cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life Predictions of Metal Matrix Composite Laminates under Isothermal and Nonisothermal Fatigue

A remarkably simple model is proposed in this paper to predict the fatigue life of titanium matrix composite (TMC) laminates under thermomechanical fatigue. It is shown that the maximum applied stress, together with the associated temperature, represents a critical state of loading, of the fatigue process. This critical state of loading dictates a unique state of damage represented by stiffness reduction of the off-axis plies and viscoplastic deformation of the total laminate. As far as the fatigue life prediction is concerned, it is not necessary to know how the damage evolves, and what the stress-strain response is in each loading cycle. After a relatively small number of loading cycles, the stress of 0° fibers saturates to a stables level, and further damage is dominated by the 0° plies of the laminate. The fatigues life is determined by the saturated stiffness, cumulated nonelastic strain and the maximum applied stress. The model is based on a firm understanding of the fundamental damage mechanisms in the TMC laminates under various mechanical and thermal loading. Damage mechanisms and fatigue lives of isothermal, in-phase and out-of-phase fatigue are unified and examined using the concept of critical state of loading. The predictions of fatigue life are shown to be in a good agreement with experimental data [0/90] 2s , [O 2 /± 45] s and [0/± 45/90] s made of SCS-6/Titanium for room temperature fatigue, as well as in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue. The most important feature that separates the present research from the existing approaches is its simple and clear representation of the physics involved in the fatigue damage and failure of TMC. The key to the success of the model is the simple fact that failure is controlled by fibers in 0° plies for any laminates containing 0° plies. The data needed to predict the life of any laminates, containing 0° and off-axis plies, under various thermomechanical fatigues are minimal and obtained essentially from a unidirectional laminate. No fatigue life data for the laminates themselves are used to calibrate the model or to determine curve fitting parameters. The model makes it possible to establish a data base for different unidirectional laminae and predict the fatigue life of a laminate based on the data of its laminae and the laminate stacking sequence
The Effects of Tumor Facilitating Factor of B16 Melanoma on the Macrophage

B16 cells produce a tumor facilitating factor (TFF) that increases B16 tumor incidence in mice injected with a small number of B16 cells. TFF was derived from serum-free culture supernatant concentrated on an Amicon PM10 membrane. One milliliter of concentrated material represented the product 108 B16 cells during a 6-h incubation. We report data that indicate TFF may act by altering macrophage function. In the nude mouse deficient in T cell, but not macrophage function, the injection of 0.8 ml of TFF facilitated tumor development. Subcutaneous injection of 0.7 ml of TFF induced mouse peritoneal macrophages to spread when removed and plated on glass coverslips. This effect peaked 3 days after injection of TFF and was abrogated by heating the TFF to 70°C for 1 h. The injection of TFF was also able to induce macrophage spreading in nude mice. Injection of viable B16 cells induced spreading, as would be predicted if TFF is produced by B16 cells in vivo. In vitro incubation of peritoneal cells with TFF was also able to induce macrophage spreading. Finally, subcutaneous injection of TFF reduced by 80% the accumulation of peritoneal cells in response to intraperitoneal injection of phytohemagglutinin. We suggest that one mode by which TFF facilitates tumor growth is by reducing the numbers of macrophages chemotaxing to the tumor site.
Effects of toy guns and airplanes on children's antisocial free play behavior.

Abstract The effects of toy guns and toy airplanes on children's antisocial (aggression and rule-breaking) behavior was investigated in two settings (ten children in Study I and 13 in Study II) during 30-min free play sessions. Four-and 5-year-old children were observed during 15–16 free play sessions. During some sessions the children played either with (novel, aggressive) toy guns or with (novel, nonaggressive) toy airplanes in addition to their usual toys. In both studies, the toy guns treatment produced a reliably higher rate of antisocial behavior than the average of the toy airplaines and the usual toys. The novel-nonaggressive toy airplanes also increased the rate of antisocial behavior as compared to usual toys in Study II. The results were related primarily to Berkowitz's and Bandura's analyses of aggressive behavior, but they were related also to other theoretical models which predict stimulus control of behavior.
Starch and Its Component Ratio in Developing Cotton Leaves

During cotton leaf development, starch accumulation was characterized by an initial rise to a maximum at the second to the fourth leaf from the apex. Then, starch content progressively decreased with leaf age. Starch accumulation was inversely related to the ratio of amylopectin to amylose. Differences between leaves in this ratio resulted from variations in both amylose and amylopectin levels. Fluctuations in amylose levels were more extreme than those of amylopectin. During the diurnal cycle, amylopectin was accumulated more than amylose in both young and old leaves during the day. During the night, amylopectin was degraded more than amylose in young leaves and vice versa in older leaves. The rate of change of the amylopectin to amylose ratio during the day was consistently higher than that during the night.
Damping coefficients for near-fault ground motion response spectra

Abstract Damping coefficients are frequently used in earthquake engineering as a simple way to adjust the pseudo-acceleration or displacement response spectra associated with a viscous damping ratio of 5% to the higher values of viscous damping needed for design of structures equipped with base isolation and/or supplemental energy dissipation devices. In this study, damping coefficients for the single-degree-of-freedom system subjected to near-fault ground motions are calculated for a large range of periods and damping levels. The results indicate that damping coefficients proposed in design codes and previous studies, based primarily on far-field ground motion records, tend to not be conservative for near-fault seismic excitations. A new approach is recommended for the derivation of damping coefficients appropriate for engineering analysis and design in the immediate vicinity of the earthquake fault. This includes the normalization of the period axis with respect to the duration of the ground velocity pulses recorded in the near-fault region. The pulse duration is controlled by the rise time on the fault plane and scales directly with earthquake magnitude.
Real-time optical signal processors employing optical feedback: amplitude and phase control.

The development of real-time coherent optical signal processors has increased the appeal of optical computing techniques in signal processing applications. A major limitation of these real-time systems is the fact that the optical processing material is generally of a phase-only type. The result is that the spatial filters synthesized with these systems must be either phase-only filters or amplitude-only filters. The main concern of this paper is the application of optical feedback techniques to obtain simultaneous and independent amplitude and phase control of the light passing through the system. It is shown that optical feedback techniques may be employed with phase-only spatial filters to obtain this amplitude and phase control. The feedback system with phase-only filters is compared with other feedback systems that employ combinations of phase-only and amplitude-only filters; it is found that the phase-only system is substantially more flexible than the other two systems investigated.
Long-term semantic priming of word meaning.

Three experiments investigated facilitation in synonym decisions as a function of prior synonym decision trials that were either identical or semantically related. Experiment 1 demonstrated that semantically related prime trials produced less facilitation than identical prime trials, but facilitation from both persisted over 14 intervening trials. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that word meaning retrieval without meaning comparison in prime trials was sufficient for persistent facilitation in semantically related targets, and meaning comparison was necessary for repetition priming to show greater facilitation than semantic priming. Results suggest that semantic priming in this task may solely reflect strength changes in abstract semantic representations, whereas repetition priming may reflect additional non-declarative memory for operations performed in prime events.
Organizing K-Pop: Emergence and Market Making of Large Korean Entertainment Houses, 1980–2010

This paper studies the connection between the emergence and market making activities of the large Korean entertainment houses and the global level success of “K-pop,” an increasingly popular type of Korean popular music. We review a set of conventional explanations, respectively pointing to cultural factors, government support, and technological development as core factors that led to the global success of K-pop. We find all three explanations unsatisfactory and, alternatively, building on studies of market intermediaries, argue that the roles of three large entertainment houses—SM Entertainment, YG Entertainment, and JYP Entertainment—have been the most crucial in the development and success of K-pop. Through combining data from Korean music charts, newspaper articles, and revenue data, we trace the increasingly systematic musical production strategies of the entertainment houses and the macro-consequences of their organizational activities.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Homopolymers Functionalized with Oligothiophene Derivatives in the Side Chain

Two novel polynorbornenes 11 and 12 functionalized with electronically active conjugated oligomer units in the side chain were synthesized by the ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) method. Both polymers showed good optical characteristics, thermal stability, film-forming properties, and interesting electrochemical properties. The photophysical and redox behaviors of 11 and 12 are markedly different due to variation in the structure of the pendant oligomers. Polymer 11 with phenyl end-capped oligothiophene co-oligomer in the side chain showed much higher stability toward electrochemical oxidation than 12 with a sexithiophene in the side chain. This was demonstrated by in-situ study of the changes in absorption spectra of the polymer films while varying the potential in electrochemical experiments. During the p-doping process, polymer 11 exhibited highly reversible changes in its absorption peaks when monitored at 430 and 650 nm, and the p-doping/dedoping processes can be repeated many cycles. In...
A Transmembrane Accessory Subunit that Modulates Kainate-Type Glutamate Receptors

Glutamate receptors play major roles in excitatory transmission in the vertebrate brain. Among ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, kainate, NMDA), AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission and require TARP auxiliary subunits. NMDA receptors and kainate receptors play roles in synaptic transmission, but it remains uncertain whether these ionotropic glutamate receptors also have essential subunits. Using a proteomic screen, we have identified NETO2, a brain-specific protein of unknown function, as an interactor with kainate-type glutamate receptors. NETO2 modulates the channel properties of recombinant and native kainate receptors without affecting trafficking of the receptors and also modulates kainate-receptor-mediated mEPSCs. Furthermore, we found that kainate receptors regulate the surface expression of NETO2 and that NETO2 protein levels and surface expression are decreased in mice lacking the kainate receptor GluR6. The results show that NETO2 is a kainate receptor subunit with significant effects on glutamate signaling mechanisms in brain.
The SEAD DataNet prototype: data preservation services for sustainability science

In this poster we will present the SEAD project [1] and its prototype software and describe how SEAD approaches long-term data preservation and access through multiple partnerships and how it supports sustainability science researchers in their data management, analysis and archival needs. SEAD's initial prototype system currently is being tested by ingesting datasets from the National Center for Earth Surface Dynamics (1.6 terabyte of data containing over 450,000 files) [2] and packaging them for transmission to long-term archival storage.
N2H+ in Orion: Chemical clues to the dynamics of the quiescent gas

Measurements of the J = 1 → 0 transition of N 2 H + have been obtained toward OMC-1 with high spectral resolution, using the NRAO 12 m telescope. In contrast with HCO + , N 2 H + spectra exclusively exhibit the quiescent extended ridge gas toward Orion-KL. In fact, N 2 H + appears to diminish in column density near the KL/IRc2 region, where many other molecules are quite abundant.
The effects of exogenous melatonin upon the gut of larval Xenopus laevis.

Abstract 1. 1. Xenopus laevis embryos were reared in melatonin solutions of 2 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml for periods of 2 hr and 20 hr during stage 48, and between stages 38–48. All larvae were observed for their behavior and some were sectioned for microscopic observation. The enzymes 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase (5-HTPD), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and hydroxyindole- O -methyltransferase (HIOMT) were assayed in whole embryo, brain, eyes and gut. 2. 2. Defecation and gulping occurred in all but control and 2 hr exposed larvae and larvae showing these responses were found to have empty intestines when examined in section under the microscope. 3. 3. Only MAO changed in activity and only in the gut and whole embryo of larvae exposed from stage 38–48. In these larvae the MAO was elevated and dose related.
Production ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in a cape cod salt marsh-estuarine system, Massachusetts

Abstract Primary production and biomass loss of Zostera marina L. were estimated at two sites within the Nauset Marsh system, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Maximum live leaf-blade biomass at the Nauset Harbor (305 g dry weight (DW) m −2 ) and Town Cove (199 g DW m −2 ) sites peaked in mid-August. Maximum leaf-blade productivities, estimated by a leaf-marking technique, were 10.8 g DW m −2 day −1 and 5.5 g DW m −2 day −1 , respectively. Leaf-blade production occurred throughout winter, but at much reduced rates ( −2 day −1 , both sites). Net annual aboveground (leaf blades, reproductive shoots, sheaths) primary production was estimated at 987 g DW m −2 year −1 and 444 g DW m −2 year −1 , respectively. Peak rates of leaf-blade biomass loss occurred in early September (Nauset Harbor, 8.5 g DW m −2 day −1 ; Town Cove, 4.7 g DW m −2 day −1 ), corresponding to a period of high eelgrass-wrack accumulation on New England shorelines. Annual leaf-blade biomass loss was 577 g DW m −2 year −1 and 303 g DW m −2 year −1 , respectively. These loss rates, coupled with leaf-crop turnover rates of 6 crops year −1 , stress the role of eelgrass meadows in the support of estuarine detritus-based food webs.
Über Verbindungen mit dem Kation [AsCl4]+

Es wurden verschiedene Systeme AsCl3/MClx/Cl2 mit Hilfe von Leitfahigkeitsmessungen auf die Bildung von Verbindungen des Typs [AsCl4]n[MClx + n] untersucht. Verbindungsbildung tritt ein, auser den bekannten Fallen MClx = PCl5, SbCl5, bei MClx = TaCl5, FeCl3, AuCl3, AlCl3, GaCl3. Die Verbindungen [AsCl4][AlCl4] und [AsCl4][GaCl4] wurden isoliert. Die Ergebnisse werden in bezug auf die Unbestandigkeit des Arsen(V)-chlorids besprochen. Different systems AsCl3/MClx/Cl2 were tested for formation of compounds [AsCl4]n [MClx + n] by measuring the electrical conductivity. Compounds are formed in case of MClx = TaCl5, FeCl3, AuCl3, AlCl3, GaCl3 besides the known cases MClx = PCl5, SbCl5. [AsCl4][AlCl4] and [AsCl4][GaCl4] were isolated in solid state. Results are discussed with regard to the instability of AsCl5.
Lagrange's Identity Reveals Correlation Coefficient and Straight -Line Connection

Abstract In this department The American Statistician publishes articles, reviews, and notes of interest to teachers of the first mathematical statistics course and of applied statistics courses. The department includes the Accent on Teaching Materials section; suitable contents for the section are described under the section heading. Articles and notes for the department, but not intended specifically for the section, should be useful to a substantial number of teachers of the indicated types of courses or should have the potential for fundamentally affecting the way in which a course is taught. Using an elementary but important identity, this article presents a simple proof that Pearson's correlation coefficient r is always between − 1 and 1 and that all points (x i , y i ) for i = 1, …, n fall on a straight line iff r 2 = 1. The presentation is suitable for a wide audience with minimal background.
In vitro cytogenetic investigation of calcium cyclamate, cyclohexylamine and triflupromazine.

Abstract Cytogenetic effects after varied times of exposure to calcium cyclamate, cyclohexylamine (CHA) or triflupromazine HCl (TFP) were determined in a cell line derived from the kidney of the rat kangaroo ( Potorous tridactylis apicalis ). A preliminary study, using aflatoxin and mitomycin C, which are known to produce abnormalities in cell systems, established the suitability of this cell line for the detection of chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, mitomycin C produced frequent chromatid gaps and breaks in the arms of the chromosomes. Aberrations of the chromosome-type as well as exchanges were noted with aflatoxin. The X-chromosome was extremely sensitive to these agents. CHA produced single chromatid breaks and TFP produced single chromatid breaks and exchange figures. The X-chromosome was not exceptionally sensitive to either of these agents. Calcium cyclamate at concentrations up to 200 μg/ml produced no chromosomal aberrations.
Existence of near-zero minima in elastic photon–atom scattering

Abstract We consider near-zero minima in the photon–atom elastic scattering cross section, possible signatures of the presence of a particular element in a target, using the S-matrix approach. However, the usual formulation of this approach performs an averaging over magnetic substates at the level of the scattering amplitude that is approximate (except for the case of fully filled subshells). We consider whether the predicted near-zero minima persist in a more proper treatment. We find that near-zero minima seen below thresholds in scattering from ground-state atoms generally persist, but near-zero minima seen above thresholds in scattering from excited states may be spurious.
Isolation of L type cultures from clostridia.

SummaryL type cultures have been isolated from a strain of Clostridium tetani with the help of penicillin. Similar cultures were obtained from a freshly isolated unidentified Clostridium when the area surrounding a 2-day-old agar culture was reinoculated with the same strain. The metabolic products diffusing from old culture inhibited growth and transformed the bacilli into L forms. The L type cultures obtained are similar in appearance and morphology to those isolated previously from a Gram positive spore-bearing bacillus. They differ from the L forms of Gram negative bacilli inasmuch as they grow better in the absence rather than the presence of animal serum and have a tendency to form large spreading colonies increasing in size for several months.
Complexation of NpO(2)(+) with N-methyl-iminodiacetic acid: a comparison with iminodiacetic and dipicolinic acids.

Complexation of Np(V) with N-methyl-iminodiacetic acid (MIDA) in 1 M NaClO{sub 4} solution was studied with multiple techniques including potentiometry, spectrophotometry, and microcalorimetry. The 1:2 complex, NpO{sub 2}(MIDA){sub 2}{sup 3-} was identified for the first time in aqueous solution. The correlation between its optical absorption properties and symmetry was discussed, in comparison with Np(V) complexes with two structurally related nitrilo-dicarboxylic acids, iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and dipicolinic acid (DPA). The order of the binding strength (DPA > MIDA > IDA) is explained by the difference in the structural and electronic properties of the ligands. In general, the nitrilo-dicarboxylates form stronger complexes with Np(V) than oxy-dicarboxylates due to a much more favorable enthalpy of complexation.
Bounds on Biomass Estimates and Energetic Consequences of Ctenophora in the Northeast U.S. Shelf Ecosystem

Previous descriptions have noted that the stomach samples of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, showed a major increase in the overall occurrence and hence implied abundance of Ctenophora. This apparent and persistent gelatinous zooplankton outbreak is increasingly more common in the world’s oceans. We briefly explore the energetic ramifications of ctenophores in the spiny dogfish diet, inferring that the presence of gelatinous zooplankton represents an ambient feeding strategy. Relative to other prey, ctenophores are not a high energy density prey item. However, given varying assumptions of the amount of ctenophores consumed, they may be an important staple in the diet of spiny dogfish. We also examine the utility of using spiny dogfish as a gelatinous zooplankton sampling device. Using five calculation methodologies, we provide bounds on potential abundance and biomass estimates of ctenophores in the Northeast U.S. shelf ecosystem. We then contextualize these findings relative to the implications for the Northeast U.S. and any large marine ecosystem.
The surgical technique for the complete unilateral cleft lip-nasal deformity

Over a period of 17 years, gradual modifications of the Millard rotation advancement cheiloplasty were made based on the experience of treating a large number of clefts seen in the Chang Gung Craniofacial Center. Emphasis is made on primary nasal correction and definitive repair of the lip. Some of the important aspects of this repair include the following: (1) no dissection over the maxilla; (2) primary nasal correction; (3) lining the pyriform area with an inferior turbinate mucosal flap; (4) complete wound closure of all areas to prevent contracture; (5) alar transfixion sutures for creating an alar groove and fixation of the lower lateral cartilage; (6) reconstruction of deficient vermilion on the cleft side of the Cupid's bow, creating a parallel “red line” and “white skin roll”; (7) dissection of muscle and skin to minimize horizontal scars extending beneath or around the ala; (8) no “back-cuts”, using a small triangular skin flap above the =ldwhite skin roll” whenever necessary to achieve adequate rotation without distortion of the philtral column; (9) postoperative splinting with a silicone nasal conformer. Preoperative evaluation and measurement of the pathological deformity will help achieve a better result. Also, preoperative measurements are useful in evaluation of postoperative results.
Factors associated with job and career satisfaction among dental hygienists.

Information concerning dental hygienists' job and career satisfaction is dated and incomplete. Because satisfaction may be important in retention of dental hygienists, a survey of all active dental hygienists in private practices in North Carolina was performed to ascertain dimensions and levels of job and career satisfaction, as well as factors associated with these constructs. Of 2,099 eligible hygienists, 51 percent responded to a survey instrument containing 202 items addressing overall satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with a variety of work-related factors. Factor analysis was used to develop scales for job and career satisfaction, and for the work-related factors. Final reduced regression models indicated that the constructs of job and career satisfaction are separate and that each has distinct general and intrinsic dimensions. Models for general job and career satisfaction had R2 values of .45 and .27, respectively, and included a variety of work-related factors such as supervisory style and satisfaction with salary. Models for intrinsic job and career satisfaction were not as strong, with R2 values of .06 and .09, respectively. These models also included work-related factors such as satisfaction with hours of work, office safety arrangements, and supervisory style. These results suggest that general job and career satisfaction levels should be amenable to change through management interventions.
Gifted learners: The boomerang kids of middle school?

A variety of beliefs and practices which are central to middle schools tend to have a boomerang effect on gifted learners, causing them difficulties that middle schools hope to alleviate for other learners. These beliefs and practices often focus on potentially competing goals of student competence vs. student excellence and include such things as grouping, cooperative learning, beliefs about learning and middle school students, what constitutes gifted education, and an absence of clearly defined middle school curricula. It is important to understand how these beliefs and practices work against gifted middle schoolers and what can be done to reverse their negative effects.
A Rapid Empirical Method for Measuring Membrane Bilayer Entry Equilibration of Molecules

The therapeutic potency of many drugs is limited by their interactions with cell membranes. The ability of a drug to cross lipid barriers, such as those of cell membranes and the blood–brain barrier, to reach its site of action can be the determining factor in the effectiveness of a drug. In this paper we demonstrate the utility of fluorescently labeled liposomes, Fluorosomes, to measure the rate of penetration of small molecules into membrane lipid bilayers. This technique can be used to determine the half-times of bilayer entry equilibration of drugs of from milliseconds to hours for a wide variety of compound types at micromolar drug concentrations. This in vitro technique for measuring the nonprotein facilitated entry of drugs into the lipid phase of the membrane is suitable for the high-throughput screening of drugs. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:1075–1079, 2002
The meaning of additive reaction-time effects: some misconceptions.

FIGURE 1 | Mean RT data from Stafford et al. (2011, Experiment 1) and fitted additive model. Standard errors (SEs) shown (with mean 5.0 ms), which can be used to assess goodness of fit, are based on deviations from additive models plus linear interactions fitted to the 15 mean RTs from each of the 20 subjects. The SE based on the residual mean square (114 df) in an anova, after removing the effects of subject, saturation, congruence, their two-way interactions, and the interaction with subjects of the linear interaction of saturation and congruence, is 8.2 ms. color to be named, and congruence of the word with the color name. Such additivity is consistent with the RT being generated by two stages (successive processes), C: color discrimination, whose duration is influenced by saturation but not congruence, and N: retrieval and pronunciation of the color name, whose duration is influenced by congruence but not saturation. (There must also be another process, W: word recognition, in which the word is identified, which perhaps ends before N and may operate in parallel with C.) SG Sternberg, 1969, 1984, 1998, 2001, 2011) to be associated with the idea that the additivity of the effects of two factors implies two stages, they conclude that the assumptions of the AFM are “untenable.”
Benign and malignant tumor stages in a mouse keratinocyte line treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene in vitro

Stable pre-tumorigenic, benign tumor and squamous cell carcinoma stages have been isolated after treatment of a cloned mouse keratinocyte line with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Intraperitoneal injection and skin grafting of athymic nude mice were suitable for growth of these well-differentiated tumor cells, whereas subcutaneous injection was not.
Residual public repertoires to self

Abstract The consensus view about the constitution of the T cell receptor repertoire has shifted greatly even during this decade. Although the discovery of autoimmunity in the fifties had clearly shown that a repertoire must exist directed against self antigens, the extent of this repertoire was not fully appreciated. In our work we have tried to elucidate the nature of the antigenic specificities against which this self-directed repertoire is directed. The non-tolerized (residual) self-directed repertoire is a direct consequence of the hierarchy of antigenic determinant display, and is the most important influence in the organism’s choice of which T cells to delete. Certain determinants remain “silent” and are neither displayed in the thymus nor in the periphery: these are a heterogeneous group which are invisible to T cells for a variety of reasons. One reason relates to the processing and presentation of determinants, and a second derives from the nature of the T cell receptor (TcR) and the avidity of the T cell for its target specificity.
Very high performance LWIR and VLWIR Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with M-structure barrier.

LWIR and VLWIR type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors have for long time suffered from a high dark current level and a low dynamic resistance which hampers the its emergence to the infrared detection and imaging industry. However, with the use of M-structure superlattice, a new type II binary InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattice design, as an effective blocking barrier, the dark current in type II superlattice diode has been significantly reduced. We have obtained comparable differential resistance product to the MCT technology at the cut-off wavelength of 10 and 14μm. Also, this new design is compatible with the optical optimization scheme, leading to high quantum efficiency, high special detectivity devices for photon detectors and focal plane arrays.
Mycobacterium bovis infection of an axillary-femoral bypass graft after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy for bladder cancer.

We report a case of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection of an axillary-femoral bypass graft presenting approximately 10 months after the initiation of intravesicular bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the treatment of bladder cancer. The patient's clinical course included removal of the bypass graft and antimycobacterial treatment with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol for 9 months.
Manufactured Solutions for Verification of a Coupled Flow and Material Response Code

The Method of Manufactured Solutions is used to perform order of accuracy code verification tests on some features of a hypersonic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code and a material response code. The CFD verification tests include results for a two species gas mixture in thermal nonequilibrium, and the material response results are for an anisotropic material. After verifying the two codes separately, a verification test is performed with the codes loosely coupled so that the material response code provides updated boundary conditions to the CFD code. In the cases tested, the observed order of accuracy of the CFD code is less than the theoretical order. The tests of the material response code, however, show the expected order of accuracy.
The effects of an HIV/AIDS educational programme on the anxiety level of nursing students

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a serious disease that has special concern for the health care provider. AIDS has continued to grow despite control efforts. As the disease infectivity period remains lengthy, and the heterosexual population is affected to a greater degree, the level of anxiety has also risen despite educational endeavours. Many fears and anxieties have been associated with AIDS patients by health care workers. The reduction of stress, perceived risk and discomfort following educational efforts have been supported in past research. Educational programmes will need to be given for current health care workers at all levels as well as nursing students. Future nurses must be prepared to meet this challenge. This study was conducted using a convenience sample of nursing students at a university in western United States. Its purpose was to assess any changes that occurred in state anxiety following an educational presentation. Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as the measurement instrument. Some anxiety levels were significantly reduced.
Model-based or algorithm-based? Statistical evidence for diabetes and treatments using gene expression

Gene expression profiles obtained from samples of diabetic and normal rats with and without treatments can be used to identify genes that distinguish normal and diabetic individuals and also to evaluate the effectiveness of drug treatments. This study examines changes in global gene expression in rat muscle caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes and vanadyl sulfate treatment. We explored model-based and algorithm-based methods with gene screening measures for microarray gene expression data to classify and predict individuals with high risk of diabetes. Results show that the mixed ANOVA model-based approach provides an efficient way to conduct an investigation of the inherent variability in gene expression data and to estimate the effects of experimental factors such as treatments and diseases and their interactions. The algorithm-based weighted voting and neural network classifiers show good classification performance for the diabetes and treatment groups. Although neural network performs better than ...
Packing of myelin protein zero.

Warner et al. 1996xWarner, L.E, Hilz, M.J, Appel, S.H, Killan, J.M, Kolodny, E.H, Karpati, G, Carpenter, S, Watters, G.V, Wheeler, C, Witt, D, Bodell, A, Nelis, E, Broeckhoven, C.V, and Lupski, J.R. Neuron. 1996; 17Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (298)See all ReferencesWarner et al. 1996 have identified five novel mutations in the myelin P0 (MPZ) gene in patients suffering genetic neural disorders such as CMT, DSS, and congenital hypomyelination (CH) (see Table 1 ofWarner et al. 1996xWarner, L.E, Hilz, M.J, Appel, S.H, Killan, J.M, Kolodny, E.H, Karpati, G, Carpenter, S, Watters, G.V, Wheeler, C, Witt, D, Bodell, A, Nelis, E, Broeckhoven, C.V, and Lupski, J.R. Neuron. 1996; 17Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (298)See all ReferencesWarner et al. 1996. The clinical differences among these disorders are all connected to different types of mutations in the MPZ gene, emphasizing the crucial role of P0 in the function of the PNS. The effects of each mutation result in different clinical phenotypes. The structure of P0ex alone cannot offer an obvious explanation for how a certain set of mutations would lead to a complete loss of protein function or a mild disruption of protein structure. The structure of P0ex does not immediately permit precise evaluation of energetic consequences caused by mutation(s). However, the structure now clearly provides us with a smaller set of problem areas to focus on.
Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. By Jane Bennett. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010. 176p. $74.95 cloth, $21.95 paper.

Hiking through the desert once I stopped to hug a large round boulder. I don't know what compelled me to do it. I had never done it before or since, but I can still feel it. It was as if the rock hugged back.
Endogenous protein-bound polyamines: correlation with regions of cell division in tobacco leaves, internodes and ovaries

We have previously reported the binding of exogenous labeled spermidine to a developmentally regulated 18 kD protein in thin-layer tobacco tissue cultures [1] and to protein larger than 45 kD in mesophyll protoplasts of oat [16]. To assess the possible biological importance of this phenomenon we have now studied the binding of endogenous polyamines to proteins in three developmental systems, the internodes, leaves and ovaries of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L cv. Wisconsin-38), each containing regions of cell division, cell enlargement and quiescence. Endogenous polyamine binding proteins were more abundant in actively dividing regions of apical internodes, young leaves and ovaries than in mature basal internodes, fully expanded leaves and ovaries at the green fruit stage, respectively. Spermidine binding was highest in young ovaries while putrescine binding was highest in young leaves. The results suggest a relation between polyamine binding proteins and mitotic activity.
The Politics of Women's Health

This article begins by discussing the recent emergence in the United States of women's health as a major public policy issue. The central question posed in the article is, How can the public's and government's interest in women's health be used to maximize health benefits for all women? Two arenas of women's health, childbearing and heart disease, are explored to further our understand of the possible costs and benefits to women of being a priority within the national public policy agenda. Three factors are proposed as crucial for maximizing women's health benefits within the current health policy climate: (a) broadening the definition of health benefits, (b) involving more women in the process of determining the hierarchy of health needs, and (c) involving more women in both the research and clinical aspects of medicine.
Cosmic-ray induced vacuum decay in the standard model

Abstract In the standard model, if the Higgs boson mass, m H , and the top quark mass, m t , satisfy the relationship m t ≳95GeV + 0.60 m H , then the vacuum is unstable. However, if the top quark mass is less than 190 GeV, then the lifetime is greater than the age of the universe. There is thus a large region of parameter space in which the vacuum is unstable, but sufficiently long-lived. We examine the possibility that high energy cosmic ray collisions could induce the decay of the vacuum, and show that this region of parameter space can be excluded.
Theoretical Studies of [FeFe]-Hydrogenase: Infrared Fingerprints of the Dithiol-Bridging Ligand in the Active Site

An unresolved structural issue for [FeFe]-hydrogenases is the nature of the dithiol-bridging ligand in the diiron subcluster of the active site. The two most probable candidates are 1,3-dithiopropane (propane dithiol, PDT) and di-(thiomethyl)-amine (DTN). In the latter case, the dithiol-bridging ligand is assumed to play a major role in the reaction cycle. We report density-functional theory studies of the differing roles of these dithiol-bridging ligands in the infrared spectra of synthetic models and of computational representations of the diiron cluster of the active site. Our analysis shows distinct spectral features associated with the dithiol-bridging NH mode for compounds having a DTN bridge, which, however, would have been obscured by the H 2 O vibrations in existing measurements. However, if indeed nitrogen is present in the dithiol-bridging ligand, a combination of selective deuteration and chemical inactivation with CO would create a unique signature in an accessible region of the infrared spectrum, whose position and intensity are predicted.
Commentary on “Herb and Supplement Use Among the Retail Population of an Independent, Urban Herb Store”

The use of herbs and supplements has risen 100% in the last 10 years in the United States (Mayo Clinic, 2007). Sales of all supplements reached $18.8 billion in 2003 (Mayo Clinic, 2007), with herbs alone estimated at $4.2 billion in 2001 (Kelly et al., 2005). Many of the people taking herbs do so based on the information available in the media, including the Internet. Many base their information on the recommendations of family members or friends. Others may rely on herbalists or the sales staff in an herb store. Often the people who choose to use herbal supplements take prescription and over-the-counter drugs as well with no knowledge of possible interactions or amplifications.
Social Stressors as Antecedents of Change

The potential importance of social stressors as shapers of long-term change in adult functioning has been recognized in recent theoretical work. This paper evaluated the impact of several types of stressors, including life events, transitions, hassles, and societal problems such as war or economic depression on happiness and symptoms. The role of selected social and psychological characteristics also was explored. Respondents included 62 men and 72 women who were interviewed four times over an 11-year period. Life stage, symptoms, and self-criticism at baseline were found to predict subsequent stress history, and the stress measures themselves were intercorrelated over time. In the prediction phase of the study, the stress measures made the greatest contribution to the prediction of happiness for both men and women, whereas both initial symptom level and social stressors contributed to the prediction of symptoms manifest at the 11-year follow up.
Deoxyribonucleic acid cytometry helps identify parathyroid carcinomas

It may be difficult in some patients with parathyroid tumors to distinguish between parathyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma on the basis of clinical and histopathological findings. Patients initially diagnosed as having a parathyroid adenoma have subsequently occasionally developed metastases, and thereby their tumor was proven to be a carcinoma. To determine whether the nuclear DNA content would correlate with the clinical course and pathology of parathyroid tumors DNA cytometry was performed on parathyroid carcinomas (9 patients), histologically atypical adenomas (10 patients), adenomas associated with severe hypercalcemia [serum calcium, greater than or equal to 13.0 mg/dL (greater than or equal to 3.24 mmol/L); 11 patients], typical benign adenomas (11 patients), and incidentally removed normal parathyroid glands (6 patients). Sections were cut from the original paraffin-embedded surgical specimens and stained for nuclear DNA using the azure A Feulgen reaction. Nuclear DNA stain content was measured using an integrating image cytometer, and the results were plotted as histograms. Adjusted optical density (AOD) values were measured (in arbitrary units) to estimate the DNA content of whole nuclei in the specimens. The mean nuclear DNA content in the parathyroid carcinomas [24.6 +/- 2.1 (+/- SE) AOD] was significantly greater than that in the three groups of parathyroid adenomas (P less than 0.005, by unpaired t test) and in the normal parathyroid glands (P less than 0.0005). The mean nuclear DNA content in the atypical adenomas (15.8 +/- 1.6 AOD), profoundly hypercalcemic adenomas (16.8 +/- 1.3 AOD), and typical adenomas (16.0 +/- 1.1. AOD) were similar, and all were significantly greater than that in the normal parathyroid glands (11.5 +/- 0.7 AOD, P less than 0.05). Five distinct DNA histogram patterns were present in the parathyroid specimens from these 47 patients. Four of the 9 parathyroid carcinomas had an aneuploid DNA pattern, an abnormal pattern not found in any of the other groups; 2 of these tumors were originally diagnosed as atypical parathyroid adenomas. Both patients developed recurrent disease, and 1 died from a hepatic metastasis. Therefore, DNA cytometry provides valuable information in differentiating some parathyroid carcinomas from adenomas and diagnosing certain parathyroid carcinomas before the appearance of grossly invasive or metastatic tumor.
Inherited duplication Xq27-qter at Xp22.3 in severely affected males : Molecular cytogenetic evaluation and clinical description in three unrelated families

We describe the clinical phenotype in four males from three families with duplication (X)(qterq27::p22.3qter). This is an unusual duplication of the distal long arm segment, Xq27-qter, onto the distal short arm of the X chromosome at Xp22.3, as shown by fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis with multiple X-specific probes. The patients are young male offspring of three unrelated, phenotypically normal carrier women. The affected males have similar clinical manifestations including severe growth retardation and developmental delay, severe axial hypotonia, and minor anomalies. Such clinical similarity in three unrelated families demonstrates that this chromosome abnormality results in a new and distinct clinical phenotype. Replication studies, performed on two of the mothers, provided evidence that inactivation of the abnormal X chromosome permitted the structural abnormality to persist in these families for a generation or more in females without phenotypic expression. Am. J. Med. Genet. 80:377–384, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activity blockade does not prevent the construction of olfactory glomeruli in the moth Manduca sexta.

Abstract During metamorphic development, the arrival at the olfactory (antennal) lobe of olfactory receptor axons initiates the process of glomerulus formation. The glomeruli are discrete spheroidal regions of neuropil that are the sites of synaptic interactions among receptor neurons and their target antennal-lobe neurons. The process of glomerulus formation begins as groups of receptor axons form protoglomeruli. These dense clusters of terminal branches mostly are discrete entities from the time they can be recognized, although a few branches from neighboring protoglomeruli overlap laterally. A previous study by Schweitzer et al. [Schweitzer E. S., Sanes J. R. and Hildebrand J. G. (1976) Ontogeny of electroantennogram responses in the moth, Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol. 22 , 955–960] has shown that odor-induced activity in the receptor neurons can be detected first in recordings from the axons in the antennal nerve only in the last few days of metamorphic development and thus could not influence the process of glomerulus formation. In this study, we have tested directly the possibility that an earlier presence of spontaneous activity in either the receptor axons or the antennal-lobe neurons could affect the process. Tetrodotoxin, a Na + -channel blocker, was injected into the hemolymph prior to the onset of glomerulus formation to block any spontaneous Na + -dependent activity. Subsequent intracellular recordings from antennal-lobe neurons revealed no spike activity. Comparison with vehicle-injected control animals at stages during and after glomerulus formation revealed no differences in the localization of receptor-axon terminal branches in the glomeruli, in the border of glial cells that forms around each glomerulus, or in the morphology of the tufted glomerular arbors of one of the antennal-lobe neurons. We conclude that: (1) the process of glomerulus formation is largely independent of activity; and (2) glomeruli as modular units of the CNS more closely resemble cortical barrels than cortical columns, both in their ontogeny and in the lack of an obvious effect of activity on the morphology of the neurons arborizing within them.
Syntactic and Conceptual Factors in Children's Understanding of Metaphors

A multiple-choice listening task was designed in which 7- and 9-year-old children (n = 30 per group) were presented with nine instances of four different types of metaphoric sentences: perceptual-p...
Diminished nicotine withdrawal in adolescent rats: implications for vulnerability to addiction

Rationale Enhanced reinforcing effects of nicotine during adolescence appear to contribute to the rapid development of dependence in this age group. However, the contribution of nicotine withdrawal to dependence in adolescents is unclear.