cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the effects of bodyside compression on forward swept sidewall compression inlets ingesting a turbulent boundary layer

Forward swept sidewall compression inlets have been tested in the Mach 4 Blowdown Facility at the NASA Langley Research Center to study the effects of bodyside compression surfaces on inlet performance in the presence of an incoming turbulent boundary layer. The measurements include mass flow capture and mean surface pressure distributions obtained during simulated combustion pressure increases downstream of the inlet. The kerosene-lampblack surface tracer technique has been used to obtain patterns of the local wall shear stress direction. Inlet performance is evaluated using starting and unstarting characteristics, mass capture, mean surface pressure distributions and permissible back pressure limits. The results indicate that inlet performance can be improved with selected bodyside compression surfaces placed between the inlet sidewalls.
Experimental determination of the diffusion boundary layer width of micron and submicron particles

Abstract Powder dissolution kinetics have shown that for particles in the so called “large” size regime (more than about 50 μm), the dissolution rate scales as the specific surface area, i.e. rate proportional to d −1 where d is the particle diameter. This is consistent with an effective diffusion boundary layer width h EFF that is constant with respect to particle size. However, for particles in the so called “small” size regime ( d less than about 50 μm), the dissolution rate has a stronger dependence than proportional to d −1 [Bisrat, M., Anderberg, E.K., Barnett, M.I., Nystroem, C., 1992. Physicochemical aspects of drug release. XV. Investigation of diffusional transport in dissolution of suspended, sparingly soluble drugs. Int. J. Pharm., 80, 191–201; Mosharraf, M., Nystroem, C., 1995. The effect of particle size and shape on the surface specific dissolution rate of microsized practically insoluble drugs. Int. J. Pharm., 122, 35–47]. In this regime, Prandtl boundary layer theory predicts an h EFF approximately equal to the particle radius or diameter. This paper presents the first experimental determination of h EFF for particles less than about 2 μm. The powder dissolution kinetics of six suspensions over the particle diameter range of 5.9 ± 0.1 to 0.53 ± 0.05 μm are analyzed to yield h EFF values of 8.5 ± 1.9 to 0.34 ± 0.14 μm. The theoretical expectation for mass transport, dissolution time proportional to d 2.0 , is in good agreement with the experimental results of dissolution time proportional to d 2.3 . An understanding of these mass transfer mechanisms allows pharmaceutical scientists to achieve targeted release rates with minimum ensemble instability.
Lecture Experiments on the Hydrogen Ion Concentration Changes in the Rusting of Iron

FOR the rusting of iron, oxygen, water, and a trace of acid are required. In the process oxygen is used up, also a certain amount of water, but the acid may be said to act as a catalyst. It is, in fact, regenerated when the ferrous salt first formed is oxidised to the ferric state, as was shown previously (Trans. Faraday Soc., 18, 310–317; 1923). This is at once evident when we consider that, on making solutions of ferric or ferrous salts less acid, ferric hydroxide is first precipitated, at pH. 3.5 to 5.5, and ferrous hydroxide comes down later, at pH. 5.1 and onwards, a trace being still in solution at pH 7.6. Oxidation, therefore, must result in a liberation of acid, accounted for by the ferric being hydrolysed to a greater extent than the ferrous salt.
Unpredictability in the Facultative Association between Larvae of Euphilotes enoptes (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and Ants

Larvae of the lycaenid butterflyEuphilotes enoptesare facultatively associated with ants. To determine whether variation in this association is predictable, I documented the proportion of larvae tended by ants and the identity of those ants over a three-year period in two study areas in central Washington state. Each study area contained numerous patches ofEriogonum compositum, the sole host plant ofE. enoptesin this region. Using complete censuses and random subsampling, I estimated the dispersion and densities ofE. enopteslarvae occupying each patch. The results of these observations indicated significant spatial and temporal variation in the identities of ants tending larvae and the frequency of ant attendance. In addition, early instar larvae were tended less frequently and by smaller ant species, than fourth instar larvae. Although larvae were aggregated at two spatial scales: individual plants within a patch and individual inflorescences on a plant, attendance rates did not vary consistently with aggregation size at either scale. Similarly, attendance rates were independent of the patch-wide density of larvae. I discuss the potential sources of such unpredictable variation and its implications for the evolution of further specialization in this facultative association.
Hair transplanting: an important but often forgotten treatment for female pattern hair loss

The techniques used in the early days of hair transplanting were not suitable for the treatment of a majority of women with pattern hair loss. For at least the last 10 years, changes in those techniques have resulted in a reversal of that situation. Today, many women with female pattern hair loss are suitable candidates for transplanting, however, this is not widely appreciated. This article provides potential explanations for this and demonstrates examples of the current methods. Hair transplanting should be considered as a potential treatment option for most women with pattern hair loss.
The SVX II Silicon Vertex Detector at CDF

The Silicon Vertex detector (SVX II) for the CDF experiment at the Tevatron p{anti p} collider is a 3-barrel 5-layer device with double-sided, AC-coupled silicon strip detectors. The readout is based on a custom IC, the SVX3 chip, capable of simultaneous acquisition, digitization and readout operation (dead-timeless). In this paper we report on the SVX II design and project status including mechanical design, frontend electronics, and data acquisition.
Information seeking and interactive videodisc preparation for third molar extraction

Patient response to interactive videodisc preparation for third molar extraction surgery was examined as a function of self-reported information-seeking style. Amount learned was compared among patients informed via an interactive videodisc, noninteractive videotape of the same material, or surgeon only. Anxiety levels and satisfaction with preparation were compared between the videodisc and videotape groups. At consultation, patients (n = 35) were randomly assigned to either the disc- or the tape-viewing group. First, subjects completed a demographic survey, state anxiety scale, quiz on knowledge about third molars and surgery risks and complications, and information-seeking scales. Immediately after viewing the video, subjects completed another anxiety scale and a multiple-choice quiz covering the material presented. Subsequently, another 25 patients undergoing the routine (surgeon-only) consultation procedure were given the same multiple-choice quiz following consultation. Quiz scores differed significantly among the groups; mean percent correct for the tape-viewing subjects was 85; for disc-viewing subjects 72.6; for surgeon-only subjects, 40. Self-rated information seeking was unrelated to amount of video viewed by disc subjects (on average, 64% of the videodisc was viewed), and disc subjects who rated themselves higher in information-seeking achieved the lowest postpreparation quiz scores. Subjects in the disc group were significantly more satisfied with the amount of preparation than the tape group. Although disc group subjects were significantly less knowledgeable following consultation than were tape group subjects, interactive videodisc preparation for third molar extraction appears to have some advantages over more traditional approaches. Further research is needed to determine whether this approach to preparing patients is suitable for widespread clinical use.
Comorbidity and depression treatment.

Comorbidity is common among patients with major depression, but in most instances it may be of little relevance. Nonetheless, it is a complex issue because of its relation to treatment response, and few studies have attempted to address this. Most have examined comorbidity after the fact in secondary analyses. In this article, I focus on whether comorbidity influences depression treatment response among patients who are primarily diagnosed as suffering from major depression. At least three comorbidities are believed to influence treatment response: medical, anxiety, and personality disorders. Whether studies find that these factors predict worse outcomes in patients with major depression appears to depend on the nature and severity of the medical illness, the study setting, and the study design. The best designed studies reported the least effects of these factors on treatment outcome. Clinically, this suggests that these factors should not be seen as impediments to treatment.
Paying for Performance — Risks and Recommendations

Congress recently called on the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services to implement a pay-for-performance system for hospitals, and there is strong interest in expanding such programs to individual physicians. Dr. Elliott Fisher writes that the rush to adopt pay-for-performance programs, however, has raised a number of concerns among physicians and policy analysts.
Valproate-Induced Neurodevelopmental Deficits in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly thought to result from low-level deficits in synaptic development and neural circuit formation that cascade into more complex cognitive symptoms. However, the link between synaptic dysfunction and behavior is not well understood. By comparing the effects of abnormal circuit formation and behavioral outcomes across different species, it should be possible to pinpoint the conserved fundamental processes that result in disease. Here we use a novel model for neurodevelopmental disorders in which we expose Xenopus laevis tadpoles to valproic acid (VPA) during a critical time point in brain development at which neurogenesis and neural circuit formation required for sensory processing are occurring. VPA is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic drug with known teratogenic effects. In utero exposure to VPA in humans or rodents results in a higher incidence of ASD or ASD-like behavior later in life. We find that tadpoles exposed to VPA have abnormal sensorimotor and schooling behavior that is accompanied by hyperconnected neural networks in the optic tectum, increased excitatory and inhibitory synaptic drive, elevated levels of spontaneous synaptic activity, and decreased neuronal intrinsic excitability. Consistent with these findings, VPA-treated tadpoles also have increased seizure susceptibility and decreased acoustic startle habituation. These findings indicate that the effects of VPA are remarkably conserved across vertebrate species and that changes in neural circuitry resulting from abnormal developmental pruning can cascade into higher-level behavioral deficits.
Social Costs of Smoking: Effects of Tobacco Smoke on Hostile Behavior1

Male and female undergraduates interacted with a same-sex experimenter and a same-sex assistant of the experimenter. Either the experimenter or the assistant smoked. Subjects were provoked or not provoked by the experimenter and then smoked. Subjects were provoked or not provided by the experimenter and then provided with an opportunity to treat him or her in a hostile manner. Additionally, subjects were classified as smokers or nonsmokers and as supporting or opposing smoking in public places. Tobacco smoke was found to facilitate hostile behavior whether or not subjects were independently annoyed and whether or not it originated from the annoyer or a bystander. No sex differences were observed in this effect. Also, no appreciable difference was observed in the hostile behavior of smokers and nonsmokers. Persons opposed to public smoking reacted more strongly to the provocation than persons supportive of public smoking, but this effect was independent of the presence or absence of smoke.
Temperature elevation inside neural tissue illuminated by NIR laser

Near infrared (NIR) light energy has been used in medical applications both for diagnostic and treatment purposes. Temperature elevation is the main concern in the neural tissue when illuminated with NIR light. In this report, an NIR light beam was pulsed into a rat brain cortex. The spatial maps of temperature elevation inside the neural tissue were measured directly using a micro probe. The results indicate that the temperature inside the neural tissue saturates with increasing levels of laser power.
Collisional double ionization of H

We have measured the laboratory double-differential cross sections for electrons from the double ionization of 0.5-MeV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in collisions with He. These data have been transformed into the projectile (${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) frame and the angular distributions of electrons (with a given energy in the projectile frame) were generated. It was found that, for all energies above 0.1 eV in the projectile frame, the angular distributions were anisotropic with a maxima at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and a minimum in between. We have also integrated these angular distributions over the solid angle and show an overall energy distribution of electrons produced by this double-ionization process.
A rare case of chronic traumatic diaphragmatic hernia requiring complex abdominal wall reconstruction

Introduction Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is a rare and often under recognized complication of penetrating and blunt trauma. These injuries are often missed or there is a delay in diagnosis which can lead to enlargement of the defect and the development of abdominal or respiratory symptoms.
First Documentation of a Volatile Sex Pheromone in a Longhorned Beetle (Coleoptera: Cerambyicidae) of the Primitive Subfamily Prioninae

Abstract We conducted laboratory and field studies to test the hypothesis that volatile pheromones mediate mate location in the longhorned beetle Prionus californicus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambyicidae), an important pest of many agricultural and ornamental plants. Males were strongly attracted to live females and to carcasses of freshly killed females in olfactometer bioassays. Males also responded strongly to excised ovipositors of freshly killed females but not to their excised heads, thoraces, or abdomens. In field studies, males were strongly attracted to cages baited with live females. These findings demonstrate that female P. californicus produce a volatile pheromone from the ovipositor that attracts males over a distance, and they provide the first conclusive evidence of a volatile sex pheromone for a species of the primitive cerambycid subfamily Prioninae.
Multiple instance learning via margin maximization

In this paper, we consider the classification problem within the multiple instance learning (MIL) context. Training data is composed of labeled bags of instances. Despite the large number of margin maximization based classification methods, there are only a few methods that consider the margin for MIL problems in the literature. We first formulate a combinatorial margin maximization problem for multiple instance classification and prove that it is NP-hard. We present a way to apply the kernel trick in this formulation for classifying nonlinear multiple instance data. We also propose a branch and bound algorithm and present computational results on publicly available benchmark data sets. Our approach outperforms a leading commercial solver in terms of the best integer solution and optimality gap in the majority of image annotation and molecular activity prediction test cases.
Laryngopharyngeal reflux: Current concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is the backflow of gastric contents into the pharynx and larynx. The diagnosis of LPR is primarily based on symptoms, including dysphonia, dysphagia, globus, throat-clearing, and post-nasal drip. The gold standard for diagnosis is dual-probe 24-hour pH testing with the upper probe positioned above the upper oesophageal sphincter. Treatment may require 3 months or more of twice-daily proton pump inhibitors along with lifestyle modifications. This review details the pathophysiology, symptoms, findings, treatment, and current controversies in LPR.
The Scalability of Disjoint Data Structures on a New Hardware Transactional Memory System

In this paper we present our experiences constructing and testing in-memory data structures designed to be disjoint enough for transactional memory to be profitable as a serialization mechanism with no fallback to traditional locking. Our goal was to restrict memory conflicts to actual contention situations so that transactional memory techniques could be used as efficiently as possible. We describe the hardware transactional execution facility in the IBM zEnterprise EC12 server. We present an order preserving hashed structure that permits insertion, deletion, and traversal operations typically supported by a sorted linked list. We also present a concurrent open addressing hash table structure. We measure the performance and scalability for these data structures on the IBM zEnterprise EC12 server. Our results show near linear scalability of the insertion and deletion operations for up to 96 CPUs. We also discuss transaction abort frequency and hardware/software interactions.
U.S. abortion policy and fertility.

As measured by the total fertility rate (TFR), fertility in the United States fell sharply beginning in the early 1960’s, dropping to below the replacement level in 1972, and to well below the replacement level in the late 1970’s. Since then, the TFR has hovered below replacement level. Also in the early 1970’s, several states, followed by the U.S. Supreme Court in its 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, legalized abortion. This paper explores whether there is a connection between changes in abortion policy and U.S. fertility. Since the initial legislation legalizing abortion, government abortion policies continue to change, with government policies, in general, becoming less sympathetic to abortion. This shift is most notable in states’ decisions to end federal funding for abortions through Medicaid in the late 1970’s and, most recently, in some of the provisions of the federal 1996 welfare-reform legislation. Specifically, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunities Act of 1996 (PROWRA) included ‘‘illegitimacy bonuses’’ for the five states that ‘‘are most successful in reducing the number of out-of-wedlock births while decreasing abortion rates’’ (Committee on Ways and Means, 1996). Proposals to further restrict abortion, as well as proposals to liberalize abortion, continue to receive active consideration. Despite large numbers of abortions (more than one for every three live births) the effect of abortion policy on the number of children born is not clear. In the parallel debate about the oral contraceptive, some claimed that the new contraceptive technology caused the decline in fertility in the mid-1960’s. Others claimed that the oral contraceptive simply made the decline less costly for couples. In the
Mechanistic imbalance of pulmonary vasomotor control in progressive lung injury

Background Pulmonary hypertension is the major hemodynamic feature of progressive lung injury. We hypothesized that the mechanisms of pulmonary vasorelaxation become progressively impaired in progressive lung injury. The purpose of this study was to examine the following mechanisms of pulmonary vasorelaxation in a rat model of monocrotaline-induced progressive lung injury: endothelial-dependent cyclic guanosine monophosphate-mediated relaxation (response to acetylcholine), endothelial-independent cyclic guanosine monophosphate-mediated relaxation (response to nitroprusside), β-adrenergic cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated relaxation (response to isoproterenol), and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Methods Rats were studied 2, 7, and 14 days after monocrotaline injection (100 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Pulmonary vasomotor control mechanisms were studied in isolated pulmonary artery rings. Controls were studied 14 days after saline injection. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA; p Results A progressive impairment of pulmonary vasorelaxation was observed. By 14 days after monocrotaline injection acetylcholine produced only 25%±5% relaxation versus 95%±5% in controls (p Conclusions Progressive dysfunction of pulmonary vasomotor control may contribute to the pulmonary hypertension seen in progressive lung injury.
Gender, marital status and the social control of health behavior☆

Mortality rates are lower for married individuals than they are for unmarried individuals, and marriage seems to be even more beneficial to men than women in this regard. A theoretical model of social integration and social control is developed to explain why this may occur. Drawing from this model, I hypothesize that marriage may be beneficial to health because many spouses monitor and attempt to control their spouse's health behaviors. Furthermore, the provision, receipt, and consequences of these social control efforts may vary for men and women. These hypotheses are considered with analysis of a national panel survey conducted in 1986 (N = 3617) and 1989 (N = 2867). Results show that: (1) marriage is associated with receipt of substantially more efforts to control health for men than women, (2) those who attempt to control the health of others are more likely to be female than male, (3) there is some support for the social control and health behavior hypothesis among the married, and (4) the transition from married to unmarried status is associated with an increase in negative health behavior while the transition from unmarried to married status seems to have little effect on health behavior. A theoretical explanation is developed to explain these marital status differences.
Midcontinent U.S. fault and fold zones: A legacy of Proterozoic intracratonic extensional tectonism?

The U.S. continental interior (midcontinent) contains numerous fault and fold zones. Seismic and drilling data indicate that some of these zones first formed as Proterozoic-Eocambrian rift faults, but the origin of most remains enigmatic. We propose that the enigmatic fault and fold zones also began as Proterozoic-Eocambrian normal faults. We base our hypothesis on the following: (1) enigmatic zones parallel known rifts, (2) the structural style of enigmatic zones mirrors the structural style of known rifts, (3) the map pattern of some enigmatic zones (e.g., the La Salle deformation belt of Illinois) resembles the map pattern of contemporary rifts, and (4) it is easier to rupture an intact craton by normal faulting than by reverse or strike-slip faulting. These zones, along with known rifts, represent the legacy of widespread extensional tectonism that brittlely broke up the craton into fault-bounded blocks prior to deposition of Phanerozoic platform cover. Once formed, midcontinent fault and fold zones remained weak, allowing cratonic blocks to jostle relative to one another during the Phanerozoic, thereby inverting faults (and creating transpressional or transtensional structural assemblages), localizing seismicity, and channeling (or releasing) ore-generating fluids.
Genomes in turmoil: quantification of genome dynamics in prokaryote supergenomes

Genomes of bacteria and archaea (collectively, prokaryotes) appear to exist in incessant flux, expanding via horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication, and contracting via gene loss. However, the actual rates of genome dynamics and relative contributions of different types of event across the diversity of prokaryotes are largely unknown, as are the sizes of microbial supergenomes, i.e. pools of genes that are accessible to the given microbial species. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the genome dynamics in 35 groups (34 bacterial and one archaeal) of closely related microbial genomes using a phylogenetic birth-and-death maximum likelihood model to quantify the rates of gene family gain and loss, as well as expansion and reduction. The results show that loss of gene families dominates the evolution of prokaryotes, occurring at approximately three times the rate of gain. The rates of gene family expansion and reduction are typically seven and twenty times less than the gain and loss rates, respectively. Thus, the prevailing mode of evolution in bacteria and archaea is genome contraction, which is partially compensated by the gain of new gene families via horizontal gene transfer. However, the rates of gene family gain, loss, expansion and reduction vary within wide ranges, with the most stable genomes showing rates about 25 times lower than the most dynamic genomes. For many groups, the supergenome estimated from the fraction of repetitive gene family gains includes about tenfold more gene families than the typical genome in the group although some groups appear to have vast, `open' supergenomes. Reconstruction of evolution for groups of closely related bacteria and archaea reveals an extremely rapid and highly variable flux of genes in evolving microbial genomes, demonstrates that extensive gene loss and horizontal gene transfer leading to innovation are the two dominant evolutionary processes, and yields robust estimates of the supergenome size.
A simplified interactive multiple objective linear programming procedure

Abstract Differences in decision making styles and decision settings have motivated the development of a variety of interactive approaches to assist decision makers (DMs) in determining preferred solutions to multiple criteria decision making problems. This paper presents a Simplified Interactive Multiple Objective Linear Programming (SIMOLP) procedure which is designed to appeal to a broad range of DMs because of its simplicity and flexibility. Specifically, at any stage in the interactive process, the procedure attempts to 1. (1) minimize the inputs required from the DMs; 2. (2) provide DMs with a representative set of decision alternatives while simultaneously limiting the number of alternatives considered; and 3. (3) allow DMs to change their minds about previously eliminated alternatives. The procedure is illustrated with both graphical and numerical examples and computational experience is discussed.
Abstract 902: Effective and selective targeting of glioblastoma multiforme using an active-site inhibitor of mTORC1/mTORC2 kinase

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling axis is central to the transformed phenotype of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, due to frequent loss of tumor suppressor PTEN. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is present in two cellular multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have distinct subunit composition, substrates and mechanisms of activation. Targeting the mTOR protein is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. However, neither of these complexes are fully inhibited by the allosteric inhibitor rapamycin or its analogs. The aim of this study is to provide evidence that a combined inhibition of mTORC1/2 using an ATP-competitive binding inhibitor, PP242, would effectively suppress GBM growth and dissemination as compared to an allosteric binding inhibitor of mTOR. In addition, we utilized another inhibitor, PI-103, a less selective TORC1/2 inhibitor that also targets PI3K, which is more immunosuppressive than PP242, to deter mTOR pathway. We observed a significant number of GBM tumors showed increased expression of pAKTSer473 and pmTORSer2448, as assessed by immunohistochemistry. GBM cells treated with PP242 significantly reduced the activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, as shown by reduction in phosphorylation of their substrate levels, p-S6KSer235/236 /4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and Akt, respectively, in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, insulin induced activation of these kinases was abrogated by pre-treatment with PP242 as compared with rapamycin. The cell cycle analysis using the incorporation of 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine (EdU) into the DNA demonstrated that PP242, but not rapamycin, completely blocked the EdU inclusion. To assess TORC2 function, we studied the phosphorylation forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors, which are substrates of both Akt and serum downstream of TORC2. PP242, but not rapamycin, reduced FOXO phosphorylation on Akt consensus sites of FOXO1 correlating with greater inhibition of cell cycling. A combined inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, p103, an ATP binding inhibitor, caused no change in another substrate of mTORC1, suppressed p-S6KSer235/236 levels. In addition, GBM cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by PP242 which was more pronounced compared to rapamycin. Lastly, migration of GBM cells after treatment with PP242 was significantly suppressed, while analysis of cytoskeleton showed that this migration was associated with cellular behavior rather than cytoskeleton loss. In conclusion, these results suggest a novel combined active-site inhibitor of mTORC1/2 kinase; PP242 suppresses both GBM growth and dissemination, which underscores its potential therapeutic use in treatment of GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 902. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-902
A Qualitative Study of Communication among Child Advocacy Multidisciplinary Team Members Using a Web-Based Case Tracking System

A qualitative study was conducted to gain information about communication among child advocacy multidisciplinary team (MDT) members when using a Web-based case tracking system. Analysis of the focus groups revealed a number of strengths and barriers. Users positively appraised aptness of the system for expediting communication and saving time. Lack of training and duplication of effort with other systems were recognized as impediments. In addition to the typical reactions to such systems, other factors, such as motivation and subjectivity, are discussed which may affect the success of such systems.
Trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia responsive to treatment with capsaicin 8 % topical patch: a case report

Postherpetic neuralgia has been variably defined but is generally understood to be pain that persists for longer than a few months after an attack of herpes zoster. Pain persists for years in approximately 10 % of those afflicted with acute herpes zoster. The likelihood of postherpetic neuralgia increases with older age, severity of the zoster, trigeminal location, and other factors. Postherpetic neuralgia is a neuropathic pain and treatment usually involves sequential trials of topical and systemic drugs; a variety of other therapies may be considered in refractory cases. A new topical capsaicin 8 % patch has been approved for this indication based on the positive studies in patients with non-trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia. Experience with the use of the capsaicin 8 % patch for trigeminal distribution neuralgia is lacking. We report a case of trigeminal postherpetic neuralgia which was safely and effectively treated with capsaicin 8 % patch.
Plasma Leptin in Children: Relationship to Puberty, Gender, Body Composition, Insulin Sensitivity, and Energy Expenditure

Leptin has been demonstrated to reflect body fat mass (FM) in humans, but the regulation of leptin levels during childhood growth and development is poorly understood. We studied the relation between plasma leptin, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, and resting energy expenditure in 22 healthy prepubertal children and 27 adolescents. Body composition was assessed by the H2(18)O-dilution principle, insulin sensitivity by a hyperinsulinemic (40 mU/m2/min)-euglycemic clamp, and energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Plasma leptin in prepubertal children (9.3 +/- 2.0 ng/mL) was not different from that in pubertal adolescents (10.9 +/- 2.2 ng/mL). Plasma leptin correlated with FM (r = .77, P < .001). There were no gender differences in leptin after controlling for FM differences. In prepubertal and pubertal subjects, plasma leptin correlated with fasting insulin independently of FM (r = .60, P < .001), but did not correlate with insulin sensitivity independently of body fat content. Leptin showed no relationship to resting energy expenditure after adjusting for body composition. The present cross-sectional evaluation of normal children shows that (1) plasma leptin reflects body fat content, (2) leptin concentrations are similar between prepubertal children and pubertal adolescents, (3) there are no gender differences in leptin independent of adiposity, and (4) leptin correlates with fasting insulin but not with insulin sensitivity. Contrary to animal data, our cross-sectional results in healthy children do not suggest a role for leptin in puberty or a female-related leptin resistance as reported in adults. It remains to be determined at which stage of human development the sexual dimorphism in leptin becomes evident.
The most widely recognized mushroom: Chemistry of the genus Amanita.

Many review papers have been published on mushrooms of the genus Amanita, as these are well known to both scientific and lay audiences, probably due to the toxic and/or hallucinogenic properties of some species. This article aims to supplement the content of previous reviews by categorizing all of the natural products isolated from any species in the genus Amanita. These compounds are subdivided into six major structural types, and references are provided for all species that have been examined chemically.
NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase: Changes in specific activity in gypsy moth larvae

Abstract NADPH-cytochrome- c -reductase from guts of gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar , oxidized NADPH at the following rates: 11·6, 41·9, and 57·6 nmol/30 min per 0·6 mg protein, in the third, fourth and fifth instar, respectively. The increase in specific activity may be due to a natural induction process controlled by materials in the food. This could also explain the observed decreases just prior to ecdysis at which time the larvae have ceased feeding.
Purification and cDNA Isolation of Chloroplastic Phosphoglycerate Kinase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Chloroplastic phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) was purified to homogeneity from a soluble fraction of chloroplasts of a cell-wall-deficient mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (cw-15) using ammonium sulfate fractionation, Reactive Blue-72 column chromatography, and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PGK activity was attributed to a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 42 kD. Relative purity and identity of the isolated enzyme was confirmed by N-terminal amino acid sequence determination. Antiserum against this enzyme was raised and a western blot analysis of whole-cell lysate from cw-15 cells using this anti-chloroplastic PGK serum detected a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 42 kD. The cDNA clone corresponding to the Chlamydomonas chloroplastic PGK was isolated from a Chlamydomonas cDNA expression library using the anti-PGK serum. The cDNA sequence was determined and apparently codes for the entire precursor peptide, which consists of 461 codons. The results from Southern and northern blot analyses suggest that the chloroplastic PGK gene exists as a single copy in the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and is expressed as a 1.8-kb transcript. The C. reinhardtii chloroplastic PGK cDNA has 71 and 66% homology with wheat chloroplastic PGK and spinach chloroplastic PGK, respectively. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, the chloroplastic PGK of C. reinhardtii has more similarity to plant PGKs than to other PGKs, having both prokaryotic and eukaryotic features.
Separation of structural components in soil organic matter by diffusion ordered spectroscopy.

Diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) was applied to two extracts of organic matter from the surface horizon of an oak forest soil. It was possible to identify and confirm the presence of numerous aliphatic, aromatic, sugar, and amino acid components that could be separated on the basis of diffusion in DMSO-d6 and D2O. On average, sugar components were identified as the largest molecules in solution, with molecular masses up to ∼1500 Da followed by the aliphatic and aromatic components. Amino acids with a range of molecular weights were also identified in the mixture. The summation of the individual slices from the DOSY experiment closely resembles the conventional 1H spectra of the material, indicating that the components identified with DOSY represent all the components present in the mixture. The separation of components in the mixture in organic solvent supports new findings that fulvic and humic acids are not cross-linked, high molecular weight macromolecules but are instead aggregates composed of re...
Louis Charles Karpinski, historian of mathematics and cartography

Abstract Louis C. Karpinski was best known for his publications on the history of mathematics, and secondarily as a historian of cartography. This survey of his life includes an account of his contributions to the teaching of mathematics and of his avocational interests as a collector, chess player, and gadfly attacking what he saw as poor thinking and abuses of power in both the universities and in the public domain. It is followed by a note on archives, a list of the Ph.D. theses he supervised, and a complete bibliography.
NRM: IRM(s) demagnetization plots of intrusive rocks and the origin of their NRM

Abstract Alternating field demagnetization characteristics of laboratory-induced thermal remanence (TRM) and saturation isothermal remanence (IRM(s)), have been determined for a collection of samples representing the major intrusive rock types. These results are compared to NRM: IRM(s) curves for the same intrusive specimens, and for a smaller number of extrusive and high-grade metamorphic rocks samples. A number of the intrusive rock specimens which contained primary magnetic mineralogies display NRM: IRM(s) curves which are similar in character to their TRM: IRM(s) counterparts. The NRMs of these samples are generally unidirectional and resistant to thermal demagnetization, suggesting their thermal origin. Intrusive samples with dissimilar NRM: IRM(s) and TRM: IRM(s) curves are often directionally unstable, or contain secondary or altered magnetic mineralogies. In contrast to the mixed behavior of the intrusive samples, the NRMs for a collection of extrusive rock samples are generally TRM-like, whereas the NRMs of high-grade metamorphic rock samples more often display characteristics which are inconsistent with a simple thermal origin of NRM. This study suggests that NRM: IRM(s) curves may be useful in evaluating whether the remanent magnetization of crystalline rocks is predominantly of primary or secondary origin.
Original Articles: Wave front behavior of traveling wave solutions for a PDE having square-root dynamics

Abstract: Our main goal is to investigate the asymptotic behavior of traveling wave solutions to a nonlinear parabolic PDE having square-root dynamics in its reaction term. To calculate this result, we apply the method of dominant balance.
Dense gas dispersion modelling

Abstract The effects of release of hazardous material will originate from the release point, and will diminish with distance from the site. The greatest potential for significant off-site effects exists when a gas or vapour is released which may be either toxic or flammable. This means that an important part of any consequence analysis study must be the calculation of gas dispersion. In many cases, the action of the atmosphere in dispersing a gas will serve to reduce the hazard to nearby personnel. This particularly true for passive or positively buoyant releases from elevated sources and is used to good effect in the design of stacks for the discharge of normal emissions. However, for releases at ground level, or where the gas is denser than air, dispersion is much slower and hazard ranges could be significant. This paper briefly reviews the nature of atmospheric turbulence and the way in which this affects dispersion. Particular features of dense gas dispersion are discussed and compared with the dispersion of neutrally buoyant gases. Methods for incorporation of topographical and obstruction effects are also discussed, together with a range of mathematical models available for the prediction of dense gas dispersion. Case studies from a range of industries are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the methods discussed.
Rapid assembly of sensitive antigen-capture assays for Marburg virus, using in vitro selection of llama single-domain antibodies, at biosafety level 4.

There is a pressing need for rapid and reliable approaches to the delivery of sensitive yet rugged diagnostic assays specific for emerging viruses, to hasten containment of outbreaks when and wherever they occur. Within 3 weeks, we delivered an antigen-capture assay for Marburg virus (MARV) that was based on llama single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) selected at biosafety level 4. Four unique sdAbs were capable of independently detecting MARV variants Musoke, Ravn, and Angola without cross-reactivity with the 4 Ebola virus species. The unoptimized assays could be performed in <30 min and, at best, provided a visual read of 10-100 pfu in a 100-μL sample when a colorimetric substrate was used and 0.1-1 pfu when a chemiluminescent substrate was used. All the sdAbs were specific for nucleoprotein, with an assay sensitivity that was reliant on detergent-mediated exposure of polyvalent antigen. Our strategy highlights the potential of direct antibody selection on filoviruses as a guide for effective and fast diagnostic development.
TU-E-ValB-03: Simultaneous Integrated Boost Utilizing IMRT for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Introduction: We compare the dosimetric characteristics of simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) technique utilizing IMRT vs. conventional treatment consisting of medial and lateral tangents followed by an electron boost. Materials and Methods: To date, 5 women at our institution have been enrolled and treated using IMRT with SIB. Patients were treated using 25 fractions of 1.8 Gy to the whole breast (45Gy) while concurrently receiving 25 fractions of 2.4 Gy to tumor bed (60Gy). Conventional treatments were planned using the standard fractionation of 1.8 Gy × 25 fractions to the whole breast followed by 2 Gy × 8 fractions to the tumor bed. The patient data was used to compile population dose volume histograms (pDVH), based on the mean values and include error bars which represent the 1σ uncertainty of the mean. Results: The mean percent of the BoostPTV volume receiving 60Gy, was slightly higher for the conventional technique compared to SIB (Conventional = 98±1.4%, SIB=95.0±1.0%). The mean volume of the treated breast outside the BoostPTV, PTV45‐Boost, that received greater than 120% of the prescribed dose was more in the Conventional technique then SIB (Conventional=15.9±3.4%, SIB=6.1±1.6%). The mean volume of lung receiving 20Gy was equivalent in both techniques (Conventional=19.8±5.8%, SIB=17.1±5.2%). The mean ipsilateral lung dose was equivalent between techniques (Conventional=10.7±2.2 Gy, SIB=11.9±4.2 Gy). The mean dose to contralateral breast was systematically higher in SIB technique compared to the conventional technique (Conventional=69±39 Gy, SIB=191±126 Gy). The mean volume of the heart that received greater then 30Gy was small for both plans (Conventional=2.8% and SIB=0.4%). Conclusion:IMRT with SIB is feasible and allows patients to complete EBRT in about 20% less time than the standard treatment course. It offers improved dose homogeneity to treated breast, comparable normal tissue sparing, and excellent short term cosmesis.
Nodule distribution on legume roots: specificity and response to the presence of soil

Abstract Roots of siratro, cowpea, and two cultivars of soybean were inoculated with either Rhizobium sp. 3G4b16 or R. fredii 191. The numbers and distribution of nodules were determined after hydroponic growth of the plants for 10 days in plastic growth pouches. The uppermost nodules on the primary roots of both siratro and cowpea were clustered near the position occupied by the root tip at the time of inoculation. This is the region thought to be maximally susceptible to nodulation. Appreciable numbers of nodules also were scattered down the length of the primary root. Nodulation of McCall and Vicoja soybean (in growth pouches) was very different to that in an autoclaved greenhouse soil mixture. Strain × cultivar-specific differences in the numbers of nodules on primary roots were obliterated by soil. Soil reduced the extent of scattering of nodules along primary roots and shifted the ratios of primary root nodules to lateral root nodules. Soil also caused a 95% reduction in the number of McCall root hairs infected by strain 3G4b16. The soil environment appears to obliterate strain × cultivar-specific variation that is expressed when inoculated plants are grown hydroponically in growth pouches.
Rhetoric, paradox, and the movement for women's ordination in the Roman Catholic Church

The movement for women's ordination in the Roman Catholic Church sharpened and intensified perceptions of the paradoxical situation facing Catholic women. Women who are unhappy with the Church's po...
An APL program for calculating signal detection indices

Since Green and Swets' Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics (1966), numerous books and articles have developed statistical decision or signal detection theory (SOT), for example, Egan (1975), Egan and Clarke (1966), Green and Swets (1966jI974), McNicol (1972), and Swets (1973). In addition, the. model has been applied to diverse areas of research: an~al as well as human psychophysics, memory, personality, learning, medicine, and behavioral pharmacology (Aiken, 1969; Appel & Dykstra, 1977; Lloyd & Appel, 1976; Price, 1966;Swets, 1969; Terman, 1970). In brief, SOT attempts to differentiate statistically between effects on discrimination of variables related to physical properties of the stimulus (sensitivity) and effects of variables related to characteristics of the response (criterion or bias). In this attempt, numerous parametric as well as nonparametric indices of both sensitivity and bias estimation have been developed (Dusoir, 1975; Green & Swets, 1966jI974;Grier, 1971; Hodos, 1970; Pollack, 1970; Pollack & Hsieh, 1969; Pollack & Norman, 1964). Of these, the most familiar parametric measures are d' (sensitivity) and (3 or In{3 (bias). The most familiar nonparametric measures are A' or P(I) (sensitivity) and B'H (bias). In applications of SOT, a "yes-no" procedure is often employed. In this paradigm a subject reports either that a stimulus has (R+) or has not (R-) occurred, given that the stimulus has (S+) or has not (S-) been presented. All possible outcomes can be represented as four relative frequencies, that is, "HIT" = fr(R+jS+), "MISS" = fr(R-jS+), "False Alarm" (FA) = fr(R+jS-), and "Correct Rejection" (CR) = fr(R-jS-). From these frequencies, conditioned probabilities, that is, p(R+/S+) and p(R+jS-), can be determined. When sample size is not too large or the number of observations is limited, indices of both sensitivity and bias can be calculated in a reasonable amount of time; moreover, tables of both d' and {3 are available for some, but not all, conditional probabilities (Freeman, 1973). A serious problem arises when parametric indices are used and the data a!e inconsistent with the assumptions of the model, that IS, "Thurstone's case V of underlying normal distribution