cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A framework to analyze processor architectures for next-generation on-board space computing

Due to harsh and inaccessible operating environments, space computing presents many unique challenges with respect to stringent power, reliability, and programmability constraints that limit on-board processing performance and mission capabilities. However, the increasing need for real-time sensor and autonomous processing, coupled with limited communication bandwidth with ground stations, are increasing the demand for high-performance, on-board computing for next-generation space missions. Since currently available radiation-hardened space processors cannot satisfy this growing demand, research into various processor architectures is required to ensure that potential new space processors are based on architectures that will best meet the computing needs of space missions. To enable this research, we present a novel framework to analyze potential processor architectures for space computing. By using this framework to analyze a wide range of existing radiation-hardened and emerging commercial processors, tradeoffs between potential space computing architectures can be determined and considered when designing new space processors or when selecting commercial architectures for radiation hardening and use in space missions. We demonstrate the ability of the framework to generate data for various architectures in terms of performance and power, and analyze this data for initial insights into the effects of processor architectures on space mission capabilities. The framework provides a foundation for the analysis of a broad and diverse set of processor architectures for potential use in next-generation, on-board space computing.
PRODUCT OF INVERTIBLE OPERATORS OF QUADRATIC TYPE

Abstract Suppose all invertible quadratic operators T are assumed to satisfy T 2 + bT + I = 0. We show that a complex matrix T is the product of two invertible quadratic matrices if and only if T is similar to a matrix of the form ( D ⊕ D −1 ) ⊕ ( I + N ) ⊕ (− I + ∑ m i =1 ⊕ J i ) ⊕ β 2 I ⊕ β −2 I ⊕ [( β 2 I + XY ) ⊕ ( β 2 I + YX ) −1 ], where β = (−b + √b 2 − 4) 2 , 0, ±1 and gb ±2 are not eigenvalues of D ; N , XY , and YX are nilpotent; and each J i is a nilpotent Jordan block of even size. Also, we show that an n × n matrix T is the product of finitely many invertible quadratic matrices if and only if det T = β m , where m is an integer for n odd and is an even integer for n even. On the other hand, for operators on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, we characterize the products of two and four invertible quadratic operators among normal operators and show that every invertible operator is the product of six invertible quadratic operators.
Effects of beta receptor stimulation and blockade on A-V nodal and bundle branch conduction in the canine heart.

Abstract Thirty-five mongrel dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass, and surface electrograms were recorded from the right atrium, bundle of His and both bundle branches. The effects of sympathetic cardiac nerve stimulation and beta adrenergic blocking agents on conduction velocity in the atrioventricular (A-V) node and major bundle branches were evaluated. Although right and left stellate ganglion stimulation decreased A-V nodal conduction time (26 and 31 percent, respectively), neither procedure had any effect on conduction time in either the right or left bundle branches. Beta adrenergic blockade was then produced using either L-propranolol (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) or practolol (2 to 4 mg/kg). Blockade of existing sympathetic tone consistently produced increases in A-V nodal conduction time but had no effect on conduction times in the bundle branches. Additional doses of both beta adrenergic blocking agents were given after beta receptor blockade to assess any direct effects on conduction. Additional doses of practolol (1 to 2 mg/kg per dose) had no further effect on A-V nodal conduction time. Additional doses of L-propranolol, on the other hand, progressively increased A-V nodal conduction time as far as it could be studied before complete heart block occurred (for example, +34 percent at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg after beta blockade). In contrast, even at the highest doses of propranolol there were no significant increases in bundle branch conduction times. The data support the following conclusions: (1) Propranolol exhibits direct effects on A-V nodal conduction, but practolol does not; (2) the main bundle branches are not responsive to either beta receptor stimulation or blockade; (3) although propranolol directly depresses the A-V node, these effects are much less prominent in the bundle branches. The latter 2 conclusions suggest that the main bundle branches may present some anatomic barrier to propranolol, possess overlapping alternate pathways that conceal the depressant effects of the drug, or possess no beta adrenergic receptors.
Inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated lipid oxidation in washed fish muscle by cranberry components

Fractions enriched in phenolic acids (Fraction 1), anthocyanins (Fraction 2), flavonols (Fractions 3 and 4) and proanthocyanidins (Fractions 5 and 6) were prepared from cranberry powder using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. Fractions 2, 3, 4, and 5 had nearly equivalent reactivity in the total phenolate assay employed per mg dry weight of each fraction while Fractions 1 and 6 were less reactive. The ability of cranberry fractions to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals as well as their inhibitory effects on hemoglobin (Hb)-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscle were assessed. Addition of cranberry fractions at a level of 74 μmol quercetin equivalents per kg of washed cod muscle extended the induction time of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in the order: Fraction 1, Fraction 3, Fraction 4 > Fraction 2 > Fraction 5 > Fraction 6. This suggests that oligomeric polyphenols (e.g., proanthocyanidins) were least effective at inhibiting Hb-mediated lipid oxidation in washed cod muscle compared to the other classes of polyphenolics in cranberry. The ability of the different cranberry fractions to scavenge DPPH radicals did not reflect their relative ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in the washed cod muscle system. Quercetin was tentatively identified as a component in cranberry that was especially effective at inhibiting Hb-mediated lipid oxidation. The ability of flavonol and proanthocyanidin-enriched fractions to inhibit Hb-mediated lipid oxidation in spite of efforts to wash away the added polyphenolics prior to Hb addition indicated these classes of polyphenolics had binding affinities for insoluble components of washed cod muscle.
Localized eigenstates of one-dimensional tight-binding systems: A new algorithm.

We present a new numerical algorithm capable of determining the localized eigenstates and their energies for the general class of one-dimensional nearest-neighbor tight-binding models to arbitrarily high accuracy. This algorithm completely overcomes the numerical instability originating in a growing solution which inevitably accompanies a localized solution. It is also free of the ambiguity of the Economou-Cohen method.
Hormonal and humoral influences on brain development

Abstract This review discusses evidence for neurotransmitters as developmental signals in such ontogenic processes as neural tube formation (neurulation), germinal cell proliferation, and neuronal and glial differentiation during brain organogenesis, as well as evidence for other roles of these neurotransmitters in non-neuronal tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. Evidence also is presented for hormonal regulation of brain development during postnatal neurogenesis and for interrelationships which may link neurotransmitters and hormones in a humoral milieu, providing a variety of control mechanisms for the central and peripheral nervous system during key phases of their development. Given the evidence for neurotransmitters and hormones as coordinating influences on neural ontogeny, it is possible that drugs, stress, and environmental influences may have the ability to perturb particular aspects of these developmental systems if present during those “critical periods” when such humoral influences are important for normal ontogeny.
Pump prime only aprotinin inhibits cardiopulmonary bypass-induced neutrophil CD11b up-regulation

Abstract Background . The expression of neutrophil integrin CD11b is up-regulated after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and is the neutrophil adhesive molecule of most importance in neutrophil–endothelial adherence. This neutrophil–endothelial adherence is responsible for post-CPB neutrophil-induced reperfusion injury. Low-dose aprotinin protocols inhibit the CPB-induced neutrophil CD11b up-regulation. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effects of pump prime only aprotinin (280 mg) on the CPB-induced up-regulation of this neutrophil integrin. Methods . Twenty-two patients scheduled for elective myocardial revascularization were randomized into two groups: (1) control (n = 12), or (2) pump prime only aprotinin (280 mg) (n = 10). Neutrophils were isolated at baseline, 50 minutes of CPB, and 30 minutes after CPB and neutrophil CD11b expression was measured. Results . The control group demonstrated a significant ( p Conclusions . These results indicate that pump prime only aprotinin modulates the CPB-induced up-regulation of neutrophil CD11b integrin, an important indicator of the systemic inflammatory response to CPB. In addition to blunting of the CPB-induced up-regulation of this neutrophil integrin expression, this pump prime only dose of aprotinin is also reported to be effective at reducing post-CPB bleeding and transfusion requirements. This salutary effect of pump prime only aprotinin suggests that such low-dose regimens can be both therapeutically effective and cost effective.
Cardiovascular death and second non-breast cancer malignancy after postmastectomy radiation and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy.

Abstract Purpose To assess the incidence of long-term toxicity after postmastectomy radiation and doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods Records of 470 patients treated with mastectomy, doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, and postmastectomy radiation in five institutional prospective trials were retrospectively reviewed. Actuarial toxicity rates were compared with those of 1031 patients treated with mastectomy and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy who did not receive postmastectomy radiation. For those treated with radiation, the chest wall received a median dose of 55 Gy with Co-60 (42%) or electrons (51%). Adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of a doxorubicin-based regimen, often followed by 2 years of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil. Results Median follow-up was 10 years. The overall 10-year actuarial rates of RTOG toxicity Grade >1 and ≥3 after radiation were 4% and 2%, respectively. The overall 10- and 15-year actuarial rates of second non–breast cancer malignancy were 3.8% and 7%, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the rates of non–breast cancer second malignancy in the radiated and unirradiated cohorts (3.4% vs. 4.7% 10-year actuarial rates). Increasing age and treatment with >10 cycles of chemotherapy were associated with higher rates of second malignancy ( p = 0.025, p = 0.016). The 10-year actuarial rate of death from myocardial infarction (MI) was 2.4% (eight events) and 0.5% (five events) in the radiated and unirradiated groups, respectively ( p = 0.058). Of the 8 irradiated patients who died of MI, 2 patients had left-sided breast cancer. Conclusions We found very low rates of serious sequelae after postmastectomy radiation, including death from myocardial infarction and non–breast cancer second malignancy. The rate of second non–breast cancer malignancy was increased among patients treated with >10 cycles of cyclophosphamide-containing chemotherapy.
The politics of employment-based insurance in the United States.

Analyses of the corporatization of U.S. health care typically focus on the political struggle between corporations and traditional health care providers, e.g., physicians. A neglected area of study is the struggle between corporations and their employees over the employment-based health insurance system. Yet, since this system is currently the primary mechanism for financing health care in the United States, an analysis of its historical development is critical to any understanding of the corporatization of U.S. health care. It is argued here that the employment-based health insurance system was a part of a political compromise between capital and labor that emerged after World War II. In exchange for control over production and increased worker productivity, corporations agreed to provide workers with steady wage increases and an expanded system of fringe benefits, or “corporate welfare.” But, by the late 1970s, rising health care costs created a corporate health care financing crisis that has prompted c...
Disopyramide hemodialysis and kinetics in patients requiring long-term hemodialysis

Disopyramide hemodialysis and kinetics after 200 mg orally in six patients receiving long-term hemodialysis were examined. Mean volume of distribution (area) was 66.5 ± 13 1. Mean times of the peak serum concentration and mean peak serum concentration were 2.3 ± 0.9 hr and 3.1 ± 0.9 µg/ml. Mean absorption half-life (t½) was 21.6 ± 12.5 min. Mean disopyramide elimination t½ during dialysis was 16.8 ± 11.9 hr, not significantly different from mean elimination t½ without dialysis of 16.1 ± 5.2 hr. End-dialysis bath concentrations of disopyramide showed that not more than 2.4% of the dose was dialyzed during a 2-hr dialysis period. Our data indicate that at therapeutic concentrations disopyramide was not appreciably dialyzed. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1981) 29, 322–326; doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.43
Ethnic differences in expression of the dysregulated proteins in uterine leiomyomata

BACKGROUND: Black ethnicity is one of the risk factors for uterine leiomyomata (ULM). Little is known about the ethnic differences in leiomyoma-associated gene products in women with uterine leiomyomata. METHODS: A total of 120 hysterectomies with ULM were collected from black, Asian, Hispanic and white women (30 cases from each group). Twenty-two gene products were selected for the study. The expressions of the selected dysregulated gene products were measured by the semiquantification and the immunoscores were normalized by matched myometrium. RESULTS: The relative expressions of progesterone receptor A (PR-A) (up-regulation), retinoid acid receptor (down-regulation), and retinoid X receptor (RXR) (no change) in leiomyomata compared to normal myometrium in black women were significantly different compared to other ethnic groups (P < 0.05). About one-third of ULM from black women subclustered together in association with a group of up-regulated gene products. Many other gene products, including local growth factors, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-signalling proteins, and cell proliferation markers, were dysregulated in ULM but showed non-significant differences between the ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial differences of the sex steroid receptors and other nuclear receptors between black women and other ethnic groups. Based on tissue microarray data, there are at least two broad groups of leiomyomata presented by the dysregulation of different groups of gene products. One is dominated by up-regulation of amplified in breast cancer 1, CD24, hamartin, human mobility group gene 2, IGF2, PR-A and RXR, and the other is characterized by up-regulation of epithelial growth factor receptor, down-regulation of hamartin, PR-A and tuberin.
Looking for Europe from the outside

Abstract This essay looks at the nature of the new Europe and outlines a number of future trends, focusing on Europe's role in world politics as seen from an American perspective.
Vectors and geometry and objects, oh my!

This paper describes the design of classes to represent geometric objects (such as points and transforms) and algebraic objects (such as vectors and matrices). I start out by reviewing some fairly basic math. I've included this just to provide context for the main topic, which is class design that implements the math. A truly bulletproof system for these objects might not even be achievable without an inordinate amount of complexity.
Can There Be a Discipline of Philosophy? And Can It Be Founded on Intuitions?

This paper takes up the critique of armchair philosophy drawn by some experimental philosophers from survey results. It also takes up a more recent development with increased methodological sophistication. The argument based on disagreement among respondents suggests a much more serious problem for armchair philosophy and puts in question the standing of our would-be discipline.
NO with no NOS in ischemic heart

See article by Martin et al. [5] (pages 46–55) in this issue. The seminal observation by Furchgott and Zawadzki [1] of a paradoxical vasoconstrictive effect of acetylcholine in arteries deprived of endothelium paved the way for the rapid discovery of nitric oxide (NO) and of the mechanisms of NO generation by a specific family of isoforms known as NO synthases (NOS). The role of NO in the endothelium was characterized as a predominant mechanism of vasodilation through the production of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in vascular smooth muscle cells. The rapid progress of this research in endothelial cells automatically led to the question whether the cardiac cell itself could be a source of NO. It was found that the three characterized isoforms of NOS are expressed in cardiac myocytes [2]. However, the role of NO in the myocardium, and the regulation of its production, seems much more complex than what was described before in the endothelium, and includes both cGMP-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Myocardial NO is involved in cellular processes as diverse as cardiac contractility, Ca2+ handling, mitochondrial respiration, substrate metabolism, generation of radical oxygen species, and ischemic preconditioning among others (see Fig. 1). In addition, the mechanisms of action of NO are diverse and sometimes contradictory. For example, depending on the experimental setting, blocking cardiac NOS can be either beneficial or deleterious for the ischemic heart [3,4]. Part of this complexity comes from the fact that NO production in the heart is performed by the three different isoforms (endothelial, inducible and neuronal) that differ in their properties, … *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 973 972 3926; fax: +1 973 972 7489. Email address: deprech{at}umdnj.edu
Infant immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines in the United States: assessment of the first two years' data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS).

Objective. To evaluate the safety of infant immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines in the United States. Background. The US Food and Drug Administration approved the first acellular pertussis vaccine for use in infants in the United States on July 31, 1996. Outcome Measures. Adverse events in the United States after infant immunization with pertussis-containing vaccines, representing temporal (but not necessarily causal) associations between vaccinations and adverse events. Data Source. Reports to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive national surveillance system. Design. Reports concerning infant immunization against pertussis between January 1, 1995 (when whole-cell vaccine was in exclusive use) and June 30, 1998 (when acellular vaccine was in predominant use) were analyzed, if the reports were entered into the VAERS database by November 30, 1998. Results. During the study, there were 285 reports involving death, 971 nonfatal serious reports, and 4514 less serious reports after immunization with any pertussis-containing vaccine. For 1995 there were 2071 reports; in 1996 there were 1894 reports; in 1997 there were 1314 reports, and in the first half of 1998 there were 491 reports. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) was cited in 1939 reports, diphtheria–tetanus–whole-cell pertussis–Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPH) in 2918 reports, and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) in 913 reports. The annual number of deaths during the study was 85 in 1995, 82 in 1996, 77 in 1997, and 41 in the first half of 1998. The annual number of reported events categorized as nonfatal serious (defined as events involving initial hospitalization, prolongation of hospitalization, life-threatening illness, or permanent disability) to VAERS for all pertussis-containing vaccines declined: 334 in 1995, 311 in 1996, 233 in 1997, and 93 in the first half of 1998. Similarly, the annual number of less serious reports to VAERS for pertussis-containing vaccines declined: 1652 in 1995, 1501 in 1996, 1004 in 1997, and 357 in the first half of 1998. A comparison of the adverse event profiles (proportional distributions) for DTaP, DTP, and DTPH, as well as an analysis of specific adverse events considered in a 1991 Institute of Medicine report on the safety of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, did not identify any new, clear safety concerns. Conclusions. These findings reflect the administration of millions of doses of acellular pertussis vaccine and are reassuring with regard to the safety of marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. VAERS data, although subject to the limitations of passive surveillance, support the prelicensure data with regard to the safety of the US-licensed acellular pertussis vaccines that we evaluated.
FDA Actions against Misleading or Unsubstantiated Economic and Quality-of-Life Promotional Claims: An Analysis of Warning Letters and Notices of Violation

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to understand the types of economic and quality-of-life promotional claims the FDA considers false or misleading. Methods Publicly available FDA letters (n = 569) sent to pharmaceutical companies from 1997 through 2001 for inappropriate promotional claims were reviewed. A standard data collection form was developed, including six categories for economic violations and three for QOL violations. For QOL, only letters with explicit violations for false or misleading claims using the words "quality of life" or patient "well-being" were considered. Other information collected included type of regulatory letter and media in which violations were found. Results Twenty-eight (4.9%) letters cited false and/or misleading economic claims. The most common economic violation was "unsupported comparative claim of effectiveness, safety, or interchangeability" (n = 14). Twenty-eight (4.9%) letters cited QOL violations, of which four contained both economic and QOL violations. The most common QOL violation was "lack of substantial evidence for QOL claims" (n = 15). None of the FDA letters used the term "patient reported outcomes." Violations were found most frequently in brochure and Web site-based promotions. Conclusions The body of evidence that is emerging illustrates how the FDA is regulating promotional material containing misleading or unsubstantiated economic and QOL claims. However, knowing what constitutes an appropriate claim remains challenging because there are no formal guidelines describing what constitutes a violation, nor what level of substantiating evidence is required. More guidance may be needed to ensure appropriate use of these claims in drug promotions.
Transmission line analysis on high-speed digital interconnection

The author introduces a simple transmission line theory for the rectangular coaxial line and demonstrates a method for calculating both the characteristic impedance and the attenuation constant. A finite-difference method is shown to obtain the electric potential and field surrounding the conductor, which are necessary to calculate the parameters. The derived formulas are easily incorporated in software for any desktop computer. It is noted that desktop CAD (computer-aided design) of this sort can be not only a benchmark for evaluating more sophisticated CAD software but also a guide for understanding the fundamental electrical design issues of the high-speed interconnection. >
An unusual case of emergence delirium

We present a case of postoperative delirium following endoscopic sinus surgery. We postulate a mechanism for this rare event.
Pulmonary and systemic vascular responses to vasoactive agents after chemical sympathectomy.

SummaryThe primary aim of this study was to determine if the sympathetic nervous system modulates the cardiovascular actions of vasoactive agents. Anesthetized dogs, instrumented to determine pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances, were administered several vasoactive agents prior to and 2 days following chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Classical signs of sympathectomy were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the chemical sympathectomy regimen. Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic responses to infusions of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were unaltered by chemical sympathectomy. However, pulmonary and systemic vaso-constriction induced by prostaglandin F2a was attenuated and the pulmonary and systemic pressor responses to phenylephrine were potentiated 2 days after 6-OHDA. These results suggest the development of postsynaptic supersensitivity to α receptor stimulation in both the pulmonary and systemic vascular beds. In addition, an interaction between prostaglandin F2a an...
Diurnal fluctuations in the discharge frequency of a gymnotid electric fish

The electric organ discharge frequencies of six gymnotid electric fish were recorded continuously for a period of three days and nights in order to determine whether discharge frequency, which reflects the rate of operation of an active sensory system, was correlated with variation in activity between darkness and light. It was found that electric organ discharge frequency is higher in darkness when the fish are active than in light, when they are inactive.
Ventriculoatrial conduction time during bundle branch reentrant beat initiating orthodromic tachycardia: a simple and reliable method for localization of accessory pathways

VA Interval Via Accessory Pathway During Bundle Branch Reentry. Bundle branch reentrant (BBR) complex is commonly induced during programmed ventricular stimulation with single ex-trastimulus. In patients with atrioventricular accessory pathway, BBR beat frequently triggers orthodromic tachycardia. This study was designed to determine whether evaluation of the ventriculoatrial conduction time during BBR (VABBR) induced with right ventricular extrastimulation (i.e., left bundle branch block morphology) can separate left free-wall (LFW) accessory pathways from left posteroseptal (LPS) or right-sided pathways. Thirty-eight patients with single atrioventricular accessory pathways were included. There were 28 men and 10 women with a mean age of 26 years. The accessory pathway was localized in LFW in 23 patients (group I) and LPS in seven (group ID. Eight patients (group III) had pathways located in the right side. In each patient, VABBR was determined and compared with the following: (1) V2A2 interval exclusively via accessory pathway; and (2) ventriculoatrial conduction time during orthodromic tachycardia with narrow QRS complex (VANQ), left bundle branch block plus normal axis (VALB-NA) or left axis (VALB-LA). In group I, VABBR values (170–245 msec, mean 196.1 ± 20.5 msec) were 0–25 msec longer than V2A2 (170–245 msec, mean 191.3 ± 19.1 msec) and 45–125 msec greater than VANQ (100–155 msec, mean 125.6 ± 14.1 msec). VABBR was identical to VALB-LA but 25–55 msec greater than VA,LB-NA (140–205 msec, mean 160.9 ± 20.8 msec). In group II, VABBR values (100–140 msec, mean 118.6 ± 14.3 msec) were 15–30 msec shorter than V2A2 (125–165 msec, mean 140.7 ± 14.3 msec) and 15–25 msec longer than VANQ (85–120 msec, mean 100.7 ± 12.0 msec). Comparing VABBR with VALB-NA or VALB-LA did not show any statistically significant difference. In group III, VABBR values were consistently shorter than V2A2 and identical to VANQ. Thus, assessment of VABBR is a simple and useful method that can be reliably utilized to differentiate LFW pathways from LPS or right-sided pathways. Furthermore, these data provide new insights into the electrophysiological characteristics of bundle branch reentry. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 1, pp. 121–131, April 1990)
Designing a consumer friendly nutrition label

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential nutrition label formats in order to identify format characteristics that are acceptable to consumers and that will facilitate consumer use, understanding, interpretation, and application of the information provided on the label. Using three basic formats for presenting nutrition data on food labels (i.e., adjectival ratings, absolute measures, and percentage standard) alone and in all possible combinations yielded the seven potential label formats evaluated in this study. A supermarket intercept method was used to conduct 15-minute, face-to-face interviews of 309 food shoppers. The sample was primarily white, non-Hispanic, female high school graduates between the ages of 18 and 53 who had medium-high socioeconomic status. Study results revealed that (1) formats presenting data in the form of both absolute measures and percentage standard can substantially enhance the ability of consumers to locate, manipulate, and compare label data, and (2) adding benchmarks (i.e., daily reference values) to formats utilizing absolute measures can enhance consumers' abilities to interpret label information accurately and make appropriate dietary management decisions. Consumers identified those label formats having more, rather than less, information and those containing absolute measures with a benchmark and adjectival ratings as being most helpful. Based on the findings of this study, a label format that combines the features from the label formats that consumers thought were most helpful with the features that enable consumers to quickly and accurately use the information on a nutrient label is proposed. Although the findings of this study lend support to the recently mandated Nutrition Facts label and other continuing investigations, much research remains to be done. One future need is for controlled studies that replicate realistic shopping conditions.
Effects of Acute Experimental Crowding1

Recent concern with population growth has begun to stimulate interest in the effect of crowding on humans. This report presents a model of crowding based on the concept of normative expectations concerning appropriate interaction distances. A study of acute experimental crowding was then conducted. Contrary to findings of prior research, the present study found that crowding produced arousal. Subsequent social behavior, however, was mediated by different sex-specific group processes. In general, crowded male groups displayed a competitive, fragmented orientation, whereas crowded women formed cohesive, cooperative groups. Contrary to preliminary expectations, subjects were differentially effected by crowding based on their seating position in the crowded room.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the cathepsin S inhibitor, LY3000328, in healthy subjects

Aim The aim of this study was to assess the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LY3000328 when administered as single escalating doses to healthy volunteers.
Two- and three-dimensional elemental charge distributions in leaky acoustic wave devices

In this paper we construct elemental charge distributions for high precision modeling of interdigital transducers on leaky acoustic wave substrates such as the well known cuts of LiNbO/sub 3/ and LiTaO/sub 3/. To this end we consider geometrically periodic and arbitrarily driven electrodes with infinite or finite aperture length. We define an elemental structure by considering one "hot" electrode neighbored by an infinite number of "grounded" electrodes. Due to the linearity assumption of the problem, the frequency-dependent elemental charge distribution (ECD) on this structure is sufficient to construct the charge distribution on the electrodes of any periodic IDT with the same pitch-to-mark ratio. To calculate the ECD we consider a certain number (say, /spl ap/30) of appropriately defined multi-phase transducers and determine the corresponding charge distributions by employing our recently developed concept of multi-phase periodic Green's functions in a method-of-moments application. The weighted superposition of the resulting auxiliary multi-phase field solutions leads to the ECDs which fully account for the leaky wave interaction with the electrodes. The analysis is then applied to several electrode geometries using 41/spl deg/-cut, X-propagating lithium niobate. We then show how this method can be extended to 2D charge distributions.
A timing-constrained incremental routing algorithm for symmetrical FPGAs

in this paper we present a timing-constrained routing algorithm for symmetrical FPGAs which embodies a novel incremental routing strategy that combines global and detailed routing, and a routing resource allocation algorithm that takes into account both the characteristics of the routing resources and timing information. Experimental results confirm that the algorithm reduces delay along the longest path in the circuit, uses routing resources efficiently, and requires low CPU time.
UWB Real-time testbed with waveform-based precoding

This paper reports recent progress in ultra-wideband (UWB) radio testbed design and development. Experimental radio testbeds are ideal means to verify theoretically ideas, test feasibility, and reduce the uncertainty between theoretical expectation and practical implementation. The testbed under development has been designed as a general experimental platform to explore the advanced radio technologies, such as UWB based communications as well as ranging, physical layer security, optimum transmit waveforms, and cognitive radio. Our preliminary testbed includes a transmitter and a receiver, with a single UWB antenna at each side. It can be expanded to include multiple transmitters and receivers, multiple antennas at one or both sides, and a feedback link paired with the forward link. Programmability and flexibility are top concerns in the system design, and these two design goals are reflected throughout the three building blocks, i.e., baseband, mixed-signal and RF front-end. Two major contributions of the paper are: (1) providing the art of design and implementation with theoretical guideline; (2) demonstration of a set of end-to-end radio testbed for a wide range of research exploration-To our best knowledge, it is the first testbed with UWB time reversal function.
Inductively Coupled Board-to-Board Connectors

This paper discusses the potential application of inductive coupling elements as backplane connectors. Tradeoffs in the choice of inductive elements are discussed and a simple circuit model for electrically large board-to-board transformers is presented. Measured data for a 10mm outer diameter transformer shows an acceptable eye opening for 400Mbps NRZ data, and over 1GHz of bandwidth in the frequency domain. We also discuss how inductive connectors could find application in future long range FR4 backplanes
Transient stability assessment for network topology changes: application of energy margin analytical sensitivity

Developments in direct transient stability assessment using the Transient Energy function (TEF) method have included the exit point technique to determine the controlling unstable equilibrium point (u.e.p.). In this paper, analytical sensitivity of the energy margin is coupled with the exit point based TEF method to assess system stability when there is a change in system parameters: plant generation or network configuration. The principal features of this paper include: introduction of a very fast sensitivity technique to account for network configuration changes; elimination of the assumption that the mode of disturbance of the controlling u.e.p. does not change; and correlation of the sensitivity results with time simulation through swing curves. The technique is tested on the 50-generator IEEE test system and the 161-generator Northern States Power (NSP) system. >
Approximate low rank solutions of Lyapunov equations via proper orthogonal decomposition

We present an algorithm to approximate the solution Z of a stable Lyapunov equation AZ + ZA* + BB* = 0 using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). This algorithm is applicable to large-scale problems and certain infinite dimensional problems as long as the rank of B is relatively small. In the infinite dimensional case, the algorithm does not require matrix approximations of the operators A and B. POD is used in a systematic way to provide convergence theory and simple a priori error bounds.
INTERPRETATIONS OF SET THEORY AND ORDINAL NUMBER THEORY

In [3], Takeuti developed the theory of ordinal numbers (ON) and constructed a model of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory (ZF), using the primitive recursive relation E of ordinal numbers. He proved: (1) If A is a ZF-provable formula, then its interpretation AO in ON is ONprovable; (2) Let B be a sentence of ordinal number theory. Then B is a theorem of ON if and only if the natural translation B* of B in set theory is a theorem of ZF;
A Comparative Analysis of Subjective Social Class: 1945'1963

This study compares data from the Centers' study (1945) with another national sample study done in 1963. The variables used are: subjective social class, occupation, education, and age. The results show a reduction in the use of the working-class label. The meaning of "subjective social class" is questioned. An explanation for the statistical relationships, consistent with the redefinition of social class, is presented. Suggestions for future research in line with this explanation are recommended. R ecently the issue of "subjective social class" was revived in the sociological literature. It was shown by Hamilton that over half of the white-collar workers designated themselves with the working-class label in 1956.1 Tucker, with data from a study done in 1963, showed that only 18 percent of these workers chose the working-class label.2 This study can be viewed as a continued effort to solve this problem. The problem implied in the disagreement revolves around the question: Do Americans still label themselves working class as previous studies indicate ?3 Put in this manner the question does not solve the methodological and theoretical problems which have appeared in the literature regarding subjective social class.4 * The data for this study were analyzed as part of another study: See Charles W. Tucker, Jr., "Occupational Evaluation and Self-Identification," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University, 1966. The original study is discussed in Charles P. Loomis, Zona K. Loomis, and Jeanne E. Gullahorn, Linkages of MAexico and the Uniited States (East Lansing: Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Bulletin 14, 1966), paper read at the annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, Atlanta, Georgia, March 1967. 1 R. F. Hamilton, "The Marginal Middle Class," A-nerican Sociological Reviezw, 31 (April 1966), pp. 192-199. 2 Charles W. Tucker, Jr., "On Working-Class Identification," Americat Sociological Reviewe, 31 (December 1966), pp. 855-856. 3 The main study under consideration is: Richard Centers, The Psychology of Social Classes (New York: Russell & Russell, 1961). 4The major criticisms can be found-in: H. M. Hodges, Social Stratification (Cambridge: SchenkThis content downloaded from 207.46.13.131 on Sun, 16 Oct 2016 05:32:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL CLASS 509 Most of these issues will not be of concern
Identifying the Source of Unknown Microcystin Genes and Predicting Microcystin Variants by Comparing Genes within Uncultured Cyanobacterial Cells

While multiple phylogenetic markers have been used in the culture-independent study of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria, in only a few instances have multiple markers been studied within individual cells, and in all cases these studies have been conducted with cultured isolates. Here, we isolate and evaluate large DNA fragments (>6 kb) encompassing two genes involved in microcystin biosynthesis (mcyA2 and mcyB1) and use them to identify the source of gene fragments found in water samples. Further investigation of these gene loci from individual cyanobacterial cells allowed for improved analysis of the genetic diversity within microcystin producers as well as a method to predict microcystin variants for individuals. These efforts have also identified the source of the novel mcyA genotype previously termed Microcystis-like that is pervasive in the Laurentian Great Lakes and they predict the microcystin variant(s) that it produces.
Reduction Factor for the Unloading Point Method at Clay Soil Sites

Full-scale testing can be an integral component of quality control/quality assurance for projects involving construction of deep foundations. Rapid load tests are being used in the deep foundation industry as a method for assessing the axial static behavior of deep foundations. Since rapid load tests involve dynamics, inertial and damping forces must be considered in analyzing measured pile response to estimate the static pile response. The unloading point method (UPM) is typically used for this purpose. Generally considered a consequence of load rate effects in clays, results from the UPM must be further modified by a reduction factor to obtain a reasonable estimate of the static pile response. A reduction factor of 0.65 applied to the UPM for clay soil sites has been recommended by others. However, a review and analysis of readily available literature reporting static and rapid pile load test results at sites predominantly consisting of clay soils indicate that an average reduction factor of 0.47 is more appropriate. Rapid load testing should be used judiciously. When using the UPM to estimate static pile capacity from rapid load tests in clay, static load tests should be performed to validate the reduction factor used to interpret rapid load tests.
CUTBACK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES: EXPERIENCES IN NINE COUNTY HUMAN SERVICE AGENCIES

ABSTRACT This study of nine county human services agencies identified successful strategies and tactics used to address budget reductions and the management tools/processes used to inform these decisions. Tactics were in areas including minimizing the impacts of budget cuts; building staff understanding, acceptance, and support; processes for deciding how to allocate cuts; increasing productivity; and modifying levels and types of services. Strategic themes included collaborative leadership, taking a big picture approach, maintaining focus through strategic planning, relationships with key constituencies, communication with staff, preserving staff capacity, decentralized decision making, and using data to guide decisions. Implications for practice are discussed.
Forest Canopy Structural Properties

The forest canopy is the interface between the land and the atmosphere, fixing atmospheric carbon into biomass and releasing oxygen and water. The arrangement of individual trees, differences in species morphology, the availability of light and soil nutrients, and many other factors determine canopy structure. Overviews of approaches for basic measurements of canopy structure are presented including height (maximum stem height), the fraction of ground overlain by foliage (coverage), and the leaf area per unit ground area (leaf area index, LAI). These measures are important for characterizing estimates of ecosystem productivity and development, as well as for interpreting and validating landscape- to regional-scale estimates of vegetation attributes derived from remote sensing data. The approaches outlined are not exhaustive, but rather identify a range of robust ground- and remote sensing-based methods that capture a suite of metrics useful to the goals of the North American Carbon program: to provide robust, ground-based estimates of C uptake, storage, and flux that can be used for validation and scaling.
New Non Conductive Film for high productivity process

Novel Non Conductive Film (NCF) was developed for high productivity process. To meet high productivity, we add viscosity stability on a hot stage and snap cure property at higher than 140C. In addition, the NCF is transparent for optical alignment process.
Traumatic rupture of the heart with intact pericardium.

A 23-year-old man was riding in the right front seat (guest passenger seat) of an auto­ mobile when the vehicle approached an oncoming car traveling on th e wrong side of the highway. In trying to avoid an encounter, his vehicle suddenly left th e road and crashed head-on into a wayside tree. Th e right front portion of the wrecked car sustained the brunt of the collision, and the person in the guest passenger seat was jammed with abruptness and force against the dashboard. When extracted from the automobile, th e left anterior portion of his chest was pressed tightly against the dashboard, having received severe impact. He was unconscious, in a shocklike state , and was pulseless and without visible signs of life 5 minutes from the time of the accident. He was pronounced dead shortly thereafter upon arrival at this hospital. Upon external examination, the mode of deat h was not apparent , and necropsy was therefore performed.
From Covenant to Constitution in American Political Thought

If we were to pick up any book that proclaimed itself to be about American constitutional history, it would probably exhibit two traits characteristic of such books. First, it would focus almost entirely upon the national Constitution. Second, it would examine only what has happened since 1789. Any discussion of where that Constitution comes from is likely to be limited to a few remarks about the Magna Carta, the English constitution, and probably the Declaration of Independence.' This attitude toward the colonial portion of American political thought is so prevalent, that one writer recently remarked: "For theoretical as well as practical purposes the origin of the American track can, therefore, be assumed to begin in 1776. The thinkers, issues, and events prior to 1776 have never really had a central impact on the conduct of American politics."2 This study proceeds from an entirely different set of premises. If we are ever to produce a complete and accurate American constitutional history, we must recognize that without the state constitutions in force in 1789 the national Constitution is an incomplete text. They must all be read together.3 These state constitutions together contain and embody a
Effect of fluoroacetate upon poliomyelitis in monkeys.

Summary1. Cynomolgus monkeys were treated with 5 mg/kilo of sodium monofluoroacetate on the day of, or 3 days following, subcutaneous inoculation of Type 1 poliomyelitis virus. 2. Nine of 42 monkeys which received drug on the Third day of virus resisted clinical infection as did 5 of 23 animals receiving drug on the third day after virus. All control animals became paralyzed. 3. Citrate did not accumulate in brain tissue of drug-treated monkeys suggesting that the action of fluoroacetate was at some site other than the brain. 4. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Intraperitoneal insemination of the heifer.

SummaryIntraperitoneal insemination of 4 heifers a total of 6 times resulted in one pregnancy. This experimental method is offered as a means of studying the physiological processes leading to fertilization.