cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ex Post Facto Evaluation of Indiana’s Highway Investment Program: Lessons Learned

In response to the federal requirements of the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Act: A Legacy for Users, nearly all state departments of transportation (DOTs) have started to use performance measurement in the planning or programming process. Although these performance measures are routinely monitored, they are generally completed during the project development process on a project-by-project basis for anticipated future conditions. No state has a fully developed postimplementation tool to monitor and evaluate capital investment programs at a system (statewide) level. Historical highway expenditure and performance data from the Indiana DOT capital program were used in an ex post facto assessment to illustrate a program evaluation methodology that can be transferred to other agencies. The relationships between investment and performance were characterized for the condition of pavements and bridges as well as the operation of safety and mobility assets. In addition, the short-term econo...
The Role of Granulocytes in the Pulmonary Response to Group B Streptococcal Toxin in Young Lambs

ABSTRACT: Marked leukopenia and sequestration of granulocytes in the lung are consistently seen in serve early onset group B streptococcal (GBS) disease in human infants. To investigate the role of granulocytes as potential mediators in the pulmonary pathophysiology of this disease, the effects of intracenously adminstered GBS type III toxin were studied in young lambs before and after granulocyte depletion with hydroxyurea. Granulocyte depletion markedly reduced the 4-fold increase in total lung resistance and the decrease in dynamic compliance observed after GBS toxin. Granulocyte depletion significantluy attenuated the pulmonary hypertension, hypoxema and increased minute ventilation present during the first phase of the response (0.5-1 h after GBS toxin). It did not significantly alter the increase in lung lymph flow and protein clearance during the second phase of the response (3.5-5 h after GBS toxin). The result indicates that granulocytes are involved as, mediators of the changes in lung mechanics seen after GBS toxin infusion in young lambs. Granulocytes contribute to the pulmonary hypertension and decrease in arterial oxygenation, but other mediators appear to be responsible for the injury of the vascular endothelium.
To pull or be pulled: parsing the multiple modes of mechanotransduction

A cell embedded in a multicellular organism will experience a wide range of mechanical stimuli over the course of its life. Fluid flows and neighboring cells actively exert stresses on the cell, while the cell's environment presents a set of passive mechanical properties that constrain its physical behavior. Cells respond to these varied mechanical cues through biological responses that regulate activities such as differentiation, morphogenesis, and proliferation, as well as material responses involving compression, stretching, and relaxation. Here, we break down recent studies of mechanotransduction on the basis of the input mechanical stimuli acting upon the cell and the output response of the cell. This framework provides a useful starting point for identifying overlaps in molecular players and sensing modalities, and it highlights how different timescales involved in biological and material responses to mechanical inputs could serve as a means for filtering important mechanical signals from noise.
Structure simulation of amorphous monatomic and binary systems

Abstract A simplified approach to computer simulation of amorphous structures by the dense random packing of hard spheres (DRPHS) has been developed and applied to amorphous Tb and TbFe 2 . The computer algorithms devised are rapid and result in uniform, isotropic packing for both the monatomic as well as binary systems; in the latter case, small-atom drift toward the center of the cluster is reduced to the uncertainty in the random number generator. Energy relaxation has been performed using the first term in Keating's expression for the elastic energy; relaxation causes the peaks in the pair correlation functions to broaden, but their relative intensities (peak areas) remain essentially the same. In all cases investigated, the packing fractions are 2% (or less) smaller than those of Finney's ball bearing measurements, and the calculated densities are 13–23% lower than their crystalline counterparts. The pair correlation functions of the monatomic and binary models have been compared with X-ray results on CoP and neutron results on TbFe 2 and found to be in good agreement.
INFLUENCE OF WALL CONDUCTANCE ON MHD ENERGY CONVERSION

The effect of finite electric conductivity walls normal to the magnetic field in a constant area MHD generator configuration is investigated. The flow is assumed to be laminar and steady with constant properties. The relation between external load resistance and internal resistance of fluid and channel walls that must be satisfied for maximum power output is derived. (C.E.S.)
The RGS protein Crg2 is required for establishment and progression of murine pulmonary cryptococcosis

Cryptococcal regulators of G protein signaling (CRG) are important for growth, differentiation, and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Disruption of CRG2 resulted in dysregulated cAMP signaling and attenuated virulence, whereas disruption of CRG1 increased pheromone responses and enhanced virulence in the archetypal H99 strain. In tests with newly constructed near congenic mutants, a distinction between crg2Δ and crg1Δ gene expression was not apparent during macrophage interaction. Intranasal inoculation indicated that crg2Δ, crg1Δ, and wild-type strains reached the lungs within 0.5 hours of infection. However, CFUs were significantly decreased for crg2Δ at 2, 7, and 14 days post-infection. In contrast, crg1Δ proliferated to the same extent as the wild type (WT). Lung edema was not apparent in mice infected with crg2Δ 0.5 hours post-infection, which showed little cellular infiltrate in comparison to WT. Alveolar septal thickening was most evident in mice infected with crg1Δ, while mice infected with WT...
Effects of age and experience on the production of English word-final stops by Korean speakers*

This study examined the effect of second language (L2) age of acquisition and amount of experience on the production of word-final stop consonant voicing by adult native Korean learners of English. Thirty learners, who differed in amount of L2 experience and age of L2 exposure, and 10 native English speakers produced 8 English monosyllabic words ending in voiced and voiceless stops. These productions were presented to 10 English listeners for perceptual judgment and subjected to acoustic analyses to determine how well learners produced vowel duration and closure (stop gap) duration, two cues to stop consonant voicing. Results revealed that even learners with 10 years of L2 experience did not always produce stop consonant voicing accurately, that learners' age of acquisition influenced their production of both cues, that vowel duration was easier to learn than closure duration, and that English listeners used both these cues in their judgments of production accuracy.
Bilateral thalamic tumors in children

Introduction.The actual incidence of thalamic tumors is not known, but the frequency of the bilateral tumoral involvement of both thalami is even less defined.
Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory

We remember a considerable number of personal experiences because we are frequently reminded of them, a process known as memory reactivation. Although memory reactivation helps to stabilize and update memories, reactivation may also introduce distortions if novel information becomes incorporated with memory. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating reactivation-induced updating in memory for events experienced during a museum tour. During scanning, participants were shown target photographs to reactivate memories from the museum tour followed by a novel lure photograph from an alternate tour. Later, participants were presented with target and lure photographs and asked to determine whether the photographs showed a stop they visited during the tour. We used a subsequent memory analysis to examine neural recruitment during reactivation that was associated with later true and false memories. We predicted that the quality of reactivation, as determined by online ratings of subjective recollection, would increase subsequent true memories but also facilitate incorporation of the lure photograph, thereby increasing subsequent false memories. The fMRI results revealed that the quality of reactivation modulated subsequent true and false memories via recruitment of left posterior parahippocampal, bilateral retrosplenial, and bilateral posterior inferior parietal cortices. However, the timing of neural recruitment and the way in which memories were reactivated contributed to differences in whether memory reactivation led to distortions or not. These data reveal the neural mechanisms recruited during memory reactivation that modify how memories will be subsequently retrieved, supporting the flexible and dynamic aspects of memory.
A probabilistic functional network of yeast genes.

A conceptual framework for integrating diverse functional genomics data was developed by reinterpreting experiments to provide numerical likelihoods that genes are functionally linked. This allows direct comparison and integration of different classes of data. The resulting probabilistic gene network estimates the functional coupling between genes. Within this framework, we reconstructed an extensive, high-quality functional gene network for Saccharomyces cerevisiae , consisting of 4681 (∼81%) of the known yeast genes linked by ∼34,000 probabilistic linkages comparable in accuracy to small-scale interaction assays. The integrated linkages distinguish true from false-positive interactions in earlier data sets; new interactions emerge from genes' network contexts, as shown for genes in chromatin modification and ribosome biogenesis.
Making students' mathematical explanations accessible to teachers through the use of digital recorders and iPads

Analyzing students' mathematical explanations can be a powerful tool to enhance teachers' practice, but collecting these explanations can be cumbersome. Here, we describe our quest to find effective tools to make explanations accessible to elementary (K-6th) teachers. First, we describe how digital audio recordings enabled teachers to focus on the processes students used to solve problems and helped teachers to see patterns of development in students' thinking as well as to identify the prevalence of some misconceptions. In addition, we show how considering explanations from various classrooms provided an avenue for teachers to share their teaching practices. Second, we discuss a new tool that provides even better records of students' processing beyond the information gained from the digital recorders. We provide some preliminary data of our use of the ShowMe® screencast application on the Apple® iPad with students to illustrate the potential of this tool for teacher professional development.
Evolution of Strategies for Self‐Assembly and Hookup of Molecule‐Based Devices

: Strategies for self-assembling molecule-based devices are considered in terms of current chemical issues whose resolution appears critical to efficient connection and addressing of electronically active molecules between electrodes. We discuss issues related to the type and shape of the molecules, chemical bonding at junctions, molecular lengths and electrode gap matching, molecular alignment at electrodes, chemistry of deposited metal contacts, and the doping of molecular conductors. Examples of each of these aspects is given using fully conjugated molecules, constituted from rigid rod phenylene-ethynylene units, self-assembled onto metal and semiconductor surfaces.
Effect of murine host genotype on MCF virus expression, latency, and leukemia cell type of leukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia helper virus.

Abstract Leukemias induced by neonatal inoculations of several mouse strains with different strains of Friend murine leukemia helper virus (F-MuLV) were followed for time of disease onset, cytochemical analysis of predominant cell types in leukemic organs, and expression of infectious mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) viruses detected by mink cell foci or MCF-specific monoclonal antibodies. Most BALB.B and IRW mice had a rapidly appearing, severe anemia and hepatosplenomegaly consisting of erythroid cells. MCF viruses were usually isolated from enlarged spleens of IRW mice. In contrast, C57BL/10 mice had a lower incidence of disease and much slower course. Splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with mild anemia were seen, and the predominant cell types were either myeloid (chloroleukemia) or lymphoid. MCF viruses were never isolated from this mouse strain. (C57BL/10 × IRW)F, mice were intermediate in latency, but all mice had disease by 8 months. Myeloid, lymphoid, and some mixed leukemias with an erythroid component were observed, but in no case did we see the severe anemia or pure erythroid involvement typical of IRW and BALB.B mice. MCF viruses were, however, isolated from 22% of these mice regardless of leukemia cell type. DBA/2 mice had a disease pattern similar to the (C57BL/10 × IRW)F, mice, and MCF viruses were isolated from three of six mice tested. Inoculation of IRW mice with the low virulence B3 strain of F-MuLV produced disease with a longer latency than F-MuLV 57, but similar cell types were transformed by both viruses. In vitro cell lines were derived from 14 mice, and most were tumorigenic in vivo. Three lines released infectious MCF virus, and three others expressed MCF-specific cell surface antigens but did not release virus. Eight lines expressed no MCF infectious virus or viral antigens. Several lines released infectious xenotropic viruses and/or expressed xenotropic MuLV cell surface antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies reactive with xenotropic viruses. The lack of MCF expression in many primary leukemic tissues as well as in in vitro derived leukemia cell lines of C57BL/10 and (B10 X IRW)F, mice suggested that MCF virus generation and expression may not be required for leukemogenesis in some mouse strains or in some hemopoietic lineages.
Resolution as a function of accelerating voltage in electron microscopy of semithick biological specimens

In the past, biological sections ranging in thickness from 0.10- to 0.50-μm have usually been examined with high-voltage (>500 kV) electron microscopes (HVEM). Now investigators are increasingly using intermediate voltage (200–500 kV) electron microscopes (IVEM), which are more readily available and demand less maintenance. In a study of “typical” plastic-embedded, stained sections of mouse liver ranging from 0.10 to 1.0 μm thick, we determined the resolution obtainable at 100, 200, and 1000 kV. At all three accelerating voltages the resolution (2.7 nm) for 0.10-μm sections was limited only by the sections stain granularity. For 0.25-μm thickness the resolutions were 5.8, 3.1, and 3.1 nm at 100, 200, and 1000 kV, respectively. The maximum usable thickness at 200 kV with resolution sufficient to resolve membranes clearly was between 0.75 and 1.0 μm, depending on the magnification. Resolution at 100 kV was adequate for screening sections up to 1.0-μm thick for preparation defects prior to examination with an IVEM or HVEM.
Social Networks and Organizational Performance: Exploring the Quality of Domain Knowledge Sources

For sustained performance in a dynamic market environment, individuals within an organization must operate in a social network SN that promotes knowledge exchanges, encourages knowledge acquisition, and facilitates dissemination of domain knowledge pertinent to the execution of job-related tasks. Research on Knowledge Social Networks KSN has hitherto focused on interpersonal social network structures and its impact on knowledge outcomes with little attention being paid to the quality of domain knowledge possessed by knowledge sources and the value of resultant knowledge flows. This paper evaluates the quality of knowledge sources used in the social network by robustly measuring knowledge structures, the underlying foundation of conceptual knowledge. A field study of a simulated market environment with competing organizations found the KSN to be central in explaining organizational performance. However, its interplay with the domain knowledge structure of knowledge sources provided deeper insights into its link with organizational success.
hiPSC Modeling of Inherited Cardiomyopathies.

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) represent a powerful new model system to study the basic mechanisms of inherited cardiomyopathies. hiPSC-CMs have been utilized to model several cardiovascular diseases, achieving the most success in the inherited arrhythmias, including long QT and Timothy syndromes (Moretti et al. N Engl J Med. 363:1397–409, 2010; Yazawa et al. Nature. 471:230–4, 2011) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) (Ma et al. Eur Heart J. 34:1122–33, 2013). Recently, studies have applied hiPSC-CMs to the study of both dilated (DCM) (Sun et al. Sci Transl Med. 4:130ra47, 2012) and hypertrophic (HCM) cardiomyopathies (Lan et al. Cell Stem Cell. 12:101–13, 2013; Carvajal-Vergara et al. Nature. 465:808–12, 2010), providing new insights into basic mechanisms of disease. However, hiPSC-CMs do not recapitulate many of the structural and functional aspects of mature human cardiomyocytes, instead mirroring an immature – embryonic or fetal – phenotype. Much work remains in order to better understand these differences, as well as to develop methods to induce hiPSC-CMs into a fully mature phenotype. Despite these limitations, hiPSC-CMs represent the best current in vitro correlate of the human heart and an invaluable tool in the search for mechanisms underlying cardiomyopathy and for screening new pharmacologic therapies.
The Psychology of Cosmetics: A Research Bibliography

Psychological research on physical appearance remains predominantly the study of physical attractiveness as a trait dimension. This perspective ignores the fact that most persons actively modify their appearance across time and situations by means of self-grooming or self-adornment, for example, as many females do by use of cosmetics. To document and facilitate research from the perspective that appearance is not merely a fixed trait, this bibliography of psychological studies, reviews, and commentaries is provided.
Muon scattering at Fermilab

Abstract A review of the muon scattering program to date at Fermilab is made. Brief sections are included on muon physics at particle accelerators prior to Fermilab and on technical details of the Fermilab muon beam. A section is included on the theoretical work most closely associated with the deeply inelastic muon scattering program.
Caudal epidural blockade in adolescents

Background: Various options are available for the provision of analgesia following major surgical procedures including systemic opioids and regional anesthetic techniques. Regional anesthetic techniques offer the advantage of providing analgesia while avoiding the deleterious adverse effects associated with opioids including nausea, vomiting, sedation and respiratory depression. Although used commonly in infants and children, there is a paucity of experience with the use of caudal epidural blockade in adolescents. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative care of adolescents undergoing major urologic or orthopedic surgical procedures for whom a caudal epidural block was placed for postoperative analgesia. Results: The cohort for the study included 5 adolescents, ranging in age from 13 to 18 years and in weight from 42 to 71 kilograms. Caudal epidural analgesia was accomplished after the induction of anesthesia and prior to the start of the surgical procedure using 20-25 mL of either 0.25% bupivacaine or 0.2% ropivacaine with clonidine (1 μg/kg). The patients denied pain the recovery room. The time to first request for analgesia varied from 12 to 18 hours with the patients requiring 1-3 doses of analgesic agents during the initial 24 postoperative hours. Conclusions: Our preliminary experience demonstrates the efficacy of caudal epidural block in providing analgesia following major urologic and orthopedic surgical procedures. The applications of this technique as a means of providing postoperative analgesia are discussed.
Hydroxylation of methyl oleate. A new, direct method

A new, direct method for hydroxylation of methyl oleate and related fatty materials is described. Yields of 74% methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate have been obtained directly by use of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by 4% cross-linked cationic exchange resins. An interfering side-reaction is the formation of an hydroxy polyether. No effort has been made to characterize the polyether which probably exists as a mixture of several polyethers.
Properties of the Complex between Histone H1 and Poly(ADP-ribose) Synthesised in HeLa Cell Nuclei

Preparations of H1 histone from HeLa cell nuclei incubated with [3H]NAD to permit poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. The incorporated radioactivity migrated as a sharply defined peak in association with a protein band which moved more slowly than H1, the major protein component. The following observations indicate that this complex is composed of two molecules of H1 and a single chain of poly(ADP-ribose) with one detectable covalent linkage of polymer to protein. 1 The [14C]arginine/[3H]lysine ratio is identical in H1 histone and in the protein moiety of the complex. 2 Protein is displaced from H1 histone to the complex during poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. At least 90% of the protein in the complex (stainable protein and labelled protein) is derived from H1. 3 Sedimentation rate studies indicate a molecular weight of the complex about twice that of H1 histone. 4 The average chain length of the polymer is 15 ADP-ribose units and there are 7–8 ADP-ribose units for each molecule of H1 histone in the ‘complex’. 5 Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, which hydrolyses the polymer exoglycosidically from the AMP terminus, degrades the complex producing ADP-ribose and mono-ADP-ribosylated H1 histone which co-electrophoreses with unmodified H1. Although only one covalent linkage between protein and polymer has been detected, the ‘complex’ does not dissociate when electrophoresed on dodecylsulfate gels. Nor can the noncovalently linked H1 histone of the complex readily exchange with free H1. Complex formation does not occur when purified poly(ADP-ribose) and H1 are mixed.
Optimization and estimated production cost of a citric acid-modified soybean hull ion exchanger

Abstract Soybean hulls modified with citric acid have enhanced capabilities for adsorbing metals from wastewater and have the potential to compete in the marketplace as ion-exchange resins. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for citric acid modification of soybean hulls and to estimate the cost of the modification process. Adsorption capacities for copper ion (Cu 2+ ) were determined on unwashed, water-washed and 0.1 N NaOH-washed soybean hulls. All three samples had the same adsorption capacities. Therefore, unwashed hulls were selected as the feedstock for citric acid modification. The citric acid-treated hulls required a drying step before modification could proceed. However, the drying and modification steps could be combined into a single process step when the wet hulls were heat-treated at 120°C for 1.5 h. A process flow diagram was developed based on these results. From the process description and equipment needed to manufacture the modified product, the capital and operating costs were determined. The product cost was estimated, based on a daily input of 10 000 kg of soybean hulls and a daily output of modified product of 7900 kg, with a yield of 79%. An estimated production cost for the modified product was $1.17/kg versus typical retail costs of $4–40/kg for commercial, petroleum-based cation-exchange resins when purchased in bulk quantities.
The structure of the ion: An ion kinetic energy spectrometry study

The kinetic energy release (T) values for the loss of CO from ions from five compounds have been obtained and are consistent with at least two different structures for the ion. This result is supported by the T value obtained for the decomposition of the molecular ions.
Bending of the Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation after direct trauma: a case report.

Study Design. Case report. Objectives. To describe a fracture through the fusion mass of a a spine that had been corrected previously with Cotrel-Dubousset rods. These rods had failed in bending after direct trauma. Summary of Background Data. Nine years after successful treatment of scoliosis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation, the patient was in a motor vehicle accident and sustained a hyperextension spine injury with complete L1-L2 paraplegia and disruption of the fusion mass. The Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation rods, which failed in bending, could not be corrected in situ, and the angulated segments had to be resected. The spine then became extremely unstable, and the patient consulted the authors for definitive stabilization. Results. The spine was stabilized by attaching the proximal and distal retained Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation to supplemental rods in a domino fashion. Crosslinks were added to improve the torsional stability. Intraoperatively, the fracture was well reduced, and the fixation was stable. A posterolateral fusion was performed with allogenic bone graft. Conclusion. Bent Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation rods are still very strong and may not correct in situ. If resection is required, the retained portions of Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation can serve as attachments to restore stable fixation a domino technique.
Metabolism and activity of the spanish fringe-toed lizard (Lacertidae: acanthodactylus erythrurus)

Abstract 1. 1.In the field, adult fringe-toed lizards (Acanthodactylus erythrusus) had a mean body temperature of 38.8 ± 0.2 (S.E.) °C while subadults maintained a significantly lowr temperature ( x = 35.4 ± 0.5°C ). 2. 2.Laboratory measurements of oxygen consumption, ventilation frequency, and heart rate indicate that temperatures above 38°C are stressful to subadults. 3. 3.Activity periods of subadults are curtailed by high temperatures for 3 months in summer while the activity of the more thermophilic adults is curtailed only during July and August. 4. 4.Some lizards maintained a high metabolic rate by achieving a low Q10 ( x = 1.3 ) between 13 and 25°C. 5. 5.Because these lizards initiate activity at black body temperatures of 13°C in their natural habitat, the ability to sustain high rates of aerobic metabolism at low temperatures is probably valuable.
ELISA for the detection of the lymphokine soluble immune response suppressor.

Abstract Murine soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) is a product of Ly 2 + suppressor T cells which is activated to SIRS ox by peroxide produced by macrophages. SIRS ox inhibits cell division by normal and transformed cell lines and antibody secretion by B lymphocytes. Rat monoclonal anti-SIRS antibodies were developed to determine if ELISA methodology could replace bioassays for quantification of SIRS in biological samples. Purified SIRS, applied to nitrocellulose, was detected with an avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase system. This ELISA was capable of detecting pg quantities of SIRS and detected SIRS after fractionation by high performance liquid chromatography. However, SIRS in crude supernatant fluids was undetectable by this method, presumably due to the small percentage of SIRS protein in relation to total protein in these samples. Thus, a competitive ELISA was adopted which, in initial experiments, detected SIRS in impure sources. This competitive ELISA may be useful in evaluating the presence or absence of SIRS in various biological samples.
piggyBac-based insertional mutagenesis in Tribolium castaneum using donor/helper hybrids.

We describe an efficient method for generating new piggyBac insertions in the germline of F 1 hybrid Tribolium castaneum derived from crosses between transgenic helper and donor strains. Helper strains carried single Minos elements encoding piggyBac transposase. The donor strain carried a single piggyBac element inserted into an actin gene, expanding the eye-specific, 3xP3-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) reporter expression domain to include muscle. Remobilization of the donor element is accompanied by loss of muscle fluorescence but retention of eye fluorescence. In a pilot screen, the piggyBac donor was remobilized in 84% of the hybrid crosses, generating hundreds of new lethal, enhancer-trap, semisterile and other insertions. The jumpstarter system described herein makes genome-wide, saturation insertional mutagenesis a realistic goal in this coleopteran species.
Preference for outdoor play during early adolescence

The present study examined the extent to which boys' and girls' preference for outdoor, vigorous activity changed as they became socialized to middle school. A sample of 133 boys and girls were studied for one year: those just beginning middle school (sixth graders) and those with one year experience (seventh grade). Measures of children's preference for the playground, the duration of their stay outdoors, and behaviors while outdoors were obtained through direct observational methods. Additionally, teachers' rated children's level of achievement, physical attractiveness, and facility in games. Children also rated each other in terms of dominance status. Results indicated that boys', compared to girls', preference to play outdoors existed only in sixth grade. Factor analyses indicated that three factors described these children: Teachers' Choice, Active Female Oriented, and Outdoor Male Oriented. All three factors varied as children progressed through middle school. Results are discussed in terms of life course developmental theory.
The clinical effective dose of rocuronium for lightwand tracheal intubation after induction with alfentanil, propofol, and low concentrations of sevoflurane

Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effective dose of rocuronium for tracheal intubation using a lightwand after induction with propofol, alfentanil, and a low concentration of sevoflurane. Methods Twenty-eight adults scheduled to undergo elective surgery lasting less than one hour were enrolled in this study. All patients received alfentanil (10 microg/kg) and propofol (1.5 mg/kg) for the induction of anesthesia. Tracheal intubation using a lightwand was attempted 3 minutes after administering rocuronium and mask ventilation with 2 vol% of sevoflurane. The initial rocuronium dose was 0.5 mg/kg. The rocuronium dose for consecutive patients, determined by Dixon's up-and-down method, was increased or decreased by 0.05 mg/kg according to the result of the previous patient. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded before induction, 1 min before intubation, 1 and 2 min after intubation. Results The 50% clinical effective dose (cED(50)) of rocuronium for tracheal intubation using a lightwand was 0.20 +/- 0.05 mg/kg according to Dixon's up and down method. Isotonic regression revealed the cED(50) and cED(95) (95% confidence intervals) to be 0.20 mg/kg (0.10-0.3 mg/kg) and 0.35 mg/kg (0.16-0.49 mg/kg), respectively. Conclusions The cED(50) and cED(95) of rocuronium for tracheal intubation using the lightwand were 0.20 mg/kg and 0.35 mg/kg, respectively, after induction with alfentanil, propofol, and a low concentration of sevoflurane.
Information Quality and Long‐Run Risk: Asset Pricing Implications

I study the asset pricing implications of the quality of public information about persistent productivity shocks in a general equilibrium model with Kreps–Porteus preferences. Low information quality is associated with a high equity premium, a low volatility of consumption growth, and a low volatility of the risk-free interest rate. The relationship between information quality and the equity premium differs from that in endowment economies. My calibration improves substantially upon the Bansal–Yaron model in terms of the moments of the wealth–consumption ratio and the return on aggregate wealth. IN THIS PAPER, I introduce learning into a production-based long-run risk model. Learning improves the asset pricing implications of the model along three dimensions: it increases the equilibrium equity premium, reduces the volatility of consumption growth, and reduces the volatility of the risk-free interest rate. I show that because of the production economy setting, the relationship between information quality and the equity premium differs from that found in pure exchange economies (see, e.g., Veronesi (2000)). Quantitatively, my model improves substantially upon the Bansal and Yaron (2004) model in terms of its predictions about the volatility of the return on aggregate wealth and the wealth–consumption ratio. Compared to Bansal and Yaron (2004), I use a lower relative risk aversion (RRA) parameter, two, and a higher intertemporal elasticity of substitution (IES) parameter, two. My model generates a lower risk premium on the market portfolio, 5.06% per year, but does roughly as well as the Bansal and Yaron (2004) model according to other measures commonly used to assess the performance of consumption-based asset pricing models, such as the key moments of the risk-free interest rate and the consumption growth rate. More specifically, I consider a general equilibrium model with a linear production technology and Kreps–Porteus preferences (Kreps and Porteus (1978)). ∗ Hengjie Ai is at the Fuqua School of Business, Duke University. This paper is based on chap
Soft Docking and Multiple Receptor Conformations in Virtual Screening

Protein conformational change is an important consideration in ligand-docking screens, but it is difficult to predict. A simple way to account for protein flexibility is to soften the criterion for steric fit between ligand and receptor. A more comprehensive but more expensive method would be to sample multiple receptor conformations explicitly. Here, these two approaches are compared. A “soft” scoring function was created by attenuating the repulsive term in the Lennard-Jones potential, allowing for a closer approach between ligand and protein. The standard, “hard” Lennard-Jones potential was used for docking to multiple receptor conformations. The Available Chemicals Directory (ACD) was screened against two cavity sites in the T4 lysozyme. These sites undergo small but significant conformational changes on ligand binding, making them good systems for soft docking. The ACD was also screened against the drug target aldose reductase, which can undergo large conformational changes on ligand binding. We eval...
Whales Tales, Dog Piles, and Beer Goggles: An Ethnographic Case Study of Fraternity Life.

Because women continue to be exploited and victimized in fraternity settings, understanding the culture of fraternity life is imperative. This study examines the culture of a fraternity situated at a large research university. Relying on critical views of culture and power, this article highlights how a fraternity continues to reproduce a culture of oppression despite elimination of the tradi- tional pledge process. FRATERNITY CULTURE, BROTHERHOOD, PLEDGING, SEXUAL EXPLOITATION, MARGINALIZATION/VIC- TIMIZATION Around a table in the corner of the basement party room sit ten fraternity brothers. In the middle of the table is a large pitcher of beer, and in front of the brothers are glasses filled with varying amounts of beer. Nine pairs of eyes fixate on one of the brothers, who appears to be telling some sort of story. The brothers lean forward to hear more clearly, as do the 12 or so onlookers, who encircle the ten brothers seated around the table. The onlookers are mostly women, whose wrinkled brows, squinting eyes, and half-hearted smiles reveal both their confusion and amusement. The storyteller speaks quickly, and at first he sounds as if he is talking in some strange or foreign dialect. After a while, however, it becomes clear that the language spoken is indeed common English, but with an unusual tone and cadence. He looks directly at the brothers, one by one, in no particular order. Quickly he turns his head to the other side of the table as if to fake the brothers. Out of nowhere he stops, and another brother begins to fashion his own narrative. At one point, all the brothers except one sit back and laugh, while at the same time pointing with their elbows at another brother, who then fills his glass from the pitcher of beer and chugs the entire contents. Evidently, the storyteller at some point in his tale mentions a code word or nickname that represents another brother sitting at the table. When this occurs, the brother whose name is mentioned must pick up the tale where the previous storyteller left off and begin elaborating his own version. If a brother fails to hear his name or is hesitant in continuing the story, he must chug a full glass of beer.
Usefulness of percutaneous biopsy in diagnosing benign renal masses that mimic malignancy

Percutaneous biopsy has long been used to diagnose malignancies of the kidney. It is an established technique with multiple indications. Percutaneous biopsy now can be used to diagnose benign conditions that may mimic a malignancy and lead to unnecessary treatments. Advances in cytological techniques such as immunocytochemistry and cytogenetics have allowed for an increased diagnostic yield. In this review, various benign entities that may present as a renal mass are discussed and the vital role of percutaneous biopsy detailed.
Combining ANNs to improve phone recognition

In applying neural networks to speech recognition, one often finds that slightly different training configurations lead to significantly different networks. Thus different training sessions using different setups will likely end up in "mixed" network configurations representing different solutions in different regions of the data space. This sensitivity to the initial weights assigned, the training parameters and the training data can be used to enhance performance, using a committee of neural networks. We study various ways to combine context-dependent (CD) and context-independent (CD) neural network phone estimators to improve phone recognition. As a result, we obtain 6.3% and 2.2% increase in accuracy in phone recognition using monophones and biphones respectively.
Provider Practice Models in Ambulatory Oncology Practice: Analysis of Productivity, Revenue, and Provider and Patient Satisfaction

Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants often work in teams to deliver cancer care in ambulatory oncology practices. This is likely to become more prevalent as the demand for oncology services rises, and the number of providers increases only slightly.
Solubilization and characterization of the A2-adenosine receptor

AbstractBinding of [3H]CGS 21680, an agonist radioligand selective for A2-adenosine receptors (A2AR), to membranes and solubilized preparations from bovine brain striatum revealed labelling of a single high affinity binding state. In membranes, guanine nucleotides per se were ineffective in modulating agonist binding whereas cations, Na+ and Mg++, had distinct effects. The addition of NaCl (200 mM) as well as the Mg++-free preparation of membranes led to a significant decrease in binding affinity and the number of binding sites. Moreover, the presence of Na+ was required for the demonstration of a guanine nucleotide effect, i.e. a decrease in maximal binding. Following solubilization, agonist-A AR interactions were sensitive to guanine nucleotides even in the absence of Na+2; guanine nucleotides and Na+ had additive effects in reducing the number of binding sites. Moreover, the effect of GTP was reversible, i.e. binding returned to control levels upon removal of the nucleotide. This suggests the A2AR and ...
A Paper-Based Electrochemical Sensor Using Inkjet-Printed Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

This paper presents a fully inkjet-printed electrochemical sensor on paper which consists of carbon nanotube-printed working, reference, and counter electrodes. The proposed technique aims at low-cost and disposable paper-based electrochemical sensors. First, a carbon nanotube (CNT) ink was inkjet-printed directly on paper, forming a conductive network. Additionally, a hydrophobic barrier was patterned on paper to limit the absorption of liquid to the designed area. The inkjet printing method allows for rapid patterning of electrodes on paper, resulting in a simple and effective electrochemical sensor. The sheet resistance of the CNT-printed paper was as low as 1 k / after 33 prints. A potential step voltammetry method was applied to determine the concentration of the analytes, iron ion (Fe2+) and dopamine (DA), with linear ranges of 10 μM-200 μM and 10 μM-100 μM, respectively. The reported approach for a fully inkjet-printed electrochemical sensor is easy and cheap, and it has a potential for simple and rapid paper-based point-of-care diagnostics. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0121510jss] All rights reserved.
Helicase motifs: the engine that powers DNA unwinding

Helicases play essential roles in nearly all DNA metabolic transactions and have been implicated in a variety of human genetic disorders. A hallmark of these enzymes is the existence of a set of highly conserved amino acid sequences termed the 'helicase motifs' that were hypothesized to be critical for helicase function. These motifs are shared by another group of enzymes involved in chromatin remodelling. Numerous structure-function studies, targeting highly conserved residues within the helicase motifs, have been instrumental in uncovering the functional significance of these regions. Recently, the results of these mutational studies were augmented by the solution of the three-dimensional crystal structure of three different helicases. The structural model for each helicase revealed that the conserved motifs are clustered together, forming a nucleotide-binding pocket and a portion of the nucleic acid binding site. This result is gratifying, as it is consistent with structure-function studies suggesting that all the conserved motifs are involved in the nucleotide hydrolysis reaction. Here, we review helicase structure-function studies in the light of the recent crystal structure reports. The current data support a model for helicase action in which the conserved motifs define an engine that powers the unwinding of duplex nucleic acids, using energy derived from nucleotide hydrolysis and conformational changes that allow the transduction of energy between the nucleotide and nucleic acid binding sites. In addition, this ATP-hydrolysing engine is apparently also associated with proteins involved in chromatin remodelling and provides the energy required to alter protein-DNA structure, rather than duplex DNA or RNA structure.
Decision Trees for Functional Variables

Classification problems with functionally structured in- put variables arise naturally in many applications. In a clinical domain, for example, input variables could include a time series of blood pressure measurements. In a financial setting, different time series of stock returns might serve as predictors. In an archaeological application, the 2-D pro- file of an artifact may serve as a key input variable. In such domains, accuracy of the classifier is not the only reason- able goal to strive for; classifiers that provide easily inter- pretable results are also of value. In this work, we present an intuitive scheme for extending decision trees to handle functional input variables. Our results show that such deci- sion trees are both accurate and readily interpretable.
COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL COMPONENTS OF TEST ANXIETY: A DISTINCTION AND SOME INITIAL DATA

This study examined the relationship between two aspects of the TAQ, identified as “worry” and “emotionality,” and performance expectancies on a college examination. For this purpose, a short Pre-examination Questionnaire was developed. As predicted, worry (W) was inversely related to performance expectancy. No relationship between expectancy and emotionality (E) was found.
MreA Functions in the Global Regulation of Methanogenic Pathways in Methanosarcina acetivorans

ABSTRACT Results are presented supporting a regulatory role for the product of the MA3302 gene locus (designated MreA) previously annotated as a hypothetical protein in the methanogenic species Methanosarcina acetivorans of the domain Archaea . Sequence analysis of MreA revealed identity to the TrmB family of transcription factors, albeit the sequence is lacking the sensor domain analogous to TrmBL2, abundant in nonmethanogenic species of the domain Archaea . Transcription of mreA was highly upregulated during growth on acetate versus methylotrophic substrates, and an mreA deletion (Δ mreA ) strain was impaired for growth with acetate in contrast to normal growth with methylotrophic substrates. Transcriptional profiling of acetate-grown cells identified 280 genes with altered expression in the Δ mreA strain versus the wild-type strain. Expression of genes unique to the acetate pathway decreased whereas expression of genes unique to methylotrophic metabolism increased in the Δ mreA strain relative to the wild type, results indicative of a dual role for MreA in either the direct or indirect activation of acetate-specific genes and repression of methylotrophic-specific genes. Gel shift experiments revealed specific binding of MreA to promoter regions of regulated genes. Homologs of MreA were identified in M. acetivorans and other Methanosarcina species for which expression patterns indicate roles in regulating methylotrophic pathways. IMPORTANCE Species in the domain Archaea utilize basal transcription machinery resembling that of the domain Eukarya , raising questions addressing the role of numerous putative transcription factors identified in sequenced archaeal genomes. Species in the genus Methanosarcina are ideally suited for investigating principles of archaeal transcription through analysis of the capacity to utilize a diversity of substrates for growth and methanogenesis. Methanosarcina species switch pathways in response to the most energetically favorable substrate, metabolizing methylotrophic substrates in preference to acetate marked by substantial regulation of gene expression. Although conversion of the methyl group of acetate accounts for most of the methane produced in Earth’s biosphere, no proteins involved in the regulation of genes in the acetate pathway have been reported. The results presented here establish that MreA participates in the global regulation of diverse methanogenic pathways in the genus Methanosarcina . Finally, the results contribute to a broader understanding of transcriptional regulation in the domain Archaea .