cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choline chloride–based deep eutectic solvents (Ch-DESs) as promising green solvents for phenolic compounds extraction from bioresources: state-of-the-art, prospects, and challenges

As the demand for phenolic compounds in pharmaceutical, food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic production is escalating, recovery of phenolic compounds from bioresources has been receiving great concerns from the scientific community. Renewable, environmentally benign, and biocompatible choline chloride–based deep eutectic solvents (Ch-DESs) are considered potential alternatives to conventional solvents in phenolic compound extraction. In the past 2 years, numerous innovative studies centered on phenolic compound extraction using Ch-DESs and process variable optimization have been explored. Thus, this review aims to summarize the updated state-of-the-art effort dedicated to phenolic compounds extraction from various bioresources using Ch-DESs. Furthermore, impact factors, kinetic modeling, and chemical mechanisms of the process are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. Finally, prospects and challenges in commercialization of phenolic compound extraction from bioresources using Ch-DESs are indicated and extensively discussed.
Vasomotor Symptoms and Lipids/Lipoprotein Subclass Metrics in Midlife Women: Does Level of Endogenous Estradiol Matter?The SWAN HDL Ancillary Study

Background A greater frequency of vasomotor symptoms (VMSs) has been associated with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), but the association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remains unclear. Endogenous estradiol (E2) levels are associated with both VMS and lipid levels and thus may confound such associations. Objectives To assess the relationship of VMS frequency with HDL-C, LDL-C, and lipoprotein concentrations (HDL and LDL particles [HDL-P; LDL-P]) and lipoprotein sizes in midlife women and to evaluate whether these associations are explained by E2. Methods Participants were from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) HDL ancillary study who had both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy lipoprotein subclass metrics and self-reported frequency of VMS measured 2–5 times over the menopause transition. VMS frequency was categorized into none, 1–5 days (infrequent), or ≥6 days (frequent) within the past 2 weeks. Results We evaluated 522 women [at baseline: mean age 50.3 (SD: 2.8) years; infrequent VMS: 29.8%, frequent VMS: 16.5%]. Adjusting for potential confounders except E2, frequent VMS was associated with smaller HDL size [β(SE): −0.06 (0.03); P = .04] and higher concentrations of LDL-C [β(SE): 3.58 (1.77); P = .04] and intermediate LDL-P [β(SE): 0.09 (0.05); P = .04] than no VMS. These associations were largely explained by E2, all P's > .05. Conclusions Frequent VMSs were associated with smaller HDL size and higher concentrations of LDL-C and intermediate LDL-P. These associations were explained by endogenous E2. Whether treating frequent VMS with exogenous E2 could simultaneously improve lipids/lipoproteins profile should be assessed in future studies.
Islam, Catholicism, and Religion-State Separation: An Essential or Historical Difference?

There exist severe restrictions over religious dissent in most Muslim-majority countries. This problem is associated with the alliance between religious and political authorities in these cases. I argue that the alliance between Islamic scholars (the ulema) and the state authorities was historically constructed, instead of being a characteristic of Islam. Hence, the essentialist idea that Islam inherently rejects religion-state separation, whereas Christianity endorses it, is misleading. Instead, this article shows that the ulema-state alliance in the Muslim world was constructed after the mid-eleventh century, as well as revealing that the church-state separation in Western Europe was also historically institutionalized during that period. Using comparative-historical methods, the article explains the political and socioeconomic backgrounds of these epochal transformations. It particularly focuses on the relations between religious, political, intellectual, and economic classes.
The effects of phosphate blends on the microbiology of a cooked meat system

73 INTRODUCTION 74 MATERIALS AND METHODS 76 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 79 CONCLUSIONS 83 LITERATURE CITED 84 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87
Toward standardized guidelines for investigating neural circuit control of behavior in animal research

Abstract With the advent of tools for recording and manipulating activity with high spatiotemporal resolution in defined neural circuits in behaving animals, behavioral neuroscience is now tasked with establishing field-wide standards for implementing and interpreting these powerful approaches. Theoretical frameworks for what constitute proof of fundamental neurobiological principles is an ongoing and frequently debated topic. On the other hand, standardizing interpretation of individual experimental findings to avoid spurious conclusions in practice has received less attention. Even within subfields, similar assays are often used to support widely disparate conclusions which in part has contributed to a slew of studies claiming highly specified functions for cell types and circuits which are often in direct disagreement with one another. In this opinion piece, we discuss common pitfalls in design and interpretation of approaches for recording or manipulating neural activity in animal models of motivated behavior. We emphasize the importance of integrating findings across multiple behavioral assays concomitant with tempered inference regarding specialized neuronal functions as a standardized starting point for parsing circuit control of behavior. Our aim is to stimulate an open and accessible discourse in the literature to address issues of continuity across behavioral neurosciences.
Immunity to error through misidentification and the functionalist, self-reflexive account of episodic memory

Fernandez (2019) offers an account of the nature of episodic memory that marries two core ideas: (i) role-functionalism about episodic memory, and (ii) self-reflexive mnemonic content. One payoff of this view is that episodic memory judgments are immune to error through misidentification. Fernandez takes this to reveal something important about the nature of one’s self-awareness in memory and our first-person conception of ourselves. However, once one sees why such judgments are immune in this way, according to the proposed account, the fact that they are immune becomes moot. While technically immune to error through misidentification, episodic memory judgments are not grounded in a way such that they have any interesting epistemological import for the subject (in contrast to other paradigms of such judgments), and any insights about our self-awareness and self-conception are directly derivable from the metaphysics of memory content alone.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF LAND IMPROVEMENT IN QENA GOVERNORATE

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Hitting the Trifecta: How to Simultaneously Push the Limits of Schrödinger Solution with Respect to System Size, Convergence Accuracy, and Number of Computed States.

Methods for solving the Schrodinger equation without approximation are in high demand but are notoriously computationally expensive. In practical terms, there are just three primary factors that currently limit what can be achieved: 1) system size/dimensionality; 2) energy level excitation; and 3) numerical convergence accuracy. Broadly speaking, current methods can deliver on any two of these three goals, but achieving all three at once remains an enormous challenge. In this paper, we shall demonstrate how to "hit the trifecta" in the context of molecular vibrational spectroscopy calculations. In particular, we compute the lowest 1000 vibrational states for the six-atom acetonitrile molecule (CH3CN), to a numerical convergence of accuracy 10-2 cm-1 or better. These calculations encompass all vibrational states throughout most of the dynamically relevant range (i.e., up to ∼4250 cm-1 above the ground state), computed in full quantum dimensionality (12 dimensions), to near spectroscopic accuracy. To our knowledge, no such vibrational spectroscopy calculation has ever previously been performed.
Salespeople’s Emotions: An Initial Theoretical Inquiry into the Emotions of Industrial Products’ Salespeople

Consumer behavior literature about moods and emotions has grown over the last few years (Gardner 1985), but advances in understanding the importance of moods and emotions in industrial settings has lagged. This paper applies the findings of research about emotions to salespeople. It synthesizes the literature and provides direction for future research.
Retinal waves regulate afferent terminal targeting in the early visual pathway

Current models of retinogeniculate development have proposed that connectivity between the retina and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is established by gradients of axon guidance molecules, to allow initial coarse connections, and by competitive Hebbian-like processes, to drive eye-specific segregation and refine retinotopy. Here we show that when intereye competition is eliminated by monocular enucleation, blocking cholinergic stage II retinal waves disrupts the intraeye competition-mediated expansion of the retinogeniculate projection and results in the permanent disorganization of its laminae. This disruption of stage II retinal waves also causes long-term impacts on receptive field size and fine-scale retinotopy in the dLGN. Our results reveal a novel role for stage II retinal waves in regulating retinogeniculate afferent terminal targeting by way of intraeye competition, allowing for correct laminar patterning and the even allocation of synaptic territory. These findings should contribute to answering questions regarding the role of neural activity in guiding the establishment of neural circuits.
Translating Out of Static Single Assignment Form

Programs represented in Static Single Assignment (SSA) form contain phi instructions (or functions) whose operational semantics are to merge values coming from distinct control flow paths. However, translating phi instructions into native instructions is nontrivial when transformations such as copy propagation and code motion have been performed. In this paper we present a new framework for translating out of SSA form. By appropriately placing copy instructions, we ensure that none of the resources in a phi congruence class interfere. Within our framework, we propose three methods for copy placement. The first method pessimistically places copies for all operands of phi instructions. The second method uses an interference graph to guide copy placement. The third method uses both data flow liveness sets and an interference graph to guide copy placement. We also present a new SSA-based coalescing method that can selectively remove redundant copy instructions with interfering operands. Our experimental results indicate that the third method results in 35% fewer copy instructions than the second method. Compared to the first method, the third method, on average, inserts 89.9% fewer copies during copy placement and runs 15% faster, which are significant reductions in compilation time and space.
Theory and applications of incremental /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ converters

Analog-Digital (A/D) converters used in instrumentation and measurements often require high absolute accuracy, including very high linearity and negligible dc offset. The realization of high-resolution Nyquist-rate converters becomes very expensive when the resolution exceeds 16 bits. The conventional delta-sigma (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/) structures used in telecommunication and audio applications usually cannot satisfy the requirements of high absolute accuracy and very small offset. The incremental (or integrating) converter provides a solution for such measurement applications, as it has most advantages of the /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ converter, yet is capable of offset-free and accurate conversion. In this paper, theoretical and practical aspects of higher order incremental converters are discussed. The operating principles, topologies, specialized digital filter design methods, and circuit level issues are all addressed. It is shown how speed, resolution, and A/D complexity can be optimized for a given design, and how with some special digital filters improved speed/resolution ratio can be achieved. The theoretical results are verified by showing design examples and simulation results.
Energy and economic growth in the USA: A multivariate approach

Abstract This paper examines the causal relationship between GDP and energy use for the period 1947-90 in the USA. The relationship between energy use and economic growth has been examined by both biophysical and neoclassical economists. In particular, several studies have tested for the presence of a causal relationship (in the Granger sense) between energy use and economic growth. However, these tests do not allow a direct test of the relative explanatory powers of the neoclassical and biophysical models. A multivariate adaptation of the test-vector autoregression (VAR) does allow such a test. A VAR of GDP, energy use, capital stock and employment is estimated and Granger tests for causal relationships between the variables are carried out. Although there is no evidence that gross energy use Granger causes GDP, a measure of final energy use adjusted for changing fuel composition does Granger cause GDP.
Key Issues in Web-Based Education in the Human Services: A Review of the Literature

SUMMARY The literature on Web-based education reflects a paradigm shift as hundreds of colleges and universities are offering online courses. This paper provides an overview of the current literature on Web-based education, including frameworks for analysis. Key publications on Web-based education in social work and human services are presented. Attention is given to the theoretical perspectives relevant to Web-based education such as adult learning theories and the shift to a constructivist approach. This paper concludes with a discussion on related issues such as evaluation, leadership, emotional aspects of Web-based instruction, and teaching practice skills through Web-based technology.
Multiresolution and Adaptive Rendering Techniques for Structured, Curvilinear Data

In many applications one is concerned with techniques for visualizing data sets with real-time interaction. One technique for providing real-time performance is through the use of multiresolution techniques. These techniques provide multiple representations of a data set at different levels of detail. The idea is to select a level of detail that can be rendered within the user's time constraints. We discuss a mechanism which renders finer-detailed representations where the data set has a high frequency, and coarser representations where the data set has lower frequency. We present a new technique for storing curvilinear data sets within a quadtree representation and discuss two rendering schemes: an anti-aliasing scheme and a scheme for maintaining a specified frame rate.
An Investigation of CFC12 (CCl2F2) Decomposition on TiO2 Catalyst

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of CFC12 was studied over a titania (TiO 2 ) catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor at temperatures ranging from 200 to 400°C and space velocity of 10,500 h −1 . Results showed substantially complete conversion of CFC12 (>90%) to CO 2 and halogen acids at and above 300°C. Longer term deactivation studies carried out in the presence of water vapor as a cofeed at 300°C showed less than 5% change in activity and selectivity of the titania catalyst even after 4 days of operation. Nevertheless, a 75% reduction in catalyst surface area was observed after 4 days, most of which (50%) took place during the initial 1-1.5 h of reaction. Despite the 50% drop in surface area, the activity of the titania catalyst increased during the initial 1-1.5 h. Results of various experiments indicated that the increased activity of the catalyst was brought about by an increase in surface acidity due to surface fluorination. In situ FTIR techniques were employed to study the reaction mechanism of CFC12 destruction on the titania catalyst. Results indicated adsorption of CFC12 on the surface hydroxyls with further reaction between adsorbed CFC12 and surface hydroxyls leading to the formation of complete oxidation products through COFCl and COCl 2 intermediates.
Research as innovation: Rewards, perils, and guideposts for research and reviews in marketing

Market-based insights are obviously important to corporate strategy practice. Academic researchers who bring market-based insights to corporate strategy research will provide new perspectives on problems that have so far been co-opted by researchers in other fields. They will also face the perils and rewards of innovation. Innovation adoption is uncertain and subject to resistance and skepticism from gatekeepers. Innovation development requires patience, creativity, and persistence. As researchers, if we can overcome the perils of innovation, then our rewards can be large. As a field, if we can bring forth new ideas for corporate thinking and action, then our influence will be large. Perhaps the days of wringing of hands, shaking of heads, and gnashing of teeth will then be no more.
Reasoning defeasibly about probabilities

In concrete applications of probability, statistical investigation gives us knowledge of some probabilities, but we generally want to know many others that are not directly revealed by our data. For instance, we may know prob(P/Q) (the probability of P given Q) and prob(P/R), but what we really want is prob(P/Q&R), and we may not have the data required to assess that directly. The probability calculus is of no help here. Given prob(P/Q) and prob(P/R), it is consistent with the probability calculus for prob(P/Q&R) to have any value between 0 and 1. Is there any way to make a reasonable estimate of the value of prob(P/Q&R)? A related problem occurs when probability practitioners adopt undefended assumptions of statistical independence simply on the basis of not seeing any connection between two propositions. This is common practice, but its justification has eluded probability theorists, and researchers are typically apologetic about making such assumptions. Is there any way to defend the practice? This paper shows that on a certain conception of probability—nomic probability—there are principles of “probable probabilities” that license inferences of the above sort. These are principles telling us that although certain inferences from probabilities to probabilities are not deductively valid, nevertheless the second-order probability of their yielding correct results is 1. This makes it defeasibly reasonable to make the inferences. Thus I argue that it is defeasibly reasonable to assume statistical independence when we have no information to the contrary. And I show that there is a function Y(r, s, a) such that if prob(P/Q) = r, prob(P/R) = s, and prob(P/U) = a (where U is our background knowledge) then it is defeasibly reasonable to expect that prob(P/Q&R) = Y(r, s, a). Numerous other defeasible inferences are licensed by similar principles of probable probabilities. This has the potential to greatly enhance the usefulness of probabilities in practical application.
The relativistic motion of a charged particle in an inhomogeneous electromagnetic field

Abstract The guiding center approximation for the relativistic motion of a charged particle in a nonuniform electromagnetic field is treated by a method which exhibits the nonconstancy of the adiabatic invariant. The position of the particle is expressed in terms of variables which represent the gyration and the motion of the guiding center, respectively; the equations which govern these variables are derived. The equation for the gyration is solved by an iteration method, and the solution is carried to the second approximation. In special cases, this solution suffices to determine the change in the adiabatic invariant. The adiabatic invariant is interpreted as the relativistic analog of the magnetic flux enclosed by the Larmor orbit. In each approximation, the equation for the motion of the guiding center is derived. An integral of this equation expresses the invariance of the square of the four-velocity. A systematic method is described for solving the equation for the motion of the guiding center in the case that the electric and magnetic fields are almost mutually perpendicular.
TUNNELING INTO SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.

Tunneling experiments were performed on thin superconducting films in the presence of a magnetic field. The experiments were done at ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ temperatures on tin and tin-indium alloy films with thicknesses between 600 and 2000 \AA{}. As expected theoretically, the effect of the field on the density of states is, for dirty films, similar to the effect of paramagnetic impurities with the square of the magnetic field playing a role analogous to the paramagnetic impurity concentration. The data are compared with the theoretical results of Maki for the limit of zero mean free path, and agreement is fair. The difference between these results and those of this experiment is attributed to the finite mean free path. Str\"assler and Wyder have calculated the field dependence of the density of states for small particles with arbitrary mean free path. We find that their calculations are in good agreement with experiment.
Difluoro ketone peptidomimetics suggest a large S1 pocket for Alzheimer's γ-secretase: Implications for inhibitor design

The final step in the generation of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ), implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, is proteolysis within the transmembrane region of the amyloid precursor protein (A...
Neutral lipid metabolism during embryonic development of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)

Abstract 1. 1. During the 60-hr embryonic period of the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), neutral lipid depletion per egg is 1·10 μg, and the increase in phospholipids is 0·04 μg. 2. 2. Triglyceride, the major neutral lipid fraction, is the lipid source of energy, with 1·18 μg per egg catabolized during the embryonic period. At the same time, diglyceride, free fatty acid and hydrocarbon increase, while monoglyceride, sterol and sterol ester remain essentially unchanged. 3. 3. Just before the egg hatches, the hydrocarbon fraction doubles, then doubles again in young larvae.
Transient signals per se do not disrupt the flash-lag effect

Nijhawan's theory rests on the assumption that transient signals compete with predictive signals to generate the visual percept. We describe experiments that show that this assumption is incorrect. Our results are consistent with an alternative theory that proposes that vision is instead postdictive, in that the perception of an event is influenced by occurrences after the event.
Advanced zinc-air batteries based on high-performance hybrid electrocatalysts

Metal-air batteries are promising for energy storage because of their high theoretical energy density, but their realization is hampered by the lack of efficient and robust air catalysts. Li et al. construct stable zinc-air batteries using novel catalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions.
Human vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) transporter SVCT1.

Abstract In human, vitamin C ( l -ascorbic acid) is an essential micronutrient required for an array of biological functions including enzymatic reactions and antioxidation. We describe here the molecular cloning of a novel human cDNA encoding a vitamin C transporter SVCT1. SVCT1 is largely confined to bulk-transporting epithelia (e.g., kidney and small intestine) with a putative alternative-splice product present in thymus. Applying radiotracer and voltage-clamp approaches in cRNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, we found that SVCT1 mediates saturable, concentrative, high-affinity l -ascorbic acid transport ( K 0.5 = 50–100 μM) that is electrogenic and can be inhibited by phloretin. SVCT1 displays exquisite substrate selectivity, greatly favoring l -ascorbic acid over its isomers d -isoascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid and 2- or 6-substituted analogues, whereas glucose and nucleobases are excluded. We have mapped the SLC23A2 gene (coding for SVCT1) to human chromosome 5 in band 5q31.2-31.3, within a region commonly deleted in malignant myeloid (leukemia) diseases. In addition, we have demonstrated that the human SLC23A1 gene product is a related high-affinity l -ascorbic acid transporter (SVCT2) that is widely distributed in brain, retina, and a host of endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues. The molecular identification of the human l -ascorbic acid transporters now provides the tools with which to investigate their roles in vitamin C metabolism in health and disease.
HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ETIOPLAST PIGMENTS IN RED KIDNEY BEAN LEAVES*

— A method of analysis for etioplast pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography is reported. The method is suitable for separation of protochlorophyllides, chlorophyllides, carotenoids and several forms of Chl-a.
Hemodynamic and Hematologic Profile of Healthy Adults Ingesting Dietary Supplements Containing 1,3-Dimethylamylamine and Caffeine:

Background: 1,3-dimethylamylamine (a constituent of geranium), alone and in combination with caffeine, is widely used within dietary supplements. We have recently determined the hemodynamic effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone and in combination, using a single ingestion study. However, no study has determined the hemodynamic effects of these ingredients following chronic use. Moreover, no study has determined the effects of these ingredients on bloodborne variables related to health and safety. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to assess the hemodynamic and hematologic profile of two different dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine (in addition to other ingredients), before and after two weeks of daily intake. Methods: 7 men (24.9 ± 4.2 yrs) ingested the dietary supplement Jack3d™, while 4 men and 2 women (22.5 ± 1.8 yrs) ingested the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ once per day for two weeks. On days 1 and 15, resting heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured and rate pressure product (RPP) was calculated. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts, comprehensive metabolic panel, and lipid panel. These tests were done prior to ingestion of supplement. On days 1 and 15 following blood collection, subjects ingested the assigned supplement (2 servings) and HR, SBP, DBP, and RPP were recorded at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-ingestion. Results: After 14 days of treatment, resting HR, SBP, DBP, and RPP were not increased (P > 0.05). No significant changes were noted in any measured bloodborne variable, with the exception of an increase in fasting blood glucose with ingestion of Jack3d™ (P = 0.02). In response to acute intake of the supplements, HR, DBP, and RPP were not increased statistically (P > 0.05). SBP was increased with OxyELITE Pro™ (P = 0.03), but not with Jack3d™ (P = 0.09). Compared to pre-ingestion and in general, both supplements resulted in an increase in SBP, DBP, and RPP from 5%–15%, with a peak occurring at the 60 or 90 minute post-ingestion time. Conclusion: Acute ingestion of OxyELITE Pro™, but not Jack3d™, results in an increase in SBP. Chronic intake of two servings per day of OxyELITE Pro™ or Jack3d™ over a 14 day period does not result in an elevation in resting HR, SBP, DBP, or RPP. No significant changes are noted in any measured bloodborne variable following 14 days of ingestion, with the exception of blood glucose with Jack3d™. Longer term intervention studies inclusive of larger sample sizes are needed to extend these findings.
Evidence for a single kind of D-glucose binding site on renal brush borders.

The binding of d-glucose to renal brush border was studied in a preparation isolated from rabbit kidney. The data is indicate only one kind of binding site for d-glucose. The initial rate of binding was too rapid to be determined either directly or by extrapolation to zero time. Estimations of the amount of d-glucose bound at equilibrium for various concentrations of d-glucose yielded a straight line in a kinetic plot. This indicated a single binding site on the brush borders with a Kdiss of 4.8·10−5 M and a binding capacity of 264.8 pmoles/mg of protein. This conclusion is further supported by demonstration of a requirement for Na+ at two different concentrations of glucose, 1 and 100 μM, in the presence of Tris buffer. This binding was inhibited by other sugars and by phrlorizin indicating binding to a specific site.
Convergence of Ets- and notch-related structural motifs in a heteromeric DNA binding complex

Analysis of the heteromeric DNA binding protein GABP has revealed the interaction of two distinct peptide sequence motifs normally associated with proteins located in different cellular compartments. The alpha subunit of GABP contains an 85-amino acid segment related to the Ets family of DNA binding proteins. The ETS domain of GABP alpha facilitates weak binding to DNA and, together with an adjacent segment of 37 amino acids, mediates stable interaction with GABP beta. The beta subunit of GABP contains four imperfect repeats of a sequence present in several transmembrane proteins including the product of the Notch gene of Drosophila melanogaster. These amino-terminal repeats of GABP beta mediate stable interaction with GABP alpha and, when complexed with GABP alpha, directly contact DNA. These observations provide evidence for a distinct biochemical role for the 33-amino acid repeats, and suggest that they may serve as a module for the generation of specific dimerization interfaces.
Application of complex adaptive systems to pricing of reproducible information goods

Piracy of copyrighted information goods such as computer software, music recordings, and movies has received increased attention in the literature. Much of this research relied on mathematical modeling to analyze pricing policies, protection against piracy, and government policies. We use complex adaptive systems as an alternative methodology to analyze pricing decisions in an industry with products which can be pirated. This approach has been previously applied to pricing and can capture some aspects of the problem which are difficult to analyze using traditional mathematical modeling. The results indicate that advances in technology make a skimming strategy the least preferable approach for producers. Further, improvements in technology, more specifically data communications and the Internet, will erode the profitability of a skimming strategy. The analysis also indicates that complex adaptive systems may provide a useful method for analyzing problems in which interactions between participants in the systems, i.e. consumers, sellers, and regulating agencies, are important in determining the behavior of the system.
The ambiguity of recognition memory tests of schema theories

Abstract The majority of theories about the effects of schemata (or generic knowledge structures) on information processing share two fundamental assumptions. It is assumed, first, that schema-based inferences about unobserved features of an event are generated, and, second, that such inferences are stored in long-term memory and thereby confused with traces of observed features of that event. To test these assumptions, researchers rely heavily on recognition memory measures of hit and false alarm rates. In the present paper, it is observed that schema theoretic interpretations of recognition memory measures are inconsistent with an interpretation jointly derived from the theory of signal detection and Mandler's (1980, Psychological Review , 87 , 252–271) subjective familiarity theory of recognition memory; from the latter's perspective, recognition memory measures are considerably more ambiguous than schema researchers realize and do not necessarily support the typical schema theoretic interpretations. Data from four experiments are analyzed from the perspective of the theory of signal detection/ subjective familiarity model and demonstrate the ambiguity of recognition memory measures for testing hypotheses about the function and consequences of schemata for information processing.
Juvenile Court Variations: Procedural and Processing Differences in a Midwestern State

This study examined whether location and type of juvenile court impacted processing for juveniles in a Midwestern state.1 For the analysis, the author used qualitative data. This article was built on the opinions and observations of those who work in the juvenile justice system on a daily basis. The author observed juvenile courts and interviewed judges, prosecutors, and defense attorneys. The information contained herein verifies the differences between rural and urban juvenile justice practice and procedure. The results of this study also revealed that processing varies across jurisdictions and type of court in the juvenile justice system.
Al L 2 , 3 core excitons in Al x Ga 1 − x As studied by soft-x-ray reflection and emission

The Al ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ soft-x-ray reflection and emission spectra of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As have been measured for x between 0.17 and 1.0. The valence-band maximum was monitored via the emission spectra using a fit based on band-structure parameters. The dominant features in the reflection spectra are produced by the ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ core excitons. Since both the reflection spectra and emission spectra were obtained using the same soft-x-ray spectrometer, the energies of the excitons above the valence-band maximum are accurately obtained. The known values of the optical band gap, as a function of x, are then used to determine the core exciton binding energy. The core excitons are found to follow and lie above the conduction-band minimum by 0.3 eV as the Al composition changes. Our results are compared to various core exciton theories and to previous experiments.
Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession coincides with shifts in organic nitrogen availability and canopy closure in post-wildfire jack pine forests

Successional changes in belowground ectomy- corrhizal fungal (EMF) communities have been observed with increasing forest stand age; however, mechanisms behind this change remain unclear. It has been hypothe- sized that declines of inorganic nitrogen (N) and increases of organic N influence changes in EMF taxa over forest development. In a post-wildfire chronosequence of six jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands ranging in age from 5 to 56 years, we investigated EMF community composition and compared shifts in taxa with detailed soluble inorganic and organic N data. Taxa were identified by internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequencing, and changes in community composition evaluated with non-metric multi- dimensional scaling (NMDS). Dissimilarities in the com- munity data were tested for correlations with N variables. We observed a successional shift along NMDS axis 1 from such taxa as Suillus brevipes and Thelephora terrestris in sites age 5 and 11 to species of Cortinarius and Russula, among others, in the four older sites. This change was positively correlated with soluble organic N (SON) (r 2 = 0.902, P = 0.033) and free amino-acid N (r 2 = 0.945, P = 0.021), but not inorganic N. Overall, our results show a successional shift of EMF communities occurring between stand initiation and canopy closure without a change in species of the dominant plant-host, and associ- ated with SON and free amino-acid N in soil. It is uncertain whether EMF taxa are responding to these organic N forms directly, affecting their availability, or are ultimately responding to changes in other site variables, such as belowground productivity.
Structure and Strategy in Image Generation

Two experiments were conducted to test a prediction of the Kosslyn & Shwartz computer simulation model of mental image processing. According to this model, more complex images require more time to form because parts are placed sequentially, and larger images require more time to form than smaller ones because more parts are placed. If these accounts are correct, then the advantage of forming a small image (i.e., one that seems to subtend a smaller visual angle) should be greater for more complex objects because the difference in number of parts imaged at the two sizes will be greater than with simpler objects. This prediction was confirmed only when subjects were not motivated to form highly elaborated images at small sizes. When subjects tried to include all details, it actually took longest to form images of complex objects at small sizes. Both of these results support the central assumption of the Kosslyn-Shwartz model, namely the existence of a fixed resolution analog spatial medium.
Locus ceruleus discharge characteristics of morphine-dependent rats: effects of naltrexone.

Spontaneous and sensory-evoked discharge was recorded from locus ceruleus (LC) neurons of halothane-anesthetized rats that were chronically administered morphine. LC spontaneous discharge rates of morphine-treated rats were comparable to those of rats chronically administered saline. Administration of 1.0 micrograms morphine (i.c.v.), a dose which completely inhibits LC discharge of morphine-naive rats, had no effect on LC spontaneous discharge of morphine-treated rats, demonstrating that opiate tolerance had developed. Naltrexone, 0.3 and 1.0 microgram i.c.v., produced increases in LC spontaneous discharge rates that were 172 and 166% greater than baseline, respectively. Additionally, naltrexone disrupted LC discharge evoked by repeated sciatic nerve stimulation such that evoked discharge was decreased with respect to tonic discharge, and postactivation inhibition was attenuated. Naltrexone did not alter spontaneous or sensory-evoked LC discharge of rats chronically administered saline indicating that these neuronal effects are specific to opiate withdrawal. Pretreatment of rats with dexamethasone, or with an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), alpha-helical CRF, did not attenuate the effects of naltrexone on LC discharge of morphine tolerant rats. The present study confirms other reports of LC activation associated with antagonist precipitated opiate withdrawal in vivo, and extends these observations by characterizing the disruptive effect of opiate withdrawal on the response of LC cells to phasically presented sensory stimuli, and demonstrating that the withdrawal response is not mediated by release of endogenous CRF.
Chemically modified sunflower stalks as adsorbents for color removal from textile wastewater

Quaternary ammonium groups were chemically grafted onto sunflower stalks in order to improve their adsorption performance to anionic species in wastewater. The chemically modified sunflower stalks were evaluated as adsorbents for two basic dyes (Methylene Blue and Basic Red 9) and two direct dyes (Congo Red and Direct Blue 71) in aqueous solutions by using equilibrium isotherms and kinetic adsorption. Before the modification, sunflower stalks exhibited relatively low adsorption to the direct dyes but very high adsorption to the basic dyes. The modified sunflower stalks showed increased adsorption to the anionic dyes, but slightly reduced adsorption to the cationic dyes, due to the existence of quaternary ammonium ions on the surface of the residues. The maximum adsorption capacities of two direct dyes on the modified sunflower stalks are 191.0 and 216.0 mg g for Congo Red and Direct Blue 71 at 50°C, respectively, which were at least four times higher than that of the unmodified residues. The adsorption rates of two direct dyestuffs are much higher on the modified residues than on the unmodified ones. Within 30 min, about 80% of direct dyes were removed from the solutions by the residues. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1841–1850, 1999
Radionuclide assessment of left ventricular diastolic filling in diabetes mellitus with and without cardiac autonomic neuropathy

Indexes of left ventricular diastolic filling were measured by radionuclide ventriculography in 28 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without evidence of ischemic heart disease. Six patients (21 %) had abnormal diastolic filling and differed from diabetic patients with normal filling in their greater severity of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, assessed by noninvasive means, and their lower plasma norepinephrine levels in the supine (131.1 ± 24.7 versus 356.2 ± 58.4 pg/ml, p The diabetic patients determined as having cardiac autonomic neuropathy (n = 15) had depressed left ventricular diastolic filling compared with subjects free of autonomic neuropathy, whether measured as the time to peak filling rate (154.2 ± 12.0 versus 119.1 ± 10.6 ms, p
Global seismicity of 1981: centroid-moment tensor solutions for 542 earthquakes

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 542 earthquakes that occurred during 1981.
Diffusion of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) through cellulose ester membranes

Diffusion coefficients of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in aqueous solutions were ascertained by the diaphragm method as a function of molecular weight and temperature using mixed cellulose ester (Millipore) membranes. The results agree satisfactorily with diffusion coefficients obtained by other methods. Separation of polymer according to molecular size takes place on diffusion as a function of membrane pore diameter. Also, interaction between the polymer and membrane has been observed resulting in a distribution coefficient between solution and membrane larger than 1. The energy and entropy of activation, repectively, increase with polymer chain length, and their magnitudes are in agreement with the view that segment mobility is operative for the diffusion process.
THE ROLE OF SUPEROXIDE ANION (O2-) IN OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE (CGD) POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMN)

O2−, a highly reactive, unstable free radical formed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing oxidases, has recently been identified in PMN and may play a. role in phagocytic bactericidal activity. The physiologic control of O2− appears to depend on the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyzes the reaction O2− + O2− + 2H+ → H2O2 + O2. Superoxide can be identified by the inhibition of O2− mediated reduction of cytochrome C (Cyto C) or nitroblue tetrazolium (NET) by SOD. SOD completely inhibited phagocytic bactericidal activity and the reduction of Cyto C by phagocytizing PMN but increased all H2O2 related metabolic reactions: H2O2 production (14C-formate → 14CO2) by 30%, hexose monophosphate shunt activity (Glucose-1-14C→l4CO2) 3-fold, and 125I fixation to ingested particles 2-fold. PMN from 4 CGD patients (3 with x-linked and 1 female with the autosomal recessive form), which lack these H2O2 related metabolic reactions, failed to reduce NBT and Cyto C. These studies confirm that O2− is generated by normal PMN and suggest that H2O2 production by PMN is mediated via O2− generating oxidase. Increased iodination yet decreased phagocytic killing in the presence of SOD suggests that iodination of ingested microorganisms is not in itself responsible for their death. The failure of CGD PMN to generate O2− supports the contention that H2O2 producing oxidase activity is diminished in these cells.
The development of secondary discourse ability and metalinguistic awareness in second language learners

Research on the development of language proficiency associated with academic discourse and literacy learning is reviewed. Bilingualism and L2 learning are considered as a point of reference to help formulate the following research questions for future investigation: What are the components that together make up literacy-related academic proficiency? Sequential bilingualism provides for a useful perspective on this question because in L2 learning the different components appear to develop at varying rates in relation to each other, revealing imbalances that shed light on how aspects of language knowledge and information processing might be represented and on how they are deployed in actual language use. Which aspects of literacy-related academic proficiency are not language-specific, and how do bilinguals access requisite knowledge and processing components in L2 literacy learning?
Quantitative fluorescent profiling of VEGFRs reveals tumor cell and endothelial cell heterogeneity in breast cancer xenografts

Plasma membrane-localized vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) play a critical role in transducing VEGF signaling toward pro and antiangiogenic outcomes and quantitative characterization of these receptors is critical toward identifying biomarkers for antiangiogenic therapies, understanding mechanisms of action of antiangiogenic drugs, and advancing predictive computational models. While in vitro analysis of cell surface-VEGFRs has been performed, little is known about the levels of cell surface-VEGFR on tumor cells. Therefore, we inoculate nude mice with the human triple-negative breast cancer, MDA-MB-231, cell line; isolate human tumor cells and mouse tumor endothelial cells from xenografts; and quantitatively characterize the VEGFR localization on these cells. We observe 15,000 surface-VEGFR1/tumor endothelial cell versus 8200 surface-VEGFR1/tumor endothelial cell at 3 and 6 weeks of tumor growth, respectively; and we quantify 1200–1700 surface-VEGFR2/tumor endothelial cell. The tumor cell levels of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 are relatively constant between 3 and 6 weeks: 2000–2200 surface-VEGFR1/tumor cell and ~1000 surface-VEGFR2/tumor cell. Cell-by-cell analysis provides additional insight into tumor heterogeneity by identifying four cellular subpopulations based on size and levels of cell membrane-localized VEGFR. Furthermore, when these ex vivo data are compared to in vitro data, we observe little to no VEGFRs on MDA-MB-231 cells, and the MDA-MB-231 VEGFR surface levels are not regulated by a saturating dose of VEGF. Overall, the quantification of these dissimilarities for the first time in tumor provides insight into the balance of modulatory (VEGFR1) and proangiogenic (VEGFR2) receptors.