cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A determination of the energy resolution at LANSCE

Abstract The energy resolution of the white neutron source at the Manuel Lujan, Jr. Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE) was determined in the energy range from approximately 1 eV to 100 keV by comparing measurements with resolution-broadened theoretical resonance shapes. It was found that the LANSCE resolution function could be well described by a skewed Gaussian having a width in agreement with the sum of the known contributions from the incident proton pulse width, the moderation width, the channel width, and Doppler broadening. In addition, to obtain a good fit to the data it was necessary to use an energy-dependent skew parameter.
Nematode and Carcinoma in Human Kidney Pelvis

Case Report A forty-six-year-old Russian woman was admitted for the first time to Beth Israel Hospital on Nov. 6, 1929. She had been in the United States for twenty-one years. The chief complaint was long-standing digestive troubles, which obviously had nothing to do with the kidney lesion. Aside from influenza in 1918, the patient did not remember ever having been ill. Four weeks previously, while suffering from a severe cold, she had cramps in the abdomen. During the last three weeks she had had a dull ache in the left flank, but a few days before admission this pain ceased. She had also had irregular pains in the left lumbar region. She had lost fourteen pounds in two months. Two weeks before admission she had discovered a lump in the abdomen. The patient was a fairly well developed and well nourished woman, but was pale and worn looking. The abdomen was distended, and there was a marked bulge in the left upper quadrant. A moderately hard, somewhat elastic mass extended from above the left costal margin to about 3 cm. below the level of the umbilicus. It reached the midline and extended laterally well into the flank. The mass was freely movable and moved on respiration. It was not tender. Except for glaucoma in the left eye, the physical examination was otherwise negative.
Chronic reserpine administration selectively up-regulates β1- and α1b-adrenergic receptors in rat brain: An autoradiographic study

Abstract Rats were treated for 15 days with reserpine or vehicle. One day after the last treatment, animals were killed and frozen brain sections were prepared for in vitro autoradiography. Binding to β-adrenergic receptors was measured with [ 125 I]iodocyanopindolol, and binding selective for β 1 and β 2 subtypes was assessed by including non-radioactive drugs /that selectively mask β receptor subtypes. Total α 1 -adrenergic receptor binding was measured with [ 3 H]prazosin, while α 1a binding was measured with [ 3 H]WB4101 (in the presence of unlabeled serotonin). Quantitative densitometric analysis revealed that chronic reserpine treatment caused an increase in β binding throughout the brain, including the cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, caudate-putamen and hypothalamus. This effect of reserpine was entirely confined to the β 1 subtype in all regions examined. [ 3 H]Prazosin binding (α 1a plus α 1b ) was also increased after chronic reserpine in several regions of the cortex and thalamus, as well as the ventral hippocampus and caudal amygdala. No effect of chronic reserpine was seen on [ 3 H]WB4101 binding, indicating that the effect of reserpine on α 1 receptors is limited to the α 1b subtype. The increase in α 1b binding after reserpine administration in rats was generally smaller and less widespread than that seen with β 1 binding. Thus the effect of reserpine upon noradrenergic neurotransmission demonstrates a high degree of receptor specificity and regional selectivity.
Effect of absorbed hydrogen on magnetic behavior of Th7Co3 and Th7Ni3

Abstract The Pauli paramagnets Th7Fe3, Th7Co3 and Th7Ni3 become superconducting below 1.86 K, 1.83 K and 1.98 K, respectively. These compounds absorb large amounts of hydrogen to form the very hydrogen-rich phases Th7Fe3H30, Th7Co3H22 and Th7Ni3H24. From magnetization studies it is found that hydrogenation results in an increase in the susceptibility of Th7Co3, and in a decrease in the susceptibility of Th7Ni3, but magnetic ordering is not observed in these two. This is in contrast to the behavior of Th7Fe3H30 which is magnetically ordered with a Curie temperature above 350 K.
Validation of criteria used to predict extraprostatic cancer extension: a tool for use in selecting patients for nerve sparing radical prostatectomy.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We have previously reported that a prostate biopsy core specimen with a tumor length of at least 7 mm plus any positive basal biopsy core is the best predictor of extraprostatic extension (EPE) in radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens. We present prospectively collected data to validate our results.Materials and Methods: The study included 270 patients who underwent RP for localized prostate cancer between January 2002 and December 2003 by a single surgeon. We correlated side specific biopsy data, pretreatment prostate specific antigen, clinical stage and RP type using pathological specimen data.Results: Mean patient age was 59.6 years and median prostate specific antigen was 8.24 ng/ml. Of the patients 94 (35%) underwent unilateral and 114 (42%) underwent bilateral nerve sparing RP. The overall incidence of EPE was 16%. The incidence of EPE was 33% in patients who met our criteria vs 4.6% in those who did not. Of 538 evaluable sides 7.2% were positive at the surgical margin. The incidence...
Energy Policy and the Social Discount Rate

Recent debates over the economics of climate change underscore the importance of what at first blush is a narrow technical issue in welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Yet even befor...
Testing Transitivity of Preferences on Two-Alternative Forced Choice Data

As Duncan Luce and other prominent scholars have pointed out on several occasions, testing algebraic models against empirical data raises difficult conceptual, mathematical, and statistical challenges. Empirical data often result from statistical sampling processes, whereas algebraic theories are nonprobabilistic. Many probabilistic specifications lead to statistical boundary problems and are subject to nontrivial order constrained statistical inference. The present paper discusses Luce’s challenge for a particularly prominent axiom: Transitivity. The axiom of transitivity is a central component in many algebraic theories of preference and choice. We offer the currently most complete solution to the challenge in the case of transitivity of binary preference on the theory side and two-alternative forced choice on the empirical side, explicitly for up to five, and implicitly for up to seven, choice alternatives. We also discuss the relationship between our proposed solution and weak stochastic transitivity. We recommend to abandon the latter as a model of transitive individual preferences.
Downside risk for short and long hedgers

Abstract This paper assumes that each individual attempts to minimize the downside risk measured by the lower partial moments (LPMs). Optimal hedge ratios and the resultant hedging performance are compared for short versus long hedgers across 10 different markets. It is found that long hedgers tend to be more active in futures trading (particularly in commodity markets) and provide better hedging performance (particularly in currency and stock index markets). An optimistic hedger trades more futures contracts whereas a hedger overly concerned with bad outcomes will trade less.
Cytoskeletal pathologies of Alzheimer disease

The histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease are the extracellular amyloid plaques, composed principally of the amyloid beta peptide, and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, composed of paired helical filaments of the microtubule-associated protein, tau. Other histopathological structures involving actin and the actin-binding protein, cofilin, have more recently been recognized. Here we review new findings about these cytoskeletal pathologies, and, emphasize how plaques, tangles, the actin-containing inclusions and their respective building blocks may contribute to Alzheimer pathogenesis and the primary behavioral symptoms of the disease.
Resisting Development, Reinventing Modernity: Rural Electrification in the United States before World War II

The essay examines local resistance to the New Deal rural electrification program in the United States before World War II as a crucial aspect of socio-technical change. Large numbers of farm men and women opposed the introduction of the new technology, did not purchase a full complement of electrical appliances, and did not use electric lights and appliances in the manner prescribed by the goverment modernisers (the Rural Electrification Administration) and manufacturers. These acts of 'transformative resistance' helped to shape artefacts and social practices.
Digital information support for domestic violence victims

With domestic violence directly impacting over 5 million victims in the United States annually, the growing e-health and e-government networks are developing digitally based resources for both victims and those who aid them. The well-established community information and referral role of public libraries dovetails with this digital referral network model; however, no study of the actual service provided by public libraries is available. This examination of e-mail reference responses to requests for safe-house contact information revealed major gaps in cyber-safety awareness and uneven implementation of professional standards for virtual reference service. Implications for information system design, professional standards, education, and future research are discussed.
Kurtosis of GARCH and stochastic volatility models with non-normal innovations

Both volatility clustering and conditional non-normality can induce the leptokurtosis typically observed in financial data. In this paper, the exact representation of kurtosis is derived for both GARCH and stochastic volatility models when innovations may be conditionally non-normal. We find that, for both models, the volatility clustering and non-normality contribute interactively and symmetrically to the overall kurtosis of the series.
Length-Weight Regressions in Tropical and Temperate Forest-Understory Insects

Powers of the length-weight relation W = a l b for overall and taxon-specific regressions of forest-understory insects are almost always less than 3 and frequently substantially so. Tropical insects usually have smaller powers than do temperate ones. The deviation from 3 is explained as a systematic tendency for longer insects to be thinner, a tendency that is apparently more pronounced in the tropics. Workers who use length-weight equations to estimate overall biomass are cautioned not to lump insects having markedly different body proportions into the same regression.
Evaluation of locus heterogeneity and EXT1 mutations in 34 families with hereditary multiple exostoses

Hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by growth of benign bone tumors. Three chromosomal loci have been implicated in this genetically heterogeneous disease: EXT1 at 8q24, EXT2 at 11p13, and EXT3 on 19p. EXT1 and EXT2 were recently cloned. We evaluated 34 families with EXT to estimate the proportion of disease attributable to EXT1, EXT2, and EXT3 and to investigate the spectrum of EXT1 mutations. Linkage analyses combined with heterogeneity testing provides strong evidence in favor of linkage of disease to both chromosomes 8 and 11, but does not support evidence of linkage to chromosome 19 in this data set. The 11 EXT1 exons were PCR-amplified and sequenced in all 11 isolated cases and in 20 of the 23 familial cases. Twelve different novel EXT1 mutations were detected, including 5 frame-shift deletions or insertions, 1 codon deletion, and 6 single base-pair substitutions distributed across 8 of the exons. Only 2 of the mutations were detected in more than one family. Three mutations affect sites in which alterations were previously reported. Nonchain-terminating missense mutations were identified in codons 280 and 340, both coding for conserved arginine residues. These residues may be crucial to the function of this protein. Although the prevalence of EXT has been estimated to be approximately 1/50,000 individuals, the disease has been reported to occur much more frequently in the Chamorro natives on Guam. Our detection of an EXT1 mutation in one Chamorro subject will allow investigation of a possible founder effect in this population. Combined mutational and heterogeneity analyses in this set of families with multiple exostoses suggest that 66% of our total sample, including 45% of isolated and 77% of familial cases, are attributable to abnormalities in EXT1. Hum Mutat 11:231–239, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Speech and Language Development after Infant Tracheostomy.

This study describes the speech/language development of 31 children who had been fitted with an endotracheal tube. Intubation in all cases occurred prior to 13 months of age and remained in situ fo...
AN INTERACTIVE ALGORITHM TO EVALUATE PROJECT COST ESCALATION

Abstract The existing methods of cost control do not assist management in forecasting the attributes which might be responsible for generating potential cost escalation in line items (or cost centers) in a project. The urgent need for a method which is capable of predicting the probable project cost escalation and identifying the attributes which might be responsible for the escalation is evident from the large number of projects finishing over budget. The model presented in this paper not only assists management in predicting the probable project cose escalation, but it also identifies the risk attributes and their associated cost influence.
Introspective sorting and selection revisited

We describe two improvements to introspective sorting and selection algorithms: a simple rule for fine-grained introspection that detects potential worst-case performance after only a small constant number of partitioning steps, and the use of remedial randomization as an intervention strategy in order to reduce the performance penalty for false positives. We present experimental results showing that these techniques provide significant improvements in the running time for worst-case and other troublesome inputs, without sacrificing performance on well-behaved inputs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social support, social networks, social cohesion and health.

(2000). Social Support, Social Networks, Social Cohesion and Health. Social Work in Health Care: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 3-14.
Compton Scattering. II. Differential Cross Sections and Left - Right Asymmetry

The differential cross sections for polarized electron-photon scattering are calculated to order ${e}^{6}$ and the unpolarized result of Brown and Feynman is rederived. The left-right asymmetry is calculated for a polarized target electron in agreement with Miller and Wilcox. This leaves the disagreement between theory and experiment unresolved. These results are obtained by using the six invariant amplitudes in spectral form, which were calculated in the preceding communication.
Stuck on a solution

It is still not clear whether the planned is even a viable site. nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain And the waste keeps piling up.
Exchange of phospholipids between unilamellar vesicles of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and plasma very low density lipoproteins.

Purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver was used to exchange [14C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine from sonicated vesicles to human plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The exchange of [14C]-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine for VLDL phospholipids was temperature dependent and linear with respect to time and amount of exchange protein. In the absence of the exchange protein, less than 10% of the [14C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine was transferred. At an initial weight ratio of [14C]-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles to VLDL phospholipid (1.2 mg) of 2.2, the exchange protein (14μg) replaced 55% of the VLDL phospholipids with [14C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in 15 min; VLDL protein and cholesterol content were unaltered. From these studies we conclude that the exchange protein is a useful method to alter the phospholipid composition of VLDL under conditions such that there is minimal perturbation of the lipoprotein.
Artistic Institutions, Valuable Experiences: Coming to Terms with Artistic Value

Supposing that talk of a distinctively artistic type of value is warranted, what separates it from other sorts of value? Any plausible answer must explain both what is of value and what is artistic about artistically valuable properties. Flaws with extant accounts stem from neglect of one component or the other; the account offered here, based on careful attention to actual art-critical practices, brings both together. The “value” component depends on the capacity of artworks to provide subjectively valuable experiences, while the “artistic” component relies on the specific norms constitutive of artworld institutions. Understanding artistic value in this way allows for progress on several persistent problems, including the ethical value of art, relativism in artistic value, and the proper boundaries of philosophical aesthetics.
Heralded atomic-ensemble quantum memory for photon polarization states

We describe the mapping of quantum states between single photons and an atomic ensemble. In particular, we demonstrate a heralded quantum memory based on the mapping of a photon polarization state onto a single collective-spin excitation (magnon) shared between two atomic ensembles. The polarization fidelity above 90(2)% for any input polarization far exceeds the classical limit of . The process also constitutes a quantum non-destructive probe that detects and regenerates a photon without measuring its polarization.
TRENDS IN INVESTMENT POLICIES OF INDIVIDUALS

It would be interesting to present aggregate data on shifts in ownership of government bonds, corporate bonds, and listed stocks; on trends toward private placement; and on greater use of intermediate financial institutions. But, in deference to the numerous individual investors, large and small, trained and untrained, counseled and uncounseled, it would be difficult to draw valid conclusions. I propose to do something which is more fundamental, and perhaps more valuable to us in our profession, namely to trace the development of investment thought and apply the ideas to the many puzzling problems which investors are now facing. Obviously, it will be impossible to cover all literature in the field, so I shall limit myself to certain representative textbooks and monographs which have added appreciably to American investment thought, and which have influenced teachers and practitioners in the investment field. Undoubtedly, articles and pamphlets have greatly influenced all of us, but, of necessity, they cannot be included in a short review of investment thought. Since many of us have lived through much of the period under review, as students, teachers, investment bankers, investment counselors, investment managers, and investors, it is probable that our interpretations of the various contributions will not necessarily be in complete agreement.
Intrafimbrial colchicine produces transient impairment of radial-arm maze performance correlated with morphologic abnormalities of septohippocampal neurons expressing cholinergic markers and nerve growth factor receptor.

Abstract The microtubule disrupting agent, colchinine, was infused both bilaterally and unilaterally into the fimbria of the rat brain. Such infusions produced a transient impairment in radial-arm maze performance during the first week following surgery but only in bilaterally injected animals. This behavioral finding was correlated with a reduction in the number of neurons expressing choline acetyltransferase and nerve growth factor receptor in the septum and vertical limb of the diagonal band but not in other regions of the basal nuclear complex. The altered expression of the two neurochemical markers was not due to cellular degeneration because numbers of neurons demonstrated by Nissl staining were unchanged. Putative cholinergic fibers in the fimbria demonstrating acetylcholinesterase and nerve growth factor receptor also showed aberrations in caliber, shape, and course.
Statistical-Model Analysis of Isomeric Ratios in (α, xn) Compound Nuclear Reactions

Cross-section ratios of isomeric pairs produced in the compound nuclear reactions $^{41}\mathrm{K}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{44}\mathrm{Sc}$, $^{55}\mathrm{Mn}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{58}\mathrm{Co}$, $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, n)^{96}\mathrm{Tc}$, $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 2n)^{95}\mathrm{Tc}$, $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n)^{94}\mathrm{Tc}$, and $^{136}\mathrm{Ba}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, 3n)^{137}\mathrm{Ce}$ are analyzed in terms of the statistical model. In this context Vandenbosch and Huizenga have proposed a formalism for calculating isomer formation from compound nuclei of relatively low excitation energy and spin. It is assumed that the density of levels of spin $J$ in residual nuclei is proportional to ($2J+1$) $\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{J(J+1)}{2{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}}]$ and that in the case of a product formed by neutron evaporation the emission of charged particles is not of importance. Here $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is the spin cutoff parameter and is related to the effective moment of inertia $\mathcal{I}$. In this paper the extension of such a model to compound nuclei of much higher excitation energy and spin is considered. Typically by this method our experimental isomeric ratios imply a value of $\mathcal{I}$ much smaller than that of a rigid sphere, ${\mathcal{I}}_{R}$, even for nuclei excited to well above nucleon binding energies. The introduction of two additional factors in the formalism leads to more reasonable values of $\frac{\mathcal{I}}{{\mathcal{I}}_{R}}$. First, we invoke a principle of limiting spin. That is, the level density of a residual nucleus is not described by the expression above for all $J$; rather, above some critical $J$ value, determined by a Fermi-gas model, the level density is taken to be zero. Secondly, we find charged-particle emission, particularly of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles, to be of importance in many cases. With the inclusion of these factors experimental isomeric ratios are consistent with an $\frac{\mathcal{I}}{{\mathcal{I}}_{R}}$ value of unity when the excitation energy ${E}_{f}$ is greater than about 10 MeV. Below 10 MeV, $\frac{\mathcal{I}}{{\mathcal{I}}_{R}}$ has essentially the same dependence on ${E}_{f}$ for all of the reactions analyzed.
Adenosine triphosphate-derived nucleotide formation in the presence of ethanol

Abstract Formation of an unidentified nucleotide in rat liver particulate preparations incubated in the presence of ethanol or other alcohols was found. Although the nucleotide was eluted from cation exchange resin in phase with cyclic AMP and was not precipitated by nascent barium sulfate, it could be separated from known cyclic AMP by selective adsorption onto water-equilibrated alumina. The rate of nucleotide formation was dependent upon the concentration of both ATP and ethanol: however, graphical determination of bimolecular enzyme constants was not possible. Nucleotide synthesis in vitro was stimulated by ethanol, methanol and glycerol, but not by 1-propanol, 2-propanol, tert -butanol or acetaldehyde. It was hypothesized that the nucleotide was a condensation product of ATP and ethanol, and ethyl adenylate was proposed as the structure.
The influence of varying nitrogen levels on hydroponic growth and alkaloid production in Hyoscyamus muticus L.

This investigation describes the successful hydroponic growth of Hyoscyamus muticus L., using varying concentrations of nitrogen in Skok media. Maximum development and growth were observed between 252 and 336 p.p.m. Analysis of the flowering plants revealed constant moisture content of the total plant and its component parts at nitrogen supplies above 42 p.p.m. Fresh and dried plant weights reached a maximum at 252 p.p.m. and remained constant to 672 p.p.m. of nitrogen. Increasing the nitrate-nitrogen content of the supplied media from 0 to 252 p.p.m. resulted in an absolute increase in total alkaloid production. The flower tops contained the greatest concentration of alkaloid.
Near-bottom circulation and dispersion of sediment containing Alexandrium fundyense cysts in the Gulf of Maine during 2010–2011

The life cycle of Alexandrium fundyense in the Gulf of Maine includes a dormant cyst stage that spends the winter predominantly in the bottom sediment. Wave-current bottom stress caused by storms and tides induces resuspension of cyst-containing sediment during winter and spring. Resuspended sediment could be transported by water flow to different locations in the Gulf and the redistribution of sediment containing A. fundyense cysts could alter the spatial and temporal manifestation of its spring bloom. The present study evaluates model near-bottom flow during storms, when sediment resuspension and redistribution are most likely to occur, between October and May when A. fundyense cells are predominantly in cyst form. Simulated water column sediment (mud) concentrations from representative locations of the Gulf are used to initialize particle tracking simulations for the period October 2010-May 2011. Particles are tracked in full three-dimensional model solutions including a sinking velocity characteristic of cyst and aggregated mud settling (0.1 mm s-1). Although most of the material was redeposited near the source areas, small percentages of total resuspended sediment from some locations in the western (~4%) and eastern (2%) Maine shelf and the Bay of Fundy (1%) traveled distances longer than 100 km before resettling. The redistribution changed seasonally and was sensitive to the prescribed sinking rate. Estimates of the amount of cysts redistributed with the sediment are small compared to the inventory of cysts in the upper few centimeters of sediment.
Providing medical evaluations for possible child maltreatment to children with special health care needs

Abstract Objective: Children with special health care needs are known to be at increased risk of all forms of child maltreatment when compared to children without such needs. We describe a health care team’s experience providing medical evaluations for suspected child maltreatment to children with special health care needs. Method: Consecutive cases seen as outpatients in the Abuse Referral Clinic for Children with Disabilities were abstracted and analyzed. Mail and telephone follow-up contact was attempted after the medical evaluation to determine adherence with treatment recommendations. A subsample of cases for which complete financial information was available was reviewed to determine a reimbursement rate. Results: During the study, 49 children received complete outpatient evaluations. Ages ranged from 3 to 16 years old, and 54% were males. Special needs spanned a wide range of physical, developmental/cognitive and behavioral conditions. The largest number of referrals came from child protective services (42%) followed by referrals from physicians (27%). After the team’s comprehensive evaluation, 18% of the children were found to have a history or physical examination that was diagnostic for child maltreatment, 13% were thought to be at high risk, 25% were thought to be at low risk and 44% were thought to have non-abusive etiologies. The collection rate was 14% for an average reimbursement of $38 per case. Only 29 caregivers could be found at follow-up and 22 remembered the recommendations made by the team. Of the 25 cases that were referred for outpatient mental health counseling, 12 (48%) complied. Conclusion: Children with a wide range of special health care needs were evaluated in an outpatient special health care needs clinic that offered comprehensive medical evaluations for possible child maltreatment. Medical evaluation services for this group of children were poorly reimbursed. Mental health services were frequently recommended but often not accessed. Child maltreatment teams seeking to serve children with special health care needs will need to plan for service delivery to a potentially diverse group of children and families who may experience difficulty in carrying through on the team’s treatment recommendations.
Applications of Social Capital in Educational Literature: A Critical Synthesis

This critical synthesis incorporates both theoretical and empirical literature on social capital since its original conceptualization by Bourdieu (1986) and Coleman (1988) in the late 1980s. The focus of the review is on educational literature that studies social capital and educational outcomes. After outlining their approach, the authors briefly trace the intellectual history of the concept and its transport to the field of education. Next, they undertake a critical review of the literature by first examining trends in conceptualization, methods, and outcomes and then assessing empirical support for claims that social capital is positively linked to educational and psychosocial outcomes. Finally, they discuss gaps in the conceptualization, measurement, and analysis of social capital in educational literature.
Evidence that cytotoxic T cells and natural cytotoxic cells use different lytic mechanisms to lyse the same targets

There is evidence that natural cytotoxic (NC) cells are in the T cell lineage. To lyse targets, cytotoxic T cells (TK) must recognize any of the myriad antigens plus syngeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants. In spite of the evidence which indicates TK and NC are in the same lineage, NC cells can recognize few determinants (perhaps only one) and do not require recognition of MHC determinants. In addition to differences in the requirement for target recognition, in this report we show that TK cells and NC cells also use different lytic mechanisms to lyse the same targets. NC effectors initiate a lytic mechanism in NC-sensitive and NC-resistant targets. This lytic mechanism requires approximately 4 h before target lysis is apparent in NC-sensitive targets; it is inactivated by a protein synthesis-dependent counterlytic mechanism in NC-resistant targets. In contrast the TK lytic mechanism causes a rapid release of 51Cr from both NC-sensitive and NC-resistant targets and is not inhibited by the NC counterlytic mechanism present in NC-resistant cells. These findings lead to the conclusion that the mechanism used by NC cells to lyse targets is fundamentally different from that used by TK cells.
Effect of temperature on the frictional forces between polystyrene brushes

Normal and shear forces between opposing polystyrene (PS) brushes made from preferentially assembled PS–polyvinylpyridine diblock copolymers were measured in toluene and in near-theta cyclohexane at 32, 40, and 50 °C, using a modified surface forces apparatus. In cyclohexane, over the temperature window probed, the normal forces of interaction are repulsive and the range of those force profiles changes only slightly; however, for both of the PS brushes studied, the onset of shear forces in near-theta cyclohexane is strongly influenced by changes in temperature: As the temperature is increased, the onset of the frictional interactions between the brushes in cyclohexane shifts to smaller distances, approaching the distances where frictional forces are observed for brushes in the good solvent toluene. The pattern of behavior seen in the frictional response between the limits of good and theta condition is attributed to composition fluctuations, which increase near the theta condition because of the decrease in excluded volume interactions. These fluctuations may give rise to increased drag during shearing motion because of interfacial roughness or interchain coupling across the brush–brush interface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 649–655, 2006
Thiazine Dye Antagonism of Opioid Lethality in Mice

The thiazine dyes, methylene blue and tolonium chloride, were administered subcutaneously alone and in combination to adult male mice in low (0.1 mg) and high (1.0 mg) doses 5 min prior to lethal intraperitoneal doses (LD99.5) of morphine, codeine, meperidine, levorphanol, methadone, levopropoxyphene, and propoxyphene. Survivors were recorded at 2- and 24-hr intervals after each opioid challenge. Tolonium pretreatment (0.1 mg) significantly increased the number of survivors that had received lethal doses of morphine and propoxyphene in the 2-hr phase in contrast to methylene blue pretreatment at either dosage level which failed to protect animals against opioid lethality in either the 2- or 24-hr phase. At both the 2- and 24-hr intervals, the low-dosage dye combination (0.1 mg of each dye) significantly protected the animals from lethal doses of morphine, levorphanol, and methadone. The low-dosage dye combination shortened the duration of sleep induced by hexobarbital (100 mg/kg), presumably through inhibition of CNS depression.
Small clusters: between dynamics and thermodynamics

The relation between equilibrium properties and dynamical properties, and between the two kinds of descriptions, is explored by examining the dynamics of isomerization of argon clusters. The same general subject, from the viewpoint of ergodicity and chaos is examined through the fractal dimension of the trajectory in phase space and the Kolmogorov entropy.
Efficacy of progression testing in predicting nursing student academic success

Objective: The aim of this review is to study the accuracy of commercially available progression examinations inpredicting student success to determine if there are significant differences in scores for those who are academicallysuccessful and to discuss the implications of the findings in relation to the use of progression policies. Methods: Research papers published between January 2001 and November 2011 were identified in CINAHL, MEDLINEand Health Source: Academic databases. The search was performed using standardized systematic search methods withthe following terms: student success, progression testing, standardized testing, midcurricular, ATI® and HESI®. Results: Two studies met the inclusion criteria of reporting quantitative relationships between computerized assessmentmeasures and academic success. Both reported that MC-HESI® scores positively correlated with academic success andscores attained in capstone nursing courses and that there were significant differences in scores between those who wereand were not successful academically. Conclusions: The MC-HESI® may be a useful instrument for identifying students who are at risk for not successfullycompleting the nursing program. The use of information obtained from this test, and other progression testing, can enablefaculty to identify at-risk students at an earlier point within the curriculum and assist them by developing a remediationplan for student success through the remainder of their nursing education.
Hybrid Opacity in Berbice Dutch Creole

Recent work on opacity calls attention to the need for a refined taxonomy (e.g. Bakovic 2007, 2011), though the mutual exclusivity of the two major kinds of opaque interactions, underapplication and overapplication, remains unquestioned. No interaction has, until now, been reported to display both effects for a single input to output mapping. I present one case from Berbice Dutch Creole (hereafter Berbice) where, depending on the analysis, nasal place assimilation simultaneously underapplies and overapplies, due to an interaction with consonant deletion. In this paper, I present several possible analyses of the Berbice data in rule-based serialism and Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (McCarthy 2007) and compare the claims these frameworks make on the interaction’s classification. I also discuss the theoretical implications of hybrid opacity and how it may fit within the larger taxonomy of opacity. Finally, I lay the foundation for further work on the phenomenon by presenting a generalized template and a possible experimental design.
Efficient solution space exploration based on segment trees in analog placement with symmetry constraints

The traditional way of approaching device-level placement problems for analog layout is to explore a huge search space of absolute placement representations, where cells are allowed to illegally overlap during their moves (J. Cohn et al., Analog Device-Level Automation, Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1994; K. Lampaert et al., IEEE J. Solid-State Circ., vol. SC-30, no. 7, pp. 773-780, 1995; E. Malavasi et al., IEEE Trans. CAD, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 923-942, 1996). This paper presents a novel analog placement technique operating on the set of binary tree representations of the layout (Y.C. Chang et al., Proc. 87th ACM/IEEE Des. Aut. Conf., pp. 458-463, 2000), where the typical presence of an arbitrary number of symmetry groups of devices is directly taken into account during the exploration of the solution space. The efficiency of the novel approach is due to a data structure called segment tree, mainly used in computational geometry.
'QoS Safe' kernel extensions for real-time resource management

General-purpose operating systems are ill-equipped to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of complex real-time applications. Consequently, many classes of realtime applications have either been carefully developed to compensate for inadequate system support, or they have been developed to run on special purpose systems. This paper focuses on a safe extension architecture for general purpose systems, to allow applications to customize the behavior of the system for their individual needs. Using Linux as the basis for our work, we describe how application programmers can safely incorporate `service extensions? into the kernel, so that application-specific QoS guarantees can be provided. We introduce the notion of `QoS safety?, which is concerned with meeting the QoS constraints of applications while maintaining system integrity. Our safe extension architecture supports the dynamiclinking of code into the address space of the kernel, to affect service management decisions. Extensions are written in a type-safe language, to monitor and adapt resource usage on behalf of specific applications. Experimental results show that safe kernel extensions can lead to fewer service violations (and, hence, better qualities of service) for realtime tasks, compared to user-level methods that monitor and adapt system resources.
A Family of Inventory Models

An inventory control model in which the state of the system is reviewed only at discrete, equally spaced time intervals is studied. A procurement is made if at the review period the inventory position of the system is less than or equal to a number k. The quantity procured is an integral multiple of a number Q. The total expected cost of review, procurement, holding inventory, and stockouts is determined under the assumption that all demands are ultimately met. The cost of a stockout is taken to consist of a fixed cost per unit out of stock plus a variable cost which is proportional to the time out of stock. Specific expressions for all the cost expressions are found for the case of 1 Poisson demands and fixed lead times, and 2 Poisson demands and gamma lead times. It is shown that many of the inventory models discussed in the literature are special cases of the model here described.
New molecular targets and biological therapies in sarcomas

The treatment of patients with soft tissue and bone sarcomas has dramatically improved over the last decade. This improvement has been brought about through advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques, conformal radiotherapy, and combination chemotherapy. Further advances in the management of the diverse spectrum of sarcoma patients will reflect tailoring of therapy based on molecular abnormalities. The role of cytogenetics and molecular analysis of fusion or mutated genes in diagnosis, prognosis, and design of biological treatments is discussed. An example of this approach has been the recent success in treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours expressing mutant c-kit with a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI571. Molecular rearrangements may also serve as targets for designing specific immunotherapies with the fusion gene product. The use of biological therapies with signal transduction inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, immunotherapy, differentiation inducers, and gene therapy could complement existing treatments for long-term control of disease. As these newer biological agents take form, clinical trial design will undergo change to reflect the chronic nature of these therapies.
Perception of Economics in a Digital Publishing Environment

The focus of much of the discussion of the economics of journal publishing is the publisher/librarian exchange relationship. There are good reasons for this: it allows discussion of tangibles, the costs of print‐based production, numbers of subscriptions, demand and supply curves based on previous practice and so on. But emphasis on the library/publisher relationship has led to an emphasis on pricing as the key issue in serials provision, when additional issues (fundamental changes in exchange relationships) must be considered. Explores changes in structural relationships which may emerge in a publishing system that is dominated by electronic processes, and the perceptions of those involved of the economic implications of such changes. Consists of three parts: the first reviews the theoretical framework, the second considers the views of practitioners and the third considers developments in policy and infrastructure in the UK since the field work.
A new process for toxic metal uptake by a kraft lignin

A new approach toward removing toxic metals from industrial process water has been investigated using kraft lignin, a by-product of paper production. A detailed study on a kraft pine lignin powder (Indulin AT from MeadWestvaco), which has acid functions that can act as ion-exchange sites, has shown that uptake of divalent toxic metals is accompanied by a release of protons or existing metals from the lignin. Equilibrium constants for displacement of protons decreased with pH, and equilibrium constants for metal-metal exchange showed that binding strengths follow the order (highest to lowest): Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ca, Sr. A demonstrated stoichiometry of one mole Ca displaced for one mole of metal (Sr or Cd) sorbed is fully consistent with a chemical reaction of ion exchange and difficult to explain by frequently used adsorption models (Langmuir adsorption isotherm and biotic ligand model). Since the powder after metal uptake is hard to separate from purified water on a large scale, a novel formulation has been investigated for toxic metal removal.
ALS Mini IOC: An FPGA embedded processor based control system module for booster magnet ramping at the ALS

The Advanced Light Source (ALS) booster magnet upgrade for top-off operation requires new instrumentation to meet increased magnet ramping requirements. To address these requirements, the ALS Instrumentation group and control systems group collaborated to design a new control system module called the Mini IOC. The Mini IOC hardware is based on a commercial evaluation board containing an FPGA with embedded processor and built-in interfaces for 64 MB of DDR SDRAM and Ethernet. A custom module is used for analog controls and monitors. The PowerPCreg embedded processor runs an EPICS database built on the VxWorks operating system allowing remote access via Ethernet. This paper includes an overview of the Mini IOC design and operational results.
Ecosystem modeling and analysis

The ecosystem, within which a software product line resides, is a network of organizations producing and consuming software assets and the linkages among those assets. The complexity of the relationships among the elements in the ecosystem requires analytic techniques to predict the effects of strategic decisions on the network of suppliers, buyers, collaborators, and ecosystem. The STRategic Ecosystem Analysis Method (STREAM) guides the collection of data and structures a model that can be queried. The flow of the tutorial session will follow the outline of the method with detailed descriptions of each step.
Deriving linearizable fine-grained concurrent objects

Practical and efficient algorithms for concurrent data structures are difficult to construct and modify. Algorithms in the literature are often optimized for a specific setting, making it hard to separate the algorithmic insights from implementation details. The goal of this work is to systematically construct algorithms for a concurrent data structure starting from its sequential implementation. Towards that goal, we follow a construction process that combines manual steps corresponding to high-level insights with automatic exploration of implementation details. To assist us in this process, we built a new tool called Paraglider. The tool quickly explores large spaces of algorithms and uses bounded model checking to check linearizability of algorithms.Starting from a sequential implementation and assisted by the tool, we present the steps that we used to derive various highly-concurrent algorithms. Among these algorithms is a new fine-grained set data structure that provides a wait-free contains operation, and uses only the compare-and-swap (CAS) primitive for synchronization.
Cognitive Ergonomics of Complex Systems

In the psychology literature as late as the 1960’s, a concern could be found for a need to promote psychology as having relevance to the solutions of human problems including those in human-machine systems. The current concern is the perceived shortfall of well-trained professionals in the area of cognitive ergonomics. Today, applied psychology is firmly established in the human-machine systems domain. Applied psychology is recognized as the necessary contributor to the design, operation, and maintenance of human-machine systems. Psychology also provides the foundations for the training programs for human operators of those systems.
Efficient Array-Based Identification of Novel Cardiac Genes through Differentiation of Mouse ESCs

Remarkably, although cardiac disease accounts for the largest proportion of adult mortality and morbidity in the industrialized world, the genetic programs controlling early cardiogenesis are largely incompletely understood. To better understand this process, we set out to identify genes whose expression is enriched within early cardiac fated populations, obtaining the transcriptional signatures of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) at defined intervals during their differentiation along a cardiac path. We compared the RNA profiles of cardiac precursors cells (CPCs) with time-matched non-CPCs and undifferentiated mESCs, using a transgenic mESC line harboring an Nkx2-5 cardiac-specific regulatory sequence driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) to facilitate selection of CPCs. We identify 176 transcripts that are significantly elevated in their abundance within CPCs compared with other assayed populations, predicting that they will likely play a role in cardiogenesis. Of note, approximately 24% (43/176) of the cardiogenic candidate transcripts have known roles in cardiac function or development. Importantly, we evaluated the biological relevance of a significant subset 31/133 (23%) of the remaining candidate genes by in situ hybridization at multiple time points during development (embryonic day, E7.5–9.5) and report that all were expressed in key cardiac structures during cardiogenesis. Furthermore 9/31, of which many were previously uncharacterized, were detected as early as the formation of the cardiac crescent. These data demonstrate the potential power of integrating genomic approaches with mESC differentiation to illuminate developmental processes, and provides a valuable resource that may be mined to further elucidate the genetic programs underlying cardiogenesis.