cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aluminum effects on the kinetics of calcium uptake into cells of the wheat root apex : Quantification of calcium fluxes using a calcium-selective vibrating microelectrode.

The effects of aluminum on the concentration-dependent kinetics of Ca(2+) uptake were studied in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Al-tolerant Atlas 66 and Al-sensitive Scout 66. Seedlings were grown in 100 μM CaCl2 solution (pH 4.5) for 3 d. Subsequently, net Ca(2+) fluxes in intact roots were measured using a highly sensitive technique, employing a vibrating Ca(2+)-selective microelectrode. The kinetics of Ca(2+) uptake into cells of the root apex, for external Ca(2+) concentrations from 20 to 300 μM, were found to be quite similar for both cultivars in the absence of external Al; Ca(2+) transport could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. When roots were exposed to solutions containing levels of Al that were toxic to Al-sensitive Scout 66 but not to Atlas 66 (5 to 20 μM total Al), a strong correlation was observed between Al toxicity and Al-induced inhibition of Ca(2+) absorption by root apices. For Scout 66, exposure to Al immediately and dramatically inhibited Ca(2+) uptake over the entire Ca(2+) concentration range used for these experiments. Kinetic analyses of the Al-Ca interactions in Scout 66 roots were consistent with competitive inhibition of Ca(2+) uptake by Al. For example, exposure of Scout 66 roots to increasing Al levels (from 0 to 10 μM) caused the K m for Ca(2+) uptake to increase with each rise in Al concentration, from approx. 100 μM in the absence of Al to approx. 300 μM in the presence of 10 μM Al, while having no effect on the V max. The same Al exposures had little effect on the kinetics of Ca(2+) uptake into roots of Atlas 66. The results of this study indicate that Al disruption of Ca(2+) transport at the root apex may play an important role in the mechanisms of Al toxicity in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars, and that differential Al tolerance may be associated with the ability of Ca(2+)-transport systems in cells of the root apex to resist disruption by potentially toxic levels of Al in the soil solution.
Other- versus self-focus and risky health behavior: the case of HIV/AIDS

We examined the relationships of other-focus and self-focus with risky health behaviors among HIV+ individuals. Participants who were recruited by an AIDS advocacy organization completed anonymous questionnaires that included measures of other-focus (i.e. empathic concern and perspective-taking) and self-focus (i.e. personal distress and exaggerated internal control); direct measures of concern about the consequences of HIV/AIDS for the self, close others, and society; and a measure of willingness to engage in HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. As predicted, other-focus measures were generally associated with less, and self-focus measures with greater, willingness to engage in risky behavior. However, concern about the consequences of HIV/AIDS for close others was similar to self-focus and was associated with greater willingness to engage in risky behavior. These results are consistent with the notion that prevention efforts focusing on the consequences of HIV/AIDS - and perhaps other communicable diseases - might be more effective if they highlighted the consequences of the disease for society.
Comparison of live and carcass equations predicting percentage of cutability, retail product weight, and trimmable fat in beef cattle.

Forty-four Hereford-sired steers were measured ultrasonically for backfat and longissimus muscle area between the 12th and 13th ribs before slaughter and visually appraised for fatness, overall muscling, and frame. Carcass measurements associated with USDA yield and quality grades were measured and recorded. Carcasses were fabricated into closely trimmed, boneless subprimals at 1.27- and .32-cm fat trim levels. Cutability percentage (percentage of retail cuts from the cold carcass weight) and kilograms of retail product were defined three ways. The first definition included only retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck. The second included the above plus adjusted lean trim from the round, loin, rib, and chuck, and, finally, total retail product from the entire carcass. Kilograms (TOTFAT) and percentage (PERFAT) of trimmable fat were also calculated. Stepwise regression procedures were used for live and carcass trait model development predicting cutability percentages, kilograms of retail product, and trimmable fat. Fat measurements accounted for the largest portion of variation in cutability percentage and PERFAT. Weight measurements accounted for the major sources of variation in predicting kilograms of retail product and TOTFAT. Final models using live animal traits ranked the steers equally as well for cutability percentages as the original USDA cutability equation and stepwise, developed carcass equations (P > .10). Final models using live animal or carcass equations ranked the animals equally for kilograms of retail product yield (P > .10).
An Enhanced Extreme Learning Machine for Efficient Small Sample Classification

ELM, as an efficient classification technology, is used to many popular application domain. However, ELM has weak generalization performance when the original data set is small related to its feature space. In this paper, aiming to the above problem, an enhanced ELM classification framework is proposed to improve the accuracy of ELM classifier. At first, the method automatically obtains the k discretization intervals for the continuous data and removes the irrelevant features and the redundancy features by mutual information. Further, we only select those features which have high relevance with the object node by an improved Markov Boundary identify algorithm. Finally, Obtaining the enhanced ELM classifier by an efficient weight voting mechanism. The experiments conducted on real-life small sample datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms the previous methods, especially for small sample data.
Chemokines and cocaine: CXCR4 receptor antagonist AMD3100 attenuates cocaine place preference and locomotor stimulation in rats

Abstract Plasma levels of the chemokine CXCL12 are elevated in mice following acute cocaine exposure and decreased in human cocaine abusers during withdrawal. CXCL12 is also one of the few chemokines located in the brain and can modulate dopamine transmission through activation of its receptor CXCR4. To assess a role for the CXCL12/CXCR4 system in behavioral effects of cocaine, we tested the hypothesis that AMD 3100 (Plerixafor), a CXCR4 antagonist, would inhibit conditioned place preference (CPP) and locomotor activation produced by cocaine. Rats injected with cocaine (10 mg/kg) displayed CPP relative to saline-injected controls following 4 conditioning sessions. AMD 3100 (1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) administered prior to cocaine conditioning reduced development of cocaine CPP. AMD 3100 (5 mg/kg) also inhibited expression of cocaine-induced CPP in a paradigm in which it was injected once (following cocaine conditioning and just prior to CPP testing). In addition, AMD 3100 (5, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment reduced locomotor activation produced by an acute cocaine injection (15 mg/kg) but did not affect basal locomotor activity relative to saline-injected controls. Repeated cocaine exposure produced a significant increase (1.49-fold) in CXCL12 mRNA expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Our results suggest that the CXCL12/CXCR4 system in the brain reward circuit is impacted by cocaine exposure and influences behavioral effects related to the abuse liability of cocaine.
Self-exam is the most common method of breast cancer identification

1543 Background: Breast cancer survival is improved by early diagnosis. The role of self-exam as an adjunct to screening mammography has been questioned as some studies suggest that self-examinations lead to unnecessary diagnostic procedures without improving survival. Methods: Patients who had been diagnosed with breast cancer and who were attending a university-based cancer clinic were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire, to determine the way in which their breast cancers were first identified. Inference was conducted using exact methods (Clopper-Pearson intervals for proportions and Fisher’s test for odds ratios). Results: Breast cancers were first identified by mammogram in 16% of women, by provider in 9%, by the spouse in 2%. Seventy-five percent (95% CI=61% to 85%) of patients first identified their tumors by self exam. Self-identifiers occurred in all demographic groups. These women included those with all types of insurance: private insurance (68%), Medicare (60%), Medicaid (100%), or no...
AAV8-Factor IX Hepatic Gene Transfer with Transient Immunosuppression Is Safe but Is Abrogated by Low Titers of Neutralizing Antibody in Rhesus Macaques.

AAV8 vectors have potential in human gene transfer due to improved transduction efficiencies as demonstrated in small animal models, and are also reported to show less cross-reactivity to AAV2 neutralizing antibodies prevalent in humans. To assess this hypothesis, the efficacy and safety of AAV8-human Factor IX (hFIX) was evaluated in rhesus macaques. At doses of 5–20x10 12 vg/kg, AAV8-hFIX achieved therapeutic to supraphysiological levels of circulating human FIX via intra-hepatic artery delivery in AAV8-naive macaques. However, transduction was abrogated in macaques with pre-existing AAV8 neutralizing antibodies at titers as low as 1:5. Intrahepatic delivery of AAV8-hFIX resulted in gene transfer primarily in liver, and was well distributed among individual hepatic lobes. Two macaques that experienced traumatic catheterization developed immediate and delayed (week 4–6) transient transaminitis post surgery. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of AAV8-hFIX transduced hepatocytes persisted despite the liver damage and partial loss of hFIX expression. Transduction was well tolerated in all other macaques. Transient immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil did not impair AAV8-hFIX transduction. The results [1] support AAV8-mediated gene transfer in humans but indicate that both the efficacy achieved and the resistance to pre-existing neutralizing antibodies of AAV8-hFIX are unlikely to be significantly enhanced over AAV2 vector, [2] suggest that a peri-operative insult and likely triggering of innate immunity may result in a later inflammatory response that results in a decrease in transgene protein production, and [3] provide evidence that a short course of immunosuppression does not alter liver transduction by AAV vectors.
Following a Folding Transition with Capillary Electrophoresis and Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is increasingly used to describe solution-phase phenomena and has recently been used to establish the presence of multiple intermediates during the folding of a model polypeptide, polyproline. These observations, however, are made on gas-phase structures. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a complementary solution-phase technique, also based on the separation of charged species as a function of size and charge. Here, both ion mobility and capillary electrophoresis are used to follow the folding transition of a 13-mer polyproline peptide from the all-cis polyproline I (PPI) conformation to the all-trans polyproline II (PPII) conformation upon immersion in aqueous solvent. Synchronous folding processes are observed using both techniques. Eight conformers are observed using ion mobility. Although only five peaks are observed using capillary electrophoresis, these peaks can be modeled as sums of the observed IMS conformers; this is strong evidence that ion mobility is sampling s...
Comparison of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) Production by Fusarium graminearum Isolates in Corn Steep-Supplemented Fries Medium.

Four out of nine North American Fusarium graminearum isolates produced deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-monoacetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) when grown in stationary cultures of modified Fries medium supplemented with 4% corn steep liquor. Strains R-6576, Van Wert A-l and Stuckey produced primarily DON after 20 d of incubation at 28°C. In these strains, low levels of 15-ADON accumulated after 5 d but then declined over time. Disappearance of 15-ADON and subsequent appearance of DON coincided with both a rapid rise of pH above 8.0 and onset of the stationary phase. DON levels peaked after the exhaustion of carbohydrate (day 20) and then began to decline. In contrast to these three strains, strain NRRL 5883 produced primarily 15-ADON during an extended growth phase (day 10) and only small amounts of DON during late stationary phase (day 25). NRRL 5883 exhibited a slow rise in pH relative to the other three strains and utilized only 75% of the available carbohydrate during the 25-d period. Qualitative and quantitative production of DON and 15-ADON in liquid culture was dependent on the strain of F. graminearum .
Public Attitudes Toward Abortion and LGBTQ Issues: A Dynamic Analysis of Region and Partisanship

Trends in public attitudes toward abortion, general acceptance of same-sex relationships, and same-sex marriage are examined across regions and parties in the United States. Relative to Americans living outside the South, Southerners are less accepting of same-sex relationships, and these regional differences appear to be increasing over time. On these issues, multivariate analysis suggests that Democrats and Republicans are moving in opposite directions, with Democrats becoming more accepting of same-sex relationships, and Republicans (relatively) less so. With respect to abortion, regional differences do not appear to be increasing or decreasing over time. Both Republicans and Democrats are becoming more accepting of legal abortion, once the effects of other variables have been controlled, but the rate of change is substantially more rapid among Democrats. Thus, party and regional polarization on issues involving sexual morality seems likely to continue.
Point stresses during reproductive stage rather than warming seasonal temperature determine yield in temperate rice.

Climate change is predicted to shift temperature regimes in most agricultural areas with temperature changes expected to impact yields of most crops, including rice. These temperature-driven effects can be classified into point stresses, where a temperature event during a sensitive stage drives a reduction in yield, or seasonal warming losses, where raised temperature is thought to increase maintenance energy demands and thereby decrease available resources for yield formation. Simultaneous estimation of the magnitude of each temperature effect on yield has not been well documented due to the inherent difficulty in separating their effects. We simultaneously quantified the magnitude of each effect for a temperate rice production system using a large data set covering multiple locations with data collected from 1995 to 2015, combined with a unique probability-based modeling approach. Point stresses, primarily cold stress during the reproductive stages (booting and flowering), were found to have the largest impact on yield (over 3 Mg/ha estimated yield losses). Contrary to previous reports, yield losses caused by increased temperatures, both seasonal and during grain-filling, were found to be small (approximately 1-2% loss per °C). Occurrences of cool temperature events during reproductive stages were found to be persistent over the study period, and within season, the likelihood of a cool temperature event increased when flowering occurred later in the season. Short and medium grain types, typically recommended for cool regions, were found to be more tolerant of cool temperatures but more sensitive to heat compared to long grain cultivars. These results suggest that for temperate rice systems, the occurrence of periodic stress events may currently overshadow the impacts of general warming temperature on crop production.
A deep learning approach for mapping music genres

Deep feature learning methods have been aggressively applied in the field of music tagging retrieval Genre categorization, mood classification, and chord detection are the most common tags from local spectral to temporal structure. Convolutional Neural networks (CNNs) using kernels extract the local features that are in different levels of hierarchy while Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) discover the global features to understand the temporal context, CRNN architectures as a powerful music tagging utilize the benefits of the both CNN and RNN structures. In this article a CRNN structure on MagnaTagA Tune dataset is proposed. The AUC-ROC index for the proposed architecture is 0.893 which shows its superiority rather than traditional structures on the same database. The merging mechanism to obtain 50 tags from the whole 188 existing tags of this dataset and simple CRNN architecture designed for tag discovering are the main contribution of this paper.
Introduction and Outline

One of the most basic and important phenomena in our physical world is the interaction of light and matter.
Identifying the roots of Green Civil War over utility-scale solar energy projects on public lands across the American Southwest

Utility-scale solar energy (USSE) development is an emerging cause of land use change across the American Southwest. Many proposed projects in the region have encountered resistance from environmen...
Abstract 16403: Trajectories of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms are Predictive of Physical Health-related Quality of Life, Mortality, and Hospital Admission at 1-Year Among Patients With Heart Failure

Background: Little is known about the symptom trajectories of depression and anxiety in heart failure (HF) patients and how these symptoms influence health outcomes over time. Objective: The goal o...
Triaxial instabilities in rapidly rotating neutron stars

Viscosity driven bar mode secular instabilities of rapidly rotating neutron stars are studied using LORENE/Nrotstar code. These instabilities set a more rigorous limit to the rotation frequency of neutron star than the Kepler frequency/mass shedding limit. The procedure employed in the code comprises of perturbing an axisymmetric and stationary configuration of a neutron star and studying its evolution by constructing a series of triaxial quasi-equilibrium configurations. Symmetry breaking point was found out for Polytropic as well as 10 realistic Equations of states (EOS) from the CompOSE database. The concept of piecewise polytropic EOSs has been used to comprehend the rotational instability of Realistic EOSs and validated with 19 different Realistic EOSs from CompOSE. The possibility of detecting quasi-periodic gravitational waves from viscosity driven instability with ground based LIGO/VIRGO interferometers is also discussed very briefly.
The Black feminist spatial imagination and an intersectional environmental justice

Starting with seminal work from Katherine McKittrick and Katherine McKittrick and the late Clyde Woods, this paper compares and contrasts articulations of justice as espoused by Black feminism, eco...
Ambulation and physical function after eccentric resistance training in adults with incomplete spinal cord injury: A feasibility study.

Background: Strengthening the lower extremities has shown to positively influence walking mechanics in those with neurological deficiencies. Eccentric resistance training (ERT) is a potent stimulus for the development of muscular strength with low metabolic demand. Thereby, ERT may benefit those with incomplete spinal cord injuries (iSCI) seeking to improve ambulatory capacity.Design: This study was aimed to determine the effect of ERT on walking speed, mobility, independence, and at home function following iSCI.Methods: Individuals with longstanding iSCI trained twice a week for 12 weeks on an eccentrically biased recumbent stepper.Outcome measures: Walking speed (10 meter walk test; 10MWT), mobility (timed up and go), independence (Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury; WISCI), and at home function (Spinal Cord Independence Measure; SCIM) were assessed at baseline, after 6 weeks, and after 12 weeks of ERT.Results: There were improvements in walking mobility (158.36 + 165.84 seconds to 56.31 + 42.42 secon...
The Affective Disorders: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA)

This paper describes the historical roots of psychiatric epidemiology in the United States and summarizes recent data on prevalence rates and correlates of affective disorders (based on DSM-III) obtained from a large multi-site epidemiologic survey, the Epidemiologie Catchment Area Study (ECA), recently completed in the United States.
Bacteriology of Urinary Tract Infection

The diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children requires laboratory determination of the invasion and active multiplication of different organisms in the normally sterile urinary tract. Kass in 1956 introduced the concept of significant bacteri-uria as a common denominator of all types of UTI (1). Since then, emphasis has been made on the need to use strict criteria for the interpretation of quantitative cultures in order to prevent over-diagnosing or underdiagnosing of UTI. Unnecessary expenses, medications, irradiation from extensive radiological workup, and even urologic surgery, are some of the consequences of overdiagnosing. Progressive renal damage could be the result of not detecting in time a congenital anomaly associated with UTI. This subject will be reviewed here in an attempt to give general guidelines on the role played by bacteriology in UTI.
Nutritional Status of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A 1-Year Study

Abstract Objective To describe the effects of activity level and energy intake over time on the body weight of patients with Alzheimer's disease compared with cognitively normal subjects. Design Repeated measures, case-control design with measurements taken at quarterly intervals for 12 months. Subjects were grouped by gender and activity level (sedentary or active) within cognitive status. Setting The Alzheimer's disease Special Care Unit, The Clinical Research Center at University of California, San Diego, and the Fred Kasch Exercise Physiology Laboratories at San Diego State University. Patients Seventeen institutionalized subjects with Alzheimer's disease and 23 community-dwelling control subjects successfully completed the 1-year study. Measurements Before admission to the nursing home, the patients with Alzheimer's disease had a formal assessment for dementia, which showed that they met the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association work group for probable or possible Alzheimer's disease. Control subjects were screened using the Information-Memory-Concentration Mental Status Test and were found to have no cognitive disabilities. Baseline and quarterly measurements included height, weight, bioimpedance for body composition, and activity by accelerometer counts. Dietary intake of energy and protein was determined at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Results Patients with Alzheimer's disease had a significantly higher energy intake than patients in the control group. Both women and men with Alzheimer's disease maintained their weight. Women with Alzheimer's disease had higher percentage of fat-free mass than the control group, but there were no differences in body composition between the groups of men. Conclusion Subjects with Alzheimer's disease can maintain their weight if they are given a diet with adequate energy (35 kcal/kg of body weight). J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:1013-1018.
Biological links between nanoparticle biosynthesis and stress responses in bacteria

Existe un creciente interes en la biosintesis de nanoparticulas utilizando bacterias debido al potencial de aplicaciones en biorremediacion, catalisis o como antimicrobianos. Sin embargo, la biosintesis sigue siendo limitada por la incapacidad de controlar la morfologia y el tamano de las nanoparticulas debido a la falta de conocimiento sobre los mecanismos moleculares explicitos. Debido a su importancia en la biosintesis de nanoparticulas y como antimicrobianos, enfocamos nuestra discusion en las nanoparticulas de plata, oro y cobre. Discutimos los esfuerzos recientes para dilucidar los mecanismos de reduccion que han identificado enzimas genericas y genes de resistencia de metales como candidatos importantes para facilitar la biosintesis de nanoparticulas. Aunque se sabe que estas enzimas y genes desempenan un papel importante en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis bacteriana, hay pocos informes que analicen este tema. Por lo tanto, discutimos ejemplos de como los genes de resistencia de metales se conservan a traves de las bacterias y se ha demostrado que son importantes tanto para la biosintesis de nanoparticulas como para procesos tales como la virulencia o las respuestas al estres oxidativo. En general, esta revision destaca las conexiones biologicas entre la biosintesis de nanoparticulas y las respuestas al estres mediante el analisis sobre papel de las reductasas y los genes de resistencia del metal en ambos procesos. Este conocimiento proporciona un papel mas importante para la biosintesis de nanoparticulas en bacterias y podria permitir un nivel de biologia de sistemas de control sobre la biosintesis de nanoparticulas
Publicizing Performance

In most employment relationships, the employee's performance at the firm is privately, not publicly, observed. Firms can reward successful employees by publicizing their abilities, for example, via a job title, a glowing letter of recommendation, or a resume-worthy award. Firms that establish reputations for hiring young workers and promoting those who succeed lose good workers to competitors but can pay less to young, inexperienced workers in exchange. We find in a general equilibrium setting that firms with reputations for publicizing performance are able to pay less to employees at every level of tenure and thus earn economic profit, but that these firms will never be the most productive in the economy. For such equilibria to exist, the worker--firm match must be important, suggesting that this practice takes place only in human-capital-intensive industries. This paper was accepted by Wei Xiong, finance.
Quantifying traveler information provision in dynamic heterogeneous traffic networks

Information is effectively the same as a change in uncertainty perceived by an observer. This paper adopts the strict definition of information from Shannon’s Information Theory and provides proced...
Opioid Prescribing and Use in Ambulatory Otolaryngology

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate surgeon-prescribing patterns and opioid use for patients undergoing common otolaryngology surgeries. We hypothesized that there was little consistency across surgeons in prescribing patterns and that surgeons prescribed significantly more opioids than consumed by patients. METHODS E-mail-based surveys were sent to all postoperative patients across a 23-hospital system. The survey assessed quantity of opioids consumed postoperatively, patient-reported pain control, and methods of opioid disposal. We compared patient-reported opioid consumption to opioids prescribed based on data in the electronic data warehouse. RESULTS There was wide variation in prescribing between providers both in the quantity and type of opioids prescribed. Patients used significantly less opioids than they were prescribed (10 vs. 30 tablets, P < 0.001) for both opioid-exposed and opioid-naive patients. More than 75% of patients had excess opioids remaining. CONCLUSION Opioids are consistently overprescribed following ambulatory head and neck surgery. Otolaryngologists have an important role in the setting of the national opioid epidemic and should be involved in efforts to reduce excess opioids in their community. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130: 1913-1921, 2020.
A Concept Analysis of Remediation

Abstract Remediation, in higher education, is a multifaceted concept used to describe student-focused activities aimed at achieving course-specific learning outcomes. Within academic programs of nursing, research data describe formal and informal methodologies used to provide remediation. Informal remediation activities are casual and thus not definable. A concept analysis of formal remediation provides a framework for defining the concept, developing measurable outcomes, and describing when to implement the intervention.
An Influencer Like Me: Does Influencer Social Status Matter?

Social media influencers deliver marketing messages, however, they do not necessarily have to be well-known celebrities or famous people. Instead, ordinary people have risen up the ranks of social media to amass hundreds, thousands, or even millions of followers due to their approachable images as well as their expertise on a given subject (Sirohi, 2019; Williams& Valencia, 2019). Even though these relatable influencers tend to be more persuasive and trusted than traditional celebrities (Wischhover, 2018), it is still unclear how ordinary people appeal to social media users compared to those with powerful social identity. This study examines the effect of influencer social status (high/ dissimilar vs. ordinary/ similar) on desirable marketing outcomes (i.e., product attitude, willingness to purchase, and loyalty to the influencer). In so doing, this study investigates whether a follower’s social comparison orientation intervenes in these relationships
Screening Algorithms to Reduce Burden of Pediatric HIV Testing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background The accuracy of symptom screening to identify children eligible for further HIV testing in generalized epidemics has been examined in several studies. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. Methods We screened 5 databases and abstracts from 4 HIV/AIDS conferences. Studies were included if they were performed in clinical settings, included children of 0-15 years old, and used a signs/symptoms screen to determine eligibility for HIV testing. The primary outcomes were sensitivity and specificity of the screening tools. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the utility of a screening tool in the outpatient setting. Results Our search returned 5529 database results and approximately 6700 conference abstracts, of which 36 articles were reviewed and 7 met criteria for inclusion. All were prospective or cross-sectional studies that developed and/or validated a screening tool to identify children at higher risk for being HIV infected. Sensitivity of the screening tools ranged from 71% to 96%, whereas specificity ranged from 25% to 99%. Meta-analysis of studies evaluating outpatient screening tools revealed a sensitivity of 81.4%, with a specificity of 69.4% for detecting HIV infection. Conclusions Few studies have evaluated the use of screening tools for HIV diagnosis in children. Screening tools that exist showed only moderate sensitivity and specificity and missed a substantial number of HIV-infected children in high-prevalence areas. In outpatient settings, the use of a screening tool may help reduce the number of HIV tests needed to identify an HIV-infected child, but at the cost of missed diagnoses. Further studies are needed to determine whether this represents a resource-saving mechanism.
Testing in the Time of COVID-19: A Sudden Transition to Unproctored Online Exams

The swift conversion of chemistry courses to various online formats has presented challenges for students and instructors alike, with one of the most significant challenges being the logistics conc...
Measuring vacuum component impedance for the Argonne Advanced Photon Source upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source plans to upgrade to a multibend achromat (MBA) lattice that will dramatically decrease the electron beam emittance, thereby enhancing the x-ray brightness by two to three orders of magnitude. Electron beam focusing in the MBA requires small-aperture vacuum components that must also have a small impedance so as to minimize rf-heating and collective instabilities. As part of this effort, this paper focuses on coupling impedance measurements and analysis of certain critical Advanced Photon Source Upgrade vacuum components. Impedance measurements of accelerator components have traditionally been done with the coaxial wire method, which is based on the fact that the Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) mode of the coaxial cable can mimic the Coulomb field of a particle beam; however this measurement technique has various limitations. This paper describes our approach to measure the coupling impedance using a Goubau line (G-line), which is essentially a single wire transmission line designed to propagate Sommerfeld-like surface waves whose fundamental Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode mimics the Coulomb field of a relativistic particle beam. We describe in detail the measurement procedure that we have developed for the G-line, including the measurement setup and proper definition of a reference, measurement procedure and advantages, and our experience regarding how to reduce systematic experimental error that we learned over the course of the measurements. Starting with our initial suite of measurements and simulations designed to benchmark and validate the novel G-line based measurement technique, we present the measured results for several Advanced Photon Source Upgrade vacuum components, including those of two rf-gasket designs and the beam position monitor-bellows assembly.
KLAUS WYRTKI AND THE MODERN ERA OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT OCEANOGRAPHY

The December 2019 issue of Marine Research in Indonesia on "Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas" is dedicated to Klaus Wyrtki. In many ways, Klaus Wyrtki's contribution to the study of the Indonesian seas served as a smooth transition from the era of the great expeditions such as the Dutch Willebrord Snellius Expedition (1929-1930; see Wust, 1964; van Aken, 2005) of the early and mid-20th century to the modern era. In the NAGA Report (Wyrtki, 1961; also see Wyrtki, 2005), Klaus used existing ocean observations, supplemented with data he helped collect on the Indonesian research ship Samudera during his sojourn in Indonesia (1954-1957) as Head of the Institute of Marine Research in Jakarta to map out a broad view of the Southeast Asian waters (the waters of the Maritime Continent including the Indonesian seas). He presented the geography, the configuration of the seas and basins of the Southeast Asian waters, the surface circulation, and governing dynamics, including the tides and monsoonal driven seasonality, and the temperature/salinity surface layer patterns, as well as aspects of the subsurface stratification. The Plates 1-44 beautifully reveal the oceanographic condition of the Southeast Asian waters as resolved by the pre-1960 observations. As Klaus Wyrtki says in the NAGA Report Preface: "It is hoped that workers in the region, whether in oceanography or other branches of science may find it a source of information and a stimulus to undertake further research in these waters" and "The scientific publications dealing with this region show not so much a lack of observations as a lack of an adequate attempt to synthesize these results to give a comprehensive description of the region." "I soon decided to devote most of my time during my three years’ stay in Indonesia to the preparation of a general description of the oceanography of these waters." He succeeded.
Geography Education and the Borderlands: Using a Marginalized Discipline to Teach About the Margins

This chapter asserts that there is no teaching about borderlands without geography, and that the geographic perspective is inextricably connected to learning about borderlands. With geography at the core, borders and border studies illustrate the relationship between global societal changes and their impact on places along the margins. Borderlands present distinctive sites and situations in daily life and have implications for issues combining politics, society, culture, history, and the environment. Despite its relevance to understanding globalization and marginalization, geography education has occupied its own intellectual borderland, having been on the margins of American education for decades. Recent initiatives in geography education have created an opportunity to teach about the margins (i.e., borderlands) from this marginalized perspective. Grounded in humanistic political geography (HPG) and the ideas of philosopher Edward Casey, this work proposes a three-pronged organizational framework (HPG borderland theory) for teaching about borderlands: (1) borderlands as historical documents, (2) places of convergence, and (3) expressions.
Welfare-Dependent Refugees?: Evidence from County Welfare Management System Data in Western New York

This study tests an assumption of refugee resettlement policy: Refugees are dependent on welfare. Using administrative data from a county government, we compare the probability of receiving welfare...
Hypofractionated radiation therapy as palliative management for symptomatic and local control of advanced thoracic malignancies.

BACKGROUND Radiation therapy plays an important role for symptom palliation for intrathoracic malignancies ineligible for curative-intent therapy. Limited data exists regarding the role of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) versus conformal radiation in intrathoracic tumors for palliation. We report the efficacy of hypofractionated RT (or palliative SBRT) in the symptom management and durable control of lung and non-lung intrathoracic tumors. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of ninety-two thoracic lesions across 76 patients who completed palliative SBRT with doses ranging 25-50 Gy in 5-10 fractions between 2009 and 2019. Symptoms (cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, shortness of breath) were assessed at consult and 1-6 months follow-up. Local control was evaluated using follow-up CT imaging via RECIST criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate symptom palliation and Kaplan-Meier method to analyze local control. RESULTS Of primary lung (Cohort P) lesions, 40% showed stable symptoms, 30% never developed symptoms, and 19% showed symptom relief. CT imaging 1-6 months post-SBRT showed 91% with partial response (PR) or stable disease (SD) in Cohort P and 87% with PR or SD in metastatic (Cohort M) lesions. In patients with initial PR/SD, local control until death was achieved in 71% of Cohort P and 84% of Cohort M. Of our symptomatic patients (Cohort S), 98% showed no symptom progression post-radiotherapy. All patients with hemoptysis at presentation achieved hemostasis post-radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Palliative SBRT has the advantage of higher biologic dose without protracted course for patients with limited prognosis. Patients showed significant symptom palliation and long-term local control. Palliative SBRT represents a reasonable treatment modality for incurable thoracic malignancies.
S-nitrosoglutathione-mediated STAT3 regulation in efficacy of radiotherapy and cisplatin therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) carrier that plays a critical role in redox based NO signaling. Recent studies have reported that GSNO regulates the activities of STAT3 and NF-κB via S-nitrosylation dependent mechanisms. Since STAT3 and NF-κB are key transcription factors involved in tumor progression, chemoresistance, and metastasis of head and neck cancer, we investigated the effect of GSNO in cell culture and mouse xenograft models of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). For the cell culture studies, three HNSCC cell lines were tested (SCC1, SCC14a and SCC22a). All three cell lines had constitutively activated (phosphorylated) STAT3 (Tyr705). GSNO treatment of these cell lines reversibly decreased the STAT3 phosphorylation in a concentration dependent manner. GSNO treatment also decreased the basal and cytokine-stimulated activation of NF-κB in SCC14a cells and reduced the basal low degree of nitrotyrosine by inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression. The reduced STAT3/NF-κB activity by GSNO treatment was correlated with the decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis of HNSCC cells. In HNSCC mouse xenograft model, the tumor growth was reduced by systemic treatment with GSNO and was further reduced when the treatment was combined with radiation and cisplatin. Accordingly, GSNO treatment also resulted in decreased levels of phosphorylated STAT3. In summary, these studies demonstrate that GSNO treatment blocks the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways which are responsible for cell survival, proliferation and that GSNO mediated mechanisms complement cispaltin and radiation therapy, and thus could potentiate the therapeutic effect in HNSCC.
Weighted Hashing with Multiple Cues for Cell-Level Analysis of Histopathological Images

Recently, content-based image retrieval has been investigated for histopathological image analysis, focusing on improving the accuracy and scalability. The main motivation is to interpret a new image (i.e., query image) by searching among a potentially large-scale database of training images in real-time. Hashing methods have been employed because of their promising performance. However, most previous works apply hashing algorithms on the whole images, while the important information of histopathological images usually lies in individual cells. In addition, they usually only hash one type of features, even though it is often necessary to inspect multiple cues of cells. Therefore, we propose a probabilistic-based hashing framework to model multiple cues of cells for accurate analysis of histopathological images. Specifically, each cue of a cell is compressed as binary codes by kernelized and supervised hashing, and the importance of each hash entry is determined adaptively according to its discriminativity, which can be represented as probability scores. Given these scores, we also propose several feature fusion and selection schemes to integrate their strengths. The classification of the whole image is conducted by aggregating the results from multiple cues of all cells. We apply our algorithm on differentiating adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma, i.e., two types of lung cancers, using a large dataset containing thousands of lung microscopic tissue images. It achieves \(90.3\,\%\) accuracy by hashing and retrieving multiple cues of half-million cells.
EVALUATION OF HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT WITH FRACTURE MECHANICS TESTS

ABSTRACT The influence of hydrogen embrittlement on the toughness of SA350LF3 steel was investigated. Two methods, the more traditional disk pressure test and a small specimen fracture mechanics tests, were applied. The quantitativ determination of a fracture toughness parameter on base material, weld metal and heat affected zone, can be executed for two loading conditions using the second method.
Increasing instruction-level parallelism with instruction precomputation

Value reuse improves a processor’s performance by dynamically caching the results of previous instructions and reusing those results to bypass the execution of future instructions that have the same opcode and input operands. However, continually replacing the least recently used entries could eventually fill the value reuse table with instructions that are not frequently executed. Furthermore, the complex hardware that replaces entries and updates the table may necessitate an increase in the clock period. We propose instruction precomputation to address these issues by profiling programs to determine the opcodes and input operands that have the highest frequencies of execution. These instructions then are loaded into the precomputation table before the program executes. During program execution, the precomputation table is used in the same way as the value reuse table is, with the exception that the precomputation table does not dynamically replace any entries. For a 2K-entry precomputation table implemented on a 4-way issue machine, this approach produced an average speedup of 11.0%. By comparison, a 2K-entry value reuse table produced an average speedup of 6.7%. Instruction precomputation outperforms value reuse, especially for smaller tables, with the same number of table entries while using less area and having a lower access time.
Pancreatitis, Pancreatic Lithiasis, and Diabetes Mellitus

In an earlier review of this topic, coauthored by the second author of this chapter in 1962, pancreatitis and pancreatic lithiasis in their relation to diabetes mellitus were dealt with in separate chapters.1 During the past decade and a half, however, it has become evident that stone formation in the pancreas is nearly always a late phase in the course of chronic or chronic recurrent pancreatitis. Also, while in the past occasional authors2 distinguished between intraductal and parenchymal pancreatic lithiasis, and while it may still be difficult to determine by radiologic means whether the stones lie within the ducts or without,3,4 virtually all recent observers emphasize the exclusively intraductal location of pancreatic calculi.5–16 Seemingly diffuse parenchymal calcifications merely reflect the presence of small amorphous calculi in the finer radicles of the pancreatic ducts; and while the epithelium that lines the radicles may perish due to stasis, pressure necrosis, and infection, careful histologic study will often succeed in demonstrating the presence of remnants of the ductular epithelium immediately adjacent to the concrements.8,14 It is true that calcium deposits may also occur during and after the saponification of necrotic foci of pancreatic fat; however, these soaps, once formed, are absorbed and are not converted to inorganic calcium salts.7 In summarizing these observations, Sarles et al.10 concluded that to differentiate between (ductal) lithiasis and (parenchymal) calcifying pancreatopathy no longer appears justified.
Discrimination Resulting from Overage Practices

Since the release in 1992 of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston study of mortgage lending (Munnel, Browne, McEneaney, and Tootle 1992), the banking regulatory agencies have devoted extensive resources to analyses that included numerous studies of lending practices and compliance under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and the Fair Housing Act (FHA).1These studies used both data collected for a particular study by the regulatory agency and data provided by banks in defense of lending practices. The regulatory agencies have become both offensive and defensive players in the interpretation of the “fair lending” laws and regulations. In this paper, we discuss some of the fundamental theoretical and empirical issues underlying the fair lending analysis pertaining to mortgage loan pricing and present some recent results from three banks. We conclude that, although statistical analysis provides focus in examinations for mortgage loan pricing, additional information would be useful in determining whether racial discrimination exists.
Ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Case morbidity and mortality.

✓ The authors review 100 consecutive cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms to assess the overall morbidity and mortality. Patients were placed on a regimen of bed rest, sedation, control of blood pressure, anticonvulsants, and antifibrinolytic therapy. Surgery was performed on 86 patients with hypotensive anesthesia and microsurgical techniques. The incidence of early rebleeding while on epsilon aminocaproic acid and control of blood pressure was 11.8%. The overall surgical mortality was 8.1%, and the surgical mortality of patients in Grades 1, 2, and 3 was 6.3%. Of the 100 patients, 60 were able to return to their prior activities, and 25 had moderate neurological deficits that required limitation of their activities. The total case mortality was 15%. The evidence presented indicates that the regimen of active medical treatment before microsurgical intervention has improved the overall case morbidity and mortality, as well as the chance for long-term survival.