cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perioperative management of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patient: a review of literature.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzymatic disorder of red blood cells in humans. It is estimated that about 400 million people are affected by this deficiency.1 The G6PD enzyme catalyzes the first step in the pentose phosphate pathway, leading to antioxidants that protect cells against oxidative damage.2 A G6PD-deficient patient, therefore, lacks the ability to protect red blood cells against oxidative stresses from certain drugs, metabolic conditions, infections, and ingestion of fava beans.3 The following is a literature review, including disease background, pathophysiology, and clinical implications, to help guide the clinician in management of the G6PD-deficient patient. A literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, OMIM, and Google; this was supplemented by a search for selected authors. Keywords used were glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, anesthesia, analgesia, anxiolysis, management, favism, hemolytic anemia, benzodiazepines, codeine, codeine derivatives, ketamine, barbiturates, propofol, opioids, fentanyl, and inhalation anesthetics. Based on titles and abstracts, 23 papers and 1 website were identified. The highest prevalence of G6PD is reported in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and the central and southern Pacific islands; however, G6PD deficiency has now migrated to become a worldwide disease. Numerous drugs, infections, and metabolic conditions have been shown to cause acute hemolysis of red blood cells in the G6PD-deficient patient, with the rare need for blood transfusion. Benzodiazepines, codeine/codeine derivatives, propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine were not found to cause hemolytic crises in the G6PD-deficient patient. The most effective management strategy is to prevent hemolysis by avoiding oxidative stressors. Thus, management for pain and anxiety should include medications that are safe and have not been shown to cause hemolytic crises, such as benzodiazepines, codeine/codeine derviatives, propofol, fentanyl, and ketamine. The authors of this article make 5 particular recommendations: (1) Anyone suspected of G6PD deficiency should be screened; (2) exposure to oxidative stressors in these individuals should be avoided; (3) these patients should be informed of risks along with signs and symptoms of an acute hemolytic crisis; (4) the clinician should be able to identify both laboratory and clinical signs of hemolysis; and finally, (5) if an acute hemolytic crisis is identified, the patient should be admitted for close observation and care.
A review of radar techniques for ornithological observations

This paper reviewed general radar techniques related to ornithological observations. Several new radar signatures and imaging enhancement techniques were discussed.
Cloaca—Historical aspects and terminology

This is a summary of the milestones in the history of the treatment of cloacal malformations. It is based in a comprehensive literature review of the subject, from the early times, followed by a description of the evolution of the surgical maneuvers that were created, to be able to deal with the different anatomical variants of this complex congenital malformation.
LISTS OF POTENTIAL HYDROPHYTES FOR THE UNITED STATES: A REGIONAL REVIEW AND THEIR USE IN WETLAND IDENTIFICATION

The U.S. federal government has developed lists of plant species that occur in wetlands. The initial purpose of these lists was to enumerate plants that grow in wetlands and that could be used to identify wetlands according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's wetland classification system. The first list was generated in 1976 by the Service, and since that time, the list has undergone several iterations as more information was reviewed or became available through field investigations and scientific research. Two lists are currently published and available for use: a 1988 list and a 1996 draft list. The latter list represents an improvement based on nearly 10 years of field work by the four signatory agencies plus comments from other agencies, organizations, wetland scientists, and others. The national list was generated from 13 regional lists. These data have not been summarized previously; this note provides an interregional summary of vital statistics. The 1988 list included 6,728 species, while the 1996 list has nearly 1,000 additions for a total of 7,662 species (a 14% increase). Roughly one-third of the nation's vascular plants have some potential for being hydrophytes—plants growing in water or on a substrate that is at least periodically deficient in oxygen due to excessive wetness. Each species on the list is assigned an indicator status reflecting its frequency of occurrence in wetlands: 1) obligate (OBL; .99% of time in wetlands), 2) facultative wetland (FACW; 67- 99% in wetlands), 3) facultative (FAC; 34-66%), 4) facultative upland (FACU; 1-33%), and 5) upland (UPL; ,1%). From 1988 to 1996, the regional lists of potentially hydrophytic species increased by more than 39 percent in three regions: Caribbean, North Plains, and Central Plains. The percent of OBL, FACW, and FAC species on the lists decreased in the Northeast and Hawaii. The percent of OBL and FACW species also decreased in the Southeast and Northwest. The number of OBL species declined in all but three regions, whereas the number of FACU species added to the lists increased in all regions except Hawaii. The regional ''wetland plant'' lists have been used to help identify plant communities that possess a predominance of wetland indicator plants (i.e., a positive indicator of hydrophytic vegetation) and to identify wetlands that can be recognized solely based on their vegetation.
Endocrine changes associated with a rapidly developing sodium appetite in rats

Simultaneous administration of the diuretic furosemide (10 mg/kg) and a low dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (5 mg/kg) results in short-latency thirst and sodium appetite (i.e., the rapid ingestion of water and NaCl solution). To elucidate potential mechanisms for mediating this behavior, changes in plasma levels of key hormones involved in fluid intake and balance were characterized in rats subjected to this treatment protocol. Rats treated jointly with furosemide and low-dose captopril had exaggerated increases in plasma renin activity and angiotensin I but equivalent increases in plasma aldosterone compared with rats treated with either agent alone. Treatment with furosemide plus low-dose captopril increased plasma vasopressin but not plasma oxytocin. The administration of a higher dose of captopril (100 mg/kg) with furosemide, a combination of drugs that does not stimulate fluid intake (29), further increased plasma renin activity and angiotensin I but prevented the rise in plasma vasopressin. The results support the hypothesis that thirst and salt appetite generated by this protocol depend on angiotensin II formed within brain circumventricular organs rather than the systemic circulation.
A COMPUTER AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE REGULATION AND HYPERTENSION

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews some of the important arterial pressure control mechanisms and helps develop an overall concept of long-term arterial pressure regulation. It discusses the basic mechanisms of hypertension. Arterial pressure is not controlled by a single mechanism but by several mechanisms, each of which plays its specific role. The chapter illustrates the degree of response of eight of the more important pressure control mechanisms following a sudden change in arterial pressure caused by some acute effect such as rapid hemorrhage. Each of the mechanisms immediately attempts to return the pressure back toward the normal level. The chapter focuses on the baroreceptor mechanism for acute pressure control and the renal-blood volume pressure control mechanism for long-term pressure control. The baroreceptor system functions as an important arterial pressure damping mechanism to prevent rapid changes in arterial pressure but not to prevent long-term changes. It is important that the baroreceptor system has the capability of resetting its control pressure level to high or low pressures because this allows the damping mechanism to function effectively at all pressure levels.
Book Review: The Bureaucratic Experience: The Post-Modern (5th edition) by Ralph P. Hummel

(2008). Book Review: The Bureaucratic Experience: The Post-Modern (5th edition) by Ralph P. Hummel. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 279-283.
Field Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae Against Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae in Turfgrass

Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, larvae damage turfgrasses in the northeastern U.S. from April to October. Insecticides from several classes are extensively used to manage both species; however, inappropriate use has led to the development of insecticide resistance in both species and has negatively impacted nontarget predators of P. japonica, thus warranting research on alternative insect control options. We studied the effects of liquid and granular formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin strain F52 against P. japonica and L. maculicollis larvae under field conditions. The liquid formulation provided 31 - 46% control of L. maculicollis larvae, but did not control P. japonica larvae. The granular formulation provided 49% control of P. japonica larvae on aerated turf, but did not control these larvae in nonaerated turf nor did it control L. maculicollis larvae. Whereas the overall effectiveness of M. anisopliae F5...
Effects of Added Nitrite, Sodium Chloride, and Phosphate on Color, Nitrosoheme Pigment, Total Pigment, and Residual Nitrite in Oven-Roasted Turkey Breast

Abstract Sixteen combinations of nitrite [0, 1, 10, 50 parts per million (ppm)], sodium chloride (0, 2%), and phosphate (0, .5%) were mixed with turkey breast meat before cooking to determine the main effects and interactions on color (redness, a; yellowness, b; lightness, L) value, nitrosoheme pigment, total pigment, and residual nitrite in oven-roasted turkey breast meat. Addition of 1 ppm nitrite caused a significant color change in oven-roasted turkey breast meat. By increasing nitrite level, a values, nitrosoheme pigment, total pigment, and residual nitrite significantly (P Sodium chloride increased a values (P A salt × phosphate interaction decreased L values at all nitrite levels except that of 10 ppm added nitrite, but significantly (P
The Wood-Decay Capability of Albatrellus Dispansus

SUMMARY Albatrellus dispansus was isolated, the first known isolates of this species, and grown on several agar media and Douglas-fir wood. The cultural characters of the fungus are described and illustrated and the brown cubical decay it causes in wood is described. Clamp connections were discovered in the culture and in the pileus margin, features not previously reported for this species.
Structure Sensitivity Study of Waterborne Contaminant Hydrogenation Using Shape- and Size-Controlled Pd Nanoparticles

Catalytic reduction with Pd has emerged as a promising technology to remove a suite of contaminants from drinking water, such as oxyanions, disinfection byproducts, and halogenated pollutants, but low activity is a major challenge for application. To address this challenge, we synthesized a set of shape- and size-controlled Pd nanoparticles and evaluated the activity of three probe contaminants (i.e., nitrite, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and diatrizoate) as a function of facet type (e.g., (100), (110), (111)), ratios of low- to high-coordination sites, and ratios of surface sites to total Pd (i.e., dispersion). Reduction results for an initial contaminant concentration of 100 μM show that initial turnover frequency (TOF0) for nitrite increases 4.7-fold with increasing percent of (100) surface Pd sites (from 0% to 95.3%), whereas the TOF0 for NDMA and for diatrizoate increases 4.5- and 3.6-fold, respectively, with an increasing percent of terrace surface Pd sites (from 79.8% to 95.3%). Results for an in...
How to Be Less Persuaded or More Persuasive: Review of Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion by Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson

This second edition of the Age of Propaganda is excellent. (Should I explicitly tell you my conclusion?) I will use a two-sided argument to try to convince you to read this book. (Is a two-sided argument relevant in this situation and, if so, should I tell you the good news first or last?) I will reduce the asides in the rest of this review because are distracting (and distraction is not useful here, as the arguments to purchase this book are strong); suffice it to say that these are the types of issues that the authors address.
226 THE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST BATHS ON SKIN BLOOD FLOW IN PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND AGE-MATCHED CONTROLS.

Purpose To reduce muscle spasms, inflammation, and wound healing times, contrast baths (or the alterations of hot and cold whirlpool immersions) can be utilized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of contrast baths in altering limb blood flow in people with type 2 diabetes versus control subjects. It was hypothesized that diabetic subjects would experience less of a beneficial increase in blood flow than controls. The efficacy of a second contrast bath protocol (6 minutes hot and 2 minutes cold) was also examined. Methods This study involved 14 type 2 diabetics (age 47 ± 9 years, height 174.0 ± 11.6 cm, weight 88.9 ± 12.4 kg) and 14 age-matched controls (age 44 ± 8 years, height 176.1 ± 15.2 cm, weight 83.2 ± 10.3 kg). The contrast bath protocols included four cycles of 3 minutes hot and 1 minute cold (3:1), two cycles of 6 minutes hot and 2 minutes cold (6:2), 15 minutes of cold water immersion, and 15 minutes of hot water immersion. Water for the hot and cold baths was obtained from separate whirlpools maintained at 37.8°C and 15.5°C, respectfully. Blood flow was measured on the dorsal aspect of a single foot during the four protocols utilizing a laser Doppler Flow meter. The data were collected by a MP 100 Biopac System and analyzed using Acknowledge 3.8.3 software. Data values were compared using ANOVA repeated measures; p values Results Control subjects experienced a significant increase in dorsal pedal blood flow following implementation of the 3:1 protocol (p .05). The 6:2 protocol significantly changed dorsal pedal blood flow in control subjects (p .05). In control subjects, the 6:2 protocol proved to be less effective at increasing dorsal pedal blood flow than the 3:1 protocol (p Conclusions Diabetic subjects did not experience a significant increase in dorsal pedal blood flow during contrast bath therapy. This was likely due to vascular endothelial cell damage. Although the 6:2 protocol improved blood flow in control subjects, it was not as effective as the 3:1 protocol. Such findings support the ability of multiple-cycle contrast baths to increase blood flow versus constant temperature baths.
Production Techniques & Quality Control of Shaoxing Traditional Rice-adding Wine

Shaoxing traditional rice-adding wine is the typical representative of Shaoxing yellow rice wine and its production techniques include rice sieving, rice steeping, rice starch drainage, rice steaming, temperature drop, potting, fermentation and harrowing, secondary fermentation, wine squeezing, wine clarification, jar-filling, and aging. In order to produce quality Shaoxing traditional rice-adding wine, the technical operation must be strictly managed and the relative technical indexes must be followed.
Influence of Fertilizer Application on Growth and Pigment Content in Leaves of Poa annua

Four treatments were designed to study the effects of different fertilizer rates on the growth and pigment content in leaves of 4-year-old Poa annua grown normally in city,which were CK,ZH1,ZH2 and ZH3 with 0,97.03,116.47,135.93 kg/hm2 of the special fertilizer for tobacco respectively.The results showed that the plant height of Poa annua gradually decreased with the increase of fertilizer application rate;the biomass of ZH1,the chlorophyll a content of ZH3 and the carotenoid content of ZH2 were the highest;the chlorophyll b content of ZH1 was higher than that of ZH3,while that of ZH2 was the lowest;the pigment content in leaves of each fertilization treatment was higher than that of control.The comprehensive analysis showed that ZH2 was the best treatment.
A Bayesian Model to Predict Right Ventricular Failure Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy

Abstract Objectives This study investigates the use of a Bayesian statistical model to address the limited predictive capacity of existing risk scores derived from multivariate analyses. This is based on the hypothesis that it is necessary to consider the interrelationships and conditional probabilities among independent variables to achieve sufficient statistical accuracy. Background Right ventricular failure (RVF) continues to be a major adverse event following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Methods Data used for this study were derived from 10,909 adult patients from the Inter-Agency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) who had a primary LVAD implanted between December 2006 and March 2014. An initial set of 176 pre-implantation variables were considered. RVF post-implant was categorized as acute ( 14 days) in onset. For each of these endpoints, a separate tree-augmented naive Bayes model was constructed using the most predictive variables employing an open source Bayesian inference engine. Results The acute RVF model consisted of 33 variables including systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), white blood cell count, left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac index, sodium levels, and lymphocyte percentage. The early RVF model consisted of 34 variables, including systolic PAP, pre-albumin, lactate dehydrogenase level, INTERMACS profile, right ventricular ejection fraction, pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, age, heart rate, tricuspid regurgitation, and body mass index. The late RVF model included 33 variables and was predicted mostly by peripheral vascular resistance, model for end-stage liver disease score, albumin level, lymphocyte percentage, and mean and diastolic PAP. The accuracy of all Bayesian models was between 91% and 97%, with an area under the receiver operator characteristics curve between 0.83 and 0.90, sensitivity of 90%, and specificity between 98% and 99%, significantly outperforming previously published risk scores. Conclusions A Bayesian prognostic model of RVF based on the large, multicenter INTERMACS registry provided highly accurate predictions of acute, early, and late RVF on the basis of pre-operative variables. These models may facilitate clinical decision making while screening candidates for LVAD therapy.
What role will residency education take in the profession by the year 2000

Residency education has enjoyed relatively slow but steady growth since its inception in the mid-1970s. A certain segment of recent graduates consider graduation from optometry school as entry level and perceive the need for additional clinical education. The creation of new residency programs and the expansion of existing ones may occur in a variety of settings. For residency education to realize its full potential, optometry must seek federal support for post-graduate clinical education. This would be consistent with federal support provided to other professions for the support of post-graduate clinical education.
Multi-gene panel testing for hereditary cancer susceptibility in a rural Familial Cancer Program.

This study explores our Familial Cancer Program’s experience implementing multi-gene panel testing in a largely rural patient population. We conducted a retrospective review of patients undergoing panel testing between May 2011 and August 2015. Our goal was to evaluate factors that might be predictors of identifying variants (pathogenic or uncertain significance) and to assess clinical management changes due to testing. We utilized a structured family history tool to determine the significance of patient’s family histories with respect to identification of genetic variants. A total of 227 patients underwent panel testing at our center and 67 patients (29.5 %) had variants identified, with 8 (3.5 %) having multiple variants. Overall, 44 patients (19.4 %) had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) and 28 patients (12.3 %) had a pathogenic variant detected, with 10 (4.4 %) having pathogenic variants in highly penetrant genes. We found no statistical difference in patient familial and personal cancer history, age, rural status, Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, insurance coverage and prior single-gene testing among those with pathogenic, VUS and negative panel testing results. There were no predictors of pathogenic variants on regression analysis. Panel testing changed cancer screening and management guidelines from that expected based on family history alone in 13.2 % of patients. Ultimately, cancer panel testing does yield critical information not identified by traditional single gene testing but maximal utility through a broad range of personal and family histories requires improved interpretation of variants.
The Santa Barbara Channel Islands Bladelet Industry

AbstractThere is a massive bladelet production industry coming to light on the northern Santa Barbara Channel Islands of California. This industry operated ca. A.D. 900-1785 and underwent several culturally and technologically significant changes through its prehistory. Density of bladelet cores, manufacturing detritus, and bladelets found within village middens and on surfaces of chert quarry sites appears to exceed in volume finds at any other known microblade sites in North America. The bladelet makers during the latter half of this time span were very likely genuine craft specialists.
Can I get chips with that? Sourcing small obsidian artifacts down to microdebitage scales with portable XRF

Abstract Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instruments can source obsidian artifacts once beyond analytical reach, expanding the range of artifact classes included in sourcing research. It is now more straightforward to analyze a “museum quality” tool on display in a gallery than the flaking chips and resharpening debitage recovered with it. That is because a minimum specimen size for artifacts is often mentioned as a drawback of pXRF-based sourcing. Many recent studies reject artifacts smaller than 1 cm and thinner than 3 mm for pXRF analysis. This study concerns whether such guidelines are too restrictive. After examining data from previous research into this issue, this study uses an experimental assemblage of 650 flakes from five obsidian sources to demonstrate two data handling techniques that enable valid and reliable source identifications for artifacts as small as microdebitage. The first involves ratios between quantitative concentrations of well-measured elements with similar X-ray energies, while the second one involves multivariate analysis of elemental data for obsidian flakes across a variety of size classes. As an example, 200 small blades are matched to two chemically similar obsidian sources on the Aegean island of Melos. Distinguishing between them has been treated as a “benchmark” or “litmus test” for evaluating obsidian sourcing techniques. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that debitage, as small as ∼ 1–2 mm and
Asperger’s Disorder and Tourette Syndrome

Five boys with both Asperger’s disorder and Tourette syndrome, exceptional verbal intelligence, and clumsiness presented with peer-related social difficulties and a flapping stereotypy in a report from New York University Medical Center.
Thermal Analysis of DIII-D Coils for Long Pulse Operation

DIII-D tokamak will be operated at higher magnetic flux and longer pulse lengths starting in 2006. Hence the water-cooled copper coils will be subjected to higher currents and longer pulse length. In order to insure that the coils do not overheat during such an operating condition, a systematic program of analysis and experiments is being implemented. F8A coil has been operated with limited I2t, due to its long cooling path and limited coolant flow rate. The geometry of this coil was modeled which accounted for the forced convective heat transfer to the coolant, conduction heat transfer between the windings, heat loss to the atmosphere and change in coolant temperature as a function of distance. The model was used to determine the flow rate required and time to cool down the coil for higher currents and longer pulse operation without exceeding the safe temperature limits
Penicillin acylase and O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates: Two acyl-enzymes, one leading to hydrolysis, the other to inactivation

O-Aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates have previously been shown to covalently inactivate serine/amine amidohydrolases such as class C β-lactamases and a N-terminal hydrolase, the proteasome. We report here reactions between O-aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates and another N-terminal hydrolase, penicillin acylase. O-Aryloxycarbonyl hydroxamates, as non-symmetric carbonates, have two different leaving groups attached to the reactive central carbonyl group. We propose that these compounds can bind to the active site in either of two orientations and that either leaving group can be displaced from either orientation. In the present case we detected from kinetics experiments two distinct acyl-enzymes, one of which is subject to normal hydrolysis and the other to inactivation. Non-symmetric carbonates therefore can be very versatile enzyme inactivators.
Experimental Identification and Validation of a Model for a Robot's Trajectory Generator

Abstract In this paper, work on the experimental identification of a model of the trajectory generator of a PUMA-560 robot is reported. The model developed is based on theoretical work reported in the literature and the necessary parameters are obtained experimentally. The resulting model is validated versus the corresponding actual robot motions. All experiments are based on the use of a 3D non-contact position sensor to record the motions of the robot's end-effector. Only the case of cartesian motions of a single point, such as a tool-tip, are reported here. Extensions to handle orientation and joint space motions will be reported elsewhere.
Disability and Doing Justice

Christopher Riddle considers some difficulties associated with attempting to make disabled people’s lives better or to do justice by them. Specifically, doing justice often risks stigmatizing people by making them the targets of a justice-based intervention. Even if one has the correct theory of justice, implementing changes that aim to make the world more just, e.g. for disabled people, could implicitly or explicitly express harmful attitudes. To illustrate this general point Riddle considers how efforts to implement various theories of justice can be demeaning to disabled people. He concludes, “Our attempts to articulate a conception of justice that promotes the well-being of people with disabilities and other marginalized individuals are aimed to do good. But … we need to be more cognizant of the process of ‘doing justice.’”
BURIALS | Excavation and Recording Techniques

The bioarchaeological analysis of burials and cemeteries provides us with a wealth of information about life and death in the past. Systematic excavation, documentation, and analysis of human skeletal remians are essential for extracting the maximum amount of information from the archaeological record. This article describes methods of locating burials, categories of burials, and proper excavation procedures. The contribution of a trained osteologist is strongly recommended for all stages of excavation and analysis.
The Evolution of Mating Systems in Birds and Mammals

The evolution of sex created a fundamental problem for nearly all plants and animals; namely, the need to fertilize eggs. Numerous types of mating systems have evolved as solutions to this problem, each molded by particular environmental circumstances and particular species attributes. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain each type of mating system, but an integrated theory is only now beginning to emerge. Since mating behavior is affected by nearly all other aspects of an organism’s behavioral adjustments to its environment, such a theory must fit within a composite view of animal social behavior and hence must include explicit points of contact with related bodies of theory. In particular, mating system theory must mesh with theoretical advances concerning the evolution of territoriality, parental behavior, and animal sociality. By including the appropriate theoretical work from these other areas, an integrated theory of vertebrate mating systems can be developed.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LASSA AND LASSA-LIKE ARENAVIRUS ISOLATES FROM AFRICA

Publisher Summary Lassa fever is a hemorrhagic disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in Western Africa. The Sierra Leone strain of Lassa virus (LAS) has been described previously. As of the convention of naming virus strains after local geographic landmarks, the virus from Mozambique is designated as Mopeia (MOP) virus. The Central African Republic (CAR) virus has previously been designated as Mobala (MOB) virus from the local name of the rodent host. This chapter presents some of the physicochemical and antigenic characteristics of the three viruses including a comparison of virus protein and RNA. It also discusses their differentiation by the use of monoclonal antibodies produced against LAS and MOZ viruses. For the study described in the chapter, each virus strain was plaque purified three times in Vero E6 cells before use. The chapter illustrates the polyacrylamide gel analysis of the virion proteins of the three viruses.
The “Eyeball Test” for Risk Assessment in Aortic Stenosis: Characterizing Subjective Frailty Using Objective Measures

Background: Subjective frailty assessment is widely employed in risk stratification of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), but the association with objective frailty parameters is poorly cha...
Symposium review: Embryo survival—A genomic perspective of the other side of fertility

The majority of embryonic loss in cattle occurs within the first 3 to 4 wk of pregnancy, and there are currently no accurate predictors of pregnancy outcome. Existing embryo quality assessment methods include morphological evaluation and embryo biopsy. These methods are not accurate and carry some health risks to the developing embryo, respectively. Therefore, there is need to identify noninvasive biomarkers such as microRNA that can predict embryo quality and pregnancy outcome. Furthermore, researchers need a better understanding of the dynamic interaction between the mother and the embryo. The transcriptome of the uterus shows plasticity that depends on the embryo type so that the expression level of some genes for in vivo embryos would be different from that of in vitro-produced embryos. Similarly, the embryonic transcriptome and epigenome change in response to different environmental factors such as stress, diet, disease, and physiological status of the mother. This embryo-mother crosstalk could be better understood by investigating the molecular signaling that occurs at different stages of embryonic development. Although transcriptomics is a useful tool to assess the roles of genes and pathways in embryo quality and maternal receptivity, it does not provide the exact functions of these genes, and it shows correlation rather than causality. Therefore, an in-depth functional genomic analysis is needed for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling embryo development. In this review, we discuss recent genomic technologies such as RNA interference, gapmer technology, and genome editing techniques used in humans and livestock to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of genes affecting embryo development.
Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy

Anxiety is a common comorbidity in children with epilepsy, though often overlooked and undertreated. Fear and worry are common reactions of children with epilepsy and their parents. Risk factors are multiple and include demographical, epilepsy-related, genetic, and family variables. Anxiety negatively affects health-related quality of life (QOL) and may contribute to poor seizure control. Appropriate treatment of anxiety in children with epilepsy should follow practice guidelines developed for treatment of anxiety in children without epilepsy and consist of education, counseling, and potentially psychopharmacology.
Formation and Decomposition of Sulfite and Sulfate Species on Pt/Pd Catalysts: An SO2 Oxidation and Sulfur Exposure Study

SO2 oxidation studies were conducted with Pd/Pt mono- and bimetallic, Al2O3-supported catalysts. Preliminary reactor studies showed that catalysts with higher Pt content were more active in terms o...
Cardiovascular effects of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Background 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) toxicity includes intense neurological and cardiovascular events. We examined MDPV-induced cardiovascular, temperature, and locomotor effects following escalating and repeated MDPV administration in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and compared these effects to cocaine in male rats. Methods Telemetry devices were surgically implanted to allow continuous measurement of cardiovascular, temperature, and locomotor activity over a 22 h period after dosing. Rats were administered increasing intraperitoneal (IP) MDPV doses (1–5.6 mg/kg) every other day, followed two days later by a binge regimen of four injections of 3 mg/kg MDPV at 2 h intervals. MDPV serum concentrations were measured by LC–MS/MS. Cocaine (3–30 mg/kg) and four injections of 30 mg/kg IP were administered to male rats for comparison with male MDPV data. Results The duration of MDPV cardiovascular effects was significantly greater (p Conclusion Effects of MDPV on temperature were not significantly different between sexes. MDPV-induced cardiovascular and locomotor effects in males lasted significantly longer and were more potent than in females. These differences appeared to be related to pharmacokinetic factors leading to greater variance in MDPV serum concentrations in males.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM and TEM)

Abstract This chapter reviews the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to understand the phase presence and microstructure of hafnia ferroelectrics. These aspects of the films govern the properties, but they are challenging to interrogate due to the multiple interrelated phases and small grain sizes. As such, STEM and TEM have proven to be invaluable tools in various efforts that have sought to explain different aspects of ferroelectricity in hafnia. We review how these methods have been utilized to characterize the general capacitor structures, the phases present, and the different aspects of film microstructure and film nonuniformity. We discuss the influence of these findings on the properties of hafnia ferroelectrics.
Editorial: 20th Biennial BDS Conference 2018 – Binnie Lecture: the role of inspection and monitoring in risk and asset management

My civil engineering career has been bookended by significant embankment dam and mine waste facility failures which have had severe consequences both for life and for the environment. Such dam inci...
Novel treatment for mild and moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency using implantable AlloDerm for posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation and review of surgical repair techniques.

Abstract Purpose Mild and moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency is a relatively common structural defect of the velopharyngeal sphincter that occurs congenitally or secondarily to various medical conditions resulting in speech inadequacy. Currently, multiple surgical methods exist to treat mild and moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency; however, the revision rates are high and the outcomes are variable. This case series describes a novel technique using implantable AlloDerm to repair the posterior pharyngeal wall to treat mild and moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency. Materials and methods This paper presents four patients with mild or moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency who were treated with implantable AlloDerm in the posterior pharyngeal wall at a large, safety-net hospital in New England from 2000 to 2019. Additionally, a review of surgical repair techniques for velopharyngeal insufficiency was conducted with synthesis of a qualitative overview. Results There were sufficient follow-up data in three of these patients. All three reported subjective improvements in symptoms after the procedure. One patient had implant extrusion one month following the procedure with subsequent removal. Conclusion Ultimately, implantable AlloDerm for posterior pharyngeal wall augmentation is a useful, low risk method for treating mild to moderate velopharyngeal insufficiency.
Clonal enrichments of Vδ2- γδ T cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human lungs

Unconventional T cell subsets, including donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs) and γδ T cells, are promising new players in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. In this issue of the JCI, Ogongo et al. used T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing to characterize unconventional T cell subsets in surgical lung resections and blood from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected (Mtb-infected) individuals with and without HIV coinfection. The study revealed highly localized expansions of γδ T cell clonotypes not previously associated with the immune response to Mtb and demonstrates the power of high-throughput analysis of the TCR repertoire directly from infected tissue. The findings contribute to our understanding of tuberculosis control and have implications for the development of both therapeutic and vaccination strategies.
Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Early- and Mid-Life Among the Add Health Cohort

While disparities in depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity and gender have been documented, left unclear is how such status characteristics intersect to influence mental health, particularly across early life and among a diverse set of population subgroups. This study investigates how intra- and inter-individual trends in depressive symptoms unfold across a 30-year span (ages 12–42) and are structured by the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American young adults (N = 18,566). Analyses use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative study of adolescents who have been followed through their fourth decade of life. We draw on Waves I–IV and a representative subsample of the brand new Wave V data. Growth curve models indicated depressive symptoms decreased across adolescence and young adulthood before increasing in the early 30s. Racial/ethnic minorities reported more depressive symptoms than Whites. Women reported more depressive symptoms than men and experienced especially steep increases in their late 30s. Racial/ethnic-gender disparities remained stable with age, except for Hispanic-White disparities among women and Asian American-White disparities among men, which narrowed with age. Overall, findings demonstrate dynamic inequalities across a longer period of the life span than was previously known, as well as heterogeneity in trajectories of poor mental health within and between racial/ethnic-gender groups. Results also suggest that Black and Asian American women experience the highest mental health risks and that interventions for reducing disparities in depressive symptoms should focus on adults in their late 20s/early 30s, particularly women of color.
Closing the Gap: Optimizing Performance to Reduce Interruptions in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Objectives The American Heart Association recommends minimizing pauses of chest compressions and defines high performance resuscitation as achieving a chest compression fraction greater than 80%. We hypothesize that interruption times are excessively long, leading to an unnecessarily large impact on chest compression fraction. Design A retrospective study using video review of a convenience sample of clinically realistic in situ simulated pulseless electrical activity cardiopulmonary arrests. Setting Johns Hopkins Children's Center; September 2013 to June 2017. Patients Twenty-two simulated patients. Interventions A framework was developed to characterize interruptions. Two new metrics were defined as follows: interruption time excess (the difference between actual and guideline-indicated allowable duration of interruption from compressions), and chest compression fraction potential (chest compression fraction with all interruption time excess excluded). Measurements and main results Descriptive statistics were generated for interruption-level and event-level variables. Differences between median chest compression fraction and chest compression fraction potential were assessed using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Comparisons of interruption proportion before and after the first 5 minutes were assessed using the X test statistic. Seven-hundred sixty-six interruptions occurred over 22 events. Median event duration was 463.0 seconds (interquartile range, 397.5-557.8 s), with a mean 34.8 interruptions per event. Auscultation and intubation had the longest median interruption time excess of 13.0 and 7.5 seconds, respectively. Median chest compression fraction was 76.0% (interquartile range, 67.7-80.7 s), and median chest compression fraction potential was 83.4% (interquartile range, 80.4-87.4%). Comparing median chest compression fraction to median chest compression fraction potential found an absolute percent difference of 7.6% (chest compression fraction: 76.0% vs chest compression fraction potential: 83.4%; p Conclusions This lays the groundwork for studying inefficiency during cardiopulmonary resuscitation associated with chest compression interruptions. The framework we created allows for the determination of significant avoidable interruption time. By further elucidating the nature of interruptions, we can design and implement targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.
Oncocytic features in salivary duct carcinoma, a potential pitfall for misdiagnosis as Warthin tumor in fine needle aspiration specimens: A cytomorphologic analysis of 14 cases

Background Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an uncommon and highly aggressive primary salivary gland neoplasm. Cytomorphologic features of SDC include cellular smears, nuclear atypia, prominent nucleoli, cribriform and papillary architecture, and background necrosis. The presence of oncocytic features has been described but not adequately characterized in the current literature. Method This study cohort consisted of 14 cases of histologically proven SDC with previous salivary gland fine needle aspiration (FNA). The cytologic material of each case was semi-quantitatively analyzed and evaluated for various cytomorphologic, architectural, and background features. Results Twelve SDCs were located in the parotid gland and two in the submandibular gland. In two cases the initial cytologic diagnoses was Warthin tumor or favor Warthin tumor. Moderate to marked degree of oncocytic changes were noted in all cases except one case. Nuclear atypia was variable with most cases exhibiting moderate to high-grade nuclear features, while four cases demonstrated low-grade nuclear cytomorphology. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was seen in nine cases and variable amount of background necrosis was observed in eight cases. Cribriform and papillary architecture was recognized in only six cases. Background lymphocytes were absent in all but one case. Conclusions Precise diagnosis of SDC based on cytomorphologic features alone can be challenging. Oncocytic change is one of the most consistent features observed in this case series and when associated with less pronounced cytologic atypia, can potentially lead to misdiagnosis as Warthin tumor. SDC should be considered in the differential diagnosis of oncocytic salivary gland neoplasms where precise diagnosis is not possible.
The Martian Movie and Introducing Programming and Robotics with the Sphero Bolt Robot

In 2015, The Martian movie based on Andy Weir's novel of the same name reignited interest in manned space flight travel as well as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The movie's riveting story line provided fertile ground for the development of a theme-based curriculum to introduce secondary and first-year university students to computer programming and robotics using the Sphero SPRK+ robotic ball. This sequenced curriculum leverages the SPRK+'s movements, lights, gyroscope, and accelerometers to advance students from blocks-based to text-based programming with JavaScript using a series of exercises and challenges based upon key events in the movie. With this effort, we evolve the Sphero SPRK+ based curriculum to the advanced features of the next generation Sphero Bolt robotic ball.
Ergonomic clusters and displaced affordances in early lithic technology

Traditional typological, technical, and cognitive approaches to early stone tools have taken an implicit Cartesian stance concerning the nature of mind. In many cases, this has led to interpretatio...
The Influence of Riparian and Adjacent Habitats on Small Mammal Distributions in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming

Riparian ecosystems are among the most productive biological systems providing food, water, shade, and cover for wildlife (Thomas et al. 1979). Furthermore, they may display a greater diversity of plant and animal species and vegetative structure than adjacent ecosystems (USDI 1986). Previous investigators have sought to document rodent associations within riparian vegetation (Moor and Bradley 1975, Anderson et al. 1977, Boeer and Schmidly 1977, Gier and Best 1980, Paul 1981, Cross 1985, Doyle 1986, 1990, MacCraken et al. 1985, Anthony et al. 1987). Generally, these studies demonstrate that riparian habitats contain higher abundance and lower diversity of small mammal species when compared to adjacent upland sites or nearby sites which contained variable non-riparian habitats. Odum (1978) states that for wildlife populations, the riparian zone provides a classic example of the ecological pririciple of "edge effect". This effect is exerted by adjoining communities on the population structure within the ecotone which often contains greater numbers of species and higher densities of some species then either adjoining communities. He further states that density and diversity of species tend to be higher at the land-water ecotone than in adjacent communities. This relationship between edge effect and wildlife has not been well documented (Forman and Godron 1986) in part, because research has focused more on induced edges created by corridors than by patches (Yahner 1988).