cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and characterization of the B808-866 light-harvesting complex from green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

The integral membrane light-harvesting complex B808–866 from the thermophilic green filamentous bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus has been isolated and characterized. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis demonstrated that the number of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) in the B808–866 antenna complex is 36 ± 2 per reaction center. The main carotenoid type is γ-carotene, and the molar ratio of BChl to carotenoid is 3:2. The steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of the B808–866 complex are reminiscent of the well-studied LH2 peripheral antenna of purple bacteria, whereas the protein sequence and the circular dichroism spectrum of B808–866 is more similar to the LH1 inner core antenna. The efficiency of excitation transfer from carotenoid to BChl is about 25%. The above results combined with electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis suggest that the B808–866 antenna is more like the LH1, whereas surrounds the reaction center but probably consists of 24 building blocks with a ring diameter of about 20 nm. The above results suggested that there are probably two reaction centers inside the ring of B808–866. The unique properties of this light-harvesting complex may provide insights on the protein–pigment interactions in bacterial photosynthesis.
Defense Conversion: Economic Planning and Democratic Participation:

The end of the cold war has brought with it a renewed interest in the United States in the possibility of converting military production facilities to civilian purposes. Indeed, with the proposed cuts in military spending and resultant decline in defense plant jobs, the need for conversion would appear to be more compelling than ever. Conversion supporters can also point to an abundance of research indicating that defense plants, with their highly skilled work force, are capable of producing alternative, civilian products. There have also been congressional proposals to facilitate the process. What there have not been yet are major conversion successes. The following pages are not an attempt to present the conversion issue in all the complexity it deserves.1 Instead this article surveys contemporary conversion efforts in order to provide the reader with both a sense of the issue as it exists today and an assessment of conversion's future. Part 1 of the article examines two examples of site conversion, that is, the attempt to transform production at specific defense plants to useful civilian manufacturing. Like other attempts at site conversion these two efforts have emphasized the role of workers and community groups in changing the production agenda of the firm. Thus they have been as much about workplace democracy as about economic conversion. Management's reaction to this challenge to its planning prerogatives was predictably negative. Diversification, a contemporary alternative to site conversion, is examined in part 2 of the article. The diversification approach, widely employed as a strategy in recent years, focuses on reducing the defense dependency of a region without attempting to convert a particular site. Like site conversion, however, the diversification cases considered here have included broad democratic participation in promoting production for civilian needs and markets. As such diversification is an indication of the kind of democratic
“To all the former cats and stomps of the Navajo Nation:” Performance, the individual, and cultural poetic traditions

This article is concerned with understanding and analyzing the role of the individual in Navajo poetry performances, in particular, three performances of putatively the same poem by the Navajo poet Laura Tohe. One perfor mance is the written orthographic poem, and the other two are oral perfor mances that have been recorded and analyzed. It is argued that a focus on the individual performer and on multiple performances can provide insight into the relationship between social constructions of self and identity within the constraints and opportunities particular media and contexts provide. It also reveals the importance of studying individual creativity in language and culture research. (Individual, ethnopoetics, iconicity, Navajo, perfor mance, poetry)* If aesthetics is ever to be more than a speculative play, of the genus philosophical, it will have to get down to the very arduous business of studying the concrete process of artistic production and appreciation.
African Americans’ Principled Opposition to Prison Privatization

This research analyzes African American opposition toward privatized prisons. It uses data from a national survey of African Americans to show that concerns about safety and corruption correlate with opposition to private prison facilities. Perceptions of discrimination within the justice system also correlate with opposition toward privatization, but only among African Americans who perceive a sense of common fate with other African Americans. A survey experiment also shows that a sense of common fate among African Americans moderates the effect of racial disparities in private prisons on policy opposition. Overall, it appears that African Americans understand the potential costs of the growing private prison industry.
A reconsideration of sound calibration in the mouse

Although it is traditional to perform sound calibrations in anesthetized animals by placing a probe-tube microphone near the tympanic membrane, these measurements are inaccurate at high stimulus frequencies where hearing must be quantified in the mouse. Hence, our motivation to develop another approach using the mouse ear canal as a coupler. Results of real-ear-canal calibrations indicate that an average calibration can be used to estimate sound pressure levels in the three mouse strains tested. Similar estimates were also obtained using a tubing coupler, whose volume was comparable to that of the ear canal, thereby offering a simpler alternative. In addition, real-head calibrations were also performed to provide a procedure that can be used in situations where the ear is not dissected, as in measurements of the auditory brainstem response. Calibrations for open, rather than closed, sound-delivery systems were also evaluated using a modified method of substitution.
Effects of quadratic coupling terms on the optical absorption bandshapes from electron traps

Abstract Optical bandshapes were calculated using linear and quadratic electron-lattice coupling. Some of their features were correlated to the electron-lattice coupling parameters.
Influence of Drilling Parameters on the Accuracy of Hole-drilling Residual Stress Measurements

The objective of this research is to define drill speeds that produce acceptable results when using the hole-drilling technique for measuring residual stress. For this study, three common engineering materials; alloy 6061-T651 aluminum, 304 stainless steel, and A36 carbon steel were used. This was achieved by performing ESPI/hole-drilling stress measurement of a known applied stress in discrete rpm intervals ranging from 2-40K rpm for each material. To produce a known state of stress specimens were bent elastically in a four-point bend fixture. Stress measurements were taken using single-axis electronic speckle-pattern interferometry (ESPI). It was found that for 6061-T6 aluminum, accurate and repeatable results can be achieved between speeds of 2-40K rpm. For 304 stainless steel, result accuracy diminishes when drill speeds go below 6K rpm. The A36 steel had a large as-received stress gradient across the longitudinal dimension and was therefore removed from this study.
Reflections on Conservation, Sustainability, and Environmentalism in Indigenous North America

Building on a range of issues presented initially in The Ecological Indian: Myth and History, and debated subsequently in reviews and various papers, this article ranges widely in time to address traditional environmental knowledge, oral history, conservation and sustainability, and environmentalism in Indian Country. I also offer thoughts on the involvement of Native people in large-scale development, as well as comanagement schemes today and in the future.
Outcomes of bacteremia in burn patients involved in combat operations overseas.

Background Burn patients constitute approximately 5% of casualties injured in support of US military operations in Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom [OIF]) and Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom [OEF]). Since the onset of these conflicts, there have been numerous casualties infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. It is currently unclear if bacteremia with these multidrug-resistant organisms in OIF/OEF burn casualties is associated with increased mortality. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to the US Army Institute of Surgical Research burn center from January 2003 to May 2006 to evaluate bacteremia in our burn-patient population. Results One hundred twenty-nine of 1,258 patients admitted to the burn center became bacteremic during their hospitalization. Of these, 92 had bacteremia with the top four pathogens in our burn center, ie, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex, and Staphylococcus aureus . Presence of any bacteremia was associated with mortality and increased ventilator days. Bacteremia with K pneumoniae was associated with a statistically increased mortality and a prolonged ventilator course relative to all other pathogens. Conclusions Casualties of OIF/OEF with burn injuries did not have different outcomes than patients whose burns were not associated with military operations. Bacteremia, especially with a multidrug-resistant organism, causes increased mortality in burn patients. Of all the pathogens causing bacteremia, K pneumonia appears to have the greatest impact on mortality.
Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on vitamin D metabolism in humans.

Abstract Effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on vitamin D metabolism in humans. Bone disease may occur in disorders associated with chronic metabolic acidosis. This has been attributed, in part, to reduced production of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Although metabolic acidosis in the vitamin D deficient animal has been associated with a reduction in the conversion of radiolabeled 25(OH)D 3 to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , studies in D-replete humans have revealed no effect of acidosis on 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 metabolism. To examine this issue further, we measured serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH) 2 D, and 24,25(OH) 2 D levels in six healthy subjects before and after 9 days of metabolic acidosis induced by the ingestion of ammonium chloride. In four subjects, we measured the increment in serum levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D in response to the infusion of parathyroid extract both during control and acidosis. Serum levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D, 13.6 ± 1.3 and 14.3 ± 0.9 pg/ml, in control and acidosis, respectively, were not different. The serum 1,25(OH) 2 D levels in control and acidosis rose to a similar degree with the infusion of PTE. These data provide strong evidence that metabolic acidosis does not have a substantial impact on the synthesis of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 metabolism in vitamin D-replete humans. Effet de l'acidose metabolique chronique sur le metabolisme de la vitamine D chez les humains. Une osteopathie peut survenir lors des maladies associees a une acidose metabolique chronique. Cela a ete en partie attribue a une diminution de production de 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Bien que l'acidose metabolique chez l'animal deficient en vitamine D ait ete associee avec une diminution de la conversion de 25(OH)D 3 radiomarquee en 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , les etudes chez les humains replete en vitamine D n'ont pas revele d'effet de l'acidose sur le metabolisme de la 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . Afin d'etudier ce point plus a fond, nous avons mesure la 25(OH)D, la 1,25(OH) 2 D et la 24,25(OH) 2 D seriques chez six sujets normaux avant et apres 9 jours d'acidose metabolique induite par l'ingestion de chlorure d'ammonium. Chez quatre sujets, nous avons mesure l'augmentation des concentrations seriques de 1,25(OH) 2 D en reponse a la perfusion d'extraits parathyroidiens pendant le controle et l'acidose. Les concentrations seriques de 1,25(OH) 2 D, 13,6 ± 1,3 et 14,3 ± 0,9 pg/ml, pendant le controle et l'acidose, respectivement, n'etaient pas differentes. Les concentrations seriques de 1,25(OH) 2 D pendant le controle et l'acidose se sont elevees d'une facon semblable pendant la perfusion avec la PTE. Ces donnees sont fortement en faveur du fait que l'acidose metabolique n'a pas d'impact substantiel sur la synthese de 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 chez les humains replete en vitamine D.
KChIP2 modulates the cell surface expression of Kv1.5-encoded K+ channels

Abstract The Kv channel interacting proteins (KChIPs) were identified in a yeast two hybrid screen using the N terminus of Kv4.3 as bait. Previous studies have demonstrated that KChIP2 associates with voltage-gated K+ (Kv) pore-forming (α) subunits of the Kv4 subfamily and contributes to the formation of the rapidly inactivating and recovering Kv4-encoded cardiac transient outward K+ channels, Ito,f. Here, we report that co-expression of KChIP2 (or KChIP1) also modulates the functional cell surface expression of Kv1.5-encoded K+ channels in transiently transfected HEK-293 cells. In contrast to the effects of KChIP2 on Kv4 channels, however, co-expression of KChIP2 (or KChIP1) decreases Kv1.5-encoded K+ currents. Although current densities are reduced, KChIP2 (or KChIP1) co-expression does not affect the time- or voltage-dependent properties of heterologously expressed Kv1.5-encoded K+ currents. Immunohistochemical and cell surface biotinylation experiments demonstrate that KChIP2 reduces the cell surface expression of Kv1.5, likely by inhibiting forward trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, biochemical experiments reveal that KChIP2 co-immunoprecipitates with Kv1.5 (as well as Kv4.2/Kv4.3) from adult mouse ventricles, demonstrating that, similar to other Kv accessory subunits, KChIP2 is a multifunctional Kv channel accessory subunit. Taken together, the results here suggest that KChIP2 contributes to the formation of functional mouse ventricular (Kv1.5-encoded) IK,slow1 channels as well, perhaps, as other Kv1.5-encoded K+ currents, including IKur (IK,ultrarapid), in human atria.
Stock Market Structure and Volatility

The procedure for opening stocks on the NYSE appears to affect price volatility. An analytical framework for assessing the magnitude of the structurally induced volatility is presented. The ratio of variance of open-to-open returns to closeto-close returns is shown to be consistently greater than one for NYSE common stocks during the period 1982 through 1986. Tbe greater volatility at the open is not attributable to the way in which public information is released since both the opento-open return and the close-to-close return span the same period of time. Instead, the greater volatility appears to be attributable to private information revealed in trading and to temporaryprice deviations induced by specialist and other traders. The implied cost of immediacy at the open is significantly higher than at the close. Other empirical evidence in this article documents the volume of trading at the open, the time delays between the exchange opening and the first transaction in a stock, the difference in daytime volatility versus overnight volatility, and the extent to which volatility is related to trading volume.
Resilience-based System Importance Measures for System-of-Systems☆

Abstract Systems-of-systems (SoS) like the air transportation system and missile defense are gaining increasing attention in both the academic and practitioner communities. This research investigates one crucial aspect of SoSs: their ability to recover from disruptions, or their resilience. We develop a family of system importance measures (SIMs) that rank the constituent systems based on their impact on the overall SoS performance. The SIMs address some of the major weaknesses that have prevented researchers from identifying a single resilience metric. While trade-space analyses are standard practice in systems engineering, conducting trades on SoS resilience is difficult because, to date, no reliable and consistent metrics have been developed for SoS resilience. Some metrics have been proposed, but these measures assume homogenous networks, thus ignoring one of the key features of SoSs: the combination of heterogeneous systems (e.g., airports and aircraft) to achieve a common goal (e.g., transport). Instead of focusing on an overall metric, the set of SIMs provides designers with specific information on where an SoS is lacking resilience (or has excess resilience) and hence on where improvements are needed (or where downgrades are possible).
A dexterous system for laryngeal surgery

This work presents a design overview of a novel high DoF (degrees-of-freedom) system being developed for minimally invasive surgery of the throat. The system is designed to allow remote operation of 2-3 tools with high tip dexterity to enable suturing and soft-tissue manipulation while using the patient's mouth as the only entry port. The slave is a 34 DoF unit equipped with three snake-like distal dexterity units for surgical tool manipulation. Each of these units is a multi-backbone snakelike mechanism equipped with a detachable milli parallel manipulator allowing interchangeable tools to be used. The paper presents the outline of the kinematic analysis of the snake-like units and proposes one possible actuation redundancy resolution to allow further downsize scalability while reducing the risk of buckling of the primary backbone of the snake-like units. Finally, The work presents a first early experiment with a prototype of the snake-like unit.
Anticoagulant properties of unheated soybean meal in chick diets.

Abstract Blood-clotting time of chicks was significantly increased by feeding diets containing unheated, solvent-extracted soybean meal. Vitamin K was not the limiting factor since clotting time was not reduced by the addition of this vitamin to the diet. The anticoagulant was heat labile because autoclaving completely abolished the anti-blood-clotting properties of the meal. Age and previous dietary treatment of chicks were not factors affecting the anticlotting action of unheated soybean meal.
Characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by antimicrobial resistance profiles, plasmid replicon typing, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli in relation to plasmid replicon types, animal sources, and genotypes. E. coli isolates (n = 35) from seven different animal sources were selected and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to determine genetic relationships among the E. coli isolates. Plasmid types based on their incompatibility (Inc) replicon types were determined, and linkage disequilibrium analysis was performed for antimicrobial resistance profiles, replicon types, and animal source. A high degree of genotypic diversity was observed: 34 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types among the 35 isolates examined. Twelve different plasmid Inc types were detected, and all isolates carried at least one replicon type. IncF (n = 25; 71.4%) and IncFIB (n = 19; 54.3%) were the most common replicon types identified. Chloramphenicol resistance was significantly linked with four I...
New dimensions for the schools

Civilization as we know it and the complex social world in which we live is highly dynamic. A society which formerly took centuries to change has reached that point where staggering changes are commonplace. Take for example the sciences where the total accumulated knowledge available to man has more than doubled in less than 30 years or a population which is exploding in proportions to create a major problem within itself. That society is changing is self-evident; the force behind this change is formidable and with it comes a matrix of complex problems which demand immediate solution. Tied closely to these two major social phenomena, the population explosion on one hand and the information explosion on the other, education faces responsibilities not dreamed of two decades ago. Within the last 40 years the social, economic, and political character of this country has changed drastically. No longer do the children grow up in a small self-contained community where common values prevail and the family is the primary reference group. In our present urban existence, the character of major social institutions is being modified. For example, the southern term kinfolk no longer has the same significance as it once did. Cousins no longer live around the comer, children no longer grow up to live next door, and the family no longer provides the values for its younger members. With the change to a highly interdependent, highly complex, urbanized industrialized society, responsibilities which were formerly reserved for the home are now being assumed by other institutions. This is not necessarily an incrimination, but merely an indication of other social changes. In the urban neighborhood, it is difficult to isolate common values. In contrast to the small rural community, the suburban environment merges values and attitudes which
A prosthodontic technique for the ramus endosseous frame implant

Abstract The ramus endosseous frame implant appears to be an excellent implant. This discussion has detailed a definitive prosthodontic procedure for use with this implant system. An attempt has also been made to elicit critical consideration of some pertinent aspects of the principles and concepts of denture occlusion where they might apply to this implant procedure.
The effect of stimulus characteristics on immediate and delayed transposition

Following training on a visual discrimination problem, transposition was examined immediately and after a four-week delay. The number of relational responses did not increase significantly over the delay period. An additional stimulus characteristic during training was used to predict the incidence of relational and absolute responses during transposition.
Modeling MTF and DQE for Arbitrary Scintillator Thickness

Modeling the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) performance of a digital X-ray detector is critically dependent on an accurate representation of the modulation transfer function (MTF). Accurate MTF models that are valid for arbitrary thicknesses and spectra are difficult to formulate for CsI partially due to the needle structure present. We present a model for MTF based on cascaded system theory by dividing the scintillator into numerous thinner layers. The spreading of the light in each of these layers is compounded over the entire scintillator thickness. Using this method we are able to reproduce the MTF for scintillators with thicknesses ranging from 100 to 800mum for varying spectrum energy using two global fit parameters. Using these results, the DQE is then calculated using a cascaded system approach. We present the modeling results of MTF and DQE together with experimental data to demonstrate the ability to accurate predict system performance.
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention “Dominates” Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery for High-Risk Patients Good News for Patients, a Challenge for Healthcare Planners

In this issue of Circulation , Stroupe and colleagues present a cost-effectiveness analysis of the Angina With Extremely Serious Operative Mortality Evaluation (AWESOME) trial1 that challenges physicians, hospitals, and healthcare planners to address how to best evaluate emerging, evolving, and mature technologies for their safety, efficacy, and impact on the health of our society. Article p 1251 The AWESOME trial2 randomized patients with ischemic symptoms refractory to medical therapy who were at high risk for adverse events after either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to receive one of these as the initial revascularization strategy. These patients, encountered with increasing frequency in clinical practice, need revascularization to treat significant ischemia, but the revascularization procedure itself carries significant risk for them. “First, do no harm” is particularly difficult to apply to these patients because both the disease and the therapy may cause harm. The risk and benefit of the 2 available revascularization modalities for these patients, PCI and CABG, are particularly difficult to balance, to explain to patients, and to select with assurance that the best choice is made for each patient. The randomized trial showed that mortality at 1 to 3 years was no different in the 2 study arms,2 but patients in the PCI strategy arm experienced unstable angina and repeat revascularization more frequently. Despite this difference in what might be a quality-of-life concern, health-related quality of life was no different in the 2 arms.3 Similarly, the Trial of Invasive Versus Medical Therapy in the Elderly (TIME), which showed in a high-risk …
A microtensiometer capable of measuring water potentials below −10 MPa

Tensiometers sense the chemical potential of water (or water potential, Ψw) in an external phase of interest by measuring the pressure in an internal volume of liquid water in equilibrium with that phase. For sub-saturated phases, the internal pressure is below atmospheric and frequently negative; the liquid is under tension. Here, we present the initial characterization of a new tensiometer based on a microelectromechanical pressure sensor and a nanoporous membrane. We explain the mechanism of operation, fabrication, and calibration of this device. We show that these microtensiometers operate stably out to water potentials below −10 MPa, a tenfold extension of the range of current tensiometers. Finally, we present use of the device to perform an accurate measurement of the equation of state of liquid water at pressures down to −14 MPa. We conclude with a discussion of outstanding design considerations, and of the opportunities opened by the extended range of stability and the small form factor in sensing applications, and in fundamental studies of the thermodynamic properties of water.
Optical interconnects in future servers

Optical interconnects are common in today's petascale supercomputers, and will become pervasive at the exascale during this decade. Technologies that can meet the challenging technological and economic requirements for the exascale will be reviewed.
Oxidation of Phenolate Siderophores by the Multicopper Oxidase Encoded by the Escherichia coli yacK Gene

A gene (yacK) encoding a putative multicopper oxidase (MCO) was cloned from Escherichia coli, and the expressed enzyme was demonstrated to exhibit phenoloxidase and ferroxidase activities. The purified protein contained six copper atoms per polypeptide chain and displayed optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra consistent with the presence of type 1, type 2, and type 3 copper centers. The strong optical A610 (E610 = 10,890 M−1 cm−1) and copper stoichiometry were taken as evidence that, similar to ceruloplasmin, the enzyme likely contains multiple type 1 copper centers. The addition of copper led to immediate and reversible changes in the optical and EPR spectra of the protein, as well as decreased thermal stability of the enzyme. Copper addition also stimulated both the phenoloxidase and ferroxidase activities of the enzyme, but the other metals tested had no effect. In the presence of added copper, the enzyme displayed significant activity against two of the phenolate siderophores utilized by E. coli for iron uptake, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and enterobactin, as well as 3-hydroxyanthranilate, an iron siderophore utilized by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oxidation of enterobactin produced a colored precipitate suggestive of the polymerization reactions that characterize microbial melanization processes. As oxidation should render the phenolate siderophores incapable of binding iron, yacK MCO activity could influence levels of free iron in the periplasm in response to copper concentration. This mechanism may explain, in part, how yacK MCO moderates the sensitivity of E. coli to copper.
In Vitro Wear Response of Composite Resin, Amalgam, and Enamel

A two-body, wear-testing method was developed and the test results were used for comparing and ranking the rate of wear for an amalgam, an experimental composite resin, and a commercial composite resin. The ranking of wear found by this method was the same as that shown by clinical research for the rate of wear of amalgam and commercial composite resin.
The Exocytosis-regulatory protein synaptotagmin VII mediates cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi.

The intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas' disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America. T. cruzi enters a large number of cell types by an unusual mechanism that involves Ca2+-triggered fusion of lysosomes with the plasma membrane. Here we show that synaptotagmin VII (Syt VII), a ubiquitously expressed synaptotagmin isoform that regulates exocytosis of lysosomes, is localized on the membranes of intracellular vacuoles containing T. cruzi. Antibodies against the C2A domain of Syt VII or recombinant peptides including this domain inhibit cell entry by T. cruzi, but not by Toxoplasma gondii or Salmonella typhimurium. The C2A domains of other ubiquitously expressed synaptotagmin isoforms have no effect on T. cruzi invasion, and mutation of critical residues on Syt VII C2A abolish its inhibitory activity. These findings indicate that T. cruzi exploits the Syt VII–dependent, Ca2+-regulated lysosomal exocytic pathway for invading host cells.
Regional wealth and philanthropic capacity mapping

Since 1975, wealth distribution in the United States has grown markedly more disparate, with a larger concentration of the country’s personal wealth owned by a smaller fraction of the population. Personal wealth is an important determinant in economic well-being yet is often ignored in studies of personal finances because wealth data are difficult to collect. This article introduces techniques for analyzing wealth and philanthropic capacity on a regional scale, showing how to pinpoint regions of high wealth and philanthropic capacity for county and Census block group regions. Results show how state and county measures mask large subcounty differences in financial well-being and potential for philanthropy among residents. In essence, the article introduces a new approach to economic development via targeted regional initiatives in asset retention and philanthropy.
Characteristic features of the exotic superconductors

Abstract The exotic superconductors of this survey are those defined by Uemura and co-workers — the materials which approximately satisfy an empirical relation Tc δ λL−2, where λL is the London penetration depth. As superconductors these materials are strange in many respects — in their chemistry and crystal structures, in many of their electronic and superconducting properties, and in their often conspicuously high transition temperatures. This category includes all of the presently known high-temperature superconductors. We now examine their unusual features in considerable detail, to sort out the features which are apparently universal (such as strong type-II behavior and high resistivity), or which are non-universal but common enough to be considered typical for this class (such as gap nodes). Several characteristics of the crystal chemistry are identified. Although fragments of this program have been reported often, this is the first attempt at a comprehensive examination. There appears to be a quasi-continuum of electronic behaviors, ranging from strongly exotic down to barely exotic cases. The location of a material within this continuum may thus depend on the relative strength of some “new” mechanism, as compared to the conventional phonon mechanism. In various places this survey is broadened to include other “strange formula” superconductors, since many other materials share the typical crystal-chemistry features of the exotic materials.
Government and tonal phrasing in Papago

The intonation contour of a Papago sentence is entirely predictable on the basis of its surface syntactic structure. It consists of a sequence of instances of the pattern (L)HL. For example, one Papago sentence may manifest a single (L)HL pattern, as in (I):while another will show repetitions of the canonical tonal shape, as in (2):Our task in this paper will be to characterise the distribution of the (L)HL pattern in Papago sentences. Our analysis is that the phonological representation of a sentence of Papago consists of a sequence of one or more tonal phrases, and that (L)HL is the pattern assigned to a tonal phrase. This tonal phrasing - i.e. the beginnings and ends of individual tonal phrases - will be indicated by parentheses in the tonal tier, as in (1) and (2). The association of the (L)HL pattern within each tonal phrase is captured by simple rules of the phonology, to be described in §2. Thus the description of the syntax of Papago intonation contours will centre on the tonal phrasing itself, and on the manner in which it is determined with respect to surface syntactic structure.
Modeling parasitism rate and parasitism risk: an illustration using a colonially nesting songbird, the red‐winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Ornithologists interested in the drivers of nest success and brood parasitism benefit from the development of new analytical approaches. One example is the development of so-called “log exposure” models for analyzing nest success. However, analyses of brood parasitism data have not kept pace with developments in nest success analyses. The standard approach uses logistic regression which does not account for multiple parasitism events, nor does it prevent bias from using observed proportions of parasitized nests. Likewise, logistic regression analyses do not capture fine scale temporal variation in parasitism. At first glance, it might be tempting to apply log exposure models to parasitism data, but the process of parasitism is inherently different from the process of nest predation. We modeled daily parasitism rate as a Poisson process, which allowed us to correct potential biases in parasitism rate. We were also able to use our estimated parasitism rate to model parasitism risk as the probability of one or more parasitism events. We applied this model to red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus nesting colonies subject to parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds Molothrus ater. Our approach allowed us to model parasitism using a wider rage of covariates, especially functions of time. We found strong support for models combining temporal fluctuations in parasitism rate and nest-site characteristics. Similarly, we found that our annual predicted parasitism risk was lower on average than the risk estimated from observed parasitism levels. Our approach improves upon traditional logistic regression analyses and opens the door for more mechanistic modeling of the process of parasitism.
Towards security monitoring patterns

Runtime monitoring is performed during system execution to detect whether the system's behaviour deviates from that described by requirements. To support this activity we have developed a monitoring framework that expresses the requirements to be monitored in event calculus - a formal temporal first order language. Following an investigation of how this framework could be used to monitor security requirements, in this paper we propose patterns for expressing three basic types of such requirements, namely confidentiality, integrity and availability. These patterns aim to ease the task of specifying confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements in monitorable forms by non-expert users. The paper illustrates the use of these patterns using examples of an industrial case study.
An On-Line Interactive Microcomputer-Based Parameter Optimization Technique

A general on-line parameter optimization technique is discussed. It consists of employing, in an interactive fashion, a microcomputer-based system to both drive and sample the output of a physical system in which some parameter is being varied. The microcomputer is then used to calculate and output an appropriate performance index, thereby directing the manner in which the parameter is varied, ultimately resulting in the determination of the parameter value that optimizes the performance index. Advantages of such an approach, made practical by the advent of low cost microcomputer systems, include its conceptual simplicity, the fact that mathematical models of the physical system are unnecessary, and the applicability of the approach in a manufacturing environment. To demonstrate the technique, a sample microcomputer-based system implemented by the authors is discussed along with an example in which a parameter (resistor value) in an electrical circuit is successfully optimized.
Drinking with an Unsealed Tube: Fluid Uptake Along the Butterfly Proboscis

ABSTRACT Most adult Lepidoptera depend on a proboscis for fluid uptake. Although the proboscis has been regarded as a sealed tube with fluid uptake restricted to the distal end, recent evidence indicates that it is permeable along its entire length in at least some species. We, therefore, tested the effectiveness of the seal during feeding in four species of butterflies. Feeding rates in monarchs (Danaus plexippus L.), painted ladies (Vanessa cardui L.), and tiger swallowtails (Papilio glaucus L.) did not differ significantly when the proboscises were straightened and fully, versus partially, submersed in 1 or 15% sucrose solutions. To explore these results, we tested fluid uptake along the nearly transparent proboscises of buckeye butterflies (Junonia coenia Hubner) by applying colored droplets of water to the legular seam between the paired galeae. Colored fluid appeared in the food canal of straightened and naturally flexed proboscises within 10 s, regardless of whether the chemosensilla were stimulate...
Large-Signal Stability Analysis in Power Systems with a Synchronous Generator Connected to a Large Motor Drive

This paper studies the large-signal stability of a synchronous generator connected to a motor drive of a similar power. The generator-motor drive set, with additional auxiliary lower power loads represents a simplified version of an all electric ship power system. The use of Lyapunov linearization method allows identifying the region of stable operation. This description is valid only locally. However, the boundaries of this region where the equilibrium points change their stability condition represent bifurcations of the nonlinear system. In addition, nonlinear behavior is likely to appear close to those boundaries. The paper also describes observed nonlinear behavior created by the action of hard limits in the system.
Decentralized Control for an Autonomous Team

This paper addresses the development of decentralized algorithms for the dynamic planning and assignment of multiple coupled tasks in cooperative decision and control of an autonomous UAV team. Generic vehicle-target scenarios are considered with task precedence, task timing, communication constraints, and uncertainty. Various distribution philosophies are discussed as a function of performance, information, and control. A trade space between task coupling, message cost, and decentralization is postulated. This structure is analyzed with respect to optimality, task coupling, communications throughput, delays, decentralization, and state estimation. Algorithms discussed include: mixed integer linear programming, auction, distributed constraint satisfaction, network sow, and hybrid iterative variations. Preliminary analysis has revealed that, for strongly coupled tasks, a decentralized solution may not be better than a centralized solution, unless communication costs are low. Also, team performance with restricted communications is driven by the capability of the onboard team state estimators.
A MIXED DIET IMPROVES PERFORMANCE AND HERBIVORE RESISTANCE OF A PARASITIC PLANT

I examined how the performance of Castilleja wightii (Scrophulariaceae), a generalist root parasite, is affected by the availability of different combinations of host species. In this greenhouse study, I focused on pairs of hosts consisting of either two leguminous host individuals (Lupinus arboreus; Fabaceae), two non-nitrogen-fixing hosts (Eriophyllum stachaedifolium; Asteraceae), or one individual of each of these species. Castilleja growth and reproductive performance were greatly improved by the simultaneous attack of two distinct host species, even though Castilleja grown with two Lupinus hosts had significantly higher nitrogen content. Different combinations of host species also strongly affected the growth of aphid colonies feeding on the Castilleja used in this experiment. Across all treatments, the growth of aphid colonies was positively correlated with the nitrogen content of the parasitic plants, which, in turn depended on the combination of hosts attacked. Aphid colonies feeding on parasites ...
A Method of Measuring and Calculating the Longitudinal Microwave Coupling Impedance of ISABELLE

Modes above the cutoff frequency of the ISABELLE vacuum chamber have been investigated to ascertain the microwave longitudinal coupling impedance. (The investigation is limited to those modes that have fields in the beam pipes.) Perturbation measurements of the electric fields were made between 2.6 and 2.8 GHz. A phenomenological method of calculating these impedances was developed. There was excellent agreement between the calculated and measured impedance. The theoretical results were then extrapolated to 5.5 GHz.
A Two-Dimensional Geometry-Based Stochastic Model

In this paper, the problem of deriving the power angular scattering response (PASR) resulting from a Gaussian scatterer distribution is undertaken. The scatter cluster can be located arbitrarily in the vicinity of the mobile unit. Furthermore, for the considered scatter geometry we derive both the angular and distance statistics at the observation point, allowing a theoretical characterization of the PASR. A major byproduct of this analysis is that the Gaussian scatterer hypothesis is formally shown to produce a Gaussian power angular spectrum in a macrocell environment, which is in accordance with existing measurements.
A yeast origin of replication is activated late in S phase

The mechanism that causes large regions of eukaryotic chromosomes to remain unreplicated until late in S phase is not understood. We have found that 67 kb of telomere-adjacent DNA at the right end of chromosome V in S. cerevisiae is replicated late in S phase. An ARS element in this region, ARS501, was shown by two-dimensional gel analysis to be an active origin of replication. Kinetic analyses indicate that the rate of replication fork movement within this late region is similar to that in early replicating regions. Therefore, the delayed replication of the region is a consequence of late origin activation. The results also support the idea that the pattern of interspersed early and late replication along the chromosomes of higher eukaryotes is a consequence of the temporal regulation of origin activation.
Soil Loss Tolerance

A function is developed for defining soil loss tolerance (T value) that provides for permanent preservation of the soil resource, prohibits erosion that contributes excessively to pollution, and is a function of the present soil depth. The relationship is expressed byT(x,y,t) =(TI + T2)/2 - (T2 - T1)/2 cos [T(Z-Z~)/(Z~-Z~)], where T(x,y,t) is tolerable soil loss rate at point (x,y), and TI and T2 are lower and upper limits of allowable soil loss rate, TI corresponds to soil renewal rate, z1 and zz are minimum allowable and optimum soil depths, and z is the present soil depth. Tolerable soil loss function between the points (Tl,zl) and (Tz,zz) is sinusoidal and dependent upon soil depth and (Tz - T1)/2 is the amplitude. The period is represented by the cosine argument and goes from 0 to 180 degrees for values of z between the limits of zI and z2. Examples of application are given.
Targeted proteomics analysis of EGFP expressing metastatic breast cancer cells using mass spectrometry.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 605 Breast cancer metastases to bone or other soft tissues result in complications including treatment difficulty and poor patient prognosis. Identification of tumor markers that are metastasis site specific, such as bone versus soft tissue organs, may enable the design of novel approaches for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of breast cancer metastasis. To monitor metastasis for site-specific biomarkers, breast cancer metastastatic tumors were analyzed in their metastatic microenvironment by MALDI TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry). This approach allows for MS analysis of discrete tumor deposits within intact tissue sections. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as well as an EGFP-expressing MDA-MB-231 cell line were used in a nude mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Metastases from the EGFP-expressing cell line metastasis were analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of correlating tumor deposit localization by fluorescence microscopy prior to MALDI TOF MS protein profiling. Healthy control mice and those with metastatic tumors were sacrificed when bone lesions were detected by X-ray. Tumor, muscle, bone, bone marrow, liver and kidney tissues were harvested and immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at -80°C. Consecutive, frozen 10-12 μm thick tissue sections were cut and mounted on glass microscope slides or chilled MALDI target plates. Tissues on glass slides were stained with either toluidine blue for tissue morphology or DAPI nuclear stain, mounted in 9:1 glycerol: PBS and viewed by bright field or fluorescent microscopy. Tumor cell deposits and other areas of interest were located and targeted for protein profiling. Images taken of each slide documented the morphology of the metastatic target and surrounding tissue regions. Droplets of MALDI matrix were applied to each target area as indicated by the microscopic images and MS protein profiling was performed using an Applied Biosystems Voyager DE-STR MALDI mass spectrometer (Framingham, MA). MALDI-TOF protein profiling was performed on the specific tissue areas identified by microscopic analysis. Analysis of the metastatic cells demonstrated greater than 20 protein signals with potential differential expression between non-tumor regions as well as between tumor metastases to different tissues, such as bone compared to adrenal gland. The techniques applied here are applicable to a variety of studies including monitoring small molecule localization within tissues and determining protein pattern changes in response to exposure or treatment.
Imaging Place: Globalization and Immersive Media

“Imaging Place,” is a place-based, virtual reality art project. It takes the form of a user navigated, interactive computer program that combines panoramic photography, digital video, and three-dimensional technologies to investigate and document situations where the forces of globalization are impacting the lives of individuals in local communities. The goal of the project is to develop the technologies, the methodology and the content for truly immersive and navigable narrative, based in real places. Activated by the click of a mouse button, the interface leads the user from global satellite images to virtual reality scenes on the ground. Users can then navigate an immersive virtual space. Rather than the linear structure of traditional documentary cinema, “Imaging Place” allows stories to unfold through non-linear database navigation and multilayered spatial exploration.