cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioavailable organochlorine pesticides in a semi-arid region of eastern Oregon, USA, as determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.

A group of dissolved-bioavailable organochlorine (OC) pesticides and inorganic anions in water and total OC pesticides in sediments were measured in the Malheur Watershed, a semi-arid region in the western United States, over a 2-year period. OC pesticide levels were compared with those from a 1990 study of the lower section of the river, the most recent data available. After calculating the dissolved fraction from the 1990, study it seems that DDD and dieldrin levels have decreased in the water by 50-70%, while DDE and DDT have changed little. Although banned nearly 30 years ago, DDT is still persistent throughout the Malheur River basin/watershed because it was found in all water samples tested. All of the OC pesticides tested during the 2-year study are well below the criterion continuous concentration for aquatic community exposure as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). OC pesticides appear to be decreasing, however, at lower Ontario there remains a human health risk (EPA Human Health Risk Water Quality Criteria) for DDT, because this criteria includes daily consumption of water and fish from the river. Overall, although the upper forest watershed sites have lower OC pesticide concentrations, they represent an important contribution to the total DDT load to this watershed, a source not previously acknowledged. The large increase in DDT and sigmaDDT between the Ontario sites may indicate a possible historical point source of contamination or historical preferential deposition of contamination. Normalized sediment (sigmaDDT/organic carbon) strongly correlates with dissolved water sigmaDDT.
Valley network morphology in the greater Meridiani Planum region, Mars

The Greater Meridiani Planum region on Mars is a key locale for a diverse range of fluvial landforms. Valley networks in this region have a range of geomorphologic styles that include negative reli...
Hypoglossal nerve stimulation in three adults with down syndrome and severe obstructive sleep apnea

We present three adults with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated with hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The average age of these three males was 37.3 years. All patients had severe OSA on polysomnography. Postimplantation titration sleep studies exhibited residual OSA according to average total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), but there were significant reductions (86%-100%) in the titrated AHI at the ideal device setting. Morbidity of the surgery was low, and there was excellent device adherence, with an average of 57.3 hours/week. All patients reported subjective improvements in symptoms, and one patient experienced improved blood sugar control. Laryngoscope, 129:E402-E406, 2019.
Food Responsiveness, Parental Food Control and Anthropometric Outcomes among Young American Indian Children: Cross-sectional and Prospective Findings

OBJECTIVE: Assess cross-sectional and prospective associations between food responsiveness and parental food control and anthropometric outcomes among American Indian children. DESIGN: Parents/caregivers completed psychosocial surveys and trained staff measured children's anthropometry at baseline (kindergarten) and at follow-up (1st grade) as part of a school-based obesity prevention trial (Bright Start). SETTING : On/near the Pine Ridge Indian reservation. PARTICIPANTS: 422 child (51% female, mean age=5.8 years, 30% overweight/obese) and parent/caregiver (89% mothers) dyads. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two independent variables (child's Food Responsiveness and Parental Control scales) and six child anthropometric dependent variables (overweight status, body mass index z-score, % body fat, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold). Linear regression analyses, stratified by sex and adjusted for age and treatment condition. RESULTS : Baseline Food Responsiveness scale scores were positively associated with all six baseline anthropometric outcomes among boys (P's all <.01), but not girls. Parental Control scale scores were not significantly associated with outcomes and no prospective associations were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS : Responsiveness to food may be associated with excess adiposity in young American Indian boys, however, the effects are not detectable over time. Obesity prevention programs for American Indian children may benefit by addressing eating without hunger among boys. ( Ethn Dis . 2013;23[2]: 136–142)
A closer world: A review of acquisitions literature, 1992

The year 1992 saw acquisitions departments trying to do more with fewer resources. Acquisitions librarians are grappling with changing technology by adapting, learning, and discussing problems that all face. The literature of acquisitions in 1992 is examined in several categories: acquisitions organization, conference reports, pricing issues and budgetary concerns, vendor performance, electronic publishing, automation, and acquisitions abroad. The proliferation of electronic communications is having a profound impact on acquisitions. Issues of access versus ownership, copyright, and storage of electronic media are becoming a part of the business of acquisitions
Patch Testing Results From the Massachusetts General Hospital Contact Dermatitis Clinic, 2007-2016.

Background Patch testing is the criterion standard for diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Objective The aim of the study was to report the trends of patch testing results with the standard series at Massachusetts General Hospital from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2016, compared with previous data from 1998 to 2006 and from 1990 to 2006 and those reported by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. Methods Data were collected and analyzed from retrospective chart reviews, focusing on 50 allergens in our standard series. Results A total of 2373 patients were patch tested. One or more positive reactions were observed in 1428 patients (60.2%), and 1153 patients (48.6%) had a final primary diagnosis of ACD. Top 5 allergens were nickel (19.8%), fragrance mix I (14.6%), Myroxylon pereirae (balsam of Peru) (13.5%), neomycin (9.4%), and bacitracin (7.7%). Sensitization frequencies statistically increased over time for 3 allergens: nickel, neomycin, and propylene glycol, and decreased for 5 allergens: formaldehyde, paraben mix, thiuram mix, n-isopropyl-N-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine, and epoxy resin (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Surveillance of ACD trends is essential to detect emerging sensitizers. Patch testing is an important diagnostic tool for detection of ACD to commonly encountered and potential allergens.
Taking the time to get it bright: Use of ultrasound enhancing agent redirects clinical course of an unstable patient.

Abstract The use of ultrasound enhancing agents (UEA) during echocardiography helps to optimize visualization in technically difficult studies, with improved left ventricular opacification and endocardial border definition. The use of these agents may often unveil critical data that drastically alter clinical decision making. Despite the potential clinical benefits of UEA and known safety data, clinicians are still sometimes reluctant to take the time to use UEAs in unstable patients. Herein, we demonstrate a challenging case of a patient with late presentation myocardial infarction, complicated with cardiogenic shock and pseudoaneurysm formation that was not observed in non-contrast images, emblematically demonstrating the value of UEA in selected patients.
High-Index (Ni,Mg)O Crystallization during Molten Salt Synthesis

Heterogeneous NiO–MgO materials and (Ni,Mg)O solid solutions have found application in catalysis owing to the combined redox properties of NiO and basic properties of MgO. Examples include the use ...
Dietary ecology of Alaskan polar bears (Ursus maritimus) through time and in response to Arctic climate change.

Arctic climate change poses serious threats to polar bears (Ursus maritimus) as reduced sea ice makes seal prey inaccessible and marine ecosystems undergo bottom-up reorganization. Polar bears' elongated skulls and reduced molar dentition, as compared to their sister species the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), are adaptations associated with hunting seals on sea ice and a soft, lipid-rich diet of blubber and meat. With significant declines in sea ice, it is unclear if and how polar bears may be altering their diets. Clarifying polar bear dietary responses to changing climates, both today and in the past, is critical to proper conservation and management of this apex predator. This is particularly important when a dietary strategy may be maladaptive. Here, we test the hypothesis that hard-food consumption (i.e., less preferred foods including bone), inferred from dental microwear texture analysis, increased with Arctic warming. We find that polar bears demonstrate a conserved absence of hard-object feeding in Alaska through time (including approximately 1000 years ago), until the 21st century, consistent with a highly conserved and specialized diet of soft blubber and flesh. Notably, our results also suggest that some 21st-century polar bears may be consuming harder foods (e.g., increased carcass utilization, terrestrial foods including garbage), despite having skulls and metabolisms poorly suited for such a diet. Prior to the 21st century, only polar bears with larger mandibles demonstrated increased hard-object feeding, though to a much lower degree than closely related grizzly bears which regularly consume mechanically challenging foods. Polar bears, being morphologically specialized, have biomechanical constraints which may limit their ability to consume mechanically challenging diets, with dietary shifts occurring only under the most extreme scenarios. Collectively, the highly specialized diets and cranial morphology of polar bears may severely limit their ability to adapt to a warming Arctic.
Delayed surgical repair of truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch following bilateral banding of branch pulmonary arteries: a case report

Banding of the bilateral branch pulmonary arteries (PA) has evolved as a palliative method to limit the pulmonary blood flow in various complex congenital heart diseases. Although beneficial in small patients and in those with multiple co-morbidities, the duration of pulmonary artery banding along with growth and status of branch pulmonary arteries following de-banding are of concern in these patients. We present a case of truncus arteriosus with interrupted aortic arch in whom bilateral PA banding was done in neonatal life. The corrective surgery was delayed by 13 months due to multiple infections and underlying co-morbid conditions. Although the surgery was delayed, the branch pulmonary arteries were of adequate size following the debanding procedure. Branch PA augmentation may not always be necessary even in delayed corrective surgery following bilateral PA banding.
Do Referral Factors Predict a Probable Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis? A DBPNet Study

Abstract Objective To determine the proportion of children referred to academic medical centers with concerns about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) who received a probable ASD diagnosis, identify factors predicting ASD diagnosis, and describe the children with ASD concerns who were not found to have autism. Methods A total of 55 developmental-behavioral pediatricians (DBP) at 12 academic sites in the DBPNet research network recorded data on ≤15 consecutive new patients. They coded presumed diagnoses after their first visit with the child. Results Of 784 new visits, 324 (41%) had concern for ASD; of these, 221 (68%) were presumptively ASD+; 103 (32%) were ASD−. In a mixed model accounting for clustering within site and covariates significant in bivariate analysis, significant predictors of receiving a presumptive ASD diagnoses were socialization concerns, languages other than English spoken in the home, and coming for second opinion. Also concern for “other behavior problems” (not mood, oppositionality, anxiety, attention, or repetitive behaviors) predicted not receiving ASD diagnoses. This model was not clinically useful because it misclassified 26.9% of children. ASD− children Conclusions Two thirds of children referred to academic centers with concern for ASD received a presumptive diagnosis of ASD. While those with ASD were not easily distinguished from those without ASD at referral, virtually all children with ASD concerns had multiple DBP diagnoses made and required DBP follow-up care.
Satirische Medieninhalte in der Alltagskommunikation

Wie Menschen zu satirischen Medieninhalten kommunizieren und welche Bedeutung medialer Satire und der mit ihr verbundenen Kommunikation in den Alltagswelten von Menschen zukommt, steht als Frage im Zentrum dieses Buches. Satire, so lautet die grundlegende Annahme, welche in diesem Kapitel schrittweise weiterentwickelt wird, ist nicht nur ein Phanomen, das auf Offentlichkeitsebene wichtig ist, Aussagen uber die Verfasstheit des Mediensystems, der Politik und des Journalismus zulasst oder Fragen nach Funktionen fur Gesellschaft und Demokratie aufwirft. Satire ist vielmehr auch – und eng damit verknupft – ein Phanomen, welches in den alltaglichen Lebenswelten von Menschen, im Zuge ihrer Mediennutzung auftaucht, welches sie weiterleiten oder wegklicken, uber das sie lachen, diskutieren oder sich aufregen, welches sie zum zum stillen Nachdenken oder zum Austausch im Alltag anregt.
Function-based indexing for object-oriented databases

Object-oriented databases have been developed to allow applications to store persistent data in the form of objects. As in conventional databases, object-oriented databases need to support queries that allow associative access to data by describing a property of the data of interest. In particular, they should support queries over user-defined sets based on user-defined functions that compute the property of interest. To make such function-based queries run faster, we must support function-based indexes where the keys are these computed properties. Function-based indexes are harder to maintain than indexes in conventional databases because mutations that affect keys can be done without accessing an element of the indexed set. This dissertation presents a new function-based indexing scheme for object-oriented databases. The indexes are maintained by recording registration information for objects that indicate when index entries are affected and having operations that modify objects check for registrations to determine if an index needs to be updated. Our approach uses a combination of declared information that indicates how object methods affect each other and runtime information gathered during key computation, so that we register only the objects whose modifications can affect an index and only the operations that might affect an index entry check for registration information. Recomputing index entries only when there is a modification that might affect an index comes at the cost of extra space for the registration information and extra time to check registration information during modifications. To quantify these costs, we simulated three implementations of our scheme on various performance benchmarks and analyzed several others. We show that function-based indexes are very useful in object-oriented databases and do not adversely affect system performance, but they do have a high space cost. This work is being done in the context of the Thor distributed, object-oriented database system (42, 43). Thor has features that complicate index use and maintenance. It has a client-server architecture with caching at both clients and servers. It also uses an optimistic concurrency control scheme. This dissertation presents a design for integrating index use and maintenance into Thor. We discuss the impact of adding indexes on Thor's system architecture and the impact that Thor's system architecture has on the performance of our indexing scheme, and we present predicate validation, a new optimistic concurrency control scheme. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Participation in God and the Nature of Christian Community: Robert Jenson and Eberhard Jüngel

This article explores the theme of the church's participation in God by way of two contemporary theologians' accounts of the matter: Robert Jenson and Eberhard Jungel. Specifically, the question of how Jenson's and Jungel's respective accounts of the church's participation in God determine their accounts of the church's presence in and to the world is explored. The theme of ‘mission’ is taken up along the way, and it is suggested that Jenson's construal of the church's place in God prevents a sustained account of the church's sending into the world. Jungel's construal of the church's participation in God, it is argued, allows for an alternative depiction of the church's presence in and to the world that accounts for the fundamentally missionary nature of the Christian community.
Cold Inactivation of l‐Threonine Deaminase from Rhodospirillum rubrum

Threonine deaminase from Rhodospirillum rubrum is subject to reversible cold inactivation at low protein concentrations. The inactivation appears to involve a dissociation of the native tetrameric protein to dimers. The standard free energy of dissociation at 0 °C was + 7.8 kcal/mole, while ΔS was—3.2 kcal/mole and ΔS was—41 entropy units. These values suggest that hydrophobic interactions are important in the maintenance of the tetrameric structure. The labilization of the protein by low concentrations of urea and the protection by high salt concentrations also indicate the importance of hydrophobic bonds in the protein. However, the effects of pH and low salt concentrations on the cold inactivation suggest that ionic bonds do play some role in subunit interactions. The normal allosteric modifier for threonine deaminase, l-isoleucine, protected the enzyme against cold inactivation. Although the R. rubrum enzyme is virtually insensitive to isoleucine inhibition, it is clear that this ligand can induce profound changes in the protein structure.
Heterogeneous seismic velocity structure of the upper lithosphere at Kane oceanic core complex, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

The Kane oceanic core complex (OCC) is a large, corrugated megamullion that was formed by a long-lived detachment fault at the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge adjacent to Kane Fracture Zone between 2.1 and 3.3 Ma. We use refracted arrivals recorded along a 6-km-long hydrophone streamer during a multichannel seismic survey to constrain the shallow seismic velocity structure of the OCC. Results are presented in high-resolution traveltime seismic tomographic models along six lines that cover all of the main morphological features of the megamullion. The models show large lateral variability in P wave velocity within the upper ∼0.5–2.0 km of the lithosphere, and these variations correlate to first order with observed variations in lithology, documented by in situ basement samples and seafloor morphology. Lithological interpretation of the velocity models indicates that there is marked lateral variability in distribution of gabbroic intrusions, serpentinized peridotites, and basalts at scales of a few kilometers to ∼10 km. Serpentinized peridotites appear to dominate the central and older parts of the OCC. High-velocity gabbros are consistently (but not exclusively) present closer to the termination of the Kane detachment fault and toward the ends of the OCC. The structure of the lithosphere exhumed by the Kane detachment fault is far from the standard ophiolite-based Penrose model, and it does not show segment-centered magmatism that is commonly interpreted at slow spreading ridges. If the gabbros exhumed toward the termination of the OCC were emplaced deep (∼10 km) beneath the spreading axis, they may have constituted a weak zone that focused initiation of the Kane detachment fault. Alternately, as the OCC footwall was being exhumed the gabbros may have been emplaced because of dynamic changes in melt supply, changes in mantle fertility, or decompression melting. Late stage volcanism is clearly associated with a major high-angle normal fault that cuts the detachment surface; this volcanism may have been stimulated or enhanced by bending stresses in the bending footwall. The shape of the large-scale corrugated morphology of the OCC is nearly invariant in the dip direction across major changes in basement lithology, indicating that once established, the form of the Kane detachment fault was highly resistant to modification.
Brain damage in a juvenile diabetic patient associated with insulin hypoglycemia.

Clinical data are presented on a child with diabetes mellitus who developed, in association with repeated episodes of insulin hypoglycemia, progressive mental deterioration and organic brain damage which ultimately led to epileptiform seizures unassociated with hypoglycemia. The implications of these findings are discussed and similar cases in the literature are reviewed.
Finite Element Analysis of the Bonded Compliant Seal Design—A New Sealing Concept for Use in Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A key issue in developing commercially viable planar solid oxide fuel cell stacks is appropriate seal design. We are currently developing an alternative approach to rigid and compressive seal designs that conceptually combines advantages of both techiques, including hermeticity, mechanical integrity, and minimization of interfacial stresses in either of the joint substrate materials, particulary the ceramic. The new seal relies on a plastically deformable metal seal; one that offers a quasi-dynamic mechanical response in that it is adherent to both sealing surfaces, i.e. non-sliding, but readily yields or deforms under thermally generated stresses, thereby mitigating the development of stresses in the adjacent ceramic and metal components even when a significant difference in thermal expansion exists between the two materials. Here we employ finite element modeling to assess the potential thermal cycling performance of this design, specifically as it pertains to sealing components with vastly different thermal expansion properties.
The human LT system. V. A comparison of the relative lytic effectiveness of various MW human LT classes on 51Cr-labeled allogeneic target cells in vitro: enhanced lysis by LT complexes associated with Ig-like receptor(s).

Abstract The present studies examine the in vitro cell-lytic capacity of various molecular weight (MW) human lymphotoxin (LT) classes obtained from lectin-activated normal or immune lymphocytes on allogeneic target cells. The findings reveal that the high-MW complex class of LT is up to 100 times more effective than the smaller MW LT forms (α, β, and γ) in causing lysis of various allogeneic cell types including lymphoid cells in vitro . Moreover, the data suggest that lectin-stimulated alloimmune cells (MLC sensitized) release complex LT forms in association with a specific antigen-binding receptor(s), and that these complexes are from 3 to 10 times more effective on the sensitizing target cell than complexes obtained from lectin-stimulated nonimmune cells. Positive evidence that complex-induced lysis involved LT was indicated by the finding that lysis was completely neutralized by incubation with heterologous antisera directed against a refined human α 2 -LT subclass (anti- α 2 ) and partially neutralized with anti-human Fab 2 ′ serum. These findings support the concept that LT molecules may represent a system of related cell-lytic molecules. While the smaller MW forms are only weakly lytic by themselves, they can be assembled into highly lytic complexes which may be focused or directed by an antigen-binding receptor(s).
A hypothesis regarding the development of acute myeloid leukemia from preleukemic disorders: The role of protooncogenes

Abstract Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia is often preceded by a preleukemic phase that can be characterized by a reduction in hematopoiesis, by ineffective hematopoiesis, or by a myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic state. The time between onset of the preleukemic state and the appearance of leukemia is quite variable, and at times such evolution does not occur. These clinical observations are compatible with the multistep hypothesis of tumor development [1]. In studies underway in our laboratory, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is being used as a model system to study the steps in and possible mechanisms underlying the development of preleukemia and its evolution to acute leukemia. Chronic myelogenous leukemia is particularly suited for this role because the chronic phase of the disease is an easily identifiable myeloproliferative state that invariably evolves into acute leukemia. In the discussion that follows, this clinical entity is used to develop a general model for the preleukemias and their evolution to acute leukemia.
Inhibition of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by buthionine sulfoximine, a glutathione synthesis inhibitor.

DL-Buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione-depleting agent, was found to diminish the nephrotoxic effect of cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum). Pretreatment of rats with BSO (4 mmol/kg s. c.) 2 h prior to cisplatin, either as a single dose of 5 mg/kg or at a daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days, resulted in diminished elevations of plasma BUN concentration and decreased cisplatin-induced inhibition of renal γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity measured 6 days following treatment. Administration of BSO prior to cisplatin at 7.5 mg/kg did not significantly alter the effect of cisplatin on either BUN concentration or enzyme activity. The influence of BSO pretreatment on the antitumor activity of cisplatin was studied using implantation of a murine bladder cancer (MBT-2) in C3H mice. Pretreatment of mice with BSO (5 mmol/kg) did not influence cisplatin antitumor efficacy.
Nipah Virus V and W Proteins Have a Common STAT1-Binding Domain yet Inhibit STAT1 Activation from the Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Compartments, Respectively

In previous reports it was demonstrated that the Nipah virus V and W proteins have interferon (IFN) antagonist activity due to their ability to block signaling from the IFN-α/β receptor (J. J. Rodriguez, J. P. Parisien, and C. M. Horvath, J. Virol. 76:11476-11483, 2002; M. S. Park et al., J. Virol. 77:1501-1511, 2003). The V, W, and P proteins are all encoded by the same viral gene and share an identical 407-amino-acid N-terminal region but have distinct C-terminal sequences. We now show that the P protein also has anti-IFN function, confirming that the common N-terminal domain is responsible for the antagonist activity. Truncation of this N-terminal domain revealed that amino acids 50 to 150 retain the ability to block IFN and to bind STAT1, a key component of the IFN signaling pathway. Subcellular localization studies demonstrate that the V and P proteins are predominantly cytoplasmic whereas the W protein is localized to the nucleus. In all cases, STAT1 colocalizes with the corresponding Nipah virus protein. These interactions are sufficient to inhibit STAT1 activation, as demonstrated by the lack of STAT1 phosphorylation on tyrosine 701 in IFN-stimulated cells expressing P, V, or W. Therefore, despite their common STAT1-binding domain, the Nipah virus V and P proteins act by retaining STAT1 in the cytoplasm while the W protein sequesters STAT1 in the nucleus, creating both a cytoplasmic and a nuclear block for STAT1. We also show that the IFN antagonist activity of the P protein is not as strong as that of V or W, perhaps explaining why Nipah virus has evolved to express these two edited products.
Using Spreadsheet Modules to Augment the Design of Adhesive Lap Joints

This paper presents two easy-to-use spreadsheet modules in Microsoft Excel to assist with the design of adhesive joints. The modules make use of embedded Visual Basic numerical algorithms to give assistance with the selection of both the adhesive type and the geometric configuration of an adhesive lap joint. These modules facilitate the quick implementation of designs that are more accurate than was previously possible by traditional design methods. The method will be particularly helpful to students and inexperienced designers who first encounter the need to design adhesive joints. The paper also includes an example application to illustrate the use of the modules.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Relative humidity: Its importance in the control of stored-product insects with modified atmospheric gas concentrations

Abstract Adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin duVal and T. castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) were exposed at four relative humidities to binary mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen or to ternary mixtures of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. In most instances, mortality increased with decreased relative humidity when the insects were exposed for limited periods of time to either the binary or the ternary mixtures.
Redox-controlled ‘smart’ polyacrylamide solubility

“Smart” acrylamide copolymers containing N-isopropyl and 4-N-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl (TEMPO) groups undergo reversible redox behavior leading to LCST changes. Oxidation (NaOCl/H2O) or reduction (ascorbic acid) changes the copolymer's LCST from 18 °C to 35–40 °C.
Mechanisms of Particle Deposition from Ultrapure Chemicals onto Semiconductor Wafers: Deposition from Bulk Liquid during Wafer Submersion

Abstract The liquid-based deposition of inorganic particles onto semiconductor silicon wafers with a native oxide layer has been investigated experimentally by exposing wafers to a variety of sample contaminants in stirred aqueous solutions. Test results clearly demonstrate the importance of electrostatic wafer/particle interactions in cleanroom-liquid particle deposition. A simple theoretical model based on Derjaguin-Laundau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory and hydrodynamic boundary layer resistances has been found to successfully predict the observed wafer contamination levels. While deposition from bulk deionized (DI) water is often absent when an electrostatic repulsion exists between the wafer surface and the contaminant, dramatic particle contamination can occur if the forces are attractive. The solution ionic strength and the particle diameter have a controlling influence on deposition levels. The model predicts that as device dimensions shrink, it will be increasingly difficult to control wafer surface contamination by smaller particles.
Clinical monopolar rheoencephalography

Abstract Sixty patients with symptomatic cerebral vascular disease were studied clinically, angiographically, and by the monopolar REG in an effort to evaluate the degree of correlation between the REG and anatomically localized disturbances in cerebral circulation. There was unequivocal evidence of reduction of impedance in the clinically and angiographically appropriate area of the brain in 40 patients. In 9 additional patients the REG abnormality correlated with the location of the cerebral lesion as denoted by either clinical or arteriographic abnormality. In 11 patients no correlation could be demonstrated, and possible explanations for this are offered. The degree of correlation between abnormalities in the REG and the area of clinical defect is roughly proportional to the size of the lesion. The REG abnormality appears to be more closely correlated to the hemodynamic factors of cerebral perfusion than to the biophysical alterations of brain tissue which follow ischemia or infarction. The results of this study are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further correlative observations between the REG and measured cerebral hemisphere blood flow.
An Analysis of Stylistic Variables in Electronic Mail

This article presents the results of a stylistic analysis of 200 samples of electronic mail memorandums gathered from four organizations. Through systematic counting of textual features such as sentence and paragraph length, grammatical types of sentences, sentence openers, and diction, the study examines patterns of rhetorical choice common to electronic mail. In this sample, writers combined elements of formal and informal discourse but preferred simple coordinate sentence patterns, brief paragraphs, and active verbs. Additionally, the serial structuring of message content and reluctance to coordinate and subordinate ideas into appropriate rhetorical patterns indicate a general inattentiveness to providing logical frameworks for readers.
Aging and Alzheimer's disease. Altered cortical serotonergic binding.

• The binding of tritiated serotonin and tritiated spiperone to crude membrane preparations from human frontal poles was determined in both controls and subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using the dopamine-specific receptor antagonist sulpiride, spiperone binding in the cortex was shown to be essentially serotonergic. A decline in both serotonin and spiperone binding was found in normal aging, and an AD-related decrease was found for spiperone binding only. The AD-related decrement of spiperone binding occurred irrespective of patient age and duration of disease. Scatchard analysis indicates that both age- and diseaserelated decrements represent a decrease in receptor number.
Introduction to the Special Topic Issue on Creativity and Writing Pedagogy

Harriet Levin Millan introduces this special issue of Writing and Pedagogy: Creativity and Writing Pedagogy.
Perceptions of the Human Life-Span: A Cross-National Approach

Perceptions of aging were obtained from three age groups: adolescents, young adults, and adults. Male and female Americans and South Africans ranging in age from 15 to 40 years provided words to describe eight age decades of the human life-span. Responses were coded for positive, neutral, and negative perceptions of the eight age-stages. A repeated measures analysis of variance tested for differing patterns of responses between the age and national groups. Main effects for nation, age group, and age-stage were significant. An absence of significant interactions suggested that the developmental pattern of perceptions of age-stages across the human life-span was comparable in the two nation states. The three age groups expressed similar perceptions of aging, although adults viewed aging more positively than did adolescents and young adults.
Skeletal Deformities and Their Causes: Introduction

Much has been done to characterize skeletal deformities in poultry and to identify the causes of these deformities. However, skeletal problems in poultry continue to cost poultry producers over $100 million per year. A basic understanding of bone growth and development is essential for continuous progress in solving current skeletal diseases. Although this research will be of great benefit to the poultry industry, the use of poultry models has proven valuable in studying human bone disease.
Simultaneous extraction of P and K from IOWA soils with bray 1 solution containing NH4Cl

Abstract The effects of combining the Bray 1 extracting solution with ammonium chloride (NH4C1) for simultaneous extraction of P and K were studied in several experiments. For pooled data from the experiments in which the Bray 1 solution containing 0.5 mol L‐1 NH4C1 was used, the relationship between the amounts of P and K extracted by the combined solution (PC and KC)and the amounts extracted separately by Bray 1 (PR) and 1 N neutral NH4OAc (KR) are given by PC = 2 + 0.906 PR, r = 0.988 and Kc = 14 + 1.033 KR, r = 0.944. Variations were observed in different experiments when the concentration of NH4C1 and the conditions of the experiment were varied.
The formation of partitioned pearlite at temperatures above the upper Ae1 in an Fe–C–Mn steel

Abstract Pearlite formation in an Fe–0.85C–11.56Mn (wt%) alloy at temperatures more than 50 °C above the upper Ae1 and within the (γ+M 3 C) two phase field has been observed. The upper temperature limit for pearlite formation corresponds well with theoretical predictions based on growth accompanied by Mn partition between the ferrite and cementite and local equilibrium conditions at the migrating interface.
Molar Villous Fluid Suppresses Mononuclear Cell Cytotoxicity

Complete molar pregnancy tissue is an allograft to the mother because all molar chromosomes are of paternal origin. Interactions between molar tissue and the maternal immune system may be important in the natural history of complete molar pregnancy. Molar villous fluid (MVF) has previously been demonstrated to suppress both mitogen and interleukin-2-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the potential effect of MVF on the cytotoxic activity of mononuclear cells (MNC) and lymphokine-activated mononuclear cells (LA-MNC). Sera and molar villous fluid were obtained from four women at the time of molar evacuation. K-562 erythroblastoid cells were used as target cells for MNC-mediated lysis, and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells were used as targets for LA-MNC-mediated lysis in a 51Cr release assay. Relative to patient sera, all MVF tested significantly inhibited both MNC and LA-MNC lysis of target cells (48.3 and 91% mean inhibition, respectively; P < 0.05). This study provides additional evidence that molar gestational tissue produces factor(s) that suppress maternal immunologic responses. Potential therapies may become available to reduce or eliminate the immunosuppressive effects of molar gestations resulting in a more favorable clinical outcome in patients with complete molar pregnancy and postmolar gestational trophoblastic tumors.
Progress in Cloning Embryos from Domesticated Livestock

The techniques necessary to successfully clone embryos by nuclear transfer have been developed in the last half of this century and applied to domestic animals in the last decade. The concept of transferring nuclei from early embryos to oocytes to coerce the nuclei to recapitulate the early developmental events is credited to Spemann (1). Spemann's interest was a question of nuclear equivalence or commitment. The techniques initially developed in amphibians (2) have also allowed the researcher to “clone” an embryo. Nowadays, individuals often clone genes or portions of a DNA molecule from a nucleus(i); in contrast, this nuclear transfer technique permits cloning of the entire genome and the creation of animals that have identical nuclear genomes.Because many excellent reviews have been written on the subject of cloning by nuclear transfer (3, 4) and a similar review was presented in this journal earlier (5), the focus here will be an update of our understanding since that time and will highlight one of my...
Retained pancreatic duct stent-induced complications after pancreatoduodenectomy

Background: Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) is the procedure of choice for patients with resectable periampullary malignancies and is a viable option for chronic pancreatitis. Despite perioperative mortality of 3%, complications develop frequently and may negatively impact long-term prognosis. The most common and debilitating complications are associated with the pancreaticojejunal anastomosis, in particular an anastomotic leak. Pancreatic fistulas may lead to abscess formation, sepsis, and bleeding. These secondary complications account for many of the deaths after PD. In an attempt to minimize the risk of pancreaticojejunal anastomosis-related complications, some surgeons insert transanastomotic pancreatic duct stents. While there have been only rare reports of stent-induced complications, we have identified 3 patients with retained pancreatic stent-induced complications after PD.
Frequency dependence of the two-photon absorption coefficient in InSb: tunneling effects

The two-photon absorption coefficient β of InSb was carefully determined at 9.6 and 10.6 μm, using simultaneous self-induced refraction and transmission measurements of 45-psec CO2 laser pulses. It was found that the frequency dependence of β was quite different from a previous measurement using nanosecond laser pulses [ A. M. Johnston C. R. Pidgeon J. Dempsey , Phys. Rev. B22, 825 ( 1980)]. The discrepancy is believed to be due to the uncertainty in the recombination and diffusion rates for the nanosecond experiments. The new results reported here are consistent with the theory of tunneling-assisted ionization in a narrow-band-gap semiconductor.
Universal Internet conference information system

The Internet Conferencing Information System (ICIS) described in this paper is developed to provide timely information about ongoing computer-supported conferences throughout the Internet. ICIS is composed of three major components: Information Server (S), Conference Announcer (A), and Conference Querier (Q). S stores conference information, A sends conference information to S, while Q retrieves the current conference information from S and makes it available to the user application. The system is designed to be reliable, efficient, and flexible. Reliability is achieved by running multiple well-known Ss throughout the Internet. Efficiency is achieved by connecting the servers via a minimum-cost spanning tree of TCP connections. Flexibility is achieved by allowing each A or Q to communicate with any server using either UDP or TCP protocols. In addition, ICIS protocols are universal in the sense that they are not geared towards any specific conferencing system.
Absence of interactions between perennial bunchgrasses in a semi-arid temperate savanna: a 5-year field experiment

Abstract There is widespread recognition of the importance of long-term experimental studies of plant interactions, but such experiments are rarely conducted. Pairwise interactions between three species of perennial grasses were assessed and described over a 5-year period. Experimental treatments in which some or all neighbors were removed were maintained and plant basal area was monitored throughout the experiment. In addition, above-ground biomass was collected over a 3-year period. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed no evidence of interactions between plants.
The C-Terminal Transmembrane Domain of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA Polymerase Is Essential for HCV Replication In Vivo

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication is dependent on the enzymatic activities of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B, which is a membrane-anchored protein. Recombinant NS5B lacking the C-terminal transmembrane domain (21 amino acids) is enzymatically active. To address the role of this domain in HCV replication in vivo, we introduced a series of mutations into the NS5B of an HCV subgenomic replicon and examined the replication capabilities of the resultant mutants by a colony formation assay. Replicons lacking the transmembrane domain did not yield any colonies. Furthermore, when Huh-7 cells harboring the HCV subgenomic replicon were treated with a synthetic peptide consisting of the NS5B transmembrane domain fused to the antennapedia peptide, the membrane association of NS5B was completely disrupted. Correspondingly, the HCV RNA titer was reduced by approximately 50%. A scrambled peptide used as a control did not have any effects. These findings suggest that the membrane association of NS5B facilitates HCV RNA synthesis. However, a related transmembrane domain derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus could not replace the HCV NS5B transmembrane segment. This finding suggests that the C-terminal 21 amino acids not only have a membrane-anchoring function but also may perform additional functions for RNA synthesis in vivo.
Revisiting the Theory of Finite Size Scaling in Disordered Systems: ν Can Be Less than 2/d

For phase transitions in disordered systems, an exact theorem provides a bound on the finite size correlation length exponent: ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{FS}}\ensuremath{\ge}2/d$. It is believed that the intrinsic $\ensuremath{\nu}$ satisfies the same bound. We argue that the standard averaging introduces a noise and a new diverging length scale. For $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\le}2/d$ self-averaging breaks down, disconnecting $\ensuremath{\nu}$ from ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{FS}}$, and the bound applies only for the latter. We illustrate these ideas on two exact examples, with $\ensuremath{\nu}l2/d$. We propose a new method of disorder averaging, which is able to capture the intrinsic exponents.
Object-oriented versus bit-mapped graphics interfaces: performance and preference differences for typical applications

Abstract This study used a standardized evaluation to compare two direct manipulation graphics interfaces. The interfaces investigated were: (I) object-oriented (vector) graphics; and (2) bit-mapped graphics (object-oriented graphics interfaces are not to be confused with object-oriented programming or object-oriented data bases). Experienced and novice subjects performed objectively derived benchmark tasks appropriate for two-dimensional graphics packages. Both performance and preference data were collected. Task completion time, aborted attempts, learning effects, and errors consituted the performance measures. For the preference data, subjects completed questionnaires to rate the interfaces on both an absolute and a relative basis. Results indicate that the object-oriented graphics interface is superior to the bit-mapped interface for most tasks included in the benchmark set. The advantages of the object-oriented interface are especially pronounced for graphic manipulations such as rotation, resizing (...
Possible Interglacial Dune Sands from 300 Meters Water Depth in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

A suite of orange-peel grab sediment samples collected during Deep Freeze II from the Antarctic continental shelf of the Weddell Sea contained several well-sorted sand samples. These were collected in 1957 from Berkner Bank in water depths of 282 to 300 m. Samples from greater and lesser depths show poorer sorting as well as differences in other size parameters (Fig. 1). The well-sorted sands include both striated and fractured quartz grains with a considerable degree of polish. Photographs and electron micrographs of grain surfaces and replicas suggest that entire grain surfaces of both the fractured surface morphology and the polished surface have undergone quartz dissolution suggesting an extensive period of exposure to seawater. Detailed studies show features characteristic of both beach and dune sand abrasion overlying glacial features. A variable amount of rock flour is present in all samples, but is least abundant in the 290 ± 10m depth samples. The samples from depths both greater and less than 290 ± 10 m appear to be typical of periglacial marine sediments with a poorly sorted heterogeneous assortment of minerals and rock fragments. The 290 ± 10 m samples appear strikingly different and strongly resemble quartz dune or beach sands. The very good sorting, size, and surface features suggest that these are dune sands. These data indicate that Berkner Bank may have been exposed at the surface during an interglacial period when the Antarctic land surface stood approximately 300 m higher with respect to sea level than it does today.