cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History influences signal recognition: neural network models of túngara frogs.

Animals often attend to only a few of the cues provided by the complex displays of conspecifics. We suggest that these perceptual biases are influenced by mechanisms of signal recognition inherited from antecedent species. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the evolutionary history of artificial neural networks, observing how the resulting networks respond to many novel stimuli and comparing these responses to the behaviour of females in phonotaxis experiments. Networks with different evolutionary histories proved equally capable of evolving to recognize the call of the tungara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus , but exhibited distinct responses to novel stimuli. History influenced the ability of networks to predict known responses of tungara frogs; network accuracy was determined by how closely the network history approximated the hypothesized history of the tungara frog. Our findings emphasize the influence of past selection pressures on current perceptual mechanisms, and demonstrate how neural network models can be used to address behavioural questions that are intractable through traditional methods.
Wind load provisions of the new ANSI Standard

Abstract The wind load provisions of the ANSI Standard have been revised in 1982. The revisions are the result of five years of evaluation, deliberation, and application of consensus process. The consensus process required that all negative votes and comments be considered and resolved. As a result, these revised provisions are probably the most thoroughly reviewed by the profession, of any wind load provisions. Significant changes are in format, basic wind speed, importance coefficients and pressure coefficients for enclosed buildings. Background material and discussions for these significant changes are contained in the paper.
Hemolymph acid-base balance in the terrestrial crab, Gecarcinus ruricola, with changing environmental temperature

Abstract 1. 1. Crabs were acclimated to 20, 25 and 30°C and acid-base status was assessed by measuring hemolymph pH, pCO2, lactate and selected electrolyte concentrations. 2. 2. Constant relative alkalinity of hemolymph was not maintained over the range of temperatures studied. As temperature increased, hemolymph pCO2 and total CO2 content increased while hemolymph pH showed no significant change. 3. 3. The results of this study are compared with findings of other investigators who studied acid-base balance in four other species of tropical terrestrial crabs. Of the five species compared, three appear not to maintain constant relative alkalinity.
Phosphorylation of HIV Nef by cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Nef, a multifunctional accessory protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), is important for disease progression. Nef downmodulates CD4 and MHC class I expression, alters host-cell signal transduction pathways, and enhances viral replication. We have identified a novel interaction between Nef and cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA). N-terminal serine residues Ser6,9 of HIVNL4-3 Nef and Ser10 of SIVmac239 Nef were phosphorylated by PKA in a cell-free system; intracellularly, only Ser9 of HIVNL4-3 Nef was phosphorylated by PKA. Mutation of Ser9 to alanine in the context of full-length HIVNL4-3 lowered HIV replication in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) compared to parental virus. As this mutation played a major role in abrogating the Nef effect on HIV replication in unstimulated primary cells, we postulate that Nef phosphorylation by PKA is an important step in the viral life cycle in resting cells.
Measurement of g-factors of several short lived nuclear states in odd-mass nuclei

Abstract The g -factors of several excited states have been measured by observing the rotation of the angular correlation of γ-γ cascades by an applied magnetic field. The results are: 280-keV state of As 75 ( τ = 3.4 × 10 −10 sec) g = 0.42±0.13, 114-keV state of Lu 175 ( τ = 9.4 × 10 −11 sec) g = 0.5±0.2 and 113-keV state of Hf 117 (τ = 6 × 10 −10 sec g =0.22 × 0.06. these results are compared with the theoretical predictions of the Nilsson model are in good agreement. For the case of As 75 other relevant properties are also compared with the model predictions. The results indicate that the model can be usefully applied to As 75 and that the nucleus has a prolate deformation (ν ≈ 2.5). The g -factor of the 91-keV level of Pm 147 has also been studied, a definite rotation of the angular correlation being observed. Computation of the g -factor from the observed data is uncertain because the time dependent attenuation of the γ-γ correlation is not known. The results are g = (0.9±0.2)/ G 2 . The effect of the paramagnetic nature of the rare earth ions on such measurements on this group of nuclei is discussed as an appendix. Other assumptions made in deducing the g -factors from the observed rotations of the angular correlations are also discussed in the paper.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Furfural Over Supported Metal Catalysts: A Comparative Study of Cu, Pd and Ni

The hydrodeoxygenation of furfural has been investigated over three different metal catalysts, Cu, Pd and Ni supported on SiO2, on a continuous-flow reactor under atmospheric pressure of hydrogen in the 210–290 °C temperature range. The distribution of products is a strong function of the metal catalyst used. High selectivity to furfuryl alcohol is obtained over Cu/SiO2, with the formation of only small amounts of 2-methyl furan at the highest reaction temperature studied. In contrast to Cu catalyst, the conversion of furfural over Pd/SiO2 mainly produces furan by decarbonylation. Furan can further react with hydrogen to form tetrahydrofuran (THF). Finally, on Ni/SiO2 catalysts ring opening products (butanal, butanol and butane) can be obtained in significant amounts. The different product distributions are explained in terms of the strength of interaction of the furan ring with the metal surface and the type of surface intermediates that each metal is able to stabilize.
Organization of the medial hypothalamus for control of adrenocorticotropin in the cat.

To examine the role and interrelations of areas of the medial hypothalamus in the control of release of ACTH, we stimulated electrically (20-sec train, 200-μA amplitude at 100 Hz) 695 sites in the hypothalamus of 91 cats anesthetized with chloraloseurethane. Changes in ACTH were measured by RIA. Responses of arterial pressure could not account for changes of release of ACTH. Several ACTH-active areas were defined. The anatomical relations of these areas with known nuclei and pathways then were considered. Two ACTH facilitatory areas and one ACTH inhibitory area were identified in the lateral aspect of the medial hypothalamus. The dorsal facilitatory area appears to be an extension of the lateral division of the dorsolongitudinal fasciculus and to extend medially to join the Fields of Forel, the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, and the parvocellular, paraventricular, arid periventricular nuclei. The ACTH inhibitory area appears to be an extension of portions of the central tegmental tract and to extend medi...
The Factor Share Approach to Production Function “Estimation”: Actual or Estimated Equilibrium Shares?

For years agricultural economists have been concerned with obtaining reliable estimates of production function parameters. Among other reasons, such estimates are needed to address policy issues involving resource misallocation, supply response, and factor demand in agriculture. The appeal of production function approaches to such problems, as contrasted with direct estimation of product supply and factor demand relationships, is with the richness of the model for addressing cross-price effects and matters of resource allocation. However, as is well known, problems of multicollinearity and technological change have thwarted most efforts to obtain reliable estimates of aggregate production elasticities by direct estimation (Doll; Rosine and Helmberger). In an effort to circumvent the multicollinearity barrier posed by direct estimation, Tyner and Tweeten (1965) indirectly estimated aggregate production elasticities for U.S. agriculture using a factor share approach. Noting that in equilibrium, factor shares equal factor elasticities for an industry comprised of profitmaximizing firms, Tyner and Tweeten synthesized a Cobb-Douglas production function by estimating equilibrium factor shares based on historical data and the Nerlove partial adjustment model. Equilibrium factor shares were estimated individually for each of nine input categories assuming that actual adjustment between any two years was a constant proportion of the extent of own-factor disequilibrium. Estimates were developed for several decades by including dummy variables in the model. In a subsequent article Tyner and Tweeten (1966) developed estimates of resource misallocation, product supply elasticity, and factor demand elasticities based on their indirectly estimated CobbDouglas production functions. In 1974 Rosine and Helmberger published an article with a similar intent. They also explored several macro policy issues based on a synthesized Cobb-Douglas production function for U.S. agriculture. They used a simpler model than Tyner and Tweeten, by assuming that production elasticities were given by actual factor shares. In effect, Rosine and Helmberger assumed instantaneous adjustment to equilibrium thereby avoiding numerous estimation difficulties. (See writings of D. Gale Johnson in 1948 and Ruttan and Stout in 1960 for examples of earlier expressions of interest in factor shares.) To develop normative estimates of production elasticities following a factor share approach, it seems clear, a priori, that the Tyner-Tweeten approach should be preferable conceptually to that of Rosine and Helmberger. In the words of Tyner and Tweeten, "the use of [actual] factor shares as production elasticities trades the intercorrelation problem for the dubious assumption that economic equilibrium prevails" (1965, p. 1462). The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the practical effects of the assumption of continual economic equilibrium (instantaneous adjustment) on production elasticity estimation.
Rigid fixation and strain patterns in the pig zygomatic arch and suture.

Abstract Purpose: In orthognathic surgery, rigid fixation is routinely used to hold together bone fragments that may experience heavy forces from attached masticatory muscles. Internal fixation plates are assumed to hold bony parts rigidly, but the mobility at such sites subjected to normal masticatory function has not been measured. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vivo the degree to which a linear plate immobilizes separated bones, specifically sutures. Materials and Methods: Three female miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) had 1.3-mm Synthes titanium plates placed across the suture in the zygomatic arch. Foil strain gauges were used to record load deformation in the zygomatic and squamosal (temporal) bones and across the vertical and horizontal parts of the suture. Strain was recorded in vivo during mastication and in anesthetized pigs with electrical stimulation of masticatory muscles. Results: Strain at the suture was not reduced from normal levels. The plate induced increases in strain within the bones, but the changes were slight. Conclusion: The results indicate that linear “rigid fixation” does not immobilize sutures.
Randomized trial of intermittent or continuous amnioinfusion for variable decelerations.

Objective: To determine whether continuous or intermittent bolus amnioinfusion is more effective in relieving variable decelerations. Methods: Patients with repetitive variable decelerations were randomized to an intermittent bolus or continuous amnioinfusion. The intermittent bolus infusion group received boluses of 500 mL of normal saline, each over 30 minutes, with boluses repeated if variable decelerations recurred. The continuous infusion group received a bolus infusion of 500 mL of normal saline over 30 minutes and then 3 mL per minute until delivery occurred. The ability of the amnioinfusion to abolish variable decelerations was analyzed, as were maternal demographic and pregnancy outcome variables. Power analysis indicated that 64 patients would be required. Results: Thirty-five patients were randomized to intermittent infusion and 30 to continuous infusion. There were no differences between groups in terms of maternal demographics, gestational age, delivery mode, neonatal outcome, median time to resolution of variable decelerations, or the number of times variable decelerations recurred. The median volume infused in the intermittent infusion group (500 mL) was significantly less than that in the continuous infusion group (905 mL, P = .003). Conclusion: Intermittent bolus amnioinfusion is as effective as continuous infusion in relieving variable decelerations in labor. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether either of these techniques is associated with increased occurrence of rare complications such as cord prolapse or uterine rupture.
Demographic and risk analyses of spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) in the Gulf of Alaska using age- and stage-based population models

Demographic models are useful tools for assessing data-limited species and may be an appropriate alternative to cohort analyses for sharks due to their long-lived, slow-growing nature. In this study, age- and stage-based demographic analyses were conducted to examine the intrinsic rebound potential (r) and potential risk of fishing for spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) in the Gulf of Alaska. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to incorporate input parameter uncertainty. For an unfished population, r was estimated to be 0.02–0.03 year–1. Fishing mortalities (F) of F = 0.04 and 0.03 (age- and stage-based models respectively), resulted in r = 0, indicating that populations fished at higher F are not sustainable. Harvest strategies targeting juveniles (age-based model) and subadults (stage-based model) caused the highest risk of the population falling below defined thresholds (BMSY, B40% and B50%) after 20 years. The age- and stage-based models provided similar estimates of r and sustainable fishing mortality, suggesting that the stage-based model is an appropriate substitute for the age-based model in this case. S. suckleyi and the closely related S. acanthias are often harvested around the world and this modelling approach could be useful to the management of these species and other sharks where data is limited.
Adoption and Fosterage in Human Societies: Adaptations or Enigmas?

The significance of the role of biological kinship in human social interactions lies at the heart of the contemporary debate over the extent to which natural selection has shaped patterns of human behavior and influenced the structure of human social organization. Some cultural anthropologists contend that there is no relationship between biological relatedness and human kinship systems, and therefore expect to find no systematic association between genetic kinship and patterns of social behavior (e.g., Sahlins 1976; Schneider 1968). At the same time, other anthropologists who have been influenced by contemporary theoretical developments in evolutionary biology, expect kinship' to have a profound impact upon the pattern of human social interactions (e.g., Irons 1979b; Durham 1979). This view derives from the theories of kin selection (Hamilton 1964) and reciprocal altruism (Trivers 1971; Axelrod and Hamilton 1981), which predict that altruistic behaviors, defined in this context as acts that increase the genetic fitness of the recipients at some cost to the donors, will be limited to close kin or reciprocating partners.2 In his influential critique of human sociobiology, Sahlins (1976) cites adoption as compelling evidence that biological kinship plays a relatively unimportant role in the patterning of human social relationships. In Oceania, the North American Arctic, and West Africa a substantial fraction of children grow up outside their natal households (Carroll 1970; Brady 1976; Guemple 1979; Goody 1982). In their adoptive or foster3 households they are nurtured, fed, clothed, housed, socialized, and educated. Adoption, which seems to involve unreciprocated altruism on behalf of genetically unrelated children, apparently violates the predictions of contemporary evolutionary theory (Sahlins 1976). However, the existence of institutions like adoption and fosterage does not necessarily negate the importance of biological kinship relationships (Alexander 1979; Silk 1980). In Oceania, for example, adoption occurs primarily among close kin, natural parents retain an active interest in their children's welfare after adoption, and competition occurs among natal and adoptive siblings over the dis-
Administrative case rounds. Institutional policies and leaders cast in a different light.

GOVERNING the institutions of health care provision is becoming increasingly difficult. This is largely caused by an accelerating pace of technological innovation that alters their financial status and internal structure, a growing number of constituencies in society that demand authority to influence institutional policies, and a widening gap between the professional and administrative staff of institutions concerning goals and purpose. To better cope with these issues, institutional leaders should recognize and learn to fulfill effectively the pedagogic role they take on for their staff and constituents when they create and carry out policy. They also should consider holding regular discussions about institutional policy alternatives within the framework of one of the most significant and powerful means of teaching and research in medicine—the case round. In reaching decisions, administrators who govern health care institutions, such as hospitals or health science centers, frequently separate the policies developed to guide institutional action from
Warrior, miscreant, suicide: making better killers

In this issue of Blood , Quintarelli and colleagues demonstrate that cytotoxic T cells engineered with cytokines, a selectable marker, and a suicide gene exhibit improved growth, enhanced antitumor functions, and an increased safety profile suitable for clinical immunotherapy. The most effective
Lhermitte's sign: Incidence and treatment variables influencing risk after irradiation of the cervical spinal cord

Purpose: Lhermitte's sign is a relatively infrequent sequela of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord. In this study, we sought to determine whether various treatment parameters influenced the likelihood of developing Lhermitte's sign. Methods and Materials: Between October 1964 and December 1987, 2901 patients with malignancies of the upper respiratory tract were treated at the University of Florida. The dose of radiation to the cervical spinal cord was calculated for those patients who had a minimum 1-year follow-up. A total of 1112 patients who received a minimum of 3000 cGy to at least 2 cm of cervical spinal cord were included in this analysis. Results: Forty patients (3.6%) developed Lhermitte's sign. The mean time to development of Lhermitte's sign after irradiation was 3 months, and the mean duration of symptoms was 6 months. No patient with Lhermitte's sign developed transverse myelitis. Several variables were examined in a univariate analysis, including total dose to the cervical spinal cord, length of cervical spinal cord irradiated, dose per fraction, continuous-course compared with split-course radiotherapy, and once-daily compared with twice-daily irradiation. Only two variables proved to be significant. Six (8%) of 75 patients who received ≥ 5000 cGy to the cervical spinal cord developed Lhermitte's sign compared with 34 (3.3%) of 1037 patients who received < 5000 cGy (p = .04). For patients treated with once-daily fractionation, 28 (3.4%) of 821 patients who received < 200 cGy per fraction developed Lhermitte's sign compared with 6 (10%) of 58 patients who received ≥ 200 cGy (p = .02). Conclusion: An increased risk of developing Lhermitte's sign was demonstrated for patients who received either ≥ 200 cGy per fraction (one fraction per day) or ≥ 5000 cGy total dose to the cervical spinal cord.
Ecomorphological adaptations to bioluminescence in Porichthys notatus

The midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, is a visually active nocturnal predator. It must acquire exogenous sources of luciferin to remain luminescent and feeds on a variety of luminescent prey. Its ecomorphological adaptations for nocturnal predation were examined by observing predation on zooplankton illuminated by dinoflagellates. Its visual sensitivity is well adapted for detection of its own luminescence and its prey's luminescence. P. notatus can detect the luminescence of dinoflagellates and use this indirect light to increase predation on nonluminescent prey. Flash frequency and duration modulated predation rates. The interval between flash onset and strike initiation regulated strike success. High prey concentration decreased predation success due to increased optical and mechanosensory noise. Other ecomorphological adaptations of this predator to its special photic environment include a pigmented digestive tract, duplex retina with the capacity to discriminate emission spectra, contractible pupil, and the potential to counter illuminate. These morphological adaptations combined with an ambush predator style allow effective predation while minimizing exposure risk.
Marriage, Autonomy, and the State: Reply to Christopher Bennett

Christopher Bennett has argued that state support of conjugal relationships can be founded on the unique contribution such relationships make to the autonomy of their participants by providing them with various forms of recognition and support unavailable elsewhere. I argue that, in part because a long history of interaction between two people who need each other’s validation tends to produce less meaningful responses over time, long-term conjugal relationships are unlikely to provide autonomy-enhancing support to their participants. To the extent that intimate relationships can provide a unique form of reciprocal support, Bennett fails to show that couples have an advantage over multiple-partner arrangements in doing so.
Capodimonte porcelain: Glaze composition and its technological implications

Abstract This paper deals with the composition and the application technique of the glazes of the Capodimonte porcelain (1743–1760). The aim of the research was to complete the characterization of this type of historical porcelain, after the previous publication of data related to the body. The glazes were analyzed in thin section, in order to see the number of glaze layers, and by SEM/EDS for the determination of their chemical composition. All the glazes, both colored and uncolored, are of lead-alkaline type with a composition very similar to that of the glazes for the known production of majolica artifacts. They were fired at about 1000 °C or less, so that their application was done by brushing when the porcelain body, previously fired at about 1200 °C, was non porous. The chemical composition of the glazes permitted to define the raw materials used for obtaining them, and to calculate an approximate formulation of the batch. The raw materials are the same for all types of glaze, but their proportions can be significantly different, especially for lead oxide and sodium chloride.
Relativistic Magnetic Dipole Emission: Lifetime of the 1 s 2 s S 1 3 State of Heliumlike Argon

The lifetime of the $1s2s^{3}S_{1}$ state of the heliumlike atom Ar XVII has been measured by observing the decay in flight of the metastable component of a fast foil-excited beam. The decay occurs predominantly by relativistic magnetic-dipole emission, a process first discussed by Breit and Teller. The result, $\ensuremath{\tau}(2^{3}S_{1})=(172\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec, is compared with a recent calculation by Drake of the $M1$ transition probability.
Sensors for intelligent machining-a research and application survey

This paper presents a survey on sensor applications in machining, including conventional machining and laser machining. The physical principles, technical features and applications are discussed for the most commonly used sensors.
Normal Coordinate Analysis and Molecular Constants of Some XY4Z2 Type Molecules

All the general quadratic valence force field potential constants of CaMoCl4O2 and K2PtCl4Br2 molecules are evaluated using kinetic constants which in turn is used to obtain other molecular constants. Furthermore, some of the unassigned frequencies are predicted in the present work.
Supervised ranking for pronoun resolution: some recent improvements

A recently-proposed machine learning approach to reference resolution -- the twin-candidate approach -- has been shown to be more pormising than the traditional single-candidate approach. This paper presents a pronoun interpretation system that extends the twin-candidate framework by (1) equippmg it with the ability to identify non-referential pronouns. (2) training different models for handling different types of pronouns, and (3) incorporating linguistic knowledge sources that are generally not employed in traditional pronoun resolvers. The resulting system, when evaluated on a standard coreference corpus, outpreforms not only the original twin-candidate approach but also a state-of-the-art pronoun resolver.
The Finite-State Playground

Finite-state methods are finding ever increasing use among linguists as a way of modeling phonology and morphology and as a method for manipulating and modeling text. This paper describes a suite of very simple finite-state tools written by the author that can be used to investigate this area and that can be used for simple analysis.
Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticles across the blood-brain tumor barrier into malignant glioma cells

Background Effective transvascular delivery of nanoparticle-based chemotherapeutics across the blood-brain tumor barrier of malignant gliomas remains a challenge. This is due to our limited understanding of nanoparticle properties in relation to the physiologic size of pores within the blood-brain tumor barrier. Polyamidoamine dendrimers are particularly small multigenerational nanoparticles with uniform sizes within each generation. Dendrimer sizes increase by only 1 to 2 nm with each successive generation. Using functionalized polyamidoamine dendrimer generations 1 through 8, we investigated how nanoparticle size influences particle accumulation within malignant glioma cells.
Is there a role for rituximab in the treatment of spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis

There is a significant unmet need for effective therapy options for patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) who are primary or secondary inadequate responders to anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) medications, or who have experienced serious adverse effects or have contraindications to these agents. Although traditional oral disease-modifying drugs (DMARD) such as methotrexate, leflunomide, and sulfasalazine have not shown efficacy in the spondylitis domain they have the potential to be effective for more peripheral domains of synovitis and enthesitis, although here, too, patients may not gain adequate benefit or may be intolerant1. For rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there is a growing repertoire of approved agents with different mechanisms of action that have proven efficacy. These agents include the T cell costimulatory blockade agent abatacept, the B cell ablator rituximab, and the interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor inhibitor tocilizumab. On the surface, it is tempting to think that these same agents will be efficacious for the various clinical manifestations of SpA — spondylitis, enthesitis, dactylitis, peripheral synovitis — and, in certain patients, nonmusculoskeletal manifestations such as psoriasis, colitis, and uveitis, since many of the same cellular and cytokine pathways of inflammation are present in SpA. Yet with closer investigation, it is now known that there are important differences in inflammatory mechanisms between RA and SpA such that it is not a given that a drug effective in RA will automatically be effective in SpA, thus necessitating clinical trials to assess the efficacy of these drugs in SpA. In this issue of The Journal , Wendling, et al describe 26 SpA patients treated with rituximab enrolled in the French AIR (Autoimmunity and Rituximab) registry: 10 with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 7 with undifferentiated SpA, and 9 with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) … Address correspondence to Dr. P.J. Mease, Seattle Rheumatology Associates, 1101 Madison Street, Suite 1000, Seattle, WA 98104. E-mail: pmease{at}philipmease.com
The function and regulation of cut expression on the wing margin of Drosophila: Notch, Wingless and a dominant negative role for Delta and Serrate

We have investigated the role of the Notch and Wingless signaling pathways in the maintenance of wing margin identity through the study of cut, a homeobox-containing transcription factor and a late-arising margin-specific marker. By late third instar, a tripartite domain of gene expression can be identified about the dorsoventral compartment boundary, which marks the presumptive wing margin. A central domain of cut- and wingless-expressing cells are flanked on the dorsal and ventral side by domains of cells expressing elevated levels of the Notch ligands Delta and Serrate. We show first that cut acts to maintain margin wingless expression, providing a potential explanation of the cut mutant phenotype. Next, we examined the regulation of cut expression. Our results indicate that Notch, but not Wingless signaling, is autonomously required for cut expression. Rather, Wingless is required indirectly for cut expression; our results suggest this requirement is due to the regulation by wingless of Delta and Serrate expression in cells flanking the cut and wingless expression domains. Finally, we show that Delta and Serrate play a dual role in the regulation of cut and wingless expression. Normal, high levels of Delta and Serrate can trigger cut and wingless expression in adjacent cells lacking Delta and Serrate. However, high levels of Delta and Serrate also act in a dominant negative fashion, since cells expressing such levels cannot themselves express cut or wingless. We propose that the boundary of Notch ligand along the normal margin plays a similar role as part of a dynamic feedback loop that maintains the tripartite pattern of margin gene expression.
Pigmentation of Hyalophora cecropia larvae fed artificial diets containing carotenoid additives

Abstract Larvae of Hyalophora cecropia reared on artificial diets lacking carotenoids show abnormal coloration of bodies and dorsal tubercles. The addition of xanthophyll (lutein) to the diets of such larvae, if made prior to the fifth instar, allows the development of the colours normal to these larvae. If the xanthophyll-supplemented diet is not given until larvae are in the fifth instar, normal colours do not appear.
Indirect support seeking and perceptions of spousal support: An examination of a reciprocal relationship

Indirect support seeking has been theoretically identified as a support seeking strategy that may backfire and elicit negative responses or decreases in positive support. Moreover, past support responses that are either inadequate or negative have been theoretically linked to the use of indirect support seeking. Yet, no empirical studies have examined the potential reciprocal relation between indirect support seeking and perceived support in intimate relationships. Utilizing data from 204 new parents, we tested longitudinal cross-lagged path models to examine the reciprocal relation between indirect support seeking and support perceptions. Results provided partial support for a reciprocal relation between indirect support seeking and perceived negative support responses. Furthermore, indirect support seeking negatively predicted relationship satisfaction across time, through perceived negative support responses.
Pulsed Multichannel Discharge Array in Water With Stacked Circular Disk Electrodes

A simple yet effective system using stacked circular disk electrodes is developed to generate pulsed multichannel discharge array in water. Images of the pulsed multichannel discharge generated in water were obtained by applying pulsed high voltage over thin circular metal disks sandwiched between a pair of dielectric disks. By stacking multiple circular disks, the present discharge array system can produce large-volume plasma desired for the treatment of a large volume of water.
Influence of ion pairing on the oxidation of iodide by MLCT excited states

The oxidation of iodide to diiodide, I2˙−, by the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state of [Ru(deeb)3]2+, where deeb is 4,4′-(CO2CH2CH3)2-2,2′-bipyridine, was quantified in acetonitrile and dichloromethane solution at room temperature. The redox and excited state properties of [Ru(deeb)3]2+ were similar in the two solvents; however, the mechanisms for excited state quenching by iodide were found to differ significantly. In acetonitrile, reaction of [Ru(deeb)3]2+* and iodide was dynamic (lifetime quenching) with kinetics that followed the Stern–Volmer model (KD = 1.0 ± 0.01 × 105 M−1, kq = 4.8 × 1010 M−1s−1). Excited state reactivity was observed to be the result of reductive quenching that yielded the reduced ruthenium compound, [Ru(deeb−)(deeb)2]+, and the iodine atom, I˙. In dichloromethane, excited state quenching was primarily static (photoluminescence amplitude quenching) and [Ru(deeb−)(deeb)2]+ formed within 10 ns, consistent with the formation of ion pairs in the ground state that react rapidly upon visible light absorption. In both solvents the appearance of I2˙− could be time resolved. In acetonitrile, the rate constant for I2˙−growth, 2.2 ± 0.2 × 1010 M−1s−1, was found to be about a factor of two slower than the formation of [Ru(deeb−)(deeb)2]+, indicating it was a secondary photoproduct. The delayed appearance of I2˙− was attributed to the reaction of iodine atoms with iodide. In dichloromethane, the growth of I2˙−, 1.3 ± 0.4 × 1010 M−1s−1, was similar to that in acetonitrile, yet resulted from iodine atoms formed within the laser pulse. These results are discussed within the context of solar energy conversion by dye-sensitized solar cells and storagevia chemical bond formation.
Cool PDO phase leads to recent rebound in coastal southern California fog

The relationship between coastal fog in southern California and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is investigated during the last decade. Fog occurrence was examined at two locations in southern California: San Diego and Los Angeles international airports. Both locations are located near the Pacific coast with strong marine influences. The period looked at was 2001 through 2012. The cool season (October-March) and warm season (April-September) were examined separately because of the different types of fog that prevail in each season. Previous studies have shown a relation between fog and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). However, a switch in polarity in the PDO in the mid-1970s (from a cool to a warm phase) coupled with a sharp decrease in particulate concentrations calls into question the strong relationship shown. Further studies suggest that the decrease in dense fog seen from the 1960s through the 1990s was largely due to increasing urban heat island effects coupled with a decrease in atmospheric particulate matter. Since 1998, the PDO again changed polarity and fog frequencies began to rise. However, urban heat island and particulate effects were relatively constant making it easier to isolate any effects of the PDO on fog occurrence. Previous studies examined the occurrence of dense fog (visibility less than 400 meters), but because of the decrease in fog in this category, 800 ­meters was chosen this time. That also corresponds to the 0.5 mile visibility which triggers special reports at the California airports when visibility moves through this threshold. Although there was no strong relationship between fog and PDO in the most recent period, Pacific Ocean oscillations were found to show significant relationships with fog frequencies historically. Upwelling indices show a significant relationship with fog frequencies when examined by the phase of the PDO. Even stronger relationships are found when selecting La Nina and El Nino events.
The virtual network supporting the front lines: addressing emerging behavioral health problems following the tsunami of 2004.

ABSTRACT The devastation wreaked by the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean required extensive multinational and nongovernmental relief efforts to address the massive loss of infrastructure, people, and society. This article addresses approaches to behavioral incident management from a process perspective, through the lens of one official stateside channel of emergency operations. The process highlights the formation and connectivity of multidisciplinary teams that virtually supported the efforts of a seven-person, on-scene, behavioral health team aboard the USNS Mercy as part of Operation Unified Assistance in the Indian Ocean. Frontline health diplomacy and behavioral health relief efforts were greatly augmented by the virtual network of support from leading experts around the globe. Future disaster response and recovery efforts ought to build on the success of such virtual support networks, by planning for appropriate technology, expertise, and mutual aid partnerships.
Change in the British National Health Service.

The most dramatic changes in the British National Health Service since its inception are underway. These changes place new responsibilities on general practice and create new opportunities to expand and develop general practice. Market strategies are important in these changes and could result in a system that adopts aspects of the US health care system. There is disagreement within the United Kingdon about the need for and wisdom of these changes. This paper partially describes these changes for hospitals and general practice. Family physicians in the United States can learn valuable lessons by monitoring the progress of this grand social experiment.
Pulmonary mechanics during rapid mechanical ventilation in rabbits with saline-lavaged lungs

Infants with respiratory failure are frequently mechanically ventilated at rates exceeding 60 breaths/min. We analyzed the effect of ventilatory rates of 30, 60, and 90 breaths/min (inspiratory tim...
Microflora of the Sugarcane Borer, Diatraea saccharalis

The intestinal and associated microflora of Diatraea saccharalis (F.) were studied to determine both total and differential numbers present. Samples used included dissected intestinal tracts from late sugarcane borer larval stages, borer frass, and egg masses. The micro-organisms isolated from the borer's gut consisted of 3 main groups: coliform, yeast, and Streptococcus organisms. Coliforms ranged from 1.3×l03 to 3.3×l07 per gram, yeast from 2.0×l03 to 6.3×l07 per gram, and the predominant Streptococcus from 3.4×l07 to 1.3×l09 per gram. Colletotrichum fungal organisms formerly assumed to be associated with the sugarcane borer could not be demonstrated in the microflora of the gut, but were found to be present in external frass samples on the cane plant. Organisms making up the microflora of the borer were identified as Aerobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus (Viridans Group), and Torulopsis sp. All isolates were found to utilize sucrose. No transovarian passage of the microflora could be demonstrated by study of egg masses of the borer. It was considered that the flora present in the gut of the sugarcane borer and subsequently deposited during the insects' tunneling in the cane plant may be instrumental in the decrease of sucrose of sugarcane plants that have been severely damaged by borers.
Glycaemic control and risk of incident urinary incontinence in women with Type 1 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study.

Aims To study the impact of glycaemic control on urinary incontinence in women who participated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT; 1983-1993) and its observational follow-up study, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC; 1994-present). Methods Study participants were women who completed, at both years 10 (2003) and 17 (2010) of the EDIC follow-up, the urological assessment questionnaire (UroEDIC). Urinary incontinence was defined as self-reported involuntary leakage of urine that occurred at least weekly. Incident urinary incontinence was defined as weekly urinary incontinence present at EDIC year 17 but not at EDIC year 10. Multivariable regression models were used to examine the association of incident urinary incontinence with comorbid prevalent conditions and glycaemic control (mean HbA1c over the first 10 years of EDIC). Results A total of 64 (15.3%) women with Type 1 diabetes (mean age 43.6 ± 6.3 years at EDIC year 10) reported incident urinary incontinence at EDIC year 17. When adjusted for clinical covariates (including age, DCCT cohort assignment, DCCT treatment arm, BMI, insulin dosage, parity, hysterectomy, autonomic neuropathy and urinary tract infection in the last year), the mean EDIC HbA1c was associated with increased odds of incident urinary incontinence (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06 per mmol/mol increase; odds ratio 1.41, 95% CI 1.07-1.89 per % HbA1c increase). Conclusions Incident urinary incontinence was associated with higher HbA1c levels in women with Type 1 diabetes, independent of other recognized risk factors. These results suggest the potential for women to modify their risk of urinary incontinence with improved glycaemic control. (Clinical Trials Registry no: NCT00360815 and NCT00360893).
Abstract 123: Attitudes and Availability of Palliative Care Within Institutions Providing Mechanical Circulatory Support Device Implantation: A National Survey

Objectives: The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) guidelines recommend, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) conditions of participation mandate, inclusion of a palliative care (PC) specialist in care of patient who have received mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSD) as destination therapy. It is unclear to what extent MCSD care is consistent with these recommendations, or how that care is operationalized. Methods: We surveyed PC and MCSD coordinators/clinicians at Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) centers using Qualtrics™ web-based software, or via phone, to identify institutional PC and MCSD program characteristics and clinician attitudes about role and utilization of PC in this patient population. Using literature review, expert panel, and current MCSD guidelines, we developed 3 surveys: MCSD center institutional characteristics (15 items), PC program characteristics at those sites (23 items), and both MCSD and PC clinicians’ perceptions of the role of specialist and generalist PC (31 items). Cardiology clinicians answered an additional 7 items about their level of confidence performing PC tasks for patients with advanced cardiac disease. Results: Thirty-nine percent (55 of 140) of INTERMACS centers responded. More than half of MCSD programs were established by 2003; however, most PC programs were not established until 2007. MCSD programs (n=45) reported referring a mean of 78% of patients with MCSD to PC; more than 88% (39 of 44) had a formal protocol for referral, and virtually all reported positive working relationships between MCSD and PC clinicians. All respondents agreed with 2013 ISHLT guidelines for PC involvement during pre-implantation evaluation. Regarding end-of-life, nearly 32% (14 of 44) of institutions did not have a specific MCSD deactivation protocol; however 48% (21 of 44) of respondents “always” consulted with PC when a decision to deactivate was made. Cardiology respondents reported the lowest confidence levels in managing delirium, anxiety, and depression; however, 88% (14 of 16) reported discussing end-of-life preferences during MCSD evaluation. Conclusion: Although selection/respondent bias is an important limitation of these results, these respondents agreed with and reported enacting ISHLT and CMS recommendations for including PC in MCSD evaluation. Nevertheless, there was less consensus on clinicians’ roles and confidence levels with providing PC following MCSD implantation and at end-of-life versus during the pre-implantation period. Clinical Implications: Findings from this survey can enable cardiovascular clinicians to evaluate how PC involvement impacts care for patients with MCSD; however, metrics to evaluate patient and system outcomes are yet to be systematically developed and measured.
Current challenges and emerging drug delivery strategies for the treatment of psoriasis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Psoriasis is a common skin disorder associated with physical, social, psychological and financial burden. Over the past two decades, advances in our understanding of pathogenesis and increased appreciation for the multifaceted burden of psoriasis has led to new treatment development and better patient outcomes. Yet, surveys demonstrate that many psoriasis patients are either undertreated or are dissatisfied with treatment. There are many barriers that need be overcome to optimize patient outcomes and satisfaction.Areas covered: This review covers the current challenges associated with each major psoriasis treatment strategy (topical, phototherapy, oral medications and biologics). It also reviews the challenges associated with the psychosocial aspects of the disease and how they affect treatment outcomes. Patient adherence, inconvenience, high costs, and drug toxicities are all discussed. Then, we review the emerging drug delivery strategies in topical, oral, and biologic therapy.Expe...
Investigation of population of cockroaches indoors in Wenzhou,China

Objective To investigate the population and distribution of cockroaches in Wenzhou,China Methods The density of cockroaches was monitored by sticky trap method in different areas and industries to analyze the population,distribution,and seasonal fluctuation of cockroaches.Results Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches indoors in Wenzhou,accounting for 97.91% of all cockroaches.For industry,the density of cockroaches was the highest in restaurants(4.28 cockroaches/trap) and farmers'markets(3.33 cockroaches/trap).For area,the density of cockroaches was the highest in Dongtou Island(5.13 cockroaches/trap).The density of cockroaches reached the peak level in June and November.Conclusion Cockroach infestation is severe indoors in Wenzhou.It is necessary to enhance the monitoring and control of cockroaches.
Acute Management of Thermal and Electrical Burns of the Upper Extremity

Acute management of upper extremity thermal and electrical injuries requires an aggressive treatment protocol which combines meticulous wound care, intensive hand therapy, and early stable wound coverage to salvage upper extremity function. Electrical injuries inflict severe deep-tissue destruction that frequently results in major limb amputation.