cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitive 4π Detector for Scanning Radiochromatograms

In an effort to obtain improved sensitivity in scanning unidimensional radiochromatograms of compounds labeled with weak beta-emitters, a detecting system was devised which simultaneously scans the upper and lower surfaces of the chromatogram. The instrument embodies substantial improvements based on the operation of a prototype.
Research and application using Holland's typology: Reactions from a scientist-practitioner perspective

Abstract A scientist-practitioner perspective was used to critique three investigations that either applied or examined Holland's theory of vocational personalities and work environments. A procedure for mapping occupations across the hexagon illustrated the utility of theoretically based work, but underemphasized the importance of group differences. This conclusion was supported by two cultural comparative investigations that addressed the validity of Holland's hexagonal structure across ethnic and cross-cultural samples. The need for greater understanding and sensitivity toward ethnic, cultural, and gender differences was stressed.
Joint transmitter and receiver IQ imbalance estimation and compensation for OFDM systems

In the presence of both transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) IQ imbalances, the TX/RX IQ imbalances and channel fading are coupled together. Therefore, one needs to solve a set of highly nonlinear equations for estimating the TX/RX IQ imbalance parameters and channel transfer functions at subcarriers in OFDM systems. In this paper, a novel joint TX/RX IQ imbalance estimation and compensation scheme is proposed. By taking advantage of the frequency-selective channel fading, the TX/RX IQ imbalance parameters and channel transfer functions can be decoupled and estimated sequentially. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively estimate and compensate the TX/RX IQ imbalances in OFDM systems.
Air pollution and the changing biogeochemistry of northern forests

Industrialization has greatly affected the biogeochemistry of northern forests by increasing the atmospheric deposition of acid and nitrogen (N). In 1990, the US Congress amended the Clean Air Act to include tighter emissions regulations; this reduced acid deposition (by >50% in this study), but did not effectively lower N deposition. Here, we demonstrate that since this legislation was enacted, there have been marked decreases in sulfur (−16%), calcium (−17%), and aluminum (−42%) concentrations in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) foliage across the Upper Great Lakes region of the US, signaling a declining influence of acid deposition. In contrast, N deposition has persistently been over 75% greater than the amount of N needed to offset annual plant N sequestration, creating increases in N availability and soil N leaching. Recent emissions regulations will reduce N deposition somewhat, but further increases in soil N availability and leaching are likely. Policy decisions regarding N deposition will have to weigh increased carbon storage against negative impacts on water quality and species diversity.
Field measurements of heat loss from skylights and lava tube systems

[1] We present temperature measurements made at skylights in the active flow field of Kilauea Volcano between 1995 and 2000. Spot temperature measurements of the lava stream within the lava tube revealed surface temperatures of 1017–1132°C. This compared with lava core temperatures of 1161 ± 3°C. The difference is the result of surface cooling due to radiation at the skylights. A FLIR thermal imager recorded a down-tube lava surface temperature decrease followed by a surface temperature recovery due to entrainment of the crust down flow of the skylight. The temperature of hot air expelled from skylights reached a maximum of 600°C. From these field data, we place constraints on heat loss from the skylight and lava tube. Heat losses due to conduction and circulation of air in wall rocks around the tube are 103–104 and 104–106 W m−1 down tube, respectively. At skylights, heat losses due to radiation and forced convection are 1.5 × 105 W m−1 over the skylight length and 5 × 105 W per skylight, respectively. For a 10-km-long tube, the total heat loss is between 5 × 108 and 1 × 1010 W for a fully roofed tube with an additional 1.1 × 106 W lost per 4 m × 1 m skylight. In terms of cooling rates, 1.2°C km−1 is a minimum resulting from heat losses at fully roofed tubes with no skylights. Heat loss and cooling rate will, however, increase with skylight area.
Lack of utility of telemetry monitoring for identification of cardiac death and life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias in low-risk patients with chest pain.

Abstract Study objective Low-risk patients with chest pain are often admitted to monitored beds; however, the use of telemetry beds in this cohort is not evidence based. We tested the hypothesis that monitoring admitted low-risk patients with chest pain for dysrhythmia is low yield ( Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study of emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain with a Goldman risk score of less than 8%, a normal initial creatine kinase–MB level, and a negative initial troponin I level admitted to non-ICU monitored beds. Investigators followed the hospital course daily. The main outcome was cardiovascular death and life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmia during telemetry. Results Of 3,681 patients with chest pain who presented to the ED, 1,750 patients were admitted to non-ICU monitored beds. Of these, 1,029 patients had a Goldman risk score of less than 8%, a troponin I level of less than 0.3 ng/mL, and a creatine kinase–MB level of less than 5 ng/mL (accounting for 59% of all chest pain telemetry admissions). During hospitalization, there were no patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation requiring treatment on the telemetry service (0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0% to 0.3%). There were 2 deaths: neither was cardiovascular in nature or preventable by monitoring (cardiovascular preventable death rate=0%; 95% CI 0.0% to 0.3%). Conclusion The routine use of telemetry monitoring for low-risk patients with chest pain is of limited utility. Admission to nonmonitored beds might help alleviate ED crowding without increasing risk of adverse events caused by dysrhythmia in patients with a Goldman risk of less than 8%, an initial troponin I level of less than 0.3 ng/mL, and a creatine kinase–MB level of less than 5 ng/mL.
Relation of variations in total magnetic field at high latitude with the parameters of the interplanetary magnetic field and with DP 2 fluctuations

The maximum disturbances from the positive and negative regions of delta B (Bp and Bn, respectively) are investigated with respect to their correlation with (1) the average N-S component, Bz, (2) the average angle with respect to the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane, theta (3) the variance, sigma sub i, and (4) the magnitude, Bi, of the interplanetary magnetic field. These quantities were averaged over a period, T, ranging from 20 min. to 8 hours prior to the measurement of Bp or Bn. Variations (i.e., disturbances) in total magnetic field magnitude were studied utilizing data from the Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory satellites (OGO 2, 4, and 6), unofficially referred to as POGO.
CONVERTING AN F-VALUE DETERMINED ON THE BASIS OF ONE z-VALUE TO AN F-VALUE DETERMINED ON THE BASIS OF A SECOND z-VALUE

A procedure is presented for converting a heat sterilization process F-value determined on the basis of one z-value (Z1,) to an F-value determined on the basis of a second z-value (Z2). The basis of the conversion is explained. Equations and tabular data for determining the several conversion factors are presented. Examples of the calculation of a new F-value when there is a change in z-value are presented.
Violence exposure in young children: child-oriented routines as a protective factor for school readiness

Although domestic and community violence exposure has been associated with poor child functioning, protective factors, such as daily routines, may shield children from these negative outcomes. This study investigated whether daily, child-oriented routines moderated the association between exposure to violence and school readiness in preschool-aged children. Eighty-three preschool children completed a test of school readiness, and a primary caregiver completed measures of violence exposure and adherence to daily routines. Results indicated that discipline and daily living routines moderated the association between domestic violence exposure and school readiness. Findings suggest that routines in the home may serve a protective role for young children exposed to violence, but the protective impact was lessened when domestic violence exposure was high.
Forecasting the future business environment— The state of the art

Abstract The future business environment, from the standpoint of the Corporation, encompasses both internal and external factors. These factors are also interrelated; thus the task of forecasting needs to be undertaken having in mind a multitude of elements which may interact. The author argues that, given this complex environment; corporations should support the planning operation if it is to develop and if they are to benefit from it. This support includes being open to recommendations made, for without it a planning group cannot function and the forecasting element loses momentum.
AB initio calculations and matrix ftir studies of the sulfur trioxide radical anion

Abstract The structures and vibrational frequencies of SO − 3 (C 3v ) and SO − 2 (C 2v ) have been calculated at the UHF SCF/3-21 + G ∗ level. By cocondensation of Cs atoms and SO 3 in an Ar matrix the FTIR spectrum of Cs 4 SO 3 has been measured. The molecule is proposed to have C s symmetry with SO 3 binding to Cs in a bidentate fashion.
A Mean-Based Approach for Teaching the Concept of Integration

Abstract The Riemann sum definition of integration is ubiquitous in college calculus courses. This, however, is not the only possible way to define an integral. Here, we present an alternative mean-based definition of integration. We conjecture that this definition is more accessible to students. In support of this proposition we first present a theoretical argument, pertaining to how human beings think about infinity, followed by a discussion of results from a small-scale teaching experiment. This teaching experiment was conducted with a small group of pre-service elementary school teachers all of whom had no prior calculus experience. These students have less exposure to mathematical content than typical students entering college calculus. However, they were successful in developing the mean-based formulation of integration. Additionally, our analysis of the struggles, conceptual stumbling blocks, and successes the group encountered is used to inform future teaching utilizing this alternative, mean-base...
Some Crucial Issues of Mind-Body Monism

The following considerations concern exclusively one of the (at least) three components of the traditionally as well as currently discussed mind-body problems. It is the sentience aspect rather than the aspects of sapience or selfhood that I wish to review in brief compass. Although I admit that the obvious interconnections of these three strands make it hazardous to separate them and thus to concentrate only on sentience (traditionally: consciousness, awareness, direct acquaintance, the phenomenally given, etc.), it nevertheless seems timely, even urgent, to attempt once again to clarify and reappraise what is right and what is wrong with physicalism (or the new materialism) as well as with some antiphysicalistic points of view.
A little nip and tuck : Axon refinement during development and axonal injury

While building the nervous system, regions of some developing axons are eliminated; this can also happen as a result of axonal injury. During development, many axon branches that are formed in excess of an organism's needs are fated for removal in a process called axon pruning. By contrast, when axons are injured the axon segment distal to the injury site is compartmentalized and eliminated. In both cases, the end result is similar -- a region of an axon is selected for removal. Recent evidence suggests that there are some similarities in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate axon elimination in development and during axonal injury.
Novel mechanisms of translational control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract AUG codons are rarely found upstream from the functional initiation codon for protein synthesis in eukaryotic mRNAs, and they can severely inhibit translation if inserted at this position. The preference of the eukaryotic initiation complex for the 5′ proximal AUG codon in mRNA has been exploited in two novel translational control mechanisms discovered in yeast. One involves interactions between multiple upstream AUG codons with different translational properties; in the second, a single upstream AUG codon initates a short coding sequence whose peptide product may have a role in the regulatory mechanism.
Phosphorus and Manganese Oxides Effects on Soil Lead Bioaccessibility: PBET and TCLP

Lead (Pb) is toxic to humans, especially to young children, as well as animals. Toxicity is strongly related to the bioavailability of Pb and soil Pb bioavailability can be influenced by soil amendments. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Mn oxides and phosphorus (P) on Pb bioaccessibility in five lead-contaminated soils or mine spoils from Kansas and Missouri, USA. Fifteen treatments were used: Brazilian (BMN) and Amonone #4 (AM#4) (commercial Mn oxides), birnessite (BIR) and cryptomalene (CRYP) (synthetic Mn oxides), phosphate rock (PR) and triple superphosphate (TSP) phosphorus sources, and combinations of each P source with the Mn oxides. A physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to evaluate time and treatment effects. All amendments significantly decreased Pb bioaccessibility compared with control although treatment effects differed from soil to soil. In general, TSP, PR, and BIR treatments were most effective in decreasing Pb. Some amendments reduced the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) concentration for Pb to below the critical value of 5 mg L−1, but were not able to reduce TCLP extractable Cd to below 1 mg L−1. Our results indicated that the use of P and Mn oxides for reducing soil Pb bioaccessibility in contaminated soils is promising.
Collaborative literacy work in a high school: enhancing teacher capacity for English learner instruction in the mainstream

As more English learners (ELs) are included in mainstream content classrooms at the secondary level, the need to understand how teachers collaborate to meet the particular instructional needs of ELs is essential. This paper presents findings from a qualitative case study that investigated the collaborative work that engaged a group of literacy teachers over the course of a school year in one culturally and linguistically diverse high school. The ongoing collaboration of the mainstream language arts teachers and English-as-a-second-language (ESL) teachers is examined, including the role of an EL facilitator/ESL teacher in supporting teacher professional learning and inclusion. The contributions and collaboration of this literacy team are described and analysed. How this collaborative work provided opportunities to grapple with meeting the instructional needs of ELs and the inclusion of both ELs and ESL teachers in the mainstream curriculum are discussed as well as implications for the field.
Investigation of Turbulent Mixing in a Macro-Scale Multi-Inlet Vortex Nanoprecipitation Reactor by Stereoscopic-PIV

Flash Nanoprecipitation (FNP) is a technique to produce monodisperse functional nanoparticles through rapidly mixing a saturated solution and a non-solvent. Multi-inlet vortex reactors (MIVR) have been effectively applied to FNP due to their ability to provide both rapid mixing and the flexibility of inlet flow conditions. Until recently, only micro-scale MIVRs have been demonstrated to be effective in FNP. A scaled-up MIVR could potentially generate large quantities of functional nanoparticles, giving FNP wider applicability in the industry. In the present research, turbulent mixing inside a scaled-up, macro-scale MIVR was measured by stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV). Reynolds number of this reactor is defined based on the bulk inlet velocity, ranging from 3290 to 8225. It is the first time that the three-dimensional velocity field of a MIVR was experimentally measured. The influence of Reynolds number on mean velocity becomes more linear as Reynolds number increases. An analytical vortex model was proposed to well describe the mean velocity profile. The turbulent characteristics such as turbulent kinematic energy and Reynolds stress are also presented. The wandering motion of vortex center was found to have a significant contribution to the turbulent kinetic energy of flow near the center area.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Self-generated attitude change: Some effects of thought, dogmatism, and reality constraints

Abstract Two predictions were derived from a model of self-generated attitude change [Tesser, A. (1978) Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. II, pp. 289–338). New York: Academic Press]. First, increasing thought in the presence of reality constraints would limit changes made in attitude-related beliefs and, therefore, would restrict attitude polarization (i.e. result in attitude attenuation). Second, the effects of reality constraints on thought-induced changes in beliefs and attitude polarization (attenuation) would be more likely to occur for dogmatic persons than for nondogmatic persons. Based on responses to a short form of the dogmatism scale, subjects were classified as either dogmatic or nondogmatic. Participants were given either little or ample oppurtunity to think with reality constraints present about descriptions of persons for which they had moderate initial attitudes. Participants then rerated their attitudes, listed the beliefs they had during thought, and indicated whether the beliefs about the persons were favorable or unfavorable. The results were consistent with the predictions.
Energy-Aware Differential Current Sensing for Global On-Chip Interconnects

Global on-chip interconnects in 70 nm and beyond present challenges in satisfying delay constraints while minimizing energy consumption, especially energy due to leakage [1]. Although many global interconnects may have low activity factors (e.g. cache fill bus) thus reducing dynamic power, leakage is still a great concern. Leakage is an increasing concern in traditional repeated interconnects due to the large device sizes required to meet tight delay constraints [2] and the inherently distributed nature of the repeaters which complicates power gating. Differential current sensing has been demonstrated to have advantages in speed, dynamic power and layout simplicity, however static and leakage power remain a weakness [3]. This paper presents an improved differential current sense amplifier, called differential leakage-aware sense amplifier(DLASA), with power gating that results in 39.6% reduced leakage and static power compared to conventional differential current sensing. When compared with high Vt repeaters the proposed sense amplifier reduces leakage by 41%. Finally, this current sensing approach results in faster interconnects with less overall energy than high Vt repeaters for 1 to 10 mm wire. The new circuit technique can also be applied for leakage reduction in other differential circuits and in the presence of increased static.
Patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) demonstrate in vivo neutrophil activation associated with diminished binding of neutrophil-specific monoclonal antibody 31D8.

Neutrophils (PMNs) from patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were assessed for light scattering, membrane potential, and phagocytic responses using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry to evaluate individual cells. Qualitative and quantitative oxidant responses were measured by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and cytochromec reduction assays, respectively. The results were correlated with the proportion of cells binding the PMN subset-specific monoclonal antibody 31D8. Despite an increased forward scatter signal (4.3±1.6 vs. 1.3±1.1 ARDS vs. control,P=0.041) and spontaneous NBT test (12.6±4.7% vs. 2.5 ±0.8% positive, ARDS vs. control,P=0.033) indicating in vivo priming of ARDS PMNs, there were no significant differences between ARDS and control PMNs in assays of stimulated membrane potential, NBT, and O·2− production or phagocytosis. However, positive correlations between the degree of prestimulus forward light scatter and subsequent O·2− production to FMLP (r=0.673,P=0.006) and between the percentage of bands and the O·2− response to PMA (r=0.660,P =0.003), suggest that the great variability of the ARDS PMN functional responses may relate to varying degrees of in vivo cell priming and/or deactivation. ARDS PMNs demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of 31D8 positive cells (73.4 ±7.5% vs. 94.5±1.6%,P=0.012) and a lower level of 31D8 staining when compared to normals (60.1±10.4% of control level,P=0.001). The lower 31D8 expression did not directly correlate with any functional parameter tested or with the proportion of immature cells. However, patients receiving an intravenous PGE21-infusion demonstrated a significant increase in 31D8 staining relative to controls and inhibition of PMA-stimulated O·2− production. The data suggest that the function of PMNs from ARDS patients varies widely and reflects great in vivo variation in cell priming. While the mechanism responsible for the lowered expression of the 31D8 antigen and its apparent modulation by PGE1 is unknown, 31D8 may be an indirect marker for in vivo stress factors that regulate the preferential release of a structurally distinct PMN subset from the bone marrow.
Specific attentional effects reflected in the cardiac orienting response

Twenty-four undergraduates listened to 60-sec strings of synthetic speech syllables containing a syllable change in the middle of the string. No response was required but half of the subjects were instructed to “listen for a change.” Instructions did not affect cardiac orienting to onsets or offsets of the strings but did determine whether or not orienting occurred to a change that all subjects reported hearing. The findings imply that a failure of nonverbal subjects to orient to stimulus change cannot be accepted as evidence that the change is not discriminated.
The process approach to neuropsychological assessment

(1988). The process approach to neuropsychological assessment. Aphasiology: Vol. 2, No. 3-4, pp. 309-311.
Dirhenium and dimolybdenum complexes of di(isopropylphosphino)methane

Abstract The first multiply bonded dimetal complexes that contain the bridging phosphine ligand Pr 2 i PCH 2 PPr 2 i (dippm) have been isolated and structurally characterized. The dimolybdenum(II) and dirhenium(III,II) complexes Mo 2 Cl 4 (μ-dippm) 2 and [ trans -Re 2 (μ-O 2 CCH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 (μ-dippm) 2 ]Cl 0.74 (ReO 4 ) 0.26 have MM distances of 2.1699(3) and 2.2705(3) A, respectively, in accord with Mo − 4 Mo and Re − 3.5 Re bond orders. Attempts to isolate Re 2 Cl 4 (μ-dippm) 2 led instead to the dirhenium(V) complex Re 2 O 3 Cl 4 (μ-dippm) 2 , structurally analogous to the previously isolated Re 2 O 3 Cl 4 (μ-dppm) 2 (dppm=Ph 2 PCH 2 PPh 2 ).
Connectivity in bicircular matroids

Abstract Tutte has defined n -connection for matroids and proved a connected graph is n -connected if and only if its polygon matroid is n -connected. In this paper we introduce a new notion of connection in graphs, called n -biconnection, and prove an analogous theorem for graphs and their bicircular matroids. Results concerning 3-biconnected graphs are also presented.
Mast cells and tissue reaction to intraperitoneally implanted polymer capsules

The inflammatory reaction to implanted biomaterials often compromises the clinical usefulness of implantable devices. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory agent, acts on macrophages to decrease production of inflammatory mediators, and on mast cells to prevent degranulation. Systemic administration of dexamethasone (dms) in rats decreases the tissue reaction to intraperitoneally implanted vinyl chloride-acrylic copolymer capsules. Local release of even smaller amounts of dms from a polymeric substrate placed inside an acrylic copolymer capsule may control the tissue reaction while avoiding the undesirable side effects of systemic treatment. Such a system also allows investigation of the local effect of soluble molecules on tissue-material interactions without altering the surface properties of the implant or adding the effect of a releasing material. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dms released from ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAc) rods placed in acrylic copolymer capsules and implanted in the peritoneal cavity of rats. In vitro the release of dms from EVAc rods was quasilinear for 5 weeks. When implanted intraperitoneally into rats, polymer capsules containing EVAc/dms rods generated a tissue reaction that was significantly thinner and featured fewer fibroblast and collagen layers than that around capsules containing pure EVAc rods at all time points studied. The tissue reaction layer was also thinner than that previously described in rats treated systemically with dms. The trabeculae of implants with dms-loaded EVAc rods contained significantly more intact mast cells than implants with EVAc alone, suggesting that degranulation of mast cells is involved in the tissue reaction to intraperitoneal polymer implants.
Fecal microbes, short chain fatty acids, and colorectal cancer across racial/ethnic groups

AIM: To investigate differences in microbes and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in stool samples from Hispanic and non-Hispanic African American, American Indian, and White participants. METHODS: Stool samples from twenty participants were subjected to analysis for relative levels of viable bacteria and for SCFA levels. Additionally, the samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing for identification of bacteria present in the stool. We used a metagenome functional prediction technique to analyze genome copy numbers and estimate the abundance of butyrate kinase in all samples. RESULTS: We found that African Americans had significantly lower levels of acetate, butyrate, and total SCFAs than all other racial/ethnic groups. We also found that participant microbial profiles differed by racial/ethnic group. African Americans had significantly more Firmicutes than Whites, with enriched Ruminococcaceae. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was also significantly higher for African Americans than for Whites (P = 0.049). We found Clostridium levels to be significantly and inversely related to total SCFA levels (P = 0.019) and we found Bacteroides to be positively associated (P = 0.027) and Clostridium to be negatively associated (P = 0.012) with levels of butyrate. We also identified a correlation between copy number for a butyrate kinase predicted from 16S rRNA gene abundance and levels of butyrate in stool. CONCLUSION: The identified differences in gut flora and SCFA levels may relate to colorectal cancer mortality differentials and may be useful as targets for future clinical and behavioral interventions.
Rad51 Inhibits Translocation Formation by Non-Conservative Homologous Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromosomal translocations are a primary biological response to ionizing radiation (IR) exposure, and are likely to result from the inappropriate repair of the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are created. An abundance of repetitive sequences in eukaryotic genomes provides ample opportunity for such breaks to be repaired by homologous recombination (HR) between non-allelic repeats. Interestingly, in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae the central strand exchange protein, Rad51 that is required for DSB repair by gene conversion between unlinked repeats that conserves genomic structure also suppresses translocation formation by several HR mechanisms. In particular, Rad51 suppresses translocation formation by single-strand annealing (SSA), perhaps the most efficient mechanism for translocation formation by HR in both yeast and mammalian cells. Further, the enhanced translocation formation that emerges in the absence of Rad51 displays a distinct pattern of genetic control, suggesting that this occurs by a separate mechanism. Since hypomorphic mutations in RAD51 in mammalian cells also reduce DSB repair by conservative gene conversion and stimulate non-conservative repair by SSA, this mechanism may also operate in humans and, perhaps contribute to the genome instability that propels the development of cancer.
An analysis of object designation performance using GNN and GNP correlation

Many tracking systems have the requirement to transfer information about a particular tracked object between two systems. The general approach to this involves generation of an object map by the system designating the particular track followed by receipt of the map and correlation to the local track picture of the second system. Correlation performance is in general limited by a number of factors: random track errors added by each system, miss-registration of the two systems' coordinate frames, and miss-match between the numbers of objects tracked by the two systems. Two correlation algorithms are considered for this problem: Global Nearest Neighbor (GNN) and Global Nearest Pattern (GNP). Four basic failure modes are identified for the GNP formulation, and three of these explain failures in the GNN formulation. Analytic expressions are derived for each of these modes, and a comparison of each to Monte-Carlo experiment is provided to demonstrate overall validity.
Combining the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 With Behavioral Responses Improves the Detection of Effort Test Failure

Validity measures derived from the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 (TOMM1) and errors across the first 10 items of TOMM1 (TOMMe10) may be further enhanced by combining these scores with “embedded” behavioral responses while patients complete these measures. In a sample of nondemented veterans (n = 151), five possible behavioral responses observed during completion of the first 10 items of the TOMM were combined with TOMM1 and TOMMe10 to assess any increased sensitivity in predicting Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) performance. Both TOMM1 and TOMMe10 alone were highly accurate overall in predicting MSVT performance (TOMM1 [area under the curve (AUC)] = .95, TOMMe10 [AUC] = .92). The combination of TOMM measures and behavioral responses did not increase overall accuracy rates; however, when specificity was held at approximately 90%, there was a slight increase in sensitivity (+7%) for both TOMM measures when combined with the number of “point and name” responses. Examples are provided demonstrating ...
Variability in food consumption patterns of adults in the U.S. population

This study used the 24‐hour dietary recall data of white adult respondents in the NHANES I to demonstrate variability in food consumption patterns among subgroups of this population. Both a quantitative dimension, mean intake levels and the qualitative dimensions of nutrient density and diet diversity were used. Generally males consumed more food energy and nutrients than did females, as did younger, as compared to older subjects. This pattern was less consistent for vitamins A and C than for other nutrients. Sex differences in diet diversity were small. The higher energy and nutrient consumption of males, similarity in the number of “nutritious” foods in the diet and higher nutrient density values found among females, together, support the existence of variability in food consumption.
Transmission sputtering of gold thin films by low-energy (<1 keV) xenon ions. I. the system and the measurement

A novel system for direct measurement of the transmission‐sputtering yields of ion‐irradiated thin films is described. The system was specifically designed for the study of the transmission sputtering caused by low‐energy (<1 keV) xenon ions. The xenon ion beam employed is first mass‐analyzed in a specially constructed corssed magnetic‐ and electric‐field mass spectrometer; this analyzer eliminates all energetic neutral and singly charged ions of mass less than 40 amu; it is also expected that ≤2% of the xenon ions which actually reach a specimen are doubly charged. The analyzed xenon ion beam is made to impinge on a gold thin film (∼100–500 A thick) which is mounted in a JEM 200 transmission electron‐microscope holder. The temperature of the specimen can be varied between ∼25 and 300 K employing a continuous transfer liquid‐helium cryostat. The particles (atoms or ions) ejected from the unirradiated surface of the gold thin film are detected by two channeltron electron‐multiplier arrays (CEMA) in the Che...
HETEROGENICITY OF THE CLINICAL, GENETIC AND IMMUNOLOGIC FINDINGS IN HYPER-IgM SYNDROME

Hyper-IgM syndrome is characterized by recurrent pyogenic infections, depression of IgG and IgA and increase of IgM. Currently, we are studying two cases of this disorder. A.W., a 9 yr. old white female had recurrent cervical abscesses, R.S., a 3½ yr. old black male with recurrent pyogenic infections, failure to thrive, oral thrush and systemic cryptococcal infection. Both, B and T cell systems were abnormal. Serum immunoglobulin determination by radial immunodiffusion in both cases showed depression of IgG and IgA and elevation of IgM. (A.W. IgG and IgA trace, IgM 1450 mg/dl; R.S. IgG 140 mg/dl, IgA 4.5 mg/dl, IgM 2640 mg/dl). Immunoelectrophoresis in A.W. showed an abnormal precipitation for IgM. Gel filtration demonstrated two populations of IgM. One is a normal high molecular weight polymer. The other is a low molecular weight IgM monomer containing light chains of K-type. Immunoelectrophoresis failed to show qualitative abnormality of IgM in R.S. Impairment of cellular immunity was demonstrated in both cases by a decrease of total and active E Rosettes and negative skin tests to Candida, SKSD, PPD, mumps and trichophyton. Incubation of both patients' lymphocytes with PHA, and Candida and PPD did not generate leukocyte migration inhibition factor. Our data indicate that there is clinical, genetic and immunologic heterogenicity in this syndrome.
Picosecond spectroscopy in solids with a free-electron laser (Invited Paper)

ABSTRACT The results of the first picosecond time-resolved measurements performed using a free-electron laser are repoiled. These results, obtained on an a-Siij5Gej5:H film, are compared to those we have obtained on a-Si:H using conventional lasers. The roperties of free-electron lasers that make them attmctive for time-resolved spectroscopy are also reviewed. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 . 1 A brief history of the free-electron laser Time-resolved spectroscopy is an important tool for the characterization of materials. Lasers capable of generatingshort pulses in the visible and near infrared are now widely available. Subpicosecond pulses can be obtained from solid-statelasers (Ti:A1203, NaCl, semiconductors, etc.) or dye lasers. Although sources of microwave rJiation h1 been available fordecades using beams of electrons, the concept of the free-electron laser was only developed in 197 1 by Made' Free eleclronscannot absorb or emit light directly because momentum would not be conserved. However, by sending a relativistic electron
Formation of dimer-type ketals in the reaction of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichloro-m-cresol with calcium hypochlorite in methanol: conversion to quinones and other compounds

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2) and 2,4,6-trichloro-m-cresol (5) react with calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)(2)) in MeOH to give respectively dimer-type ketals 2-(2',4',6'-trichlorophenoxy)-4,4-dimethoxy-6-chlorocyclohexadien-2,5-one (6) and 2-(3'-methyl-2',4',6'-trichlorophenoxy)-4,4-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-chlorocyclohexadien-2,5-one (7). Ketal 6, which was too unstable to be isolated, and 7 hydrolyzed in H(2)O/HCl to 2-(2',4',6'-trichlorophenoxy)-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (8) and 2-(3'-methyl-2',4',6'-trichlorophenoxy)-5-methyl-6-chloro-1,4-benzoquinone (9), respectively. Ketal 6 and quinone 8 were also produced when 2 and Ca(OCl)(2) reacted in DMF, followed by addition of MeOH and H(2)O, respectively. The mechanisms of these reactions are examined. Conversion of the ketals and quinones to other products is described.
Juvenile homicide in America: how can we stop the killing?

Juvenile homicide remains a serious problem in the U.S., despite recent decreases in the juvenile arrest rate for murder. Reflecting on her clinical experiences evaluating 90 adolescent murderers, the author identifies 15 factors that appear to have contributed to the escalation in juvenile homicide beginning in the mid-1980s. These factors can be grouped into five categories: situational factors (child abuse and neglect, and the absence of positive male role models), societal influences (the crisis in leadership and lack of heroes, and witnessing violence), resource availability (access to guns, involvement in alcohol and drugs, and poverty and lack of resources), personality characteristics (low self-esteem, the inability to deal with strong feelings, boredom, poor judgment, and prejudice and hatred), and their cumulative effects (little or nothing left to lose and the biological connection). Strategies to reduce juvenile violence are addressed using parents, schools, communities, government leaders, the media, and individuals.
Risk of fracture in ulcerative colitis: a population-based study from Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Abstract Background & Aims: Osteopenia is common in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), but less is known about fracture risk. Previously we were unable to demonstrate increased fractures in a population-based cohort with Crohn’s disease. Methods: Medical records of 273 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents initially diagnosed with UC in 1940–1993 were reviewed for evidence of subsequent fractures, as were records of a control cohort of county residents matched on age and gender. Cumulative fracture incidence after diagnosis was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. The hazard ratio of fracture in cases relative to control subjects was estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression, which was also used to evaluate potential risk factors for fracture. Results: Median follow-up was 13 years (range, 1 day–53 years). The cumulative incidence of any fracture from time of diagnosis was 40% at 25 years versus 42% in control subjects (P = 0.615). The hazard ratio in cases compared to control subjects was 1.1 (95% confidence interval, 0.8–1.6) for any fracture and 1.3 (95% confidence interval, 0.6–2.8) for any osteoporotic fracture (hip, spine, or wrist as a result of moderate trauma). Other causes of secondary osteoporosis were associated with increased fracture risk, whereas estrogen use was protective. One hundred three cases received any corticosteroids (38%), and 34 (12%) had taken corticosteroids for 6 months or longer. Corticosteroids and bowel resection were not associated with fracture risk. Conclusions: In this population-based cohort of patients with UC, fracture risk was not elevated relative to matched community control subjects. Use of corticosteroids did not appear to significantly influence the risk of fracture.
Built-in reseeding for serial BIST

Reseeding is used to improve fault coverage in BIST pseudo-random testing. Most of the work done on reseeding is based on storing the seeds in an external tester. Besides its high cost, testing using automatic test equipment (ATE) makes it hard to test the circuit while in the system. In this paper, we present a technique for built-in reseeding. Our technique requires no storage for the seeds. The seeds are encoded in hardware. The seeds we use are deterministic so 100% fault coverage can be achieved. Our technique causes no performance overhead and does not change the original circuit under test. Also, the technique we present is applicable for transition faults as well as single-stuck-at faults. Built-in reseeding is based on expanding every seed to as many ATPG patterns as possible. This is different from many existing reseeding techniques that expand every seed into a single ATPG pattern. This paper presents the built-in reseeding algorithm together with a hardware synthesis algorithm and implementation.
An Integrated TKE-Based Eddy Diffusivity/Mass Flux Boundary Layer Closure for the Dry Convective Boundary Layer

AbstractThis study presents a new approach to the eddy diffusivity/mass flux (EDMF) framework for the modeling of convective boundary layers. At the root of EDMF lies a decomposition of turbulent transport mechanisms into strong ascending updrafts and smaller-scale turbulent motions. The turbulent fluxes can be therefore described using two conventional approaches: mass flux (MF) for the organized thermals and eddy diffusivity (ED) for the remaining turbulent field. Since the intensities of both MF and ED transports depend on the kinetic energy of the turbulent motions, it seems reasonable to formulate an EDMF framework based on turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Such an approach allows for more physical and less arbitrary formulations of parameters in the model. In this study the EDMF–TKE coupling is achieved through the use of (i) a new parameterization for the lateral entrainment coefficient e and (ii) the MF contribution to the buoyancy source of TKE. Some other important features of the EDMF parameteriz...
A Comparison of Methods for Determining the Fat Content of Broiler Carcasses

Abstract Three hundred broilers were analyzed for fat and moisture content of the ground eviscerated carcasses. Fat was determined on a wet weight basis by the Goldfisch ether extraction method and by the Banco fat test. The mean fat content as determined by the Banco fat test was 1.5% to 1.7% less than the ether extractable solids content determined by Goldfisch fat extraction. Although the Banco method gave smaller values, it had the advantage of less variation between triplicate samples (i.e., greater precision). Correlations between the Banco and ether extraction methods were high (r = .89 to .95). Moisture had a high negative correlation (r = −.87 to −.90) with ether extractable solids content of the ground broiler carcasses. Linear regression equations were calculated for the prediction of ether extractable solids content from the percentage fat determined by the Banco test or calculated from moisture content. A comparison of the methods by cost, time involved, accuracy, and precision suggests that the Banco method is a feasible choice for a laboratory which must determine the fat content of a large number of meat samples in a minimum amount of time.
Multiple excitation and ionization of atoms by strong lasers

Experimental information on laser-induced multiple ionization is analyzed in terms of a model that includes the scaling of the generalized cross sections and the time dependence during the pulse. A comparison of direct with sequential processes reveals the dominance of the latter. The role of multiply excited states in strong-laser studies is also discussed.
Environmental problems associated with large recreational subdivisions.

Recreational subdivisions are extensive operations that have produced tremendous change in many areas. Environmental problems are widespread and often intensified by the extreme degree of clustering. Severe environmental impacts could be reduced substantially if the projects were developed in phases, water resource use was limited to environmentally “safe'’yields, and other environmental constraints were considered by project officials.
Factors involved in the collaboration between the national comprehensive cancer control programs and tobacco control programs: a qualitative study of 6 States, United States, 2012.

Introduction Historically, federal funding streams to address cancer and tobacco use have been provided separately to state health departments. This study aims to document the impact of a recent focus on coordinating chronic disease efforts through collaboration between the 2 programs. Methods Through a case-study approach using semistructured interviews, we collected information on the organizational context, infrastructure, and interaction between cancer and tobacco control programs in 6 states from March through July 2012. Data were analyzed with NVivo software, using a grounded-theory approach. Results We found between-program activities in the state health department and coordinated implementation of interventions in the community. Factors identified as facilitating integrated interventions in the community included collaboration between programs in the strategic planning process, incorporation of one another's priorities into state strategic plans, co-location, and leadership support for collaboration. Coalitions were used to deliver integrated interventions to the community. Five states perceived high staff turnover as a barrier to collaboration, and all 5 states felt that federal funding requirements were a barrier. Conclusions Cancer and tobacco programs are beginning to implement integrated interventions to address chronic disease. Findings can inform the development of future efforts to integrate program activities across chronic disease prevention efforts.
The Behaviour of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Bisulfite Sequencing

Background We recently showed that enzymes of the TET family convert 5-mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in DNA. 5-hmC is present at high levels in embryonic stem cells and Purkinje neurons. The methylation status of cytosines is typically assessed by reaction with sodium bisulfite followed by PCR amplification. Reaction with sodium bisulfite promotes cytosine deamination, whereas 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) reacts poorly with bisulfite and is resistant to deamination. Since 5-hmC reacts with bisulfite to yield cytosine 5-methylenesulfonate (CMS), we asked how DNA containing 5-hmC behaves in bisulfite sequencing. Methodology/Principal Findings We used synthetic oligonucleotides with different distributions of cytosine as templates for generation of DNAs containing C, 5-mC and 5-hmC. The resulting DNAs were subjected in parallel to bisulfite treatment, followed by exposure to conditions promoting cytosine deamination. The extent of conversion of 5-hmC to CMS was estimated to be 99.7%. Sequencing of PCR products showed that neither 5-mC nor 5-hmC undergo C-to-T transitions after bisulfite treatment, confirming that these two modified cytosine species are indistinguishable by the bisulfite technique. DNA in which CMS constituted a large fraction of all bases (28/201) was much less efficiently amplified than DNA in which those bases were 5-mC or uracil (the latter produced by cytosine deamination). Using a series of primer extension experiments, we traced the inefficient amplification of CMS-containing DNA to stalling of Taq polymerase at sites of CMS modification, especially when two CMS bases were either adjacent to one another or separated by 1–2 nucleotides. Conclusions We have confirmed that the widely used bisulfite sequencing technique does not distinguish between 5-mC and 5-hmC. Moreover, we show that CMS, the product of bisulfite conversion of 5-hmC, tends to stall DNA polymerases during PCR, suggesting that densely hydroxymethylated regions of DNA may be underrepresented in quantitative methylation analyses.