cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Qualitatively different effect of repeated stress during adolescence on principal neuron morphology across lateral and basal nuclei of the rat amygdala

Repeated stress can elicit symptoms of depression and anxiety. The amygdala is a significant contributor to the expression of emotion and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a major target for the effects of stress on emotion. The adolescent time period may be particularly susceptible to the effects of stress on emotion. While repeated stress has been demonstrated to modify the morphology of BLA neurons in adult rats, little is known about its effects on BLA neurons during adolescence. This study tests the effects of repeated stress during adolescence on BLA neuronal morphology, and whether these are similar to the effects of stress during adulthood. The BLA includes the basal (BA) and lateral (LAT) nuclei, which are differentially responsive to stress in adults. Therefore, effects of stress during adolescence were compared between the BA and LAT nuclei. Morphological features of reconstructed BLA neurons were examined using Golgi-Cox-stained tissue from control or repeated restraint stress-exposed rats. We found subtle dendritic growth coupled with loss of spines after repeated stress during adolescence. The magnitude and dendritic location of these differences varied between the BA and LAT nuclei in strong contrast to the stress-induced increases in spine number seen in adults. These results demonstrate that repeated stress during adolescence has markedly different effects on BLA neuronal morphology, and the extent of these changes is BLA nucleus-dependent. Moreover, altered neuroanatomy was associated with age-dependent effects of repeated stress on generalization of fear, and may point to the necessity for different approaches to target stress-induced changes in adolescents.
New issues in the management of patients with AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis.

JAMA Discontinuation of Anticytomegalovirus Therapy in Patients With HIV Infection and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Scott M. Whitcup, MD; Eric Fortin, MD; Anne S. Lindblad, PhD; Paul Griffiths, MD; Julia A. Metcalf, BA; Michael R. Robinson, MD; Jody Manischewitz, MS; Barbara Baird, RN; Cheryl Perry, RN; I. Michael Kidd, PhD; Tamara Vrabec, MD; Richard T. Davey, Jr, MD; Judith Falloon, MD; Robert E. Walker, MD; Joseph A. Kovacs, MD; H. Clifford Lane, MD; Robert B. Nussenblatt, MD; Janine Smith, MD; Henry Masur, MD; Michael A. Polis, MD Context Persons with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have required lifelong anti-CMV therapy to prevent the progression of retinal disease and subsequent loss of vision. Objective To determine whether patients who were taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and who had stable CMV retinitis could safely discontinue anti-CMV therapy without reactivation of their retinitis or increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load. Design Prospective nonrandomized interventional trial performed from July 1997 to August 1999. Setting Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. Patients Fourteen patients with stable CMV retinitis and HIV infection and CD4 + cell counts higher than 0.15 × 10 9 /L and being treated with systemic anti-CMV medications and HAART. Interventions Discontinuation of specific anti-CMV therapy. Main Outcome Measures Reactivation of CMV retinitis, development of extraocular CMV infection, detection of CMV in blood and urine, HIV burden, immunologic function, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Results Twelve (89.7%) of 14 patients had evidence of immune recovery uveitis before anti-CMV drugs were discontinued. No patient had reactivation of CMV retinitis or development of extraocular CMV disease during mean follow-up of 16.4 months (range, 8.3-22.0 months) without anti-CMV therapy. Human immunodeficiency viral load remained stable following cessation of anti-CMV medications. Blood and urine assays for CMV were briefly positive in 9 patients but did not predict reactivation of CMV disease. Worsening immune recovery uveitis was associated with a substantial (>3 lines) vision loss in 3 patients. Conclusions Maintenance anti-CMV medications were safely stopped in those patients who had stable CMV retinitis and elevated CD4 + cell counts and who were taking HAART. The study demonstrates that immune recovery following potent antiretroviral therapy is effective in controlling a major opportunistic infection, even in patients with a history of severe immunosuppression. 1999;282:1633-1637.
Physiological studies of the reciprocal connections between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

Abstract Neurophysiological recordings were obtained from the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and dentate gyrus under conditions of controlled electrostimulation at interconnecting pathways in order to confirm their bidirectional nature as suggested by recent anatomical findings. The existence of a hippocampal to entorhinal pathway was confirmed physiologically by the presence of evoked field potentials and unitary driving of the entorhinal cortex following stimulation of the CA3 subfields of the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus. Activation of the entorhinal cortex by such procedures led to a subsequent excitation of the granule cells of the dentate gyrus through the axonal projections of the perforant pathway. The findings are discussed in the context of known anatomical circuitry which might provide the basis for such bidirectional interactions. The functional significance of the demonstrated physiological connections is indicated by the fact that the entorhinal cortex responds to hippocampal activation in a consistent manner and transmits that information back to the dentate gyrus; thereby completing an important three chain loop between three major components of limbic system circuitry.
A 2.6 kb DNA sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) which functions as a transposable element.

Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) contains CCC DNA molecules, 2.6 kb in size, with an average copy number of less than one per ten chromosomes. Southern hybridisation revealed, in addition, two linear, integrated copies (A and B) of this “mini-circle” sequence per chromosome. The two integrated copies have similar (if not identical) ends and are present in the same locations in various S. coelicolor A3(2) derivatives. The mini-circle sequence is absent from S. lividans 66 and S. violaceolatus ISP5438 and from several Streptomyces species less closely related to S. coelicolor A3(2). None of a variety of Streptomyces plasmids tested contained homology to the mini-circle sequence. When a 1.8 kb fragment of the mini-circle lacking the ends of the integrated copies was inserted into KC515 (a derivative of the temperate phage ϕC31 which is unable to lysogenise host strains by the natural route because the phage attachment site has been deleted) the resulting phage lysogenised S. coelicolor A3(2) (integrating into the genome of this host by homologous recombination with resident minicircle sequences) but not S. lividans or a variety of other ϕC31 hosts. In contrast, a KC515 derivative (KC591) carrying the entire 2.6 kb mini-circle sequence linearised at its single BclI site (and therefore containing the integration site of the free mini-circle) lysogenised not only S. coelicolor A3(2) but also S. lividans 66 and most other strains normally lysogenised by ϕC31. The KC591 lysogens of the eight Streptomyces species tested contained a linear, integrated prophage with termini apparently identical to those of the linear mini-cricle copies of S. coelicolor. In S. lividans, KC591 integrated preferentially at a site apparently homologous to the site occupied by mini-circle sequence A in S. coelicolor A3(2) strains, but integration into secondary sites also occurred.
Adverse childhood experiences, health perception, and the role of shared familial factors in adult twins.

To examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health perception in adulthood, and to explore the contribution of shared familial factors to these associations. Data were collected from 180 female twins (90 pairs) from the community-based University of Washington Twin Registry. Participants completed questionnaires including the modified ACE Questionnaire, Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire, McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form, and the SF-36. Mixed effects linear regression modeling investigated the effects of ACE on indices of health perception controlling for correlated twin data. Additional models examined the associations while controlling for the experience of physical and/or sexual abuse in childhood; within-twin pair models that inherently adjust for familial factors explored shared familial influences. After controlling for relevant demographic variables, more ACE was associated with worse perceptions of general health (p=.01) and vitality (p=.05) on the SF-36. After controlling for childhood physical and/or sexual abuse, the relationship between ACE and general health remained significant (p=.01) while vitality was no longer significant. None of the associations remained significant after accounting for the influence of familial factors. These results support previous findings on the negative link between ACE and perceived health in adulthood. The detrimental effects of ACE on vitality may be accounted for by the experience of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse. Shared familial factors might play a partial role in the relationship between ACE and health perception. Future research should further investigate the genetic and environmental mechanisms that may explain this relationship. Language: en
Status of Human Dimensions Surveys Sponsored by State and Provincial Fisheries Management Agencies in North America

Abstract Fisheries managers increasingly are aware of the need to incorporate human dimensions information into decision making. To gather such information, many agencies conduct angler surveys using a variety of approaches. In 1994, we conducted a mail survey to assess the status of human dimensions studies (not including creel surveys) conducted by state, territorial, and provincial fishery management agencies. Questionnaires were sent to the heads of 69 fishery agencies with the request that they be completed by the agency's human dimensions contact person. Fifty-nine surveys were returned for a response rate of 86%. Most (81%) survey respondents reported their agency had conducted at least 1 provincewide or statewide survey of anglers; 66% had completed a survey within the past 5 years. Most (53%) agencies used mail surveys. Survey sample sizes (range = 300–20,000) and costs (range = US$300–$150,000) varied widely depending on the type of survey conducted; eighty percent were paid for by a combination...
Application of Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry to the Determination of Nickel and Tin

The analytical determination of nickel and tin by laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry (LEAFS) is studied. Nonresonance nickel fluorescence near 340 nm is excited at several nickel lines near 300 nm and direct-line tin fluorescence at 317.5 and 380.1 nm is excited at the 300.9 nm line in a nitrogen-separated air-acetylene flame. Factors which affect detection limits and methods which can be used to improve them are discussed. The application of LEAFS to the determination of nickel and tin in several standard reference materials (river water, unalloyed copper, and fly ash) is investigated, including problems related to iron spectral interference encountered for analysis in these matrices.
A comparison of the circulatory and calcification patterns in the mandibular condyle in the guinea pig with those found in the tibial epiphyseal and articular cartilages.

Abstract The capillary and calcification patterns of the tibial epiphysis, tibial articular cartilage and mandibular condyle have been compared in normal guinea pigs. The capillary pattern in the tibial epiphysis was the same as has been previously described—parallel capillaries, penetrating lacunae previously occupied by chondrocytes. The vascular patterns within the articular head of the tibia were more irregular than in the tibial epiphysis, and presented a “fork-like” arrangement of the terminal branches which penetrated the eroding capsules with looped type endings. In contrast to the tibial epiphyseal plate, but similar to the articular cartilage, a “fan-like” arrangement of capillaries was observed in the condyle, fed by one or two small arterioles. Calcification in the epiphyseal cartilage was prominant along the vertical cartilaginous partitions between the columns of chondrocytes. This pattern of mineralization was not seen in either the articular or condylar cartilage. In both of these sites the cartilage showed calcification completely circumscribing the capsules. It is considered that the tibial epiphyseal cartilage is eroded by capillary penetration, while in the condylar cartilage the process of erosion is closely related to, and dependent on, chondroclastic activity, with capillary penetration secondarily involved. The capillary and calcification patterns in the condyle more closely resemble those of the articular cartilage.
Dinuclear and Hexanuclear Iron(III) Oxide Complexes with a Bis(bipyridine) Ligand: A New [Fe(6)(m(3)-O)(4)](10+) Core.

The use of the bis(bipyridine) ligand L (1,2-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-6-yl)ethane) has yielded new dinuclear and hexanuclear complexes. The FeCl(3)/NaO(2)CPh/L (4:4:1) reaction system in MeCN gives red-brown [Fe(6)O(4)Cl(4)(O(2)CPh)(4)L(2)][FeCl(4)](2) (1). The same reaction system in a 3:3:1 ratio in MeOH gives orange [Fe(2)(OMe)(2)Cl(2)(O(2)CPh)L][FeCl(4)] (2). Complex 1.2MeCN: monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 15.317(2) A, b = 18.303(3) A, c = 16.168(3) A, beta = 108.91(1) degrees, and Z = 2. Complex 2: triclinic, Po, a = 14.099(6) A, b = 18.510(7) A, c = 7.108(3) A, alpha = 96.77(2) degrees, beta = 99.45(2) degrees, gamma = 81.16(2) degrees, and Z = 2. The cation of 1 consists of a near-planar [Fe(6)(m(3)-O)(4)](10+) core that can be described as three edge-fused [Fe(2)O(2)] rhombs to which are attached two additional Fe atoms. The cation of 2 contains a [Fe(2)(m-OMe)(2)(m-O(2)CPh)](3+) core. In both cations, the L group acts as a bridging ligand across an Fe(2) unit, with the bpy rings essentially parallel. Variable-temperature solid-state magnetic-susceptibility studies of 1 and 2 in the 2.00-300 K range reveal that for both complexes the data are consistent with an S = 0 cation and S = (5)/(2) [FeCl(4)](-) anions. These conclusions were confirmed by magnetization vs field studies in the 2.00-4.00 K and 10.0-50.0 kG ranges. Fitting of the data for 2 to the appropriate theoretical equation for an equimolar composition of Fe(2) cations and [FeCl(4)](-) anions allowed the exchange interaction in the cation to be determined as J = -10.5 cm(-)(1) (H = -2JS(1)S(2)) with g held at 2.00. The obtained J value is consistent with that predicted by a previously published magnetostructural relationship.
Activation of protein kinase C enhances peptide release from rat spinal cord slices.

One possible mechanism to account for the pain enhancing effects of protein kinase C (PKC) activation may be a facilitation of neurotransmitter release from terminals of nociceptive sensory neurons in the spinal cord. To examine this notion, we studied whether treatment with a phorbol ester enhanced the resting and capsaicin-evoked release of immunoreactive substance P (iSP) and immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (iCGRP) using an in vitro spinal cord slice preparation. Exposing the spinal cord tissue to 100 nM phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu), an activator of PKC, results in a two-fold increase in the basal and the capsaicin-evoked release of iSP and iCGRF compared to evoked peptide release without PDBu. When the tissue was perfused with 1 μM 4-α PDBu, an analog of PDBu that does not activate PKC, the peptide release was not significantly different from control. Pre-exposing slices to 1 μM bisindolylmaleimide I, an inhibitor of PKC activity, prevents the facilitation of peptide release induced by PDBu. These results suggest that activation of PKC can augment the release of peptides in the spinal cord, which could increase nociceptive sensory transmission and contribute to hyperalgesia.
Effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on Fe2+ uptake by Bifidobacterium thermophilum

Ferrous iron uptake was investigated in Bifidobacterium thermophilum (B. thermophilum) in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ with the following findings: 1. Mg2+ inhibited Fe2+ accumulation in the cells in a dose-dependent manner at 37 degrees, but not at 0 degrees. Removal of Mg2+ from the medium resulted in a resumption of rapid iron uptake. 2. Mg2+ had no effect on the binding of Fe2+ by B. thermophilum protoplasts, its cellular particulate fraction, or distribution between the particulate and soluble fractions. 3. Ca2+ exerted a stimulatory effect on iron uptake by B. thermophilum, but was not able to reverse the inhibitory effects of Mg2+. 4. It was concluded that Mg2+ has no effect on the binding of iron on the surface or interior of B. thermophilum and that it affected the Fe2+ transport mechanism (permease) in a reversible manner. It is possible that iron and magnesium share the same permease in this microorganism.
Newspaper Coverage of Biological Subissues in the Spotted Owl Debate, 1989–1993

Abstract Newspapers are the primary media that the public uses to learn about environmental issues (Ostman & Parker, 1987), but the depth of environmental reporting in newspapers has not been studied. Computer archives for 27 U.S. daily newspapers were accessed in order to evaluate the levels of coverage for five biological subissues and five ecological concepts in articles on the spotted owl debate. One hundred twenty-eight articles were analyzed. Newspaper reporting was found to be conceptually shallow, with subissues underreported. The author identified a correlation between biologist/reporter contact and increased biological subissue and ecological concepts coverage elsewhere in articles.
CREATING FUTURE GEOGRAPHIES

ABSTRACT Pluralism in contemporary geography has gone beyond the creative liberty of variety and degenerated into license that threatens the future of the profession. A frame work for reintegration of our diverse pursuits is proposed to enable us to create future geographies consistent with our enduring values. environments that expand freedom and choice and opportunity, and organized fantasies containing new delights for the scholarly practitioners and the practical scholars who will succeed us as the geographers of the future.
Adenylate kinase of human placenta

Abstract Human placenta has been shown to possess adenylate kinase activity. The optimal pH is about 7.7. When the homogenate is fractionated by differential centrifugation, the activity is mainly found m the supernate at 110,000 × g . The enzyme is not affected by azide and is inhibited by citrate. Cysteine increases the activity probably by reversing the inactivation on contact with glass surfaces. No nucleotide monophosphate kinase has been found.
Selective olfactory exposure alters social and plant odor preferences of immature hamsters.

Hamsters 6–42 days old learn to prefer or tolerate certain odors to which they are exposed. The particular preferences affected change with age. During the first postnatal week, a 1-hr exposure to a plant odor transiently eliminates its aversiveness. In contrast, plant odor preferences of hamsters 11–42 days old are minimally affected by olfactory exposure. However, some combinations of plant and hamster odors are significantly more attractive when familiar than when unfamiliar to hamsters 11 days and older. The observed preference differences suggest that some botanical odors, when unfamiliar, prevent concurrent social odors from influencing behavior.
How trauma, recent stressful events, and PTSD affect functional health status and health utilization in HIV-infected patients in the south.

and utilization of health care may also be important indicators of health status in HIV-infected patients. There is insufficient understanding of the psychosocial predictors of health-related physical functioning and use of health services among those with this chronic disease. Therefore, the current study examines how trauma, severe stressful events, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive symptoms are related to physical functioning and health utilization in HIV-infected men and women living in rural areas of the South. Methods: We consecutively sampled patients from 8 rural HIV clinics in 5 southern states, obtaining 611 completed interviews. Results: We found that patients with more lifetime trauma, stressful events, and PTSD symptoms reported more bodily pain, and poorer physical, role, and cognitive functioning. Trauma, recent stressful events, and PTSD explained from 12% to 27% of the variance in health-related functioning, over and above that explained by demographic variables. In addition, patients with more trauma, including sexual and physical abuse, and PTSD symptoms were at greater risk for having bed disability, an overnight hospitalization, an emergency room visit, and four or more HIV outpatient clinic visits in the previous 9 months. Patients with a history of abuse had about twice the risk of spending 5 or more days in bed, having an overnight hospital stay, and visiting the emergency room, compared with those without abuse. The effects of trauma and stress were not explained by CD4 lymphocyte count or HIV viral load; however, these effects appear to be largely accounted for by increases in current PTSD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of addressing past trauma, stress, and current PTSD within clinical HIV care. Key words: HIV, PTSD, trauma, health-related quality of life, sexual abuse. PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder; HIV human immunodeficiency virus; DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; SD standard deviation.
Case Study: Childhood-Onset Tardive Dyskinesia Versus Choreoacanthocytosis

ABSTRACT A male adolescent presented with aggression, depressed mood, and severe movement disorder that developed at age 5 after exposure to neuroleptics. Evaluation revealed acanthocytes in his blood, which led to a differential diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia versus choreoacanthocytosis. However, this is an unusually young age of onset for these conditions. Differential diagnosis, medication management of the movement disorder, and pathophysiological mechanisms in tardive dyskinesia and choreoacanthocytosis are discussed.
2014 Victor A. McKusick Leadership Award1

Thank you, Rod. It is a genuine pleasure to be introduced by a longtime friend and respected colleague.
Association between antiepileptic drug switching and epilepsy-related events

Abstract Switching between bioequivalent antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with epilepsy remains a concern because of possible untoward effects owing to a narrow therapeutic range. We investigated the association between switching A-rated AEDs and epilepsy-related events. We conducted a case–control study using claims from the MarketScan database. Cases were defined by an emergently treated epilepsy-related event with the primary diagnosis of epilepsy. Controls had an epilepsy outpatient office visit. Eighty-four of 757 (11.1%) cases and 147 of 2271 (6.5%) controls experienced an A-rated switch. The odds of an epilepsy-related event were 1.78-fold higher for switchers (95% CI 1.35 to 2.36) and, when adjusted for gender and total number of AED prescriptions filled, 1.57-fold higher (95% CI = 1.17–2.10). Switching between A-rated formulations of AEDs is associated with an increased risk of emergently treated epilepsy-related events. These findings suggest that care should be taken when considering a switch between A-rated AEDs in patients with epilepsy.
Factors of Valve Design Associated with Homogenization of Milk

Summary Specially designed experimental valves with an extended-orifice construction were used to provide additional information concerning the mechanism of homogenization. Homogenization efficiency, determined by a centrifugal method, and the pressure drop across the valve, were utilized to evaluate valve performance. The design of the experimental valve permitted alterations in construction making it possible to study, independently, factors related to homogenization. The factors investigated included: (a) the time required for a particle to pass through the valve clearance, (b) the velocity through the valve clearance, (c) the entrance and exit conditions of the valve, and (d) the effect of two or more valves in series. At a given velocity, variations in valve orifice length from 0.10 to 1.6 in. had no effect on either pressure drop or homogenization efficiency. As the velocity through the valve of a fixed length was increased, the pressure drop increased and an improvement in homogenization efficiency was obtained. The use of a valve with a beveled entrance resulted in decreases in both pressure drop and homogenization efficiency, as compared to a valve with a sharp entrance. The same valve with the bevel at the exit had no effect on pressure drop. When baffle plates were inserted following the valve exit at distances varying from 0.01 to 2.44 in., homogenization efficiency was improved with no change in pressure drop. The improvement was related inversely to the distance between the baffle plate and the valve exit.
Playfulness, arousal-seeking and rebelliousness during smoking cessation

Whereas prior research has indicated that negative affect states contribute to lapses during cessation attempts, studies using retrospective interviews have shown that the reversal theory states of playfulness and rebelliousness also increase the likelihood of lapsing. Using ecological momentary assessment techniques, the relationship of playfulness, arousal-seeking and rebelliousness to other subjective states, situational variables, the use of coping strategies and to lapsing were investigated in 36 subjects who were attempting to quit smoking. Playfulness was significantly (p<0.01) related to the use of fewer coping responses during urge episodes. Within-subjects analyses of 11 subjects who lapsed during the study showed that playfulness scores were significantly higher (p<0.02) during lapse as compared to highly tempting situations. Rebelliousness was related to higher urge levels during coping episodes (p<0.01). Results support the construct validity of the scales and the utility of reversal theory variables in explaining outcomes of smoking cessation attempts.
Learning beyond local view: Value and information in the bits

Given certain amount of resources available for acquiring network-state information, what should be learned? In this paper, we study this fundamental question for a Z channel where each user has certain local view and beyond that it is allowed to learn k-bits of global network state information. We show that if the interference is unknown to both the transmitters, the best learning strategy is to quantize the signal to interference ratio and reveal it to both transmitters. However, if the interference is known to at least one of the transmitters, then a two-dimensional quantization of the global channel state is the optimal utilization of the k-bits.
Urogenital Distress and the Psychosocial Impact of Urinary Incontinence on Elderly Women

The purpose of this descriptive correlational pilot research, which was conceptually based on the Roy Adaptation Model, was to discern if a relationship exists between urogenital distress and the psychosocial impact of urinary incontinence (UI) in elderly women. These issues are critical for rehabilitation nurses who work with this segment of the population. The study sample consisted of 17 community-dwelling women over the age of 60 who experienced UI at least once a week. A significant relationship between urogenital distress and the psychosocial impact of UI (r = .673, p = .003) was found. The negative psychosocial impact of UI on elderly women suggests that effective nursing interventions to promote optimal adaptation should be instituted. Healthcare professionals and the public at large must be educated to enhance their awareness of the problem so that women who have UI will seek and receive appropriate treatment.
Familial polyposis coli and neurofibromatosis in the same patient: A family study

Abstract This report describes a family wherein two major genes—one for familial polyposis coli and the second for von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis—were segregating. A patient whose father had familial poliposis coli and whose mother had neurofibromatosis manifested both of these disorders.
Multivariate morphometric differentiation of chronospecies in the late Neogene planktonic foraminiferal lineageGloboconella

Abstract Multivariate analyses have been applied to the late Neogene planktonic foraminiferal lineage Globoconella in an attempt to: (1) objectively subdivide this evolutionary continuum into segments (chronospecies); and (2) differentiate each chronospecies using reproducible quantitative criteria. A principal component analysis was employed to extract chronological variation from five time series of different morphometric variables. A cluster analysis of the principal component scores was then used to reveal possible groupings. This was followed by a stepwise discriminant analysis to evaluate the grouping and to determine the most useful and parsimonious variables for taxonomic differentiation. With this sequence of analyses, the Globoconella lineage can be differentiated into six chronospecies with a correct classification percentage of 100%. Quantitative criteria for taxonomic differentiation of the following six chronospecies are proposed: Globorotalia (Globoconella) conoidea, G. (G.) conomiozea conomiozea, G. (G.) conomiozea terminalis ssp. nov., G. (G.) sphericomiozea, G. (G.) puncticulata and G. (G.) inflata .
Residential Segregation by Age in American Metropolitan Areas

Dissimilarity Indexes were computed for 241 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in 1970 measuring the dissimilarity of residential distribution between the population 65 and over and the population under 65. When possible comparable indexes were also computed for the same areas for 1960, 1950, and 1940. The pattern of age segregation in 1970 was analyzed and trends were computed from 1940--1970. The average DI in 1970 was 23.1 with a range from 10.9 to 44.4. The highest segregation was found in rapidly growing SMSAs, particularly in the West and South, and in areas with major military or educational institutions which fostered aggregations of age-homogeneous populations. A trend toward increased age segregation was found, especially in the period of rapid urban sprawl during the 1950s. The main factor conducive to age segreation was growth and differentiation accompanying it, although the presence of higher proportions of aged retarded the process and high proportions of nonwhites accelerated it.
ANTISENSE COX-2 PRODUCES ANOMALIES REVERSIBLE BY PROSTAGLANDIN E 2 IN CULTURED MOUSE EMBRYOS. † 339

ANTISENSE COX-2 PRODUCES ANOMALIES REVERSIBLE BY PROSTAGLANDIN E 2 IN CULTURED MOUSE EMBRYOS. † 339
Optical properties of LHPG sapphire fibers

Sapphire optical fibers have been grown using the laser-heated pedestal-growth method with losses as low as 0.3 dB/m at 2.94 micrometers and lengths as long as 5 m. With the incorporation of a computer-controlled feedback system we have been able to grow fibers with less than plus or minus 0.5% diameter variation, or plus or minus 1.5 micrometers for a 300 micrometer fiber. We have been able to decrease the loss in these fibers through a post-growth anneal at 1000 degrees Celsius in air; from 5.4 dB/m to 1.5 dB/m at 543 nm and from 0.4 dB/m to 0.3 dB/m at 2.94 micrometer. These fibers delivered 4.7 W at 10 Hz of Er:YAG laser power.
Ultrafast electronic relaxation in colloidal gold (I) sulfide nanoparticles

Ultrafast electronic relaxation dynamics in Au 2 S colloidal nanoparticles have been studied using fs transient absorption spectroscopy. The electronic absorption spectrum of the nanoparticles exhibits a broad featureless absorption with increasing intensity from the near-IR into the visible and UV, indicating that Au 2 S is an indirect bandgap semiconductor. The electronic relaxation dynamics have been measured with 390 nm excitation and probing at 790 and 850 nm. The transient absorption decay profiles can be fit to a double exponential with time constants of 600 fs and 23 ps. The fast decay can be assigned to trapping of electrons from the conduction band to shallow trap states or from shallow traps to deep traps, while the long decay is assigned to recombination from shallow or deep trap states. The overall fast relaxation can be attributed to a high density of intrinsic or surface trap states. This fast decay is non-radiative and consistent with no observable luminescence at room temperature. EXAFS data show a 20% decrease in the first coordination shell for nanoparticles relative to bulk, which suggests a large number of surface dangling bounds that can contribute to a high density of surface trap states.
Urokinase treatment preserves endothelial and smooth muscle function in experimental acute arterial thrombosis

Abstract Purpose: Pharmacologic lysis or balloon thrombectomy are options to treat acute arterial thrombosis; however, little is known about their effects on functional changes in the arterial wall. The aim of this study was to determine function of the endothelium and smooth muscle in canine arteries revascularized after acute thrombosis with balloon thrombectomy or lytic therapy. Methods: Acute thrombosis was obtained by bilateral proximal and distal ligation of 8-cm segments of the femoral arteries in dogs. After 24 hours, the ties were removed and the arteries randomized to treatment groups: group 1, balloon thrombectomy (#4 Fogarty balloon catheter at 60 grams linear shear × 1 pass, n=7); group 2, untreated, tie removal only (n = 6); group 3, regional intra-arterial urokinase infusion (4000 U/min × 90 min, n=6); group 4, regional intra-arterial carrier infusion (0.43 ml/min × 90 min, n=6); group 5, unoperated normal vessels (n = 5). After treatment, the arteries were removed and endothelial and smooth muscle responses examined in organ chambers. Endothelial loss was graded with light microscopy of vessel rings from each animal by an observer blinded to the treatment group. Findings were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. Results: Treatment with urokinase did not alter endothelium-dependent relaxations or smooth muscle contractions compared with carrier infusion or untreated alone. Balloon catheter thrombectomy significantly reduced endothelium-dependent relaxations compared with all other groups in response to acetylcholine, bradykinin, and thrombin ( p -6 mol/L) were also reduced ( p p Conclusion: Thrombolysis with urokinase caused no or minimal abnormalities in endothelial and smooth muscle function. Endothelium present after balloon thrombectomy produces contractile factors. Although the duration and recovery of these abnormalities in function are unknown, these findings support preferential use of urokinase over balloon thrombectomy when possible in acute arterial thrombosis or embolism. (J Vasc Surg 1996;23:851-9.)
Employment Predictors among Indochinese Refugees.

The influx of Indochinese refugees into the United States since 1975 has forced policy development in various resettlement areas. Considerable emphasis has been placed on employment and employment barriers. This article investigates the refugee employment process. A multivariate model is used to distinguish employed from unemployed refugees. Early arrivals recent arrivals and each of the four major ethnic groups are investigated separately. (EXCERPT)
Phosphorylation of Thyroid Hormone Receptors by Protein Kinase A Regulates DNA Recognition by Specific Inhibition of Receptor Monomer Binding

Thyroid hormone receptor (T3R) alpha-1 and its oncogenic derivative, the v-ERB A protein, are phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. Although this phosphorylation appears to be necessary for the oncogenic properties of v-ERB A, the mechanism by which phosphorylation influences the functions of v-ERB A and of the normal T3R has not been established. The protein kinase A phosphorylation site in T3Ralpha-1 is within a domain that is known to contribute to the DNA recognition properties of these receptors. We therefore analyzed the effects of protein kinase A phosphorylation on DNA recognition by the normal T3Ralpha and by the v-ERB A oncoprotein. We report here that phosphorylation of these receptor derivatives does not significantly alter the overall affinity of receptor dimers for DNA. However, phosphorylation does notably alter DNA recognition by preventing, or greatly inhibiting, the ability of these receptors to bind to DNA as protein monomers. These studies suggest that the phosphorylation of T3Ralpha-1 and v-ERB A by protein kinase A may provide a means of altering promoter recognition through a post-translational modification.
Redistribution of Cyclic GMP in Response to Sodium Butyrate in Colon Cells

Abstract The effect of butyrate on the response to guanylin and Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin, STa, was assessed in T84 cells and Caco-2 cells, cultured colon cell lines possessing the guanylyl cyclase C which is the receptor for these peptides. Butyrate treatment of these cells resulted in an apparent increase in cyclic GMP (cGMP) accumulation when the cGMP content of cells and the supernatant medium was measured. Butyrate treatment did not change the guanylyl cyclase activity or 125 I-STa binding parameters in T84 cells, but the butyrate effect was completely blocked by cycloheximide. Butyrate did not have any effect on STa-stimulated cGMP accumulation in COS cells transfected with the human or porcine GC-C. Further experiments showed that butyrate treatment caused a large increase in the cGMP released into the culture medium, and in cells grown in polarized fashion in Transwell inserts, cGMP efflux was predominantly from the basolateral surface of the cell; intracellular cGMP was actually lowered by butyrate treatment. Exposure of T84 cells to butyrate had no effect on the disposition of cyclic AMP generated in response to forskolin. The effects of butyrate on cGMP were reversible within 24 h of butyrate withdrawal. In colon cells, butyrate treatment induced a previously undescribed, cGMP-specific efflux mechanism which lowered intracellular cGMP and elevated extracellular cGMP in response to peptide agonists such as guanylin and STa.
Learning curve in human laparoscopic surgery.

Laparoscopic urology has gained considerable popularity since the first laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed. However, the rapid application of the technique in urologic practice has led to increased reports of complications, even in the hands of surgeons who are well experienced in open surgical techniques, often early in a surgeon’s laparoscopic experience. The lack of translation of open surgical skills into laparoscopic results has led us to reappraise the learning curves relevant to open and laparoscopic surgery, to understand the differences, and enable us to make changes in the curriculum and the training to acquire laparoscopic skills.
Arabidopsis Isochorismate Synthase Functional in Pathogen-induced Salicylate Biosynthesis Exhibits Properties Consistent with a Role in Diverse Stress Responses

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) is a phytohormone best known for its role in plant defense. It is synthesized in response to diverse pathogens and responsible for the large scale transcriptional induction of defense-related genes and the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. Surprisingly, given its importance in plant defense, an understanding of the underlying enzymology is lacking. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the pathogen-induced accumulation of SA requires isochorismate synthase (AtICS1). Here, we show that AtICS1 is a plastid-localized, stromal protein using chloroplast import assays and immunolocalization. AtICS1 acts as a monofunctional isochorismate synthase (ICS), catalyzing the conversion of chorismate to isochorismate (IC) in a reaction that operates near equilibrium (Keq = 0.89). It does not convert chorismate directly to SA (via an IC intermediate) as does Yersinia enterocolitica Irp9. Using an irreversible coupled spectrophotometric assay, we found that AtICS1 exhibits an apparent Km of 41.5 μm and kcat = 38.7 min-1 for chorismate. This affinity for chorismate would allow it to successfully compete with other pathogen-induced, chorismate-utilizing enzymes. Furthermore, the biochemical properties of AtICS1 indicate its activity is not regulated by light-dependent changes in stromal pH, Mg2+, or redox and that it is remarkably active at 4 °C consistent with a role for SA in cold-tolerant growth. Finally, our analyses support plastidic synthesis of stress-induced SA with the requirement for one or more additional enzymes responsible for the conversion of IC to SA, because non-enzymatic conversion of IC to SA under physiological conditions was negligible.
A Photographic Assignment for Abstract Algebra

Abstract We describe a simple photographic assignment appropriate for an abstract algebra (or other) course. Students take digital pictures around campus of various examples of symmetry. They then classify these pictures according to which of the 17 plane symmetry groups they belong.
Support for, and Impacts of Publishing in the Annals of the AAG: The Authors and and Editor Speak

A survey of 176 authors who published in the Annals between 1988 and 1993 provides insights into why authors submitted their research to the journal, what support they received, and the impacts of the publication on their careers. Most decided themselves to submit their work, and one-third received support from research grants; cartographic assistance and graduate assistants were less important. The major benefits of publishing in the Annals were visibility in one's department, contact with other geographers, and requests for reprints. Most authors presented their ideas at professional meetings prior to submission. Promotion and salary Inc.reases were benefits for women, assistant professors, associate professors, and physical geographers. Authors considered their articles as original examinations that yielded new results, contributed to theory, stimulated debate, and helped bridge gaps inside and outside of geography. These results are useful in helping individual authors and for administrators in identi...
The FLES Program Evaluation Inventory (FPEI)

The lack of yearly program evaluation contributed to the failure of FLES in the fifties and sixties. Now that communities and states are recommitting to the notion of FLES, program evaluation must be incorporated from the outset. This article provides a rationale for program evaluation, and discusses the development and use of the FLES Program Evaluation Inventory (FPEI). The questionnaires are provided for duplication, and step-by-step instructions are given for the administration, tabulation, and reporting of the five different forms.
Nanoparticle-structured sensing array materials and pattern recognition for VOC detection

Nanostructured sensing arrays combined with pattern-recognition analysis provide new opportunities for enhancing the design of sensor materials in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. In this work, we report findings of an investigation of nanostructured sensing arrays for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitro-aromatic compounds (NACs) and the data analysis based on pattern recognition using principle component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) techniques. The nanostructured array elements consist of thin film assemblies of alkanethiolate-monolayer-capped gold nanoparticles which were formed by molecularly mediated assembly using mediators or linkers of different chain lengths and functional groups. Each array element displayed linear responses to the vapor concentration. The observed high specificity to NACs constitutes an unprecedented example resulting from the unique combination of hydrogen-bonding donor/acceptor and hydrophobicity in the interparticle structure. A set of ANNs along with PCAs was used for the analysis of a series of vapor responses. The PCA technique was used to cluster data and feature extraction. A hierarchical BP neural network system was employed as the pattern classifier, which was shown to enhance the correct pattern-recognition rate. A satisfactory identification performance of the system has been demonstrated for a set of vapor responses. The results have also provided us important insights into the delineation of the design criteria for constructing nanostructured sensing arrays.
Formation of dialyzable iron during in-vitro digestion and extraction of mycoprotein

Mycoprotein is the biomass of the fungus Fusarium venenatum. The ability of mycoprotein to enhance production of dialyzable iron following in-vitro digestion or extraction was studied, with the aim of identifying the components responsible. Digested mycoprotein, extracted mycoprotein and digested chicken breast muscle all produced about ten times as much dialyzable iron as the control. All of the dialyzable iron from mycoprotein was ferric. Essentially all the dialyzable iron passed through a 1 kDa molecular weight cut-off membrane. Iron binding components were extracted from mycoprotein using weak acid but not water. Extraction of mycoprotein produced both dialyzable and non-dialyzable components, which bound ferric iron. Analysis of the digests and the dialyzable fraction of acid extraction showed that they contained siderophores, which contributed to the formation of dialyzable iron.
Symposium on electrophysiologic correlates of clinical arrhythmias. 3. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: a new look.

Abstract In the past 4 years physiologic studies of patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome and its variants have shed new light on the structural basis for this electrocardiographic abnormality and the mechanisms responsible for supraventricular arrhythmias. Accessory pathways for atrioventricular propagation appear to be responsible for the electrocardiographic abnormality in the majority of the patients with this syndrome. These pathways may be similar to those described by Kent and located in the lateral portion of either the right or left atrioventricular groove, or the accessory bundles bypassing the atrioventricular node may be located within the septal region. Careful analysis of the electrocardiogram, atrial pacing studies and the records from the bundle of His can be used to identify the probable location of the pathway as well as certain of its functional characteristics. Surgical interruption of the accessory pathway provides a definitive form of therapy, although this approach is not necessary in the majority of patients with WPW syndrome. Furthermore, surgical intervention should be entertained only after physiologic studies have been made and in a setting in which careful epicardial mapping can be performed at the time of surgical intervention.
Out-of-print searching and buying : BookQuest vs. typed lists

This paper compares Cornell 's experience in getting out-of-print titles using BookQuest as opposed to using lists generated in-house and sent to antiquarian booksellers and the Library Bookseller, a publication based in Berkeley, California, that advertises in the antiquarian book trade on behalf of libraries