cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An easy way to tell what you are esting in analysis of variance

Least squares regression models are often used to analyze unbalanced fixed effect data sets with u unique cells defined by design or by post-hoc stratification. Constraints exist among the regression coefficients if there are more coefficients than cells. Models with fewer linearly independent regression coefficients than cells or with empty cells impose constraints on estimated cell means. An easy method of determining constraints among the estimated cell means and among the estimated regression coefficients for any model is developed and illustrated using a small data set.
Determination of resin and fatty acids in sediments near pulp mill locations.

Abstract A gas chromatographic method for the determination of resin and fatty acids in sediments is described. In this procedure, the sediment sample was air-dried and soxhlet-extracted with a mixture of acetone—methanol (88:12, v/v) in the presence of hydrochloric acid. The acids extracted were converted into their pentafluorobenzyl esters and were then cleaned up on a deactivated silica gel column. Final analysis was performed on either a DB-17 or a DB-5 capillary column with electron-capture detection. Quantitative recovery was obtained from fortified sediments for all acids except palustric, neoabietic and levopimaric acids. The detection limit of all acids in this method was 0.1 μg/g based on 1 g of sample. This procedure has been successfully applied to the monitoring of resin and fatty acids in sediment samples collected in the vicinity of several Canadian pulp mill locations.
The mutagenicity of some of the proposed metabolites of direct black 38 and pigment yellow 12 IN THE Salmonella typhimurium assay system

Abstract The Ames Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay system was used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of some of the proposed metabolites of Direct Black 38 and Pigment Yellow 12. Direct Black 38, benzidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, monoacetylbenzidine, and diacetylbenzidine were mutagenic for at least one of the tester strains after metabolic activation with mouse liver S-9 fractions. The proposed metabolites of Pigment Yellow 12, namely dichlorobenzidine, monoacetyldichlorobenzidine and diacetyldichlorobenzidine were strongly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. The major metabolite in the urine from hamsters given a single dose of Direct Black 38 (100 mg/kg) was found to be monoacetylbenzidine. Monoacetylbenzidine and the urine from the animals treated with Direct Black 38 were active in the Ames test only after S-9 fraction was added to the test mixture.
The dentist-patient relationship: perceptions by patients of dentist behavior in relation to satisfaction and anxiety

The impact of specific behaviors of dentists on the reduction of anxiety and the increase of satisfaction is measured in 231 patients in a community hospital denial clinic. Patients may be predisposed to be satisfied or dissatisfied with dental treatment before they enter the office.
Diagnosis of cardiovascular disease by digital subtraction angiography

Recent advances in real-time digital video processing have led to a practical method for intravenous arteriography. The digital subtraction technique, which detects small differences in the concentration of the iodinated contrast material injected, is relatively safe and does not usually require hospitalization of the patient. The technique can thus be used for serial evaluation of various clinical problems and for studying the natural history of certain disease processes, as well as for following therapeutic endeavors.
Interorgan glutamine flow following surgery and infection

Critical illness initiates some of the most profound alterations in interorgan glutamine metabolism observed in the laboratory as well as in clinical medicine. The interorgan flow becomes markedly altered and net glutamine utilization exceeds production, leading to glutamine depletion in several organs and a possible impairment of protein synthesis. As the patient recovers from the operation or sepsis, it appears that the flow of glutamine between tissues slowly reverts to "normal." During this process, food intake is resumed, the wound heals, activity generally returns to preillness levels, and, in most circumstances, the person is again well.
Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo

Malthus and Ricardo first met in 1811, in circumstances that might be considered unpromising. By then, Malthus was recognized as the leading economist in England, and Ricardo was an established man of property who had recently gained recognition as the most effective of the critics who blamed the Bank of England for the inflation then in progress. Malthus had reviewed the controversy over the causes of the inflation objecting to some of Ricardo's arguments, though not to his basic position. Ricardo had published a rejoinder. Whereupon Malthus wrote a letter to Ricardo that began:
Biology of the Billbug Sphenophorus venatus confluens , a New Pest of Orchardgrass

A detailed study of the seasonal cycle of Sphenophorus venatus confluents Chittenden, a new pest of orchard grass, was conducted at Corvallis, Oregon, in 1967-68. Over-wintering adults began to feed in March. Mating and oviposition occurred throughout May, and by mid-June large numbers of eggs had been deposited in the stems and on the leaf sheaths of the orchard grass. The young larvae fed inside the stems or on the leaves as they worked their way down the roots where the larval stage was completed. Pupation occurred the crowns of orchard grass, and by October the majority of billbugs were adults. Feeding damage by early-instars larvae had little or no effect on the yield of the current year’s seed crop, since the orchard grass was near maturity by July. However, larval feeding on the roots during July and August reduced the yields the following year. Currently, S. v. confluents is an economic pest only in orchard grass, although bent grass and bluegrass are satisfactory hosts.
Design automation for analog: the next generation of tool challenges

The decade of the 1990s saw the first wave of practical "post-SPICE" tools for analog designs. A range of synthesis, optimization, layout and modeling techniques made their way from academic prototypes to first-generation commercial offerings. We offer some pragmatic prognostications for what the next wave might (or, more bluntly, should) focus on next, as pressure to improve AMS design productivity grows.
Circuit models for three-dimensional geometries including dielectrics

The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) approach has proved useful for modeling many different electromagnetic problems. The technique can be viewed as an approach for the electrical circuit modeling for arbitrary 3-D geometries. Recently, the authors extended the method to include retardation with the rPEEC models. So far the dielectrics have been taken into account only in an approximate way. In this work, they generalize the technique to include arbitrary homogeneous dielectric regions. The new circuit models are applied in the frequency as well as the time domain. The time solution allows the modeling of VLSI systems which involve interconnects as well as nonlinear transistor circuits. >
Multivariate Signed-Rank Tests†

A class of affine-invariant signed rank test statistics is considered for the one-sample multivariate location problem. This class is obtained by modifying Randles’ sign test which uses the transfo...
Why Even Kim‐Style Psychophysical Laws Are Impossible

If the mental is subject to indeterminacy, does this rule out the possibility of psychophysical laws? One might think so. However, Jaegwon Kim has argued for the existence of a kind of psychophysical law that is not obviously susceptible to problems posed by indeterminacy. I begin by introducing a weak and relatively uncontroversial indeterminacy thesis. Then, by appealing to constraints on theories of strong supervenience and to general considerations about the nature of indeterminacy, I argue that even Kim’s laws cannot accommodate indeterminacy. The result is an argument against the possibility of Kim-Style psychophysical laws.
Tunneling of electromagnetic waves in two-dimensional photonic crystals

The tunneling of electromagnetic waves in the band-gap region of periodic dielectric arrays is investigated with the coherent microwave transient spectroscopy technique. Transmission probabilities at frequencies in the fundamental band gap are measured and found to depend exponentially on sample thickness. From these results the frequency dependence of the imaginary wave vector is determined. The peak imaginary wave vector, which occurs at midgap, is observed to be proportional to the width of the band gap, unlike the case for single-barrier tunneling of electrons, where the relationship is expected to vary as the square root of the barrier height.
In vitro synthesis of tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds for meniscal fibrocartilage tissue engineering.

Background: Meniscal injury is a common cause of lameness in the dog. Tissue engineered bioscaffolds may be a treatment option for meniscal incompetency, and ideally would possess meniscus- like extracellular matrix (ECM) and withstand meniscal tensile hoop strains. Synovium may be a useful cell source for meniscal tissue engineering because of its natural role in meniscal deficiency and its in vitro chondrogenic potential. The objective of this study is to compare meniscal -like extracellular matrix content of hyperconfluent synoviocyte cell sheets (“HCS”) and hyperconfluent synoviocyte sheets which have been tensioned over wire hoops (tensioned synoviocyte bioscaffolds, “TSB”) and cultured for 1 month. Results: Long term culture with tension resulted in higher GAG concentration, higher chondrogenic index, higher collagen concentration, and type II collagen immunoreactivity in TSB versus HCS. Both HCS and TSB were immunoreactive for type I collagen, however, HCS had mild, patchy intracellular immunoreactivity while TSB had diffuse moderate immunoreactivity over the entire bisocaffold. The tissue architecture was markedly different between TSB and HCS, with TSB containing collagen organized in bands and sheets. Both HCS and TSB expressed alpha smooth muscle actin and displayed active contractile behavior. Double stranded DNA content was not different between TSB and HCS, while cell viability decreased in TSB. Conclusions: Long term culture of synoviocytes with tension improved meniscal- like extra cellular matrix components, specifically, the total collagen content, including type I and II collagen, and increased GAG content relative to HCS. Future research is warranted to investigate the potential of TSB for meniscal tissue engineering.
A Study In Relationship Orientation And Prioritization Of Alumni Association Preferences With College Seniors In Higher Education

Higher education institutions need to create a relationship with their alumni; however, often this outreach is done without adequate data on which to base decisions. To gain a better understanding of what activities future alumni may regard as both important and enjoyable for their participation as alumni, a survey of current senior-status undergraduate students of a medium-sized public southern university was conducted. The research consisted of an exploratory questionnaire with 108 senior-level students who participated in the survey. The survey consisted of information collected regarding their attitudes towards what the priorities of the university’s alumni association should be and personal recommendation of the university to their friends and relatives. The survey’s findings help identify the needs and preferences of those who are soon to be alumni, and point to a number of areas that can be pursued further in an attempt to improve the relationship between the university and its alumni.
Reaching Readers: Assessing Readers' Impressions of Science News

Although most people rely on the mass media to translate the abstract principles and technical jargon of scientific research into comprehensible information they can use to make informed decisions ...
Influence of in vitro experimental design

Abstract In the design of experiments the methods for project initiation may involve a hypothesis formulation. Once identified, the hypothesis should be testable, internally consistent, repeatable, verifiable, and show dose dependency. Alternatively a project may begin after a screening study has been undertaken. In this case the hypothesis is formulated at end of the study and any observed positive “effect” can serve as a working postulate. In vitro cell exposure conditions can influence the end result, therefore experimental methodology should include a description of the cells lines and whether synchronised, in suspension, or a mono-layer of cells attached to vessel surface were used. Details of the medium should include the volume within the insonation chamber, its temperature and pressure, and whether it is aerated or contains nuclei for cavitation and whether radical scavengers are present. Important information about the ultrasound exposure would include the pulsing conditions, degree of focussing, presence of travelling waves, standing waves or stationary waves and internal reflections. An attempt should be made to identify the physical mechanisms of action, whether thermal, transient or stable cavitation, or other mechanical effects. Experimental design directly influences the interactive mechanism involved during in vitro exposures and is particularly important for non-thermal effects such as cavitation. Within an ultrasound beam passing through a cell suspension in a plastic tube, cells and bubbles are segregated by the presence of a stationary wave pattern such that cells collect in the pressure nodes whilst bubbles are held in the antinodes of the pressure wave. When the tube is rotated cells are swept in the fluid past arrays of bubbles trapped at the pressure maxima (Church & Miller, 1983) and lysis occurs at about 1 W/cm2 SATA. However, if the tube remains stationary the cells are unaffected. The possibility of gas bubbles existing in vivo has not been resolved and needs further investigation. The importance of proper statistical interpretation of experimental results was stressed. Conclusions cannot be drawn from an a posteriori statistical analysis which can only lead to a hypothesis. Studies should start with a hypothesis of what is expected and the results analysed to test this hypothesis. Sound statistical analysis should be employed to avoid statements such as “the results were not significantly different, but a trend was noted.” Finally, it was noted that safety of diagnostic ultrasound cannot be directly demonstrated by studies which only show absence of effects. The value of in vitro experiments to health and safety assessment is that they allow examination of the physical mechanisms of ultrasound interaction in biologically relevant systems.
Dolomitization of Holocene Shallow-Marine Deposits Mediated by Sulfate Reduction and Methanogenesis in Normal-Salinity Seawater, Northern Belize

ABSTRACT Dolomite constitutes an average of 12% of the Holocene organic-rich sediments over a 15 km2 area of the Cangrejo Shoals mudbank in northern Belize. Although it defines a laterally persistent stratiform body that averages 3 m thick, it is present throughout the 7.6-m-thick sediment section. These transgressive sediments are less than 6400 years old and were deposited in shallow-marine environments of normal salinity. The dolomite is dominantly cement, and average crystal size is 7 m. There are no significant correlations among amount of dolomite vs. sediment texture, mineralogy, porosity, or mole % MgCO3 in associated particulate high-Mg calcite, depth, or location on the shoals. The dolomites are poorly ordered and calcic (39.5-44.5 mole % MgCO3), with low mean Mn (210 ppm) and relatively high mean Sr (1034 ppm) concentrations. There is no evidence of recrystallization or geochemical alteration of the dolomite. 18O values of the dolomites range from 0.5 to 2.8o/ooPDB, and the mean value (2.1o/oo) suggests that the dolomite precipitated from normal-salinity pore water. Dolomite 13C values range from -5.2o/oo to +11.6o/ooPDB (mean seawater 13C = 0.5o/oo), which suggests dolomitization promoted by both bacterial sulfate reduction and methanogenesis in environments with anoxic pore water. Dolomitization attending these organodiagenetic reactions apparently was reversible over time, and episodic rather than continual precipitation is indicated. Requisite Mg and Ca were provided by seawater and by some dissolution of host sediments. The most rapid period of dolomitization may have been during early transgression, when relatively high sedimentation rates sustained high levels of organodiagenesis and pore-water alkalinities.
Making Attributions for Behaviors: The Prevalence of Correspondence Bias in the General Population

Empirical evidence for the claim that people from Western cultures are prone to correspondence bias is based exclusively on college student samples. Using the attitude attribution paradigm, the current study explored (a) the prevalence of correspondence bias in a national representative sample of American adults, (b) the degree that correspondence bias generalized across demographic characteristics, and (c) whether self-construal or lay philosophies of behavior accounted for correspondence bias. Although results generalized across demographic characteristics, correspondence bias was far from universal; 53% of participants exhibited correspondence bias. Correspondence bias was positively associated with a dispositionist lay philosophy of behavior but unrelated to self-construals.
Eulersche Förderhöhe und Wirbel

Die Stromung durch das Laufrad kann in zwei Komponenten zerlegt werden; eine Kreisstromung um die Achse, hervorgerufen durch den vom Laufrad ausgehenden Drehimpuls und eine Durchflus- oder Meridiankomponente, die man sich wieder durch das Energiegefalle in Richtung der Stromung verursacht denken kann. Die Umfangskomponente bildet einen Wirbel. Die Art des entstehenden Wirbels hangt von der Geschwindigkeits- und Druckverteilung ab und kann aus der Eulerschen Gleichung abgeleitet werden. Fur den einfachsten Fall des reinen Radialrades mit drehungsfreier Zustromung ist $${H_e} = \frac{{{u_2}{\kern 1pt} {c_{u2}}}}{g} = \frac{{u_2^2}}{g} - \frac{{{u_2}{\kern 1pt} {c_{m2}}}}{{gtg\beta }} = \frac{{u_2^2}}{g} - \frac{{{u_2}{\kern 1pt} {w_{u2}}}}{g}.$$ (4.1) Beziehung (4.1) enthalt nur Umfangskomponenten; das bedeutet, das die Forderhohe nur durch Drehbewegung in Ebenen senkrecht zur Achse erzeugt wird. Es wird gezeigt, das dies fur alle Formen, auch fur die reine Axialmaschine zutrifft.
Latinos in the United States in 2000

This population study, based on the 2000 decennial census in the United States, characterizes the Latino population in terms of those sociodemographic variables that have been identified as integral to researchers and practitioners working with diverse populations. A number of dimensions of the Latino experience in the United States are presented, including family and household information, socioeconomic status, educational attainment, health, and disability descriptors. Perhaps the most interesting of the variables examined is the dramatic growth rate of Latinos in the United States, who now represent 13% of the total population. Moreover, Latinos increasingly can be found in states where there have been little or no Latinos in the past, presenting both challenges and opportunities to service delivery systems and to policy makers.
Twelve tips for evaluating educational programs

At one time or another, nearly all educators will need to evaluate an educational program to determine its merit or worth. These tips will help readers collect information to inform a meaningful evaluation, whether for local use or broad dissemination (i.e., research). The two most important questions in any evaluation are, ‘Whose opinion matters?’ and ‘What would really be meaningful to them?’ Other key steps include getting input from others, focusing on desired outcomes before selecting instruments, considering the validity or trustworthiness of the data, and pilot testing the evaluation process.
FUTURE ROLE OF THE ALLERGIST-IMMUNOLOGIST

An allergist/immunologist is a physician trained in either internal medicine or pediatrics, who has completed training in allergy and immunology and subsequently received a passing score in the examination given by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology. In examining the present requirements to become a specialist in allergy and immunology and to examine the future of this specialty, it is useful to review the current ABAI definition of an allergist/immunologist: "A certified specialist in allergy and immunology is a physician who has fulfilled the requirements and received certification as a Diplomate of the American Board of Internal Medicine and/or the American Board of Pediatrics followed by additional certification by the American Board of Allergy and Immunology, a conjoint Board of Internal Medicine and the American Board of Pediatrics." The American Board of Allergy and Immunology, which certifies competence in this discipline, is sponsored by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American Academy of Pediatrics–Section on Allergy and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American Medical Association–Section Counsel of Allergy and Immunology, and the Clinical Immunology Society. These organizations nominate individuals for possible membership in the Board of Directors of the American Board of Allergy and Immunology.
Anomalous “saturation kinetics” occurring in the reaction of l-α-aminoadipate with pig heart aspartate aminotransferase

Abstract Low concentrations of l -α-aminoadipate and α-ketoadipate do not form stable complexes with the phosphopyridoxal and phosphopyridoxamine forms of pig heart aspartate aminotransferase, respectively, as judged by direct spectroscopic analyses. Furthermore, the addition of 40 m m aminoadipate did not significantly inhibit the transamination reaction between aspartate and α-ketoglutarate. Nevertheless, aminoadipate complexes must be formed, albeit in very small amounts, because the phosphopyridoxal form of the enzyme undergoes transamination with aminoadipate to form the phosphopyridoxamine form and α-ketoadipate. Since the reaction of aminoadipate with the phosphopyridoxal form of the enzyme shows apparent saturation kinetics at substrate concentrations that are insufficient to form detectable intermediary complexes, the rate-limiting step in the reaction must be a slow transition of the enzyme occurring prior to the amino acid interaction. The maximum rate of this transamination reaction decreased with an increase in the buffer anion concentration; the anion must, therefore, inhibit the slow enzyme transition. The experimental data are consistent with a simple model in which the anion dissociates before the slow transition that allows the aminoadipate to react. The turnover rate of aminoadipate is approximately three orders of magnitude less than those of both aspartate and glutamate. The latter substrates do not appear, therefore, to require the slow enzyme transition that is necessary for aminoadipate to react.
FDTD Maxwell's equations models for nonlinear electrodynamics and optics

This paper summarizes algorithms which extend the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations to nonlinear optics. The use of the FDTD in this field is novel. Previous modeling approaches were aimed at modeling optical-wave propagation in electrically long structures such as fibers and directional couplers, wherein the primary flow of energy is along a single principal direction. However, the FDTD is aimed at modeling compact structures having energy flow in arbitrary directions. Relative to previous methods, the FDTD achieves robustness by directly solving, for fundamental quantities, the optical E and H fields in space and time rather than performing asymptotic analyses or assuming paraxial propagation and nonphysical envelope functions. As a result, it is almost completely general. It permits accurate modeling of a broad variety of dispersive and nonlinear media used in emerging technologies such as micron-sized lasers and optical switches.
Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, F.R.S. (1809-1889), Anglo-Indian forensic chemist.

The origins of forensic chemistry are to be found in the practice of A forensic medicine in past centuries. When one considers the evolution of the ancient professions of law and medicine it is obvious that some interaction had to occur in the areas of murder, suicide, and public health. Since poisons could be involved, it is not surprising that early medico-legal records reveal that physicians had to be acquainted with the toxicological aspects of arsenic, mercury, lead and copper and plant poisons such as opium and hemlock (1). The pace of legal codification and medical discovery increased markedly in the sixteenth century. In the latter half of that century the medical men on the Continent began regarding forensic medicine as a speciality, as evidenced by the appearance of publications and the initiation of the first systematic instruction in the subject. The seventeenth century witnessed interest and understanding of the field. Germany was the dominant country in this expansion, followed by France and Italy, with Great Britain registering little impact. Some scattered and generally unsatisfactory beginnings to eliminate this last deficiency appeared in the late eighteenth century (2). The turn of the new century saw a significant advance in the establishment of the first chair of medical jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh in 1807, occupied initially by Andrew Duncan (1744—1828). W ith the foundation of this professorship British forensic medicine fairly blossomed and entered the mainstream of the study alongside the Continental countries. By the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century every medical student in Great Britain had access to a course in the forensic applications of his field either through a university professor or the extra-mural practitioners of this subject.
WORLDS APART: Blacks and Whites React to Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina was a natural disaster that destroyed New Orleans, a major U.S. city, and it is reasonable to expect all Americans to react with sympathy and support for the disaster’s victims and efforts to restore the city. From another vantage point, however, Hurricane Katrina can be seen more narrowly, as a disaster that disproportionately afflicted the poor Black inhabitants of New Orleans. Past research demonstrates a large racial divide in the support of issues with clear racial overtones, and we examine the possibility of a racial divide in reactions to Katrina using data from a national telephone survey of White and Black Americans. We find large racial differences in sympathy for the hurricane’s victims, the adequacy of the federal government’s response, and support for proposed solutions to mend hurricane-ravaged New Orleans, verifying the racial nature of the disaster. Blacks viewed the hurricane victims more positively than did Whites, drew a sharper distinction between and felt more sympathy for those stranded than for those who evacuated New Orleans, and were substantially more supportive of government efforts to improve the situation of hurricane victims and rebuild New Orleans. This racial gap is as large as any observed in recent polls; persists even after controlling for education, income, and other possible racial differences; and documents more fully differences that were hinted at in public opinion polls reported at the time of the disaster. We spell out the implications of this divide for racial divisions within U.S. politics more generally.
CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY: RETHINKING THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION IN COMMUNITY COLLEGE

This chapter provides a national context about how students progress in community colleges across the country. It includes data about students who take developmental education courses, how they move through the developmental course sequence, the obstacles they face when completing their intended course of study, and programs and practices that appear to help students meet their goals.
The fat C2 sign.

A fat C2 sign results from an obliquely oriented fracture, involving the body of C2, that causes displacement of either one or both of the anterior and posterior margins and creates an increased anteroposterior distance between the two surfaces. The degree of obliquity of the fracture plane with respect to the coronal plane will determine whether the actual fracture will be visualized on the lateral radiograph (1). This injury may occur as a result of isolated hyperflexion or hyperextension forces or of combined hyperflexion and hyperextension. There may also be some component of vertical loading or distraction in these injuries (2). The fracture plane gains obliquity when there is some rotational component in the stress forces. The identification of a fat C2 sign implies that a potentially unstable fracture with fragment displacement is present and that further imaging evaluation is needed (Fig 2).
How the choice of safety performance function affects the identification of important crash prediction variables

Across the nation, researchers and transportation engineers are developing safety performance functions (SPFs) to predict crash rates and develop crash modification factors to improve traffic safety at roadway segments and intersections. Generalized linear models (GLMs), such as Poisson or negative binomial regression, are most commonly used to develop SPFs with annual average daily traffic as the primary roadway characteristic to predict crashes. However, while more complex to interpret, data mining models such as boosted regression trees have improved upon GLMs crash prediction performance due to their ability to handle more data characteristics, accommodate non-linearities, and include interaction effects between the characteristics. An intersection data inventory of 36 safety relevant parameters for three- and four-legged non-signalized intersections along state routes in Alabama was used to study the importance of intersection characteristics on crash rate and the interaction effects between key characteristics. Four different SPFs were investigated and compared: Poisson regression, negative binomial regression, regularized generalized linear model, and boosted regression trees. The models did not agree on which intersection characteristics were most related to the crash rate. The boosted regression tree model significantly outperformed the other models and identified several intersection characteristics as having strong interaction effects.
Grain Boundary Characterization in Ni3Al

Grain boundaries in both pure and boron doped Ni/sub 3/Al have been studied using a variety of electron microscopy techniques. Small angle boundary structures were examined in both bicrystal and polycrystalline specimens. Dislocaions with Burgers vector a2 are observed in the presence of boron, while dislocations with Burger vector a are observed in the absence of boron. A possible explanation for this behavior is the presence of a disordered layer at the interface in boron-doped Ni/sub 3/Al. The addition of boron to Ni/sub 3/Al was seen to induce faceting of grain boundaries, and to afford the boundaries some protection from etching. Using electron backscatter diffraction patterns, the frequency of occurrence of grain boundary types was found to be unchanged by the addition of boron.
Variable selection for support vector machines via smoothing spline anova

It is well-known that the support vector machine paradigm is equiva- lent to solving a regularization problem in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. The squared norm penalty in the standard support vector machine controls the smooth- ness of the classication function. We propose, under the framework of smoothing spline ANOVA models, a new type of regularization to conduct simultaneous clas- sication and variable selection in the SVM. The penalty functional used is the sum of functional component norms, which automatically applies soft-thresholding operations to functional components, hence yields sparse solutions. We suggest an ecien t algorithm to solve the proposed optimization problem by iteratively solving quadratic and linear programming problems. Numerical studies, on both simulated data and real datasets, show that the modied support vector machine gives very competitive performances compared to other popular classication algorithms, in terms of both classication accuracy and variable selection.
Physicochemically tunable polyfunctionalized RNA square architecture with fluorogenic and ribozymatic properties.

Recent advances in RNA nanotechnology allow the rational design of various nanoarchitectures. Previous methods utilized conserved angles from natural RNA motifs to form geometries with specific sizes. However, the feasibility of producing RNA architecture with variable sizes using native motifs featuring fixed sizes and angles is limited. It would be advantageous to display RNA nanoparticles of diverse shape and size derived from a given primary sequence. Here, we report an approach to construct RNA nanoparticles with tunable size and stability. Multifunctional RNA squares with a 90° angle were constructed by tuning the 60° angle of the three-way junction (3WJ) motif from the packaging RNA (pRNA) of the bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor. The physicochemical properties and size of the RNA square were also easily tuned by modulating the “core” strand and adjusting the length of the sides of the square via predictable design. Squares of 5, 10, and 20 nm were constructed, each showing diverse thermodyna...
Global increase in plant carbon isotope fractionation following the Last Glacial Maximum caused by increase in atmospheric pCO2

Changes in the carbon isotope composition of terrestrial plant tissue (δ13C) are widely cited for evidence of shifts in climate, vegetation, or atmospheric chemistry across a wide range of time scales. A global compilation of δ13C data from fossil leaves and bulk terrestrial organic matter (TOM) spanning the past 30 k.y., however, shows wide variability and no discernable trend. Here we analyze these data in terms of a relative change in net carbon isotope fractionation between the δ13C value of plant tissue and that of atmospheric CO2 [Δ13C = (δ13CCO2 – δ13C)/(1 + δ13C/1000)] and identify a global 2.1‰ shift in leaf and TOM Δ13C that is synchronous with a global rise in p CO2 documented from ice core data. We apply a relationship describing the effect of p CO2 on Δ13C to the global record of Δ13C change documented here to reconstruct p CO2 levels across the past 30 k.y. Our reconstructed p CO2 levels are in excellent agreement with the ice core data and underscore the potential of the global terrestrial δ13C record to serve as an accurate p CO2 proxy.
The Aerodynamics of Compliant Membrane Wings Modeled on Mammalian Flight Mechanics

Mammalian flight is characterized by several features unique and distinct from the flight of both insects and birds. One such feature is the use of thin compliant wings as the lifting surface. Motivated by this, we present experimental results on the aerodynamics of compliant membrane wing models of low aspect ratio, performed at low Reynolds numbers, ranging from 30,000 to 100,000. Lift and Drag coefficients are measured over a range of angles of attack from -5 to 60 degrees. In addition the deformation of the wing due to aerodynamic loading is directly measured using a stereo photogrammetric method. Results indicate that the compliant wings' deformation increases with both angle of attack and that deformation scales with dynamic pressure until the onset of stall at which point inertial scaling fails. Stall on compliant wings occurs at higher angles of attack and is gentler than on a similar wing in which the membrane does not deform. Unsteady membrane vibrations are also measured and characterized.
Automated Acoustical Monitoring of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Populations in Stored Wheat

An automated acoustical detection system for monitoring Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) populations in stored wheat was evaluated using 16 microphones per 5 bu (176.2 liters) wheat. A regression equation explained 93.9% of the variation in the number of insect sounds over a range of 5-640 adult insects per 5 bu. For one microphone during a 100sinterval, the probability of detection increased rapidly from ≈0.12 with 10 insects per 5 bu to 0.44 with 80 insects per 5 bu, and then more slowly to 0.66 with 640 insects per 5 bu. The probability of detection was ≈0.90 with 40 insects per 5 bu and 3 microphones, 20 insects per 5 bu and 4 microphones, 10 insects per 5 bu and 5 microphones, or 5 insects per 5 bu and 12 microphones. More frequently monitoring a single microphone improved the probability of detection 60-80% as much as adding the same number of microphones. The number of insect sounds was unaffected by the sex or mating status of the insects and decreased logarithmically with increasing distance between insect and microphone. Adults produced 80 times more sounds than larvae. Automation of insect monitoring should increase reliability and reduce labor costs.
Application of Ion-Chromatography Method in Detecting Ammonia Content in Electrostatic Precipitator Fly Ash

By applying the principle of ion-chromatography method for testing ammonia content in electrostatic precipitator fly ash, tests to optimize detecting conditions is carried on. It is concluded that the main factors influencing ammonia content in fly ash are pH of solution, mixing time, water and ash ratio and so forth. After optimal test condition is obtained, repeatability test and adding standard recovery rate test are conducted.The results show that ion-chromatography method is of high precision and accuracy in testing ammonia content in electrostatic precipitator fly ash and it can be used to monitor ammonia escape in desulfurization system.
Differential Effect of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Vorinostat and MGCD0103 in Cell-Free and Cell-Based Assays

Abstract Recent clinical trials demonstrated a promising clinical activity of a variety of Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In this study, we examined the in vitro activity of the pan- DAC inhibitor vorinostat and the isotype selective HDAC inhibitor MGCD0103. Using a cell free fluorogenic peptide-based substrate assay, both MGCD0103 and vorinostat were potent inhibitors of class I HDACs, with vorinostat also effectively inhibiting HDAC6. Subsequently, we examined the effect of these two compounds on three HL-derived cell lines (HD-LM2, L-428, and KM-H2). Although these cell lines had a similar expression level of class-I HDAC proteins, as determined by western blot analysis, they were more sensitive to MGCD0103 in short term culture. After 72 hours of incubation, the IC50 of MGCD0103 was consistently 1.5 μM for vorinostat. This differential antiproliferative effect was also observed at the molecular level. Submicromolar concentrations (as low as 0.1 μM) of MGCD0103 effectively induced the expression of p21 and the acetylation of H3 histones, whereas higher concentration of vorinostat were required to achieve a similar effect. Furthermore, we examined the effect of equimolar concentrations of MGCD0103 and vorinostat on cytokine and chemokine secretion, using a multiplex cytokine array (34 cytokines/chemokines), on a selected panel of gene expression using pathway PCR array, and on selected protein expression using pathway protein array (phospho kinases and apoptosis pathways) and multicolor FACS experiments. While vorinostat and MGCD0103 shared similar effects on a variety of these elements, MGCD0103 was more effective in upregulating p21 expression, activating the intrinsic caspase pathway, and favoring the secretion of Th1-type cytokines. Given the recent reported results from two independent phase-II studies in patients with relapsed HL that demonstrated higher response rate achieved with MGCD0103 compared with vorinostat, our results suggest that cell-based assays may have a better predictor value of the potential clinical activity of HDACi in HL compared with the cell-free assays.
DTI Analysis of the Corticospinal Tracts in Clinical Trial of Intra- Arterial Stem Cell Therapy for Stroke (P3.302)

Objective: Stroke is the leading cause of major long term disability worldwide. Despite tPA and mechanical thrombectomy, over half of treated patients have significant disability. Stem cell therapy is promising in pre-clinical studies for improving stroke recovery. DTI studies indicate the structural integrity of the Ipsilesional corticospinal tract(CST), which is closely linked to stroke recovery. Hence, MRI-DTI(Diffusion tensor imaging) maybe useful surrogate markers of recovery in early clinical trials of stem cell therapy for stroke. Background: We hypothesized that patients treated with intra-arterial stem cell therapy will have a significantly recovery of the CST fibers compared to non-treated patients, which could lead to better motor recovery. Methods: The RECOVER-Stroke trial is a randomized, sham-controlled study with total of 48 patients to determine safety and efficacy of autologous bone marrow cells(ALD-401) injection via intracarotid infusion in ischemic stroke patients at approximately 2 weeks post stroke. At our center, nine patients (n=5 treated, n=4 non-treated), underwent MRI-DTI analysis (Fractional anisotropy= FA and Apparent Diffusion Coefficients= ADC), NIHSS and mRS assessment prior to injection (baseline) and at 90 days post treatment. Results: There was no significant difference on the CST-FA(p=0.24) nor the CST-ADC(p=0.63) between groups at 90 days post-injection. ADC-FA was also acquired on the stroke area, but no significant difference was seen(FA-p=0.43,ADC=0.97). However, on qualitative assessment of tractography, there was a better recovery of the thickness of the CST among treated versus sham patients. There was no difference in the functional outcome at 90 days among the treated versus sham patients. Conclusions: In this exploratory analysis from one center in the multi-center RECOVER-Stroke trial, intra-arterial stem cell injection with ALD-401 was not associated with significant difference among groups in regards to DTI analysis except for qualitative assessment on tractography. Further DTI-analysis of subsequent visits up to one year needs to be done. Disclosure: Dr. Guada has nothing to disclose. Dr. Atchaneeyasakul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pattany has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rodriguez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ramdas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation for activities with Covidien/evV3 as a consultant and Steering Committee Member.
A Framework and Guidelines for Assessing and Developing Board-Level Information Technology Committee Charters

ABSTRACT: IT governance is important to the success of most business enterprises. One form of IT governance is the use of board-level IT committees. This study examines committee charters, which ar...
The clinical evidence for targeting human myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer patients

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that represent a formidable obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer. Patients with high frequencies of MDSCs have significantly decreased progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Whereas there is experimental evidence that the reduction of the number and/or suppressive function of MDSCs in mice improves the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies, there is notably less evidence for this therapeutic strategy in human clinical trials. Here, we discuss currently available data concerning MDSCs from human clinical trials and explore the evidence that targeting MDSCs may improve the efficacy of cancer therapies.
Spatial Scaling of Soil Moisture, Evapotranspiration, and Leakage

An outstanding issue in ecohydrological modeling is scaling nonlinear plant-level interactions among soil, vegetation, and water to larger spatial scales. Spatial heterogeneity in precipitation and vegetation exert significant control on scaling properties, especially in water-limited ecosystems. Computational results indicate that relationships between spatially averaged variables controlling soil-moisture dynamics are non-unique at larger averaging scales, even when unique, non-hysteretic relationships are defined at the plant level. The complexity of these relationships evolves with increasing averaging area based on the characteristics of the spatial heterogeneity. Through detail simulation studies, we can identify a threshold scale for soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and leakage beyond which the non-unique relationships will vary only slowly as averaging area becomes larger. The threshold scale, which is analogous to the concept of a representative elementary area, enables identification of a large-scale relationship that is meaningful with respect to the characteristics of the system. We use numerical simulations to assess the effects of storm spatial structure, rainfall intensity and frequency, and soil and vegetation characteristics on threshold-scale values of the relevant variables. Results are generalized by relating the threshold scales to a dimensionless group of parameters that includes length scales characteristic of the heterogeneity and the model's resolution. We then evaluate how the computationally derived non-unique relationships relate to analytical approaches to obtain spatially averaged functional relationships. Specific comparison of empirically obtained upscaled functions (based on the non- unique relationships) with the so-called statistical dynamic approach provides guidelines to account for spatial heterogeneity in soil, plant, and climate systems.
Ecology of Selenium in Plants

Selenium (Se) is both essential at low levels and toxic at higher levels to most organisms. Plant Se accumulation therefore may affect interactions with ecological partners positively or negatively. The ecological implications of plant Se accumulation are especially intriguing for Se hyperaccumulator species, which have evolved the capacity to take up Se to extraordinarily high levels, around 1% of dry weight. In this chapter, we summarize ecological aspects of Se in plants, including how Se can act as a defense mechanism against herbivores, how some herbivores have disarmed this defense, how Se can be transferred to higher trophic levels, how Se hyperaccumulating plants alter soil Se distribution and speciation around them and how this affects other plant species. The effects of plant Se on plant-microbe interactions are not reviewed here, since they are covered elsewhere. Insight into ecological implications of plant Se accumulation sheds light on evolutionary pressures that led to Se hyperaccumulation, and the importance of plant Se (hyper)accumulation for Se cycling. In addition, better understanding of the ecological impacts of Se in plants can help manage seleniferous habitats and optimize crop Se biofortification and the use of plants in phytoremediation to clean up Se polluted areas.