cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through a Glass, Darkly: The Dynamics of Fan-Celebrity Encounters

Mass media influence interaction in important ways: fans of serial television use mass media to incorporate the fictional and the extraordinary into their real, ordinary, everyday lives. Using ethnographic and interview data, this article examines the activities through which certain fans seek face-to-face encounters with the celebrities they admire and how this intersection of the ordinary with the extraordinary creates problems of interpretation that fans attempt to solve. Fans make and take advantage of opportunities for prestaged encounters at official public appearances by their favorite actors. Some fans may also encounter their favorite celebrities by chance in the course of their daily rounds in “celebrity sightings,” or unstaged encounters. Certain fans, however, actively pursue actors, deliberately seeking them out and creating fan-staged encounters. These efforts produce a distinctive interactional tension in which pursuing fans recognize the similarities between their behavior and that of “celebrity stalkers” and attempt to differentiate themselves from the stalkers celebrities fear. This article analyzes these interactions as a step toward a theory of fan-celebrity interaction.
Unequal Care: A Case Study of Interorganizational Relations in Health Care

The article reviews the book “Experiential Learning and Change: Theory, Design and Practice,” by Gordon A. Walter and Stephen E. Marks.
Adjustable transfer function optical filter for microwave applications

All-optical techniques for microwave and radio frequency (RF) signal processing has attracted considerable attention in recent years. An important optical component in these all-optical signal processing techniques is the optical filter. Tunable optical filters with a variety of transfer functions have been proposed. However, adjustability of the optical filter transfer function is required to provide an extra degree of control. This adjustability of the shape of the transfer function has not been addressed adequately in the literature. In this paper, we report on the theoretical basis for an all-fiber based adjustable transfer function optical filter. In particular, we model the optical filter using FO-circuit transfer matrices and Jones matrices to fully describe the state of polarization changes of the optical signals through the optical filter. The filter is based on an all fiber Michelson Gires-Turnois interferometer (MGTI). The Gires-Turnois resonators (GTRs) required for the formation of the MGTI are realized by pairs of fiber-loop mirrors (FLMs) in the two arms of the Michelson interferometer. The optical reflectivity of the GTRs is control via adjustment of the polarization in the fiber loop mirrors. We show that arbitrary transfer functions can be realized by adjusting the reflectivity of the FLMs as well as the cavity length of the fiber based GTRs.
Strength of composite angle brackets with multiple geometries and nanofiber-enhanced resins

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in strength and failure mode of composite angle brackets due to changes in both the angle bend radius and laminate thickness, as well as the addition of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber to the epoxy resin matrix. The brackets explored within this study each contained a 90° bend and was subjected to four-point bend loading. Such angle brackets exhibit weakness around the radius due to the excessive through-the-thickness tensile stresses which can lead to delamination. Composite brackets of 8- and 16-plies were examined, with bend radii of 3.175 and 6.35 mm. The composites consisted of Hexcel AS4 carbon fiber, five-harness satin weave, and Epon 862/Epikure W epoxy resin. Specimens were fabricated with and without ASI PR-24 vapor-grown carbon nanofiber in the epoxy matrix. A servo-hydraulic load frame was used to perform a four-point-bend test as per American Society for Testing and Materials International D6415 for measuring the curved beam strength (CBS) ...
Induction of the Yersinia pestis PhoP-PhoQ Regulatory System in the Flea and Its Role in Producing a Transmissible Infection

Transmission of Yersinia pestis is greatly enhanced after it forms a bacterial biofilm in the foregut of the flea vector that interferes with normal blood feeding. Here we report that the ability to produce a normal foregut-blocking infection depends on induction of the Y. pestis PhoP-PhoQ two-component regulatory system in the flea. Y. pestis phoP-negative mutants achieved normal infection rates and bacterial loads in the flea midgut but produced a less cohesive biofilm both in vitro and in the flea and had a greatly reduced ability to localize to and block the flea foregut. Thus, not only is the PhoP-PhoQ system induced in the flea gut environment, but also this induction is required to produce a normal transmissible infection. The altered biofilm phenotype in the flea was not due to lack of PhoPQ-dependent or PmrAB-dependent addition of aminoarabinose to the Y. pestis lipid A, because an aminoarabinose-deficient mutant that is highly sensitive to cationic antimicrobial peptides had a normal phenotype in the flea digestive tract. In addition to enhancing transmissibility, induction of the PhoP-PhoQ system in the arthropod vector prior to transmission may preadapt Y. pestis to resist the initial encounter with the mammalian innate immune response.
Behavioral Technology and Hospital Psychiatry: Considerations from the Private Sector.

Abstract Contigencies operating in the health care industry can have direct effects upon applications of behavioral technology to the hospital treatment of psychiatric patients Although to date behavioral technology has made little impact upon the general practice of psychiatry, shifting economic and political contingencies may favor the specificity, objectivity, and accountability of behavioral paradigms. Those qualified in program design and implementation may find an increasingly receptive audience among directors of private hospitals, both proprietary and non-profit.
Communication disorders in the 22Q11.2 microdeletion syndrome

The 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a genetic disorder that is being recognized with increasing frequency. Confirmation of the diagnosis can be made using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Many medical and developmental problems are present in children with this syndrome. Communication disorders are among the most common features of this syndrome and include articulation, language, resonance, and voice problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the communicative and developmental features in a sample of children with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome seen for evaluation. Because communication and feeding disorders may be presenting features of this syndrome, speech and language pathologists must be familiar with this syndrome and its various characteristics. Awareness of these features and a multidisciplinary approach are necessary for the identification and treatment of the complex communicative and medical problems present in this population.
Student course performance and collaborative testing: a prospective follow-on study

Abstract Objective This prospective study evaluated the efficacy of collaborative testing on student performance at a chiropractic college. Methods This study compared testing performance between 2 cohorts of chiropractic students taking a neuroanatomy course: a control group (n = 73) and an experimental group (n = 80). Scores examined for each cohort included weekly quizzes, unit examinations, and a comprehensive final examination. The control cohort completed weekly quizzes as individuals, whereas the experimental cohort completed the quizzes collaboratively in small groups. Both cohorts completed the unit examinations and the comprehensive final examination as individuals. Multivariate analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, the experimental group differed from the control group (Wilks λ = 0.300; F = 33.081; df = 10,142; P P Conclusions The results of this study reaffirmed previous study findings that collaborative testing appears to have increased student performance.
Vehicle localization on gravity maps

Efforts are underway to develop the capability for small unmanned underwater vehicles to use the Earth's gravitational field for autonomous navigation. A main aspect of navigation is vehicle localization on an existing gravity map. We have developed machine vision-like algorithms that match the onboard gravimeter measurements to the map values. In gravity maps there are typically a dearth of distinctive topographic features such as peaks, ridges, ravines, etc. Moreover, because the gravity field can only be measured in-place, probing for such features is infeasible as it would require extensive surveys. These factors, make the commonly used feature matching approach impractical. The localization algorithms we have developed are based on matching with contours of constant field value. These algorithms are tested on simulated data with encouraging results. Although these algorithms are developed for underwater navigation using gravity maps, they are equally applicable to other domains, for example vehicle localization on an existing terrain map.
Neck Circumference as a Novel Measure of Cardiometabolic Risk: The Framingham Heart Study

Background: Neck circumference, a proxy for upper-body sc fat, may be a unique fat depot that confers additional cardiovascular risk above and beyond central body fat. Methods and Results: Participants with neck circumference measures who underwent multidetector computed tomography to assess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were included [n = 3307, 48% women; mean age = 51 yr; mean body mass index (BMI) = 27.8 kg/m2; mean neck circumference = 40.5 cm (men) and 34.2 cm (women)]. Sex-specific linear regression models were used to assess the association between sd increase in neck circumference and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure; total, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides; and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). Neck circumference was correlated with VAT [r = 0.63 (men); r = 0.74 (women); P < 0.001] and BMI [r = 0.79 (men); r = 0.80 (women); P < 0.001]. After further adjustment for VAT, neck circumference was positively associated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure in men only, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose in women only, insulin, proinsulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein (all P values <0.01). Similar results were observed in models that adjusted for both VAT and BMI. In a secondary analysis of incident CVD as an outcome, there was no statistically significant association observed for neck circumference in multivariable-adjusted models. Conclusions: Neck circumference is associated with CVD risk factors even after adjustment for VAT and BMI. These findings suggest that upper-body sc fat may be a unique, pathogenic fat depot.
Structural behavior of human lumbar spinal motion segments

The objectives of this study were to obtain linearized stiffness matrices, and assess the linearity and hysteresis of the motion segments of the human lumbar spine under physiological conditions of axial preload and fluid environment. Also, the stiffness matrices were expressed in the form of an 'equivalent' structure that would give insights into the structural behavior of the spine. Mechanical properties of human cadaveric lumbar L2-3 and L4-5 spinal motion segments were measured in six degrees of freedom by recording forces when each of six principal displacements was applied. Each specimen was tested with axial compressive preloads of 0, 250 and 500 N. The displacements were four slow cycles of +/-0.5mm in anterior-posterior and lateral displacements, +/-0.35 mm axial displacement, +/-1.5 degrees lateral rotation and +/-1 degrees flexion-extension and torsional rotations. There were significant increases with magnitude of preload in the stiffness, hysteresis area (but not loss coefficient) and the linearity of the load-displacement relationship. The mean values of the diagonal and primary off-diagonal stiffness terms for intact motion segments increased significantly relative to values with no preload by an average factor of 1.71 and 2.11 with 250 and 500 N preload, respectively (all eight tests p<0.01). Half of the stiffness terms were greater at L4-5 than L2-3 at higher preloads. The linearized stiffness matrices at each preload magnitude were expressed as an equivalent structure consisting of a truss and a beam with a rigid posterior offset, whose geometrical properties varied with preload. These stiffness properties can be used in structural analyses of the lumbar spine.
Mitochondrial depolarization and asystole in the globally ischemic rabbit heart: coordinated response to interventions affecting energy balance

Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depolarization has been implicated in the loss of excitability (asystole) during global ischemia, which is relevant for the success of defibrillation and resu...
Boundary-Forced Nonlinear Planetary Radiation

Abstract In recent years there has been renewed interest in the Gulf Stream system and its interaction with the mesoscale oceanic eddy field. An important question, not yet adequately addressed, concern the possible generation mechanisms of the mesoscale eddy field and, in general, the problem of radiation of mesoscale energy from a meandering current. This problem has been investigated in a variety of studies, the basic result of which is that, in the quiescent ocean, the far field can transmit energy radiated by a meandering northern current only if the latter has a westward phase speed. All the proposed models are, however, linear. Nonlinear effects may be expected to modify the above results, as indicated by numerical experiments carried out with fully nonlinear models. In the present study, the question is addressed in the context of a fully nonlinear but simple model, the quasi-geostrophic equivalent barotropic potential velocity equation in a zonal channel over variable relief. The meandering curre...
METALLOPETROPORPHYRINS AS PROCESS INDICATORS: SEPARATION OF PETROPORPHYRINS IN GREEN RIVER OIL SHALE PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS

Abstract Product oils from the LLNL Hot-Recycled-Solids (HRS) retorting process were separated to isolate and concentrate the metallopetropor-phyrins. A modified column chromatography procedure developed previously for heavy crude oils and tar sand bitumens was used. The fractions were then examined by UV-vis spectroscopy to determine categories of porphyrins and other related metal-containing species. No porphyrins were found in the hexane fraction (least polar fraction); Ni porphyrins were found in the methylene chloride fraction (moderate polar fraction); and a free-base porphyrin-like species was found in the methanol fraction (the most polar fraction) of some of the oils. The CH2Cl2 fractions were further examined to quantify the amount of porphyrins detected. In the whole oil samples examined, ∼ 40 wt % of the Ni was found as Ni petroporphyrins. The vacuum residua of two product oils had ∼ 20 wt % of the Ni bound as Ni por-phyrins indicating that the vacuum distillation process destroys porphyrins.
Resonance Separations in Configurations of type p 5 s and d 9 s

Considerations concerning the invariance of the configurations ${p}^{5}$ and ${d}^{9}$ with changing coupling lead to application of Houston's formulas to the cases ${p}^{5}s$ and ${d}^{9}s$ with negative $A$ and $X$ values. The expressions thus obtained are tested on the separations and $g$ values of numerous spectra. The agreementis is satisfactory.
Design Approach of a Low-Jitter DDS-Like Frequency Synthesizer Using Mixed-Mode Signal Processing

In many digital communication systems, the reconfigurable clock is necessary and important, however, using the conventional direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDS) as a pulse or clock generator may cause jitter problems. In this paper, a low-jitter DDS-like frequency synthesizer without phase accumulator and phase interpolation is proposed, which uses a mixed-mode signal processing that performs the bidirectional integration on single capacitor to directly achieve the clock output with correct time intervals, and it also can avoid the impact on spurious level caused by the capacitance error. Therefore, the proposed DDS-like frequency synthesizer using single capacitor integration can significantly reduce much hardware complexity, and it also obtains a low-jitter and high-precision clock output.
Eye contact and grade distribution.

While teaching a large lecture course of art appreciation, I investigated whether grades vary by section to section in the auditorium. The auditorium was divided into nine sections containing 20 st...
DA-RAID-5: a disturb aware data protection technique for NAND flash storage systems

Program disturb, read disturb and retention time limit are three major reasons accounting for the bit errors in NAND flash memory. The adoption of multi-level cell (MLC) technology and technology scaling further aggravates this reliability issue by narrowing threshold voltage noise margins and introducing larger device variations. Besides implementing error correction code (ECC) in NAND flash modules, RAID-5 are often deployed at system level to protect the data integrity of NAND flash storage systems (NFSS), however, with significant performance degradation. In this work, we propose a technique called "DA-RAID-5" to improve the performance of the enterprise NFSS under RAID-5 protection without harming its reliability (here DA stands for "disturb aware"). Three schemes, namely, unbound-disturb limiting (UDL), PE-aware RAID-5 and Hybrid Caching(HC) are proposed to protect the NFSS at the different stages of its lifetime. The experimental results show that compared to the best prior work, DA-RAID-5 can improve the NFSS response time by 9.7% on average.
The effect of three levels of black dialect on perceived speaker image

The study investigated the effects of three different Black dialects on perceived speaker image by a Black audience. On the authoritativeness scale, results revealed a mixed reaction to the jive condition, a positive reaction to the straight condition, and a negative reaction to the uneducated condition. On the character scale, the three dialect conditions had practically no positive effect on reputation and little effect on perceived honesty and truth.
Photosynthesis by isolated chloroplasts III. Light activation of the carboxylation reaction

Abstract Using isolated spinach chloroplasts capable of high rates of photosynthesis with 14 CO 2 , we have studied the rates of 14 CO 2 fixation during the sequence light-dark-light, with and without added cofactors, ribose 5-phosphate, and ribulose 1,5-diphosphate. Except for a small fixation of 14 CO 2 during the first 3 min after the light is turned off, no significant fixation of 14 CO 2 is observed in the dark with these chloroplasts, even when ATP and ribose 5-phosphate are added. Moreover, the addition of ATP does stimulate the continued formation of the carboxylation substrate, ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, in the chloroplasts, because subsequent radiochromatographic analysis of aliquot samples of the chloroplast suspensions show the level of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate to be about as high in the dark with added ATP as it was in the first light period, when the fixation rate was high. When the light is again turned on, the fixation rates are diminished as compared with those of the first light period in all cases. The levels of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate are much higher during the second light period than in the first, and are enhanced by the addition of ATP. These results provide additional evidence for the previously proposed light activation of the carboxylation reaction of photosynthesis. Furthermore, it appears that the primary cause of decreased rate of fixation with time in these highly active isolated chloroplasts is loss of activity of the carboxylation enzyme. The principal cause of this loss may be loss of the light activation.
Hyperpressure gas chromatography IV. Gas chromatography of etioporphyrin II metal chelates

Abstract The hyperpressure gas chromatography of fifteen etioporphyrin II metal chelates of fourteen different elements has been studied at 145° and 1000–1700 p.s.i., with dichlorodifluoromethane as the solvent gas. The chelates of Sn(IV) and Mn(III) are insoluble under the experimental conditions and they are, thus, sharply separated from the other elements studied. A column of 10% Epon 1001 resin on Chromosorb W effected the following separations: Mg(II), Cu(II) or Co(II), Ni(II) or Co(III), VO or TiO, Mn(II), Zn or Pt(II) and Pd(II); Ag(II) Pt(II) and Pd(II). A 10% Silicone Gum Rubber XE-60 on Chromosorb W column separated Mn(II) or Fe(III), Zn or TiO, Pt(II) and VO. All the chelates were eluted intact with the exception of that of Mg(II), which was demetallated in the column. A novel method for the insertion of metal ions in the porphyrin ring, involving the reaction of the corresponding metal acetylacetonate with the porphyrin in a suitable solvent, is also reported.
Ceramic processing of template-induced microstructure textured ceramics PI008

The target of this work is to develop an advanced manufacturing process that results in a bulk polycrystalline electroceramic component through a texture induced forming method. The technique produces a bulk ceramic component that exhibits enhanced macroscopic properties when compared to a traditional electroceramic material that has electrically induced ferroelectric texture or crystallographic texture. Templated texturing can involve the ?laying down? of seed crystals with planar morphology to induce preferential grain growth within a pre-designed orientation of the bulk ceramic. Through well-controlled slurry processing of ceramic powders and the addition of templated crystals it is possible to induce this preferential grain orientation for sintered ceramics. This work will present the results of a comparison between three separate advanced ceramic forming techniques; tape casting, thick film screen printing, and extrusion, examining the degree of microstructure texture developed by these methods.
The Effects of Blade-Row Spacing on the Flow Capacity of a Transonic Rotor

Results from the ongoing Air Force Stage Matching Investigation are presented. In the present work the effect of upstream blade row wakes on the flow capacity of a downstream stage (where the rotor sets the choking flow) is investigated. An embedded stage was simulated by placing a set of wake generators (similar to inlet guide vanes) in front of a highly loaded single stage transonic core compressor. The wake generator-to-rotor axial spacing was varied in addition to the vane count. A complete parametric test matrix was completed in order to determine which parameters were important to the choking flow capacity.The results show that for axial spacings above 50% of the upstream axial blade chord, simple wake mixing alone fully accounts for the upstream flow losses and a simple mass flow rate correction based on the rotor face mass averaged total pressure is sufficient. At spacings closer than this, other effects or loss mechanisms may be present. If these loss sources do exist, they are of unknown origin and magnitude and so an embedded overflow condition for these spacings cannot be ruled out. Research is ongoing that will attempt to identify and clarify the relevant details associated with these close blade row spacings.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Cellular automata models for the flow of granular materials

Abstract The importance of particle irregularity in the flow of granular material can be demonstrated using simple experiments. We introduce cellular automata which model nonspherical particles using rules derived from experiments. These automata can reproduce many features of the physical flows including the alignment of the particles, the formation of a complex channel region, the shape of the upper free surface, and the formation of defects in the body of the material.
Gauge boson exchange in AdSd+1

Abstract We study the amplitude for exchange of massless gauge bosons between pairs of massive scalar fields in anti-de Sitter space. In the AdS/CFT correspondence this amplitude describes the contribution of conserved flavor symmetry currents to 4-point functions of scalar operators in the boundary conformal theory. A concise, covariant, Y2K compatible derivation of the gauge boson propagator in AdS d + 1 is given. Techniques are developed to calculate the two bulk integrals over AdS space leading to explicit expressions or convenient, simple integral representations for the amplitude. The amplitude contains leading power and sub-leading logarithmic singularities in the gauge boson channel and leading logarithms in the crossed channel. The new methods of this paper are expected to have other applications in the study of the Maldacena conjecture.
Perception of lightness of glossy surfaces

How do we perceive the lightness of a region of an achromatic curved surface containing a glossy highlight . We manipulated diffuse and specular reflectance components of computer-generated displays of ellipsoid surfaces. Each contained a pattern of patches on a background of uniform reflectance Observers indicated whether the diffuse components of a test patch's reflectance appeared higher or lower than that of other patches, which had identical reflectances. factors affecting performance included the position of the highlight relative to the test patch, and degree of similarity of the reflectance of the patch pattern to that of the background. Results demonstrate that observers can discriminate the diffuse component of reflectance even when luminance in a region is perturbed by a highlight. Performance improves if the background's diffuse reflectance is close to that the standard patches, and also if it is higher, rather than lower, than that of the standard patches. Results suggest that visual mechanisms that are sensitive to iso-photes compare intensities in neighboring regions, to assess degree of gloss. We conclude with a demonstration of included glossiness, whereby a given block of image intensities can appear shiny or dull, depending on manipulations of intensity values in other parts of the image.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Examining Relationships between Measures of Positive Behaviors and Negative Functioning for Elementary School Children.

The positive psychology movement seeks to understand student strengths that may facilitate success or promote resilience. However, a positive psychology view is not intended to completely ignore negative factors that may be affecting children, so traditional assessments of mental illness remain important. As methods of assessment improve and enhance our understanding of student development, it is crucial to understand the interrelationship among strength-based and traditional — problem-based — measures. Utilizing a sample of third- and fourth-grade students, the current study examined the interrelationships between three measures of positive functioning, examining hope, life satisfaction, and school connectedness, and their relationship with a traditional, problem-based measure. Results demonstrated that the measures assessing positive constructs were significantly positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with a measure of problem behaviors. Future directions for research, limitations, and implications for practice are discussed.
INSULIN RECEPTOR- RELATED RECEPTOR IS EXPRESSED IN NON-A INTERCALATED CELLS IN THE MOUSE KIDNEY † 1640

INSULIN RECEPTOR- RELATED RECEPTOR IS EXPRESSED IN NON-A INTERCALATED CELLS IN THE MOUSE KIDNEY † 1640
Genetic Analysis of the Mammalian K+ Channel β Subunit Kvβ2 (Kcnab2)

Kvβ2 binds to K+ channel α subunits from at least two different families (Kv1 and Kv4) and is a member of the aldo-ketoreductase (AKR) superfamily. Proposed functions for this protein in vivo include a chaperone-like role in Kv1 α subunit biogenesis and catalytic activity as an AKR oxidoreductase. To investigate the in vivo function of Kvβ2, Kvβ2-null and point mutant (Y90F) mice were generated through gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. In Kvβ2-null mice, Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 localize normally in cerebellar basket cell terminals and the juxtaparanodal region of myelinated nerves. Moreover, normal glycosylation patterns are observed for Kv1.1 and Kv1.2 in whole brain lysates. Thus, loss of the chaperone-like activity does not appear to account for the phenotype of Kvβ2-null mice, which include reduced life spans, occasional seizures, and cold swim-induced tremors similar to that observed in Kv1.1-null mice. Mice expressing Kvβ2, mutated at a site (Y90F) that abolishes AKR-like catalytic activity in other family members, have no overt phenotype. We conclude that Kvβ2 contributes to regulation of excitability in vivo, although not directly through either chaperone-like or typical AKR catalytic activity. Rather, Kvβ2 relies upon as yet unidentified mechanisms in the regulation of K+ channel and/or oxidoreductive functions.
OLTARIS: An Efficient Web-Based Tool for Analyzing Materials Exposed to Space Radiation

The near-Earth space radiation environment includes energetic galactic cosmic rays (GCR), high intensity proton and electron belts, and the potential for solar particle events (SPE). These sources may penetrate shielding materials and deposit significant energy in sensitive electronic devices on board spacecraft and satellites. Material and design optimization methods may be used to reduce the exposure and extend the operational lifetime of individual components and systems. Since laboratory experiments are expensive and may not cover the range of particles and energies relevant for space applications, such optimization may be done computationally with efficient algorithms that include the various constraints placed on the component, system, or mission. In the present work, the web-based tool OLTARIS (On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space) is presented, and the applicability of the tool for rapidly analyzing exposure levels within either complicated shielding geometries or user-defined material slabs exposed to space radiation is demonstrated. An example approach for material optimization is also presented. Slabs of various advanced multifunctional materials are defined and exposed to several space radiation environments. The materials and thicknesses defining each layer in the slab are then systematically adjusted to arrive at an optimal slab configuration.
Speech Act Disagreement among Young Women in Iran

Speech act of disagreement is one of the least attended among all the other types of speech act. The present study seeks to find out the ways in which this inherently threatening act is expressed by young male Persian speakers. To gather the needed data one hundred participants randomly selected from among a population of BA and MA students of Isfahan and Najafabad universities were asked to complete a discourse completion test (DCT) designed by the researchers. The respondents were to read six natural situations, and react to them via making disagreements. As the major focus of the study was the role that gender and power play in the application of politeness strategies, the participants were expected to disagree with two higher power interlocutors (one male and one female), two peers (one male and one female) and two addressees with lower power status (one male and one female). In order to analyze the units of disagreement, Muntigl and Turnbull’s taxonomy (1995) was employed. Students’ responses were further compared with Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies. The results revealed that respondents use confrontational strategies more frequently whenever expressing their oppositions to a person with the same sex which could be explained with regards to the effect of social solidarity which can potentially over rule the effect of power and gender differences.
A Revised Identical Elements Model of Arithmetic Fact Representation.

The identical elements model of arithmetic fact representation (T. C. Rickard, A. F. Healy, & L. E. Bourne, 1994) states that, for each triplet of numbers (e.g., 4, 7, 28) that are related by complementary multiplication and division problems, there are 3 independent fact representations in memory: (4, 7, x) --> 28; (28/7) --> 4; and (28/4) --> 7. In this article, the author reviews the evidence for this model, considers alternative accounts, and proposes a simple and empirically motivated revision to the model that (a) accommodates conflicting results, (b) provides a novel account of the ties effect, and (c) makes new and nonintuitive predictions for the factoring operation (e.g., factoring of 28 into 4 and 7). The author reports 3 experiments designed to test these predictions and discusses implications for arithmetic instruction.
Evaluation of the Economics of Multi-Batch Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Production Fed an Industry Standard and Three Alternative Diets

High ingredient prices in 2008 led feed mills to manufacture new, less expensive feed formulations untested under commercial catfish farming conditions. Sixteen 0.1-ha ponds were stocked in multi-batch production with: (1) 32% protein control, an industry standard; (2) 32% protein alternative; (3) 32% protein corn gluten; and (4) 24% protein diets. A partial budget analysis evaluated the relative economics. The 32% control diet resulted in significantly greater yield of carryover fish. Feed conversion ratios of the control and 32% alternative diets were significantly lower than those of the 32% corn gluten and 24% protein diets, but visceral fat content was higher for the control and 32% alternative diets. The control diet was economically preferable to the alternative diets because the additional revenue from the greater yield of fish fed the control (industry standard) diet more than offset the reduced cost of the alternate diets evaluated.
Aminosulfur trifluorides: relative thermal stability [1]

The fluorinating reagent, DAST (diethylaminosulfur trifluoride,1b), has the potential to decompose violently when heated and presents a hazard if not properly handled. This investigation has shown that the decomposition occurs in two steps. First, a non-energetic disproportionation occurs to give sulfur tetrafluoride and bis(diethylamino) sulfur difluoride (3b). The less stable difluoride thus formed then undergoes a vigorous exothermic decomposition (detonation). The relative stabilities of DAST and several of its analogs were determined by differential thermal analysis. Morpholinosulfur trifluoride (1g, morpho-DAST) was the most stable of the aminosulfur trifluorides examined, and its use in place of the less stable DAST is recommended for fluorinations of alcohols.
Vitellin of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci: biochemical characterization and titer changes in the adult.

SDS-PAGE of the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) egg extract showed one major band (approximately 190 kDa) and two minor bands (approximately 75 kDa and 67 kDa). A distinct 190 kDa band was also present in male extract. On SDS gels the vitellin band of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium) was larger, about 220 kDa. The native molecular mass of sweet potato whitefly vitellin was estimated to be 375 kDa using 4–20% native pore-limiting gel electrophoresis. Its isoelectric point was estimated to be 7.3 using isoelectric focusing. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and densitometry were used to estimate vitellin subunit composition; the data suggest that the sweet potato whitefly vitellin is likely to be a 380 kDa native molecule formed by two 190 kDa subunits. The two minor bands (75 kDa and 67 kDa) may be breakdown products of the native vitellin. This conclusion was supported by a Western blot of an SDS-PAGE gel of partially degraded female and egg extracts, which showed that polyclonal antiserum raised against the 190 kDa polypeptide recognized the 75 kDa and 67 kDa bands. Seven hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against the 190 kDa band were screened, and one of them (S1A2G9H2) was mass produced. The antibody recognized the 190 kDa band in a Western blot. All the screened monoclonal antibodies were female and egg-specific by ELISA and/or Western blot, suggesting that the 190 kDa band in male extract was not a vitellin. A sensitive ELISA was established that could detect as little as 1/40 of an egg equivalent of vitellin using the monoclonal antibody from S1A2G9H2. Profiles of female sweet potato whitefly reproductive activities (egg laying, amount of vitellin in the female, and total vitellin produced by a female) within 2 days after eclosion were determined. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:223–237, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In-house sulfur SAD phasing: a case study of the effects of data quality and resolution cutoffs.

Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) utilizing the weak signal of inherently present S atoms can be successfully used to solve macromolecular structures, although this is mostly performed with data from a synchrotron rather than a laboratory source. Using high redundancy, sufficiently accurate anomalous data may now often be collected in the laboratory using Cu Kα X-ray radiation. Systematic analyses of a laboratory-derived data set illuminate the effects of data quality, redundancy and resolution cutoffs on the ability to locate the S atoms and phase the structure of Ptr ToxA, a 13.2 kDa toxin secreted by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Three sulfurs contributed to the successful phasing of the structure and were located using the program SHELXD. It is observed that data quality improves with increasing redundancy, but after a certain point becomes worse owing to crystal decay, so that there is an optimal amount of data to include for the sulfur substructure solution. Further, the success rate in locating S atoms is dramatically improved at lower resolutions and in a manner similar to data quality, there exists an optimal resolution at which the likelihood of solving the substructure is maximized. Based on these observations, a strategy for SAD data collection and substructure solution is suggested.
Learning Multiscale Active Facial Patches for Expression Analysis

In this paper, we present a new idea to analyze facial expression by exploring some common and specific information among different expressions. Inspired by the observation that only a few facial parts are active in expression disclosure (e.g., around mouth, eye), we try to discover the common and specific patches which are important to discriminate all the expressions and only a particular expression, respectively. A two-stage multitask sparse learning (MTSL) framework is proposed to efficiently locate those discriminative patches. In the first stage MTSL, expression recognition tasks are combined to located common patches. Each of the tasks aims to find dominant patches for each expression. Secondly, two related tasks, facial expression recognition and face verification tasks, are coupled to learn specific facial patches for individual expression. The two-stage patch learning is performed on patches sampled by multiscale strategy. Extensive experiments validate the existence and significance of common and specific patches. Utilizing these learned patches, we achieve superior performances on expression recognition compared to the state-of-the-arts.
The Role of Spirituality Healing with Perceptions of the Medical Encounter among Latinos

Background Little is known about the relationship between spirituality healing and perceptions about the medical encounter among Latinos.
Three Questions about Minding God

. Gregory Peterson's Minding God does an excellent job of introducing the cognitive sciences to the general reader and drawing preliminary connections between these disciplines and some of the loci of theology. The book less successfully articulates how the cognitive sciences should impact the future of theology. In this article I pose three questions: (1) What semantics is presupposed in relating the languages of theology and the cognitive sciences? How do the truth conditions of these disparate disciplines relate? (2) What precisely does theology gain from what is central to cognitive science: the emphasis on information processing, inner representation, and the computer model of the mind? What exactly does cognitive science offer to theology beyond the now-standard rejection of Cartesian dualism, the affirmation of an embodied mind, and the repudiation of reduction? (3) What can the cognitive sciences offer in tackling crucial questions in the theology-science discussion such as divine agency and divine causation? Finally, I point to a possible begging of the question in the claim that cognitive science relates to theology because theology deals with meaning and purpose, and a particular interpretation of cognitive science grants more meaning and purpose to human beings than antecedent post-Cartesian positions in the philosophy of mind.
Cells: a virtual mobile smartphone architecture

Smartphones are increasingly ubiquitous, and many users carry multiple phones to accommodate work, personal, and geographic mobility needs. We present Cells, a virtualization architecture for enabling multiple virtual smartphones to run simultaneously on the same physical cellphone in an isolated, secure manner. Cells introduces a usage model of having one foreground virtual phone and multiple background virtual phones. This model enables a new device namespace mechanism and novel device proxies that integrate with lightweight operating system virtualization to multiplex phone hardware across multiple virtual phones while providing native hardware device performance. Cells virtual phone features include fully accelerated 3D graphics, complete power, management features, and full telephony functionality with separately assignable telephone numbers and caller ID support. We have implemented a prototype of Cells that supports multiple Android virtual phones on the same phone. Our performance results demonstrate that Cells imposes only modest runtime and memory overhead, works seamlessly across multiple hardware devices including Google Nexus 1 and Nexus S phones, and transparently runs Android applications at native speed without any modifications.
Germination and outgrowth of Bacillus popilliae in hemolymph slide mounts

Abstract Cabbage looper hemolymph induced rapid germination and outgrowth of spores of Bacillus popilliae . Spores germinated within sporangia but outgrowth occurred from free released spores as well as from spores retained in sporangia. With 37°C, an alkaline pH, and tyrosinase, outgrowth resulted in 1 hr. Of six strains of milky disease bacteria tested, hemolymph mediated germination and outgrowth of only those which are infective perorally for European chafer larvae, indicating a potential use as a screening tool to assess virulence for the chafer.
Variation in Herbivore and Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Volatiles Among Genetic Lines of Datura wrightii

Many plant species produce volatile organic compounds after being damaged by herbivores. The production of volatiles also may be induced by exposing plants to the plant hormone, jasmonic acid, or its volatile ester, methyl jasmonate. This study addresses the induction of the production volatile organic compounds among genetic lines of Datura wrightii. Within populations, some plants produce glandular trichomes, whereas others produce nonglandular trichomes, and trichome phenotype is controlled by a single dominant gene. Glandular trichomes not only confer resistance to some herbivorous insects, but they also inhibit many natural enemies of those herbivores. Because of the potential benefit of natural enemies that use volatile cues to find individuals of the non-glandular phenotype, it is reasonable to ask if plants of D. wrightii that differ in trichome morphology might produce different blends of volatile compounds. Volatile compounds were collected from eight genetic lines of plants that had been backcrossed for three generations. Volatiles were collected from pairs of sibling plants before and after insect damage or treatment with methyl jasmonate. Within each pair, one sib expressed glandular trichomes and the other expressed nonglandular trichomes. Overall, plants produced an array of at least 17 compounds, most of which were sesquiterpenes. Total production of volatiles increased from 3.9- to 16.2-fold among genetic lines after insect damage and from 3.6- to 32-fold in plants treated with methyl jasmonate. The most abundant compound was (E)-β-caryophyllene. This single compound comprised from 17 to 59% of the volatiles from insect-damaged plants and from 24 to 88% of the volatiles from plants treated with methyl jasmonate, depending upon genetic line. The production of (E)-β-caryophyllene by the original male parents of the eight genetic lines was significantly related to the mean production of their third-generation backcross progeny indicating that the variation in the production of (E)-β-caryophyllene was inherited. Blends did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively between sibs expressing glandular or nonglandular trichomes.
A Method for the Liapunov Stability Analysis of Force-Free Dynamical Systems

A new method for the stability analysis of force-free dynamical systems described by simultaneous sets of ordinary and partial differential equations of motion is presented. Such systems, referred to as hybrid, arise naturally in connection with the motion of spinning flexible bodies. The method is based on Liapunov's second method and works directly with the hybrid system of equations. It involves the construction of a Liapunov functional that takes into account automatically motion integrals resulting from the absence of external forces on the system. The general theory is particularly suitable for the stability analysis of torque-free spinning satellites containing distributed elastic members. As an illustration, the case of spin stabilization of a satellite with flexible appendages is solved.
The Historical Origins of Stereochemical Line and Wedge Symbolism

This piece traces the early origins of the stereochemical line and wedge symbolism and its entry into the organic textbook in the 1960s. It also comments on inconsistencies in its textbook usage and current debates over its use in representing absolute configurations.
Cloud-Scale Application Performance Monitoring with SDN and NFV

In cloud data centers, more and more services are deployed across multiple tiers to increase flexibility and scalability. However, this makes it difficult for the cloud provider to identify which tier of the application is the bottleneck and how to resolve performance problems. Existing solutions approach this problem by constantly monitoring either in end-hosts or physical switches. Host based monitoring usually needs instrumentation of application code, making it less practical, while network hardware based monitoring is expensive and requires special features in each physical switch. Instead, we believe network wide monitoring should be flexible and easy to deploy in a non-intrusive way by exploiting recent advances in software-based network services. Towards this end we are developing a distributed software-based network monitoring framework for cloud data centers. Our system leverages knowledge of topology and routing information to build relationships between each tier of the application, and detect and locate performance bottlenecks by monitoring the network inside software switches.