cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of arthroscopic capsulolabral repair: Bankart lesion versus anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic capsulolabral repair for traumatic anterior shoulder instability and to compare the outcome in patients who have Bankart lesions versus those with anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions. Methods This study included 99 patients (93 shoulders), 72 male and 17 female, with a mean age of 32 years, who underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair for traumatic, recurrent anterior shoulder instability, by use of suture anchors. In 67 shoulders (72%) a discrete Bankart lesion was repaired, and in 26 shoulders (28%) an ALPSA lesion was repaired. The 2 groups were analyzed with regard to the number of preoperative dislocations and number of postoperative recurrences. Results At a mean follow-up of 47 months (range, 24 to 98 months), recurrence of instability was documented in 10 shoulders (10.7%). Of the shoulders, 5 had Bankart lesions (7.4%) and 5 had ALPSA lesions (19.2%) ( P = .0501). The mean number of dislocations or subluxations before the index surgery was significantly higher in the ALPSA group (mean, 12.3 [range, 2 to 57]) than in the Bankart group (mean, 4.9 [range, 2 to 24]) ( P P > .05 for all). Conclusions Patients with ALPSA lesions present with a higher number of recurrent dislocations than those with discrete Bankart lesions. In addition, the failure rate after arthroscopic capsulolabral repair is higher in the ALPSA group than in the Bankart group. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
A society of things: animal figurines and material scales at Neolithic Çatalhöyük

AbstractNeolithic animals comprise more than half of the total figurine assemblage at Catalhoyuk (7400–6000 cal. BC), with some 741 horns and 449 quadrupeds, as opposed to only 187 human figurines. Many figurines, whether of wild cattle, boar or deer, are small, detailed, finely modeled and demonstrate anatomical knowledge and specificity. Their miniature quality allows them to do what real animals, plastered animal installations and wall paintings cannot – to socialize, and to facilitate embodied and immediate interaction between humans and wild animals. Figurines are active things in themselves and their small scale invites an intimacy, control and democratization of experience that was not possible with large-scale narrative paintings that were relegated to a few houses or with plastered bucrania retrieved from hunting. In this society of things, figurines are conduits between very different material scales and they effectively embody and communicate across the species divide in expedient and intimate ...
Androgen receptor in the rat brain — assays and properties

The existence and relevance of an androgen receptor in the developing brain has been a matter of controversy. We here describe both sucrose density gradient and hydroxylapatite assays which clearly define a distinct androgen receptor in the 24-day-old rat hypothalamus, amygdala and preoptic region, but not in the cortex. This receptor has considerable affinity for estradiol-17beta, thus perhaps accounting for some uncertainty about its nature, but none for diethylstilbestrol or other estrogens, antiestrogens or glucocorticoids. Its Kd for both dihydrotestosterone and testosterone is about 1 X 10(-9) M and for estradiol about 2 X 10(-8) M. Its properties are generally consistent with those of androgen receptor reported for other tissues.
Left handedness and immune disorders

The Geschwind-Behan hypothesis that immune disorder (IMD) is more common among left than among right handed persons was tested in a sample of 3080 college students. Subjects indicated, for each of a list of IMDs, whether they: (1) had no reason to believe they had the disorder; (2) thought they might have the disorder; (3) had the disorder diagnosed by a physician; or (4) had had a disorder diagnosed and treated by a physician. Females reported significantly more IMDs than did males. Among females, the distribution of responses across the four response categories was not different for left and right handers, but IMD was significantly higher among left handed females when only the extreme categories were considered. Among males, no handedness effect was seen across the four categories, nor when only the extreme categories were considered. Laterality quotients, from the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, were unrelated to IMD reports in both sexes. Results provide no real support for the Geschwind-Behan hypothesis. Even in the case of the extreme categories of IMD reports of females, the association of left handedness (for writing) and IMD accounts for only three-tenths of one percent of the variance.
The shortest planar arc of width 1

(1989). The Shortest Planar Arc of Width 1. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 309-327.
Experiments in evaluating interactive spoken language systems

As the DARPA spoken language community moves towards developing useful systems for interactive problem solving, we must explore alternative evaluation procedures that measure whether these systems aid people in solving problems within the task domain. In this paper, we describe several experiments exploring new evaluation procedures. To look at end-to-end evaluation, we modified our data collection procedure slightly in order to experiment with several objective task completion measures. We found that the task completion time is well correlated with the number of queries used. We also explored log file evaluation, where evaluators were asked to judge the clarity of the query and the correctness of the response based on examination of the log file. Our results show that seven evaluators were unanimous on more than 80% of the queries, and that at least 6 out of 7 evaluators agreed over 90% of the time. Finally, we applied these new procedures to compare two systems, one system requiring a complete parse and the other using the more flexible robust parsing mechanism. We found that these metrics could distinguish between these systems: there were significant differences in ability to complete the task, number of queries required to complete the task, and score (as computed through a log file evaluation) between the robust and the non-robust modes.
Emerging Market Countries’ Access to International Financial Markets

Recent global imbalances have changed the way international capital flows are shared among developed and developing countries. In the new environment, the U.S., a former lender, has become a borrower. This article discusses how the privileged position of this new borrower might influence developing countries’ access to international financial markets. It suggests that for some emerging market countries, the recent increase in current account surpluses might be because of worsening in their borrowing opportunities. Empirical analysis for 39 emerging market economies shows that the increase in the U.S. deficit limited the access of emerging market economies that we analyzed in Commonwealth of Independent States, Developing Asia, Central and Eastern Europe to international financial markets for the 1980–2009 time period.
A Model of Radiation-Induced Thermal Stratification in an Integral-Collector-Storage Tank

A finite difference model was developed that predicts the transient temperature profile of the water in an integral collector-storage unit during charge from solar radiation incident on the absorber. The model uses a forward difference technique. A Nu(Gr*) correlation for a flat plate in an infinite medium under prescribed uniform heat flux was used on the inside surface of the absorber to relate imposed flux to boundary layer mass flow and temperature. Nodal mass-energy balances were imposed to derive the overall mass flows and temperatures. Model results were compared to experimental and numerical data with good agreement.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A Viscous-Inviscid Interaction Procedure—Part 2: Application to Turbulent Flow Over a Rearward-Facing Step

The viscous-inviscid interaction numerical procedure described in Part 1 is used to predict steady, two-dimensional turbulent flow over a rearward-facing step. The accuracy of predictions is observed to be quite sensitive to the specification of length scale in the turbulence modelling. The best results are observed when the length scale is specified algebraically downstream of the step using parameters characteristic of the step geometry. Predictions of mean flow quantities and reattachment length are shown to be in generally good agreement with measurements obtained over a range of channel expansion ratios.
Proton therapy for Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma has gone from an incurable disease to one for which the majority of patients will be cured. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy achieves the best disease control rates and results in many long-term survivors. As a result, a majority of long-term Hodgkin lymphoma survivors live to experience severe late treatment-related complications, especially cardiovascular disease and second malignancies. The focus of research and treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is to maintain the current high rates of disease control while reducing treatment-related morbidity and mortality. Efforts to reduce late treatment complications focus on improvements in both systemic therapies and radiotherapy. Herein we review the basis for the benefits of proton therapy over conventional X-ray therapy. We review outcomes of Hodgkin lymphoma treated with proton therapy, and discuss the ability of protons to reduce radiation dose to organs at risk and the impact on the most significant late complications related to the treatment.
Understanding the Decision to Marry Versus Cohabit: The Role of Interpersonal Dedication and Constraints and the Impact on Life Satisfaction

The current study explored men's and women's reasons for choosing to marry rather than to cohabit using a national data set (n = 786) of adults who were currently married or had been married previously. Using commitment theory participant's open-ended reasons for choosing to marry were coded into categories of either interpersonal dedication or constraint commitment. A variety of demographic, attitudinal, and relationship history variables were then used to predict commitment type. The influence of commitment type during the decision to marry on life satisfaction was also explored. Results indicate that current marital status (being married vs. being divorced or separated) and cohabiting before marriage were the strongest predictors of interpersonal dedication reasons for marriage for both men and women. Level of conventionality and parents' marital status also emerged as significant predictors of constraint commitment. Finally, marrying for reasons related to interpersonal dedication significantly predic...
An interactive aid for descriptive multiattribute problems

Certain selection decisions involve attributes of a qualitative nature. Descriptive labels, rather than quantitative values, express the attribute values. A method is presented that will solve multiple attribute problems with descriptive attributes. The method relies on dominance, dictated by multiple‐attribute value functions, for eliminating alternatives from a discrete set of alternatives. Only simple paired comparison preferences are required from a decision maker. An interactive setting minimizes the number of responses required of a decision maker. An example and computational results are included.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen solution and hydride formation for different microstructures of Pd

Abstract Relative partial enthalpies, Δ H H for H 2 solution in Pd have been measured by reaction calorimetry for annealed (1373 K), cold-worked, cycled through the hydride phase change and the combination of (cycled+cold-worked) forms. The partial enthalpies for H 2 solution in Pd as H/Pd→0 increase in exothermicity in the order: annealed, cold-worked, (cycled+annealed) and (cycled+cold-worked) Pd. The Δ H H values in the dilute phase undergo a nearly discontinuous transition to Δ H plat for annealed Pd but they gradually increase to the plateau values for cycled Pd paralleling the trends in the isotherms.
Temperature dependence of the Faraday rotation of Hoya FR-5 glass.

This paper reports measurements we have made of the Faraday rotation in terbium-doped Hoya FR-5 glass in pulsed magnetic fields of up to 200 kG at the He–Ne laser wavelength of 6328 A and at sample temperatures ranging from room temperature to 20 K. Our results show a huge increase in the Faraday rotation at low temperatures as well as a dramatic saturation in the rotation angle as the magnetic field increases. In addition, we have conducted measurements of the magnetic susceptibility of this material. Theoretical models explaining both the magnetization and the Faraday rotation give consistent results.
Using CAD in construction field engineering

Abstract The California transportation system is currently undergoing major expansion to accommodate the increased demand on its highways. Such expansions includes the widening of a number of existing bridges to increase the system's capacity. This paper discusses how the construction of these widenings is controlled in the field by the Department of Transportation's (Caltrans) structural field engineers. Particularly, the paper describes the automation of the process of developing vertical and horizontal control documents, known as bridge deck contour maps, to ensure compatibility between the new widening and existing bridge decks. The automation was achieved using a computer aided design (CAD) tool.
Toxicokinetics of methyleugenol in F344 rats and B6C3F₁ mice.

1. Methyleugenol (MEG) has been used as a flavouring agent in food, as a fragrance in cosmetic products, and as an insect attractant. MEG was carcinogenic in both rats and mice following gavage administration. In this study we investigated plasma toxicokinetics of MEG in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice of both sexes following single gavage (37, 75, or 150 mg/kg) and intravenous (IV) (37 mg/kg) administration.2. Following IV administration, MEG was rapidly distributed and cleared from the systemic circulation in both species and sexes. Absorption of MEG was rapid following gavage administration with secondary peaks in the plasma MEG concentration-versus-time profiles. Cmax and AUCT increased and the clearance decreased greater than proportional to the dose in rats and mice of both sexes. In general, rats had higher internal exposure to MEG than mice.3. The results for AUCT and clearance suggest that perhaps the metabolism of MEG is saturated at higher doses tested in this study. Absolute bioavailability followin...
Student development of web services for the STEM disciplines

We have demonstrated in our past work the value of using web services to allow computer science students at different universities to work together on the same project [9]. We are now developing web services to expose scientific data currently only available as html pages in response to user requests. Our initial results show that it is feasible for computer science students to develop data-oriented web services and value-added web services for the scientific, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines including space, weather and geological data. Our continuing work focuses on involving faculty and students in the STEM disciplines so that they will be prepared to maintain and expand these web services.
The novel proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and potentiates the anti‐tumour activity of chemotherapy in rituximab‐resistant lymphoma

Targeting the proteasome system with bortezomib (BTZ) results in anti-tumour activity and potentiates the effects of chemotherapy/biological agents in multiple myeloma and B-cell lymphoma. Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a more selective proteasome inhibitor that is structurally distinct from BTZ. In an attempt to characterize its biological activity, we evaluated CFZ in several lymphoma pre-clinical models. Rituximab-sensitive cell lines (RSCL), rituximab-resistant cell lines (RRCL), and primary tumour cells derived from B-cell lymphoma patients were exposed to CFZ or BTZ. Cell viability and changes in cell cycle were determined. Western blots were performed to detect PARP-cleavage and/or changes in Bcl-2 (BCL2) family members. CFZ was 10 times more active than BTZ and exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. CFZ exposure induced apoptosis by upregulation of Bak (BAK1) and subsequent PARP cleavage in RSCL and RRCL; it was also partially caspase-dependent. CFZ induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in RSCL. CFZ demonstrated the ability to overcome resistance to chemotherapy in RRCL and potentiated the anti-tumour activity of chemotherapy agents. Our data suggest that CFZ is able to overcome resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins to promote apoptosis, and induce G2/M cell cycle arrest in lymphoma cells. Our pre-clinical data supports future clinical evaluation of CFZ in B-cell lymphoma.
The King's Highway to Lancaster: A Graph-theory Analysis of Colonial Pennsylvania's Road Network

Despite being the subject of much cartographic study, few colonial American maps have been systematically investigated using modern network analysis. William Scull's 1770 map of Pennsylvania was digitized and examined by graph analysis to determine which routes were most important in connecting Philadelphia with its extended hinterlands, of which river crossings were the most important, and what role the road network played in the rapid growth and development of Lancaster. Several key routes to the western frontier were delineated and it was found that Lancaster was located in an area of high accessibility and connectivity, allowing it to become colonial Pennsylvania's most important inland intermediary center of trade and transshipment.
Coccidioidin Skin Reactivity in Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis

We examined the records of 27 patients who had confirmed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis to substantiate the number of patients with negative skin tests; it was also our purpose to closely examine those patients with negative skin tests to explain why they were immunologically different. Eleven of 27 patients, (40 percent) with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis were negative to coccidioidin at the time the diagnosis was originally established. Sixteen of the 27 patients were retested with coccidioidin and 14 (88 percent) developed positive skin reactions while only two (12 percent) remained negative. Most of the patients with negative skin tests at the time of original evaluation (75 percent) had positive skin tests on rechallenge. Since the patients with negative skin tests were clinically and immunologically similar to the patients with positive skin tests, we suspect that many of the original negative reactions would have been positive had the skin testing program been more vigorously pursued.
Effects of nitrate, nitrite and vitamin e on methemoglobin formation in rats

Abstract Female rats were fed vitamin E deficient, control 50 ppm vitamin E, and high vitamin E 300 ppm diets containing 7% corn oil and 3% cod liver oil, and were administered gradually increasing levels of nitrate (up to 1600 ppm), then nitrite (up to 3000 ppm), in their drinking water over a 25-week period. A decreased growth rate was observed in the nitrate/nitrite-treated rats when vitamin E levels were low or zero, but not when a high level of vitamin E was present. Blood methemoglobin levels were monitored over the 25-week period and were found to be unaffected by the level of dietary vitamin E. This study suggests that red blood cell membrane stability does not affect methemoglobin formation. Temporary elevation of methemoglobin levels in the blood was observed with high levels of nitrite administration, however, an eventual reconversion to hemoglobin was achieved even though the high level of nitrite administration was continued. These results suggest that the rats have an inducible, adaptive mechanism to counteract the effects of nitrite ingestion, to a level as high as 3000 ppm in their drinking water.
The American (USA) perspective six years after implementation of CLIA'88 (Federal) regulations

On September 1, 1992 all testing sites in the United States were required to comply with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA'88). These regulations, based on both total quality management (TQM) and continuous quality improvement (CQI) principles, reshaped the environment for more than 90% of laboratories. CLIA'88 represented a revolutionary change by imposing universal, uniform regulations based on test complexity for all sites examining materials derived from the human body for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. CLIA'88 specifies minimum requirements for personnel, quality control, and proficiency testing (PT). In addition, laboratories are required to follow manufacturers' directions and comply with other specified good laboratory practices. PT is mandated for most of the frequently run analyses and quality assurance requirements integrate the principles of CQI as well as TQM into the regulatory process. Biannual inspection is integral to CLIA'88, however, laboratories can choose other federally approved ("deemed") professional organizations, such as the Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation, the College of American Pathologists, or the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization, having standards that meet or exceed those of CLIA'88. CLIA'88 has still not been finalized. This article discusses the impact and changes since CLIA's implementation in 1992.
Perceptions of Scholarly Standards in Technical Publication

In fall of 2007, a survey was administered to the membership of the Associated Schools of Construction (ASC) to evaluate member perspectives on scholarly standards as they relate to the International Journal of Construction Education and Research (“Journal”). The objectives of this study were to 1) survey respondent understanding of Journal aims and scope, 2) assess respondent interpretations of scholarly work, and 3) survey respondent attitudes on the overall effectiveness of the Journal submission and peer-review process. Of 106 respondents, 74% had previously published or reviewed for the Journal. While 65% of respondents indicated that the aim of the Journal was to publish scholarly works in both construction education and research, respondents were near equally divided on whether non-original research constitutes scholarly work. Respondents agreed or strongly agreed that Journal topics (87%), title (93%), and assessment criteria (83%) were appropriate. Ninety-four percent of peer reviewers felt the J...
Electrical properties of silicon dioxide films fabricated at 700°C. II: Low pressure hydride deposition

We have investigated the effects of different annealing treatments on silicon dioxide films produced from the reaction of dichlorosilane and nitrous oxide at 700° C. The electrical quality of these LPCVD films was evaluated by measuring oxide charge and interface trap densities on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. These densities were measured before and after avalanche injection of electron currents into the oxide films. The results of these studies were as follows. (1) The LPCVD oxide films required a post deposition anneal at 1000° C to produce as-grown charge densities similar to those of a standarddry thermal oxide grown and annealed at 1000° C. (2) Post-injection charge densities of LPCVD films given a post deposition anneal at 1000°C were an order of magnitude greater than those of the standard dry thermal oxide. (3) Different annealing treatments produced a series of dominant electron trapping centers in the oxide bulk17 with capture cross sections ranging from 10−14 cm2 to 10−17 cm2. (4) The electron traps in the LPCVD oxides films were similar to those previously observed in standardwet thermal oxides grown and annealed above 1000° C.
Island Ecology: Reduced Hummingbird Diversity and the Pollination Biology of Plants, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

To examine effects of pollinator diversity on pollination biology of plants, we studied early successional, hummingbird-pollinated plants for 13 mo on Trinidad and Tobago. A large, land- bridge island just off the Venezuelan coast, Trinidad has 16 hummingbird species. Smaller and more isolated, Tobago has a subset of five of these. Study sites in the Arima Valley on Trinidad had 17 species of plants adapted for hummingbird pollination; 12 of these, plus one other, existed on com- parable Tobago sites. From hypotheses of island ecology and plant-pollinator coevolution, we developed four predic- tions; results supported the first three: (1) Overall, among the eight plant species observed at least 4 d (up to 28 d) on each island, Tobago flowers received significantly fewer visits than nonspecific Trinidad flowers from hummingbirds and the Bananaquit Coereba flaveola, the only other avian visitor. A two-way ANOVA showed that the treatment (island) effect significantly exceeded even the tremendous month-to-month, plant-to-plant variation in visits received within each plant population. (2) Pollen loads carried by hummingbirds and Bananaquits on Tobago tended to be mixed, whereas birds on Trinidad often carried single-species loads. (3) In two of three plant species studied inten- sively, Tobago flowers secreted greater volumes of nectar than Trinidad flowers. The third species showed a slight but significant increase as well. An indirect measure of nectar standing crop, the time a hummingbird spent probing a flower, suggested that Tobago plants as a group secreted higher nectar volumes than Trinidad conspecifics. We found no significant differences in sugar concentration, how- ever. (4) Contrary to predictions that flowering seasons should overlap less on Tobago than on Trinidad, there was no discernible difference in flowering seasons between Trinidad and Tobago conspecifics. Evidently, pollination service on Tobago is currently more erratic than on Trinidad, and has been sufficiently erratic in the past to select for increased nectar production but not so erratic as to override other, stabilizing, selective forces on flowering times.
The physics of Electron Beam Ion Sources

Abstract There are 14 electron beam ion sources in operation which produce highly charged ions, up to Th80+ and Xe53+. Most of the sources are used to study these ions either in situ under electron impact or when recombining with external gaseous or solid targets. That provides an insight into the atomic physics of these highly charged ions. This paper reviews the present knowledge of atomic processes, important in the production of such ions with an EBIS.
The dimorphic chloroplasts of the C4 plant panicum maximum contain identical genomes

The physical properties, including contour length, buoyant density and Tm, of chloroplast DNA isolated from purified mesophyll (MC) and bundle sheath chloroplasts (BSC) of a C4 plant are identical. DNA renaturation measurements indicate that both DNAs have a complexity of 9.1 × 107 daltons. BSC and MC chloroplast are homologous as measured using 203Hg-labeled DNA hybridized as a tracer with an excess of the second DNA type, retention of heteroduplexes on a sulfhydryl affinity column and testing for mismatch by measuring the release of 203Hg-C after digestion with S1 single-strand-specific nuclease. The Sal restriction endonuclease patterns determined by electron microscopic measurement of DNA fragment lengths of the two DNA types are identical. The only detectable difference between the two chloroplasts is the DNA content: bundle sheath chloroplasts contain approximately 50 copies of the genome as opposed to 20 in mesophyll chloroplasts. Chloroplasts DNAs from the C4 plant share approximately 95% homology with the chloroplast DNA of a C3 (Calvin cycle pathway) plant of the same genus. Thus the significant differences in physiology and morphology between mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of C4 plants and between the plastids of C3 and C4 plants are not due to major differences in the genetic complement of mature plastids.
Morally privileged relationships

L'A. se demande si une tradition morale peut soutenir la partialite: le fait, par exemple, que l'on puisse donner sa vie pour une personne proche affectivement ou par patriotisme
Matrix isolation study of the thermal and photochemical reaction of ozone with Trimethyl Indium

Abstract The matrix isolation technique has been combined with infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to explore the reaction of (CH3)3In with O3 over a range of time scales. Upon twin jet deposition (short reaction time), formation of the novel H3COIn(CH3)2 species along with a low yield of CH2O was observed. Subsequent UV irradiation greatly increased the yield of H3COIn(CH3)2 while the intensities of the CH2O bands were not affected. An extensive set of bands were seen for H3COIn(CH3)2 after irradiation and 18O spectroscopic data was obtained as well. The identification of this species was supported by theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/lanl2dz and B3LYP/dgdzvp levels of theory. Merged jet deposition (longer reaction times) led to high yield of H2CO, CH3OH and C2H6, identifications that were confirmed by 18O substitution. Mechanistic inferences for the initial steps of this reaction are discussed.
Kinase-dependent Regulation of the Intermediate Conductance, Calcium-dependent Potassium Channel, hIK1 *

Abstract We determined the effect of nucleotides and protein kinase A (PKA) on the Ca2+-dependent gating of the cloned intermediate conductance, Ca2+-dependent K+ channel, hIK1. In Xenopus oocytes, during two-electrode voltage-clamp, forskolin plus isobutylmethylxanthine induced a Ca2+-dependent increase in hIK1 activity. In excised inside-out patches, addition of ATP induced a Ca2+-dependent increase in hIK1 activity (NPo). In contrast, neither nonhydrolyzable (AMP-PNP, AMP-PCP) nor hydrolyzable ATP analogs (GTP, CTP, UTP, and ITP) activated hIK1. The ATP-dependent activation of hIK1 required Mg2+ and was reversed by either exogenous alkaline phosphatase or the PKA inhibitor PKI5–24. The Ca2+ dependence of hIK1 activation was best fit with a stimulatory constant (K s) of 350 nm and a Hill coefficient (n) of 2.3. ATP increased NPo at [Ca2+] >100 nm while having no effect on K s or n. Mutation of the single PKA consensus phosphorylation site at serine 334 to alanine (S334A) had no effect on the PKA-dependent activation during either two-electrode voltage-clamp or in excised inside-out patches. When expressed in HEK293 cells, ATP activated hIK1 in a Mg2+-dependent fashion, being reversed by alkaline phosphatase. Neither PKI5–24 nor CaMKII281–309 or PKC19–31 affected the ATP-dependent activation. Northern blot analysis revealed hIK1 expression in the T84 colonic cell line. Endogenous hIK1 was activated by ATP in a Mg2+- and PKI5–24-dependent fashion and was reversed by alkaline phosphatase, whereas CaMKII281–309 and PKC19–31 had no effect on the ATP-dependent activation. The Ca2+-dependent activation (K s and n) was unaffected by ATP. In conclusion, hIK1 is activated by a membrane delimited PKA when endogenously expressed. Although the oocyte expression system recapitulates this regulation, expression in HEK293 cells does not. The effect of PKA on hIK1 gating is Ca2+-dependent and occurs via an increase in NPo without an effect on either Ca2+ affinity or apparent cooperativity.
Creep strain-heating due to folding

Abstract Intense deformation of the rocks in the lower crust is a common feature of regional metamorphic terrain. The conversion of some mechanical energy to thermal energy by strain-heating may make a significant contribution to the thermal regime. This strain-heating contribution is studied by the development of a single-layer viscous fold model that couples the effects of strain-heating with folding. The results indicate that the temperature rise from strain-heating shows a linear increase for the initial period of folding, but at later times the bending effect of folding begins to dominate the strain-heating and an exponential temperature rise with time is experienced. In addition, strain-heating effects are increased if the viscosity contrast of the layers is increased. The results suggest that in a continental region thermal temperature increases between 25 to 100°C might be achieved assuming reasonable conditions during deformation of a regional metamorphic terrain.
Physiological relevance of apolipoprotein E recycling: studies in primary mouse hepatocytes.

Abstract Studies in our laboratory have shown that a fraction of apolipoprotein (apo) E internalized by hepatocytes escapes degradation and is resecreted. Although the intracellular routing is not fully understood, our studies suggest that a portion of apoE recycles through the Golgi apparatus. Given the role of the Golgi apparatus in lipoprotein secretion and the fact that apoE modulates the hepatic secretion of very low-density lipoprotein, we hypothesized that recycling apoE has an effect on hepatic very low-density lipoprotein assembly and/or secretion. To test this hypothesis, apoE −/− mice were transplanted with bone marrow from wild-type mice. In this model, extrahepatic (macrophage-derived) apoE is internalized by the hepatocytes in vivo and is resecreted when the hepatocytes are placed in culture. Unexpectedly, our studies demonstrate that recycling apoE has little effect on hepatic lipid content or hepatocyte triglyceride secretion. In addition, recycling apoE has little effect on the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in lipid synthesis as well as plasma lipoprotein apoproteins. We conclude that the physiological relevance of apoE recycling may not be related to cell-specific functions, such as lipoprotein assembly in the liver. Rather, recycling may provide a mechanism for modulating general cellular effects such as intracellular cholesterol transport or cholesterol efflux.
Psychopathy and the Face of Control in Supermax

In `supermaximum' or control prisons, inmates described as the `worst of the worst' are held in solitary cells under intensive surveillance. Ethnographic work in these settings shows how the prolon...
Auxin-orientation effects on somatic embryogenesis from immature soybean cotyledons

Development of somatic embryos of soybeanGlycine max (L.) Merr. has been studied using cultivars J103 and McCall and five auxin-sucrose treatment: naphthalene acetic acid at 10 mg/liter with 1.5% sucrose (N10); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg/liter with 1.5% sucrose (D.25, D.5 D1); and 2,4-D at 25 mg/liter with 3% sucrose (D25). Cotyledons were excised aseptically from immature embryos 3 to 5 mm in length, and placed on the media with either the adaxial or abaxial side down (adaxial or abaxial orientiation, respectively). After 30 d, numbers of normal or total somatic embryos, or both, were counted. For J103 explants on D25 or N10 media, the greatest number of embryos was produced from the central region of abaxially oriented explants on D25, but only 5% of these embryos were normal. The greatest number of normal embryos was produced from the marginal region of adaxially oriented explants on D25. For McCall explants on D.25, D.5, D1, or N10 media, the greatest numbers of normal embryos were produced from the marginal regions of abaxially oriented explants on D1 or N10. Embryo induction was examined histologically for the N10, D25, and D.5 treatment, using serial section of paraffin-embedded cotyledons stained with hematoxylin and safranin. On N10 medium, embryos were produced unicellularly, or more frauently, multicellularly, from homogeneous embryogenic tissue arising from epidermal and subepidermal cells at the distal periphery of the cotyledon. On D25 medium, embryos were produced multicellularly from a geterogeneous embryogenic tissue formed in the central region of the cytoledon, and consisting of embryogenic cells interspersed with large, vacuolate cells. The D.5 treatment showed an intermediate response. Embryo initiation in this soybean system is predominantly multicellular.
Intratendon sheath corticosteroid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and idiopathic hand flexor tenosynovitis

Flexor tenosynovitis (FT) is a common manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to hand deformity and manual dysfunction. The efficacy of intratendon sheath corticosteroids was assessed by reviewing the results of such treatment in 173 episodes of FT documented in 46 patients with definite or classic RA. Ninety-three percent of initial episodes resolved completely for 3 or more months (median: 25 months); tenosynovitis did not recur in 59%. The likelihood of a favorable response did not diminish with treatment of recurrent FT in a given digit. Comparable results were found in 52 FT episodes observed in 38 non-RA patients. No tendon sheath or soft tissue infection or tendon rupture ensued in either treatment group. The response was influenced by the specific corticosteroid preparation selected. Based on this experience, a trial of intratendon sheath corticosteroid injections prior to surgical intervention is recommended for RA patients with FT.
Bullous retinal detachment and multiple retinal pigment epithelial detachments in patients receiving hemodialysis

Two patients receiving hemodialysis for chronic renal failure developed bilateral bullous retinal detachment associated with multiple underlying serous detachments of the pigment epithelium. Many of the detachments of the pigment epithelium were surrounded by subretinal whitish exudate that was probably fibrinous in type. There was fluorescein angiographic evidence of dehiscence of the pigment epithelium at the margin of some of the pigment epithelial detachments. Failure to recognize the nature of the retinal detachment in one patient resulted in an unsuccessful scleral buckling procedure.
The Future of an Idea: 9 evenings \-\-Forty Years Later

Art and science are inextricably connected. Changing views of the manner in which nature operates bring about corresponding changes in art... If I imagine myself then as a composer in a situation where anything can be done, I imagine making a music a little different from the concerts of ambient sounds we nowadays hear wherever we are when we listen. I imagine this music as technically like my experience: wireless. I imagine all distinctions between art and life removed. Art would then have to do with the opening of ourselves to the world in which we live. From a typed letter from John Cage to Billy Kluver, dated June 31, 1965, and exhibited in 9 evenings reconsidered: art, theatre, and engineering, 1966
THE SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF NATURAL CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO PETROLEUM ON MARINE INVERTEBRATES

ABSTRACT Comparative field studies were conducted in an area of natural chronic exposure to petroleum (Coal Oil Point) and at control sites between 1972 and 1974. Studies of the larger (mesh 2 mm) benthic infaunal invertebrates in shallow water (20-35 m) revealed organisms living in sediments with total CCl4 extractables higher than 10,000 mg/l at Coal Oil Point. These sediments contained petroleum hydrocarbons. The total CCl4 extractables in sediments from control sites which did not contain petroleum hydrocarbons were generally less than 100 mg/l. Petroleum hydrocarbons were recorded in tissues of abalone, mussels, and stalked barnacles from Coal Oil Point, although it is notable that all detected petroleum hydrocarbons were in the viscera and not in the foot of abalone. Data obtained in these studies did not reveal a significant change in reproduction, growth, or distribution that could be related to presence of petroleum in the tissues. However, there was a decrease in reproduction in stalked barnacle...
A simple feedback system to keep the flux from an X-ray double monochromator constant

Abstract We have developed a simple dc feedback circuit to keep the incident X-ray flux I0 constant in EXAFS experiments run at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). The flux is adjusted by applying a correction voltage to a piezoelectrically controlled Si crystal in the double monochromator. It requires no access to the monochromator and uses existing ionization chamber detectors. In our experiments this control has reduced the size of glitches by a factor of 8 and improved the S N in our ratioed EXAFS data by about a factor of 2.
Comparison of Plasma and Free Tissue Levels of Ceftriaxone in Rats by Microdialysis

Ceftriaxone has a very high plasma protein binding (up to 98%) that is saturable and decreases with higher concentrations. This high protein binding results in high concentrations in plasma that are frequently related to the anti-infective activity. However, because only the free fraction of the drug is pharmacologically active and most of the infections are located in the tissues, it is more relevant to evaluate unbound concentrations in the interstitial space. Plasma and tissue pharmacoki-netics of ceftriaxone in rats after single intravenous administration were investigated at two different concentrations (50 and 100 mg/kg). Both plasma and tissue samples were taken simultaneously from the same animal and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Free tissue levels in the thigh muscle were measured by microdialysis. The concentration in plasma is much higher than the free concentration in tissue. After determination of nonlinear protein binding by microdialysis and including these parameters in the pharmacokinetic model, it is possible to predict free concentrations in the interstitial space from plasma levels for any given dose.
The Incidence of the Costs and Benefits of Generic Advertising

Generic advertising is important and controversial. In 1990, commodity organizations in the United States spent over $300 million on advertising (Lenz, Forker, and Hurst). The controversy over generic advertising is reflected in recent court cases, such as the 1996 Wileman case heard before the U.S. Supreme Court. Controversy over generic advertising also exists within the agricultural economics profession. A wide range of results can be found in past studies, partly because of different data sets and commodities, but also because of particular modeling choices. In this paper, we discuss some issues in studies of the demand
Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances

The past 30 years have seen dramatic changes in the food and physical activity environments, both of which contribute to the changes in human behavior that could explain obesity. This paper reviews documented changes in the food environment, changes in the physical activity environment and the mechanisms through which people respond to these environments, often without conscious awareness or control. The most important environmental changes have been increases in food accessibility, food salience and decreases in the cost of food. The increases in food marketing and advertising create food cues that artificially stimulate people to feel hungry. The existence of a metabolic pathway that allows excess energy to be stored as fat suggests that people were designed to overeat. Many internal mechanisms favor neurophysiologic responses to food cues that result in overconsumption. External cues, such as food abundance, food variety and food novelty, cause people to override internal signals of satiety. Other factors, such as conditioning and priming, tie food to other desirable outcomes, and thus increase the frequency that hunger is stimulated by environmental cues. People's natural response to the environmental cues are colored by framing, and judgments are flawed and biased depending on how information is presented. People lack insight into how the food environment affects them, and subsequently are unable to change the factors that are responsible for excessive energy consumption. Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity.
Interaction of gene 5 protein with DNA

Abstract Gene 5 protein bound to both linear and circular single-stranded DNA and saturated the DNA at a protein-to-DNA weight ratio of 7–8. The viscosity of a complex of the protein with single-stranded DNA was initially less than that of the DNA and slowly increased with time suggesting that the complex adopts its final hydrodynamic shape very slowly. This shape change was confirmed by gradient centrifugation. The complex has a more extended structure than DNA alone accounting for its high viscosity and low S value. Gene 5 protein also bound to linear double-stranded DNA though not as strongly as to single-stranded DNA. The protein decreased the transition temperature, T m , for viscosity loss of double-stranded DNA by 20 °C in 1 and 10 m m salt at a protein-to-DNA ratio of 2.2. At these low ratios there was no decrease in the hyperchromic T m at 260 nm. At higher ratios of protein to DNA, the hyperchromic T m was decreased to a constant value and not by a constant amount. Under no conditions was gene 5 protein able to completely separate the complementary strands of double-stranded DNA or to renature denatured DNA.
High-Speed Boundary-Layer Transition Induced by an Isolated Roughness Element

Progress on an experimental effort to quantify the instability mechanisms associated with roughness-induced transition in a high-speed boundary layer is reported in this paper. To simulate the low-disturbance environment encountered during high-altitude flight, the experimental study was performed in the NASA-Langley Mach 3.5 Supersonic Low-Disturbance Tunnel. A flat plate trip sizing study was performed first to identify the roughness height required to force transition. That study, which included transition onset measurements under both quiet and noisy freestream conditions, confirmed the sensitivity of roughness-induced transition to freestream disturbance levels. Surveys of the laminar boundary layer on a 7deg half-angle sharp-tipped cone were performed via hot-wire anemometry and pitot-pressure measurements. The measured mean mass-flux and Mach-number profiles agreed very well with computed mean-flow profiles. Finally, surveys of the boundary layer developing downstream of an isolated roughness element on the cone were performed. The measurements revealed an instability in the far wake of the roughness element that grows exponentially and has peak frequencies in the 150 to 250 kHz range.
An analysis of the concept of cellular injury and death.

SummaryThe concept of cellular viability is extremely complex and has been the subject of much speculation. A new theory is proposed to interpret cellular injury and killing process. Factors that interfere with or extensively modify cellular organization and reactions can be considered, in a biological sense, to injure or kill the cell. Such interference may result from the interaction of cellular molecules with a multitude of agents. In the terms of functional sub-units of the cell the following changes may take place: (1) inactivation or alteration of enzymes, (2) modification of templates for synthetic process, and (3) alteration and decomposition of metabolites, intermediates and co-factors.An analysis is made of how cellular processes may be affected by external agents and how functional disorganizations may occur. It is proposed that there is a relation between the phenomenon of functional disorganization and cellular injury and death.