cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consensus statement - Prader-Willi syndrome: Growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor axis deficiency and GH treatment

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disabling condition characterized by hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, short stature, delayed or absent puberty, and mental retardation. The syndrome complex was first described in 1956 by Dr. Andrea Prader and colleagues [1]. In the 1980s, a characteristic genetic defect was identified involving deletion of paternal alleles at chromosome 15q11-13 [2-6]. This occurs by deletion of alleles on the paternal copy of chromosome 15q, an absent paternal chromosome 15q with maternal disomy, or, rarely, by mutations of the imprinting center of chromosome 15q. The estimated population prevalence of PWS is 1 in 15,000 live births.
Use of personality assessment instruments in empirically guided treatment planning.

Treatment planning and monitoring are essential components of mental health service delivery in the era of managed care. Personality assessment instruments have long been used by practitioners to assist in psychodiagnosis and the identification of treatment needs and goals. Nevertheless, managed-care companies and 3rd-party payers are reluctant to authorize psychological assessment service and, instead, prefer that clinicians base their plans on clinical interviews. Research is reviewed documenting the utility of personality assessment instruments in empirically guided treatment planning and the superiority of this method over clinical interviewing. A new psychological test designed specifically for use in treatment planning, the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (J. N. Butcher, in press), is introduced and described.
Correction of Satellite Temperature Retrieval Errors Due to Errors in Atmospheric Transmittances

Abstract It is generally assumed that atmospheric transmittance functions are known to an accuracy of no better than about five to ten percent. Consequently, one can expect a major impact of these errors on temperature retrieves based on the inversion of the radiative transfer equation, as opposed to regression methods that do not explicitly use transmittance functions. A numerical simulation study of the sensitivity of the retrieved temperature profiles to errors in transmittance is described. The study shows that most of the transmittance error is propagated into the retrieved profiles in the form of a bias error. A technique for removing this large bias component of the error is given. Furthermore, it is shown how the improper use of regularization transforms sonic of the bias error into an unremovable component of random error. Finally, we show results that indicate how well the bias-error removal technique works in practice using real data. It is found that, despite errors of measurement and errors i...
Plasmonic Ag nanostructures on thin substrates for enhanced energy harvesting

Nanoparticles and nanostructures with plasmonic resonances are currently being employed to enhance the efficiency of solar cells. Ag stripe arrays have been shown theoretically to enhance the short-circuit current of thin silicon layers. Such Ag stripes are combined with 200 nm long and 60 nm wide “teeth”, which act as nanoantennas, and form vertical rectifying metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanostructures on metallic substrates coated with thin oxides, such as Nb/NbOx films. We characterize experimentally and theoretically the visible and near-infrared spectra of these “stripeteeth” arrays, which act as microantenna arrays for energy harvesting and detection, on silicon substrates. Modeling the stripe-teeth arrays predicts a substantial net a.c. voltage across the MIM diode, even when the stripe-teeth microrectenna arrays are illuminated at normal incidence.
Steel factor and c-Kit receptor: From mutants to a growth factor system

Mutations within the Steel and Dominant Spotting loci of mice have led to the recent identification of a growth factor/receptor system required for the normal development of germ cells, pigment cells and hematopoietic cells. Interactions between the products of these genes, Steel factor and c-Kit respectively, have now been demonstrated to influence various developmental processes, including survival, proliferation, and/or differentiation of cells in a tissue specific manner. In addition, our current understanding of the molecular basis of various Steel and Dominant Spotting alleles coupled with the emerging information on the expression pattern of steel factor and c-kit transcripts during development, is now beginning to explain the pleiotropic affects of these mutations.
POWDER COATING PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR A TRANSFER EFFICIENCY MODEL

ABSTRACT The trajectories of charged powder particles in a powder coating system are governed by the electrostatic, gravitational and aerodynamic forces acting on the particles. A mathematical model of particle trajectories inside a powder coating booth must consider (1) the aerodynamic flow field, (2) particle size and charge distributions, (3) the electrostatic field distribution, and (4)the geometry of the target. Our approach is to employ a grid generation and flow solver to examine the air flow pattern and an iterative technique where the Charge Simulation Method can be used to compute the electric field strength and the Method of Characteristics can be used to compute the charge density in the gun-to-target region. The electrostatic forces due to the deposited powder layer and image charge are to be taken into account to determine if the particle will deposit on the substrate or not. The model is applied to the geometry of a high-voltage electrode consisting of a long thin rod with a hemispherical e...
Citizen Perceptions of Online Interactivity and Implications for Political Campaign Communication

In this essay we test empirically whether U.S. citizens identify and distinguish between the media and human interaction components of the Internet as suggested by Stromer-Galley (2000). In addition, we explore how citizens understand the role of the Internet in political campaigns, and the role they themselves can play in the campaign process by utilizing the interactive features of Internet applications. To answer these questions, we conducted focus groups in New Hampshire prior to the 2000 presidential primary election. The focus group discussions suggest that citizens perceive the “objective” types of interactivity identified by Stromer-Galley (2000): “media interaction” and “computer-mediated human interaction.” Focus group participants viewed political campaign websites as offering expanded opportunities for citizen engagement with the campaigns in comparison to other media, as well as increased citizen control in relation to campaigns. Although the focus group participants noted that the Internet offers increased potential for computer-mediated human interaction between citizens and campaigns, and they reported a desire to see such opportunities employed, they expressed understanding of the constraints placed on candidates in the context of political campaigning.
CIV. Electron transport in copper arid dilute alloys at low temperature: IV: Resistance minimum: Temperature of occurrence as a function of solute concentration

Abstract We have determined the temperature (T min) at which the resistance minimum occurs for a large number of dilute copper alloys containing Fe, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb and Bi as solutes. Data on the absolute thermoelectric power and size of the resistance minimum of these alloys have previously been published. For alloys of Fe, Bi and Pb, we find that (T min) n ∝ rC where n ∼ 5 and rC is the normal residual resistivity increase due to the added solute. The variation of T min with solute concentration is much smaller for Ga, In, Ge and Sn as solutes than for Fe, Bi and Pb.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitters for optoelectronic integration

Dramatic progress in surface-emitting lasers in the past year has generated a lot of excitement in this area. Recent results with strained-layer quantum-well lasers detailing low threshold current (0.6 mA) and narrow linewidth operation (85 MHz with a linewidth power product of 5 MHz(DOT)mW) are discussed. Theoretical analysis indicates the potential for increased power output without significant threshold increase.
Significance, Originality, and Literature Review

This PDF file contains the editorial “Significance, Originality, and Literature Review” for OE Vol. 53 Issue 11
Mechanism of loss of adenine nucleotides from mitochondria during myocardial ischemia

We tested the hypothesis that loss of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides during myocardial ischemia is induced by the accumulation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and a decrease in cytosolic ATP. In the isolated perfused rat heart, loss of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP + AMP) was preceded by the rise in tissue Pi and the loss of tissue ATP. After 30 min ischemia, the average rate of loss of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides was c. 1.5% of the initial pool/min. In isolated heart mitochondria, there are two pathways for adenine nucleotide release: a 'fast', phosphate-dependent pathway, which is inhibited by atractyloside; and a 'slow', phosphate-independent pathway, which is insensitive to atractyloside. Decreasing the pH from 7.4 to 6.5 significantly decreased the rate of release by the phosphate-dependent pathway (but not the phosphate-independent pathway). Analysis of release rates indicated that HPO4-2 is responsible for the phosphate-induced release; Vmax = 53.8% of the pool/per minute, Km = 7.5 mM. In vitro, extramitochondrial ATP inhibited adenine nucleotide release in the presence of Pi such that the rate of release was inversely proportional to the extramitochondrial [ATP]; extrapolation to zero ATP indicated a release rate of 2 to 3% of the pool/per minute, which is approximately equal to the rate of the 'slow' phosphate-independent pathway. Moreover, increasing the Pi concentration did not increase the rate of adenine nucleotide release in the presence of extramitochondrial ATP. Accumulation of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides was observed when the mitochondria were incubated in the presence of 4 mM or greater ATP. The results suggest that the rise in intracellular Pi during myocardial ischemia does not induce the loss of adenine nucleotides from the mitochondrial compartment, but rather that degradation of cytosolic ATP results in a slowing of ATP influx such that the rate of efflux (phosphate-independent) exceeds the rate of influx.
Implementing faculty computer literacy programs

A faculty computer literacy grant underwrote distribution and analysis of surveys of faculty computer use and expectations, publication of an extensive newsletter, seminars and workshops, and a computers-on-loan program in which faculty members could take out portable computers like library books. Survey results, successes, and failures are discussed.
Niche differences between male and female white-tailed deer on Ossabaw Island, Georgia

Abstract Niche differences between male and female white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) were studied on Ossabaw Island, Georgia, U.S.A. Most deer seen in pastures were males, but males and females were seen in approximately equal numbers in forest habitat. Pastures contained more abundant and apparently higher quality forage than did forest habitat. The use of higher quality areas by males is not consistent with observations of most other ungulate species. Resource limitation and the relatively high population density of deer on Ossabaw Island may have contributed to this pattern of habitat use. No dietary differences between the sexes were observed within habitats, as indicated by a lack of significant differences in rumen contents, in vitro digestion of forages, and foraging behavior.
Ray tracing in a refracting spherically symmetric atmosphere

Satellite- and balloon-borne instruments may be used to measure the total transmission of electromagnetic radiation along a slant-path trajectory traversing the Earth’s atmosphere. Inversions of this type of measurement data to determine the altitude- and wavelength-dependent atmospheric extinction require accurate ray-tracing techniques. The ray-tracing equations used in our inversion procedures are derived. These equations describe the refraction angle and generate the path-length matrix for such radiation traversing a refracting, spherically symmetric atmosphere. Furthermore, they are presented in forms suitable for numerical integration.
A comprehensive investigation of cardiac arrest before and after arrival of emergency medical services.

Abstract Objective Many of the factors that affect survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are not relevant in patients who arrest after arrival of emergency medical services (EMS). Because all arrests that occur after arrival of EMS are witnessed and care is immediate, one might expect survival to be very high. Several studies have described communities’ experiences of arrest after arrival but few have compared survival rates stratified by rhythm and witness status. The purpose of this paper was to describe the characteristics of patients who arrested after arrival of EMS and to compare survival in this population to those who had witnessed and unwitnessed arrests before EMS arrival. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in King County, WA, USA. Descriptive statistics were calculated in patients whose arrests were not witnessed, in patients whose arrests were witnessed by citizens, and in those whose arrests were witnessed by EMS personnel. Results The majority of bystander- and EMS-witnessed arrests were initially in ventricular fibrillation (VF), but EMS-witnessed arrests were more likely to initially have been in pulseless electrical activity (PEA) than bystander-witnessed events. Patients whose arrests were witnessed by EMS had the greatest likelihood of survival compared to patients whose arrests were not witnessed or were witnessed by bystanders. Patients whose arrests were witnessed by EMS and were initially in VF had the highest rates of survival (59%). Conclusions Patients whose arrests were witnessed by EMS were more likely to have survived their cardiac arrests than those who arrested before EMS arrived. We suggest that survival rates from VF arrests that occur after EMS arrival should be widely reported in order to measure overall EMS performance since many factors such as response times, bystander actions, and witness status are equalized in this subset of patients.
Managerial Emotionality in Chinese Factories

Managerial emotion may be experienced and handled differently when reason and emotion are understood to be continuously (e.g., Eastern cultures) rather than dichotomously (e.g., Western cultures) related. Using a social constructionist perspective, this study investigated emotionality among directors from 48 different factories in the People's Republic of China. Social, moral, and material/economic situations were identified as sources of pleasant and unpleasant managerial emotional experience. Thought-feeling continuities were identified in how the managers described their emotional experiences. Both pleasant and unpleasant emotions were experienced very intensely and were managed in ways that both conformed to and departed from cultural ideals. Managerial emotions appeared to be best handled by thinking through them rather than by venting or suppressing them.
Effective Schools and Home‐School‐Community Partnership Roles: A Framework for Parent Involvement

ABSTRACT The increased interest in parent involvement as a strategy for school reform stems from two bodies of parent involvement research. One set of studies examined family learning environments; the other investigated the impact on student learning of school‐initiated parent involvement programs. This article reviews these two bodies of research, which have influenced current discussions about home‐school partnerships, shows the relationship between practices of successful home‐learning environments and effective schools research, and uses this relationship to propose a typology of home‐school‐community partnership roles and activities. When the research on effective family practices is combined with effective schools research and placed within a typology of partnership roles, schools have a framework for examining current parent involvement practices and exploring strategies that will enhance student learning both at home and at school. *This article is adapted, with permission, from an Occasional Pap...
Key personality traits of engineers for innovation and technology development

Focusing on new roles of engineers for technological innovation and internal entrepreneurship, we examined the personality traits of 4876 engineers versus 75,892 non-engineers. Engineers scored higher on Tough-Mindedness and Intrinsic Motivation; but lower on Assertiveness, Conscientiousness, Customer Service Orientation, Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Image Management, Optimism, Visionary Style, and Work Drive. All but four of these traits were positively related to engineers' career satisfaction. Overall, the results are not encouraging for the new roles of engineers such as intrapreneurship. Findings were discussed in terms of occupational profiling of engineers as well as career planning, selection, training, and professional development of engineers.
Organization and Environmental Properties of Extreme-Rain-Producing Mesoscale Convective Systems

This study examines the radar-indicated structures and other features of extreme rain events in the United States over a 3-yr period. A rainfall event is defined as “extreme” when the 24-h precipitation total at one or more stations surpasses the 50-yr recurrence interval amount for that location. This definition yields 116 such cases from 1999 to 2001 in the area east of the Rocky Mountains, excluding Florida. Two-kilometer national composite radar reflectivity data are then used to examine the structure and evolution of each extreme rain event. Sixty-five percent of the total number of events are associated with mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). While a wide variety of organizational structures (as indicated by radar reflectivity data) are seen among the MCS cases, two patterns of organization are observed most frequently. The first type has a line, often oriented east–west, with “training” convective elements. It also has a region of adjoining stratiform rain that is displaced to the north of the line. The second type has a back-building or quasi-stationary area of convection that produces a region of stratiform rain downstream. Surface observations and composite analysis of Rapid Update Cycle Version 2 (RUC-2) model data reveal that training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS) systems typically form in a very moist, unstable environment on the cool side of a preexisting slow-moving surface boundary. On the other hand, back-building/quasistationary (BB) MCSs are more dependent on mesoscale and storm-scale processes, particularly lifting provided by storm-generated cold pools, than on preexisting synoptic boundaries.
Psychological Control and Morbidity/Mortality in Breast Cancer Patients: A 20-Year Follow-Up Study

The purpose of this paper was to examine the longitudinal effects of psychological sense of control and control-related coping strategies on breast cancer outcomes. Utilizing the California Cancer Registry, follow-up data on cancer recurrence and all-cause mortality were obtained for 54 of 58 women originally diagnosed with breast cancer in 1992 to 1994. Relationships between cancer outcomes and psychological control and mood at 4 and 8 months post-diagnosis were examined. Results of the study showed that a greater sense of control at 8 months was associated with less cancer recurrence, while higher desire for control at both 4 and 8 months was associated with greater likelihood of recurrence. Utilization of an accepting mode of control appeared to mitigate the negative effects of desire for control on recurrence. No significant relationships were observed between mood and mortality or recurrence. These findings suggest the potential value of examining psychological control and control-related coping on cancer outcomes in future epidemiological and clinical studies.
Excision of an ectopic pregnancy through the laparoscope

Laparoscopy with the 2-incision techniques was performed on a 2 cm unruptured pregnancy in the isthmus of the right tube. Hemostasis was achieved by extensive coagulation of the tubal branches of both uterine and ovarian artery and vein and their anastomosing vessels in the mesosalpinx. In early unruptured pregnancies involving the distal portion of the isthmus or those of the ampulla laparoscopy is the easiest procedure. It would be contraindicated in cases where gestation involved the isthmus of the tube immediately adjacent to the uterus where preservation of tubal function was necessary or where there were numerous adhesions from previous pelvic infection. Advantages of laparoscopy are: 1) decreased operative morbidity 2) absence of surgical scar 3) short hospital stay 4) lower cost to patient.
Learning to compete: Competition, outsourcing, and academic libraries

Abstract Academic libraries face unprecedented competition from on campus units, private companies, and outsourcing firms. Using the theme of outsourcing, this article applies key concepts from competition theory to understand how new competitive forces are shaping the campus library, and how that theory can assist the library in making tactical decisions.
Domal Stabilization Suture in Tip Rhinoplasty

Objective To investigate use of the domal stabilization suture as a complementary suture modification technique for refining and securing the nasal tip. Methods A single permanent or absorbable suture is placed via an open or cartilage delivery approach. The suture is placed along the cephalic borders of the domes at the medial third of the lateral crura bilaterally just posterior to the junction of the intermediate and lateral crura as a final step in tip rhinoplasty. Results The domal stabilization suture provided a means to help maintain dome symmetry in the setting of variable healing and scarring forces with no complications and no effect on tip rotation or projection. Conclusion Use of the domal stabilization suture enables correction of subtle changes in mild tip asymmetry and irregularities in domal height and provides subtle narrowing of the interdomal distance.
Thermal instability at 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ magnetic recording

The limitation on recording density imposed by thermal stability is systematically studied by a method combining molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo computer simulations. The thermal decay for as long as 6 months has been simulated for written di-bits at the projected anisotropy, grain size, and bit length for 10 Gbit/in/sup 2/ magnetic recording. In the presence of demagnetizing field, a single layer film has little thermal effect at the upper limit of the projected grain sizes, while thermal decay is obvious when grain sizes are at the lower limit. The magnitude of the noise peak does not change significantly while the noisy region becomes wider after thermal decay. Compared with a single layer medium of the same total thickness, a double layer film has much more serious thermal decay and the negative interaction between layers tends to demagnetize the film, therefore making the thermal effect worse. The thermal decay in multilayer media tends to cancel the gain in noise reduction obtained by dividing the film layer at ultrahigh recording density. The effects of magnetostatic and exchange interaction, anisotropy, and grain volume on thermal stability are discussed. >
Biology and therapy of solid tumors in childhood

Abstract In children malignancies have characteristics distinct from tumors occurring in adults. For instance, the reported incidence is substantially lower, varying from 90 to 170 cases per 1,000,000 child years. Long-term event-free survival rates above 80% are noted in several tumors. Biology is essentially different; in pediatrics the number of mutations is limited and they are linked with specific malignancies, whereas in adults an accumulation of multiple mutations is assumed. Hereditary factors are noted in several neoplasm's. Although the linkage of syndromes with specific tumors is known for a prolonged time, currently the link with minor congenital anomalies in specific tumor types gets more prominent. Environmental factors related with an increased or a decreased risk of cancer are noted. In this review an update is given on tumor biology and treatment for several tumors, i.e. neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, hepatoblastoma and retinoblastoma. Among the aspects dealt with are the occurrence of spontaneous remissions, I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) imaging and treatment, apoptosis induction, antisense therapy, immunotherapy, tyrosin kinase inhibition, stem cell transplantation, suicide gene therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy.
Visual Depiction of Decision Statements: What is Best forProgrammers and Non-Programmers?

This paper reports the results of two experiments investigating differences in comprehensibility of textual and graphical notations for representing decision statements. The first experiment was a replication of a prior experiment that found textual notations to be better than particular graphical notations. After replicating this study, two other hypotheses were investigated in a second experiment. Our first claim is that graphics may be better for technical, non-programmers than they are for programmers because of the great amount of experience that programmers have with textual notations in programming languages. The second is that modifications to graphical forms may improve their usefulness. The results support both of these hypotheses.
An inexpensive meter to measure differences in electrical resistance in the rat vagina during the ovarian cycle.

The inherent electrical resistance of the rat vaginal wall rises markedly near the beginning of estrus and then falls again to low levels for the remainder of the ovarian cycle. Accordingly, specia...
Human tracking by adaptive Kalman filtering and multiple kernels tracking with projected gradients

Kernel based trackers have been proven to be a promising approach in video object tracking. The use of single kernel often suffers from occlusion since the visual information is not sufficient for kernel usage. Hence, multiple inter-related kernels have been utilized for tracking in complicated scenarios. This paper embeds the multiple kernels tracking into a Kalman filtering-based tracking system, which uses Kalman prediction as the initial position for the multiple kernels tracking, and applies the result of the latter as the measurement to the Kalman update. The state transition and noise covariance matrices used in Kalman filter are also dynamically updated by the output of multiple kernels tracking. Several simulation results have been done to show the robustness of the proposed system which can successfully track all the video objects under occlusion.
30S Subunit-Dependent Activation of the Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 Aminoglycoside Resistance-Conferring 16S rRNA Methyltransferase Kmr

Methylation of bacterial 16S rRNA within the ribosomal decoding center confers exceptionally high resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. This resistance mechanism is exploited by aminoglycoside producers for self-protection while functionally equivalent methyltransferases have been acquired by human and animal pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report structural and functional analyses of the Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 aminoglycoside resistance-conferring methyltransferase Kmr. Our results demonstrate that Kmr is a 16S rRNA methyltransferase acting at residue A1408 to confer a canonical aminoglycoside resistance spectrum in Escherichia coli. Kmr possesses a class I methyltransferase core fold but with dramatic differences in the regions which augment this structure to confer substrate specificity in functionally related enzymes. Most strikingly, the region linking core β-strands 6 and 7, which forms part of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) binding pocket and contributes to base flipping by the m1A1408 methyltransferase NpmA, is disordered in Kmr, correlating with an exceptionally weak affinity for SAM. Kmr is unexpectedly insensitive to substitutions of residues critical for activity of other 16S rRNA (A1408) methyltransferases and also to the effects of by-product inhibition by S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). Collectively, our results indicate that adoption of a catalytically competent Kmr conformation and binding of the obligatory cosubstrate SAM must be induced by interaction with the 30S subunit substrate.
The Impact of School Nursing on School Performance: A Research Synthesis

School nurses work in an educational setting. Due to budget cuts, different goals, and confusion between educators and nurses regarding the school nurse role, school nurses are being asked to demonstrate their effectiveness and justify their presence in elementary and secondary schools. Although school nursing was first initiated 100 years ago, a review of the literature published since 1965 indicates that 15 studies have been conducted that examine the impact of school nurses on academic performance. However, today many articles have recommended more research linking school nursing to educational outcomes. This article synthesizes the results of 15 research articles. Findings from these studies indicate that nursing interventions targeted at specific populations, including parents, have had significant effects. A relationship between school nurses' interventions and absenteeism is also suggested. Limitations of these studies are discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
A genomic scan of porcine reproductive traits reveals possible quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for number of corpora lutea

Reproductive traits have low heritabilities, are expressed in only one sex, and are not measurable until sexual maturity (Avalos and Smith, Anim Prod 44:153, 1987). Using traditional methods, selection for reproductive traits is relatively less effective than selecting for growth or carcass traits. Traits most affected by a small number of genes with major effects rather than many genes with small effects are most amenable to MAS. As part of our porcine genome scan to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of economic importance in marker-assisted selective (MAS) breeding programs, we examined 8 reproductive and farrowing traits in the University of Illinois (UI) Meishan × Yorkshire Resource Family. Gilts were genotyped with 119 microsatellite markers (MS) with intervals averaging 24 cM over all 18 porcine autosomes. F-ratios supporting QTL location were calculated by the least squares regression method. Results suggestive of linkage at the 5% genome-wide level were observed for the number of stillborn piglets on Chromosome (Chr) 4 (SSC4) (p-value = 0.0001), corpora lutea on SSC8 (p-value = 0.00027), and gestation length on SSC9 (p-value = 0.00019). Results for additional loci relevant to litter size, number of corpora lutea on SSC15 and 7 (p-value = 0.0029 and 0.0028 at 107 and 150 cM, respectively), gestation length on SSC15 and 1 (p-value = 0.0017 and 0.0069 at 96 and 166 cM, respectively), uterine length on SSC7 and 5 (p-value = 0.0044 and 0.0075 at 148 and 1 cM, respectively) and piglets born per litter on SSC6 (p-value = 0.0075 at 102 cM), were not statistically significant at the 5% genome-wide level. Thus, the use of a linked marker to facilitate selection for reproductive traits has considerable potential. By using linked markers, selection can be applied to both sexes before sexual maturity, making genetic selection considerably more efficient and less costly.
Identification of compliant pseudo-rigid-body four-link mechanism configurations resulting in bistable behavior

Bistable mechanisms, which have two stable equilibria within their range of motion, are important parts of a wide variety of systems, such as closures, valves, switches, and clasps. Compliant bistable mechanisms present design challenges because the mechanism’s energy storage and motion characteristics are strongly coupled and must be considered simultaneously. This paper studies compliant bistable mechanisms which may be modeled as four-link mechanisms with a torsional spring at one joint. Theory is developed to predict compliant and rigid-body mechanism configurations which guarantee bistable behavior. With this knowledge, designers can largely uncouple the motion and energy storage requirements of a bistable mechanism design problem. Examples demonstrate the power of the theory in bistable mechanism design.
RECOVERY FROM BLAST FISHING ON CORAL REEFS: A TALE OF TWO SCALES

Dynamite or “blast” fishing is one of the most immediate and destructive threats to coral reefs worldwide. However, little is known about the long-term ecosystem effects of such blasts or the dynamics of recovery. Here, we examine coral reef recovery in the simplest case of acute single blasts of known age, as well as recovery from chronic blasting over greater spatial and temporal scales. Rubble resulting from single blasts slowly stabilized, and craters filled in with surrounding coral and new colonies. After five years, coral cover within craters no longer differed significantly from control plots. In contrast, extensively bombed areas showed no significant recovery over the six years of this study, despite adequate supply of coral larvae. After extensive blasting, the resulting coral rubble shifts in ocean currents, forming unstable “killing fields” for new recruits. While recently tested rehabilitation methods might be feasible on a small scale, human intervention is unlikely to be effective on large...
REACTION‐EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS ON CHROMITE AND ALLIED SPINELS*

The rate of formation of spinel in mixtures of magnesia with alumina or chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was greatly increased by the addition of 2% of boric acid. When the three oxides were heated together in the molecular ratio (2MgO + A12O3+ Cr2O3), reaction-expansion set in at a temperature much below that observed with the binary mixtures. The product appeared to be a mixture of green magnesium chromite with a pink colored spinel whose lattice edge was greater than that of magnesium aluminate but smaller than that of the chromite. Test pieces made from unfired Cuban chromite began to shrink at 1300°C, and gave a final shrinkage of 2.2% after two hours at 1500°C. Microscopic examination showed that the serpentine had changed to a glass. The compensation of firing shrinkage by the addition of 20% of coarse Austrian magnesite or 10% of fine electrically fused magnesia was found to be due to the formation of a doubly refracting mineral resembling forsterite. With a 20% alumina addition, a firing expansion of 0.8% was obtained.
A hairy intruder into colon

Ovarian dermoid cysts are benign tumors, which develop from totipotent germ cells and grow into mature tissue types consisting of hair, teeth, fat and neural tissue. Ovarian dermoid cyst fistulizing to the sigmoid is rare and presenting with bleeding per rectum is extremely rare. We present a case of middle-aged woman with bleeding per rectum who had the right adnexal tumor fistulating to sigmoid.
Olfactory and Visual Learning and Their Combined Influence on Host Site Location by the Parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson)

Abstract The host foraging behavior of the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in response to various assemblages of hosts and associated cues distributed over a patch of cotton plants located in a flight chamber. Females of the parasitoid developed a preference for stimuli experienced during host encounters. To study odor learning, frass from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), feeding on either of two different parts of the cotton plant, was offered as volatile stimuli. During training sessions only one of the frass odors was associated with the host. Subsequent choice evaluations revealed that parasitoids preferred whichever frass odor had been associated with the host during training sessions. Thus, it was shown that females can learn to distinguish among frass odors from hosts feeding on different parts of the plant. In the same manner it was shown that parasitoids can be conditioned to visual stimuli. This study demonstrates that parasitoids use olfactory as well as visual learning to concentrate their search on the plant structures that are most profitable in terms of host encounters. Visual and olfactory learning proved to be additive: parasitoids conditioned to a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli displayed a stronger preference than individuals conditioned to either sensory component alone. When conditioned to a combination of stimuli, olfactory learning was demonstrated to be dominant over visual learning. To our knowledge this study is the first account of multisensory conditioning and summational learning effects in insect parasitoids. The significance of multisensory learning in parasitoid foraging is discussed.
Rosetta Stone of NLR Innate Immunity

The formation of NLR inflammasomes is a central step in the initiation of the innate immune response. Two recent publications describe the structure of the NAIP2-NLRC4 inflammasome and derive an elegant model of NLR inflammasome formation, whereby binding of the pathogen-molecule-bound NLR NAIP2 to NLRC4 leads to the activation of NLRC4 and initiation of self-propagating NLRC4 inflammasome formation.
Flexible 2D FETs using hBN dielectrics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) are promising for flexible electronics because of their combination of unique electrical properties and mechanical robustness.1 However, conventional oxides are not well matched as complementary dielectrics for 2D channel materials. Trapped charges typically present in oxide-based dielectrics,2,3 result in increased scattering of charge carriers in device channels. We have pioneered the use of a 2D dielectric, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), as a better alternative: it can by highly crystalline and as an insulating analogue of graphene, it lacks dangling bonds at its surface, making it an ideal complement to 2D conducting materials.4 We have recently demonstrated a new technique to assemble layered heterostructures by ‘van der Waals transfer’. This process eliminates exposure of the active device layer to polymers and provides atomically clean interfaces even for devices fabricated in ambient conditions. For electrical contact to encapsulated graphene layers, we have demonstrated a second technique, in which the entire stack is etched to expose a one-dimensional edge of the channel. Metal electrodes applied to this edge create a robust contact with resistance approaching 100-μm.5
The effect of current and prospective policies on photovoltaic system economics: An application to the US Midwest

Abstract This study models fundamental features of current and prospective policies encouraging adoption of residential photovoltaic (PV) systems. A key finding is that time-of-day (ToD) pricing can enhance or worsen the economics of PV systems. Moreover, increased responsiveness of electricity demand to its price diminishes the effectiveness of ToD pricing in the absence of net metering, but does not affect it otherwise. An application to plausible conditions in the State of Indiana, USA, shows that current policies are unlikely to trigger adoption by a risk-neutral forward-looking residential customer. However, adoption of PV systems can be induced if the Federal Tax Credit is increased to cover 48% of capital cost (instead of the current 30%), which could imply a cost to the Federal Government of about $0.95/kW of installed capacity depending on the panel’s size. We demonstrate that implementation of ToD pricing can trigger adoption under a range of on- and off-peak price combinations. But our analysis also shows that the cost-effectiveness of ToD pricing is enhanced at higher ratios of on-peak to off-peak prices.
‘Good’ food: Islamic food ethics beyond religious dietary laws

In this article, I aim to contribute to the remedy of the current under-theorization of discourse on food ethics and politics from the perspective of the Islamic food tradition by proposing a formu...
Dyes for Studying the Movements of Small Mammals

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for marking small mammals with dyes to facilitate the study of their movements. This objective included the important restriction of not handling the animal and thus avoiding many of the difficulties resulting from the use of the usual techniques. Recent interest in the refinement of methods used to study home range in small mammals has led to numerous papers evaluating the techniques currently in use. Blair (1951, 1953), Hayne (1949, 1950), and Stickel (1954) have made major contributions in this evaluation. A need exists for new techniques that avoid the faults of live-trapping but provide the necessary information for assessing small mammal movements. The dye technique developed in this study attempts to overcome many of the criticisms leveled at live-trapping, but evaluation of this method certainly will demonstrate new difficulties, some of which will be pointed out in this paper. Chitty and Southern (1954) and Davis, Emlen and Stokes (1948) have used dyes to study the movements of small mammals. In 1951, Eadie (unpublished) carried out some preliminary marking experiments with small mammals by feeding them sudan III. Microtus pennsylvanicus and Blarina brevicauda were recovered with pink-stained fat. In this study an attempt was made to find a series of different colored dyes that could be used in studying certain phases of mammalian life history. No use of radioactive materials was made. The proposed use of dyes required that substances be fed orally so that feces, urine, pelage, or internal structures would become marked. A review of the literature of the use of dyes for internal and external staining was given in New (1956). Certified dyes were used whenever obtainable in this investigation. …
A hemagglutination reaction of mothers and infants of different ABO and Rh groups.

In order to study tumor-host relationships, Betts and co-workers injected rabbits with normal whole human serum according to the method with Freund adjuvant. By means of a test analogous to the direct Coombs reaction, the rabbit antiserums agglutinated erythrocytes (washed in physiologic saline solution) from a high proportion of cancer patients. Cases of pregnancy and active tuberculosis were included as noncancerous controls, inasmuch as these 2 conditions yield positive results with most serologic cancer tests. In order to analyze why some pregnant women had positive agglutination tests, 54 mothers and their newborn infants were tested serologically, and their ABO and Rh blood groups were also established. No serums with established maternal Rh antibodies or with clinical evidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn were included.
Resolving the Reaction Mechanism for H2 Formation from High-Temperature Water–Gas Shift by Chromium–Iron Oxide Catalysts

The reaction mechanism of the high-temperature water–gas shift (HT-WGS) reaction catalyzed by chromium–iron oxide catalysts for H2 production has been studied for 100 years with two reaction mechanisms proposed: redox and associative (involving surface HCOO*). Direct experimental support for either mechanism, however, is still lacking, which hinders a thorough understanding of catalytic roles of each elements and the rational design of Cr-free catalysts. The current study demonstrates, with temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) spectroscopy (CO-TPSR, CO+H2O-TPSR, and HCOOH-TPSR), for the first time that the HT-WGS reaction follows the redox mechanism and that the associative mechanism does not take place.
Entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremities.

Numbness, painful tingling, or weakness may be the result of the entrapment of a peripheral nerve. These problems are encountered by medical providers of all types, and although common, they often lead to diagnostic and management difficulties. This review covers entrapment of three nerves at three sites. The pathophysiology of each of these syndromes is different, and there are corresponding differences in management. Several recent monographs provide further details1–4. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Clinical Features Carpal tunnel syndrome is produced by compression of the median nerve at the wrist (Figure 1). Affected patients report numbness, tingling, and pain in . . .
Inter-Governmental Dispute Settlement Under Tax Treaties: Lessons from the GATT and International Relations Theory

The inter-governmental dispute settlement provisions in international trade agreements, particularly the GATT, have evolved into quasi-judicial systems whose rulings cannot be blocked by one party. In contrast, dispute settlement under income tax treaties has remained decidedly "anti-legalistic," relying on endeavors to settle disputes through inter-governmental consultation and negotiation. This disparity is puzzling, since international tax policy can have an enormous impact on international trade and investment. Indeed, a country can use income tax measures to undercut the commitments it makes in international trade agreements. Recognizing these facts, some have argued that the procedures for resolving inter-governmental income tax disputes should be strengthened. This could be accomplished by modeling tax treaty dispute settlement procedures on the procedures in the GATT or by bringing income tax measures under the coverage of the GATT itself (as was done in the Uruguay Round agreement on services, but only to a very limited extent because of U.S. opposition). This article argues that the design of optimal income tax treaty dispute settlement procedures can be analyzed by drawing upon analytical methods and insights developed by international trade and international relations theorists. These approaches involve viewing inter-governmental dispute settlement systems as devices for facilitating international cooperation by changing the political context in which sovereign governments make decisions based on self-interest. The article suggests that there are significant differences between the problems of maintaining cooperation under international trade regimes and under existing international tax regimes. Because of these differences, the highly legalistic dispute settlement procedures that have evolved under trade agreements such as the GATT are not necessarily a reliable model for dispute settlement under income tax treaties.
Practicing utopia: an intellectual history of the new town movement

New towns have a deliciously rich history, beginning with Ebenezer Howard’s garden cities as the right blend of nature and the built environment through the role of new towns in the post-war recons...
Analysis of Contact Problems Using the SGRA

The contact body problem is one of the common problems in mechanical and structural components. Examples are bolt-nut connections, pistons in cylinders, bearings, etc. Since the contact problem is not easy to solve analytically for complex loadings and geometries, the numerical technique such as the finite element method has been applied to the problem.
Big Data and Survey Research: Supplement or Substitute?

The increasing availability of organic Big Data has prompted questions regarding its usefulness as an auxiliary data source that can enhance the value of design-based survey data, or possibly serve as a replacement for it. Big Data’s potential value as a substitute for survey data is largely driven by recognition of the potential cost savings associated with a transition from reliance on expensive and often slow-to-complete survey data collection to reliance on far less-costly and readily available Big Data sources. There may be, of course, serious methodological costs of doing so. We review and compare the advantages and disadvantages of survey-based vs. Big Data-based methodologies, concluding that each data source has unique qualities and that future efforts to find ways of integrating data obtained from varying sources, including Big Data and survey research, are most likely to be fruitful.