cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic aspects of the generation of the electroencephalogram

Abstract The theory of the stochastic aspects of the generation of the EEG due to Elul is mathematically incomplete, and contains two important paradoxes. Moreover the methodology of his evaluation of Gaussianity in the distribution of the EEG amplitude has been called into question. This article supplies the missing proof, shows how the logical difficulties can be overcome, and justifies (insofar as possible with our present knowledge) his conclusions with respect to Gaussianity. We close the gap in the mathematical presentation by showing to what extent the spectrum of the EEG will agree with that of its neuronal generators. The first paradox arose when Elul revised his theory to conform to his tetrodotoxin experiment. This revision made it impossible to understand how the Central Limit Theorem could still govern the amplitude distribution of the EEG, even though the use of this theorem was the most fundamental and attractive aspect of his system and seemed to be amply justified in many respects. The paradox is resolved by applying the Central Limit Theorem in its modified form, which applies to sums of dependent variables. The second paradox arises in Elul's finding that EEG during mental task performance is less Gaussian than that in the idle state. Less Gaussian means less random, i.e. presumably arising from more organized neuronal configurations. How can this be reconciled with the conventional picture of task EEG as “desynchronized”? The resolution involves a careful distinction between organization and synchronization, and it is shown that highly organized brain states accompanying task performance are very unlikely to involve neuronal synchronization in the conventional sense.
Survival of frozen-thawed fetal rat pancreases as a function of the permeation of dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol, warming rate, and fetal age.

Abstract It was reported several years ago that frozen-thawed fetal rat pancreases can reverse diabetes when transplanted into afflicted rats. The cooling rate was shown to be critical on the basis of an in vitro assay involving the incorporation of isotopic amino acids into protein. The present paper reports experiments concerned with the influence of other cryobiological variables on the in vitro survival of frozen-thawed fetal rat pancreases (permeation of additive, warming rate, and dilution rate) and experiments concerned with the influence of the age of the fetal pancreases at the time of freezing. Warming rate and dilution rate had no observable effect on the survival of 17-day fetal pancreases, but the permeation of additive was critical. Survival of 17-day fetal pancreases was near zero when they were less than half equilibrated with glycerol, but it approached 100% when they were fully equilibrated. Our interpretation of these data is that permeation of the inter cellular space is not sufficient to protect; permeation of additive into the intra cellular space is required. Also critical was the age of the fetal pancreas. Survival of 18- and 19-day fetal pancreases after freezing and thawing (~30 and 10%) was far lower than that of 17-day fetal pancreases (~100%). The increased sensitivity of the older organs may be associated with their much greater size.
The longevity of community aging initiatives: A framework for describing norc programs' sustainability goals and strategies

Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Supportive Services programs (NORC programs) aim to bring together stakeholders within a local area with a large number of older adults (e.g., a neighborhood or apartment building) to facilitate activities and services that promote aging in place. Despite enthusiasm for these programs, there is ongoing concern regarding their long-term sustainability, especially as federal funding to support NORC programs nationally has dwindled in recent years. This exploratory study aimed to develop a framework to describe NORC programs’ sustainability goals and strategies. As part of a statewide study in New Jersey, this study drew on data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with staff of 10 lead organizations that represented 15 NORC programs. Using a grounded theory analytic approach, findings revealed three types of sustainability goals: continuing the program indefinitely within the lead agency (described by eight organizations); integrating the program functions across...
Sudden stops and currency crises

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine empirical characteristics of two commonly mentioned expressions of international financial crisis, “sudden stops” and currency crises.Design/methodology/approach – Sudden stop and currency crisis events are identified and empirical regularities among them are analyzed based on the annual data of 25 emerging market countries from 1990 to 2003.Findings – Puzzlingly, these two seemingly close expressions of crises overlap less than 50 percent of the time and sudden stops more frequently precede than follow currency crises. Also the two different sudden stop measures are not strongly correlated with each other.Research limitations/implications – This shows that it can make a great deal of difference what measure is used and suggests that studies in this area should be sure to check the robustness of their results to different measures.Practical implications – The authors think that the proper analysis should focus on how to use these different measures to unde...
Cross currency option pricing

Abstract The authors have shown that the cross-currency option analyzed by Rumsey (1991) is equivalent to an option with a stochastic exercise price. Thus, any valuation model should recognize this characteristic. It is also shown that a replicating portfolio of puts and calls matches the payoff of a cross-currency option regardless of whether both options expire out-of-the-money or one expires in-the-money while the other expires worthless.
Field effect measurements on high-resistivity p-type silicon

Abstract Measurements of the changes in conductivity with a transverse a.c. field (field effect) as a function of the steady-state conductance were carried out on silicon surfaces. The latter had been treated by chemical treatments which produce a low surface recombination velocity. The measurements were carried out in different gaseous ambients and at room temperature. The surface potential was varied over a range of 20 kT / q round the center of the energy gap by the application of large d.c. fields normal to the surface. The distribution of the fast states seems to be different for the different chemical treatments, and can be described by a number of discrete states superimposed on a continuous distribution.
Dimethylnitrosamine demethylase activity of rat liver microsomes after partial hepatectomy

Abstract It is known that partial hepatectomy increases the hepatocarcinogenicity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). To investigate why this procedure increases the hepatocarcinogenicity of DMN, the activity of liver DMN demethylase was determined on Wistar male rats at different time intervals after partial hepatectomy. The ld 50 for DMN administered 1 day after partial hepatectomy was also compared to that for the control animals. The enzyme activity reached its lowest point (47 per cent) 1 day after operation, and at 3 days had recovered to about 90 per cent of the control values. The ld 50 for partially hepatectomized rats 44 hr after i.p. injection of DMN was 114 mg/kg body weight as compared to 82 mg/kg for control animals. The reduction rather than increase of enzyme activity after hepatectomy shows that increased DMN carcinogenicity after hepatectomy is not caused by a compensatory increase of demethylase activity associated with liver regeneration.
Induced excitability in reconstituted cell membrane structure.

Abstract When bimolecular lipid membranes adsorb appropriate, as yet unidentified, molecules obtained from various biological sources their resistance falls from108 ω cm2 to103–105 ω cm2 and they then become “active” or “electrically excitable” in the sense that their resistance changes reversibly and regeneratively between two definite values in response to suprathreshold applied voltages. The detailed kinetics of these resistance changes are similar to the “action potential” of frog nerve in 0·1M KCI and are identical to those found in the marine alga Valonia and electronic semiconductor tunnel diodes. In this paper, the kinetic and steady state aspects of these resistance changes are presented, and a theory is developed which accounts for the observed phenomena. This theory is compared with the theory of tunnel diodes.
Dissatisfaction with medical services among medicare beneficiaries with disabilities

Abstract Jha A, Patrick DL, MacLehose RF, Doctor JN, Chan L. Dissatisfaction with medical services among Medicare beneficiaries with disabilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:1335-41. Objective: To test the hypothesis that Medicare beneficiaries who have difficulties performing activities of daily living (ADLs) are more likely to report dissatisfaction with their health care than those without ADL difficulties. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Sample from the 1998 Medicare Current Beneficiaries Survey. Participants: A population-based sample (N=19,650) of noninstitutionalized Medicare beneficiaries. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Satisfaction with overall quality and 9 specific aspects of medical services received in the last year. Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioral, and system characteristics and compared with those without ADL difficulties, Medicare enrollees were more likely to report dissatisfaction with the overall quality of their health care as their number of activity restrictions increased (1–2 ADLs: odds ratio [OR]=1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.0; 3–4 ADLs: OR=1.7; 95% CI, 1.2–2.4; 5–6 ADLs: OR=1.9; 95% CI, 1.4–2.8). Analysis of satisfaction with the 9 specific aspects of care yielded similar results. Conclusion: Disability is a significant independent risk factor for dissatisfaction with health care in the Medicare population. Efforts should be made to identify individuals with ADL difficulties and to improve their ease and convenience of getting to a doctor, the availability of care off hours, the access to specialists, and the follow-up care received. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Single photoelectron time spread measurement of fast photomultipliers

Abstract Time spread measurements, using single photoelectrons of fast photomultipliers having dynodes with cesium-activated gallium-phosphide secondary emitting surfaces have been investigated. Measurements of the time spread, made by means of a specially developed measuring system with improved time resolution capabilities, on several 8850s and C31024s are presented and discussed. Critical evaluation of the measuring system is given, particularly concerning the influences of the light pulse width and the constant fraction discriminator timing errors on the system time-resolution capabilities. The measuring system incorporates a subnanosecond light-pulse generator capable of operating at a repetition rate of 3 MHz with output light pulses having a full width at half-maximum of less than 200 ps. It also incorporates a constant fraction discriminator which has a time walk less than ±35 ps over a range of input-pulse amplitudes from 35 mV to 8 V. The optimum operating conditions of the photomultipliers have been determined for minimum time spread and relative collection efficiency. The error of the time spread measurements, because of the finite width of the light pulse, is discussed and determined for different pulse widths.
Maybe not the king, but an invaluable subordinate: a commentary on Avison and Malaurent’s advocacy of ‘theory light’ IS research

In their provocative Insights and Perspectives article ‘Is theory king?’, David Avison and Julien Malaurent identified and theorized a problem in our field and proposed a theory of how to solve it. In brief, they argued that (1) overemphasis on theory in leading IS journals has produced qualitative IS research that exhibits negative characteristics like oversimplification of complex reality, stifling of new avenues of investigation, inappropriate or misapplication of theory to empirical data, and trivial and uninteresting findings, and (2) this problem can be ameliorated by the openness of top IS journals to ‘theory light’ qualitative IS research articles, which would make other kinds of contributions than theoretical ones. Importantly, they argued that ‘theory light’ articles should complement, rather than replace, articles that make significant contributions to theory. In addition, they asserted that acceptable ‘theory light’ articles must be well executed, which they acknowledge will require strong editorial guidance of authors. In this commentary, I first explain why I’m predisposed to agree with Avison and Malaurent’s solution.
Cotinine: Beyond that Expected, More than a Biomarker of Tobacco Consumption.

A greater incidence of tobacco consumption occurs among individuals with psychiatric conditions including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), bipolar disorder, major depression and schizophrenia, compared with the general population. Even when still controversial, it has been postulated that smoking is a form of self-medication that reduces psychiatric symptoms among individuals with these disorders. To better understand the component(s) of tobacco-inducing smoking behavior, greater attention has been directed toward nicotine. However, in recent years, new evidence has shown that cotinine, the main metabolite of nicotine, exhibits beneficial effects over psychiatric symptoms and may therefore promote smoking within this population. Some of the behavioral effects of cotinine compared to nicotine are discussed here. Cotinine, which accumulates in the body as a result of tobacco exposure, crosses the blood-brain barrier and has different pharmacological properties compared with nicotine. Cotinine has a longer plasma half-life than nicotine and showed no addictive or cardiovascular effects in humans. In addition, at the preclinical level, cotinine facilitated the extinction of fear memory and anxiety after fear conditioning, improved working memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in a monkey model of schizophrenia. Altogether, the new evidence suggests that the pharmacological and behavioral effects of cotinine may play a key role in promoting tobacco smoking in individuals that suffer from psychiatric conditions and represents a new potential therapeutic agent against psychiatric conditions such as AD and PTSD.
Sulfapyridine and Serum in Experimental Type III Lobar Pneumonia

SummaryUnder the conditions of our experiments the protective value of highly concentrated type specific serum in optimal doses and that of sulfapyridine in optimal doses are approximately equal when the infecting dose of Type III pneumococci is relatively small, resulting in a mortality of 63% in untreated animals. When the infecting dose is sufficiently large to produce an initial mortality of 100%, the mortality after sulfapyridine therapy is significantly less than after serum therapy. Combining serum and sulfapyridine, each in optimal dose, does not reduce mortality below that of sulfapyridine therapy alone in Type III pneumococcic pneumonia, differing in this respect from results previously obtained from similar experiments with Type I pneumococcic pneumonia.
Is There Any Association between PEEP and Upper Extremity DVT

Background. We hypothesized that positive end-exploratory pressure (PEEP) may promote venous stasis in the upper extremities and predispose to upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT). Methods. We performed a retrospective case control study of medical intensive care unit patients who required mechanical ventilation (MV) for &#x3e;72 hours and underwent duplex ultrasound of their upper veins for suspected DVT between January 2011 and December 2013. Results. UEDVT was found in 32 (28.5&#x25;) of 112 patients. Nineteen (67.8&#x25;) had a central venous catheter on the same side. The mean &#xb1; SD duration of MV was days. Average PEEP was &#x2009;cm H2O. Average PEEP was &#x2265;10&#x2009;cm H2O in 23 (20.5&#x25;) patients. Congestive heart failure (CHF) significantly increased the odds of UEDVT (OR 4.53, 95&#x25; CI 1.13&#x2013;18.11; ) whereas longer duration of MV (&#x2265;13 vs. &#x3C;13 days) significantly reduced it (OR 0.29, 95&#x25; CI 0.11&#x2013;0.8; ). Morbid obesity showed a trend towards significance (OR 3.82, 95&#x25; CI 0.95&#x2013;15.4; ). Neither PEEP nor any of the other analyzed predictors was associated with UEDVT. Conclusions. There is no association between PEEP and UEDVT. CHF may predispose to UEDVT whereas the risk of UEDVT declines with longer duration of MV.
Interferon induction inhibition and mutagenic activity of nitrosated coal dust extract.

Specified cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of coal dust extract (mixture of solvent extractions of bituminous coal nitrosated by NaNO 2 ) were investigated because of the association of an excess risk of gastric cancer in coal miners. The effect of nitrosated coal dust on a cellular defense component of the interferon system, the induction of interferon (α/β) in mammalian cell cultures by influenza virus, and mutagenicity, using the Salmonella /microsome assay, were determined. Nitrosated coal dust extract contained both bioactivation-independent and -dependent (microsome enzymatic activation) compounds that significantly inhibited the viral induction of interferon by >50%. Nitrosated extract was mutagenic but exhibited no increase in mutagenic activity in the presence of microsomal enzymes. With further extraction of nitrosated coal dust extract by horse serum and fractionation thereof, the soluble chemical complexes formed with fractions of high molecular weight without bioactivation were dominant in both mutagenicity and inhibition of interferon induction. Low-molecular-weight fractions, with or without a metal chelator, and with or without bioactivation, all inhibited interferon induction comparably and significantly. There was no mutagenic activity manifested by these serum fractions. Metal-serum complexes were either not formed, or, if present, were ineffectual according to the biologic criteria employed. The findings of this study are discussed in terms of the association between nitrosated coal dust and gastric carcinogenesis.
Xenopus F-cadherin, a Novel Member of the Cadherin Family of Cell Adhesion Molecules, Is Expressed at Boundaries in the Neural Tube

Development of the vertebrate CNS begins during neurulation when the neural plate gives rise to the neural tube. During neurulation, the different regions of the CNS can be identified in part by the appearance of flexures in the walls of the neural tube. Here we report the isolation and characterization of F-cadherin; a novel member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules, which is expressed at flexures in the neural tube of Xenopus embryos. We show that F-cadherin is first expressed at neural plate stages, that its expression is altered when patterning of the neural tube is perturbed, and that its expression marks boundaries in the neural tube where cell mixing is restricted. These observations suggest that F-cadherin contributes to the regionalization of the neural tube perhaps by mediating differential cell adhesion.
Leukocyte inhibition factor in delayed-onset food allergy

To investigate the possiblity of a cellular immune hypersensitivity reaction in patients who developed allergic symptoms 2 or more hours after ingestion of a particular food, two in vitro tests were employed: leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) and lymphoblastogenesis. Of the children and adults with food allergy, 73% (30 of 41) had a positive LIF test with whole cow's milk or its fractions or corn. Of nonallergic or grass-pollen sensitive controls, 15% (four of 26) had positive LIF. Lymphocyte transformation often correlated with LIF results in food-allergic patients but was also positive in 77% of controls (seven of nine). We suggest that many patients with delayed-onset food-induced allergy symptoms may have a cellular immune component to their sensitivity. Serum IgA, where measured, was absent or low in half of these patients.
Neuroimaging in chronic fatigue syndrome

The diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is made difficult by the absence of specific biomedical markers, and depends primarily on determining whether subjective information provided by the patient meets the clinical case definition of this syndrome. Reported cognitive difficulties and/or complaints of headache may instigate referral for brain imaging. This article will discuss the value of neuroimaging in evaluating CFS, specifically reviewing studies that (1) used static magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess structural abnormalities; and (2) assessed regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) via detection of Tc-99m hexamethylpropyl-eneamine oxime distribution by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Future research design considerations are explored including (1) the utilization of positron emission tomography (PET) and other emerging neuroimaging technologies; and (2) methodological concerns, i.e., the influence of psychopathology (such as depression) and neurologic disease (such as multiple sclerosis) as possible confounding factors.
Can size alone explain some of the differences in toxicity between β‐amyloid oligomers and fibrils?

beta-Amyloid (Abeta) peptide is believed to play a key role in the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta tends to aggregate to form amyloid fibrils. A variety of evidence indicates that Abeta aggregates are toxic in vitro and in vivo. An early "Abeta hypothesis" postulated that AD was the consequence of neuron death induced by insoluble deposits of large Abeta fibrils. Newer findings indicate that small soluble Abeta oligomers are the neurotoxic species, yet their structure is still unknown. Many researchers have tried to probe the differences in molecular structure between Abeta oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils that give rise to their unique toxicities, but with limited success. In this report, we examine the hypothesis that differences in the toxicity of different aggregated Abeta species are the result of differences in species concentration and diffusivity. Using a simple mathematical analysis based on the assumption of a diffusion-limited reaction, we demonstrate that near 10-fold differences in toxicity between spherical oligomers and fibrils can be explained from size and concentration arguments. While this work does not suggest that Abeta oligomers and fibrils have identical molecular structures, it highlights the possibility that simple physical phenomena may contribute to the biological processes induced by Abeta.
Parametrization of Absorption-Line Profiles

The parametrization $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)=C+\ensuremath{\Sigma}\stackrel{}{K}\frac{[(\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{K}){B}_{K}+(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{K}){A}_{K}]}{[{(E\ensuremath{-}{E}_{K})}^{2}+{(\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{K})}^{2}]}$ for attenuation cross sections (particularly photo-ionization) is discussed, with attention to the following details: prescriptions for exact calculation of profile parameters, in which the effects of distortions are separated from the effects of multiple scatterings; the validity of assuming independent (noninterfering) resonances; the specific case of autoionizing lines; connections with alternative parametrizations; the prohibition on negative cross sections assured by unitarity; behavior at threshold; and the applicability of this parametrization to emission lines.
The ascription of mental predicates

IN A recent article 1 Strawson attempts to mediate between a skeptical position with regard to the existence of mental states in others and a philosophical behaviorism which would identify such states with observable behavior. He does so by exhibiting what we may advisedly call a rule of use for the ascription of mental, personal, or "P predicates" whereby the latter "span" both selfand other-ascribing uses. In symbolic terms, if Px is the general form of the propositional function of a P-predicate, then both "I" and "He" are values of X.2 The reason we allegedly have such a rule is that we hold a concept of the person as an entity of a type to which P-predicates are significantly ascribable. This concept, moreover, may be established as "logically primary" and all others as secondary or derivative. Finally, the justification for any P-predicate ascription is grounded on the behavior associated with such entities. Behavior, Strawson asserts, is a "logically adequate criterion" of ascription. My paper will be divided into the following three sections which conform to the main points in Strawson's argument: (1) the formulation and substantiation of the P-predicate rule, (2) the logically primitive concept of the person on which that rule is allegedly based, and (3) the notion of behavior as a logically adequate criterion of ascription.
Dental laser research: selective ablation of caries, calculus, and microbial plaque: From the idea to the first in vivo investigation

One of the current dental laser research tracks is selective ablation, which is the removal of disease while not harming adjacent healthy structures. This article describes the scientific path from the first basic laboratory study of the absorption characteristics of caries to selective ablation of bacteria, microbial plaque, and calculus with a blue laser and the first in vivo safety studies in dogs. This article is an example of a typical research path for future studies of the uses of lasers in dentistry.
Quantitative Measurements of Enhanced Soot Production in a Flickering Methane/Air Diffusion Flame

Abstract Integrated models of soot production and oxidation are based upon experimental results obtained in steady, laminar flames. For successful application of these descriptions to turbulent combustion, it is instructive to test predictions of soot concentrations against experimental measurements obtained in time-varying flowfields. This paper reports quantitative measurements of the local soot volume fraction in a co-flowing, flickering CH 4 /air diffusion flame burning at atmospheric pressure. Acoustic forcing of the fuel flow rate is used to phase lock the periodic flame flicker close to the natural flicker frequency. Our measurements show that soot production is four times greater for a forcing condition in which flame tip clipping occurs, compared with a steady flame burning with the same mean fuel flow velocity. The soot field in the flickering flame has been characterized using tomographic reconstruction of extinction data obtained at 632.8 nm, laser-induced incandescence (LII) images calibrated against steady CH 4 /air extinction results, and vertically polarized scattering data. The LII method is found to track the soot volume fraction closely and to give better signal-to-noise than the extinction measurements in both the steady and time-varying flowfields. A Mie analysis of these results suggests that the flickering flame exhibits similar number densities but larger particle sizes than the corresponding steady flame.
Development and application of a universal method for quantitation of anionic constituents in active pharmaceutical ingredients during early development using suppressed conductivity ion chromatography.

Abstract A universal method for quantitation of anionic substances in active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) during early development was developed using ion chromatography (IC). The method was developed to allow rapid characterization of APIs in support of early clinical studies The method parameters were chosen to allow quantitation of monovalent, divalent, and trivalent inorganic ions as well as monvalent and divalent carboxylic acids. These parameters were also chosen to ensure appropriate performance for regulated analyses using less than 10 mg of API per replicate. The method was applied to and validated for a range of anionic analytes in APIs of varying hydrophobicity to demonstrate applicability to various analyses encountered during early development of pharmaceuticals.
Human Somatostatin Receptor Genes: Localization of SSTR5 to Human Chromosome 20p11.2

The gene encoding the somatostatin receptor subtype designated as SSTR5 was mapped to human chromosome 20p11.2 by using fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization using a probe for SSTR5 in combination with probes for neuroendocrine convertase-2 (NEC2), thrombomodulin (THBD), and brain glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB) established a physical order for these loci of 20pter-NEC2-SSTR5-THBD-PYGB-cen.
Traditional Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Relation to Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer

At least four major categories of invasive breast cancer have been reproducibly identified by gene expression profiling: luminal A, luminal B, HER2-type, and basal-like. These subtypes have been shown to differ in their outcome and response to treatment. Whether this heterogeneity reflects the evolution of these subtypes through distinct etiologic pathways has not been clearly defined. We evaluated the association between traditional breast cancer risk factors and risk of previously defined molecular subtypes of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study. This analysis included 2,022 invasive breast cancer cases for whom we were able to obtain archived breast cancer tissue specimens. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed, and slides were immunostained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Using immunostain results in combination with histologic grade, cases were grouped into molecularly defined subtypes. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We observed differences in the association between risk factors and subtypes of breast cancer. In general, many reproductive factors were most strongly associated with the luminal A subtype, although these differences were not statistically significant. Weight gain since age 18 showed significant differences in its association with molecular subtypes (P-heterogeneity = 0.05) and was most strongly associated with the luminal B subtype (P-trend 0.001). Although there was not significant heterogeneity for lactation across subtypes, an inverse association was strongest for basal-like tumors (HR = 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8; P-heterogeneity = 0.88). These results support the hypothesis that different subtypes of breast cancer have different etiologies and should not be considered as a single group. Identifying risk factors for less common subtypes such as luminal B, HER2-type and basal-like tumors has important implications for prevention of these more aggressive subtypes.
Newborn Tissue Concentrations of Bupivacaine following Maternal Epidural Administration during Labor in Guinea Pigs

Newborn plasma concentrations of maternally administered bupivacaine are often measured, but it is unclear how well they reflect tissue concentrations. Bupivacaine (0.25%) was administered epidurally
A major gene influences variation in large HDL particles and their response to diet in baboons

Abstract Some baboons accumulate appreciable amounts of large apoE-rich HDLs (HDL 1 ) which are similar to those reported in humans with several different dyslipoproteinemias. We estimated HDL 1 cholesterol concentrations by gradient gel electrophoresis of serum samples obtained from 634 pedigreed baboons fed with three diets differing in levels of fat and cholesterol. The HDL 1 trait was highly heritable on each diet (0.390≤ h 2 ≤0.528). Segregation analyses yielded significant evidence that a single major gene plus polygenes affected HDL 1 on a high-fat low-cholesterol diet. The major gene explained approximately 56% of total trait variance and 90% of the additive genetic variance in HDL 1 levels in these baboons. Bivariate one-locus segregation analyses indicated that this major gene exerts significant pleiotropic effects on a number of traditional HDL traits on all three diets, including HDL size distributions, and concentrations of HDL-C, apoAI, and apoE. Linkage analyses showed that this major gene was not located in chromosomal regions that contain six candidate genes whose protein products are important to HDL metabolism ( LCAT , CETP , APOA1 , APOE , ABCA1 , LIPC ). Our results suggest this major gene in baboons plays a pivotal role in HDL metabolism, but is unlikely to code for any of the proteins previously implicated in studies of human HDL 1 .
Molecular dynamic study of volumetric phase change induced by a femtosecond laser pulse

During the last decade, femtosecond laser has been used for micro-machining of various materials. In this work, the phase change phenomena during femtosecond laser ablation are investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The process of femtosecond laser ablation of nickel is calculated. The temperature and stress history, and the generation and growth of gas bubbles are traced. For different laser pulse fluences, the material ablation process is analysed to reveal the effect of temperature and stress.
Self-injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys: new insights into its etiology, physiology, and treatment.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a significant human health problem frequently associated with profound intellectual disabilities, genetic diseases, and psychiatric conditions. However, it also occurs in subclinical populations and appears to be on the rise in adolescents and young adults. SIB is also seen in a small percentage of nonhuman primates that injure themselves through biting. We have begun to characterize SIB in rhesus monkeys to identify some of the risk factors associated with this disorder, and to determine the parallels with the human condition. In our study population, 14% of individually housed monkeys (the vast majority of which are males) have a veterinary record for self-inflicted wounding. Wounding is rare, but self-directed biting is common. SIB can be elicited during aggressive altercations and may be associated with husbandry events. Some monkeys appear to be more vulnerable to acquiring SIB. This increased vulnerability is associated with certain social experiences in the first 2 years of life and with exposure to a larger number of moderately stressful events as compared to controls. Monkeys with SIB also have a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, indicated by a blunted cortisol response to mild stressors. Our findings suggest that SIB may be a coping strategy to reduce arousal. Biting appears to rapidly lower an escalating heart rate. The potentially reinforcing effects of SIB may account for the failure of some treatment regimens. These findings are compared to studies of SIB in humans, and concordances are identified.
Life-span of the Fronds of the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera

THE large brown attached alga, Macrocystis pyrifera, member of a widespread genus, is of considerable importance as the direct and indirect source of food for a large number of near-shore animals; it is also gathered by man, to be used as fertilizer, food additives, and it is processed for certain of its chemical constituents. The fronds develop continuously from growing points located on the perennial hold-fast at the base of the plant1. Little information exists about the life-span of the fronds, although this is a factor of considerable importance in management of the resource and in computing the productivity of the kelp groves. Authors have estimated the life-span as several months1,2. Further information is now available as a by-product of work on rate of growth in several kelp-beds spread over a geographical range of about 150 km.
Kinetics of biosynthesis of acetylcholine receptor and subsequent incorporation into plasma membrane of cultured chick skeletal muscle

Abstract 20% of the acetylcholine receptors in cultured chick skeletal muscle remain unbound following long-term growth of muscle in medium containing a potent, essentially irreversible receptor-blocking agent, α-bungarotoxin. About half the receptors which are unavailable for interaction with extracellular α-bungarotoxin are newly synthesized molecules which presumably are being processed and transported to the plasma membrane. When the muscle cultures are switched to a medium containing 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-amino acids, these receptors are rapidly labeled, the fraction of labeled molecules beginning to plateau at 3 hr. Few labeled receptors appear in the plasma membrane during the first 3 hr of labeling with 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-amino acids. After 3.5 hr of labeling, virtually all the receptors being incorporated into the plasma membrane are labeled receptors. The kinetics of labeling of the "pool" and "surface" receptors with 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-amino acids confirm the "precursor-product" type relationship of pool and surface acetylcholine receptors. In this study, receptors synthesized in medium containing 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-amino acids were resolved from 1 H, 12 C, 14 N-receptors by velocity sedimentation in sucrose-deuterium oxide and sucrose-H 2 O gradients, and their densities were estimated from sedimentation rates in shallow gradients of various average density. Estimated densities were 1.32 g/cm 3 for 1 H, 12 C, 14 N-receptors and 1.41 g/cm 3 for 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-receptors. This density difference corresponds to 80% substitution of normal aminoacyl residues by 2 H, 13 C, 15 N-residues in the denser receptor.
The interaction of u.v.-and methyl methanesulfonate-induced DNA repair synthesis: a role for Poly(ADP-ribose)?

Treatment of a human lymphoblastoid line ( GM606 ) with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) initially stimulates and then drastically inhibits repair synthesis. This inhibition is overcome and repair appears to be stimulated by the poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (3-AmB). The repair activity of older cultures is much diminished compared to those rapidly dividing, but the 3-AmB effect is seen in both 2- and 7-day cultures. The action of 3-AmB is very rapid and its removal results in a diminution of repair synthesis within 30 min. U.v.-induced repair synthesis was not affected by 3-AmB. However, the level of u.v.-induced repair synthesis was drastically reduced by treatment of cells with MMS. This MMS inhibition of u.v.-induced repair synthesis was completely counteracted by the presence of 3-AmB. Insofar as the effective action of 3-AmB is on poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, the data suggest that activation of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis by alkylation of DNA reduces the NAD and therefore the ATP level in the lymphoblastoid cells used. Reduced ATP levels result in a lessened ability to carry out u.v.-induced repair synthesis.
The Trials of Homecoming: Odysseus Returns from Iraq/Afghanistan

This lecture introduces some of the poignant challenges and stressors facing service members and their families as they return from combat in Iraq and Afghanistan. A focus on the nature of psychological injuries, as compared with disorders, sets the stage for discussing some central factors necessary for a harmonious transition back home. The article stresses the vital role played by a community of Veterans in healing moral injuries. The importance of effective leadership, sound sleep, and supportive unit cohesion are stressed as vital protective factors in theater. To assist mental health and health clinicians working with Veterans, the article asserts that the prevention of secondary trauma should be ethically obligatory self‐care supported by mental health centers and academic institutions.
Analyzing Self-Similar and Fractal Properties of the C. elegans Neural Network

The brain is one of the most studied and highly complex systems in the biological world. While much research has concentrated on studying the brain directly, our focus is the structure of the brain itself: at its core an interconnected network of nodes (neurons). A better understanding of the structural connectivity of the brain should elucidate some of its functional properties. In this paper we analyze the connectome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Consisting of only 302 neurons, it is one of the better-understood neural networks. Using a Laplacian Matrix of the 279-neuron “giant component” of the network, we use an eigenvalue counting function to look for fractal-like self similarity. This matrix representation is also used to plot visualizations of the neural network in eigenfunction coordinates. Small-world properties of the system are examined, including average path length and clustering coefficient. We test for localization of eigenfunctions, using graph energy and spacial variance on these functions. To better understand results, all calculations are also performed on random networks, branching trees, and known fractals, as well as fractals which have been “rewired” to have small-world properties. We propose algorithms for generating Laplacian matrices of each of these graphs.
The Effect of Feeding Cottonseed Meal as the Only Concentrate on Several Properties of Milk. I. Fat, Total Solids and Ash Content*

Summary The precentage of fat, total solids and ash of the milk produced by a group of holstein cows receiving cottonseed meal as the only conentrate was compared with that of a similar group receiving a mixture of corn gluten meal, wheat bran, ground corn and oats. The roughage was the same for the two groups. The data collected covered a feeding period of sixteen consecutive months. Pour months after placing the animals on their respective experimental rations the milk produced by the group receiving the cottonseed meal ration had a lower percentage of total solids, fat and solids-not-fat than that from the control group. Later the ash content likewise became lower.
Patterns of student writing in a critical thinking course: A quantitative analysis

Abstract Two studies assessed student writing in a critical thinking course. The first study examined initial and final versions of a term paper. Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) analyses of essays revealed significant differences in linguistic variables and some differences in cognitive variables. The second study examined student essays at the beginning and end of the semester. Taken together, the studies indicate that students express themselves with less tentativeness at the end of the semester, and are consistent with the suggestion that students move from relativism to commitment during the course of a semester. In addition, the results indicate that the LIWC may detect differences between different writing genres.
Human rights politics and scaled performances of memory: conflicts among the Madres de Plaza de Mayo in Argentina

This paper builds on the geographies of commemoration literature extending the scope of inquiry to consider the scaled performances through which the politics of memory unfold. I focus on an analysis of conflicts over the creation of memorial landscapes that emerge from the intricate ways in which representations of the past and the everyday politics of social movements intersect. The paper analyses the competing politics of memory of two groups of Madres de Plaza de Mayo (mothers of people who ‘disappeared’ during Argentina's Dirty War). Their strategies underscore geographic dimensions of the politics of memory as the Madres clash over how to appropriately place memory in the landscape. While one group emphasizes making visible the events of the past to promote transmission of memory and to remember those who disappeared, the other group focuses on re‐interpreting symbols about the past in an attempt to encourage future activism. Such conflicting strategies manifest spatially in a variety of ways, rangi...
Transforming software development: an MDA road map

The Model Driven Architecture initiative shifts the focus of software development from writing code to building models. At appropriate abstraction levels, such models can help customers and development teams translate their understanding of the problem domain into more reliable working code more quickly.
Thermal evolution of Kuiper belt objects, with implications for cryovolcanism

Abstract We investigate the internal thermal evolution of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), small (radii 2500 kg m − 3 ) bodies orbiting beyond Neptune, focusing on Pluto's moon Charon in particular. Our calculations are time-dependent and account for differentiation. We review evidence for ammonia hydrates in the ices of KBOs, and include their effects on the thermal evolution. A key finding is that the production of the first melt, at the melting point of ammonia dihydrate, ≈ 176 K , triggers differentiation of rock and ice. The resulting structure comprises a rocky core surrounded by liquids and ice, enclosed within a >100-km thick undifferentiated crust of rock and ice. This structure is especially conducive to the retention of subsurface liquid, and bodies the size of Charon or larger (radii >600 km) are predicted to retain some subsurface liquid to the present day. We discuss the possibility that this liquid can be brought to the surface rapidly via self-propagating cracks. We conclude that cryovolcanism is a viable process expected to affect the surfaces of large KBOs including Charon.
On the biomechanics of human hip complex in vivo—II. Passive resistive properties beyond the hip complex sinus

In multisegmented mathematical models of the total human body, the resistive force properties of the major articulating joints play a direct and significant role in determining the relative motion between two body segments and in the understanding of injury mechanisms. This paper presents three-dimensional passive resistive properties beyond the maximal voluntary hip complex sinus by applying the kinematic data collection methodology developed in Part I together with a recently developed force data collection technique with sonic emitters (previously reported elsewhere by the senior author and his associates). The same three male subjects as in Part I of this paper were tested. Quantitative results were displayed by establishing the constant resistive force (moment) contours on a modified local joint axis system.
A note on ‘Single-machine scheduling for minimizing total cost with identical, asymmetrical earliness and tardiness penalties’

Abstract We point out a flaw present in a recent publication, and show how methodology can be modified to correct it.
Megalourethra, uterus didelphys, and double vagina

A case of megalourethra in a female patient with uterus didelphys and complete septate vagina is presented. Deficiency of the helicoidal muscle fibers of the urethra was the probable cause of the anomaly. Surgical treatment was transvaginal plication of the urethra.
Disability History: Suggested Readings--An Annotated Bibliography

Scholars in Disability history and Disability studies have produced a substantive corpus of works in the last two decades. The range of topics represent the diverse nature of this field. This essay is intended as an introductory historiography, and thus presents only a narrow sampling of books. It includes general works in both Disability history and Disability studies, focusing primarily on three topics in Disability history: representation, science/technology/eugenics, and memoirs.