cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I don't know PPB at all

This paper suggests that some basic unresolved conceptual difficulties related to PPB have been swept under a jargonistic rug and that too much burden has been placed on the hapless bureaucrats responsible for its implementation. For example, although we live in a world ofinterrelated goals and means, PPB formats are designed for a world ofseparable goals and means. Several needed modifications of current PPB procedures are identified.
Photonics-Enabled Microcantilever Arrays for Sensor Applications

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of differential waveguide splitters for transduction of microcantilever motion for sensor applications. Our approach is scalable to permit hundreds to several thousand microcantilevers on a single chip.
Shape memory thermal lag and superelastic rate sensitivity of SMA cellular structures

An experimental characterization is presented of the thermo-mechanical response of honeycombs and corrugations made of a NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA). Of particular interest are the shape memory cycle, the superelastic response, the shape memory thermal lag and the superelastic rate sensitivity. A series of in-plane compression experiments are presented on fabricated honeycombs and their responses are compared to typical monolithic SMAs, such as NiTi wire. Given local material strain limits, NiTi honeycombs exhibit an order of magnitude increase in recoverable deformation, both in the shape memory effect and superelastic effect. This comes at the cost of a reduced load carrying capacity by two orders of magnitude and a reduced (homogenized) compressive stiffness by four orders of magnitude. Due to their sparse structure and enhanced heat transfer characteristics, SMA honeycombs exhibit less superelastic rate sensitivity by two orders of magnitude while having similar thermal lag to SMA wire. The implications of these scaling results are discussed, including possible new regimes of application of SMAs for reusable energy absorption devices and high stroke actuators.
Remarkable North American species of the genus phaenocora

1. The female genital organs show no truly remarkable features and their configuration falls naturally within my Type 5. 2. The genital atria, including the “birnformigen Lappen”, are typical of the genus. 3. The genital pore opens to the exterior somewhat posterior to the anterior half of the body, while in my previously described species it opened somewhat anterior to the posterior half of the body. 4. The male copulatory organ is remarkable for its relatively extremely large size, being even larger than the male organ of kepneri. 5. The male copulatory organ is still more remarkable in not only possessing a typical ductus ejaculatorius but also a pseudo-ductus ejaculatorius, a structure which appears to be unique, not only for the genus, but for rhabdocoeles in general. 6. Insomuch as the male copulatory organ possesses a distinctly muscular diaphragm which separates the sperm and granular secretions from the distal portion of the organ, the structure of the organ places it in my Type 2, together with that of megalops and kepneri. 7. However, in the process of evagination of the ductus ejaculatorius, the behavior and certain features of the structure of the male organ, is suggestive of a possible derivation of male organs of Type 3, from an organ not greatly dissimilar to that of lutheri. 8. The thorns of the ductus and pseudo-ductus ejaculatorius are very much larger than those possessed by any hitherto described American species, and each thorn appears to be the product of an individual cell.
An algorithm using length-r paths to approximate subgraph isomorphism

The 'LeRP' algorithm approximates subgraph isomorphism for attributed graphs based on counts of length-r paths. The algorithm provides a good approximation to the maximal isomorphic subgraph. The basic approach of the LeRP algorithm differs fundamentally from other methods. When comparing structural similarity LeRP uses a neighborhood of nodes that varies in size dynamically. This approach provides sufficient evidence of similarity to permit LeRP to form a node-to-node mapping and can be computed with polynomial effort in the worst-case. Results from over 32,000 simulated cases are reported. We demonstrate that LeRP does not need a high dynamic range of node and edge coloring to perform well. For example, LeRP can input 50-node and 100-node graphs that contain a common 50-node subgraph, and then compute a matching subgraph having 49.74 ± 0.46 nodes (mean ± one standard deviation). This takes from 0.4 to 0.5 s. In this example, 100 trials were evaluated and graphs had discrete coloring for nodes and edges with a dynamic range of four, Test conditions are varied and include strongly regular graphs as well as Model A.
Genetic Changes Accompanying the Evolution of Host Specialization in Drosophila sechellia

Changes in host specialization contribute to the diversification of phytophagous insects. When shifting to a new host, insects evolve new physiological, morphological, and behavioral adaptations. Our understanding of the genetic changes responsible for these adaptations is limited. For instance, we do not know how often host shifts involve gain-of-function vs. loss-of-function alleles. Recent work suggests that some genes involved in odor recognition are lost in specialists. Here we show that genes involved in detoxification and metabolism, as well as those affecting olfaction, have reduced gene expression in Drosophila sechellia—a specialist on the fruit of Morinda citrifolia. We screened for genes that differ in expression between D. sechellia and its generalist sister species, D. simulans. We also screened for genes that are differentially expressed in D. sechellia when these flies chose their preferred host vs. when they were forced onto other food. D. sechellia increases expression of genes involved with oogenesis and fatty acid metabolism when on its host. The majority of differentially expressed genes, however, appear downregulated in D. sechellia. For several functionally related genes, this decrease in expression is associated with apparent loss-of-function alleles. For example, the D. sechellia allele of Odorant binding protein 56e (Obp56e) harbors a premature stop codon. We show that knockdown of Obp56e activity significantly reduces the avoidance response of D. melanogaster toward M. citrifolia. We argue that apparent loss-of-function alleles like Obp56e potentially contributed to the initial adaptation of D. sechellia to its host. Our results suggest that a subset of genes reduce or lose function as a consequence of host specialization, which may explain why, in general, specialist insects tend to shift to chemically similar hosts.
In vitro nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium japonicum affected by conditioned medium from cultured plant cells

Abstract Soybean root cells grown in liquid suspension culture in a transfilter apparatus with Rhizobium japonicum elaborated materials which initiated the in vitro activity of rhizobial nitrogenase. This material, termed nitrogenase initiating factor(s) (NF), in the plant conditioned medium (PCM) was partially purified by gel filtration chromatography. The resulting gel-filtered column fractions showed differential effects on the nitrogenase activity of two Rhizobium japonicum strains 31-1b-138 and 61A76, and the cowpea Rhizobium strain 32H1. Strains 61A76 and 32H1 could reduce acetylene without NF added to the incubation media. Strain 31-1b-138 could not reduce acetylene without the addition of NF. Moreover, this effect of NF on strain 31-1b-138 nitrogenase activity could not be mimicked by the single additions of either different carbon and nitrogen sources or vitamins or hormones to the incubation media.
The Membrane-bound Form of Heparin-binding Epidermal Growth Factor-like Growth Factor Promotes Survival of Cultured Renal Epithelial Cells

To understand whether expression of membrane-anchored heparin binding epidermal growth factor (proHB-EGF) is involved in renal epithelial cell survival, rat membrane-bound HB-EGF precursor was stably transfected into a renal epithelial cell line, NRK 52E cells (NRKproHB-EGF). When exposed to 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), there were no differences in growth rates among wild-type (WT), vector-transfected (NRKvector), and NRKproHB-EGF. However, when cells were grown in the presence of 1% FCS, the growth rate of NRKproHB-EGF was 65% faster. When confluent cell monolayers were exposed to H2O2 or etoposide, WT or NRKvector exhibited significant apoptotic bodies and DNA laddering; in contrast, NRKproHB-EGF were resistant to both stimuli, as indicated by increased cell viability and marked decrease of apoptotic bodies and DNA laddering. When plated at high density onto plastic dishes without FCS, WT and NRKvector formed few attachments, did not proliferate, and underwent apoptosis. By day 3, no cells survived. Addition of exogenous recombinant HB-EGF (10(-8) M) to WT or NRKvector increased cell survival by <10% and incubation with conditioned media of NRKproHB-EGF had no effect. In contrast, NRKproHB-EGF attached and formed epithelial colonies, although they did not proliferate. After 3 days, cell viability was 84% of the initial cell number plated, and no evidence of apoptosis was present. When plated in 10% FCS, NRKproHB-EGF attachment to plastic substratum at 1, 2, and 3 h was 250% greater than that of WT or NRKvector. Addition of exogenous recombinant human HB-EGF to WT or NRKvector increased attachment by <50%. When grown on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) or in the presence of the integrin receptor-blocking peptide GRGDTP, neither WT nor NRKvector attached to the substratum or formed cell-cell attachments. Compared with WT or NRKvector, NRKproHB-EGF exhibited 300% greater cell viability on either poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated dishes or in the presence of GRGDTP and formed cell clusters. When plated at low density (1 x 10(3) cells/1.5-cm dish) or at high density in the presence of an anti-HB-EGF blocking antibody, NRKproHB-EGF failed to form epithelial colonies. Addition of formalin fixed NRKproHB-EGF promoted EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in quiescent A431 cells and stimulated DNA synthesis and prevented H2O2-induced apoptosis in renal epithelial cells. These results indicate that membrane-bound HB-EGF promotes renal epithelial cell survival, possibly by promoting cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. The failure of either conditioned media or exogenous HB-EGF to reproduce these findings suggests that juxtacrine or tightly coupled paracrine interactions underlie this cytoprotection.
Synthesis of a series of octabutoxy- and octabutoxybenzophthalocyanines and photophysical properties of two members of the series

We have developed a new route to silicon-centered phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-like compounds that is robust and flexible, and of considerable potential usefulness. This route entails insertion of silicon into the metal-free macrocycle. It has been developed in the course of preparing four new and two known metal-free, six new dihydroxysilicon, and six new bis-trihexylsiloxysilicon octabutoxy- and octabutoxybenzophthalocyanines. One of the siloxysilicon compounds, that with the ligand 5,9,12,16,19,23,28,32-octabutoxy-33H,35H-dibenzo[b,g]dinaphtho[2,3-l:2‘,3‘-q]porphyrazine, has a Q-band at a wavelength of 804 nm and an extinction coefficient of 1.9 × 105 M-1 cm-1. Its wavelength thus matches the wavelength of the output of the most common GaAlAs diode laser. The compound and its analog in which the benzo rings are trans to each other instead of cis have no tendency to aggregate in benzene up to a concentration of 150 μM. The triplet state of the cis isomer has an absorption maximum at 640 nm and a l...
Collective Motion From Consensus With Cartesian Coordinate Coupling

Collective motions including rendezvous, circular patterns, and logarithmic spiral patterns can be achieved by introducing Cartesian coordinate coupling to existing consensus algorithms. We study the collective motions of a team of vehicles in 3D by introducing a rotation matrix to an existing consensus algorithm for double-integrator dynamics. It is shown that the network topology, the damping gain, and the value of the Euler angle all affect the resulting collective motions. We show that when the nonsymmetric Laplacian matrix has certain properties, the damping gain is above a certain bound, and the Euler angle is below, equal, or above a critical value, the vehicles will eventually rendezvous, move on circular orbits, or follow logarithmic spiral curves lying on a plane perpendicular to the Euler axis. In particular, when the vehicles eventually move on circular orbits, the relative radii of the orbits (respectively, the relative phases of the vehicles on their orbits) are equal to the relative magnitudes (respectively, the relative phases) of the components of a right eigenvector associated with a critical eigenvalue of the nonsymmetric Laplacian matrix. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Trapping and diffusion of fission products in ThO2 and CeO2

The trapping and diffusion of Br, Rb, Cs and Xe in ThO2 and CeO{sub 2} have been studied using an Ab Initio total energy method in the local-density approximation of density functional theory. Fission products incorporated in cation mono-vacancy, cation-anion di-vacancy and Schottky defect sites are found to be stable, with the cation mono-vacancy being the preferred site in most cases. In both oxides, Rb and Cs are the most likely to be trapped, and Xe is more difficult to incorporate than other fission products. The energy barriers for migration of each species in ThO{sub 2} and CeO{sub 2} are also calculated. Alkali metals are relatively more mobile than other fission products, and bromine is the least mobile.
Laser-induced enzyme reactions in transamination

Ultraviolet laser light produces in pyridoxal-5'-phosphate imines in free solution and in aspartate aminotransferase interesting photochemical reactions. In the amino acid imines in nonaqueous solvents, a proton transfer from the 3-OH group to the imine nitrogen occurs in the excited singlet state. The slow back transfer produces a long-lived transient state which decays with first-order kinetics. Under conditions which do not favor this transfer, as with an ionized 3-0^{\theta} group in the aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, the cofactor crosses over into a triplet state on excitation. This state decays with complicated kinetics. When aspartate aminotransferase binds aspartate, a substrate, a UV-induced band at 500 nm occurs which is not present with α-methylaspartate, an inhibitor. The decay of this band is largely first order with a rate constant of 2600 s-1. This absorption appears to originate from the photoinduced key p -quinoid intermediate structure in the enzyme's mechanism.
Educational Transitions in the United States: Reflections on the American Dream

Education involves socialization so that individuals become productive members of society. At present, in the United States, educational transitions are primarily viewed in terms of their location in an outcomes-oriented process and framed as helping people achieve the American Dream, but in terms of the status quo national economic interest. But what about US residents who are unwilling to accommodate this particular worldview or its component ethos? Current conceptualizations of educational transitions in the United States favour economic efficiency and national security. However, new demographic realities will necessitate a revised notion of national security, one that is based on social inclusion. Consider, for example, the burgeoning Latino population in the United States. Will the current offer of education remain as valid in 2020 or 2050 when the nation has become a patchwork of minority populations? Individual choice at the moment of educational transition in the United States is increasingly fram...
Osmotic conditions affect sensitivity of oat tissues to toxin from Helminthosporium victoriae

Abstract Sorbitol and mannitol osmotica at concentrations of 0·2 m or greater suppressed the rate of electrolyte leakage from oat leaf tissues caused by host-selective toxin from Helminthosporium victoriae . The effect leveled out at approximately 0·2 m osmoticum which coincided with incipient plasmolysis. The protective effect was not related to stimulated uptake of electrolytes, changes in transverse pressure on the plasmalemma, or osmotic shock. A suggested explanation is that toxin normally causes water to flow into and disrupt the vacuole as solutes are lost from the cytoplasm to the apoplast. Osmotica >0·2 m prevent the water flow, resulting in a decrease in electrolyte leakage. Solute loss across the plasmalemma is probably not affected directly by osmotica.
A Relevance Constraint on Composition

Whether certain objects compose a whole at a given time does not seem to depend on anything other than the character of those objects and the relations between them. This observation suggests a far-reaching constraint on theories of composition. One version of the constraint has been explicitly adopted by van Inwagen and rules out his own answer to the composition question. The constraint also rules out the other well-known moderate answers that have so far been proposed.
Tips on Publishing

I am pleased to report that the interest in the journal of Innovative Higher Education continues to increase, and our readership and submissions are now truly global as we enter our 37th year of publication. Since 2001, manuscript submissions to the journal have almost tripled! To accommodate this growth and to be able to accept the high quality manuscripts we receive, in 2005 we moved from producing 4 issues each year to 5; and beginning with volume 37 (which covers 2011) Springer Press has allowed us to increase the page limit for each issue. In effect, this expansion allows six to seven articles per issue rather than the standard five. Manuscripts are first reviewed editorially before placement into the blind and peer review process. As you may imagine, the members of our editorial board, which is made up of highly distinguished scholars, are reading more manuscripts each year. In addition, we use invited guest reviewers, primarily for two reasons: 1) a particular area of expertise would be desirable in reviewing a manuscript, and/or 2) our own board members are overloaded at a particular time. I am writing about the numbers and our editorial board and review process because our acceptance rate is now at about 15%; and I thought it might be useful, especially for emerging scholars, to know some of the reasons manuscripts are rejected and to gain insight into the “system” of comments from reviewers. Some of the problems with manuscripts may be easily fixed; others, not so. Common problems include the following, and I include sample reviewer comments.
Oral fructose tolerance test as a means for determining Eck fistula patency in the experimental animal

Summary The development and technique of a simple test which appears to be reliable for determining the patency of portal-systemic venous shunts in dogs has been described. The test is based on the fact that orally ingested fructose is normally cleared from the portal circulation by one passage through the liver. In the presence of a shunt which bypasses the liver, the normally low renal threshold for fructose allows significant excretion of fructose to appear in the urine. With closure of the shunt, urinary fructose excretion is sharply reduced. For most valid interpretation, the fructose excretion should be determined preoperatively and at intervals in the postoperative period. It is suggested that such a test may have clinical application in the determination of patency of surgically created portal-systemic shunts in man.
On the application of some radiation boundary conditions

Some of the more common radiation boundary conditions are examined to identify their underlying physical principles and inherent accuracy (or errors). It is found that the Sommerfeld and Mur conditions are closely related to the first- and second-order Bayliss-Turkel conditions, the major difference being that the latter are for a line source a distance r away from the boundary, while the former are for a plane wave. This distance r is not simply related to the curvature of the surface of a nearby scatterer. The error in the Bayliss-Turkel second-order condition is known to be proportional to r/sup -4/. A calculation of the actual magnitude of this term shows the r/sup -4/ behavior to be correct but irrelevant for practical computations. >
Fast Photoneutron Spectra due to 55 - 85 Mev Photons.

Energy spectra of fast photoneutrons from eighteen elements (Li, Be, B, C, N, O, Al, S, Fe, Cu, Zn, In, Sn, Ta, Tl, Pb, Bi, and U) were measured at 67\textonehalf{}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, using thin-target bremsstrahlung from the Rensselaer linac. The neutron detection system utilized a 100-meter flight path and had an over-all time resolution of 0.4 nsec/m. Measurements of the spectra from each target at bremsstrahlung energies of both 55 and 85 MeV permitted extraction of neutron difference spectra effectively due to photons between 55 and 85 MeV. Absolute normalization of the spectra was effected by comparison with the experimentally measured photoneutron spectrum of deuterium. Difference spectra were obtained for neutron energies greater than 10 MeV. Cross sections for production of these neutrons ranged from 59 \ensuremath{\mu}b/sr for lithium to 1.28 mb/sr for uranium. The experimental data were compared to the predictions of the quasideuteron model as recently modified by Levinger, with secondary-neutron effects estimated by Monte Carlo calculations. Good agreement was obtained for the absolute-neutron-production cross sections and the shapes of the neutron energy spectra over the range of targets studied.
Wonder album: cultural awareness through knowledge creation

The visceral or felt experience and its emotional component are essential to conveying cultural experiences. While discovering new information is easy, conveying the emotional aspect of a cultural experience is much more complex and nuanced. This paper outlines a project to convey the felt experience of culturally mediated events through the use of crowd-sourced photo collages. The focus of the project is to help bridge the gap between domestic and international students and promote cultural exchange.
Invariant correlational entropy as a signature of quantum phase transitions in nuclei

We study phase transformations in finite nuclei as a function of interaction parameters. The signature of a transition is given by invariant correlational entropy that reflects the sensitivity of an individual many-body state to changes of external parameters; peaks in this quantity indicate the critical regions. This approach is able to reveal the pairing phase transition, identify the isovector and isoscalar pairing regions and determine the role of other interactions. We show the examples of the phase diagram in the parameter space.
Metal dependent dimensionality in sulfate coordination polymers containing 3-pyridylisonicotinamide

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded divalent metal sulfate coordination polymers containing 3-pyridylisonicotinamide (3-pina), whose dimensionalities depend crucially on the specific metal used and sulfate binding mode. {[Co(H2O)4(3-pina)]SO4·5H2O}n (1) shows a 1D chain structure with unligated sulfate ions. {[Cu(SO4)(3-pina)(H2O)]·H2O}n (2) possesses a (4,4) grid structure formed by the linkage of copper sulfate 1D chains through 3-pina tethers. [Cd(SO4)(3-pina)(H2O)]n (3) has exotridentate sulfate ions and a 2-fold interpenetrated 3,5-connected binodal 3D network with a very uncommon (426)(426583) binodal topology. The topology of 3 differs greatly from those seen in analogous 4,4′-bpy phases, including a previously unidentified self-penetrated network. The sulfate linkages in 2 promote weak ferromagnetic coupling between copper ions along 1D [Cu(SO4)]n zig-zag chains, with g = 2.10(3) and J = 0.66(11) cm−1. The cadmium derivative 3 undergoes luminescence upon exposure to ultraviolet light (λmax ∼430 nm).
Strontium and manganese uptake in the barnacle shell: Electron probe microanalysis imaging to attain fine temporal resolution of biomineralization activity

Abstract Barnacles deposit a thin layer of calcium carbonate at the base of the shell in an incremental fashion. The shells are therefore well suited to provide a temporal record of metal exposure, if metals from the water are incorporated into the shell as growth increments form. Fine temporal resolution of metal exposure would prove useful for studying environmental exposure or biomineralization processes. For this study, barnacles were exposed to artificial sea water (ASW) enriched with either strontium, manganese or lead. Barnacles were exposed to different levels of Sr and Mn for different lengths of time from 2 h to 2 d. The elemental composition of the shells was determined by electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) imaging. Strontium and Mn were incorporated into the shells in direct proportion to the metal levels in the ASW. A 2 h pulse of 1 mM Mn-enriched ASW did not result in a detectable band of Mn in the shell; however, a 6-h exposure yielded a clearly visible band of Mn-rich shell. Exposure to 0.24 μM Pb-enriched ASW caused marked reduction in the Ca content of the shell; however, a Pb-rich growth band was not detected in the shell. Barnacles analysed by EPXMA imaging provide a sequential record of metal exposure for Mn and Sr, with a time resolution of approximately 6 h. Enrichment of ASW with either Sr or Mn can be used as a probe to monitor biomineralization events.
Selective resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization of aromatic polymers in supersonic beam mass spectrometry

Abstract Various polymers have been studied using a pulsed laser evaporation method for volatilizing these species and entraining them into a supersonic jet expansion followed by resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) detection in a reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer. In most cases the monomer is detected as the dominant ion, although sometimes smaller characteristic fragments are observed instead. Fragmentation of the monomer can also be produced for structural analysis. However, larger oligomers are rarely observed with any intensity unless the average molecular weight distribution is less than 1000. In addition, REMPI at 266 nm is shown to be a means of selectivity detecting absorbing aromatic polymers in polymer blends without interference from aliphatic or non-aromatic polymers. Among the polymers studied are polystyrene, EPON epoxy resins and various polyamides.
The impact of crime on urban women

Although crime in the United States is so widespread that it affects a third of the nation's households (Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin, 1981), this figure still underestimates the true consequences of crime because the social, emotional and economic costs affect even more people than those directly victimized. Observers for more than a decade have recognized that widespread and increasing fear of crime constitutes a major social problem (e.g., Maltz, 1972). Many people suffer from anxiety in anticipation of victimization, and modify their lives to avoid crime in ways that cost them lost social and work opportunities (McIntyre, 1967; Biderman et al., 1967). The self-imposed isolation of people seeking to prevent victimization also costs their communities in terms of participation in volunteer, leisure and other activities.
Development of radionuclide based instrumentation for the quantitative study of plant physiology

Renewable biofuels are primary research targets as sources for sustainable, net-zero-carbon, alternative energy. In this vein, we are developing an imaging device for whole plant measurement of vascular and metabolic processes. It will provide new information geared towards increasing the output of biofuels and the resilience of plant feedstock. Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) is a commonly used medical imaging technique capable of creating three dimensional images as well as time-lapsed, four dimensional images. SPECT relies upon the administration of radionuclides that emit photons at discrete energies. Establishing uptake and detectable emission threshold levels of delivered activity to a SPECT imaging subject is essential for successful quantitative studies. We present application of radionuclide based uptake and decay measurement of the commonly used medical isotope, 99mTc, to the quantitative study of Populus deltoids physiology for the purposes of developing this species as a lignocellulose based biofuel feedstock.
Orbit structure and countable sections for actions of continuous groups

Abstract It is shown that if a second countable locally compact group G acts nonsingularly on an analytic measure space ( S , μ ), then there is a Borel subset E ⊂ S such that EG is conull in S and each sG ∩ E is countable. It follows that the measure groupoid constructed from the equivalence relation s ∼ sg on E may be simply described in terms of the measure groupoid made from the action of some countable group. Some simplifications are made in Mackey's theory of measure groupoids. A natural notion of “approximate finiteness” ( AF ) is introduced for nonsingular actions of G , and results are developed parallel to those for countable groups; several classes of examples arising naturally are shown to be AF . Results on “skew product” group actions are obtained, generalizing the countable case, and partially answering a question of Mackey. We also show that a group-measure space factor obtained from a continuous group action is isomorphic (as a von Neumann algebra) to one obtained from a discrete group action.
Integrating Behavior into Health Research and Health Care: One Psychologist's Journey

The author narrates a history of the development of her interest in integrating behavior into heath research and health care. Using diabetes as an exemplar, she describes some of the challenges of integrating behavior into health research and health care: (1) becoming a member of interdisciplinary research and health care teams; (2) acquiring funding for behavioral research with medical populations; (3) communicating scientific findings; and (4) acquiring reimbursement for psychological services rendered. Specific examples of how the author and other psychologists can address these challenges are provided.
The Cartesian composition of fuzzy finite state machines

Studies the concept of the Cartesian composition of fuzzy finite state machines. Shows that fuzzy finite state machines and their Cartesian composition share many structural properties. Some of these properties are singly generated; retrievability, connectedness, strong connectedness, commutativity, perfection and state independence. Thus a fuzzy finite state machine which is a Cartesian composition of submachines can be studied in terms of smaller machines.
Inverse treatment planning for Gamma Knife radiosurgery

The goal of this project has been the development of an inverse treatment planning system for Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The techniques that have been investigated include nonlinear and mixed integer programming. These techniques have been applied to a variety of patient cases. The results indicate that an inverse planning approach has the potential to provide significant improvements in the quality of Gamma Knife treatment plans.
Lamellar Bodies: The Key to Cutaneous Barrier Function

The two primary barrier functions of skin (permeability and microbial barriers) are provided by lipids and proteins delivered to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum by the secretion of lamellar bodies. Owing to their importance in this process, the mechanisms of and the factors regulating lamellar body formation must be better understood. Tarutani et al. (2012) provide data furthering the concept of the importance of the Golgi network in lamellar body formation and the necessity of acidification of the Golgi for normal function.
Lysozyme activity in cystic fibrosis.

The activity of lysozyme in saliva and serum was determined in 51 patients with cystic fibrosis. Measurements were made on two occasions at least 1 month apart and compared to those of 25 normal healthy individuals of the same ages, sex, and race. The mean serum lysozyme activity of normal individuals was 5.8 micrograms/ml (S.E. = 0.4), whereas that of cystic fibrosis patients was 10.8 micrograms/ml (S.E. = 0.5). The difference is significant (P less than 0.05). Initial mean values compared to those of repeated samples from the cystic fibrosis group were similar, whereas individual fluctuations occurred between test periods. The mean lysozyme activity of the saliva sample of normal individuals was 63.5 micrograms/ml (S.E. = 9.3) and the mean value from cystic fibrosis patients was 82.7 (S.E. = 6.9). This difference was not significant (P greater than 0.1). Mean values from specimens obtained a month or longer after the initial saliva samples were similar for the two episodes. There was no correlation between the serum and salivary values and the age, sex or race of the subjects, the Shwachman-Kulczycki scores, colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus influenzae or absolute white blood cell counts. In vitro studies failed to demonstrate bactericidal activity for mucoid and nonmucoid strains of P. aeruginosa or for S. aureus. Elevated lysozyme activity in cystic fibrosis may be related to either an increased granulocyte turnover because of chronic bacterial infection of the respiratory tract or to a basic defect in the lysosomal membrane allowing an increased release of the enzyme, or a combination of both.
Large‐scale molecular phylogeny of metallic wood‐boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestoidea) provides new insights into relationships and reveals multiple evolutionary origins of the larval leaf‐mining habit

The family Buprestidae (jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles), contains nearly 15 000 species in 522 genera. Together with the small family Schizopodidae (seven species, three genera), they form the superfamily Buprestoidea. Adult Buprestoidea feed on flowers or foliage, whereas larvae are mostly internal feeders, boring in roots or stems, or mining the leaves of woody or herbaceous plants. The subfamilial and tribal classification of Buprestoidea remains unsettled, with substantially different schemes proposed by different workers based on morphology. Here we report the first large-scale molecular phylogenetic study of the superfamily Buprestoidea based on data from four genes for 141 ingroup species. We used these data to reconstruct higher-level relationships and to assess the current classification and the origins of the larval leaf-mining habit within Buprestoidea. In our analyses, the monophyly of Buprestoidea was strongly supported, as was the monophyly of Schizopodidae and its placement sister to Buprestidae. Our results are largely consistent with the generally accepted major lineages of buprestoids, including clearly-defined agrilines, buprestines–chrysochroines and early-branching julodines–polycestines. In addition to Schizopodidae, three of the six subfamilies were monophyletic in our study: Agrilinae, Julodinae and the monogeneric Galbellinae (Galbella). Polycestinae was monophyletic with the exception of the enigmatic Haplostethini. Chrysochroinae and Buprestinae were not monophyletic, but were recovered together in a large mixed clade along with Galbella. The interrelationships of Chrysochroinae and Buprestinae were not well resolved; however they were clearly polyphyletic, with chrysochroine genera falling into several different well-supported clades otherwise comprising buprestine genera. All Agrilinae were contained in a single strongly supported clade. Coraebini were dispersed throughout Agrilinae, with strong nodal support for several clades representing subtribes. Neither Agrilini nor Tracheini were monophyletic. The leaf-mining genus Paratrachys (Paratracheini) was recovered within the Acmaeoderioid clade, consistent with the current classification, and confirming the independent origins of leaf-mining within Polycestinae and Agrilinae. Additionally, our results strongly suggest that the leaf-mining agriline tribe Tracheini is polyphyletic, as are several of its constituent subtribes. External root feeding was likely the ancestral larval feeding habit in Buprestoidea. The apparent evolutionary transitions to internal feeding allowed access to a variety of additional plant tissues, including leaves. Interestingly, the several genera of leaf-mining agrilines do not form a monophyletic group. Many of these genera are diverse and highly specialized, possibly indicating adaptive radiations.
The Macroeconomic Consequences of Bank Failures under the National Banking System

Abstract This paper studies the macroeconomic effects of bank failures during the National Banking era, highlighting the channels through which failures affected aggregate economic activity. The analysis attempts to distinguish between monetarist and nonmonetarist views of the interaction between the real and financial sectors of the economy. Simulations suggest that a relatively small bank failure shock could lead to a 2% decline in real GNP, while the consequences of a large bank failure shock-a one-fifth decline in GNP-could be catastrophic.
Tiludronate: Development as an osteoporosis therapy

The clinical development of tiludronate (tiludronic acid, disodium salt) for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone is now being complemented by another clinical trials program to investigate its use in osteoporosis. It is expected that osteoporosis will become a major indication for tiludronate, and this paper describes the trial design and treatment goals that will be employed in these new studies. In studies to assess the incidence of fracture, the primary efficacy end point is the occurrence of vertebral fractures after 3 years of therapy. Secondary end-points include changes in lumbar bone mineral density, spinal deformity index, and height. Changes in biochemical markers and quality of life will also be assessed. Safety evaluations include clinical laboratory parameters, adverse events and, in selected patients, histomorphometry of the iliac crest bone. For the nonfracture studies, the primary efficacy end-point is the effect on bone mineral density after 2 years of therapy. Secondary end-points include vertebral fracture rate, spinal deformity index, and height. Biochemical markers, quality of life, and safety (including bone biopsies in selected patients) will be evaluated as in the fracture studies. The studies are expected to be completed in early 1997, followed by worldwide regulatory applications in late 1997.
The Importance of LCAs—Warts and All

Summary Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a new method for exploring the environmental implications of human action. Like all methods, it is analytically limited and consequently it must be used with caution. Recent papers have criticized LCA and caution against its use in all but a few narrow applications. Even while accepting many of these arguments, this article argues that LCAs, like other analytic frameworks used in the policy and planning domains, have important uses in shaping the processes by which both products and policies are designed. The arguments made against the use of LCAs omit comparisons to realistic appraisals of alternative and competing methods of environmental assessment.
Optical modeling of MEMS corner cube retroreflectors with misalignment and nonflatness

Micromachined corner cube retroreflectors (CCRs) can be employed as transmitters in free-space optical communication links. In this application, a CCR is illuminated by an unmodulated beam, and one mirror of the CCR is intentionally misaligned to modulate the intensity of the retroreflected beam. The low power consumption, small size, and ease of operation of a CCR makes it an attractive option for certain types of optical links. However, curvature and misalignment of the micromachined mirrors can cause CCRs to perform far from theoretical limits. In this paper, we develop two methods to predict the optical performance of CCRs having ideal or nonideal mirrors. We first introduce a discretized analysis method based on ray tracing and scalar diffraction theory. We then propose a simpler phase-shift model under the assumptions that the misalignment and surface nonflatness are small and that they do not alter the optical topology of the CCR. These assumptions are satisfied by typical CCRs to be used in free-space optical links. Using our two methods, we determine tolerances on mirror curvature and misalignment for representative micromachined CCRs.
What It Means to Study Gender and the State

At the 2005 meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Claudine Gay and Wendy Smooth organized a roundtable to reflect on the politics of studying gender. In my intervention there, I argued that pervasive ignorance of what gender is results in misrecognition of the work we do. Most people do not know what it means to study gender. When we say gender they think we mean women, sexuality, feminist theory, an epistemological position, or a political movement. Such misrecognition marginalizes our research, creating problems for publishing and promotion. How can we combat it? By arming ourselves intellectually.
Chronic pain in a couples context: a review and integration of theoretical models and empirical evidence.

Abstract Researchers have become increasingly interested in the social context of chronic pain conditions. The purpose of this article is to provide an integrated review of the evidence linking marital functioning with chronic pain outcomes including pain severity, physical disability, pain behaviors, and psychological distress. We first present an overview of existing models that identify an association between marital functioning and pain variables. We then review the empirical evidence for a relationship between pain variables and several marital functioning variables including marital satisfaction, spousal support, spouse responses to pain, and marital interaction. On the basis of the evidence, we present a working model of marital and pain variables, identify gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for research and clinical work. Perspective The authors provide a comprehensive review of the relationships between marital functioning and chronic pain variables to advance future research and help treatment providers understand marital processes in chronic pain.
Bayesian speckle tracking. Part I: an implementable perturbation to the likelihood function for ultrasound displacement estimation

Accurate and precise displacement estimation has been a hallmark of clinical ultrasound. Displacement estimation accuracy has largely been considered to be limited by the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). However, the CRLB only describes the minimum variance obtainable from unbiased estimators. Unbiased estimators are generally implemented using Bayes' theorem, which requires a likelihood function. The classic likelihood function for the displacement estimation problem is not discriminative and is difficult to implement for clinically relevant ultrasound with diffuse scattering. Because the classic likelihood function is not effective, a perturbation is proposed. The proposed likelihood function was evaluated and compared against the classic likelihood function by converting both to posterior probability density functions (PDFs) using a noninformative prior. Example results are reported for bulk motion simulations using a 6λ tracking kernel and 30 dB SNR for 1000 data realizations. The canonical likelihood function assigned the true displacement a mean probability of only 0.070 ± 0.020, whereas the new likelihood function assigned the true displacement a much higher probability of 0.22 ± 0.16. The new likelihood function shows improvements at least for bulk motion, acoustic radiation force induced motion, and compressive motion, and at least for SNRs greater than 10 dB and kernel lengths between 1.5 and 12λ.
Effects of chain length of saturated fatty acids on plasma total, LDL-and HDL-cholesterol levels

We conducted two clinical studies to examine the effects of diets high in stearic acid and lauric+myristic acid on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of healthy young men. In the first study subjects (n=15) were fed whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil and soybean oil. In the second study, subjects were fed diets very high in either stearic acid (from cocoa butter or milk chocolate) or lauric+myristic and (from butter). In the first study, cocoa butter elicited a neutral cholesterolemic effect, whereas the butter diet was hypercholesterolemic and the olive oil and soybean oil diets were hypocholesterolemic
The kinesin-8 Kip3 scales anaphase spindle length by suppression of midzone microtubule polymerization

Mitotic spindle function is critical for cell division and genomic stability. During anaphase, the elongating spindle physically segregates the sister chromatids. However, the molecular mechanisms that determine the extent of anaphase spindle elongation remain largely unclear. In a screen of yeast mutants with altered spindle length, we identified the kinesin-8 Kip3 as essential to scale spindle length with cell size. Kip3 is a multifunctional motor protein with microtubule depolymerase, plus-end motility, and antiparallel sliding activities. Here we demonstrate that the depolymerase activity is indispensable to control spindle length, whereas the motility and sliding activities are not sufficient. Furthermore, the microtubule-destabilizing activity is required to counteract Stu2/XMAP215-mediated microtubule polymerization so that spindle elongation terminates once spindles reach the appropriate final length. Our data support a model where Kip3 directly suppresses spindle microtubule polymerization, limiting midzone length. As a result, sliding forces within the midzone cannot buckle spindle microtubules, which allows the cell boundary to define the extent of spindle elongation.
Macrophages elicited with heat-killed bacillus Calomette-Guérin protect C57BL/6J mice against a syngeneic melanoma.

We have demonstrated that a murine cytotoxic peritoneal cell can be elicited by intraperitoneal immunization with heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis, strain Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). When these cells are injected together with cells of clone B(5)59 of B16 melanoma in a Winn-type transfer assay into syngeneic C57BL/6J mice, the tumorigenic potential of the melanoma is completely abrogated. Similarly, mice immunized intraperitoneally with dead BCG are protected against intraperitoneal challenge with a number of B16 melanoma cells sufficient to cause tumors in 100% of control mice. However, mice immunized intraperitoneally with dead BCG are not protected against tumor formation when B16 melanoma cells are injected subcutaneously. Co-injection of BCG-elicited peritoneal cells with B16 melanoma cells into nude or sublethally irradiated (650 rad) mice inhibits tumor formation in > 85% of the mice, indicating that additional participation of host bone marrow- or thymus-derived leukocytes is not required to eradicate the tumor implant. The effector cell in the BCG-induced peritoneal exudate is adherent and phagocytic and is a mononuclear phagocyte. Nonadherent lymphoid cells from the same BCG-induced peritoneal exudate and from thioglycollate-broth-elicited granylocytes and macrophages neither prevent nor delay B16 tumor formation.
A DILEMMA FOR PARTICULARIST VIRTUE ETHICS

There is an obvious affinity between virtue ethics and particularism. Both stress the complexity of the moral life, the inadequacy of rule-following as a guide to moral deliberation, and the importance of judgement in discerning the morally relevant features of particular situations. Yet it remains an open question how deep the affinity goes. I argue that the radical form of particularism defended by Jonathan Dancy has surprisingly strong implications for virtue ethics. Adopting such a view would require the virtue theorist either to adopt an unattractive model of moral motivation or to embrace a fairly strong version of the unity of the virtues.