cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypocotyl derived in vitro regeneration of pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda)

Pumpkin ash (Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush) is at risk for extirpation by an exotic insect, the emerald ash borer (EAB). Pumpkin ash is limited to wetland areas of the Eastern United States, and has been listed as an endangered species because of EAB activity. Pumpkin ash provides many benefits to the ecosystem, and its wood is used in the manufacturing industry. In vitro regeneration provides an integral tool for the mass propagation and genetic transformation of pumpkin ash to combat EAB. Therefore, a plant regeneration protocol was developed for pumpkin ash. Aseptically extracted hypocotyls formed adventitious shoots following 4 weeks on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0-22.2 lM 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0-6.8 lM thidiazuron (TDZ) then transferred for an additional 4 weeks on MS medium with Gamborg B5 vitamins plus 0.2 g L -1 glycine (B5G) containing 6.7 lM BA, 1 lM indole-3-butryic acid (IBA), and 0.29 lM gibberellic acid (GA3). As adventitious shoots developed, these were transferred to a MSB5G medium with 13.3 lM BA, 1 lM IBA, and 0.29 l MG A 3 for shoot elongation. Elongated shoots were successfully micropropagated using MSB5 medium with 10 l MB A and 10 lM TDZ. Adventitious root formation was as high as 94% using woody plant medium supplemented with 4.9 lM IBA with shoots cultured for 10 days in the dark followed by culture under a 16-h photoperiod. Acclimatization to the greenhouse was successful and normal plant growth was observed. This protocol will provide a means for genetic transformation for EAB resistance and mass propagation for conservation.
Peer Feedback in a Large Undergraduate Blended Course: Perceptions of Value and Learning

This study examined students’ perceptions of peer feedback and learning in a large, undergraduate course that incorporated supplementary online discussions. Peer feedback (PF) was facilitated via an automated rating system, within Blackboard discussion forums, for half of the students enrolled in the course. Following the peer feedback process, students in the PF group perceived higher levels of confidence and comfort for posting and responding in online discussions than students who did not receive peer feedback. A significant difference was noted on perceptions of confidence for contributing relevant ideas to the discussions, with the PF students expressing higher levels of confidence, yet not all students perceived benefits to their learning. Implications for the implementation of peer feedback in online and blended courses are provided.
Cost of loop-free alternates in IP-over-WDM networks

In Internet protocol (IP) networks, the failure recovery time of IP restoration, of several hundreds of milliseconds or up to seconds, is sufficient for most applications. But protection switching is needed for services that require very short recovery times of at most 50 ms. Loop-free alternates (LFAs) is a protection switching mechanism that is in the IP layer. We consider IP-over-WDM (wavelength division multiplexed) networks where IP routing eventually restores all traffic, while LFAs protect the fraction of the traffic that has high priority. Simulations show that if 50% of the traffic has high priority, then the additional cost to protect the high-priority traffic using LFAs is just a percent on average, under a particular cost model. Thus, with very little additional network cost, LFAs can guarantee that a large fraction of traffic will be protected between all source-destination pairs. In addition, a network design algorithm is presented that, given a traffic matrix and a physical network topology, will find a low-cost network design that includes determining the IP network topology, IP-link capacities, lightpath routing, and LFAs.
A Proposal for Limiting Speculation on Derivatives: An FDA for Financial Innovation

The financial crisis of 2008 was caused in part by speculative investment in sophisticated derivatives. In enacting the Dodd-Frank Act, Congress sought to address the problem of speculative investment, but merely transferred that authority to various agencies, which have not yet found a solution. Most discussions center on enhanced disclosure and the use of exchanges and clearinghouses. However, we argue that disclosure rules do not address the real problem, which is that financial firms invest enormous resources to develop financial products that facilitate gambling and regulatory arbitrage, both of which are socially wasteful activities. We propose that when investors invent new financial products, they be forbidden to market them until they receive approval from a government agency designed along the lines of the FDA, which screens pharmaceutical innovations. The agency would approve financial products if and only if they satisfy a test for social utility. The test centers around a simple market analysis: is the product likely to be used more often for hedging or speculation? Other factors may be addressed if the answer is ambiguous. This approach would revive and make quantitatively precise the common-law insurable interest doctrine, which helped control financial speculation before deregulation in the 1990s.
Radar Scattering From a Rolling Target Floating on a Time-Evolving Rough Sea Surface

The variations in the radar cross section (RCS) of two-dimensional floating targets are studied by means of a numerical model. Of particular interest is the rolling of a target on the waves. It is found that the rolling motion has the most significant effect on the RCS for low-grazing angles of incidence. The effect is very pronounced for a high-RCS shiplike target due the corner-reflector effect between the sea surface and the ship hull, and less noticeable for a low-RCS shape. A simplified means of estimating the variation is also presented
Estimating Production Activity Costs for Multioutput Firms with a Random Coefficient Regression Model

A random coefficient regression model provides an approach for estimating the mean variable costs of specific enterprise production activities for each output over a population of multioutput firms. The model specifically acknowledges that these farm-level costs vary from farm to farm. In addition, best linear unbiased predictions can be estimated for each activity for an individual farm. The mean estimates are quite useful for ex post cost analysis, thereby providing per unit cost estimates for farmers, governmental agencies, and researchers. The best linear unbiased predictions can be used by individual farmers for planning yearly operations, applying for operating loans, and analyzing marketing strategies.
Beem Investigation of Oxide and Sulfide Passivated GaAs

Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM) was used to investigate the effects of a sulfide interfacial layer on the electronic properties of the Au/n-GaAs interface. Two diodes were simultaneously prepared in UHV by evaporating Au onto (100)GaAs substrates which were either treated with (NH4)2S or NH4OH etching solutions prior to Au deposition. Auger electron spectroscopy was used in situ to monitor the surface chemical composition. The effective Schottky barrier (SB) height was measured with BEEM at 10 different locations on the surface of each diode. The (NH4)2S treatment increased the average barrier height and reduced the spread in the values, as compared to the contact formed on the NH4OH treated GaAs.
Single-cell RNA-Seq resolves cellular complexity in sensory organs from the neonatal inner ear

In the inner ear, cochlear and vestibular sensory epithelia utilize grossly similar cell types to transduce different stimuli: sound and acceleration. Each individual sensory epithelium is composed of highly heterogeneous populations of cells based on physiological and anatomical criteria. However, limited numbers of each cell type have impeded transcriptional characterization. Here we generated transcriptomes for 301 single cells from the utricular and cochlear sensory epithelia of newborn mice to circumvent this challenge. Cluster analysis indicates distinct profiles for each of the major sensory epithelial cell types, as well as less-distinct sub-populations. Asynchrony within utricles allows reconstruction of the temporal progression of cell-type-specific differentiation and suggests possible plasticity among cells at the sensory-nonsensory boundary. Comparisons of cell types from utricles and cochleae demonstrate divergence between auditory and vestibular cells, despite a common origin. These results provide significant insights into the developmental processes that form unique inner ear cell types.
Helicity of the Electron and Positron in Muon Decay

The helicity of the electron and positron from muon decay was measured by determining the sense of circular polarization of their bremsstrahlung by the method of absorption in iron magnetized against or along the direction of motion of the particles. The positron is found to be right-handed and the electron left- handed. The results are consistent with the two-component neutrino theory, which assumes (V,A) interaction, conservation of leptons, and left-handed neutrinos. (auth)
Screening and genetic counseling practices for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)

6564 Background: HNPCC, the most common cause of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC), is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and caused by micro satellite instability and mutations in mismatc...
Variable selection for distribution-free models for longitudinal zero-inflated count responses

Zero-inflated count outcomes arise quite often in research and practice. Parametric models such as the zero-inflated Poisson and zero-inflated negative binomial are widely used to model such responses. Like most parametric models, they are quite sensitive to departures from assumed distributions. Recently, new approaches have been proposed to provide distribution-free, or semi-parametric, alternatives. These methods extend the generalized estimating equations to provide robust inference for population mixtures defined by zero-inflated count outcomes. In this paper, we propose methods to extend smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD)-based variable selection methods to these new models. Variable selection has been gaining popularity in modern clinical research studies, as determining differential treatment effects of interventions for different subgroups has become the norm, rather the exception, in the era of patent-centered outcome research. Such moderation analysis in general creates many explanatory variables in regression analysis, and the advantages of SCAD-based methods over their traditional counterparts render them a great choice for addressing this important and timely issues in clinical research. We illustrate the proposed approach with both simulated and real study data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the Hype of Medical Marijuana All Smoke and Mirrors

Being classified as a Schedule I drug by the Federal government has not prevented states from passing their own medical marijuana laws. While there is no denying that marijuana's euphoria makes people feel better, there is a lack of scientific data to support the efficacy of marijuana for gastrointestinal diseases. Marijuana, when used as a medical treatment, should be held to the same standards as any other drug coming to market including investigating the adverse event profile and ensuring a rigorous quality control program. Although we are not writing a prescription in the classic definition, we are signing state paperwork supporting the use as a treatment for a medical illness. Therefore, we have the obligation to our patients to ensure that we are recommending a safe and effective drug. More research needs to be conducted until we can reach that conclusion.
Two surface gradients of polyethylene glycol for a reduction in protein adsorption

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings have been commonly used in reducing protein adsorption with the intent of improving a biomaterial's biocompatibility. To elucidate the role of PEG surface density in reducing protein adsorption, two types of grafted PEG surface density gradients were evaluated for the adsorption and desorption of albumin and fibrinogen, two blood proteins. PEG density gradients were characterized using contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Total internal reflection fluorescence was used to measure protein adsorption kinetics and adsorption profiles on the two types of PEG gradients. The PEG gradient generated by the flow method decreased adsorption of both proteins in proportion to the PEG surface density; however, their desorption by buffer solution from the grafted PEG layer was not complete. In contrast, desorption of two proteins from the grafted PEG layer generated by a UV oxidation method resulted in near-zero adsorbed amount. The difference between the two types of gradients might have originated from counter-diffusion of PEG and water molecules occurring during the flow method procedure.
Acute Care Surgery: Defining the Economic Burden of Emergency General Surgery.

Background Trauma centers (TCs) have been shown to provide lifesaving, but more expensive, care when compared with non-TCs (NTC). Limited data exist about the economic impact of emergency general surgery (EGS) patients on health care systems. We hypothesized that the economic burden would be higher for EGS patients managed at TCs vs NTCs. Methods The Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database was queried from 2009 to 2013. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma EGS ICD-9 codes were used to define the top 10 EGS diagnoses. Demographic characteristics, TC designation, severity of illness, and hospital charge data were collected. Differences in total charges between TCs and NTCs were analyzed by Wilcoxon test using SAS 9.3 software (SAS Institute). Results A total of 435,623 patients were included. Median age was 61 years (interquartile range 47 to 76 years) and 55.9% were female. Median length of stay was 4 days; 90.3% were admitted via emergency department; and overall mortality was 5.1%. Overall median charges were $11,081 for TC vs $8,264 for NTC (p Conclusions Emergency general surgery patients treated at TCs incurred increased costs compared with NTCs, independent of patient severity. These costs nearly doubled for those admitted to the ICU. As acute care surgery grows as a specialty, additional investigation is required to better understand the reasons for this cost differential.
Paper 15: Pure Silicon

The requirements of the semi-conductor industry for manufacturing devices such as transistors and rectifiers have resulted in new standards of purity for certain materials. Ultra-pure silicon is now produced commercially, with impurity levels lower than 1 part in 1010, in single crystal form of high structural perfection. This paper describes such a material, laying particular emphasis on the electrical properties, and describes methods by which it is manufactured commercially. The importance of electrically active impurities, such as boron and phosphorus, is discussed with reference to the p-type and n-type conductivities which are thereby introduced.The necessity for strict control of physical parameters during manufacture is emphasized, and methods used for the evaluation of the essential physical properties such as electrical resistivity and crystal structure are described.Some of the applications of pure silicon are introduced in this paper and the physical basis underlying the use of pure silicon in...
Orcadian Rhythms of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Production in Larvae, Pupae, and Adults of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

The presence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) was demonstrated in the tissues of the adult, pupa, and larva of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. It was also shown that the amount of this neuroamine varies over a 24-hr period and that this variation is influenced by various environmental factors, including season and photoperiod. Adults produced more serotonin than larvae or pupae, and peak production of both winter and summer adults occurred in the middle of the scotophase. Summer adults had a unimodal, winter adults a bimodal cycle of serotonin production. Summer and winter pupae produced less serotonin than larvae did. Both groups of pupae showed bimodal peaks of serotonin production. The major peaks occurred near the middle of the scotophase; the secondary peaks in the middle of the photophase. More serotonin was produced by summer pupae than by winter pupae. Summer larvae showed patterns of serotonin production that were different from those of winter larvae. In winter larvae, the unimodal peak extended during the scotophase. The major peak in the bimodal rhythm of summer larvae was shortly after initiation of the photophase. The minor peak was 12 hr after the major peak, shortly after the beginning of the scotophase. More serotonin was produced in winter larvae than in summer larvae.
Modified Continued Fractions

In an article* in this MONTHLY the "modification" of slowly convergent continued fractions was suggested by the author as a means of obtaining forms that would converge more rapidly and thus be more useful in computation. In the present article the general considerations underlying such "modification" are developed and the procedure is illustrated with some concrete examples. The notion of a modified continued fraction is not new; Sylvestert in 1869 called attention to a first modification of Euler's continued fraction for wT/2, and Glaishert in 1874 compared this result with a similarly modified Wallis product. But its usefulness seems not to have been appreciated. 1. Definition. Given the convergent infinite continued fraction bo+aj/bl +a2/b2 + * 1, by Kl,=A,/B, we denote the convergent of order v, and by Lv= Cl/Dv, the same finite continued fraction with the last partial quotient, avl/b, replaced by cl/dv. The problem is to determine cl/dv so that (a) limvOO Lv=lim,OO Kv, (b) L, will converge more rapidly than Kv.
119 MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH NONKETOTIC HYPERGLYCINEMIA AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF LARGE DELETIONS IN THE GLDC GENE USING A NOVEL DETECTION SYSTEM.

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an autosomal recessive disorder of glycine metabolism caused by a defect in the glycine cleavage system and characterized by neurological disease. Severity of presentation varies considerably and, to date, prognosis is entirely based on extent of symptoms. We present a molecular study of 35 patients diagnosed with NKH. Mutations in either the glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) or the aminotransferase (AMT) protein of the cleavage system were identified in all 35 patients, many of which were novel mutations. We propose here that prognostic outcome in NKH patients is rooted in the nature of the mutations in two key genes. Through molecular analysis of the AMT and GLDC genes in both patients and parents, we can utilize genotypic information to help predict severity of outcome. In concordance with this goal, we have also designed a method of deletion detection for exon 3 of GLDC. Deletions encompassing in this exon have been identified in many NKH patients. However, compound heterozygosity precludes these deletions from detection by direct sequencing. Our detection system is based on real-time, quantitative PCR and utilizes the pseudogene to GLDC as an internal control. This technique has allowed identification of 8 individuals possessing a large deletion in GLDC. Pedigree and Southern blot analysis verify these results. An increased ability to detect mutation and predict phenotype will aid in identifying patients who would benefit from available treatment. Since decisions to abort or continue pregnancy may depend on predicted severity, molecular analysis will greatly aid in prenatal testing options as well.
An Empirical study of Composite Feedback's Effects on Teaching of Physical Education in University

Physical fitness test showed that the physique decline of primary and middle school students has been stopped,but the university students' hasn't. As an important part for students taking part in exercise and motor skill learning,physical education in university should take some responsibilities. How to improve the quality of physical education is the key of sports reform in university. Using literature review and experiment research methods,according to practice characteristics of physical education in university,based on social cognitive perspective theory,this study proposed the implementation of composite feedback in university's physical education,explained the mechanism of composite feedback by the theories of feedback,constructivism and social cognition,and tested composite feedback in practice. Results: Sports skill learning in universities can be divided into observation,emulation,self-monitoring and self-regulating phases. According to different phases ' feature,composite feedback gives different feedback forms and contents for teachers and students playing their role fully,and for achieving the unification of internal and external feedbacks. Composite feedback can effectively improve the accuracy of hitting table tennis,accelerate the formation of the correct technical action model,but cannot improve the rally rounds.In addition,the composite feedback can significantly improve the overall satisfaction of students,self efficacy and class effort to promote students' skill and happiness.
CLEAN rewards for improving multiagent coordination in the presence of exploration

In cooperative multiagent systems, coordinating the joint-actions of agents is difficult. One of the fundamental difficulties in such multiagent systems is the slow learning process where an agent may not only need to learn how to behave in a complex environment, but may also need to account for the actions of the other learning agents. Here, the inability of agents to distinguish the true environmental dynamics from those caused by the stochastic exploratory actions of other agents creates noise on each agent's reward signal. To address this, we introduce Coordinated Learning without Exploratory Action Noise (CLEAN) rewards, which are agent-specific shaped rewards that effectively remove such learning noise from each agent's reward signal. We demonstrate their performance with up to 1000 agents in a standard congestion problem.
Origin of Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens

I would like to comment on the excellent article by Mark E. J. Woolhouse entitled “Where Do Emerging Pathogens Come From?—Understanding the Origins of Pathogens will Help us to Combat Emerging Infectious Diseases” (Microbe, November 2006, p. 511–515). The author described that various factors play a role in the emergence and reemergence of pathogens, including the diversity in animal reservoirs, species jumps, factors relating to the host, pathogen, and the wider environment, and last but not least, human activity. This clearly shows that the emergence and reemergence of pathogens is quite a complex process, one we perhaps have only just begun to understand in more detail.
The Brief Case: Cryptococcus gattii Meningitis with Ventriculitis

A 39-year-old previously healthy man was transferred to Emory University Hospital Midtown, Atlanta, GA, USA, from Savannah, GA, USA, with a 1-month history of progressive headaches, drowsiness, blurred vision, and photosensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a noncommunicating
Financial Decision-Making and Capacity in Older Adults

Financial capacity is an important instrumental activity of daily life that comprises those abilities needed for an individual independently to manage financial affairs in a manner consistent with personal self-interest and values. In this chapter, we examine the topic of financial capacity and decision-making in older adults in our aging society. Specifically, we discuss the crucial phenomenon of cognitive aging and diminished financial capacity, the impact on financial skills of cognitive disorders such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and early warning signs of diminished financial capacity. We present a useful clinical conceptual model of financial capacity, describe different approaches to assessing financial capacity, and then discuss empirical studies of financial capacity in older adults with a focus on patients with MCI and AD. This chapter concludes with sections addressing exciting new neuroimaging investigations of financial decision-making and capacity, the importance of psychiatric and other non-cognitive contributions to financial capacity in aging, and directions for future research.
Why Bother with Reputation

A review of reputation in several fields of interest, such as Sociobiology, Evolutionary Game Theory, Economics, Political Science, and Information and Communication Technology, reveals countless applications and implementations of reputation-based mechanisms and systems to various problems of (info) social order. However, these applications will be found to be less efficacious than expected, indicating the necessity to provide a general theory of reputation with more solid conceptual grounds and modeling instruments.
Photodetachment spectroscopy and resonant photoelectron imaging of cryogenically-cooled deprotonated 2-hydroxypyrimidine anions

Abstract We report a photodetachment and high-resolution photoelectron imaging study of cold deprotonated 2-hydroxypyrimidine anions, C4H3N2O−. Photodetachment spectroscopy reveals an excited dipole-bound state (DBS) of C4H3N2O− with a binding energy of 598 ± 5 cm−1 below the detachment threshold of 26,010 ± 5 cm−1. Twenty vibrational levels of the DBS are observed as resonances in the photodetachment spectrum, with three below the detachment threshold and seventeen above the threshold. By tuning the detachment laser to the above-threshold vibrational resonances, highly non-Franck-Condon photoelectron spectra are obtained. Nine fundamental vibrational frequencies are resolved, including six symmetry-forbidden modes. The 598 cm−1 binding energy for the DBS is quite high due to the large dipole moment of the C 4 H 3 N 2 O radical (>6 D). However, no evidence of a second DBS is observed below the detachment threshold.
Circumcision training model: assembly and use

Video abstract The purpose of this film is to provide an educational training video on the assembly and use of a neonatal circumcision model for the training of resident physicians. The film is meant to improve resident physicians’ confidence in their ability to counsel patients and perform the procedure, while providing a resource about the procedure and its potential complications …
Analytical computation of frequency metric for a Synchronous Ethernet Network

Measurement of clock accuracy is an important aspect in any Synchronous Ethernet Network. Various standards exist today for characterizing the frequency and phase metrics for a clock of a specific type. Usually these metrics are measured using highly sophisticated measurement devices such as digital counters. This paper outline an analytical method to compute the frequency metric for a synchronous ethernet network element which uses Ethernet Equipment Clock (EEC). Computation of frequency metric such as TIE, FFO and FFD is performed over a large number of samples collected during EEC in holdover state. These computed metrics are analysed against the standard specifications. The results thus obtained are provided to support the concepts elucidated with experimental evidence. Analysis and measurement results shows that the long-term frequency holdover performance of the clock, indeed meets all specifications as per the standard recommendations.
Quest for circular polarization of a gravitational wave background and orbits of laser interferometers in space

We show that an isotropic component of circular polarization of a stochastic gravitational wave background can be explored by contriving configuration of multiple laser interferometers for correlation analysis. For the proposed BBO mission, the circular polarization degree $\ensuremath{\Pi}$ can be measured down to $\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{\sim}0.08({\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{GW}}/{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}(\mathrm{SNR}/5)$ with slightly ($\ensuremath{\sim}10%$) sacrificing the detection limit for the total intensity ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{GW}}$. This might allow us to detect a signature of parity violation in the very early universe.
Differences in energy expenditure for conventional and femtosecond-assisted cataract surgery using 2 different phacoemulsification systems.

Purpose To compare the mean cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) in patients having femtosecond laser–assisted or conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery using 2 different phacoemulsification platforms. Setting Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA. Design Prospective comparative nonrandomized clinical study. Methods Consecutive patients were scheduled to have femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery with the Lensx laser or conventional phacoemulsification using an active-fluidics torsional platform (Centurion) or torsional platform (Infiniti). The mean CDE and cataract grade were recorded. Results The study comprised 570 eyes (570 patients). There was no statistically significant difference in mean age (P = .41, femtosecond group; P = .33, conventional group) or cataract grade (P = .78 and P = .45, respectively) between the active-fluidics and gravity-fluidics platforms. In femtosecond cases (145 eyes), the mean CDE (percent-seconds) was 5.18 ± 4.58 (SD) with active fluidics and 7.00 ± 6.85 with gravity fluidics; in conventional cases (425 eyes), the mean CDE was 7.77 ± 6.97 and 11.43 ± 9.12, respectively. In both femtosecond cases and conventional cases, the CDE was lower with the active-fluidics platform than with the gravity-fluidics platform (P = .029, femtosecond group; P Conclusions The active-fluidics phacoemulsification platform achieved lower CDE values than the gravity-fluidics platform for conventional cataract extraction. Femtosecond laser pretreatment with the active-fluidics platform further reduced CDE.
Reconsidering Resistance in the Post-Human Era

User resistance to new technology has long been a central concern to the information systems discipline. The current discourse on “sociomateriality” invites us to rethink, in a fundamental way, what resistance means in individual terms. This essay represents a preliminary effort to recast resistance as a phenomenon that reflects the politics of personal boundaries. Sociomateriality figures into the discussion because it challenges distinctions that have customarily been assumed to hold between the human and social, on the one hand, and the material and technological, on the other. Notwithstanding this challenge, however, to make progress in understanding resistance we must recognize that the dissolution of such distinctions is a pragmatic accomplishment. Accordingly, sociomateriality, though currently championed as a starting point for our scholarly inquiries, represents an end point for technology users. Here I propose that it is useful to think about the individual as having personal boundaries that flex with the tasks and technologies that are engaged. In this context, then, resistance arises when new technologies pose disruptive and undesired changes to those boundaries.
Framework for behavioral analytics in anomaly identification

Behavioral Analytics (BA) relies on digital breadcrumbs to build user profiles and create clusters of entities that exhibit a large degree of similarity. The prevailing assumption is that an entity will assimilate the group behavior of the cluster it belongs to. Our understanding of BA and its application in different domains continues to evolve and is a direct result of the growing interest in Machine Learning research. When trying to detect security threats, we use BA techniques to identify anomalies, defined in this paper as deviation from the group behavior. Early research papers in this field reveal a high number of false positives where a security alert is triggered based on deviation from the cluster learned behavior but still within the norm of what the system defines as an acceptable behavior. Further, domain specific security policies tend to be narrow and inadequately represent what an entity can do. Hence, they: a) limit the amount of useful data during the learning phase; and, b) lead to violation of policy during the execution phase. In this paper, we propose a framework for future research on the role of policies and behavior security in a coalition setting with emphasis on anomaly detection and individual's deviation from group activities.
Population pharmacokinetics of human antithrombin concentrate in paediatric patients.

Aims Antithrombin is increasingly used in paediatric patients, yet there are few age-specific pharmacokinetic data to guide dosing. We aimed to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of human (plasma-derived) antithrombin concentrate in paediatric patients. Methods A 5-year retrospective review was performed of patients <19 years of age admitted to our institution who received antithrombin concentrate, were not on mechanical circulatory support and had baseline (predose) and postdose plasma antithrombin activity levels available for analysis. Demographic and laboratory variables, antithrombin dosing information and data on the use of continuous infusion unfractionated heparin were collected. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with bootstrap analysis. The model developed was tested against a validation dataset from a cohort of similar patients, and a predictive value was calculated. Results A total 184 patients met the study criteria {46.7% male, median age [years] 0.35 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.07–3.9]}. A median of two antithrombin doses (IQR 1–4) were given to patients (at a dose of 46.3 ± 13.6 units kg–1), with median of three (IQR 2–7) postdose levels per patient. Continuous infusion unfractionated heparin was administered in 87.5% of patients, at a mean dose of 34.1 ± 22.7 units kg–1 h–1. A one-compartment exponential error model best fit the data, and significant covariates included allometrically scaled weight on clearance and volume of distribution, unfractionated heparin dose on clearance, and baseline antithrombin activity level on volume of distribution. The model resulted in a median −1.75% prediction error (IQR –11.75% to 6.5%) when applied to the validation dataset (n = 30). Conclusions Antithrombin pharmacokinetics are significantly influenced by the concurrent use of unfractionated heparin and baseline antithrombin activity.
Disorder-Induced Mimicry of a Spin Liquid in YbMgGaO 4

We suggest that a randomization of the pseudodipolar interaction in the spin-orbit-generated low-energy Hamiltonian of YbMgGaO_{4} due to an inhomogeneous charge environment from a natural mixing of Mg^{2+} and Ga^{3+} can give rise to orientational spin disorder and mimic a spin-liquid-like state. In the absence of such quenched disorder, 1/S and density matrix renormalization group calculations both show robust ordered states for the physically relevant phases of the model. Our scenario is consistent with the available experimental data, and further experiments are proposed to support it.
The impact of long-term moderate and heavy alcohol consumption on incident atherosclerosis among persons living with HIV.

Abstract Background Level of alcohol consumption is associated with differential risk of atherosclerosis, but little research has investigated this association among HIV+ persons. We evaluated the association between long-term alcohol use and incident atherosclerosis among HIV+ persons. Methods We utilized data from HIV+ participants of the Women’s Interagency HIV Study (n = 483) and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (n = 305) without history of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis was assessed two times by B-mode carotid artery ultrasound imaging from 2004 to 2013. Presence of plaque was defined as focal carotid intima-media thickness over 1.5 mm. Those with no plaque at baseline and plaque at follow-up were considered incident cases of atherosclerosis. Group-based trajectory models were used to categorize participants into 10-year drinking patterns representing heavy, moderate, or abstinent-low. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to assess the association of long-term moderate and heavy use on atherosclerosis, compared to abstinent-low. Results Heavy alcohol consumption was not statistically significantly associated with risk for incident atherosclerosis in women (AOR 1.10, CI 0.40–3.02) or men (AOR 1.31, CI 0.43–4.00), compared to abstinence-low. Moderate consumption was associated with 54% lower odds for incident disease in men (AOR 0.46, CI 0.21–1.00), but not in women (AOR 1.08, CI 0.58–2.00). In cohort-combined analyses, alcohol consumption was not statistically significantly association with incident atherosclerosis (moderate AOR 0.78, CI 0.48–1.27; heavy AOR 1.33, CI 0.66–2.69). Conclusion Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a significant protective effect on incident atherosclerosis in men only. No other levels of alcohol consumption significantly predicted atherosclerosis in men and women compared to abstinent-low.
Requirements for enhanced transgene expression by untranslated sequences from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene.

The cytomegalovirus immediate early (CMV IE) promoter has been widely used for heterologous expression. Further enhancements of gene expression from this potent promoter may allow for the development of improved gene transfer strategies. We aimed to determine whether inclusion of the first exon (5′ untranslated) and first intron of the CMV IE gene would increase heterologous transgene expression in primary target cells and to determine the sequences required for any observed increases. Comparisons of reporter gene expression were made following transient transfection of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with plasmids containing the first exon and intron from the CMV IE gene or deletional mutations. Comparisons were also made using a heterologous promoter (RSV). Gene expression from the CMV IE promoter was increased 5.7-fold in VSMC with the inclusion of the first exon and intron. Similar increases were seen with other target cells and from the heterologous RSV promoter. This increase was associated with an increase in steady-state mRNA. Deletion analyses demonstrated that the enhancement was dependent on the presence of the 5′ portion of the first exon while deletion of large segments within the intron was associated with similar levels of expression compared with the parental plasmid. Inclusion of the first exon and intron from the CMV IE gene increases expression from the CMV IE promoter. This enhancement is seen with the heterologous RSV promoter and is associated with an increase in steady-state mRNA. Deletion analyses suggest that this enhancement is associated with inclusion of sequences within the 5′ portion of the first exon and inclusion of an intron.
THE « EMPEROR» OF GERMAN GYNECOLOGISTS AND OBSTETRICIANS

The article highlights the main stages of life and work of the outstanding specialist in female diseases – German obstetrician, gynecologist, surgeon, scientist Walter Stoeckel.
Model-Based de-identification of facial images.

Recent advances in both camera technology as well as supporting computing hardware have made it significantly easier to acquire, transmit, process and store large amounts of image data. As a consequence a number of image databases, specifically face databases, have been collected, often with the expressed goal of sharing the data with others. Due to concerns about the privacy of the individuals visible in the scene, data dissemination is particularly difficult for medical face databases depicting patients. For most data usage scenarios however, knowledge of the identity of people in the image is not required. This makes the case for image de-identification, the removal of identifying information from images, prior to sharing of the data. The implicit goal of these methods is to protect privacy and preserve data utility, for example the ability to recognize gender or facial expressions from de-identified images. While privacy protection methods are well established for field-structured data, work on images is still limited. The appearance of a face is influenced by a number of factors including (but not limited to) identity, pose, facial expression, illumination, and gender. Algorithms have been developed to factorize facial appearance into these underlying components using linear and bilinear as well as tensor models. In this paper we describe a novel framework for the de-identification of facial images. We use Active Appearance Models (AAMs) for initial parameterization, before we apply a multi-factor model which unifies linear, bilinear, and quadratic models to factorize the face parameters into identity and non-identity components. The resulting representation is then de-identified according to one of multiple privacy protection models. We evaluate the proposed face de-identification system on a large-scale still image face database, the CMU Multi-PIE database. We measure face recognition performance on de-identified images as well as data utility (quantified as accuracy of facial expression recognition) using a support vector machine classifier trained on the original data. In comparison to naive blur de-identification as well as to the previously proposed formal k-Same algorithm our method preserves data utility much better while providing equivalent privacy protection. Our framework directly extends from single images to image sequences. We demonstrate this by de-identifying videos of subjects displaying pain expressions.
How Textbooks Create Knowledge and Meaning: The Case of the Coase Theorem in Intermediate Microeconomics

It is now a commonplace to include a discussion of the Coase theorem in one’s intermediate microeconomics textbook, generally in a chapter devoted to externalities or externalities and public goods. But this was not always the case. As the present paper demonstrates, it took nearly two decades after the publication of “The Problem of Social Cost” for the theorem to become even a reasonably a well-established part of the intermediate textbook literature. Its introduction into this literature raises a host of issues for examination: When did the theorem first appear? How was it stated? Are there variations in the statements of the theorem and its attendant assumptions across authors? When did treatment of it become commonplace? How long did it take the authors of textbooks that did not initially include it to bring the theorem into the discussion? What are the backgrounds (e.g., graduate training, faculty affiliations, research fields, etc.) of authors who incorporated the theorem early on? How was the theorem treated? As a surprising result? A useful one? Negatively? What degree of relevance or applicability was ascribed to it? A host of issues and contrasts emerge from the textbook treatments of the theorem, many of which appear to go to problems entailed in presenting a new and controversial idea, one with a number of nuances that were being teased out in the scholarly literature over the same period — nuances that could be helpful or harmful for the presentation of the theorem to a student audience.
Combination pharmacotherapy for cardiovascular disease prevention: threat or opportunity for public health?

Abstract In a series of three papers in the British Medical Journal (June 28, 2003), Wald et al. proposed that the Polypill™ can reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease by 88%, and stroke by 80%, if taken by all people aged ≥55, as well as people of any age with existing cardiovascular disease or diabetes. We review the rationale and uniqueness behind this idea, identify the concerns and questions that need to be addressed, discuss whether this strategy is a threat or an opportunity for public health, and hope that this will stimulate further debate.
What Did You Get? What Social Learning, Collaboration, Prosocial Behaviour, and Inequity Aversion Tell Us About Primate Social Cognition

Consideration of social cognition—how an individual’s decision-making is influenced by her/his social environment—is key to understanding the behaviour of socially living nonhuman primates. In this chapter we discuss primate social cognition by focusing on primates’ behavioural responses to the presence and actions of others, how they adjust their behaviour to maximize their own gains, and possibly also the rewards received by a partner. Individuals can observe and replicate the actions of others, or the outcomes of their actions, to accelerate behavioural acquisition of techniques to obtain rewards (social learning). Beyond passively observing others, primates can also work with group mates to obtain rewards more easily or to get rewards that would otherwise be unattainable by a single individual (collaboration). Although not universally seen among primates, one individual may also help another to acquire resources (prosocial behaviour). Prosocial and collaborative interactions may result in an imbalance of benefits received, and certain primate species respond negatively when receiving less than a social partner (inequity aversion), a response which may protect individuals against cheating. Such behaviours demonstrate how the interplay between an individual’s desires and those of others can modify behavioural outcomes and the importance of considering cognition from a social perspective in order to understand the decision-making of individuals. However, there is variation both within and between species in their sensitivity to the actions of others and their responses to them. Thus, a comparative framework is needed when studying what is meant by ‘primate social cognition’.
Evaluation of the Instability Severity Index score in predicting failure following arthroscopic Bankart surgery in an active military population

Background The Instability Severity Index (ISI) score is a preoperative risk stratification tool used to identify patients at heightened risk of recurrent anterior instability after an arthroscopic Bankart procedure. The primary objective of this study was to validate the utility of the ISI score in predicting failure of primary arthroscopic Bankart surgery in an active-duty military population. Methods A retrospective study was performed to compare all military service members undergoing primary arthroscopic Bankart repairs at a single military treatment facility between 2007 and 2014. The primary outcome of interest was surgical failure due to recurrent instability. The ISI framework was used to stratify each patient for recurrence, and multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the composite ISI score and individual domains between patients with and patients without failed Bankart repairs. Results A total of 131 patients were identified, with a mean patient age of 26.8 years (range, 19-47 years), among whom 42 patients (32%) were identified as having a higher-demand military occupation. At a minimum 2-year follow-up, 34 patients (26%) sustained recurrent anterior shoulder instability. The mean ISI score of patients in the failed Bankart repair group was not statistically different than that of patients with a successful repair (3.41 vs 3.5, P = .74), and no individual ISI domains were identified as independent risk factors for subsequent surgical failure or revision stabilization. Conclusion Contrary to the findings of previous validation studies, the composite ISI score and its individual risk factors were not predictive of subsequent surgical failure after primary arthroscopic Bankart repair in an active military population.