cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing Preschool Classrooms to Support Development

Many fields of study are concerned with children’s development or with the built environment. Only early childhood education, however, has focused attention on both of these topics. The concern with development was recently impressed upon me when I searched for a preschool for my 3-year-old daughter, Laura. Each school I visited thrust into my hands a written statement of its philosophy and objectives. Consider a small sample: Our goal is to offer a well-balanced program for preschool-age children, which will enrich the social, emotional, physical, and intellectual development of each child.... We try to meet the individual needs of each child, while helping the child to develop self-confidence, self-esteem, a constructive approach toward learning, and a sense of curiosity and independence. Our objectives—joy in learning, concentration, self-confidence, respect for others and the equipment, self-control and courtesy, coordination, intellectual growth. Why your child should attend our school— It helps him to mature emotionally: he is helped to overcome his shyness; he loses some of the fears and anxieties common to little people; he enjoys working and playing with other children; he acquires pleasure in his own accomplishments. It helps him to mature socially: he learns to show consideration and respect for others, to give and to accept help from others, to participate and to lead in group activities, to accept responsibility. It helps him to mature intellectually: he learns to express himself, to create in many ways, to use his initiative and imagination, to be alert to the world around him. It helps him to mature physically: he develops better control of his large muscles; he improves his posture; he develops good health habits.
Effectiveness and Side Effect Profile of Stimulant Medication for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Youth with Epilepsy

Abstract Objectives: This clinical case series examined the effectiveness and potential side effects associated with stimulant medication for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 20 youth with epilepsy. Methods: Response to stimulant medication was examined through symptom reduction on the Conners–Third Edition: Parent Rating Scale, Short Form [Conner 3-P(S)], which was administered to caregivers before initiation of treatment and following dosage titration to achieve therapeutic efficacy. Stimulant medication side effects were examined with the Side Effect Rating Scale before treatment and following dosage titration. Repeated measures mixed model approach was used to compare symptom reduction and side effects between the two time points. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant ADHD symptom reduction as measured by the Conner 3-P(S). Review of patient medical records and caregiver report did not reveal seizure exacerbation. Caregivers, in fact, reported fewer s...
Overcoming the Privacy Challenges of Wearable Devices: A Study on the Role of Digital Literacy

This paper argues that standard privacy policy principles are unsuitable for wearable devices, and introduces a proposal to test the role of digital literacy on privacy concerns and behaviors, in an effort to devise modified privacy policies that are appropriate for wearable devices.
Cervical Osteomyelitis and Kyphosis Complication

Management of cervical spinal infections is a frequent problem encountered by spine surgeons. While categorized as a single disease process, cervical infections are, in reality, a combination of two separate issues: treatment of infected tissues (consisting of surgical debridement and appropriate antimicrobial therapy) and correction or prevention of cervical deformity. The anatomic characteristics of the cervical spine serve to create a complex management setting that requires a thoughtful approach in order to minimize complications. Aside from difficulties inherent to the treatment of infected tissues (i.e., recurrent or refractory infections), correction of cervical deformities demands an understanding of the unique biomechanical parameters of the cervical spine. A comprehensive approach to the management of these concerns is paramount in developing a methodical surgical strategy.
Measuring learning gains and examining implications for student success in STEM

This article focuses on learning gains in the area of higher education STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) through new approaches to the formative assessment feedback cycle. Le...
Characterization of cross-tissue genetic-epigenetic effects and their patterns in schizophrenia.

One of the major challenges in current psychiatric epigenetic studies is the tissue specificity of epigenetic changes since access to brain samples is limited. Peripheral tissues have been studied as surrogates but the knowledge of cross-tissue genetic-epigenetic characteristics remains largely unknown. In this work, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of genetic influence on DNA methylation across brain and peripheral tissues with the aim to characterize cross-tissue genetic-epigenetic effects and their roles in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTLs) from brain prefrontal cortex, whole blood, and saliva were identified separately and compared. Focusing on cis-acting effects, we tested the enrichment of cross-tissue meQTLs among cross-tissue expression QTLs and genetic risk loci of various diseases, including major psychiatric disorders. CpGs targeted by cross-tissue meQTLs were also tested for genomic distribution and functional enrichment as well as their contribution to methylation correlation across tissues. Finally, a consensus co-methylation network analysis on the cross-tissue meQTL targeted CpGs was performed on data of the three tissues collected from schizophrenia patients and controls. We found a significant overlap of cis meQTLs (45–73 %) and targeted CpG sites (31–68 %) among tissues. The majority of cross-tissue meQTLs showed consistent signs of cis-acting effects across tissues. They were significantly enriched in genetic risk loci of various diseases, especially schizophrenia, and also enriched in cross-tissue expression QTLs. Compared to CpG sites not targeted by any meQTLs, cross-tissue targeted CpGs were more distributed in CpG island shores and enhancer regions, and more likely had strong correlation with methylation levels across tissues. The targeted CpGs were also annotated to genes enriched in multiple psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopment-related pathways. Finally, we identified one co-methylation network shared between brain and blood showing significant schizophrenia association (p = 5.5 × 10−6). Our results demonstrate prevalent cross-tissue meQTL effects and their contribution to the correlation of CpG methylation across tissues, while at the same time a large portion of meQTLs show tissue-specific characteristics, especially in brain. Significant enrichment of cross-tissue meQTLs in expression QTLs and genetic risk loci of schizophrenia suggests the potential of these cross-tissue meQTLs for studying the genetic effect on schizophrenia. The study provides compelling motivation for a well-designed experiment to further validate the use of surrogate tissues in the study of psychiatric disorders.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for patients with lung cancer and aortic valve stenosis

Many patients who require lung resection have cardiovascular and cerebrovascular comorbidities. It has been recommended that surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) should precede lung resection in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). However, by first undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), the patient may undergo lung resection more safely. We present two patients with both severe AS and lung cancer who underwent TAVI and lung resection without any complications.
Point-of-care ultrasound: A trend in health care

Purpose To discuss the current and growing use of point-of-care (POC) ultrasound in the management and care of patients. Methods Several electronic research databases were searched to find articles that emphasized the use of POC ultrasound by health care providers who manage and treat critically ill or injured patients. Thirty-five relevant peer-reviewed journal articles were selected for this literature review. Results Common themes identified in the literature included the use of POC ultrasound in emergency medicine, military medicine, and remote care; comparison of POC ultrasound to other medical imaging modalities; investigation of the education and training required for nonimaging health care professionals who perform POC ultrasound in their practices; and discussion of the financial implications and limitations of POC ultrasound. Discussion POC ultrasound provides clinicians with real-time information to better manage and treat critically ill or injured patients in emergency medicine, military medicine, and remote care. In addition to providing immediate bedside diagnostic information, use of POC ultrasound has increased because of concerns regarding radiation protection. Finally, the expansion of POC ultrasound to other specialty areas requires nonimaging health care professionals to perform bedside ultrasound examinations and interpret the resulting images. Because POC ultrasound is user-dependent, adequate training is essential for all who perform and interpret the examinations. Conclusion Research involving POC ultrasound will continue as innovations and confidence in ultrasound applications advance. Future research should continue to examine the broad use of POC ultrasound in patient care and management.
Phagocytosis by the murine testicular TM4 Sertoli cell line in culture.

Abstract To investigate phagocytosis, an assay enabling flow cytometric analysis of single cells having internalized fluorescent carboxyl microspheres was employed. Greater than 80% of murine testicular Sertoli line (TM4) cells were found to phagocytose one or more microspheres within six hours and electron microscopy confirmed carboxyl microsphere internalization. This level was equivalent to that of a macrophage-like cell line and much greater than the levels of testicular Leydig (TM3) cells. Reducing extracellular calcium or using a calcium channel blocker profoundly inhibited phagocytosis suggesting that phagocytosis by Sertoli cells requires extracellular Ca ++ . Although follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and testosterone had no significant effects on Sertoli cell phagocytosis, insulin, epidermal growth factor, and hydrocortisone enhanced activity. In contrast, β -endorphin and 8-bromoadenosine-cyclic monophosphate had an inhibitory effect. In contrast to augmenting macrophage phagocytosis, 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 , interferon- γ , prostaglandin E 3 , and lipopolysaccharides, had no apparent effect on that by Sertoli cells. Additionally, neither C3bi receptors (Mac-1 antigen) nor FcRII could be detected on Sertoli cells. In total, the findings demonstrated that the murine Sertoli line exhibits potent phagocytic function and suggest the regulation of this activity may differ from that in “professional” phagocytic cells.
Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cardiac myocyte secretion of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α

This study examined the hypothesis that burn trauma promotes cardiac myocyte secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and produces cardiac contractile dysfunction v...
Prevalence and Mechanism of Atrazine Resistance in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Nebraska

Resistance to atrazine (a photosystem II [PSII] inhibitor) is prevalent in waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer] across the U.S. Midwest. Previous research suggests that target-site mutation or rapid metabolism of atrazine mediated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) conjugation confers resistance in A. tuberculatus from Illinois. The distribution and mechanism of resistance to atrazine in A. tuberculatus populations from Nebraska (NE) are unknown. In this research we (1) evaluated the response and frequency of resistance in NE A. tuberculatus to soil-applied PSII (metribuzin and atrazine) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (sulfentrazone) inhibitors, as well as POST-applied atrazine; and (2) determined the mechanism of atrazine resistance in NE A. tuberculatus. The chloroplastic psbA gene, coding for a D1 protein (the target site of atrazine) was sequenced in 85 plants representing 27 populations of A. tuberculatus. Furthermore, 24 plants selected randomly from four atrazine-resistant (AR) populations were used to determine the metabolism of atrazine via GST conjugation. Results from the soil-applied herbicide evaluation suggest that metribuzin (0.56 kg ai ha-1) and sulfentrazone (0.28 kg ai ha-1) were effective on A. tuberculatus management. PRE and POST screenings against atrazine in the greenhouse indicate that atrazine (1.345 kg ai ha-1) was not effective on 39% and 73% of the A. tuberculatus populations evaluated (total of 109 and 85 populations, respectively), suggesting the prevalence of atrazine resistance in A. tuberculatus in NE. Sequence analysis of the psbA gene found no known point mutations conferring atrazine resistance. However, the AR plants conjugated atrazine via GST activity faster than the known atrazine-susceptible A. tuberculatus. Overall, the outcome of this study demonstrates the predominance of metabolism-based resistance to atrazine in A. tuberculatus from NE, which may predispose this species to evolve resistance to other herbicides. The use of integrated management strategies for A. tuberculatus is crucial for the control of this troublesome species.
Photochemistry of the 1,6-Dideuterio-1,3,5-hexatrienes in Solution: Efficient Terminal Bond Photoisomerization in One-Bond-Twist and Bicycle Pedal Ways

The report that the central bond photoisomerization of the 1,3,5-hexatrienes (Hts) is highly inefficient has encouraged theoreticians to seek conical intersections (CIs) at geometries that can explain rapid nonradiative return to the initially excited isomer. Because they are photochemically silent, torsional relaxations about the terminal double bonds of the Hts have not been evaluated as significant radiationless decay pathways. Study of the photoisomerization of trans,trans,trans- and trans,cis,trans-1,6-dideuterio-1,3,5-hexatrienes ( ttt- and tct-Htd2) addresses this issue. Degassed cyclohexane- d12 (C6D12) and CD3CN solutions were irradiated at 254 nm in quartz NMR tubes, and the progress of the reactions was followed by 1H NMR. Photoisomerization rates based on the integration of terminal hydrogen NMR peaks are in reasonable agreement with rates obtained by fitting pure isomer NMR spectra to the phase shift and baseline corrected experimental NMR spectra. The results show that terminal bond isomerization is highly efficient, especially when one considers that central bond isomerization is much more efficient than previously reported and is mainly observed together with terminal bond isomerization. A mechanism involving terminal one-bond-twist (OBT) in competition with a bicycle pedal (BP) process accounts for all terminal and most central bond photoisomerization. OBT central bond isomerization is a minor reaction that is observed primarily in the tct to ttt direction. Most surprising is the prominent role of the BP process in central bond photoisomerization. Proposed initially to account for photoisomerization in free volume constraining media, it is observed here in the absence of medium constraints.
Effect of Tumor Location and Dosimetric Predictors for Chest Wall Toxicity in Single-Fraction Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Purpose Dosimetric parameters to limit chest wall toxicity (CWT) are not well defined in single-fraction (SF) stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) phase 2 trials. We sought to determine the relationship of tumor location and dosimetric parameters with CWT for SF-SBRT. Methods and Materials From a prospective registry of 1462 patients, we identified patients treated with 30 Gy or 34 Gy. Gross tumor volume was measured as abutting, ≤1 cm, 1 to 2 cm, or >2 cm from the chest wall. CWT was prospectively graded according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0, with grade 2 requiring medical therapy, grade 3 requiring procedural intervention, and grade 4 being disabling pain. Grade 1 CWT or radiographic rib fracture was not included. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the parameters associated with CWT and calculate the probability of CWT with dose. Results This study included 146 lesions. The median follow-up time was 23.8 months. The 5-year local control, distant metastasis, and overall survival rates were 91.8%, 19.2%, and 28.7%, respectively. Grade 2 to 4 CWT was 30.6% for lesions abutting the chest wall, 8.2% for ≤1 cm from the chest wall, 3.8% for 1 to 2 cm from the chest wall, and 5.7% for >2 cm from the chest wall. Grade ≥3 CWT was 1.4%. Tumor abutment (odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; P = .0005), body mass index (OR: 1.1; P = .02), rib D1cc (OR: 1.01/Gy; P = .03), chest wall D1cc (OR: 1.08/Gy; P = .03), and chest wall D5cc (OR: 1.10/Gy; P = .01) were significant predictors for CWT on univariate analysis. Tumor abutment was significant for CWT (OR: 7.5; P = .007) on multivariate analysis. The probability of CWT was 15% with chest wall D5cc at 27.2 Gy and rib D1cc at 30.2 Gy. Conclusions The rate of CWT with SF-SBRT is similar to the rates published for fractionated SBRT, with most CWT being low grade. Tumor location relative to the chest wall is not a contraindication to SF-SBRT, but the rates increase significantly with abutment. Rib D1cc and chest wall D1cc and D5cc may be used as predictors of CWT.
The Bicomponent Ensemble

The simplest cluster ensemble is formed by partitioning an extensive variable M, which we have called “mass,” into N clusters. In Chap. 3 we generalized this to the partitioning of a set of extensive variables, X1, X2, ⋯ into N clusters. Xi may represent energy, volume, or any other extensive attribute that is distributed. A special case is when this attribute refers to a distinct species that we recognize as a component. A population that contains two or more components forms a mixture and its behavior is quite different from that of the generic multivariate ensemble. All extensive properties of a multicomponent population may be sub-partitioned with respect to components. In this chapter we formulate the bicomponent cluster ensemble, derive its thermodynamics, and study the mixing of components for certain classes of selection functionals.
Restoration of TFPI-2 in a human glioblastoma cell line triggers caspase mediated pathway and apoptosis

3661 The induction of apoptotic pathways in cancer cells offers a novel and potentially useful approach to improve patient responses to conventional chemotherapy. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) is a protease inhibitor that is abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and highly expressed in non-invasive cells, but absent or undetectable in highly invasive human glioblastoma cells. Using a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector carrying human TFPI-2 cDNA (rAAV-TFPI-2), we stably expressed TFPI-2 in U-251 cells, a highly invasive human glioblastoma cell line. Our previous studies demonstrated that restoration of TFPI-2 in glioblastomas effectively prevents cell proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor invasion. In the present study, we determined whether TFPI-2 restoration could induce apoptosis through the caspase mediated signaling pathway. The results of caspase 9 and caspase 3 activity assays showed increased activity, which indicates enhanced apoptosis. Immunofluorescence for cleaved caspase 9 and 3 depicted increased expression and co-localization of both molecules. Western blot analysis demonstrated increased transcriptional activities of FasL, TNF-α, BAX, FADD and TRADD, as well as elevated levels of cleaved caspases and PARP. Semiquantitative RT-PCR depicted increased expression of TNF-α and FasL and the related death domains, TRADD and FADD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that restoration of TFPI-2 activates both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-mediated, pro-apoptotic signaling pathways and induces apoptosis in U-251 cells. Furthermore, our study suggests that rAAV-mediated gene expression offers a novel and potential tool for cancer gene therapy.
Outcomes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with NOTCH1 signaling pathway mutations.

7524Background: NOTCH1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in CLL and has emerged as a marker of poor prognosis. Additional mutations in the NOTCH1 signaling pathway, specifically MED12, FB...
Safety of Laparoscopic Gastrostomy in Children Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis.

Abstract Background The preferred method of dialysis for children is chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD), and these children may require delayed gastrostomy tube (GT) placement. Investigators have reported a high risk of fungal peritonitis, early bacterial peritonitis, and catheter loss when percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is performed in children already undergoing CPD. Current International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines recommend only open GT for these patients. We sought to report the safety of laparoscopic gastrostomy (LG) among children already receiving PD. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of children who had initiated CPD before GT placement between 2010 and 2017 at our pediatric hospital. Demographic data, clinical details, and peritonitis rates were recorded. Peritonitis was defined as peritoneal WBC count >100/mm3 and >50% neutrophils, with or without a positive peritoneal culture. Results Twenty-three subjects had both undergone CPD and had a GT placed in the study period. Of these, 13 had a GT placed after CPD had been initiated. One of these was excluded for open technique and another excluded because of no overlap of GT and PD catheter, leaving 11 for analysis. Median age at the time of LG was 1.32 y and median weight-for-age z-score was −1.86 (IQR −2.9, −1.3). Median days to PD catheter and GT use after LG were 2 (range 0-4) and 1 (range 0-2). Median weight z-score change at 90 d was +0.5 (IQR −0.1, +0.9). All patients received antifungal and antibiotic coverage at time of GT placement. No subjects developed fungal peritonitis or early bacterial peritonitis, although one developed bacterial peritonitis within 30 d. The overall rate of peritonitis after laparoscopic gastrostomy tube was 0.35 episodes/patient-year. This was similar to a rate of 0.45 episodes/patient-year during PD but before laparoscopic gastrostomy tube in the same patients (P = 0.679). Four subjects required periods of hemodialysis, two of which were because of PD catheter removal due to infection. One of the latter was due to a relapse of pre-LG peritonitis and the patient later resumed PD. The other was due to remote post-LG peritonitis and the patient continued hemodialysis until renal transplant, both after 6 mo. Conclusions We found that, in children already receiving PD, LG is similar in safety profile, efficacy, and technical principle to open gastrostomy. LG is therefore an appropriate and safe alternative to open gastrostomy in this setting.
Controlling the Shape of Molecular Weight Distributions in Coordination Polymerization and Its Impact on Physical Properties

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) is utilized in a multitude of commercial products worldwide due to its broad spectrum of physical properties and low production costs. Molecular weight and dispersity (Đ) are known to affect the tensile and rheological properties of HDPE, but little is known about the influence of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) shape on these properties. In this work, we investigate this matter through the temporal regulation of initiation in a living coordination-insertion polymerization of ethylene. This method provides precise control over the MWD shape which, in turn, offers a systematic study on the influence of MWD shape on the physical properties of HDPE. Through rheological testing, we observe a difference in complex viscosity and shear thinning with opposite MWD skew. However, tensile testing reveals that the MWD skew does not impact the strain at break, signifying the ability to influence HDPE processing without compromising material strength.
$D\to4$ Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity and Beyond

A `novel' pure theory of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity in four-spacetime dimensions can be constructed by rescaling the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant, seemingly eluding Lovelock's theorem. Recently, however, the well-posedness of this model has been called into question. Here we apply a `dimensional regularization' technique, first used by Mann and Ross to write down a $D\to2$ limit of general relativity, to the case of pure Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity. The resulting four-dimensional action is a particular Horndeski theory of gravity matching the result found via a Kaluza-Klein reduction over a flat internal space. Some cosmological solutions of this four-dimensional theory are examined. We further adapt the technique to higher curvature Lovelock theories of gravity, as well as a low-energy effective string action with an $\alpha'$ correction. With respect to the $D\to4$ limit of the $\alpha'$-corrected string action, we find we must also rescale the dilaton to have a non-singular action in four dimensions. Interestingly, when the conformal rescaling $\Phi$ is interpreted as another dilaton, the regularized string action appears to be a special case of a covariant multi-Galileon theory of gravity.
An escape room simulation focused on renal-impairment for prelicensure nursing students

Abstract The goal of a hands-on approach to present concepts in nursing curricula is to prepare graduates to meet the demands of professional practice. This teaching and learning project incorporated an interactive methodology for teaching associate degree nursing students. A needs analysis revealed a lack of understanding of acute kidney injury. To address this gap, learners completed an escape room, utilizing Kolb's experiential learning theory. Learners were students enrolled in the third semester of an associate degree registered nursing program. Five of the eight student groups successfully escaped, and the mean score of the post-test increased to 86% from a pretest mean of 73.5%. Students found the activity to be a fun way to apply their knowledge. Results indicate escape rooms help prepare students for future practice. Using gamification strategies increases student learning, promotes learner socialization, and builds confidence.
Simultaneous removal of CO2, NOx and SOx using single stage absorption column.

Abstract Capturing flue gases often require multiple stages of scrubbing, increasing the capital and operating costs. So far, no attempt has been made to study the absorption characteristics of all the three gases (NO, SO2 and CO2) in a single stage absorption unit at alkaline pH conditions. We have attempted to capture all the three gases with a single wet scrubbing column. The absorption of all three gases with sodium carbonate solution promoted with oxidizers was investigated in a tall absorption column. The absorbance was found to be 100% for CO2, 30% for NO and 95% for SO2 respectively. The capture efficiency of sodium carbonate solution was increased by 40% for CO2 loading, with the addition of oxidizer. Absorption kinetics and reaction pathways of all the three gases were discussed individually in detail.
The Economical Control of Infectious Diseases

The structure of representative agents and decentralisation of the social planner's problem provide a framework for the economics of infection and associated externalities. Optimal implementation of prevention and therapy depends on: (1) biology including whether infection is person to person or by vectors; (2) whether the infected progress to recovery and susceptibility, immunity, or death; (3) costs of interventions; (4) whether interventions target everyone, the uninfected, the infected, or contacts between the two; (5) individual behaviour leading to two types of externalities. By way of example, if people recover to be susceptible, government subsidies should equally favour prevention and therapy. The economic approach to infectious diseases is in its infancy, somewhat oddly because many economists have long had the intuition that epidemics and infectious diseases are quintessential manifestations of the principle of an externality, itself a central concept in economics (Gersovitz and Hammer, forthcoming a). Furthermore, epidemiology provides ready-made dynamic models of disease transmission and economics provides methods of valuing the costs and benefits of health interventions and methods of dynamic optimisation to guide policy. Policy toward infections is of great importance. Yet only recently have economists begun to look at these questions in a formal way. This paper has two main goals. The overarching goal is to dissect two important externalities involving infectious diseases when there are the options of both prevention and therapy, so that the relative phasing of these two types of interventions is important. To achieve this goal, we need to state the social planner's or first-best problem and to compare it to a representative agent's problem. To avoid compounding the identification of any externalities with problems of myopia, imperfect ability to insure health outcomes, or a disregard for the welfare of future generations, we make assumptions about the behaviour of the representative agent such that these problems do not arise, allowing us to focus exclusively on the externalities that we identify. These assumptions may not always be adequate approximations and a relaxation of these assumptions would lead to further considerations in the design of interventions but we do not deal with these issues in this paper. The economic literature on infectious diseases has taken as its starting point some special although important concerns. This starting point has influenced modelling strategies in ways that we believe obscures the general structure of private choice and consequent externalities in the process of disease transmission.
Relationship of nutrition to abomasal displacement and parturient paresis

This paper was presented at the Minnesota Dairy Conference for Veterinarians (Minnesota, USA, 5-6 June, 1991). Recent research seems to indicate that anion-cation balance is more important than calcium intake relative to susceptibility to milk fever. Feeding anionic salts for a short period pre partum can reduce the risk of milk fever. When anionic salts were given for 21 days pre partum, the incidence of parturient paresis and hypocalcaemia was reduced. Recent research has demonstrated that feeding anionic salts for 7 days can alter calcium metabolism. The feeding of 125 g each of ammonium chloride and sulphate for 21 days costs approx. $2.50 per cow. If milk fever is associated with a 14% decrease in subsequent milk production, a 1% reduction in the incidence of milk would be cost effective. There may be some problems associated with the feeding of anionic salts. First, anionic salts are not palatable and it may be difficult to mask the taste of anionic salts unless they are given incorporated with silages. In addition, they tend to concentrate in the bottom of the feed trough rations, which are composed of dry materials. Secondly, there is one report in the literature that suggests the ammonium salts can be toxic if they are dosed over a short period of time. Thirdly, it may be difficult to add enough anionic salts to correct extremely cationic diets. However, even adding some anionic salt to the diet will improve the cation-anion balance.
International Trade Law: Problems, Cases and Materials

Substantially revised and reorganized, this fourth edition of International Trade Law: Cases, Problems, and Materials (2022) takes full account of the revolutionary developments in this field of law stemming from the U.S. boycott of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the extensive use of tariffs by the Trump administration. The authors believe that U.S. federal trade law remedies assume an even greater importance after the United States precipitated an existential crisis of the WTO by causing the paralysis of its dispute settlement system. This new edition takes an approach that appears to be unique among all similar textbooks: an emphasis on U.S. domestic trade laws against a full background of WTO law to provide the student with a deep and sophisticated understanding of U.S. trade laws and their relationship to the WTO. To this end, this edition emphasizes U.S. domestic law trade laws and remedies, including national security tariffs, section 301 tariffs to combat foreign unfair trade practices, antidumping and countervailing duties, export controls and trade sanctions. This book also offers full analysis of the new United States-Mexico-Canada Trade Agreement. Comprehensive coverage of U.S. domestic trade law is set against the background of the international law rules of the WTO in a compact book of about 700 pages. The attached document contains the preface and a table of contents for the fourth edition.
A Review of Correctional Supervisory Management

This textbook addresses one of the most important and least examined issues in the history of correctional development, the teaching and training of the people in the correctional system.
On the 9.25 minute X ray oscillations of V471 Tauri

The 9.25 minute x ray oscillations discovered recently by K. Jensen (1985) in V471 Tauri using EXOSAT, arise from the DA2 white dwarf (Jensen, et al. 1986). One possible explanation of the oscillations is x ray modulation due to a rotating, magnetized, accreting degenerate (Jensen, et al 1986). The results of model calculations of accretion and diffusion of wind/flare material onto the V471 Tau white dwarf are presented as a test of this interpretation. Weak line features constrain the field if they arise from a polar accretion area. It is shown that rotational modulation of x-ray, opaque accretion poles is probably may not be the correct explanation unless the white dwarf is strongly magnetic, accreting matter at a rate of 10-−15M yr. −1, but has much larger polar accretion areas than that obtained from kinematical models of the accretion flow.
Impact of compensation, performance measures and other organizational characteristics on physicians' acceptance of new Medicare and Medicaid patients

Medicaid plays a vital role in the U.S. health care system and the importance of office-based physician practices to the care of Americans served cannot be overstated. Despite increases in program enrollment, a number of sources report that the proportion of U.S. office-based physicians willing to accept new Medicaid patients is decreasing. This discovery is significant. This managerial accounting study utilizes a national survey of practicing physicians to explore this conundrum from the physicians’ perspective. Specifically, the impact of organizational-related determinants including (1) practice characteristics, (2) compensation and (3) performance measures is examined on physicians’ propensity to accept new Medicaid patients. With an empirical analysis using the cumulative odds ordinal logit model, this study breaks new ground in several significant venues. Only a limited number of studies have yet examined physician practice characteristics relative to physician acceptance of Medicaid, but these were far more limited in scope. In addition, this study offers a first look at how financial and non-financial incentives collectively impact patients’ access to Medicaid. Finally, it is important to point out that this study provides for a comprehensive look at understanding what organizational characteristics help to determine the probability of physician acceptance of new Medicaid patients.The most significant factors found to be associated with diminished propensity for Medicaid access include: operating as a primary care doctor, physician ownership in the practice, practice size, low relative geographic reimbursement, supportive clinical IT and gender. Knowing what factors are associated with physicians’ decisions should provide opportunities for potential public policy solutions.
Shigellae control the Gates of LL.

Pathogenic bacteria use a variety of mechanisms to combat the host immune response. New data indicate that Shigella spp. make a preemptive strike against the deployment of host antibacterial peptides (pages 180–185).
Programmable Logic Devices

The sections in this article are 1 Programmable-Logic Device Architectures 2 Applications 3 Conclusion
National Laws and International Markets: Strategies of Cooperation and Harmonization in the Enforcement of Competition Law

This Article contrasts how two leading competition law systems, the United States and the European Union ("EU"), have reacted to the growing internationalization of markets and the relative decline of the ability of any single jurisdiction to regulate transnational business behavior. For reasons unique to their respective histories, cultures, and politics, these two jurisdictions have adopted very different strategies for dealing with this problem. The United States has offered two distinct visions of antitrust enforcement as part of a conscious opposition to the creation of international antitrust rules or true international enforcement. The United States first embarked on a fifty year strategy premised on the extraterritorial application of its antitrust laws. Only recently has the United States deemphasized this aspect of government policy and sought instead to embrace international cooperation as an alternative to either aggressive unilateral enforcement or the true internationalization of antitrust law.In contrast, the EU has used competition law to cement and expand the single internal market that defines the Union, and then has sought to spread the influence of its competition law through the expansion of the EU, the negotiation of new trading arrangements which require the adoption of EU competition law as a condition of preferential access to the EU market, and the promotion of harmonization of competition law at the international level.This Article offers the story of the U.S.-Canadian antitrust cooperation as the paradigm for how the United States would like the internationalization of antitrust to proceed, and the spread of EU competition through expansion and antitrust diplomacy as the paradigm for the EU approach. This Article then examines how these different approaches will play out in setting the agenda for the WTO and other international organizations that deal with competition issues. Rather than argue for the better approach, this Article seeks to suggest how politics, interest groups, and bureaucratic imperatives dictate, and sometimes defeat, national interests. The Article further speculates how other players and pressures in the enforcement of competition law may affect the success of the strategies of these two traditional antitrust powers in facing the decline of the nation state over this most traditional and sensitive area of national economic regulation and law enforcement. Finally, the Article closes with a suggested approach for harnessing self-interest to overcome collective action problems in order to address international antitrust issues without having to create the kind of new rules or institutions that have proved so unpalatable in the past.
Efficacy and safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Asian patients with knee osteoarthritis: summary of a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Aim To compare the efficacy, tolerability and safety of celecoxib, naproxen and placebo in Asian patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Method Patients of Asian descent with knee OA, aged ≥ 45 years, in a flare state with a functional capacity classification of I–III, received celecoxib 200 mg once daily, naproxen 500 mg twice daily or placebo, for 6 weeks. The change in Patient's Assessment of Arthritis Pain (week 6 vs. baseline) was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints, including Patient's and Physician's Global Assessments of Arthritis, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC), use of complementary and alternative medicines, incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and measurements of upper gastrointestinal tolerability, were also assessed. Results Three hundred and sixty-seven patients were randomized: 145 to celecoxib, 144 to naproxen and 78 to placebo. Celecoxib was as effective as naproxen in reducing OA pain (least squares mean change from baseline in visual analogue scale score [standard error] −37.1 [2.0] for celecoxib and −37.5 [2.0] for naproxen). Patient's and Physician's Global Assessment of Arthritis, WOMAC scores, Pain Satisfaction Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 showed statistically significant improvement in active treatment groups versus placebo, with the exception of naproxen WOMAC scores. Treatment-related TEAEs occurred in 19 (13%), 34 (24%) and six (8%) patients in the celecoxib, naproxen and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion Celecoxib and naproxen were comparable in their effects to reduce the signs and symptoms of knee OA in Asian patients. Celecoxib was shown to be safe and well tolerated in this patient population.
Analysis of error in Monte Carlo transport calculations

The Monte Carlo method for neutron transport calculations suffers, in part, because of the inherent statistical errors associated with the method. Without an estimate of these errors in advance of the calculation, it is difficult to decide what estimator and biasing scheme to use. Recently, integral equations have been derived that, when solved, predicted errors in Monte Carlo calculations in nonmultiplying media. The present work allows error prediction in nonanalog Monte Carlo calculations of multiplying systems, even when supercritical. Nonanalog techniques such as biased kernels, particle splitting, and Russian Roulette are incorporated. Equations derived here allow prediction of how much a specific variance reduction technique reduces the number of histories required, to be weighed against the change in time required for calculation of each history. 1 figure, 1 table. (RWR)
SRC Proto-Oncogene Mutation Found in an Adult Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor: A Case Report (P4.224)

OBJECTIVE: Describe a case of an adult atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) with a SRC oncogene mutation. BACKGROUND: ATRTs are a World Health Organization Grade IV primary CNS neoplasm with poor outcomes in pediatric patients. ATRTs are rare in adults with fewer than 50 cases reported in the literature. Treatment regimens are derived from pediatric experience with surgical resection, craniospinal radiation, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. DESIGN/METHODS: We describe a 23 year-old-woman who presented with daily headaches and left hemi-ataxia with a 4.8 cm heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the left cerebellar hemisphere and cerebellopontine angle. RESULTS: The patient had a gross total resection of the cerebellar mass. The pathology was consistent with an AT/RT with characteristic rhabdoid cells and negative staining for INI1 in tumor cells. The cerebrospinal fluid was positive for malignant cells. A commercial cancer gene mutation panel revealed an activating mutation in the SRC gene found in nearly 20[percnt] of the tumor cells. The patient completed craniospinal irradiation with a total of 5400cGy, with plans to receive six cycles of adjuvant ICE chemotherapy (ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide) with addition of Dasatinib. She is stable after 5 cycles of treatment to date. CONCLUSIONS: ATRTs are exceptionally rare in adult patients. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a SRC oncogene mutation in an AT/RT. SRC signaling may represent an actionable treatment target in this aggressive tumor. Disclosure: Dr. Sedarsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Severson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cooper has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skinner has nothing to disclose. Dr. Malafronte has nothing to disclose. Dr. Theeler has nothing to disclose.
Entfremdung - Marx und die moderne empirische Soziologie

Die Arbeit nimmt die Diskussion zu MARX' Konzept der Entfremdung wieder auf und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, das zwischen den Ansichten des 'jungen' und des 'alten' MARX keine grundsatzlichen Unterschiede bestehen. Sie behauptet, das MARX' Konzept sich ausschlieslich als objektive Definition verstehen last und es unter der Voraussetzung, das dieses Konzept aufrechterhalten werden soll, unmoglich ist, in Entfremdung als solcher die Ursache jeweils bestimmter Verhaltensweisen, Erfahrungen, Einstellungen und Gefuhle anzusetzen. Die genannten Schlusfolgerungen werden auch hinsichtlich des MARXschen Konzeptes des 'wahren Bewustseins' geltend gemacht, wobei hier wie dort auf unangemessene, ja inkorrekte Ubersetzungen von MARX hingewiesen wird. Die Arbeit versucht zusammenfassend zu zeigen, das Forschungsdesigns, die von Entfremdungsdefinitionen subjektiver Art ausgehen oder Entfremdung als Verhaltens-, Erfahrungs- etc. ursache postulieren, im Gegensatz zu alteren Untersuchungen jeden theoretischen Bezug zu MARX vermissen lassen.
Up to Four Distinct Polypeptides Are Produced from the γ34.5 Open Reading Frame of Herpes Simplex Virus 2

The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) ICP34.5 protein strongly influences neurovirulence and regulates several cellular antiviral responses. Despite the clinical importance of HSV-2, relatively little is known about its ICP34.5 ortholog. We found that HSV-2 produces up to four distinct forms of ICP34.5 in infected cells: a full-length protein, one shorter form sharing the N terminus, and two shorter forms sharing the C terminus. These forms appeared with similar kinetics and accumulated in cells over much of the replication cycle. We confirmed that the N-terminal form is translated from the primary unspliced transcript to a stop codon within the intron unique to HSV-2 γ34.5. We found that the N-terminal form was produced in a variety of cell types and by 9 of 10 clinical isolates. ICP27 influenced but was not required for expression of the N-terminal form. Western blotting and reverse transcription-PCR indicated the C-terminal forms did not contain the N terminus and were not products of alternative splicing or internal transcript initiation. Expression plasmids encoding methionine at amino acids 56 and 70 generated products that comigrated in SDS-PAGE with the C1 and C2 forms, respectively, and mutation of these sites abolished C1 and C2. Using a recombinant HSV-2 encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ICP34.5, we demonstrated that the C-terminal forms were also produced during infection of many human and mouse cell types but were not detectable in mouse primary neurons. The protein diversity generated from the HSV-2 γ34.5 open reading frame implies additional layers of cellular regulation through potential independent activities associated with the various forms of ICP34.5. IMPORTANCE The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP34.5, encoded by the γ34.5 gene, interferes with several host defense mechanisms by binding cellular proteins that would otherwise stimulate the cell's autophagic, translational-arrest, and type I interferon responses to virus infection. ICP34.5 also plays a crucial role in determining the severity of nervous system infections with HSV-1 and HSV-2. The HSV-2 γ34.5 gene contains an intron not present in HSV-1 γ34.5. A shorter N-terminal form of HSV-2 ICP34.5 can be translated from the unspliced γ34.5 mRNA. Here, we show that two additional forms consisting of the C-terminal portion of ICP34.5 are generated in infected cells. Production of these N- and C-terminal forms is highly conserved among HSV-2 strains, including many clinical isolates, and they are broadly expressed in several cell types, but not mouse primary neurons. Multiple ICP34.5 polypeptides add additional complexity to potential functional interactions influencing HSV-2 neurovirulence.