cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between neural activation during a reward task and peripheral cytokine levels in youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms.

Abstract Background Inflammation has been hypothesized to contribute to reward dysfunction across psychiatric conditions, but little is known about this relationship in youth. Therefore, the present study investigated the associations between general and specific markers of inflammation and neural activation during reward processing, including anticipation and attainment, in youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms. Methods Forty-six psychotropic medication-free youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms underwent a blood draw to measure 41 cytokines, as well as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The Reward Flanker Task examined neural activation during reward anticipation and attainment. Relationships between inflammation and neural activation were assessed using data reduction techniques across the whole-brain, as well as in specific reward regions of interest (basal ganglia, anterior and mid-cingulate cortex [ACC/MCC]). Results Whole-brain principal component analyses showed that factor 3 (12 cytokines: FGF-2, Flt3-L, fractalkine, GM-CSF, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-17A, MDC, and VEGF) was negatively correlated with precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex activity during anticipation. Factor 2 (11 cytokines: eotaxin, IL-1α, IL-1Rα, IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, MCP-3, and TNF-β) was negatively correlated with angular gyrus activity during attainment. ROI analyses additionally showed that multiple cytokines were related to activity in the basal ganglia (EGF, FGF-2, Flt-3L, IL-2, IL-13, IL-15, IL-1Rα, MCP-3) and ACC/MCC (Flt-3L) during attainment. C-reactive protein (CRP) was not associated with neural activation. Conclusions Investigation of specific markers of immune function showed associations between inflammatory processes and activation of posterior default mode network, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia regions during multiple phases of reward processing.
Indoor Localization Using Commodity Wi-Fi APs: Techniques and Challenges

Over the past decade, many research studies have contributed to making indoor localization of Wi-Fi devices accurate and practically useful for emerging applications wherein GPS becomes incompetent. Significant interest is shown and efforts have been put by the research community on using WiFi technology such as 802.11n standard for indoor localization because of its minimal deployment complexity and cost. Also, the Wi-Fi capability in almost every electronic device makes it a promising technology for indoor localization. The main aim of this survey is to review the most recent works on WiFi based localization systems that use commodity hardware highlighting their strengths and limitations, investigating major technical challenges, and outlining opportunities for future research. Commodity Wi-Fi equipments have fewer number of physical antennas, suffer from non-trivial phase noises due to imperfect signal processing hardware and operates in narrow bandwidth range. We elaborate state-of-the-art methods used by a number of research papers to overcome above-mentioned hurdles in order to achieve decimeter level accuracy which will benefit a plethora of applications. We also intend to make the interested readers aware of possible improvements that can be done to make the existing work even better.
Understanding perceptions of substance use education in social work: an analysis of survey responses from MSW program leaders

This article details the findings of a series of analyses regarding how the institutional leaders of Master of Social Work Programs (MSW) in the United States form their perceptions on the role and...
Understanding and Helping Parents of Blind Children

Draws a parallel between the psychological stages of adjustment a newly blinded individual goes through and the stages of adjustment experienced by the parents of a blind child. Also discusses some...
Adolescent Experiences in Wilderness Therapy: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies

Wilderness therapy with adolescents is emerging as a bonafide counseling modality, both in terms of practice and research evidence. The researchers bring together qualitative literature to identify...
Toward a moral economy of money? Money as a creature of democracy

This paper proposes a novel approach for understanding money users’ relation to monetary governance institutions. It first describes the stakes involved in monetary governance from a neo-chartalist...
Experimental oxygen concentration influences rates of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide release from cardiac and skeletal muscle preparations.

Mitochondria utilize the majority of oxygen (O2) consumed by aerobic organisms as the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) but also to generate reactive oxygen species (mt...
A Cash Plus Program Reduces Youth Exposure to Physical Violence in Zimbabwe.

Abstract Violence against children and adolescents, a highly prevalent problem, is a clear violation of child rights and has detrimental effects on later life outcomes. Programs that alleviate poverty address a structural determinant of child vulnerability and can thereby reduce child abuse. This paper investigates whether the Government of Zimbabwe’s Harmonized Social Cash Transfer (HSCT) Program, which combines cash transfers with complementary services, affects youth exposure to physical violence. The analysis uses data from a non-experimental impact evaluation and a difference-in-differences approach. Results show a 19-percentage point decline in the incidence of physical violence among youth four years into the program. HSCT-induced enhancements in beneficiary households’ purchasing capacity and food security, improvements in caregiver subjective well-being, and reductions in youth participation in economic work for pay could be mediating the program’s effects on youth abuse. This paper adds to the relatively scarce evidence on the impacts of anti-poverty policies on young people’s susceptibility to physical violence in developing countries.
Mapping Misinformation in the Coronavirus Outbreak

The coronavirus outbreak has sent ripples of fear and confusion across the world These sentimentsâ€”and our collective responses to the outbreakâ€”are made worse b
Hiccups: You got to be kidney me!

Hiccups are usually benign processes that most people experience with spontaneous resolution. However, persistent hiccups with a duration greater than 48 h may prompt a thorough workup for structur...
Optimal design of intermodal mobility networks under uncertainty: Connecting micromobility with mobility-on-demand transit

Abstract Mobility-on-Demand Transit (MoDT) is a suitable solution for linking packed urban centers to low-demand suburban areas. Meanwhile, micromobility services, including dockless bikesharing and electric scooters, are growing exponentially worldwide, providing a low-cost, low-emission travel mode for short home-based trips. We propose an intermodal network in which travelers use micromobility for the first-/last-mile connections to MoDT. The optimal design of the intermodal network is formulated as a two-stage stochastic program with a revenue-maximization objective. The first stage solves the near-optimal transfer hub locations, and the second stage considers the integrated operations of the micromobility and MoDT vehicle fleet. This work contributes to the MoD literature by addressing how to coordinate the intermodal transfers and improve the utilization of vehicles with uncertain demand. The movements of these vehicles are modeled as an interconnected closed queueing network with time lags. A new starter-follower model captures the rearranged ride-pooling behavior at these selected transfer hubs. We implement this network design method to evaluate the benefit of combining a bikesharing and a MoDT network in New York City. This paper provides a systematic method for designing intermodal mobility networks, laying the foundation for multimodal mobility applications.
The Human Side of Automation

Full automation is good. But the path toward full automation must traverse the dangerous stages of partial automation, where the very successes of automation may make human drivers less able to respond to the unexpected, unavoidable imperfections of the automation. The appropriate design path to deal with this requires us to reconsider the driver and automation as a team, as collaborative partners.
Effect of chaff on bulk flow properties of wheat

Abstract Consistent and reliable flow of bulk wheat from hoppers and silos is vital in handling, processing, and storing wheat. The presence of impurities in bulk wheat might influence the discharge of wheat from hoppers and storage vessels. Chaff is one common impurity, amounting to about 2–7% (weight basis) in bulk wheat. This study focused on measuring the bulk and flow properties of bulk wheat in the presence of chaff at different moisture content levels. Bulk density, tapped density, and true density varied from 805.50 to 718.36 kg/m 3 , 831.52 to 746.31 kg/m 3 , and 1404.63 to 1367.13 kg/m 3 , respectively, with varying chaff proportions and moisture contents. The stability of bulk wheat samples remained the same, indicating that sample properties did not change during repeated handling. Compressibility ranged from 4.84 to 7.99%. The unconfined yield strength (UYS) of chaff was approximately 3 times higher than clean wheat samples. High UYS values indicate that arching could occur during bin discharge of bulk wheat containing impurities.
Feistel Networks Made Public, and Applications

Feistel Network, consisting of a repeated application of the Feistel Transform, gives a very convenient and popular method for designing "cryptographically strong" permutations from corresponding "cryptographically strong" functions. Up to now, all usages of the Feistel Network, including the celebrated Luby-Rackoff's result, critically rely on (a) the (pseudo)randomness of round functions; and (b) the secrecy of (at least some of) the intermediate round valuesappearing during the Feistel computation. Moreover, a small constant number of Feistel rounds was typically sufficient to guarantee security under assumptions (a) and (b). In this work we consider several natural scenarios where at least one of the above assumptions does not hold, and show that a constant, or even logarithmic number of rounds is provably insufficientto handle such applications, implying that a new method of analysis is needed. On a positive side, we develop a new combinatorial understanding of Feistel networks, which makes them applicable to situations when the round functions are merely unpredictablerather than (pseudo)random and/or when the intermediate round values may be leaked to the adversary (either through an attack or because the application requiresit). In essence, our results show that in any such scenario a super-logarithmic number of Feistel rounds is necessary and sufficientto guarantee security. Of independent interest, our technique yields a novel domain extension method for messages authentication codes and other related primitives, settling a question studied by An and Bellare in CRYPTO 1999.
The last competency : An examination of legal, ethical, and professional ambiguities regarding evaluations of competence for execution

Abstract Psychological-legal aspects of competency for execution (CFE) were reviewed with respect to legal issues, ethical concerns, and assessment issues, and were then followed by ten practice recommendations. The legal issues addressed included the implications of Ford v. Wainwright and the applications of the one-prong cognitive criterion and the two-prong criterion that included the capacity to understand and communicate reasons that the sentence might be unlawful. The ethical concerns addressed professional codes of ethics, conflicts of interest, and the nature of professional “determinations” of CFE. The assessment issues considered skills, measures, comprehensiveness, contextual elements, reports and documentation, and notification of evaluees. The ten concluding practice recommendations presented a frame of reference that CFE evaluators may apply to the decision to make an assessment and ways in which evaluators should proceed.
Quality indicators for the care of breast cancer in vulnerable elders.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women and the second highest cause of cancer mortality in the United States.
Review of H.C. Conklin's 'Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao' and Its Implications for Theories of Agricultural Evolution in Southeast Asia

This is a review of the Harold C. Conklin's "Atlas of Ifugao", perhaps the greatest ethnographic atlas ever compiled. Focusing on the famed irrigated rice terraces of the Ifugao in Northern Luzon, the Philippines, the "Atlas" was published in 1980 by Yale University Press.
Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws. Report of five cases.

Abstract A brief review of the literature concerning fibrous dysplasia and fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws is presented. Five cases of fibrous dysplasia are described. The manner of presentation, diagnosis, histologic appearance, and treatment of this disease entity are discussed in light of previously published data. Histologically, two cases showed the “classic” features of woven bone in the fibrous stroma. The remaining three cases showed variable amounts of lamellar bone. The presence of lamellar bone is not considered incompatible with a diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia of the jaw, especially in older patients and in those in whom the lesion is of longer duration.
Detecting Apoptotic Cells and Monitoring Their Clearance in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Apoptosis is a genetically controlled process of cell suicide that plays an important role in animal development and in maintaining homeostasis. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven to be an excellent model organism for studying the mechanisms controlling apoptosis and the subsequent clearance of apoptotic cells, aided with cell-biological and genetic tools. In particular, the transparent nature of worm bodies and eggshells makes C. elegans particularly amiable for live cell microscopy. Here we describe a few methods for identifying apoptotic cells in living C. elegans embryos and adults and for monitoring their clearance during embryonic development. These methods are based on Differential Interference Contrast microscopy and on fluorescence microscopy using GFP-based reporters.
Brønsted Acid-Promoted Glycosylations of Disaccharide Glycal Substructures of the Saccharomicins

An acid-promoted glycosylation and alkynol cycloisomerization sequence provided direct access to the 2-deoxytrisaccharide corresponding to the fucose−saccharosamine−digitoxose substructure of saccharomicin B. In the course of this work, the absolute stereochemistry of the repeating fucose−saccharosamine disaccharide of saccharomicins was also confirmed.
Destabilization of streambanks by removal of invasive species in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona

As part of a study to investigate the causes of channel narrowing and incision in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, the effects of Tamarisk and Russian-olive on streambank stability were investigated. In this study, root tensile strengths and distributions in streambanks were measured and used in combination with a root-reinforcement model, RipRoot, to estimate the additional cohesion provided to layers of each streambank. The additional cohesion provided by the roots in each 0.1-m layer ranged from 0 to 6.9 kPa for Tamarisk and from 0 to 14.2 kPa for Russian-olive. Average root-reinforcement values over the entire bank profile were 2.5 and 3.2 kPa for Tamarisk and Russian-olive, respectively. The implications of vegetation removal on bank stability and failure frequency were evaluated in two incised reaches by modeling bank-toe erosion and bank stability with and without vegetation. The effects of a series of 1.0- and 1.5-m-deep flows on bank-toe erosion, pore-pressure distributions, and bank stability were evaluated first. In addition, bank stability model runs were conducted using iterative modeling of toe erosion and bank stability using a discretized flow and groundwater record for one year. Results showed that the effects of root-reinforcement provided by Tamarisk and Russian-olive have a significant impact on bank-stability and bank-failure frequency. Because the bank materials are dominated by sands, cohesion provided by roots is significant to bank stability, providing an average 2.8 kPa of cohesion to otherwise cohesionless bank materials. Bank retreat rates at one site following vegetation removal have approximately doubled when compared to the control reach (from an approximate rate of 0.7-0.8 m/y between 2003 and 2006 to 1.85 m/y during the year modeled). Vegetation removal along the entire riparian corridor in Canyon de Chelly may lead to the introduction of significantly more sediment to the system through bank widening processes, although it is not known whether this change alone would be sufficient to cause a shift in channel morphology to the wide-braided channels that were once characteristic of this canyon.
Polymer thick film systems and surface mount techniques

“Addition of surface mounting components to a thick film circuit produces a hybrid. The substrate may be either thick or thin film and with or without passive components already deposited on it” … K.E. Pitt1. The production of hybrid circuits using thick film pastes based on ceramic and glass binder systems with printed resistors and surface mounted components is well established. The extension of surface mount technologies to the printed circuit board (subtractive process) industries is well under way. New components for surface mounting and new processes for joining these components to circuits are developing. This paper is concerned with innovation in the area of film circuits for hybrid circuit manufacture. Polymer thick films are evaluated in terms of their performance, and also the feasibility of surface mounting components onto polymer thick film circuits to produce hybrids.
Threats and hopes

Abstract A suggestion is made for the establishment of an International Council for Environmental Protection which would receive information concerning threats to the environment or to organisms, collect data on such threats to disseminate to Council members throughout the world, and forward the opinions of these members and other specialists to the agencies or governments concerned. National Committees should be affiliated. The plan outlines how individuals may become more effective in conservation work through the orientation of research, distribution of research results, and education. Emphasis is laid on the vital importance of far wider understanding of what Man is doing to his environment and what can be done about it.
Thermal decomposition of inorganic and organometallic compounds of tin-I. Triphenyltin hydroxide

Abstract The thermal decomposition of triphenyltin hydroxide in the temperature range 25–400°C has been studied. The decomposition products formed at each stage have been isolated and characterised. A decomposition scheme involving a reductive-elimination reaction is proposed. The proportions of this reaction and the accompanying reaction are dependent on the mode of heating.
Predictors of Mental Health, Subjective Burden, and Rewards in Family Caregivers of Patients With Chronic Liver Disease

Patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) often experience severe symptoms that cause functional impairment and necessitate assistance from a family caregiver. Few studies investigate family caregivers of patients with CLD. This descriptive correlation study described demographic characteristics, depressive and anxiety symptom levels, and prevalence of hazardous drinking, rewards, and subjective burden and explicated predictors of subjective burden and mental health status for a convenience sample of 73 family caregivers of persons with CLD. Interventions are needed to offset decreased income reported by caregivers and to treat depressive symptoms; clinically significant levels were present, and clinical referrals were warranted in this study sample.
Sequence or structure: using bioinformatics and homology modeling to understand functional relationships in cAMP/cGMP binding domains

The relationship between sequence, structure, and function is examined by comparing nineteen cyclic nucleotide monophosphate binding domains of known structure from six different functional families. Comparisons are made by structure and sequence alignment and through the generation of 3610 homology models. This analysis suggests there are only weak relationships between functional families, sequence, and/or structure. However, we have identified that for cyclic nucleotide monophosphate binding domains privileged template structures occur for homology modeling. The existence of privileged template structures, capable of creating accurate modeling for a broad family of proteins, may lead to improved homology modeling protocols.
The feeding selectivity of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.

Effects of particle size, fish size and temperature on the filtration rate of silver carp were determined. When feeding at 20°C on zooplankton and spherical particles (yeast, micronic beads and pollen), 32-g silver carp filter particles larger than 70 urn at a maximum rate of 18.251 h−1. For particles smaller than 70 μm, filtration rates decrease with decreasing particle size until there is no measured filtration for particles smaller than 10 μm. Filtering rates (FR) for particles between 10 and 50 μm are described by the equation, FR=−20.8 + 21.7 × log particle diameter. Filtration rates rise as fish size, particle size and temperature increase. Filtration rates per unit biomass, however, fall as fish size increases: FR= 1.54 W0.713, where FR is the maximum filtration rate in 1 h 1 fish 1 and W is weight of fish in grammes. The results of these trials are consistent with the hypothesis that particle selection by silver carp is a mechanical, passive function of gill raker morphology.
Strings, vortex rings, and modes of instability

Abstract We treat string propagation and interaction in the presence of a background Neveu–Schwarz three-form field strength, suitable for describing vortex rings in a superfluid or low-viscosity normal fluid. A circular vortex ring exhibits instabilities which have been recognized for many years, but whose precise boundaries we determine for the first time analytically in the small core limit. Two circular vortices colliding head-on exhibit stronger instabilities which cause splitting into many small vortices at late times. We provide an approximate analytic treatment of these instabilities and show that the most unstable wavelength is parametrically larger than a dynamically generated length scale which in many hydrodynamic systems is close to the cutoff. We also summarize how the string construction we discuss can be derived from the Gross–Pitaevskii Lagrangian, and also how it compares to the action for giant gravitons.
Style of extensional tectonism during rifting, Red Sea and Gulf of Aden

Abstract Models describing the development of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, prior to the present periods of sea-floor spreading, include those that use block faulting on steep normal faults, uniform diffuse shear in continental crust, simple shear on large detachment faults that cut the entire lithosphere, combinations involving detachment faults/ductile deformation/plutonic inflation, and ones that minimize the role of mechanical extension in favor of an earlier stage of sea-floor spreading. Geologic and geophysical studies from the Arabian continental margin in the southern Red Sea and LANDSAT analysis of the northern Somalia margin in the Gulf of Aden suggest that the early continental rifts were long narrow features that formed by extension on closely spaced normal faults above moderate- to shallow-dipping detachments with break-away zones defining one rift flank and root zones under the opposing rift flank. The rift flanks presently form the opposing continental margins across each ocean basin. The detachment on the Arabian margin dips gently to the west, with a breakaway zone now eroded above the deeply dissected terrain of the Arabian escarpment. The Arabian detachment projects westward to middle crustal levels beneath the sediment of the southern Red Sea coastal plain. Strata in the upper plate dip as steeply as 60° to the west, and the beds are repeated by numerous planar and listric normal faults that dip to the east. Most of the faults truncate downward at the detachment. Thus, the upper plate is highly extended and the rocks in its eastern part have been translated about 20 km westward and 21/2- to 5-km downward relative to the rest of Arabia. A prominent detachment surface, with a north dip, is evident in northernmost Somalia where it breaks away north of the Somalian escarpment in an otherwise undeformed section of cratonic strata of Jurassic to Eocene age. The upper plate of the Somalian detachment consists of a highly faulted collage of the cratonic strata. This fault projects to middle crustal levels in the opposing Arabian margin to the northeast. A model is proposed in which upper crustal breakup occurs on large detachment faults that have a distinct polarity. Most of the intense faulting is confined to the upper plates of the detachments, which root in the middle crust. Deeper extension is accommodated chiefly by ductile shear that results in vertical uplift, thinning, and lateral expansion of the rocks of the lower crust and the lithospheric mantle. Thus, lithospheric thinning, the thermal anomaly associated with it, and nearly all isostatic effects of rifting are confined to the area of the rift, its flanks, or directly beneath it. Tholeiitic magmatism began, on the Arabian margin, once the crust had thinned to 20–25 km. It is proposed that most of the continental divergence was accommodated by disorganized plutonic expansion after that, rather than by mechanical extension, until the present system of organized sea-floor spreading was established.
Cluster of bloodstream infections caused by KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Manhattan.

Background Carbapenems are considered the agents of choice for treatment of serious infections caused by resistant gram-negative organisms. A new group of class A β-lactamases, known as KPC-type carbapenemases, has recently been described and poses a serious clinical challenge. Methods Seven patients with bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems were identified between January and April 2005 in the intensive care units of a hospital in Manhattan. Isolate identification and susceptibility testing were performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards methodology. All isolates were ribotyped and screened for bla KPC by polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction product underwent nucleotide sequencing for one of the isolates. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results Six isolates were carbapenem-resistant with minimum inhibitory concentrations for imipenem of >8 μg/mL. Ribotyping showed that all isolates belonged to a single clone. All isolates possessed bla KPC and nucleotide sequencing identified the allelic type KPC-2. Patients' median age was 68 years. The median duration of hospitalization was 25.5 days before the first positive blood culture. Five of 6 patients received previous broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics but none received prior carbapenems. Five of 6 isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B. Three of the 5 patients were treated with polymyxin B and 1 survived. Overall, only 2 of the 6 patients survived. Conclusion This report describes the first outbreak of KPC-2 carbapenemase-producing K pneumoniae bloodstream infections in a hospital in Manhattan.
Thrombolytic Therapy in an Isolated Limb

Intraoperative thrombolytic therapy is a useful adjunct to balloon catheter thromboembolectomy for treatment of acute embolism or thrombosis, but the technique is frequently limited by incomplete thrombolysis and systemic hemorrhage. In an attempt to improve results and reduce complications of conventional thrombolytic therapy, urokinase was infused into a limb that was isolated with a tourniquet. This isolated limb perfusion technique was initially developed in an animal model and subsequently used for limb salvage in patients who failed thromboembolectomy. The animal model demonstrated that a fibrinolytic state could be achieved and isolated to the extremity, even when using extremely high doses (20,000 to 50,000 IU/kg) of thrombolytic agents. The fibrinogen level was unmeasurable and the prothrombin, partial thromboplastin, and thrombin times were significantly prolonged in the isolated limb (p < 0.001), whereas no changes occurred in these parameters in the systemic circulation. In seven patients, streptokinase (27,000 to 200,000 IU) and urokinase (150,000 to 300,000 IU) were infused into isolated extremities after thrombectomy alone had failed to restore blood flow. All extremities showed improved perfusion after thrombolytic therapy and five remained viable 6 months after treatment. There were no systemic bleeding complications despite two patients having undergone major operations within 6 days. Tourniquet isolation of the limb can achieve extremely high concentrations of thrombolytic drugs while reducing the potential for systemic fibrinolysis and allows lysis of previously inaccessible thrombus.
Oogenesis and ovarian development in the prenatal pig

Gametogenesis and ovarian development were examined by means of histologic, cytologic and radioisotopic techniques in porcine ovaries of ages ranging from 13 days post coitum (PC) to birth (114 days PC). Limited observations were made in postnatal ovaries (birth to 130 days post partum). Primordial germ cells were noted at 18 days PC in the region of the germinal ridge (border of mesonephros) seven days prior to its formation (24–25 days). Meiosis began as early as day 40 in some cases and was a characteristic of most ovaries by day 50. Diplotene, the resting stage of porcine oocytes, first appeared at 50 days PC and 99% of all germ cells were at diplotene by 20 days post partum. Both the paucity of oogonia and absence of oogonial mitoses at day 100 PC signaled the end of oogenesis. The number of germ cells increased dramatically from the 5,000 seen at 20 days PC to a peak of 1,100,000 at 50 days. Subsequently, germinal mitotic activity decreased and necrosis of germ cells concurrently increased, resulting in a population of approximately 500,000 germ cells at birth. The injection of tritiated thymidine into fetuses of varying ages revealed that in the pig the definitive stock of oocytes arises from the prenatal period prior to day 100 with the 70-day PC-period being the major contributor.
Syntheses and structure of the La5Ge3Z phases (Z=Si, Sn, Pb, Ga, In): Structural relationships among the M5X4-type structures

The indicated reactions under arc-melting or high-temperature sintering conditions in Ta containers lead to (1) the apparent Zintl phase La{sub 5}Ge{sub 3}Si{sub 0.75}, stuffed Mn{sub 5}Si{sub 3}-type, P6{sub 3}/mcm from quenching; (2) {alpha}-La{sub 5}Ge{sub 3}Si (Sm{sub 5}Ge{sub 4}-type, Pnma); (3) {beta}-La{sub 5}Ge{sub 3}Si (Zr{sub 5}Si{sub 4}-type, P4{sub 1}2{sub 1}2) at high temperatures; (4) La{sub 5}Ge{sub 3}Tt, Tt=Sn, Pb, phases isotypic with 2); (5) the isotypic La{sub 5}Ge{sub 3}Tr, Tr=Ga, In (Gd{sub 5}Si{sub 4}-type, Pnma). The structures of compounds 3 and 5 (for Tr=Ga) have been refined from single crystal X-ray diffraction data. A general description of the three electron-poorer M{sub 5}X{sub 4} structure types 2,3,4 (and of Eu{sub 5}As{sub 4}-type (Cmca)) is given in terms of their common building block, an La{sub 9}Tt{sub 6} cubeoctahedra centered about the tightest bound La. Some electronic bonding effects are also generalized with regard to the dominance of extra free electrons beyond simple Zintl expectations.
Panic provocation procedures in the treatment of panic disorder: Early perspectives and case studies

Although panic provocation procedures have been utilized for many decades to generate and test hypotheses about the pathophysiology of panic disorder, very little is known about the value of these procedures for treatment. In this article, we discuss the theoretical and practical issues related to panic provocation procedures in the treatment of panic disorder. We conclude that hyperventilation, physical exercise, and other activities that induce paniclike symptoms are among the most suitable provocation procedures for use in treatment. Two cases illustrate the use of such procedures in cognitive-behavioral intervention.
The Speech and Language Status of Toddlers With Cleft Lip and/or Palate Following Early Vocabulary Intervention

This study examined the effects of a vocabulary intervention for 3 children with cleft lip and/or palate who showed limited consonant inventories and delayed expressive language. In a multiple base...
Response of liver and kidney adenylate kinase to fasting and refeeding in three strains of mice.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of fasting and refeeding on the AK isozymes in liver and kidney were studied in three strains of mice. 2. 2. Our studies showed that changes in total AK activity and AK isozyme patterns were associated with fasting and refeeding. 3. 3. The AK isozyme changes were strain-dependent, differing in kind and degree among the three strains. 4. 4. It was concluded that species, strain and individual isozyme identities should be included in studies defining changes of enzyme activity owing to changes in physiological conditions.
Non-tangential limits of a solution of a boundary-value problem for the heat equation

where C(xo) = {(x, y): Ix-xol < ~y, o < y < h}, is finite for almost every x o eE. An analogous theorem for solution of the initial-value p rob lem for the heat equat ion has been proved by Ha t t emer [3]. I t is our purpose here to show that a similar theorem also holds for solution of a boundary-va lue p rob lem for the heat equation. I f we hold the t ime variable t fixed, then our result yields Stein's theorem. Because of the geomet ry of the region considered here, we lack a regular izat ion theorem which is used in bo th Stein's and Ha t t emer ' s proofs ; thus a slightly different a rgument is needed, and this a rgument is provided by a certain fo rm of Green ' s Theorem ( L e m m a 1). We use the following nota t ions and conventions:
Blossom-End Rot: A Calcium Deficiency

Abstract Blossom-end rot (BER) is a common physiological disorder that occurs on the fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.), pepper (Capsicum annuumL.), eggplant (Solanum melongenaL.), and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Matsun & Nakai]. BER may occur in all the tomato-producing areas of the world and has been shown to create losses up to 50%. BER is related to many factors including: high salinity, high magnesium (Mg), ammonium (NH4), and/or potassium (K) concentration, inadequate xylem tissue development, accelerated growth rate, unfavorable moisture relationships (high, low, or fluctuating), low soluble soil calcium (Ca), high temperature, and high and low transpiration, but the underlying cause of this disorder is an inadequate amount of Ca in the blossom-end of the fruit. Although it is widely accepted that a local Ca deficiency plays an important role in the induction of BER, there are also some claims that Ca deficiency is not the cause of BER as a critical level of Ca for BER inducti...
Diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus: use of a glucose screen without administering the glucose tolerance test

Objective: To determine if a 1-hour glucose screen value could be identified, above which gestational diabetes mellitus could be diagnosed without the 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). Methods: Demographic, historic, obstetric, and neonatal data from 514 singleton pregnancies with glucose screen values at least 140 mg/dL followed by a GTT were reviewed (312 patients with normal GTTs and 202 with gestational diabetes mellitus). Statistical analyses used χ2, Fisher exact, Student t, and Mann-Whitney tests. After determining the optimal glucose screen cutoff point using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, patients were regrouped according to this value and analyzed further. Results: The optimal cutoff point for the upper limit of the glucose screen was determined to be 186 mg/dL (95.9% specificity, 98.2% negative predictive value, 36.1% sensitivity, and 19.6% positive predictive value). Comparison of patients with elevated screens and normal GTTs versus those with gestational diabetes revealed significant differences only regarding a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal hypoglycemia in the studied pregnancy. Those with screens greater than 185 mg/dL behaved like diabetic patients and, when compared with subjects with screens of 140–185 mg/dL, also had a significantly greater proportion of large for gestational age infants. Conclusion: Patients with 1-hour glucose screens greater than 185 mg/dL have a high probability of gestational diabetes mellitus and the diagnosis can be made without the GTT. Using this approach could allow prompt initiation of therapy without the inconvenience and discomfort of the GTT.
Furosemide during sustained left atrial hypertension in functionally anephric dogs: Intravascular and extravascular pulmonary fluid volumes. V

The response of intravascular (PBV) and extravascular (EVLW) pulmonary fluid volume was examined using double-indicator techniques (thermal-green dye) in 11 open-chest anesthetized dogs during the production of sustained left atrial (LA) hypertension by a LA balloon over a period of 195 min. In 6 of these animals data were also acquired after the intravenous administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg). The renal effects of the diuretic were blocked by tying off the ureters and the vascular supply of both kidneys. Left atrial pressure (N = 11) was abruptly increased from 2.2 +/- 2.1 mm Hg to 30.2 +/- 4.0 mm Hg (P less than 0.01) and maintained at that level for 120 min. Data were obtained prior to pressure elevation, immediately upon pressure elevation, and then every 60 min for a total of 120 min. At that point EVLW had increased (8.1 +/- 0.8 cc/kg at control to 21.7 +/- 2.0 cc/kg at 120 min, P less than 0.001), as had PBV (6.2 +/- 2.1 cc/kg to 9.1 +/- 3.1 cc/kg P less than 0.01). After furosemide injection (N = 6), LA pressure declined (mean peak reduction of approximately 6 mm Hg at 60-75 min, P less than 0.01), aortic and pulmonary arterial pressure both declined (P less than 0.01). However, EVLW remained unchanged, though PBV decreased significantly (peak decrease at 75 min after furosemide administration of 2.0 +/- 0.4 cc/kg, P less than 0.01). In the untreated dogs, EVLW continued to climb (P less than 0.05 vs treated dogs at 75 min postfurosemide).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The tree property and the failure of SCH at uncountable cofinality

Given a regular cardinal ? and ? many supercompact cardinals, we describe a type of forcing such that in the generic extension there is a cardinal ? with cofinality ?, the Singular Cardinal Hypothesis at ? fails, and the tree property holds at ? +.
Olefins by Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes in Fluidized-Bed Reactors

Abstract The production of ethylene or syngas from ethane and olefins from propane, n-butane, and isobutane in the presence of air or O2 at atmospheric pressure has been examined over 100 μm α-Al2O3 beads coated with noble metals in a static fluidized bed reactor at contact times from 0.05 to 0.2 s. Variations in feed composition, preheating temperature, and flow rate were examined. For ethane on Pt, we observe selectivities to ethylene in excess of 72%, with conversions above 85% at the oxidative dehydrogenation stoichiometry (alkane/O2 = 2.0) for a 62% single-pass yield which is 5% higher than previously observed on Pt monoliths. On Rh, CO, and H2 (syngas) production dominates with CO and H2 selectivities up to 90% at nearly 100% ethane conversion. With propane and n-butane on Pt, we observe 55-60% and 65-70% selectivity to olefins, respectively, with >90% conversion for both alkanes. Ethylene and propylene are the major olefin products for both alkanes. Ethylene production dominates at higher temperatures and longer contact times while propylene production is favored at lower temperatures and shorter contact times. With isobutane on Pt, we observe 60-70% olefins with 80% conversion with isobutylene and propylene as the dominant olefins. For all alkanes, C2H2 formation was ≤ 0.8% and C4H6 and aromatics were less than 0.05%. Although all experiments were carried out in a regime predicted to be severely coke forming, no carbon buildup was observed on any of the catalysts and the catalysts exhibit no evidence of deactivation over several days. A simple reaction mechanism appears to explain the observed product distributions. Reactions are initiated by oxidative dehydrogenation of the alkane by adsorbed oxygen to form a surface alkyl. On Pt, β-hydrogen and β-alkyl elimination reactions of adsorbed alkyl dominate, which lead to olefins rather than cracking to Cs and Hs. On Rh, Ni, and Pd β-hydrogen elimination is not preferred and cracking to Cs and Hs ultimately leads to syngas production (Rh, Ni) or carbon deposition (Pd).
Mechanical response of cracked laminated plates

Laminated glass plates are used in several safety, security and transportation applications to enhance their structural integrity. The mechanical behavior of laminates after glass-fracture, for example energy absorbing capacity and residual stiffness, determines their utility. However, the combined influence of glass fragmentation, large deformations and interfacial decohesion has been difficult to assemble in models capable of directing mechanical design. This study provides a framework for such analyses. The cracked plate is modeled as a collection of stiff glass fragments connected by elastomeric bridging ligaments. The behavior of the elastomer layer is represented by an analytical bridging model, validated and calibrated through experiments. For simple regular crack patterns, an analytical model has been developed to study the post-cracking response of laminated glass plates. This model predicts the compliant behavior of a cracked laminated plate as a function of the adhesive strength, thickness and elastic properties of the elastomer layer, and the number of fragments and the size of the plate. Based on the bridging behavior of the elastomeric ligament, an interface/bridging finite element has been formulated for numerical simulations of cracked laminates. Mechanical behavior of cracked laminates has been studied through model experiments and excellent agreement between experiments and theory is observed.
Solid stress inhibits the growth of multicellular tumor spheroids

In normal tissues, the processes of growth, remodeling, and morphogenesis are tightly regulated by the stress field; conversely, stress may be generated by these processes. We demonstrate that solid stress inhibits tumor growth in vitro, regardless of host species, tissue of origin, or differentiation state. The inhibiting stress for multicellular tumor spheroid growth in agarose matrices was 45 to 120 mm Hg. This stress, which greatly exceeds blood pressure in tumor vessels, is sufficient to induce the collapse of vascular or lymphatic vessels in tumors in vivo and can explain impaired blood flow, poor lymphatic drainage, and suboptimal drug delivery previously reported in solid tumors. The stress-induced growth inhibition of plateau-phase spheroids was accompanied, at the cellular level, by decreased apoptosis with no significant changes in proliferation. A concomitant increase in the cellular packing density was observed, which may prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis via a cell-volume or cell-shape transduction mechanism. These results suggest that solid stress controls tumor growth at both the macroscopic and cellular levels, and thus influences tumor progression and delivery of therapeutic agents.
Heat capacity and derived thermodynamic functions of 242Pu from 15 to 373 K

Heat capacities of NpC0.91 have been determined between 15 and 373 K and values of derived thermodynamic functions have been calculated. This composition of neptunium carbide has been reported to be ferromagnetic below (225 ± 5) K and antiferromagnetic below 280 K. The heat capacity shows a λ-type anomaly that peaks at (228.4 ± 0.2) K and the anomaly is attributed to ferromagnetic ordering. In the temperature range 240 to 310 K, the heat capacities were not reproducible. Values of Cp(T), So(T), and − {Go(T) − Ho(0)}/T were determined to be 11.96, 11.65, and 7.82 calth K−1 mol−1 and {Ho(T) − Ho(0)} to be (2634 ± 35) calth mol−1, at T = 298.15 K.
Quality-of-service management for multimedia streams with fixed arrival periods and variable frame sizes

Some types of multimedia streams, like compressed video, transmit frames of various sizes at fixed periodic instants. For such variable bit-rate streams, there is a trade-off between the transmission bandwidth reserved (and potentially unused) and the queueing delays observed. Moreover, the calculation of quality-of-service (QOS) guarantees is not trivial. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we present a QOS management scheme that maps variable bit-rate streams to a simple, periodic traffic model and thus allows for the estimation of delay bounds. The approach also includes a tuning parameter that explicitly controls the trade-off between reserved bandwidth and delay. Second, the scheme is applied to some real-world scenarios. Its validity is proven and hints for the practical control of the trade-off are derived.
Trends in the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Older Patients Initiating Dialysis in the United States

Background—One sixth of US dialysis patients 65 years of age have been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF). Little is known, however, about the incidence of AF in this population. Methods and Results—We identified 258 605 older patients (≥67 years of age) with fee-for-service Medicare initiating dialysis in 1995 to 2007, who had not been diagnosed with AF within the previous 2 years. Patients were followed for newly diagnosed AF. Multivariable proportional hazard regression was used to examine temporal trends and associations of race and ethnicity with incident AF. We also studied temporal trends in the mortality and risk of ischemic stroke after new AF. Over 514 395 person-years of follow-up, 76 252 patients experienced incident AF for a crude AF incidence rate of 148/1000 person-years. Incidence of AF increased by 11% (95% confidence interval, 5–16) from 1995 to 2007. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, blacks (−30%), Asians (−19%), Native Americans (−42%), and Hispanics (−29%) all had lower ...
Accounting for Dose-Enhancement Effects with CMOS Transistors

Dose-enhancement effects are monitored with standard CMOS transistors by measuring thresholdvoltage shifts due to oxide-trapped charge and interface states. These results, in conjunction with studies of the effects of trapped-hole annealing and electron-hole recombination, are used to correlate the responses of transistors irradiated with Co-60 gamma rays or 10 keV X rays.
Effects of ultrasonic cleaning on the amino acid geochemistry of foraminifera tests

Abstract Although investigations into amino acid geochemistry of foraminifera have included the use of ultrasonic cleaners as part of their cleaning procedure, there apparently has been no attempt to determine what effects this procedure may have on the observed chemical changes. This paper presents the results of a time study showing the effects of cleaning on ten protein amino acids and the non-protein alloisoleucine. The data suggest that there are three loosely defined groups which all ultimately undergo an exponential decrease in concentration, but which vary within the initial 45 min of treatment: Group I, stable; Group II, constantly decreasing; Group III, showing slight increases. The observed effects suggest that studies based on amino acid enantiomeric ratios probably are the least affected by procedural errors introduced by ultrasonification.