cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural localization of Na+/K+-ATPase in rodent olfactory epithelium

Abstract The olfactory epithelium is comprised of bipolar sensory neurons, sustentacular cells, and basal cells. The sensory neurons have apical knobs and cilia, which project into the olfactory mucus toward the nasal lumen, and represent presumptive sites of odorant binding. Ionic currents, measured across this epithelium in both the resting and odorant-stimulated states, are known to be sustained, at least in part, by active transport of sodium. Information identifying the cellular sites of ion transport in olfactory sensory epithelium will therefore aid in elucidating the ionic mechanisms associated with olfactory transduction. The membrane-bound enzyme Na + /K + -ATPase mediates active ion transport in many other cells and tissues. We have consequently employed the cytochemical technique reported by Ernst ( J. Histochem. Cytochem. , 20 (1972) 23–38, 1322) to identify possible sites of elevated Na + /K + -ATPase activity in olfactory epithelium. This procedure detects inorganic phosphate (P i ) released from an artificial substrate (nitrophenyl phosphate) by enzyme catalytic activity. In the presence of strontium ion, P i is precipitated near regions of high enzymatic activity, then converted to a product visible in the electron microscope. Parallel control preparations were incubated in media (1) supplemented with the specific Na + /K + -ATPase inhibitor ouabain (to abolish formation of specific reaction product); (2) with substrate deleted (to demonstrate possible non-specific binding of Sr 2+ and/or Pb 2+ ); or (3) with the necessary cofactor K + deleted. In tissues incubated for demonstration of Na + /K + -ATPase activity, reaction product was associated with apical knobs, cilia and dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons at the apical surface. In the more proximal region of the epithelium, reaction product was associated with cell bodies and axons of the sensory neurons, and with the lateral membranes of sustentacular cells. Reaction product was deposited intracellularly, compatible with the known mechanism of the Na + /K + -ATPase enzymatic reaction. In control specimens incubated with ouabain, with substrate deleted, or with K + deleted, only a small quantity of non-specific precipitate was observed. These results are discussed with reference to the various sodium currents implicated in olfactory transduction and transepithelial transport.
Biomechanical properties and large strain deformation of artificial silicone devices with different forms of nanostructured carbon

Abstract We elucidate here the biomechanical response and large strain deformation behavior of silicone containing dispersion of different forms of nanostructured carbon, which adapt favorably to the functional requirements of joints during soft tissue reconstruction or replacement. The behavior of hybrid silicone systems is compared with standalone silicone. The key biomechanical properties, contact stiffness, reduced modulus and hardness were studied in vitro using nanoindentation approach in a simulated physiological environment under conditions of slow and rapid mechanical loading. Based on the biomechanical analysis, it is proposed that handheld indentation devices can be appropriately used during clinical practice for determination of stiffness of artificial soft tissues. However, while nanoindentation is a sensitive technique for quantitative evaluation of biomechanical properties of soft tissues, it is, important that the test procedure is standardized. Also, discussed are the basic physical mechanisms that govern elastic recovery and large strain deformation in terms of molecular theory.
A Duality Theory for Set-Valued Functions I: Fenchel Conjugation Theory

It is proven that a proper closed convex function with values in the power set of a preordered, separated locally convex space is the pointwise supremum of its set-valued affine minorants. A new concept of Legendre–Fenchel conjugates for set-valued functions is introduced and a Moreau–Fenchel theorem is proven. Examples and applications are given, among them a dual representation theorem for set-valued convex risk measures.
Maize pollen deposition in modern lake sediments: A case study from Northeastern Wisconsin

Abstract While maize ( Zea mays subsp. mays ) pollen preserved in lake sediments is often used as evidence of local prehistoric agriculture, maize pollen distribution and subsequent deposition has not been studied in modern lakes. We analyze maize pollen deposition patterns in surface sediment samples from four lakes with differing morphometry and surrounding land use. We found that maize pollen deposition varies within and between lakes depending on several landscape variables. Maize pollen concentrations are significantly positively correlated with the area of maize cultivated within 200 m of the sample location and negatively correlated with the distance to the nearest maize field and the thickness of vegetative buffers around the lake. Despite variable intra-basin deposition patterns and the fact that maize pollen is typically considered a rare pollen type typically making up less than 5% of the total pollen count, it appears that maize pollen concentrations can be used to at least semi-quantitatively to reconstruct temporal variations in the relative spatial extent of maize agriculture in the surrounding area, especially if the probable location of former agricultural fields can be identified or field positions relative to the lake remain stable over time.
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium computer simulation studies of polar fluids and nonpolar mixtures

We present a technique for estimating intermolecular potential model parameters for polar compounds. This technique has been used for two polar compounds, hydrogen chloride and ammonia. The potential models are then used to study a wide range of static and dynamic properties using computer simulations. Where possible, results have been compared with experimental data to demonstrate the adequacy of the models. Static properties have been calculated using the methods of Monte Carlo and equilibrium molecular dynamics. The shear viscosity has been obtained using the nonequilibrium molecular dynamics method. Finally, we also report results for a computer simulation study of quadrupolar mixtures. This study investigates the changes in properties caused by a change in the sign of the quadrupole moment of one mixture component.
Gamma-ray bursters at cosmological distances

It is proposed that some, perhaps most, gamma-ray bursters are at cosmological distances, like quasars, with a redshift of about 1 or 2. This proposition requires a release of supernova-like energy of about 10 to the 51st ergs within less than 1 s, making gamma-ray bursters the brightest objects known in the universe, many orders of magnitude brighter than any quasars. This power must drive a highly relativistic outflow of electron-positron plasma and radiation from the source. It is proposed that three gamma-ray bursts, all with identical spectra, detected from B1900 + 14 by Mazets, Golenetskii, and Gur'yan and reported in 1979, were all due to a single event multiply imaged by a gravitational lens. The time intervals between the successive bursts, 10 hr to 3 days, were due to differences in the light travel time for different images.
Structural evolution of the East Pacific Rise axis from 13°10′N to 10°35′N: interpretations from SeaMARC I data

In 1983 the SeaMARC I and the Sea Beam systems imaged the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and the Clipperton Transform Fault from 13°10′N to 9°50′N revealing both magmatic and tectonic segmentation along the rise axis. Tectonic segments are defined by an undulating axial zone of extension which widens and narrows at an average wavelength of 45 km. In addition, axial fissure-fault-density and -length curves reveal wavelengths of 30 and 56 km. The narrowest axial zones, < 0.5 km in width, correspond to regions of hydrothermal activity and are located atop regional morphologic highs quasi-harmonically spaced at 155 km. These highs define the major magma centers on the rise axis about which seamounts cluster. Superimposed on the intermediate-wavelength highs are smaller highs (from 10 to 50 km in length) which are truncated by overlapping spreading centers (OSC's) at their distal edges. The rise axis widens near OSC's while it narrows and disappears near the Clipperton Transform Fault suggesting that transforms and OSC's have different origins. Imagery on and adjacent to a few OSC's reveals that in some cases OSC's migrate along the axis forming relict off-axial structural traces at oblique angles (285°–330°) to the axis. Off-axial fault density and length curves have wavelengths similar to the axial curves. However, fault densities to the west of the axis are somewhat antisymmetric to fissure-fault densities on the axis. In contrast, faults to the east of the axis nearly mimic fissure-fault density and length curves on the axis suggesting that the fracture pattern is controlled by the state of deviatoric stress in the adjacent Cocos Plate to the east. The data suggest that large deep-seated magma diapirs may dominate the magmatic segmentation of the EPR generating dynamically supported 155 km wavelength highs. Smaller, shallower magma cupulas may rise as fingers to the seafloor above the large diapirs. Where the magma erupts may be a factor of the thin skin tectonic segmentation of the rise axis formed in response to the state of deviatoric stress in the upper crust. Small OCS's may form at crustal weak points and may migrate in response to magma body movement along the axis. The instability of both the magmatic and tectonic segmentation is apparent from the oblique alignment of both seamount chains and relict OSC's with their present-day counterparts.
A Genetic Screen Identifies FAN1, a Fanconi Anemia-Associated Nuclease Necessary for DNA Interstrand Crosslink Repair

The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is responsible for interstrand crosslink repair. At the heart of this pathway is the FANCI-FAND2 (ID) complex, which, upon ubiquitination by the FA core complex, travels to sites of damage to coordinate repair that includes nucleolytic modification of the DNA surrounding the lesion and translesion synthesis. How the ID complex regulates these events is unknown. Here we describe a shRNA screen that led to the identification of two nucleases necessary for crosslink repair, FAN1 (KIAA1018) and EXDL2. FAN1 colocalizes at sites of DNA damage with the ID complex in a manner dependent on FAN1's ubiquitin-binding domain (UBZ), the ID complex, and monoubiquitination of FANCD2. FAN1 possesses intrinsic 5'-3' exonuclease activity and endonuclease activity that cleaves nicked and branched structures. We propose that FAN1 is a repair nuclease that is recruited to sites of crosslink damage in part through binding the ubiquitinated ID complex through its UBZ domain.
Stereospecific transport of triidothyronine to cytoplasm and nucleus in GH1 cells

Abstract We have recently demonstrated substantial stereospecific nuclear/cytosolic free triidothyronine (T3) gradients within T3 responsive rat tissues in situ. These studies have now been extendeb to examine T3 transport in a rat pituitary tumor cell line, GH1. L -T3 had a 7.6-fold higner affinity for the nuclear receptor when assayed in whole cell incubations in comparison to isolated nuclei, though D -T3 affinity was not altered under these conditions. An apparently higher number of receptors for D -T3 was explained by racemic contamination of the isotopes used. Measurement of free hormone concentration ratios for both enantiomers revealed a small step up from medium to cytosol for L -T3 (1.65) but a reverse ratio for D -T3 (0.46). The nuclei were able to concentrate both enantiomers, though stereospecificity was maintained (nucleus/cytosol, L -T3 4.5, D -T3 1.7). Transport of L -T3 at both boundaries could be inhibited by monodansylcadaverine. Thus, stereospecific transport functions are found within GH1 cells, though the magnitude of the free nucleus/cytosol gradient is reduced from those seen in rat tissues in situ.
Lack of shared lymphocyte-stimulating determinants between H-2I and HLA-D/DR using mouse primed lymphocyte typing cells

Abstract A number of anti-H-2 alloantisera containing antibody reactive with I region gene products (Ia) of the major histocompatibility complex cross-react with determinants expressed by human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Such data have led to the conclusion that Ia and DR antigens share cross-reacting determinants. We have attempted to generate mouse primed T lymphocyte populations specific for defined I region gene product determinants which concommitantly recognize DR determinants on human peripheral blood leukocytes in primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) analysis. Mouse PLT cells were generated in primary MLC using strain combinations identical to those in which positive mouse/human cross-reacting antisera have been obtained. The resulting PLT cells exhibited strong, yet specific, secondary MLC responses against mouse cells expressing the Ia determinants used as the primary stimulus. In contrast, when examined on panels of human peripheral blood leukocytes, no reactivity was detected. This lack of cross-reactivity suggests that mouse T cells primed toward Ia determinants do not regularly recognize cross-reacting determinants of DR or D-associated antigens expressed on human PBLs. Consequently, mPLT cells are not a useful reagent in defining HLA-D region polymorphism.
Electron microscopy of single and double stranded nucleic acid: A new technique

A new method for applying nucleic acid and nucleoprotein specimens to grid-mounted carbon support films is described. The novel feature of this method involves drawing the sample solution into a thin film of liquid by means of a wire loop prior to its application to the carbon film. The advantages of this “loop film” technique are: (a) the layer of liquid applied is so thin that backgrounds are very clean and no staining or rinsing of the specimen is necessary, thereby eliminating the possibility of selective removal of specimen components by rinsing; (b) single stranded nucleic acid retains a structure which, although shrunken, is related to its condensed native configuration in solution, thereby facilitating the distinction between single and double stranded forms; (c) no extraneous protein is added to the specimen for spreading, so that proteins of biological interest which may be adsorbed to the nucleic acid should be readily detectable.
Primary sequence of the 5′ flanking regions of the Drosophila heat shock genes in chromosome subdivision 67B

The 5' flanking regions of the four small heat shock genes of Drosophila melanogaster from cytological locus 67B have been characterized. Approximately 500 bp of the primary sequence upstream from the proposed site of initiation of translation has been determined and the 5' end of the messenger RNAs have been localized for each gene. Each of the four genes contains an A-T rich sequence, either TATAAATA or TATAAAAG, which is flanked by a G-C rich region. This A-T rich sequence, which ends about 23 bp upstream from the proposed site of initiation of transcription, is similar to those found in most eukaryotic genes. Novel features of these four genes include a region of homology beginning near the proposed site of initiation of transcription and extending about 20 bp into the 5' noncoding region of the genes. This sequence is also found in the gene for the major heat shock protein, hsp 70. The leaders of these five heat shock genes are long, from 111 to 253 bases in length, as well as unusually A rich, from 46% to 51% A. In addition, each of the four small genes contains the sequence ACTTTNA, 195 +/- 12 bp from the proposed site of initiation of transcription.
A unique conformational equilibrium of polyacrylic acid at the solid/liquid interface

Abstract The adsorption of polyacrylic acid onto an alumina surface is shown using fluorescence spectroscopy to be followed by a rearrangement of its macromolecular segments in the adsorbed state. The adsorption of pyrene-labelled polyacrylic acid has been investigated from its solutions and from solutions mixed with unlabelled acid. The excimer efficiency of the emission of the pyrene-labelled polymer species indicates a pH-independent equilibrium conformation of adsorbed polymer chains. While the slow conformational rearrangement may not affect rapid flocculation processes, it could affect slow flocculation as well as deaggregation and reaggregation processes.
Evaluation of recombinant platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase for reducing the incidence and severity of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis.

Background Pancreatitis is the most common major complication of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been implicated in the pathophysiologic events associated with acute pancreatitis. Animal and human studies suggested that recombinant PAF acetylhydrolase (rPAF-AH) might ameliorate the severity of acute pancreatitis. Objective Our purpose was to determine whether prophylactic rPAF-AH administration reduces the frequency or severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Design Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Interventions Patients received rPAF-AH at a dose of either 1 or 5 mg/kg or placebo. Patients were administered a single intravenous infusion over 10 minutes of study drug or placebo Main Outcome Measurements Standardized criteria were used to diagnose and grade the severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Adverse events were prospectively recorded. Results A total of 600 patients were enrolled. There were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups with respect to patient demographics, ERCP indications, and patient and procedure risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis with the following exceptions: the rPAF-AH 5 mg/kg group had significantly fewer patients younger than 40 years old and scheduled to undergo a therapeutic ERCP involving the pancreatic sphincter or duct. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 17.5%, 15.9%, and 19.6% of patients receiving rPAF-AH (1 mg/kg), rPAF-AH (5 mg/kg), and placebo, respectively ( P = .59 for rPAF-AH 1 mg/kg vs placebo and P = .337 for rPAF-AH 5 mg/kg vs placebo). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with regard to the severity of pancreatitis, frequency of amylase/lipase elevation more than 3 times normal, or abdominal pain. Conclusions There was no apparent benefit of rPAF-AH treatment compared with placebo in reducing the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in subjects at increased risk.
Understanding procedural content generation: a design-centric analysis of the role of PCG in games

Games that use procedural content generation (PCG) do so in a wide variety of ways and for different reasons. One of the most common reasons cited by PCG system creators and game designers is improving replayability by providing a means for automatically creating near-infinite amounts of content, the player can come back and replay the game and refine her strategies over a long period. However, this notion of replayability is both overly broad and incomplete as a motivation. This paper contributes an analytical framework and associated common vocabulary for understanding the role of PCG in games from a design standpoint, with an aim of unpacking some of the broad justifications for PCG use in games, and bringing together technical concerns in designing PCG systems with design concerns related to creating engaging playable experiences.
Non-Abelian statistics in the fractional quantum Hall states.

The fractional quantum Hall states with non-Abelian statistics are studied. Those states are shown to be characterized by non-Abelian topological orders and are identified with some of the Jain states. The gapless edge states are found to be described by non-Abelian Kac-Moody algebras. It is argued that the topological orders and the associated properties are robust against any kinds of small perturbations.
NOS- and Non-NOS NADPH Diaphorases in the Insular Cortex of the Syrian Golden Hamster

SUMMARY We had previously shown NADPH diaphorase activity in fixed tissue slices of the insular cortex of the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). The objective of this work was to determine the chemical identity of agents responsible for the observed NADPH diaphorase activities. Three different enzymatic NADPH diaphorase activities were distinguished in the insular cortex. (a) The activity seen in endothelial cells was not characterized histochemically, but it co-localized with eNOS-like immunoreactivity. (b) The neuronal Type I activity showed little sensitivity to 10 � 5 M dicoumarol, could use either � - or � -NADPH with almost equal facility, and co-localized with nNOS-like immunoreactivity. This activity was primarily attributable to nNOS. (c) The neuronal Type II activity was greatly attenuated by 10 � 5 M dicoumarol, had a strong preference for � -NADPH (rather than � -NADPH), and did not co-localize with any NOS-like immunoreactivity. These characteristics also apply to the NADPH diaphorase activity observed in the diffuse blue band in Layers II and III of agranular and dysgranular insular cortex and in the meshwork of cortical fibers. This staining was due primarily to a dicoumarol-sensitive dehydrogenase(s), either an isozyme of DT diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2), or NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.6.99.6), or to a novel dicoumarol-sensitive NADPH dehydrogenase. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:197–207, 1999)
Segregation Indexes Are Invalid

This article examines the statistical validity of segregation indexes. Special attention is given to the Taeuber Index, the most used index and the standard of comparison for other indexes. The mathematical formulas of segregation indexes are tested against appropriate inferential test statistics. Fi nally, this article demonstrates that the mathematical formu las of segregation indexes do not measure segregation or racial balance.
Economical sustainability of pinestraw raking in slash pine stands in the southeastern United States

article i nfo Raking pinestraw for use as landscape mulch has gained popularity over the last two decades in the southern U.S. as an intermediate income source for forest landowners, despite uncertainties associated with its long term impact on soil fertility. A Reed model was utilized to ascertain the effects of pinestraw raking on the profitability of slash pine stands. A model that estimates yearly needlefall was employed to determine the nutri- ent removals due to pinestraw raking. The land expectation value (LEV) for the intensively yearly raked unthinnedandthinnedstandswas$6091 ha −1 and$5142 ha −1 ,respectively.Correspondingremovalsofcarbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were 12 Mg ha −1 and 233 kg ha −1 , and 11 Mg ha −1 and 182 kg ha −1 for unthinned and thinned stands, respectively. Stands intensively managed for pinestraw raking were more profitable than thoseextensively managed,although nutrient removals weregreater undertheintensive management scenario. Extensively managedand raked standswere moreefficientintermsof nutrientremoval and economic revenues. From a land stewardship perspective, managing for pinestraw on higher productivity stands may be more effi- cient in terms of realizing increased economic returns for similar levels of nutrient removal.
A charmed life.

Boris Magasanik was born in Kharkoff, Ukraine, on December 19, 1919. He received his preliminary and secondary education in Vienna, Austria, and studied chemistry at the University of Vienna in 1937. He continued his studies at City College, New York (BS, 1941) and after one semester of graduate study at Pennsylvania Stale University, served in the US Army in England and France from 1942-1945. He obtained his PhD degree in biochemistry from Columbia University in 1948. A faculty member in the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology at Harvard Medical School from 1951 to 1960, he then continued his career as Professor of Microbiology at MIT where he served as head of the Department from 1967 to 1977. He became a member of the National Academy of Sciences USA in 1969 and received the Selman A Waksman Award in 1993. He is currently the Jacques Monod Professor Emeritus at MIT and is the author of over 240 publications dealing with microbial physiology and the regulation of gene expression in bacteria and yeast.
Application of an attribute selection method to CBR-based software quality classification

This study investigates the attribute selection problem for reducing the number of software metrics (program attributes) used by a case-based reasoning (CBR) software quality classification model. The metrics are selected using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test. The "modified expected cost of misclassification" measure, recently proposed by our research team, is used as a performance measure to select, evaluate, and compare classification models. The attribute selection procedure presented in this paper can assist a software development organization in determining the software metrics that are better indicators of software quality. By reducing the number of software metrics to be collected during the development process, the metrics data collection task can be simplified. Moreover, reducing the number of metrics would result in reducing the computation time of a CBR model. Using an empirical case study of a real-world software system, it is shown that with a reduced number of metrics the CBR technique is capable of yielding useful software quality classification models. Moreover, their performances were better than or similar to CBR models calibrated without attribute selection.
Composing, optimizing, and executing plans for bioinformatics web services

The emergence of a large number of bioinformatics datasets on the Internet has resulted in the need for flexible and efficient approaches to integrate information from multiple bioinformatics data sources and services. In this paper, we present our approach to automatically generate composition plans for web services, optimize the composition plans, and execute these plans efficiently. While data integration techniques have been applied to the bioinformatics domain, the focus has been on answering specific user queries. In contrast, we focus on automatically generating parameterized integration plans that can be hosted as web services that respond to a range of inputs. In addition, we present two novel techniques that improve the execution time of the generated plans by reducing the number of requests to the existing data sources and by executing the generated plan more efficiently. The first optimization technique, called tuple-level filtering, analyzes the source/service descriptions in order to automatically insert filtering conditions in the composition plans that result in fewer requests to the component web services. To ensure that the filtering conditions can be evaluated, this technique may include sensing operations in the integration plan. The savings due to filtering significantly exceed the cost of the sensing operations. The second optimization technique consists in mapping the integration plans into programs that can be executed by a dataflow-style, streaming execution engine. We use real-world bioinformatics web services to show experimentally that (1) our automatic composition techniques can efficiently generate parameterized plans that integrate data from large numbers of existing services and (2) our optimization techniques can significantly reduce the response time of the generated integration plans.
Detailed description of FCs1: NRC’s cesium fountain primary standard

The first cesium fountain primary standard built at the National Research Council Canada is described in details. Dimensional measurements and functions of components of the standard are given. We expect the standard to perform with a short term stability of 7times10-14 at one second and have a relative inaccuracy below the 1times10-15 level.
THE RETENTION OF EXOGENOUS NOREPINEPHRINE BY RABBIT TISSUES.

Abstract The retention of 3H-norepinephrine by rabbit heart and by spleen was linearly related to the dose administered, over the range 0.75 to 10.0 μg per kg. The percentage distribution of the labeled amine among the nuclear, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions of sucrose homogenates of heart, prepared by differential centrifugation, remained constant, regardless of the dose of amine administered. In the microsomal fraction, which contained a maximum of 6 per cent of the amine in the total homogenate, the concentration of 3H-norepinephrine, in terms of protein (i.e. the relative specific activity), was up to fourteen times that found in the total homogenate. The ability of microsomal elements to concentrate exogenous amine reached a saturation point when approximately 3.0 μg per kg of 3H-norepinephrine was administered; the simultaneous administration of nonradioactive and tritium-labeled norepinephrine greatly depressed the relative specific activity of the amine in this fraction. Microsomal fractions, prepared by centrifugation of heart homogenates over a discrete sucrose density gradient, retained up to 28 per cent of the total 3H-norepinephrine in the homogenates; the relative specific activity of the amine in this fraction, however, was always lower than that of the corresponding fraction isolated by differential centrifugation. It is suggested that concentration of exogenous norepinephrine by microsomal elements can account for almost all of the labeled amine retained by heart. Further, it appears that the technique of differential centrifugation yields a sample of these elements that is less contaminated by other structures with the same sedimentation characteristics (but which do not contribute to the retention of exogenous norepinephrine) than are those obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. If microsomal structures are responsible for the retention of 3H-norepinephrine, and this property is saturated at 3.0 μg/kg, then the linear relationship between dose administered and total heart retention may be explained by postulating the existence of discrete locations of these structures, which vary in tlie ease with which exogenous amine can reach them.
Federal Government Reform: Lessons from Clinton’s “Reinventing Government” and Bush’s “Management Agenda” Initiatives

Newly elected presidents oftentimes set out to reform the executive branch. This has been the norm for more than 100 years, and indications are that the next president will follow this pattern. The authors have had firsthand experience over the past 15 years with White House–led government reform efforts. They provide their insights on President Bill Clinton’s reinventing government initiative and President George W. Bush’s management agenda efforts. Based on their experience, they offer lessons to the next president’s team on what they might do to get a reform effort started successfully and how to get reform initiatives implemented and sustained.
Components of the coronary-prone behavior pattern: Their relation to silent myocardial infarction and blood lipids☆

Abstract A program of study has been initiated to objectify, quantify, and analyze into components a behavior pattern (Behavior Pattern Type A) previously found to be associated with higher prevalence of clinical coronary heart disease. Twenty-five men with ‘silent’ myocardial infarction unknown either to themselves or to the investigators at the time of data collection were compared with matched samples of men free of clinical coronary heart disease by reviewing tape recordings of the original interviews conducted with all men. The group of men with ‘silent’ infarctions scored higher on all components of the coronary-prone behavior pattern than either of two matched control groups. Their history of past occupational and social achievement was a particularly relevant component. A profile analysis revealed the combination of high past achievement with high sense of time urgency to be more characteristic of the men with ‘silent’ myocardial infarction than was the case for any matched noncoronary control group. Significant psychobiological associations were found between manifest hostility and serum beta lipoproteins, and between present drive and motor signs of impatience and restlessness on the one hand, and serum cholesterol on the other, lending support to earlier findings. This study also illustrates an approach to ‘objectifying’ the determination of the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
Competition between Native Hawaiian Plants and the Invasive Grass Megathyrsus maximus: Implications of Functional Diversity for Ecological Restoration

Biodiversity loss is a global crisis, due primarily to habitat destruction and widespread nonnative invasions. Invasive grasses are particularly problematic in many tropical ecosystems, where they possess traits that promote their persistence and can drastically alter native plant communities. We explored the ecophysiological basis for restoring native Hawaiian dryland ecosystems currently dominated by the nonnative invasive grass Megathyrsus maximus (guinea grass) in a garden experiment. Three native species—Myoporum sandwicense (naio; canopy tree), Dodonaea viscosa (aalii; shrub), and Plumbago zeylanica (iliee; groundcover)—were grown with M. maximus at three levels of native functional diversity (one, two, or three species) while holding overall plant density constant. We tested which individual and functional combinations of native species were more productive and best suppressed M. maximus growth and reproduction. Megathyrsus maximus had 39–94% higher maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax) than native species and increasing native functional diversity did not affect M. maximus Amax. Aboveground, belowground, and total biomass of M. maximus varied with functional diversity, although intraspecific competition reduced growth as much as interspecific competition. Reproductive tiller production by M. maximus decreased significantly when planted with any of the native species and with increasing native functional diversity. These results indicate that high native functional diversity in an ecological restoration setting may aid in the control of a dominant invasive grass and the reintroduction of diverse native species. Recommendations for restoring degraded nonnative grasslands in Hawaii and throughout the tropics include selection of native species that are ecophysiologically competitive and have high functional diversity.
Humanistic Nursing, Interpersonal Relations Theory, and the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate the relevance and applicability of theory for nursing research and practice. Following a brief explanation of the four levels of theoretical abstraction recognized by nursing, Paterson and Zderad's humanistic nursing theory and Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations are described. In addition, one social psychology theory, the empathy-altruism hypothesis, is also explained. The value and implications of the three theories for nursing research and practice are discussed, and several research questions are proposed.
Comparison of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale and WAIS-R IQ Scores for a Sample of Public Sector Psychiatric Inpatients

This study examined the use of the Shipley Institute of Living Scale as a screening device in an intellectually low functioning psychiatric population of 40 inpatients. Shipley IQ scores were significantly correlated .72 with Full Scale WAIS-R IQ scores. There was no significant difference between the mean IQ scores generated from the two measures. These findings suggest that the Shipley scale may be used in this population despite a caution by the test's publisher that the test should not be used in assessing intellectual functioning in individuals with borderline or lower intelligence.
RELAXATION AND TOPOLOGY IN PLASMA EXPERIMENTS

Topological factors control the behavior of magnetised turbulent plasma in two ways. One is through constraints on the magnetic field. This leads to the concept of the relaxed state. The other is through the topology of the mechanical and magnetic boundaries of the plasma. Consequently, while the constraints are universal, the relaxed states themselves differ greatly from one situation to another. In a toroidal system there are two classes of relaxed state, one exhibiting field reversal and another exhibiting current saturation. The relaxed states of spherical systems depend on whether both the mechanical and magnetic boundaries, or only the mechanical boundary, is topologically spherical. In the first case the relaxed state is unique, in the other it depends on the properties of the boundary. These differences are discussed in connection with a number of experiments and the theoretical predictions are compared with the experimental data.
Complex regional pain syndrome: A comprehensive and critical review

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a term used to describe a variety of disorders characterized by spontaneous or stimulus-induced pain that is disproportional to the inciting event and accompanied by a myriad of autonomic and motor disturbances in highly variable combinations. There are no standards which can be applied to the diagnosis and would fulfill definitions of evidence-based medicine. Indeed, there are almost as many diagnostic criteria as there are names to this disorder. The umbrella term CRPS has been subdivided into type I and type II. CRPS I is intended to encompass reflex sympathetic dystrophy and similar disorders without a nerve injury; while CRPS II occurs after damage to a peripheral nerve. There are numerous etiological pathophysiological events that have been incriminated in development of CRPS, including inflammation, autoimmune responses, abnormal cytokine production, sympathetic-sensory disorders, altered blood flow and central cortical reorganization. However, the number of studies that have included appropriate controls and have sufficient numbers of patients to allow statistical analysis with appropriate power calculations is vanishingly small. This has led to over-diagnosis and often excessive pharmacotherapy and even unnecessary surgical interventions. In this review we provide a detailed critical overview of not only the history of CRPS, but also the epidemiology, the clinical features, the pathophysiological studies, the proposed criteria, the therapy and, in particular, an emphasis that future research should apply more rigorous standards to allow a better understanding of CRPS, i.e. what it is, if it is, and when it is.
The Evanescence of Smell and Sympathy: A Study of Transience in the Filmic and Written Forms of Patrick Süskind’s Perfume

I rejoiced when I was able to finally watch Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. I hungrily unwrapped my Subway sandwich, preparing to watch an enjoyable film. Well, I was half right; within the first few minutes, I gagged and rushed to the restroom. The opening scenes of Perfume showed various things found in the Paris downtown marketplace: secreting pus, dead bodies, fish guts, rats, and worst of all, maggots. The visuals of the film were too engrossing (pardon my pun) for me to keep my appetite. But the novel is unique because it deals with a sense that not many other authors had experimented with before—the sense of smell. It is not Patrick Suskind‘s use of nasal analogies that helps to create a new world; it is his capitalization on the ephemeral nature of the olfactory that does. He carries out this theme of transience through not only smell, but also by the lives of the characters and the events of the story. However, the film version directed by Tom Tykwer, for obvious medium differences as well as marketability, changes the story by extending scenes and transforming the egocentric and flawed characters into sympathetic ones. A story about a cast of unredeemable villains in which even the heroes maintain terrible flaws is not an appealing narrative for mass consumption. The protagonist (or perhaps more the anti-hero) JeanBaptiste Grenouille is an unlikable amalgamation of the worst human traits imaginable. His thirst for the solution to his unfathomable loneliness should be a tear-jerking quest; however, his emotionless hatred is a sensation that mankind just cannot understand. But it is the state of such terrible evil and lack of any possible pity that drives the narrative; this uniqueness is what makes the story of Grenouille so spectacular. This paper will delve into the world of the ephemeral, the evanescent, the transient, the fleeting—a world that obviously cannot be portrayed through visual means. The sense of smell can never be fully described, even in the words of the book; the readers must enter a trance, just as Grenouille does, to imagine the intermingling of various scents and smells and sort this collection in the libraries of the mind. This paper will highlight the successes and flaws of Perfume presented in both mediums
Territory, bodies and borders

This special section builds on recent scholarship on territory and borders to call for attention to the ways that bodies are central in their constitution. Through a wide range of case studies from the delivery room to Tahrir Square, the six contributors find territory and borders in unlikely places, and reveal new lines of inquiry through their explorations of the ways that bodies both are marked by territory and borders and take an active role in their making. The contributors bring together recent work on territory with literatures from a divergent set of literatures, including feminist geopolitics, queer theory and actor network theory, to build a case for an embodied and material understanding of the intersections of bodies, territory and borders. We argue that territory is made, in part, through bodies – an intimate geopolitics. Bodies challenge and subvert state control of territory, become vulnerable to violence due to state bordering practices, and experience and produce smaller-scale forms of territory in the refugee camp or hospital. Borders can limit our epistemological vision or expand it. Seeking to expand embodied nationalism and build on scholarship on globalisation that cuts across scale, we approach the body as an active, territorial agent in processes of border and territory-making. Here, territory becomes a versatile, but grounded and material, focal point, allowing for the embodied experiences of border-crossers, but also for other racialised, gendered and sexualised bodies as they give birth or seek to build neighbourhoods.
U.S. Higher Education Classroom Experiences of Undergraduate Chinese International Students

The purpose of this study was to explore undergraduate Chinese international students’ perceptions about their classroom experiences in the United States institutions of higher education. Double consciousness, introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois, was used as the theoretical framework for this study. After analyzing the 15 interviews to Chinese international students, the following areas were discussed: comparison of classroom experiences in the United States and China; positive and negative classroom practices in the U.S.; perceptions of the way American faculty and students perceived Chinese international students; and double consciousness of Chinese international students. While most of the participants preferred the American classroom practices over practices in China, their perceptions about the way American students and faculty perceived them were conflicting. The concept of double consciousness also helped to illustrate the internal identity conflict of being Chinese and being “Americanized.”
Silicon is the Link between Tidal Marshes and Estuarine Fisheries: A New Paradigm

Tidal marshes accumulate large quantities of biogenic silica which accumulates in sediments, in plants and in porewaters. Higher salinity tidal marshes lower in the estuary contain higher levels of biogenic silica than those in the upper portion. Vascular plants, Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus, contain approximately 0.5% (by weight) biogenic silica, which does not vary along the estuarine gradient. The tidal marsh is an efficient biogenic silica trap, concentrating biogenic silica and dissolved silicate above levels found in nearby estuarine waters. High dissolved silicate levels provide ample silicon for benthic diatoms. We hypothesize that diatoms sequester silicate from surface waters supplied by tides and freshwater runoff. These benthic diatoms are eventually consumed and deposited into marsh sediments by macrofauna where their tests are dissolved into the marsh porewater. Vascular plants remove silicate from porewater and deposit amorphous silica into cell walls where it remains until liberated by decomposition into surface water where it can again be taken up by diatoms. Drainage of porewater containing high concentrations of dissolved silicate from marsh sediments is very slow, so flux of dissolved silicate from marsh sediments is uncoupled from the flux of surface water. Most porewater is released when tides are near low or rising resulting in the retention of silicate in the marsh/creek system. High concentrations of biogenic silica in tidal marshes are necessary for maximum benthic diatom production which in turn is necessary for high secondary production of commercial fish and crustaceans. Created tidal wetlands may require many years to concentrate biogenic silica sufficient to maintain high secondary production via the benthic diatom grazing foodchain.
Content of Selected Nonprotein Components in Poultry Bone Residue

Abstract The content of selected water soluble vitamins, minerals, and cholesterol in two types of poultry bone residue was evaluated. Bone residue from skinless input materials contained slightly, although significantly, more calcium, phosphorus, and potassium than the bone residue from skin containing input materials. The former residue also contained slightly more niacin than did the latter, but the content of this and the other water soluble vitamins that were analyzed was low. The lipid material in both products contained more cholesteral than many other edible animal fats.
Recovery of Tissue Bound Polymyxin B and Colistimethate

SummaryA method for recovery of tissue bound polymyxin B and colistimethate has been developed. It is based on the finding that these drugs bind strongly to acid phospholipids present in cell membranes. The method employs extraction of lipid fractions by chloroform-methanol followed by release from the binding sites by dilute H2SO4. Polymyxin B and colistimethate differ markedly in binding properties probably related to coverage of free amino groups in the latter compound by methane-sulfonation. This method should prove useful in understanding the pharmacologic behavior of these antibiotics when employed in animal models.This approach may also prove useful in studies of the behavior in the body of other highly positively charged compounds.