cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Coagulation Complications Following Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Comparison of Patient-Reported and Surgeon-Verified Complication Rates

Data from 3278 patients from a prospective patient-centered total joint registry was used to investigate the rates of complications in the first 6 months following primary total knee arthroplasty. All patients reporting deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or major bleeding were identified through patient self-reporting. Complications were verified by a review of imaging records and direct communication with patients by a surgeon. Surgeon-verified rates of DVT, PE, and major bleeding were 1.52%, 0.49%, and 0.34%, respectively. When compared with the complication rates as reported by patients, concordance was 86.2% for DVT, 84.2% for PE, and 36.7% for major bleeding. More than half (54.5%) of the complications were diagnosed and treated at the original operative hospital, and 45.5% were diagnosed and treated at other institutions.
Recovering plasma emissivity using optical fibers with large acceptance angle

Summary form only given. The problem of determining the plasma emissivity from optical emission spectroscopy is usually formulated in terms of Able's equation, in which the measured plasma intensity I(y) along a horizontal line is related to the (cylindrically symmetric) emissivity by I=A/spl epsiv/ where A is the integral operator A/spl epsiv/=/spl int//sub /spl nu///sup R/ /spl epsiv/(r)r(r/sup 2/-y/sup 2/)/sup -1/2/ dr. The use of this model requires a rather careful experimental setup in which light emitted only along chords across the plasma is collected; the chords are parameterized by the perpendicular distance y from a fixed plasma diameter to construct I(y) and the known inverse operator A/sup -1/ used, in principle, to find /spl epsiv/=A/sup -1/ I. There are, however, two difficulties with this procedure: the operator A/sup -1/ is discontinuous (ill-posed) allowing the possibility that even small errors in I (experimental noise) can be magnified into large errors in /spl epsiv/; and the experiment requires a very precise and inherently low-light optical setup. The first problem is fundamental and requires careful construction of the inverse, but the second might be side stepped by basing the experiment on a different mathematical model.
Gait dynamics following variable and constant speed gait training in individuals with chronic stroke

Variable practice may be beneficial for learning novel motor patterns. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a variable practice intervention during treadmill walking on the dynamic properties of gait. Using a counterbalanced design, 16 subjects with hemiparesis following chronic stroke performed 20 min of treadmill walking in constant speed training (CST) and variable speed training (VST) conditions. The dynamic properties of the hip and knee sagittal plane angles for two minutes before (pre-data) and two minutes after (post-data) CST and VST were examined using detrended fluctuation analysis and sample entropy. A main effect for time was observed for sample entropy of the knee angle; no other differences were observed between the pre/post data for the CST or VST conditions. While variable practice conditions are intended to promote movement errors for improved learning, we were unable to detect immediate changes in movement variability as a function of practice condition following a single session of gait training for individuals post-stroke.
Possible Means of Detecting the Higgs Boson in $e^+ e^-$ Annihilation

We consider the process e/sup +/e/sup -/ ..-->.. ..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ + anything for the detection of the Higgs particle as a spike in the missing-mass plot. In an energy range near the Z mass, we find the signal to be reasonably large and the background to be relatively small, if the mass of the Higgs boson is less than about 20 GeV, and a large cut in the effective dimuon mass is applied.
Joint Bidding in the Name-Your-Own-Price Channel: A Strategic Analysis

In this paper, we study the name-your-own-price (NYOP) channel. We examine theoretically and empirically whether asking consumers to place a joint bid for multiple items, rather than bid one item at a time as practiced today, can increase NYOP retailers' profits. Relatedly, we also examine whether allowing consumers to self-select whether to place a joint bid or itemwise bids increases retailers' profits and consumers' surplus. We construct a dynamic model that incorporates both demand uncertainty and supply uncertainty to address these issues. Our theoretical analysis identifies the conditions under which joint bidding can increase both NYOP retailers' profits and consumers' surplus. We find that some consumers might bid more for the very same items when they place joint bids. The increase in bid amount is related to the fact that joint bidding reduces the chance of mismatch between NYOP retailers' costs and consumer bids. We conducted a laboratory study to assess the descriptive validity of some of the ...
Positron Emission Tomography: A Promising Diagnostic Modality for Head and Neck Pathology

Purpose The purpose of this study is to discuss the advantages of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in the diagnosis of head and neck lesions. Methods To illustrate this diagnostic method, we describe the nuclear medicine basic technique, present 5 cases for comparison of the results between computed tomography (CT) scan and PET, and review the literature. Results The 5 cases show that PET allows assessment of lesions earlier and more definitively than other diagnostic images. Conclusions PET, a nuclear medicine modality, is a promising tool for diagnosis and follow-up of head and neck lesions. PET allows assessment of changes in the tissue before they would be shown by other diagnostic images. This modality permits differentiation between malignant and benign tumors. It also has the capability to distinguish between scar tissue, necrosis, tumor recurrence, and metastatic disease. It allows the assessment of the patient’s progress during therapy, making possible an early identification of nonresponders to therapy.
Pain genes?: natural variation and transgenic mutants.

Like many other complex biological phenomena, pain is starting to be studied at the level of the gene. Advances in molecular biological technology have allowed the cloning, mapping, and sequencing of genes, and also the ablility to disrupt their function entirely (i.e. via transgenic knoockouts). With these new tools at hand, pain researchers have begun in earnest the task of defining (a) which of the 70,000- 150,000 mammalian genes are involved in the mediation of pain, and (b) which of the pain-relevant genes are polymorphic, contributing to both natural variation in responses and pathology. Although there are only a few known examples in which single gene mutations in humans are associated with pain conditions (e.g. an inherited form of migraine and congenital insensitivity to pain), it is likely that others will be identified. Concurrently, a variety of genes have been implicated in both the trans- mission and control of "pain" messages in animals. The present review summarizes current progress to these ends, focusing on both transgenic (gene rbehavior) and classical genetic (behavior rgene) approaches in both humans and laboratory mice.
Phase Transitions and the Perceptual Organization of Video Sequences

Estimating motion in scenes containing multiple moving objects remains a difficult problem in computer vision. A promising approach to this problem involves using mixture models, where the motion of each object is a component in the mixture. However, existing methods typically require specifying in advance the number of components in the mixture, i.e. the number of objects in the scene. Here we show that the number of objects can be estimated automatically in a maximum likelihood framework, given an assumption about the level of noise in the video sequence. We derive analytical results showing the number of models which maximize the likelihood for a given noise level in a given sequence. We illustrate these results on a real video sequence, showing how the phase transitions correspond to different perceptual organizations of the scene.
Intracerebral hemorrhage mortality is not changing despite declining incidence

Objective: To determine trends in incidence and mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a rigorous population-based study. Methods: We identified all cases of spontaneous ICH in a South Texas community from 2000 to 2010 using rigorous case ascertainment methods within the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project. Yearly population counts were determined from the US Census, and deaths were determined from state and national databases. Age-, sex-, and ethnicity-adjusted incidence was estimated for each year with Poisson regression, and a linear trend over time was investigated. Trends in 30-day case fatality and long-term mortality (censored at 3 years) were estimated with log-binomial or Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for demographics, stroke severity, and comorbid disease. Results: A total of 734 cases of ICH were included. The age-, sex-, and ethnicity-adjusted ICH annual incidence rate was 5.21 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.36, 6.24) in 2000 and 4.30 per 10,000 (95% CI 3.21, 5.76) in 2010. The estimated 10-year change in demographic-adjusted ICH annual incidence rate was −31% (95% CI −47%, −11%). Yearly demographic-adjusted 30-day case fatality ranged from 28.3% (95% CI 19.9%, 40.3%) in 2006 to 46.5% (95% CI 35.5, 60.8) in 2008. There was no change in ICH case fatality or long-term mortality over time. Conclusions: ICH incidence decreased over the past decade, but case fatality and long-term mortality were unchanged. This suggests that primary prevention efforts may be improving over time, but more work is needed to improve ICH treatment and reduce the risk of death.
Behavior-Based Home Energy Prediction

In the effort to build a sustainable society, smart home research attention is being directed toward green technology and environmentally-friendly building designs. In this paper, we analyze the distribution of home energy consumption, and then present both linear and non-linear regression learning models for predicting energy usage given known human behavior and time-scale features. To guarantee the validity of our methods, two real-world data sets collected over three months are applied into training the models. Based upon our learning models, a web-based end-user system is developed for providing users feedback about behavior-based energy usage to promote energy efficiency and sustainability through behavior changes.
Risk Factors for a Prolonged Length of Stay in Women Hospitalized for Preeclampsia in Texas

Objectives. To identify correlates of a prolonged length of stay (PLOS) in women hospitalized for preeclampsia/eclampsia in Texas, USA. Methods: Statewide hospital data were obtained, and the records of women who were discharged in 2004 and/or 2005 with a principal discharge diagnosis of preeclampsia or eclampsia were extracted using ICD-9-CM codes. PLOS was defined as a stay greater than 5 days. Odds ratios (OR) for PLOS were calculated. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for a small group of women who were hospitalized multiple times during the study period for preeclampsia. A total of 21,203 records were analyzed. Results: The crude incidence of PLOS was 17.5%. Advancing maternal age was positively associated with PLOS: for every 10-year increase, there was a 20% increase in the odds of PLOS (adjusted OR = 1.20,95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 1.28). The strongest risk factor for PLOS was the presence of renal disease: adjusted OR 5.81 (95% CI: 3.97, 8.50). Protective factors incl...
Optimization of a PMD compensator with constant differential group delay using importance sampling

Summary form only given. We have studied first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) compensators with a fixed value of DGD/sub c/. We have shown that the optimal value of DGD/sub c/ for realistic power penalties of 2 dB is 2-3 times larger than (/spl Delta//spl pi/). This optimal value of DGD, actually degrades the average penalty somewhat, but it reduces the outage probability by several orders of magnitude. Our results indicate that it is not sufficient to study the impact of PMD compensators on the average penalty when designing realistic systems. It is crucial to accurately model the tails of the distribution function of the penalties. Importance sampling is a technique that makes this sort of study feasible.
Artifacts in measuring aerosol uptake kinetics: the roles of time, concentration and adsorption

Abstract. In laboratory studies of organic aerosol particles reacting with gas-phase oxidants, high concentrations of radicals are often used to study on the timescale of seconds reactions which may be occurring over days or weeks in the troposphere. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that radical concentration and time are interchangeable parameters, though this has not been established. Here, the kinetics of OH- and Cl-initiated oxidation reactions of model single-component liquid (squalane) and supercooled (brassidic acid and 2-octyldodecanoic acid) organic aerosols are studied by varying separately the radical concentration and the reaction time. Two separate flow tubes with residence times of 2 and 66 s are used, and [OH] and [Cl] are varied by adjusting either the laser photolysis fluence or the radical precursor concentration ([O3] or [Cl2], respectively) used to generate the radicals. It is found that the rates measured by varying the radical concentration and the reaction time are equal only if the precursor concentrations are the same in the two approaches. Further, the rates depend on the concentrations of the precursor species with a Langmuir-type functional form suggesting that O3 and Cl2 saturate the surface of the liquid particles. It is believed that the presence of O3 inhibits the rate of OH reaction, perhaps by reacting with OH radicals or by O3 or intermediate species blocking surface sites, while Cl2 enhances the rate of Cl reaction by participating in a radical chain mechanism. These results have important implications for laboratory experiments in which high concentrations of gas-phase oxidants are used to study atmospheric reactions over short timescales and may explain the variability in recent measurements of the reactive uptake of OH on squalane particles in reactor systems used in this and other laboratories.
Syndecan-4 Clustering Induces Cell Migration in a PDZ-Dependent Manner

Cell migration is a dynamic process involving formation of a leading edge in the direction of migration and adhesion points from which tension is generated to move the cell body forward. At the same time, disassembly of adhesion points occurs at the back of the cell, a region known as the trailing edge. Syndecan-4 (S4) is a transmembrane proteoglycan thought to be involved in the formation of focal adhesions. Recent studies have shown that its cytoplasmic domain can engage in signal transduction, making S4 a bona fide receptor. Here, we show that ligand clustering of cell surface S4 on endothelial cells initiates a signaling cascade that results in activation of Rac1, induction of cell polarization, and stimulation of cell migration that depends on S4 interaction with its PDZ-binding partner. Expression of an S4 mutant lacking its PDZ-binding region (S4-PDZ − ) leads to decreased cell motility and a failure to form a trailing edge. On clustering S4, but not S4-PDZ − , targets activated Rac1 to the leading edge of live cells. Cells lacking synectin, a PDZ domain containing protein that interacts with S4, fail to migrate in response to S4 clustering. Both S4-PDZ − –expressing and synectin −/− endothelial cells exhibit elevated basal levels of Rac1. Thus, our data suggest that S4 promotes endothelial cell migration in response to ligand binding by activating Rac1 and localizing it to the leading edge, and that these processes are dependent on its PDZ-binding domain interaction with synectin.
Polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystals: a tutorial [Invited]

Blue phase liquid crystals exhibit several attractive features, such as self-assembled three-dimensional cubic structures, optically-isotropic in the voltage-off state, no need for alignment layers, and submillisecond response time. This tutorial gives step-by-step introduction on basic blue-phase materials and properties, monomers and polymerization processes, and key device performance criteria for display and photonics applications.
Animal Models of Alzheimer Disease

Significant insights into the function of genes associated with Alzheimer disease and related dementias have occurred through studying genetically modified animals. Although none of the existing models fully reproduces the complete spectrum of this insidious human disease, critical aspects of Alzheimer pathology and disease processes can be experimentally recapitulated. Genetically modified animal models have helped advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease and have proven to be invaluable in the preclinical evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. Continuing refinement and evolution to yield the next generation of animal models will facilitate successes in producing greater translational concordance between preclinical studies and human clinical trials and eventually lead to the introduction of novel therapies into clinical practice.
T cell receptor complementarity determining region 3 length analysis reveals the absence of a characteristic public T cell repertoire in neonatal tolerance. The response in the "tolerant" mouse within the residual repertoire is quantitatively similar but qualitatively different.

All adult BALB/c mice immunized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) or its dominant determinant, peptide (p)106–116, mount a T cell response using a “public” Vβ8.2Jβ1.5 T cell clone. Neonatal exposure to tolerance-inducing doses of antigen can drastically diminish responsiveness in the draining lymph nodes but not in the spleens of animals challenged as adults with the cognate antigen. To determine the role of T cell deletion or anergy within the mechanisms of observed neonatal “tolerance,” we treated neonatal BALB/c mice with HEL and directly followed the characteristic public clone using complementarity determining region 3 length T cell repertoire analysis. Our results confirm that despite intraperitoneal injection of neonates with a high dose of HEL emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, a strong splenic proliferative response to HEL was observed upon recall. However, the adult splenic T cell response of these neonatally treated mice lacked the usual Vβ8.2Jβ1.5 public clone characteristic of HEL-primed BALB/c mice. After challenge with HEL–complete Freund's adjuvant as adults, immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a isotype antibody was drastically reduced, and IgG1 was found to be the predominant anti-HEL IgG isotype expressed, indicating a deviation of cytokine response toward T helper type 2. 5-wk-old mice, nasally instilled with tolerogenic doses of HEL p106–116, also showed significant inhibition of this public T cell expansion. These results demonstrate that during neonatal and adult nasal tolerance induction, deletion/anergy removes the public clone, exposing a response of similar specificity but that is characterized by the T helper type 2 phenotype and a splenic residence.
COTA to OTR: factors influencing professional development.

Objective This pilot study examined factors that influenced the pursuit of a professional educational degree by certified occupational therapy assistants (COTAs) seeking to become registered occupational therapists (OTRs). Method Questionnaires were distributed to 92 COTAs attending a weekend professional occupational therapy education program. Results Although the stressors on these students were many, the depth and breadth of motivators, resources, and supports and the availability of weekend classes enabled this group of COTAs to pursue their professional development goal. Enabling the pursuit of professional degrees while working was viewed by the participants as essential to their professional development and career mobility. Recommendations Strategies for meeting the diverse needs of COTAs and other nontraditional adult students seeking a professional degree in occupational therapy are identified and need to be supported by educators and practitioners. An increased appreciation of the challenges faced by these students and the development of innovative programming to meet their educational needs will strengthen the profession's ability to recruit and retain diverse, competent practitioners.
Answering common questions about code

Difficulties understanding update paths while un-derstanding code cause developers to waste time and insert bugs. A detailed investigation of these difficulties suggests that a wide variety of problems could be addressed by more easily answering questions about update paths that existing tools do not answer. We are designing a feasible update path static analysis to compute these paths and a visualization for asking questions and displaying results. In addition to grounding the questions we answer and tailoring the program analysis in data, we will also evaluate the usefulness of our tool using lab and field studies.
Synergism between nifedipine and cyclosporine A on the incorporation of [35S]sulfate into human gingival fibroblast cultures in vitro

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE We assessed the effects of cyclosporine A and nifedipine on the in vitro incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate into gingival fibroblast cell cultures derived from responder and nonresponder subjects who had received an organ transplant followed by a therapeutic regimen using a combination of those drugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival fibroblasts were isolated from responder and nonresponder subjects and maintained in vitro. Prior to cell harvest, gingival interleukin-1beta concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cells were untreated or exposed to either 10(-7)-10(-10) m nifedipine or 100-500 ng/ml cyclosporine A. Incorporation of [(3)H]proline or [(35)S]sulfate into the cell cultures was determined by liquid scintillation analysis. In addition, the effects of 400 ng/ml cyclosporine A + 10(-7) m nifedipine and 400 ng/ml cyclosporine A + 10(-10) m nifedipine on incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate into the cell cultures was determined. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance (anova) and a posthoc Tukey's test. RESULTS Gingiva from responders contained significantly more interleukin-1beta than gingiva from nonresponders (p < 0.01). The cell cultures derived from responders incorporated significantly more [(35)S]sulfate than those derived from nonresponders following exposure to either cyclosporine A or 10(-7) m nifedipine. In addition, the exposure of fibroblasts derived from gingival overgrowth to either 400 ng/ml cyclosporine A + 10(-7) m nifedipine or 400 ng/ml cyclosporine A + 10(-10) m nifedipine significantly increased or decreased, respectively, the incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate into the cultures. CONCLUSION The therapeutic combination of cyclosporine A and nifedipine could be a significant risk factor for gingival overgrowth in subjects susceptible to either agent. The mechanism for overgrowth could include edema secondary to increased sulfated-glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) synthesis by fibroblasts, but further investigation is required.
Bile duct ligation in rats induces biliary expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant.

Abstract Background & Aims: Bile duct obstruction causes neutrophilic inflammation of the liver and leads to hepatic fibrosis. In obstructive liver disease, the localization of neutrophils in portal tracts suggests that cells within this region produce neutrophil chemoattractants. In this study, we investigated whether bile duct obstruction in rats induces portal expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC). Methods: Rats underwent bile duct ligation for 3 hours to 8 days. CINC regulation was examined in vivo at various intervals by immunohistochemistry, ribonuclease protection, and in situ hybridization. CINC production was also investigated in cell culture, in response to putative stimuli from obstructed liver. Results: Bile duct ligation caused neutrophilic infiltration of the liver within 3 hours. CINC was also rapidly induced, with specific expression identified in biliary cells. Rat intrahepatic biliary cells produced CINC constitutively in culture; when exposed to cholestatic bile, they showed a 12-fold increase in CINC secretion. The effect of bile was not attributable to toxicity or to dissolved cytokines or endotoxin. Mechanical strain, designed to mimic the stretching of biliary cells during obstruction, did not induce CINC. Conclusions: Biliary cells contribute to hepatic inflammation during cholestasis by producing neutrophil chemoattractants. A major stimulus to biliary chemoattractant production in vivo may be bile itself. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;118:1157-1168
Rapa Nui ways of speaking Spanish: Language shift and socialization on Easter Island

This article examines evolving linguistic practices in the Spanish-Rapa Nui (Polynesian) bilingual community of Easter Island, Chile, and in particular the transformation of Rapa Nui Spanish speech styles. The island's rapid integration into the national and world economy and a vibrant indigenous movement have profoundly influenced the everyday lives of island residents. Although community-wide language shift toward Spanish has been evident over the past four decades, the Rapa Nui have in this period also expanded their speech style repertoire by creating Rapa Nui Spanish and syncretic Rapa Nui speech styles. Predominantly Spanish-speaking Rapa Nui children who have imperfect command over Rapa Nui are today adopting a new Rapa Nui Spanish style. Ethnographic and linguistic analysis of recorded face-to-face verbal interactions are utilized to analyze the development, structure, and social significance of Rapa Nui Spanish varieties and to locate them within the complex process of language shift.I wish to express my appreciation to the Rapa Nui and other residents of Easter Island for so kindly welcoming me into their homes and allowing me to participate in their daily life. I would also like to thank my research assistant, Ivonne Calderon Haoa, who helped me record and transcribe speech events. This article is based on field research supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant No. SBR-9313658), the Wenner-Gren Foundation (Grant No. 5670), the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Yale University, and the Institute for Intercultural Studies. Parts of this article were presented at the 2004 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America and the 2004 meeting of the Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania. I thank those who offered comments on earlier versions, in particular two anonymous reviewers, Jane Hill, Robert and Nancy Weber, Christine Jourdan, Niko Besnier, Jean Mitchell, and Lamont Lindstrom.
A robust distributed generalized matching protocol that stabilizes in linear time

We present a self-stabilizing algorithm for finding a generalized maximal matching (b-matching) in an arbitrary distributed network. We show that the algorithm converges in O(m) moves under an unfair central demon independent of the b-values at different nodes. The algorithm is capable of working with multiple types of demons (schedulers) as is the most recent algorithm in [1, 2].
High-Technology Theories and Public Policy

In this paper, six emerging strands of high-technology theory are reviewed, and are compared with each other for their utility and relevance to public policy. Although each has different particular strengths and weaknesses, their general determinism and reliance on market environments are found to be at odds with a conception of high technology as essentially an uncertain, premarket, or extramarket, phenomenon in which institutions, individuals, and place have key roles. The conclusion is that a more appropriate framework, such as a high-tech version of ‘adjustment theory’, would emphasize instead a central role for state activity in managing uncertainty, the importance of decisions by limited key individuals, and the historicogeographical characteristics of local settings.
Transplanting Binary Decision Trees

In this paper, we describe a means of compiling binary decision trees as generated by the C4.5 binary decision tree classifier into high-performance, reusable, stand-alone, run-time classifiers. We demonstrate the memory savings and run time characteristics of a compiled tree as compared to the traditional use of a C4.5 runtime. We demonstrate 100% correctness over every input we have available for testing as compared to our own enhanced version of the classic C4.5 run-time classification routine, consultr. In addition, this work provides a framework for comparing decision tree classifiers to more in vogue classifiers such as support vector machines as demonstrated within.
Roundoff-error analysis of a new class of conjugate-gradient algorithms

Abstract : We perform the rounding error analysis of the conjugate gradient algorithms for the solution of a large system of linear equations Ax = b where A is an hermitian and positive definite matrix. We propose a new class of conjugate gradient algorithms and prove that in the spectral norm the relative error of the computed sequence (x sub k) (in floating point arithmetic) depends at worst on zeta eta to the 3/2 power where zeta is the relative computer precision and eta is the condition number of A. We show that the residual vectors r sub k - Ax sub k-b are at worst of order eta (A) abs. val. x sub k. We point out that with iterative refinement these algorithms are numerically stable. If zeta eta-squared is at most of order unity, then they are also well-behaved. (Author)
Costing Distance Ed: Experience-Based Practices

To respond creatively to the many new opportunities of distance education, the educational community can benefit from a comprehensive view of the distance learning system. The Process Model for Program Analysis outlines a five-step process to examine all aspects of the system: Input, Purpose, Method, Implementation, and Feedback. Inputs include physical and faculty resources, while assumptions include educational philosophy and culture. Purpose includes specific objectives and the intended audiences for the program. Method includes the medium used to convey ideas and the process used to put them together including expenditures. Implementation combines purpose, method, and estimated costs to conduct the actual program. Feedback includes follow-up with students and the community, cost-benefit analysis, and adaptation based on the research findings.
Percutaneous Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair: Adding Life to Years∗

Significant mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most common heart valve disorders in the United States [(1)][1]. If left untreated it leads to progressive left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, and death. The two most common causes of MR are due to degenerative or functional etiologies.
Adult neurogenesis in mammals and nonmammals. Commentary on Kempermann G (2012): new neurons for 'survival of the fittest'. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:727-736.

processes as dentate gyrus neurogenesis is in mammals, i.e. by learning and cognitive stimulation. Thus, his paper does not acknowledge the existence of evidence that neurogenesis in widespread areas of the nonmammalian brain is subject to the same processes as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of mammals. For example, enriched environments enhance adult neurogenesis in nonmammals, just as Kempermann and others have shown in extensive studies of mammals [e.g., Kempermann et al., 1997; Nilsson et al., 1999; van Praag et al., 1999]. Mountain chickadees that live in the wild, where the environment is presumably richer, show more neurogenesis in the hippocampus than those that live in a laboratory setting [LaDage et al., 2010], and mountain chickadees that live in the laboratory and are allowed to cache seeds show more adult neurogenesis than those prevented from caching seeds [LaDage et al., 2010]. Painted turtles exposed to an enriched environment show more adult neurogenesis in the telencephalon, including the homologue of the hippocampus, the medial cortex, compared to those housed individually in tanks with little opportunity for stimulation [Powers and Hanusch, 2012]. After exposure to an enriched environment, there was an increase in the numIn a recent article in Nature Reviews Neuroscience , Kempermann [2012] proposed that adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of mammals may function differently from the adult neurogenesis seen in the brains of nonmammals and, rather than representing a vestigial function compared to the widespread neurogenesis seen in nonmammals, is a co-opting of that process for a new purpose in mammals, namely the ability to adapt to a wide range of environments. He cites rats and humans as examples of species that possess that adaptability, species that are found in every ecological niche on earth. He correctly states that the dentate gyrus is not present in nonmammals in its mammalian form and hypothesizes that, with its appearance, a new ability to adapt developed. This ability varies among mammals, according to his hypothesis, with animals like bats and dolphins, who have limited or no neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, showing less adaptability in their behavior than rats or humans. This thesis is an interesting one, which will require much more data than are currently available to test, as Kempermann acknowledges. He does not discuss, however, data showing that adult neurogenesis in nonmammals is influenced by the same Published online: May 25, 2013
Reactivity of the Fe2O3(0001) Surface for Methane Oxidation: A GGA + U Study

CH4 oxidation by an oxygen carrier, such as iron oxide, continues to be involved in many important valuable industrial catalytic processes, including chemical looping combustion. In this paper, reaction pathways of complete and partial oxidations of CH4 on thermodynamically stable hematite (α-Fe2O3) (0001) facets are investigated with periodic GGA + U calculations. Upon Fe–O3–Fe-termination, initial CH4 decomposition proceeds via C–H bond activation on the Fe site, with an energy barrier of 1.04 eV. Subsequent decomposition and oxidation of the CHx species (x = 1, 2, 3) exploit the lattice O species according to the Mars–van Krevelan mechanism, forming CHxO in more thermodynamically and kinetically favorable pathways. The reduced iron oxide can be reoxidized with O2 as the oxidant, allowing VO to greatly facilitate O2 dissociation, i.e., dramatically lowering the O2 dissociation barrier by 2.83 eV, for active site regeneration. Furthermore, CH4 oxidation chemistry involving the ferryl O (i.e., oxygen spec...
Next-generation immersion scanner optimizing on-product performance for 7nm node

The semiconductor technology roadmap suggests that multiple patterning techniques will be used at the 7nm node. The final lithography accuracy is determined by what is known as the "on-product" performance, which includes projection lens heating, illumination condition variations, product wafer related errors, and long term stability. It is evident that on product performance improvement is imperative now, and will become even more crucial in coming years. Nikon has developed the next-generation lithography system focusing on optimizing the main factors impacting on product performance. In this paper, we will introduce the details of the next-generation Nikon scanner and provide supporting performance data.
Pile-up Behavior of Spherical Indentations in Engineering Materials

The spherical indentation process has been modeled by the finite element method to study the pile-up behavior of elastic-plastic materials with different degrees of strain hardening. A wide range of materials was examined characterized by different elastic moduli, yield stresses, and strain hardening exponents. The geometry of the contact impressions was examined in both the loaded and unloaded conditions. Results show that pile-up behavior in elastic-plastic materials cannot be related solely to the strain hardening exponent, as has often been done in the past. Relating the pile-up behavior strictly to the strain hardening exponent may lead to significant errors in the calculated contact area for materials with modulus to yield stress ratio lower than 1000. In addition, an assessment of the combined influences of material properties and stage of development of the contact impression on the pile-up behavior is described.
Neonatal Clara cell toxicity by 4-ipomeanol alters bronchiolar organization in adult rabbits

Nonciliated bronchiolar (Clara) cells metabolize environmental toxicants, are progenitor cells during development, and differentiate postnatally. Because differentiating Clara cells of neonatal rab...
Cardiovascular Toxicity and Management of Targeted Cancer Therapy

The advent of effective oral, molecular-targeted drugs in oncology has changed many incurable malignancies such as chronic myeloid leukemia into chronic diseases similar to coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus. Oral agents including monoclonal antibodies, kinase inhibitors and hormone receptor blockers offer patients with cancer incremental improvements in both overall survival and quality of life. As it is imperative to recognize and manage side effects of platelet inhibitors, beta blockers, statins, human immunodeficiency virus drugs and fluoroquinolones by all healthcare providers, the same holds true for these newer targeted therapies; patients may present to their generalist or other subspecialist with drug-related symptoms. Cardiovascular adverse events are among the most frequent, and potentially serious, health issues in outpatient clinics, and among the most frequent side effects of targeted chemotherapy. Data support improved patient outcomes and satisfaction when primary care and other providers are cognizant of chemotherapy side effects, allowing for earlier intervention and reduction in morbidity and healthcare costs. With the implementation of accountable care and pay for performance, improved communication between generalists and subspecialists is essential to deliver cost-effective patient care.
Numerical Methods for High-Dimensional Warps

This chapter presents numerical methods for the calculation of high dimensional warps which elastically map one brain volume into spatial alignment with a different volume. The fundamental problem in brain warping is to define the class of admissible spatial transformations that must be sufficiently broad to enable a reference anatomy to fit all subject anatomies, and to develop efficient, automated algorithms for the calculation of the appropriate transformation. The finite difference method, which operates directly on the motion equations, is easy to code and computationally fast; however, the finite element method can systematically address more complicated problems. For problems with regular geometries, standard implementations of the finite different methods are simple to program and run quickly. For images of anatomy, where informative features are not only sparse but distributed along interfaces of highly irregular shape, a mesh topology that subdivides the problem domain accordingly would substantially reduce the complexity of the matching calculation. Given such a mesh, the associated difference equations can be constructed in a systematic and efficient way using the finite element method. The Newton–Raphson process used in the chapter to linearize the similarity potential is the basis for iteratively solving the problems made nonlinear by the existence of large deformations or by the nonlinearity in the constitutive relations.
Combining Tetrahydrouridine with Decitabine Addresses Malignant Cell Sanctuary in the Liver, a Tissue That Expresses High Levels of Cytidine Deaminase,

Abstract 3509 Non-cytotoxic DNA methyl-transferase 1 (DNMT1) depletion by decitabine induces p53-independent differentiation mediated cell cycle exit in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and spares normal hematopoietic stem cells, providing a potentially important alternative to conventional apoptosis-based therapy. However, there are pharmacologic barriers that impede optimal clinical translation of pre-clinical observations. One major barrier is the enzyme cytidine deaminase (CDA), which drastically reduces the half-life of decitabine from many hours in vitro to a few minutes in vivo. This problem is significant since decitabine is S-phase specific in its mechanism of action, and for effective DNMT1 depletion, low peak levels but extended half-life are optimal. Furthermore, CDA is highly expressed in the liver and intestines, generating potential sanctuary sites from the effects of decitabine. Finally, upregulation of CDA expression is a potential mechanism by which AML cells may resist decitabine at the cellular level. To overcome the multiple CDA-mediated barriers to effective therapy, we evaluated the combination of very low dose decitabine with the CDA inhibitor tetrahydrouridine (THU) in a murine xenotransplantation model of aggressive human AML (THP1 AML cells – p53 and p16-null). Treatment groups (n=5 per group) received equal volume vehicle (PBS), low dose cytarabine (0.1 mg/kg subcutaneous [SC]) with (THU) (4mg/kg intraperitoneal [IP]), decitabine (0.1 mg/kg SC) with THU (4mg/kg IP), and decitabine alone (0.2 mg/kg SC). Median survival in decitabine (61 days) and THU-decitabine (70 days) treated mice was significantly extended compared to the PBS (38 days) and THU-cytarabine (50 days) treatment groups (Log Rank p=0.00156 (figure 1). In decitabine treated mice, eventual emergence of disease was concentrated in the liver, consistent with a sanctuary function of this organ. Combination of THU with decitabine largely eliminated liver infiltration by AML, reducing liver tumor load from average 5.2g in PBS treated mice to 0.8g in THU-Decitabine treated mice (t-test p Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Systematic Approach to Patient Specific QA For Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)

We developed the first non-commercial treatment planning system for volumetric modulated radiation therapy (VMAT) in the United States. Because VMAT involves multiparameter modulations, it is imperative to develop a comprehensive, rigorous and yet, practical procedure for routine patient-specific quality assurance (QA). In this paper, we present our own approach as being currently implemented in our institution. Our patient-specific QA procedure involves multi-levels: pre-treatment QA, on-treatment QA, and posttreatment QA. The pre-treatment QA focuses on dosimetry verification. It is done with the commercial MapCHECK in MapPHAN mounted on an isocentric mounting fixture (IMF). This method is also referred to as the fixed-gantry technique, i.e., the beams always remain perpendicular to the detector plane. The on-treatment QA involves in-vivo optically stimulated luminescent dosimetry (OSLD). Prior to the treatment, two nanoDot TM OSLD dosimeters are placed on the patient abdomen under 1 cm bolus at the isocenter location. The irradiated dosimeters are then read by a nanoDotTM reader and the average reading of the two is calculated. The post-treatment QA involves the analysis of the DynaLog and DLog files. The DynaLog is a treatment log file that contains the planned and actual leaf positions at a given gantry angle. The DLog is a treatment log file that contains the planned segmented treatment table (STT) and the corresponding segment boundary samples, i.e., the actual delivered MU and gantry angle increment at each control point.
A Powerful Method of Non-Proof

Although truth tables can be used in a legitimate way to justify arguments, one should exercise caution when doing so. We demonstrate by suggesting a method of proof that is too good to be true.
Re-recruiting young adult women into a second follow-up study.

Abstract Background Recruitment among young adults presents a unique set of challenges as they are difficult to reach through conventional methods. Purpose To describe our experience using both traditional and nontraditional methods in the re-recruitment of young adult women into the second follow-up study of the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG). Methods 589 adolescent girls were re-recruited as 11th graders into TAAG 2. Re-recruitment efforts were conducted when they were between 22 and 23 years of age (TAAG 3). Facebook, email, postal mail, and telephone (call and text) were used. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize cohort characteristics. Discrete categorical variables were compared using Pearson chi-square or Fisher's exact test, while Wilcoxon rank sum or t-tests were calculated for continuous variables. Pearson's chi square test, analysis of variance, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were also used. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted models. Results All 589 cohort members were located and 479 (81.3%) were re-recruited. Participants who reported living in a two parent household or with their mothers only, and who did not perceive a lot of crime in their neighborhood were more likely to consent to participate in TAAG 3 (p = 0.047 and p = 0.008, respectively). Perceived neighborhood crime remained significant in the adjusted model (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.90, p = 0.02). Early and late consenters differed by race/ethnicity (p = 0.015), household type (p = 0.001), and socioeconomic status (p = 0.005). In the adjusted model, Black participants were more likely to consent later than White participants (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.07–3.13, p = 0.03). Conclusions A number of recruitment strategies and outreach attempts were needed to recruit young adult women into a follow-up study. Persistent efforts may be needed to recruit participants with race/ethnic diversity and lower socioeconomic status.
Decitabine and Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin In Patients with Advanced Myelofibrosis

Abstract Abstract 5061 Background: While hypomethylating agents, azacitidine and decitabine, are approved for use in treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), their role in treatment of myeloproliferative disorders is evolving. The modified dosing schedule of decitabine (20 mg/m2 IV for 5 days) in MDS has shown overall response rates of approximately 40%. A clinical study of azacitidine in myelofibrosis (MF) has shown a response rate of 32%. We investigated the activity of the combination of decitabine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) (anti-CD33 antibody), a combination with activity in patients with MDS and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), in patients with advanced myelofibrosis. Patients and Method: We reviewed the records of patients with MF treated with the combination of decitabine and GO. Result: Seven patients were treated till the decisions by FDA to withdraw GO from the market. Age ranged from 60–69 years (median 65 years), 5 patients were male and no of prior therapies ranged 0–4 (median2). Three patients had MF progressed to acute myeloid leukemia. Prior treatments included, hydroxyura, thalidomide, prednisone, pomolidamide etc. All patients were positive for JAK 2 V617F mutation. Cytogenetic abnormalities were seen in 4 patients (hyperdiploid, complex or -5/-7) and 3 were with diploid cytogenetics. Five patients received 3 cycles of Decitabine plus myelotarg while 2 patients had only one cycle. Four patients had stable disease, one had clearance of marrow blasts (40%>0%), two had no response. Three patients showed decreases in splenic size. Clinically significant infectious complications were encountered in 4 patients. Conclusions: The combination of decitabine and GO showed early signs of activity in patients with MF but future investigation of this combination will be limited due to lack of access to GO. Disclosures: Borthakur: eisai: Research Funding.