cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Completeness in partial differential algebraic geometry

Abstract This paper is part of the model theory of fields of characteristic 0, equipped with m commuting derivation operators ( DCF 0 , m ). It continues to partial differential fields work begun by Wai-Yan Pong, who treated the case m = 1 . We study the concept of completeness in differential algebraic geometry, applying methods of model theory and differential algebra. Our central tool in applying the valuative criterion developed in differential algebra by E.R. Kolchin, Peter Bloom, and Sally Morrison is a fundamental theorem in classical elimination theory due to the model theorist Lou van den Dries. We use this valuative criterion to give a new family of complete differential algebraic varieties. In addition to completeness, we prove some embedding theorems for differential algebraic varieties of arbitrary differential transcendence degree. As a special case, we show that every differential algebraic subvariety of the projective line which has Lascar rank less than ω m can be embedded in the affine line.
On small, good things in medicine.

Raymond Carver, considered a major US writer of the last half of the 20 century, is credited with revitalizing the short story as a format and is associated with the literary style of minimalism, or one of its derivatives, dirty realism. Despite its innocuous title, Carver’s award-winning “A Small, Good Thing” is one of his most widely read and praised stories. This story is often read during medical education, not merely because of the medical crisis of the story, but because of its nuanced treatment of the emotions surrounding a bedside vigil, the sometimes ambiguous and unpredictable nature of medical care, the waiting for resolution, the bewilderment of grief, and ultimately, the nourishment humans offer one another—the “small, good things”—even in the face of tragedy. The story opens with Ann Weiss ordering a cake for her son Scotty’s 8th birthday. The unnamed baker is “abrupt with her— not rude, just abrupt,” offering “no pleasantries” beyond a perfunctory exchange and the scheduling of a Monday morning pick-up of the cake. Yet on Monday morning, while walking to school, Scotty is struck by a car, dazed but able to return home on wobbly legs. On the sofa, Ann holding his hand, Scotty goes limp and falls asleep. Much of the remaining story unfolds at the hospital where readers feel the slow ticking of the clock as Ann and Howard, Scotty’s father, suffer an anguished bedside vigil waiting for their son to awaken. Expanses of time are broken by interactions with Dr Francis, Scotty’s physician, who swoops in, always reassuring. Scotty has a mild concussion, he tells them, and is in a very deep sleep, but “no coma.” Ann and Howard take turns going home to shower and change clothes, each receiving anonymous phone calls there, the caller referring to a 16-dollar cake, or asking, “Have you forgotten about Scotty?” Back at the hospital, more tests and reassurances are offered by Dr Francis, shaded with progressively more concern, and then on the third day, Scotty dies. From a shaken Dr Francis: “A hidden occlusion . . . a one-in-amillion circumstance.”
Ionized calcium: Serum levels during symptomatic hypocalcemia

The concentration (activity) of ionized calcium in serum [Ca ++ ] was measured in nine patients with symptomatic hypocalcemia of diverse etiology. In all nine patients the [Ca ++ ] was ≦2.50 mg/dl. No significant correlation was found between the [Ca ++ ] and serum levels of either total calcium or phosphate. Use of the McLean-Hastings nomogram failed to reveal any significant statistical correlation between the predicted [Ca ++ ] values and those actually measured. These data indicate that: (1) symptomatic hypocalcemia occurs when levels of ionized calcium in serum fall near or below a critical threshold concentration of 2.50 mg/dl and (2) the [Ca ++ ] must be measured directly to confirm the clinical impression of hypocalcemia.
A note on vertical integration as entry

Abstract This paper examines the incentive for an intermediate product monopolist to integrate forward into a competitively-structured final product industry when that industry has failed to achieve a position of long-run equilibrium. It is shown that the upstream monopolist's profits are increased more by entering the downstream industry than are the profits of other firms unrelated to this industry. Consequently, the monopolist is more likely to overcome whatever entry barriers might exist at the downstream stage. The welfare effects of this form of integration are shown to be positive, and a theoretical foundation is provided for the policy distinction commonly made between vertical integration by a major acquisition versus integration through internal expansion or a toehold acquisition followed by expansion.
A seven-year experience in expedition medicine: the Juneau Icefield Research Program

There have been relatively few attempts to document the optimal medical support for wilderness expeditions, and none of these previous reports includes physician-level providers. Here we document our experience with physician-level medical support to an annual wilderness expedition in Alaska. This report utilizes data collected from 1994 to 2000 as part of the medical response to the Juneau Icefield Research Project, an annual research expedition to the Alaskan wilderness involving up to 60 students and professors. Medical supplies and equipment were catalogued, and 7 years of medical logs were reviewed with data presented in descriptive fashion. The majority of diseases encountered included gastrointestinal illness, minor orthopedic injuries, urinary tract infections, illness related to sun exposure, and kidney stones. Several patients required evacuation by helicopter to the nearest medical facility. The logistical challenges of medical treatment in this setting are discussed.
Clinical-Pathologic Analysis of 40 Patients With Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Lung

Abstract Background . The identification, classification, and appropriate treatment of patients with pulmonary carcinomas demonstrating neuroendocrine differentiation remains controversial. Methods . Patients undergoing resection of lung cancer at Washington University since 1986 were reviewed to identify all large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Cases were segregated into large, small, or mixed cell categories, and graded as moderate ("atypical carcinoid") or poorly differentiated (all higher grade lesions). All patients' charts were reviewed and referring physicians contacted to ascertain cancer treatment after resection and follow-up status. Results . Forty patients were identified with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: 8 moderate and 32 high-grade. Average follow-up was 19.8 months. Stage distribution was as follows: I, 25; II, 6; III, 6; and VI, 3. Fifteen patients have no evidence of disease, 15 are dead of disease, and 6 are alive with disease. Five-year survival of the stage I patients is 18%; all-stage 5-year survival is 13%. Of the 15 patients who died of their disease, 80% had stage I or II disease. Postoperative chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both were given to 9 of 26 patient in stage I, with six deaths (67%). Six of 17 patients (35%) with stage I disease died after no postoperative intervention. Conclusions . Large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas identified by histologic examination have a remarkably poor prognosis even in very early stage disease. Adjuvant therapy did not improve survival. (Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:180–5)
Utilization of available prenatal screening and diagnosis: effects of the California screen program

In 2009, the California Genetic Disease Branch introduced an aneuploidy screening program allowing Medi-Cal (state insured) patients access to state-sponsored first-trimester screening. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of greater access to prenatal screening on available resources at a single center. Data of prenatal screening and diagnostic procedures performed 4 months before the introduction of the program were compared with those of 12 months following the introduction. Between December 2008 and March 2010, 7689 women underwent first trimester screening, 1286 underwent amniocentesis and 398 underwent chorionic villus sampling. When a comparison was made between the 4 months before and the 12 months after the program's introduction, a greater number of nuchal translucency (NT) examinations was seen to have been performed (384 per month vs 513 per month, P=0.001). Prenatal diagnostic procedures did not increase, but a greater proportion was performed for positive screen results. Introduction of the California screening program was associated with increased NT procedures and fewer invasive procedures for advanced maternal age.
A survey of animal foraging for directed, persistent search by rescue robotics

This paper reviews the animal foraging literature for insights into the directed, persistent search problem in rescue robotics, where a robot may have to move away from a target or out of sensing range in order to find a path to it. The conclusions from 32 papers on empirical studies of insects, fish and birds, mammals, and 20 studies exploring theoretical models are that: robots should divide the environment into patches, they should follow a win-stay search strategy within a patch, use either a sensory- or pattern-based search algorithm, should adapt the algorithm to travel distance, total search time, physical obstacles, and availability of sensory information, and persistence should have a fixed time limit unless sensory information is available. The survey is expected to enable rescue roboticists to create better, or improve existing, search strategies and algorithms.
What is wrong with absolute individual fitness

One of the most basic facts about evolution is that fitness is a relative concept. It does not matter how well an organism survives and reproduces, only that it does so better than other organisms bearing alternative traits. Nevertheless, many evolutionary arguments are framed in terms of absolute individual fitness. The absolute fitness criterion (AFC) can be justified in terms of relative fitness only given certain assumptions that are frequently violated in nature. In particular, interactions must occur in groups that are randomly formed and phenotypic variation among groups must be tightly coupled to genetic variation. Complicating the genotype-phenotype relationship can cause phenotypic variation among groups to become nonrandom, even when the groups are randomly formed, favoring traits that do not maximize absolute individual fitness. Complex genotype-phenotype relationships and complex population structures require explicit models of evolutionary change based on relative fitness differences within and among groups.
Atrocity as a Function of Lynch Mob Composition A Self-Attention Perspective

An archival analysis was conducted to determine whether the atrocities committed by lynch mobs could be accounted for in terms of self-attention processes. In all, 60 newspaper reports of lynching events were coded for information regarding group composition and atrocity. Group composition was operationalized in terms of the Other-Total Ratio (that is, Other-Total Ratio = Number of Victims/[Number of Victims + Number of Lynchers]), an algorithm previously established to predict the effects of group composition on self-attention processes. Atrocity was operationalized in terms of a composite index, representing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of hanging, shooting, burning, lacerating, or dismembering of the victim, as well as the duration of the lynching. The self-attention theory Other-Total Ratio was found to be significantly negatively related to lynch mob atrocity. It was suggested that, as the lynchers became more numerous relative to the victims, the lynchers became less self-attentive, or more deind...
Conditional selectivity for statistics on query expressions

Cardinality estimation during query optimization relies on simplifying assumptions that usually do not hold in practice. To diminish the impact of inaccurate estimates during optimization, statistics on query expressions (SITs) have been previously proposed. These statistics help directly model the distribution of tuples on query sub-plans. Past work in statistics on query expressions has exploited view matching technology to harness their benefits. In this paper we argue against such an approach as it overlooks significant opportunities for improvement in cardinality estimations. We then introduce a framework to reason with SITs based on the notion of conditional selectivity. We present a dynamic programming algorithm to efficiently find the most accurate selectivity estimation for given queries, and discuss how such an approach can be incorporated into existing optimizers with a small number of changes. Finally, we demonstrate experimentally that our technique results in superior cardinality estimations than previous approaches with very little overhead.
Characterization of low VAR bipolar transistors using a revised SPICE simulator

The approximation of the Gummel-Poon base width modulation term, q1, that is implemented in conventional versions of SPICE, is discussed. The impact of the approximation of the characterization of low VAR bipolar transistors is described. Comparisons of simulated to measured curves demonstrate the improved accuracy which results from using the unapproximated q1 term. Use of the unapproximated q1 term produces physically meaningful Early voltage parameters and improved simulation accuracy. >
Low-dose IL-2 for In vivo expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells in nonhuman primates.

IL-2 is a known potent T cell growth factor that amplifies lymphocyte responses in vivo. This capacity has led to the use of high-dose IL-2 to enhance T cell immunity in patients with AIDS or cancer. However, more recent studies have indicated that IL-2 is also critical for the development and peripheral expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the current study, low-dose IL-2 (1 million IU/m(2) BSA/day) was administered to expand Tregs in vivo in naive nonhuman primates. Our study demonstrated that low-dose IL-2 therapy significantly expanded peripheral blood CD4(+) and CD8(+) Tregs in vivo with limited expansion of non-Treg cells. These expanded Tregs are mainly CD45RA(-) Foxp3(high) activated Tregs and demonstrated potent immunosuppressive function in vitro. The results of this preclinical study can serve as a basis to develop Treg immunotherapy, which has significant therapeutic potential in organ/cellular transplantation.
Chaos expansion of heat equations with white noise potentials

The asymptotic behavior as t→∞ of the solution to the following stochastic heat equations $$\frac{{\partial u_t }}{{\partial t}} = \frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{i = 1}^d {\frac{{\partial ^2 u_t }}{{\partial x_i^2 }} + w\;\diamondsuit \;u_t ,{\text{ 0}} < t < \infty ,\;x \in \mathbb{R}^d ,{\text{ }}u_0 (x) = 1} $$ is investigated, where w is a space-time white noise or a space white noise. The use of ⋄ means that the stochastic integral of Ito (Skorohod) type is considered. When d=1, the exact ℒ2 Lyapunov exponents of the solution are studied. When the noise is space white and when d<4 it is shown that the solution is in some “flat” ℒ2 distribution spaces. The Lyapunov exponents of the solution in these spaces are also estimated. The exact rate of convergence of the solution by its first finite chaos terms are also obtained.
More than “More Individuals”: The Nonequivalence of Area and Energy in the Scaling of Species Richness

Abstract: One of the primary ecological hypotheses put forward to explain patterns of biodiversity is known as the more‐individuals hypothesis of species‐energy theory. This hypothesis suggests that the number of species increases along the global energy gradient primarily as a result of an increase in the total number of individuals that can be supported along that gradient. Implicit in this hypothesis is that species richness should scale with energy in the same way in which it scales with area in species‐area relationships. We developed a novel framework for thinking about the interaction of area and energy, and we provide the first global test of this equivalence assumption using a data set on terrestrial breeding birds. We found that (1) species‐energy slopes are typically greater than species‐area slopes, (2) the magnitude of species‐area and species‐energy slopes varies strongly across the globe, and (3) the degree to which area and energy interact to determine species richness depends on the way m...
Longitudinal follow-up of factors associated with food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders:

The objective of this study was to examine food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorders longitudinally. Additionally explored were the stability of the relationship between food selectivity and sensory over-responsivity from time 1 to time 2 and the association between food selectivity and restricted and repetitive behavior at time 2. A total of 52 parents of children with autism were surveyed approximately 20 months after completing an initial questionnaire. First and second surveys each contained identical parent-response item to categorize food selectivity level and a scale to measure sensory over-responsivity. A new scale to measure restricted and repetitive behaviors was added at time 2. Results comparing time 1 to time 2 indicated no change in food selectivity level and a stable, significant relationship between food selectivity and sensory over-responsivity. The measure of restrictive and repetitive behavior (time 2) was found to significantly predict membership in the severe food selectivity group. However, when sensory over-responsivity and both restricted and repetitive behaviors were included in the regression model, only sensory over-responsivity significantly predicted severe food selectivity. These results support conclusions about the chronicity of food selectivity in young children with autism and the consistent relationship between food selectivity and sensory over-responsivity.
A comprehensive evaluation of a blood glucose self-monitoring system for diabetes care

Systems for diabetic patients to use in self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) range widely in coefficient of variation (CV) and are subject to user error. The Glucometer Elite Diabetes Care System is a credit card-sized blood glucose meter that uses a unique design based on electrochemical biosensor technology. An assessment of its accuracy and precision, as well as of how patient training affected its use, was conducted. In the accuracy portion of the study, evaluating 54 blood samples, there was a high correlation between values obtained from the Glucometer Elite and those derived from a laboratory standard (r = .998). All samples were clinically accurate by Error Grid analysis. The precision of the Glucometer Elite system was evaluated by calculating the mean CV of each of three meters in four blood glucose ranges (50 to 100 mg/dL, 101 to 150 mg/dL, 151 to 300 mg/dL, and 301 to 500 mg/dL) and by performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on data sets for each blood glucose range. ANOVA revealed no statistically significant differences between meters (P < 0.05). Patients who did and did not receive instruction were similar in their ability to use the Glucometer Elite system correctly. Patients who had a history of performing SMBG ranked the Glucometer Elite system superior to their previously used blood glucose meters in several categories. The Glucometer Elite system is accurate, precise, and easy for patients to learn to use. Additionally, it has high patient acceptance.
Delayed lead perforation: a disturbing trend.

KHAN, M.N., ET AL.: Delayed Lead Perforation: A Disturbing Trend. Background: Delayed lead perforation (occurring more than 1 month after implantation) is a rare complication. Its pathophysiology and optimal management are currently unclear. Methods: Three cases of delayed lead perforation (6-10 month) were identified in patients with low-profile active fixation leads. Results: All cases presented in a subacute fashion with pleuritic chest pain with confirmatory chest x-ray and device interrogation. Given the potential complications of a perforated lead, all cases had the lead extracted under TEE observation with cardiac surgery backup in the operating room. All patients tolerated extraction without complication. Conclusion: Based on these cases, we recommend a management scheme for patients who present with delayed lead perforation.
The Grain of Vision and the Grain of Attention

Often when there is no attention to an object, there is no conscious perception of it either, leading some to conclude that conscious perception is an attentional phenomenon. There is a well-known perceptual phenomenon—visuo-spatial crowding, in which objects are too closely packed for attention to single out one of them. This article argues that there is a variant of crowding—what I call “identity-crowding”—in which one can consciously see a thing despite failure of attention to it. This conclusion, together with new evidence that attention to an object occurs in unconscious perception, suggests there may be a double dissociation between conscious perception of an object and attention to that object, constraining the extent to which consciousness can be constitutively attentional. The argument appeals to a comparison between the minimal resolution (or “grain”) of object-attention and object-seeing.
Positive linear operators and summability

Let {Ln} be a sequence of positive linear operators defined on C[a, b] of the form where xnk ∈ [a, b] for each k = 0, 1,…, n = 1, 2,…. The convergence properties of the sequences {Ln(f)} to for each f ∈ C[a, b] have been the object of much recent research (see e.g. [4], [8], [11], [13]). In many cases positive linear operators of the form (1) give rise to interesting summability matrices A = (ank(x)) and vice- versa.
Nine Crystal Structures Determine the Substrate Envelope of the MDR HIV-1 Protease.

Under drug selection pressure, emerging mutations render HIV-1 protease drug resistant, leading to the therapy failure in anti-HIV treatment. It is known that nine substrate cleavage site peptides bind to wild type (WT) HIV-1 protease in a conserved pattern. However, how the multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV-1 protease binds to the substrate cleavage site peptides is yet to be determined. MDR769 HIV-1 protease (resistant mutations at residues 10, 36, 46, 54, 62, 63, 71, 82, 84, and 90) was selected for present study to understand the binding to its natural substrates. MDR769 HIV-1 protease was co-crystallized with nine substrate cleavage site hepta-peptides. Crystallographic studies show that MDR769 HIV-1 protease has an expanded substrate envelope with wide open flaps. Furthermore, ligand binding energy calculations indicate weaker binding in MDR769 HIV-1 protease-substrate complexes. These results help in designing the next generation of HIV-1 protease inhibitors by targeting the MDR HIV-1 protease.
Homesite attendance based on sex, breeding status, and number of helpers in gray wolf packs

We studied gray wolf (Canis lupus) homesite attendance rates using global positioning system locations of 17 GPS-radiocollared wolves from 7 packs in Idaho. Nonbreeding wolves attended homesites more once pups were weaned and we hypothesize this is a behavior that benefits subsequent pup-rearing. The breeding status and sex of the wolf was the strongest predictor of homesite attendance in the preweaning period but the dominant predictor postweaning was the number of helpers in the pack. We estimated that each additional helper in a pack decreased an individual’s attendance rate by 7.5%. Because helpers can either attend or provision pups, our results suggest that small packs invest in protecting pups at the expense of having additional adults foraging.
Estimation of Employment Multipliers for Planning in Ozarks Nonmetropolitan Counties

Planning for regional growth and development must necessarily be contingent upon population growth or decline expected for the region in question. Ultimately, all decisions regarding allocation of resources to the process of developing the infrastructure of fixed capital assets to serve a region's population depends upon the number of people to be served. The purpose of this article is to present employment multipliers calculated by regression analysis and to describe their usage for planning in nonmetropolitan counties of the Ozarks region. Many technical questions concerning the statistical procedure have been discussed elsewhere. Thus, these questions will be only briefly reviewed herein.
A New Microprocessor-Based Automotive Diesel Pump Controller

A control system for a new diesel rotary distributor pump has been developed. The system is applied on multicylinder, indirect injection engines, both turbocharged and naturally aspirated. Precise, full authority control of fuel quantity and injection timing is the primary function of the system, with benefits to emissions, driveability rated output, and fuel economy. Idle speed governing, cruise control, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) control are important features. Transmission torque converter lockup is decided by the system for vehicles with automatic transmissions. Self-diagnostics are provided to assist servicing.
Dress, Cloth, and the Farmer's Wife: Textiles from Ø 172 Tatsipataa, Greenland, with Comparative Data from Iceland

Abstract Midden excavations at O172 (Tatsipataa), on the eastern shore of the Igaliku fjord in southwestern Greenland, produced a significant textile collection consisting of 98 fragments. This collection is important as it stems from a well-contextualized and well-stratified sequence, allowing significant insights into the evolution and nature of cloth production in Greenland. Analysis of this collection showed that while the earliest fragments mirror Icelandic counterparts of comparable ages, the O172 collection changes considerably by the 14th century. From this point onward, Greenlandic women wove a weft-dominant cloth unique to Greenland. This cloth type has previously been noted in other, later, Greenlandic collections, but the Tatsipataa collection provides new evidence for the date of its first production. The sudden appearance of this distinctive weft-dominant Greenlandic homespun in the mid-14th century suggests that its production was a domestic adaptation to the initial climatic fluctuations o...
MaskerAid : a performance enhancement to RepeatMasker

Summary: Identifying and masking repetitive elements is usually the first step when analyzing vertebrate genomic sequence. Current repeat identification software is sensitive but slow, creating a costly bottleneck in large-scale analyses. We have developed MaskerAid, a software enhancement to RepeatMasker that increased the speed of masking more than 30-fold at the most sensitive setting. Availability: On request from the authors (see http:// sapiens.wustl.edu/ MaskerAid).
The Origins of Divergent Methodological Stances in Symbolic Interactionism

Utilizing replies from a selected sample of contributors to the literature of symbolic interactionism, this paper examines the nature and extent of institutional ties among respondents holding simi...
Towards increased image fidelity in microwave diffraction tomography

The authors develop, implement, and test efficient computer methods for reconstructing the permittivity profile of a diffraction limited tomographic imaging system. The methods are designed to correct for weak diffraction and depolarization effects in electromagnetic imaging. Increased media penetration using diffraction methods compensates for the inherent loss of image resolution, as compared with projection tomographic methods. The primary goal is to gain further knowledge about vector inverse scattering in inhomogeneous media and its computational feasibility. >
Entrained Body Temperature Rhythms Are Similar in Mild Alzheimer's Disease, Geriatric Onset Depression, and Normal Aging

Sleep-wake rhythms are known to be altered in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in unipolar depression. Other evidence suggests that the circadian rhythm in body temperature may be altered as well. Entrained circadian temperature rhythms were measured in healthy elderly men and women, as well as in men and women suffering from unipolar depression or mild AD, to examine this possibility. There were no differences in the temperature rhythm characteristics of subjects with depression or AD compared with healthy control subjects. However, gender differences were observed. Female control subjects showed .a larger amplitude, higher peak temperature, and earlier acrophase relative to male control subjects. Also, the mesor of female AD subjects was higher than for male AD subjects. These results are discussed in the context of the widely varying subject populations used in other studies. (I Geriufr Psydziufry Neurol 1992;5:65-71). he quality and circadian timing of sleep are T altered by a variety of central nervous system disorders affecting older adults, including Alzheimer‘s disease’ and depres~ion.’~~ Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) show reduced slowwave sleep and increased fragmentation of night ~leep.~,~ Depressed individuals often experience not only impaired sleep quantity and quality but also altered circadian timing of sleep.3 For example, insomnia with early morning awakening or hypersomnolence with delqyed morning awakenin may occur, depending on the type of depression.’ Individuals with impaired or phase-shifted night sleep generally experience impaired or phase-shifted daytime alertness and/or excessive daytime napping7 phenomena that can be viewed as damped or phaseshifted circadian sleep-wake rhythms. Changes in
Dental Caries, Fluorosis, and Fluoride Exposure in Michigan Schoolchildren

This study relates the prevalence of caries and fluorosis among Michigan children, residing in four different areas, to the various concentrations of F in the communities' water supplies. Demographic information, details of F history, and dental attendance data were collected by a questionnaire form filled out by parents. Children ages six to 12 were screened for caries by means of the NIDR criteria and for fluorosis by means of the TSIF index. Results pertain only to continuous residents and the permanent dentition. The prevalence of both caries and fluorosis was significantly associated with the F concentration in the community water supply. Approximately 65% of all children were caries-free, ranging from 55.1% in fluoride-deficient Cadillac to 73.7% in Redford (1.0 ppm F). About 36% of all children had dental fluorosis, ranging from 12.2 in Cadillac to 51.2 in Richmond (1.2 ppm). All of the fluorosis was very mild. From logistic regression, the prevalence of caries was significantly associated with age, dental attendance, and the use of a water supply fluoridated at 1.0 ppm. The odds of experiencing fluorosis increased at every F level above the baseline (Cadillac), with the use of topical F rinses, and with age. Results suggest that children in the four communities may be ingesting a similar level of F from sources such as dentifrices, dietary supplements, and professional applications, but the factor that differentiates them with respect to the prevalence of caries and fluorosis is the F concentration in the community water supply.
Maximizing influence of viral marketing via evolutionary user selection

Viral marketing, which uses the "word of mouth" marketing technique over virtual networks, relies on the selection of a small subset of most influential users in the network for efficient marketing. Nonetheless, most existing viral marketing techniques ignore the dynamic nature of the virtual network. In this paper, we develop a novel framework that exploits the temporal dynamics of the network to select an optimal subset of users that maximize the marketing influence over the network.
Mandibular hypodontia and osteoarthritis in prehistoric bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in eastern Washington State, USA

Mandibular hypodontia of the p2 was found to occur in 3 out of 21 individual prehistoric Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) from Moses Coulee Cave in eastern Washington State, similar to its frequency of occurrence in modern bighorn. There is no evidence of lumpy jaw (mandibular osteomyelitis) in the Moses Coulee Cave collection. Evidence from Moses Coulee Cave aligns with the hypothesis that low frequencies of hypodontia and lumpy jaw occur in healthy, evolutionarily old (maintenance) populations in order to maintain the occlusal area and thus maximise efficiency of food procurement and processing. Osteoarthritis was found to occur in 1 out of 70 individual Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) astragali in the Moses Coulee Cave collection. This prevalence is unsurprising given a population dominated by prime-age individuals. Osteoarthritis was likely selected against given that individuals must be agile to effectively use rugged terrain to escape predation and as a general measure suggests a healthy population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogenomic Analyses of the BARREN STALK1/LAX PANICLE1 (BA1/LAX1) Genes and Evidence for Their Roles During Axillary Meristem Development

The diversity of plant architectural form is largely determined by the extent and duration of axillary meristem (AM) derived lateral growth. The orthologous basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins maize BARREN STALK1 (BA1) and rice LAX PANICLE1 (LAX1) are essential for the formation of AMs during vegetative development and all lateral structures during inflorescence development, but whether BA1/LAX1 co-orthologs exist outside of the grass family is unclear. Here, we present Bayesian phylogenetic evidence of a well-supported BA1/LAX1 clade comprised monocots and eudicots, estimating an origin for the lineage at least near the base of flowering plants. Genomic analyses in Arabidopsis, papaya, medicago, rice, sorghum, and maize indicate that BA1/LAX1 genes reside in syntenic regions, although there has also been a complex pattern of gene duplication and loss during the diversification of the angiosperm clade. BA1/LAX1 mRNA expression coincided with the initiation of leaves and associated AMs in the vegetative meristems of broccoli, medicago, and papaya implicating a role for the lineage in the formation of AMs in eudicots as well as monocots. Expression on the adaxial surface of lateral inflorescence structures was conserved in all sampled flowering plants, whereas mRNA expression in leaves of Arabidopsis, broccoli, and papaya also links BA1/LAX1 co-orthologs with roles in regulating leaf development, possibly as a downstream target of auxin regulating genes. Together these data point to roles for BA1/LAX1 genes during AM formation, leaf, and inflorescence development in diverse flowering plants and lend support to the hypothesis that the same genetic mechanisms regulate the development of different AM types.
Mixed mode dynamic stress intensity factor due to applied point loads

Abstract The elastodynamic response of an infinite orthotropic material with finite crack under normal and tangential concentrated loads is examined. Solution for the stress intensity factor history around the crack tips is found. Laplace and Fourier transforms are employed to solve the equations of motion leading to a Fredholm integral equation on the Laplace transform domain. The dynamic stress intensity factor history can be computed by numerical Laplace transform inversion of the solution of the Fredholm equation. Numerical values of the dynamic stress intensity factor history for some example materials are obtained. It is seen that the mode I stress intensity factor history is insensitive to the material parameters. For mode II due to the shear loads, the results differ from mode I in that there is heavy dependence upon the material constants. The solutions presented here can be used as a Green's function to solve dynamic problems involving finite cracks.
The Reformation Revived: The English Reformation Beyond Revisionism

Does the study of the Reformation still matter? Was the English Reformation a great political and cultural watershed whose conspicuous importance lies beyond serious doubt? Or do historians agree that the Reformation was less successful, less complete, and ultimately less important than we once thought? As the twentieth century drew to its close, the study of the Reformation seemed to fall on hard times until academic discourse was restructured around a vibrant new multiculturalism. Long-held assumptions that used to dominate the field of historical research now had to be tested. Fresh voices from around the globe, who previously were rarely heard, at long last began to receive the scholarly attention that they deserve. Any western cultural ascendancy seemed to be a dubious legacy in a troubled world. New studies cut across established disciplines. Scholars challenged the notion of traditional historical eras, and changed many universities’ curricula. Familiar conceptual markers were removed, perhaps forever.
Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been increasing in incidence among those with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is associated with substantial morbidity, the need for surgery and even mortality. The similar clinical presentation between CDI and a flare of underlying IBD makes prompt diagnosis essential to prevent deterioration which would accompany an escalation of immunosuppression in the absence of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Classical risk factors (antibiotic or healthcare exposure) or clinical findings (pseudomembranes) may not be found in many IBD patients with CDI and should not be considered essential for entertaining the diagnosis. Enzyme immunoassays detecting both toxins A and B remain the most widely used test for diagnosis and have acceptable sensitivity, but may require testing of multiple samples in select situations. Both vancomycin and metronidazole appear to be effective and treatment with oral vancomycin is preferred in those with severe disease, including those who require hospitalization. Appropriate infection control measures are essential to restrict patient-to-patient spread within healthcare environments and to prevent recurrences. Several novel therapies are currently under study, including new antibiotic agents and monoclonal antibodies targeted against the toxins. There is a need to broaden these studies to the IBD population. There is also the need to prospectively examine whether CDI has long-term disease-modifying consequences in those with underlying IBD.
Employing Simulation to Evaluate Designs: The APEX Approach

Computer simulation could be used to reduce the cost of designing human-machine systems, just as it is currently used in the design process for inanimate systems such as electronic circuits. However, past efforts have met with limited success due to difficulties modeling the human components of these systems. We have constructed a software framework and methodology for modeling human performance, APEX, that addresses several of these difficulties. This paper describes a methodology for using APEX to evaluate designs in complex, dynamic task environments; we then illustrate this process using an example from the domain of air traffic control.
Reactions that involve tunneling by carbon and the role that calculations have played in their study

Chemical reactions can proceed either by passage of the reactants over the reaction barrier or by tunneling through the barrier. During the past 40 years, it has become clear that tunneling, not only by hydrogen but also by carbon, can occur, provided that the reaction barrier is narrow and that tunneling occurs at energies that are not too far below the top of the barrier. This review discusses those reactions in which tunneling by carbon has been predicted to occur by calculations and/or been found to occur by experiments. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:20–46. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1235 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Stratified Turbulence near a Critical Dissipation Rate

Abstract Turbulence in the thermocline was investigated using data observed by the submarine Dolphin. Various length scales, the Reynolds and the Froude numbers of the Dolphin data were compared to those values of a laboratory experiment presented in Itsweire et al. In addition to these datasets, the data obtained by the sub-mersible Pisces IV provide the range of ϵ/νN2 above the thermocline values. Our thermocline data demonstrate that the dynamical condition of the laboratory experiment is confirmed as identical to the turbulence in the thermocline when ϵ/νN2<100. Therefore, the critical dissipation rate, ϵC = 16νN2, is applicable to the thermocline. However, the applicability of laboratory experiments for high values of ϵ/νN2, such as the generating stage of turbulence, requires a cautious interpretation for turbulence in the thermocline. The power spectrum of velocity closely follows the Nasmyth's empirical universal spectrum in the high wavenumbers even when the dissipation rate is as low as ϵC. Addi...
New record of Bassariscus ogallalae (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from the Ogallala Group (Miocene) of Ellis County, Kansas, with comments on variation within Bassariscus

Abstract A partial left dentary containing c1 and p2-m1 is described as the second reported specimen of Bassariscus ogallalae, a taxon erected nearly 70 years ago. The specimen is from an early late Miocene (late Barstovian/early Clarendonian) exposure of the Ogallala Group in Ellis County, Kansas. Comparison of B. ogallalae to specimens of other species of Bassariscus, including a relatively large sample of B. astutus, reveals that only 2 of the original 4 diagnostic characters remain valid. A relatively large series of measurements and associated ratios reveal no new meristic characters that can be used to distinguish B. ogallalae from other species of Bassariscus. This specimen extends the temporal range of Bassariscus in Kansas from the Recent to the early late Miocene.
Statutory and Effective Tax Rates: Part 2

In the second article of a two-part series, Viard discusses the work incentive effects of capital income taxes and reforms that replace income taxation with consumption taxation.
Bmal1 is required for beta cell compensatory expansion, survival and metabolic adaptation to diet-induced obesity in mice

Obesity and consequent insulin resistance are known risk factors for type 2 diabetes. A compensatory increase in beta cell function and mass in response to insulin resistance permits maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis, whereas failure to do so results in beta cell failure and type 2 diabetes. Recent evidence suggests that the circadian system is essential for proper metabolic control and regulation of beta cell function. We set out to address the hypothesis that the beta cell circadian clock is essential for the appropriate functional and morphological beta cell response to insulin resistance. We employed conditional deletion of the Bmal1 (also known as Arntl) gene (encoding a key circadian clock transcription factor) in beta cells using the tamoxifen-inducible CreERT recombination system. Upon adulthood, Bmal1 deletion in beta cells was achieved and mice were exposed to either chow or high fat diet (HFD). Changes in diurnal glycaemia, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were longitudinally monitored in vivo and islet morphology and turnover assessed by immunofluorescence. Isolated islet experiments in vitro were performed to delineate changes in beta cell function and transcriptional regulation of cell proliferation. Adult Bmal1 deletion in beta cells resulted in failed metabolic adaptation to HFD characterised by fasting and diurnal hyperglycaemia, glucose intolerance and loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Importantly, HFD-induced beta cell expansion was absent following beta cell Bmal1 deletion indicating impaired beta cell proliferative and regenerative potential, which was confirmed by assessment of transcriptional profiles in isolated islets. Results of the study suggest that the beta cell circadian clock is a novel regulator of compensatory beta cell expansion and function in response to increased insulin demand associated with diet-induced obesity.
Penalty for Delay of Game? Sobering Results in Treating Adolescent Depression

In this issue of the journal, in a longitudinal follow-up of depressed adolescents treated in the landmark Treatment of Adolescent Depression Study (TADS) randomized clinical trial, Peters et al. [1] report on the long-term trajectories of global functioning among youth relative to their initial randomization. The Survey of Outcomes following Treatment of Adolescent Depression (SOFTAD), with follow-up more than 5 years after the subjects entry into TADS, found that youth initially assigned to any active treatment continued to show improvement in functioning from baseline, whereas the functioning of those assigned to placebo continued to decline... Language: en
Extended lymph node dissection in robotic radical prostatectomy: Current status.

Introduction: The role and extent of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) during radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer patients remains unclear. Materials and Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed for studies reporting on treatment regimens and outcomes in patients with prostate cancer treated by RP and extended lymph node dissection between 1999 and 2013. Results: Studies have shown that RP can improve progression-free and overall survival in patients with lymph node-positive prostate cancer. While this finding requires further validation, it does allow urologists to question the former treatment paradigm of aborting surgery when lymph node invasion from prostate cancer occurred, especially in patients with limited lymph node tumor infiltration. Studies show that intermediate- and high-risk patients should undergo ePLND up to the common iliac arteries in order to improve nodal staging. Conclusions: Evidence from the literature suggests that RP with ePLND improves survival in lymph node-positive prostate cancer. While studies have shown promising results, further improvements and understanding of the surgical technique and post-operative treatment are required to improve treatment for prostate cancer patients with lymph node involvement.
Nothing to Declare: Disclosure Leads Advisors to Avoid Conflicts of Interest

Prior research has shown that mandating disclosure of conflicts of interest can backfire by leading advisors to give even more biased advice and advisees to feel increased pressure to comply with a...
Stabilization of a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Dye on Nanocrystalline TiO2 by an Electropolymerized Overlayer

The long-term performance of dye-sensitized solar and photoelectrochemical cells is strongly dependent on the stability of surface-bound chromophores and chromophore–catalyst assemblies at metal oxide interfaces. We report here electropolymerization as a strategy for increasing interfacial stability and as a simple synthetic route for preparing spatially controlled, multicomponent films at an interface. We demonstrate that [Fe(v-tpy)2]2+ (v-tpy = 4′-vinyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) can be reductively electropolymerized on nanocrystalline TiO2 functionalized with a phosphonate-derivatized Ru(II) polypyridyl chromophore. The outer:inner Fe:Ru ratio can be controlled by the number of reductive electrochemical scan cycles as shown by UV–visible absorption and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Overlayer electropolymerization results in up to 30-fold enhancements in photostability compared to the surface-bound dye alone. Transient absorbance measurements have been used to demonstrate that photoexc...