cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can prospective usability evaluation predict data errors

Increasing amounts of clinical research data are collected by manual data entry into electronic source systems and directly from research subjects. For this manual entered source data, common methods of data cleaning such as post-entry identification and resolution of discrepancies and double data entry are not feasible. However data accuracy rates achieved without these mechanisms may be higher than desired for a particular research use. We evaluated a heuristic usability method for utility as a tool to independently and prospectively identify data collection form questions associated with data errors. The method evaluated had a promising sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 67%. The method was used as described in the literature for usability with no further adaptations or specialization for predicting data errors. We conclude that usability evaluation methodology should be further investigated for use in data quality assurance.
Targeting chemotherapy induced adaptive resistance using hybrid nanoparticles (LB577)

Chemotherapy is still a standard of care in adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, but it often leads to incomplete tumor response resulting in acquisition of chemoresistance and relapse, primarily due to upregulation of survival signals in tumor cells. To overcome this, chemotherapeutic agent and signaling inhibitor need to be delivered to the same cell sequentially with a precise spatial and temporal control. We designed a hybrid nanoparticle platform that synergistically integrates a cytotoxic agent with an ‘Oncogenic Signaling Inhibitor’ into a single nanovector thereby overcomes adaptive resistance to cytotoxics, increase efficacy & minimize significant off-target toxicities. As traditional approaches for nanoformulation were incompatible with cytotoxic molecules such as Paclitaxel (PTX) and PI3K inhibitors (PI103), we rationally re-engineered these molecules by conjugating it to cholesterol to enable supramolecular nanoassembly. Hybrid supramolecular nanoparticles were synthesized by lipid film hy...
The Ovidian Heroine as Author: Reading, Writing, and Community in the Heroides

Introduction 1. Reading dangerously: Phyllis, Dido, Ariadne, and Medea 2. Reading the future: Hypsipyle, Medea, and Oenone 3. Benefits of communal writing: Canace and Hypermestra 4. A feminine reading of epic: Briseis and Hermione 5. Reading magically: Deianira and Laodamia 6. Reading like a virgin: Phaedra and Ariadne 7. Caveat lector: thoughts on gender and power Appendix A. The authenticity (and 'authenticity') of Heroides 15 Bibliography Index Index Locorum.
Relativistic quark model for the Ω-electromagnetic form factors

We compute the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ electromagnetic form factors and the decuplet baryon magnetic moments using a quark model application of the covariant spectator theory. Our predictions for the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ electromagnetic form factors can be tested in the future by lattice QCD simulations at the physical strange quark mass.
Interferon receptor interaction

Studies reported earlier [ Joshi et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13884-13887] have indicated that human interferon-alpha 2 (HuIFN-alpha 2) binds to a specific macromolecular receptor on human cells as identified by cross-linking with bifunctional cross-linking reagents and analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We have carried out experiments to investigate the fate of the interferon-receptor complex on the cell surface under conditions which lead to cellular response. As analyzed by cross-linking and gel electrophoresis, the interferon-receptor complex, formed on incubation with 125I-IFN-alpha 2 at 4 degrees C, persisted at the cell surface for several hours at 4 degrees C; however, if the cells were switched to 37 degrees C, there was a rapid decline in the complex, apparently due to a loss of the interferon receptors from the cell surface. This was associated with an internalization of the 125I-interferon as indicated by the fact that, on incubation at 37 degrees C, an appreciable fraction of the cell-associated interferon (approximately equal to 50%) became resistant to trypsin digestion, or dissociation on incubation in growth medium or low-pH buffer. A large fraction of the trypsin-resistant (internalized) 125I-labeled material migrated as intact interferon in polyacrylamide gels, and it was immunoprecipitated by anti-(HuIFN-alpha)antibodies but not by anti-(HuIFN-beta)antibodies. The bulk of the internalized 125I-interferon was recovered in a particulate fraction and, on cross-linking with disuccinimidyl suberate, a 150000-Mr complex could be detected. The results suggest that interferon may be internalized as a complex with the receptor, which may account for the loss of the interferon-receptors on the cell surface. This modulation of the IFN-alpha/beta receptors was induced by HuIFN-alpha and HuIFN-beta but not by HuIFN-gamma. The recovery of the IFN-alpha/beta receptors, lost upon incubation with HuIFN-alpha, took several hours and required protein synthesis. The significance of the results is discussed.
Self-Feedback in Actin Polymerization

Polymerization of actin, which is crucial for functions such as cell migration, membrane ruffling, cytokinesis, and endocytosis, must be tightly regulated in order to preserve an adequate supply of free actin monomers to respond to changing external conditions. The paper will describe mechanisms by which F-actin feeds back on its own assembly, thus regulating itself. I will present the experimental evidence for such feedback terms, discuss their use in current models of actin dynamics in cells, and present preliminary calculations for the role of feedback in transient endocytic actin patches. These calculations suggest a partial homeostasis of F-actin, in which the F-actin peak height depends only weakly on the actin filament nucleation rate.
Ex vivo ovine model for pediatric flexible endoscopy training

Abstract Objectives Medical students and residents in training have limited opportunities to develop pediatric endoscopy skills and would benefit from a realistic simulation model. We sought to develop such a model for flexible endoscopy using fresh head and neck tissue from young sheep. Methods Tissue was collected from pre-pubescent sheep (n = 5; mean age: 4 months; mean mass: 28 kg) following humane euthanasia at the end of an in vivo protocol. No live animals were used in this study. The head and neck of the sheep were disarticulated 4–6 cm above the sternal notch and stored at 5 °C for 1–5 days. With the preparation was supported in supine position, flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and transnasal endoscopic intubation were performed with video recording. Results Five sheep were studied. Endoscopy was performed by a medical student under direct supervision by a pediatric otolaryngologist. Differences between ovine and human pediatric airway anatomy were defined. Conclusions Despite variations in proportion and structure, the experience of passing a flexible nasopharyngoscope through a sheep's airway is remarkably similar to pediatric endoscopy. The nasal anatomy is elongated, but very much like a child's in terms of anatomy, color and texture. The tactile feedback is nearly identical. Annoying secretions and their associated “whiteout” phenomena nicely simulate these challenges in pediatric endoscopy. When performing transnasal intubation, navigating to the larynx and advancing an endotracheal tube under guidance have the look and feel of the pediatric procedure. Issues of cost, availability, risk of zoonotic infection, and ethics are discussed.
An investigation of the pyrolysis of oligopeptides by Curie-point pyrolysis—tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract The mechanisms of the thermal fragmentation of oligopeptides (ranging from three to six amino acid residues) upon Curie-point pyrolysis—mass spectrometry have been investigated. The results support the formation of diketopiperazines (DKP) or cyclic dipeptides as a major thermal decomposition mode. The pyrolysis—mass spectra illustrate that the formation of DKPs occurs via consecutive cyclizations for oligopeptides containing more than three amino acid units. For peptides that contain three or another odd number of amino acids, cyclization occurs with the eventual loss of the C-terminal amino acid. Peptides with an even number of amino acid units primarily produce DKPs. A significant number of peaks observed in the pyrolysis—mass spectra resulted from electron ionization (EI) fragmentations of the DKP. These fragmentations involve rearrangement and/or cleavage of the side groups followed by the breakup of the ring. No evidence was found for an EI N-terminal cleavage in straight-chained oligopeptides with more than three amino acids.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Parents’ Causal Attributions of Youth Soccer Dropout, Time in Soccer Organisation, Affect Towards Soccer and Soccer Organisation, and Post-Soccer Dropout Behaviour

The purpose of this study was to examine the links between: (a) parents’ causal attributions for youth soccer dropout, (b) parents’ feelings of the degree of importance their children ascribed to soccer, (c) parents’ attitudes towards the respective soccer organisation, (d) the length of time parents or children had spent in the soccer organisation, and (e) post-soccer dropout behaviour (i.e., switching soccer providers or pursuing other activities). Data were obtained from parents ( N = 102) of participants who were formerly enrolled in a youth soccer program. Logistic regression analysis revealed a positive direct link between parents’ attributions of dropout to service, the importance the child places on soccer participation (moderated by time spent in the organisation) and post-soccer dropout behaviour (switching soccer providers). The analysis also indicated that parents’ attributions to factors related to cost and upper management issues were directly (but negatively) related to post-dropout behaviour (switching soccer providers) and hence more determinant of post-dropout behaviour (pursuing other non-soccer activities). Other parents’ attributions of dropout to causes such as coaches, peers, parents, team-mates and time of practices and games were found to have an indirect relationship with post-dropout behaviour. In addition to discussing the findings, the paper also presents managerial implications for maximising retention of youth soccer participants.
Conceptual system for classification ofpsychogenic school underachievement

The classification presented does not in any way attempt to elucidate the causes for school underachievement but is rather designed to help the educator, the therapist, or any other person dealing with the underachieving child to conceptualize the child's problems. The system is mainly empirical and originates from clinical practice involving diagnosis and psychotherapy of the underachieving child. It has proved to be helpful in the classification of children showing this symptom and in the planning of therapeutic approaches. Little is mentioned in this paper about specific therapeutic recommendations in relationship to the quoted categories. However, any rational therapeutic approach stems from an understanding of the etiologic factors involved and is usually a logical consequence of this understanding.
Elasto-plastic coupling within a thermodynamic strain space formulation of plasticity

Abstract Elasto-plastic coupling is studied within a general thermodynamic train space formulation of rate-independent plasticity by means of plastic internal variables. The strain space formulation offers a unified approach in treating both stable and unstable material behavior simultaneously. The conditions on elasto-plastic coupling are imposed by the second law of thermodynamics and the consistency equation in the strain space formulation, and are expressed by two inequalities. This is further illustrated by specific examples where explicit necessary and sufficient conditions on the elastic moduli and their change with plastic deformation are derived for the two inequalities to be satisfied.
Integrated photonics inside the computer

Innovative optical, optoelectronic, and array integration technologies create significant opportunities for solving growing interconnect scaling problems inside electronic machines, and continued CMOS scaling with such optics suggest a convergence of optical network and interconnect technologies.
Pupil Diameter and Load on Memory

During a short-term memory task, pupil diameter is a measure of the amount of material which is under active processing at any time. The pupil dilates as the material is presented and constricts during report. The rate of change of these functions is related to task difficulty.
Centrin isoforms in mammals. Relation to calmodulin.

In mammals, three calmodulin (CaM) genes code for 100% identical proteins. In these species, four centrin (Cetn) genes have been reported to exist. They are examined in this paper. While the gene for Cetn 1 contains no introns and appears to be derived from Cetn 2 by retroposition, a gene product for Cetn 1 is expressed. Cetn 2, 3, and 4 represent bona fide genes. The major difference between the members of the CaM and the Cetn subfamilies is the presence (usually) in Cetn of an approximately 23 amino acids long (but occasionally much longer) protruding amino acid end. In all members of these two subgroups, four EF hand motifs (in this paper taken as loops containing 12 amino acids) are separated by 24, 25 and 24 amino acids (each a helix–loop–helix) positioned between motifs 1and 2, 2 and 3, and 3 and 4, respectively. This rule applies not only to CaM and Cetn in mammals but also to these two subfamilies in simpler eukaryotes such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Giardia lamblia. The various mRNA products can be identified most readily by their characteristic 3′ UTRs. While CaM is an ancient molecule that is expressed in all cells and is ubiquitous within these cells and interacts therein with almost 100 different proteins, many of which display the IQ or related binding motifs, the distribution and function of Cetn (an equally ancient molecule) is restricted mostly to basal bodies (e.g. in rods of the retina), axonemes, flagella, cilia and centrosomes. Are these two subclasses of calcium carriers (each molecule possessing four EF hands which possibly interact with different association constants)—if they are both present within a cell—randomly chosen for their service to the specific proteins with which they interact?
Genomics and variation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.

Sequencing of the human, mouse, and rat genomes has enabled a comprehensive informatics approach to gene families. This approach is informative for identification of new members of gene families, for cross-species sequence conservation related to functional conservation, for within-species diversity related to functional variation, and for historical effects of selection. This genome informatics approach also focuses our attention on genes whose genomic locations coincide with linkages to phenotypes. We are identifying ionotropic glutamate receptor (IGR) sequence variation by resequencing technologies, including denaturing high-performance liquid chromoatography (dHPLC), for screening and direct sequencing, and by information mining of public (e.g., dbSNP and ENSEMBL) and private (i.e., Celera Discovery System) sequence databases. Each of the 16 known IGRs is represented in these databases, their positions on a canonical physical map (for example, the Celera map) are established, and comparison to mouse and rat sequences has been performed, revealing substantial conservation of these genes, which are located on different chromosomes but found within syntenic groups of genes. A collection of 38 missense variants were identified by the informatics and resequencing approaches in several of these receptor genes, including GRIN2B, GRIN3B, GRIA2, GRIA3, and GRIK1. This represents only a fraction of the sequence variation across these genes, but, in fact, these may constitute a large fraction of the common polymorphisms at these genes, and these polymorphisms are a starting point for understanding the role of these receptors in neurogenetic variation. Genetically influenced human neurobehavioral phenotypes that are likely to be linked to IGR genetic variants include addictions, anxiety/dysphoria disorders, post-brain injury behavioral disorders, schizophrenia, epilepsy, pain perception, learning, and cognition. Thus, the effects of glutamate receptor variation may be protean, and the task of relating variation to behavior difficult. However, functional variants of (1) catechol-O-methyltransferase, (2) serotonin transporter, and (3) brain-derived neurotrophic factor have recently been linked both to behavioral differences and to intermediate phenotypes, suggesting a pathway by which functional variation at IGRs can be tied to an etiologically complex phenotype.
Heat shock proteins: new keys to the development of cytoprotective therapies.

All cells, from bacterial to human, have a common, intricate response to stress that protects them from injury. Heat shock proteins (Hsps), also known as stress proteins and molecular chaperones, play a central role in protecting cellular homeostatic processes from environmental and physiologic insult by preserving the structure of normal proteins and repairing or removing damaged ones. An understanding of the interplay between Hsps and cell stress tolerance will provide new tools for treatment and drug design that maximise preservation or restoration of health. For example, the increased vulnerability of tissues to injury in some conditions, such as ageing, diabetes mellitus and menopause, or with the use of certain drugs,, such as some antihypertensive medications, is associated with an impaired Hsp response. Additionally, diseases that are associated with tissue oxidation, free radical formation, disorders of protein folding, or inflammation, may be improved therapeutically by elevated expression of Hs...
Design and implementation of a MicroBlaze-based warp processor

While soft processor cores provided by FPGA vendors offer designers with increased flexibility, such processors typically incur penalties in performance and energy consumption compared to hard processor core alternatives. The recently developed technology of warp processing can help reduce those penalties. Warp processing is the dynamic and transparent transformation of critical software regions from microprocessor execution to much faster circuit execution on an FPGA. In this article, we describe an implementation of a warp processor on a Xilinx Virtex-II Pro and Spartan3 FPGAs incorporating one or more MicroBlaze soft processor cores. We further provide a detailed analysis of the energy overhead of dynamically partitioning an application's kernels to hardware executing within an FPGA. Considering an implementation that periodically partitions the executing application once every minute, a MicroBlaze-based warp processor implemented on a Spartan3 FPGA achieves average speedups of 5.8× and energy reductions of 49p compared to the MicroBlaze soft processor core alone—providing competitive performance and energy consumption compared to existing hard processor cores.
Evaluating the Supply Chain Role of Logistics Service Providers

The shift from traditional and functional third‐party logistics to comprehensive supply‐chain relationships has significant implications for the role of third‐party logistics service providers (3pls). Extending previous research in which four factors were found to influence 3pls' supply chain function, this paper contains an assessment of the varying role(s) 3pls can play in the supply chain. The factors include: the strategic orientation of the outsourcing organization; its perception of 3pls' roles within the logistics strategy; the nature of the resultant client‐3pl relationship; and, the extent to which logistics is outsourced. The supply chain impact of these factors are evaluated based on the findings from case study research. Each different 3pl role (conceptual and empirical) is examined and implications for practical implementation are provided.
Kynurenine aminotransferase and α-aminoadipate aminotransferase: III. Evidence for identity with halogenated tyrosine aminotransferase

Abstract A nearly homogeneous preparation of α-aminoadipate (kynurenine) aminotransferase exhibited substantial activity with 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, a major substrate for halogenated tyrosine aminotransferase. The new activity was found, according to heat inactivation and several inhibition studies, not to be attributable to contamination. Many of the properties previously reported for the two enzymes are identical or very similar. This paper lists these similarities and reports our observations of additional similarities of these activities in the supernatant and mitochondrial fractions of both rat kidney and liver. The properties of the purified enzyme and the noted similarities suggest that α-aminoadipate aminotransferase, kynurenine aminotransferase, and halogenated tyrosine aminotransferase activities are associated with the same protein. These activities are discussed in terms of a possible role in thyroid hormone metabolism.
Assignment methods for the analysis of network subgroup interactions

Abstract In studies of social structure, it is often of interest to focus on the interactions of identified subgroups (e.g. females, lineage members) both with respect to the patterns of behavior within the subgroups and in relation to the complement set of group members. For example, it may be of interest to assess the degree of “compactness” of one or more subgroups based on specific behavioral interactions, or to assess the degree of “isolation” of a given subgroup from the rest of the group. In the case of asymmetric behavioral interaction data (e.g. aggression, grooming), the concept of “isolation” can be decomposed further into the flow of actions directed towards a given subgroup and the flow directed outwards from that subgroup. A variety of quadratic assignment methods are outlined that operationalize these compactness/isolation concepts. More general cubic assignment methods are described that focus on the flow of behaviour out of or into a given subgroup in comparison to the flow within it, or in comparison to the flow of behavior within the complement set of members. Sampling distributions for each of the indices described are easily generated using Monte Carlo procedures. All of these assignment methods are illustrated using network interaction data on a group of 14 adult macaque monkeys.
Endothelial cells and hyperthermia

Most radiation oncologists are aware of the effects of clinical hyperthermia on neoplastic cells. Its effects on blood vessels, however, are not as well recognized. Yet, since the 1960s a number of investigators have described and categorized the effects of hyperthermia on microvessels (in vivo), and on cultured endothelial cells (EC) (in vitro). Both EC and microvessels can be lethally damaged by the hyperthermia doses used as antineoplastic therapy. In vitro data indicate that capillary EC are moderately sensitive to hyperthermia. Proliferating EC are more thermosensitive suggesting that microvessels of malignant neoplasms (which contain many proliferating EC) are more affected than microvessels of normal tissues. This differential sensitivity of microvessels has also been observed in blood flow studies. Furthermore, hyperthermia inhibits angiogenesis. Thus, some of the antineoplastic effects of heat are caused by ischaemia due to obstruction or destruction of the tumour vessels or to inability to form new vessels. Sublethal EC damage can also be demonstrated, resulting in decreased synthesis of most proteins including adhesion molecules (as well as increased expression of a few such as heat shock proteins) and producing reversible loss of cytoskeletal elements. The therapeutic advantage provided by the higher thermal sensitivity of neoplastic vessels should be exploited further, perhaps by developing strategies specifically aimed to the tumour microvasculature.
Limitation of photoacoustic burn depth measurement using Monte Carlo analysis

Early and accurate determination of burn depth is crucial to monitoring the burn wound and aiding in the precise excision of necrotic tissue. A simplified model of a partial-thickness burn wound can be described as a layer of necrotic dermal tissue, containing thermally coagulated blood, atop a layer of inflamed dermal tissue characterized by the presence of viable (non-coagulated) blood. Using photoacoustic methods it is possible to discriminate between coagulated and non-coagulated blood and, therefore, discriminate between the two layer types. However, the effectiveness of such a photoacoustic method is limited by the thickness of the upper coagulated layer. Sufficient laser energy must be deposited into both layers to create detectable and characteristic signals from those layers. To determine the maximum thickness of the coagulated layer, at which the underlying non-coagulated layer was still able to generate detectable acoustic waves, we performed a Monte Carlo simulation on a human burn wound model with varying depths of the coagulated layer. The depths of the coagulated layer ranged from 100 to 1,100 mm, in 100 mm increments. Our analysis concluded that burn depth measurements can be achieved up to a burn depth of 900 mm with an incident radiant exposure of 0.255 J/cm2 at 543nm and 0.1275 J/cm2 at 633 nm.
Mechanisms of fatigue fracture in short glass fibre-reinforced polymers

Fatigue-crack profiles and fracture surfaces of several short glass fibre-reinforced polymers were examined to gain insight into the mechanisms of cyclic damage and fatigue-crack propagation in these materials. Several distinctly different features were noted between fracture surfaces generated by stable fatigue crack growth and those produced by monotonic or unstable fracture. Among the most significant differences were the higher degree of single and multiple fibre fracture generally observed on stable fatigue-crack growth fracture surfaces, and the variations in the interfacial failure site in well-bonded systems. While the former effect is attributed to the occurrence of crack closure and the build-up of compressive stresses in the crack-tip damage zone during unloading, the differences in the interfacial failure mode are related to the adverse effect of fatigue loading on the interfacial bond strength. No features could be identified that would allow a quantitative correlation between the applied stress intensity factor level or the crack growth rates and characteristic fracture surface details.
Microarray analysis of oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet

Corneal epithelium regeneration using autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet is a successful new approach in corneal therapy. In the present study, gene expression profiling was performed to characterize engineered cell sheets. Cell sheets were obtained by culturing isolated rabbit oral mucosal epithelial cells on a thermoresponsive cultureware (UpCell®, CellSeed Inc. Japan). H&E staining of cell sheets showed a multistratified epithelium, similar to corneal epithelium. DeltaN-p63 stained positive in the basal cells, indicating that cell sheets have renewal capacity. Microarray analysis of these cell sheets showed that only 160 genes out of 43,000 rabbit probes listed on the microarray chip were identified. We first identified the extracellular matrix group of genes and found that matrix metalloproteinase MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-12, known to promote angiogenesis, were down regulated, while MMP-13 and collagen type VIII alpha 1 (COL8A1), proteins involved in wound healing, were up regulated. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase TIMP-1 and TIMP-3, anti-angiogenic factors, were also identified. Gap junction protein A7 (GJA7 or Connexin 45) was found up regulated, indicating that cell sheets have developed well preserved cell-cell interactions. Alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH class III) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1A1), involved in protecting the cornea against oxidative stress induced by UV radiation, were also found up regulated. In conclusion, microarray analysis has led us to identify new target molecules and their subsequent biochemical analysis indicated how the composite cell sheets are advantageous to the original isolated cells in terms of the integrity and potency of corneal epithelial grafts without any scaffolds.
Association between serum uric acid and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the US population.

Background/Purpose Studies conducted in Eastern Asia suggest that serum uric acid (SUA) level is highly related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, limited information is available in the USA. Our objective was to determine the association between NAFLD and SUA levels in the USA and to determine if this is independent of age, sex, and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods We analyzed 5370 men and women aged 20–74 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) (1988–1994) in the USA. We calculated the prevalence and odds ratio (OR) of NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes by SUA and sex-specific quintiles of SUA, adjusting for multiple factors. Results The prevalence of NAFLD was higher in participants with higher SUA levels (10.9%, 9.6%, 15.9%, 21.8% and 33.1%, respectively, from the second to the fifth sex-specific quintile of uric acid). After adjustment, individuals with hyperuricemia were more likely to have NAFLD (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.9). Similarly, the adjusted odds of NAFLD were increasingly higher from the second to the fifth quintile of SUA (ORs: 0.8, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.7, respectively; p Conclusion NAFLD and SUA levels were strongly and independently associated in this nationally representative sample of men and women after adjustment for multiple factors.
Effect of Various Analogues on the Binding of Labeled Thyroxine to Thyroxine-Binding Globulin and Prealbumin

The ability of a number of analogues of thyroxine to inhibit the binding of 131I labeled thyroxine to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) has been studied. Striking differences in the ability of a number of these compounds to inhibit the binding of thyroxine to TBG and TBPA have been demonstrated. For optimal binding to TBG, the alanine side chain appears to be essential, and the amino group appears to be the essential constituent. The substituted diphenyl ether structure, with a free or methylated phenolic hydroxyl, is necessary for normal binding. For optimal binding to TBPA, on the other hand, the alanine side chain appears not to be essential; the amino group in the side chain may, in fact, inhibit binding. The diiodo-substituted phenolic ring with the hydroxyl group in the 4'-position appears to be necessary for optimal binding. The diphenyl ether structure is not essential. (Endocrinology 79: 493, 1966)
Stage I testicular seminoma: rationale for postorchiectomy radiation therapy

Abstract The cases of 163 patients with Stage I seminoma of the testis treated by orchiectomy and adjubant radiation therapy (XRT) were retrospectively evaluated to document outcome and to determine the prognostic significance of age, side of primary, cryptorchidism, prior ipsilateral herniorrhaphy, status of the contralateral testis, history of prior testicular cancer, scrotal incision, postorchiectomy beta- human chorionic gonadotropin (BHCG) level, invbansion of the epididymis, spermatic cord involvement, vascular invasion in the primary and mediastinal XRT. Of the prognostic factors evaluated, only spermatic cord involvement proved to be a significantly adverse factor. However, the true significance of cord involvement is unclear because the para-aortic regions were not irradiated in 2 of the patients in whom there was this finding, and in 1 of these there was failure in the retroperitoneum. Spermatic cord involvement was not a prognostically significant finding in patients whose para-aortic region was treated. For all 163 patients who underwent XRT, disease-free survival was 95% at 5, 10, and 15 years. Total survival corrected for intercurrent death was 97% from 5 through 20 years. Seven patients relapsed (4%) and 4 died of seminoma (2%). The XRT technique described is simple to implement and is extremely effective. Of 161 patients whose para-aortic region was irradiated, none developed subdiaphragmatic nodal recurrence. Only 1 patient developed acute leukemia. No patient developed any of the recognized delayed XRT-induced complications involving small bowel, large bowel, bladder, kidney, liver or spinal cord. The virtues and limitations of surveillance in Stage I testicular seminoma are discussed, and it is concluded that routine postorchiectomy XRT is the treatment of choice.
Viscosity of entangled polystyrene thin film melts: Film thickness dependence.

We determined the low-shear effective viscosity of entangled polystyrene thin film melts, in the thickness range of $27lhl100\mathrm{nm},$ on ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{x}/\mathrm{Si}$ substrates. This was accomplished using a method based on the notion that thin liquid films can become unstable and rupture due to defects or to destabilizing, long-range van der Waals interactions (dewetting). The holes that are created in the film subsequently grow at a rate determined by a balance between the capillary driving forces and the viscous resistive forces. Based on the velocity of growth of holes on the substrate, we show that the viscosity decreases appreciably with decreasing thickness for $25lhl50\mathrm{nm}.$ These results are consistent with studies which suggest that the glass transition of entangled polystyrene thin film melts on ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{x}/\mathrm{Si}$ substrates exhibit an apparent decrease with decreasing film thickness over the same range of h.
A 450-mV Single-Fuel-Cell Power Management Unit With Switch-Mode Quasi- ${\rm V}^2$ Hysteretic Control and Automatic Startup on 0.35- $\mu$ m Standard CMOS Process

This paper presents a power management unit (PMU) for emerging applications powered by low-voltage single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A subthreshold startup scheme and its circuit implementation are proposed to enable low-voltage self-startup feature. A boost switching converter with a switch-mode, quasi-V2 hysteretic control is designed for power conditioning. The PMU is implemented on a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process with VTN/VTP of 0.55 V/ -0.75 V, respectively. Experimental results prove that the PMU automatically starts up with 450-mV single DMFC input. The output voltage of the PMU is well regulated with below 25 mV ripple. With an output power ranging from 20 to 200 mW, an average efficiency above 85.2% is obtained, with a maximum of 89.4%. Load transient recovery times are 11.6 μs/4.2 μs, respectively, in response to the step-up and step-down load changes between 10 and 100 mA.
Histochemistry as a tool in morphological analysis: a historical review

Histochemistry has an interesting history, extending back to ancient times, in some ways. Man has long had a desire to understand the workings of the human body and the roles that various "humors" or chemicals have in those processes. This review traces the evolution of histochemistry as an investigative and diagnostic discipline, beginning with the efforts of medicinal chemists and extending through a period in which histology was increasingly paired with biochemistry. Those developments served as the underpinnings for an eventual marriage of microscopy, chemistry, immunology, and molecular biology, as realized in the current practice of anatomical pathology.
Carboxy-terminal processing of the large subunit of [NiFe] hydrogenases

Two electrophoretic forms of the large subunit of the soluble periplasmic [NiFe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio gigas have been detected by Western analysis. The faster moving form co-migrates with the large subunit from purified, active enzyme. Amino acid sequence and composition of the C-terminal tryptic peptide of the large subunit from purified hydrogenase revealed that it is 15 amino acids shorter than that predicted by the nucleotide sequence. Processing of the nascent large subunit occurs by C-terminal cleavage between His536 and Val537, residues which are highly conserved among [NiFe] hydrogenases. Mutagenesis of the analogous residues, His582 and Val583, in the E. coli hydrogenase-1 (HYD1) large subunit resulted in significant decrease in processing and HYD1 activity.
Differential activation of two protease-activated protein kinases from reticulocytes by a Ca2+-stimulated protease and identification of phosphorylated translational components.

Two protein kinases have been partially purified from rabbit reticulocytes and shown to be activated by limited proteolysis with trypsin [S. M. Tahara and J. A. Traugh (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 11558–11564; P. T. Tuazon, W. C. Merrick, and J. A. Traugh (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 10954–10958]. Reticulocyte lysate was examined for protease activities which might be involved in activation of the protein kinases in vivo. Two neutral proteases, differentially activated by Fe2+ and Ca2+, were identified and partially purified. The Ca2+-stimulated protease specifically activated protease-activated kinase II; no effect was observed on protease-activated kinase I. The Fe2+-stimulated protease was not active on either protein kinase. The protease-activated kinases were examined using initiation factors (eIF) and 40-S ribosomal subunits as substrate. Protease-activated kinase I phosphorylated one subunit of eIF-3 (Mr 130000), eIF-4B and 40-S ribosomal protein S10. Protease-activated kinase II modified the β subunit of eIF-2 (Mr, 53000) and 40-S ribosomal protein S6. The substrate specificities are unique when compared with other cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent protein kinases from reticulocytes.
Von Willebrand disease in children and adolescents

The term von Willebrand disease includes many bleeding disorders caused by abnormalities of vWF. Frequent or severe bleeding may be indicative of vWD or other bleeding conditions. Primary care practitioners need to be familiar with vWD and evaluate possibly affected individuals with appropriate laboratory studies. Patients with vWD should be educated about their disorder and preventive measures to limit its effect. Medications are available that can treat or prevent bleeding complications for most patients with vWD. Intervention with blood products is occasionally necessary.
Three and a half views of Japan

Lebra, Takie Sugiyama, and William P. Lebra, eds. Japanese Culture and Behavior: Selected Readings (revised edition). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1986. xix + 428 pages including references and index. $12.95 paper. Moeran, Brian. Okubo Diary: Portrait of a Japanese Valley. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985. viii + 257 pages. $28.50 cloth. Edmonds, Richard Louis. Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Department of Geography Research Paper No. 213,1985. xi + 209 pages including appendices, bibliography, and index. $10.00 paper. Mouer, Ross, and Yoshio Sugimoto. Images of Japanese Society. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986. xxxii + 552 pages including appendix, notes, bibliography and index. $59.95 cloth.
Metabolism of 5-acetoamino-2-hydroxyvaleric acid in tobacco leaves

Abstract 5-Acetoamino-2-hydroxyvaleric acid, (5-AHV) was metabolized to δ-acetylornithine in tobacco leaves. On the other hand, δ-acetylornithine fed to tobacco leaves was metabolized into at least 5 components, one major component being 5-AHV. These results show that tobacco plant has a reversible metabolic pathway between 5-AHV and δ-acetylornithine.
Dipolar coupling and saturation effects in acoustic nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract The observed signal for dipolar coupled acoustic nuclear magnetic resonance in metals is explained and the saturation behavior is predicted.
An approximation theorem for likelihood ratios

Abstract A semigroup approximation theorem is used to prove the convergence of approximate likelihood ratios.
A comparison of vitrinite reflectance measurements made on whole-rock and dispersed organic matter concentrate mounts

Abstract A comparison of mean-random vitrinite reflectance ( R v-r ) values calculated from measurements on polished whole-rock and on concentrates of dispersed organic matter (DOM) mounts of the same samples generally show little difference. Compared to measurements on DOM mounts, R v-r measurements by the same microscopist on corresponding whole-rock samples are up to a few tenths of a percent lower over the range of 0.6–3.2% R v-r and have a slightly higher standard deviation. Whole-rock mounts have an advantage over DOM mounts in the identification of first-cycle vitrinite and differentiation of solid bitumen from vitrinite.
Oxygen consumption of Sceloporus occidentalis from three different elevations.

Abstract 1. 1. Oxygen consumption ( V O 2 ) in the iguanid lizard Sceloporus occidentalis was automatically recorded every hour, at 25°C and in continuous light (LL) for at least 3 consecutive days. Data were recorded with 36 lizards from 150, 1500 and 2200 m in the central Sierra Nevada of California. 2. 2. All lizards displayed a conspicuous circadian rhythm in V O 2 , the high level being usually more than 3 times the low level. 3. 3. The volume of O 2 consumed during a nychthemeron is significantly higher in males from 1500 and 2200 m than in females from the same elevations. No difference between sexes was found in lizards from 150 m. 4. 4. The volume of O 2 consumed during a nychthemeron is significantly higher in males at 1500 and 2200 m than in either sex at 150 m. 5. 5. There is no significant difference with either sex or elevation in the daily minimum V O 2 . 6. 6. The difference in the daily total O 2 consumption is due to an increased activity (both intensity and duration) in males at higher elevations.
Synthesis of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate)

This protocol describes the synthesis of oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF; 1-35 kDa; a polymer useful for tissue engineering applications) by a one-pot reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and fumaryl chloride. The procedure involves three parts: dichloromethane and PEG are first dried; the reaction step follows, in which fumaryl chloride and triethylamine are added dropwise to a solution of PEG in dichloromethane; and finally, the product solution is filtered to remove by-product salt, and the OPF product is twice crystallized, washed and dried under vacuum. The reaction is affected by the molecular weight of PEG and reactant molar ratio. The OPF product is cross-linked by radical polymerization by either a thermally induced or ultraviolet-induced radical initiator, and the physical properties of the OPF oligomer and resulting cross-linked hydrogel are easily tailored by varying PEG molecular weight. OPF hydrogels are injectable, they polymerize in situ and they undergo biodegradation by hydrolysis of ester bonds. The expected time required to complete this protocol is 6 d.
Change of chromatin morphology during the cell cycle detected by means of automated image analysis.

Mouse embryo fibroblasts growing asynchronously in vitro stained with Feulgen method and their nuclear chromatin was analysed by means of the image analysing computer Quantimet 720D. Cells with 2C, 3C and 4C content of DNA were considered as being in G1, middle S and G2 phase of cell cycle, respectively. It was found that the projected area of nuclei increases during the cell cycle and that the mean optical density of chromatin increases from G1 through S to G2 phase. The curves showing the areas of chromatin at different optical density thresholds are different for cells in G1, S and G2 phase. The results demonstrate cyclic changes in chromatin morphology in the interphase nuclei during the cell cycle.
Sensitivity vector fields for damage detection and sensing

A novel approach to determine very accurately multiple parametric variations by analyzing sensitivity vector fields is proposed. These sensitivity vector fields describe changes in the state space attractor of the dynamics and system behavior when parametric variations occur. The parametric changes are reconstructed by analyzing the deformation of the attractor in state space (characterized by means of the sensitivity vector fields). An optimal set of basis functions in the vector space formed by the sensitivity fields is obtained and used to successfully identify test cases involving multiple simultaneous parametric variations. The method presented is shown to be robust over a wide range of parametric variations and to perform well in the presence of noise. The main application and the emphasis of the proposed technique is on detecting multiple simultaneous damages in vibration-based structural health monitoring.
Creating a cost‐effective data exchange

This chapter examines the cost of establishing a data-sharing exchange and argues that the cost involved in doing so is minimal when compared to the potential cost involved in making decisions without access to good comparative information.
Real-time modal control implementation for adaptive optics.

The electronics, computing hardware, and computing used to provide real-time modal control for a laser guide-star adaptive optics system are presented. This approach offers advantages in the control of unobserved modes, the elimination of unwanted modes (e.g., tip and tilt), and automatic handling of the case of low-resolution lens arrays. In our two-step modal implementation, the input vector of gradients is first decomposed into a Zernike polynomial mode by a least-squares estimate. The number of modes is assumed to be less than or equal to the number of actuators. The mode coefficients are then available for collection and analysis or for the application of modal weights. Thus the modal weights may be changed quickly without recalculating the full matrix. The control-loop integrators are at this point in the algorithm. To calculate the deformable-mirror drive signals, the mode coefficients are converted to the zonal signals by a matrix multiply. When the number of gradients measured is less than the number of actuators, the integration in the control loop will be done on the lower-resolution grid to avoid growth of unobserved modes. These low-resolution data will then be effectively interpolated to yield the deformable-mirror drive signals.
A strategic skill based model of supplier integration and its effect on supply management performance

Abstract Supplier integration is a tool to help organizations gain competitive advantage. Strategic supply management skills and the supply management function's perceived status are hypothesized as antecedents to supplier integration leading to supply management performance. The sample for this study includes 152 executive level supply management professionals. The empirical results suggest that strategic skills and perceived status are essential antecedents to supplier integration and subsequent performance. Further, the relationship between strategic skills and performance is mediated by supplier integration. Results of a dominance analysis also suggest which strategic skills are most likely to explain status integration, and performance. These findings have significant implications for supply management theory and practice.