cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unstable Resonators For The Free-Electron Laser

Axisymmetric cw multi-pass diffractive numerical calculations for the free-electron laser (FEL) are presented. The output is extracted around the edge of one mirror in a symmetric resonator of low Fresnel number. Excellent beam quality and small mode area inside the wiggler are obtained when the resonator is in a negative-branch unstable configuration. We suggest the use of a deformable mirror for gain-switching a tapered-wiggler FEL.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structural-Functionalism and Financial Accounting: Standard Setting in the US

Abstract An examination of financial accounting standard setting in the US reveals an nearly exclusive dependence upon a structural-functional theory of social organization. The shortcomings of this perspective are illustrated as they apply to the central tenets of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) operation. Alternative insights, drawn from conflict theory, are offered as a means of illustrating the incompleteness of structural-functional logic and the understanding of accounting regulation.
Descriptive Experience Sampling: A Method for Exploring Momentary Inner Experience

Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) is a method developed to provide high fidelity accounts of pristine inner experience. A DES investigator gives a subject a random beeper to take into her natural environments. When the beep sounds, the subject jots down notes about her ongoing experience. The subject repeats this process, typically collecting about six moments of experience in a sampling day. Within 24 hours the investigator interviews the subject. During this expositional interview subject and investigator collaborate to develop high fidelity accounts of each sampled moment of experience. This process is repeated over a number of days until an idiographic description of the subject's inner experience has been developed. DES is open-ended, qualitative, and minimally retrospective. Because of the close examination of brief moments of experience, DES is capable of providing highly detailed accounts of inner experience. We summarize some important DES results and contrast DES with the methods of van Mane...
Geochemistry of polymict ureilite EET83309, and a partially-disruptive impact model for ureilite origin

Bulk-compositional data for the EET83309 polymict ureilite were obtained using INAA and radiochemistry procedures and electron probe analysis. It was found that the EET83309 has a bulk composition indistinguishable from ordinary ('monomict') ureilites for all elements except light-middle REEs (which are present in much higher concentrations), suggesting that polymict ureilites are mixtures of ordinary ureilites which were mixed on a very small number of parent bodies. Despite the light-REE enrichments, polymict ureilites are nearly devoid of basaltic (Al-rich) material. It is suggested that the missing basalt may have been blown off the parent body by a partially disruptive collision with a large C-rich projectile. This impact model of ureilite origin reconciles many paradoxical aspects of ureilite composition.
Non-contributive virtual sound sources

Abstract It is well known that the virtual sound sources derivable from a d'Alembertian do not contribute to the field scattered out of the interaction region of two non-linearly interacting sound waves. It is demonstrated in this paper that, in the absence of viscous stresses, these terms do not contribute to the non-linear attenuation of the primary waves. Based upon this result, it is concluded that the attenuation produced by these terms is, in most practical cases, negligibly small.
Form and Deformity: The Trouble with Victorian Pockets

This essay explores the Victorian debate about the place of pockets in men's and women's clothing. By studying the representation of men as naturally pocketed creatures and the general denial of useful pockets to middle-class women, the essay demonstrates the tenacious cultural logic by which men's and women's pockets were imagined to correspond to sexual differences and to index access, or lack thereof, to public mobility and financial agency. Interconnected readings of visual art, essays, and novels show how the common sense about gendered pockets was utilized and promulgated in Victorian narratives. The question of who gets pockets is thus positioned as part of the history of gendered bodies in public space.
Enhanced phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages induced by short-term ozone insult.

In vitro phagocytosis of inert microspheres by the alveolar macrophage (AM) was evaluated after in vivo exposure to 0.8 ppm ozone for 3, 7, or 20 days. AM were collected by bronchoalveolar lavage from rats, allowed to adhere to glass, and incubated with carbon-coated latex microspheres. The percentages of phagocytic cells were determined by light microscopy after 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr of incubation. Morphological features of AM were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an index of cell spreading was determined by image analysis of SEM photomicrographs. An enhanced phagocytic activity was observed after ozone exposure, with the greatest increase on Day 3. This enhanced phagocytic activity correlated with an increase in cell spreading. The results, which suggest that prolonged ozone insult produces an altered AM population, support previous morphological observations.
Problems associated with clinical evaluation of antianginal medications

Abstract Assessing the efficacy of antianginal medications is not as easy as it might first appear. Many factors, including the protocol, the subjects chosen for study and the physicians conducting the trial, may produce study bias and thereby yield equivocal results. Objectively attempting to quantitate a subjective event such as angina inherently poses many difficulties. The variable nature of anginal episodes makes identification of attacks, or conversely, elimination of such attacks, difficult to assess. In terms of the protocol, it is necessary to determine what indexes will be used as criteria of efficacy, what doses, either standard or maximally tolerated, will be used for study and what measures will be taken to nullify placebo effect. In terms of patient selection, the varying methods of confirming the diagnosis of ischemia and the questions of concurrent illness, compliance and life-style alterations are all factors that can make findings difficult to elucidate. Finally, investigator bias may be introduced into study results because of prestudy prejudice, involvement in data acquisition and interpretation of findings. It is unlikely that any investigator or group of investigators will ever produce a protocol applicable to all types of antianginal medications that will be universally convincing. Conclusions regarding the efficacy of any antianginal medication will undoubtedly continue to be predicated on assessments made by independent investigators using a variety of research protocols, none of which is likely to be perfect.
Reduced Cu interface diffusion by CoWP surface coating

Electromigration in Cu interconnections with a 10-nm thick selective electroless CoWP coating on the top surface of Cu dual damascene lines has been investigated. The grain structures of the lines embedded in SiLK semiconductor dielectric ranged from bamboo-like to polycrystalline. CoWP coated structures exhibited a greatly improved Cu electromigration lifetime which was attributed to a reduction in Cu interface diffusion.
Library Toolbars for Use and Development

Abstract – Purpose – Aims to review some new developments in browser toolbars to enhance information searching activities.Design/methodology/approach – A review with descriptions of new options for developing library‐specific internet browser toolbars to enhance user search options.Findings – Several software development coding platforms are available to create toolbars, bookmarklets, browser extensions, and search tools for library applications.Originality/value – This article provides descriptions of software development for internet browser toolbars and web gadgets.
Identification of a Group of Cellular Cofactors That Stimulate the Binding of RNA Polymerase II and TRP-185 to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 TAR RNA

A double-stranded RNA structure transcribed from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat known as TAR is critical for increasing gene expression in response to the transactivator protein Tat. Two cellular factors, RNA polymerase II and TRP-185, bind specifically to TAR RNA, but require the presence of cellular proteins known as cofactors which by themselves are unable to bind to TAR RNA. In an attempt to determine the mechanism by which these cofactors stimulate binding to TAR RNA, we purified these factors from HeLa nuclear extract and amino acid microsequence analysis performed. Three proteins were identified in the cofactor fraction including two previously described proteins, elongation factor 1α (EF-1α) and the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), and a novel protein designated the stimulator of TAR RNA-binding proteins (SRB). SRB has a high degree of homology with a variety of cellular proteins known as chaperonins. Recombinant EF-1α, PTB, and SRB produced from vaccinia expression vectors stimulated the binding of RNA polymerase II and TRP-185 to TAR RNA in gel retardation analysis. These studies define a group of cellular factors that function in concert to stimulate the binding of TRP-185 and RNA polymerase II to HIV-1 TAR RNA.
Enzyme-Based Multiplexer and Demultiplexer

A digital 2-to-1 multiplexer and a 1-to-2 demultiplexer were mimicked by biocatalytic reactions involving concerted operation of several enzymes. Using glucose oxidase (GOx) and laccase (Lac) as the data input signals and variable pH as the addressing signal, ferrocyanide oxidation in the output channel was selectively activated by one from two inputs, thus mimicking the multiplexer operation. A demultiplexer based on the enzyme system composed of GOx, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) allowed selective activation of different output channels (oxidation of ferrocyanide or reduction of NAD+) by the glucose input. The selection of the output channel was controlled by the addressing input of NAD+. The designed systems represent important novel components of future branched enzyme networks processing biochemical signals for biosensing and bioactuating.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR THE COMMUNICATION THEORIST: PROBLEMS IN THE LAWS‐RULES‐SYSTEMS TRICHOTOMY

This paper argues against the laws-systems-rules trichotomy which Cushman and Pearce use to organize theoretical options in the communication field. This trichotomy of perspectives does reflect the groupings into which scholars have come to classify themselves, but the analytic implications of this division follow strongly and confound the actual levels of choice inherent in theory building. The organization of theoretical alternatives by attempting to identify a type of necessity unique to each obscures fundamental differences among theorists, unprofitably restricts the range of theoretical alternatives, and will not encompass the variety of viable theoretic perspectives now before us. In place of the laws-rules-systems trichotomy this paper offers a multilevel analytic framework for organizing theoretical alternatives in communication.
Analysis of vagally induced sinus arrhythmias

Vagal stimulation at precise times in successive cardiac cycles can elicit sinus arrhythmias. Two mechanisms have been identified that can, but do not necessarily, cause these vagally induced sinus arrhythmias. First, changes in cycle length elicited by a given concentration of acetylcholine (ACh) depend on the phase of the pacemaker cell action potential when the ACh binds to muscarinic receptors. Second, acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh rapidly enough for the mean concentration of ACh per cardiac cycle to vary from cycle to cycle. We used a mathematical model of the underlying cellular physiology, to examine whether these mechanisms are responsible for arrhythmogenesis. Computer simulation showed that both mechanisms contribute to the vagally induced sinus arrhythmias.
The affinity of radiolabeled bone-seeking compounds for injured myocardium in the rat.

Abstract The in vivo behavior of a number of bone-seeking radiolabeled compounds has been studied in a rat model of myocardial infarction. The compounds include six phosphonates and four inorganic phosphates, including pyrophosphate, labeled with 99 m Tc, and two phosphonates labeled with 113 m In. The uptake of radioactivity in damaged myocardial muscle has been compared to that in normal myocardium, bone, muscle and blood, and the resulting contrast ratios to those obtained with 99 m Tc-pyrophosphate, the current clinical agent of choice for external visualization of infarcted myocardium.
The effects of the arylsulfonylureas on the respiratory activity and glucose metabolism of isolated rabbit kidney cortex.

Slices of kidney cortex from fed and from fasted rabbits were incubated in the Warburg apparatus in glucose-free and glucose-containing phosphatebuffered media. The addition of 5=1O–3 M Orinase in vitro effected an increase in cellular hydration and a profound reduction in oxygen consumption. Net disappearance ofstable and radioactive glucose from the suspending medium was increased in five of six experiments. In all studies with 5=1O–3 M Orinase, significantly smaller proportionsof the assimilated glucose-C14 were incorporated into tissue lipidsor recovered as radioactive CO2. Under similar conditions, the metabolic product of Orinase, p-carboxyphenylsulfonylurea, was less than one-fifth as potent an inhibitor of the respiratory metabolism of surviving rabbit kidney cortex.
The Rise of the Theory of Differentiation in Igneous Petrology (Part 2 of 2)

The theory of differentiation dominated igneous petrology between 1880 and 1903. During this period, petrologists eagerly applied insights from the burgeoning field of physical chemistry to account for differentiation. Acceptance of the Soret effect, a mechanism applicable to differentiation of magma in purely liquid condition, prevailed in the early 1890s. As support for the Soret effect eroded after 1893, a wide range of other mechanisms for producing differentiation was proposed including the Gouy-Chaperon effect (gravity stratification of magma), molecular flow in accord with Berthelot's principle, liquid immiscibility, eutectic crystallization, fractional crystallization, electrolysis, magnetic attraction, and circulation of mineralizing fluids. Consensus about the competing mechanisms of differentiation had not been achieved at the beginning of the twentieth century.The development of differentiation theory arose in the context of increased specialization in igneous petrology. Between 1880 and 1903,...
Comparison of unsaturated polyester and vinylester resins in low temperature polymerization

Many composite products are produced at low temperatures in processes such as resin transfer molding (RTM), vacuum infusion molding (e.g., Seemann Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process—SCRIMP), and hand lay-up. These processes are widely used for marine, civil infrastructure, transportation and defense applications. Unsaturated polyester and vinylester resins are two major resins used in these processes due to their low cost, good performance, and processibility. In this study, the reaction kinetics and rheological changes of these two resins cured at low temperatures were studied. Effects of resin type, initiator, promoter, inhibitor and retarder on the reaction kinetics and rheological behaviors were examined using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and a Rheometrics Dynamic Analyzer (RDA). A model was developed to quantify the effects of resin type, temperature, and different curing agents on the gel time for both polyester and vinylester resins cured at low temperatures. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1230–1242, 2001
Experimental Investigation of Energy Dissipation in a Resonance Tube

An einem wassergekuhlten Resonanzrohr wurde die Leistung gemessen, die in Warme umgesetzt wird, wenn das Rohr durch Anblasen der Mundung mittels eines Uberschallluftstrahls in intensive Schwingungen versetzt wird. Mittels eines Hitzdrahtanemometers wurden auch die Temperaturschwankungen am geschlossenen Rohrende gemessen. Zusatzlich zur bereits beobachteten Grundschwingung wurde eine Oberschwingung hoherer Frequenz gefunden, welche innerhalb des Rohres eine qualitativ verschiedene Dissipationsverteilung ergibt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass der gemessene Energieumsatz viel grosser ist, als Berechnungen aus einem einfachen Stosswellenmodell fur die Stromung im Rohr ergeben.
The Impact of the Arab Spring on Islamist Strategies

The revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt created a contagion effect that inspired a series of uprisings by sending two signals: first, that even entrenched authoritarian regimes are vulnerable; and second, that nonviolent tactics can be effective in bringing about dramatic political changes. Subsequent developments, especially in Libya and Syria, convoluted these messages. Nonetheless, the political openings and the electoral victory of Islamists in Egypt and Tunisia continue to send the signal to many Islamist opposition groups that nonviolent means and participation in politics can be effective ways to produce political change. The chance of gaining power through electoral means can give Islamists strong incentives to join in the demands for democratic institutions and change their stance towards political participation. The appeal of nonviolent tactics, however, is undermined when external threats surpass domestic considerations. When the primary concern of the public is about outside threats and the main enemy is external rather than a domestic despot, the impact of the Arab Spring on views regarding the efficacy of nonviolent tactics is diminished. Similarly, when an Islamic group is primarily concerned with the "far enemy," the incentives for moderation offered by political participation are undermined. Author Bio: Ioana Emy Matesan is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Political Science at Syracuse University. She received her BA in Political Science and Economics from Monmouth College and her MA in Political Science from Arizona State University. Her research interests focus on international security, political violence, Islamist movements, and Middle East politics. At Syracuse University she has been involved in a variety of research initiatives focused on conflict and international security, including the Spoilers of Peace Project (in the Program for the Advancement of Research on Conflict and Collaboration), the Global Black Spots Research Project (in the Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs), and the Project on Post-Conflict Justice and Islam (in the Institute for National Security and Counterterrorism). Her research has appeared in Nations and Nationalism and The National Strategy Forum Review. She is a recipient of the Hassan Yabroudi Award for best graduate paper in Middle Eastern Studies at Syracuse University and the Hardt Graduate Fellowship in Religion, Conflict, and Peace Studies from the Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict at Arizona State University. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol5/iss2/7 Journal of Strategic Security Volume 5 Issue 2 2012, pp. 27-46 DOI: 10.5038/1944-0472.5.2.2 Journal of Strategic Security (c) 2012 ISSN: 1944-0464 eISSN: 1944-0472 27 The Impact of the Arab Spring on Islamist Strategies Ioana Emy Matesan Syracuse University
Elevated Stress Protein in Transitional Cells Exposed to Urine from Interstitial Cystitis Patients

Background: It has been hypothesized that urine from interstitial cystitis (IC) patients may contain one or more toxic factors not present in “normal” urine. Bladder tissues exposed to these toxic factors could have elevated stress proteins. If this assumption is correct, stress protein levels could be a useful marker for identifying patients at risk for developing this syndrome. Methods: To experimentally investigate this possibility, a sensitive assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels of the72 kDa stress protein in urothelial target cells after in vitro exposure to urine from IC patients. Results: We observed a modest 12% increase in72 kDa stress protein in cells treated with urine from IC patients compared to cells exposed to normal urine (1.12 compared to 0.99 ng/μg extracted protein; P< 0.05). In addition, it was possible to demonstrate the72 kDa stress protein in histologic sections obtained from mucosal biopsies of IC patients. Stress protein was located primarily in the surface urothelial cells of the mucosa. Conclusions: These results seem to indicate that stress protein could play an important protective role at this particular site. They further suggest that iC urine is more toxic than normal urine and, in contact with underlying urothelial and deeper bladder tissue, may upregulate genes involved in stress protein responses. This may be an important concept in the etiology of IC.
A Holistic Approach Toward Motivation to Learn in the Workplace

The purpose of this study was to identify key variables within and outside the learning context that could affect motivation to learn during training. Aside from research on motivation to learn, the theoretical framework of this study was also based on sociotechnical systems, total quality management, and training transfer theories which in turn furnished the training and organizational variables projected to have an influence on employee and organizational performance. Task autonomy, extrinsic rewards when applying newly learned skills and knowledge, organizational orientation toward quality improvement, and a work environment within which people live up to high ethical standards were found to be the most important predictors for motivation to learn during training.
Fitness of a Malathion-Resistant Strain of the Parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Biological fitness of a malathion-resistant (R) and a malathion-susceptible (S) strain of the solitary parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) was compared when the wasps were parasitizing immature rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), in stored wheat. Despite having a >2,500-fold naturally occurring resistance, in the absence of insecticide the R strain was equal to the S strain in ability to parasitize hosts and in several developmental parameters. Development times of cohorts of male and female progeny produced over 7 d by R and S females at 25°C and 75% RH were not significantly different. There was no significant strain effect on daily fecundity. Parasitization of hosts was not significantly affected by strain-host density interactions. There was no significant effect of strain on total progeny production at different host densities, but more female progeny were produced by the susceptible strain at high host densities. Otherwise, the proportion of females among progeny of the 2 strains was not significantly different. Frequency of the R allele in Hardy-Weinberg populations, set up with an initial R allele frequency of 0.5, was lower than expected but tended to stabilize after 4 generations. Frequency of the R allele in a population started with hybrid females was not significantly different from values expected under the hypothesis of no fitness costs. Failure to detect fitness costs associated with malathion resistance in A. calandrae could be caused by the lack of negative pleiotropic effects associated with the R allele.
Hierarchy of the Sciences and Terminological Sharing of Laws among the Sciences

A variable called index of terminological sharing that measures the extent to which one science shares lawful concepts from another science was used to assess hypotheses concerning the concept of an hierarchy of sciences and psychology's terminological relationship with other sciences. (1) The values of the index will be relatively small for the natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology) as compared to the relatively large values for the social sciences (anthropology, sociology), and (2) the index's value for psychology will be closer to the mean value of the social sciences than to that of the natural sciences. Analysis showed only a 17% agreement between the present data and the relative ordering of the sciences assumed by the hierarchy. Hypothesis 1 was confirmed, but not Hypothesis 2. Index values for psychology were closer to those of the natural sciences than to those of the social sciences. Psychology appears to have a relatively high terminological independence concerning citation of shared la...
Comparative analysis of cell culture and prediction algorithms for phenotyping of genetically diverse HIV-1 strains from Cameroon.

With the advent of entry inhibitors, monitoring of viral tropism in the clinical setting is important. Conventional methods are cell-based and lengthy, therefore V3 sequence based prediction algorithms are becoming increasingly attractive as monitoring tools. Here we report a comparative analysis of viral tropism of strains circulating in Cameroon where diverse and emerging variant strains are prevalent. Viruses were isolated from 17 HIV positive individuals from three cities in Cameroon. Ghost cell lines expressing either CCR5 or CXCR4 with CD4 or CD4 alone (NIH AIDS Reagent Program) were used to determine co-receptor usage. HIV replication was determined by measuring p24 antigen levels. Plasma viral load (VL) was determined using the Versant bDNA assay. Nucleotide sequencing was performed on the V3 region and sequences were edited, aligned and translated into amino acids as described in the algorithm. Bio-informatics tools based on the 11/25 and charge rule were used to predict co-receptor usage. The majority of patient isolates in our study were CRF02_AG or CRF02_AG containing recombinants. Tropism of these complex viruses based on the cell culture assay was determined to be R5 in 15/17 (88.2%) patients. However, two patient isolates were dual tropic R5X4 and had drug-specific mutations. Of these two patients, one was on antiretroviral treatment with a VL of 20,899 copies/ml and the other was drug-naive with 141,198 copies/ml. Genotype based prediction was overall in good agreement with phenotype for R5 viruses, where 93% (14/15) of results were comparable, dual tropic viruses being reported as X4 viruses by prediction. Our results indicate that most HIV strains in Cameroon were R5 tropic and some harbored drug-resistant mutations. V3 sequence based prediction compared well with cell based assays for R5 strains and may be useful even in settings where highly diverse strains are prevalent.
Ceftazidime in cystic fibrosis: pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response

The pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime were assessed following a single-dose in 20 patients (8 to 30 years) with cystic fibrosis. All patients received 50 mg/kg (0.9 to 3.5 g) bolus over 30 to 60 sec. Multiple timed samples were obtained over 8 h and analysed by a sensitive HPLC technique. Two-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis revealed means (+/- S.D.) T 1/2 alpha, 0.45 (0.20) h; T 1/2 beta, 1.74 (0.63) h; Vd, 270.0 (50.0) ml/kg; Vc, 190.0 (50.0) ml/kg and Cl beta, 133.7 (22.8) ml/min/1.73 m2. Probenecid pretreatment in six patients was without effect on T 1/2 beta and Cl beta. Urinary excretion was (% of dose) 0 to 2 h, 65.4 (11.1); 2 to 4 h, 14.9 (3.4) and 4 to 8 h, 9.8 (5.8). Ceftazidime was used to treat pulmonary exacerbations in 12 adult cystic fibrosis patients with multiply-resistant Pseudomonas species. Each patient received 2 g iv 8-hourly for 14 to 35 days. Ten of 12 patients showed dramatic improvement as determined by increased appetite and weight gain and arterial pCO2. No hepatic, renal or bone-marrow toxicity was noted. Ceftazidime is an effective antipseudomonal agent possessing favourable pharmacokinetic characteristics with potential use in the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis.
Beta engineering and circuit styles for SEU hardening PD-SOI SRAM cells

Abstract SOI technologies have long been used for SEU-hardened SRAMs and other radiation-hard circuits. However, to maintain their advantages in the submicron regime, it is essential that the strength of the floating body effects (FBE) and the role of the parasitic bipolar transistor (PBJT) should be minimized. In this work these are achieved by reducing the gain β of the PBJT by controlling the carrier recombination lifetime of the SOI film. Two sets of devices (A and B) were fabricated on 0.35 μm PD SOI technology, where Device A underwent a lifetime “killing”-processing step to control the single event upset (SEU) vulnerability. These devices were experimentally characterized and simulated and the results verified the benefits of lifetime “killing”. Additional SEU control was achieved by optimizing the circuit design of the cell through the incorporation of suitable delay elements.
Scientific knowledge is possible with small-sample classification.

A typical small-sample biomarker classification paper discriminates between types of pathology based on, say, 30,000 genes and a small labeled sample of less than 100 points. Some classification rule is used to design the classifier from this data, but we are given no good reason or conditions under which this algorithm should perform well. An error estimation rule is used to estimate the classification error on the population using the same data, but once again we are given no good reason or conditions under which this error estimator should produce a good estimate, and thus we do not know how well the classifier should be expected to perform. In fact, virtually, in all such papers the error estimate is expected to be highly inaccurate. In short, we are given no justification for any claims. Given the ubiquity of vacuous small-sample classification papers in the literature, one could easily conclude that scientific knowledge is impossible in small-sample settings. It is not that thousands of papers overtly claim that scientific knowledge is impossible in regard to their content; rather, it is that they utilize methods that preclude scientific knowledge. In this paper, we argue to the contrary that scientific knowledge in small-sample classification is possible provided there is sufficient prior knowledge. A natural way to proceed, discussed herein, is via a paradigm for pattern recognition in which we incorporate prior knowledge in the whole classification procedure (classifier design and error estimation), optimize each step of the procedure given available information, and obtain theoretical measures of performance for both classifiers and error estimators, the latter being the critical epistemological issue. In sum, we can achieve scientific validation for a proposed small-sample classifier and its error estimate.
The shifting balance of intellectual trade in information studies

The authors describe a large-scale, longitudinal citation analysis of intellectual trading between information studies and cognate disciplines. The results of their investigation reveal the extent to which information studies draws on and, in turn, contributes to the ideational substrates of other academic domains. Their data show that the field has become a more successful exporter of ideas as well as less introverted than was previously the case. In the last decade, information studies has begun to contribute significantly to the literatures of such disciplines as computer science and engineering on the one hand and business and management on the other, while also drawing more heavily on those same literatures. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SET UP AND UTILIZATION OF A SPACECRAFT MECHANICS SOFTWARE TOOL TO SIMULATE THE GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the latest technology in navigation and location determination. The principal behind GPS is the measurement of distances or ranges between the receiver and the satellites. Due to the relative motion of satellites, the distances and geometry of the visible satellites are time dependent. A measure of the geometry is the Dilution of Precision (DOP) factor. The equations that give the user's position are derived. GDOP factor is calculated. The effect of the geometry of visible satellites on GDOP factor is investigated. A powerful software tool is used to get the required trajectory data necessary as input to a navigation program for calculating the DOP factor.
The role of neutrophils in peritoneal adhesion formation.

The most common cause of intraperitoneal adhesions is previous abdominal surgery. Postoperative adhesion formation results from a fibroproliferative inflammatory reaction that begins with an influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the peritoneal cavity. Adherence of the PMNs to the endothelial cells (EC) is necessary for PMN migration into the tissue in response to a stimulus. Several receptor–counterreceptor pairs of ligands such as CD11/CD18 on the PMN and ICAM-1 (CD54) on EC have been identified. Monoclonal antibody against CD11/CD18 (R15.7) inhibits PMN adherence and migration and consequently protects against PMN-induced tissue injuries. We therefore studied the effect of preventing PMN–EC adherence, using anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody, on postoperative adhesion formation in rabbits. Group 1 was a control receiving physiologic saline, and group 2 received anti-CD18 antibody (R15.7, 2 mg/kg). The treatment was administered iv at the end of surgery and repeated on the first and second postoperative days. Peritoneal adhesions were induced at laparotomy by repairing two peritoneal defects, by oversewing the defect (model 1), and by resuturing the removed parietal peritoneum in its place as an ischemic graft (model 2). Adhesions were evaluated blindly at 10 days after operation by measuring the percentage of the suture line covered with adhesions (model 1) or by a scoring system (model 2). All control animals developed intraperitoneal adhesions and the percentage of the suture line covered with adhesions was 25 ± 5.9% (mean ± SEM) and the mean score in model 2 was 0.9 ± 0.2. Anti-CD18 antibody, R15.7, increased the degree of postoperative adhesion formation in both models, but the results were significant only in model 2. Also, anti-CD18 antibody significantly decreased peritoneal neutrophils from 11.1 × 107± 1.8 × 107to 2.2 × 107± 0.4 × 107(P< 0.001) on the first postoperative day. It is concluded that inhibition of PMN–EC adherence does influence the postoperative adhesion formation. These results might suggest that PMNs have a role in modulating postoperative adhesion formation.
The illegal cigarette market in a socioeconomically deprived inner-city area: the case of the South Bronx

Objective To determine the scope of the cigarette black market in a socioeconomically deprived inner-city area in the US, taking the South Bronx in New York City as a case study. Design The South Bronx Litter Pack Survey collected discarded cigarette packs (n=497) along 30 randomised census tracts to quantify the prevalence of counterfeit, legal and out-of-state tax stamps. Results It was found that 76.2% of cigarette packs collected avoided the combined New York City and State tax. More specifically, 57.9% were untaxed (counterfeit or bearing no tax stamp), for 15.8% taxes were paid outside of New York City (including other states and New York State only). Only 19.4% of tax stamps collected indicated that New York City and New York State taxes were paid. 4.4% of the cigarette packs could not be analysed because the tax stamps were not discernible. The finding that the majority of cigarettes did not have a tax stamp or bore a counterfeit tax stamp suggests that these cigarettes were being bootlegged, most likely from Native American Reservations. Conclusions The present study highlights the importance of examining the illegal cigarette market in socioeconomically deprived regions of the US, where tax avoidance and black market activities appear to far exceed levels found elsewhere in the country including Chicago and New York City at large.
Inactivation of mycobacterium smegmatis following exposure to 405-nanometer light from a supraluminous diode array.

Objective. To determine the potential for blue light (405 nm) to produce a bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium smegmatis. Addi- tionally, the study sought to evaluate a series of doses in terms of their respective bactericidal capabilities. Background Data. The effect of blue light on Staphylococcus aureus has been studied and it was found that a bactericidal outcome can be obtained with low doses of blue light. 1 Methods. M. smegmatis was tested because of the recent ap- pearance of the Mycobacterium family of organisms as a public health threat among persons receiving tattoos. The organism was treated in vitro with 405 nm light emitted from a supraluminous diode (SLD) ar- ray. Doses of 60 Jcm -2 , 90 Jcm -2 , 120 Jcm -2 , 150 Jcm -2 , 180 Jcm -2 , 215 Jcm -2 , and 250 Jcm -2 were used. Colony counts were performed and compared to untreated controls using Student t tests and one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analysis. Results. The results revealed sta- tistically significant bactericidal effects of the blue light on M. smeg- matis (F6, 28 = 50.518, P = 0.000). The treatment reduced the num- ber of bacterial colonies at all doses, but 60 Jcm -2 did not produce a statistically significant kill rate. All other doses produced a significant kill rate with 120 Jcm -2 , 150 Jcm -2 , and 215 Jcm -2 , demonstrating the most effective kill rates of 98.3%, 96.7%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusions. Appropriate doses of 405 nm light from an SLD array can kill M. smegmatis in vitro. A dose of at least 100 Jcm -2 dose is needed for the most effective inactivation of the organism. The dose response for this organism to blue light is not linear. Some degree of effective- ness is lost at 180 Jcm -2 and 250 Jcm -2 .
What Works and in Whom? A Simple, Easily Applied, Evidence-Based Approach to Guidelines for S tatin Therapy

At the behest of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, guideline committees have worked over the past 3 years to produce a simple set of recommendations to assist practicing physicians in the task of reducing the population burden of heart attack and stroke. Commendably, those guidelines will be unique in that for the first time they are required to be fully evidence-based and will rely solely on published data that have withstood peer review. Most importantly, those guidelines will rely whenever possible on data from randomized clinical trials that evaluate hard clinical outcomes rather than surrogate end points. This latter step is important and a formal recognition that quality of care and the prevention of heart disease have entered an era where untested hypotheses take a back seat to proven preventive strategies. When framed clinically, there are 2 fundamental questions an evidence-based guideline must address. First, are there therapies or interventions that have been proven to have a net clinical benefit for our patients? If so, in which patients do such data clearly apply? Regrettably, few fields of medicine have robust clinical trials that can be used to address these 2 simple questions. Most preventive cardiologists agree that diet, exercise, and smoking cessation are crucial components of any practice recommendation, yet formal trial evidence demonstrating such effects is sparse. In some arenas, however, we are blessed with abundant data from multiple large-scale randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in which a trial-based guideline approach of “what works?” and “in whom?” is easily applied. One such area is the use of statin therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. With regard to secondary prevention, we have clear evidence from multiple major trials that statins are effective in reducing clinical outcomes across a broad spectrum of individuals with clinically evident …
OAO Ground System and Operations

Astronomy has taken a significant step forward with the success of NASA's Orbiting Astronomical Observatory designated OAO-A2. This 4400-pound satellite, the heaviest and most complex unmanned observatory developed by the United States, was launched on December 7, 1968 from Cape Kennedy. On April 5, 1970 it was in its 485th day of operation which represents almost 7000 orbits of which 88 percent have been available for experimentation. During this period of time astronomers have made over 6600 observations of stars, galaxies, planets, and nebulae. It is estimated that OAO has executed over one-half million commands. The ground system and operations reflect the complexity of the observatory and its mission. The requirements on the ground system to support flight operations include a sophisticated integration of men and data systems. One day of viewing involves over a thousand observatory commands. Eight dedicated computers involving almost 500 man-years of programming and the exclusive assignment of over 200 highly trained operations personnel and astronomers are required to operate OAO around the clock, seven days a week.
Quantum correlations do not transmit signals

Abstract That signals cannot be transmitted with the correlations observed in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments that violate Bell's inequalities is shown to be a simple general property of correlations between separate subsystems of any quantum-mechanical system. It does not depend, for example, on the particular properties of the state of two spin 1 2 particles with total spin zero.
RL4: a tool for knowledge-based induction

The importance of knowledge-based induction programs for problem solving is discussed. Desiderata for knowledge-based induction programs are given, and an example of such a program in the context learning classifications is discussed. The induction program RL4 is used as an induction tool, and several examples of its past and present uses are presented. The power of the tool comes from its flexibility and ease of use with a performance system. The use of RL4 with an inference engine that uses user-defined or default evidence gathering strategies is also discussed. Finally, the directions in which RL4 can go in the future are considered. >
Measured Severe Convective Wind Climatology and Associated Convective Modes of Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States, 2003-09

AbstractA severe thunderstorm wind gust climatology spanning 2003–09 for the contiguous United States is developed using measured Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) and Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) wind gusts. Archived severe report information from the National Climatic Data Center publication Storm Data and single-site volumetric radar data are used to identify severe wind gust observations [≥50 kt (25.7 m s−1)] associated with thunderstorms and to classify the convective mode of the storms. The measured severe wind gust distribution, comprising only 2% of all severe gusts, is examined with respect to radar-based convective modes. The convective mode scheme presented herein focuses on three primary radar-based storm categories: supercell, quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs), and disorganized. Measured severe gust frequency revealed distinct spatial patterns, where the high plains received the greatest number of gusts and occurred most often in the late spring and summer months. S...
Consumer Logistics: The Location Subsystem

This paper serves to elaborate the concept of location as the point in time and place where consumer logistics activities are performed. The paper provides an initial conceptual delineation of the location subsystem of the consumer logistics system, an introduction to the elements of this subsystem, and an elaboration of the activities that are performed by consumers in the process of consumer logistics. These elements of the system are then organized into a paradigm that serves as a framework for organizing research in this area of study.
Experimental and numerical investigations of resonant acoustic waves in near-critical carbon dioxide

Flow and transport induced by resonant acoustic waves in a near-critical fluid filled cylindrical enclosure is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Supercritical carbon dioxide (near the critical or the pseudo-critical states) in a confined resonator is subjected to acoustic field created by an electro-mechanical acoustic transducer and the induced pressure waves are measured by a fast response pressure field microphone. The frequency of the acoustic transducer is chosen such that the lowest acoustic mode propagates along the enclosure. For numerical simulations, a real-fluid computational fluid dynamics model representing the thermo-physical and transport properties of the supercritical fluid is considered. The simulated acoustic field in the resonator is compared with measurements. The formation of acoustic streaming structures in the highly compressible medium is revealed by time-averaging the numerical solutions over a given period. Due to diverging thermo-physical properties of supercritical fluid near the critical point, large scale oscillations are generated even for small sound field intensity. The strength of the acoustic wave field is found to be in direct relation with the thermodynamic state of the fluid. The effects of near-critical property variations and the operating pressure on the formation process of the streaming structures are also investigated. Irregular streaming patterns with significantly higher streaming velocities are observed for near-pseudo-critical states at operating pressures close to the critical pressure. However, these structures quickly re-orient to the typical Rayleigh streaming patterns with the increase operating pressure.
Physiological correlates of auditory stimulus periodicity

Microelectrode studies of single auditory nerve fibers provide information on physiological mechanisms postulated in the two classical theories of pitch perception. The place principle is exemplified by the threshold vs. frequency or tuning curve for a fiber which typically exhibits maximum sensitivity to a narrow band of frequencies. Computer-controlled stimulus presentation has permitted systematic exploration of the supra – threshold response area throughout the entire domain of effective frequencies and SPL's. These studies demonstrate that the assignment of a single characteristic frequency constitutes an inadequate description of the frequency selectivity of a fiber since the frequency of lowest threshold may be appreciably different from the frequency which causes maximal discharge at higher SPL's. In general, the complexity of the response areas is difficult to reconcile with the simplistic concept that each fiber can be associated with a specific pitch.The Volley theory predicts that stimulus per...
Developmental Constraints and Evolutionary Saltations: A Discussion and Critique

Developmental biology has long been a focus for evolutionary theory (von Baer, 1828; Haeckel, 1866; Garstang, 1922; deBeer, 1958; Goldschmidt, 1938; Waddington, 1940; Riedl, 1978; Gould, 1977; Bonner, 1982; Raff and Kaufman, 1983). Time and again, the concepts of constraint and saltation have been (reformulated in developmental terms, but, surely, Goldschmidt’s (1938) “Physiological Genetics” is the classic in this field. A major group of constraints are non-random channelizations of evolutionary direction due to limitations imposed by epigenetic interaction in the developing organism. In the context of development, Saltations are rapid evolutionary fixations of phenotypic discontinuities; many might be governed by developmental constraints which do not permit continuity of form in polymorphic populations. It is the purpose of this essay to discuss these two concepts critically.