cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Other Mean Value Theorems

In this chapter, which is independent of all subsequent chapters, we allow ourselves a brief diversion. We have met and used Rolle’s Theorem (Theorem 5.1), its extension the Mean Value Theorem (Theorem 5.2), and its extension Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem (Theorem 5.11). Here we consider other Mean Value – type theorems. Each of these, as with their namesake, has an appealing geometric interpretation.
Genital morphology associated with mating strategy in the polymorphic lizard, Uta stansburiana

Sexual selection can lead to rapid evolution of sexual traits and striking morphological diversity across taxa. In populations where competition for mates is intense, males sometimes evolve distinct behavioral strategies along with morphological differences that help them secure mating opportunities. Strong postcopulatory selection and differential resource allocation across male strategy type can result in strategy-specific differences in sexual traits, such as sperm morphology, ejaculate components, and testis size. Some polymorphic species also have strategy-specific genital morphology. Thus far, among vertebrates, this has only been observed in fish. Here, we present the first morphological description of the intromittant copulatory organ, the hemipenis, of the three mating types of the side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana, from a population that exhibits alternative mating strategies. We found that the isometrically scaling hemipenis was shortest in the nonterritorial (yellow) morph that sneaks copulations with other males' mates. Although the hemipenes were generally the same shape across morphs, the usurping territorial (orange) morph had a significantly wider apical horn than the nonterritorial sneaker morph. Sneaker males also had smaller relative body masses than both the mate-guarding (blue) morph and the usurper morph, and shorter tibia than the usurper morph. This study using a small sample of males suggests that strong sexual selection may drive genital trait differentiation across morphs within populations of terrestrial vertebrates.
Acute Radial Nerve Repair with Humeral Shaft Shortening and Fixation Following a Closed Humeral Shaft Fracture: A Case Report

Case A 65-year-old woman sustained a closed segmental humeral shaft fracture with a complete radial nerve palsy. Radial nerve neurotmesis was found during acute surgical exploration and fixation. Treatment included a 2-cm shortening osteotomy of the humeral shaft and osteosynthesis in order to obtain a tension-free primary end-to-end repair of the radial nerve. Conclusion Tension-free primary nerve repair can be technically challenging with humeral shaft fractures. A shortening osteotomy of the humeral shaft and osteosynthesis are feasible to achieve tension-free neurorrhaphy without nerve-grafting.
Linking Emotional Reactivity Between Laboratory Tasks and Immersive Environments Using Behavior and Physiology.

An event or experience can induce different emotional responses between individuals, including strong variability based on task parameters or environmental context. Physiological correlates of emotional reactivity, as well as related constructs of stress and anxiety, have been found across many physiological metrics, including heart rate and brain activity. However, the interdependences and interactions across contexts and between physiological systems are not well understood. Here, we recruited military and law enforcement to complete two experimental sessions across two different days. In the laboratory session, participants viewed high-arousal negative images while brain activity (EEG) was recorded from the scalp, and functional connectivity was computed during the task and used as a predictor of emotional response during the other experimental session. In an immersive simulation session, participants performed a shoot-don’t-shoot scenario while heart rate (ECG) was recorded. Our analysis examined the relationship between the sessions, including behavioral responses (emotional intensity ratings, task performance, and self-report anxiety) and physiology from different modalities (brain connectivity and heart rate variability). Results replicated previous research and found that behavioral performance was modulated within-session based on varying levels of emotional intensity in the laboratory session (t(24) = 4.062, p < 0.0005) and stress level in the simulation session (Z = 2.45, corrected p-value = 0.0142). Both behavior and physiology demonstrated cross-session relationships. Behaviorally, higher intensity ratings in the laboratory was related to higher self-report anxiety in the immersive simulation during low-stress (r = 0.465, N = 25, p = 0.019) and high-stress (r = 0.400, N = 25, p = 0.047) conditions. Physiologically, brain connectivity in the theta band during the laboratory session significantly predicted low-frequency heart rate variability in the simulation session (p < 0.05); furthermore, a frontoparietal connection accounted for emotional intensity ratings during the attend laboratory condition (r = 0.486, p = 0.011) and self-report anxiety after the high-stress simulation condition (r = 0.389, p = 0.035). Interestingly, the predictive power of the brain activity occurred only for the conditions where participants had higher levels of emotional reactivity, stress, or anxiety. Taken together, our findings describe an integrated behavioral and physiological characterization of emotional reactivity.
Large area planar photocathode for MCP-based photodetectors

Abstract We report on the principle, design, fabrication, and characterization of a large-area planar bialkali photocathode . Sequential photocathode growth process was investigated, and the growth parameters, especially the initial antimony layer thickness, were optimized. The source arrangement and configuration were also simulated and the preferred configuration was chosen for numerical and experimental studies. Photocathode with average QE of 18% and activation area of ∼ 40 square inches was experimentally demonstrated, making it a candidate for MCP-based photodetector applications. Further improvements were also discussed to enhance the uniformity and QE value of the photocathodes.
Improving On-time Discharge in Otolaryngology Admissions:

ObjectiveWe conducted a quality improvement project to increase the rate of discharges before noon (DBN) in the otolaryngology department at a tertiary care center.MethodsBased on a Plan-Do-Study-A...
Upper Extremity Vascular Injuries

Upper extremity vascular injuries are a rarity in combat-related trauma but devastating if improperly treated. Recent experience suggests an increasing rate of arm amputation following modern combat-related arterial injuries. Therefore, it is imperative for a surgeon to understand the nuances of diagnoses and treatment of upper extremity arterial traumas. Most notably, axillary artery traumas are notoriously difficult to diagnose; forearm arterial injuries rarely require revascularization; and temporary arterial shunts play a critical role in managing wartime injuries of the proximal arm.
Transfer Oscillator Technique for Generation of High-Stability Timing Signals from Optical References

We generate a high stability 10 GHz microwave signals with close to 30 dB of comb noise suppression via optical frequency division using a transfer oscillator scheme.
The influence of substrate concentration on the culturability of heterotrophic soil microbes isolated by high-throughput dilution-to-extinction cultivation

Abstract The vast majority of microbes inhabiting oligotrophic shallow subsurface soil environments have not been isolated or studied under controlled laboratory conditions. In part, the challenges associated with isolating shallow subsurface microbes may persist because microbes in deeper soils are adapted to low nutrient availability or quality. Here we use high-throughput dilution-to-extinction culturing to isolate shallow subsurface microbes from a conifer forest in Arizona, USA. We hypothesized that the concentration of heterotrophic substrates in microbiological growth medium would affect which microbial taxa were culturable from these soils. To test this, we diluted extracted cells into one of two custom-designed defined growth media that differed only by a 100-fold difference in the concentration of amino acids and organic carbon. Across both media, we isolated a total of 133 pure cultures, all of which were classified as Actinobacteria or Alphaproteobacteria. The substrate availability dictated which actinobacterial phylotypes were culturable but had no significant effect on the culturability of Alphaproteobacteria. We isolated cultures that were representative of the most abundant phylotype in the soil microbial community (Bradyrhizobium spp.) and representatives of five of the top 10 most abundant Actinobacteria phylotypes, including Nocardioides spp., Mycobacterium spp., and several other phylogenetically-divergent lineages. Flow cytometry of nucleic acid-stained cells showed that cultures isolated on low-substrate medium had significantly lower nucleic-acid fluorescence than those isolated on high-substrate medium. These results show that dilution-to-extinction is an effective method to isolate abundant soil microbes and the concentration of substrates in culture medium influences the culturability of specific microbial lineages. Importance Isolating environmental microbes and studying their physiology under controlled conditions is an essential aspect of understanding their ecology. Subsurface ecosystems are typically nutrient-poor environments that harbor diverse microbial communities—the majority of which are thus far uncultured. In this study, we use modified high-throughput cultivation methods to isolate subsurface soil microbes. We show that a component of whether a microbe is culturable from subsurface soils is the concentration of growth substrates in the culture medium. Our results offer new insight into technical approaches and growth medium design that can be used to access the uncultured diversity of soil microbes.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms by Cognitive Status for Mexican-Americans Aged 85 and Older.

Few studies have investigated the relationship between neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and cognitive status among older Mexican-American adults. Our objective was to describe the NPS of Mexican-Ame...
Immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis: elucidating the spectrum of disease through endomyocardial biopsy.

AIMS Although immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) myocarditis carries a high reported mortality, increasing reports of smoldering myocarditis suggest a clinical spectrum of disease. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) remains the gold standard for diagnosis of ICI myocarditis, but different pathologic diagnostic criteria exist. The objective of this study was to classify the spectrum of ICI myocarditis and myocardial inflammation by pathology findings on EMB and correlate this with clinical outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS All patients who had EMB at MD Anderson Cancer Center between January 2018 and August 2019 for suspected ICI myocarditis were retrospectively reviewed. A grading system (Grades 0-2) based on the degree of inflammatory infiltrate was developed by pathologists. Cardiovascular outcomes and treatment were compared between grades of pathology. We identified 28 patients who had EMB for suspected ICI myocarditis, of which 18 were positive for myocarditis/inflammation. There were four deaths (two in Grade 2 and two in Grade 1), but only one was attributable to myocarditis. Grade 2 patients had no myocarditis-associated deaths despite having the highest troponin T values (median 2063 pg/mL). Four patients with Grade 1 myocardial inflammation continued ICI without any immunomodulation, and all were alive without adverse cardiovascular events at follow-up. CONCLUSION We defined an EMB grading system for ICI myocarditis encompassing a spectrum of histologic findings of inflammatory infiltrates. A subset of low-grade myocardial inflammation patients were able to continue ICI without immunosuppressive therapy. Further studies are needed to identify low-risk patients who can be safely treated with ICI.
David Oliver: Hospital bed numbers were inadequate before the pandemic and will continue to be so.

As we approach the planned end to most covid-19 restrictions in England on 19 July, our general hospitals remain under unprecedented midsummer pressures, even though admissions and beds occupied by people with covid-19 are still way below peak pandemic levels.12 Bed capacity was a glaring problem for the NHS well before covid, and even with no more surges in infections it will remain a huge limiting factor to our health system’s resilience and performance.3 Between 2010-11 and 2019-20 England’s overall number of NHS hospital beds fell by 11%, from 144 455 to 128 943. The number of available general and acute beds fell by 8%, from 110 568 to 102 194.4 Population growth, ageing, and the accompanying frailty, disability, and multiple long term conditions all drive activity and need in health and social care. Despite …
Synthetic Control with Time Varying Coefficients: A State Space Approach with Bayesian Shrinkage

Synthetic control methods are a popular tool for measuring the effects of policy interventions on a single treated unit. In practice, researchers create a counterfactual using a linear combination of untreated units that closely mimic the treated unit. Often times, creating a synthetic control is not possible due to untreated units' dynamic characteristics such as integrated processes or a time varying relationship. These are cases in which viewing the counterfactual estimation problem as a cross sectional one fails. In this paper, I propose a new approach to estimate the synthetic control counterfactual by incorporating time varying parameters. This is done using a state space framework and Bayesian shrinkage. The dynamics allow for a closer pre-treatment fit leading to a more accurate counterfactual estimate. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the usefulness of the proposed model in a synthetic control setting. I then compare the proposed model to two existing approaches in classic synthetic control case studies. Results suggest the proposed model produces lower mean squared forecast error when dynamic relationships are present and better coverage compared to the existing model. In addition, the model performs similar to existing approaches when no dynamics are present.
Nurses Spreading Misinformation.

ABSTRACT: Nurses are trusted to be truthful and to provide considered, substantiated information in a neutral way. Yet the COVID-19 crisis has highlighted how some nurses engage in misinformation on social media and in other venues. This article explores the reasons why people believe they are fully informed, including the possible influence of confirmation biases. It also describes the augmented ethical responsibilities of nurses to examine in depth what they think they know and understand and to account for cognitive biases. Strategies for nurse leaders, managers, and educators are provided to facilitate good practice and help ensure nurses are held accountable for their actions and social media postings.
Amylin Pharmacology in Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment.

The metabolic peptide hormone amylin, in concert with other metabolic peptides like insulin and leptin, has an important role in metabolic homeostasis and has been intimately linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, this pancreatic amyloid peptide is known to self-aggregate much like amyloid-beta and has been reported to be a source of pathogenesis in both Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease. The traditional "gain of toxic function" properties assigned to amyloid proteins are however contrasted by several reports highlighting neuroprotective effects amylin and a recombinant analog, pramlintide, in the context of these two diseases. This suggests that pharmacological therapies aimed at modulating the amylin receptor may be therapeutically beneficial for AD development, as they already are for T2DMM. However, the nature of amylin receptor signaling is highly complex and not well studied in the context of CNS function. Therefore, to begin to address this pharmacological paradox in amylin research, the goal of this review is to summarize the current research on amylin signaling and CNS functions and critically address paradoxical nature of this hormone's signaling in the context of AD pathogenesis.
A preliminary study of the influence of regional winds on Bering Strait transport

The goal of this study is to determine the role of the wind in the Chukchi and Bering Sea in the controlling transport through the Bering Strait. Wind data from 1990–1991 (6 hourly, 2.5}2.5 degree resolution) is analyzed using EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) method. Hourly velocity measurements taken from a mooring station are used as representative average current velocity in the Bering Strait. Correlations between the wind EOFs and the Bering Strait current velocity are calculated. Together with spectrum analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis, the extent of the region where winds affect the transport using wind fields from different areas is determined. The correlations between 1st wind EOF and the current velocity are larger than the correlation with the local winds, which indicates that 1th wind EOF may play more important role for the transport in the region.
Pattern and growth in personality

Pattern and growth in personality , Pattern and growth in personality , کتابخانه دیجیتال و فن آوری اطلاعات دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)
Time of time

In his landmark 1977 paper "The Temporal Logic of Programs", Amir Pnueli gave a fundamental recognition that the ideally nonterminating behavior of ongoing concurrent programs, such as operating systems and protocols, was a vital aspect of program reasoning. As classical approaches to program correctness were based on initialstate/ final-state semantics for terminating programs, these approaches were inapplicable to programs where infinite behavior was the norm. To address this shortcoming, Pnueli suggested the use of temporal logic, a formalism for reasoning about change over time originally studied by philosophers, to meaningfully describe and reason about the infinite behavior of programs. This suggestion turned out to be remarkably fruitful. It struck a resonant chord within the formal verification community, and it has had an enormous impact on the development of the area. It matured into an extremely effective mathematical tool for specifying and verifying a vast class of synchronization and coordination problems common in concurrency. Pnueli thus caused a sea-change in the field of program verification, founding the time of reasoning about time, which has been the most successful period in formal methods yet.
Preferential induction of IL-10 in APC correlates with a switch from Th1 to Th2 response following infection with a low pathogenic variant of Theiler's virus.

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus induces immune-mediated demyelination in susceptible mice after intracerebral inoculation. A naturally occurring, low pathogenic Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus variant showed a single amino acid change within a predominant Th epitope from lysine to arginine at position 244 of VP1. This substitution is the only one present in the entire viral capsid proteins. In this paper, we demonstrate that the majority of T cells specific for VP1233–250 and VP274–86 from wild-type virus-infected mice are Th1 type and these VP1-specific cells poorly recognize the variant VP1 epitope (VP1K244R) containing the substituted arginine. In contrast, the Th2-type T cell population specific for these epitopes predominates in variant virus-infected mice. Immunization with UV-inactivated virus or VP1 epitope peptides could not duplicate the preferential Th1/Th2 responses following viral infection. Interestingly, the major APC populations, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, produce IL-12 on exposure to the pathogenic wild-type virus, whereas they preferentially produce IL-10 in response to the low pathogenic variant virus. Thus, such a spontaneous mutant virus may have a profoundly different capability to induce Th-type responses via selective production of cytokines involved in T cell differentiation and the consequent pathogenicity of virally induced immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
A Remark on the Cantor-Lebesgue Lemma

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Cantor–Lebesgue Lemma theorem. This theorem can be used to obtain straightforward proof of Kuttner's Theorem. The chapter presents essential elements of a nonstandard formulation of Levesque's theory of points of density of measurable sets and shows how it can be applied to obtain a generalization of the Cantor–Lebesgue Lemma.
Photochemical studies as a function of solvent viscosity. A new photochemical pathway in the reaction of (η5-C5H4Me)2Mo2(CO)6 with CCl4

This paper reports the results of a study that used systematic changes in the solvent viscosity to probe the photochemical reactivity of the Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 (Cp′ = η5-C5H4CH3) molecule. The quantum yields for photolysis of Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 in the presence of CCl4 were studied as a function of solvent viscosity. The quantum yields did not decrease to zero with increasing solvent viscosity but rather leveled off at a constant, non-zero value. This result cannot be explained by any of the previously reported radical or Mo–CO dissociation photochemical pathways for this molecule, and therefore an additional photochemical pathway is suggested to be operating in the reaction. The new pathway may involve a reactive isomer of Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 or possibly electron transfer between the excited state of Cp′2Mo2(CO)6 and CCl4.
Engaging History: Historical Ethnography and Ethnology

Book reviewed in this article: The Ngatik Massacre: History and Identity on a Micronesian Atoll. Lin Poyer. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994. 298 pp. Early Observations of Marquesan Culture, 1595–1813. Edwin N. Ferdon. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993. 184 pp.
Effects of hypoxia on cyclic nucleotide formation in rabbit carotid body in vitro

Abstract The present experiments measured cAMP and cGMP in the arterial chemosensory tissue of the rabbit carotid body exposed for 10 min in vitro to normoxic or hypoxic conditions, or to specific activators of adenylate cyclase (forskolin) and guanylate cyclase (sodium nitroprusside). The enzyme activators elevated the basal levels of cAMP (48 ×) and cGMP (3.7 ×), respectively. Hypoxic media increased cAMP in the carotid body by 3.6-fold, but the levels of cGMP were reduced by 33% in media equilibrated with low O 2 . The data are consistent with the notion that cyclic nucleotides are involved in the transduction of natural stimuli and/or the neurotransmitter feedback modulation of chemosensory type I cells.
Chamber studies of visibility-reducing aerosols.

Abstract Interest in light scattering measurements as an index of aerosol mass concentration in the atmosphere and concomitant degradation of visibility prompted a laboratory study to define the ratio of mass concentration to particulate light scattering coefficient ( M b sp ) for several individual aerosols. Simultaneous measurement of b sp with an integrating nephelometer and M with a suitable gravimetric technique provided the basic data. Several size distributions of flyash, coal dust and silica dust were generated under laboratory conditions into a 16 m 3 chamber and the resulting M b sp ratio compared on the basis of each aerosol's size characteristics and similar data from field studies performed by others. The M b sp values for the three individual aerosols were larger than those found in previous field studies, probably due to the relatively smaller numbers of particles in the optically active size range. A significant effect of particle size on M b sp was observed for the coal dust test aerosol. M b sp for an 0.70 μm count median dia. aerosol was 2.5 times the M b sp for a 0.33 μm aerosol.
Pressure and temperature dependence of reactions proceeding via a bound complex. 2. Application to 2CH3 → C2H5 + H

The pressure and temperature dependence of a reaction between two methyl radicals proceeding via ethane intermediate was modeled. Single-channel RRKM calculations were performed, based upon a hindered Gorin model for the transition state; the hindrance parameters were chosen to reproduce the high-pressure limiting rate constant from 300-1400 K. It is shown that the reaction between two methyl radicals may be characterized over wide ranges of temperature and pressure, using three analytical expressions of the type introduced by Troe (1979) for single-channel unimolecular processes.
Comparison of high-resolution and dynamic reaction cell ICP-MS capabilities for forensic analysis of iron in glass.

Forensic laboratories routinely conduct analysis of glass fragments to determine whether or not there is an association between a fragment(s) recovered from a crime scene or from a suspect to a particular source of origin. The physical and optical (refractive index) properties of the fragments are compared and, if a “match” between two or more fragments is found, further elemental analysis can be performed to enhance the strength of the association. A range of spectroscopic techniques has been used for elemental analysis of this kind of evidence, including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Because of its excellent sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, several studies have found that ICP-MS methods (dissolution and laser-ablation) provide the best discrimination between glass fragments originating from different sources. Nevertheless, standard unit-resolution ICP-MS instruments suffer from polyatomic interferences including 40Ar16O+, 40Ar16O1H+, and refractory oxide 40Ca16O+ that compromise measurements of trace levels of Fe56+ and Fe57+, for example. This is a drawback in the analysis of glass fragments because iron has been previously identified as a good discriminating element. Currently, several techniques are available that enable reduction of such interferences. However, there are no data comparing detection limits of iron in glass using those techniques. The aim of this study was to compare, the analytical performance of high-resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-SF-ICP-MS) and quadrupole ICP-MS equipped with a dynamic reaction cell (DRC-ICP-MS), for the detection of iron in glass, in terms of accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (MDLs). Analyses were conducted using conventional acid-digestion and laser-ablation methods. For laser-ablation analyses, carrier gases were compared to assess the effect on detection limits in the detection of iron isotopes. Iron polyatomic interferences were reduced or resolved by using a dynamic reaction cell and high-resolution ICP-MS. MDLs as low as 0.03 μg g−1 and 0.14 μg g−1 were achieved in laser-ablation and solution-based analyses, respectively. Use of helium as carrier gas improved detection limits for both iron isotopes in medium-resolution HR-SF-ICP-MS and in DRC-ICP-MS.
Primary colorectal lymphoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical presentation and characteristics of primary colorectal lymphoma, analyze the prognostic factors, and assess the results of treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: We identified 37 cases at our institution between 1980 and 1996. They comprised 0.48 percent of all cases of colon malignancies (37/7,658) during this period. The following clinical information was obtained: age, gender, signs and symptoms, tumor site, tumor size, histology grade, pathology, and adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: The most common presenting signs and symptoms were abdominal pain (62 percent), abdominal mass (54 percent), and weight loss (43 percent). The most frequent site of involvement was the cecum (45 percent). Histologically, 29 (78 percent) were classified as high-grade, and 8 (22 percent) as intermediate-grade-to-low-grade lymphoma. Nine (24.3 percent) of the cases were Stage EI, 23 (62.2 percent) were Stage EII, and 5 (13.5 percent) were Stage EIV. Twenty-one (57 percent) cases received adjuvant chemotherapy. The five-year survival rate was 33 percent for all patients and 39 percent for patients treated with combination chemotherapy. Overall median survival time was 24 months and 36 months for those with adjuvant chemotherapy. Only histology grade, among the factors examined, was a significant prognostic factor for survival. The mean survival time of the patients with Stage II disease who received chemotherapy was 117.4 months, and it was 47.9 months for the patients with Stage II disease who did not received chemotherapy. Conclusions: In our retrospective study high-grade lymphoma was the only significant adverse prognostic factor for survival. Receiving adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved survival in patients with Stage II disease. Patients with diffuse large-cell type had better survival than patients with small noncleaved-cell type in Stage II high-grade lymphoma.
Properties of amorphous–crystalline silicon junctions

Junctions between amorphous and crystalline Si have been made. It is found that all junctions are rectifying, but junctions made with p-Si are more rectifying than junctions made with n-Si. I–U and C–U characteristics have been measured. The a–p junctions have been found to produce high photovoltages, and the spectral dependence of photo-voltage and photocurrent has been measured. The a–n junctions have been found to produce very little photovoltage. Aus amorphem und kristallinem Si wurden Ubergange hergestellt. Es wird gefunden, das alle Ubergange gleichrichten, wobei Ubergange aus p-Si besser gleichrichten als Ubergange aus n-Si. Die I–U- und C–U-Charakteristiken wurden gemessen. Es wird gefunden, das die a–p-Ubergange hohe Photospannungen ergeben, und die spektralen Abhangigkeiten der Photospannung und des Photostroms wurden bestimmt. Die a–n-Ubergange rufen nur eine sehr geringe Photospannung hervor.
Lessons From the Influenza Vaccine Recall of 1996-1997

INFLUENZA IS a major killer of persons aged 65 years and older, particularly those who are frail or debilitated with chronic cardiac and/or pulmonary conditions, and results in 10 000 to 40 000 deaths each year in the United States. The economic cost is considerable, with Medicare reimbursing hospitals $1 billion for excess hospitalizations during the 1989 flu season 1 and an overall societal cost in excess of $10 billion. 2 To prevent illness and death, there has been a sustained and ongoing campaign to enhance the annual delivery of influenza vaccine to persons aged 65 years and older. For this reason, public concerns regarding "recalled" vaccine may negatively affect the success of these campaigns. Three times during November 1996, Parke-Davis voluntarily recalled 11 lots of influenza vaccine (Fluogen, lots 00176P, 00276P, 00576P, 00586P, 00676P, 00686P, 00786P, 00886P, 00966P, 00986P, and 01066P). Based on information available, neither the Centers for
Phase Transitions in Polypeptide Liquid Crystals: A Reentrant Isotropic Phase

Abstract Optical and C-13 NMR examinations of concentrated solutions of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG) in a mixed solvent system containing a denaturant acid, show that this polymer liquid crystal has both a low and high temperature isotropic phase. The latter is due to thermal disruption of long range orientational order of the elongated macromolecules. The former reentrant isotropic phase is a result of an intramolecular helix to random coil transition, which leads to a macromolecular conformation inconsistent with liquid crystallinity.
Characterization of the Gbx1-/- mouse mutant: a requirement for Gbx1 in normal locomotion and sensorimotor circuit development.

The Gbx class of homeobox genes encodes DNA binding transcription factors involved in regulation of embryonic central nervous system (CNS) development. Gbx1 is dynamically expressed within spinal neuron progenitor pools and becomes restricted to the dorsal mantle zone by embryonic day (E) 12.5. Here, we provide the first functional analysis of Gbx1. We generated mice containing a conditional Gbx1 allele in which exon 2 that contains the functional homeodomain is flanked with loxP sites (Gbx1flox); Cre-mediated recombination of this allele results in a Gbx1 null allele. In contrast to mice homozygous for a loss-of-function allele of Gbx2, mice homozygous for the Gbx1 null allele, Gbx1−/−, are viable and reproductively competent. However, Gbx1−/− mice display a gross locomotive defect that specifically affects hindlimb gait. Analysis of embryos homozygous for the Gbx1 null allele reveals disrupted assembly of the proprioceptive sensorimotor circuit within the spinal cord, and a reduction in ISL1+ ventral motor neurons. These data suggest a functional requirement for Gbx1 in normal development of the neural networks that contribute to locomotion. The generation of this null allele has enabled us to functionally characterize a novel role for Gbx1 in development of the spinal cord.
Isolation and characterization of two proteinase inhibitors from the male reproductive tract of mice

Low molecular weight, acid-stable proteinase inhibitors from epididymal and seminal vesicle homogenates were isolated and characterized. The isolation procedure consisted of gel filtration, trypsin affinity, and ion exchange chromatography. The inhibitor from seminal vesicle homogenates has a molecular weight of approximately 6,200, and that of the epididymal inhibitor was estimated at 4,000. Antiserum directed against the seminal vesicle inhibitor did not react with epididymal components. The epididymal inhibitor shows competitive, whereas the seminal vesicle inhibitor shows noncompetitive inhibition against trypsin on double reciprocal plots. Both inhibitors are effective against trypsin and acrosin but not against chymotrypsin, kallikrein, thrombin, or plasmin. To verify site of origin and to investigate androgen dependency of the epididymal inhibitor, mice were efferentiectomized, orchiectomized, or orchiectomized with androgen supplementation. Gel filtration profiles of acid-treated epididymal homogenates from normal and efferentiectomized animals show inhibitor peaks in the same regions. The concentration of acid-stable inhibitor from epididymal homogenates decreased with orchiectomy but returned to normal values when exogenous androgen was supplied. These observations suggest that the low molecular weight inhibitor in the epididymal homogenates is distinct from that in the seminal vesicles. Furthermore, the inhibitor associated with epididymal homogenates is androgen-dependent, and the epididymis is the site of origin of this inhibitor.
Multiple Modes for Conferring Surface Expression of Homomeric β1 GABAA Receptors

The γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor assembles from individual subunits to form ligand-gated ion channels. Human (h) β3 subunits assemble to form homomeric surface receptors in somatic cells, but hβ1 subunits do not. We have identified three distinct sets of amino acid residues in the N-terminal extracellular domain of the hβ1 subunit, which when mutated to the homologous residue in hβ3 allow expression as a functional homomeric receptor. The three sets likely result in three modes of assembly. Mode 1 expression results from a single amino acid change at residue hβ1 Asp-37. Mode 2 expression results from mutations of residues between positions 44 and 73 together with residues between positions 169 and 173. Finally, mode 3 results from the mutations A45V and K196R. Examination of homology-based structural models indicates that many of the residues are unlikely to be involved in physical inter-subunit interactions, suggesting that a major alteration is stabilization of an assembly competent form of the subunit. These mutations do not, however, have a major effect on the surface expression of heteromeric receptors which include the α1 subunit.
Mutational analysis of sites in the translational regulator, PHAS-I, that are selectively phosphorylated by mTOR

Results obtained with PHAS-I proteins having Ser to Ala mutations in the five known phosphorylation sites indicate that mTOR preferentially phosphorylates Thr36 and Thr45. The effects of phosphorylating these sites on eIF4E binding were assessed in a far-Western analysis with a labeled eIF4E probe. Phosphorylation of Thr36 only slightly attenuated binding of PHAS-I to eIF4E, while phosphorylation of Thr45 markedly inhibited binding. Phosphorylation of neither site affected the electrophoretic mobility of the protein, indicating that results of studies that rely solely on a gel-shift assay to assess changes in PHAS-I phosphorylation must be interpreted with caution.
A FORTRAN program for statistical evaluation of pseudorandom number generators

There are numerous applications in the field of psychology that require the use of random numbers. Randomization of subjects into groups, random presentation of treatments to subjects, simulation of cognitive processes, and Monte Carlo simulations of statistics used in psychological research require the use of random numbers. A common procedure for obtaining random numbers is through the use of a computer's pseudorandom number function. The function is deemed pseudorandom because the values are not generated from a truly random process; rather, each value is calculated from the previous value, often through multiplicative and modulo operations. In order to be useful, the values produced by a pseudorandom number generator must meet certain criteria of randomness. Computer companies usually do not supply users with information concerning the adequacy of their pseudorandom number generator in meeting these criteria. It is well known that some pseudorandom number generators do not produce satisfactory random numbers (Jansson, 1966; Knuth, 1969). It is therefore the user's responsibility to determine the adequacy ofa pseudorandom number generator. The present article describes a FORTRAN N program that may be used to test the adequacy of a pseudorandom number generator. It checks whether the values produced by the generator pass a cycle repetition test plus four standard statistical tests: rectangularity test, sequential independence test, runs up and down test, and gaps test. Each test is conducted on the same 100,000 random values. The program output consists of a probability value for each of the statistical tests. The tests are described in numerous sources (Hammersley & Handscomb, 1964; Jansson, 1966; Knuth, 1969; Lehman, 1977; Shreider, 1966). Of these references, Jansson (1966) and Lehman (1977) present the tests in the clearest fashion. Cycle Repetition. Due to the manner in which pseudorandom values are generated, most pseudorandom number generators produce a finite series of different pseudorandom numbers. At the end of a certain cycle, the generator will reproduce the same sequence of numbers. For a pseudorandom number generator to be useful, it must generate an acceptably long series of numbers before it repeats its cycle. What constitutes an "acceptably long series" depends upon
Transport phenomena in an aluminum nitride induction heating sublimation growth system

Abstract In this paper, an integrated model considering induction heating, thermal system design, mass transport and growth kinetics has been developed to study temperature distribution in an aluminum nitride (AlN) growth system and evolution of the crystal interface and source surface. The electromagnetic field and induction heat generation are calculated by the Maxwell equations. Temperature distribution in the growth chamber is simulated by energy equation accounting for conduction/radiation. Simulation results are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Both of them show that temperature difference between the top and bottom of the crucible is almost independent of power. The effects of RF coil current on temperature distribution is investigated. The maximum temperature is located at about the center of the coils. Effects of pressure and temperature gradient on the growth rate are studied. The growth rate increases linearly with temperature gradient and decreases with pressure. Since the AlN source powder is porous, the effects of the powder porosity on the shapes of the crystal interface and source surface and the growth rate are also investigated.
Molecular Muscle based Nano-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (NEMS)

Created by a bottom-up approach based on self-assembly and molecular recognition, molecular motors and muscles such as bistable rotaxanes are recognized as promising actuation materials for Micro/Nano Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS/NEMS). In this work, we report a hybrid NEMS actuation device based on electrochemical activation of surface-bound bistable rotaxanes (molecular muscles). This NEMS actuator consists of a micro-cantilever coated with a self-assembled monolayer of redox-active palindromic bistable [3]rotaxane R8+ molecules, and when subjected to oxidizing and reducing electrochemical potential undergoes controllable and reversible bending. This work represents an important step towards the practical realization of artificial molecular muscle based actuators for various NEMS/MEMS applications.
Trauma to the central nervous system may result in formation or enlargement of multiple sclerosis plaques.

N SOME patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), certain kinds of trauma may act as a trigger at some time for the appearance of new or recurrent symptoms. Only trauma affecting the head, neck, or upper back, that is, to the brain and/or spinal cord, can be considered significant. 1 This premise is based on the twin considerations that an alteration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an obligatory step in the pathogenesis of the MS lesion and that trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) can result in such a loss of BBB impermeability. The fact that an alteration of the BBB is an important step in the formation of the MS lesion has been demonstrated many times by serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. 2-7 Pozzilli et al 8 reached the same conclusion from positron emission tomography studies. In 1986, I proposed that this alteration in permeability was obligatory for the development of MS and was nonspecific, although most frequently triggered by an inflammatory immunological phenomenon. 9 Several other investigators also commented on the role of the BBB
Proof of Concept: Endogenous Antiangiogenic Factors Predict the Occurrence of Symptomatic Vasospasm Post Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The pathogenesis of vasospasm (VS) post aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is multifactorial and not completely understood. The authors hypothesize that circulating antiangiogenic factors play an important role in brain injury post SAH and that elevated levels predict the occurrence of symptomatic vasospasm. In this study the authors measured the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of soluble endoglin (sEng) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) in controls and SAH patients within 48 h of the bleed. Patients were prospectively followed and subcategorized into those with (sVS) and without symptomatic vasospasm (no-sVS). Compared to healthy controls, SAH patients had higher CSF levels of sEng (0.037 vs. 0.251 ng/ml; P = 0.02) and sFlt1 (0.068 vs. 0.679 ng/ml; P = 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, sVS patients had higher CSF levels of sEng and sFlt1 than no-sVS patients (sEng: 0.380 vs. 0.159 ng/ml, P = 0.02; sFlt1: 1.277 vs. 0.343 ng/ml, P = 0.01). The serum levels of sEng and sFlt1 were not statistically different among the different groups. Based on these results the authors conclude that elevated CSF levels of sFlt1 and sEng herald the occurrence of symptomatic VS post SAH.
Evolution of mechanisms for color vision

An understanding of the natural history of color vision would provide significant insight into the question of why we have color vision. Such information is not at hand, but studies of the biological mechanisms underlying color vision, and consideration of the variations of these mechanisms across species, provide the basis for some thoughts about the evolution of the mechanisms for color vision. The focus is mammalian color vision
High-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Chemotherapy, Transplantation, and Beyond

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has curative potential for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), though with considerable nonrelapse mortality and morbidity. The International Prognostic Scoring System, despite its confines, remains a widely used tool guiding treatment decisions in MDS. The two hypomethylating agents, 5-azacytidine (azacitidine) and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (decitabine), are both effective in high-risk MDS, but about 50% of high-risk MDS patients fail to achieve a meaningful response, and these agents offer only a modest survival benefit, with a median response duration of 13 months. The more recent proposed risk models of MDS, as well as modern transplant strategies and expanded alternative donor sources, have helped to increase the number of patients offered curative treatment. As both drug therapy and HCT modalities evolve, treatment decisions are certain to become more complex. Current therapeutic options should view the hypomethylating agents as a way to optimize disease response before (and possibly after) HCT.
How productivity improves in hands-free continuous dictation tasks: lessons learned from a longitudinal study

Abstract Speech recognition technology continues to improve, but users still experience significant difficulty using the software to create and edit documents. The reported composition speed using speech software is only between 8 and 15 words per minute [Proc CHI 99 (1999) 568; Universal Access Inform Soc 1 (2001) 4], much lower than people's normal speaking speed of 125–150 words per minute. What causes the huge gap between natural speaking and composing using speech recognition? Is it possible to narrow the gap and make speech recognition more promising to users? In this paper we discuss users' learning processes and the difficulties they experience as related to continuous dictation tasks using state of the art Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) software. Detailed data was collected for the first time on various aspects of the three activities involved in document composition tasks: dictation, navigation, and correction. The results indicate that navigation and error correction accounted for big chunk of the dictation task during the early stages of interaction. As users gained more experience, they became more efficient at dictation, navigation and error correction. However, the major improvements in productivity were due to dictation quality and the usage of navigation commands. These results provide insights regarding the factors that cause the gap between user expectation with speech recognition software and the reality of use, and how those factors changed with experience. Specific advice is given to researchers as to the most critical issues that must be addressed.
Buoyant thermal plumes from planetary landers and rovers: Application to sizing of meteorological masts

Abstract Objective Landers on Mars and Titan may have warm surfaces as a result of solar heating or the carriage of radioisotope power sources. This warmth can perturb downwind meteorological measurements, but cannot be modeled as a simple aerodynamic wake because buoyant forces can be significant. Methods We use an analytic model from the industrial aerodynamics literature on smoke dispersion from fires and smokestacks to evaluate the plume trajectories. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are also performed for a Titan lander. Results CFD yields results similar to the analytic model. (Albeit with a possibly weaker dependence on windspeed than the classic model.) We apply the models to evaluate the probability of immersion of instrumentation in plumes from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity and for a Titan lander under various wind scenarios. Conclusions Lander perturbations can be easily calculated. Practice implications None.