cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Uses of a Good Theory

How does one diminish discrimination? Many members of SPSSI, including the present authors, have tried to reduce discrimination through the application of good theories. We outline three theoretical approaches that Crosby, like many other psychologists, has taken as she has struggled with discrimination. Sometimes missing in Crosby's approach, and often missing in the approach of others, is a frank avowal of values. We argue that the attempt to divorce science from values renders theories less effective than they need be and even allows unexamined values to contaminate good research.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Earth's Interior

The validity and usefulness of thermodynamic models commonly used to model the physical and chemical properties of Earth's interior at high to ultrahigh pressures and their associated geophysical databases are discussed. All calorimetric data used in these models must have the quality of fitting to experimental phase diagrams derived from work not only at high temperatures and pressures but also under ambient conditions. The density and temperature profiles calculated for Earth's mantle and core and the phase diagram of iron calculated under core conditions illustrate how thermodynamic modeling helps us understand the physics of Earth's deep interior.
Scleral buckling in stages 4B and 5 retinopathy of prematurity

Severe visual loss in infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) may occur secondary to macular dragging or retinal detachment. The collaborative cryotherapy ROP study has shown that cryotherapy to the avascular retina can decrease the incidence of unfavorable retinal outcomes in selected infants.1 Despite this treatment modality, some infants develop retinal detachments. Treatment of these detached retinas by scleral buckling and vitrectomy techniques has been reported.2 – 11 However, long-term follow-up and visual results are often unavailable. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of infants younger than 18 months undergoing a primary scleral buckle for traction retinal detachment secondary to ROP. Follow-up of 6 months or longer was available on all patients. Anatomic reattachment results and the visual acuities of these children were reviewed.
Transforming Healthcare with a Unitary View of the Human

The purpose of this article is to explicate the meaning of unitary from a historical perspective. The term was first used in ancient Greece, and its meaning has been transformed over time. The article explicates the similarities and differences among the nurse theorists who use the term unitary. It also specifies a different approach to healthcare when a unitary perspective of the human guides practice.
Role of Lysosomes in Silica-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Inflammation in Absence of MARCO

MARCO is the predominant scavenger receptor for recognition and binding of silica particles by alveolar macrophages (AM). Previously, it was shown that mice null for MARCO have a greater inflammatory response to silica, but the mechanism was not described. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between MARCO and NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Silica increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and release of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, to a greater extent in MARCO−/− AM compared to wild type (WT) AM. Furthermore, in MARCO−/− AM there was greater cathepsin B release from phagolysosomes, Caspase-1 activation, and acid sphingomyelinase activity compared to WT AM, supporting the critical role played by lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in triggering silica-induced inflammation. The difference in sensitivity to LMP appears to be in cholesterol recycling since increasing cholesterol in AM by treatment with U18666A decreased silica-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and cells lacking MARCO were less able to sequester cholesterol following silica treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MARCO contributes to normal cholesterol uptake in macrophages; therefore, in the absence of MARCO, macrophages are more susceptible to a greater inflammatory response by particulates known to cause NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the effect is due to increased LMP.
Poisoning as a result of barium styphnate explosion.

BACKGROUND: Acute barium poisoning is most often the result of accidental or suicidal ingestion of the rodenticide, barium carbonate. We describe a trauma patient whose condition was complicated by severe acute barium toxicity from an explosion of the propellant, barium styphnate. In addition to critical injuries, the patient manifested classic signs of barium toxicity including repeated profound hypokalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory failure, prolonged gastrointestinal dysfunction, paralysis, myoclonus, hypertension, and profound lactic acidosis. METHODS: The patient required lidocaine for ventricular bigeminy, massive infusions of potassium, prolonged ventilatory support, and parenteral nutrition to manage the effects of barium toxicity. RESULTS: He is the first reported case to demonstrate recurrent profound hypokalemia as an effect of blood transfusions. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the paucity of information concerning management of this life-threatening problem, the pathophysiology of barium toxicity, including the transfusion related hypokalemia, and its management is reviewed.
Heritability Estimates of Milk Production from Daughter on Dam Regression by Year and Management Level

Abstract Heritability estimated by year of freshening for first-lactation milk records of artificially sired Holstein cows in the northeastern United States from daughter on dam regression averaged about .34 on the linear scale and .31 on the logarithmic scale. Little change could be detected from 1965 to 1982. Number of daughter-dam pairs was 197,338. Heritability estimates on the .5 and .4 power scales always were bounded by estimates on the linear and log scales. Heritability estimates were smallest in low management levels. Residual standard deviations for measurements to the .4 power were similar for all levels of management for a particular year, although a tendency was for the residual standard deviation to be larger in the low management level and smaller in the high management level.
Integrin associated proteins differentially regulate neutrophil polarity and directed migration in 2D and 3D

Directed neutrophil migration in blood vessels and tissues is critical for proper immune function; however, the mechanisms that regulate three-dimensional neutrophil chemotaxis remain unclear. It has been shown that integrins are dispensable for interstitial three-dimensional (3D) leukocyte migration; however, the role of integrin regulatory proteins during directed neutrophil migration is not known. Using a novel microfluidic gradient generator amenable to 2D and 3D analysis, we found that the integrin regulatory proteins Kindlin-3, RIAM, and talin-1 differentially regulate neutrophil polarization and directed migration to gradients of chemoattractant in 2D versus 3D. Both talin-1-deficient and RIAM-deficient neutrophil-like cells had impaired adhesion, polarization, and migration on 2D surfaces whereas in 3D the cells polarized but had impaired 3D chemotactic velocity. Kindlin-3 deficient cells were able to polarize and migrate on 2D surfaces but had impaired directionality. In a 3D environment, Kindlin-3 deficient cells displayed efficient chemotaxis. These findings demonstrate that the role of integrin regulatory proteins in cell polarity and directed migration can be different in 2D and 3D.
Fallout From The Day After. The Impact of a TV Film on Attitudes Related to Nuclear War1

A household survey utilizing a quasi-experimental design was undertaken to assess the impact of the TV movie. The Day After, on a number of psychologically and politically important variables such as the salience of the issue of nuclear war and individuals' beliefs about the efficacy of their own political actions in helping to prevent such a war. Respondents were initially surveyed 2 weeks prior to the movie's airing and were resurveyed afterwards. Contrary to the impression conveyed by reports of a number of public opinion polls, which focussed on attitudes toward government policies, we found that The Day After and the surrounding controversy had a substantial impact on many dimensions including the salience of nuclear war, feelings of personal efficacy, affect related to the idea of a nuclear war, intentions to engage in anti-nuclear behavior, estimates of the probability that a nuclear war would occur, and beliefs about the likelihood and desirability of survival. Two general conclusions emerged. First, many of the effects occurred for the entire sample rather than only for those who watched the film, suggesting that the widely publicized controversy that surrounded the movie contributed to its impact. Second, reactions appeared to be depressive in nature. Compared to the pre-airing responses, the post-airing survey found more passive affective reactions to the idea of nuclear war, decreased estimates of the chances of survival, a decreased desire to survive, and a decreased sense of personal efficiacy. Nonetheless, respondents, especially those who watched The Day After, were more likely to intend to engage in antinuclear war activities after the film than before.
Emergency Relief during Europe’s Famine of 1817 Anticipated Crisis-Response Mechanisms of Today

Humanitarian professionals continue to seek best practice guidelines for famine relief. Many emergency interventions in developing countries draw on recent lessons from the 20th century, although attention has also been paid to historical experiences such as the 19th century evolution of India's Famine Codes and responses to Ireland's famine of the 1840s. This presentation goes further back in time to examine public responses to the pan-European famine of 1816-1817. It finds that many of the experimental actions set in place at that time contributed to a growing public acceptance of the role of government action in times of crisis, while establishing a variety of viable approaches that continue to be used today.
How to analyze Likert and other rating scale data

Abstract Rating scales and rubrics are commonly used measurement tools in educational contexts. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of controversy surrounding how data derived from these tools can and should be analyzed. One issue that is repeatedly raised is whether these data are ordinal or continuous. A related question is whether parametric data analysis techniques are appropriate and/or acceptable for these rating scale data. Some of this controversy may stem from a misunderstanding of fundamental issues related to these particular tools or a poor use of terminology. This article provides a review of basic issues surrounding measurement of various phenomena relevant to educational settings, as well as previous empirical studies examining the effects of using parametric analysis approaches on rating scale data. Based on previous empirical evidence reviewed in this article, parametric analytical approaches are acceptable provided certain criteria are met. Implications for research and teaching are also briefly discussed. After reading this article, the reader should be able to identify the characteristics of a true Likert scale and explain the situations when parametric analytical techniques are potentially appropriate for rating scale data or when nonparametric techniques are preferred.
Coordinating concurrency to avoid forbidden states in condition models

This paper presents a new way of avoiding and getting around forbidden states in condition models that are used in automated control synthesis of manufacturing systems. The desired high-level behavior of the system is specified by a condition system Petri net called the "Specnet". The forbidden states are defined by a condition system Petri net called "Forbidden condition net". Our manufacturing system is defined by a set of interacting components, which are specified by component models. The high level Spec net is analyzed by a software tool, which converts it to an executable file, which is input to the controller, to control the manufacturing system. In this paper we introduce a new method to avoid and get around forbidden states, by taking the Specnet and the Forbidden condition net as inputs and analyzing the Specnet for the reachability of Forbidden markings, making necessary changes automatically (if needed) in the Specnet, to avoid reaching Forbidden markings, while maintaining the desired high level behavior of the system as defined by the original Specnet.
XPS analysis of FIB‐milled Si

The development of focused ion beam (FIB) workstations with beam sizes <10 nm in diameter has initiated a revolution in the modification and characterization of materials on a nanoscale. Focused ion beams are now widely used to obtain site-specific specimens for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, but are being utilized also in connection with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In order to understand the structure/property relationships of new materials, it is imperative that nano-characterization techniques with site-specific precision be available. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and imaging are used to study the surface changes that occur due to FIB milling of Si(100). The FIB-prepared specimen was analyzed 'as received' and after the specimen was stored at room temperature and in the atmosphere for 5 months. The XPS images were acquired to determine the distribution of Si 4+ (SiO 2 ) and Ga contamination on the Si° surface. Small-area XPS spectra of the Si FIB specimen were collected to evaluate the changes in SiO 2 surface concentration. The XPS spectra were also extracted from areas ∼1 μm x 1 μm by exploiting the images-to-spectra approach to XPS analysis. This study demonstrates both the problems inherent in the analysis of small samples and the critical information that can be obtained from high spatial resolution XPS analysis. In this example, increased SiO 2 was observed in the 'aged' sample relative to the'as-received' sample, and non-uniform Ga contamination was detected.
Bacillus anthracis pXO1 Plasmid Sequence Conservation among Closely Related Bacterial Species

The complete sequencing and annotation of the 181.7-kb Bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1 predicted 143 genes but could only assign putative functions to 45. Hybridization assays, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing were used to determine whether pXO1 open reading frame (ORF) sequences were present in other bacilli and more distantly related bacterial genera. Eighteen Bacillus species isolates and four other bacterial species were tested for the presence of 106 pXO1 ORFs. Three ORFs were conserved in most of the bacteria tested. Many of the pXO1 ORFs were detected in closely related Bacillus species, and some were detected only in B. anthracis isolates. Three isolates, Bacillus cereus D-17, B. cereus 43881, and Bacillus thuringiensis 33679, contained sequences that were similar to more than one-half of the pXO1 ORF sequences examined. The majority of the DNA fragments that were amplified by PCR from these organisms had DNA sequences between 80 and 98% similar to that of pXO1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed large potential plasmids present in both B. cereus 43881 (341 kb) and B. thuringiensis ATCC 33679 (327 kb) that hybridized with a DNA probe composed of six pXO1 ORFs.
Using the GAD-Q-IV to identify generalized anxiety disorder in psychiatric treatment seeking and primary care medical samples

The fourth edition of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-Q-IV) is a self-report measure that is commonly used to screen for the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). The current investigation attempted to identify an optimal cut score using samples obtained from an outpatient psychiatric (n=163) and primary care clinic (n=99). Results indicated that a cut score of 7.67 provided an optimal balance of sensitivity (.85) and specificity (.74) comparable to a previously identified cut score (5.7) across both samples (sensitivity=.90, specificity=.66). However, both cut scores were consistently outperformed by a score representing the criteria for GAD described in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (sensitivity=.89, specificity=.82).
Sucralose, A Synthetic Organochlorine Sweetener: Overview Of Biological Issues

Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
Laminins promote the locomotion of skeletal myoblasts via the alpha 7 integrin receptor

The alpha 7 beta 1 integrin is specifically expressed by skeletal and cardiac muscles, and its expression and alternative mRNA splicing at the cytoplasmic domain are developmentally regulated. We analyzed the role of alpha 7 integrin in mediating myoblast adhesion and motility on different laminin isoforms. Mouse C2C12 and MM14 myoblast cell lines were found by flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation to express high levels of the alpha 7 integrin. Overall expression of alpha 7 increased as the C2C12 myoblasts differentiated; myoblasts expressed only the alpha 7B cytoplasmic variant whereas in differentiating myotubes alpha 7A increased markedly. Function-perturbing monoclonal antibodies generated to alpha 7 integrin efficiently blocked both adhesion and migration of MM14 and C2C12 mouse myoblasts on laminin 1. Other studies with MM14 myoblasts showed that alpha 7 is also a receptor for laminin 2/4 (human placental merosins) but not for epithelial-cell-specific laminin 5. Blocking antibody to alpha 7 only partially inhibited adhesion to laminin 2/4 but almost completely blocked motility on this substrate. Finally, to assess the potential role of the alpha 7 cytoplasmic domain, CHO cells were stably transfected to expressed chimeric alpha 5 cDNA constructs containing the wild-type alpha 5 or the alpha 7A or alpha 7B cytoplasmic domain; all forms of the integrin showed identical activities for adhesion, migration, proliferation, and matrix assembly on fibronectin substrates. These results established that alpha 7 beta 1 receptor can promote myoblast adhesion and motility on a restricted number of laminin isoforms and may be important in myogenic precursor recruitment during regeneration and differentiation.
Cause of temporary closure of an inner-city trauma center.

The number of trauma admissions, types of injury, and reasons for temporary closure were studied. Trauma patients admitted numbered 1120 in 1991, 989 in 1992, and 1164 in 1993; blunt trauma accounted for 77 percent, 74 percent, and 80 percent, whereas penetrating trauma accounted for 23 percent, 26 percent, and 20 percent of the admissions by year, respectively. A mean of 81 percent of the blunt trauma studies were for head injuries. The trauma center closed for a total of 260 hours in 1991, 211 hours in 1992, and 240 hours during 1993. Of the total hours closed, the unavailability of computed tomography (CT) scanning due to mechanical reasons was the leading cause for closure, accounting for 59 percent of hours closed. Other reasons for closure included operating (OR) unavailability (33%), acute care beds full (3.4%), blood bank stock shortage (1.4%), insufficient OR nursing teams (0.6%), unavailability of anesthesiologists (0.5%), unavailability of surgical team (1.4%), and hospital water problems (1.4%). It is concluded that designated major trauma centers may need two available CT scanners if they have a greater than 75 percent blunt trauma admission rate, or greater than 500 blunt trauma patient admissions. Language: en
Transnational Dynamics of Civil War: Transnational advocacy networks, rebel groups, and demobilization of child soldiers in Sudan

Despite considerable effort by transnational advocacy networks, we rarely observe that rebel groups involved in civil wars demobilize child soldiers. In this paper I argue that shaming - the most common mechanism of transnational activism - is unlikely to induce rebel group leaders to change behavior. Rather, in those cases where child soldiers have been demobilized, the international community has granted concessions or at least promised them to rebel groups. However, not all rebel groups can be influenced in this manner. For concessions to work, we need a better understanding of what rebel groups want, and international actors need to match incentives to rebel group interest. To assess the impact of different mechanisms, I conduct a case study of the interaction between transnational advocacy groups, the international community and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), who in the early 2000s demobilized several thousand child soldiers.
The PHOBOS Experiment at RHIC

Since June 2000, the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory has delivered the first collisions between Au nuclei at the highest center of mass energies achieved in the laboratory to date. PHOBOS is one of four experiments studying the Au + Au interactions at RHIC. In this paper we will describe the PHOBOS experiment, and discuss some of the current physics results obtained for Au + Au collisions at \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } = 56\) and 130 and 200 GeV. They include the study of the charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudo-rapidity and centrality, and the measurements of the antiparticles to particles ratios. The observed charged particle densities near mid-rapidity are higher than previously measured in any nuclear collisions. Also the rate of increase of the mid-rapidity particle density with energy is faster than that for nucleon-nucleon collisions at comparable beam energies. Finally, the antiparticle to particle ratios indicate the creation of a nearly baryon free zone at mid-rapidity.
Smoking and Health (B): Gains Made and Miles to Travel

This note explores the impact of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) on the tobacco industry's advertising and promotion and its effect on curtailing smoking, particularly among teens. The agreement effectively shifted the bulk of the industry's spending to discounting (e.g., coupons) as well as events and outdoor and point-of-sale advertising. That shift may have undermined the purpose of the MSA, which was to promote health by decreasing the number of smokers. To what extent do antismoking campaigns work? How can we create a generation of "never-smokers"? See also "Smoking and Health" (UVA-M-0459).
An Analytical Technique for Estimating Weather Indexes from Meteorological Measurements

A model is developed to estimate crop yield response to weather and time trend. Weather is defined as those meteorological variables directly affecting crop yields, and direct measures of meteorological variables are included in the model. The weather response function is used to determine an index which indicates the effects of weather on crop yields in each year. The index does not depend directly upon the method of trend estimation and all data are readily available from secondary sources. Estimates are obtained through use of a nonlinear regression routine. The model is applied to corn yields and rainfall measurements for the state of Missouri, 1930-1963.
Stages of Development in Rhizomorphic Thalli of Armillaria Mellea

The rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea are grown easily in pure culture and lend themselves readily to precise experimentation as well as to classroom use. This paper contains a description of the ge...
Diabetic foot and neuroarthropathy: magnetic resonance imaging evaluation.

Summary Neuropathic osteoarthropathy occurs commonly in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus and is one ot the leading causes ot debilitating complications of the foot. In this article, the pathologic and radiologic features of neuropathic joint disease are reviewed, with an emphasis on MRI.
Picking Teams: Motivational Effects of Team Selection Strategies in Physical Education

The tacitly sanctioned practice of publicly picking teams in physical education has been categorized as instructionally inappropriate, yet its practice persists. Therefore, the purpose of this two-study article was to examine its effects on achievement goals orientations and motivational profiles of male junior high school physical education students (n = 233). Students were assigned to one of two conditions (publicly picked teams or confidential draft) in four sports and across four trials. Unexpectedly, findings revealed no significant differences between groups across sports or within trials in (a) goals orientation or (b) self-determined motivation. However, follow-up interviews revealed insights into (a) selection motives, (b) differentiation in conceptions of abilities, and (c) a sense of empathy for peers vulnerable to the practice. Despite nonsignificant findings in survey results, the qualitative data revealed nuances associated with this practice that have allowed us to make specific recommendations against the continued use of this practice.
Discussion about therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adult

Vancomycin is one of important antibiotics against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)infections.Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin has been advocated to lessen the potential toxicity and to achieve therapeutic concentrations.Reviews of previous articles have recommended the AUC/MIC as the preferred predictive parameter for vancomycin and trough serum concentrations as the most accurate and practical method for monitoring vancomycin effectiveness.Monitoring of serum vancomycin concentrations is useful in preventing toxicity in some patients.Additional clinical experiment is required to promote the safety and efficacy of vancomycin use.
Somatic diversification of the chicken immunoglobulin light-chain gene.

Publisher Summary Unlike mammalian B cells, B cells in the chicken develop in a single wave of differentiation, beginning with the commitment of progenitor cells to the B cell lineage between days 10 and 15 of embryogenesis. By day 18 of embryogenesis, all lymphoid progenitor cells capable of differentiation along the B cell lineage migrate to the bursa of Fabricius. By the end of this period, chickens are able to mount primary immune responses against virtually all antigens. In addition, by this time sufficient numbers of B cells migrate from the bursa to peripheral lymphoid organs so that the B cell immune system can be maintained even if the bird is bursectomized. Because of the central nature of the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule to B cell development in mammals, the chicken immunoglobulin light (IgL) gene locus is intensively studied during avian B cell development. The chicken IgL locus is of particular interest because it has only one V region capable of rearrangement. Rearrangement of the IgL gene is not dependent on the bursal environment. B cell progenitors rearrange their IgL gene between days 10–15 of embryogenesis, prior to migration to the bursa. Rearrangement of a single functional VL gene segment and subsequent diversification by gene conversion appear to be general mechanisms for the generation of IgL diversity in a wide variety of avian species. The chicken IgH locus, like the IgL locus, appears to generate only very limited diversity by recombination. There is a single functional V gene capable of rearranging with one of a cluster of D region segments and a single J region segment.
The dietetic paraprofessional and the external degree. Report on work in progress.

Non-traditional study is receiving increased emphasis. This is a report of a program under development in the field of dietetics.
Bortezomib for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma: an update

Bortezomib is a first in class proteasome inhibitor, initially approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of plasma cell myeloma. Bortezomib has been approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and, more recently, in the upfront setting as well. Treatment algorithms for MCL have rapidly evolved over the past two decades, and the optimal regimen remains to be defined. The choice of treatment regimen is based on disease risk stratification models, the expected toxicity of antineoplastic agents, the perceived patient ability to tolerate the planned treatments and the availability of novel agents. As new drugs with novel mechanisms of action and variable toxicity profiles come into use, treatment decisions for a given patient have become increasingly complex. This article provides an overview of the evolving use of bortezomib in the rapidly changing management landscape of MCL.
How Short Is Too Short? Implications of Length and Framing on the Effectiveness of Privacy Notices

Privacy policies are often too long and difficult to understand, and are therefore ignored by users. Shorter privacy notices with clearer wording may increase users’ privacy awareness, particularly for emerging mobile and wearable devices with small screens. In this paper, we examine the potential of (1) shortening privacy notices, by removing privacy practices that a large majority of users are already aware of, and (2) highlighting the implications of described privacy practices with positive or negative framing. We conducted three online user studies focused on privacy notice design for fitness wearables. Our results indicate that short-form privacy notices can inform users about privacy practices. However, we found no effect from including positive or negative framing in our notices. Finally, we found that removing expected privacy practices from notices sometimes led to less awareness of those practices, without improving awareness of the practices that remained in the shorter notices. Given that shorter notices are typically expected to be more effective, we find the lack of increased awareness of the practices remaining in the notice surprising. Our results suggest that the length of an effective privacy notice may be bounded. We provide an analysis of factors influencing our participants’ awareness of privacy practices and discuss the implications of our findings on the design of privacy notices.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns in Utilization of Mental Health Services During and After Hurricane Sandy: Emergency Department and Inpatient Hospitalizations in New York City.

Objective Hurricane Sandy made landfall on October 29, 2012, causing a coastal storm surge and extensive flooding, which led to the closure of several health care facilities in New York City (NYC) and prolonged interruptions in service delivery. The impact on mental health-related emergency department (ED) and inpatient hospital service utilization was studied. Methods Data came from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. We obtained mental health-related data among NYC residents from 2010 to 2013. Patients were grouped into 5 geographic areas, including service areas of closed hospitals, the Hurricane Sandy evaluation zone, and all of NYC. The Farrington method was used to detect increases in ED visits and hospitalizations for the post-Sandy period. Results Open hospitals experienced a substantial increase in psychiatric ED visits from patients living in the service areas of closed hospitals. This surge in psychiatric ED visits persisted for 4 to 6 months after Hurricane Sandy. However, the increase in psychiatric hospitalizations was observed for 1 to 3 months. Conclusions Several NYC hospitals received a substantially larger number of ED patients from service areas of closed hospitals after Hurricane Sandy, unlike other hospitals that experienced a decrease. Because of potential surges in the number of psychiatric ED visits, resource allocation to hospitals should be considered. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:512-517).
Effects of Second-Phase on the Nonlinear Behavior of Metal Matrix Composites

The mechanical properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) have made them ideal materials for use in applications where increased material performance is required. Their potential use in the military and aerospace industries has resulted in a widespread investigation into their mechanical properties to determine optimum fabrication techniques for enhanced composite strength. Of the many destructive and nondestructive techniques available for the measurement of composite properties, ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) has emerged as a useful tool to the researcher for the study of the mechanical behavior of MMCs. Therefore, an ultrasonic determination of the composite properties can provide insight as to how the material can be enhanced by changes either in composition or fabrication techniques. To this end, the second-and third-order elastic constants were measured in silicon carbide-(SiC) reinforced aluminum alloys and in monolithic silicon carbide as a function of temperature and second-phase. The results give not only the widely used engineering data such as the Young’s and shear moduli, but also an indication as to the degree of nonlinearity present in these materials, and how the second-and third-order properties change with the introduction of a second-phase.
Party Alliances, the Municipios, and Decentralization

Nine crucial episodes in the maneuvering over decentralization are analyzed in detail. These include the establishment of non-concurrent elections, the election of a pro-municipal politician to lead the central state’s Municipal League, and the founding of a more autonomous Federation of Municipalities. In addition, combinations among parties led to two increases in revenue-sharing (1997 and 2003), and the capital city was sub-divided. A spontaneous local movement launched Participatory Budgeting (PB), which spread rapidly; important new laws also reduced the Municipal League’s power and made PB mandatory. The eff ects of these legal and policy innovations are evaluated, on the dimensions of institutional architecture, legislation, financial resources, and political momentum. The presence of shift ing party coalitions during this period is verified from relevant literature, and types of coalitions that may promote reform are distinguished.
Calculation of intensity modulation imposed on the input beam by self-focusing at the SBS threshold

During recent studies of phase conjugation by stimulated Brillouin scattering in CS2, we observed small scale intensity modulation on the reflected beam. The modulation resembled beam breakup caused by self-focusing in early high power Nd:glass lasers. Substituting a medium with a lower nonlinear refractive Index for the CS2 eliminated the modulation. These observations suggest that the modulation was caused by self-focusing in CS2.
Language poetry, psychoanalysis, and the textual production of history

In recent years, literary scholars have turned again to the question of literary form in its interaction with historical and political pressures. Rather than rehashing those debates, this essay demonstrates how, through close attention to poetic form, a new theorization of poetic temporality and history is possible, one that takes due account of the speculative productivity of literary language itself. ‘Language poetry’ by Ron Silliman and Bruce Andrews, apparently so affectless and ‘out of time’, is shown to be intimately concerned with the articulation of an especially collective and political vision of historical potentiality. At one and the same time, the verse discussed bars, through various formal ruses, the very vision of historical force that it otherwise announces. This push and pull between the possibility and impossibility of a specifically poetic instantiation of time and history is progressively shown to be bound up with issues central to debates in psychoanalysis, coalescing around the inter...
Ultra-compact swept-source optical coherence tomography handheld probe with motorized focus adjustment (Conference Presentation)

Handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems facilitate imaging of young children, bedridden subjects, and those with less stable fixation. Smaller and lighter OCT probes allow for more efficient imaging and reduced operator fatigue, which is critical for prolonged use in either the operating room or neonatal intensive care unit. In addition to size and weight, the imaging speed, image quality, field of view, resolution, and focus correction capability are critical parameters that determine the clinical utility of a handheld probe. Here, we describe an ultra-compact swept source (SS) OCT handheld probe weighing only 211 g (half the weight of the next lightest handheld SSOCT probe in the literature) with 20.1 µm lateral resolution, 7 µm axial resolution, 102 dB peak sensitivity, a 27° x 23° field of view, and motorized focus adjustment for refraction correction between -10 to +16 D. A 2D microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner, a converging beam-at-scanner telescope configuration, and an optical design employing 6 different custom optics were used to minimize device size and weight while achieving diffraction limited performance throughout the system’s field of view. Custom graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated software was used to provide real-time display of OCT B-scans and volumes. Retinal images were acquired from adult volunteers to demonstrate imaging performance.
In the Shadow of a Myth: Bargaining for Same-Sex Divorce

This Article explores a relatively new phenomenon in family law: same-sex divorce. The Article's central claim is that parties to the first wave of same-sex divorces are not effectively bargaining against the backdrop of legal dissolution rules that would govern in the absence of an agreement. In other words, to use Robert Mnookin and Lewis Kornhauser's terminology, they are not "bargaining in the shadow of the law. " Instead, the Article argues, many same-sex couples today bargain in the shadow of a myth that same-sex couples are egalitarian-that there are no vulnerable parties or power differentials in same-sex divorce. The Article shows how a myth of egalitarianism undermines current bargaining for same-sex divorce. First, the myth leads to what the Article calls "divorce exceptionalism, " that is, when a party claims that existing marriage dissolution rules do not apply in same-sex divorce because they were designed to remedy the non-egalitarian conditions of different-sex marriages. Divorce exceptionalism disables effective bargaining because without default legal rules there is nothing to guide the bargaining process. Second, the myth of egalitarianism eliminates key bargaining chips: under a presumption of formal equality neither party really has anything to "give" or "get" in the bargain for divorce. Finally, the myth, combined with the general fog of uncertainty regarding how courts will treat same-sex divorces, may lead to increased strategic behavior. The Article proposes a realistic solution, arguing that the legal actors who participate in same-sex divorce, including lawyers, mediators, courts, and the parties themselves, should reject divorce exceptionalism and apply ordinary divorce rules. It also proposes to protect vulnerable parties by extending to same-sex divorce the current trend toward joint-custody presumptions. The myth of egalitarianism in same-sex couples, which was quite helpful in achieving marriage equality, is now haunting the first wave of same-sex divorces and harming vulnerable parties. It is time to let it go and address the reality of same-sex relationships.
Real-Time Monitoring of High-Dimensional Functional Data Streams via Spatio-Temporal Smooth Sparse Decomposition

High-dimensional data monitoring and diagnosis has recently attracted increasing attention among researchers as well as practitioners. However, existing process monitoring methods fail to fully use...
Vorbereitung vor dem Eingriff und allgemeine Operationstechnik

Der praktische Arzt, der sich operativ beschaftigen will, benotigt neben einer gewissen praktischen Erfahrung in erster Linie Zeit. Wer daruber nicht in genugendem Mase verfugt, wird besser tun, auf die kleinchirurgische Tatigkeit zu verzichten. Denn jeder Eingriff, mag er noch so klein sein, braucht zur Vorbereitung und Durchfuhrung verhaltnismasig viel Zeit. Hast und Ungeduld sind vielfach die Ursachen von Miserfolgen. Wenn es organisatorisch moglich ist, wird man mit Vorteil einige Operationen auf den gleichen Vor- oder Nachmittag zusammenlegen, wobei man nebeneinander den einen Kranken vorbereiten, den anderen operieren kann.
Measuring the Impact of a New Faculty Program Using Institutional Data.

This paper presents a quasi-experimental evaluation of a required, teaching-focused, new faculty program at a large research university. The study makes use of institutional data, including student...
The effect of supplemental estrogen on the outcomes of NSCLC patients in the SEER-Medicare database.

2590Background: Women with lung cancer have better survival regardless of treatment type. Estrogen has been shown to have cancer-specific and non-cancer effects. However, there is conflicting data ...
A First Course in the Mathematical Foundations of Thermodynamics. By David R. Owen;Rational Thermodynamics. By C. Truesdell

(1987). A First Course in the Mathematical Foundations of Thermodynamics. By David R. Owen;Rational Thermodynamics. By C. Truesdell. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 94, No. 6, pp. 562-564.
Exponentiation and Bounded Perturbation of Operator Lie Algebras

The original application of the C∞ commutation methods of this book was exponentiation of Lie algebras of unbounded operators in a Banach space. The present chapter contains two exponentiation theorems which are improvements upon results due to the co-authors. It also contains theorems on perturbations of Lie algebras of unbounded operators. These results are entirely new.
Victimization and traumatic stress: Pathways to depressive symptoms among low-income, African-American girls.

Abstract Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with increased exposure to victimization and traumatic stress. The present study evaluates longitudinal pathways linking victimization and trauma to depressive symptoms in a socioeconomically disadvantaged sample of African-American adolescent girls seeking mental health services (N = 177, 12–16 years old at baseline). Girls completed four assessments over the course of three years (T1-T4). Depressive symptoms were assessed at T1-T3 using clinical interviews and questionnaires. At T4, lifetime history of victimization and traumatic stressors was evaluated with in-person interviews. Separate structural equation models tested longitudinal pathways from stressor frequency, severity, and duration to depressive symptoms. In all three models, higher levels of victimization and traumatic stressors were associated with significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms. More frequent stressors prior to T1 directly predicted depressive symptoms at T1 and indirectly predicted depressive symptoms at T2, which, in turn, predicted depressive symptoms at T3. A similar pattern emerged in the stressor severity and duration models. Findings support the idea that victimization and traumatic stressors are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and that, among treatment-seeking low-income adolescent girls, these effects occur through both direct and indirect paths. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the stress-generation and stress proliferation models of psychopathology.
Brightness of femtosecond nonequilibrium photoemission in metallic photocathodes at wavelengths near the photoemission threshold

The operation of photoemission electron sources with wavelengths near the photoemission threshold has been shown to dramatically decrease the minimum achievable photocathode emittance, but at the cost of significantly reduced quantum efficiency (QE). In this work, we show that for femtosecond laser and electron pulses, the increase in required laser intensities due to the low QE drives the photocathode electronic distribution far from static equilibrium. We adapt an existing dynamic model of the electron occupation under high intensity laser illumination to predict the time-dependent effects of the nonequilibrium electron distribution on the QE, mean transverse energy (MTE), and emission brightness of metal photocathodes. We find that multiphoton photoemission dramatically alters the MTE as compared to thermal equilibrium models, causing the MTE to no longer be a monotonic function of photon excess energy.The operation of photoemission electron sources with wavelengths near the photoemission threshold has been shown to dramatically decrease the minimum achievable photocathode emittance, but at the cost of significantly reduced quantum efficiency (QE). In this work, we show that for femtosecond laser and electron pulses, the increase in required laser intensities due to the low QE drives the photocathode electronic distribution far from static equilibrium. We adapt an existing dynamic model of the electron occupation under high intensity laser illumination to predict the time-dependent effects of the nonequilibrium electron distribution on the QE, mean transverse energy (MTE), and emission brightness of metal photocathodes. We find that multiphoton photoemission dramatically alters the MTE as compared to thermal equilibrium models, causing the MTE to no longer be a monotonic function of photon excess energy.