cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Television Sports Production

Unlike a studio production, many factors can adversely affect your television sports shoot including weather, lighting, and natural sound. A successful shoot is dependent on extensive planning, careful budgetting, technology, location, and a thorough understanding of the intricacies of the sport itself. With so much at stake, why not learn from an expert? In Television Sports Production, Fifth Edition Jim Owens walks you through the planning, set-up, directing, announcing, shooting, and editing involved with covering a sports event. This manual gives you the tools to effectively cover sports ranging such as football, soccer, and basketball. Tips and advice on using mobile units, cameras, audio equipment, and lighting rigs will enable you to produce live or recorded coverage like an expert and capture professional-quality footage on the first take. After all, there are no instant replays! This new edition has been updated to include: Techniques used by producers to capture the essence of individual Tips on shooting in 3D, 5D, 4k and 8K Coverage using surround sound and the second screen Extras such as camera and microphone diagrams and an easy-reference glossary
Reconstitution of a Multi-Layered, Differentiated Cornea by HTERT-Immortalized Corneal Epithelial Cells Transduced With Thymidine Kinase Transplanted Onto Denuded Mouse Corneas

OBJECTIVE: To develop an animal model for the implementation of human telomerase enzyme reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line (hTCEpi) transduced with the hygromycin-thymidine kinase gene (HyTK) as a viable cell source for the reconstruction of the corneal surface. METHODS: HyTK cells were cultured in KGM-2 serum-free culture media under hygromycin B selection. Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) was established in athymic nude mice (n=75) using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and mitomycin C treatment followed by mechanical debridement of corneal and limbal epithelium. Immunofluorescence (IF) using Anti-Laminin and Propidium iodide (PI) was used to assess presence of basement membrane after epithelial removal. Cultured HyTK cells were stained with Cell Tracker Green CMFDA (5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate) and transplanted onto the right eye after epithelial removal; the left eye served as a control. Transplanted cells were evaluated at 4 hours, 1 day, and 7 days post-transplantation using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). At 4 hours and 1 day, corneas were imaged for the presence of CMFDA. At day 7, corneas were stained using antibodies to Keratin 3, Ki-67, and the fluorescent probes – PI, and Phalloidin. Cytotoxicity of ganciclovir was assessed at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 μM using Live-Dead Assay. RESULTS: IF confirmed an intact corneal basement membrane following epithelial removal. At 4 hours and 1 day post-transplantation, CMFDA staining demonstrated that transplanted cells were dispersed throughout the corneal surface. After 7 days, HyTK cells showed stratification and IF confirmed a differentiated corneal epithelial phenotype. Incubation in ganciclovir induced a cytotoxic effect on HyTK cells in vitro and had no significant effect on the hTCEpi control cell line. This effect was significant at 0.5 µM (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate the first reconstitution of a multi-layered, differentiated corneal epithelium by HyTK cells in the nude mouse model; further, proliferating HyTK cells can be killed with ganciclovir treatment in vitro, which may reduce the potential for risk of oncogenic transformation in vivo.
X-ray studies of amino acids and peptides.

Publisher Summary Amino acids and peptides are considered the fundamental components of nearly all biological systems. Protein molecules are accepted as long peptide chains capable of combining in a more or less extended configuration or of folding in definite and unknown ways, which are dependent upon the chemical structure of the molecules and upon the forces that act upon them from within and outside. This chapter discusses some of the facts provided by X-ray studies concerning the structure of some amino acids and related compounds and the contribution that these facts make to an understanding of protein structure. X-ray diffraction studies of the molecular structure of solid proteins can be divided into two categories: (1) investigations made directly on protein material, both fibrous and crystalline and (2) determinations of atomic positions in crystals of amino acids and other compounds related to proteins. The chapter describes the latter investigations on atomic positions. The attack on the constitution and configuration of protein molecules and on the forces that hold them together in natural proteins is thus being carried out from both the top and the bottom. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data obtained from crystalline proteins provides a basis for the determination of the dimensions of the crystallographic unit cells and the space groups of the crystals.
Exposure assessment issues in epidemiology studies of phthalates.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review exposure assessment issues that need to be addressed in designing and interpreting epidemiology studies of phthalates, a class of chemicals commonly used in consumer and personal care products. Specific issues include population trends in exposure, temporal reliability of a urinary metabolite measurement, and how well a single urine sample may represent longer-term exposure. The focus of this review is on seven specific phthalates: diethyl phthalate (DEP); di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP); butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP); di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); diisononyl phthalate (DiNP); and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP).
Temporal Patterns of Structural Deception Behavior in a Massively Multiplayer Online Game

Today online game analytics has gained tremendous attention in big-data driven business and academic research in terms of capturing and understanding human social dynamics based on real interactional large-scaled data. In this paper, we attempt to understand and characterize the dynamics of deception in terms of social structural behavior by leveraging online game data to investigate temporal patterns of deception in group communication. To this end, we developed a research model, collected the data from a real-world online game site, constructed social networks, and compared structural behaviors of deceiving role 'mafia' and truth-telling role 'cop' across different time periods. The results demonstrated that some structural behaviors of deceivers change over time, while others do not, compared to those of truth-tellers.
Choice: A Powerful Tool in Caring for Toddlers.

Many potential conflicts with toddlers can be avoided by offering developmentally appropriate choices throughout the day. It sounds so simple, but how often do we stop to think of alternatives that respect children's choices? This article examines caregiving tasks and daily routines that can be used as potential opportunities in which caregivers or parents can use choice as a powerful tool in their interactions with toddlers.
The relaxant effect of diazoxide on nongravid human myometrium in vivo.

Abstract Diazoxide, a benzothiadiazide derivative, was injected intravenously in 18 patients to determine its relaxant properties in the nongravid human uterus. Uterine motility was continuously monitored by the “closed-end catheter” technique. Diazoxide was given in doses of 150 to 370 mg. primarily by a single rapid injection. This compound was found to be a potent uterine relaxant in all trials. Spontaneous and oxytocin-induced uterine motility were inhibited as long as 4 hours. Likewise, diazoxide reduced the responsiveness of the uterus to oxytocin. Side effects were minimal and were limited to a transient tachycardia with little change in blood pressure. It is suggested that diazoxide may act by displacing calcium at the receptor site, since its relaxant effect resembles the rapid response of magnesium and prevents the action of oxytocin.
Human/Farm Animal Relationships

A recent educational pamphlet entitled “We Need Farm Animals”3 was issued from an enlightened self-interest group and stated: Humans and domestic animals have mutually benefited each other for centuries. Each contributes to the well-being of the other; humans provide the feed and housing for animals, and animals produce milk, eggs, fiber, meat, draft power, and recreation for humans. Animals give us improved nutrition, better health, and companionship. Animals help us enjoy greater prosperity and an improved standard of living.
Estimation of time-of-use pricing response in the absence of experimental data: An application of the methodology of data transferability

Abstract A random coefficients regression framework is used to characterize the problem of pooling the results of various designed experiments in time-of-use pricing for electricity. The ‘empirical Bayes’ estimation approach fostered by Lindley and Smith provides for the inclusion of prior information on the variance–covariance matrix of regression coefficients across experiments and a means to impute an estimate of price response (in this case the elasticity of substitution) to a region which did not have an experiment. The methodology is illustrated with an application where two experiments that were conducted in Southern California are pooled in order to infer a measure of price response to an example TOU tariff in a large midwestern utility.
Injustice: Legal Aspects

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 11, pp. 7521–7526, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Evolutionary trends in the floral transcriptome: insights from one of the basalmost angiosperms, the water lily Nuphar advena (Nymphaeaceae)

Current understanding of floral developmental genetics comes primarily from the core eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we explore the floral transcriptome of the basal angiosperm, Nuphar advena (water lily), for insights into the ancestral developmental program of flowers. We identify several thousand Nuphar genes with significantly upregulated floral expression, including homologs of the well-known ABCE floral regulators, deployed in broadly overlapping transcriptional programs across floral organ categories. Strong similarities in the expression profiles of different organ categories in Nuphar flowers are shared with the magnoliid Persea americana (avocado), in contrast to the largely organ-specific transcriptional cascades evident in Arabidopsis, supporting the inference that this is the ancestral condition in angiosperms. In contrast to most eudicots, floral organs are weakly differentiated in Nuphar and Persea, with staminodial intermediates between stamens and perianth in Nuphar, and between stamens and carpels in Persea. Consequently, the predominantly organ-specific transcriptional programs that characterize Arabidopsis flowers (and perhaps other eudicots) are derived, and correlate with a shift towards morphologically distinct floral organs, including differentiated sepals and petals, and a perianth distinct from stamens and carpels. Our findings suggest that the genetic regulation of more spatially discrete transcriptional programs underlies the evolution of floral morphology.
Shedding the pounds but not the stigma: Negative attributions as a function of a target's method of weight loss.

Overweight individuals are perceived as possessing several negative attributes, which often leads them to attempt to lose weight. The current research examined if method of weight loss influences participants' attributions and perceptions of a formerly overweight target individual. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: weight loss via diet/exercise, weight loss via surgery, or control (no description of weight loss). Results indicated that, in general, the surgery targets were perceived more negatively than the diet/exercise targets. Moreover, diet/exercise targets were perceived as being less healthy, and, for female participants, more responsible for their weight than control targets. These data suggest that individuals who lose weight are still prone to the negative attributions associated with the overweight.
Frequency domain design of active suspension controllers

Frequency domain design of feedback controllers for a generic quarter-car active suspension model is studied where the main objective is to suppress the effect of the road disturbance on suspension stroke, sprung mass vertical acceleration, and tire deflection. Two design methodologies are proposed for the simultaneous disturbance suppression problem. >
Biodegradable foams of poly(lactic acid)/starch. I. Extrusion condition and cellular size distribution

Biodegradable foams derived from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and starch were prepared by extrution using water as a blowing agent and talc as nucleation agent. Foam cellular size and size distribution was significantly affected by extrusion conditions (i.e., extruder temperature profiles, die diameters, and screw speed), and material compositions, (i.e., water concentration, PLA/starch ratio, and nucleation agent concentration). Foam with a relatively fine cellular size and uniform cellular size distribution was obtained under optimized conditions of PLA/starch ratio at 40/60, 15% water, 195°C temperature before the die, 3-mm die nozzle diameter, 200-rpm screw speed, and 2% talc. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
A computerized system for measuring the effect of nursing care activities on the clinical indices of energy expenditure.

Abstract A computerized system for measuring clinical indices of energy expenditure (heart rate, temperature and activity) was pilot tested on three low-birth-weight infants over a period of 24 hours. The mean heart rate was 163 beats/min and the following mean temperatures were recorded: heel, 34.7°C; abdominal skin, 35.1°C; incubator wall, 29°C; and air, 25.5°C. Activity, determined as the number of baseline crossings of the processed signal from a pressure mattress, was calculated to be 8–9 crossings/min. When compared with an established activity scale based on behavioral observation, a correlation of 0.84 was found. The system described is valid, reliable and interferes minimally with normal nursing activities.
New robustness bounds for discrete systems with random perturbations

Some new stochastic stability robustness bounds for state-space models are reported. Nominally exponentially stable discrete-time systems are assumed to be subject to random parameter perturbations and novel bounds are obtained on the maximum variances of these random perturbations to maintain stability robustness. The methods employed in the analysis are the existing ones used in the deterministic framework after transforming the stochastic robustness problem to a deterministic one. The results are compared with each other and with the exact stability region in an example. >
The Extracellular Redox State Modulates Mitochondrial Function, Gluconeogenesis, and Glycogen Synthesis in Murine Hepatocytes

Circulating redox state changes, determined by the ratio of reduced/oxidized pairs of different metabolites, have been associated with metabolic diseases. However, the pathogenic contribution of these changes and whether they modulate normal tissue function is unclear. As alterations in hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism are hallmarks that characterize insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we tested whether imposed changes in the extracellular redox state could modulate these processes. Thus, primary hepatocytes were treated with different ratios of the following physiological extracellular redox couples: β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB)/acetoacetate (Acoc), reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and cysteine/cystine. Exposure to a more oxidized ratio via extracellular βOHB/Acoc, GSH/GSSG, and cysteine/cystine in hepatocytes from fed mice increased intracellular hydrogen peroxide without causing oxidative damage. On the other hand, addition of more reduced ratios of extracellular βOHB/Acoc led to increased NAD(P)H and maximal mitochondrial respiratory capacity in hepatocytes. Greater βOHB/Acoc ratios were also associated with decreased β-oxidation, as expected with enhanced lipogenesis. In hepatocytes from fasted mice, a more extracellular reduced state of βOHB/Acoc led to increased alanine-stimulated gluconeogenesis and enhanced glycogen synthesis capacity from added glucose. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that the extracellular redox state regulates the major metabolic functions of the liver and involves changes in intracellular NADH, hydrogen peroxide, and mitochondrial respiration. Because redox state in the blood can be communicated to all metabolically sensitive tissues, this work confirms the hypothesis that circulating redox state may be an important regulator of whole body metabolism and contribute to alterations associated with metabolic diseases.
Supramolecular ssDNA templated porphyrin and metalloporphyrin nanoassemblies with tunable helicity.

Free-base and nickel porphyrin-diaminopurine conjugates were formed by hydrogen-bond directed assembly on single-stranded oligothymidine templates of different lengths into helical multiporphyrin nanoassemblies with highly modular structural and chiroptical properties. Large red-shifts of the Soret band in the UV/Vis spectroscopy confirmed strong electronic coupling among assembled porphyrin-diaminopurine units. Slow annealing rates yielded preferentially right-handed nanostructures, whereas fast annealing yielded left-handed nanostructures. Time-dependent DFT simulations of UV/Vis and CD spectra for model porphyrin clusters templated on the canonical B-DNA and its enantiomeric form, were employed to confirm the origin of observed chiroptical properties and to assign the helicity of porphyrin nanoassemblies. Molar CD and CD anisotropy g factors of dialyzed templated porphyrin nanoassemblies showed very high chiroptical anisotropy. The DNA-templated porphyrin nanoassemblies displayed high thermal and pH stability. The structure and handedness of all assemblies was preserved at temperatures up to +85 °C and pH between 3 and 12. High-resolution transition electron microscopy confirmed formation of DNA-templated nickel(II) porphyrin nanoassemblies and their self-assembly into helical fibrils with micrometer lengths.
A normal form for elliptic curves

The normal form x2+y2 = a2+a2x2y2 for elliptic curves simplifies formulas in the theory of elliptic curves and functions. Its principal advantage is that it allows the addition law, the group law on the elliptic curve, to be
Paediatric burns caused by other children.

Summary Objective Children with burns inflicted by other children represent a small proportion of referrals to our paediatric burns unit. The aim of this paper is to investigate any differences between them. Design Prospective observational audit. Participants Children admitted between January 1998 and December 2003. Results Forty-seven patients were admitted to our paediatric burns unit with burns inflicted by other children, of which 38 were male. Scalds were the cause of 53% of all the injuries. Two distinct groups were identified; one group had their burns inflicted by other children accidentally (Group A) and another reported their burns as inflicted by other children intentionally (Group B). The majority had less than 10% total body surface area (TBSA) burns sustained at home. Thirteen patients (27.7%) were reported as deliberate (Group B). The majority in Group B were males (90.9%, P >0.0001) with a median age of 12 years ( P >0.0001) who sustained flame burns ( P >0.0001) outdoors with a greater %TBSA (mean 12.1% versus 3.8% for Group A) and higher percentage of full thickness burns (38.5% versus 20.6% of group A). More children from Group B had separated parents (53.9% versus 5.9%) and came from poorer socioeconomic backgrounds (69.2% versus 8.8%). All the cases that required ITU admission came from this category. These patients required more surgery as compared to the accidental group (61.5% versus 26.4%). Children from Group B required prolonged periods of outpatient follow up (53.8% versus 14.7% from Group A) and a greater proportion of these children failed to keep outpatient follow-up appointments as compared to the accidental group (38.5% versus 23.5% of Group A, P =0.0007). Conclusion Older male children sustained significant burns outside their homes. They reported them as being deliberate assaults, although on closer inspection of the circumstances it was difficult to support their account of the events.
Reciprocal authorities in communal writing assessment: Constructing textual value within a “New politics of inquiry”

Abstract Drawing on established methods of interpretive research in composition, this article provides a two-level analysis of the portfolio program at a large, urban, Midwestern university. At the first level, this study details the three major forms of evaluative authority in the program and the distinct types of expertise and knowledge on which each form of authority is based. Administrators' evaluative authority is based in institutional power and disciplinary knowledge; teachers' authority is based in their richly contextualized pedagogical knowledge; and judgments by outside instructors are validated based on their status as informed but “distanced” evaluators. At the second level of analysis, the article documents and theorizes the rhetorical and political dynamics by which the three forms of authority interact. Presenting transcriptions of key verbal exchanges and participants' later reflections on those exchanges, the author explores and maps the contested borders of authority among outside instructors, teachers, and administrators. Because this exploration and mapping provides a glimpse of a portfolio program in transition from a psychometric to a hermeneutic model of textual politics in writing assessment, what emerges is a portrait of the future of communal writing assessment.
Ripening delay of mid-climacteric avocado fruit in response to elevated doses of 1-methylcyclopropene and hypoxia-mediated reduction in internal ethylene concentration

Abstract In previous reports, 1-MCP responsiveness of tomato fruit was shown to be strongly decreased or increased by treatments increasing or decreasing internal ethylene concentration (IEC), respectively. In the present study, the role of IEC in modulating 1-MCP responsiveness was further tested using avocado, a fruit that accumulates markedly higher IEC compared with tomato fruit. Preclimacteric (1 d after harvest, firmness 190 N, ethylene production −1 s −1 ) ‘Booth 7’ avocado fruit were treated for 1 min with aqueous 1-MCP at 1.86 and 9.3 mmol m −3 (100 and 500 μg L −1 ). Both concentrations strongly suppressed softening, and delayed climacteric ethylene production and respiration maxima. Mid-climacteric fruit (7 d after harvest, firmness 65 N, ethylene production ≈65% of maximum) showed complete loss of or diminished sensitivity to 1-MCP at 1.86 mmol m −3 or 9.3 mmol m −3 , respectively. Application of higher dose of aqueous 1-MCP (46.5 mmol m −3 , 2500 μg L −1 ) revealed that softening, respiration and ethylene production of mid-climacteric avocado remained highly sensitive to inhibition of ethylene perception. In experiments testing the effects of reducing IEC on 1-MCP responses, mid-climacteric avocado were exposed to hypoxia (2 kPa O 2 ) for 12 h, followed by exposure to aqueous 1-MCP at 18.6 mmol m −3 (1000 μg L −1 ). IEC prior to hypoxia averaged about 38.6 μL L −1 . IEC following exposure to air or hypoxia for 12 h averaged around 54 and 16 μL L −1 , respectively. Fruit treated with 18.6 mmol m −3 1-MCP following hypoxia showed greater suppression of fruit softening, and further delays in peak ethylene production and respiration compared with fruit treated with 1-MCP alone. 1-MCP applied to mid-climacteric fruit also delayed PG accumulation and depolymerization of water-soluble pectin, indicating that cell wall metabolism in avocado fruit remains ethylene sensitive through advanced ripening. Suppression of PG accumulation and pectin depolymerization was greater in fruit exposed to hypoxia prior to 1-MCP. The improved efficacy of 1-MCP at elevated doses and following reduction of IEC in suppressing ripening of mid-climacteric avocado fruit is consistent with the model that IEC strongly influences 1-MCP sensitivity in ripening-initiated climacteric fruits. Possible mechanisms by which 1-MCP sensitivity is modulated by ethylene are discussed.
Design of Maximum Thrust Nozzle Contours by Direct Optimization Methods

A PROCEDURE for the design of maximum thrust nozzle contours by direct optimization methods is presented. The nozzle contour is a second-degree polynomial having a fixed initial expansion contour. The coefficients of the polynomial are varied by direct optimization methods to determine the maximum thrust contour. Three direct optimization methods are considered: multidimensional line search, the method of steepest descent, and Newton's method. Results are presented to illustrate the behavior of the direct optimization methods, and to demonstrate that second-degree polynomial contours yield thrusts comparable to the thrusts developed by nozzle contours determined by calculus of variations methods.
Experimental studies of herbivory and algal competition in a low intertidal habitat.

Ecological factors regulating the species composition and abundance of the plant assemblage in the low intertidal zone were studied in the semiprotected San Juan Islands in Washington state. In particular, the roles of an abundant herbivore (the chiton Katharina tunicata) and competition among plants were evaluated experimentally. Densities of Katharina were manipulated in large areas to establish 3 treatments: Katharina removals (N=2), controls (N=2), and Katharina addition (N=1). These sites were monitored for 4 years. Over this time, algal abundance and diversity increased in the Katharina-removal areas; algae in most functional groups proliferated, and a multi-storied intertidal kelp bed eventually developed. In the Katharina-addition, the abundance of all plants except crusts, diatoms, and surfgrass decreased, and overall diversity declined. Control sites underwent year-to-year fluctuation in the abundance of the most conspicuous alga, Hedophyllum sessile, but remained otherwise unchanged.
CFD modeling of spontaneous heating in a large-scale coal chamber

Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is conducted to simulate spontaneous heating in a large-scale coal chamber with a forced ventilation system. Spontaneous heating is modeled as the low-temperature oxidation of coal using kinetic data obtained from previous laboratory-scale spontaneous heating studies. Heat generated from coal oxidation is dissipated by convection and conduction, while oxygen and oxidation products are transported by convection and diffusion. The water vapor transfer and the effect of heat of wetting are not modeled. The CFD model is validated by comparing simulation results with test results from U.S. Bureau of Mines experiments conducted in the coal chamber. The model predicts lower temperatures in the early stage but agrees well on the induction time for spontaneous heating. The effects of airflow rate and order of reaction on the spontaneous heating process are also examined. The calibrated CFD model is found to be useful for predicting the induction time for spontaneous heating in underground coal mines.
A stereochemical test of the mechanism of electrophilic substitution in 3-substituted indoles

Abstract A cyclization reaction that provides access to the cyclopent[b]lindole ring system is reported. The stereochemical course of the reaction suggests the intermediacy of a 3,3-disubstituted indolenine.
The proteolytic enzyme system of skin. VII. Effect of immune reactions.

SummaryPassive cutaneous anaphylaxis was induced in the rat using the egg albumin-rabbit anti-egg albumin system. Enzymatic activities of extracts of skin exposed to this immune reaction were assayed with casein, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, and L-tyrosine ethyl ester as substrates. No difference existed between these extracts and those of control skin extracts. Purified Proteinase C was maximally inactivated by mixing the enzyme with its specific inhibitor. The inactivated enzyme solution was added to preformed antigen-antibody aggregates and no activation effect was observed. Similarly, no activation effect was found when the immune reaction was allowed to proceed in vitro in the presence of inactivated Proteinase C.
A COMPARISON OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AND AMERICAN POTATO VIRUSES

Summary. Potato viruses obtained from nine foreign countries have been compared with typical American forms. The chief emphasis has been placed on the potato “mottle,”“ring-spot,” and “veinbanding” viruses. The mottle and ring-spot viruses were found in potatoes from all nine foreign countries, but only in about one-half of the 75 varieties or lots tested. Hence these viruses appear to be less widespread in foreign than in standard American potato varieties. The veinbanding virus was found in potatoes from six of the nine foreign countries, and was often free from associated viruses. The remarkable constancy of the viruses secured from widely different sources, when compared under identical conditions, was outstanding. Some degree of variation was found in certain cases, as for example between the veinbanding virus and the Y virus from England, though these viruses are very similar in most respects. The possible relationships of certain other potato viruses are discussed, and a potato streak virus is briefly described. Incomplete or unsatisfactory descriptions and synonomy in nomenclature are believed to be largely responsible for the existing confusion in potato virus literature. These difficulties may largely be overcome by devoting more attention to the description of the viruses themselves.
A test of the community conditioning hypothesis: Persistence of effects in model ecological structures dosed with the jet fuel jp‐8

The foundation of the community conditioning hypothesis, the persistence of effects, was tested in a series of microcosm experiments. Experiments were conducted with the water-soluble fraction of the turbine fuel JP-8 using the standard protocols for the standardized aquatic microcosm (SAM). A repeat trial was conducted using the SAM protocol but with a 126-d test period, twice the standard duration. The results were examined using a variety of conventional univariate, multivariate, and graphical techniques. The principal conclusions were as follows. Effects are persistent in these model ecological systems long after the degradation of the toxicant. Patterns of impacts are detectable at concentrations 15 times lower than an experimentally derived single-species EC50. The replicate experiments are not replicable in the specific, but the broad pattern of the disruption of algal- herbivore dynamics followed by more subtle effects are consistently repeated. The durability of the indirect effects and therefore the information about historical events appears to be a consistent feature of these microcosm systems. The identity of the treatment groups persists. The critical features of the community conditioning hypothesis—persistence of information within ecologicalsystems and the reappearance of patterns and therefore the nonequilibrium dynamics—are again confirmed. The implications of these findings for environmental toxicology, monitoring, and ecological risk assessment are discussed.
Design and process issues affecting performance of optical interconnects on ICs

With the exponential increase in device densities and operating speeds, further improvements in chip performance are more difficult to achieve due to the physical limitations of conventional interconnects. Optical interconnects provide one of the solutions to continue improving performance of future technologies. Unlike other optical systems, the prosed approach requires minimal changes in conventional fabrication processes. Other major barriers to industry-wide acceptance are perceived limitations in performance. In this research, models have been developed to show that the performance of optical interconnects is a strong function of technology and layout.
Old Meets New: The Interaction Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The innate immune system is an ancient and diverse collection of defenses, including the recognition of pathogens through the use of germline-encoded pathogen receptors. The adaptive immune system, encompassing T and B cell responses, is a more recent development that utilizes somatically recombined antigen receptor genes to recognize virtually any antigen. The adaptive immune system has the advantage of flexibility and immunologic memory but it is completely dependent upon elements of the innate immune system for the initiation and direction of responses. Appropriate innate and acquired immune system interactions lead to highly efficient recognition and clearance of pathogens, but maladaptive interactions between these two systems can result in harmful immunologic responses including allergy, autoimmunity, and allograft rejection.
Reaction of vinyl chloride with group 4 metal olefin polymerization catalysts.

The reactions of three types of group 4 metal olefin polymerization catalysts, (C5R5)2ZrX2/activator, (C5Me5)TiX3/MAO (MAO = methylalumoxane), and (C5Me4SiMe2NtBu)MX2/activator (M = Ti, Zr), with vinyl chloride (VC) and VC/propylene mixtures have been investigated. Two general pathways are observed: (i) radical polymerization of VC initiated by radicals derived from the catalyst and (ii) net 1,2 VC insertion into LnMR+ species followed by β-Cl elimination. rac-(EBI)ZrMe(μ-Me)B(C6F5)3 (EBI = 1,2-ethylenebis(indenyl)) reacts with 2 equiv of VC to yield oligopropylene, rac-(EBI)ZrCl2, and B(C6F5)3. This reaction proceeds by net 1,2 VC insertion into rac-(EBI)ZrMe+ followed by fast β-Cl elimination to yield [rac-(EBI)ZrCl][MeB(C6F5)3] and propylene. Methylation of rac-(EBI)ZrCl+ by MeB(C6F5)3- enables a second VC insertion/β-Cl elimination to occur. The evolved propylene is oligomerized by rac-(EBI)ZrR+ as it is formed. At high Al/Zr ratios, rac-(EBI)ZrMe2/MAO catalytically converts VC to oligopropylene by 1...
Preparation of Biopolymers from Plant Oils in Green Media

The conversion of plant oils to polymers has attracted renewed attention in recent years to replace or augment the traditional petro-chemical based polymers and resins. This is because of concern for the environment, waste disposal, and depletion of fossil and non renewable feedstocks. In this study, the polymerization of soybean oil (SBO), epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), and euphorbia oil (EuO) in carbon dioxide (CO2) media (subcritical and supercritical conditions) catalyzed by Lewis acid were reported. The molecular structures of SBO, ESO, and EuO affected the polymerization. It showed that epoxidized plant oils are easier to polymerize than SBO. The resulting polymers were characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, solid state 13C-NMR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography.
Optimal Design of a Manpower System.

An equilibrium model of a manpower system is developed based on the notion of a career flow. Institutional constraints and measures of system performance are linear functions of the career flow. A typical optimal design problem is formulated and a solution procedure is developed. The optimization problem is a generalized linear program in which columns are generated by solving a shortest path problem. Upper and lower bounds on the optimal value function can be developed at each stage of the calculations.
Reconstructing Artifacts, Reconstructing Work: From Textual Edition to On-Line Databank

New media can change the way that artifacts are constructed and used. Changes in these artifacts, in turn, will be reflected in work practices and processes. This article draws on an empirical investigation of the impact of computer-based technologies on classical scholarship to discuss some of the ramifications that a switch in medium may have for work. The article defines both traditional and computer-based tools as "packages" that consist of artifacts, skill sets, data, beliefs about the work process, and organizational infrastructures, and applies the package metaphor to understand the multiple levels of changes taking place within classics as the use of textual databanks (and other forms of computing) becomes more prevalent.
Study of cylindrically periodic dielectric waveguides at submillimeter waves

This work studies the viability of using waveguides made of concentric cylindrical periodic dielectrics for propagating at submillimeter waves. Such kind of waveguides has an air core where most of the power is confined allowing a low propagation loss.
Cambodian Refugee Families in the United States: “Bending the Tree” to Fit the Environment

Cambodian refugee families provide intergenerational exchanges within the context of dissonant cultural ideologies—Cambodian interdependence versus U.S. independence. Family membership includes both kin and nonkin, whose differentiation, over time, becomes irrelevant. Although comprised of fewer biologically related family members than might have been expected of families in Cambodia, the newly constructed family provides a foundation for security across generations. These Cambodian refugee families demonstrate a resilience that allows them to adapt to cultural differences and to maintain a tenacity that also allows them to hold onto a strong Cambodian identity with its beliefs and behaviors fully centered on intergenerational exchanges.
Cataract surgery with trabecular micro-bypass stent implantation in patients with mild-to-moderate open-angle glaucoma and cataract: Two-year follow-up

Purpose To assess the long-term safety and efficacy of a single trabecular micro-bypass stent with concomitant cataract surgery versus cataract surgery alone for mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma. Setting Twenty-nine investigational sites, United States. Design Prospective randomized controlled multicenter clinical trial. Methods Eyes with mild to moderate glaucoma with an unmedicated intraocular pressure (IOP) of 22 mm Hg or higher and 36 mm Hg or lower were randomly assigned to have cataract surgery with iStent trabecular micro-bypass stent implantation (stent group) or cataract surgery alone (control group). Patients were followed for 24 months postoperatively. Results The incidence of adverse events was low in both groups through 24 months of follow-up. At 24 months, the proportion of patients with an IOP of 21 mm Hg or lower without ocular hypotensive medications was significantly higher in the stent group than in the control group ( P =.036). Overall, the mean IOP was stable between 12 months and 24 months (17.0 mm Hg ± 2.8 [SD] and 17.1 ± 2.9 mm Hg, respectively) in the stent group but increased (17.0 ± 3.1 mm Hg to 17.8 ± 3.3 mm Hg, respectively) in the control group. Ocular hypotensive medication was statistically significantly lower in the stent group at 12 months; it was also lower at 24 months, although the difference was no longer statistically significant. Conclusions Patients with combined single trabecular micro-bypass stent and cataract surgery had significantly better IOP control on no medication through 24 months than patients having cataract surgery alone. Both groups had a similar favorable long-term safety profile. Financial Disclosure Dr. Craven was an investigator in the clinical trial of the iStent. Dr. Katz is a consultant to Glaukos and was the medical monitor for the clinical trial of the iStent. Dr. Katz is a stockholder in Glaukos. Mr. Wells and Ms. Giamporcaro are employees of Glaukos.
Vestibular-oculomotor interaction in cat eye-head movements

Abstract When cats make slow scanning head movements, intersaccadic counterrotary eye movements are driven by the vestibulo-ocular reflex, but reset or forward saccades are not directly affected by vestibular afference. When the movements are rapid (∼200 deg./sec), large (40°), and executed in single step shifts of gaze (whether in the dark or during visual fixation shifts between known targets), there is no longer any clear vestibular effect on any eye movements during the gaze shift. The vestibulo-ocular reflex is active only at the beginning of head rotation and again at its termination as the gaze reaches its goal, even in the absence of vision. It is postulated that head-in-space and eye-in-orbit movements are perfectly monitored to adjust the amplitude of gaze shifts, despite the lack of overt vestibular effects on eye movements.
Modelling crease recovery behaviour of woven fabrics

Crease recovery behaviour is an important property of fabrics for apparel applications. A theoretical model is developed in which the fabric is represented by an elastic element and a frictional element. The frictional restraint is assumed to be proportional to the square root of the curvature of the fabric during deformation. An energy method is applied to the study of crease recovery behaviour of the fabric. Equations of crease recovery work and crease recovery force as a function of curvature are derived. Two basic parameters are needed to characterise the fabric in the crease recovery model: the bending rigidity and bending hysteresis of the fabric; both are readily measured in a pure bending test. Good agreement is observed between experimental data and theoretical predictions for wool/polyester blended and worsted fabrics.
All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality Among Black and White North Carolina State Prisoners, 1995–2005

Purpose We compared mortality rates among state prisoners and other state residents to identify prisoners’ health care needs. Methods We linked North Carolina prison records with state death records for 1995–2005 to estimate all-cause and cause-specific death rates among black and white male prisoners ages 20−79 years and used standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) to compare these observed deaths with the expected number on the basis of death rates among state residents. Results The all-cause SMR of black prisoners was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.48−0.57), with fewer deaths than expected from accidents, homicides, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The all-cause SMR of white prisoners was 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.01−1.25) with fewer deaths than expected for accidents but more deaths than expected from viral hepatitis, liver disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, and HIV. Conclusions The mortality of black prisoners was lower than that of black state residents for both traumatic and chronic causes of death. The mortality of white prisoners was lower than that of white state residents for accidents but greater for several chronic causes of death. Future studies should investigate the effect of prisoners’ preincarceration and in-prison morbidity, the prison environment, and prison health care on prisoners’ patterns of mortality.
Measurement of NMDA receptor antagonist, CPP, in mouse plasma and brain tissue following systemic administration using ion-pair LC-MS/MS

(RS)-3-(2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) is a competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and is routinely used with rodent models to investigate the role of NMDA receptors in brain function. This highly polar compound is difficult to separate from biological matrices. A reliable and sensitive assay was developed for the determination of CPP in plasma and tissue. In order to overcome the challenges relating to the physicochemical properties of CPP we employed an initial separation using solid phase extraction harnessing mixed-mode anion exchange. Then an ion-pair UPLC C18 separation was performed followed by MS/MS with a Waters Acquity UPLC interfaced to an AB Sciex QTrap 5500 mass spectrometer, which was operated in positive ion ESI mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was utilized to detect the analyte and internal standard. The precursor to product ions used for quantitation of CPP and internal standard were m/z 252.958 → 207.100 and 334.955 → 136.033, respectively. This method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study and examined brain tissue and plasma concentrations following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of CPP. The elimination half-life (t1/2) of CPP was 8.8 minutes in plasma and 14.3 minutes in brain tissue, and the plasma to brain concentration ratio was about 15 : 1. This pharmacokinetic data will aid the interpretation of the vast number of studies using CPP to investigate NMDA receptor function in rodents and the method itself can be used to study many other highly polar analytes of interest.
Gene trap tagging of PROLIFERA, an essential MCM2-3-5-like gene in Arabidopsis

Gene trap transposon mutagenesis can identify essential genes whose functions in later development are obscured by an early lethal phenotype. In higher plants, many genes are required for haploid gametophyte viability, so that the phenotypic effects of their disruption cannot be readily observed in the diploid plant body. The PROLIFERA (PRL) gene, identified by gene trap transposon mutagenesis in Arabidopsis, is required for megaga-metophyte and embryo development. Reporter gene expression patterns revealed that PRL was expressed in dividing cells throughout the plant. PRL is related to the MCM2-3-5 family of yeast genes that are required for the initiation of DNA replication.
Blood pressure studies among American and foreign-born students.

The relation of hypertension to race, sex, environment, and geographic origin in a young adult population is analyzed. Of the 3508 university students, 6.7 per cent were hypertensive. Among American men and women the incidence was 8.1 per cent and 3.1 per cent, respectively. The incidence of hypertension in all racial groups is significantly higher among American-born than among foreign-born males. After 10 years of residence in the United States, foreign-born students have the same high incidence of hypertension as those born in the United States and Canada. Detailed study is presented regarding the incidence of hypertension in different age groups among American and foreign-born white, Negro and Asian students.