cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbulence in the Upper-Ocean Mixed Layer

Nearly all operational models of upper-ocean mixing assume that the turbulence responsible for this mixing is driven by the atmospheric fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture and the shear imposed by the ocean circulation. This idealization is supported by historical measurements of dissipation rate within the boundary layer. Detailed measurements made recently by many investigators and supported by theoretical and numerical results have found significant deviations from this classical view attributable to the influence of surface waves. Although a review of these measurements finds strong support for the influence of waves-and, in particular, for the predictions of large-eddy simulations, including the Craik-Leibovich vortex force-there are insufficient data to give definitive support to a new paradigm.
SEXUAL SEGREGATION IN DIMORPHIC DEER: A NEW GASTROCENTRIC HYPOTHESIS

Why do sexes of polygynous ruminants segregate spatially outside the mating season? Existing hypotheses for differences in niche partitioning among species are not sufficient to explain temporal patterns of segregation and aggregation between sexes. Moreover, other hypotheses, including risk of predation, do not explain why females of some species inhabit sites with higher-quality forage while segregated from males, although competitive exclusion of males by females has been proposed. We offer a new hypothesis to explain this conundrum in sexually dimorphic deer (Cervidae) based on an allometric model of metabolic requirements, minimal food quality, and digestive retention. The model predicts that male deer consume abundant forages high in fiber because ruminal capacity prolongs retention and permits greater use of fiber for energy than in nonpregnant females. Low density of animals, high abundance of food, and adaptations of ruminal microflora keep large males on fibrous forages until quantity of food declines. Compared with males, smaller-bodied females are better suited to postruminal digestion of food, especially when intakes increase concomitantly with requirements for energy and protein during reproduction. High demands for absorption of nutrients during lactation and growth stimulate investment in intestinal and hepatic tissue in females, increasing the cost of maintenance and reinforcing differential use of habitats and forages when sexes are segregated. This new model explains sexual segregation without invoking predation or competitive exclusion of males by females.
Issues in Acquisitional Pragmatics

This paper aims at a comprehensive review of the growing body of research in L2 pragmatic acquisition, including both theoretical discussions and empirical studies to date. To this end, the paper deals with a number of issues which are grouped into four broad categories: the essential constituents of pragmatic competence, models of pragmatic development, major processes of pragmatic competence, and various factors affecting pragmatic development. Throughout the paper, it is shown that cultural knowledge has central importance in pragmatic competence and that such knowledge can be acquired through language-mediated social interactions. Furthermore, a learner’s unconditional adoption of a new set of cultural beliefs and values is unrealistic due to the unresolved conflict between L2 norms of speaking and the learner’s needs and beliefs about the ways of being in the world. Given these perspectives, this paper points to the need for a holistic approach to L2 pragmatic development, taking into account both the intralearner, psychological and the inter-learner, sociocultural aspects of learning. The paper concludes with the suggestion that L2 pragmatic competence be discussed in terms of intercultural competence involving the learner’s continuous, identity and attitude formation, rather than the acquisition of prescribed behavioral rules of speaking.
Author's Response to: “Progress in the Nutritional Epidemiology of Ovary Cancer”

In response to Mettlins criticisms of the authors finding of a significant interaction between oral contraceptive (OC) use and ovarian cancer for lactose consumption but not for animal fat consumption the authors reiterate and basic elements of their model for ovarian cancer pathogenesis. It is noted that ovarian cancer risk is largely mediated by conditions predisposing to ovarian failure followed by gonadotropin stimulation. Through this mechanism numerous potential oocyte toxins (e.g. radiation the mumps virus caffeine tannic acid galactose and polycyclic hydrocarbons) increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Since the oocyte count at a particular age depends on baseline values and the subsequent rate of depletion both intrauterine and adult exposures to these toxins should be considered. An individuals ability to metabolize some ingested oocyte toxins may modify their effect. A final component of this model includes the womans ability to mount a gonadotropin response. Since OCs lower gonadotropins their use may block the effect of an oocyte toxin. Similarly dietary factors or drugs that raise gonadotropins may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
Massawa: Maritime Commerce and Cultural Formation in a Red Sea Emporium

This paper provides a preliminary survey of the culture and history of the island of Massawa located on the African shore of the Red Sea. Its point of departure is an examination of the vast transoceanic commercial circuits of which it was a part. These circuits, whose extent and depth varied over time, represented dense flows of people, goods, and ideas in multiple directions, and contributed to the extraordinary pluralism of the linked societies. The sea was the primary medium of this commercial and cultural interchange and Massawa was the fulcrum of its diffusion into the Northeast African interior. Following these lines of seaborne trade, Northeast Africa can be understood as part of a trans-regional circuit embracing parts of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean worlds.
Major Source of Error in QSPR Prediction of Intrinsic Thermodynamic Solubility of Drugs: Solid vs Nonsolid State Contributions?

The main purpose of this study is to define the major limiting factor in the accuracy of the quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models of the thermodynamic intrinsic aqueous solubility of the drug-like compounds. For doing this, the thermodynamic intrinsic aqueous solubility property was suggested to be indirectly “measured” from the contributions of solid state, ΔGfus, and nonsolid state, ΔGmix, properties, which are estimated by the corresponding QSPR models. The QSPR models of ΔGfus and ΔGmix properties were built based on a set of drug-like compounds with available accurate measurements of fusion and thermodynamic solubility properties. For consistency ΔGfus and ΔGmix models were developed using similar algorithms and descriptor sets, and validated against the similar test compounds. Analysis of the relative performances of these two QSPR models clearly demonstrates that it is the solid state contribution which is the limiting factor in the accuracy and predictive power of the QSPR mo...
LOW-ILLUMINATION PREY DETECTION BY SQUIRREL TREEFROGS

due to sex and its interaction with geography. Copeia 1989:53-63. WEINFURT, K. P. 1995. Multivariate Analysis of Variance. In L. G. Grimm and P. R. Yamold (eds.), Reading and Understanding Multivariate Statistics, pp. 245-276. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C. WHITING, A. M. 1969. Squamate cloacal glands: Morphology, histology and histochemistry. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Pennsylvania State Univ., College Station.
AB1392 Predictors of work impairment in a randomized controlled trial of etanercept-methotrexate therapy in patients with moderate rheumatoid arthritis

Background In patients (pts) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), work disability is a major consequence of reduced physical function, which can occur with active joint inflammation and joint damage.1,2 In a recent multinational database study, work disability was reported in more than one third of pts working at the time of RA symptom onset.2 A 2006 systematic review indicated that 66% of employed RA pts experienced productivity loss due to RA in the prior year.3 Expenditures related to lost productivity exceed direct expenditures in determining overall RA costs.4 Despite increased use of very effective non-biologic and biologic therapies in RA, work disability remains common, prompting further investigation into the relationships among work disability, disease activity, and other variables. Objectives To examine factors predicting impairment in work productivity in pts with moderately active RA enrolled in the randomized, double-blind period of the PRESERVE trial. Methods Pts with 3.2 0.5 (wk 36), pt global assessment (PGA) of disease activity (0–10; wk 36), WPAI:RA score (wk 36), and treatment as independent variables. Results Pts’ age and gender and the PGA of disease activity at baseline were not significantly associated with % overall work impairment at wk 88 (table). In contrast, RA duration, HAQ score >0.5, and WPAI:RA scores at BL were all significantly predictive of work impairment (p Conclusions Disease duration, HAQ score >0.5, and work impairment at baseline were significant predictors of continuing work impairment in pts with moderate RA enrolled in the PRESERVE trial. After controlling for other factors, pts receiving etanercept 50 mg plus methotrexate reported significant improvement in the overall percentage of work impairment compared with pts receiving placebo plus methotrexate. References Verstappen SMM, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:488–97. Sokka T, et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R42. Burton W, et al. Occup Med. 2006;56:18–27. Ruof J, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:544–50. Disclosure of Interest V. Strand Consultant for: Amgen, Pfizer Inc, T. Jones Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, W. Li Employee of: Pfizer Inc, A. Koenig Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc, S. Kotak Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc, Employee of: Pfizer Inc
The Theory,History,and Trends of the Relationship between Capitalism and Socialism

The relationship between capitalism and socialism is complicated. From a theoretical perspective, capitalism system will be inevitably substituted by socialism system while capitalist countries have to hold intercourse with or cooperate with socialist countries. A special inter-state relationship is formed between these two types of states. From a historical perspective, the relationship between capitalist states and socialist states is intricate, but the basic interaction forms are struggle, cooperation, and competition. From the perspective of development trends, it is objectively inevitable for different civilizations and social systems to co-exist. The substitution of capitalism by socialism will be a long journey.
Characterization of Vasculature in 3D Medical Images

Noninvasive determination of blood vessel boundaries for accurate characterization of vascular detail is an important, clinically relevant problem. In two-dimensional medical images of vascular structures such as conventional or digital subtraction angiograms, it is often difficult to identify and evaluate the extent of vascular stenosis in tortuous vessels, at vessel branching points, and when vessels overlap or cross over other vessels. Thus, it is of clinical importance to be able to accurately map out and track vessels in three dimensions. With current diagnostic imaging modalities, such as Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), true three-dimensional images are becoming available. An algorithm for tracking vessels in 3-D images has been developed in order to utilize all the information contained in such data sets. The algorithm is generic, hierarchical, and modular, and consists of a low level processor for 3-D boundary point detection, an intermediate level module for linking the detected boundary points into complete object surfaces, and a high level component for further identification and description of objects in the image. The algorithm has been tested and evaluated using simulated images and its robustness has been demonstrated. Results obtained with a real MRI 3-D data set are presented. The inclusion of a 3-D display of vasculature along with the quantitative parameters of position (centroid) and degree of stenosis (via the vessel radius measure) as computed here, could greatly facilitate assessment of cardiovascular structure and function.
The role of ifosfamide in the treatment of adult soft tissue sarcomas, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma: a review.

Since mortality from breast cancer remains unacceptably high, hopes for future treatment depend, in large part, on the development of pharmacologic interventions based on an increased understanding of the biology of cancer. A fruitful area of exploration may be that of antisense RNAs which may inhibit the expression of a given growth factor or a given cellular product. It is also possible that an antisense RNA can be developed that will inhibit the production of proteins responsible for drug resistance. Another potential approach is the use of the Her-2-Neu oncogene cell membrane protein target for monoclonal antibody radioimmunoconjugates for therapy. Finally, since low-fat, reduced-calorie diets are considered an important part of preventive programs, the use of artificial fats may also make a significant difference in changing life-style habits.
Disposition of the Pharmacologically Active Compound [1-14C-Acetyl]-1-Acetyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,4-Triazolidine-3,5-Dione in CF1 Mice

1-Acetyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione (APTD) has hypolipidaemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antineoplastic, and aldose reductase inhibitory activities in animals. Disposition studies using pooled plasma and urine samples showed that [1-14C-acetyl]-1-acetyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione (14C-APTD) had a maximum half-life of 20 hours. Urinary excretion accounted for less than 3% of the radioactivity elimination, while faecal excretion may account for up to 45% of the total elimination. In a 96-hour tissue distribution study, there was no sequestering of 14C-APTD in any of the organs. 14C-APTD demonstrated significant aqueous partitioning, and almost no binding to bovine serum albumin. In L1210 tumour cells, 14C-APTD was bound to DNA and RNA, and there was no binding to intracellular protein. 14C-APTD underwent significant metabolism in mice. One metabolite excreted in urine was identified; two other possible metabolites were proposed.
Not Just a Fine Trip Down Memory Lane: Comments on the Essays on Content and Consciousness

The current chapter contains commentaries and replies to all nine essays included in the present volume.
Findings from the Head Start Bilingual Curriculum Development and Evaluation Effort

Overall findings are presented for the national evaluation of the Head Start bilingual curriculum development project. The results of this evaluation were that bilingual children who received bilingual preschool services made greater preschool gains than comparison group children who received regular English-language preschool services. In addition, English-preferring children who were placed in bilingual classrooms achieved the same developmental gains over the preschool year as those who were placed in regular English-language preschool classrooms. The findings are discussed within the context of current policy debates about bilingual education.
Planting Configuration and Plasticulture Effects on Growth, Physiology, and Yield of Globe Artichoke

Additional index words. Cynara cardunculus, earliness, 'Green Globe Improved', 'Imperial Star', photosynthesis Abstract. Globe artichoke is typically grown in Mediterranean and coastalareas. Because of the high profitability as a specialty crop, demand to develop production systems optimized for other semiarid and water-limited regions is rising. Field experiments were conducted over three seasons (2008-09, 2010-11, and 2011-12) in southwest Texas to investigate plant growth, physiology, and yield of artichoke grown as an annual system. Three strategies were evaluated: planting configuration (single and doublelines per bed), plasticulture (bare soil and black plastic mulch), and cultivars differing in maturity ('Imperial Star', early; 'Green Globe Improved', late). Each fall, transplants were established in the field at 2.03 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (single line) or 4.06 m between rows and 0.90 m between plants (double line). In both cultivars, black plastic mulch enhanced plant growth (leaf number, plant height and width) and increased early yield; however, its effect on total yield and yield components was not consistent. Singlelineperbedsignificantlyincreasedheadnumberofjumboandlargesizeperplantas compared with double line in the 2009 season. Chlorophyll index was unaffected by either planting configuration or plastic mulch. Comparing cultivars, 'Green Globe Improved' had lower marketable yield but bigger head size than 'Imperial Star' in one and two seasons, respectively. Our results indicate that single line with black plastic mulch can be recommended to improve earliness and water savings as compared with the bare soil system for annual artichoke production. Commercial production of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) in the United States is almost exclu- sively in California with major areas located along the central and south coast, the Coach- ella Valley in the southern inland desert, and the central valley. The total cultivated area has shown a decline in the last 2 years, from 3480 ha in 2009 to 2990 ha in 2011 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2012). How- ever, the average yield has increased to 14,570 kg·ha -1 with a total crop value of $48.5 million in 2011. A small number of hectares is also grown in the semiarid areas of the Wintergarden and Lower Rio Grande
Diminished segregation in continuous powder mixing

Abstract Binary powder mixtures with variable segregation tendencies were “mixed” in a tumbling batch blender and in a continuous convective tubular blender. The degree of homogeneity of the final blend obtained from the continuous blender was found to be much higher than that from the batch V-blender, for mixtures and blender process parameters examined in this study. A direct relationship was observed between the segregation index of mixtures and a new material property metric defined as the ratio of the median particle size and bulk density of the ingredients that constitute the mixture. Moreover, for freely flowing materials, the extent of non-homogeneity at the end of a batch blending process was found to be proportional to the segregation index of the mixture and thus consequently in relation to the material property metric. Results demonstrate the superior capability of continuous blenders compared to batch blenders in their ability to homogenize segregating mixtures.
Artificial Membrane Fusion Triggered by Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition.

Artificial systems for controlled membrane fusion applicable for drug delivery would ideally use triggers that are orthogonal to biology. To apply the strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) to drive membrane fusion, oxo-dibenzocyclooctyne (ODIBO)–lipid 1 was designed, synthesized, and studied alongside azadibenzocyclooctyne (ADIBO)–lipids 2–4 to assess fusion with liposomes containing azido–lipid 5. Lipids 1–2 were first shown to be effective for liposome derivatization. Next, fusion was evaluated using liposomes containing 1 and varying ratios of PC and PE via a FRET dilution fusion assay, and a 1:1 PC-to-PE ratio yielded the greatest signal change attributed to fusion. Finally, lipids 1–4 were compared, and 1 yielded the greatest triggering of fusion, while 2–4 yielded varying efficacies depending on the structural features of each lipid. Fusion was further validated through STEM studies showing larger multilamellar assemblies after liposome mixing, and FRET assay results supporting the mixi...
Three-particle correlations in a multiphase transport model

Abstract Using a multiphase transport model, we study three-particle mixed harmonic correlations in relativistic heavy ion collisions by considering the observable C m , n , m + n = 《 cos ⁡ ( m ϕ 1 + n ϕ 2 − ( m + n ) ϕ 3 ) 》 , where ϕ 1 , 2 , 3 are azimuthal angles of all particle triplets. We find that except for C 123 , our results on the centrality dependence of C 112 , C 224 and C 235 as well as the relative pseudorapidity dependence of C 123 and C 224 in Au + Au collisions at s = 200 GeV agree reasonable well with the experimental data from the STAR Collaboration. We discuss the implications of our results.
Resiliencia a inundaciones: nuevo paradigma para el diseño urbano

The article addresses the problem of urban vulnerability to the floods generated by climate change; its objective is to review and analyze strategies and policies to create resilient cities. The methodology included a systematic bibliographic search in a twenty-year observation window (1996-2016), which was carried out in six languages. The study presents five relevant strategies among the scientific community that have been successfully applied in many cities: green roofs, rainwater tanks, permeable urban surfaces, surface rainwater management, and local stormwater disposal. It also includes, for its potential and scope, a public policy: water sensitive cities. As a conclusion, the article draws attention to the urgency of applying these strategies in cities that still manage their stormwater with the traditional method (drain and pipe), because they remain vulnerable to the catastrophic events generated by climate change.
An algorithm for fully automatic detection of calcium in chest CT imaging

Detection of calcified plaques in coronary arteries is helpful in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. This is often performed by radiologists on computed tomography (CT) images. We work towards an automatic solution for calcium detection in CT images. Most of previous work in this area combines CT and CTA for this purpose to facilitate the localization of the coronary arteries. Given the cost and dose advantages of using only CT scan compared to using both CT and CTA, we propose a solution for automatic calcium assessment in CT. We model the whole chest including all heart chambers and main arteries. Instead of localizing calcium candidates with respect to the coronary artery alone, we assess their position with respect to eight other anatomies, segmented from CT images using joint atlas label fusion methodology. This comprehensive spatial information together with other types of features such as shape, size and texture of each calcium candidate is used with a random forest classifier trained on 104 patients to detect coronary calcification. The results show that our method has a precision of 95.1% and a recall of 89.0% in classifying calcium candidates found based on thresholding. In the patient level, using this method, all the test patients with true calcification were detected as positive, yielding a patient level sensitivity of 100%. Among the test patients without calcification, 44 out of 56 patients resulted in no calcium finding, yielding a patient level specificity of 78.6%. We quantified the whole heart Agatston score for the manual and the automatically detected calcium on the 22 diseased test cases, and found a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.98. These results show that our proposed framework can reliably detect calcification using CT data.
Parent Training for Families who have Children with Autism: A Review of the Literature:

The purpose of this review was to examine the literature on parent training for parents of children with autism. Families with a child diagnosed with autism often face a discrepancy between their n...
Walkacross: Space–Motion Metric for Responsive Architecture

Nowadays it is possible to collect more data than ever before. Yet, producing meaningful insight from such data is perhaps the most difficult task. This is particularly true when collecting data from people as for attempting to make architecture responsive to them, or for informing the design process. For example, some buildings respond to the environment temperature or light in real time. In such cases sensors trigger precise responses; high radiation equals to producing more shade; radiation is a straightforward indicator. However, determining how architecture might become responsive to people’s spatial behavior is far from being a straightforward matter. Human–space interaction has been barely studied and usually is defined in not quantifiable terms. To address this quantification difficulty, I identified motion as the main indicator of human–space interaction. Motion is quantifiable and is composed by space and time. Motion is understood as a sign of people’s perception of space. Furthermore, the goal of this study is the development of empirical research and data analysis of how architectural spatial configuration affects people’s motion. The architecture design process is the focus to assess meaningful insight. A metric, denominated space-motion, was developed as a result of the need to categorize data. The space–motion metric is composed by 6 indicators that correlate people’s motion with architecture features. The data collections for the analysis were recorded with Microsoft Kinect, tested in several data collections at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the world. Kinect data, assessed with space–motion metric, might bring unforeseen advancements for contributing to responsive architecture and architecture design process in general.
A sensitive short read homology search tool for paired-end read sequencing data

Homology search is still a significant step in functional analysis for genomic data. Profile Hidden Markov Model-based homology search has been widely used in protein domain analysis in many different species. In particular, with the fast accumulation of transcriptomic data of non-model species and metagenomic data, profile homology search is widely adopted in integrated pipelines for functional analysis. While the state-of-the-art tool HMMER has achieved high sensitivity and accuracy in domain annotation, the sensitivity of HMMER on short reads declines rapidly. The low sensitivity on short read homology search can lead to inaccurate domain composition and abundance computation. Our experimental results showed that half of the reads were missed by HMMER for a RNA-Seq dataset. Thus, there is a need for better methods to improve the homology search performance for short reads. We introduce a profile homology search tool named Short-Pair that is designed for short paired-end reads. By using an approximate Bayesian approach employing distribution of fragment lengths and alignment scores, Short-Pair can retrieve the missing end and determine true domains. In particular, Short-Pair increases the accuracy in aligning short reads that are part of remote homologs. We applied Short-Pair to a RNA-Seq dataset and a metagenomic dataset and quantified its sensitivity and accuracy on homology search. The experimental results show that Short-Pair can achieve better overall performance than the state-of-the-art methodology of profile homology search. Short-Pair is best used for next-generation sequencing (NGS) data that lack reference genomes. It provides a complementary paired-end read homology search tool to HMMER. The source code is freely available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/short-pair/ .
Detection of false data injection attack on load frequency control in distributed power systems

The False Data Injection (FDI) attack on Load Frequency Control (LFC) caused by the adversary can destabilize the power system. This could cause potential economic and life damages. Therefore, the real-time detection of FDI attacks is necessary and essential to compensate negative effects of such attacks. This paper presents a neural network-based detection (NND) approach to estimate and detect the FDI attacks injected to sensing loop (SL) of the system. A two-area distributed power system is considered as our case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of NND strategy. The simulation results clearly show that the FDI attack can be detected and estimated in real-time with sufficient accuracy.
The Feasibility of Adopting an Evidence-Informed Tailored Exercise Program within Adult Day Services: The Enhance Mobility Program

This article uses the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the feasibility of implementing Enhance Mobility (EM), a tailored, evidence-informed group exercise and walking program for older adults w...
Incremental health care services and expenditures associated with depression among individuals with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE).

ObjectivesThe objective of this paper is to describe the annual direct medical expenditures for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) patients, and to estimate the incremental health care expenditure...
Ultra-Low-Loss Silicon Nitride Optical Beamforming Network for Wideband Wireless Applications

Three optical ring resonator (ORR)-based integrated ultra-low-loss silicon nitride $\text{1}\times \text{4}$ optical beamforming networks (OBFNs) for millimeter-wave (mmW) beamsteering are reported. The group delay ripple of multi-ORR delay line was theoretically optimized and quantitatively studied by applying a genetic algorithm. The optimized 3-ORR delay true time delay (TTD) responses were experimentally achieved with $\text{208.7}\,\text{ps}$ and $\text{172.4}\,\text{ps}$ of delay tuning range for bandwidth of $\text{6.3}\,\text{GHz}$ and $\text{8.7}\,\text{GHz}$ , corresponding to a phase shift of $\text{17.1}\pi$ and $\text{14.1}\pi$ for $\text{41}\,\text{GHz}$ mmW signal. The TTD performance of the 3-ORR delay line was also verified by controlling the delay of $\text{3}\,\text{Gbps}$ data stream. A $\text{22}^{\circ }$ beamsteering angle equivalent OBFN delay distribution was achieved for $\text{41}\,\text{GHz}$ half-wavelength dipole antenna array. Both the theoretical analysis and experiments exhibit that the topology with one ring shared could balance the system complexity and TTD bandwidth well. Using heterodyne up-conversion technology and a single delay path, $\text{41}\,\text{GHz}$ mmW signal with $\text{3}\,\text{Gbps}$ OOK NRZ data modulation was generated and delayed.
Do mentoring, information, and nudge reduce the gender gap in economics majors?

Abstract The gender gap in economics majors (i.e., male students are much more likely to major in economics than are their female counterparts) has remained large, despite narrowing gaps observed in many other fields. This study examines whether mentoring, the provision of additional information, and nudges help reduce the gender gap in economics majors via a randomized controlled experiment conducted in introductory economics classes at a large, public, four-year institution in the United States. The results show that the treatment effects are heterogeneous and have the most significant impact on female students with grades above the median. The treatments increase these female students’ probability of majoring in economics by 5.41–6.27 percentage points.
Academic Employment Networks and Departmental Prestige

Research has found a correlation between academic departments’ rank and their centrality in academic hiring networks. This correlation results from the fact that highly ranked schools train more PhDs, their graduates are more likely to find first jobs in academia, and that they have more faculty. This study is the first to consider this correlation independent of training and department size. One expects no correlation because mid-career academics move between institutions for a variety of reasons such as wages, location, and specialty areas. Nevertheless, this study finds that the correlation persists; suggesting individuals are more willing to make career switches to top departments or between them. This gives top departments a competitive advantage and positive returns to their rank, with their faculty disproportionately linked to institutions and researchers at other departments. This could be one reason for the stagnancy of academic rankings.
Resistance of Lipid Films to Transmission of Water Vapor and Oxygen

Various lipids, present as thin films on polar filter paper supports, were evaluated for resistance to the transmission of water vapor (rH2O) and oxygen (rO2). Beeswax exhibited the largest r(H2O), followed in order by fully-hydrogenated soy-rapeseed oil, stearyl alcohol, acetylated monoglycerides, hexatriacontane, tristearin, and stearic acid. Most of the lipids exhibited negative activation energies, E, for resistance to transmission of water vapor and positive Es for resistance to transmission of oxygen. The type of lipid support (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) also influenced E for resistance to water vapor transmission. Differences in r(H2O) for the various lipids, comparative r(H2O) and r(O2) values, and the temperature dependence of these values can be explained, in part, by the degree of hydrophilicity of the lipid molecule. Tempering at 48°C of stearyl alcohol caused a substantial decrease in its permeability to oxygen and water vapor. The polymorphic form of a blend of fully-hydrogenated soybean and rapeseed oil had a moderate influence on its permeability to oxygen and water vapor. This information will be useful for formulating lipid-containing films with controlled barrier properties to the passage of water vapor and oxygen.
A population-based study to identify the prevalence and correlates of the dual burden of severe maternal morbidity and preterm birth in California.

Prior studies have documented associations between preterm birth and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) but the prevalence and correlates of dual burden are not adequately understood, despite signific...
Zines in the Library: Underground Communication and the Property Regimes of Book Culture

Janice Radway unearths the story of how a form of countercultural communication and indie art entered one of the key institutions of American book culture—the library. Tracing the efforts that American librarians undertook in the 1990s to collect zines—ephemeral handcrafted publications that typically combine image and text to espouse idiosyncratic or politically dissident views—Radway interprets the interest of US “book custodians” in zines as an index of their dissatisfaction with the commercialization and homogeneity of mainstream book culture. Conceptualizing zines as an early form of networked communication, Radway urges us to examine the economic, social, and political power dynamics shaping US book culture and the literary marketplace as well as to ask how the book as a “social form” may contribute to a genuinely democratic culture.
Enhancing Clinical Information Retrieval through Context-Aware Queries and Indices

The big data revolution has created a hefty demand for searching large-scale electronic health records (EHRs) to support clinical practice, research, and administration. Despite the volume of data involved, fast and accurate identification of clinical narratives pertinent to a clinical case being seen by any given provider is crucial for decision-making at the point of care. In the general domain, this capability is accomplished through a combination of the inverted index data structure, horizontal scaling, and information retrieval (IR) scoring algorithms. These technologies are also being used in the clinical domain, but have met limited success, particularly as clinical cases become more complex. One barrier affecting clinical performance is that contextual information, such as negation, temporality, and the subject of clinical mentions, impact clinical relevance but is not considered in general IR methodologies. In this study, we implemented a solution by identifying and incorporating the aforementioned semantic contexts as part of IR indexing/scoring with Elasticsearch. Experiments were conducted in comparison to baseline approaches with respect to: 1) evaluation of the impact on the quality (relevance) of the returned results, and 2) evaluation of the impact on execution time and storage requirements. The results showed a 5.1-23.1% improvement in retrieval quality, along with achieving 35% faster query execution time. Cost-wise, the solution required 1.5-2 times larger space and about 3 times increase in indexing time. The higher relevance demonstrated the merit of incorporating contextual information into clinical IR, and the near-constant increase in time and space suggested promising scalability.
Compactness and Univalence

We are now ready to classify the univalent self-maps of U that induce compact composition operators on H 2. A fragment of operator theoretic folk-wisdom will help us guess the answer: If a “big-oh” condition describes a class of bounded operators, then the corresponding “little-oh” condition picks out the subclass of compact operators. (Problem 1 of §2.6 shows this principle in action). Unfortunately, no hint of any “big-oh” condition emerged from our proof of Littlewood’s Theorem, so in this chapter the first order of business has to be: Find the “right” proof of boundedness for composition operators acting on H2. Given what we have already done, it should come as no surprise that everything will depend on getting the “right” representation of the H2 norm.
Second-Year Undergraduates Learn Advanced Quantification and Standardization Methods—Internal Standards and Standard Additions—for GC Analysis Techniques with Real World Applications

Exposure to real-life applications of quantitative analysis techniques based on two gas chromatography (GC) experiments was provided to a large cohort of sophomore-level students. In one experiment...
Assessment of Sales and Marketing of Online Vouchers for Discounted Direct-to-Consumer Medical Imaging Services.

This qualitative study of online vouchers for discounted DTC imaging services reveals consumerization of medicine and calls for regulations to balance convenience and cost with patient safety and physician oversight.
“Deviants” and Democracy: Punitive Policy Designs and the Social Rights of Felons as Citizens

Punitive policy designs diminish felons as citizens. Scholars know much about the designs’ influence on felons’ political and civil rights. They know little of how policy influences felons’ social rights. Examining the discretion of states to retain or reform federal bans on drug felons receiving cash and food assistance between 1997 and 2004, we explain the choices states make about extending social rights to “deviants.” We draw from theories of neoinstitutional organization, group threat, and political incorporation. Multivariate analysis suggest that the severity of states’ penal regimes and the degree to which felons and poor people threaten social order have the greatest influence on states’ responses to the federal sanctions on drug felons. Our study informs understandings of why some states take a “punitive turn” while other states may counter convention, exercising discretion to reduce rather than increase their punitiveness toward felons specifically and lawbreaking generally.
Hybrid Bypass Protection of Hybrid Smart Transformers for Advanced Grid Support

Due to the rapid transformation of traditional grid into a complex meshed network along with an exponential integration of volatile distributed energy resources (DERs); wind and photovoltaic (PV) farms, and converter-based loads; electric vehicles (EVs) etc., traditional grid operation strategies are stressed, and mitigation measures are required. Accordingly, a myriad of dynamic mitigation devices have been proposed in the last few decades where these devices are installed at strategic points in the grid. Transformer-less power electronics-based modules, integrated between the neutral and substation ground of traditional transformers, have been proposed introducing a variety of advanced grid mitigation and support features; DC elimination, voltage regulation, voltage and impedance balancing, harmonics isolation and power flow control. However, the protection of these series-connected modules against high voltage development during ground faults or inrush currents is critical as it could damage these converter-based mitigation devices or exceed the transformer BIL rating, thus, severely threatening the energy security. This paper presents an effective transformer and the module protection scheme utilizing a hybrid AC/DC solid-state switch. The proposed scheme is evaluated on an emulated 25-kVA, 7.2kV/240V single-phase hybrid smart transformer (HST), utilizing Typhoon HIL that verifies its promising performance.
Effects of early nonsteroidal oral immunomodulatory therapy in myasthenia gravis (P6.459)

Objective: To assess the steroid-sparing effect and treatment outcomes of nonsteroidal oral immunomodulatory therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG). Background: There is currently limited evidence to support the early initiation of nonsteroidal oral immunomodulators such as azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil in MG. Several randomized trials demonstrated a reduction in the prednisone maintenance dose, while others found no significant difference in outcome. Optimal timing to start treatment is unclear. Design/Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of 61 MG patients who are on immunosuppression. The prednisone plus immunomodulator group (PIG) was compared to the prednisone only group (POG) using adjusted T and Z-tests. The time to reach prednisone nadir (defined as the lowest prednisone maintenance dose for at least 3 months) in relation to time of starting immunomodulators was analyzed using the Pearson correlation. Results: The PIG included more generalized than ocular MG patients compared to the POG (88.2% vs 33.3%, p=0.0001). The PIG also had a higher average MFGA clinical classification (2.12 vs 1.28, p=0.0110) and lower MRC sum score (18.2 vs 19.7, P=0.0427) at time of prednisone initiation. However, there was no significant difference in the prednisone nadir dose (7.92±8.21 mg vs 9.76±12.4 mg, p=0.9999) and use of monthly IVIG (3.7% vs 23.5%, p=0.3279) between the two groups. There is a trend towards higher prednisone dose reduction from maximal dose to nadir (73.3% vs 56.1%, p=0.2266) in the PIG, and slight improvement in outcome measures (decrease in MGFA by 0.654 vs 0.25, p=0.3427; increase in MRC sumscore by 1.33 vs 0.292, p=0.2084). Finally, there is a nearly significant correlation between time to start immunomodulatory therapy and time to achieve prednisone nadir (Pearson correlation 0.3543, p=0.0698). Conclusions: Timely initiation of a nonsteroidal immunomodulator may expedite achieving prednisone nadir in generalized MG. A prospective study is needed to assess this trend. Disclosure: Dr. Lu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lucido has nothing to disclose. Dr. Scelsa has nothing to disclose. Dr. MacGowan has nothing to disclose.
Care Seeking for Chronic Vulvar Pain Among a Large, Population-Based Sample of Reproductive-Aged Women

Background: Chronic vulvar pain is a prevalent but often misdiagnosed and undertreated condition that adversely impacts quality of life. A large proportion of women report not seeking care for chronic vulvar pain, but little is known about the factors that underlie care-seeking decisions. Materials and Methods: We used a large, population-based survey of women aged 18-40 years to assess a history of chronic vulvar burning, pain on contact, or itching that had lasted ≥3 months. The survey also captured demographic characteristics and comorbidities. Women were asked if they had ever sought care for their chronic vulvar condition. Demographic characteristics and comorbidities were evaluated across pain categories and by care-seeking behaviors. Results: A higher proportion of women who described their pain as burning only and both burning and pain on contact had sought care for their pain (69.2% and 85.2%, respectively) compared with pain on contact only (41.8%). Women who described their pain as pain on contact only were also less likely to see multiple providers and to have ever received treatment for their pain. Care seekers were more likely to be married, have a college education, have a normal body mass index, and have multiple gynecologic comorbidities. Conclusions: Our study suggests that care-seeking behavior varies by pain type. Less than half of women who characterized their pain as pain on contact had sought medical care. Those who did seek care reported seeing fewer providers than those who experienced burning. Providers may wish to proactively ask patients about pain on contact.
Categorizing Case-Base Maintenance: Dimensions and Directions

Experience with the growing number of large-scale CBR systems has led to increasing recognition of the importance of case-base maintenance. Multiple researchers have addressed pieces of the case-base maintenance problem, considering such issues as maintaining consistency and controlling case-base growth. However, despite the existence of these cases of case-base maintenance, there is no general framework of dimensions for describing case-base maintenance systems. Such a framework would be useful both to understand the state of the art in case-base maintenance and to suggest new avenues of exploration by identifying points along the dimensions that have not yet been studied. This paper presents a first attempt at identifying the dimensions of case-base maintenance. It shows that characterizations along such dimensions can suggest avenues for future case-base maintenance research and presents initial steps exploring one of those avenues: identifying patterns of problems that require generalized revisions and addressing them with lazy updating.
The role of stimulus-to-rule consistency in learning rapid application of spatial rules

Five experiments addressed the effects of intercomponent consistency on skill acquisition in a class of cognitively demanding tasks requiring rapid integration of information and rapid application ...
Chapter 12 Cholesterol: evolution of structure and function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses natural occurrence of sterols, metabolic and precursor functions of the sterol molecule, sterol patterns, sterols and membrane function, regulatory roles for sterols in membranes, and evolution of the sterol structure. Sterols are common in eucaryotic cells but rare in prokaryotes. While in photosynthetic organisms, sitosterol and stigmasterol are the most abundant and widely distributed sterols, cholesterol and ergosterol are by no means absent. The synergistic effect of the traces of cholesterol on phospholipid synthesis in mycoplasma and of ergosterol in phosphatidylethanolamine-phosphatidylcholine methyltransferase of yeast suggests, at the very least, modes of sterol action that are not fluidity-related but more like hormonal signals. Studies on acetylcholine receptor solubilization and reconstitution provide the best evidence for specific sterol–protein interactions that have functional consequences. The chapter presents the roles of sterols other than those long recognized and indicates the possible direction of future research.
The time-domain characteristics of a traveling-wave linear antenna with linear and nonlinear parallel loads

The time-domain characteristics of a traveling-wave linear antenna with linear and nonlinear parallel loads are discussed. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to analyze the antenna with a linear parallel load. A numerical time-stepping finite-difference equation method is used to analyze the antenna with a nonlinear parallel load. The nonlinear effect is treated by the Newton-Raphson iteration technique. The effects of various linear and nonlinear parallel loads are examined. Physical insight into the nonlinear parallel loading of the antenna is also given in terms of detected time-domain sinusoidal electromagnetic (EM) waves.