cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affective picture processing : The late positive potential is modulated by motivational relevance

Recent studies have shown that the late positive component of the event-related-potential (ERP) is enhanced for emotional pictures, presented in an oddball paradigm, evaluated as distant from an established affective context. In other research, with context-free, random presentation, affectively intense pictures (pleasant and unpleasant) prompted similar enhanced ERP late positivity (compared with the neutral picture response). In an effort to reconcile interpretations of the late positive potential (LPP), ERPs to randomly ordered pictures were assessed, but using the faster presentation rate, brief exposure (1.5 s), and distinct sequences of six pictures, as in studies using an oddball based on evaluative distance. Again, results showed larger LPPs to pleasant and unpleasant pictures, compared with neutral pictures. Furthermore, affective pictures of high arousal elicited larger LPPs than less affectively intense pictures. The data support the view that late positivity to affective pictures is modulated both by their intrinsic motivational significance and the evaluative context of picture presentation.
Water in Nonpolar Confinement: From Nanotubes to Proteins and Beyond *

Water molecules confined to nonpolar pores and cavities of nanoscopic dimensions exhibit highly unusual properties. Water filling is strongly cooperative, with the possible coexistence of filled and empty states and sensitivity to small perturbations of the pore polarity and solvent conditions. Confined water molecules form tightly hydrogen-bonded wires or clusters. The weak attractions to the confining wall, combined with strong interactions between water molecules, permit exceptionally rapid water flow, exceeding expectations from macroscopic hydrodynamics by several orders of magnitude. The proton mobility along 1D water wires also substantially exceeds that in the bulk. Proteins appear to exploit these unusual properties of confined water in their biological function (e.g., to ensure rapid water flow in aquaporins or to gate proton flow in proton pumps and enzymes). The unusual properties of water in nonpolar confinement are also relevant to the design of novel nanofluidic and molecular separation devices or fuel cells.
Avian hemosporidian parasites from northern California oak woodland and chaparral habitats.

During spring–summer 2003–2004, the avian community was surveyed for hemosporidian parasites in an oak (Quercus spp.) and madrone (Arbutus spp.) woodland bordering grassland and chaparral habitats at a site in northern California, a geographic location and in habitat types not previously sampled for these parasites. Of 324 birds from 46 species (21 families) sampled (including four species not previously examined for hemosporidians), 126 (39%) were infected with parasites identified as species of one or more of the genera Plasmodium (3% of birds sampled), Haemoproteus (30%), and Leucocytozoon (11%). Species of parasite were identified by morphology in stained blood smears and were consistent with one species of Plasmodium, 11 species of Haemoproteus, and four species of Leucocytozoon. We document the presence of one of the parasite genera in seven new host species and discovered 12 new parasite species–host species associations. Hatching-year birds were found infected with parasites of all three genera. P...
"Real, but Glossy": technology and the practical pursuit of magic in modern weddings

Planning a wedding is arguably one of the most complicated collaborative tasks people ever undertake. Despite the commonplace use of technologies in "wedding work," little research has looked at this from an HCI perspective. Based on an interview study, we illustrate how technology is used to deliver the sought-after fantasy and a practical, yet entertaining, affair. We identify four ways that technology helps people do this: (a) by allowing much of the practical planning work to become "invisible;" (b) by easing navigation through the delicate rules of family configurations made manifest in the guest list; (c) by helping create a spectacle-like event that adroitly balances excess and realism; and (d) by documenting the wedding in ways that allows re-experiencing the magic after the event. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of this pursuit on social graphs, place, and photography, contributing to the literature on technology and major life events.
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure at least 10 years prior to onset of dementia and risk of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

decline in MCI is likely underestimated because steeper decline would trigger reclassification as having Alzheimer’s Disease. (Only the most recent diagnosis was available.) This study illustrates the impact of separating aging effects from both dying effects and birth cohort effects. When separated from birth cohort and dying effects, the rate of cognitive decline in non-demented elderly is smaller than the rate estimated with other methods.
PATTERNS OF PESTICIDE USE IN CALIFORNIA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGIES FOR REDUCTION OF PESTICIDES

▪ Abstract We used the California Pesticide Use Reports to study use of fungicides, bactericides, fumigants, and selected insecticides, primarily for vegetable, fruit, and nut production in California from 1993 to 2000. There were no obvious trends in decreased use of most compounds used to treat plant disease. However, growers have rapidly adopted recently introduced “conventional” compounds. There is very limited use of microbial biocontrol agents to control plant disease and no indication of an increase. We used case studies to explore the potential of different strategies to reduce pesticide use or risk. There have been reductions in use of organophosphate insecticides, largely by substitution with pyrethroids. Theoretically, replacement of “calendar spray” pesticide programs with “environmentally driven” programs could reduce pesticide use in years with lower disease pressure, but this assumes that the majority of growers currently use a “calendar spray” program and that growers who use less than rec...
Mechanisms of Inhibition of Chemical Toxicity and Carcinogenesis by Diallyl Sulfide (DAS) and Related Compounds from Garlic

Diallyl sulfide (DAS) is a flavor compound derived from garlic and is sequentially converted to diallyl sulfoxide (DASO) and diallyl sulfone (DASO(2)) by cytochrome P(450) 2E1 (CYP2E1). These compounds have been shown to reduce the incidence of a multitude of chemically induced tumors in animal models. The impediment of phase I activation of these carcinogens is hypothesized to be accountable for the reduction in tumor incidence. Indeed, DAS, DASO and DASO(2) are competitive inhibitors of CYP2E1. DASO(2), in addition, is a suicide inhibitor of CYP2E1. These compounds have been shown to reduce carbon tetrachloride-, N-nitrosodimethylamine- and acetaminophen-induced toxicity in rodents. All three chemicals are substrates for CYP2E1. The protective effect was observed when the organosulfur compounds were given before, during or soon after chemical treatment. DAS and DASO(2) inhibited the bioactivation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and related lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. Because CYP2E1 does not play a key role in NNK activation, the inhibition of other CYP enzymes active in NNK metabolism is likely. DAS also has been shown to induce other CYP and phase II enzymes as well as decrease hepatic catalase activity. All of these effects are observed at concentrations much higher than what is normally ingested by humans. The biological activities of garlic and its related compounds at lower concentrations that mimic human consumption remain to be studied further.
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study.

Objective. This study investigates the relationship of specific anxiety and affective disorders to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in a blind, controlled family study.Method. Eighty case and 73 control probands, as well as 343 case and 300 control first-degree relatives of these probands, participated in the study. Subjects were examined by psychologists or psychiatrists using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Anxiety version (SADS-LA). Two experienced psychiatrists independently reviewed all clinical materials, and final diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV criteria, by consensus procedure.Results. Except for bipolar disorder, all anxiety and affective disorders investigated were more frequent in case than control probands. Substance dependence disorders were not more frequent. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, agoraphobia, separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and recurrent major depression were more common in case than control relatives. These disorders occurred more frequently if the relative was diagnosed with OCD. Only GAD and agoraphobia were more frequent in case relatives independent of OCD.Conclusion. GAD and agoraphobia share a common familial aetiology with OCD. The other anxiety and affective disorders, when comorbid with OCD, may emerge as a consequence of the OCD or as a more complex syndrome.
Pushing in the Dark Causes and Consequences of Limited Self-Awareness for Interpersonal Assertiveness

Do people know when they are seen as pressing too hard, yielding too readily, or having the right touch? And does awareness matter? We examined these questions in four studies. Study 1 used dyadic negotiations to reveal a modest link between targets’ self-views and counterparts’ views of targets’ assertiveness, showing that those seen as under- and over-assertive were likely to see themselves as appropriately assertive. Surprisingly, many people seen as appropriately assertive by counterparts mistakenly thought they were seen as having been over-assertive, a novel effect we call the line crossing illusion. We speculated that counterparts’ orchestrated displays of discomfort might be partly responsible—behaviors we termed strategic umbrage. Study 2 revealed evidence for widespread strategic umbrage in real-world negotiations and Study 3 linked these behaviors to the line crossing illusion in a controlled negotiation. Study 4 showed that this illusion predicted outcomes in a multi-round negotiation.
Derivation of the Surge Dynamic Equations

The mathematical model describing the transient flow dynamics of the compression system is derived in this chapter. This model is the basis upon which the surge controller is developed. There are many dynamic models that have been developed and presented in the literature to capture the essence of the flow instabilities in compression systems. The majority of these models can be sorted into two categories: one-dimensional models for describing the surge instability, and two-dimensional models that are intended to capture the dynamics of surge and stall. In this book, our effort is focused on controlling surge, and so a one-dimensional model is selected. The resulting mathematical model is corrected and validated based on the experimental measurements obtained from the compressor test rig.
Targeted DNA methylation using an artificially bisected M.HhaI fused to zinc fingers.

Little is known about the effects of single DNA methylation events on gene transcription. The ability to direct the methylation toward a single unique site within a genome would have broad use as a tool to study the effects of specific epigenetic changes on transcription. A targeted enzyme might also be useful in a therapy for diseases with an epigenetic component or as a means to site-specifically label DNA. Previous studies have sought to target methyltransferase activity by fusing DNA binding proteins to methyltransferases. However, the methyltransferase domain remains active even when the DNA binding protein is unbound, resulting in significant off-target methylation. A better strategy would make methyltransferase activity contingent upon the DNA binding protein’s association with its DNA binding site. We have designed targeted methyltransferases by fusing zinc fingers to the fragments of artificially-bisected, assembly-compromised methyltransferases. The zinc fingers’ binding sites flank the desired target site for methylation. Zinc finger binding localizes the two fragments near each other encouraging their assembly only over the desired site. Through a combination of molecular modeling and experimental optimization in E. coli, we created an engineered methyltransferase derived from M.HhaI with 50–60% methylation at a target site and nearly undetectable levels of methylation at a non-target M.HhaI site (1.4±2.4%). Using a restriction digestion assay, we demonstrate that localization of both fragments synergistically increases methylation at the target site, illustrating the promise of our approach.
High Spontaneous Mutation Rate of an Avian Sarcoma Virus

Three genetically distinct types of chicken sarcoma virus Bratislava 77 (B77 virus) differing in their ability to infect duck cells were identified. B77 virus type I does not infect duck cells; B77 virus type II has a low efficiency of infection of duck cells; and B77 virus type III has a high efficiency of infection of duck cells. B77 viruses type I and III are produced by spontaneous mutation during the growth of B77 virus type II in chicken cells. The spontaneous mutation of B77 virus type II TO B77 virus type III occurs with a high rate (approximately 1 mutation per 50 infected cell generations), requires cell replication, and neither occurs during the synthesis of viral DNA on an RNA template nor during the transcription of progeny viral RNA from the provirus. The rate of spontaneous mutation of B77 virus type II to B77 virus type I is greater than the rate of spontaneous mutation of B77 virus type II to B77 virus type III.
THE INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR OF CEREBELLUM : MN2+ PERMEABILITY AND REGULATION BY CYTOSOLIC MN2+

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R), an intracellular calcium release channel, is found in virtually all cells and is abundant in the cerebellum. We used Mn2+ as a tool to study two aspects of the cerebellar InsP3R. First, to investigate the structure of the ion pore, Mn2+ permeation through the channel was determined. We found that Mn2+ can pass through the InsP3R; the selectivity sequence for divalent cations is Ba2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Mn2+. Second, to begin characterization of the cytosolic regulatory sites responsible for the Ca(2+)-dependent modulation of InsP3R function, the ability of Mn2+ to replace Ca2+ was investigated. We show that Mn2+, as Ca2+, modulates InsP3R activity with a bell-shaped dependence where the affinity of the activation site of the InsP3R is similar for both ions, but higher concentrations of Mn2+ were necessary to inhibit the channel. These results suggest that the two regulatory sites are structurally distinct. Our findings are also important for the understanding of cellular responses when Mn2+ is used to quench the intracellular fluorescence of Ca2+ indicator dyes.
Seeing the Empty Spaces: Towards a More Complex Understanding of the Meaning of Power in Organizations

Power in organizations is reflected in overt decisions and behaviours and in the empty spaces of non-decision and non-behaviour. This paper presents semiotics as a means of identifying and systematically structuring multiple dimensions that combine to make up the meaning of power in a particular context. It semiotically categorizes the visible and invisible dimensions of power of two prominent leaders in American industry. The resulting deep structures show underlying differences in the way these two leaders framed the meaning of power.
Effect of Measured Three-Dimensional Tire-Pavement Contact Stress on Pavement Response at Asphalt Surface

Top-down cracking results from horizontal strains at the pavement surface that are caused by high wheel loads. When horizontal strains are calculated, the tire—pavement contact stress is assumed to be equal to the tire inflation pressure and to be distributed uniformly over a circular area. In reality, tire—pavement contact stress is distributed nonuniformly over a noncircular area. Actual contact stresses vary along the longitudinal and transverse directions. For precise assessment of the effect of actual threedimensional (3-D) contact stress on pavement response, this study evaluates the horizontal strains at the surface of the asphalt layer produced by measured 3-D nonuniform stresses. The analysis evaluates five wheel loads, five tire inflation pressures, and 12 pavement structures. A multilayer linear elastic computer program, CIRCLY, was used to estimate horizontal strains in the longitudinal and transverse directions. CIRCLY's ability to handle normal and shear stresses at the pavement surface make...
Glycosaminoglycans in biomedicine

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) compose one of four classes of mammalian biopolymers, and are arguably the most complex. The research areas of glycobiology, glycopolymers, and the use of GAGs within tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have grown exponentially during the past decade. Researchers are closing in on high throughput methods for GAG synthesis and sequencing, but our understanding of glycan sequence and the information contained in this sequence lags behind. Screening methods to identify key GAG-biopolymer interactions are providing insights into important targets for nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, and pharmaceutics. Importantly, GAGs are most often found in the form of glycolipids and proteoglycans. Several studies have shown that the clustering of GAGs, as is often the case in proteoglycans, increases the affinity between GAGs and other biopolymers. In addition, GAG clustering can create regions of high anionic charge, which leads to high osmotic pressure. Recent advances have led to proteoglycan mimics that exhibit many of the functions of proteoglycans including protection of the extracellular matrix from proteolytic activity, regulation of collagen fibril assembly on the nanoscale, alteration of matrix stiffness, and inhibition of platelet adhesion, among others. Collectively, these advances are stimulating possibilities for targeting of drugs, nanoparticles, and imaging agents, opening new avenues for mimicking nanoscale molecular interactions that allow for directed assembly of bulk materials, and providing avenues for the synthesis of proteoglycan mimics that enhance opportunities in regenerative medicine.
Up-regulation of C-Terminal Tensin-like Molecule Promotes the Tumorigenicity of Colon Cancer through β-Catenin

C-terminal tensin-like (cten) is a focal adhesion molecule belonging to the tensin family. Previous studies have suggested that cten may function as a prostate-specific tumor suppressor. Here, we show that although cten is expressed at a very low level in normal colon, its expression is significantly up-regulated in colon cancer. Furthermore, a high population of cten is found in the nucleus, where it interacts with beta-catenin, a critical player in the canonical Wnt pathway. This interaction may contribute to the role of cten in enhancing the colony formation, anchorage-independent growth, and invasiveness of colon cancer cells. Our studies have identified cten as a novel nuclear partner of beta-catenin, showed an oncogenic activity of cten in colon cancers, and revealed cten as a potential biomarker and target for colon cancers.
Should specific patient clinical characteristics discourage adrenal surgeons from performing laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy

Background Although laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy (LTA) has become a standard operative approach to patients with benign adrenal masses, some authors have suggested that LTA should be avoided in obese patients, patients who have had previous abdominal surgery, and in cases of bilateral adrenalectomy. We sought to determine whether LTA in these clinical situations is associated with worse outcomes. Methods Consecutive patients who underwent LTA at a tertiary care center (1/2002–8/2014) were reviewed retrospectively. Study endpoints included operative time, duration of stay, conversion to open procedure, and postoperative complications. Statistical analyses were performed by use of Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal–Wallis test, Fisher exact test, χ2 test, and binary logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 365 patients had a planned LTA, 6 of whom were converted to an open adrenalectomy. Obesity, history of previous abdominal surgery, and bilateral adrenalectomy were not associated with greater conversion rates or postoperative complications. Male sex, tumor size ≥4 cm and obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) were significant factors associated with increased operative time. Bilateral adrenalectomy, age, and pheochromocytomas were associated with increased hospital stays. Conclusion Obesity, history of prior abdominal surgery and bilateral adrenalectomy should not be used to discourage experienced adrenal surgeons from performing LTA.
Pašić and Milovanović in the negotiations for the conclusion of the Balkan alliance of 1912

This essay examines the divergence in views and actions between the two leading Serbian statesmen, Nikola Pasic and Milovan Milovanovic, during the course of negotiations with Bulgaria which led to the conclusion of the Serbo-Bulgarian alliance, a prerequisite for the successful military operations against the Turks in the Balkan War of 1912. Milovanovic, the foreign minister, considered an agreement with Bulgaria as an indispensable diplomatic asset for Serbia which would allow her to preserve her independence in the face of the hostile Austria-Hungary and secure an outlet to the Adriatic Sea. Although he fully appreciated the difficulties of Serbia’s position pointed out by Milovanovic, Pasic was rather unbending in respect of the territorial concessions to Bulgarians in Macedonia to which Serbia had to agree in return for the conclusion of an alliance. This essay demonstrates that the difference between Pasic and Milovanovic was a matter of tactics rather than principle. The former realised that the price had to be paid for the Bulgarian alliance but preferred to have the Serbian government accept an unfavourable borderline under duress, because of the arbitration of Russian Emperor, rather than on its own volition. Not willing to take the responsibility for the concessions made in Macedonia, Pasic chose to present formal rather than real opposition to his party colleague. It was Milovanovic’s diplomatic elasticity and courage that enabled the Serbo-Bulgarian agreement to come into being.
Anharmonic Vibrational Properties from Intrinsic n-Mode State Densities

A method for calculating fully anharmonic vibrational state counts, state densities, and partition functions for molecules is presented. The method makes use of a new quantity, the intrinsic density of states, which is associated with the states that uniquely arise from a given mode, mode pairing, or higher-order mode coupling. By using only low-order intrinsic densities, the fully coupled anharmonic vibrational result can be constructed, as shown by our application of the method to methane, CH4, and cyclopropene, C3H4. Truncation of the intrinsic expansion at the coupling of pairs of modes yields greatly improved scaling over direct evaluation of the full-dimensional result and recovers a large fraction of the total anharmonicity. We also discuss the relation of the new quantities to the structure of the potential energy surface.
Robust Asymptotic Stabilization of Hybrid Systems using Control Lyapunov Functions

We propose tools for the study of robust stabilizability and the design of robustly stabilizing feedback laws for a wide class of hybrid systems given in terms of hybrid inclusions with inputs and disturbances. We introduce notions of robust uniform global stabilizability and stabilization that capture the case when disturbances can be fully rejected, practically rejected, and when they induce a residual set that can be stabilized. Robust control Lyapunov functions are em- ployed to determine when stabilizing static state-feedback laws are available and also to synthesize robustly stabilizing feedback laws with minimum pointwise norm. Sufficient conditions on the data of the hybrid system as well as on the control Lyapunov function are proposed for the said properties to hold. An example illustrates the results throughout the paper.
A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of severe cerebral vasospasm following bacterial meningitis: A case report and literature review.

Although cerebrovascular complications of bacterial meningitis are common, postmeningitic cerebral vasospasm significant enough to result in ischemic injury has been reported in only limited fashion.We describe a case of severe cerebral vasospasm following streptococcal meningitis managed successfully with emergency suboccipital decompression, extracranial-intracranial bypass, intra-arterial vasodilator infusion, and maximal medical therapy. To our knowledge, this may be the first case in which surgical cerebral revascularization has been utilized to limit ischemic injury in the setting of postmeningitic cerebral vasospasm.Patients presenting with abrupt neurological decline following recent treatment for bacterial meningitis may be suffering from a reversible vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries, and prompt aggressive treatment can result in a favorable outcome even in patients who present in very poor neurological condition.
Metastatic Transitional Cell Carcinoma in an Ileal Conduit Following Cystectomy

AbstractWe report a case of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma involving an ileal conduit. The patient presented with a febrile urinary tract infection and upper tract obstruction. This is the third case reported of such a tumor occurring in the absence of upper tract malignancy. The literature is reviewed.
How students' ability levels influence the relevance and accuracy of their feedback to peers: A case study

Abstract Traditionally, teachers play a central role in creating a learning environment that favors the implementation of peer assessment in writing. Nevertheless, students’ writing ability and how it factors into students’ provision of relevant (content-related) and accurate (language-related) written feedback is not considered. This is due to the fact that most studies about peer assessment were conducted in a tertiary setting and researchers assume university students have attained a basic level of cognitive and linguistic developments that would empower them to make judgments about their peers’ work. The present study, which was conducted in a Hong Kong secondary school, investigated this research gap by analyzing first drafts produced by a class of 16 Secondary 1 (Grade 7) students in a writing unit. The first section of the study reports students’ writing abilities in terms of content development and linguistic accuracy; findings in the subsequent section suggest that there is a strong and positive relationship between students’ writing abilities and the relevance and accuracy of their written feedback. This paper ends with two pedagogical implications for implementing peer assessment: Alignment with pre-writing instruction and the development of marking focuses based on students’ abilities.
Evaluation of Corrosion

This chapter provides an introduction to subsequent chapters. It presents corrosion engineering goals to reduce impact. It evaluates corrosion cost and significance for preventing catastrophic failure in bridges, nuclear facilities, airplane components, and equipment in chemical, petrochemical, transportation, and construction industries. It briefly explains corrosion initiation conditions, electrochemical polarization, and passivity to show a relationship with different corrosion types including uniform corrosion attack, galvanic corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, filiform corrosion, and hydrogen damage. The chapter also describes corrosion rate determination techniques and corrosion rate calculation from corrosion current.
Single-Key to Multi-Key Functional Encryption with Polynomial Loss

Functional encryption FE enables fine-grained access to encrypted data. In a FE scheme, the holder of a secret key $$\mathsf {FSK}_f$$ FSKf associated with a function f and a ciphertext c encrypting plaintext x can learn fx but nothing more. An important parameter in the security model for FE is the number of secret keys that adversary has access to. In this work, we give a transformation from a FE scheme for which the adversary gets access to a single secret key with ciphertext size sub-linear in the circuit for which this secret key is issued to one that is secure even if adversary gets access to an unbounded number of secret keys. A novel feature of our transformation is that its security proof incurs only a polynomial loss.
Limits on the ability of global Eulerian models to resolve intercontinental transport of chemical plumes

Abstract. Quasi-horizontal chemical plumes in the free troposphere can preserve their concentrated structure for over a week, enabling transport on intercontinental scales with important environmental impacts. Global Eulerian chemical transport models (CTMs) fail to preserve these plumes due to fast numerical dissipation. We examine the causes of this dissipation and how it can be cured. Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) meteorological data at 0.25° × 0.3125° horizontal resolution and ∼ 0.5 km vertical resolution in the free troposphere are used to drive a worldwide ensemble of GEOS-Chem CTM plumes at resolutions from 0.25° × 0.3125° to 4° × 5°, in both 2-D (horizontal) and 3-D. Two-dimensional simulations enable examination of the sensitivity of numerical dissipation to grid resolution. We show that plume decay is driven by flow divergence and shear, filamenting the plumes until GEOS-Chem's high-order advection scheme cannot resolve gradients and fast numerical diffusion ensues. This divergence can be measured by the Lyapunov exponent (λ) of the flow. Dissipation of plumes is much faster at extratropical latitudes than in the tropics and this can be explained by stronger divergence. The plume decay constant (α) is linearly related to λ, and increasing grid resolution provides only modest benefits toward plume preservation. Three-dimensional simulations show near-complete dissipation of plumes within a few days, independent of horizontal grid resolution and even in the tropics. This is because vertical grid resolution is inadequate in all cases to properly resolve plume gradients. We suggest that finer vertical grid resolution in the free troposphere is essential for models to resolve intercontinental plumes, while current horizontal resolution in these models (∼ 1°) is sufficient.
Associations of Lifestyle Factors (Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, Diet and Physical Activity) with Type 2 Diabetes Among American Adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (nhanes) 2005–2014

Background A long term of unhealthy lifestyles can lead to many health problems, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study is to determine the associations of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity and diet) with type 2 diabetes in American adults (≥20 years) in a nationally representative sample. Methods Data were from 12987 American adults who participated in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2014. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of the four lifestyle factors with T2D after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES). The prevalence trend of T2D was examined with Cochran-Armitage test. Results There is a significant increasing prevalence trend of T2D among American adults over 10 years. Smokers and individuals having more than 12 drinks last year were less likely to report having type 2 diabetes than non-smokers and those having less than 12 drinks with OR= 0.41 (95% CI= 0.35-0.48) and 0.46 (95% CI= 0.39-0.55), respectively. Participants with light physical activity have greater likelihood to have T2D than those engaging in vigorous physical activity (OR=5.72, 95% CI=4.30-7.60). Individuals consuming a poor diet were more likely to report having T2D than those eating excellent diet with OR=1.18 (95% CI=1.02-1.41). All these relationships remained significant after adjustment for demographics and SES. Conclusion All four behavior factors are significantly associated with T2D among American adults. The findings of this study provided useful information for healthcare providers that may help them inform patients to promote specific lifestyle modifications. Significant findings of the study: The quality of diet, physical activity intensity, smoking status and alcohol consumption are significantly associated with T2D with different directions among U.S. adults using NHANES 2005-2014 survey. What this study adds: This study used up to date U.S. NHANES survey and reported the latest 10 years’ prevalence trend of T2D among American adults. Different directional association between four lifestyle factors and T2D which indicates the direction of campaigns to reduce T2D patients.
Eliminating counterexamples: A Grade 8 student’s learning trajectory for contrapositive proving

Abstract This study uses a teaching experiment and retrospective analysis to develop a learning trajectory for improving a Grade 8 student’s ability to construct, critique, and validate contrapositive arguments. The study is predicated on the hypothesis that adolescents perform poorly on contrapositive reasoning tasks because they lack sufficient ways of justifying contrapositive argumentation as a viable mode of argumentation. By studying a student’s actions and comments as she develops, critiques, and validates not-the-conclusion-implies-the-conditions-are-impossible arguments for conditional claims, a promising learning trajectory for contrapositive argumentation is developed. The student’s learning trajectory demonstrates how a conception of contrapositive proving as eliminating counterexamples can be useful in developing, critiquing, and validating contrapositive arguments.
A Seven-Day Course of TMP-SMX May Be as Effective as a Seven-Day Course of Ciprofloxacin for the Treatment of Pyelonephritis.

Abstract Background The Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines recommend either 14 days of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or 7 days of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of pyelonephritis. Antibiotic courses of 7 days of TMP-SMX vs 7 days of ciprofloxacin for pyelonephritis have not been previously compared. We evaluated the odds of a subsequent, symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) for women with Escherichia coli pyelonephritis receiving a 7-day course of TMP-SMX vs a 7-day course of ciprofloxacin. Methods Women ages 16 years and older with E. coli pyelonephritis presenting to 5 health care facilities in the greater Maryland area between 2010 and 2016 receiving either TMP-SMX or ciprofloxacin were included. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: (a) pregnancy, (b) dialysis dependency, (c) E. coli not susceptible to the treatment prescribed, (d) polymicrobial urine culture, or (e) >48 hours of antibiotic therapy other than TMP-SMX or ciprofloxacin. Results Of 272 women meeting eligibility criteria, 81 (30%) and 191 (70%) received 7 days of TMP-SMX and 7 days of ciprofloxacin, respectively. In an adjusted model, the likelihood of a recurrent UTI within 30 days for the TMP-SMX and ciprofloxacin groups was similar (adjusted odds ratio 2.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.72-7.42). Conclusions Our findings suggest that 7 days of TMP-SMX therapy may result in similar clinical outcomes compared with 7 days of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of pyelonephritis. Considering the frequency of pyelonephritis and risks of antibiotic resistance and associated toxicities, decreasing the duration of antibiotic therapy for pyelonephritis may impact a large number of women.
Balancing Institutional Demands with Effective Practice: A Lesson in Curricular and Professional Development

ABSTRACTOnline writing courses have developed in importance to meet student learning and institutional expectations; over time, a controversy about training online instructors and building sustainable programs has emerged. This article relates training demands within the University of Arizona’s Writing Program and development of an online professional & technical writing certificate. The article proposes training instructors with master courses and building a sustained program through a participatory design to create a professional and integrated environment.
Patient-provider communication, maternal anxiety, and self-care in pregnancy

Abstract Rationale Favorable relationships with health care providers predict greater patient satisfaction and adherence to provider recommendations. However, the specific components of patient-provider relationships that account for these benefits have not been identified. The potential benefits of strong patient-provider relationships in pregnancy may be especially important, as care providers have frequent, intimate interactions with pregnant women that can affect their emotions and behaviors. In turn, prenatal emotions and health behaviors have potent effects on birth outcomes. Objective This study investigated whether pregnant women's relationships with their midwives predicted better self-care. Specific components of the patient-provider relationship (communication, integration, collaboration, and empowerment) were examined. We also investigated a mechanism through which these relationship components may be associated with salutary health behaviors: by alleviating women's anxiety. Methods In total, 139 low-risk patients of a university-affiliated midwifery practice in the northeastern United States completed well-validated measures assessing their relationship with midwives, state anxiety, and prenatal health behaviors in late pregnancy; state anxiety was also assessed in mid-pregnancy. Results Women's perceptions of better communication, collaboration, and empowerment from their midwives were associated with more frequent salutary health behavior practices in late pregnancy. Controlling for mid-pregnancy anxiety, lower anxiety in late pregnancy mediated associations of communication and collaboration with health behavior practices, indicating that these associations were attributable to reductions in anxiety from mid- to late pregnancy. Conclusion Results substantiate that benefits of patient-provider relationships in pregnancy may extend beyond providing medical expertise. Some aspects of patient-provider relationships may offer direct benefits to pregnant women in promoting better health practices; other aspects of these relationships may indirectly contribute to better health practices by alleviating negative emotions. The benefits of strong midwife relationships may derive from the reassurance, comfort, and warmth these relationships offer, as well as the information and education that midwives provide to their patients.
Reciprocal expression of INSM1 and YAP1 defines subgroups in small cell lung cancer

// Karen McColl 1 , Gary Wildey 1 , Nneha Sakre 1 , Mary Beth Lipka 1 , Mohadese Behtaj 2 , Adam Kresak 3 , Yanwen Chen 4 , Michael Yang 2 , Vamsidhar Velcheti 5 , Pingfu Fu 4 and Afshin Dowlati 6 1 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA 2 Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA 3 Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA 4 Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA 5 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA 6 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Correspondence to: Afshin Dowlati, email: // Keywords : INSM1, YAP1, small cell, RB1, CDK4/6 Received : July 28, 2017 Accepted : August 03, 2017 Published : August 28, 2017 Abstract The majority of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients demonstrate initial chemo-sensitivity, whereas a distinct subgroup of SCLC patients, termed chemo-refractory, do not respond to treatment. There is little understanding of how to distinguish these patients prior to disease treatment. Here we used gene expression profiling to stratify SCLC into subgroups and characterized a molecular phenotype that may identify, in part, chemo-refractive SCLC patients. Two subgroups of SCLC were identified in both cell lines and tumors by the reciprocal expression of two genes; INSM1 , a neuroendocrine transcription factor, and YAP1 , a key mediator of the Hippo pathway. The great majority of tumors expressed INSM1, which was prognostic for increased progression-free survival and associated with chemo-sensitivity in cell lines. YAP1 is expressed in a minority of SCLC tumors and was shown in cell lines to be downstream of the retinoblastoma protein (RB1) and associated with decreased drug sensitivity. RB1 expression in SCLC cell lines sensitizes them to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Wild-type RB1 mutation status, used as a surrogate marker of YAP1 expression, was prognostic for decreased patient survival and increased chemo-refractory tumor response. Thus, the reciprocal expression of INSM1 and YAP1 appears to stratify SCLC into distinct subgroups and may be useful, along with RB1 mutation status, to identify chemo-refractory SCLC patients.
What do mentors learn? The role of mentor and protégé role behavior and relationship quality in mentor learning

Mentoring is defined as a reciprocal relationship between a less experienced individual (protege) and a more experienced individual (mentor) that has consistent, regular contact over a period of ti...
Molecular catalysts of Co, Ni, Fe, and Mo for hydrogen generation in artificial photosynthetic systems

Abstract Driven by population and quality of living increases, the global consumption of energy is expected to dramatically increase over the course of the century. To avoid meeting this demand with fossil fuels, new carbon neutral energy sources must be implemented which are competitive in cost and performance with those currently in use. Hydrogen is a possible candidate to meet this need but carbon-free production of hydrogen needs to be developed. This chapter specifically examines the progress of homogeneous catalysts used in hydrogen production via artificial photosynthesis. Only those catalysts based on earth abundant metals, such as Co, Ni, Fe, and Mo are discussed as inexpensive mass production would require such materials, as opposed to expensive and rare metals, such as Pt, Pd and Rh. Electrocatalytic studies are also discussed as it pertains to the light driven systems and mechanistic insights.
An implementation of eye movement-driven biometrics in virtual reality

As eye tracking can reduce the computational burden of virtual reality devices through a technique known as foveated rendering, we believe not only that eye tracking will be implemented in all virtual reality devices, but that eye tracking biometrics will become the standard method of authentication in virtual reality. Thus, we have created a real-time eye movement-driven authentication system for virtual reality devices. In this work, we describe the architecture of the system and provide a specific implementation that is done using the FOVE head-mounted display. We end with an exploration into future topics of research to spur thought and discussion.
An ERP Investigation of L2-L1 Translation Priming in Adult Learners.

A longstanding debate centers around how beginning adult bilinguals process words in their second language (L2). Do they access the meaning of the L2 words directly or do they first activate the native language (L1) translation equivalents in order to access meaning? To address this question, we used ERPs to investigate how newly learned L2 words influence processing of their L1 translation equivalents. We taught participants the meanings of 80 novel L2 (pseudo)words by presenting them with pictures of familiar objects. After three days of learning, participants were tested in a backward translation priming paradigm with a short (140 ms) stimulus onset asynchrony. L1 targets preceded by their L2 translations elicited faster responses and smaller amplitude negativities than the same L1 targets preceded by unrelated L2 words. The bulk of the ERP translation priming effect occurred within the N400 window (350-550 ms), suggesting that the new L2 words were automatically activating their semantic representations. A weaker priming effect in the preceding window (200-350 ms) was found at anterior sites, providing some evidence that the forms of the L1 translation equivalents had also been activated. These results have implications for models of L2 processing at the earliest stages of learning.
Wavelet-Based Non-Homogeneous Hidden Markov Chain Model For Hyperspectral Signature Classification

WAVELET-BASED NON-HOMOGENEOUS HIDDEN MARKOV CHAIN MODEL FOR HYPERSPECTRAL SIGNATURE CLASSIFICATION
Impact of breastfeeding on maternal nutritional status

This review covers the impact of breastfeeding on maternal postpartum weight loss and micronutrient status. Results regarding the impact on weight loss have been conflicting. This may be due to differences in study quality. Of six observational studies in which postpartum weight change was estimated (rather than measured directly), only one showed an association with breastfeeding. By contrast, six of the seven studies in which postpartum weight change was measured showed greater weight or fat loss in women who breastfed longer, particularly at 3 to 6 months postpartum. The results of the higher quality studies are consistent with two experimental studies conducted in Honduras, which demonstrated that the degree of breastfeeding affects the rate of weight loss. Thus, it appears that breastfeeding does enhance the rate of weight loss postpartum, but the effect is relatively small and may not be detectable in studies that lack adequate statistical power, have imprecise data on postpartum weight change, or do not account for the exclusivity and/or duration of breastfeeding. There is very little information with regard to micronutrient status during lactation. Nutrient requirements for vitamins A, B6, and C, and for iodine and zinc are increased by more than 50%, but lactation may actually be protective against maternal iron deficiency. More research is needed on the effects of lactation on maternal nutritional status and on strategies for optimizing nutrient intake to meet the needs of both the mother and her infant.
Oxidation reactions of metal and semi-metal cluster ions

Abstract Oxidation chemistry and collision-induced dissociation are used to probe the structures and reaction mechanisms of carbon, boron, and aluminum cluster ions. For carbon, where the cluster reactant structures are known, the experimental results can be interpreted in terms of a detailed mechanism. For boron, four conflicting sets of ab initio structures are discussed, and experimental results are presented which help choose the correct structural motif. Results for aluminum are presented for comparison with boron. The two elements are isovalent, but have very different properties both in bulk and in cluster ions.
Characterization of immune related hepatitis (irH) from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

3087Background: Immune related hepatitis (irH) occurs in a subset of patients receiving ICIs. Although the pathologic features of irH have been described, no studies have correlated the histologic ...
Body mass index and long-term outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer.

e15631Background: The association between body mass index (BMI) and colorectal cancer is unique. There are several patient- and tumor-related factors that affect this and associations are not entir...
Person-Centered Profiles Among Treatment-Seeking Children and Adolescents with Anxiety Disorders.

Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to derive homogeneous subgroups within the Child/Adolescent Anxiety Multimodal Study sample (N = 488; 7–17 years, M = 10.69, SD = 2.80) and examine whether cl...