is better than ± 3 per cent in most cases and the absolute accuracy for the silicon values listed is probably better than ± 5 per cent for most of the determinations. In addition, a classification scheme for the stony meteorites based on chemical composition is given.
MINIREVIEW—POLYPHENOLS AND OXIDASES IN SUBSTRATUM ADHESION BY MARINE ALGAE AND MUSSELS

Rocky intertidal shores occur throughout the world and are home to a profusion of sessile plants and animals. Organisms in the intertidal region experience significant drag and lift forces because water velocities are often in excess of 10 m·s21; thus, strong and environmentally durable adhesion is a prerequisite for survival. One factor that makes the adhesive strategies of most of these organisms especially interesting is that they adhere underwater and attach to virtually any available hard surface (Waite 1987). In this minireview, we suggest that although intertidal marine invertebrates and algae have a variety of opportunistic adhesive strategies, there are common themes in adhesion in both taxa. Specifically, we propose that adhesion involves an oxidasemediated polymerization of quinones. Mussel adhesion. There has been some progress in characterizing the adhesive strategy of marine mussels. Although mussels are hardly representative of all other marine adhesive strategies, they do provide an especially good model system for studying opportunistic adhesion (Waite 1992). Mussels attach to wet surfaces by making a byssus, which is an extracorporeal bundle of tiny tendons attached distally to a foreign surface and proximally by insertion of the root into the byssal retractor muscles (Fig. 1). There is much that is extraordinary about the properties and composition of byssal threads, but the focus of this minireview is limited to their adhesion. The byssal adhesive plaque. Byssal adhesive plaques have diameters of 2–3 mm and, except where the plaque meets the thread, a thickness of 0.15 mm or less. Transmission electron microscopy of plaque sections reveals structures that resemble microcellular solids with closed cell diameters of 1–3 mm and
Antimyoclonic properties of S2 serotonin receptor antagonists in the rat

Abstract The capacity of the putative S 2 serotonin receptor antagonists, pirenperone, pipamperone, ketanserin and cinanserin, to block the myoclonic syndrome produced by 30 mg/kg of l -5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) [after lesioning 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT)-containing neurons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (DHT)] or 15 mg/kg of fenfluramine (FF) or p -chloroamphetamine (PCA) was tested in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. S 2 antagonists inhibited limb (arrhythmic and asynchronous) and axial (truncal) myoclonus in a dose-dependent manner in the rank order of potency: pirenperone > pipamperone > ketanserin = cinanserin. Abnormal movements (myoclonus, lateral head weaving) of the myoclonic syndromes were better antagonized than postural abnormalities (hindlimb abduction, hunching of back). Centrally acting drugs, selective for S 2 receptors (pirenperone, pipamperone), exhibited greater antimyoclonic properties than the non-selective 5-HT antagonist methysergide, which was as effective as ketanserin and cinanserin. Significant non-specific reduction in myoclonus without the improvement of other behavioral responses followed treatment with sedative/neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol (but not the non-neuroleptic dopamine antagonist sulpiride), clonazepam and diazepam. The anticonvulsants valproic acid (100 and 300 mg/kg), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH; 100 and 300 U/kg), diphenylhydantoin (15 mg/kg), and phenobarbital (20 mg/kg) and drugs which do not act principally at S 2 receptors were ineffective in these models. These data support the hypothesis that myoclonus in behavioral models induced by 5-HT is S 2 receptor mediated. S 2 antagonists could have a role in the treatment of human myoclonus.
Improvement of accuracy of diffusion MRI using real-time self-gated data acquisition.

Diffusion-weighted and diffusion tensor MR imaging (DWI, DTI) techniques are generally performed with signal averaging of multiple measurements to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the accuracy of the diffusion measurement. Any discrepancy in the images between different averages causes errors which reduce the accuracy of the diffusion MRI measurements. In this report, a motion artifact reduction scheme with a real-time self-gated (RTSG) data acquisition for diffusion MRI using two-dimensional echo planar imaging (2D EPI) is described. A subject's translational and rotational motions during application of the diffusion gradients induce an additional phase term and a shift of the echo-peak position in the k-space, respectively. These motions also reduce the magnitude of the echo-peak. Based on these properties, we present a new scheme which monitors the position and the magnitude of the largest echo-peak in the k-space. The position and the magnitude of each average is compared to those of early averaging shot to determine if the differences are within or beyond the given threshold values. Motion corrupted data are reacquired in real time. Our preliminary results using RTSG indicate an improvement of both SNR and the accuracy of diffusion MRI measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promoting Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry by Expanding the FDA’s Regulatory Powers to Grant Market Exclusivity

Under the Patent Act, a patent grants the patent holder the right to exclude others from making, using, offering, or selling the patented invention for twenty years after the patent filing date in exchange for the inventor’s disclosure on how to make and use the invention. Under 35 U.S.C. §102(a), if an invention is described in a publication anywhere in the world before the invention by an applicant for the patent, the applicant is not entitled to that patent. Likewise, under 35 U.S.C. § 102(b), if an invention is described in a publication, without the inventor having first filed a patent application prior to such publication within one year of inventing the invention, then such an invention is unpatentable. Similarly, under 35 U.S.C. §102(f) no person is entitled to a patent if that person did not invent the subject matter sought to be patented. The effect of 35 U.S.C. §§ 102(a), (b), and (f) is that an academic article that describes a promising new drug or pharmaceutical treatment cannot be patented, if the inventors decides not to file an application within the one year statutory period. Thus, there are likely many promising new drugs and pharmaceutical treatments, which are unpatentable. Unfortunately, these drugs and treatments are not being developed because they require significant investment in time and money and there is no guarantee of market exclusivity. My research focuses on a way to rectify this dilemma created by the patent system by utilizing the FDA’s power to grant market exclusivity.
Treatment of children with neuroblastoma with high dose chemotherapy followed by peripheral blood stem cell hematopoietic rescue

Since advanced neuroblastoma often involves the marrow, the use of peripheral blood The International Journal of Cell Cloning (PBSC) in lieu of marrow for autologous cellular support after intensive chemotherapy offers a potentially attractive alternative. We developed a method, in light of the young age and small size of patients with neuroblastoma, to collect PBSC from small children; applied this method to the clinical collection of PBSC; and attempted hematologic rescue using the collected cells1–2. Collections were performed on the Fenwal CS3000, and the machine was primed with irradiated red cells, fresh frozen plasma, and, with very small patients, albumin (to minimize the amount of citrate returned). In small patients, heparin was used in lieu of some of the citrate anticoagulant for the same reason. Collections were performed through dual lumen central lines without major complications, and with complete avoidance of blood pressure and pulse instability or citrate toxicity. Among the first five patients, patient size ranged from 8.3 to 24 kg, and the total number of mononuclear cells collected ranged from 2.8 to 7.4 × 108 cells per kg in 5 to 7 procedures per patient. The preparative regimen consisted of high dose cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin. Pediatric patients with solid tumors without marrow involvement treated with similar preparative regimens and marrow rescue (1.0 to 3.0 × 108 nucleated cells per kg) were compared retrospectively as controls. Cryopreserved cell preparations were thawed at the bedside in 37°C saline and infused rapidly in a central line. Hematopoietic recovery was comparable to the marrow-treated control patients, except for one PBSC patient in whom platelet recovery was delayed, and another in whom neutrophil recovery was delayed. The PBSC patients all relapsed and died but one, who was alive and disease-free 27 months following transplant. Of the three marrow-treated neuroblastoma control patients, one was alive and disease-free one year following transplant. Because of the small numbers of patients studied, definitive conclusions about the effect of this treatment technique on disease outcome is not possible. However, the data suggest that PBSC rescue may be an acceptable if not preferable treatment for advanced neuroblastoma, even in very small children.
Research on SVPWM Method and its Neutral Point Potential Control

Neutral-point potential unbalance is an inherent problem of Neutral-point-clamped three-level PWM rectifiers. If the problem of neutral point can’t be controlled appropriately, the harm of input current will increase, and even the dc-link capacitor and switches will be destroyed. Thus domestic and foreign experts have done lots of research on the balance control of Neutral-point-clamed and put forward many effective control methods. This paper proposes a novel SVPWM strategy for the three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source inverter, based on the particular disposition of all the redundant voltage vectors. The new modulation approach shows superior performance for the harmonic voltage and the control of neutral-point potential compared to the popular eight-stage centered SVPWM and realizes the balancing control of inverter neutral-point potential by modifying redundant small vectors pairs’ distribution factor accurately, only requiring the information of dc-link capacitor voltages and three-phase load currents, which is convenient to apply and is compatible of digital computer realization. The feasibility of the proposed control approach has been verified via simulation and experiment results. In the strategy of software control, domestic and foreign scholars propose numerous neutral point potential control schemes. When carrier modulation is used, the balance control is achieved by injecting zero-sequence component into the three-phase modulated wave. When space vector modulation methods are adopted, they can be divided into three categories: passive control, hysteresis control and active control. there is also a new algorithm based on the intrinsic relationship between SVPWMs for two—level inverters and three．1evel inverters．a novel SVPWM control algorithm is proposed for three．1evel．The dwell time of voltage vector for three-level inverter can be acquired from counterpart for two-level inverter by using a linear transformation．Aiming to analysis the output PWM sequence of three-level inverter, a novel classification standard of voltage vector is proposed．Based on evaluating the PWM sequences, a novel PWM sequence is given，that can reduce the total harmonics distortion of inverter output.
Encompass: Managing Functionality

Today's system management tools focus on a computer as a visible enclosure of both computational resources (CPU and memory) and the functionality and data that reside in the storage subsystem. Recent technological trends, such as shared SAN or NAS storage and virtualization, have the potential to break this tight association between functionality and machines. We describe the design and implementation of ENCOMPASS - an image management system centered around a shared storage repository of "master system images", each representing different functionality. The functionality is provisioned by "cloning" master images, associating the resulting "clone images" with specified physical and/or virtual resources ("machines"), customizing the clone images for the specific environment and circumstances, and automatically performing the necessary operations to activate the clones. "Machines" $physical or virtual - are merely computational resources that do not have any permanent association with functionality. ENCOMPASS supports the complete lifecycle of a system image, including reallocation and re-targeting of resources, maintenance, updates, etc. It separates image creation from image management from resource allocation policies - an emerging trend that is manifested in particular by proliferation of turn-key "virtual appliances".
Evolution of blood pressure regulation in humans

The human propensity for hypertension is a product, in part, of our evolutionary history. Adaptation to climate, first in Africa and then throughout the world, has driven our evolution and may have shaped current patterns of hypertension susceptibility. This article reviews human evolution and the impact of climatic adaptation on blood pressure physiology. Evidence suggests that genetic susceptibility to hypertension is ancestral and was magnified during early human evolution. Furthermore, differential susceptibility among human populations is due to differential selection during the out-of-Africa expansion 30,000 to 100,000 years ago. The most important selection pressure was climate, which produced a latitudinal cline in hypertension susceptibility. Therefore, the current epidemic of hypertension is likely due to new exposures of the modern period (e.g.: higher salt intake) interacting with ancestral susceptibility. Worldwide populations may differ in susceptibility to the new exposures, however, such that those from hot, arid environments are more susceptible to hypertension than populations from cold environments.
A stateful intrusion detection system for World-Wide Web servers

Web servers are ubiquitous, remotely accessible, and often misconfigured. In addition, custom Web-based applications may introduce vulnerabilities that are overlooked even by the most security-conscious server administrators. Consequently, Web servers are a popular target for hackers. To mitigate the security exposure associated with Web servers, intrusion detection systems are deployed to analyze and screen incoming requests. The goal is to perform early detection of malicious activity and possibly prevent more serious damage to the protected site. Even though intrusion detection is critical for the security of Web servers, the intrusion detection systems available today only perform very simple analyses and are often vulnerable to simple evasion techniques. In addition, most systems do not provide sophisticated attack languages that allow a system administrator to specify custom, complex attack scenarios to be detected. We present WebSTAT, an intrusion detection system that analyzes Web requests looking for evidence of malicious behavior. The system is novel in several ways. First of all, it provides a sophisticated language to describe multistep attacks in terms of states and transitions. In addition, the modular nature of the system supports the integrated analysis of network traffic sent to the server host, operating system-level audit data produced by the server host, and the access logs produced by the Web server. By correlating different streams of events, it is possible to achieve more effective detection of Web-based attacks.
Ultrastructural Changes in the Chlamydia-Infected Ileal Mucosa of Newborn Calves

Abstmct. Ultrastructural changes induced by chlamydia1 infection of niucosal cells of the ileum of ncwborn calves after oral inoculation were investigated. Depending on the stage of chlamydia1 development, the organelles of all infected cells became damaged. The damage was degenerative and included vesiculation of microvilli and swelling of the terminal web of absorptive epithelial cells. The mitochondria were swollen and had fragmented cristae. The endoplasmic reticulum was dilated and vesiculated, and infected cells gradually lost their ribosomes. The lateral junctional complex between infected cells became occasionally dislocated and fragmented. The basal lamina was thrown into folds, became discontinuous and separated from the basal border of the epithelial cells. The nuclei of infected cells were affected last, lost their chromatin pattern, and ultimately became pyknotic. Enteric disease represents a serious problem for the newborn of many different animal species and man. The newborn encounters numerous infectious agents during the postnatal period when the intestinal microbial flora is being established. Intestinal infections with viruses and other obligate intracellular parasites such as chlamydiae are also known to occur during this period. Chlamydia1 agents have been isolated from feces of clinically normal young calves [ 151 and from specimens of newborn calves with diarrhea and polyarthritis [ 121. After oral inoculation with specific chlamydia1 strains, young calves developed diarrhea and died rapidly because of water and electrolyte losses, but only minor gross and histopathologic lesions were detected in the intestine [5]. Since chlamydiae replicate by going through a welldefined developmental cycle, infected cells can be identified ultrastructurally. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze ultrastructural changes induced by chlamydiae in the ileal mucosa of calves that developed diarrhea after oral inoculation.
Neo-No-Barroco o barrococó: Hacia una perspectiva menos inexacta del neobarroco

Este ensayo analiza las nociones esteticas principales que definen la llamada poetica neobarroca. Al respecto, presenta elementos para justificar la utilizacion de los vocablos neo-no-barroco y barrococo en vez de “neobarroco”, por considerar a este termino erroneo, pues proyecta la idea –por el uso del prefijo– que es descendiente directo del barroco espanol, algo que es una verdad incompleta. La relacion del neo-no-barroco/barrococo con la idea fundacional del Romanticismo, de que la poesia debe pensar sobre el pensamiento, es obvia y sin embargo no ha sido debidamente analizada. Por lo tanto, al haber una reconfiguracion etimologica de la estetica asociada con la dificultad y la superposicion de escollos retoricos que le exigen al acto de la lectura una mayor concentracion, la poetica neo-no-barroca o barrococo podra alcanzar una mas exacta definicion y permitira incluir voces poeticas hasta ahora no consideradas neobarrocas. This essay reflects upon the principal aesthetic notions that define the so-called Neobaroque poetic. In this regard, new evidence is presented in order to justify the use of two words (synonymous), neo-no-barroco and barrococo instead of “Neo-baroque”, considering this term a misnomer since it projects the idea –by the use of the prefix– that it is a direct descendent of the Spanish Baroque, which is an incomplete truth. The relationship of the neo-no-barroco / barrococo with the foundational idea of Romanticism; that poetry should think about thinking is obvious and yet, it has not been adequately analyzed. Therefore, having an etymological reconfiguration of the aesthetic associated with difficulty and with the overlapping rhetorical pitfalls that demand the act of reading at a higher concentration level, the neo-no-barroco or barrococo poetic will be able to reach a more precise definition and allow the inclusion of poetic voices hitherto unconsidered as Neobaroque.
Community Approaches to Risk Factor Reduction: The Stanford Project

A major theoretical basis for community risk reduction studies is contained in Bandura’s social learning theory, which describes the reciprocal relationship between environment, behavior, and cognitive factors (Bandura, 1969; Bandura, 1977; Bandura, 1978). Translated into practical terms, this theory states that the artificial environments of clinics and doctors’ offices, the province of most controlled clinical trials, do not have the potential for learning and maintenance of learning that is possible within the home, worksite, and other areas of community environments. Therefore, community studies can furnish a natural milieu for full testing of multifactor educational methods for achieving lifestyle change.
Using multi-temporal MODIS 250 m data to calibrate and validate a sediment transport model for environmental monitoring of coastal waters

Abstract — Muti-temporal images of total suspended matter (TSM) derived from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Terra 250 m red-band reflectance data were used to set the initial conditions and validate output of a hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ( ECOMSED) developed for Lake Pontchartrain, LA USA. During this initial study, the moderately high spatial resolution of the 250 m images provided a significant improvement in model definition when compared to model runs calibrated using 1 km data available from most ocean viewing instruments (e.g., AVHRR and SeaWiFS). The combination of daily MODIS imagery and model simulations offer a more robust monitoring and prediction system of suspended sediments than available from either system alone. The additional use of Aqua MODIS imagery should afford greater refinement in model paramerization and accuracy. Keywords-suspended sediments; sediment transport; MODIS; ECOMSED; water quality; monitoring. I. I NTRODUCTION Coastal waters, especially bays and estuaries, are often characterized by high concentrations of suspended materials derived from freshwater inflow and/or by the resuspension of bottom sediments. High concentrations of suspended sediments can govern many important water column parameters and processes including total water quality, benthic and phytoplankton productivity, and the redistribution and transport of water-borne pathogens, pollutants, and other materials. For example, several investigators [1, 2] have reported that the distribution and concentration of fecal coliform are directly associated with sediment resuspension and suspended sediment transport. These findings establish a direct link between sediment dynamics and public health. Hence, there is considerable interest in monitoring the transport and fate of suspended sediments from a broad range of investigators, environmental managers, and policy makers. Unfortunately, in many coastal aquatic systems, the use of traditional field measurements is inadequate to effectively monitor suspended sediments at the desired spatial and temporal scales due to the presence of dynamic physical processes (e.g., wind driven resuspension, river flow) or the large size of the system. In contrast, observations from remote sensing instruments and numerical models can provide unique information regarding the distribution and transport of suspended sediments that cannot be obtained using traditional field sampling techniques. Remote sensing from airborne and space-based instruments provide a large-scale synoptic view; numerical models provide a better understanding of the underlying system processes as 0-7803-9119-5/05/$20.00 (C) 2005 IEEE
Glycerol replacement corrects defective skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier function in aquaporin-3-deficient mice

Abstract Mice deficient in the epidermal water/glycerol transporter aquaporin-3 (AQP3) have reduced stratum corneum (SC) hydration and skin elasticity, and impaired barrier recovery after SC removal. SC glycerol content is reduced 3-fold in AQP3 null mice, whereas SC structure, protein/lipid composition, and ion/osmolyte content are not changed. We show here that glycerol replacement corrects each of the defects in AQP3 null mice. SC water content, measured by skin conductance and 3H2O accumulation, was 3-fold lower in AQP3 null vs. wild-type mice, but became similar after topical or systemic administration of glycerol in quantities that normalized SC glycerol content. SC water content was not corrected by glycerol-like osmolytes such as xylitol, erythritol, and propanediol. Orally administered glycerol fully corrected the reduced skin elasticity in AQP3 null mice as measured by the kinetics of skin displacement after suction, and the delayed barrier recovery as measured by transepidermal water loss after tape-stripping. Analysis of [14C]glycerol kinetics indicated reduced blood-to-SC transport of glycerol in AQP3 null mice, resulting in slowed lipid biosynthesis. These data provide functional evidence for a physiological role of glycerol transport by an aquaglyceroporin, and indicate that glycerol is a major determinant of SC water retention, and mechanical and biosynthetic functions. Our findings establish a scientific basis for the >200-yr-old empirical practice of including glycerol in cosmetic and medicinal skin formulations.