cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CLOSURE ON FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTRO-OSMOSIS IN SOILS

THE DISCUSSERS HAVE PROVIDED USEFUL OBSERVATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA IN REGARD TO ELECTRO-OSMOTIC STABILI- ZATION OF SOILS. BALLY AND ANTONESCU ARE CORRECT IN NOTING THAT PROLONGED ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT IN THE FIELD WILL PRODUCE A NON-HOMOGENEOUS SOIL BETWEEN THE ANODE AND CATHODE. THE AUTHORS DID NOT OBSERVE A THRESHOLD CURRENT FOR ELECTRO-OSMOTIC FLOW. THEIR SUGGESTION ABOUT THE INCREASED EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRO/OSMOSIS IN THE MORE PERMEABLE SOILS AS OPPOSED TO VERY LOW PERMEABILITY CLAYS IS WELL TAKEN. THIS VIEW IS SUPPORTED BY NOTING THAT THE ENERGY EXPENDED PER GALLON OF WATER MOVED IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TRANSPORT COEFFICIENT AND THIS COEFFICIENT IS GREATEST FOR SOILS WITH RELATIVELY LOW CLAY CONTENT. THE ANALYSIS BY LONG IS DEEMED INTERESTING, BUT HIS CONCLUSION THAT THE DECREASE IN ELECTRO-OSMOSIS CANNOT BE EXPLAINED BY THE EFFECT OF INCREASING ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION APPEARS TO BE BASED ON A MISCALCULATION OF THE RECIPROCAL DOUBLE LAYER THICKNESS. IT IS NOT THE COUNTER-ION CONCENTRATION ALONE WHICH IS IMPORTANT IN DETERMINING ELECTRO-OSMOTIC WATER TRANSPORT, BUT RATHER THE RATIO OF COUNTER-IONS TO CO-IONS. CASAGRANDE AND ESRIG QUESTION WHETHER THE ELECTRO/OSMOTIC TRANSPORT PER UNIT CHARGE COEFFICIENT IS IN FACT A MEASURE OF THE FEASIBILITY OF ELECTRO-OSMOTIC DEWATERING AT A GIVEN SITE. THE WRITERS HAVE STUDIED CASE HISTORIES AND GATHERED FIELD DATA FROM FOUR SITES WHERE LARGE-SCALE ELECTRO-OSMOSIS WAS ATTEMPTED. RELEVANT DATA FROM EACH OF THESE SITIES ARE SUMMARIZED AND COMPARED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES. PRESENTED: MINERALOGIC AND GEOLOGIC DESCRIPTION OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES, INDEX AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES, AND ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF SOILS FROM ELECTRO-OSMOSIS FIELD SITES. THE FIRST TABLE SHOWS THAT THE SOILS FROM ALL FOUR SITES ARE REMARABLY SIMILAR IN COMPOSITION AND ORIGIN. THE SECOND TABLE SHOWS THAT THE NATURAL WATER CONTENT WAS ABOUT THE SAME IN EACH CASE, AND THE ATTERBERG LIMITS COMPARABLE TO ONE ANOTHER. ELECTRO-OSMOTIC PERMEABILITIES WERE VERY SIMILAR FOR SOILS FROM ALL FOUR SITES AS SHOWN IN THE THIRD TABLE. THIS TABLE SHOWS THAT THE ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TRANSPORT PER UNIT CHARGE COEFFICIENT IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR, NOT NECESSARILY THE ONLY ONE, CONTROLLING THE FEASIBILITY AND CHANCE OF SUCCESS OF AN ELECTRO-OSMOTIC TREATMENT. REFERENCES: FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTO-OSMOSIS IN SOILS, D.H. GRAY, J.K. MITCHELL, ASCE PROC. PAPER 5581, NOVEMBER, 1967.
The Distribution of H II Regions in the Local Spiral Arm in the Direction of Cygnus

The apparent shapes and orientations of optical nebulae in the Cygnus X complex provide possible evidence for the existence of a symmetry in the local spiral arm which may be related to the structure of the local magnetic field within the spiral arm. We have made a preliminary determination of the distances to about 90 nebulae in the Cygnus X complex by use of the values of interstellar absorption as a function of galactic coordinates. These values of absorption were determined from a comparison of optical and radio data for the nebulae. The more prominent nebulae are clumped at a distance of about 1.5 kpc. The total range in distances is from 1 kpc to at least 4 kpc. We have attempted to fit model spiral arms to this three-dimensional distribution of nebulae by approximating the spiral arm with a truncated cylinder. It has been possible to narrow the range of permissible orientations and sizes etc. for this local section of the Orion arm.
The role of auscultation in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease; a phonocardiographic study of children.

Abstract 1. 1. Sixty-four patients with congenital heart disease were studied by means of phonocardiography. 2. 2. The murmurs and the valvular elements of the heart sounds are described in the common types of congenital heart diseases. 3. 3. The value of ausculation and phonocardiography is stressed in the differential diagnosis of these conditions.
Design of fuzzy logic controllers for optimal performance

Fuzzy logic controllers are gaining a wide recognition in many industrial applications since they are generally robust under varying operating conditions. However, it may be difficult to design a good controller when observations about the system are scarce or when the system has large number of inputs and outputs. These limitations may result in a system with less than optimal performance. This paper presents an algorithm for optimizing the performance of a fuzzy logic controller using nonlinear programming techniques. As an example, this method is applied to the problem of designing a fuzzy logic controller for the navigation of an autonomous vehicle. The results of the computer simulation and comparison with other techniques for designing fuzzy logic controller are presented and discussed.
The (Sub)Structure of the Halo

The fossil record of the Milky Way indicates an evolution including periodic accretions of smaller galaxies and clusters, consistent with hierarchical models of galaxy formation. I discuss three observational programs that demonstrate that the phase space distribution of stars, clusters and dwarf galaxies in the Galactic halo contains degrees of substructure left by the debris of tidally disrupted stellar systems.
A 10 MWp a-Si:H module processing line

A semiautomatic amorphous-silicon-based photovoltaic module production line that can process 10 MWp of 50 Wp (stabilized) modules per year is described. The Eureka manufacturing process offers the opportunity to manufacture monolithic a-Si:H-based photovoltaic modules with direct costs of under $1/W, even with relatively low stabilized module efficiencies of 4-5%. Recent accomplishments, including a 74.4 Wp monolithic amorphous silicon module, are presented. The significance of this development in the context of low-cost photovoltaic modules for utility-scale applications is discussed, and a 400 kW AC power station consisting of 9600 modules for the PVUSA (Photovoltaics for Utility Scale Applications) project is described. The array field consists of the following: ten modules wired in series to make a panel, 240 panels connected in parallel to one of the units of the inverter, and four power units total in the array. >
The migraine brain in transition: Girls vs boys

The prevalence of migraine has an exponential trajectory that is most obvious in young females between puberty and early adulthood. Adult females are affected twice as much as males. During development, hormonal changes may act on predetermined brain circuits, increasing the probability of migraine. However, little is known about the pediatric migraine brain and migraine evolution. Using magnetic resonance imaging, we evaluated 28 children with migraine (14 females and 14 males) and 28 sex-matched healthy controls to determine differences in brain structure and function between (1) females and males with migraine and (2) females and males with migraine during earlier (10-11 years) vs later (14-16 years) developmental stages compared with matched healthy controls. Compared with males, females had more gray matter in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), supplementary motor area, precuneus, basal ganglia, and amygdala, as well as greater precuneus resting state functional connectivity to the thalamus, amygdala, and basal ganglia and greater amygdala resting state functional connectivity to the thalamus, anterior midcingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area. Moreover, older females with migraine had more gray matter in the S1, amygdala, and caudate compared to older males with migraine and matched healthy controls. This is the first study showing sex and developmental differences in pediatric migraineurs in brain regions associated with sensory, motor, and affective functions, providing insight into the neural mechanisms underlying distinct migraine sex phenotypes and their evolution that could result in important clinical implications increasing treatment effectiveness.
Descartes and Ortega on the Fate of Indubitable Knowledge

My intent here is to carry out an examination of the role that consciousness played for Descartes, the putative father of modern Western philosophy, and to do so in view of a particular thematic nexus, namely, the problem of the possibility of indubitable knowledge. However, before proceeding to discharge such a task, two disclaimers are, in my opinion, appropriate. On the one hand, it is clear from the historical record that my choice of focus is neither whimsical nor accidental. Descartes himself framed the questions concerning science and reality that he was living so intensely precisely in such terms. Without great fear of distortion, one could even say that subsequent philosophical developments and difficulties may be traced to the problem of whether absolutely certain cognition is at all possible. On the other hand, I do not propose to be guided in this investigation merely by a historical interest in establishing the logic of thought unfolding on the basis of adopting Descartes’s point of departure and leading therefrom to the present. No matter how meritorious and attractive such a procedure may be in itself, I believe it would not be self-sufficiently or ultimately rewarding. After all, real questions cannot be raised out of sheer curiosity,1 or on the grounds of simple erudition; on the contrary, they must be born of actually pressing preoccupations, which we think genuinely exist for us and that could be characterized, in a way, as Husserl himself did in presenting the situation prevailing in his time, for, as he put it,
A randomized phase II study of docetaxel alone or in combination with PANVAC-V (vaccinia) and PANVAC-F (fowlpox) in patients with metastatic breast cancer (NCI 05-C-0229).

In 2006, an estimated 212,920 American women will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and 40,970 will die from this disease.1 Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States, the second most common cause of cancer-related death in women, and the main cause of death in women aged 45-55 years. Patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) are unlikely to be cured of their disease by any means. A complete remission from chemotherapy, which is a prerequisite for a cure, is uncommon, and only a fraction of patients who experience a complete remission remain progression free for a prolonged period. In light of the fact that current therapeutic strategies have had very limited success in the metastatic disease setting, vaccine strategies represent an alternative approach to therapeutic intervention. This immunotherapeutic approach to the treatment of cancer is based on the observation that human tumor cells express a variety of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are not expressed or are minimally expressed in normal tissues. These antigens, which include viral tumor antigens, cellular oncogene proteins, and tissue-specific differentiation antigens, can serve as targets for the host immune system and elicit responses that result in tumor destruction. Because tumors have developed a variety of mechanisms to evade immune detection and activation, the development of effective therapeutic vaccines for cancer will hinge on the ability to activate cellular immune responses. Antigen-specific active immunotherapy is designed to generate immune responses, particularly cellmediated responses, against specific TAAs using vaccines that express 1 of these antigens. The identification and isolation of genes encoding TAAs have allowed the development of recombinant antitumor vaccines designed to elicit immune responses to 1 antigen known to be expressed by a particular tumor type.
Effects of propagule type on genetic parameters of wood density and growth in a loblolly pine progeny test at ages 10 and 11 years

Nine full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were produced by a 3 × 3 factorial mating design. Rooted cuttings and seedlings of full-sib families were tested together in two field locations. Twelve-millimeter wood increment cores were collected from 10- and 11-year-old test trees. On each of the two sites, there were six blocks and a split-plot design, with propagule type as the whole plot and family as the sub-plot. In addition to the collection of wood samples, height and diameter of 1,600 trees were measured. No significant differences were found between cuttings and seedlings for wood density and growth traits. Significant family variation was found for growth and wood density. Genetic parameters estimated for wood density and growth traits using seedlings and rooted cuttings showed that individual-tree and family heritability estimates from rooted cuttings were similar to or higher than those from seedlings for all traits. Half-sib breeding values for parents were highly correlated based on seedling and rooted cutting estimates for height (0.95) and wood density (0.99) but not for diameter (0.56), which suggests that wood density and height breeding value estimates from rooted cuttings in clonal progeny tests can be estimated by traditional seedling tests, but not for tree diameter.
A maturational defect in passive membrane properties of dystrophic mouse muscle.

Abstract Electrical properties, component ionic conductances, and histochemical characteristics of normal and dystrophic ( dy 2J dy 2J ) mouse extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles were studied between 1 and 6 months of age. Normal EDL and SOL membrane electrical parameters were indistinguishable at 1 month. Between 1 and 3 months, membrane resistance (Rm) in normal EDL decreased progressively to a mature value one-half that found in SOL muscles. Measurements of component conductances indicated that this decrease in Rm was due to a specific increase in membrane chloride conductance (GC1) in EDL fibers. During the same time membrane capacitance increased slightly in both EDL and SOL. Dystrophic EDL failed to develop fully the changes in membrane resistance seen in controls, showing significant deviation at all time points beyond 1 month. An abnormal high-resistance subpopulation was evident in Rm histograms of mature dystrophic EDL. Average membrane properties of dystrophic SOL appeared normal during the 6-month interval studied but significant changes in Rm histograms were found. Histochemical analysis of normal and dystrophic EDL showed that both contained almost exclusively type II fibers (> 95%); normal and dystrophic SOL contained a nearly equal mixture of type I and type II fibers. Progressive degenerative changes were seen in both dystrophic muscles with age but were more severe in the SOL. The depressed average GC1 in the dystrophic EDL was due to a subpopulation of fibers (30% of total) having a high membrane resistance. Denervation was ruled out as a cause for this subpopulation by a lack of correlation between membrane resistance and resting potential. Histochemical evidence eliminated the possibility that this subpopulation was composed of slow-twitch fibers. Data are presented indicating that the subpopulation represents a group of dystrophic EDL fibers which fail to undergo normal maturation.
The locus ceruleus norepinephrine system Functional organization and potential clinical significance

The locus ceruleus (LC) contains norepinephrine (NE)-synthesizing neurons that send diffuse projections throughout the CNS. The LC-NE system has a major role in arousal, attention, and stress response. In the brain, NE may also contribute to long-term synaptic plasticity, pain modulation, motor control, energy homeostasis, and control of local blood blow. The LC is severely affected in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD). Dysregulation of LC-NE system has been implicated in sleep and arousal disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder and constitutes a target for pharmacologic treatment of these conditions. The neurobiology of the LC–noradrenergic system has been the subject of several excellent reviews.1–9 The LC is a cluster of NE-containing neurons located in the upper dorsolateral pontine tegmentum (figure 1). These neurons have extensively branched axons that project throughout the neuraxis and provide the sole source of NE to the neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and most of the thalamus.1,2 Despite its widespread distribution, noradrenergic innervation shows regional specificity. For example, brain areas involved in spatial attention (such as the prefrontal and parietal cortices) receive particularly dense LC-NE inputs. In general, individual LC neurons send axon collaterals to multiple targets that process the same sensory information. Norepinephrine is released both at typical synapses and at nonsynaptic release sites; extrasynaptic NE mediates paracrine effects on neurons, glial cells, and microvessels.1–4,8 Figure 1 Anatomic organization of the locus ceruleus–norepinephrine system The norepinephrine (NE) neurons of the locus ceruleus (LC) are located in the upper dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and can be identified by their immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis. These neurons have extensively branched axons that project throughout the neuraxis and provide the sole source of NE to the neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and most of the thalamus. Modified, …
Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ‐CheckTM real‐time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated retail turkey meat products

Aims: The aim of this study was to compare the real-time iQ-CheckTMSalmonella kit (Bio-Rad) with the immunocapture assay RapidCheck®Salmonella method, and a conventional culture method (FSIS, USDA) in detecting Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat products. This study was also designed to determine if a selective enrichment step might improve the real-time detection of Salmonella. Methods and Results: Using the culture method, Salmonella was recovered from 49 out of 99 retail turkey meat samples collected. RapidCheck® failed to detect 11 Salmonella samples that were positive by the culture method. The iQ-CheckTM real-time PCR also failed to detect three samples that were positive by the culture method. However, when carried out after a selective enrichment step, the iQ-CheckTM real-time PCR detected all 49 Salmonella samples recovered by the culture method. The iQ-CheckTM real-time PCR detected the presence of Salmonella in some samples that were not recovered by the culture method. Conclusions: Adding a selective enrichment step to the iQ-CheckTM real-time PCR improves the detection of Salmonella in naturally contaminated turkey meat samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The iQ-CheckTMSalmonella real-time PCR can be used as a rapid method to monitor Salmonella in turkey meat, together with conventional culture methodology.
Changing the scalar multiplication on a vector lattice

Throughout this paper only abelian l -groups will be considered and G will denote an abelian l -group. G is large in the l -group H or H is an essential extension of G if G is an l -subgroup of H and for each l -ideal L ≠ 0 of H we have L ∩ G ≠ 0. A ν-hull of G is a minimal vector lattice that contains G and is an essential extension of G . Each G admits a ν-hull (Conrad (1970)).We shall be interested in the following properties of G .
Development and Testing of a Novel Joint Wear Simulator and Investigation of the Viability of an Elastomeric Polyurethane for Total-Joint Arthroplasty Devices

The use of artificial joints for the treatment of degenerative diseases of the hip and knee is becoming more widespread as life expectancy increases. Because of the latter, there is also the need for joints of higher durability than the commonly used artificial joints with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) articulating against a metallic counterface. This requires the use and testing of novel materials. Relatively inexpensive and effective screening devices that would allow investigators to rapidly characterize the wear behavior of such materials are thus needed. This paper reports the design and development of a Dual Axis Wear Simulator (DAWS) to screen materials for wear behavior in a simulated in vivo environment. The machine allows for direct control of the applied normal load and the two-dimensional wear path shape of the pin against a cylindrical counterface. With this new machine, the effects of wear path shape and applied load were investigated. A 39 N load coupled with a 6.4-mm square wear path was shown to produce wear amounts comparable to those from other screening devices and also from artificial hips retrieved after in vivo use. The results further showed the importance of multidirectional sliding motion and a trend for higher wear rates as the aspect ratio of the wear path was increased. The wear rate of polytetrafluoroethylene was found to be orders of magnitude higher than that of UHMWPE, while that of polyacetal was somewhat lower. The development and use of compliant materials that simulate the mechanical properties of natural articular cartilage will likely lengthen the pain-free lifetimes of artificial joints. In view of this, the elastomeric polyurethane Pellethane™ 2363-80A, which is currently used in non-orthopedic biomedical applications, was tested for wear and its wear rate was found to be much lower than that of UHMWPE, likely due to its ability to conform to the counterface and thus reduce the contact pressure. This investigation showed the DAWS to be an effective wear simulator for the screening of new biomaterials for use in artificial joints and will be useful in the development of such joints.
Trade Policy and Poverty In the United States: Theory and Evidence, 1947‐1990*

This paper develops a two-sector general equilibrium model to examine the impact of technical progress, factor accumulation, labor growth, unemployment, trade policy, and the government's antipoverty programs on the rate of poverty. the results are then tested empirically using the data regarding the United States. We find that low unemployment, productivity growth, and government transfers have the expected effects of alleviating poverty; but trade liberalization has the unexpected effect of being associated with a major increase in poverty-a result contradicting traditional views.
Kinetics of dissolution of alumina in acidic solution

The dissolution kinetics of alumina in aqueous solution was studied in batch and continuous systems. Data were correlated by the kinetic equation C(t) = 1 − exp(−ktα). The parameter k was a function of temperature and acid concentration, while the parameter α remained constant. The temperature variation of k was accurately represented by an Arrhenius-type equation with a temperature coefficient, 18,200 kJ/kmol. The data obtained in batch experiments were free of mass transport and mixing effects. Adsorption-desorption equilibrium of hydrogen ion at the alumina surface was observed. The results supported postulated reactions reported in the literature for alumina dissolution. The basic features of the mechanism include hydration of the aluminum oxide surface, hydrogen ion adsorption followed by reaction to form a positively charged surface species [Al(OH)2+], formation of stable surface species [AlOOH and (Al(OH)2)2 SO4], and desorption of products.
A prothrombin gene mutation is significantly associated with venous thrombosis

This case-control study examined the prevalence of a prothrombin gene mutation in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) first reported by Poort et al in Dutch subjects with a history of venous thrombosis and in matched control subjects without a history of thrombosis. We tested the hypothesis that the presence of the 3'UTR prothrombin mutation would convey a higher risk of venous or arterial thrombosis and therefore would be found in a higher-than-normal percentage of subjects with a history of thrombosis. Our study included 100 subjects: 50 with a history of thrombosis (21 with venous thrombosis and 29 with arterial thrombosis, who had been recruited from an anticoagulation clinic) and 50 control subjects without a history of thrombosis. DNA from these subjects was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. We found a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of the 3'UTR mutation in subjects with a history of venous thrombosis compared with subjects without thrombosis. The prevalence of the 3'UTR prothrombin mutation was 19% (4/21;3 heterozygous and 1 homozygous) in subjects with a history of venous thrombosis, 0% (0/29) in subjects with a history of arterial thrombosis, and 2% (1/50) in control subjects (P A mutation at nucleotide 20,210 in the 3'UTR was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The similar increased prevalence of the 3'UTR mutation in subjects with venous thrombosis in our population and in the Dutch population studied by Poort et al suggests that this mutation is an important risk factor for venous thrombosis in the general white population.
Identification of a QTL on BTA20 affecting susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in US Holsteins.

Summary The objective of this study was to identify QTL affecting susceptibility to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in US Holsteins. Twelve paternal half-sib families were selected for the study based on large numbers of daughters in production and limited relationships among sires. Serum and faecal samples from 4350 daughters of these 12 sires were obtained for disease testing. Case definition for an infected cow was an ELISA sample-to-positive ratio ≥0.25, a positive faecal culture or both. Three families were selected for genotyping based on a high apparent prevalence (6.8–10.4% infected cows), high faecal culture prevalence (46.2–52.9% positive faecal cultures) and large numbers of daughters tested for disease (264–585). DNA pooling was used to genotype cows, with an average of 159 microsatellites within each sire family. Infected cows (the positive pool) were matched with two of their non-infected herdmates in the same lactation (the negative pool) to control for herd and age effects. Eight chromosomal regions putatively linked with susceptibility to M. paratuberculosis infection were identified using a Z-test (P < 0.01). Significant results were more rigorously tested by individually genotyping cows with three to five informative microsatellites within 15 cM of the significant markers identified with the DNA pools. Probability of infection based on both diagnostic tests was estimated for each individual and used as the dependent variable for interval mapping. Based on this analysis, evidence for the presence of a QTL segregating within families on BTA20 was found (chromosome-wide P-value = 0.0319).
Investigative interviewing with children: evaluation of the effectiveness of a training program for child protective service workers.

Abstract Objective: Previous research suggests that training workshops on investigative interviewing conducted with front-line workers, such as police officers or child protective service (CPS) workers, may result in improved knowledge about appropriate strategies to use. Limited research has addressed whether such training programs result in improvements in actual interviewing skills. The present investigation assessed the impact of a training workshop on CPS workers’ knowledge about conducting and behavior during investigative interviews. Method: Twelve CPS workers participated. To evaluate the impact of the training, a quasi-experimental design was used. Participants completed outcome measures prior to, immediately following, and 3 months following the training. Outcome measures included (a) a questionnaire to assess knowledge about interviewing practices, (b) simulated interviews with a confederate to assess participant behavior during an investigative interview, and (c) questionnaires to gather information related to the simulated interviews (e.g., materials requested for use during interview, abuse status of confederate). All participants completed 6 hours of training during 3 weekly 2-hour sessions. Results: Participants’ knowledge on the topic, as well as several interviewing skills during simulated interviews, improved following the training. However, the training failed to impact several key interviewing skills such as the types of questions asked or the length of the interview. Conclusions: Knowledge-based workshop training programs may not adequately prepare CPS workers to conduct appropriate investigative interviews with children who were allegedly abused. Further, knowledge about how to conduct such interviews may not be the best indicator of whether someone is prepared for this aspect of the job.
Nonsingular black hole model as a possible end product of gravitational collapse

In this paper we present a nonsingular black hole model as a possible end-product of gravitational collapse. The depicted spacetime which is type $[II,(II)]$, by Petrov classification, is an exact solution of the Einstein equations and contains two horizons. The equation of state ${p}_{r}(\ensuremath{\rho})$ in the radial direction, is a well-behaved function of the density $\ensuremath{\rho}(r)$ and smoothly reproduces vacuumlike behavior near $r=0$ while tending to a polytrope at larger $r$, low $\ensuremath{\rho}$ values. The final equilibrium configuration comprises a de Sitter-like inner core surrounded by a family of 2-surfaces $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ of matter fields with variable equation of state. The fields are all concentrated in the vicinity of the radial center $r=0$. The solution depicts a spacetime that is asymptotically Schwarzschild at large $r$, while it becomes de Sitter-like as $r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. Possible physical interpretations of the macro-state of the black hole interior in the model are offered. We find that the possible state admits two equally viable interpretations, namely, either a quintessential intermediary region or a phase transition in which a two-fluid system is in both dynamic and thermodynamic equilibrium. We estimate the ratio of pure matter present to the total energy and in both cases find it to be virtually the same, being $\ensuremath{\sim}0.83$. Finally, the well-behaved dependence of the density and pressure on the radial coordinate provides some insight on dealing with the information loss paradox.
The evolution of juvenile animal testing for small and large molecules

Recent formalised regulatory requirements for ensuring safe use of new drugs in children has increased the requirement, when considered relevant, to perform juvenile animal testing before commencing paediatric clinical trials. A key goal of this work is to identify or examine for a developmental or toxicity finding not seen in other toxicology testing. With our current knowledge, this paper examines what types of testing are occurring, what novel findings are being seen and their relevance in the safety evaluation process. Furthermore, trends for now and the future in the type of juvenile animal testing will be described including a need for more focused study designs and more published data on modern cross-species postnatal development.
The Neural Substrates of Natural Reading: A Comparison of Normal and Nonword Text Using Eyetracking and fMRI

Most previous studies investigating the neural correlates of reading have presented text using serial visual presentation (SVP), which may not fully reflect the underlying processes of natural reading. In the present study, eye movements and BOLD data were collected while subjects either read normal paragraphs naturally or moved their eyes through “paragraphs” of pseudo-text (pronounceable pseudowords or consonant letter strings) in two pseudo-reading conditions. Eye movement data established that subjects were reading and scanning the stimuli normally. A conjunction fMRI analysis across natural- and pseudo-reading showed that a common eye-movement network including frontal eye fields, supplementary eye fields, and intraparietal sulci was activated, consistent with previous studies using simpler eye movement tasks. In addition, natural reading versus pseudo-reading showed different patterns of brain activation: normal reading produced activation in a well-established language network that included superior temporal gyrus/sulcus, middle temporal gyrus, angular gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and middle frontal gyrus, whereas pseudo-reading produced activation in an attentional network that included anterior/posterior cingulate and parietal cortex. These results are consistent with results found in previous single-saccade eye movement tasks and SVP reading studies, suggesting that component processes of eye-movement control and language processing observed in past fMRI research generalize to natural reading. The results also suggest that combining eyetracking and fMRI is a suitable method for investigating the component processes of natural reading in fMRI research.
TEACHING THE INDEPENDENCE OF X AND S2 IN APPLIED STATISTICS

In this note, the independence of X and S2 is proved without the prerequisite knowledge of differential calculus. The purpose is to compensate for the lack of a text in applied statistics that proves the independence of such statistics.
Induction of Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase in Strawberry Leaf Disks: Action Spectra and Effects of Wounding, Sucrose, and Light

The increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in strawberry (Fragaria vesca var. WSU-1232) leaf disks required wounding, sucrose, and light and was cycloheximide-sensitive. In injured leaves and in leaf disks, the highest PAL activity was detected nearest the wounded tissues. Without wounding, no increase in activity was observed when leaves were cultured in sucrose and light.The optimal concentration of sucrose for enzyme activity increase ranged from 0.15 m to 0.4 m. At the suboptimal sucrose concentration, the level of PAL activity was dependent upon the concentration of sucrose. A low but constant level of activity was detected in leaf disks maintained in 0.15 m sucrose and in darkness. Light accelerated the rate of PAL increase but did not change the total level of enzyme activity which was determined by the sucrose concentration.Enzyme activity disappeared rapidly when leaf disks cultured in sucrose and light were transferred to darkness or to water in light. Unlike in Xanthium leaf disks, cycloheximide could not completely inhibit the decay of enzyme activity, suggesting that an inactivating system was synthesized during the induction period, and the activity of the inactivating system increased as the induction period lengthened.The effect of light on accumulation of PAL activity appeared to be linked to photosynthesis. In the presence of 25 mum 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, the effect of light on enzyme increase was completely nullified. Addition of 25 mum 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea to culture medium caused rapid decay of PAL activity from leaf disks which had been previously cultured in sucrose and light. The relation between effect of light and photosynthesis was further demonstrated by the action spectrum. Leaf disks incubated in sucrose and light of different wavelengths exhibited maximum accumulation of PAL activity at two wavelengths (475 nm and 625 nm). Action spectrum for protection against PAL decay exhibited a plateau at 475 to 525 nm and a peak at 625 nm. Action spectra for accumulation and protection against inactivation of PAL activity, therefore, appeared to be very similar to the action spectrum of photosynthesis.
Is the current financial distress caused by the subprime mortgage crisis a Minsky moment? or is it the result of attempting to securitize illiquid noncommercial mortgage loans?

Does Minsky's theory explain recent market instability? For financial fragility, Minsky argued, specific preconditions must occur. These preconditions have not occurred, therefore recent financial market instability is not a Minsky moment. Instead the recent financial market instability is due to an insolvency problem of large underwriters caused by their attempt to "securitize" (make liquid) noncommercial mortgages (where the latter are normally illiquid assets). The solution for such an insolvency problem is large direct infusions of new capital in these institutions or removing nonperforming loans from their books. An easy money policy per se will not do.
Enhancing the role of participatory scenario planning processes: Lessons from Reality Check exercises

Abstract This paper critically assesses a series of scenario planning exercises in the Washington Metropolitan region and the State of Maryland within a broad and evolving framework of participatory planning. Reality Check, as the exercises were called, were a daylong set of activities using tools that encouraged stakeholder participation to develop scenarios focused on long-term regional sustainability. The paper draws upon planning theory, participant reactions, media reports, post-exercise outcomes and author's experiences of shaping the process. It illustrates how the model was adapted to multiple scales and contexts, and variations in desired technical complexity. The paper concludes that such processes have an inherent value in capturing the issues of the future and in creating awareness and knowledge. It argues that certain considerations such as early strategic engagement of stakeholders, flexibility of technical tools and diversity among organizers, all played a role in enhancing the dialogue. Furthermore, it suggests that when timed with favorable external conditions and designed within suitable institutional frameworks, they have the potential to provide a foundation from which tangible regional benefits can be realized.
A closed-loop Doppler measurement for velocity estimation in mobile, multipath environments

Due to the complexity of the multipath environment, velocity estimators generally derive a speed estimate based on the statistics of the received signal, which depend on the scattering distribution for a specific location. One significant, but often overlooked, challenge in mobile-user velocity estimation is that of the frequency reference at the receiver. Velocity estimators require a precise frequency reference to detect small changes in frequency or phase shift that are caused by the motion of the user. The oscillators that are used in communication equipment typically have tolerances in the same range as the expected Doppler shifts. Without a precise frequency reference at the receiver, the carrier recovery loop tracks the received carrier frequency which may have been subjected to a frequency shift. In the most general case, the scattering environment is also unknown. To resolve these problems of precision and ambiguity in the Doppler spectrum, a closed-loop measurement between transmitter and receiver must be performed. The paper introduces a closed-loop Doppler measurement using the frame rates of existing communication standards and having application to velocity estimation in mobile wireless systems.
The Use of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in the Treatment of Non-healing Ulcers Secondary to Graft-versus-host Disease

We present the case of a 69 year-old gentleman with non-healing ulcers of the bilateral medial malleoli as a result of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). The patient discussed was diagnosed with stage IV mantle cell lymphoma. Over the course of 4 years the patient was treated with autologous stem cell transplant, later reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplant, and finally donor lymphocyte infusion due to recurrence. Following these therapies, the patient developed extensive GvHD that resulted in bilateral non-healing ulcers of the medial malleoli. The patient was seen in the wound care center, and his ulcers were treated with standard care that included off-loading, minor outpatient debridement, macrovascular assessment, and local moist wound healing. Despite this care, the ulcers failed to heal over a 6 month period. The patient underwent adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO). He healed both ulcers within a month of completing HBO. It is our goal to discuss the pathophysiologic mechanism of non-healing wounds in the setting of GvHD and discuss the potential role of HBO in their treatment.
The partial dopamine receptor agonist terguride in the MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkey model.

Abstract The partial dopamine agonist terguride (transdihydrolisuride) administered to four 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) lesioned hemiparkinsonian monkeys (at a dose of 4 mg/kg orally) induced marked contralateral turning that lasted 3.5 h. The 6-n-propyl derivative of terguride (proterguride) given to two monkeys (at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg orally) caused contralateral turning which lasted for more than 24 h but produced side effects such as dyskinesia and stereotypy. After terguride treatment, cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were increased, whereas concentrations of the metabolites dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were not significantly altered.
Radiolsotopes as metabolic labels for Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae). II. The excretion of 137 Cs under field conditions as a means of estimating energy utilisation, activity and temperature regulation

Males of Glossina morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. labelled with radiocaesium ( 137 Cs) were released in their natural habitat and later recovered on four occasions in the hot, hot wet and cold dry seasons in Rhodesia. The rate of excretion of the radioisotope was related to previous laboratory results to give estimates of activity, temperature regulation and energy utilisation in the field. It is considered that male G. morsitans are unlikely to fly for more than a few minutes per day. The hunger cycle duration is estimated as 3·5–4 days for G. morsitans males and 5·5 days for G. pallidipes males. Temperature regulation within the range 23–27°C was exhibited by both species, especially in the winter.
Radioautographic studies of DNA synthesis in the developing extraembryonic membranes of the mouse

Tritiated thymidine was injected into pregnant BALB/c mice intravenously at 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 days of pregnancy. Radioautographs were prepared in order to determine the extent of synthesis of DNA in the extraembryonic membranes at the above stages of gestation. The extent of synthesis of DNA was expressed as a radioactive index. The index is the per cent of labeled nuclei in a population of 1000 observed nuclei. Radioactive indices were determined for the nuclei of the endodermal cells of the visceral yolk sac and of the parietal yolk sac, for the nuclei of the trophoblastic cells of the junctional zone and of the labyrinth and for the nuclei of the trophoblastic giant cells. The observations show that in all of the examined types of cells the synthesis of DNA is extensive at days 10 and 12 of gestation and that it is nearly completed by day 14.
Analytical Solution of the Multicomponent Aerosol General Dynamic Equation—without Coagulation

ABSTRACT An analytical analysis of multicomponent aerosol dynamics is presented. The analysis is applicable for linear as well as nonlinear condensation—evaporation rates and for any type of initial size—mass distribution. The effects of growth and removal are described, while the influence of particle coagulation is not considered. The analytical solution can be of use for describing the evolution of an initial mass distribution representing a multicomponent aerosol where each species grows-evaporates at a different rate.
In vitro generated anti-tumor T lymphocytes exhibit distinct subsets mimicking in vivo antigen-experienced cells

The T-lymphocyte pool can be subdivided into naive (Tn), effector memory (Tem), and central memory (Tcm) T cells. In this study, we characterized in vitro short-term cultured anti-tumor human T lymphocytes generated by lentiviral transduction with an anti-tumor antigen TCR vector. Within 2 weeks of in vitro culture, the cultured T cells showed a Tcm-like phenotype illustrated by a high percentage of CD62L and CD45RO cells. When the cells were sorted into populations that were CD45RO+/CD62L-(Tem), CD45RO+/CD62L+(Tcm), or CD45ROlow/CD62L+(Tn) and co-cultured with antigen-matched tumor lines, the magnitude of cytokine release from these populations for IFNγ (Tn Tcm > Tem) mimicked the types of immune cell responses observed in vivo. In comparing cell-mediated effector function, Tn were found to be deficient (relative to Tcm and Tem) in the ability to form conjugates with tumor cells and subsequent lytic activity. Moreover, analysis of the gene expression profiles of the in vitro cultured and sorted T-cell populations also demonstrated patterns consistent with their in vivo counterparts. When Tcm and Tem were tested for the ability to survive in vivo, Tcm displayed significantly increased engraftment and persistence in NOD/SCID/γc−/− mice. In general, a large percentage of in vitro generated anti-tumor T lymphocytes mimic a Tcm-like phenotype (based on phenotype, effector function, and increased persistence in vivo), which suggests that these Tcm-like cultured T cells may be optimal for adoptive immunotherapy.
Contraceptive action of impeding estrogens. VIII. The post-coital activity of estriol ethers in the rat.

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that Estriol-3-cyclopentylether when administered in a single oral dose of 125 ug, post-coitum, completely prevents pregnancy in rats. Larger doses were shown to offer protection for more than one estrus cycle. Administration of 3 mg estriol-3-cyclo-pentylether even three days before mating still prevented pregnancies. Comparison of estrogenic potencies showed no significant differences between estriol and its cyclopentylether on the immature rat uterus.
On the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for a diatomic molecule

Abstract In this paper it is shown how the effects of the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation can be allowed for in the determination of precise values for the bond length and the force constants of a diatomic molecule in a 1 Σ electronic ground state. It is also shown how other parameters, which characterize the extent of the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, can be determined from precise experimental data. The technique is applied to the infrared and microwave data that are available for the hydrogen halides, and for CO, and it is also shown how this theory can be used to interpret the discrepancy that exists between the theoretical ( ab initio ) and experimental vibration-rotation energies of H 2 and D 2 in their electronic ground state. The order of magnitude of the nuclear mass dependence of the bond lengths and force constants obtained by using the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is determined.
Crystallization of D-mannitol in binary mixtures with NaCl: phase diagram and polymorphism.

Purpose. To study the crystallization, polymorphism, and phase behavior of D-mannitol in binary mixtures with NaCl to better understand their interactions in frozen aqueous solutions.
The Ohio Supported Employment Coordinating Center of Excellence

The Ohio Supported Employment Coordinating Center of Excellence is a joint project of the Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences and the Department of Psychiatry at Case Western Reserve University. The center is focused on helping to implement and evaluate evidence-based employment services provided to individuals with a severe mental illness. The staffing and funding of the center is described, as are the current research projects, future directions, and the implementation lessons learned. This article is the latest in a series of reports of social work research centers published in Research on Social Work Practice.
Telling Stories About School: Using Critical Race and Latino Critical Theories to Document Latina/Latino Education and Resistance

Education researchers have increasingly begun to use critical race theory (CRT) and Latino critical theory (LatCrit) in their qualitative studies. This article draws on those methodological and the...