cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in low-density lipoproteins in subjects with abdominal adiposity.

Abstract Abdominal adiposity, as indexed by the waist to hip girth ratio (WHR), has been associated with increased risk and incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study was to determine if this enhanced risk is related to alterations in the structure of low density lipoproteins (LDL). LDL were isolated from nine nonobese men with an average WHR of 1.046 and nine nonobese men with a WHR of 0.94, who were matched on age (45.6 ± 2.7 v 47.7 ± 2.3 mean ± SEM) percent body fat (26.5 ± 0.5 v 26.1 ± 0.9), and body mass index (27.3 ± 0.6 v 26.3 ± 0.6). The average molecular weight of LDL from the subjects with a high WHR was lower than that of subjects with low WHR (2.70 v 3.02 × 10 6 d), the average hydrated density higher (1.050 v 1.040 g/mL), and the mobility (R f ) on 2% to 16% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis higher. Subfractionation by equilibrium density ultracentrifugation showed that the LDL of subjects with a high WHR was predominantly in the heavy density range (1.038 to 1.048 g/mL) compared with the LDL of subjects with low WHR, which was in the lighter density range (1.030 to 1.040 g/mL). Chemical analysis of the subfractions showed that the peak density fractions of LDL of subjects with a high WHR had a lower cholesterol to protein ratio than the peak density fractions of LDL of subjects with low WHR. Electron microscopy of these peak density fractions showed that LDL of subjects with high WHR was smaller than that of subjects with low WHR. These characteristics of LDL of subjects with abdominal adiposity closely resemble the properties of LDL of patients with documented CHD. It is concluded that the increased risk of CHD associated with abdominal adiposity may be due in part to the alterations in LDL characteristics, and that these alterations in LDL are independent of the degree of obesity.
Acoustic Characteristics of /s/ in Adolescents

The goal of the current study was to construct a reference database against which misarticulations of /s/ can be compared. Acoustic data for 26 typically speaking 9- to 15-year-olds were examined to resolve measurement issues in acoustic analyses, including alternative sampling points within the /s/ frication; the informativeness of linear versus Bark transformations of each of the 4 spectral moments of /s/ (Forrest, Weismer, Milenkovic, & Dougall, 1988); and measurement effects associated with linguistic context, age, and sex. Analysis of the reference data set indicates that acoustic characterization of /s/ is appropriately and optimally (a) obtained from the midpoint of /s/, (b) represented in linear scale, (c) reflected in summary statistics for the 1 st and 3rd spectral moments, (d) referenced to individual linguistic-phonetic contexts, (e) collapsed across the age range studied, and (f) described individually by sex.
Nondestructive picosecond ultrasonic characterization of Mo/Si multilayers using a novel pump-probe scheme

We have used picosecond ultrasonics techniques to study the localized surface vibrations in Mo/Si multilayers. Two band- gap modes were simultaneously detected using a new alternating pumps scheme, which has been demonstrated to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio by 10 dB.
The logic of social policy expansion in a neoliberal context: health insurance reform in Korea after the 1997 economic crisis

In the aftermath of the economic crisis of the late 1990s, the Korean government reformed health insurance system to enhance social equity and solidarity. This article identifies the institutional features and political dynamics involved in completing the reform. The Korean case suggests a model of counter-movement that differs from the historical experiences of both democratic corporatist and liberal welfare states. Two institutional conditions within the politics of crisis contributed to the reform. A legacy of limited state welfare was critical in providing the impetus for reforming health insurance system. More importantly, the crisis maximized the state’s coordination capacity by mobilizing a coherent bureaucracy under the presidential authority, and by limiting interest politics. The Korean experience has important implications for the study of economic crisis and social policy response. The way in which a crisis provides new contexts for welfare and policy making institutions, rather than the institutions themselves, should be the main focus in analyzing policy responses. The focus on the political dynamics of an economic crisis helps us acknowledge the limit of ideological forces of a crisis in facilitating a particular policy response.
Growing smarter: Achieving livable communities, environmental justice, and regional equity

Robert D. Bullard (Ed.) Cambridge, MA, The MIT Press, 2007, ISBN 978 0 262 52470 4 The premise of this book is straightforward—black and minority environmental justice advocates should join forces ...
Decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration for the treatment of severe pseudomembranous colitis.

Background: We explored the potential of early decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic vancomycin administration as an adjunctive therapy for severe pseudomembranous Clostridium difficile colitis with ileus and toxic megacolon. Methods: We reviewed the symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, radiographic findings, and outcomes from the medical records of seven patients who experienced eight episodes of severe pseudomembranous colitis with ileus and toxic megacolon. All seven patients underwent decompressive colonoscopy with intracolonic perfusion of vancomycin. Results: Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, abdominal distention, and tenderness were present in all patients. Five of seven patients were comatose, obtunded, or confused, and six of the seven required ventilatory support. The white blood cell count was greater than 16,000 in seven cases (six patients). Colonoscopy showed left-side pseudomembranous colitis in one patient, right-side colitis in one patient, and diffuse pseudomembranous pancolitis in five patients. Two patients were discharged with improvement. Five patients had numerous medical problems leading to their death. Complete resolution of pseudomembranous colitis occurred in four patients. One patient had a partial response, and two patients failed therapy. Conclusion: Colonoscopic decompression and intracolonic vancomycin administration in the management of severe, acute, pseudomembranous colitis associated with ileus and toxic megacolon is feasible, safe, and effective in approximately 57% to 71% of cases.
Resources Matter Examining the Effects of Resources on the State of Firms Following Downsizing

Downsizing is a common business management practice. Prior research has examined the financial consequences of downsizing or the impact on individuals remaining in a downsizing organization. Taking a resource-based perspective, this study integrates and extends prior research on downsizing by examining how downsizing influences the relative likelihood that a firm will experience one of three states in the three years following downsizing. Multinomial logistic regression is employed to test hypotheses using a sample of 445 firms that downsized during the period 1995 to 2000. The authors find significant differences in the relative likelihood of Chapter 11 bankruptcy, acquisition, or remaining a nonbankrupt going concern based on the size of the downsizing, firm-level intangible resources, the tangible asset intensity of the firm, and industry-level knowledge intensity. Implications for managers and future research are discussed.
A simulation model of plant water relations and production in the alpine tundra, Colorado

A model to predict the daily courses of leaf resistance, leaf water potential, transpiration, leaf temperature and net photosynthesis based on soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and energy budget concepts is presented. The principle water relations parameters required by the model are the minimum leaf resistance, the response curves of leaf resistance to light, temperature, and leaf water potential, and the relationship between leaf water potential and water deficit. Predictions of the effects of changes in soil water potential on the daily patterns of leaf resistance, leaf water potential, leaf temperature, and net photosynthesis in an alpine climate are examined. The model was tested using data from two alphine species, Bistorta bistortoides and Caltha leptosepala, that exhibited different daily leaf resistance and leaf water potential patterns as water stress developed. Agreement was found between predicted and observed patterns. Differences in the daily courses between the species are shown to be due to differences in the physiological parameters. The relevance of the daily leaf resistance patterns is discussed in the context of drought adaptability.
Robust speech recognition using the modulation spectrogram

Abstract The performance of present-day automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is seriously compromised by levels of acoustic interference (such as additive noise and room reverberation) representative of real-world speaking conditions. Studies on the perception of speech by human listeners suggest that recognizer robustness might be improved by focusing on temporal structure in the speech signal that appears as low-frequency (below 16 Hz) amplitude modulations in subband channels following critical-band frequency analysis. A speech representation that emphasizes this temporal structure, the “modulation spectrogram”, has been developed. Visual displays of speech produced with the modulation spectrogram are relatively stable in the presence of high levels of background noise and reverberation. Using the modulation spectrogram as a front end for ASR provides a significant improvement in performance on highly reverberant speech. When the modulation spectrogram is used in combination with log-RASTA-PLP (log RelAtive SpecTrAl Perceptual Linear Predictive analysis) performance over a range of noisy and reverberant conditions is significantly improved, suggesting that the use of multiple representations is another promising method for improving the robustness of ASR systems.
Glucose Metabolism of the Isolated Eccrine Sweat Gland. I. The Effects of Mecholyl, Epinephrine and Ouabain

The effects of mecholyl, epinephrine and ouabain on glucose metabolism were studied in freshly dissected human and monkey paw eccrine sweat glands. Both showed active glycolytic activity which was further stimulated by mecholyl and epinephrine. Ouabain inhibited unstimulated as well as mecholyl or epinephrine-stimulated glycolysis and mecholyl-stimulated 14 CO 2 production. Anaerobic incubation and the addition of KCN markedly enhanced lactate production. Mecholyl and lower concentrations of epinephrine stimulated both 14 CO 2 and lactate production. Higher concentrations of epinephrine stimulated lactate production but markedly suppressed 14 CO 2 production. A possible link between energy production and glandular secretion was discussed.
Performance trade-offs of infrared spectral imagers: II

IR spectral imagers are being considered for air to ground target detection applications. The targets can be detected not only by the exploitation of target to background color but also by the high spectral band to band correlation of many background. Detection of low contrast targets in high thermal clutter backgrounds can therefore be improved by using IR spectral sensors as opposed to broad or narrow band IR sensor. However, the improvement requires a high quality IR spectral sensor. A previous paper explored the trade-offs of some parameters associated with the requirement for low sensor noise levels - namely, instantaneous field of view, aperture diameter, spectral frame rate, number of detector pixels, area coverage rate, spectral bandwidth, and integration time. This paper explores the trade-offs of some parameters associated with the requirement for the preservation of high spectral band to band correlation - namely, spatial ground resolution, spatial registration of spectral bands, and sensor noise level. The Aerospace Corporation Spatially Enhanced Broadband Array Spectrography System was used to collect high quality spectral imagery of vegetated backgrounds at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. This imagery is analyzed to determine background spectral band to band correlation and coherence. The degradation of correlation as ground spatial resolution, spatial registration accuracy, and sensor noise level are varied was then studied. The result can be used to help set sensor requirements for ground resolution, spatial registration, and noise level.
Infrared activity in elemental crystals

In a previous paper, Zallen [Phys. Rev. 173, 824 (1968)] reported a group-theoretical analysis of the competition between unit-cell complexity and crystal symmetry in determining the presence or absence of infrared-active phonons in an elemental crystal. Here we correct an error in that paper's treatment of certain hexagonal space groups. Our results modify the minimum-complexity condition for infrared activity: For 228 of the 230 space groups, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of symmetry-allowed infrared-active modes in an elemental crystal is the presence of three or more atoms in the primitive unit cell. The two exceptional space groups are P6/mmm (${\mathit{D}}_{6\mathit{h}}^{1}$) and P${6}_{3}$/mmc (${\mathit{D}}_{6\mathit{h}}^{4}$); for each of these symmetries, there exists one structure with four atoms per cell and no infrared modes. The P${6}_{3}$/mmc structure includes, as special cases, Lonsdaleite (or ``wurtzite silicon'') as well as a c-axis-aligned hcp arrangement of diatomic molecules which is relevant to models of solid molecular hydrogen at high pressure.
Thrombospondins in Early Xenopus Embryos: Dynamic Patterns of Expression Suggest Diverse Roles in Nervous System, Notochord, and Muscle Development

The thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins that modulate many cell behaviors including adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Here we report the molecular cloning of the Xenopus homologs of TSP-1 and TSP-3, and the developmental patterns of expression of Xenopus TSP-1, TSP-3, and TSP-4 mRNAs. Xenopus TSP-1 and TSP-3 protein sequences each share approximately 80% amino acid identity with their mammalian counterparts. TSP-1 mRNAs are detectable at low levels in fertilized eggs indicating that this TSP is a maternally deposited transcript. Zygotic expression of TSP-1, TSP-3, and TSP-4 begins at the end of gastrulation and transcripts encoding each protein accumulate through the tadpole stages of development. Whole mount in situ hybridizations reveal that each TSP mRNA is localized in the embryo with distinct, developmentally regulated patterns of expression. TSP-1 mRNAs are detected in a wide range of tissues including the floor plate of the neural tube, epidermis, somites, notochord and, most notably, alternating rhombomeres. Transcripts encoding TSP-3 are expressed in the notochord, floor plate, sensorial layer of the epidermis and sensory epithelia. TSP-4 mRNAs are restricted to somitic mesoderm and skeletal muscle. These data suggest that the TSPs represent a functionally diverse family of ECM proteins with tissue-specific functions during embryogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 1998;211:390–407. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
7.3: Development of a compact neutron source based on field ionization processes

We report on the use of nano-emitters, for example carbon nano-tubes(CNTs), to ionize deuterium atoms and the creation of neutrons in a deuterium-deuterium reaction in a pre-loaded target. Acceleration voltages in the range of 50–80kV are used and the creation of positive and negative deuterium ions is investigated. We discuss optimization of emitters and show preliminary data of first neutron production.
Theory of the quantum-Hall liquid to insulator transition.

We study the quantum-Hall liquid to insulator transition in the two-dimensional electron gas, both where the disorder is large, and where it is small so that the insulating state has moderate-range Wigner-crystal order. We use the Chern-Simons--Ginzburg-Landau theory to relate this transition to the transition between quantum-Hall liquids.
Exercise Therapy for Cardiac Transplant Recipients

Heart transplantation (HT) is an attractive treatment for patients with terminal heart failure from a variety of causes. Survival at 1- and 5 years after HT averages 90% and 70%, respectively. The physiologic response to exercise is abnormal after HT presumably because the transplanted heart is surgically denervated, although a minority of patients demonstrate signs of partial cardiac reinnervation several months after surgery. The heart rate response to exercise is typically blunted, and exercise capacity is below average for most HT recipients. Multiple studies have demonstrated the benefits of exercise training (ET) after HT. Peak exercise oxygen uptake improves by an average of 24% after 2 to 3 months of ET. Resistance training results in increased skeletal muscle mass and strength. Early mobilization and low-level ET may begin in the hospital after extubation. Outpatient ET, ideally in a supervised environment for at least several weeks, should begin immediately after hospital dismissal. Exercise prescription for HT patients is similar to that for other patients who have undergone cardiothoracic surgery, with the exception of a target heart rate. Ratings of perceived exertion are useful for prescribing exercise intensity. Exercise training does not affect the frequency or severity of episodes of acute rejection. There are no data regarding the effect of ET on survival after HT.
Effects of Metazoan Predators on Ciliates in Freshwater Plankton Communities

ABSTRACT. Ciliates are often important members of aquatic communities in terms of their biomass, productivity, trophic roles, or numerical abundance. The interaction of metazoan predators with ciliates will be mediated by a number of biotic factors, including the potential of ciliate populations for growth, the relative size of ciliates and metazooplankton, the species structure of the metazooplankton, and the defenses of ciliates. This paper reviews some of the recent laboratory an field data pertaining to these particular factor. Studies have generally shown that metazoans can reduce ciliate population growth rates, but this impact varies greatly with the ciliate and metazoans involved. Smaller ciliates are generally more vulnerable to metazoan predators than larger species, although this relationship will be affected by the defenses a ciliate may possess. The structure of the metazooplankton community itself will also affect ciliatemetazoan interactions. The suppression of ciliate populations by metazoans has important ecological consequences, and more study is needed to understand the interaction of these groups in aquatic systems.
Evaluation of the mode of binding of immunoglobulin to activated agarose.

Abstract Determining the orientation of the immobilization of proteins to solid-phase matrices is of critical importance in the development of systems that employ immobilized proteins. Among these are enzyme-linked immunoassays, immobilized enzymes and affinity chromatography matrices. To determine the orientation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) on activated agaraoses, we coupled the immunoglobulin covalently to various activated matrices. The IgG was then cleaved with papain and the liberated fragments collected and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Only Fab fragments could be detected regardless of the activation method used. This implies that IgG binds to these matrices predominantly via the Fc domain. In order to develop a quantitative method of measuring the Fab and Fc fragments, we compared the binding of IgG and its papain cleavage fragments to S-Zephyr columns and Mono-S columns. Comparison between these columns showed that IgG is bound more tightly to the S-Zephyr column and, in contrast, its retention on Q-Zephyr is less than on a comparable Mono-Q column. The resolution of IgG and its fragments was better in all cases on S-Zephyr than on Mono-S under the conditions employed.
Hydrogen Ion Concentration of the Oviduct of the Laying Domestic Fowl

Abstract AS PART of an investigation of the role the environment in survival of inseminated spermatozoa, information was obtained on pH of the oviduct lumen. A previous study (Buckner and Martin, 1929) with homogenized tissue segments of oviducts of recently killed hens yielded average pH values of 5.8 to 6.4. In the present investigation pH was determined in oviduct lumina of anesthetized hens. These values were compared with values obtained in the same oviducts shortly after excision. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two groups of 12 Single Comb White Leghorn hens from the department flock were used. All hens were in active egg production and had ovulated during the previous 30 hours. Sodium pentobarbital (diluted with three parts 0.9% NaCl) was injected intravenously until the wink reflex was suppressed. The hens were then laparotomized, taking precautions to minimize hemorrhage. A long, thin electrode assembly (Beckman Probe Assembly, No. 39176) was inserted through incisions…
Toward a Modern Delivery of Stroke Care in Emerging Economies

Noncommunicable diseases are now a major source of mortality and disability in the developing world. Stroke incidence and prevalence is on the rise and is of particular interest because of its elevated mortality and morbidity. Developing countries bear the brunt of this disease, which hampers efforts to achieve economic and societal growth. Effective strategies to control this disease should focus on prevention without neglecting acute therapies.
FlexJava: language support for safe and modular approximate programming

Energy efficiency is a primary constraint in modern systems. Approximate computing is a promising approach that trades quality of result for gains in efficiency and performance. State- of-the-art approximate programming models require extensive manual annotations on program data and operations to guarantee safe execution of approximate programs. The need for extensive manual annotations hinders the practical use of approximation techniques. This paper describes FlexJava, a small set of language extensions, that significantly reduces the annotation effort, paving the way for practical approximate programming. These extensions enable programmers to annotate approximation-tolerant method outputs. The FlexJava compiler, which is equipped with an approximation safety analysis, automatically infers the operations and data that affect these outputs and selectively marks them approximable while giving safety guarantees. The automation and the language–compiler codesign relieve programmers from manually and explicitly an- notating data declarations or operations as safe to approximate. FlexJava is designed to support safety, modularity, generality, and scalability in software development. We have implemented FlexJava annotations as a Java library and we demonstrate its practicality using a wide range of Java applications and by con- ducting a user study. Compared to EnerJ, a recent approximate programming system, FlexJava provides the same energy savings with significant reduction (from 2× to 17×) in the number of annotations. In our user study, programmers spend 6× to 12× less time annotating programs using FlexJava than when using EnerJ.
Particle Acceleration in Solar Wind Compression Regions

We present the results of a theoretical investigation of the acceleration of charged particles in regions of gradual solar wind compression. The mechanism we describe is similar to diffusive shock acceleration, except that it invokes a gradual compression of the plasma over many gyroradii rather than a shock. Recent observations of energetic particles associated with corotating interaction regions (CIRs) at 1 AU suggest that the particles were accelerated within the compression region between the fast and slow solar wind rather than at the associated forward and reverse shocks, which are at larger heliocentric distances. We show that nondiffusive effects such as magnetic mirroring are important in the inner heliosphere, particularly the injection of low-energy particles (e.g., pickup ions and suprathermal solar wind ions). We integrate the trajectories of an ensemble of test particles moving in synthesized electromagnetic fields, which are similar to what is currently known about corotating interaction regions in the inner heliosphere, prior to the formation of the forward and reverse shocks. We show that compression regions associated with CIRs at 1 AU with widths ~0.03 AU can accelerate particles up to ~10 MeV and produce energy spectra which are remarkably similar to recent observations.
The formyl CH--O hydrogen bond as a key to transition-state organization in enantioselective allylation, aldol and Diels-Alder reactions catalyzed by chiral lewis acids

Abstract The occurrence of formyl CH--O hydrogen bonding in enantioselective allylation, aldol and Diels-Alder reactions of aldehydes with chiral Lewis acid catalysts is a key to the understanding of absolute stereochemistry.
POPULATION ESTIMATES FROM NONVARIANT SAMPLES, WITH AN APPLICATION TAKEN FROM THE DRUG ABUSE AREA

Summary.-Procedures for estimating the composition of a fixed population from a small sample are often required but generally are not available in ordinary statistical texts. This paper considers the even more unique case where a particular condition is observed for all members of a sample. Formulas for estimating sample size and population composition are given. Applied behavioral scientists are being called upon more frequently to make precise estimates of conditions in such a way that these estimates could hold in a court of law. A typical situation requiring such precise estimates wodd involve a collection of N individuals or objects on which a sampling is made, wich condition A being observed as holding for all members of the sample; one then wants an accurate estimate with a certain confidence that there are no more than K non-A's in the total collection of individuals or objects. Work associated wich drug abuse problems provides many of the conditions wherein small samples need to be used (due to time and cost factors) for estimating fixed population characteristics. For example, a batch or lot of 100 red capsules is received at a criminalistics laboratory and a random sample of five is taken and analyzed. All five are found to contain secobarbital. From this, what can be said about the entire lot being positive for secobarbital? On the other hand, what sample size should have been taken if we wanted to be 99% certain that 10% or less of the capsules were negative for secobarbital (90% positive)? The procedures for making the required precise statistical estimates involve a special case of the more general calculation of nonparametric tolerance limits associated with the hypergeometric probability distribution. The hypergeometric distribution is appropriate for a finite population N of discrete elements divided into classes, where sampling is done without replacement, in contrast to the multinomial or binomial situation where one assumes either that the sampling is done wich replacement or that the sample space is infinite (Hays, 1963). Tolerance intervals (Wilks, 1941, 1942; Owen, 1962; Gocka, 1972; etc.), on the other hand, estimate the limits at some level of confidence wichin which a prestated proportion of the population lie, with the nonparametric version being appropriate for the nonnormal condition. Because of its uniqueness, the special case of 100% A's and zero percent non-A's is the only situation considered in this paper. A binomial approximation formula for determining sample size (n) under these conditions of hypergeometric sampling, and where zero 'defectives' (nonA's) are observed in the sample, was published in 1959 in a Sandia Corporation
Adaptive Multivarable Drug Delivery: Control of Artenal Pressure and Cardiac Output in Anesthetized Dogs

An adaptive algorithm (CAMAC, control advance moving average controller) to control multiinput/multioutput physiological systems has been implemented and tested. The algorithm is a self-tuning controller that determines the input on the basis of the expected difference between the output and desired output at a time interval equal to or greater than the system dead time. The algorithm was used to simultaneously control mean arterial pressure and cardiac output in anesthetized dogs by the simultaneous computer-controlled infusion of sodium nitroprusside and dobutamine. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using CAMAC for multivariable drug delivery, but they indicate the need for further work before clinical applications are attempted.
Consequences of mutations in human DNA polymerase γ

DNA polymerase gamma is responsible for replication and repair of the mitochondrial genome. Human DNA polymerase gamma is composed of a 140-kDa catalytic subunit and a 55-kDa accessory subunit. Mutations in the gene for the catalytic subunit (POLG) have been shown to be a frequent cause of mitochondrial disorders. To date over 40 disease mutations and 9 nonsynonymous polymorphisms in POLG have been found to be associated with autosomal recessive and dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), Alpers syndrome, sensory ataxia, neuropathy, dysarthria and ophthalmoparesis (SANDO), Parkinsonism, and male infertility. In this paper we review the literature of POLG mutations and discuss their impact on mitochondrial diseases. We also describe a public access web database to annotate POLG mutations for the research community.
Producibility advances in hybrid uncooled infrared detectors

Several key process developments advance the state-of-the-art in hybrid, uncooled IR detector fabrication. Following a four year producibility roadmap, ion mill reticulation, wafer processing, and standard semiconductor processes are nearing implementation. The discussion describes several proof-of-principle experiments and their results and contrasts the current process approach against an existing, detailed process model. As the thrust continues towards low cost, high volume production, emphasis remains on simultaneous performance improvements. The analyses and preliminary data show that both moderate performance and low detector cost are quite obtainable with the strategies identified.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Studies on highly oxidized cyclohexanes. Structure and absolute configuration assignments.

Abstract The absolute configurations of pipoxide, ferrudiol and zeylenol, pictured below, are found to parallel those of crotepoxide and senepoxide, suggesting a unified biogenesis.
Who was he? Reflections on China's first medical 'naturalist'.

This paper examines the reasons why Physician He (Yi–He, sixth century BCE) was regarded as a founder in the classical medical tradition of China. By most accounts, Physician He’s importance owes much to his theoretical innovations. In contrast to earlier healers, Physician He purportedly framed the aetiology of illnesses solely in terms of natural causes, as opposed to attributing sickness to gods or demons. In this paper, I reread a famous episode in the Commentary by Zuo, which is often cited as evidence of the physician’s naturalism. By paying close attention to the formal elements of the narrative as well as its larger discursive context, I argue that the standard reading of Physician He falls short. The episode provides little evidence of any secular challenge to religious conceptions of illness, and Physician He was, in fact, patterned after occult experts. A careful look moreover at the reception of Physician He in premodern histories of medicine reveals that the physician was extolled for his attunement to the will of the spirits as well as his powers of examination. Physician He’s reputation as a naturalist furthermore represents a modern interpretation, one that reflects efforts to defend the indigenous medical tradition against its biomedical detractors.
The nature experiences of a Mississippi watercolorist.

Watercolorist Walter Anderson, after a series of hospitalizations for mental illness, began a series of private journeys to a barrier island off the Mississippi coast, where he had a number of ecstatic, mystical experiences vis-a-vis nature and painted the myriad images he found. It is argued that these episodes were not pathological. Anderson's relationships with archetypes and with death are presented as central elements of a spiritual journey.
Free ion mobility in He II using field emission points

Abstract Positive and negative ion mobilities have been obtained in He II between Tλ and 1.7°K from the characteristics of space charge limited discharges near tungsten field emission points. The data are in agreement with previous measurements.
A tale of two languages: strategic self-disclosure via language selection on facebook

In this paper, we analyze the way in which international Facebook users who had recently moved to the United States used different languages to selectively self-disclose to their old (native-language) and new (English-speaking) social circles. We found significantly more intimate self-disclosure, covering a broader range of cognitive and emotional topics, in native-language status updates compared to updates in English. Self-disclosure was also more positive in English. These patterns support our hypotheses that users exploit language barriers to serve different self-presentational goals for different social circles and generate implications for SNS privacy control.
Ischemic preconditioning of a rat adipomusculocutaneous flap: which duration of ischemia/reperfusion works best?

In this study a comparison was made to the efficacy of three cycles of various duration of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on flap survival after the critical ischemic time. Method: In the first study, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats were used (6 groups of rats; flap ischemia ranging from 6 to 14 h) to determine the critical ischemia time for the rat groin flap (6×3 cm). In the second study the rats (n=31 were divided into nine groups; ischemia and reperfusion times being 5, 10 or 15 min) a groin flap was elevated. Thereafter IPC was induced to the flap by clamping its pedicle prior to the critical ischemic time (14 h). Three cycles of IPC were applied. After seven days, the flap was retraced for viability assessment and the surviving flap area was calculated with planimetry. Results: Without pretreatment with IPC flap survival after 8, 10, 12, 13, and 14 h global ischemia was respectively 100%, 77±13%, 78±15%, 42±16%, and 2±4%. When the flaps were treated with three cycles of IPC before 14 h global ischemia the significant flap survival was noted in the 10/5 min and 15/10 min IPC groups (p<0.05). Overall, the 5 min reperfusion groups increased flap survival (38±26%; p<0.05), and had fewer total flap losses (2/9) than the 10 or 15 min reperfusion groups. Only if ischemia time was longer than reperfusion time the flaps had increased survival area (40±22%, p<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the efficacy of IPC to improve the viability of a composite flap even after a long critical ischemic time. The optimal IPC duration was 10/5 min combination, yet the 15/10 schedule was also acceptable.
What do college students eat? Food selection and meal pattern

Abstract Data are limited on food selections of young adults. This study was undertaken to examine the eating practices of college students relevant to improving nutrition and health education programs. Dietary records (n=1912) were used to determine the frequency of meals skipped and specific foods selected by male and female students in different seasons between Fall 1990 and Summer 1991. Twenty-two percent, 8%, and 5% of the students skipped breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively; 80% of the students snacked at least once a day. There were no significant differences in frequency of meals skipped and snacks consumed among seasons, or between men and women. Forty foods consumed most frequently for meals and snacks included various carbonated beverages but few vegetables and fruits. Skimmed milk, 2% milk and chicken or turkey were among the top 40 foods selected by both genders whereas whole milk and higher-fat meats were not. Men consumed more high calorie and high fat foods, more fast foods but fewer vegetables than women. These findings suggest that health promotion for young adults in college should address importance of eating vegetables and fruits with less frequent consumption of carbonated beverages and high fat combination dishes. The message for men may need to differ for women.
Report Addresses Timeline For Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A new report states that “global carbon neutrality” needs to be achieved by 2055–2070 to limit global temperature rise to a 2°C increase relative to the preindustrial period. The report was released a few weeks prior to the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Conference, which will be held on 1–12 December in Lima, Peru.
Seasonal Variation of Phospholipids and Their Influence on the Foaming Characteristics of Concentrated Whole Milk

Abstract Qualitative observations of continuous vacuum foam drying of whole milk indicated that dryer performance was influenced by seasonal variations in milk concentrate foaming activity. An investigation showed that the phospholipids content of whole milk varies significantly with season and that this is directly related to a similar variation in the static rate of foam subsidence of whole milk concentrate. These seasonal variations are characterized by high phospholipids and rate of foam subsidence levels in the winter, and low levels in the summer. Seasonal variation in phospholipids is most pronounced in the lipid phase.
Myths and misconceptions about using qualitative methods in assessment

Faulty assumptions explain, at least in part, why qualitative approaches are underused in institutional research. Some of the most complex assessment questions could be answered with greater clarity if these fallacies were explicated and dispelled.
Studies of the Anodic Behavior of Aluminum II . Coulometry of Barrier Layer Production

In order to avoid solvent action by the electrolyte during anodic oxidation of aluminum. the electrolyte must have a high buffering capacity. With such an electyte the conversion of aluminum to aluminum oxide is essentially quantitative. The film thickness is proportional to the voltage drop across the film, and the proportionality constant does not depend on the length of time which the voltage is left applied. The film contains, as an essential part of its structure. a quantity of the anion from the electrolyte. The film appears to be nonstoichiometric, having excess aluminum during formation, the amount of excess decreasing with increased length of anodizing time. The coulombic transfer during film formation is quantitatively accounted for during formation by oxidation of aluminum to the trivalent state and liberation of oxygen gas. After the film growth has ceased. the current can be only partially accounted for by oxygen evolution, but it is thought that this is because of difficulty in nucleating oxygen bubbles. (auth)
Oxygen plasma treatment to reduce the dyeing temperature of wool fabrics

The possibility of reducing the dyeing temperature of wool fabrics by means of an oxygen low-temperature plasma etching pretreatment at different discharge powers was investigated. We dyed fabrics at 98, 85, and 80°C, replicating the dyeing recipe and process of a dyeing mill on a laboratory-scale machine. The plasma treatment modified the surface morphology and greatly increased the wettability and initial dyeing rate and shortened the half-dyeing time, improving the diffusion of the dyes into the fibers at lower dyeing temperatures. In particular, the pretreatment allowed us to dye the wool fabrics at 85°C without affecting their dyeing performances in terms of final bath exhaustion and colorfastnesses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Macro-habitat patch structure, environmental harshness, and Marmota flaviventris

Social behavior of 15 colonies of Yellow-bellied Marmots was studied at sites differing in both elevation (plant growing season length) and patch structure (density and spacing of suitable colony sites in large blocks of habitat) from 1976 through 1978. Colonies were typically composed of family groups. In low elevation colonies, offspring dispersed at the end of the juvenile year. In all high elevation areas, offspring dispersed as yearlings, and parent-offspring and sibling interactions during the juvenile year were highly amicable. In high elevation areas in continuous habitat, dispersal by yearlings occurred with no agonistic interactions. In high elevation areas with patchy habitat, however, brief but intense periods of extremely agonistic sibling and parent-offspring interactions occurred immediately prior to dispersal of yearlings.
Predicting current from cross section images of organic photovoltaic devices

Abstract The morphology of organic photovoltaics plays a significant role in the resulting power conversion efficiency of the device. In this study, we used Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope (EFTEM) techniques to create cross sections of solar cells and to study the phase separation and morphology. Combining the images obtained from EFTEM with simple absorption and exciton diffusion models, we are able to predict the short circuit current (J SC ) of these devices. The predicted current of the ideal device, annealed at 160 °C for 20 min, showed that 36% of the current comes from island areas, suggesting short distance hopping is responsible for some charge collection. For a device annealed at 160 °C for 10 h, the model estimates 15% of the current coming from island areas. This information suggests that over-annealed devices experience a current drop due to large phase separation and not from an increase in non-geminate recombination.
Short-term stability determination using SAS

AbstractAppropriate statistical procedures are provided for determining the shelf-life of a drug product. Inverse regression analysis is proposed here. However, the formulas associated with the confidence limits are very cumbersome. Complete SAS computer program statements are presented so that they may be used in a computer to accomplish the task. It has been shown that there are situations in which the confidence limits may not exist. The conditions under which such situations arise are discussed and alternate procedures are proposed.
Correlation between structure and magnetic anisotropy in amorphous FeTb alloy films

Abstract Amorphous FeTb alloy films exhibit very strong magnetic anisotropy favoring the direction perpendicular to the film plane, a characteristic which is very useful, for example, in magneto-optical recording. It has been suggested that this magnetic anisotropy arises from an anisotropic structural and/or chemical short-range order, although the experimental evidence for this is relatively weak. In order to understand the origins of this anisotropy we employed an element-specific, local structural probe to examine the atomic structure about both the iron and terbium atoms in a series of FeTb films of varying compositions. Results of conversion-electron extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis reveal a short-range structural anisotropy in both the iron and terbium atomic environments between the directions parallel and perpendicular to the film plane. We can quantitatively describe the structural anisotropy about the iron atom in terms of changes in nearest neighbor and next-nearest neighbor coordination. Although detailed analysis of the structural anisotropy around the terbium atom is still in progress, it is clearly evident from the data that a short-range structural anisotropy is present in the local environment of terbium. Correlation of this structural anisotropy with the measured magnetic anisotropy illustrates a clear trend, strongly suggesting that this short-range structural anisotropy is the origin of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy observed in these films.
Operant measurement of subjective visual acuity in non-verbal children.

The present experiment sought to develop a reliable procedure for measuring visual acuity in non-verbal retarded children. Five non-verbal retarded children and two literate adults were examined. The two adults were included in the experiment so that verbal communication with them could validate certain assumptions regarding the experimental procedures. By utilizing a lever press as the criterion response signifying a visual discrimination and employing the Snellen “E” discriminanda, a reliable subjective measure was obtained, not unlike those measures taken from verbal adults. Contrary to several antecedent procedures, a relatively precise measurement of subjective acuity was shown to be obtainable from non-verbal retarded children. Additionally, the procedure was successful in evaluating the effectiveness of prosthetic lenses previously prescribed for two of the children.
InP/InGaAsP grating-assisted codirectional coupler tunable receiver with a 30 nm wavelength tuning range

The authors demonstrate a widely tunable grating-assisted codirectional coupler (GACC) based receiver in the InP/InGaAsP materials system. With current injection of only 20 mA into each filter section, the integrated receiver can be continuously tuned over a 30 nm wavelength range. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the highest tuning range reported so far for an InP/InGaAsP GACC tunable receiver.
Aggregation pheromone characterization and comparison in Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila bipectinata

(Z)-11-Octadecenyl acetate (Z11–18∶Ac) and (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate (Z11–20∶Ac) were identified as the aggregation pheromones ofDrosophila ananassae, andZ11–20∶Ac was identified as the aggregation pheromone ofDrosophila bipectinata. Z11–18∶Ac andZ11–20∶Ac were not attractive alone; however, in combination with fermenting food odors, the acetates attracted flies of both sexes in a wind-tunnel olfactometer. The pheromones were present in the ejaculatory bulb of sexually mature male flies and transferred to the female during mating. MaleD. bipectinata released little if anyZ11–20∶Ac to the food; however, recently mated females releasedZ11–20∶Ac to the surrounding surfaces in just a few hours after mating.D. ananassae males, on the other hand, appeared to release moreZ11–18∶Ac andZ11–20∶Ac to the surroundings than mated females. AlthoughD. bipectinata males had noZ11–18∶Ac, flies were as attracted toZ11–18∶Ac as to an equal quantity ofZ11–20∶Ac.D. ananassae were attracted toZ11–18∶Ac but not toZ11–16∶Ac orZ11–20∶Ac. However,Z11–20∶Ac in combination withZ11–18∶Ac was significantly more attractive thanZ11–18∶Ac alone.
Numerical discretization of the first-order Hamilton-Jacobi equation on triangular meshes

We present and analyze several ways of discretizing first-order Hamilton-Jacobi equations on unstructured meshes. We first discuss two Godunov-type Hamiltonians: the first one is an extension of a result by Bardi and Osher, where a particular decomposition of the initial condition is assumed, and we point out its practical limits; the other one arises from a particular decomposition of the Hamiltonian. Despite its complexity this decomposition enables us to construct a Lax-Friedrichs Hamiltonian. These schemes all share common properties: They are consistent, monotonic, and independent of the geometrical interpretation of the piecewise linear initial condition. Under these assumptions and classical ones on the mesh, we show these schemes are convergent. We describe their high-order extensions using the ENO technique and provide numerical illustrations. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Escalating Commitment: Fuel for the Waco Fire

In this article, the author extends the work on self-fulfilling prophecy and escalating commitment as cognitive phenomena that can cause organizational crisis. A detailed description of the FBI sta...