cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the fit of stratigraphic and morphologic data in phylogenetic analysis

Stratigraphic data are compared to morphologic data in terms of their fit to phylogenetic hypotheses for 29 data sets taken from the literature. Stratigraphic fit is measured using MacClade's stratigraphic character, which tracks the number of independent discrepancies between observed order and the order of occurrence that would be expected on the basis of a given phylogenetic hypothesis. Acceptance of a phylogenetic hypothesis despite such discrepancies requires ad hoc hypotheses concerning differential probabilities of preservation and recovery. These stratigraphic ad hoc hypotheses are treated as logically equivalent to morphologic ad hoc hypotheses of homoplasy. The retention index is used to compare the number of stratigraphic and morphologic ad hoc hypotheses required by given phylogenetic hypotheses. Each data set is subjected to five analyses, varying in the constraints imposed on the structure of the phylogenetic tree against which fit is measured. Analyses 1–4 compare the stratigraphic and morphologic retention indices using phylogenetic trees consistent with the morphologically most-parsimonious cladogram reported in the original study. Analysis 5 compares retention indices using the overall (stratigraphically and morphologically) most-parsimonious phylogenetic tree, which may be, but is not necessarily, consistent with the reported cladogram. Proceeding from Analysis 1 to Analysis 5, stratigraphic data are allowed greater influence in determining the structure of phylogenetic trees, with the trees in Analysis 1 derived without reference to the stratigraphic character and the trees in Analysis 5 derived from full interaction of stratigraphic and morphologic characters. Morphologic and stratigraphic retention indices for these 29 studies cannot be statistically distinguished in comparisons 3–5, suggesting very similar degrees of fit. The values of these retention indices are high, indicating a generally high level of congruence under these phylogenetic hypotheses. Significant gains (49%) in stratigraphic fit can be realized without significant loss (4%) in morphologic fit as the stratigraphic and morphologic evidence are both allowed to participate in constraining the structure of phylogenetic hypotheses. These results suggest that arguments based on alleged “noisiness” of stratigraphic data offer inadequate grounds for ignoring stratigraphic order in phylogenetic analysis. In terms of congruence, stratigraphic and morphologic data perform about equally well.
Reducing the Impact of Ethnic Tensions on Economic Growth – Economic or Political Institutions?

We use a standard growth regression model and show that ethnic tensions reduce per capita growth rates. We also find evidence that “good” economic and political institutions improve per capita growth rates. More importantly, good economic institutions mitigate the effect of ethnic tensions on per capita growth while good political institutions do not. Consequently, it is foremost capitalist freedom that promotes peace and development.
Analytical reconstruction methods in optical tomography with sampling and truncation of data

We derive an analytic inversion algorithm for diffusion tomography in the slab measurement geometry, which can be applied to sampled data and is a generalization of a previously suggested method [V.A. Markel, J.C. Schotland. PRE 64. R036501 (2001)]. The new method allows us to study the effects of sampling and truncation of data for large source/detector arrays. The ultimate limit of transverse resolution is obtained analytically. The results are verified with numerical simulations and stability of the reconstruction in the presence of noise is established.
Looking Ahead and Shaping the Future: Provoking Change in Copyright Law

In recent years, the number of bills revising the U.S. Copyright Act has increased, the duration of copyright protection has grown, exceptions to rights under copyright law have been substantially altered, and the law has made abrupt deviations from customary trends and radical diversions from previous aims and ideals. Recent years also have brought a growth of new and related areas of the law to fill perceived gaps in copyright protection and to give legal rights where copyright ends. These developments, sometimes called "quasi-copyright," have the look and feel of copyright, but break from principles of copyright law by providing a new form of legal protection. Most of these developments have the support of significant industry groups that have strong interests in establishing rights in order to secure market strength for new or existing works. International influences such as the Berne Convention, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) of the World Trade Organization, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty have spearheaded many fundamental changes in American law. The influence of international law is hardly consistent, and its acceptance is arguably not complete; however, international legal trends clearly have been a tremendous force on the shape of American copyright law. Unfortunately, congressional action in this environment leaves copyright law at risk of becoming a bulletin board for narrow interests. The statutes will consequently become nonfunctional and merely reflect private interests and not social policy. Ultimately, a flexible understanding of copyright is essential at a time when its conceptual underpinnings are beginning to erode and collapse.
MEDIAL COMPARTMENT CONGRUENCE AND JOINT SPACE WIDTH ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING LATERAL UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Chronic uneven distribution of forces over the articular cartilage, which are present in OA, has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of OA. Certain regions of the articular cartilage will be exposed to increased chronic peak loads, whereas other regions encounter a corresponding relative reduction of transmitted forces. This has a well known influence on cartilage viability and is a precursor of degenerative progression. Congruence of joints has an important impact on force distribution across articular surfaces. Therefore, tibiofemoral incongruence could lead to alterations of load distribution and ultimately to progressive degenerative changes. In clinical practice the routine method for evaluation of progressive OA is analysis of joint space width (JSW) using weight bearing radiographs. Recent studies have suggested that JSW has a strong positive correlation with cartilage compression, volume and meniscal extrusion Lateral unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) has gained increasing popularity over the last decade in the treatment of isolated unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA). However, progressive degenerative alterations of the medial compartment following lateral unicompartmental knee arthroplasty remains a leading cause of revision surgery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the medial compartment congruence (MCC) and joint space width (JSW) alterations following lateral UKA. Methods The MCC of 53 knees following lateral UKA was evaluated on pre- and postoperative radiographs and compared to 41 healthy knees, using an Interative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. The ICP algorithm calculated the Congruence Index (CI) by performing a rigid transformation that best aligns the digitized tibial and femoral surfaces (figure 1A). Inner, middle and outer JSW was measured by subdividing the medial compartment into four quarters on weight bearing tunnel view radiographs pre- and postoperatively (figure 1B). Results The measured CI of the healthy control group was 0.99. The pre-operative CI of knees undergoing lateral UKA was 0.92, which significantly improved to 0.96 (p Conclusion Our data suggests that lateral UKA improves MCC and normalizes JSW of the medial compartment, potentially preventing osteoarthritic progression in the uninvolved medial compartment.
Is Allowed to Increase Domestic Gasoline Prices

Russian domestic ruble retail and wholesale gasoline prices have stayed below the level predicted by the law of one price (LOP) over the first few months of 2015. The main factors of phenomenon are the rigidity of Russia's domestic gasoline prices, infrastructural or regulatory trade constraints, and possible changes in the Russian gasoline export price structure. Current situation implies that we can expect a probable increase of domestic gasoline prices in the nearest future.
Magnetic and structural transitions in Dy 5 Si 3 Ge

Magnetization and x-ray powder diffraction studies have been performed on a polycrystalline sample of ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{3}\mathrm{Ge}$ compound. This compound has a monoclinic crystal structure (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}$-type, space group $P{112}_{1}∕a$) at room temperature. Low field magnetization data taken on heating from a zero-field-cooled state indicate a ferromagnetic transition at $62\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ $({T}_{C})$ followed by an antiferromagneticlike cusp at $74\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ $({T}_{N})$. The ferromagnetic transition is marked by a significant hysteresis between zero-field-cooled and field-cooled measurements. Magnetization vs field isotherms display a reversible metamagnetic step with critical fields ranging from $\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{k}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$, in the temperature range of $60--80\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. At $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, magnetization is typical of a soft ferromagnet, whereas between 2 and $15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the $M\text{\ensuremath{-}}H$ data show a substantial remanence and coercivity. A sharp step in magnetization occurs at $1.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ in a field of $\ensuremath{\sim}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$, giving rise to a saturation magnetization $({M}_{s})$ of $\ensuremath{\sim}9.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}∕{\mathrm{Dy}}^{3+}$. X-ray diffraction studies in the temperature range of $5--300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ reveal a monoclinic to orthorhombic (${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{4}$-type, space group $Pnma$) transition in the neighbourhood of ${T}_{C}$, with a significant thermal hysteresis around the transition. The changes in the lattice parameters, $\ensuremath{\Delta}a∕a$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}b∕b$, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}c∕c$ across the transition are $\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}1%$, $\ensuremath{-}0.2%$, and 0.2%, respectively. The structural transition remains incomplete down to $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ (with $\ensuremath{\sim}53\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{vol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ of the monoclinic phase coexisting with $\ensuremath{\sim}47\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{vol}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ of the orthorhombic ${\mathrm{Gd}}_{5}{\mathrm{Si}}_{4}$-type phase). Application of a magnetic field at $10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ does not lead to the growth of the orthorhombic phase, whereas at $55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, application of $40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$ magnetic field increases the concentration of the orthorhombic phase from 24% to 37%.
Entrepreneurial Imagination in Detroit: Creating an Alternative through Anti-Isomorphic Divergence

This research addresses one of the key questions of institutional theory: how do individual actors diverge from the institutional order in which they are structurally embedded? Despite the significant accomplishment by the recent research on institutional change and divergence, this paradox of embedded agency persists, and there is a limited understanding on how individual actors can create an alternative to the existing institution which constitutes the entire condition of the actors’ existence. This paper presents one possible mechanism whereby such divergence is achieved without compromising the actor’s constitutive embeddedness in the institution – namely, the mechanism of ‘anti-isomorphic divergence’, which refers to the process through which individual actors construct an alternative to the existing institution by taking the exact opposite of each element of the institutional template. Through ethnographic field research in a business incubator in Detroit, this research provides an in- depth descrip...
The structure and function of quinones in biological solar energy transduction: a cyclic voltammetry, EPR, and hyperfine sub-level correlation (HYSCORE) spectroscopy study of model naphthoquinones.

Quinones function as electron transport cofactors in photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The versatility and functional diversity of quinones is primarily due to the diverse midpoint potentials that are tuned by the substituent effects and interactions with surrounding amino acid residues in the binding site in the protein. In the present study, a library of substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones are analyzed by cyclic voltammetry in both protic and aprotic solvents to determine effects of substituent groups and hydrogen bonds on the midpoint potential. We use continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to determine the influence of substituent groups on the electronic properties of the 1,4-naphthoquinone models in an aprotic solvent. The results establish a correlation between the presence of substituent group(s) and the modification of electronic properties and a corresponding shift in the midpoint potential of the naphthoquinone models. Further, we use pulsed EPR spectroscopy to de...
Gene Targets of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor (IGF-IR) Signaling and Their Potential Role in Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor (IGF-IR) has been implicated in a number of human tumors including breast cancer. IGF-IR is over-expressed and potentially hyper-phosphorylated in breast cancer. The specific gene targets of the IGF-IR signaling pathway, and the role of these genes in the development and progression breast cancer is not known.METHODS: MCF7B breast caner cells, and MCF10A immortalized mammary epithelial cells were treated with either serum-free medium or serum-free medium plus 100 ng/ml IGF-I for 3 hours and 24 hours. RNA was isolated and hybridized to U133A Affymetrix microarrays. Candidate genes were selected based on fold change and p-value. Q-RT-PCR was used to validate expression of potential candidate genes. 5,6-Dichlorobenzimidazole 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (DRB) was used (50µM) to block transcription. Cycloheximide (CHX) (20µg/mL) was used to block translation.RESULTS: Data from the microarray revealed 3673 and 3727 genes that were regulated by IGF-I treatment in MCF7B and MCF10A cells, respectively, at 3 hours. Various genes have been validated by Q-RT-PCR, and of these, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 2 (SOCS2) SOCS2 was repressed by IGF-I in MCF7B cells, but induced by IGF-I in MCF10A cells. The repression of SOCS2 by IGF-I was inhibited by pretreatment of MCF7B cells with a small molecule inhibitor of IGF-IR, but not by knockdown of IGF-IR by siRNA. This suggests that the repression of SOCS2 is specific to IGF-I signaling, but may be occurring through IGF-I stimulation of an alternate pathway other than IGF-IR. IGF-I doesn9t alter levels of SOCS2 mRNA following blockade of transcription, suggesting that IGF-I does not have an effect on SOCS2 mRNA stability. Furthermore, IGF-I-mediated repression of SOCS2 does not require new protein synthesis, and is thus likely an immediate and direct response.CONCLUSION: SOCS2 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer, with loss of SOCS2 being related to cell proliferation and tumor growth. Here we show that SOCS2 is one of the gene targets of IGF-I signaling and is repressed by IGF-I stimulation in MCF7B breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the repression of SOCS2 by IGF-I appears to be via a direct inhibition of transcription. Together, this suggests that SOCS2 is a direct gene target of IGF-I signaling and that IGF-I repression of SOCS2 may be a crucial event that plays a role in driving the development or progression of breast cancer. Further studies are planned to determine how IGF-I affects SOCS2 function and the role of SOCS2 in breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4167.
Development, use, and integration of a nationally-distributed HIV/AIDS electronic health information system.

Background The management of HIV infection requires extensive, longitudinal information record-keeping and coordination to ensure optimal monitoring and outcomes of care and treatment. Objective Agencies funded by The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act are increasingly required to monitor the quality of their HIV care and generate reports for funding agencies. To assist in their data collection and reporting capacity, the HIV/AIDS Bureau in the Health Resources and Services Administration released its first version of a software application called CAREWare in 2000. Methods This report describes the development of the application, the agencies that use it, how it is used, and overall satisfaction. The role of CAREWare in the larger health information technology landscape affecting HIV primary care providers is also discussed. Results and Conclusion CAREWare has evolved significantly in functionality and use, including the capacity to run in a real-time network connecting multiple service providers, generate performance measures, and import data in multiple formats. The application is the source of over half of the Bureau s data, is used regularly by most providers and is installed in nearly every state. Ongoing enhancements will be essential to ensure that CAREWare stays current in a rapidly-changing environment of health information technology and data exchange.
The role of adjuvant therapy after resection of T1 N1 M0 and T2 N1 M0 non–small cell lung cancer

Thirty-four consecutive patients with non-small cell lung cancer plus N1 nodal metastases (eight with T1 N1 M0 and 26 with T2 N1 M0) were retrospectively reviewed. Nineteen had adenocarcinoma, 11 had squamous disease, and four had large cell carcinoma. Eleven patients had surgical resection alone (32.3%), with a median survival of 13 months. Seven patients (20.6%) had resection followed by radiation therapy, with a median survival of 19.2 months. Sixteen patients (47.1%) had resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy, consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and procarbazine. Median survival for the latter group was 45.5 months, significantly greater than for those treated with resection alone (p less than 0.005). We did not observe any relationship between survival and age, cell type, number or location of diseased hilar nodes, distance of tumor from the resected bronchial margin, tumor size, the presence or absence of visceral pleural involvement, or the type of resection performed. Resection in combination with adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy offers improved median survival over resection alone in patients with T1 N1 M0 and T2 N1 M0 non-small cell lung cancer.
Diet alters Drosophila melanogaster mate preference and attractiveness

Animals decide which potential mate to pair with based on their subjective evaluation of each candidate mate's attractiveness. Attractiveness and its perception are plastic traits, dependent upon genetic and environmental factors. When evaluating mate attractiveness, in some cases animals make predictive judgements of mate reproductive potential, or fitness, based on the mate's condition. Diet, a fluctuating environmental factor, influences health and conditional states. However, how dietary enrichment of individual macronutrients (fat, protein or sugar) affects behaviour, mate choice and reproductive outcomes in both sexes is not fully understood. Here we show that a moderate increase in dietary macronutrients alters attractiveness, mate preference and reproductive output of Drosophila melanogaster. Our results demonstrate that diet is an important factor in determining mating behaviour and reproductive output, acting in a sex-specific fashion. These findings provide a framework for exploring the genetic mechanisms that drive changes in mating behaviour, fitness and, hence, trait evolution.
Impact of military trauma exposures on posttraumatic stress and depression in female veterans

Previous research has demonstrated the deleterious effects of traumatic military experiences on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in female veterans. However, more research is needed to identify the unique predictors of distressing psychological symptoms when both combat-related and sexual trauma are considered, particularly as women's combat exposure in the military increases. Female veterans who had attended at least one appointment at a large Veterans Health Administration medical center were invited to complete questionnaires about traumatic military exposures and psychiatric symptoms. A total of 403 veterans responded, with 383 respondents' data used in analyses. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with trauma exposure items entered simultaneously to determine their association with symptoms of (1) PTSD and (2) depression. Sexual assault had the strongest relationship with both posttraumatic and depressive symptoms. Sexual assault, sexual harassment, feeling in danger of being killed, and seeing others killed/injured were associated with symptoms of PTSD, but only sexual assault and sexual harassment were associated with symptoms of depression, even when accounting for several aspects of combat exposure. Improving assessment for trauma exposure and developing treatments personalized to type of trauma experienced are important clinical research priorities as female service members' roles in the military expand.
Decoupling between bacterial production and primary production over multiple time scales in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Abstract We measured rates of 3 H-leucine ( 3 H-Leu) incorporation, as a proxy for bacterial production, at Station ALOHA (22°45′N, 158°W) in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). We report measurements conducted between January 2011 and April 2013, examining variability in 3 H-Leu incorporation over diel, daily, and monthly time scales. Rates of 3 H-Leu were evaluated in the context of contemporaneous 14 C-based primary productivity ( 14 C-PP) to identify potential temporal coupling between these measures of productivity. Throughout the upper ocean (0–125 m), rates of 3 H-Leu incorporation measured in the light ( 3 H-Leu Light ) were stimulated (1.5-fold, on average) relative to measurements in the dark ( 3 H-Leu Dark ). At monthly scales, rates of 3 H-Leu Light and 3 H-Leu Dark varied 4.9-fold and 3.8-fold, respectively, while rates of 14 C-PP varied 1.7-fold. Rates of 14 C-PP were often elevated during summer months (May through August) when incident light flux was greatest, while rates of both 3 H-Leu Light and 3 H-Leu Dark often peaked in early fall (August through October) when seawater temperatures were maximal. Near-daily measurements of 3 H-Leu incorporation and 14 C-PP conducted over a 62-day period in the summer of 2012 revealed that rates of 3 H-Leu Light and 3 H-Leu Dark varied ~2.5 and 2.0-fold, respectively, similar to ~1.8-fold daily variability observed in rates of 14 C-PP. Over diel time scales, rates of 3 H-Leu Light and 3 H-Leu Dark demonstrated different patterns, with rates of 3 H-Leu Light elevated at mid-day and rates of 3 H-Leu Dark greatest in the early evening. Together, these results suggest that in this oligotrophic ecosystem, photosynthetic production of organic matter and bacterial production can be temporally uncoupled across daily to seasonal scales.
Non-invasive measurement of internal temperature of a cylindrical Li-ion cell during high-rate discharge

Abstract Li-ion cells are a technologically important class of devices for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Overheating of a Li-ion cell during operation is undesirable as it directly affects performance and safety. Although a number of methods have been used for temperature measurement in Li-ion cells, there is a lack of non-invasive techniques to determine the peak temperature at the core of the cell. Measuring only the outside surface temperature, while straightforward, is not sufficient since the core temperature may be much higher. This paper presents non-invasive measurement of the core temperature of a Li-ion cell using a recently developed technique that utilizes space and time integrals of the measured temperature field at the outside surface. The surface temperature field of an operating Li-ion cell is measured using infrared thermography at multiple discharge rates up to 10C, using which, the core temperature is predicted as a function of time. In each case, there is excellent agreement throughout the discharge period between the predicted core temperature and measurements from a thermocouple embedded at the core of the cell. These measurements quantify the temperature gradient within the cell, which is particularly high at large discharge rates. The non-invasive core measurement methods described here may contribute towards performance optimization and improved safety of Li-ion cells.
Social Information Avoidance: When, Why, and How It Is Costly in Goal Pursuit

AbstractConsumers nowadays have easy and rich access to information about social others who are pursuing goals similar to their own (e.g., through a Fitbit device, the Endomondo mobile app, stickK.com). This research focuses on objective social information during goal striving (e.g., performance data and progress information of others) and shows that this information may not always be welcome. The author finds that when people are in the middle of a goal pursuit journey (vs. when they have just begun or are about to complete their goal), to circumvent potentially negative comparisons, they avoid information about social referents who are relevant (pursuing the same goal), proximal (in the same stage of goal pursuit), and superior. Head turn frequency, eye movements, and consumers’ direct choices in the lab and in the field are used to document a U-shaped pattern of information avoidance behavior, which paradoxically contributes to the phenomenon whereby goal pursuers become “stuck in the middle” of their ...
Screening for Thyroid Cancer.

A 45-year-old Korean American woman comes to your office for a wellness visit. She has a history of allergic rhinitis, and her family history is significant for diabetes mellitus in her father. She describes her health as good and has no concerns.
Thin films in partial wetting: stability, dewetting and coarsening

A uniform nanometric thin liquid film on a solid substrate can become unstable due to the action of van der Waals (vdW) forces. The instability leads to dewetting of the uniform film and the formation of drops. To minimize the total free energy of the system, these drops coarsen over time until one single drop remains. Here, using a thermodynamically consistent framework, we derive a new model for thin films in partial wetting with a free energy that resembles the Cahn–Hilliard form with a height-dependent surface tension that leads to a generalized disjoining pressure, and revisit the dewetting problem. Using both linear stability analysis and nonlinear simulations we show that the new model predicts a slightly smaller critical instability wavelength and a significantly (up to six-fold) faster growth rate than the classical model in the spinodal regime; this faster growth rate brings the theoretical predictions closer to published experimental observations. During coarsening at intermediate times, the dynamics become self-similar and model-independent; we therefore observe the same scalings in both the classical (with and without thermal noise) and new models. Both models also lead to a mean-field Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner (LSW)-type droplet-size distribution at intermediate times for small drop sizes. We, however, observe a skewed drop-size distribution for larger drops in the new model; while the tail of the distribution follows a Smoluchowski equation, it is not associated with a coalescence-dominated coarsening, calling into question the association made in some earlier experiments. Our observations point to the importance of the height dependence of surface tension in the early and late stages of dewetting of nanometric films and motivate new high-resolution experimental observations to guide the development of improved models of interfacial flows at the nanoscale.
The Copnumber of a Graph is Bounded by [3/2 genus ( G )] + 3

We prove that the copnumber of a finite connected graph of genus g is bounded by [3/2g]+3. In particular this means that the copnumber of a toroidal graph is bounded by 4. We also sketch a proof that the copnumber of a graph of genus 2 is bounded by 5.
Kinetics of Technological Change: Some Theoretical Basis

This work provides a new theoretical and operational definition of technology both at macro and micro levels. Seven constructs of each level of technology are provided. Three types of forces that alter technology are introduced and kinetically modeled. Consequence of these forces on technology constructs is presented and denoted ‘technological change’. Two additional measures of change, viz. rate of change of change, and rate of change of rate of change of change are operationalized. A classification of organizations according to change states is given. Although only theoretical bases are provided, there is enough substance for further research and experimentation.
Bone lead associations with blood lead, kidney function and blood pressure among US, lead-exposed workers in a surveillance programme.

Objectives Bone lead and past blood lead levels may be more strongly associated with current health effects than current blood lead, representing recent exposure. We examined whether current bone lead was correlated with maximum past blood lead and compared how three lead measures predicted current blood pressure (BP) and kidney function among workers with past occupational lead exposure. Methods Adult men in a lead surveillance programme residing near New York City were enrolled. Current bone and blood lead, BP and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured. Maximum past blood lead was obtained from surveillance data. Regression models were used to determine associations of health with different lead measures. Results Among 211 participants, median (IQR) bone, maximum past blood and current blood leads were 13.8 (9.4–19.5) µg lead per bone mineral gram, 29.0 (14.0–38.0) µg/dL and 2.5 (1.5–4.4) µg/dL, respectively. Maximum past and current blood lead were significantly associated with current bone lead in adjusted analyses (both p Conclusions Bone lead was significantly associated with past maximum and current blood lead. The association between bone and current blood lead was possibly driven by bone lead resorption into blood. Bone lead, but not past or current blood lead, was associated with elevated systolic BP.
The sovereign consumer: a new intellectual history of neoliberalism

Niklas Olsen, an historian at the University of Copenhagen, has written an ambitious book that claims in its subtitle to offer ‘a new intellectual history of neoliberalism.’ The novelty of his appr...
Long-term symptom burden and quality of life in metastatic melanoma patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors.

e23090Background: Patients with metastatic melanoma (MMel) who achieve durable long-term responses to checkpoint inhibitors (CI) represent a new type of cancer survivor, but their long-term quality...
Predicting the Success of Kickstarter Projects in the US at Launch Time

Kickstarter is one of the most popular platforms for online crowdfunding nowadays. This paper aims to fit a best model for predicting whether a Kickstarter project created in the United States will be successful using information at its launch time. A number of predictive features are explored and constructed for this task. A logistic regression, a random forest and an XGBoost model are trained on a large amount of data scratched from Kickstarter website. The resulting XGBoost classifier is able to predict the final state of projects with an accuracy of 69.8%, given only features from launch time. It also outperforms other models at launch time in the relevant literature.
Essentials of Scenario Building

A scenario is a vital component of immersive simulation, an educational tool systematically designed for participants so that a set of predetermined goals and objectives can be reached by the transfer of knowledge, skills, and attitude during the activity. No matter how fastidiously planned and skillfully produced, at some point, participants will surprise the scenario developers by improvising and deviating from the script either by making mistakes or through resourcefulness. An immersive simulation course is composed of discrete elements, typically beginning with an introduction, briefing, scenario, debriefing, and conclusion. In this chapter, we will primarily focus on creating the scenario. We will take the practical and applied approach to scenario design discussing essential elements and examining the impact of composition choices on learner experience. Core components of a scenario include the following: (1) the planning phase (identify goals, objectives, and participants) and (2) the script-writing phase (decide on the story, plot, staffing requirements, etc.). In simulation literature, the terms “immersive,” “full mission,” “scenario-based,” or “full scale” are used to refer to mannequin-based scenarios designed to address complex knowledge, skills, and attitudes linked to one or several broader competencies. Although many of the design principles apply to other types of simulation in disciplines and professions beyond anesthesiology, the emphasis here will be on mannequin-based immersive simulation for anesthesiology providers.
Easy to Pattern, Chemically Resistant One-Dimensional Polymer Photonic Crystals

One-dimensional photonic crystals (1D-PCs) are able to reflect certain wavelengths of light using periodic dielectric layers with mismatched refractive indices. Many polymer and inorganic systems e...
Prevodi raziskav Jožefa Stefana

Predstavljenih je dvajset prevodov Stefanovih temeljnih eksperimentalnih raziskav, ki so izsli hkrati s Stefanovimi clanki v nemskem jeziku. Angleske prevode so tiskali v reviji The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . Vsaj dva od teh clankov sta bila objavljena tudi v francoskih prevodih v Parizu in Ženevi. We present twenty translations of Stefan's basic experimental research, which were published simultaneously with Stefan's articles printed in German language. English translations were issued in The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . At least two of these studies were also published as French translations in Paris and Geneva.
A control lyapunov function approach to human-swarm interactions

In this paper, we seek to establish formal guarantees for whether or not a given human-swarm interaction (HSI) is appropriate for achieving multi-robot tasks. Examples of such tasks include guiding a swarm of robots into a particular geometric configuration. In doing so, we define what it means to impose a HSI control structure on a multi-robot system. Control Lyapunov functions (CLFs) are used to prove that it is feasible for a user to achieve a particular geometric configuration with a multi-robot system under some selected HSI control structure. Several examples of multi-robot systems with unique HSI control structures are provided to illustrated the use of CLFs to establish feasibility.
Does Money Follow the Flag

We examine whether bilateral political relations can explain investment and trade flows between the United States and other countries. We treat political relations as endogenous using instrumental variable analysis and investigate whether an exogenous shock to political relations, the 2003 war in Iraq, leads to a shift in economic flows. The results suggest that a deterioration in bilateral relations is followed by a significant decrease in economic flows between the United States and that country. These results are robust to country fixed effects, income, industry growth, financial market development, and risk.
Treatment of the fused tooth. Report of a case

Abstract We have described a case of fusion of two teeth in which a portion of the fused crown and its roots were removed in order to produce satisfactory esthetics and occlusal function. In selected cases coronal reshaping of fused and geminate teeth, combined (if necessary) with root canal therapy, will produce a more desirable result than extraction and prosthetic replacement.
Fingerprinting of Oilseed Rape Cultivars

Abstract Although oilseed rape was domesticated relatively recently, breeding of Brassica napus and other oilseed Brassicas has been very intensive in the last few decades. However, it has focused only on some of the most important agronomic/economic traits. Because of the convergent nature of this process in all areas of rape breeding, the genetic basis of new cultivars has been decreasing. It is, therefore, very difficult to characterize rape cultivars on the basis of phenotypic characters. Likewise, registration and protection of new rape cultivars rely on a relatively small number of morphological characters, and as the number of cultivars increases, the ability to distinguish them on a morphological basis alone becomes more difficult. New descriptors, like molecular markers, are required to maintain the efficiency of registration testing. To complement morphological traits, isozyme analysis has been used for cultivar identification and was included in DUS testing. Isozyme analysis allows a more direct observation of the genotype of a cultivar, but the number of isozyme markers is limited. It seems that DUS testing would benefit from the use of DNA markers that have been shown to be more rapid and cost‐effective, and their several types have been used to assess genetic diversity in the genus Brassica . Molecular markers in general can also be used as potential techniques for cultivar identification. In comparison with morphological traits, molecular markers have many advantages and these have been successfully applied in registration activities like cultivar identification and controls of seed purity of hybrid varieties. A relatively high number of different molecular (protein and nucleic acids) techniques and approaches are available for plant genotyping purposes. The marker systems differ in information content, number of scorable polymorphisms, degree of automation and labor, and financial costs. Principles and advantages of particular marker techniques, application of molecular markers in rapeseed cultivar identification, and in Brassicas‐breeding programs are discussed in this chapter.
Autonomous Planning and Scheduling on the TechSat 21 Mission

The Autonomous Sciencecraft Experiment (ASE) will fly onboard the Air Force TechSat 21 constellation of three spacecraft scheduled for launch in 2006. ASE uses onboard continuous planning, robust task and goal-based execution, model-based mode identification and reconfiguration, and onboard machine learning and pattern recognition to radically increase science return by enabling intelligent downlink selection and autonomous retargeting. In this paper we discuss how these AI technologies are synergistically integrated in a hybrid multi-layer control architecture to enable a virtual spacecraft science agent. Demonstration of these capabilities in a flight environment will open up tremendous new opportunities in planetary science, space physics, and earth science that would be unreachable without this technology.
Gambling on China: Is Macau a Good Bet for the International Gaming Industry?

Over the past few years the gaming industry of Macau grew at a rapid pace, being the only place in China where gambling is permitted. When the long-running monopoly on the gaming industry was lifted in 2002, foreign investors flocked to Macau and built large hotels and casinos. For a brief period, gaming revenues in Macau surpassed those of Las Vegas, however, recent economic and political issues have caused a major slowdown in gambling revenues for Macau, and some foreign investors have questioned the wisdom of their decisions to enter the market.
Nature of fetal adaptation to the uterine environment: a problem of sensory deprivation.

0 B S T E T R I c I A N s are concerned with fetal cardiovascular physiology whenever they listen to a fetal heart. The problem is to distinguish between “normal” and “distress” situations. With knowledge only of the physiology of the adult as a guide, it is little wonder that reliable criteria of fetal distress are not readily available. The purpose of this paper is to set forth the character of fetal cardiovascular control and to provide a basis for the interpretation of it. With this new concept in mind, the problems of intrauterine fetal life and of neonatal adjustments after birth come more clearly into view. With the fetus in utero, attention focuses on the effects of the loss of gravitational pull on the body. The more fundamental question involved is the basic physiology of antigravity mechanisms upon the body. From this \;iewpoint, the entire spectrum of the consequences of weightIessness on the organism may be seen. Then evidence affirming the broad concept of sensory deprivation in general upon the body, and of antigrakrity deprivation in particular, may be looked for. In their book, Kybunetics of N&u,-al Systems,’ D. and K. Stanley-Jones establish a case for the concept that physiologic systems which are in a state of dynamic equilibrium-as are all living things---arc under the control of built-in mechanisms
Differentiating the Weyl generic dimension formula with applications to support varieties

Abstract The authors compute the support varieties of all irreducible modules for the small quantum group u ζ ( g ) , where g is a finite-dimensional simple complex Lie algebra, and ζ is a primitive l-th root of unity with l larger than the Coxeter number of g . The calculation employs the prior calculations and techniques of Ostrik and of Nakano, Parshall, and Vella, as well as deep results involving the validity of the Lusztig character formula for quantum groups and the positivity of parabolic Kazhdan–Lusztig polynomials for the affine Weyl group. Analogous support variety calculations are provided for the first Frobenius kernel G 1 of a reductive algebraic group scheme G defined over the prime field F p .
Effects of Network Bandwidth on Performance in Software DSM Systems

Several studies have been done on the use of small-scale shared memory multiprocessor workstations as the primary building components for software distributed shared memory systems. None of the studies show performance which scales with the number of processors per workstation. The lack of scalability has been attributed to decreased per-processor network bandwidth with an increase in the number of processors per workstation.
A NEEDS ASSESSMENT STRATEGY FOR AN ERA OF LIMITED RESOURCES

Among the several methods of assessing need for health services, the social indicator and the rates under treatment approaches utilize routinely available data. A well designed community survey, considered by many as the criterion of need within an area, is costly, difficult to mount, and requires considerable expertise. Therefore, it would seem reasonable to attempt to limit the need to utilize this approach. Presented here is a schema which utilizes the social indicator and rates under treatment approaches for an entire catchment area, reserving the survey approach only for those areas in which the two readily available need assessments are at variance, suggesting questionable validity for one or both approaches. Within a suburban middle-class county containing pockets of small town poverty, a social area analysis was undertaken to characterize need for mental health services. Inpatient rates under treatment were developed to measure demand. Key informant and survey approaches were undertaken to study selectively those census tracts which were discordant as to need and demand. This resulted in reducing the size of the population to be surveyed to 25 per cent of the total county, thus more efficiently using the limited resources available for needs assessment purposes.
Comparative study of turbulence models in predicting hypersonic inlet flows

A numerical study was conducted to analyze the performance of different turbulence models when applied to the hypersonic NASA P8 inlet. Computational results from the PARC2D code, which solves the full two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation, were compared with experimental data. The zero-equation models considered for the study were the Baldwin-Lomax model, the Thomas model, and a combination of the Baldwin-Lomax and Thomas models; the two-equation models considered were the Chien model, the Speziale model (both low Reynolds number), and the Launder and Spalding model (high Reynolds number). The Thomas model performed best among the zero-equation models, and predicted good pressure distributions. The Chien and Speziale models compared wery well with the experimental data, and performed better than the Thomas model near the walls.
An Interactive Virtual Environment to Improve Undergraduate Students' Competence in Surveying Mathematics

In this paper we describe the development of an interactive virtual environment whose objective is to improve undergraduate students’ representational fluency in surveying mathematics. One problem with teaching surveying is a general decline in the math skills of students taking surveying courses, and a decline in the students’ ability to transfer these concepts into practice in the context of surveying. In the paper we explain how an interactive virtual environment that presents multiple interconnected representations of math and geometry concepts, e.g., dynamic visual objects, symbolic or numeric expressions, and written and verbal explanations simultaneously on the computer screen, can help students acquire the math and geometry skills necessary to perform surveying tasks such as chaining and triangulations and coordinate calculations.
Optimum linear causal coding schemes for Gaussian stochastic processes in the presence of correlated jamming

The complete solution is obtained to the following problem. A Gaussian stochastic process ( theta /sub t/,t in (0,t/sub f/)) satisfying a certain stochastic differential equation is to be transmitted through a stochastic channel to a receiver under minimum mean-squared error distortion measure. The channel is to be used for exactly t/sub f/ seconds, and, in addition to white Gaussian noise with a given energy level, the channel is corrupted by another source whose output may be correlated with the input to the channel and which satisfied a given power constraint. There is an input power constraint to the channel, and noiseless feedback is allowed between the receiver (decoder) and the transmitter (encoder). The authors determine the linear causal encoder and decoder structures that function optimally under the worst admissible noise inputs to the channel. The least favorable probability distribution for this unknown noise is found to be Gaussian and is correlated with the transmitted signal. Also included is a comparative study of these results with earlier ones that addressed a similar problem without a causality restriction imposed on the transmitter. >