cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Costs of ED episodes of care in the United States.

Abstract Background Emergency department (ED) care is a focus of cost reduction efforts. Costs for acute care originating in the ED, including outpatient and inpatient encounters (i.e. ED episodes), have not been estimated. Objective We estimate total US costs of ED episodes, potentially avoidable costs, and proportional costs of national health expenditures (NHEs). Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of 2010 data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Outpatient ED encounters were categorized based on the New York University algorithm and admissions by ambulatory care–sensitive condition (ACSC) vs non-ACSC. Potentially avoidable encounters were nonemergent ED visits and ACSC hospital admissions. Using the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, we determined mean per-visit payments for each visit type. Using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we estimated aggregate expenditures and proportional costs of NHE by visit category. Results Emergency department episodes of care accounted for $328.1 billion in payments in 2010. This represented 12.5% of NHE; ED admissions were 8.3% and outpatient ED care was 4.2%. Nonemergent outpatient visits were the most common, comprising 30.4% of ED episodes, and non-ACSC admissions were the most costly at $188.3 billion. Potentially avoidable encounters accounted for $64.4 billion, 19.6% of ED episodes, and 2.4% of NHE. Conclusions More than 1 in 10 health care dollars is spent on ED episodes of care. Of this, less than 1 in 5 dollars is potentially avoidable; therefore, efforts to reduce ED visits through improved primary care may have little impact on overall costs.
Characterization of angiotensin receptors mediating prostaglandin synthesis in C6 glioma cells

The heptapeptide angiotensin (ANG)-(1-7) mimics some but not all the central actions of ANG II, suggesting that receptor subtypes may exist. The effects of ANG-(1-7), ANG II, and ANG I on prostaglandin (PG) E2 and prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis were investigated in neurally derived rat C6 glioma cells. All three ANG peptides stimulated PG release in a dose-dependent manner with the order of potency ANG-(1-7) greater than ANG I greater than ANG II. PGE2 release induced by ANG-(1-7) (10(-7) M) was partially blocked by [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II (10(-6) M), [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II (10(-6) M), or the subtype 1 selective antagonist Du Pont 753 (10(-5) M) but not by the subtype 2 selective antagonist CGP 42112A (10(-7)-10(-5) M). PGI2 release was inhibited only by [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II. ANG II-induced PGE2 release was blocked by [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II (10(-6) M), [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II (10(-6) M), or Du Pont 753 (10(-7) M) but not by CGP 42112A (10(-7)-10(-5) M). In contrast, ANG II-induced PGI2 release was blocked by Du Pont 753 (10(-7) M) as well as [Sar1,Ile8]ANG II (10(-6) M) but not by [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II or CGP 42112A. Thus ANG II-stimulated PGE2 and PGI2 syntheses in C6 glioma cells are mediated via receptor subtype 1. ANG-(1-7)-induced PGE2 synthesis is also mediated via subtype 1 receptors; however, PGI2 release was blocked by [Sar1,Thr8]ANG II only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some Organic-Inorganic Composites, Illustrative Simulations on Elastomer Reinforcement, and an Overview of Symposium Contributions

This review first describes organic-inorganic composites which have been prepared using techniques similar to those employed in the new sol-gel approach to ceramics. Organometallics such as silicates, titanates, and aluminates are hydrolyzed in the presence of polymer chains (for example polysiloxanes and polyamides) that typically contain hydroxyl groups. The functional groups are used to bond the polymer chains onto the silica, titania, or alumina being formed in the hydrolysis, thus forming novel organic-inorganic composites. When the polymer chains are present in excess, they constitute the continuous phase, with the ceramic-type material appearing as reinforcing particles. When present in smaller amounts, the polymer is dispersed in the continuous ceramic phase, to give a polymer-modified ceramic. Under some conditions, bicontinuous systems are obtained. The second part addresses one of the major unsolved problems in the area of rubberlike elasticity, specifically a molecular understanding of the mechanisms by which the mechanical properties of elastomers are improved by the incorporation of particulate fillers such as carbon black or silica. Theoretical work on the reinforcement thus obtained is illustrated by some Monte Carlo calculations on one aspect of the problem, namely excluded volume effects of the filler particles on the network chain configurations. The resulting end-to-end distributions are then used in standard molecular models to generate stress-strain isotherms, which document the nature of the reinforcement obtained. The final part provides an overview of the specific papers presented at this symposium, and attempts to place them into the broad general context of “Filled and Nanocomposite Polymer Materials”.
Architectural Concepts Employing Co-Robot Strategy and Contour Crafting Technologies for Lunar Settlement Infrastructure Development

A lunar base development strategy that simultaneously employs robots and humans in a safe, effective and economic manner is depicted in this USC School of Architecture and School of Engineering design project done in the Spring of 2012, under the banner of the graduate Moon Studio. Real time telerobotic systems are proposed as an economically viable strategy for lunar base buildup operations. Co-robots are robotic systems designed and operated in real time using telerobotics, to directly support a variety of complex activities which require human supervision. Use of co-robots will allow real time correction of anomalies, separate and protect humans from a number of risky EVA scenarios, and speed up building processes. The strategy is also applicable for complex construction projects here on Earth, especially in the erection and deployment of critical structures, forward base camps and outposts, where human exposure to building activity is deemed hazardous. Elements depicted include the design of a permanent lunar landing and lift off pad for repeated crew and cargo/logistics sorties, a transport infrastructure linking the landing pad to the habitat zone, a dust free platform to erect habitat elements, components and configuration of an early phase lunar habitat for six crew members, and a variety of design elements to ameliorate lunar dust effects in the vicinity of this complex. The lunar base complex is seen as the critical foothold for developing a larger permanent settlement. Some architectural concepts developed in the graduate Moon Studio that propose various lunar settlements and activities are depicted. Eventually, it is the aim of this project to utilize this technology on a large scale here on Earth for complex building projects as well as economic buildup of cities and projects in remote or hazardous regions of the globe using humans primarily in a supervisory role, thereby reducing hard labor, associated fatigue and accidents, while improving overall efficiency of the building process.
Nuclear Quadrupole Coupling in the Li 2 Molecule

The effect of the quadrupole moment induced in the $1s$ shell on the nuclear quadrupole coupling $q$ in the ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ molecule has been investigated for several wave functions. For the most accurate variational wave function of James, the inclusion of the induced moment gives $\frac{q}{2e}=\ensuremath{-}0.00106{{a}_{\mathrm{H}}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. This result, together with the quadrupole coupling $eqQ=+0.060$ Mc/sec for ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$, leads to a negative value of the quadrupole moment $Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{7})$. However the value of $q$ is so close to zero that the magnitude and even the sign of $Q$ is uncertain. The value of $\frac{1}{q}$ which determines $Q$ is very sensitive to changes in the molecular wave function, and it is shown that a small modification of the James wave function would lead to a negative $Q({\mathrm{Li}}^{7})$ which agrees in order of magnitude with the prediction of the nuclear shell model. Calculations of $q$ were also carried out for the Heitler-London and Coulson-Duncanson wave functions for the ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ molecule.
Clinical Application of Ultrasonography in Diagnosing Abdominal Esophageal Carcinoma

Objective To assess the value of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of abdominal esophageal carcinoma.Methods 137 patients esophageal carcinoma suspected and 54 healthy subjects were examined by ultrasonography.Analysis abdominal esophagus sonographic features and compared with operation pathology results and gastroscopy.Results The thickness of the wall varied to be(4.10±0.44)mm、(5.90±0.51)mm、(12.60± 3.70)mm,respectively in cases of normal,benign groups and esophageal carcinoma groups.The esophageal wall was significantly thicker in patients with esophageal carcinoma than that in normal,benign groups(P 0.05).esophageal wall discontinuity or partial severances and lumen morphologic changes were detected.When the cut off value was set at 12mm,the ultrasonic diagnostic accuracy for abdominal esophagus carcinoma were 71.9%(41/57).Conclusion Wall thickness and wall echo abnormality,and lumen morphologic changes were referred as the criteria of ultrasonography in diagnosis of abdominal esophageal carcinoma.it is valuable in the clinical application to detect esophageal carcinoma suspected by abdominal ultrasonography.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas: The Role of Radiation Therapy

Interest in the management of soft tissue sarcomas has increased in recent years because of their relatively more common occurrence in younger patients and the improved clinical results obtained with new treatment methods. Experience with a management approach combining preoperative moderate-dose radiation and conservative surgery is discussed and compared with more radical modalities.
CQI Action Team: Responding to the Detoxification Patient

Article-at-a-Glance Background The management of detoxification patients is a complex interdisciplinary effort requiring involvement, cooperation, and understanding from staff at all levels of the facility. In 1992–93, alcohol-related diagnoses were the highest admission diagnosis at the Royal C. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Yet only 44% of the detoxification patients admitted to the VAMC were placed in beds specifically designed for detoxification. Initially, the action team believed that the issues were apparent and that the problems were the result of uncooperative and noncompliant providers who were not following established policy. Methods and results Data analysis of admission and discharge trends, laboratory results, and bed census revealed discrepancies with several widespread myths held by local health care workers. These misperceptions and attitudes often interfered with treatment. Conclusions Recommended changes included the development of a clinical pathway for the detoxification patient, implementation of an alcohol withdrawal assessment tool to manage and treat the patient at risk for experiencing alcohol withdrawal, and hospitalwide education on management of the detoxification patient.
Metastatic Malignant Ovarian Steroid Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

We report a case of malignant ovarian steroid cell tumor not otherwise specified (NOS) in a 47-year-old female who presented with hirsutism, virilization, and amenorrhea. At the time of laparotomy, the tumor had already spread to the pelvic cul-de-sac. She underwent a total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and tumor resection with no residual disease. She received three cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) and is now free of disease 24 months after surgery. Literature review of ovarian steroid cell tumors NOS including clinicopathological features and clinical management was performed.
INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

The use of blood and blood products has revolutionized medical care over the last century. Without this capacity, many medical and surgical procedures would not be possible. The safety of these procedures is predicated, in part, on an appreciation of the complications of transfusions, including transmission of infectious disease. Assuring that patients are adequately protected from these hazards while providing the products that they need is the responsibility of both blood banks and practitioners.
Semiparametric estimation of nonlinear errors-in-variables models with validation study

Consider the nonlinear regression model Y = g(X, βo)+e where the explanatory variable X or the response Y is erroneously measured. Specifically, let denote the imperfect variables for X and Y respectively. When only X, when only Y, and when both X and Y are measured with error, the primary survey data set contains observations on respectively. With a proper validation sample for each of the above cases, we first assess the relationship between variables observed in the primary data via a nonparametric regression using the validation data and then obtain estimators of the regression parameters based on the least squares criterion using the primary data. The proposed estimators are robust against the misspecification of the distribution of the measurement error. The resulting estimators are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normally distributed with asymptotic covariances capturing the dispersion induced by the nonparametric estimation.
Variable utilization patterns of computed tomography for rhinosinusitis in emergency departments

Objective Computed tomography (CT) use among patients who present to emergency departments (EDs) with rhinosinusitis symptoms is not well described. We aim to: 1) describe sinus CT utilization patterns, and 2) identify predictors of use. We hypothesize that patient symptoms, socioeconomic factors, and gender may influence the decision to obtain a sinus CT scan. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (2009–2011) was queried for patient encounters with a primary diagnosis of sinusitis (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 461*, 473*). Patient demographics, comorbidities, and disposition were obtained. Factors associated with CT scan use were determined by univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results A total of 2,297,830 visits were attributed to a primary diagnosis of sinusitis. The majority of patients were adult (age > 17) (80.8%) and female (63.7%). Computed tomography imaging was obtained in 56,088 patients (2.4%). In univariable analysis, many socioeconomic factors were predictive of imaging, including private insurance (P < 0.0001), metropolitan patient residence (P < 0.0001), and higher median household income quartile (P < 0.0001). The strongest predictors of CT use in multivariable analysis were history of injury (odds ratio [OR] = 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.43–3.29), headache (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.02–2.34), Northeast hospital location (vs. Midwest) (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.46–2.49), and male gender (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.34–1.47). Conclusions Several socioeconomic, demographic, and geographic factors are associated with sinus CT scan use in the ED for rhinosinusitis. This study has implications for CT imaging guidelines in the ED setting and demonstrates a need for further investigation of healthcare utilization disparities. Level of Evidence 2C. Laryngoscope, 127:537–543, 2017
Community of Faithful Dissidents. Representations of Anabaptism in Swiss Historical Fiction by Walter Laedrach and Katharina Zimmermann.

The twentieth-century Swiss local authors Walter Laedrach and Katharina Zimmermann rediscovered the dark chapter of Swiss history documenting the torture and execution of non-resistant and non-conformist Christians in the Bernese Oberland . The following anal­ysis of the literary representation of these pacifist Anabaptists will identify historiographical sources that served as inspiration to the authors and the contributions their historical no­vels make in Switzerland’s process of coming to terms with its tragic past.
Maritime Intercourse and the Commercial Origins of the Alien Tort Statute

The Alien Tort Statute ( ATS ) is one of the greatest enigmas of American legal history. Enacted in 1789, it was little used until the late 1970s, when foreigners notably began seeking compensation under its terms for human rights abuses committed around the world. Recently, the US Supreme Court seemed to put an end to this practice – but the ATS is still of interest to historians. After the American War of Independence, Great Britain and the United States maintained a robust trade and close economic relationship. Many Americans saw the perpetuation of these ties as essential to the new republic’s prosperity. The ATS helped frame the United States’ mercantile associations in terms of customary maritime and trade law; in particular, evidence suggests it aimed to provide a mechanism in US courts for the remedy of commercial disputes, especially with Americans’ former imperial overlord, in accordance with the contemporary law of nations.
Highly Integrated Tire Pressure Monitoring Solutions

This paper is presenting a new tire pressure monitoring (TPM) sensor that offers a high level of functional integration by combining a 0.8 µm CMOS surface micro machined capacitive pressure sensing element with a 0.35 µm SmartMOS™ ASIC into a single small outline 16 pin package. The pressure sensor feature low voltage, low power operation, and include an on-chip CMOS radio frequency (RF) transmitter, a low frequency (LF) receiver, a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor as well as embedded motion sensing capability. The data processing is performed by the high logic gate density programmable state machine and associated non-volatile memory containing the device settings. Several mission profiles and operating modes can be programmed to comply either with the US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 138 or with any other existing car manufacturer requirements throughout the world.
Management of Status Asthmaticus

Care of patients with life-threatening asthma in the intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging. Due to alterations in airway physiology, standard ventilation strategies cannot be employed. Management of patients with status asthmaticus, especially when requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, is requisite knowledge for the intensivist. In this chapter we outline the standard care that should be provided to patients with life-threatening asthma in the ICU, which includes a critique of available evidence and a review of pertinent physiologic changes. Additionally, we review salvage therapies, and their evidence or lack thereof, for patients failing typical treatment.
Altered interoceptive activation before, during, and after aversive breathing load in women remitted from anorexia nervosa.

Background The neural mechanisms of anorexia nervosa (AN), a severe and chronic psychiatric illness, are still poorly understood. Altered body state processing, or interoception, has been documented in AN, and disturbances in aversive interoception may contribute to distorted body perception, extreme dietary restriction, and anxiety. As prior data implicate a potential mismatch between interoceptive expectation and experience in AN, we examined whether AN is associated with altered brain activation before, during, and after an unpleasant interoceptive state change. Methods Adult women remitted from AN (RAN; n = 17) and healthy control women (CW; n = 25) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an inspiratory breathing load paradigm. Results During stimulus anticipation, the RAN group, relative to CW, showed reduced activation in right mid-insula. In contrast, during the aversive breathing load, the RAN group showed increased activation compared with CW in striatum and cingulate and prefrontal cortices (PFC). The RAN group also showed increased activation in PFC, bilateral insula, striatum, and amygdala after stimulus offset. Time course analyses indicated that RAN responses in interoceptive processing regions during breathing load increased more steeply than those of CW. Exploratory analyses revealed that hyperactivation after breathing load was associated with markers of past AN severity. Conclusions Anticipatory deactivation with a subsequent exaggerated brain response during and after an aversive body state may contribute to difficulty predicting and adapting to internal state fluctuation. Because eating changes our interoceptive state, restriction may be one method of avoiding aversive, unpredictable internal change in AN.
Are Clocks Enough? Science, Philosophy, and Time

It has been said that cosmology and “fundamental” physics face a crisis in that long-favored models such as string theory and the multiverse have yet to provide firm connections to observational/experimental data. Discussions of a “post-empirical science” have many in the field questioning if current approaches to quantum gravity and its applications are capable of yielding empirically coherent answers to physics’ most basic questions. One aspect of these questions is attempts to rethink the role of time in physical theories. In this talk, I address the problem of time in a nonstandard way by first exploring the conflict between its scientific formulation and those that arose in twentieth-century “continental” philosophy. In particular, I will begin by addressing the famous debate between Einstein and Bergson via philosophical accounts of time that extend beyond what might be called “clock dynamics.” I will then address how the view of time in phenomenology (i.e., Husserl and Heidegger) provides a quite different account of how to approach time from the standard treatments in physics. Taken as a whole, these perspectives highlight foundational questions about where and how to situate physics within the broadest account of human experience. I will end with a discussion of David Chalmers’ famous hard problem and the difficulties of embedding a scientific description of time within the general problem of being as formulated in philosophy.
Comparing Student Performance Using Computer and Paper-Based Tests: Results from Two Studies in General Chemistry

Taking a test online rather than on paper is becoming increasingly common. However, there has been little research directly addressing the testing mode (taking a test on paper or online) in chemistry courses, particularly when students take multiple practice tests before an exam. Two studies were conducted to investigate student performance on two proctored general chemistry practice tests as a function of the testing mode. Data were collected in 2013 (Study 1) and again in 2015 (Study 2). The participants were 422 undergraduate students (Study 1 N = 207 and Study 2 N = 215) from a first-semester general chemistry course at a midwestern university. In each study students took two practice tests. Each test included 17 algorithmic, 5 conceptual, and 2 definition questions and was administered on computer or paper. The mode combination of Test 1–Test 2 identified the four conditions: Computer–Computer, Computer–Paper, Paper–Computer, and Paper–Paper. The results show minor differences between online and pape...
The Mitochondrial Enzymes of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Today, the amino acid sequences of proteins of unknown function are deduced from the DNA before they are isolated, the receptors of unknown hormones are identified, and antibodies that catalyze nonbiological reactions are generated. Forty years ago, when this author began work on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system, it was necessary to have a well-defined and assayable biological reaction before one could attempt to isolate the enzyme(s) that catalyzed it. The fortunate circumstance that led to the discovery of the respiratory chain enzyme complexes occurred in 1957, when F. L. Crane, R. L. Lester, C. Widmer, and the author isolated coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) from bovine heart mitochondria and obtained evidence for its role as a respiratory chain electron carrier (Hatefi, 1963; Crane et al., 1957). Consequently, one could think of the mitochondrial electron transport system in terms of the following four assayable reactions, and one could attempt to isolate the four enzymes or enzyme systems that catalyzed them: $${\text{NADH + Q + }}{{{\text{H}}}^{ + }}{\text{ }} \rightleftharpoons {\text{ NA}}{{{\text{D}}}^{ + }}{\text{ + Q}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}$$ (1) $${\text{Succinate + Q }} \rightleftharpoons {\text{ fumarate + Q}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}$$ (2) $$ {\text{Q}}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{\text{ + 2 ferricyt}}{\text{. }}c{\text{ }} \rightleftharpoons {\text{ Q + 2 ferrocyt}}{\text{. }}c{\text{ + 2}}{{{\text{H}}}^{ + }}$$ (3) $$ 2{\text{ ferrocyt}}{\text{. }}c{\text{ + 2 }}{{{\text{H}}}^{ + }}{\text{ + }} \frac{1}{2} {\text{ }}{{{\text{O}}}_{2}}{\text{ }} \rightleftharpoons {\text{ 2 ferricyt}}{\text{. }}c{\text{ + }}{{{\text{H}}}_{2}}{\text{O}}$$ (4)
Molecular characterization of kerogen and its implications for determining hydrocarbon potential, organic matter sources and thermal maturity in Marcellus Shale

Abstract Organic-rich shales are a vital component of the US energy sector. Kerogen, a high molecular weight macromolecule is the largest reservoir of organic carbon on earth and serves as the starting material for the oil and gas generation in these shales. Despite its importance, kerogen structure and its evolution on maturation are still not well understood, especially for mature shales (VRo > 1). Moreover, most of the models built to determine hydrocarbon (HC) potential and thermal maturity of the source rocks have used the structural parameters of kerogen extracted from immature shales (VRo 2.5), a wet gas well WV-7 (VRo ∼ 1.4) and an oil window well BG-1 (VRo ∼ 0.81) in Monongalia, Wetzel and Brooke County, West Virginia, respectively. Our results indicate that the percentage of carbon chains such as mobile (freely rotating) and immobile alkyl without heteroatoms (with restricted rotation), and alkyl-substituted aromatic carbons decrease with increasing maturity indicating that these chains are more prone to thermal degradation and might have higher HC generating potential. However, carbon chains such as O- substituted alkyl (ether), O2 substituted alkyl (dioxy alkyl), amine, protonated aromatic carbons, O- substituted aromatic (phenol) and bridgehead aromatic carbons does not decrease directly with thermal maturity suggesting that these groups are either more refractory in nature or their carbon fraction is influenced by changing sources of OM. Our results also indicate that the previous models based on the structural parameters of kerogen derived from immature shales overestimate the HC generation potential and underestimate the thermal maturity in mature shales from the Marcellus. In addition, H, O, C ratios derived from structural parameters of kerogen can be utilized to determine the kerogen type in these mature shales where traditional pyrolysis analysis fails to characterize the kerogen.
Functional magnetic neuroimaging data on age-related differences in task switching accuracy and reverse brain-behavior relationships

Abstract The data presented in this article is related to the research article entitled “Age-related Differences in BOLD Modulation to Cognitive Control Costs in a Multitasking Paradigm: Global Switch, Local Switch, and Compatibility-Switch Costs” (Nashiro et al., 2018) [1] . This article describes age-related differences in accuracies for various cognitive costs incurred during task switching across three different age-cohorts: younger (18–35 years), younger-old (50–64 years) and older-old (65–80 years). The cognitive costs evaluated were global switch costs (GSC), local switch costs (LSC) and compatibility switch costs (CSC). Whole brain analyses were conducted to determine the brain regions sensitive to these cognitive costs, irrespective of age. Furthermore, age-related differences in brain-behavior relationships were evaluated by correlating activations from these regions with global switch costs, indexed by both response times and accuracies, for younger and older adults separately. Activations of age-sensitive regions during the task, where younger adults activated more than the combined groups of older adults, were also correlated with response times and accuracies to determine age-related differences in brain-behavior relationships of these under-recruited brain regions by older adults.
A computational model of tower of hanoi problem solving

The Tower of Hanoi (TOH) is a classic problem solving task. Over the past twenty years, it has found new applications in domains of cognition such as executive function, in special populations such as patients with frontal lobe lesions, and with new measurement technologies such as functional neuroimaging. The resulting explosion of new data has not been matched by new theoretical accounts and computational models. This dissertation describes a new model of TOH problem solving. The model is evaluated against behavioral measures of normal young adults, behavioral measures of patients with frontal lobe lesions, and neuroimaging measures of normal young adults. The main achievement is the first comprehensive account of the new data on TOH problem solving. Secondary achievements include new insights into the nature of goals; a new account of selection between competing alternatives; a new theory of the interaction between frontal and parietal areas that synthesizes existing theories of problem solving and executive function; a novel methodological focus on the design decisions that arise during model construction rather than numerically-valued free parameters; and additional support for the breadth claims of the 4CAPS cognitive architecture. This research sets the stage for future investigations of other populations such as young children, other tasks such as verbal fluency, other brain areas such as the temporal areas where declarative long-term memories reside, and other computational topics such as learning.
Phonologic and Acoustic Analyses of Final Consonant Omission

Acoustic analyses have recently been brought to bear on the phonological error pattern of final consonant omission. The results from such acoustic analyses have generally supported the correctness of the phonological analyses. The purpose of this report is to present seemingly conflicting results from a generative phonological analysis and an acoustic analysis of one misarticulating child who omitted word-final obstruents. The apparent conflict is resolved in terms of two possible explanations with differing treatment implications.
Measuring social variables in real and artificial faces

Abstract Human observers rapidly make social judgments about faces, including estimates of trustworthiness, aggression, and many other personality states and traits. Are social variables like these estimated effectively from artificial faces? If not, this could easily compromise interactions between humans and social agents. We examined how a set of personality variables were estimated from real face images and artificial face images synthesized from the original photographs using a morphable model of facial appearance. This stimulus set provided us with an identity-matched set of real and artificial agents, allowing for a close comparison of how social variables are estimated as a function of animacy. We found that observers’ ratings of social variables in both cases were well-described using a two-factor model of social “face space” based on valence and dominance, but real vs. artificial scores were only correlated along the valence axis. Further, we found that correlations between real and synthetic face social variables depended critically on sex categories, suggesting that social evaluation in artificial agents depends on male/female appearance.
Multiple Chemical Exposures and Risk Assessment

Humans are exposed to chemicals through voluntary and involuntary actions; to natural and synthetic chemicals all day, every day. Single chemical risk assessments are complex in and of themselves, and the assessment of chemical mixtures exponentially increases the complexity for toxicologists, regulators, and the public. Chemicals produce effects in biological systems which may or may not be related to their toxicity; some effects may be adaptive or may not be a direct part of their mode or mechanism of toxic action. These terms are commonly used and may be distinguished based on the level of detail implied. Mode of action usually describes the effect of a toxicant at the cellular or organ level, while mechanism of action implies an understanding of the interaction of the toxicant at the molecular level. Chemicals can have the same mode of action, but act via different mechanisms. Components in a chemical mixture are characterized by mode and/or mechanism for the purpose of grouping, described later.
The Role of Emotion and Culture in the “Moment of Opening”—An Episode of Creative Collaboration

Creative collaboration in engineering design teams involves interpersonal interactions between the engineers in which the engineers exchange ideas and information. The quality of these interactions determines how ideas are generated, accepted, and evaluated in the team. But what determines the quality of interaction for creative idea generation? What patterns of behavior do we observe during an idea generation interaction? In this chapter, we will look at a particular pattern of interaction called a moment of opening that occurs during idea generation. We will describe the behaviors manifest during a moment of opening and discuss the effect of emotions and culture on a moment of opening interaction.
Inhaled nitric oxide to treat intermediate risk pulmonary embolism: A multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective To test the hypothesis that adjunctive inhaled NO would improve RV function and viability in acute PE. Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial conducted at four academic hospitals. Eligible patients had acute PE without systemic arterial hypotension but had RV dysfunction and a treatment plan of standard anticoagulation. Subjects received either oxygen plus 50 parts per million nitrogen (placebo) or oxygen plus 50 ppm NO for 24 h. The primary composite endpoint required a normal RV on echocardiography and a plasma troponin T concentration Results We randomized 78 patients and after two withdrawals, 38 were treated per protocol in each group. Patients were well matched for baseline conditions. At 24 h, 5/38 (13%) of patients treated with placebo and 9/38 (24%) of patients treated with NO reached the primary endpoint (P = 0.375). The secondary endpoint was reached in 34% with placebo and 13% of the NO (P = 0.11). In a pre-planned post-hoc analysis, we examined how many patients with RV hypokinesis or dilation at enrollment resolved these abnormalities; 29% more patients treated with NO resolved both abnormalities at 24 h (P = 0.010, Cochrane's Q test). Conclusions In patients with severe submassive PE, inhaled nitric oxide failed to increase the proportion of patients with a normal troponin and echocardiogram but increased the probability of eliminating RV hypokinesis and dilation on echocardiography. Clinical trial registration NCT01939301 .
The effect of Onosma bracteatum in cancer cells

Background One significant cause of mortality and morbidity among populations around the globe is cancer Many plants have shown their ability for use in developing anti cancer drugs Approximately of all anti cancer drugs recently in use are a compound derived from plants Several studies have shown that extracted plants are capable of inducing apoptosis reducing the lipid peroxides in various cancer cells Herein we examined the underlying mechanism of Onosma bracteatum cytotoxicity in prostate cancer PC lung cancer A and breast cancer BT Methods In this study O bracteatum leaves in methanol extract was prepared and exposed to a human breast prostate and lung cancer cells Lipid peroxidation and Elisa assays were used to assess the cytotoxic effect of the O bracteatum on BT PC and A cancer cells Result We found that O bracteatum with multiple concentrations and g ml reduced cell viability in a dose and time dependent method The results from lipid peroxides assay indicate that the lipid peroxides MDA were decreased in prostate breast and lung cancer cells in concentration g ml compared with the control group Furthermore Elisa assay also revealed that caspase activated in prostate breast and lung cancer cells in concentration g ml compared to the control DMSO Conclusion O bracteatum has potential as a drug candidate for the treatment of prostate cancer lung cancer and breast cancer
Discovery of a First-In-Class Covalent Allosteric Inhibitor of SUMO E1 Activating Enzyme

SUMOylation is a post-translational modification with important roles in normal physiology and whose dysregulation is associated with human diseases. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Li et al. (2019) describe a covalent, allosteric inhibitor of the SUMO E1 enzyme and demonstrate its anti-tumor activity in preclinical models of colorectal cancer.
Maps of neuronal activity across the mouse brain.

High-speed optoacoustic tomography can monitor the neural activity of a whole mouse brain, by using a genetically encoded calcium sensor originally developed for fluorescence microscopy.
Generational Perceptions of Support Among Congolese Refugees in Urban Tanzania

Urban refugees frequently fall outside of the scope of humanitarian assistance programs. Despite a growing body of research describing the experiences of urban refugees in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of first asylum, little is known about generational differences in perceived support in these contexts. This phenomenological study used in-depth, semi-structured interviews and small group discussions to identify sources and meanings of support among older adult (50+; n = 23) and younger adult (18–30; n = 11) Congolese refugees in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Family and fictive kin emerged as central sources of support across age groups. However, instrumental support was sought outside of extended family networks. Older adults relied on religious networks for material assistance while younger adults sought instrumental assistance from friends and nongovernmental organizations. Implications for practice include supporting the unique needs of older adult urban refugees through family reunification, multi-family support interventions, and delivering assistance through religious networks.
Disrupting Business as Usual: Blockchain Startups in the International Remittance Market

This article analyzes the research on cryptocurrency and blockchain technology and the alternate banking system, led by giants like Bitcoin and Ethereum, and its potential utility for the millions of migrants living in working around the globe, who send nearly half a trillion dollars through various formal and informal channels to family and friends in their home countries. While research on migrant remittances is well established and has been examined from many different lenses, including economic, political, financial, sociological and entrepreneurial, there are few studies to date that examine how the growing crypto-blockchain channel can impact remittance flows, as a lower cost alternative to MoneyGram and Western Union, which have high transaction costs, and also considering that many migrants do not have formal bank accounts, eliminating formal bank transfers, and also that many migrants hold a vulnerable legal status, and may avoid formal money transfer channels. This article is exploratory in nature and identifies the work that has been done to date on this topic, and identifies potential future research in the area.
Predicted Performance of High-Efficiency Photovoltaics with Energy-Selective Front Reflectors for Photon Recycling Enhancements

Energy-selective mirrors that reflect photons below a specific energy, e.g. radiatively emitted photons from the cell at the cell bandgap, back towards the solar cell enhance solar cell efficiencies via photon recycling by generating higher open-circuit voltages. The internal front reflectors are designed to admit sunlight for photogeneration at all energies above a given threshold energy above the bandgap energy, while remaining highly reflective for energies at or near the solar cell bandgap. Predicted cell performance is modeled using detailed balance and semi-empirical methods to determine optimal reflector energies for maximum cell efficiency enhancements and effects non-radiative recombination on efficiency. Improved open circuit voltages are predicted at the highest front reflectance values with energies 0.25 eV above that of the cell bandgap. For Si cells, increases of up to 2% in maximum cell efficiency corresponding to V oc increase of 0.2 V can be achieved in single-junction solar cells approaching 33% when combined with appropriate front reflector architectures such as Bragg reflectors or dielectric stacks that restrict black body emission. For GaAs cells, up to 9% can be gained with angle emission restriction.
Quantifying Training Load During Physically Demanding Tasks in U.S. Army Soldiers: A Comparison of Physiological and Psychological Measurements

Introduction There are many ways to quantify the training loads required to perform soldiering tasks. Although indirect calorimetry may provide the most accurate measures, the equipment can be burdensome and expensive. Simpler measures may provide sufficient data, while being more practical for measuring soldiers in the field. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between total relative oxygen uptake (TotalRelVO2) measured by indirect calorimetry during three soldiering tasks, with two field-expedient measures of training load: summated heart rate zone (sumHR) and session rate of perceived exertion (sRPE). Materials and methods 33 male and 28 female soldiers performed three soldiering tasks while wearing a 32.3-kg fighting load: sandbag fill, sandbag carry, and ammunition can carry. Metabolic measurements were monitored and completion times were recorded (min). TotalRelVO2 (average relative VO2*time) and age-predicted maximal heart rate (220-age) were calculated. SumHR was calculated by multiplying time spent in each of the five heart rate zones by a multiplier factor for each zone (50-59% = 1, 60-69% = 2, 70-79% = 3, 80-89% = 4, and ≥90% = 5). RPE (Borg 6-20 scale) was collected at the end of each task, then sRPE was calculated (RPE*time). Pearson and Spearman correlations were performed to examine the relationship between TotalRelVO2, sumHR and sRPE. Wilcoxon signed rank tests were conducted to determine if there was a difference in median rankings between the three variables for each task. Linear regressions were performed to determine predictability of TotalRelVO2 from sumHR and sRPE. The study was approved by the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Institutional Review Board. Results Significant, positive correlations were revealed for all three tasks between TotalRelVO2, sumHR and sRPE (r ≥ 0.67, p ≤ 0.01; rho≥0.74, p ≤ 0.01). Wilcoxon signed rank tests revealed no significant differences in rankings between TotalRelVO2, sumHR and sRPE for all three tasks (p ≥ 0.43). Both sumHR and sRPE are significant predictors of TotalRelVO2 (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusions SumHR and sRPE are acceptable alternatives to TotalRelVO2 when attempting to quantify and/or monitor training load during soldiering tasks.
Tuning Binding Energy in Nanoporous Core Shell Alloys of Palladium to Suppress CO Poisoning in Electrochemical Reduction of CO2

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has been extensively explored for conversion of dissolved CO2 into useful carbon based products e.g CO, formate/formic acid, alcohols etc. Formate/formic acid as a CO2RR product is drawing focus because of its high energy density and utility as a chemical precursor. Traditional formate producing metals e.g. Co, In, Bi, Sn etc. require high overpotentials, limiting their energy effectiveness. Pd on the other hand, originally known to produce CO at overpotentials above 600 mV RHE, has recently shown substantial formate FE's at overpotentials below 200 mV. The gradual poisoning of Pd-based CO2RR electrocatalysts through the slow production of CO, even at near unity formate FEs, results in deactivation of the catalyst surface and limits the viability of Pd for sustained electrolysis. Here, we report synthesis of core-shell nanoporous multimetallic Pd (np-PdX, where X = Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Cu-Sn, Cu-Ti) alloys that show suppressed CO deactivation based on the subsurface composition of the alloy electrocatalysts. The Pd skinned nanoporous alloys have been obtained by electrochemical dealloying where the presence of less noble metal/alloy under the Pd shell changes the electronic structure of the Pd and consequently alters the CO adsorption strengths and subsequent catalyst deactivation. The tortuous pores (pore size: 5 – 10 nm) give rise to roughness factors above 200 which generates high geometric formate partial current densities (> 30 mA/cm2). Furthermore, the np-Pd electrodes are free standing and obviate the use of any binder and/or support which otherwise causes extra overpotential losses and morphological instability. The suppression of surface poisoning is explained on the basis of weakening of CO binding strengths due to electronic interactions of the alloying component that shifts the d-band center of Pd, as well as changes to the near surface hydrogen solubility which can also affect the adsorption strength of active/inactive intermediates and reaction selectivity.
Using online technologies to improve diversity and inclusion in cognitive interviews with young people.

We aimed to assess the feasibility of using multiple technologies to recruit and conduct cognitive interviews among young people across the United States to test items measuring sexual and reproductive empowerment. We sought to understand whether these methods could achieve a diverse sample of participants. With more researchers turning to approaches that maintain social distancing in the context of COVID-19, it has become more pressing to refine these remote research methods. We used several online sites to recruit for and conduct cognitive testing of survey items. To recruit potential participants we advertised the study on the free online bulletin board, Craigslist, and the free online social network, Reddit. Interested participants completed an online Qualtrics screening form. To maximize diversity, we purposefully selected individuals to invite for participation. We used the video meeting platform, Zoom, to conduct the cognitive interviews. The interviewer opened a document with the items to be tested, shared the screen with the participant, and gave them control of the mouse and keyboard. After the participant self-administered the survey, the interviewer asked about interpretation and comprehension. After completion of the interviews we sent participants a follow-up survey about their impressions of the research methods and technologies used. We describe the processes, the advantages and disadvantages, and offer recommendations for researchers. We recruited and interviewed 30 young people from a range of regions, gender identities, sexual orientations, ages, education, and experiences with sexual activity. These methods allowed us to recruit a purposefully selected diverse sample in terms of race/ethnicity and region. It also may have offered potential participants a feeling of safety and anonymity leading to greater participation from gay, lesbian, and transgender people who would not have agreed to participate in-person. Conducting the interviews using video chat may also have facilitated the inclusion of individuals who would not volunteer for in-person meetings. Disadvantages of video interviewing included participant challenges to finding a private space for the interview and problems with electronic devices. Online technologies can be used to achieve a diverse sample of research participants, contributing to research findings that better respond to young people’s unique identities and situations.