cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated external defibrillator availability and CPR training among state police agencies in the United States.

Study objective Access to automated external defibrillators and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training are key determinants of cardiac arrest survival. State police officers represent an important class of cardiac arrest first responders responsible for the large network of highways in the United States. We seek to determine accessibility of automated external defibrillators and CPR training among state police agencies. Methods Contact was attempted with all 50 state police agencies by telephone and electronic mail. Officers at each agency were guided to complete a 15-question Internet-based survey. Descriptive statistics of the responses were performed. Results Attempts were made to contact all 50 states, and 46 surveys were completed (92% response rate). Most surveys were filled out by police leadership or individuals responsible for medical programs. The median agency size was 725 (interquartile range 482 to 1,485) state police officers, with 695 (interquartile range 450 to 1,100) patrol vehicles ("squad cars"). Thirty-three percent of responding agencies (15/46) reported equipping police vehicles with automated external defibrillators. Of these, 53% (8/15) equipped less than half of their fleet with the devices. Regarding emergency medical training, 78% (35/45) of state police agencies reported training their officers in automated external defibrillator usage, and 98% (44/45) reported training them in CPR. Conclusion One third of state police agencies surveyed equipped their vehicles with automated external defibrillators, and among those that did, most equipped only a minority of their fleet. Most state police agencies reported training their officers in automated external defibrillator usage and CPR. Increasing automated external defibrillator deployment among state police represents an important opportunity to improve first responder preparedness for cardiac arrest care.
Dream recall and short-term memory.

In comparison to psychophysiological variables such as stage of sleep and auditory arousal thresholds, psychological variables such as anxiety, “repression,” and cognitive style have demonstrated l...
Microfluidic chamber with active suction ports for localized chemical stimulation of brain slices

We report a novel microfluidic chamber with active suction ports to locally deliver soluble neuromodulators into a brain slice in a precisely controlled manner. A two-level soft-lithography process is developed to fabricate injection/suction port assemblies integrated with microchannels. Fluorescence imaging is used to characterize the flows around an injection port while switching the suction port on and off. To demonstrate biological applicability of the chamber, we use a focal delivery of potassium chloride solution to induce cortical spreading depression (CSD) in mice brain slices.
NAZI SCIENCE AND NAZI MEDICAL ETHICS: SOME MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

We often hear that the Nazis destroyed science and abandoned ethics. That was the view of Telford Taylor in his opening statement at the Nuremberg “Doctor’s Trial” of 1946–1947, where he stated that the Nazi doctors had turned Germany “into an infernal combination of a lunatic asylum and a charnel house” where “neither science, nor industry, nor the arts could flourish in such a foul medium” [1]. Similar views were expressed by Franz Neumann, author of the 1942 treatise Behemoth, the first major analysis of how the Nazis came to power [2]. Neumann predicted “a most profound conflict” between the “magic character” of Nazi propaganda and the “rational” processes of German industry, a conflict the emigre political theorist believed would culminate in an uprising on the part of engineers to combat the irrationalist regime. Such an uprising, needless to say, never materialized. It would be comforting to believe, of course, that good science tends to travel with good ethics, but the sad truth seems to be that cruelty can coexist fairly easily with “good science.” There is a convenience of sorts in the myth: it makes it easy to argue that “Nazi science” was not really science at all, and therefore there is no ethical dilemma. One needn’t talk about the ethics of Nazi medicine, since there was no legitimate medicine to speak of. Nazi science in one swift blow is reduced to an oxymoron, a medical non-problem.1
Developmental programming: Impact of fetal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen receptor mRNA in sheep hypothalamus

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and methoxychlor (MXC), two endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with estrogenic and antiandrogenic effects, disrupt the reproductive system. BPA has profound effects on luteinizing hormone (LH) surge amplitude, and MXC has profound effects on on LH surge timing in sheep. The neural mechanisms involved in the differential disruption of the LH surge by these two EDCs remain to be elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that the differential effects of BPA and MXC on LH surge system involved changes in hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and estrogen receptors (ESR), ESR1 and ESR2, mRNA expression. Pregnant sheep were given daily injections of cottonseed oil (controls), MXC, or BPA (5mg/kg/day) from day 30 to 90 of gestation (term 147d). Offspring from these animals were euthanized as adults, during the late follicular phase following synchronization of estrus with prostaglandin F(2alpha), just before the expected onset of preovulatory LH surge and changes in mRNA expression of hypothalamic GnRH, ESR1, and ESR2 quantified following in situ hybridization. GnRH mRNA expression was significantly lower in both groups of EDC-treated females compared to controls. ESR1 expression was increased in prenatal BPA- but not MXC-treated females in medial preoptic area relative to controls. In contrast, ESR2 expression was reduced in the medial preoptic area of both EDC-treated groups. Differences in expression of ESR1/ESR2 receptors may contribute to the differential effects of BPA and MXC on the LH surge system. These findings provide support that prenatal exposure to EDCs alters the neural developmental trajectory leading to long-term reproductive consequences in the adult female.
Osmotic coefficients and activity coefficients of aqueous hydrobromic acid solutions at 25°C

The osmotic coefficients ϕ and activity coefficients γ± of aqueous solutions of HBr depend largely on emf measurements utilizing the silver-silver bromide electrode. There is evidence, however, that side reactions between AgBr and bromide ion render this electrode unreliable when the HBr molality (m) exceeds 2 mol-kg−1. It is shown, however, that the isopiestic vapor-pressure technique is capable of yielding data for HBr at higher molalities. New emf measurements of cells with hydrogen and AgBr/Ag electrodes at 25°C have been combined with literature data to recommend values for the activity coefficients of HBr in the dilute range. These have been supplemented by isopiestic measurements vs. NaCl and CaCl2 reference solutions in the range of HBr molalities from 0.7 to 6.2m. A table of ϕ and γ± at 25°C at round molalities from 0.005 to 6.0 is presented.
Optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves clinical outcome and survival in advanced heart failure. However, some patients do not respond clinically or show improvement in left ventricular function. Our focus has turned to why such “nonresponders” exist. Follow-up of CRT has led to several explanations, varying by individual patient, and has shown the importance of device programming in CRT in heart failure. The failing heart displays delayed contraction in the ventricle, also referred to as mechanical dyssynchrony. Simply pacing both ventricles simultaneously might not be adequate to optimize systolic function. Individually tailoring the atrioventricular (AV) timing can improve left ventricular filling and cardiac output, and adjusting the interventricular (VV) pacing delay has also been shown to improve hemodynamics. Increasing evidence regarding AV and VV optimization is emerging. This article reviews the current data on optimization, including the physiology, numerous approaches, and current issues.
Quasistationary magnetization in pulsed spin-locking experiments in dipolar solids

The quasistationary magnetization in dipolar solids for pulsed spin-locking experiments is calculated. A temporary equilibrium after several pulses is assumed to develop under a Hamiltonian obtained with average Hamiltonian theory from the terms for the rf field and the dipolar interaction. The effect of finite pulse width is discussed. Experimental data from a Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ sample support the theoretical results. It is shown that pulse flip angles ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{x}=180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ have the same effect as the flip angle $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$.
Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy

The action of interferons (IFNs) on virus-infected cells and surrounding tissues elicits an antiviral state that is characterized by the expression and antiviral activity of IFN-stimulated genes. In turn, viruses encode mechanisms to counteract the host response and support efficient viral replication, thereby minimizing the therapeutic antiviral power of IFNs. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the IFN system and four medically important and challenging viruses -- influenza, hepatitis C, herpes simplex and vaccinia -- to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. Understanding the complex network of cellular antiviral processes and virus-host interactions should aid in identifying new and common targets for the therapeutic intervention of virus infection. This effort must take advantage of the recent developments in functional genomics, bioinformatics and other emerging technologies.
Parents do matter: genomic imprinting and parental sex effects in neurological disorders

Genomic imprinting is a recently recognized phenomenon of differential expression of genetic material depending upon whether the genetic material has come from the male or female parent. This process of differential phenotypic expression involves mammalian development both in the normal and abnormal situations, resulting in parental sex effects. However, some parental sex effects may be due to other mechanisms such as mitochondrial inheritance. In the following article, evidence for genomic imprinting in experimental animals and in diseases are summarized. Relevant human neurological disorders manifesting parental sex effects discussed here include myotonic dystrophy, Huntington's disease, fragile X syndrome, spinocerebellar ataxia type 1, and neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2. A possible mechanism of imprinting involves the processes of methylation imprint and replication imprint. The knowledge of imprinting is helpful in clinical practice particularly in the areas of genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and possible future gene therapy.
Transverse Anderson localization in a glass optical fiber with random air-holes

We report on the first observation of transverse Anderson localization in a glass optical fiber. Non-uniform distribution of the random air-holes across the fiber profile results in non-uniformity of the localization behavior.
Glutaric aciduria type 2 and newborn screening: Commentary

Glutaric aciduria type 2 is increasingly being identified through expanded newborn screening programs by tandem mass spectrometry with a goal of decreasing morbidity and mortality. This article presents 3 patients with adverse outcomes in spite of early recognition by newborn screening. Additional long term studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of newborn screening to affect outcome in this disorder.
FAST NEUTRON IRRADIATION-EFFECTS ON GAAS(1-X)P(X) P-N DIODE LASER THRESHOLD CURRENTS,

Abstract : Two of the major problems associated with the construction of laser diodes from ternary system material are the chemical purity and the inhomogeneous polycrystalline nature of the final product. Both effects increase the current density necessary for laser action. In this investigation, 4 GaAs(1-x)P(x) diodes of various phosphorus substitution percentages were bombarded with fast neutrons in order to determine the dependence of threshold current densities on the total neutron flux. It appeared that surface damage effects of the laser cavity masked any information concerning the crystalline homogeneity effects on laser current thresholds. Present investigation is being made of irradiations of the initial crystal material and subsequent polishing into laser cavities to remove such surface effects. (Author)
A decomposition technique for discrete time optimal control problems with an application to water resources management

The purpose of this paper is to present a new decomposition technique that can be used to solve large-scale optimal control problems. The focus is on models that are either too large to fit into available computer memory, or too unwieldy to be solved with standard nonlinear programming routines. Such models often arise from discrete approximations to continuous formulations. Our approach reduces both computational and storage requirements by creating a series of easy-to-solve subproblems through time axis decomposition. Information obtained from the resulting solutions is used to construct an optimal trajectory for the original problem. The technique is illustrated with an application concerned with the scheduling of a three-reservoir hydroelectric power system. The analysis highlights the computational requirements of the methodology as well as some of its advantages and shortcomings.
The Cohort-Survival Ratio Method in the Projection of School Attendance.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that educational attendance projection problems could be formulated in such a manner that the regression model could be used in the analysis thereof. Two projection approaches, the Cohort-survival ratio approach and a comparable regression approach, were compared using a sample of twenty-five Michigan school districts. The regression approach provided significantly better estimates than did the Cohort-survival ratio approach.
Intellectual Abilities: Theoretical and Applied Assessment Considerations

The assessment of intellectual abilities has held a special place in the history of psychology. Starting with the establishment of the civil service program in China approximately 4,200 years ago, to the Spanish physician Juan Huarte’s Examen de Ingenios in 1575, the assessment of aptitude, whether valid or invalid throughout the centuries, has attempted to capture the broad range of intellectual abilities noted by Sir Francis Galton in 1869 when he stated that “There is continuity of natural ability reaching from one knows not what height, and descending to one can hardly say what depth” (Galton, 1869). Although the latter part of the statement made by Galton clearly exemplifies his profound understanding of individual differences in intellectual “gifts,” other statements he made have been associated with controversy, as they were adopted by the eugenics movement, and the measurement of intellectual abilities has been far more scrutinized than the measurement of other neuropsychological constructs, in some instances disregarding the importance of the latter. Like no other function of the “mind,” intellectual skills seem to include judgment of character and potential in life; intercultural differences in this construct were controversial from early periods (cf. Nell, 2000), most recently in the vernacular literature and in the general public’s awareness after publication of Herrnstein’s book “The Bell Curve” (Herrnstein and Murray, 1994; Nell, 2000). It is interesting to note that Spearman chose “g” for “general intelligence” when he partially laid the groundwork for his theories regarding intellectual abilities impacting current assessment. The question whether or not research should and can work with truly general constructs has been addressed in the emic-etic paradigm originally defined by Pike (1967, as quoted in Berry, 1999). Pike suggested the term etic for an approach that views behavior from an outside perspective, while he proposed the term emic for an approach that views behavior from a perspective inside the system in question (Berry, 1999). In cross-cultural psychology, these labels may be used to indicate whether the emphasis of a given study is placed on understanding meaning by utilizing concepts from within the culture in question
Microelectrophoresis and Adsorption Studies of Cholesterol Particles in Bile Salt and Alkyl Surfactant Systems

As part of a continuing program to understand better the behavior of cholesterol particles in physiological situations, an investigation of the interactions of the cholesterol surface with bile salts and alkyl surfactants was undertaken. Microelectro-phoretic techniques and adsorption experiments were employed to characterize the adsorption behavior of these agents. In contrast to the alkyl surfactants, the adsorption of bile salts on the cholesterol particle surfaces was much less than expected in the concentration ranges investigated. These results were initially surprising in light of earlier studies where bile salts were found to inhibit greatly the growth of cholesterol crystals. However, the present data are consistent with the idea that the relatively rigid bile salt molecules can adsorb only onto specific sites on the cholesterol surfaces while the more flexible alkyl surfactants can more readily interact.
Flies in the Ointment? Addressing Potential Impediments to Population-Based Health Benefits of Restaurant Menu Labeling Initiatives

Section 4205 of the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010) will require calorie labeling of food products sold in restaurant chains in the near future. However, research regarding the potential impact of this policy is mixed. The authors note some key impediments that diminish the likelihood of population-based reductions in calorie consumption, in addition to necessary conditions required to realize long-term favorable effects of menu labeling initiatives. The authors discuss key moderators of labeling effects that need to be considered and offer recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of calorie labeling. They also consider specific opportunities for further research and unintended consequences of labeling of restaurant items. They argue that although calorie labeling may not have a substantial impact in the short run on the broad population of restaurant diners, specific segments should benefit, and there potentially will be reductions in purchases of less healthy items for which the expectations of calorie-conscious consumers have been inaccurate.
Septum Transversum-Derived Mesothelium Gives Rise to Hepatic Stellate Cells and Perivascular Mesenchymal Cells in Developing Mouse Liver

The septum transversum mesenchyme (STM) signals to induce hepatogenesis from the foregut endoderm. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are sinusoidal pericytes assumed to originate from the STM and participate in mesenchymal-epithelial interaction in embryonic and adult livers. However, the developmental origin of HSCs remains elusive due to the lack of markers for STM and HSCs. We previously identified submesothelial cells (SubMCs) beneath mesothelial cells (MCs) as a potential precursor for HSCs in developing livers. In the present study, we reveal that both STM in embryonic day (E) 9.5 and MC/SubMCs in E12.5 share the expression of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (Alcam), desmin, and Wilms tumor 1 homolog (Wt1). A cell lineage analysis using MesP1Cre/Rosa26lacZflox mice identifies the mesodermal origin of the STM, HSCs, and perivascular mesenchymal cells (PMCs). A conditional cell lineage analysis using the Wt1CreERT2 mice demonstrates that Wt1+ STM gives rise to MCs, SubMCs, HSCs, and PMCs during liver development. Furthermore, we find that Wt1+ MC/SubMCs migrate inward from the liver surface to generate HSCs and PMCs including portal fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts around the central veins. On the other hand, the Wt1+ STM and MC/SubMCs do not contribute to sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, and hepatoblasts. Conclusion: our results demonstrate that HSCs and PMCs are derived from MC/SubMCs, which are traced back to mesodermal STM during liver development. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;.)
TEN YEARS OF VARYING LAKE LEVEL AND SELECTION ON SIZE-AT-MATURITY IN SOCKEYE SALMON

Despite the ubiquity of studies quantifying the strength and form of selection in nature, rarely is the ecological context for contemporary selection understood. Here we report a case where lake level is a selective factor acting on sockeye salmon body size-at-maturity because low lake levels cause large salmon to strand and die rather than reach the breeding grounds. As a result of a semelparous life history, death for salmon at this stage results in a lifetime fitness of zero. We combined information on the level of Lake Aleknagik ( southwestern Alaska, USA) from 1952 through 2006 with a detailed comparison of the body size of mature salmon that died at the mouth of Hansen Creek vs. individuals that successfully ascended to the spawning grounds over 10 breeding seasons ( 1997 - 2006). The percentage of salmon stranding at the mouth varied among years: 2 - 42% in males and <1 - 26% in females. Formal selection analyses indicated that the largest individuals were most susceptible to stranding mortality, especially in years when many salmon stranded, and these were years with low lake levels. Taken together, these results suggest that lake level was a strong and consistent selective force acting on this salmon population, acting synergistically with size-selective predation by bears. Salmon breeding in Hansen Creek tend to be smaller, younger, and more streamlined than conspecifics from neighboring populations, suggesting that selection against large individuals could be driving these patterns.
City-suburban population redistribution: what data from the 1970s reveal.

Data from the Current Population Survey are used to analyze trends in the spatial distribution of the U.S. population in the 1970s. The data indicate that central cities continue to lose and suburban rings to gain population and there is no evidence of a trend involving the return of population to central city areas. The author suggests that observed declines in suburban population growth rates are associated with lower rates of natural increase not a decline in in-migration. (ANNOTATION)
Decade review of mandible fractures and arch bar impact on outcomes of nonsubcondylar fractures.

Objectives/Hypothesis Review trends in mandible fracture management and outcomes in patients treated with and without intraoperative arch bar use. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods All patients with mandible fractures between October 1, 2001, and October 1, 2011, were reviewed. Excluded were those with concomitant midfacial fractures or inadequate follow-up. Results Overall, 734 patients sustained 1,312 mandible fractures. Assault was the most common etiology. The parasymphyseal, subcondylar, and angle regions were most likely fractured. In total, 85% of patients underwent open-reduction internal-fixation (ORIF). This overall number had no significant annual deviation. However, use of arch bars to achieve intraoperative maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) with ORIF decreased annually, whereas the use of manual reduction with ORIF increased annually. These trends held statistical significance. Outcomes were reviewed in patients with one or two nonsubcondylar fractures by assessing complications of malocclusion, infection, and malunion. In 228 patients meeting criteria, the incidence of complications was 12.9% in those treated using intraoperative arch bars with ORIF and 12.5% in those using manual reduction with ORIF. When assessing individual complications, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusion Our data suggest a shifting trend in mandible fracture management. Our techniques for achieving fracture reduction ideal for ORIF favors manual reduction over the use of arch bars in select cases. We found no statistical increase in the incidence of complications when using manual reduction with ORIF in patients with one and two nonsubcondylar fractures. In appropriately selected cases, manual stabilization of fractured segments is an alternative to using arch bars to achieve intraoperative MMF. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015
Pseudarthrosis of the first rib in the overhead athlete

Fractures of the first rib are uncommon in athletes and present a different clinical entity from traumatic first rib fracture associated with high energy thoracic trauma. These fractures are stress induced and precipitated by chronic muscular forces acting on the first rib. Typically they heal with conservative treatment. This report describes a fracture of the first rib in a tennis player that developed into a symptomatic pseudarthrosis as a result of persistent overhead activities. Symptoms mimicked ipsilateral shoulder injury. Pseudarthrosis of the first rib should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic persistent shoulder pain in the overhead athlete.
From current-day Russia to Porfirio’s Mexico

Good economic institutions promote prosperity. Yet bad institutions can persist because they induce patterns of distribution that benefit certain groups, which accordingly have a vested interest in the status quo. InWithout a Map: Political Tactics and Economic Reform in Russia, Andrei Shleifer and Daniel Treisman show how politicians in Russia used a specific kind of deal, a mixture of expropriation and co-optation, to destroy these vested interests in the transition to a market economy. In this essay I show that there are close analogies between institutional change in contemporary Russia, and that which occurred in nineteenth-century Latin America, particularly in Mexico during thePorfiriato. After developing the analogy I draw some conclusions from the Mexican experience for the long-run implications of Shleifer-Treisman deals. The good news is that sustained economic growth is possible with the institutions that Russia seems to have developed. The bad news is that these may lead to extreme social conflict and ultimately revolution. I argue that there are two mitigating factors in Russia that provide grounds for optimism that revolution may be avoided. First, Russia is a democracy; second, the role of foreign investment is limited.
Cooperative Learning and Multicultural Classrooms

Cooperative learning during the past decade has been a popular educational approach with many middle and secondary educators and learners. It provides a viable alternative to traditional lectures, ability grouping, and competition among students. Learners appreciate the increased academic achievement and social interaction that come from working cooperatively toward common learning goals. Furthermore, research indicates that cooperative learning contributes to improved intergroup and interpersonal relationships in multicultural situations and promotes culturally diverse learners' self-esteem and academic achievement. This paper examines cooperative learning's contributions in multicultural situations and suggests ways that middle and secondary educators can use cooperative learning to reap these benefits.
The Political Economy of Metrology

This paper is an attempt to discuss some economic aspects of metrology, the field of study dealing with measurements. The first part of the paper deals with what might be called the economics of precision; the second discusses the public goods nature of a system of measurement, and the third economic aspect of metrology concerns occupational entry barriers.Even though a market demand and supply in the usual sense do not exist, a system of weights and measures does have many traditional economic characteristics. For example, the measures themselves came about in response to emerging needs to measure with varying degrees of accuracy the commodities that were traded in society. Just as technology has affected the supply of traded goods, so too has it affected the supply of tools of measurement and their precision.The first two sections of the paper will describe our system of weights and measures as an evolutionary process much like how traditional commodity markets work. Individuals and governments have pro...
Recognizing patterns of errors in scientific data

Investigates the application of machine learning techniques to the task of identifying and clustering errors in scientific data. A numerical model called WAM (WAve Model) is used by the Navy to predict significant wave height (SWH) based on wind speed. Comparisons of the WAM predictions and SWH calculated from altimetry measurements have indicated that the WAM predictions are inaccurate in some situations. We have conducted experiments using two well-known clustering packages, COBWEB and AutoClass, and have developed a new method for analyzing the output clusters from experiments that use real values for attributes. Our results have shown that this data does not contain a strong class structure, but that some groups of attributes are better predictors of WAM prediction errors than others. >
Aperture studies of the BNL colliding beam accelerator with reduced superperiodicity

Chromatic properties of the Brookhaven CBA (Colliding Beam Accelerator) with one low β insertion in each of the three superperiods have been studied using the PATRICIA particle tracking program. Systematic multipoles of order 5 < n ≤ 10 as well as random multipoles of order 1 < n ≤ 10 are, along with random closed orbit errors and sagitta effects, included when determining the aperture of the lattice.
Extended solution to multiple maneuvering target tracking

An improved algorithm for tracking multiple maneuvering targets is presented. This approach is implemented with an approximate adaptive filter consisting of the one-step conditional maximum-likelihood technique together with the extended Kalman filter and an adaptive maneuvering compensator. In order to avoid the extra computational burden of considering events with negligible probability, a validation matrix is defined in the tracking structure. With this approach, data-association and target maneuvering problems can be solved simultaneously. Detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the algorithm for many tracking situations are described. Computer simulation results indicate that this approach successfully tracks multiple maneuvering targets over a wide range of conditions. >
Crystal Structure of the Ectodomain of Human Transferrin Receptor

The transferrin receptor (TfR) undergoes multiple rounds of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and reemergence at the cell surface, importing iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) and recycling apotransferrin after discharge of iron in the endosome. The crystal structure of the dimeric ectodomain of the human TfR, determined here to 3.2 angstroms resolution, reveals a three-domain subunit. One domain closely resembles carboxy- and aminopeptidases, and features of membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase can be deduced from the TfR structure. A model is proposed for Tf binding to the receptor.
Epidemiology of Aging

The last quarter of the 20th century has seen the formal coming of age of the study of the health, diseases, and disabilities of older adults, as well as of aging itself. Epidemiologic research on aging developed out of groundbreaking gerontologic studies that have been carried out since the 1940s, the establishment of the National Institute on Aging in 1974 (an outgrowth itself of the first White House Conference on Aging in 1961), and the maturation of programs in gerontology and geriatrics. The 1980s brought recognition that the US population was aging and the initiation of the first cohort studies that assessed older adults longitudinally, including a report by Branch et al. (1) showing that older adults could and would participate in epidemiologic cohort studies. Following this, the National Center for Health Statistics raised the age of the population studied in the Health Interview Survey to 75 years (2), and the National Institute on Aging funded the EPESE studies [Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly] (3), the first multicenter prospective cohort studies designed specifically to study adults aged 65 years and older. At the same time, cohorts in established epidemiologic studies such as the Framingham Heart Study (4) had aged, permitting an expansion of such studies' focus to the epidemiology of disease and disability in older adults. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that older adults can be recruited to participate in intensive physiologic and clinical evaluations in cohort studies, with 4to 6-hour examinations carried out in both centralized and home locations (5-7), and that long term retention in such studies is high. For example, after 10 years of annual examinations, the rate of cohort retention for adults aged 65 years or more in the multicen-
Differential optical imaging using inhaled gases

We show how inhalation of oxygen and carbon dioxide elicits contrast from changes in oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin. This method holds good promise for cancer detection.
Back To The Future A Joint Adventure For Addressing The Nursing Shortage

One of the greatest challenges facing managers in the health care industry is the recurrent nursing shortage. This paper presents a ‘Back to the Future’ innovative approach that addresses this issue. The ‘Berger Project’, a joint venture between Berger Health Care System (BHCS) and a nursing education program at Ohio University-Chillicothe, began in spring 2003. The venture incorporates a strategy that goes ‘BACK’in time by shifting the educational setting for nursing students from the traditional college campus to the health care organization campus which was a commonplace setting ‘BACK’ in the 1940’s and 1950’s to resolve the nursing shortages--present and ‘FUTURE’. The project will culminate with an evaluation process guided by comparative research studies of the nursing students in the traditional setting and those in the ‘Berger Project’ that investigate the differences in the level of critical thinking, empowerment and retention of the graduates of the two nursing programs.
Automatically scheduling halide image processing pipelines

The Halide image processing language has proven to be an effective system for authoring high-performance image processing code. Halide programmers need only provide a high-level strategy for mapping an image processing pipeline to a parallel machine (a schedule), and the Halide compiler carries out the mechanical task of generating platform-specific code that implements the schedule. Unfortunately, designing high-performance schedules for complex image processing pipelines requires substantial knowledge of modern hardware architecture and code-optimization techniques. In this paper we provide an algorithm for automatically generating high-performance schedules for Halide programs. Our solution extends the function bounds analysis already present in the Halide compiler to automatically perform locality and parallelism-enhancing global program transformations typical of those employed by expert Halide developers. The algorithm does not require costly (and often impractical) auto-tuning, and, in seconds, generates schedules for a broad set of image processing benchmarks that are performance-competitive with, and often better than, schedules manually authored by expert Halide developers on server and mobile CPUs, as well as GPUs.
School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention

School corporal punishment continues to be a legal means of disciplining children in a third of the world's countries. Although much is known about parents' use of corporal punishment, there is less research about school corporal punishment. This article summarizes what is known about the legality and prevalence of school corporal punishment, about the outcomes linked to it, and about interventions to reduce and eliminate school corporal punishment around the world.
Predicting the Risk of Neutropenic Complications and Reduced Dose Intensity in Patients with Malignant Lymphoma: Results from a Prospective Study.

Background: Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is frequently associated with neutropenic complications resulting in reduced relative dose intensity (RDI) potentially compromising clinical outcomes. Retrospective analyses have identified several factors but are limited by variable reporting and missing data. Methods: Results from an ongoing prospective study of cancer chemotherapy patients based at more than 100 randomly selected US centers are reported. Demographic, clinical and treatment-related variables were obtained on 345 patients with malignant lymphoma (ML). Data are presented on the first 265 patients completing at least one cycle of chemotherapy. Planned and unplanned reductions in relative dose intensity (RDI) were estimated along with the risk of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) over the first four cycles of treatment are presented. Results: Patients with Hodgkin’s disease (HD; N=43) received five different regimens including ABVD (84%) while patients with Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL; N=222) received 33 different regimens the most common of which was CHOP (53%). Neutrophil nadirs st cycle of treatment. One or more episode of FN occurred in 18% (29% HD; 16% NHL) with 60% in cycle 1. Overall average RDI was 90% with 25% receiving 2 =.435). Conclusions: This prospective study confirms previous retrospective surveys that showed a substantial proportion of patients with ML receive reduced RDI potentially compromising clinical outcomes. Predictive models based on the risk factors identified should enable clinicians to target supportive care efforts in a more cost-effective manner.
Multiple sclerosis and nephrolithiasis: a matched-case comparative study

Objective To compare stone composition and serum/urine biochemistries in stone formers with multiple sclerosis (MS) against stone formers without MS and to examine the association between mobility, methods of bladder emptying, and stone formation. Materials and Methods In this retrospective case-control study, we identified patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and kidney stone disease who were seen at our institution between 2001 and 2016. For the first part of the study, up to 2 controls (stone formers without a history of MS) were identified for each case and matched on age, body mass index (BMI), and sex. For the second part of this study, matched controls (MS patients without a history of stones) were identified in a 1:1 ratio in a similar fashion. Results of 24-hour urine biochemistry studies, stone compositions, serum labs, medications, history of stone surgeries, mobility, and method of bladder emptying were collected. Results A total of 587 patients were identified who had both multiple sclerosis and a history of stone disease. Of these, 118 patients had a stone composition available. When compared to matched controls, patients with MS were significantly more likely to have calcium phosphate stones (42% vs 15%, p < 0.001) and struvite stones (8% vs 3%, p = 0.03) and less likely to have calcium oxalate monohydrate stones (39% vs. 64%, p < 0.001). Among those patients with a composition available, those with MS were more likely to have undergone a PCNL (25% vs 12%, p = 0.005) or a cystolithopaxy (16% vs. 3%, p < 0.001) compared to their matched controls. 61 patients had a complete 24-hour urinary stone panel. There were no significant differences in urinary pH, volume, creatinine, calcium, citrate, oxalate, sodium, and uric acid as well as rates of hypocitraturia, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, and hyperuricosuria among patients with MS. Use of intermittent straight catheterization (OR, 3.50 [95% CI, 1.89-6.47]; P = < 0.001) or an indwelling catheter (OR, 9.78 [95% CI, 4.81-19.88]; P = <0.001) for bladder emptying was significantly associated with stone disease. There was no association between level of mobility and stone disease (p = 0.10). Conclusions Similar to findings seen in patients with spinal cord injuries, patients with multiple sclerosis have a high incidence of calcium phosphate stones and struvite stones when compared with matched controls. Additionally, they were more likely to undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). The method of bladder management appears to be a risk factor in the development of stone disease. These findings suggest the importance of prompt treatment of urinary tract infections in this population and delay the use intermittent straight catheterization (ISC), suprapubic tube (SPT), or an indwelling foley when possible This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Attention is associated with postural control in those with chronic ankle instability

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is often debilitating and may be affected by a number of intrinsic and environmental factors. Alterations in neurocognitive function and attention may contribute to repetitive injury in those with CAI and influence postural control strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in attentional functioning and static postural control among groups of Comparison, Coper and CAI participants and assess the relationship between them within each of the groups. Recruited participants performed single-limb balance trials and completed the CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS) computer-based assessment to assess their attentional function. Center of pressure (COP) velocity (COPv) and maximum range (COPr), in both the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions were calculated from force plate data. Simple attention (SA), which measures self-regulation and attention control was extracted from the CNSVS. Data from 45 participants (15 in each group, 27=female, 18=male) was analyzed for this study. No significant differences were observed between attention or COP variables among each of the groups. However, significant relationships were present between attention and COP variables within the CAI group. CAI participants displayed significant moderate to large correlations between SA and AP COPr (r=-0.59, p=0.010), AP COPv (r=-0.48, p=0.038) and ML COPr (r=-0.47, p=0.034). The results suggest a linear relationship of stability and attention in the CAI group. Attentional self-regulation may moderate how those with CAI control postural stability. Incorporating neurocognitive training focused on attentional control may improve outcomes in those with CAI.
The Relationship between Instructor Servant Leadership Behaviors and Satisfaction with Instructors in an Online Setting.

Servant leadership has the potential to improve student satisfaction with online learning. However, the relationship between servant leadership and student satisfaction in an online environment had not yet been understood at the level of the individual instructor. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to evaluate the relationship between online students’ perception of their instructor’s servant leadership style and the student’s satisfaction with the online instructor. We selected 155 online students at a major community college in the south-central United States to complete the Servant Leadership Questionnaire and the Student Evaluation of Teaching survey online. We examined the relationships between each of the five facets of perceived servant leadership style (altruistic calling, emotional healing, wisdom, persuasive mapping, and organizational stewardship) and student satisfaction. The results of the Spearman’s correlations showed a strong positive correlation between all servant leadership behaviors and student satisfaction, p < .001. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that the combination of altruistic calling, persuasive mapping, and wisdom strongly predicted student satisfaction with the instructor, F(3, 151) = 83.8, p < .001, R2= .63. The results of this study have filled a gap in the literature on the relationship between online student satisfaction and individual servant leadership behaviors. We recommend future research to investigate servant leadership in relationship to online learning at 4-year public, for-profit, and private institutions.
Effect of catalyst contact mode and gas atmosphere during catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics

Abstract In the present study, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were pyrolyzed using HZSM-5 zeolite in a tandem micro-pyrolyzer to investigate the effects of plastic type, catalyst and feedstock contact mode, as well as the type of carrier gas on product distribution. Among the four plastics, PS produced highest aromatic yields up to 85% whereas PE and PP mainly produced aliphatic hydrocarbons. In comparison to ex-situ pyrolysis, in-situ pyrolysis of the plastics produced more solid residue but also promoted the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons, except PS. For PS, ex-situ pyrolysis produced a higher yield of aromatics than in-situ pyrolysis, mostly contributed by high styrene yield. During in-situ pyrolysis, the catalyst reduced the decomposition temperatures of the plastics in the order of PE, PP, PS and PET from high to low. Hydrogen carrier gas reduced solid residue and also increased the selectivity of single ring aromatics in comparison to inert pyrolysis. Hydrogen was more beneficial to PS and PET than PE and PP in terms of reducing coke yield and increasing hydrocarbon yield. The present study also showed that catalytically co-pyrolyzing PS and PE, or PET and PE increases the yield of aromatics and reduces the yield of solid residue due to hydrogen transfer from PE to PS or PET and alkylation reactions among the plastic-derivatives.
Using Standardized Patients in an Undergraduate Nursing Health Assessment Class

Abstract Background Although standardized patients (SPs) are routinely used in graduate nursing programs and medical school, limited data are available regarding use with undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students. Method A quantitative research design was used to investigate using SPs as an effective teaching method to increase students' confidence, communication skills, and clinical judgment to obtain a health history from patients. Results Working with SPs increased participant's level of confidence in performing a health history. Conclusions Using SPs in an undergraduate health assessment class can enhance students' ability to communicate and interact with patients in gathering a health history thereby strengthening patient care.
Abstract TP162: Specific Inflammatory Mediators Associated With Incident Ischemic Stroke and Individual Ischemic Stroke Subtypes

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown that serum inflammatory markers are independently associated with ischemic stroke. We assessed the hypothesis that specific inflammatory mediator is...
Probabilistic Model Building and Competent Genetic Programming

This paper describes probabilistic model building genetic programming (PM-BGP) developed based on the extended compact genetic algorithm (eCGA). Unlike traditional genetic programming, which use fixed recombination operators, the proposed PMBGA adapts linkages. The proposed algorithms, called the extended compact genetic programming (eCGP) adaptively identifies and exchanges non-overlapping building blocks by constructing and sampling probabilistic models of promising solutions. The results show that eCGP scales-up polynomially with the problem size (the number of functionals and terminals) on both GP-easy problem and boundedly difficult GP-hard problem.