cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is there a risk from not using GE animals

Since the development of the first genetically engineered (GE) plants and animals for agriculture almost 25 years ago (Hammer et al. 1985; Vaeck et al. 1987), there has been a debate amongst and between scientists, regulators, and activists opposed to the introduction and use of such plants and animals in agriculture. It seems that the debate often focuses on GE as a technique that is used in isolation, rather than one tool in the realm of selective breeding that is used in conjunction with other approaches such as nutritional management, veterinary care, and animal management to solve problems. The ongoing debate has shaped international policy, resulted in numerous reviews (e.g. Wall et al. 2009), reports (e.g. FAO/WHO Expert Consultation 2004; Royal Society 2001; NRC 2002, 2004), and regulations by national and international bodies (FAO/WHO Food standards programme codex alimentarius commission 2008; FDA-CVM 2009), and delayed the introduction of GE animals into agriculture. The debate usually raises the same list of risks or concerns, including animal welfare, loss of genetic diversity in production animals, “un-naturalness”, food safety including potential toxicity or allergenicity, environmental damage following release, and un-intended consequences such as activation of quiescent viruses or inappropriate gene expression resulting from activation of endogenous genes by the transgene. However, one concept missing from this debate is the cost of not using this technology to benefit agriculture and thus human lives; that is, the positive components of the risk benefit analysis. Here, the above mentioned risks will be briefly summarized, as they have been covered in depth in many reports and reviews (e.g. NRC 2002), and examples of what we have to lose if GE animals are not adopted will be presented.
Low-Temperature Mobility of the Electron Bubble in Dilute He 3 - He 4 Mixtures and Pure He 3

Recent low-temperature measurements of the mobility of negative ions in dilute ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures are explained. A new method based on the Boltzmann equation is used to derive the general formula for the drag force of a heavy impurity in an arbitrary gas. It is shown that the structure of the negative ion (electron bubble) depends on the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ concentration ${C}_{3}$ and temperature. Also, for ${C}_{3}$ above about 1% the distortion of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ distribution by the moving ion becomes important. The application of our theory to pure, highly degenerate ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ shows that the mobility remains finite at $T=0$ and rises with temperature. Both results agree with experiment.
Overview of systems considerations for on-board chemical hydrogen storage

Recent advances in chemical hydrogen storage systems are reviewed. Factors impacting design and implementation of chemical hydrogen storage systems for on-board vehicular use are highlighted. The physical and chemical characteristics of chemical hydrogen fuels and their spent fuel counterparts are considered to provide guidance to future technology developers. Heat management, fuel stability, reactor design, and fuel morphology are examples of issues that must be considered for the future of chemical hydrogen storage systems.
Modified rapid venom desensitization

The clinical and immunologic response to a modified rapid (r) regimen of venom immunotherapy was evaluated and compared to a traditional (t) therapeutic regimen. Nineteen patients in the r group received a starting dose of 0.01 microgram and reached a maintenance dose of 50 micrograms in 7 weeks. Twelve patients in the t group received an average of twenty-one injections on a weekly basis, reaching the same maintenance dose. The age and sex distribution and pre-treatment venom-specific IgE titres (RAST) of both groups were comparable. There were thirteen local reactions to venom therapy in both groups and no systemic reactions. Following therapy, most patients developed a rising titre of serum venom-specific IgG (V-IgG). Serum venom-specific IgE (V-IgE) changes were similar in the two groups; over half of the patients had a falling titre when on maintenance dose. Twelve patients were re-stung after reaching maintenance dose. Only one developed a mild systemic reaction, an individual who failed to show a V-IgG response with rapid therapy. Five of nine patients did not have an anamnestic V-IgE response. This rapid method of venom immunotherapy appears to be safe, clinically effective, and comparable to traditional dosing without additional adverse reaction.
Theory of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects in nonpolar isotropic semiconductors

IN the theory of electrical and thermal transport phenomena of nonpolar isotropic solids one is concerned with two major components, the electrons and the longitudinal acoustical phonons. The possible scattering processes are : electron-electron, electron-phonon and phonon-phonon. If the corresponding collision operators are known, the steady state distribution functions f of the electrons and N of the phonons must be determined simultaneously as solutions of the two Boltzmann equations :
Production of endothelium-derived contracting factor is enhanced after coronary reperfusion

Abstract To determine whether coronary reperfusion enhances the production of endothelium-derived contracting factor, we investigated dogs subjected to global cardiac ischemia (45 minutes) followed by reperfusion (60 minutes). Segments of reperfused and control coronary arteries were suspended in organ chambers to measure isometric force. Perfusate hypoxia caused endothelium-dependent contraction in the control and reperfused arteries. However, reperfused arteries exhibited hypoxic contraction that was significantly greater than control segments. The hypoxic contractions in both the control and reperfused arteries could be inhibited by N G -monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA), the blocker of endothelial cell synthesis of nitric oxide from l-arginine. The action of L-NMMA could be reversed by l-arginine but not d-arginine. Thus, after reperfusion, augmented production of endothelium-derived contracting factor occurs by an l-arginine-dependent pathway. We hypothesize that nitric oxide produced by l-arginine metabolism combines with superoxide anion to produce the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO − ), which is metabolized to endothelium-derived contracting factor or induces its synthesis. Augmented production of endothelium-derived contracting factor would favor vasospasm after reperfusion.
40-Gbit/s cascadable all-optical logic with an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer

We demonstrate 40-Gbit/s all-optical bitwise inversion and wavelength conversion, using an ultrafast nonlinear interferometer. This device uses optically induced gain and index nonlinearities in a semiconductor amplifier to achieve the high-rate switching. The device is cascadable and can be configured to perform a variety of switching functions. As an example, 10-Gbit/s results of or and nor gating are presented.
Metabolism of Pure Cultures of Malignant Cells of Walker Rat Sarcoma 319

A large literature exists on the metabolism of spontaneous and transmissible tumors. At least one host factor complicates all of these studies, namely the mixture of host tissues with the tumor. Only microscopic portions of tumors growing in animals are free of connective tissue, wandering cells, or blood vessels contributed by the host. Any measurement of the metabolism of a tumor derived directly from an animal is a resultant of this mixture. It is impossible to determine accurately the metabolism of the tumor cells, even when corrections are made for the relative quantities of normal and malignant cells, since the presence of malignant cells in a host influences the metabolism of the normal cells (20). With tissues comprised wholly of tumor cells this complication can be avoided. Because of the recent advances in tissue culture methods, especially tumor cultivation (10, 14, 15), an approach to this problem has become feasible. The present report is concerned with the metabolism of pure cultures of malignant cells (tumor cells) of Walker rat sarcoma 319. The respiratory rates and the effects of glucose on these, as well as the respiratory quotients and aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic rates, were studied. Comparisons were made between cultures of different ages and grown on different media. Method The technic for the cultivation of the malignant cells of this tumor has been described (14). The cultures were made in roller tubes in the Department of Embryology, The Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore. The metabolic determinations were made in the Department of Pathology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The tissue cultures employed for metabolic studies ranged in age from 268 to 981 days. In individual cultures the medium was varied as indicated in Table I. For shipment about 50 cultures were placed in tubes containing the ingredients indicated in Table I. The tubes were insulated with absorbent cotton and carried by passenger from Baltimore to New York. They left the first laboratory at 9:00 a.m. and arrived in the second at 2:00 p.m. Within an hour of their arrival the first metabolic readings were taken. The viability of the tissues upon arrival was substantiated by the fact that several of the colonies were cultured in chicken plasma by Dr. H. S. Simms and were found to grow actively.
The Making and Unmaking of Civic Journalists: Influences of Professional Socialization

This study explores the origins of civic journalism values as a function of professional socialization. Findings from a survey of college students and professional journalists reveal a progression of socialization that begins with students supporting civic journalism. However, the transition from the classroom to the newsroom is accompanied by the adoption of a professional identity in which autonomy tends to preclude purposeful attempts at community engagement. Results highlight the need for college instruction to encourage a broader conception of autonomy.
High level ab initio and hybrid density functional theory method study of a molecular association between the hydrogen radical and carbon monoxide

Abstract The hydrogen radical association reaction with carbon monoxide was studied with the G1, G2, G2MP, and CBS-Q ab initio computational approaches and with three hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91). The computed geometries, harmonic frequencies, and energies were compared to experimental and multi-reference ab initio data. Suitable computational approaches for the study of this and related radical reactions was suggested.
Potential Theory on Lipschitz Domains in Riemannian Manifolds: Sobolev–Besov Space Results and the Poisson Problem

Abstract We continue a program to develop layer potential techniques for PDE on Lipschitz domains in Riemannian manifolds. Building on L p and Hardy space estimates established in previous papers, here we establish Sobolev and Besov space estimates on solutions to the Dirichlet and Neumann problems for the Laplace operator plus a potential, on a Lipschitz domain in a Riemannian manifold with a metric tensor smooth of class C 1+ γ , for some γ >0. We treat the inhomogeneous problem and extend it to the setting of manifolds results obtained for the constant-coefficient Laplace operator on a Lipschitz domain in Euclidean space, with the Dirichlet boundary condition, by D. Jerison and C. Kenig.
Loss of Cell–Cell Contacts Induces NF-κB Via RhoA-Mediated Activation of Protein Kinase D1

Cell-cell contacts mediated by cadherins are known to inhibit the small Rho-GTPase RhoA. We here show that in epithelial cells the disruption of these cell-cell contacts as mediated by a calcium switch leads to actin re-organization and the activation of RhoA. We identified the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D1 (PKD1) as a downstream target for RhoA in this pathway. After disruption of cell-cell contacts, PKD1 relayed RhoA activation to the induction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. We found that a signaling complex composed of the kinases ROCK, novel protein kinase C (nPKC), and Src family kinases (SFKs) is upstream of PKD1 and crucial for RhoA-mediated NF-kappaB activation. In conclusion, our data suggest a previously undescribed signaling pathway of how RhoA is activated by loss of cell-cell adhesions and by which it mediates the activation of NF-kappaB. We propose that this pathway is of relevance for epithelial tumor cell biology, where loss of cell-cell contacts has been implicated in regulating cell survival and motility.
Improving reliability through task recomputation in heterogeneous multi-core embedded systems

As the demand for high performance and computational complexity continue to increase in embedded systems, reliability issues are becoming limiting factors on application scalability and long-term survivability in the harsh conditions in which such systems are operated. As embedded systems already house large datasets, traditional techniques to improve reliability such as task redundancy can be very costly in terms of memory space consumption. In this paper, we propose an approach that utilizes idle time frames of computational resources in order to iteratively recompute tasks to increase reliability of overall design without incurring any additional execution latency, area or extra memory space. We present experimental evaluation that shows the effectiveness of the proposed task recomputation approach using both task graphs extracted from benchmarks and automatically-generated task graphs.
An overview of aflatoxicosis of poultry: its characteristics, prevention and reduction.

Aflatoxicosis represents one of the serous diseases of poultry, livestock and other animals. The cause of this disease in poultry and other food-producting animals has been attributed to the ingestion of various feeds contaminated with A. flavus. This toxigenic fungus is known to produce a group of extremely toxic metabolites, of which aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is most potent. Avian species especially chickes, goslings, ducklings and turkey poults are most susceptible to AFB1 toxicity. The toxic effects of AFB1 are mainly localized in liver as manifested by hepatic necrosis, bile duct proliferation, icterus and hemorrhage. Chronic toxicity in those birds is characterized by loss of weight, decline in feed efficiency, drop in egg production and increased susceptibility to infections. The incidence of hepatocellular tumors, particularly in ducklings, is considered to be one of the serious consequences of aflatoxicosis. Even though prevention and avoidanve are the best way to control aflatoxicosis, natural contamination of crops with A. flavus is sometimes unavoidable. Such aflatoxin-contaminated feeds can be decontaminated using various methods which mainly focus on physical removal or chemical inactivation of the toxins in the feeds. Moreover, dietary additives such as activated charcoal, phenobarbital, cysteine, glutathione, betacarotene, fisetin and selenium have also been reported to be effective in the reduction of aflatoxicosis in poultry.
Nonulcerative bullous keratitis associated with Pseudomonas alcaligenes infection in a Thoroughbred mare

Summary A 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare presented with an intermittently mildly painful right eye with a nonulcerative corneal opacity of several weeks' duration that had improved with topical steroids but recurred when steroids were withdrawn. Ophthalmic examination demonstrated a focal region of moderate corneal oedema and midstromal corneal infiltrate centrally but no other significant ocular abnormalities, and suggested a diagnosis of immune-mediated keratitis. Empirical courses of both topical and systemic anti-inflammatory drugs, both nonsteroidal and steroidal, led to initial improvement but bullous keratopathy developed when corneal oedema became profound. Due to the rapidly progressive nature of the bullous keratopathy combined with poor response to medical therapy, a keratectomy and conjunctival graft were performed under general anaesthesia. Intraoperative corneal culture of the keratectomy site grew Pseudomonas alcaligenes, a common soil and water contaminant. Histopathology of the keratectomy specimen revealed neutrophilic inflammation. Keratectomy and conjunctival graft led to resolution of ocular pain and inflammation, with an acceptable cosmetic and visual outcome. This report describes an unusual case of a nonulcerative Pseudomonas keratitis that responded well to surgical therapy, and underscores the complicated nature of nonulcerative keratitis in horses.
Class numbers of indefinite binary quadratic forms II

Abstract We obtain an asymptotic formula for the averages of class numbers of indefinite binary quadratic forms taken along certain polynomial sequences. It is found that along these sequences the class number is essentially as large as possible.
Fairness and Social Norms

This essay comments on the theory of social norms developed by Cristina Bicchieri in The Grammar of Society (2006). It applauds her theory of norms but argues that it cannot account for the experimental results concerning ultimatum games. A theory of fairness is also needed. It develops a number of specific criticisms of her way of incorporating the influence of norms into preferences.
Identification of Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) β, and Not iPLA2γ, as the Mediator of Arginine Vasopressin-induced Arachidonic Acid Release in A-10 Smooth Muscle Cells: ENANTIOSELECTIVE MECHANISM-BASED DISCRIMINATION OF MAMMALIAN iPLA2s

Abstract The agonist-stimulated release of arachidonic acid (AA) from cellular phospholipids in many cell types (e.g. myocytes, β-cells, and neurons) has been demonstrated to be primarily mediated by calcium-independent phospholipases A2 (iPLA2s) that are inhibited by the mechanism-based inhibitor (E)-6-(bromomethylene)-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-tetrahydropyran-2-one (BEL). Recently, the family of mammalian iPLA2s has been extended to include iPLA2γ, which previously could not be pharmacologically distinguished from iPLA2β. To determine whether iPLA2β or iPLA2γ (or both) were the enzymes responsible for arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced AA release from A-10 cells, it became necessary to inhibit selectively iPLA2β and iPLA2γ in intact cells. We hypothesized that the R- and S-enantiomers of BEL would possess different inhibitory potencies for iPLA2β and iPLA2γ. Accordingly, racemic BEL was separated into its enantiomeric constituents by chiral high pressure liquid chromatography. Remarkably, (S)-BEL was approximately an order of magnitude more selective for iPLA2β in comparison to iPLA2γ. Conversely, (R)-BEL was approximately an order of magnitude more selective for iPLA2γ than iPLA2β. The AVP-induced liberation of AA from A-10 cells was selectively inhibited by (S)-BEL (IC50 ∼2 μm) but not (R)-BEL, demonstrating that the overwhelming majority of AA release is because of iPLA2β and not iPLA2γ activity. Furthermore, pretreatment of A-10 cells with (S)-BEL did not prevent AVP-induced MAPK phosphorylation or protein kinase C translocation. Finally, two different cell-permeable protein kinase C activators (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol) could not restore the ability of A-10 cells to release AA after exposure to (S)-BEL, thus supporting the downstream role of iPLA2β in AVP-induced AA release.
Using an e-health intervention to enhance patient visits for hypertension: The nurse practitioner perspective

This article reports the findings from interviews with 11 nurse practitioners (NPs) who provided an in-office, e-health intervention as part of a randomized clinical trial aimed at improving medication adherence and reducing adverse self-medication behaviors in older adults with hypertension. The NPs’ perspective of their experience with training for the research protocol, recruitment of patient participants, implementing the e-health intervention, and patient response was elicited through open-ended questions in individual face-to-face tape recorded interviews.
An elastoplastic plane stress problem

We introduce a very simplified model for the behavior of a thin, elastoplastic plate subject to tractions on its boundary. Assuming the stress has no component in the vertical direction, we obtain a fourth-order variational inequality formulation for this problem and prove a localH 3 regularity result.
Phonological awareness in reading-disabled adults: A follow-up and extension

Abstract Byrne and Ledez (1983) showed reading-disabled adults to be deficient in the phonetic encoding of spoken words in a continuous word recognition task, although their performance was comparable to that of normal readers in nonword recognition. The present study has similarly compared reading disabled and normal reading adults on these tasks, but has in addition controlled for ability by selecting subjects in the low average range on two mental ability tests. Both groups showed evidence of the use of the semantic code in memory in continuous recognition, but neither group evidenced phonetic encoding. In contrast, both reading groups revealed use of phonetic encoding in the nonword recognition task. It appears from a comparison of the results in this study with those of Byrne and Ledez that employment of phonetic encoding may be ability-linked, and its usefulness in reading research may therefore be limited. The subjects were also tested on a syllable classification task to assess their awareness of ...
Decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase, but not aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase, messenger RNA in rat olfactory bulb following neonatal, unilateral odor deprivation

Abstract Unilateral naris cauterization in rats results in occlusion of the affected naris and blockade of odorant access to ipsilateral olfactory receptor cells in the olfactory. These receptor cells project exclusively to the olfactory bubl (OB) and appear to regulate expression of the dopaminergic phenotype in a population of OB juxtaglomerular neurons. Unilateral odor deprivation results in a loss of normal stimulatory input to the OB and a marked and specific decrease in ipsilateral OB tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. The expression of co-localized aromatic l -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is not similarly affected. We have used this procedure in neonatal rats to examine the effect of stimulation deprivation on OB TH and AADC mRNA levels. Both Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses revealed a pronounced decrease in ipsilateral as compared to contralateral OB TH mRNA levels 40 days after naris closure. In contrast, the levels of OB AADC mRNA were unaltered by naris closure. By in situ hybridization histochemistry, both TH and AADC mRNAs were localized to OB juxtaglomerular neurons. Odor deprivation was associated with an apparent region-specific reduction in TH mRNA within the ipsilateral OB glomerular layer. By densitometric analysis, the loss of TH-specific message was quantitatively consistent with the decrease in TH activity, suggesting that the observed plasticity of OB dopaminergic neurons following functional deafferentiation can be attributed to a selective, transneuronally-mediated down regulation of TH gene transcription.
Ocean acidification exacerbates the impacts of global warming on embryonic little skate, Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill)

Abstract Ocean acidification and warming have the potential to profoundly impact marine fishes by reducing embryo fitness and survival. Local adaptation to thermal gradients may reduce the impact of global warming, but whether fish from different populations may respond differently to climatic stressors remains unknown. The hypothesis that acidification and warming may have an effect on development, aerobic scope, and survival was tested in little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea ) embryos from two latitudinally separated populations. Temperature had the strongest effect on development, survival and metabolic rates, but acidification further exacerbated stress on embryos from the Gulf of Maine population by increasing the costs of activity, development time, and reducing body condition of newly hatched skates. Active metabolic rates of both populations exhibited countergradient variation with peak of performance at 18 °C, but were affected differently by acidification. These findings demonstrate that even adjacent fish populations may respond differently to increasing temperature and acidification and emphasize the need for multi-stressor studies on different populations of fishes with wide geographic range to understand complex responses to climate change and other environmental challenges.
Psychosocial functioning in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare psychosocial functioning (PF) in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP) sample to two comparison groups, i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and community controls (CC). Method There were 93 PEA-BP (with or without comorbid ADHD), 81 ADHD, and 94 CC subjects who were participants in an ongoing study, the Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders. Cases in the PEA-BP and ADHD groups were outpatients obtained by consecutive new case ascertainment, and CC subjects were from a survey conducted by the Research Triangle Institute. To fit the study phenotype, PEA-BP subjects needed to have current DSM-IV mania or hypomania with elation and/or grandiosity as one criterion. Assessments for PF were by experienced research nurses who were blind to group status. Mothers and children were separately interviewed with the Psychosocial Schedule for School Age Children-Revised. Results Compared with both ADHD and CC subjects, PEA-BP cases had significantly greater impairment on items that assessed maternal–child warmth, maternal–child and paternal–child tension, and peer relationships. Conclusions Clinicians need to consider PF deficits when planning interventions. In the PEA-BP group, there was a 43% rate of hypersexuality with a
Acetylcholinesterase activity as a marker for the development of the ciliary epithelium in the chicken embryo.

Abstract Specific histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase was first visible in the presumptive ciliary epithelium on day 4 of embryonic development. The enzyme did not appear in the neural retina until day 6. The presence or absence of this enzyme activity enabled us to differentiate the presumptive ciliary epithelium from the adjacent presumptive neural retina early in development. In the rat embryo, acetylcholinesterase was not found in the ciliary epithelium at any state, although its appearance in the neural retina followed a temporal pattern similar to that seen in chicken embryos. Weak AChE staining was seen in the ciliary epithelium of the rat by 15 days after birth. The function of acetylcholinesterase in the developing ciliary epithelium is unknown, but from the data currently available it is unlikely to be involved in the degradation of acetylcholine. Our observations suggest that some previous studies of retinal development may have misinterpreted events occurring in the embryonic ciliary epithelium as characteristics of the peripheral retina.
SU-E-I-46: Sample-Size Dependence of Model Observers for Estimating Low-Contrast Detection Performance From CT Images

Purpose: Recently, task-based assessment of diagnostic CT systems has attracted much attention. Detection task performance can be estimated using human observers, or mathematical observer models. While most models are well established, considerable bias can be introduced when performance is estimated from a limited number of image samples. Thus, the purpose of this work was to assess the effect of sample size on bias and uncertainty of two channelized Hotelling observers and a template-matching observer. Methods: The image data used for this study consisted of 100 signal-present and 100 signal-absent regions-of-interest, which were extracted from CT slices. The experimental conditions included two signal sizes and five different x-ray beam current settings (mAs). Human observer performance for these images was determined in 2-alternative forced choice experiments. These data were provided by the Mayo clinic in Rochester, MN. Detection performance was estimated from three observer models, including channelized Hotelling observers (CHO) with Gabor or Laguerre-Gauss (LG) channels, and a template-matching observer (TM). Different sample sizes were generated by randomly selecting a subset of image pairs, (N=20,40,60,80). Observer performance was quantified as proportion of correct responses (PC). Bias was quantified as the relative difference of PC for 20 and 80 image pairs. Results: For n=100, all observer models predicted human performance across mAs and signal sizes. Bias was 23% for CHO (Gabor), 7% for CHO (LG), and 3% for TM. The relative standard deviation, σ(PC)/PC at N=20 was highest for the TM observer (11%) and lowest for the CHO (Gabor) observer (5%). Conclusion: In order to make image quality assessment feasible in the clinical practice, a statistically efficient observer model, that can predict performance from few samples, is needed. Our results identified two observer models that may be suited for this task.
Molecular characterization and hrp dependence of the avirulence gene avrPto from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato [corrected]

The avrPto avirulence gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) race 0 governs race-specific resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene. The avrPto gene encodes 0.7 and 0.75 kb mRNAs whose predicted translation product is a mostly hydrophilic 164 amino acid protein of 18.3 kD a that reveals no homology to protein sequences in GenBank or EMBL databases. Highest expression of avrPto in cell culture is observed in minimal media containing sugars and sugar alcohols as carbon sources and lowest expression in minimal media containing tricarboxylic acid intermediates and in complex media. Expression of avrPto in planta is induced within 1 h following infection of both resistant and susceptible tomato plants by Pst, and increases over the first 6 h. Transcription of avrPto requires the hrpSR pathogenicity functions, but is independent of other Pst hrp genes. A region of the avrPto promoter shows homology to hrp box sequences upstream of other P. syringae genes that require the hrpSR locus for expression, and both avirulence activity and avrPto mRNA accumulation are abolished by deletions extending into this region. The avrPto transcription start site maps 31 nucleotides downstream of the hrp box motif.
The Use of the OT in Ephesians

L'utilisation de l'AT dans Ephesiens a jusqu'ici ete peu etudiee. L'A. desire combler cette lacune. Il n'envisage que les citations directes de l'AT et non les simples allusions. L'utilisation du Psaume 68: 18 dans Ephesiens 4: 8-10| d'Isaie 57: 19 en Eph. 2: 17| de Genese 2: 24 en Eph. 5: 31-32| d'Exode 20: 12 en Eph. 6: 2-3| des Psaumes 110: 1 et 8: 6 en Eph. 1: 20-22| de Zacharie 8: 16 (Eph. 4: 25), Ps. 4: 4 (Eph. 4: 26), Proverbes 23: 31 (Eph. 5: 18), d'Isaie 11: 4-5, 52: 7, 59: 17 (Eph. 6: 14-17). L'Epitre use de l'AT comme etant une tradition de meme niveau que les traditions liturgique et catechetique.
Mice that lack activity of αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrins reproduce the abnormalities of Tgfb1- and Tgfb3-null mice

The arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 activate latent TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 in vivo, but it is uncertain whether other RGD-binding integrins such as integrins αvβ5 and αvβ3 activate these TGFβ isoforms. To define the combined role of αvβ6- and αvβ8-integrin in TGFβ activation, we analyzed mice lacking function of both integrins by means of gene deletion and/or pharmacologic inhibition. Most Itgb6–/–;Itgb8–/– embryos die at mid-gestation; those that survive develop cleft palate–as observed in Tgfb3–/– mice. Itgb8–/– mice treated with an anti-αvβ6-integrin antibody develop severe autoimmunity and lack Langerhans cells–similar to Tgfb1-null mice. These results support a model in which TGFβ3-mediated palate fusion and TGFβ1-mediated suppression of autoimmunity and generation of Langerhans cells require integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 but not other RGD-binding integrins as TGFβ activators.
Speculations on the Properties of the Silver Halide Crystals

The available experiments on the absorption spectra, photoelectric, and photolytic properties of the silver halide crystals are re-analyzed and interpreted. The conclusions drawn may be regarded in the nature of extensions of the Gurney-Mott theory of photolytic action. The principal speculative viewpoints are as follows: 1. The characteristic absorption spectra of the pure salts derive much of their structure from forbidden optical transitions associated with lattice distortion arising from dislocations. It is proposed that in materials prepared from the melt the dislocations are formed by condensation of lattice vacancies associated with about 0.1 percent of Schottky defects.2. It is also concluded that some of the absorption structure is associated with "forbidden" ${d}^{10}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{d}^{9}s$ transitions in the silver ions.3. It is proposed that the electron traps which are responsible for the early deposits of photolytic silver are incipient halogen-ion vacancies which have an effective charge $+\frac{e}{2}$. These vacancies occur at jogs in dislocation lines, where such lines pass from one slip plane to a parallel plane, and may be enhanced by plastic flow. Incipient positive-ion vacancies, having an effective charge $\ensuremath{-}\frac{e}{2}$, also occur and act as nuclei for forming halogen clusters whose absorption bands are hidden behind the fundamental band.4. At room temperature, the photoelectrons may be trapped by interstitial silver ions before ending at incipient halogen-ion vacancies; however this process represents only a temporary delay since the entire silver atom may migrate to the dislocation.5. It is suggested that the addition of sulfur to the silver halides plays a role in enhancing darkenability in three ways: (a) By forming precipitates which produce distortion that enhances the number of incipient vacancies; (b) by extending the absorption spectrum toward the red end of the spectrum; and (c) by increasing the equilibrium density of interstitial silver ions.6. It is proposed that the luminescent radiation observed in pure silver halides by Farnell, Burton, and Hallama arises from transitions within the silver ion. The emitting ions are at dislocations in AgCl and AgBr.A sequence of experiments is suggested.
Growth analysis of a large ISP

We present a time-series analysis of Cogent's inter-continental network. The analysis is based on descriptions of Cogent's routers and their interfaces, collected each week for more than one year. These descriptions are collected from public reverse DNS records, which we cross-validate using iffinder, a full Internet scan, and limited ground truth data provided by Cogent. For example, our dataset, which we make available to the research community, shows that while the number of Cogent routers grew by approximately 11.3 each week, the average number of interfaces per router, and the effective diameter of the inferred network remained stable over the same period. Our collected dataset includes information about interface types, port identifications, router locations, peer and customer attachments, and more.
Prolonged QRS duration on the resting ECG is associated with sudden death risk in coronary disease, independent of prolonged ventricular repolarization

Background Abnormalities of ventricular repolarization as well as depolarization have been associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Objective To evaluate the relative contribution of these predictors to risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods In the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study, adult residents from the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area (population ∼1 million) who suffered SCD were identified prospectively (2002–2007). Of these, we analyzed the subgroup of SCDs that had a resting 12-lead ECG prior to SCD and also had associated CAD. Comparisons were conducted with a control group of subjects with known CAD but no history of SCD from the same geographic region. Corrected QT interval (QTc), JT interval (JTc), QRS duration (QRSd), and other parameters were measured from ECG prior and unrelated to SCD. Analysis of left ventricular function was limited to those subjects who had undergone echocardiography prior to and remote from SCD. Results A total of 642 SCD cases (71 ± 13 years, 62% male) were compared to 450 controls (66 ± 12 years, 64% male). SCD cases had significantly longer QRSd (102 ± 25 ms vs 97 ± 20 ms, P = .0008) as well as JTc (348 ± 44 ms vs 339 ± 34 ms, P = .0006) vs controls. In cases with prolonged QRSd, 38% had severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and 62% had normal, mild, or moderately decreased left ventricular systolic function. In a multivariable model, QRSd, JTc, age, and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction were independent predictors. There was minimal overlap between prolonged QRSd and JTc in both case and control groups (3% and 4%, respectively). Conclusion Prolonged QRSd, JTc, and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction had independent contributions to risk of SCD in coronary disease, in this community-based setting.
Luminescence of MgO during mechanical deformation

Simultaneous stress-strain photoluminescence is observed in MgO by monitoring emission while a crystal is deformed in compression and excited with ultraviolet light. In addition to the photoemission during plastic deformation as reported earlier for CaO and SrO, photoemission is reported in the pre-yield region of the stress-strain curve, as well as during stress relaxation. A comparison is made among photoemission and other types of emission in deformed MgO.
Renal Function Studies in Man With Advanced Renal Insufficiency

In subjects with advanced renal insufficiency, the average of the creatinine and urea clearances ([Ccr+Cur]/2) is frequently used as an indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). To test the accuracy of this method, 31 subjects with inulin clearance (Cin) 2 underwent simultaneously timed creatinine, urea, and inulin clearances. The results indicated that: (1) Ccr correlated positively with Cin; mean fractional excretion of creatinine (Ccr/Cin) was 1.5; (2) Cur correlated positively with Cin; in contrast to creatinine, the fractional excretion of urea (Cur/Cin) correlated negatively with Cin; (3) in 10 of 12 subjects with Cin 2 , the Cur/Cin was greater than 1, suggesting that tubular secretion may have occurred; and (4) the (Ccr+Cur)/2 correlated positively with Cin and was the best clinical indicator of GFR.
School consolidation vs. decentralization: Trends, issues, and questions

The author examines two opposing administrative/policy trends that have simultaneously influenced the size and shape of American school districts. First,consolidation of school districts has dramatically reduced the number of districts from 130,000 in 1930 to 15,500 in 1990. State officials have viewed this as cost-effective approach and a way of reducing overlapping services and expenses. Local school and community people have seen this trend as a means of undercutting their local identity and pride. Second,decentralization has usually taken place in an urban school setting and involves reducing the size of the school district by dividing it into smaller units. This trend reached its peak in 1980, when 91% of the school districts with 100,000 or more students (n=22) reported some form of decentralization. By the 1990s, both school trends had slowed down; nevertheless, 20 questions are delineated for school administrators and school board members to consider in the event they wish to consolidate or decentralize.
Attributional style of anxious children: Extensions from cognitive theory and research on adult anxiety

Abstract Although the role of causal attributions in children's anxiety is important from theoretical and practical standpoints, knowledge of anxious children's attributions and incorporation of knowledge into specific treatments is quite limited. Attributional style is included in several theories of anxiety, with particular reference to external locus of control and stable attributions for negative situations. Adult literature supports a relationship between anxiety and negative attributional style, with negative attributions most strongly related to social anxiety. Additionally, the stability dimension seems most consistently related to anxiety. Although the child literature is less developed, it suggests that similar relationships may hold for child anxiety and attributional style. Further research in this area, with particular attention to the types of anxiety that are most strongly related to negative causal attributions, as well as the particular attributional dimensions that may be important for anxious children, will help guide understanding and treatment of difficulties encountered by anxious children.
Functional integrity of rat muscle after isometric immobilization.

Abstract Wasting was produced in the immobilized muscles of albino rats after surgical installation of a stainless steel appliance which rigidly fixed the right ankle joint. Average muscle weight was reduced to about 70% of normal while isometric tetanic tensions were reduced to about one-half control values. Dynamic constrants were derived from isotonic contractions of the muscles after 3–6 weeks of immobilization and compared with those derived from sham-treated control muscles. These muscles, deprived of shortening but capable of tension development, maintained normal values for the dynamic characteristics of their contractile components despite significant wasting and decreased tension output.
Substructural development during low cycle fatigue of AISI 304 stainless steel at 649°C☆

Abstract The substructural development during high temperature low cycle fatigue of type 304 stainless steel has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Hour glass type specimens have been tested to different fractions of fatigue life under a total strain range of 2% with a cyclic strain rate of 4 × 10 −3 sec −1 at 649°C. Cells were observed to form within 0.4% of the fatigue life well before the onset of the saturation state which was reached after 4% of the fatigue life. It was also found that the cell intercept size decreases until the saturation state is reached and that the misorientation angle between adjacent cells and the volume fraction occupied by cells increases throughout the fatigue life. The observations are discussed in terms of the recent theoretical predictions.
Animal models of cancer and HIV.

Purpose of review The purpose of this paper is to review current animal models that may be useful for studying cancer associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Recent findings Several animal models, primarily using mice and monkeys, have been developed that recapitulate aspects of the pathology of various malignancies in human acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Studies reviewed here help to elucidate the biology of Kaposi sarcomagenesis and non-Hodgkin lymphomagenesis. Improved understanding through current and future models will better enable clinicians to manage and treat these malignancies. Summary A number of potential useful models exist that may facilitate improved understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of cancers associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Sequences at the interface of the fifth immunoglobulin domain and first fibronectin type III repeat of the neural cell adhesion molecule are critical for its polysialylation.

Polysialic acid is an anti-adhesive glycan that modifies a select group of mammalian proteins. The primary substrate of the polysialyltransferases (polySTs) is the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Polysialic acid negatively regulates cell adhesion, is required for proper brain development, and is expressed in specific areas of the adult brain where it promotes on-going cell migration and synaptic plasticity. The first fibronectin type III repeat (FN1) of NCAM is required for polysialylation of the N-glycans on the adjacent immunoglobulin-like domain (Ig5), and acidic residues on the surface of FN1 play a role in polyST recognition. Recent work demonstrated that the FN1 domain from the unpolysialylated olfactory cell adhesion molecule (OCAM) was able to partially replace NCAM FN1 (Foley, D. A., Swartzentruber, K. G., Thompson, M. G., Mendiratta, S. S., and Colley, K. J. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 35056–35067). Here we demonstrate that individually replacing three identical regions shared by NCAM and OCAM FN1, 500PSSP503 (PSSP), 526GGVPI530 (GGVPI), and 580NGKG583 (NGKG), dramatically reduces NCAM polysialylation. In addition, we show that the polyST, ST8SiaIV/PST, specifically binds NCAM and that this binding requires the FN1 domain. Replacing the FN1 PSSP sequences and the acidic patch residues decreases NCAM-polyST binding, whereas replacing the GGVPI and NGKG sequences has no effect. The location of GGVPI and NGKG in loops that flank the Ig5-FN1 linker and the proximity of PSSP to this linker suggest that GGVPI and NGKG sequences may be critical for stabilizing the Ig5-FN1 linker, whereas PSSP may play a dual role maintaining the Ig5-FN1 interface and a polyST recognition site.
Ensuring continuous compliance through reconciling policy with usage

Organizations rarely define formal security properties or policies for their access control systems, often choosing to react to changing needs. This paper addresses the problem of reconciling entitlement usage with configured policies for multiple objectives: policy optimization and risk mitigation. Policies should remain up-to-date, maintaining least privilege, and using unambiguous constructs that reduce administrative stress.We describe a number of algorithms and heuristics, validated on real-world data, to address various aspects of reconciling access control policies with security audit logs. The first set of algorithms track and correlate which policy items enable which actions, using which we can identify over privileged entitlements, redundant policy items that may not be correctly revoked by administrators, rarely used entitlements, and overly permissive entitlements. They can help reduce administrative errors and general operational risk. The second body of work compares user groups defined in the policy with roles generated from the actual usage patterns, from which we derive quality and security measures for policy groups. Finally, we track policy changes through assignments and revocations and test precursors for such changes (e.g., a failed request before an assignment). Broadly speaking, this body of work presents different facets of continuous compliance to see if the enforced security policy and the resulting usage is consistent with a common intended security goal.