cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information theoretic, probabilistic and maximum partial substructure algorithms for discovering graph-based anomalies

The ability to mine data represented as a graph has become important in several domains for detecting various structural patterns. One important area of data mining is anomaly detection, particularly for fraud. However, less work has been done in terms of detecting anomalies in graph-based data. While there has been some previous work that has used statistical metrics and conditional entropy measurements, the results have been limited to certain types of anomalies and specific domains. In this work we present graph-based approaches to uncovering anomalies in domains where the anomalies consist of unexpected entity/relationship alterations that closely resemble non-anomalous behavior. We have developed three algorithms for the purpose of detecting anomalies in all three types of possible graph changes: label modifications, vertex/edge insertions and vertex/edge deletions. Each of our algorithms focuses on one of these anomalous types, using the minimum description length principle to first discover the normative substructure. Once the common pattern is known, each algorithm then uses a different approach to discover particular anomalous types. The first algorithm uses the minimum description length to find substructures that closely compress the graph. The second algorithm uses a probabilistic approach to examine substructure extensions and their likelihood of existence. The third algorithm analyzes substructures that come close to matching the normative pattern, but are unable to make some of the final extensions. Using synthetic and real-world data, we evaluate the effectiveness of each of these algorithms in terms of each of the types of anomalies. Each of these algorithms demonstrates the usefulness of examining a graph-based representation of data for the purposes of detecting fraud, where some individual or entity is cloaking their illegal activities through an attempt at closely resembling legitimate transactions.
Unintentional bugs to vulnerability mapping in Android applications

The intention of an Android application, determined by the source code analysis is used to identify potential maliciousness in that application (app). Similarly, it is possible to analyze the unintentional behaviors of an app to identify and reduce the window of vulnerabilities. Unintentional behaviors of an app can be any developmental loopholes such as software bugs overlooked by a developer or introduced by an adversary intentionally. FindBugsTM and Android Lint are a couple of tools that can detect such bugs easily. A software bug can cause many security vulnerabilities (known or unknown) and vice-versa, thus, creating a many-to-many mapping. In our approach, we construct a matrix of mapping between the bugs and the potential vulnerabilities. A software bug detection tool is used to identify a list of bugs and create an empirical list of the vulnerabilities in an app. The many-to-many mapping matrix is obtained by two approaches — severity mapping and probability mapping. These mappings can be used as tools to measure the unknown vulnerabilities and their strength. We believe our study is the first of its kind and it can enhance the security of Android apps in their development phase itself. Also, the reverse mapping matrix (vulnerabilities to bugs) could be used to improve the accuracy of malware detection in Android apps.
Vascular Malformations of the Pediatric Chest

The left aortic arch with an aberrant right subclavian artery is the most common congenital abnormality of the aortic arch vessels and occurs in about 0.5–2% of the population [1, 2] (Fig. 1). The right subclavian artery is the last of the major arteries to arise from the aortic arch; thus, the order of branching is right common carotid, left common carotid, left subclavian, and right subclavian. A diverticulum-like outpouching, referred to as a Kommerell diverticulum, may be seen at the site of origin of the aberrant vessel. Patients are usually asymptomatic, since this lesion does not represent a true vascular-ring anomaly.
Frame-to-frame image motion estimation using image features

Frame-to-frame image motion estimation is a problem of practical interest. Its uses include biomedical imaging, communications systems, and military targetting. In this paper a new methodology of motion estimation is presented which uses random features of an image as the basis for estimating frame-to-frame image motion. The purpose of using features is to avoid the difficulty with the non-invertibility of the image field data. It is this non-invertibility of image fields that makes the problem difficult and interesting to solve. >
Mesangial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in primary glomerulosclerosis

Mesangial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in primary glomerulosclerosis. Frozen sections of renal biopsy specimens from eight patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and 10 patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) were stained in immuno-peroxidase with the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) monoclonal antibody (MoAb), CL203.4. ICAM-1 was expressed by mesangial cells in six patients with FSGS. On the other hand, ICAM-1 was not detected in mesangial cells in patients with MN or in the non-affected portion of tumoral kidneys used to control normal renal expression of ICAM-1. De novo mesangial expression of ICAM-1 in FSGS suggests that sclerosis results from an inflammatory process, possibly associated with local release of cytokines.
Bounds and self-consistent estimates for elastic constants of polycrystals of hcp solid He 4

Recent advances in methods for computing both Hashin-Shtrikman bounds and related self-consistent (or CPA) estimates of elastic constants for polycrystals composed of randomly oriented crystals can be applied successfully to hexagonal close-packed solid He${}^{4}$. In particular, since the shear modulus ${C}_{44}$ of hexagonal close-packed solid He is known to undergo large temperature variations when $20\phantom{\rule{4.pt}{0ex}}\text{mK}\ensuremath{\leqslant}T\ensuremath{\leqslant}200$ mK, bounds and estimates computed with this class of effective medium methods, while using ${C}_{44}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ as a proxy for melting, are found to be both qualitatively and quantitatively very similar to prior results obtained using Monte Carlo methods. Hashin-Shtrikman bounds provide significantly tighter constraints on the polycrystal behavior than do the traditional Voigt and Reuss bounds.
Surface acidity of carbons characterized by their continuous pK distribution and Boehm titration

The surface acidity of several activated carbons was evaluated using the Boehm and potentiometric titration methods. Experimental conditions (particle size, rate of titration) were varied and several procedures to collect raw data for proton binding isotherms (slow continuous addition of titrant, incremental addition conditioned by a pH stability criterion and batch experiments) were compared. Proton binding isotherms were analyzed at two levels. First, continuous pK distributions were derived and the inventory of surface functionalities was characterized in terms of amount and pK values. Then these data afforded calculations of the base neutralizing capacity of the carbons studied at any pH level. The results were compared with those from Boehm titration of the same samples. Best results were found for titration of finely powdered carbons. Continuous titration denatures the binding isotherms and damps significant features in the pK distribution. On the other hand, titration by incremental addition with a pH stability criterion provides reliable results which can be compared to those retrieved from Boehm titration provided the proper common metric is used. The agreement was quantitative when the equilibrium pH of the supernatant of the Boehm bases was taken as the endpoint for counting neutralized sites. Advantages of analyzing potentiometric titration data in terms of its acidity distribution function with respect to providing a comprehensive characterization of the inventory of surface functionalities as well as its predictive power to assess a carbon's base neutralizing capacity under different experimental conditions are discussed.
Modular equations and Ramanujan’s Chapter 16, Entry 29

In this paper we illustrate how some of the classical modular equations can be proved by using only Ramanujan’s summation (see (1.1)) and dispensing completely with the Schroter-type methods.
History and Identity: The Case of Radical Economics and Radical Economists, 1945-70

The article uncovers and reconstructs the emergence of radical economics in postwar America, starting with the impact of McCarthyism on economics and the teaching of Marxism through the emergence of the Union for Radical Political Economics (URPE) in 1968. In addition, the issue of the historical identity of radical economists is addressed in the article through its narrative that reenacts its development from McCarthyism to the emergence of URPE.
The red skin syndromes: corticosteroid addiction and withdrawal

Chronic, worsening eczematous rash patients are frequently tested and re-evaluated to search for a cause, since they appear to resist treatment with corticosteroids. The patients are usually atopics. Systemic evaluations and various allergy testing coupled with a large variety of topical and systemic medications fail to manage the problem. Typically, the patients initially experience a minimal rash that progresses to a more extensive markedly symptomatic dermatitis despite increasing amounts and strengths of topical and systemic steroids. Various syndromes have been named depending upon the body location involved. In evaluating and treating over 1500 patients it has been ascertained that the worsening problem is due to the therapy, namely corticosteroids, not uncontrollable eczema. Cure occurred in all patients after total cessation of these medications, requiring at times 1–2 years attended by multiple flares of the rash. The mechanism appears to be vascular nitric oxide release. This article delineates ...
Integrating Computers into the Problem-Solving Process

Professors who want to integrate computers into problem-based learning lessons can use the design model presented in this article. The model is based on a theory of students using computers as problem-solving tools.
Electrochemical Formation of ZnS Screens.

This paper is a preliminary report on the formation of ZnS thin films thicker than five monolayers using electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). Thin films were electrodeposited on Au-coated Si wafers and ITO-coated borosilicate glass slides. The deposits' morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy and composition was determined by electron probe microanalysis. Grazing-angle x-ray diffraction showed cubic (111) ZnS films.
Fabrication of Transparent, Conductive Phase-segregated ITO/PC Composites

Fabrication of transparent, conductive phase-segregated ITO/PC composites was accomplished by compression molding of dry mixed constituents. Mixtures of 50nm indium tin oxide particles in a polycarbonate matrix of compositions ranging from phr = 1.0 to 0.001 were measured by optical and electrical methods. Measured transmittance ranged from 5% to 68% at 400nm, 15% to 80% at 700nm, and averaged 10% to 75% across the visible spectrum. Resistance was measured by impedance spectroscopy. Resistivities of the different composites spanned 10 orders of magnitude. Electrical percolation was found to occur near phr = 0.15.
Variable temperature study of the passivation of dangling bonds at Si(100)-2×1 reconstructed surfaces with H and D

The passivation of the Si(100) surface with H and D is studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). During the passivation process, the clean Si(100) surface is exposed to a gas phase mixture of atomic H and D. By directly observing the dramatic isotopic difference in STM-induced electron stimulated desorption rates, the relative surface concentrations of H and D is discerned with atomic resolution. The ratio of D to H on the Si(100) surface is found to vary by more than an order of magnitude following monolayer passivation at temperatures between 300 and 700 K. A statistical thermodynamics model attributes this behavior to the difference in the vibrational frequencies of H and D on silicon surfaces.
A Childe's Two Views of the Beam Shapes and, Sine-Squared Space of the AHSO and AHNO Radars

Consider ? as the angle between the beam and boresight of a phased-array radar. A simple explanation is given of the beam broadening along ?, and in proportion to secant ?. This leads to a concise consideration of polar sin ? space, sine-squared space, and some associated properties. Physical relationships are depicted, without unnecessary mathematical vigor.
Analysis of the role of the leucine zipper motif in regulating the ability of AFAP-110 to alter actin filament integrity.

AFAP-110 has an intrinsic ability to alter actin filament integrity as an actin filament crosslinking protein. This capability is regulated by a carboxy terminal leucine zipper (Lzip) motif. The Lzip motif facilitates self-association stabilizing the AFAP-110 multimers. Deletion of the Lzip motif (AFAP-110 Δ l z i p ) reduces the stability of the AFAP-110 multimer and concomitantly increases its ability to crosslink actin filaments, in vitro, and to activate cSrc and alter actin filament integrity, in vivo. We sought to determine how the Lzip motif regulates AFAP-110 function. Substitution of the c-Fos Lzip motif in place of the AFAP-110 Lzip motif (AFAP-110 f o s ) was predicted to preserve the α-helical structure while changing the sequence. To alter the structure of the α-helix, a leucine to proline mutation was generated in the AFAP-110 α-helical Lzip motif (AFAP-110 5 8 1 P ), which largely preserved the sequence. The helix mutants, AFAP-110 Δ l z i p , AFAP-110 f o s , and AFAP-110 5 8 1 P , demonstrated reduced multimer stability with an increased capacity to crosslink actin filaments, in vitro, relative to AFAP-110. An analysis of opposing binding sites indicated that the carboxy terminus/Lzip motif can contact sequences within the amino terminal pleckstrin homology (PH1) domain indicating an auto-inhibitory mechanism for regulating multimer stability and actin filament crosslinking. In vivo, only AFAP-110 Δ l z i p and AFAP-110 5 8 1 P were to activate cSrc and to alter cellular actin filament integrity. These data indicate that the intrinsic ability of AFAP-110 to crosslink actin filaments is dependent upon both the sequence and structure of the Lzip motif, while the ability of the Lzip motif to regulate AFAP-110-directed activation of cSrc and changes in actin filament integrity in vivo is dependent upon the structure or presence of the Lzip motif. We hypothesize that the intrinsic ability of AFAP-110 to crosslink actin filaments or activate cSrc are distinct functions.
Alternative treaty monitoring approaches using ultra-low background measurement technology.

Abstract The International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty includes a network of stations and laboratories for collection and analysis of radioactive aerosols. Alternative approaches to IMS operations are considered as a method of enhancing treaty verification. Ultra-low background (ULB) detection promises the possibility of improvements to IMS minimum detectable activities (MDAs) well below the current approach, requiring MDA⩽30 μBq/m 3 of air for 140 Ba, or about 10 6 fissions per daily sample.
Suicidality, panic disorder and psychosis in bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania

This study was undertaken to assess links between suicidality, panic disorder, psychosis, bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. The subjects are a consecutive series of 129 persons with bipolar disorder who were admitted to a university teaching hospital; 53 had bipolar depression, 32 had depressive-mania and 44 had pure-mania. They met the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for major depressive disorder (bipolar depression), primary mania (pure-mania) or both disorders (depressive-mania) at entry into the study. Suicidality, intra-episode panic disorder (IEPD) and psychotic features were ascertained using structured interviews. Sources of data included a routine clinical interview, serial clinical assessments, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R and reviews of charts. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the strength of the relationships between suicidality, IEPD, psychotic features and the phase of illness. The rates of suicidality (79.3%, 56.3% and 2.3%), IEPD (62.3%, 62.5% and 2.3%) and psychotic features (52.8%, 96.9% and 88.6%) differed significantly between the groups with bipolar depression, depressive-mania and pure-mania. Subjects with bipolar depression and depressive-mania resembled one another with respect to the severity, but not rate of suicidality. They had identical rates of IEPD. Subjects with bipolar depression had a higher probability of being suicidal and a lower probability of being psychotic than persons with either subtype of mania. Pure-mania was distinguished by low rates of suicidality and IEPD. The authors describe directions for prospective studies of the relationships between phase of illness and phenomena in groups of bipolar persons.
Atomic rings and the ascending chain condition for principal ideals

Let R be a commutative ring. We say that R satisfies the ascending chain condition for principal ideals, or that R has property (M), if each ascending sequence (a1) ⊆ (a2) ⊆ … of principal ideals of R terminates. Property (M) is equivalent to the maximum condition on principal ideals; that is, under the partial order of set containment, each collection of principal ideals of R has a maximum element. Noetherian rings, of course, have property (M), but the converse is not true; for if R has property (M) and if {Xλ} is a set of indeterminates over R, then the polynomial ring R[{Xλ}] has property (M). Krull domains, and hence unique factorization domains, have property (M).
Inflated trichomes in flowers of Bauhinia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

TUCKER, S. C., RUGENSTEIN, S. R. & DERSTINE, K. S., 1984. Inflated trichomes in flowers of Bauhinia (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). An unusual kind of bifid multicellular inflated trichome is reported to occur on floral organs of II species of Bauhinia (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), They occur on sepals, petals, stamens, carpels, receptacle, leaves, and stems, but not on all organs in each species. Their development in B. malabarica is described.
Work Alienation in the Textile Industry: Reassessing Blauner

In his 1964 study, Alienation and Freedom, Robert Blauner explained unexpectedly low levels of alienation among textile workers in terms of family and community attachments and traditionalism. He used gender as a proxy for these unmeasured attitudes. By analyzing 1980 data, this article assesses change in the level of alienation and investigates the relationship between gender and alienation among textile workers through measures of the factors Blauner assumed to explain the relationship. The data indicate increased powerlessness, social isolation, and self-estrangement, although not to high levels. Gender differences that Blauner described in social isolation and self-estrangement have disappeared. Those in powerlessness have persisted but are not explained by nonwork attachments or traditionalism. The latter attitudes, however, are related to alienation, usually in the direction Blauner assumed.
The burden of health care costs for working families--implications for reform.

On June 2, 2009, President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers released a report examining the economic case for health care reform, in which they underscored the importance of cost containment to the long-term sustainability of any reform.1 Despite widespread recognition of the importance of containing costs, political support for this agenda is limited by the fact that those who shoulder the financial burden of maintaining the current system — primarily, working families — are not fully aware of that burden's full weight. Having constructed a typical health care budget for working families of various income levels, we found that . . .
Predictors of lung function in infants at high risk of atopy: effect of allergen avoidance.

Abstract Children of atopic parents are recognised as being at higher risk of developing bronchial asthma, drawing the attention of prevention strategies towards this population. Due to recent advances, lung function abnormalities in asthmatic children may now be measured early in life. The aim of this investigation was to examine possible predictors of lung function development in a sub sample of high-risk infants who took part in an allergy avoidance study. In 60 babies of atopic parents, measurements of upper airways inflammation were performed at 4 weeks of age, respiratory symptoms were assessed at 6 and 12 months of age, and lung function (V max,FRC ) was measured at 18 months by the rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique. Twenty-eight babies were enrolled in an allergen avoidance program, and 32 recruited as controls. No significant differences were detected for V' max,FRC between the intervention group (mean 331 ml s −1 ) and the control group (359 ml s −1 ), P =0·382. A multiple linear regression model could explain levels of V' max,FRC by weight gain since birth (beta=−35·35 ml s −1 kg −1 , P =0·022) and by eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) (beta=−0·95 ml s −1 μ l −1 , P =0·044), but not by intervention. Lung function measured at the age of 18 months in high-risk children is associated with weight gain and nasal ECP.
Perturbation-theory calculation of hyperfine structure in muonic helium

The lowest-order correction in the hyperfine splitting of muonic /sup 4/He due to excitation of the effective (..mu..-He)/sup +/ nucleus is precisely evaluated numerically. The result is ..delta nu../sub 1//sup e/ = -45.670(8) MHz, in agreement with previous approximate analytic calculations. The mass-polarization correction to the hyperfine splitting is found to be ..delta nu../sub 1//sup m/ = 0.0785(2) MHz. The total perturbation-theory value for the hyperfine splitting is ..delta nu.. = 4464.3(1.8) MHz, which is consistent with experiments at the Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research and at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility at Los Alamos.
Synthesis and isomerization of 2,5- and 2,6-substituted -hexadienes and heptadienes [1]

Abstract The reaction of 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,5-diphenyl-pentane-1,5-dione, 4,4,5,5-tetrafluorooctane-3,6-dione and 4,4,5,5,6,6,-hexafluorononane-3,7-dione with excess triphenyl-phosphine and dibromodifluoromethane in triglyme at 10 °C gave modest yields (50-60%) of the corresponding dienes and enones (10-20%). No isomerized olefins were observed. Subsequent treatment of the dienes with tetraethylammonium fluoride gave the internal olefins, and thermal isomerization of 2,6-diphenyl-1-1,3,3,4,4,5,5,7,7-decafluoro-1,6-heptadiene to the internal isomeric olefins was observed at 250 °C.
Effects of oral methamphetamine on cocaine use: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background—No medication is currently approved for the treatment of cocaine dependence, but several preclinical and clinical reports suggest agonist-like medications, e.g. amphetamine analogues, may be a productive strategy for medication development. Objective—This current proof-of-concept study sought to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of methamphetamine as a candidate treatment for cocaine dependence.
Miranda Rights Comprehension in Young Adults With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether citizens with language impairment understand legal rights as conveyed in Miranda warnings. Method Grisso’s Instruments for Assessing Under...
Epitaphs and citizenship in Classical Athens

‘Death is bad for those who die, but good for the undertakers and the grave-diggers’. (Dissoi Logoi i 3)And for archaeologists and for epigraphers as well, even though epitaphs, and especially simple or formulaic ones, are probably the most understudied and unloved area of ancient epigraphy. Yet the mere fact of an inscribed epitaph indicates deliberate and intentionally enduring commemoration, and therefore embodies a social attitude; epitaphs thus constitute a matter of historical importance that can be studied for the very reason that so many—in Athens over 10,000—survive. Most Athenian epitaphs which have been found have been dated, and for approximately two-thirds of them a general find-spot has been recorded (very few are actually found in situ with a body or grave-goods). Temporal and spatial variations within the distribution of Athenian epitaphs (Part I) prompt not only the question of why aspects of this habit should change over time, but why the habit of epitaphs should exist at all; the answer suggested here links the function and distribution of Athenian epitaphs to changing concepts of (and importance attached to) Athenian citizenship. For epitaphs function as more than testimonials to grief: they represent what survivors saw as defining the deceased (Part II), and the significantly greater number of epitaphs in fourth-century Athens derives from Athenians' emphatic definition of themselves as citizens at that time (Part III). Finally, the Athenians's use of tombstones has no parallel in the classical Greek world (Part IV), for the Athenians' developing perceptions of their own city and of their own special relationship, as citizens, to it, were also unparalleled.
Current research on the organization and function of the visual system in primates

All primates, including humans, are highly visual creatures.1-3 We rely heavily on visual cues for basic adaptive behaviors such as finding food, mates, and shelter; as well as more complex behaviors such as parental care and the formation of social hier-archies. Throughout the course of primate evolution, our dependence on visual cues has increased with each adaptive advantage acquired from visually guided behavior; and so has the demand for greater and more efficient processing of visual information in primate brains. Consequently, the number, size, and complexity of brain structures involved in visual processing has expanded dramatically in the primate order, far more than those of any other species in the mammalian lineage.2,4 As we have learned to interact with the world using visual cues, our brains have evolved to absorb, manipulate, and react to visual information in increasingly effective ways. Individual brain structures dedicated to vision in primates also frequently exhibit anatomical and functional specializations that are not present in other mammals. These adaptations are not present in most nonprimate mammals, partly because many species rely on other sensory modalities for their individual behaviors. Thus, understanding how we, as humans, perceive the visual world around us begins with learning how vision is processed in the primate brain. Furthermore, learning how vision in primates differs both structurally and functionally from vision in nonprimate mammals, and determining how those changes enable adaptive traits in the primate lineage, will allow us to understand the truly unique phenomenon of human visual behavior.
ITEM SELECTION TECHNIQUES AND EVALUATION OF INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES1

The initial planning of an educational achievement test involves the identification of the subject-matter content and the instructional objectives to be tested. A two-way table of specifications is often utilized at this stage of test construction to insure that these two aspects of test construction are represented. Nelson (1961) presents examples of such two-way tables in which the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Bloom, 1961) is used as the classification system for the instructional objectives.
Effects of SERMs on important indicators of cardiovascular health: lipoproteins, hemostatic factors, and endothelial function

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of compounds that bind to estrogen receptors, producing varying degrees of estrogen agonist effects in some domains (bone and lipids) and estrogen antagonist effects in others (breast and uterus).1 Tamoxifen was the first clinically used compound recognized to have a partial estrogen agonist/antagonist profile. Some2,3 but not all4 clinical trials of tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer have also found significant reductions in cardiovascular events among women assigned to tamoxifen treatment. This observation has led to speculation that tamoxifen or another SERM might be a reasonable alternative to conventional estrogen replacement for postmenopausal women. Raloxifene, a benzothiophene derivative of tamoxifen, was the first compound other than tamoxifen to be identified as a SERM because it prevented bone loss due to estrogen deprivation but did not cause endometrial hyperplasia in rats.5 It is currently approved only to treat osteoporosis, but there is great interest in determining whether it may benefit the cardiovascular system as well. Droloxifene, a compound structurally similar to tamoxifen, appears to share some of its beneficial effects6,7 but remains an investigational agent and has not been as thoroughly studied as the other two compounds. The cardiovascular effects of other SERMs, such as idoxifene and toremifene, have not been studied in detail. A discussion of other compounds that may have partial estrogen agonist/antagonist effects, such as soy phytoestrogens or tibolone, is beyond the scope of this brief review. We will focus on three areas known to be important indicators of cardiovascular health: lipids and lipoproteins, hemostatic factors, and markers of endothelial function. © 2001 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1049-3867/01/$20.00 PII S1049-3867(01)00075-5
An integrative review on current evidence of testosterone replacement therapy for the andropause.

Objectives: This paper examines the evidence supporting testosterone replacement in aging males. Confounding factors contributing to low testosterone levels and challenges to diagnosis of the andropause will also be considered. Methods: A thorough review using an integrative approach citing published literature and the ongoing work of the authors. A search was performed using National Library of Medicine PubMed. Electronic and print journals available at the Texas Medical Center library were also considered. Results: Information based on collective trials in older men has added to evidence for benefits and side effects of testosterone replacement inferred from studies in younger hypogonadal patients and animal models. In general, most investigators agree with short-term safety but long-term safety is unknown. Testosterone therapy in aging males improves body composition, certain domains of brain function and may also decrease cardiovascular risk in biological models. Measurable clinical effects are less apparent. Potential risks include erythrocytosis, edema, gynecomastia, and prostate stimulation. The possibility of increased risk of clinically significant prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease has been considered. Conclusion: The search continues for an ideal replacement androgen and larger long-term studies are needed. At this time, androgen replacement is on a case-by-case basis and prostate cancer screening should be completed prior to instituting therapy. Routine androgen replacement therapy for aging males will have significant economic implications, and is not currently recommended.
Metrics for assessing sets of subtopics

To evaluate the diversity of search results, test collections have been developed that identify multiple intents for each query. Intents are the different meanings or facets that should be covered in a search results list. This means that topic development involves proposing a set of intents for each query. We propose four measurable properties of query-to-intent mappings, allowing for more principled topic development for such test collections.
Ill-conditioned matrices and the integration of stiff ODEs

Abstract Popular methods for the integration of a stiff initial-value problem for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) require the solution of systems of linear equations. It is shown that the matrices are very ill-conditioned. Implicit linear multistep methods (LMMs) can be evaluated accurately by iteration, even when the matrices are very ill-conditioned. Although semi-implicit methods do not involve iteration, it is observed that codes based on these methods cope with ill-conditioned matrices about as well as codes based on LMMs. An explanation is provided for this fact.
White racist ideology and the myth of a postracial society

This chapter discusses racism and racial profiling in employment, the media, and higher education.
Relaxation and regularization of nonconvex variational problems

We are interested in variational problems of the form min ∝W(∇u) dx, withW nonconvex. The theory of relaxation allows one to calculate the minimum value, but it does not determine a well-defined “solution” since minimizing sequences are far from unique. A natural idea for determining a solution is regularization, i.e. the addition of a higher order term such as e|∇∇u|2. But what is the behavior of the regularized solution in the limit as e→0? Little is known in general.
PRESCHOOL TESTING: A SENSITIVE PREDICTOR OF SUBSEQUENT SCHOOL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH 88

While many extremely low birth weight (ELBW; 2 other scores between 1-2 S.D. below the mean) and DISCREPANT(average cognitive score but any other scores between 1-2 S.D. below the mean). All 37 children in these 3 groups were predicted to have school problems (sensitivity 97%). 6/37 did not have school problems as well as 16/17 children with all average or above preschool test scores (specificity 73%). These data indicate that even mild deficits present at preschool are likely to persist or worsen with school demands. While many do well, pediatricians and parents should ensure that all ELBW children are tested prior to school entry to determine educational needs.
Response of Human Newborn Lymphocytes to Alloantigen: Lack of Evidence for Suppression Induction

Summary: Between 1:120 and 1:180 of human newborn T cells proliferate in limiting dilution cultures with allogeneic lymphocytes or with la-bearing monocytic stimulator cells. The proliferating responder cells were derived from both the OKT 4+ and OKT 8+ subsets as determined by immunofluorescence and by thymidine uptake. Five to seven days after an exchange blood transfusion there was a slight increase in the percentage of OKT 8+ T lymphocytes in the recipient's blood. Newborn blood also contains a population of non-T cells which proliferate in the absence of allogeneic stimulator cells. In limiting dilution cultures, the frequency of these spontaneously dividing cells was 1:3125 of mononuclear cells. Our results suggest that the newborn T lymphocyte proliferative response to alloantigen is mature by the time of birth and they provide no phenotypic explantion for the previous report of mixed lymphocyte culture-induced suppression by newborn T cells. The predominance of newborn metaphases in 2-way mixed lymphocyte cultures with adult cells (on which the previous report of suppression was based) is not seen if the non-T (stimulator) cells are irradiated. These results suggest that the data previously interpreted as evidence for suppression arose through proliferation of newborn non-T cells.
Creating and Manipulating Vortices in Atomic Wave Functions with Short Electric Field Pulses

We demonstrate the creation of vortices in the electronic probability density of an atom subject to short electric field pulses, how these vortices evolve and can be manipulated by varying the applied pulses, and that they persist to macroscopic distances in the spectrum of ejected electrons. This opens the possibility to use practical femtosecond or shorter laser pulses to create and manipulate these vortex quasiparticles at the atomic scale and observe them in the laboratory. Within a hydrodynamic interpretation we also show, since the Schrodinger equation is a particular instance of the Navier-Stokes equations, that for compressible fluids vortices can appear spontaneously and with a certain time delay, which is not expected to occur from the conventional point of view, illustrating applicability of the present study to vortex formation more broadly.
Development of a monoclonal antibody-based cELISA for the analysis of sulfadimethoxine. 1. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and molecular modeling studies of antibody recognition.

Sulfonamide antibiotics are used to treat a variety of bacterial and protozoan infections in cattle, swine, and poultry. Current residue methods for the analysis of sulfonamides in animal-based food products include bioassays, chromatographic methods (HPLC, GLC), and immunoassays. Most immunoassays have employed highly specific polyclonal antibodies. In this paper, we describe the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against sulfadimethoxine (SDM) that vary in their sensitivities and cross-reactivities against a large number of sulfonamides. The most sensitive monoclonal antibody, designated SDM-18, exhibits an IC50 value for SDM of 1.53 ppb. Another monoclonal antibody, designated SDM-44, exhibits IC50 values for six sulfonamides well below the established threshold level of 100 ppb for animal tissues. Molecular modeling studies of the cross-reactive drugs suggest that, depending on the monoclonal antibody, both steric and electronic features govern antibody binding. Due to the diversity of these monoclona...
Regular bipartite graphs are antimagic

A labeling of a graph G is a bijection from E(G) to the set {1, 2,… |E(G)|}. A labeling is antimagic if for any distinct vertices u and v, the sum of the labels on edges incident to u is different from the sum of the labels on edges incident to v. We say a graph is antimagic if it has an antimagic labeling. In 1990, Hartsfield and Ringel conjectured that every connected graph other than K2 is antimagic. In this article, we show that every regular bipartite graph (with degree at least 2) is antimagic. Our technique relies heavily on the Marriage Theorem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 173182, 2009
Biodegradable internal fixation. A literature review

The authors review the properties and podiatric applications of biodegradable internal fixation devices. These devices include sutures, rods, and screws. Fixation of fractures and osteotomies with absorbable materials has been shown to be as effective as fixation with more traditional means, and it also provides several advantages.
Personality and mood correlates of avoidant personality disorder.

Avoidant personality disorder (APD) has been recognized as prevalent and clinically important; however, it is not clear how APD maps onto established personality and mood dimensions. In this cross-sectional survey study, 365 college students completed questionnaires assessing APD features and theoretically relevant personality and mood dimensions. Based on these self-report data, 6.6% may meet DSM-IV criteria for APD. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that APD features were associated with introversion, neuroticism, low self-esteem, and pessimistic expectancies. Additionally, APD features were linked with self-reports of elevated emotional responsiveness to threats and reduced emotional responsiveness to incentives (the behavioral inhibition system and behavioral activation system scales). After controlling for the effects of other personality, temperament, and cognitive measures, affective distress (i.e., anger, anxiety, and depression) was no longer related to APD. Results are consistent with APD models that emphasize the joint influences of emotional vulnerability and social-cognitive triggering and sustaining factors.
Influence of extended defects on optoelectronic and electronic nitride devices

Extended defects (dislocations, stacking faults, phase separation and alloy ordering), although are abundant in Nitride semiconductors, they do not influence the performance of minority carrier devices (LEDs, lasers, solar cells etc.) to the same degree as they do in traditional III–V compounds. On the other hand they have a stronger effect on the performance of electronic devices (FETs, BJT etc.). In this paper I am addressing the formation of extended defects and the origins of their abundance. Furthermore, I discuss the fundamental differences between nitride semiconductors and traditional III–V compounds, which lead to the insensitivity in the performance of nitride optoelectronic devices to the concentration of extended defects. The influence of these defects on electronic devices is also discussed.
What Is the Clinical Impact of Macrolide Resistance

Respiratory tract infections are treated empirically. Treatment is based on the likely pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility. The most common respiratory tract pathogen is Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the United States, approximately 25% to 30% of S. pneumoniae are resistant to erythromycin and other macrolides. There are two mechanisms of resistance: ribosomal methylation that causes high-level resistance, and an efflux pump that causes low-level resistance. Macrolides are ineffective in animal models that use pneumococcal isolates with the methylase- or efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms. There are many case reports that describe clinical failure and isolation of a macrolide-resistant pneumococcus while a patient receives macrolide treatment. Two recent studies that included macrolide-susceptible and macrolide-resistant pneumococci showed that breakthrough bacteremia in patients receiving macrolide treatment occurred only with macrolide-resistant isolates. Study of bacteremic disease ensures the pathogenic role of the pneumococcus; however, it underestimates the true clinical impact of macrolide resistance.
A template-free, thermal decomposition method to synthesize mesoporous MgO with a nanocrystalline framework and its application in carbon dioxide adsorption

Alkaline earth-based oxides are important materials in the storage of carbon dioxide. Here we present a template-free synthesis method for mesoporous magnesium oxide (MgO) via the thermal decomposition of anhydrous magnesium acetate. Characterization of the crystalline phase, particle size, pore size and surface area for mesoporous MgO samples was accomplished using a variety of techniques and methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption analysis. The results showed that mesoporous MgO prepared from anhydrous magnesium acetate had a high surface area in the range of 120–136 m2 g−1 and a narrow pore size distribution in the range of 3–4 nm. The pore structure was composed of small primary MgO nanoparticle aggregates with interparticle connections. In situ transmission FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate CO2 adsorption on mesoporous MgO. This spectroscopic investigation showed that mesoporous MgO exhibited enhanced CO2 adsorption capacity relative to commercially available MgO nanoparticles. This difference was attributed mainly to an increase in surface area. Differences in surface carbonate/bicarbonate speciation were observed between the mesoporous and commercial MgO samples and were related to structural differences for the smaller nanoparticles.
The Thermodynamics of Compressed Air Exergy Storage

This paper analyzes the Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) concept as an exergy storage concept. A thermodynamic analysis involving the application of the first and second laws of thermodynamics to both the charge and discharge processes is made. Works, heats, cavern energy changes, cavern exergy changes, and dissipations are evaluated for two designs - one idealized and the other more practical. An appropriate effectiveness based on the exergy concept is defined and evaluated.
Gramicidin a adopts distinctly different conformations in membranes and in organic solvents

Gramicidin A exists in distinctly different conformations in phospholipid vesicles and in organic solvents. These different folding motifs are also reflected in crystals of gramicidin formed in the presence and absence of lipid molecules.
REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND IN POTENTIAL GAINS FROM CONSOLIDATION AMONG U.S. COMMERCIAL BANKS

ABSTRACT. This paper investigates the regional variations in the impact of technological change and in gains from consolidation among U.S. commercial banks. We estimate a multiproduct translog cost function with the appropriate regional dummy variables. Technological change, ray scale economies and scale biases in technological change are estimated for each region. Furthermore, pairwise expansion path economies between all the regions are calculated to evaluate the potential gains from interregional consolidation. In general Southwest banks had the worst and Southeast the best technological change. There is substantial disparity across regions. It also appears that technological change increased the efficient size in the Midwest and Southwest regions and reduced it in the West, Northeast and Southeast. Banks in all regions show ray economies of scale, affirming the need for larger banks if output mix remains constant. Finally, the results support takeover of regional banks by the Money Center banks but not vice-versa, and favor consolidation among regional banks. The biggest potential gains accrue from mergers of Southeast banks with either Midwest or Southwest banks and the least gains are derived from mergers between Midwest and Southwest banks.
[Comment on “Implementing the peer review process for AGU publications”] JGR peer review suggestion

I read with considerable interest the letters of P.J. Baum and A.J. Dessler (Eos, October 23, 1984, p. 770) concerning the peer review process in AGU publications. The first point that aroused my attention was the discussion of “distinguished” senior authors. Distinguished in this context presumably has a definition such as “a person who used a napkin, at least once, in the presence of the editor” or a similarly objective basis. Baum noted that only one paper by a distinguished author was rejected during Dessler's editorship. I assume that any editor could make the same claim by simply redefining who is, or is not, distinguished. As a matter of fact, it seems as good a definition as any to label an author as undistinguished if he has had a paper rejected by the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR).
Economic design of process parameter control limits and process adjustment intervals for continuous production processes

Abstract In this paper, the concept of controlling the process parameters which is referred to as on-line feedback quality control is implemented for continuous production processes. The optimal process parameter control limits and process adjustment intervals which minimize the total quality cost of production are obtained. The quality costs considered are the diagnosis cost, the adjustment cost, the measurement error cost and the cost due to deviation of product characteristics from their target values based on loss function. The relationships between process parameters and quality characteristics of the product can be either linear function or nonlinear function. Using the computer program written in BASIC, the optimal solution can be adjusted resulting in the economical solution for more practical industrial application.