cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Magnetocatalytic Effect: Magnetism as a Driving Force for Surface Segregation

The magnetocatalytic (or Hedvall) effect refers to a change in the rate of a chemical reaction on a magnetic surface at the Curie point ${T}_{C}$. For Ni catalysts, experiments suggest the effect is related to a sudden increase in segregated surface C, a strong catalytic poison, at temperatures below ${T}_{C}$. However, the connection between magnetism and surface segregation is not understood. Using density functional theory and spin-dynamics simulations, we show that the solubility of C in Ni is significantly reduced in the ferromagnetic state, because C suppresses Ni magnetism and thereby increases the heat of solution. This explains the observed increase in C segregation and the reduced catalytic activity below ${T}_{C}$.
An Approach for Evaluating 3-D Workspace Using Photogrammetry and CAD Software

Evaluation of workspace layout and design is a common task among ergonomists. It is desirable to find accurate and expedient means to generate the workspace in a virtual form, which allows the evaluation of various aspects of the human-workspace interface. The purpose of this practice-based paper is to introduce and evaluate a method, known as photogrammetry, which facilitates the recreation of workspaces in virtual three-dimensional (3-D) space. To demonstrate the utility and accuracy of this approach, a photogrammetry software was used to generate virtual 3-D models of ten popular agricultural tractors. Accuracy evaluation showed that photogrammetry is generally more useful for larger and more complicated objects, while smaller and simpler objects tend to yield less error. Furthermore, the paper shows examples on how these virtual 3-D mockups can be incorporated into Computer Aided Design (CAD) or ergonomic software in order to evaluate operator-cab interface issues such as reach, clearance and field of...
Calculations of multiple-harmonic conversion of 1064 nm radiation in Xe.

The relative strengths of harmonic intensities, generated in xenon by a strong infrared laser, are calculated from the time-dependent dynamics of the electronic charge density. The (nonperturbative) solution of the time-dependent Schroedinger equation for a single-electron model of the atomic system is found to predict line strengths in reasonable agreement with the observed intensities. A single time-dependent calculation provides the intensity predictions for all orders for a given laser wavelength and intensity.
A framework for widespread replication of a highly spatially resolved childhood lead exposure risk model.

BackgroundPreventive approaches to childhood lead poisoning are critical for addressing this longstanding environmental health concern. Moreover, increasing evidence of cognitive effects of blood l...
Global optimality of approximate dynamic programming and its use in non-convex function minimization

Level curves of the Rosenbrock function subject to minimization and state trajectories for different initial conditions x0ź{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}×{-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}. The red plus signs denote the initial point of the respective trajectory. This study investigates the global optimality of approximate dynamic programming (ADP) based solutions using neural networks for optimal control problems with fixed final time. Issues including whether or not the cost function terms and the system dynamics need to be convex functions with respect to their respective inputs are discussed and sufficient conditions for global optimality of the result are derived. Next, a new idea is presented to use ADP with neural networks for optimization of non-convex smooth functions. It is shown that any initial guess leads to direct movement toward the proximity of the global optimum of the function. This behavior is in contrast with gradient based optimization methods in which the movement is guided by the shape of the local level curves. Illustrative examples are provided with single and multi-variable functions that demonstrate the potential of the proposed method.
Metal-ion-directed site-specificity of hydroxyl radical detection.

Abstract A wide variety of ·OH detectors are in use for determinatio of biological ·OH production. The chemical generation of ·OH is site-specific with respect to the metal-binding site, and thus ·OH detectors with metal-binding properties may affect the biological damage and bias ·OH detection. The present study shows that both salicylate and phenylalanine, added as low molecular weight ·OH indicators, decreased Cu(II) binding to erythrocyte ghosts. In a cell-free system, Cu(II) complexed to both salicylate and phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is a stronger Cu(II) chelator that salicylate, both when competing for Cu(II) bound to ghosts and when competing directly with each other. When OH radicals were generated by ascorbate and Cu(II), the amount of ·OH detected as dihydroxybenzoates was proportional to the amount of ·OH produced. However, when phenylalanine was added to this system, the efficiency of ·OH detection by salicylate strongly decreased, concomitant with the transfer of Cu(II) binding from salicylate to the amino acid. This decrease was larger than that predicted by calculations for random competition of the two detectors for ·OH. Deoxyribose and mannitol, which do not bind copper apperciably, competed poorly with salicylate for the ·OH. Hydroxylation fo phenylalanine, on the other hand, was only slightly affected by the presence of salicylate and unaffected by deoxyribose and mannitol. These results suggest that the detection of ·OH by low molecular weight ·OH indicators was related to the relative affinity of the detectors for the catalyzing, and thus partially site-specific. Furthermore, glutamate, which does not contain an aromatic ring but binds Cu(II) with considerable affinity, competed strongly with salicylate for the ·OH, indicating that metal-binding properties rather that the presence of an aromatic ring were the cause of the deviation from random competition. The results indicate that ·OH indicators with metal-binding properties affect the distribution of catalytic metal ions in a biological system, causing a shift of free radical damage and localizing a site-specific reaction of ·OH on these detectors, with a resulting positive bias in the apparent ·OH production.
Line Breadths and Absorption Probabilities in Sodium Vapor

Molecular broadening of the absorption lines of the principal series of sodium.---From recently published experimental data the theoretical half-breadths of the lines 2 to 8 are calculated, together with the half-breadths in frequency units ($\frac{P}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$), which are proportional to the probabilities. The broadening of the first line is at least 100 times as great as that to be expected from Stark effect and collision broadening and the breadths of succeeding lines are found to decrease rapidly with increasing term number at the saturated vapor pressures used (450 to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), a result contrary to that commonly found at low vapor pressures. It is suggested that this high pressure broadening is due to the presence of a large proportion of diatomic sodium molecules in varying states of stability which disturb the absorbing atoms far more than an inert gas would, the perturbation being greater the lower the quantum state. As evidence for this the absolute values of the probabilities ${A}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ and ${B}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ come out only about one fiftieth as large as would be expected if all the gas was in the atomic condition; moreover, the bands associated with line 3303 have about 50 times the total intensity of the line. Incidentally, the half-breadth is found to vary approximately as the square root of the number of absorbing atoms.Molecular aggregation in saturated sodium vapor at high temperatures.---The above results indicate that the proportion of diatomic molecules increases with the temperature, possibly greatly exceeding the proportion of atoms at 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This suggests that the energy of dissociation of $N{a}_{2}$ at absolute zero may be negative.
Genetic Structure of Botrytis cinerea Populations from Different Host Plants in California

The population structure of Botrytis cinerea was investigated by using transposable elements, DNA fingerprinting generated by microsatellite primed-polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR), and sensitivity to the hydroxyanilide fungicide, fenhexamid, for 234 isolates collected from fig, grape, kiwifruit, pea, and squash in California. Among 234 isolates tested, 195 had two transposable elements, Boty and Flipper (transposa type), 38 had only the Boty element (Boty type), and one had neither of these elements (vacuma type). Four of these 234 isolates, which belonged to the Boty type, were resistant to fenhexamid. A phenogram generated based on MP-PCR markers showed that the isolates were not clustered based on their source hosts or the presence of transposable elements. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there were no significant genetic differentiations among isolates collected from grape, kiwifruit, pea, and squash at the Kearney Agricultural Center. A more detailed analysis based on AMOVA partition of the total genetic variance indicated that 96% of the variation occurred within populations. The parsimony tree length permutation (PTLPT) and index of association ( IA) analyses of MP-PCR data set were consistent with absence of sexual recombination in sampled populations of this pathogen.
First-Principle Kinetic Modeling of the 1-Chloroethyl Unimolecular Decomposition Reaction

In this work, Gaussian-3 (G3) and complete basis set (CBS) composite energy methods combined with canonical transition state theory (CTST) and Rice−Ramsperger−Kassel−Marcus (RRKM) theory were applied to the kinetic modeling of the 1-chloroethyl radical decomposition reaction: *CHClCH3 → CHClCH2 + *H. Experimental thermodynamic and kinetic data were employed to evaluate the accuracy of these two composite energy methods. For this reaction, both composite energy methods proved to have good agreement with the experimental data, which indicates they are reliable methods for studying reactions involving other chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). A kinetic model of this reaction with pressure and temperature effects was proposed. For P < P0, k (s-1) = (7.32 × 1010)P0.69 e(-18 727.10/T); for P ≥ P0, k (s-1) = (3.74 × 1013) e(-20 648.10/T), where P is pressure in units of kPa, T is temperature in units of Kelvin, and P0 = (8.42 × 103) e(-2 782.61/T). Without performing additional costly calculations, these equations...
Eight novel FMRFamide-like neuropeptides isolated from the nematode Ascaris suum

Eight FMRFamide-like neuropeptides were isolated from an extract of heads and tails from the nematode Ascaris suum using seven steps of HPLC. The peptides ranged in size from 8 to 14 amino acid residues: AF3 (Ala-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide), AF4 (Gly-Asp-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide), AF5 (Ser-Gly-Lys-Pro-Thr-Phe-Ile-Arg-Phe-amide), AF7 (Ala-Gly-Pro-Arg-Phe-Ile-Arg-Phe-amide), AF9 (Gly-Leu-Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide), AF10 (Gly-Phe-Gly-Asp-Glu-Met-Ser-Met-Pro-Gly-Val-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide), AF11 (Ser-Asp-Ile-Gly-Ile-Ser-Glu-Pro-Asn-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide), and AF12 (Phe-Gly-Asp-Glu-Met-Ser-Met-Pro-Gly-Val-Leu-Arg-Phe-amide). The effect of synthetic AF4 on muscle tension in a dorsal muscle strip preparation was a strong, long-lasting contraction. PF1, a peptide present in Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans, relaxed the AF4-induced contraction.
Molecular tunnelling ionization and rescattering induced double ionization of H2 and D2 molecules

We review the recently developed molecular tunnelling ionization theory, which is an extension of the well-known tunnelling model for atoms, by taking into account the characteristic of molecular orbitals. Employing the molecular tunnelling theory and the rescattering model, we have studied the double ionization of D2 and H2 molecules by intense lasers. Comparing our calculated kinetic energy release spectra of D+ with the measured data, we can derive the time duration between the first and second ionizations to sub-femtosecond accuracy and the breakup distance of D2 to within a fraction of one Angstrom.
Sedimentation studies of DNA in concentrated solutions of magnesium salts.

The sedimentation coefficient of calf thymus and of T7 DNA was determined at several concentrations up to saturation in solutions of each of the following salts: MgCl2, MgBr2, and MgSO4. Under certain conditions, a plot of the product of the relative viscosity and sedimentation coefficient against the density of the solution has been found to be linear and to extrapolate to zero at a density corresponding to that of the solvated molecule. This behavior was realized in MgSO4 solutions, the zero intercept occurring at a density of 1.41 g/cc, corresponding to a wafer activity of 0.89. The preferential solvation of DNA in MgSO4 solutions calculated for this value is 10.5 moles water/mole of nucleotide, in good agreement with published values of solvation of DNA at the same water activity in univalent salt solutions. Since linear plots were not obtained in MgCl2 and MgBr2 solutions, buoyant densities could not be determined in these cases. The nonlinear behavior observed in MgCl2 and MgBr2 solutions may be due to a change in shape of the DNA molecule at the lower water activities reached in these solutions. The possibility of increased DNA–solute interactions in MgBr2 and MgCl2 solutions is also considered as an explanation for the difference in behavior between MgSO4 and the two magnesium halides.
Multistep characteristics in Si/SixGe1−x/Si heterojunction bipolar transistor with δ-doped base

The authors report regenerative switching in an npn Si/Si0.7Ge0.3/Si heterojunction bipolar transistor with a δ-doped base is reported. When operated in the avalanche regime the device exhibits switching characteristics in collector current against emitter-collector bias voltage. The I-V curve also shows multisteps between the OFF and ON states at room temperature, which may be due to the quantised energy levels formed by the thin δ-doped base.
Dabigatran Etexilate in Clinical Practice: Confronting Challenges to Improve Safety and Effectiveness

A number of novel anticoagulants are moving through various stages of drug development. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Although dabigatran offers a number of advantages over existing oral and parenteral anticoagulants, challenges exist for clinicians who must ensure its safe and effective use. Limited data are available on dabigatran use in patients with renal dysfunction and in obese patients, or in combination with other drugs. Clinical experience is lacking in populations for whom anticoagulants are routinely used, such as patients with a previous stroke, acute coronary syndromes, or pregnancy-associated thrombosis, or those requiring ablation therapy. More important, clinicians will be faced with incorporating dabigatran into hospital guidelines for transitioning between oral and parenteral anticoagulants, measuring anticoagulant intensity, managing anticoagulant-related hemorrhage, ensuring safe use around neuraxial anesthesia, and implementing computer-based alert or warning systems. Since anticoagulants are ubiquitously used in the prevention or treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis, both clinicians and patients must be provided structured education on dabigatran's benefits and limitations. In this article, our goal was to provide practical advice to enhance clinician understanding of dabigatran, identify clinical and operational challenges to its use, and offer system improvements that can ensure safe and effective use of dabigatran.
A note on continuous social choice

We discuss continuous social choice functions defined on the set of the equivalence classes induced by profiles of individual preferences corresponding to anonymity. It is shown that we can at best obtain the equivalent result of Chichilnisky’s impossibility theorem when the set of an equivalence classes is endowed with various reasonable topologies.
Power-law scaling and fractal nature of medium-range order in metallic glasses.

Understanding the short- and medium-range structure of metallic glasses remains a difficult challenge. The observation that the medium-range order has the characteristics of a fractal network may have broader implications in the understanding of the relation between structure and mechanical properties in metallic glasses. The atomic structure of metallic glasses has been a long-standing scientific problem. Unlike crystalline metals, where long-range ordering is established by periodic stacking of fundamental building blocks known as unit cells, a metallic glass has no long-range translational or orientational order, although some degrees of short- and medium-range order do exist1,2,3. Previous studies1,2,3,4 have identified solute- (minority atom)-centred clusters as the fundamental building blocks or short-range order in metallic glasses. Idealized cluster packing schemes, such as efficient cluster packing on a cubic lattice1 and icosahedral packing3 as in a quasicrystal, have been proposed and provided first insights on the medium-range order in metallic glasses. However, these packing schemes break down beyond a length scale of a few clusters. Here, on the basis of neutron and X-ray diffraction experiments, we propose a new packing scheme—self-similar packing of atomic clusters. We show that the medium-range order has the characteristics of a fractal network with a dimension of 2.31, and is described by a power-law correlation function over the medium-range length scale. Our finding provides a new perspective of order in disordered materials and has broad implications for understanding their structure–property relationship, particularly those involving a change in length scales.
Idiosyncratic connectivity in autism: developmental and anatomical considerations

Hahamy and colleagues demonstrate individualized alterations of functional connectivity in the brains of adults with autism, suggesting that previous characterizations of general under- or over-connectivity may be overly simplistic. Adopting a developmental perspective spanning both cortical and subcortical landscapes will further clarify the nature and extent of these atypicalities.
The methylation of normorphine rat brain in vivo

Abstract Labeled methionine was injected into the cisterna magna of the rat, followed 15 min later by normorphine by the same route. When the rats were killed 10 min later, labeled morphine was isolated from the brain.
Examining recognition criterion rigidity during testing using a biased-feedback technique: evidence for adaptive criterion learning.

Recognition models often assume that subjects use specific evidence values (decision criteria) to adaptively parse continuous memory evidence into response categories (e.g., “old,” “new”). Although explicit pretest instructions influence criterion placement, these criteria appear extremely resistant to change once testing begins. We tested criterion sensitivity to local feedback using a novel biased-feedback technique designed to tacitly encourage certain errors by indicating they are the correct choices. Experiment 1 demonstrated that fully correct feedback had little effect on criterion placement, whereas biased feedback during Experiments 2 and 3 yielded prominent, durable, and adaptive criterion shifts, with observers reporting that they were unaware of the manipulation in Experiment 3. These data suggest that recognition criteria can be easily modified during testing through a form of feedback learning that operates independently of stimulus characteristics and observers’ awareness of the nature of the manipulation. This mechanism may be fundamentally different from criterion shifts following explicit instructions and warnings, or shifts linked to manipulations of stimulus characteristics combined with feedback highlighting those manipulations.
WINTER FLOCKING OF INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS IN MONTANE PINE-OAK FORESTS IN MIDDLE AMERICA

Abstract We studied mixed-species insectivorous bird flocks in pine-oak forests in Middle America during three winter seasons to determine whether patterns of flock structure and dynamics were similar to those reported from other tropical sites. We also analyzed patterns of association among bird species, as well as their foraging behavior and the vegetation characteristics associated with birds in flocks. We encountered 333 flocks containing 144 species, of which 26 species had adequate sample sizes for analyses. The size and rate of movement of the flocks were similar to those reported from other Neotropical sites, however, the species richness of our flocks was lower than reported in most other studies, perhaps due to simpler vegetation structure or higher latitude. Only 3 of 50 significant correlations between species pairs were negative, indicating that species generally were not restricted in their participation in mixed-species flocks by other species. In only one instance did we observe correspond...
Atomistic analyses of the effect of temperature and morphology on mechanical strength of Si–C–N and Si–C–O nanocomposites

Abstract 3-D molecular dynamics (MD) analyses of SiC–Si 3 N 4 nanocomposite deformation and SiCO nanocomposite deformation are performed at 300 K, 900 K, and 1500 K. In SiC–Si 3 N 4 nanocomposites, distribution of second phase SiC particles, volume fraction of atoms in GBs, and GB thickness play an important role in temperature dependent mechanical behavior. The deformation mechanism is a trade-off between the stress concentration caused by SiC particles and Si 3 N 4 –Si 3 N 4 GB sliding. The temperature increase tends to work in favor of GB sliding leading to softening of structures. However, microstructural strength increases with increase in temperature when GBs are absent. In the case of SiCO nanocomposites, findings indicate that temperature change dependent amorphization of nanodomains, the nanodomain wall placement, the nanodomain wall thickness, and nanodomain size are important factors that directly affect the extent of crystallinity and the strength against mechanical deformation.
On the application of optical-fiber image scramblers to astronomical spectroscopy

Single, step-index optical fibers, when properly employed, can function as optically efficient image scramblers. Their use as optical feeds for astronomical slit spectrographs can reduce zonal error levels in those instruments by orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the application of optical-fiber couplers to new and existing spectrographs may greatly increase the wavelength metric quality of conventional astronomical spectroscopy. The optical efficiencies of fiber couplers of a few tens of meters in length can be comparable to those of typical coude mirror trains in the visible portions of the spectrum. Elements of the design of fiber couplers are illustrated by discussion of a currently operational instrument.
Designing controllers for flexible structures with H-infinity/ mu -synthesis

A tutorial explanation of H/sup infinity // mu -synthesis is presented. The particular approach to H/sup infinity // mu -synthesis used for control of a flexible structure experimental facility is explained. Some of the computational issues involved in implementation of H/sup infinity // mu -synthesis are included in the discussion, which is illustrated throughout by examples from the facility. The type of models that can be used for controller design for structures is discussed. >
Continuous flow radio frequency heating of particulate foods

Abstract Small whole carrots, carrot cubes, and potato cubes suspended in 1% (w/w) CMC solutions were heated by a 40.68-MHz, 30-kW continuous flow radio frequency (RF) unit that has an applicator tube with an inner diameter of 14.6 cm (5.75 in.) and a height of 2.1 m (82.5 in.). Solution temperatures and the residence time when the particles entered and left the system were recorded. An infrared camera was used to record the temperature distribution within the particulates. A relatively nonuniform temperature distribution (a local difference up to 8 °C) was seen within carrot cubes (2 cm each side). However, the temperature distributions within small whole carrots and potato cubes (2 cm each side) were relatively uniform (a local difference of 1 to 4 °C). The structure at the center of the big carrot used to make carrot cubes may result in different dielectric properties from the rest of carrot and therefore slower heating at these areas. Although the initial temperature inside the particles (∼7 °C) was significantly lower than that of the solution, the exit temperatures (averages ranging from 38 to 60 °C) within the particles were close to the solution temperatures. Uniform temperature distribution within the particles makes RF a promising heating source in thermal processing, especially aseptic processing of liquid and particulate foods.
Solute Stabilization for HCP-FCC Transitions: Co-Mo

Crystal growth catalysis and a thermal gradient furnace technique have been used to investigate the sluggish low-temperature hexagonal close packed to cubic close packed phase transformation in the molybdenum-cobalt system. The addition of molybdenum stabilizes the hexagonal phase of cobalt to a higher temperature as predicted by the Brewer-Engel correlation for bonding in metals. This hexagonal phase disproportionates at 849 ± 6 °C.
A versatile time-sharing multichannel spectrophotometer, reflectometer, and fluorometer

A simple turbine-driven multi-wavelength time-sharing apparatus affords flexibility and versatility in optical measurements and serves as a fluorometer, reflectometer, and spectrophotometer for four wavelength channels. As a reflectance fluorometer, nearly simultaneous readout of tissue reflectance and NADH or flavoprotein fluorescence can be obtained. As a transmission spectrophotometer and reflectometer, hemoproteins such as myoglobin, catalase, and cytochrome a + a3 with its copper component may be measured. This instrument offers the advantages of high speed of time-sharing, and simplicity, compactness, and flexibility not found in previous designs. In addition, it causes minimal acoustic and electrical disturbance to the experimental system.
Specificity of Pathogenic Infections of the Kidney

Conclusion(1) Colon bacilli and staphylococci are commonly present in the urine of so-called normal dogs. (2) Organisms are very easily demonstrated in the glomerular capillaries, Bowman's capsule, and the tubules within the first 36 hours after injection of the renal artery with 24-hour cultures. (3) Areas in the kidney are found, following injection of the renal artery, in which there is complete necrosis of the tubules, but normal glomeruli and interstitial tissue are present showing that the tubules derive their main blood supply from the efferent vessel of the glomerulus. (4) The irijection of one renal artery in this investigation produced no lesions in the contralateral kidney. (5) Staplzylococcw aureus produced cortical abscesses after 22 hours, whereas the colon bacillus seldom produced abscesses, but resulted in degeneration of the distal tubules when from 4 to 6 agar slants were introduced into the renal artery. (6) Acute glomerulo-nephritis can be produced by injections of Staplzylococcus aure...
Is Micropapillary Serous Carcinoma for Real

In 1929, Taylor first described a group of patients with “semimalignant” or hyperplastic ovarian tumors without histologic evidence of stromal invasion but with peritoneal implants. He noted that these patients had a better prognosis than those with frankly malignant ovarian tumors. However, not until the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) recognized the distinct clinical entity of “carcinoma of low malignant potential” and the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the term “borderline malignancies” did this group of tumors receive general acceptance. Only within the past 20 years have we begun to understand their biologic behavior and optimal treatment. Approximately 3000 American women are diagnosed with borderline ovarian tumors each year. Borderline ovarian tumors account for 10 –15% of all epithelial tumors, with the most common histologic type of borderline ovarian tumor being the serous type. Approximately 65–70% of all serous borderline tumors are FIGO Stage I (confined to the ovary[ies]), with extraovarian spread (Stages II–IV) reported to occur in approximately 30 –35% of patients. When extraovarian spread does occur, it rarely presents as bulky metastatic disease; in the majority of cases, the so-called peritoneal implants are either microscopic or small macroscopic ( 1–2 cm) lesions. These peritoneal implants have been classified as either noninvasive or invasive based on their histopathologic appearance. In an individual patient with peritoneal implants, they may be purely noninvasive, purely invasive, or an admixture of both types. – 8 In the M. D. Anderson series, approximately 67% of patients with extraovarian spread were reported to have noninvasive implants and approximately 33% were found to have invasive implants; moreover, approximately 75% of the latter patients were reported to have coexistent noninvasive implants. Principles of the contemporary clinical management of ovarian serous borderline tumors have evolved over the past 20 years. However, there remain many gaps in our knowledge of these neoplasms that result in controversies regarding their biologic behavior and different therapeutic approaches. Among the current major clinical controversies are the following: 1) the role of comprehensive surgical staging, 2) the role of postoperative treatment for patients with Stage II–IV disease, 3) the significance of microinvasion in the primary ovarian tumor, 4) the risk of disease recurrence in patients with peritoneal implants (Stage II–IV disease), 5) the significance and 677
Etanercept-Induced Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as a Unilateral Pleural Effusion

A 72-year-old man receiving etanercept for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis had an exudative pleural effusion with nonspecific fluid analysis and pleural biopsy findings. He was ultimately found to have drug-induced lupus erythematosus due to the etanercept. The spectrum of autoimmune disease due to the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is reviewed.
Chemical components separation with botulinum toxin A: a novel technique to improve primary fascial closure rates of the open abdomen

Failure to definitively close the open abdomen (OA) after damage control laparotomy leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. We have developed a novel technique, the “chemical components separation,” which incorporates injection of botulinum toxin A (BTX), a long-term flaccid paralytic, into the lateral abdominal wall musculature. This is a retrospective review of all OA patients (age ≥18) from December 2009–June 2010 who underwent BTX injection. Under ultrasound guidance, a total of 300 units of BTX were injected into the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominus. A total of 18 patients were injected with a median age of 66 years (56 % male). Indications for OA treatment included questionable bowel viability (39 %), shock (33 %), loss of abdominal domain (6 %) and feculent contamination (17 %). Median ASA score was 3 with an APACHE 3 score of 85. Patients underwent a median of 4 serial abdominal explorations. The primary fascial closure rate was 83 % with a partial fascial closure rate of 6 % and planned ventral hernia rate of 11 %. Of the 9 patients injected within 24 h of their initial OA procedure, 89 % achieved primary fascial closure. Mortality was 11 %; death was unrelated to BTX injection. The overall complication rate was 67 %; specific complications rates included fascial dehiscence (11 %), enterocutaneous fistula development (0 %), intra-abdominal abscess (44 %) and deep surgical site infection (33 %). The “chemical components separation” technique described is safe and avoids the extensive dissection necessary for mechanical components separation in critically ill patients with infected/contaminated abdominal domains. While further evaluation is required, the described technique provides potential to improve delayed primary fascial closure rates in the OA setting.
The transition to a monetary union in the United States, 1787–1795

A convertible US-dollar monetary union was the least controversial component of the US financial revolution of the early 1790s. Although the fiat paper currencies of the colonies before 1776 sometimes worked reasonably well, the founders had good reasons for the constitutional ban on their continuance by US states. The ban, a surrender of states' sovereignty over money, at the time proved to be relatively uncontroversial for two reasons. One is that the financial revolution lightened the fiscal burdens of states by assuming their debts and making them part of the national debt. The other is that states quickly learned that chartering banks could accomplish virtually all of the legitimate purposes of state fiat money issues, and possessed additional economic and political advantages.
A Battery-Less Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit With 35 mV Startup Voltage

Energy harvesting is an emerging technology with applications to handheld, portable and implantable electronics. Harvesting ambient heat energy using thermoelectric generators (TEG's) [1] is a convenient means to supply power to body-worn electronics and industrial sensors. Using TEG's for body-wearable applications limits the output voltage to 50mV for temperature differences of 1–2K usually found between the body and ambience. Several existing systems [2, 3] use a battery or an initial high voltage energy input to kick-start operation of the system from this low voltage. Further, changing external conditions cause the voltage and power generated by the TEG to vary, necessitating efficient control circuits that can adapt and extract the maximum possible power out of these systems. In this paper, a battery-less thermoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit which uses a mechanically assisted startup circuit to operate from 35mV input is presented. An efficient control circuit that performs maximal end-to-end transfer of the extracted energy to a storage capacitor and regulates the output voltage at 1.8V is demonstrated.
Denishawn and the beginnings of modern dance

Where She Danced. By Elizabeth Kendall. Illustrated, 238 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979. $12.95. The Drama of Denishawn Dance. By Jane Sherman. Illustrated, 185 pp. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1979. $14.95.
High-gain differential CMOS transimpedance amplifier with on-chip buried double junction photodiode

An integrated fully differential CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with buried double junction photodiode input is described. The TIA features a variable high transimpedance gain (250 k/spl Omega/ to 2.5 M/spl Omega/), large DC photocurrent rejection capability (>55 dB) and low input referred noise density at 100 kHz (2pA//spl radic/Hz).
‘Keeping it real’ with an emotional curriculum

Students’ emotions can significantly enhance or distract from learning. This paper details a case study of innovative pedagogy in which an ‘emotional curriculum’ was central to my teaching. The analysis of student journals, on-line discussions, and metaphorical exercises revealed a vicissitude of emotions that stemmed from challenging course expectations and group dynamics. Attention to emotions enhanced my ability to address conflicts and to identify the role of affect in the development of students’ academic abilities and identities. Despite the challenges of an ‘emotional curriculum’, I invite others to attend to emotions to enhance the learning and teaching process.
Demonizing and mental illness: The problem of identification, Hong Kong

Our experience in the seminars and our study of the cases has encouraged us to believe that many Christian pastors, theological students, and lay leaders are open to a multiple causation explanation for demonizing and mental illness.
Cell surface receptors for ecotropic MULV: Detection and tissue distribution of free receptors in vivo

The expression of available cell surface receptors for binding of the major envelope glycoprotein of Rauscher MuLV, gp71, was studied in freshly prepared tissues of the low-leukemic mouse strain CBA. The presence of such receptors is a requirement for infection and therefore also for transformation of cells in vitro by ecotropic MuLV. This paper describes the conditions of the binding assay for radiolabelled RLV gp71 and freshly prepared lymphoid cells under which binding occurs as a function of time and cell number. With this assay, available receptors for RLV gp71 were detected in all lymphoid as well as some non-lymphoid tissues, most notably brain. The lack of binding in other non-lymphoid tissues was not due to the presence of gp71 specified by endogenous ecotropic MuLV, as was determined by a sensitive group specific RIA. These results demonstrate that the distribution of receptor sites necessary for infection by ecotropic MuLV does not directly correlate with the tissue distribution of malignant transformation that is most commonly induced by these endogenous viruses. Therefore, susceptibility to infection by ecotropic MuLV, as determined by the expression of viral receptors, is not sufficient to determine the target organ for MuLV-induced oncogenesis.
Solvent Property Characterization of Poly(ethylene glycol)/Dextran Aqueous Biphasic Systems Using the Free Energy of Transfer of a Methylene Group and a Linear Solvation Energy Relationship

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran have long been proposed as useful liquid/liquid extraction systems for biological macromolecules. More recently, they have been proposed as useful partitioning systems for molecular characterization in quantitative structure activity relationships. In this context, the distribution ratios of a wide range of organic solutes differing in structure and functionality were measured in a PEG/dextran ABS and the results compared to the corresponding 1-octanol/water partition coefficients. The relative hydrophobicity of the phases was quantified from the free energy of transfer of a methylene group measured for a homologous series of alcohols. A linear free energy relationship based on Abraham's generalized solvation equation has been derived from the solute partitioning data, which allows a direct comparison to be made between the solvent properties of a PEG/dextran ABS and those of traditional solvent/water systems used, for exa...
The reliability and validity of the learning and study strategies inventory (LASSI) with college developmental students

Abstract This study compared the reliability and validity of the ten subtests of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) (Weinstein et al., 1987) obtained from 99 college developmental studies students enrolled in an introductory reading course in a southeastern, urban, two‐year community college with the norming values obtained by Weinstein, Schulte, and Palmer (1987). The results indicated that nine of the ten subtest reliability coefficients approached, but did not equal those reported by Weinstein et al. (1987). One‐sample chi‐square analyses also revealed that developmental studies students in the present study scored better than expected on three of the subtests, scored no different than the national norms on four subtests and scored worse than the national norms on three subtests.
PROTEOLIPID PROTEIN: SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY INTO QUAKING MOUSE MYELIN

The incorporation of radioactive glycine into the major myelin proteolipid protein isolated from whole brain and from purified myelin of Quaking mice and normal littermates was compared. In a typical experiment, four Quaking mice and four littermate controls were injected intracranially with 250 μCi [2-3H]glycine and 25 μCi [U-14C]glycine respectively. Three hours later, the eight mice were killed and their brains combined. Equivalent portions were taken for (1) chloroform-methanol (2:1) extraction followed by ether precipitation of proteolipid from the brain and (2) myelin preparation. The 3H/14C ratios for the microsomes:, the major myelin proteolipid as well as the other non-myelin proteolipids extracted from whole brain was approx 3.0. while the 3H/14C ratio for proteolipid protein in myelin was near 0.4. These findings were consistent for ages studied between 18 and 90 days. The results indicate that the synthesis of the major myelin proteolipid protein in the whole brain of Quaking mouse, as seen previously in our studies on basic protein, proceeds at a normal rate relative to microsomes but its incorporation into myelin is depressed. A working hypothesis of myelin membrane assembly is presented to account for the defect in the incorporation of these proteins into Quaking myelin.
How Do You Know If You Are Any Good? A Surgeon Performance Feedback System for the Outcomes of Radical Prostatectomy

Variation in outcomes Surgery remains a mainstay of initial treatment for prostate cancer, with an estimated 85,000 operations per year in the US. Radical prostatectomy is associated with important risks of erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence and, naturally, cancer recurrence. Given the possible consequences, it would be reassuring were it known that urologic surgeons offer uniformly high-quality care. Unfortunately, the data suggest that this is far from the case. There is copious evidence that surgeons with greater case volume or total lifetime experience have better outcomes. For example, low volume surgeons have complication rates 6 to 8% greater than their higher volume counterparts[1]; in studies on the learning curve, the risk of recurrence is about 7% higher for a typical patient treated by an inexperienced surgeon than if treated by a more experienced surgeon[2, 3] There are also data that differences in outcome go over and above characteristics such as volume or experience, with large variations between surgeons even within volume categories[1, 4], with one study reporting a five-fold variation in potency rates between surgeons at a single institution[5]. The extent of differences in outcome between different surgeons, as demonstrated in these studies, suggests that many patients are receiving suboptimal care. This raises the issue of how to improve the results of underperforming surgeons.
Neuronal signal processing in Parkinson's disease

Advanced digital signal processing of neuronal spike trains to facilitate electrode placement in the globus pallidus currently exists. Our purpose was to develop a computerized system for quantitative analysis of physiological data, which would optimize lesion placement while minimizing the number of electrode tracts required. Neuronal spike trains contain unique information of ongoing processes at different nuclear sites; analysis of these spike trains has been proven to be a reliable method for localization in stereotactic functional neurosurgery. Mathematical analysis of spike trains and of the relationships between neuronal activity at different locations, reveals a new insight into neuronal interaction and perhaps can determine the best site for lesioning in the globus pallidus internum.
A Pragmatic Approach to the Education and Training of Information Professionals

Discussions concerning the education and training of information specialists have been going on for at least a dozen years. Meanwhile, external conditions and circumstances have been changing, particularly those involving the market, for the services of this group of professionals. As an attendant at most of the meetings and conferences at which these discussions have taken place and as an avid reader of the proceedings which they inevitably generated, I have never felt that I could come away with suggestions and guidelines which could be easily adapted to the solution of my own problems as an educator in a graduate school program. I have also been somewhat reluctant to engage in polemics concerning questions of basic educational philosophy on the one hand and specific curricula and course topics on the other, since I could not circumvent the problems resulting from differing educational backgrounds.
Leakage Reduction for Domino Circuits in Sub-65nm Technologies

With aggressive technology scaling, leakage power is fast becoming a significant component of the total power consumption of high-performance circuits. In this paper, we analyse the gate leakage and subthreshold leakage current characteristics of domino circuits and propose a circuit which reduces both gate and subthreshold leakage, and thus the overall leakage of sub-65 nm domino circuits. Simulation results based on 45 nm BSIM4 models show that the gate leakage, subthreshold leakage and overall leakage are reduced by up to 94%, 64% and 89% respectively, as compared to the conventional dual-Vt designs. The proposed circuit maintains the inputs, the dynamic node and the output node at logic high, to reduce the gate leakage. It reduces subthreshold leakage by enhancing the stack effect and source biasing effect.
BMP signaling regulates the dorsal planarian midline and is needed for asymmetric regeneration

Planarians can be cut into irregularly shaped fragments capable of regenerating new and complete organisms. Such regenerative capacities involve a robust ability to restore bilateral symmetry. We have identified three genes needed for bilaterally asymmetric fragments to regenerate missing body parts. These genes are candidate components of a signaling pathway that controls the dorsal-ventral patterning of many animal embryos: a BMP1/Tolloid-like gene (smedolloid-1), a SMAD4-like gene (smedsmad4-1), and a BMP2/4/DPP-like gene (smedbmp4-1). BMP signaling was involved in the formation of new tissues at the midline of regeneration, the dorsal-ventral patterning of new tissues, and the maintenance of the dorsal-ventral pattern of existing adult tissue in homeostasis. smedbmp4-1 was normally expressed at the dorsal midline. Asymmetric fragments lacking a midline displayed new smedbmp4-1 expression prior to formation of a regenerative outgrowth (blastema). Asymmetric fragments containing the midline displayed expanded smedbmp4-1 expression towards the wound. We suggest injured animals that lack left-right symmetry reset their midline through modulation of BMP activity as an early and necessary event in regeneration.
Cooperating process components

Modern automated process support systems can be considered monolithic in three ways. First, they model processes top-down, usually from a single perspective, such as the organizational perspective. Second, they are process-centered, in that they often require extensive knowledge of the users, data types, and applications in their environment. Third, they tie process implementation to a specific representation, making reuse and interoperability between process models difficult to achieve. The paper describes the application of component based techniques to process modeling across overlapping process spaces. This approach, the Open Process Components approach, encapsulates process fragments as interoperable and reusable process components. The paper motivates a vision of cooperating components for automated process support, presents an overview of the Open Process Components approach, and shows the application of this technique to W. Humphrey's (1997) Personal Software Process.
An Oracle Inequality for Clipped Regularized Risk Minimizers

We establish a general oracle inequality for clipped approximate minimizers of regularized empirical risks and apply this inequality to support vector machine (SVM) type algorithms. We then show that for SVMs using Gaussian RBF kernels for classification this oracle inequality leads to learning rates that are faster than the ones established in [9]. Finally, we use our oracle inequality to show that a simple parameter selection approach based on a validation set can yield the same fast learning rates without knowing the noise exponents which were required to be known a-priori in [9].