cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Automation, Task and Context Features on Pilots’ Perception of Human-Automation Interaction

Human-automation interaction (HAI) takes place in virtually every phase of flight under a variety of operational conditions. Pilots must decide when to engage and disengage automation, which automation to use, the extent to which they should monitor and crosscheck the automation, and so on. Currently, little is known about which characteristics of scenarios involving HAI are important in these decisions and precisely how they influence the interaction. The objective of the present research was to examine how systematic variations of automation characteristics, task features and context variables individually and jointly influence pilots’ perception of HAI situations. Commercial pilots received descriptions of aviation situations and were asked to judge the cognitive demands and predict behaviors associated with each HAI event. Results of the study support the notion that HAI comprises a complex interplay between features of the automation and elements of the task and context.
Predictors of Complete Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Flat and Depressed Gastrointestinal Neoplasia of the Colon

Predictors of Complete Endoscopic Mucosal Resection of Flat and Depressed Gastrointestinal Neoplasia of the Colon
Epifaunal communities thrive in an estuary with hypoxic episodes

We characterized the abundance and species composition of sessile and mobile epifaunal assemblages in the York River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, U.S., during the summer hypoxia seasons in 1996 and 1997. We collected communities on artificial substrates in two areas of the river that have historically experienced different exposure to hypoxia. Despite frequent hypoxic stress, epifauna formed dense communities in both areas. Dominant species comprised a range of phyla and included the polychaetesPolydora cornuta andSabellaria vulgaris, the bryozoansMembranipora tenuis andConopeum tenuissimum, the tunicateMolgula manhattensis, the barnacleBalanus improvisus, the anemoneDiadumene leucolena, and the hydroidsEctopleura dumortieri andObelia bicuspidata. Common mobile species included the nudibranchsCratena kaoruae andDoridella obscura, the amphipodsMelita nitida andParacaprella tenuis, the polychaeteNereis succinea, and the flatwormStylochus ellipticus. We found few differences in species composition between the two areas, even though one area usually experienced lower oxygen concentrations during hypoxic events, suggesting that hypoxia does not exclude any epifaunal species, in the York River. We did find differences between the two study areas in percent cover and abundance of some species. While tunicates, hydroids, and anemones were equally abundant in both areas during both study years, bryozoans and the polychaeteS. vulgaris were more abundant in the area with gereally higher oxygen, suggesting that they may be less tolerant of hypoxic stress. The polychaeteP. cornuta was more abundant in the area that usually had lower oxygen. These results suggest that many epifaunal species have high hypoxia tolerance, and most epifaunal species found in the lowr York River are able to survive in hypoxic areas. Epifaunal species are not necessarily more susceptible to hypoxia than infaunal species in the York River. Epifaunal communities in areas with brief hypoxic episodes and moderate hypoxia (0.5–2 mg O2 I−1) can persist with little change in species composition, and with few changes in abundance, as oxygen concentrations fall.
Swelling Control in Uranium Carbide

Fine particles were dispersed in a fuel structure to trap fission gases as very small bubbles and thereby reduce fuel swelling. The dispersions were made by adding 1.5 to 3.0 wt% W to the UC; the specimens were irradiated to a maximum of ∼2 at.% burnup. Density changes were used as the measure of swelling; there was much scatter in the results. Tungsten reduced the swelling when it was uniformly dispersed. For some samples having excess U and W or a segregated structure, W increased the swelling. The results tentatively confirm that fine particles are of value in reducing fission-gas swelling of carbide fuels.
Attacked from within, blood thins.

Thrombin leads to blood clotting through activation of specialized G protein–coupled receptors. In mice, small peptides call pepducins inhibit thrombin receptors and prevent blood clotting (pages 1161–1165).
Carbon sequestration potential by afforestation of marginal agricultural land in the Midwestern U.S.

Abstract Carbon sequestration has been well recognized as a viable option to slow the rise in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. The main goals of this study were to assess the carbon sequestration potential (CSP) by afforestation of marginal agricultural land (MagLand) and to identify hotspots for potential afforestation activities in the U.S. Midwest region (Michigan (MI), Indiana (IN), Ohio, Kentucky (KY), West Virginia, Pennsylvania (PA) and Maryland (MD)). The 1992 USGS National Land Cover Dataset and the State Soil Geographic (STATSGO) database were used to determine MagLand. Two forest types (coniferous and deciduous) and two management practices (short-rotation versus permanent forest) were combined to form four afforestation scenarios. Simulation models were employed to predict changes in four carbon pools: aboveground biomass, roots, forest floor, and soil organic carbon (SOC). A scenario-generating tool was developed to detect the hotspots. We estimated that there was a total of 6.5 million hectares (Mha) MagLand available in the U.S. Midwest region, which accounts for approximately 24% of the regional total agricultural land. The CSP capacity was predicted to be 508–540 Tg C (1 Tg = 10 12 g) over 20 years and 1018–1080 Tg C over 50 years. The results indicate that afforestation of MagLand could offset 6–8% of current CO 2 emissions by combustion of fossil fuel in the region. This analysis showed only slight differences in carbon sequestration between forest types or between short-rotation and permanent forest scenarios. Note that this calculation assumed that all suitable MagLand in the U.S. Midwest region was converted to forest and that “best carbon management” was adopted. The actual CSP could be less if the economical and social factors are taken into account. The most preferred locations for implementing the afforestation strategy were found to be concentrated along a west-east axis across the southern parts of Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, as well as in an area covering southern Michigan and northern parts of Indiana and Ohio. Overall, we conclude that afforestation of MagLand in the Midwest U.S. region offers great potential for carbon sequestration. Future studies are needed to evaluate its economic feasibility, social acceptability, and operation capability.
Endocytosis and control of expression of transferrin receptor

Transferrin (Tf) is the iron carrier protein of the circulation and binds to specific receptors located on the surface of almost every human cell. During the past few years, two questions that have intrigued a variety of investigators working with this protein have been: how is iron released from the Tf molecule and how does the iron get into the cell? The answers to these questions are now well understood but less understood are the ways in which transferrin receptor expression on the surfaces of cells is controlled. It is, however~ clear that several factors, especially the availability of iron, can control the proportion of the cell's Tf receptors that are exposed on the surface of the cell and therefore are available for Tf binding and iron uptake.
High-pressure studies of the absorption edges of three thallous halides

Visible and near-infrared optical-absorption edges of TlCl, TlBr, and TlI were measured as a function of pressure in a diamond anvil cell. The indirect band gap of the three thallous halides shifts red (to lower energy) with pressure and was followed into the near infrared. The direct band gaps of TlBr and TlCl also shift red at a slower rate. The calculated band structures [J. P. Van Dyke and G. A. Samara, Phys. Rev. B 11, 4935 (1975)] of the thallous halides as a function of pressure are quantitatively compared with the experimental results.
Oxygen reduction reaction on carbon supported Palladium-Nickel alloys in alkaline media

Abstract Carbon supported Palladium–Nickel alloys with various compositions (Pd–Ni/C) were synthesized by chemical reduction of the co-precipitated Pd and Ni hydroxides on carbon. The structure of these alloys was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The catalytic activity of Pd–Ni/C for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media was studied using a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode (RDE). Pd/C showed ORR activity close to that of Pt/C. The activities of Pd–Ni (3:1)/C and Pd–Ni (1:1)/C were found unchanged compared with that of Pd/C. Ni/C showed about 175 mV lower onset potential than Pt/C, and the activity of Pd–Ni (1:3)/C was observed to be between that of Pd/C and Ni/C.
When White Men Can't Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat

Abstract Research on “stereotype threat” (Aronson, Quinn, & Spencer, 1998; Steele, 1997; Steele & Aronson, 1995) suggests that the social stigma of intellectual inferiority borne by certain cultural minorities can undermine the standardized test performance and school outcomes of members of these groups. This research tested two assumptions about the necessary conditions for stereotype threat to impair intellectual test performance. First, we tested the hypothesis that to interfere with performance, stereotype threat requires neither a history of stigmatization nor internalized feelings of intellectual inferiority, but can arise and become disruptive as a result of situational pressures alone. Two experiments tested this notion with participants for whom no stereotype of low ability exists in the domain we tested and who, in fact, were selected for high ability in that domain (math-proficient white males). In Study 1 we induced stereotype threat by invoking a comparison with a minority group stereotyped to excel at math (Asians). As predicted, these stereotype-threatened white males performed worse on a difficult math test than a nonstereotype-threatened control group. Study 2 replicated this effect and further tested the assumption that stereotype threat is in part mediated by domain identification and, therefore, most likely to undermine the performances of individuals who are highly identified with the domain being tested. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the development of stereotype threat theory as well as for standardized testing.
The gravity gradiometer as a verification tool

A gravity gradiometer is an incredibly sensitive device whose unit of measure is an eotvos (10‐9 s‐2), which is approximately equal to the gradient of the gravitational field produced by 10 grains (about 7.5 milligrams) of sand at a distance of 1 centimeter. We consider the gradiometer engineered by Draper Laboratories.1 Such a device could be used in portal‐perimeter monitoring to detect gravitational effects produced by the mass distributions of shrouded containers or the contents of railcars and trucks moving through the portals or in observations of missiles to determine the number of warheads they carry or whether extraordinary shielding had been emplaced to block telltale emissions of nuclear radiation. It could also be used in some circumstances to distinguish non‐nuclear cruise missiles from cruise missiles carrying nuclear weapons if measurements that used neutron or gamma‐ray irradiation were considered too intrusive.
EFFECTS OF ANF PROHORMONE PEPTIDES IN CONSCIOUS PRIMATES

SUMMARY 1. Recent studies suggest that amino-terminal peptides from the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) prohormone are natriuretic. 2. The effects of pro ANF 31–67 and ANF 99–126 on renal function were studied in conscious non-human primates (Macaca fuscicularis). 3. Results show that pro ANF 31–67 and ANF 99–126 are diuretic and natriuretic and that when the two peptides are given in combination sodium excretion increases in an additive fashion. 4. These results indicate that multiple peptides from the ANF prohormone are natriuretic. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the combined action of these peptides causes the natriuresis that occurs after the release of endogenous atrial peptides.
Anisotropic magneto-dielectrics for wideband planar antenna miniaturization applications

In this paper, the application of magneto-dielectric materials and their anisotropic electromagnetic properties for designing wideband planar antennas with small form factors is studied. At the lower UHF band (∼300 MHz), the sizes of antennas are rather large and oftentimes antennas with wide bandwidth have 3-D structures. For many modern military applications planar structures with low profile is of great interest. In the area of planar antenna miniaturization, application of high permittivity materials as substrates has been studied by many researchers. However, high permittivity materials tend to reduce the antenna bandwidth and lower the radiation efficiency. Impedance matching of the antenna also becomes difficult due to the large capacitive nature of high permittivity materials. On the other hand magnetic materials at VHF and UHF bands tend to be lossy due to the proximity of ferrite magnetic resonances to the desired operational frequencies. In this presentation, composite magneto-dielectric materials are proposed as a way to control the material loss while maintain a high index of refraction with almost equal permittivity and permeability. Magneto-dielectrics can be made up of dielectric and magnetic materials that are arranged in different periodic configurations. Different periodicity arrangements, orientation, and volume fraction ratios provide much flexibility in designing anisotropic medium for a desired antenna. When used as substrates for planar antennas, the magneto-dielectric can also miniaturize the antenna using moderate values of effective permittivity and permeability simultaneously. With the lower effective loss factor, the antenna radiation efficiency can be improved. Moreover, since the characteristic impedance of the magneto-dielectric is close to that of a free space, the antenna impedance matching in a wide frequency range will become less difficult. Different antenna configurations with different magneto-dielectric composite materials will be considered and the resulting antenna performance will be compared with dielectric only materials have the same index of refraction.
The prehospital phase of acute myocardial infarction in the era of thrombolysis

To evaluate the factors affecting the time between symptom onset and hospital arrival in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), we gave a detailed questionnaire to all who were admitted or transferred with AMI from January 1988 to February 1989. In these 126 patients (94 men, 32 women) the mean prehospital time was 5.9 +/- 11.0 hours (median 2.0, range 0.4 to 69.0). The time between symptom onset and reaching a decision that medical care should be sought was 62% of the mean prehospital time. In 100 (79%) patients, the prehospital time was less than or equal to 6 hours; of these, 61 (61%) were retrospectively judged to have been optimal candidates for lytic therapy. Stepwise multiple regression selected the following 4 variables as independent predictors of prehospital time: slow symptom progression; low income; female gender; and advanced age. All of these variables are predictive (p less than 0.03) of increased prehospital time; absence of prior AMI was of borderline additional significance (p = 0.053). Similarly, logistic regression analysis selected slow symptom progression, female gender and low income as significant (p less than or equal to 0.02) independent predictors of prehospital time greater than 6 hours. The logistic regression model incorporating these 3 variables had a sensitivity of 54%, a specificity of 95% and a positive predictive value of 72% in identifying patients with prehospital time greater than 6 hours. Thus, these data indicate it is possible to characterize patients likely to experience undue prehospital delay during AMI, which may be of importance to future public education efforts.
Viscosity of cryoprotective agents near glass transition: a new device, technique, and data on DMSO, DP6, and VS55.

The low strain-rate viscosity of glass-forming cryoprotective agents (CPAs) in the vicinity of the glass transition is studied experimentally. Data on the mechanical behavior in this regime is necessary to the long-term goal of developing planning tools for cryopreservation via vitrification (vitreous means glassy in Latin); such tools will provide guidelines for reducing thermal stress with its devastating effects. While the flow behavior of some glass-forming CPAs is well documented in the literature for the upper part of the cryogenic temperature range (where the CPA has a comparatively low viscosity), it is the flow behavior near the glass transition temperature (where the CPA behaves as nearly a solid with an extremely high viscosity) which is critical to the analysis of stress that develops in the cryopreserved material. If the elevated viscosity limits the material’s ability to flow—in order to accommodate the thermal strain resulting from large temperature gradients, especially at the high cooling rates necessary to form glass—structural damage may follow. Information on the behavior of the CPA in the lower part of the cryogenic temperature range is largely unavailable. A new measurement device is presented in this study, in which a solid rod is pulled from a long narrow cup containing a CPA, producing an essentially one-dimensional and isothermal field of flow. The viscosity and relaxation time of the CPA is inferred from measurements of the resulting load on the rod when extracted at a constant velocity. The current study reports on experimental data near glass transition of 7.05 M DMSO, a reference CPA solution, and the CPA cocktails VS55 and DP6.
The Objects of Knowledge and Belief: Some Linguistic Considerations

In Chapter V of Res Cogitans, Zeno Vendler argues that any analysis of “x knows that p” that has “x believes that p” in the analysans is incorrect. The reason he gives is that the “that p” in “x knows that p” is not the same grammatical object as the “that p” in “x believes that p”. As Vendler puts it, there are thats and thats. The view that there are two kinds of “that” clause, one which follows “know” and another which follows “believe”, is attacked by O.R. Jones in his article “Can One Believe What One Knows?”.
A coarse-Grained Monte Carlo Model of Cytoskeletal Actin Filament Alignment under Cyclic Stretch

The cytoskeleton is a dynamic system linked to the cell'S environment through sites of potential mechanical interaction such as focal adhesions, integrins, cellular junctions, and the extracellular matrix. The physiologic mechanical stimulation experienced by cells such as endothelium is comprised of multiple mechanical modes (e.g., stretching and shear), thus presenting a challenge to characterize their influence on cell structure. Furthermore, physiologically, both endothelial cells and fibroblasts align themselves perpendicular to the direction of cyclic stress. Here, we simulate this behavior using a minimalistic coarse-grained Monte Carlo model of the actin filament network undergoing uniaxial cyclic stretch. A filament network is prescribed within a two-dimensional circular space through filaments connecting nodes. Perimeter nodes represent focal adhesion complexes and interior nodes represent actin binding proteins. Filaments representing actin filaments are randomly generated between nodes. During a stretch cycle, the perimeter nodes are stretched and a Gauss-Seidel relaxation iteration is applied to adjust the position of the interior nodes until the system reaches equilibrium. This equilibrium is defined to occur when the cumulative stress on the nodes from filaments falls below a prescribed tolerance. This repositioning results in a gradual alignment of the filaments in the direction perpendicular to stretch with increasing cycle count. In addition, we corroborate our model with experimental data showing gradual alignment of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts perpendicular to 1 Hz cyclic stretch. With this work, we test the hypothesis that a first-principles mechanical model of filament assembly in a confined space is by itself capable of yielding the remodeling behavior observed experimentally. We believe that this work is of interest to a wide variety of fields including physics, biology, mechanics, and computer science.
Complexation between risperidone and amberlite resin by various methods of preparation and binding study.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of preparation methods and the drug-to-resin ratio on complex formation between risperidone and amberlite resin. Methods: The existence of such resin complex may provide taste-masking properties to the dosage forms. It is important to determine when and how the complex forms. Therefore, in this study, the complexes of risperidone and amberlite resin were prepared by granulation, solution, and freeze-drying methods at various drug-to-resin ratios. The physical mixtures of drug–resin were used to compare the results of complexes prepared by granulation, solution, and freeze drying. The complexes were evaluated by various methods of characterization including differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy (near infrared, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman), drug release, and binding studies. Results: Complexation between risperidone and amberlite was investigated for various preparation methods. It was found that complexat...
Arabic Elaborations of the Dimension of the Circle

This chapter examines three Arabic writings based on the Archimedean circle measurement. We shall be concerned first with the question of sources: do the Arabic editors work with a version like AF (arguably assignable to Qustâ) or some other? are they familiar with Eutocius’ commentary? Second, we consider the nature of the editorial changes introduced: how do these editors affect the text of their source? what sorts of technical and metamathematical issues do they address in their amplifications of the basic Archimedean treatment?
Comparison of three algorithms for ensuring serializable executions in parallel production systems

To speed up production systems, researchers have developed parallel algorithms that execute multiple instantiations simultaneously. Unfortunately, without special controls, such systems can produce results that could not have been produced by any serial execution. We present and compare three different algorithms that guarantee a serializable result in such systems. Our goal is to analyze the overhead that serialization incurs. All three algorithms perform synchronization at the level of instantiations, not rules, and are targeted for shared-memory machines. One algorithm operates synchronously while the other two operate asynchronously. Of the latter two, one synchronizes instantiations using compiled tests that were determined from an omine analysis while the other uses a novel locking scheme that requires no such analysis. Our examination of performance shows that asynchronous execution is clearly faster than synchronous execution and that the locking method is somewhat faster than the method using compiled tests. Moreover, we predict that the synchronization and/or locking needed to guarantee serializability will limit speedup no matter how many processors are used.
Concurrent design of products for manufacturing system performance

Manufacturing cost forms a very major portion of the life cycle cost of a product. Also, performance of the manufacturing system directly affects the manufacturing cost of the product produced in the system. The design of products in the system also affects the performance of the manufacturing system. However, a survey of research shows that the research community has ignored consideration of manufacturing system performance during the design stage. This paper identifies critical research questions in this area. In this paper, the authors also propose a system that would allow manufacturing system performance measures to be considered during the design stage of a product. They also address issues in the integration of manufacturing models with product design software. The system takes advantage of currently existing technology and allows for integration of new developments as they occur. >
Ralstonia solanacearum Uses Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism for Virulence, ATP Production, and Detoxification in the Oxygen-Limited Host Xylem Environment

ABSTRACT Genomic data predict that, in addition to oxygen, the bacterial plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum can use nitrate (NO 3 − ), nitrite (NO 2 − ), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) as terminal electron acceptors (TEAs). Genes encoding inorganic nitrogen reduction were highly expressed during tomato bacterial wilt disease, when the pathogen grows in xylem vessels. Direct measurements found that tomato xylem fluid was low in oxygen, especially in plants infected by R. solanacearum. Xylem fluid contained ~25 mM NO 3 − , corresponding to R. solanacearum9s optimal NO 3 − concentration for anaerobic growth in vitro . We tested the hypothesis that R. solanacearum uses inorganic nitrogen species to respire and grow during pathogenesis by making deletion mutants that each lacked a step in nitrate respiration (Δ narG ), denitrification (Δ aniA , Δ norB , and Δ nosZ ), or NO detoxification (Δ hmpX ). The ΔnarG , ΔaniA , and ΔnorB mutants grew poorly on NO 3 − compared to the wild type, and they had reduced adenylate energy charge levels under anaerobiosis. While NarG-dependent NO 3 − respiration directly enhanced growth, AniA-dependent NO 2 − reduction did not. NO 2 − and NO inhibited growth in culture, and their removal depended on denitrification and NO detoxification. Thus, NO 3 − acts as a TEA, but the resulting NO 2 − and NO likely do not. None of the mutants grew as well as the wild type in planta , and strains lacking AniA (NO 2 − reductase) or HmpX (NO detoxification) had reduced virulence on tomato. Thus, R. solanacearum exploits host NO 3 − to respire, grow, and cause disease. Degradation of NO 2 − and NO is also important for successful infection and depends on denitrification and NO detoxification systems. IMPORTANCE The plant-pathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt, one of the world9s most destructive crop diseases. This pathogen9s explosive growth in plant vascular xylem is poorly understood. We used biochemical and genetic approaches to show that R. solanacearum rapidly depletes oxygen in host xylem but can then respire using host nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor. The microbe uses its denitrification pathway to detoxify the reactive nitrogen species nitrite (a product of nitrate respiration) and nitric oxide (a plant defense signal). Detoxification may play synergistic roles in bacterial wilt virulence by converting the host9s chemical weapon into an energy source. Mutant bacterial strains lacking elements of the denitrification pathway could not grow as well as the wild type in tomato plants, and some mutants were also reduced in virulence. Our results show how a pathogen9s metabolic activity can alter the host environment in ways that increase pathogen success.
The stratigraphic importance of the brontothere (cf. Diplacodon elatus) in the Brennan Basin Member of the Duchesne River Formation of Utah

Abstract. We report on the first occurrence of an early horned brontothere in the Brennan Basin Member of the Duchesne River Formation in northeastern Utah. This is the first record of a brontothere from the Brennan Basin Member. Previously, brontotheres have been reported from the higher stratigraphic La Point Member (Duchesneodus uintensis) and the lower stratigraphic Uinta Formation (Sphenocoelus uintensis, Fossendorhinus diploconus, Metarhinus fluviatilis, Metarhinus abbotti, Sthenodectes incisivum, Metatelmatherium ultimum, Protitanotherium emarginatum, Pollyosbornia altidens, Diplacodon elatus). The recovered specimen consists of an upper third molar, which is comparable to the species Diplacodon elatus. The specimen supports the continued presence of brontotheres throughout the deposition of the Duchesne River Formation across the late Uintan to early Duchesnean North American Land Mammal Age. The previous lack of brontotheres within the lower beds of the Duchesne River Formation is likely a result of poor sampling and the relative rarity of fossils from this unit.
Relationships between chlorophyll and ocean color constituents as they affect remote-sensing reflectance models1

Good agreement between satellite-derived and shipboard measurements of chlorophyll a + pheophytin a concentrations results from the covariance of each of the nonwater color constituents of the ocean with pigment concentration. The specific absorption coefficient at 440 nm varies directly with the submicron chlorophyll fraction, which itself varies inversely with total chlorophyll concentration. Both the backscattering coefficient for particles and the Gelbstoff absorption coefficient increase with chlorophyll pigments. An analytical remote-sensing reflectance model for chlorophyll concentrations in the eastern Gulf of Mexico is developed from these relationships and tested against an independent data set. By this approach, remote-sensing algorithms can be developed that respond to regional and seasonal differences in runoff (e.g. terrigenous Gelbstoff and detritus), phytoplankton size, and pigment color groups. Estimates of chlorophyll a + pheophytin a concentrations (henceforth called chlorophyll or [Chl a]) based on spectral ratios of the water-leaving upwelling radiance L,(X) measured from space with the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) are accurate within f 30-40% (Gordon et al. 1983). Since many variables affect ocean color, such accuracies appear at first glance to be excellent. However, if the more important properties that affect ocean color (henceforth called color constituents) covary with chlorophyll, then such accuracies are to be expected. Our intent here is to examine the relationships between chlorophyll and other color constituents for the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Some of these relationships were developed from first principles, which suggests a universal or nonsite-specific applicability. Others were more empirical in nature, indicating that variations may occur on a geographic or seasonal basis.
Mitochondrial requirement for endothelial responses to cyclic strain: implications for mechanotransduction.

Mechanical strain triggers a variety of cellular responses, but the underlying mechanotransduction process has not been established. Endothelial cells (EC) respond to mechanical strain by upregulat...
An algebraic approach for developing vision systems

By using polynomials in three variables to represent three-dimensional (3-D) objects, surface determination, shape decomposition and template matching algorithms have been developed for image understanding. It is shown that all the morphological operations on the images are described in terms of certain algebraic operations on the polynomial representation. All the algorithms have linear time complexity. >
Regional Occupational and Industrial Structure: Does One Imply the Other?:

The product/profit cycle and new international division of labor theories hypothesize that establishments in a single industry may be undertaking different activities in different locations: innovative and developmental activities will be anchored in regions of origin, while more routine production and service functions will be dispersed to lower cost and downstream consuming regions. Disparities in occupational composition offer a test of these theories. In this article, we test whether a region’s occupational structure can be read off of its industrial structure. Using a data set created for eleven California metropolitan areas for 1997, we explore the extent to which the occupational mix within a specific metropolitan industry is dissimilar to the mix found for that same industry in other metros. We find that estimating a metro’s occupational mix by assuming that its industries mirror the national occupational structure for those industries often provides a reasonable approximation especially for aggre...
An LU Decomposition Based Direct Integral Equation Solver of Linear Complexity and Higher-Order Accuracy for Large-Scale Interconnect Extraction

A fast LU factorization of linear complexity is developed to directly solve a dense system of linear equations for the capacitance extraction of any arbitrary shaped 3-D structure embedded in inhomogeneous materials. In addition, a higher-order scheme is developed to achieve any higher-order accuracy for the proposed fast solver without sacrificing its linear computational complexity. The proposed solver successfully factorizes dense matrices that involve more than one million unknowns in fast CPU run time and modest memory consumption. Comparisons with state-of-the-art integral-equation-based capacitance solvers have demonstrated its clear advantages. In addition to capacitance extraction, the proposed LU solver has been successfully applied to large-scale full-wave extraction.
Treatment of knee contracture in cerebral palsy by hamstring lengthening, posterior capsulotomy, and quadriceps mechanism shortening

Results of surgery to correct fixed flexion contracture of the knee and improve voluntary knee extension in 39 knees in 20 children (11 females, 9 males; mean age 12 years 8 months, age range 5 to 20 years) with cerebral palsy were analyzed. All patients had neuromotor disease and 18 children had spastic diplegia or quadriplegia. All patients could initiate voluntary knee extension but lacked full passive extension. Five patients (10 knees) were free walkers with a mean motor severity index of 19 and mean fixed knee contracture of 20 degrees. Fifteen patients (29 knees) were not free walkers and 13 were wheelchair ambulators. They had a mean motor severity index of 8 and mean fixed knee contractures of 30 degrees. Surgical procedures included various combinations of hamstring lengthening and/or posterior capsulotomy to allow free passive knee extension, with or without quadriceps mechanism shortening, to enhance voluntary extension. The best results were in patients who had hamstring lengthening, posterior capsulotomy, and quadriceps mechanism shortening.
Pregnenolone sulfate block of GABAA receptors: mechanism and involvement of a residue in the M2 region of the α subunit

Neurosteroids are produced in the brain, and can have rapid actions on membrane channels of neurons. Pregnenolone sulfate (PS) is a sulfated neurosteroid which reduces the responses of the [gamma]-aminobutyric acid A (GABA(A)) receptor. We analysed the actions of PS on single-channel currents from recombinant GABA(A) receptors formed from [alpha]1, [beta]2 and [gamma]2L subunits. Currents were elicited by a concentration of GABA eliciting a half-maximal response (50 microM) and a saturating concentration (1 mM). PS reduced the duration of clusters of single-channel activity at either concentration of GABA. PS had no discernable effect on rapid processes: no effects were apparent on channel opening and closing, nor on GABA affinity, and a rapidly recovering desensitised state was not affected. Instead, PS produced a slowly developing block which occurred at a similar rate for receptors with open or closed channels and with one or two bound GABA molecules. The rate of block was independent of membrane potential, implying that the charged sulfate moiety does not move through the membrane field. Change in a specific residue near the intracellular end of the channel lining portion of the [alpha]1 subunit had a major effect on the rate of block. Mutation of the residue [alpha]1 V256S reduced the rate of block by 30-fold. A mutation at the homologous position of the [beta]2 subunit ([beta]2 A252S) had no effect, nor did a complementary mutation in the [gamma]2L subunit ([gamma]2L S266A). It seems likely that this residue is involved in a conformational change underlying block by PS, instead of forming part of the binding site for PS.
Impact of clustering on the BER performance in ad hoc wireless networks

Ad hoc wireless networks are characterized by multihop radio communication. The spatial distribution of the nodes is seldom perfectly regular. In a realistic ad hoc wireless network communication scenario, the nodes are likely to be clustered, i.e., the nodes are likely to configure themselves in subgroups such that the nodes inside each subgroup are relatively close to each other with respect to the distance between different subgroups. In this paper, we consider a very simple clustering scenario, defined as uniformly clustered, in order to derive a parameterized analytical description. The proposed clustering model, although simple and idealistic, allows one to gain insights valid also in a more general case with nonregular clustering. In particular, the obtained results highlight the fact that a single long hop can significantly degrade the network communication performance. The benefits of topology-dependent power control are discussed and evaluated.
Building upon and enriching grade four mathematics standards with programming curriculum

We found that fifth grade students' scores on Scratch programming quizzes in a summer enrichment course were highly correlated with their scores on a standardized test for mathematics. We identify ways in which the programming curriculum builds upon target skills from the Mathematics Content Standards for California Public Schools. We hypothesize that the programming curriculum leveraged and enriched students' mathematics content knowledge.
The New York Cotton Exchange and the Development of the Cotton Futures Market

The development of a national market was one of the key features of the nineteenth-century economy. In this process, innumerable institutions played a role, some large and well-known, others neither so large, nor quite so well-known, at least to the public at large. One such organization was the New York Cotton Exchange. It evolved in the aftermath of the Civil War, and over the years grew from an informal, even ad hoc organization into a formalized institution that served both public and private functions. This article by Mr. Lipartito explores the development of the Exchange and its place in the shifting national market for cotton.
Mineral maps of the Moon

[1] Global maps of the distribution of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and olivine on the Moon were derived from radiative transfer analysis of 400,000 Clementine UVVIS spectra. Plagioclase inversely correlates with iron while clinopyroxene positively correlates with iron showing these are the major carriers of aluminum and iron respectively. The distribution of olivine in the maria agrees with previous studies; in the highlands the abundance of olivine is low but ubiquitous at a few percent, except within the South Pole-Aitken basin where it is only present in very small exposures. In the very anorthositic farside highlands, olivine is often the sole mafic mineral. The abundance of orthopyroxene is generally low, excepting elevated abundances in the nearside highlands and in areas near and within South Pole-Aitken basin. Mare units with elevated abundances of orthopyroxene are found in some mare and cryptomare deposits distant from the sample return sites.
Adolescent Social Action Program: Involvement of Occupational Therapy Students in an Innovative Health Promotion Program

Health promotion is a promising but underutilized area of occupational therapy practice. In order for occupational therapy practitioners to increase their involvement in wellness and prevention programs, it is necessary for students to gain relevant fieldwork experience. This article describes the involvement of occupational therapy undergraduate students at the University of New Mexico in a health promotion program targeting youth. The program is based on an empowerment model emphasizing active learning methods and involvement of participants in all phases of the program. Specific examples of occupational therapy student projects are identified, and implications for future practice are discussed.
Modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in melanocytes

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is constitutively produced by keratinocytes, but has no known epidermal target cell. We now report that normal human melanocytes (Mc) maintained in serum-free, hormone-, and growth factor-supplemented medium lacking phorbol ester and choleragen constitutively express VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1), VEGFR-2, and neuropilin-1. Furthermore, stimulation of Mc with VEGF165 isoform leads to phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, the receptor responsible for most of the VEGF-mediated effects in endothelial cells, suggesting that the receptor is functional. Interestingly, in Mc, VEGFR-2 expression is induced by ultraviolet irradiation and is downregulated by VEGF and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Prolonged culture (>8 weeks) in the presence of phorbol ester abrogates VEGFR-2 expression, explaining previous reports that Mc do not express VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. These data suggest that VEGF may play a role in Mc behavior in skin.
A point-set compression heuristic for fiber-based certificates of authenticity

A certificate of authenticity (COA) is an inexpensive physical object that has a random unique structure with high cost of near-exact reproduction. An additional requirement is that the uniqueness of COA's random structure can be verified using an inexpensive device. Bauder was the first to propose COA created as a randomized augmentation of a set of fixed-length fibers into a transparent gluing material that randomly fixes once for all the position of the fibers within. Recently, Kirovski (2004) showed that linear improvement in the compression ratio of a point-set compression algorithm used to store fibers' locations, yields exponential increase in the cost of forging a fiber-based COA instance. To address this issue, in this paper, we introduce a novel, generalized heuristic that compresses M points in an N-dimensional grid with computational complexity proportional to O(M/sup 2/). We compare its performance with an expected lower bound. The heuristic can be used for numerous other applications such as storage of biometric patterns.
Temporal Variation in Anuran Calling Behavior: Implications for Surveys and Monitoring Programs

Abstract Recent awareness of amphibian declines has raised the need for effective monitoring programs. Call surveys are a standard approach to monitoring populations of most anuran species. Temporal variation in calling activity, however, may result in failure to detect some species. Automated recording systems (ARS) allow consistent sampling for extended periods with little or no disturbance to calling anurans. We used an ARS to measure temporal variation in anuran calling activity during the summer of 1997 at a Carolina bay on the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site, South Carolina. We documented considerable interspecific variation in calling activity, a phenomenon that, using traditional call survey techniques, would result in failure to detect some species. In particular, we found that Southern Leopard Frogs (Rana sphenocephala), thought to breed only in early spring and fall in the region, called consistently from midnight until dawn during July. Because protocols for most call surveys d...
Integrating security in the computer science curriculum

With increased focus on the global computing infrastructure's vulnerability to cyber-attacks - the time is right for security integration across the computer science curriculum to contribute to a cyber-ready workforce. The challenges to integrating security into computer science (CS) curriculum are significant---lack of faculty to teach security, a dearth of effective teaching resources, and little room to spare in CS curriculum. This article describes an initiative that aims to develop faculty expertise in cybersecurity, provide a library of resources for security education, and build a community of CS educators to prepare computing graduates to meet current and future cybersecurity challenges.
The Oral Microbiome and Its Relationship to Genomics and Oral Disease

Although we are only beginning to appreciate the contribution of the oral microbiome to systemic health, its role in disease processes is already abundantly clear. In addition to promoting oral disease susceptibility, the oral microbiome has been shown to be associated with common complex diseases such as diabetes (type II), Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis, most likely through stimulation of inflammatory pathways. The oral microbiome is challenging to explore, and is modulated by a number of factors. Bacterial species vary in abundance across the unique localities that exist within the oral cavity, with the subgingival site alone documented to harbor > 16,000 species. Additionally, these complexes change over time and with (or because of) changes in health status. Inter-individual variability in microbiota is noted even within a disease or control group. While reasons for individual variations remain to be sorted out, significant progress in understanding the role of the microbiome in disease has been made. Improved technologies and bioinformatics tools are now available to characterize the oral microbiome, in terms of type and distribution of species, gene enrichments and enrichment of functional metabolic pathways. Disciplines studying human genomics relative to explorations of host response to microbiota, proteomics and metabolomics also are developing rapidly and are expected to clarify, complement, and enhance the concepts generated by microbiome analyses. Combined with advances in host genomics, these microbiome data are now being used to better understand host gene-environmental interactions in the etiology of dental and systemic disease.
Teaching Problem Solving to Students Receiving Tiered Interventions Using the Concrete-Representational-Abstract Sequence and Schema-Based Instruction

Mathematical word problems are the most common form of mathematics problem solving implemented in K–12 schools. Identifying key words is a frequent strategy taught in classrooms in which students struggle with problem solving and show low success rates in mathematics. Researchers show that using the concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) sequence with explicit instruction improves students' computational skills. Researchers also show that schema-based instruction increases students' problem-solving performance. This study combined CRA and schema-based instruction for three students receiving tertiary interventions for mathematics instruction. A functional relation was found for the three students' problem-solving performance. The researchers also interviewed each student to gain a more complete picture of students' thinking. Results and implications are discussed.