cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum chemical calculations on NbO and its reaction with methane: ground and excited electronic states

Multi-reference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations were performed in conjunction with large basis sets for neutral NbO. We report accurate bond lengths, harmonic vibrational frequencies, anharmonicities, excitation energies, dipole moments, binding energies, and spin–orbit splittings, for the ground state 4Σ− and several excited electronic states. Potential energy curves were constructed for both the anion and neutral species. The potential energy curves for NbO− revealed its ground state as 3Σ−, the same as for NbO+. The calculated ionization energies and electron affinities are in excellent agreement with experiment. Bonding patterns were proposed for several electronic states. Doublet and quartet states are better described as Nb2+O2− with a closed shell oxygen terminal and a niobium center with three localized electrons. The reaction of these states with CH4 occurs via a [2+2] mechanism and leads to a highly endothermic reaction with large activation energy barriers. On the other hand, the lowest sextet state of NbO (Nb3+O˙−) can produce methanol through a radical mechanism with small energy barriers.
Racializing Captain America: How Racial Attitudes Affect Perceptions of Affirmative Action and Diversity Initiatives in Media:

Is announcing a commitment to diversity enough to activate attitudes toward diversity initiatives? And what are the spillover effects of these programs? To address these questions, we conduct an ex...
P685 Evaluation of extragenital swabs for simultaneous neisseria gonorrhoeae culture and nucleic acid amplification testing

Background Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) has replaced culture as the predominant test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC). However, antimicrobial susceptibility testing requires culture. We assessed whether a single swab specimen could be used for both NAAT and culture testing for GC. Methods From May to December 2018, we collected paired specimens from patients presenting to the municipal STD clinic in Seattle, WA who met clinical criteria for gonorrhea culture. One specimen was collected using the BBL CultureSwab plus Amies Gel with Charcoal and one was collected using the Aptima collection kit. Approximately half of BBL specimens were collected by clinicians and half were self-collected by patients. BBL specimens were sent to the laboratory at ambient temperature where they were cultured for GC and then processed and tested using Aptima Combo 2. The second swab was placed in an Aptima transport tube and processed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (clinical NAAT). We calculated the agreement between Aptima GC test results among clinical and BBL specimens and the sensitivity of BBL NAAT using the clinical NAAT result as the gold standard. Results We collected 109 paired rectal specimens (53 clinician-collected and 56 patient-collected) and 104 paired pharyngeal specimens (49 clinician-collected and 55 patient-collected). Twenty-nine (27%) rectal specimens and 19 (18%) pharyngeal specimens were culture positive. Among rectal specimens, 44 (40%) clinical NAATs and 33 (30%) BBL NAATs were positive (90% agreement, BBL 75% sensitive). Among pharyngeal specimens, 59 (57%) clinical NAATs and 39 (38%) BBL NAATs were positive (81% agreement, BBL 66% sensitive). None of the BBL specimens tested positive in the absence of a paired positive clinical NAAT. The sensitivity of NAAT of BBL specimens did not vary substantially between clinician and patient collected specimens. Conclusion Aptima testing of BBL CultureSwab specimens collected in Amies Gel with Charcoal is insensitive for GC. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Is Increased Utilization of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Support in Heart Transplant Recipients after OPTN Allocation Policy Change Warranted?

Purpose The OPTN allocation for hearts was changed in 2018 to improve equitable allocation of organs. This included higher priority for patients with pre-defined hemodynamic parameters requiring intra-aortic balloon (IABP) support. We sought to investigate if recent IABP use reflected historical patterns of patient acuity. Methods The UNOS database was queried for all adult heart transplants from January 1, 2010 to October 17, 2018 and October 18, 2018 through August 31, 2020. All patients with mechanical circulatory support outside of IABP were excluded. Baseline features and short-term outcomes were reviewed. Body surface area was estimated using the Boyd method and used to calculate cardiac index. Thirty day survival was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results In total, 9478 patients were identified prior to the policy, with 1081 (11.4%) on IABP support at transplant. In contrast, 2686 patients were available after the policy change, with 1221 on IABP support (45.5%; p Conclusion IABP support has rapidly become more common among heart transplant recipients after the OPTN heart allocation policy change. Status upgrade does not appear to be substantiated by IABP use when compared to pre-policy IABP cohort.
Farm Dinner Theater: Testing an innovative health and safety intervention among older farmers and their families

Purpose The effectiveness of a novel intervention for increasing health and safety behaviors of older farmers was tested. Blending didactic and readers' theater techniques, Farm Dinner Theater (FDT) engages farmers in discussions of health and safety in a nonthreatening social atmosphere supportive of potential changes. Methods Through community collaborations, farmers 45 years and older were recruited in 8 communities for the FDT. For each site, 3 scripts were prepared highlighting health and safety issues especially relevant for older farmers. The brief plays were performed in a dinner theater format, with group discussion following each play. Printed educational packets (EPs) addressing the same topics were mailed to comparison groups of participants in 9 communities. In telephone interviews conducted 2 weeks and 2 months later, 870 participants (553 FDT and 317 EP) reported health and safety-related changes they had made in their farm operations. Findings FDT participants were more likely than EP participants to report having made any changes and reported making more changes on both the 2-week and 2-month follow-up assessments. This outcome occurred when analyzing all farms and when considering only farms with at least 1 participant who spent 10 or more hours per week farming. Conclusions FDT is a fun, relaxing intervention; it is acceptable to farming communities; and it is more effective in producing health and safety-related changes than the common approach of providing printed materials. FDT not only had a greater impact than EP, but it has the potential to reach larger audiences due to its greater appeal.
The Extended Mind

Where does the mind stop and the rest of the world begin? The question invites two standard replies. Some accept the intuitive demarcations of skin and skull, and say that what is outside the body is outside the mind. Others are impressed by arguments suggesting that the meaning of our words "just ain't in the head", and hold that this externalism about meaning carries over into an externalism about mind. We propose to pursue a third position. We will advocate an externalism about mind, but one that is in no way grounded in the debatable role of external reference in fixing the contents of our mental states. Rather, we advocate an *active externalism*, based on the active role of the environment in driving cognitive processes.
Imperforate Anus Without Fistula in Males and Females

The authors describe this very special, unique defect that only occurs in approximately 5 % of all cases of anorectal malformations. An important feature of this defect is the fact that most of these patients also suffer from Down syndrome. The authors emphasize the fact that even when Down syndrome babies are developmentally delayed, most of them achieve bowel control when they are subjected to a meticulous, detailed operation. Emphasis is placed on the fact that even when these patients do not have a connection with the urinary tract, the separation of the rectum from the urinary tract requires a very meticulous and detailed maneuver.
Adaptive RRQR-based factorization: Improving the algorithm tracking capabilities

An improvement to a rank-revealing QR (RRQR) updating procedure proposed earlier is presented. The method takes advantage of the simplicity of the QR updating scheme, the rank-revealing property proposed by T.F. Chan (1987), and the Hermitian property of correlation matrices. Simulations show that the 'refined' RRQR-based updating scheme approximates signal (and noise) subspaces closely and is robust to noise power errors. >
How will the U.S. healthcare system meet the challenge of the ethnogeriatric imperative

Much of the geriatric imperative that is facing providers in the United States is an ethnogeriatric imperative, because one-third of older Americans are projected to be from one of the minority populations by mid-century, and that vastly underrepresents the actual diversity providers will see. Because of the vast heterogeneity of culture, language, health beliefs, risk for disease, and other factors, it is important for policy makers and health providers to be familiar with the diverse characteristics and needs of the various groups that will need geriatric care if they are to receive effective services. Challenges to high-quality ethnogeriatric care include disparities in health status and health care, differences of acculturation level and other characteristics within the populations, language and limited English proficiency, health literacy, culturally defined health beliefs and syndromes, and specific beliefs and preferences about long-term and end-of-life care. Some models of successful ethnogeriatric care have been identified and have in common the involvement of members of the target population in the development and design of the services and the use of cultural liaisons from the ethnic community being served, such as community health workers, or promatores. Thirteen recommendations are suggested for policy and practice changes in multiethnic and ethnic-specific health programs to provide competent ethnogeriatric care in the U.S. healthcare system.
Privacy Law and Policy

This entry provides an introduction to privacy law and policy. It reviews various conceptualizations of privacy in legal and philosophical approaches and summarizes legal and policy approaches to protecting privacy, focusing on the United States, the European Union, and Canada as exemplars because of their relative importance in shaping privacy law around the world. Particular attention is given to how new digital information and communication technologies (ICTs) and environments foster particular privacy concerns. Keywords: data protection; dataveillance; information privacy; online behavioral advertising; privacy; surveillance
Gene regulation of cell adhesion: a key step in neural morphogenesis.

A mounting body of evidence suggests that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play important roles in morphogenetic patterning of the nervous system. The combined factors that control the expression of CAMs during early neural development are, however, largely unknown. We have hypothesized that the coordinate expression of homeobox (Hox) and paired box (Pax) proteins in the neural axis leads to the differential expression of particular CAM genes. Following this hypothesis, we have characterized the promoters and identified cis-regulatory sequences that bind to and respond to Hox and Pax proteins in the genes for three neurally expressed CAMs - the neural cell adhesion molecule, N-CAM, the neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule, Ng-CAM, and L1. Experiments on transgenic mice carrying N-CAM promoter/lacZ reporter gene constructs indicated that mutation of either the HBS or the PBS disrupted patterning of N-CAM expression in the embryonic spinal cord. To examine the factors that restrict the expression of certain CAMs to the nervous system, we identified regulatory elements that block expression of the Ng-CAM and L1 genes in non-neural cells. We characterized a 310 base pair region of the first intron of the Ng-CAM gene containing five neural restrictive silencer elements (NRSEs) and a binding site for the Pax-3 protein. These elements silenced activity of the Ng-CAM promoter in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, but had no effect on its activity in N2A neuroblastoma cells line. Similar analyses of the L1 gene revealed a single NRSE within the second intron that was important for silencing in this cellular transfection system. To analyze the role of the NRSE in vivo, we prepared transgenic mice containing two L1 gene/lacZ constructs, one containing the NRSE and another in which the NRSE was deleted. The wild type L1lacZ transgene showed a neurally restricted pattern of expression, whereas the NRSE-mutated L1 construct showed extensive extraneural expression of the L1 gene. Thus, neural specificity of CAM expression is controlled by the NRSE. The general significance of these observations is that they connect the expression of important families of transcriptional regulators with gene products capable of direct cellular mechanochemistry.
State-Level Immigrant-Related Legislation: What it Means for the Immigration Policy Debate

The U.S. states are actively legislating on immigrant-related issues. Bill introductions have more than doubled in the past 5 years, rising from 570 in 2006 to 1,374 for first-half of 2010.
HST Images of Warm Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: QSO Host Progenitors

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images obtained with the WFPC2 camera at B & I of a nearly complete sample of ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) chosen to have “warm” mid-infrared colors. We find that all of these objects: (1) appear to be advanced mergers; (2) contain compact, luminous blue knots presumably powered by star formation, however the total luminosity of these knots is unlikely to be a major fraction of the total bolometric luminosity of the galaxy; (3) contain either one or two compact sources whose optical/near-infrared properties are similar to those of reddened QSOs. We believe that these warm ULIGs represent a critical transition phase between “cooler” ULIGs and optically selected QSOs, and as such represent the immediate progenitors of optically selected QSO hosts.
Crystalline l-Histidinol Phosphate Aminotransferase from Salmonella typhimurium PURIFICATION AND SUBUNIT STRUCTURE

Abstract l-Histidinol phosphate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.9) was purified to homogeneity from a histidine auxotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. The crystalline enzyme has a specific activity (53 units per mg) more than twice that previously ascribed to the pure enzyme. It has a molecular weight of 74,000 by sedimentation equilibrium, contains two apparently identical subunits of molecular weight 37,000, and binds two moles of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mole of enzyme, corresponding to one coenzyme binding site per subunit.
Comparing treatment strategies using a synthesized clinical trial: an analysis of late versus early use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for AIDS patients

Abstract This paper applies methodology of Finkelstein and Schoenfeld [Stat. Med. 13 (1994) 1747.] to consider new treatment strategies in a synthetic clinical trial. The methodology is an approach for estimating survival functions as a composite of subdistributions defined by an auxiliary event which is intermediate to the failure. The subdistributions are usually calculated utilizing all subjects in a study, by taking into account the path determined by each individual's auxiliary event. However, the method can be used to get a composite estimate of failure from different subpopulations of patients. We utilize this application of the methodology to test a new treatment strategy, that changes therapy at later stages of disease, by combining subdistributions from different treatment arms of a clinical trial that was conducted to test therapies for prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Terbic ion as a sensitive probe: The dimerization of norbornene

Abstract Norbornene photodimerizes in the presence of the triplet sensitizer p-methoxyacetophenone. In the present work, the photodimerization of norbornene in degassed isopropyl alcohol in the presence of an added triplet quencher (Tb +3 ) was investigated. The terbium ion acceptor emits measurable fluorescence and was used for a quantitative evaluation of the transfer process. The quantum efficiency of Tb +3 fluorescence varied from 0.05 to 0.47 while the quantum yield of norbornene dimerization reached a maximum value of 0.1.
Analysis of oxygen consumption and mitochondrial permeability with age in mice

Biochemical and physiological parameters have been investigated in purified liver mitochondria from C57BL/6J mice of relatively young and old age, 1 month vs. 36 months. Under identical purification conditions, mitochondria from old animals consumed significantly less O2 under state 3 conditions (i.e. with saturating ADP stimulation), consistent with a lower activity of the electron transport chain. In the absence of ADP (i.e. state 4 conditions), old mitochondria consumed significantly more O2 than young mitochondria; one possible explanation was increased mitochondrial permeability as a result of induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and this was investigated by the mitochondrial swelling assay. In response to induction by 20 microM Ca2+, MPT rates were observed to be variable, but significantly faster in old mitochondria (t1/2 = 105 s) than in young mitochondria (t1/2 = 155 s), and in all cases MPT was inhibitable by cyclosporin A (CsA). The implications of lower state 3 respiration, higher state 4 respiration and increased rate of MPT in old mitochondria are discussed.
Toward integrating text and images for multimedia retrieval in heterogeneous data mining

The problem of heterogeneous data mining deals with the computational challenges of searching multimedia data in a unified computational framework that can answer similarity queries of data mining by accurate and efficient means. The advances in data collection methodologies have generated large data-warehouses, in assortment of application domains, including but not limited to, Internet applications for multimedia retrieval and exchange. Heterogeneous data indexing has proven to be a valuable tool for complex data mining in large data domains inherently semi-structured in nature. We propose a solution to integrate the feature vectors of image and text by cooperatively representing them in a multidimensional spatial data structure, which has previously exhibited superior search performance in image database domains. We have evaluated results of content-based similarity queries on the indexing schema independently in images and textual domains. We have then studied and represented the effect of the choice of similarity metric on the similarity queries. We then propose an indexing schema that integrates the feature vectors of text and images to answer integrated queries on the unified heterogeneous data space. An added advantage of the proposed methodology is embodied by the fact that a textual feature vector can query a heterogeneous database to retrieve both text as well as images as query results. This solves the problem of individually querying each data-domain separately and sequentially scanning the integrated database for similarity results. The proposed methodology is time and space efficient, and is capable of answering complex heterogeneous data mining queries in multimedia domains.
Stopped-flow Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer for Analysis of Nucleosome Dynamics

Macromolecular assemblies and machines undergo large-scale conformational changes as essential features of their normal function. Modern stopped-flow instrumentation and biotechnology combine to provide a powerful tool for characterizing the rates and natures of these conformational changes. Standard commercially available instruments provide extraordinary sensitivity and speed, allowing analysis of millisecond or longer timescale processes, with concentrations as low as a few nanomolar and volumes of just a few hundred microliters. One can now place specific dyes anywhere desired on a nucleic acid, and often on a protein as well. This ability allows the use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments for detailed conformational analyses, even as the system is evolving rapidly over time following the initiation of a reaction. This approach is ideally suited for analysis of intrinsic properties of chromatin and of the machines that control chromatin assembly, disassembly, and function.
Taxation of Crude Oil, Gasoline, and Related Fuels and Commodities

The complexities of domestic crude-oil pricing policies are outlined and a wellhead tax is proposed as an alternative to decontrol. This would be an alternative that encourages production and is still equitable. The author considers the exemption of stripper oil from price controls to be unfair and suggests that excise taxes or nonprice rationing measures be used to reduce consumption in oil-importing countries. Economic analyses of supplies are projected, using the current laws, and compared with estimates using tax revenues combined with subsidies. George M. Von Furstenberg questions only some points of emphasis in his comment. 22 references.
Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

Single-molecule imaging is an important tool for understanding the mechanisms of biomolecular function and for visualizing the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of molecular behaviors that underlie cellular biology 1-4. To image an individual molecule of interest, it is typically conjugated to a fluorescent tag (dye, protein, bead, or quantum dot) and observed with epifluorescence or total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. While dyes and fluorescent proteins have been the mainstay of fluorescence imaging for decades, their fluorescence is unstable under high photon fluxes necessary to observe individual molecules, yielding only a few seconds of observation before complete loss of signal. Latex beads and dye-labeled beads provide improved signal stability but at the expense of drastically larger hydrodynamic size, which can deleteriously alter the diffusion and behavior of the molecule under study. Quantum dots (QDs) offer a balance between these two problematic regimes. These nanoparticles are composed of semiconductor materials and can be engineered with a hydrodynamically compact size with exceptional resistance to photodegradation 5. Thus in recent years QDs have been instrumental in enabling long-term observation of complex macromolecular behavior on the single molecule level. However these particles have still been found to exhibit impaired diffusion in crowded molecular environments such as the cellular cytoplasm and the neuronal synaptic cleft, where their sizes are still too large 4,6,7. Recently we have engineered the cores and surface coatings of QDs for minimized hydrodynamic size, while balancing offsets to colloidal stability, photostability, brightness, and nonspecific binding that have hindered the utility of compact QDs in the past 8,9. The goal of this article is to demonstrate the synthesis, modification, and characterization of these optimized nanocrystals, composed of an alloyed HgxCd1-xSe core coated with an insulating CdyZn1-yS shell, further coated with a multidentate polymer ligand modified with short polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (Figure 1). Compared with conventional CdSe nanocrystals, HgxCd1-xSe alloys offer greater quantum yields of fluorescence, fluorescence at red and near-infrared wavelengths for enhanced signal-to-noise in cells, and excitation at non-cytotoxic visible wavelengths. Multidentate polymer coatings bind to the nanocrystal surface in a closed and flat conformation to minimize hydrodynamic size, and PEG neutralizes the surface charge to minimize nonspecific binding to cells and biomolecules. The end result is a brightly fluorescent nanocrystal with emission between 550-800 nm and a total hydrodynamic size near 12 nm. This is in the same size range as many soluble globular proteins in cells, and substantially smaller than conventional PEGylated QDs (25-35 nm).
The thermodynamic viability of yttria-stabilized zirconia pH sensors for high temperature aqueous solutions

The thermodynamic viability of the yttria-stabilized zirconia sensor (YSZS) [H2O, H+/ZrO2(Y2O3)/HgO/Hg] for the measurement of pH in high temperature aqueous solutions is evaluated by measuring potentials for this electrode and a conventional hydrogen electrode (HE) against a common reference electrode in a variety of solutions [0.01m H3PO4, 1m Na2SO4, 0.01m B(OH)3+0.01m KOH, and 0.01m KOH] at temperatures from 298.15K (25°C) to 573.115K (300°C). In order to compare theoretical and experimental potentials for the cell $$Pt/H_{2,} H^ + , H_2 O/ZrO_2 (Y_2 O_3 )/HgO/Hg (i.e.,HE/YSZS)$$ it was necessary to apply corrections for solution non-ideality (reflected in the activity of water) and salting in/salting out of hydrogen in solutions of finite ionic strength. Plots of the potential of the YSZS and the HE against a common external pressure balanced reference electrode (EPBRE) demonstrate the Nerstian response of the zirconia electrode, and an analysis of the cell HE/YSZS shows that the yttria-stabilized zirconia sensor is thermodynamically viable. Accordingly, the YSZS can be used as a primary standard for the measurement of pH. The data indicate that the precision of the YSZS for measuring pH in high temperature aqueous solutions is better than ±0.05 pH unit at 300°C (573.15K), provided that the activity of water and the isothermal liquid junction potential associated with the reference electrode are accurately known.
Characterization of a SpAN promoter sufficient to mediate correct spatial regulation along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo.

Abstract In order to investigate how the maternally specified animal–vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo is established, we have examined the molecular basis of regulation of several genes transcribed differentially in nonvegetal and vegetal domains of the very early blastula. Here we present an initial characterization of the regulatory region of one of these,SpAN,which encodes a protease in the astacin family related toDrosophila tolloidand vertebrateBMP-1(Reynoldset al., Development114, 769–786). Tests ofSpANpromoter functionin vivoshow that high-level activity and correct not-vegetal expression are mediated by sequences within 300 bp upstream of the basal promoter.In vitrostudies have identified six protein binding sites serviced by at least five different proteins. Comparison of the structure of theSpANpromoter to that ofSpHE,whose expression pattern is identical, shows that both promoters contain multiple positively acting upstream elements close to the basal promoter. We show that two elements are critical for high-level transcription ofSpAN,since exact replacement of either results in 10- to 20-fold reduction in promoter strength. These shared elements are, however, not essential for spatially correctSpHEgene transcription. We conclude that the coordinate strong activities of theSpANandSpHEpromoters in the nonvegetal domain of the embryo rely primarily on different transcription factor activities.
Comparison of curves based on a Cramér–von Mises statistic

Abstract In this article, we propose a test to compare two curves and investigate the limiting behavior of the test statistic. The test can detect the local alternative converging to the null at the parametric rate 1/ n . To calculate the critical values, the bootstrap resample technique is used. To find out how the test works, we conduct a simulation experiment to study the level and power of the bootstrap test. We also compare the test with those proposed by Hall and Hart (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 85 (1990) 1039) and Young and Bowman (Biometrics 51 (1995) 920) in the simulation study. The tests are further used to analyze a real data set.
USING THE SYLLABUS TO DOCUMENT THE SCHOLARSHIP OF TEACHING

-- This article addresses the problem of constructing a syllabus to function as a pedagogical tool and as an artifact of scholarship. Two approaches, based on the work of Shulman, are offered for using the syllabus to document the scholarship of teaching. Constructing a syllabus that conveys scholarly course development has three benefits. First, the syllabus can provide hiring and review committees with a picture of the research and of the reflection involved in a scholarly course design. Second, students benefit from a syllabus built on scholarship because it has the potential to organize, integrate, and direct learning. Third, teachers benefit from creating a syllabus built on scholarship because it aids them in planning classroom activities based on curricular, subject matter, and pedagogical knowledge.
On a marxian model of enclosures

Abstract This is a criticism of the Cohen-Weitzman model of enclosures on both logical and historical grounds.
Fluid boundary layer effects in atmospheric-pressure plasma diamond film deposition

Diamond films were deposited in an atmospheric-pressure radio frequency plasma reactor. Hydrogen and methane were injected coaxially into the plasma as a high-velocity jet which impinged on the molybdenum substrate. In some cases argon was added to the reactant jet to increase its momentum, thereby reducing the boundary layer thickness. In most cases argon addition substantially, improved diamond growth. A numerical model was developed, which calculated two-dimensional reactor temperature and velocity, distributions, and the chemical kinetics in the boundary layer. The calculations indicate that under the experimental conditions argon addition reduced the thickness of the hydrogen nonequilibrium boundary layer from 3.5 to 1.0 mm. In addition, the calculations suggest that monatomic carbon may be a key diamond growth species under thermal plasma conditions.
Social, circadian, nutritional, and subjective correlates of the spontaneous pattern of moderate alcohol intake of normal humans

The relationship of moderate alcohol intake to the subjective states of hunger, thirst, depression, and anxiety, to social facilitation, circadian rhythms, and the ingestion of other nutrients by humans spontaneously behaving in their natural environment was investigated. Ninety-six adults were paid to maintain 7-day diaries of everything they ingested, when and where they ingested it, the number of other people present, and their subjective states at the beginning and end of the meal. The data from the 64 subjects who reported alcohol intake were analyzed individually with univariate and multivariate regression techniques. Subjective states were not found to be associated with subsequent alcohol ingestion, but alcohol was found to be associated with a reduction in subsequent thirst and anxiety. The amount of alcohol ingested was found to be positively related to the amount of nonalcohol calories ingested, particularly carbohydrates, the hour of the day, and the number of other people present. These results suggest that moderate alcohol intake by normal humans in their natural environment is affected by a variety of influences, but is primarily related to the time of day and socio-cultural factors.
The heterozygous disproportionate micromelia (dmm) mouse: morphological changes in fetal cartilage precede postnatal dwarfism and compared with lethal homozygotes can explain the mild phenotype.

The disproportionate micromelia (Dmm) mouse has a mutation in the C-propeptide coding region of the Co/2a1 gene that causes lethal dwarfism when homozygous (Dmm/Dmm) but causes only mild dwarfism observable ∼1-week postpartum when heterozygous (Dmm/+). The purpose of this study was 2-fold: first, to analyze and quantify morphological changes that precede the expression of mild dwarfism in Dmm/+ animals, and second, to compare morphological alterations between Dmm/+ and Dmm/Dmm fetal cartilage that may correlate with the marked skeletal differences between mild and lethal dwarfism. Light and electron transmission microscopy were used to visualize structure of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) of fetal rib cartilage. Both Dmm/+ and Dmm/Dmm fetal rib cartilage had significantly larger chondrocytes, greater cell density, and less ECM per unit area than +/+ littermates. Quantitative RT-PCR showed a decrease in aggrecan mRNA in Dmm/+ vs +/+ cartilage. Furthermore, the cytoplasm of chondrocytes in Dmm/...
Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ABAKO, and Performances of Kongo Nationalism in the Independence of Congo

When most people think about the Belgian Congo and its path to independence on June 30, 1960, the figure that most frequently comes to mind is that of Patrice Lumumba and his strategy of uniting pe...
Soft lithographic printing and transfer of photosensitive polymers: facile fabrication of free-standing structures and patterning fragile and unconventional substrates

Dry film photoresists (DF PRs) are widely used to perform photolithography on non-traditional substrates such as printing circuit boards, plastic sheets, or non-planar surfaces. Commercially available DF PRs are usually in a negative tone and rather thick, limiting lithographic resolution and versatility. The relatively large pressure required for lamination also prevents the technology from being used for delicate substrates. Here we present a modified soft-lithographic process, namely photoresist blanket transfer (PR BT), transferring a spin-coated PR film from a flat elastomeric stamp to a substrate. The elastomeric stamp is highly compliant, bringing the PR film into intimate contact with the substrate and eliminating the need for a large lamination pressure. Photolithography on unconventional substrates such as etched, fragile, and porous ones is demonstrated. Single or multiple transfers of PRs by BT are utilized to fabricate multilayer, free-standing, and re-entrant polymeric microstructures. A fragile and porous substrate such as an anodized aluminum oxide membrane can also be patterned using PR BT. Moreover, a reliable method to create metal electrodes and high surface area catalysts inside microchannels is discussed for novel microfluidic applications.
Development and Validation of Professional Development Resource Materials for Teachers Cbvering Commwnicathg and Interpreting Assessment Results

How were the materials tested? How did the reactions of teachers compare to those of measurement students? How can these materials be used effectively?
Under Assault: The Experience of Work‐Related Anger in Female Registered Nurses

This article is Part I of a three part article. Part I describes work-related experiences of anger of female registered professional nurses (N = 9) who participated in phenomenological interviews. Participants ranged in age from 29 to 56 and had practiced nursing for a period of 7 to 34 years. Nurses described being "under assault" in a hostile environment. Military metaphors and similes permeated all the interviews. Subtheme of "under assault" included scapegoating, disrespectful treatment, and lack of support. Anger was a weapon used by the nurse to defend or advocate for patients or self, as well as to attack doctors, peers, patients, and self. Factors within the self such as control versus powerlessness influenced nurses' anger experience and expression. Infighting within the profession prevents mobilization of resources to confront the larger issues of healthcare reform. Nurses must reframe anger as a constructive means of empowerment, rather than a weapon to defend against assault. Part II addresses anger experiences of male registered nurses, and Part III provides recommendations for channeling anger constructively.
2014 Rossi Award lecture:* beyond internal validity.

Background:For much of the last 40 years, the evaluation profession has been consumed in a battle over internal validity. Today, that battle has been decided. Random assignment, while still far from universal in practice, is almost universally acknowledged as the preferred method for impact evaluation. It is time for the profession to shift its attention to the remaining major flaws in the “standard model” of evaluation: (i) external validity and (ii) the high cost and low hit rate of experimental evaluations as currently practiced.Recommendations:To raise the profession’s attention to external validity, the author recommends some simple, easy steps to be taken in every evaluation. The author makes two recommendations to increase the number of interventions found to be effective within existing resources: First, a two-stage evaluation strategy in which a cheap, streamlined Stage 1 evaluation is followed by a more intensive Stage 2 evaluation only for those interventions found to be effective in a Stage 1 ...
Discrete-state representation of ion permeation coupled to fast gating in a model of ClC chloride channels: comparison to multi-ion continuous space Brownian dynamics simulations.

A discrete-state model of chloride ion motion in a ClC chloride channel is constructed, following a previously developed multi-ion continuous space model of the same system (Cheng, M. H.; Mamonov, A. B.; Dukes, J. W.; Coalson, R. D. J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 5956) that included a simplistic representation of the fast gate in this channel. The reducibility of the many-body continuous space to the eight discrete-state model considered in the present work is examined in detail by performing three-dimensional Brownian dynamics simulations of each allowed state-to-state transition in order to extract the appropriate rate constant for this process, and then inserting the pairwise rate constants thereby obtained into an appropriate set of kinetic master equations. Experimental properties of interest, including the rate of Cl− ion permeation through the open channel and the average rate of closing of the fast gate as a function of bulk Cl− ion concentrations in the intracellular and extracellular electrolyte re...
The effect of repeated withdrawal episodes on acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol in ethanol-treated rats

Male rats were administered ethanol via an intragastric catheter (8.0-12.0 g/kg/day) either continuously for 8 weeks or on a binge schedule with four 2 week cycles of drug administration separated from each successive cycle by a 2 week period of no drug treatment. Older rats were administered ethanol for 2 weeks, to provide an age control for the binge-treated animals as age can alter an animal's sensitivity to ethanol. Acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment were measured on a dowel task while acquisition and loss of tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia were assessed by measuring rectal temperature. Acceleration of tolerance development to both ethanol-induced motor impairment and hypothermia was observed in animals subjected to repeated withdrawal episodes (binge-Study 1) but not in the controls for total dose and duration of drug treatment who experienced withdrawal only once (continuous-Study 2). Persistence of tolerance to ethanol-induced motor impairment occurred in both binge and continuously treated animals while persistence of tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia was seen only in the binge treated animals. Age (3 to 7 months) did not affect tolerance development or decay. After three cycles of drug treatment (three withdrawal episodes), binge treated animals showed an impairment in motor ability when blood ethanol levels were near zero. This impairment disappeared when the animals were administered ethanol, indicating a normalizing effect of ethanol on motor behavior in animals subjected to repeated episodes of withdrawal. A similar, but not significant, effect was seen in continuously treated animals. Thus, in an animal exposed to prolonged ethanol treatment, persistent changes in responding to the drug were found. The persistence of these changes was enhanced by the experience of withdrawal from ethanol.
Sintering, crystallization, and breccia formation

The process of breccia formation by viscous sintering in the absence of pressure, advanced by Simonds (1973), is examined in detail. The limitations on the standard model for such sintering are considered. The competing process of crystallization is analyzed kinetically in terms of time-temperature-transformation curves corresponding to various degrees of crystallinity. The analysis is applied to Lunar Composition 15418 to illustrate the approach. The results indicate that close constraints can be placed on the thermal histories of lunar breccias, particularly breccias with modest degrees of crystallinity, from microstructural observations and kinetic measurements.
C2-Symmetric Copper(II) Complexes as Chiral Lewis Acids. Scope and Mechanism of Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol Additions of Enolsilanes to (Benzyloxy)acetaldehyde

C2-Symmetric bis(oxazolinyl)pyridine (pybox)−Cu(II) complexes have been shown to catalyze enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol reactions between (benzyloxy)acetaldehyde and a variety of silylketene acetals. The aldol products are generated in high yields and in 92−99% enantiomeric excess using as little as 0.5 mol % of chiral catalyst [Cu((S,S)-Ph-pybox)](SbF6)2. With substituted silylketene acetals, syn reaction diastereoselection ranging from 95:5 to 97:3 and enantioselectivities ≥95% are observed. Investigation into the reaction mechanism utilizing doubly labeled silylketene acetals indicates that the silyl-transfer step is intermolecular. Further mechanistic studies revealed a significant positive nonlinear effect, proposed to arise from the selective formation of the [Cu((S,S)-Ph-pybox)((R,R)-Ph-pybox)](SbF6)2 2:1 ligand:metal complex. A stereochemical model is presented in which chelation of (benzyloxy)acetaldehyde to the metal center to form a square pyramidal copper intermediate accounts for the obser...
Eccrine gland clear reticulated cytoplasm

This report relates how a normal variation of the eccrine secretory coil was mistaken for pathologic change, Electron microscopic studies of this variation, which to the best of our knowledge have not previously been reported, are presented.
World Income Inequality and its Components

About 65 percent of total income inequality in the non-communist world is accounted for by international inequality, and about 35 percent by inequality within nations. More than 70 percent of international inequality is accounted for by the inequality of two major regions.
Heavy metal residues in sooty tern tissues from the Gulf of Mexico and North Central Pacific Ocean

Abstract The comparison of mean cadmium, mercury and selenium concentrations in the eggs, feathers and body tissues of breeding Sooty Tern from the Dry Tortugas, Florida, and Lisianski Island, Hawaii, supports the hypothesis that a physiological mechanism exists which functions in the detoxification of heavy metals. The data, collected from two geographically isolated populations of this pelagic bird, indicate that the mechanism responds in a uniform manner to widely different environmental levels of heavy metals. Our data and observations suggest that the mechanism evolved in response to natural fluxes of heavy metal concentrations in the marine ecosystem, not in response to recent injections of heavy metal laden industrial wastes.
Morphologies of Lyα-emitting galaxies

Abstract Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs) are high-redshift galaxies that are believed to be actively star-forming and low in mass. Although such a population of galaxies would not be expected to lie on the Hubble Sequence, there is much we can learn from their morphological properties, including the size and distribution of their star-forming regions, the spatial correlation between emission in different bandpasses, and the possible presence of a merger/interaction with one or more neighboring galaxies. Early morphological studies suggest that most LAEs are small in size ( ≲ 1 kpc) and concentrated, but some (∼20–45%) are seen to display clumpy/irregular morphologies extending over larger radii. Constructing a more detailed picture will require a standard set of depth-independent morphological diagnostics for high-redshift galaxies. These diagnostics can then be measured differentially with redshift, shedding light on the evolution of the galaxy formation process with time.
WE‐D‐AUD A‐02: Control Theory to Manage Inter and Intrafraction Spatial and Temporal Anatomic Changes

If anatomical change and tumor movement during treatment can be monitored then it becomes possible to develop feedback systems that adapt to the changes. In the simplest adaptation the plan and/or the beam alignment can be altered before each treatment fraction begins; in the most ambitious situation the delivery of the beam and/or its alignment with the patient is continuously altered in real time during treatment. In this presentation I will review techniques for spatial and temporal estimation of target movement in real time, filtering (e.g., Kalman filters) to establish the best estimate of the target trajectory, and open and closed loop feedback techniques to compensate for tumormotion in real time. Educational Ojectives: 1. Current and prospective methods for real‐time adaptation of radiation therapy to patient movement. 2. Elements of control theory pertinent to adaptive feedback systems. 3. Sources of error and their accommodation in the feedback process.
Characterizing the Response of an EUV Reticle during Electrostatic Chucking

Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) is one of the leading candidates for Next-Generation Lithography in the sub-45-nm regime. One of the key components in the development of EUVL is understanding and characterizing the response of the mask when it is electrostatically chucked in the exposure tool. In this study, finite element (FE) models have been developed to simulate the reticle / chuck system under typical exposure conditions. FE simulations are used to illustrate (a) the effects of the nonflatness of the reticle and chuck, (b) the image placement errors induced by back-side particulates, (c) the influence of the coefficient of friction between the reticle and chuck during exposure scanning, and (d) the effects of contact conductance on the thermomechanical response of the reticle. The focus of this paper is to illustrate that mechanical modeling and simulation has now become a fundamental tool in the design of electrostatic pin chucks for the EUVL technology.
Dynamic Damage Evolution of Solids in Compression: Microcracking, Plastic Flow, and Brittle-Ductile Transition

Dynamic compressive damage evolution in solids, associated with brittle microcracking and ductile plastic flow, is modeled through plastic flow and tensile microcracking, which are induced by the deformation of preexisting microflaws at grain boundaries, slip bands, and microcavities. The micromechanical aspect of this model is discussed in terms of the dominance of microcracking or plastic flow, and possible transition from microcracking to plastic flow is investigated. The effect of lateral confinement on the dynamic damage evolution is investigated, emphasizing the brittle-ductile transition.
Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere

A newly developed instrument was deployed on the NASA DC-8 airborne laboratory during the Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study (SUCCESS, Spring 1996) to detect and collect heterogeneous ice nucleating particles (IN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The elemental compositions of both ambient particles and IN were determined with single particle analysis using analytical electron microscopy. IN collected during flights on May 4 and 8 had enhanced number fractions of metallic, crustal, and carbonaceous particles, compared with the ambient aerosol population, and were relatively deficient in sulfur-containing particles. IN sampled within aircraft exhaust and contrails had higher number fractions of metallic particles, which includes those rich in Zn, Al, and Ti, than the IN sampled in air that was not immediately affected by aircraft exhaust.