cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock-tube water time-histories and ignition delay time measurements for H2S near atmospheric pressure

Abstract Hydrogen sulfide combustion has been of interest in recent years due to its presence in coal-derived syngas and in sour gas. However, there are limited data available for the calibration of chemical kinetics models of high-temperature H2S oxidation. Ignition delay times and laser-absorption water time histories were therefore measured in two different shock tubes around atmospheric pressure over a range of temperatures from 1445 to 2210 K for H2S-O2 mixtures diluted in 98% Ar. While modern H2S models from the literature predicted the ignition delay times with fair accuracy, the water profiles were initially very poorly predicted with the same kinetic mechanisms. A model analysis showed that the reaction R62, SH + HO2 ⇆ H2S + O2 (in reverse), was chiefly responsible for these poor predictions. It was possible to obtain better water predictions when the rate for R62 was divided by 10. A tentative model is proposed herein, based on this assumption for R62, and good predictions were obtained for both the ignition delay times and water profiles, as well as for former high-pressure shock-tube data with H2-H2S mixtures. The present study shows that more accurate rates for the reactions R62 (SH + HO2 ⇆ H2S + O2), R75 (SH + O2 ⇆ HSO + O), and R46 (SH + SH (+M) ⇆ HSSH (+M)) would be needed to better predict H2S combustion chemistry.
Nanoscale Fashioning of Materials

Today’s lithographic technology is capable of exposing 0.5µm features over 1 cm2 at a rate of lcm2/s with a 100nm tolerance on feature size (L) and feature placement (overlay). It appears that such optical technology can be extended to L< 0.2µm, maybe even to L=100nm. Going into the’nanometer range’ below 100 nm however will probably require radically new technology that will be very expensive to introduce and therefore will have to be significantly better than 100 nm features; 25 nm feature size should be the goal of such ‘nanoscale technology’. Merely achieving such resolution has been possible for many years. Achieving such resolution with adequate throughput but without a precise overlay capability may be just possible with special techniques such as contact X-ray lithography. Even finer features (5nm) might be possible for periodic patterns with special techniques such as the use of self assembling structures (e.g.two-dimensional protein crystals). But achieving ‘full service’ nanolithography, that is, L = 25 nm with overlay and feature size tolerance of 5 nm and with cost effective throughput (lcm2/s) will be very challenging.
Some Obstacles to Generalizing in Criminology

In the years since criminology began, and especially since the decline of the “Biological School” near the beginning of the present century, the quantity of criminological research conducted in the United States has increased enormously, but adequate knowledge about crime causation has not increased proportionately. Particularly prior to the last quarter of the nineteenth century, most men who advanced theories about crime causation did so in an attempt to find a panacea for criminality. Few efforts were made to verify the many theological and moralistic assertions by actual investigations of factual situations; writers usually selected a general “cause” of all criminality and then sought to convince their readers that elimination of that cause would eradicate crime both by reforming criminals and by preventing future criminality. There was little or no attempt to “make sense,” in a logical generalization, of the known facts about variations in crime rates, despite the fact that Europeans such as Quetelet, Guerry, Joly, Liszt, Prins, Hamel, Fointsky, Tarde and others had compiled such facts and had attempted to generalize, in a preliminary way, about them.
Tunable nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating for use as a dispersion compensator with a voltage-controlled dispersion

Summary form only given. We report the fabrication and tuning characteristics of a novel nonlinearly-chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG). We use only a single mechanical PZT stretching element to tune the resonant wavelength of the device to dramatically and smoothly alter the generated chirp in a nonlinear function for a given channel from 300 ps/nm up to 1000 ps/nm. Moreover, the reflected power varies by only /spl sim/0.7 dB during tuning. This nonlinear FBG has a stable switching speed up to 100 Hz, which is sufficiently fast for active dispersion compensation in circuit-switched optical systems. Such an active dispersion technique may be placed in optical nodes for highly-robust performance. Although we have achieved dispersion tuning from 300-1000 ps/nm, larger dispersion tuning ranges can be obtained.
A new variance component score test for testing distributed lag functions with applications in time series analysis

We propose to test a given constrained distributed lag model (DLM) of the form β = Cθ against an unconstrained alternative using a variance component score test (VCST) and show that VCST is more powerful than the standard likelihood ratio test in a simulation study.
Design for reliability: A duty-cycle management system for timing violations

With continuous scaling of CMOS technology, a key issue for the microprocessor and application processor industries is the reliability of silicon. Two salient problems with silicon are Bias Temperature Instability (BTI), which increases the threshold voltage of MOSFETs, and Gate Oxide Breakdown (GOBD), which decreases the gate leakage resistance. Both pose severe limitations for sub-micrometer transistors. Threshold voltage and gate leakage current degradation affect setup/hold time violations and reduce system lifetime. To achieve a reliability tolerant system, we have developed a self-adaptive clock duty cycle controller (DCC) to avoid timing violations of critical paths of a microprocessor. Using lifetime prediction, we show how much the controller can extend system lifetime.
Fatty acid partitioning varies across fillet regions during sexual maturation in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are commonly reared as diploids (2N, two sets of chromosomes) or triploids (3N, three sets of chromosomes). Sexual maturation in 2N has negative effects on production efficiency, nutrient retention, and fillet quality. On the other hand, 3N female rainbow trout fail to develop gonads, thus enabling an efficient extended growth period when production of larger fillets is desired. The objective of this study was to determine how fatty acid (FA) profiles of various tissue types change throughout development in 2N and 3N rainbow trout, with an emphasis on the response of different fillet regions. Diploid and 3N female rainbow trout were comingled and harvested at 10, 18, and 22 months post hatch (mph) and FA profiles of the viscera, fillet sections, and fillet trimmings were analyzed. Diploid fish were larger (P
Reduced Value-Driven Attentional Capture Among Children with ADHD Compared to Typically Developing Controls.

The current study examined whether children with ADHD were more distracted by a stimulus previously associated with reward, but currently goal-irrelevant, than their typically-developing peers. In addition, we also probed the associated cognitive and motivational mechanisms by examining correlations with other behavioral tasks. Participants included 8–12 year-old children with ADHD (n = 30) and typically developing controls (n = 26). Children were instructed to visually search for color-defined targets and received monetary rewards for accurate responses. In a subsequent search task in which color was explicitly irrelevant, we manipulated whether a distractor item appeared in a previously reward-associated color. We examined whether children responded more slowly on trials with the previously-rewarded distractor present compared to trials without this distractor, a phenomenon referred to as value-driven attentional capture (VDAC), and whether children with and without ADHD differed in the extent to which they displayed VDAC. Correlations among working memory performance, immediate reward preference (delay discounting) and attentional capture were also examined. Children with ADHD were significantly less affected by the presence of the previously rewarded distractor than were control participants. Within the ADHD group, greater value-driven attentional capture was associated with poorer working memory. Although both ADHD and control participants were initially distracted by previously reward-associated stimuli, the magnitude of distraction was larger and persisted longer among control participants.
Properly colored trails, paths, and bridges

The proper-trail connection number of a graph is the minimum number of colors needed to color the edges such that every pair of vertices are joined by a trail without two consecutive edges of the same color; the proper-path connection number is defined similarly. In this paper we consider these in both bridgeless graphs and graphs in general. The main result is that both parameters are tied to the maximum number of bridges incident with a vertex. In particular, we provide for $$k\ge 4$$ a simple characterization of graphs with proper-trail connection number k, and show that the proper-path connection number can be approximated in polynomial-time within an additive 2.
Tapering Patients Off of Benzodiazepines.

When prescribed at a low dosage for a short time (fewer than 30 days), benzodiazepines can effectively treat generalized and social anxiety, panic disorder, and sleep disorders. Long-term use for anxiety and sleep disorders is not supported by research because it is associated with the development of physiologic and psychological dependence characterized by tolerance, withdrawal, and reluctance to reduce or discontinue use despite the objective lack of effectiveness.
The Quantificational Domain of dou : An Experimental Study

Which NP does all associate with in e.g. “The pandas, the children all saw”—the pandas, the children, or both? The intuition of adult Mandarin Chinese native speakers regarding the interpretation of the adverbial quantifier dou ‘all’ remains unclear and controversial, and various incommensurate theories of domain selection have been proposed. These studies may have failed to yield clear results because they used testing materials in which the interpretation of dou is confounded with other principles of NP interpretation (e.g. zhexie xiaohai ‘these children’ is truth-functionally synonymous with ‘all these children’). To address these concerns, we present the first set of experimental studies on adult knowledge and use of syntactic constraints on the quantifier domain of dou. The results support the hypothesis that dou can take one and only one c-commanding NP as its domain, but falsify interesting theoretical accounts that assume a strict locality constraint on dou quantification.
Recurrent High-Grade Sarcoma

Sarcomas are malignant cancers that arise from mesenchymal origins. They can arise in the muscle, bone, fat, or connective tissue. PET/MR imaging provides excellent evaluation of the sarcomatous tumor and surrounding soft tissues, as well as provides functional metabolic activity to aid in accurate tumor grading and staging. It can detect satellite lesions away from the main mass and distant metastases allowing for complete evaluation in one study.
Endocrine active metals, prenatal stress and enhanced neurobehavioral disruption.

Abstract Metals, including lead (Pb), methylmercury (MeHg) and arsenic (As), are long-known developmental neurotoxicants. More recently, environmental context has been recognized to modulate metals toxicity, including nutritional state and stress exposure. Modulation of metal toxicity by stress exposure can occur through shared targeting of endocrine systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Our previous rodent research has identified that prenatal stress (PS) modulates neurotoxicity of two endocrine active metals (EAMs), Pb and MeHg, by altering HPA and CNS systems disrupting behavior. Here, we review this research and further test the hypothesis that prenatal stress modulates metals neurotoxicity by expanding to test the effect of developmental As ± PS exposure. Serum corticosterone and behavior was assessed in offspring of dams exposed to As ± PS. PS increased female offspring serum corticosterone at birth, while developmental As exposure decreased adult serum corticosterone in both sexes. As + PS induced reductions in locomotor activity in females and reduced response rates on a Fixed Interval schedule of reinforcement in males, with the latter suggesting unique learning deficits only in the combined exposure. As-exposed males showed increased time in the open arms of an elevated plus maze and decreased novel object recognition whereas females did not. These data further confirm the hypothesis that combined exposure to chemical (EAMs) and non-chemical (PS) stressors results in enhanced neurobehavioral toxicity. Given that humans are exposed to multiple environmental risk factors that alter endocrine function in development, such models are critical for risk assessment and public health protection, particularly for children.
A Contraception Quality Improvement Initiative with Detained Young Women: Counseling, Initiation, and Utilization.

Abstract Study Objective To assess the effect of providing standardized counseling to improve the rates of contraception initiation and utilization among detained young women. This was a quality improvement (QI) project conducted at a large urban juvenile short-term detention center. Design, Setting, Participants, Interventions, and Main Outcome Measures The intervention included educating all staff and care providers, counseling detained young women on various contraceptive options, and offering contraception initiation with oral contraceptive pills or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection. Retrospective chart review before February 2012 established baseline contraception initiation and utilization rates. The QI intervention began in February 2012 and continued for 6 months followed by chart review. Outcomes measured included number of patients counseled about contraception, started contraception, and overall contraception utilization. Results We reviewed 120 and 186 charts before and after intervention, respectively. Compared with baseline data, the intervention group had statistically significant (P Conclusion This contraception QI intervention showed significant improvement in the rates of contraception counseling, contraception initiation, and utilization among detained young women. Most of youths' guardians were supportive and approved contraception initiation. This project showed it is feasible for health care providers to include contraception services for all intake assessments at juvenile detention facilities.
Comic Democracies: From Ancient Athens to the American Republic

Humor me, dear creature, as I rethink democracy in terms of its fleshly-laughable conceits … .As much could be the opening salvo of Angus Fletcher’s take on “comic demokratia.” His book is timely. ...
Ecological Validity for Patient Reported Outcomes

Self-reports often serve as outcomes in all manner of behavioral science and medical research; as such, it is essential that they be measured as accurately as possible. In this article, we discuss the concept of ecological validity as it relates to methodologies used to collect self-report data. When phenomena are responsive to the environment and memory of them is questionable, we argue that ecological validity is necessary to adequately construct self-report measures and that global and retrospective assessment techniques are often not up to the task. Repeated momentary data collection incorporating careful sampling protocols can be achieved with electronically based data capture systems. These technologies are described and strengths and limitations are reviewed. It is now possible to collect self-report data to be truly representative of the participants’ everyday environments.
Die Doppelnatur der Klassischen Physik: Ihre Empiristische und Ihre Rationalistische Seite

Nachdem wir bisher nur von der Philosophie gesprochen haben, wollen wir uns jetzt die Entwicklung der Wissenschaft wahrend der 2500 Jahre ansehen, in denen die Philosophen ihre verschiedenen rationalistischen und empiristischen Systeme aufgestellt haben.
Utilization of Prevention Research Searching for Evidence

Objective Understanding the process of translating prevention research into practice calls for systematic efforts to assess the state of the published literature on the utilization of prevention research in public health programs and policy. This review describes the search strategy, methods, results, and challenges in identifying and reviewing literature relevant to this objective. Methods Systematic searches of topics related to prevention research in literature published in 1995–2002 revealed 86 empiric articles in 12 public health areas. Results A lack of uniform terminology, variation in publication sources, and limited descriptions of the stages of research utilization (e.g., adoption and implementation) in the published literature posed major challenges to identifying articles that met study criteria. Most accepted articles assessed the adoption or implementation of prevention research; four examined long-term sustainability. There was approximately equal distribution of reported research set in either health services or public health settings. Few of the articles contained search terms reflecting all four concept areas (prevention, public health, research, and use) targeted by the literature search. Conclusions Refining terms used in prevention research and research utilization could address lack of shared and unique definitions. Expanded reporting of research utilization stages in reports of prevention research could lead to improved literature searches and contribute to more successful adoption, implementation, and further use of prevention research products.
Site-specific and Component-specific Bridge Load Models

Bridge reliability analysis is based on load and resistance models. In particular, load spectra vary depending on site and component. The objective of this paper is to present the results of measurements of truck loads on girder bridges. The study included several structures located on interstate highways and surface streets.
Discovery of the J Particle and Search of the Charmed Particles

The J particle was first observed1) at Brookhaven National Laboratory in August 1974. How does the J particle differ from other mesons discovered until then?
USEFUL FIELD OF VIEW IMPAIRMENTS IN DRIVERS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA.

As a group, drivers with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have an increased risk for motor vehicle crashes, but determining individual crash risk is difficult. We tested the hypothesis that drivers with OSA have impaired visual attention, as indexed by reduced useful field of view (UFOV), a predictor of high- risk driving. Forty-one drivers with untreated OSA and 50 comparison drivers were assessed by UFOV. OSA drivers performed significantly worse than controls on all UFOV subtests and had reduced UFOV as indicated by a higher mean total UFOV score (p = 0.0017). However, only 4 OSA and 2 control drivers had values indicative of high crash risk (UFOV reduction >23%). Drivers with OSA have reduced UFOV compared to drivers without neurological or sleep disorders. However, as UFOV identifies few high-risk drivers, its role in assessing crash risk in an unselected population of drivers with OSA appears to be limited.
Specificity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathways: Lessons from Drosophila

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) represent one family of membrane receptors that are commonly used to transduce extracellular signals received at the membrane into the nucleus. These proteins have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in their intracellular domains (1). Genetic and biochemical studies in Drosophila, C. elegans, Xenopus and in mammalian cells have identified a set of evolutionarily conserved transducing molecules common to all RTKs. These proteins, referred to as the “RTK signaling cassette” (2, 3, 4), include the adaptor protein Grb2 (a.k.a. Drk or Sem5), the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (a.k.a. Corkscrew, PTP1D, Syp or SHPTP2), the GTPase protein p21ras and its regulators Son of Sevenless (Sos) and Ras-Gap, and the kinases Ksr, Raf, MEK and MAPK (see Figure 1 for references). Because RTKs activate the same signaling cassette to transduce signals from the cell surface to the nucleus, a simplistic model has been proposed that suggests that the effects elicited by the activation of specific RTKs are specified by the array of transcription factors present in the cell. However, this view fails to explain results obtained, for example, in mammalian PC 12 cells whereby EGF and NGF, through their respective RTKs, activate the evolutionarily conserved signaling cassette to elicit different effects. In these cells, EGF triggers cell proliferation while NGF induces neunte extension. In the case of PC12 cells, the basis of specificity, proliferation versus differentiation, appears to depend on differences in the duration of MAPK activation (5, 6, 7).
Content, Media, and Carrier (336/337/338) Fields in the Public Display

This study seeks to determine if libraries are displaying the content type, media type, carrier type (336/337/338) fields to the public in their library systems and if they are continuing to use (g...
Second Generation Mothers in the Child Welfare System: Factors that Predict Engagement

Research with families involved with the child welfare system across generations has largely focused on the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. However, their feelings about being involved with child welfare as parents are largely unknown. The current study compares risk factors among first and second generation child welfare-involved mothers across a U.S. state. A random sample of mothers (n = 336) with children younger than age five in the child welfare system were interviewed. Forty-two percent of mothers reported their own childhood history of child welfare involvement. Findings showed that second generation mothers have less education, more depression and anxiety, and higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). Second generation mothers rated four dimensions of engagement in child welfare services lower than first generation mothers. This decreased engagement was predicted by their mental health problems, IPV, and whether they spent time in foster care as a child. Implications for practice are discussed.
Central and Peripheral Actions of Angiotensin II

The renin-angiotensin system is involved in fluid balance and cardiovascular function in several ways. Renin, the essential enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, is released from the kidney to produce angiotensin under a variety of conditions, most notably low pressure in the renal artery. The increase of angiotensin I caused by renin leads to an increase of angiotensin II caused mostly by a conversion in the lungs through converting enzymes. Angiotensin II is a very powerful vasoconstrictor which acts directly on blood vessels to cause an increase in peripheral resistance and thereby increase blood pressure. At the same time, receptors in the adrenal gland are stimulated by angiotensin II to trigger the release of aldosterone. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to retain sodium and by these two methods, vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, angiotensin II can effectively counteract low volume in the blood. So much has been known for many years and more recently, experiments with angiotensin II on the brain have shown two more effects that could be significant in counteracting decreased fluid volume in the body. When angiotensin II is injected into the brain ventricles, it produces thirst in rats and other species which compel the animals to drink and thereby, increase their fluid volume. At the same time, low doses of angiotensin directly injected into the brain cause release of vasopressin.
Improving Memory Efficiency in Heterogeneous MPSoCs through Row-Buffer Locality-aware Forwarding

In heterogeneous multicore systems, the memory subsystem plays a critical role, since most core-to-core communications are conducted through the main memory. Memory efficiency has a substantial impact on system performance. Although memory traffic from multimedia cores generally manifests high row-buffer locality, which is beneficial to memory efficiency, the locality is often lost as memory streams are forwarded through networks-on-chip (NoC). Previous studies have discussed the techniques that improve memory visibility to reveal scattered row-buffer hit opportunities to the memory scheduler. However, extending local memory visibility introduces little benefit after the locality has been severely diluted. As the alternative approach, preserving row-buffer locality in the NoC has not been well explored. What is worse, it remains to be studied how to perform network traffic scheduling with the awareness of both memory efficiency and quality-of-service (QoS). In this article, we propose a router design with embedded row-index caches to enable locality-aware packet forwarding. The proposed design requires minor modifications to existing router microarchitecture and can be easily implemented with priority arbiters to integrate QoS support. Extensive evaluations show that the proposed design achieves higher memory efficiency than prior memory-aware routers, in addition to providing QoS support. On basis of extant QoS-aware routers, locality-aware forwarding helps to increase row-buffer hits by 58.32% and reduce memory latency by 14.45% on average. It also introduces a net reduction in DRAM and NoC energy cost by 27.82%.
Para uma teoria e uma história da educação dos trabalhadores

A educacao dos trabalhadores, entendida como educacao de trabalhadores por trabalhadores de acordo com propositos determinados por eles mesmos, tem estado num terreno de grande conflito, tanto quanto o trabalho. Se formos pensar uma historia global a respeito da educacao dos trabalhadores, ela precisara ser orientada por uma teoria geral que seja compativel. Hegel, de modo mais amplo, e Durkheim, de modo mais convincente, argumentaram que as sociedades sao projetos cognitivos e morais dos quais a educacao e constitutiva: o ser social e o conhecimento estao inextricavelmente ligados um ao outro. No contexto das revolucoes democraticas acontecidas nos ultimos 250 anos, o movimento operario se destacou simultaneamente como um movimento social onde se aprende a democracia e que luta pela educacao democratica. A historia da educacao dos trabalhadores e a historia da luta constante dos trabalhadores para se tornarem democratas e tornarem suas comunidades democraticas. Este breve ensaio introduz uma colecao de textos representativos de uma nova geracao de pesquisadores sobre historia da educacao de trabalhadores, os quais esperamos que ajudem os movimentos tradicionais e emergentes dos trabalhadores a entenderem seu passado e a pensar mais claramente sobre seu futuro.
The uroS and yifB Genes Conserved among Tetrapyrrole Synthesizing-Deficient Bacteroidales Are Involved in Bacteroides fragilis Heme Assimilation and Survival in Experimental Intra-abdominal Infection and Intestinal Colonization

ABSTRACT The human intestinal anaerobic commensal and opportunistic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis does not synthesize the tetrapyrrole protoporphyrin IX in order to form heme that is required for growth stimulation and survival in vivo. Consequently, B. fragilis acquires essential heme from host tissues during extraintestinal infection. The absence of several genes necessary for de novo heme biosynthesis is a common characteristic of many anaerobic bacteria; however, the uroS gene, encoding a uroporphyrinogen III synthase for an early step of heme biosynthesis, is conserved among the heme-requiring Bacteroidales that inhabit the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we show that the ability of B. fragilis to utilize heme or protoporphyrin IX for growth was greatly reduced in a ΔuroS mutant. This growth defect appears to be linked to the suppression of reverse chelatase and ferrochelatase activities in the absence of uroS. In addition, this ΔuroS suppressive effect was enhanced by the deletion of the yifB gene, which encodes an Mg2+-chelatase protein belonging to the ATPases associated with various cellular activities (AAA+) superfamily of proteins. Furthermore, the ΔuroS mutant and the ΔuroS ΔyifB double mutant had a severe survival defect compared to the parent strain in competitive infection assays using animal models of intra-abdominal infection and intestinal colonization. This shows that the presence of the uroS and yifB genes in B. fragilis seems to be linked to pathophysiological and nutritional competitive fitness for survival in host tissues. Genetic complementation studies and enzyme kinetics assays indicate that B. fragilis UroS is functionally different from canonical bacterial UroS proteins. Taken together, these findings show that heme assimilation and metabolism in the anaerobe B. fragilis have diverged from those of aerobic and facultative anaerobic pathogenic bacteria.
Synovial Fluid Biomarkers at the Time of Arthroscopy Predict 5-Year Outcomes:

Objectives:Injury-induced molecular changes in the intra-articular microenvironment of the knee are thought to play a role in the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The purpose of this s...
Strabismus After Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation.

Purpose Most reports of strabismus after glaucoma drainage device implantation study larger devices and rarely note the incidence of strabismus after Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation. It is unknown if the pattern of strabismus is similar with smaller devices. We investigated characteristics of strabismus after AGV implantation. Design Retrospective review. Methods Institutional study of 732 patients at our institution undergoing AGV implantation between 2013 and 2018. Rate and characteristics of strabismus were the primary outcome; age, gender, and location of AGVs were also analyzed. Results We identified 29 patients who developed new-onset strabismus postoperatively after initial AGV implantation, for 4% incidence of strabismus. Twenty-one (72%) of these had diplopia. AGVs were implanted superotemporally in 21, superonasally in 5, inferotemporally in 1, and inferonasally in 2. Three patients were esotropic, 11 were exotropic, 4 had hypertropia, 2 had hypotropia, and 9 patients had combined horizontal/vertical strabismus (esotropia/hypotropia [n = 1] or exotropia/hypertropias [n = 8]). Exotropia was the most common type of strabismus in both the superotemporal and superonasal (60%) AGV groups. Superotemporal AGVs were more commonly associated with ipsilateral hypertropia (43%) than superonasal AGVs. Treatments included strabismus surgery (n = 14), prisms (n = 6), or an occlusive lens (n = 1). Discussion. In the largest single-center series of patients undergoing initial AGV implantation, the overall incidence of postoperative strabismus was 4%. This is comparable to strabismus incidence following implantation of other types of glaucoma drainage devices, even larger devices. The possibility of this complication should be discussed with patients prior to surgery.
A learning-based harmonic mapping: Framework, assessment, and case study of human-to-robot hand pose mapping:

Harmonic mapping provides a natural way of mapping two manifolds by minimizing distortion induced by the mapping. However, most applications are limited to mapping between 2D and/or 3D spaces owing...
Utilizing a Human–Computer Interaction Approach to Evaluate the Design of Current Pharmacogenomics Clinical Decision Support

A formal assessment of pharmacogenomics clinical decision support (PGx-CDS) by providers is lacking in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the usability of PGx-CDS tools that have been implemented in a healthcare setting. We enrolled ten prescribing healthcare providers and had them complete a 60-min usability session, which included interacting with two PGx-CDS scenarios using the “Think Aloud” technique, as well as completing the Computer System Usability Questionnaire (CSUQ). Providers reported positive comments, negative comments, and suggestions for the two PGx-CDS during the usability testing. Most provider comments were in favor of the current PGx-CDS design, with the exception of how the genotype and phenotype information is displayed. The mean CSUQ score for the PGx-CDS overall satisfaction was 6.3 ± 0.95, with seven strongly agreeing and one strongly disagreeing for overall satisfaction. The implemented PGx-CDS at our institution was well received by prescribing healthcare providers. The feedback collected from the session will guide future PGx-CDS designs for our healthcare system and provide a framework for other institutions implementing PGx-CDS.
MarketNet: Using Virtual Currency to Protect Information Systems

This paper describes novel market-based technologies for systematic, quantifiable and predictable protection of information systems against attacks. These technologies, incorporated in the MarketNet system, use currency to control access to information systems resources and to account for their use. Clients wishing to access a resource must pay in currency acceptable to the domain that owns it. An attacker must thus pay to access the resources used in an attack. Therefore, the opportunities to attack and the damage that can be caused are strictly limited by the budget available to the attacker. A domain can control its exposure to attacks by setting the prices of critical resources and by limiting the currency that it makes available to potential attackers. Currency carries unique identifiers, enabling a domain to pinpoint the sources of attacks. Currency also provides a resource-independent instrumentation to monitor and correlate access patterns and to detect intrusion attacks through automated, uniform statistical analysis of anomalous currency flows. These mechanisms are resource-independent, and admit unlimited scalability for very large systems consisting of federated domains operated by mutually distrustful administrations. They uniquely establish quantifiable and adjustable limits on the power of attackers; enable verifiable accountability for malicious attacks; and admit systematic, uniform monitoring and detection of attacks.
The Sportswriter as Development Journalist: Covering African Football

Football is Africa’s game, but performance in world competition reveals the sport as metaphor for African development: promise stymied by political corruption, infrastructure deficiency, and neo-colonial exploitation. The media-sport complex has perpetuated this cycle. Development journalism contrarily posits media as a force for good. Where objectivity dominates traditional news, development journalism stresses nation-building. But emphasizing news, development journalism overlooks the powerful role of sport in African life. Through meta-analysis, this article compares the values and practices of development journalism and of sportswriting. The article concludes that sportswriters are well positioned to act as development journalists. As mediator of hallowed football, the sportswriter can capitalize on the promise of sport to effect nation-building and development in Africa, and so, as Alan Chalkley entreated 40 years ago, to “punch that hole in the vicious cycle.”
The PH-20 protein in human spermatozoa

PH-20 is a sperm plasma-membrane protein that has been shown to have hyaluronidase activity in several mammalian species including nonhuman primates. In this investigation, the PH-20 protein was characterized in noncapacitated human sperm and in capacitated human sperm. Two forms of PH-20 were observed in immunoblots of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) using a polyclonal antibody to recombinant PH-20: a major band of 64 kDa appeared in noncapacitated and capacitated sperm extracts and a 53-kDa band that appeared only in the acrosome-reaction supernatant of acrosome-reacted sperm. Using hyaluronic acid substrate gel analysis, we demonstrated that noncapacitated sperm extracts, capacitated sperm extracts, and the acrosome-reaction supernatant had hyaluronidase activity at neutral pH (pH 7) and acid pH (pH 4). The 64-kDa form in all samples had hyaluronidase activity at both neutral and acid pH, but the 53-kDa form was only active at acid pH. Total hyaluronidase activity, as measured by a microplate assay, was higher at pH 7 than at pH 4. Very low hyaluronidase activity was detected in the acrosome-reaction supernatant. Transmission electron microscopy and immunogold labeling showed that PH-20 of acrosome-intact human sperm was located on the plasma membrane over the entire head but not on the sperm midpiece and tail. After the acrosome reaction, PH-20 was also located on the inner acrosomal membrane. The biochemical characteristics and the ultrastructural localization of PH-20 in human sperm suggest that this protein is the human sperm hyaluronidase and, therefore, has an important function during fertilization.
Post-Hepatitic Cirrhosis Treated with Aureomycin: A Case Report

Summary A case is reported of a patient with chronic post-hepatitic cirrhosis and continuous jaundice of four years' duration, who experienced striking subjective and objective improvement, including the complete disappearance of clinical icterus after prolonged and intensive aureomycin therapy. Aureomycin was given intravenously, intramuscularly, and orally for approximately five months in a total dosage of 184 grams. The case has provided sufficient encouragement to warrant further investigation with this antibiotic. It is not suggested that aureomycin is a specific antiviral agent in hepatitis, but it is possible that some beneficial non-specific anti-viral properties may be present.
Long-distance analog links

In preparation for using in-ground fiber optics for wideband antenna remoting, measurements of analog link performance have been made over Bossnet. Over a distance of 570 km, >20 GHz of bandwidth is measured with a spur-free dynamic range of 90 dB-Hz/sup 2/3/.
Vitamin D and Bone Health

Vitamin D plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton for most land vertebrates including humans. Sunlight causes the photoproduction of vitamin D3 in the skin. Once formed, vitamin D3 is metabolized sequentially in the liver and kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The major biological function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is to keep the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations within the normal range to maintain essential cellular functions and to promote mineralization of the skeleton. Most foods do not contain any vitamin D. Foods fortified with vitamin D have a variable amount present and cannot be depended on as a sole source of vitamin D nutrition. Exposure to sunlight provides most humans with their vitamin D requirement. Aging, sunscreen use and the change in the zenith angle of the sun can dramatically affect the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Vitamin D insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency is now being recognized as a major cause of metabolic bone disease in the elderly. Vitamin D deficiency not only causes osteomalacia but can exacerbate osteoporosis. It is generally accepted that an increase in calcium intake to 1000-1500 mg/d along with an adequate source of vitamin D of at least 400 IU/d is important for maintaining good bone health.
Negative-kaon and antiproton production near 700 MeV/ c by 28.4-GeV/ c protons

We present measurements of kaon and antiproton production cross sections in the momentum region of 700 MeV/c from 0/sup 0/ to 10/sup 0/ by 28.4-GeV/c protons on complex nuclei. A model to describe the A dependence of these cross sections is discussed and compared with these and other data.
Modeling on Hydrodynamic Coupled FCC Reaction in Gas-Solid Riser Reactor

The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactor consists of a bottom section of liquid feed injection and vaporization and an upward straight riser of vapor-catalysts transport and reaction. The product yield, obtained at the top of riser, is an accumulative result of liquid feed injection, vaporization by liquid contacting with hot catalysts, and subsequent catalytic cracking of feed vapor while being transported concurrently with catalysts through the riser. The FCC process involves not only these sequential sub-processes but also complicated coupling among multiphase fluid hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer between phases, and catalytic kinetic reactions of vapor components in each sub-process. It is essential to build up a model covering all sub-processes/mechanisms mentioned above through riser reactor and giving prompt results, especially for real-time online optimization of industrial operation. This paper aims to develop a parametric model, integrated from bottom feed nozzle to top exit of riser, that can quickly predict both hydrodynamic and kinetic characteristics throughout the riser as well as various parametric effects on production yield and selectivity. Highlights of modeling contributions in this integrated model include a mechanistic and spatial-structural model of multiple-nozzle feeding with strong interactions not only among sprays themselves but also with cross-flowing steam and catalysts, a heat transfer model between gaseous and catalyst phases, and a more-rigorously derived model of reactant conservation in the multiphase flow transport. The convective nature dominating the nozzle feeding, riser transport and kinetic reactions allows us to simplify the governing equations in this integrated model to a set of coupled first-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions can be obtained quickly via Runge-Kutta algorithm. Compared to the published plant data, the predicted VGO conversion and gasoline yield from the proposed model shows a much better agreement to those from previous parametric models, which suggests the newly-added sub-models of previously overlooked mechanisms can be quite important. Some parametric effects, such as the effect of catalyst-to-oil ratio and catalyst inlet temperature, on production yield and selectivity are further predicted. The results show that a higher CTO or catalyst temperature normally leads to higher cracking conversion, higher gasoline production and lower coke content. However, a very high inlet temperature of catalysts does cause over-cracking and lower the gasoline selectivity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ethyl methane sulfonate- and bleomycin-generated deletion mutations at HPRT locus in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D fibroblasts

Immortalized fibroblasts from a male patient with xeroderma pigmentosum from complementation group D (XP-D) were treated with either ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) or bleomycin (BLM) to obtain mutations in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) activity. The aneuploid parental cell line, MH3-XPD, was found to have a single copy of the HPRT gene, indicating that this cell line remained physically hemizygous for this locus during the transformation process. Subcloning of 6-thioguanine-resistant (6TG') isolates resulted in clones without detectable HPRT activity. Continued maintenance in elevated concentrations of 6TG (30-60 muM) produced cell populations with negligible growth in counterselection medium. No HPRT-deficient clones arose from unmutagenized cell cultures. Molecular analysis of the HPRT mutations in five clones with undetectable HPRT activity showed that four had large deletions. Two bleomycin-generated isolates were both found to have an approximately 28-kb intragenic deletion beginning with the first intron near exon 1 and ending within the fourth intron near exon 4. Messenger RNA from these clones was truncated by approximately 370 nucleotides. Our findings indicate that these two clones originated from the same mutational event within a founder cell. The three EMS-induced mutants fell into two classes: a putative point mutation or small deletion and two complete gene deletions.
Kindled seizure-induced reduction of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat hippocampal formation: Evidence for localization to dentate granule cells

The binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ( [3H] QNB) to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal formation was analyzed by membrane binding assay and in vitro autoradiography. The destruction of dentate granule cells, either by neonatal irradiation or colchicine injection, resulted in nearly complete elimination of [3H] QNB binding sites in the molecular and granule cell layers. By contrast, neither perforant path transection nor destruction of the septal-hippocampal cholinergic afferents caused a decline of [3H] QNB binding sites. Amygdala kindled seizures resulted in a 30% reduction of [3H] QNB binding sites which was distributed uniformly across the entire molecular and granule cell layers. Thus, most, if not all, of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors present in dentate gyrus appear to reside on the somata and dendritic trees of the dentate granule cells. We propose that this kindled seizure-induced decline of muscarinic receptors represents an endogenous compensatory mechanism designed to stabilize granule cell excitability.
Urologic imaging in the pediatric patient

The development of newer imaging modalities and the expanded use of older techniques have substantially improved the care of the pediatric patient. In this article, we review the roles of sonography, voiding cystourethrography, excretory urography, and nuclear medicine studies in the evaluation of the most common pediatric urologic disorders, including urinary tract infection, obstructive and nonobstructive hydronephrosis, and vesicoureteral reflux. Recently developed techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging and color Doppler sonography are also discussed with respect to their use in evaluating upper-urinary-tract obstruction as well as the undescended testicle and testicular torsion. Areas of controversy are identified and rationales for current radiographic evaluation of these disorders are reviewed.
Nasal and Nasopharyngeal Angiocentric T-Cell Lymphomas†

Thirty patients (24 men and 6 women) with a median age of 44.5 years who had angiocentric T-cell lymphoma were studied. The neoplastic cells in each had a T-cell phenotype. Epstein-Barr virus RNA was detected in the neoplastic cells in 29 of 30 patients. The most common presenting symptom was nasal obstruction followed by purulent rhinorrhea. Patients with early presentation had only a friable nasal or nasopharyngeal mucosa ; late clinical signs included septal perforation in 40%. Twenty-one of 30 patients received radiation therapy as initial treatment ; 22 of 30 patients achieved a complete remission. Fifteen patients relapsed : 10 with local recurrence and 5 with systemic disease. In long-term follow-up, 10 patients were alive and disease free, 6 patients died of unrelated causes, and 12 patients died of disease.