cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there room for multidimensional learning in a standardized curriculum

This article presents the results of a study that interpreted views of curriculum and practice of teacher education faculty at a public institution of higher learning in the USA. It offers information about the ongoing challenges of affecting a balanced approach to teacher education at colleges and universities in a standardized learning setting. Participants' responses indicated professors perceive curriculum and standardization differently than instructors. Professors are more likely to describe the curriculum they teach ideologically whereas instructors described course content or paraphrased course titles. Further, professors were more likely to question whether they were meeting the needs of students and the impact of the standardization of curriculum. These findings raise many questions about the intellectual integrity of teacher preparation programs that are increasingly standardized and increasingly reliant on instructors rather than tenured faculty to teach program courses.
Are United States Adults With Coronary Heart Disease Meeting Physical Activity Recommendations

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. The benefits of physical activity in reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease have led to recommendations that patients with heart disease increase their levels of physical activity. This study was conducted to investigate the degree of compliance with national and/or American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology guidelines for physical activity in United States adults with coronary heart disease (CHD) in comparison with subjects without CHD using data from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Information on CHD or physical activity was self-reported. A total of 297,145 participants aged ≥18 years were included in the analyses. The age-standardized prevalence and the odds ratios for meeting total, moderate, or vigorous physical activity recommendations were calculated. Patients with CHD participated less in physical activity at recommended levels than those without CHD (40%, 32%, and 22% vs 49%, 37%, and 29%, respectively, for meeting total, moderate, and vigorous physical activity recommendations, p
High‐Performance Ta2O5/Al‐Doped Ag Electrode for Resonant Light Harvesting in Efficient Organic Solar Cells

A efficient indium tin oxide (ITO)-free transparent electrode based on an improved Ag film is designed by introducing small amount of Al during co-deposition, producing ultrathin and smooth Ag film with low loss. A transparent electrode as thin as 4 nm is achieved by depositing the film on top of Ta2O5 layer, and organic solar cells based on such ultrathin electrode are built, producing power conversion efficiency over 7%. The device efficiency can be optimized by simply tuning Ta2O5 layer thickness external to the organic photovoltaic (OPV) structure to create an optical cavity resonance inside the photoactive layer. Therefore Ta2O5/Al-doped Ag films function as a high-performance electrode with high transparency, low resistance, improved photon management capability and mechanical flexibility.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation: A review

Conventional treatment for hemorrhagic shock includes the infusion of intravenous (IV) fluid and blood products in order to restore intravascular volume. However, even after normal heart rate and blood pressure are restored, the visceral organs often remain ischemic. This leads to organ dysfunction and also releases numerous cytokines and inflammatory mediators which activate the body's inflammatory response. The use of Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation (DPR) helps counteract this response. DPR involves infusion of hypertonic fluid into the abdomen in addition to IV resuscitation. This causes rapid and sustained dilation of the arterioles, especially those in the intestine, which reduces organ ischemia and cellular hypoxia. Studies in animals have demonstrated that use of DPR after hemorrhagic shock can reduce organ edema, improve liver blood flow, and reduce serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Subsequent human studies have shown that DPR after damage control surgery for hemorrhage or sepsis leads to faster abdominal closure, higher rate of primary fascial closure, and reduced abdominal complications. Peritoneal resuscitation has also shown benefits in the resuscitation after acute brain death, including reduced inflammatory mediators and organ edema. Use of DPR in potential organ donors leads to an increase in the number of organs procured per donor, most frequently by increasing the number of lungs procured.
Reproductive cycle and maternal effects on offspring size and number in the neogastropod Buccinum undatum (L.)

This paper examines relationships between maternal phenotype and offspring phenotype in the commercially exploited marine neogastropod Buccinum undatum (L.). The study also aimed to estimate the effects of female size on subsequent recruitment, and to determine the reproductive cycle of B. undatum in Swedish waters. The evaluation of gonad development in field-sampled animals from August 1998 to February 2000 revealed a definite annual reproductive cycle with a single major egg-laying period in the autumn. In addition, adult whelks of varying sizes from two locations and in two consecutive years were kept in aquaria to study the influence of female size on fecundity. Twenty-seven females deposited eggs in the laboratory. Offspring quality, measured as egg and hatchling size, was independent of female size, although larger females produced more eggs and hatchlings than smaller females, and thus probably account for a disproportionately large share of potential recruitment; the relative fecundity (number of eggs or hatchlings per gram of body weight) was constant with female size. I found no evidence for a longer time interval between successive egg-layings in larger females, i.e. mature females of all sizes probably spawn equally often. The present results therefore indicate that spawning-stock biomass is probably a better measure of spawning-stock size than the number of mature individuals in the population. Effects of an individual female's characteristics on stock productivity have largely been overlooked by fishery managers but could help to explain the weakness often found in stock–recruitment relationships.
Visual display unit workstation lighting

Abstract Two experiments determined preferred general and workstation illumination; workstation illumination was 350 lux. In experiment 1, 12 subjects were treated to 2 illumination sources, 6 task lighting conditions and 3 screen luminance conditions. Subjects preferred the indirect + direct illumination. Preferred task document brightness ranged from 190 to 890 nits. There were no screen character brightness differences. In experiment 2, 24 subjects were treated with a constant workstation illumination of 350 lux to 6 conditions (2 illuminations of the room wall and 3 illumination levels in the area ahead of the operator). In the area ahead of the operator, subjects preferred an illumination (770–820 lux) level doubling the workstation illumination over 420 and 1180 lux. Subjects also preferred increased brightness variability on the wall. For offices with VDUs, designers should not only plan for a mixture of indirect + direct lighting but also should consider the lighting of the workstation surroundings as well as the workstation.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model to Derive Novel Gene Networks from Gene Ontology Fingerprints

We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to identify gene networks based on the similarity score generated from comparing the gene ontology fingerprints of gene pairs. Genes in this network were assumed to have similar biological functions that can be indicated by their ontology fingerprints. Our results indicate that different pathways show consistent score threshold that allow us to distinguish biological relevant gene—gene connections in the network.
The pulmonary vasculature in meconium aspiration

Some studies have suggested that pulmonary hypertension in the newborn with meconium aspiration can be attributed to a primary prenatal increase in pulmonary arterial musculature; but this concept has been controversial. To examine this question, we reviewed 62 infants autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 24 of whom demonstrated meconium aspiration, 20 with meconium staining but no aspiration, and 18 with abruptio placentae without meconium aspiration or staining. Clinical and pathologic features were evaluated and cross-sectional arterial medial area was determined at the junction of the conducting and respiratory airways in nondistended lungs. No significant difference in arterial medial area was found between infants with meconium aspiration and those with meconium staining only or abruptio placentae. In addition, circumferentially muscularized intraacinar arteries were present in all infants with meconium aspiration and abruptio placentae, and all but one infant with meconium staining alone. Comparison of lungs with and without arterial injection and fixation in distention showed that injection does not uniformly distend vessels and that formalin distention may remove or mask meconium. The study suggests that meconium aspiration and its complications, not primary structural arterial changes, account for pulmonary hypertension in infants with meconium aspiration.
Sex differences in health care provider communication during genital herpes care and patients' health outcomes

Research in primary care medicine demonstrates that health care providers' communication varies depending on their sex, and that these sex differences in communication can influence patients' health outcomes. The present study aimed to examine the extent to which sex differences in primary care providers' communication extend to the sensitive context of gynecological care for genital herpes and whether these potential sex differences in communication influence patients' herpes transmission prevention behaviors and herpes-related quality of life. Women (N = 123) from the United States recently diagnosed with genital herpes anonymously completed established measures in which they rated (a) their health care providers' communication, (b) their herpes transmission prevention behaviors, and (c) their herpes-related quality of life. The authors found significant sex differences in health care providers' communication; this finding supports that sex differences in primary care providers' communication extend to gynecological care for herpes. Specifically, patients with female health care providers indicated that their providers engaged in more patient-centered communication and were more satisfied with their providers' communication. However, health care providers' sex did not predict women's quality of life, a finding that suggests that health care providers' sex alone is of little importance in patients' health outcomes. Patient-centered communication was significantly associated with greater quality-of-life scores and may provide a promising avenue for intervention.
Image resolution in the midsagittal plane of the Orthopantomograph-10 using Lanex regular and T-Mat G screen-film combination

Image resolution was measured in the midsagittal plane of the Orthopantomograph-10 with the use of Lanex regular and T-Mat G screen-film combination. A thin platinum edge phantom was used to obtain images for calculation of the edge response functions. Subsequently, line spread functions and modulation transfer functions of the system were calculated. Noise equivalent passband values, which were expressed in line pairs per millimeter, were derived to describe the image resolution. The noise equivalent passband values derived in this study were generally smaller than those reported in a previous study. The width of the image layer was found to be uniform at different vertical levels.
Halide-reversible electrodes in propylene carbonate

Abstract The halide-reversible amalgam electrodes of cadmium, lead and thallium and the calomel electrode have been evaluated as reference electrodes in propylene carbonate. The stability and magnitude of the bias potential and the response to micropolarization of each electrode were determined. Of the chloride-reversible electrodes, thallium is superior, lead is significantly poorer and cadmium and mercury are so poor as to be of limited use. The bromide-reversible electrodes of thallium, lead and cadmium are relatively stable, whereas the iodide-reversible electrodes of these three metals are very stable. The halides of cadmium, lead and thallium interact with propylene carbonate—alkali halide solutions, probably to yield either a solid solvate or a solid double salt, and this interaction has a substantial effect on the potentials of binary cells. The relative magnitude of the interaction, which is independent of the particular halide anion, is lead > thallium > cadmium. The interaction and its influence on the potentials of the electrodes indicate a need for caution in interpretation of potentiometric measurements made with these electrodes.
Overcoming a kinked peel-away sheath during central line implantation

In pediatric patients, central line implantation via the subclavian vein can be complicated by the presence of a kink in the peel-away sheath. A technique is described, which has been used on 62 occasions to overcome this problem. Reinserting the catheter through the kinked peel-away sheath in concert with a guidewire that extends 3 to 4 cm beyond the catheter tip can ensure successful placement.
Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to evaluate patients after coronary bypass surgery.

Abstract To determine the utility of thallium-201 stress scintigraphy in assessing the results of coronary bypass surgery, chest paln, stress electrocardiograms and sclntigrams were evaluated in 27 patients postoperatlvely. These findings were compared with coronary angiographie data in which a significant postoperative lesion was defined as 75 percent or more stenosis in a graft, its distal vessel or in an ungrafted native vessel. As an indicator of postoperative coronary lesions, chest pain lacked sensitivity (60 percent) and was nonspecific (20 percent). The stress electrocardiogram had poor sensitivity (60 percent) and good specificity (86 percent) but was not helpful in six patients who had equivocal or suboptimal tests. The scintigram had good sensitivity (77 percent) and was highly specific for the diagnosis of coronary stenosis. It was significantly more specific than chest pain ( P
Low altitude high speed cargo parachute system development: A status report

A Low Altitude High Speed Cargo (LAHSC) parachute is being developed for deployment at velocities up to 250 knots at 300 ft altitude. The LAHSC parachute will decelerate and turnover a load to a 40 to 60 ft/sec vertical velocity at first vertical at approximately 30 ft AGL. The acceleration limit is 5 g's. Main chute cargo extraction will be necessary. A single parachute will be utilized for a 7500 lb load, and clusters will be used for larger loads. The 64-gore, 70-ft-dia parachute has a ring-slot/solid construction with a flare at the skirt to aid the inflation. This paper describes the parachute, the design process and testing to date. Model parachutes have been tested in wind tunnels and in free flight. A single full-scale parachute has been tested at low speeds with conventional load extraction, and with a vertical trajectory at deployment. 5 refs., 18 figs., 3 tabs.
Determination of regional sources of aerosol black carbon in the Arctic

Black carbon aerosol (BC), a strong absorber of visible light, constitutes a small but significant fraction of the effluent arising from carbonaceous fuel combustion processes. Estimates of the source strengths and geographical distribution of BC emissions, needed to model their effects on radiative transfer, are currently unavailable. In this letter we present a methodology for estimating regional emissions of BC in Arctic latitudes based on the synthesis of three independent pieces of information: time-resolved measurements of BC and CO2 at Pt. Barrow, Alaska; long-range atmospheric trajectory analyses; and tabulated values of regional fuel consumption. From a limited data base we obtain an example result indicating annual BC emissions in the Novaya Zemlya/Taymyr Peninsula regions of the northern U.S.S.R. on the order of 108 g yr−1.
Efficient solid-phase synthesis of quinazoline-2,4-diones with various substituents on aromatic rings

We have developed a method for the solid-phase synthesis of quinazoline-2,4-diones with various substituents on the aromatic ring. Although there have been numerous reports of the solid-phase synthesis of quinazoline-2,4-diones, they were not applicable to the synthesis of the quinazoline-2,4-diones with electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring. Considering the poor nucleophilicity of the amino group of anthranilic acids, coupling of anthranilic acids to solid-supported amines was investigated without protecting the amino group. Various anthranilamides were prepared using anthranilic acids with electron-withdrawing substituents because a wide range of anthranilic acids are commercially available. These anthranilamides were successfully cyclized with carbonyldiimidazole to give quinazoline-2,4-diones with high purity.
Radiative transfer in a polluted urban planetary boundary layer

Radiative transfer in a polluted urban atmosphere is studied using a dynamic model. The diurnal nature of radiative transfer for summer conditions is simulated for an urban area 40 km in extent and the effects of various parameters arising in the problem are investigated. The results of numerical computations show that air pollution has the potential of playing a major role in the radiative regime of the urban area. Absorption of solar energy by aerosols in realistic models of urban atmosphere are of the same order of magnitude as that due to water vapor. The predicted effect of the air pollution aerosol in the city is to warm the earth-atmosphere system, and the net effect of gaseous pollutant is to warm the surface and cool the planetary boundary layer, particularly near the top.
System and Time: The Function of Time in Meaning‐constituting Systems

The enlistment of time is shown to become indispensable for the continued existence of complex systems in two ways. First, complexity forces the making of selections of meaningful combinations of modal forms that becomes possible through the use of time. Second, the empirical limits of the present and the degree of complexity with which it has to deal require further measures.
Mineral dust indirect effects and cloud radiative feedbacks of a simulated idealized nocturnal squall line

Abstract. Mineral dust is arguably the most abundant aerosol species in the world and as such potentially plays a large role in aerosol indirect effects (AIEs). This study assesses and isolates the individual responses in a squall line that arise (1) from radiation, (2) from dust altering the microphysics, as well as (3) from the synergistic effects between (1) and (2). To accomplish these tasks, we use the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) set up as a cloud-resolving model (CRM). The CRM contains aerosol and microphysical schemes that allow mineral dust particles to nucleate as cloud drops and ice crystals, replenish upon evaporation and sublimation, be tracked throughout hydrometeor transition, and be scavenged by precipitation and dry sedimentation. Factor separation is used on four simulations of the squall line in order to isolate the individual roles of radiation (RADIATION), microphysically active dust (DUST MICRO), and the nonlinear interactions of those factors (SYNERGY). Results indicate that RADIATION acts to increase precipitation, intensify the cold pool, and enhance the mesoscale organization of the squall line due to changes in microphysics originating from cloud top cooling. Conversely, DUST MICRO decreases precipitation, weakens the cold pool, and weakens the mesoscale organization of the squall line due to an enhancement of the warm rain process. SYNERGY shows little impact on the squall line, except near the freezing level, where an increase in mesoscale organization takes place. The combined effect of the mineral dust AIE due to both DUST MICRO and SYNERGY is to weaken the squall line.
Comparison of imaging properties of a computed radiography system and screen-film systems.

To compare the diagnostic quality of images obtained with a computed radiography(CR) system based on storage phosphor technology with that obtained with conventional screen–film systems, a dual‐image recording technique was devised. With this technique, a CRimaging plate is placed behind a screen–film system in a conventional cassette. This makes it possible to obtain two images simultaneously, one from each system, in a clinical examination with the same patient positioning, the same degree of patient motion, the same geometric unsharpness, and no additional exposure. The modulation transfer functions (MTFs) of the CR system with and without the dual‐image recording technique were greater at low frequencies, but lower at high frequencies, that the MTFs of the screen–film systems used. The noise Wiener spectra of the CRimages at the plane of the imaging plate were greater than those of the screen–film systems, but were comparable to those of the screen–film systems at the plane of the printed film due to the reduction in image size. Clinical chest images obtained with the dual‐image recording technique appeared comparable, probably because of the image size reduction and the use of mild unsharp mask processing.
Theoretical investigation of a class of new planar transmission lines from microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits

New planar transmission lines employing multilayer structures are examined for possible applications in microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits. Detailed investigations are presented through numerical results calculated using the spectral domain technique. The newly proposed transmission lines have many attractive features such as large impedance ranges, flexibility and the ability to realize complicated, densely packed integrated circuits, as well as miniaturization through the use of thin dielectric layers.
Analysis of scifinder scholar and web of science citation searches

Chemical Abstracts Service recently unveiled citation searching in Chemical Abstracts. With Chemical Abstracts and Science Citation Index both now available for citation searching, this study compares the duplication and uniqueness of citing references for works of chemistry researchers for the years 1999-2001. The two indexes cover very similar source material, so one would expect the citation results to be very similar. This analysis of SciFinder Scholar and Web of Science shows some important differences as the databases are currently offered. Authors and institutions using citation counts as measures of scientific productivity should take note.
Semiclassical wave function of the Universe at small three-geometries.

Of particular interest is the behavior of the wave function of minimum excitation for compact cosmologies as the three-geometry becomes small. Information on its qualitative behavior is contained in the scaling behavior of the semiclassical approximation of the wave function. For small three-geometries, the scaling of the semiclassical wave function is determined by the scaling of the prefactor. We expect that the scaling of the prefactor for small arbitrary three-geometries is qualitatively the same as that of the prefactor for the simple geometry of a three-sphere. We compute the scaling of the prefactor for the geometry of Euclidean flat space with a three-sphere boundary; this geometry corresponds to that for a three-sphere boundary with a positive cosmological constant in the small-volume limit. For this geometry, the scaling of the prefactor entirely determines its form.
Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of a modified radioallergosorbent test and comparison with the conventional radioallergosorbent test

Abstract A modified radioallergosorbent test (RAST) assay and scoring system (Fadal/Nalebuff RAST) have been purported to increase the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of the RAST. In order to assess such claims, we compared this modified RAST with the conventional Phadebas RAST in 40 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Phadebas and modified RAST scores to nine allergens were highly correlated (r = +0.93) and results from either RAST correlated with skin-test titration end points. Clinical sensitivity to test allergens was assessed using nasal provocation titration; positive RAST determinations by both methods were associated with negative provocation tests in fewer than 10% of cases. However, positive provocation tests were noted in over half the patients who had negative Phadebas RAST results; the inclusion of an additional reference point at the lower end of the standard curve may increase the diagnostic accuracy of the test. Non-IgE-containing control preparations produced equivocal results in up to seven of 21 modified RAST assays, but produced negative results in all Phadebas RAST assays. Background binding produced by negative control preparations varied considerably among different allergen discs, indicating that the cutoff point between positivity and negativity may vary from allergen to allergen. The modified RAST was also used to calculate initial immunotherapy doses. Preliminary skin tests at these predicted allergen concentrations produced large wheals (>16 mm) in 15 of 50 trials (30%), and in this situation immunotherapy doses were withheld. The remaining 35 patients tolerated the initial immunotherapy doses without incident. As presently performed, the modified RAST assay does not afford significant diagnostic advantages over the Phadebas RAST; until such a time as standardized allergen extracts are available, potential therapeutic applications of the modified RAST remain speculative.
Distribution of the human jaw stretch reflex response elicited by percutaneous, localized stretch of jaw-closing muscles

In the present study homonymous and heteronymous projections of muscle spindle afferent fibers in the human jaw-closing system were investigated. Stretch reflex responses were elicited with percutaneous displacement stimuli applied to the belly of the anterior superficial divisions of temporalis and masseter muscles. The distribution of reflex responses in jaw-closing muscles was assessed. Reflex responses to this stimulus were observed in all jaw-closing muscles ipsilateral to the stimulated muscle, suggesting that the projection of spindle afferent fibers to jaw-closing muscles in humans is diffuse. Comparisons of homonymous and heteronymous reflex response amplitudes indicated that homonymous response amplitudes tended to be larger. However, the relative strength of heteronymous inputs to masseter motoneurons appeared to be stronger than those to temporalis motoneurons.
Fast and precise detection of ricin with microcapillary sensor system

Ricin is an easily available toxin which can be used as a bio-terror agent. Fast and inexpensive methods for its detection in different samples are needed. Recently we have developed a novel fluorescent sandwich immunoassay for ricin using magnetic-luminescent nanoparticles (MLNPs) as carriers in a microcapillary system for incubation and detection. Antiricin antibody coated MLNPs that were dispersed in buffer solution were introduced in the capillary tube and immobilized inside using an external electromagnet. Then the sample containing ricin was injected while the MLNPs were mixed by an alternating magnetic field. After the incubation, washing solution and secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa-fluorescent were injected into the capillary while the MLNPs were constantly mixed. After the final wash, the particles were immobilized for detection. The total analysis time was reduced to less than forty minutes which is about 8-10 fold improvement in comparison with the plate-based protocols. This system is promising for the development of a portable biosensor and can be used for the detection of other analytes of interest.
Identification of Mouse Haemoglobin Messenger RNA

RETICULOCYTE polyribosomes contain 9S RNA with many of the properties expected for the haemoglobin messenger RNA (mRNA)1–12. Proof that this RNA is the haemoglobin (Hb) mRNA, however, can be obtained only by showing that it directs the synthesis of globin chains. Laycock and Hunt13 added an RNA isolated from rabbit reticulocytes to an E. coli cell-free preparation and observed the synthesis of material, with the properties of globin in the presence of N-acetylvalyl tRNA. We added the mouse reticulocyte 9S RNA to a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system and have shown that material is synthesized which co-chromatographs with mouse globin β-chains14. We now present evidence that the material synthesized under the direction of the mouse 9S RNA is indeed mouse haemoglobin β-chains.
The Stoner glass

A theory of spin-glass condensation in a disordered itinerant-electron system without well-developed local moments is presented. The theory applies to finite-concentration impurity systems at temperatures well below their Kondo temperatures; such as $\mathrm{Rh}\mathrm{Co}$. The local spin fluctuations at impurity sites are coupled to each other via the magnetic response of the host-metal electrons, and since this interaction is effectively random, a phase transition to a frozen state characterized by an Edwards-Anderson spin-glass order parameter can occur. A mean-field description of this transition and state is given here, paying particular attention to the requirement of mutually consistent approximations for the susceptibility, order parameter, and order-parameter susceptibility. An interesting formal aspect of the theory is the fact that fluctuation corrections to the susceptibility, of the sort which occurs in the Moriya-Kawabata and Hertz-Klenin theory of itinerant ferromagnets, are necessary for a consistent description of the spin-glass case.
A new method for constructing periodic orbits in nonlinear dynamicalsystems.

An iterative method for constructing periodic orbits in nonlinear dynamical systems is developed. The method is a modification of the Generalized Newton-Raphson technique. Application of the method to numerically continuing natural and isoperiodic families in the restricted three-body problem was implemented on a high-speed computer and the results show broad regions of convergence, lack of sensitivity, and strong convergence properties of the method. Previous methods isolated periodic orbits by adjusting the initial conditions and the period of a solution of the dynamical system until the solution closed to a prescribed accuracy. The new technique is distinctly different in that it constructs a sequence of precisely periodic solutions of a system of linear differential equations which approximates the original dynamical system. This system of linear differential equations is modified at each step to more closely represent the dynamical system. The technique gives a way for both design of starting orbits for detailed study of orbit families with the methods of initial condition adjustment and for construction of elements of new orbit families. It is applicable to nonautonomous systems and a convergence theorem for this case is presented. Although the technique was applied with success to autonomous systems, a convergence theorem for the time-free case was not established. It is shown that the method will approach the desired solution in this case arbitrarily closely for computational purposes.
ON S.H. DOLE'S PAPER "THE GRAVITATIONAL CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES IN SPACE NEAR THE EARTH"

Abstract Dole considered the density distribution near the Earth of particles that had been in circular orbits in the ecliptic plane and were strongly perturbed by the Earth. Contrary to his conclusions, the space density of such particles will not be increased by more than a factor of twelve, and will be proportional to the −0.5 power of the distance from the Earth. The process is sensitive to the initial particle orbits, and is applicable to one-half per cent of photographic meteors, and to less than one-half per cent of all smaller particles such as can be seen in the zodiacal light.
A 10Be chronology of lateglacial and Holocene mountain glaciation in the Scoresby Sund region, east Greenland: implications for seasonality during lateglacial time

Abstract Thirty-eight new cosmogenic ( 10 Be) exposure ages from the Scoresby Sund region of east Greenland indicate that prominent moraine sets deposited by mountain glaciers date from 780 to 310 yr, approximately during the Little Ice Age, from 11 660 to 10 630 yr, at the end of the Younger Dryas cold interval or during Preboreal time, and from 13 010 to 11 630 yr, during lateglacial time. Equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) interpreted from lateglacial to Early Holocene moraines indicate summertime cooling between ∼3.9 and 6.6 °C relative to today's value, much less than the extreme Younger Dryas cooling registered by Greenland ice cores (mean-annual temperatures of ∼15 °C colder than today's value). This apparent discrepancy between paleotemperature records supports the contention that Younger Dryas cooling was primarily a wintertime phenomenon. 10 Be ages of lateglacial and Holocene moraines show that mountain glaciers during the Little Ice Age were more extensive than at any other time since the Early Holocene Epoch. In addition, 10 Be ages of lateglacial moraines show extensive reworking of boulders with cosmogenic nuclides inherited from prior periods of exposure, consistent with our geomorphic observations and cosmogenic-exposure dating studies in other Arctic regions.
Query classification in object-oriented engineering design systems

Abstract A query model for object-oriented engineering design systems exhibits characteristics that are quite different from those found in relational models. An engineering query model should take into account the fundamental concepts and requirements of interactive engineering applications that are not found in traditional applications. For example, engineering systems deal with large volumes of data of high complexity, with recursive structures and rich semantic properties. Similarly, engineering systems require the support of ‘long transactions’, as opposed to the ‘short transactions’ found in traditional relational-database systems. These differences have an interesting effect on the complexity of and strategy for query evaluation in engineering systems. The paper provides a framework for the classification of queries in engineering design systems. Engineering queries are classified into several categories on the basis of their semantics and complexity, and the impact of these queries on the architecture of an object-oriented engineering design system is shown.
THE ISOLATION OF SEVERAL AROMATIC ACIDS FROM THE HEMODIALYSIS FLUIDS OF UREMIC PATIENTS.

Abstract The organic acids of five patients with chronic uremia have been investigated, using hemodialysis fluids obtained from these patients. Five acids have been isolated, identified and quantified : hippuric, o- hydroxyhippuric , m- hydroxyhippuric , p- hydroxyhippuric and p- hydroxybenzoic acids. Isolation procedures utilized counter-current distribution, along with paper and column chromatography. Infra-red spectrophotometry and gas chromatography provided absolute identification. It is thought that prolonged retention of these acids or other organic acids may contribute to uremic symptomatology.
SMT(CLU): a step toward scalability in system verification

We describe a SAT-based decision method for the underlying logic in many formal verification problems; i.e. the counter arithmetic logic with lambda expressions and uninterpreted functions (CLU). This logic is well suited for equivalence checking of two versions of a hardware design or the input and output of a compiler and has been recently utilized in several model checkers. Our method follows the general Satisfiability Modulo Theories or SMT(T) framework and combines a DPLL-style SAT solver with two theory solvers; one specific to equality and the other to separation inequality atoms within CLU. By adopting a combined implication scheme, we coordinate the efforts among theory solvers, and by efficiently processing uninterpreted functions involved in conflicts, we considerably improve the effectiveness of SAT learning and backtracking routines. Finally, we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our SMT(CLU) procedure and compare its performance to recent solvers on a wide range of hardware verification benchmarks.
Acute toxicity of cadmium, copper, and mercury to larval American lobster Homarus americanus.

In recent years researchers have begun to assess the American lobster's sensitivity to pollutants. Motivated by heightened awareness of coastal water contamination and a heavily pressured fishery with diminishing stocks, researchers have sought to find the most sensitive life history stage of the lobster for toxicity evaluation. Recent work strongly suggests that the meroplanktonic larval lobster is the most sensitive stage of Homaus americanus. The objective of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of mercury, copper and cadmium to Stage I larval lobsters.
In vitro inhibition of granulopoiesis by 4-amino-4'-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulfone.

Summary The antimalarial drug, 4,4′-diaminophenylsulfone (dapsone) has been associated clinically with the production of agranulocytosis. A metabolite of dapsone, 4′-amino-4′-hydroxylaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS-NOH) generates superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in vitro. To link oxidant injury of committed myeloid stem cells to agranulocytosis, the effects of DDS-NOH on altering human bone marrow CFUc proliferation and in vitro reduced glutathione levels were examined in the presence and absence of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Bone marrow cells were preincubated for 60 min with either 0·01, 0·1 or 1·0 mm DDS-NOH, washed and then 2×105 cells/plate were cultured for 10–14 d. Leucocyte colony forming unit cell (CFUc) proliferation was markedly suppressed by 0·1 mm and 1·0 mm DDS-NOH. With 0·1 mm DDS-NOH, addition of superoxide dismutase to the preincubation mixture further decreased colony numbers, while addition of catalase partially restored colony formation indicating involvement of hydrogen peroxide. After exposure to 0·1 mm DDS-NOH, trypan blue exclusion by nucleated marrow cells was 98%. At the same DDS-NOH concentration, addition of lactoperoxidase, sodium iodide and superoxide dismutase to the preincubation mixture resulted in a further decrease in CFUc proliferation. After incubation with 1·0 or 2·0 mm DDS-NOH, bone marrow reduced glutathione levels were markedly decreased from 325 nmol/108 cells to 116·3 nmol/108 cells. Bone marrow reduced glutathione levels in guinea-pig cells also fell after exposure to 1·0 and 2·0 mm DDS-NOH. In turn catalase but no superoxide dismutase partially prevented the fall. Thus, these studies demonstrate that oxidant-induced suppression of human marrow CFUc proliferation in vitro can be mediated by a metabolite of dapsone, DDS-NOH.
What is the best diagnostic index of conduction block and temporal dispersion

In order to find the best diagnostic index of conduction block and abnormal temporal dispersion, the amplitude, duration, and area of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) were studied in 40 normal controls and 28 patients with acquired demyelinating neuropathies. In the normal subjects, there was a substantial difference among the various nerves in the degree of CMAP amplitude reduction and CMAP duration prolongation with proximal stimulation, and thus different criteria should be used for conduction block or abnormal temporal dispersion for a given nerve. In 28 patients with demyelinating neuropathy, 58 of 207 (28%) tested nerve segments showed nerve conduction velocity (NCV) evidence of demyelination. To identify "demyelination" in these segments, conduction block was best detected by the total area method in 71% of cases, and abnormal temporal dispersion was best by the negative-peak duration method. This study showed that the best diagnostic index for conduction block is the total area method and for abnormal temporal dispersion, the negative-peak duration method.
A comparison of scintillator solvents for pulse shape discrimination

Abstract The relative pulse-shape-discrimination capability of five liquid scintillators has been measured. The results indicate that the best discrimination is obtainable from benzene-based scintillators.
Mount St. Helens: Potential example of the partial melting of the subducted lithosphere in a volcanic arc

Mount St. Helens, 50 km to the west of Mount Adams and the main Cascade volcanic chain, is only 80 km above the subducting oceanic lithosphere. The elevated temperatures off the subducting slab, because of the close proximity of the Juan de Fuca Ridge to the trench,may induce slab melting at a depth of ∼80 km. Dacites from Mount St. Helens have geochemical compositions off magmas that are derived by direct partial melting of metamorphosed basalts at high pressure, i.e., relatively high AI (Al2O3 > 15% at 70% SiO2), low Y and Yb (because of garnet and amphibole stability in the source), low Sc, and high Sr and Eu. Trace element modeling of the partial melting of mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) from the Juan de Fuca Ridge that yields a hornblende eclogite residue can reproduce the Mount St. Helens data (results off the model are quite distinct from data derived from the Mount Adams volcanic rocks). In contrast, Mount Adams is ∼135 km above the subducting slab and is associated with normal arc magmatism believed to be derived from the mantle above the subducting plate. The Cascade are has been active in its present locality, because of oblique subduction, for the past 7 m.y. The major volcanoes along the arc have existed for at least 500 ka, but Mount St. Helens has existed for <40 ka. We suggest that the subducting plate may have reached elevated temperatures, because of the approach of North America to the Juan de Fuca Ridge, at ∼40 ka, which initiated melting of the slab.
Multifaceted roles of STIM proteins

Stromal interaction molecules (STIM1 and STIM2) are critical components of store-operated calcium entry. Sensing depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores, STIM couples with plasma membrane Orai channels, resulting in the influx of Ca2+ across the PM into the cytosol. Although best recognized for their primary role as ER Ca2+ sensors, increasing evidence suggests that STIM proteins have a broader variety of sensory capabilities than first envisaged, reacting to cell stressors such as oxidative stress, temperature, and hypoxia. Further, the array of partners for STIM proteins is now understood to range far beyond the Orai channel family. Here we discuss the implications of STIM’s expanding role, both as a stress sensor and a general modulator of multiple physiological processes in the cell.
Bank Robberies by an Asian Gang: An Assessment of the Routine Activities Theory

It was reported for the first time that a series of bank robberies were committed by an Asian gang group in a major southern city. The bank robberies showed a variety of operational methods. The purpose of this descriptive study is to apply the routine activities theory to explain the causal factors of the robberies. The analysis shows that the six Asian bank robberies resulted from a supply of motivated offenders, the availability of suitable targets, and a low level of capable guardians against crime. Findings suggest that crime-specific measures are an appropriate method for examining the merits of the routine activities theory.
The significance of helium diffusion measurements in studying the removal of structural water in inorganic hydrated systems

Abstract Helium diffusion studies were made on six different inorganic hydrated systems: portland cement, magnesium oxysulfate, magnesium oxychloride, tricalcium silicate, gypsum and selected molecular sieves. The helium intake versus time curves obtained after structural water was removed incrementally, starting at 11% RH, provided data that enabled an assessment of the changing character of the solid phase. Changes in solid volume and solid density were monitored as water was removed from these systems. Factors influencing physico-chemical processes such as structural collapse due to removal of interlayer or compositional water are discussed with reference to the systems studied. This comparative study also provided a further elucidation of the factors that affect the relocation of the water molecule into the structure.
First reaction of a bare silicon surface with acid chlorides and a one-step preparation of acid chloride terminated monolayers on scribed silicon.

Methyl-terminated and acyl chloride terminated monolayers are produced when silicon is scribed under mono- and diacid chlorides, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the reaction between a bare silicon surface and acid chlorides. This reaction takes place by wetting the silicon surface in the air with the acid chloride and scribing. Scribing activates the silicon surface by removing its passivation layer. We propose that scribed silicon abstracts chlorine from an acid chloride to form an Si−Cl bond and that the resulting acyl radical diffuses back to the surface to condense with the surface and form an alkyl monolayer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the presence of chlorine and shows a steady increase in the amount of carbon with increasing alkyl chain lengths of the acid chlorides. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry shows SiCl+ species and a steady increase in representative hydrocarbon fragments with increasing alkyl chain lengths of the ac...
Terrestrial gastropod responses to an ecosystem-level calcium manipulation in a northern hardwood forest

The effects of acid deposition on soil calcium (Ca), and in turn on land snail populations, have been of heightened concern for several decades. We compiled a 10 year record (1997–2006) of gastropod abundance on two small watersheds at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, one of which was treated with a Ca addition in 1999. In years 3–7 post Ca addition, snail abundance in the treated watershed was 73% higher than in the reference area (p < 0.001); there was no significant difference in the 3 years prior to treatment, and no significant difference in slug abundance in any year. We analyzed relationships between snail density and microsite spatial variation in leaf-litter Ca concentration, litter-layer thickness, tree species composition, slope, dead wood, and forest-floor light level. We found that snail abundance was significantly correlated with litter Ca concentration (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with the importance value of American beech (p = 0.05). Isotopic-tracer analysis indicated that,...
Comparing the Variances of Several Treatments with a Control.

The Dunnett procedure for comparing several treatment means with a control is applied to the problem of comparing several treatment variances with the variance of a control. Appropriate critical values are specified and an example is provided.