cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lazaroid U74500A as an additive to University of Wisconsin solution for pulmonary grafts in the rat transplant model

Lazaroids are a class of novel 21 aminosteroids. They have been reported to be potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation, which is a major contributing factor to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lung. A Lewis rat orthotopic left lung isotransplant model was used to investigate the effects of the lazaroid U74500A on pulmonary preservation. The heart-lung blocks of donor rats were flushed with and then stored in either standard University of Wisconsin solution or University of Wisconsin solution with 30 μmol/L of U74500A substituted for the dexamethasone. After 6 or 12 hours of cold storage at 0° C, the left lungs were transplanted into recipient rats and reperfused for 1 hour. Pulmonary function was assessed by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in arterial blood after removal of the right lung. Lipid peroxide concentrations were measured as a thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance. Although arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures and water content after 6 hours of preservation followed by reperfusion were similar in both the lazaroid and dexamethasone groups, lipid peroxide concentration was significantly higher in the dexamethasone group (0.88 ± 0.07 μmol/gm) than in the lazaroid group (0.54 ± 0.07 μmol/gm) (p horac C ardiovasc S urg 1992;104:1333-9)
Activin A programs the differentiation of human TFH cells

Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are CD4(+) T cells specialized in helping B cells and are associated both with protective antibody responses and autoimmune diseases. The promise of targeting TFH cells therapeutically has been limited by fragmentary understanding of extrinsic signals that regulate the differentiation of human TFH cells. A screen of a human protein library identified activin A as a potent regulator of TFH cell differentiation. Activin A orchestrated the expression of multiple genes associated with the TFH program, independently or in concert with additional signals. TFH cell programming by activin A was antagonized by the cytokine IL-2. Activin A's ability to drive TFH cell differentiation in vitro was conserved in non-human primates but not in mice. Finally, activin-A-induced TFH programming was dependent on signaling via SMAD2 and SMAD3 and was blocked by pharmacological inhibitors.
The emerging role of DNA supercoiling as a dynamic player in genomic structure and function

This editorial highlights the pervasive role of DNA supercoiling in genomic structure and function and introduces the main themes of the reviews in this Special Issue.
Particle-in-cell modeling of a reflex-triode vircator using ICEPIC

This study describes a three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation for a reflex-triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator). In particular, these efforts have focused upon the development of a robust, consistent model using the ICEPIC (Improved Concurrent Electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell) code from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The vircator operates at background pressures less than 10−9 Torr and utilizes a bimodal carbon fiber cathode and pyrolytic graphite anode. Experimental data from the hard-tube vircator at Texas Tech University (TTU) is used to validate simulation results. A working, three-dimensional model of a reflex-triode vircator allows for better understanding of the physical processes responsible for microwave generation and thus enables the development of a more efficient and more customizable system. Simulation results detail the virtual cathode formation and the subsequent extraction of radiated microwave energy. Rather than relying on a non-directional isotropic radiation pattern for the radiated power, the true effective radiated power (ERP) from a three-dimensional, frequency-dependent radiation pattern has been extracted from the ICEPIC model. Furthermore, contributions from higher-order modes, particularly in the upper C-band regime, lead to frequency hopping and decreased microwave output power. Simulated results aid in identifying mode contributions and developing schemes to minimize contributions from undesirable modes. ICEPIC results are presented and compared against experimental results at several different operating conditions.
Child Abuse and the Law

Abstract Across the United States, child abuse law is governed by state statute. Pediatricians must report suspected child abuse/neglect in accordance with their state's specific reporting requirements; failure to make a timely report creates civil liability exposures and triggers criminal penalties. The pediatrician's initial report may instigate further investigation by child protective services, and the reporting pediatrician may later become involved as a critical fact witness in ensuing legal proceedings, including criminal prosecutions, custody determinations, and medical malpractice controversies. The reporting pediatrician's testimony may influence the disposition of those matters and significantly affect the well-being of the involved children. As such, dutifully reporting pediatricians promulgate and engage in peerless child advocacy.
Plastic flows and strain-induced alpha to omega phase transformation in zirconium during compression in a diamond anvil cell: Finite element simulations

Abstract Coupled plastic flows and the strain-induced α → ω phase transformation (PT) in a zirconium sample under compression in a diamond anvil cell are investigated using finite element method (FEM). The PT is treated as strain-induced rather than pressure-induced and the previously developed model for strain-induced PTs is utilized. Very heterogeneous fields of stress tensor, accumulated plastic strain, and concentration of the ω phase are obtained for different applied loads. The PT starts at the center of a sample when pressure exceeds the minimum pressure p e d = 1.7 G P a , below which a direct strain-induced PT to a high pressure phase cannot occur, and it propagates from the center to the periphery with an increasing load. Even at the maximum pressure of 7 GPa, the PT is not completed everywhere. With an increasing load, the pressure and pressure gradient along the radial direction significantly increase in the two-phase region due to the much larger yield strength of the ω phase. This in turn promotes transformation and produces a positive mechanochemical feedback. Obtained results are utilized for the interpretation of published experimental data on pressure-, stress-, and strain-induced α → ω PTs in Zr and Titanium (Ti) and α → β and ω → β PTs in Zr under compression and high pressure torsion. This includes correcting the reported minimum pressures for these transformations by a factor of 3–6 due to the stress heterogeneity, the effect of transmitting media, the pressure hysteresis, and the reversibility of the transformation.
Mechanical logic using MEMS

For many decades, transistorized logic has been the foundational design of computing, which relies on simple representations of 1's and 0's in the binary language. However, binary strings can be symbolized through other various methods besides transistors, like with techniques utilized in magnetic and optical data storage media. Utilizing microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology based on the PolyMUMPs fabrication process, a mechanical logic gate was designed to demonstrate the AND logic truth table and to provide useful work on another MEMS device. This logic gate utilizes clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations to represent binary digits, and relies on a novel sliding bar mechanism with two unique features: a flexible, gear-meshed cantilever arm and floating gear attachments. The simulated device was found to successfully operate under the assumed operating conditions of 3.02 nJ of input energy per cycle.
The Importance of Ballistic Resistance in the Modeling of Nanoscale InGaAs MOSFETs

Physics-based transistor models are important for technology projections and circuit simulations. To date, there has been little discussion on the incorporation of ballistic effects in transistor models. Recent experimental studies have revealed the significance of ballistic transport in the electrical characteristics of nanometer-scale InGaAs MOSFETs with ultra-low external resistance. Without proper accounting for the ballistic resistance and its gate voltage dependence, the access resistance to the intrinsic device cannot be accurately determined, and any physics-based transistor modeling is bound to fail. In this letter, we show that the MIT Virtual Source model, which natively captures ballistic transport physics, correctly incorporates the impact of ballistic resistance. As a result, it accurately models the electrical characteristics of self-aligned nanoscale InGaAs MOSFETs, an excellent model system for near-ballistic transistors, over a broad operational range. We also show that the success of the model development effort crucially relies on the correct extraction of the external source and drain resistance, ${R}_{{\text {sd}}}$ , from experimental measurements.
Defining Roles for Schools and Programs of Public Health in the Age of Trump

An editorial is presented which addresses the authors' views about how to define the roles of schools and programs in public health (SPPH) in America in the aftermath of the election of businessman Donald Trump as the nation's president. The potential impacts that a conservative-led U.S. Congress might have on public health, environmental laws, and deportations are examined, along with suggestions regarding public health curricula revisions, policy support, and the health of LGBT people.
Intracranial melanotic schwannomas: a rare variant with unusual adherent features

Intracranial melanotic schwannomas (IMSch) are extremely rare nerve sheath tumors with features of Schwann cells that produce melanin. After a thorough review of the available literature since 1967, we report not only the 20th case of IMSch but a comprehensive modern-era analysis of radiographic and histological key-points to be considered when diagnosing and treating patients with this rare known entity. This is the case of a 43 years-old woman who presented with severe headaches 9 years ago (2008). At that time, MRI of the brain showed a 1.5 × 1.4 cm lesion at the level of the left cerebellar peduncle without any evidence of edema, mass effect or hydrocephalus. Given that the patient was neurologically intact, a conservative management with serial MRIs was recommended. Patient stopped following up due to the absence of symptoms. Over the course of the past year, patient noted mild left sided hearing loss and facial weakness, as well as some balance instability that progressed over the last 3 months. Given the presentation and progression of these signs and symptoms, a new MRI was performed in which considerable growth of the lesion was identified, measuring 2.5 × 2.8 × 2.6 cm with mass effect on the pons and the inferior fourth ventricle. She underwent a far lateral approach without a C1 hemilaminectomy for the resection of this lesion. Final pathology was consistent with a non-psammomatous melanotic schwannoma (NPMS) with areas of necrosis. Besides this case, only two other cases of IMSch with findings of necrosis have been reported in the literature, all of them reporting a subtotal resection. Evaluation of all previously reported cases of IMSch shows a male prevalence with a 1.6:1 male to female ratio. IMSch is radiographically T2 hypointense and can be differentiated from Schwannomas that are classically T2 hyperintense. In this case, only a subtotal resection was feasible due to the tumor’s overwhelming inherent attachment to vital structures such as cranial nerves (CN), brainstem, and vasculature. While MSch is considered histologically benign, several factors including localization, surrounding structures, the rate of growth, tumor volume resection and histological necrosis should be considered in determining prognosis and further adjuvant treatment planning.
Correlation of Phases in Central Plains Prehistory

(1969). Correlation of Phases in Central Plains Prehistory. Plains Anthropologist: Vol. 14, Parts 1 and Part 2, pp. 82-96.
Write for Life: Persisting in Online Health Communities through Expressive Writing and Social Support

Expressive writing has been shown to improve physical, mental, and social health outcomes for patients struggling with difficult diagnoses. In many online health communities, writing comprises a substantial portion of the user experience, yet little work has explored how writing itself affects user engagement. This paper explores user engagement on CaringBridge, a prominent online community for writing about personal health journeys. We build a survival analysis model, defining a new set of variables that operationalize expressive writing, and comparing these effects to those of social support, which are well-known to benefit user engagement. Furthermore, we use machine learning methods to estimate that approximately one third of community members who self-identify with a cancer condition cease engagement due to literal death. Finally, we provide quantitative evidence that: (1) receiving support, expressive writing, and giving support, in decreasing magnitude of relative impact, are associated with user engagement on CaringBridge, and (2) that considering deceased sites separately in our analysis significantly shifts our interpretations of user behavior.
Single-Nanoflake Photo-Electrochemistry Reveals Champion and Spectator Flakes in Exfoliated MoSe2 Films

Semiconducting transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanoflake thin films are promising large-area electrodes for photo-electrochemical solar energy conversion applications. However, their energy conversion efficiencies are typically much lower than those of bulk electrodes. It is unclear to what extent this efficiency gap stems from differences among nanoflakes (e.g., area, thickness, and surface structural features). It is also unclear whether individual exfoliated nanoflakes can achieve energy conversion efficiencies similar to those of bulk crystals. Here, we use a single-nanoflake photo-electrochemical approach to show that there are both highly active and completely inactive nanoflakes within a film. For the exfoliated MoSe2 samples studied herein, 7% of nanoflakes are highly active champions, whose photocurrent efficiency exceeds that of the bulk crystal. However, 66% of nanoflakes are inactive spectators, which are mostly responsible for the overall lower photocurrent efficiency compared to the bu...
Modeling the Impacts of Traffic Flow Arrival Profiles on Ramp Metering Queues

An adequate queue storage length is critical for a metered on-ramp to prevent ramp queue spillback to the upstream signalized intersection. Previous research on queue length estimation or queue sto...
Trazos de agrimensura: soberanía, límites y rebelión en José Eustasio Rivera

Este articulo explora las conexiones entre agrimensura y literatura en la obra de Jose Eustasio Rivera. Partiendo de la colaboracion de Rivera en la Comision de Limites colombo-venezolana (1922 ) y la proyeccion de esta experiencia en La voragine , se argumenta que la novela expone la complicidad entre el Estado liberal latinoamericano y las companias multinacionales del caucho. Tambien se examinan las esporadicas referencias a rebeliones de indigenas y peones caucheros en La voragine como inscripciones literarias que senalan el agotamiento de la relacion entre limites y ley en el contexto de la bonanza del caucho en la Amazonia.
Gender Inequalities in the Transition to College.

BackgroundIn terms of high school graduation, college entry, and persistence to earning a college degree, young women now consistently outperform their male peers. Yet most research on gender inequ...
Female circumcision / female genital mutilation in the United States: legislation and its implications for health providers.

The US Congress and several state legislatures have passed legislation prohibiting female genital mutilation and mandating education of specific immigrant groups on the health effects of this procedure. In some cases restrictions have been placed on foreign aid to countries that still lack national prevention strategies. Although criminal liability under the federal law is limited to those who actually perform female circumcision some state laws implicate those who "allow" or "permit" the procedure to be performed on a child in their care. The actual impact of these laws will depend on prosecutorial discretion at the federal and state levels and the precise interpretation of the laws given by the courts and local authorities. The impact of laws that result in the incarceration of parents of genitally mutilated girls could have a negative effect on the children they seek to protect and on the naturalization of immigrant families in cases where a parent has been convicted of a felonious act. Concerns exist that enforcement could drive the practice of female genital mutilation underground in some ethnic communities in the US. Moreover application of these laws could make circumcised women less likely to seek health care and deter health providers from treating these women. In need of clarification is whether mandatory physician reporting requirements for child abuse apply to requests for female circumcision. All of these ambiguities indicate a need for careful review of criminal liability and reporting requirements.
DELAY EQUATIONS OF PARABOLIC TYPE IN BANACH SPACE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the functional differential equations in Banach space. It also presents the examples of partial functional differential equations to which the abstract theory will be applied. The chapter also presents semilinear case where F: R × C → X is required to be continuous. It presents the derivation of local existence of solutions and thereafter classical techniques of ordinary differential equations are applied to discuss the behavior of these solutions.
Experimental Designs for Research on Adaptive Interventions: Singly and Sequentially Randomized Trials

In clinical or educational practice, it is often necessary to use an individually tailored, sequential approach to intervention in order to improve outcomes. Adaptive interventions (also known as dynamic treatment regimens) can be used to guide such sequential intervention decision-making. Adaptive interventions are multicomponent, multistage intervention packages. The multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) is a comprehensive research framework for development, optimization, and evaluation of multicomponent intervention packages, such as adaptive interventions. When working within the optimization phase of MOST, behavioral, biobehavioral, and educational intervention scientists often have important scientific questions about how best to optimize an adaptive intervention. This chapter discusses various types of experimental designs that can be used to optimize an adaptive intervention. In some of these, participants are randomized once over the course of the trial (i.e., singly randomized trials, or SRTs), and in others, participants are randomized at multiple stages (i.e., sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trials, or SMARTs). The choice between SRT and SMART ultimately is driven by the scientific questions that the intervention scientist seeks to answer. Motivated by the development of an adaptive intervention to improve social skills and academic engagement among children with autism, we illustrate these ideas by presenting four example of experimental designs: two examples of a SRT and two examples of a SMART. We present the rationale for each experimental design and the questions each is designed to answer. In doing so, this chapter provides an expanded set of tools that investigators aiming to develop an adaptive intervention can draw from within the MOST optimization phase toolbox.
English and Empire: Literary History, Dialect, and the Digital Archive

Combining statistical modelling and archival study, English and Empire investigates how African diasporic, Chinese, and Indian characters have been voiced in British fiction and drama produced between 1768 and 1929. The analysis connects patterns of linguistic representation to changes in the imperial political economy, to evolving language ideologies that circulate in the Anglophone world, and to shifts in sociocultural anxieties that crosscut race and empire. In carrying out his investigation, David West Brown makes the case for a methodological approach that links the distant (quantitative) and close (qualitative) reading of diverse digital artefacts. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the book will appeal to a variety of scholars and students including sociolinguists interested in historical language variation, as well as literary scholars interested in postcolonial studies and the digital humanities.
"Res Ipsa Loquitur"...it speaks for itself...social work-values, pain, and palliative care.

(2006). “Res Ipsa Loquitur” … It Speaks for Itself … Social Work—Values, Pain, and Palliative Care. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 3-6.
Large pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm in a patient with Behçet's disease treated with an Amplatzer vascular plug.

This is the case of a 33-year-old man with Behcet's disease who presented with recurrent haemoptysis and a rapidly expanding right pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm. Due to the significant risk of major bleeding and death, he was promptly treated with an Amplatzer vascular plug.
Fabrication, characterization and micromechanics modeling of the electrical conductivity of reduced graphene oxide/aramid nanofiber nanocomposites

Graphene-based materials with high graphene concentration are of great interest for multifunctional, structural electrode materials that simultaneously store electrical energy and carry structural loads. Graphene-based materials can have a high electrochemically active surface area, high electrical conductivity, and good stiffness and strength. Published analytical studies of electrical conductivity are mostly focused on graphene-based polymer nanocomposites with very low concentrations of conductive fillers, for percolation purposes. In the research reported herein, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and aramid nanofiber (ANF) nanocomposite films with higher concentrations of rGO, up to 100 wt% rGO, were fabricated and characterized for their electrical conductivity. In addition, a hybrid micromechanical and phenomenological model of electrical conductivity was developed to include the effects of rGO waviness and conductivity, volume fraction of ANF, random orientation of rGO and ANFs, interphase thickness and interphase conductivity. The experimentally measured in-plane conductivity of rGO/ANF nanocomposite films decreases exponentially with the addition of ANFs. For example, the experimental in-plane conductivity of rGO/ANF nanocomposite films was increased 30-fold by decreasing the ANF loading from 25 wt% to 0 wt%. This exponential relationship can be explained by the model proposed. The model showed that the influence of the interphase thickness and interphase conductivity was more significant than that of waviness. The effective in-plane conductivity changed by 20% when the waviness was decreased from maximum observed value to minimum. The effective in-plane conductivity decreased by two orders of magnitude when the interphase thickness was changed from 0 to 0.5 nm and the interphase conductivity was 0.09 S m−1. The model results agreed with the experimental data when the interphase thickness and conductivity vary with the volume fraction of rGO. The addition of ANFs is significant due to the influence it has on the microstructure of the composite and the interphase structure and conductivity. This model can be used for composites with coated fibers or continuous polymeric matrix by adjusting the interphase morphology.
Glucose effects on polyglutamine-induced proteotoxic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Alterations in protein folding may lead to aggregation of misfolded proteins, which is strongly correlated with neurotoxicity and cell death. Protein aggregation has been shown as a normal consequence of aging, but it is largely associated with age-related disease, particularly neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington disease (HD). HD is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene and serves as a useful model for neurodegeneration due to its strictly genetic origin. Research in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that glucose protects against cell stress, including proteotoxicity related to aggregation, despite the well-known, lifespan-shortening effects of glucose. We hypothesized that glucose could be beneficial by alleviating energy deficiency, a well-characterized phenomenon in HD. We used C. elegans expressing polyglutamine repeats to quantify lifespan, motility, reproduction, learning, and activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), with and without glucose, to identify the role of glucose in proteotoxicity and neuroprotection. Our data show poly-Q worms on glucose plates exhibited shorter lifespans, no change in motility, learning, or SDH product formation, but had altered reproductive phenotypes. Notably, worms expressing toxic polyglutamine repeats were unable to learn association of food with a neutral odorant, even early in life.
Abstract P4-12-06: Long-term follow-up of patients with invasive breast cancer treated with catheter-based accelerated partial breast irradiation following lumpectomy

Introduction: A large number of breast cancer patients who are eligible for breast-conserving therapy (radiation following complete resection via lumpectomy) elect to undergo mastectomy to avoid radiation - with treatment length being the most significant deterrent. The development of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) tailored treatment to target tissue at greatest risk of recurrence, balancing treatment-associated benefits with radiation exposure risk while shortening therapy duration from 6 weeks to 5 days. This study analyzed rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) in patients with invasive breast cancer treated with resection followed by APBI delivered via catheter-based brachytherapy. Methods: Retrospective data was collected on 406 patients with primary invasive breast cancer diagnosed from January 2007 to February 2014, treated with lumpectomy and adjuvant APBI catheter-based brachytherapy. Follow-up data was available for 390 patients (97.5%). Mean and median follow-up were 80.9 and 83.5 months respectively. 193 patients (49.4%) had at least 7 years of follow-up. Results: 21 patients (5.4%) were found to have an IBTR. Of these patients, 14 (66.7%) experienced an IBTR in the same quadrant as their index cancer. 7 patients (33.3%) experienced an IBTR in a different quadrant. Only one patient (4.8%) experienced an IBTR within the first two years after conclusion of their primary treatment. Of the entire cohort, 7 patients (1.8%) were found to have a metastatic recurrence (one which occurred within the first two years after primary treatment) and 7 patients (1.8%) experienced new primary cancers diagnosed in their contralateral breasts. Conclusion: The results of this investigation demonstrate catheter-based brachytherapy APBI delivered after breast-conserving surgery carries a relatively low risk for IBTR in patients with invasive breast cancer. We support its9 use as an effective and valid alternative for selected early breast cancer patients desiring a significantly shorter, more convenient course of treatment in the adjuvant setting without increased risk of recurrence. Citation Format: Cynthia Chen, Chi Chi Do-Nguyen, Lisa Poole, Lina Sizer, William B Carter, Thomas G. Frazier. Long-term follow-up of patients with invasive breast cancer treated with catheter-based accelerated partial breast irradiation following lumpectomy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-12-06.
Grafting To of Bottlebrush Polymers: Conformation and Kinetics.

Specifically adsorbed bottlebrush coatings are found in nature as brush-like glycoproteins that decorate biointerfaces and provide antifouling, lubrication, or wear-protection. Although various syn...
Chapter 9 – Automatic generation of strange attractors

Publisher Summary Art and music derive their aesthetic appeal from a juxtaposition of order and unpredictability. In recent years, it has been widely understood that simple mathematical equations can have solutions that, over the long term, are for all practical purposes unpredictable. Yet the simplicity of the equations ensures that the unpredictability is accompanied by a degree of determinism and order. Such equations exhibit chaos, and their solutions usually form a strange attractor. A strange attractor is an example of a fractal, a geometrical object of non-integer dimension and structure on all size scales.. Strange attractors are thus powerful generators of new visual art forms. A pair of coupled quadratic difference equations with randomly chosen coefficients is repeatedly iterated by computer to produce a two-dimensional map. The map is tested for stability and sensitivity to initial conditions. The process is repeated until a chaotic solution is found. In this way, a computer can generate a large collection of strange attractors that are all different, and most of which have considerable aesthetic appeal. A simple computer program and examples of its output are provided. Many of the attractors have been systematically evaluated for visual appeal, and a correlation is found with the Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension.
Utility of Oncotype DX in Male Breast Cancer Patients and Impact on Chemotherapy Administration: A Comparative Study with Female Patients.

Use of the Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS) has been widely adopted in women with early-stage hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER−) breast cancer (BC). Validation studies on the use of RS in male BC (MBC) are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify the utilization of RS and association with chemotherapy recommendations in early-stage MBC compared with female BC (FBC). Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), a retrospective review was performed for patients with T1/T2, node-negative, HR+/HER2− BC between 2010 and 2014. Patients were stratified by demographics, tumor characteristics, RS, and chemotherapy use comparing MBC with FBC over the allotted time period. A total of 358,497 patients—3068 (0.8%) males and 355,429 (99.1%) females—met the inclusion criteria. A smaller proportion of MBC patients received RS testing compared with FBC patients (32% vs. 35%, p < 0.001). Male patients who had RS were younger, had T2 tumors, lymphovascular invasion, and private insurance. The distribution of RS was similar in both groups. Only 4% of MBC patients with low RS received adjuvant chemotherapy, compared with 4.9% of FBC patients. Overall chemotherapy rates were similar in MBC and FBC patients. Our results showed that RS has not been completely embraced in the management of MBC, although when performed in MBC, chemotherapy recommendations vary based on RS. Whether the use of RS affects the clinical outcomes of MBC is unknown. A prospective registry would help clarify and evaluate the impact of RS on clinical outcomes in MBC.
Risk factors for hospitalization in youth with type 1 diabetes: Development and validation of a multivariable prediction model

OBJECTIVE To develop a multivariable prediction model to identify patients with type 1 diabetes at increased risk of hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperglycemia with ketosis in the 12 months following assessment. METHODS Retrospective review of clinical data from patients with type 1 diabetes less than 17 years old at a large academic children's hospital (5732 patient years, 652 admissions). Data from the previous 12 months were assessed on October 15, 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, and used to predict hospitalization in the following 12 months using generalized estimating equations. Variables that were significant predictors of hospitalization in univariate analyses were entered into a multivariable model. 2014 to 2016 data were used as a training dataset, and 2017 to 2019 data for validation. Discrimination of the model was assessed with receiver operator characteristic curves. RESULTS Admission in the preceding year, hemoglobin (Hb)A1c, non-commercial insurance, female sex, and non-White race were all individual predictors of hospitalization, but age, duration of diabetes and number of office visits in the preceding year were not. In multivariable analysis with threshold P < .0033, admissions in the previous 12 months, HbA1c, and non-commercial insurance remained as significant predictors. The model identified a subset of ~8% of the patients with a collective 42% risk of hospitalization, thus increased 5-fold compared with the 8% risk of hospitalization in the remaining 93% of patients. Similar results were obtained with the validation dataset. CONCLUSION Our multivariable prediction model identified patients at increased risk of admission in the 12 months following assessment.
Bacterial adaptation by a transposition burst of an invading IS element

The impact of transposable elements on host fitness range from highly deleterious to beneficial, but their general importance for adaptive evolution remains debated. Here, we investigated whether IS elements are a major source of beneficial mutations during 400 generations of laboratory evolution of the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina strain CCMEE 5410, which has experienced a recent or on-going IS element expansion. The dynamics of adaptive evolution were highly repeatable among eight independent experimental populations and included beneficial mutations related to exopolysaccharide production and inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms for photosynthetic carbon fixation. Most detected mutations were IS transposition events, but, surprisingly, the majority of these involved the copy-and-paste activity of only a single copy of an unclassified element (ISAm1) that has recently invaded the genome of A. marina strain CCMEE 5410. Our study reveals that the activity of a single transposase can fuel adaptation for at least several hundred generations.
Validation of the Implementation Climate Scale in Nursing

Background One critical factor in effective implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) in nursing is an organizational context that facilitates and supports implementation efforts. Measuring implementation climate can add useful insights on the extent to which the organizational context supports EBP implementation. Aims This study cross-validates and examines the psychometric properties of the Implementation Climate Scale (ICS), which measures nurses' perceptions of their unit's climate for EBP implementation. Methods This study analyzed ICS data from two cross-sectional studies, including 203 nurses from California and 301 nurses from Florida. Analyses included evaluation of internal consistency, multilevel aggregation statistics, and confirmatory factor analyses. Results The 18-item ICS demonstrated comparable psychometric properties to the original measure development paper in both samples. Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the scale's factor structure in both samples. Linking evidence to practice The ICS is a pragmatic measure that can be used to assess unit implementation climate in nursing contexts. Results from the ICS from nurses and nurse leaders can provide insights into implementation-specific barriers and facilitators within the organizational context.
The Finance of Unemployment Compensation and Its Consequences

Economists have contributed important theoretical and empirical findings to the study of unemployment insurance (UI) benefits, but a deliberate study of the effect of UI taxation’s unique structure...
Commentary on the special issue on disproportionate exposure to trauma: Disrupting single stories, broadening the aperture, and embracing the trauma socioexposome in research with minoritized individuals

The theory-driven studies in this special issue of the Journal of Traumatic Stress illustrate the opportunities and inherent methodological complexities that arise in traumatic stress studies when scholars consider the unique social-ecological contexts and exposure histories of minoritized individuals. Moreover, the included articles challenge the field's paradigmatic preoccupation with maladaptive individual trauma responses and invite researchers to shift their attention to the role played by a range of environmental adversities. This commentary is organized around three key recommendations regarding what is needed to enhance future research and treatment among trauma-exposed minoritized populations: (a) disrupt single scientific stories about trauma risk, detection, protection, and resilience; (b) embrace the complexity of the trauma socioexposome; and (c) expand capacity to assess, research, and mitigate syndemic risk. The present commentary describes how these key points are highlighted and underscored in the articles in this special issue, arriving at the conclusion that, more than ever, scholars and clinicians need lenses and methods that can help in assessing and treating the whole person and community from a biopsychosocial perspective when racism contibutes to a complex trauma socioexposome rather than perpetuating scientific and clinical models based only on single stories of isolated individuals confronted by discrete traumatic events.
Long-lasting changes in neural networks to compensate for altered nicotinic input

The nervous system must balance excitatory and inhibitory input to constrain network activity levels within a proper dynamic range. This is a demanding requirement during development, when networks form and throughout adulthood as networks respond to constantly changing environments. Defects in the ability to sustain a proper balance of excitatory and inhibitory activity are characteristic of numerous neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and autism. A variety of homeostatic mechanisms appear to be critical for balancing excitatory and inhibitory activity in a network. These are operative at the level of individual neurons, regulating their excitability by adjusting the numbers and types of ion channels, and at the level of synaptic connections, determining the relative numbers of excitatory versus inhibitory connections a neuron receives. Nicotinic cholinergic signaling is well positioned to contribute at both levels because it appears early in development, extends across much of the nervous system, and modulates transmission at many kinds of synapses. Further, it is known to influence the ratio of excitatory-to-inhibitory synapses formed on neurons during development. GABAergic inhibitory neurons are likely to be key for maintaining network homeostasis (limiting excitatory output), and nicotinic signaling is known to prominently regulate the activity of several GABAergic neuronal subtypes. But how nicotinic signaling achieves this and how networks may compensate for the loss of such input are important questions remaining unanswered. These issues are reviewed.
On the Magnetospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus

A brief descriptive summary of Jupiter’s magnetosphere is based on in situ observations with the spacecraft Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 in November-December 1973 and November-December 1974, respectively. Current interpretative work emphasizes particle acceleration and loss mechanisms, the determination of diffusion coefficients by satellite effects, the topology of the outer magnetosphere, the possible recirculation of energetic particles, and the controversial evidence for an extended magnetotail. Available evidence on non-thermal radio emissions of the planet and on the solar wind flow at 10 AU is invoked to suggest that Saturn very likely has a large, well developed magnetosphere resembling that of Jupiter but with the important difference that a radiation belt can not exist interior to the outer edge of the A ring of particulate matter. The first in situ observations will be made by Pioneer 11 in August-September 1979.
Ecofeminism and the Science Classroom: A Practical Approach.

This paper examines a practical application of ecofeminism for classroom educators, particularly, science educators. Ecofeminism is often, but not exclusively, linked to projects aimed at assisting men, women and children in developing areas to organize and define development projects for their community. Mainstream applications of ecofeminism for science educators are frequently omitted from science education literature. This article gives the reader a basic understanding of ecofeminist theory as it applies to science education. Direct examples from classroom practices suggest five key points in the application of ecofeminism for classroom use.
The role of astrocytes and microglia in persistent pain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the morphology of relevant glial cells, the involvement of activated glia and their secretory products in the etiology of persistent pain states, and the clinical implications of glial and cytokine modulation for both the prevention and treatment of chronic pain, such as neuropathic and radicular pain. The central nervous system (CNS) contains two major cell populations, neurons and glial cells. The functional role of glial cells is not as obvious as that of neurons. They were first accepted as “supporting cells” of the CNS, providing both trophic and metabolic support to neurons, and as a structural matrix for the formation of synapses and synaptic plasticity. However, recent technical advances and increased interest in elucidating the role of nonneuronal cells of the central nervous system (CNS) in both physiological and pathophysiologial processes have catapulted these cells into the forefront of neuroscience research. A wealth of data now suggests that the functional unit of the brain is not just a neuron but rather it is the neuronal–glial complex. The chapter also explores that recent research has demonstrated that glia are intimately involved in a host of CNS pathologies. One such pathophysiological process, where the significance of glia has been implicated, is in the generation and maintenance of chronic pain.
Pyridine nucleotides. 3. Response of dog thyroid pyridine nucleotides to hormonal control.

Abstract TPN+ levels in dog thyroid slices appear to be elevated above control values when these tissues are exposed to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and cholinergic agents. It has been uncertain as to whether these hormone effects are due to an increased synthesis de novo of TPN+ or an inhibition of TPN+ degradation. This question has been evaluated through a study of the rate of incorporation of [32P]orthophosphate and [14C]nicotinic acid into DPN+ and TPN+ in the presence and absence of TSH and cholinergic agents. The specific activity data show an enhanced synthesis de novo of TPN+ with no apparent concomitant enhancement of DPN+ formation. Although these data suggest a specific stimulation of the DPN+ kinase step, the possibility of pool dilution effects does not permit such an absolute assignment.
Astronomy: A Physical Perspective

This fully revised and updated text is a comprehensive introduction to astronomical objects and phenomena. By applying some basic physical principles to a variety of situations, students will learn how to relate everyday physics to the astronomical world. Starting with the simplest objects, the text contains explanations of how and why astronomical phenomena occur, and how astronomers collect and interpret information about stars, galaxies and the solar system. The text looks at the properties of stars, star formation and evolution; neutron stars and black holes; the nature of galaxies; and the structure of the universe. It examines the past, present and future states of the universe; and final chapters use the concepts that have been developed to study the solar system, its formation; the possibility of finding other planetary systems; and the search for extraterrestrial life. This comprehensive text contains useful equations, chapter summaries, worked examples and end-of-chapter problem sets.
Transitions to Adulthood for Youth With Disabilities Through an Occupational Therapy Lens

As the first edition of this edited book, the authors offer a fresh occupational therapy perspective in an area of practice where we do not have an established and consistent presence. The transiti...
From geometry to texture: experiments towards realism in computer graphics

This thesis presents a new computer graphics texture element called a texel as well as an associated rendering algorithm, which together produce an appearance never before achieved in computer graphics. Unlike previous modeling primitives, which are limited to solid, crisp appearances (e.g., metal, plastics, and glass), texels have a soft, fuzzy appearance, and thus can be used to create models and images of soft objects. This thesis presents a solution to the problem of creating fur. As an example, a Teddy bear is modeled and rendered. As part of the process, a new BDRF is developed for texels which can produce back lighting effects. A model deformation technique using trilinear solids is developed. This thesis then addresses a more complex example, that of creating a microscopic swatch of cloth by computationally "weaving" threads. The process of converting the resulting geometric model into texels is presented. The swatch of cloth is then replicated to cover the infinite plane seamlessly. A new phenomenon, the texture threshold effect is presented. It is the point at which geometry turns into texture. When viewed from beyond a certain distance threshold, the appearance of a microscopic model will converge to a macroscopic model. The position of the texture threshold is calculated. The infinite cloth model is then rendered from beyond the texture threshold, and its cloth BDRF is extracted computationally. This BDRF is then used to render a cloth-covered car seat. The BDRF extraction process involves sampling an image which contains spectral energy above the Nyquist limit. Hence, the use of point sampling in computer graphics is analyzed to verify that aliasing energy is controlled. The process of jittered subsampling is analyzed, correcting and completing previous attempts. The results confirm that it is possible to render complex computer graphics imagery avoiding artifacts from aliased energy.
Predictors of running away from out-of-home care

Abstract This study examines the frequency and predictors of youth running away from foster care in Illinois. Using data from the state's child welfare management information system and Medicaid paid claims data, study analyses focus on 14,282 children and youth who ran away from care at least once between 1993 and 2003. The likelihood that youths in care would run nearly doubled over the study period, driven largely by an increase over time in the likelihood that youths who had run once would run again. Child age, gender, race/ethnicity, disability, and diagnosed mental health and substance use disorders all predicted running from care. System-level factors including placement type, number of prior placements, prior runaway history, and administrative region were also found to predict running away. Implications of the study findings for child welfare policy and practice are discussed.