cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of forage type on ruminal bacterial populations and subsequent in vitro fiber digestion.

Abstract Adaptation of the rumen fibrolytic bacteria to legume, C 3 grass, and C 4 , grass forages was examined in a 3 × 3 Latin square. Fistulated steers were fed alfalfa, smooth brome grass, and switch grass hays for 6 wk at 1.8% of body weight. Rumen samples were collected weekly after an overnight fast. Bacterial counts were conducted on rumen samples and all rumen samples were used in an in vitro fiber digestion study with three stages of maturity each for alfalfa, smooth brome grass, and switch grass as the substrates. Consumption of alfalfa hay resulted in the highest total viable counts of rumen bacteria but a lower proportion of fibrolytic counts than seen on the grass diets. Use of filter paper as the isolation substrate gave higher fibrolytic counts than seen with NDF of the forage fed as the isolation substrate. Fifty percent or more of the fibrolytic bacteria were Bacteriodes succinogenes , and the switch-grass diet resulted in higher proportions of this organism in the fibrolytic population than seen for alfalfa and smooth bromegrass hays. The rumen inoculum from animals fed alfalfa degraded the fiber fractions of all substrate forages best. Improved in vitro digestibility of a forage was not observed due to feeding the same forage to the donor animals. Volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportions in the in vitro fermentations were related more to forage substrate than diet source. The results indicate that adaptation of the rumen population to diet forage composition occurred, but in vitro digestilibity was unrelated to fibrolytic bacterial numbers or proportions.
The Effect of Fatigue on Air Traffic Controllers

Fatigue has been on the National Transportation Safety Board’s (NTSB) “most wanted list” since 1990 and remains a topic of active investigation. The focus of this article is summarizing the effect of fatigue on air traffic controllers. A literature search was conducted using multiple terms directly and indirectly associated with fatigue as part of an effort to identify the gaps in research on fatigue and performance in air traffic control. Additionally, direct outreach was conducted to identify current research that would not yet be reflected in the literature. This article describes the approach used, discusses the identified research, and synthesizes the body of knowledge on air traffic controller fatigue. This can be used to guide future research as well as develop fatigue risk management systems for air traffic controllers.
Introductory sociology with the general social survey (abstract only)

The purpose of this presentation is to describe an alternative sociology course that links student computer skills with available social survey data. Students are given access to a file of SPSS programs which they can easily modify to fit their own purposes. Using the General Social Survey they can test hypotheses on current data reflecting their interests. The broad range of data allows beginning students with little or no previous computer experience to investigate a wide variety of topics.
Retrogene movement within-and between-chromosomes in the evolution of Drosophila genomes

Recent genomic analyses in Drosophila and mammals of inter-chromosomal retroposition have revealed that during evolution the retroposed genes that show male-biased expression tend to leave the X chromosome and opt for autosomal positions. Such a phenomenon may be a process of general, genomic and evolutionary relevance. It contributed to the unexpected overrepresentation of male-biased genes on the autosomes recently observed in microarray expression experiments. In this paper, we report our genomic analysis of within-chromosomal retroposition in Drosophila melanogaster, and compare it with the previously identified pattern of the between-chromosomal retroposition. We find that a surfeit of autosomal retroposed genes originated from parental genes located on the same chromosome, in contrast to the X chromosome in which only few genes retroposed in cis. Such an autosomal proximity effect implicates a role of the mutation process for retroposition in determining chromosomal locations of autosome-derived retroposed genes. Furthermore, this phenomenon supports the hypothesis that natural selection favors the retroposition of genes out of the X chromosome. Analyses of a large expression database for D. melanogaster genes revealed that the vast majority of the X-derived autosomal retroposed genes had evolved testis expression functions, consistent with other previous genomic analyses.
Detection of Contaminant Plumes by Borehole Geophysical Logging

Two borehole geophysical methods—electromagnetic induction and natural gamma radiation logs—were used to vertically delineate landfill leachate plumes in a glacial aquifer. Geophysical logs of monitoring wells near two land-fills in a glacial aquifer in west-central Vermont show that borehole geophysical methods can aid in interpretation of geologic logs and placement of monitoring well screens to sample landfill leachate plumes. Zones of high electrical conductance were delineated from the electromagnetic log in wells near two landfills. Some of these zones were found to correlate with silt and clay units on the basis of drilling and gamma logs. Monitoring wells were screened specifically in zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit. Zones of high electrical conductivity that did not correlate to a silt or clay unit were caused by the presence of ground water with a high specific conductance, generally from 1000 to 2370 μS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius). Ambient ground water in the study area has a specific conductance of approximately 200 to 400 μS/cm. Landfill leachate plumes were found to be approximately 5 to 20 feet thick and to be near the water table surface.
Where have all the T cells gone

In this issue of Blood, Beq and colleagues describe the massive yet transient exodus of T cells from peripheral blood to lymph nodes, skin, and gut lymphoid tissue after in vivo IL-7 administration to healthy Rhesus macaques. This dramatic brief T-cell lymphopenia has previously been described in both cancer and HIV clinical trials of rhIL-7. Tissue redistribution of T lymphocytes had been invoked to explain this unusual occurrence but there was no data supporting this hypothesis until now.
‘Those new men of the sixties’: nihilism in the liberal imagination

This essay examines the use and understanding of the term ‘nihilism’ in liberal discourse. It argues that this discourse originated in Ivan Turgenev's 1862 novel Fathers and Sons and developed in the series of commentaries on exegesis the anti-revolutionary novel received over time. The essay consists of three parts. After examining the context in which Turgenev wrote his novel, it discusses three historical moments that were central to the development of this discourse: (a) the immediate aftermath of the novel's publication in the 1860s; (b) following the 1905 Revolution; (c) the Cold War liberal discourse that tied the New Left of the 1960s with the Russian prerevolutionary intelligentsia of a century earlier.
Sodium Fluosilicate as a Control for Blister Beetles on Soybeans in Southwestern Louisiana

In experiments conducted in Southwestern Louisiana for the control of blister beetles on soybeans, calcium arsenate and Paris green were tried both as dusts and sprays with and without lime. These acted as repellents, giving no control. Dusting with sodium cyanide gave a very small percentage of control. Various contact insecticides were tried without success. Attraction to artificial light was small. In June 1925 applications of sodium fluosilicate (analyzed as sodium fluosilicate 97.90 to 98.10 by Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. D. A.) applied at the rate of 15 pounds per acre gave practically 100 per cent control. A mixture of equal parts by volume of sodium fluosilicate and hydrated lime gave practically the same results but did not kill so quickly as undiluted sodium fluosilicate.
Avoiding risk information about breast cancer.

Background Learning about personal risk can provide numerous benefits yet people sometimes opt to remain ignorant.
Microstructural control in lead alloys for storage battery application

The role of alloying and thermomechanical processing in direct microstructural control in lead-base storage battery alloys is reviewed. Strength, corrosion, and electrochemical correlations are discussed for conventional and emerging lead alloy systems.
Randomized trial of antenatal dexamethasone in surfactant-treated infants delivered before 30 weeks' gestation

Objective To determine if an additive effect exists between antenatal corticosteroid administration and postnatal surfactant therapy in the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. Methods A randomized, double-blind trial was conducted from April 1990 to June 1994, in which dexamethasone (5 mg every 12 hours for a total of four doses) or saline was given to women at risk for delivery at 24–29 weeks' gestation. At birth, prophylactic surfactant was administered to all study infants. Main outcome measures were RDS occurrence and severity: Secondary clinical end points included bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pneumothorax, patent ducrus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy, intraventricular hemorrhage, and death. Results Seventy-five of the 124 randomized subjects delivered 96 infants within the studied gestational age range (dexamethasone, n = 54; placebo, n = 42). Similar maternal demographics and obstetric complications were noted between study groups. A greater proportion of infants were delivered from multi-fetal gestations in the dexamethasone cohort (26 of 54 versus 12 of 42 newborns; P = .05). There were no significant differences in the occurrence or severity of RDS between the dexamethasone and placebo infants (none or mild, 67 versus 67%; moderate, 24 versus 26%; severe, 9 versus 7%, respectively), or differences in any of the secondary clinical outcomes. The study size was sufficient to exclude a 50% reduction in RDS incidence as a consequence of dexamethasone exposure. An analysis restricted to single-tons (dexamethasone, n = 28; placebo, n = 30) revealed similar overall occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage (12 of 28 versus ten of 30; P = .63), but significantly fewer grade 3 and 4 intraventricular hemorrhages in dexamethasone-exposed neonates (two of 12 versus six of ten; P = .048). Conclusion Antenatal dexamethasone does not appear to decrease the incidence or severity of RDS in surfactant-treated infants delivered at 24–29 weeks' gestation, but may be associated with reduced severity of intraventricular hemorrhages in surfactant-treated singletons in this gestational age range.
Evolutionary problems of Cepheids and other giants investigated with new radiative opacities

Comparison of evolutionary tracks, pulsation constants, and linearized pulsational-stability coefficients for stellar models applicable to the problems of classical Cepheids, whose structures were calculated using the Cox-Stewart (1965) opacities and a recently computed set of opacities. The latter are based on the hot 'Thomas-Fermi' statistical model of the atom for all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium; they contain larger helium and metals contributions, but a smaller hydrogen contribution than the former ones for the same chemical composition. The difference in metals contribution affects mainly the location and shape of the evolutionary tracks on the H-R diagram, while the difference in hydrogen and helium contributions has its greatest effect on the pulsational properties of the Cepheid models. From the comparison of evolutionary tracks it is concluded that: (1) the theoretical M/L relation for evolved giants is changed very little by using the second set of opacities; (2) Q-values for the fundamental mode of radial pulsation in Cepheid envelope models increase if the second set is used, but the classical mass discrepancy remains; and (3) the second set leads to pulsational-instability.
Extending indications for radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors through an intraoperative approach.

Background Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a means of local destruction of lung tumors. The role of this technique in regards to improved survival or quality of life has yet to be well defined. RFA can be performed through an intraoperative or percutaneous route. Percutaneous RFA can be performed without single-lung ventilation under local anesthesia with sedation and is often the preferred route of ablation. We detail instances of RFA in patients who were either not candidates for percutaneous RFA or in whom the tumor was found to be unresectable at operation. Methods Ten patients with either primary or secondary lung tumors who underwent operation with consideration of intraoperative RFA were reviewed. Patients were followed up with chest computed tomography scans at least every 6 months. Preoperative characteristics, intraoperative techniques, complications, and tumor response were noted. Results The median patient age was 60 years (range, 40 to 85 years). Six patients had lung cancer, 4 had cancer metastatic to the lung, and 5 patients had hilar lesions. Combined lung resection and RFA was done in 4 patients; 6 underwent RFA only. The average size of the ablated lesion was 3.0 cm (range, 1.0 to 5.8 cm). No serious intraoperative or perioperative complications were noted. No immediate or delayed hemorrhage or hemoptysis has been noted. Of patients at least 6 months out from ablation, 4 had no growth of the ablated tumor at an average of 13.5 months (range, 8 to 23 months) after ablation, and 5 have had growth of the tumor first noted at an average of 12.8 months (range, 9 to 14) after ablation. Conclusions Intraoperative RFA is useful (1) when the lesion is near vital structures such as the great vessels, hilum, or heart, (2) if resectability can only be determined at the time of operation, and (3) when used in patients with secondary tumors of the lung combined with limited resection to preserve lung parenchyma.
DETERMINATION OF GLUCOSAMINE AND GALACTOSAMINE USING BORATE BUFFERS FOR MODIFICATION OF THE ELSON-MORGAN AND MORGAN-ELSON REACTIONS.

Abstract 1. 1. A method for colorimetric differentiation and quantitation of glucosamine and galactosamine by substituting borate for the carbonate buffers in both the Morgan-Elson reaction and Elson-Morgan reaction has been presented. 2. 2. These methods are applicable to analysis of biological material without treatment of the hydrolyzates with ion-exchange resin provided amino acids and neutral sugars are not in great excess. 3. 3. The action of borate in these methods is unknown, but appears similar to its action in other chromogen producing reactions involving sugars. 4. 4. The possible chelates of amino sugars with borate are considered and the mechanisms of the reactions involved are discussed.
Biochemical assessment of erythropoietin products from Asia versus US Epoetin alfa manufactured by Amgen

We compared the physical and chemical properties of purported copies of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) purchased from Korea, China, and India with the innovator product, Epoetin alfa, manufactured by Amgen Inc. The products were characterized for similarity in the types of glycoforms present, the relative degree of unfolding, in vitro potency, presence of covalent aggregates, and presence of cleavage products using established analytical methods. All products were different from Epoetin alfa (Epogen). The purported copies of rHuEPO from Korea, India, and China contained more glycoforms and other impurities. The in vitro relative potency varied for each product when based on the labeled concentration, while the concentration based on ELISA analysis brought the relative potency, for most products closer to 100%. These data emphasize potential biochemical discrepancies resulting from different cell lines and manufacturing processes. Concentrations varied within products and did not always match the information provided on the product label. As it is not possible to reliably correlate such biochemical discrepancies to clinical consequences, or the lack thereof, these data support the need for extensive preclinical testing and clinical testing of all investigational products as not all safety and efficacy aspects can be assessed during preclinical evaluation.
Lift-and-project for mixed 0-1 programming: recent progress

This article reviews the disjunctive programming or lift-and-project approach to 0-1 programming, with an emphasis on recent developments. Disjunctive programming is optimization over unions of polyhedra. The first three sections of the paper define basic concepts and introduce the two fundamental results underlying the approach. Thus, section 2 describes the compact higher dimensional representation of the convex hull of a union of polyhedra, and its projection on the original space; whereas section 3 is devoted to the sequential convexifiability of facial disjunctive programs, which include mixed 0-1 programs. While these results originate in Balas' work in the early- to mid-seventies, some new results are also included: it is shown that on the higher dimensional polyhedron representing the convex hull of a union of polyhedra, the maximum edge-distance between any two vertices in 2. Also, it is shown that in the process of sequential convexification of a 0-1 program, fractional intermediate values of the variables can occur only under very special circumstances. The next section relates the above results to the matrix-cone approach of Lovasz and Schrijver and of Sherali and Adams. Section 5 introduces the lift-and-project cuts of Balas, Ceria and Cornuejols from the early nineties, and discusses the cut generating linear program (CGLP), cut lifting and cut strengthening. The next section briefly outlines the branch and cut framework in which the lift-and-project cuts turned out to be computationally useful, while section 7 discusses some crucial aspects of the cut generating procedure: alternative normalizations of (CGLP), complementarity of the solution components, size reduction of (CGLP), and ways of deriving multiple cuts from a disjunction. Finally, section 8 discusses computational results in branch-and-cut mode as well as in cut-and-branch mode.
Use and impact of antidepressants in the school setting

Depression-based presentations constitute some of the most commonly seen psychiatric manifestations within the school-age population. In conjunction with increased numbers of children and adolescents being diagnosed with depressive symptomology over the past 2–3 decades, there has been seen a concurrent increase in the amount of antidepressant agents being prescribed within this group. This increase is largely related to the development of the newer class antidepressants, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, which have demonstrated preferred efficacy and adverse effect profiles over the older monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclics. This article discusses the primary differences between the various forms of antidepressants, including their utility and efficacy. Positive and negative impacts are also reviewed, including potential impact on schooling. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural Kinds and Unnatural Persons

Most people believe that extraterrestrial beings or porpoises or computers could someday be recognized as persons. Given the significant constitutional differences between these entities and ourselves, the general assumption appears to be that ‘person’ is not a natural kind term. David Wiggins offers an illuminating challenge to this popular dogma in ‘Locke, Butler and the Stream of Consciousness: and Men as a Natural Kind’. Wiggins does not claim that ‘person’ actually is a natural kind term; but he argues hard for the advantages of regarding it as something like a natural kind classification. The problem is that, whatever its merits, there are obvious and fatal objections to the view that person is a natural kind. My aim is to present a modification of the natural kind thesis which avoids these objections and retains the attractions of the basic position.
Rathke cleft cysts: a review of clinical and surgical management

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of clinical, imaging, and histopathological features, as well as operative and nonoperative management strategies in patients with Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs). A literature review was performed to identify previous articles that reported surgical and nonsurgical management of RCCs. Rathke cleft cysts are often incidental lesions found in the sellar and suprasellar regions and do not require surgical intervention in the majority of cases. In symptomatic RCCs, the typical clinical presentation includes headache, visual loss, and/or endocrine dysfunction. Visual field testing and endocrine laboratory studies may reveal more subtle deficiencies associated with RCCs. When indicated, the transsphenoidal approach typically offers the least invasive and safest method for treating these lesions. Various surgical strategies including cyst wall resection, intralesional alcohol injection, and sellar floor reconstruction are discussed. Although headache and visual symptoms frequently improve after surgical drainage of RCCs, hypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus are less likely to do so. A subset of more aggressive, atypical RCCs associated with pronounced clinical symptoms and higher recurrence rates is discussed, as well as the possible relationship of these lesions to craniopharyngiomas. Rathke cleft cysts are typically benign, asymptomatic lesions that can be monitored. In selected patients, transsphenoidal surgery provides excellent rates of improvement in clinical symptoms and long-term cyst resolution. Complete cyst wall resection, intraoperative alcohol cauterization, and sellar floor reconstruction in the absence of a CSF leak are not routinely recommended.
A phase I open label study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor CP-609,754 in patients with advanced malignant tumors.

Purpose: The purpose of this phase I clinical trial was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose and toxicity of CP-609,754 in patients with solid tumors refractory to standard therapies, to determine the cellular effects of CP-609,754 on its molecular target (farnesyltransferase), and to determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of this agent. Experimental Design: Consenting patients with adequate bone marrow, liver, and renal function were enrolled with an accelerated dose strategy with single-patient parallel cohorts in whom the drug was given orally either once or twice daily. Once a dose-limiting toxicity was encountered or two patients developed Common Toxicity Criteria ≥ grade 2 toxicities, a modified Fibonacci sequence was initiated. Blood samples were collected during cycle 1 for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses. Results: A total of 68 cycles of CP-609,754 was administered to 21 patients enrolled in this study. The dose escalation was from 20 mg once daily to 640 mg twice per day, and at the highest dose level, one of six patients developed a dose-limiting toxicity of grade 3 neuropathy. The drug was otherwise well tolerated, and the maximum-tolerated dose was not reached because of the large number of tablets that would have been required for additional dose escalation. Pharmacokinetic analyses showed a proportional increase in exposure with dose, rapid oral absorption, and a half-life of ∼3 hours. Pharmacodynamic results predict a 95% maximal inhibition of peripheral blood mononuclear cell farnesyltransferase activity 2 hours postdose, on average, with a dose of 400 mg twice per day of CP-609,754. Conclusions: On the basis of the safety findings and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses, the RP2D of CP-609,754 is ≥640 mg twice per day.
BDNF Selectively Regulates GABAA Receptor Transcription by Activation of the JAK/STAT Pathway

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor (GABA A R) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in the brain. Its multiple subunits show regional, developmental, and disease-related plasticity of expression; however, the regulatory networks controlling GABA A R subunit expression remain poorly understood. We report that the seizure-induced decrease in GABA A R α1 subunit expression associated with epilepsy is mediated by the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway regulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF- and seizure-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 cause the adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) response element–binding protein (CREB) family member ICER (inducible cAMP early repressor) to bind with phosphorylated CREB at the Gabra1 :CRE site. JAK/STAT pathway inhibition prevents the seizure-induced decrease in GABA A R α1 abundance in vivo and, given that BDNF is known to increase the abundance of GABA A R α4 in a JAK/STAT-independent manner, indicates that BDNF acts through at least two distinct pathways to influence GABA A R-dependent synaptic inhibition.
Wind display device for locomotion interface in a virtual environment

This paper describes development of a wind display system for the TreadPort virtual environment locomotion interface, which is cumulatively known as the TreadPort Active Wind Tunnel (TPAWT). Computational Fluid Dynamic simulations and experiments with a scaled model test-bed of the system has resulted in a combination of passive and active controls capable of controlling wind speed and angle acting on a user in the environment. Development of the full scale TPAWT system is then described, which requires consideration of system geometry, integration, packaging, wind loads, and instrumentation.
A Novel Approach to Analyze the Transient Dynamics of an Electrodynamics Suspension Maglev

In this paper, the wavelet transform-based approach is studied to analyze the transient oscillatory response of an electrodynamics suspension (EDS) maglev system. The magnetic field intensity is mainly a function of the levitation height between the cradle and the track. The wavelet transform-based approach is used to analyze the harmonics of the magnetization function. Haar wavelet is selected as the mother wavelet to decompose the coefficients of the wavelet transform. Field analyses based on the Fourier series and the finite-element method are provided in order to illustrate the advantage of the proposed scheme in the analysis of dynamic characteristics of the beginning stage of levitation
LOOP: A location based routing scheme for opportunistic networks

As a key enabling technology for pervasive computing, opportunistic networks have attracted intensive research efforts recently. In this paper, we present a new routing scheme for opportunistic networks that aims at forwarding messages to a destination location/area, instead of forwarding to specific nodes. Our routing scheme, termed LOOP for LOcation based routing for OPportunistic networks, exploits the regularity embedded in human moving pattern. As human movements often exhibit a high degree of repetition including regular visits to certain places and regular contacts during daily activities, we can predict a mobile node's future locations based on its mobility trace with high confidence. We formulate the movement pattern mining as a multi-label classification problem and construct a Bayes' predictive model to explore the mobility history and learn the movement pattern. This movement pattern will then be used to predict the node's future movement. Based on the prediction, the ability of the node to deliver a message to the destination is quantified through defined metrics. These metrics will be the determining factor for choosing proper relaying nodes in several proposed strategies. Our scheme can preserve privacy as no information, including location information, needs to be exchanged among nodes. At the same time, our scheme achieves total distributed control as each node can choose its individual forwarding strategy without involving network wide changes. Our analytical and simulation results show that LOOP can achieve significant performance gains over well known existing strategies for routing in opportunistic networks.
QOS aware resource allocation for heterogeneous multiuser OFDM wireless networks

We consider a heterogeneous multiuser OFDM wireless network serving both QoS constrained high-priority users and best-effort users. We investigate resource allocation to maximize the total network utility by specifying two different utility functions for the two user classes. Our strategy is to first maximize the number of satisfied high-priority users before allocating the remaining resource among the best-effort users. Our results show significant improvement of overall user satisfaction among both user classes.
Brillouin amplification-a powerful new scheme for microwave photonic communications

In this paper we introduce a powerful technique called Brillouin selective sideband amplification (BSSA) to drastically improve the performance and extend the functionality of an analog photonic system. This optical amplification process is much more efficient than any other optical amplification method because all Brillouin scattering energy from the pump laser goes directly into the desired weak sideband, not to the strong optical carrier. Consequently the saturation of the receiving photodetector can also be avoided. We obtained a net link gain of 20 dB of an externally modulated photonic link at 5 GHz with an optical power of only 2.6 mW in the photodetector. Such a large and efficient signal amplification will prove extremely important in systems with narrow instantaneous bandwidth but broad overall bandwidth (e.g. widely tunable systems).
Calcium: Taste, Intake, and Appetite

This review summarizes research on sensory and behavioral aspects of calcium homeostasis. These are fragmented fields, with essentially independent lines of research involving gustatory electrophysiology in amphibians, ethological studies in wild birds, nutritional studies in poultry, and experimental behavioral studies focused primarily on characterizing the specificity of the appetite in rats. Recently, investigators have begun to examine potential physiological mechanisms underlying calcium intake and appetite. These include changes in the taste perception of calcium, signals related to blood calcium concentrations, and actions of the primary hormones of calcium homeostasis: parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Other influences on calcium intake include reproductive and adrenal hormones and learning. The possibility that a calcium appetite exists in humans is discussed. The broad range of observations documenting the existence of a behavioral limb of calcium homeostasis provides a strong foundation for future genetic and physiological analyses of this behavior.
The Primary Risk

In the Tavistock tradition, we understand an organization by first identifying its primary task. We ask, what is this organization set up to do, how is it organized to accomplish this objective, and what unconscious dynamics limit or distort its members' ability to do their work? This approach while powerful, does not help us understand organizations that live at strategic junctures in their life cycles. In these situations, the task is to choose a task. We need a conceptual framework to help us understand the psychodynamics of organizing and deciding in these situations. The following article develops the concept of the "primary risk' to explain how organizations behave in these situations. It links the primary risk to the psychoanalytic idea of ambivalence and the gestalt idea of the figure/ground relationship. It draws on case material to illuminate its concepts.
Further Evidence for Lack of Gene Expression in the Tetrahymena Micronucleus

Certain galA mutations in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila confer an almost total loss of galactokinase activity in homozygotes. Heterokaryons have been constructed that are homogeneous for the galA1 mutation in the (45 n ) macronucleus, but which contain a galA + (2 n ) micronucleus. Soluble cell extracts prepared from these heterokaryons have been assayed for galactokinase activity, using a radiometric assay for the conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1-P). No galactokinase activity attributable to the micronuclear genes is observed in such heterokaryons. These results, obtained with the galA1 marker, provide the first direct, quantitative evidence for the lack of micronuclear (germ line) gene expression in Tetrahymena during vegetative growth, and substantiate the predictions of previous phenotypic observations on heterokaryons and autoradiographic studies of micronuclear RNA synthesis. The generality of this conclusion will be established in the future when other enzymically assayable mutations become available for similar studies.
Association Between Insomnia Symptoms and Functional Status in U.S. Older Adults

Results. After adjustment, insomnia symptoms were associated with a greater odds of receiving help or having dif ficulty with selected household activities (laundry, shopping), greater odds of help or difficulty with ≥1 household activity [1 symptom vs. 0, odds ratio (OR)=1.27, p < .05; 2 symptoms vs. 0, OR = 1.35, p < .01), and of restricted participation in specific valued activities (attending religious services, going out for enjoyment) and in ≥1 valued activity (1 symptom vs. 0, OR = 1.29, p < .05; 2 symptoms vs. 0, OR = 1.50, p < .01). There was no independent association between insomnia symptoms and physical capacity. Discussion. Among older adults, insomnia symptoms are associated with a greater odds of limitation in household activities and of restricted participation in valued activities. Insomnia interventions may improve functioning and quality of life among elders.
AEROFROSH: a shock condition calculator for multi-component fuel aerosol-laden flows

This article introduces an algorithm that determines the thermodynamic conditions behind incident and reflected shocks in aerosol-laden flows. Importantly, the algorithm accounts for the effects of droplet evaporation on post-shock properties. Additionally, this article describes an algorithm for resolving the effects of multiple-component-fuel droplets. This article presents the solution methodology and compares the results to those of another similar shock calculator. It also provides examples to show the impact of droplets on post-shock properties and the impact that multi-component fuel droplets have on shock experimental parameters. Finally, this paper presents a detailed uncertainty analysis of this algorithm’s calculations given typical experimental uncertainties.
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection Decreases the Efficacy of a Modified Live Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vaccine

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced pneumonia is a major problem, and vaccination is used to reduce losses associated with PRRSV. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes lymphoid depletion, and there is concern that this adversely affects the immune response. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of PCV2 infection on the efficacy of modified live virus (MLV) PRRSV vaccine. Sixty-nine 2-week-old pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups of 9 to 10 pigs each. At 6 weeks of age, pigs in groups 4, 5, and 6 were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 ISU-40895. At 8 weeks of age, groups 3, 4, 6, and 7 were vaccinated with a PRRSV MLV vaccine. At 12 weeks of age, groups 2, 3, and 4 were challenged with PRRSV SDSU73. All pigs were necropsied 14 days after PRRSV challenge. PCV2-infected, PRRSV-vaccinated, and PRRSV-challenged pigs had significantly (P < 0.05) more-severe macroscopic lung lesions than did the PRRSV-vaccinated and PRRSV-challenged pigs that were not exposed to PCV2 prior to PRRSV vaccination. Nonvaccinated PRRSV-infected pigs had a significantly (P < 0.001) higher incidence of PRRSV antigen in lungs than did all other groups except the group infected with PCV2 prior to PRRSV vaccination and challenge. The nonvaccinated PRRSV-challenged group and the group challenged with PCV2 prior to PRRSV vaccination and challenge had significantly (P < 0.001) lower average daily weight gain than did the control and the vaccinated groups. This work suggests that PCV2 infection has an adverse effect on the development of protective immunity induced by PRRSV vaccine.
Age-Associated Loss of Power and Strength in the Upper Extremities in Women and Men

Cross-sectional and longitudinal age-associated reductions in power and isometric strength are described for the upper extremities. Over a 25-year period, repeated measures were taken approximately every 2 years from men and women in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). The longitudinal measures covered an average 9.6 years, range 1-25 years for men and an average 4.6 years, range 1-8 years for women. Strength and power declined beginning by age 40 in both women and men. Thereafter, power declined about 10% more than strength in men, while no significant differences were found in women. Age had a statistically independent influence on strength and power measures after adjusting for gender, height, weight, caloric expenditure, and muscle mass. Twenty-five-year longitudinal analyses in men confirmed the declines observed cross-sectionally, while no changes were observed in women over the 4-5 years of longitudinal data available. Further longitudinal studies are needed to understand the relationships between strength and power losses with age in women. The differences between power and strength changes with age in men argue for the importance of factors other than strength affecting power.
Historical Perspectives of Hybrid Hepatic Assist Devices

A hybrid hepatic assist device using canine liver tissues was developed and clinically applied 38 years ago. However, for many years practical hybrid hepatic assist devices were not clinically introduced owing to the many difficulties encountered in employing cultured hepatocytes. These problems include: (1) maintenance of viable cultured cells, (2) maintenance of normal hepatocyte function with these cells, (3) elimination of toxic substances generated by non-viable cultured and/or stored cells, (4) elimination of immunological factors generated by cultured cells and by the patient, and (5) difficulties of the biocompatible immunological barrier for cells against the patient. Fortunately, recent progress in apheresis and biomaterial technologies enable us to isolate cultured cells immunologically and yet maintain effective metabolic functions for the patient. These technologies generate an immunological barrier of a hybrid hepatic assist device for the patients. Proper adsorption columns developed for apheresis procedures enable us to remove the toxic substances released by non-viable cells. Recent development of oxygen-carrying macromolecules enable us to provide sufficient oxygen supply to the cultured cells and to maintain their normal cellular function, not only during the cultured period of time, but also during their actual clinical application. Together with the advancement of cell culture technologies, including the proper cultured environments and cellular seeding environments, these technologies, primarily developed for therapeutic apheresis, should be able to provide more effective and safe hybrid artificial organs.
Interaction of oxytocin level and past depression may predict postpartum depressive symptom severity

We examined plasma oxytocin concentration and postpartum depression (PPD) symptom severity in women who were not depressed during pregnancy and whether this differed by major depressive disorder (MDD) history. We assessed psychiatric history and plasma oxytocin in 66 healthy pregnant women in the third trimester (M = 35 ± 3 weeks) and depressive symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum (M = 5.9 ± 0.8 weeks). Linear regression analysis was used to examine oxytocin and PPD symptom severity and moderation of oxytocin and PPD by past MDD. Women with (n = 13) and without (n = 53) past MDD differed in third trimester depressive symptom severity, but not oxytocin level, demographic factors, or birth outcomes. Controlling for third trimester depressive symptoms, oxytocin level was unrelated to PPD symptom severity [B(SE) = −.019 (.084); β = −.025; t = −.227; p = .821]. However, oxytocin level interacted with past MDD to predict PPD symptom severity [B(SE) = 7.489 (2.429); β = .328; t = 3.084; p = .003]. Higher oxytocin predicted greater PPD symptom severity in women with past MDD (p = .019), but not in women without (p = .216). Replication in a larger sample and methodologic challenges are discussed.
A New Scleroderma from Bermuda

Fructificationes subglobosae, 1.8-2.8 cm. crassae, omnino subterraneae ad maturitatem, undique sparsim delicatis brunneis araneosis fibrillis investitae, ex quibus flocculosae fibrae in solum extendunt, apice in 5 vel 6 lacinias stellatas dehiscentes; peridio siccato 1-1.5 mm. crasso et distincte scissili; peridio humido circa 2-2.5 mm. crasso, praeter fibrillas liberas, ex strato tenuissimo laxo externo circa 0.12-0.18 mm. crasso et strato interno multo fusciore compacto composito. Sporis brunneis, globosis, echinulato-verruculosis et granulosis, 6-7.5(8) pA, paucis per partes reticulatis.
Transcriptome guided identification of novel functions of RECQ1 helicase

Gene expression changes in the functional absence of a specific RecQ protein, and how that relates to disease outcomes including cancer predisposition and premature aging in RecQ helicase associated syndromes, are poorly understood. Here we describe detailed experimental strategy for identification of RECQ1-regulated transcriptome that led us to uncover a novel association of RECQ1 in regulation of cancer cell migration and invasion. We initiated a focused study to determine whether RECQ1, the most abundant RecQ protein in humans, alters gene expression and also investigated whether RECQ1 binds with G4 motifs predicted to form G-quadruplex structures in the target gene promoters. Rescue of mRNA expression of select RECQ1-downregulated genes harboring G4 motifs required wild-type RECQ1 helicase. However, some RECQ1-regulated genes are also regulated by BLM and WRN proteins regardless of the presence or absence of G4 motifs. The approach described here is applicable for systematic comparison of gene expression signatures of individual RecQ proteins in isogenic background, and to elucidate their participation in transcription regulation through G-quadruplex recognition and/or resolution. Such strategies might also reveal molecular pathways that drive the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases in specific RecQ deficiency.
Breeding of T You 259,A New Combination of Medium-maturing Late Hybrid Rice with Good Grain Quality and High Yield

T you 259, derived from the fine quality CMS line T98A and the fine quality restorer line R259 (R259 is bred from the cross of the fine quality restorer line 207 and the wide-compatibility line 9453), is a new medium-maturing late hybrid rice combination. It has a growth duration of 110 days to 115 days.Its yield is 7.5 t/hm2 or so and its quality has reached the good grain quality standard of the 1st～2nd class which is made by the Agriculture Ministry,P.R.C. It has better resistance against disease, strong cold tolerance and wide adaptability. It is approved for release by the Crops Cultivar Appraisal Commission of Hunan Province in March 2003, and is applied to Ministry of Agriculture for protection on the right of new plant breed variety.
Associated Factors of Condom Use in Oral Sex Among Men Who Have Sex With Men

Objective To investigate the associated factors of using condom in oral sex among men who have sex with men( MSM) in Chengdu. Methods Altogether 465 MSM participants were recruited with snowballing sampling. Data of demographic characteristics,sexual behavior and the awareness of HIV related knowledge were collected with questionnaire. The associated factors of using condoms in oral sexual behavior were analyzed by cumulative logistic model. Results Of all the participants,79. 5% never used condoms in oral sex in the recent six months. Education degree,the place where looking for partners and partners ' health were the main associated factors of using condoms in the recent six months. Conclusion The using rate of condoms in oral sex behavior among MSM in Chengdu is low,and thus comprehensive health education measures should be carried out towards them to elevate the using rate of condom.
The Architecture Design of Pilot Assistant Artificial Intelligent System

Based on the analysis of organize and function of the Pilot Assistant Artificial Intelligent System(PAAIS),the overall control model of PAAIS,the architecture of knowledge processing and the method of knowledge organization and schedule which base on multi-agents was proposed in this paper.As a application of the artificial intelligence and expert system,PAAIS can effectively reduce the pilot's working load and increase the survival efficiency in the urgency environment.
TOURAJ DARYAEE ED. CYRUS THE GREAT: AN ANCIENT IRANIAN KING

Touraj Daryaee Ed. Cyrus the Great: An Ancient Iranian King. Santa Monica: Afshar Publishing, 2013, xv + 98 p., ISBN 978-0-9854981-1-5.
Homatropine bradycardia in man.

Homatropine in doses of 0.5 to 4.0 mg. was administered subcutaneously to 8 medical students and .28 hospital patients following a double-blind technique. At first there was dose-related slowing of sinus heart rate; the 4 mg. dose was the turning pOint above which there usually was acceleration. Neither the magnitude nor the duration of the cardiac slowing correlated with age, sex, race, body weight, or control heart rate. Electrocardiographic changes were minimal, although prolonged atrioventricular conduction was noted in some subjects.
The Future of Vascular Biology and Medicine.

During the past several decades, landmark discoveries in the field of vascular biology have evolved our understanding of the biology of blood vessels and the pathobiology of local and systemic vascular disease states and have led to novel disease-modifying therapies for patients. In 1980, Furchgott and Zawadzki1 radically changed our focus in blood vessel research with the discovery of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and its effects on vascular tone. This seminal discovery redefined blood vessels as dynamic organs with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine functions that are capable of regulating their own environment. The later recognition that many risk factors associated with vascular disease perturb nitric oxide-mediated homeostatic mechanisms lent further credence to the concept of blood vessels as complex organs rather than inert tubes. In the decades to follow, research in vascular biology predominantly targeted 3 facets of vascular function: vasomotor tone, inflammation, and the balance between thrombosis and thrombolysis. This occurred because atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease reached epidemic levels and atherothrombosis was found to feature disturbances in these functions that preceded visible pathology and clinical manifestations of the disease. Furthermore, modification of responsible causal factors reversed impaired vascular function (eg, lowering levels of low-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis), and clinical studies began to validate the importance of preclinical vascular biology research in the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, pulmonary vascular disease, erectile dysfunction, Raynaud phenomenon, and neointimal proliferation after mechanical vascular intervention. More recently, advances in molecular biology and –omics technologies have facilitated in vitro and in vivo studies that revealed that blood vessels regulate their own redox milieu, metabolism, mechanical environment, and phenotype, in part, through complex interactions between cellular components of the blood vessel wall and circulating factors. These interactors include stem, progenitor, and differentiated cells; microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and DNA; and, hormones, proteins, and lipids. Dysregulation of these …