cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evil Thoughts But Angelic Actions: Responses to Overweight Job Applicants

Quantitative and content analyses were performed to test the hypothesis that the lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983) could provide the needed theoretical framework for organizational obesity discrimination. A computer morphing program allowed for the same stimulus applicant to be used in both the average-weight and the overweight conditions. Results of the quantitative analysis show that undergraduate participants perceived overweight (vs. average-weight) applicants as having more negative work-related attributes, but did not discriminate against them in the hiring process. A content analysis provided some evidence for the lack-of-fit model (Heilman, 1983) as an explanatory model for obesity discrimination.
An hypothetical structure for an intermolecular electron transfer complex of cytochromes c and b5.

Abstract An hypothetical structural complex of cytochromes c and b5 which optimizes intermolecular complementary charge and steric interactions was generated by a least-squares fitting process. The interactions formed in this complex constrain the two heme prosthetic groups to be nearly coplanar at a closest approach distance for resonant heterocyclic porphyrin ring atoms of 8.4 A. The structural properties of the complex are discussed in the general context of oxidoreduction processes carried out by reversibly bound protein electron carriers.
Study of nonlinear power optimization problems using algebraic graph theory

This work is concerned with solving non-convex power optimization problems by introducing the concept of “nonlinear optimization over graph”. To this end, the structure of a given nonlinear real/complex optimization with quadratic arguments is mapped into a generalized weighted graph, where each edge is associated with a weight set constructed from the known parameters of the optimization (e.g., the coefficients). This generalized weighted graph captures both the sparsity of the optimization and possible patterns in the coefficients. The notion of “sign definite sets” is introduced for both real and complex weight sets, and it is then shown that the polynomial-time solvability of the optimization may be inferred from the topology of its associated graph together with the sign definiteness of its weight sets. As an application of this result, it is finally proved that a broad class of optimization problems over power networks are polynomial-time solvable via two convex relaxations due to the passivity of transmission lines.
Fabrication of a monolithic microdischarge-based pressure sensor for harsh environments

This paper presents a 6-mask monolithic fabrication process for a pressure sensor that uses a differential microdischarge signal to sense diaphragm deflection. Microdischarge-based transduction is potentially advantageous for device miniaturization and harsh environments because of inherently large signals and immunity to temperature. This work reports a monolithic fabrication process that successfully addresses a number of challenges for microdischarge-based pressure sensors, such as three-dimensional (3D) electrical connection by electroplating laser-drilled through-glass vias (TGVs), and backside terminals for appropriate packages. The device has an exterior volume of 585×540×200 μm3 (0.05 mm3). Preliminary results show an estimated average sensitivity equivalent to 9,800 ppm/MPa over 0-40 MPa pressure range.
Defective T Cell Priming Associated with Aging Can Be Rescued by Signaling Through 4-1BB (CD137)

Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to infectious agents and correlates with a decreased ability to mount an immune response. It has been postulated that the major defect is related to a reduced capacity of an aged T cell to proliferate and to survive after encounter with Ag. This is similar to the phenotype associated with T cell tolerance in young adults. In this study, we determined whether targeting 4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNFR family implicated in providing expansion and survival signals to T cells, can rescue defective priming in aged and tolerized animals. Agonist Abs to 4-1BB injected in vivo were capable of preventing CD4 T cell tolerance to soluble peptide in young mice. Moreover, anti-4-1BB rescued defective priming of aged TCR transgenic CD4 T cells responding to peptide Ag in a young host, and as importantly, anti-4-1BB completely restored T cell priming to protein Ag in nontransgenic aged mice. These studies demonstrate that 4-1BB, and potentially other costimulatory members of the TNFR family, are targets for therapies aimed at augmenting weak T cell responses in elderly immunocompromised individuals.
Dancing With the Elephant in the Room: Empowering Future Counselors to Address Sexual Issues in Counseling

This article focuses on the conceptualization, construction, and implementation of a graduate course in counseling and human sexuality from the perspective of its first-time instructor as well as its eight students. Through the use of the first-person narrative, this conceptual article conveys the interpersonal and intrapersonal experiences of the participants and provides a critique of the course’s major components with the goal of informing and encouraging the ongoing teaching and expansion of sexuality-related course offerings in counselor education programs.
The Depth of the Riches: Trinity and Religious Ends

The doctrine of the Trinity understands God's nature as a communion of persons, implying various possible dimensions of relation with God. Religious traditions may differ in the dimensions they appropriate or the terms in which they integrate the dimensions, leading adherents to distinct human ends. Two real relations with God need not be the same relation. This paper describes how distinct religious ends may be understood as grounded in the trinitarian God, and clarifies the distinctive inclusive nature of salvation as communion with the God whose nature is communion.
Risks from natural versus synthetic insecticides

For centuries humans have used natural insecticides to combat insect pests that compete for our food and fiber or that affect public health. Some of these compounds were plant extracts or plant parts, others were mined from the earth. In the twentieth century synthetic insecticides have replaced natural ones as the standard means of controlling detrimental insects, ticks, and mites. Although early natural insecticides such as arsenicals and nicotine carried with them acknowledged risks, a populace that often faced hunger and vector-borne diseases was willing to tolerate a degree of risk to realize the benefits of the chemicals being used. Synthetic insecticides brought a new order of insect control, but also a new collage of risks. As people became more comfortable in the developed areas of the world, threats of starvation, arthropod-vectored diseases, or loss of clothing and shelter often became minor concerns. The quality of our food supply and the economics of production now govern the majority of pest and pesticide approaches, products, and methodologies. At the same time, new questions have arisen regarding environmental quality, especially contamination of water, air, and soil by a host of chemicals, some of which are pesticides ' or their degradation products. Our present society can afford to discuss long-term health implications of agents used to control insect pests. Many new and difficult questions have emerged about health and environmental nsks, giving rise to a distinct area of study called risk assessment. One of the most challenging questions
The Coordinated Regulation of Fibrinogen Gene Transcription by Hepatocyte-stimulating Factor and Dexamethasone

Glucocorticoids and hepatocyte-stimulating factor (HSF; a monocyte/macrophage-derived polypeptide) are potent regulators of fibrinogen biosynthesis. Using primary rat hepatocytes and a rat hepatoma cell line (FAZA) we have determined, more precisely, the interaction between these two molecules in the control of fibrinogen production. When dexamethasone (DEX) or HSF is added to the cells, there is a substantial increase in fibrinogen production (1.5-3-fold). However, if both agents are administered simultaneously the response is much greater with a 15-20-fold rise in synthesis. Quantitative RNA analysis demonstrates that when the factors are present individually only HSF elevates fibrinogen mRNA levels, but the effect is much enhanced in the presence of DEX. This pattern is also seen in the results of the in vitro transcription assays which allow quantitation of mRNA synthesis in isolated nuclei. Cycloheximide does not significantly interfere with the increased transcription brought about by HSF in either cell type. However, the DEX enhancement is blocked by cycloheximide in FAZA cells, thus indicating that in the transformed cell protein synthesis is required for maximal transcription to occur. Data presented here demonstrates the requirement for two types of regulator molecules in the control of fibrinogen gene expression; a polypeptide hormone (HSF) that increases transcription and a steroid (DEX) that enhances the action of the polypeptide.
Changes in the EMG of Low Back Muscles during Static Lumbar Flexion

Prolonged and/or frequent lumbar flexion posture in industry has been known to contribute to the development of work-related low back pain or disorders but the specific biomechanics of this link has not been fully developed. In this study the effects of static lumbar flexion on back extensor muscles were evaluated by quantifying the changes in the flexion-relaxation onset angle, muscle activity level and the development of muscle fatigue associated with static lumbar flexion. Twenty healthy subjects performed submaximal isometric trunk extension exertions and isokinetic trunk flexion before and immediately after a 5 min continuous lumbar flexion posture while the trunk sagittal flexion angle and the myoelectric activities (EMG) of erector spinae muscles and latissimus dorsi muscles were recorded simultaneously. Results show an increase in the flexion-relaxation onset angle, normalized EMG of isometric extension, and decrease in the median power frequency of EMG as a consequence of the static lumbar flexio...
Alternative Methods of Taxing Realized and Unrealized Capital Gains

Capital gains receive preferential tax treatment under present U.S. legislation. Three alternative methods of taxing these are analyzed and the revenue and distributional implications of these alternatives are simulated for 1966. The methods analyzed are: (1) annual taxation of accrued capital gains; (2) full taxation of realized gains combined with periodic taxation of unrealized gains and taxation of unrealized gains held by decedents (only post-1956 gains are taxed); (3) full taxation of all realized gains combined with constructive realization at death.
Vertical Diffusion and the Policy-Making Process: The Politics of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

This article examines the influence of national government activity on the politics of embryonic stem cell research in the American states. Its analysis of bill introduction patterns between 1999 a...
Somatic evolutionary genomics: Mutations during development cause highly variable genetic mosaicism with risk of cancer and neurodegeneration

Somatic mutations must happen often during development because of the large number of cell divisions to expand from a single-cell zygote to a full organism. A mutation in development carries forward to all descendant cells, causing genetic mosaicism. Widespread genetic mosaicism may influence diseases that derive from a few genetically altered cells, such as cancer. I show how to predict the expected amount of mosaicism and the variation in mosaicism between individuals. I then calculate the predicted risk of cancer derived from developmental mutations. The calculations show that a significant fraction of cancer in later life likely arises from developmental mutations in early life. In addition, much of the variation in the risk of cancer between individuals may arise from variation in the degree of genetic mosaicism set in early life. I also suggest that certain types of neurodegeneration, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), may derive from a small focus of genetically altered cells. If so, then the risk of ALS would be influenced by developmental mutations and the consequent variation in genetic mosaicism. New technologies promise the ability to measure genetic mosaicism by sampling a large number of cellular genomes within an individual. The sampling of many genomes within an individual will eventually allow one to reconstruct the cell lineage history of genetic change in a single body. Somatic evolutionary genomics will follow from this technology, providing new insight into the origin and progression of disease with increasing age.
Hypocholesterolemic Effects of Soluble Fibers

Certain high-fiber foods have substantial hypocholesterolemic effects. These effects are related principally to the water-soluble fiber content of these foods (Jenkins et al., 1975; Anderson and Chen, 1979; Aro et al., 1984; Jenkins et al., 1980). Diets supplemented with oat products significantly lower serum cholesterol concentrations of humans (deGroot et al, 1963; Kirby et al., 1981; Judd and Truswell, 1981; Anderson et al., 1984b) and rats (Chen and Anderson, 1979). Since 1977 we have evaluated the hypocholesterolemic effects of oat bran; here we review these results in order to discuss the potential mechanisms involved for the cholesterol-lowering properties of soluble fibers.
CAN SQ3R FACILITATE SECONDARY LEARNING DISABLED STUDENTS’ LITERAL COMPREHENSION OF EXPOSITORY TEST? THREE EXPERIMENTS

ABSTRACT Use of a widely endorsed study technique, SQ3R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review), was investigated using secondary level students with specific learning disabilities. Results of three experiments indicated that even with direct teacher instruction throughout lessons, SQ3R did not produce a robust effect on literal comprehension, as measured by retelling after reading from expository texts. However, a functional relationship was demonstrated between length of material read and percentages of retelling. When retelling was assessed on an immediate recall task after short passages were read, percentages of retelling were higher than those obtained by students after reading longer passages.
Applications of on‐line rheometry in reactive compounding

On-line rheological measurements are usually employed to monitor the reactive modification of single polymers during extrusion. This article provides data on the use of an on-line rheometer to monitor the reactive compatibilization of polyamide/polyolefin blends in a corotating twin-screw extruder. The type of functionalized compatibilizer and the choice of compounding conditions are among the variables examined. On-line and off-line rheological data are correlated with the morphologies of the extrudates and the mechanical properties of injection-molded samples in attempts to establish general relationships between on-line rheology, microstructure, and properties of polymer blends. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Changing Nature of Presidential Policy Making on International Agreements

Why are executive agreements (EAs), rather than treaties, increasingly used to formalize U.S. relations with other countries? We examine this question from two perspectives. In the first, known as the “evasion” hypothesis, presidents act strategically to evade the Senate when governing circumstances are difficult. This strategic view reflects the conventional wisdom. Second, we consider whether organizational efficiency drives presidential use of EAs. As the number of countries increases, requiring more international agreements, it becomes necessary to rely more on an efficient mechanism to “get things done.” We test these rival hypotheses by analyzing EA use as a percentage of all international agreements, as well as a subset of important EAs, from 1949 to 1998. In contrast to the conventional wisdom, we find consistent support for the efficiency hypothesis and only mixed support for the evasion hypothesis. Within these mixed findings, an interesting trend emerges. As expected, presidents act more strategically on the subset of important agreements, but this behavior appears to be driven by the ideological makeup of the Senate rather than partisan cleavages.
Methodology for Determination of the Maximum Packing Fraction for Particle-Filled Polymer Suspensions

An analysis technique was developed on the basis of a modified version of Sudduth's model for calculating maximum packing fraction (MPF). Calculated MPF values were compared with experimental values obtained with rheological methods. By analysis of MPF data for three commercial titania powders dispersed in low molecular weight polyethylene, a large difference was observed between the experimental and calculated MPF values. For instance, a TiO 2 P25/VF sample had an experimental MPF of 0.15 while the calculated value was ~0.8. To address this issue, f was incorporated as a variable that would influence the packing fraction. By studying the behavior of three different types of submicron titania, an empirical equation was devised, that correlated f with particle size, particle size distribution, and packing structure. This overall treatment appeared to be relevant for predicting the f for binary millimeter steel powder mixtures. Thus, the form of this empirical function may guide us towards developing a deri...
Notes on the Peace Corps Language Training Program.

PEACE Corps language training differs from the usual college language course in several significant aspects. In many programs, trainees present the widest variation in age, experience, and academic background. Their training schedule is rigorous; classes here are in session from 7:30 A.M. until 9:30 at night, and much of the training is physically exhausting. There is little time or energy for home study, and language classes may be held at unpropitious hours.
Influence of Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) Cement Content on Expansion and Hydration Behavior of Various Ordinary Portland Cement-CSA Blends

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements have lower carbon footprint than that of portland cement, which makes them a suitable alternative as a sustainable cementitious binder. Early-age expansion of CSA cements can be exploited to induce compressive stress in restrained concrete which can later counteract tensile stress developed during drying shrinkage, thus enhancing the resistance against shrinkage cracking. However, a proper understanding of the expansion behavior is critical to eliminate any risk related to expansion-induced cracking. This study examines the expansion and hydration characteristics of various ordinary portland cement (OPC)-CSA blends. Early-age expansion of paste samples was monitored. The increase in CSA cement content increased the extent of expansion. Samples having the highest CSA content (30% by mass) exhibited excessive expansion which led to their cracking. Quantitative X-ray diffraction, pore solution extraction, porosity, tensile strength, and dynamic modulus tests were performed to monitor the physico-chemical changes in OPC-CSA blends. It was shown that the ettringite supersaturation in the investigated systems gave rise to the crystallization stress, responsible for the expansion. Thermodynamic models enabled a reasonable prediction of tensile failure, particularly in the blends with the higher CSA content.
Closing the loop in scene interpretation

Image understanding involves analyzing many different aspects of the scene. In this paper, we are concerned with how these tasks can be combined in a way that improves the performance of each of them. Inspired by Barrow and Tenenbaum, we present a flexible framework for interfacing scene analysis processes using intrinsic images. Each intrinsic image is a registered map describing one characteristic of the scene. We apply this framework to develop an integrated 3D scene understanding system with estimates of surface orientations, occlusion boundaries, objects, camera viewpoint, and relative depth. Our experiments on a set of 300 outdoor images demonstrate that these tasks reinforce each other, and we illustrate a coherent scene understanding with automatically reconstructed 3D models.
Predominant binding of Theiler's viruses to a 34-kilodalton receptor protein on susceptible cell lines.

Abstract Western immunoblots of BHK-21 cell lysates probed with the highly virulent GDVII and the less virulent BeAn strains of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) revealed predominant binding to a 34-kDa membrane protein and much lower levels of binding to 100- and 18-kDa membrane proteins. Complete inhibition of virus binding to both the 34- and 18-kDa membrane species by excess unlabeled TMEV demonstrated specificity of binding. Virus binding was also blocked by wheat germ agglutinin, which specifically binds to sialic acid residues and blocks TMEV binding to whole BHK-21 cells. Radiolabeled TMEV also bound to 100-, 34-, and 18-kDa membrane proteins expressed on other TMEV permissive cell lines but not on the nonpermissive cell lines tested. These data suggest that a 34-kDa cellular protein may be the primary determinant of susceptibility to TMEV infection by mediating the binding of GDVII and BeAn viruses to susceptible cells.
Gestational programming: population survival effects of drought and famine during pregnancy

The process whereby a stimulus or stress at a critical or sensitive period of development has long-term effects is termed "programming." Studies in humans and animals convincingly demonstrate that environmental perturbations in utero may permanently change organ structure and metabolism and/or alter homeostatic regulatory mechanisms among the offspring. These programmed changes may be the origins of adult diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Throughout evolution and development, humans and animals have been exposed to two common environmental stresses, drought and famine. Notably, drought-induced water deprivation is associated with dehydration anorexia and thus a concomitant potential nutrient stress. Our laboratory has performed studies among pregnant rat and sheep in which we simulate drought conditions via maternal dehydration and famine conditions via nutrient restriction. Maternal dehydration results in low-birth-weight offspring, which demonstrate gender-specific plasma hypernatremia and hypertonicity and arterial hypertension. Gestational nutrient restriction also resulted in low-birth-weight offspring. If permitted rapid catch-up growth by nutrient availability, these offspring demonstrate evidence of increased body weight and body fat, and leptin resistance as adults. Conversely, if the catch-up growth is delayed by nutrition restriction, the offspring exhibit normal body weight, body fat, and plasma leptin levels as adults. These studies indicate that osmoregulatory and cardiovascular homeostasis and phenotypic predisposition to obesity may be programmed in utero. Importantly, these results suggest that programming effects may be either potentiated or prevented by interventions during the neonatal period.
Preauricular infratemporal fossa approach for advanced malignant parotid tumors.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aims of this study were to demonstrate the surgical technique involved in the preauricular infratemporal fossa (ITF) approach, outline the clinical indications for use of this technique, and present the results in using this approach in 159 patients with malignant parotid tumors. At the conclusion of this article, the reader should be able to understand the utility of the preauricular infratemporal fossa approach in the management of patients with advanced malignant parotid tumors. Study Design: This was a retrospective chart review of 159 patients treated at a tertiary care academic medical center following institutional review board approval. Methods: A comprehensive medical records review was performed for all patients with malignant parotid tumors who underwent a preauricular ITF approach between July 1988 and July 2010. Results: The most common presenting symptoms were pain and trismus, whereas the presence of a parotid mass and facial paralysis were the most common clinical signs. Mucoepidermoid and adenoid cystic carcinoma accounted for 63% of the tumors, and perineural invasion was found in nearly 71% of the patients. Despite negative surgical margins in 92% of the patients, local or regional tumor recurrence was found in 17% of the cases. The mean follow-up time was 12.8 years. Conclusions: The preauricular ITF approach should be used in the surgical extirpation of advanced malignant parotid neoplasms. This technique provides proximal facial nerve identification, internal carotid artery protection, and negative tumor margins at the skull base.
Bubble formation mechanism during heat treatment of polymer films cast from solutions

A semiquantitative bubble formation mechanism is presented for the baking of polymer films, utilizing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-ethyl acetate (EA) solutions as the model system. It is shown that bubble growth phenomena can he accounted for in terms of the competition between vapor pressure buildup and the rate of vapor dissolution. According to the proposed mechanism, the local pressure buildup of solvent in the polymer film is controlled by the solvent partial pressure above a solution having a planar interface at the corresponding temperature and solvent concentration. This pressure can he estimated by Raoult's law. The vapor dissolution rate, on the other hand, is dominated by the liquid-phase diffusion of the solvent. A method of obtaining the diffusion coefficient as a function of temperature and solvent concentration from isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is also given.
Global Transcriptional Analysis of Streptococcus mutans Sugar Transporters Using Microarrays

The transport of carbohydrates by Streptococcus mutans is accomplished by the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system (PTS) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. To undertake a global transcriptional analysis of all S. mutans sugar transporters simultaneously, we used a whole-genome expression microarray. Global transcription profiles of S. mutans UA159 were determined for several monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose), a β-glucoside (cellobiose), oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose, and maltotriose), and a sugar alcohol (mannitol). The results revealed that PTSs were responsible for transport of monosaccharides, disaccharides, β-glucosides, and sugar alcohol. Six PTSs were transcribed only if a specific sugar was present in the growth medium; thus, they were regulated at the transcriptional level. These included transporters for fructose, lactose, cellobiose, and trehalose and two transporters for mannitol. Three PTSs were repressed under all conditions tested. Interestingly, five PTSs were always highly expressed regardless of the sugar source used, presumably suggesting their availability for immediate uptake of most common dietary sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose, and sucrose). The ABC transporters were found to be specific for oligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, and isomaltosaccharides. Compared to the PTSs, the ABC transporters showed higher transcription under several tested conditions, suggesting that they might be transporting multiple substrates.
Comparison of detection rates of breeding marsh birds in passive and playback surveys at Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota

Abstract We compared detection rates of passive and playback breeding bird survey techniques on elusive marsh birds--Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps), American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis), Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola), and Sora (Porzana carolina)--during a two-year study at Lacreek National Wildlife Refuge, in southwestern South Dakota. We conducted 151 passive point counts followed by playback-response surveys at the same points in marsh-bird habitat on the refuge. Playback surveys detected secretive water birds more frequently than our passive surveys, increasing rates for each species by factors of 2.4 to 7.0. The distance a bird was detected from a point varied with the species and the survey technique.
Increasing Engagement in Evidence-Based PTSD Treatment Through Shared Decision-Making: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACTWithin the Veterans Health Administration, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment decisions are left to the patient and provider, allowing substantial variability in the way treatment decisions are made. Theorized to increase treatment engagement, shared decision-making interventions provide a standardized framework for treatment decisions. This study sought to develop (phase 1) and pilot test the feasibility and potential effectiveness (phase 2) of a brief shared decision-making intervention to promote engagement in evidence-based PTSD treatment. An initial version of the intervention was developed and then modified according to stakeholder feedback. Participants in the pilot trial were 27 Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans recruited during an intake assessment at a Veterans Affairs PTSD clinic. Participants randomized to the intervention condition (n = 13) participated in a 30-minute shared decision-making session, whereas patients randomized to the usual care condition (n = 14) completed tr...
Routing Using Implicit Connection Graphs

We introduce a framework for a class of algorithms solving shortest path related problems, such as the one-to-one shortest path problem, the one-to-many shortest paths pmblem and the minimum spanning tree problem, in the presence of obstacles. For these algorithms, the search space is restricted to a sparse strong connection graph which is implicitly represented and its searched portion is constructed incrementally on-the-fly during search. The time and space requirements of these algorithm essentially depend on aictual search behavior. These algorithms are suitable for large VLSI design applications with many obstacles.
Oral Azole Antifungal Medications and Risk of Acute Liver Injury, Overall and by Chronic Liver Disease Status

Abstract Background Reports on associations between azole antifungal medications and acute liver injury are inconsistent and have not been based on liver-related laboratory tests. We evaluated incidence rates of acute liver injury associated with oral azole antifungals. Methods We conducted a cohort study among Kaiser Permanente Northern California members who initiated an oral azole antifungal in an outpatient setting during 2004-2010. We determined development of: (1) liver aminotransferases >200 U/L, (2) severe acute liver injury (coagulopathy with hyperbilirubinemia), and (3) acute liver failure. We calculated incidence rates of endpoints. Cox regression was used to determine whether chronic liver disease was a risk factor for outcomes. Results Among 195,334 azole initiators (178,879 fluconazole; 14,296 ketoconazole; 1653 itraconazole; 478 voriconazole; 28 posaconazole), incidence rates (events/1000 person-years [95% confidence intervals (CIs)]) of liver aminotransferases >200 U/L were similarly low with fluconazole (13.0 [11.4-14.6]), ketoconazole (19.3 [13.8-26.3]), and itraconazole (24.5 [10.6-48.2]). Rates were higher with voriconazole (181.9 [112.6-278.0]) and posaconazole (191.1 [23.1-690.4]), but comparable. Severe acute liver injury was uncommon with fluconazole (2.0 [1.4-2.7]), ketoconazole (2.9 [1.1-6.3]), and itraconazole (0.0 [0.0-11.2]), but more frequent with voriconazole (16.7 [2.0-60.2]) and posaconazole (93.4 [2.4-520.6]). One patient developed acute liver failure due to ketoconazole. Pre-existing chronic liver disease increased risks of aminotransferases >200 U/L (hazard ratio 4.68 [95% CI, 3.68-5.94]) and severe acute liver injury (hazard ratio 5.62 [95% CI, 2.56-12.35]). Conclusions Rates of acute liver injury were similarly low for fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. Events were more common among voriconazole and posaconazole users but were comparable. Pre-existing chronic liver disease increased risk of azole-induced liver injury.
Effects of SHetA2 on thymidine phosphorylase expression and NF-κB activity.

B33 Introduction: Current cancer chemotherapy strategies are toxic and demonstrate limited efficacy, especially in ovarian and renal cancers. Therefore, new molecular targets are needed for drug development. Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a potential target because it is overexpressed in ovarian cancer, induces angiogenesis, and suppresses apoptosis induced by hypoxia and chemotherapeutic drugs. TP catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine, deoxyuridine and their analogues to their respective bases and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate. Microarray analysis indicated that TP mRNA expression is inhibited by the Flexible Heteroarotinoid (Flex-Het) drug, SHetA2, which targets the mitochondria leading to increased ROS production. NF-κB is another potential molecular target that is constitutively activated in many cancers, is regulated by the redox state of the cell, and is implicated in regulation of TP expression. Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that SHetA2 effects on mitochondria alter the cellular redox state leading to inhibition of NF-κB activity, TP expression, and subsequent apoptosis. Methods: The effects of SHetA2 on TP expression and apoptosis in ovarian (A2780 and SK-OV-3 ) and renal cancer (Caki) cell lines and normal endometrial cells were evaluated with Western blot, real time rt-PCR and flow cytometric analyses. SHetA2 effects of on NF-κB activity were measured in ovarian cancer cells using NF-κB specific reporter and gel retardation assays. Results: SHetA2 inhibited TP mRNA and protein expression in all cancer cell lines in dose and time-dependent manners. Inhibition was observed as early as 2 hours and was maximal by 24 hours. The lowest concentration that inhibited TP expression over 24 hours of treatment was 3 μΜ. Induction of apoptosis by SHetA2 could be observed within 2 hours. SHetA2 inhibited TP expression in the same dose and time frame as it induced apoptosis in both ovarian and renal cancer cell lines. Inhibition of both constitutive and TNF-induced NF-κB activity by SHetA2 was both time and dose dependent. SHetA2 affected NF-κB activity by altering the DNA binding activity of NF-κB transcription factors. Conclusions: SHetA2 inhibits TP mRNA and protein expression in correlation with induction of apoptosis. Studies are planned to validate the role of TP in apoptosis by determining if inducible expression of exogenous TP cDNA can block SHetA2-induced apoptosis. SHetA2 also regulates NF-κB DNA-binding and transactivation activities. Current studies are underway to determine which of the five members of NF-κB family members are involved in SHetA2 action on ovarian cancer cells. Future studies are planned to evaluate SHetA2 effects on the TP gene promoter and to determine if NF-κB plays a role in the mechanism of TP inhibition.
Writing, Text, and the Law

One of the earliest uses of writing was to create a record of legal transactions, as well as setting down the law itself in fixed form. At first, these writings were merely evidentiary. What mattered was the oral ceremony or the memory that people had of their laws and customs. As societies became more literate, the written record became increasingly important, and eventually was an essential component of many legal transactions. Thus, most modern legal systems require that statutes be enacted in writing. The same is true of certain private legal documents, like wills, deeds, and certain types of contracts. Despite the increasing reliance on text, however, there are some surprising and relatively important areas of the law that remain bastions of orality in an otherwise highly literate profession.
Collaborative Information Seeking: From ‘What?’ and ‘Why?’ to ‘How?’ and ‘So What?’

Working in collaboration is one of the fundamental behaviors of human kind. We do so for various reasons – solving complex problems, learning a skill, and even for simply propagating social connections. It is this behavior that has not only made many of the human achievements possible, but the very survival of the human race feasible. Given that many problems in today’s world require dealing with information, it is no surprise that we find the need to collaborate on complex problems that involve seeking, using, and evaluating information. What are these complex problems? They range from travel planning and health-related information seeking to patent search and preparing legal cases. This chapter describes an interview study done on a small sample to elicit why would anyone collaborate for information seeking, what support they will need, and what does one can gain through collaborative information seeking (CIS). It then attempts to explain this CIS behavior using Shah’s C5 model of collaboration. Finally, the chapter asks and at least partially addresses so what and now what questions. In doing so, the current chapter lays out the groundwork, helping the reader put other chapters in this book in perspective.
Theoretical Characterization of Conduction-Band Electrons in Photodoped and Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide (AZO) Quantum Dots

The electronic structures of n-type ZnO nanocrystals formed via photochemical reduction and by aliovalent doping with aluminum are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory. Connections between the density functional theory results and a simple quantum-mechanical particle-in-a-spherical-potential model are highlighted. Molecular orbitals obtained from density functional theory reveal the often-invoked S-, P-, D-, ... type “super” orbitals used to characterize the absorption spectra of these materials.
Ultra-violet damage to living HeLa cells as recorded by time-lapse motion picture studies.

Summary1. When living HeLa cells are continuously irradiated by ultra-violet emitting cathode ray scanner tube, no ultra-violet damage can be detected when low scanner tube beam currents are used. 2. When the beam current is increased, dividing cells show (a) inability to complete mitosis, (b) increased syneresis during mitosis, and (c) decreased cytoplasmic bubbling during mitosis. 3. With a similar beam current, intermitotic cells show (a) cessation of pinocytosis, and (b) cessation of Brownian motion of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, even though no change occurs in the absorption image or the structural image of the cell. 4. When the beam current is further increased, intermitotic cells show a sudden generalized increase in absorption followed immediately by a marked contraction of the cell into a small round intensely absorbing mass.
The Construction of Advanced Culture and Party Conduct

Through an analysis of that the negative factors in culture at domestic and abroad impact on the Party conduct, this essay pointed out the choice to persist in the direction of advanced culture, construct the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics and build up the spiritual defense line for the construction of Party conduct.
Study on Ceratopogonidae of Qinghai province

Objective To provide scientific basis for controlling damage caused by Ceratopogonidae in peacetime and wartime by finding out Ceratopogonidae background of Qinghai province.Methods Trapping with tent and person,capturing with net,luring with light,livestock and person.Results There were 43 species belonging to 7 genera of Ceratopogonidae in Qinghai.They were 14 species of Leptoconops Skuse,14 species of Culicoides Latreille,8 species of Dasyhelea Kieffer,3 species of Palpomyia Meigen,2 species of Brachypogon Kieffer,1 species of Brachypogon Kieffer and 1 species of Forcipomyia Meigen.Among them,species of Leptoconops Skuse and Culicoides Latreille were most.Among low-layer space distributing of Leptoconops,density index of mid-layer was the highest,which accounted for 47.70%;Underlayer's comed next with 41.73%;Up-layer's was the lowest with 10.57%.These showed the flight area of Leptoconops was between 0.6 meter and 1.7 meter apart from ground.As for day activity rules of ceratopogonid,different species had different activity time and peak.In general,activity time of Leptoconops was daytime,Culicoides was morning and evening and unsuckingblood ceratopogonid was fulltime.Season ebb and flow of ceratopogonid in Gerrmu were as follows: Activity begins in April,density index of May increases to peak of all year,but it begined to descend slowly from June to October and stopped activity in November.Conclusion It is the first time for systematic study and registering Ceratopogonidae(Diptera) of Qinghai province,and can provide scientific evidence for controlling damage caused by Ceratopogonidae.
Preparation of the recombinant antigen of Orientia tsutsugamushi Ptan strain used for the rapid diagnosis of scrub fever

To prepare the recombinant antigen r56 of Orientia tsutsugamushi Ptan strain and a mixture of preparation with r56s of the Gilliam and Ptan strains used as the diagnostic antigen to develop a rapid colloidal-gold immunochromatographic assay (CIA) for the diagnosis of scrub fever, a 1 352 bp fragment encoding for the truncated 56 kDa outer membrane protein of the Ptan strain was amplified by PCR, and then was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET28a for expression. The recombinant protein containing 6 his tag was purified by Ni 2+chromatography column, analyzed with SDS-PAGE and identified by Western blotting. A rapid CIA assay was developed for the detection of scrub fever-specific total antibodies, IgM and IgG antibodies in sera of patients. As indicated by SDS-PAGE analysis, the recombinant antigen expressed a target band at the area with a relative molecular mass of 52 kDa and its immuno-activity could be demonstrated through Western blotting analysis. The sensitivities of testing the total antibodies, IgM and IgG antibodies detected with CIA and IgG antibodies detected with indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were 94.5%, 81.4%, 91.6% and 86.2% respectively; while the specificity of testing the total antibodies, IgM and IgG antibodies detected with CIA were 98.1%, 100% and 98.9% respectively. It is evident from the results of the present investigation that the colloidal-gold immunochromatographic assay seems to be used to substitute indirect immunofluorescence assay for the diagnosis of scrub fever.
Addressing fertility concerns in women diagnosed with breast cancer: will serial reserve screening help?

Counseling a woman with breast cancer regarding fertility ideally attempts to align two goals—one for the patient and her disease, and one for the chance of a future child. Early collaboration with a reproductive specialist should enhance discussion of the most practically available fertility-promoting options.
The Computer Code PASTA and Its Application to Coupled Thermal-Mechanical Problems

PASTA (Program for Application to Stress and Thermal Analysis) is a finite element computer code designed to model coupled thermal-mechanical (CTM) behavior in deforming solids. The code is an attempt to combine the features of a structural code like DYNA [l] with the features of a heat conduction code like TACO [2]. Here we refer to the CTM problem as a one in which the plastic work occuring during the deformation of a material results in a significant increase in temperature and a corresponding change in structural properties. Hence a strong coupling exists between the temperature field and the evolution of the stress state in the material.
Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Pesticides

Publisher Summary This chapter follows the different methods of risk assessment for acute exposure to pesticides. Regulatory agencies have tended to focus their assessments of pesticide risk on the potential for toxicological effects to arise from repetitive, long-term usage of the chemicals. Consequently, much of the toxicological database required under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) examines the effects of repetitive, subchronic or chronic dosing by the oral route. From a public health perspective, however, the recorded human illnesses attributed to acute exposures to pesticides may be of greater significance than those connected with potential chronic exposures. The toxicological database for pesticides as a chemical use class is the most complete for any category of chemicals, with the possible exception of pharmaceuticals. Only one of the currently required FIFRA guideline studies examines the amount of chemical needed to produce nonlethal systemic effects from a single dose. The limited availability of applicable data sometimes forces the critical (regulatory) acute NOELs to be derived from multiple-dose laboratory animal studies, such as developmental toxicity studies. One of the major issues in selecting a critical endpoint for assessing the risks of acute exposure to pesticides is recognizing the difference between indications of exposure and an adverse effect. On the exposure side of risk assessment, although there are guidelines that exposure studies must meet, there are no required studies comparable to the required toxicity studies. However, government regulators are charged with protecting public health, and with that responsibility is an obligation to avoid unnecessary risks. As regulatory estimates of exposure must be based on logical, defensible calculations from the best data available, government scientists, faced with uncertainties from inadequate data, prefer to err on the side of safety.
Heritability of Fruit Rot Resistance in American Cranberry

Fruit rot is the primary threat to cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) production in the northeastern United States, and increasingly in other growing regions. Efficacy of chemical control is variable because the disease is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi. In addition, cranberries are often grown in environmentally sensitive areas, placing restrictions on chemical control measures. Thus, a major focus of the cranberry breeding program is to develop cultivars with improved fruit rot resistance (FRR). Several genetically diverse sources of FRR have been identified in our germplasm collection. However, the most resistant accessions lack one or more attributes; e.g., productivity, required for commercial acceptance. These resistant accessions were used in crosses with elite highyielding selections and in 2009, 1624 progeny from 50 crosses were planted in 2.3-m2 field plots. During 2011–13, under field conditions with very limited fungicide management, disease pressure was severe, allowing evaluation for FRR. Plots were rated on a 1–5 scale for incidence of fruit rot (where 1 = 0% to 20% rot and 5 = 81% to 100% rotted fruit), and rotted fruit counts were made from selected plots to validate the ratings. There was a good correlation in the ratings between years (2011 vs. 2012: r = 0.59, P 300 g/0.09 m2), as well as good berry size and color. Selections are being further evaluated for potential cultivar release.
Poverty, Transfers, and Economic Growth

This article uses a time series of poverty estimates, corrected for several major deficiencies in the official index, in order to examine the sensitivity of poverty to changes in economic variables. It is found that changes in the “corrected” poverty deficit and poverty rate between 1959 and 1975 were significantly affected by economic growth, unemployment, and social welfare expenditures. Extension of the corrected poverty series through 1983 indicates that poverty has not decreased since 1979 and currently is about equal to its 1975 level.
Mobile apps and translation crowdsourcing: the next frontier in the evolution of translation

Mobile translation represents one of the most dynamic areas in translation due to constant developments in connectivity, apps and micro task crowdsourcing workflows that represent a new approach to professional and volunteer translation. This article analyzes the intersection of crowdsourcing and its micro task approach and smartphone apps to chart the evolution of the relationship between apps and translation. Basic notions such as mobile translation, crowdsourcing and community translations are defined, and the stages in the evolution of mobile translation are described.