cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PET and PET/CT for Radiotherapy Planning

During the 1990s the radiation oncology community embraced the 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT; Perez 1995; Purdy 1997) as a standard of care for many treatment sites. This acceptance stems from the postulate that 3DCRT allows for dose escalation to tumor volumes while preserving tolerance doses for normal structures. It is believed that 3DCRT improves outcomes while minimizing complications and side effects. Researchers and manufacturers have developed a variety of treatment planning and delivery devices for 3DCRT. These efforts have culminated in widespread use of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT; Ezzel et al. 2003), a delivery of nonuniform radiation beam intensities that have been calculated by a computer-based optimization technique. Modern treatment planning systems can relatively effi ciently calculate optimized treatment plans to complex target volumes and linear accelerators can deliver these treatment plans with high precision in short treatment times. One of the fundamental components of the 3DCRT and IMRT process is a volumetric patient scan. This scan is the basis for the treatment plan and the main guide for the design of treatment portals and dose distributions. The image study is used to delineate target volumes and normal structures. The quality of the study and the data contained in the study have a direct impact on the patient treatment and potentially on the outcomes and complications. The 3DCRT process based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging was fi rst described in the 1980s (Goitein and Abrams 1983; Goitein et al. 1983; Sherouse et al. 1990). Since then, CT has remained the primary imaging modality in radiation therapy. X-ray computed tomography offers excellent spatial integrity, which is important for accurate patient treatments (Mutic et al. 2003a). Computed tomography also provides radiation interaction properties of imaged tissues for heterogeneity based dose calculations and digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) can be calculated from volumetric CT data sets (Sherouse et al. 1990). The three main limitation of CT are relatively poor soft tissue contrast, the fact that motion information is generally not appreciated as CT images are acquired as snapshots in time, and limitation to record functional properties of the imaged tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine imaging (single photon emission tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET)) can provide certain advantages over CT with respect to these limitations. With regard to the fi rst limitation, MRI has a superior soft tissue contrast to CT and can provide often more useful anatomic information (Fig. 11.1). The MRI is often preferred for treatment planning of the central nervous system tumors and some other treatment sites. The two main MRI limitations are susceptibility to spatial distortions and the small size of scanner openings which in turn limits the size of CONTENTS
Gene Analysis and Epstein—Barr Viral Genome Studies of Hodgkin's Disease

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the recent molecular studies of Hodgkin's disease, including analyses of the configurations of the B and T lymphocyte antigen receptor genes, studies on the possible presence of Epstein–Barr viral genomes, studies of interleukin-5 mRNA, and studies of the cytogenetics of Hodgkin's disease. The studies of Hodgkin's disease involved analyzing a set of 16 cases for immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain gene rearrangements and for rearrangements of the T cell receptor β (TCR-β) gene. The cases chosen for study were of the full spectrum of histologie subtypes and contained differing numbers of Reed–Sternberg cells as assessed by the histologie sections. Because a deficiency in cellular immunity has been found in patients with Hodgkin's disease, a possibility was considered that a virus, such as the Epstein–Barr virus, could be driving such a proliferation. To investigate this possibility, tissues involved by Hodgkin's disease were studied, both with and without detectable immunoglobulin gene rearrangements, for evidence of Epstein–Barr viral genomes.
Mining Classification Rules from Datasets with Large Number of Many-Valued Attributes

Decision tree induction algorithms scale well to large datasets for their univariate and divide-and-conquer approach. However, they may fail in discovering effective knowledge when the input dataset consists of a large number of uncorrelated many-valued attributes. In this paper we present an algorithm, Noah, that tackles this problem by applying a multivariate search. Performing a multivariate search leads to a much larger consumption of computation time and memory, this may be prohibitive for large datasets. We remedy this problem by exploiting effective pruning strategies and efficient data structures.We applied our algorithm to a real marketing application of cross-selling. Experimental results revealed that the application database was too complex for C4.5 as it failed to discover any useful knowledge. The application database was also too large for various well known rule discovery algorithms which were not able to complete their task. The pruning techniques used in Noah are general in nature and can be used in other mining systems.
Framework for Security Analysis and Access Control in a Distributed Service Medical Imaging Network

A data security system framework on a Distributed Service Medical Imaging Network (DSMIN) is given in this paper. The DSMIN was previously proposed based on the notion that a general distributed services medical network is the future of a computational medicine model in which imaging plays a significant role. In the DSMIN, both data and code migrate through the network with a goal of optimizing performance while maintaining security. After an empirical analysis of the security demands of this system, a hierarchical access control model that combines user authentication and name-space interposition is proposed to deal with security in the DSMIN. Agent technology is adapted to fulfill the security demands in two ways. First, an active stream enabled by agents combines image compression and encryption when the image is transmitted over the network. Active streams are built on top of the transportation layer. Secondly, data and code are shipped by an agent ferry, which wraps the raw data on the channel. With in-built mechanisms in the agent ferry, access control logic is implemented, and name space interposition is enforced in combination with existing security technologies.
Invisible Hands: The Businessmen's Crusade Against the New Deal – By Kim Phillips-Fein

Especially amidst today's academic fiscal crunch, the claim that history is written by the winners is a tough sell. But, after a political season in which words and worldviews formerly dismissed as...
Power, Language, and Ideology: Historical and Contemporary Notes on the Dismantling of Bilingual Education

The authors situate the politics of language surrounding the passage of California's Proposition 227, by discussing the historical and contemporary conditions that have led to the recent dismantling of bilingual education. They review the dynamics of power, language, and ideology since precolonial times, through the colonial period, the era of the Treaty of the Guadalupe Hidalgo, the process of Americanization, the Civil Rights decades, and up to the current 227 law. These are used to bear the point that the hegemonic bond of language is a continual thread that carries over to the new millennium, as we witness the spread of English-only legislation.
Specificity of the Iodized Oil Test for Fat Absorption

The concentration of iodine excreted in a single specimen of urine on saliva at a given interval after the ingestion of a test dose of iodized oil has been advocated as a simple and effective screening test to determine the presence of malabsorption of fat in conditions such as cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. However, in assaying the results of this test in a group of normal children, using the original technique, the present writers encountered certain unexpected results which were investigated and are reported herein.
Uncommitted Couples: Some Efficiency and Policy Implications of Marital Bargaining

This paper studies married couples dynamic investment and consumption choices under the assumption that the couple cannot commit across time to not to renegotiate their decisions. The inefficiencies that can arise are characterized. Efficiency properties of different divorce asset division regimes are examined. A stylized common law regime is shown to lead to a fully efficiency in a simple model while it is shown that under community property regime the couple is unlikely to attain full efficiency. The effect of inability to commit across time on the savings level is examined under a tractable special case of the model.
Multirate achievability in memoryless multiaccess channel

The capacity region of a discrete memoryless multiaccess channel (MAC) is defined as the set of all achievable rate tuples, and a rate tuple is achievable if there exists coders and decoder with those rates and average error probability approaching zero asymptotically in the codeword length. Notice that this definition allows different rate tuples to be achieved by different coders-decoder pairs. A theorem giving the necessary and sufficient condition for a vector rate tuple to be multirate achievable is included. >
Learning Models for Aligning Protein Sequences with Predicted Secondary Structure

Accurately aligning distant protein sequences is notoriously difficult. A recent approach to improving alignment accuracy is to use additional information such as predicted secondary structure . We introduce several new models for scoring alignments of protein sequences with predicted secondary structure, which use the predictions and their confidences to modify both the substitution and gap cost functions. We present efficient algorithms for computing optimal pairwise alignments under these models, all of which run in near-quadratic time. We also review an approach to learning the values of the parameters in these models called inverse alignment . We then evaluate the accuracy of these models by studying how well an optimal alignment under the model recovers known benchmark reference alignments. Our experiments show that using parameters learned by inverse alignment, these new secondary-structure-based models provide a significant improvement in alignment accuracy for distant sequences. The best model improves upon the accuracy of the standard sequence alignment model for pairwise alignment by as much as 15% for sequences with less than 25% identity, and improves the accuracy of multiple alignment by 20% for difficult benchmarks whose average accuracy under standard tools is less than 40%.
Structure, function, and fate of the BlaR signal transducer involved in induction of beta-lactamase in Bacillus licheniformis.

The membrane-spanning protein BlaR is essential for the induction of beta-lactamase in Bacillus licheniformis. Its nature and location were confirmed by the use of an antiserum specific for its carboxy-terminal penicillin sensor, its function was studied by genetic dissection, and the structure of the penicillin sensor was derived from hydrophobic cluster analysis of the amino acid sequence by using, as a reference, the class A beta-lactamases with known three-dimensional structures. During the first 2 h after the addition of the beta-lactam inducer, full-size BlaR, bound to the plasma membrane, is produced, and then beta-lactamase is produced. By 2 h after induction, BlaR is present in various (membrane-bound and cytosolic) forms, and there is a gradual decrease in beta-lactamase production. The penicillin sensors of BlaR and the class D beta-lactamases show strong similarities in primary structures. They appear to have the same basic spatial disposition of secondary structures as that of the class A beta-lactamases, except that they lack several alpha helices and, therefore, have a partially uncovered five-stranded beta sheet and a more readily accessible active site. Alterations of BlaR affecting conserved secondary structures of the penicillin sensor and specific sites of the transducer annihilate beta-lactamase inducibility. Images
Cutaneous features of pseudoxanthoma elasticum in a patient with generalized arterial calcification of infancy due to a homozygous missense mutation in the ENPP1 gene.

Background Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) manifests with cutaneous lesions consisting of yellowish papules coalescing into plaques of inelastic skin. Histopathology demonstrates accumulation of pleiomorphic elastic structures with progressive mineralization. The classic form of PXE is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene.
Are the Recent Secular Increases in Waist Circumference among Children and Adolescents Independent of Changes in BMI

Background Several studies have shown that the waist circumference of children and adolescents has increased over the last 25 years. However, given the strong correlation between waist circumference and BMI, it is uncertain if the secular trends in waist circumference are independent of those in BMI. Methods We analyzed data from 6- to 19-year-olds who participated in the 1988–1994 through 2011–2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to assess whether the trends in waist circumference were independent of changes in BMI, race-ethnicity and age. Results Mean, unadjusted levels of waist circumference increased by 3.7 cm (boys) and 6.0 cm (girls) from 1988–94 through 2011–12, while mean BMI levels increased by 1.1 kg/m2 (boys) and 1.6 kg/m2 (girls). Overall, the proportional changes in mean levels of both waist circumference and BMI were fairly similar among boys (5.3%, waist vs. 5.6%, BMI) and girls (8.7%, waist vs. 7.7%, BMI). As assessed by the area under the curve, adjustment for BMI reduced the secular increases in waist circumference by about 75% (boys) and 50% (girls) beyond that attributable to age and race-ethnicity. There was also a race-ethnicity interaction (p < 0.001). Adjustment for BMI reduced the secular trend in waist circumference among non-Hispanic (NH) black children (boys and girls) to a greater extent (about 90%) than among other children. Conclusions Our results indicate that among children in the U.S., about 75% (boys) and 50% (girls) of the secular increases in waist circumference since 1988–94 can be accounted for by changes in BMI. The reasons for the larger independent effects among girls and among NH blacks are uncertain.
Video analysis of low flow rates.

Abstract A video system capable of tracking features with changes of gray level in the direction perpendicular to the television raster lines is described. The system is particularly suited to tracking the motion of bubbles in glass capillaries for the measurement of very small fluxes.
The mechanism of 6-deoxyhexose synthesis IV. The role of pyridine nucleotide in substrate release.

Abstract Evidence is presented to show that in the dTDP-D-glucose oxidoreductase reaction, product is only released from enzyme containing DPN, and product release from enzyme containing DPNH does not occur at a significant rate. This result is interpreted to indicate that the conformation of the protein depends on the oxidation state of the bound pyridine nucleotide.
Some techniques for investigating the unsteady‐state molecular flow of gas through a microporous medium

An experimental method has been developed which is capable of measuring the unsteady-state molecular flow of small volumes of gas from a micro-porous solid such as are encountered under thermal conditions unfavourable to adsorption. Two new computational procedures, which do not use the severe simplifying assumptions of existing methods, are described for evaluating diffusivities from unsteady-state diffusion data. They are applied to some experimental results on the diffusion rates of several gases from synthetic zeolites.
Preliminary evidence for leukocyte transcriptional signatures for pediatric ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Objective:Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant contributor to intensive care unit (ICU) morbidity and mortality and presents a significant diagnostic challenge. Our hypothesis was that blood RNA expression profiles can be used to track the response to VAP in children, using the same methods that proved informational in adults.Design:A pilot, nonrandomized, repeated measures case-control study of changes in the abundance of total RNA in buffy coat and clinical scores for VAP. Setting: A large, multispecialty university-based pediatric ICU and cardiac ICU.Patients:Seven children requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation.Interventions:Blood samples were drawn at time of enrollment and every 48 hours for a maximum of 11 samples (21 days). Patients ranged in age from 1 to 18 months (mean 8 months). All patients survived to the end of the study. Of the 7 patients studied, 4 developed VAP.Measurements and Main Results:Statistical analysis of the Affymetrix Human Genome Focus GeneChip sign...
Prediction of antisocial behavior in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys from aggression/defiance scores.

Abstract Objective To predict teen-age arrests from measures of childhood defiance in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) boys. Method Defiance ratings that were independent of hyperactivity were obtained on two groups of ADHD boys. Official arrest data obtained on all subjects 9 years later were used as the outcome measure. Results ADHD boys with high defiance ratings had significantly higher felony offender rates than did boys with low ratings. However, the ADHD boys with low ratings had significantly higher felony offender rates than did normal control boys. Conclusions Clinicians and parents should be alerted to the fact that minor antisocial features in ADHD boys, such as defiance, signal an increased risk for later serious antisocial behavior. However, they should not be misled by the absence of defiance in ADHD boys to think that these boys are not at risk for serious antisocial behavior (arrests for serious criminal behavior) later in life.
Leader motive profiles in eight types of organizations

Abstract McClelland (1975) introduced the leadership motive pattern (LMP), a motivational configuration found to contribute to leader performance in traditional bureaucratic organizations. Using McClelland's general theory of motivation and Miner's work on organizational sociology, we refine McClelland's original leadership motive pattern, develop leader motive profiles for eight classical and new types of organizations, and advance eight testable propositions for empirical verification. We conclude with implications for future research and practice.
The 98th Congress and science

Many supporters of science were reelected in the November 2 congressional elections, but several key people will not return for another term. Although some reassignments will be made for the 98th Congress, which convenes in early January, there are sure to be some familiar faces on the major committees of both houses concerned with the earth sciences. All but eight of the incumbents on the House Science and Technology Committee will return. Don Fuqua (D.-Fla.) will return as chairman, Doug Walgren (D.-Pa.) is expected to continue as chairman of the Science, Research, and Technology Subcommittee, and Ronnie Flippo (D.-Ala.) is likely to retain the chairmanship of the Space Science and Applications Subcommittee. California Rep. George E. Brown (D), well known for his staunch science support, is also returning for another term.
Controls on wood and leaf litter incorporation into soil fractions in forests at different successional stages

Abstract In this study, we examined the response of surface soils to increased leaf and wood litter input within adjacent successional forests recovering from agricultural disturbance at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC), Maryland, USA. Previous studies at this site demonstrated an arrested development of O-horizon, even after 130 years of forest growth, and an annual loss of leaf litter in forests with the highest abundance of invasive earthworms. Biogeochemical indices of plant biopolymer dynamics, i.e. extractable lignin and substituted fatty acids (SFAs), were applied to soil physical fractions in order to assess the fate of 5 years of increased Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) wood and leaf litter into O-horizon and mineral soil particles of purportedly different protection levels in this recovering forest system. Our results showed that in this continuously-disturbed recovering system the pattern of litter incorporation into soil varied with both litter type and forest age. For example, young successional forests, that also contained higher abundances of soil feeding endogeic earthworms, incorporated wood amendments deeper into soils and in a predominantly particulate organic matter (POM) form than older successional systems with predominantly litter and surface dwelling earthworms. Soil lignin concentration increased sharply with wood amendments in both forest stages, but young successional forests exhibited incorporation of fresher lignin into both POM and silt and clay (SC) fractions over 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths while old forests only increased in POM in the 0–5 cm depth. We attribute these differences to the higher rates of physical mixing from soil feeding endogeic species and potentially lower fungal activity in young successional forests. However, despite nearly 2.5 times of background annual leaf litter input over 5 years, neither total C content nor SFA concentration in soil fractions increased, a phenomenon we attribute to full decomposition of leaf litter amendments. These results demonstrate how the chemical trajectory of soils and litter layers in recovering forests can be a function of both legacy and current disturbance.
Economic deprivation and child well-being: a state-by-state analysis

Abstract More than ever before, the US economy is thrust into the global economy. To succeed in the global economy, now and in the future, the United States must educate and nurture the nation's children to their fullest potential, regardless of which states they live in. Under what economic conditions are children living in different states? What is the level of child well-being that different states are achieving? What is the relationship between the two phenomena? This article demonstrates, through a state-by-state data analysis, that there is a significant relationship between the economic deprivation of children in a state and the low level of child well-being in that state. Policy implications are discussed.
Cyclical morphodynamics of hair bundles in sea anemones: Second messenger pathways

Despite lacking sensory organs, sea anemones apparently integrate chemical and mechanical sensory input from prey in the regulation of nematocyst discharge. Exposing anemones to exogenous N-acetylated sugars induces hair bundles to elongate while shifting nematocyst discharge to lower frequencies matching swimming movements of prey. A pharmacological approach was employed to examine the transduction events involved in the sugar induced “tuning” of anemone hair bundles. Photoactivation of caged cyclic-AMP (cAMP) induces bundles to elongate to a maximum length by 4 min and subsequently to shorten to near control lengths by 8 min. Continuous stimulation with sugar produces a similar effect with the cycle continuing through at least 20 min. With sugar stimulation, nematocyst discharge into targets vibrating at 5 Hz also follows the same, cyclical pattern. Bundles do not elongate in the combined presence of N-acetylated sugars and H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A. Elongated bundles either do not shorten, or rapidly recover from shortening, if caged cAMP is photoactivated 3.5 min after the initiation of sugar stimulation. Furthermore, bundle shortening is blocked by caffeine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, W7, an inhibitor of calmodulin, nifedipine, an inhibitor of certain calcium channels, or cypermethrin, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B). Thus, chemodetection of sugars may involve an immediate elevation of intracellular cAMP, leading to an activation of protein kinase A, inducing bundles to elongate. Subsequently, calcium channels may be activated leading to a calcium/calmodulin dependent enhancement of phosphodiesterase and an activation of PP2B, inducing bundles to shorten by degrading cAMP and dephosphorylating proteins. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Engineering Approach for Quantitative Analysis of the Lengthwise Strokes in Massage Therapies

Massage therapies are widely used for improving and restoring the function of human tissues. It is generally accepted that such therapies promote human health and well-being by several possible mechanisms, including increase in blood flow and parasympathetic activity, release of relaxation hormones, and inhibition of muscle tension, neuromuscular excitability, and stress hormones. Nonetheless, most of the purported beneficial/adverse effects of massage are based on anecdotal experiences, providing little insight on its effectiveness or the mechanisms underlying its usefulness. Furthermore, most studies to date have not quantitatively demonstrated the efficacy of massage on human health. This might be due to the lack of appropriate tools necessary for the application of quantitatively controlled loading and for the evaluation of the subsequent responses. To address this issue, we developed a device that applies compression in lengthwise strokes to the soft tissues of the New Zealand white rabbit, thereby mimicking the rubbing and effleurage techniques of massage. This device permits control of the magnitude and frequency of mechanical load applied to the rabbit’s hind limb for various durations. The measurement of tissue compliance and the viscoelastic properties as a function of loading parameters was also demonstrated. Findings of this study suggest that this device offers a quantitative analysis of the applied loads on the tissue to determine an optimal range of loading conditions required for the safe and effective use of massage therapies.
Martian great dust storms: Interpretive axially symmetric models

The Martian great dust storms are presently considered in light of the Schneider (1977) simplified theory of steady, nearly inviscid, thermally forced and axially symmetric atmospheric motions. A highly idealized calculation of atmospheric response to heating that is concentrated in a small latitude band is conducted, leading to the identification of qualitatively different local and global response regimes. Idealized model results indicate that subtropical latitudes are favored for the initiation of a dust-raising global dust storm. The steady, axially symmetric Martian response to solar forcing and modification to this response through an additional, latitudinally localized heat source are also discussed, and it is suggested that transition behavior similar to that of the more idealized model is to be expected in this case as well.
Pericardial Tamponade Following Percutaneous Left Ventricular Puncture

A case of pericardial tamponade following percutaneous left ventricular puncture for the assessment of aortic stenosis is presented. Technical factors pertinent to the etiology of the complication are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that current enthusiasm for percutaneous ventricular puncture should be tempered with an awareness of the associated complications that may ensue and require immediate definitive therapy in an environment well equipped for their management.
Disgust and Obsessive Beliefs in Contamination-related OCD

A large body of evidence suggests that disgust is an important affective process underlying contamination fear. An independent line of research demonstrates that obsessive beliefs, particularly overestimations of threat, are also an important cognitive process underlying contamination fear. The present study attempts to integrate these two lines of research by testing whether obsessive beliefs potentiate the influence of disgust propensity on contamination fear. The interaction between disgust propensity and obsessive beliefs was tested in two large non-clinical samples (N = 252 in Study 1; N = 308 in Study 2) using two different self-report measures of contamination fear. Regression analyses supported the hypotheses in both samples. The interaction remained significant when controlling for negative affect. The results are hypothesized to suggest that contamination fear results, at least partly, from obsessive beliefs about the contamination-based appraisals that accompany heightened disgust responding. These results complement previous affective-driven explanations of the role of disgust in contamination fear by suggesting cognitive factors that similarly potentiate disgust’s role in contamination fear.
Cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase during development of Polysphondylium violaceum.

Abstract Polysphondylium violaceum is shown to produce and excrete cyclic nucleotides and to produce a cell-associated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase(s). The amount of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) excreted by the amebae reaches a maximum during development when aggregation centers are just forming and then falls off rapidly. Measurements of total cAMP show that the amount synthesized increases more than 15-fold throughout development with the majority of the increase coming during the culmination stages. Guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) is either not excreted or is excreted at levels below our limits of detection. An increase in the total cGMP synthesized occurs at mid-aggregation when two or three sharp peaks of synthesis are observed. However, development of P. violaceum is not affected by the addition of high concentrations of either cAMP or cGMP (or their dibutyryl derivatives) to the medium despite the fact that the cells produce these nucleotides. Cell-associated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, which hydrolyses both cAMP and cGMP, is greatest at the onset of starvation with a second increase in activity during aggregation.
Predation risk and the evolutionary ecology of reproductive behaviour

A large literature exists on the effects of predation risk on foraging and survival-related behaviours. In contrast, with some notable exceptions, relatively few theoretical or experimental studies have examined the effects of predation risk on reproductive behaviours. Existing literature on risk and reproductive behaviour and suggestion directions for future study are reviewed. In particular: (1) effects on predation risk on mating behaviour; (2) the influence of spatial patchiness on interactions between risk and reproductive behaviour; (3) the potential influence of multi-species interactions on the effects of predation risk on mating dynamics; (4) the importance of looking at sets of inter-related antipredator traits; and (5) some effects of predation risk on prey population patterns due to changes in prey reproductive behaviour are discussed. To illustrate various points examples involving fish and other aquatic organisms are used.
Comparison of ligand-specific rat allosensitized lymphocyte insulin receptors as assessed in binding and functional (lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity) assays.

Abstract Since rigorous proof of the existence of functional cellular hormone receptors requires that similar ligand stereospecificities for binding sites and function be demonstrable, the relative capability of insulin analogs, proinsulin, and growth hormone to compete with insulin for occupation of the insulin-binding site on alloactivated lymphocytes was determined and compared to their ability to augment alloimmune lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The potency of these agents in binding and functional assays were parallel. The results demonstrate that alloactivated lymphocytes express a stereospecific, functional insulin receptor.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Analyses of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia in Plio-Pleistocene South African Hominins With Respect to Aspects of Enamel Development and Morphology

This study uses macroscopic and micro- scopic methods to analyze the expression of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in Plio-Pleistocene South African homi- nins. LEH is a developmental defect of enamel that is used in many anthropological contexts as a physiological stress in- dicator. Previous research has not settled the question as to whether differences in LEH expression exist between Paran- thropus and Australopithecus and if they exist, to what ex- tent these differences might be explained simply by taxo- nomic differences in enamel development and morphology rather than by differential stress experience. In this study, the analysis of LEH is conducted with respect to differences between Paranthropus and Australopithecus in aspects of enamel development and morphology that are thought to influence LEH expression. Two factors impacting LEH ex- pression are considered: the duration of enamel formation, and the spacing of perikymata. It is predicted that if the first factor strongly influences the expression of LEH, then there should be fewer defects per tooth in Paranthropus because of its abbreviated crown formation spans (and fast extension rates) relative to Australopithecus. It is also predicted that because Australopithecus has more densely packed periky- mata in comparable regions of the crown than Paranthropus, this taxon should, on average, have narrower defects than Paranthropus. To address these questions, 200 Australo- pithecus and 137 Paranthropus teeth were examined for LEH, and the analysis of defect width with respect to periky- mata spacing was conducted on tooth impressions examined under a scanning electron microscope using INCA (Oxford Instruments) measurement software. Data support the first prediction: Australopithecus does have significantly more defects per canine tooth than Paranthropus. Data do not support the second prediction in large part because several Australopithecus specimens have wide groove defects in which perikymata are not visible and enamel is irregular. Such wide grooves are not predicted by perikymata spacing such that alternative explanations, including taxonomic dif- ferences in ameloblast sensitivity and the duration/severity of disruptions to enamel growth, must be considered. Am J Phys Anthropol 120:309-322, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Statistics Of Weather Data And Telescope Usage At Kitt Peak National Observatory And Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory

Eighteen years of observing data for the largest telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory and six years of similar data at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory are given in Tables 1 and 2. Precipitation data for the same period at KPNO are contained in Table 4. Some summaries of these data and a few conclusions useful for telescope design considerations are discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES AND FIRM SPECIFIC CONTINGENCIES: A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS.

Abstract By combining analytic developments in the financial theory of capital budgeting with contingency theory, an empirically testable contingent theory for DCFT (discounted cash flow techniques) was constructed. This theory was tested by correlating an effectiveness measure for DCFT, based on stock return data of the sample firms, with hypothesized contingent variables, measured via interview and questionnaire. The results indicated positive correlations between the effectiveness of DCFT and predictable environments, the use of long-term reward systems, and the degree of decentralization of the capital budgeting process.
Genetic analysis of a development rate QTL in backcrosses of clonal rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Abstract Backcrosses of clonal rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss , were used in an effort for fine-mapping of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for rapid embryonic development rate ( tth -1). A previously identified QTL was backcrossed for two successive generations from the Clearwater (fast developing) line into the Oregon State University (OSU) (slow developing) background. Microsatellites tightly linked to the QTL and each other were used to genotype individuals in both backcrosses. An association was found between the microsatellites and gamete production in the first backcross and precocious gamete production in the second backcross generation. These results suggest that a region near the QTL-linked microsatellites may influence early sexual maturity, as well as development rate. Two gynogenetic families were produced using individuals from the first backcross (BC 1 ). These crosses were screened with the tth -1 linked microsatellites and time to hatch was quantified. The Clearwater genotype was associated with early time to hatch, while the OSU genotype was associated with late hatching. Genotypic variation at these microsatellite loci explained 28% and 26% of the variation in time to hatch. Heterozygote frequencies for the microsatellites in the two gynogenetic families were 0.0088 and 0.01, suggesting that the QTL is near the centromere. Fine-mapping was limited due to the low level of recombination observed on this linkage group in the gynogenetic families.
A stable high-order method for the heated cavity problem

A fourth-order method, without using extrapolation, is developed for the steady-state solution of a nonlinear system of three simultaneous partial differential equations for the flow of a fluid in a heated closed cavity. The method is a finite difference method which has converged for all Rayleigh numbers Ra of physical interest and all Prandtl numbers Pr attempted. The results are presented and compared with some of the accurate results available in de Vahl Davis and Jones, Shay and Schultz, and Dennis and Hudson
Alessandro Duranti (ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology

Alessandro Duranti (ed.), A companion to linguistic anthropology. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004, 2006. Pp. xx, 625. Pb $39.95.Looked at one way, Duranti's hefty edited volume could be construed as one massive speech act that performatively attempts to crystallize “linguistic anthropology” as a discipline. Twenty-two chapters, many of them written by leading lights in the field, are grouped into four sections: “Speech communities, contact, and variation,” “The performing of language,” “Achieving subjectivities and intersubjectivities through language,” and “The power in language.” Many chapters, however, are so richly conceived their content cross-cuts these groupings. The authors have been charged with crafting an introductory account of their assigned topics, which they do for the most part with success, pitching their arguments to appeal to readers ranging from advanced undergraduates to scholars seeking an entree into new intellectual territory. The ambitious reader who covers the entire volume can extrapolate a portrait of how the discipline has come into focus over the past three decades or so under the influence of certain key scholars (Susan Gal, Jane Hill, Judith Irvine, Elinor Ochs, Michael Silverstein, and Kathryn Woolard, to name but a few). And all readers will emerge informed about the tools linguistic anthropology offers to understand how selves and social worlds are negotiated through language.
The use of vegetation in assessing the productivity of forest lands

The basic principles in the use of vegetation types as indicators on forest lands are enumerated and discussed. (1) Vegetation reflects the sum of all the elements of the environment which are important to plants. (2) The species with highest competitive powers are the best indicators. (3) Forests consist of superimposed groups (“unions”) which occur in different combinations ovethe landscape. (4) Each union is sensitive to certain special aspects of environment. (5) Many characters of vegetation have potential significance as ecologic indicators. (6) Types of environment (“habitat types”) are the most basic ecologic units of landscapes.
Membranous nephropathy associated with angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma in a pediatric patient.

Though membranous nephropathy is a much more common cause of nephrotic syndrome in the adult population, it accounts for only a small fraction of cases in pediatrics. We report a case of a 16-year-old boy with nephrotic syndrome due to membranous nephropathy in the setting of a rare tumor, angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. This patient’s nephrotic-range proteinuria completely resolved following resection of this tumor. Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, while known to cause other paraneoplastic syndromes such as anemia, has never been reported to cause membranous nephropathy. This case highlights a novel and treatable secondary cause of membranous nephropathy. Because secondary causes are more common in children than in adults, a high index of suspicion for other underlying pathology including malignancy should be considered. It also suggests that urinalysis may be a helpful screening tool in cases of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma.
Social and cultural dimensions of hair loss in women treated for breast cancer

The chief goal of this exploratory study was to discover what a woman's own experience of her illness meant to her--how she thinks of herself as a woman and a person with a health problem. The study was exploratory in nature and designed to expand our conceptual thinking about health and illness and the delivery of health-care services. The study was qualitative, and the principal method was the semi-structured, indepth, face-to-face interview. All of the women in the study had been diagnosed with primary breast cancer and were in a variety of stages of treatment. What emerged from the study were explanatory stories that women constructed to chronicle their illness experience and interpret it. The theme under discussion here is hair loss as symbolic of larger cultural beliefs and values. Recommendations for interventions with women who experience hair loss as a traumatic event are offered in the context of a deeper cultural understanding of hair loss that is a consequence of cancer care.
Compensatory mutations demonstrate that P8 and P6 are RNA secondary structure elements important for processing of a group I intron.

Abstract Compensatory mutations have been constructed which demonstrate that P8 and P6, two of nine proposed base-pairing interactions characteristic of group I introns, exist within the folded structure of the Tetrahymena thermophila rRNA intervening sequence, and that these secondary structure elements are important for splicing in E. coli and self-splicing in vitro. Two-base mutations in the 5' and 3' segments of P8 are predicted to disrupt P8 and a strong splicing-defective phenotype is observed in each case. A compensatory four-base mutation in P8 is predicted to restore pairing, and results in the restoration of splicing activity to nearly wild type levels. Thus, we conclude that P8 exists and is essential for splicing. In contrast to the strong phenotypes generally exhibited by mutations which disrupt RNA secondary structure, a two-base mutation in L8, the loop between P8[5'] and P8[3'], results in only a slight decrease in splicing activity. We also tested P6, a pairing which is proposed to consist of only two base-pairs in this intron. A two-base mutation in P6[3'] reduces splicing activity to a greater extent than does a two-base mutation in P6[5']. Comparison of the activities of these mutants and a compensatory P6 four-base mutant support the existence of P6, and suggest that the P6 pairing may be particularly important in the exon ligation step of splicing.
A Case Study for Teaching System Requirements Analysis

This paper presents an analysis of a semester course in System Requirements Analysis taught at the Klipsh School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at New Mexico State University. A real-world model for product development was used with a life-sized project. Methods and theory for product development were taught on an as needed basis. The lessons learned and insights gathered are presented.
Glutathione redox potential in response to differentiation and enzyme inducers

The reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) redox state is thought to function in signaling of detoxification gene expression, but also appears to be tightly regulated in cells under normal conditions. Thus it is not clear that the magnitude of change in response to physiologic stimuli is sufficient for a role in redox signaling under nontoxicologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the change in 2GSH/GSSG redox during signaling of differentiation and increased detoxification enzyme activity in HT29 cells. We measured GSH, GSSG, cell volume, and cell pH, and we used the Nernst equation to determine the changes in redox potential Eh of the 2GSH/GSSG pool in response to the differentiating agent, sodium butyrate, and the detoxification enzyme inducer, benzyl isothiocyanate. Sodium butyrate caused a 60-mV oxidation (from -260 to -200 mV), an oxidation sufficient for a 100-fold change in protein dithiols:disulfide ratio. Benzyl isothiocyanate caused a 16-mV oxidation in control cells but a 40-mV oxidation (to -160 mV) in differentiated cells. Changes in GSH and mRNA for glutamate:cysteine ligase did not correlate with Eh; however, correlations were seen between Eh and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH):quinone reductase activities (N:QR). These results show that 2GSH/GSSG redox changes in response to physiologic stimuli such as differentiation and enzyme inducers are of a sufficient magnitude to control the activity of redox-sensitive proteins. This suggests that physiologic modulation of the 2GSH/GSSG redox poise could provide a fundamental parameter for the control of cell phenotype.
History's Disquiet: Modernity, Cultural Practice, and the Question of Everyday Life

Introduction: The Unavoidable "Actuality" of Everyday Life 1: Tracking the Dinosaur: Area Studies in a Time of "Globalism" 2: The "Mystery of the Everyday": Everydayness in History 3: "Dialectical Optics": Everydayness in History
Who Are the Poor

Here we present the subject of poverty in the United States as one that is central to a concern with social issues and justice and argue that its relative invisibility in psychology reflects the discipline’s dominant middle-class standpoint. We describe, first, the articles in this issue, which are focused particularly on the voices of poor women in the United States. Then we examine poverty in terms of its economic indicators as well as its experiential correlates.
Production of aggressive electrocommunication signals to progressively realistic social stimuli in male Apteronotus leptorhynchus

Brown ghost knife fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, produce a continuous electric organ discharge (EOD) that they use for communication. While interacting aggressively, males also emit brief EOD modulations termed chirps. The simplicity of this behaior and its underlying neural circuitry has made it an important model system in neuroethology. Chirping is typically assayed by confining a fish in a tube (‘chirp chamber’) and presenting it with sine wave electrical stimuli that partially mimic EODs of other fish. We presented male fish with progressively more realistic social stimuli to examine whether some of the stimulus complexities during dyadic interaction influence the production of chirps. In a chirp chamber, fish chirped less to a recording of an EOD containing chirps than to a recording of an EOD alone and to sine wave stimuli. Free-swimming fish chirped more to stimulus fish than to sine wave stimuli presented through electrodes. Fish chirped more when interacting directly than when interacting across a perforated barrier. Together, these studies demonstrate that the presence of chirps, electric field complexity, and/or non-electric social stimuli are important in eliciting chirp production in brown ghosts.