cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concord and agreement features in Modern Standard Arabic

This squib proposes a split approach to adjectival agreement in Modern Standard Arabic in the Distributed Morphology framework and adds to an ongoing debate in the morphosyntactic literature regarding the location of agreement in grammar (Adger & Harbour 2008; Polinsky 2016). Based on the distinctive distribution of gender/number features and definiteness/case features on attributive and predicative adjectives, I argue that gender and number features are agreement features that are manipulated in the syntax through Bidirectional Agree (Baker 2008; Baier 2015) while definiteness and case features are concord features shared through Morphological Feature Copying and AGR node insertion at PF (Norris 2014). In further discussion of case features, I show that case features may be valued either at PF for attributive adjectives, like definiteness features, or in the syntax via case assignment for predicative adjectives. As such, the analysis predicts the distribution of gender, number, definiteness, and case features on both predicative and attributive adjectives in Modern Standard Arabic. In doing so, it provides novel evidence in support for the division of agreement and concord features in language derivation.
Music as a Regulator of Emotion: Three Case Studies

This study explores music in the reduction of negative affect and emotion. Focusing on musical behavior in emotion regulation as it relates to trauma, this study investigates three questions: How do conscientious music listening practices impact the regulation of affect and self-harming impulses in individuals who experience trauma, mental illness, or self-destructive behavior? What aspects of musical intensity help alleviate anger, pain, sadness, despair, hopelessness, or suicidal ideation? How do participants use varied listening strategies to regulate and modulate negative affect and emotions? Three case studies of two American females and one male aged 18-26 with history of a diagnosis of general anxiety disorder, borderline personality disorder, prior self-harm or suicidality, complex trauma, and PTSD are presented using a combined ethnographic approach, including survey administration, interviews, and phenomenological exploration. Through the review and thematic analysis of behavior in response to musical interaction both during and following traumatic life events, this study shows music is a successful tool for modulating overwhelming negative emotion, fostering hope and resilience, and circumventing self-destructive impulses. These results reveal potential for future research investigating the role of musical affect-regulation in both trauma recovery and reducing self-destructive behavior.
A $4$ × $4$ Electrooptic Silicon Photonic Switch Fabric With Net Neutral Insertion Loss

We present a strictly nonblocking $4$ × $4$ electrooptic silicon photonic switch fabric with on-chip gain. The switch integrates 12 Mach-Zehnder cells in a 3-stage topology equipped with fast electrooptic phase shifters, and thermooptic phase trimmers. To compensate for the losses of the fabric, a 4-channel GaInAsP/InP semiconductor optical amplifier array is flip-chip attached into an etched cavity in the silicon photonic chip with butt-coupled waveguide interfaces. The chip is wirebonded to a CMOS driver that provides push-pull drive to each elementary Mach-Zehnder cell. We demonstrate an optical switch assembly with net neutral insertion loss in the C-band together with nanosecond-scale reconfiguration time.
The contribution of microRNA-mediated regulation to short- and long-term gene expression predictability.

Abstract MicroRNAs are a class of short, noncoding RNAs which are essential for the coordination and timing of cell differentiation and embryonic development. However, despite their guiding role in development, microRNAs are dysregulated in many pathologies, including nearly all cases of cancer. While both development and oncogenesis can be thought of as extremes of phenotypic plasticity, they characteristically manifest on much different time scales: one taking place over a matter of weeks, the other typically requiring decades. Because microRNAs are believed to support this plasticity, a critically important question is how microRNAs affect phenotypic stability on different time scales, and what dynamical characteristics shift the balance between these two roles. To address this question, we extend a well-established mathematical model of transcriptional gene regulation to include translational regulation by microRNAs, and examine their effects on both short- and long-term gene expression predictability. Our findings show that microRNAs greatly improve short-term predictability for earlier, developmental phenotypes while causing a small decrease in long-term predictability, and that these effects are difficult to separate. In addition to providing a theoretical explanation for this seemingly duplicitous behavior, we describe some of the properties which determine the cost-benefit balance between short-term stabilization and long-term destabilization.
The 3-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) Embedded in a Wrist-worn Device: Time of Day Effects:

The study assesses the utility of the 3-minute version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) embedded in a wrist-worn device (interstimulus interval – ISI =1 - 4 seconds) to detect changes in per...
Extracellular Vesicles Mediate Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury

The lack of effective therapies for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) leaves patients with lifelong disabilities. Neural stem cells (NSCs) have demonstrated great promise for neural repair and regeneration. However, direct evidence to support their use as a cell replacement therapy for neural injuries is currently lacking. We hypothesized that NSC-derived extracellular vesicles (NSC EVs) mediate repair indirectly after TBI by enhancing neuroprotection and therapeutic efficacy of endogenous NSCs. We evaluated the short-term effects of acute intravenous injections of NSC EVs immediately following a rat TBI. Male NSC EV-treated rats demonstrated significantly reduced lesion sizes, enhanced presence of endogenous NSCs, and attenuated motor function impairments 4 weeks post-TBI, when compared with vehicle- and TBI-only male controls. Although statistically not significant, we observed a therapeutic effect of NSC EVs on brain lesion volume, nestin expression, and behavioral recovery in female subjects. Our study demonstrates the neuroprotective and functional benefits of NSC EVs for treating TBI and points to gender-dependent effects on treatment outcomes, which requires further investigation.
Enthalpies and elastic properties of Ni-Co binary system by ab initio calculations and an energy comparison with the CALPHAD approach

Abstract Enthalpies and elastic properties of the full composition range of Ni-Co binary system with FCC structure were investigated applying Density Functional Theory (DFT). The DFT results on enthalpy were compared with the enthalpies calculated applying the CALPHAD approach. Moreover, the effect of relaxation method, i.e. volume relaxation vs. energy-volume (E–V) curves, in DFT approach on the accuracy of the results of thermodynamic and mechanical properties were studied. It was shown that the results are very close together for the regions in which FCC is stable, but different in FCC-metastable regions. The results indicate the DFT method along with SQS approach can provide relatively reliable predictions for both energy and mechanical properties in Ni-Co system.
Inference of multiple trajectories in single cell RNA-seq data from RNA velocity

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWTrajectory inference methods are used to infer the developmental dynamics of a continuous biological process such as stem cell differentiation and cancer cell development. Most of the current trajectory inference methods infer cell developmental trajectories based on the transcriptome similarity between cells, using single cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data. These methods are often restricted to certain trajectory structures like trees or cycles, and the directions of the trajectory can only be partly inferred when the root cell is provided. We present CellPaths, a single cell trajectory inference method that infers developmental trajectories by integrating RNA velocity information. CellPaths is able to find multiple high-resolution trajectories instead of one single trajectory from traditional trajectory inference methods, and the trajectory structure is no longer constrained to be of any specific topology. The direction information provided by RNA-velocity also allows CellPaths to automatically detect root cell and differentiation direction. We evaluate CellPaths on both real and synthetic datasets. The result shows that CellPaths finds more accurate and detailed trajectories compared to current state-of-the-art trajectory inference methods.
Using Integrated Logic Models to Build Equity in Students’ Pathways and Systemic Change

This article reports on a multiple-case study of how six educational alliances developed Integrated Logic Models, a new tool that integrates components of multiple programs into a single logic mode...
Effect of Molecular Weight of Methylphenylsiloxy-Containing Vinyl-Functionalized Terpolysiloxanes on Their UV-Activated Crosslinking by Hydrosilylation and Mechanical Properties of Crosslinked Elastomers.

Effects of molecular weight of methylphenyl-containing vinylsiloxy-functionalized terpolysiloxanes on their UV-activated crosslinking by hydrosilylation at room temperature in air, shelf life stability of "all-in-one" pastes prepared from them for additive manufacturing, and mechanical properties of the resulting crosslinked elastomers, are investigated. It is found that while rheology of pastes containing base polymers, trimethylsilylated silica fillers, and thixotropic additives is not significantly affected by the base polymer molecular weight but is dominated by the filler concentration, the pastes based on higher molecular weight polymers exhibit faster crosslinking (corresponding to higher catalyst turnover numbers) and their crosslinked elastomers show transient strain-induced crystallization. The latter appears in networks from terpolymers with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 240 and above (corresponding to about one half of the critical polydimethylsiloxane chain length for entanglement formation of DP = 460), within the temperature range of -80 to -30 °C, characteristic for polydimethylsiloxane melting transition. It is believed that this is the first time an observation of this chain length effect is reported for polysiloxane elastomers and that the properties reported herein can be expected to have major implications on the application potential of these polymers in both additive manufacturing and performance of their elastomers at sub-ambient temperatures.
Effects of Common Campaign Appeals on Yard Signs Commitments: Exploratory Analysis of Three Field Experiments

This study explores the effect of common broad appeals on a regular campaign activity: securing yard signs commitments. In 2013 and 2014, volunteers delivered three messages (hometown, policy [publ...
Multicolor structured illumination microscopy and quantitative control of polychromatic light with a digital micromirror device.

Linear structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that does not impose photophysics requirements on fluorescent samples. Multicolor SIM implementations typically rely on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulators (SLM’s) for patterning the excitation light, but digital micromirror devices (DMD’s) are a promising alternative, owing to their lower cost and higher speed. However, existing coherent DMD SIM implementations use only a single wavelength of light, limited by the lack of efficient approaches for solving the blazed grating effect for polychromatic light. We develop the requisite quantitative tools, including a closed form solution of the blaze and diffraction conditions, forward models of DMD diffraction and pattern projection, and a model of DMD aberrations. Based on these advances, we constructed a three-color DMD microscope, quantified the effect of aberrations from the DMD, developed a high-resolution optical transfer function measurement technique, and demonstrated SIM on fixed and live cells. This opens the door to applying DMD’s in polychromatic applications previously restricted to LCoS SLM’s.
Two species of fiddler crab show no cost of bearing a sexually selected giant claw in predator escape behaviors

Abstract Male fiddler crabs possess one giant major claw, used for display and intermale combat. Comprising greater than 30% of body mass, the major claw is presumed to interfere with escape from predators by affecting balance during the righting response if the male is upended. We determined cost of the major claw and posterior legs for righting after the crab was upended in a simulated attack. In Leptuca pugilator and Minuca pugnax, males without major claws showed no difference in their righting time compared to individuals bearing major claws, but males lacking rear legs took significantly longer to right relative to intact males. The lack of cost of the major cheliped for righting time reinforces a previously determined lack of cost of the major claw in sprint speed, another measure important for escape. While the rear legs are crucial for righting, the massive claw imposes no cost to this vital response.
Preparation of semiintact Chinese hamster ovary cells for reconstitution of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport in a cell-free system.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the procedures involved in the preparation of semiintact Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and the assay for measurement of transport of protein between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. The techniques are rapid and highly reproducible when applied to a healthy population of confluent CHO cells. For cells grown on tissue culture dishes, it is important that they are not overconfluent to obtain a high yield of semiintact cells using either technique. In all cases where the technology is extended to different cell lines, it will be important to optimize growth conditions to achieve appropriate levels of confluency, and to optimize conditions for swelling, or attachment of cells to the nitrocellulose filter. The ionic strength of the swelling buffer should be considered to be a critical determinant in the preparation of a population of semi-intact cells that can be perforated efficiently during scraping without release of intact cells or extensive cell disruption. Semi-intact cells can also be made from cells grown in suspension by swelling in a low osmotic strength buffer followed by a more gentle douncing protocol than that used to prepare cell homogenates.
Why Will We Ever Learn

International development and humanitarian assistance are pressing public administration challenges. Much of this work is carried out by international NGOs based in the United States. Although many are funded by government agencies, relatively little is known about their impact on the intended beneficiaries, and so there is a growing demand for more rigorous measurement and evaluation practices. This article examines data from a survey of the member organizations of InterAction, a consortium of 196 international development and humanitarian assistance NGOs. Results reveal that the desire to understand program effectiveness and the presence of external requirements are associated with an increased focus on measurement and evaluation, but the small independent donors who are the largest providers of revenue to NGOs do not encourage a focus on measurement and evaluation. In addition, funding from within the NGO sector is associated with a decreased focus on measurement and evaluation.
Studies on the biochemisstry and fine structure of silica shell formation in diatoms. 3. The structure of the cell wall of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin.

The cell wall of the fusiform phenotype of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is unique, not only because of its lack of the usual silica shell, but also because of its particular morphology which is different from that of other unicellular algae. The cell wall exhibits a three-layer construction: a thin (3 nm) electron opaque layer facing the cell interior is followed by a thicker (4–6 nm), less opaque middle layer, and an outer, more opaque layer the basal part of which is approximately of the same width as the interior layer. The outer layer has a corrugated surface composed of ridges (about 7 nm high and 10 nm apart) which are running parallel in sets—usually 2–5, but occasionally also up to 14 per set. This morphological arrangement was revealed employing ultrathin sectioning techniques on whole cells and using a method specifically developed to obtain isolated, cleaned cell walls which were subsequently stained with phosphotungstic acid for electron microscopy.
Haiti: From Revolutionary Slaves to Powerless Citizens: Essays on the Politics and Economics of Underdevelopment, 1804-2013

Introduction. 1. The Capitalist World-Economy, the Fetishism of Commodities, and the Social Geography of Race: A Reply to Michel Foucault 2. Toussaint Louverture, the Haitian Revolution, and Negritude: A Critical Assessment of Aime Cesaire's Interpretation 3. From Revolutionary Slaves to Powerless Citizens 4. The Transition to Democracy and the Demise of Color Politics in Haiti 5. The World Bank and Haiti: Abetting Dictatorship, Undermining Democracy 6. Class, Power, Sovereignty: Haiti Before and After the Earthquake
Apoptosis Induction by Ocimum sanctum Extract in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells

Abstract Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn), commonly known as “holy basil,” has been used for the treatment of a wide range of ailments in many parts of the world. This study focuses on apoptosis-inducing ability of tulsi extract on prostate cancer cells. For this purpose LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of 70% ethanolic extract of tulsi (EET) and then the cytotoxicity was determined after 24 and 48 h. After treatment with EET externalization of phosphatidyl serine (PS) from the inner membrane to outer leaflet of the plasma membrane was clearly evidenced by the results obtained from both flow cytometry analysis with Annexin V-FITC and pSIVA-IANBD binding fluorescence microscopy assay. Depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential was also evidenced by the presence of 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachlolo-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl benzimedazolyl carbocyanine iodide (JC-1) monomeric form in the EET-treated cells that emitted the green fluorescence when compared with the control cells tha...
Constitutional Avoidance in the Executive Branch

When executive actors interpret statutes, the prevailing assumption is that they can and should use the tools that courts use. Is that assumption sound? This Article takes up the question by considering a rule frequently invoked by the courts - the canon of constitutional avoidance. Executive branch actors regularly use the avoidance canon. Indeed, some of the most hotly debated episodes of executive branch statutory interpretation in recent years - including the initial torture memorandum issued by the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, the President's signing statement regarding the McCain Amendment's ban on the mistreatment of detainees, and the Justice Department's defense of the National Security Agency's warrantless wiretapping program - feature prominent reliance on the avoidance canon. Typically, such reliance is supported by citation to one or more Supreme Court cases. Yet those citations are rarely accompanied by any discussion of the values courts try to serve when they employ avoidance. Are those values specific to the federal judiciary - for example, facilitating judicial deference to legislative majorities - or do they reflect substantive commitments extending beyond the courts? Equally lacking is any sustained consideration of interpretive context: Does their particular institutional location and function enable executive actors to call upon sources of statutory meaning that are unavailable to courts, rendering rough tools like the avoidance canon unnecessary? This Article explores executive use of the avoidance canon along both these dimensions. As to theoretical justification, I show that whether constitutional avoidance is appropriate in the executive branch turns on whether one accepts the conventional account of the canon, which sees it as serving values specific to the federal judiciary, or an alternative account, which views it as serving a set of broader norms not confined to the courts. As to interpretive context, I show that because executive officials often have better access to and knowledge of statutory purpose than do the courts, some facially ambiguous texts may in fact be entirely unambiguous to the executive interpreter. In those circumstances, the avoidance canon has no role to play. Overall, although this Article focuses on executive uses of the avoidance canon in particular, the aim is to contribute to the development of a methodology for analyzing executive branch statutory interpretation in general.
Effects of intravenous calcitonin on water, electrolyte, and calcium movement across in vivo rabbit jejunum and ileum.

The influence of intravenously administered synthetic salmon calcitonin on water, electrolyte and calcium fluxes in in vivo rabbit jejunum and ileum was examined. Rabbits were divided into four groups: those receiving (1) saline intravenously while a glucose-free isotonic saline solution perfused the jejunum and ileum; (2) calcitonin intravenously while the same intestinal perfusate was used as in group 1; (3) intravenous saline while 10 mm glucose-isotonic saline solution perfused jejunum and ileum; and (4) intravenous calcitonin while the intestinal perfusate was of the same composition as in group 3. Calcitonin provoked a significant increase in jejunal and ileal water, sodium, and bicarbonate secretion in both the glucose-free and glucose-containing perfusate groups. No influence on calcium movement was noted. These results, similar to findings of Gray et al. (J Clin Invest 52:3084–3088,1975) in human jejunum, suggest that calcitonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of the watery diarrhea noted in about one-third of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. In addition, these studies demonstrate the usefulness of the rabbit as an animal model with which to investigate further the effects of calcitonin upon intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport.
Immunologic Aspects of Preterm Labor

T he immunology of pregnancy is a complex and perhaps confusing topic. As our understanding of the fundamentals of immunologic mechanisms increases, there is a parallel increase in our knowledge of the complexity of events associated with pregnancy. This can result in the generation of fresh concepts and also revised interpretation of available data. For instance, recognition of the fetus as partly foreign by the maternal immune system and the development of a response was considered inherently dangerous for the pregnancy. Nowadays, such a response is considered not only normal, but also quite essential for the establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy. For an overview of the immunology of pregnancy the reader is directed to the review by Dudley and Wiedmeier in this issue. The role of the immune system in the mechanism(s) of the onset and progression of labor at term is unknown and little relevant information is available. Even less is known of the role of the immune system in the events surrounding preterm labor. The most obvious connection lies in the secretion and action of cytokines. These substances play crucial parts in immunologic responses and are now considered of importance as mediators in reproductive mechanisms, eg, ovulation. The actions of cytokines such as interleukin1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 on arachidonic acid metabolism have led to the idea that they may play a part in the association between intrauterine infections and preterm labor.
Adenosine triphosphate activates ion permeabilities in biliary epithelial cells

Abstract Background/Aims: The biliary epithelium contributes to bile formation through absorption and secretion of fluid and electrolytes. The effects of extracellular nucleotides on membrane ion transport were assessed in isolated bile duct cells from rats and Mz-ChA-1 cells from a human cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: The rates of efflux of 125 I and 86 Rb were used to assess membrane CI − and K + permeabilities, respectively. Patch clamp recordings of whole cell currents were used to evaluate the properties of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-activated currents. Results: Purinergic receptor agonists ATP and uridine triphosphate stimulated 125 I and 86 Rb efflux about twofold above basal levels. The effects were reproduced by a nonhydrolyzable analogue of ATP (adenosine 5′- O -[3-thiophosphate]) and were unaffected by an adenosine receptor blocker xanthine amine congener. 125 I efflux was also stimulated by adenosine and its receptor agonists 5′- N -ethylcar-boxamidoadenosine, N 6 -(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine; these effects were inhibited by xanthine amine congener, suggesting a separate adenosine receptor. ATP, adenosine 5′- O -(3-thiophosphate), and uridine triphosphate each stimulated release of Ca 2+ from intracellular stores, whereas adenosine had no effect. In whole cell recordings of Mz-ChA-1 cells, ATP activated an early transient outward current consistent with a K + conductance and a later, sustained inward current consistent with a CI − conductance. Conclusions: Biliary cells possess at least two classes of nucleotide receptors that modulate membrane ion permeability through Ca 2+ -dependent and -independent pathways, and ATP may be involved in the regulation of biliary secretion.
Teachers' knowledge structures for nature of science and scientific inquiry: Conceptions and classroom practice

Research on nature of science (NOS) and scientific inquiry (SI) has indicated that a teacher's knowledge of each, however well developed, is not sufficient to ensure that these conceptions necessarily manifest themselves in classroom practice (Lederman & Druger, 1985; Lederman, 2007). In light of considerable research that has examined teachers' subject matter knowledge structures and their classroom practices (e.g., Gess-Newsome & Lederman, 1993, 1995), what was conspicuously absent was an assessment of teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI. The current investigation inferred the classroom practice knowledge structures for NOS and SI for four physics teachers. These results were then compared to responses communicated through the Knowledge Structures for NOS and SI (KS4NS) questionnaire and subsequent interview. The degree of congruence between the two knowledge structures was gauged at the level of included concepts, connections between concepts, and for other organizational or thematic elements. The results indicated limited congruence between teachers' knowledge structures for NOS and SI and those espoused in their classroom practice. Most notable was the dearth of connections evidenced between constituent aspects in the latter. The necessity of having teacher candidates explicitly reflect on the structure of the subject matter they are learning for teaching is reiterated through the findings of the current study. The utility of the KS4NS as tool to foster such reflections specifically regarding conceptualization of NOS and SI independent of, or in conjunction with, traditional subject matter also warrants further investigation, particularly in light of the recently released Next Generation Science Standards and their highly integrative conception of science. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1150–1184, 2014
Spinal bone mineral density in 335 normal and obese children and adolescents : evidence for ethnic and sex differences

Spinal bone mineral density (BMD) and anthropometric measures were studied in 312 nonobese and 23 obese black, white and Hispanic children and adolescents age 5.00-18.99 years. In adolescents BMD correlated with age, weight, height, fat-free density, body mass index, and midarm circumference. Utilizing the entire group of 312 nonobese subjects, mean Z scores were calculated for comparison versus reference subgroups for bone mineral density index (BMDI, BMD/weight). BMDI was greater for black than for white and Hispanic children and adolescents across all ages studied. Female adolescents accumulated spinal mineral more rapidly than male adolescents. Black males had greater mineral than white and Hispanic males. Differences in BMDI between subgroups could not be explained by differences in body weight or spinal vertebral size. BMDI proved a more sensitive measure for comparing subgroups than did BMD. The study provides normative data and a quantitative methodology for analyzing differences in spinal mineral between groups of children and adolescents.
The characterization of proteins by electrodialysis in starch gels.

Abstract A micromethod for electrodialysis in starch gels is described in which cellophane membrane are implanted in the gels in the paths of the migrating proteins. A series of membranes of graded porosities which are suitable for studies with proteins in the molecular-weight range 10,000–100,000 have been prepared by treatment of cellophane with zinc chloride. The behavior of each protein towards an increasingly porous series of membranes varies from a situation of complete retention to one of unretarded passage and the membrane porosities at which these situations occur are related primarily to the molecular size of the protein. The technique is thus useful for approximation of molecular weight, and for studies of homogeneity and association-dissociation relationships.
High temperature polymer foams

Abstract A means of generating high temperature polymer foams with pore sizes in the nanometre range has been developed. Foams were prepared by casting block copolymers comprising a thermally stable block as the matrix and a thermally labile material as the dispersed phase. Upon thermal treatment the thermally unstable block underwent thermolysis, leaving pores with a size and shape dictated by the initial copolymer morphology. Nanopore foam formation is shown for triblock copolymers composed of a poly(phenylquinoxaline) (PPQ) matrix with either poly(propylene oxide) (PO) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the thermally labile coblocks. Upon decomposition of these blocks, a 10–20% reduction in density was observed, consistent with the initial PO or PMMA composition, and the resulting PPQ foams showed dielectric constants of about 2.4, substantially lower than that of PPQ (2.8). Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed pore sizes of approximately 100 A.
Intraindividual Variability in Daily Sleep and Pain Ratings Among Chronic Pain Patients: Bidirectional Association and the Role of Negative Mood

ObjectivesSleep disturbance is a common problem among chronic pain patients. Cross-sectional data from clinical populations and experimental studies have shown an association between sleep disturbance and pain. However, there has been little prospective research into the relationship between daily v
Effect of Leaf Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Apparent Photosynthesis in Alfalfa

Rates of apparent photosynthesis (AP), dark respiration, photorespiration, mesophyll resistance, and concentrations of soluble starch, sugars, chlorophyll and nitrogen were measured in alfalfa leaves (Medicago sativa L.) grown under high or low light levels in an attempt to evaluate the effect of nonstructural carbohydrate concentration on net CO2 assimilation. Leaf N and chlorophyll levels of high light plants exceeded those of low-light plants. Constant light increased both starch and sugar levels in low-light plants, but had little effect on high-light plants. Rates of AP declined in low-light plants upon transfer to constant light conditions, apparently due to increases in stomatal and mesophyll resistance. Leaf starch levels were negatively correlated (P > 0.05) with rates of AP and positively correlated with mesophyll resistance in both groups of plants but leaf sugar content was not correlated with either AP or mesophyll resistance. Starch and sugar levels of high-light plants declined substantially upon transfer to constant darkness, while low-light plants were less affected. Rates of AP declined in both groups of plants due to increases in both mesophyll and stomatal resistances. Neither sugar nor starch levels were correlated with AP or mesophyll conductance in this treatment. The data support the hypothesis of feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, mediated through an increase in mesophyll resistance, which is associated with high levels of starch in the leaves.
Mutual passivation of electrically active and isovalent impurities

The alloy GaNx As1−x (with x typically less than 0.05) is a novel semiconductor that has many interesting electronic properties because of the nitrogen-induced dramatic modifications of the conduction band structure of the host material (GaAs). Here we demonstrate the existence of an entirely new effect in the GaNx As1−x alloy system in which the Si donor in the substitututional Ga site (SiGa) and the isovalent atom N in the As sublattice (NAs) passivate each other's electronic activity. This mutual passivation occurs in Si-doped GaNx As1−x through the formation of nearest-neighbour SiGa –NAs pairs and is thermally stable up to 950 °C. Consequently, Si doping in GaNx As1−x under equilibrium conditions results in a highly resistive GaNx As1−x layer with the fundamental bandgap governed by a net 'active' N, roughly equal to the total N content minus the Si concentration. Such mutual passivation is expected to be a general phenomenon for electrically active dopants and localized state impurities that can form nearest-neighbour pairs.
The cytokine microenvironment of human colon carcinoma: Lymphocyte expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐4 predicts improved survival

BACKGROUND The functional significance of cytokines expressed in situ by tumor cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in human colon carcinomas is largely unknown. METHODS We assessed TIL expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and tumor cell expression of IL-10 and TGF-beta in situ in 49 primary colon carcinomas and 20 metastases using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The percentage of primary colon carcinoma samples in which > 20% of TIL expressed each cytokine was as follows: IL-4: 47%; TNF-alpha: 22%; TGF-beta: 10%; IFN-gamma: 6%; IL-2:2%; IL-10: 0%; and GM-CSF: 0%. Lymphocytes more commonly infiltrated colon carcinoma primaries than metastases, and TIL expression of IL-4 and TNF-alpha was more common in primary than metastastatic carcinomas. Expression of TNF-alpha by even a small proportion (> or = 3%) of the TIL in a colon carcinoma specimen was associated with better overall survival (P = 0.01) when compared with patients with little or no TIL TNF-alpha expression (5-year survival 82% vs. 47%). Expression of IL-4 by > or = 20% of colon carcinoma TIL was also associated with improved survival (P = 0.01; 5-year survival 87% vs. 50%). The expression of IL-10 or TGF-beta by colon carcinoma TIL or colon tumor cells themselves was not associated with impaired survival. Benign epithelial cells stained positively for IL-10 and TGF-beta more frequently than tumor cells (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There are differences between the immune microenvironment of primary tumors and metastases. Although IL-10 is expressed by colon carcinoma cells and TIL, it is unlikely that it plays an important immunosuppressive role. TNF-alpha and IL-4 are commonly expressed by colon carcinoma TIL and both are associated with improved survival.
Axon Guidance: FLRTing Promotes Attraction

A recent study demonstrates a new mechanism by which crosstalk between multiple guidance cues is integrated during axon pathfinding. FLRT3 is a novel co-receptor for Robo1 that acts as a context-dependent modulator of Netrin-1 attraction in thalamocortical axons.
Adherence to montelukast versus inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma

Our objective was to compare adherence to montelukast with adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in children with persistent asthma. In this retrospective study, we obtained data from a computerized hospital pharmacy database and medical records on 14l patients, 3-18 years of age, who received care for asthma at a military medical center. For each patient, we collected fill/refill data from a consecutive 6-month period and calculated an adherence rate, i.e., (# doses filled/# doses prescribed) x 100. We then determined whether the patient had "good adherence" (adherence rate, > or =70%) or "very poor adherence" (adherence rate, <50%). Eighty-one children were prescribed montelukast, and 104 took ICS; 44 of these children took both. The majority of patients had mild or moderate persistent asthma. There was no significant difference between mean adherence rates: 71% (95% CI, 65-77%) for montelukast vs. 67% (95% CI, 61-73%) for ICS. Fifty-one percent of patients taking montelukast had good adherence, compared to 41% in the ICS group (P = 0.27). Nineteen percent of the montelukast group and 26% of the ICS group had very poor adherence (P = 0.31). Using pharmacy refill data, we found that children with asthma were no more likely to take montelukast than inhaled corticosteroids. Adherence to both medications was suboptimal, even in a system that provides free and easy access to medications.
Left Coronary Artery Dissection with an Amplatz-Shaped Catheter: The Role of Vigorous Inspiration during Contrast Injection

We present a case of iatrogenic left main coronary artery dissection during selective coronary arteriography in which the dissection was likely precipitated by respiratory-induced changes in catheter position. We further comment on changes in technique which may have averted the dissection.
Correlative inhibition of root emergence in the gamma irradiated coleus leaf—II. Abscopal increase of ribonuclease activity*

Gordon S.A. and Buess E.M. Correlative inhibition of root emergence in the gamma irradiated Coleus leaf—II. Abscopal increase of ribonuclease activity . Radiation Botany 12 , 361–364, 1972.-γ-irradiation of the lamina of the Coleus leaf is shown to raise the ribonuclease activity of the shielded petiole base within one-half day after exposure. The fall in RNA level in the petiole base is attributed to this abscopal response. Irradiation of the lamina does not change the lability of petiolar RNA to enzymatic hydrolysis. Post-irradiation exposure to cycloheximide or Actinomycin D prevents the activation of the petiolar ribonuclease.
Citation characteristics of basic science research publications in general surgical journals.

Background Basic science research (BSR) publications in general surgical (GS) journals are an important “translational bridge” for practicing surgeons and surgical trainees. The purpose of this study is to characterize the BSR publications in GS journals and to analyze their citation frequencies. Methods In 1996, all (224) BSR publications in the five highest rated U.S. GS journals (by impact factor) were reviewed, characterized, and their citation frequencies were compared to BSR publications in non-GS journals. Results On average, a BSR publication from these journals is cited 32 times (range 1–141, median 11). Half of the publications were cited more than 10 times in 6 years and 22% were cited twice, or more, within 1 year of publication. One in four publications were cited twice or more in journals with an impact factor greater than five. Citation frequencies of BSR publications in GS journals were related to the journal impact factor (P = 0.07), and to having a basic scientist (i.e., Ph.D.) as one of the authors (P Conclusions We found that BSR publications in the U.S. GS journals studied had significant citation frequencies.
273 THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS INSULIN ON OVINE FETAL GBOWTH

Macrosomia in association with a hyperinsulinemic intrauterine environment is found in the fetus of the diabetic mother. We have studied the ovine fetus to demonstrate directly that exogenous insulin administration accelerates fetal growth. Seven mixed breed ewes with radiologically confirmed, nondiscordent twin fetuses were used. Insulin was infused at 90±50 mu/kg/day to one randomly selected fetus while the other twin was infused with saline as control. Infusion was continued for 14.9±1.5 days during which there were no differences in serum glucose, PO2, PCO2, pH or hematocrit between infused and control fetuses. Studies of insulin binding to erythrocyte receptors revealed no differences in maximum percentage binding, mean empty site binding affinity, receptor concentration or the concentration of insulin which inhibited (125I) iodoinsulin by 50%. Following infusion, analysis of fetal growth demonstrated no differences in weight, length or organ weights between control and experimental animals. No effects of insulin infusion were found on tissue water, protein, RNA, DNA or glycogen. We have demonstrated that small amounts of exogenous insulin do not alter the normal pattern or rate of ovine intrauterine growth over a 15 day infusion period. It is possible that insulin at physiologic concentrations has little role in the regulation of fetal growth.
THE CHICANA WOMAN: AN HISTORICAL MATERIALIST PERSPECTIVE

question the inequalities that exist in the United States. Workers, students, women and other groups began questioning these conditions and attempted to understand the causes of inequality. National minorities began to demand equal rights, better education, jobs, and wages. Among these was the Chicano or Mexican American.2 In the universities and colleges Chicano historians and social scientists wrote papers and books to show that Chicanos were not inferior but a people with culture and history. These Chicano scholars often became integral elements in the Chicano people's demand for better education, jobs, and wages. The history of the Chicano experience, as told by Chicano historians and
Multilineage hematopoietic disorders induced by transplantation of bone marrow cells expressing the v-fms oncogene

Mouse bone marrow cells infected with a helper-free retrovirus containing v-fms were engrafted into lethally irradiated mice. Dominant provirus-positive clones emerged in the spleens of some recipients within 1 month. When spleen cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated secondary recipients, clonal erythroleukemias or B cell lymphomas expressing the v-fms-coded glycoprotein developed. Other secondary recipients repopulated by "unmarked" progenitor cells or by cryptic provirus-positive precursors present in the spleens of the same donor mice did not develop disease; thus cells expressing v-fms did not invariably have a proliferative advantage after transplantation. Several primary engrafted recipients developed myeloproliferative disorders that were provirus-positive without evidence of clonality. Although expression of the c-fms product (CSF-1 receptor) is normally restricted to cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series, the v-fms-coded glycoprotein can contribute to proliferative abnormalities of multiple hematopoietic lineages.
The Influence of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide on the Thermoregulation of the Box Turtle Terrapene carolina

Abstract Ectotherms can adjust their thermoregulatory set points in response to bacterial infection; the result may be similar to endothermic fever. We examined the influence of dose on the set point of body temperature (Tb) in Terrapene carolina. After acclimating postprandial turtles to 20°C, we injected them with two doses of bacterial endotoxin (LPS; lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli), 0.0025 or 0.025 mg LPS/g nonshell body mass, or with reptilian saline (control group). We placed the animals singly in linear thigmothermal gradients and recorded their Tb's for 48 h. The turtles showed dose‐influenced thermal selection. Turtles injected with the high dose had Tb's significantly higher than control turtles, whereas low‐dose turtles had Tb's significantly lower than control turtles. Also, there was a low daily effect on the Tb of the turtles injected with the high dose. High‐dose turtles had significantly higher Tb's than the control turtles during the first day but not during the second. Our resu...
Reply to “Use of Alternative Reference Standards and Exempted Species To Evaluate the Performance of the Vitek 2 GP67 Cefoxitin/Oxacillin Screen for Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci”

We find it most interesting in the report of Johnson et al. ([1][1]) that Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains, which comprised the second most frequent representative of their collection of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), were included in all up-front calculations of the performance of the
Supplemental Dietary Inulin of Variable Chain Lengths Alters Intestinal Bacterial Populations in Young Pigs

Previously, we showed that supplementation of diets with short-chain inulin (P95), long-chain inulin (HP), and a 50:50 mixture of both (Synergy 1) improved body iron status and altered expression of the genes involved in iron homeostasis and inflammation in young pigs. However, the effects of these 3 types of inulin on intestinal bacteria remain unknown. Applying terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we determined the abundances of luminal and adherent bacterial populations from 6 segments of the small and large intestines of pigs (n = 4 for each group) fed an iron-deficient basal diet (BD) or the BD supplemented with 4% of P95, Synergy 1, or HP for 5 wk. Compared with BD, all 3 types of inulin enhanced (P < 0.05) the abundance of beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in the microbiota adherent to intestinal mucus of various gut segments of pigs. These changes were seen as proximal as in the jejunum with P95 but did not appear until the distal ileum or cecum with HP. Similar effects of inulin on bacterial populations in the lumen contents were found. Meanwhile, all 3 types of inulin suppressed the less desirable bacteria Clostridium spp. and members of the Enterobacteriaceae in the lumen and mucosa of various gut segments. Our findings suggest that the ability of dietary inulin to alter intestinal bacterial populations may partially account for its iron bioavailability-promoting effect and possibly other health benefits.
Context effects in word identification

Abstract Word identification comprises both sense activation and sense selection. It is hypothesized that sense activation is affected by associative relationships among words, but not by the thematic context of a discourse. Experiment I confirms this prediction using a crossmodal lexical decision task. Subjects listened to a discourse containing a target word and made a word/nonword decision to a visually presented test string. If the target word was a homograph, test words that were associates of the homograph were primed irrespective of the thematic context. On the other hand, thematically appropriate test words that were not associatively related to the target word were not primed. This result was confirmed in a second experiment where the text was presented visually at a very rapid rate. In contrast, when subjects were given enough time to process each word (Experiment 3), only thematically appropriate associates were primed. No priming effects at all were obtained in a final experiment using a rapid presentation rate where the test word was separated from the target word by two other, interfering words. It is concluded that sense activation functions as a module independent of thematic context.